,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ,memory ( ,*ris ,curn[ 7#aicg-bjbc7 ! ,project ,manag] at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s :o select$ ?is book1 & m ?an #bbjj o!rs1 to be pres]v$ z free digital transcriptions 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,bridges ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,/4 ,b,n,,zet ,,ov] ,,! ,,rh,,ne ,,at ,,avignon1 ,,built ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,ye>s #aagg ,,& #aahe ,a ,,book ,,( ,,bridges ,,by ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,,& ,,walt] ,,%aw ,,sp>r[ ,,london3 ,,john ,,lane ,,! ,,bodley ,,head ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,,lane ,,company ,,mcmxv ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,plym\?1 ,,engl& ,illu/ration3 ,,hi/oric ,,vitry-,,le-,,fran,,ois1 ,,on ,,! ,,m>ne ,,prefatory ,,note ,lit]>y projects may be put 9 two classes4 ,"s are l /eam]s t g 9 a regulat$ c\rse direct to _! de/9ations1 :ile o!rs tack "h & !re l sail+ %ips1 gov]n$ by a zigzag progress4 ,! subject ( bridges belongs to ?is latt] class4 ,= five-&-tw5ty ye>s ,i h tri$ to ord] x into a me?odis$ hobby4 ,z well try to tea* a hive ( honey-bees nev] to visit c]ta9 fl[]s 9 a g>d51 & nev] to fly beyond c]ta9 pa?ways & h$ges4 ,yet a writ] _c help rebell+ :5 8 *os5 !me decl9es to play 9 ! game ( au?or%ip1 & deviates f _m c>eful plans :i* are made = its b5efit4 ,e *apt] 9 ?is book has be5 rewritt5 eight or t5 times1 yet my sail+ %ip has n become an ,atlantic l9]4 ,my wi% = a long "t 0 to %[ ! evolution ( bridges 9 ab\t sev5 hundr$ photographic illu/rations1 ) eight l9es ( text "u ea* pr9t2 & 9 prep>ation = ?is "w ,i collect$ mat]ials1 & receiv$ invaluable help f o!r ponti/s1 p>ticul>ly f ,mr4 ,frank ,brangwyn1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,cr(ton1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s>gisson1 ,mr4 ,edg> ,wigram1 ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,m4 ,jackson1 & ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society4 ,ponti/ aft] ponti/ s5t me notes1 photographs1 sket*es2 & !n ,frank ,brangwyn sugge/$ t we %\ld "w 9 collaboration4 ,"h 0 luck inde$6 ,8 pictures & draw+s w\ld be ! book ( art2 & ! rambl+ subject1 if x pass$ ov] m]e te*nique into ! human drama1 ought to int]e/ ! g5]al read] :o does g5]ally read4 ,= bridges h repres5t$ types ( society1 e *ange 9 _! developm5t hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t by *anges 9 social ne$s4 ,"o ?+ m ?an any o!r is attractive to a ponti/3 x is ! v>i$ /rife t bridges & roads h circulat$1 n only 9 milit>y campaigns1 b 9 ! ?rong$ /ruggle = exi/5ce--! "o incessant w> 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,a r\t9e ( idle s5tim5t prattles ab\t an illusion nam$ ,peace1 yet /rife ev]y:]e rema9s ! hi/orian ( life1 e ef=t to d & to live claim+ a battle-toll ( kill$ & w\nd$ & maim$4 ,ev5 sleep1 ! ne>e/ k9swoman ( peace1 is unit$ to ! law ( battle by dreams t torture4 ,a ponti/1 !n1 :5 /udy+ ! /rife t roads & bridges h di/ribut$1 mu/ cle> f 8 m9d ! fanciful ideas t pacifism has inv5t$2 he is an adv5tur] 9 hi/ory1 n an idl] 9 a _w ( visions4 ,to-day1 above all1 he is call$ ^u to see ! tru?1 because ,europe1 driv5 by ! rival motive-p[]s ( ho/ile ideals1 has pass$ f indu/rial /rikes & conte/s into o!r phases ( necess>y w>f>e4 ,once m diff]+ civilizations w h _! wor? te/$ to ! full on /rick5 fields2 & once m roads & bridges w dom9ate ! milit>y tactics & /rategy4 ,?is great ,w> broke out :5 my la/ *apt] 0 ne>ly f9i%$1 & its e>ly ev5ts illu/rate & confirm ! ma9 argum5ts :i* ,i h tri$ to make z cle> z possible1 s t no p]son may ?9k ( bridges ap>t f _! hi/oric s]vice to mank9d4 ,dur+ _m c5turies1 = example1 all /rategical bridges 7 =tifi$2 !n a gradual decl9e began1 & x culm9at$ 9 ! def5celess mod]n bridge t sapp]s bl[ up 9 a few m9utes4 ,bridge-build]s ev]y:]e h mu* good s5se to rega9 f ! sci5ce ( national def5ce1 a v difficult sci5ce to-day1 = _m ( its me?ods are be+ r5d]$ obsolete by air%ips & a]oplanes4 ,s a book on hi/oric bridges c\ld n be publi%$ at a "t m opportune ?an ! pres5t mom5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sev]al collectors h l5t pictures1 & _! k9d aid is ackn[l$g$ 9 ! table ( illu/rations4 ,w4 ,s4 ,s4 ,novemb] #aa?1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fir/ ,,page ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,bridges ,,& ,,roads #a ,section ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,views1 f p4 #c to p4 #ac4 ,section ,,ii4 ,,/rife ,,& ,,hi/oric ,,bridges1 f p4 #ad to p4 #eb4 ,section ,,iii4 ,,cu/om ,,& ,,conv5tion1 f p4 #ec to p4 #hd4 ,section ,,iv4 ,,controv]sies1 f p4 #he to p4 #ajf4 ,,*apt] ,,! ,,second ,,man ,,z ,,! ,,mimic ,,( ,,nature #ajg ,section ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations1 f p4 #aji to p4 #aab4 ,section ,,ii4 ,,among ,,! ,,h]alds ,,( ,,man1 f p4 #aac to p4 #abd4 ,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,slab-,,bridge ,,) ,,/one ,,pi]s1 f p4 #abe to p4 #abh4 ,section ,,iv4 ,,tree-,,bridges ,,) ,,/one ,,pi]s1 f p4 #abi to p4 #acb4 ,section ,v4 ,,tree-,,bridges ,,) ,,timb] ,,piles1 f p4 #acc to p4 #ace4 ,section ,,vi4 ,,"s ,,typical ,,timb] ,,bridges1 f p4 #acf to p4 #adc4 ,section ,,vii4 ,,primitive ,,susp5sion ,,bridges1 f p4 #add to p4 #adi4 ,section ,,viii4 ,,natural ,,ar*es--,,_! ,,significance ,,& ,,_! ,,influ5ce1 f p4 #aej to p4 #afd4 ,,*apt] ,,! ,,?ird ,a ,,few ,,words ,,on ,,! ,,roman ,,g5ius #afe ,,*apt] ,,! ,,f\r? ,,old ,,bridges1 ,,european1 ,,p]sian ,,& ,,*9ese #bje ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fif? ,,on ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,un=tifi$ ,,bridges #cbi ,,app5dix ,i ,,*9ese ,,gabl$ ,,bridges #cfe ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,/eep ,,roman ,,bridges #cfg ,,index ,,& ,,gloss>y #cfi ,,li/ ,,( ,,col\r ,,plates ,frontispiece4 ,,pont ,,/4 ,b,n,,zet ,,ov] ,,! ,,rh,,ne ,,at ,,avignon4 ,built betwe5 ! ye>s #aagg & #aahe4 ,national ,gall]y ( ,au/ralia4 ,,to ,,face ,,page ,,railway ,,bridge ,,at ,,albi ,,9 ,,france #h ,,pont ,,val5tr ,,at ,,cahors ,,9 ,,france3 ,,! ,,=tifi$ ,,gates ,,& ,,t[]s4 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,see also ! second picture ( ?is ,ba/ille ,bridge #af ,,! ,,alc,,nt>a ,,at ,,tol$o4 ,ma9ly ! "w ( ,ar*bi%op ,t5orio1 ,a4,d4 #achj2 =tifi$ by ,&res ,manrique1 ,a4,d4 #adhd4 ,collection ( ,miss ,e4 ,c4 ,rossignol #cb ,,w>-,,bridge ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,at ,,p>!nay ,,9 ,,france #cf ,,cannon ,,/reet ,,railway ,,bridge1 ,,london4 ,collection ( ! ,f9e ,art ,society #dh ,,old ,,london ,,bridge4 ,begun by ,pet] ,cole*ur* 9 #aagf1 & f9i%$ by a ,fr5*man1 call$ ,isemb]t1 9 ! ye> #abji #eb ,,old ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,cla9 ,,ne> ,,poiti]s #ef ,,at ,,albi ,,on ,,! ,,t>n ,,9 ,,france4 ,%[+ on our "r ! ,old ,h\ses1 & beyond ! ,bridge1 on our left1 ! great ,old ,*ur*1 fam\s = its =tifications #gb ,,t[] ,,bridge1 ,,london4 ,collection ( ,john ,lane1 ,esq4 #hj ,,fam\s ,,bridge ,,at ,,espalion ,,9 ,,france4 ,said to date f ! ,eigh? ,c5tury #hh ,,pont ,,du ,,t>n ,,at ,,albi ,,9 ,,france4 ,said to date f ab\t ! ye>s #ajce-dj #ib ,,pont ,,de ,,v]nay ,,at ,,airvault1 ,,deux-,s,,vres4 ,fam\s bridge ) ribb$ ar*es1 ,fr5* ,romanesque ,p]iod1 ,twelf? ,c5tury #if ,,old ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,aude ,,at ,,c>cassonne ,,9 ,,france4 ,twelf? ,c5tury #ajd ,,go?ic ,,bridge ,,at ,,vill5euve-,,sur-,,lot1 ,,france #abj ,,ponte ,,della ,,paglia ,,at ,,v5ice4 ,r5aissance4 ,collection ( ,r4 ,workman1 ,esq4 #aeb ,,roman ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,segovia ,,9 ,,spa9 #ahd ,,huge ,,def5sive ,,bridge ,,at ,c,,rdova ,,9 ,,spa94 ,orig9ally ,roman1 b remodell$ by ! ,moors 9 ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 ,rec5tly s mu* repair$ t x looks almo/ new #ahh ,,old ,,bridge ,,) ,,h\ses ,,at ,,kreuzna* ,,on ,,! ,,nahe1 ,,prussia #bjh ,,! ,,rialto ,,9 ,,v5ice4 ,design$ 9 #aehh by ,antonio da ,ponte4 ,collection ( ! ,f9e ,art ,society #bab ,,new ,,london ,,bridge4 ,design$ by ,george ,r5nie1 & c>ri$ out by 8 bro!r1 ,sir ,john ,r5nie4 ,op5$ to ! public 9 #ahca4 ,collection ( ,*>les ,holme1 ,esq4 #bbj ,,?ree-,,ar*$ ,,bridge ,,at ,,v5ice1 ,,ov] ,,! ,,canal ,,( ,,/4 ,,giobbe4 ,brick & /one4 ,r5aissance4 ,collection ( ,j4 ,heaton1 ,esq4 #bbd ,,go?ic ,,bridge ,,at ,,b>n>d ,,ca/le1 ,,york%ire #bcb ,,go?ic ,,bridge ,,) ,,%r9es ,,at ,,el*e ,,9 ,,spa9 #bcf ,,old ,,bridge ,,at ,,espaly1 ,,ne> ,,le ,,puy1 ,,9 ,,france #bdj ,,pont ,,des ,,consuls ,,ov] ,,! ,,t>n ,,at ,,montauban ,,9 ,,france4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury #bef ,,pont ,,val5tr ,,at ,,cahors-,,sur-,,lot4 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,see also ! o!r picture ( ?is ,ba/ille ,bridge #bfd ,,! ,,alc,,nt>a ,,at ,,tol$o4 ,%[+ ! ,moori% ,gateway at ! ,t[n end ( ! ,bridge4 ,see also ! o!r picture #bhd ,,spani% ,,w>-,,bridge--,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>t9 ,,at ,,tol$o4 ,its hi/ory seems to date f #abab1 b 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury x 0 rebuilt by ,ar*bi%op ,t5orio #bhh ,,ponte ,,nom5tano ,,ov] ,,! ,,anio2 ,a ,,m$i,,val ,,w>-,,bridge ,,9 ,,! ,,campagna #bif ,,l>oque ,,on ,,! ,,riv] ,,lot1 ,,ne> ,,cahors4 ,a sort ( inl& ,gibralt>2 a "p ( ! village is built on bridges ?r[n across *asms 9 ! rocks #cjj ,,pont ,,neuf ,,at ,,p>is4 ,built 9 #afjd1 b mu* alt]$ s9ce ! ,r5aissance #cbj ,,! ,,t[] ,,bridge1 ,,london4 ,alb]t9a ,collection1 ,vi5na4 ,see also ! o!r draw+ #cbh ,,pont ,,h5ri ,,iv ,,ov] ,,! ,,vi5ne ,,at ,,*,,tell]ault ,,9 ,,france4 ,built by ,*>les ,&r\et du ,c]ceau1 #aefd-afji #ccb ,,pont ,,de ,,t\rs1 ,,france4 ,fam\s ,bridge ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury #cdd ,,on ,,! ,,t>n ,,at ,,millau ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,france4 ,repres5t+ ! brok5 end ( an old bridge ) a mill built on x2 beh9d is an ar* ( ! new bridge #ceb ,,li/ ,,( ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,hi/oric ,,vitry-,,le-,,fran,,ois1 ,,on ,,! ,,m>ne v ,,bridge ,,( ,,boats ,,at ,,cologne #a ,,brok5 ,,w>-,,bridge ,,( ,,! ,,xiii ,,c5tury1 ,,at ,,n>ni ,,9 ,,italy #ad ,,w>-,,bridge ,,( ,,! ,,xiv ,,c5tury ,,at ,,or!z ,,9 ,,france #ah ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,roman ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,n]a ,,at ,,n>ni1 ,,italy #bd ,,pu5te ,,de ,,san ,,juan ,,de ,,las ,,abadesas ,,at ,,g]ona ,,9 ,,spa9 #bi ,,! ,,old ,,w>-,,bridge ,,( ,,/irl+ #de ,,pont ,,sidi ,,ra*$ ,,at ,,con/ant9e ,,9 ,,alg]ia3 #aijh-aiab #ec ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,wycoll>1 ,,lanca%ire3 ,,! ,,weav]s' ,,bridge #fc ,,pont ,,du ,,diable1 ,,/4 ,,got?>d ,,pass #fg ,,old ,,t[n ,,bridge ,,9 ,,p]ugia1 ,,italy #he ,,at ,,zutph5 ,,9 ,,holl& #ajg ,,9 ,,ka%m,r3 ,,primitive ,,bridge ,,) ,,triangul> ,,ar*es #afa ,,bridge ,,at ,,wal?am ,,abbey ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,h>old #afc ,,smyrna3 ,,roman ,,bridge ,,& ,,aqu$uct #afe ,,! ,,pont ,,du ,,g>d ,,f ,,above ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ti] #agb ,,ru9s ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,loire ,,at ,,brives-,,*>5sac #ahj ,,! ,,bridge ,,at ,,z>agoza1 ,,p>tly ,,roman #ahg ,,ponte ,,rotto ,,at ,,rome1 ,,anci5tly ,,! ,,pons ,,palat9us ,,or ,,s5atorius #aib ,,ponte ,,maggiore ,,ov] ,a ,,rav9e ,,( ,,! ,,tronto ,,at ,,ascoli-,,pic5o ,,9 ,,italy3 ,,built ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages1 ,,b ,,roman ,,9 ,,/yle #bjj ,,! ,,pul-,i-,,kais> ,,at ,,%u%t] ,,9 ,,p]sia #bjc ,,durham #bje ,,! ,,pul-,i-,,khaju ,,ov] ,,! ,,z5deh ,,rud ,,at ,,isfahan ,,9 ,,p]sia #bac ,,/aircase ,,bridge ,,9 ,,*9a #bdh ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,ma9 ,,at ,w,,rzburg ,,9 ,,bav>ia 7#adgd-afjg7 #bei ,,bridge ,,( ,,ali ,,v]di ,,khan ,,ov] ,,! ,,z5deh ,,rud ,,at ,,isfahan #bfi ,,primitive ,,timb] ,,bridge ,,9 ,,bhutan1 ,,india #bgc ,,def5sive ,,bridge ,,at ,,sospel #bgf ,,brok5 ,,w>-,,bridge ,,at ,,n>ni ,,9 ,,italy #bgg ,,w>-,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,gav-,,de-,,pau ,,at ,,or!z ,,9 ,,france #bgi ,,w>-,,bridge ,,at ,,monm\? #bha ,,! ,,rabot ,,at ,,gh5t3 ,a ,,=tifi$ ,,lock #bhi ,,tod5tanzbrucke ,,at ,,luc]ne ,,9 ,,switz]l& #bib ,,pont ,,sa9t-,,esprit #bic ,,canal ,,bridge ,,9 ,,v5ice #cbi ,,ra9 #cfc ,a ,,book ,,( ,,bridges ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,( ,,boats ,,at ,,cologne ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fir/ ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,bridges ,,& ,,roads ,i ,,g5]al ,,views ,a ponti/1 or devotee ( bridges1 ought to be envi$ & piti$2 8 "w is m>vell\sly attractive1 b he _c hope to le>n ev5 a tw5tie? "p ( ! discov]able hi/ory :i* has circulat$ along highways4 ,inde$1 ! hi/ory goes back to a "t t prec$$ ! desc5t ( man2 a primal "t :5 e bridge 0 made by ,nature1 & :5 footpa?s & tracks 7 ! runs & spoor ( wild animals1 _m ( :i* 7 huge en\gh to pl\gh _! way ?r\gh deep jungles & to trample wide pa?s ?r\gh ! und]gr[? ( virg9 =e/s4 ,!re 7 eight or n9e sorts ( natural bridge 7p4 #aac71 & !y 7 all useful to ! _m quadrup$s t travell$ f> 9 _! se>* = prey & =age4 ,to m$itate on ?is fact is to visualise _m probable happ5+s2 vivid pictures live be=e ! m9d's eye1 & 9 "o ,i see h[ a full-gr[n ,iguanodon1 aft] gorg+ all day 9 a ravag$ weald1 0 ov]come by ! sleep ( glutt$ hung] z he tri$ to cross a big fall5 tree t bridg$ a *asm ne> by 8 lair "u a rock-%elt]2 & a flock ( little bright birds came & settl$ on ! sev5ty feet ( body & tail1 j to pick up v]m94 ,:y n8 ,life ev]y:]e has f$ on lives2 some?+ has di$1 & suff]$ a resurrection ( vitality1 :5ev] appeas$ hung] has r5ew$ ! heal? ( an organism2 & ?is picture ( an edaci\s ,iguanodon & 8 bird fri5ds attracts me = two reasons3 x rem9ds me t bridges ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory h circulat$ /rife1 & x repres5ts ! p]petual law ( battle t rules creatively ov] all liv+ creatures1 l f\l manure ov] g>d5s & h>ve/ fields4 ,a ponti/1 !n1 mu/ try to see cle>ly1 "u a =m ( visual conception1 :at "p 8 subject play$ 9 ! e>lie/ w> ( organic life1 :5 natural bridges aid$ ! fir/ animals n only to hunt ov] great t]ritories1 b to migrate f _! fir/ homes into l&s v f> away4 ,9 ! second *apt] we %all try to feel ! inspir+ pressure ( ev5ts :i* mu/ h act$ dur+ ! desc5t ( man on a bra9 rem>kable = its imitative faculties4 ,p]haps we c get into imag9ative t\* ) our e>lie/ ance/ors2 p]haps we c f9d 9 ourselves a ve/ige ( _! aborig9al nature2 & !n we %all "k1 by a sympa?y :i* we %all n "q1 h[ ea* natural bridge help$ !m 9 _! w&]+s1 & became a model to be copi$1 & adapt$1 & improv$4 ,su* is ! beg9n+ ( our enviable /udies1 b _! end is nev] rea*$4 ,n ev5 ! long days & ye>s ( ,hilpa & ,%alum1 9 ,addison1 :]e ant$iluvian seconds endure ab\t z long z our trivial m9utes1 w\ld be en\gh = a complete /udy ( bridges & roads1 view$ z ine/imable s]vants to ! commonweal ( mank9d4 ,a complete /udy w\ld foll[ _! evolution ?r\gh eight _w-wide subjects3 ar*itecture1 civil eng9e]+1 antiqu>ian rese>*1 ! developm5t ( trade & comm]ce f primitive b>t]1 social wayf>+1 w> & its r$ trag$ies1 ! longevity ( b>b>ic cu/oms1 usages1 traditions1 & ! ups & d[ns ( =tune 9 ! sl[ fev] call$ progress1 ^: cl9ical !rmomet] has be5 tribal & national ent]prise1 & ^: gradual effects on ! temp]ature ( bodies civil h produc$ _m )]+ crises fatal to civilizations4 ,^! eight subjects are va/ly intricate z well z _w-wide4 ,9 scope !y are inf9ite1 if we comp>e _! magnitude ) ! brief seasons ( our p]i%able days4 ,let u !n ask ourselves a "q3 ,h[ mu* may we expect to le>n ab\t bridges & roads1 ! di/ributive ag5ts ( all human aims & ambitions8 ,suppose we live to be ?reescore ye>s & t51 & suppose we "w gladly = eight h\rs a day f ! age ( fifte5 to t ( sev5ty2 enc\rag$ by p]fect heal?1 & s delight$ ) our "w t we rescue ,sunday f a sabbat>ian in]tia1 & lose no "t at all by be+ drudges to ! holiday mania4 ,= a ponti/ nev] ne$ be idle2 n only has he a ?\s& problems to reconsid]1 b 9 all 8 walks & rides he is a wayf>] ) 8 hobby4 ,:5 he feels cocksure he c visit a dete/able railway bridge & dr9k ! wormwood ( pessimism2 & :5 = a :ole week he has tri$ 9 va9 to foll[ a devi\s fact ?r\gh all its golf-ball antics f bunk] to bunk]1 let him g to a classic bridge su* z ! ,pu5te ,trajan ov] ! ,tagus at ,alcnt>a2 or let him be z a delight$ pupil to ,turn]'s ,walton ,bridges or to ,brangwyn's magnific5t vision ( ! ,pont ,/4 ,bnezt at ,avignon4 ,f "t to "t1 also1 aft] pay+ 8 rates & taxes1 a ponti/ %\ld recall to memory ! r>e great 8f9ds0 :i* 8 long rese>* has unburi$4 ,to enjoy a 8f9d0 prop]ly is to feel sure t "o has made a gallant entry into ,el ,dorado4 ,nev] %all ,i =get ! elation t came to me :5 at ! same mom5t ,i came ^u two wondr\s facts3 fir/1 t ,nature _h creat$ l(ty ar*$ bridges1 l ! ,rock ,bridge 9 ,virg9ia & ! ,pont d',arc ov] ! ,ard*e#a 9 ,france2 next1 t ! e>lie/ ar*ways 9 h&icraft 7 copi$ f ,nature's models1 & copi$ ) a plodd+ mimicry1 = !y 7 built n ) conv]g+ ar*/ones1 b ) c\rses ( /one laid horizontally1 j z ,nature 9 /ratifi$ rocks _h put "o flat lay] ^u ano!r 7p4 #aee74 ,to discov] facts ( ?is k9d is a joy t keeps ! he>t y\?ful4 ,/udy is n a fri5d to ! ,income ,tax1 b x puts tr\ble out ( m9d1 a true ,nep5!4 ,ev5 ag$ sci5ti/s at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute gr[ "y & m]ry :5 !y isolate a virul5t microbe :i* = a long "t has baffl$ _! curiosity4 ,yes1 rese>* ought to be v popul>2 9 its companion%ip any p]son ( s5se may le>n gladly z an 8old boy0 f 8 fifte5? ye> to ! sev5tie?1 work+ daily = eight ?or\gh h\rs4 ,h[ _m h\rs 9 all w\ld be giv5 to /udy & ?\ght8 ,9 fifty-five ye>s !re are tw5ty ?\s& & sev5ty-five days2 ^! we multiply by eight & behold6 we h be5 s$ul\sly y\?ful = #afj1fjj h\rs4 ,"h is a record ( indu/ry2 x may be unexampl$ until c5t5>ians become z frequ5t z ,m4 ,met*nik(f wants !m to be2 & yet1 aft] all1 is x a great record8 ,great x may be 9 its relation to human weakness1 b x means only a trivial appr5tice%ip to any vocation t lures ! m9d ) illimitable op5 fields4 ,our happy toil is no?+ m ?an a glean]1 b x %\ld keep u f be+ prigs--little /ud5ts ov]f$ on a little k & too fooli% to feel ignorant4 ,:at ,sir ,clif=d ,allbutt has told ! public ab\t ! immaturity ( mod]n sci5ce is true also ( ! /udy ( bridges & roads2 "h1 too1 k is (t5 holl[ :ile ignorance has a solid weight1 ev5 among m5 :o are n cont5t ) curr5t =mulas4 8,9 e direction we seem to travel b a v %ort way be=e we are br\ght to a /op2 our eyes are op5$ to see t our pa? is beset ) d\bts1 & t ev5 our be/-made k comes b too soon to an end4 ,9 e *apt] arises problem aft] problem to beckon u on to f>!r inve/igation2 yet ?is way & t we are s baffl$ by d>kness & ignorance t to *oose "o ( ^! problems = attack1 "o :i* is likely to repay 8 lab\r1 is (t5 beyond ! scope ( a junior c&idate40#b ,n t a "y man %\ld be v humble 9 8 *oice ( a problem1 = x is ) /ud5ts z ) empire mak]s1 :o w\ld d v little if a bold indiscretion 7 unfruitful4 ,let u h fai? 9 ! sunburnt cock9ess ( extreme y\?4 ,:5 x hunts ! f> horizon z if mirages ( self-deception 7 ! butt]flies ( ambition1 easy to cat* & easy to pres]ve1 x is guid$ by ! g5ius ( rese>*2 & c]ta9ly x has done f> m = ! _w ?an w ev] be done by a reason+ caution t looks too f> ahead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,railway ,,bridge ,,at ,,albi ,,9 ,,france ,ab\t five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 ,i began 9 my leisure "t to be a ponti/1 a good old slipp]$ antiqu>y gave me "s h9ts on :at he call$ 8a discreet f]v\r 9 ! /udy ( bridges40 ,i 0 to *oose an ,engli% c\nty1 p]haps ,d]by%ire1 & = eight or n9e ye>s ,i 0 to live all day long ) ! bridges1 gett+ !m photograph$ f _m po9ts ( view1 & recov]+ bits ( _! /ories f du/y old records & =gott5 munim5t *e/s4 ,!n a clay-cold book 9 two volumes 0 to be writt51 ) a frigid zeal = ! accuracy ( m9ute data1 & ) en\gh glacial footnotes on e page to /rike t]ror into t g5]al read] :o does g5]ally read4 ,no ?\ght at all 0 to be giv5 to ! public1 ^: vulg> m9d _h neglect$ ! _m antiqu>ies :o _h told ! hi/oric tru? unfl9*+ly1 ) a desp]ate ef=t to be imp>tial1 unemotional1 & yet effective also1 l iceb]gs4 ,i told my advis] t 8 ideals 7 ^? ( a /udi\s millionaire4 ,he c\ld af=d to write )\t he>t & to be pleas$ ) a bad circulation2 c\ld af=d also to =get t old ,engli% bridges1 ?\gh at times z *>m+ly ru/ic z ! ,rob9 ,hood ,ballads1 7 n great ma/]pieces ( art1 l a good _m old bridges on ! ,cont95t4 ,if ,i invit$ read]s to d9e ) me on ,brazil nuts1 unaid$ by nutcrack]s1 h[ 9 ! _w c\ld ,i expect to receive company8 ,b argum5t 0 useless4 ,! antiqu>y _h two homes--himself & ! pa/1 & 9 bo? he liv$ z a rapt dream]4 ,i see him /ill1 a lean & du/y figure1 unkempt1 unwa%$1 = he 8hat$ imm]sion0 l ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,8 fav\rite aim--& he nev] realis$ x--0 to put a spade t5d]ly aga9/ a human skull buri$ 9 ,plioc5e deposits4 8,i w\ld soon] d t10 he decl>$ "o ev5+1 8?an be m>ri$ to all ! prettie/ wom5 9 ,engl&--girls1 n wid[s1 ( c\rse40 ,c\rage 0 n 8 =te--except 9 "o pugnaci\s habit :i* he %>$ ) mo/ antiqu>ies3 n only did he love facts ) a zeal t 0 always ready to def5d !m1 b he reg>d$ e fact z a big tru?4 ,! old man w\ld say to me1 = in/ance1 8,hunt 9 ! ,middle ,ages = common b %9+ tru?s ab\t roads & bridges4 ,ah yes6 ,!re's ! fact t _m bridges 7 prop]ty own]s2 _! l&$ e/ates 7 sometimes inconsid]able1 to be sure1 l ! noble p>ks ( ,lilliput2 b ea* e/ate1 :e!r l>ge or small1 0 a great tru? 9 ! hi/ory ( bridges4 ,& ,i l to rememb] ! good folk :o 9 _! wills bequea!d money to _! fav\rite bridges1 l ,c\nt ,neville1 :o 9 #addj left tw5ty p\nds to #8,ul%awe ,bridge1' ne> ,middleham4 ,n[ & !n ! te/ator 0 a sk9fl9t1 l ,john ,danby1 :o 9 #addd left 9 8 w a begg>ly six & eightp5ce to #8,w>leby ,bridge4' ,yes1 & he 0 ra% en\gh to die unrep5tant4 ,ano!r man1 a notable m]*ant 9 8 day1 ,rog] ,?ornton1 ( ,newca/le1 0 clev] en\gh to save himself f oblivion1 a m]*ant's de/9y1 by leav+ a hundr$ m>ks to ! ,tyne ,bridge 9 8 native t[n--a bridge1 by ! way1 t ne$$ mu* r5ovation4 ,b ,?ornton 9 8 *>ity /ruck a h>d b>ga93 ! hundr$ m>ks w\ld n be paid unless ! #8mair & ye comyns' releas$ ! te/ator f c]ta9 actions at law6 ,?ornton di$ 9 #adbi2 & to %[ y t ! beautiful tru? :i* ,i am illu/rat+ 0 n !n hi/orically juv5ile1 ,i w m5tion an e>li] fact f ! life ( a ,newca/le citiz51 ,john ,cooke by "n1 :o 9 #acgi bequea!d tw5ty m>ks to ! =tifi$ bridge at ,w>kwor?40 ,! old man gossip$ qua9tly ab\t 8 8tru?s10 b :5 he wrote ab\t !m he 0 legal 9 pr(use entanglem5ts4 ,!n x seem$ to him t tru? c\ld n be protect$ by too _m =tifications4 ,_h he look$ ^u facts z facts1 m]e ?+s :i* _h happ5$ & :i* _h no future1 8 antiqu>ian k w\ld h be5 less arid4 ,b he belong$ to a s*ool ( p$ants--! same s*ool :i* ei!r kills antiqu>ian magaz9es or enables !m to live obscurely on unpaid contributions4 ,t a man's lifework %\ld be futile to ! public1 a m]e cemet]y :]e facts lie buri$ l fossils 9 a rock1 is pitiful2 yet antiqu>ies are v pr\d ( _! b>r5 lab\r4 ,sc>cely "o ( !m und]/&s t a fact1 h[ev] ent]ta9+1 has no value to ?\ght unless x is a useful item 9 a mass ( corroborative evid5ce2 & ev5 !n x c be no?+ m ?an a fact1 a ?+ to illu/rate ! p]petual action ( an absolute tru?1 or ! increas+ wor? ( a giv5 hypo!sis1 or ! g5]al belief 9 a giv5 !ory4 ,two or ?ree facts t confirm ea* o!r ju/ify a guess1 a r&om 8%ot10 or a vague suspicion2 an important collection ( su* facts1 if x cont9ues to gr[1 gives validity to a hypo!sis2 & :5 f _m s\rces z v>i\s z !y are _m new facts are add$ ye> aft] ye> to ! collection1 until at la/ ! cumulative evid5ce holds ! field ) ! be/ judges1 !n we "k t ! hypo!sis has be5 develop$ into a !ory1 ! highe/ =m ( mobile k 9 ! realms ( ,?\ght4 ,b a !ory is n absolute tru?1 ( c\rse2 x is a h>b\r :]e ,k re/s :ile ,?\ght is on ! high seas1 a ,columbus1 se>*+ = new worlds4 ,f a guess to a !ory2 ?is1 !n1 is ! ar*itecture ( con/ructive gr[? t rese>* & revision build ) facts2 & if we z ponti/s wi% to ?9k cle>ly & humanely1 we mu/ use facts z a means to a wor?y end1 z ar*itects employ _! mat]ials4 ,"o by "o facts are to u :at a few slates & tiles are to a build]1 b ,?\ght collects !m1 & !n ) c>e & inspiration %e builds ) !m z %e builds ) /ones & bricks & timb]4 ,9 h] "w1 moreov]1 !re is no?+ little :5 %e does little ?+s admirably2 b :5 h] devotees g away f h] & p>ade guesswork z !ory & fact z tru?1 we %\ld ask !m :e!r brick-kilns are h\ses & /one qu>ries ca!drals4 ,to-day1 unhappily1 mo/ p exalt facts into tru?s1 & v (t5 ! great ^w 8!ory0 is a j\rnali/ic t]m = any supposition t is loose or wayw>d or fooli%4 ,?us1 8,mrs4 ,jones has a m]e !ory t h] husb& is h>d at "w :5 he rema9s 9 t[n aft] (fice h\rs40 ,f ! life ( bridges we may draw a great _m conjectures1 suppositions1 speculations1 sugge/ions1 fancies1 ideas2 & "h & !re we f9d "s attractive hypo!ses1 notably ^? t conc]n ! introduction ( po9t$ ar*es into ,fr5* bridges1 & ( ribb$ ar*es into ,engli% bridges4 ,are !re any tru?s1 any useful & necess>y ?+s t repeat & confirm !mselves age aft] age8 ,yes4 ,!re are "s te*nical tru?s t belong = all "t to ! me*anics ( bridge build+2 ! _w c employ !m = ev]1 & always ) ! same good results1 if eng9e]s & ar*itects "w compet5tly4 ,!re is also a great social tru? 9 ! life ( bridges & roads2 namely1 t types ( society are z old z _! sy/ems ( circulation1 j z wom5 & m5 are z old z _! art]ies4 ,s ! condition ( a body social c be judg$ accurately if we exam9e ) c>e its l&ways & wat]ways4 ,9 ,spa91 = example1 :]e ! g5ius ( mod]nity is inactive1 & :]e f9e bridges repres5t _m dead social /ates1 ,roman1 ,moori%1 ,m$ival1 & ,r5aissance1 ! pa/ reigns ov] ! highways1 sometimes z an inspiration1 z 9 ! great & va/ bridge at ,ronda1 b usually z a m\rnful hi/orian4 ,ev5 9 ^? p>ts ( ,spa9 :]e trade endeav\rs to be mod]n1 workm5 h "t en\gh to be hone/ craftsm52 _! metal bridges are n unc\?1 & _! /one bridges are *>m$ ) h9ts tak5 f classic models4 ,!y d n 8progress10 = !y keep f> (f f t _s ( trade :i* reg>ds ! lies ( adv]tis+ z pro(s ( a pu%ful hon\r4 ,f a mod]n /&po9t1 !n1 ,spa9 does n live except z a dim reflexion ( h] long ago4 ,a ponti/ has few !ories to consid]1 only two1 inde$1 & ^! are si/]s4 ,let me introduce y to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,brok5 ,,w>-,,bridge ,,( ,,! ,,xiii ,,c5tury1 ,,at ,,n>ni ,,9 ,,italy2 ,,repair$ ,,) ,,wood ,,ii ,,/rife ,,& ,,hi/oric ,,bridges ,! fir/ !ory sets ?\ght a/ir on ! necessity ( hav+ l&ways & wat]ways :i* 9 all respects are fitt$ to di/ribute ! _m functional activities ( milit>y & civil life4 ,x is n en\gh t a complex type ( society %\ld h _m intricate sy/ems ( circulation = its multi=m traffic4 ,! weake/ po9ts 9 ea* sy/em ought to be reg>d$ z dang] zones 9 ! /rategy ( national def5ce1 s x is a duty to protect !m f attack1 & ! protection %\ld be z complete z ! milit>y arts c make x1 age aft] age4 ,n[ ! mo/ vuln]able po9ts 9 a sy/em ( l&ways are ! long bridges by :i* roads & railways are conduct$ across wide *asms1 & deep valleys1 & p]il\s wat]ways4 ,yet 9 ,engl&1 & 9 o!r c\ntries also1 nei!r roads nor railways are def5d$2 inde$1 mod]n bridges are n only un=tifi$1 b z s5sitive to bombs z elephants are to l>ge bullets4 ,:y has ! _w =gott5 t a p[]ful nation ^: bridges 7 cut w\ld be l a giant ^: art]ies 7 sev]$8 ,z ! suffragettes burnt d[n ,y>m\? pi]1 s a conspiracy ( civil disord]1 act+ 9 accordance ) a well-=m$ plan1 c\ld 9 a night1 ) a few sapp]s1 cripple a va/ railway1 by bl[+ up ! ma9 /rategic bridges4 ,i am giv+ a *apt] to ?is urg5t subject1 mo/ eng9e]s hav+ evad$ ) equal ze/ ! *>m ( beauty & ! security ( our food supplies4 ,at a "t :5 ! nations ov]>m !mselves = w>1 tradesm5 & eng9e]s h erect$ ugly bridges = an imag9$ peace2 b n[ t ! art ( fly+ ?reat5s civilization f ov]head & f all ar\nd1 l a new ,satan1 ! public attitude to highways _c rema9 le?>gic4 ,will+ly or unwill+ly1 we mu/ recall & r5ew ^? pr9ciples ( def5sive w> ) ! help ( :i* bridges 7 safegu>d$ by ! ,romans & also 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,frank ,brangwyn has pa9t$ _m ag$ =tifi$ bridges1 mak+ a mo/ v>i$ selection2 & 9 ea* ( ^! hi/oric pictures he illu/rates ! attitude ( old times to ! !ory ( pont9e def5ce4 ,! apa?y ( ! public has be5 un9tellig5t1 b n un9telligible1 because bridges & roads are s ord9>y1 s v trite1 t we :o use !m e day d n ?9k ( _! supreme influ5ce on ! nation's heal? & safety4 ,!y belong to t realm ( cu/om :]e tru?s fall asleep 9 truisms & facts 9 platitudes4 ,to und]/& a ?+ t seems obvi\s1 or 8inevitable10 is among ! problems t g5ius alone c solve 9 a complete way4 ,dr4 ,johnson believ$ t m5 & wom5 c\ld m>ry ugl9ess )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ intrepid1 because cu/om w\ld soon tea* !m n to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 good looks & bad4 ,z cu/om dulls our m9ds ev5 9 family life1 :]e affection is mo/ wat*ful1 we _c be surpris$ t common roads & bridges are too evid5t to be se5 intellig5tly4 ,v few p]sons love a bridge until x is gone1 or until x has be5 put out ( action by ,napoleon's 8:iff ( gunp[d]40 ,!n a victori\s army may be br\ght to a /&/ill1 l ,well+ton's1 9 ,spa91 :5 ! retreat+ ,fr5* blew up an ar* ( ! colossal ,roman bridge at ,alcnt>a1 s t = "s long days ! un=dable ,tagus might protect _! re>gu>d4 ,x 0 no easy task to repair ! bridge ) a nett+ ( ropes t c>ri$ planks2 & :5 ! ,briti% army cross$ ! gap on ?is make%ift footway1 ,well+ton knew t ! ,devil 0 n ! only ar*fi5d 9 human affairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,val5tr ,,at ,,cahors ,,9 ,,france3 ,,! ,,=tifi$ ,,gates ,,& ,,t[]s4 ,,see ,,also ,,! ,,second ,,picture ,yes1 believe me1 x is wor? :ile to ?9k ( ! highways & byways4 ,try to imag9e1 = in/ance1 :at x has co/ 9 suff]+ & 9 dea? to make fit = use all ! traffic art]ies & ve9s t n\ri% & su/a9 life 9 ! bodies civil ( ! _w4 ,h[ long w\ld x take to explore ! myriads ( rambl+ footpa?s8 ,c\ld ?is "w be done 9 two hundr$ ye>s by a ?\s& ,/anleys8 ,h[ _m lives h be5 lo/ 9 mak+ roads ?r\gh =e/s & f5s & ov] m\nta9s8 9 ! con/ruction ( railways8 9 ! build+ ( bridges8 9 ! sl[ cutt+ ( canals8 ,! ,suez ,canal 0 a long campaign ( /rick5 fields 9 ! w> ( trade ent]prise2#c & ! ,panama ,canal has reap$ lives z quickly z m9or battles reap !m4 ,if we c\ld see 9 a =m ( visual conception all ! sacrifice ( life t civilizations h (f]$ to progress on ! hi/oric l&ways & wat]ways1 h[ t]rifi$ we %\ld be6 ,ev5 ! hospitals & sick-b$s ( humanity h n _h a m sc>+ pa?os ?an t :i* has accompani$ ! m peaceable ent]prises ( mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,w>-,,bridge ,,( ,,! ,,xiv ,,c5tury ,,at ,,or!z ,,9 ,,france ,?is reflexion br+s u to ! second !ory t has a home 9 ! life ( bridges & roads4 ,o!r homes x has also1 a va/ numb] ( !m1 = ?is !ory belongs to ! law ( battle1 ! univ]sal law ( /rife4 ,9 s f> z ! l[] organisms are conc]n$1 ?is law seems to be z p]man5t z ! sun2 we h no reason to suppose t its rule w ev] be relax$ among birds1 bea/s1 fi%es1 insects1 or among o!r =ms ( life1 su* z competitive trees 9 a wood2 b mank9d is an et]nal my/]y1 & none c say into :at civilization ( symphonic h>mony ! human race may be evolv$ by gradual improvem5ts 9 ! cr[d$ /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s h5ce ! competitions ( human life may be l h>moni\s rivalries betwe5 notes 9 music1 or l ! wondr\s or*e/ration t unites into a symphony ( b5ign heal? all ! communities ( cells 9 a s\nd body4 8,all = ,ea*1 ,ea* = ,all0 is ! social rule t ,nature adm9i/]s 9 h] cellul> civilizations2 & %e puni%es ) disease & dea? ! bodies t rebel aga9/ h] rule by develop+ h>mful egotisms4 ,yet mank9d has /]eotyp$ a v diff]5t social rule1 8,ea* = ,all1 yet ,ea* = ,himself02 & :at "r h we to believe t ?is egotism1 s long inh]it$1 & cont9u\sly active1 c *ange its nature gradually1 till at la/ x w be z philh>monic z ! cellul> commonweal?s =m+ a /rong human body8 ,at pres5t ?is appe>s to be v improbable1 b impossible we d>e n call x1 s9ce e type ( society is free to improve its own lot4 ,s ! law ( /rife 9 human affairs appeals to u n z a tru? de/9$ to la/ till doomsday1 l ! /rife ( c>nivor\s hung]1 b z a !ory :i* human life has n yet contradict$1 b :i* 9 c\rse ( "t may be temp]$ into a social art--a competitive h>mony fav\rable to ev]ybody4 ,yet ev5 !n1 no d\bt1 inequalities ( m9d w be active 9 accordance ) ,nature's law ( inf9ite v>iation4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 we h to accept hi/ory z mank9d has made x4 ,/rife has reign$ ev]y:]e2 ev5 ! te/ ( effici5cy has be5--n ! survival ( ! f9e/ natures1 b--! survival ( ! lea/ unfitt$ = a long battle aga9/ bad environm5ts4 ,v (t5 ! delicate h ! be/ *>act]s & ! mo/ al]t bra9s2 & 9 times pa/ ! delicate di$ f h>d%ips by myriads4 ,consid] also ! innum]able w>s2 slaught] & success h tri$ to g h&-9-h& toge!r z boon companions4 ,e road ?r\gh hi/ory is a *ang+ procession ( armies2 e anci5t bridge has a long /ory ( battles4 ,inde$1 bridges & roads h circulat$ all ! _m phases ( /rife t m5 h employ$ 9 civil rivalries1 9 m]cantile competitions1 9 g5]ative migrations1 9 roadside adv5tures ) footpads & cut-?roats1 9 fateful invasions1 & 9 ^? mission>y conque/s :i* h giv5 to religions _! rival empires4 ,no "o kn[s h[ _m invasions 7 brok5 up by ! =e/s & f5s ( ,engl& be=e ! ,romans came ) _! colonis+ me?ods1 & l9k$ _! scatt]$ camps toge!r by means ( pav$ highways1 great roads de/9$ to be us$ = _m c5turies1 & by _m raids & armies4 ,! e>lie/ prehi/oric tribes came along a bridge ( l& by :i* ,engl& 0 unit$ to ,france2 !y f\nd 9 _! c\rse "s ( ! nature-made bridges 7p4 #aad71 & ! spoor & tracks ( =midable animals1 su* z ! ma/odon & ! mammo?4 ,mu* lat] invasions1 also prehi/oric1 mu/ h come ov] ! sea 9 boats1 = ! bridge ( l& _h ! hi/ory ( mo/ bridges1 ! wat] swall[$ x up2 b e boat may be reg>d$ z a float+ bridge :i* is mov$ f place to place1 s t a ponti/ :5 he /udies ! sea-borne invasions keeps 9 t\* ) 8 fav\rite subject4 ,on _! arrival 9 ,engl& ! lat] prehi/oric coloni/s f\nd t mo/ ( ! nature-made bridges _h be5 copi$1 & t a great _m footpa?s & tracks rambl$ f settlem5ts to wat]+-places & ?r\gh ! =e/s :]e huntsm5 risk$ _! lives 9 a sport ( habit4 ,! m5 ( ! ,bronze ,p]iod 7 supplant$ 9 ,europe by a race m p[]ful1 ^: cl5*$ fi/s ne$$ l>g] sword-h&les2 x 0 a race ( manly & swagg]+ nomads1 /rong & fi]ce2 & yet1 z ,d>w9 believ$1 _! success 9 ! w> ( life may h be5 aid$ /ill m by _! sup]iority 9 ! arts4 ,c we fix a date = ! introduction ( bronze into ! ,briti% ,isles8 ,"h is a matt] ( op9ion2 b1 accord+ to ,sir ,john ,evans1 ! mo/ likely date is sep>at$ f ! ,*ri/ian era by ab\t #adjj ye>s1 p]haps #bjj ye>s less4 ,iron belongs to a mu* lat] "t4 ,probably1 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 x 0 kn[n z a metal 9 ,s\? ,brita92 & ab\t a c5tury lat] x began to sup]s$e bronze 9 ! manufacture ( cutt+ implem5ts4#d ,!n1 z n[1 ,engl& wait$ = great discov]ies to be import$4 ,_m ,briti% tribes 7 h]mits ( conv5tion1 will+ drudges to a r\t9e ( fix$ habits & cu/oms4 ,= example1 ! highe/ =m ( prehi/oric bridge-build+1 ! lake-village1 came to ,engl& n e>li] ?an ! ,bronze ,age1 & we %all see 7p4 #acg7 t a lake-village1 ) its late ,celtic h&icrafts1 exi/$ at ,gla/onbury :5 9 its neighb\rhood ! ,romans 7 at "w4 ,b ,i d n wi% to imply t no ,briti% tribe _h any al]tness4 ,z ,cs> f\nd out to 8 co/1 !re 7 ,britons ) an ent]pris+ cons]vatism1 ^: w>-*>iots 7 manag$ ) a skilful brav]y4 ,?is :eel$ traffic po/ulates a good road "h & !re1 ) bridges ov] "s deep riv]s2 & to ?is supposition two facts mu/ be add$3 ! w>-*>iots 7 small1 & _! :eels 7 primitive1 s 9 a wet climate !y w\ld h be5 useless on unm5d$ tracks4 ,let u inf]1 !n1 t ! ,roman conque/ ( ,engl& 0 aid$ by "s ,briti% l&ways :i* 7 g5u9e roads1 valu$ = _! s]vice & kept 9 repair4 ,is n ?is impli$ also by ! circulation ( ,druidism f its v5]at$ he>t 9 ,anglesey8 ,!re is no evid5ce bett] ?an t ( a j inf]5ce f kn[n ev5ts1 = ev5ts _c lie1 :]eas ! eye-witness c1 & v (t5 he does4 ,aga91 to ?9k ( ! aggression :i* has travell$ along roads & ov] bridges1 is to ?9k also ( ! five phases ?r\gh :i* civilization has evolv$ _m times4 ,dur+ ! fir/ phase a new home is won by invasion2 & dur+ ! second phase ! new home is ext5d$ by invasions1 & ef=ts are made to co-ord9ate ! sep>at$ p>ts by improv+ _! int]communications4 ,!n civil & economic competitions n only multiply1 b become too active 9 ! body social2 weal? bre$s weal?1 & pov]ty1 pov]ty4 ,s ! classes gr[ discordant1 & put too mu* /ra9 on ea* o!r1 j z diseas$ lungs poison ! /ronge/ he>t1 or z virile he>ts rupture weak art]ies4 ,"h is ! f\r? phase2 x means a gradual dis9tegration br\ght ab\t p>tly by ! economic w>1 p>tly by a relax+ fai? 9 /]n duties & 9 patriotism4 ,amusem5t becomes a passion1 ev5 a mania1 & discont5t see!s "u ! fool-fury ( ! m]ry-mak+4 ,!n comes ! gradual break-up or d[nfall1 :i* may be ha/5$ by invasions f a y\ng] & m militant c\ntry4 ,ea* phase may be a long developm5t1 sometimes delay$ by ev5ts1 & sometimes hurri$2 & ! f9al phase may be po/pon$ = a long "t :5 ! /rife ( pov]ty is reliev$ by con/ant emigration4 ,human gunp[d] does n explode if x is %ipp$ to a happi] c\ntry :]e a day's "w br+s com=t en\gh = ?ree days4 ,b ! ma9 po9t is ?is3 t civilizations h travell$ always 9 ! same direction & end$ always 9 a break-up1 j z great riv]s h fl[$ always t[>d _! de/9y 9 ! sea1 ?\gh all h *ang$ _! b$s _m times & wid5$ _! valleys4 ,:5 we m$itate on ! "p play$ by bridges & roads 9 ! rise & fall ( ambiti\s nations1 we %\ld *oose a fit environm5t1 su* z a ,roman bridge crippl$ by ?ree =ms ( w>3 floods1 w9ds1 & human /rife4 ,france has ?ree or f\r ,roman bridges ( ?is k9d1 b let u take an ,italian example4 ,brangwyn has *os5 ! ,ponte ,rotto1 at ,rome1 & ! great ru9s ( ! bridge at ,n>ni4 ,x 0 ,augu/us ,cs> :o erect$ ,n>ni ,bridge1 9 ord] to jo9 two hills toge!r across ! valley ( ! ,n]a1 on ! ,flam9ian ,way1 9 ! ,sab9e c\ntry4 ,!re 7 f\r ar*es ( :ite m>ble1 & ! f9e/ "o _h a span ( #adb feet4 ,! o!rs v>i$ mu* 9 bread?4#e ,! ,romans plumb$ ! riv] & *ose ! be/ natural f\ndations = _! pi]s2 /ability 0 m to !m ?an a sequ5ce ( uni=m ar*es4 ,at ! pres5t "t only "o ar* rema9s2 b "u its great vault1 z y /& on ! left bank1 y w feel alone ) ! pity & t]ror t hi/ory br+s to ^? :o see pa/ ev5ts z cle>ly z pa9t]s behold _! concepts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,roman ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,n]a ,,at ,,n>ni1 ,,italy ,"u ?is ar* at ,n>ni _m types ( society h pass$1 ) _! cu/oms1 religions1 fe>s1 hopes1 ambitions1 pr$atory trades & pillag+ armies2 h pass$ "o aft] ! o!r1 & vani%$4 ,tempus edax dev\r$ !m2 & n[ !y are /udi$ 9 relics ( _! arts & crafts1 _! mute hi/orians4 ,:at p]man5t social good did !y d8 ,ought we to be z =getful ( !m z !y 7 ( _! buri$ g5]ations8 ,d !y m]it any praise at all8 ,!y 7 pr\d1 ( c\rse1 & look$ ^u *ange z abid+ progress1 yet ! m !y alt]$ ! m _! egotism 0 ! same ?+1 ei!r int5sifi$ & develop$1 or slack5$ & degrad$2 = ! rul+ motive p[]s ( _! life 7 b v>iations ( ! aborig9al w> betwe5 ! enfeebl$ & ! /r5g!n$4 ,! social rule tri$ to prove t 8,ea* = ,all1 yet ,ea* = ,himself10 0 ! only sane doctr9e = m5 to be guid$ by 9 _! civil competitions4 ,ev]ybody _h to d mu* = ! commonweal1 b yet he 0 taught to believe t a/ut5ess1 ev5 m ?an upright ability1 w\ld enable him to ga9 control ov] a numb] ( slaves1 or s]fs1 or s]vants1 ^: lot w\ld be :at he ?\ght fit to make x4 ,?is habitual /ruggle = ,dom9ion ov] o!rs 0 a fri5d to ! =tunate classes only3 x br$ microbes 9 ! body social & produc$ fev] & disruption4 ,is x surpris+ t civilizations )]$ away8 ,_! autopsies h a horrible sam5ess2 b f _! mute hi/orians--_! books1 pictures1 sculpture1 pott]ies1 bridges1 roads1 & o!r relics ( a la/+ communism--we le>n to h fai? 9 useful "w done ?or\ghly4 ,9 all t endures !re is "s altruism4 ,:o w\ld c>e a fig = anci5t ,greece if all h] mute hi/orians _h p]i%$ ) h] incompet5t social ord]8 ,! ,middle ,ages exi/ = u1 n 9 records ( _! freeboot+ social aims1 b 9 ! "w done by a few m5 ( g5ius & _! pupils & assi/ants4 ,m ?an "o m$ival c5tury is repres5t$ by a few *ur*es1 a few ca/les1 a few bridges1 a few books1 a damag$ h\se "h & !re1 & "s weapons1 tools1 & furniture4 ,all else 9 ! /ory ( its life is tragic & s9i/]1 a wild pilgrimage ^: %r9es are battlefields & ^: ranks are visit$ p]iodically by ! plague4 ,aga91 :at are we z ponti/s to say ab\t ! fall5 ma/] ( _m ,*ri/ian p]iods1 ! ,roman g5ius1 ^: ar*itecture & road-mak+ 7 copi$8 ,! ,roman ba?s 7 n copi$1 ( c\rse1 = a clean body 0 n reg>d$ z sacr$ 9 a ,*ri/ian way2 b ! ,roman bridges1 roads1 aqu$ucts1 7 fav\rite models = imitation4 ,_m a rul]1 f ,*>lemagne to ! ,moori% zealots 9 ,spa91 n only valu$ _! s]vice1 b re/or$ !m c>efully4 ,m$ival ar*itects inv5t$ v little 9 bridge-build+2 _! fir/ "w tri$ to recov] ! lo/ ,roman art2 & !n1 little by little1 !y add$ "s ideas to _! acquir$ k4 ,"h & !re !y equall$ ! ,romans1 z 9 ! great bridges at ,montauban & ,cahors1 :i* ,brangwyn has pa9t$ ) a vigor\s enjoym5t2 b 9 mo/ ( _! ef=ts ! design 0 ei!r too ru/ic or too lubb]ly1 s pond]\s 0 ! te*nical inspiration4 ,f> too (t5 _! ideal ( /r5g? 0 a m]e man-at-arms1 brave b und]br$4 ,riv]s 7 ob/ruct$ by imm5se pi]s1 = in/ance1 by :i* spates 7 turn$ into dang]\s inundations2 & footways along bridges 7 s n>r[ t safety recesses = p$e/rians _h to be built out f ! p>apets into ! pi]s4 ,ev5 9 exceptions to ?is rule ( unga9l9ess1 z 9 mu* ,spani% workman%ip1 ar*itects 7 ov]apt to make ! use ( bridges a tir+ p5ance t wayf>]s c\ld n avoid4 ,?us ! bridge ov] ! ,sella at ,cngas de ,onis has a l(ty footway %ap$ l a gable2 to-day x is little us$1 = ! climb+ ex]cise t x (f]s to ev]ybody is put out ( vogue by a mod]n bridge1 its neighb\r & rival4 ,9 brief1 _m gabl$ bridges 9 ,spa9#f 7 made n>r[ en\gh to be useless to :eel$ traffic & fri5dly to pack mules2 fri5dly 9 a m$ival mann]1 = a season+ ( p]il 0 add$ to _! inconv5i5ce4 ,mo/ ( !m are )\t p>apets2 & :5 _! riv]s flood into ro>+ spates1 & across _! giddy pa?ways a gale sweeps eag]ly1 an ,alp9i/ c enjoy a mad cross+1 aft] d>k1 betwe5 d9n] & b$time4 ,frank ,brangwyn has drawn = u1 ) z mu* fidelity z vig\r1 "o ( ! f9e/ gable bridges1 ! ,pu5te de ,san ,juan de las ,abadesas at ,g]ona4 ,?is bridge has a great hi/oric int]e/4 ,! ,moors left 9 ,spa9 a peculi> grace ( /yle :i* native ar*itects (t5 unit$ to _! own qualities--a haughty di/9ction & a l(ty ambition4 ,consid] ! imm5se nave 9 ,g]ona ,ca!dral1 a glori\s po9t$ ar* n less ?an sev5ty-?ree feet f side to side1 almo/ d\ble ! wid? ( ,we/m9/] nave4 ,x belongs to ! fifte5? c5tury1 yet 9 ! magic ( its y\?ful hope x proves t its ar*itect1 ,guill]mo ,b(fiy1 0 a *ild ( ! ?irte5?4 ,& ! great c5tral ar* ( ! ,g]ona bridge has 9 x "s ( ! so>+ c\rage t transc5ds all expectation 9 ! ca!dral nave#g4 ,yet ?is gabl$ bridge1 ?\gh v spaci\s & attractive1 has less *>m ?an its rival at ,or5se1 9 ,gallicia1 a noble monum5t #acai feet long1 built 9 #abcj by ,bi%op ,lor5zo1 & repair$ 9 #addi by ,bi%op ,p$ro de ,silva4 ,! six ar*es diff] 9 size1 yet _! comb9ation is symmetrical2 f\r are gracefully po9t$1 & ! f9e/ "o rises above ! ,mio to a height ( a hundr$ & ?irty-five feet1 & its brave span1 a hundr$ & fifty-six feet f pi] to pi]1 is ! wide/ ( any 9 ,spa94#h ,illu/ration3 ,,pu5te ,,de ,,san ,,juan ,,de ,,las ,,abadesas ,,at ,,g]ona1 ,,spa9 ,x is commonly suppos$ t gable bridges 7 inv5t$ by ! g5ius ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,yet ,m>co ,polo f\nd !m 9 ,*9a1#i & ! ,roman bridge ( two ar*es at ,alcant>illa is hog-back$4 ,usually ! ,romans lik$ a flat road ov] a riv]1 ?\gh x 0 easi] & less exp5sive to build a /eep bridge f l[ embankm5ts4 ,b ! bridge at ,alcant>illa1 ab\t tw5ty miles bel[ ,seville1 is q /eep en\gh to be ! =]unn] ( all ! gable bridges erect$ 9 ,spa94#aj ,!re is little 9 /one bridge build+ t ! ,romans did n discov]4 ,to ?is day _! aqu$ucts & bridges are models ( ?or\ghness1 & apologise nobly = a civilization t rambl$ ?r\gh wond]ful a*ievem5ts into a gradual suicide4 ,:ile ar5as = b>b>ic sports 7 be+ built at a great exp5se1 & :ile mo/ ( ! ,roman roads circulat$ w>1 did _m p]sons guess t _! imp]ial g5ius 9 h&icraft w\ld outlive _! /atesman%ip by hundr$s ( ye>s8 ,:o kn[s :y ,rome v (t5 squ&]$ h] en]gy on ! lea/ fruitful phases ( /rife1 neglect+ ^? b5ign phases out ( :i* intellectual vig\r ought to h come1 age aft] age1 9 a cont9u\s zeal = rese>*1 & revision1 & improvem5t8 ,%e neglect$ sci5ce1 = in/ance1 & h] bad example 0 foll[$ by ! m$ival ,*ur*4 ,n a m9d _h any inkl+ ( ! fact t ! brighte/ hopes = mank9d w\ld em]ge f sci5ce1 l m$ic9al plants f dry se$s4 ,innum]able millions di$ f ignorance because ,pa/eur & ,li/] 7 n evolv$ until ! races ( man 7 p]haps a million ye>s old4 ,9 ! creep+ progress ( humanity ! dead h be5 mock$ by e good discov]y2 !re has be5 no?+ s cruel z a heal+ success1 = x has ev] be5 too late by ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,to visualise ?is tru? 9 ! /rife ( man is a great trial to any m9d2 b yet x is ! "o ?+ t a ponti/ _c evade )\t be+ disloyal to 8 hon\r z a /ud5t1 s9ce he kn[s t /rife has rul$ ov] ! trem5d\s drama :i* has _h = its !atres ! highways & byways1 & = its actors ! races ( man1 cont9u\sly at odds ) "o ano!r4 ,if ?is tru? _h to be delet$ f ! drama1 !n ,i1 = "o1 w\ld n be a /ud5t ( roads & bridges4 ,z well read ! ,greek trag$ians aft] delet+ all ! passions t make = conte/s & crises4 ,s let u try to get ne>] & ne>] to /rife1 ! mo/ active g5ius 9 ! life ( our subject4 ,:y has x set tribe aga9/ tribe1 nation aga9/ nation1 class aga9/ class1 tradesman aga9/ tradesman1 intellect aga9/ intellect8 ,mu/ we cle> f our m9ds all ! %ibbole?s ( mod]n idealism8 & feel pity = ! sup]good :5 !y *att] to u ab\t _! isles ( dreams1 _! unsub/antial fairy places1 :]e 8cosmic consci5ce0 reigns ) 8! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man10 & :]e 8ev]la/+ peace0 promises nev] to be effete & /]ile8 ,:5 a ,well+ton ( ,f9ance erects a ,peace ,palace1 at ,! ,hague or else:]e1 are we to be glad t ! pomp ( irony did n leave ! _w :5 ,gibbon di$8 ,%\ld we ga9 any?+ at all if we 7 bold en\gh to condemn ! :ole pa/ life ( ! human race8 ,ought we to pass ) ,c>lyle f democratic hopes into h]o wor%ip1 & !nce into a hot-bra9$ conviction t fai? 9 mank9d is impossible8 ,are we to suppose t man has trans=m$ into in/9cts ! wor/ habits he has acquir$1 s t 8 ultimate de/9y ^u e>? w be det]m9$ by 8 attitude to ^! in/9cts8 ,w he obey !m or w he try to conqu] !m8 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,great ,,spani% ,,bridge1 ,,! ,,alc,,nt>a ,,at ,,tol$o4 ,,ma9ly ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,ar*bi%op ,,t5orio1 ,a4,d4 #achj2 ,,=tifi$ ,,by ,,&res ,,manrique1 ,a4,d4 #adhd4 ,,on ,,?is ,,site ,a ,,roman ,,bridge ,,0 ,,de/roy$ ,,9 ,a4,d4 #hga ,aga91 is !re a gl9t ( hope 9 ! hy/]ical words t came to ,*>les ,dick5s :5 he wrote z foll[s1 aft] a visit to ,*illon8--8,good ,god1 ! greate/ my/]y 9 all ! e>?1 to me1 is h[ or :y ! _w 0 tol]at$ by its ,creator ?r\gh ! good old times1 & wasn't da%$ to fragm5ts40 ,y see1 ,dick5s und]/ood ! t]ror ( /rife1 b he made no ef=t to be calm ) ,d>w91 :o knew t ! evolution ( man c\ld n h happ5$ if nasc5t humanity _h be5 unfit to endure ! suff]+s ( its daily conte/s bo? aga9/ ,nature's viol5ce & aga9/ a t]rible fauna4 ,?us a pitiless "* 0 ?ru/ ^u primitive man by ! environm5t 9 :i* unlimit$ /rife work$ 8 developm5t2 & :at ! ages h evolv$ only a long future c am5d 9 ano!r evolution4 ,:at ,dick5s call$ unp>donable cruelty 0 to ! di/ant pa/ :at /rikes are to our own "t1 a weapon1 a phase ( w>1 approv$ by public op9ion2 & let u rememb] also t ! cruelties :i* a h>d life has br$1 & turn$ into cu/oms1 h n %[n an egotism fi]c] ?an t primal necessity :i* has compell$ life among ! species to fe$ on lives4 ,dick5s himself1 :ile writ+ 8 condemnation ( ! pa/1 0 n\ri%$ by ! dea? ( _m liv+ ?+s2 0 9 himself a my/]i\s alembic t transmut$ food1 sla9 life1 into b5ign heal? & action4 ,_h he be5 logical 9 8 feel+s t[>d /rife he w\ld h _h m]cy on ^? =ms ( life t fe$ mank9d2 9 o!r words1 he w\ld h di$ ( hung] r ?an be cruel2 b1 naturally1 ! manife/ations ( /rife hateful to him 7 ^? t happ5$ to be f> (f f 8 ne$s & sympa?ies4 ,yet he ought to h se5 9 ! national ef=ts ( 8 "t t /rife1 ?\gh easy to rebel aga9/1 is woefully difficult to improve1 s9ce ev5 k9dness ( he>t :5 %[n 9 promiscu\s *>ities may unseat f _! ?rones 9 ! public m9d _m good racial qualities1 do+ z mu* h>m z ev] 0 done by m$ival brutality4 8,let me ?9k0 %\ld be ev]ybody's motto2 no?+ less ?an ardu\s ?9k+ c save u f ! cant & ! s5tim5talism :i* at ! pres5t "t enfeebles ,engl&4#aa ,let me give y an example4 ,ye/]day ,i 0 talk+ to a fri5d ab\t ! m$ival battle-bridge4 ,putt+ be=e him ,frank ,brangwyn's excell5t sket* 9 wat]-col\r ( ,p>!nay ,bridge1 ,i said3 8,?is =tifi$ gateway belongs to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & ?r\gh its ma*icolations r$-hot /ones & boil+ oil 7 p\r$ d[n _m times ^u ! head & %\ld]s ( an attack4 ,! gateway 0 built betwe5 #abjb & #abbf1 n )\t help f ,engli% money1 = ! ,jossel9-,l>*veques ( ,p>!nay 7 allies ( ! ,anj\ ,plantag5ets1 :o gave u ,engli% k+s2 b a few ye>s lat] our ,engli% troops 7 driv5 f ,p>!nay by ,l\is ,,ix1 call$ ,/4 ,l\is4 ,c't y imag9e ! assault8 ,w\ld y c>e to ru% t gateway 9 a ?irte5?-c5tury mann]80 ,my fri5d1 a ,quak]1 0 sc&alis$4 8,ru% ! gateway80 he cri$4 8,r$-hot /ones & boil+ oil6 ,:at imbecile savag]y6 ,?ank goodness1 we are n savages n[2 life has improv$ wond]fully4 ,to-day mo/ m5 ( s5se fe> w>1 & ^? :o don't fe> x scorn x = moral reasons40 8,are y sure80 ,i ask$4 8,d y really believe t ! hi/ory ( ?is old w>-bridge is m /rifeful ?an ! indu/rialism ( to-day8 ,is x an act ( peace :5 a tru/ #8corn]s' "s article ( food1 or :5 a limit$ liability conc]n kills all competition f little neighb\rs1 ^: wives & families c't get rid ( hung] because bus9ess has fail$8 ,^? :o attack$ ! bridge at ,p>!nay 7 arm\r-clad1 :ile ^? :o suff] 9 trade w>s f ! gre$ ( co-op]ative egotisms h usually no self-def5ce1 z _! capital is small4 ,don't y see1 !n1 t f ma*icolat$ t[]s to millionaire tradesm5 is b an evolution 9 social /rife8 ,*ivalry did try to put "s g5]\s feel+ into m$ival w>f>e2 & h[ mu* feel+ ( *ivalry d y expect to f9d 9 ! battles ( indu/ry8 ,are ! /rategic victories ( f9ance m humane ?an 7 ! politics ( ! ,black ,pr9ce8 ,d !y h>m ! defeat$ less1 or m8 ,& c y expla91 old *ap1 :y x is t ,quak]s1 ,jews1 ,h9dus1 ?\gh !y fight = money ) an a/ut5ess t nev] fl9*es1 prattle ab\t peace aft] (fice h\rs8 ,_! ideal ( peace includes all w>f>e except t :i* employs battle%ips & big battalions4 ,myself1 ,i w\ld soon] lead an attack aga9/ ! ,porte ,/4 ,jacques on ,p>!nay ,bridge ?an be oppos$ 9 trade by a weal?y firm ( %rewd ,quak]s1 ^: great skill 9 ! combats ( trade w\ld soon ru9 me4 ,i %\ldn't h a *ance ( do+ cr$it to myself 9 a dang]\s adv5ture40 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,w>-,,bridge ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,at ,,p>!nay ,,9 ,,france ,!re is no?+ m odi\s ?an ! mod]n cant ab\t peace4 ,b a ponti/ soon le>ns t /rife ( e sort is a phase ( w>4 ,inde$1 :e!r roads & bridges aid a pilgrimage ( ! sick1 or an army ( ,crusad]s1 or a primitive migration1 or ! rambl+s ( *>ity1 or ! ent]prise ( mona/]ies2 :e!r !y help a m$ival pope at ,avignon to ?w>t ! l&-hung] ( a ,fr5* k+1 or enable mod]n life to turn indu/rialism into a _w-wide ,armag$don ^: sc\ts are ly+ adv]tisem5ts2 :atev] !y d or h done _! hi/ory br+s u 9 t\* ) ! same human motive1 a desire to w9 victories4 ,james ,m>t9eau w5t s f> z to picture ! /rife z absolutely b>b>ic4 ,he said3 8,! battle = exi/5ce rages ?r\gh all "t & 9 e field2 & its rule is to give no qu>t]--to despat* ! maim$1 to ov]take ! halt1 to trip up ! bl9d1 & drive ! fugitive ho/ ov] ! precipice into ! sea40 ,t5nyson also w5t too f> :5 he wrote ab\t /rife2 too f>1 because he did no m ?an skim along ! surface ( a primordial tru?1 by :i* man's hi/ory has be5 made a "p ( ,nature's4 ,f ,t5nyson we ga9 no help at all2 he tells u m]ely 8t hope ( answ] or r$ress0 mu/ come f 8beh9d ! veil40 ,9 8 op9ion ,nature c>es = no?+1 s c>eless is %e ( ! s+le life1 & s ready to let a ?\s& types g4 ,yet h] realms teem ) miracles ( cont5ti\s life1 & ,i _c ?9k ( any great ext9ct species t ,i %\ld c>e v mu* to meet 9 a c\ntry walk4 ,i d n wi% to hob-nob ) ! ,iguanodon1 = in/ance4 ,:5 ,john ,/u>t ,mill compla9s t 8ne>ly all ! ?+s :i* m5 are hang$ or imprison$ = do+ to "o ano!r are ,nature's ev]yday p]=mances10 he =gets ! f>-rea*+ h>m t m5 c d )9 ! tol]ance ( 8,old ,fa!r ,antic1 ! ,law02 &1 besides ?is1 he =gets to expla9 h[ a _w ( organisms rul$ by hung] & ?ir/ & passion1 & dep5d5t on innum]ably v>i\s climates1 c\ld be o!r ?an ,provid5ce has decre$4 ,to talk z ,mill did is to imply t ,nature s9s aga9/ u1 & aga9/ h]self1 :5 %e all[s any species to gr[ completely unfit = ! gift ( life4 ,yet h] aim is to protect life f ! suicidal f]tility ( lives1 s t ! :ole economy ( ,nature dem&s dea? 9 ! highe/ int]e/s ( ! future4 ,:5 we die we d an act ( *>ity to our *ildr5 & gr&*ildr52 = if ea* ( u liv$ to be active at n9ety1 ! _w w\ld ne$ a mu* small] population ( "y p4 ,x is our frail t5ure ( life t r5d]s a high bir?rate necess>y2 & progress ga9s m f ! ent]prise ( vigor\s y\? ?an f ! too cauti\s k ( old age4 ,s ,i d n und]/& ! po!r rais$ by ,mill & o!rs ov] ! b5ign discipl9e ( dea? t ,nature wields z a s]vant ( ! ,et]nal4 ,believe me1 a ponti/ c nev] solve ev5 "o problem 9 ! law ( battle if he lets himself be sc>$ into a revolt aga9/ natural =ces2 sc>$ by ! incessant trag$y t ea* day's little trip along ! highways ( hi/ory br+s 9 a *all5g+ mann] be=e 8 m9d's eye4 ,he mu/ try to protect himself ) hum\r & irony & scorn1 z ,?ack]ay tri$ to save himself f a fem99e he>t4 ,! ma9 po9t is t he %\ld le>n to live outside himself2 !n self-pity w n be 8 tr\blesome guide ?r\gh ! labyr9?s ( /rife4 ,c>d9al ,newman asks u to believe t human life has be5 t]rible--8a vision to dizzy & appal0--because mank9d has be5 puni%$ by ,god = "s aborig9al s9 too abom9able = m]cy & =giv5ess4 ,?is doctr9e is completely d>k & horrible4 ,if x 7 illum9$ on "o side only1 l ! moon1 x w\ld invite ! companion%ip ( ?\ght1 b x gives no light :atev]4 ,inde$1 x implies t no civilization has be5 free to improve its own lot & to get progressive reason f ! l>ge bra9 ( man4 ,to blame ,god = our own follies--to say t our social acts are wild & fooli% because we are be+ puni%$ by ,heav5 = a s9 ( ignorance committ$ by man 9 ! babyhood ( ! human race--:at is ?is b a *>ge ( illimitable cruelty aga9/ ! ,creator8 ,besides1 we le>n f ! mu* nobl] doctr9e ( evolution t human nature1 despite all h] wilful fondness = wrong actions1 has crept up & up f a v l[ beg9n+1 9 an asc5t cont9ually wond]ful1 ?\gh inf9itely sl[ & tragical4 ,! accumulat$ progress excites 9 me z mu* awe z ,i %\ld feel 9 ! pres5ce ( a resurrection f ! dead4 ,inde$1 :at is evolution b a va/ drama ( resurrections1 by means ( :i* base =ms ( life h become gradually bett]8 ,c anyone suppose t ,milton1 _h he be5 a contempor>y ( ,d>w91 w\ld h turn$ f ! endless hopes t evolution ought to inspire1 j to dally ) fall5 angels & ) an errant c\ple 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,disob$i5ce8 ,& c we suppose t ,newman w\ld h writt5 8 fam\s page on ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 _h he n turn$ 8 back on mod]n ?\ght & k8 ,amid ! d\bts & difficulties t tr\ble ?is m$itation on /rife1 j a few ?+s are bright & cle>-ey$1 l illum9$ w9d[s :i* on d>k nights cause jad$ tramps to feel less _! lone wayf>+2 & ^! ?+s ,i h wat*$ = ye>s 9 ! life ( bridges1 :]e _! activity nev] ceases4 ,x is cle> en\gh1 = in/ance1 t cu/om & conv5tion h act$ z n>cotics on ! m9d1 s5d+ reason to sleep4 ,?is expla9s :y human /rife has nev] turn$ to ! be/ use ! great opportunities t ea* g5]ation has inh]it$4 ,to cu/om & conv5tion1 mank9d has ow$ ! social rule :i* has s[n ! se$ ( dea? 9 e civilization2 ! rule ( illogic & discord1 8,ea* = ,all1 yet ,ea* = ,himself40 ,let u see ?is rule 9 op]ation on ! highways1 tak+ c>e to note h[ x has inflam$ egotism & dead5$ bo? ! s5se ( hon\r & ! _s ( citiz5%ip4 ,! j & beautiful pr9ciple t e man lives by 8 "m ! ,/ate1 & t he mu/ d good = ! b5efit ( ! commonweal1 0 en=c$ ^u m$ival l&[n]s by ! tr9oda necessitas1 or triple obligation1 :i* among o!r duties made ! upkeep ( roads & bridges a g5]al *>ge on all own]s ( ! ,engli% soil4 ,n ev5 ! religi\s h\ses 7 exempt$1 ?\gh ! ,/ate fav\r$ !m 9 o!r ways4 ,b ! second pr9ciple ( ! social rule--8,ea* = ,himself0--int]f]$ con/antly ) ! fir/ pr9ciple1 br++ tr\ble aft] tr\ble into ! adm9i/ration ( ! highways1 z into all o!r useful & necess>y ?+s4 ,l&[n]s transf]r$ _! duties to _! t5ants1 & v (t5 ! t5ants made neglig5ce a habit1 until at la/ ! ,law & ! ,*ur* became equally active = ! p's b5efit4 ,aga9 & aga9 bi%ops (f]$ 8=ty days' indulg5ce to all :o w\ld draw f ! treasure t ,god _h giv5 !m valuable & *>itable aid t[>ds ! build+ & repair0 ( a poor bridge ru9$ by neglect1 or ( "s quagmire :i* _h be5 a dec5t road4#ab ,x happ5$ 9 ! ye> #acah t ! ,law pott]$ into action because a timb] bridge at ,old ,%oreham1 9 ,sussex1 _h be5 sc&al\sly ill-us$ by ^? :o 7 responsible = its upkeep4 ,half ( x _h fall5 into ! riv]4 ,ye> aft] ye> an evid5t crime aga9/ ! ,/ate _h gone on publicly1 yet no "o _h tak5 /eps to make ! dang]\s condition ( ! bridge a subject = legal enquiry & puni%m5t4 ,! village grumbl$1 ( c\rse1 b grumbl]s h nev] _h any initiative ( _! own2 unless a man ( action has come to be _! consci5ce & _! lead]1 !y h done no?+4 ,_! en]gy has evaporat$ 9 talk1 l /eam f a boil+ pan4 ,x 0 n until ! bridge _h fall5 t ! village humm$ intellig5tly l a hive ( bees1 & set itself to "w4 ,:at c\ld be done !n8 ,:o 0 ! l&[n]8 ,no less a p]son ?an ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,are we !n to believe t 9 #acah a ,primate ( ,engl& scamp$ 8 public duty8 ,0 8 attitude to a timb] bridge inf]ior to t ( ! high prie/s ( anci5t ,rome1 :o call$ !mselves pontifices because !y built & repair$ ! ,pons ,sublicius1 a bridge ( /akes at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,av5t9e8#ac ,! %]iff & 8 (fic]s _h a diff]5t "q to consid]2 !y w\ld wi% to "k :e!r ! ,ar*bi%op _h be5 an a/ute man ( ! _w1 :e!r he _h made 8 t5ants responsible to ! tr9oda necessitas4 ,if n1 !n he & ! ,law 7 9 a fix1 & peasants ov] _! ale w\ld guffaw ) malice4 ,b enquiries prov$ t 8 ,grace 0 a canny l&lord2 ! t5ants alone ought to h m5d$ ! bridge2 & s ! ,law 0 free to act ) a vig\r t common folk knew too well4 ,its ag5t 0 ! bailiff1 good ,simon ,port]1 & ,port] set out at once to collect money f ! t5ants4 ,if any t5ant ei!r decl9$ to pay 8 %>e or 0 unable to pay x1 !n ! bailiff put 8 h& on "s m>ketable prop]ty1 p]haps a few %eep1 or a c[1 or 8a gaggle ( geese40 ,! necess>y ?+ 0 to take en\gh2 nev] an easy ?+ to d 9 ! c\ntry1 z no "o c>$ to pay a fair price = es*eat$ live /ock4 ,! peasant has ev] be5 at he>t a pawnbrok]4 ,b ,simon ,port] _h no reason to look ^u 8 tr\blesome "w z a high (fice ( tru/ important en\gh to keep 8 "n alive = six hundr$ ye>s4 ,x 0 :5 he met ,hamo de ,mor/on1 a trucul5t fell[1 t ,simon ent]$ into hi/ory4 ,hamo de ,mor/on 0 a logical egoi/1 he f\ght = 8 own h& only1 try+ to use ! ,/ate at a trivial co/ to himself2 b n[ ?is amusem5t1 aft] prosp]+ = ye>s1 br\ght him sudd5ly face to face ) legal pa9s & p5alties--a ?+ mo/ irritat+ to a bad temp]4 ,s ,hamo refus$ to pay2 & 8 fury 0 t]rific :5 ,port] confiscat$ a horse4 ,ev5 !n he 0 n defeat$1 = he set lawy] aga9/ lawy]1 & "o day a petition 0 s5t by him to ,k+ ,edw>d ,,ii4 ,! rascal 0 a good fight]1 b 8 appeal to ! supreme au?ority fail$2 ! bailiff's action 0 approv$1 & ,hamo _h co/s to pay4 ,z = ! bridge1 x 0 repair$1 & repair$ v well4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago x 0 9 use1 a %aggy & v5]able /ructure1 n yet crippl$ by old age4 ,!n c]ta9 highwaym51 popul>ly kn[n z road (ficials1 visit$ ,old ,%oreham1 & !re !y tri$ to prove t a bridge admir$ by l&scape pa9t]s 0 unfit = a comm]cial "t4 ,! poor bridge6 ,at ?is mom5t x has no *>m at all2 n only is x dull1 x is neat 9 a %abby way--a discord 9 good surr\nd+s1 l bankruptcy at a w$d+ breakfa/4 ,s we pass f ,hamo de ,mor/on to our own roadway (ficials1 & f9d ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( a public bridge injur$ by public s]vants4 ,to ,hamo we c give a little sympa?y1 he f\ght = 8 cre$ ( self & paid co/s1 :]eas highway bo>ds h nev] be5 f9$ = spoil+ old bridges4 ,p]haps !y d n hate v5]able ar*itecture1 b !y belong to a sy/em ( public s]vice t is ill-equipp$ = its "w1 receiv+ nei!r criticism f ! newspap] press nor sup]vision f c\nty committees ( indep5d5t ar*itects4 ,t ! ,/ate has be5 wrong$ by ^! public s]vants is kn[n to all arti/s & antiqu>ians2 also ! fact is adv]tis$ by ! great _m hide\s railway bridges t demean t[ns & blemi% ! c\ntry4 ,9 ?is matt]1 z 9 o!rs1 ! ,/ate mu/ def5d h] own j rights1 s z to get by compulsion :at a free egotism has decl9$ to give--effici5cy & good ta/e4 ,x is possible t ,engl& has n suff]$ a great deal m ?an ! ,cont95t2 = ev5 9 ,france1 despite ! excell5t adm9i/ration ( ! ,ponts et ,*ausses1 crimes aga9/ noble bridges h be5 committ$1 z :5 ! second anci5t bridge at ,cahors 0 lo/ 9 a /orm ( local p>ty politics4 ,b ,engl& happ5s to be poor 9 great old bridges1 :]eas ! ,cont95t is ri*2 we _c af=d to lose ev5 ! mode/ little ballads ( ar*$ /one :i* h resi/$ floods = _m g5]ations1 :ile work+ z necess>y drudges 9 ! mak+ ( ,engl&4 ,trivial !y are :5 comp>$ ) ! bridges ( ,isfahan or ) _m ( ^? 9 ,france & ,spa91 b yet !y are hall[$ by "t1 & !y mimic ! g5tle ru/icity ( ,engli% l&scapes4 ,x is a crime to spoil !m1 because mod]n bridges = heavy traffic c be built at a less] co/ ne> by ! little mute hi/orians4 ,to ! ,scot*1 on ! o!r h&1 _m a f9e old brig is a ,burns ( ! highways2 & ?is s5tim5t = hi/ory & = sylvan poetry has kept f ! cruel h&s ( indu/rialism "s v attractive s+le-ar*$ bridges1 & "s long bridges also1 notably ! rhy?mical ,brig ( ,/irl+1 :i* ,brangwyn has *os5 z an example ( quiet good ta/e 9 m$ival civic ar*itecture4 ,! ,brig ( ,/irl+ is a ,scot* citiz5 ( ! d\r old s*ool1 b w>m$ ) an und]curr5t ( t k9dly emotion :i* ev5 ! cannie/ ,scot is glad to %[ (f :5 he is away f bus9ess4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t n ev5 a militant suffragette w\ld h folly en\gh to attack ! ,scot* brigs2 %e w\ld be fasc9at$ by _! names1 & ?is w\ld keep h] out ( mis*ief4 ,su* a "n z ! ,brig o' ,doon is music comb9$ ) a racial vig\r4 ,no weak p w\ld h inv5t$ x1 & no dull p c\ld h reta9$ su* a poetic "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,w>-,,bridge ,,( ,,/irl+ ,! ,iri% also are fond ( bridges1 l ! true unspoil$ ,wel%4 ,z late z a c5tury ago ,iri% peasants 7 pi\s 9 _! attitude to any bridge t cross$ a dang]\s riv]2 !y salut$ x rev]5tly because ( its fri5dl9ess to poor wayf>]s1 & because good ?\ghts come f simple he>ts4 ,z = ! ,wel%1 ?anks p>tly to _! ,celtic blood & p>tly to ! wayw>dness ( _! riv]s1 !y h be5 kn[n z ponti/s = a v long "t4 ,9 ! romantic hills _! bridges seem to belong to ,nature h]self1 s lov+ly h !y be5 unit$ to ! _s ( ance/ral l&scapes2 :]eas ! indu/rial p>ts ( ,wales make ! bridges ( trade into vile objects1 z if beauty has no "r to a home :]e money is e>n$ out ( coal m9es1 & ironworks1 & ! debilitat+ factory sy/em4 ,f> too (t5 ! indu/rial bridge ev]y:]e is l an ill-us$ highway unit+ ! purgatory ( a se>$ di/rict to "s hell or o!r inv5t$ by poets or by prie/s4 ,!re are _m su* bridges 9 ! ,/af=d%ire ,black ,c\ntry1 & 9 ! sc>r$ ,pott]ies1 :]e an ebon meanness lives ) j]ry-build]s1 & :]e puny drab *ildr5 take f ! pres5t g5]ation ! y\? t endures4 ,:at w\ld a ,dante ?9k 9 ! /rick5 fields ( indu/rialism8 ,& :y is x t only a p]son "h & !re1 aft] compell+ himself to leave ! atmosph]e ( cu/om1 sees our indu/rial w> cle>ly1 & views x 9 its relation to ! body social8 ,! tru? is t our cre$ ( self has become in/9ctive2 we _c )\t an ef=t live = an h\r outside our p]sonal int]e/s2 & ?us ! beautiful pr9ciple 8,ea* = ,all0 has to be kept alive by a ho/ ( active laws t encircle u ) compulsion4 ,:]e !re is no compulsion we are gov]n$ by our pref]5ces4 ,if we l bridges1 = in/ance1 we try to protect !m f ill-usage2 b if !y are indiff]5t to u we c>e n a /raw :5 eng9e]s add half a doz5 unc\? viaducts to ! _m o!r misde$s :i* !y h ?ru/ ^u ! ,/ate4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ all bad public "w z a s9 aga9/ ! commonweal1 we let ourselves be rul$ by ! cre$ ( self ev5 9 our be/ ef=ts to s]ve ! ,/ate prop]ly4 ,is our egotism bett] or worse ?an t ( ! ,middle ,ages8 ,?is seems to be a matt] ( op9ion4 ,?orold ,rog]s believ$ t m$ivalism 9 a good _m respects 0 k9d] ?an our indu/rialism2 & ! late ,russel ,wallace reg>d$ 8our social environm5t z a :ole1 9 relation to our possibilities & our claims10 z 8! wor/ t ! _w has ev] se540 ,on ! o!r h&1 a great sci5ti/ f 8 laboratory has told u t 8! sun rises on a bett] _w e morn+40 ,graci\s6 ,if ! sun c\ld speak to u ab\t 8 complete k ( mank9d1 if he did n obey ! law ( sil5ce t rules ov] ! greate/ motive-p[]s & creative ag5ts1 our conjectures w\ld be less wayw>d1 = sunrays w\ld :isp] into our e>s ! /ory ( ! mo/ evil civilization 9 ! :ole /rife ( mank9d4 ,9 ?is matt] ! sun w\ld be au?oritative2 b h[ c we poor mortals expect to see ! :ole pa/ truly :5 we are half bl9d to ! significance ( our own social life8 ,besides1 x is en\gh = u to see h[ "o civilization has diff]$ f ano!r1 & h[ 9 _m respects all human life has be5 l ! sky1 always ! same elem5tally1 b nev] q ! same 9 col\r & =m1 & 9 ! effects ( /rife4 ,a ponti/1 z he j\rneys ?r\gh pres5t-day ,engl&1 sees v cle>ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 our comm]cial "t & ! pa/2 = indu/rialism is pla9ly out ( jo9t ) t :i* is normal 9 organic gr[?1 & its workm5 are consci\s ( ! un/able en]gy br$ & fritt]$ away by hurry & spe$-wor%ip4 ,consid] ^? dread 8hives ( indu/ry0 :]e trade bridges are make%ifts1 & :]e ! j]ry-built villa or cottage is repeat$ ?\s&s ( times1 & always 9 mean /reets4 ,d !y n be> witness to ! feel+ ( insecurity f :i* our age suff]s8 ,i %all be told t _m ?+s are v well made1 z 9 ! case ( battle%ips1 motor-c>s1 eng9es1 /eam%ips1 guns1 rifles1 artill]y1 surgical in/rum5ts1 exp5sive clo!s1 implem5ts = games1 & gigantic metal bridges2 b 9 ?is good craftsman%ip1 tradesm5 are ?or\gh because !y d>e n be slip%od2 !y fe> to turn out "w t w\ld endang] human life1 & bus9ess w\ld fail if !y ang]$ ! speciali/s ( luxury & ( sport4 ,:]e !y are free f re/ra9t1 z 9 "w = ord9>y h\seholds1 tradesm5 manufacture tra% & prosp]4 ,9 fact1 ! quicks&s ( *eapness are to mo/ p 9 ,engl& :at *eese 9 a trap is to mice1 or :at seasonable bait is to fi%4 ,s widespread is ! feel+ ( insecurity t ! poor] classes d n ?9k x wor? :ile to buy endur+ goods & *attels4 ,in/ead ( practis+ a ?rift t w\ld h& on furniture to _! gr&*ildr51 !y say1 8,nev] m9d2 p]haps ^! ?+s may la/ our "t40 ,& ?is dull pessimism 9 ! cre$ ( self is ! mo/ wret*$ phase ( /rife t a ponti/ has to connect ) ! circulation ( trade ent]prise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cannon ,,/reet ,,railway ,,bridge1 ,,london ,ev5 ! prehi/oric tribes want$ to be rememb]$ by _! po/]ity1 s !y built endur+ b>r[s or set up cromle*s to _! ance/or-wor%ip1 ?is be+ _! spiritual bond betwe5 pa/ & pres5t & future4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages also1 ?\gh disease & fil? & blood%$ made life z unc]ta9 z a game ( *ance1 ! social egotism t built & pur*as$ = itself _h fai? 9 ! future1 & claim$ & got full value = its money4 ,9 fact1 f ne>ly all specim5s ( m$ival h&icraft we may le>n :y ! peoples ( ,europe surviv$ t]rible crises & br$ m5 ( g5ius to repres5t !m = ev]4 ,9 ea* race1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ours1 !re 0 a wond]ful endurance1 c]ta9ly bas$ on ! cre$ ( self1 b admirable all ! same1 l ! t\gh ela/icity ( yew timb]4 ,! rul+ egotism 0 hone/ 9 ne>ly all its private "w1 b :5 x 0 expect$ to be equally ?or\gh z a public s]vant1 !n a habit ( di%one/y appe>$ 9 h&icrafts1 sometimes to be foll[$ by new laws or by ?reat5+ proclamations4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! conscription ( ! ar*]y laws 0 imp]ill$ by b[y]s & flet*]s & m]*ants1 :o =m$ 8r+s0 & flood$ ! m>kets ) nef>i\s "w to be sold at high prices4 ,c]ta9 bridges1 also1 & notably ! "o at ,b]wick-on-,twe$1 fell s (t5 t ! sup]vision ( t[n au?orities mu/ h be5 exce$+ly lax4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,m4 ,juss]& says3--8,london ,bridge itself1 s ri*1 s useful1 s admir$1 _h frequ5t ne$ ( rep>ation1 & ?is 0 nev] done until dang] 0 imm95t1 or ev5 till cata/rophe _h happ5$4 ,h5ry ,,iii grant$ ! f>m ( ! bridge rev5ues to 8 #8belov$ wife1' :o neglect$ to ma9ta9 ! bridge1 appropriat+ to h]self )\t scruple ! r5ts ( ! build+2 none ! less did ! k+ r5ew 8 pat5t at ! expiration ( ! t]m1 t ! que5 might b5efit #8f a ri*] fav\r4' ,! outcome ( ^! fav\rs 0 n long to wait2 soon x 0 f\nd t ! bridge 0 9 ru9s1 & to re/ore x ! ord9>y res\rces 7 n en\gh2 x 0 necess>y to s5d collectors ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to ga!r (f]+s f ^? will+ to give4 ,edw>d ,i begg$ 8 p to ha/5 7,janu>y1 #abha71 ! bridge w\ld give way if !y did n s5d prompt assi/ance2 & he ord]$ ! ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1 all ! cl]gy1 to let 8 collectors address ! p ) #8pi\s exhortations' t ! subsidies %\ld be giv5 )\t delay4 ,b ! money ?us urg5tly ne$$ arriv$ too late2 ! cata/rophe _h already happ5$1 a #8sudd5 ru9' befell ! bridge1 & to repair ?is mis=tune ! k+ e/abli%$ a special tax ^u ! pass5g]s1 m]*&ise & boats 7,febru>y #d1 #abhb71 :i* tax 0 enact$ aga9 & a new t>iff put into =ce on ,may #g1 #acjf44440 ,:at 7 ! citiz5s do+ :ile ,h5ry ,,iii & 8 de> wife ru9$ ! bridge by confiscat+ h] rev5ues8 ,did !y believe t ev]ybody's affair 0 nobody's bus9ess1 & t !y w\ld be ask$ to m5d ! bridge if !y drew att5tion to h] condition8 ,z to ,edw>d ,i1 he kept 8 h& away f 8 own pocket1 & p]sonat$ *>ity t = ev] begs4 8,ea* = ,himself0 0 a policy t suit$ ,edw>d2 & 8 ord]s to ! cl]gy prov$ t he knew x to be a policy :i* 8 loyal subjects foll[$ z a habit4 ,h5ce ! 8pi\s exhortations10 ) indulg5ces also1 we may re/ assur$4 ,! :ole /ory is pitifully ironic4 ,london _h no o!r bridge ov] ! ,?ames1 yet ! p look$ on :ile a k+ & 8 wife play$ ! "p ( bridge wreck]s4 ,"s prote/ !re mu/ h be51 = ,london ,bridge--a great /reet ( timb] h\ses--0 m popul\s ?an _m a village2 & ! t5ants1 l o!r ,engli%m5 ( ^? days1 _h no wi% to be plung$ into cold wat]4 ,accord+ to ,/['s 8,annals10 five ar*es fell1 s _m h\ses also 7 lo/1 p]haps ) _! inmates4 ,m4 ,juss]& believes t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages our ,engli% highways f>$ no bett] ?an ,london ,bridge4 ,8 v]dict runs ?us3 8,?\gh !re 7 roads1 ?\gh prop]ty 0 burd5$ ) obligatory s]vices = _! upkeep1 ?\gh laws e n[ & aga9 recall$ _! obligations to ! possessors ( ! soil1 ?\gh f "t to "t ! private int]e/ ( lords & ( monks1 9 addition to ! public int]e/1 sugge/$ & direct$ repairs1 yet ! fate ( a travell] 9 a fall ( sn[ or 9 a ?aw 0 v prec>i\s4 ,! ,*ur* might well h pity on ! wayf>]2 & him %e specifi$1 toge!r ) ! sick & ! captive1 among ^? un=tunates :om %e recomm5d$ to ! daily pray]s ( pi\s s\ls40 ,!re is a great deal ( evid5ce to ju/ify ?is v]dict1 b evid5ce 9 hi/ory dep5ds on its *oice2 & 9 ,?orold ,rog]s !re are o!r facts t leave ,engl& ) "s effici5t m$ival roads1 along :i* horsem5 c\ld travel rapidly4 ,p]haps ,rog]s may h set too mu* /ore by 8 data2 b :5 we /udy all ! evid5ce1 :5 we balance x c>efully1 & visualise all its pictures ( well-te/$ neglig5ce & crime1 "o ?+ is beyond all d\bt3 t ! social rule1 8,ea* = ,all1 yet ,ea* = ,himself10 0 a national cata/rophe4 ,its fir/ pr9ciple _h a v prec>i\s life1 ?\gh incessant compulsion tri$ to drive x home to ! p's fe> ( rev5geful laws2 :]eas ! second pr9ciple--8,ea* = ,himself0--0 s popul> z a cre$ t ev5 ! div9e my/]ies beyond dea? 7 assail$ by egoi/s1 :o ?\ght !y c\ld buy a place 9 heav5 by giv+ l&s & goods to ! ,*ur*1 no matt] :at h>m !y _h done 9 a brief life ^u e>?4 ,/udy ,erasmus 9 8 wayf>+ lett]s1 & y w brea! ! atmosph]e ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,london ,,bridge1 ,,begun ,,by ,,pet] ,,cole*ur* ,,9 #aagf1 ,,& ,,f9i%$ ,,by ,a ,,fr5*man1 ,,call$ ,,isemb]t1 ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #abji ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,sidi ,,ra*$ ,,at ,,con/ant9e1 ,,alg]ia4 ,,built ,,9 #aijh-aiab ,! span ( ! great ar* is #gj metres4 ,! "w illu/rates ! longevity ( cu/om & conv5tion1 be+ inspir$ p>tly by ,roman aqu$ucts & p>tly by ! two fam\s bridges ov] ! ,te* at ,cret1 9 ,france1 "o ( :i* dates f ! ye> #acba4 ,! span ( its great ar* is #dem4 #de;cm4 ,,iii ,,cu/om ,,& ,,conv5tion ,yet a ponti/ mu/ be exce$+ly c>eful :5 8 tramps ?r\gh any p]iod br+ him 9 t\* ) e?ical problems4 ,he %\ld try to live on ! highways ( hi/ory1 n 9 ord] to pass judgm5ts on vice & on crime1 b because he wants to see cle>ly1 "u ! =m ( visual conception1 :y social concord & equity h nev] f>$ well1 ev5 ! be/ =ms ( civilization be+ only half-educat$ b>b>isms t all[ _! /rife to be drill$ by a va/ numb] ( active laws4 ,^! phases ( compulsion g on increas+1 yet !y fail to resolve into h>mony ^? rapaci\s egotisms t compete aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! body social l microbes 9 liv+ tissues4 ,z soon z a ponti/ und]/&s 8 wayf>+ ?r\gh hi/ory1 z soon z he feels at home 9 ! g5]al atmosph]e ( ! human drama1 he is glad to be a reali/2 !n no?+ t societies d or h done seems unexampl$ & inexplicable4 ,to him1 = example1 ! infanticide practis$ age aft] age by savage tribesm5 is n m t]rible ?an ! dea? ( babies 9 ! slums ( civiliz$ t[ns1 or ?an ! degradation br\ght be=e 8 m9d by ! al]t philan?ropy t saves little ,engli% *ildr5 f cruelties4 ,to him1 aga91 ! slaught] on a great battlefield is n m woeful ?an ! annual sacrifice ( lives 9 /reet accid5ts1 & railway sma%es1 & m9e disa/]s1 & sea trag$ies2 z well z 9 games & sports1 9 nurs+ ! sick1 & 9 all trades & pr(essions4 ,he is n sc>$ by ! fact t ! sum ( human life is w>1 b he is sc>$ by ! primordial cu/oms & conv5tions t make ! incessant w> inf9itely less humane ?an x c\ld be & ought to be4 ,s a ponti/ 9 8 attitude to hi/ory is a sociologi/1 & n an ab/ract morali/4 ,ea* body social & its sy/ems ( circulation are to him :at pati5ts are to m$ical /ud5ts 9 a hospital2 he has to le>n to be att5tive to all disease & to make 8 diagnoses ?\ghtfully4 ,ev5 !n frequ5t mi/akes w occur4 ,"o ?+ he mu/ reg>d z 8 cl9ical !rmomet]3 x is ! tru? t civilizations 9 _! int]c\rse ) "r & wrong h be5 gov]n$ by habits & cu/oms & conv5tions1 :i* h caus$ mo/ m5 to be o!r m52 s t mo/ human actions1 :e!r /udi$ 9 old hi/ory or 9 ! curr5t r\t9e ( liv+1 are m]e quotations f o!r human actions1 in/ead ( be+ l orig9al ideas 9 a well-ord]$ composition4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ord9>y human bra9 has tri$ to be automatic1 z if to be 9 h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! vital organs4 ,n[ ! ar*itecture ( bridges1 l t ( huts & h\ses & cottages1 nev] fails to keep be=e our m9ds ! awful sl[ness ( ea* reluctant advance f cu/om to cu/om1 & f conv5tion to conv5tion4 ,i h no words to describe ! t]ror t comes to me :5 ,i f9d 9 daily use a type or species ( bridge s aborig9al 9 its poor workman%ip t a =]unn] n only simil> to x1 b z rudely effective1 may well h be5 employ$ by ! e>lie/ ,fl9t ,m51 ^: delight 9 imitation 0 /imulat$ by all ! bridges :i* ,nature _h creat$4 ,ev5 m1 at ?is mom5t 9 ,engl&1 & ev5 9 busy ,lanca%ire1 :]e to-day's ma*9]y ab\nds1 !re are primitive bridges :i* are n ev5 primitively /ructural2 bridges :i* ne$ 9 _! mak+ n m ?\ght ?an is giv5 to a difficult sneeze :5 we are tr\bl$ by a cold 7p4 #fj74 ,:5 ,i look at !m & ?9k ( ! myriads ( g5]ations :i* 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w h us$ bridges ak9 to ^!1 ,i am s aw$ ) fe> t ,i feel l a baby ,gulliv] 9 a new ,brobd+nag :]e ev]la/+ conv5tions are imp]sonat$ by bra9less giants ^: bodies are too va/ = my eyes to focus4 ,(t51 too1 ,i say to myself3 8,9 ! pres5ce ( ?is dreadful cons]vatism1 ?is inept mimicry t endures unruffl$ by a ?\ght = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 y are z futile z a s+le microbe w\ld be on a field ( battle4 ,or imag9e t ! microbe is 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & t x has a blurr$ s5se t makes x dimly consci\s ( all ! _m hi/oric ?+s !re ga!r$ toge!r2 !n y h a figure ( y\rself 9 y\r relation to ! m+l$ good & bad 9 hi/ory4 ,= ! ,abbey %[s 9 its ar*itecture t conv5tion1 ?\gh a bane to ord9>y m9ds1 is ! gramm> ( progress to ! r>e m5 ( g5ius :o f "t to "t %ake ! _w free f its bondage to fix$ cu/oms & r\t9es1 & compel x to move on to o!r r\t9es & cu/oms1 :]e x w dawdle until o!r g5iuses come out ( ! d>k & f9d 9 new "m-ideas a compulsive =ce t works a new lib]ation40 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,cla91 ,,ne> ,,poiti]s ,?is1 inde$1 is ! only enc\ragem5t t ,i am able to p]ceive :5 ,i wat* 9 hi/ory ! p]iodical /rife betwe5 invet]ate conv5tions & ! "m-ideas ( g5ius4 ,9 ! case ( bridges1 = example1 ! fir/ "m-ideas 7 ^? t enabl$ a primitive craftsman "h & !re to copy ) success ! lea/ difficult ( ,nature's models4 ,:at ?is man a*iev$ 0 repeat$ by 8 tools1 ! ord9>y m5 ( 8 tribe2 !n o!r tribes got w9d ( ! discov]y & began to make simil> bridges1 until at la/ sev]al conv5tions 7 =m$1 & !y became widespread & /]eotyp$4 ,:5 a conv5tion 0 v simple & also effective = a giv5 purpose1 no "o wi%$ to see x develop$1 s x ent]$ t doma9 ( inf]tile mimicry :]e /one tools & weapons rema9$ unpoli%$ = ye>s to be reckon$ by scores ( ?\s&s4 ,if exp]i5ce _h %[n t *ipp$ fl9t 9 a r\gh /ate w\ld nei!r cut wood nor break human skulls1 !n at an e>ly date poli%+ w\ld h be5 f\nd out by a savage ( g5ius :o ye>n$ to prove t 8 inv5tion c\ld be made useful2 b r\gh-hewn /ones 7 rudely effici5t1 s mank9d settl$ itself 9 a r\t9e & plodd$ on & on automatically4 ,& ?us x 0 also 9 ! case ( _m primitive bridges :i* became s firmly fix$ 9 conv5tions t n[ !y seem to be contempor>y ) ne>ly all ! ages ( human /rife4 ,n 9 any o!r way c we expla9 _! pres5t use by _m ,europeans1 z well z by ! natives ( ,asia1 & ,africa1 & ,am]ica 7p4 #ade74 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a primeval bridge did n s]ve its purpose effici5tly1 :5 x 0 useless 9 tribal w>s & dang]\s 9 ra9y seasons1 !n a "m-idea paid x a visit f "t to "t1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]4 ,:5ce ! idea came we d n "k4 ,x ent]$ a m9d t 0 ready to receive x1 com+ unbidd5 f a place unkn[n l an abid+ que/ f a _s _w4 ,! m9d t welcom$ ! idea 0 nei!r mascul9e nor fem99e1 x 0 bo?1 a ?+ &rogyn\s1 = g5ius has ev] be5 a s+le creative ag5t ) a d\ble sex4 ,! tools ) :i* g5ius has work$--! select$ traditions & conv5tions1 ! acquir$ k1 ! orig9al obs]vation1 & ! h&icrafts ( social life--h ev] be5 pla9 en\gh1 ( c\rse2 b to see & admire tools is n to und]/& ! adv5t ( ^? imp]i%able ideas :i* n only trans=m hi/ory1 b turn all ord9>y m5 into _! mimics & me*anics4 ,= in/ance1 :5ev] we light a c&le or a fire we obey ! g5ius ( a ,paloli?ic savage1 :o1 ) sp>ks beat5 f fl9t into "s inflammable grass or moss or fluff f cocoons1 br\ght into ! _w ! e>lie/ mission>ies1 artificial light & heat4 ,simil>ly1 :5ev] we walk across a timb] bridge1 :e!r old or new1 we are s]vants to ! e>lie/ savage :o ) a /one axe cut d[n a tree1 caus+ x to fall f bank to bank ( a riv] or *asm4 ,delete f hi/ory ev5 two "m-ideas--! inv5tion ( :eels1 = example1 & ! evolution ( ar*$ bridges f ,nature's models--& h[ _m civilizations w\ld y cancel8 ,omit f ! annals ( our 8mod]n democracy0 n m ?an ?ree "m-ideas3 ! discov]y ( /eam z a motive-p[]1 ! discov]y ( microbes1 & ! use ( metal 9 bridge build+4 ,9 a tw9kl+ we g back to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 hospitals 7 cesspools1#ad :5 surg]y & m$ic9e 7 wild empirics1 :5 travell]s 9 /age-coa*es long$ = ! g5]al ,turnpike ,act 7a boon delay$ till #aggc71 & :5 ,engl& 0 unspoil$ by j]ry-build]s & a factory sy/em4 ,a ponti/1 !n1 if he und]/&s 8 subject1 looks ^u g5ius z ! sol> sy/em ( human societies1 h5ce he _c be a will+ s]vant to any mob-rule or mob-wor%ip4 ,on ! contr>y1 he w\ld gladly see 9 e t[n a f9e *ur* d$icat$ to ! m5 & wom5 ( g5ius :o ) great "m-ideas h tri$ to bett] ! /rife ( human adv5ture4 ,= two reasons ,i us$ ! phrase 8h tri$ to bett]40 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! con/itu5ts ( new k1 :5 m+l$ ) ! old cu/oms & conv5tions1 lose mu* ( _! good inv>iably2 &1 next1 ! amalgam ?us =m$ may become explosive4 ,at ?is mom5t we see 9 our new art1 ! art ( fly+1 h[ prec>i\s is ! *>ity t "m-ideas br+ into ! battlefields ( competition4 ,:at a]oplanes c d 9 w> is already ! only consid]ation t ! "m-idea ( me*anical flight receives f ! mo/ al]t m9ds2 & v soon milit>y eng9e]s w be call$ ^u to inv5t bomb-pro( cov]s = e /rategic bridge :i* _c be displac$ by a tunnel4 ,s we compel airman%ip to torm5t u ) visions ( wreck$ cities1 :5 %e ought to delight u ) bird's-eye views ( happi] c\ntries4 ,9 brief1 ! m we /udy "m-ideas ! m cle>ly we p]ceive t !y 9 !mselves are phases ( /rife1 = !y h p[] to d h>m z well z good4 ,provid5ce = ev] tries to quick5 ! inept human m9d1 s9ce no bless+ is grant$ to u )\t its att5dant bane4 ,electricity has dang]s ( its own1 s has fire2 ,pa/eurism has dang]s ( its own1 s has food2 radium is curative & v p]il\s1 l ! sea or ! sun2 & all o!r good ?+s ask u to pick our way ) c>e betwe5 dang] & utility4 ,! mo/ tragic elem5t ( all 9 human indiscretion is ! m9dless r\t9e :i* has dead5$ ! bra9 ( ord9>y m54 ,!re is 9 ,lanca%ire1 = example1 a *>m+ valley :]e six or sev5 old bridges make a few m9utes' walk a v long pilgrimage ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( primitive conv5tions4 ,wycoll> ! valley is call$1 & antiqu>ies & ponti/s ought to g !re at once1 b n 9 motor-c>s t dev\r topography z well z miles4 ,"o bridge is exce$+ly l[ 9 ! scale ( ?\ght & skill2 inde$1 no prehi/oric tool or weapon /&s bel[ x4 ,ev5 ! ,adam ( ,evolution1 if he ev] liv$ 9 rock-/rewn places1 _h common s5se en\gh probably to *oose a flat /one & to lay x across a deep rivulet1 s z to save 8 *ildr5 f dang]4 ,su* is ! mo/ primeval ( ! ,wycoll> bridges3 ?ree s*oolboys c\ld make a small] "o betwe5 two ,april %[]s4 ,= ! /one is n a huge slab t5 feet long by f\r wide1 su* z we f9d n f> f ,f]nwor?y ,bridge1 ,d>tmoor2 nor is x l ! s+le slab ov] ! ,walla ,brook on ,d>tmoor4 ,x is a long l9tel-/one1 & 9 eight or n9e /rides a little girl w\ld cross x easily4#ae ,if ! /one 7 new1 & also alone 9 ! valley1 no "o w\ld ?9k m ( x ?an ( a plank us$ z a tempor>y bridge2 b ! /one is v old1 & l9tel-bridges are anci5t cu/oms 9 ! valley ( ,wycoll>4 ,if ,nature once 9 a c5tury all[$ bridges to tell _! tales1 ,i %\ld expect two ( ! ,wycoll> hi/orians to trace _! l9eage ?r\gh a great _m ance/ors until at la/ !y came to a "t :5 ! fir/ nomads hack$ _! way ) fl9t axes ?r\gh ! und]gr[? ( ,lanca%ire =e/s1 & curs$ 9 primitive words or s\nds at ! virile brambles ^: ?orns 7 %>p] ?an po9t$ fl9ts4 ,! second bridge ( l9tel-/ones at ,wycoll> is a simple adaptation f "o ( ,nature's bridges1 ! bridge ( /epp+-/ones litt]$ ov] ! b$s ( riv]s by e>?quakes & floods4 ,:5 ! /epp+-/ones are long y turn !m on end & use !m z pi]s2 :5 !y are %ort & squat y pile !m up into pi]s2 !n l9tel-/ones are put f pi] to pi]1 & f pi] to ea* bankside4 ,"h is ! ,a ,b ,c ( primitive bridge-mak+ ) slabs1 b\ld]s1 & fragm5ts ( rock4 ,x ne$s v mu* less "m-wit ?an t :i* enabl$ primitive m5 to survive innum]able h>d%ips1 & to bre$ & re> ^? true arti/s :o 9 ,paloli?ic times1 ab\t #ej1jjj ye>s ago1#af turn$ a good _m ,european caves into ! fir/ public art gall]ies1 fam\s = _! rock-pa9t+s & = _! sculpture & engrav+s4 ,?us ! ,altamira ,cav]n1 ne> ,sant&]1 9 ,nor!rn ,spa91 & ! ,la ,madele9e cave 9 ! ,dordogne 7ab\t eighty miles ea/ ( ,bordeaux71 are among ! prehi/oric museums1 or art gall]ies1 :i* h giv5 u "w v f> 9 advance ( ! ,wycoll> l9tel-bridges2 s f>1 inde$1 t trees & %rubs 9 ! valley ought to blu% ) %ame by keep+ autumn t9ts 9 _! leaves all ! ye> r\nd4 ,?is h9t f ,dame ,nature might awak5 "s little self-reproa* 9 ! ,lanca%ire weav]s & peasants ^: heavy clogs clatt] day aft] day ov] ! l9tel-/ones1 we>+ !m into tr\ghs :]e ra9wat] collects pretty pictures f ! sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,wycoll>1 ,,lanca%ire3 ,,! ,,weav]s' ,,bridge ,n long ago a busy (ficial m9d 9 ! neighb\rhood 0 tr\bl$ by "o ( ! bridges at ,wycoll>1 nam$ ! ,weav]s' ,bridge1 a dull-witt$ primitivity made ) ?ree l9tel-/ones & two r\gh pi]s 9 ! wat]4 ,?\gh ! busy (ficial m9d 0 tr\bl$ x did n sugge/ t ! bridge %\ld be put "u glass & kept ) z mu* c>e z ! p]fect skeleton ( a ma/odon w\ld receive2 nor did x wi% to build a successor 9 ! *eape/ /yle ( indu/rial metal-"w4 ,no2 :at ! (ficial m9d adv]tis$ z a =tunate inspiration 0 a fooli% little act ( commonplace v&alism4 ,x set a mason to *isel out ( exi/5ce ! tr\gh worn 9 ! l9tel-/ones by g5]ations ( clog-we>]s6 ,i h two photographs1 n[ hi/oric1 9 :i* ! tr\gh c be se5 di/9ctly2 b ! poor weav]s h no su* consolation4 ,_! ance/ors' "w has to be done all ov] aga91 & !y "k t _! great-gr&*ildr5 w f9d 9 ! l9tel-/ones n a tr\gh b a vague holl[ sc>cely deep en\gh to hold a few ra9drops4 ,mr4 ,s>gisson wrote to tell me ?is pa!tic /ory ( a crisis 9 antiqu>ianism4 ,b x is fair to add t ! busy (ficial m9d 0 cont5t ) "o fooli% act2 x sp>$ ! rude pill> on ! left bank1 ?\gh ?is r\gh /one looks l a small m5hir & completes ! primeval bridge4 ,& n[ let u look at ! survival ( conv5tion "u a =m t is ev5 m di/ress+4 ,is x true t 9 _m times & l&s human be+s h be5 sacrific$ n to bridges1 b to ! spirits ( floods & /orms :i* h be5 fe>$ z de/roy]s ( bridges8 ,"o good ref]5ce to ?is "q w be f\nd 9 ,francis ,m4 ,craw=d's 8,ave ,roma ,immortalis40 ,! mo/ v5]at$ bridge 9 anci5t ,rome 0 ! ,pons ,sublicius1 ^: hi/ory dat$ f ! "t ( ,ancus ,m>cius1 :o reign$ tw5ty-f\r ye>s--,b4,c4 #fdj-faf4 ,9 mu* lat] times1 long aft] ! good fight t made ,horatius ,cocles fam\s = ev]1 /range c]emonies & sup]/itions l+]$ ar\nd ! ,pons ,sublicius4 ,on ! ,ides ( ,may1 :i* 7 celebrat$ on ! fifte5? ( ! mon?1 ,pontiffs & ,ve/als came 9 solemn /ate to ! bridge1 accompani$ by m5 :o c>ri$ ?irty effigies repres5t+ human bodies4 ,! effigies 7 made ( bulru%es1 & "o by "o !y 7 ?r[n into ! ,tib]1 :ile ! ,ve/als sang hymns or ! prie/s *ant$ pray]s4 ,:at did ?is rite signify8 ,a tradition popul> 9 ,rome taught *ildr5 to believe t ! effigies took ! place ( human be+s1 once sacrific$ to ! riv] 9 ,may4 ,?is tradition is attack$ by ,ovid1 8b ! indu/ri\s ,b>acconi quotes ,sextus ,pompeius ,fe/us to prove t 9 v e>ly times human victims 7 ?r[n into ! ,tib] = "o reason or ano!r1 & t human be+s 7 o!rwise sacrific$ until ! ye> ( ! ,city #feg1 :51 ,cnu ,cornelius ,l5tulus & ,publius ,lic9ius ,crassus be+ consuls1 ! ,s5ate made a law t no man %\ld be sacrific$ !reaft]40 ,x is possible1 if n1 inde$1 probable1 t ! effigies 7 made at fir/ 9 ord] to placate ! common p :o 7 indignant ov] ! loss ( a fe/ival4 ,we c imag9e :at w\ld be said to-day if ,cup-f9als 7 /opp$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t2 & ! ,romans1 9 _! fool-fury ov] 8sport0 at second-h&1 7 always glad to appease _! curiosity ) %[s ( blood%$4 ,fur!r1 9 ! folk-lore ( lat] times bridges & riv]s are connect$ ) ! primitive rite ( kill+ wom5 & m5 z a sacrifice to evil spirits4 ,?is dread tradition is relat$ n[ 9 ! ,asiatic prov9ces ( ,turkey1 z ,i le>n f ,sir ,m>k ,sykes1 ^: 8,d>-,ul-,islam0 is a book = ponti/s to read4 ,x 0 at ,zakho t ,sir ,m>k he>d ! foll[+ leg5d3-- 8,_m ye>s ago workm5 "u _! ma/] 7 set to build ! bridge2 ?ree times ! bridge fell1 & ! workm5 said1 #8,! bridge ne$s a life4' ,& ! ma/] saw a beautiful girl1 accompani$ by a bit* & h] puppies1 & he said1 #8,we w give ! fir/ life t comes by4' ,b ! dog & h] little ones hung back1 s ! girl 0 built alive into ! bridge1 & only h] h& ) a gold bracelet ^u x 0 left outside4 8,at ! foot ( ?is bridge ,i f\nd ! local ,agha1 ,yussuf ,pa%a1 sup]9t5d+ ! collection ( ! %eep-tax1 9 :i* z a l>ge l&[n] he has an int]e/40 ,try to visualise 9 all _! details ^! pictures1 pass+ f to-day's tax-ga!r]1 a ,pa%a ,lloyd ,george1 into ! drama ( a v t]rible sup]/ition4 ,! workm5 c be fitt$ ) fairly good primitive *>act]s1 = !y d n sugge/ ! sacrifice ( a life until ! bridge has fall5 ?rice4 ,z to _! ma/]1 he is a fi5d1 s9ce he acts ^u _! sugge/ion at once1 unmov$ by ! girl's beauty & ! frisk+ spr+time t accompanies h]4 ,a little dead h&--& a gleam+ bracelet--& ! masons *ant+ at _! "w1 z bridge-build]s *ant n[ 9 ,p]sia3 s ! drama ends1 or s x w\ld end if we c\ld n unite x ) a simil> leg5d kn[n almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,europe4 ,:y 9 ! ,turki% /ory ! workm5 say1 8,! bridge ne$s a life10 ,i d n "k4 ,_! sup]/ition goes away f ! riv] & its evil spirits1 & f ^? o!r demons1 :i* 9 old5 times made w9ds s v>iable4 ,are we !n to suppose t m5 h defil$ ! *>ity ( bridges ) bad spirits o!r ?an ^? t live 9 wilt$ conv5tions & 9 mod]n eng9e]s8 ,i pref] to believe t a bridge t fell ?ree times w\ld muddle ! sup]/ition ( any workman4 ,9 fact1 !re are _m bridges :i* sup]/ition--n mode/y 9 m5--has giv5 to ! ,devil1 & z a rule !y h be5 connect$ ) ! same leg5d1 or bogie tale4 ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld takes a great int]e/ 9 ! bridges ascrib$ to ! ,devil1 & writes ab\t !m z foll[s 9 8 8,book ( ,s\? ,wales03-- ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,du ,,diable1 ,,/4 ,,got?>d ,,pass 8,! ,devil's ,bridge is twelve miles f ,ab]y/wy?2 x is ov] ! ,afon ,myna* j be=e its junction ) ! ,rheidol#ag4444 ,! orig9al bridge 0 con/ruct$ by ! monks ( ,/rata ,florida1 at :at "t is unkn[n1 b leg5d says x 0 built by ! ,devil4 ,old ,megan ,ll&una*1 ( ,pont-y-,myna*1 ,_h lo/ h] only c[2 ,across ! rav9e ! c[ 0 se51 ,b to get x %e c\ld n tell h[4 8,9 ?is dilemma ! ,evil ,"o appe>$ to h] c[l$ z a monk1 & ) a ros>y at 8 belt1 & (f]$ to ca/ a bridge across ! *asm if %e w\ld promise him ! fir/ liv+ be+ t %\ld pass ov] x :5 complete4 ,to ?is %e gladly cons5t$4 ,! bridge 0 ?r[n across ! rav9e1 & ! ,evil ,"o /ood b[+ & beckon+ to ! old woman to come ov] & try x4 ,b %e 0 too clev] to d t4 ,%e _h notic$ 8 left leg z he 0 engag$ on ! con/ruction1 & saw t ! knee 0 beh9d 9 place ( 9 front1 & = a foot he _h a ho(4 ,9 h] pocket %e fumbl$1 a cru/ out tumbl$1 ,%e call$ h] little black cur2 ,! cru/ ov] %e ?rew1 ! dog aft] x flew1 ,says %e1 #8,! dog's y\rs1 crafty sir6' 8,precisely ! same /ory is told ( ,s4 ,cadoc's ,causeway 9 ,brittany2 ( ! bridge ov] ! ,ma9e at ,frank=t1 & ( _m & _m ano!r4 8,h[ comes x t we h an almo/ id5tical tale 9 s _m p>ts ( ,europe8 ,! reason is t 9 all su* /ructures a sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ! ,spirits ( ,evil :o haunt$ ! place4 ,:5 a /orm came d[n on ! sea1 ,jonah _h to be flung ov]bo>d to allay x4 ,:51 9 ! old ,engli% ballad1 a %ip rema9$ /ation>y1 ?\gh all sails 7 spread1 & %e c\ld make no headway1 ! crew #8ca/ ! black bullets1' & ! lot falls to ! capta9's wife1 & %e is !reupon ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,vortig]n s\ght to lay ! f\ndations ( 8 ca/le 9 ! blood ( an orphan boy4 ,a dam broke 9 ,holl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ! peasants c\ld h>dly be re/ra9$ f bury+ a liv+ *ild "u x1 :5 recon/ruct$1 to ensure its /ability4#ah 8,:5 ! ,ci/]cian monks ( ,/rata ,florida ?rew ! d>+ ar* ov] ! *asm1 !y s f> yield$ to ! popul> sup]/ition z to bury a dog b5ea? ! base ( ! ar*1 or to fl+ "o ov] ! p>apet40 ,!re6 ,we h foll[$ a sup]/ition--a vile conv5tion 9 ignorance & c[>dice--f ! ,pons ,sublicius 9 ,anci5t ,rome to ! ,pont-y-,myna* 9 ,s\? ,wales2 & ! be/ we c say ( x is t 9 ,pagan ,rome x w5t f human victims to effigies ( m5 & wom51 :ile 9 ,*ri/ian times x pass$ f human victims to dogs4#ai ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld has told u t 9 bridges1 & 89 all su* /ructures1 a sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ! ,spirits ( ,evil :o haunt$ ! place40 ,yet x 0 n 9 a /ructure--a f9i%$ build+--t ,vortig]n wi%$ to (f] 8 sacrifice2 he 8s\ght to lay ! f\ndations ( 8 ca/le 9 ! blood ( an orphan boy10 s 8 aim 0 to placate ! ,spirits ( ,evil be=e 8 ca/le 0 built4 ,z to 8 conception ( ! spiritual ag5cies to be appeas$1 x w\ld m+le 8 own passions ) ! fe>s br$ by 8 primitive fanaticism4 ,=1 z ,d>w9 says1 8savages w\ld naturally attribute to spirits ! same passions1 ! same love ( v5geance or simple/ =m ( ju/ice1 & ! same affections :i* !y !mselves felt40 ,n[ 9 ! case ( bridges we h to id5tify primitive m5 ) ! t]ror inspir$ by /orms & floods2 a t]ror difficult = u to und]/& 9 our %elt]$ lives4 ,h y read ,mat!w ,p>is1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii8 ,if n1 g to him & /udy ! tempe/s t he describ$1 & see h[ villages 7 desolat$ by w9ds & inundations4 ,amid ^! disa/]s ! ignorant w\ld cl+ to anci5t sup]/itions2 fe> w\ld be pagan out ( doors :atev] fai? might say 9 *ur*2 & ,i h no d\bt at all t ! _m s-call$ ,devil's ,bridges 7 z sup]natural to ! m$ival peasant z 7 wit*es4 ,! ,dut* ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 m advanc$ 9 dome/ic civilization ?an our own ance/ors2 & yet at he>t !y 7 cruel pagans1 ev5 z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld has %[n4 ,h[ v humble human nature ought to be6 ,let u pass on1 !n1 to a conv5tion t does n reek l a /rick5 field4 ,"o ( ! be/ hi/orians 9 ar*itecture1 ,viollet-le-,duc1 f\nd 9 ! hills ( ,savoy a primeval bridge ^: /ructure _h be5 *ang$ v little1 if at all1 s9ce ! days :5 its ance/ors 7 describ$ by ,cs> & us$ by ! ,gauls4 ,x is a timb] bridge1 kn[n 9 ,france z un empilage1 a ?+ pil$ toge!r rudely1 & n con/ruct$ ) art4 ,inde$1 x ne$s no c>p5try1 s x is f> beh9d ! social g5ius ( prehi/oric lake-dwell]s4 ,to make a simple ,gauli% bridge1 z to-day 9 ,savoy1 we mu/ *oose a deep-ly+ riv] ) rugg$ banks2 !n ) wat]-worn b\ld]s we make on ea* bank a r\gh f\ndation ab\t fifte5 feet squ>e1 or m4 ,^u ?is we raise a criss-cross ( tree trunks1 tak+ c>e t ! horizontal trees jut out f>!r & f>!r across ! wat]1 n>r[+ ! gap to be bridg$ by f\r or five p9es4 ,ea* criss-cross mu/ be 8/iff5$0 or fill$ 9 ) pebbles & bits ( rock2 & across ! unf9i%$ road ( p9es ?ick bo>ds are nail$ firmly4 ,viollet-le-,duc says3-- 8,cette con/ruction primitive 444 rappelle s+ulirem5t ces ouvrages ,gaulois dont p>le ,cs>1 et qui se composai5t de troncs d'arbres poss l'angle droit p> ranges1 entre lesquelles on bloquait des qu>ti]s de ro*es4 ,ce procd1 qui ne/ qu'un empilage1 doit remont] la plus haute antiquit2 n\s le signalons ici p\r faire connatre comm5t c]ta9es traditions se p]ptu5t trav]s les sicles1 malgr les p]fectionnem5ts apports p> la civilisation1 et combi5 elles doiv5t t\j\rs fix] l'att5tion de l'ar*ologue40 ,does anyone suppose t ,savoy w\ld h be5 loyal to a prehi/oric bridge if all primitiv5ess _h vani%$ f h] social life8 ,n t ,savoy is ! only place :]e criss-cross bridges are /ill 9 vogue4 ,mu* f9] specim5s are to be f\nd 9 ,ka%mr1 ?r[n across ! riv] ,jhelum1 ! ,hydaspes ( ,greek hi/orians4 ,at ,srnag>1 ! capital city1 f\nd$ 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 !re is a q wond]ful example1 = x has _m spans1 & corbell$ out f ! footway is a qua9t little /reet ( frail %ops1 rickety cab9s ) gabl$ ro(s1 & s unequal 9 size t !y are *>m$ ) an amus+ inequality4 ,i h sev]al photographs ( ?is bridge1 & 9 !m ,i see always ) a r5ew$ pleasure its ance/ry1 its desc5t f ! prehi/oric lake-villages1 ^? h]alds ( ,v5ice & ( ,old ,london ,bridge 7p4 #baf74 ,all ! pi]s are made ) deod> logs pil$ up 9 ! criss-cross mann]2 ^? t /ret* across ! riv] are cut 9 v>y+ l5g?s1 & ea* succe$+ r[ is long] ?an ! "o b5ea? x1 s ! logs 9 a brace ( pi]s project t[>ds ea* o!r f>!r & f>!r ov] ! wat]1 till at la/ !y =m an ar*$ %ape2 n an ar* p]fect 9 outl9e1 ( c\rse1 s9ce ! head ( x is flatt5$ by ! long be>+ beams ( ! roadway4 ,/ill1 ! ar*$ %ape is v noticeable4 ,a ponti/ %\ld /udy ^! rude ar*es ) c>e1 & connect !m ) simil> ar*es 9 ! ,gauli% bridges ( ,savoy1 & also ) ! hi/oric fact t ! fir/ ar*es built ) v\ssoirs 7i4e4 ar*-/ones7 7 evolv$ f vaults r\ghly con/ruct$ ) p>allel c\rses ( /one & lay]s ( timb] 7p4 #aee74 ,x is probable t ! p>allel lay]s ( timb] or r[s ( logs came be=e ! p>allel c\rses ( /one1 z ! evolution ( ar*itecture pass$ f wood to /one4 ,=e/s mu* m ?an rocks & qu>ries h be5 an inspiration to primitive build]s1 z if ! h&l+ ( wood has quick5$ 9 human nature an arboreal in/9ct dat+ f ! family trees 9 ! desc5t ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,albi ,,on ,,! ,,t>n1 ,,9 ,,france1 ,,%[+ ,,on ,,our ,,"r ,,! ,,old ,,h\ses1 ,,& ,,on ,,our ,,left1 ,,beyond ,,! ,,bridge1 ,,! ,,great ,,old ,,*ur*1 ,,fam\s ,,= ,,its ,,=tifications ,h[ev]1 ano!r criss-cross bridge 9 ,ka%mr ought to be /udi$ 9 photographs2 x is c>ri$ on six pi]s ov] ! ,jhelum at ,b>amula--q close to ! ,himalayas2 ! pi]s rise f boat-%ap$ plat=ms t meet ! oncom+ wat] z boats d1 ) _! blunt /ems look+ brave z re>gu>ds4 ,! p>apet is a simple latticework1 & ! abutm5ts are masonry4 ,"h we h a type ( bridge p]haps q simil> to ! "o f :i* ! ,gauls got _! rude me?ods1 long aft] ! craft ( ! lake-dwell]s _h left its %elt]$ moor+s & adv5tur$ across wide riv]s4 ,is !re any concrete evid5ce to sugge/ t ! bridge ) criss-cross pi]s has gone ?r\gh _m phases ( *ange1 ( gr[? or ( decad5ce8 ,yes4 ,at ,ar*angel1 9 ,nor? ,russia1 ! criss-cross pi]s are m primitive2 in/ead ( be+ ar*$ !y are upright & /iff2 b z ! bridge is ne>ly a qu>t] ( a mile long1 & z x is tak5 d[n e spr+ 7be=e ! ice breaks up noisily1 & ! ,dw9a ?und]s into a rag+ torr5t71 crude workman%ip 9 a hurri$ r\t9e is excusable4 ,! ma9 po9t is t a bridge ak9 to ! ,gauli% type & to ! v>iation 9 ,ka%mir exi/s 9 ,nor? ,russia4 ,& ano!r v>iation is met ) at ,bhutan1 9 ,india4 ,brangwyn has drawn x1 & we %all /udy x lat] 9 a page on gateway-t[]s 7p4 #bgb74 ,9 ! highl&s ( ,ea/]n ,kurdi/an1 ! bord]l& ( ,asiatic ,turkey & ,p]sia1 travell]s f9d a bridge ak9 to ! ,bhutan v>iety4 ,an excell5t book on ^! highl&s has be5 publi%$1#bj & its au?ors1 v g5]\sly1 h writt5 = me "s valuable notes on ! bridges4 ,be=e ,i quote !m 9 full1 let me ask y to rememb] t 9 ,ea/]n ,kurdi/an timb] is uncommon2 h5ce ! criss-cross bridge has be5 evolv$ into ano!r sort ( primitive /ructure--a ?ird c\s91 sev]al times remov$4 ,a ,kurdi/an bridge is built z foll[s3 8,a site is select$1 if "o c be f\nd1 :]e two immovable & flat-topp$ masses ( rock face "o ano!r across ! /ream to be bridg$3 an abutm5t ( unhewn /ones is built on ^!1 solid1 until a height has be5 rea*$ suffici5t to be safe f any flood4 8,!n a bracket ( f\r or m r[s ( popl> trunks is con/ruct$ on ea* abutm5t2 %ort /\t trunks =m ! bottom r[1 & ^? ( ea* succe$+ "o are naturally long] ?an ! prec$+4 ,unless ! bridge is unusually wide 9 ! footway f\r popl>s are en\gh to =m a r[1 & ! butts ( ! trees1 :i* are kept %ore-w>ds1 are weight$ d[n ) big /ones z c\nt]-weights to hold !m 9 place4 8,! top ( ea* r[ ( trunks projects p]haps five feet beyond ! prec$+ "o1 s t :5 a bracket ( f\r r[s is complet$1 x may project p]haps tw5ty feet ov] ! /ream4 8,:5 ! correspond+ bracket has be5 complet$1 two long popl> trunks are slung by )ies f bracket end to bracket end1 a footway ( )y hurdles1 re/+ on faggots1 is laid d[n ov] all1 & ! bridge is complete4 ,! l5g? ( ?is c5tre span is ( c\rse limit$ by ! height ( ! popl>s available4 ,i %\ld ?9k fifty feet ! extreme possible4 8,if ! wid? ( ! riv] makes x necess>y1 "o or m pi]s ( /one1--,i h se5 z _m z ?ree1--are erect$ 9 mid/ream1 pref]ably on rock f\ndations4 ,ea* ( ^! c>ries a bracket on ea* side1 b ?is d\ble bracket is usually made ( #8:ole trunks' & ^! naturally ne$ no c\nt]-weight+4 8,z a rule ! footway is ab\t f\r feet wide1 & ! :ole /ructure is v ela/ic1 s t1 z x is guiltless ( h&rails1 x requires a /eady head 9 ! pass5g]4 ,fur!r1 ! c5tral span (t5 acquires a pron\nc$ #8sag1' & n seldom an equally pron\nc$ tilt to "o side or o!r4 ,anci5t rule says t ! pass5g] ought n to look d[n 9 cross+ su* a place1 le/ ! sight ( wat] :irl+ bel[ %\ld unn]ve him4 ,9 ,kurdi/an1 h[ev]1 look d[n he mu/1 & make ! be/ ( ! hurdles t =m ! footway2 !y ab\nd 9 holes & o!r traps = ! unw>y1 & a /umble may mean disa/]4 ,^! bridges1 !n1 ?\gh admirably plann$ 7= !y are true cantilev]s71 are n built 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]4 ,x is *>act]i/ically ,ori5tal1 ?is union ( real f95ess ( design ) great casualness 9 con/ruction & 9 upkeep4 ,! pi]s are inv>iably ( /one1 nev] ( wood4 ,good timb] is almo/ unkn[n 9 ,kurdi/an4 ,! popl> gr[s well1 b x is at be/ only a good pole4 ,/one1 on ! o!r h&1 is emb>rass+ly abundant4 8,dry-/one ar*es are ?r[n ov] small] /reams1 b _! build]s1 ?\gh acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciple ( ! vault1 d n v5ture on a span ( m ?an ?irty feet60#ba ,h[ d y l ! antiquity ( conv5tions8 ,does x n make y feel t ! greate/ "p ( mank9d has nev] %[n a p>ticle ( desire t its civil in/itutions %\ld be improv$8 ,note1 too1 t conv5tion among m5 is inf]ior to ! in/9ct ( animals1 = animals inv>iably repeat !mselves ) a passionate int]e/1 :]eas we 9 our =mulas gr[ m & m unfeel+ & automatic4 ,ev5 rabbits :5 !y dig _! burr[s seem to be guid$ by inspiration1 z if r\t9e "w ) !m is an appetite1 l love & hung]2 s v diff]5t are !y f ! cons]vative peasants ( ,savoy1 ^: dull r\t9e has deliv]$ d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies a primeval bridge :i* an h\r's ?\ght c\ld h improv$4 ,"o day1 let u hope1 mo/ m5 w realise t x is woefully commonplace to be z o!r m52 !n conv5tions w g out ( vogue4 ,c\rts & clubs w inv5t new & good etiquettes e ye>2 no game w be /]eotyp$2 & laws w comm& t su* & su* ?+s be alt]$ & improv$ by giv5 dates4 ,= example1 if an ,act ( ,p>liam5t decre$ t dur+ ! next t5 ye>s all ! railway bridges 9 ,engl& mu/ be made less uncomely & less at odds ) ! ne$s ( milit>y def5ce1 ,i h no d\bt t compulsion1 ! sc\t ( civil progress1 w\ld discov] among eng9e]s m ?an en\gh inv5tion4 ,railway bridges h be5 built 9 ob$i5ce to a brace ( conv5tional argum5ts4 ,x has be5 argu$1 fir/1 t because traffic & trade are ! ma9 consid]ations1 !re=e art is n a matt] to be consid]$2 next1 t because bo>ds ( directors h to please _! %>ehold]s1 !re=e a mo/ /r5u\s economy mu/ be adv]tis$ 9 a v evid5t mann]1 ev5 al?\gh its results blot f9e l&scapes ) ! %ame ( un9spir$ craftsman%ip4 ,?irty-f\r ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! late ,e4 ,m4 ,b>ry1 ,r4,a41 9 a ?\ghtful book1 ask$ ! public to und]/& t mod]n eng9e]+ 0 n ar*itecture at all1 b m]e build+2 & he *ose z an example ( horrible "w ! ,britannia ,bridge ov] ! ,m5ai ,/raits4 8,"h we h ! adoption ( ! trabeat$ pr9ciple ( l>ge iron beams laid ^u supports ( masonry1 :i* rise f ! valley b5ea?1 & t[] up above ! beams to a height f> exce$+ t :i* is necess>y = _! support4 ,i well rememb] ! animat$ discussions 9 sci5tific circles z to ! =m & design ( ^! beams1 :i* 7 ultimately decid$ ^u z rectangul> tubes4 ,9 ! _m discussions ( ! m]its & defects ( circul>1 elliptical & squ>e sections1 ,i d n recollect t a ^w 0 said ab\t ar*itectural effect or ab\t milit>y conv5i5ce & /rategy4 ,_h anyone v5tur$ to sugge/ t ?is1 too1 0 an important matt]1 & t an unsightly /ructure w\ld be an eyesore = all "t1 he w\ld h be5 promptly told t ! =ms to be employ$ 7 an affair ( sci5ce alone1 & t utility pure & simple w\ld dictate _! arrangem5t4 ,9 ! result a lovely valley 0 defac$44440 ,! same conv5tion 9 mean tradecraft is %[n 9 ! tale ab\t ,t5nyson & ! j]ry-build]4 8,:y d y cut d[n ^! trees80 ! poet ask$ reprov+ly4 8,trees are beautiful ?+s40 8,ah60 answ]$ ! j]ry-build]1 8trees are luxuries2 :at we ne$ is utility40 ,& :at ?is utility has done = u may be se5 9 a ?\s& railway bridges z bad z ^? t disgrace ev5 ! ,h>r[ ,road1 ne> by ,padd+ton ,/ation4 ,x is n my argum5t t e railway bridge 9 ,engl& is und]br$ & crapul\s2 "h & !re an eng9e] has made an ef=t to be ar*itectural1 b ! usual level ( ta/e is exce$+ly vulg>1 & n 9 railway bridges only4 ,ev5 ! ,t[] ,bridge1 ,london1 a va/ feat 9 eng9e]+1 is s conv5tional ) a m]etrici\s m$ivalism t x ne$s ! scre5+ du/ & mi/ t veil ! ,?ames4 ,?is is among ! mod]n bridges t ,brangwyn has drawn & pa9t$1 rais+ !m into art z a record ( curr5t hi/ory4 ,no?+ moves him m ?an ! huge me*anisms t seize ^u to-day's life & turn x into _! ob$i5t slave4 ,m5 dw9dle ev] m & m 9 scale z ma*9es become fatal 9 _! enorm\s bulk1 l ,sup]-,dreadn\ghts & ! 8,titanic02 n to =get su* vuln]able mon/]s z ! bridges ( ,new ,york1 :i* air%ips s5t =? by ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells h already attack$ ) prophetic success4 ,is man really doom$ to be ! tool ( ma*9es8 ,is ?is to be 8 f9al conv5tion8 ,9 "o great picture by ,brangwyn ! ,high ,level ,bridge at ,newca/le repres5ts our "t4 ,hi/orically ! ,high ,level ,bridge has mu* int]e/2 x displac$ ! ,britannia ,bridge z an object ( sci5tific v5]ation1 & f ! fir/ x has rank$ high 9 ! conv5tional ugl9ess t ! ,briti% public has accept$ f eng9e]s4 ,:5 ! ,britannia ,bridge 0 prov$ to be a bad railway l9e 7tra9s 7 ! decisive critics71 & :5 m5 ( sci5ce aft] weigh+ _! aft]-?\ghts began to f9d fault ) ! di/ribution ( metal 9 ! section ( its tubes1 !n eng9e]s said1 8,& n[--n[ we mu/ h a good railway bridge1 completely sci5tific 9 all respects40 ,x 0 to be built ) two roadways1 ! "o = common traffic pass+ "u a railway1 s t bus9ess folk might be com=t$ by ! noise ov]head1 :i* w\ld be z music to any believ] 9 a pu%ful indu/rialism4 ,six ar*es ( metal w\ld be unit$ to five pi]s & ! abutm5ts2 _! spans w\ld h precisely ! same wid?1 i4e4 #ach ft4 #aj 941 = m9ds long us$ to (fice h\rs & l$g]s w\ld enjoy a dead uni=mity4 ,inde$1 ev]ybody 0 pleas$ ) ^! plans2 & 9 #ahdi1 :5 ,que5 ,victoria op5$ ! ,high ,level ,bridge1 arti/s alone 7 unexcit$ ) joy4 ,all ! re/ ( ! ,engli% _w imag9$ t sci5ce1 at ! co/ ( only #bdc1jjj1 _h a*iev$ a metal ma/]piece4 ,new ,london ,bridge _h co/ six times z mu* 7i4e4 #a1deh1caa71 & h] mat]ials 7 /ones1 n metals1 s once m ! nor? ( ,engl& _h scor$ heavily ov] ! s\?4 8,besides10 rem>k$ ! eng9e]s1 8we h put into ! sup]/ructure #cba tons ( wr\ght-iron1 & into ! ar*$ ribs #d1gbh tons ( ca/-iron4 ,economy4444 ,sci5tific economy4444 ,& we h n[ 9 use a p]fect example ( ! true b[/r+ ar* 9 :i* no cross-brac+ is ne$$40 ,all ?is1 :5 discuss$ at d9n]s1 enri*$ ! flav\r ( *ampagne2 & op9ion became s 8heady0 t ev5 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 9 its eigh? edition receiv$ ! ,high ,level ,bridge z an inspir$ "w1 & gave to its eng9e]+ z mu* space z ! ?rifty ,romans w\ld h giv5 to all _! ,spani% bridges & aqu$ucts4 ,at la/1 & all ( a sudd51 a reaction came2 en?usiasm n only caught a *ill1 x pass$ 9 a hurry f its tropical summ] into a bad w9t] ( discont5t4 ,sci5ti/s w5t s f> z to decl>e t ! ,high ,level ,bridge 0 a y\?ful indiscretion1 adv]tis$ publicly 9 a mat]ial :i* might endure = c5turies2 & ?is *ange ( op9ion _h a great effect on ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 ^: n9? edition gave only eighte5 l9es to its =m] fav\rite4 ,ev5 ! b[/r+ ar* 0 prais$ no long]1 8be+ ess5tially m exp5sive & heavi] ?an a true gird]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,t[] ,,bridge1 ,,london ,su* are ! com$ies inv5t$ by our new playwright1 ! g5ius ( civil eng9e]s4 ,/ill1 ! ,high ,level ,bridge at ,newca/le looks well on a mi/y day2 by moonlight x is m impressive ?an a ,:i/l] nocturne2 & 9 ,brangwyn's art x repres5ts our indu/rial age ) a vig\r t is manly & impressive4 ,= ! re/1 f ! pictures 9 ?is book y w be able to *oose = y\rself _m a conv5tion 9 ! craft ( bridge-build+4 ,/udy1 = example1 ! ar*es & _! %apes1 not+ ^? :i* h a "* ( _! own4 ,^! m>k a new dep>ture1 & are fam\s4 ,?us ! bridge at ,avignon is admir$ by te*nicians because its ar*itect1 ! great ,sa9t ,bnzet1 gave to ! ar*es :at ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9 has describ$ z 8an elliptical outl9e ) ! radius ( curvature small] at ! cr[n ?an at ! haun*1 a =m :i* accords m truly ) ! l9e> equilibrat$ ar* ?an ! mod]n flat ellipse ) ! l>ge/ radius at ! cr[n40 ,good ,bnzet6 ,sev5 hundr$ & ?irty ye>s h gone by s9ce he turn$ f ! ,roman tradition ( semicircul> ar*es1 & design$ an excell5t ar* ( 8 own1 a beautiful ?+1 ) a look ( triumph 9 its quiet dignity4 ,_m writ]s ?9k t ,l'arc de ,sa9t ,bnzet is orig9al also 9 con/ruction1 its vault be+ compos$ ( f\r sep>ate b&s put side by side 9 /ones ( ab\t equal bulk4 ,sometimes ?is me?od ( build+ is condemn$ z weak1 ?\gh f\r ( ,bnzet's ar*es h outliv$ sev5 c5turies ( w>2 & :at eng9e] w\ld feel disgrac$ if he 7 baffl$ by ! t]rific floods to :i* ! ,rhne is subject8 ,moreov]1 ,bnzet 0 n an orig9ator 9 ?is matt]2 he borr[$ f ! ,romans4 ,9 8 "t !re 0 a bridge t c>ri$ ! ,via ,domitiana ov] ! ,vid\rle at ,pont ,ambroise2 ! vaults ( its five ar*es 7 built 9 precisely ! same mann]1 9 f\r p>allel arcs or b&s t t\*$ ea* o!r2 & ! bridge 0 notable = o!r reasons1 & ?us attractive to all bridge-build]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a ,bull ( ,pope ,adrian ,,iv1 dat$ #aaef1 n[ treasur$ at ,nmes 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,ntre ,dame1 has prov$ t 9 ! twelf? c5tury a *apel 0 built ei!r on or f ! middle ( ! bridge2 x 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y1 & x belong$ to ! *apt] ( ,nmes ,ca!dral4 ,a ,roman bridge sanctifi$ by a ,*ri/ian *apel recalls to "o's m9d ! devotion ( ! ,flavian family t plac$ ! monogram ( ,*ri/ among ! ensigns ( anci5t ,rome4 ,unless ! *apel /ood out on corbels f ! side ( ! bridge1 x mu/ h be5 a t9y place ( pray]1 = ! bridge 0 only ?ree metres wide1 :ile ! ,via ,domitiana _h an av]age wid? ( six metres4 ,fur!r1 ! roadway across ! bridge 0 peculi>2 x foll[$ 9 g5tle curves ! cont\r ( ! ar*es1 in/ead ( be+ ei!r flat 7z 9 mo/ ,roman bridges7 or ) a slight incl9e at ! abutm5t ends 7z 9 ! bridge ( ,augu/us at ,rim9i74#bb ,we _c suppose t ?is bridge1 s notewor?y 9 sev]al ways1 0 unkn[n to ,bnzet1 head ( ! ,ponti/ ,fri>s4 ,anyh[1 ! imm5se ,pont du ,g>d1 ne> ,nmes1 a ,roman ma/]piece1 mu/ h be5 kn[n to him2 & ! ar*es ( its second ti] h 9 ! belly ( ea* vault ?ree p>allel b&s ( equal-siz$ /ones4 ,if ?is me?od ( con/ruction be uns\nd1 h[ are we to expla9 ! h]oic /ability ( ! ,pont du ,g>d1 ! f9e/ ( all ! ,roman aqu$ucts8 ,myself1 ,i d n believe t ,bnzet 0 inexp]t z a borr[]4 ,we %all meet him aga9 7p4 #bcf71 b let u note "h t 8 "w is rhy?mical & *>m+2 s x does n belong to ! und]br$ heav9ess t bridge-build]s (t5 copi$ f ! art ( m$ival =tification4 ,?is art 0 an un?rifty eng9e]2 x employ$ f> & away too mu* bl9d masonry4 ,ca/le walls 7 t5 feet ?ick1 & brave soldi]s at home fe>$ ! light ( day1 m]ely to %[ respect = arr[s & ma*9e-work$ catapults4 ,!y 7 n discreet2 !y made caution too timid & too uncom=table4 ,did gallant m>ri$ knights =get to sleep 9 _! suits ( mail8 ,0 a honeymoon 9 arm\r a trifle m tiresome ?an 7 twelf?-c5tury ca/les ) _! arr[ slits = w9d[s8 ,= _m a ye> home life 0 an ill-smell+ twilight1 p>ticul>ly to p]sons ( rank2 & f ?is we may inf] t ! cu/om ( w> dur+ ! ,middle ,ages w5t h&-9-h& ) a sup]/iti\s dread ( dea?4 ,bnzet ne$$ c\rage z well z g5ius :5 he slight$ 9 a graceful mann] ! pond]\s conv5tions ( safety t rul$ 9 8 day ov] ca/les 7#aagg-aahe74 ,x 0 8 ar* t sav$ ! vig\r ( 8 design f be+ dull & clumsy4 ,"s o!r ar*es 9 ,fr5* bridges h provok$ pap] w>s4 ,?is is true ( ^? 9 ! bridges at ,albi & ,espalion1 *os5 by ,brangwyn p>tly because ( _! controv]sial int]e/1 & p>tly because !y illu/rate a mood ( h&icraft :i* may be call$ ! unc\? picturesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,t[n ,,bridge ,,9 ,,p]ugia1 ,,italy1 ,,to ,,illu/rate ,a ,,po9t$ ,,ar* ,,:i* ,,has ,,9 ,,its ,,curve ,a ,,sort ,,( ,,l+]+ ,,s5tim5t ,,= ,,! ,,r\nd ,,ar* ,,( ,,! ,,romans ,,iv ,,controv]sies ,/ud5ts are te/$ & judg$ by _! attitude to controv]sies4 ,common s5se %\ld keep !m f p>tisan%ip2 & :5 !y feel tempt$ to look on z m]e spectators1 !y %\ld rememb] t cr[ds at box+ mat*es are v apt to =m wrong op9ions4 ,x is bett] by f> to laugh at bo? sides by c>icatur+ ! weak po9ts ( a discussion4 ,9 a few days a /ud5t w le>n :i* side is ! m difficult to c>icature1 & ?is k w help him to sift all rubbi% f a controv]sy & to =m a judgm5t ( 8 own on facts & on inf]5ces4 ,z ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne said1 a man %\ld be some?+ t all m5 are n1 & individual 9 some:at beside 8 p]son & 8 "n4 ,! bridges at ,albi & ,espalion h caus$ "s m5 to break old fri5d%ips ov] a simple "q1 namely3 8,:5 7 po9t$ ar*es us$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,fr5* bridges8 ,at :at date 7 !y br\ght f ! ,ea/80 ,z ! po9t$ ar* 0 copi$ by ,europeans1 n inv5t$ by !m1 ! precise date ( ! mimicry ought n to excite a ponti/2 x is a ?+ = antiqu>ies to be flurri$ ab\t4 ,if ! "q ran 9 ano!r =m3 8,0 ! po9t$ ar* 9 ,fr5* bridges an indep5d5t discov]y80 !n a battle & "s explod$ reputations w\ld be wor? :ile4 ,b no su* hypo!sis has be5 put =w>d by ei!r side 9 a w>m dispute4 ,"o p>ty decl>es t z e>ly z ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 t[>ds ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? 7#gfh-had71 a ,fr5* build] seems to h play$ ! "p ( ! s$ul\s ape to ,ea/]n ar*itecture1 cribb+ ! po9t$ ar*1 & us+ x )\t mu* skill 9 ! bridge ( ,espalion1 ^: con/ruction 7z docum5ts prove inconte/ably7 0 ord]$ by ,*>lemagne himself4 ,9 ?is bald /atem5t !re is no *all5ge1 no provocation2 x is no?+ m ?an a conjecture support$ by a docum5t$ fact4 ,if ,*>lemagne _h be5 a weak rul]1 l ,l\is ! ,indol5t1 x w\ld be fair to suppose t 8 comm&s 7 neglect$ m (t5 ?an obey$2 !n we c\ld n accept 8 "* z a fact ( great] value 9 a controv]sy ?an a comm& ( 8 m5tion$ 9 au!ntic docum5ts4 ,let u say t ! ,black ,pr9ce or 8 fa!r ord]$ a bridge to be built at a giv5 place2 we h docum5ts to prove ?is1 & at ! place nam$ 9 ! docum5ts a v old bridge is extant4 ,%\ld we n read ^! docum5ts by ! light ( ! reputation won by ! ,black ,pr9ce or by 8 fa!r8 ,myself1 ,i %\ld say at once1 8,8 ord]s 7 obey$40 ,& s1 too1 9 ! case ( ,*>lemagne4 ,i accept 8 "* z a gu>antee t he 0 obey$ at ,espalion2 & 9 ?is ,i am support$ by ,*>lemagne's g5]al attitude to roads & bridges4 ,x 0 he :o made _m an ef=t to keep ! highways 9 repair1 try+ to rescue !m f ! great disord] into :i* _! adm9i/ration _h be5 ?r[n by ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,romans4 ,he creat$ ! "r to exact tolls1 & sanction$ on ! roads ! use ( /atute lab\r & ( fatigue duty done by soldi]s4 ,dur+ 8 reign ( =ty-six ye>s he re/or$ mu* ,roman "w & set 9 movem5t a sy/em t did n ov]tax ! poor f9ances ( 8 ,empire2 b aft] 8 dea? ! ,empire 0 divid$ & cont9ual w>s put an end to civil advancem5t4 ,z ,*>lemagne ne$$ a bridge at ,espalion we may believe t a bridge 0 built !re betwe5 ! ye>s #gfh & #had4 ,does ! bridge /ill exi/1 or 0 x rebuilt 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 or lat]8 ,!re is no evid5ce on ^! po9ts2 h5ce ! controv]sy4 ,^? :o ?9k x possible1 if n probable1 t ! bridge z x is n[1 ap>t f p]iodical repairs1 belongs to ,*>lemagne's reign1 draw argum5ts f ! unc\? workman%ip2 & ev5 _! oppon5ts admit t ! bridge is 8une uvre b>b>e n'(frant absolum5t aucun intrt3 a b>b>ic "w )\t any int]e/ at all0#bc 7z ar*itecture74 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld any ,fr5*man wi% to assign ?is b>b>ic bridge to a mu* lat] c5tury ?an ! eigh?8 ,ah6 ,"h we t\* once aga9 ! influ5ce ( conv5tions4 ,a belief curr5t among antiqu>ies has connect$ ! po9t$ ar* ) ! fir/ ,crusade1 & s ) ! la/ decade ( ! elev5? c5tury 7#ajie7 & ! fir/ ye>s ( ! twelf?4 ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 on ,july #ae1 #ajii1 0 made ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 & be=e ?is date _m ,crusad]s _h return$ home4 ,m4 ,degr& says3 8,at ?is "t1 ab\t ! ye> #aajj1 ,crusad]s return$ to ,france aft] _! /ay 9 ! ,ea/1 notably at ,antio*1 :]e monum5ts ( ,p]sian orig9 mu/ h be5 num]\s2 & )\t d\bt !y br\ght home ) !m suffici5t k to introduce ! po9t$ vault into ! national ar*itecture4 ,?us x is easy to und]/& :y ! twelf? c5tury has be5 *os5 z ! date = ! e>lie/ "w done 9 ,france ) ! po9t$ /yle4 ,we conjecture1 !n1 t ! bridges at ,espalion & ,albi1 9 _! pres5t /ate1 h n ! antiquity :i* supposition has giv5 to !m2 & t !y mu/ h be5 rebuilt 7ils ont d tre recon/ruits7 aft] ! p]iods f :i* _! fir/ con/ruction dates40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fam\s ,,bridge ,,at ,,espalion ,,9 ,,france ,,said ,,to ,,date ,,f ,,! ,,eigh? ,,c5tury ,?is argum5t has a tongue & no legs4 ,ev5 ,nature 9 ! ,pont d',arc at ,ard*e _h giv5 a po9t$ ar* to ,france2#bd & h[ c we d>e to suppose t no travell] f ! ,ea/ 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne c\ld h br\ght ) him to ,espalion any k ( po9t$ ar*es8 ,0 ?is k gu>d$ s c>efully t no?+ less ?an a ,crusade c\ld br+ x to ,france8 ,intellig5t soldi]s w\ld c]ta9ly note ! details ( ,ea/]n ar*itecture1 & :5 !y return$ home _! talk & _! tales w\ld be li/5$ to ) eag]ness by ,fr5* craftsm54 ,m ?an ?is we h no "r to believe4 ,x is m]e holl[ claptrap to argue t no ,fr5* ar*itect or build] c\ld h receiv$ e>li] news ( ! po9t$ ar*es4 ,b claptrap--is x n ! drum ( controv]sy8 ,x makes a great noise1 & gives m5 he>t to fight = poor beliefs4 ,s irrational has ?is controv]sy become t ev5 ,m4 ,degr&1 a mo/ ?\ghtful ponti/ z a rule1 includes ! bridge at ,albi 9 8 defective argum5t1 ?\gh x _c be old] ?an ! ye> #ajce1 because at ?is date its con/ruction 0 arrang$ at a great public meet+ held by ! ,seigneur ( ,albi & ! cl]gy4 ,n ev5 !n 0 x possible = a ,fr5*man to "k t po9t$ ar*es 7 common 9 ! ,ea/6 ,m4 ,degr& accepts ! date #ajce1 & ?9ks x probable t ! build+ 0 8begun0 !n or a few ye>s lat]2 8b10 he adds1 8we h no pro( t ! bridge exi/$ be=e #aagh1 9 :i* ye>1 accord+ to a contempor>y docum5t1 a body ( troops us$ x to cross ! ,t>n40 ,if ,m4 ,degr& 7 able to prove t ,albi ,bridge 0 new 9 ! ye> #aagh1 !n we %\ld =get 8 conv5tional belief 9 ! fir/ ,crusade2 a fact w\ld be v welcome aft] 8 p>ade ( idle suppositions4 ,fur!r1 ! meet+ ( #ajce mu/ guide u until we "k t its decision 0 n c>ri$ into action4 ,x is a policy ( evasion to argue z foll[s3 8,9 ! ,middle ,ages build+ projects 7 (t5 delay$1 z 9 ! case ( ! noble brick bridge at ,montauban2#be s we _c atta* any importance to ! meet+ ( #ajce at ,albi4 ,?\gh ! desire to h a bridge 0 approv$ !n by ! ,seigneur1 by ! cl]gy & by ! p1 yet a hundr$ & "o ?+s may h int]v5$ betwe5 ! project & its realisation4 ,9 #aagh a bridge at ,albi 0 /rong en\gh to be us$ )\t risk by troops1 b :y connect x ) ! meet+ ( #ajce8 ,to d s w\ld be ra% inde$1 s9ce our aim is to add a po9t$ ar* to ! cross worn by ! ,crusad]s40 ,s we turn to ! evid5ce ( workman%ip2 & "h aga9 we c %oot at ,m4 ,degr& ) 8 own bullets4 ,to %[ t ,albi ,bridge is a clumsy /ructure )\t art is to prove x unwor?y ( ! ye> #aagh1 :5 ! ,ponti/ ,fri>s 7 active 9 ,france1 & :5 at ,avignon ! g5ius ( ,sa9t ,bnzet 0 plann+ a wond]ful a*ievem5t4 ,! m j fault we c f9d ) ,albi ,bridge z a piece ( build+1 ! m fit we make x = ! ye> #ajce4 ,yet ,m4 ,degr&1 pass+ f wayw>d controv]sy into art-criticism1 gives himself away 9 an excess ( fault-f9d+4 ,he =gets t ! bridge1 a bad model z ar*itecture1 is uncommonly picturesque1 & he writes z foll[s3 8,!re are sev5 po9t$ ar*es1 & _! spans v>y--)\t ord] or regulation--f #i m4 #ge c4 to #af m42 ! pi]s 9 bulk are v>iable also1 "s ( !m be+ #f m4 #ej c4 ?ick1 t is to say1 two-?irds ( ! adjac5t voids2 !y are badly align$ & ! sp&rils belong almo/ all to diff]5t planes4 ,! breakwat]s jut out too f>1 & meet ! curr5t ) angles ( ev5 less ?an =ty-five degrees2 :ile ! buttresses beh9d1 on ! d[n-/ream side1 are rectangul> & almo/ )\t projection4 ,la/ ( all1 !re is no ornam5t to dress ! nude sp&rils & to set !m ap>t f ! p>apets4 ,c'e/ l1 en fait1 une uvre b>b>e44440 ,let u conjecture1 !n1 t ?is b>b>ic bridge at ,albi1 ) its sev5 po9t$ ar*es1 may belong1 n to ! "t ( ,sa9t ,bnzet1 b to ! ye> #ajce1 or !reab\ts4 ,ne>ly a c5tury ago1 9 #ahbb1 x 0 consid]ably enl>g$1 b ! ar*es 7 n rebuilt4 ,! bridge mu/ h be5 re/or$ _m times1 b !re is no pro( t x 0 recon/ruct$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury or 9 ! twelf?4 ,besides1 sportsm5 9 a controv]sy %\ld be fair4 ,yet a good _m books ( ref]5ce say3 8,! ,pont du ,t>n at ,albi1 ^: fir/ con/ruction goes back to ! ye> #ajce or #ajdj1 is ?irte5?-c5tury "w0--a calumny on a v beautiful p]iod 9 ! evolution ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,we %\ld h f> too mu* admiration = ! ,val5tr ,bridge at ,cahors to give ! ,pont du ,t>n to ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & sev]al o!r bridges 9 ,france d ample ju/ice to ! successors ( ,sa9t ,bnzet4 ,= example1 !re is ! ,pont ,/4 ,esprit1 a ma/]piece ( ! ,ponti/ ,fri>s1 & a "w s va/ 9 l5g? t ,brangwyn is nev] tir$ ( recall+ 8 fir/ impressions ( its magnitude4#bf ,if1 aga91 we wi% to /udy "w t comes to u f ! twelf? c5tury1 !n we turn to ! fam\s bridges at ,bzi]s & ,c>cassonne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,du ,,t>n ,,at ,,albi ,,9 ,,france4 ,,said ,,to ,,date ,,f ,,ab\t ,,! ,,ye>s #ajce-dj ,z to ! bridge at ,espalion1 x has f\r unequal ar*es1 & ?ree ( !m are po9t$1 m or less4 ,_! =m is exp]im5tal1 & seems to m>k a fir/ exp]im5t 9 po9t$ ,go?ic4 ,"o ar*1 inde$1 :5 look$ at f und]nea?1 might be an ill-plann$ ,roman ar*1 s poor is its 8ogival0 or po9t$ %ape2 b yet ! bridge1 z ! ,brangwyn sket* be>s witness1 %[s h[ an ef=t 0 made to free craftsm5 f ! conv5tion ( semicircul> vaults4 ,if we connect x ) ! age ( ,*>lemagne we may argue ?us3 8,p]haps ! masons 7 among ^? :o at times re/or$ a neglect$ ,roman bridge2 & p]haps ! bridgema/] _h ga9$ "s k ( ,ea/]n ar*es1 ei!r at fir/-h& or f travell]s or f draw+s4 ,ea/ & ,we/ 7 unit$ !n z !y 7 9 mu* e>li] times1 s t in=mation f ea* mu/ h be5 convey$ to ! o!r40 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we guess t ! fir/ bridge at ,espalion 0 rebuilt 9 ! twelf? c5tury or 9 ! ?irte5?1 !n we mu/ say also t ! t[n ( ,espalion 0 too lazy ev5 to seek advice f ! ,ponti/ ,fri>s4 ,l>\sse has set =? ! position v well3 8,! mo/ anci5t ( ! extant bridges1 con/ruct$ 9 m$ival ,france1 appe>s to be ! "o at ,espalion 7,a4,d4 #ghj72 its date is conte/$ because we f9d x associat$ ) ! po9t$ ar*2 b ?is ar* already _h be5 us$ = two c5turies 9 ! ,ea/40#bg ,s we may conclude1 9 a conjecture p]haps /rong en\gh to be call$ a hypo!sis1 t ! po9t$ /yle 9 ar*itecture may h be5 br\ght to ,france on ?ree occasions3 9 ! reign ( ,*>lemagne1 !n 9 ! fir/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & !n aft] ! fir/ ,crusade4 ,!re is no ne$ to set mu* /ore by ! second presum$ inspiration1 s9ce ! idea = ,albi ,bridge may h be5 tak5 f ! ,pont du ,t>n at ,espalion4 ,engl& z well z ,france has a controv]sy ov] ar*es2 & ,i m5tion ! fact because ( ,brangwyn's ma/]ly p5-draw+ ( ! ,monn[ ,bridge at ,monm\?--a =tifi$ "w ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ?is bridge ! ar*es are ribb$1 l ^? 9 ! bridges at ,kirkby ,lonsdale1 & ,w>kwor?1 & ,ro!rham1 at ,basl[ & ,bakewell1 9 ,eamont ,bridge at ,p5ri?1 at ,ross 9 ,h]e=d%ire 7,elizabe?an71 & else:]e4 ,:5 0 ! ribb$ ar* fir/ us$ 9 bridges8 ,! use ( ribb$ vault+ 9 ,engli% *ur*es dates f ! twelf? c5tury2 x came to ,engl& f ,france4 ,yet ,scotl&1 ! hi/oric fri5d ( ,france1 us$ x v r>ely 9 bridges2 p]haps only once1 9 ! fam\s ,old ,bridge ( ,dee ne> ,ab]de51 :i* dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,fras]1 a ,scot* ponti/1 tells me t he has look$ 9 va9 ?r\gh\t ,scotl& = ano!r example4 ,old ,/irl+ ,bridge1 & ! ,brig o' ,doon1 & ! ,auld ,brig o' ,ayr1 & ,devorgilla's ,bridge at ,dumfries1 all f9ely hi/oric & v>i\s1 h pla9 ar*es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ribb$ ar*es are fairly common 9 ,nor? ,engli% bridges4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ar*itecturally is ! graceful s+le ar* t ,sir ,walt] ,scott lov$ 9 ,twizel ,bridge1 t enabl$ ,"l ,surrey to outflank ! ,scot* be=e ! battle ( ,flodd5 ,field4#bh ,:y ! frugal ,scot* 7 unattract$ by a new & ?rifty way ( build+ ,i _c expla91 unless by suppos+ t !y lov$ conv5tion ev5 m ?an a h>d economy4 ,viollet-le-,duc e/imates t 9 arcs-d\bleaux1 or ribb$ ar*es1 build]s use a ?ird less ( tool$ & clavat$ masonry2 h5ce a great sav+ n ( co/ only1 b ( dead weight also4 ,& !re 7 o!r economies4 ,an arc-d\bleau is ! simple/ =m ( ribb$ vault+3 at giv5 int]vals 9 ! build+ ( a vault a conc5tric ar* is supposit$1 or ! vault itself at int]vals is made mu* ?ick] ?an at o!rs4 ,9 ,poit\1 :]e ribb$ bridges 7 /udi$ by ,viollet-le-,duc1 ! int]vals betwe5 ! ribs are fill$ 9 ) flagg+ "u ! roadway2 & ) ?is mat]ial--or ) a%l>--! sp&rils above ! ribs are pack$4 ,:5 flag/ones are us$1 & ra9-wat] filt]s d[n f ! roadway1 no h>m is done2 ! wet trickles away ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! flag/ones1 )\t caus+ ! haun*es ( an ar* to ?r[ out saltpetre3 a mi%ap t occurs (t5 :5 ar*es are unribb$4 ,i am writ+ "h ) ! m9d ( ,viollet-le-,duc1 :o makes two o!r valuable /atem5ts3 fir/1 t ribb$ bridges are notable 9 ,poit\2 next1 t !y seem to belong to ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 or p]haps ev5 to ! end ( ! twelf?4 ,n[ x 0 9 #abad t ,k+ ,john invad$ ,poit\ )\t success2 fifte5 ye>s lat] ,h5ry ,,iii misconduct$ an exp$ition to ! same prov9ce2 & aga9 9 #abdb he l&$ 9 ,poit\ to be ?ra%$ at ,tailleb\rg4 ,8 aim1 l t ( ,john1 0 to w9 back ! ,empire ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,may we !n suppose t ribb$ bridges came to u f ,poit\8 ,c]ta9ly ! m9d ( ,engl& dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 drawn t[>ds ! seaw>d prov9ces ( ,france4 ,/ill1 x 0 ! ,ci/]cians ( ! twelf? c5tury :o introduc$ ribb$ vault+ into ,engli% *ur*es1#bi & :y n into bridges z a developm5t !refrom8 ,at a "t :5 bridges 7 unit$ to ! ,*ur* 9 _m ways1 new me?ods 9 sacr$ ar*itecture w\ld be pass$ on to bridge-build+4 ,n only 7 bridges protect$ by ! ,*ur* 7p4 #dj71 _m 7 built by ! lay cl]gy & by ! mona/ic ord]s2 & :5 a bridge _h nei!r a *apel nor a little place = pray]1 x 0 sanctifi$ by a %r9e1 or--& ?is 0 usual--by a cross or crucifix rais$ up f ! p>apet above ! middle ar*4 ,x m>k$ ! c5tre ( ! bridge1 & ,i d>e say peasants believ$ t x prev5t$ evil spirits f pass+ above runn+ wat]4 ,altoge!r1 x is v probable t ! fir/ ribb$ bridges 7 built 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ?\gh ,i h no q conclusive evid5ce to (f] f extant examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,le ,,pont ,,de ,,v]nay1 ,,airvault1 ,,deux-,s,,vres4 ,a ,,fam\s ,,bridge ,,) ,,ribb$ ,,ar*es1 ,,fr5* ,,romanesque ,,p]iod1 ,,xii ,,c5tury ,! six po9t$ ar*es 9 ,new ,bridge on ,?ames1 ne> ,k+/on1 are v well ribb$1 b !y are ,e>ly ,engli%1 n ,norman2 !y belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,at ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 ,york%ire1 are two small bridges1 "o ,norman1 ! o!r ,e>ly ,engli%2 bo? 7 built by ,ci/]cian monks1 yet nei!r has ribb$ ar*es1 s t ,i supply y ) a fact t runs c\nt] to my hypo!sis4 ,at ,durham !re are two bridges reput$ to be ( ,norman orig91 & "o ( !m has two ribb$ ar*es ) a span ( n9ety feet4 ,x is ! ,framwellgate ,bridge at ! nor? end ( ! city4 ,accord+ to ! elev5? edition ( ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 ,framwellgate ,bridge 0 8built 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury & rebuilt 9 ! fifte5?10 b no au?orities are giv51 & c\nt] evid5ce may be accept$ z m probable4 ,= example1 ,william ,hut*9son#cj says )\t hesitation1 giv+ ref]5ces1 t ,framwellgate ,bridge 0 built by ,bi%op ,flamb>d :o di$ 9 #aabh1 aft] hold+ ! ,see ( ,durham = #bi ye>s #c mon?s & #g days4 ,flamb>d 8=tifi$ ! ca/le ) a moat1 & /r5g!n$ ! banks ( ! riv]1 ov] :i* he built an ar*$ bridge ( /one1 at ! foot ( ! ca/le1 n[ call$ ,framwellgate ,bridge40 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! bridge 0 re/or$ by ! fam\s ,bi%op ,fox1 :o began 8 reign at ,durham 9 #adid1 & di$ 9 #aejb4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! re/oration 0 a rebuild+1 & ! "* ( ! ar*es does n belong to ! "t ( ,bi%op ,fox4 ,ev5 ,p>k]1 9 8 8,gloss>y ( ,ar*itecture10 #ahej1 is n surpris$ t ! ,framwellgate ,bridge %\ld be giv5 to ! ,norman p]iod1 = he m5tions ?is attribution & describes ! ribb$ ar*es z p]fect4 ,! p>apet is scorn$ z 8mod]n40 ,= _m ye>s--,i "k n h[ long--a l>ge gateway-t[] /ood at "o end ( ?is bridge1 b 9 #agfj x 0 tak5 d[n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ,norman bridges 9 ,old ,engl& 0 ! "o t cross$ ! ,lea at ,/rat=d-at-,b[4 ,x 0 f\nd$ & end[$ by ,que5 ,ma?ilda1 wife ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,9 #ahca1 eight ye>s be=e its demolition1 a pr9t 0 issu$ ( ,b[ ,bridge1 & ribs c be se5 "u two ( ! ?ree ar*es4 ,! c5tral ar* is repres5t$ 9 a direct front view1 s ! vault+ _c be /udi$2 b ,lewis1 :o 9 #ahca publi%$ 8 8,topographical ,diction>y ( ,engl&10 f\nd ribs 9 ! ?ree ar*es4 ,s a v important "q arises "h3 ,0 ,b[ ,bridge ev] rebuilt8 ,m4 ,j4 ,j4 ,juss]& %all answ] ?is "q2 he has read all ! evid5ce1 he makes no ref]5ce to ribb$ ar*es1 he is unbiass$1 & 8 pictures are lively3-- 8,:e!r ,que5 ,ma?ilda 7twelf? c5tury7 got wett$ or n1 z is suppos$1 on pass+ ! =d ( ! riv] at ,/rat=d-atte-,b[--t same village :]e aft]w>ds ! ,fr5* 0 spok5 :i* amus$ ,*auc]--x is c]ta9 t %e ?\ght %e did a m]itori\s "w 9 con/ruct+ two bridges !re4 ,sev]al times repair$1 ,b[ ,bridge 0 /ill /&+ 9 #ahci4 ,! ,que5 end[$ h] f\ndation1 grant+ l& & a wat]-mill to ! ,abbess ( ,b>k+ ) a p]petual *>ge !reon = ! ma9t5ance ( ! bridge & ! neighb\r+ roadway4 ,:5 ! ,que5 di$1 an abbey = m5 0 f\nd$ at ! same ,/rat=d close to ! bridges1 & ! ,abbess ha/5$ to transf] to ! new mona/]y ! prop]ty 9 ! mill & ! *>ge ( ! rep>ations4 ,! ,abbot did !m at fir/1 !n he we>i$ ( x1 & end$ by delegat+ ! look+ aft] !m to "o ,godfrey ,pratt4 ,he _h built ?is man a h\se on ! causeway beside ! bridge1 & made him a ye>ly grant4 ,= a long "t ,pratt c>ri$ out ! contract1 #8gett+ assi/ance1' says an inquiry ( ,edw>d ,i 7#abgb-acjg71 #8f "s pass]s-by1 b )\t (t5 hav+ rec\rse to _! aid4' ,also he receiv$ ! *>ity ( travell]s1 & 8 affairs prosp]$4 ,!y prosp]$ s well t ! ,abbot ?\ght he might )draw ! p5sion2 ,pratt indemnifi$ himself 9 ! be/ way he c\ld4 ,he set up iron b>s across ! bridge & made all pay :o pass$ ov]1#ca except ! ri*1 = he made prud5t exception #8= ! nobility2 he fe>$ !m & let !m pass )\t mole/+ !m4' ,! dispute t]m9at$ only 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,ii1 :5 ! ,abbot recognis$ 8 fault1 took back ! *>ge ( ! bridge1 & put d[n ! iron b>s1 ! toll1 & ,godfrey ,pratt himself4 8,?is bridge1 ov] :i* no d\bt ,*auc] himself pass$1 0 ( /one1 ! ar*es 7 n>r[ & ! pi]s ?ick2 /rong angul> buttresses support$ !m & broke ! =ce ( ! curr5t2 ^! =m$ at ! upp] "p a triangle or sid+ :i* s]v$ z a refuge = foot-pass5g]s1 = ! roadway 0 s n>r[ t a c>riage suffic$ to fill ! way4 ,:5 x 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahci1 x 0 f\nd t ! me?od ( con/ruction _h be5 v simple4 ,to gr\nd ! pi]s 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] ! masons _h simply ?r[n d[n /ones & mort> till ! level ( ! wat] _h be5 rea*$4 ,x 0 rem>k$ also t ! ill-w ( ,pratt or ! ,abbot or ( _! successors mu/ h r5d]$ ! bridge almo/ z dang]\s at c]ta9 mom5ts z ! primitive =d _h be54 ,! :eels ( vehicles _h holl[$ su* deep ruts 9 ! /one & ! horses' %oes _h s worn ! pavem5t t an ar* _h be5 at "o "t pi]c$ ?r\gh40#cb ,?is p]=at$ ar* proves pretty conclusively t ,b[ ,bridge 0 nev] rebuilt2 b ,i look ^u d\bt z an excell5t ?+ 9 "o's attitude to matt]s ( ?is k9d1 p>tly because fre% evid5ce may be discov]$1 & p>tly because facts are woefully elusive ev5 :5 !y are tackl$ by judges1 & b>ri/]s1 & juries4 ,!re is "o m controv]sy to be consid]$3 x c5tres ar\nd ! fam\s bridges on ,d>tmoor1 & ,i w try to put all ! ma9 po9ts bo? cle>ly & fairly4 ,9 ?is dispute ar*itects cont5d aga9/ antiqu>ies1 & _! argum5ts hold ! field4 ,let me sum !m up3-- ,! 8clapp]0 bridges ov] ,d>tmoor riv]s are n difficult to /udy2 _! con/ruction resembles t ( cromle*s & ,/oneh5ges4 ,_! pi]s 7 evolv$ f m5hirs1 & _! table slabs f ! mass ( rock =m+ ! horizontal memb] ( a cromle*4 ,nor is x difficult to sugge/ ! evolution ?r\gh :i* ! clapp] bridges h pass$1 = on ,d>tmoor itself ! evolution is pla9ly sugge/$ by ! rude bridge at ,ok]y & by ! s+le slab at ,walla ,brook4 ,any primitive f>m] ( ! ,bronze ,age _h s5se en\gh n m]ely to put a l$ge ( granite across ! ,walla ,brook1 b to span wid] riv]s by us+ m5hirs to support l>ge blocks ( granite4 ,timb] w\ld n be us$1 s9ce trees 7 v sc>ce on ,d>tmoor1 :ile granite 0 s abundant t x mu/ h be5 v tr\blesome to f>m]s4 ,n[ ! pa/oral life ( ! ,bronze ,age 0 v active 9 ! ,d>tmoor settlem5ts2 all antiqu>ies make mu* ado ov] ?is fact1 yet !y fail to see t ! circulation ( ?is f>m life1 ! movem5t "h & !re ( flocks & h]ds1 requir$ bridges1 = ! riv]s !n 7 n less wayw>d ?an !y are n[4 ,)\t bridges ! f>ms w\ld h /agnat$4 ,& ano!r ?+ also ne$$ ! help ( bridges3 _m dome/ic fires burnt a great deal ( peat & wood1 & wood _h to be import$ f neighb\r+ di/ricts1 probably 9 ex*ange = live /ock4 ,s1 to visualise ! f>m life is to make x dep5d5t on a ceaseless movem5t to & fro ov] v freaki% riv]s1 :i* aft] ra9s & ?aws 7 exce$+ly turbul5t & p]il\s4 ,deep gorges h be5 worn 9 ! rocks ?r\gh :i* ! riv]s fl[2 ?is alone is en\gh to prove t su* wild riv]s c\ld n be =d$ by ! t9y %eep & ! small cattle ( ! ,bronze ,age4 ,ev5 9 m$ival times1 z ,?orold ,rog]s has prov$1 %eep 7 ab\t z big z ,m>y's little lamb2 !y 7 br$ because _! wool 0 ! weal?--! ,gold5 ,fleece--t made ,engl& prosp]\s2 & yet _! cultivation fail$ to add to _! national value by increas+ _! size4 ,%eep ( ! ,bronze ,age 7 probably small] /ill2 & h[ 7 !y to cross ! ,d>tmoor riv]s unless bridges 7 built8 ,c\ld %eep 9 ^? days swim l ducks1 or did !y float z naturally z logs8 ,& s9ce bridges mu/ h be5 made "h & !re 9 ord] to keep ! f>m+ life f ru91 are we to suppose t ! abundant granite blocks w\ld n be us$ = pi]s & table /ones8 ,are we to =get ! in/9ctive delight 9 rude /onework %[n ev]y:]e by ! dusky1 %ort-/atur$ race :i* = conv5i5ce we call ,ib]ian8 ,! rese>* ( antiqu>ies may be good or bad4 ,:at has x done = ! life ( ^! clapp] bridges8 ,has x prov$ t ! pres5t ones are probably y\ng] ?an ! ,middle ,ages1 b t !y _h _m pr$ecessors go+ back to pre-,roman times8 ,on ! o!r h&1 h antiqu>ies prov$ t 9 ! ,middle ,ages a primitive phase ( build+ 0 reviv$ 9 ,d>tmoor1 p>tly because x 0 good en\gh = ! traffic1 p>tly because x 0 inexp5sive8 ,! abs5ce ( lime on ,d>tmoor w\ld influ5ce ! m$ival settl]s & gov]n _! build+ "w4 ,b 9 ?is discussion x matt]s n :e!r ! pres5t bridges be old or "y2 9 ei!r case !y repres5t primeval me?ods4 ,betwe5 ! ,bronze ,p]iod & ! ,middle ,ages all ! e>lie/ slab bridges may h disappe>$2 if s1 !n settl]s on ,d>tmoor br\ght ) !m k en\gh ( cromle*s to recall ! ,ib]ian /onecraft1 j z 9 mod]n times ar*itects h reviv$ phases ( ,go?ic & phases ( ,classic4 ,e possibility is ent]ta9+1 b :y is x t antiqu>ies 9 _! rem>ks on ! clapp] bridges try to be elusive z well z dogmatic8 ,= example1 ,mr4 ,william ,cross+ is ( op9ion t ! l>g] clapp] bridges h _h _! age ov]e/imat$ probably because _! r\gh & massive appe>ance makes !m v /rik+4 ,:y 8probably08 ,he adds t !y are mo/ly 9 ! l9e ( pack-horse tracks1 & 7 probably built by f>m settl]s4 8,probably0 aga96 ,yet he gives no evid5ce4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld is equally dogmatic 9 devi\s ass]tions t h no value to any ar*itect4 ,l ,mr4 ,cross+1 he attributes ! 8clapp]s0 to ! p]iod ( pack-horses1 & sees no?+ 9 !m to indicate a great antiquity4 ,:at next8 ,is primitive /onework insuffici5tly antique :atev] its age may be8 ,& :o is to e/imate ! age ( rude granite blocks8 ,i h summ$ up ) fairness ! views ( ar*itects1 & !y ought to hold ! field 9 ! judgm5t ( all ponti/s4 ,! antiqu>ian talk ab\t pack-horse tracks has no cog5cy1 = ! prehi/oric tracks ov] ,d>tmoor are ! fir/ pa?ways along :i* ! controv]sy mu/ ramble4 ,a ponti/1 !n1 :5 visit+ ,d>tmoor1 has to d f\r ?+s4 #a4 ,to visualise ! f>m life ( ! ,bronze ,age2 #b4 ,to reconnect x ) ! riv]s & ) ! necess>y trade 9 wood = h\sehold fires & = tool h&les2 #c4 ,!n he w realise t bridges 7 ess5tial1 & t !y w\ld be made ) ! granite blocks :i* ,nature _h provid$4 #d4 ,!n1 too1 he w see t ! l>g] clapp] bridges are m]ely flat cromle*s built ov] wat]1 & t x matt]s n :5 ! pres5t ones 7 put up1 s9ce _! ma9 int]e/ is _! desc5t f ^? rude monum5ts ( /one 9 :i* ! ,ib]ian p commemorat$ _! cult ( ance/ors1 _! rev]5ce = ! sacr$ dead4 ,ne> ,po/bridge1 ov] ! ,ea/ ,d>t1 !re is a v bold clapp] ) ?ree heavy table slabs1 ea* ( :i* is ab\t #ae ft4 long & #f ft4 wide4 ,two pi]s rise out ( ! wat]2 ea* is a pile ( granite m5hirs t lie flat 9 ! riv] ) _! ends look+ up-/ream & d[n/ream4 ,! abutm5ts also are lay]s ( granite1 & 9 "o abutm5t ! /ones are long en\gh to support on l& a v l>ge cromle*4 ,samuel ,smiles believ$ t ?is bridge _h 8)/ood ! fury ( ! ,d>t = full tw5ty c5turies10 b !re 0 no ne$ to *all5ge antiqu>ies by mak+ a ra% /atem5t4 ,= ! re/1 we mu/ bracket ^! ,d>tmoor /ructures ) two o!r k9ds ( slab-bridges--^? 9 ! valley ( ,wycoll> 7p4 #fj71 & ^? 9 ,spa91 at ,fu5tes de ,ooro4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,edg> ,wigram writes to me z foll[s ab\t ! ,spani% v>iety3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,aude ,,at ,,c>cassonne ,,9 ,,france 8,i include ?is v r\gh sket* because x does give "s idea ( "o ( ! #8,clapp]' slab-bridges at ,fu5tes de ,ooro4 ,! bigg] /one w\ld be ab\t #h ft4 long4 ,z to ! m important slab-bridge ov] ! ,dos ,casas rivulet1 x /&s 9 a gl5 :]e l>ge slabs lie h&y4 ,i c speak ( x f recollection only1 b ?9k x has f\r spans1 ab\t #c ft4 #f ins4 high1 or p]haps #d ft42 ! l9tel-/ones p]haps #g ft4 or #h ft4 long1 c5tre to c5tre ( pi]s1 & ! pi]s ( s+le /ones plant$ 9 ! riv] b$1 ) ! long] axes up- & d[n-/ream4 ,a causeway l$ up to ! bridge at ea* end4 ,ev5 at ! "t ! solidity ( ! /ructure ar\s$ 9 me a suspicion t x might be v old4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be a rec5t "w ( conv5i5ce1 n ( necessity1 = ! /ream 9 summ] is (t5 dry1 & 9 w9t] x w\ld n be un=dable 7except = *ildr57 till x _h subm]g$ ! bridge40 ,/ill1 a primitive piece ( "w1 :e!r done ye/]day or #ejj1jjj ye>s ago1 comes f a d>k m9d & a h& )\t skill2 & ! y\ng] x is ! m tragic is ! mean+ ( x 9 sociology4 ,europeans ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ,a4,d4 ought to be z f> remov$ f r\gh slab-bridges z !y are f ance/or-wor%ip4 ,education & p]sonal pride %\ld make !m a%am$ to use any?+ t does n repres5t 9 its own way ! v be/ t to-day's g5ius c a*ieve4 ,= a survival ( primitive conv5tions 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry is a pro( t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ! p h feeble m9ds incapable ( prolong$ att5tion1 & !re=e glad to f9d 9 mimicry a refuge f ! pa9 ( ?9k+4 ,to me1 !n1 primitive bridges are always s9i/] ?+s2 ev5 :5 !y belong to savages !y degrade mank9d by %[+ h[ "m-wit 9 m5 (t5 ceases to be f]tile4 ,betwe5 a l[ degree ( intellig5ce & a fondness = un*ang+ cu/om !re is at lea/ "s relation1 = 8p]sons :o are slightly imbecile t5d to act 9 ev]y?+ by r\t9e or habit2 & !y are r5d]$ mu* happi] if ?is is enc\rag$40#cc ,9 ! next *apt] we %all try to foll[ f ! e>lie/ times ! sl[ hi/ory ( ^? gifts ( ! _s ^: gr[? v (t5 has be5 arre/$2 & we %all see once m t weak m9ds h employ$ imitation z _! sc\t & cu/om & conv5tion z _! =tifi$ places4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,pont d',arc at ,ard*e1 ov] ! riv] ,ard*e1 has a total height ( sixty-six metres4 ,f wat]-level to ! cr[n ( ! ar* is a flight ( ?irty-f\r metres2 & 9 a span ( fifty-n9e metres ?is great natural bridge puts a huge vault ov] ! riv]4 ,z to ! %ape ( ! ar*1 x is po9t$ 9 a r wav$ outl9e1 & q possibly x sugge/$ ! po9t$ ar* to ,fr5* bridge-build]s long be=e ! introduction ( 8ogivale0 ar*es f ! ,ea/ 7p4 #hh74 #b 8,notes on ! ,composition ( ,sci5tific ,pap]s10 ,t4 ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ,london1 #aijd1 p4 #c4 #c ,! e>lie/ canal 9 hi/ory is ! "o t ,ne*o ,,ii began 9 #faj ,b4,c41 to connect ! ,arabian ,gulf ) ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 & ,h]odotus relates t ! "w w5t on = a ye> & 0 !n ab&on$1 aft] co/+ ! lives ( #abj1jjj m54 ,ne*o 0 un9spir$ by ! _s ( indu/rialism :i* w\ld h f9i%$ ! "w1 :ile prais+ ! beauty ( peace4 #d 8,ar*aeology & ,false ,antiquities10 by ,rob]t ,munro1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,s4,a4,,scot41 page #ab4 #e ,"s au?ors give v>i\s measurem5ts4 ,legr& says t ! bigge/ ar* _h a span ( ?irty-f\r metres1 & t its greate/ height1 :5 intact1 0 ?irty-two metres4 ,i _c d bett] ?an ref] y to ,*oisy's 8,art de btir *ez les ,roma9s10 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,sev]al anci5t writ]s--,claudian1 ,procopius1 & ,m>tial--guide ,sir ,william ,smi? 9 8 rem>ks on ,n>ni ,bridge1 b he makes a mi/ake :5 he speaks ( 8?ree0 ar*es4 #f ,see 8,nor!rn ,spa910 by ,edg> ,wigram1 an excell5t book4 ,! gable-%ap$ bridges are mo/ly ( m$ival date4 ,"s f9e examples3 at ,m>torell 7p>tly ,roman71 at ,pu5te la ,re9a1 & across ! ,gallego riv] betwe5 ,jaca & ,huesca4 ,to-day ^! are seldom us$ because ( _! /eep pit* & ( _! n>r[ness4 ,! great "o at ,or5se1 ov] ! ,mio1 is /ill 9 daily use4 #g ,gable bridges are uncommon 9 ,great ,brita91 b a f9e example crosses ! riv] ,taff n f> f ,c>diff4 ,x is call$ ! ,pont-y-,prydd4 ,betwe5 its abutm5ts ! great ar* measures #adj feet1 & ! footway is s v /eep t la?s ( wood us$ to be fa/5$ across x to keep horses f fall+4 ,be=e indu/rialism murd]$ a beautiful c\ntryside ! ,pont-y-,prydd 0 a ra9b[ ( /one t %one all ! ye> r\nd4 ,we owe ?is bridge to a self-educat$ c\ntry mason1 ,william ,edw>ds by "n1 :o 9 #agej br\ght 8 "w to completion1 aft] suff]+ defeat 9 two previ\s ef=ts4 ,my photograph ( ! ,pont-y-,prydd is disgrac$ by a v hide\s comm]cial bridge t progress has put q close to ! ,wel% ma/]piece1 b1 happily1 !re are _m old engrav+s & pictures t d full ju/ice to ,william ,edw>ds4 ,ri*>d ,wilson pa9t$ ! ,pont-y-,prydd--an excell5t recomm5dation to a f9e piece ( h&icraft4 #h ,mr4 ,wigram1 9 8 f9ely illu/rat$ book on ,nor!rn ,spa91 rem9ds u t ! ,pu5te ,mayor at ,or5se play$ a v>i\s "p 9 ! ,p59sula ,w>4 ,x 0 ! pivot ( ! ,fr5* op]ations :5 ,s\lt l$ 8 troops f ,corua to r5ew ! subjugation ( ,portugal4 ,at fir/ all w5t well1 b 8)9 two mon?s 8 army 0 reel+ back f ,oporto1 )\t hospital1 baggage1 or artill]y1 9 a worse plight ev5 ?an ,moore's4 ,he _h wre/l$ 8 fir/ fall ) ! great antagoni/ :o 0 de/9$ to beat him f ! ,d\ro to ,t\l\se40 #i ,see ,app5dix ,i4 #aj ,see ,app5dix ,,ii = a description ( ?is ,roman bridge4 #aa ,?is 0 writt5 sev]al mon?s be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,great ,w>1 :i* ,engl& _h invit$ by all[+ h] peace-fanatics to bill & coo 9 h] =eign politics4 ,in/ead ( read+ ! arrogant books on blood-lu/ t n\ri%$ ! well-adv]tis$ aims ( ,g]many1 ,engl& play$ ! fool ) epic5e trifl]s ( all sorts & conditions1 & turn$ h] back on ,"l ,rob]ts1 h] tru?ful /atesman4 ,%e babbl$ ab\t peace until %e receiv$ f ! ,prussian junk]dom proposals s abom9able t !y br\ght h] to ! fight+ po9t ( hon\r2 & !n %e cri$ out = a million new soldi]s4 ,yet ,briti% /atesm51 ev5 !n1 paid _m complim5ts to _! bad old habit ( +5u\s pacifism4 ,no political dove want$ ! _w to believe t !re _h be5 any?+ ( ! eagle 9 8 attitude to ,g]man w>-culture4 ,z if ?is truism c\ld be a consolation to h]oic little ,belgium1 ! ,jeanne d',arc ( nations1 ^: safety ,engl& _h gu>ante$1 & ^: exp]i5ces 9 ! hell ( ,teutonic savag]y _h left h] scor*$1 mutilat$1 yet unconqu]$4 ,c anyone expla9 :y ! ^w 8peace0 has be5 hypnotic to ,anglo-,celtic m9ds8 ,e phase ( human ent]prise mu/ be a phase ( w>1 because x claims a battle-toll ( kill$ & w\nd$ & maim$4 ,pov]ty alone is su* a t]rible phase ( p]man5t w> t pacifi/s ought to devote all _! en]gy to its gradual bett]m5t4 ,ev5 ! accid5ts ( civilization--/reet & railway accid5ts1 colli]y explosions1 sea trag$ies1 & s =?--equal 9 a c5tury ! casualties on /rick5 fields4 ,if only our s5tim5tali/s w\ld try to ?9k6 ,!n !y w\ld le>n t ! occasional /rife betwe5 armies nev] de/roys 9 a c5tury z _m lives z ! multi=m cont9u\s /rife call$ peace4 ,& we may be c]ta9 t all ! human w> ( ! future w n belong to 8peace0 alone4 ,! bir? ( _m a new era w be aid$ by ! fi]ce midwif]y ( milit>y & naval w>f>e4 ,to-day is ! #bf? ( ,septemb]1 #aiad1 & ,engl& 9 two mon?s has ne>ly outgr[n ! r\t9e claptrap ( h] effete idealism4 ,to-day %e is eag] to be> any am\nt ( self-sacrifice2 two mon?s ago h] peace-mania 0 a crime aga9/ ! ,empire & aga9/ h] treaty obligations to ,belgium4 ,%e _h no fai? 9 ,national ,s]vice till ,g]many _h pass$ f arrogant w>n+s to b>b>ic aggressions4 ,agadir 0 n en\gh to put common s5se into h] dreamful solicitude ab\t int]national 8peace40 8,peace0 9 h] home affairs %e nev] tri$ to get2 %e want$ peace to conqu] ! nations1 n to cure indu/rial conflicts & ! ,iri% ,"q4 ,:at a comic trag$y6 ,& let u rememb] t our peace-fanatics1 ?\gh sil5t to-day1 are n dead4 ,_! influ5ce w become active aga9 aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,g]many4 ,new mis*ief w fl[ f _! s5tim5talism4 ,to lose ! fl[] ( ,briti% y\?1 :ile keep+ our peace-fanatics3 "h inde$ is a s9i/] fact4 #ab ,see 8,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages40 ,j4 ,j4 ,juss]&4 ,! *apt] on roads & bridges4 #ac ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy ov] ! position ( ! ,pons ,sublicius4 7,see p4 #adj47 #ad ,see ! mo/ valuable book on ,dome/ic ,m$ic9e by ,li/]'s little-kn[n =]unn]1 ,dr4 ,william ,bu*an1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! eighte5? edition 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjc1 & its pictures ( social life are mo/ helpful to a ponti/4 #ae ,i h two photographs ( x1 bo? tak5 by my fri5d ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s>gisson1 a ,lanca%ire ponti/4 ,at "o end ! l9tel re/s on a rocky bank & is brok5 across by long use2 at ! o!r end x re/s on a slab project+ f ! bank1 j bel[ a /ile ( unmort>$ flags set 9 a picturesque wall ( loose /ones4 ,! footway is mu* worn2 & 9 fro/y wea!r ev5 a temp]ance re=m] might slide f x ) 8 reputation4 #af ,i am quot+ ?is approximate date f ,sir ,ray ,lanke/]4 #ag 8,! ,myna* cat>act consi/s ( f\r leaps1 mak+ a total desc5t ( #baj feet4 ,! bridge has be5 ?r[n across a *asm #aad feet above ! fir/ fall & #cbd feet above ! bottom ( ! cat>act40 #ah ,:at does ?is phras+ mean8 ,i wond]4 ,is ! liv+ *ild to be recon/ruct$8 9 ord] t its body :5 buri$ "u ! new dam may be /rong en\gh z a f\ndation8 #ai ,to-day1 9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a1 a liv+ pig is ?r[n into a riv] :5 a bridge is endang]$ by a flood4 7,see p4 #bdh47 #bj 8,! ,cradle ( ,mank9d40 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,wigram1 ,d4,d41 & ,edg> ,t4 ,a4 ,wigram4 ,london1 #aiad4 #ba ,notes by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,wigram1 ,d4,d4 #bb ,to-day only a ru9 c be /udi$ at ,pont ,ambroise3 two isolat$ ar*es & ! l[] "p ( an abutm5t2 b rec5t ,fr5* writ]s draw att5tion to ! te*nical /ructure ( ! ar*es4 ,9 ! "u surface ( ea* vault f\r arcs or b&s are plac$ side by side4 ,see ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #bid1 8,gographie gnrale du ,dp>tem5t de l',hrault40 ,publi%$ by ,la ,socit ,langu$oci5ne1 ,montpelli]1 #aije4 #bc ,see a v helpful book1 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie10 by ,e4 ,degr&1 ,inspecteur ,gnral des ,ponts et ,*ausses1 & ,jean ,rsal1 ,+nieur des ,ponts et ,*ausses--,two vols41 illu/rat$2 ,brang]1 ,p>is2 price #dj francs4 #bd ,see note on p4 #f4 #be ,see ! brilliant sket* by ,frank ,brangwyn1 & ! /ory ( ! bridge on p4 #bed4 #bf ,see ! picture on p4 #bic4 #bg ,mu* m3 we %all see 7pp4 #aef1 #afj7 t a po9t$ vault 0 built 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,! ,babylonians also built po9t$ ar*es & vaults4 #bh ,twizel ,bridge1 ov] ! ,till1 has a v beautiful ar* :i* is slightly po9t$2 x has a span ( #ij ft4 #g ins41 & a di/ance ( #df ft4 sep>ates ! p>apet f wat]-level4 ,tradit ion says t a lady ( ! ,selby family built ?is bridge1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s 9 ,engl&4 #bi ,read ! delightful monograph on ,kirk/all ,abbey by ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john ,hope & ,mr4 ,bilson ( ,hull4 #cj 8,! ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ,durham40 ,newca/le1 ,,mdcclxxxv4 #ca ,x is said t he *>g$ eightp5ce = ! passage ( a dead ,jew6 ,a l>ge sum 9 ^? days4 ,a ,jewi% cemet]y 0 j beyond ! bridge4--,w4,s4,s4 #cb 8,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages10 pp4 #de & #dg4 ,see also 8,ar*ologia10 ,vols4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #gg2 ,,xxix1 p4 #chj4 ,also ! hi/ories ( ,essex4 #cc ,see ,d>w9's 8,desc5t ( ,man10 ,"p ,i1 *apt] ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,zutph5 ,,9 ,,holl& ,,*apt] ,,! ,,second ,,man ,,z ,,! ,,mimic ,,( ,,nature ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations ,we h tak5 a glance at ! bridges made by ,nature 7pp4 #c-d71 & n[ we h to consid] _! influ5ce on ! g5esis & developm5t ( h&icraft4 ,?is difficult /udy has be5 neglect$ by m5 ( sci5ce2 n ev5 ,d>w9 said a ^w ab\t natural bridges1 ?\gh !y 7 models to be copi$ by ! s$ul\s ape 9 primitive m52 & s we mu/ try to be z ?or\gh z possible1 )9 ! limits set by a brief *apt]4 ,:]e & h[ is a beg9n+ to be made8 ,! useful & necess>y ?+ is to visualise ! fact t v>i$ h9ts on bridge-build+ accompani$ ! desc5t ( man1 s ! influ5ce ( _! utility 0 active ?r\gh all ! l9k$ gr[? 9 t organic *a9 by :i* ! e>lie/ m5 & _! ne>e/ allies 7 unit$4 ,soon] or lat] ! m]e use ( natural bridges w\ld g5]ate 9 "s m9ds a desire to copy !m2 & al?\gh we are q ignorant z to :5 ?is desire came = ! fir/ "t out ( ! d>kness1 yet we may suppose1 )\t any great extravagance1 t x belong$ to ! same p]iod ( h&icraft z ! e>lie/ manufactur$ tools & weapons1 :i* 7 a developm5t f /one clubs & spe>s fa%ion$ into %ape by e>?quakes & volcanoes1 ! fir/ arm\r]s ( ! ,/one ,age4 ,z soon z a tribe1 guid$ by a savage ( g5ius1 began to copy ?ree or f\r object-lessons 9 ,nature's p]5nial s*ool = mimics1 ! imitation ( sev]al o!rs w\ld be sugge/$ by ! same tr5d ( ?\ght1 soon] or lat]4 ,x is reasonable to believe t h&-made weapons prec$$ h&-made bridges1 z hunt+ & fight+ 7 ! /ronge/ motive-p[]s beh9d human ne$s & actions4 ,to slay 0 ! h]ald ( to build1 s ! fir/ bridges ( h&icraft ought to be plac$ 9 a likely inf]5ce among ! lat] do+s ( ,paloli?ic hunt]s & w>riors4 ,a horrible sl[ness m>k$ ea* advance f a bad copy ( a natural bridge to a slightly bett] "o4 ,9 fact1 only a few brilliant creative m9ds--n m ?an two or ?ree ?\s&--sep>ate our own social ord] f ! /rife ( ,paloli?ic savages4 ,into ! co>se d\gh ( humanity an infrequ5t g5ius has put "s en*ant$ yea/4 ,& we mu/ ne$s believe t ! dead r\t9e ( imitation1 to :i* human nature has ev] be5 enslav$1 held primeval man ev5 m rel5tlessly ?an x holds ourselves4 ,"o mis=tune m ?an any o!r delay$ a creep+ progress3 x 0 ! fact t mank9d _h no cause to fe> ! mo/ intellig5t creatures among ! less] organisms4 ,if snakes & bea/s ( prey _h be5 z clev] z 7 bees & ants & beav]s1 m5 c\ld h sav$ !mselves f ext]m9ation by "o means only--by a rapid advance f frequ5t good ideas into great a*ievem5ts4 ,day aft] day ! l>ge human bra9 w\ld h be5 call$ ^u to produce l>ge protective ?\ghts1 &1 _h x fail$ to produce !m day aft] day1 ! human race w\ld h be5 food = ent]pris+ rivals4 ,we h no guess :y ,provid5ce )held f mank9d ?is high discipl9e1 ?is fateful *oice betwe5 dea? & a swift intellig5ce2 b we d "k t ! mo/ dang]\s ( ! less] organisms h be5 ! lea/ quick-witt$1 & t m5 9 _! int]c\rse ) natural ?+s h %[n a le?>gic mimicry4 ,_! cave-dwell+s 7 /ol5 f cave-lions & cave-be>s2 _! pit-dwell+s 7 copi$ f ! holes & tunnels burr[$ by _m animals2 & 9 _! lake-dwell+s !y collect$ h9ts f five s\rces3 natural bridges1 ! plat=ms built by an?ropomorph\s apes1#cd ! habits ( wat]f[l1 ! beav]s dam & 8lodge10 & ! ne/s ( birds4 ,9 ! r\nd hut1 :i* 0 made ) bran*es & wattle-&-daub1 /ick ne/s 7 unit$ to ! pla/]work ( rock-m>t9s4 ,yes1 a good workman 9 ! con/ruction ( mud walls does no m ?an rock-m>t9s h done 9 all ! ages ( _! ne/-build+4 ,:5 ^! birds make _! ne/s !y use wet loam /iff5$ ) bits ( /raw1 & ea* lay] is all[$ to h>d5 be=e ano!r is put on 9 a ?ickness ( ab\t half an in* = a day's "w4#ce ,ev5 m rem>kable is ! fact t m5 may h borr[$ f sev]al birds ! idea :i* enabl$ !m to pass f r\nd huts into oblong cab9s4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 !re are ?ree birds--g5]a ( ! same family--t build ar*$ b[]s ) long sides2 & ,d>w9 tells u to reg>d !m z 8co-desc5dants ( "s anci5t species :i* fir/ acquir$ ! /range in/9ct ( con/ruct+ b[]s = p]=m+ _! love-antics40 ,"o species ( ,au/ralian b[]-birds1 ! fawn-brea/$ v>iety1 erects a plat=m ( /icks z a f\ndation = its gabl$ hall ( c\rt%ip1 t measures ne>ly f\r feet 9 l5g? & eighte5 in*es 9 height4 ,?is /ructure is *>m+ly decorat$1 & if we c\ld magnify x to ! size ( ,we/m9/] ,hall we %\ld be amaz$ by its beautiful ar*itecture4 ,unmagnifi$1 x is a model to all primitive m51 = x %[s f> m inv5tion ?an a wigwam or ?an a *>coal-burn]'s hut4 ,z soon z a /ud5t beg9s to und]/& :at mank9d has copi$ 9 ,nature's wond]ful s*ool = mimics1 he _c fail to take delight 9 natural bridges & _! influ5ce on h&icraft4 ,at fir/ he is humbl$ pa9fully by ! small am\nt ( creative wit t a million ye>s or s h glean$ f ! big human bra92 b soon ! novelty ( feel+ humble is m attractive to him ?an ! vile habit ( flatt]+ human nature4#cf ,,ii ,,among ,,! ,,h]alds ,,( ,,man ,x 0 dur+ ! ,upp] ,mioc5e age t two or ?ree big apes migrat$ into ,europe1 probably f ,africa1 & pass$ f explor]s into coloni/s4 ,"o ( !m 0 ! ,dryopi!cus1 a creature almo/ z tall z a man1 & closely alli$ to ,hylobates4 ,he illu/rat$ t organic art ( c>icature 9 :i* "y ,dame ,nature excell$1 _m ( h] exp]im5tal ef=ts hav+ ,g>gantuan hum\r 9 _! %apes & proportions4 ,:5 food 0 sc>ce ! ,dryopi!cus became a nomad1 a sort ( f\r-h&$ ,odysseus :o 0 v well able to fight 8 own battles1 :e!r he wield$ a heavy /ick1 or hugg$ 8 foe1 or f ! %elt] ( a tree dropp$ missiles t crack$ heads & made backbones exce$+ly pa9ful4 ,hugg+ seems to h be5 8 =te1 aft] claw+ & fi]ce bl[s _h prep>$ ! way = a close embrace2 & by 8 exp]t f]ocity 9 def5ce & 9 attack he e>n$ = himself ! "r to be a =]unn] ( sev]al ent]ta9+ creatures1 notably ! gorilla & ! *impanzee & primitive man4 ,he 0 inquisitive en\gh to use e natural bridge put 9 8 pa? by good =tune4 ,at fir/ ,i see him on f\r sorts ( natural bridge1 & no fault c be f\nd ) 8 activity4 ,he crawls along fall5 trees ov] "s torr5ts & *asms2 across a flood$ riv] "h & !re he leaps 9 a %ambl+1 lopsid$ fa%ion1 :5 /epp+-/ones & b\ld]s rise above wat]-level2 he roams into hilly di/ricts :]e _m a l$ge ( rock spans a dang]\s gap2 b he enjoys himself mo/ ( all :5 a susp5sion bridge ( bran*es enables him to amble f tree to tree across a deep-ly+ riv] p5t up betwe5 high cliffs4 ,9 ^! f\r bridges1 ea* ( !m g5]ic1 ,nature has arriv$ at utility 9 h] usual mann]1 by alt]nat+ gr[? & viol5ce4 ,! fall5 tree1 = in/ance1 f :i* all timb] bridges h be5 evolv$ by h&icraft 9 a sequ5ce ( gradual improvem5ts1 belongs to ! utility ( ,nature's viol5t moods2 & ?is applies also to ! bridge ( /epp+-/ones4 ,e>?quakes & floods di/ribut$ b\ld]s ov] ! b$s ( riv]s1 & f ^! b\ld]s h&icraft has develop$ pi]s & abutm5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a bridge ( long b\ghs--& ,i h us$ _m a "o myself--is a symbol n m]ely ( gr[? b ( abundance1 & also ( endurance4 ,b x is n to be look$ ^u z ! only susp5sion bridge along :i* our arboreal ance/ry cap]$1 & f :i* primitive mank9d took1 & take1 h9ts 9 bridge-build+4 ,let u rememb] also ! p5d5t bridge ( lianes1 & ( o!r t\gh creep+ plants1 :i* 9 _m w>m c\ntries grew1 & gr[1 f tree to tree1 =m+ /rong cables4 ,on su* a high-swung bridge ,i c see ! ,dryopi!cus1 susp5d$ by 8 h&s1 & le>n+ tricks z a gymna/1 :ile 8 mate squats betwe5 ! =k ( a bran* & collects fleas f h] baby4 ,:5 photographs ( natural bridges lie ar\nd me on a table1 !re is ano!r vision t comes be=e my m9d 9 a succession ( vivid pictures4 ,i behold a %aggy little animal1 p>tly an ape1 p>tly a man1 :o /&s upright on a fall5 tree2 bel[ 8 feet a riv] 9 flood foams among rocks2 & ov] !re1 beyond ! peak$ hills1 a blood-r$ sunset makes a wondr\s trag$y ( col\r4 ,someh[ ! little animal is aw$ by ! flam+ sky1 & />es at x fasc9at$1 8 protrud$ m\? wide op51 & 8 tee? gleam+4 ,8 arms are ?91 s9ewy1 capable1 hairy1 & v long2 !y hang at full l5g?1 & _! preh5sile f+]s grasp two /icks1 "o long & po9t$1 ano!r %ort & knobb$4 ,8 brea/bone looks weak z 8 %\ld]s droop =w>d1 & horizontal l9es ( wr9kl$ sk9 run f ea* armpit across ! n>r[ *e/4 ,8 legs are %ort & some:at ar*$2 & _! feet grip wood z a habit4 ,! eyes1 ov]hung by a l$ge ( bone1 %imm] ) a peculi> suspicion1 an in/9ctive cunn+1 v vigilant & fi]ce1 t protects ev5 tir$ sleep ) ! al]tness ( a s5t9el4 ,! body is daub$ ) yell[ o*re & iron ore1 z if to rival ! col\r$ life se5 ev]y:]e 9 ,nature2 b ?r\gh ?is decoration mu* unev5 hair is noticeable1 & a co>se be>d surr\nds ! face ) a ruff r simil> to t :i* n[ gives pride to ! ,cebus capuc9us4 ,! head is becom+ human1 a real ,p&ora box1 :5ce _m banes & a few bless+s w escape cont9ually1 & spread f> & wide ov] ! e>?4 ,at pres5t ?is creature is a wild bea/ 9 ! t]rible nurs]y /age betwe5 apehood & savage manhood4 ,already he has lo/ ! a?letic ease & grace ( 8 tree-top c\s9s4 ,n only is he out ( jo9t ) !m1 b 8 own lot is v p]il\s1 a nev]-end+ w> aga9/ h>d%ips & dang]s4 ,bea/s ( prey "k h[ weak he is2 mo/ animals outrun him2 birds 9 _! swift flight escape f 8 weapons1 & he feels rage & jeal\sy :5 monkeys at play leap long di/ances f b\gh to b\gh4 ,out ( 8 nature comes a pitiless hatr$ = all liv+ creatures4 ,d y n see ?is e>?l+1 ?is ,adam ( ,evolution1 "p ape & "p man1 /&+ alone on a w9dfall bridge1 ) a riv] 9 flood bel[ 8 feet1 & ! sun a radiant cresc5t1 blood-r$1 dipp+ bel[ t f> horizon ( peak$ hills8 ,& yet ?is bip$ has be5 mov$ by ! sunset1 & also by an idea ( 8 own1 ^: hi/ory c be read 9 deep l9es ( pl\gh$ e>? t run f ! bridge to a wood ov] !re1 a hundr$ y>ds away4 ,at ?is di/ance f ! riv] a tall tree 0 bl[n d[n1 & a tribe ( ape-l m51 guid$ by _! lead]1 dragg$ x to ! bank-side & put x across ! wat]way1 tak+ long days ov] ! wond]ful task4 ,nature at la/ has discov]$ a m9d t c ?9k 9 imitation4 ,h] tree-bridge has a rival4 ,at ?is mom5t ! picture *anges4 ,a female creature appe>s1 accompani$ by sev]al *ildr54 ,%e is ugli] ?an ! male1 because %e suff]s mu* m2 h] family gr[s too fa/1 & = a long "t its memb]s are unfit to def5d !mselves4 ,nev] = an h\r c %e put aside h] mo!rhood4 ,o!r animals are occasional p>5ts1 because _! "y are soon able to d _! own bus9ess2 :ile %e1 our ,eve ( ,evolution1 = ev] anxi\s ab\t h] helpless little ones1 is an incessant "m ?r\gh ! few brief ye>s ( h] f]tility4 ,p]ils encompass h] & !m1 & 9 a %ort "t %e is worn into old age4 ,b %e loses h] y\? creatively2 !re is n a privation nor a pa9 t h] con/ant mo!rhood fails to make into a spiritualis+ ( ! he>t1 into a ,vita ,nuova1 into ! />t+-po9t = a fre% developm5t4 ,s %e is humanis$ by suff]+ & love-humanis$ 9 _s1 t is to say--long ages be=e h] body has matur$ into womanhood4 ,x is %e :o end[s *ildr5 ) quick5$ m9ds & ) social incl9ations2 & x is %e :o enc\nt]s ) a yield+ b t5aci\s c\rage ! wild bea/ t male passions bre$ & p]petuate4 ,also--& ?is is v important--%e is by temp]am5t a practical work]1 :]eas ! male is n2 he ?9ks all ! "t ( adv5ture1 & 8 moods are incalculable4 ,ev5 8 pat]nity is co>se-h&$1 & subject to furi\s gre$s & lu/s4 ,8 bra9 is active en\gh to be aw$ by ! /rife ( ,nature & weak en\gh to be crippl$ by a little reason4 ,8 "* ?reat5s to *eck 8 evolution4 ,:]e ! climate is hot1 & food gr[s abundantly1 he makes no progress2 bad times alone compel him to "w1 & to pass v sl[ly1 ) a dogg$ reluctance1 f h&icraft to h&icraft4 ,8 high] education beg9s :5 he *ips a /one into a po9t$ weapon & feels ! rhy?mical enjoym5t t accompanies inv5tion & manipulation4 ,9 fact1 h&icraft is ! e>lie/ public s*ool1 ! fir/ univ]sity2 x helps mo!rhood to trans=m ! brute male into a be+ some:at bett]1#cg a primeval savage4 ,yet naturali/s h confirm$ !mselves 9 ?ree bad habits3 !y say too little ab\t h&icraft1 !y admire man f> too mu*1 & !y patronise woman4 ,:5 !y d n bury ,woman 9 ! t]m ,man1 !y glance at h] ) a condesc5d+ half-pity1 z bibliophiles glance at second or ?ird editions2 & s x is wor? :ile to d "s ju/ice to our primitive =emo!r1 ! ,eve ( ,evolution4 ,) h] incalculable p>tn]1 ! irrational male1 %e & h] family w&] f di/rict to di/rict4 ,at times !y settle "u a rock-%elt] or 9 a cave1 & make footpa?s f x to wat]+-places & hunt+-gr\nds4 ,"h & !re a riv] is cross$ by /epp+-/ones1 & m ?an "o rav9e is spann$ by bran*es & by a fall5 tree4 ,:at is _! attitude to ^! ?+s8 ,! w9dfall tree-bridge1 l e o!r gift f ,nature1 is a bane to !m z well z a boon1 = x is a road op5 to dang]\s animals2 z su* x is a ?+ to be gu>d$1 & _m a fight 9 its def5ce occurs1 creat+ traditions ( brav]y :i* are long rememb]$4 ,fur!r1 z "t goes on1 & ! prog5itors ( man become m human1 ! pressure ( competitive life draws ev] m & m att5tion to ! incomplet5ess ( natural bridges4 ,= example1 /epp+-/ones may be useless :5 !y are ne$$ mo/ ( all1 9 wet seasons & aft] /orms2 & ! tree-bridge is s n>r[ t w>riors cross x only "o by "o1 s _! sl[ attack gives a t]rible advantage to a brave def5ce4 ,^! h9drances1 s obvi\s & s unpleasant1 make appeal to ! inv5tive faculty t a few m5 possess4 ,n mu* is requir$4 ,f f\r or five se$l+ ideas a great _m improvem5ts w gr[2 & n[ is ! mom5t = u to *oose a vague t5tative date = ! beg9n+ ( ?is gradual developm5t4 ,mo/ p are bor$ by prehi/oric ar*ology1 because its e>li] p]iods are z undat$ z is ! oblivion ( coma4 ,s a date 9 obscure hi/ory1 h[ev] t5tative x may be1 is v helpful2 ! m9d re/s on x1 someh[1 anyh[1 & feels t ! lo/ legions ( ! dead ye>s left "s oases 9 ! ,sah>as ( anci5t "t4 ,& ?is po9t is n ! only "o t conc]ns ! g5]al read] :o does g5]ally read4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! antiquity ( h&icraft has be5 ext5d$ v mu* by a 8f9d0 ( eagle-beak$ fl9t implem5ts1 ) o!r tools1 bel[ ! ,plioc5e deposits on ! ,ea/ ,anglian ,coa/4 ,! eagle-beak$ fl9ts are und\bt$ly ( human manufacture1 & !y c>ry back ! anci5t /one p]iod ( man to ! ,t]ti>y times4 ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] writes on ?is important subject1 & 8 k helps u a great deal1 ?\gh we h to recov] x f entangl$ s5t5ces4 ,= example#ch3-- 8,evid5ce has be5 = tw5ty ye>s or m 9 our possession 79 ! =m ( /one implem5ts7 ( ! exi/5ce ( man 9 ,europe 9 ! w>m p]iod :i* prec$$ ! ,plei/oc5e1 ) its glacial clays & drifts & its gravels deposit$ on ! sides ( exi/+ riv] valleys1 sometimes #hjj feet above ! level ( ! b$ to :i* ! /ream has n[ worn d[n its excavation1 _m miles wide4 ,! discov]y )9 ! la/ f\r ye>s ( beautifully work$ fl9t implem5ts ( ! %ape ( an eagle's beak 7call$ #8ro/ro-c>9ate'7 & ( o!r s]viceable =ms bel[ ! m>9e ,plioc5e %elly s&s--kn[n z ! #8,r$ ,crag' 9 ,suffolk--sep>ates ! migrations & mixtures ( human tribes & gr\ps1 ( :i* we h any k1 by a huge *asm ( geologic "t f ! date ( ! e>lie/ ,european population4 ,! be/ geologi/s h come to ! conclusion t half a million ye>s 7& x may well be twice z _m7 sep>ate u f ! days be=e ! ,crag ,sea laid d[n its %elly deposits on ! ,ea/ ,anglian ,coa/4 ,yet !re 7 skilful m5--n m]e ape-l creatures us+ /icks & r\ghly-brok5 /ones1 b m5 capable ( mak+ & admir+ symmetrical1 well-f9i%$ fl9t tools1 & ( us+ !m to clean sk9s & to plane wood--liv+ a human1 creative1 dom9at+ life "h 9 ,we/]n ,europe 9 ^? imm5sely remote days4 ,probably en\gh1 z great a p]iod z sep>ates ^? skilful m5 f u sep>at$ !m f ! e>lie/ unskilful #8comm5c+' m5 ( ! tropical zone40 ,illu/ration3 ,,go?ic ,,bridge ,,at ,,vill5euve-,,sur-,,lot1 ,,france ,yes1 probably en\gh1 b yet we mu/ n suppose t h&icraft 9 ,we/]n ,europe has ev] _h a /&>d ( uni=m m]it4 ,z our own "w is v (t5 inf]ior bo? to t ( ! ,romans & to t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 s ! eagle-beak$ tools may d5ote no?+ m ?an a local indu/ry :i* a man ( g5ius _h orig9at$4 ,no o!r implem5ts h be5 dug up f ,plioc5e deposits 9 o!r ,european localities1 h5ce /ud5ts ( art & ar*itecture _c accept ! g5]alisation advocat$ by ,sir ,ray ,lanke/]4 ,z well suppose t ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe produc$ 9 ! same age _m pa9t]s equal to ! ,van ,eycks1 or _m bridge-build]s ( a piece ) ,caius ,julius ,lac]1 or ! good ,sa9t ,bnzet4 ,x is en\gh to believe t at a date to be kn[n vaguely z #ejj1jjj ,b4,c41 a craftsman ( g5ius liv$ & lab\r$ 9 a di/rict ( ,we/]n ,europe1 n[ call$ ! ,ea/ ,anglian ,coa/4 ,h[ f> 8 influ5ce ext5d$1 or h[ long x la/$1 we h no inkl+ yet2 b x may h be5 ! influ5ce1 n ( a r>e g5ius1 b ( a s*ool tradition :i* migrat+ tribes _h spread ?r\gh _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,anyh[1 ! eagle-beaks are hi/oric facts & _! manipulative skill gives u ! "r to make reasonable inf]5ces4 ,= example1 we may inf] t if ! craftsman :o made an eagle-beak$ tool %[$ intellig5ce 9 "s o!r useful ways1 he did no m ?an common ju/ice to 8 humanity4 ,suppose he cut d[n a tree ) 8 fl9t axe1 *oos+ "o t grew aslant ov] a *asm or across a riv]2 or suppose he pil$ /epp+-/ones toge!r 9 ! middle ( a wat]way1 & !n us$ ?is pi] z a support = two tree-trunks ^: f> ends re/$ on ! banksides4 ,nei!r ( ^! ideas has m "m-wit ?an t :i* has enabl$ ants to bore tunnels "u runn+ wat]1 & to make active bridges by cl++ to ea* o!r 9 a susp5sion *a9 ( _! wee brave bodies4 ,n _m human m9ds 9 any p]iod ( hi/ory h be5 z dilig5tly rational z ants2 b let u risk ! conjecture t ! fir/ advance 9 bridge-mak+ began among ! ro/ro-c>9ate workm5 probably m ?an half a million ye>s ago4 ,to cut d[n a tree1 9 ord] to get a bridge at a *os5 place1 0 a good idea 9 primitive ent]prise1 b x 0 n en\gh2 x gave b little additional help 9 tribal w>s1 s9ce x repeat$ ! n>r[ footway1 ! ma9 drawback ( w9dfall tree-bridges4 ,two or ?ree trees laid side by side 7 necess>y1 & at lea/ two piles ( /epp+-/ones to c>ry en\gh trees ov] a fairly wide riv]4 ,su* 7 ! fir/ improvem5ts t w> & social life dem&$ f ! wit ( primitive mank9d1 & (t5 !y 7 dem&$ 9 va9 = _m long ages4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t !re are tribesm5 :o feel well pleas$ ) !mselves :5 !y make s+le & d\ble tree-bridges4 ,i am told1 = in/ance1 by ,mr4 ,t4 ,b$does1 a travell] & trad] 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 t (t5 9 8 w&]+s he has made & us$ a tree-bridge to cross a n>r[ creek1 foll[+ a native me?od = ! sake ( its ready conv5i5ce4 8,! natives10 he writes1 8cut d[n ! talle/ trees on a bank ( ! wat]way t !y int5d to bridge1 !n !y make a h&rail ) bu%-rope fa/5$ to %ort upright /icks :i* are plac$ ab\t ?ree feet ap>t4 ,bu%-rope is made f creep]s or f long cane v9es4 ,sometimes an attempt is made to flatt5 ! upp] surface ( ! tree2 b ?is "w is uncommon1 z ,african natives are lazy2 !y dete/ manual lab\r4 ,!re are trees t gr[ to an enorm\s height2 "o ( !m measur$ a hundr$ feet odd1 s fairly wide creeks & /reams c be bridg$4 ,b canoes are ! fav\rite means ( cross+ riv]s2 !y c>ry light loads well en\gh1 & !y ne$ less lab\r ?an bridge-build+40 ,?is peep into ! aborig9al m9d reveals a dire /agnation4 ,b al?\gh no o!r ?+ 9 ,nature is less uncommon ?an human initiative1 yet ! m5 ( ! eagle-beak$ tools may h made tree-bridges1 & also su* /one bridges z ! l9tel-slabs at ,wycoll> 7p4 #fj74 ,= ?is "w requir$ no?+ m ?an imitation1 :ile ! eagle-beaks add$ "s inv5tion to a deft h&icraft4 ,_m an e>?quake _h made a slab-bridge1 & o!r models 7 =m$ by ! lava f volcanoes :i* h>d5$ into a ?ick cru/ ov] _m gaps 9 ! l&4 ,f ^! bridges--a tree cut d[n ) a fl9t axe1 & a s+le b\ld] or slab laid f bank to bank ( a /ream--came ?ree l9es ( desc5t 9 v sl[1 yet f]tile h&icraft2 & to ! hi/ory ( ea* a long book c\ld be giv54 ,let me "n !m "o by "o3-- #a4 ,! ,slab-bridge ) /one pi]s4 #b4 ,! ,tree-bridge ) /one pi]s4 #c4 ,! ,tree-bridge ) timb] piles4 ,,iii ,,! ,,slab-,,bridge ,,) ,,/one ,,pi]s ,9 ?is we foll[ an evolution f unhewn fragm5ts ( rock upheld by /epp+-/ones to ,cyclopean slabs ( hewn granite & m>ble support$ by well-made /one pi]s4 ,! halt+ developm5t ( ?is bold /onecraft 0 lov$ & fo/]$ by t orig9al p :i* = conv5i5ce we call ,ib]ian1 & :i* at "s unkn[n p]iod migrat$ f ,asia1 8& swept r\nd ,europe1 :il/ a second bran* colonis$ ! ,nile bas9 & ,nor!rn ,africa1 & a ?ird /ream$ ea/ & occupi$ ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! ma/] idea 9 ! religion ( ?is p 0 ! cult ( ance/ors1 & ! rude /one monum5ts1 m5hirs1 cromle*s1 & ki/va5s !y h left ev]y:]e1 :]e !y h be51 all ref] to commemoration ( ! sacr$ dead4 ,! obelisk 9 ,egypt is ! highly ref9$ m5hir1 & ! elaborate1 ornam5t$ tombs ( ! ,nile valley are an expression ( ! same v5]ation = ! dead1 & belief 9 ! aft] life connect$ ) ! tomb1 t are reveal$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! dolm5 & ki/va540#ci ,:at c\ld h be5 simpl] ?an ! build+ me?ods ( ! ,ib]ians8 ,we see !m at ,/oneh5ge1 :i* dates f ab\t ! ye> #afhj ,b4,c41 accord+ to ! a/ronomical calculations ( ,sir ,norman ,locky] & ! late ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,p5rose4#dj ,"h we h ! primitive circle ( l>ge /ones1 & ! rugg$ trili?on 7two rude uprights1 or m5hirs1 connect$ by a long table slab or l9tel74 ,!re is a feel+ = massive con/ruction1 b x is b>b>ic4 ,! clapp] bridges ov] ,d>tmoor riv]s belong to ?is elem5t>y craftsman%ip4 ,ea* is a cromle* repeat$ 9 sev]al spans ov] wat]1 no matt] :5 x 0 built 7p4 #ajj74 ,among ! anci5t ,egyptians !re 7 k9dr$ bridges2 & ! ,*9ese h manag$ to pres]ve 9 a =midable h&icraft an ,ib]ian fondness = ! trili?on4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,m4 ,jackson tells me t _m slab-bridges 9 ,si*uan h l9tels ab\t tw5ty feet 9 l5g?2 !y are decorat$ by sculptors ) a dragon's head & tail at ! junction ( two l9tels & a /one pi]4 ,e dragon's head looks up/ream1 & ! tail curls out on ! d[n/ream side2 s ! slabs appe> to re/ = security on ! back ( a gu>dian dragon4 ,!re is a ,*9ese bridge ( l9tel-slabs1 conc]n+ :i* v diff]5t descriptions h be5 writt51 b ev5 ! mo/ mod]ate acc\nt makes x m ?an f\r & a half times long] ?an ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit 7p4 #bic74 ,gau!y writes ab\t x z foll[s3-- 8,at ,loyang1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,fo-,ki51 on an arm ( ! sea1 !re is a bridge ) ?ree hundr$ spans2 its con/ruction w5t on = eighte5 ye>s & employ$ tw5ty-five ?\s& workm54 ,te*nically x belongs to ! same class z ! bridges ( anci5t ,babylon1 :i* are said to h be5 made ) long & flat /ones laid f pi] to pi]4 ,if ,loyang ,bridge be #hhjj metres 9 l5g?1 z "s writ]s affirm1 !n its pi]s w be #d metres #hg 9 ?ickness1 & its spans 9 wid? w measure #bd4cf metres4 ,! footway is #bb4gd metres4 ,! long slabs are #e metres ?ick & #c metres wide4 ,z = ! pi]s1 !y are #bc metres 9 height1 & be> m>ble lions c>v$ f blocks #g metres long40 ,gau!y gives a draw+ ( ?is bridge1 & 8 measurem5ts are tak5 f ! ,atlas ( ,m>timm>t4 ,!y h an air ( great exagg]ation4 ,z ,gau!y rem>ks1 8,x is difficult to believe t ! tabul> /ones are z l>ge z !y are presum$ to be3 _! bulk is m ?an ?reefold great] ?an t ( ! obelisk at ,rome 9 ! ,place de ,sa9t-,pi]re4 ,besides1 ,m4 ,p+]on speaks ( !m z be+ f\rte5 metres long by a metre & a half 9 ?ickness & 9 wid?1 s he dim9i%es by a full half ! l5g? ( ,loyang ,bridge4 ,ev5 ) ?is r$uction x is a wond]ful a*ievem5t1 m ?an f\r & a half times long] ?an ! ,pont du ,sa9t-,esprit40#da ,! dim5sions giv5 by ,m4 ,p+]on may be accurate2 !y repres5t a hugely magnifi$ clapp] bridge decorat$ ) sculpture & c>ri$ on tall pi]s = a di/ance ( #ddjj metres1 9 a s]ies ( ?ree hundr$ spans4 ,! m>ble lions1 ,i suppose1 ornam5t ! p>apets above ! pi]s1 l ^? on ! bridge ( ,pulisangan 7p4 #caj74 ,m>co ,polo visit$ ! prov9ce ( ,fo-,ki51 :]e ,loyang ,bridge is said to be1 & /ay$ at ! city ( ,kue-l9-fu1 kn[n to-day z ,ki5-n+-fu4 ,"h he 0 greatly /ruck by 8?ree v h&some bridges1 upw>ds ( a hundr$ paces 9 l5g?1 & eight paces 9 wid?40#db ,n a vivid description1 yet en\gh to prove t notable bridges 9 ,fo-,ki5 h _h a long hi/ory4 ,,iv ,,tree-,,bridges ,,) ,,/one ,,pi]s ,! mo/ fam\s bridge 9 ?is k9d is ! "o built by ,trajan ov] ! ,danube1 j bel[ ! rapids ( ! ,iron ,gate4 ,trajan requir$ x = 8 w>s aga9/ ,dacia1 :i* 9 ,a4,d4 #ajf he br\ght to a successful end1 ! ,dacian lead] ,decebalus be+ sla9 & 8 p subdu$4 ,! bridge _h play$ its "p1 yet ,hadrian1 ! next ,emp]or1 :o began 8 reign t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 look$ ^u x z a dang]\s highway1 op5 to incursions f ,dacian revolts1 & = ?is reason he de/roy$ "s pi]s & ! footway4 ,p]haps ,hadrian 0 jeal\s ( ,trajan's "w1 = two =tifi$ gates & a h&ful ( ,roman troops c\ld h def5d$ ! bridge aga9/ b>b>ians4 ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy ov] ?is great /ructure4 ,its ar*itect 0 ,apollodorus ( ,damascus1 :o design$ also ! ,trajan column plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,=um ,trajanum4 ,a bas-relief on ?is column repres5ts ! bridge1 b 9 a mann] at odds ) ! writt5 description giv5 by ,dion ,cassius1 :o held important (fices "u ,commodus1 ,c>acalla1 & ,alex&] ,sev]us1 ,a4,d4 #ahj-bbi4 ,dion ,cassius wrote a hi/ory ( ,rome1 9 eighty books1 & a small portion ( ?is "w has come d[n to u entire4 ,8 evid5ce !n is wor? hav+1 & x /ates t ! bridge _h tw5ty pi]s ( hewn /one1 #aej feet high & #fj feet wide1 ) op5+s betwe5 !m ( #agj feet1 spann$ by ar*es4 ,d\bt has be5 ?r[n on ! accuracy ( ?is description1 because ! bridge on ! ,trajan column is unsuit$ to a span ( #agj feet2 8nev]!less ?irte5 pi]s are /ill visible out ( ! tw5ty1 accord+ to ,murray's #8,h&book4' ,! writ] has n be5 able to f9d any accurate measurem5t ( ! wid? betwe5 ^! pi]s1 b z ! #8,h&book' speaks ( ! l5g? ( ! bridge z p]haps #cijj feet1 & z ! ,conte ,m>sigli1 writ+ f p]sonal obs]vation1 9 a lett] to ,montfaucon1 gives ! total l5g? z probably #cjaj feet1 !re c be no d\bt t ! spans 7 v consid]able & t ! repres5tation ( ! design 9 ! bas-belief is almo/ :olly conv5tional4 ,! "o po9t z to :i* x gives cle> in=mation1 n suppli$ else:]e1 is t ! sup]/ructure 0 ( wood40#dc ,9 o!r words1 ?is colossal "w 0 a desc5dant ( ! e>lie/ tree-bridges1 9 s f> z ! footway 0 conc]n$4 ,:e!r ar*$ timb]+ 0 c>ri$ f pi] to pi] to uphold ! roadway1 z 9 ! bas-relief1 is a "q ( no great mom5t2 ! horizontal be>+ beams w\ld ne$ support1 no d\bt1 s9ce !y _h to span op5+s f> wid] ?an ! longe/ trees2 & x is useless = u to guess 9 :at way ?is support 0 c>ri$ to !m f ! l(ty pi]s1 :i* 7 built ) enorm\s blocks ( /one4 ,! ma9 po9t is t "o phase ( bridge-build+1 ^: fir/ models 7 fall5 trees ly+ a/ride riv]s & *asms1 seems to h culm9at$ 9 ! ma/]piece ( ,apollodorus ( ,damascus4 ,mu* inf]ior "w ( ! same k9d1 v v>i$ & ent]ta9+1 has be5 common ev]y:]e2 "s ( x belongs to ,kurdi/an1 = example 7p4 #gc72 & 9 ! ,ll$r ,valley !re is a good ,wel% specim5 call$ ! ,pont-y-,pant1 ^: wood5 footway is primitively ru/ic1 & ^: pi]s are fragm5ts ( rock ga!r$ f ! riv]-b$ & pil$ toge!r4 ,i h f\nd at ,?irlm]e a qua9t ?+ :i* is p>tly a dam & p>tly a bridge4 ,! dam1 an undulat+ wall ( unmort>$ /ones1 has at equal int]vals a few angul> op5+s ov] :i* wood5 h&-bridges are ?r[n4 ,x w\ld be easy 9 a %all[ riv] to make a fi%-pool by heap+ b\ld]s into a dam ( ?is rude sort1 & ! complet$ "w w\ld rank no high] ?an ! beav]s conte/s aga9/ runn+ wat]4 ,s ,i tell myself t _m a tribe 9 ! great p]iod ( prehi/oric art1 ab\t #ej1jjj ye>s ,b4,c41 ought to h built = itself a bridge z elem5t>y z ! ,pont-y-,pant & a p]=at$ dam z unc\? z ! "o at ,?irlm]e4 ,f ?is untutor$ h&icraft we look back aga9 at ! great art ( ,apollodorus1 ^: va/ bridge ov] ! ,danube 0 ne> ! anci5t t[n ( ,nicopolis4 ,:at a long travail 9 ! ge/ation & bir? ( infrequ5t ideas6 ,ev5 half a million ye>s ago a man ( ! eagle-beak$ tools may h put a b\ld] "u a tree-bridge because ! tree 0 ?9 & sway$ too mu* on a w9dy day2 half a million ye>s ago1 & yet we d n feel a%am$ ( ! ,pont-y-,pant6 ,v ,,tree-,,bridges ,,) ,,timb] ,,piles ,let me re/ate ! fir/ p]iods 9 _! hi/ory3-- #a4 ,a w9dfall tree ly+ a/ride a gap 9 ! l&4 #b4 ,a w9dfall tree dragg$ f a wood & put a/ride a gap 9 ! l&1 p]haps by a tribe ( semi-human creatures direct$ by a sup]ior m9d4 #c4 ,a savage ( g5ius1 p]haps z e>ly z ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 cut d[n a tree 9 ord] t x might span a dang]\s creek or an abyss 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,intellig5tly1 ) ! aid ( a fl9t axe1 he copi$ ! "w done by _m a gale ( w9d2 & 9 ?is act ( simple mimicry he discov]$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( secure bridge-mak+4 ,! footway 0 /rong1 & bran*es f ! tree-trunk gave support to clut*+ h&s4 ,any b\gh t block$ up ! footway 0 topp$ (f4 ,ev5 to-day we f9d 9 c\ntry woods a good _m ru/ic bridges hewn f tree-trunks1 & gu>d$ at ! sides by h& rails ( dress$ bran*es4 ,_! footways are no wid] ?an ! plan$ surface ( a well-gr[n tree4 #d4 ,ano!r savage ( g5ius1 ?\s&s ( ye>s lat]1 maybe1 took a h9t f a tr\blesome inconv5i5ce :i* f ! fir/ _h be5 pres5t 9 tree-bridges4 ,! footway be+ too n>r[1 he put two or ?ree trees side by side1 s t two or ?ree w>riors might cross x abrea/1 in/ead ( weak5+ _! attack by an advance 9 s+le file4 ,b ?is improvem5t sugge/$ o!r *anges ( mu* great] value bo? to w> & to social life4 ,h[ev] c>efully ! trees 7 laid side by side1 _! r\nd$ surfaces left a valley betwe5 !m2 & gaps 7 =m$ by curv$ trunks & by gn>l$ excresc5ces4 ,s ! wid5$ footway _h drawbacks ( its own4 ,(t51 on a ra9y day1 nak$ feet w\ld slip1 = ! trees 7 poli%$ by long use2 & _m a slip w\ld ei!r break or /ra9 an ankle4 ,yet ! wit ( mank9d w\ld be> ^! tr\bles ) a grumbl+ pati5ce2 ?\s&s ( ye>s may h pass$ by unpr(itably2 b soon] or lat] a man ( g5ius w\ld p]ceive t e defect 9 a bridge sugge/$ an improvem5t4 ,! valley betwe5 ! tree-trunks c\ld be fill$ 9 ) soil & pebbles & turf2 a r\nd foo?old poli%$ by long use & slipp]y aft] ra91 c\ld be flatt5$ & r\gh5$2 & :]e ! trees div]g$ f ea* o!r1 mak+ traps = ! unw>y1 inv5tion c\ld be busy = a long "t4 ,:y put ! trees close toge!r8 ,if !y 7 sep>at$ by half a /ride1 !n cov]$ transv]sely ) bru%wood & turf1 a mu* bett] bridge w\ld be made )\t mu* ef=t4 ,aga91 suppose ! long beams 7 ?9 sapl+s t %ook too mu* und]foot1 p>ticul>ly :5 a tribe ( %\t+ w>riors ran across !m 9 a hot attack4 ,to /eady su* a bridge ) props w\ld be a great conv5i5ce1 & timb] props w\ld s]ve z conv5i5tly z b\ld]s & pil$ /ones4 ,a criss-cross ( logs made an excell5t pi]1#dd = example1 & =k$ b\ghs1 :i* ent]$ into sev]al phases ( primitive h&icraft1 made good piles4#de ,we "k n :5 ^! q simple improvem5ts gave "s dignity to manual "w1 b _! inception ne$$ only a little "m-wit4 ,"s ,qu>t]n>y m5 rip5$ a great deal m 9 _! arts1 z pa9t]s & sculptors & engrav]s4 ,9 ?is monograph sev]al desc5dants f ! aborig9al tree-bridge are /udi$ briefly1 & ,i ref] y to ! ,index4 ,"s v>i$ ,engli% specim5s are giv5 9 ,francis ,/one's 8,norfolk ,bridges02 & f ,don ,antonio de ,ulloa 7#agaf-agie7 we c le>n h[ wood5 bridges h long be5 made 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!y 8consi/ ( only f\r long beams laid close toge!r ov] a precipice10 & !y 8=m a pa? ab\t a y>d & a half 9 bread?1 be+ j wide en\gh = a man to pass ov] on horseback40 ,"h ! beams h a flat surface1 & lie toge!r l bo>ds on a floor4 ,x is primitive h&icraft ( a l[ sort1 = ! beams w\ld c>ry a mu* wid] footway4 ,,vi ,,"s ,,typical ,,timb] ,,bridges ,z !re is no room "h = a p$igree ( timb] bridges1 let u *oose a few examples :i* are p>ticul>ly fam\s 9 hi/ory4 ,x w be en\gh if we take ?ree3 7#a7 a prehi/oric lake-village1 7#b7 ! ,pons ,sublicius ( ! ,romans1 & 7#c7 ! wond]ful "w done 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by two ,swiss c>p5t]s1 ! bro!rs ,grub5mann4 ,lake & m>% villages 7 ! highe/ =m ( prehi/oric bridge-build+2 _! ?rong$ plat=ms1 dott$ ) r\nd huts1 n only put a def5ce ( wat] betwe5 home life & pr[l+ foes1 b h]ald$ all ! h\s$ bridges t ! _w has se5 dur+ its p]iods ( writt5 hi/ory4 ,:e!r we /udy ,old ,london ,bridge1 or ! criss-cross bridges ) frail %ops 9 ,ka%mr 7p4 #ga71 or ! boo?-bridges ( ,*9a 7p4 #baj note71 or ! ro($ timb] bridges ( ,switz]l& 7p4 #bia71 we are conc]n$ ) a p$igree t />ts out f ! fir/ ,neoli?ic lake-dwell+s4 ,b ! lat] /one p]iod1 kn[n z ,neoli?ic1 is n v old4 ,betwe5 x & ourselves !re is a span ( ab\t n9e ?\s& ye>s1 or a few ?\s& ye>s m4#df ,b ,briti% lake-dwell+s are attribut$ to a "t /ill lat]1 ! ,bronze ,age1 ^: date 9 ! ,briti% ,isles may be fix$ t5tatively at f #abjj to #adjj ,b4,c4#dg ,fur!r1 z pit-dwell+s la/$ to ! days ( ,tacitus among "s ,g]manic tribes1#dh s a ,briti% lake-village "h & !re defi$ progress till ! com+ ( ! ,romans4 ,!re 0 "o at ,gla/onbury1 & its 8,late ,celtic0 r\t9e ( life has be5 /udi$ c>efully f its rema9s4 ,/&+ on an artificial isl& =m$ by a s]ies ( timb] bridges1 x occupi$ ne>ly ?ree & a half acres1 & its r\nd huts1 ab\t sixty 9 numb]1 7 int]m+l$ ) a few squ>e cab9s t m>k$ ! mo/ rec5t ent]prise4 ,l[ walls 7 erect$ ) upright po/s driv5 into ! artificial isl& at a di/ance ( ab\t a foot f ea* o!r2 !n ?is framework 0 wattl$ & pla/]$ ) clay4 ,a few r\gh slabs ( lias /one made a door/ep1 a piece ( timb] lay across ! ?re%old1 a wood fire crackl$ on a c5tral he>?1 & e h\sehold want$ to feel entirely safe1 = a tall & tight palisade enclos$ ! little colony4 ,9 ?is primitive def5ce a great _m poles 7 set up side by side2 !y rang$ 9 height f five to t5 feet4 ,wolves & w> 7 fe>$ v mu*1 evid5tly2 & yet ! villag]s 7 devot$ to t self-decoration ) :i* m5 & wom5 = _m a long p]iod _h tri$ to rival ! patt]n$ col\rs giv5 by ,nature to birds1 & bea/s1 & insects1 & fi%1 & snakes1 & fl[]s1 & /ones4 ,!y lov$ r+s1 cut f amb] & jet & glass2 wore bracelets1 "s ( bronze1 o!rs ( ,kimm]idge %ale2 glass beads _h _! vogue1 & clo!s 7 fa/5$ toge!r ) bronze safety-p9s1 or ) split-r+ broo*es ( bronze4 ,p]haps ! wom5 7 truly fem99e1 & wore a mon/r\s headge>1 outrag+ _! good looks 9 fa%ionable ef=ts to r5ew _! beauty4 ,draw+ clos] to ?is village p]*$ up on primitive bridges1 we f9d 9 x "s weav]s & sp9n]s1 a few wood-c>v]s :o 7 true arti/s1 "s c>p5t]s :o _h la!s1 & "s clev] smi?s :o made iron knives1 awls1 spades1 bill-hooks1 g\ges2 & a few ambiti\s pott]s decorat$ _! "w & gave x a c>eful f9i%4 ,h>ve/s 7 gr[n some:]e1 z wom5 us$ qu]ns to gr9d ! corn4 ,good little p6 ,!y want$ to be pacific & arti/ic2 fight+ did n set _! g5ius2 & s !y vani%$4 ,h[ c\ld !y hope to protect ! gift ( life :5 ,briti% w>-*>iots & ,roman soldi]s began to fight 9 ! neighb\rhood1 obey+ ! dread my/]i\s law ( fruitful c>nage8 ,!y slunk away f ! fi]ce midwif]y ( w>1 fe>+ ! long self-sacrifices ( a pa9ful r5aissance4 ,_! g5tle ent]prise la/$ f ab\t ! second or ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! ,roman occupation4 ,among ! rema9s ( _! village sev]al skulls h be5 f\nd1 mild-look+ skulls ( a long %ape1 l ^? :i* h be5 tak5 f ! long b>r[s4 ,x 0 an ,ib]ic tribe t trifl$ ) peace & art1 %[+ an epic5e f]v\r ak9 to t ( our coo+ s5tim5tali/s4 ,p]haps ! ,romans all[$ ! village to fade out ( be+1 or p]haps !y cle>$ x away z a futility1 = nei!r ,roman co9s nor ,roman w>es h be5 f\nd on ! site1 ?\gh remnants ( ,roman villas & pott]ies h be5 unburi$ 9 ! vic9ity4#di ,x is c]ta9 t mo/ ( ! ,roman bridges 7 built ) timb]4 ,?\s&s ( trees 7 cut d[n :5 a pav$ road 0 con/ruct$1 s t *eap mat]ial = bridge-build+ 0 always at h& :5 ! road 0 c>ri$ ov] rav9es & riv]s4#ej ,besides1 if a great _m /one bridges _h be5 built by ! ,romans1 9 ,brita9 & else:]e1 _m rema9s ( ! pi]s w\ld h be5 f\nd 9 all big riv]s4 ,we "k1 too1 t ! ,romans 7 tol]ant 9 _! attitude to native bridgem51 s9ce ! criss-cross pi]s ( ! ,gauls outliv$ ! ,roman ,empire by _m c5turies4 ,we "k n1 nei!r c we le>n1 h[ ! ,romans !mselves made timb] bridges4 ,ev5 _! ,pons ,sublicius1 a sacr$ monum5t1 hall[$ by hi/orical traditions & by its connection ) religi\s c]emonies1 0 describ$ imp]fectly4 ,to ?is day exp]ts qu>rel ov] its te*nique & ov] its position on ! ,tib]4 ,colonel ,emy has tri$ to recon/ruct x1 b 8 attempt diff]s f t ( ,can9a1 & we _c *oose betwe5 !m4 ,! utmo/ we c say is ?is--t ! ,pons ,sublicius 0 a tree-bridge re/+ on piles1 & dat+ f ! times ( ,ancus ,m>cius1 :o reign$ f ,b4,c4 #fdj-faf4 ,if ! *ief prie/s did n build x1 !y c]ta9ly kept x 9 repair1 always us+ wood ) a pi\s reg>d = a v5]at$ pa/2 & ) _! help x exi/$ z late z ! reign ( ,con/ant9e 7,a4,d4 #cjf-ccg71 :5 x 0 m5tion$ 9 ! 8,notitia10 & :5 a bridge 0 nam$ aft] x at ,con/ant9ople4 ,b ! ,pons ,sublicius became obsolete z a highway = traffic1 & !n a good und]/udy bridge ( /one--! ,pons ,lapideus--0 built close at h&1 & 0 kn[n sometimes z ,pons ,sublicius1 a title ( hon\r4 ,sir ,william ,smi? believ$ t ^! bridges 7 outside ! city1 beyond ! ,porta ,trigem9a1 & t ! wood5 "o 0 built by ,ancus ,m>cius 9 ord] to connect ! t[n side ( ! ,tib] ) a new =tress erect$ on ! ,janiculus4 ,we pass on n[ to ! bro!rs ,grub5mann1 ^: be/ "w 0 de/roy$ dur+ ! w> ( #agii4 ,ulric & ,jean ,grub5mann 7 village c>p5t]s1 born at ,teuf51 9 ! canton ( ,app5zell4 ,ulric seems to h be5 ! abl] ( ! two2 c]ta9ly he 0 a man ( true g5ius :o spann$ great di/ances by 8 unrivall$ use ( corbell$ & truss$ timb] be>+s4 ,x 0 9 #agee t he began 8 susp5sion bridge at ,s*affhaus51 & 9 #ageh ?is "w 0 complete4 ,!re 7 two spans 9 a di/ance ( #cfd feet1 & !y =m$ an elb[ t po9t$ up/ream4 ,! abutm5t ne> ,s*affhaus5 0 #aga feet f ! angle1 & f ! angle to ! opposite %ore 0 #aic feet4 ,ulric _h decid$ t ! bridge %\ld cross ! ,rh9e 9 "o magnific5t flight f abutm5t to abutm5t1 b ! t[n au?orities int]pos$ & told him to f9d use = a /one pi] belong+ to a bridge :i* a flood _h ru9$ 9 #aged4 ,be+ a ,swiss by bir? & by tra9+1 ,ulric ,grub5mann foll[$ an anci5t tradition 9 ,swiss c>p5try1 cov]+ 8 bridge ) a solid ro(2 & s p]fect 0 ! bridge1 s admirably sc>f$1 truss$1 /rutt$1 brac$1 bolt$ up1 & susp5d$1 t only two faults c\ld be f\nd ) x3 ! ro( 0 too heavy1 & ! p>ts 7 too dep5d5t on ea* o!r4 ,an injury to "o portion ( ! /ructure might h be5 disa/r\s to ! :ole bridge--a vital consid]ation 9 a w>f>+ "t4 ,grub5mann's me?ods 7 simple4 8,! braces proce$+ f ea* abutm5t10 said ,tel=d1 8are cont9u$ to ! beam :i* passes along ! top ( ! uprights1 & ! l[e/ ( ^! g5]al braces are actually unit$ "u t beam1 !reby =m+ a cont9u$ ar* betwe5 ! abutm5ts1 ! *ord l9e ( :i* is ?ree hundr$ & sixty-f\r feet1 & ! v]s$ s9e ab\t ?irty feet4 ,^! braces are kept 9 a /raight direction by ! uprights1 :i* are plac$ sev5te5 feet & five in*es ap>t4 ,if ?is bridge _h be5 =m$ 9 a /raight l9e betwe5 ! abutm5ts ,i c see no reason :y ?is =m ( con/ruction %\ld n h support$ a roadway ( ab\t eighte5 feet 9 bread?1 z well z a slight ro(2 because1 9 t case1 all ! weight aris+ f ! braces :i* proce$ f ! middle pi] w\ld h be5 sav$1 & ! ro( might h be5 made mu* simpl] & light]40 ,:ile ,ulric ,grub5mann 0 work+ at ,s*affhaus51 8 bro!r ,jean built a simil> bridge at ,rei*5au1 two hundr$ & =ty feet 9 a s+le span2 & "s ye>s lat] ! two bro!rs con/ruct$ _! ,witt+5 ,bridge ov] ! ,limmat1 ne> ,bad51 giv+ to x a span ( ?ree hundr$ & n9ety feet4 ,!y 7 fam\s n[1 & _! influ5ce travell$ f ,europe to ,am]ica1 :]e x f\nd 9 ,bludget an able int]pret]1 ,bludget's bridge ov] ! ,portsm\? ,riv] be+ simil> 9 te*nique to ! bridge at ,s*affhaus54 ,s9ce t "t ! evolution ( timb] bridges has rema9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :]e x has rang$ f ! criss-cross ( logs = be>+ piles to ! mo/ intricate comb9ations ( lattices & trusses4 ,v (t5 !re is f> too mu* intricacy1 & no ?\ght at all is giv5 to milit>y consid]ations 7p4 #ceb74 8,_m wood5 ,am]ican bridges are trusses :i* almo/ defy analysis1 ! designs be+1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly sugge/$ by an attempt to comb9e at lea/ two ( ! ?ree ma9 types ( bridges4 ,no advantage :atev] is ga9$ by a comb9ation ( ?is k9d2 on ! contr>y1 great disadvantage is almo/ sure to foll[ its adoption1 namely1 t x w be impossible t ea* "p ( ! /ructure %\ld1 "u all circum/ances1 c>ry t portion ( ! load :i* ! design] entru/$ to x4 ,= suppose a bridge con/ruct$ p>tly z a gird] & p>tly z a susp5sion bridge1 ! gird] be+ v /iff & deep1 ! *a9 p]fectly flexible ) consid]able dip4 ,let ! *a9 & gird] be ea* fit to c>ry half ! pass+ load4 ,x is p]fectly conceivable t ! deflections ( ! two %\ld be s diff]5t t ! gird] w\ld1 "u ! actual load1 break be=e ! *a9 0 s5sibly /ra9$1 or ! diff]5ce 9 ! relative dip ( ! *a9 & dep? ( ! gird] might be su* z to cause ! =m] to give way fir/40#ea ,,vii ,,primitive ,,susp5sion ,,bridges ,we h se5 7p4 #aad7 t ! fir/ susp5sion bridges 7 ( two sorts3 7a7 long bran*es :i* _h gr[n across rivulets & *asms2 7b7 ?ick & t\gh creep+ plants by :i* _m =e/ trees 7 fe/oon$ to "o ano!r4 ,x is a va/ evolution f ^! natural ?+s to ! art ( ,ulric ,grub5mann1 ! =]unn] ( metal susp5sion bridges4#eb ,un=tunately x is also an evolution :i* we _c foll[ ?r\gh _m consecutive phases1 arti/s & hi/orians hav+ fail$ to record its gr[?4 ,we _c suppose t ! anci5ts neglect$ susp5sion bridges2 f ! spid] alone !y mu/ h le>nt t p5d5t ropes made a good bridge2 b we "k n :at !y a*iev$ 9 ?is airy h&icraft4 ,_m p ( to-day %[ 9 primitive hammock-bridges t _! ance/ors 7 influ5c$ by ! "w ( spid]s4 ,9 c\ntries s f> ap>t z ,*9a & ,c5tral ,africa & ,nor!rn ,india1 = example1 !re are hammock-bridges ( cane & osi]1 nett$ elaborately at ! sides & swung by bamboo cables1 z 9 ,*9a1 or by ropes made f ! silky fibres ( ! ,nilgiri nettle1 z 9 ! ,b]mulda ,hills4 ,:atev] sort ( primitive rope is employ$1 its fir/ model 0 ! gn>l$ & twi/$ /em ( a v9e-l creep+ plant4 ,p]haps ! mo/ anci5t susp5sion bridge 9 ,*9a is ! "o kn[n z ,liu ,soh or ,lew saw1 lit]ally a slip rope4 ,a bamboo cable is fix$ f side to side ( a rav9e1 n 9 a level l9e1 b a little aslant1 s z to =m a mild sort ( swit*back4 ,a travell] c>ries a wood5 saddle ) a deep groove 9 x2 ! groove fits ! bamboo cable1 & /raps fa/5 ! saddle & give confid5ce to ! jockey1 :o travels at a rapid spe$ :5 he is fat4 ,on 8 return j\rney he is pull$ up ! bridge by ropes4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,si*uan !re are hundr$s ( ^! s+le cable-bridges4#ec ,:at are !y b lianes & v9e /ems plus a little human primitiv5ess8 ,don ,antonio de ,ulloa1 ! ,spani% ,admiral1 describes a ,p]uvian bridge closely alli$ to ! ,*9ese ,liu ,soh1 & call$ ! t>abita4 ,ulloa notic$ x on sev]al riv]s1 b p>ticul>ly on ! rapid ,al*ipi*i4 ,! t>abita is only a s+le rope made ( bujuco1 or ox-hide ?ongs twi/$ into a cable f six to eight in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x is ext5d$ f "o side ( ! riv] to ! o!r1 & an*or$ firmly4 ,on "o bankside x is controll$ by a :eel1 or w9*1 t makes x ei!r taut or slack4 ,a lea!r cradle is hung f ! t>abita by two clasps t h r\nd$ heads2 two ropes are /ret*$ across ! riv] & b\nd to ! travell+ clasps2 a wayf>] sits 9 ! cradle & is pull$ across by ! guide-ropes4 ,ev5 mules are slung f two t>abitas1 accord+ to ,antonio de ,ulloa1 ^: book on ,s\? ,am]ica 0 publi%$ 9 #agdh1 at ,madrid4 ,an ,engli% translation appe>$ 9 #ageh1 & ran into five editions4 ,let me give a quotation f ! f\r?1 issu$ 9 #ahjf4 ,x conc]ns a v5]able susp5sion bridge ak9 to ! bamboo v>iety made 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,si*uan 9 ,*9a3-- 8,ov] ! riv] ,desaguad]o is /ill rema9+ ! bridge ( ru%es inv5t$ by ,capac ,yupanqui1 ! fif? ,ynca1 = transport+ 8 army to ! o!r side1 9 ord] to conqu] ! prov9ces ( ,collasuyo4 ,! ,desaguad]o is "h betwe5 eighty & a hundr$ y>ds 9 bread?1 fl[+ ) a v impetu\s curr5t "u a smoo?1 &1 z x 71 a sleep+ surface4 ,! ,ynca1 to ov]come ?is difficulty1 ord]$ f\r v l>ge cables to be made ( a k9d ( grass :i* cov]s ! l(ty hea?s & m\nta9s ( t c\ntry1 & call$ ,i*u by ! ,indians2 & ^! cables 7 ! f\ndation ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,two ( !m be+ laid across ! wat]1 fasc9es ( dry juncia & totora1 species ( ru%es1 7 fa/5$ toge!r1 & laid across !m4 ,on ^! ! two o!r cables 7 laid1 & cov]$ ) ! o!r fasc9es securely fix$1 b small] ?an ! fir/1 & arrang$ 9 su* a mann] z to =m a level surface2 & by ?is means he procur$ a safe passage = 8 army4 ,?is bridge1 :i* is ab\t five y>ds 9 bread?1 & "o & a half above ! surface ( ! wat]1 is c>efully repair$ or rebuilt e six mon?s1 by ! neighb\r+ prov9ces1 9 pursuance ( a law made by ! ,ynca 7,capac ,yupanqui71 & (t5 s9ce confirm$ by ! k+s ( ,spa940#ed ,9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 book1 *ap4 ,,vii41 ,antonio de ,ulloa visits ! ,&es1 & f9ds !re "s tree-bridges1 "s /one bridges1 & "s complex bujuco bridges4 ,! /one v>iety he does n describe1 b he writes int]e/+ly ab\t ! bujucos4 ,:5 six cables h be5 made by twi/+ toge!r /rips ( ox-hide !y are susp5d$ across a riv]1 n 9 a s+le r[1 b 9 two ti]s1 ! l[] "o ) f\r cables1 ! upp] ) two4 ,ov] ! l[] ti] bran*es & canes are laid transv]sely2 & :5 ?is floor is brac$ to ! upp] cables1 !re is a sort ( cage )9 :i* travell]s c walk 9 safety :ile ! bridge sw+s4 8,on "s riv]s ( ,p]u10 says ,ulloa1 8!re are bujuco bridges s l>ge t droves ( load$ mules pass ov] !m2 p>ticul>ly ov] ! riv] ,apurimac1 :i* is ! ?or\ghf>e ( all ! comm]ce c>ri$ on betwe5 ,lima1 ,cusco1 ,la ,plata1 & o!r p>ts to ! s\?w>d40 ,humboldt pass$ ov] "o ( ^! p5dul\s bridges1 & ,mi]s cross$ ano!r :i* 0 /rong en\gh to be> ! traffic ( pack-mules1 ?\gh x 0 two hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet 9 span4 ,& n[ we mu/ pass on to a half-susp5sion bridge :i* is v common among ! ,n',komis1 a tribe t inhabits ! ,f]nan ,vaz di/rict 9 ,equatorial ,c5tral ,africa4 ,x is a bridge built ) ,y-%ap$ /icks4 ,two p>allel r[s ( ^! prong$ bran*es are driv5 into ! b$ ( a /ream1 & into ! banksides2 !n long runn]s are put betwe5 ! =ks to be> a footway ( /icks laid across !m transv]sely4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,b$does1 an ,african trad]1 & travell]1 draws my att5tion to ?is bridge ( =k$ bran*es2 & tells me also t 9 ! ,ag[e di/rict1 b f> inl& f ! banks ( ?is riv]1 he came ^u a primitive susp5sion bridge p>tly made ) v ?ick v9es--v9es z ?ick z a man's leg--:i* 7 jo9$ toge!r into a c\ple ( natural ropes long en\gh to be susp5d$ f trees ov] a creek ab\t two hundr$ feet wide4 ,p]haps a y>d sep>at$ !m1 & !y 7 p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,:5 an*or$ to ! trees at a height ( f\r or five feet above ! bank1 !y =m ! upp] "p or p>apet ( ! bridge4 ,z = ! footway1 its be>]s 7 sapl+s--"y trees f t5 to twelve feet long & ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]2 !y 7 la%$ toge!r into a cont9u\s runn]1 & two su* runn]s 7 laid f ! banksides ov] ! creek1 to c>ry a hurdle pa?way ( canes or /icks4 ,!n ! upp] "p ( ! bridge 0 brac$ to ! sapl+s ) ?9 v9es1 :i* 7 ti$ to _! supports at int]vals ( ab\t a foot1 & :i* s]v$ ! purpose ( susp5sion rods1 = !y c\nt]act$ ! /ra9 on ! sapl+s :5 a native cross$ ! n>r[ footway4 ,x w\ld be easy to write mu* m ab\t primitive sw+ bridges1 b en\gh has be5 said to /imulate ?\ght & discussion4 ,n "o ( !m has a bright] intellig5ce ?an t :i* we f9d 9 _m prehi/oric h&icrafts4 ,,viii ,,natural ,,ar*es--,,_! ,,significance ,,& ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,long be=e ! g]m ( humanity 9 "s an?ropomorph\s apes became sl[ly f]tile 9 a my/]i\s ge/ation1 ,nature _h wea!r$ _m rocks into holl[$ & vault$ %apes4 ,"s 7 yawn+ sea-caves1 ^: ar*$ m\?s gulp$ 9 ! tidal waves1 & ^: cav]n$ bodies gurgl$ or boom$ ) ! noise ( deep5+ wat]4#ee ,o!rs 7 vaults gradually frett$ into be+ by subt]ranean torr5ts1 su* z we f9d to-day at ,sa9t-,pons1 9 ! ,cev5nes1 :]e ! riv] ,jaur is n\ri%$ by an abundant spr+ :i* 9 a second1 ?r\gh ! m\? ( a l[-ar*$ cav]n1 p\rs a ?\s& litres ( fre%1 sweet wat]4 ,o!rs1 aga91 7 g5u9e ar*$ bridges1 su* z we f9d to-day 9 ! ,pont d',arc1 ov] ! riv] ,ard*e 7p4 #f74 ,9 ,engl& we h sev]al su* bridges1 notably ! ,durdle ,door on ! coa/ at ,lulwor?1 ^: ar*$ span mu/ owe at lea/ a "p ( its %ape to ! tr\bl$ action ( sea-waves4 8,la ,ro*e ,p]ce0 at ,bi>ritz--a cr9kl$1 lava-l =mation--is inf]ior to our ,durdle ,door2 & 8,la ,ro*e ,tr\e10 ne> ,sa9t-,gilles ,croix-de-,vie1 ?\gh rem>kable z a squ>e-head$ ap]ture1 has a l[] place /ill 9 ! pont9e "w done by ,nature4#ef ,p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful rock-bridges are ^? at ,icononzo1 9 ,new ,gr5ada1 ov] ! torr5t ( ,summa-,paz4 ,!re are two1 & "o ( !m so>s up & up to a cr[n t spans ! wat] at an altitude ( n9ety-sev5 metres4 ,h[ c\ld m5 ( g5ius fail to be ar*itects :5 ,nature set be=e _! eyes great vaults1 n only v>i$ 9 %ape1 b at times ( a /up5d\s height8 ,9 diff]5t ways %e produc$ surbas$ ar*es1 po9t$ ar*es1 semicircul> ar*es1 all m or less ragg$ 9 _! outl9es1 b ea* a model = progressive mimicry & adaptation4 ,"h is n ! place to dally ) ! causes ( _! =mation1 su* z unev5 wea!r+ & ! sc\r ( runn+ wat] subject to high tides or to t]rific floods4 ,z riv]s 9 ! c\rse ( _m ages deep5 & wid5 _! *annels1 !y rea* n[ & !n a /rata ( fissur$ rock1 & _! eat+ action is v rapid :5 !y are able to und]cut ! s(t] rocks by frett+ _! way along ap]tures or crevices4 ,_m an e>?quake has made su* inlets = riv] wat]1 & e>?quakes may h %att]$ "s rocks into vault$ %apes4 ,:e!r glaci]s h play$ a "p 9 ! holl[+ ( rocks into ar*$ caves & bridges ,i d n "k2 b rock-bas9s are attribut$ to ! erosive p[] ( glaci]s1 s :y n "s rock-bridges also8 ,x is a "q ov] :i* geologi/s ought to qu>rel z !y did ov] rock-bas9s4#eg ,illu/ration3 ,,ponte ,,della ,,paglia ,,at ,,v5ice1 ,,r5aissance ,b ! ma9 po9t is t ! ar*ways made by ,nature n only sugge/$ ! ar*$ bridge ( h&icraft1 b h]ald$ all ! lovely /yles ( build+ :i* h us$ vaults1 domes1 turrets1 t[]s1 spires1 /eeples1 & ar*$ op5+s--gateways1 por*es1 & w9d[s4 ,!re is a rival art1 z we "k1 an art :i* has glorifi$ ! long l9tel-/one c>ri$ by pill>s2 b x has nev] won f ! g5ius ( great m5 ! highe/ te*nical inspiration4 ,to x we owe mu* "w ( a noble dignity1 b 9 ! p[]ful aspiration ( ?is "w !re is b little upw>d flight2 x is n ne> at once to ! po9t ( heav5 & ! po9t ( home4 ,9 fact1 its ma/]pieces weigh d[n heavily on ! e>? in/ead ( ris+ t[>ds ! light4 ,n till we come to g5u9e ar*itecture--to ! art t employs ar*es & vaults & domes--d we f9d unit$ 9 ! same edifice a maje/ic weight & a buoyant f]v\r4 ,?is union ( qualities may be f\nd 9 a supreme ,roman bridge1 su* z ! ,pu5te ,trajan at ,alcnt>a1 b x reigns mo/ beautifully 9 a ,go?ic ca!dral1 ^: bulk1 e>?-b\nd & va/1 has 9 x :at ,goe! def9$ z a petrifi$ music1 l(ty & spiritual4 ,rome built = man & ! ages1 :ile ,go?ic art has a symphonic ard\r express$ 9 a cre$ ( hope t transc5ds all t]r5e ?+s4 ,! "w done by ,nature 9 v>i\s ar*ways1 "s po9t$ & _m r\nd-head$1 is a surprise to _m p]sons4 ,yet ,nature's cu/om is to build 9 curves & circles1 z 9 ! trunks ( trees1 & ! %apes ( fl[]s1 & ! =ms ( birds' ne/s4 ,%e hates angles1 & p>ticul>ly "r angles2 ^! %e makes 9 h] moods ( viol5ce1 :5 %e fla%es into zigzag lightn+1 or spl9t]s trees & rocks ) an e>?quake4 ,we ourselves are accu/om$ f e>ly y\? to squ>$ %apes 9 h&icraft1 yet our actions (t5 speak to u ( mank9d's primitive fondness = circul> huts & r\nd pit-dwell+s4 ,we f9d x difficult to walk =w>d 9 a /raight l9e1 ! /eps we take hav+ a t5d5cy to curve2 & untaught box]s nev] hit /raight f ! %\ld]1 _! arms sw+ 9 segm5ts ( a circle4 ,art /ud5ts1 aga91 beg9 by draw+ 8too r\nd10 s !y h to be %[n h[ 8to squ>e _! t\*40 ,are y tempt$ to believe t ! sp9n+ ( our globe has transmitt$ to all liv+ ?+s ! r\t9e ( its movem5t8 ,9 any case1 let u keep well 9 m9d ! diff]5t symbolism impli$ by curves1 angles1 /raight l9es1 & circles4 ,squ>es & oblongs d5ote repose & weight1 :ile circles & curv$ l9es are id5tifi$ ) ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se t d5otes life1 my/]y1 intellig5ce1 f]tility1 light & heat1 movem5t & spe$1 & space illimitable4 ,human progress itself is a circul> asc5t along ! f9e/ spiral l9es1 = civilization z a :ole nev] comes back to ! same conditions1 b creeps above !m to "s trivial ext5t4 ,! greate/ circul> or r\nd$ %apes are ! sun1 ! full moon1 our own little _w1 ! human skull1 & ! human he>t2 eggs1 fl[]s1 ne/s1 ! %apes ( bones1 & ! :eel1 )\t :i* dilatory progress w\ld h be5 f> & away too p$e/rian4 ,! fir/ :eel 0 a roll+ /one2 aft]w>ds m5 notic$ t a log t\*$ by accid5t on a hill roll$ d[n = "s di/ance2 & at la/ a p]son ( g5ius cut solid sections f a tree-trunk & made ! e>lie/ :eel ( h&icraft4 ,j "o m po9t ought to be notic$ ) sympa!tic c>e3 t ar*es 9 art are m sugge/ive ?an circles2 !y h ! my/]y ( a beautiful "p tak5 f a :ole--a :ole t looks me?odical4 ,we feel ?is my/]y :5ev] we wat* h[ ! moon gr[s f a silv] cresc5t into a radiant circle4 ,a ?+ complete dulls an att5tion t looks on1 :]eas gr[? or ! sugge/ion ( gr[? has ! /imulus ( hope & fai?4 ,to culm9ate is to beg9 a decl9e4 ,ev5 ! circle ( ! sun w\ld be tiresome b = ! grey days t r5ew a truism into a graci\s tru?4 ,?is expla9s :y ar*es 9 art make an appeal to ! imag9ation t circles nev] equal4 ,= example1 :eel-w9d[s 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture nev] h ! magic ( po9t$ w9d[s4 ,our eyes travel ar\nd !m & _c escape 9 a flight upw>ds4 ,nature1 !n1 :5 %e produc$ ar*es1 br\ght into ! _w a v noble inspiration1 & !re=e v remote f ! dull & sl[ mimicry ( mank9d4 ,9 fact1 ! e>lie/ kn[n vaults ( h&icraft h b a trivial age 9 ! va/ antiquity ( human life4 ,let u take a rapid glance at !m1 s z to note _! rudim5t>y con/ruction4 ,!y are built n ) /ones direct$ t[>ds ! intrados1 b ) /ones 9 horizontal c\rses t jut out "o beyond ano!r1 j z ,nature's ar*ways 9 /ratifi$ rocks h a succession ( lay]s4 ,at ,abydos1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t cities ( ,upp] ,egypt1 !re is a vault ( ?is primitive sort 9 ! temple ( ,rameses ! ,second1 :o reign$ = sixty-sev5 ye>s1 f ab\t #abib to ab\t #abbe ,b4,c4#eh ,ano!r is f\nd at ,!bes 9 ! temple ( ,ammon-,r1 b ! mo/ anci5t specim5 ( all is at ,gizeh1 9 ! great pyramid ( ,m5kaura4 ,n[ ,m5kaura belong$ to ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 s t 8 date is m ?an #cjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,8 sepul*ral *amb] is ceil$ ) a po9t$ ar*--n a true ar*1 ( c\rse1 ! /ones be+ m]ely cantilev]s opposite to ea* o!r1 ) _! und]sides cut to ! po9t$ %ape4 ,to und]/& ! /ructural me?od1 close y\r h&s toge!r at _! full l5g?1 !n op5 !m gradually into ! =m ( a po9t$ ar*3 ! unit$ f+]-tips repres5t ! apex ( ! vault1 & ! curv+ f+]s repres5t ! long ar*/ones4 ,"h is a dep>ture f ! horizontal lay]s ( /one1 b ) ^! also po9t$ ar*es h be5 built4 ,= in/ance1 ,italy has a v good example at ,arp9o1 9 ,campania4 8,arp9o occupies ! l[] "p ( ! site ( ! anci5t ,volscian t[n ( ,arp9um1 :i* 0 f9ally tak5 f ! ,samnites by ! ,romans 9 #cje ,b4,c44444 ,! anci5t polygonal walls1 :i* are /ill f9ely pres]v$1 are among ! be/ 9 ,italy4 ,!y are built ( blocks ( pudd+-/one1 orig9ally well jo9t$1 b n[ mu* wea!r$4 ,!y /& free 9 places to a height ( elev5 feet1 & are ab\t sev5 feet wide at ! top4 ,a s+le l9e ( wall1 ) m$ival r\nd t[]s at int]vals1 runs on ! nor? side f ! pres5t t[n to ,civita ,vec*ia1 on ! site ( ! anci5t citadel4 ,"h is ! ,porta dell' ,arco1 a gate ( ! old wall1 ) an ap]ture fifte5 feet high1 =m$ by ! gradual incl9ation ( ! two sides t[>ds ea* o!r40#ei ,?is anci5t gate has a po9t$ ar*2 x belongs to ! s-call$ 8,cyclopean /yle40 ,sir ,william ,smi? gives an illu/ration ( ! ,porta dell' ,arco1 & ref]s to 8! v s+ul> con/ruction10 9 :i* successive c\rses ( /one 8project ov] ea* o!r till !y meet1 s z to =m a k9d ( po9t$ ar*40 ,yet ! con/ruction is 9 no respect v s+ul>1 be+ ! simple/ way 9 :i* rude ar*es c be copi$ f ,nature's models4 ,) toy bricks ( wood a *ild c build a ,porta dell' ,arco4#fj ,on ! o!r h&1 art & sci5ce g toge!r 9 ! build+ ( an ar* ) v\ssoirs & key/ones4 ,a long evolution sep>ates ?is workman%ip f ! gateways at ,arp9o & ,tiryns & ,myc5ae1 ?\gh we _c foll[ x ?r\gh its gradual improvem5ts4 ,x is an evolution ) _m breaks1 _m relat$ =ms hav+ p]i%$2 b exp]ts note a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,porta dell' ,arco at ,arp9o & simil> vaults bo? at ,myc5ae & at ,tiryns1 :]e ! craftsman%ip dates f ! ,h]oic ,age 9 ,greece4 ,! ma9 entrance at ,myc5ae is call$ ! ,lion ,gate1 f ! fam$ triangul> ar* & relief above its huge l9tel-/one4 ,! ar* belongs to ! me?od ( lay+ /ones 9 horizontal c\rses t jut out t[>ds ea* o!r across an op5+2 & ! decorative sculpture repres5ts two lions t /& face to face2 !y are sep>at$ by a pill> & _! front legs re/ on a l[ alt>-l /ructure t supports ! pill>4 ,! same device occurs 9 cut gems & 9 goldsmi?'s "w ( ! ,myc5aean age2 & ! lions recall to memory ^? ) :i* "s ,*9ese bridges h be5 ennobl$ 7pp4 #abg1 #caa74 ,ev5 m rem>kable are ! beehive tombs at ,myc5ae2 !re are eight 9 all1 & "s o!rs are f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,pausanias reg>d$ !m z ! places :]e ,atreus & 8 sons hid _! treasures1 b n[ !y are look$ ^u z ! tombs ( pr9cely families4 ,! mo/ important ( !m1 j outside ! ,lion ,gate1 is call$ ! ,treasury ( ,atreus4 ,x has two rooms1 a squ>e "o cut 9 ! rock1 & a r\nd "o ) a po9t$ dome4 ,?is *amb] is fifty feet 9 height & 9 diamet]2 we g to x along a horizontal passage tw5ty feet wide & a hundr$ & fifte5 feet long1 ) side walls ( squ>$ /one slop+ up to a height ( =ty-five feet4 8,! doorway 0 flank$ ) columns ( alaba/]1 ) ri* spiral ornam5t1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 & ! re/ ( ! faade 0 v ri*ly decorat$1 z may be se5 f ,*ipiez's f9e re/oration4 ,! inside ( ! vault 0 ornam5t$ ) atta*$ bronze ornam5ts1 b n1 z is sometimes /at$1 entirely l9$ ) bronze4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ^! tombs1 z well z ^? excavat$ 9 ! rock1 belong to a lat] date ?an ! %aft tombs on ! ,acropolis40#fa ,9 ! ,treasury ( ,atreus !re are two po9ts t int]e/ ar*itects m ?an any o!rs4 ,! fir/ is ! contra/ betwe5 admirable decoration & hugely primitive /onework2 & ! o!r is ! fact t ! annul>y c\rses =m+ ! dom$ & circul> *amb] h ?is p>ticul> "*1 t ! lat]al jo9ts ( ! /ones h>dly t5d at all t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,moreov]1 aga9 & aga9 ! /ones are sep>at$ by a space1 & ?is int]val is fill$ up ) small rubble :i* seems to h be5 press$ toge!r ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,^! irregul> c\rses1 ^: inside diamet] gr[s less & less z ! circul> wall gr[s high] & high]1 =ms at la/ a sort ( po9t$ dome ov] ! great tomb4 ,m4 ,degr& says v well3 8,a vault ( ^! proportions mu/ c\nt z a memorable "w4 ,its con/ruction "h & !re makes use ( colossal /ones1 & x subsi/s almo/ intact aft] m ?an ?irty c5turies ( exi/5ce4 ,at a p9* its ar*itect & workm5 c\ld h erect$ "s masonry bridges 9 accord ) ! same te*nical me?od40 ,9 wide ar*es ( ?is sort ! resi/ance ( good mort>s w\ld h be5 call$ ^u to play ! lead+ "p2 b 9 ar*es ( n>r[ span ! /ones c\ld h be5 us$ dry1 & su* ar*es may well h displac$ _m a primitive footway ( logs t re/$ on /one pi]s4 ,! ,egyptians built "s real ar*es1 n ) long /ones c>efully %ap$ into segm5ts ( a circle1 su* z we f9d 9 "s ,*9ese bridges 7pp4 #cac-ad71 b ) hewn blocks ^: jo9ts conv]g$ t[>d a common c5tre4 ,9 ,e?iopia1 = example1 9 "o ( ! pyramids ( ,m]oe1 !re is a semicircul> ar* compos$ ( v\ssoirs2 & two pyramids at ,gebel ,b>kel h ar*$ porticoes ) v\ssoirs t t5d to "o po9t4 ,_! %apes diff]1 "o ar* be+ po9t$ & ! o!r r\nd-head$4#fb ,! pyramids ( ,gebel ,b>kel are puny 9 /yle1 & belong to a v late date 9 old ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,z we h se51 a triangul> ar* may be /udi$ above ! ,lion ,gate at ,myc5ae4 ,triangul> ar*es are uncommon1 b ,brangwyn has *os5 a good example ( a mu* lat] date f ,ka%mr4 ,! build]s f\nd x easi] to set up a triangul> scaffold ?an a r\nd$ "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,ka%m,r3 ,a ,,primitive ,,bridge ,,) ,,triangul> ,,ar*es ,z = ! semicircul> ar*1 e>ly examples ( x h be5 discov]$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 among ! ru9s ( ,phrygian cities2 9 ,ac>nania1 ! mo/ we/]ly prov9ce ( anci5t ,greece2 & also 9 t "p ( ,c5tral ,italy :]e ! ,etruscans1 by _! p[]ful civilization1 h]ald$ ,rome4 ,x 0 9 ,etruria t ,rome cradl$ h] infancy1 = %e borr[$ f ! ,etruscans _m ( h] build+ me?ods & _m ( h] civil in/itutions1 bo? religi\s & political4 ,among ! glean+s t %e h>ve/$ we f9d ! r\nd-head$ ar*1 :i* became a symbol ( ,roman conque/ & colonisation4 ,p]haps x 0 employ$ at ,rome = ! fir/ "t 9 ^? great sew]s1 extant /ill1 :i* 7 attribut$ to ! /atesman%ip ( ,lucumo ,t>qu9ius1 ! leg5d>y man ( weal? :o ) 8 wife & ret9ue migrat$ 9 a spl5did mann] f ,etruria & became a ,roman citiz54 ,if ! sew]s 7 built ab\t #fjj ye>s ,b4,c41 !n ! hi/ory ( r\nd-head$ vaults1 z ,rome collect$ f _m nations ! toll ( enlight5$ ob$i5ce1 ext5d$ ov] m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all try to und]/& ! ,roman g5ius1 b "h we mu/ recall to m9d two prelim9>y po9ts3 "o is ! aborig9al ar* ( tree-trunks t ,cs> f\nd 9 ,gauli% bridges 7pp4 #gj1 #gb71 ! o!r is ! fact t ! ,romans left 9 ,brita9 a v]sion ( _! r\nd-head$ ar* t is simpl] & m ru/ic ?an any o!r4 ,x 0 copi$ frequ5tly by m$ival bridge-build]s1 & to-day _m ( ! copies are kn[n locally z ,roman4 ,brangwyn repres5ts "o ( ^! imitations 9 ,h>old's ,bridge at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,p]haps ?is bridge may date f ,h>old's "t1 b x is a feeble ?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! ,roman example ne> ,colne1 ,cli!roe1 ^: simple & effective /ructure is bold] 9 aspect ?an ! ,new ,port at ,l9coln1 a g5u9e ,roman gateway4 ,!re is b "o ar* 9 ! ,roman bridge ne> ,colne1 & its v\ssoirs h no masonry above !m1 ! footway be+ protect$ by l>ge cobbles :i* are easy to displace :5 !y become outworn4 ,p]haps ! wid? ( ?is bridge may h be5 great en\gh = ,roman :eels & ,briti% *>iots1 b ,i d\bt if a co/] ) 8 c>t w\ld make ! cross+4 ,along ! anci5t tracks ( ,lanca%ire !re are _m s+le-ar* bridges ) a ,roman aspect1 b )\t an au!ntic air ( /alw>t dignity4 ,! "o ne> ,colne looks g5u9ely ,roman1 :ile ! o!rs speak to me ( a ,roman tradition enfeebl$ 9 mu* lat] times by a r timid craftsman%ip4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s>gisson has exam9$ ^! bridges c>efully1 & f him ,i h receiv$ "s excell5t photographs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,at ,,wal?am ,,abbey ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,h>old ,a bridge belong+ to ! same s*ool is to be f\nd at ,monzie1 ne> ,crieff1 9 ,p]?%ire2 !re are sev]al 9 ,nor? ,wales1 ! be/ example be+ ,p&y ,old ,bridge at ,bettws-y-,co$2 & a good ,engli% specim51 q z ent]ta9+ z ,h>old's ,bridge at ,wal?am1 %\ld be not$ at ,hayfield4 ,no?+ c be simpl] ?an ?is use ( a s+le r\gh r+ ( v\ssoirs2 & x ju/ifies ! inf]5ce t ,roman ponti/s 7 nigg>dly 9 ,brita91 s9ce !y /]eotyp$ a n>r[ bridge )\t p>apets1 & erect$ no trem5d\s aqu$uct & no bridge ( endur+ fame1 su* z we f9d else:]e 9 ,europe4 ,if ,rome _h =ese5 ! future hi/ory ( ,brita91 & _h giv5 way to jeal\sy1 %e c\ld n h be5 m p>simoni\s 9 h] ,briti% bridge-build+4 ,,footnotes3 #cd ,! orang 9 ! ,ea/]n isl&s1 = example1 & ! *impanzee 9 ,africa1 build plat=ms on :i* !y sleep4 #ce ,:ite ( ,selborne notes ?is fact4 ,& ,d>w9 notes two o!rs ( equal int]e/4 ,he says3 8,! orang is kn[n to cov] itself at night ) ! leaves ( ! ,p&anus2 & ,brehm /ates t "o ( 8 baboons us$ to protect itself f ! heat ( ! sun by ?r[+ a /raw mat ov] its head4 ,9 ^! sev]al habits we probably see ! fir/ /eps t[>ds "s ( ! simpl] arts1 su* z rude ar*itecture & dress1 z !y arose among ! e>ly prog5itors ( man40 ,d>w9 ref]s to ar*itecture z well z dress because ( an e>li] s5t5ce on ! plat=ms built by an?ropomorph\s apes4 #cf ,b = ?is habit we %\ld be less horrifi$ by ! acts ( ,g]man 8culture0 9 a "t ( w>4 ,i add ?is note to my pro(s1 ,septemb] #bf1 #aiad4 #cg ,bett] 9 _m respects1 b n 9 all2 = z ,d>w9 po9ts out1 x 0 ! self-condon+ m9d ( man1 n ! in/9ct ( any brute bea/1 t came to use infanticide z a cu/om4 8,! in/9cts ( ! l[] animals are nev] s p]v]t$ z to lead !m regul>ly to de/roy _! own (fspr+40 ,only argum5ts c *oose & approve unnatural habits4 #ch 8,daily ,telegraph10 ,septemb] #h1 #aiac1 p4 #e4 #ci 8,a ,book ( ,nor? ,wales10 by ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 pp4 #b-c4 #dj ,^! calculations c be /udi$ at ! ,briti% ,museum side by side ) an excell5t model ( ,/oneh5ge4 ,on ! supposition t ,/oneh5ge 0 a sun-temple1 its date has be5 a/ronomically det]m9$ z ab\t #afhj ,b4,c41 ) a possible error ( two c5turies ei!r way4 #da ,emil& ,gau!y1 8,trait de la ,con/ruction des ,ponts10 ,a4,d4 #ahji-ahaf4 #db 8,! ,travels ( ,m>co ,polo40 ,ev]yman's ,libr>y1 p4 #cae4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,m>co ,polo's 8paces0 are geometric4 #dc ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9's 8,essay on ,bridges40 #dd ,= criss-cross pi]s1 see ,index4 #de ,=k$ b\ghs 7 us$ 9 ! build+ ( ro($ walls1 & b5t trees 9 ! build+ ( gabl$ cab9s4 #df ,sir ,ray ,lanke/]1 8,daily ,telegraph10 ,augu/ #bg1 #aiac1 p4 #f4 #dg ,rob]t ,munro's 8,ar*ology & ,false ,antiquities10 p4 #ab4 #dh ,tacitus rem>ks ( ^! wild tribesm53 8,!y are accu/om$ to make artificial caves 9 ! gr\nd1 & !y cov] !m ) great heaps ( dung1 s z to =m a %elt] dur+ ! w9t]1 & a /oreh\se = ! produce ( ! fields4 ,= 9 su* dwell+s !y mod]ate excessive cold1 & if at any "t an enemy %\ld come1 he ravages ! p>ts t he c see1 b ei!r discov]s n su* places z are invisible1 & subt]rane\s1 or else ! delay :i* se>* w\ld cause is a protection to ! inmates40 #di ,boyd ,dawk9s1 8,! ,briti% ,lake ,village10 #ahie2 ,sidney ,o4 ,addy1 8,! ,evolution ( ! ,engli% ,h\se02 8,! ,times10 ,septemb] #ai1 #ahie2 8,man*e/] ,gu>dian10 ,septemb] #bb1 #ahif2 & ,a4 ,bulleid1 8,som]set%ire ,ar*4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,society's ,proce$+s10 #ahid1 repr9t$ 9 #ahie4 #ej ,! mak+ ( a ,roman road 0 a =midable ent]prise4 ,h4 ,m4 ,sc>?1 9 8 8,roman ,brita910 relates h[ a portion ( ! ,fosse ,road at ,rad/ock1 ab\t t5 miles s\?-we/ ( ,ba?1 0 op5$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahha1 & t its "w %[$ ! foll[+ details 9 con/ructive me?od4 #a4 ,pavim5tum1 or f\ndation1 f9e e>?1 h>d beat5 94 #b4 ,/atum51 or b$ ( ! road1 compos$ ( l>ge /ones1 sometimes mix$ ) mort>4 #c4 ,rud]atio1 or small /ones well mix$ ) mort>4 #d4 ,nucleus1 =m$ by mix+ lime1 *alk1 & p\nd$ brick or tile2 or gravel1 s&1 & lime mix$ ) clay4 #e4 ,^u ?is complet$ f\ndation ! summum dorsum1 or surface ( ! pav$ road1 0 laid ) inf9ite c>e4 ,s ! m5 ( a day built roads = ! c5turies1 & 7 pr\d to be s]vants to ! unborn4 #ea ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k94 ,if any read] wants to cont9ue ! /udy ( timb] bridges1 let him turn to ,colonel ,emy & to ! huge volumes compil$ & edit$ by ,hosk+4 ,b x is cle> en\gh t timb] bridges belong to ! pa/2 9 ^! days !y are ludicr\sly out ( jo9t ) ! ne$s ( social life1 ow+ to ! rapid advance :i* 8progress0 has made 9 artill]y1 9 high explosives1 9 air%ips1 & 9 a]oplanes4 #eb ,^! date f ab\t ! ye> #ahaf1 :5 ,gala%iels ,bridge 0 con/ruct$4 ,x 0 only #aab ft4 9 l5g?4 ,b 9 #ahai ,tel=d design$ ! ,m5ai ,bridge1 9 :i* ! span ( ! cat5>y is #egj ft4 & ! dip #dc ft4 ,! success ( ?is "w gave rise to mu* imitation1 & 9 sev]al places v great projects 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ) success4 ,at ,pe/h1 = in/ance1 ! span 0 #fff ft41 & at ,frib\rg #hgj ft4 ,b eng9e]s1 hav+ no imag9ation & b little prud5ce1 w5t too f>1 s !y _h to retreat f _! cocksur5ess4 ,soon x became evid5t t a long susp5d$ bridge ( metal suff]$ mu* f ! lat]al oscillation caus$ by w9d1 & t its flexibility made x unfit = railway traffic4 8,! plat=m rose up z a wave 9 front ( any rapidly advanc+ load1 & ! masses 9 motion produc$ /resses mu* great] ?an ^? :i* c\ld result f ! same weights :5 at re/4 ,moreov]1 ! k9etic effect ( ! oscillations produc$ by bodies ( m5 m>*+1 or ev5 by impulses due to w9d1 may give rise to /ra9s :i* _c be =ese51 & :i* h actually caus$ ! failure ( "s susp5sion bridges4 ,on ! #af? ( ,april1 #ahej1 a susp5sion bridge at ,ang]s gave way :5 #dhg soldi]s 7 pass+1 & ( ^! #bbf 7 kill$ by ! accid5t40--,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k94 #ec ,f in=mation k9dly suppli$ by ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,m4 ,jackson4 #ed 8,a ,voyage to ,s\? ,am]ica10 ,antonio de ,ulloa1 translat$ f ! ,spani% by ,john ,adams1 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #afd4 #ee ,su* caves are frequ5t on ! coa/ ( ,pembroke1 9 ! ,little ,engl& beyond ,wales4 ,lyd/ep ,ar* is a f>-fam$ example1 & ! ,devil's ,pun* ,b[l1 op5$ )9 ! area ( a prehi/oric camp by ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro(1 has an ar*way to ! sea4 8,bo*]/on ,m]e is a v small ap]ture1 :i*1 l a wid5+ funnel1 spreads out bel[ into a l>ge cav]n4 ,dur+ ! preval5ce ( gales f ! s\?-we/1 ! sea1 driv5 by w9d & tide 9 at ! ar*$ entrance1 is eject$ ?r\gh ! upp] hole 9 jets ( foam & spray "s =ty or fifty feet high1 l geys] sp\ts4 ,! lime/one naturally pi]c$ ) cav]ns l5ds itself to be ?us riddl$ & r5t40--,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 8,book ( ,s\? ,wales10 p4 #aif4 #ef ,!re is no ne$ to multiply examples1 = e read] mu/ h se5 h[ rocks h be5 vault$1 & l&s tunnell$1 by und]gr\nd riv]s4 ,at "o "p ( h] c\rse1 = example1 ! ,guadiana fl[s und]gr\nd = tw5ty miles1 =m+ a va/ bridge above :i* #ajj1jjj %eep c pa/ure4 #eg ,:5 ! glacial !ory ( _! =mation 0 "y & argum5tative x enc\nt]$ at fir/ a sne]+ opposition f ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ! fam\s geologi/1 :o 9 #ahfd wrote z foll[s to ,sir ,william ,d5ison3 8,9 my anniv]s>y address to ! ,geological ,society y w\ld see ! pa9s ,i h tak5 to mod]ate ! icem51 :o w\ld excavate all ! rock-bas9s by glaci]s eat+ _! way into solid rocks40 ,b he fail$ to 8mod]ate ! icem502 & ,sir ,rod]ick himself1 a few ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 gave :at is call$ 8a t>dy acquiesc5ce0 to _! evid5ce4 ,he became a frigid iceman4 ,z ,dr4 ,rob]t ,munro has said1 evid5ce :i* may be cle> & conv9c+ to "o tra9$ m9d may n h ! same effect on ano!r--a fact :i* %\ld at lea/ w>n u to be tol]ant 9 matt]s ( op9ion4 #eh ,dates 9 ,egyptian hi/ory are obscure1 b ^! give ! p]iod approximately4 #ei 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 #aa? edition1 article 8,arp9o40 #fj ,m4 ,degr&1 9 8 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie10 draws att5tion to ! fact t ar*es ( ?is elem5t>y sort h be5 discov]$ 9 ,mexico :]e !y repres5t a dead civilization to :i* no date c be assign$4 ,degr& draws 8 in=mation f two books2 8,hi/oire du ,royaume de ,quito10 p> ,don ,juan de ,velasco1 ,p>is1 #ahdj1 & 8,monum5ts anci5s du ,mexique10 p> de ,waldeck et ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,at ,palanqu1 9 a build+ suppos$ to be a temple ( ! sun1 a l>ge bay t op5s into ! sanctu>y has an elliptic ar* =m$ ) c\rses ( dress$ /one t project "o beyond ! o!r3 8un arc surbaiss =m d'assises de pi]res de taille poses avec une =te saillie les unes p> rapport aux autres40 #fa 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 article 8,myc5ae02 see also ,sir ,william ,smi?1 8,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography02 & note :at ,m4 ,degr& says 9 8 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie40 #fb ,see ,e4 ,degr&1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #abd2 & see also ! 8,trait d',ar*itecture10 by ,lonce ,reynaud4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smyrna3 ,,roman ,,bridge ,,& ,,aqu$uct--,,! ,,po9t$ ,,ar*es ,,are ,,ea/]n ,,re/orations ,,*apt] ,,! ,,?ird ,a ,,few ,,words ,,on ,,! ,,roman ,,g5ius ,i ,:at are we to ?9k ( ! ,roman bridges & aqu$ucts8 ,are we to be m5 9 our attitude t[>d !m8 or %all we try to see !m ) ! unfri5dly eyes ( ,grecian sup]m58 ,x seems to me t _m ,grecian sup]m5 are t]rible p]sons 9 _! criticism ( ar*itecture4 ,(t5 !y are s cocksure 9 _! contempt = ,roman art t !y write d[n _! v]dicts )\t any ?\ght1 & also 9 unc\? ,engli%1 z if a slatt]nly habit ( m9d 7 a fit companion = _! proclaim$ belief 9 ! supremacy ( ,greek ma/]pieces4 ,ye>s ago1 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 "o ( ^! sup]lative judges told ! _w t ,roman bridges & aqu$ucts 87 really ( a m eng9e]+ ?an ar*itectural "*1 be+ 9 ! ma9 utilit>ian40 ,:at does ?is unga9ly language mean8 ,0 a ,roman temple less utilit>ian ?an a ,roman aqu$uct8 less ne$ful z a "p ( ! national life8 ,:y %\ld a lov] ( ,greek art write absurdly on ! ,roman g5ius8 ,i am told1 = in/ance1 by ano!r ,grecian1 t ! ,pont du ,g>d1 a ,roman ma/]piece1 ?ree or f\r leagues f ,nmes1 9 ,france1 has 8r\gh masonry40 ,:at next8 ,a v /rong man1 a ,s&[1 9 comp>ison ) a ,tom ,?umb1 is a man ( r\gh muscle & s9ew1 & if ,tom ,?umb is to be our /&>d ( symmetry & grace1 !n ,s&[ is a ma/]ful error 9 proportion & vitality4 ,to describe ! ,pont du ,g>d z 8r\gh0 is to be a pigmy 9 a v fooli% attitude to ,roman p[]2 & x proves also t ! critic has a defective appreciation ( 8 own vaunt$ hobby1 ! might & magnific5ce ( ,greek ar*itecture4 ,does anyone "k :y ,briti% writ]s are reluctant to admire 9 art ^? virile gifts ( ! _s t w9 victories & promise a great future8 ,:y is x t our criticisms are honey$ ) sweet phrases8 ,we prattle ab\t 8t5d] s5tim5t10 & 8exquisite ref9em5t10 & 8graci\s & g5tle tact10 z if ^! female qualities only & alone c\ld make fame p]man5t 9 ! ar5a ( ! c5turies4 ,is a passion = 8ref9em5t0 to turn u into valetud9>ians8 ,surely ! ,roman g5ius1 9 a supreme monum5t su* z ! ,pont du ,g>d1 is ! v tonic = :i* we ought to h an inborn c>e & lik+8 ,yet "s pr(essors ( ta/e1 be+ devotees ( ! epic5e1 condemn x z a 8r\gh0 g5ius1 j z bad climb]s revile ! ,alps4 ,:5 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau visit$ ! ,pont du ,g>d he 0 aw$ into sil5ce by ! imm5sity ( ! ?ree arcades4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 8 life he und]/ood ! gr&eur ( ! ,roman _s 9 adv5tur\s a*ievem5t4 8,le ,pont du ,g>d10 he wrote 9 8 8,confessions10 8tait le premi] ouvrage des ,roma9s que j'eusse vu4 ,je m'att5dais un monum5t digne des ma9s qui l'avai5t con/ruit2 p\r le c\p1 l'objet passa mon att5te1 et ce fut la seule fois en ma vie4 ,il n'app>t5ait qu'aux ,roma9s de produire cet effet4 ,l'aspect de ce simple et noble ouvrage me frappa d'autant plus1 qu'il e/ au milieu d'un ds]t o le sil5ce et la solitude r5d5t l'objet plus frappant et l'admiration plus vive2 c> ce prt5du pont n'tait qu'un aqu$uc4 ,on se dem&e quelle =ce a transport ces pi]res normes si lo9 de t\te c>rire1 et a runi les bras de tant de milli]s d'hommes dans un lieu o il n'en habite aucun8 ,je p>c\rus les trois tages de ce sup]be difice1#fc que le respect m'emp*ait presque d'os] f\l] s\s mes pi$s4 ,le ret5tissem5t de mes pas s\s ces imm5ses votes me faisait croire ent5dre la =te voix de ceux qui les avai5t bties4 ,je me p]dais comme un insecte dans cette imm5sit3 je s5tais1 t\t en me faisant petit1 je ne sais quoi qui m'levait l'me1 et je me disais en s\pirant3 #8,que ne suis-je n ,roma96' ,je re/ai l plusieurs heures dans une contemplation ravissante2 je m'en rev9s di/rait et rveur1 et cette rv]ie ne fut pas favorable ,mme4 ,w---4444 ,elle avait bi5 song me prmunir contre les filles de ,montpelli]1 mais non pas contre le ,pont du ,g>d6 ,on ne s'avise jamais de t\t40 ,i give ?is quotation 9 ! orig9al ,fr5* because ! flav\r ( ,r\sseau _c be translat$4 ,z well try to keep ! flav\r ( *ampagne by mix+ ?is w9e ) wat]4 ,besides1 ,i wi% to contra/ ! elusive vanity ( ,r\sseau ) ! al]t & appeal+ manl9ess ( ,*>les ,k+sley1 ano!r ard5t devotee ( ! ,pont du ,g>d4 ,9 #ahfd he wrote z foll[s to 8 wife3--#fd 8,my fir/ impression ( ! ,pont du ,g>d 0 "o ( simple fe>4 #8,x 0 s high t x 0 dreadful1' z ,ezekiel says4 ,!n ,i said1 aga9 & aga91 #8,a great p & a /rong4 ,!re ha? be5 none l be=e !m1 nor %all be aga9 = _m g5]ations4' ,z1 aft] fifte5 miles ( ! sea ( mulb]ry1 olive1 & v9e1 dre>y f its v artificial p]fection1 we turn$ ! corn] ( ! lime/one gl51 & ov] ! deep blue rock-pool1 saw t ?+ hang+ betwe5 e>? & heav51 ! blue sky & gre5 woods %[+ ?r\gh its bright yell[ ar*es1 & all to c>ry a cubic y>d ( wat] to ,nismes1 tw5ty miles (f1 = public ba?s & %am sea-fights 7nauma*i7 9 ! amphi!atre1 :i* ev5 ,*>lemagne1 :5 he burnt ! ,moors out ( x1 c\ld n de/roy6--,!n ,i felt ! brute greatness ( t ,roman p2 & an awe fell ^u me z x may h fall5 on poor ,croc1 ! ,rook1 k+ ( ! ,alemans--b t is a long /ory--:5 he came d[n & tri$ to de/roy ?is city ( ! sev5 hills1 & end$ 9 be+ %[n ab\t 9 an iron cage z ,! ,rook4 ,b ,i d\bt n :5 he & 8 wild ,alemans came d[n to ! ,pont du ,g>d !y said x 0 ! "w ( dw>fs--( ! devil8 ,we walk$ up to ! top1 ?r\gh groves ( ,ilex1 ,smilax1 & ,coronella 7! fir/ "t ,i h se5 x gr[+71 & !n we walk$ across on ! top4 ,! masonry is wond]ful1 & in/ead ( employ+ ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ! hills1 !y h br\ght ! mo/ spl5did ,ba? oolite#fe f ! hills opposite4 ,!re are ! m>ks cut by ! old fell[s--horse-ho(s1 hat*ets1 initials1 etc41 z fre% z pa9t4 ,! ,emp]or 7#ahfd7 has _h x all repair$ f ! same qu>ries1 /one = /one4 ,n[1 aft] #afjj ye>s1 !y are go+ to br+ ! same wat] into ,nismes by x4 ,:5 we cross$1 ,i 0 9 a new _w4 ,g5i/a anglica1 ! prickly ne$le furze ( our commons 7r>e ) u71 is 9 great gold5 bu%es2 & box1 %rubby ?yme1 a wond]ful blue lily1 bee-or*is & a/]s1 :ite1 yell[1 purple 7:i* won't dry1 = ! leaves fall (f74 ,!n wild rosem>y1 & tw5ty m plants ,i nev] saw4 ,we w5t bel[ into a natural p>k ( ilex & popl> 7two or ?ree sorts71 & wat*$ su* butt]flies & ! bridge1 till ,c---- said1 #8,?is is too p]fect to la/1' :i* fright5$ me & made me pray4 ,& !re 0 reason--= su* a day ,i nev] _h 9 my life ( beauty & wond] 444 & yet !re is "o ?+ m glori\s & preci\s ?an ! :ole mat]ial univ]se--& t is a woman's love44440 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pont ,,du ,,g>d ,,f ,,above ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ti]2 ,,%[+ ,,bel[ ,,! ,,mod]n ,,bridge ,,= ,,g5]al ,,traffic ,,ov] ,,! ,,g>don ,a classic tradition says t ! huge /ones 9 ! ,pont du ,g>d 7 jo9$ toge!r by iron clamps4 ,is ?is true8 ,ea* iron clamp1 if any 7 us$ by ! masons1 connect$ a v\ssoir to an int]ior ar*/one4#ff ,f "t to "t ! ,romans employ$ iron rods b5t at ! ends & fa/5$ into /ones ) molt5 lead2 su* rods h be5 discov]$ among ! ru9s ( a ,roman bridge ov] ! ,nor? ,tyne1 at ,*oll]=d1 ne> ,hexham4 ,?is 0 a bridge ) a wood5 sup]/ructure1 probably1 z no v\ssoir has be5 f\nd among ! litt] ( pi]-/ones4 ,! ,pont du ,g>d is v tall2 x so>s1 & to a height t exce$s =ty-sev5 metres4 ,! fir/ ti] has six ar*es1 ! second has elev51 ! ?ird has ?irty-five4 ,9 ! middle ti] ! l5g? is #beg m4 #ij cm4 ,note1 too1 t ! ar*itectural c5tre ( ! design is det]m9$ by ! rocky *annel ( ! ,g>don2 we f9d x n 9 ! c5tre ( ! bridge b on ! nor? 9 ! ar* "u :i* ! riv] fl[s4 ,x is ! bigge/ ar* ( all1 ) a span ( #be m4 #cj cm41 :ile ! neighb\r on ea* side is n>r[] by ne>ly six metres4 ,! o!r bays ( ! fir/ arcade dw9dle 9 span to #ae m4 #ge cm4#fg ,z to ! c5tre ( ! second ti]1 x corresponds ) t ( ! fir/1 = ! l>ge/ vault is above ! riv]2 x c>ries f\r little ar*es ( ! ?ird arcade1 :ile its companions support only ?ree4 ,"s critics see no?+ m ?an ! unequal size ( ^! arcades1 :5 ! real po9t is to f9d ! ar*itectural c5tre1 :5ce ! composition radiates1 maje/ic & imp]i\s4 ,! topmo/ ar*es & _! cr[n+ dignify ! :ole /ructure ) a complet5ess ak9 to t :i* is giv5 to a long range ( columns by a f9e entablature & cornice4 ,& we mu/ note ! symbol ( prosp]ity--a phallus--c>v$ twice 9 l[-relief on ! ,pont du ,g>d4 ,on ! we/]n side x graces a spr++ v\ssoir 9 ! ?ird ar* ( ! second ti]2 & !re is ano!r on ! key/one ( ! greate/ ar*1 :]e ! riv] passes4 ,"h ! emblem is a d\ble phallus1 & :5 x is t\*$ by sunlight x looks z "y z hope1 n z unc]ta9 z prosp]ity4 ,we _c put a date on ?is ,roman ma/]piece1 because 9 ?is matt] !re are diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,m4 ,mn>d1 hi/orian ( ,nmes1 attributes ! "w to ,agrippa1 son-9-law ( ,augu/us1 :o is said to h ord]$ its con/ruction ab\t n9ete5 ye>s be=e ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! ar*itecture belongs to ! ,tuscan ord]4 ,its vaults are semicircul>1 & spr+ f l$ges1 or impo/s1 ab\t #ej c5timetres high1 & z mu* 9 projection4 ,!re are f\r p>allel r+s ( /one 9 ! vaults ( ! fir/ ti]1 & ?ree 9 ! second1 :ile ! ?ird ti] has ei!r "o or two4 ,?is ,roman me?od ( build+ ! "u surface ( an ar*1 by lay+ /ones 9 p>allel b&s or r+s1 side by side1 b n bond$ toge!r1 0 copi$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7p4 #hb74 ,"o po9t m3 ! wat] *annel ( ! aqu$uct1 plac$ on top ( ! ?ird arcade1 is #a m4 #cj cm4 wide & #a m4 #fj cm4 high2 x is ne>ly block$ up ) a ?ick deposit ( lime1 b :5 ?is sub/ance is deta*$ we f9d on ! side walls a deep lay] ( cem5t col\r$ r$4 ,! b$ ( ?is *annel is a solid floor1 #bb cm4 9 ?ickness1 & its compon5t p>ts are small pebbles mix$ ) lime & gritty s&4 ,l o!r antique monum5ts1 ! ,pont du ,g>d has be5 ravag$ by ! brutality ( mank9d4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 = in/ance1 dur+ ye>s ( religi\s w>f>e1 s call$1 ! ,pont du ,g>d 0 (t5 cr[d$ ) fugitives & ) troops1 :o made a footway = !mselves along ! up/ream side above ! fir/ arcade by means ( a /rong plat=m corbell$ out f new impo/s4 ,ov] ?is road cavalry & artill]y pass$ at full spe$1 n only %ak+ ! bridge1 b caus+ ! topmo/ ti] to develop a curve :i* is /ill noticeable4 ,at la/ ! prov9ce ( ,langu$oc int]f]$1 & 9 #afgj c>eful re/oration 0 begun4 ,ye>s lat]1 9 #agdc1 ! tats gnraux decid$ t a good highway %\ld be built up aga9/ ! ea/]n side ( ! ,pont du ,g>d2 & ?is new bridge1 f9i%$ 9 #agdg1 0 p]haps ju/ifi$ by its utility1 ?\gh x h>m$ a classic monum5t4 ,!re h be5 a good _m mod]n re/orations1 & "o day ! aqu$uct itself may be br\ght into use aga91 9 accordance ) ! wi%es express$ by a great _m p]sons4#fh ,,ii ,france happ5s to be ri* 9 f9e relics ( ,roman bridge-build+4 ,among h] antique monum5ts !re are rema9s ( ?ree aqu$ucts1 at ,frjus & ,lyon & ,luynes2 & e ponti/ has se5 photographs ( ! aqu$uct at ,lambse1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,con/ant9e1 ,alg]ia4 ,at ,vaison1 9 ,vaucluse1 ov] ! riv] ,ouvze1 we f9d an important ,roman bridge1 built on two rocks1 ) a s+le ar* n less ?an ?irty metres 9 span2 & along "o embankm5t is a range ( tall & n>r[ ar*es t />t out f ! abutm5t ( ! bridge4 ,! ,pont de ,vaison is n 9 all respects repres5tative ( ! be/ ,roman "w1 = its v\ssoirs1 in/ead ( be+ rimm$ & extra-doss$1 are fitt$ into ! sp&rils 7p4 #bhb74 ,i d n "k ! date ( ?is bridge1 b ,vaison desc5ds f a fam\s ,roman t[n1 ,vasio by "n1 m5tion$ by ,mela 7ii4 #e7 z "o ( ! ri*e/ t[ns ( ! ,n>bon5sis4 ,x is common k--or x %\ld be--t ! ,romans adorn$ "s ( _! bridges ) a triumphal ar*2 & x happ5s1 by r>e good =tune1 t ,france owns a small example ( ?is ,roman pride4 ,x is ! ,pont ,flavi5 at ,sa9t-,*amas1 :i* 9 a s+le ar*1 =ty-two feet wide1 spans ! rocky b$ ( ! ,t\l\bre4 ,at ea* entrance !re is a triumphal ar* sev5 metres high1 flank$ at ea* side by two ,cor9?ian pila/]s1 ^u ! summit ( :i* ! entablature re/s4 ,!re is a /one lion at ea* extremity ( ! entablature2 x /&s rampant & looks out into ! op5 c\ntry1 z if to symbolise = ev] ! wakeful p[] ( ,roman ?or\ghness4 ,only "o ( ! f\r lions belongs to ,roman workman%ip2 ! o!rs are mu* y\ng]1 & _! proportions are bigg]4 ,?is bridge1 aga91 :i* ,i believe to be unique1 be>s an inscription1 f :i* we le>n t x 0 f\nd$ by a c]ta9 ,l4 ,donnius ,flavus1 a flam5 ( ,rome & ( ,augu/us4 ,b ! "n ,augu/us 0 a title ( v5]ation giv5 by cu/om to all ! ,cs>s1 s t ,donnius ,flavus & 8 bridge h unc]ta9 dates4 ,& n[ we w take a devi\s walk along "s ,roman roads ?r\gh ,g>d-,hrault1 to see :at we %all f9d 9 ! way ( antique bridges4 ,f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/ ! region is cross$ by ! ,via ,domitiana1 :i* runs f ,lyons to ! ,pyr5ees1 go+ ov] ! ,rhne at ,arles1 & pass+ by ,nmes1 ,pont ,ambroise1 ,sub/antion1 ,sa9t-,?ibry1 ,bzi]s1 & ,n>bonne4 ,at ,pont ,ambroise ! riv] ,vid\rle is p>tly spann$ by ! ru9s ( a v picturesque ,roman bridge1 b its po9ts ( int]e/ belong to an e>li] *apt] 7p4 #hb74 ,ne> ,ca/elnau1 or ,sub/antion1 ! ,via ,domitiana cross$ ! riv] ,lez by a bridge n[ :olly de/roy$2 its abutm5ts c be se5 :5 ! wat] is l[1 b !y add no?+ to our k ( ,roman masonry4 ,9 m$ival times ?is bridge 0 call$ ! ,pont ,lair\1 ,l]o be+ ! ,lat9 "n ( ! riv] ,lez4 ,n f> f ,sa9t-,?ibry ! ,via pass$ ov] ! ,hrault at t po9t :]e1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7ab\t ! ye> #afgh71 ! riv] 0 split into halves by a great flood1 :i* =m$ ! le des ,bndict9s2 ! ,roman bridge is on ! we/]n bran* ( ?is divid$ riv]4 ,f\r ar*es exi/1 b orig9ally !re 7 n9e1 ) spans rang+ f t5 to twelve metres4 ,! pi]s h cutwat]s bo? up/ream & d[n/ream1 ) circul> bays ne>ly two metres high = ! relief ( spate wat]4 ,! fac+ /ones are long1 & ! fill+ is local volcanic rubble4 ,?is bridge 0 wreck$ by a flood be=e ! ye> #aecf4 ,! ,via ,domitiana 0 c>ri$ ov] ! ,orb1 & !n1 foll[+ ! anci5t road ( ,colombi]s1 x cross$ ! ,cape/ang by a ,roman viaduct call$ ! ,pons ,selmis or ,ponts]me1 :i* 9 #adcj 0 repair$ ) #ejj qu>t]s ( /one #b pans long by #a pans ?ick & wide4 ,x 0 a trem5d\s viaduct1 its l5g? be+ #aejj metres2 ! wid? did n exce$ ?ree metres4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury x fell 9 = want ( repair4 ,at ! pres5t "t only an isolat$ ar* rema9s1 ) fragm5ts ( two o!rs4 ,9 a docum5t ( ,a4,d4 #ghb ?is bridge is call$ ,pons ,septimus4 ,ano!r ,roman road left ,nmes 9 ! direction ( ,l>zac1 & ne> ,lodve app>5tly x jo9$ ! anci5t road f ,sa9t-,?ibry to ,millau2 at ,sommires x cross$ ! ,vid\rle by a magnific5t ,roman bridge :i* _h no few] ?an sev5te5 ar*es4 ,to-day only eight ar*es are visible1 ! o!rs hav+ be5 buri$ "u a great accumulation ( soil on bo? banks4#fi ,yet ! ,pont de ,sommires1 ?\gh depriv$ ( n9e ar*es1 has a high place among ! ,roman monum5ts4 ,i h n[ to m5tion a ,roman byway t bran*$ out f ! ma9 road on ! "r bank ( ! ,vid\rle1 at a little di/ance f ,sommires2 x ran t[>d ,sub/antion1 pass+ by ,ca/ries & jo9+ ! ,via ,domitiana ne> ,v5d>gues4 ,at ,boiss]on x cross$ ! riv] ,bnovie1 a small tribut>y ( ! ,vid\rle1 by a bridge :i* to-day is extant1 ?\gh disfigur$ by mod]n "w4 ,x has a %elv+ p>apet & road1 b we _c describe x z a gabl$ bridge 7p4 #bg74 ,!re are five ar*es ( unequal size1 ! pi]s on ! up/ream side h cutwat]s1 & rectangul> bays above ! cutwat]s ease ! pressure ( floods4 ,frank ,brangwyn has drawn = u ! wreck ( a ,roman bridge ov] ! ,loire1 at ,brives-,*>5sac1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,puy2 & ! big ar*1 :i* spr+s f wat]-level1 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because x has a d\ble r+ ( v\ssoirs4 ,! small] ar* belongs to ! ,middle ,ages1 = x has a po9t$ %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,loire ,,at ,,brives-,,*>5sac1 ,,france ,we pass on to ,spa91 :i* has be5 call$ ! l& ( bridges & aqu$ucts4 ,a ponti/ may live !re = _m ye>s & be happy all ! "t4 ,ev5 a hurri$ au?or1 :o visits ! antiquity ( ,spa9 z a m]e j\rnali/1 & :o mimics va9ly ! travel books ( ,alex&re ,dumas1 f9ds t ! _m bridges put "s ?or\ghness into 8 own "w1 act+ z a drag on ! f>-s\ght & de>-b\ght livel9ess ) :i* ! million may be *>m$4 ,!re is ! case ( ,s4 ,r4 ,crockett1 :o 0 commission$ to be lively & d>+ among ! ,spani>ds1 s he publi%$ 9 #aijc 8,! ,adv5tur] 9 ,spa910 a poor copy bo? ( ,borr[ & ( ,dumas4 8,i w\ld l to write a book--copi\sly illu/rat$--^u ,spani% bridges alone10 he told 8 read]s 9 a mom5t ( zeal1 add+ briskly1 8t is1 if ,i ?\ght anybody c\ld be f\nd to buy x40 ,9 "o passage ?\ght & en?usiasm v ne>ly broke loose f ! discipl9e ( 8a popul> /yle03-- 8,_m bridges1 too1 !re 7--wond]ful 9 a c\ntry :]e1 z 9 ,spa91 !re are nei!r roads to travel ^u nor wat]s to cross--nor ev51 x may be add$1 travell]s to cross !m4 ,yet 9 our fir/ h\r we _h pass$1 we five appr5tice ,c>li/s1 at lea/ z _m admirable bridges--clean-%ap$1 practical1 suit$ to ! place & to ! l&scape z a becom+ dress fits a pretty woman4 ,?is is a r>e ?+ 9 bridges1 & "o :i* is almo/ nev] to be f\nd 9 new c\ntries1 :]e a bridge is inv>iably an outrage ^u ! surr\nd+ sc5]y4 ,que] bridges we f\nd--triangul> bridges1 unnecess>y bridges1 ( wood & /one & /raw & /ubble--b nev] ugly bridges40 ,mr4 ,crockett did n und]/& ! riv]s ( ,spa91 _m ( :i* aft] a /orm leap f _! dry b$s into rag+ torr5ts1 & give r\gh-&-tumble lessons to bridge-build]s4 ,f ,roman times to our own1 ^! freaki% wat]ways h inspir$ noble "w1 t _c well be rat$ at too high a level4 ,at ,mrida alone a ponti/ c dream ov] ! pa/ = sev]al mon?s1 n only /udy+ ! rema9s ( ?ree ,roman aqu$ucts1 ^u :i* /orks hold _! p>liam5ts1 b mak+ fri5ds ) two ,roman bridges1 "o ( :i* puts ! ,roman g5ius 9 scale ) ! ,guadiana4 ,x is a huge /ructure1 n less ?an #ghj metres 9 l5g?1 ) sixty-f\r ar*es ( granite4 ,books ( ref]5ce m5tion eighty-"o ar*es1 b ?is numb] includes ! relief bays = floods tunnell$ ?r\gh ! pi]s above ! cutwat]s4 ,"s writ]s believe t ! great] bridge at ,mrida 0 built "u ,trajan1 :ile o!rs give x to ,augu/us1 :o f\nd$ ,mrida z a home ( re/ = ! vet]an soldi]s ( 8 la/ campaign4 ,9 #fhf ! ,visigo?s re/or$ ?is bridge2 9 #afaj x 0 repair$ by ,philip ,,iii2 9 #ahab1 dur+ ! siege ( ,badajoz1 sev5te5 ( ! ar*es 7 wreck$ 9 ord] to close ! riv]4 ,at ! nor!rn end we f9d a ,roman ca/le1 n[ 9 ru9s1 s we are able to /udy a battle-bridge dat+ f ^? times :5 ,rome turn$ w>s into colonies4 ,! ,roman bridges ( ,spa9 may be divid$ into five classes3-- #a4 ,^? :i* are l[ & _m-ar*$1 z at ,mrida & ,salamanca4 #b4 ,^? :i* h two or ?ree ar*es ) %elv+ p>apets & roads1 z at ,alcant>illa#gj & also ne> ,villa del ,rio2#ga #c4 ,"o or two ) a s+le ar*1 z at ,ronda2 #d4 ,sev]al 9 :i* ,roman & ,moori% masonry are comb9$1 z at ,crdova2 & #e4 ,!re is "o ,roman bridge s l(ty t its p>apet is sep>at$ f ! riv]-b$ by a di/ance ( m ?an fifty-n9e metres4 ,i ref] to ! fam\s ,pu5te ,trajan ov] 8! melan*oly ,tagus0 at ,alcnt>a4 ,?is h]culean ma/]piece has six ar*es1 8 l5g? is a hundr$ & eighty-eight metres1 & ! roadway is eight metres wide & q level4 ,a triumphal ar*way ?irte5 metres high /&s 9 ! middle1 b ,i reg>d its ,roman orig9 z d\btful1 z ! design is n q 9 scale ) ! maje/y ( ! bridge4 ,:o c say h[ _m writ]s h tri$ to describe ! ,pu5te ,trajan8 ,no description c summon up be=e ! m9d an image ( 8 m>vell\s p[] & nobility1 = ^! qualities produce a feel+ ( awe & take f u ! wi% to write4 ,t he came f an ar*itect & 0 put toge!r by common masons1 huge /one aft] huge /one1 is a fact v h>d to believe1 z only two ?+s 9 ?is bridge m>k ! littl5ess ( man3 "o is ! ar*way1 t fails to triumph ) a ,roman _s1 & ! o!r is an ar* ( mod]n workman%ip4 ,ev]y?+ else recalls to my m9d a good say+ t fell f ,m>%al ,ney :5 he notic$ 9 ! aqu$uct ( ,segovia ! />tl+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! craft ( mod]n masons & ! anci5t ,roman art 9 ?or\gh con/ruction4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury "s vaults ( ! ,segovian aqu$uct 7 de/roy$ by w>s1 & ,isabella ! ,ca?olic _h !m rebuilt 9 ! mo/ c>eful mann]4 ,yet ! "w 0 n c>eful en\gh1 = 9 less ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! recon/ruction _h to be r5ew$1 :ile ! ,roman art rema9$ y\?ful & immovable4 ,9 #ahjh ,m>%al ,ney 0 greatly impress$ by ^! facts1 &1 po9t+ to ! fir/ ar* ( ! mod]n portion1 he said3 8,c'e/ ici que comm5ce le travail des hommes40 ,ev5 ! p ( ,segovia feel t _! so>+ aqu$uct has 9 x some?+ f> beyond _! rea*1 some?+ gr& en\gh to be call$ sup]human4 ,cu/om has dead5$ _! admiration1 ( c\rse1 has enabl$ !m ev5 to build silly little h\ses amid ! %ad[s ?r[n by _! antique monum5t2 b yet !y d\bt ! human orig9 ( su* p]fect masonry & give x to ! ,evil ,"o1 :o com=ts himself ) a trem5d\s de$ ( ar*itecture :5ev] he is greatly bor$ by ! feeble gullibility ( mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,roman ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,segovia ,,9 ,,spa91 ,,) ,,mod]n ,,h\ses ,,clu/]$ ,,ar\nd ,,its ,,base ,no?+ is m difficult ?an to express 9 words ?is unhuman "* ( ! be/ ,roman bridges1 :i* reveal et]nal manhood & c\rage 9 ! "w done by ! m5 ( a day4 ,= in/ance1 "h is ! ,alcnt>a ov] ! rocky gorge ( ! ,tagus4 ,he 0 erect$ = ,trajan by ,caius ,julius ,lac]2 & we "k t ,lac] 0 buri$ q close to 8 bridge1 & t 8 tomb rema9s on ! left bank4 ,^! facts are trite & tame1 b :5 we turn f !m to ! supreme bridge we pass f bald hi/ory into a creation t seems miracul\s4 8,x is long be=e ! eye c le>n to grasp 8#gb full dim5sions2 all ar\nd him is rock & m\nta91 !re is no?+ to give scale4 ,we are w>n$ ( ?is 444 by ! cam]a1 = ! l5s w n look at s wide an angle4444 ,pres5tly1 z we pe] ov] ! p>apet into ! dep?s ( ! gulf bel[ u1 we realise t !re is a man d[n !re walk+ by ! wat]side1 ) a dog t seems to b>k ?\gh we _c he> ! s\nd4 ,sl[ly our eyes measure ! v\ssoir above :i* we are /&+2 x is a twelve-ton block ( granite2 & ! huge vault ) its eighty su* v\ssoirs seems to wid5 & deep5 b5ea? u z we gaze2 = ! brook t x spans is ! riv] ,tagus1 ^: wat]s h _! s\rce ?ree hundr$ miles away4 8,?us h9t by h9t we h piec$ toge!r ! a/oni%+ conclusion t ! span ( ea* ( ! two great c5tral ar*es is r wid] 444 ?an ! int]ior ( ! dome ( ,/4 ,paul's2 & t ! height ( ! railway l9es above ! ,fir? ( ,=? is tw5ty feet less ?an t ( ! road above ! ,tagus6 ,:at mu/ ! sc5e be l 9 w9t]1 :5 ! wat]s are foam+ aga9/ ! spr+] /ones "o hundr$ & =ty feet above _! summ] level6 ,h[ va/ ! /r5g? ( ^! massive pi]s :i* = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s h defi$ ! fury ( ! floods6 8,:]e n[ is ! great ,via ,lata t ran f ,gades to ,rome8 ,:]e are ! fam\s cities :i* x ?read$ on ! way8 ,! v9e & olive gr[ 9 ! =um ( ,italica1 & ! ,miracles ( ,mrida are a dwell+ = ! /ork4 ,b "h at ! wilde/ po9t ( all its wild j\rney our eyes may /ill behold a memorial :i* nature has assail$ 9 va93 #8,pontem p]petui mansurum 9 scula mundi'2--! monum5t ( ,caius ,julius ,lac]1 m endur+ ev5 ?an ,wr5's40#gc ,_m p]sons believe t ,well+ton's troops1 9 #ahji1 blew up "o ( ! small] ar*es1 b ?is is untrue4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ru9$ ar* has be5 giv5 by ,l>\sse4 ,x 0 cut on two occasions4 ,9 #abac ! ,s>ac5s de/roy$ x1 & ,*>les ! ,fif? rebuilt x 9 #aedc4 ,two hundr$ & sixty-five ye>s pass$1 & !n ! ,fr5* 9 #ahjh 7 compell$ by ! policy ( w> to wreck ! same ar*1 & ,i h already describ$ h[ ,well+ton bridg$ ! gap ) a nett+ ( ropes--a susp5sion bridge ( %ips' cables--cov]$ ) planks 7p4 #af74 ,?is tempor>y "w 0 displac$ by a wood5 ar*1 :i* 9 #ahah 0 burnt d[n2 & betwe5 ?is date & ! ,c>li/ w>s no re/oration seems to h be5 attempt$4 8,! ,spani>ds 7 long cont5t ) a f]ry10 says ,mr4 ,wigram4 ,b n[ !y h r5ew$ ! ar* 89 its native granite1 a feat ( :i* !y are ju/ly pr\d4 ,only1 see+ t no cem5t at all 0 us$ 9 ! orig9al build+1 x 0 really a little too bad ( !m to insi/ ^u po9t+ all ! jo9ts60 ,true2 b ! workm5 7 mod]n1 n ,roman1 & x 0 humility on _! "p to adv]tise _! cem5t1 _! mo/ evid5t /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bridge ,,at ,,z>agoza1 ,,p>tly ,,roman ,! ,moori% words ,al ,knt>ah mean ,,! ,,bridge1 & we "k t ! ,titanic ma/]piece ( ,julius ,lac] has b few rivals4 ,let u put x side by side ) ! mo/ /ately bridges at ,isfahan 9 ,p]sia1 ^: augu/ *>m is n s mascul9e 7p4 #bfh72 !n we d hon\r to ! f9e/ pont9e ar*itecture 9 ! _w4 ,! ,alcnt>a is a ,k+1 a ,cs>1 :ile ! two ,p]sian a*ievem5ts are ,amazon ,que5s4 ,sev]al bridges 9 ,spa9 h ! honor>y title ( be+ ,roman1 ei!r because !y exhibit a comb9ation ( ,roman & ,moori% masonry l ! sixte5-ar*$ example at ,crdova1 or because !y may h 9 !m "s ,roman workman%ip1 l ! ,pu5te de ,pi$ra ov] ! ,ebro at ,z>agoza1 :i* has sev5 ar*es & six v massive pi]s1 f> too unga9ly to be ,roman4 ,inde$ ?is bridge dates f #adcg1 b x 0 built on a classical site1 & on ,roman f\ndations4 ,"s h\ses give int]e/ to ! up/ream side ( ! pi]s1 b _! ro(s d n rise above ! level ( ! p>apet4 ,z = ! bridge ov] ! ,guadalquivir at ,crdova1 x is m ,moori% ?an ,roman1 = mo/ ( ! ,roman ar*es 7 de/roy$ by ! eigh? c5tury1 & !y 7 recon/ruct$ by ! ,arabs1 :o e/abli%$ !mselves at ,crdova 9 #gaa4 ,rec5tly ?is bridge has be5 s mu* repair$ t x looks almo/ new4 ,a big t[]1 v ,moori% 9 /yle1 ! ,calahorra1 keeps gu>d at ! end remote f ! t[n2 & ! city entrance has a worn classic gateway & an elevat$ /atue ( ,sa9t ,raphael1 ! patron sa9t ( ,crdova4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,huge ,,def5sive ,,bridge ,,at ,c,,rdova ,,9 ,,spa94 ,,orig9ally ,,roman1 ,,b ,,remodell$ ,,by ,,! ,,moors ,,9 ,,! ,,n9? ,,c5tury1 ,,rec5tly ,,s ,,mu* ,,repair$ ,,t ,,looks ,,almo/ ,,new ,,iii ,a few rem>ks mu/ be made on ! te*nique ( ,roman bridges & aqu$ucts4 ,vitruvius m5tions a me?od kn[n z opus quadratum 9 :i* /ones 7 put 9 regul> c\rses ( head]s#gd & /ret*]s#ge2 !y 7 big /ones1 ab\t two feet by f\r feet & two feet high1 z 9 ! ,m>cian ,aqu$uct dat+ f ,b4,c4 #ade4gf ,ea* /one 0 bord]$ ) a draft cut "o & a half in*es wide1 & ! middle surface 0 r\gh$ ) a pick4 ,?is te*nique may be /udi$ 9 ! aqu$ucts at ,segovia & ,t>ragona4 ,! ar*es 7 set back at _! spr++ beh9d ! impo/s1 leav+ l$ges ^u :i* ! scaffolds re/$4 ,n all ! ,roman aqu$ucts 7 ( /one4 ,! "o nam$ aft] ,n]o 0 9 brickwork ( ! f9e/ k9d2 & ano!r1 ! ,alex&r9e1 t br\ght wat] to ! ,!rm ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 0 fac$ ) bricks ov] concrete4 ,at ,m9turn1 a t[n ( ! ,volci1 a decorative effect 0 giv5 to ! wall surfaces by means ( col\r$ tufa arrang$ 9 geometrical patt]ns4 ,?is is en\gh to %[ t ! virile cons]vatism ( ,rome did n /]eotype build+ me?ods4 ,_m p]sons believe t ! ,romans built aqu$ucts because !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! hydraulic pr9ciple t wat] 9 a clos$ pipe f9ds its own level4 ,yet ,vitruvius gives an acc\nt ( ! lead5 pipes t di/ribut$ wat] 9 ,roman t[ns2 & ,pl9y says t ?is pip+ 0 us$ v (t5 = ris+ ma9s to c>ry wat] to ! upp] floors ( h\ses4 ,b lead pipes might bur/1 & !y 7 co/ly2 x 0 *eap] to build aqu$ucts1 = _! mat]ials belong$ to ! ,/ate & slave lab\r 0 9 vogue4#gg ,f9ally1 we %\ld pay att5tion to ! ,roman aqu$ucts because !y 7 an appr5tice%ip 9 ! build+ ( l(ty & d>+ ar*es4 ,9 ! ,anio ,vetus1 = example1 :i* dates f ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #bgb1 "s ( ! ar*es rise to a height t exce$s n9ety feet4 ,& any ar*itect :o conceiv$ & br\ght to completion a f9e aqu$uct1 su* z ! ,pont du ,g>d1 or ! wond]ful /ructure at ,segvia1 des]v$ to take rank ) ,caius ,julius ,lac]4 ,no problem ( bridge con/ruction w\ld h baffl$ 8 matur$ k4 ,x is said t ! e>lie/ vault$ bridge ( ! ,romans 0 erect$ "u ! eld] ,t>qu91 ab\t six hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,emil& ,gau!y says1 = example1 8,pont ,sal>o1 ,rome1 sur le ,tev]one4 ,cet ouvrage1 compos de trois ar*es en ple9 c9tre1 de #af1f #ba mtres1 et de deux ar*es plus petites1 de #f1h mtres1 fut lev s\s ,t>qu9 l'anci51 six c5ts ans avant ,j4 ,c40 ,yet !re is no evid5ce to ju/ify ?is dogmatism4 ,! bridge may h be5 a timb] "o1 l ! ,pons ,sublicius4 ,x c>ri$ ! ,via ,sal>ia ov] ! ,anio 7,tev]one7 ab\t two & a half miles f ,rome1 & 0 call$ usually ! ,pons ,sal>us4 ,livy speaks ( x "u ano!r "n1 ,pons ,ani5is1 & makes x ! !atre ( an immortal fight1 ! "o betwe5 ,manlius & a gigantic ,gaul1 ,b4,c4 #cfa4 ,9 s+le combat ,manlius kill$ ! b>b>ian1 & took a *a9 7torques7 f ! dead body1 & put x ar\nd 8 own neck1 z a pro( ( 8 victory1 w9n+ by ?is act ! surname ( ,torquatus4 ,! ,pons ,sal>us does n appe> aga9 9 e>ly hi/ory4 ,by ! ye> ,b4,c4 #cfa x may h be5 made into an ar*$ bridge ( /one1 ?\gh x 0 n till ,b4,c4 #cac t ! fir/ aqu$uct to ,rome 0 con/ruct$4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 we le>n f an inscription1 :i* ,sir ,william ,smi? accept$ z au!ntic1 t ! ,pons ,sal>us 0 rebuilt 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 by ,n>ses1 g5]al & /atesman1 9 ! reign ( ,ju/9ian4 ,if 9 ?is recon/ruction any e>li] "w 0 pres]v$1 we mu/ look = x 9 ! smalle/ ar*es describ$ by ,gau!y1 = we f9d n>r[ spans 9 ! e>lie/ ,roman aqu$ucts4 ,^? ( ! ,m>cian are only eight metres4 ,! ,ponte ,sal>o exi/$ till #ahfg1 :5 x 0 bl[n up dur+ a panic caus$ by ,g>ibaldi's m>* to ,rome4 ,a =tifi$ ca/le /ood above "o side ( ! c5tral ar*1 ris+ f ! footway1 ^: wid? 0 m ?an eight metres4 ,! bridge 0 ab\t a hundr$ metres long1 & its vaults 7 built ) exce$+ly heavy /ones rem>kable = _! bossage "w4 ,a woodcut ( ?is late ,roman bridge is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k91 b x diff]s f ! illu/ration 9 ,emil& ,gau!y's 8,trait de la ,con/ruction des ,ponts10 ,p>is1 #ahji-af1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ponte ,,rotto ,,at ,,rome1 ,,anci5tly ,,! ,,pons ,,palat9us ,,or ,,s5atorius ,!re has be5 s mu* controv]sy ov] ! antique bridges at ,rome t ! /eadie/ head becomes giddy :ile read+ ,palladio1 ,beck]1 ,buns51 ,piranesi1 ,sir ,william ,smi?1 & o!r exp]ts4 ,p]haps we may be on safe gr\nd :5 we /ep delicately on tiptoe into ! hi/oric environm5t ( ! ,pons ,palat9us1 a bridge :i* seems to h be5 erect$ 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #agi4gh ,a good "p ( ?is bridge 0 rebuilt 9 ! "t ( ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii 7#aegb-he71 b 9 #aeih x 0 wreck$ by a t]rible flood1 & p began to speak ( x z ! ,ponte ,rotto1 or brok5 bridge4 ,f ,palladio's book on ar*itecture1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #aegj1 we le>n t ! ,pons ,palat9us1 or ,s5atorius1 0 kn[n also z ! ,ponte ,santa-,m>ia1 s ,rome mu/ h be5 horrifi$ :5 a classic bridge rec5tly d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 0 ov]?r[n by a spate1 :i* sp>$ ! ,pons ,ce/ius & ! ,pons ,fabricius4 ,! ar*es ( ?is bridge 7 r m ?an tw5ty-f\r metres 9 span1 & _! l>ge ar*ivolts 7 boldly prom95t4 ,! pi]s1 ab\t eight metres ?ick1 7 protect$ by angul> cutwat]s1 & above ea* cutwat] 0 a tall ni*e flank$ by pila/]s ^: capitals t\*$ ! broad cornice t fram$ ! sp&rils 9 a vigor\s mann]4 ,ea* sp&ril 0 ornam5t$ ) a sea-horse c>v$ 9 relief2 & ?is decoration 0 foil$ by ! pla91 deep p>apets ^: horizontal l9es 7 div]sifi$ "h & !re by a projection4 ,brangwyn's draw+ ( ! ,ponte ,rotto gives all ! ar*itectural "*1 & we see t ?is bridge 0 a great ,roman citiz51 manly & brave & noble4 ,fur!r1 :5 we speak ( any bridge z virile z ?is "o ar*1 we h a "r to use mascul9e pron\ns1 8he0 & 880 & 8him40 ,! trivial ^w 8x0 is a feeble neutrality t belongs to a great _m bridges1 bo? anci5t & mod]n2 b a ,cs>ian a*ievem5t l ! ,pons ,palat9us1 or ! ,pont du ,g>d1 or ! ,pu5te ,trajan at ,alcnt>a1 takes rank among ! r>e de$s t d hon\r to a spl5did manhood2 & ?is we %\ld recognise 9 our pron\ns4 ,palladio says t 9 8 "t1 f #aeah to #aehj1 ?ree o!r bridges ov] ! ,tib]1 at ,rome1 7 9 good pres]vation4 ,let u take a glance at !m3-- #a4 ,! ,pons lius1 call$ !n1 z n[1 ! ,ponte ,sant' ,angelo1 built by lius ,hadrianus1 :o reign$ f ,a4,d4 #aag to #ach1 & :o erect$ 8 bridge z a passage ov] ! ,tib] to 8 own mausoleum1 :i* =ms ! gr\ndwork ( ! pres5t ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,an e>li] bridge connect$ ! ,vatican & its neighb\rhood ) t "p ( ! city :i* ,caligula & ,n]o _h beautifi$ ) g>d5s2 & rema9s ( x /ill exi/ ne> ,s4 ,spirito4 ,! date ( its disappe>ance ,i d n "k1 b 9 ! days ( ,procopius1 ! six? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,pons lius 0 ! only communication betwe5 ! city & ! ,vatican di/rict4 ,ei!r leg5d or tru? says t ! lius _h a bronze cov] upheld by =ty-two pill>s4 ,if ?is gleam+ ro( ev] exi/$ 7& writ]s %\ld be afraid ( pretty details 9 anci5t hi/ory71 x mu/ h be5 damag$ v mu* :5 ! p>apets 7 brok5 d[n 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is accid5t 0 caus$ by a great cr[d t lo/ control ( itself on ! bridge1 :5 ?rong+ to ,/4 ,pet]'s to receive ! ,pope's b5$iction4 ,at la/ ! p>apets gave way1 & n9ety-two p]sons 7 ei!r dr[n$ or cru%$ to dea?4 ,long aft]w>ds1 z we "k1 ,giovanni ,l4 ,b]n9i 7#aeih-afhj7 design$ balu/rades ( iron & /one1 b dw>f$ !m ) t5 huge /atues commission$ by ,pope ,clem5t ,,ix 7p4 #cbd74 ,! figures ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul at ! city entrance 7 put up by ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,! bridge itself--or himself1 %all we say8--has a te*nical inspiration ak9 to t ( ! ,pons ,palat9us2 b !re is less ornam5t1 & above ! cutwat]s1 in/ead ( tall ni*es1 we f9d rectangul> pill>s ) pla9 capitals1 ^u :i* ,b]n9i erect$ p$e/als = 8 8breezy angels40 #b4 ,! ,pons ,fabricius1 connect+ ,rome on ! city side ) ! ,insula ,tib]9a4 ,9 v e>ly times ?is isl& 9 ! ,tib] 0 unit$ to ea* bankside by a bridge1 & h5ce x 0 call$ ,int] ,duos ,pontes4 ,! pres5t ,pons ,fabricius 0 ei!r f\nd$ or re/or$ by ,l4 ,fabricius1 curator vi>um 9 ,b4,c4 #fb1 z appe>s f ! inscription on x1 & f ,dion ,cassius4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,horace z a bridge v attractive to suicides3-- 444 jussit sapi5tem pasc]e b>bam ,atque a ,fabricio non tri/em ponte rev]ti4 ,s9ce ,palladio's "t1 if n f a mu* e>li] date1 ! ,pons ,fabricius has be5 kn[n z ! ,ponte ,quattro ,capi1 because its entrance f ! left bank has a protective emblem1 a quadrupl$ head ( ,janus1 ! gu>dian deity ( gates1 & a div9ity ) _m o!r occupations1 all v al]t & tr\blesome4 ,s we mu/ add ?is pagan emblem to ! o!r symbols ( religi\s fai? ) :i* bridges h be5 sanctifi$4 ,9 #afhj ! ,pons ,fabricius 0 repair$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi4 ,!re are two ar*es1 ea* ) a span ( #be1 #cd metres2 & !re us$ to be two o!r ar*es1 only #c1 #ej metres wide1 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! abutm5ts1 b !y h disappe>$ among ! h\ses on ea* bankside4 ,! bridge 9 its greate/ wid? measures a little m ?an #ae metres4 ,x has a bold cornice ornam5t$ ) mutules1 & its relief bay = spate wat] is flank$ by pila/]s4 ,m4 ,degr& says ( ! ,pons ,fabricius3 8,c'e/ le premi] pont dans lequel les ttes des votes ne =m5t pas des demi-circonfr5ces3 l'intrados e/ un arc de c]cle de #be m4 de rayon et de #bj m4 de fl*e40 ,"h we f9d a />t+-po9t = ! lovely ar* inv5t$ at ,avignon by ,sa9t ,bnzet 7p4 #ha74 #c4 ,! ,pons ,ce/ius1 on ! o!r side ( ! isl&1 kn[n to-day1 & 9 ,palladio's "t1 z ,ponte ,s4 ,b>tolommeo4 ,yet its inscription1 :i* is m5tion$ by ,can9a & by ,sir ,william ,smi?1 speaks ( x z ,pons ,gratianus1 & commemorates its repair by ,val5t9ian1 ,val5s1 & ,gratian4 ,x has b "o ar*1 ne>ly a metre less 9 span ?an ^? ( ! ,pons ,fabricius4 ,^! two bridges1 accord+ to ,piranesi1 7 f\nd$ 9 a v rem>kable mann]1 on rev]s$ ar*es built "u wat]4 ,gau!y gives two draw+s ( ?is con/ruction1 b he does n gu>antee ! tru? ( ,piranesi's details4 ,five o!r antique bridges cross$ ! ,tib] at or ne> ,rome1 b ,palladio f\nd no?+ m ( !m ?an a few remnants4 ,already ,i h spok5 ( two1 ! ,pons ,sublicius & its und]/udy 7p4 #adj74 ,on ! left bank1 fac+ ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,spirito1 ,palladio saw rema9s ( ! ,pons ,triumphalis2 b ,piranesi & ,buns5 d n agree ) ,palladio4 ,!y place ! ,pons ,triumphalis beyond ! ,pons lius1 & ,sir ,william ,smi? ?9ks x probable t ! rema9s ne> ,s4 ,spirito belong to a bridge :i* ! ,mirabilia names ,pons ,n]onianus1 & :i* anci5t topograph]s describe z ,pons ,vaticanus4 ,!n !re 0 ! ,janicul9e bridge ^u ! f\ndations ( :i*1 betwe5 #adga & #adhd1 ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv _h erect$ ! ,ponte ,si/o4 ,z ! ,janicul9e bridge w5t f ! ,janiculum to ! ,porta ,aurelia1 x 0 kn[n also z ,pons ,aurelius2 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages x seems to h be5 call$ ,pons ,anton9us4 ,z = ! ,ponte ,molle1 anci5tly ! ,pons ,milvius1 x belong$ to ! ,flam9ian ,way1 cross+ ! ,tib] beyond ! walls ( ,rome1 a mile & a half outside ! city4 ,its f\nd] 0 said to be ! e>li] milius ,scaurus1 :o di$ ab\t eighty-five ye>s be=e ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,yet x c]ta9ly exi/$ 9 ,b4,c4 #bjg1 = ,livy relates h[ ! p p\r$ out ( ,rome z f> z ! ,milvian bridge 9 ord] to meet ! mess5g]s :o br\ght tid+s ( ! defeat ( ,hasdrubal4 ,?is may h be5 a timb] bridge1 & milius ,scaurus may h displac$ x = a /one bridge dur+ 8 consul%ip1 ,b4,c4 #aaj4 ,only a few fragm5ts ( ! ,pons ,milvius exi/$ 9 ,palladio's "t2 & s ! ,ponte ,molle n[ extant has a false reputation ( be+ ,roman4 ,9 fact1 x is a v poor /ructure1 badly design$ & v unc\?4 ,,iv ,!re 0 9 ,italy a ,roman bridge built ( :ite ,i/rian /one t ,palladio admir$ mu* m ?an any o!r2 inde$1 he admir$ x too mu*1 = he copi$ x 9 mo/ ( 8 pont9e ar*itecture1 z if he _h no "r to make use ( 8 own orig9ality6 ,& s9ce 8 "t _m ar*itects h cribb$ f ! same %9+ model1 ! ,ponte ,augu/us ov] ! ,arim9us1 at ,rim9i4 ,two ,roman bridges are f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?is t[n1 "o ) sev5 ar*es & "o ) five2 bo? date f ! same great era1 & 9 bo? ! roadway is n c>ri$ ?r\gh on ! same level1 b has an asc5t at ea* end1 l ! two bridges ( ,roman orig9 at ,vic5za4 ,x 0 ! bridge ) five ar*es t ,palladio pref]r$ at ,rim9i1 & 8 fondness = x--or1 r1 = h]1 z ?is ,roman bridge has a *>m some:at fem99e--is approv$ by rec5t exp]ts1 & notably by ,r4 ,ph5 ,spi]s & ,m4 ,degr&4 ,%e is a bij\ among bridges1 & n a male prodigy1 l ! ,pu5te ,trajan4 ,h] ar*es are small 9 span1 rang+ f #hm4#gg to #gm4#ad1 accord+ to ,gau!y1#gi ! n>r[] ones be+ at ! sides1 & ! ?ree l>g] bays 9 ! middle4 ,_! =m is semicircul>1 & _! spr++ does n rise f l[ wat]-level1 l t ( ! ar*es 9 ! ,roman bridge at ,mrida2 x is plac$ f\r or five metres#hj above l[ wat]1 & ?is plann+ adds lightness & grace to a =tunate design4 ,z usual1 ! pi]s are too heavy1 _! ?ickness be+ ab\t equal to a half ( ! adjac5t voids2 !y are protect$ by v vigor\s cutwat]s t break ! curr5t ) angul> w$ges ( n9ety degrees4 ,! sp&rils are decorat$ ) ni*es1 & e ni*e is flank$ by pila/]s c>ry+ entablature & p$im5t4 ,a beautiful cornice support$ by modillions cr[ns ?is bridge1 :i* 0 begun by ,augu/us & f9i%$ by ,tib]ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ponte ,,maggiore ,,ov] ,a ,,rav9e ,,( ,,! ,,tronto ,,at ,,ascoli-,,pic5o ,,9 ,,italy2 ,,built ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages1 ,,b ,,roman ,,9 ,,/yle ,brangwyn is fasc9at$ by ! bridges at ,ascoli-,pic5o1 ! ,asculum ,pic5um ( ! ,romans1 t gleams on a t]race dom9at+ ! ,tronto1 ab\t tw5ty miles f ,porto ,ascoli on ! ,adriatic4 ,! t[n is def5d$ by rav9es1 across :i* f\r great bridges are ?r[n4 ,! ,ponte di ,porta ,cappuc9a is a ,roman bridge1 a f9e example ) a s+le ar* ( #ga ft4 span2 & ! ,ponte de ,cecco is ,roman4 ,x has two ar*es & belongs to ! ,via ,sal>ia4 ,z = ! ,ponte ,maggiore & ! ,ponte ,c>t>o1 !y are m$ival1 b ! =m] is an adaptation f ,roman aqu$ucts1 & 9 ! latt] !re appe> to be "s traces ( antique craftsman%ip4 ,all ^! great viaducts are m>vell\sly con/ruct$1 = !y resi/$ ! e>?quake t %ook ,ascoli 9 #ahgh4 ,v ,v little is kn[n ab\t ! ,ea/]n bridges con/ruct$ by ! ,romans4 ,9 ,jebb's 8,by ,des]t ,ways to ,baghdad0 an illu/ration is giv5 ( a ,roman bridge ov] ! ,tigris at ,di>bekr2 & on ! same riv]1 at ,hassan1 betwe5 ,di>bekr & ,mosul1 !re are ru9$ pi]s ( ano!r ,roman bridge4 ,aga91 at ,%u%t]1 9 ,p]sia1 we f9d a dike & a bridge ascrib$ to ! ,roman ,emp]or ,val]ian1 :om ,%apur ! ,fir/ took prison] at ,edessa1 ,a4,d4 #bfj4 ,! dike is call$ ! ,b&-i-,mizan1 ! bridge ! ,pul-i-,kais>4 ,b if ,val]ian help$ to build ^! huge monum5ts1 v little ,roman "w n[ rema9s2 sev5ty y>ds ( dike & bridge 7 swept away 9 #ahhe2 & ! ,pul-i-,kais> has be5 rebuilt sev]al times4 ,inde$1 z ,brangwyn's p5-draw+ %[s1 ! ar*es 7!re are =ty 9 all7 diff] 9 /yle z well z 9 size & mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pul-,i-,,kais> ,,at ,,%u%t] ,,9 ,,p]sia4 ,,its ,,l5g? ,,is #efj ,,y>ds1 ,,& ,,its ,,roadway ,,is #g ,,y>ds ,,wide 8,p]sian tradition has x t ,arda%ir 7ei!r ,artax]xes ( ! old ,p]sian k+s or ,arda%ir ( ! ,sassanians7 built ! fir/ dike across ! riv] ,k>un 9 ord] to raise ! wat] ( ! riv] to ! level ( ! ,d>ian canal4 ,! dike became de/roy$ & 0 r5ew$ "u ! ,sassanian ,%apur ,i1 by ,roman workm5 s5t = by ,val]ian1 :o _h be5 captur$ by ! ,p]sian k+ 9 #bfj4 ,t ,val]ian _h a "p 9 con/ruct+ ^! rem>kable works does n re/ ^u any hi/orical basis2 we may1 h[ev]1 believe t ! ,sassanian ,arda%ir1 or 8 son ,%apur ,i1 f9d+ t ! riv]1 ) its b$ 9 friable soil1 0 daily gett+ l[] & f9ally ?reat5$ to leave ! t[n & ! ,mian-d-ab di/rict dry by n fill+ ! ,d>ian canal1 engag$ ,roman workm54 ,! ,g]g] canal 0 cut & ! riv] div]t$ f we/ to ea/ ( ! t[n4 ,! old riv] !n became empti$ & its b$ 0 rais$ & pav$ ) huge flags1 to prev5t fur!r erosion & wa%+ away ( ! soil & a consequ5t fall ( ! riv]4 ,!n ! ,b&-i-,mizan & ! great bridge 7 erect$44440#ha ,9 e *apt] ( ?is monograph o!r ref]5ces to ,roman "w w be f\nd4 ,,footnotes3 #fc ,if ,r\sseau walk$ along ! ?ree ti]s ( ?is bridge-aqu$uct1 !n he _h :at climb]s call 8a good head10 = !re is b little space betwe5 ! pi]s & a mo/ unpleasant fall into ! riv] ,g>don4 ,mo/ ( u h pass$ ov] ! top1 leav+ ,alp9i/s to explore ! re/ ( ?is wond]ful /ructure4 #fd 8,*>les ,k+sley3 ,8 ,lett]s & ,memories ( 8 ,life40 ,edit$ by 8 ,wife4 #ahgi4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #agf-g4 #fe ,sir ,william ,smi?1 9 8 great 8,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography10 gives a detail$ acc\nt ( ! /onework4 8,! /one ( ?is bridge is a yell[i% col\r4 ,se5 "u ! sun f ! we/ side1 ! bridge has a brighti% yell[ t9t1 ) pat*es ( d>k col\r1 ow+ to ! wea!r4 ,! /one 9 ! highe/ ti] is a concretion ( %ells & s&1 & t 9 ! l[] ti]s appe>s to be ! same4 ,9 ! /ones 9 ! highe/ ti] !re are halves ( a bivalve %ell completely pres]v$4 ,! /one also conta9s bits ( r\gh qu>tzose rock1 & _m small r\nd$ pebbles4 ,9 floods ! ,g>don rises #cj ft4 above its ord9>y level1 & ! wat] w !n pass "u all ! ar*es ( ! l[e/ ti]4 ,! pi]s ( ?is ti] %[ "s m>ks ( be+ worn by ! wat]4 ,b ! bridge is /ill solid & /rong1 a magnific5t monum5t ( ! gr&eur ( ,roman conceptions1 & ( ! boldness ( _! execution40 #ff ,lat] we %all see t ,p]ronet1 a fam\s bridge-build] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 us$ iron clamps = ?is purpose4 #fg ,i believe ^! measurem5ts to be /rictly accurate1 unlike ^? 9 _m books ( ref]5ce4 #fh ,let me add to ?is acc\nt a few details f ,sir ,william ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography40 8,x is g5]ally said t ! bridge is entirely built ( /ones1 )\t mort> or cem5t4 ,! /ones ( ! two l[] ti]s are )\t cem5t2 b ! ar*es ( ! highe/ ti]1 :i* are built ( mu* small] /ones1 are cem5t$4 ,at ! nor? end ( ! aqu$uct ! highe/ ti] ( ar*es & ! wat] *annel are high] ?an ! gr\nd on :i* ! aqu$uct abuts1 & !re mu/ h be5 a cont9uation ( small ar*es along ! top ( ?is hill2 b !re are no traces ( !m1 at lea/ ne> ! bridge4 ,on ! opposite or s\? side ! aqu$uct abuts aga9/ ! hill1 :i* is high] ?an ! level ( ! *annel4 ,!re is no trace ( ! hill hav+ be5 pi]c$2 & an intellig5t man1 :o lives ne> ! bridge1 says t ! aqu$uct 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! hill1 & t x pi]c$ ano!r hill fur!r on1 :]e ! tunnel /ill exi/s44440 #fi ,see ,grang5t1 ,dur& et ,durant1 8,description des ,monum5s ,antiques du ,midi de la ,france10 ,p>is1 #ahai1 ,i1 p4 #aac1 & ,plate ,,xl2 see also 8,gographie ,gnrale du ,dp>tem5t de l',hrault10 publi%$ by ! ,socit ,langu$oci5ne1 ,montpelli]1 #aije4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 "p ,,ii4 p4 #caj4 #gj ,two ar*es ov] ! ,salado riv]1 "s ?irty miles bel[ ,seville 7p4 #cfg74 #ga ,betwe5 ,crdova & ,&uj>1 ov] a small tribut>y fl[+ into ! ,guadalquivir f ! s\?4 ,?is bridge has ?ree ar*es1 "o a good deal l>g] ?an ! o!rs2 bays are driv5 ?r\gh ! sp&rils = spate wat] to pass ?r\gh4 ,! masonry consi/s ( /one 9 big blocks1 & ! craftsman%ip has a v peculi> feature3 ! v\ssoirs are not*$ or joggl$ "o into ! o!r1 l ^? 9 ! ,elizabe?an bridge at ,ross-on-,wye1 ,h]e=d%ire4 ,?is te*nique is a ?+ to be rememb]$3 x occurs 9 no o!r ,roman bridge t is kn[n to me4 ,! not*+ adds mu* to ! endurance ( an ar* r+1 yet x has nev] ent]$ into ! te*nical r\t9e ( bridge-build]s4 ,p]haps ! dovetail+ ( ! /ones has be5 look$ ^u z too co/ly1 = x ne$s mu* skill & c>e & "t4 ,mr4 ,edg> ,wigram drew my att5tion to ?is little-kn[n ,roman bridge1 & to ! "o at ,alcant>illa 7p4 #cfg74 #gb ,?is bridge is a soldi]1 & claims mascul9e pron\ns4 #gc 8,nor!rn ,spa910 by ,edg> ,t4 ,a4 ,wigram1 ,london1 #aijf1 pp4 #bca-b4 #gd ,! /ones laid end-=emo/4 #ge ,! /ones laid at full l5g?4 #gf ,!re is conflict+ evid5ce on ! date ( ?is monum5t4 ,pl9y attribut$ ! ,m>cian ,aqu$uct to ,ancus ,m>cius1 :]eas ,/rabo & ,front9us conjecture t ! build+ got its "n f ,m>cius ,rex1 a pretor1 :o 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ade1 or !reab\ts1 re/or$ "s anci5t aqu$ucts ^: fir/ con/ruction did n g back beyond ! ye> #bgb ,b4,c4 ,sextus ,julius ,front9us1 gov]nor ( ,brita9 7,a4,d4 #ge-gh71 0 ! au?or ( two monographs t are /ill extant--"o on ! ,roman aqu$ucts1 & ano!r on ! art ( w>4 ,he 0 nom9at$ ,curator ,aqu>um1 or ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,aqu$ucts1 9 #ig1 n9e ye>s be=e 8 dea?4 ,sir ,william ,smi? tells u t ! e>lie/ aqu$uct 0 n old] ?an ! ye> ,b4,c4 #cac4 ,9 e>li] times ! ,romans _h rec\rse to ! ,tib] & to wells sunk 9 ! city4 ,dur+ ! six? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era !re 7 f\rte5 aqu$ucts at ,rome4 #gg ,mr4 ,r4 ,ph5 ,spi]s has writt5 admirably on ^! te*nical matt]s4 #gh ,i take x t ! ,pons ,palat9us1 or ,s5atorius1 m5tion$ by ,palladio1 0 ! bridge call$ by anci5t writ]s ! ,pons ,aemilius1 ^: pi]s 7 f\nd$ 9 ! c5sor%ip ( ,m4 ,aemilius ,lepidus & ,m4 ,fulvius ,nobilior1 ,b4,c4 #agi2 ! ar*es 7 f9i%$ "s ye>s lat]1 :5 ,p4 ,scipio ,africanus & ,l4 ,mummius 7 c5sors4 ,beck] & ,can9a assume t ! ,pons ,aemilius became ! ,ponte ,rotto1 & ,degr& & o!rs id5tify ! ,palat9e bridge ( ,palladio ) ! ,ponte ,rotto4 #gi ,degr& says #ajm4#ef & #hm4#a4 ,r4 ,ph5 ,spi]s gives #bg ft4 = ! spans ( ! ?ree c5tral ar*es1 & ! side ones ab\t #bj ft4 #hj ,gau!y says f\r1 ,degr& says five4 #ha ,sir ,a4 ,h\tum-,s*9dl]1 ,c4,i4,e41 8,encyclopdia ,brit410 #aiaa1 article 8,%u%t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,durham ,,*apt] ,,! ,,f\r? ,,old ,,bridges1 ,,european1 ,,p]sian ,,& ,,*9ese ,i ,m$ival ,engl& 0 a =re/ial c\ntry1 & _m a roadside wood gave %elt] to footpads & b&its1 :o plann$ ambuscades1 & amus$ !mselves ) rape & rap9e & murd]4 ,if !y 7 less ready to cut a ?roat ?an to broa* a tun ( w9e#hb ! t]ror inspir$ by _! evil reputation told lies t dup$ ev]ybody4 ,9 fact1 travell]s 7 piti$ by ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 b !y _h great] fai? 9 ! ,*ur*1 :i* enabl$ !m to r5ew _! fail+ c\rage ) frequ5t pray] at %r9es by ! wayside4 ,sa9t aft] sa9t 0 call$ to _! aid2 & f ! "t ( ,/4 ,dun/an ! ,*ur* reckon$ ! build+ ( bridges among ! mo/ urg5t duties ( *>ity4 ,"s good mu/ h be5 done1 yet riv]s & j\rneys 7 fe>$ v mu*2 =ds 7 common1 & an ambu% ne> a =d 0 a p]il difficult to enc\nt]4 ,9 ! 8,ballad ( ,ab+don ,bridge10 :i* dates f ! "t ( ,h5ry ,v1 we see :at =ds 7 l & h[ _! gu>dians behav$ to travell]s4 8,ano!r bliss$ bes9es is brigges to make10 ! ru/ic poet cries1 ?9k+ ( un=tunate wayf>]s :o 7 wa%$ f _! saddles into a flood$ riv]3-- ,& som oute ( _! sadels flette fall to ! gr\nde1 ,w5te =! 9 ! wat] wi/ no man :>e1 ,fyve wekys aft] or !y 7 i f\nde1 ,_! kyn & _! kn[le* acqua9tance caught !m up ) c>e4 ,& ?is life-tax claim$ by riv]s 0 n ! only tr\ble4 ,! keep]s ( a =d knew no pity1 b got _! toll 9 rel5tless ways1 tak+ bread f ! begg>'s wallet & 8a hood or a girdel0 f 8! pore p5yles40 ,v (t51 too1 great woods encircl$ riv]side t[ns & manors1 s t outlaws aft] d>k c\ld /eal up close to ! h\ses & ! bridge2 x 0 !n t pilgrims welcom$ ) ! greate/ relief ! cresset-lights t glimm]$ f "s fri5dly build+ on ! bridge--f a *apel1 or a def5sive gateway1 or a small bick]+ w9dmill1 or a good wat]mill buttress$ aga9/ a pi] & ris+ high above ! p>apet4 ,& n[ we mu/ pass 9 review six old species ( bridge3-- #a4 ,! ,h\s$ ,bridge1 su* z we f9d 9 ,brangwyn's beautiful mono*rome ( ! qua9t bridge at ,kreuzna*1 9 ,g]many4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,bridge ,,) ,,h\ses ,,at ,,kreuzna*1 ,,on ,,! ,,riv] ,,nahe1 ,,9 ,,prussia4 ,,an ,,old ,,mill ,,bridge1 ,,seem+ly #b4 ,! ,%r9$ ,bridge1 z 9 ,brangwyn's al]t impression ( ! ,go?ic bridge at ,el*e1 9 ,spa94 #c4 ,! ,bridge ( ,mills1 z repres5t$ 9 ! v romantic sket* ( ! old & brok5 bridge at ,millau1 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,t>n ) ! ,d\rbie4 ,ano!r example1 mu* mod]nis$1 exi/s 9 ,france1 at hi/oric ,meaux1 ab\t ?irty-two miles f ,p>is4 #d4 ,! ,*apell$ ,bridge1 z at ,wakefield1 & ,ro!rham1 & ,pisa1 & ,avignon 7see ,frontispiece71 & else:]e4 #e4 ,! ,w>-,bridge1 :i* 9 ,brangwyn's art receives ! mo/ v>i$ & vigor\s recognition4 ,nev] be=e h !y be5 /udi$ s completely by an arti/4 #f4 ,! ,bridge ( ,%ops1 z at ,v5ice 9 ! ,rialto4 ,,ii ,we ought n to be surpris$ t m$ival bridges 7 connect$ 9 a self-evid5t mann] ) all ! pr9cipal motive-p[]s ( social life4 ,!y 7 excell5t places :]e k+s & nobles c\ld %[ (f _! milit>y ambition1 & :]e ! ,*ur* c\ld be active 9 good "w done = ! safety ( wayf>+4 ,%ops on a bridge 7 valu$ because ( ! cont9u\s traffic t br\ght trade to _! doors2 & a few private h\ses on a m>ket bridge gratifi$ a middleclass vanity1 t took pride 9 pay+ ! high] r5ts ( a bus9ess ?or\ghf>e4 ,to live on ,old ,london ,bridge 0 a di/9ction2 to be a tradesman on ! ,ponte ,vec*io 9 ,flor5ce1 or on a timb] bridge 9 ,p>is1 0 to be prosp]\s1 = no bridge ( %ops 0 wide en\gh to be unpopul> among ^? :o _h money to sp5d4 ,c anyone expla9 :y ! fem99e joy ( go+ to m>ket has ev] be5 mo/ adv5tur\s 9 n>r[ /reets1 or 9 %ort /reets ( a m$ium wid?8#hc ,:atev] ! reasons may be1 "h is a po9t to be rememb]$ :5 we /udy su* a bridge z ! ,rialto1 at ,v5ice1 :i* c>ries ?ree little /reets on an ar* tw5ty-f\r feet six in*es high1 & n9ety-"o feet 9 span1 ) a s(fit ab\t sev5ty-two feet wide4 ,to-day ! ,rialto %ops are trivial & mean1 b 9 ! great "t ( ! ,republic !y display$ ! mo/ luxuri\s oddm5ts ( fa%ion1 & delight$ ! idle ri*4 ,v (t5 x is said t ! ,rialto 0 built f a design by ,mi*elangelo1 z if ?is wond]ful ma/] ( a tragic & supreme dignity c\ld h amus$ 8 leisure ) su* a pretty :im 9 ornate build+6 ,mod]n criticism %[s a v poor ta/e :5 x repeats ?is old fallacy1 or :5 x describes ! ,rialto z a ma/]piece ( ar*itecture dat+ f ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! bridges ( ,isfahan1 :i* belong to ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ! ,rialto is a m]e toy4 ,its orig9 is ! subject ( ,rondelet's 8,essai ,hi/orique sur le ,pont de ,rialto10 :]e we wat* a great competition betwe5 ,palladio & ,antonio da ,ponte4 ,palladio 0 ! great] man1 b ! ,s5ate reject$ 8 designs1#hd & 9 #aehh ,antonio da ,ponte built 8 ar*$ scaffold or c5tr+ & laid ! fir/ blocks ( ,i/rian m>ble4 ,9 ,brangwyn's picture ! ,rialto is gay en\gh to belong to ! joy\s times ( ! ,republic2 & by comp>+ ?is picture ) ! p5-draw+s ( ! bridges at ,isfahan1 9 ,p]sia1 x is easy to note ! diff]5ce 9 _s betwe5 two cities t atta9$ 9 ! same age _! greate/ prosp]ity4 ,9 #aeij1 ,isfahan became ! capital ( ,p]sia2 & by ?is ye> ,v5ice _h recov]$ f ! de/ructive fire ( #aegg1 & 0 beautify+ h]self 9 _m ways1 z ) ! ,piazza di ,san ,m>co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rialto1 ,,v5ice ,,design$ ,,9 #aehh ,,by ,,antonio ,,da ,,ponte1 ,,ar*itect ,at ,isfahan no few] ?an five old bridges cross ! ,z5deh ,rud1 ! mo/ anci5t be+ ! ,pul-i-,m>nun1 :i* 0 built by ,%ah ,tahmasp1 :o reign$ f #aebc to #aege4 ,x is n a great bridge1 s x /&s ap>t f ! ,pul-i-,khaju & ! va/ ,bridge ( ,ali ,v]di ,khan1 :i* und\bt$ly are among ! f9e/ bridges 9 ! _w4 ,_! beauty has su* a graci\s p[]1 su* brightness & gr&eur1 t ev5 ! ,roman bridge at ,alcnt>a may seem to rival x unsuccessfully4 ,brangwyn has drawn ^! ,p]sian ma/]pieces1 b ! ,pul-i-,khaju alone belongs to ?is section on h\s$ bridges--except 9 "s ar*itectural po9ts common to bo?4 ,_! ar*es are ,moori%1 & _! build]s may h borr[$ f ! ,romans an idea :i* has come d[n to our "t 9 at lea/ "o antique monum5t1 namely1 ! ru9$ aqu$uct at ,lyon1 n f> f ,sa9t ,irne4 ,?r\gh ! pi]s ( ?is aqu$uct ar*es are cut transv]sely1 s z to =m a side arcade all along ! l5g? ( ! /ructure4 ,^! lat]al ar*es v>y mu* 9 size1 & "s ( !m h be5 built up4 ,i "k n = :at purpose !y 7 us$2 b !y light5 ! pi]s1 :i* are uncommonly massive4 ,x is ?is arrangem5t--a vault$ gall]y cut ?r\gh ! sides ( pi]s--t we f9d also at ,isfahan 9 ! two hi/oric bridges ( ! ,sefi k+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pul-,i-,,khaju ,,ov] ,,! ,,z5deh ,,rud ,,at ,,isfahan1 ,,p]sia ,! ,pul-i-,khaju has be5 describ$ _m times1 b ,"l ,curzon's acc\nt ( x is by f> ! mo/ valuable3-- 8,! ,pul-i-,khaju is %ort] ?an ! bridge ( ,ali ,v]di ,khan1 be+ only #aed y>ds 9 l5g?1 ow+ to a contraction 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* "h fl[s ov] a l$ge ( rock4 ,! /ructure consi/s1 9 fact1 ( a bridge sup]impos$ ^u a dam4 ,! latt] is built ( solid blocks ( /one & is pi]c$ by n>r[ *annels1 ! fl[ 9 :i* c be regulat$ by sluices4 ,?is great plat=m is brok5 on its out] edge1 ! /ones be+ arrang$ 9 ! =m ( /eps desc5d+ to ! riv]-level4 ,^u ! plat=m or dam repose ! tw5ty-f\r ma9 ar*es ( ! bridge1 :i* is ( brick1 & ! *ief ext]nal features ( :i* are f\r project+ two-/orey$ hexagonal pavilions1 "o at ea* corn]1 & two l>g] pavilions ( simil> %ape 9 ! c5tre1 a ?ird /orey be+ erect$ ^u ! ro( ( ! m we/]ly ( ! two4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,julfa ,bridge1#he ! basem5t is pi]c$ by a vault$ passage1 runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! bridge ?r\gh ! pi]s on ! top ( ! dam1 & cross+ ! successive *annels by /epp+-/ones six feet deep4 ,! ma9 roadway ( ! bridge1 tw5ty-f\r feet broad1 is also flank$ by a cov]$ gall]y on ea* side1 lead+ to ! hexagonal pavilions1 & op5+ by a succession ( ar*es on to ! out] air4 ,f9ally1 !re is a t]race-walk at ! top1 :i* 0 orig9ally protect$ by a d\ble p>apet & scre5s4 ,! pavilions 7 once adorn$ ) ri* pa9t+s & gild+1 & ) panels conta9+ inscriptions4 ,! decoration is n[ m jejune & vulg>1 & ! sp&rils ( ! ar*es are mo/ly fill$ 9 ) mod]n tiles4 ,9 old5 days ?is bridge 0 a fav\rite resort 9 ! ev5+1 :]e ! "y gallants ( ,isfahan m>*$ up & d[n1 or sat & smok$ 9 ! embay$ ar*ways ov]look+ ! /ream4 ,n[ x is well-nigh des]t$ save 9 ! spr+time1 :5 ! sn[s melt 9 ! m\nta9s1 & 9 a few h\rs ! ,z5deh ,rud is conv]t$ f a petty /ream into a foam+ torr5t4 ,!n ! good folk ( ,isfahan cr[d ! gall]ies & arcades ( ! bridge1 & %\t ) delight z ! wat] fir/ ru%es ?r\gh ! n>r[ sluices1 !n m\nts to ! level ( ! causeway & spills 9 a noisy cascade d[n ea* successive /airway or weir1 & f9ally p\rs ?r\gh ! ma9 ar*es1 /ill splitt+ into a s]ies ( cat>acts z x leaps ! brok5 edges ( ! dam40#hf ,su* is ! ,pul-i-,khaju4 ,h] ar*itect's "n is unkn[n1 b %e dates f ! "t ( ,%ah ,abbas ,,ii1 :o reign$ betwe5 ! ye>s #afda & #afff4 ,ev5 9 photographs %e is a bridge ( en*antm5t :]e f "t to "t all ! tir$ g5iuses ( ! _w %\ld g = a romantic holiday2 ! pavilions c]ta9ly await ! com+ ( wor?y gue/s1 :o w\ld save !m f ! vulg> decoration :i* has displac$ ! old pa9t+s & enri*m5ts4 ,t vault$ arcade 9 ! basem5t1 runn+ transv]sely ?r\gh all ! pi]s1 & cross+ ! *annels by huge /epp+-/ones 7"o ( ! e>lie/ bridges copi$ by primitive man f ,nature's object-lessons71 has a great hi/oric int]e/1 ?\gh 9 pictures & photographs x attracts v little att5tion4 ,0 x sugge/$ by a ,roman model1 or 0 x r$iscov]$ by ! orig9ality ( a great ar*itect8 ,i h se>*$ long = an answ] to ^! que/ions1 b 9 va94 ,p]haps ,old ,london ,bridge at h] be/1 aft] ! build+ ( ,none-su* ,h\se1 9 #aegf1 may h be5 z ent]ta9+ to ! eye z is ! magic ( ! ,pul-i-,khaju1 ?\gh inf]ior to ?is ma/]piece z a "w ( art4 ,! e>lie/ repres5tation ( ,old ,london ,bridge comes to u f ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 a m9iature t graces ! poems ( ,*>les d',orlans4#hg ,x %[s five pi]s mu* broad] ?an ! adjac5t voids1 also a l9e ( picturesque timb] h\ses jutt+ out f ! p>apet1 & a great *apel ( apsidal =m1 ) wr\ght p9nacles & two ti]s ( decorat$ w9d[s4 ,?is ,go?ic *ur*1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,?omas ,becket1 rises f wat]-level to a height exce$+ t ( ! talle/ h\se on ! bridge4 ,9 ,h[ell's 8,lond9opolis0 7edition ( #afeg7 x is said t dur+ ,k+ ,john's reign1 #aaii-abaf1 a mayor ( ,london1 8be+ ma/] workman ( ! bridge1 build$ f ! f\ndation ! l>ge *appel on ! bridge ^u 8 own *>ges1 :i* *appel 0 !n end[$ ) two prie/s & f\r cl]ks1 beside *antries40 ,x 0 put on ! ea/ side2 !re 7 two /oreys1 "o ) an entrance f ! riv]1 ! o!r ) a por* on ! roadway4 ,s boat-f>]s _h _! own place ( wor%ip on ,london ,bridge1 & !y walk$ to _! pray+-/ools ov] a pavem5t ( black & :ite m>ble4 ,bo? /oreys 7 brilliantly light$2 9 ! upp] "o !re 7 eight w9d[s4 ,! fir/ ar*itect ( ,old ,london ,bridge1 ,pet] ,cole*ur*1 8prie/ & *apla910 di$ 9 #abje1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,?omas1 j tw5ty-two ye>s aft] ,sa9t ,bnzet 0 laid to re/ 9 8 bridge *apel at ,avignon4 ,betwe5 #aagf & #aahc ,cole*ur* may h _h "s correspond5ce ) ,bnzet1 = bo? 7 heads ( religi\s bodies engag$ at ! same "t on simil> "w4 8,_! lett]s to "o ano!r w\ld int]e/ eng9e]s10 rem>ks ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k91 z if eng9e]s alone 7 attract$ by ,old ,london ,bridge4 ,9 #aagf1 :5 ,cole*ur* prep>$ 8 designs1 ev]ybody 0 excit$ ab\t a great & v useful ent]prise4 ,! ,k+1 ! cl]gy1 ! citiz5s ( ,london1 ev5 c\ntry-folk1 end[$ ! bridge ) l&s or s5t money to ha/5 its completion4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury subscrib$ a ?\s& m>ks4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! li/ ( donors 0 /ill to be se5 89 a table fair writt5 = po/]ity10 treasur$ 9 ! *apel on ! bridge4#hh ,/[ makes no ref]5ce to ! mayor :o at 8 own exp5se built ! *apel2 he says only t ,cole*ur* 0 buri$ 89 ! *apel build$ on ! same bridge 9 ! ye> #abje40 ,f\r ye>s lat] ! bridge 0 f9i%$ by ?ree 8wor?y m]*ants ( ,london--,s]le ,m]c]1 ,william ,alma9e1 & ,b5$ick ,botewrite1 pr9cipal ma/]s ( "w40 ,_! director-9-*ief 0 a ,fr5*man1 bro!r ,isemb]t by "n1 ^: magnific5t bridge at ,sa9tes _h delight$ ,k+ ,john1 & :o 0 *os5 to sup]9t5d ! f9i%+ ( ,old ,london ,bridge a little :ile be=e ! dea? ( ,cole*ur*4 ,9 ,july1 #abab1 a t]rific fire occurr$ on ! bridge1 beg9n+ at ! ,s\?w>k end1 b spread+ to ! h\ses at ! nor? end also2 no few] ?an #cjjj p]sons lo/ _! lives4 ,citiz5s ga!r$ at ! nor? end to wat* ! spectacle1 & 7 ov]tak5 by ! swift-travell+ flames & by panic also4 ,_m jump$ into ! riv] & 7 dr[n$2 o!rs 7 kill$ by fall+ timb]s1 & _m 7 scor*$ to dea?4 ,aga9 & aga91 9 aft] ye>s1 ,london ,bridge & h] *apel 7 ravag$ by fire2 z 9 #acjj1 9 #adga1 9 #afcb1 9 #afff1 & 9 ,septemb]1 #agbe4 ,"h is ,/['s picture ( ! h\ses3-- 8,! build+ 0 ( timb]1 v sub/antial & beautiful1 = ! h\ses 7 ?ree /ories high1 besides ! cell>s1 :i* 7 )9 & betwe5 ! pi]s1 & ov] ! h\ses 7 /ately plat=ms1 lead$1 ) rails & balla/]s ab\t !m1 v commodi\s & pleasant = walk+ & enjoy+ s f9e a prospect up & d[n ! riv]1 & "s _h pretty little g>d5s ) arb\rs40 ,all ?is f9e ar*itecture 0 de/roy$ 9 ! ,great ,fire ( #afff1 b a /ill bett] pile ( build+s 0 put up1 & n[ ! h\ses 7 sep>at$ by a roadway tw5ty feet wide4 ,9 e>li] times ! passage betwe5 ! h\ses rang$ 9 wid? f twelve feet to f\rte54 ,at la/1 9 #agef1 e h\se on ! bridge 0 pull$ d[n1 b ! *apel 0 grant$ a few ye>s m ( life4 ,guess :y8 ,because "s v&al or o!r 0 will+ to use ! *apel z a w>eh\se4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! *apel on ,ro!rham ,bridge1 ,york%ire1 0 a tobacco %op4 ,z = ! m]*ant :o leas$ ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,?omas ,becket1 he built a new ceil+ ) heavy beams t cross$ ea* o!r2 soon he tir$ ( 8 w>eh\se1 & !n--!n ! hi/oric old fane 0 de/roy$4 ,a city is l a bo>d meet+--f "t to "t x has a consci5ce4 ,two o!r hi/oric facts f9d a place "h4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aghb1 ! "r ( toll 0 discont9u$1 s t ,london]s 7 sep>at$ f a direct p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( _! bridge1 j z free education sep>ates p>5ts f _! mo/ sacr$ duties4 ,eight ye>s e>li]1 9 #aggd1 ! wat]works ( little w9dmills 7 de/roy$ by fire1 aft] bick]+ = #aib ye>s "u ! %ad[ ( ,old ,london ,bridge4 ,! end 0 draw+ ne>4 ,new ,london ,bridge 0 begun on ,m>* #ae?1 #ahbd4 ,george ,r5nie made ! designs aft] /udy+ ! ,bridge ( ,augu/us at ,rim9i1 & 8 bro!r1 ,sir ,john ,r5nie1 direct$ ! workm5 on a site #bjj feet we/ ( ! ,old ,bridge2 j z ,pet] ,cole*ur* cross$ ! ,?ames a little we/ ( ! e>lie/ kn[n timb] bridge built by ,london]s4#hi ,x took only sev5 ye>s to c>ry out ! designs ( ,r5nie1 :]eas ,cole*ur* & 8 successor1 ! ,fr5*man ,isemb]t1 7 busy = ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,on ,augu/ #a/1 #ahca1 ,new ,london ,bridge 0 op5$ by ,william ,,iv1 & by ! second ye> ( ,victoria's reign ! old bridge 0 dead & gone4 ,x _h tak5 a long "t to murd] h]1 fragm5t by fragm5t1 b yet %e liv$ almo/ z long z ! fir/ ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 design$ by ,m4 ,labelye1 :i* la/$ f #agej to #ahec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,london ,,bridge1 ,,design$ ,,by ,,george ,,r5nie1 ,,& ,,c>ri$ ,,out ,,by ,,8 ,,bro!r1 ,,sir ,,john ,,r5nie4 ,,op5$ ,,to ,,! ,,public ,,9 #ahca ,"o purpose ( ,old ,london ,bridge has be5 =gott53 %e 0 an arcad$ dam1 & %e deep5$ ! wat] = %ipp+ on ! ea/]n side4 ,accord+ to ,arb]'s repr9t ( 8,euphues & 8 ,engl&10 !re 7 tw5ty ar*es 9 all1 8:]e( ea* "o is made ( excell5t free/one squ>$1 e "o ( !m be+ ?ree-score foote 9 height1 & full tw5ty 9 di/ance "o f an o!r40 ,?is latt] /atem5t is incorrect4 ,! ar*es rang$ 9 wid? f #ah feet to #cb feet #f in*es1 & ! pi]s v>i$ 9 bread? f #be to #cd feet2 !y 7 rais$ on /rong elm piles1 cov]$ ) ?ick planks bolt$ toge!r1 & !y occupi$ n less ?an two-?irds ( ! wat]way4 ,yet mod]n eng9e]s play$ ! fool ) ?is anci5t breakwat]4 ,sev]al ar*es 7 ?r[n into "o l>ge span1 s ! ,?ames p\r$ ?r\gh ! bridge ) an increas$ & unev5 =ce2 ! gr\nd curr5t develop$ a sc\r t dug deep holes "u ! pi]s1 & into ^! holes tons ( /uff 7 p\r$ ineffectually1 = ! sc\r cont9u$ to und]cut ! f\ndations4 ,ev5 ,labelye's bridge at ,we/m9/] 0 affect$ v mu* by ?is new devilry 9 ! gr\nd curr5t ( ! ,?ames4 ,x 0 ,euphues :o describ$ ! old bridge z 8a cont9uall /reete1 well repl5y%$ ) l>ge & /ately h\ses on bo? sides40 ,to-day we h "o bridge well repl5i%$ ) h\ses 7unless ! v&alism ( trade has made a rec5t fea/ ( x71 b its ar*itecture is n l>ge & /ately4 ,i ref] to ,william ,pult5ey's ,bridge at ,ba?1 an exp]im5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 amateurs trifl$ ) ar*itecture1 & ar*itects trifl$ ) amateurs4 ,! /ructure is s$ately prim & dull1 b yet x is admirable1 = x has tri$ to r5ew 9 ,engl& a g5]ative tradition t l9ks e h\s$ bridge to ! e>lie/ lake-villages4 ,s ,i am glad to say t ! crippl$ old build+s on ! ,high ,bridge at ,l9coln--a fav\rite subject ( ,pet] de ,w9t--h be5 re/or$4 ,?is "w 0 done1 & done v well1 ?irte5 ye>s ago1 "u ! direction ( two ar*itects1 & a long acc\nt ( ! repairs1 ) a full-page illu/ration1 0 publi%$ 9 8,! ,build]10 ,m>* #ba1 #aijc4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! back view ( ! h\ses ) ! bridge b5ea? & beyond4 ,! re/oration is cons]vative & excell5t1 b "t alone c mell[ x f a ?or\gh newness into a ripe complet5ess4 ,ev5 !n x w be a poor little monum5t :5 comp>$ ) its ,flor5t9e sup]ior ! ,ponte ,vec*io1 :i* hi/ory gives to ,taddeo ,gaddi & ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! ,ponte ,vec*io has b "o fault--! long & level ro(1 :i* has two p>allel l9es ( a mo/ unpliant /raightness4 ,:y %\ld an ar*itect put himself at odds ) ! curv$ wit*]y t ,nature gives to h] sky-l9es & horizons8 ,9 o!r respects ! ,ponte ,vec*io has a *>m+ citiz5%ip haunt$ by romance4 ,ev5 ! beak$ pi]s are n too l>ge1 ?\gh !y are said to date f ! ye> #acee4 ,p]haps !y 7 remodell$ by ,r5aissance art2 c]ta9ly !y h a /yle n unlike t ( ! great ,ammanati4 ,z = ! ?ree ar*es1 !y are well balanc$1 _! roadway has a g5tle slope1 & _! %ape goes ab\t half-way betwe5 a cycloid & a surbas$ r\nd ar*4 ,! cycloid =m appe>s 9 ! ar*es ( ano!r ,flor5t9e bridge1 ,ammanati's ma/]piece1 ! incomp>able ,ponte della ,tr9it4 ,"s ( ! _m-w9d[$ t9y cots t project f ! p>apet ( ! ,ponte ,vec*io seem to be /uffy compromises betwe5 tombs & homes2 !y w\ld be fit re/+-places = ! occasional gho/s t m5 ( sci5ce welcome1 aft] inf9ite hesitation unreliev$ by hum\r4 ,b ,i regret always t f ! ,ponte ,vec*io ,i c get no idea ( ! effect made 9 nature by ,old ,london ,bridge4 ,is !re extant any bridge t helps u to realise ! "w ( ,cole*ur* & ,isemb]t8 ,! once fam\s wat]mills at ,meaux1 9 ,brie1 & ! ,pont du ,m>* !re1 are some:at ( an aid 9 ?is matt]4 ,brangwyn visit$ !m 9 #aiac1 & 0 fasc9at$4 ,"s writ]s say t ! fir/ wat]mills at ,meaux 7 built 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 & on a rec5t photograph tak5 f a picture ,i read3 ,meaux1 ,les ,m\l9s sur ,pilotis1 xii4 sicle4 ,b ^! mills disappe>$ be=e ! ye> #ahce1 & !y belong$ to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 n to ! twelf?4 ,viollet-le-,duc put ?is date on record1 toge!r ) ! fact t ! bridge & its mills 7 entirely ( wood4#ij ,9 #adbj ! ,engli% captur$ ,meaux1 & !y held x till #adch1 :5 !y 7 defeat$ by ! ,con/able de ,ri*mont4 ,_h !y reta9$ ! little t[n till ! end ( ! c5tury1 we might v5ture to suppose t ! timb] bridge & its wood5 mills 7 built by our ance/ors1 9 ord] to keep !mselves 9 m9d ( ,old ,london ,bridge4 ,! mod]n mills are _m-/orey$ places ( bus9ess1 & !y /& v erect on /one pi]s4 ,to-day ! ,pont du ,m>* has eight /one ar*es1 & a s+le r[ ( e>ly timb]$ h\ses4 ,i h f\r photographs ( x1 & 9 ea* x is *>m+4 ,next summ] ,i may see x 9 nature1 b if a ponti/ travell$ to see all ! bridges t attract him1 he w\ld ne$ a life ( sev]al hundr$ ye>s & a riv] ,pactolus to f9ance 8 rese>*4#ia ,is !re any reason :y ,engl& %\ld n h a great bridge ( %ops1 or ( wat]mills1 or ( h\ses8 ,let ,brangwyn & ,mr4 ,luty5s collaborate1 & !n we %all h a ma/]piece inde$6 ,"h & !re we h a small bridge ) a wat]mill close at h&2 !re is "o 9 ,sussex betwe5 ,midhur/ & ,easeb\rne1 = example1 b ,i "k n "o t w>ms my patriotism ) a gl[ ( pride4 ,viollet-le-,duc draws ?ree *>m+ pictures ( ,fr5* mill bridges :i* h disappe>$4 ,!re 0 ! ,pont aux ,meuni]s at ,p>is1 t cross$ ! great arm ( ! ,se9e bel[ ! ,pont au ,*ange1 fac+ ! ,palais2 x resembl$ ! ,mill]s' ,bridge at ,meaux4 ,a great /one bridge at ,*lon-sur-,sane 0 decorat$ ) r\nd t[]s above ! pi]s1 & betwe5 ^! t[]s1 on ! "r ( e ar*1 a little mill 0 busy4 ,?is m$ival arrangem5t1 s ri* ) a qua9t citiz5%ip1 la/$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ov] ! ,loire at ,nantes 0 ano!r picturesque bridge t unit$ 9 itself ! m]its ( _m good burgesses4 ,impud5t h\ses ) peak$ ro(s 7 balanc$ on ! pi]s & ?rove well z %ops2 a footway ( wood 0 corbell$ out f ! p>apet2 & betwe5 "s ( ! pi]s w9dmills behav$ l human creatures1 = ! h>d] !y toil$ ov] ! bus9ess ( daily bread1 ! m l\dly !y compla9$4 ,_! noise impli$ t corn 0 v h>d to cru%2 & ! reluctant movem5t ( _! revolv+ w9d-sails 0 an image ( self-pity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree-,,ar*$ ,,bridge ,,at ,,v5ice1 ,,ov] ,,! ,,canal ,,( ,,/4 ,,giobbe4 ,,brick ,,& ,,/one4 ,,r5aissance ,z m$ival t[ns ( importance 7 encompass$ by walls & def5d$ by ca/les1 !re 0 little free space2 h5ce ! build+ ( a new bridge 0 always a great ev5t2 x enl>g$ ! civic life & prep>$ a f\ndation = a new /reet or = a fre% l9e ( def5sive works4 ,?us ! ,bridge ( ,sa9tes 0 a long l9e ( =tifications 7p4 #cjj71 :ile ! bridges ( ,p>is 7 h\s$ & popul\s1 unlike _m a village :]e poor ,jacques1 9 ! mid/ ( unceas+ w>1 liv$ ! life ( a hunt$ wolf4 ,un=tunately1 ! t5ants ( ,p>is bridges want$ to ?rive at _! l&lords' exp5se1 & at la/ !y ru9$ ! l&lords1 :o 7 bridges1 n m51 ,i am sorry to say4 ,! great corbels t support$ ! h\ses press$ too heavily on ! sp&rils2 caves & hid+-places 7 dug into ! pi]s2 & :5 ! h\ses 7 remov$ f ! ,pont ,notre-,dame & ! ,pont ,sa9t-,mi*el1 x 0 f\nd t e t5ant _h misus$ 8 home1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( excavat+ secret *amb]s beh9d ! haun*es ( an ar*4 ,= human nature has ev] claim$ ! privilege ( do+ ju/ice to itself 9 actions ( fooli% viol5ce4 ,= in/ance1 x is disgu/+ to read ab\t ! desecration ?ru/ ^u ,engli% bridge *apels aft] ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?4 ,z an example we c take ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>y on ,wakefield ,bridge1 ,york%ire1 a beautiful piece ( ,decorat$ ,go?ic dat+ f ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation x became _m pr(ane ?+s1 includ+ an old clo!s %op1 a w>eh\se1 a d5 ( flax-dress]s1 a newsroom1 a *eesecake h\se1 a tailor's %op1 & ,i "k n :at else2 s 8we ?9k ^u h] /ones1 & x pitie? u to see h] 9 ! du/40 ,at la/--x 0 9 #ahdg--;an ef=t 0 made to rescue h] f fur!r degradation3 q a big ef=t1 = x co/ #cjjj1 yet ! cause _h no?+ to d ) sport or ) self-adv]tisem5t4 ,to raise s mu* money 9 ! s]vice ( hi/ory 0 a great a*ievem5t4 ,b ! *os5 ar*itect 0 less =tunate ?an he might h be52 he 0 "o ( ^? ,victorian 8re/or]s0 ^: zeal at times 0 excessive4 ,9 a few mon?s ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>y 0 rebuilt1 almo/1 s ?or\gh 0 ! r5ovation4 ,ev5 ! orig9al front 0 torn (f & c>t$ to ! gr\nds ( ,kettle?orpe ,p>k1 :]e x /ill rema9s1 ,i believe2 & n en\gh c>e 0 %[n 9 ! *oice ( build+ mat]ials1 = ! new "w 0 c>ri$ out 9 ,ba? /one & ,ca5 /one1 :i* 7 mu* too s(t = ! ,wakefield atmosph]e4 ,inde$1 ! new front p]i%$ s quickly t 9 less ?an =ty-five ye>s a "p ( its detail look$ m friable ?an ! anci5t "w at ,kettle?orpe2 & a second r5ovation became necess>y4 ,! subscriptions rais$ = ^! remodell+s & repairs call to m9d ! fact t 9 mu* e>li] times ,wakefield ,bridge & its *apel 7 objects ( *>ity4 ,= example1 9 #acia1 ! f\rte5? ye> ( ,ri*>d ,,ii1 ,william de ,bayley1 ( ,mitton 9 ,crav51 left ,c sol ad confirmacionem cant>ie 9 ,capella ,sce ,m>i sup ,pont de ,wakefield2 & a de$ dat$ ! #bg? ( ,septemb]1 #aded1 ! ?irty-second ye> ( ,h5ry ,,vi1 m5tions a ye>ly dole ( ?ree %ill+s to be paid to ! bridge *apel at ,wakefield4 ,at an e>li] date1 9 #acih1 two *antries 7 orda9$ 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,*apel1 ?anks to ! g5]osity ( ,william ,t]ry & ,rob]t ,he?1 :o obta9$ lic5ces f ,ri*>d ,,ii 8to give & assign to two *apla9s celebrat+ div9e s]vice 9 ! *apel ( ,/4 ,m>y1 on ,wakefield ,bridge1 lately built1 t5 p\nds r5t 9 ,wakefield1 ,/anley1 ,ossett1 ,pontefract1 ,horbury1 ,heckmondwike1 ,%afton1 ,d>field1 ,pre/on1 ,jackl+1 & ,fry/one by ! wat]40 ,norrison ,scat*]d gives ?is quotation f a docum5t 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,hatfield family1 b ,i "k n :at to say ( x2 = a *>t] ( an e>li] date m5tions a sum ( #aj & two *apla9s 7p4 #bcj74 ,h[ev]1 ! *apel is built on a little isl& 9 ! riv] ,cald]1 & ! plan is arrang$ bel[ s z to (f] ! lea/ resi/ance to ! riv]4 8,! extra wid? requir$ = ! *apel above is obta9$ by corbell+ out on ea* side1 :i* gives a total ext]nal wid? ( ab\t tw5ty feet4 ,! total l5g? is ab\t =ty-five feet4 ,! front t[>ds ! bridge is v elaborate1 & is divid$ into five ogee-head$ comp>tm5ts1 ) buttresses betwe54 ,?ree ( ^!1 ! c5tre & two ends1 are doorways1 ! o!r two be+ panell$4 ,ov] ?is is a s]ies ( five panels fill$ ) sculpture repres5t+ ! ,annunciation1 ! ,bir? ( ,jesus1 ! ,resurrection1 ! ,asc5sion1 & ! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ on ! ,disciples4 ,surm\nt+ ! :ole are battlem5ts2 & a bold gr\p ( p9nacles at ea* end ( ! front ov] ! buttresses4 ,ea* side has ?ree ?ree-light w9d[s1 & ! ea/ end has a l>ge w9d[ ( five lights2 all h ri* ,decorat$ trac]y4 ,a well-design$ turret /&s at ! nor?-ea/ angle1 & conta9s ! /aircase :i* communicates ) ! ro( & crypt4 ,on ! nor?1 s\?1 & ea/ fronts is a panell$ p>apet1 & !re is a canopi$ ni*e ov] ! ea/ w9d[s4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a prie/'s h\se adjo9+1 b ! la/ ve/iges ( x 7 remov$ 9 #ahff4444 ,! w9d[s on ! s\? & ea/ are fill$ ) /a9$ glass4 ,! int]ior is 9 good repair1 & is fitt$ up = s]vice40#ib ,& s]vice also is held !re4#ic ,lel&1 :o return$ f 8 antiqu>ian t\r 9 #aedb1 collect$ 9 ,wakefield a good _m suppositions ab\t ! orig9 ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,*apel4 ,he 0 happy !re1 because a "r hone/ man f>$ well = 8#b p5s a meale40 ,on ! ea/ side ( a fair bridge ( /one1 "u ^: n9e ar*es ! ,cald] fl[$1 ,lel& 0 *>m$ to see a "r goodly *apel ( ,our ,lady1 ) two cantu>y prie/s f\nd$ 9 x1 by ! t[nsm51 z "s say2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,dukes ( ,york 7 tak5 z f\nd]s because !y _h obta9$ ! mortma94 ,he he>d someone say t ,edw>d ,,iv's fa!r1 or else ! ,e>l ( ,rutl&1 bro!r to ,edw>d ,,iv1 80 a great do] ( x10 = 8a sore batell 0 f\ght 9 ! s\? feeldes ( ?is bridge10 & 9 ! flight ( ! ,duke ( ,york's p>ty1 ei!r ! duke himself1 or 8 son ! ,e>l ( ,rutl&1 0 sla9 a little above ! b>s1 beyond ! bridge1 go+ up into ! t[n ( ,wakefield4 8,at ?is place is set up a cross 9 rei memoriam40 ,v (t5 to-day1 z 9 ,lel&'s "t1 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>y is suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$ lat] ?an #adfj1 p>tly to commemorate ! battle ( ,s&al ,ca/le ,field1 n[ call$ ! battle ( ,wakefield1 & p>tly z a monum5t to a boy ( eighte51 poor ,edmund ,e>l ( ,rutl&1 second son ( ! ,duke ( ,york1 :o 0 murd]$ by ! 8black ,"l ,clif=d10 call$ ! ,but*]4 ,!n a royal *antry seems to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,*apel1 & end[$2 b *antries 7 f\nd$ (t5 9 bridge *apels1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( ,london ,bridge 7p4 #bag72 & s we mu/ n suppose t 8*antry0 & 8*apel0 mean always ! same ?+4 ,moreov]1 9 ar*itectural "* ! *apel belongs to ab\t ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,ii1 :o di$ 9 #acbg4 ,?is 0 prov$ by ,buckl]1 & 9 a *>t] ( ab\t #aceh1 dat$ at ,wakefield1 ,edw>d ,,iii settl$ 8#aj p] annum on ,william ,kaye & ,william ,bull & _! successors = ev] to p]=m ,div9e ,s]vice 9 a *apel ( ,/4 ,m>y newly built on ! bridge at ,wakefield40#id ,/ill1 ! precise date ( ! f\ndation is unimportant4 ,scat*]d ascribes x to a "t e>li] ?an #aceg1 & dwells ^u a resemblance betwe5 ,/4 ,m>y's ,*apel at ,wakefield & ,prior ,crawd5's ,*apel at ,ely1 #acba-dj2 he is 8almo/ p]suad$0 t !y 7 built by ! same great ar*itect1 ,alan de ,wals+ham4#ie ,i *ose ! /ory ( ?is bridge *apel z an in/ance ( ! desecration ?ru/ ^u old ,engli% %r9es aft] ! ,re=mation _h let loose ! cre$ ( self into sect-mak+ zealotry4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( f9e art ,puritans 7 (t5 l />v+ dogs 9 ! pres5ce ( raw meat4 ,?\gh e m$ival bridge )\t exception 0 unit$ to ! ,*ur* by a ,*ri/ian symbol1 a cross or a crucifix1 yet ! ,puritans 7 s ?or\gh 9 _! fanaticism t only a bridge "h & !re 0 all[$ to keep ev5 ! /ump ( a sma%$ cross4 ,"s brok5 crosses 7 h&$ on to ,victoria's "t1 b highway bo>ds & _! p>apet repairs de/roy$ ! /umps "o by "o1 z 9 ! case ( ,a%=d ,bridge1 ,d]by%ire4 ,a few ye>s ago ! /ump ( a cross _h n yet be5 /ripp$ f "o ,d]by%ire bridge1 ! ,d]w5t packhorse bridge1 b ,i d>e n say t x /ill rema9s4 ,at any mom5t ! v&alism ( a 8re/oration0 may rem9d u t our highway bo>ds ought to be guid$ & discipl9$ by indep5d5t committees ( ar*itects & arti/s4 ,_! "w is f> less intellig5t ?an t ( ! ,ponts et ,*ausses 9 ,france4 ,& s1 :at ) ! ravag+ h&s ( our roadway (ficials1 & :at ) ! de/ructive sanctity ( ,puritans1 our old bridges & _! religi\s adjuncts h suff]$ long & mu* & cont9ually4 ,_m bridge *apels h be5 de/roy$1 z at ,crom=d1 ,donca/]1 ,ludl[1 ,bide=d1 ,ri*mond 7,yorks71 ,le$s1 ,newca/le1 ,b>n>d ,ca/le1 ,durham 7on ! ,elvet ,bridge71 ,catt]ick1 ,bridg5or?1 ,bri/ol1 ,wall+=d1 ,b$=d 7,/4 ,?omas's ,*apel1 ,bunyan's gaol71 & ,droitwi*1 :]e ! high road pass$ ?r\gh ! *apel1 & sep>at$ ! congregation f ! read+-desk & f ! pulpit6 ,:at a relic ( old wayf>+ life6 ,yet x 0 cle>$ away z hateful to progress4 ,a small oratory rema9s on ! bridge at ,brad=d-on-,avon1 ,wilt%ire4 ,x is n q on ! same l9es z ! orig9al /ructure1 = 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury its ro(+ 0 alt]$ into a sort ( dome built ) /one4 ,x is a 8h\s+10 a t9y place = a pass+ pray]1 n a *apel2 & ?is class ( bridge oratory has become s uncommon t ,i d\bt :e!r ano!r exi/s4 ,z ,mr4 ,emanuel ,gre5 has said1 x 8is n[ p]haps unique10 & 8%\ld be c>efully pres]v$40#if ,9 rec5t times nei!r rev]5ce nor c>e has be5 be/[$ on ?is oratory4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation x 0 pr(an$1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,= a long "t x 0 us$ z a 8lock-up10 & 9 #ahhg x 0 a p[d] magaz9e6 ,its pyramidal ro( is cr[n$ ) a tall f9ial1 :i* 9 its turn c>ries a pretty w9d vane2 & 9 ! w9d vane we f9d ! emblem ( ,/4 ,ni*olas--a gudgeon4 ,! t[nsfolk us$ to be kn[n z ,brad=d gudgeon1 & ^? ( !m :o _h be5 %ut up 9 ! little prison on ! bridge 7 said to h be5 8"u ! fi% & ov] ! wat]40#ig ,at ,/4 ,ives1 ,hunt+don%ire1 call$ ,slepe 9 8,domesday ,book10 & ,asleep to-day1 !re is ano!r degrad$ oratory1 a bigg] "o1 ) an apsidal t]m9ation ea/w>d4 ,its orig9al p>apet has be5 torn d[n1 & a brick h\se ( two /oreys adds greatly to its height4 ,d]by also has a bridge *apel1 ^: hi/ory may be /udi$ 9 ! works ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,cox2 b ,i am m int]e/$ 9 ! oratory on ,ro!rham ,bridge1 ,york%ire4 ,"h1 z at ,wakefield1 ! *apel /&s on a small isl&1 ! upp] "p is corbell$ out on ea* side1 & ! end aga9/ ! bridge is c>ri$ by a half-ar*4 ,! plan is a rectangle ab\t #cj ft4 by #ad ft41 :ile at ,wakefield ! ext]nal wid? is #bj ft4 & ! total l5g? ab\t #de ft4 ,dur+ _m ye>s ,ro!rham ,*apel 0 almo/ z beautiful z ! ma/]piece at ,wakefield2 & ev5 n[1 aft] inf9ite ill-usage1 !re is *>m 9 ! embattl$ p>apet grac$ ) p9nacles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,go?ic ,,bridge ,,at ,,b>n>d ,,ca/le1 ,,york%ire ,we he> ( ?is *apel = ! fir/ "t 9 ! w ( "o ,john ,bokyns1 :o 9 #adhc left ?ree & f\rp5ce 8to ! fabric ( ! *apel to be built on ,ro!rham ,bridge40 ,!re seems to h be5 no end[m5t1 z ?is *apel 0 unnam$ by ! ,commission]s ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,9 #afha %e 0 turn$ into an alm%\se1 %e 0 a prison 9 #aggh1 & also 9 #ahca2 b at la/ %e became m reputable z a w>eh\se4 ,may we hope t h] lo/ w9d[ trac]y w be r5ew$1 & w %e ev] be re/or$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*8 ,h] degradation has la/$ f> too long1 c]ta9ly1 b x is n easy to collect money = *ur* re/oration4 ,if our golf fanatics took ! matt] 9 h& & made an appeal to ! public1 _! popul>ity w\ld br+ 9 subscriptions4 ,f a /&po9t ( hi/oric social life ?is irrev]5ce to anci5t bridge *apels _c be any?+ less ?an horrible1 because ! e>li] ,engl& ow$ all h] be/ qualities to t fai? :i* prec$$ ,prote/antism1 & :i* pass$ )\t mu* injury ?r\gh ! t]rible alembics ( m$ival w> & ( social egotism4 ,9 ,%akespe>e himself we f9d a product ( ! spectacul> display :i* ! old ,*ur* _h enc\rag$ by h] fe/ivals2 & x is c]ta9 also t ,%akespe>e c\ld n h be5 a dramatic poet if ! ,puritanism ( 8 "t _h be5 a lead+ motive-p[] ( public life1 & n m]ely a writ] ( unpopul> books4 ,no ponti/ %\ld fail to read ! e>ly ,puritan scribbl]s1 :o give 9 a fr5zy ( c>icature mu* valuable social hi/ory1 )\t a k ( :i* ! sixte5? c5tury _c be und]/ood4 ,_! language is graphic1 & s viol5t t x takes "o's brea? away2 b 9 all repr9ts1 z 9 ^? ( ! ,new ,%akespe>e ,society1 x is kept away f ! g5]al read] by ! dismal p$antry :i* copies ! freaki% spell+ ( sixte5?-c5tury books4 ,let me give1 ) mod]nis$ spell+1 an abridg$ extract f an ,elizabe?an ,puritan1 ,phillip ,/ubbes1 ^: 8,anatomy ( ,abuses0 has come at la/ into ! hi/ory ( hi/orians4 ,my aim is to %[ ?ree ?+s3 a _s ( fi]ce intol]ance n yet popul> en\gh to close ! !atres ( ,london1 b fooli% en\gh to wreck %r9es & to take pride 9 a v bad sy/em ( suppos$ moral tea*+4 ,x 0 ! e>li] ,cromwell :o appo9t$ ,sir ,william ,bassett1 ,knight1 to ! holy (fice ( %r9e de/roy] & image break]2 & ,bassett1 ^: hum\r 0 kill$ by zealotry1 reg>d$ z s9ful ?+s ev5 ! ba?s at ,buxton1 = he lock$ !m up & seal$ !m1 8t none %all ent] to wa% 444 until y\r lord%ip's pleasure be fur!r kn[n40 ,into ?is novel sanctity ,phillip ,/ubbes p\r$ 8 abundant v5om4 ,be+ at he>t a ?or\gh ,puritan1 x nev] occurr$ to him t x w\ld be bett] to educate human nature ?an to take away f x ! discipl9e ( temptation4 ,z 9 e>li] times ! bett] m9ds & *>act]s _h sneak$ away f life into nunn]ies & mona/]ies1 s ,phillip ,/ubbes wi%$ mank9d to be a recluse1 a h]mit1 sep>at$ by /]n laws f ev]y?+ t folly c\ld abuse4 ,because m9/rels & mimics sang _m a lewd song1 z d fools to-day1 ,/ubbes rag$ aga9/ all it9]ant cl[ns1 buffoons1 & s+]s1 & dem&$ t !y %\ld be put d[n2 by no o!r means c\ld m5 be taught to value a little dec5cy & self-respect4 ,8 language runs ?us3-- 8,su* drunk5 sockets & bawdy p>asites range ! c\ntry1 rhym+ & s++ unclean1 corrupt & fil?y songs1 9 tav]ns1 ale-h\ses1 inns1 & o!r public assemblies4444 ,e t[n1 city1 & c\ntry is full ( ^! m9/rels to pipe up a dance to ! devil4444 ,b "s ( !m w reply1 & say1 #8,:at1 sir6 we h lic5ces f ju/ices ( ! peace to pipe & use our m9/relsy to our be/ commodity4' ,curs$ be ^? lic5ces :i* lic5se any man to get 8 liv+ ) ! de/ruction ( _m ?\s&s6 ,b h y a lic5ce f ! ar*ju/ice ( peace1 ,*ri/ ,jesus8 ,if y h n 444 !n may y1 z rogues1 extravagants1 & /raggl]s f ! heav5ly c\ntry1 be arre/$ ( ! high ju/ice ( peace1 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & be puni%$ ) et]nal dea?1 not)/&+ y\r pret5d$ lic5ces f e>?ly m544440 ,briefly1 ! p _h degrad$ _! s+]s1 j z to-day !y degrade ^? ,sunday newspap]s :i* h ! wide/ circulation2 yet ,/ubbes believ$ t ! p c\ld be sav$ f !mselves if _! victims 7 condemn$ to ev]la/+ puni%m5t by 8! high ju/ice ( peace1 ,*ri/ ,jesus40 ,9 l mann] ! p 7 to be improv$ someh[ by ! de/ruction ( old votive %r9es1 or by ! desecration ( ! bridge *apels 9 :i* = ages ! pilgrims ( ,engl& _h solac$ _! long j\rneys4 ,h5ry ,,viii himself1 9 #aeaj1 is said to h made a pilgrimage to ,our ,lady ( ,wals+ham1 b>efoot$1 & c>ry+ a ri* necklace--a light b exp5sive gift t did n add to 8 fatigue4 ,erasmus visit$ ! same great %r9e & kiss$ ! relics1 & all at once ! ,virg9 nodd$ at him1 ow+ to ! indiscretion ( a prie/ :o pull$ "s /r+s4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ?irty-eight %r9es drew pilgrims to ,norfolk2 = illness rambl$ f place to place1 fe$+ a sup]/iti\s piety1 & pray+ = t relief :i* doctors 9 _! wild ignorance c\ld n give4 ,! %r9es ( ,europe 7 ! only physicians t ! sick d>$ to tru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,go?ic ,,bridge ,,) ,,%r9es ,,at ,,el*e ,,9 ,,spa9 ,_m a pilgrim visit$ ! ,pont ,/4 ,bnzet at ,avignon1 & leg5d speaks also ( miracles2 ! good fri> 0 buri$ 9 8 bridge *apel1 & dur+ 8 life he heal$ ! sick & ! maim$4 ,i "k n :y leg5d %\ld say ^! ?+s1 s9ce ,bnzet did q en\gh good "w by build+ 8 noble /ructure ov] ! ,rhne1 a t]rible riv]4 ,a ,roman bridge _h occupi$ ! same spot1 s t ,bnzet may h us$ "s ( ! ,roman f\ndations4 ,8 "w1 9 any case1 0 done ) unusual rapidity1 be+ f9i%$ 9 eight ye>s 7#aagg-aahe74ih ,9 ,brangwyn's glori\s picture ( ! ,pont ,/4 ,bnzet "o romantic feature is ! fri>-ar*itect's tomb1 ! v5]able ,*apel ( ,/4 ,ni*olas2 & hi/orians dwell ^u ! fact t nev] once has ! *apel be5 injur$ by floods or by w>s4 ,all has be5 wreck$ except ! f\r ar*es dom9at$ by ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,bnzet4 ,pope ,clem5t ,,vi 7#acdb-aceb7 _h to rebuild f\r ar*es2 9 #acie1 dur+ a fi]ce attack on ! palace ( ! ,popes1 ! bridge 0 cut by ! ,catalans & ,aragonese1 :o de/roy$ an ar*2 & ?is brea* 0 n repair$ ) /one till ! ye> #adah4 ,! masonry 0 n good1 = 9 #afjb ! ar* gave way & caus$ ! loss ( ?ree o!rs4 ,disa/] foll[$ disa/]1 two ar*es fall+ 9 #afcc & two 9 ! w9t] ( #afgj4 ,turn to ! ,sieur ,tass9's 8,plans et ,pr(ils des pr9cipales ,villes et ,lieux considrables de ,france10 issu$ 9 #afeb1 & y w f9d a view ( ,sa9t ,bnzet's ,bridge1 ) two ar*es miss+ on ,b>!lasse ,isl&1 & ?ree on ! great arm ( ! ,rhne4 ,z a rule su* gaps 7 bridg$ ) timb]1 because a ,fr5* bridge cut 9 w> c\ld n be repair$ until p]mission _h be5 ga9$ f ! foe :o _h done ! damage4 ,?is curi\s fact 9 m$ival hi/ory ,i take f ,viollet-le-,duc2 & x may help to expla9 :y ! ma/]piece ( ,/4 ,bnzet 0 all[$ to p]i%4 ,bnzet con/ruct$ tw5ty-"o#ii ar*es1 & ! l9e ( 8 bridge made an elb[ po9t+ up/ream1 beyond ,b>!lasse ,isl&1 on ! ,vill5euve bran* ( ! ,rhne4 ,two ideas gov]n$ ?is angul> disposition3 fir/1 to ?ru/ into ! riv] a trem5d\s w$ge ( arcad$ /onework to resi/ floods2 next to ?w>t an attack by cavalry & infantry2 s9ce a bridge ) a b5d 9 x w\ld be m difficult to /orm ?an a level & /raight footway4 ,9 ,spa9 !re are sev]al bridges ( ?is angul> sort1 notably a v long "o ov] ! ,pisu]ga at ,torquemada2 & 9 ,corsica also !re is a f9e example1 b 9 c>icature1 ! bridge ov] ! ,tavignano be+ %ap$ l a ,z4 ,bnzet made ano!r concession to tactical def5ce3 8 bridge 0 only #d metres #ij wide1 includ+ ! ?ickness ( ! p>apets1 s x 0 v n>r[ 9 proportion to ! n9e hundr$ metres ( its l5g?4 ,j a few soldi]s 9 a l9e c\ld h walk$ along x f end to end2 & :eel$ traffic mu/ h be5 h9d]$1 = at "o po9t--face to face ) ! *apel--! roadway dw9dl$ to half its bread?4 ,ev5 9 times :5 c>ts & *>iots 7 long & n>r[1 a j\rney across ?is bridge on a m>ket day mu/ h be5 an adv5ture4 ,?is cramp$ road ov] ! ,rhne 0 ! only p]man5t way connect+ ! ,papal t]ritory ( ,avignon & ! ,fr5* t]ritory ( ,langu$oc4 ,_m tr\bles arose on ?is acc\nt1 & ,france nev] re/$ till %e _h ga9$ control ov] ! ,pont ,sa9t-,bnzet & ,avignon4 ,a c5tury aft] ,bnzet's dea? ! ,k+ ( ,france put up a bully+ =tress on ! "r bank1 & clos$ ! ,vill5euve entrance :5ev] he lik$4 ,= ab\t fifty ye>s ,avignon took no /eps to c\nt]balance ?is attack on h] lib]ties2 !n a ,ba/ille 0 built on h] side ( ! riv]1 & n[ ! ,pont ,sa9t-,bnzet 0 ne>ly z m>tial z ! ,bridge ( ,sa9tes 7p4 #cjj7 or z ! ,pont d',orlans1 :i* f ,octob] #ab1 #adbh1 to ! arrival ( ,jeanne d',arc on ,april #bi1 #adbi1 aid$ ,gauc\r to baffle ! e>ls ( ,salisbury & ,suffolk4 ,9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! cont5tion betwe5 ,france & ,avignon rea*$ a crisis1 n at all an infrequ5t ?+ 9 _! hi/ory2 b ?is crisis ( #adjh unseat$ ! ,papacy at ,avignon1 & expell$ ,b5$ict ,,xiii1 br++ to an end a religi\s dom9ation :i* _h la/$ 9 ! city = n9ety-n9e ye>s4 ,x is cle> f ?is brief record ( ev5ts t ! ,pont ,/4 ,bnzet1 l _m ano!r great bridge ( ! ,middle ,ages1 _h b a poor *ance ( becom+ social & useful4 ,in/ead ( be+ an op5 road to ! democratic _s & ! gr[? ( trade1 %e kept wat* & w>d incessantly1 & aid$ ! misrul+ class to n\ri% _! egotisms )\t any c>e at all = ! common weal4 ,x said v little = ! half-s5se ( ord9>y m5 t !y 9 _! millions 7 unable to def5d !mselves aga9/ a t9y class ( despots4 ,! p 7 l leaves on =e/ trees1 t flutt]$ ineffectually z soon z a gale began to bl[4 ,= ! ounces ( bra9 9 ea* human skull h nev] be5 ( any real wor? until g5ius has tak5 control ( !m1 = good or = ill4 ,m ?an "o insect has _h a bra9 m f]tile ?an t ( ! av]age man4 ,?us ! c]ebral ganglia ( ! ant1 ?\gh n s l>ge z a qu>t] ( a small p9's head1 h evolv$ a m>vell\s r\t9e ( life1 :i* includes ! mak+ ( bridges & ! bor+ ( tunnels "u runn+ wat]4 ,ants 7 civil eng9e]s long be=e m5 _h con/ruct$ _! fir/ tunnels & dra9s4 ,h y ev] tri$ to imag9e :at w\ld h happ5$ 9 ! _w ( primitive m5 if e atom 9 e ounce ( human bra9 _h be5 z f]tile z ! c]ebral ganglia ( ! ant8 ,a civilization no worse ?an our own might h be5 evolv$ by ! ye> #ajj1jjj ,b4,c41 if n e>li]4 ,f "t to "t1 h[ev]1 amid ! congeal$ blood t lay s ?ick ov] ! m$ival hi/ory ( ,france1 "s true social ju/ice did %9e out1 "h & !re4 ,a few ,fr5* nobles built communal bridges1 & set ! ,law to keep !m = ev] f ! tyrannies ( a sup]ior class t f\nd 9 ord9>y m5 nei!r ! intellig5ce ( ants nor ! discipl9e t unit$ wolves into =midable packs4 ,! p be+ too silly to def5d _! own rights1 ^! few good nobles tri$ to =esee all dang]s1 b _! legal docum5ts 7 r>ely /rong en\gh to resi/ _! incessant foes1 ! /upidity ( ! mob & ! gradual encroa*m5ts ( milit>y lead]s4 ,:5 ,eudes1 ,c\nt ( ,*>tres1 built a bridge at ,t\rs1 z an act ( piety t w\ld b5efit 8 s\l1 he decre$ t its public value = all "t 0 to be z free f all re/ra9ts z a *ur*4 ,at an e>li] "t1 9 a de$ ( #iih1 ,william ! ,great1 ,duke ( ,aquita9e1 w5t s f> z to =bid p\r t\j\rs a collection ( tolls on ! ,pont ,royal4 ,he did n realise t 8 populace w\ld cease to value ! bridge z soon z !y got ! fre$om ( x = no?+4 ,aga91 9 ,france dur+ ! ,middle ,ages no bridge c\ld be =tifi$ )\t p]mission f its f\nd] or f\nd]s4 ,?is 0 a rule or law1 & yet x mu/ h be5 brok5 hundr$s ( times1 = :at bridge ( any importance did n become a =tifi$ "w1 a g5u9e /ronghold8 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,borne ,,at ,,espaly1 ,,ne> ,,le ,,puy ,,9 ,,france2 ,,beh9d ,,! ,,croix ,,de ,,la ,,paille1 ,a ,,rock ,,( ,,volcanic ,,breccia1 ,,) ,,h\ses1 ,,& ,,) ,,ru9s ,,( ,a ,,?irte5?-,,c5tury ,,ca/le ,"o =m or cu/om ( ! ,middle ,ages tri$ to encompass blood%$ ) ! glam\r ( religi\s f]v\r4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,t[ton1 = example1 a *apel 0 built on ! /rick5 field by ! ,yorki/s z a memorial to ! s\ls ( _! dead4 ,& a fam\s *apel on ! ,ouse ,bridge at ,york is said to h be5 erect$ aft] a /iff fight betwe5 ! citiz5s & a ,scot*man nam$ ,john ,comyn4 ,! fray happ5$ on ! bridge itself1 9 #aafh1 or !reab\ts1 & ,john ,comyn lo/ sev]al ( 8 foll[]s4 ,!n came "s negotiations1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* x 0 agre$ t ! city %\ld erect a *apel on ! spot1 & f9d prie/s to celebrate mass = ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,ano!r /ory relates t 9 #aaec1 :5 ,sa9t ,william 0 re/or$ to ! ,see ( ,york1 a va/ cr[d assembl$ on a timb] bridge t cross$ ! ,ouse1 s eag] 7 ! citiz5s to welcome _! prelate1 :o 9 #aadg _h be5 depriv$ ( (fice aft] a reign ( ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! hu/le & excitem5t ( ! home-com+1 ! bridge gave way1 & _m p]sons fell into ! riv]1 b no "o p]i%$ because ,william pray$ & 8 pray] 0 answ]$4 ,to commemorate ?is miracle a *apel 0 built on ! new bridge4 ,?is leg5d may h "s tru? 9 x1 = ! *apel 0 d$icat$ to ,sa9t ,william2 & p]haps ! o!r leg5d ab\t ,john ,comyn is n entirely my?ical4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 t 9 ,norman times a /one bridge 0 built at ,york & grac$ ) a f9e *apel4 ,betwe5 #abae & #abef x 0 recon/ruct$ by ,ar*bi%op ,walt] de ,gray1 :o pres]v$ "s portions ( ! ,norman *apel4 ,m ?an ?ree c5turies lat]1 9 #aefd1 two ar*es 7 de/roy$ by a flood1 ) twelve h\ses t /ood ^u !m2 & = ne>ly two ye>s ! bridge rema9$ 9 a ru9$ /ate4 ,!n ! brok5 ar*es 7 rebuilt 9 ! ?irte5?-c5tury /yle4 ,among ! contributors to ?is "w 0 ,lady ,jane ,hall1 ^: donation 0 record$ on a brass plate on ! nor? side ( ! bridge4 ,! inscription 0 qua9t3-- ,william ,watson1 ,"l ,mayor1 ,an4 ,dom4 #aeff4 ,lady ,jane ,hall to3 "h ! works ( fai? do? %ew2 ,by giv+ a hundr$ p\nds ?is bridge to r5ew4 ,on ! we/ side ( ,ouse ,bridge !re 7 sev]al h\ses1 :i* flank$ ! ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,william4 ,at ! ,re=mation ! *apel conta9$ sev]al *antries1 ! orig9al grants ( :i* are /ill among ! records ( ! city4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation1 ( c\rse1 ^! pi\s end[m5ts 7 confiscat$1 & ! beautiful little build+ 0 turn$ into an ex*ange :]e ! ,york ,society ( ,hamburg ,m]*ants assembl$ e morn+ to transact bus9ess4 ,at la/1 9 #ahaj1 ! *apel 0 remov$4 ,"s p>ts ( x 7 excell5t "w 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1 :ile ! por* & a /one scre5 7 enri*$ ) cable & *evron ornam5ts1 *>act]i/ic ( ,norman "w4 ,a few et*+s ( ^! *>m+ details 7 publi%$ 9 ,cave's 8,antiquities ( ,york0 7#ahac74 ,at ! ea/ side ( ,ouse ,bridge /ood ! old gaol = debtors1 built 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x la/$ till #agbd1 :5 x 0 pur*as$ by ! city & ! a9/ey1 & a bett] place 0 built1 by assessm5t1 z a free prison4 ,! old bridge 0 condemn$ z dang]\s 9 #ahjh1 & on ,decemb] #aj1 #ahaj1 ! f\ndation-/one ( a new bridge 0 laid4#ajj ,among my ?\s&s ( notes & pap]s ,i h a good article on anci5t bridge *apels writt5 9 #ahhb by ! late ,s4 ,wayl& ,k]%aw1 ,f4,s4,a41 ( ,lambe? ,palace ,libr>y4 ,mr4 ,k]%aw made a /udy ( old ,ro*e/] ,bridge & its *apel1 :i* /ood on ! ma9 road to ! ,cont95t1 close to ! great ca!dral1 ^: ma9 ar*itects 7 ,bi%ops ,ernulph & ,gundulph4 ,^! bi%ops fav\r$ ! bridge1 p>tly because x br\ght pilgrims to ! %r9e at ,ro*e/]1 & p>tly because x 0 a k9dness to all wayf>]s4 8,! ,crusad] on 8 way to ! ,ea/1 ! /ately c>d9al & =eign pr9ce1 ! wayworn pilgrim1 & ! m]*ant-voyag] w\ld =m b a few ( ! pass5g]s 444 :o w\ld say a pass+ pray] at ! ,bridge ,*apel ( ,all ,s\ls40#aja ,ro*e/] ,bridge 9 m$ival times 0 closely l9k$ to ! hi/ory ( ! ca!dral4 ,! fir/ bridge 0 con/ruct$ ( wood1 &1 accord+ to ,prior ,ernulph's te/imony1 x exi/$ be=e #abae4 ,9 ,vol4 ,,vii ( 8,ar*ologia10 ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies publi%$ a plan ( ?is anci5t timb] bridge1 ) a mo/ valuable description4 ,at ! ea/ end !re 0 a t[] ( wood1 ) /rong def5sive gates1 :i* may h resembl$ ! timb] =tifications ) :i* ! ,romans b>r$ _! wood5 bridges4 ,9 #abha1 accord+ to ,kilburne's 8,survey ( ,k5t10 ! e>lie/ bridge at ,ro*e/] 0 borne d[n by ! ,m$way aft] a sev]e w9t]2 & !re is no m5tion ( ano!r bridge till ! ye> #achg1 :5 ,sir ,john ,cobham & ,sir ,r4 ,knolles put up 8a fair bridge ( /one40 ,su* 0 ! slack & le?>gic citiz5%ip ( ,ro*e/]4 ,ab\t #ahjj ye>s aft] ! ,pons ,sublicius 0 ?r[n across ! ,tib]1 a common timb] bridge 0 c>ri$ ov] ! ,m$way 9 an ef=t ( progress4 ,z = ! belat$ /one bridge1 ! *>t] ( its f\ndation is pres]v$ 9 ! ,bi%ops' ,regi/]s1 & a transcript ( x is giv5 9 ,?orpe's 8,cu/umale ,r(f5se40 ,philipott1 9 8 8,k5t ,survey$10 #afei1 says t ! *apel on ,ro*e/] ,bridge 0 f\nd$ 9 #acii by ,john de ,cobham1 & d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 b call$ at its fir/ in/itution ,all ,s\ls' ,*apel1 because pray]s & orisons 7 to be (f]$ up !re = ! heal? ( all ,*ri/ian s\ls4 ,two e>li] writ]s--,fabyan 9 #adjf1 & ,grafton 9 #adji--;attribute ! f9i%+ ( ! *apel to ,sir ,r4 ,knolles1 ,knight4#ajb ,ano!r *apel1 a small "o1 0 built on ! /one quay at ! ,/rood end ( ! bridge1 its f\nd] be+ ,gilb]t de ,glanville1 ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/] 7#aahe-abae74 8,we le>n t ,que5 ,isabella1 :5 %e came to ,/rood 9 #aceg1 ent]$ ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>y1 & (f]$ an oblation ( six & eightp5ce 9 hon\r ( ! elev5 ?\s& virg9s40 ,graci\s6 ,?is army ( fair sa9ts inspir$ a v wee act ( devotional *>ity4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! l>g] *apel 0 n clos$ by legal dissolution1 b pass$ out ( use :5 pilgrims became afraid to ang] _! ,prote/ant neighb\rs2 = 9 ! n9ete5? ye> ( ,elizabe?'s reign ,?orpe wrote z foll[s 9 8 8,cu/umale ,r(f5se03-- 8,! ,que5's ,attorney-,g5]al su$ ! w>d5s ( ! bridge = #eac1 be+ ! am\nt ( #ah p] annum = tw5ty-eight ye>s & a half1 ! la/ pa/1 :i* sum 0 at t "t presum$ to be =feit$ & due to ! ,que5 by virtue ( ! ,act #a1 ,ed4 ,,vi1 = dissolv+ *>ities4 ,x n appe>+ to ! jury t any s]vice _h be5 p]=m$ "h1 nor a /ip5d paid to any *apla9 or *antry prie/ = (ficiat+ "h1 = five ye>s next be=e ! pass+ t ,act1 a v]dict 0 giv5 = ! ,w>d5s40 ,9 #ahhb1 :5 ,mr4 ,k]%aw wrote 8 pap]1 ! ,*apel ( ,all ,s\ls 0 ro(less1 & ne>ly hidd5 by new build+s4 ,its wid? 0 ab\t fifte5 feet1 & its l5g? ab\t =ty feet4 ,w9d[s 7 pi]c$ 9 ! nor? & s\? walls1 & two ( !m 7 fill$ ) brickwork or ) masonry4 ,9 ! s\? wall 7 traces ( a pisc9a1 & "s ornam5tal details _h be5 sav$ f ! g5]al wreckage4 ,mu* m might be writt5 on bridge *apels & crosses1 b ?is monograph is only a brief introduction to a va/ subject1 & we mu/ pass on to ! o!r topics aft] not+ two po9ts m4 ,bo? conc]n ! sanctification ( bridges by means ( religi\s emblems4 ,x seems q c]ta9 t ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 7 mo/ fav\rable to wayside crosses4 ,by !n v popul> sa9ts _h be5 add$ to ! old %r9es1 & ! cu/om ( mak+ pilgrimages 0 torm5t$ by few] dang]s1 z a rule4 ,_m a cross 0 a simple ?+ ( wood fix$ 9 a /one base1 & sometimes x c>ri$ at top a small w9d vane or wea!rcock4 ,_m crosses 7 rais$ to commemorate hi/orical ev5ts1 :ile o!rs 7 put up by s9n]s :o wi%$ to ann\nce _! rep5tance4 ,"h & !re a beautiful cross became celebrat$4 ,= example1 ! ,belle ,croix on ! old bridge at ,orlans 0 a nobly modell$ crucifix ( bronze t /ood up high f ! buttress ( ! middle pi]2 its p$e/al 0 ornam5t$ ) l[-reliefs repres5t+ ! ,holy ,virg91 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,james1 ,/4 ,/eph51 & ! bi%ops ,/4 ,aignan & ,/4 ,euv]te4 ,z we h se5 7p4 #bcj71 ! c5tre ( a m$ival bridge 0 m>k$ inv>iably by a cross4 ,to-day1 on ! ,cont95t1 ?is old religi\s cu/om gives grace to a few bridges1 & ,i value a l>ge photograph ( ,tri] ,bridge ov] ! ,moselle1 :]e ! ,virg9 is enni*$ above ! middle buttress1 & :]e a crucifix1 flank$ by two columns1 rises above ! p>apet4 ,yet we mu/ n ru% to ! conclusion t ?is old sacr$ cu/om _h its orig9al s\rce 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,at fir/ x may h belong$ to a fai? 9 evil spirits1 ^: p[] = mis*ief may h seem$ to be increas$ by e roadway t enabl$ !m to pass ov] runn+ wat]4 ,i h by my side ! photograph ( a /eep bridge 9 ,we/]n ,*9a1 at ,%ih-,*uan1 & "h bel[ ! middle ( ! p>apet is a small image ( /one repres5t+ a tutel>y god6 ,to me x is a curi\s little bit ( rude sculpture1 all head & /oma* & truncat$ ?ighs4 ,its position on ! bridge corresponds ) t ( ! cross on m$ival p>apets--a fact ( great int]e/4#ajc ,brangwyn depicts1 9 a v brilliant p5-draw+1 a ,*9ese bridge l>g] & f9] ?an ! "o at ,%ih-,*uan1 b !re is no image1 s ,i set great /ore by ! evid5ce ( idolatry 9 ! small] bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/aircase ,,bridge ,,9 ,,*9a ,aga91 ! prov9ce ( ,si*uan 7pron\nc$ ,sit-y-on71 9 ,we/]n ,*9a1 pres]ves ano!r anci5t cu/om4 ,:5 a flood ?reat5s to ov]:elm a bridge1 & p>ticul>ly a bamboo susp5sion bridge1 :i* is a common ?+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 8! local (ficial & ! p ?r[ a liv+ pig into ! riv]1 to /ay ! ris+ wat]3 ! pig disappe>s1 & ! flood goes on40#ajd ,?is dire sup]/ition is f> m primitive ?an ! idol fa/5$ bel[ ! p>apet ( a ,*9ese bridge2 & s1 p]haps1 we f9d 9 ^! ?+s a p>5t emotion & its improv$ (fspr+4 ,p]haps3 = ,sup]/ition re/s on d>k f\ndations2 we "k n precisely :]e x fades into a belief t is g5u9ely k9d]4 ,,iii ,we pass on to "s important topics t worry a writ] because !y _c be arrang$ 9 a neat s*eme4 ,"s ( !m are te*nical1 b ev]ybody w be able to und]/& _! be>+ on ! ma9 subject4 ,we h se5 t =ds gave place to bridges v sl[ly1 ev5 9 "s neighb\rhoods :]e ! ,*ur* 0 exce$+ly active1 z at ,ro*e/]4#aje ,c y expla9 :y8 ,!re 7 a good _m reasons1 & among !m is ! fact t x 0 a long "t be=e bridges won a good reputation among ! p4 ,wood be+ abundant ev]y:]e1 !y 7 timb] bridges at fir/1 & rudely built2 _m ( !m 7 c>ri$ away by /orms1 z ,mat!w ,p>is relat$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,s p set _! he>ts on ! great] safety ( /one bridges2 b money 0 difficult to collect1 & /onework co/ a great deal m ?an timb]2 & no bridge c\ld be built until p]mission _h be5 ga9$ f ! ,k+1 (t5 aft] t$i\s negotiations4 ,fur!r1 ! l&s ?r\gh :i* riv]s fl[$ 7 own$ at times by rival noblem51 :o put a veto on ! project1 ei!r 9 a _s ( p]v]se antagonism or because a /one bridge might b5efit "o l&lord m ?an ano!r4 ,& x 0 easy = ! /rong] man to expla9 8 antagonism 9 a reasonable mann]1 = he c\ld say t ! c(f]dams us$ 9 gr\nd+ pi]s div]t$ riv]s f _! *annels1 caus+ inundations4 ,?is objection seems to h be5 rais$ pretty (t51 z _m pi]s 7 gr\nd$ 9 a v primitive fa%ion1 j by ?r[+ d[n /ones & cem5t till a b$ ( masonry rose above wat]-level4 ,9 ! ,ballad ( ,ab+don ,bridge1 writt5 by ,ri*>d ,fann&e ,iremong] 9 ! ?irty-six? ye> ( ,h5ry ,,vi 7#adeh71 we f9d mo/ ( ! difficulties t att5d$ m$ival bridge-build+4 ,till ! f\r? ye> ( ,h5ry ,v 7#adag7 ! t[nsfolk ( ,ab+don & ,culham _h no?+ b a =d1 :i* c\ld n be pass$ aft] a /orm ( ra9 or aft] a ?aw4 ,yet ,ab+don liv$ "u ! %ad[ ( a great mona/]y1 & roads 7 con/ruct$ f h] /reets to ! anci5t or ,roman highways4 ,n ev5 a timb] bridge prec$$ ! *>m+ /one "o t *>ity built 9 #adag1 ! v ye> 9 :i* ,h5ry ,v sail$ f ,engl& ) #af1jjj m5 & ravag$ ,norm&y4 ,b 9 ! ,middle ,ages mo/ p reg>d$ bridges z we 9 our ignorance reg>d hospitals1 z useful & necess>y ?+s to be support$ by *>itable doles1 & n by di/rict rates4 ,to beg is a degradation1 no matt] :at ! cause may be1 & _m a small t[n c\ld h built = itself a bridge b = ! rul+ cu/om t taught x to be a m5dicant4 ,culham & ,ab+don wait$ a v long "t be=e almsgiv+ got rid ( _! dang]\s =d4 ,! ,abbot gave 8 aid1 & ,ge(frey ,b>b] paid a ?\s& m>ks to ! workm51 & ,sir ,p]is ,besillis1 ,knight1 provid$ ! /one1 & 8! gode lorde ( ,ab5don left ( 8 londe1 = ! bre$ bread? ( ! bridge1 tw5ty-f\r fote l>ge03-- ,x 0 a greet soc\r ( er! & ( sonde1 ,& yet he abat$ ! r5t ( ! b>ge4 ,an ,c4 ,p[nde1 & xv 0 truly pay$ ,by ! hondes ( ,john ,hu*yns & ,banb]y also1 ,= ! waye & ! b>ge1 ?us x mu/ be say$4 ,b ,i am happy to add t 8! ,commons ( ,ab5don0 _h to d some?+ = !mselves4 ,x 0 8set all 9 "o ass5t t all ! brekynges ( ! brige ! t[n b]e s*ulde40 ,9 o!r words1 *>ity _h produc$ a free t[n bridge1 leav+ ! inhabitants to pay = its upkeep4 ,dur+ ! build+ ( ?is pretty /ructure an unsuccessful attempt 0 made to gr\nd ! pi]s :ile elev5 m5 bal$ wat] f ! riv]4 ,!n a dam 0 built1 & tr5*es 7 dug to prev5t ! wat] f ov]fl[+ ! dam4 ,?is ,i ga!r f ! ballad1 b ! word+ is n at all graphic 9 any te*nical matt]4#ajf ,we are n told :y c(f]dams#ajg 7 n tri$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages c(f]dams 7 kn[n z br&ry?s or br&]e?s2 by ?is "n !y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,contract ,de$ = ! build+ ( ,catt]ick ,bridge ov] ! ,swale1 ,a4,d4 #adba2 & !y 7 l>ge en\gh to ob/ruct mo/ riv]s1 = !y _h to surr\nd enorm\s pi]s1 & ! ?ickness ( _! sides 0 nev] less ?an f f\r to six feet4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 9 ?is connection1 t dur+ ! con/ruction ( ,old ,london ,bridge1 betwe5 #aagf & #abji1 ! ,?ames 80 turn$ ano!r way ab\t by a tr5*10 :i*1 accord+ to ,/[1 began ea/ ne> 8,ro!rhi!1 z is suppos$1 & end$ 9 ! we/ ab\t ,patricksey1 n[ t]m$ ,batt]sea40 ,9 ^? days no embankm5ts controll$ ! ,?ames at ,london2 wide %ores1 litt]$ ) ! odds & ends ( a wat]side life1 7 playgr\nds = ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tidal wat]s2 & ! ma9 purpose ( ! 8tr5*0 or canal 0 to less5 ! risk ( floods :ile ! huge pi]s 7 be+ f\nd$4 ,/['s words give u to und]/& t all ! wat] 9 ! ,?ames 80 turn$ ano!r way ab\t02 a v important feat ( civil eng9e]+4 ,p]haps ! purpose ( ! canal 0 n s ?or\gh2 p]haps x drew f ! riv] suffici5t wat] to l[] its normal level by sev]al feet & to dim9i% ! =ce ( ! tidal curr5t4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ,/['s evid5ce has great int]e/4 ,"o ( ,brangwyn's animat$ draw+s1 ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban1 comes 9 "h to illu/rate ! _m tr\bles ( m$ival bridge-build+4 ,9 #aadd1 :5 ,montauban pass$ f an unkn[n village into a kn[n t[n1 its patron or f\nd]1 ,alphonse ,j\rda91 ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 comm&$ t a bridge %\ld be made at once1 & t ! little t[n%ip %\ld keep x 9 repair2 b1 someh[1 = _m g5]ations1 no?+ 0 done4 ,sometimes pov]ty 0 plead$ z an excuse1 & sometimes ! ,albigeois w>s 7 blam$2 b at la/1 9 #abfd1 ! good m5 ( ,montauban v5tur$ on a little action4 ,inde$1 !y /ret*$ !mselves yawn+ly1 & said t a bridge ov] ! ,t>n w\ld be a boon inde$4 ,_! f]ry 0 a sl[ nuisance1 we may presume1 & _! trade ought to be increas$ by bett] communications4 ,= tw5ty-sev5 ye>s !y repeat$ ^! truisms2 !n1 9 #abia1 !y b\ght ! isl& ( ,ca/illons or ( ,pissotte to s]ve z a f\ndation = sev]al pi]s4 ,tir$ by ?is unwont$ ex]tion1 ,montauban wi%$ to take a long holiday1 b ,philip ! ,fair came =w>d & ass]t$ himself z a k+4 ,a bridge ov] ! ,t>n mu/ be built6 ,x %\ld h ?ree =tifi$ t[]s1 "o at ea* end1 ! o!r 9 ! middle2 & ^! t[]s 7 to be g>rison$ by royal troops1 s t no h>m %\ld happ5 to ! k+'s au?ority4 ,9 ord] to collect money = ! bridge-build+ a tax 0 to be levi$ on all visitors to ,montauban1 & two consuls 7 to ov]se] ! "w4 ,8 ,maje/y *ose ,ma?ieu de ,v]dun1 a citiz51 & ti5ne de ,f]rires1 :o 0 keep] ( ! t[n4 ,!y seem$ to be hone/ m51 b funds collect$ = ! bridge 7 us$ = o!r purposes1 & ,i "k n if ?is action 0 ju/ifi$4 ,x 0 9 #acjd t ,philip ! ,fair gave 8 in/ructions1 & ! bridge 0 n f9i%$ till #acce4 ,/ill1 ! dilatory t[n%ip _h a*iev$ a v f9e "w ( art1 noble 9 design & v well con/ruct$4 ,x is a brick bridge1 #bej m4#ajh #ej cm4 9 l5g?4 ,! bricks are excell5t 9 quality1 & measure #ej c5timetres 9 ?ickness1 #dj c5timetres 9 l5g?1 & #bh c5timetres 9 wid?4 ,! roadway is ne>ly flat1 & its height above ! level ( ! ,t>n is #ah metres4 ,!re are sev5 po9t$ ar*es ) an av]age span ( #bb metres2 & ! six pi]s arm$ ) cutwat]s at bo? sides are #h m4 #ee cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,note h[ ! sp&rils are pi]c$ ) high ar*$ bays to facilitate ! passage ( wat] dur+ floods4 ,^! relief ar*es 7 copi$ f ,roman models4 ,z = ! def5sive t[]s !y exi/ no long]1 b ! /ronge/ "o kept wat* & w>d ov] ! entrance across ! riv]2 x 0 squ>e 9 %ape1 & its summit 0 a cr5ellat$ plat=m fr+$ ) ma*icolations4 ,! o!r end t[]--! "o on ! t[n side--0 also squ>e 9 =m1 :ile ! c5tral def5ce 0 triangul>4 ,x /ood on ! middle buttress on ! side look+ d[n/ream1 & ! l[] "p ( x 0 us$ z a *apel d$icat$ to ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,a flight ( w9d+ /eps w5t d[n to a po/]n1 cut ?r\gh ! buttress a little above wat]-level2 & at ! o!r side ( ! pi]1 j bel[ ! ar*$ bay1 0 an in/rum5t ( torture1 a see-saw t c>ri$ an iron cage 9 :i* blasphem]s 7 duck$ 9 ! riv]4 ,! ,pont des ,consuls has "o quality t ,engli%m5 ought to /udy ) ! greate/ c>e2 x is 9 scale ) a great riv]4 ,to build a va/ bridge = a little t[n%ip 0 9 "p a j tribute to ! beauty ( a noble site1 & 9 "p a prophetic complim5t paid to ! future hi/ory ( ,montauban4 ,h[ diff]5tly we h act$ 9 our ,london bridges6 ,we h disgrac$ ! ,?ames ) ! ,railway ,viaduct f ,*>+ ,cross1 = in/ance1 & nei!r ,wat]loo nor ,london ,bridge does ju/ice to ! size ( our ,nation-,city4 ,!re are ?ree or f\r good bridges on ! ,?ames1 notably ^? at ,maid5head & ,ri*mond1 b !y are no?+ m ?an delicate works ( ref9$ eng9e]+4 ,n "o is inspir$ by awe1 ! only feel+ t c br+ home to our m9ds ! wondr\s grey antiquity ( ! ,?ames & ! imm5sity ( ,london4 ,s we h fe>$ to be great 9 ! hi/oric symbolism ( bridge-build+1 unlike ! citiz5s ( ,montauban1 :o 7 lift$ f> above _! indol5ce by a brave inspiration z ample z 0 ! ,t>n aft] a flood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,le ,,pont ,,des ,,consuls ,,ov] ,,! ,,t>n ,,at ,,montauban ,,9 ,,france1 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,9 #ahbc-d1 :5 ,george ,r5nie design$ ,new ,london ,bridge1 ,london 0 probably two hundr$ times z big z 0 ,montauban 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & c]ta9ly ! ,?ames 0 n inf]ior to ! ,t>n z a hi/oric inspiration4 ,yet ,r5nie fail$ to und]/& ! importance ( be+ l>ge 9 scale4 ,9 less ?an fifty ye>s 8 "w 0 8insuffici5tly wide = ! traffic02#aji & s9ce !n1 on a good _m occasions1 we h be5 ask$ to disfigure ,london ,bridge ) ov]hang+ footpa?s4 8,london c well af=d to pay = new bridges1 b c by no means af=d to "p ) a s+le object ( real beauty40#aji ,= ,r5nie's bridge1 despite all errors ( scale1 has po9ts ( *>m+ int]e/4 ,h] roadway has a graceful curvature t delights ! eye1 h] ar*es h an excell5t %ape1 & ! v>iation 9 _! size c\ld n well be bett]$4#aaj ,lat] we %all see 7p4 #cbe7 t mu* money 0 ill-sp5t on hamm]-dress+ ! :ole ext]nal face ( ! masonry2 b an eng9e] ) a v weak feel+ = scale 0 afraid to use ei!r scabbl$ /one or /one ) a r\gh-ax$ fac+4 ,r5nie le>nt all t he c\ld le>n by /udy+ f9e models ( /yle1 su* z ! ,roman bridge at ,rim9i1 b 8 own equipm5t z an arti/ 0 t]r5e4 ,w\ld t we _h 9 ,engl& an old bridge equal to ! ,pont des ,consuls6 ,w\ld t old ,london ,bridge _h be5 deliv]$ d[n to our sixp5ces & %ill+s6 ,yet ,i suppose we mu/ consid] ourselves lucky 9 ! fact t hi/oric bridges 9 ,great ,brita91 ?\gh mu* inf]ior to ^? on ! ,cont95t1 are fairly num]\s 9 di/ricts :]e !re has be5 b little increase ( traffic4 ,we possess ?ree bridges ) def5sive gateways 7,/irl+1 ,w>kwor?1 & ! ,monn[ ,bridge at ,monm\?72 five ) *apels1 or ) relics ( *apels 7,/4 ,ives 9 ,hunt+don%ire1 ,d]by1 ,brad=d-on-,avon 9 ,wilt%ire1 ,wakefield1 ,ro!rham72 & _m good specim5s exi/ ( bridges ) angul> recesses built out f p>apets & =m+ "p ( ! pi]s4#aaa ,^! recesses 7 design$ n only z %elt] places = wayf>]s1 b because !y less5$ ! co/ ( production1 inasmu* z !y gave wid? to n>r[ footways2 & s _! value 9 an old bridge is v simil> to t ( bay-w9d[s 9 cottage rooms4 ,v (t5 ! mod]n eng9e] has misund]/ood _! orig91 &1 reg>d+ !m z decorations1 he has us$ safety recesses to ornam5t 8 wide bridges1 j z he has put battlem5ts on iron p>apets & /uck ma*icolations on def5celess gateways4 ,brangwyn has drawn = u ?ree or f\r big ,go?ic bridges ) safety recesses4 ,among !m is a f9e /ructure ov] ! ,ma9 at ,wrzburg1 9 ,bav>ia2 !re are eight ar*es1 & ! l5g? is #fej ft4 ,?is bridge dates f ! ye> #adgd1 b 8 adornm5t ) /atues ( sa9ts belongs to lat] times4 ,inde$1 ! ar*itecture & decoration take u f ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages to ! ye> #afjg1 :5 ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance 0 active & g5]ative4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,ma9 ,,at ,w,,rzburg ,,9 ,,bav>ia 7#adgd-afjg7 ,"h is an old def5sive bridge t does n resemble a common man-at-arms3 9 him !re is a f9e c\rtesy1 z ( a knight long us$ to ! etiquette ( t\rnam5ts2 b yet ! te*nical inspiration is r inf]ior to t 9 8 great rival1 ! ,moselle ,bridge at ,cobl5tz1 built 9 #acdd1 by ! ,elector ,baud\91 & *>m$ ) a mell[ grace t imp>ts a r>e di/9ction to ! vig\r ( f\rte5 bold ar*es4 ,! ,moselle ,bridge is #aajj ft4 long1 or n9ety-five long] ?an ,london ,bridge4 ,!re is b "o fault1 & ?is "o fault belongs to ! ,middle ,ages3 ! t5 pi]s ob/ruct ! riv] too mu*1 & two or ?ree ( !m might h be5 omitt$ )\t h>m to any /rategic consid]ation4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages almo/ ev]y?+ 0 look$ at f ! /&po9ts ( attack & def5ce4 ,bridges z well z soldi]s ne$$ arm\r1 s _! gateways & t[]s 7 built 9 a milit>y fa%ion1 & at times curi\s traps 7 devis$ along ! footways4 ,= example1 consult ! 8,pacata ,hib]nia10 & y w f9d an engrav+ ( ,askeaton ,bridge1#aab ) a sort ( hangman's trapdoor at ea* end ( ! footway4 ,9 #aehf1 or !reab\ts1 ,askeaton ,bridge _h ano!r peculi>ity3 a ca/le /ood close to x on an isl& 9 ! riv]2 & betwe5 ! ca/le & ! bridge 0 a =tifi$ plat=m ) two gateways4 ,x happ5$ (t51 9 m$ival times1 t "o ar* 0 a drawbridge4 ,take ,old ,london ,bridge z an example4 ,"o ( h] tw5ty ar*es--! ?irte5? f ! ,city end--0 a toll-gate = m]*ant %ipp+1 & a drawbridge to gap (f enemies f ! t[n4 ,x s]v$ ?is latt] purpose 9 #aeec1 :5 ,sir ,?omas ,wyatt & 8 insurg5ts tri$ to ent] ,london4 ,ev]ybody knew :i* 0 ! movable ar*1 because x 0 connect$ 9 all popul> talk ) ! t[] t rose beside x1 a t]rible & gruesome t[]1 = on its summit execution]s display$ ! heads ( decapitat$ p]sons1 :o rang$ f common b&its to ! great ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,"s def5sive bridges 9 ,old ,engl& _h an important look z late z ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,?is applies to ! ,wel% ,bridge at ,%rewsbury1 :i* _h a noble t[] at ! entrance t look$ t[>ds ,wales4 ,p]haps x belong$ to ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i1 z a /atue ( ,llewellyn 0 plac$ ov] "o ( ! ar*es4 ,at ! pres5t "t our =tifi$ bridges are m9or specim5s4 ,! 8auld brig0 ov] ! ,=? at ,/irl+1 once 8! key ( ! ,highl&s10 is ! mo/ int]e/+ ar*itecturally4 ,he /ill reta9s a def5sive gateway at ea* end1 & 8 f\r ar*es1 n[ clos$ to traffic1 h a bold & pleasant rhy?m4 ,!y date f ! la/ ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,f ?is c5tury also ,w>kwor? ,bridge comes to u2 x is a small] /ructure1 ) a triangul> recess at ea* side1 project+ f ! p>apet into ! c5tral pi]4 ,! gate-t[] is at "s little di/ance f ! abutm5t2 x has a l[ & n>r[ ar*way "u :i* c>t]s swe> unhopefully1 believ+ t _! wagons w /ick fa/4 ,a p]son :o 0 pres5t on ! occasion told ,m4 ,j4 ,j4 ,juss]& t a gipsy's c>avan1 n long ago1 0 /opp$ at ! t[] on ,w>kwor? ,bridge1 & wait$ !re :ile ! pavem5t 0 be+ holl[$ out to make ! passage deep en\gh = a safe j\rney4 ,! pi] mid/ream is triangul>1 & almo/ z %>p z an arr[-head4 ,?is %ape is v common 9 m$ival cutwat]s1 b x belongs to a te*nical r\t9e :i* _c be reg>d$ z practical4 ,floods _c eddy ar\nd ! flat surfaces ( a triangle2 !y are cut into waves t soon break ) an increas+ =ce aga9/ ! pi]s & sp&rils4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a cutwat] is %ap$ l a ,go?ic drop ar*1 or l a ti]ce-po9t ar*1 x meets ! curr5t ) a mu* bold] w$ge ( /one1 ^: curv$ sides are bett] playgr\nds = wat] 9 spate4 ,cutwat]s ( ?is improv$ sort are uncommon 9 m$ival bridges1 b "s are to be f\nd 9 ,fr5* "w ( ! ,lim\s94 ,viollet-le-,duc 0 ! fir/ critic :o call$ att5tion to ?is te*nical matt]1 & no ponti/ %\ld fail to note h[ cutwat]s are design$4 ,= example1 9 a bird's-eye view ( ! bridge at ,avignon ! buttress$ pi]s jut out on ea* side beyond ! n>r[ footway1 look+ l boats t support a long l9e ( planks2 & ,i h no d\bt t ,sa9t ,bnzet _h 9 m9d ?is figure ( boats :5 he plann$ 8 roadway ov] 8! arr[y ,rhne40 ,x is f> f my wi% to comp>e ! little ,w>kwor? ,bridge ) ?is ,fr5* ma/]piece1 b let u note 9 its cutwat]s a simil> "*4 ,aga91 :5 y rememb] t ,w>kwor? ,bridge belongs to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 d y n expect to f9d 9 x ! po9t$ vault1 ^: light] grace is among ! mo/ beautiful ?+s bo? 9 ,ea/]n & 9 m$ival ar*itecture8 ,yet ! two ribb$ ar*es are segm5ts ( circles4 ,= _m a g5]ation ,nor!rn ,engl& has be5 fam$ = ?ree ?+s--a long-head$ ?rift1 a discont5t t is said to be a ,radical 9 politics1 & a /ubborn hatr$ = any new k t attacks ! dull mimicry ( cu/oms4 ,x is to ,lanca%ire1 = in/ance1 t y mu/ g if y wi% to /udy 9 old packhorse bridges ! ret5tion ( ,romanesque =ms4 ,a consid]able numb] are describ$ popul>ly z ,roman bridges1 probably because !y are f\nd on ! old pilgrim ways1 :i*1 aft] ! ,re=mation1 7 scorn$ z ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,= "s reason or o!r ,nor!rn ,engl& welcom$ 9 bridges ! bluff economy ( ribb$ ar*es1 :ile neglect+ ! m graci\s ?rift ( ,e>ly ,engli% or po9t$ vaults4 ,^! are easi] to build because !y ne$ light] c5tres or ar*$ scaffolds1 & _! ?ru/ be+ less p[]ful ?an t ( r\nd-head$ ar*es1 !y require less bulk 9 ! pi]s4 ,"s writ]s say t po9t$ ar*es int]f]e ) sail+-boats1 b ?is dep5ds on ! size ( _! spans4 ,at ,montauban !re is room en\gh = ord9>y boat traffic "u ! ,pont des ,consuls4 ,! ,pont ,val5tr at ,cahors has ogivale ar*es1 & 9 "o f9e draw+ ,brangwyn /udies ! te*nique ( _! con/ruction4 ,= in/ance1 ! embattl$ pi]s are triangul>1 & ea* ( !m is pi]c$ transv]sely by a bay or passage1 :i* is put on a level ) ! spr++ ( e ar*4 ,bel[ ?is bay are ?ree holes2 & ano!r l9e ( holes runs across ! "u surface ( ! ar* b5ea? ! spr++4#aac ,n[1 ^! holes & ! bays h a great te*nical int]e/1 !y rem9d u h[ ! ,pont ,val5tr 0 built 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,) _! help simple scaffolds 7 erect$4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to ?ru/ fir sapl+s ?r\gh ! holes 9 a pi] till !y jutt$ out on ea* side2 !n !y 7 cov]$ ) planks & us$ z footbridges by ! workm51 & also z re/+-places = b>r[-loads ( dress$ /one1 :i* 7 lift$ up by movable cranes4 ,! s]vice ( ! masons 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! bay 9 a pi]1 & ! c5tr+ ( e ar* 0 fix$ 9 ^? o!r holes :i* ,brangwyn has repres5t$ 9 8 vivaci\s wat]-col\r4 ,n m ?an two ar*es 7 built at ! same "t4 ,at any mom5t1 9 ^? rude1 w>f>+ p]iods1 "w might be int]rupt$ by /rife1 & its progress 0 s v sl[ t x took f t5 to ?irty ye>s to br+ a bridge to completion1 usually aft] a cont9u\s fight aga9/ money tr\bles4 ,_m a h9t on economy 0 borr[$ f ! ,romans1 ^: ent]prise 0 f> 9 advance ( _! curr5t ca%4 ,pi]s t look m>vels ( solid masonry may be no?+ m ?an %ells fill$ ) beat5 e>? & gravel2 & ^? passages ?r\gh ! pi]s at ,cahors h "o ?+ 9 common ) ! relief ar*es t pi]ce ! sp&rils ( ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban3 !y enabl$ ! build]s to be ?rifty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,val5tr ,,at ,,cahors-,,sur-,,lot ,a ,,=tifi$ ,,bridge1 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,9 a ,p]sian bridge 7on ! way betwe5 ,re%t1 on ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ,teh]an1 ! capital7 ?rift holl[$ ! sp&rils into *amb]s1 "s ( :i* 7 us$ by travell]s4 ,?is bridge c>ri$ a r\gh highway ov] ! ,kr$j ,riv]1 :i* runs d[n f ! ,elburz ,m\nta9s betwe5 ,kasvn & ,teh]an1 & disappe>s 9 a gravelly pla94 ,9 #ahgd ! ,kr$j ,bridge 0 /udi$ 9 measur$ draw+s by ,j4 ,romilly ,all51 & eighte5 ye>s lat] 7,novemb] #ai1 #ahib7 ! draw+s 7 publi%$ 9 8,! ,build]10 ) a mo/ valuable description4 ,let u l+] = a few m9utes ov] ,romilly ,all5's rese>*1 z ! te*nique ( old ,p]sian bridge-build]s has po9ts 9 common bo? ) ,go?ic me?ods & ) mod]n practice also4 ,"s m$ival sp&rils are holl[1 = example2 & a v not$ ,fr5* ar*itect ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,p]ronet1 n only left empty spaces beh9d ! haun*es#aad ( an ar*1 b made tunnels 9 pi]s1 aft] ! mann] us$ by ,pope ,sextus ,,iv 9 ! ,ponte ,si/o4 ,& ! bridge ( ,glasg[ ov] ! ,clyde has tunnell$ pi]s1 s ?is te*nical detail has a long & ent]ta9+ hi/ory4 ,9 ! ,kr$j ,bridge1 !n1 ! build]s _h to solve ?ree or f\r difficulties t /ra9$ ! usual p5ury ( ,p]sian f9ance4 ,! riv] itself mu/ h be5 a con/ant tr\ble :ile ! bridge 0 be+ con/ruct$4 ,a rapid m\nta9 torr5t ) precipit\s rocky banks1 x p\rs ?r\gh a gorge ( rock1 & at "o spot only x =ms a good f\ndation = a wide pi]2 b ?is spot has a situation t divides ! bridge into inh>moni\s p>ts1 mak+ symmetry impossible4 ,all5's draw+ %[s bo? ar*es1 "o ) a span ( #bc ft41 ! o!r ) a span ( #gb ft4 #i 942 & betwe5 !m is a va/ pi] n less ?an #ca ft4 #i 94 wide4 ,=ty-six feet sep>ate ! highe/ po9t ( ! p>apet f wat]-level2 & f wat]-level to ! peak ( ! big po9t$ vault is ?irty-sev5 feet4 ,9 wid? ! bridge measures ?irty feet across ! outside ( its p>apets1 & tw5ty-six feet across ! roadway1 s !re is room = a great deal m :eel$ traffic ?an ,p]sia has yet develop$ along h] du/y trade r\tes4 ,f ?is description x is evid5t t ! build]s _h a /iff job4 ,timb] = c5tr+ has ev] be5 sc>ce 9 ,p]sia#aae2 s 9 ,p]sian bridge-build+ ! usual plan is to set up a light scaffold j /rong en\gh to be> its own weight & a few r+s ( brickwork4 ,aft] a s+le rib ( bricks has be5 made1 o!r bricks are dabb$ aga9/ ! fir/ set1 m be+ add$ at ! abutm5t ends ?an 9 ! c5tre ( an ar*2 & s1 z ! "w goes on1 ! ar* gr[s to be self-support+1 l a cantilev] bridge4 ,:5 ! middle "p ( ! span has be5 cov]$ ov]1 ! rema9+ c\rses at ea* side are complet$ ) bricks set at "r angles to ! o!rs4 ,9 look+ upw>d at ! "u surface ( a ,p]sian vault a ponti/ sees t ! c\rses ( brick g 9 two directions1 "o p>allel to ! c5tral axis ( ! bridge & ano!r at "r angles4 ,su* is ! ,p]sian me?od ( build+ a brick ar*2 its ma9 object is to evade1 )\t too mu* risk1 ! co/ ( heavy c5tr+1 timb] be+ s difficult to get & s exp5sive to c>ry ab\t4#aae ,9 ! f\r bridges t ,romilly ,all5 /udi$1 betwe5 ,re%t & ,teh]an1 ! build+ 0 brickwork1 & ! bricks 7 r l ,roman tiles2 !y measur$ #aj 94 by #aj 94 by #b 94 ,at ,kr$j ! mort> jo9ts 7 ab\t 94 ?ick1 s t tw5ty-f\r c\rses ( bricks ) _! mort> jo9ts built a wall ab\t #f ft4 #b 94 high4 ,at ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! big ar* !re 7 only ?ree bricks1 giv+ a ?ickness ( #b ft4 #f 942 fur!r on !re 7 five bricks1 & two m 7 add$ at ! abutm5ts1 :]e ! walls 7 #g ft4 #f 94 ?ick4 ,"h is mu* economy1 = ?ick jo9ts ( mort> are n praisewor?y 7p4 #age72 & ?rift is v noticeable 9 o!r details ( ! workman%ip4 ,b5ea? ! roadway 7 two *amb]s ) po9t$ b>rel vaults1 :i* 7 built p>tly to relieve ! haun*es ( ! big ar*1 & p>tly to save mat]ials4 ,on "o side ( ! ar* ! *amb] 0 ab\t #ab ft4 high2 its l5g?1 v>y+ ) ! curve ( ! v\ssoirs1 & ext5d+ across ! abutm5t1 rang$ f #bg ft4 to #di ft4 ,on ! pi] side ( ! big ar* ! *amb] 0 n s long1 b its height 0 #ab ft42 & ! pi] itself 0 *amb]$ 9 its upp] "p & pi]c$ bel[ ) a ,tudor-l ar* ab\t #ad ft4 wide & #aa ft4 #f 94 high4 ,! *amb] above _h a cone-%ap$ ro(1 & at ea* side ( x 7 ?ree squ>e-head$ w9d[s t measur$ #c ft4 #f 94 wide by #f ft4 high4 ,i am speak+ 9 ! pa/ t5se1 = ,i "k n :e!r ?is bridge is /ill 9 use2 b n[ we w return to ! pres5t t5se 9 a %ort quotation f ,romilly ,all53-- 8,?is *amb] appe>s to be 444 a tempor>y liv+-room = travell]s4 ,x 444 communicates ) ! cells above ! haun*es ( ! ar* by an op5+ #d ft4 #f 94 high4 ,! inn] room is probably int5d$ to af=d sleep+ accommodation4 ,! liv+-room is approa*$ by a /aircase 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall lead+ up f ! top ( ! pi]4 ,! ,p]sian "n = an upp] *amb] ( ?is k9d is #8bala-khana1' lit]ally #8a h\se up above4'0#aaf ,p]haps ! f9e/ bridge 9 ,p]sia is ! f>-fam$ ,ali ,v]di ,khan at ,isfahan4 ,ali ,v]di ,khan 0 ! g5]al ( ,%ah ,abbas1 & 8 bridge1 if n ! greate/ 9 ! _w1 has no rival t excels x 9 /atel9ess4 ,z ,"l ,curzon has said1 x alone is wor? a visit to ,isfahan to see4 ,i "k x 9 photographs only1 & 9 writt5 descriptions1 b ,i feel its beauty & magnific5ce4 ,9 _m respects x resembles ! ,pul-i-,khaju 7p4 #bac71 b x is a great deal long]1 & no pavilions rise above its ti]s ( ar*es4 ,to my m9d ! pavilions ( ! ,pul-i-,khaju h an ar*itectural value t _c be rat$ at too high a level4 ,s ,i miss _! grace 9 ! ,ali ,v]di ,khan1 ?\gh ?is noble /ructure ought n to be criticis$--except 9 an a%am$ :isp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,ali ,,v]di ,,khan ,,ov] ,,! ,,z5deh ,,rud ,,at ,,isfahan1 ,,p]sia ,!re is a gateway at ! nor? end1 s we mu/ place ! ,ali ,v]di ,khan among ! m9or def5sive bridges4 ,a pav$ ramp or causeway leads f a great av5ue to ! gateway2 & !n a visitor has #chh y>ds to walk be=e he rea*es ! f> end4 ,! ma9 road is pav$1 & its wid? is ?irty feet4 ,^u ea* side is a gall]y1 or cov]$ arcade1 two & a half feet wide1 :i* is pi]c$ ?r\gh ! out] wall ( ! bridge f "o end to ! o!r2 x communicates ) ! ma9 road by frequ5t ar*es1 x op5s by simil> ar*es--ov] n9ety 9 numb]--on to ! riv] view1 & "h & !re x exp&s into l>ge *amb]s1 z we see 9 ,brangwyn's p5-draw+4 ,! *amb]s us$ to be decorat$ ) 8n too prop] pa9t+s10 done 9 ! "t ( ,abbas ,,ii4 ,at bo? entrances ! ,ali ,v]di ,khan is flank$ by r\nd t[]s1 & /aircases 9 ! t[]s g up to a f9e plat=m :i* 9 e>li] times 0 a fav\rite prom5ade2 b n[ x is disfigur$ by telegraph poles1 ! mod]n _s ev]y:]e hav+ an unrivall$ vulg>ity4#aag 8,simil> /aircases1 cut 9 ! basem5ts ( ! t[]s1 & also at regul> int]vals 9 ! ma9 pi]s1 conduct f ! road level to a l[] /orey1 :]e1 b little elevat$ above ! b$ ( ! riv]1 a vault$ passage runs along ! entire l5g? ( ! bridge1 ?r\gh ar*es pi]c$ 9 ! c5tral pi]s1 cross+ ! *annel ( ! riv] by huge /epp+-/ones plant$ 9 its b$4 ,colonel ,johnson gives ! dim5sions ( ^! transv]se ar*es z t5 feet span & n9e feet high2 & ( ! ma9 ar*es 7?irty-?ree 9 numb]7 :i* !y bisect1 z tw5ty feet span & fifte5 feet high1 sep>at$ by pi]s elev5 feet ?ick4 ,!re is ?us a triple prom5ade on ?is rem>kable bridge--! vault$ passage bel[1 ! roadway & lat]al gall]ies above1 & ! op5 footpa? at ! top ( all4 ,i %\ld add t ! upp] "p ( ! bridge is ( brick1 ! pi]s & t[]s are ( /one40#aah ,!re is no ,european /ructure ak9 to ?is1 b = a long "t ,ro!nburg on ! ,taub] has be5 fam\s = a two-/orey$ bridge2 also we "k t "s mod]n comm]cial bridges h an upp] road & a l[] "o1 l ! ,high ,level ,bridge at ,newca/le4 ,9 e case ! idea 0 sugge/$ by ! ,roman practice ( build+ aqu$ucts 9 ti]s4 ,,iv ,& n[ let u give all our att5tion to ! m milit>y bridges4 ,brangwyn has /udi$ !m ) ! utmo/ c>e & int]e/2 !re are b few v>iations ( ! w>-bridge t 8 art has n yet repres5t$4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at 8 rese>* has f\nd4 #a4 ,?is bridge f ,bhutan has ! same te*nique z ! cantilev] bridges ( ,kurdi/an 7p4 #gd72 b ! gateway t[]s m>k an advance4 ,!y are militant works1 p>tly because !y control ! traffic1 & p>tly because !y are op5 bel[ ! eaves = ar*]y & = o!r def5sive w>f>e4 ,brangwyn sugge/s t gateway t[]s ( ?is k9d may h be5 br\ght to ,india by ,d>ius ,hy/aspes 7#eab ,b4,c47 or by ,alex&] ! ,great 7#cbg ,b4,c474 ,on ?is po9t !re is no evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re seems to be no d\bt t ! timb] gateways on ,roman bridges 9 ,engl&1 z 9 ,gaul1 7 prep>$ = def5ce1 ?\gh _! ma9 use 0 to limit ! fre$om ( a public ?or\ghf>e1 inv>iably aft] sunset1 & dur+ ! day 9 times ( unre/4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ aim ( def5sive bridges1 s ! gateway t[]s 9 ,bhutan are sugge/ive ?+s to /udy4 ,!y are too light 9 /ructure to give u an idea ( ! bold & /]n gateways built by ! ,romans ) newly-fell$ trees2 b yet !y help u to realise vaguely :at e "y civilization mu/ h done :5 x le>nt f a free use ( bridges t foes z well z fri5ds 7 eag] to pass )\t dang] across riv]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,primitive ,,timb] ,,bridge ,,9 ,,bhutan1 ,,india ,aga91 ! e>lie/ def5sive bridges _h ano!r po9t 9 common ) ! primitive c>p5try ( ,bhutan3 !y 7 made ) tree-trunks re/+ on supports1 &1 :5 necess>y1 a "p ( _! footways c\ld be remov$4 ,diodorus ,siculus wrote a flam+ acc\nt ( a great bridge built by ,semiramis ov] ! ,euphrates1 r m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,aft] mak+ due all[ance = ! frolicsome leg5ds ) :i* anci5t hi/ory is enliv5$1 !re are ?+s wor? not+ 9 ! en?usiasm ( ,diodorus4 ,h]odotus attribut$ ! same bridge n to ,semiramis b to ,nitocris1 s evid5ce c be drawn f two au?ors4 ,ponti/s ga!r f ! evid5ce t /one pi]s 7 connect$ by planks1 :i* 7 tak5 up at night1 j z ! c5tral "p ( a bridge 9 ,bhutan c\ld be remov$ z a milit>y precaution4 ,diodorus draws ent]ta9+ pictures1 & tries to prove t bridge-build+ 0 f> advanc$ tw5ty c5turies be=e our era began4 ,if ,semiramis collect$ ar*itects & craftsm5 f all ! kn[n civilizations1 until at la/ %e _h at h] beck & call a great ho/ ( capable s]vants1 x is n surpris+ t %e 0 able to build a f9e bridge z well z to enl>ge ,babylon4 ,! pi]s 7 gr\nd$ 9 deep wat]2 _! ends 7 protect$ by triangul> buttresses2 _! /ones 7 clamp$ toge!r ) ?ick b>s ( iron1 :i* 7 sold]$ into ! /ones ) molt5 lead4 ,z = ! sup]/ructure1 x 0 ?irty feet wide1 & all ( wood--c$>1 & cypress1 & palm tree4 ,9 all ?is1 probably1 !re is "s exagg]ation1 b a fam\s bridge did exi/ at ,babylon1 & a comb9ation ( timb] ) /one pi]s 0 ! mo/ logical developm5t f ! simple/ natural bridges--! fall5 tree & ! bridge ( /epp+-/ones4 ,also x is likely en\gh t metal clamps 7 employ$2 iron 0 9 vogue1 & by us+ x 9 /onework "u wat] an ar*itect w\ld feel less mi/ru/ful ( 8 cem5t & less anxi\s ab\t ! risks ( floods4 ,fur!r1 x is q probable t ! entrance at ea* side 0 protect$ by a sort ( drawbridge1 because ! times 7 lawless4 ,semiramis h]self 0 put to dea? by h] son ,n9yas1 & ,n9yas 9 8 turn 0 murd]$4#aai ,an important timb] bridge ) /one pi]s belongs to a h&icraft m advanc$ ?an t 9 ! bridges ( ,bhutan2 x comes betwe5 ! primitive inspiration ( ! ,bhutan c>p5t]s & ! simple/ ar*$ bridges ) pla9 gateway t[]s4 ,x has n yet vani%$ f ,europe1 = a ,go?ic example exi/s at ,?\>s1 9 ,deux-,svres1 ,france1 accord+ to a photograph sold by ,neurde91 ( ,p>is4 ,ano!r example crosses ! ,guadalavi> above ,alb>rac91 9 ,aragon2 & let u rememb] also t ! tree bridge re/+ on /one pi]s has influ5c$ "s metal viaducts1 su* z ,runcorn ,bridge1 ne> ,liv]pool1 dat+ f #ahfh4 ,9 pr9ciple ! con/ruction is ! same1 timb] be+ displac$ by metal4 ,at ! end ( its approa* ar*es1 :]e ! metalwork beg9s1 ,runcorn ,bridge has two gateways1 ea* ) tw9 turrets1 & a great display ( battlem5ts & ( ma*icolations4 ,al?\gh ?is make-believe ( w> has a f>cical bad ta/e1 l ! assum$ erudition t keeps dummy books 9 a libr>y1 yet ,runcorn ,bridge has a well-def9$ int]e/3 x mimics a phase ( milit>y ar*itecture :i* 0 evolv$ f su* c>p5try z to-day we f9d 9 ,bhutan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,def5sive ,,bridge ,,at ,,sospel #b4 ,gateway ,bridge at ,sospel1 9 ! ,italy ( ,france4 ,?is draw+ illu/rates v well ! transition f ! primitive bridges ( ,bhutan to a simple ar*$ bridge gu>d$ by a gateh\se ( control4 ,x is a poor little h\se1 its ar*itecture be+ less intellig5t ?an t 9 ! ,bhutan gateway t[]s4 ,9 ^! !re is clev]ness en\gh to prove t ! bridge repres5ts a /ale old cu/om :i* has lagg$ beh9d ! advance ( h&icraft1 :]eas ! bridge at ,sospel is f> 9 advance ( ! tawdry little gateh\se4 ,a span sep>ates ! gateh\se f ! t[n1 & ! roadway is n on ! same level above bo? ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,n>ni ,,9 ,,italy3 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury #c4 ,a ,brok5 ,w>-,bridge ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 ,repair$ ) ,timb]4 ,a v valuable illu/ration1 & = sev]al reasons4 ,! gateh\se ) its po9t$ ar*way is unusually tall2 & ! ma*icolat$ box bel[ ! slightly gabl$ ro( is unique 9 my exp]i5ce4 ,! holes above ?is def5sive "w are p>tly = v5tilation & p>tly = crossb[m51 ^: fire w\ld 8puncture0 an attack on ! "r entrance ( ! bridge4 ,!re is b "o arr[-hole on ! fir/ /orey1 & ,i %\ld n c>e to %oot ?r\gh x :ile molt5 lead or boil+ oil came sizzl+ d[n 9 two /reams f t ma*icolat$ box4 ,i d n "k :y ! gate-t[] 0 made s v high1 b suppose t its eng9e] wi%$ to build a place ( vantage f :i* ! movem5ts ( an attack c\ld be se5 af> (f1 beyond ! entrance gates4 ,9 any case x fail$ to save f\r ( ! ar*es f gunp[d] w>s2 & note ! re/oration6 ,c\ld any?+ speak to u m cle>ly ( ! primitive bridge ) /one pi]s unit$ by r\gh timb]+8 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>-,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,gav-,,de-,,pau ,,at ,,or!z ,,9 ,,france #d4 ,! ,w>-,bridge at ,or!z4 ,9 ! wiz>d c\ntry ( ! ,fr5* ,pyr5ees !re are "s v notable bridges1 su* z ! ,pont ,napolon1 ne> ,sa9t-,sauveur1 ! ,pont d',espagne1 beyond ,caut]ets1 & ! ,vieux ,pont at ,or!z4 ,to /udy ^! ?ree works1 side by side1 is to le>n t mod]n bridge-build+ has a*iev$ 9 /one a few great works z d>+ z any t ! ,middle ,ages produc$4 ,! ,pont d',or!z has a graceful di/9ction1 & = ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s x has borne ! =midable spates ( ! ,gav-de-,pau4 ,9 ! ti]ce-po9t ar*es1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! l>ge/ "o1 !re is good draw+2 ! sp&rils are reliev$ f dullness 9 a simple & effective mann] t gives support to ! base ( ! p>apet2 p]haps ! roadway dips too mu* on ! left-h& side1 & ! =tifi$ t[] is too slim to be 9 scale ) ! broad pi] f :i* x asc5ds4 ,add twelve in*es ( wid? to ! side face1 & see h[ diff]5t ! t[] looks6 ,9 fact1 ,brangwyn has done ?is in/9ctively1 z ,i f9d by comp>+ 8 vigor\s p5-sket* f nature ) my photographs4 ,! t[] has b "o ma*icolation1 x gu>ds ! base ( ! pi] f boat attacks & scal+ ladd]s2 b ! spy-holes bel[ ! ro( s]v$ _m purposes1 includ+ ^? = :i* ma*icolations 7 inv5t$4 ,a vault$ passage conducts ! road ?r\gh ! t[]2 x is light$ on ! f> side by an op5+ call$ ! ,prie/s' ,w9d[1 because ! prie/s & monks ( ,or!z jump$ ?r\gh x into ! riv]1 driv5 to ?is act by ! ord]s ( ,gabriel de ,montgom]y4 ,su* is ! leg5d1 & !re's n a ^w ( hi/ory 9 its drama4 ,= ! re/1 ,or!z has se5 no w> s9ce ! great combat ( ,febru>y #bg1 #ahad1 :5 ,well+ton prep>$ ! way = ! battle ( ,t\l\se by defeat+ ! ,fr5*1 "u ,s\lt4 ,b ?is old bridge1 ) all its *>m & int]e/1 is eclips$ z a "w ( art by ! ,pont ,napolon1 ^: gigantic ar*1 9 a v noble curve1 spans ! rocky & precipit\s gorge ( ! ,pas de l'*elle1 along :i* ! furi\s ,gave de ,gav>nie pursues a foam-bubbl$ race aga9/ "t1 sixty-sev5 metres bel[ ! bridge4 ,"h is a ma/]piece t rivals ! ,pu5te ,nuevo at ,ronda1 ?r[n across ! trem5d\s *asm ( ! ,guadalvia4#abj #e4 ,! ,monn[ ,bridge at ,monm\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>-,,bridge ,,at ,,monm\? ,?is bluff old gate-t[] is a bold] specim5 ( m$ival "w ?an ! small] "o at ,w>kwor?4 ,we are lucky inde$ to possess a w>-bridge :i* has suff]$ s little f "t & trade & highway (ficials4 ,if y comp>e x ) ! ,brangwyn wat]-col\r ( ,p>!nay ,bridge1 ov] ! ,?\et1 y w be bett] able to put ! ,monn[ ,bridge 9 its prop] place z a "w ( def5sive art4 ,! ,fr5* t[] is f> & away sup]ior3 x has scale & dignity3 x is a "w ( ar*itecture z well z an in/rum5t ( w>4 ,at ,monm\?1 h[ diff]5t is ! te*nical inspiration6 ,n a trace ( good design saves ! gate-t[] f be+ no m ?an a weapon = ru?less m54 ,a ,peace ,society c\ld publi% ! ,monn[ ,bridge z a fact to prove t slaught]+ w>s h be5 m vulg> ev5 ?an ! cruel battles ( f9ance4 ,x is ! undef5sive p>ts ( ?is bridge t ,i admire4 ,! ribb$ ar*es are good 7p4 #ic71 & 9 !m a slight t5tative ef=t has be5 made to free ! r+ ( v\ssoirs f ! oscillation s5t d[n ?r\gh ! sp&rils :5 a great weight passes along ! footway4 8,a slight t5tative ef=t10 ,i repeat1 because ! ar*/ones h n be5 made indep5d5t f ! sp&rils4 #f4 ,to f9d ar*es ( ?is k9d we mu/ return to ! ,pont ,val5tr at ,cahors1 :i* dates f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is noble bridge ! v\ssoirs ( all ! ar*es look isolat$ f ! sp&rils1 z !y are rimm$ & 8extra-doss$40 ,x 0 ! ,romans :o inv5t$ ! 8extra-doss$0 ar*1 & !y prov$ t by sep>at+ ar*/ones f ! sp&rils a bridge 0 reliev$ f mu* we> & te>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ar*/ones are unequal1 :5 !y are ?ick] 9 _! haun*es ?an at ! cr[n1 oscillation goes along ! full l5g? ( a bridge1 fatigu+ ! pi]s1 & caus+ at times a noticeable %iv]1 z 9 ! ,llanrw/ ,bridge1 design$ by ,inigo ,jones4#aba ,ev5 ,p]ronet =got ?is effect ( rep]cussion :5 he built 8 bridge 9 ! ,place de la ,concorde at ,p>is2 & ev] aft]w>ds he clamp$ ! head]s ) iron to ! int]ior ar*/ones1 z if iron fa/5$ into /one c\ld nev] become a de/ructive ag5t4 ,! ar*itect ( ,val5tr ,bridge 0 wis] ?an ,p]ronet1 e ar* 9 8 "w be+ an ela/ic b[ t moves betwe5 two pi]s )\t convey+ its oscillation beyond ^! supports4 ,to our mod]n eyes1 no d\bt1 !re are too _m ar*es across ! ,riv] ,lot at ,cahors1 b ?is defect seem$ necess>y 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & = two reasons4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z a def5sive precaution1 because n>r[ ar*es 7 easi] to protect f ! roadway :5 an enemy tri$ to assemble boats "u a bridge2 & s9ce 9 ! frequ5t w>s ( ^? days a bridge _h (t5 to be cut z a f9al res\rce aga9/ defeat1 x 0 ess5tial t ! de/ruction ( "o ar* %\ld n upset ano!r by ! )drawal ( a c\nt]balanc+ ?ru/ f "o side ( a pi]4 ,_m pi]s ( a l>ge size 7 look$ ^u z p>ticul>ly ne$ful :5 ! great] lat]al ?ru/ ( r\nd ar*es _h to be consid]$ 9 its relation to a bridge cut 9 a s+le place4 ,also1 z we h se5 7p4 #bfd71 bridges 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 built v sl[ly1 & z w> at any mom5t might /op ! masons1 pi]s 7 reg>d$ z abutm5ts & made v /rong4 ,?is mu* is kn[n1 b none c say :y pi]s 7 built unreasonably l>ge4 ,frequ5t inundations f ob/ruct$ riv]s 7 z evid5tly h>mful z weak pi]s t floods ov]?rew2 & ! g5ius t solv$ s _m problems 9 *ur* ar*itecture ought to h %[n 9 bridges a rip] discretion4 ,(t5 pi]s & ar*es 7 ( ! same wid?--a wa/e ( lab\r & mat]ial1 z well z ( space 9 ! wat]way4 ,ev5 ! ,romans1 ?\gh _! pi]s 7 less bulky1 imp$$ ! curr5t ( riv]s ) too mu* /one2 & to save _! "w f ! floods :i* !y provok$1 !y built relief bays = spate wat] above t "p ( _! pi]s :]e adequate resi/ance _h be5 obta9$ aga9/ ! lat]al ?ru/ ( heavy ar*es4 ,9 ! ,val5tr at ,cahors ! ar*itect scorn$ ! aid ( relief bays1 & grew five va/ pi]s f ! riv]-b$2 n a c\rte\s ?+ to d1 see+ t ! ^w riv] 9 ,fr5* is a lady-^w1 8,la rivire0--! v s\nd ( x is a sweet complim5t to ! y\?ful wayw>dness ( runn+ wat]4 ,yet ,fr5* bridge-ma/]s h s9n$ aga9/ riv]s z frequ5tly z we ,engli%4 ,if ! ,val5tr _h "o pi] less1 h[ ample & noble ! design w\ld be6 ,ev5 n[ ! design is s virile1 s mascul9e1 t we ought to speak ( ?is bridge z we d ( a great soldi]4 ,! feeble ^w 8x0 does n belong to ! ,pont ,val5tr4 8,he0 & 8him0 & 880 are ! "r pron\ns4 ,accord+ to _m writ]s he is ! f9e/ milit>y bridge 9 ! _w1 b comp>isons are difficult & risky3 !y are affect$ too mu* by a writ]'s moods4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta9--t ! ,val5tr has no sup]ior 9 8 own l9e4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ rivals1 two bridges at ,tol$o1 9 ,spa91 h a fem99e grace2 !y are too c\rtly to be typical soldi]s4 ,!re is ano!r ,spani% bridge t ranks high z a =tifi$ "w3 x dates f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 &1 9 sixte5 po9t$ ar*es1 crosses ! ,du]o at ,zamora4 ,brangwyn pref]s ! ,tol$o bridges1 ! ,alcnt>a & ! ,pu5te de ,san ,m>t91 because !y are l(ty z well z spaci\s1 :ile ,zamora ,bridge is long & l[1 l a good _m ,spani% bridges1 bo? ,roman & m$ival4#abb ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,alc,,nt>a ,,at ,,tol$o1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,moori% ,,gateway ,,t[] ,,at ,,! ,,t[n ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,bridge #g4 ,! ,alcnt>a at ,tol$o4 ,f e po9t ( view ?is bridge makes a good picture1 b ,i l h] be/ :5 %e is se5 f a level only a little bel[ ! footway4 ,!n ,i look d[n at ! upw>d flight ( h] ar*itecture1 & wat* h[ a lum9\s patt]n+ ( %ad[ enri*es ! suave yet au/]e masonry4 ,someh[ ,i ?9k ( a c\rtly abbess ^: half-smile is a discipl9e fe>$ by ev]ybody4 ,9 no o!r way c ,i describe ! te*nical inspiration t makes ?is bridge v uncommon4 ,look+ d[n aga91 ,i see t ! ,spani% masons--or %all we call !m ,hispano-,moresque8--7 z ?rifty z ! ,fr5*m5 at ,cahors2 across ! bread? ( ! bigg] ar*1 & bel[ ! spr++1 !re are sev5 holes1 f :i* ! c5tr+ 0 scaffold$4 ,te*nically ! ar*es are inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,pont ,val5tr1 because _! r+s are n suffici5tly rimm$ & extra-doss$1 s !y lie too close into ! body ( ! sp&rils4 ,! pi] is design$ v well1 x has a di/9ction ( its own & =ms on ea* side ( ! roadway a n>r[+ %elt]-place ) f\r angles4 ,l[] d[n1 ne> ! ,moori% adaptation f a ,roman triumphal ar*1 a long recess c>ri$ by five brackets v>ies ! l9e ( ea* p>apet1 9 :i* !re is no pret5sion1 no swagg]1 no balu/rad$ bomba/4 ,on ! t[n side ! bridge is gu>d$ by a ,moori% gate-t[]1 :ile across ! riv] is a gateway dat+ f ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,fif?4 ,a ,roman bridge cross$ ! ,tagus at ?is great spot1 & 0 repair$ 9 #fhg by ! ,visigo?s1 b 9 #hga x disappe>$1 ,i "k n h[ or :y4 ,!n a bridge 0 built by ,halaf1 son ( ,mahomet ,alam]i1 ,alcalde ( ,tol$o1 b ,halaf obey$ a comm& f ,almansor ,aboa>mir ,mahomet1 son ( ,abihamir1 ,alquazil ( ,amir ,almom59 ,hixem4 ,i hope y l ^! names & titles8 ,!y are giv5 by ,george ,edmund ,/reet1#abc :o quotes f ,cean ,b]mudez2 & s ) confid5ce we may add ,halaf ,alam]i to ! few e>ly bridge-ma/]s :o are kn[n to u by "n4 ,= #cdj ye>s no accid5t seems to h happ5$ to ,alam]i's "w4 ,!n 9 #abaa a "p ( ! bridge fell into ! riv]2 & six ye>s lat]1 dur+ its re/oration1 ,enrique ,i _h a gate-t[] set up by ,ma!o ,p>adiso1 a milit>y ar*itect ) too angelic a "n4 ,=ty-"o ye>s pass$1 & !n ! bridge 0 r5ew$ once m1 ?is "t by ! ,k+ ,d4 ,alonso1 :o put ! foll[+ inscription on a piece ( m>ble above ! po9t ( ! ar*3 8,9 ! ye> #abeh f ! ,inc>nation ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 ! great deluge ( wat]1 t began be=e ! mon? ( ,augu/1 & la/$ until ,?ursday ! #bf? ( ,decemb]2 & 9 mo/ l&s ! fall ( ra9 did mu* damage1 especially 9 ,spa91 :]e mo/ ( ! bridges fell2 & among !m 0 demoli%$ a great "p ( t bridge ( ,tol$o :i* ,halaf1 son ( ,mahomet ,alam]i1 444 _h made 444 9 ! "t ( ! ,moors1 #chg ye>s be=e ?is "t2 & n[ ! ,k+ ,d4 ,alonso1 son ( ! noble ,k+ ,d4 ,f]r&o1 & ( ! ,que5 ,da ,beatriz1 :o reign$ 9 ,ca/ile1 has _h x repair$ & r5ovat$2 & x 0 f9i%$ 9 ! eigh? ye> ( 8 reign1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,inc>nation #abeh40 ,ev5 !n "s ( ,alam]i's "w rema9$1 b ,i fe> t x all vani%$ 9 #achj1 :5 ,ar*bi%op ,p$ro ,t5orio1 a k9sman ( ,don ,juan1 & a great ponti/1 became patron ( ! ,tol$o bridges & gave to ! ,alcnt>a ! appe>ance t we "k1 ap>t f ! =tifi$ gateways1 :i* 7 ei!r alt]$ or built by ,&res ,manrique1 ,a4,d4 #adhd4 #h4 ,brangwyn has sket*$ ! o!r great bridge at ,tol$o1 ! ,pu5te de ,san ,m>t91 a bett] "w ( art ?an ! ,alcnt>a4 ,"h ! /yle is f> m mascul9e1 & !re is no wide expanse ( b>r5 wall su* z we f9d 9 ! ,alcnt>a bel[ ! bracket$ recesses4 ,! five ar*es v>y mu* 9 size1 no d\bt1 b yet !y h>monise v well1 & ! mo/ important "o is h]oic 9 scale1 be+ n less ?an #adj ,spani% ft4 wide & #ie ft4 high4 ,z = ! pi]s1 ea* has a "* ( its own3 !y h b "o ?+ 9 common--bulk en\gh n only to resi/ floods1 b to be 9 keep+ ) a defile ( rocks4 ,!re are two gateways1 & "o ( !m has ,moori% ornam5t & a ,moori% battlem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,spani% ,,w>-,,bridge--,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>t91 ,,tol$o4 ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,seems ,,to ,,date ,,f #abab1 ,,b ,,9 ,,! ,,xiv ,,c5tury ,,x ,,0 ,,rebuilt ,,by ,,ar*bi%op ,,p$ro ,,t5orio ,! ,pu5te de ,san ,m>t9 seems to date f ! ye> #abab4 ,9 #acfh he met ) an accid5t t de/roy$ ! big ar*4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ab\t #achj1 ,ar*bi%op ,t5orio began ! re/oration1 aid$ by a c>eless ar*itect4 ,"o day1 9 fact1 ! ar*itect p]ceiv$ t 8 new ar* w\ld fall d[n z soon z ! c5tr+ 0 remov$4 ,panic-/rick51 he w5t home & consult$ 8 wife1 :o happ5$ to be a =]unn] ( ! ,suffragettes4 ,:at c\ld be done to save h] husb&'s reputation8 ,%e c\ld set fire to ! scaffold+2 & :5 ! ar* fell ,tol$o 0 q aw$ by ! accid5t4 ,all ! usual ?+s 7 said ab\t ! t]rible de/ruction t flames c\ld d 9 a brilliant h\r2 & !n ! ar*itect 0 ask$ to r5ew :at ! fire _h ru9$4 ,?is "t he did 8 "w admirably1 & 8 wife 0 too mu* elat$ by 8 complete success1 = %e gave discretion to ! w9ds & told ! tale ( h] inc5di>ism4 ,if ,p$ro ,t5orio _h puni%$ h] by claim+ paym5t = ! new "w f h] husb&1 ,tol$o w\ld h be5 amus$1 p]haps2 b ! good ,ar*bi%op _h le>nt too mu* 9 confessionals to expect v mu* f human nature4 ,he seems to h done no?+ m ?an congratulate 8 ar*itect on ! wife's devotion4#abd ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rabot ,,at ,,gh5t3 ,a ,,=tifi$ ,,lock #i4 ,def5sive ,bridges 9 ,flemi% ,t[ns4 ,!y repres5t ! manly1 swagg]+ burgh]s :o 7 n clev] en\gh to keep _! lib]ties4 ,! ,pont des ,tr\s at ,t\rnai1 = in/ance1 gu>d$ at ea* end by a huge r\nd t[]1 has m to say to u ab\t ! turbul5t old ,flemi% pride ?an h _m *apt]s writt5 by good hi/orians4 ,x is a bridge enliv5$ by art1 yet bl9d$ by an excess ( w>like caution4 ,!re are ?ree good po9t$ vaults1 ea* ) a d\ble r+ ( m\ld$ v\ssoirs2 & !re are two pi]s equally well design$2 b ! p>apet rises into a high ramp>t pi]c$ ) n9e arr[ slits1 & ! unga9ly t[]s h su* flat summits t !y appe> to be ro(less4#abe ,at ,c\rtrai1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! ,pont de ,broel1 ^: tall r\nd t[]s h conical ro(s light$ 9 a playful way by dorm] w9d[s1 & grac$ ) long wea!r-vanes4 ,! ,pont de ,broel is a small bridge ) ?ree r\nd ar*es1 x looks v trivial betwe5 its =midable gu>dians4 ,bo? t[]s are encircl$ by ma*icolations1 ^: sn>l+ tee? make an unpleasant girdle almo/ a ?ird way d[n ! walls4 ,betwe5 !m & ! ro( are _m small op5+s1 def5sive w9d[s let u call !m2 & b5ea? ! ma*icolations "s o!r w9d[s keep wat*1 ) a prop] respect ( scal+ ladd]s4 ,we pass on to ,gh5t1 :]e fifty-eight bridges span ! canals1 & connect ! ?irte5 isl&s into :i* ! brave old city is divid$4 ,9 #adhh1 aft] ,fr$]ick ,,iii1 ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 ) 8 son ,maximilian1 _h rais$ ! siege ( ,gh5t1 ! victori\s burgh]s began at once to build ! fam\s ,rabot ,=ts1 :i* includ$ a def5d$ lock4 ,brangwyn repres5ts ! ,rabot lock & its bold def5sive t[]s4 ,^! h two po9ts ( int]e/4 ,!y d ju/ice to ! "* ( m$ival ,gh5t1 be+ bluff1 /]n1 fanciful1 ambiti\s1 b %ort-sight$2 & !y seem to be copi$ f ! ,hol/5 ,gate at ,lbeck1 built by ?is ,hanseatic & republican city z a protection aga9/ frequ5t attacks f ,d5m>k4 #aj4 ,cov]$ ,def5sive ,bridges ( ,timb]4 ,9 ^! ! protection has be5 ( ?ree sorts3 aga9/ ! wea!r1 aga9/ riots1 & aga9/ primitive weapons4 ,?us ! cov]$ bridges ( ,sumatra1 made ) bamboo & bo>ds1 are sun%ades 9 bridge-build+2 & ?is applies to ! ro($ timb] bridges 9 ,we/]n ,*9a4 ,"s ( ^! are c>ri$ ov] important riv]s on /one pi]s1 _! ro(+ is decorative1 & ev5 to-day !y w\ld be useful 9 a "t ( unre/1 especially to wom5 & *ildr54 ,z = ! ,swiss v>iety ( cov]$ timb] bridge1 x seems to date f ! p]iod ( lake-dwell+s4 ,b1 :atev] its l9eage may h be51 x is v anci5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages x 0 valu$ 9 w> z well z 9 w9t]1 :5 its footway 0 always free f sn[4 ,(t5 !re 0 b a n>r[ space = light & air betwe5 ! ov]hang+ ro( & ! balu/rade ( heavy planks4 ,x is n surpris+ t ,swiss timb] bridges 7 to m$ival ar*]s & crossb[man :at ,h\gomont 0 to ,napoleon's troops4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is surpris+ t ^! primitive /ructures are /ill z popul> among ! ,swiss z !y ev] 74 ,! mo/ rem>kable specim5s are at ,luc]ne4 ,9 ,brangwyn's vivid p5-draw+ we see ! ,tod5tanzbrcke1 :i* is decorat$ ) ?irty pictures ( ! ,dance ( ! ,dead1 by ,megl+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tod5tanzbr,,cke ,,at ,,luc]ne ,,9 ,,switz]l& ,z = ! ,kapellbrucke1 also at ,luc]ne1 x dates f #acjc1 & its l5g? is #cbd metres4 ,x crosses ! m\? ( ! riv] ,reuss1 t fl[s impetu\sly "u x 9 a limpid torr5t4 ,! timb]s t support ! ro( are ornam5t$ ) #bed sc5es f ! hi/ory ( ,switz]l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,sa9t-,,esprit #aa4 ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit1 ov] ! ,rhne1 bel[ ! conflu5ce ( ! ,ard*e4 ,?is bridge1 l ! ,pont ,val5tr1 is a mascul9e /ructure1 s we mu/ speak n ( 8x0 b ( 8him40 ,always !re is a po9t ( sex to be consid]$ 9 ar*itectural inspiration4 ,"s bridges are wom51 ei!r high-born or l[-born2 o!rs are common soldi]s2 a few are great m5 ( action1 l ! ,roman ,alcnt>a 9 ,cc]es2 :ile _m h no di/9ctive sex1 & we ne$ pron\ns ) :i* to describe _! "*4 ,if we speak ( a neutral bridge z 8x0 we say no?+ at all2 b if we c\ld ref] to x z 8it%e0 or 8i!10 !n we c\ld %[ 9 "o ^w :i* sexual qualities pr$om9ate4 ,9 old ,engli% bridges x is ! neutral type t holds ! field1 v (t5 9 ! 8it%e0 class4 ,we h no?+ to place side by side ) ! ,pont ,val5tr & ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit4 ,ev5 ,old ,london ,bridge 0 a h]o9e1 n a h]o4 ,a c]ta9 weakness g]m9at$ 9 ! pa/ ( ,engl&1 & influ5c$ sev]al phases ( art & ar*itecture4 ,x is f ?is weakness1 :i* seems to be racial1 t mod]n ,engl& has gr[n by ! score feeble arti/s limp ) s5tim5t1 & feebl] faddi/s tr\bl$ ) 8n]ves40 ,:5ev] ,i see "o ( our little old ballad bridges--an 8it%e0 or an 8i!0--,i say to myself1 8,"h is mod]n ,engl& 9 embryo2 "h is ! beg9n+ ( a weak s5tim5t :i* 9 c\rse ( "t w sap ! vig\r ( our race40 ,s ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit is to my m9d some?+ m ?an a noble a*ievem5t 9 manly bridge-build+2 he m>ks = me also a />tl+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! und]gr[? ( ! ,fr5* "* & ! und]gr[? ( ! ,engli% g5ius4 ,we are beg9n+ to realise 9 our own sports & games1 z 9 box+ & 9 football1 a tru? :i* has long be5 kn[n to /ud5ts ( ,fr5* art1 namely1 t al?\gh ! surface ( ! ,fr5* "* has boil$ swiftly1 l scum ov] jam1 yet no o!r p h _h 9 equal measure ! self-belief t triumphs ov] frequ5t disa/]1 & ! intrepid hope t gives ample p9ions to ! imag9ation4 ,/udy ! *ur*es ( ,france 9 _! hi/orical sequ5ce f _! ,romanesque p]iod to ! la/ phases ( ,go?ic2 contra/ _! v>i$ *>m ) ! almo/ incessant w>s t deva/at$ ! c\ntry2 & !n lift y\r hat to ! greatness atta9$ by ! ,fr5* g5ius 9 times1 n ( crisis only1 b (t5 ( cata/rophe4 ,we h reason to be v pr\d ( our own *ur*es1 b !y d n equal ! ,fr5* :5 !y are /udi$ side by side f l>ge photographs4 ,! unhappi] c\ntry 0 ! m adv5tur\s build]1 not)/&+ ! virile influ5ce br\ght to ,engl& by ,fr5* ,ci/]cian monks & by su* bridgema/]s z ,isemb]t4 ,?is fact is gall+ to our patriotism1 b yet x helps u to appreciate ^? ,engli%m5 ( g5ius :o h ris5 f> above ! _m littl5esses :i* ,engli% public op9ion has be5 ov]apt to approve bo? 9 art & 9 ar*itecture4 ,aga91 !re are ?ree geographical reasons :y ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit is v notable3 he crosses ! ,rhne1 "o ( ! mo/ trea*]\s riv]s 9 ,europe2 he belongs to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,g>d1 :]e hi/orical bridges h be5 fam$ s9ce ! times ( ! ,romans2 & he is 9 ! di/rict ( ,uzs1 :]e we f9d ! ,pont ,sa9t-,nicolas1 on ! road to ,nmes1 a l(ty bridge ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) a beautiful di/9ction1 built by ! ,priory ( ,sa9t-,nicolas-,campagnac4 ,n[ ^! two bridges1 s diff]5t 9 te*nical inspiration1 yet s alike 9 ?or\gh s*ol>%ip1 m>k a v important "t ( transition 9 ,fr5* ar*itecture4 ,! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit 0 design$ & built by ! ,frres pontifes1 or ,ponti/ ,bro!rs1 b already ! good example set by ^! fri>s 0 foll[$ ) en?usiasm by a great _m laym51 ^: guilds 7 compet+ aga9/ ! religi\s corporations4 ,soon] or lat]1 inevitably1 civil "w ( e sort w\ld h to pass "u ! sway ( laic s*ools & ma/]s2 b ! p ( ,france 7 sup]/iti\s 9 _! fondness = ! ,ponti/ ,bro!rs1 ^: f]ry-boats _h sav$ a great _m lives1 ^: bridges 7 fam\s ev]y:]e1 ^: hospitals lodg$ & f$ pilgrims1 & ^: :ite dress 0 9 h>mony ) _! good "w & _! good conduct4 ,s ! public 0 v f> f pleas$ :5 a bridge ( importance 0 built )\t help f ! ,ponti/ ,bro!rs4 ,= ?is reason1 & no o!r1 ! ,pont ,sa9t-,cl\d 0 call$ un pont maudit1 & its con/ruction 0 attribut$ to ! ,devil4 ,/ill1 ! ,ponti/ ,bro!rs _h to g4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury _! public value z bridge-build]s grew weak] & weak]1 until at la/ _! competition aga9/ ! trade guilds c\ld be reg>d$ no long] z a political (f5ce4#abf ,x says mu* = !m t _! la/ und]tak+1 ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit1 0 9 mo/ respects _! be/ a*ievem5t3 a fact :i* "t itself has recognis$ by keep+ ?is bridge 9 use to ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ponte ,,nom5tano1 ,a ,,m$i,,val ,,w>-,,bridge ,,9 ,,! ,,campagna1 ,,?ree ,,miles ,,f ,,rome4 ,,x ,,spans ,,! ,,will[-,,fr+$ ,,anio1 ,a ,,sacr$ ,,riv] ,,9 ,,italian ,,leg5d ,! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit 0 commission$ by ! ,abbey ( ,cluny1 & 9 #abfe ! ,ponti/ ,bro!rs began to f\nd ! pi]s1 aft] discuss+ _! plans ) ,jean de ,tessanges1 ,abbot ( ,cluny4 ,n[1 an e>li] "w ( ! ,ponti/ ,bro!rs1 ! ,pont ,sa9t-,bnzet at ,avignon1 0 eighty ye>s old 9 #abfe1 & 8 behavi\r 9 ! ,rhne mu/ h be5 a subject ( int]e/ to ! successors ( ,bnzet4 ,i conclude1 !n1 t ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit may be look$ ^u z a te*nical criticism ( ! e>li] bridge1 & x approves 9 all respects ! "w ( ,/4 ,bnzet4 ,bo? bridges h relief ar*es = spate wat]1 & :5 !y are exam9$ 9 bird's-eye views1 bo? h an elb[ oppos$ to ! curr5t ( ! ,rhne1 & ea* sugge/s ! image ( a bridge ( boats to :i* already ,i h drawn att5tion 7p4 #bfb74 ,?is image is r m pron\nc$ 9 ! case ( ! e>li] bridge1 = ! l5g? ( ,bnzet's pi]s1 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 is enorm\s1 be+ n less ?an ?irty metres4 ,= ! re/1 ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit seems to h an en*ant$ size1 8 mo/ confid5t hi/orians giv+ nei!r ! same dim5sions nor ! same numb] ( ar*es4 ,m5 ) tape measures h gr[n tir$ ( _! job1 seem+ly2 & ev5 9 photographs "s ar*es are omitt$ :ile o!rs are blurr$ by di/ance4 ,on my table is an excell5t photograph3 x takes 9 j a bit ( ! metal ar* :i*1 ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 displac$ two ( ! old ar*es & made a passage = boats4 ,f ?is po9t to ! elb[ up/ream1 !re are elev5 ar*es2 beyond ! elb[ !re are six m1 & ! bridge is n complete4 ,?is is all ! cam]a c d4 ,accord+ to ,viollet-le-,duc1 !re are tw5ty-two ar*es 9 a l5g? ( ab\t #ajjj metres2 ! roadway is five metres wide4 ,l>\sse tells me1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! l5g? is #gch metres1 ! wid? #e metres #dj1 ! numb] ( ar*es tw5ty-six2 & ano!r great "w ( ref]5ce1 publi%$ also by ,l>\sse1 gives #iai metres = ! l5g?1 & says t among ! tw5ty-five ar*es !re are n9ete5 anci5t ones4 ,we ought to admire ! v>iegat$ self-confid5ce ( hi/orians4 ,b ! ma9 po9t is evid5t en\gh3 ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit is "o ( ! longe/ /one bridges 9 ! _w4 ,& ! con/ruction is truly m>vell\s4 ,?is 0 prov$ :5 a pi] 0 pull$ up to make room = ! iron ar*4 ,! lab\r requir$ 0 a/\nd+1 s excell5t 0 ! cem5t$ masonry4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! bridge has pass$ ?r\gh a good _m *anges to keep him 9 t\* ) ! increase ( traffic4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury he 0 /ill clos$ at bo? ends by /rong gateways1 :ile on ! t[n side 0 a q important def5ce ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 aft]w>ds embodi$ 9 ! citadel by :i* ! riv] 0 gu>d$ above-bridge4 ,^! def5sive works h all gone1 b _! effect c be /udi$ 9 8,la ,topographie de la ,gaule10 :]e an engrav+ gives a good idea ( _! appe>ance4 #ab4 ,ponte ,nom5tano 9 ! ,campagna1 ?ree miles f ,rome4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is ! mo/ romantic ( all ! =tifi$ bridges t ,brangwyn has pa9t$4 ,bo? bridge & ca/le are m$ival1 b !y rise ov] ! will[-frill$ ,anio1 a riv] haunt$ by my?s :i* to ! anci5ts 7 sacr$ tru?s4 ,x 0 9 ! ,anio t ,rhea ,silvia pass$ f ! brief h\rs ( h] mortality into ! life ( a goddess2 & to ?is riv] ,silvia confid$ h] two *ildr51 ,romulus & ,remus1 ! tw9 ,moses ( ,roman /ory1 :o 7 c>ri$ 9 _! cradle to ! ,tib]1 :]e o!r wat]s bore !m on & on till at la/ !y came to l& "u ! fig tree at ! foot ( ! ,palat9e hill4 ,:at a delightful leg5d to be :isp]$ by ! curr5t ( ! prattl+ ,anio bel[ ! unc\? /ones ( ! ,nom5tano6 ,:at o!r w>-bridge has be5 unit$ to su* a graci\s my?8 ,& hi/ory z well z leg5d has be5 busy on ! banks ( ! ,anio4 ,into ?is riv] ! a%es ( ,m>ius 7 ?r[n by ! adh]5ts ( ,sulla2 & beyond ! bridge1 on ! "r bank1 we/ ( ! ,via ,nom5tana1 is a v fam\s hillside1 ! ,mons ,sac]1 to :i* ! plebeians retreat$1 z to a =tifi$ place1 :5 !y ass]t$ _! "r to tame ! patricians4 ,_! fir/ great /rike1 or secession1 occupi$ f\r mon?s 9 ! ye> #edi ,b4,c41 :5 f\r ?\s& ( !m encamp$ on ! fri5dly hill1 leav+ ! crops unh>ve/$1 & ! city )\t a g>rison4 ,m\nt ,sac] became sacr$ to ! ,p ( ,rome1 & to ! hi/oric s5se x is ! ,hill ( ,lib]ty1 sanctifi$ by ! fir/ brave ideals ( a democratic ju/ice4 ,yet 9 rec5t times vulg>ians h tak5 hold ( ,m\nt ,sac]1 & h c>t$ x away by ! ton to be us$ z build+ mat]ial4 ,z = ! ,ponte ,nom5tano1 he is no?+ m ?an a burly soldi]1 a common man-at-arms4 ,! m$ival eng9e] 0 un9spir$ by an en*ant$ site1 & gave ! :ole ( 8 att5tion to ! prong$ battlem5ts4 ,he _h no feel+ = proportion1 & no lik+ = a /]n eloqu5ce ( l9e su* z we f9d 9 ! noble ca/le ( ,*5onceaux1 a ma/]piece ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 ^: long w+ is c>ri$ by a bridge ( five r\nd ar*es1 & ^: turret$ portion is pi]c$ by a s+le arcade4 #ac4 ,! bridges ( ,l>oque1 ne> ,cahors1 on ! riv] ,lot4 ,9 ?is rapid sket* ,brangwyn repres5ts a riv]side ,gibralt> ^u :i* an anci5t village /&s1 p>tly on bridges4 ,its value 9 8! good old times0 z a /ronghold =tifi$ by ,nature is pat5t1 & ! wat*-t[]s h an unsleep+ al]tness t looks out ^u ! _w ?r\gh "o eye or w9d[4 ,i %\ld l to "k :o built ! fir/ bridge at ,l>oque4 ,!re is a ,romanesque =m 9 ! ar* drawn by ,brangwyn1 & ! ,romans 7 active 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,ov] ! ,lot at ,divona1 n[ call$ ,cahors1 !y built a bridge1 :i* p]i%$ "s ye>s ago 9 a local /orm ( p>ty feel+4 ,to imag9e ,rome ) a ,gibralt> on ! ,lot is a great pleasure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>oque ,,on ,,! ,,riv] ,,lot1 ,,ne> ,,cahors1 ,a ,,sort ,,( ,,inl& ,,gibralt>2 ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,village ,,is ,,built ,,on ,,bridges ,,?r[n ,,across ,,*asms ,,9 ,,! ,,rocks ,be=e we pass on f ! def5sive bridges1 ,i %\ld l to give y a picture ( ! fam\s old bridge at ,sa9tes1 9 ,france1 t la/$ to ! ye> #ahdc1 :5 x 0 de/roy$4 ,i "k n :y ,i use ! silly ^w 8x10 = ! bridge ( ,sa9tes 0 an exce$+ly m>tial /ructure t unit$ all ! ma9 phases ( milit>y art--! primitive1 ! ,roman1 & ! m$ival4 ,let me give an abridg$ description f ,viollet-le-,duc's 8,dictionnaire raisonne d',ar*itecture03-- 8,! fir/ gate appe>$ on ! "r %ore ( ! ,*>5te1 on ! side ( ! ,faub\rg des ,dames2 next came ! ,roman ar*1#abg ! upp] "p ( :i* 0 cr5ellat$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages2 next on ! side ( ! t[n /ood a t[] ( oval plan1 ?r\gh :i* ! road lay2 ! t[n gates ) flank+ t[]s clos$ ! end ( ! bridge4 ,f ! fir/ gate to ! ,roman ar* ! bridge 0 ( wood1 z 0 also ! case betwe5 ! great t[] & ! t[n gates1 s t by ! removal ( ?is "p ( ! roadway all communication c\ld be cut (f betwe5 ! t[n & ! t[]1 z well z betwe5 ! bridge & ! ,faub\rg2 moreov]1 ! p>apets 7 cr5ellat$1 s t ! g>rison ( ! t[n at any mom5t c\ld /op all navigation40 ,v ,a brief introduction to ! hi/ory ( bridges has s _m difficulties t ,i creep ?r\gh my "w1 a few hundr$ words 9 a long day4 ,to try to plant an oak tree 9 a ?imble w\ld be m difficult1 ,i suppose1 b glean+ "h & !re ov] va/ fields br+s tr\ble en\gh to any writ]4 ,i g ?r\gh scores ( photographs1 & turn ov] great piles ( notes1 & seek = a topic t is n too te*nical = ! g5]al read]1 b t t\*es a really important phase 9 ! evolution ( bridge-build+4 ,!re is a species ( bridge to :i* ! ar*es at ,l>oque belong2 x may be call$ ei!r freaki% or v exceptional4 ,let me give a few examples4 ,!re is "o at ,cr[l&1 a curi\s ?ree-bran*$ /ructure :i* = _m a ye> /ood at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,catwat] dra9 & two /reamlets1 ! ,well& & ! ,nyne4 ,to-day no wat] fl[s "u ?is bridge1 & common little mod]n h\ses d n make pretty pictures :5 !y are fram$ by ! ar*es4 ,!re are ?ree po9t$ ar*es1 ) _! abutm5ts at ! angles ( an equilat]al triangle2 !y meet 9 ! middle1 & =m ?ree roadways & ?ree wat]c\rses4 ,!y h ?ree /one ribs apiece1 & ! n9e ribs meet 9 ! c5tre ,i note1 too1 t ^! ar*es 7 built n by a bridgeman1 b by a mason skill$ 9 *ur* "w1 = _! r+s are m\ld$ elaborately z 9 ,go?ic w9d[s & doorways4 ,z = ! /yle ( ar*itecture1 x is n old] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 b a mu* e>li] bridge at ,cr[l&1 probably ( wood1 0 fam$ = its triangul> %ape1 & m5tion$ 9 a *>t] ( ! ye> #idc1 :5 ,edmund 0 ,k+4 ,at ! s\?-we/ entrance ( ,cr[l& ,bridge1 beyond ! five /eps1 !re is a r\gh-hewn /atue t repres5ts a cr[n$ & be>d$ figure seat$ up high aga9/ ! p>apet walls1 9 an attitude ( sorr[1 ) arms fold$ 7& p]haps !y may be b\nd toge!r7 ov] a long robe4 ,"t has fray$ & sc>r$ ?is unc\? sculpture1 b n )\t leav+ "s mell[ l9es & planes4 ,! ar*ology ( guesswork has call$ ?is effigy by v>i\s names1 su* z ,e!lbald1 & ,sa9t ,gu?lac1 & ,h5ry ,,ii1 b ,i pref] to look ^u x z a simple ,piet *isell$ by a mason :o _h be5 tra9$ to d enni*$ figures = *ur* decoration--"w )\t detail1 to make at a di/ance a broad effect4 ,?is conjecture is 9 accord ) ! ecclesia/ical m\ld+ ( ! ar*/ones1 & ) ! m$ival cu/om t unit$ bridges to ,*ri/ianity by means ( sacr$ emblems4 ,cr[l& ,abbey rul$ ov] ! di/rict1 s "o ( ! ,abbots may h built ! bridge2 & p]haps ! po9t$ ar*es1 ?ree 9 numb]1 ) _! triple ribs1 & _! ?ree pa?ways1 & ! ?ree /reams ( wat]1 may h be5 int5d$ z symbols ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,if s1--& !re is no?+ 9 ?is view to cla% ) ! _s ( ! ,m$ival ,*ur*1--!n a ,piet turn$ t[>d ! we/ w\ld be ! mo/ beautiful symbol ( t ,light :i* w5t d[n ) ! sun1 & !n rose aga9 ?r\gh ! d>k into ! dusk1 & ?r\gh ! dusk into a dawn :]e fai? = ev] dwells4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! cr[n$ figure repres5ts a m]e e>?ly k+1 ,i "k n :y ,e!lbald %\ld be *os51 = 8 reign ( two ye>s 0 n a creative "t & he di$ 9 #hfj1 j eighty-?ree ye>s be=e ,cr[l&'s triangul> bridge 0 allud$ to 9 ! *>t] ( ! ye> #idc4 ,alfr$1 ,edw>d ! ,eld]1 & ,a!l/an--^! k+s 9 succession 7 ne>] to ! *>t]1 & _! long] reigns 7 m notable ?an ! %ort h\rs ( ,e!lbald4 ,alfr$ we %\ld pref]1 ( c\rse1 b he has be5 pass$ ov] by ! busy m9ds t h weav$ ar\nd ,cr[l& ,bridge s _m cobwebs ( ! /udy & s mu* haze ( idle conjecture4 ,my own views are conjectures also1 b !y are tak5 p>tly f ! bridge itself & p>tly f ! c>e & affection t ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ,middle ,ages be/[$ on bridge-build+4 ,& n[ a te*nical matt] ought to be consid]$ 9 its be>+ on ! ar*es ( ,cr[l& ,bridge4 ,at a "t :5 bridges 7 protect$ by ! ,*ur*1 _! ar*es 7 affect$ by *anges ( /yle 9 ecclesia/ical w9d[s & doorways2 b1 ( c\rse1 :atev] %ape 0 giv5 to !m1 !y 7 treat$ diff]5tly f doorways & w9d[s1 = ^! _h to be> only a d[nw>d ?ru/1 :ile bridges _h to )/& five trials3 _! own 8spr+10 ! vibration caus$ by :eel$ traffic1 ! lat]al pressure ( fl[+ wat]1 ! di/urbance ( gravity by imm]sion1 & bl[s f drift+ ice & timb]4 ,) ^! problems to be solv$1 bridgem5 set no /ore by m\ld$ ar*/ones1 a kick%aw ( /yle4 ,sometimes !y built ! r+ ( an ar* ) two or ?ree sets ( v\ssoirs1#abh b _! aim 0 practical1 n ornam5tal2 !y wi%$ to give great] resi/ance to _! "w1 & n m]ely to sp5d "t & money on a decorative effect4 ,s :5 we f9d 9 ! ar*es ( ,cr[l& ,bridge su* m\ld$ h&icraft z 0 us$ 9 *ur* decoration1 we may surmise t ! ar*itect & 8 masons 7 n bridge-build]s1 & t !y work$ only = ! light foot-traffic ( a village4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 ! ye> #ageb a ,fr5* ar*itect nam$ ,beff>a took a h9t f ,cr[l& ,bridge1 & !n a*iev$ fame ) a d>+ /ructure built ne> ,ardres1 9 ! ,pas-de-,calais4 ,!re are f\r bran*es to ?is bridge1 & !y c>ry roads ov] two canals t int]sect at "r angles4 ,"o canal goes f ,sa9t-,ou5 to ,calais & ! o!r f ,ardres to ,gravel9es4 ,beff>a's "w is plac$ by ,l>\sse among ! fifty-f\r mo/ notable bridges 9 ! _w1 & ?is hon\r x seems to m]it2 b ,fr5*m5 9 _! vanity h tri$ to make x into a pret5ti\s bridge by giv+ to x a bragg>t "n--,le ,sans-,p>eil4 ,graci\s6 ,x is fit = a caf or = a battle%ip1 9 ^: nom5clature bravado & bomba/ rule z cu/oms4 ,poor ,beff>a6 8,le ,sans-,p>eil10 l 8,titanic0 or l 8,dreadn\ght10 defies ! p[]s ( ,nature1 invit+ !m to d _! wor/2 & :at good om5 c !re be 9 su* bantam cock9ess8 ,= a long "t ! old bridge at ,ble1 ov] ! ,rh9e1 rem>kable = its l5g? & = its beautiful site1 0 n only freaki% b exce$+ly insol5t4 ,at "o end1 on ! side ( great] ,ble1 0 a t[] decorat$ ) a grotesque head call$ ,laell5ko5ig1 :i*1 9 answ] to ! work+ ( a clock1 put out its tongue & roll$ insult+ eyes at ! opposite bank4 ,eight or t5 times an h\r ?is abusive pantomime 0 repeat$1 & x nev] fail$ to ang] little ,ble1 :i* _h ! pugnaci\s vanity ( a small organism4 ,i d n "k h[ _m duels 7 f\ght1 b at la/ a t\* ( ,rabelaisian hum\r sugge/$ a me*anical rev5ge1 f> m regul> 9 its action ?an 7 fights & punctur$ bodies4 ,a tall po/ 0 set up by ! inhabitants ( ,ble junior1 & on ! top ( x /ood a hateful /atue t affect$ to turn its back on ! enemy ) a %ameless movem5t4 ,x is risky at ! pres5t "t to say t a bridge has c]ta9 old *>act]s3 *ange is s rapid t no ponti/ c keep 9 t\* ) its vag>ies2 b ,i believe ! old bridge at ,ble is alive1 & t x keeps 9 use ! ,go?ic t[]1 a triangul> def5ce ( r$ s&/one erect$ on ! middle pi]1 & devot$ n[ to a !rmomet]1 a b>omet]1 & a table ( weights & measures4 ,laell5ko5ig has gone1 ( c\rse1 & ,ble junior has gr[n mu* bigg] & less te*y4 ,! ,bridge ( ,sighs1 at ,v5ice1 mu/ be includ$ among ! exceptional bridges1 be+ equally celebrat$ 9 hi/ory & 9 art4 ,:o c say h[ _m times %e has be5 et*$ & pa9t$ & engrav$8 ,%e is n v important z a "w ( ar*itecture1 yet arti/s are drawn t[>ds h] inv>iably1 & seldom d !y fail to make h] impressive4 ,brangwyn loves ! ,bridge ( ,sighs1 & does h] mu* m ?an ju/ice 9 "o ( 8 f9e/ et*+s4 ,!re is some?+ trivial 9 h] ,r5aissance ornam5t1 & h] proportions are n great1 be+ only two metres wide & six high2 on ! o!r h&1 h] abutm5ts are fam\s build+s1 ! ducal palace & ! ,/ate prison4 ,x is f ! second /orey ( ! palace t we ent] ! gloom ( h] cov]$ passage1 conc]n+ :i* a ,fr5*man writes z foll[s3 8,on p\rrait presque le comp>]1 en agr&issant les proportions1 nos f\rgons d'arme40 ,x is said t only a prison] "h & !re w5t ov] ?is bridge m ?an once--9 8 compulsory walk f a dungeon 9 ! prison to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,t54 ,^? :o await$ _! trial 9 ! dungeons 7 look$ ^u z already condemn$2 _! appe>ance be=e ! ,t5 0 a =mality1 at lea/ 9 public op9ion2 & = ?is reason ! d>k corridor across ! canal 0 call$ ! ,bridge ( ,sighs4 ,among ! bridges ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re are two t hi/ory has set d[n z v exceptional4 ,"o ( !m is a cov]$ bridge ov] ! ,tic9o at ,pavia1 erect$ "u ! c>e ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti4 ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9 says ( x3 8,?is bridge1 :i* /ill exi/s1 has sev5 po9t$ brick ar*es1 ea* #gj ft4 9 span & #fd ft4 9 height2 ! dep? ( ! ar* r+ at ! cr[n is #e ft4 #f 94 ,! tympanum is pi]c$2 ! bricks us$ 9 ! ar*es are =m$ to suit _! position1 & are holl[ 9 ! middle to dim9i% ! weight4 ,! ro( ( ! roadway is c>ri$ by a hundr$ r\gh granite columns40 ,?is neat description is accurate1 b 9 x ! bridge is n visualis$4 ,w\ld t we _h a ,brangwyn sket*6 ,i h by my side an engrav+ ( ! bridge1 & ! effect ( ! design is t ( an op5-"w frieze4 ,ea* gracefully po9t$ ar* is a repetition ( ! o!r six2 ! pi]s also are uni=m & graceful1 be+ all #af ft4 #c 94 wide2 & all ! sp&rils are pi]c$ 9 ! same triangul> fa%ion4 ,! po9t ( ea* triangle is turn$ d[nw>ds1 its sides are ! inn] surfaces ( two ar* r+s1 & its base1 turn$ upw>ds1 & gracefully ar*$ ) sev5te5 long bricks1 helps to support ! p>apet4 ,on ?is p>apet at equal int]vals rise ! hundr$ granite columns by :i* ! cov]$ roadway is c>ri$4 ,s ! design is a clev] feat n m]ely ( repetitive decoration1 b ( repeat+ solids & voids t oppose ea* o!r 9 a h>mony ( contra/s2 = ! empty sp&rils 9 _! =m oppose ! leaf-%ap$ op5+s made by ! ar*es1 & all ! curv$ solids ( ! bridge are foil$ 9 a rugg$ mann] by ! upright columns1 z well z by ! long horizontal l9es ( ! cov]$ roadway4 ,9 ! contra/ betwe5 cold granite & w>m brick !re is col\r also1 & x suits ! pulsat+ light & heat ( ,italy4 ,z = ! second bridge ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :i* ar*itects reg>d z v uncommon1 x exi/s 9 draw+s only1 = x 0 de/roy$ by ,c>magnola4 ,its f\nd] 0 a duke ( ,milan1 ,b]nab ,visconti1 & x cross$ ! ,adda at ,trezzo4 ,accord+ to ,hann & ,hosk+1 x _h 8a s+le ar* ( granite1 v well con/ruct$ ( /ones 9 two c\rses1 ! inn]mo/ #c ft4 ?ick 9 ! direction ( ! radius1 ! out]mo/ #i 941 ! span at l[ wat] #bea ft42 ! riv] rises sometimes #ac ft40 ,! radius ( ! ar* 0 #acc ft4 ,a span ( #bea ft4 9 a /one bridge 0 a noble a*ievem5t4 ,x is ! l>ge/ t ,i rememb]4 ,! ,grosv5or ,bridge at ,*e/] has a span ( #bjj ft41 j ?irty y>ds wid] ?an ! c5tral ar* ( ,trajan's ,bridge ov] ! ,tagus4 ,new ,london ,bridge 9 h] f9e/ ar* atta9s a span ( #aeb ft41 beat+ ,wat]loo ,bridge by ne>ly elev5 y>ds4 ,two ,fr5* bridges ( ! eighte5? c5tury--! ,pont de ,lavaur & ! ,pont de ,gignac--h spans ( #afj ft42 & let me ref] y also to ! ,pont de ,neuilly-sur-,se9e 7p4 #cch74 ,_m uncommon bridges h be5 attribut$ to ! ,*9ese1 & ,i "k n :at to say ab\t "s ( !m4 ,let me quote f ,m>co ,polo1 giv+ also ! excell5t notes writt5 by 8 editor ,colonel ,yule4 ,9 ! tw5ty-sev5? *apt] ( 8 travels ,m>co ,polo speaks 8( ! riv] nam$ ,pulisangan1 & ( ! bridge ov] x40 ,?is riv]1 ^: "n is writt5 v>i\sly1 is believ$ to be ! ,ho5-ho ( ! ,jesuits' map1 :i*1 unit+ ) ano!r /ream f ! nor?-we/1 =ms ! ,pe-ho or ,:ite ,riv]4 ,:5 ,m>co ,polo comes to ! ,pulisangan#abi he f9ds 8a v h&some bridge ( /one1 p]haps unequall$ by ano!r 9 ! _w40 8,its l5g? is ?ree hundr$ paces1 & its wid? eight paces2 s t t5 m5 c ride abrea/ )\t inconv5i5ce4#acj ,x has tw5ty-f\r ar*es1 support$ by tw5ty-five pi]s erect$ 9 ! wat]1 all ( s]p5t9e /one1 & built ) great skill4 ,on ea* side1 & f "o extremity to ! o!r1 !re is a h&some p>apet1 =m$ ( m>ble slabs & pill>s arrang$ 9 a ma/]ly /yle4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! asc5t ! bridge is some?+ wid] ?an at ! summit1 b f ! "p :]e ! asc5t t]m9ates1 ! sides run 9 /raight l9es & p>allel to ea* o!r4#aca ,^u ! upp] level !re is a massive & l(ty column1 re/+ ^u a tortoise ( m>ble1 & hav+ ne> its base a l>ge figure ( a lion1 ) a lion also on ! top4#acb ,t[>ds ! slope ( ! bridge !re is ano!r h&some column or pill>1 ) its lion1 at ! di/ance ( a pace & a half f ! =m]2 & all ! spaces betwe5 "o pill> & ano!r1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! bridge1 are fill$ up ) slabs ( m>ble1 curi\sly sculptur$1 & mortis$ into ! next adjo9+ pill>s1 :i* are1 9 l mann]1 a pace & a half asund]1 & equally surm\nt$ ) lions1#acc =m+ altoge!r a beautiful spectacle4 ,^! p>apets s]ve to prev5t accid5ts1 t might o!rwise happ5 to pass5g]s4 ,:at has be5 said applies to ! desc5t z well z to ! asc5t ( ! bridge40#acd ,i d n und]/& :y ?is description is consid]$ v difficult to und]/&4 ,x depicts a gabl$ bridge ) a flat top1 n an uncommon =m ( bridge 9 ,*9a1 ,i believe4 ,! footway asc5ds to ! beg9n+ ( ! middle ar*1 :]e x becomes flat & level2 x cont9ues s = ! full wid? ( ! ar*1 & !n x desc5ds t[>d ! abutm5t across ! riv]4 ,) ?is picture 9 m9d x is easy to decorate ! bridge ov] ! ,pulisangan1 or ,ho5-ho1 ) ! accessories describ$ by ,m>co ,polo4 ,! p>apets h cop+ /ones ( sculptur$ m>ble1 & pill>s are c>efully set along ! p>apets at an equal di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,^! pill>s are ( two sorts4 ,^? above ! flat "p ( ! roadway1 :]e ! p>apets also are horizontal1 are tall & massive4 ,on ea* side1 at ! br[ ( ! asc5t1 !re is a tall pill> ^u ! summit ( :i* is a /one lion2 & 9 ! middle ( ea* p>apet1 on ?is level "p ( ! road1 !re is a tall] & heavi] column1 ^: p$e/al is a m>ble tortoise1 & ^: summit c>ries a symbolic lion4 ,ano!r lion is plac$ ne> ! tortoise1 p]haps on a l$ge ( /one corbell$ out f ! p>apet4 ,z = ! p>apets t slope up f ! abutm5ts to ! po9t :]e !y become level1 or horizontal1 !y1 too1 h _! emblematic lions c>ri$ by pill>s1 & ^! ornam5ts1 9 accordance ) ! logic ( design1 are mu* small] ?an ^? on ! summit ( ! /eep bridge4 ,= ! re/1 ,m>co ,polo speaks ( tw5ty-f\r ar*es & ( tw5ty-five pi]s2 & if we give to ! ar*es an av]age span ( fifty-two feet1 & to ! pi]s an av]age wid? ( ?irte5 feet1 we get a bridge #aegc ft4 long1 or sev5ty-?ree feet long] ?an ! five hundr$ y>ds sugge/$ by ,colonel ,yule4 ,view$ 9 ?is way1 ap>t f ! vague glam\r ( en?usia/ic words1 !re is no?+ extravagant 9 ,m>co ,polo's description4 ,_m writ]s h be5 a/oni%$ by ano!r ,*9ese bridge1 call$ ! ,bridge ( ,*o-gan1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%5-si4 ,its great ar* is said to h _h an unrivall$ span4 ,i am told t x 0 built ) huge blocks ( /one1 cut into v\ssoirs1 ! jo9ts ( :i* conv]g$ t[>ds a common c5tre1 z 9 our own bridges4 ,?is may be true1 ?\gh 9 photographs ( ,*9ese bridges :i* ,i h se5 ! v\ssoirs d n resemble ours2 n only are !y mu* long]1 !y are mu* n>r[] also1 & recall to my memory a good description writt5 by ,b>r[1 ^: impressions ( ,*9a are invaluable to /ud5ts4 ,b>r[ speaks ( ar*/ones f five to t5 feet long1 & says t ea* /one 8is cut s z to =m a segm5t ( ! ar*40 8,!re is no key/one0 :5 an ar* is built 9 ?is mann]4 ,aga91 8ribs ( wood fitt$ to ! convexity ( ! ar* are bolt$ ?r\gh ! /ones by iron b>s1 fix$ 9 ! solid "p ( ! bridge02 sometimes no wood is employ$1 & !n 8! curv$ /ones are mortis$ into long transv]se blocks ( /one40 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to speak ( ?is te*nical me?od z "o t employs v\ssoirs1 s9ce ! ar* r+ is built ) a few segm5tal /ones & )\t a key/one2 & possibly ! ,bridge ( ,*o-gan 0 con/ruct$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,a draw+ ( x is giv5 9 ,kir*]'s 8,la ,*9e ,illu/re0--or1 r1 9 ,dalqui's translation ( ,kir*]'s book1 publi%$ 9 #afgj at ,am/]dam4 ,x is n a geometrical draw+1 & ! dim5sions are giv5 9 ,*9ese measures1 :i* d n help u to love ,kir*] & ,dalqui4 ,m4 ,degr& is baffl$ by ^! measures2#ace b he admits t ! ,bridge ( ,*o-gan mu/ h be5 a gr&iose /ructure dat+ f a v remote "t4 ,gau!y speaks ) admiration ( ! 8,pont de ,fo-,*eu sur le ,m90--a bridge n less ?an #gice metres long by #ai metres #ej wide1 ) a hundr$ ar*es1 all semicircul>1 & ?irty-n9e metres 9 _! av]age span4 ,! pi]s 7 ne>ly z broad1 & _! height 0 ?irty-n9e metres4 ,"h is a bridge t ,dean ,swift ought to h put into 8 pictures ( ,brobd+nag4 ,gau!y seems to h fai? 9 x1 :ile ,m4 ,degr& has d\bts4 ,he says3 8,ev5 if we admit t !re is no flagrant exagg]ation 9 ! docum5ts f :i* ! acc\nt ( ?is bridge is tak51 ! workman%ip 9 its g5]al "*1 z %[n 9 ! draw+ giv5 by ,gau!y1 has a ne> resemblance to t 9 ,roman bridges1 & ought n to be assign$ to a p]iod e>li] ?an !irs40 ,gau!y describes ! decorative treatm5t4 ,"u ! p>apet ( :ite m>ble ran a l9e ( consoles2 ! pi]s 7 surm\nt$ by figures ( lions 9 black m>ble1 cut f blocks sev5 metres long2 & above ea* tw5tie? ar* ! footway 0 gu>d$ by a gateway1 un arc de triomphe4 ,= ! re/1 z ,i want$ to le>n some?+ m ab\t ?is bridge ( a hundr$ va/ ar*es ov] ! ,m9 at ,fo-,*eu1 ,i wrote to ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,m4 ,jackson1 ^: k9d help ,i h already ackn[l$g$ 7p4 #bdh74 ,!re is a riv] ,m9 9 ,si*uan1 b no news ( su* a bridge has rea*$ ,mr4 ,jackson1 ?\gh he has work$ 9 ,we/]n ,*9a = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & has travell$ on foot ov] a v wide area 9 ! prov9ce ( ,si*uan4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,jackson does n recognise ! spell+ 8,fo-,*eu10 b ref]s me to ! city ( ,fu ,*[ 9 ! coa/ prov9ce ( ,fuki54 ,"o day1 p]haps1 rese>* w br+ me 9 t\* ) ! colossal ma/]piece describ$ by ,gau!y1 ?\gh at pres5t ,i am baffl$ by ! v>iety ( geographical names t travell]s h giv5 to ! bridges ( ,*9a4 ,/ill1 ! ,*9ese h be5 great bridge-build]s1 & "s ( _! /one ar*es h be5 v high & v wide4 ,p]haps ! "o describ$ by ,kir*] may h be5 z wide z ,trezzo ,bridge1 ov] ! ,adda1 ) its wond]ful span ( #bea feet4 ,my fav\rite bridge 9 ! class ( exceptional m]it is ! ,ponte della ,tr9it ov] ! ,arno at ,flor5ce1 design$ 9 #aeff by ! ar*itect ( ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,b>tolomeo ,ammanati1 a devot$ admir] ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,bo? 9 sci5ce & 9 art ! ,ponte della ,tr9it is complete z an orig9al success4 ,its vault+--,i ought to say 8 vault+1 = 9 ?is bridge ! male qualities ( g5ius are mu* /rong] ?an ! female--8 vault+1 !n1 if n ! mo/ sci5tific 9 ! _w1 is n excell$ by any o!r "w ei!r anci5t or mod]n4 ,!re are ?ree ar*es1 & _! curves are cycloids2 ! rise f ! spr++ level is only a trifle m ?an "o-six? ( ! span4 ,h[ ,ammanati manag$ to get 8 effect ( p]fect balance & symmetry is a "q v h>d to answ]1 = !re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! wid? ( 8 ar*es1 ! c5tral "o be+ #if ft4 9 span1 & ! o!rs #hf ft4 & #hh ft4 ,?is fact has be5 e/abli%$ by measur$ draw+s1 b d y notice x out ( doors1 9 ! magic ( ?is beautiful bridge8 ,! pi]s are simple & excell5t4 ,_! wid?1 tw5ty-six feet1 is n too mu* = ! spates ( a freaki% riv]1 nor too heavy = ! bridge z a l9e> composition2 on ! up/ream side !y h /]n cutwat]s1 good foils 9 a piece ( ar*itecture t bl5ds an al]t grace ) a supple vig\r4 ,ano!r po9t wor? not+ is ! gradi5t ( a roadway t />ts out f l[ abutm5ts4 ,ammanati 0 b5t ^u be+ a fri5d to ! traffic ( ,flor5ce1 & ) ! help ( 8 cycloid ar*es he kept ! road on a mild curve4 ,to-day ?is good po9t attracts little att5tion1 z mo/ ( u =get t /eep bridges 7 9 vogue till late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,a ,victorian ponti/1 ,william ,hosk+1 endeav\r$ to prove t ,ammanati made "o mi/ake 9 ! ,ponte della ,tr9it4 ,x seem$ to ,hosk+ t ! pi]s 7 too bulky1 s he cut !m d[n 9 a sket* & spoilt ! :ole bridge by alt]+ ! proportions4 ,ar*itects told him s1 b ,hosk+ cr[$ ov] 8 little sket* & publi%$ x ) pride1 z y w f9d by turn+ to 8 8,ar*itectural ,treatise on ,bridge ,build+0--a valuable "w f o!r /&po9ts4 ,,vi ,! great "w ( ,ammanati sets ?\ght 9 movem5t on bridge decoration1 & ,i wi% to (f] "s h9ts on ?is subject1 n = ! purpose ( f9d+ rules1 b 9 ord] t a public debate may be invit$4 ,rules w\ld be v useful if !y c\ld be =mulat$1 b 9 bridge decoration national s5tim5t & p]sonal feel+ h be5 exce$+ly active2 no writ]1 !n1 c d m ?an (f] sugge/ions f 8 own po9t ( view4 ,less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago a debate on ?is subject w\ld n h be5 easy1 = good books on ! te*nical hi/ory ( bridges 7 uncommon1 & photographs ( f9e examples 7 f> m difficult to get ?an !y are n[4 ,engli% books on bridges are /ill =midably dull2 to read !m is p]haps z tr\blesome z hill climb+ on a foggy day2 b ! fe> ( be+ 8pl\gh$0 9 a /iff exam9ation helps "y m5 to be intrepid4 ,9 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 ! public is s]v$ v well by lit]>y ponti/s4 ,m4 ,*>les ,brang]1 = in/ance1 f 8 ,librairie ,polyte*nique 9 ,p>is1 is publi%+ a s]ies ( ?or\gh books on bridges1 z useful to u z !y are to ,fr5* /ud5ts4 ,already eight volumes h be5 issu$4 ,!y include3-- #a4 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie40 ,p> ,e4 ,degr&1 ,inspecteur-,gnral des ,ponts et ,*ausses1 et ,jean ,rsal1 ,+nieur des ,ponts et ,*ausses4 ,two volumes1 illu/rat$2 #dj francs4 #b4 8,ponts ,mtalliques40 ,p> ,m4 ,pascal1 ,+nieur4 ,"o volume2 #ae francs2 illu/rat$4 #c4 8,croquis de ,ponts ,mtalliques40 ,p> ,jules ,gaud>d1 ,+nieur ,civil et ,pr(esseur ,honoraire de l',univ]sit de ,lausanne4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$2 #bj francs4 #d4 8,c\rs de ,ponts ,mtalliques40 ,p> ,jean ,rsal4 ,vol4 ,i1 #cge illu/rations2 #bj francs4 #e4 8,manuel ,?orique et ,pratique du ,con/ructeur en ,cim5t ,arm40 ,p> ,,mm4 ,n4 de ,tdesco et ,v4 ,=e/i]4 ,"o volume1 #bdb illu/rations2 #bj francs4 #f4 8tudes sur les ,ponts en ,pi]re rem>quables p> leur ,dcoration40 ,p> ,f4 ,de ,d>te91 ,inspecteur-,gnral des ,ponts et ,*ausses en ,retraite1 etc4 ,vol4 ,i1 8,ponts ,franais antrieurs au ,dix-,huitime ,sicle02 n yet publi%$4 8,vol4 ,,ii1 ,ponts ,franais du ,dix-,huitime ,sicle--,c5tre02 publi%$4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 8,ponts ,franais du ,dix-,huitime ,sicle--,langu$oc02 publi%$4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,b\rgogne2 publi%$4 ,vol4 ,v1 8,ponts trang]s antrieurs au ,,xix sicle--,itali5s1 ,espagnols et ,anglais02 n yet publi%$4 ,price1 #be francs ! volume4 ,= ?is "w ,m4 ,de ,d>te9 has made exact measur$ draw+s f sixty-eight bridges1 & ea* example has a great hi/oric int]e/4 ,! au?or has tak5 a l9e ( 8 own1 dwell+ on ! ornam5t ( bridges1 _! decoration2 sev]al ( 8 volumes are long ov]due1 b 9 8 e>ne/ /udy ( ! eighte5? c5tury we see :at he admires 9 ,fr5* design4 ,m4 ,de ,d>te9 is ?\ghtful & ?or\gh1 b ,i wi% "s photographs _h be5 add$ to ! illu/rations1 because measur$ draw+s give only ! dry bones ( ar*itecture4 ,h[ to decorate a bridge is a "q beset ) s _m problems1 "s practical1 & o!rs /hetic1 t x ought to be debat$ at an int]national congress ( eng9e]s & ar*itects & arti/s4 ,!re are p]sons :o ?9k t ,m4 ,de ,d>te9 w say ! la/ ^w on 8 important !me2 b x is en\gh = me to believe t 8 mat]ial & 8 p]sonal ta/e w be invaluable1 pres5t+ facts & provok+ discussion4 ,he l+]s too (t5 ov] details ( trivial ornam5t1 :i* increase ! co/ ( production )\t do+ any good at all to ! ar*itecture4 ,9 o!r words1 ,m4 ,de ,d>te9 speaks too (t5 z an eng9e]4 ,! qualities ( a great bridge %\ld make _! appeal 9 /]n l9es1 9 ample proportions1 9 a scale t befits n ! site alone b ! site & its hi/ory2 = all f9e ar*itecture dwells ) ! fugitive g5]ations z a la/+ citiz52 x is an epitome ( racial "* alembicat$ by g5ius4 ,bridges _c be f9e :5 !y are dw>f$ by _! environm5ts1 or :5 !y are too big to be 9 h>mony ) ! ext]nals ( _! sett+4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is a />+ truism1 yet x is unse5 by mo/ mod]n eng9e]s1 ^: metal mon/]s are (t5 z wrongly plac$ 9 a g5tle l&scape z a giant f ,brobd+nag w\ld be at ,lilliput4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c y expla9 :y ! ,roman bridge at ,alcnt>a is trem5d\s art8 ,is x n because he is 9 scale ) ! rocky gorge ( ! ,tagus8 ,?is virile bridge completes a gr& site1 & f9ds 9 ! site 8 own completion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pont ,,neuf ,,at ,,p>is1 ,,built ,,9 #afjd2 ,,x ,,has ,,be5 ,,mu* ,,alt]$ ,,s9ce ,,! ,,r5aissance ,/ill1 x _c be said t ,roman bridges 7 always free f r$undant ornam5t4 ,!re 7 times :5 pomp ex]t$ a bad influ5ce2 & lat] ages borr[$ oddm5ts ( ,roman decoration t weak5$ 9 _m c\ntries ! aspect ( bridges4 ,x is f su* ,roman "w z ! ,pont du ,g>d1 :]e no detail 0 call$ =1 & :]e ! ar*itect's aim 0 to be unpret5ti\s1 t we le>n nev] to worry a bridge ) embelli%m5ts4 ,to con/ruct ornam5t is v (t5 an easy accompli%m5t ( bad ta/e1 :ile to ornam5t con/ruction is a v difficult problem ( self-re/ra9t 9 art1 because judgm5t tells u t a great design c>ri$ out 9 simple & ?or\gh masonry is 9 itself ornam5tal1 if n complete4 ,appli$ decoration is almo/ c]ta9 to h>m x1 j z a human face is disfigur$ by /ick+-pla/]4 ,= example1 turn to ,frank ,brangwyn's draw+ ( ! ,pont ,neuf at ,p>is1 & note "u ! p>apet ! well-spac$ brackets4 ,ea* bracket is decorat$ ) a mask4 ,:y8 ,simpl] & %ort] brackets w\ld h be5 m 9 keep+ ) ! ar*itecture1 z ^! long ones ov]lap ! key/ones--a s]i\s blund]4 ,p>tly to hide a r+ ( v\ssoirs is to blur ! :ole /ructural beauty ( an ar*4 ,x is l cov]+ ! eyes ) blue spectacles4 ,& !re are o!r mi/akes ( scale 9 ! ,pont ,neuf4 ,no few] ?an six pi]s are cr[d$ into ! ,se9e1 z if inundations 7 amusem5ts to be lik$ v mu*4 ,b ! _s ( ,r5aissance art 0 ov]apt to be f9ik94 ,9 a f9e bridge at ,*atswor?1 = in/ance1 a *>m+ effect is tr\bl$ by a too exp5sive p>apet2 & /atues are lodg$ on p$e/als above ! cutwat]s4 ,:y8 ,is ! cutwat] ( a bridge a conv5i5t spot = ! display ( sculpture8 ,z _m p]sons fe> 9 talk a sudd5 sil5ce made by ?\ght1 s _m ar*itects 9 _! revisions fe> ! pla9 spaces left 9 _! designs by a creative inspiration4 ,!n 9 a hurry !y add "s 8ornam5t0 su* z we f9d at ,*atswor?1 or 9 ,gau!y's ,pont de ,navilly on ! ,d\bs4 ,9 ?is bridge n>r[ sp&rils are *ok$ ) an ov]turn$ vase surr\nd$ by an ornam5t ( bulru%es1 & ov] ea* cutwat] !re is a huge /one %ap$ l an egg & g>l&$4 ,i decl9e to speak 9 te*nical t]ms because ! folly ( us+ sup]flu\s 8ornam5t0 is hidd5 by words t look erudite4 ,0 x an admiration = ,moses t caus$ ,gau!y to put bulru%es on a bridge8 ,& did he suppose t !y sugge/$ wat] & adv5ture8 ,z = ^? huge eggs ( /one1 if !y came f "s bird five or six times z big z an o/ri*1 ,i %\ld l to see !m 9 a museum ( natural hi/ory1 b )\t _! ornam5tal wrea?s4 ,9 brief1 are y attract$ by any phase ( mod]n bridge-build+ t copies ! decorations ( civic ar*itecture1 display+ columns1 pila/]s1 ni*es1 balu/rades1 battlem5ts1 t[]s1 turrets1 p9nacles1 or any o!r f9]y t s]ves no organic purpose 9 ! life ( a contempor>y bridge8 ,myself1 ,i hate su* a /rumpet ( a bridge z ! ,hoogesluis at ,am/]dam1 ) h] ornate sp&rils1 & h] emboss$ masonry1 & h] balu/rad$ p>apet surm\nt$ by a r[ ( obelisks ar\nd :i* lamps are bracket$4 ,also ,i hate su* a susp5sion bridge z ! "o at ,conway ,ca/le1 :]e ! metal rods t support ! roadway pass ?r\gh a brace ( turrets on ea* ( ! embattl$ gateways4 ,! effect is n only comic b ludicr\s4 ,no eng9e] ) any s5se w\ld h put a metal viaduct )9 a few y>ds ( ,conway ,ca/le4 ,or1 if a metal susp5sion _h be5 =c$ ^u him by 8 employ]s1 he w\ld h made 9 a mod]n /yle a v simple & /]n design4 ,in/ead1 we h two vulg> gateways rudely copi$ f ,conway ,ca/le1 & !n lac]at$ by five metal rods t cut ?r\gh ea* ( ! f\r turrets4 ,i am rem9d$ ( an absurd railway bridge at ,cologne1 ^: p>apets are--or 7--flank$ by small turrets1 & ^: gateway has--or _h--two high t[]s =midably arm$ ) make-believe battlem5ts & ma*icolations4 ,su* futile pret5sion is a public insult2 x implies t laym5 h no common s5se at all 9 _! attitude to 8feats ( eng9e]+40 ,b x is n ! mod]n bridge alone t provokes criticism 9 ?is matt] ( decorative art4 ,"s anci5t & fam\s bridges are h>d nuts to crack z soon z we pass f _! /ructural fitness to _! ornam5tation4 ,z an example ,i may *oose ! ,ponte ,sant' ,angelo at ,rome1 :i* has be5 copi$ feebly by ! ,s*loss ,brcke at ,b]l94 ,orig9ally ! ,sant' ,angelo 0 ! ,pons lius1 built by ,hadrian 7,a4,d4 #ac7 face to face ) 8 mausoleum1 to-day ! ca/le ( ,sa9t ,angelo4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury new p>apets 7 add$ to ! bridge1 & t5 colossal /atues by ,b]n9i 7 put up on p$e/als along ! p>apets4 ,ar\nd ^! /atues _m a controv]sy has rag$1 & ,i am n surpris$4 ,9 my photographs !re is a small lamp-/&>d betwe5 ea* pair ( huge figures2 ev5 ! lights ( ,rome h to tw9kle bel[ ! decorations4 ,! bridge looks burd5$ r ?an adorn$2 x is nei!r wide en\gh nor high en\gh to be us$ z a gall]y = sculpture modell$ on a l>ge scale4 ,t a great ef=t 0 made by an arti/ ( p[] is evid5t1 b ! arti/ work$ = 8 own ambition1 & n = ! ,ponte ,sant' ,angelo4 ,he _h no conception ( ! fact t ! bridge & its environm5t 7 s good t !y c\ld n be improv$ by huge 8embelli%m5ts40 ,yet !re are writ]s :o say1 8,yes1 no d\bt1 ,b]n9i's b\nc+ figures are !atrical1 b1 aft] all1 _! g5]al effect is gr&iose40 ,! tru? is1 e great city ne$s a ,p>liam5t ( ,ta/e :]e que/ions ( civic art c\ld be debat$ publicly1 ) help f lant]n slides4 ,no writ] c hope to d mu* 9 8 def5ce ( art4 ,inde$1 books are /udi$ s infrequ5tly t !y _c draw public att5tion to ! l>g] problems ( ar*itecture & decoration2 :]eas free debates 9 a ,p>liam5t ( ,ta/e1 c5tr+ always ar\nd object-lessons1 might re/ore to art ! life ( a great citiz54 ,9 ?is matt] we owe mu* to ,hosk+1 ! ,victorian ponti/1 :o cri$ out aga9/ ! blund]s made 9 ! ornam5tation ( bridges4 ,z e>ly z #ahdb he told ! tru? boldly1 decl>+ t ! mo/ em95t civil eng9e]s1 9 _! ef=ts to take h9ts f /reet build+s1 _h fail$ to produce any?+ b meanness or absurdity1 or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,hosk+ _h fai? 9 ?ree simple pr9ciples3-- #a4 ,t bridges1 9 ! comb9ation ( _! lead+ l9es1 %\ld be bold & simple2 #b4 ,t _! passage ov] dang]\s places ought to be a secure highway2 &1 #c4 ,t 9 /one bridges f> too mu* money _h be5 wa/$ on ! high f9i% ( ext]ior surfaces4 ,9 v pond]\s language ,hosk+ said3-- 8,x may be fairly que/ion$ :e!r ,wat]loo & ,london bridges w\ld n h be5 f9] objects _h ! masonry ( _! ext]nal faces be5 m]ely r\gh-ax$1 or ev5 left scabbl$1 in/ead ( be+ fair hamm]-dress$2 & c]ta9ly _m ?\s&s ( p\nds might h be5 sav$ 9 ! execution ( ,wat]loo ,bridge1 & a mu* bett] result produc$1 by ! omission ( ! c\pl$ columns & _! imm$iate accessories1 & by ! use ( a pla9 p>apet ( a m reasonable height1 in/ead ( ! high1 ! enorm\sly exp5sive1 & absurdly ugly balu/rad$ enclosures :i* n[ aid ! columns & _! project$ entablatures to de=m a spl5did /ructure40 ,?is ,puritan outlook appeals to me1 = ,i believe t good bridges %\ld be z /]nly effici5t z 7 ! ,ironsides ( ,cromwell's army4 ,_! beauty is a ?+ ap>t f any cavali]-l f9]y ( dress+ ornam5t4 ,x %[s t all ! p>ts ( a bridge are co-ord9at$ ) f9e judgm5t1 & t ea* "p is 9 nice accord ) its own "w & ) ! great (fice :i* ! bridge z a :ole has to fulfil daily4 ,:5 ! railway viaduct at ,ludgate ,hill 0 f9i%$1 !re 0 a public outcry because ( its gaunt & %abby ugl9ess2 b ,london]s 7 appeas$ z soon z "s 8decorative0 metalwork 0 nail$ ^u ! p>apets4 ,?is 8ornam5t10 a trump]y make%ift1 0 suppos$ to h giv5 m]it to an imbecile design t disgrac$ ! ma9 road to ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,z ?+s ( ?is sort are all[$ to happ5 9 ! he>t ( our great city1 :o c h confid5ce 9 civic au?orities8 ,:at *ance is !re t new projects = bridges w be consid]$ intellig5tly8 ,9 #ahae1 :5 ,r5nie began 8 bridge ov] ! ,?ames at ,s\?w>k1 nei!r ! ,gov]nm5t nor ! ,city ( ,london employ$ him2 x 0 a ,company t approv$ 8 designs1 & f9anc$ ! und]tak+4 ,at an exp5se ( #hjj1jjj1 ?ree bad ar*es ( ca/-iron 7 put up f 8elegant0 /one pi]s & abutm5ts2 yet ,london 0 *>m$ by 8a great feat ( eng9e]+10 p>tly because #eghj tons ( ironwork _h be5 employ$1 & p>tly because ! c5tral ar* _h a span ( #bdj ft4 ,f #ahai to ,novemb] #h1 #ahfd1 ! ,company 0 a toll ga!r] on _! indu/rial bridge2 !n ! toll 0 done away )1 & ! ,company receiv$ f ! ,city an indu/rial comp5sation4 ,"h is a f9ancial adv5ture :i* might h be5 und]tak5 to b5efit a small t[n%ip :i* _h 9 its neighb\rhood "s new ironworks & colli]ies4 ,/ill m f>cical 0 ! public lott]y t help$ to collect money = ! build+ ( ! fir/ ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 betwe5 #agch & #agej4 ,ev5 n[1 aft] _m lessons f pa/ follies1 ,london has made m ?an "o muddle ov] ! project ( ,/4 ,paul's ,bridge4 ,n ev5 ! ,t[] ,bridge1 ) all its blatant defects1 has enabl$ ! ,city to be al]t & clev] z a ponti/4 ,a m absurd /ructure ?an ! ,t[] ,bridge 0 nev] ?r[n across a /rategic riv]4 ,:at w\ld be ! use ( ^? ornate t[]s if ! susp5d$ roadway connect+ !m to ! banksides 7 cut by a %ell or by a fall+ bomb8 ,& :at ana*ronism c\ld be silli] ?an t :i* has unit$ ! pr9ciple ( metal susp5sion to an ar*itecture cribb$ p>tly f ! ,middle ,ages1 & p>tly f ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance8 ,! _m small w9d[s1 ! peak$ ro(+1 ! absurdly impud5t little turrets1 ! biscuit-l aspect ( ! m]etrici\s masonry1 ! desp]ate ef=t to be 8arti/ic0 at any co/3 all ?is1 y "k1 is at /&+ odds ) ! contempor>y p>ts ( ! unhi/oric bridge1 p>ts huge 9 scale1 b s comm]cial t !re is n a ve/ige ( milit>y =e?\ght any:]e4 ,x is m]e p]i%able bulk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,t[] ,,bridge1 ,,london ,,footnotes3 #hb ,see ! ,/atute ( ,w9*e/]1 ,a4,d4 #abhe1 & ,/atute #b1 ,ri*>d ,,ii1 ,a4,d4 #acgh2 see also ! ,rolls ( ,p>liam5t4 ,among ! mo/ dang]\s rogues 7 _m lawless b>ons & _! ret9ues1 aga9/ :om ! ,law prote/$ va9ly4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #aach we f9d !m m5tion$ by ! 8,ge/a ,/ephani10 & till late 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! p>tisans ( nobles 7 fe>$ on ! roads4 ,b = !m ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses w\ld h be5 less horrible1 & wayf>+ life w\ld h be5 less b>b>\sly at odds ) ^? ,*ri/ian virtues :i* 7 proclaim$ ev]y:]e by great symbols ( religion3 manor *ur*es1 hopeful ca!drals1 va/ mona/]ies1 wayside *apels & %r9es1 & quiet homes :isp]+ ) ! pray]s ( g5tle nuns4 ,brutal /rife among ,*ri/ians _h made ! _w into a new ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane ov] :i* ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ brood$ & wept4 #hc ,!re seems to be only "o exception to ?is rule4 ,i ref] to "s ,*9ese bridges ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 m5tion$ by ,m>co ,polo 9 8 acc\nt ( ! city ,s9-d9-fu1 n[ call$ ,*+-tu-fu1 situat$ on ! we/]n side ( ! prov9ce ( ,se-*u51 ( :i* x is ! capital4 ,m>co ,polo says3 8,! city is wat]$ by _m consid]able /reams1 :i*1 desc5d+ f ! di/ant m\nta9s1 surr\nd & pass ?r\gh x 9 a v>iety ( directions4 ,"s ( ^! riv]s are half a mile 9 wid?1 o!rs are two hundr$ paces1 & v deep1 ov] :i* are built sev]al l>ge & h&some /one bridges1 eight paces 9 bread?1 _! l5g? be+ great] or less accord+ to ! size ( ! /ream4 ,f "o extremity to ! o!r !re is a r[ ( m>ble pill>s on ea* side1 :i* support ! ro(2 = "h ! bridges h v h&some ro(s1 con/ruct$ ( wood1 ornam5t$ ) pa9t+s ( a r$ col\r1 & cov]$ ) tiles4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? also !re are neat ap>tm5ts & %ops1 :]e all sorts ( trades are c>ri$ on4 ,"o ( ! build+s1 l>g] ?an ! re/1 is occupi$ by ! (fic]s :o collect ! duties ^u provisions & m]*&ise1 & a toll f p]sons :o pass ! bridge4 ,9 ?is way1 x is said1 8 ,maje/y receives daily ! sum ( a hundr$ besants ( gold40 ,accord+ to ! ,lat9 editions ( ,m>co ,polo1 ! boo?s or %ops 7 set up 9 ! morn+ & remov$ f ! bridge at night4 ,if s1 !n ! wid? ( ^! bridges1 describ$ by ,m>co z 8eight paces10 mu/ h be5 m ?an tw5ty-f\r feet1 s9ce boo?s w\ld h ob/ruct$ su* n>r[ footways4 ,m>co ,polo's great editor1 ,colonel ,yule1 int]pret+ ! description ( ano!r bridge1 proves t ! 8paces0 mu/ be geometric4 #hd ,degr&1 9 8 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie10 gives a reproduction ( ,palladio's draw+1 :i* repres5ts an imp]ial s*eme1 f> & away bett] ?an ,antonio da ,ponte's4 #he ,! ,bridge ( ,ali ,v]di ,khan4 #hf ,"l ,curzon's book on ,p]sia4 #hg ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,,ms4 #af ,f4 ii1 ,fol4 #gc4 ,! little picture is drawn f nature2 a bad reproduction ( x appe>s 9 ,m4 ,juss]&'s good book on 8,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages40 #hh ,j4 ,j4 ,juss]&1 p4 #di4 ,see also 9 ,/[4 #hi ,?is 0 f9i%$ 9 #ajad2 9 #aacf x 0 burnt d[n1 & 9 #aagf ,cole*ur* />t$ ^u 8 brave ent]prise4 #ij ,viollet-le-,duc writes z foll[s 7vol4 #f1 p4 #daj73 8,dans les villes1 on pr(itait s\v5t des ar*es de pont p\r tablir des m\l9s1 et mme alors les ponts et m\l9s1 btis en bois1 ne =mai5t qu'une seule et mme con/ruction4 ,avant #ahce1 il exi/ait encore ,meaux1 en ,brie1 un pont de ce g5re entirem5t en bois a9si que les m\l9s y att5ant2 cet ensemble datait de la f9 du xv sicle44440 #ia ,alas6 ,! ,great ,w> has done mu* h>m to ! ,pont du ,m>* at ,meaux4 ,to-day 7,septemb] #bf1 #aiad7 ,i saw a photograph ( its crippl$ condition4 ,"o ar* at lea/ is ru9$1 & m5d$ r\ghly ) timb]+4 #ib ,see 8,! ,build]10 ,novemb] #bb1 #ahij4 #ic ,!re has be5 mu* disputation ov] ! orig9 ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,*apel1 & ,i ref] y to ! foll[+ books3 #a4 8,rem>ks on ,wayside ,*apels10 by two ar*itects1 ,j4 ,c4 & ,c4 ,buckl]1 #hvo1 ,ox=d1 #ahdc4 ,?is book 0 approv$ by ,p>k]1 an excell5t recomm5dation4 #b4 8,a ,diss]tation on ,anci5t ,bridges & ,bridge ,*apels10 by ,norrison ,scat*]d1 #ahbh4 #c4 8,! ,*apel ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii on ,wakefield ,bridge10 by ,norrison ,scat*]d1 #ahdc4 ,9 ! e>li] treatise ! *apel is attribut$ to ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,scat*]d belongs to an old s*ool ( polemical swa%buckl]s1 b :at he says is wor? att5tion1 ?\gh difficult to foll[4 #d4 8,! ,hi/ories ( ,york40 #id ,camd5's 8,britannia10 ,ed4 ,g\gh1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,london1 #aghi1 pp4 #ch-i4 #ie ,/4 ,m>y's ,*apel 0 illu/rat$ by ,toms1 aft] ,george ,flem+1 #agdc2 by ,lodge1 9 ,?oresby's 8,ducatus02 by ,caw?orne1 ab\t #ahjj2 & by 8,! ,build]10 ,novemb] #bb1 #ahij4 #if 8,ba? ,old ,bridge & ! ,*apel ,!reon10 by ,emanuel ,gre51 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4,l41 p4 #adc1 ,briti% ,ar*ological ,association4 #ig 8,! ,build]10 ,augu/ #bj1 #ahhg4 #ih ,^! dates ,i take f ! catalogue ( hi/oric monum5ts issu$ by ! ,m9i/re de l',in/ruction ,publique et des ,beaux-,arts4 ,"s writ]s give ! dates z #aagh & #aahh4 #ii ,accord+ to ,degr&2 "s o!r writ]s say n9ete54 ,! l>ge/ spans 7 a little m ?an ?irty-?ree metres2 b ev5 9 ^! ! size v>i$ some:at4 #ajj ,see ,all5's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty ( ,york10 #ahcb4 ,p4 ,atk9son 0 ! ar*itect ( ! new bridge1 & 8 "w w5t on till ,m>*1 #ahaj4 ,z = ! old ,ouse ,bridge1 good views ( x w be f\nd 9 ! 8,antiqu>ian ,it9]>y10 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahae2 ! 8,antiqu>ian ,cab9et10 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ahag2 & ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 n9? edition4 ,let u take a glance at "o ( ! pictures4 ,on ! we/ end ( ! bridge is a tall build+ c>ri$ by two po9t$ ar*es & cr[n$ ) a small /eeple4 ,x is ! great ,c\ncil ,*amb]1 ) a prison = felons b5ea? x1 accord+ to ! 8,antiqu>ian ,cab9et40 ,we cross ! riv] & f9d at ! o!r side ! gaol :i* 0 rebuilt 9 #agbd4 ,two small ar*es on ?is side ( ! bridge balance ^? t arcade ! ,c\ncil ,*amb]1 & 9 ! middle is a graceful po9t$ ar* ) a span ( #ha feet4 ,! sp&rils are reliev$ by a well-m>k$ /r+-c\rse1 ! p>apets are fr+$ ) rail+s & grac$ 9 ! c5tre ) two f9ials1 :i* displace ! m$ival cross4 #aja ,see ,mr4 ,k]%aw's article1 8,! ,build]10 ,april #bi1 #ahhb1 p4 #eca4 #ajb ,9 ,vol4 ,x ( ! 8,ar*ologia ,cantiana0 an inv5tory is giv5 ( ! possessions ( ! *apel 9 ! ye> #aedi4 #ajc ,! photograph belongs to ! ,london ,mission>y ,society4 ,! bridge itself has po9ts ( int]e/ q ap>t f ! idol4 ,!re is a s+le ar* ( a horse%oe =m ) long & n>r[ ar*/ones4 ,! %elv+ p>apets are decorat$ ) small knobs ( /one1 & !y d n rise to a gable po9t1 l ^? 9 ! ,spani% v>iety ( gabl$ bridge2 !re is a flat space at ! summit1 & bel[ ! middle ( x ! small idol is plac$4 #ajd ,f in=mation s5t to me by ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,m4 ,jackson1 :o = m ?an tw5ty ye>s has work$ z a mission>y 9 ,we/]n ,*9a4 #aje ,take ! dates ( a few important bridges 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,"t ( ,k+ ,john1 ,lanca/] ,bridge2 #abbe1 ,pre/on2 #acje1 ,w>r+ton2 #acfe1 ,sal=d2 #acgb1 ,/ockport2 & #adij1 ,g>/ang ,bridge4 ,! fir/ ,lanca%ire bridges 7 b n>r[ /ructures = foot & horse4 ,"s _h v high s+le ar*es1 & ^? ) f f\r to six spans 7 /eep & l(ty2 !y seem$ to fly away f spates4 #ajf ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a good social picture1 %[+ t workm5 9 ^? days f$ v well1 ?\gh !y c\ld n af=d to subscribe to ! build+ ( a bridge3-- ,wives w5t out to wite "k h[ !y wr\ght2 ,five score 9 a flock1 x 0 a fayre syght4 ,9 broad clo!s bright :ite bread !y br\ght1 ,*eese & *ick5s cl]ely* a dyght prep>$4 #ajg ,c(f]dams are embankm5ts :i* surr\nd ! site s z to exclude wat] f x4 8,!y are =m$ 9 g5]al by driv+ two r[s ( piles r\nd ! site s z to enclose betwe5 !m a wat]tight wall ( clay puddle2 9 dep?s ( less ?an ?ree or f\r feet1 :]e !re is little curr5t1 a simple clay dam may be us$4 ,9 great] dep?s1 ! timb] walls consi/ ( guide piles at int]vals1 ) "s =m ( %eet pil+ betwe5 !m2 9 extreme dep?s ! timb] walls may be compos$ ( /\t piles driv5 9 side by side all r\nd4 ,! dam mu/ be suffici5tly /rong to be> ! pressure ( ! wat] aga9/ ! outside :5 ! space enclos$ has be5 pump$ dry4444 ,! #8,c\rs de ,ponts1' at ! ,s*ool ( ! ,ponts et ,*ausses1 /ates t a c(f]dam ne$ nev] be made ( great] ?ickness ?an f f\r to six feet1 z ! int]ior c always be suffici5tly /ay$ inside4 ,?is me?od ( f\nd+ is n[ seldom practis$2 x is co/ly & causes great ob/ruction 9 ! /ream40--,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k94 #ajh ,a metre #ajicfcc y>ds1 or #cicgjgi in*es2 a c5timetre #jcicga in*4 #aji ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k91 ,n9? ,edition ( ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica40 #aaj ,! c5tre ar* has a span ( #aeb ft41 & rises #bi ft4 #f 94 above ,tr9ity highwat] m>k2 ! ar*es on ea* side ( ! c5tre h a span ( #adj ft41 & ! abutm5t ar*es #acj ft4 ,total l5g?1 #ajje ft42 wid? f outside to outside1 #ef ft42 height above l[ wat]1 #fj ft4 ,c5tre pi]s1 #bd ft4 ?ick4 ,mat]ials3 ! ext]ior /ones are granite1 ! int]ior1 half ,bramley ,fall & half f ,pa9%aw1 ,d]by%ire4 #aaa ,= example1 ,k+ ,john's ,bridge at ,tewkesbury2 ,b>d5 ,bridge & ,burnsall ,bridge 9 ,:>f$ale2 ! ,old ,dee ,bridge at ,*e/]2 ,hunt+don1 ,bridg5or?1 ,basl[1 ,froggall1 ,brecon1 & ,llangoll54 ,!re are _m o!rs4 #aab ,?is valuable ref]5ce 0 br\ght to my notice by ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,cr(ton1 an able ponti/1 :o s5t me 8 notes on bridges1 ask+ me to cull f !m :atev] in=mation my own rese>* _h miss$4 ,a hobby is ! only altruism4 #aac ,spr++4 ,! plane ( dem>cation betwe5 ! r+ & ! abutm5t is call$ ! 8spr++0 ( an ar*4 ,a 8r+0 is ! compress$ arc ( mat]ials kn[n z ar*/ones or v\ssoirs2 & ! 8spr++0 m>ks ! place :]e a r+ />ts out on its upw>d curve f a pi] or f an abutm5t4 #aad ,! haun*es ( an ar* are ^? p>ts t lie midway betwe5 ! spr++ & ! cr[n3 ! cr[n be+ ! summit ( a r+4 #aae 8,! ,build]10 ,novemb] #ai1 #ahib1 p4 #cid4 #aaf 8,! ,build]10 ,novemb] #ai1 #ahib1 p4 #cid4 #aag ,if ,cs>'s bones 7 f\nd !y w\ld be sold at ,*ri/ie's to a tradesman millionaire4 #aah ,"l ,curzon's 8,p]sia & ! ,p]sian ,"q10 #ahib1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #de-f4 #aai ,accord+ to "s writ]s1 ! e>lie/ kn[n ar*es ( h&icraft--po9t$1 & r\nd1 & ev5 elliptical--are ,babylonian1 b ,i d n c>e to be s dogmatic4 ,dates v (t5 are z elusive z dreams4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ,babylon 01 d\btless1 v great on ! traditions ( ! build+ arts2 p]haps we f9d x ev5 9 ! elliptic vault ( ,*osroes' great hall at ,selucia-,ctesiphon4 ,?is vault1 dat+ f ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 0 a =]unn] ( ,/4 ,bnzet's elliptic ar* 7p4 #ha74 #abj ,brangwyn has drawn = ! dition de luxe ! bridge at ,ronda1 :i* dates f #agfa4 ,its ar*itect1 ,jos ,m>t9 ,aldeguela1 0 ev5 m un=tunate ?an 7 ,pet] ,cole*ur* & ! good ,sa9t ,bnzet2 ^! ma/]s di$ be=e _! "w 0 complete1 :ile poor ,aldeguela fell f 8 bridge & 0 da%$ to pieces4 ,two o!r bridges1 "o ,moori% & "o ,roman1 cross ! *asm at ,ronda1 b at ! upp] end :]e ! dep? is less prodigi\s2 s _! ar*itects _h easi] problems to solve1 & yet !y did n equal 9 any respect ! h]oic inspiration ( ,aldeguela4 ,mr4 ,edg> ,wigram has said t al?\gh ,ronda ,bridge owes mu* ( its effect to its extraord9>y site1 yet an extraord9>y piece ( ar*itecture is necess>y to comm& ! site2 x is ! triumph ( g5ius ov] nature t we feel bo? at ,ronda & 9 ! ,pont ,napolon4 #aba ,! middle ar* ( #eh ft4 span1 #ag ft4 rise1 & #ad ft4 9 wid? across ! s(fit1 has ar*/ones :i* are only #ah ins4 deep1 & !y v>y 9 ?ickness f #e to #af ins43 _m ( !m are #h & #i ins4 ,sometimes !re are two head]s to answ] a c\rse ( common ar*/ones2 & sometimes two c\rses ( ar*/ones answ] "o head]4 ,! pi]s are #aj ft4 ?ick1 & ! middle ar* spr+s ab\t #c ft4 above ! riv]'s b$4 ,a /eep road ov] ! bridge dim9i%es ! weight ^u ! side ar*es2 b ,tel=d believ$ t if ! sp&rils _h be5 holl[$ ! road c\ld h be5 made ) an easy gradi5t ( #a 9 #bd4 ,! workman%ip is v light1 & x appe>s to be /able1 ?\gh a %iv]+ bridge inspires no m confid5ce ?an a /amm]+ man4 ,9 #ahjc1 ow+ to a defect 9 ! f\ndation ( ! we/]n abutm5t1 "o ( ! side ar*es fell1 yet ! o!rs rema9$ un9jur$ :ile ! brok5 "o 0 be+ rebuilt4 ,s ! bridge 9 ! proportion ( all its p>ts mu/ h be5 v well balanc$1 despite its quiv]+ al]tness & lightness4 #abb ,roman examples3 ! two bridges at ,mrida1 & ! bridge ( ,salamanca4 ,m$ival examples3 ,tudela1 ,tordesillas1 ,talav]a1 ,z>agoza1 ,ca/ro ,gonzalo1 & ,el ,burgo1 ne> ,corua1 ! sc5e ( a good fight 9 ,drake's exp$ition ( #aehi4 #abc 8,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,spa910 #ahfe1 p4 #baa4 #abd ,see ,george ,edmund ,/reet1 ^: valuable book on ,spa9 ought to be /udi$ side by side ) ^? by ,=d & ,edg> ,wigram4 #abe ,i am read+ my pro( %eets on ! #aj? ,septemb]1 #aiad1 s x is necess>y to add t ! ,pont des ,tr\s at ,t\rnai has r5ew$ its milit>y value1 aid+ ! ,belgians 9 _! h]oic ef=ts aga9/ t avalan*e ( inhumanity1 ! ,g]man ,army4 #abf ,! religi\s ord] ( ,ponti/ ,bro!rs came to ,france f ,italy4 ,x 0 call$ ! ord] ( ,sa9t-,jacques-du-,haut-,pas1 & its *ief resid$ at ,lucca4 ,f ab\t ! ye> #abhf ! ,fr5* bro!rs _h a great hospice 9 ,p>is1 built on ! site n[ occupi$ by ! *ur* ( ,sa9t-,jacques-du-,haut-,pas & ! deaf & dumb asylum4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ord] conf9$ its att5tion to ! c>e ( pilgrims1 & at la/--9 #adei--;x 0 suppress$ by ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 #abg ,! triumphal ar* ( ,g]manicus1 dat+ f ! "t ( ,tib]ius4 ,x is extant at ,sa9tes2 b :5 x 0 recon/ruct$ aft] its removal f ! bridge x suff]$ mu* f a mixture ( new /ones ) ! old4 ,x is an ar* ) two passages #ch ft4 high4 #abh ,!re are _m old ar*es ) two or ?ree sets ( v\ssoirs4 ,ov] ! ,loire1 at ,brives-,*>5sac1 !re is a ,roman specim5 ) two r+s1 n[ a ru9$ bridge4 ,"s ,engli% examples3 ! ,jolly ,mill]'s ,bridge ov] ! ,dee1 ,*e/]2 ,brad=d-on-,avon1 ,wilts1 ! r\nd ar*es2 ,bide=d1 ,devon1 tw5ty ar*es1 built 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ) help f indulg5ces sanction$ by ,gr&ison1 ,bi%op ( ,exet]2 ,lo/)iel1 ,llangoll51 ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 ,bi%op's ,bridge at ,norwi*1 ,we/ ,ras51 ,l9coln%ire2 ,eamont ,bridge1 ,p5ri?1 a triple r+ ( ar*/ones2 ,high]=d ,bridge1 ne> ,colne1 reput$ to be ,roman1 a wrong attribution1 ,i believe2 ,/4 ,neots1 ! mo/ important ar* is v int]e/+2 & ! ,abbot's ,bridge at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds4 ,?is "o is ,e>ly ,engli%1 & its ?ree rem>kable ar*es give u a p>allel to ! ecclesia/ical workman%ip 9 ! ar*es at ,cr[l&4 ,! pi]s also & ! buttresses are unsecul>4 #abi ,x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! ,p]sian language ! words pul-y-sangi signify ! 8/one bridge10 & x is n improbable t ! we/]n p 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,emp]or may h giv5 ?is appellation to ! place :]e a bridge ( great celebrity 0 ?r[n ov] ! riv]1 :i* is "h appli$ to ! riv] itself4 ,x w be f\nd to occur 9 ,elph9/one's 8,acc\nt ( ,caubul10 p4 #dbi1 & 9 ,ouseley's 8,ibn ,haukul10 p4 #bgg4--;,colonel ,yule4 #acj ,t5 horsem5 c\ld n draw up abrea/ 9 a space less ?an ?irty feet1 & might probably require =ty :5 9 motion4 ,! paces "h spok5 ( mu/ !re=e be geometric2 & ^u ?is calculation ! bridge w\ld be five hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?4--,colonel ,yule4 #aca ,by ,p4 ,magalhanes1 :o p>ticul>ly notices ?is description1 our au?or is und]/ood to speak "h ( ! p]fect level ( ! surface1 & n ( ! /raightness ( ! sides3 8,aux deux extremits10 he translates1 8il e/ plus l>ge qu'au haut de la monte3 mais qu& on a a*ev de mont]1 on le tr\ve plat et de niveau comme s'il avoit e/ tir la l+e0 78,n\v4 ,relat410 p4 #ad74 ,b ! words1 8uguale p] longo come se fosse tirato p] l9ea10 seem r to ref] to ! g5]al p>allelism ( ! sides1 al?\gh at ! ends !y div]g$1 z is ! case ) almo/ all bridges4--,colonel ,yule4 #acb ,! ideas ( ! symbolic lion & ( ! tortoise are borr[$ by ! ,*9ese f ! s+a & ! ,krma ( ,h9du my?ology4 #acc ,x is difficult to und]/& f ! words ( ! text 444 ! position ( ^! l>g] columns ) reg>d to o!r p>ts ( ! bridge2 b x seems to be meant1 t 9 ! l9e ( ! p>apet or balu/rade1 :i* 0 =m$ ( alt]nate slabs ( m>ble & pill>s1 !re 0 9 ! middle 7or ov] ! c5tre ar* or pi]7 a column ( a size mu* l>g] ?an ! re/1 hav+ a tortoise = its base or p$e/al2 & x may be presum$1 al?\gh n s express$1 t !re 0 a simil> column 9 ! balu/rade on ! opposite side4444 ,"o ( ! ,jesuit mission>ies :o m5tions a bridge :i* he _h cross$ 9 ?is "p ( ! prov9ce1 says1 8,les g>def\s en sont de m>bre2 on conte de *aque ct c5t qu>ante-huit poteaux avec des lionceaux au-dessus 444 et aux deux b\ts du pont quatre lphans accr\pis40--,colonel ,yule4 #acd ,not)/&+ any p>tial difficulties 9 ! description1 or seem+ objections to ! cr$ibility ( ! acc\nt giv5 ( ?is magnific5t bridge1 !re is unque/ionable au?ority = ! exi/5ce ( "o simil> to x 9 all ! ess5tial circum/ances1 & z ne>ly ab\t ! situation m5tion$ z c be asc]ta9$ f ! concis5ess ( ! it9]>y1 s lately z ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x may well1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t 9 ! lapse ( f\r hundr$ ye>s mat]ial *anges mu/ h tak5 place1 9 consequ5ce ( accid5ts1 repairs1 & p]haps removals4--,colonel ,yule4 #ace 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie40 ,illu/ration3 ,,canal ,,bridge ,,9 ,,v5ice ,,*apt] ,,! ,,fif? ,,on ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,un=tifi$ ,,bridges ,i ,brangwyn's wat]-col\r ( ! ,pont ,h5ri ,,iv at ,*tell]ault1 ov] ! ,vi5ne1 repres5ts a bridge built & =tifi$ by an ar*itect ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,*>les ,&r\et du ,c]ceau4 ,"h is a fact to be rememb]$1 = ,&r\et du ,c]ceau 0 p]haps ! late/ ,european bridge-build] :o tri$ to fit 8 "w into a nation's policy ( def5ce4 ,f 8 "t onw>d to our own no high road conduct$ ov] a riv] has be5 made 9 any respect a milit>y way1 safegu>d$ f ! dang]s ( w>1 at lea/ z mu* z possible4 ,if ,&r\et du ,c]ceau _h be5 ask$ to =etell ! developm5t ( bridge-build+1 8 answ] c\ld n h be5 less militant ?an ! ,pont ,h5ri ,,iv2 he w\ld h said t bridges1 l battle%ips & =tifi$ places1 w\ld cont9ue to oppose ! sci5ce ( milit>y attack1 because _! safety w\ld be affect$ by all improvem5ts 9 ! me?ods & mat]ials employ$ by armies4 ,8 view ( life & art1 z we see x 9 8 "w1 has be5 ! view ( all ?\ghtful craftsm54 ,he believ$ t ! g5ius ( inv5tion1 age aft] age1 set up h] home 9 ! able/ m9ds1 & pass$ ?r\gh an ord]$ gr[?1 till at la/ %e atta9$ h] culm9ation4 ,z long z improvem5ts c\ld be made 9 ! action ( aggressive w>1 c\nt] improvem5ts c\ld be made 9 ! reaction ( def5ce1 = ! art ( inv5t+ ea* new weapon w\ld sugge/ a means by :i* its utility 9 w> might be ?w>t$1 & p]haps nullifi$4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ,&r\et du ,c]ceau realis$ to ! full :at compet5t bridges ought to h be5 to 8 g5]ation4 ,he 0 too m$ival 9 8 attitude to /rife1 & ?is defect 0 p]haps inevitable4 ,y see1 ! ,pont ,h5ri ,,iv 0 erect$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aefd & #afji2 & dur+ ^! =ty-five ye>s ! _s ( ! times 0 dead aga9/ an effici5t /rategy bo? 9 def5ce & 9 attack4 ,soldi]s ( e rank 7 pass+ ?r\gh a transition1 unaid$ by mu* en?usiasm4 ,inde$1 new me?ods 7 hat$ r ?an lik$1 because !y seem$ to be less *ivalric1 or :at ! ,fr5* call$ less 8h]oic10 ?an 7 ! anci5t me?ods1 ?\gh _m ( ^! _h gr[n obsolesc5t4 ,alex&re ,dumas wrote sev]al delightful books on ?is p]iod 9 ! evolution ( fight+1 :5 gunp[d] 0 a w>-god t no brave man 0 at all eag] to wor%ip be=e an alt> ( unwieldy fire>ms4 ,soldi]s lik$ a battle to be a duel at v close qu>t]s1 s !y 7 n amus$ :5 !y fir$ ?r\gh a fog ( suffocat+ smoke1 & c\gh$ & sneez$ 9 a *orus1 :ile te>s dripp$ f _! eyes4 ,"h & !re1 ( c\rse1 :ile ,&r\et du ,c]ceau 0 engag$ ^u 8 ba/ille bridge1 8villa9\s saltpetre0 _h "s ard5t foll[]s4 ,turn to ! milit>y writ]s ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign1 = in/ance1 & read ! long dispute t w5t on betwe5 ! old s*ool & ! new4 ,"s exp]ts _h a firm belief 9 ! old ar*]y /atutes1 :ile o!rs put _! tru/ 9 pond]\s fire>ms t w5t (f aft] mu* coax+ & nev] c>ri$ /raight = a hundr$ y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,h5ri ,,iv ,,ov] ,,! ,,vi5ne ,,at ,,*,,tell]ault ,,9 ,,france ,,built ,,by ,,*>les ,,&r\et ,,du ,,c]ceau1 #aejd-afji4 ,,till #afbd ,,! ,,two ,,great ,,t[]s ,,7 ,,unit$ ,,by ,a ,,pavilion ,,=m+ ,a ,,gateway4 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,late/ ,,( ,,! ,,ba/ille ,,bridges ,9 ^? days !re 7 two h&guns1 bo? r old1 & _! improvem5t baffl$ ! +5uity ( gunsmi?s4 ,"o 0 ! petronel or arquebuse1 :i* _h come into vogue 9 #adhj2 ! o!r 0 ! musket1 :i* 9 #aeba1 or !reab\ts1 0 br\ght into use by ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 :o believ$ 9 x because he _h nev] tri$ to hold ! 8kick+ demon0 ?r\gh a battle4 ,= a long "t petronels 7 dis*>g$ by a light$ mat*1 b at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury a :eel-lock 0 inv5t$1 to be sup]s$$ at la/--ab\t ! ye> #afib--;by ! fl9t-lock4 ,progress 0 exce$+ly halt-foot$2 b "o day a pi\s cl]gyman1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,=sy!1 happ5$ to be />tl$ by a v pr(ane idea2 x seem$ to him t gunp[d] 9 a musket might be ignit$ by a p]cussion cap4 ,good ,=sy!6 ,be+ v practical z well z pi\s 7^! two qualities g toge!r l body & s\l1 z a rule71 he pat5t$ 8 "m-idea1 ,a4,d4 #ahjg2 & 9 less ?an ?irty ye>s ! pr9ciple ( ! p]cussion cap 0 accept$ by ! ,w> ,(fice1 ?\gh public op9ion 9 ,engl& coo$ ov] ,peace1 believ+ t h5ce=? mank9d w\ld be satisfi$ ) cont9ual w>s betwe5 ,capital & ,lab\r4 ,!re is no ne$ to sket* ! equally sl[ improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( cannon4 ,en\gh to say t among ,well+ton's siege artill]y 9 ,spa9 !re 7 ,spani% guns dat+ f ! ,armada p]iod4 ,briefly1 !n1 f ,&r\et du ,c]ceau's "t onw>d to ! ye> #aheg1 :5 ! old musket ,br[n ,bess 0 put aside = ev]1 ! dilatory progress ( attack 9 w> gave bridge-build]s e opportunity ( keep+ pace ) x & ( mak+ _! def5ce z ?or\gh z possible4 ,yet no?+ 0 done4 ,n ev5 a s+le ef=t 0 made to evolve ! old w>-bridge into a mod]nis$ protection2 & x is v f> f easy to expla9 ?is q sudd5 dep>ture f a v old r\t9e ( def5sive =e?\ght4 ,sev]al reasons h be5 giv51 ( c\rse1 b !y h no backbone & no bra94 ,x 0 argu$1 = example1 t bridges 7 z advantage\s to an attack z to a def5ce1 s ! :ole /rategy ( w> w\ld protect !m q en\gh4 ,ev5 9 our own "t ?is v que] argum5t has be5 advocat$1 z if to prove t m9ds z well z eyes (t5 suff] f a/igmatism4 ,:at successful army is n h9d]$ & h>ass$ by gu>d+ _m hundr$s ( def5celess bridges8 ,& :at mod]n army 9 retreat has ev] fail$ to leave beh9d x an extra re>gu>d ( brok5 bridges8 ,let me give b "o example4 ,sir ,john ,moore c\ld nev] h made 8 t]rible m>* f ,sahagun to ,corua1 b = 8 good =tune 9 ! matt] ( riv]s & bridges4 ,:5 ,napoleon himself got )9 /rik+ rea*1 ne> ,b5av5te1 on ! torr5t ,esla1 ,moore's re>gu>d blew up ?ree spans ( ! old bridge ( ,ca/ro ,gonzalo2 & :5 ! cavalry ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d f\nd a deep cross+ & =d$ ! riv] into a wide popl>$ pla91 ,paget & ! #aj? ,huss>s gallop$ ?r\gh _! brok5 ranks1 de/roy+ half ( !m1 & captur+ _! g5]al ,lefebvre ,desn\ettes4 ,mu* lat]1 :5 ! n>r[ & sn[b\nd ,pass ( ,pi$rafita 0 litt]$ ) dead ,briti% troops1 all kill$ by hung] & cold & exhau/ion1 ,moore 0 befri5d$ by ! great ,roman bridge ( ,con/ant9o1 & by ! noble viaduct ( ,corcul betwe5 ,nogales & ,bec]rea4 ,paget 0 left beh9d ) ! re>gu>d1 & 9 brilliant actions at ! bridges he *eck$ ! pursuit1 :ile ,moore m>*$ on t[>d ,lugo4 ,if a ,fr5* spy _h bl[n up ! bridge ( ,con/ant9o & ! viaduct1 aft] he>+ ( ,moore's approa*1 ! ,briti% w\ld h be5 br\ght to a /&/ill1 & f a desp]ate position !re w\ld h be5 little *ance ( escape4 ,s ! viaduct & ! ,roman bridge /ood betwe5 victory & defeat2 !y sav$ ! ,briti% & baffl$ ! ,fr5*4 ,9 fact1 ,moore rea*$ ,lugo )\t mu* fur!r h>ry+4 ,n only is !re a bridge ( ,con/ant9o 9 all campaigns1 b we may be sure t z no c\ntry w ev] wi% to be invad$ ! airm5 sc\ts ( ! future w try to de/roy all bridges beyond _! own fronti]s1 s z to cripple ! enemy's pre>rang$ movem5ts4 ,defeat 9 ! ne> future may be no?+ m ?an a p>alysis ( communications1 caus$ by bridge-wreck+ air%ips & a]oplanes4 ,try to imag9e :at we %\ld suff]1 if we lo/ 9 a s+le night eight or t5 ( ! bridges t help to unite ,london to ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[4 ,to lose ! ,=? ,bridge alone w\ld be a bad defeat2 & yet1 z ,i h said1 !re are p /ill :o argue t bridges ne$ no protection because _! utility 9 w> is invaluable to bo? sides4#acf ,?is holl[ argum5t 0 v active dur+ ! f]m5t ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* became to ar*itecture :at a political p>ty _s is to an army4 ,9 fact1 x 0 ! ,r5aissance t produc$ ! dis9tegrat+ p>ty /rife ( rival 8/yles10 & soon ! foll[]s ( classic =ms & c]emonies 7 m p[]ful ?an _! oppon5ts1 :o believ$ 9 ! native g5ius ( ,go?ic art4 ,! aim ( our classic m5 0 to r5ew "u our ,nor!rn sky an ali5 inspiration born & br$ 9 ! ard5t climates ( ,greece & ( ,rome4 ,9 o!r words1 !y wi%$ to repeat1 by plodd+ & self-consci\s ef=t1 :at ,rome _h done 9 ar*itecture ) ! pati5t & sl[ me?ods ( h] colonisation4 ,9 ?is way !y appeal$ to ev]ybody :o tri$ to seem erudite1 & _! endeav\rs ent]$ t _w ( educat$ fa%ion :]e a false quantity 0 a great] s9 ?an intemp]ance4 ,j z ! *atty1 delightful ,montaigne want$ to hide 8 g5ius among pr(use glean+s f anci5t writ]s1 s mo/ ar*itects believ$ t !y c\ld d no good 9 life unless !y tri$ to be ,greek or ,roman4 ,progress 0 no long] an organic gr[?1 x 0 a copi$ fa%ion1 an inconv5i5t mode4 ,n ev5 a *ur* c\ld be built )\t help f pagan temples4 ,n an eque/rian /atue c\ld be modell$ unless a ,*ri/ian ( sorts1 ei!r k+ or w>rior1 put on ! co/ume ( a ,cs>1 & !n /raddl$ ill at ease across ! back ( a reasonable horse1 :i* alone m]it$ ! long life ( bronze4 ,amid ?is f]m5t ( comic priggi%ness & p$antry "y m5 s]v$ _! appr5tice%ip1 & became arti/s & craftsm54 ,inevitably1 bridge-build]s 7 affect$1 & z prigs mo/ ( !m did _! "w z public s]vants4 ,"o rem>kable ?+ 0 ! fussy int]e/ t _! projects excit$4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 = in/ance1 a ridicul\s ado 0 made ab\t bridge-build+4 ,volunt>y guidance came f ma!maticians1 & *att] & hesitation impli$ t at la/1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 a reputable bridge w\ld be erect$4 ,z = ! results ( all ?is flutt] & fuss1 !y 7 usually out ( jo9t ) ! public int]e/s t bridges ought to h s]v$ effici5tly4 ,no att5tion 0 paid to milit>y def5ce1 & "s fam\s m5 blund]$ l amateurs4 ,p]ronet 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ exp]t bridge-build] ( 8 "t2 8 k 0 prodigi\s1 & yet he made a/\nd+ mi/akes1 :i* w\ld h %am$ su* m$ival ma/]s z ,bnzet & ,isemb]t4 ,z an example ,i w m5tion 8 ,pont de ,neuilly-sur-,se9e1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #aggb4acg ,! delicate op]ation ( /rik+ ! c5tres1 by free+ ! ar*es f _! supports1 0 begun only eighte5 days aft] ! key/ones 7 put 9 _! places1 :5 ! mort> 0 n yet h>d en\gh to resi/ new pressure4 ,9 "o great ar* ! cr[n sank tw5ty-?ree in*es--truly a hi/oric mi%ap1 & = sev]al reasons4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is ar* 9 ,p]ronet's plan 0 an arc ( a circle #cbj ft4 9 diamet]2 aft] ! mi%ap x became an arc ( a circle ^: diamet] w\ld be #eah ft41 h5ce a /one ar* ( ?is size--#eah ft4 on ! *ord l9e--might be con/ruct$6 ,no wond] t writ]s h be5 a/\nd$ by ! ,pont de ,neuilly-sur-,se9e1 = x pass$ safely ?r\gh a mo/ dang]\s exp]i5ce4 ,p]ronet 0 sav$1 n by 8 good design1 nor by 8 ma!matical calculations1 b by a r>e /roke ( good luck4 ,inde$1 !re are a good _m te*nical faults 9 8 "w at ,neuilly4 ,! pi]s are only f\rte5 feet broad1 too small to be 9 scale ) ! wide ar*es1 & all lat]al pressure travels along ! bridge to ! abutm5ts4 ,if "o ar* 7 cut ! o!rs w\ld be endang]$4 ,9 lat] ye>s ,p]ronet became wise1 & told ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t t two or ?ree ar*es 9 e long bridge %\ld h abutm5t pi]s1 z a safegu>d aga9/ mi%aps 9 w>4#ach ,sev]al fam\s eng9e]s _h to le>n by exp]i5ce1 l ,p]ronet1 t a self-consci\s desire to be 8sci5tific0 _h dang]s ( its own 9 bridge-build+4 ,smeaton's bridge ov] ! ,tyne at ,hexham 0 a tragic failure2 ,labelye produc$ a v p]i%able bridge on ! ,?ames at ,we/m9/]2 & le>n$ eng9e]+ did n save ! ,tay ,bridge f cata/rophe1 ?\gh sci5ce welcom$ x ) a d9 ( confid5t approval4 ,! ,tay ,bridge 0 a railway track to connect ! t[n ( ,dundee & ! ,nor? ,briti% ,railway ,sy/em 9 ,fife2 x cross$ ! ,fir? ( ,tay ab\t a mile & a half to ! ,we/ ( ,dundee4 ,its l5g? exce$$ two miles1 & j\rnali/s ) rapture bragg$ ab\t x z ! longe/ iron bridge 9 ! _w4 ,ev5 ! responsible eng9e]s1 ,?omas ,b\* & ,a4 ,d4 ,/ew>t1 did n keep _! heads :ile _! "w 0 be+ done1 = !y publi%$ 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 a long article on _! unf9i%$ bridge--a f9e example ( mod]n vanity4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 on ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgg1 ! build+ "w 0 badly injur$ by a gale1 yet 9 a few mon?s--on ,septemb] #be?1 9 fact--! ov]-confid5t eng9e]s _h ! bridge te/$ f end to end1 & on ! #ca/ ( ,may1 #ahgh1 x 0 op5$ to tra9 s]vice4 ,?omas ,b\* became ,sir ,?omas4 ,no "o suspect$ t a 8sci5tific bridge0 might be a trap = railway c>riages4 ,! /ructure 0 sup]latively mod]n3 huge1 ugly1 vulg>1 m]etrici\s1 me*anical1 & *>m$ also ) a small co/ ( production1 :i* includ$ tw5ty human lives & #cej1jjj4 ,at ?is price1 y w und]/&1 ! longe/ metal bridge 9 ! _w seem$ v *eap & fasc9at+4 ,newspap]s 7 ov]joy$1 ( c\rse1 & decl>$ t ! ,tay ,bridge 0 admirably fitt$ = ! ru%+ ent]prise ( a comm]cial "t4 ,yet e "p ( x 0 ill ) ! canc] ( *eapness1 & 9 #ahgi ! disa/] came1 on a ,sunday ev5+1 ?ree days aft] ,*ri/mas4 ,at ab\t sev5 o'clock a t]rific gale /ruck ! eighty-f\r spans ( ! bridge1 mak+ a gap ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet3 & a few m9utes lat] a ,nor? ,briti% mail-tra9 drew ne>4 ,into ! gap c>riage aft] c>riage div$3 ab\t eighty pass5g]s p]i%$1 d[n bel[ 9 ! rag+ wat]s4 ,x 0 a l(ty bridge1 9 "s places #ib ft4 above high tide1 s ! fall+ c>riages turn$ m ?an "o som]sault be=e !y plung$ into ! ,fir? ( ,tay4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade held an enquiry & issu$ a report1 affirm+ 8t ! bridge _h be5 badly design$1 badly con/ruct$1 & badly ma9ta9$40 ,true3 b ! v]dict 0 )\t pity4 ,"s excuse %\ld h be5 made = ! eng9e]s' mod]nity4 ,! ,tay ,bridge 0 no worse ?an ! popul> _s t lik$ scream+ newspap]s1 & fev]$ excitem5ts1 & wild adv5tures 9 ! quicks&s ( j]ri$ workman%ip4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade publi%$ its report on ! #crd ( ,july1 #ahhj2 & a few mon?s lat]1 on ,octob] #cj?1 ,sir ,?omas ,b\* di$ ( a brok5 he>t4 ,p]haps ! mo/ humbl+ trial 9 8 adv]sity 0 ! fooli% article writt5 by 8 second 9 comm&1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,/ew>t1 :o want$ to be q contempor>y ) ! fly+ m9utes4 ,! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 delet$ ! article f its next edition1 & pr9t$ 444 "s tame rem>ks on ! disa/]4444 ,no public calamity has mu* effect on ! mod]n m9d4 ,tay ,bridges & ,titanics are l /rong acts 9 a tragic play1 ^: influ5ce we =get v soon4 ,x is a ?\s& pities1 = ! next w> may tea* u1 by frequ5t disa/]s1 t ma*9e-wor%ip has be5 a mad gambl] ev]y:]e4 ,bridges suff]$ mu* f ! priggi%ness ( ! ,r5aissance1 b !y h suff]$ inf9itely m f ! obsessions t ru9$ ,sir ,?omas ,b\*4 ,poor ,b\*6 ,n only did he wi% to a/oni% ! _w by con/ruct+ an unp>allel$ bridge1 wond]fully long1 curv$ at bo? ends1 & ) a v>y+ gradi5t4 ,he desir$ also to prove to 8 employ]s t he c\ld be a patt]n ( unusual economy4 ,worse /ill1 he 0 s wrapp$ up 9 8 calculations t he look$ ^u ,nature ) little respect4 ,9 o!r words1 he tri$ to a*ieve 8a great feat ( eng9e]+0--n (t5 a =tunate ent]prise4 ,f ! f\nd+ ( 8 pi]s he ought to h le>nt t 8 "w w\ld be endang]$ p>tly by ! rep]cussion ( railway traffic1 & p>tly by ! v>i$ way 9 :i* ! pi]s w\ld feel ! sc\r ( tidal wat]s dur+ bad wea!r4 ,f\rte5 pi]s on ! s\!rn side 7 built on rock1 !n = six pi]s ! b$ 0 a lay] ( h>d mat]ial re/+ on silt1 & f ! tw5ty-second pi] nor?w>d !re 0 s&1 ) occasional b$s ( gravel mix$ ) b\ld]s4 ,"h 0 a site to inspire z mu* aw$ pati5ce & c>e z ! ,bridge ,fri>s gave untir+ly to ! ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit ov] ! ,rhne4 ,yet 9 ,mr4 ,/ew>t's description !re is b "o emotion--a quiet self-confid5ce1 z if ! =ces ( ,nature 7 z easy to manage z well-tra9$ poodle dogs4 ,,ii ,to be brief1 x is evid5t t ! bridge-build+ ( mod]n times--f ! ,r5aissance to our own day--has be5 no?+ m ?an a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts f :i* a good _m important matt]s h be5 exclud$4 ,high arti/ic qualities 7 divorc$ f milit>y =e?\ght by ! e>li] ponti/s ( ! ,r5aissance2#aci !n came ! delicate swagg] ( a fidgety dilettantism1 l t :i* built ! ,palladian ,bridge 9 ,prior ,p>k1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agej2 aft]w>ds1 by degrees1 ! indu/rial _s began to ass]t itself2 & 9 #aggi ! fir/ metal bridge 0 built 9 ,europe4 ,h[ diff]5t ! hi/ory w\ld h be51 h[ mu* san] & f9]1 if bridge-build]s _h tak5 = _! guide ! all-suffici5t pr9ciple t _! "w mu/ be self-protective1 n vuln]able & def5celess4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ! mo/ wond]ful v>i$ "w c\ld h be5 evolv$1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,by ?is "t !re w\ld h be5 z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 an ,elizabe?an bridge & a mod]n /one bridge1 z betwe5 ,drake's 8,gold5 ,h9d0 & a sup]-,dreadn\ght4 ,b ! s$ul\s ape has be5 active ev]y:]e2 & ,europe to ?is day is pr\d :5 %e builds 9 /one a few bridges t seem to be z good z _! classic =ep>5ts1 ?\gh !y break away f ! classic pr9ciple ( self-def5ce4 ,x is 9 metal bridges alone t we f9d a virile gr[?1 a g5u9e evolution2 n (t5 arti/ic1 & z s5sitive to bombs z c>d ca/les are to a t\* f y\r f+]2 b yet a great evolution because x repres5ts mod]n times4 ,if we c\ld summon to e>? ! spirits ( ! greate/ bridge-build]s--,caius ,julius ,lac]1 ,apollodorus ( ,damascus1 ,isemb]t1 ,bnzet1 ,ammanati1 & sev]al o!rs--!y w\ld le>n no?+ mu* f our /onework1 :]eas a metal bridge "h & !re c\ld n fail to /rike awe into ^! spiritual behold]s4 ,ev5 ,lac] w\ld be aw$ by ! colossal newness ( ! ,=? ,bridge1 ^: te*nical inspiration might h come f ,vulcan1 ! god ( furnaces1 aft] 8 annual fe/ival on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/4 ,& _c y imag9e :at ,bnzet & ,isemb]t w\ld say to ea* o!r1 9 swift1 excit$ ,fr5*1 :5 !y gaz$ up & up at ! airy film ( road susp5d$ ov] ! wide ,m5ai ,/raits8 ,?is w\ld be en\gh to conv9ce !m t a few rec5t bridge-build]s _h =sak5 anci5t =ms 9 ord] to give expression to g5]ative ideas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pont ,,de ,,t\rs--,a ,,fam\s ,,bridge ,,( ,,! ,,xviii ,,c5tury4 ,,x ,,is ,,9 ,,keep+ ,,) ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,watteau ,! concept ( metal bridges may h come to ,europe f ,*9a4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,kir*] saw & describ$ a ,*9ese bridge :i* seems to h be5 a g5u9e susp5sion bridge ( metal1 a true =]unn] ( ! ,pont de la ,caille1 ov] ! ,pass ( ,usses1 & ( ! imm5se ,pont de ,beaucaire1 :i* 9 f\r spans unites ,beaucaire to ,t>ascon1 cov]+ a di/ance ( m ?an #dch metres4#adj ,:o c expla9 :y backw>d ,*9a has hit ^u _m f]tile ideas be=e ! m ent]pris+ nations8 ,:y has %e n le>nt to rule ! _w8 ,p]haps h] body has be5 too num]\s = h] bra94 ,on my table lies ! photograph ( a bridge :i* may be simil> to ! "o admir$ by ,a?anase ,kir*]4 ,x is an iron sw+ bridge 9 ,we/]n ,*9a1 ne> ,auhsi54 ,!re are ?ree pi]s1 two ( /one1 & ! o!r a make%ift ( two timb] piles jo9$ toge!r at top by a log ^u :i* ! footway re/s4 ,! c>p5try ( ! footway is primitive3 across ! long be>+ beams1 :i* are n at all ?ick or heavy1 a great _m slim la?s lie unev5ly2 & up ! middle ( ! bridge1 f end to end1 is a n>r[ pa? made ) long & flat planks :i* re/ ^u ! transv]se timb]+4 ,z = ! iron susp5sion1 x is a *a9 ( ?ick & %ort rods :i* are l9k$ firmly toge!r4 ,^! rods1 ?us loop$ at ea* end & int]lock$1 run 9 two l9es f abutm5t to abutm5t1 mak+ a sort ( p>apet at ea* side ( ! bridge4 ,bamboo rods susp5d ! footway to ! iron *a9s1 :i* pass ov] ! abutm5ts to be fa/5$ securely on ! gr\nd4 ,!re are f\r abutm5ts1 b my photograph %[s only "o2 & x omits also ! ma9 ?+ ( all--! means by :i* ! metal *a9s are an*or$4 ,/ill1 ! abutm5t is ent]ta9+4 ,x is a /one pill> ab\t five feet high1 p]haps a little m or less2 x seems to be old1 & f two holes pi]c$ ?r\gh x we le>n t sev]al exp]im5ts 7 made be=e ! "r lev]age 0 obta9$4 ,! fir/ hole 0 too l[ d[n1 s ano!r 0 drill$ ab\t #ab in*es above x1 & ?r\gh ?is second hole ! *a9 0 pass$1 !n tugg$ d[n to its an*orage4 ,ev5 !n ! susp5sion 0 n effective1 ! hole or 8saddle0 be+ /ill n high en\gh above ! footway1 & ! build]s knew n :at to d4 ,n only 0 !re insuffici5t space = a ?ird hole1 b v few mak]s ( susp5sion bridges h be5 reasonable en\gh to pass _! metal *a9s ov] ! summits ( /one pill>s & t[]s4 ,! ,*9ese workm5 at ,auhsi5 7 n m fooli% ?an _m ,european eng9e]s h be51 = _! p]=at$ pill>s are n a bit worse ?an ! p]=at$ t[]s ?r\gh :i* susp5sion *a9s pass at ,clifton & at ,budape/1 n to m5tion _m o!r famili> examples4 ,s det]m9$ 7 ! ,*9ese to ov]come _! difficulties )\t us+ ! summit ( _! pill>1 t !y cut away ! /one until !y came to ! second hole or saddle1 & !n !y ?ru/ a lump ( iron "u ! taut *a94 ,next1 to increase ! t5sion /ill m1 !y put up a small] pill> p]haps a y>d f ! fir/ "o1 =c+ x "u ! iron rods1 :i* at ?is po9t /ra9 d[nw>d to _! an*orage4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! less] pill>--a sort ( und]/udy--is us$ z an ar*itect w\ld employ x3 along ! top a groove is holl[$1 & ! *a9 re/s 9 ! groove & !n dips d[n at a %>p angle4 ,p]haps1 !n1 ! small] pill> is fairly new1 :ile ! l>g] "o is old4 ,! ,rev4 ,o4 ,m4 ,jackson#ada kn[s ?is bridge v well2 he liv$ = five ye>s at ,auhsi51 & on "o occasion ! :ole bridge 0 wa%$ away by a spate4 ,= mon?s ! iron *a9s lay "h & !re on ! riv]-b$2 & z floods are frequ5t1 & ! bridge is n a high "o1 v little ( ! workman%ip has _h a *ance ( gr[+ ho>4 ,! pill>s h ! be/ *ance2 & ,i suppose ! iron *a9s are wor? sav+ f ! riv] :5ev] ! bridge is recon/ruct$4 ,i h l+]$ ov] ,auhsi5 ,susp5sion ,bridge n because ( its craftsman%ip1 b because x m>ks a primitive phase 9 ! evolution ( metal bridges4 ,p]haps ! example se5 by ,kir*] 0 less rude2 & p]haps ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction may h be5 precisely l t 9 ! bamboo sw+ bridges ( ,we/]n ,*9a4 ,9 ^! !re are f\r huge cables ( twi/$ bamboo#adb3 two ( !m c>ry ! footway1 :ile ! upp] ones s]ve a d\ble purpose3 a /rong nett+ on ea* side braces !m to ! l[] cables1 giv+ ano!r support to ! footway1 & =m+ a sort ( hammock a good deal tall] ?an an av]age man4 ,x is )9 ?is deep hammock t ev]ybody walks across a bamboo sw+ bridge1 :i* 9 a high w9d is z enjoyable z a r[+-boat4 ,at ea* abutm5t !re is a gabl$ entrance gate1 :]e ! f\r cables are screw$ up4#adc ,displace ! bamboo cables = iron *a9s1 & we get at once1 p]haps1 an idea ( ! bridge t ,kir*] reg>d$ z 8m]veilleux40 ,z ,kir*]'s book 0 publi%$ 9 #afgj1 an iron bridge ought to h be5 built 9 ,europe be=e ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,an attempt to build "o 0 made 9 #agee at ,lyons1 b x fail$4 ,an ar* 0 put toge!r 9 a build]'s y>d & !n ! project 0 ab&on$ z too co/ly6 ,b ! idea 0 h&$ on someh[ to an ,engli% ironma/]1 ,abraham ,d>by1 ( ,coalbrookdale1 :o 9 #aggi won a great success by bridg+ ! ,sev]n ) a v useful ar* ( ca/-iron1 hav+ a rise ( #ej feet1 & a span ( #ajj ft4 #f ins4 ,! co/ ( x is n kn[n1 b ! weight ( metal employ$ 0 #cgh tons4 ,! design is bold1 & ! ar* h&some4 ,e ponti/ %\ld get a photograph ( ,coalbrookdale ,bridge4 ,already x is out ( date1 & its value z hi/ory w n save x f de/ruction4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #agif1 ,r[l& ,burdon foll[$ ! example set by ,abraham ,d>by1 b n z a m]e copyi/1 8 ,we>m\? ,bridge be+ an ar* ( op5 ca/-iron panels1 :i* act z v\ssoirs4 ,! span is #bcf feet1 ) a rise ( #cd feet2 ! spr++s are #ie feet above ! riv]-b$2 at fir/ ! footway 0 r n>r[1 b 9 #aheh x 0 wid5$ by ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 ,r[l& ,burdon us$ #bfj tons ( iron1 & 8 "w co/ only #bg1jjj4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 9 a great ca/-iron ar* ?r[n ov] ! ,spey1 ,tel=d made new exp]im5ts1 &1 z ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9 has said1 8 bridge at ,craigella*ie m>k$ 8a great advance 9 ! conception ( :at 0 ! safe/ =m 9 :i* to apply ca/-iron to an ar*40 ,b m ?an ?is 0 expect$ f an eng9e] ( ,tel=d's reputation1 & no?+ m came f him1 un=tunately4 ,9 fact1 ,tel=d divorc$ 8 "w f ! good s5se ( good design1 :i* ,d>by & ,burdon _h endeav\r$ to respect4 ,at ea* abutm5t he put up a silly t[] pi]c$ ) arr[-slits & arm$ ) battlem5ts1 adv]tis+ a f>ce ( w>like make-believe :i* scores ( fooli% eng9e]s w\ld copy & adapt1 :ile leav+ _! bridges entirely un=tifi$4 ,a bridge "h & !re is suppos$ to be all "r4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,=? ,bridge1 ) 8 #ea1jjj tons ( /eel1 & 8 amaz+ co/1 ab\t #c1jjj1jjj2 he is look$ ^u z a 8safe0 bridge1 & safe he is if we =get :at bombs & %ells c d 9 a few seconds4 ,at ea* end ( ?is bridge ! railway is c>ri$ by trivial columns =m+ ! approa* viaducts1 & ^! a naval gun w\ld bl[ to smi!re5s4 ,a bomb fall+ ^u !m f an air%ip might put ! :ole bridge out ( action4 ,fur!r1 ! columns are comically out ( scale ) ^? gigantic pyramids ( /eel b>s :i* c\nt]balance ! c5tre gird]s1 & yet seem to play at leapfrog 9 two b\nds ( #agaj ft4 ea*1 & 9 two less] jumps ( #fhj ft4 ea*4 ,yes1 ! ,=? ,bridge looks =midably alive & active2 he is to mod]n eng9e]+ :at ! ,i*?yosaurus became to our k ( prehi/oric animals3 a semi-m>9e colossus1 fit to be kept = ev] z a trem5d\s dang] happily ext9ct4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 9 ! 8,build]10 ,i drew att5tion to ! def5celess "* ( ?is huge viaduct ov] a /rategic wat]way1 & n[ ,i return to ?is topic at ! beg9n+ ( a w> t may well be ! mo/ t]rible 9 all hi/ory4 ,to-day is ! #crd ( ,augu/1 #aiad2 & ! _w kn[s t ,g]many has occupi$ ,luxemburg1 a neutral ,/ate1 has p\r$ h] troops into ,belgium1 ! naval key ( ,great ,brita91 & has violat$ ! ,fr5* fronti] )\t decl>+ w>4 ,"h is ! swift 8morality0 ( lightn+4 ,9 ! /rategy ( w>1 non-moral ,p[]s may ga9 ov] u a horrible advantage4 ,engl& talks s mu* ab\t peace & hon\r t felon ,g]many is able to plan at h] ease great milit>y movem5ts ( surprise z fateful z victories on /rick5 fields4 ,be=e ?is little book is publi%$ 8! black bullets ( ,de/9y0 w h be5 ca/ 9 sev]al c\ntries2 & n a battle w be won1 nor a skirmi% f\ght1 )\t ei!r help or h9drance f ^? soldi]s unprep>$ t we call viaducts & bridges4 ,already _m h be5 bl[n up 9 ,belgium & 9 ,s]via2 & by night & day1 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 m5 are try+ to gu>d e bridge ( vital importance to ! conc5tration ( troops4 ,"h 9 ,engl& ?is protection is n always z al]t & ?or\gh z x ought to be4 ,i am writ+ 9 ,hamp%ire1 ne> by ! ma9 l9e f ,ald]%ot2 )9 a walk ( ?ree m9utes !re is a high railway bridge ov] a road1 & a few h\rs ago x 0 ungu>d$ f ! road4 ,ye/]day ev5+1 aft] d>k1 a ,g]man spy c\ld h de/roy$ x1 = ,i pass$ "u its vault & f\nd no "o keep+ wat* & w>d4#add ,in/ead1 ,i enc\nt]$ t sup9e national folly :i* has )held our "y m5 f national s]vice1 because ( ! ri* lib]ty :i* we are suppos$ to get someh[ f coo+ claptrap1 & ,norman ,angells1 & ! future pacification ( mank9d4 ,:atev] ?is fateful w> may br+ to u & to o!rs1 ! def5celess bridge w h to be reconsid]$2 & = ?is reason its evolution attracts me ev5 n[1 despite ! d>kl+ unc]ta9ty t encompasses e h\r ( ! day4 ,! ,=? ,bridge1 all %att]able bulk & no beauty & grace1 does full ju/ice to our indu/rialism1 b yet he belongs1 n to ! public _s ( ,great ,brita91 b to ! _s ( ! age ev]y:]e2 = 9 o!r l&s he has a great _m rivals n a :it less huge & vuln]able4 ,z an example1 we w take ! ,ill9ois & ,/4 ,l\is ,bridge1 really a f9e "w ( 8 k9d1 dat+ f #ahgc4 ,he crosses ! ,mississippi1 :i* at ,/4 ,l\is fl[s 9 a s+le *annel #ecd y>ds wide & #h feet deep at extreme l[ wat]4 ,! greate/ range betwe5 high & l[ wat] is #da feet4 ,!re are ?ree ribb$ ar*es ( ca/ /eel1 ! middle "o ) a span ( #ebj feet1 :ile ! o!rs are #ah feet n>r[]4 ,if x 0 wor? :ile = ! sake ( public conv5i5ce to erect ?is great highway above a wide & dang]\s riv]1 x 0 also wor? :ile = ! sake ( public conv5i5ce t ! wid? ( ! ar*es %\ld be det]m9$ by ! probable dang]s to :i* ! bridge w\ld be expos$ 9 comm]cial /rikes & 9 o!r w>s4 ,human gunp[d] is n a r>e ?+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! black race !re has a population t increases rapidly1 & "s day x may bre$ a great soldi]1 a d>k ,napoleon1 :o w f9d x no difficult task to organise a widespread society ( bridge-wreck]s4 ,no truisms are m common ?an unexpect$ ev5ts4 ,let u !n ask :e!r x w\ld be possible swiftly to repair a metal ar* hav+ a span ( #ebj feet4 ,if n1 :y build a huge & co/ly /ructure ) /eel-ribb$ ar*es :i* are mu* too wide8 ,:at if "o ( !m 0 de/roy$ at a "t :5 ! d\ble railway track ov] ! riv]1 & ! wide roadway above = o!r traffic1 7 necess>y to br+ re9=cem5ts to a /rick5 army8 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,t>n ,,at ,,millau ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,france4 ,,?is ,,draw+1 ,a ,,companion ,,picture ,,to ,,girt9',s 8,,bridgnor?10 ,,repres5ts ,,! ,,brok5 ,,end ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,bridge ,,) ,a ,,mill ,,built ,,on ,,x2 ,,beh9d ,,is ,,an ,,ar* ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,bridge ,^! que/ions 7 too unm]cantile to be consid]$ by ! *ief eng9e]1 ,capta9 ,james ,b4 ,eads1 a v sci5tific p]son1 :o 0 entirely ( a piece ) our ,european ponti/s4 ,n a scrap ( att5tion did he pay to milit>y matt]s4 ,e acc\nt ( ,capta9 ,eads & 8 bridge bomb>ds u ) te*nical details4 ,we are expect$ to gape ) admiration because #fj p] ton ( #bjjj lbs4 0 ! price paid = #bejj tons ( ca/-/eel4 ,wr\ght-iron 9 a ton ( #bjjj lbs4 co/ #dj1 & #ejj tons at ?is price 7 us$4 ,roll$-iron 9 a ton ( #bjjj lbs4 co/ #bh1 & #ajjj tons at ?is price 7 employ$1 toge!r ) #bjj tons ( ca/-iron at #af p] ton1 ! ton 9 ?is case be+ #bbdj lbs4 ,"h inde$ is a gold5 t>get = bombs & = mod]n artill]y6 ,e bridge 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is a t>get ( ?is sort 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,!re are bonfire timb] bridges1 = example1 exce$+ly deft & excessively high2 sometimes _! pi]s are no?+ m ?an l>ge wood5 frames pil$ "o on top ( ano!r1 up & up & up1 till at la/ !y are tall en\gh to be kn[n z great sky-tickl]s4 ,"o example is #bcd feet high4 ,x is ! great ,portage ,bridge spann+ ! ,g5esee ,riv]1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 on a railroad betwe5 ,new ,york & ,buffalo4 ,x looks l a miracle ( c>p5try1 ?is wond]ful bridge ( frames2 its l5g? is #bdj metres1 & ! pi]s--sixte5 romantic scaffold+s--=m imm5se triangles ) flatt5$ summits ^u :i* a d\ble gall]y re/s z a firm support = ! railway4 ,ea* scaffold+ rises f a pile ( masonry n9e metres high] ?an wat]-level1 s t floods d n break _! =ce aga9/ ! timb] frames4 ,good heav5s above1 h[ ?is bridge w\ld burn6 ,b x has a q mod]n fasc9ation3 its co/ ( production 0 *eap6--*eap 9 comp>ison ) ! e/imat$ price ( a /one bridge ) ! same l5g? & aviat$ height4 ,?is wood5 /ructure co/ ab\t #cf1jjj1 = ! pride ( trade likes to pay z little z possible = ! l>ge/ am\nt ( v p]i%able insecurity4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 !re are sky-tickl+ metal bridges1 & ^! sp9dle-%ank$ devotees ( peace are popul> also 9 ,canada4 ,all ?is "w is no?+ b indu/rial eng9e]+1 l ! mighty bridges at ,new ,york1 ?\gh ^! d try to look some:at ar*itectural4 ,"o specim51 inde$1 a va/ /ructure call$ ! ,new ,manhattan ,bridge1 has m>vell\sly long susp5sion cables :i* d n g ?r\gh a t[] or gateway2 !y actually pass ov] _! supports 9 a logical mann]4 ,:at a bless+6 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,brooklyn ,bridge at ,new ,york has ! same mi/ake z our susp5sion bridge at ,clifton 7p4 #cdf72 & ! pi]c$ t[]s1 ea* ) two lancet-%ap$ op5+s1 are affect$ & trivial4 ,brooklyn ,bridge has a total l5g? ( ne>ly #aada y>ds1 & betwe5 ! two t[]s !re is a span ( #aeie feet4 ,! roadway is upheld by f\r galvanis$ /eel cables n less ?an sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?9k ( t6 ,try to imag9e a span #aeie feet wide6 ,suppose an air%ip crippl$ x ) "s l>ge bombs1 h[ 9 ! _w c\ld repairs be made8 ,briefly1 !n1 mod]n bridges ev]y:]e are anti-social4 ,:5 w> is afoot1 !y imp]il ! be/-made plans ( /rategi/s2 & ev5 9 /rikes !y h to be gu>d$ by soldi]s1 z if !y 7 conv5ts :]e de?ron$ que5s liv$ unhappily ) suffragette pr9cesses4 ,?\gh we h liv$ = _m ye>s on ! br9k ( w>1 e highway 9 ,europe z 9 ,am]ica is at ! m]cy ( bridge-wreck]s4 ,is x n dumbf\nd+ t no respect has be5 paid any:]e to ! social gu>dian%ip t bridges & roads ought to p]=m8 ,:y has ?is all-important matt] be5 =gott58 ,x has be5 made memorable a great _m times 9 hi/ory1 ev] s9ce ,horatius ,cocles & 8 two companions held ! ,pons ,sublicius aga9/ ! :ole ,etruscan ,army "u ,pors5a1--a lesson nev] =gott5 by ,roman citiz5s4 ,:5 ,"l ,surrey1 be=e ! battle ( ,flodd5 ,field1 outwitt$ ! ,scot* by ?r[+ 8 army across ! ,till by ! beautiful old ,twizel ,bridge2 or :5 ,*>les ! ,second1 r\t$ at ,worce/]1 fl$ by ,old ,p]%ore ,bridge into ! ,br$on ,hills1 ,engl& receiv$ "o ( _m w>n+s t a secure passage ov] riv]s might be to h] at any mom5t z valuable z an army corps4 ,:y has %e fail$ to take ?is lesson to he>t8 ,no railway is protect$ by two or ?ree bran* l9es ov] an important riv]1 s t two or ?ree bridges--n ne> toge!r1 b sep>at$ by a mile or two--w\ld h to be de/roy$ be=e ! riv] w\ld be clos$ to ! passage ( troops & ( food supplies4 ,und]/udy l9es & bridges w\ld be invaluable to def5sive /rategy4 ,m ?an a c5tury has gone ov] s9ce ,p]ronet w>n$ ,france t bridges across great riv]s ought to be ( a k9d :i* w\ld facilitate make%ift repairs aft] mi%aps 9 w>4 ,he spoke e>ne/ly1 b 9 va92 = ! conception ( trade z w> _h n yet be5 =c$ ^u ! _w by mod]nis$ indu/rialism1 ) its civil /rikes & its int]national competitions4 ,if ,p]ronet _h be5 able to add 8 =esight to ! great traditions ( ! ,ponts et ,*ausses1 8 c\ntrym51 probably1 w\ld h be5 loyal to 8 excell5t advice1 because ! ,fr5* h a ,roman logic & !y love _! roads & bridges4 ,b 9 ,france1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 a craze = eng9e]+ feats took possession ( ! public m9d1 exclud+ _m o!r consid]ations4 ,i "k n h[ _m p]i%able bridges exi/ at ?is mom5t 9 ,france1 b ,i c give ! figures = #ahgc4 ,9 t ye> !re 7 "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & eighty-two4 ,_! total l5g? 0 #ajf kilometres1 & _! total co/ 0 #bhf1ejg1gfa francs4 ,"h are "s ( ! m exp5sive examples3-- 7#a7 ,pont de ,bordeaux1 #eja metres2 #f1hej1jjj francs4 7#b7 ,pont de ,roanne1 #bcb metres2 #f1dch1efa francs4 7#c7 ,p>is1 ,pont d',jna1 #f1ace1aje francs4 7#d7 ,pont ,sa9t-,esprit1 on ! ,rhne1 #d1ejj1jjj francs4 7#e7 ,pont de ,lib\rne1 on ! ,dordogne1 #d1bcf1bdh francs4 7#f7 ,t\rs1 on ! ,loire1 #dcd metres2 #d1bbd1fci francs4 7#g7 ,p>is1 ,pont ,neuf1 #bca metres2 #d1jjj1jjj francs4 ,comp>e ^! figures ) ^? ( "s ,briti% bridges3-- 7#a7 ,! hide\s ,britannia ,bridge ov] ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 #aeaa feet long1 co/ #fja1hfe4 7#b7 ,we/m9i/] ,bridge1 ,london1 #aafj feet2 #bce1jjj1 or #bjb p] foot run4 7#c7 ,boyne1 #eej feet2 #adj1jjj1 ab\t #bed p] foot run4 7#d7 ,s\?w>k ,bridge1 ,london1 built 9 #ahai1 #hjj1jjj2 x conta9s #eghj tons ( iron4 7#e7 ,vauxhall ,bridge1 ,london1 built 9 #ahaf1 #cjj1jjj4 7#f7 ,new ,london ,bridge1 #ajje feet long1 #a1deh1caa4 7#g7 ,=? ,bridge1 ab\t #c1jjj1jjj4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! bridges ( civilization1 :5 view$ m]ely z f9ancial inve/m5ts1 are valuable en\gh to be made self-def5sive4#ade ,yet x happ5s t ,i am ! only writ] :o has tri$ to draw public att5tion to ! ease ) :i* any bridge 9 ,engl& c\ld be crippl$4 ,& ! tr\ble is t eng9e]s hold ! field1 because ! man ( bus9ess f9ds 9 _! "w a h>d r\t9e t looks practical & m]cantile4 ,:at we ne$ is ! influ5ce ( ar*itects4 ,= capable ar*itects h ! g5ius ( arti/s1 & :5 arti/s give _! m9ds to practical affairs !y %[ a range ( common s5se t m5 ( trade r>ely equal4 ,x is 9 _! nature to look at a "q f all sides till !y see x amply & z a :ole1 :ile m5 ( trade isolate two or ?ree ?+s f _m1 & accept !m t5aci\sly z ! only ?+s t m]it att5tion4 ,b 9 our social life & /rife !re are c]ta9 newcom]s t w compel ! _w to reconsid] its wrong attitude to bridge-build+4 ,i ref] to air%ips & to aviation1 ) _! ?reat5$ w>s f ov]head4 ,a good _m bridges ov] /rategical wat]ways c be displac$ by tunnels1 b _m o!rs mu/ be arm\r$ ) cone-%ap$ ro(s4 ,art & sci5ce h done wond]ful ?+s = ! mod]n battle%ip1 & n[--n[ !y mu/ inv5t & p]fect a new battle-bridge1 fit to protect art]ial highways f 8progress40 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ! morn+ ( ! #d? ( ,augu/1 & ,i h j read ! late/ w> news4 ,! :ole life ( ,europe is a note ( int]rogation1 inf9itely s9i/] & tragic4 ,:at is de/9$ to happ58 ,:i* nations are doom$ to p]i%8 ,:at navy w g d[n into ! deep8 ,:i* airm5 w make ! mo/ successful attacks on ^? bridges t gov]n ! di/ribution ( food supplies8 ,w ! equity ( ,europe triumph1 or w ,g]man felony succe$8 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ree mon?s h pass$1 & ,i add a few l9es to my page pro(s4 ,_m ev5ts h illu/rat$ & confirm$ ! ma9 argum5ts ( ?is monograph4 ,ev]y:]e def5celess bridges h be5 ! cause ( mu* anxiety1 & doz5s h be5 de/roy$ because !y c\ld n be turn$ into re>gu>d def5ces4 ,well+ton said t 8 sapp]s 9 five m9utes c\ld bl[ up a mod]n bridge4 ,9 ! pres5t campaign sapp]s h done ?is "w "u fire1 m9+ /rategic highways be+ a simple job4 ,h[ ludicr\sly tragic is ! contra/ betwe5 ! build+ ( a mod]n bridge & its easy demolition6 ,a little common s5se w\ld h flank$ ea* entrance ) a ,brialmont =t1 & w\ld h giv5 to ! bridge itself an arm\r$ effici5cy4 ,e bridge betwe5 ! ,fr5* fronti]s & ,p>is ought to h be5 z effective z a sup]-,dreadn\ght4 ,s ! use ( battle%ip /eel 9 bridge-build+ is "o ?+ t eng9e]s mu/ consid] ) ! utmo/ c>e aft] ,g]many has be5 ov]?r[n4 ,if !y d no m ?an foll[ _! fooli% old r\t9e1 !n _! "w w be a crime aga9/ patriotism4 ,9 o!r respects ! ,great ,w> has be5 a wondr\s v>i$ surprise1 br++ weakness to ! /rong & p[] to ! weak4 ,g]many has be5 humbl$ bo? by little ,belgium & by ! little ,briti% army2 h] pre/ige has dw9dl$ s mu* t fight+ me*anisms are reg>d$ no long] z sup]ior to fight+ m54 ,9 true discipl9e !re is an art ( humane pride1 & ,g]many has cru%$ x out ( h] automatic battalions1 pref]r+ an organis$ cruelty z ins5sitive z a railway accid5t1 & a sy/em ( ly+ t rivals ,mun*aus5's4 ,ev5 h] le>n$ pr(essors fill curr5t hi/ory ) explosive lies1 j z h] seam5 be=e ! decl>ation ( ho/ilities dropp$ m9es 9 ! ,nor? ,sea f trawl]s t flew ! ,briti% flag4 ,if victory c\ld be won by vile misde$s1 ,g]many w\ld be unconqu]able4 ,nev] be=e has a p[]ful nation be5 s corrupt$ by =ty ye>s ( unscrupul\s va+lory4 ,h] ambition is to ,europe :at canc] is to a human body--a ravag+ disease :i* may break out aga9 aft] ! be/ surgeons h f9i%$ _! "w4 ,already %e has tri$ to po/pone ! op]ation by mak+ ov]tures to /op ! necess>y blood%$4 ,g]many wants to give 9 be=e ! ,briti% ,empire c put a million troops 9 ! field1 because %e kn[s n only t ,allies (t5 qu>rel dur+ ! negotiations t re>range maps1 b t su* qu>rels occur mo/ (t5 :5 a great c\ntry has a little army 9 absolute antagonism ) widespread int]e/s ( a vital sort4 ,& ?is1 moreov]1 is n ! only p]il4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isles _m ?\s&s ( peace-fanatics bide _! "t2 "s ( !m are active already z pro-,g]mans2 _m o!rs decl>e t !y h no wi% to humble ! ,g]man p1 :o n[ approve e act ( a ,hunni% despotism elaborat$ by _! ,gov]nm5t2 & :5 our ,briti% s5tim5tali/s1 aid$ by sev]al ,radical newspap]s1 beg9 a campaign ( %riek+ claptrap1 a j res5tm5t w be felt by ,france & ,russia4 ,s ! w>f>e ( diplomacy may be m dang]\s to ! ,allies ?an ! w>f>e ( /rick5 fields4 ,we mu/ wait & see4 ,b ! pres5t position confirms ano!r argum5t 9 ?is monograph3 namely1 t ^? :o decl9e to see ! p]petual /rife t reigns 9 all human affairs1 & :o babble 9 a r\t9e ( fix$ ideas ab\t ! illusion call$ peace1 are q z p]il\s to a c\ntry z 7 ! cre$s ( blood%$ :i* _m ,g]man writ]s adv]tis$1 tak+ lib]ties ) ! +5u\s pacifism coddl$ by ,briti% ,gov]nm5ts4 ,let u delete f e diction>y ! ly+ ^w peace2 & let u believe firmly 9 ! simple tru? t /rife ev]y:]e is ! hi/orian ( life4 ,! /rife 9 all its phases ought to be well tra9$ & *ivalric1 ( c\rse2 & x ne$s va/ improvem5ts 9 ! campaigns ( bus9ess w>f>e4 ,e slum1 = example1 is v mu* worse ?an ! longe/ battle ) fire>ms1 because x endures = ages2 & :at *ivalry 9 ! w>s ( trade is z noble z t :i* grants to "y m5 ! privilege ( def5d+ ! old age ( _! c\ntry f dang] & di%on\r8 ,,footnotes3 #acf ,x is wor? not+1 z an example ( ,briti% apa?y 9 home def5ce1 t ! railway f ,ald]%ot t[>d ,s\?ampton is = _m miles a s+le l9e only1 & t x passes ov] a good _m gimcrack bridges & betwe5 "s n>r[ & /eep embankm5ts1 z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m$/ead4 ,! l9e is an op5 trap2 x c\ld be %ut up 9 a doz5 places by a few intellig5t spies1 if spy+ did n g5]ate an excessive caution z futile z c[>dice4 #acg ,?is bridge is #bej metres long1 & ! five ar*es h equal spans ( #dj metres4 ,p]ronet di$ 9 #agia1 at ! age ( eighty-?ree1 & we /udy 8 be/ "w at ,mantes1 ,orlans1 ,nog5t-sur-,se9e1 ,pont-,sa9t-,max5ce1 ,*teau-,?i]ry1 & ,neuilly-sur-,se9e4 #ach ,8 words run z foll[s3 8,i ?9k t x may be prud5t1 :5 design+ bridges = riv]s ( great wid?1 to introduce "s /rong pi]s1 :i* 9 case ( ne$ may s]ve z abutm5ts1 putt+ !m at di/ances ( ?ree or f\r ar*es ap>t4 ,moreov]1 ?is arrangem5t w enable u to con/ruct long bridges 9 diff]5t p>ts successively1 & ea* "p may be consid]$ z a complete bridge1 hav+ its own indep5d5t abutm5ts2 b /rict c>e %\ld be tak5 n to contract ! b$s ( riv]s by us+ too _m ?ick pi]s40 ,"o ( ,p]ronet's imm$iate pr$ecessors1 ! eng9e] ,gabriel1 built a bridge ( ?is sort1 ov] ! ,loire at ,blois4 ,he spac$ 8 plan into elev5 f9e ar*es1 & erect$ two abutm5t pi]s1 plac+ !m at f\r bays f ea* bankside1 & leav+ ?ree bays betwe5 !m4 ,by ?is means 8 bridge 0 divid$ into ?ree indep5d5t p>ts4 #aci ,examples3 ,see ! index "u ! head+s 8,trezzo10 8,tic9o10 8,pavia10 & 8,ammanati's ,tr9it at ,flor5ce40 #adj ,see ,degr&'s 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie10 ,tom4 #b1 p4 #bd1 note #c4 ,see also ,dalqui's translation ( ,kir*]'s book1 publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #afgj4 ,!re is a ref]5ce to iron 9 a bridge on p4 #bhh1 b ,degr&'s in=mation mu/ be tak5 f ! foll[+ passage3 8,l'on voit un pont dans la ,prov9ce de ,junnan1 qu'on a ba/i sur un torr5t1 lequel r\le ses flots impetueux dans le pan*ant d'une pr(onde valle4 ,c'e/ un commun s5tim5t qu'il ft ba/i en l'an #fe aprs la naissance de ,jesus ,*ri/ p> l'ordre de l',emp]eur ,m+us1 sorti de la famille ,hame2 il n'e/ pas fait de brique ny de pi]re2 mais on a atta* de grosses *aisnes *anes ces deux montagnes qui vont d'une extremit l'autre1 au-dessus desquelles on a mis des ais p\r facilit] le passage des voyageurs4 ,ce pont1 qui a v+t *aisnes1 a #bj p]*es de long qui font #adj pi$s3 l'on dit que qu& beauc\p de p]sonnes pass5t dessus1 ou qu'il y a quelque gr& f>deau1 il branle si =t qu'il fait peur ceux qui y sont0 7p4 #bhi74 ,?is description is vivid1 & ,m4 ,degr& reg>ds ! *a9s z *a9s ( iron4 ,he says3 8,kir*] m5tionne l'exi/5ce 444 d'un pont compos de *anes de f] supportant1 en trav]s d'une valle pr(onde1 un tabli] en *>p5te d'une gr&e longueur1 c'e/--dire un vritable pont susp5du1 ayant prcd sans d\te de plusieurs sicles les ponts du mme g5re con/ruits l'poque mod]ne en ,europe et aux tats-,unis40 #ada ,see ,index = o!r ref]5ces to ,mr4 ,jackson4 #adb ,m>co ,polo describes v well h[ ! bamboo 9 ,*9a is twi/$ or plait$ into cordage4 ,he says3 8,!y h canes ( ! l5g? ( fifte5 paces1 :i* !y split1 9 _! :ole l5g?1 into v ?9 pieces1 & ^!1 by twi/+ !m toge!r1 !y =m into ropes ?ree hundr$ paces long4 ,s skilfully are !y manufactur$1 t !y are equal 9 /r5g? to cordage made ( hemp40 #adc ,i take ?is description f two photographs belong+ to ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society4 #add ,on ! #d? ( ,augu/ ?is important bridge 0 gu>d$ by ,t]ritorials4 #ade ,n all bridges %\ld be milit>y1 ( c\rse1 s9ce ^? ne> a fronti] may h to be de/roy$ at a mom5t's notice 9 ord] to *eck ! advance ( a surprise attack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ra9 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i ,,*9ese ,,gabl$ ,,bridges ,m>co ,polo f\nd !m 9 sev]al places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,hang-*eu1 ! anci5t capital ( ,s\!rn ,*9a4 ,?is noble city has on "o side ! ,si-hu1 or we/]n lake1 & on ! o!r is ! va/ riv] ,tsi5-tang-kiang1 :i* at high tide is ne>ly f\r miles 9 wid?4 ,its wat]s are di/ribut$ by canals ?r\gh e qu>t] ( ,hang-*eu1 s t _m bridges are necess>y4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,m>co ,polo made visits to ,hang-*eu 7:i* he describ$ z ,k9-sai1 or ! 8cele/ial city071 bridges ov] ! canals 7 s frequ5t t popul> op9ion1 glad to %[ (f an ,ori5tal exagg]ation1 decl>$ _! numb] to be twelve ?\s&1 ?\gh a c5sus _h n be5 tak54 8,^? :i* are ?r[n ov] ! pr9cipal canals10 says ,polo1 8& are connect$ ) ! ma9 /reets1 h ar*es s high1 & built ) s mu* skill1 t vessels ) _! ma/s c pass "u !m1 :il/1 at ! same "t1 c>ts & horses are pass+ ov] _! heads1--s well is ! slope f ! /reets adapt$ to ! height ( ! ar*40 ,& ano!r e>ly travell]1 ,p4 ,le ,comte1 ) graphic brevity1 writes z foll[s ( ! gr& canal3 8,outre ces digues1 on a ba/i une inf9it de ponts p\r la communication des t]res3 ils sont de trois1 de c9q1 et de sept ar*es2 celle du milieu e/ extraord9airem5t haute1 af9 que les b>ques en passant ne soi5t pas obliges d'abaiss] leurs ma/s0 78,n\v4 ,mm4 de la ,*9e10 ,tom4 #a1 p4 #afa74 ,!re is also a description writt5 by ,b>r[1 :o visit$ ,hang-*eu be=e #ahcj1 & ^: te/imony confirms t ( mu* e>li] travell]s4 ,b>r[ 0 impress$ by 8a great v>iety ( bridges0 t spann$ mo/ ( ! canals4 ,"s _h 8pi]s ( su* an extraord9>y height1 t ! l>ge/ vessels1 ( two hundr$ tons1 sail$ "u !m )\t /rik+ _! ma/s40 ,la/ ( all1 9 rec5t photographs ! /one bridges ( ,*9a are /eep :5ev] !y are built ) ar*es1 s we c foll[ ! ,*9ese gabl$ bridge f our own "t to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y came into use p>tly because !y 7 conv5i5t to %ipp+1 & p>tly because !y c\ld be erect$ f l[ embankm5ts4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,/eep ,,roman ,,bridges ,"y ponti/s are always eag] to "k :e!r ! ,romans built gabl$ bridges1 sett+ an example bo? to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,we/4 ,on ?is topic !re is little evid5ce1 = mo/ ( ! ,roman bridges 7 built ( timb]4 ,at ,rim9i1 9 ! fam\s bridge ( ,augu/us1 !re is an asc5t at ea* end ov] ! abutm5t1 & at ,alcant>illa1 ne> ,utr]a1 9 ,&alusia1 ! ,roman bridge may be describ$ z hog-back$4 ,x crosses ! ,salado1 a tribut>y ( ! ,guadalquivir4 ,rec5tly ,mr4 ,edg> ,wigram visit$ ,alcant>illa1 & he writes to me z foll[s3-- 8,! ,roman bridge !re is mo/ int]e/+1 almo/ unt\*$ by re/oration1 yet x rema9s s]viceable4 ,x is a hog-back$ /ructure ( two ar*es1 ea* ab\t ?irty-five feet 9 span2 ! wid? betwe5 ! p>apets may be fifte5 feet1 b a sw>m ( bees happ5$ to be m]ry on ! bridge1 s ,i did n try to take accurate measurem5ts4 ,! v\ssoirs & sp&rils are ( /one ) hamm]-dress$ faces1 :ile ! s(fits are =m$ ) w$ge-%ap$ blocks ( concrete1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( brick is f\nd 9 ! pi]s4 ,along ! riv] on "o side are rema9s ( an embankm5t4 ,a t[] /&s at "o end ( ! bridge1 plac$ c5trally to x1 s ! road has to make a d\ble turn to pass4 ,"o wall ( ! t[] is de/roy$1 b ! o!r ?ree are /ill ab\t half _! orig9al height4 ,! l[] c\rses are ( big /one blocks1 :ile ! upp] "p ( ! faces are fill$ 9 ) #8tapia' concrete2 ! angles 7or at lea/ ! two :i* /ill rema9 intact7 are groov$ ) a que] circul> recess "s twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,:at purpose ^! grooves c h s]v$ ,i d n "k4 ,!y look z if !y may h be5 int5d$ to accommodate ! h+e-po/s ( gates2 b a gate hung 9 !m w\ld h>dly sw+ ?r\gh n9ety degrees4 ,if a second t[] ev] exi/$1 its f\ndations d n appe> above gr\nd-level4 ,at ,crdova !re is only "o t[]1 & x /&s 9 a v simil> position4 ,by analogy1 !n1 we may suppose t a second t[] 0 n built at ,alcant>illa2 yet ! groov$ angles seem to require a correspond+ t[] ) correspond+ grooves1 if gates 7 ev] swung f !m4 ,p]haps ! grooves =m$ pivots = "s sort ( def5sive eng9e1 su* z ! #8iron h&' ( ,ar*im$es1 :i* seems to h be5 "s sort ( great grappl+ crane4 ,! angles ( a t[] w\ld be fit places to plant a weapon ( ?is description2 b we ne$ help f an exp]t 9 anci5t milit>y eng9e]+40 ,,index ,,& ,,gloss>y ,,index ,,& ,,gloss>y ,,abbas ,,ii1 ,%ah ( ,p]sia1 #afda-ff2 ! ,pul-i-,khaju at ,isfahan dates f 8 "t1 #bae4 ,,abbot',s ,,bridge1 ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 its ecclesia/ical workman%ip & its d\ble r+ ( v\ssoirs1 #cje footnote4 ,,ab]y/wy?1 ,s\? ,wales1 ! ,devil's ,bridge at1 ov] ! ,afon ,myna*1 its old leg5d1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh4 ,,ab+don ,,bridge1 ,ballad (1 by ,ri*>d ,fann&e ,iremong]1 dat$ #adeh1 its value to ponti/s1 #bjh1 #bea-b4 ,,abutm5t ,,pi]s1 ^! are s /rong t !y act z abutm5ts1 & h5ce ! loss ( "o ar* does n ov]?r[ ano!r by )draw+ a c\nt]balanc+ ?ru/ f "o side ( a pi]4 ,p]ronet says3 8,! pi]s ( bridges ought to be consid]$ ei!r z p]=m+ ! duty ( abutm5ts1 or z reliev$ ( ?is duty by ! c\nt]action ( ! collat]al ar*es1 ?r\gh :i* ! ?ru/ is c>ri$ f abutm5t to abutm5t ( ! bridge4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 pi]s %\ld resi/ lat]al pressure z capably z ! abutm5ts !mselves1 t !y may )/& ! side ?ru/ ( ! ar*-/ones :i* t5ds to ov]turn !m1 & :i* increases by s mu* ! m z ! ar*es are flatt] & ! pi]s l(ti]4 ,9 ! second case1 ! pi]s mu/ h sub/ance en\gh to c>ry ! weight ( ! two half ar*es rais$ ^u ! two sides ( ea* pi] respectively10 toge!r ) ^? p>ts ( ! upp] works t lie ov] ea* pi]4 ,roman pi]s are abutm5ts also1 z a rule1 _! ?ickness rang+ f a half to a ?ird ( ! spaces betwe5 !m2 ! effect ( ?is great bulk bo? on ! curr5t ( riv]s & on ,roman bridge-build+ is describ$ on page #bhd4 ,a great _m bridges ( ! ,middle ,ages _h abutm5t pi]s1 b 9 _m cases !y 7 dams r ?an bridges2 ! pi]s occupi$ f> too mu* space 9 ! wat]ways & caus$ t]rible floods l ^? t happ5$ at ,lyons 9 ! w9t] ( #ahci-dj4 ,old ,london ,bridge 0 a p]=at$ dam 7p4 #bbj72 & aft] h] removal 9 #ahca-b1 an improvem5t 0 not$ 9 ! dra9age1 & consequ5tly 9 ! heal?9ess1 ( all ! l[] p>ts ( ,london above bridge4 ,s abutm5t pi]s1 :5 !y are ei!r too ?ick or too num]\s1 are social evils4 ,?is fact 0 recognis$ by bridgem5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 "s dim9ution took place 9 ! relative proportion ( ! pi]s ( bridges to ! spans ( ar*es2 & little by little a new r\t9e came into vogue & displac$ ! abutm5t pi] f all s]vice4 ,"h 0 ano!r social evil1 = long ar*$ bridges ) no abutm5t pi]s 7 unmilit>y1 & !re=e at odds ) ! /rategy ( national def5ce4 ,n an ar* c\ld be cut )\t endang]+ its neighb\r+ ar*es4 ,gabriel & ,p]ronet1 aft] consid]+ ?is fact1 wi%$ abutm5t pi]s to be reviv$ 9 a discreetly effective mann] 7footnote p4 #cch71 b _! excell5t advice 0 n foll[$4 ,def5celess bridges became fa%ionable ev]y:]e1 ?\gh !y add$ innum]able anxieties to ! p]ils ( milit>y w>4 ,! ,val5tr ,bridge at ,cahors %\ld be /udi$ z ! be/ example ( a m$ival battle-bridge1 b ! abutm5t pi]s might h be5 improv$1 #bhc-d4 ,to-day a new era 9 bridge-build+ is h]ald$ by rapid improvem5ts 9 air%ips & a]oplanes2 !re %\ld be a congress ( ar*itects & eng9e]s to discuss ! urg5t que/ions ( national def5ce t ! pi]s & footways ( bridges br+ be=e our common s5se1 #cce1 #ceh4 ,,abutm5ts1 ! end supports ( a bridge4 ,,abydos1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t cities ( ,upp] ,egypt2 an e>ly ar* !re 9 ! temple ( ,rameses ,,ii1 #aee4 ,,ac>nania1 ! mo/ we/]ly prov9ce ( anci5t ,greece2 e>ly examples ( ! semicircul> ar*1 #afj4 ,,accid5ts1 ,,!1 ,,( ,,civilization1 !y claim z _m lives 9 a c5tury z d ! casualties on /rick5 fields1 #cd footnote4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,old ,,london ,,bridge1 #bah4 ,,adam ,,( ,,evolution1 ,,!1 _h s5se en\gh probably to lay a flat /one f bank to bank ( a deep rivulet1 #fj2 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 #aae-af2 8 "*1 #aaf1 #aag2 8 attitude to tree-bridges1 #aaf2 & to sev]al o!r bridges made by ,nature1 #aah-ai4 ,,addy1 ,,sidney ,o41 8 book on 8,! ,evolution ( ! ,engli% ,h\se10 #aci footnote4 ,,adrian ,,iv1 ,pope1 sanction$ 9 #aaef ! build+ ( a *apel on ! ,roman bridge ov] ! ,vid\rle at ,pont ,ambroise 9 ,france1 #hb4 ,,lius1 ,,pons1 built by ,hadrian 9 ,a4,d4 #ac1 #aid1 #cbd4 ,,a]oplanes1 9 _! relation to bridge-build+ & national def5ce1 vii1 viii1 #ei1 #cce1 #ceh4 ,,african ,,natives1 _! tree-bridges & _! want ( initiative1 #abc1 #adh4 ,,afon ,,myna*1 ! cat>act 9 ,s\? ,wales1 #fg4 ,,ag[e ,,di/rict1 ,equatorial ,c5tral ,africa1 a primitive susp5sion bridge p>tly made ) v ?ick v9es1 #adh4 ,,agrippa1 son-9-law ( ,augu/us ,cs>1 ! reput$ f\nd] ( ! ,pont du ,g>d1 ab\t #ai ye>s ,b4,c41 #agd4 ,,airm5 ,,sc\ts1 _! relations to future w>s1 #cce1 #ceh4 ,,air%ips1 _! influ5ce on bridge-build+ & on national def5ce1 vii1 viii1 #ei1 #cce1 #ceh4 ,,airvault1 ,,deux-,s,,vres1 ,le ,pont de ,v]nay1 a fam\s bridge ) ribb$ ar*es1 ,fr5* ,romanesque ,p]iod1 ,twelf? ,c5tury2 ,see ! col\r plate fac+ page #if2 & ! rem>ks on ribb$ ar*es1 #ic-ajj4 ,,alam]i1 ,,halaf1 a fam\s bridge-build] 9 ,spa91 #bhf-g4 ,,alb>rac91 9 ,aragon1 its timb] bridge ) /one pi]s1 #bge4 ,,albi ,,bridge ov] ! ,t>n1 fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( po9t$ ar*es1 #hd1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib2 ,see also ! illu/rations fac+ pages #gb & #ib4 ,,albi1 ,railway ,bridge at1 see ! col\r plate fac+ page #h4 ,,alc,,nt>a1 9 ,spa91 & ! ,pu5te ,trajan ov] ! ,tagus2 a wond]ful ,roman bridge1 #f1 #af1 #aec1 #ahc et seq41 #bab1 #cba4 ,,alc,,nt>a at ,tol$o1 a fam\s old w>-bridge1 #bhe-g2 & see ! two col\r pr9ts fac+ pages #cb & #bhd4 ,,alcant>illa1 9 ,spa91 its mo/ int]e/+ ,roman w>-bridge1 #cj1 #ahb1 & #cfg-h4 ,,aldeguela1 ,,jos ,,m>t91 a great ,spani% bridge-build] ( ! #ah? c5tury1 #bhj footnote4 ,,ald]%ot1 its vuln]able bridges on a s+le-l9e railway t runs t[>d ,s\?ampton1 #ccf footnote4 ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great1 8 possible influ5ce on bridge-build+ 9 ,india1 #bgb4 ,,alex&r9e ,,aqu$uct1 ! decoration ( its wall surfaces ) col\r$ tufa arrang$ 9 geometrical patt]ns1 #aij4 ,,alg]ia1 ,pont ,sidi ,ra*$ at ,con/ant9e1 built betwe5 #aijh & #aiab1 #ec4 ,,ali ,,v]di ,,khan1 ! ,bridge (1 at ,isfahan 9 ,p]sia1 ov] ! ,z5deh ,rud1 #bab1 #bfh-gj4 ,,allbutt1 ,,sir ,,clif=d1 on ! immaturity ( mod]n sci5ce1 #g4 ,,all5',s 8,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty ( ,york10 #bdc footnote4 ,,alonso ,,( ,,spa91 9 #abeh1 repair$ ! ,alcnt>a at ,tol$o1 #bhg4 ,,altamira ,,cav]n1 ne> ,sant&]1 its prehi/oric art relics1 #fb4 ,,ambroise1 ,,pont1 ov] ! ,vid\rle1 a ,roman bridge1 n[ a ru91 #hb1 #agg4 ,,am]ica1 ,,s\?1 primitive bridges !re1 z describ$ by ,don ,antonio de ,ulloa1 #ace1 #adf-g4 ,,am]ica1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,(1 _! timb] bridges1 #adb-c2 _! def5celess mod]n bridges1 #ceb-d4 ,,ammanati1 ,,b>tolomeo1 ,flor5t9e ar*itect ( ! #af? c5tury1 8 great bridge ov] ! ,arno1 #bbb1 #caf-ag4 ,,am/]dam1 ! ,hoogesluis at1 a /rumpet ( a bridge1 #cbc4 ,,ang]s1 a susp5sion bridge at1 h[ x gave way :5 soldi]s 7 pass+ across x1 #add footnote4 ,,an*orage ,,( ,,*a9 ,,bridges1 at ,auhsi5 9 ,*9a1 #cdf-g4 ,,ancus ,,m>cius1 & ! ,pons ,sublicius1 #fd1 #adj4 ,,angell1 ,,norman1 a firm believ] 9 ! illusion call$ peace1 #cea4 ,,angelo1 ,,ponte ,,sant'1 at ,rome1 anci5tly ! ,pons lius1 #aid1 #cbd4 ,,anio ,,vetus1 ,roman ,aqu$uct1 its great height1 #aij4 ,,antiqu>ies1 _! alo(ness f public int]e/s1 #i1 #aa2 v (t5 !y mi/ake facts = tru?s1 #i-aa2 _! p$antry & its results1 #aa2 _! attitude to ! ,clapp] ,bridges ov] ,d>tmoor riv]s1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,,antiqu>y1 an old1 8 bad advice to "y ponti/s1 #h-aj4 ,,antonio ,,da ,,ponte1 9 #aehh1 began to erect ! ,rialto1 #bab4 ,,ants1 _! intellig5ce1 #aaj2 !y bore tunnels "u wat] & make bridges ov] runn+ /reams1 #abb2 ! f]tility ( _! m9ute c]ebral ganglia contra/$ ) ! dullness ( ! av]age human bra91 #bci-dj4 ,,apa?y1 ,,briti%1 9 matt]s ( national def5ce1 #ae1 #af1 #cc footnote1 #ccf footnote1 #cej1 #cea1 #cee1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,,apollodorus ,,( ,,damascus1 great ,roman bridge-build]1 #abi-cj1 #aca1 #cdd4 ,,app5zell1 ,canton (1 ! bir?place ( ,ulric & ,jean ,grub5mann1 #ada4 ,,aqu$ucts1 ,,roman1 ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #hc1 #afg-ge1 #cba2 at ,lyon1 #agf1 #bac2 at ,luynes & ,frjus1 #agf2 ! ,m>cian ,aqu$uct1 #ahi footnote2 ,n]o's ,aqu$uct1 #ahi2 ! ,alex&r9e1 #aij2 ,anio ,vetus1 #aij2 at ,m9turn1 #aij2 ,t>ragona1 #ahi2 ,segvia1 #ahc-d1 #ahi1 #aij2 see also ! illu/ration fac+ page #ahd2 ,smyrna1 #afe2 numb] ( aqu$ucts at ,rome 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 #ahi footnote2 ,sextus ,julius ,front9us1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,aqu$ucts at ,rome1 wrote1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our ,era1 a treatise on ,roman aqu$ucts1 #ahi footnote4 ,,aquita9e1 ,,duke ,,(1 ,william ! ,great1 8 attitude to ! collection ( tolls on bridges1 #bdj4 ,,arabian ,,ar*es1 _! %apes are ( ?ree sorts1 ! horse%oe1 ! semicircul>1 & ! po9t$4 ,(t5 !y are enri*$ by a sort ( fea!r+ or foliation ar\nd ! ar*1 & ?is ornam5t is closely ak9 to ,go?ic "w1 :i* x prec$$ by a consid]able "t4 ,! ,arabian /yle1 kn[n also z ,s>ac5ic & ,moori%1 is a fanciful composition 9 :i* details f ,egypt & ,greece & ,rome are alembicat$ ) 8! light fanta/ic lattice-"w ( ! ,p]sians40 ,to-day we f9d its graceful influ5ce 9 ! greate/ bridges at ,isfahan1 #bac1 & also 9 mu* ,spani% "w1 #bh-i1 #bhe-f1 #bhh4 ,"s writ]s believe t po9t$ ar*es 7 inv5t$ by ! ,arabs1 yet !y 7 built 9 ,egypt dur+ ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 #aee-f1 & also by ! ,babylonians1 #bge footnote4 ,! ,s>ac5ic po9t$ ar* 0 a =]unn] ( ! ,go?ic po9t$ /yle1 & x became famili> to ! ,crusad]s1 #hf-ic2 b we mu/ draw a wide di/9ction betwe5 ! po9t$ ar* & ! po9t$ ,go?ic /yle4 ,arabian ar*itects did n a*ieve an upw>d flight & rhy?m ak9 to ! v]tical pr9ciple ( inspir$ ,go?ic2 _! build+s pres]v$ ! horizontal l9e :i* gave & gives "* to classical traditions1 #aeb1 #aec1 #ccf4 ,if1 !n1 ! po9t$ ar* 9 ,europe 0 borr[$ f ,arabian ar*itects1 z _m antiqu>ies believe1 #hh1 x pass$ ?r\gh a great trans=mation 9 te*nical s5tim5t1 & became an orig9al inspiration4 ,,aragon1 #bge4 ,,arcades cut transv]sely ?r\gh ! pi]s ( ! ru9$ ,roman aqu$uct at ,lyon1 #bac2 & also 9 ! two greate/ bridges at ,isfahan1 #bad1 #bae1 #bgj4 ,,arcades1 ,,cov]$1 9 ! be/ bridges at ,isfahan1 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! out] walls f "o end to ! o!r1 #bad1 #bae1 #bfi4 ,,arc ,,de ,,/4 ,b,n,,zet1 9 ! ,bridge ( ,avignon1 #ha2 its elliptical %ape _h a =]unn] 9 ! vault ( ,*osroes' great hall at ,selucia-,ctesiphon1 :i* may h be5 d]iv$ f ,babylonian tradition1 #bge footnote2 !re is ev5 a ,roman />t+-po9t = ,bnzet's ar*1 #aif4 ,,arc ,,de ,,triomphe1 ,*9ese1 #cae2 ,roman1 #agf-g1 #ahc4 ,,ar*,,ology1 ,,prehi/oric1 :y x is tiresome to mo/ p1 #aai-bj4 ,,ar*]y1 ,,e>ly ,,engli%1 ! ,conscription (1 h[ its legal /atutes 7 imp]ill$ by trade 8r+s10 #di2 "s ,elizabe?ans want$ to see a revival ( ! ar*]y /atutes1 #ccc4 ,,ar*es made by ,nature1 ! ,pont d',arc at ,ard*e1 #f1 #hh1 #aej2 ! ,rock ,bridge 9 ,virg9ia1 #f2 ! ,durdle ,door at ,lulwor?1 #aea2 ,la ,ro*e ,p]ce at ,bi>ritz1 #aea2 ,la ,ro*e ,tr\e1 ne> ,sa9t-,gilles ,croix-de-,vie1 #aea2 at ,icononzo1 9 ,new ,gr5ada1 #aea2 ,lyd/ep ,ar* on ! coa/ ( ,pembroke1 #aej footnote2 on ! =mation ( natural ar*es1 #aea-b2 h[ ^! ar*es 7 copi$ by mank9d1 #f1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg2 _! significance1 #aeb-d4 ,,ar*es made by ,man1 ^? copi$ or adapt$ f ,nature's models1 #f1 #aec-g2 _! significance1 #aeb-d2 ! symbolism ( ar*es1 #aed2 ar*es 9 art are m sugge/ive ?an circles1 #aed-e2 9 "s ar*es ! vaults are built ) p>allel b&s ( /one1 ,roman examples1 #hb1 #hc1 #agd2 m$ival example1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc2 ar*es made ) criss-cross pi]s ( timb]1 ,gauli%1 #gj1 #ga2 9 ,ka%mr1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc2 9 ,nor? ,russia1 #gc2 cycloid ar*es1 9 ,ammanati's bridge1 #bbb1 #caf-ag2 elliptical ar*es1 ,/4 ,bnzet's1 #ha2 9 ,*osroes' great hall at ,selucia-,ctesiphon1 #bge footnote2 extra-doss$ ar*es1 ,roman & m$ival1 #bhb-c2 po9t$ ar*es1 e>ly ,egyptian1 #aee-f2 ,babylonian1 #bge footnote2 e>ly ,european1 #hf-ic2 semicircul> ar*es1 ,babylonian1 #bge footnote2 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #afj2 9 ,ac>nania1 #afj2 among ! ,etruscans1 #afj2 9 ,anci5t ,rome1 #afa-d2 transv]se ar*es cut ?r\gh ! pi]s ( bridges1 #bac1 #bad1 #bgj4 ,,ar*itects1 great ne$ ( _! influ5ce 9 to-day's bridge-build+1 #ceg2 & also 9 ! "w ( ,briti% highway bo>ds1 #dc4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,arabian1 see 8,arabian ,ar*es40 ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,birds1 #aab2 ! use ( mud 9 ! build+ ( walls probably copi$ f birds1 #aaa4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,greek1 #aeb1 #aeg-i2 lov]s ( ,greek ar*itecture are ov]apt to und]value ! ,roman g5ius1 #afg-h4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,roman1 see ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,ar*/ones1 or v\ssoirs1 !y =m ! compress$ arc ( mat]ials call$ ! r+2 9 "s bridges !y are laid 9 two or ?ree sets1 =m+ ei!r a d\ble or a triple r+1 #cje footnote4 ,! e>lie/ ar*/ones 7 arrang$ 9 horizontal c\rses1 #f2 z 9 ! temple ( ,rameses ,,ii at ,abydos1 #aee2 9 ! ,porta dell' ,arco at ,arp9o1 #aef-g2 & ! ,lion ,gate at ,myc5ae2 b at ,gizeh1 9 ! great pyramid ( ,m5kaura1 !re is a v>iation f ?is horizontal me?od1 #aef2 ,"s ,*9ese bridges h ar*es built )\t key/ones1 #cac-ad2 ! r+s be+ con/ruct$ ) a few segm5tal /ones f five to t5 feet long1 #cad2 ,! ,romans extrados$ _! ar*/ones1 z 9 _! bridge at ,n>ni1 #bd2 & ?is excell5t practice 0 foll[$ (t5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #bhb-c2 ,! ,romans1 aga91 m (t5 ?an n1 b$d$ _! ar*/ones dry1 )\t mort> or cem5t1 z 9 mo/ ( ! ar*es 9 ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #age footnote2 b feebl] masons h fail$ to copy ) success ?is ,roman me?od1 notably 9 ! re/oration ( ! va/ ,roman aqu$uct at ,segvia1 #ahd2 & rec5tly ,spani% workm51 aft] rebuild+ an ar* ( ! ,pu5te ,trajan at ,alcnt>a1 po9t$ ! jo9ts ( ! :ole bridge 9 ord] to br+ ! ma/]piece into keep+ ) _! own weakness1 #ahf-g4 ,9 a few ,engli% bridges ! ar*/ones are m\ld$ l *ur* w9d[s & doorways2 examples1 ,cr[l&1 #cjd-e2 & ! ,abbot's ,bridge at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 #cje footnote4 ,,arda%ir1 ( ,p]sian hi/ory1 #bjb4 ,,ard,,*e1 9 ,france1 ! ,pont d',arc at1 a natural ar*$ bridge1 #f1 #hi4 ,,argum5ts1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ,d>tmoor ,clapp] ,bridges1 #ajj-e2 conc]n+ ! introduction ( po9t$ ar*es into ,fr5* bridges1 #hd-ic2 conc]n+ ! introduction ( ribb$ ar*es into ,engli% bridges1 #ic-ajj2 to excuse ! evolution f milit>y bridges into def5celess bridges1 #ccd2 to prove t e sort ( /rife is a phase ( w>1 vii1 & section ii1 ,*apt] ,i1 pp4 #ad-eb4 ,,armada ,,p]iod1 ,,!1 ,spani% cannon belong+ to x us$ 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 #ccd4 ,,arp9o1 9 ,campania1 its ,porta dell' ,arco1 an anci5t gate ) a po9t$ ar* belong+ to ! s-call$ ,cyclopean /yle1 #aef-g4 ,,arquebuse1 & ! sl[ developm5t ( h&-guns1 #ccc4 ,,art ,,criticism1 ,,engli%1 its defects1 #afh4 ,,artificial ,,light ,,& ,,heat1 ! fir/ mission>ies1 #eh4 ,,arti/s1 we ne$ _! help 9 bridge-build+1 #ceg-h4 ,,ascoli-,,pic5o1 & h] bridges1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,,a%=d ,,bridge1 ,d]by%ire1 ! /ump ( its m$ival cross de/roy$ by p>apet repairs1 #bcj4 ,,asia ,,m9or1 e>ly semicircul> ar*es h be5 discov]$ !re1 #afj4 ,,askeaton ,,bridge1 its milit>y "* illu/rat$ 9 ! 8,pacata ,hib]nia10 #bfj4 ,,atreus1 ,,! ,,treasury ,,(1 at ,myc5ae1 its dom$ & circul> *amb]1 #aeh-i4 ,,augu/us1 ,,bridge ,,(1 at ,rim9i1 #hb1 #aii1 #bbj4 ,,augu/us ,c,,s>1 ! bridge at ,n>ni belongs to 8 "t1 #bc4 ,,auhsi51 9 ,we/]n ,*9a1 an iron sw+ bridge is f\nd !re1 #cde-f4 ,,aurelius1 ,,pons1 ano!r "n = ! ,janicul9e bridge 9 anci5t ,rome1 #aig4 ,,aviation1 see 8,air%ips0 & 8,a]oplanes40 ,,avignon1 h] fam\s bridge built by ,/4 ,bnzet4 ,see 8,bnzet40 ,,babylon1 "s ( h] anci5t bridges1 #abg2 ! great bridge built by ,semiramis1 #bgc-d2 ,babylonian ar*es1 semicircul>1 po9t$1 & ev5 elliptical1 #bge footnote4 ,,babylonian ,,bridges ,,& ,,ar*es1 #abg1 #bgc-d1 #bge4 ,,bad ,,decoration ,,9 ,,bridges1 #cbj-h2 ,m4 ,de ,d>te91 8 books & views1 #cai-bj2 see also "u 8,eng9e]s1 ,mod]n40 ,,bakewell ,,bridge1 its ribb$ ar*es1 #id4 ,b,,le1 ! old bridge at1 ov] ! ,rh9e1 #cjf-g4 ,,ballad ,,( ,,ab+don ,,bridge1 its value to ponti/s1 #bjh1 #bea-b4 ,,banb]y1 a sup]9t5d5t ( ! workm5 :5 ,ab+don ,bridge 0 built by *>ity1 #beb4 ,,bamboo ,,bridges 9 ,we/]n ,*9a1 #cdh2 & 9 ,sumatra1 #bia4 ,,bamboo ,,rope1 h[ x has long be5 made 9 ,*9a1 #cdh footnote4 ,,b&-,i-,,mizan1 ,,!1 a fam\s ,dike at ,%u%t] 9 ,p]sia1 #bjb1 #bjd4 ,,b&its1 9 m$ival ,engl&1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,,b>acconi1 quot+ f ,sextus ,pompeius ,fe/us1 proves t 9 v e>ly times human victims 7 ?r[n into ! ,tib]1 #fd4 ,,b>amula1 9 ,ka%mr1 its f9e bridge ) criss-cross pi]s1 #gc4 ,,b>b]1 ,,ge(frey1 contribut$ a ?\s& m>ks to ! build+ ( ,ab+don ,bridge1 #beb4 ,,b>d5 ,,bridge1 9 ,:>f$ale1 its angul> pi]-%elt]s = foot-pass5g]s1 #beh footnote4 ,,b>+-,,g\ld1 ,s41 on ! ,devil's ,bridge1 twelve miles f ,ab]y/wy?1 #ff-i2 on sacrifices anci5tly (f]$ to ! ,spirits ( ,evil1 #fh2 on ,d>tmoor bridges1 #ajc2 m5tions "s ( ! ar*$ entrances to caves on ! coa/ ( ,pembroke1 #aej footnote4 ,,b>k+1 ,,abbess ,,(1 ! tru/ee ( ,que5 ,ma?ilda's end[m5t ( ,old ,b[ ,bridge1 twelf? c5tury1 #ih4 ,,b>n>d ,,ca/le ,,bridge1 a *apel us$ to grace x1 #bca2 see also ! col\r plate fac+ page #bcb4 ,,b>ons1 ,,lawless1 9 ,m$ival ,engl&1 #bjg footnote4 ,,b>r[1 ,engli% travell] 9 ,*9a1 8 rem>ks on "s ,*9ese ar*es1 #cac-ad2 & on ! bridges ( ,hang-,*eu1 #cfe-f4 ,,b>r[s1 ,,long1 ,prehi/oric1 #aci4 ,,b>ry1 ,e4 ,m41 ,r4,a41 prote/$ en]getically aga9/ ! bad ta/e %[n by mod]n eng9e]s 9 bridge-build+1 #gg-h4 ,,b>!lasse ,,isl&1 & ! ,bridge ( ,avignon1 #bcg4 ,,b>tolommeo1 ,,ponte ,s41 ano!r "n = ! ,pons ,ce/ius1 accord+ to ,palladio1 #aif4 ,,basl[ ,,bridge1 its ribb$ ar*es1 #ic2 & its %elt]-places = pass5g]s1 #beh footnote4 ,,ba?1 ,william ,pult5ey's ,bridge at1 #bba4 ,,battle ,,bridges1 see 8,w>-,bridges40 ,,battle1 ,,law ,,(1 vii1 #d2 its relation to roads & bridges1 see sections i & ii ( ,*apt] ,i2 p]man5t among ! l[] animals1 #ag1 #ah2 p]haps x may become less tr\blesome among m51 #ah1 #ai2 its action 9 ! rise & fall ( civilizations1 #bb1 #bc2 its rule 9 civil life is inf]ior to ,nature's beautiful ord] 9 h] cellul> commonweal?s1 #ai1 #be1 #dj-c2 yet s5tim5tali/s believe 9 ! illusion call$ peace & d inf9ite h>m by _! cant+ ho/ility to national def5ce1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cea1 #cfj-a2 see also ! la/ *apt] on ! evolution ( un=tifi$ bridges4 ,,baud\91 ! ,elector1 9 #acdd1 built ! ,moselle ,bridge at ,cobl5tz1 #bfj4 ,,bav>ia1 bridge ov] ! ,ma9 at ,wrzburg1 #bei-fj4 ,,beaucaire1 ,,pont ,,de1 a great susp5sion bridge1 #cdd-e4 ,,beav]s1 _! great intellig5ce1 #aaj2 mu* human "w 9 bridge-build+ has %[n less intellig5ce ?an t :i* we f9d 9 ! beav]'s conte/s aga9/ runn+ wat]1 #aca4 ,,beck]1 8 views on ! bridges 9 anci5t ,rome1 #aic4 ,,becket1 ,,/4 ,,?omas 1 ! ,go?ic *apel on ,old ,london ,bridge 0 d$icat$ to him1 #baf4 ,,b$does1 ,,mr4 ,,?omas1 travell] & trad] 9 ,equatorial ,c5tral ,africa1 8 rem>ks on tree-bridges made by ! natives1 #abc2 & on o!r primitive bridges1 #adh-i4 ,,b$=d ,,bridge1 h] old *apel1 n[ de/roy$1 #bca4 ,,beehive ,,tombs at ,myc5ae1 #aeh-i4 ,,bees1 _! intellig5ce1 #aaj4 ,,beff>a1 a ,fr5* ar*itect1 9 #ageb builds a v rem>kable bridge ne> ,ardres1 9 ! ,pas-de-,calais1 #cje-f4 ,,belgium1 ! ,jeanne d',arc ( nations1 #cd footnote2 h] old ba/ille bridges1 #bhi-ia4 ,,belle ,,croix1 ,,!1 =m]ly on ! old bridge at ,orlans1 #bdf-g4 ,,b5$ict ,,xiii1 expell$ f ,avignon1 #bci4 ,b,n,,zet1 ,,sa9t1 8 bridge at ,avignon4 ,frontispiece1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #bcf-i2 p>allel b&s ( /one 9 ! vaults ( ! ar*es1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc2 p]haps ,bnzet _h "s correspond5ce ) ,pet] ,cole*ur*1 :o began ,old ,london ,bridge1 #bag2 ! l9e ( 8 bridge made an elb[ po9t+ up/ream1 #bcg1 #big2 9 a bird's-eye view ! design looks l a bridge ( boats1 #bfb1 #big2 ,bnzet di$ be=e 8 "w 0 f9i%$1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! *apel on 8 bridge1 #bcf2 see also ! footnote on #bhj4 ,b,,rang]1 ,,*>les1 ,fr5* publi%]1 8 excell5t books on bridges1 #cah-ai4 ,,b]mudez1 ,,cean1 quot$ by ,george ,edmund ,/reet1 #bhf4 ,,b]n9i1 ,,giovanni ,l4 7#aeih-afhj71 8 sculpture = ! ,ponte ,sant' ,angelo 9 ,rome1 #aie2 ?is sculpture is a burd5 to ! bridge r ?an a beauty to x1 #cbd4 ,,b]wick-,,on-,,twe$1 its m$ival bridge fell _m times1 #di4 ,,besillis1 ,,sir ,,p]is1 helps to build ! bridge at ,ab+don1 #beb4 ,b,,zi]s1 its twelf?-c5tury bridge1 #ib4 ,,bhutan1 ,india1 its primitive timb] bridges ) def5sive gateways1 #gc1 #bgb-c4 ,,bide=d ,,bridge1 =m]ly x 0 grac$ ) a *apel1 #bca2 its tw5ty ar*es 7 built 9 ! #ad? c5tury ) help f indulg5ces sanction$ by ,gr&ison1 ,bi%op ( ,exet]1 #cje footnote4 ,,bi%op',s ,,bridge1 ,norwi*1 has a d\ble ar* r+1 #cje4 ,,blasphem]s 7 duck$ 9 ! ,t>n f ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban1 #bef4 ,,bludget1 an ,am]ican eng9e]1 takes h9ts f ! bro!rs ,grub5mann1 #adb4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,trade1 ,london1 its report on ! ,tay ,bridge ,disa/]1 #cdj4 ,,boats ought to be add$ to ! rem>ks on page #eh1 or to ! fir/ section ( ! second *apt] 7pp4 #aji-ab71 = primitive man got 8 fir/ boats f ,nature4 ,! e>lie/ 7 float+ bran*es & trees on :i* m5 sat a/ride1 drift+ ) ! curr5t ( riv]s2 ! lat] 7 trees holl[$ out by decay1 :i* became models = dug-outs4 8,betwe5 ! primitive dug-out & a mod]n man-(-w> !re is1 app>5tly1 an impassable gulf2 b yet ! two are connect$ by an unbrok5 *a9 ( successive improvem5ts all regi/]+ great] effici5cy 9 me*anical skill4 ,ea* ( ^? int]m$iate increm5ts con/itutes a numb]$ mile/one 9 ! hi/ory & developm5t ( navigation40--,dr4 ,rob]t ,munro4 ,,boats1 ,,bridge ,,(1 at ,cologne1 #a4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,julius ,cs> frequ5tly made use ( boat-bridges1 & t ,x]xes1 f\r hundr$ & eighty ye>s be=e ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/1 made a bridge ( boats across ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! ,hellespont1 betwe5 ! anci5t cities ( ,se/us & ,abydus4 ,s ! boat-bridge at ,cologne1 l ! wood5 pontoon1 has an old & fasc9at+ l9eage1 yet a mod]n bridge 0 go+ to displace x :5 ! pres5t ,great ,w> began4 8,kultur0 cancels hi/ory4 ,,b(fiy1 ,,guill]mo1 ar*itect ( ! imm5se nave 9 ,g]ona ,ca!dral1 #bh4 ,,boiss]on1 on ! little riv] ,bnovie1 its disfigur$ ,roman bridge1 #agi4 ,,bokyns1 ,,john1 9 #adhc1 bequea!d ?ree & f\rp5ce to a *apel to be built on ,ro!rham ,bridge1 #bcc4 ,,books ,,on ,,bridges1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbj2 ,william ,hosk+1 #cag2 ,emil& ,gau!y's 8,trait de la ,con/ruction des ,ponts10 #abg2 ,colonel ,emy's 8,trait de l',art de la ,*>p5t]ie10 #adc footnote2 ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9's 8,bridges10 see 8,j5k902 ,e4 ,degr&'s 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie10 #hh4 ,,boo?s ,,or ,,%ops on ,*9ese bridges1 #baj footnote2 on ,european bridges1 #baj4 ,,bordeaux1 ,,pont ,,de1 its l5g? & its co/1 #cef4 ,,b\ghs1 ,,=k$1 9 primitive bridge-build+1 #ace1 #adh4 ,,b[] ,,birds1 ,au/ralian1 _! ar*itecture is a model to all primitive m51 #aab4 ,,brackets1 bel[ ! p>apet ( ! ,pont ,neuf at ,p>is1 #cba4 ,brackets are ornam5tal projections f ! face ( a wall1 to support /atues & o!r objects4 ,"s are adorn$ only ) m\ld+s1 :ile _m are c>v$ into angels1 or foliage1 or heads1 or animals4 ,p>k] says3 8,x is n always easy to di/+ui% a bracket f a corbel2 9 "s cases1 inde$1 "o "n is z correct z ! o!r40 ,see ,brangwyn's draw+ ( ! ,pont ,neuf fac+ page #cbj4 ,,brad=d-,,on-,,avon1 ,wilt%ire1 ! bridge !re has a t9y oratory1 #bca-b1 :i* 0 pr(an$ aft] ! ,re=mation1 becom+ a 8lock-up10 & !n a p[d] magaz9e1 #bcb4 ,! bridge has n9e ar*es2 ! two po9t$ ones unit+ ! oratory to ! bankside h ribb$ vaults1 & ! o!rs are r\nd-head$ ar*es ) d\ble r+s ( v\ssoirs1 #cje footnote4 ,orig9ally ! bridge 0 a n>r[ "o = packhorses1 b x 0 wid5$ 9 #afde1 or !reab\ts4 ,a hospital us$ to /& at "o end ( ! bridge1 & doles ( *>ity = x may h be5 collect$ 9 ! little place ( pray]4 ,lel& admir$ ?is bridge1 & not$ its n9e fair ar*es ( /one1 & a fair l>ge p>i% *ur* /&+ b5ea? ! bridge on ,avon ripe4 ,,bra91 ,,! ,,human1 its l>ge size & its infrequ5t greatness1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #bci-dj2 see also ! second *apt]4 ,,bran* ,,railway ,,l9es ov] /rategic riv]s1 !y are necess>y 9 national def5ce n[ t bridges may be damag$ s]i\sly ) bombs fall+ f air%ips & a]oplanes1 #cee-f4 ,,br&ry? ,,or ,,br&]e?1 a m$ival "n = a c(f]dam1 #bec1 & footnote4 ,,brangwyn1 ,,frank1 vi1 #f1 #ae1 #bc1 #bi1 #cd1 #gh1 #gi1 #ib1 #afj1 #afb1 #agi1 #aid1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bab1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bcf1 #bdg1 #bed1 #beh1 #bgb1 #bgi1 #bia1 #bii1 #cjg1 #cca2 see also ! ,li/s ( ,illu/rations4 ,,brecon1 its bridge has safety recesses built into ! pi]s f ! p>apet1 #beh footnote4 ,,brick ,,aqu$ucts1 ,roman1 #ahi-ij4 ,,brick ,,bridges1 ,p]sian1 #bfe-f1 #bgj2 ,european1 ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban1 f\rte5? c5tury1 #bee2 & ! cov]$ bridge ov] ! ,tic9o at ,pavia1 #cjh4 ,,bridge-,,build+1 ,roman1 #bf-cj2 see also ,*apt] ,,iii2 m$ival1 #bf-cj1 #cc-f1 #he-ajf1 #bfd2 see also 8,ballad ( ,ab+don ,bridge02 ,*9ese1 see 8,m>co ,polo02 ,p]sian1 see 8,kr$j10 8,khaju10 & 8,ali ,v]di ,khan02 ,primitive1 see 8,am]ica1 ,s\?10 8,b$does10 8,bhutan10 8,criss-,cross ,pi]s10 8,ka%mr10 8,kurdi/an10 & ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,bridge ,,built ,,) ,,ar*es1 its anatomy4 ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9 says3 8,an ar* may be ( /one1 brick1 wood1 or metal4 ,! olde/ ar*es are ( /one or brick4 ,!y diff] f metal & f wood5 ar*es1 inasmu* z ! compress$ arc ( mat]ials call$ ! r+ is built ( a numb] ( sep>ate pieces hav+ little or no cohesion4 ,ea* sep>ate /one us$ 9 build+ ! r+ has receiv$ ! "n ( v\ssoir1 or ar*/one4 ,! l[] surface ( ! r+ is call$ ! s(fit ( ! ar*4 ,! jo9ts1 or b$-jo9ts1 are ! surfaces sep>at+ ! v\ssoirs1 & are normal to ! s(fit4 ,a brick ar* is usually built 9 num]\s r+s1 s t x _c be conceiv$ z built ( v\ssoirs ) plane jo9ts pass+ /raight ?r\gh ! r+4 ,! b$-jo9ts ( a brick ar* may be consid]$ z /epp$ & int]lock$4 ,?is int]lock+ w affect ! /ability ( ! ar* only 9 ^? cases :]e "o v\ssoir t5ds to slip along its neighb\r4 ,! r+ spr+s f a c\rse ( /ones 9 ! abutm5ts1 call$ quo9s4 ,! plane ( dem>cation betwe5 ! r+ & ! abutm5t is call$ ! spr++ ( ! ar*4 ,! cr[n ( an ar* is ! summit ( ! r+4 ,! v\ssoirs at ! cr[n are call$ key/ones4 ,! haun*es ( an ar* are ! p>ts midway betwe5 ! spr++ & ! cr[n4 ,! upp] surface ( ! r+ is sometimes improp]ly call$ ! extrados1 & ! l[] surface is m prop]ly call$ ! intrados4 ,^! t]ms1 :5 prop]ly employ$1 h ref]5ce to a ma!matical !ory ( ! ar* little us$ by eng9e]s4 ,! walls :i* re/ ^u ! r+ along ! ar*1 & rise ei!r to ! p>apet or to ! roadway1 are call$ sp&rils4 ,!re are necess>ily two out] sp&rils =m+ ! faces ( a bridge2 !re may be "o or m inn] sp&rils4 ,! back+ ( an ar* is ! masonry above ! haun*es ( ! r+2 x is c>ri$ back betwe5 ! sp&rils to ! pi] or to ! abutm5t4 ,if ! back+ is n c>ri$ up to ! roadway1 z is seldom ! case1 ! r\gh mat]ial employ$ betwe5 ! back+ & ! roadway is call$ ! fill+4 ,! p>apet re/s on ! out] sp&rils40 ,,bridge ,,*apels ,,& ,,oratories1 #hb1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baf-ag1 #bah-ai1 #bbe-ci1 #bda-f1 #bef4 ,,bridge ,,crosses ,,& ,,crucifixes1 #if1 #bcj1 #bdf-g4 ,,bridge ,,decoration1 #aic-d1 #aie-f1 #bja1 #bae1 #bbg1 #bhf1 #cjd1 #cje1 #caa1 #cab1 #caf1 #cah-bh4 ,,bridge ,,fri>s1 or ,ponti/ ,bro!rs1 ! ,frres ,pontifes1 #ic1 #bcf1 #bif1 & footnote4 ,,bridg5or?1 =m]ly ! bridge !re _h a *apel1 #bca2 x has %elt]-places = foot-pass5g]s1 #beh footnote4 ,,bridges ,,) ,,wide ,,ar*$ ,,spans1 #cji-aj4 ,,bridge-,,wreck]s1 #ceb1 #cee4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! ,k+ ( ! ,belgians 9 ! pres5t ,great ,w> has us$ a cycli/ corps ( bridge-wreck]s1 ^: "w is describ$ 9 ! ,daily ,mail1 ,decemb] #ad1 #aiad1 page #d4 8,! cycli/s l$ ! way4 ,! explosives foll[$ 9 a c>4 ,! *>ge 0 fix$ to ! gird]s "u ! bridges1 an electric wire affix$1 y t\*$ a button & ! ne> span ( ! bridge 0 9 a mom5t no m ?an a gap4 ,_! greate/ a*ievem5t 444 0 a railway bridge betwe5 ,c\rtrai & ,aud5>de4 ,x ne$$ two *>ges40 ,! cycli/s reg>d$ _! "w z 8fun10 because no bridge 0 at all difficult to de/roy4 ,,brig ,,( ,,ayr1 #id4 ,,brig ,o' ,,doon1 #de1 #id4 ,,bri/ol ,,bridge1 ,,old1 a copy ( ,old ,london ,bridge1 _h a *apel1 #bca4 ,,britannia ,,bridge ov] ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 its great defects1 #gg-h2 its l5g? & its co/1 #ceg4 ,,briti% ,,& ,,fr5* ,,bridges contra/$1 #bef-h1 #bha1 #bid-e2 ! ,fr5* g5ius 9 ar*itecture (t5 sup]ior to ! ,briti%1 #bid-e4 ,,briti% ,,apa?y1 see 8,apa?y1 ,briti%40 ,,brives-,,*>5sac1 on ! ,loire1 its ru9$ ,roman bridge1 #agi1 #ahj2 ! ar* has a d\ble r+ ( v\ssoirs1 #cje footnote4 ,,bronze ,,p]iod1 ,,m5 ,,( ,,!1 #ba2 approximate date ( ?is p]iod1 #ba2 pa/oral life ( ! ,bronze ,age on ,d>tmoor1 #ajj1 #aja2 ?is life r5d]$ bridges necess>y1 #aja1 #ajc4 ,,brooklyn ,,bridge1 at ,new ,york1 describ$ & criticis$1 #ced4 8,,br[n ,,bess10 ! ,old ,musket1 displac$ = a bett] weapon 9 #aheg1 #ccd4 ,,bu*an1 ,,dr4 ,,william1 "o ( ,li/]'s little-kn[n =]unn]s1 #eh footnote4 ,,buckl]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,& ,c41 _! 8,rem>ks on ,wayside ,*apels10 #bbh footnote4 ,,budape/1 ! *a9s ( its great susp5sion bridge pass ?r\gh ! t[]s in/ead ( ov] ! summits1 #cdf4 ,,bujuco ,,bridges 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 describ$ by ! ,spani% ,admiral ,don ,antonio de ,ulloa1 #adf1 #adg4 ,,bulleid1 ,a41 a writ] on ! ,gla/onbury ,lake ,village1 #aci footnote4 ,,buns51 on ! bridges ( anci5t ,rome1 #aic1 #aig4 ,,burdon1 ,,r[l&1 9 #agif1 design$ ,we>m\? ,bridge1 #cdi4 ,,burnsall ,,bridge 9 ,:>f$ale1 its %elt]-places = foot-pass5g]s1 #beh footnote4 ,,bu%-,,rope1 9 ,equatorial ,c5tral ,africa1 its use 9 bridge-build+1 #abc4 ,,cable ,,bridges ,,( ,,bamboo 9 ,*9a1 #ade2 ( ox-hide ?ongs 9 ,p]u1 #adf2 & also 9 ! ,&es1 #adg4 ,c,,s> ,,& ,,! ,,briti% ,,tribes1 #bb2 he speaks ( ! ,gauli% bridges1 #gj1 #ga4 ,,cahors1 ,,! ,,pont ,,val5tr ,,at1 a =tifi$ bridge ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 #bg1 #ib1 #bfc-d1 #bhb-e2 ,see also ! illu/rations fac+ pages #af & #bfd2 ,!re 0 ano!r great old bridge at ,cahors1 b x p]i%$ 9 a /orm ( local p>ty politics1 #dd4 ,,caille1 ,,pont ,,de ,,la1 fam\s mod]n susp5sion bridge1 #cdd4 ,,calahorra1 ! big t[] gu>d+ an entrance to ! bridge at ,crdova1 #ahh4 ,,canada1 devot$ to v vuln]able bridges1 #ced4 ,,canal ,,bridge 9 ,v5ice1 #cbi4 ,,canals1 _! con/ruction has be5 a phase ( w> claim+ a great _m lives1 #ag1 & footnote4 ,,cane ,,v9es us$ 9 ,africa 9 ! mak+ ( bu%-rope1 #abc4 ,c,,ngas ,,de ,,onis1 ! gabl$ bridge at1 #bg4 ,,can9a1 8 attempt to recon/ruct ! ,pons ,sublicius diff]s f ,colonel ,emy's1 #adj4 ,,cannon1 ! sl[ improvem5t 9 _! manufacture1 #ccc4 ,,cannon ,,/reet ,,railway ,,bridge1 ! col\r plate fac+ p4 #dh4 ,,canoes1 !y (t5 take ! place ( bridges 9 ,africa1 #abc4 ,,cant]bury1 ,,! ,,ar*bi%op ,,(1 9 #acah1 own$ ! l& adjo9+ ,old ,%oreham ,bridge1 #da2 ,8 "n 0 ,walt] ,reynolds4 ,,capac ,,yupanqui1 ! fif? ,ynca1 & 8 bridge ( ru%es1 #adf-g4 ,,cappuc9a1 ,,ponte ,,di ,,porta1 a ,roman bridge at ,ascoli-,pic5o1 #bja4 ,,c>acalla1 #abi4 ,,c>cassonne1 ,,old ,,bridge ,,at1 dat+ f ! #ab? c5tury1 #ib2 see also ! plate fac+ page #ajd4 ,,c>magnola de/roy$ ! great old bridge spann+ ! ,adda at ,trezzo1 #cji4 ,,c>t>o1 ,,ponte1 a m$ival bridge at ,ascoli-,pic5o1 #bja4 ,,ca/ro ,,gonzalo1 ,,! ,,old ,,bridge ,,(1 bl[n up by ,moore's re>gu>d1 #ccd-e4 ,,ca!r9e1 ,,/41 ! *apel on ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban 0 d$icat$ to h]1 #bef4 ,,catt]ick ,,bridge _h a *apel1 #bca2 ! ,contract ,de$ = ! build+ ( ?is bridge1 #bec4 ,,cave-,,dwell+s1 ! e>lie/ 7 /ol5 f cave-lions & cave-be>s1 #aaa4 ,,caves1 ) ar*$ entrances1 #aej footnote4 ,,cells1 ,,communities ,,(1 9 ! human body2 ! beautiful h>mony ( _! competitive life1 h[ x diff]s f ! social rule 9 ! civilizations bungl$ by mank9d1 #ah1 #ai1 #be4 ,,c5tres ,,or ,,c5tr+1 ! curv$ scaffold+ ^u :i* ar*es are built4 ,! v\ssoirs re/ on ! c5tres :ile ! r+ is 9 process ( be+ con/ruct$4 ,:5 ! c5tres are n rigid en\gh1 ar*es s9k a good deal :ile ! masons are at "w & aft] ! scaffold+ is c>efully /ruck4 ,9 ,p]ronet's bridge at ,neuilly-sur-,se9e1 = example1 ! s9k+ am\nt$ to tw5ty-?ree in*es1 #cch2 ?irte5 in*es :ile ! c5tre 0 9 its place1 & t5 in*es aft] ! c5tre 0 remov$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! c5tres ( ,wat]loo ,bridge 7 tak5 d[n1 no ar* sank m ?an #a in*es4 ,!re is reason to believe t mod]n c5tres are m complicat$ ?an 7 ! m$ival4 ,see page #bfd & page #bhf4 ,,c]ceau1 ,,du1 ,,&r\et1 ,fr5* ar*itect & build] ( ! =tifi$ bridge at ,*tell]ault1 #cca-d2 see also ! col\r plate fac+ page #ccb4 ,,ce/ius1 ,,pons1 at ,rome1 #aif-g4 ,,*,,lon-,,sur-,,sa,,ne1 ! qua9t citiz5%ip ( its m$ival bridge1 #bbd4 ,,*amas1 ,,sa9t1 9 ,france1 & its fam\s ,roman bridge1 #agf-g4 ,,*amb]s ,,or ,,rooms built 9 bridges1 ,p>is examples1 #bbe2 a ,p]sian example1 #bfg-h4 ,,*apel ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e on ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban1 #bef4 ,,*apel ,,( ,,/4 ,,ni*olas on ! ,pont ,/4 ,bnzet at ,avignon1 #bcg4 ,,*apel ,,( ,,/4 ,,?omas ,,becket on ,old ,london ,bridge1 #baf-ag4 ,,*apels ,,on ,,bridges1 #hb1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baf-ag1 #bah-ai1 #bbe-ci1 #bda-f1 #bef4 ,,"*1 ,,! ,,drama ,,(1 among ! prog5itors ( ,man1 #aae-ai4 ,,"* ,,( ,a ,,great ,,bridge1 its pr9cipal traits1 #ae-af1 #bef-g1 #cbj-h4 ,,*>+ ,,cross1 ,,! ,,railway ,,viaduct ,,f1 disgraces ! ,?ames1 #bef4 ,,*>ity1 a ,build] ( ,bridges 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #bea-b4 ,,*>lemagne1 8 fri5dly attitude to roads & bridges1 #bf1 #hf-g4 ,,*>les ,,! ,,fif?1 ,emp]or1 9 #aeba1 arm$ 8 troops ) ! musket1 #ccc4 ,,*>les ,,! ,,second1 r\t$ at ,worce/]1 fl$ by ,old ,p]%ore ,bridge into ! ,br$on ,hills1 #cee4 ,,*,,teau-,,?i]ry1 ,,bridge ,,at1 built by ,p]ronet1 #cch footnote4 ,,*,,tell]ault1 ,,pont ,,h5ri ,,iv ,,at1 built by ,&r\et du ,c]ceau1 p]haps ! late/ =tifi$ bridge 9 ,europe1 #cca-b2 see also ! col\r plate fac+ page #ccb4 ,,*atswor?1 ,a ,,f9e ,,bridge ,,at1 is tr\bl$ by pret5ce 9 decoration1 #cbb4 ,,*auc]1 & ,old ,b[ ,bridge1 #ih1 #ii4 ,,*eese ,,& ,,*ick5s1 eat5 by m$ival workm5 :o all[$ _! bridge at ,ab+don to be built by *>ity1 #beb footnote4 ,,*5onceaux1 ,,! ,,noble ,,ca/le ,,(1 erect$ on bridges1 #cjj4 ,,*e/]1 ! ,old ,dee ,bridge1 #beh footnote1 & #cje footnote4 ,,*9a1 ,,/aircase ,,bridge ,,91 #bdh4 ,,*9ese ,,bridges1 #abf1 #ade1 #baj1 #baa1 #bdg-i1 #bia1 #caj-af1 #cdd-h4 ,,*ipiez1 8 f9e re/oration ( ! doorway into ! ,treasury ( ,atreus1 #aeh4 ,,*o-,,gan1 ,,! ,,bridge ,,(1 9 ,*9a1 #cac4 ,,*oll]=d1 ne> ,hexham1 its ru9s ( a ,roman bridge1 #agc4 ,,*ur*1 ,,m$i,,val1 protect$ bridges1 #dj1 #ea1 #if1 #bjg2 see also 8,bridge ,*apels & ,oratories10 8,bridge ,crosses & ,crucifixes10 & 8,indulg5ces40 ,,*ur*1 ,,m$i,,val1 :at ,engl& ow$ to h]1 #bcc4 ,,circles ,,& ,,curves ,,& ,,angles1 _! v>i$ symbolism1 #aec-e4 ,,ci/]cians1 !y introduc$ ribb$ vault+ into ! ,engli% *ur*es1 #id-e2 s :y n into bridges also z a developm5t !refrom8 #if2 ,_! bridges at ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 #if4 ,,citiz5%ip1 ,,engli%1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 (t5 slack & di%one/1 #di-ea2 ! citiz5%ip ( m$ival bridges1 :i* 7 connect$ 9 a self-evid5t mann] ) all ! pr9cipal motive-p[]s ( social life1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj et seq4 ,,civilizations1 _! rival ideals te/$ & prov$ on /rick5 fields1 vii2 ! five phases ( _! evolution1 #bb-c2 _! social rule has diff]$ deplorably f ,nature's social ord] 9 h] communities ( liv+ competitive cells1 #ah1 #ai1 #be4 ,,cla91 ,,riv]1 ,,& ,,its ,,bridge1 see ! illu/ration fac+ page #ef4 ,,clamps1 ,,iron1 said to h be5 us$ 9 ! bridge at ,babylon1 #bgd2 9 ,roman bridges1 #agb-c2 ,p]ronet us$ !m sometimes1 #bhc4 ,,clapp] ,,bridges1 ,,d>tmoor1 #ajj-d2 r simil> bridges 9 ,lanca%ire1 #fj-d2 9 ,spa9 at ,fu5tes de ,ooro1 #ajd-e2 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #abf1 & ,babylon1 #abg2 & 9 ,*9a1 #abf-g4 ,,claptrap1 ! drum ( controv]sy1 #hi2 ,briti% claptrap & its dang]s1 #cc et seq41 #cfj4 ,,classic ,,& ,,go?ic1 _! rivalry1 #ccf-g4 ,,clifton ,,susp5sion ,,bridge1 #cdf4 ,,cluny1 ,,abbey ,,(1 commission$ ! ,ponti/ ,bro!rs to build ! ,pont ,/4 ,esprit1 #big4 ,,coalbrookdale ,,bridge1 ! e>lie/ ,european bridge ( ca/ iron1 #cdh-i4 ,,cobham1 ,,sir ,,john1 9 #achg1 help$ to build ,ro*e/] ,bridge1 #bdd4 ,,cobl5tz1 ! ,moselle ,bridge1 dat+ f #acdd1 #bfj4 ,,cocles1 ,,horatius1 & ! ,pons ,sublicius1 #fd1 #cee4 ,,c(f]dams1 #bea1 #bec2 _! /ructure describ$1 #bec footnote4 ,,cole*ur*1 ,,pet]1 prie/ & *apla91 ! fir/ ar*itect ( ,old ,london ,bridge1 #bag1 #bhj footnote4 ,,colne1 ne>1 a ,roman bridge1 #afb4 ,,cologne1 ,,bridge ,,( ,,boats ,,at1 #a2 an absurd railway bridge !re1 #cbc4 ,,comyn1 ,,john1 8 fight on ! ,ouse ,bridge at ,york1 #bda4 ,,cons]vatism1 :5 c>ri$ to excess1 turns mo/ p into o!r p1 see section iii1 ,*apt] ,i1 #ec-hd4 ,,con/ant9e1 ,alg]ia1 ,pont ,sidi ,ra*$ at1 #ec4 ,,con/ant9e ,,! ,,great1 ! ,pons ,sublicius 0 /ill extant 9 8 "t1 #adj4 ,,con/ant9o1 ,,! ,,roman ,,bridge ,,(1 9 ,spa91 #bhe footnote1 #cce4 ,,con/ant9ople1 a bridge !re 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 0 nam$ aft] ! ,pons ,sublicius1 #adj4 ,,consuls1 ,,pont ,,des1 ,,at ,,montauban1 #bed-g2 & ! illu/ration fac+ page #bef4 ,,controv]sies1 section iv1 ,*apt] ,i1 #he-ajf4 ,,conv5tions among m5 are (t5 inf]ior to ! in/9cts ( animals1 #gf2 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t might =ce !m to progress1 #gf-g2 see also section iii1 ,*apt] ,i1 #ec-hd4 ,,conway ,,ca/le1 & its bad ,susp5sion ,bridge1 #cbc4 ,,cooke1 ,,john1 9 #acgi1 bequea!d tw5ty m>ks to ! =tifi$ bridge at ,w>kwor?1 #aj4 ,c,,rdova1 its fam\s bridge1 #ahh1 & ! illu/ration4 ,,corsica1 a v curi\s milit>y bridge1 #bch4 ,,c\rtrai1 ,,! ,,pont ,,de ,,broel ,,at1 a =tifi$ bridge1 #bij1 & footnote4 ,,cov]$ ,,bridges1 #aie1 #baa1 #bia-b1 #cjh1 #ceh4 ,,cox1 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,dr41 #bcb4 ,,craigella*ie1 ,,tel=d',s ,,bridge ,,at1 #cdi4 ,,craw=d1 ,,francis ,m41 #fd4 ,,creep+ ,,plants us$ 9 ! ,mak+ ( ,primitive ,bridges1 #abc4 ,,creep+ ,,progress ,,( ,,mank9d1 #aaj2 see also section iii1 ,*apt] ,i1 #ec-hd4 ,,criss-,,cross ,,pi]s1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #ace4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,art1 ,,engli%1 its pretty defects1 #afg-h4 ,,croc1 ,,! ,,rook1 ,k+ ( ! ,alemans1 may h reg>d$ ! ,pont du ,g>d z a "w ( ! devil1 #agj4 ,,crockett1 ,s4 ,r41 8 book on ,spa9 & 8 rem>ks on bridges1 #ahj-a4 ,,cr(ton1 ,h4 ,t41 a /ud5t ( bridges1 vi1 also footnote4 ,,crom=d ,,bridge _h a *apel1 #bca4 ,,cromle*s1 #ajj2 ! clapp] bridges ov] ,d>tmoor riv]s are flat cromle*s built ov] wat]1 #ajd2 see also 8,ib]ians40 ,,crosses ,,& ,,crucifixes ,,on ,,bridges1 #if1 #bcj1 #bdf-g4 ,,cross+1 ,,william1 8 rem>ks on ,d>tmoor bridges1 #ajb-c4 ,,cr[l& ,,bridge1 #cjb-e4 ,,crusades1 _! presum$ effect on bridge-build+1 #hh et seq4 ,,curzon1 ,,"l1 8 excell5t rem>ks on ,p]sian bridges1 #bad1 #bfh-gj4 ,,cu/om s5ds reason to sleep1 #af1 #ci1 #dj2 see also section iii1 ,*apt] ,i1 #ec-hd4 ,,cutwat]s1 #bfb1 #caf4 ,! ,fr5* words = cutwat]s1 avant-bec & arrire-bec1 w\ld be v useful to u if we translat$ !m z 8=ebeak0 & 8aftbeak40 ,briti% ponti/s ne$ a good _m te*nical t]ms4 ,,cycloid ,,ar*es1 9 ,ammanati's great bridge ov] ! ,arno1 #caf4 ,,cyclopean ,,/yle1 s call$1 9 ! ,porta dell' ,arco at ,arp9o1 #aeg4 ,,dalqui1 8 translation ( ,kir*]'s book on ,*9a1 #cad1 #cde footnote4 ,,dam1 ,,arcad$1 ,old ,london ,bridge 0 an1 #bbj4 ,,danby1 ,,john1 9 #addd1 left six & eightp5ce to ,w>leby ,bridge1 #aj4 ,,d>by1 ,,abraham1 9 #aggi1 bridg$ ! ,sev]n ) an ar* ( ca/-iron1 ! e>lie/ 9 ,europe1 #cdh-i4 ,,d>te91 ,f4 ,,de1 ,fr5* ar*itect & eng9e]1 8 books on bridges1 #cai1 #cbj4 ,,d>tmoor1 & its ,clapp] ,bridges1 #fj1 #ajj-d4 ,,d>w91 ref]5ces to 8 tea*+1 #cb1 #fi1 #gj1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaa-ab1 #aah4 ,,dates ,,9 ,,hi/ory1 ! ,bronze ,age1 #ba2 ,iron ,age1 #ba2 ,paloli?ic ,art1 #fb2 ! ine/imable value ( dates to /ud5ts1 #aai2 approximate date ( ! ,plioc5e tools une>!d on ! ,ea/ ,anglian coa/1 #abj2 approximate date = ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod1 #acf2 age ( ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #agd2 ( ! bridge at ,sa9t-,*amas1 #agg2 dates ( "s ,lanca%ire bridges1 #bej footnote4 ,,dea?1 ,,nature',s ,,attitude ,,to1 #c1 #d1 #cf1 #cg4 ,,decoration ,,( ,,bridges1 #aic-d1 #aie-f1 #bja1 #bae1 #bbg1 #bhf1 #cjd1 #cje1 #caa1 #cab1 #caf1 #cah-bh4 ,,dee ,,bridge1 ,*e/]1 ! ,jolly ,mill]'s ,bridge1 #beh footnote1 #cje footnote4 ,,def5ce1 ,,national1 9 its relation to ,bridges1 vii1 #ad-af1 #cca-fa2 see also 8,w>-,bridges40 ,,def5celess ,,bridges1 _! ,evolution1 #cca-fa2 _! frequ5t make-believe ( def5ce %[n 9 trump]y imitations ( m$ival t[]s & ma*icolations1 #bge1 #cbc1 #cdi4 ,,degr&1 ,e41 8 book 8,ponts en ,maonn]ie10 #hh2 on ! bridge at ,espalion1 #hh-i2 on ,albi ,bridge1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia2 ref]s to primitive ar*es 9 ,mexico1 #aeg footnote2 on ! ,treasury ( ,atreus at ,myc5ae1 #aei footnote2 o!r ref]5ces to 8 views1 #aii footnote1 #bab footnote2 & on ,*9ese bridges1 #cad-ae4 ,,d]by1 a *apell$ bridge is extant !re1 #beh4 ,,d]w5t ,,packhorse ,,bridge1 ,d]by%ire1 on its p>apet1 a few ye>s ago1 ! /ump ( a m$ival cross rema9$1 #bcj-a4 ,,desc5t ,,( ,,man1 9 its relation to nature-made bridges1 #c1 #d1 & ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,desecration ,,( ,,old ,,bridges1 #bbe et seq41 #bcj-f2 see also 8,highway ,bo>ds40 ,,devil',s ,,bridges1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #agj1 #ahd1 #bif4 ,_m o!r bridges h be5 attribut$ to ! devil4 ,9 plate #eh ( ! treatise by ,hann & ,hosk+1 y w f9d ! ,devil's ,bridge ov] ! ,s]*io ne> ,lucca2 !re is also a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( x1 p4 cxxxv4 ,x is a gabl$ bridge ) "o big ar* & f\r small] ones4 ,! span ( ! big ar* is #abj feet1 & its height above l[-wat] level is m ?an #fj feet4 ,! roadway is v n>r[1 be+ only #i feet wide1 & x turns abruptly at ! w+s1 z if to close ! entrances aga9/ :eel$ traffic4 ,! quo9s ( ! small] ar*es & all ! v\ssoirs ( ! wide ar* are ( dress$ /one4 ,e o!r "p ( ! bridge is rubble masonry b\nd toge!r ) mo/ excell5t mort>4 ,! c\rses ( /one 9 ! wide ar* v>y f #h in*es to #ba in*es deep1 b only a few h ! latt] dep?4 ,yet ?is slight bridge1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a broad arcad$ wall1 has )/ood _m c5turies ( floods4 ,on ,octob] #bnd1 #ahcf1 = example1 a head ( wat] m ?an #cj feet deep swept ro>+ ?r\gh ! five r\nd ar*es & aga9/ ! f\r pi]s at ! rate ( #h miles an h\r2 yet no h>m 0 done4 ,if ?is bridge 0 built ab\t ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d41 z ,hann & ,hosk+ say1 x is some:at old] ?an ! controv]sial date ( ,albi ,bridge4 ,,devorgilla',s ,,bridge at ,dumfries1 #id4 ,,diable1 ,,pont ,,du1 ,/4 ,got?>d ,pass1 #fg4 ,,di>bekr1 on ! ,tigris1 a ,roman bridge at1 #bjb4 ,,dion ,,cassius1 on ,trajan's bridge ov] ! ,danube1 built be=e ,a4,d4 #ajf by ,apollodorus ( ,damascus1 #abi1 #acj4 ,,dismantl+ ,,old ,,london ,,bridge1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,,div]t+ ,,! ,,?ames f 8 b$ :5 ! old bridge 0 built1 #bec1 #bed4 ,,dogs1 (f]$ z sacrifices to ! evil spirits ( riv]s1 #fi4 ,,don ,,antonio ,,de ,,ulloa 7#agaf-ie71 on ! tree-bridges ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ace2 on a ,p]uvian susp5sion bridge call$ ! ,t>abita1 #adf2 on ,capac ,yupanqui's bridge ( ru%es1 #adf-g2 on l>ge bujuco bridges1 #adg4 ,,donca/] ,,bridge _h a *apel on x1 #bca4 ,,d\ble ,,& ,,triple ,,r+s ,,( ,,v\ssoirs1 #cje footnote4 ,,dragon1 its use 9 ! decorative art ( ,*9ese bridges1 #abf4 ,,drawbridge1 "o ar* ( m$ival bridges 0 (t5 a drawbridge1 #bfj4 ,,droitwi*1 & its v curi\s *apell$ bridge1 n[ de/roy$1 #bca4 ,,dryopi!cus1 #aac-ad4 ,,dun/an1 ,,sa9t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 b4 #ibd--;d4 #ihh1 f 8 "t ! ,m$ival ,*ur* reg>d$ ! build+ & upkeep ( bridges z a "w ( pi\s *>ity1 #bjg4 ,,durdle ,,door1 on ! coa/ at ,lulwor?1 a natural ar*way1 #aea4 ,,durham ,,bridges1 #if1 #ig1 #bje1 #bca4 ,,dut*1 ,,!1 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury wi%$ to bury a liv+ *ild "u ! f\ndations ( a dam1 #fi4 ,,eads1 ,,capta9 ,,james ,b41 eng9e] ( ! ,ill9ois & ,/4 ,l\is ,bridge1 #ceb-c4 ,,eagle-,,beak$ ,,tools ( ! ,plioc5e ,p]iod1 #aai-bb4 ,,eamont ,,bridge1 #id1 #cje footnote4 ,,e>lie/ ,,london ,,bridge1 a timb] /ructure de/roy$ by fire 9 #aacf1 #bbj1 & footnote4 ,,e>?quake ,,at ,,ascoli 9 #ahgh1 #bja4 ,,e>?quakes ,,& ,,volcanoes1 ! fir/ arm\r]s ( ! ,/one ,age1 #aaj2 !y made "s slab-bridges1 #abc-d2 e>?quakes 9 _! relation to natural ar*es1 #aeb1 & to bridges ( /epp+-/ones1 #aad4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,workman%ip 9 a few ,engli% bridges1 #cjc1 #cje2 see also 8,abbot's ,bridge1 ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds40 ,,edw>d ,i came to ! relief ( ,old ,london ,bridge1 #ej4 ,,egotism1 or ! ,cre$ ( ,self1 a motive-p[] beh9d ! /rife t bridges & roads circulate1 #ai et seq41 #bb-f1 #ci-eb4 ,,egyptian ,,bridges1 #abf1 #aee1 #aff4 ,,elephants1 9 ,decorative ,sculpture1 on ,*9ese bridges1 #cab footnote4 ,,elizabe?1 ,,que51 #ccb4 ,,elliptical ,,ar*es1 9 ,babylonian "w1 #bge footnote2 9 anci5t ,mexico1 #aeg footnote2 9 ,/4 ,bnzet's great bridge1 #ha2 9 ! vault ( ,*osroes' great hall at ,selucia-,ctesiphon1 #bge1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! ,pons ,fabricius at ,rome1 #aif4 ,we "k n :e!r ,bnzet 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,pons ,fabricius1 or ) ! great hall at ,selucia-,ctesiphon1 two =]unn]s ( 8 elliptical ar*4 ,at ,flor5ce1 9 e ar* ( ! ,tr9it1 ,ammanati a*iev$ a cycloid r ?an an ellipse1 #caf4 ,,emigration1 its influ5ce on old types ( society1 #bge4 ,,emy1 ,,colonel1 a writ] on timb] bridges1 #adj1 #adc footnote4 ,,encyclop,,dia ,,britannica1 on ! ,high ,level ,bridge at ,newca/le1 #hj2 on ,framwellgate ,bridge at ,durham1 #if-g2 on ! ,porta dell' ,arco at ,arp9o1 #aef2 on ! ,treasury ( ,atreus at ,myc5ae1 #aeh2 on ,roman aqu$ucts & bridges1 #afg2 on ! ,pul-i-,kais> at ,%u%t]1 #bjb-d2 on ! ,ouse ,bridge at ,york1 #bdc footnote2 on ,new ,london ,bridge1 #beg2 on ! ,tay ,bridge ,disa/]1 #cci1 #cda4 ,,eng9e]s1 ,,mod]n1 _! scorn = national def5ce1 #ae1 #gg-h1 #gi et seq41 #add footnote1 #bba1 #beh1 #bie1 #cbj1 #cbc1 #cbe1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdf1 #cdi4 ,,engli% ,,bridges1 _! inf]iority1 #i1 #dd2 contra/$ ) ,fr5* bridges1 #bha-b1 #bid-e2 desecration ( old ,engli% bridges1 #bbe et seq41 #bcj-f4 ,,erasmus1 #eb1 #bcf4 ,,ernulph1 ,,bi%op1 & ,ro*e/] ,bridge1 #bdc4 ,,espagne1 ,,pont ,d'1 fam\s mod]n bridge1 beyond ,caut]ets1 #bgh4 ,,espalion1 ,,! ,,bridge ,,at1 ! controv]sy conc]n+ x1 #hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ib1 #ic2 see also ! col\r plate fac+ page #hh4 ,,etruscan ,,r\nd ,,ar*es1 #afj-a4 ,,eudes1 ,,c\nt ,,( ,,*>tres1 built an e>ly communal bridge1 #bdj4 8,,euphues ,,& ,,8 ,,engl&10 #bbj1 #bba4 ,,evans1 ,,sir ,,john1 on ! date ( ! ,bronze ,p]iod1 #ba4 ,,eve ,,( ,,evolution1 #aag et seq4 ,,evolution1 9 its relation to ! /rife t bridges & roads circulate1 #a1 #cb1 #ci2 see also ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,def5celess ,,bridges1 see ,*apt] ,v4 ,,exceptional ,,bridges1 #cjb1 #cje-f1 #cjg1 #cjh-aj1 #caf4 ,,extra-,,doss$ ,,ar*es1 ,roman & ,m$ival1 #bhb-c4 ,,fabricius1 ,,pons1 at ,rome1 #aie1 #aif4 ,,fact ,,diff]s ,,f ,,tru?1 #aj1 #aa4 ,,feats ,,( ,,eng9e]+1 #cbc1 #cbg1 #cda1 #cef4 ,,f]nwor?y ,,bridge1 ,d>tmoor1 #fj4 ,,f9ance1 z a phase ( p]man5t w>1 #ce1 #cf1 #cfa4 8,,f9ds0 ,,9 ,,rese>*1 #f4 ,,fire1 its discov]y1 #eh4 ,,fire>ms1 #ccb-c4 ,,fires ,,on ,,old ,,london ,,bridge1 #bah-ai4 ,,flamb>d1 ,,bi%op1 be=e ! ye> #aabh1 is said to h built ,framwellgate ,bridge at ,durham1 us+ ribb$ ar*es4 ,if s1 !n ! ribb$ ar*es 9 ?is bridge are ab\t z old z ^? ( ! ,pont de ,v]nay at ,airvault3 see ! illu/ration fac+ page #if4 ,,flam9ian ,,way & ! ,pons ,milvius1 #aig1 & ! bridge at ,n>ni1 #bc4 ,,flavi51 ,,pont1 a ,roman bridge ) two triumphal ar*es at ,sa9t-,*amas1 #agf-g4 ,,flemi% ,,t[ns & _! def5sive bridges1 #bhi-ia4 ,,fl9t ,,tools ,,& ,,weapons prove ! t]rible sl[ness ( human progress1 #eg2 ! e>lie/ bridges ( h&icraft consid]$ 9 _! relation to ! e>lie/ h&-made tools & weapons1 #ef-g1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4 ,,flodd5 ,,field & ,twizel ,bridge1 #id1 #cee4 ,,flood-,,wat] ,,bays cut ?r\gh ! pi]s ( bridges1 #bhd1 z 9 ! great milit>y ,roman bridge at ,mrida1 #aha-b2 ! ,pons ,fabricius ano!r ,roman example1 #aif2 lat] specim5s1 ! ,?ree-ar*$ ,bridge at ,v5ice1 col\r plate fac+ page #bbd1 ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban1 col\r plate fac+ page #bef1 & ! ,pont ,/4 ,esprit ov] ! ,rhne1 #bic4 ,,flor5ce1 ! ,ponte ,vec*io1 #baa1 #bbb2 ! ,ponte della ,tr9it1 ,ammanati's ma/]piece1 #caf4 ,,fo-,,*eu1 ,,pont ,,de1 a ,*9ese bridge describ$ by ,gau!y1 #cad-ae4 ,,footpa?s1 ! e>lie/ 7 made by quadrup$s1 #c2 human footpa?s1 _! numb]1 & :at x has co/ to make !m1 #ag2 !y belong n to ! illusion call$ peace b to ! reality nam$ /rife1 #ag4 ,,footways ,,ov] ,,m$i,,val ,,bridges1 usually !y 7 n>r[1 v (t5 !y 7 /eep1 & sometimes1 z 9 ! ,pont ,/4 ,esprit & ! ,pont ,/4 ,bnzet1 !y =m$ an elb[ ) ! angle po9t+ up-/ream4 ,! ,coa ,bridge 9 ,portugal1 ne> ,almeida1 ! sc5e ( ,crawfurd's action 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 is also angul> on plan2 b its elb[ po9ts d[n-/ream1 & its l9e seems to h be5 dictat$ by ! position ( ! rocks on :i* ! pi]s are built4 ,= o!r bridges ( ?is angul> sort see page #bch4 ,n>r[ footways ov] bridges sugge/$ ! safety recesses = foot-pass5g]s1 :i* mod]n eng9e]s h copi$ 9 _m ( _! wide bridges1 #beh4 ,/eep footways are dealt ) "u 8,gabl$ ,bridges10 & 9 ,app5dices ,i & ,,ii4 ,,footways ,,ov] ,,roman ,,bridges1 #hb1 #ahc1 #aii1 #cfg-h4 ,,=ds1 #bjg-h1 #bej-a4 ,,=e/s1 9 _! relation to ,roman bridges1 #aci1 to ,engli% bridges1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,,=? ,,bridge1 #ccf1 #cdd1 #cej-a4 ,add to ! text ! fact t 9 "o ( our naval manuvres ! ,=? ,bridge 0 8de/roy$0 by ! small attack+ fleet4 ,,=tifi$ ,,t[]s ,,& ,,gateways ,,on ,,bridges1 ,roman1 at ,mrida1 #ahb2 at ,alcant>illa1 #cfg2 at ,sa9t-,*amas1 #agf-g2 m$ival1 #bed-e1 #bfa1 #bgf-cja2 ,see also ! ,li/s ( ,illu/rations2 ,ne>ly all ! old attributes ( def5sive bridge-build+ h be5 copi$ by mod]n eng9e]s 9 _! def5celess bridges--an absurd affectation ( le>n$ rese>* introduc$ by ,tel=d 9 8 ca/-iron bridge at ,craigella*ie1 #cdi2 ,ev5 dummy ma*icolations h be5 us$ on make-believe t[]s gu>d+ indu/rial bridges f ! fre% air1 #bge2 ,e civiliz$ c\ntry has bridges ( ?is fooli% sort4 ,surely m$als ought to be grant$ to fools1 & _! public display ought to be en=c$ by law2 !n eng9e]s & o!rs w\ld become a%am$ ( _! bad public "w4 ,,f\nd+ ,,pi]s1 #ii1 #aig1 #bea-b1 #cda-b2 ,see also 8,c(f]dams10 #bec footnote4 ,,f\nta9s ,,abbey1 ,,york%ire1 ,,bridges ,,at1 #if1 #cje4 ,,framwellgate ,,bridge1 ,durham1 #if-g4 ,,france1 h] adm9i/ration ( roads & bridges1 #dc1 #dd1 #cef2 ri* 9 rema9s ( ,roman bridges & aqu$ucts1 #afh-ge1 #agf-ha2 h] bridges are sup]ior to ! ,briti% examples1 #i1 #bef-h1 #bid-e4 ,,francis ,,/one1 8 book ( 8,norfolk ,bridges10 #ace4 ,,fras]1 ,g4 ,m41 on ,scot* bridges1 #id4 ,,freaki% ,,bridges1 ov] ! ,tavignano 9 ,corsica1 #bch2 at ,l>oque1 #cjj2 at ,ble1 #cjf4 ,,fr,,jus1 ,,rema9s ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,aqu$uct ,,at1 #agf4 ,,fr5* ,,& ,,engli% ,,bridges contra/$1 #bef1 #bha1 #bid-e4 ,,fr5* ,,angul> ,,bridges1 #bcg-h1 #big4 ,,fr5* ,,g5ius1 (t5 m mascul9e ?an ! ,engli% g5ius1 #bid-e4 ,,fr5* ,,mill ,,bridges1 #bbc-d2 see also ! col\r plate fac+ page #ceb4 ,,fr,,res ,,pontifes1 or ,ponti/ ,bro!rs1 #bif1 & footnote4 ,/4 ,bnzet 0 "o ( ! lead]s ( ?is ord]4 ,x is wor? not+ t "s lay bro!rhoods 9 ,engl&1 animat$ by ! religi\s _s1 repair$ roads & bridges1 l ! ,gild ( ! ,holy ,cross 9 ,birm+ham1 :i* 0 f\nd$ "u ,ri*>d ! ,second4 ,!re 7 simil> gilds at ,ro*e/] & ,bri/ol & ,ludl[1 etc4 ,= in=mation on 8,engli% ,gilds10 see ,t\lm9 ,smi?4 ,,froggall ,,bridge1 its angul> recesses = ! safety ( foot-pass5g]s1 #beh footnote4 ,,fu5tes ,,de ,o,,oro1 its slab-bridges ak9 to our ,d>tmoor 8,clapp]s10 #ajd-e4 ,,gabl$ ,,bridges1 #bg1 #bh1 & footnote2 ,*9ese1 #bdh1 #cab1 #cfe-f4 ,,gabriel1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 tri$ to revive ! ,roman & m$ival use ( abutm5t pi]s1 #cci footnote4 ,,gaddi1 ,,taddeo1 ! reput$ design] ( ! ,ponte ,vec*io at ,flor5ce1 #bbb4 ,,gall]ies1 ,,cov]$1 9 ,p]sian ,bridges1 #bad1 #bae1 #bgj4 ,,gaol1 ! *apel on ! bridge at ,brad=d-on-,avon became a gaol1 #bcb2 also ! "o on ,b$=d ,bridge1 #bca2 a gaol /ood at ! ea/ side ( ! ,ouse ,bridge at ,york1 #bdc1 & footnote4 ,,g>d1 ,,pont ,,du1 ! fam\s ,roman aqu$uct1 #hc1 #afg-ge1 #cba4 ,,g>d5s1 ,,"s1 on ,old ,london ,bridge1 #bai4 ,,g>ibaldi1 :5 he m>*$ to ,rome ! ,ponte ,sal>o 0 bl[n up1 #aib4 ,,g>/ang ,,bridge1 a /eep ,lanca%ire bridge built 9 #adij1 #bej footnote4 ,,gateh\se1 on ! def5sive bridge at ,sospel1 #bgf2 on ! ?irte5?-c5tury bridge at ,n>ni1 #bgg4 ,,gateways1 ,,def5sive1 #bjh1 #cae4 ,,gateway ,,t[]s1 #ig1 #bgb1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhf1 #bhi1 #cbc2 see also ! ,li/s ( ,illu/rations4 ,,gauli% ,,bridges1 #gj1 #ga4 ,,gau!y1 ,,emil&1 hi/orian ( bridges1 #abf-g1 #aia1 #aig1 #aii1 #cad1 #cbb4 ,,gebel ,,b>kel1 ,,two ,,pyramids ,,at1 h ar*$ porticoes built ) v\ssoirs1 #afj4 ,,g5ius1 ! motive-p[] ( progress1 #ef1 #ei2 h] "w usually weak5$ by ! opposition ( cu/om & conv5tion1 #ei2 %e is a s+le creative ag5t ) a d\ble sex1 #eh2 ord9>y m5 h be5 ( b little wor? until g5ius has tak5 control ( !m1 #bci2 h] w>f>e aga9/ ! /upidity ( mank9d1 #aaj et seq42 see also 8,"m-,ideas40 ,,g5ius1 ,,! ,,engli%1 is (t5 inf]ior to ! ,fr5* g5ius 9 ar*itecture1 #bid-e4 ,,g5ius1 ,,! ,,roman1 #afg-bjd4 ,,g]many1 "s ( h] old bridges1 #bei1 #bfj2 h] cre$ ( aggressive w>1 #cc footnote1 #cej1 #cei1 #cfj1 #cfa4 ,,g]ona1 ,,fam\s ,,gabl$ ,,bridge ,,at1 #bh1 #bi4 ,,gh5t1 ,,! ,,rabot ,,at1 a =tifi$ bridge & lock1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia4 ,,gignac1 ,,pont ,,de1 fam\s bridge ( ! #ah? c5tury1 #caj4 ,,gipsy',s ,,c>avan1 h[ x /uck fa/ "u ! l[ t[] at ! entrance ( ,w>kwor? ,bridge1 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,,gird]s1 !re are ?ree types or classes ( bridge3 ! gird]1 ! ar*$1 & ! susp5d$4 ,gird]s may be ( v>i\s mat]ials2 wr\ght iron1 ca/ iron1 & wood are *iefly us$4 ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9 describes ) apt brevity ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree classes ( bridge4 8,9 all =ms ( ! susp5sion bridge ! support+ /ructure is ext5d$ by ! /ress due to ! load2 9 all =ms ( ! ar* ! support+ /ructure 7i4e4 ! r+ ( v\ssoirs7 is compress$ by ! /ress due to ! load2 & 9 all =ms ( ! beam or gird] ! mat]ial is p>tly ext5d$ & p>tly compress$ by ! flexure :i* x und]goes z x b5ds "u ! load4 ,?us :5 a beam ( wood c>ry+ a load b5ds1 ! upp] side ( ! beam is !reby %ort5$ & ! fibres compress$1 :ile ! l[] side ( ! beam is l5g!n$ & ! fibres ext5d$40 ,s1 too1 9 a gird] ( metal4 ,9 "s bridges1 z 9 ! ,high ,level ,bridge at ,newca/le1 ! gird] pr9ciple is unit$ to b[/r+ ar*es ( metal1 b a true gird] is less exp5sive & light]1 #hj4 ,,gizeh1 ,,at1 9 ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,m5kaura1 !re is a v e>ly po9t$ ar*1 #aee-f4 ,,glaci]s1 9 _! relation to rock-bas9s & rock-bridges1 #aeb4 ,,glanville1 ,,gilb]t ,,de1 ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 #aahe-abae1 built a small *apel at ! ,/rood end ( ,ro*e/] ,bridge1 #bde4 ,,gla/onbury1 its lake-village a good example ( prehi/oric bridge-build+1 #ba1 #acg et seq4 ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture1 h] g5ius describ$1 #aeb-c4 ,,gr&ison1 ,bi%op ( ,exet]1 grant$ indulg5ces to ^? :o help$ 9 ! build+ ( ,bide=d ,bridge1 ,devon1 #cje footnote2 ,see also 8,indulg5ces40 ,,gratianus1 ,,pons1 ano!r "n = ! ,pons ,ce/ius1 #aif4 ,,gray1 ,,walt] ,,de1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 betwe5 #abae & #abef1 rebuilt ! ,ouse ,bridge1 pres]v+ "s portions ( ! ,norman ,*apel1 #bdb4 ,,hadrian1 de/roy$ ,trajan's ,bridge ov] ! ,danube1 #abi2 & built ! ,pons lius at ,rome1 #aid4 ,,hall1 ,,lady ,,jane1 9 #aeff1 contribut$ a hundr$ p\nds to repair ! ,ouse ,bridge at ,york1 #bdb4 ,,hamburg ,,m]*ants1 ,,! ,,york ,,society ,,(1 aft] ! ,re=mation1 us$ ! *apel on ! ,ouse ,bridge z an ex*ange1 #bdb4 ,,h&-,,guns1 #ccc4 ,,h&icraft1 ! fir/ public s*ool1 #aah2 has nev] _h a /&>d ( uni=m m]it1 #aba2 its indebt$ness to ,nature's models1 #c1 #d1 #f1 & ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h&-,,made ,,weapons prec$$ h&-made bridges1 probably1 #aaj4 ,,h>old',s ,,bridge at ,wal?am ,abbey1 #afb4 ,,haun*es ,,( ,a ,,bridge1 #bfe footnote4 ,,h5ri ,,iv1 ,,pont1 at ,*tell]ault1 #cca-b2 see also ! illu/ration fac+ page #ccb4 ,,h5ry ,,iii1 ( ,engl&1 & 8 wife1 rob ,old ,london ,bridge ( h] rev5ues1 #di-ea4 ,,h5ry ,v1 ( ,engl&1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( 8 reign ,ab+don ,bridge 0 built1 #bea4 ,,h5ry ,,viii1 dur+ & aft] 8 reign bridge *apels 7 desecrat$1 #bbe-f1 #bcj-c4 ,,h]alds ,,( ,,man1 #aac et seq4 ,,h]odotus1 on ! canal begun by ,ne*o ,,ii1 #ag footnote2 m5tions ! bridge at ,babylon ov] ! ,euphrates1 #bgd4 ,,hexham1 ,,smeaton',s ,,bridge ,,at1 #cci4 ,,high ,,bridge1 ,l9coln1 #bba-b4 ,,high]=d ,,bridge1 ne> ,colne1 attribut$ to ! ,romans1 #cje footnote4 ,,high ,,level ,,bridge at ,newca/le1 a 8sci5tific0 adv5ture ) an amus+ hi/ory1 #gi-hj4 ,,highway ,,bo>ds1 _! ineffici5cy 9 ,engl&1 #dc1 #bcj4 ,,h9drances ,,to ,,bridge-,,build+1 #bej-a1 #bed-e1 #bfd4 ,,ho5-,,ho1 ,,! ,,riv]1 & ! bridge at ,pulisangan1 #caj-ac4 ,,hoogesluis1 ,,!1 at ,am/]dam1 a /rumpet ( a bridge1 #cbc4 ,,horace m5tions ! ,pons ,fabricius z attractive to suicides1 #aie-f4 ,,hosk+1 writ] on bridges1 #adc footnote1 #cji1 #cag1 #cbe-f4 ,,h\s$ ,,bridges1 #bjh1 #bac-ae1 #baf-bd1 #bbe4 ,,h\tum-,,s*9dl]1 ,,sir ,a41 on ! ,pul-i-,kais> at ,%u%t] 9 ,p]sia1 #bjb-d4 ,,h[ell',s 8,,lond9opolis10 #baf-ag4 ,,human ,,be+s (f]$ z sacrifices to riv]s1 #fd1 #fe et seq4 ,,human ,,gunp[d]1 #bc1 #ceb4 ,,human ,,initiative1 no?+ else 9 ,nature is less uncommon1 #abc4 ,,humboldt us$ ! p5dul\s bridges 9 ,p]u1 #adh4 ,,ib]ians1 _! /onecraft1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajd2 _! cult ( ance/ors1 #ajd2 ! _w-wide influ5ce ( _! g5ius1 #abe et seq4 ,,icononzo1 ,,rock-,,bridges ,,(1 #aea4 ,,iguanodon1 asleep on a ,nature-made bridge1 #c4 ,,ill9ois ,,& ,,/4 ,,l\is ,,bridge1 #ceb-c4 ,,imitation among m5 9 societies1 #ee2 /imulat$ by ,nature-made bridges1 #ee2 its dead r\t9e1 #aaj2 see ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,indulg5ces grant$ by ! m$ival ,*ur* to aid ! upkeep ( roads & bridges1 #dj1 #cje footnote4 ,,indu/rial ,,bridges1 #df4 ,,indu/rialism1 ,,to-,,day',s1 is a v complex phase ( w>1 #ce1 #cf1 #df1 #dh1 #ccc1 #ceb4 ,,indu/rial ,,w>f>e1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #df1 #dh1 #ccc1 #ceb4 ,,inf]iority ,,( ,,old ,,engli% ,,bridges1 #i1 #dd1 #bef-h1 #bha1 #bid-e4 ,,inigo ,,jones1 8 bridge at ,llanrw/1 #bhb1 & footnote4 ,,invasions ,,( ,,engl&1 #bj2 ! influ5ce ( invasions 9 ! rise & fall ( nations1 #bb4 ,,iremong]1 ,,ri*>d ,,fann&e1 writ] ( ! ,ballad ( ,ab+don ,bridge1 #bea4 ,,iri% ,,bridges1 #de4 ,,iron ,,age1 its approximate date 9 ,engl&1 #ba4 ,,iron ,,b>s 9 ,*9ese bridges1 #cad4 ,,iron ,,bridges1 ,*9ese1 #cdd-e2 ,european1 #add footnote1 #cdh et seq42 ,am]ican1 #ceb et seq4 ,iron ,cramps us$ 9 bridges1 ,roman1 #agb-c2 ,babylonian1 #bgd-e2 mod]n1 #bhc4 ,hosk+ has _m good rem>ks on ! subject ( cramps & joggles4 ,he says 7p4 #bjh73 8,x is v desirable t all ! ar*/ones ( a l>ge & flat ar* %\ld be d[el-joggl$ 9 ! b$s2 b z ! usual d[el-joggle _c be introduc$ ) ! key-c\rse1 plugs ( proportionate size mu/ be us$ in/ead1 & ! /ones may1 besides1 be cramp$ toge!r4 ,9 ar*es ( small size1 or 9 l>ge ones ( quick sweep1 joggl+ may n be s desirable z 9 ^? ( l>ge size & flat sweep2 ?\gh x is to be und]/ood t 9 any case bo? joggles & cramps %\ld be consid]$ z surplusage1 & z precautions m]ely1 to c\nt]act ! effect ( any imp]fections 9 ! "w f want ( fulness 9 any ( ! /ones 9 an ar*1 or o!rwise4 ,9 build+ ,london ,bridge iron b>s 7 let into ! back ends or tails ( ! ar*/ones1 & run ) lead z cramps or transv]se ties 9 sev]al c\rses1 & !y d n appe> to h produc$ any injuri\s effect1 ?\gh x may be que/ion$ h[ f> !y are ( any use4 ,!y ought n to be ( any use40 ,viollet-le-,duc w5t fur!r ?an ?is2 he reg>d$ iron cramps 9 a /one bridge z likely to be injuri\s4 ,,isemb]t1 ! ,fr5* bridge-build] :o und]took ! f9i%+ ( ,london ,bridge aft] ! dea? ( ,pet] ,cole*ur*1 #bah4 ,,isfahan1 ,,p]sia1 ,,! ,,bridges ,,(1 #dd1 #ahg1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae1 #bfh-gj4 8,,i!10 sugge/$ pron\n = any bridge :i* is n mascul9e en\gh to be call$ 8he10 nor neutral en\gh to be describ$ z 8x10 #bid4 8,,it%e10 sugge/$ pron\n = any bridge :i* is n fem99e en\gh to be call$ 8%e10 nor neutral en\gh to be describ$ z 8x40 ,criticism ( art w\ld be aid$ greatly by ^! pron\ns4 ,= in/ance1 our poets ( to-day give u a great deal ( inspiration t belongs to ! 8it%e0 class1 #bid4 ,,jackson1 ,o4 ,m41 ,,! ,,rev41 on ,*9ese bridges1 #abf-g1 #ade1 #bdh1 #cae1 #cdg4 ,,janicul9e ,,bridge1 ,rome1 #aig4 ,,jebb',s 8,by ,des]t ,ways to ,baghdad10 #bjb4 ,,j5k91 ,,pr(essor ,,fleem+1 on ! elliptical ar*es 9 ! ,bridge ( ,avignon1 #ha2 on ,trajan's bridge ov] ! ,danube1 #acj2 on ,am]ican timb] bridges1 #adc2 on ! defects ( metal susp5sion bridges1 #add footnote2 on ,cole*ur* & ,bnzet1 #bag2 on c(f]dams1 #bec footnote2 on ! insuffici5t wid? ( ,new ,london ,bridge1 #beg2 on ! cov]$ bridge at ,pavia1 #cjh2 on ,tel=d's bridge at ,craigella*ie1 #cdi4 ,,jhelum1 ,,riv]1 9 ,ka%mr1 & its primitive bridges1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc4 ,,jolly ,,mill]',s ,,bridge ov] ! ,dee1 #cje footnote4 ,,jones1 ,,inigo1 8 bridge at ,llanrw/1 #bhb1 & footnote4 ,,juss]&1 ,j4 ,j41 8 book on 8,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages10 #dj1 #di1 #ej1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,,kapellbrucke1 ,luc]ne1 #bib4 ,k,,r$j ,,bridge1 ,p]sia1 #bfe-f4 ,,ka%m,r ,,bridges1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #afj1 #afa4 ,,k]%aw1 ,s4 ,,wayl&1 ! late1 on bridge *apels1 #bdc et seq4 ,,kettle?orpe ,,p>k1 #bbf4 ,,khaju1 ,,! ,,pul-,i-1 at ,isfahan1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf4 ,,ki5-,,n+-,,fu1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fo-,ki51 ,*9a1 its ?ree h&some bridges m5tion$ by ,m>co ,polo1 #abh4 ,,kilburne1 ,,ri*>d1 & 8 8,survey ( ,k5t10 #bdd4 ,,k+sley1 ,,*>les1 8 visit to ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #agj-b4 ,,kir*]1 ,,a?anasius1 ,g]man travell] & philosoph]1 b4 #afjb--;d4 #afhj1 8 book on ,*9a1 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,dalqui1 #cad1 #cde1 & footnote4 ,,kirkby ,,lonsdale ,,bridge1 attribut$ to ! ,devil1 #ic4 ,,knolles1 ,,sir ,r41 9 #achg1 help$ to build ,ro*e/] ,bridge1 #bdd4 ,,kreuzna*1 on ! ,nahe1 ,prussia1 its old bridge ) qua9t h\ses1 #bjh1 & ! illu/ration fac+ p4 #bjh4 ,,kurdi/an1 primitive bridges1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #bgb4 ,,labelye',s ,,we/m9/] ,,bridge1 see 8,we/m9/] ,bridge40 ,,lac]1 ,,caius ,,julius1 ,roman ar*itect1 & build] ( ,trajan's ,bridge ov] ! ,tagus at ,alcnt>a1 #aba1 #ahd1 #aij1 #cdd4 ,he 0 buri$ on ! left bank q close to 8 bridge1 #ahd1 a romantic circum/ance1 l ! burial ( ,bnzet & ,cole*ur* 9 _! bridge *apels4 ,,laell5ko5ig1 a grotesque head t us$ to decorate ! t[] on ,ble ,bridge1 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,,lake ,,dwell+s ,,& ,,villages1 ! highe/ =m ( prehi/oric bridge-build+1 #ba2 h[ evolv$ f ,nature's object-lessons1 #aaa2 primitive %op-bridges probably desc5d$ f !m1 z 9 ,ka%mr1 #gb1 #gc2 ! ,gla/onbury ,lake ,village1 #acf et seq4 ,,lamb,,se1 9 ,alg]ia1 fam\s aqu$uct1 #agf4 ,,lanca%ire ,,bridges1 primitive1 #ee1 #fj1 #fa2 ,roman or ( ,roman orig91 #afb-c1 #bfc2 m$ival1 #bej footnote4 ,,lanca/] ,,bridge1 built 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,john1 #bej footnote4 ,,l&lords1 ,,m$i,,val1 9 _! relation to ! tr9oda necessitas1 #dj et seq4 ,,lanke/]1 ,,sir ,,ray1 on ! approximate date ( ,paloli?ic art1 #fb2 on ! eagle-beak$ fl9t tools une>!d f ,plioc5e deposits on ! ,ea/ ,anglian ,coa/1 #abj et seq42 on ! approximate date ( ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod1 #acf4 ,,l>oque1 ,,! ,,bridges ,,(1 ne> ,cahors1 #cjj2 see also ! col\r plate fac+ page #cjj4 8,,late ,,celti0 ,,art 0 practis$ 9 ! ,gla/onbury ,lake ,village z 9 ! ,hunsbury ,camp1 ne> ,nor?ampton1 #acg4 ,,lava1 f volcanoes1 has made slab-bridges1 #abd4 ,,lavaur1 ,,pont ,,de1 fam\s ,fr5* bridge ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #caj4 ,,law1 ,,m$i,,val1 & its attitude to roads & bridges1 #dj et seq4 ,,law1 ,,mod]n1 9 ,great ,brita9 law prescribes m9imum dim5sions = ! ov] & "u bridges ( railways2 b x takes no notice at all ( ! milit>y consid]ations :i* c nev] be wisely disconnect$ f ! circulation ( traffic along roads & ov] bridges4 ,an ov] bridge is "o 9 :i* a road goes ov] a railway2 an "u bridge is "o 9 :i* a road goes "u a railway4 ,bo? are exce$+ly vuln]able1 yet ! law c5tres all its att5tion on details t conc]n _! size1 n on details t conc]n _! protection f viol5ce4 ,ov] ,bridges4--,wid?3 turnpike road1 #ce feet2 o!r public c>riage road1 #be feet2 private road1 #ab feet4 ,span ov] two l9es 7n>r[ gauge71 g5]ally ab\t #bf feet2 head room1 #ad feet #f in*es above out] rail4 ,"u ,bridges4--,spans3 turnpike road1 #ce feet2 o!r public road1 #be feet2 private road1 #ab feet4 ,head room3 turnpike road1 #ab feet at spr++ ( ar*1 & #af feet ?r\gh\t a bread? ( #ab feet 9 ! middle2 = public road1 #ab feet1 #ae feet1 & #aj feet 9 ! same places2 private road1 #ad feet = #i feet 9 ! middle2 = exceptions ! ,acts mu/ be /udi$4 ,,law ,,( ,,battle1 ,,! ,,univ]sal1 vii1 #c1 #d1 #ad-eb4 ,see 8,battle1 ,law (40 ,,laws %\ld get rid ( /]eotyp$ cu/oms & conv5tions 9 ord] to en=ce progress on dilatory mank9d1 #gf1 #gg4 ,,le$s ,,bridge _h a *apel1 #bca4 ,,leg5ds ,,on ,,devil',s ,,bridges1 #fe-gj4 ,,lib\rne1 ,,pont ,,de1 on ! ,dordogne1 its co/1 #cef4 ,,life ev]y:]e has f$ on lives1 #c1 #d1 #cg1 #ch2 h[ lives are sacrific$ 9 ! ent]prises ( 8peace10 s-call$1 vii1 #ag1 #cd footnote4 ,,lim\s91 ,,fr5* ,,bridges ,,( ,,!1 _! cutwat]s1 #bfb4 ,,l9coln1 ,,high ,,bridge ,,at1 an old h\s$ bridge re/or$ ?irte5 ye>s ago1 #bba-b4 ,,l9coln1 ,,new ,,port ,,at1 a ,roman ar*1 #afb4 ,,l9tel-,,/one ,,bridges ,,( ,,lanca%ire1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd4 ,,lion ,,gate ,,at ,,myc5ae1 belong+ to ! ,h]oic ,age1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,,lions1 ,,decorative1 at ,myc5ae1 #aeh2 on a ,roman bridge1 #agg2 on ,*9ese bridges1 #abg1 #caa1 #cac1 #cae4 ,,li/]1 ,,"l1 8 g5ius came s v late 9 ! hi/ory ( man t x mock$ all ! dead g5]ations ( p]haps a million ye>s1 #ca4 ,,lit]>y ,,projects1 _! division into two classes1 v4 8,,liu ,,soh10 a ,*9ese susp5sion bridge1 #ade4 ,,llangoll5 ,,bridge1 #beh footnote1 & #cje footnote4 ,,llanrw/1 ,,inigo ,,jones',s ,,bridge ,,at1 #bhb1 & footnote4 ,,locky]1 ,,sir ,,norman1 on ! date ( ,/oneh5ge1 #abf4 ,,london ,,bridge1 ,,old1 robb$ ( h] rev5ues by ,h5ry ,,iii & 8 8de> wife10 #di-ea2 h] hi/ory1 #baf-ba2 (t5 ravag$ by fire1 #bah-ai2 size ( ! ar*es & pi]s1 #bbj-a2 %e 0 an arcad$ dam to deep5 ! wat] = %ipp+ on ! ea/]n side1 #bbj2 h] *apel1 #baf-ag2 div]t+ ! c\rse ( ! ,?ames :ile %e 0 be+ built1 #bec-d2 h] drawbridge1 #bfj-a2 h] gradual de/ruction1 #bai-bj4 ,,london ,,bridge1 ,,new1 begun on ,m>* #ae?1 #ahbd1 #bai-bj2 h] scale is too small to be 9 accord ) a trem5d\s city & a va/ old riv]1 #bef-g2 ! span ( h] f9e/ ar*1 #cji2 mu* money wa/$ 9 hamm]-dress+ ! masonry1 #cbe-f2 h] l5g? & h] total co/1 #ceg4 8,,lond9opolis10 ,,h[ell',s1 #baf4 ,,london',s ,,attitude ,,to ,,bridges1 pa/ & pres5t1 #di-ea1 #bef1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbg4 ,,lo/)iel ,,bridge1 #cje footnote4 ,,loyang ,,bridge1 ,*9a1 #abf-g4 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,london1 its dete/able railway bridge1 #cbf4 ,,ludl[ ,,bridge _h a *apel1 #bca4 ,,luynes1 ,,rema9s ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,aqu$uct ,,at1 #agf4 ,,lyd/ep ,,ar* on ! coa/ ( ,pembroke1 a ,nature-made ar*way t resembles a bridge1 #aej footnote4 ,,lyon1 ,,roman ,,aqu$uct ,,at1 #agf1 #bac2 at ,lyon1 9 #agee1 an attempt 0 made to build an iron bridge1 b x fail$1 #cdh4 ,,ma*icolations1 op5+s betwe5 ! corbels t support a project+ p>apet1 or 9 ! floor ( a gall]y or ! ro( ( a portal1 = %oot+ or dropp+ missiles & boil+ liquids ^u assailants attack+ ! base ( ! walls4 ,!y 7 us$ 9 ! def5ce ( old ba/ille bridges1 & silly mod]n eng9e]s h copi$ !m z dummy ornam5ts ) :i* to decorate trump]y def5celess gateways & t[]s1 #bge1 #cbc4 ,,ma*9e-,,wor%ip1 or ! wor%ip ( ma*9es1 #gh1 #gi1 #cda4 ,,magalhanes1 ,p41 on ! ,*9ese bridge ( ,pulisangan1 #caa footnote4 ,,m>cian ,,aqu$uct1 #ahi1 & footnote4 ,,m>co ,,polo1 on ,*9ese bridges 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 #abh1 #baj1 #caj1 #cac4 ,,m>nun1 ,,pul-,i1 at ,isfahan1 #bab4 ,,m>t9eau1 ,,james1 on ! law ( battle1 #cf4 ,,m>torell ,,bridge 9 ,spa91 #bg footnote4 ,,masons' ,,m>ks1 ,roman1 #aga4 ,,ma!maticians1 h[ !y int]f]$ 9 bridge-build+ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 #ccg4 ,,ma?ilda1 ,,que51 twelf? c5tury1 builds & end[s ,b[ ,bridge1 #ih4 ,,meaux1 ,,! ,,mill]',s ,,bridge ,,at1 #bji1 #bbc4 ,,m$i,,val ,,*ur*1 %e protect$ bridges1 #dj1 #ea1 #if1 #bjg2 see also 8,bridge ,*apels40 ,,m5 ,,( ,,trade 9 _! relation to bridges1 #gg1 #gh et seq41 #cbf et seq41 #cdi et seq41 #ceg-h4 ,,m51 ,,ord9>y1 are ! mimics & me*anics ( g5ius1 #eh4 ,,m5ai ,,bridge1 #cdd4 ,m,,n>d1 ,m41 hi/orian ( ,nmes1 #agd4 ,,m5kaura1 ,,pyramid ,,(1 at ,gizeh1 has a po9t$ ar*1 #aef4 ,m,,rida1 9 ,spa91 h] ,roman aqu$ucts & bridges1 #aha1 #ahb1 #bjj1 #bhe footnote4 ,,m]oe1 ,,9 ,a ,,pyramid ,,at1 !re is a semicircul> ar* compos$ ( v\ssoirs1 #afj4 ,,metal ,,bridges1 ,*9ese1 #cdd-e2 ,european1 #add footnote1 #cdh et seq42 ,am]ican1 #ceb et seq4 ,,me?ods1 ,,new1 ,,9 ,,milit>y ,,w>1 _! effects on bridge-build+1 vii1 viii1 #ae1 #ceh1 #cei4 ,,mi*elangelo1 wrongly reput$ to be ! au?or ( ! ,rialto1 #baa4 ,,middle ,,ages1 #bf1 #di1 #ej1 #hc2 see also 8,bridge ,*apels10 8,w>-,bridges10 8,m$ival ,*ur*10 & ! ,go?ic bridges drawn by ,frank ,brangwyn4 ,,milit>y ,,bridges1 see 8,w>-,bridges40 ,,milit>y ,,=e?\ght1 ! ne$ ( x 9 bridges1 vii1 viii1 #ae1 #bch-i1 #bdd1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bgb1 #cbh1 #cca1 #ccd1 #ccg1 #cej1 #ceb1 #cee-i4 ,,mill1 ,,john ,,/u>t1 on ! law ( battle 9 ,nature1 #cg4 ,,millau1 #bji1 & illu/ration fac+ page #ceb4 ,,mill ,,bridges1 #bji1 #bbc1 #bbd2 see also ! picture ( ,millau ,bridge fac+ page #ceb4 ,,milvius1 ,,pons1 anci5t "n ( ! ,ponte ,molle1 #aig4 ,,mimicry1 or imitation1 frees ! l>ge human m9d f ! lab\r pa9s ( ?9k+1 #aje4 ,,mimics1 ,,nature',s ,,s*ool ,,=1 see ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,mioc5e ,,age & ,nature-made bridges1 #aac-ad4 ,,mod]n ,,bridges1 see ! la/ *apt]2 also 8,metal ,bridges10 8,london ,bridge1 ,new10 8,railway ,bridges10 etc4 ,,mod]n ,,_s1 its intemp]ate vulg>ity1 #ac1 #dh1 #bgj4 ,,molle1 ,,ponte1 mod]n "n = ! ,pons ,milvius1 #aig4 ,,money bequea!d to bridges1 #bbg1 #bcc4 ,,monks ,,( ,,/rata ,,florida built ! ,devil's ,bridge at ,ab]y/wy?1 #fg4 ,,monm\?1 ,,monn[ ,,bridge ,,at1 a =tifi$ "w1 #ic1 #bhj1 #bha4 ,,monn[ ,,bridge at ,monm\?1 #ic1 #bhj1 #bha4 ,,montauban1 ,,! ,,pont ,,des ,,consuls ,,at1 #bg1 #bed-g4 ,,monzie1 ne> ,crieff1 9 ,p]?%ire1 a bridge !re simil> to ,h>old's ,bridge at ,wal?am ,abbey1 #afc4 ,,moore1 ,,sir ,,john1 8 relation to ,spani% bridges1 #bi footnote1 #ccd-e4 ,,moors 9 ,spa91 _! influ5ce on ar*itecture1 #bh1 #bi4 ,,m1 ,,sir ,,?omas1 8 decapitat$ head 0 display$ on ,old ,london ,bridge1 #bfa4 ,,mor/on1 ,,hamo ,,de1 9 ! /ory ( ,old ,%oreham ,bridge1 #dc et seq4 ,,moselle ,,bridge at ,cobl5tz1 #bfj4 ,,"m-,,ideas 9 human hi/ory1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh2 ! e>lie/ 9 ! evolution ( bridges1 #ef1 #eg2 !y are phases ( /rife1 #ei1 #fj2 see also 8,g5ius40 ,,mud1 its use 9 humble ar*itecture probably borr[$ f birds1 #aaa1 & footnote4 ,,munro1 ,,rob]t1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 etc41 8 valuable book on 8,ar*aeology & ,false ,antiquities10 #ba4 ,,mur*ison1 ,,sir ,,rod]ick1 fam\s geologi/1 8 rem>ks on rock-bas9s1 #aeb footnote4 ,,mute ,,hi/orians1 sil5t works ( art1 su* z great bridges & *ur*es1 #be4 ,,myc5ae1 "s ( h] anci5t relics consid]$ 9 _! relation to ! hi/ory ( vaults & ar*es1 #aeg et seq4 ,,nantes1 h] m$ival bridge1 n[ gone1 #bbd-e4 ,,napol,,on1 ,,pont1 ne> ,sa9t-,sauveur1 #bgh1 #bhj4 ,,n>ni1 a brok5 w>-bridge ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 #bgg-h4 ,,n>ni ,,bridge1 rema9s ( a ,roman ma/]piece1 #bc1 #bd1 #be4 ,,n>r[ ,,ar*es 9 ! fir/ ,roman aqu$ucts & bridges1 #aia-b4 ,,n>ses1 g5]al & /atesman1 9 ! reign ( ,ju/9ian1 rebuilt ! ,pons ,sal>us1 #aia4 ,,national ,,def5ce1 9 its relation to bridges1 vii1 viii1 #ae1 #bch-i1 #bdd1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bgb1 #cbh1 #cca1 #ccd1 #ccg1 #cej1 #ceb1 #cee-i4 ,,natural ,,ar*es1 #f1 & footnote1 #aej-f4 ,,natural ,,bridges1 #c1 #d1 #f1 & footnote2 see also ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,nature1 h] social rule 9 h] cellul> commonweal?s is f> sup]ior to ! social rule 9 human societies1 #ai4 ,,nature1 h] ,s*ool = ,mimics1 see ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,nature-,,made ,,bridges1 #c1 #d1 #f1 & footnote2 see also ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,nature',s ,,/rife1 #c1 #d1 #cg2 see also 8,/rife & ,hi/oric ,bridges10 #ad-eb4 ,,navilly1 ,,pont ,,de1 by ,gau!y1 its imp]fect decoration1 #cbb4 ,,n]onianus1 ,,pons1 #aig4 ,,n]o',s ,,aqu$uct1 #ahi4 ,,ne/s1 ,,birds'1 _! influ5ce on h&icraft1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,,neuilly-,,sur-,,se9e1 ,,pont ,,de1 by ,p]ronet1 #cch4 ,,neville1 ,,c\nt1 9 #addj1 bequea!d tw5ty p\nds to 8,ul%awe ,bridge10 #aj4 ,,new ,,bridge on ,?ames1 ne> ,k+/on1 its ,e>ly ,engli% ar*es1 #if4 ,,newca/le ,,bridge possess$ a *apel1 #bca4 ,,newca/le ,,high ,,level ,,bridge1 #gi-hj4 ,,newman1 ,,c>d9al1 on ! t]rible /rife 9 human hi/ory1 #ch1 #ci4 ,,new ,,manhattan ,,bridge at ,new ,york1 #ced4 ,,new ,,port at ,l9coln1 a ,roman ar*1 #afb4 ,,ney1 ,,m>%al1 8 celebrat$ criticism ( ! aqu$uct ( ,segovia1 #ahd4 ,,noblem51 ,,rival1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 (t5 oppos$ ! build+ ( bridges1 #bej-a4 ,,nom5tano1 ,,ponte1 #bih-i2 also ! picture fac+ page #bif4 ,,none-,,su* ,,h\se on ,old ,london ,bridge1 #baf4 ,,norfolk ,,bridges1 #ace4 ,,norfolk ,,%r9es 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #bcf4 ,,norman ,,bridges1 #if1 #ig1 #ih4 ,,notre-,,dame1 ,,pont1 ,p>is1 #bbe4 ,,obelisks on ! ,hoogesluis at ,am/]dam1 #cbc4 ,,ogivale ,,ar*es1 see 8,po9t$ ,ar*es40 ,,old ,,london ,,bridge1 see 8,london ,bridge1 ,old40 ,,or5se1 9 ,gallicia1 h] fam\s gabl$ bridge1 #bh1 #bi1 & footnote4 ,,orl,,ans1 ,,pont ,d'1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 #bci2 h] ,belle ,croix1 #bdf-g4 ,,ornam5t ,,on ,,bridges1 see 8,bridge ,decoration0 or 8,decoration ( ,bridges40 ,,or!z1 ,,vieux ,,pont1 m$ival w>-bridge1 #bgh-i4 ,!re are two conflict+ acc\nts ( ! "p play$ by ?is bridge 9 ! battle ( ,or!z1 ,febru>y #bg?1 #ahad4 ,"o ( !m says t ! bridge 0 neutralis$ by agreem5t 9 ord] to sp>e x f de/ruction2 ! o!r acc\nt decl>es t ! solidity ( ! /onework baffl$ ! ,fr5* attempts to break x d[n4 ,anyh[1 ! bridge 0 n us$ 9 ! action4 ,hill cross$ well above x1 & ,picton & ,b]es=d bel[4 ,napi] says3 8,hill1 :o _h rema9$ ) #ab1jjj combatants1 cavalry & infantry1 be=e ! bridge ( ,or!z1 receiv$ ord]s1 :5 ,well+ton *ang$ 8 plan ( attack1 to =ce ! passage ( ! ,gave1 p>tly 9 ! view ( prev5t+ ,h>ispe f fall+ ^u ! flank ( ! six? division1 p>tly 9 ! hope ( a successful issue to ! attempt3 & s x happ5$4 ,hill1 ?\gh unable to =ce ! bridge1 =d$ ! riv] above at ,s\>s1 & driv+ back ! troops po/$ !re1 seiz$ ! heights above1 cut (f ! ,fr5* f ! road to ,pau1 & turn$ ! t[n ( ,or!z40 ,,ouse ,,bridge at ,york1 #bda-c1 & footnote4 ,,outlaws1 ,,m$i,,val1 9 _! relation to =ds & bridges1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,,pacifi/s1 _! false & weak5+ ideas consid]$ 9 relation to ! v>i$ /rife circulat$ by roads & bridges1 vii1 #c1 #d1 #ad-eb1 #cfj-a4 ,,paget ,,& ,,! #aj,,? ,,huss>s1 h[ !y protect$ ,moore's retreat at ! bridges ( ,ca/ro ,gonzalo & ,con/ant9o1 #cce4 ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,age1 #fb1 #aaj1 #aca4 ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,art1 & its approximate date1 #aca4 ,,palladian ,,bridge 9 ,prior ,p>k1 #cdc4 ,,palladio1 ,,&rea1 ,italian ar*itect1 b4 #aeah--;d4 #aehj1 8 evid5ce on ! ,roman bridges 9 ,italy1 #aic-d1 #aie-g1 #aih-i2 8 design = ! ,rialto reject$1 ?\gh x 0 bett] ?an ,antonio da ,ponte's1 #bab1 & footnote4 ,,p&y ,,old ,,bridge at ,bettws-y-,co$1 #afc4 ,,p>adiso1 ,,ma!o1 a milit>y ar*itect1 9 #abag1 built a gate-t[] to def5d ! ,alcnt>a at ,tol$o1 #bhg4 ,,p>apets1 l[ walls or rail+s s]v+ to protect ! edge ( a bridge2 !y re/ on ! out] sp&rils2 sometimes !y project beyond & ne$ brackets or corbels1 l ! ,pont ,neuf at ,p>is1 #cba-b1 & plate fac+ page #cbj4 ,(t5 9 ! ,middle ,ages "s p>ts ( ! p>apets 7 cr5ellat$1 z !y are above ! angul> pi]s ( ! ,val5tr at ,cahors1 see ! col\r plate fac+ page #bfd2 ev5 "s mod]n def5celess bridges h battlem5t$ p>apets1 = ! imitative sill9ess ( indu/rial eng9e]s delights 9 fooli% make-believe4 ,p>apets _c be /udi$ ) too mu* c>e1 s !re are frequ5t ref]5ces to !m ?r\gh\t ?is monograph4 ,"s ,roman bridges 7 built )\t p>apets2 !re is an example ne> ,colne1 #afb1 #afd2 & _m ( ! gabl$ bridges 9 ,spa9 repeat 9 a giddy mann] ?is dang]\s defect1 #bg4 ,,p>is ,,& ,,h] ,,bridges1 #bbe1 #cba-b4 ,"h is a f9e subject = a book4 ,!re is a good ref]5ce to ! ,p>is bridges ( ! ye> #aeag-ah 9 ! 8,revue des ,deux ,mondes10 xlvii41 ,sep41 #aijh1 p4 #dfg4 ,five bridges exi/$ !n1 ?ree /one /ructures1 & two ( wood2 & all ( !m _h h\ses f "o end to ! o!r4 ,tolls 7 *>g$ & !y belong$ to ! ,k+4 ,sev]al illu/rations ( ,p>is bridges w be f\nd 9 ,lacroix1 8,mann]s1 ,cu/oms & ,dress dur+ ! ,middle ,ages40 ,on page #cba !re is "o ( ! ye> #aejj2 see also 9 ! same book pp4 #cjb1 #caf1 & #dga4 ,,p>liam5t ,,( ,,ta/e1 ,a1 necess>y 9 all l>ge t[ns = ! discussion ( art 9 all matt]s t conc]n ! public intimately1 #cbd-e4 ,,p>!nay ,,bridge1 a ,ba/ille bridge ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #cd1 #ce1 #bha1 & ! plate fac+ page #cf4 ,,paul',s ,,bridge1 ,,/41 #cbg4 ,,pavia1 h] fam\s cov]$ bridge ( ! #ad? c5tury1 #cjh-i4 ,,pavilions 9 ! ,pul-i-,khaju at ,isfahan1 #bad1 #bae1 & ! l9e block on page #bac4 ,,peace1 consid]$ 9 h] relation to ! v>i$ /rife circulat$ by roads & bridges4 ,%e is an illusion ( ! m9d & belongs to a r\t9e ( idle s5tim5t1 vii1 because e phase ( human ent]prise claims a battle-toll ( kill$ & w\nd$ & maim$1 vii1 #c1 #d1 #cc-f2 see also section ii1 ,*apt] ,i1 #ad-eb1 & #ccc1 #cea1 #cfj-a4 ,,peace ,,fanatics1 _! dang]\s influ5ce on =eign politics1 #cc footnote1 #cea1 #cfj-a4 ,,p59sul> ,,w>1 ! ,roman bridge at ,alcnt>a1 #af1 #ahf2 ! ,roman bridge at ,con/ant9o1 #cce2 ,or5se ,bridge1 #bi footnote4 ,,p]=at$ ,,t[]s on bridges2 mod]n eng9e]s h pass$ susp5sion cables ?r\gh t[]s in/ead ( pass+ !m ov] ! summits1 #cdf1 #ced4 ,,p]ronet1 ,,jean ,,rodolphe1 #agjh-id1 ,fr5* eng9e]-ar*itect1 #bhb-c1 #ccg-h1 also footnote #cch4 ,,p]%ore ,,bridge1 #cee4 ,,p]sian ,,bridges1 #bjb-d1 #baa1 #bab-af1 #bfe-gj4 ,,p]uvian ,,bridges1 #adf et seq4 ,,phallus1 a symbol ( prosp]ity1 c>v$ twice 9 l[-relief on ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #agd4 ,,pi]s ,,( ,,bridges1 #aad1 #bjj1 #bfd1 #caf1 #cch1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cec1 #ced4 ,!re are o!r ref]5ces also1 b ! read] w be able to foll[ ! hi/ory ( pi]s f ! natural bridge ( /epp+-/ones ?r\gh ! _m *anges & defects m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,to-day1 ) ! rapid improvem5ts 9 air%ips & a]oplanes1 new arm\r$ pi]s w h to be design$1 /rong en\gh to be> ! great weight ( a ro($ sup]/ructure ( arm\r-plate /eel1 yet n ?ick en\gh to ob/ruct riv]s4 ,n[ t bridges are z vuln]able z ,zeppel9 %$s1 eng9e]s h an excell5t *ance to s]ve _! c\ntries well by inv5t+ new & p[]ful bridges4 ,h[ to protect pi]s--at lea/ z mu* z possible--f direct artill]y fire is "o v difficult problem2 h[ to protect !m f fall+ %ells & bombs is ano!r4 ,:5 ,london is fitt$ adequately ) new def5sive bridges h] riv] w be z impressive z a fleet ( sup]-,dreadn\ghts4 ,see also 8,abutm5t ,pi]s40 ,,pi]s1 ,,criss-,,cross1 ,gauli%1 #gj2 9 ,ka%mr1 #ga-c2 9 ,nor? ,russia1 #gc4 ,,pi]s1 ,,f\nd+1 #ii1 #aig1 #bea-b1 #cda-b4 ,,pigs1 9 ,*9a1 sacrific$ to riv]s :5 bridges are 9 dang] f floods1 #fi footnote1 #bdh4 ,,p+]on1 ,m41 8 rem>ks on ,loyang ,bridge1 #abg4 ,,piranesi1 ,,giambatti/a1 #agbj-gh1 #aic1 #aig4 ,,pisa1 h] *apell$ bridge1 #bji4 ,! late ,mr4 ,s4 ,wayl& ,k]%aw wrote z foll[s 9 #ahhb3 8,! mo/ rem>kable bridge *apel abroad is ! "o d$icat$ to ,santa ,m>ia del' ,ep9a on ! side ( ! bridge ov] ! ,arno at ,pisa1 erect$ ab\t #abcj4 ,built ( ! ri* /one & m>ble ( ! di/rict1 x is ornam5t$ ) ni*es & figures1 &1 ?\gh r5ovat$ & repair$1 /ill pres5ts a graceful appe>ance40 ,,po9t$ ,,ar*es ,,& ,,vaults1 9 ,nature1 #f footnote2 9 ,egypt ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 #aee-f2 9 ,babylonian "w1 #bge footnote2 at ,arp9o1 #aef2 9 e>ly ,fr5* bridges1 #f footnote1 #hf-ic4 ,,poit\1 9 its relation to ribb$ ar*es 9 bridges1 #ie4 ,,polo1 ,,m>co1 #abh1 #baj1 #caj1 #cac4 ,,pons ,,lius1 #aid-e4 ,,pons ,,milius1 #aic footnote4 ,,pons ,,aurelius1 #aig4 ,,pons ,,ce/ius1 #aif-g4 ,,pons ,,fabricius1 #aie-f4 ,,pons ,,gratianus1 #aif4 ,,pons ,,lapideus1 #adj4 ,,pons ,,milvius1 #aig4 ,,pons ,,n]onianus1 #aig4 ,,pons ,,palat9us or ,s5atorius1 #aib-c4 ,,pons ,,sal>us1 #aia4 ,,pons ,,selmis1 #agh4 ,,pons ,,sublicius1 #da1 #fd1 #acf1 #adj4 ,,pons ,,triumphalis1 #aig4 ,,pons ,,vaticanus1 #aig4 ,,pont ,,au ,,*ange1 a ,p>is bridge1 #bbd4 ,,pont ,,aux ,,meuni]s1 a ,p>is bridge1 #bbd4 ,,pont ,d',,arc1 a ,nature-made bridge1 #f4 ,,pont ,d',,ambroise1 a ,roman bridge1 #hb4 ,,pont ,,de ,,broel1 a ,flemi% w>-bridge1 #bij4 ,,pont ,d',,espagne1 a mod]n ,fr5* bridge1 #bgh4 ,,pont ,,des ,,consuls1 a m$ival bridge at ,montauban1 #bg1 #bed-f4 ,,pont ,,de ,,v]nay at ,airvault1 see ! plate fac+ page #if4 ,,pont ,,du ,,g>d1 ,roman bridge-aqu$uct1 #hc1 #afg-ge4 ,,pont ,,flavi5 at ,sa9t-,*amas1 ,roman bridge1 #agf-g4 ,,pont ,,napol,,on1 a great mod]n bridge1 #bgh4 ,,pont ,,neuf1 ,p>is1 #cba-b1 & ! illu/ration4 ,,pont ,,notre ,,dame1 ,p>is1 #bbe4 ,,pont ,,/4 ,b,n,,zet at ,avignon1 frontispiece1 #ha-d1 #bag1 #bcf-i1 #bfb1 #big4 ,,pont ,,/4 ,,cl\d1 #bif4 ,,pont ,,/4 ,,esprit1 #ib1 #abf1 #bif et seq4 ,,pont ,,/4 ,,mi*el at ,p>is1 #bbe4 ,,pont ,,val5tr at ,cahors1 #bfc-d1 #bhb-e4 ,,pont-,y-,,myna*1 ! ,devil's ,bridge ne> ,ab]y/wy?1 #fg et seq4 ,,pont-,y-,,pant1 #aca4 ,,pont-,y-,,prydd1 #bh footnote4 ,,ponte ,,augu/us at ,rim9i1 #aii4 ,,ponte ,,c>t>o at ,ascoli-,pic5o1 #bja4 ,,ponte ,,cecco at ,ascoli-,pic5o1 #bja4 ,,ponte ,,della ,,tr9it at ,flor5ce1 #bbb1 #caf4 ,,ponte ,,di ,,porta ,,cappuc9a at ,ascoli-,pic5o1 #bja4 ,,ponte ,,maggiore at ,ascoli-,pic5o1 #bjj4 ,,ponte ,,molle1 #aig4 ,,ponte ,,nom5tano1 #bih-i2 also ! picture fac+ page #bif4 ,,ponte ,,quattro ,,capi1 #aif4 ,,ponte ,,rotto1 #bc1 #aib4 ,,ponte ,s4 ,,b>tolommeo1 #aif4 ,,ponte ,,sal>o1 #aia4 ,,ponte ,,sant' ,,angelo1 #aid-e1 #cbd4 ,,ponte ,,si/o1 #aig1 #bfe4 ,,ponte ,,vec*io1 #baj1 #bbb4 ,,pontism1 ! hi/orical /udy ( bridges4 ,,ponti/1 a devotee ( bridges & _! hi/ory4 ,,ponti/ ,bro!rs or ,fri>s1 or ,frres ,pontifes1 #hc1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #bif1 #big1 #cdb4 ,/4 ,bnzet 0 "o ( ! lead]s 9 ?is religi\s bro!rhood ( good craftsm54 ,,porta ,,dell' ,,arco at ,arp9o1 celebrat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( po9t$ ar*es1 #aef-g4 ,,portage ,,bridge1 ,,great1 on ! ,g5esee ,riv]1 #cec-d4 ,,port]1 ,,simon1 bailiff at ,old ,%oreham 9 ! ye> #acah2 8 (ficial def5ce ( ! neglect$ timb] bridge1 #da-b4 ,,po/bridge1 ,d>tmoor1 its fam\s clapp] bridge1 #ajd4 ,,pratt1 ,,godfrey1 nef>i\s gu>dian ( ,old ,b[ ,bridge1 #ih-i4 ,,prehi/oric ,,bridges1 & _! desc5t f ,nature's models1 see ,*apt]s ,i & ,,ii4 ,,pre/on ,,bridge1 #bej footnote4 ,,prior ,,p>k1 ,palladian ,bridge1 #cdc4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,human ,,societies1 its t]rible sl[ness1 #ci1 & section iii1 ,*apt] ,i1 8,cu/om & ,conv5tion10 #ec-hd2 see also #aaj1 #ccc4 ,,pu5te ,,de ,,san ,,m>t9 at ,tol$o1 #bhg-h4 ,,pu5te ,,la ,,re9a1 #bg footnote4 ,,pu5te ,,nuevo at ,ronda1 #bhj1 & footnote4 ,,pu5te ,,trajan ov] ! ,tagus at ,alcnt>a1 #f1 #aec1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #bab1 #cba4 ,,pul-,i-,,kais> at ,%u%t] 9 ,p]sia1 #bjb-d4 ,,pul-,i-,k,,r$j 9 ,p]sia1 #bfe-f4 ,,pul-,i-,,khaju at ,isfahan1 #bab-af4 ,,pul-,i-,,m>nun at ,isfahan1 #bab2 see also 8,p]sian ,bridges0 & 8,ali ,v]di ,khan40 ,,pulisangan1 ,*9a1 #caj-ab4 ,,pult5ey1 ,,william1 8 bridge at ,ba?1 #bba4 ,,puritans1 _! enmity to *apell$ bridges & to wayside %r9es1 #bcj1 #bcc et seq4 ,,pyr5ees1 ,,fr5*1 great bridges !re1 #bgh-hj4 ,,quak]s1 _! attitude to ! /rife t bridges & roads circulate1 #ce-f4 ,,qualities ,,( ,a ,,great ,,bridge1 #cbj4 ,,quicks&s ,,( ,,*eapness1 #dh4 ,,rabot1 ,,!1 at ,gh5t1 a =tifi$ bridge & lock1 #bhi1 #bia4 ,,railway ,,bridges1 (t5 dete/able1 #e1 #gg1 #gh2 conv5tional argum5ts :i* h gov]n$ _! /ructure1 #gg2 ! ,high ,level ,bridge at ,newca/le1 #gi-ha2 ! ,tay ,bridge & its disa/]1 #cci-db2 ! ,=? ,bridge1 #cej2 ! ,ill9ois & ,/4 ,l\is ,bridge ov] ! ,mississippi1 #ceb-c2 ! ,great ,portage ,bridge ov] ! ,g5esee ,riv]1 #cec-d4 ,_m railway bridges ov] /rategical riv]s c be displac$ by tunnels1 b _m o!rs mu/ be arm\r$ ) cone-%ap$ ro(s z a protection aga9/ ov]head w>s f air%ips & a]oplanes1 #ceh4 ,see ,albi ,railway ,bridge1 ! plate fac+ page #h1 & ,cannon ,/reet ,railway ,bridge1 ! plate fac+ page #dh4 ,,rameses ,,ii1 ,,temple ,,(1 at ,abydos1 has a primitive vault built ) horizontal c\rses ( /one1 %[+ its desc5t f ! rock ar*ways made by ,nature1 #aee4 ,,ref9em5t1 a quality (t5 ov]done 9 ,briti% art1 #afh4 ,,rei*5au1 ,,john ,,grub5mann',s ,,bridge ,,at1 #adb4 ,,relief ,,bays ,,= ,,flood ,,wat]1 !y 7 introduc$ by ! ,romans1 #bhd1 & 7 copi$ by m$ival bridgem52 witness ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban1 #bee1 #bef1 & ! ,pont ,/4 ,esprit1 #bic1 #big4 ,ponti/s %\ld note bo? ! diff]5ce ( %ape 9 flood-wat] bays & ! v>iation ( _! position 9 ! ar*itecture4 ,at ,mrida1 = example1 9 ! great squat ,roman bridge1 !y are long & r\nd-head$1 & rise f ! l[ & bold cutwat]s1 :i* are ov]gr[n ) grey-gre5 mosses & grass4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,moori% bridge ( f\r ar*es ne> ,tangi] has mu* small] relief bays ) r\nd heads1 & !y are pi]c$ high up ?r\gh ! sp&rils4 ,!y look l ?ree little w9d[s t give light & air to a "w ( sun-blea*$ antiquity4 ,moreov]1 _! %ape is repeat$ 9 ab\t a doz5 little holes cut ?r\gh ! base ( ! p>apet1 p]haps to help 9 ! dra9age ( ! roadway1 p]haps to be useful 9 milit>y def5ce4 ,?is ,moori% bridge has semicircul> ar*es1 & ! road is incl9$ ov] ea* abutm5t1 j l ! ,roman bridge at ,rim9i4 ,b ! te*nical s5tim5t is less virile ?an ! ,roman4 ,,religi\s ,,emblems ,,or ,,symbols on ,hi/oric ,bridges1 su* z ! ,phallus on ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #agd2 ! ,janus heads on ! ,pons ,fabricius1 #aif2 ! idol or image on ! ,*9ese bridge at ,%ih-,*uan1 #bdg2 & ! cross & crucifix on ,go?ic bridges ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #if1 #bcj1 #bdf4 ,! symbolic lion & tortoise on ! ,*9ese bridge ( ,pulisangan 7 borr[$ f ! s+a & ,krma ( ,h9du my?ology1 #caa footnote4 ,i %\ld l ! cross to be rais$ aga9 on all bridges 9 un=tifi$ t[ns1 z a prote/ aga9/ a ,teutonic misuse ( fly+ w>f>e4 ,,r5aissance1 ,,!1 & its ,g5ius1 9 ! w>-bridge at ,wrzburg1 ,bav>ia1 #bei2 9 ,v5etian bridges1 #baa-ab1 #cjg1 #cae-af2 9 ! ba/ille bridge at ,*tell]ault1 #cca-d2 9 ! gradual decl9e ( bridges f milit>y =e?\ght into a complete disreg>d = national def5ce1 #ccf-dd2 9 wa/eful arti/ry su* z r$undant ornam5t & too elaborate p>apets1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,,r5nie1 ,,george1 8 design = ,london ,new ,bridge has defects ( scale1 #bef1 #beg4 ,,r5nie1 ,,john1 b4 #agfa--;d4 #ahba1 8 poor bridge ov] ! ,?ames at ,s\?w>k 0 f9anc$ by a ,company1 n by ! ,city1 z if ,london 7 a trivial village ) "s new indu/ries t ne$$ enc\ragem5t1 #cbf-g4 ,,r5nie1 ,,sir ,,john1 son ( ,john ,r5nie & bro!r ( ,george ,r5nie1 0 ! act+ eng9e] dur+ ! build+ ( ,new ,london ,bridge1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k94 ,,rese>*1 its illimitable scope 9 ! /udy ( bridges1 #c-ac4 ,,rh,,ne1 ,,! ,,riv]1 8 two fam\s old bridges1 ! ,pont ,/4 ,bnzet & ! ,pont ,/4 ,esprit1 bo? con/ruct$ by ! ,frres ,pontifes1 or ,ponti/ ,bro!rs4 ,see ,brangwyn's pictures & ! text4 ,,rialto1 ,v5ice1 #bji1 #baa-ab4 ,,ribb$ ,,ar*es1 l ^? 9 ! ,monn[ ,bridge at ,monm\?1 #bha1 & ! ,pont de ,v]nay at ,airvault1 ,deux-,svres1 plate fac+ page #if4 ,! introduction ( ribb$ vault+ into ,engli% *ur*es & bridges1 #ic-ajj4 ,pr(essor ,moseley's rem>ks on gro9$ or ribb$ ar*es may be quot$ "h f ,hann & ,hosk+'s pr(use volumes4 8,! gro9 444 is no?+ m ?an an ar* ^: v\ssoirs v>y z well 9 bread? z 9 dep?4 ,! c5tres ( gravity ( ! diff]5t elem5t>y v\ssoirs ( ?is mass lie all 9 its plane ( symmetry4 ,its l9e ( resi/ance is !re=e 9 t plane4444 ,f\r gro9s commonly spr+ f "o abutm5t2 ea* opposite pair be+ addoss$1 & ea* adjac5t pair unit+ _! m>g9s4 ,?us !y l5d "o ano!r mutual support1 p>take 9 ! prop]ties ( a dome1 & =m a cont9u$ cov]+4 ,! gro9$ ar* is ( all ar*es ! mo/ /able2 & c\ld mat]ials be f\nd ( suffici5t /r5g? to =m its abutm5ts & ! p>ts ab\t its spr++1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x might be built safely ( any requir$ degree ( flatness1 & t spaces ( enorm\s dim5sions might readily be cov]$ by x40 ,yet 8mod]n build]s1 :il/ !y h erect$ ! common ar* on a scale ( magnitude ne>ly approa*+ p]haps ! limits to :i* x c be safely c>ri$1 h be5 rem>kably timid 9 ! use ( ! gro940 ,progress may be comp>$ to a dilatory army t ev] fails to m>* =w>d ) all its ne$$ units4 ,,ri*mond ,,bridge1 ,york%ire1 _h a *apel1 #bca4 ,,rim9i1 h] ,roman bridges1 #hb1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bbj4 ,,r+ ,,( ,,an ,,ar*1 ! compress$ arc ( v\ssoirs1 #bfd2 ! l[] surface ( a r+ is call$ ! s(fit ( an ar*4 ,9 "s bridges ! v\ssoirs =m a d\ble or a triple r+1 #cje1 & footnote4 ,two v f9e bridges ( ?is sort1 9 my collection ( photographs1 are ! ,pont de ,v]nay at ,airvault1 #ab? c5tury1 & ! ,pont ,sa9t-,gnr\x ov] ! ,?\t1 also 9 ,deux-,svres1 #ac? & #ad? c5turies4 ,ano!r monum5t to be /udi$ is ! reput$ ,roman bridge at ,vivi]s ov] ! ,rhne1 built ma9ly ) small mat]ials4 ,:e!r ,roman or ,romanesque1 ! /ructure ( ! ar*es has great int]e/1 & a l>ge photograph is sold by ,neurde91 #eb ,av5ue de ,breteuil1 ,p>is4 ,,riv]s1 h[ _! viol5ce has giv5 lessons to bridge-build]s1 #aha4 ,,roads1 ,,anci5t ,,briti%1 #bb2 ,roman1 #aci1 & footnote2 !y & bridges circulate all ! /rife 9 ! ov]l& ent]prise ( mank9d1 #d1 #ad-eb2 types ( society are z old z _! sy/ems ( circulation1 j z wom5 & m5 are z old z _! art]ies1 #ac2 m$ival roads 9 ,engl&1 #ea1 #eb4 ,_m ( !m 7 a survival ( ! ,roman empire1 9 :i* ! con/ruction ( highways 0 a milit>y & political necessity4 ,! g5u9ely m$ival roads connect$ new t[ns ) ! ma9 or anci5t ?or\ghf>es1 :i* _h trav]s$ ,roman ,brita9 f h] pr9cipal colonies1 ,london & ,york1 to ! o!r settlem5ts4 8,! roads ( ,engl&10 says ,?orold ,rog]s1 8are r\ghly exhibit$ 9 a f\rte5? c5tury map /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 & are id5tical ) _m ( ! highways :i* we "k famili>ly4 ,9 "t ^! highways fell out ( repair1 & 7 put 9 ! eighte5? c5tury "u ! ,turnpike ,acts1 :5 !y 7 repair$4 ,b comp>atively little ( ! mileage ( ,engli% roads is mod]n4 ,:at has be5 con/ruct$ has g5]ally be5 "s %ort] & easi] r\tes1 = 9 ! days ( ! /age-coa*es x 0 highly exp$i5t to equalize ! /ages40 ,,roanne1 ,,pont ,,de1 its l5g? & its co/1 #cef4 ,,rob9 ,,hood ,,ballads1 _! ru/ic *>m is repeat$ 9 "s old ,engli% bridges1 #i1 #dd4 ,,ro*e ,,p]c,e1 ,,la1 at ,bi>ritz1 natural ar*$ op5+1 #aea4 ,,ro*e ,,tr\,e1 ,,la1 ne> ,sa9t-,gilles ,croix-de-,vie1 #aea4 ,,ro*e/] ,,bridge & h] ,*apel1 #bdc-f4 ,,rock-,,bas9s1 _! =mation by ! erosive p[] ( glaci]s1 #aeb1 & footnote4 ,,rock-,,bridges1 or bridges made by ,nature1 #f1 & footnote1 #aej-c4 ,,rog]s1 ,,?orold1 ,,pr(essor1 on m$ivalism & indu/rialism1 #dg2 on m$ival roads1 #eb2 see also 8,roads40 ,,roman ,,gateways to def5d bridges1 #agf-g1 #bgb4 ,,roman ,,g5ius1 #bc-e1 #bf-g1 #cj1 & ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,roman ,,ca/les ,,or ,,t[]s to def5d bridges1 at ,mrida1 #ahb1 at ,alcant>illa1 #cfg-h4 ,,rome1 ,,anci5t1 h] bridges1 #aic et seq4 ,,ronda ,,& ,,h] ,,bridges1 #ahc1 #bhj1 & footnote4 ,,rondelet',s 8,essai ,hi/orique sur le ,pont de ,rialto10 #bab4 ,,ro($ ,,bridges1 ! ,pons lius is said to h _h a bronze cov] upheld by =ty-two pill>s1 #aie2 ,*9ese examples1 at ,*+-tu-fu1 #baa footnote1 9 ,we/]n ,*9a1 #bia2 ,grub5mann's timb] bridge at ,s*affhaus51 #ada2 ,italian1 at ,pavia1 #cjh1 at ,v5ice1 #baa2 ,sumatra1 #bia2 ,swiss1 #bia-b2 /eel-clad ro(s to protect bridges f air%ips & a]oplanes1 #ceh1 #cei4 ,,rope1 its fir/ model 0 ! twi/$ /em ( a v9e-l creep+ plant1 #ade2 bamboo ropes1 #ade1 #cdh1 & footnote2 ropes ( ,p]uvian grass1 #adf-g4 ,,ross-,,on-,,wye1 ,wilton ,bridge1 an ,elizabe?an /ructure ) ribb$ ar*es & angul> recesses = p$e/rians1 #id1 #ahb1 & footnote4 ,rec5tly1 ,i regret to say1 ?is beautiful old bridge has be5 attack$ by ! highwaym5 call$ road (ficials2 & n[ %e is horribly sc>r$ all ov] ) 8po9t+10 j l ! mi%&l$ ,roman bridge at ,alcnt>a4 ,a new bridge ( f]ro-concrete1 suitable = motor lorries & ! l1 w\ld h co/ ! c\nty less ?an ?is un$ucat$ trifl+ ) a g5u9e ma/]piece4 ,,ro/ro-,,c>9ate1 fl9t tools %ap$ l an eagle's beak1 #abj4 ,,ro!rham ,,bridge ,,& ,,h] ,,*apel1 #ic1 #bji1 #bai1 #bcb-c4 ,,ro!nburg on ! ,taub]1 h] two-/orey$ bridge1 #bga4 ,,rotto1 ,,ponte1 at ,rome1 #bc1 #aib1 #aic4 ,,r\sseau1 ,,jean ,,jacques1 ,fr5* philosoph] & writ]1 born 9 ,g5eva1 #agab1 d4 #aggh2 8 visit to ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #afh4 ,,rules ,,( ,,w> 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 curi\s ,fr5* examples1 #bcg1 #bda-b4 ,,runcorn ,,bridge1 dat+ f #ahfh1 #bge4 ,,sa9t ,,angelo',s ,,bridge at ,rome1 #aid-e1 #cbd4 ,,sa9t ,b,n,,zet',s ,,bridge at ,avignon1 frontispiece1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #bag1 #bcf-h1 #bfb1 #bhj footnote4 ,,sa9t-,,*amas & ! ,pont ,flavi51 #agf-g4 ,,sa9t-,,cl\d1 ,,pont1 #bif4 ,,sa9t-,,esprit1 ,,pont1 #ib1 #bic-h4 ,,/4 ,,ives 9 ,hunt+don%ire1 h] *apell$ bridge1 #bcb4 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,bridge at ,tol$o1 #bhe1 #bhg-h4 ,,/4 ,,mi*el1 ,,pont1 ,p>is1 #bbe4 ,,/4 ,,neot',s ,,bridge1 #cje footnote4 ,,sa9t-,,nicolas1 ,,pont1 on ! road to ,nmes1 #bie4 ,,sa9t-,,?ib,,ry1 a ,roman bridge ne>1 #agh4 ,,sa9tes1 ,,bridge ,,at1 9 ,france1 & its trem5d\s =tifications1 #cjj-a4 ,,salamanca1 ,roman bridge at1 #ahb1 #bhe footnote4 ,,sal>o1 ,,ponte1 #aia4 ,,sal=d ,,bridge1 its date1 #bej footnote4 8,,sans-,,p>eil1 ,,le10 ,beff>a's bridge ne> ,ardres1 #cje-f4 ,,s>gisson1 ,c4 ,s41 ponti/1 vi1 #fa footnote1 #afc4 ,,savoy1 hills (1 survival !re ( ,gauli% timb] bridges1 #gj-a4 ,,scale 9 ! ,proportion ( ,bridges1 #bef2 defective 9 _m ,engli% bridges1 #bef-g4 ,,scat*]d1 ,n41 8 writ+ on ,wakefield ,bridge ,*apel1 #bbh footnote1 #bcj4 ,,s*affhaus51 ,ulric ,grub5mann's bridge at1 #ada-b4 ,,s*loss ,,br,,cke at ,b]l91 a feeble copy ( ! ,ponte ,sant' ,angelo 9 ,rome1 #cbd4 ,,sci5tific ,,bridges1 ,mod]n1 #ccg-db1 #cdi-ec4 ,,scot* ,,bridges1 #dd4 ,,scot*1 _! neglect ( ribb$ ar*es1 #id4 ,,seg,,via1 ! ,roman ,aqu$uct1 visit$ by ,m>%al ,ney1 #ahc-d2 its te*nique1 #ahi4 ,,semiramis1 h] reput$ bridge ov] ! ,euphrates at ,babylon1 #bgc-d4 ,,s5tim5tali/s1 ,,briti%1 #cc et seq41 #bid1 #cfj-a4 ,,sew]s1 ,roman1 #afa4 ,,sex ,,9 ,,bridges1 #aid1 #bhd-e1 #bic-d4 ,,sextus ,,iv & ! ,ponte ,si/o1 #aig1 #bfe4 ,,%akespe>e1 8 debt to ! ,m$ival ,*ur*1 #bcc4 ,,%apur ,i ( ,p]sia1 #bjb4 ,,%ih-,,*uan1 9 ,we/]n ,*9a1 its important bridge1 #bdg4 ,,%oreham ,,bridge1 ,,old1 9 ,sussex1 #da-c4 ,,%rewsbury1 ,,wel% ,,bridge ,,at1 us$ to be a =tifi$ "w1 #bfa4 ,,%r9es1 ,,wayside1 #bjg1 #bcj1 #bcf1 #bdf-g4 ,,%r9$ ,,bridge at ,el*e 9 ,spa91 picture fac+ page #bcf2 at ,tri] ov] ! ,moselle1 #bdg4 ,,%u%t]1 9 ,p]sia1 ! ,pul-i-,kais>1 #bjb-d4 ,,si*uan1 ,*9a1 bridges 9 ?is prov9ce1 #abf1 #ade1 #baj footnote1 #bdh1 #cae1 #cdg4 ,,sighs1 ,,bridge ,,(1 #cjg4 ,,s9-,,d9-,,fu1 n[ call$ ,*+-tu-fu1 ?is city's bridges z se5 by ,m>co ,polo1 #baj footnote4 ,,si/o1 ,,ponte1 #aig1 #bfe4 ,,slab-,,bridges ) ,/one ,pi]s1 #abe-h2 see also #fa-c1 #ajj-e4 ,,sleep is unit$ by bad dreams to ! law ( battle1 vii4 ,,smeaton1 ,,john1 ,engli% civil eng9e]1 b4 #agbd--;d4 #agib1 8 big 8sci5tific0 bridge ov] ! ,tyne at ,hexham 0 a tragic failure1 #cci4 ,,smiles1 ,,samuel1 ,scotti% au?or & ponti/1 #ajd4 ,,smi?1 ,,sir ,,william1 ,engli% classical s*ol>1 ! ,pons ,sublicius1 #adj2 ! ,porta dell' ,arco at ,arp9o1 #aeg2 ! /ones employ$ 9 ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #aga footnote2 ! masonry ( ! ,pont du ,g>d1 #age footnote2 ,roman aqu$ucts1 #ahi footnote2 ! ,pons ,sal>us1 #aia2 ,pons ,ce/ius1 #aif2 ,pons ,n]onianus1 #aig4 ,,smyrna1 ,roman ,bridge & ,aqu$uct1 #afd4 ,,sommi,,res1 on ! ,vid\rle1 ,roman bridge at1 #agi4 ,,sospel1 ,,gateway ,,bridge ,,at1 #bgf4 ,,s\?w>k ,,bridge1 ,london1 its que] hi/ory1 #cbf-g1 #ceg4 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,h] ,,bridges1 #ac1 #bg-i1 #ajd-e1 #agi-hh1 #bch1 #bhe-i4 ,,spans1 ,,wide1 ,,9 ,,/one ,,bridges1 ! ,pu5te de ,san ,m>t91 ,tol$o1 #adj feet1 #bhh2 at ,trezzo1 #bea feet1 #cji2 ,grosv5or ,bridge1 ,*e/]1 #bjj feet1 #cji2 ,trajan's ,bridge ov] ! ,tagus1 #cji ,new ,london ,bridge1 & ,wat]loo ,bridge1 #cji-aj2 ,pont de ,gignac & ,pont de ,lavaur1 #afj feet ea*1 #caj2 ,bridge ( ,*o-,gan1 ,*9a1 #cac-ad4 ,,spe$-,,wor%ip1 & its effects on ! /rife t bridges & roads circulate1 #dh4 ,,spid]s gave lessons to primitive m5 9 ! build+ ( susp5sion bridges1 #ade4 ,,spi]s1 ,r4 ,,ph51 ar*itect & writ] on ar*itecture1 #aij1 #aii4 ,,spr+]s1 ! v\ssoirs at ! spr++ ( an ar*4 ,,spr++ ,,( ,,an ,,ar*1 ! plane ( dem>cation betwe5 ! r+ & ! abutm5t is call$ ! spr++4 ,9 o!r words1 ! spr++ m>ks ! place :]e a r+ ( v\ssoirs />ts out on its upw>d curve f a pi] or f an abutm5t4 ,,sr,,nag>1 capital ( ,ka%mr1 h] bridges ) criss-cross pi]s ( deod> logs or trunks1 #ga-b4 ,,/aircase ,,bridge 9 ,*9a1 #bdh4 ,,tahmasp1 ,,%ah1 ( ,p]sia1 :o reign$ f #aebc to #aege1 built ! ,pul-i-,m>nun at ,isfahan1 #bab4 ,,talav]a ,,bridge1 ,spa91 #bhe footnote4 ,,t>abita1 a ,p]uvian susp5sion bridge1 #adf4 ,,t>ragona1 ,,roman ,,aqu$uct ,,at1 #ahi4 ,,tavignano1 ,,riv]1 9 ,corsica1 & its old milit>y bridge %ap$ l a ,z1 #bch4 ,,taxes to help ! build+ & repair ( bridges1 9 ,london1 #ej2 at ,montauban1 #bee4 ,,tel=d1 ,,?omas1 ,scotti% eng9e]1 b4 #ageg--;d4 #ahcd2 8 views on ,grub5mann's bridge at ,s*affhaus51 #ada-b2 on ,inigo ,jones's bridge at ,llanrw/1 #bhb footnote2 8 fooli% bridge at ,craigella*ie1 #cdi4 ,,t5nyson1 on ,nature's /rife1 #cg2 8 talk ) a j]ry-build]1 #gh4 ,,t5orio1 ,,p$ro1 ,,ar*bi%op1 r5ew$ ! bridges ( ,tol$o1 f\rte5? c5tury1 #bhg1 #bhh-i4 ,,t]race-,,walk on ! ,pul-i-,khaju at ,isfahan1 #bae1 & on ! ,ali ,v]di ,khan1 #bgj4 ,,t]ror inspir$ by ! sl[ness ( human progress1 #ee-f4 ,,t]ti>y ,,times1 _! h&icraft1 #abj-a4 ,,tessanges1 ,,jean ,,de1 ,abbot ( ,cluny1 :o commission$ ! build+ ( ! ,pont ,/4 ,esprit1 #big4 ,,tewkesbury1 ,,k+ ,,john',s ,,bridge ,,at1 #beh footnote4 ,,?ames ,,bridges1 #if1 #bef2 see also 8,london ,bridge0 & 8,we/m9/] ,bridge40 ,,!bes1 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ammon-,r1 an e>ly ar*1 #aee4 ,,!ory1 def9$1 #aa2 misuse ( ?is great ^w1 #ab4 ,,!ory1 ,,!1 ,,( ,,pont9e ,,def5ce1 #ad-ag1 & ( ! univ]sality ( /rife1 #ag-eb4 ,,?irlm]e1 a primitive /ructure at1 :i* is p>tly a dam1 p>tly a bridge1 #aca4 ,,?ornton1 ,,rog]1 ( ,newca/le1 9 #adbi1 bequea!d a hundr$ m>ks to ! ,tyne ,bridge1 #aj4 ,,?\>s1 9 ,deux-,svres1 ,go?ic bridge at1 #bge4 ,,?rift ,,9 ,,bridge-,,build+1 #bfd-e1 #cbe-f4 ,,tib]1 ,,!1 & ! sacrifice ( human be+s1 #fd4 ,,tib]ius1 he f9i%$ ! beautiful ,roman bridge at ,rim9i1 :i* ,augu/us _h begun1 #bja4 ,,tic9o1 ,,! ,,riv]1 & ! cov]$ bridge at ,pavia1 #cjh4 ,,tiles1 !y h be5 us$ 9 "s ,*9ese bridges1 #baa footnote2 ,p]sian bricks resemble ,roman tiles1 #bfg2 ! sp&rils ( ! ,pul-i-,khaju at ,isfahan are mo/ly fill$ 9 ) mod]n tiles1 #bae4 ,,timb] ,,bridges1 ! e>lie/1 #c1 #eh1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb1 #abc2 tree-bridges ) /one pi]s1 #abi-cb2 tree-bridges ) timb] piles1 #acc-e2 "s typical timb] bridges1 #acf-dc2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 #adb-c1 #cec2 see also 8,criss-cross ,pi]s40 ,,tiryns1 e>ly vaults at1 #aeg4 ,,tod5tanzbrucke ,,at ,,luc]ne1 #bib4 ,,tol$o ,,& ,,h] ,,bridges1 #bhe-i4 ,,tordesillas ,,bridge1 ,spa91 #bhe footnote4 ,,tortoise1 ,,symbolic1 us$ 9 ! decoration ( "s ,*9ese bridges1 #caa4 ,,t\rnai1 ,,pont ,,des ,,tr\s ,,at1 #bij4 ,,t\rs1 ,,pont ,,de1 on ! ,loire1 h] co/ & h] l5g?1 #ceg2 see ! picture fac+ p4 #cdd4 ,,t[] ,,bridge1 ,london1 #gh1 #cbg2 see ! two illu/rations fac+ pages #hj & #cbh4 ,,trajan',s ,,bridge ov] ! ,danube1 #abi-cj4 ,,trajan',s ,,bridge ov] ! ,tagus1 #ahc-g1 #cji4 ,,treasury ,,( ,,atreus at ,myc5ae1 #aeh-i4 ,,tree-,,bridges1 #c1 #d1 #eh1 #aad1 #aae-ai1 #abb1 #abc2 tree-bridges ) /one pi]s1 #abi-cb2 tree-bridges ) timb] piles1 #acc-e4 ,,trezzo ,,bridge1 de/roy$ by ,c>magnola1 #cji-aj4 ,,triangul> ,,ar*es1 #aeg1 #afj-a4 ,,triangul> ,,bridge at ,cr[l&1 see 8,cr[l&02 9 ,spa91 #aha4 ,,tri] ,,bridge ov] ! ,moselle1 ) h] %r9es1 #bdg4 ,,tr9it at ,flor5ce1 #caf-ag4 ,,tr9oda ,,necessitas1 & its relation to bridges & roads1 #dj et seq4 ,,triumphal ,,ar*es1 ,roman1 on ! ,pont ,flavi5 at ,sa9t-,*amas1 #agf2 on ! bridge at ,sa9tes1 #cja1 & footnote2 on a ,*9ese bridge describ$ by ,gau!y1 #cae4 ,,triumphalis1 ,,pons1 #aig4 ,,tru? diff]s f fact1 #aa4 ,,tru?s1 ,,te*nical1 9 ,bridge-build+1 #ac4 ,,tudela ,,bridge1 ,spa91 #bhe footnote4 ,,tunnels bor$ "u wat] by ants1 #abb2 tunnels to displace _m ( ^? /rategical bridges :i* air%ips & a]oplanes c\ld wreck ) bombs1 #ei1 #ceh4 ,,turn]1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w41 8 8,walton ,bridges10 #f4 ,,turnpike ,,act ,,( #aggc1 #ei4 ,,turki% ,,bridge at ,zakho1 #fe-f4 ,,twizel ,,bridge & ,flodd5 ,field1 #id4 ,,ulloa1 ,,antonio ,,de1 ,spani% ,admiral & travell]1 b4 #agaf--;d4 #agie1 8 book on ,s\? ,am]ica2 primitive timb] bridges1 #ace2 ! t>abita1 a ,p]uvian susp5sion bridge1 #adf2 ! fif? ,ynca's bridge ( ru%es1 #adf-g2 bujuco bridges1 #adg-h4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica1 #adb-c1 #ceb-d4 ,,uz,s1 on ! road to ,nmes1 ! ,pont ,sa9t-,nicolas1 ,,xiii c5tury1 #bie-f4 ,,vaison1 9 ,vaucluse1 an important ,roman bridge at1 #agf4 ,,val5tr1 ,,pont1 at ,cahors1 fam\s w>-bridge1 #bg1 #bfc-d1 #bhb-e1 & two illu/rations4 ,,vaticanus1 ,,pons1 #aig4 ,,vauxhall ,,bridge1 ,london1 date & co/1 #ceg4 ,,vec*io1 ,,ponte1 ,flor5ce1 #baj1 #bbb4 ,,v5ice1 ! ,rialto1 #bji1 #baa-ab1 & ! picture fac+ page #bab2 ,ponte della ,paglia1 ! picture fac+ page #aeb2 a canal bridge1 #cbi4 ,,v]ona4 ,! f9e ,v]onese bridges are n m5tion$ 9 ?is monograph2 !y pass$ f ! text 9 a revision2 b ponti/s "k !m well1 & set great /ore by ! *>m+ ,ponte di ,pietra1 & by ! old slop+ bridge ) =k$ battlem5ts t swagg]s picturesquely across ! ,adige f ! ,ca/el ,vec*io4 ,! ,ponte di ,pietra rises f anci5t f\ndations & %e /ill reta9s two ,roman ar*es1 c]ta9ly (t5 re/or$2 ! o!r spans are gracefully ar*itectural4 ,a circul> bay = ! relief ( floods tunnels ! sp&rils above ! cutwat] ( ! middle pi]4 ,,vic5za1 two bridges ( ,roman orig91 #aii4 ,,viollet-,,le-,,duc1 ,,eug,,ne ,,emmanuel1 ,fr5* ar*itect & hi/orian ( ar*itecture1 b4 #ahad--;d4 #ahgi4 ,gauli% bridges1 #gj1 #ga2 arcs d\bleaux1 or ribb$ ar*es1 #id1 #ie2 ! mill]s' bridge at ,meaux1 #bbc2 "s o!r mill bridges1 #bbd2 on ! %ape ( cutwat]s1 #bfb2 on ! m>tial bridge at ,sa9tes1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,,visconti1 ,,b]nab1 f\nd] ( ! bridge at ,trezzo1 #cji4 ,,visconti1 ,,gian ,,galeazzo1 f\nd] ( ! cov]$ bridge at ,pavia1 #cjh4 ,,vitruvius1 #aij4 ,,volcanoes1 _! lava h>d5$ into a ?ick cru/ ov] _m gaps 9 ! l& =m+ slab-bridges1 #abd4 ,,v\ssoirs1 or ar*/ones2 !y =m ! compress$ arc call$ ! r+4 ,,wakefield ,,bridge & h] ,*apel1 #bji1 #bbf-cj4 ,,wales1 h] bridges1 #de1 #df2 see also 8,brecon10 8,llangoll510 8,pont-y-,pant10 & 8,pont-y-,prydd40 ,,walla ,,brook1 ,d>tmoor1 #fj1 #ajj4 ,,wall+=d ,,bridge _h a ,*apel1 #bca4 ,,wal?am ,,abbey ,,& ,,h>old',s ,,bridge1 #afc4 ,,w>1 e sort ( human ent]prise mu/ be a phase ( w>1 = x claims a battle-toll ( kill$ & w\nd$ & maim$2 /rife ev]y:]e is ! hi/orian ( life1 vii2 examples ( ?is tru? *os5 f ! illusion nam$ ,peace1 #ag1 #cc-f2 see also 8,/rife & ,hi/oric ,bridges10 #ad-eb4 ,,w>1 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,great1 aga9/ ,g]many & ,au/ria1 vii1 #cc footnote1 #cej1 #ceh-fa4 ,,w>-,,bridges1 vii2 a brok5 "o ( ! ,,xiii c5tury at ,n>ni 9 ,italy1 #ad1 #bgg-h2 a f9e "o ( ! ,,xiv c5tury at ,or!z 9 ,france1 #ah1 #bgh-i2 h[ w>-bridges orig9at$1 #aah-ai2 ,roman examples at ,mrida1 #ahb1 & ,alcant>illa1 #cfg2 ! ,pont des ,consuls at ,montauban1 #bed-f2 ,wrzburg ,bridge 9 ,bav>ia1 #bei2 ! drawbridge ( ,old ,london ,bridge1 #bfj-a2 ,w>kwor? ,bridge1 #bfa-b2 ,pont ,val5tr at ,cahors1 #bfc-d1 #bhb-e2 9 ,bhutan1 ,india1 #bgb et seq42 at ,sospel1 #bgf2 ,monn[ ,bridge at ,monm\?1 #bha-b2 ! ,alcnt>a at ,tol$o1 #bhe et seq42 ,pu5te de ,san ,m>t9 at ,tol$o1 #bhg-i2 def5sive bridges 9 ,flemi% t[ns1 #bhi-ia2 cov]$ def5sive bridges ( timb]1 #bia-c2 ,pont ,/4 ,esprit ov] ! ,rhne1 #bic-h2 ,ponte ,nom5tano 9 ! ,campagna1 #bih-cjj2 at ,l>oque1 ne> ,cahors1 #cjj2 ! bridge at ,sa9tes 9 ,france1 de/roy$ 9 #ahdc1 #cjj-a2 ! evolution f =tifi$ bridges into def5celess viaducts1 ,*apt] ,v2 new battle-bridges ess5tial1 #cee-fa4 ,,w>kwor? ,,bridge1 #ic1 #beh1 #bfa-b4 ,,w>r+ton ,,bridge1 its date1 #bej footnote4 ,,wat]loo ,,bridge1 ,london1 #cbe-f4 ,,wat]mills ,,on ,,bridges1 #bji1 #bbc-d2 see also ! picture ( ,millau ,bridge fac+ page #ceb4 ,,wayside ,,%r9es1 #bjg1 #bcj1 #bcf1 #bdf-g4 ,,weav]s' ,,bridge1 ,wycoll>1 ,lanca%ire1 #fj-c4 ,,well+ton1 ,,duke ,,(1 h[ he repair$ ! brok5 ar* ( ! ,pu5te ,trajan ov] ! ,tagus1 #af1 #ahf2 at ,t\l\se1 #bhj2 on bl[+ up mod]n bridges1 #cei4 ,,wel% ,,bridges1 #de1 #df2 see also 8,brecon10 8,llangoll510 8,pont-y-,pant10 & 8,pont-y-,prydd40 ,,we/ ,,ras51 ,l9coln%ire1 a bridge ) a d\ble r+ ( v\ssoirs1 #cje4 ,,we/m9/] ,,bridge1 ,london1 #cbg1 #ceg4 ,,:eel$ ,,traffic always po/ulates "s good roads & bridges1 #bb4 ,,:eels1 _! wond]ful importance 9 mank9d's hi/ory1 #eh1 #aed4 ,,wigram1 ,,edg>1 arti/ & writ] on ,spa91 vi1 #bg1 #gc et seq41 #ajd1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #cfg4 ,,wigram1 ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,a41 ,d4,d41 8 notes on ,kurdi/an bridges1 #gd-f4 ,,wilton ,,bridge1 ,ross-on-,wye1 ,elizabe?an2 see 8,ross-on-,wye40 ,,william1 ,,sa9t1 & ! ,ouse ,bridge at ,york1 #bda4 ,,w9*e/]1 ,,! ,,/atute ,,(1 #bjg4 ,,w9dmills ,,& ,,bridges1 #bjh1 #bai1 #bbd-e4 ,,witt5g5 ,,bridge1 #adb4 ,,worce/]1 ,,battle ,,(1 & ,old ,p]%ore ,bridge1 #cee4 ,w,,rzburg ,,bridge1 #bei4 ,,wyatt1 ,,sir ,,?omas1 9 ! revolt ( #aeec1 tri$ to cross ! ,?ames1 b 0 ?w>t$ by ! drawbridge on ,old ,london ,bridge1 #bfa4 ,,wycoll> ,,valley1 ,lanca%ire1 its primitive bridges1 #fj et seq4 ,,x]xes1 8 bridge ov] ! ,hellespont1 see 8,bridge ( ,boats40 ,,york1 ,ouse ,bridge at1 #bda et seq4 ,y-,,%ap$ ,,bran*es ,,9 ,,primitive ,,bridges1 #adh4 ,,zakho1 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 ! leg5d ( its bridge1 #fe-f4 ,,zamora1 ,spa91 h] =tifi$ old bridge1 #bhe4 ,,z>agoza1 h] fam\s bridge1 p>tly ,roman1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,,z5deh ,,rud1 ,isfahan1 #bab-ae1 #bfh-gj4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,words may h multiple spell+ v>iations or inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! text4 ,^! 7 left un*ang$1 z 7 obsolete & alt]native spell+s4 ,misspell$ words 7 correct$4 ,! captions to sev]al images are n id5tical to ! descriptions ( !m 9 ! ,li/ ( ,col\r ,plates4 ,words & phrases 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores1 l ?is4 ,^? 9 bold are surr\nd$ by equal signs1 l ?is4 ,footnotes 7 r5umb]$ sequ5tially & 7 mov$ to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,footnotes #aji & #aae h two an*ors4 ,obvi\s pr9t+ errors1 su* z p>tially pr9t$ lett]s & punctuation1 7 correct$4 ,f9al /ops miss+ at ! end ( s5t5ces & abbreviations 7 add$4 ,mid-p>agraph illu/rations 7 mov$ to ! ne>e/ p>agraph break4 8,lll5knig0 0 replac$ ) 8,laell5ko5ig0 = consi/5cy ) o!r entries4