---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! p>agraphs 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,m9or errors1 attributable to ! pr9t]1 h be5 correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ,,london3 ,c ,,ri*>ds1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,lane4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,,hobbes ,,( ,,malmesbury2 ,,n[ ,,fir/ ,,collect$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,,william ,,moleswor?1 ,,b>t4 --- ,,vol4 ,,ii4 --- ,,london3 ,,john ,,bohn1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 --- ,,mdcccxli4 ,,philosophical ,,rudim5ts ,,conc]n+ ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,society4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,hobbes ,,( ,,malmesbury4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,william ,,e>l ,,( ,,devon%ire1 ,,my ,,mo/ ,,hon\r$ ,,"l4 --- ,,may ,,x ,,please ,,y\r ,,lord%ip1 ,x 0 ! spee* ( ! ,roman p1 to :om ! "n ( k+ _h be5 r5d]$ odi\s1 z well by ! tyranny ( ! ,t>qu9s z by ! g5ius & decretals ( t city2 x 0 ! spee*1 ,i say1 ( ! public1 h[ev] pron\nc$ f a private m\?1 7if yet ,cato ! c5sor 7 no m ?an su*73 t all k+s are to be reckon$ among/ rav5\s bea/s4 ,b :at a bea/ ( prey 0 ! ,roman p2 :il/ ) its conqu]+ eagles x erect$ its pr\d trophies s f> & wide ov] ! _w1 br++ ! ,africans1 ! ,asiatics1 ! ,mac$onians1 & ! ,a*ans1 ) _m o!r despoil$ nations1 into a speci\s bondage1 ) ! pret5ce ( pref]r+ !m to be d5iz5s ( ,rome6 ,s t if ,cato's say+ 7 a wise "o1 x 0 e :it z wise1 t ( ,pontius ,teles9us2 :o fly+ ab\t ) op5 m\? ?r\gh all ! companies ( 8 army 9 t fam\s enc\nt] :i* he _h ) ,sylla1 cri$ out3 t ,rome h]self z well z ,sylla1 0 to be raz$2 = t !re w\ld always be wolves & depr$ators ( _! lib]ty1 unless ! =e/ t lodg$ !m 7 grubb$ up by ! roots4 ,to speak imp>tially1 bo? say+s are v true3 t man to man is a k9d ( ,god2 & t man to man is an arrant wolf4 ,! fir/ is true1 if we comp>e citiz5s among/ !mselves2 & ! second1 if we comp>e cities4 ,9 ! "o1 !re is "s analogy ( similitude ) ! ,deity2 to wit1 ju/ice & *>ity1 ! tw9 si/]s ( peace4 ,b 9 ! o!r1 good m5 mu/ def5d !mselves by tak+ to !m = a sanctu>y ! two daught]s ( w>1 deceit & viol5ce3 t is1 9 pla9 t]ms1 a m]e brutal rapacity4 ,:i* al?\gh m5 object to "o ano!r z a reproa*1 by an inbr$ cu/om :i* !y h ( behold+ _! own actions 9 ! p]sons ( o!r m51 :]e91 z 9 a mirror1 all ?+s on ! left side appe> to be on ! "r1 & all ?+s on ! "r side to be z pla9ly on ! left2 yet ! natural "r ( pres]vation1 :i* we all receive f ! uncontrolable dictates ( necessity1 w n admit x to be a vice1 ?\gh x confess x to be an unhapp9ess4 ,n[ t ) ,cato himself1 a p]son ( s great a r5[n = wisdom1 animosity %\ld s prevail in/ead ( judgm5t1 & p>tiality in/ead ( reason1 t ! v same ?+ :i* he ?\ght j 9 8 popul> /ate1 he %\ld c5sure z unju/ 9 a mon>*ical2 o!r m5 p]haps may h leisure to admire4 ,b ,i h be5 long s9ce ( ?is op9ion2 t !re 0 nev] yet any m ?an vulg> prud5ce1 t _h ! luck ( be+ acceptable to ! giddy p2 b ei!r x ha? n be5 und]/ood1 or else hav+ be5 s ha? be5 levell$ & cri$ d[n4 ,! m em95t actions & apo!gms1 bo? ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 h be5 indebt$ = _! eulogies n s mu* to ! reason1 z to ! greatness ( !m2 & v _m times to t prosp]\s usurpation1 7) :i* our hi/ories d s mutually upbraid ea* o!r71 :i* z a conqu]+ torr5t c>ries all be=e x1 z well public ag5ts z public actions1 9 ! /ream ( "t4 ,wisdom1 prop]ly s call$1 is no?+ else b ?is3 ! p]fect k ( ! tru? 9 all matt]s :atsoev]4 ,:i* be+ d]iv$ f ! regi/]s & records ( ?+s2 & t z x 7 ?r\gh ! conduit ( c]ta9 def9ite appellations2 _c possibly be ! "w ( a sudd5 acut5ess1 b ( a well-balanc$ reason2 :i* by ! comp5dium ( a ^w1 we call philosophy4 ,= by ?is x is t a way is op5$ to u1 9 :i* we travel f ! contemplation ( p>ticul> ?+s to ! inf]5ce or result ( univ]sal actions4 ,n[ look1 h[ _m sorts ( ?+s !re are1 :i* prop]ly fall )9 ! cognizance ( human reason2 into s _m bran*es does ! tree ( philosophy divide itself4 ,& f ! div]sity ( ! matt] ab\t :i* !y are conv]sant1 !re ha? be5 giv5 to ^? bran*es a div]sity ( names too4 ,= treat+ ( figures1 x is call$ geometry2 ( motion1 physic2 ( natural "r1 morals2 put altoge!r1 & !y make up philosophy4 ,j z ! ,briti%1 ! ,atlantic1 & ! ,indian seas1 be+ div]sely *ri/5$ f ! div]sity ( _! %ores1 d not)/&+ all toge!r make up ! ocean4 ,& truly ! geometricians h v admirably p]=m$ _! "p4 ,= :atsoev] assi/ance do? accrue to ! life ( man1 :e!r f ! obs]vation ( ! heav5s or f ! description ( ! e>?1 f ! notation ( times1 or f ! remote/ exp]im5ts ( navigation2 f9ally1 :atsoev] ?+s !y are 9 :i* ?is pres5t age do? diff] f ! rude simpl5ess ( antiquity1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge to be a debt :i* we owe m]ely to geometry4 ,if ! moral philosoph]s _h z happily dis*>g$ _! duty1 ,i "k n :at c\ld h be5 add$ by human indu/ry to ! completion ( t happ9ess1 :i* is consi/5t ) human life4 ,= 7 ! nature ( human actions z di/9ctly kn[n z ! nature ( quantity 9 geometrical figures1 ! /r5g? ( av>ice & ambition1 :i* is su/a9$ by ! errone\s op9ions ( ! vulg> z t\*+ ! nature ( "r & wrong1 w\ld pres5tly fa9t & langui%2 & mank9d %\ld enjoy su* an immortal peace1 t unless x 7 = habitation1 on supposition t ! e>? %\ld gr[ too n>r[ = h] inhabitants1 !re w\ld h>dly be left any pret5ce = w>4 ,b n[ on ! contr>y1 t nei!r ! sword nor ! p5 %\ld be all[$ any cessation2 t ! k ( ! law ( nature %\ld lose its gr[?1 n advanc+ a :it beyond its anci5t /ature2 t !re %\ld /ill be su* sid+ ) ! sev]al factions ( philosoph]s1 t ! v same action %\ld be decri$ by "s1 & z mu* elevat$ by o!rs2 t ! v same man %\ld at sev]al times embrace 8 sev]al op9ions1 & e/eem 8 own actions f> o!rwise 9 himself ?an he does 9 o!rs3 ^!1 ,i say1 are s _m signs1 s _m manife/ argum5ts1 t :at ha? hi!rto be5 writt5 by moral philosoph]s1 ha? n made any progress 9 ! k ( ! tru?2 b yet ha? took ) ! _w1 n s mu* by giv+ any light to ! und]/&+ z ent]ta9m5t to ! affections1 :il/ by ! successful rhetorications ( _! spee* !y h confirm$ !m 9 _! ra%ly receiv$ op9ions4 ,s t ?is "p ( philosophy ha? suff]$ ! same de/9y ) ! public ways1 :i* lie op5 to all pass5g]s to trav]se up & d[n3 or ! same lot ) highways & op5 /reets1 "s = div]tisem5t1 & "s = bus9ess2 s t :at ) ! imp]t95ces ( "s & ! alt]cations ( o!rs1 ^? ways h nev] a se$ "t1 & !re=e yield nev] a h>ve/4 ,! only reason ( :i* unluck9ess %\ld seem to be ?is2 t among/ all ! writ]s ( t "p ( philosophy !re is n "o t ha? us$ an idone\s pr9ciple ( tractation4 ,= we may n1 z 9 a circle1 beg9 ! h&l+ ( a sci5ce f :at po9t we please4 ,!re is a c]ta9 clue ( reason1 ^: beg9n+ is 9 ! d>k2 b by ! b5efit ( ^: conduct1 we are l$ z x 7 by ! h& into ! cle>e/ light4 ,s t ! pr9ciple ( tractation is to be tak5 f t d>kness2 & !n ! light to be c>ri$ ?i!r = irradiat+ ! d\bts4 ,z (t5 !re=e z any writ] do? ei!r weakly =sake t clue1 or wilfully cut x asund]2 he describes ! foot/eps1 n ( 8 progress 9 sci5ce1 b ( 8 w&]+s f x4 ,& f ?is x 01 t :5 ,i appli$ my ?\ghts to ! inve/igation ( natural ju/ice1 ,i 0 pres5tly adv]tis$ f ! v ^w ju/ice1 7:i* signifies a /eady w ( giv+ e "o 8 own71 t my fir/ enquiry 0 to be1 f :5ce x proce$$ t any man %\ld call any?+ r 8 own1 ?an ano!r man's4 ,& :5 ,i f\nd t ?is proce$$ n f nature1 b cons5t2 7= :at nature at fir/ laid =? 9 common1 m5 did aft]w>ds di/ribute into sev]al impropriations72 ,i 0 conduct$ f !nce to ano!r inquiry2 namely1 to :at end & ^u :at impulsives1 :5 all 0 equally e man's 9 common1 m5 did r ?9k x fitt+ t e man %\ld h 8 inclosure4 ,& ,i f\nd ! reason 01 t f a community ( goods !re mu/ ne$s arise cont5tion1 ^: enjoym5t %\ld be greate/4 ,& f t cont5tion all k9d ( calamities mu/ unavoidably ensue1 :i* by ! in/9ct ( nature e man is taught to %un4 ,hav+ !re=e ?us arriv$ at two maxims ( human nature2 ! "o aris+ f ! concupiscible "p1 :i* desires to appropriate to itself ! use ( ^? ?+s 9 :i* all o!rs h a jo9t int]e/2 ! o!r proce$+ f ! rational1 :i* tea*es e man to fly a contra-natural dissolution1 z ! greate/ mis*ief t c arrive to nature3 :i* pr9ciples be+ laid d[n1 ,i seem f !m to h demon/rat$ by a mo/ evid5t connexion1 9 ?is little "w ( m9e1 fir/1 ! absolute necessity ( leagues & contracts1 & !nce ! rudim5ts bo? ( moral & ( civil prud5ce4 ,t app5dage :i* is add$ conc]n+ ! regim5t ( ,god1 ha? be5 done ) ?is int5t2 t ! dictates ( ,god ,almighty 9 ! law ( nature1 might n seem repugnant to ! writt5 law1 reveal$ to u 9 8 ^w4 ,i h also be5 v w>y 9 ! :ole t5\r ( my disc\rse1 n to m$dle ) ! civil laws ( any p>ticul> nation :atsoev]3 t is to say1 ,i h avoid$ com+ a%ore1 :i* ^? times h s infe/$ bo? ) %elves & tempe/s4 ,at :at exp5se ( "t & indu/ry ,i h be5 9 ?is scrut9y aft] tru?1 ,i am n ignorant2 b to :at purpose1 ,i "k n4 ,= be+ p>tial judges ( ourselves1 we lay a p>tial e/imate ^u our own productions4 ,i !re=e (f] up ?is book to y\r ,lord%ip's1 n fav\r1 b c5sure fir/2 z hav+ f\nd by _m exp]im5ts1 t x is n ! cr$it ( ! au?or1 nor ! newness ( ! "w1 nor yet ! ornam5t ( ! /yle1 b only ! weight ( reason1 :i* recomm5ds any op9ion to y\r ,lord%ip's fav\r & approbation4 ,if x =tune to please1 t is to say1 if x be s\nd1 if x be useful1 if x be n vulg>2 ,i humbly (f] x to y\r ,lord%ip1 z bo? my glory & my protection4 ,b if 9 any?+ ,i h err$1 y\r ,lord%ip w yet accept x z a te/imony ( my gratitude2 t ! means ( /udy1 :i* ,i enjoy$ by y\r ,lord%ip's goodness1 ,i h employ$ to ! procurem5t ( y\r ,lord%ip's fav\r4 ,! ,god ( heav5 cr[n y\r ,lord%ip ) l5g? ( days1 9 ?is e>?ly /ation2 & 9 ! heav5ly ,j]usalem ) a cr[n ( glory4 ,y\r ,hon\r's mo/ humble1 & mo/ devot$ ,s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,hobbes4 ------- ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,read]1 ,i promise !e "h su* ?+s1 :i* ord9>ily promis$ d seem to *all5ge ! greate/ att5tion1 7:e!r ?\ reg>d ! dignity or pr(it ( ! matt] treat$1 or ! "r me?od ( h&l+ x1 or ! hone/ motive & good advice to und]take x1 or la/ly ! mod]ation ( ! au?or17 & ,i lay !m "h be=e ?9e eyes4 ,9 ?is book ?\ %alt f9d briefly describ$ ! duties ( m53 fir/1 z m52 !n z subjects2 la/ly1 z ,*ri/ians4 ,"u :i* duties are conta9$1 n only ! elem5ts ( ! laws ( nature & ( nations1 toge!r ) ! true orig9al & p[] ( ju/ice2 b also ! v ess5ce ( ,*ri/ian religion itself1 s f> =? z ! measure ( ?is my purpose c\ld well be> x4 ,:i* k9d ( doctr9e1 except+ :at relates to ,*ri/ian religion1 ! mo/ anci5t sages did judge fitte/ to be deliv]$ to po/]ity1 ei!r curi\sly adorn$ ) v]se1 or cl\d$ ) allegories1 z a mo/ beautiful & hall[$ my/]y ( royal au?ority2 le/ by ! disputations ( private m5 x might be defil$4 ,o!r philosoph]s 9 ! mean "t1 to ! advantage ( mank9d1 did contemplate ! faces & motions ( ?+s2 o!rs1 )\t disadvantage1 _! natures & causes4 ,b 9 aft] times1 ,socrates is said to h be5 ! fir/ :o truly lov$ ?is civil sci5ce2 al?\gh hi!rto n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 yet glimm]+ =? z ?r\gh a cl\d 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! commonweal3 & t he set s great a value on ?is1 t utt]ly ab&on+ & despis+ all o!r p>ts ( philosophy1 he :olly embrac$ ?is1 z judg+ x only wor?y ! lab\r ( 8 m9d4 ,aft] him comes ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,cic]o1 & o!r philosoph]s1 z well ,greek z ,lat94 ,& n[ at l5g? all m5 ( all nations1 n only philosoph]s b ev5 ! vulg>1 h & d /ill deal ) ?is z a matt] ( ease1 expos$ & pro/itute to e "m-wit1 & to be atta9$ )\t any great c>e or /udy4 ,&1 :i* makes ma9ly = its dignity1 ^? :o suppose !mselves to h x1 or are 9 su* employm5t z !y ought to h x1 d s wond]fully please !mselves 9 its idea1 z !y easily brook ! foll[]s ( o!r arts to be e/eem$ & /yl$ +5u\s1 le>n$1 skilful1 & :at y w1 except prud5t3 = ?is "n1 9 reg>d ( civil k1 !y presume to be due to !mselves only4 ,:e!r !re=e ! wor? ( arts is to be weigh$ by ! wor?9ess ( ! p]sons :o ent]ta9 !m1 or by ! numb] ( ^? :o h writt5 ( !m1 or by ! judgm5t ( ! wise/2 c]ta9ly ?is mu/ c>ry x1 :i* s ne>ly relates to pr9ces1 & o!rs engag$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( mank9d2 9 ^: adult]ate species also ! mo/ "p ( m5 d delight !mselves1 & 9 :i* ! mo/ excell5t wits ( philosoph]s h be5 conv]sant4 ,! b5efit ( x1 :5 rightly deliv]$1 t is1 :5 d]iv$ f true pr9ciples by evid5t connection1 we %all !n be/ disc]n1 :5 we %all b well h consid]$ ! mis*iefs t h befall5 mank9d f its c\nt]feit & babbl+ =m4 ,= 9 matt]s :]e9 we speculate = ! ex]cise ( our wits1 if any error escape u1 x is )\t hurt2 nei!r is !re any loss1 b ( "t only4 ,b 9 ^? ?+s :i* e man ought to m$itate = ! /e]age ( 8 life1 x necess>ily happ5s t n only f errors1 b ev5 f ignorance itself1 !re arise (f5ces1 cont5tions1 nay1 ev5 slaught] itself4 ,look n[1 h[ great a prejudice ^! are2 su* & s great is ! b5efit aris+ f ?is doctr9e ( morality truly decl>$4 ,h[ _m k+s1 & ^? good m5 too1 ha? ?is "o error1 t a tyrant k+ might lawfully be put to dea?1 be5 ! slaught] (6 ,h[ _m ?roats ha? ?is false position cut1 t a pr9ce = "s causes may by "s c]ta9 m5 be depos$6 ,& :at blood%$ ha? n ?is errone\s doctr9e caus$1 t k+s are n sup]iors to1 b adm9i/rators = ! multitude6 ,la/ly1 h[ _m rebellions ha? ?is op9ion be5 ! cause (1 :i* tea*e? t ! k :e!r ! comm&s ( k+s be j or unju/1 belongs to private m52 & t be=e !y yield ob$i5ce1 !y n only may1 b ought to dispute !m6 ,besides1 9 ! moral philosophy n[ commonly receiv$1 !re are _m ?+s no less dang]\s ?an ^?1 :i* x matt]s n n[ to recite4 ,i suppose ^? anci5ts =esaw ?is1 :o r *ose to h ! sci5ce ( ju/ice wrapp$ up 9 fables1 ?an op5ly expos$ to disputations4 ,= be=e su* que/ions began to be mov$1 pr9ces did n sue =1 b already ex]cis$ ! supreme p[]4 ,!y kept _! empire entire1 n by argum5ts1 b by puni%+ ! wick$ & protect+ ! good4 ,likewise subjects did n measure :at 0 j by ! say+s & judgm5ts ( private m51 b by ! laws ( ! realm2 nor 7 !y kept 9 peace by disputations1 b by p[] & au?ority4 ,yea1 !y rev]5c$ ! supreme p[]1 :e!r resid+ 9 "o man or 9 a c\ncil1 z a c]ta9 visible div9ity4 ,!re=e !y little us$1 z 9 our days1 to jo9 !mselves ) ambiti\s & helli% spirits1 to ! utt] ru9 ( _! /ate4 ,= !y c\ld n ent]ta9 s /range a fancy1 z n to desire ! pres]vation ( t by :i* !y 7 pres]v$4 ,9 tru?1 ! simplicity ( ^? times 0 n yet capable ( s le>n$ a piece ( folly4 ,:]e=e x 0 peace & a gold5 age1 :i* end$ n be=e t1 ,saturn be+ expell$1 x 0 taught lawful to take up arms aga9/ k+s4 ,?is1 ,i say1 ! anci5ts n only !mselves saw1 b 9 "o ( _! fables !y seem v aptly to h signifi$ x to u4 ,= !y say1 t :5 ,ixion 0 invit$ by ,jupit] to a banquet1 he fell 9 love1 & began to c\rt ,juno h]self4 ,(f]+ to embrace h]1 he clasp$ a cl\d2 f :5ce ! ,c5taurs proce$$1 by nature half m51 half horses1 a fi]ce1 a fight+1 & unquiet g5]ation4 ,:i* *ang+ ! names only1 is z mu* z if !y %\ld h said1 t private m5 be+ call$ to c\ncils ( /ate1 desir$ to pro/itute ju/ice1 ! only si/] & wife ( ! supreme1 to _! own judgm5ts & appreh5sions2 b embrac+ a false & empty %ad[ in/ead ( x1 !y h begott5 ^? h]maphrodite op9ions ( moral philosoph]s1 p>tly "r & comely1 p>tly brutal & wild2 ! causes ( all cont5tions & blood%$s4 ,s9ce !re=e su* op9ions are daily se5 to arise1 if any man n[ %all dispel ^? cl\ds1 & by mo/ firm reasons demon/rate t !re are no au!ntical doctr9es conc]n+ "r & wrong1 good & evil1 besides ! con/itut$ laws 9 ea* realm & gov]nm5t2 & t ! "q :e!r any future action w prove j or unju/1 good or ill1 is to be dem&$ ( none b ^? to :om ! supreme ha? committ$ ! int]pretation ( 8 laws3 surely he w n only %[ u ! highway to peace1 b w also tea* u h[ to avoid ! close1 d>k1 & dang]\s by-pa?s ( faction & s$ition2 ?an :i* ,i "k n :at c be ?\ght m pr(itable4 ,conc]n+ my me?od1 ,i ?\ght x n suffici5t to use a pla9 & evid5t /yle 9 :at ,i h to deliv]1 except ,i took my beg9n+ f ! v matt] ( civil gov]nm5t1 & !nce proce$$ to its g5]ation & =m1 & ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ju/ice4 ,= ev]y?+ is be/ und]/ood by its con/itutive causes4 ,= z 9 a wat*1 or "s su* small eng9e1 ! matt]1 figure1 & motion ( ! :eels _c well be kn[n1 except x be tak5 insund] & view$ 9 p>ts2 s to make a m curi\s se>* into ! rights ( /ates & duties ( subjects1 x is necess>y1 ,i say1 n to take !m insund]1 b yet t !y be s consid]$ z if !y 7 dissolv$2 t is1 t we rightly und]/& :at ! quality ( human nature is1 9 :at matt]s x is1 9 :at n1 fit to make up a civil gov]nm5t1 & h[ m5 mu/ be agre$ among/ !mselves t int5d to gr[ up into a well-gr\nd$ /ate4 ,hav+ !re=e foll[$ ?is k9d ( me?od1 9 ! fir/ place ,i set d[n = a pr9ciple1 by exp]i5ce kn[n to all m5 & d5i$ by none1 to wit1 t ! dispositions ( m5 are naturally su*1 t except !y be re/ra9$ ?r\gh fe> ( "s co]cive p[]1 e man w di/ru/ & dread ea* o!r2 & z by natural "r he may1 s by necessity he w be =c$ to make use ( ! /r5g? he ha?1 t[>d ! pres]vation ( himself4 ,y w object p]haps1 t !re are "s :o d5y ?is4 ,truly s x happ5s1 t v _m d d5y x4 ,b %all ,i !re=e seem to fight aga9/ myself1 because ,i affirm t ! same m5 confess & d5y ! same ?+8 ,9 tru? ,i d n2 b !y d1 ^: actions disav[ :at _! disc\rses approve (4 ,we see all c\ntries1 ?\gh !y be at peace ) _! neighb\rs1 yet gu>d+ _! fronti]s ) arm$ m51 _! t[ns ) walls & ports1 & keep+ con/ant wat*es4 ,to :at purpose is all ?is1 if !re be no fe> ( ! neighb\r+ p[]8 ,we see ev5 9 well-gov]n$ /ates1 :]e !re are laws & puni%m5ts appo9t$ = (f5d]s1 yet p>ticul> m5 travel n )\t _! sword by _! sides = _! def5ces2 nei!r sleep !y )\t %utt+ n only _! doors aga9/ _! fell[ subjects1 b also _! trunks & c(f]s = fe> ( dome/ics4 ,c m5 give a cle>] te/imony ( ! di/ru/ !y h ea* ( o!r1 & all ( all8 ,n[1 s9ce !y d ?us1 & ev5 c\ntries z well z m51 !y publicly pr(ess _! mutual fe> & diffid5ce4 ,b 9 disput+ !y d5y x2 t is z mu* z to say1 t out ( a desire !y h to contradict o!rs1 !y ga9say !mselves4 ,"s object t ?is pr9ciple be+ admitt$1 x w\ld ne$s foll[1 n only t all m5 7 wick$1 7:i* p]haps ?\gh x seem h>d1 yet we mu/ yield to1 s9ce x is s cle>ly decl>$ by holy writ71 b also wick$ by nature1 :i* _c be grant$ )\t impiety4 ,b ?is1 t m5 are evil by nature1 foll[s n f ?is pr9ciple4 ,= ?\gh ! wick$ 7 few] ?an ! righte\s1 yet because we _c di/+ui% !m1 !re is a necessity ( suspect+1 he$+1 anticipat+1 subjugat+1 self-def5d+1 ev] incid5t to ! mo/ hone/ & faire/ condition$4 ,mu* less does x foll[1 t ^? :o are wick$1 are s by nature4 ,= ?\gh f nature1 t is1 f _! fir/ bir?1 z !y are m]ely s5sible creatures1 !y h ?is disposition1 t imm$iately z mu* z 9 !m lies !y desire & d :atsoev] is be/ pleas+ to !m1 & t ei!r ?r\gh fe> !y fly f1 or ?r\gh h>dness repel ^? dang]s :i* approa* !m2 yet are !y n = ?is reason to be acc\nt$ wick$4 ,= ! affections ( ! m9d1 :i* arise only f ! l[] p>ts ( ! s\l1 are n wick$ !mselves2 b ! actions !nce proce$+ may be s sometimes1 z :5 !y are ei!r (f5sive or aga9/ duty4 ,unless y give *ildr5 all !y ask =1 !y are peevi% & cry1 aye1 & /rike _! p>5ts sometimes2 & all ?is !y h f nature4 ,yet are !y free f guilt1 nei!r may we prop]ly call !m wick$2 fir/1 because !y _c hurt2 next1 because want+ ! free use ( reason !y are exempt$ f all duty4 ,^! :5 !y come to rip] ye>s1 hav+ acquir$ p[] :]eby !y may d hurt1 if !y %all cont9ue to d ! same ?+s1 !n truly !y bo? beg9 to be1 & are prop]ly acc\nt$ wick$4 ,insomu* z a wick$ man is almo/ ! same ?+ ) a *ild gr[n /rong & /urdy1 or a man ( a *ildi% disposition2 & malice ! same ) a defect ( reason 9 t age :5 nature ought to be bett] gov]n$ ?r\gh good education & exp]i5ce4 ,unless !re=e we w say t m5 are naturally evil1 because !y receive n _! education & use ( reason f nature1 we mu/ ne$s ackn[l$ge t m5 may d]ive desire1 fe>1 ang]1 & o!r passions f nature1 & yet n impute ! evil effects ( ^? unto nature4 ,! f\ndation !re=e :i* ,i h laid1 /&+ firm1 ,i demon/rate1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! /ate ( m5 )\t civil society1 :i* /ate we may prop]ly call ! /ate ( nature1 is no?+ else b a m]e w> ( all aga9/ all2 & 9 t w> all m5 h equal "r unto all ?+s4 ,next1 t all m5 z soon z !y arrive to und]/&+ ( ?is hateful condition1 d desire1 ev5 nature itself compell+ !m1 to be fre$ f ?is mis]y4 ,b t ?is _c be done1 except by compact1 !y all quit t "r !y h to all ?+s4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i decl>e & confirm :at ! nature ( compact is2 h[ & by :at means ! "r ( "o might be transf]r$ unto ano!r to make _! compacts valid2 also :at rights1 & to :om !y mu/ necess>ily be grant$1 = ! e/abli%+ ( peace2 ,i mean1 :at ^? dictates ( reason are1 :i* may prop]ly be t]m$ ! laws ( nature4 ,& all ^! are conta9$ 9 t "p ( ?is book :i* ,i entitle ,lib]ty4 ,^! gr\nds ?us laid1 ,i %[ fur!r :at civil gov]nm5t1 & ! supreme p[] 9 x1 & ! div]s k9ds ( x are2 by :at means x becomes s2 & :at rights p>ticul> m51 :o int5d to con/itute ?is civil gov]nm5t1 mu/ s necess>ily transf] f !mselves on ! supreme p[]1 :e!r x be "o man or an assembly ( m51 t1 except !y d s1 x w evid5tly appe> to be no civil gov]nm5t1 b ! rights :i* all m5 h to all ?+s1 t is1 ! rights ( w> w /ill rema94 ,next ,i di/+ui% ! div]s k9ds ( x1 to wit1 mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 democracy2 & pat]nal dom9ion1 & t ( ma/]s ov] _! s]vants4 ,i decl>e h[ !y are con/itut$1 & ,i comp>e _! sev]al conv5i5ces & inconv5i5ces1 ea* ) o!r4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i unfold :at ^? ?+s are :i* de/roy x1 & :at 8 or _! duty is1 :o rule 9 *ief4 ,la/ ( all1 ,i explicate ! natures ( law & ( s92 & ,i di/+ui% law f c\nsel1 f compact1 f t :i* ,i call "r4 ,all :i* ,i compreh5d "u ! title ( ,dom9ion4 ,9 ! la/ "p ( x1 :i* is entitl$ ,religion1 le/ t "r1 :i* by /rong reason1 9 ! prec$+ disc\rse1 ,i _h confirm$ ! sov]eign p[]s to h ov] _! subjects1 might seem to be repugnant to ! sacr$ ,scriptures2 ,i %[1 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ x repugns n ! div9e "r1 = z mu* z ,god ov]rules all rul]s by nature1 t is1 by ! dictates ( natural reason4 ,9 ! second1 =asmu* z ,god himself _h a peculi> dom9ion ov] ! ,jews1 by virtue ( t anci5t cov5ant ( circumcision4 ,9 ! ?ird1 because ,god do? n[ rule ov] u ,*ri/ians1 by virtue ( our cov5ant ( baptism4 ,& !re=e ! au?ority ( rul]s 9 *ief1 or ( civil gov]nm5t1 is n at all1 we see1 contr>y to religion4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ,i decl>e :at duties are necess>ily requir$ f u1 to ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,& ( ^? ,i pla9ly demon/rate1 & conclude out ( evid5t te/imonies ( holy writ accord+ to ! int]pretation made by all1 t ! ob$i5ce1 :i* ,i h affirm$ to be due f p>ticul> ,*ri/ian subjects unto _! ,*ri/ian pr9ces1 _c possibly 9 ! lea/ sort be repugnant unto ,*ri/ian religion4 ,y h se5 my me?od3 receive n[ ! reason :i* mov$ me to write ?is4 ,i 0 /udy+ philosophy = my m9d sake1 & ,i _h ga!r$ toge!r its fir/ elem5ts 9 all k9ds2 & hav+ dige/$ !m into ?ree sections by degrees1 ,i ?\ght to h writt5 !m1 s z 9 ! fir/ ,i w\ld h treat$ ( body & its g5]al prop]ties2 9 ! second ( man & 8 special faculties & affections2 9 ! ?ird1 ( civil gov]nm5t & ! duties ( subjects4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ section w\ld h conta9$ ! fir/ philosophy1 & c]ta9 elem5ts ( physic2 9 x we w\ld h consid]$ ! reasons ( "t1 place1 cause1 p[]1 relation1 proportion1 quantity1 figure1 & motion4 ,9 ! second1 we w\ld h be5 conv]sant ab\t imag9ation1 memory1 intellect1 ratioc9ation1 appetite1 w1 good & evil1 hone/ & di%one/1 & ! l4 ,:at ?is la/ section h&les1 ,i h n[ already %[$ y4 ,:il/ ,i contrive1 ord]1 p5sively & sl[ly compose ^! matt]s2 7= ,i only d reason1 ,i dispute n72 x s happ5$ 9 ! int]im1 t my c\ntry1 "s few ye>s be=e ! civil w>s did rage1 0 boil+ hot ) que/ions conc]n+ ! rights ( dom9ion & ! ob$i5ce due f subjects1 ! true =]unn]s ( an approa*+ w>2 & 0 ! cause :i*1 all ^? o!r matt]s def]r$1 rip5$ & pluck$ f me ?is ?ird "p4 ,!re=e x happ5s1 t :at 0 la/ 9 ord]1 is yet come =? fir/ 9 "t4 ,& ! r1 because ,i saw t1 gr\nd$ on its own pr9ciples suffici5tly kn[n by exp]i5ce1 x w\ld n /& 9 ne$ ( ! =m] sections4 ,yet ,i h n made x out ( a desire ( praise3 al?\gh if ,i _h1 ,i might h def5d$ myself ) ?is fair excuse1 t v few d ?+s laudably1 :o are n affect$ ) comm5dation3 b = y\r sakes1 read]s1 :o ,i p]suad$ myself1 :5 y %\ld rightly appreh5d & ?or\ghly und]/& ?is doctr9e ,i "h pres5t y )1 w\ld r *oose to brook ) pati5ce "s inconv5i5ces "u gov]nm5t1 7because human affairs _c possibly be )\t "s71 ?an self-op9iat$ly di/urb ! quiet ( ! public2 t1 weigh+ ! ju/ice ( ^? ?+s y are ab\t1 n by ! p]suasion & advice ( private m51 b by ! laws ( ! realm1 y w no long] suff] ambiti\s m5 ?r\gh ! /reams ( y\r blood to wade to _! own p[]2 t y w e/eem x bett] to enjoy y\rselves 9 ! pres5t /ate1 ?\gh p]haps n ! be/1 ?an by wag+ w> endeav\r to procure a re=mation = o!r m5 9 ano!r age1 y\rselves 9 ! mean:ile ei!r kill$ or consum$ ) age4 ,fur!rmore1 = ^? :o w n ackn[l$ge !mselves subject to ! civil magi/rate1 & w be exempt f all public bur!ns1 & yet w live "u 8 jurisdiction1 & look = protection f ! viol5ce & injuries ( o!rs1 t y w\ld n look on !m z fell[-subjects1 b e/eem !m = enemies & spies2 & t ye ra%ly admit n = ,god's ^w all :i*1 ei!r op5ly or privately1 !y %all pret5d to be s4 ,i say m pla9ly1 if any prea*]1 confessor1 or casui/1 %all b say t ?is doctr9e is agreeable ) ,god's ^w1 namely1 t ! *ief rul]1 nay1 any private man may lawfully be put to dea? )\t ! *ief's comm&1 or t subjects may resi/1 conspire1 or cov5ant aga9/ ! supreme p[]2 t ye by no means believe !m1 b in/antly decl>e _! names4 ,he :o approves ( ^! reasons1 w also l my int5tions 9 writ+ ?is book4 ,la/ ( all1 ,i h prop\nd$ to myself ?is rule ?r\gh ?is :ole disc\rse4 ,fir/1 n to def9e aught :i* conc]ns ! ju/ice ( s+le actions1 b leave !m to be det]m9$ by ! laws4 ,next1 n to dispute ! laws ( any gov]nm5t 9 special1 t is1 n to po9t :i* are ! laws ( any c\ntry1 b to decl>e :at ! laws ( all c\ntries are4 ,?irdly1 n to seem ( op9ion1 t !re is a less proportion ( ob$i5ce due to an ari/ocracy or democracy ?an a mon>*y4 ,= ?\gh ,i h endeav\r$1 by argum5ts 9 my t5? *apt]1 to ga9 a belief 9 m51 t mon>*y is ! mo/ commodi\s gov]nm5t2 :i* "o ?+ alone ,i confess 9 ?is :ole book n to be demon/rat$1 b only probably /at$2 yet e :]e ,i expressly say1 t 9 all k9d ( gov]nm5t :atsoev] !re ought to be a supreme & equal p[]4 ,f\r?ly1 n 9 anywise to dispute ! positions ( div9es1 except ^? :i* /rip subjects ( _! ob$i5ce1 & %ake ! f\ndations ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,la/ly1 le/ ,i might imprud5tly set =? some:at ( :i* !re w\ld be no ne$1 :at ,i _h ?us writt5 ,i w\ld n pres5tly expose to ! public4 ,:]e=e ,i got "s few copies privately disp]s$ among "s ( my fri5ds2 t discry+ ! op9ions ( o!rs1 if any ?+s appe>$ errone\s1 h>d1 or obscure1 ,i might correct1 s(t5 & expla9 !m4 ,^! ?+s ,i f\nd mo/ bitt]ly except$ aga9/4 ,t ,i _h made ! civil p[]s too l>ge2 b ?is by ecclesia/ical p]sons4 ,t ,i _h utt]ly tak5 away lib]ty ( consci5ce2 b ?is by sect>ies4 ,t ,i _h set pr9ces above ! civil laws2 b ?is by lawy]s4 ,:]e=e ,i 0 n mu* mov$ by ^! m5's repreh5sions1 z :o 9 do+ ?is1 did b d _! own bus9ess2 except x 7 to tie ^? knots some:at fa/]4 ,b = _! sakes :o h a little be5 /agg]$ at ! pr9ciples !mselves1 to wit1 ! nature ( m51 ! au?ority or "r ( nature1 ! nature ( compacts & contracts1 & ! orig9al ( civil gov]nm5t2 because 9 f9d+ fault !y h n s mu* foll[$ _! passions1 z _! common-s5se1 ,i h !re=e 9 "s places add$ "s annotations1 :]eby ,i presum$ ,i might give "s satisfaction to _! diff]+ ?\ghts4 ,la/ly1 ,i h endeav\r$ to (f5d none1 beside ^? ^: pr9ciples ^! contradict1 & ^: t5d] m9ds are lightly (f5d$ by e diff]5ce ( op9ions4 ,:]e=e1 if ye %all meet ) "s ?+s :i* h m ( %>pness1 & less ( c]ta9ty ?an !y ought to h1 s9ce !y are n s mu* spok5 = ! ma9t5ance ( p>ties z ! e/abli%m5t ( peace1 & by "o ^: j grief = ! pres5t calamities ( 8 c\ntry may v *>itably be all[$ "s lib]ty2 x is 8 only reque/ to ye1 ,read]s1 ye w deign to receive !m ) an equal m9d4 ------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,index4 --- ,,( ,,lib]ty4 ,,*ap4 ,,page #a4 ,( ! /ate ( m5 )\t civil society #a #b4 ,( ! law ( nature conc]n+ contracts #ad #c4 ,( ! o!r laws ( nature #bi #d4 ,t ! law ( nature is a div9e law #ei ,,( ,,dom9ion4 #e4 ,( ! causes & fir/ orig9al ( civil #fc gov]nm5t #f4 ,( ! "r1 :e!r we consid] x 9 an #ga assembly or 9 "o p]son1 :i* he ha? :o is endu$ ) supreme au?ority #g4 ,( ! ?ree k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 ,democracy1 #ib ,ari/ocracy1 & ,mon>*y #h4 ,( ! "r :i* lords & ma/]s h ov] #ajh _! s]vants #i4 ,( ! "r :i* p>5ts h ov] _! #aad *ildr51 & ( a k+dom pat]nal #aj4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ?ree k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 #abf ea* ) o!r1 accord+ to ! inconv5i5ces ( ea* "o #aa4 ,! places & examples ( ,scripture conc]n+ #adc ! "r ( gov]nm5t1 :i* make = pro( ( ! =esaid doctr9es #ab4 ,( ! inw>d causes :i* dissolve all civil #adi gov]nm5t #ac4 ,( ! duties ( ^? m5 :o sit at ! helm ( #afe /ate #ad4 ,( laws & s9s #ahb ,,( ,,religion4 #ae4 ,( ,god's gov]nm5t by nature #bja #af4 ,( 8 gov]nm5t by ! old cov5ant #bbf #ag4 ,( 8 gov]nm5t by ! new cov5ant #bej #ah4 ,( ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y = our #bih entrance into ! k+dom ( heav5 ,,philosophical ,,elem5ts ,,( ,a ,,true ,,citiz54 --- ,,lib]ty4 --- ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,m5 ,,)\t ,,civil ,,society4 #a4 ,! ,introduction4 #b4 ,t ! beg9n+ ( civil society is f mutual fe>4 #c4 ,t m5 by nature are all equal4 #d4 ,:5ce ! w ( mis*iev+ ea* o!r arise?4 #e4 ,! discord aris+ f comp>ison ( wits4 #f4 ,f ! appetite _m h to ! same ?+4 #g4 ,! def9ition ( "r4 #h4 ,a "r to ! end1 gives a "r to ! means necess>y to t end4 #i4 ,by ! "r ( nature1 e man is judge ( ! means :i* t5d to 8 own pres]vation4 #aj4 ,by nature all m5 h equal "r to all ?+s4 #aa4 ,?is "r :i* all m5 h to all ?+s1 is unpr(itable4 #ab4 ,! /ate ( m5 )\t civil society1 is a m]e /ate ( w>3 ! def9itions ( peace & w>4 #ac4 ,w> is an adv]s>y to man's pres]vation4 #ad4 ,x is lawful = any man1 by natural "r1 to compel ano!r :om he ha? gott5 9 8 p[]1 to give caution ( 8 future ob$i5ce4 #ae4 ,nature dictates ! seek+ aft] peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,introduction4 ,! faculties ( human nature may be r$uc$ unto f\r k9ds2 bodily /r5g?1 exp]i5ce1 reason1 passion4 ,tak+ ! beg9n+ ( ?is foll[+ doctr9e f ^!1 we w decl>e1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at mann] ( incl9ations m5 :o are endu$ ) ^! faculties be> t[>ds ea* o!r1 & :e!r1 & by :at faculty !y are born apt = society1 & to pres]ve !mselves aga9/ mutual viol5ce2 !n proce$+1 we w %ew :at advice 0 necess>y to be tak5 = ?is bus9ess1 & :at are ! conditions ( society1 or ( human peace2 t is to say1 7*ang+ ! words only71 :at are ! fundam5tal laws ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! beg9n+ ( mutual society is f fe>4 #b4 ,! greate/ "p ( ^? m5 :o h writt5 aught conc]n+ commonweal?s1 ei!r suppose1 or require u or beg ( u to believe1 t man is a creature born fit#a = society4 ,! ,greeks call him 2 & on ?is f\ndation !y s build up ! doctr9e ( civil society1 z if = ! pres]vation ( peace1 & ! gov]nm5t ( mank9d1 !re 7 no?+ else necess>y ?an t m5 %\ld agree to make c]ta9 cov5ants & conditions toge!r1 :i* !mselves %\ld !n call laws4 ,:i* axiom1 ?\gh receiv$ by mo/1 is yet c]ta9ly false2 & an error proce$+ f our too slight contemplation ( human nature4 ,= !y :o %all m n>r[ly look into ! causes = :i* m5 come toge!r1 & delight 9 ea* o!r's company1 %all easily f9d t ?is happ5s n because naturally x c\ld happ5 no o!rwise1 b by accid5t4 ,= if by nature "o man %\ld love ano!r1 t is1 z man1 !re c\ld no reason be return$ :y e man %\ld n equally love e man1 z be+ equally man2 or :y he %\ld r frequ5t ^?1 ^: society af=ds him hon\r or pr(it4 ,we d n !re=e by nature seek society = its own sake1 b t we may receive "s hon\r or pr(it f x2 ^! we desire prim>ily1 t second>ily4 ,h[1 by :at advice1 m5 d meet1 w be be/ kn[n by obs]v+ ^? ?+s :i* !y d :5 !y are met4 ,= if !y meet = traffic1 x is pla9 e man reg>ds n 8 fell[1 b 8 bus9ess2 if to dis*>ge "s (fice1 a c]ta9 m>ket-fri5d%ip is begott51 :i* ha? m ( jeal\sy 9 x ?an true love1 & :5ce factions sometimes may arise1 b good w nev]2 if = pleasure & recreation ( m9d1 e man is wont to please himself mo/ ) ^? ?+s :i* /ir up laught]1 :5ce he may1 accord+ to ! nature ( t :i* is ridicul\s1 by comp>ison ( ano!r man's defects & infirmities1 pass ! m curr5t 9 8 own op9ion4 ,& al?\gh ?is be sometimes innoc5t & )\t (f5ce1 yet x is manife/ !y are n s mu* delight$ ) ! society1 z _! own va9 glory4 ,b = ! mo/ "p1 9 ^! k9ds ( meet+ we w\nd ! abs5t2 _! :ole life1 say+s1 actions are exam9$1 judg$1 condemn$4 ,nay1 x is v r>e b "s pres5t receive a fl+ z soon z !y "p2 s z 8 reason 0 n ill1 :o 0 wont always at p>t+ to g out la/4 ,& ^! are inde$ ! true delights ( society1 unto :i* we are c>ri$ by nature1 t is1 by ^? passions :i* are incid5t to all creatures1 until ei!r by sad exp]i5ce or good precepts x s fall out1 :i* 9 _m x nev] happ5s1 t ! appetite ( pres5t matt]s be dull$ ) ! memory ( ?+s pa/3 )\t :i* ! disc\rse ( mo/ quick & nimble m5 on ?is subject1 is b cold & hungry4 ,footnote #a3 ,born fit4 ,s9ce we n[ see actually a con/itut$ society among m51 & none liv+ out ( x1 s9ce we disc]n all desir\s ( congress & mutual correspond5ce1 x may seem a wond]ful k9d ( /upidity1 to lay 9 ! v ?re%old ( ?is doctr9e su* a /umbl+ block be=e ! read]1 z to d5y man to be born fit = society4 ,!re=e ,i mu/ m pla9ly say1 t x is true inde$1 t to man by nature1 or z man1 t is1 z soon z he is born1 solitude is an enemy2 = infants h ne$ ( o!rs to help !m to live1 & ^? ( rip] ye>s to help !m to live well4 ,:]e=e ,i d5y n t m5 7ev5 nature compell+7 desire to come toge!r4 ,b civil societies are n m]e meet+s1 b bonds1 to ! mak+ :]e( fai? & compacts are necess>y2 ! virtue :]e( to *ildr5 & fools1 & ! pr(it :]e( to ^? :o h n yet ta/$ ! mis]ies :i* accompany its defects1 is altoge!r unkn[n2 :5ce x happ5s1 t ^?1 because !y "k n :at society is1 _c ent] into x2 ^!1 because ignorant ( ! b5efit x br+s1 c>e n = x4 ,manife/ !re=e x is1 t all m51 because !y are born 9 infancy1 are born unapt = society4 ,_m also1 p]haps mo/ m51 ei!r ?r\gh defect ( m9d or want ( education1 rema9 unfit dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( _! lives2 yet h !y1 infants z well z ^? ( rip] ye>s1 a human nature4 ,:]e=e man is made fit = society n by nature1 b by education4 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh man 7 born 9 su* a condition z to desire x1 x foll[s n1 t he !re=e 7 born fit to ent] into x4 ,= x is "o ?+ to desire1 ano!r to be 9 capacity fit = :at we desire2 = ev5 !y1 :o ?r\gh _! pride1 w n /oop to equal conditions1 )\t :i* !re c be no society1 d yet desire x4 ,b if x s happ51 t be+ met !y pass _! "t 9 relat+ "s /ories1 & "o ( !m beg9s to tell "o :i* conc]ns himself2 in/antly e "o ( ! re/ mo/ gre$ily desires to speak ( himself too2 if "o relate "s wond]1 ! re/ w tell y miracles1 if !y h !m2 if n1 !y w feign !m4 ,la/ly1 t ,i may say some:at ( !m :o pret5d to be wis] ?an o!rs3 if !y meet to talk ( philosophy1 look1 h[ _m m51 s _m w\ld be e/eem$ ma/]s1 or else !y n only love n _! fell[s1 b ev5 p]secute !m ) hatr$4 ,s cle> is x by exp]i5ce to all m5 :o a little m n>r[ly consid] human affairs1 t all free congress arise? ei!r f mutual pov]ty1 or f va9 glory1 :5ce ! p>ties met endeav\r to c>ry ) !m ei!r "s b5efit1 or to leave beh9d !m t same 1 "s e/eem & hon\r ) ^?1 ) :om !y h be5 conv]sant4 ,! same is also collect$ by reason out ( ! def9itions !mselves ( w1 good1 hon\r1 pr(itable4 ,= :5 we volunt>ily contract society1 9 all mann] ( society we look aft] ! object ( ! w1 t is1 t :i* e "o ( ^? :o ga!r toge!r1 prop\nds to himself = good4 ,n[ :atsoev] seems good1 is pleasant1 & relates ei!r to ! s5ses1 or ! m9d4 ,b all ! m9d's pleasure is ei!r glory1 7or to h a good op9ion ( "o's self71 or ref]s to glory 9 ! end2 ! re/ are s5sual1 or conduc+ to s5suality1 :i* may be all compreh5d$ "u ! ^w conv5i5ces4 ,all society !re=e is ei!r = ga91 or = glory2 t is1 n s mu* = love ( our fell[s1 z = ! love ( ourselves4 ,b no society c be great or la/+1 :i* beg9s f va9 glory4 ,because t glory is l hon\r2 if all m5 h x no man ha? x1 = !y consi/ 9 comp>ison & precell5ce4 ,nei!r do? ! society ( o!rs advance any :it ! cause ( my glory+ 9 myself2 = e man mu/ acc\nt himself1 su* z he c make himself )\t ! help ( o!rs4 ,b ?\gh ! b5efits ( ?is life may be mu* fur!r$ by mutual help2 s9ce yet ^? may be bett] atta9$ to by dom9ion ?an by ! society ( o!rs1 ,i hope no body w d\bt1 b t m5 w\ld mu* m gre$ily be c>ri$ by nature1 if all fe> 7 remov$1 to obta9 dom9ion1 ?an to ga9 society4 ,we mu/ !re=e resolve1 t ! orig9al ( all great & la/+ societies consi/$ n 9 ! mutual good w m5 _h t[>ds ea* o!r1 b 9 ! mutual fe>#b !y _h ( ea* o!r4 ,footnote #b3 ,! mutual fe>4 ,x is object$3 x is s improbable t m5 %\ld gr[ into civil societies out ( fe>1 t if !y _h be5 afraid1 !y w\ld n h endur$ ea* o!rs looks4 ,!y presume1 ,i believe1 t to fe> is no?+ else ?an to be affright$4 ,i compreh5d 9 ?is ^w fe>1 a c]ta9 =esight ( future evil2 nei!r d ,i conceive flight ! sole prop]ty ( fe>1 b to di/ru/1 suspect1 take he$1 provide s t !y may n fe>1 is also incid5t to ! fe>ful4 ,!y :o g to sleep1 %ut _! doors2 !y :o travel1 c>ry _! swords ) !m1 because !y fe> ?ieves4 ,k+doms gu>d _! coa/s & fronti]s ) =ts & ca/les2 cities are compact ) walls2 & all = fe> ( neighb\r+ k+doms & t[ns4 ,ev5 ! /ronge/ armies1 & mo/ accompli%$ = fight1 yet sometimes p>ley = peace1 z fe>+ ea* o!rs p[]1 & le/ !y might be ov]come4 ,x is ?r\gh fe> t m5 secure !mselves by flight inde$1 & 9 corn]s1 if !y ?9k !y _c escape o!rwise2 b = ! mo/ "p1 by arms & def5sive weapons2 :5ce x happ5s1 t d>+ to come =? !y "k ea* o!r's spirits4 ,b !n if !y fight1 civil society arise? f ! victory2 if !y agree1 f _! agreem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,t m5 by nature are all equal4 #c4 ,! cause ( mutual fe> consi/s p>tly 9 ! natural equality ( m51 p>tly 9 _! mutual w ( hurt+3 :5ce x comes to pass1 t we c nei!r expect f o!rs1 nor promise to ourselves ! lea/ security4 ,= if we look on m5 full-gr[n1 & consid] h[ brittle ! frame ( our human body is1 :i* p]i%+1 all its /r5g?1 vig\r1 & wisdom itself p]i%e? ) x2 & h[ easy a matt] x is1 ev5 = ! weake/ man to kill ! /ronge/3 !re is no reason :y any man1 tru/+ to 8 own /r5g?1 %\ld conceive himself made by nature above o!rs4 ,!y are equals1 :o c d equal ?+s "o aga9/ ! o!r2 b !y :o c d ! greate/ ?+s1 namely1 kill1 c d equal ?+s4 ,all m5 !re=e among !mselves are by nature equal2 ! inequality we n[ disc]n1 ha? its spr+ f ! civil law4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5ce ! w ( mis*iev+ ea* o!r arise?4 #d4 ,all m5 9 ! /ate ( nature h a desire & w to hurt1 b n proce$+ f ! same cause1 nei!r equally to be condemn$4 ,= "o man1 accord+ to t natural equality :i* is among u1 p]mits z mu* to o!rs z he assumes to himself2 :i* is an argum5t ( a temp]ate man1 & "o t rightly values 8 p[]4 ,ano!r1 suppos+ himself above o!rs1 w h a lic5se to d :at he li/s1 & *all5ges respect & hon\r1 z due to him be=e o!rs2 :i* is an argum5t ( a fi]y _s4 ,?is man's w to hurt arise? f va9 glory1 & ! false e/eem he ha? ( 8 own /r5g?2 ! o!r's f ! necessity ( def5d+ himself1 8 lib]ty1 & 8 goods1 aga9/ ?is man's viol5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! discord aris+ f comp>ison ( wits4 #e4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce ! combat ( wits is ! fi]ce/1 ! greate/ discords :i* are1 mu/ necess>ily arise f ?is cont5tion4 ,= 9 ?is case x is n only odi\s to cont5d aga9/1 b also n to cons5t4 ,= n to approve ( :at a man sai?1 is no less ?an tacitly to accuse him ( an error 9 t ?+ :i* he speake?3 z 9 v _m ?+s to diss5t1 is z mu* z if y acc\nt$ him a fool :om y diss5t f4 ,:i* may appe> h5ce1 t !re are no w>s s %>ply wag$ z betwe5 sects ( ! same religion1 & factions ( ! same commonweal1 :]e ! conte/ation is ei!r conc]n+ doctr9es or politic prud5ce4 ,& s9ce all ! pleasure & jollity ( ! m9d consi/s 9 ?is1 ev5 to get "s1 ) :om comp>+1 x may f9d some:at :]e9 to triumph & vaunt itself2 x is impossible b m5 mu/ decl>e sometimes "s mutual scorn & contempt1 ei!r by laught]1 or by words1 or by ge/ure1 or "s sign or o!r2 ?an :i* !re is no great] vexation ( m9d1 & ?an f :i* !re _c possibly arise a great] desire to d hurt4 ,sid5ote3 ,f ! appetite _m h to ! same ?+4 #f4 ,b ! mo/ frequ5t reason :y m5 desire to hurt ea* o!r1 arise? h5ce1 t _m m5 at ! same "t h an appetite to ! same ?+2 :i* yet v (t5 !y c nei!r enjoy 9 common1 nor yet divide x2 :5ce x foll[s t ! /ronge/ mu/ h x1 & :o is /ronge/ mu/ be decid$ by ! sword4 ,sid5ote3 ,! def9ition ( "r4 #g4 ,among s _m dang]s !re=e1 z ! natural lu/s ( m5 d daily ?reat5 ea* o!r )al1 to h a c>e ( "o's self is s f> f be+ a matt] scornfully to be look$ ^u1 t "o has nei!r ! p[] nor wi% to h done o!rwise4 ,= e man is desir\s ( :at is good = him1 & %uns :at is evil1 b *iefly ! *iefe/ ( natural evils1 :i* is dea?2 & ?is he do? by a c]ta9 impulsion ( nature1 no less ?an t :]eby a /one moves d[nw>d4 ,x is !re=e nei!r absurd nor repreh5sible1 nei!r aga9/ ! dictates ( true reason1 = a man to use all 8 endeav\rs to pres]ve & def5d 8 body & ! memb]s !re( f dea? & sorr[s4 ,b t :i* is n contr>y to "r reason1 t all m5 acc\nt to be done ju/ly1 & ) "r4 ,nei!r by ! ^w "r is any?+ else signifi$1 ?an t lib]ty :i* e man ha? to make use ( 8 natural faculties accord+ to "r reason4 ,!re=e ! fir/ f\ndation ( natural "r is ?is1 t e man z mu* z 9 him lies endeav\r to protect 8 life & memb]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,a "r to ! end gives also a "r to ! means4 #h4 ,b because x is 9 va9 = a man to h a "r to ! end1 if ! "r to ! necess>y means be d5i$ him1 x foll[s1 t s9ce e man ha? a "r to pres]ve himself1 he mu/ also be all[$ a "r to use all ! means1 & d all ! actions1 )\t :i* he _c pres]ve himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,by ! "r ( nature1 e man is judge ( ! means :i* t5d to 8 pres]vation4 #i4 ,n[ :e!r ! means :i* he is ab\t to use1 & ! action he is p]=m+1 be necess>y to ! pres]vation ( 8 life & memb]s or n1 he himself1 by ! "r ( nature1 mu/ be judge4 ,= if x be contr>y to "r reason t ,i %\ld judge ( m9e own p]il1 say1 t ano!r man is judge4 ,:y n[1 because he judge? ( :at conc]ns me1 by ! same reason1 because we are equal by nature1 w ,i judge also ( ?+s :i* d belong to him4 ,!re=e x agrees ) "r reason1 t is1 x is ! "r ( nature t ,i judge ( 8 op9ion1 t is1 :e!r x conduce to my pres]vation or n4 ,sid5ote3 ,by "r ( nature1 all m5 h equal "r to all ?+s4 #aj4 ,nature ha? giv5 to e "o a "r to all2 t is1 x 0 lawful = e man1 9 ! b>e /ate ( nature1#c or be=e su* "t z m5 _h engag$ !mselves by any cov5ants or bonds1 to d :at he w\ld1 & aga9/ :om he ?\ght fit1 & to possess1 use1 & enjoy all :at he w\ld1 or c\ld get4 ,n[ because :atsoev] a man w\ld1 x !re=e seems good to him because he wills x1 & ei!r x really do?1 or at lea/ seems to him to contribute t[>ds 8 pres]vation1 7b we h already all[$ him to be judge1 9 ! =ego+ article1 :e!r x do? or n1 insomu* z we are to hold all = necess>y :atsoev] he %all e/eem s71 & by ! #g? article x appe>s t by ! "r ( nature ^? ?+s may be done1 & mu/ be _h1 :i* necess>ily conduce to ! protection ( life & memb]s1 x foll[s1 t 9 ! /ate ( nature1 to h all1 & d all1 is lawful = all4 ,& ?is is t :i* is meant by t common say+1 nature ha? giv5 all to all4 ,f :5ce we und]/& likewise1 t 9 ! /ate ( nature pr(it is ! measure ( "r4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ! b>e /ate ( nature4 ,?is is ?us to be und]/ood3 :at any man does 9 ! b>e /ate ( nature1 is injuri\s to no man2 n t 9 su* a /ate he _c (f5d ,god1 or break ! laws ( nature2 = inju/ice aga9/ m5 presuppose? human laws1 su* z 9 ! /ate ( nature !re are none4 ,n[ ! tru? ( ?is proposition ?us conceiv$1 is suffici5tly demon/rat$ to ! m9dful read] 9 ! articles imm$iately =ego+2 b because 9 c]ta9 cases ! difficulty ( ! conclusion makes u =get ! premises1 ,i w contract ?is argum5t1 & make x mo/ evid5t to a s+le view4 ,e man ha? "r to protect himself1 z appe>s by ! sev5? article4 ,! same man !re=e ha? a "r to use all ! means :i* necess>ily conduce to ?is end1 by ! eigh? article4 ,b ^? are ! necess>y means :i* he %all judge to be su*1 by ! n9? article4 ,he !re=e ha? a "r to make use (1 & to d all :atsoev] he %all judge requisite = 8 pres]vation2 :]e=e by ! judgm5t ( him t do? x1 ! ?+ done is ei!r "r or wrong1 & !re=e "r4 ,true x is !re=e 9 ! b>e /ate ( nature1 c4 ,b if any man pret5d some:at to t5d necess>ily to 8 pres]vation1 :i* yet he himself do? n confid5tly believe s1 he may (f5d aga9/ ! laws ( nature1 z 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ?is book is m at l>ge decl>$4 ,x ha? be5 object$ by "s3 if a son kill 8 fa!r1 do? he him no injury8 ,i h answ]$1 t a son _c be und]/ood to be at any "t 9 ! /ate ( nature1 z be+ "u ! p[] & comm& ( !m to :om he owes 8 protection z soon z ev] he is born1 namely1 ei!r 8 fa!r's or 8 "m's1 or him t n\ri%$ him2 z is demon/rat$ 9 ! n9? *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "r ( all to all is unpr(itable4 #aa4 ,b x 0 ! lea/ b5efit = m5 ?us to h a common "r to all ?+s4 ,= ! effects ( ?is "r are ! same1 almo/1 z if !re _h be5 no "r at all4 ,= al?\gh any man might say ( e ?+1 ?is is m9e1 yet c\ld he n enjoy x1 by reason ( 8 neighb\r1 :o hav+ equal "r & equal p[]1 w\ld pret5d ! same ?+ to be 84 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ate ( m5 )\t society is a /ate ( w>4 #ab4 ,if n[ to ?is natural proclivity ( m51 to hurt ea* o!r1 :i* !y d]ive f _! passions1 b *iefly f a va9 e/eem ( !mselves1 y add1 ! "r ( all to all1 :]e) "o by "r invades1 ! o!r by "r resi/s1 & :5ce arise p]petual jeal\sies & suspicions on all h&s1 & h[ h>d a ?+ x is to provide aga9/ an enemy invad+ u ) an int5tion to oppress & ru91 ?\gh he come ) a small numb]1 & no great provision2 x _c be d5i$ b t ! natural /ate ( m51 be=e !y ent]$ into society1 0 a m]e w>1 & t n simply1 b a w> ( all m5 aga9/ all m54 ,sid5ote3 ,! def9ition ( w> & peace4,= :at is ,,w>1 b t same "t 9 :i* ! w ( conte/+ by =ce is fully decl>$1 ei!r by words or de$s8 ,! "t rema9+ is t]m$ ,,peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,w> is an adv]s>y to man's pres]vation4 #ac4 ,b x is easily judg$ h[ disagreeable a ?+ to ! pres]vation ei!r ( mank9d1 or ( ea* s+le man1 a p]petual w> is4 ,b x is p]petual 9 its own nature2 because 9 reg>d ( ! equality ( ^? t /rive1 x _c be end$ by victory4 ,= 9 ?is /ate ! conqu]or is subject to s mu* dang]1 z x 7 to be acc\nt$ a miracle1 if any1 ev5 ! mo/ /rong1 %\ld close up 8 life ) _m ye>s & old age4 ,!y ( ,am]ica are examples h]e(1 ev5 9 ?is pres5t age3 o!r nations h be5 9 =m] ages2 :i* n[ inde$ are become civil & fl\ri%+1 b 7 !n few1 fi]ce1 %ort-liv$1 poor1 na/y1 & depriv$ ( all t pleasure & beauty ( life1 :i* peace & society are wont to br+ ) !m4 ,:osoev] !re=e holds1 t x _h be5 be/ to h cont9u$ 9 t /ate 9 :i* all ?+s 7 lawful = all m51 he contradicts himself4 ,= e man by natural necessity desires t :i* is good = him3 nor is !re any t e/eems a w> ( all aga9/ all1 :i* necess>ily adh]es to su* a /ate1 to be good = him4 ,& s x happ5s1 t ?r\gh fe> ( ea* o!r we ?9k x fit to rid ourselves ( ?is condition1 & to get "s fell[s2 t if !re ne$s mu/ be w>1 x may n yet be aga9/ all m51 nor )\t "s helps4 ,sid5ote3 ,t by ! "r ( nature1 x is lawful = any man to compel him :om he ha? 9 8 p[]1 to give him caution = 8 future ob$i5ce4 #ad4 ,fell[s are gott5 ei!r by con/ra9t1 or by cons5t2 by con/ra9t1 :5 aft] fight ! conqu]or makes ! conqu]$ s]ve him1 ei!r ?r\gh fe> ( dea?1 or by lay+ fett]s on him3 by cons5t1 :5 m5 ent] into society to help ea* o!r1 bo? p>ties cons5t+ )\t any con/ra9t4 ,b ! conqu]or may by "r compel ! conqu]$1 or ! /ronge/ ! weak]1 7z a man 9 heal? may "o t is sick1 or he t is ( rip] ye>s a *ild71 unless he w *oose to die1 to give caution ( 8 future ob$i5ce4 ,= s9ce ! "r ( protect+ ourselves accord+ to our own wills1 proce$$ f our dang]1 & our dang] f our equality1 x is m consonant to reason1 & m c]ta9 = our cons]vation1 us+ ! pres5t advantage to secure ourselves by tak+ caution1 ?an :5 !y %all be full gr[n & /rong1 & got out ( our p[]1 to endeav\r to recov] t p[] aga9 by d\btful fight4 ,& on ! o!r side1 no?+ c be ?\ght m absurd1 ?an by dis*>g+ :om y already h weak 9 y\r p[]1 to make him at once bo? an enemy & a /rong "o4 ,f :5ce we may und]/& likewise z a coroll>y 9 ! natural /ate ( m51 t a sure & irresi/ible p[] conf]s ! "r ( dom9ion & rul+ ov] ^? :o _c resi/2 insomu*1 z ! "r ( all ?+s t c be done1 adh]es ess5tially & imm$iately unto ?is omnipot5ce h5ce aris+4 ,sid5ote3 ,nature dictates ! seek+ aft] peace4 #ae4 ,yet _c m5 expect any la/+ pres]vation1 cont9u+ ?us 9 ! /ate ( nature1 t is1 ( w>1 by reason ( t equality ( p[]1 & o!r human faculties !y are endu$ )al4 ,:]e=e to seek peace1 :]e !re is any hopes ( obta9+ x1 & :]e !re is none1 to enquire out = auxili>ies ( w>1 is ! dictate ( "r reason1 t is1 ! law ( nature2 z %all be %[$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,nature ,,conc]n+ ,,contracts4 #a4 ,t ! law ( nature is n an agreem5t ( m51 b ! dictate ( reason4 #b4 ,t ! fundam5tal law ( nature1 is to seek peace1 :]e x may be _h1 & :]e n1 to def5d ourselves4 #c4 ,t ! fir/ special law ( nature1 is n to reta9 our "r to all ?+s4 #d4 ,:at x is to quit our "r3 :at to transf] x4 #e4 ,t 9 ! transf]r+ ( our "r1 ! w ( him t receives x is necess>ily requir$4 #f4 ,no words b ^? ( ! pres5t t5se1 transf] any "r4 #g4 ,words ( ! future1 if !re be "s o!r tok5s to signify ! w1 are valid 9 ! translation ( "r4 #h4 ,9 matt]s ( free gift1 our "r passe? n f u ?r\gh any words ( ! future4 #i4 ,! def9ition ( contract & compact4 #aj4 ,9 compacts1 our "r passe? f u ?r\gh words ( ! future4 #aa4 ,compacts ( mutual fai?1 9 ! /ate ( nature are ( no effect & va92 b n s 9 civil gov]nm5t4 #ab4 ,t no man c make compacts ) bea/s1 nor yet ) ,god )\t revelation4 #ac4 ,nor yet make a v[ to ,god4 #ad4 ,t compacts oblige n beyond our utmo/ endeav\r4 #ae4 ,by :at means we are fre$ f our compacts4 #af4 ,t promises extort$ ?r\gh fe> ( dea?1 9 ! /ate ( nature are valid4 #ag4 ,a lat] compact contradict+ ! =m]1 is invalid4 #ah4 ,a compact n to resi/ him t %all prejudice my body1 is invalid4 #ai4 ,a compact to accuse "o's self1 is invalid4 #bj4 ,! def9ition ( swe>+4 #ba4 ,t swe>+ is to be conceiv$ 9 t =m :i* he use? t takes ! oa?4 #bb4 ,an oa? sup]adds no?+ to ! obligation :i* is made by compact4 #bc4 ,an oa? ought n to be press$1 b :]e ! brea* ( compacts may be kept private1 or _c be puni%$ b f ,god himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! law ( nature is n an agreem5t ( m51 b ! dictate ( reason4 #a4 ,all au?ors agree n conc]n+ ! def9ition ( ! natural law1 :o not)/&+ d v (t5 make use ( ?is t]m 9 _! writ+s4 ,! me?od !re=e :]e9 we beg9 f def9itions & exclusion ( all equivocation1 is only prop] to !m :o leave no place = contr>y disputes4 ,= ! re/1 if any man say t some:at is done aga9/ ! law ( nature1 "o proves x h5ce2 because x 0 done aga9/ ! g5]al agreem5t ( all ! mo/ wise & le>n$ nations3 b ?is decl>es n :o %all be ! judge ( ! wisdom & le>n+ ( all nations4 ,ano!r h5ce1 t x 0 done aga9/ ! g5]al cons5t ( all mank9d2 :i* def9ition is by no means to be admitt$4 ,= !n x 7 impossible = any b *ildr5 & fools1 to (f5d aga9/ su* a law2 = sure1 "u ! notion ( mank9d1 !y compreh5d all m5 actually endu$ ) reason4 ,^! !re=e ei!r d n\ght aga9/ x1 or if !y d aught1 x is )\t _! own cons5t1 & !re=e ought to be excus$4 ,b to receive ! laws ( nature f ! cons5ts ( !m :o (t5] break ?an obs]ve !m1 is 9 tru? unreasonable4 ,besides1 m5 condemn ! same ?+s 9 o!rs1 :i* !y approve 9 !mselves2 on ! o!r side1 !y publicly comm5d :at !y privately condemn2 & !y deliv] _! op9ions m by he>say1 ?an any speculation ( _! own2 & !y accord m ?r\gh hatr$ ( "s object1 ?r\gh fe>1 hope1 love1 or "s o!r p]turbation ( m9d1 ?an true reason4 ,& !re=e x comes to pass1 t :ole bodies ( p (t5 d ^? ?+s ) ! greate/ unanimity & e>ne/ness1 :i* ^? writ]s mo/ will+ly ackn[l$ge to be aga9/ ! law ( nature4 ,b s9ce all d grant1 t is done by "r1 :i* is n done aga9/ reason1 we ought to judge ^? actions only wrong1 :i* are repugnant to "r reason1 t is1 :i* contradict "s c]ta9 tru? collect$ by "r reason+ f true pr9ciples4 ,b t :i* is done wrong1 we say x is done aga9/ "s law4 ,!re=e true reason is a c]ta9 law2 :i*1 s9ce x is no less a "p ( human nature1 ?an any o!r faculty or affection ( ! m9d1 is also t]m$ natural4 ,!re=e ! law ( nature1 t ,i may def9e x1 is ! dictate ( "r reason1#d conv]sant ab\t ^? ?+s :i* are ei!r to be done or omitt$ = ! con/ant pres]vation ( life & memb]s1 z mu* z 9 u lies4 ,footnote #d3 ,"r reason4 ,by "r reason 9 ! natural /ate ( m51 ,i und]/& n1 z _m d1 an infallible faculty1 b ! act ( reason+1 t is1 ! peculi> & true ratioc9ation ( e man conc]n+ ^? actions ( 81 :i* may ei!r r$\nd to ! damage or b5efit ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,i call x peculi>1 because al?\gh 9 a civil gov]nm5t ! reason ( ! supreme1 t is1 ! civil law1 is to be receiv$ by ea* s+le subject = ! "r2 yet be+ )\t ?is civil gov]nm5t1 9 :i* /ate no man c "k "r reason f false1 b by comp>+ x ) 8 own1 e man's own reason is to be acc\nt$1 n only ! rule ( 8 own actions1 :i* are done at 8 own p]il1 b also = ! measure ( ano!r man's reason1 9 su* ?+s z d conc]n him4 ,i call x true1 t is1 conclud+ f true pr9ciples rightly fram$1 because t ! :ole brea* ( ! laws ( nature consi/s 9 ! false reason+1 or r folly ( ^? m51 :o see n ^? duties !y are necess>ily to p]=m t[>ds o!rs 9 ord] to _! own cons]vation4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( "r reason+ ab\t su* l duties1 are ^? :i* are expla9$ 9 ! second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 six?1 & sev5? articles ( ! fir/ *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! fundam5tal law ( nature1 is to seek peace :]e x may be _h1 &1 :]e n1 to def5d ourselves4 #b4 ,b ! fir/ & fundam5tal law ( nature is1 t peace is to be s\ght aft]1 :]e x may be f\nd2 & :]e n1 !re to provide ourselves = helps ( w>4 ,= we %[$ 9 ! la/ article ( ! =ego+ *apt]1 t ?is precept is ! dictate ( "r reason2 b t ! dictates ( "r reason are natural laws1 t ha? be5 newly prov$ above4 ,b ?is is ! fir/1 because ! re/ are d]iv$ f ?is1 & !y direct ! ways ei!r to peace or self-def5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ special law ( nature is1 t our rights to all ?+s ought n to be reta9$4 #c4 ,b "o ( ! natural laws d]iv$ f ?is fundam5tal "o is ?is3 t ! "r ( all m5 to all ?+s ought n to be reta9$2 b t "s c]ta9 rights ought to be transf]r$ or rel9qui%$4 ,= if e "o %\ld reta9 8 "r to all ?+s1 x mu/ necess>ily foll[1 t "s by "r might invade1 & o!rs1 by ! same "r1 might def5d !mselves aga9/ !m4 ,= e man by natural necessity endeav\rs to def5d 8 body1 & ! ?+s :i* he judge? necess>y t[>ds ! protection ( 8 body4 ,!re=e w> w\ld foll[4 ,he !re=e acts aga9/ ! reason ( peace1 t is1 aga9/ ! law ( nature1 :osoev] he be1 t do? n "p ) 8 "r to all ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at x is to quit our "r3 :at to convey x4 #d4 ,b he is said to "p ) 8 "r1 :o ei!r absolutely r5\nce? x1 or conveys x to ano!r4 ,he absolutely r5\nce? x1 :o by "s suffici5t sign or meet tok5s decl>es1 t he is will+ t x %all nev] be lawful = him to d t aga91 :i* be=e by "r he might h done4 ,b he conveys x to ano!r1 :o by "s suffici5t sign or meet tok5s decl>es to t o!r1 t he is will+ x %\ld be unlawful = him to resi/ him1 9 go+ ab\t to d some:at 9 ! p]=mance :]e( he might be=e ) "r h resi/$ him4 ,b t ! conveyance ( "r consi/s m]ely 9 n resi/+1 is und]/ood by ?is1 t be=e x 0 convey$1 he to :om he convey$ x1 _h ev5 !n also a "r to all2 :5ce he c\ld n give any new "r2 b ! resi/+ "r he _h be=e he gave x1 by reason :]e( ! o!r c\ld n freely enjoy 8 rights1 is utt]ly aboli%$4 ,:osoev] !re=e acquires "s "r 9 ! natural /ate ( m51 he only procures himself security & fre$om f j mole/ation 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 primitive "r4 ,z = example1 if any man %all sell or give away a f>m1 he utt]ly deprives himself only f all "r to ?is f>m2 b he does n s o!rs also4 ,sid5ote3 ,! w ( ! receiv] mu/ necess>ily be decl>$1 be=e ! "r be convey$4 #e4 ,b 9 ! conveyance ( "r1 ! w is requisite n only ( him t conveys1 b ( him also t accepts x4 ,if ei!r be want+1 ! "r rema9s4 ,= if ,i w\ld h giv5 :at 0 m9e to "o :o refus$ to accept ( x1 ,i h n !re=e ei!r simply r5\nc$ my "r1 or convey$ x to any man4 ,= ! cause :i* mov$ me to "p ) x to ?is man1 0 9 him only1 n 9 o!rs too4 ,sid5ote3 ,words convey n1 except !y relate to ! "t pres5t4 #f4 ,b if !re be no o!r tok5 extant ( our w ei!r to quit or convey our "r1 b only words2 ^? words mu/ ei!r relate to ! pres5t or "t pa/2 = if !y be ( ! future only1 !y convey no?+4 ,= example1 he t speaks ?us ( ! "t to come1 ,i w give to-morr[1 decl>es op5ly t yet he ha? n giv5 x4 ,s t all ?is day 8 "r rema9s1 & abides to-morr[ too1 unless 9 ! int]im he actually be/[s x3 = :at is m9e1 rema9s m9e till ,i h p>t$ ) x4 ,b if ,i %all speak ( ! "t pres5t1 suppose ?us2 ,i d give or h giv5 y ?is to be receiv$ to-morr[3 by ^! words is signifi$ t ,i h already giv5 x1 & t 8 "r to receive x to-morr[ is convey$ to him by me to-day4 ,sid5ote3 ,words ( ! future suffice to convey1 if o!r te/imonies ( our w be n want+4 #g4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh words alone are n suffici5t tok5s to decl>e ! w2 if yet to words relat+ to ! future !re %all "s o!r signs be add$1 !y may become z valid z if !y _h be5 spok5 ( ! pres5t4 ,if !re=e1 z by reason ( ^? o!r signs1 x appe> t he t speaks ( ! future1 int5ds ^? words %\ld be effectual t[>d ! p]fect transf]r+ ( 8 "r1 !y ought to be valid4 ,= ! conveyance ( "r dep5ds n on words1 b1 z ha? be5 in/anc$ 9 ! f\r? article1 on ! decl>ation ( ! w4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 matt]s ( free gift1 words ( ! future convey no "r4 #h4 ,if any man convey "s "p ( 8 "r to ano!r1 & do? n ?is = "s c]ta9 b5efit receiv$1 or = "s compact1 a conveyance 9 ?is k9d is call$ a gift or free donation4 ,b 9 free donation1 ^? words only oblige u1 :i* signify ! pres5t or ! "t pa/2 = if !y respect ! future1 !y oblige n z words1 = ! reason giv5 9 ! =ego+ article4 ,x mu/ ne$s !re=e be1 t ! obligation arise f "s o!r tok5s ( ! w4 ,b1 because :atsoev] is volunt>ily done1 is done = "s good to him t wills x2 !re c no o!r tok5 be assign$ ( ! w to give x1 except "s b5efit ei!r already receiv$1 or to be acquir$4 ,b x is suppos$ t no su* b5efit is acquir$1 nor any compact 9 be+2 = if s1 x w\ld cease to be a free gift4 ,x rema9s !re=e1 t a mutual good turn )\t agreem5t be expect$4 ,b no sign c be giv51 t he1 :o us$ future words t[>d him :o 0 9 no sort engag$ to return a b5efit1 %\ld desire to h 8 words s und]/ood z to oblige himself !reby4 ,nor is x suitable to reason1 t ^? :o are easily incl9$ to d well to o!rs1 %\ld be oblig$ by e promise1 te/ify+ _! pres5t good affection4 ,& = ?is cause1 a promis] 9 ?is k9d mu/ be und]/ood to h "t to delib]ate1 & p[] to *ange t affection1 z well z he to :om he made t promise1 may alt] 8 des]t4 ,b he t delib]ates1 is s f> =? free1 nor c be said to h already giv54 ,b if he promise (t51 & yet give seldom1 he ought to be condemn$ ( levity1 & be call$ n a donor1 b doson4 ,sid5ote3 ,! def9ition ( contract & cov5ant4 #i4 ,b ! act ( two1 or m1 mutually convey+ _! rights1 is call$ a contract4 ,b 9 e contract1 ei!r bo? p>ties in/antly p]=m :at !y contract =1 insomu* z !re is no tru/ _h f ei!r to o!r2 or ! "o p]=ms1 ! o!r is tru/$2 or nei!r p]=m4 ,:]e bo? p>ties p]=m pres5tly1 !re ! contract is end$ z soon z x is p]=m$4 ,b :]e !re is cr$it giv51 ei!r to "o or bo?1 !re ! p>ty tru/$ promise? aft]-p]=mance2 & ?is k9d ( promise is call$ a cov5ant4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 cov5ants1 we pass away our rights by words signify+ ! future4 #aj4 ,b ! cov5ant made by ! p>ty tru/$ ) him :o ha? already p]=m$1 al?\gh ! promise be made by words po9t+ at ! future1 do? no less transf] ! "r ( future "t1 ?an if x _h be5 made by words signify+ ! pres5t or "t pa/4 ,= ! o!r's p]=mance is a mo/ manife/ sign t he s und]/ood ! spee* ( him :om he tru/$1 z t he w\ld c]ta9ly make p]=mance also at ! appo9t$ "t2 & by ?is sign ! p>ty tru/$ knew himself to be ?us und]/ood2 :i* because he h9d]$ n1 0 an evid5t tok5 ( 8 w to p]=m4 ,! promises !re=e :i* are made = "s b5efit receiv$1 :i* are also cov5ants1 are tok5s ( ! w2 t is1 z 9 ! =ego+ section ha? be5 decl>$1 ( ! la/ act ( delib]at+1 :]eby ! lib]ty ( non-p]=mance is aboli%$1 & by consequ5ce are obligatory4 ,= :]e lib]ty cease?1 !re beg9ne? obligation4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5ants1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 are 9 va9 & ( none effect3 n s 9 civil gov]nm5t4 #aa4 ,b ! cov5ants :i* are made 9 contract ( mutual tru/1 nei!r p>ty p]=m+ out ( h&1 if !re arise#e a j suspicion 9 ei!r ( !m1 are 9 ! /ate ( nature invalid4 ,= he t fir/ p]=ms1 by reason ( ! wick$ disposition ( ! greate/ "p ( m5 /udy+ _! own advantage ei!r by "r or wrong1 expose? himself to ! p]v]se w ( him ) :om he ha? contract$4 ,= x suits n ) reason1 t any man %\ld p]=m fir/1 if x be n likely t ! o!r w make good 8 promise aft]2 :i*1 :e!r x be probable or n1 he t d\bts x mu/ be judge (1 z ha? be5 %[$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt] 9 ! n9? article4 ,?us1 ,i say1 ?+s /& 9 ! /ate ( nature4 ,b 9 a civil /ate1 :5 !re is a p[] :i* c compel bo? p>ties1 he t ha? contract$ to p]=m fir/1 mu/ fir/ p]=m2 because1 t s9ce ! o!r may be compell$1 ! cause :i* made him fe> ! o!r's non-p]=mance1 cease?4 ,footnote #e3 ,arise4 ,=1 except !re appe> "s new cause ( fe>1 ei!r f some:at done1 or "s o!r tok5 ( ! w n to p]=m f ! o!r "p1 x _c be judg$ to be a j fe>2 = ! cause :i* 0 n suffici5t to keep him f mak+ compact1 mu/ n suffice to au?orize ! brea* ( x1 be+ made4 ,sid5ote3 ,t no man c make compacts ) bea/s2 nei!r ) ,god1 )\t revelation4 #ab4 ,b f ?is reason1 t 9 all free gifts & compacts !re is an acceptance ( ! conveyance ( "r requir$3 x foll[s t no man c compact ) him :o do? n decl>e 8 acceptance4 ,& !re=e we _c compact ) bea/s1 nei!r c we give or take f !m any mann] ( "r1 by reason ( _! want ( spee* & und]/&+4 ,nei!r c any man cov5ant ) ,god1 or be oblig$ to him by v[2 except s f> =? z x appe>s to him by ,holy ,scriptures1 t he ha? sub/itut$ c]ta9 m5 :o h au?ority to accept ( su*-l v[s & cov5ants1 z be+ 9 ,god's /ead4 ,sid5ote3 ,nor yet v[ to ,god4 #ac4 ,^? !re=e d v[ 9 va91 :o are 9 ! /ate ( nature1 :]e !y are n ti$ by any civil law1 except1 by mo/ c]ta9 revelation1 ! w ( ,god to accept _! v[ or pact1 be made kn[n to !m4 ,= if :at !y v[ be contr>y to ! law ( nature1 !y are n ti$ by _! v[2 = no man is ti$ to p]=m an unlawful act4 ,b if :at is v[$1 be comm&$ by "s law ( nature1 x is n _! v[1 b ! law itself :i* ties !m4 ,b if he 7 free1 be=e 8 v[1 ei!r to d x or n d x1 8 lib]ty rema9s2 because t ! op5ly decl>$ w ( ! oblig] is requisite to make an obligation by v[2 :i*1 9 ! case prop\nd$1 is suppos$ n to be4 ,n[ ,i call him ! oblig]1 to :om any "o is ti$2 & ! oblig$1 him :o is ti$4 ,sid5ote3 ,compacts oblige n beyond our utmo/ endeav\rs4 #ad4 ,cov5ants are made ( su* ?+s only z fall "u our delib]ation4 ,= x c be no cov5ant )\t ! w ( ! contractor4 ,b ! w is ! la/ act ( him :o delib]ates2 :]e=e !y only conc]n ?+s possible & to come4 ,no man1 !re=e1 by 8 compact oblige? himself to an impossibility4 ,b yet1 ?\gh we (t5 cov5ant to d su* ?+s z !n seem$ possible :5 we promis$ !m1 :i* yet aft]w>d appe> to be impossible1 are we n !re=e fre$ f all obligation4 ,! reason :]e( is1 t he :o promise? a future1 9 c]ta9ty receives a pres5t b5efit1 on condition t he return ano!r = x4 ,= 8 w1 :o p]=ms ! pres5t b5efit1 ha? simply be=e x = its object a c]ta9 good1 equally valuable ) ! ?+ promis$2 b ! ?+ itself n simply1 b ) condition if x c\ld be done4 ,b if x %\ld s happ51 t ev5 ?is %\ld prove impossible1 :y !n he mu/ p]=m z mu* z he c4 ,cov5ants1 !re=e1 oblige u n to p]=m j ! ?+ itself cov5ant$ =1 b our utmo/ endeav\r2 = ?is only is1 ! ?+s !mselves are n 9 our p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 :at mann] we are fre$ f compacts4 #ae4 ,we are fre$ f cov5ants two ways1 ei!r by p]=m+1 or by be+ =giv54 ,by p]=m+1 = beyond t we oblig$ n ourselves4 ,by be+ =giv51 because he :om we oblig$ ourselves to1 by =giv+ is conceiv$ to return u t "r :i* we pass$ ov] to him4 ,= =giv+ implies giv+1 t is1 by ! f\r? article ( ?is *apt]1 a conveyance ( "r to him to :om ! gift is made4 ,sid5ote3 ,promises =c$ f u ?r\gh fe> ( dea?1 are valid 9 ! /ate ( nature4 #af4 ,x is a usual "q1 :e!r compacts extort$ f u ?r\gh fe>1 d oblige or n4 ,= example1 if1 to r$eem my life f ! p[] ( a robb]1 ,i promise to pay him #ajjl4 next day1 & t ,i w d no act :]eby to appreh5d & br+ him to ju/ice3 :e!r ,i am ti$ to keep promise or n4 ,b ?\gh su* a promise mu/ sometimes be judg$ to be ( no effect1 yet x is n to be acc\nt$ s because x proce$e? f fe>4 ,= !n x w\ld foll[1 t ^? promises :i* r$uc$ m5 to a civil life1 & by :i* laws 7 made1 might likewise be ( none effect2 7= x proce$s f fe> ( mutual slaught]1 t "o man submits himself to ! dom9ion ( ano!r72 & he %\ld play ! fool f9ely1 :o %\ld tru/ 8 captive cov5ant+ ) ! price ( 8 r$emption4 ,x holds univ]sally true1 t promises d oblige1 :5 !re is "s b5efit receiv$1 & :5 ! promise1 & ! ?+ promis$1 be lawful4 ,b x is lawful1 = ! r$emption ( my life1 bo? to promise & to give :at ,i w ( m9e own to any man1 ev5 to a ?ief4 ,we are oblig$1 !re=e1 by promises proce$+ f fe>1 except ! civil law =bid !m2 by virtue :]e(1 t :i* is promis$ becomes unlawful4 ,sid5ote3 ,a latt] compact contradict+ ! =m]1 is invalid4 #ag4 ,:osoev] %all contract ) "o to d or omit some:at1 & %all aft] cov5ant ! contr>y ) ano!r1 he make? n ! =m]1 b ! latt] contract unlawful4 ,= he ha? no long] "r to d or to omit aught1 :o by =m] contracts ha? convey$ x to ano!r4 ,:]e=e he c convey no "r by latt] contracts1 & :at is promis$ is promis$ )\t "r4 ,he is !re=e ti$ only to 8 fir/ contract1 to break :i* is unlawful4 ,sid5ote3 ,a promise n to resi/ him t prejudices my body is invalid4 #ah4 ,no man is oblig$ by any contracts :atsoev] n to resi/ him :o %all (f] to kill1 w\nd1 or any o!r way hurt 8 body4 ,= !re is 9 e man a c]ta9 high degree ( fe>1 ?r\gh :i* he appreh5ds t evil :i* is done to him to be ! greate/2 & !re=e by natural necessity he %uns x all he c1 & x is suppos$ he c d no o!rwise4 ,:5 a man is arriv$ to ?is degree ( fe>1 we _c expect b he w provide = himself ei!r by flight or fight4 ,s9ce !re=e no man is ti$ to impossibilities1 !y :o are ?reat5$ ei!r ) dea?1 7:i* is ! greate/ evil to nature71 or w\nds1 or "s o!r bodily hurts1 & are n /\t en\gh to be> !m1 are n oblig$ to endure !m4 ,fur!rmore1 he t is ti$ by contract is tru/$2 = fai? only is ! bond ( contracts2 b !y :o are br\ght to puni%m5t1 ei!r capital or m g5tle1 are fett]$ or /rongly gu>d$2 :i* is a mo/ c]ta9 sign t !y seem$ n suffici5tly b\nd f non-resi/ance by _! contracts4 ,x is "o ?+1 if ,i promise ?us3 if ,i d x n at ! day appo9t$1 kill me4 ,ano!r ?+1 if ?us3 if ,i d x n1 ?\gh y %\ld (f] to kill me1 ,i w n resi/4 ,all m51 if ne$ be1 contract ! fir/ way1 & !re is ne$ sometimes4 ,?is second way1 none2 nei!r is x ev] ne$ful4 ,= 9 ! m]e /ate ( nature1 if y h a m9d to kill1 t /ate itself af=ds y a "r2 insomu* z y ne$ n fir/ tru/ him1 if = brea* ( tru/ y w aft]w>ds kill him4 ,b 9 a civil /ate1 :]e ! "r ( life & dea? & ( all corporal puni%m5t is ) ! supreme1 t same "r ( kill+ _c be grant$ to any private p]son4 ,nei!r ne$ ! supreme himself contract ) any man pati5tly to yield to 8 puni%m5t2 b only ?is1 t no man (f] to def5d o!rs f him4 ,if 9 ! /ate ( nature1 z betwe5 two realms1 !re %\ld a contract be made on condition ( kill+ if x 7 n p]=m$1 we mu/ presuppose ano!r contract ( n kill+ be=e ! appo9t$ day4 ,:]e=e on t day1 if !re be no p]=mance1 ! "r ( w> returns1 t is a ho/ile /ate1 9 :i* all ?+s are lawful1 & !re=e resi/ance also4 ,la/ly1 by ! contract ( n resi/+1 we are oblig$1 ( two evils to make *oice ( t :i* seems ! great]4 ,= c]ta9 dea? is a great] evil ?an fight+4 ,b ( two evils x is impossible n to *oose ! lea/4 ,by su* a compact1 !re=e1 we %\ld be ti$ to impossibilities2 :i* is contr>y to ! v nature ( compacts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! compact ( self-accusation is invalid4 #ai4 ,likewise no man is ti$ by any compacts :atsoev] to accuse himself1 or any o!r1 by ^: damage he is l to procure himself a bitt] life4 ,:]e=e nei!r is a fa!r oblig$ to be> witness aga9/ 8 son1 nor a husb& aga9/ 8 wife1 nor a son aga9/ 8 fa!r1 nor any man aga9/ any "o by ^: means he ha? 8 subsi/5ce2 = 9 va9 is t te/imony :i* is presum$ to be corrupt$ f nature4 ,b al?\gh no man be ti$ to accuse himself by any compact1 yet 9 a public trial he may by torture be =c$ to make answ]4 ,b su* answ]s are no te/imony ( ! fact1 b helps = ! se>*+ out ( tru?2 s t :e!r ! p>ty tortur$ 8 answ] be true or false1 or :e!r he answ] n at all1 :atsoev] he do?1 he do? x by "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! def9ition ( an oa?4 #bj4 ,swe>+ is a spee* jo9$ to a promise1 :]eby ! promis] decl>es 8 r5\nc+ ( ,god's m]cy1 unless he p]=m 8 ^w4 ,:i* def9ition is conta9$ 9 ! words !mselves1 :i* h 9 !m ! v ess5ce ( an oa?1 to wit1 s ,god help me1 or o!r equival5t1 z ) ! ,romans1 d ?\ ,jupit] s de/roy ! deceiv]1 z ,i slay ?is same bea/4 ,nei!r is ?is any let1 b t an oa? may z well sometimes be affirmatory z promissory2 = he t confirms 8 affirmation ) an oa?1 promise? t he speaks tru?4 ,b ?\gh 9 "s places x 0 ! fa%ion = subjects to swe> by _! k+s1 t cu/om took its orig9al h5ce1 t ^? k+s took ^u !m div9e hon\r4 ,= oa?s 7 !re=e introduc$1 t by religion & consid]ation ( ! div9e p[]1 m5 might h a great] dread ( break+ _! fai?s1 ?an t :]e) !y fe> m51 f ^: eyes _! actions may lie hid4 ,sid5ote3 ,! swe>+ mu/ be conceiv$ 9 t fa%ion :i* he uses :o takes x4 #ba4 ,:5ce x foll[s t an oa? mu/ be conceiv$ 9 t =m1 :i* he use? :o takes x2 = 9 va9 is any man br\ght to swe> by a ,god :om he believes n1 & !re=e nei!r fe>s him4 ,= ?\gh by ! light ( nature x may be kn[n t !re is a ,god1 yet no man ?9ks he is to swe> by him 9 any o!r fa%ion1 or by any o!r "n1 ?an :at is conta9$ 9 ! precepts ( 8 own prop]1 t is 7z he :o swe>s imag9es7 ! true religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,swe>+ adds no?+ to ! obligation :i* is by compact4 #bb4 ,by ! def9ition ( an oa?1 we may und]/& t a b>e contract oblige? no less1 ?an t to :i* we are sworn4 ,= x is ! contract :i* b9ds u2 ! oa? relates to ! div9e puni%m5t1 :i* x c\ld n provoke1 if ! brea* ( contract 7 n 9 itself unlawful2 b x c\ld n be unlawful1 if ! contract 7 n obligatory4 ,fur!rmore1 he t r5\nce? ! m]cy ( ,god1 oblige? himself n to any puni%m5t2 because x is ev] lawful to deprecate ! puni%m5t1 h[soev] provok$1 & to enjoy ,god's p>don if x be grant$4 ,! only effect !re=e ( an oa? is ?is2 to cause m51 :o are naturally incl9$ to break all mann] ( fai?1 ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t to make ! m consci5ce ( _! words & actions4 ,sid5ote3 ,an oa? is n to be press$1 b :]e ! brea* ( contract c ei!r be kept private1 or n be puni%$ b f ,god alone4 #bc4 ,to exact an oa? :]e ! brea* ( contract1 if any be made1 _c b be kn[n1 & :]e ! p>ty compact$ )al wants n p[] to puni%1 is to d some:at m ?an is necess>y unto self-def5ce1 & %ews a m9d desir\s n s mu* to b5efit itself1 z to prejudice ano!r4 ,= an oa?1 out ( ! v =m ( swe>+1 is tak5 9 ord] to ! provocation ( ,god's ang]1 t is to say1 ( him t is omnipot5t1 aga9/ ^? :o !re=e violate _! fai?1 because !y ?9k t by _! own /r5g? !y c escape ! puni%m5t ( m52 & ( him t is omnisci5t1 aga9/ ^? :o !re=e usually break _! tru/1 because !y hope t no man %all see !m4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,laws ,,( ,,nature4 #a4 ,! second law ( nature1 is to p]=m contracts4 #b4 ,t tru/ is to be held ) all m5 )\t exception4 #c4 ,:at injury is4 #d4 ,injury c be done to none b ^? ) :om we contract4 #e4 ,! di/9ction ( ju/ice into t ( m51 & t ( actions4 #f4 ,! di/9ction ( commutative & di/ributive ju/ice exam9$4 #g4 ,no injury c be done to him t is will+4 #h4 ,! ?ird law ( nature1 conc]n+ +ratitude4 #i4 ,! f\r? law ( nature1 t e man r5d] himself useful4 #aj4 ,! fif? law1 ( m]cy4 #aa4 ,! six? law1 t puni%m5ts reg>d ! future only4 #ab4 ,! sev5? law1 aga9/ reproa*4 #ac4 ,! eigh? law1 aga9/ pride4 #ad4 ,! n9? law1 ( humility4 #ae4 ,! t5?1 ( equity1 or aga9/ acceptance ( p]sons4 #af4 ,! elev5?1 ( ?+s to be _h 9 common4 #ag4 ,! twelf?1 ( ?+s to be divid$ by lot4 #ah4 ,! ?irte5?1 ( bir?right & fir/ possession4 #ai4 ,! f\rte5?1 ( ! safegu>d ( !m :o are m$iators = peace4 #bj4 ,! fifte5?1 ( con/itut+ an umpire4 #ba4 ,! sixte5?1 t no man is judge 9 8 own cause4 #bb4 ,! sev5te5?1 t umpires mu/ be )\t all hope ( rew>d f ^? ^: cause is to be judg$4 #bc4 ,! eighte5?1 ( witnesses4 #bd4 ,! n9ete5?1 t !re c no contract be made ) ! umpire4 #be4 ,! tw5tie?1 aga9/ gluttony1 & all su* ?+s z h9d] ! use ( reason4 #bf4 ,! rule by :i* we may pres5tly "k1 :e!r :at we are do+ be aga9/ ! law ( nature or n4 #bg4 ,! laws ( nature oblige only 9 ! c\rt ( consci5ce4 #bh4 ,! laws ( nature are sometimes broke by do+ ?+s agreeable to ^? laws4 #bi4 ,! laws ( nature are un*angeable4 #cj4 ,:osoev] endeav\rs to fulfil ! laws ( nature1 is a j man4 #ca4 ,! natural & moral law are "o4 #cb4 ,h[ x comes to pass1 t :at ha? be5 said ( ! laws ( nature1 is n ! same ) :at philosoph]s h deliv]$ conc]n+ ! virtues4 #cc4 ,! law ( nature is n prop]ly a law1 b z x is deliv]$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,sid5ote3 ,! second law ( nature1 to p]=m contracts4 #a4 ,ano!r ( ! laws ( nature is1 to p]=m contracts1 or to keep tru/4 ,= x ha? be5 %[$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 t ! law ( nature comm&s e man1 z a ?+ necess>y1 to obta9 peace1 to convey c]ta9 rights f ea* to o!r2 & t ?is1 z (t5 z x %all happ5 to be done1 is call$ a contract4 ,b ?is is s f> =? only conducible to peace1 z we %all p]=m ourselves :at we contract ) o!rs %all be done or omitt$2 & 9 va9 w\ld contacts be made1 unless we /ood to !m4 ,because !re=e to /& to our cov5ants1 or to keep fai?1 is a ?+ necess>y = ! obta9+ ( peace2 x w prove1 by ! second article ( ! second *apt]1 to be a precept ( ! natural law4 ,sid5ote3 ,t fai? is to be kept ) all m5 )\t exception4 #b4 ,nei!r is !re 9 ?is matt] any exception ( ! p]sons ) :om we contract2 z if !y keep no fai? ) o!rs1 or hold t none ought to be kept1 or are guilty ( any o!r k9d ( vice4 ,= he t contracts1 9 t he do? contract1 d5ies t action to be 9 va92 & x is aga9/ reason = a kn[+ man to d a ?+ 9 va92 & if he ?9k himself n b\nd to keep x1 9 ?9k+ s he affirms ! contract to be made 9 va94 ,he !re=e :o contracts ) "o ) :om he ?9ks he is n b\nd to keep fai?1 he do? at once ?9k a contract to be a ?+ done 9 va91 & n 9 va92 :i* is absurd4 ,ei!r !re=e we mu/ hold tru/ ) all m51 or else n b>ga9 ) !m2 t is1 ei!r !re mu/ be a decl>$ w>1 or a sure & fai?ful peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,injury def9$4 #c4 ,! break+ ( a b>ga91 z also ! tak+ back ( a gift1 7:i* ev] consi/s 9 "s action or omission71 is call$ an injury4 ,b t action or omission is call$ unju/2 insomu* z an injury1 & an unju/ action or omission1 signify ! same ?+1 & bo? are ! same ) brea* ( contract & tru/4 ,& x seems ! ^w injury came to be giv5 to any action or omission1 because !y 7 )\t "r2 he t act$ or omitt$1 hav+ be=e convey$ 8 "r to "s o!r4 ,& !re is "s lik5ess betwe5 t :i* 9 ! common c\rse ( life we call injury1 & t :i* 9 ! ,s*ools is usually call$ absurd4 ,= ev5 z he :o by argum5ts is driv5 to d5y ! ass]tion :i* he fir/ ma9ta9$1 is said to be br\ght to an absurdity2 9 l mann]1 he :o ?r\gh weakness ( m9d does or omits t :i* be=e he _h by contract promis$ n to d or omit1 commits an injury1 & falls into no less contradiction ?an he :o 9 ! ,s*ools is r$uc$ to an absurdity4 ,= by contract+ = "s future action1 he wills x done2 by n do+ x1 he wills x n done3 :i* is to w a ?+ done & n done at ! same "t1 :i* is a contradiction4 ,an injury !re=e is a k9d ( absurdity 9 conv]sation1 z an absurdity is a k9d ( injury 9 disputation4 ,sid5ote3 ,an injury c only be done to him ) :om we contract4 #d4 ,f ^! gr\nds x foll[s1 t an injury c be done to no man#f b him ) :om we ent] cov5ant1 or to :om some:at is made ov] by de$ ( gift1 or to :om some:at is promis$ by way ( b>ga94 ,& !re=e damag+ & injur+ are (t5 disjo9$4 ,= if a ma/] comm& 8 s]vant1 :o ha? promis$ to obey him1 to pay a sum ( money1 or c>ry "s pres5t to a ?ird man2 ! s]vant1 if he d x n1 ha? inde$ damag$ ?is ?ird p>ty1 b he injur$ 8 ma/] only4 ,s also 9 a civil gov]nm5t1 if any man (f5d ano!r ) :om he ha? made no contract1 he damages him to :om ! evil is done2 b he injures none b him to :om ! p[] ( gov]nm5t belongs4 ,= if he :o receives ! hurt %\ld expo/ulate ! mis*ief1 he t did x %\ld answ] ?us3 :at art ?\ to me2 :y %\ld ,i r d accord+ to y\r ?an m9e own w1 s9ce ,i d n h9d] b y may d y\r own1 & n my m9d8 ,9 :i* spee*1 :]e !re ha? no mann] ( pre-contract pass$1 ,i see n1 ,i confess1 :at is repreh5sible4 ,footnote #f3 ,injury c be done to no man1 c4 ,! ^w inju/ice relates to "s law3 injury1 to "s p]son1 z well z "s law4 ,= :at is unju/1 is unju/ to all2 b !re may an injury be done1 & yet n aga9/ me1 nor !e1 b "s o!r2 & sometimes aga9/ no private p]son1 b ! magi/rate only2 sometimes also nei!r aga9/ ! magi/rate1 nor any private man1 b only aga9/ ,god4 ,= ?r\gh contract & conveyance ( "r1 we say1 t an injury is done aga9/ ?is or t man4 ,h5ce x is1 :i* we see 9 all k9d ( gov]nm5t1 t :at private m5 contract betwe5 !mselves by ^w or writ+1 is releas$ aga9 at ! w ( ! oblig]4 ,b ^? mis*iefs :i* are done aga9/ ! laws ( ! l&1 z !ft1 homicide1 & ! l1 are puni%$1 n z he wills to :om ! hurt is done1 b accord+ to ! w ( ! magi/rate2 t is1 ! con/itut$ laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,! di/9ction ( ju/ice into t ( m5 & actions4 #e4 ,^! words1 j & unju/1 z also ju/ice & inju/ice1 are equivocal2 = !y signify "o ?+ :5 !y are attribut$ to p]sons1 ano!r :5 to actions4 ,:5 !y are attribut$ to actions1 j signifies z mu* z :at is done ) "r1 & unju/1 z :at is done ) injury4 ,he :o ha? done "s j ?+1 is n !re=e said to be a j p]son1 b guiltless2 & he t ha? done "s unju/ ?+1 we d n !re=e say he is an unju/1 b guilty man4 ,b :5 ! words are appli$ to p]sons1 to be j signifies z mu* z to be delight$ 9 j deal+1 to /udy h[ to d righte\sness1 or to endeav\r 9 all ?+s to d t :i* is j2 & to be unju/ is to neglect righte\s deal+1 or to ?9k x is to be measur$ n accord+ to my contract1 b "s pres5t b5efit4 ,s z ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( ! m9d1 ! int5tion1 or ! man1 is "o ?+1 t ( an action or omission ano!r2 & innum]able actions ( a j man may be unju/1 & ( an unju/ man1 j4 ,b t man is to be acc\nt$ j1 :o do? j ?+s because ! law comm&s x1 unju/ ?+s only by reason ( 8 infirmity2 & he is prop]ly said to be unju/1 :o do? righte\sness = fe> ( ! puni%m5t annex$ unto ! law1 & unrighte\sness by reason ( ! iniquity ( 8 m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! di/9ction ( commutative & di/ributive ju/ice1 exam9$4 #f4 ,! ju/ice ( actions is commonly di/+ui%$ into two k9ds1 commutative & di/ributive2 ! =m] :]e(1 !y say1 consi/s 9 ari?metical1 ! latt] 9 geometrical proportion2 & t is conv]sant 9 ex*ang+1 9 buy+1 sell+1 borr[+1 l5d+1 location & conduction1 & o!r acts :atsoev] belong+ to contractors2 :]e1 if !re be an equal return made1 h5ce1 !y say1 spr+s a commutative ju/ice3 b ?is is busi$ ab\t ! dignity & m]its ( m52 s z if !re be r5d]$ to e man 1 m to him :o is m wor?y1 & less to him t des]ves less1 & t proportionably2 h5ce1 !y say1 arise? di/ributive ju/ice4 ,i ackn[l$ge "h "s c]ta9 di/9ction ( equality3 to wit1 t "o is an equality simply s call$2 z :5 two ?+s ( equal value are comp>$ toge!r1 z a p\nd ( silv] ) twelve ounces ( ! same silv]3 ! o!r is an equality secundum quod2 z :5 a ?\s& p\nds is to be divid$ to a hundr$ m51 six hundr$ p\nds are giv5 to sixty m51 & f\r hundr$ to =ty1 :]e !re is no equality betwe5 six hundr$ & f\r hundr$2 b :5 x happ5s t !re is ! same inequality 9 ! numb] ( !m to :om x is di/ribut$1 e "o ( !m %all take an equal "p1 :5ce x is call$ an equal di/ribution4 ,b su* l equality is ! same ?+ ) geometrical proportion4 ,b :at is all ?is to ju/ice8 ,= nei!r if ,i sell my goods = z mu* z ,i c get = !m1 d ,i injure ! buy]1 :o s\ght & desir$ !m ( me2 nei!r if ,i divide m ( :at is m9e to him :o des]ves less1 s long z ,i give ! o!r :at ,i h agre$ =1 d ,i wrong to ei!r4 ,:i* tru? our ,savi\r himself1 be+ ,god1 te/ifies 9 ! ,gospel4 ,?is !re=e is no di/9ction ( ju/ice1 b ( equality4 ,yet p]haps x _c be d5i$ b t ju/ice is a c]ta9 equality1 z consi/+ 9 ?is only2 t s9ce we are all equal by nature1 "o %\ld n arrogate m "r to himself ?an he grants to ano!r1 unless he h fairly gott5 x by compact4 ,& let ?is suffice to be spok5 aga9/ ?is di/9ction ( ju/ice1 al?\gh n[ almo/ g5]ally receiv$ by all2 le/ any man %\ld conceive an injury to be some:at else ?an ! brea* ( fai? or contract1 z ha? be5 def9$ above4 ,sid5ote3 ,no injury c be done to him t is will+4 #g4 ,x is an old say+1 vol5ti non fit injuria1 ! will+ man receives no injury2 yet ! tru? ( x may be d]iv$ f our pr9ciples4 ,= grant t a man be will+ t t %\ld be done :i* he conceives to be an injury to him2 :y !n1 t is done by 8 w1 :i* by contract 0 n lawful to be done4 ,b he be+ will+ t %\ld be done :i* 0 n lawful by contract1 ! contract itself 7by ! fifte5? article ( ! =ego+ *apt]7 becomes void4 ,! "r !re=e ( do+ x returns2 !re=e x is done by "r2 :]e=e x is no injury4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ird law ( nature1 ( +ratitude4 #h4 ,! ?ird precept ( ! natural law is1 t y suff] n him to be ! worse = y1 :o1 out ( ! confid5ce he _h 9 y1 fir/ did y a good turn2 or t y accept n a gift1 b ) a m9d to endeav\r t ! giv] %all h no j occasion to rep5t him ( 8 gift4 ,= )\t ?is1 he %\ld act )\t reason1 t w\ld conf] a b5efit :]e he sees x w\ld be lo/2 & by ?is means all b5efic5ce & tru/1 toge!r ) all k9d ( b5evol5ce1 w\ld be tak5 f among m51 nei!r w\ld !re be aught ( mutual assi/ance among !m1 nor any comm5cem5t ( ga9+ grace & fav\r2 by reason :]e( ! /ate ( w> w\ld necess>ily rema91 contr>y to ! fundam5tal law ( nature4 ,b because ! brea* ( ?is law is n a brea* ( tru/ or contract1 7= we suppose no contracts to h pass$ among !m71 !re=e is x n usually t]m$ an injury2 b because good turns & ?anks h a mutual eye to ea* o!r1 x is call$ +ratitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r? law ( nature1 t e man r5d] himself useful4 #i4 ,! f\r? precept ( nature is1 t e man r5d] himself useful unto o!rs3 :i* t we may rightly und]/&1 we mu/ rememb] t !re is 9 m5 a div]sity ( dispositions to ent] into society1 aris+ f ! div]sity ( _! affections1 n unlike t :i* is f\nd 9 /ones1 br\ght toge!r 9 ! build+1 by reason ( ! div]sity ( _! matt] & figure4 ,= z a /one1 :i* 9 reg>d ( its %>p & angul> =m takes up m room f o!r /ones ?an x fills up itself1 nei!r because ( ! h>dness ( its matt] c x well be press$ toge!r1 or easily cut1 & w\ld h9d] ! build+ f be+ fitly compact$1 is ca/ away1 z n fit = use3 s a man1 = ! h>%ness ( 8 disposition 9 reta9+ sup]fluities = himself1 & deta9+ ( necess>ies f o!rs1 & be+ incorrigible by reason ( ! /ubbornness ( 8 affections1 is commonly said to be useless & tr\blesome unto o!rs4 ,n[1 because ea* "o n by "r only1 b ev5 by natural necessity1 is suppos$ ) all 8 ma9 might to int5d ! procurem5t ( ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y to 8 own pres]vation2 if any man w cont5d on ! o!r side = sup]fluities1 by 8 default !re w arise a w>2 because t on him alone !re lay no necessity ( cont5d+2 he !re=e acts aga9/ ! fundam5tal law ( nature4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 7:i* we 7 to %[71 t x is a precept ( nature1 t e man accommodate himself to o!rs4 ,b he :o breaks ?is law may be call$ useless & tr\blesome4 ,yet ,cic]o oppose? inhumanity to ?is usefulness1 z hav+ reg>d to ?is v law4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fif? law ( nature1 ( m]cifulness4 #aj4 ,! fif? precept ( ! law ( nature is1 t we mu/ =give him :o rep5ts & asks p>don = :at is pa/1 hav+ fir/ tak5 caution = ! "t to come4 ,! p>don ( :at is pa/1 or ! remission ( an (f5ce1 is no?+ else b ! grant+ ( peace to him t aske? x1 aft] he ha? w>r$ aga9/ u1 & n[ is become p5it5t4 ,b peace grant$ to him t rep5ts n1 t is1 to him t reta9s a ho/ile m9d1 or t gives n caution = ! future1 t is1 seeks n peace1 b opportunity2 is n prop]ly peace1 b fe>1 & !re=e is n comm&$ by nature4 ,n[ to him t w n p>don ! p5it5t & t gives future caution1 peace itself x seems is n pleas+3 :i* is contr>y to ! natural law4 ,sid5ote3 ,! six? law1 t puni%m5ts only reg>d ! future4 #aa4 ,! six? precept ( ! natural law is1 t 9 rev5ge & puni%m5ts we mu/ h our eye n at ! evil pa/1 b ! future good3 t is1 x is n lawful to inflict puni%m5t = any o!r end1 b t ! (f5d] may be correct$1 or t o!rs w>n$ by 8 puni%m5t may become bett]4 ,b ?is is confirm$ *iefly f h5ce1 t ea* man is b\nd by ! law ( nature to =give "o ano!r1 provid$ he give caution = ! future1 z ha? be5 %[$ 9 ! =ego+ article4 ,fur!rmore1 because rev5ge1 if ! "t pa/ be only consid]$1 is no?+ else b a c]ta9 triumph & glory ( m9d1 :i* po9ts at no end2 = x contemplates only :at is pa/1 b ! end is a ?+ to come2 b t :i* is direct$ to no end1 is va93 t rev5ge !re=e :i* reg>ds n ! future1 proce$s f va9 glory1 & is !re=e )\t reason4 ,b to hurt ano!r )\t reason1 introduces a w>1 & is contr>y to ! fundam5tal law ( nature4 ,x is !re=e a precept ( ! law ( nature1 t 9 rev5ge we look n backw>ds1 b =w>d4 ,n[ ! brea* ( ?is law is commonly call$ cruelty4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sev5? law ( nature1 aga9/ sl&]4 #ab4 ,b because all signs ( hatr$ & contempt provoke mo/ ( all to brawl+ & fight+1 insomu* z mo/ m5 w\ld r lose _! lives 7t ,i say n1 _! peace7 ?an suff] sl&]2 x foll[s 9 ! sev5? place1 t x is prescrib$ by ! law ( nature1 t no man1 ei!r by de$s or words1 c\nt5ance or laught]1 d decl>e himself to hate or scorn ano!r4 ,! brea* ( :i* law is call$ reproa*4 ,b al?\gh no?+ be m frequ5t ?an ! sc(fs & je]s ( ! p[]ful aga9/ ! weak1 & namely1 ( judges aga9/ guilty p]sons1 :i* nei!r relate to ! (f5ce ( ! guilty1 nor ! duty ( ! judges2 yet ^! k9d ( m5 d act aga9/ ! law ( nature1 & are to be e/eem$ = contumeli\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! eigh? law1 aga9/ pride4 #ac4 ,! "q :e!r ( two m5 be ! m wor?y1 belongs n to ! natural1 b civil /ate4 ,= x ha? be5 %[$ be=e 7,*ap4 ,i4 ,art4 #c7 t all m5 by nature are equal2 & !re=e ! inequality :i* n[ is1 suppose f ri*es1 p[]1 nobility ( k9dr$1 is come f ! civil law4 ,i "k t ,ari/otle1 9 8 fir/ book ( ,politics1 affirms z a f\ndation ( ! :ole political sci5ce1 t "s m5 by nature are made wor?y to comm&1 o!rs only to s]ve2 z if "l & s]vant 7 di/+ui%$ n by cons5t ( m51 b by an aptness1 t is1 a c]ta9 k9d ( natural k or ignorance4 ,:i* f\ndation is n only aga9/ reason1 7z b n[ ha? be5 %[$71 b also aga9/ exp]i5ce4 ,= nei!r almo/ is any man s dull ( und]/&+ z n to judge x bett] to be rul$ by himself1 ?an to yield himself to ! gov]nm5t ( ano!r2 nei!r if ! wis] & /rong] d conte/1 h ^! always or (t5 ! upp] h& ( ^?4 ,:e!r !re=e m5 be equal by nature1 ! equality is to be ackn[l$g$2 or :e!r unequal1 because !y are l to conte/ = dom9ion1 x is necess>y = ! obta9+ ( peace1 t !y be e/eem$ z equal2 & !re=e x is 9 ! eigh? place a precept ( ! law ( nature1 t e man be acc\nt$ by nature equal to ano!r2 ! contr>y to :i* law is pride4 ,sid5ote3 ,! n9? law1 ( humility4 #ad4 ,z x 0 necess>y to ! cons]vation ( ea* man t he %\ld "p ) "s ( 8 rights1 s x is no less necess>y to ! same cons]vation t he reta9 "s o!rs1 to wit1 ! "r ( bodily protection1 ( free enjoym5t ( air1 wat]1 & all necess>ies = life4 ,s9ce !re=e _m common rights are reta9$ by ^? :o ent] into a peaceable /ate1 & t _m peculi> ones are also acquir$1 h5ce arise? ?is n9? dictate ( ! natural law1 to wit1 t :at rights soev] any man *all5ges to himself1 he also grant ! same z due to all ! re/2 o!rwise he fru/rates ! equality ackn[l$g$ 9 ! =m] article4 ,= :at is x else to ackn[l$ge an equality ( p]sons 9 ! mak+ up ( society1 b to attribute equal "r & p[] to ^? :om no reason w\ld else engage to ent] into society8 ,b to ascribe equal ?+s to equals1 is ! same ) giv+ ?+s proportional to proportionals4 ,! obs]vation ( ?is law is call$ meekness1 ! violation 2 ! break]s by ! ,lat9s are /yl$ immodici et immode/i4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t5? law ( equity1 or aga9/ acceptance ( p]sons4 #ae4 ,9 ! t5? place x is comm&$ by ! law ( nature1 t e man 9 divid+ "r to o!rs1 %ew himself equal to ei!r p>ty4 ,by ! =ego+ law we are =bidd5 to assume m "r by nature to ourselves1 ?an we grant to o!rs4 ,we may take less if we w2 = t sometimes is an argum5t ( mode/y4 ,b if at any "t matt] ( "r be to be divid$ by u unto o!rs1 we are =bidd5 by ?is law to fav\r "o m or less ?an ano!r4 ,= he t by fav\r+ "o be=e ano!r obs]ves n ?is natural equality1 reproa*es him :om he ?us und]values3 b x is decl>$ above1 t a reproa* is aga9/ ! laws ( nature4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is precept is call$ equity2 ! brea*1 respect ( p]sons4 ,! ,greeks 9 "o ^w t]m x 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! elev5? law1 ( ?+s to be _h 9 common4 #af4 ,f ! =ego+ law is collect$ ?is elev5?1 ^? ?+s :i* _c be divid$1 mu/ be us$ 9 common if !y c1 & if ! quantity ( ! matt] p]mit1 e man z mu* z he li/s2 b if ! quantity p]mit n1 !n ) limitation1 & proportionally to ! numb] ( ! us]s4 ,= o!rwise t equality c by no means be obs]v$1 :i* we h %[$ 9 ! =ego+ article to be comm&$ by ! law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! twelf? law1 ( ?+s to be divid$ by lot4 #ag4 ,also :at _c be divid$ nor _h 9 common1 x is provid$ by ! law ( nature1 :i* may be ! twelf? precept1 t ! use ( t ?+ be ei!r by turns1 or adjudg$ to "o only by lot2 & t 9 ! us+ x by turns1 x be also decid$ by lot1 :o %all h ! fir/ use ( x4 ,= "h also reg>d is to be _h unto equality3 b no o!r c be f\nd b t ( lot4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?irte5? law1 ( bir?right & fir/ possession4 #ah4 ,b all lot is tw(old1 arbitr>y or natural4 ,arbitr>y is t :i* is ca/ by ! cons5t ( ! cont5d]s1 & x consi/s 9 m]e *ance1 z !y say1 or =tune4 ,natural is primog5iture1 9 ,greek 1 z x 71 giv5 by lot2 or fir/ possession4 ,!re=e ! ?+s :i* c nei!r be divid$ nor _h 9 common1 mu/ be grant$ to ! fir/ possessor2 z also ^? ?+s :i* belong$ to ! fa!r are due to ! son1 unless ! fa!r himself h =m]ly convey$ away t "r to "s o!r4 ,let ?is !re=e /& = ! ?irte5? law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\rte5? law1 ( ! safety ( ^? :o are m$iators = peace4 #ai4 ,! f\rte5? precept ( ! law ( nature is1 t safety mu/ be assur$ to ! m$iators = peace4 ,= ! reason :i* comm&s ! end1 comm&s also ! means necess>y to ! end4 ,b ! fir/ dictate ( reason is peace2 all ! re/ are means to obta9 x1 & )\t :i* peace _c be _h4 ,b nei!r c peace be _h )\t m$iation1 nor m$iation )\t safety4 ,x is !re=e a dictate ( reason1 t is1 a law ( nature1 t we mu/ give all security to ! m$iators = peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fifte5? law1 ( appo9t+ an umpire4 #bj4 ,fur!rmore because1 al?\gh m5 %\ld agree to make all ^! & :atsoev] o!r laws ( nature1 & %\ld endeav\r to keep !m1 yet d\bts & controv]sies w\ld daily arise conc]n+ ! application ( !m unto _! actions1 to wit1 :e!r :at 0 done 7 aga9/ ! law or n1 :i* we call ! "q ( "r2 :5ce w foll[ a fight betwe5 p>ties1 ei!r-sides suppos+ !mselves wrong$3 x is !re=e necess>y to ! pres]vation ( peace1 because 9 ?is case no o!r fit rem$y c possibly be ?\ght on1 t bo? ! disagree+ p>ties ref] ! matt] unto "s ?ird1 & oblige !mselves by mutual compacts to /& to 8 judgm5t 9 decid+ ! controv]sy4 ,& he to :om !y ?us ref] !mselves1 is call$ an arbit]4 ,x is !re=e ! fifte5? precept ( ! natural law1 t bo? p>ties disput+ conc]n+ ! matt] ( "r1 submit !mselves unto ! op9ion & judgm5t ( "s ?ird4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sixte5? law1 t no man be judge 9 8 own cause4 #ba4 ,b f ?is gr\nd1 t an arbit] or judge is *os5 by ! diff]+ p>ties to det]m9e ! controv]sy1 we ga!r t ! arbit] mu/ n be "o ( ! p>ties4 ,= e man is presum$ to seek :at is good = himself naturally1 & :at is j only = peace sake & accid5tally2 & !re=e _c obs]ve t same equality comm&$ by ! law ( nature1 s exactly z a ?ird man w\ld d4 ,x is !re=e 9 ! sixte5? place conta9$ 9 ! law ( nature1 t no man mu/ be judge or arbit] 9 8 own cause4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sev5te5? law1 t arbit]s mu/ be )\t all hope ( rew>d f ! p>ties ^: cause is to be judg$4 #bb4 ,f ! same gr\nd foll[s 9 ! sev5te5? place1 t no man mu/ be judge1 :o prop\nds unto himself any hope ( pr(it or glory f ! victory ( ei!r "p3 = ! l reason sways "h1 z 9 ! =ego+ law4 ,sid5ote3 ,! eighte5? law1 ( witnesses4 #bc4 ,b :5 !re is "s controv]sy ( ! fact itself1 to wit1 :e!r t be done or n :i* is said to be done1 ! natural law wills t ! arbit] tru/ bo? p>ties alike1 t is1 because !y affirm contradictories1 t he believe nei!r4 ,he mu/ !re=e give cr$it to a ?ird1 or a ?ird & f\r?1 or m1 t he may be able to give judgm5t ( ! fact1 z (t5 z by o!r signs he _c come to ! k ( x4 ,! eighte5? law ( nature !re=e enjo9s arbit]s & judges ( fact1 t :]e firm & c]ta9 signs ( ! fact appe> n1 !re !y rule _! s5t5ce by su* witnesses z seem to be indiff]5t to bo? p>ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! n9ete5? law1 t no contract is to be made ) ! judge4 #bd4 ,f ! above decl>$ def9ition ( an arbit] may be fur!rmore und]/ood1 t no contract or promise mu/ pass betwe5 him & ! p>ties ^: judge he is appo9t$1 by virtue :]e( he may be engag$ to speak 9 fav\r ( ei!r "p1 nay1 or be oblig$ to judge accord+ to equity1 or to pron\nce su* s5t5ce z he %all truly judge to be equal4 ,! judge is inde$ b\nd to give su* s5t5ce z he %all judge to be equal1 by ! law ( nature rec\nt$ 9 ! #ae? article3 to ! obligation ( :i* law no?+ c be add$ by way ( compact4 ,su* compact !re=e w\ld be 9 va94 ,besides1 if giv+ wrong judgm5t he %\ld cont5d = ! equity ( x1 except su* compact be ( no =ce1 ! controv]sy w\ld rema9 aft] judgm5t giv53 :i* is contr>y to ! con/itution ( an arbit]1 :o is s *os51 z bo? p>ties h oblig$ !mselves to /& to ! judgm5t :i* he %\ld pron\nce4 ,! law ( nature !re=e comm&s ! judge to be dis5gag$1 :i* is its n9ete5? precept4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tw5tie? law1 aga9/ gluttony & su* ?+s z h9d] ! use ( reason4 #be4 ,fur!rmore1 =asmu* z ! laws ( nature are n\ght else b ! dictates ( reason2 s z1 unless a man endeav\r to pres]ve ! faculty ( "r reason+1 he _c obs]ve ! laws ( nature2 x is manife/1 t he :o kn[+ly or will+ly do? aught :]eby ! rational faculty may be de/roy$ or weak5$1 he kn[+ly & will+ly breaks ! law ( nature4 ,= !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 a man :o p]=ms n 8 duty1 & him :o does su* ?+s will+ly z make x impossible = him to d x4 ,b !y de/roy & weak5 ! reason+ faculty1 :o d t :i* di/urbs ! m9d f its natural /ate2 t :i* mo/ manife/ly happ5s to drunk>ds1 & gluttons4 ,we !re=e s91 9 ! tw5tie? place1 aga9/ ! law ( nature by drunk5ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rule by :i* a man may pres5tly "k1 :e!r :at he is ab\t to act be aga9/ ! law ( nature or n4 #bf4 ,p]haps "s man1 :o sees all ^! precepts ( nature d]iv$ by a c]ta9 artifice f ! s+le dictate ( reason advis+ u to look to ! pres]vation & safegu>d ( ourselves1 w say t ! d$uction ( ^! laws is s h>d1 t x is n to be expect$ !y w be vulg>ly kn[n1 & !re=e nei!r w !y prove oblig+3 = laws1 if !y be n kn[n1 oblige n1 nay inde$1 are n laws4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 x is true1 t hope1 fe>1 ang]1 ambition1 covet\sness1 va9 glory1 & o!r p]turbations ( m9d1 d h9d] a man1 s z he _c atta9 to ! k ( ^! laws :il/ ^? passions prevail 9 him3 b !re is no man :o is n sometimes 9 a quiet m9d4 ,at t "t !re=e !re is no?+ easi] = him to "k1 ?\gh he be nev] s rude & unle>n$1 ?an ?is only rule1 t :5 he d\bts :e!r :at he is n[ do+ to ano!r may be done by ! law ( nature or n1 he conceive himself to be 9 t o!r's /ead4 ,"h in/antly ^? p]turbations :i* p]suad$ him to ! fact1 be+ n[ ca/ into ! o!r scale1 dissuade him z mu*4 ,& ?is rule is n only easy1 b is anci5tly celebrat$ 9 ^! words1 quod tibi fi]i non vis1 alt]i ne fec]is3 d n t to o!rs1 y w\ld n h done to y\rself4 ,sid5ote3 ,! laws ( nature oblige only 9 ! c\rt ( consci5ce4 #bg4 ,b because mo/ m51 by reason ( _! p]v]se desire ( pres5t pr(it1 are v unapt to obs]ve ^! laws1 al?\gh ackn[l$g$ by !m2 if p]haps "s1 m humble ?an ! re/1 %\ld ex]cise t equity & usefulness :i* reason dictates1 ! o!rs n practis+ ! same1 surely !y w\ld n foll[ reason 9 s do+3 nor w\ld !y h]eby procure !mselves peace1 b a m c]ta9 quick de/ruction1 & ! keep]s ( ! law become a m]e prey to ! break]s ( x4 ,x is n !re=e to be imag9$1 t by nature1 t is1 by reason1 m5 are oblig$ to ! ex]cise ( all ^! laws#g 9 t /ate ( m5 :]e9 !y are n practis$ by o!rs4 ,we are oblig$ yet1 9 ! int]im1 to a read9ess ( m9d to obs]ve !m1 :5soev] _! obs]vation %all seem to conduce to ! end = :i* !y 7 orda9$4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude1 t ! law ( nature do? always & ev]y:]e oblige 9 ! int]nal c\rt1 or t ( consci5ce2 b n always 9 ! ext]nal c\rt1 b !n only :5 x may be done ) safety4 ,footnote #g3 ,! ex]cise ( all ^! laws4 ,nay1 among ^! laws "s ?+s !re are1 ! omission :]e(1 provid$ x be done = peace or self-pres]vation1 seems r to be ! fulfill+1 ?an brea* ( ! natural law4 ,= he t do? all ?+s aga9/ ^? t d all ?+s1 & plund]s plund]]s1 do? equity4 ,b on ! contr>y1 to d t :i* 9 peace is a h&some action1 & becom+ an hone/ man1 is deject$ness & poorness ( _s1 & a betray+ ( "o's self1 9 ! "t ( w>4 ,b !re are c]ta9 natural laws1 ^: ex]cise cease? n ev5 9 ! "t ( w> itself4 ,= ,i _c und]/& :at drunk5ness or cruelty1 t is1 rev5ge :i* respects n ! future good1 c advance t[>d peace1 or ! pres]vation ( any man4 ,briefly1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 :at is j & unju/1 is n to be e/eem$ by ! actions b by ! c\nsel & consci5ce ( ! actor4 ,t :i* is done out ( necessity1 out ( endeav\r = peace1 = ! pres]vation ( ourselves1 is done ) "r1 o!rwise e damage done to a man w\ld be a brea* ( ! natural law1 & an injury aga9/ ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,! laws ( nature are sometimes brok5 by an act agreeable to ^? laws4 #bh4 ,b ! laws :i* oblige consci5ce1 may be brok5 by an act n only contr>y to !m1 b also agreeable ) !m2 if s be t he :o does x1 be ( ano!r op9ion4 ,= ?\gh ! act itself be answ]able to ! laws1 yet 8 consci5ce is aga9/ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! laws ( nature are immutable & et]nal4 #bi4 ,! laws ( nature are immutable & et]nal3 :at !y =bid1 c nev] be lawful2 :at !y comm&1 c nev] be unlawful4 ,= pride1 +ratitude1 brea* ( contracts 7or injury71 inhumanity1 contumely1 w nev] be lawful1 nor ! contr>y virtues to ^! ev] unlawful1 z we take !m = dispositions ( ! m9d1 t is1 z !y are consid]$ 9 ! c\rt ( consci5ce1 :]e only !y oblige & are laws4 ,yet actions may be s div]sifi$ by circum/ances & ! civil law1 t :at is done ) equity at "o "t1 is guilty ( iniquity at ano!r2 & :at suits ) reason at "o "t1 is contr>y to x ano!r4 ,yet reason is /ill ! same1 & *ange? n h] end1 :i* is peace & def5ce1 nor ! means to atta9 !m1 to wit1 ^? virtues ( ! m9d :i* we h decl>$ above1 & :i* _c be abrogat$ by any cu/om or law :atsoev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o endeav\rs to fulfil ! laws ( nature1 is j4 #cj4 ,x is evid5t by :at ha? hi!rto be5 said1 h[ easily ! laws ( nature are to be obs]v$1 because !y require ! endeav\r only1 7b t mu/ be true & con/ant72 :i* :oso %all p]=m1 we may rightly call him j4 ,= he :o t5ds to ?is ) 8 :ole might1 namely1 t 8 actions be squ>$ accord+ to ! precepts ( nature1 he %[s cle>ly t he ha? a m9d to fulfil all ^? laws2 :i* is all we are oblig$ to by rational nature4 ,n[ he t ha? done all he is oblig$ to1 is a j man4 ,sid5ote3 ,! natural law is ! same ) ! moral4 #ca4 ,all writ]s d agree1 t ! natural law is ! same ) ! moral4 ,let u see :]e=e ?is is true4 ,we mu/ "k1 !re=e1 t good & evil are names giv5 to ?+s to signify ! incl9ation or av]sion ( !m1 by :om !y 7 giv54 ,b ! incl9ations ( m5 are div]se1 accord+ to _! div]se con/itutions1 cu/oms1 op9ions2 z we may see 9 ^? ?+s we appreh5d by s5se1 z by ta/+1 t\*+1 smell+2 b mu* m 9 ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! common actions ( life1 :]e :at ?is man comm5ds1 t is to say1 calls good1 ! o!r und]values1 z be+ evil4 ,nay1 v (t5 ! same man at div]se times praises & dispraises ! same ?+4 ,:il/ ?us !y d1 necess>y x is !re %\ld be discord & /rife4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 s long 9 ! /ate ( w>1 z by reason ( ! div]sity ( ! pres5t appetite1 !y mete good & evil by div]se measures4 ,all m5 easily ackn[l$ge ?is /ate1 z long z !y are 9 x1 to be evil1 & by consequ5ce t peace is good4 ,!y !re=e :o c\ld n agree conc]n+ a pres5t1 d agree conc]n+ a future good2 :i* inde$ is a "w ( reason2 = ?+s pres5t are obvi\s to ! s5se1 ?+s to come to our reason only4 ,reason decl>+ peace to be good1 x foll[s by ! same reason1 t all ! necess>y means to peace be good also2 & !re=e t mode/y1 equity1 tru/1 humanity1 m]cy1 7:i* we h demon/rat$ to be necess>y to peace71 are good mann]s or habits1 t is1 virtues4 ,! law !re=e1 9 ! means to peace1 comm&s also good mann]s1 or ! practice ( virtue2 & !re=e x is call$ moral4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5ce x comes to pass1 t :at ha? be5 said conc]n+ ! law1 is n ! same ) :at ha? be5 deliv]$ by philosoph]s conc]n+ ! virtues4 #cb4 ,b because m5 _c put (f ?is same irrational appetite1 :]eby !y gre$ily pref] ! pres5t good 7to :i*1 by /rict consequ5ce1 _m un=se5 evils d adh]e7 be=e ! future2 x happ5s1 t ?\gh all m5 d agree 9 ! comm5dation ( ! =esaid virtues1 yet !y disagree /ill conc]n+ _! nature1 to wit1 9 :at ea* ( !m do? consi/4 ,= z (t z ano!r's good action displease? any man1 t action ha? ! "n giv5 ( "s neighb\r+ vice2 likewise ! bad actions :i* please !m1 are ev] intitul$ to "s virtue4 ,:5ce x comes to pass t ! same action is prais$ by ^!1 & call$ virtue1 & disprais$ by ^?1 & t]m$ vice4 ,nei!r is !re z yet any rem$y f\nd by philosoph]s = ?is matt]4 ,= s9ce !y c\ld n obs]ve ! goodness ( actions to consi/ 9 ?is1 t x 0 9 ord] to peace1 & ! evil 9 ?is1 t x relat$ to discord1 !y built a moral philosophy :olly e/rang$ f ! moral law1 & uncon/ant to itself4 ,= !y w\ld h ! nature ( virtues seat$ 9 a c]ta9 k9d ( m$iocrity betwe5 two extremes1 & ! vices 9 ! extremes !mselves2 :i* is app>5tly false4 ,= to d>e is comm5d$1 &1 "u ! "n ( =titude is tak5 = a virtue1 al?\gh x be an extreme1 if ! cause be approv$4 ,also ! quantity ( a ?+ giv51 :e!r x be great or little1 or betwe5 bo?1 makes n lib]ality1 b ! cause ( giv+ x4 ,nei!r is x inju/ice1 if ,i give any man m ( :at is m9e own ?an ,i owe him4 ,! laws ( nature1 !re=e1 are ! sum ( moral philosophy2 :]e( ,i h only deliv]$ su* precepts 9 ?is place1 z app]ta9 to ! pres]vation ( ourselves aga9/ ^? dang]s :i* arise f discord4 ,b !re are o!r precepts ( rational nature1 f :5ce spr+ o!r virtues2 = temp]ance1 also1 is a precept ( reason1 because intemp]ance t5ds to sickness & dea?4 ,& s =titude too1 t is1 t same faculty ( resi/+ /\tly 9 pres5t dang]s1 & :i* are m h>dly decl9$ ?an ov]come2 because x is a means t5d+ to ! pres]vation ( him t resi/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( nature is n prop]ly a law1 b z x is deliv]$ 9 ,holy ,scripture4 #cc4 ,b ^? :i* we call ! laws ( nature1 7s9ce !y are no?+ else b c]ta9 conclusions1 und]/ood by reason1 ( ?+s to be done & omitt$2 b a law1 to speak prop]ly & accurately1 is ! spee* ( him :o by "r comm&s some:at to o!rs to be done or omitt$71 are n 9 propriety ( spee* laws1 z !y proce$ f nature4 ,yet1 z !y are deliv]$ by ,god 9 holy ,scriptures1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt] foll[+1 !y are mo/ prop]ly call$ by ! "n ( laws4 ,= ! sacr$ ,scripture is ! spee* ( ,god comm&+ ov] all ?+s by greate/ "r4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,t ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,nature ,,is ,a ,,div9e ,,law4 #a4 ,! natural & moral law is div9e4 #b4 ,:i* is confirm$ 9 ,scripture1 9 g5]al4 #c4 ,specially1 9 reg>d ( ! fundam5tal law ( nature 9 seek+ ( peace4 #d4 ,also 9 reg>d ( ! fir/ law ( nature 9 aboli%+ all ?+s to be _h 9 common4 #e4 ,also ( ! second law ( nature1 conc]n+ fai? to be kept4 #f4 ,also ( ! ?ird law1 ( ?ankfulness4 #g4 ,also ( ! f\r? law1 ( r5d]+ ourselves useful4 #h4 ,also ( ! fif? law1 conc]n+ m]cy4 #i4 ,also ( ! six? law1 t puni%m5t only looks at ! future4 #aj4 ,also ( ! sev5? law1 conc]n+ sl&]4 #aa4 ,also ( ! eigh? law1 aga9/ pride4 #ab4 ,also ( ! n9? law1 ( equity4 #ac4 ,also ( ! t5? law1 aga9/ respect ( p]sons4 #ad4 ,also ( ! elev5? law1 ( hav+ ^? ?+s 9 common :i* _c be divid$4 #ae4 ,also ( ! twelf? law1 ( ?+s to be divid$ by lot4 #af4 ,also ( appo9t+ a judge4 #ag4 ,also ( ! sev5te5? law1 t ! arbit]s mu/ receive no rew>d = _! s5t5ce4 #ah4 ,also ( ! eighte5? law1 conc]n+ witnesses4 #ai4 ,also ( ! tw5tie? law1 aga9/ drunk5ness4 #bj4 ,also 9 respect ( t :i* ha? be5 said1 t ! law ( nature is et]nal4 #ba4 ,also t ! laws ( nature d p]ta9 to consci5ce4 #bb4 ,also t ! laws ( nature are easily obs]v$4 #bc4 ,la/ly1 9 respect ( ! rule by :i* a man may pres5tly "k1 :e!r :at he is ab\t to act1 be aga9/ ! law ( nature1 or n4 #bd4 ,! law ( ,*ri/ is ! law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! natural & moral law is div9e4 #a4 ,! same law :i* is natural & moral1 is also wont to be call$ div9e1 nor undes]v$ly2 z well because reason1 :i* is ! law ( nature1 is giv5 by ,god to e man = ! rule ( 8 actions2 z because ! precepts ( liv+ :i* are !nce d]iv$1 are ! same ) ^? :i* h be5 deliv]$ f ! div9e ,maje/y = ! laws ( 8 heav5ly k+dom1 by our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 8 holy prophets & apo/les4 ,:at !re=e by reason+ we h und]/ood above conc]n+ ! law ( nature1 we w endeav\r to confirm ! same 9 ?is *apt] by holy writ4 ,sid5ote3 ,:i* is confirm$ 9 ,scripture1 9 g5]al4 #b4 ,b fir/ we w %ew ^? places 9 :i* x is decl>$1 t ! div9e law is seat$ 9 "r reason4 ,psalm xxxvii4 #cj1 #ca3 ,! m\? ( ! righte\s w be ex]cis$ 9 wisdom1 & 8 tongue w be talk+ ( judgm5t3 ! law ( ,god is 9 8 he>t4 ,j]emiah xxx4 #cc3 ,i w put my law 9 _! inw>d p>ts1 & write x 9 _! he>ts4 ,psalm xix4 #g3 ,! law ( ! ,"l is an undefil$ law1 conv]t+ ! s\l4 ,v]se #h3 ,! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l is pure1 & give? light unto ! eyes4 ,deut]on4 xxx4 #aa3 ,?is comm&m5t1 :i* ,i comm& !e ?is day1 x is n hidd5 f !e1 nei!r is x f> (f1 c4 ,v]se4 #ad3 ,b ! ^w is v nigh unto !e 9 my m\?1 & 9 ?9e he>t1 t ?\ maye/ d x4 ,psalm cxix4 #cd3 ,give me und]/&+1 & ,i %all keep ?y law4 ,v]se #aje3 ,?y ^w is a lamp unto my feet1 & a light unto my pa?s4 ,prov4 ix4 #aj3 ,! k ( ! holy is und]/&+4 ,*ri/ ! law-giv]1 himself is call$ 7,john i4 #a73 ! ^w4 ,! same ,*ri/ is call$ 7v]se #i73 ! true light1 t lighte? e man t come? 9 ! _w4 ,all :i* are descriptions ( "r reason1 ^: dictates1 we h %[$ be=e1 are ! laws ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,specially 9 reg>d ( ! fundam5tal law ( nature 9 seek+ ( peace4 #c4 ,b t t :i* we set d[n = ! fundam5tal law ( nature1 namely1 t peace 0 to be s\ght =1 is also ! sum ( ! ,div9e law1 w be manife/ by ^! places4 ,rom4 iii4 #ag3 ,righte\sness1 :i* is ! sum ( ! law1 is call$ ! way ( peace4 ,psalm lxxxv4 #aj3 ,righte\sness & peace h kiss$ ea* o!r4 ,mat?4 v4 #i3 ,bless$ are ! peace-mak]s1 = !y %all be call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,& aft] ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 six? *apt] to ! ,hebrews1 & ! la/ v]se1 _h call$ ,*ri/ 7! legislator ( t law we treat (71 an ,high-prie/ = ev] aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*is$ec3 he adds 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 ! fir/ v]se3 ,?is ,mel*is$ec 0 k+ ( ,salem1 prie/ ( ! mo/ high ,god1 c4 7,v]se #b73 ,fir/ be+ by int]pretation k+ ( righte\sness1 & aft] t also k+ ( ,salem1 :i* is1 k+ ( peace4 ,:5ce x is cle>1 t ,*ri/1 ! ,k+1 9 8 k+dom place? righte\sness & peace toge!r4 ,psalm xxxiv4 #ad3 ,es*ew evil & d good2 seek peace & pursue x4 ,isaiah ix4 #f1 #g3 ,unto u a *ild is born1 unto u a son is giv51 & ! gov]nm5t %all be ^u 8 %\ld]1 & 8 "n %all be call$ ,wond]ful1 ,c\nsellor1 ! ,mighty ,god1 ! ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,isaiah lii4 #g3 ,h[ beautiful ^u ! m\nta9s are ! feet ( him t br+e? good tid+s1 t publi%e? peace1 t br+e? good tid+s ( good1 t publi%e? salvation1 t sai? unto ,sion1 ?y ,god reigne?6 ,luke ii4 #ad3 ,9 ! nativity ( ,*ri/1 ! voice ( !m t prais$ ,god1 say+1 ,glory be to ,god on high1 & 9 e>? peace1 good-w t[>ds m54 ,& ,isaiah liii4 #e3 ! ,gospel is call$ ! *a/isem5t ( our peace4 ,isaiah lix4 #h3 ,righte\sness is call$ ! way ( peace4 ,! way ( peace !y "k n1 & !re is no judgm5t 9 _! go+s4 ,micah v4 #d1 #e1 speak+ ( ! ,messias1 he sai? ?us3 ,he %all /& & fe$ 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l1 9 ! maje/y ( ! "n ( ! ,"l 8 ,god1 & !y %all abide1 = n[ %all he be great unto ! end ( ! e>?2 & ?is man %all be y\r peace1 c4 ,prov4 iii4 #a1 #b3 ,my son1 =get n my law1 b let ?9e he>t keep my comm&m5ts2 = l5g? ( days1 & long life1 & peace1 %all !y add to !e4 ,sid5ote3 ,also 9 reg>d ( ! fir/ law ( nature1 9 aboli%+ all ?+s to be _h 9 common4 #d4 ,:at app]ta9s to ! fir/ law ( aboli%+ ! community ( all ?+s1 or conc]n+ ! introduction ( meum & tuum2 we p]ceive 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ great an adv]s>y ?is same community is to peace1 by ^? words ( ,abraham to ,lot 7,g54 xiii4 #h1 #i73 ,let !re be no /rife1 ,i pray !e1 betwe5 !e & me1 & betwe5 ?y h]dm5 & my h]dm52 = we be bre?r54 ,is n ! :ole l& be=e !e8 ,sep>ate ?yself1 ,i pray !e f me4 ,& all ^? places ( ,scripture by :i* we are =bidd5 to trespass ^u our neighb\rs3 z1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 ?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 ?\ %alt n /eal1 c4 d confirm ! law ( di/9ction betwe5 m9e & ?9e2 = !y suppose ! "r ( all m5 to all ?+s to be tak5 away4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! second law ( nature1 conc]n+ fai? to be kept4 #e4 ,! same precepts e/abli% ! second law ( nature1 ( keep+ tru/4 ,= :at do?1 ,?\ %alt n invade ano!r's "r1 import1 b ?is8 ,?\ %alt n take possession ( t1 :i* by ?y contract cease? to be ?9e3 b x is expressly set d[n8 ,psalm xv4 #a3 to him t ask$1 ,"l :o %all dwell 9 ?y tab]nacle8 x is answ]$ 7v]se #d73 ,he t swe>e? unto 8 neighb\r1 & disappo9te? him n4 ,& ,prov4 vi4 #ab3 ,my son1 if ?\ be surety = ?y fri5d1 if ?\ h /rick5 ?y h& ) a /rang]1 ?\ art sn>$ ) ! words ( ?y m\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! ?ird law1 ( ?ankfulness4 #f4 ,! ?ird law conc]n+ gratitude1 is prov$ by ^! places4 ,deut4 xxv4 #d3 ,?\ %alt n muzzle ! ox1 :5 he treade? out ! corn3 :i* ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #i7 int]prets to be spok5 ( m51 n ox5 only4 ,prov4 xvii4 #ac2 ,:oso rew>de? evil = good1 evil %all n dep>t f 8 h\se4 ,& ,deut4 xx4 #aj1 #aa3 ,:5 ?\ come/ nigh unto a city to fight aga9/ x1 !n proclaim peace unto x4 ,& x %all be1 if x make !e answ] ( peace1 & op5 unto !e1 !n x %all be t all ! p t is f\nd !re91 %all be tribut>ies unto !e1 & !y %all s]ve !e4 ,prov4 iii4 #bi3 ,devise n evil aga9/ ?y neighb\r1 see+ he dwelle? securely by !e4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! f\r? law1 ( r5d]+ ourselves useful4 #g4 ,to ! f\r? law ( accommodat+ ourselves1 ^! precepts are con=mable3 ,exod4 xxiii4 #d1 #e3 ,if ?\ meet ?9e enemy's ox1 or 8 ass go+ a/ray1 ?\ %alt surely br+ x back to him aga94 ,if ?\ see ! ass ( him t hate? !e1 ly+ "u 8 burd51 & w\ld/ =be> to help him1 ?\ %alt surely help ) him4 ,also 7v]se #i73 ,?\ %alt n oppress a /rang]4 ,prov4 iii4 #cj3 ,/rive n ) a man )\t a cause1 if he h done !e no h>m4 ,prov4 xv4 #ah3 ,a wra?ful man /irre? up /rife2 b he t is sl[ to ang]1 appease? /rife4 ,prov4 xviii4 #bd3 ,!re is a fri5d t /icke? clos] ?an a bro!r4 ,! same is confirm$1 ,luke x1 by ! p>able ( ! ,sam>itan1 :o _h compassion on ! ,jew t 0 w\nd$ by ?ieves2 & by ,*ri/'s precept 7,mat?4 v4 #ci73 ,b ,i say unto y t ye resi/ n evil2 b :osoev] %all smite !e on ! "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! fif? law1 conc]n+ m]cy4 #h4 ,among inf9ite o!r places :i* prove ! fif? law1 ^! are "s3 ,mat?4 vi4 #ad1 #ae3 ,if y =give m5 _! trespasses1 y\r heav5ly ,fa!r w also =give y3 b if y =give n m5 _! trespasses1 nei!r w y\r ,fa!r =give y\r trespasses4 ,mat?4 xviii4 #ba1 #bb3 ,"l h[ (t %all my bro!r s9 aga9/ me1 & ,i =give him8 ,till sev5 times8 ,jesus sai? unto him2 ,i say n till sev5 times1 b till sev5ty times sev5 times2 t is1 toties quoties4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! six? law1 t puni%m5t only looks at ! future4 #i4 ,= ! confirmation ( ! six? law1 all ^? places are p]t95t :i* comm& u to %ew m]cy1 su* z ,mat?4 v4 #g3 ,bless$ are ! m]ciful1 = !y %all obta9 m]cy4 ,levit4 xix4 #ah3 ,?\ %alt n av5ge1 nor be> any grudge aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ?y p4 ,b !re are1 :o n only ?9k ?is law is n prov$ by ,scripture1 b pla9ly disprov$ f h5ce2 t !re is an et]nal puni%m5t res]v$ = ! wick$ aft] dea?1 :]e !re is no place ei!r = am5dm5t or example4 ,"s resolve ?is objection by answ]+1 t ,god1 :om no law re/ra9s1 ref]s all to 8 glory1 b t man mu/ n d s2 z if ,god s\ght 8 glory1 t is to say1 pleas$ himself 9 ! dea? ( a s9n]4 ,x is m rightly answ]$1 t ! in/itution ( et]nal puni%m5t 0 be=e s91 & _h reg>d to ?is only1 t m5 might dread to commit s9 = ! "t to come4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! sev5? law1 conc]n+ sl&]4 #aj4 ,! words ( ,*ri/ prove ?is sev5?3 7,mat?4 v4 #bb73 ,b ,i say unto y1 t :osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r )\t a cause1 %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t2 & :osoev] %all say unto 8 bro!r ,ra*a1 %all be 9 dang] ( ! c\ncil2 b :osoev] %all say1 ?\ fool1 %all be 9 dang] ( hell-fire4 ,prov4 x4 #ah3 ,he t utt]e? a sl&]1 is a fool4 ,prov4 xiv4 #ba3 ,he t despise? 8 neighb\r1 s9ne?4 ,prov4 xv4 #a3 ,griev\s words /ir up ang]4 ,prov4 xxii4 #aj3 ,ca/ out ! scorn]1 & cont5tion %all g out1 & reproa* %all cease4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! eigh?1 aga9/ pride4 #aa4 ,! eigh? law ( ackn[l$g+ equality ( nature1 t is1 ( humility1 is e/abli%$ by ^! places3 ,mat?4 v4 iii3 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav54 ,prov4 vi4 #af-ai3 ,^! six ?+s do? ! ,"l hate1 yea1 sev5 are an abom9ation unto him4 ,a pr\d look1 c4 ,prov4 xvi4 #e3 ,e "o t is pr\d1 is an abom9ation unto ! ,"l2 ?\gh h& jo9 9 h&1 he %all n be unpuni%$4 ,prov4 xi4 #b3 ,:5 pride come?1 !n come? %ame2 b ) ! l[ly is wisdom4 ,?us ,isaiah xl4 #c3 7:]e ! com+ ( ! ,messias is %ew$ =?1 = prep>ation t[>ds 8 k+dom73 ,! voice ( him t cri$ 9 ! wild]ness1 0 ?is3 ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1 make /raight 9 ! des]t a highway = our ,god4 ,e valley %all be exalt$1 & e m\nta9 & hill %all be made l[3 :i* d\btless is spok5 to m51 & n to m\nta9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! n9?1 ( equity4 #ab4 ,b t same equity1 :i* we prov$ 9 ! n9? place to be a law ( nature1 :i* comm&s e man to all[ ! same rights to o!rs !y w\ld be all[$ !mselves1 & :i* conta9s 9 x all ! o!r laws besides1 is ! same :i* ,moses sets d[n 7,levit4 xix4 #ah73 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,& our ,savi\r calls x ! sum ( ! moral law3 ,mat?4 xxii4 #cf-dj3 ,ma/]1 :i* is ! great comm&m5t 9 ! law8 ,jesus said unto him1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d2 ?is is ! fir/ & great comm&m5t2 & ! second is l unto x1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,on ^! two comm&m5ts hang all ! law & ! prophets4 ,b to love our neighb\r z ourselves1 is no?+ else b to grant him all we desire to h grant$ to ourselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ! t5?1 aga9/ respect ( p]sons4 #ac4 ,by ! t5? law respect ( p]sons is =bid2 z also by ^! places foll[+3 ,mat?4 v4 #de3 ,t ye may be *ildr5 ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav52 = he make? ! sun to rise on ! evil1 & on ! good1 c4 ,coloss4 iii4 #aa3 ,!re is nei!r ,greek nor ,jew1 circumcision nor uncircumcision1 b>b>ian or ,scy?ian1 bond or free1 b ,*ri/ is all1 & 9 all4 ,acts x4 #cd3 ,( a tru? ,i p]ceive t ,god is no respect] ( p]sons4 #b ,*ron4 xix4 #g3 ,!re is no iniquity ) ! ,"l our ,god1 nor respect ( p]sons1 nor tak+ ( gifts4 ,ecclesia/icus xxxv4 #ab3 ,! ,"l is ,judge1 & ) him is no respect ( p]sons4 ,rom4 ii4 #aa3 ,= !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! elev5? law1 ( hav+ ^? ?+s 9 common :i* _c be divid$4 #ad4 ,! elev5? law1 :i* comm&s ^? ?+s to be held 9 common :i* _c be divid$1 ,i "k n :e!r !re be any express place 9 ,scripture = x or n2 b ! practice appe>s e :]e1 9 ! common use ( wells1 ways1 riv]s1 sacr$ ?+s1 c42 = else m5 c\ld n live4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! twelf?1 ( ?+s to be divid$ by lot4 #ae4 ,we said 9 ! twelf? place1 t x 0 a law ( nature1 t :]e ?+s c\ld nei!r be divid$ nor possess$ 9 common1 !y %\ld be dispos$ by lot4 ,:i* is confirm$1 z by ! example ( ,moses :o1 by ,god's comm& 7,numb4 xxvi4 #ee71 divid$ ! sev]al p>ts ( ! l& ( promise unto ! tribes by lot3 s 7,acts i4 #bd7 by ! example ( ! ,apo/les1 :o receiv$ ,mat?ias be=e ,ju/us into _! numb]1 by ca/+ lots1 & say+1 ,?\1 ,"l1 :o kn[e/ ! he>ts ( all m51 %[ :e!r ( ^! two ?\ ha/ *os51 c4 ,prov4 xvi4 #cc3 ,! lot is ca/ into ! lap1 b ! :ole dispos+ !re( is ( ! ,"l4 ,&1 :i* is ! ?irte5? law1 ! succession 0 due unto ,esau1 z be+ ! fir/ born ( ,isaac2 if himself _h n sold x 7,g54 xxv4 #cc71 or t ! fa!r _h n o!rwise appo9t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( appo9t+ a judge4 #af4 ,/4 ,paul1 writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians 7#a ,epi/4 vi71 repreh5ds ! ,cor9?ians ( t city = go+ to law "o ) ano!r be=e infidel judges1 :o 7 _! enemies3 call+ x a fault1 t !y w\ld n r take wrong1 & suff] !mselves to be defraud$2 = t is aga9/ t law1 :]eby we are comm&$ to be helpful to ea* o!r4 ,b if x happ5 ! controv]sy be conc]n+ ?+s necess>y1 :at is to be done8 ,!re=e ! ,apo/le 7v]se #e7 speaks ?us3 ,i speak to y\r %ame4 ,is x s1 t !re is n "o wise man among y1 no1 n "o t %all be able to judge betwe5 8 bre?r58 ,he !re=e1 by ^? words1 confirms t law ( nature :i* we call$ ! fifte5?1 to wit1 :]e controv]sies _c be avoid$2 !re by ! cons5t ( p>ties to appo9t "s arbit]1 & him "s ?ird man2 s z 7:i* is ! sixte5? law7 nei!r ( ! p>ties may be judge 9 8 own cause4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! sev5te5? law1 t ! arbit]s mu/ receive no rew>d = _! s5t5ce4 #ag4 ,b t ! judge or arbit] mu/ receive no rew>d = 8 s5t5ce1 :i* is ! sev5te5? law appe>s1 ,exod4 xxiii4 #h3 ,?\ %alt take no gift2 = ! gift bl9de? ! wise1 & p]v]te? ! words ( ! righte\s4 ,ecclesia/icus xx4 #bi3 ,pres5ts & gifts bl9d ! eyes ( ! wise4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t he mu/ n be m oblig$ to "o "p ?an ! o!r2 :i* is ! n9ete5? law2 & is also confirm$1 ,deut4 i4 #ag3 ,ye %all n respect p]sons 9 judgm5t1 ye %all he> ! small z well z ! great2 & 9 all ^? places :i* are br\ght aga9/ respect ( p]sons4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! eighte5?1 conc]n+ witnesses4 #ah4 ,t 9 ! judgm5t ( fact witnesses mu/ be _h1 :i* is ! eighte5? law1 ! ,scripture n only confirms1 b requires m ?an "o4 ,deut4 xvii4 #f3 ,at ! m\? ( two witnesses1 or ?ree witnesses1 %all he t is wor?y ( dea? be put to dea?4 ,! same is repeat$ ,deut4 xix4 #ae4 ,sid5ote3 ,also ( ! tw5tie? law1 aga9/ drunk5ness4 #ai4 ,drunk5ness1 :i* we h !re=e 9 ! la/ place numb]$ among ! brea*es ( ! natural law1 because x h9d]s ! use ( "r reason1 is also =bid 9 ,sacr$ ,scripture = ! same reason4 ,prov4 xx4 #a3 ,w9e is a mock]1 /rong dr9k is rag+1 :osoev] is deceiv$ !reby is n wise4 ,& ,prov4 xxxi4 #d1 #e3 ,x is n = k+s to dr9k w9e1 le/ !y dr9k & =get ! law1 & p]v]t ! judgm5t ( any ( ! afflict$4 ,b t we might "k t ! malice ( ?is vice consi/$ n =mally 9 ! quantity ( ! dr9k1 b 9 t x de/roys judgm5t & reason1 x foll[s 9 ! next v]se3 ,give /rong dr9k to him t is ready to p]i%1 & w9e to ^? t be heavy ( he>t4 ,let him dr9k & =get 8 pov]ty1 & rememb] 8 mis]y no m4 ,*ri/ use? ! same reason 9 prohibit+ drunk5ness 7,luke xxi4 #cd73 ,take he$ to y\rselves1 le/ at any "t y\r he>ts be ov]*>g$ ) surfeit+ & drunk5ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,also 9 respect ( t :i* ha? be5 said1 t ! law ( nature is et]nal4 #bj4 ,t we said 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 ! law ( nature is et]nal1 is also prov$ out ( ,mat?4 v4 #ah3 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 till heav5 & e>? pass1 "o jot or "o tittle %all 9 no wise pass f ! law2 & ,psalm cxix4 #afj3 ,e "o ( ?y righte\s judgm5ts endure? = ev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,also t ! laws ( nature d p]ta9 to consci5ce4 #ba4 ,we also said1 t ! laws ( nature _h reg>d *iefly unto consci5ce2 t is1 t he is j1 :o by all possible endeav\r /rives to fulfil !m4 ,& al?\gh a man %\ld ord] all 8 actions s mu* z belongs to ext]nal ob$i5ce j z ! law comm&s1 b n = ! law's sake1 b by reason ( "s puni%m5t annex$ unto x1 or out ( va9 glory2 yet he is unju/4 ,bo? ^! are prov$ by ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,! fir/ 7,isaiah lv4 #g73 ,let ! wick$ =sake 8 way1 & ! unrighte\s man 8 ?\ghts1 & let him return unto ! ,"l1 & he w h m]cy ^u him2 & to our ,god1 = he w abundantly p>don4 ,ezek4 xviii4 #ca3 ,ca/ away f y all y\r transgressions :]eby y h transgress$1 & make y a new he>t & a new _s2 = :y w y die1 ,o ,h\se ( ,israel8 ,by :i*1 & ! l places1 we may suffici5tly und]/& t ,god w n puni% _! de$s ^: he>t is "r4 ,! second1 out ( ,isaiah xxix4 #ac1 #ad3 ,! ,"l said1 =asmu* z ?is p draw ne> me ) _! m\?1 & ) _! lips d hon\r me1 b h remov$ _! he>ts f> f me1 !re=e ,i w proce$1 c4 ,mat?4 v4 #bj3 ,except y\r righte\sness %all exce$ ! righte\sness ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 ye %all 9 no case ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,& 9 ! foll[+ v]ses1 our ,savi\r expla9s to !m h[ t ! comm&s ( ,god are brok51 n by de$s only1 b also by ! w4 ,= ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees did 9 outw>d act obs]ve ! law mo/ exactly1 b = glory's sake only2 else !y w\ld z readily h brok5 x4 ,!re are innum]able places ( ,scripture 9 :i* is mo/ manife/ly decl>$1 t ,god accepts ! w = ! de$1 & t z well 9 good z 9 evil actions4 ,sid5ote3 ,also t ! laws ( nature are easily obs]v$4 #bb4 ,t ! law ( nature is easily kept1 ,*ri/ himself decl>es 7,mat?4 xi4 #bh1 #bi1 #cj73 ,come unto me1 c4 ,take my yoke ^u y1 & le>n ( me1 c42 = my yoke is easy1 & my burd5 light4 ,sid5ote3 ,la/ly1 9 respect ( ! rule by :i* a man may pres5tly "k1 :e!r :at he is ab\t to act be aga9/ ! law ( nature1 or n4 #bc4 ,la/ly1 ! rule by :i* ,i said any man might "k1 :e!r :at he 0 do+ 7 contr>y to ! law or n1 to wit1 :at ?\ w\ld/ n be done to1 d n t to ano!r2 is almo/ 9 ! self-same words deliv]$ by our ,savi\r 7,mat?4 vii4 #ab73 ,!re=e all ?+s :atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d unto y1 d y ev5 s to !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( ,*ri/ is ! law ( nature4 #bd4 ,z ! law ( nature is all ( x div9e1 s ! law ( ,*ri/ by conv]sion 7:i* is :olly expla9$ 9 ! v4 vi4 & vii4 *apt]s ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel71 is all ( x also 7except t "o comm&m5t1 ( n m>ry+ h] :o is put away = adult]y2 :i* ,*ri/ br\ght = explication ( ! div9e positive law1 aga9/ ! ,jews1 :o did n rightly int]pret ! ,mosaical law7 ! doctr9e ( nature4 ,i say1 ! :ole law ( ,*ri/ is expla9$ 9 ! =e-nam$ *apt]s1 n ! :ole doctr9e ( ,*ri/2 = fai? is a "p ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :i* is n compreh5d$ "u ! title ( a law4 ,= laws are made & giv5 9 ref]5ce to su* actions z foll[ our w2 n 9 ord] to our op9ions & belief1 :i* be+ out ( our p[]1 foll[ n ! w4 ,,dom9ion4 --- ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,& ,,fir/ ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t4 #a4 ,t ! laws ( nature are n suffici5t to pres]ve peace4 #b4 ,t ! laws ( nature1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 are sil5t4 #c4 ,t ! security ( liv+ accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 consi/s 9 ! concord ( _m p]sons4 #d4 ,t ! concord ( _m p]sons is n con/ant en\gh = a la/+ peace4 #e4 ,! reason :y ! gov]nm5t ( c]ta9 brute creatures /&s firm 9 concord only1 & :y n ( m54 #f4 ,t n only cons5t1 b union also1 is requir$ to e/abli% ! peace ( m54 #g4 ,:at union is4 #h4 ,9 union1 ! "r ( all m5 is convey$ to "o4 #i4 ,:at civil society is4 #aj4 ,:at a civil p]son is4 #aa4 ,:at x is to h ! supreme p[]1 & :at to be a subject #ab4 ,two k9ds ( cities1 natural1 & by in/itution4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! laws ( nature suffice n = ! cons]vation ( peace4 #a4 ,x is ( itself manife/ t ! actions ( m5 proce$ f ! w1 & ! w f hope & fe>1 insomu* z :5 !y %all see a great] good or less evil likely to happ5 to !m by ! brea* ?an obs]vation ( ! laws1 !y w witt+ly violate !m4 ,! hope !re=e :i* ea* man ha? ( 8 security & self-pres]vation1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t by =ce or craft he may disappo9t 8 neighb\r1 ei!r op5ly or by /ratagem4 ,:5ce we may und]/&1 t ! natural laws1 ?\gh well und]/ood1 d n in/antly secure any man 9 _! practice2 & consequ5tly1 t z long z !re is no caution _h f ! invasion ( o!rs1 !re rema9s to e man t same primitive "r ( self-def5ce by su* means z ei!r he c or w make use (1 t is1 a "r to all ?+s1 or ! "r ( w>4 ,& x is suffici5t = ! fulfill+ ( ! natural law1 t a man be prep>$ 9 m9d to embrace peace :5 x may be _h4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! laws ( nature1 9 a /ate ( nature1 are sil5t4 #b4 ,x is a trite say+1 t all laws are sil5t 9 ! "t ( w>1 & x is a true "o1 n only if we speak ( ! civil1 b also ( ! natural laws1 provid$ !y be ref]r$ n to ! m9d1 b to ! actions ( m51 by *ap4 iii4 art4 #bg4 ,& we mean su* a w>1 z is ( all m5 aga9/ all m52 su* z is ! m]e /ate ( nature2 al?\gh 9 ! w> ( nation aga9/ nation1 a c]ta9 mean 0 wont to be obs]v$4 ,& !re=e 9 old "t1 !re 0 a mann] ( liv+1 & z x 7 a c]ta9 economy1 :i* !y call$ 1 liv+ by rap9e2 :i* 0 nei!r aga9/ ! law ( nature 7?+s !n s /&+71 nor void ( glory to ^? :o ex]cis$ x ) val\r1 n ) cruelty4 ,_! cu/om 01 tak+ away ! re/1 to sp>e life1 & ab/a9 f ox5 fit = pl\gh1 & e in/rum5t s]viceable to husb&ry4 ,:i* yet is n s to be tak51 z if !y 7 b\nd to d ?us by ! law ( nature2 b t !y _h reg>d to _! own glory h]e91 le/ by too mu* cruelty !y might be suspect$ guilty ( fe>4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! security ( liv+ accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 consi/s 9 ! agreem5t ( _m4 #c4 ,s9ce !re=e ! ex]cise ( ! natural law is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( peace1 & t = ! ex]cise ( ! natural law security is no less necess>y2 x is wor? ! consid]+ :at t is :i* af=ds su* a security4 ,= ?is matt] no?+ else c be imag9$1 b t ea* man provide himself ( su* meet helps1 z ! invasion ( "o on ! o!r may be r5d]$ s dang]\s1 z ei!r ( !m may ?9k x bett] to refra9 ?an to m$dle4 ,b fir/1 x is pla9 t ! cons5t ( two or ?ree _c make good su* a security2 because t ! addition b ( "o1 or "s few on ! o!r side1 is suffici5t to make ! victory und\bt$ly sure1 & he>t5s ! enemy to attack u4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 to ! end ! security s\ght = may be obta9$1 t ! numb] ( !m :o conspire 9 a mutual assi/ance be s great1 t ! accession ( "s few to ! enemy's p>ty may n prove to !m a matt] ( mom5t suffici5t to assure ! victory4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! agreem5t ( _m is n con/ant en\gh to pres]ve a la/+ peace4 #d4 ,fur!rmore1 h[ great soev] ! numb] ( !m is :o meet on self-def5ce1 if yet !y agree n among !mselves ( "s excell5t means :]eby to compass ?is1 b e man aft] 8 own mann] %all make use ( 8 endeav\rs1 no?+ w be done2 because t1 divid$ 9 _! op9ions1 !y w be a h9d]ance to ea* o!r2 or if !y agree well en\gh to "s "o action1 ?r\gh hope ( victory1 spoil1 or rev5ge1 yet aft]w>d1 ?r\gh div]sity ( wits & c\nsels1 or emulation & envy1 ) :i* m5 naturally cont5d1 !y w be s torn & r5t1 z !y w nei!r give mutual help nor desire peace1 except !y be con/ra9$ to x by "s common fe>4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! cons5t ( _m1 7:i* consi/s 9 ?is only1 z we h already def9$ 9 ! =ego+ section1 t !y direct all _! actions to ! same end & ! common good71 t is to say1 t ! society proce$+ f mutual help only1 yields n t security :i* !y seek =1 :o meet & agree 9 ! ex]cise ( ! above-nam$ laws ( nature2 b t some:at else mu/ be done1 t ^? :o h once cons5t$ = ! common good to peace & mutual help1 may by fe> be re/ra9$ le/ aft]w>ds !y aga9 diss5t1 :5 _! private int]e/ %all appe> discrepant f ! common good4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y ! gov]nm5t ( "s brute creatures /&s firm 9 concord alone1 & n s ( m54 #e4 ,ari/otle reckons among ^? animals :i* he calls politic1 n man only1 b div]s o!rs1 z ! ant1 ! bee1 c42 :i*1 ?\gh !y be de/itute ( reason1 by :i* !y may contract & submit to gov]nm5t1 not)/&+ by cons5t+1 t is to say1 ensu+ or es*ew+ ! same ?+s1 !y s direct _! actions to a common end1 t _! meet+s are n obnoxi\s unto any s$itions4 ,yet is n _! ga!r+ toge!r a civil gov]nm5t1 & !re=e ^? animals n to be t]m$ political2 because _! gov]nm5t is only a cons5t1 or _m wills concurr+ 9 "o object1 n 7z is necess>y 9 civil gov]nm5t7 "o w4 ,x is v true1 t 9 ^? creatures liv+ only by s5se & appetite1 _! cons5t ( m9ds is s durable1 z !re is no ne$ ( any?+ m to secure x1 & by consequ5ce to pres]ve peace among !m1 ?an b>ely _! natural incl9ation4 ,b among m5 ! case is o!rwise4 ,=1 fir/1 among !m !re is a conte/ation ( hon\r & pref]m5t2 among bea/s !re is none3 :5ce hatr$ & envy1 out ( :i* arise s$ition & w>1 is among m52 among bea/s no su* matt]4 ,next1 ! natural appetite ( bees1 & ! l creatures1 is con=mable2 & !y desire ! common good1 :i* among !m diff]s n f _! private4 ,b man sc>ce e/eems any?+ good1 :i* ha? n some:at ( em95ce 9 ! enjoym5t1 m ?an t :i* o!rs d possess4 ,?irdly1 ^? creatures :i* are void ( reason1 see no defect1 or ?9k !y see none1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( _! commonweals2 b 9 a multitude ( m5 !re are _m :o1 suppos+ !mselves wis] ?an o!rs1 endeav\r to innovate1 & div]s innovators innovate div]s ways2 :i* is a m]e di/raction & civil w>4 ,f\r?ly1 ^! brute creatures1 h[soev] !y may h ! use ( _! voice to signify _! affections to ea* o!r1 yet want !y t same art ( words :i* is necess>ily requir$ to ^? motions 9 ! m9d1 :]eby good is repres5t$ to x z be+ bett]1 & evil z worse ?an 9 tru? x is4 ,b ! tongue ( man is a trumpet ( w> & s$ition3 & x is report$ ( ,p]icles1 t he sometimes by 8 elegant spee*es ?und]$ & light5$1 & conf\nd$ :ole ,greece itself4 ,fif?ly1 !y _c di/+ui% betwe5 injury & h>m2 !nce x happ5s t z long z x is well ) !m1 !y blame n _! fell[s4 ,b ^? m5 are ( mo/ tr\ble to ! republic1 :o h mo/ leisure to be idle2 = !y use n to cont5d = public places1 be=e !y h gott5 ! victory ov] hung] & cold4 ,la/ ( all1 ! cons5t ( ^? brutal creatures is natural2 t ( m5 by compact only1 t is to say1 artificial4 ,x is !re=e no matt] ( wond]1 if some:at m be ne$ful = m5 to ! end !y may live 9 peace4 ,:]e=e cons5t or contract$ society1 )\t "s common p[] :]eby p>ticul> m5 may be rul$ ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 do? n suffice to make up t security1 :i* is requisite to ! ex]cise ( natural ju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,t n only cons5t1 b union also1 is requir$ to e/abli% ! peace ( m54 #f4 ,s9ce !re=e ! conspir+ ( _m wills to ! same end do? n suffice to pres]ve peace1 & to make a la/+ def5ce1 x is requisite t1 9 ^? necess>y matt]s :i* conc]n peace & self-def5ce1 !re be b "o w ( all m54 ,b ?is _c be done1 unless e man w s subject 8 w to "s o!r "o1 to wit1 ei!r man or c\ncil1 t :atsoev] 8 w is 9 ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y to ! common peace1 x be receiv$ = ! wills ( all m5 9 g5]al1 & ( e "o 9 p>ticul>4 ,n[ ! ga!r+ toge!r ( _m m51 :o delib]ate ( :at is to be done or n to be done = ! common good ( all m51 is t :i* ,i call a c\ncil4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at union is4 #g4 ,?is submission ( ! wills ( all ^? m5 to ! w ( "o man or "o c\ncil1 is !n made1 :5 ea* "o ( !m oblige? himself by contract to e "o ( ! re/1 n to resi/ ! w ( t "o man or c\ncil1 to :i* he ha? submitt$ himself2 t is1 t he refuse him n ! use ( 8 weal? & /r5g? aga9/ any o!rs :atsoev]2 = he is suppos$ /ill to reta9 a "r ( def5d+ himself aga9/ viol5ce3 & ?is is call$ union4 ,b we und]/& t to be ! w ( ! c\ncil1 :i* is ! w ( ! major "p ( ^? m5 ( :om ! c\ncil consi/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 union1 ! "r ( all m5 is transf]r$ to "o4 #h4 ,b ?\gh ! w itself be n volunt>y1 b only ! beg9n+ ( volunt>y actions2 7= we w n to w1 b to act72 & !re=e falls lea/ ( all "u delib]ation & compact2 yet he :o submits 8 w to ! w ( ano!r1 conveys to t o!r ! "r ( 8 /r5g? & faculties4 ,insomu* z :5 ! re/ h done ! same1 he to :om !y h submitt$1 ha? s mu* p[]1 z by ! t]ror ( x he c con=m ! wills ( p>ticul> m5 unto unity & concord4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at civil society is4 #i4 ,n[ union ?us made1 is call$ a city or civil society2 & also a civil p]son4 ,= :5 !re is "o w ( all m51 x is to be e/eem$ = "o p]son2 & by ! ^w "o1 x is to be kn[n & di/+ui%$ f all p>ticul> m51 z hav+ its own rights & prop]ties4 ,insomu* z nei!r any "o citiz51 nor all ( !m toge!r1 7if we except him1 ^: w /&s = ! w ( all71 is to be acc\nt$ a city4 ,a city !re=e1 7t we may def9e x71 is "o p]son1 ^: w1 by ! compact ( _m m51 is to be receiv$ = ! w ( !m all2 s z he may use all ! p[] & faculties ( ea* p>ticul> p]son to ! ma9t5ance ( peace1 & = common def5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at a civil p]son is4 #aj4 ,b al?\gh e city be a civil p]son1 yet e civil p]son is n a city2 = x may happ5 t _m citiz5s1 by ! p]mission ( ! city1 may jo9 toge!r 9 "o p]son1 = ! do+ ( c]ta9 ?+s4 ,^! n[ w be civil p]sons2 z ! companies ( m]*ants1 & _m o!r conv5ts4 ,b cities !y are n1 because !y h n submitt$ !mselves to ! w ( ! company simply & 9 all ?+s1 b 9 c]ta9 ?+s only det]m9$ by ! city1 & on su* t]ms z x is lawful = any "o ( !m to cont5d 9 judgm5t aga9/ ! body itself ( ! sodality2 :i* is by no means all[able to a citiz5 aga9/ ! city4 ,su* l societies1 !re=e1 are civil p]sons subord9ate to ! city4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at x is to h ! supreme p[]1 :at to be subject4 #aa4 ,9 e city1 t man or c\ncil1 to ^: w ea* p>ticul> man ha? subject$ 8 w s z ha? be5 decl>$1 is said to h ! supreme p[]1 or *ief comm&1 or dom9ion4 ,:i* p[] & "r ( comm&+1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ea* citiz5 ha? convey$ all 8 /r5g? & p[] to t man or c\ncil2 :i* to h done1 because no man c transf] 8 p[] 9 a natural mann]1 is no?+ else ?an to h p>t$ ) 8 "r ( resi/+4 ,ea* citiz51 z also e subord9ate civil p]son1 is call$ ! subject ( him :o ha? ! *ief comm&4 ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds ( cities1 natural1 & by in/itution4 #ab4 ,by :at ha? be5 said1 x is suffici5tly %[$ 9 :at mann] & by :at degrees _m natural p]sons1 ?r\gh desire ( pres]v+ !mselves & by mutual fe>1 h gr[n toge!r into a civil p]son1 :om we h call$ a city4 ,b !y :o submit !mselves to ano!r = fe>1 ei!r submit to him :om !y fe>1 or "s o!r :om !y confide 9 = protection4 ,!y act accord+ to ! fir/ mann]1 :o are vanqui%$ 9 w>1 t !y may n be sla92 !y accord+ to ! second1 :o are n yet ov]come1 t !y may n be ov]come4 ,! fir/ mann] receives its beg9n+ f natural p[]1 & may be call$ ! natural beg9n+ ( a city2 ! latt] f ! c\ncil & con/itution ( ^? :o meet toge!r1 :i* is a beg9n+ by in/itution4 ,h5ce x is t !re are two k9ds ( cities2 ! "o natural1 su* z ! pat]nal & despotical2 ! o!r in/itutive1 :i* may be also call$ political4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! "l acquires to himself su* citiz5s z he w2 9 ! o!r1 ! citiz5s by _! own wills appo9t a "l ov] !mselves1 :e!r he be "o man or "o company ( m51 endu$ ) ! comm& 9 *ief4 ,b we w speak1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( a city political or by in/itution2 & next1 ( a city natural4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,him1 ,,:e!r ,,c\ncil ,,or ,,"o ,,man ,,only1 ,,:o ,,ha? ,,! ,,supreme ,,p[] ,,9 ,,! ,,city4 #a4 ,!re c no "r be attribut$ to a multitude out ( civil society1 nor any action to :i* !y h n "u seal cons5t$4 #b4 ,! "r ( ! great] numb] cons5t+1 is ! beg9n+ ( a city4 #c4 ,t e man reta9s a "r to protect himself accord+ to 8 own free w1 s long z !re is no suffici5t reg>d _h to 8 security4 #d4 ,t a co]cive p[] is necess>y to secure u4 #e4 ,:at ! sword ( ju/ice is4 #f4 ,t ! sword ( ju/ice belongs to him1 :o ha? ! *ief comm&4 #g4 ,t ! sword ( w> belongs to him also4 #h4 ,all judicature belongs to him too4 #i4 ,! legislative p[] is 8 only4 #aj4 ,! nam+ ( magi/rates & o!r (fic]s ( ! city belongs to him4 #aa ,also ! exam9ation ( all doctr9es4 #ab4 ,:atsoev] he do? is unpuni%able4 #ac4 ,t ! comm& 8 citiz5s h grant$ is absolute1 & :at proportion ( ob$i5ce is due to him4 #ad4 ,t ! laws ( ! city b9d him n4 #ae4 ,t no man c *all5ge a propriety to any?+ aga9/ 8 w4 #af4 ,by ! laws ( ! city only we come to "k :at !ft1 murd]1 adult]y1 & injury is4 #ag4 ,! op9ion ( ^? :o w\ld con/itute a city1 :]e !re %\ld n be any "o endu$ ) an absolute p[]4 #ah4 ,! m>ks ( supreme au?ority4 #ai4 ,if a city be comp>$ ) a man1 he t ha? ! supreme p[] is 9 ord] to ! city1 z ! human s\l is 9 relation to ! man4 #bj4 ,t ! supreme comm& _c by "r be dissolv$ ?r\gh _! cons5ts1 by ^: compacts x 0 fir/ con/itut$4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re c no "r be attribut$ to a multitude1 consid]$ out ( civil society2 nor any action1 to :i* !y h n giv5 _! p>ticul> cons5ts4 #a4 ,we mu/ consid]1 fir/ ( all1 :at a multitude#h ( m51 ga!r+ !mselves ( _! own free wills into society1 is2 namely1 t x is n any "o body1 b _m m51 :]e( ea* "o ha? 8 own w & 8 peculi> judgm5t conc]n+ all ?+s t may be propos$4 ,& ?\gh by p>ticul> contracts ea* s+le man may h 8 own "r & propriety1 s z "o may say ?is is m9e1 ! o!r1 t is 82 yet w !re n be any?+ ( :i* ! :ole multitude1 z a p]son di/9ct f a s+le man1 c rightly say1 ?is is m9e1 m ?an ano!r's4 ,nei!r mu/ we ascribe any action to ! multitude1 z its own2 b if all or m ( !m d agree1 x w n be an action1 b z _m actions z m54 ,= al?\gh 9 "s great s$ition1 x is commonly said1 t ! p ( t city h tak5 up arms2 yet is x true ( ^? only :o are 9 arms1 or :o cons5t to !m4 ,= ! city1 :i* is "o p]son1 _c take up arms aga9/ itself4 ,:atsoev]1 !re=e1 is done by ! multitude1 mu/ be und]/ood to be done by e "o ( ^? by :om x is made up2 & t he1 :o be+ 9 ! multitude1 & yet cons5t$ n1 nor gave any helps to ! ?+s t 7 done by x1 mu/ be judg$ to h done no?+4 ,besides1 9 a multitude n yet r$uc$ into "o p]son1 9 t mann] z ha? be5 said1 !re rema9s t same /ate ( nature 9 :i* all ?+s belong to all m52 & !re is no place = meum & tuum1 :i* is call$ dom9ion & propriety1 by reason t t security is n yet extant1 :i* we h decl>$ above to be necess>ily requisite = ! practice ( ! natural laws4 ,footnote #h3 ,multitude1 c4 ,! doctr9e ( ! p[] ( a city ov] its citiz5s1 almo/ :olly dep5ds on ! und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ce :i* is betwe5 a multitude ( m5 rul+1 & a multitude rul$4 ,= su* is ! nature ( a city1 t a multitude or company ( citiz5s n only may h comm&1 b may also be subject to comm&2 b 9 div]se s5ses4 ,:i* diff]5ce ,i did believe 0 cle>ly en\gh expla9$ 9 ! fir/ article2 b by ! objections ( _m aga9/ ^? ?+s :i* foll[1 ,i disc]n o!rwise4 ,:]e=e x seem$ good to me1 to ! end ,i might make a full] explication1 to add ^! few ?+s4 ,by multitude1 because x is a collective ^w1 we und]/& m ?an "o3 s z a multitude ( m5 is ! same ) _m m54 ,! same ^w1 because x is ( ! s+ul> numb]1 signifies "o ?+2 namely1 "o multitude4 ,b 9 nei!r s5se c a multitude be und]/ood to h "o w giv5 to x by nature1 b to ea* a sev]al2 & !re=e nei!r is any "o action :atsoev] to be attribut$ to x4 ,:]e=e a multitude _c promise1 contract1 acquire "r1 convey "r1 act1 h1 possess1 & ! l1 unless x be e "o ap>t1 & man by man2 s z !re mu/ be z _m promises1 compacts1 rights1 & actions1 z m54 ,:]e=e a multitude is no natural p]son4 ,b if ! same multitude d contract "o ) ano!r1 t ! w ( "o man1 or ! agree+ wills ( ! major "p ( !m1 %all be receiv$ = ! w ( all2 !n x becomes "o p]son4 ,= x is endu$ ) a w1 & !re=e c d volunt>y actions1 su* z are comm&+1 mak+ laws1 acquir+ & transf]r+ ( "r1 & s =?2 & x is (t5] call$ ! p1 ?an ! multitude4 ,we mu/ !re=e di/+ui% ?us4 ,:5 we say ! p or multitude wills1 comm&s1 or do? any?+1 x is und]/ood t ! city :i* comm&s1 wills & acts by ! w ( "o1 or ! concurr+ wills ( m2 :i* _c be done b 9 an assembly4 ,b z (t z any?+ is said to be done by a multitude ( m51 :e!r great or small1 )\t ! w ( t man or assembly ( m51 t is und]/ood to be done by a subject$ p2 t is1 by _m s+le citiz5s toge!r2 & n proce$+ f "o w1 b f div]se wills ( div]se m51 :o are citiz5s & subjects1 b n a city4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beg9n+ ( a city is ! "r ( ! major "p agree+4 #b4 ,next1 we mu/ consid] t e "o ( ! multitude1 by ^: means !re may be a beg9n+ to make up ! city1 mu/ agree ) ! re/1 t 9 ^? matt]s :i* %all be prop\nd$ by any "o 9 ! assembly1 t be receiv$ = ! w ( all1 :i* ! major "p %all approve (2 = o!rwise !re w be no w at all ( a multitude ( m51 ^: wills & votes diff] s v>i\sly4 ,n[1 if any "o w n cons5t1 ! re/1 not)/&+1 %all among !mselves con/itute ! city )\t him4 ,:5ce x w come to pass1 t ! city reta9s its primitive "r aga9/ ! diss5t]2 t is1 ! "r ( w>1 z aga9/ an enemy4 ,sid5ote3 ,t e man reta9s a "r ( protect+ himself accord+ to 8 own judgm5t1 z long z he is n secur$4 #c4 ,b because we said 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 ! six? article1 t !re 0 requir$ to ! security ( m51 n only _! cons5t1 b also ! subjection ( _! wills 9 su* ?+s z 7 necess>y to peace & def5ce2 & t 9 t union & subjection ! nature ( a city consi/$2 we mu/ disc]n n[ 9 ?is place1 out ( ^? ?+s :i* may be prop\nd$1 discuss$1 & /at$ 9 an assembly ( m51 all ^: wills are conta9$ 9 ! w ( ! major "p1 :at ?+s are necess>y to peace & common def5ce4 ,b fir/ ( all1 x is necess>y to peace1 t a man be s f> =? protect$ aga9/ ! viol5ce ( o!rs1 t he may live securely2 t is1 t he may h no j cause to fe> o!rs1 s long z he do? !m no injury4 ,inde$1 to make m5 altoge!r safe f mutual h>ms1 s z !y _c be hurt or injuri\sly kill$1 is impossible2 &1 !re=e1 comes n )9 delib]ation4 ,b c>e may be _h1 !re be no j cause ( fe>2 = security is ! end :]e=e m5 submit !mselves to o!rs2 :i* if x be n _h1 no man is suppos$ to h submitt$ himself to aught1 or to h quitt$ 8 "r to all ?+s1 be=e t !re 0 a c>e _h ( 8 security4 ,sid5ote3 ,t a co]cive p[] is necess>y = security4 #d4 ,x is n en\gh to obta9 ?is security1 t e "o ( ^? :o are n[ gr[+ up into a city1 d cov5ant ) ! re/1 ei!r by words or writ+1 n to /eal1 n to kill1 & to obs]ve ! l laws2 = ! pravity ( human disposition is manife/ to all1 & by exp]i5ce too well kn[n h[ little 7remov+ ! puni%m5t7 m5 are kept to _! duties ?r\gh consci5ce ( _! promises4 ,we mu/ !re=e provide = our security1 n by compacts1 b by puni%m5ts2 & !re is !n suffici5t provision made1 :5 !re are s great puni%m5ts appo9t$ = e injury1 z app>5tly x prove a great] evil to h done x1 ?an n to h done x4 ,= all m51 by a necessity ( nature1 *oose t :i* to !m appe>s to be ! less evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ! sword ( ju/ice is4 #e4 ,n[1 ! "r ( puni%+ is !n und]/ood to be giv5 to any "o1 :5 e man contracts n to assi/ him :o is to be puni%$4 ,b ,i w call ?is "r1 ! sword ( ju/ice4 ,b ^! k9d ( contracts m5 obs]ve well en\gh1 = ! mo/ "p1 till ei!r !mselves or _! ne> fri5ds are to suff]4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! sword ( ju/ice belongs to him :o ha? ! *ief comm&4 #f4 ,because1 !re=e1 = ! security ( p>ticul> m51 &1 by consequ5ce1 = ! common peace1 x is necess>y t ! "r ( us+ ! sword = puni%m5t be transf]r$ to "s man or c\ncil2 t man or c\ncil is necess>ily und]/ood by "r to h ! supreme p[] 9 ! city4 ,= he t by "r puni%e? at 8 own discretion1 by "r compels all m5 to all ?+s :i* he himself wills2 ?an :i* a great] comm& _c be imag9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! sword ( w> belongs to him also4 #g4 ,b 9 va9 d !y wor%ip peace at home1 :o _c def5d !mselves aga9/ =eign]s2 nei!r is x possible = !m to protect !mselves aga9/ =eign]s1 ^: =ces are n unit$4 ,& !re=e x is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( p>ticul>s1 t !re be "s "o c\ncil or "o man1 :o ha? ! "r to arm1 to ga!r toge!r1 to unite s _m citiz5s1 9 all dang]s & on all occasions1 z %all be ne$ful = common def5ce aga9/ ! c]ta9 numb] & /r5g? ( ! enemy2 & aga91 z (t5 z he %all f9d x exp$i5t1 to make peace ) !m4 ,we mu/ und]/&1 !re=e1 t p>ticul> citiz5s h convey$ _! :ole "r ( w> & peace unto "s "o man or c\ncil2 & t ?is "r1 :i* we may call ! sword ( w>1 belongs to ! same man or c\ncil1 to :om ! sword ( ju/ice belongs4 ,= no man c by "r compel citiz5s to take up arms & be at ! exp5ses ( w>1 b he :o by "r c puni% him :o do? n obey4 ,bo? swords !re=e1 z well ?is ( w> z t ( ju/ice1 ev5 by ! con/itution itself ( a city & ess5tially d belong to ! *ief comm&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p[] ( judicature belongs to him4 #h4 ,b because ! "r ( ! sword1 is no?+ else b to h p[] by "r to use ! sword at 8 own w1 x foll[s1 t ! judgm5t ( its "r use p]ta9s to ! same p>ty2 = if ! p[] ( judg+ 7 9 "o1 & ! p[] ( execut+ 9 ano!r1 no?+ w\ld be done4 ,= 9 va9 w\ld he give judgm5t1 :o c\ld n execute 8 comm&s2 or1 if he execut$ !m by ! p[] ( ano!r1 he himself is n said to h ! p[] ( ! sword1 b t o!r1 to :om he is only an (fic]4 ,all judgm5t !re=e1 9 a city1 belongs to him :o ha? ! swords2 t is1 to him :o ha? ! supreme au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,! legislative p[] is 8 also4 #i4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce x no less1 nay1 x mu* m conduce? to peace1 to prev5t brawls f aris+ ?an to appease !m be+ ris52 & t all controv]sies are br$ f h5ce1 t ! op9ions ( m5 diff] conc]n+ meum & tuum1 j & unju/1 pr(itable & unpr(itable1 good & evil1 hone/ & di%one/1 & ! l2 :i* e man e/eems accord+ to 8 own judgm5t3 x belongs to ! same *ief p[] to make "s common rules = all m51 & to decl>e !m publicly1 by :i* e man may "k :at may be call$ 81 :at ano!r's1 :at j1 :at unju/1 :at hone/1 :at di%one/1 :at good1 :at evil2 t is summ>ily1 :at is to be done1 :at to be avoid$ 9 our common c\rse ( life4 ,b ^? rules & measures are usually call$ ! civil laws1 or ! laws ( ! city1 z be+ ! comm&s ( him :o ha? ! supreme p[] 9 ! city4 ,& ! civil laws 7t we may def9e !m7 are no?+ else b ! comm&s ( him :o ha? ! *ief au?ority 9 ! city1 = direction ( ! future actions ( 8 citiz5s4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! nam+ ( magi/rates & (fic]s belongs to him also4 #aj4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce ! affairs ( ! city1 bo? ^? ( w> & peace1 _c possibly be all adm9i/]$ by "o man or "o c\ncil )\t (fic]s & subord9ate magi/rates2 & t x app]ta9e? to peace & common def5ce1 t !y to :om x belongs ju/ly to judge ( controv]sies1 to se>* into neighb\r+ c\ncils1 prud5tly to wage w>1 & on all h&s w>ily to att5d ! b5efit ( ! city1 %\ld also rightly ex]cise _! (fices2 x is consonant to reason t !y dep5d on1 & be *os5 by him :o ha? ! *ief comm& bo? 9 w> & 9 peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,! exam9ation ( doctr9e belongs to him likewise4 #aa4 ,x is also manife/1 t all volunt>y actions h _! beg9n+ f1 & necess>ily dep5d on ! w2 & t ! w ( do+ or omitt+ aught1 dep5ds on ! op9ion ( ! good & evil1 ( ! rew>d or puni%m5t :i* a man conceives he %all receive by ! act or omission3 s z ! actions ( all m5 are rul$ by ! op9ions ( ea*4 ,:]e=e1 by evid5t & necess>y inf]5ce1 we may und]/& t x v mu* conc]ns ! int]e/ ( peace1 t no op9ions or doctr9es be deliv]$ to citiz5s1 by :i* !y may imag9e t ei!r by "r !y may n obey ! laws ( ! city1 t is1 ! comm&s ( t man or c\ncil to :om ! supreme p[] is committ$1 or t x is lawful to resi/ him1 or t a less puni%m5t rema9s = him t d5ies1 ?an = him t yields ob$i5ce4 ,= if "o comm& some:at to be done "u p5alty ( natural dea?1 ano!r =bid x "u pa9 ( et]nal dea?1 & bo? by _! own "r1 x w foll[ t ! citiz5s1 al?\gh innoc5t1 are n only by "r puni%able1 b t ! city itself is altoge!r dissolv$4 ,= no man c s]ve two ma/]s2 nor is he less1 b r m a ma/]1 :om we believe we are to obey = fe> ( damnation1 ?an he :om we obey = fe> ( temporal dea?4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ?is "o1 :e!r man or c\rt1 to :om ! city ha? committ$ ! supreme p[]1 h also ?is "r2 t he bo? judge :at op9ions#i & doctr9es are enemies unto peace1 & also t he =bid !m to be taught4 ,footnote #i3 ,judge :at op9ions1 c4 ,!re is sc>ce any pr9ciple1 nei!r 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god nor 9 human sci5ces1 f :5ce !re may n spr+ diss5sions1 discords1 reproa*es1 & by degrees w> itself4 ,nei!r do? ?is happ5 by reason ( ! falsehood ( ! pr9ciple1 b ( ! disposition ( m51 :o1 seem+ wise to !mselves1 w ne$s appe> su* to all o!rs4 ,b ?\gh su* diss5sions _c be h9d]$ f aris+1 yet may !y be re/ra9$ by ! ex]cise ( ! supreme p[]1 t !y prove no h9drance to ! public peace4 ,( ^! k9ds ( op9ions1 !re=e1 ,i h n spok5 9 ?is place4 ,!re are c]ta9 doctr9es :]e) subjects be+ ta9t$1 !y v]ily believe t ob$i5ce may be refus$ to ! city1 & t by "r !y may1 nay ought1 to oppose & fight aga9/ *ief pr9ces & dignities4 ,su* are ^? :i*1 :e!r directly & op5ly1 or m obscurely & by consequ5ce1 require ob$i5ce to be giv5 to o!rs beside !m to :om ! supreme au?ority is committ$4 ,i d5y n b ?is reflects on t p[] :i* _m1 liv+ "u o!r gov]nm5t1 ascribe to ! *ief head ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & also on t :i* else:]e1 out ( t ,*ur*1 bi%ops require 9 _!'s to be giv5 to !m2 & la/ ( all1 on t lib]ty :i* ! l[] sort ( citiz5s1 "u pret5ce ( religion1 d *all5ge to !mselves4 ,= :at civil w> 0 !re ev] 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w1 :i* did n ei!r gr[ f1 or 0 n\ri%$ by ?is root8 ,! judgm5t !re=e ( doctr9es1 :e!r !y be repugnant to civil ob$i5ce or n1 & if !y be repugnant1 ! p[] ( prohibit+ !m to be taught1 ,i d "h attribute to ! civil au?ority4 ,= s9ce !re is no man :o grants n to ! city ! judgm5t ( ^? ?+s :i* belong to its peace & def5ce1 & x is manife/ t ! op9ions :i* ,i h already recit$ d relate to its peace2 x foll[s necess>ily1 t ! exam9ation ( ^? op9ions1 :e!r !y be su* or n1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! city2 t is1 to him :o ha? ! supreme au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,:atsoev] he do? is unpuni%able4 #ab4 ,la/ ( all1 f ?is consid]ation1 t ea* citiz5 ha? submitt$ 8 w to 8 :o ha? ! supreme comm& 9 ! city1 s z he may n employ 8 /r5g? aga9/ him2 x foll[s manife/ly1 t :atsoev] %all be done by him :o comm&s1 mu/ n be puni%$4 ,= z he :o ha? n p[] en\gh1 _c puni% him naturally1 s nei!r c he puni% him by "r1 :o by "r ha? n suffici5t p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,t he ha? an absolute dom9ion grant$ him by 8 citiz5s1 & :at proportion ( ob$i5ce is due unto him4 #ac4 ,x is mo/ manife/ by :at ha? be5 said1 t 9 e p]fect city1 t is1 :]e no citiz5 ha? "r to use 8 faculties at 8 own discretion = ! pres]vation ( himself1 or :]e ! "r ( ! private sword is exclud$2 !re is a supreme p[] 9 "s "o1 great] ?an :i* _c by "r be conf]r$ by m51 or great] ?an :i* no mortal man c h ov] himself4 ,b t p[]1 great] ?an :i* _c by m5 be convey$ on a man1 we call absolute4#aj ,= :osoev] ha? s submitt$ 8 w to ! w ( ! city1 t he c1 unpuni%$1 d any ?+1 make laws1 judge controv]sies1 set p5alties1 make use at 8 own pleasure ( ! /r5g? & weal? ( m51 & all ?is by "r2 truly he ha? giv5 him ! greate/ dom9ion t c be grant$4 ,?is same may be confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 9 all ! cities :i* are or ev] h be54 ,= ?\gh x be sometimes 9 d\bt :at man or c\ncil ha? ! *ief comm&1 yet ev] !re is su* a comm& & always ex]cis$1 except 9 ! "t ( s$ition & civil w>2 & !n !re are two *ief comm&s made out ( "o4 ,n[1 ^? s$iti\s p]sons :o dispute aga9/ absolute au?ority1 d n s mu* c>e to de/roy x1 z to convey x on o!rs3 = remov+ ?is p[]1 !y toge!r take away civil society1 & a confusion ( all ?+s returns4 ,!re is s mu* ob$i5ce jo9$ to ?is absolute "r ( ! *ief rul]1 z is necess>ily requir$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! city1 t is to say1 s mu* z t "r ( 8 may n be grant$ 9 va94 ,n[ ?is k9d ( ob$i5ce1 al?\gh = "s reasons x may sometimes by "r be d5i$1 yet because a great] _c be p]=m$1 we w call x simple4 ,b ! obligation to p]=m ?is gr[s n imm$iately f t contract1 by :i* we h convey$ all our "r on ! city2 b imm$iately f h5ce1 t )\t ob$i5ce ! city's "r w\ld be fru/rate1 & by consequ5ce !re w\ld be no city con/itut$4 ,= x is "o ?+ if ,i say1 ,i give y "r to comm& :at y w2 ano!r1 if ,i say1 ,i w d :atsoev] y comm&4 ,& ! comm& may be su*1 z ,i w\ld r die ?an d x4 ,=asmu*1 !re=e1 z no man c be b\nd to w be+ kill$1 mu* less is he ti$ to t :i* to him is worse ?an dea?4 ,if !re=e ,i be comm&$ to kill myself1 ,i am n b\nd to d x4 ,= ?\gh ,i d5y to d x1 yet ! "r ( dom9ion is n fru/rat$2 s9ce o!rs may be f\nd1 :o be+ comm&$ w n refuse to d x2 nei!r d ,i refuse to d t1 :i* ,i h contract$ to d4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! *ief rul] comm& any man to kill him1 he is n ti$ to d x2 because x _c be conceiv$ t he made any su* cov5ant4 ,nor if he comm& to execute a p>5t1 :e!r he be innoc5t or guilty & condemn$ by ! law2 s9ce !re are o!rs :o be+ comm&$ w d t1 & a son w r die ?an live infam\s & hat$ ( all ! _w4 ,!re are _m o!r cases 9 :i*1 s9ce ! comm&s are %ameful to be done by "s & n by o!rs1 ob$i5ce may by "r be p]=m$ by ^!1 & refus$ by ^?2 & ?is )\t brea* ( t absolute "r :i* 0 giv5 to ! *ief rul]4 ,= 9 no case is ! "r tak5 away f him1 ( slay+ ^? :o %all refuse to obey him4 ,b !y :o ?us kill m51 al?\gh by "r giv5 !m f him t ha? x1 yet if !y use t "r o!rwise ?an "r reason requires1 !y s9 aga9/ ! laws ( nature1 t is1 aga9/ ,god4 ,footnote #aj3 ,absolute4 ,a popul> /ate op5ly *all5ge? absolute dom9ion1 & ! citiz5s oppose x n4 ,=1 9 ! ga!r+ toge!r ( _m m51 !y ackn[l$ge ! face ( a city2 & ev5 ! unskilful und]/&1 t matt]s !re are rul$ by c\ncil4 ,yet mon>*y is no less a city ?an democraty2 & absolute k+s h _! c\nsellors1 f :om !y w take advice1 & suff] _! p[]1 9 matt]s ( great] consequ5ce1 to be guid$ b n recall$4 ,b x appe>s n to mo/ m51 h[ a city is conta9$ 9 ! p]son ( a k+4 ,& !re=e !y object aga9/ absolute comm&3 fir/1 t if any man _h su* a "r1 ! condition ( ! citiz5s w\ld be mis]able4 ,= ?us !y ?9k2 he w take all1 spoil all1 kill all2 & e man c\nts x 8 only happ9ess1 t he is n already spoil$ & kill$4 ,b :y %\ld he d ?us8 ,n because he c2 = unless he h a m9d to x1 he w n d x4 ,w he1 to please "o or "s few1 spoil all ! re/8 ,fir/1 ?\gh by "r1 t is1 )\t injury to !m1 he may d x1 yet c he n d x ju/ly1 t is1 )\t brea* ( ! natural laws & injury aga9/ ,god4 ,& !re=e !re is "s security = subjects 9 ! oa?s :i* pr9ces take4 ,next1 if he c\ld ju/ly d x1 or t he made no acc\nt ( 8 oa?1 yet appe>s !re no reason :y he %\ld desire x1 s9ce he f9ds no good 9 x4 ,b x _c be d5i$1 b a pr9ce may sometimes h an incl9ation to d wick$ly4 ,b grant !n1 t ?\ had/ giv5 him a p[] :i* 7 n absolute1 b s mu* only z suffic$ to def5d !e f ! injuries ( o!rs2 :i*1 if ?\ wilt be safe1 is necess>y = !e to give2 are n all ! same ?+s to be fe>$8 ,= he t ha? /r5g? en\gh to protect all1 wants n suffici5cy to oppress all4 ,"h is no o!r difficulty !n1 b t human affairs _c be )\t "s inconv5i5ce4 ,& ?is inconv5i5ce itself is 9 ! citiz5s1 n 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,= if m5 c\ld rule !mselves1 e man by 8 own comm&1 t is to say1 c\ld !y live accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 !re w\ld be no ne$ at all ( a city1 nor ( a common co]cive p[]4 ,secondly1 !y object1 t !re is no dom9ion 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w absolute4 ,:i*1 inde$1 is n true2 = all mon>*ies1 & all o!r /ates1 are s4 ,= al?\gh !y :o h ! *ief comm&1 d n all ^? ?+s !y w\ld1 & :at !y "k pr(itable to ! city2 ! reason ( t is1 n ! defect ( "r 9 !m1 b ! consid]ation ( _! citiz5s1 :o busi$ ab\t _! private int]e/1 & c>eless ( :at t5ds to ! public1 _c sometimes be drawn to p]=m _! duties )\t ! haz>d ( ! city4 ,:]e=e pr9ces sometimes =be> ! ex]cise ( _! "r2 & prud5tly remit some:at ( ! act1 b no?+ ( _! "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,t he is n ti$ to obs]ve ! laws ( ! city4 #ad4 ,nei!r c any man give some:at to himself2 = he is already suppos$ to h :at he c give himself4 ,nor c he be oblig$ to himself2 = ! same p>ty be+ bo? ! oblig$ & ! oblig]1 & ! oblig] hav+ p[] to release ! oblig$1 x 7 m]ely 9 va9 = a man to be oblig$ to himself2 because he c release himself at 8 own pleasure1 & he t c d ?is is already actually free4 ,:5ce x is pla91 t ! city is n ti$ to ! civil laws2 = ! civil laws are ! laws ( ! city1 by :i*1 if %e 7 engag$1 %e %\ld be engag$ to h]self4 ,nei!r c ! city be oblig$ to h] citiz52 because1 if he w1 he c free h] f h] obligation2 & he w1 z (t z %e wills2 = ! w ( e citiz5 is 9 all ?+s compreh5d$ 9 ! w ( ! city2 ! city !re=e is free :5 %e please?1 t is1 %e is n[ actually free4 ,b ! w ( a c\ncil1 or "o :o ha? supreme au?ority giv5 him1 is ! w ( ! city3 he !re=e conta9s ! wills ( all p>ticul> citiz5s4 ,!re=e nei!r is he b\nd to ! civil laws2 = ?is is to be b\nd to himself2 nor to any ( 8 citiz5s4 ,sid5ote3 ,t no man c *all5ge a propriety 9 aught aga9/ him :o ha? ! supreme p[]4 #ae4 ,n[ because1 z ha? be5 %[n above1 be=e ! con/itution ( a city all ?+s belong$ to all m52 nor is !re t ?+ :i* any man c s call 81 z any o!r may n1 by ! same "r1 claim z 8 own2 = :]e all ?+s are common1 !re c be no?+ prop] to any man2 x foll[s1 t propriety receiv$ its beg9n+#aa :5 cities receiv$ _!'s1 & t t only is prop] to ea* man1 :i* he c keep by ! laws & ! p[] ( ! :ole city1 t is1 ( him on :om its *ief comm& is conf]r$4 ,:5ce we und]/&1 t ea* p>ticul> citiz5 ha? a propriety to :i* none ( 8 fell[-citiz5s ha? "r1 because !y are ti$ to ! same laws2 b he ha? no propriety 9 :i* ! *ief rul] 7^: comm&s are ! laws1 ^: w conta9s ! w ( ea* man1 & :o by e s+le p]son is con/itut$ ! supreme judge7 ha? n a "r4 ,b al?\gh !re be _m ?+s :i* ! city p]mits to its citiz5s1 & !re=e !y may sometimes g to law aga9/ _! *ief2 yet is n t action belong+ to civil "r1 b to natural equity4 ,nei!r is x conc]n+ :at#ab by "r he may d :o ha? ! supreme p[]1 b :at he ha? be5 will+ %\ld be done2 & !re=e he %all be judge himself1 z ?\gh 7! equity ( ! cause be+ well und]/ood7 he c\ld n give wrong judgm5t4 ,footnote #aa3 ,propriety receiv$ its beg9n+1 c4 ,:at is object$ by "s1 t ! propriety ( goods1 ev5 be=e ! con/itution ( cities1 0 f\nd 9 fa!rs ( families1 t objection is va92 because ,i h already decl>$1 t a family is a little city4 ,= ! sons ( a family h a propriety ( _! goods grant$ !m by _! fa!r1 di/+ui%$ inde$ f ! re/ ( ! sons ( ! same family1 b n f ! propriety ( ! fa!r himself4 ,b ! fa!rs ( div]s families1 :o are subject nei!r to any common fa!r nor "l1 h a common "r 9 all ?+s4 ,footnote #ab3 ,:at by "r he may d1 c4 ,z (t5 z a citiz5 is grant$ to h an action ( law aga9/ ! supreme1 t is1 aga9/ ! city1 ! "q is n 9 t action1 :e!r ! city may by "r keep possession ( ! ?+ 9 controv]sy1 b :e!r by ! laws =m]ly made %e w\ld keep x2 = ! law is ! decl>$ w ( ! supreme4 ,s9ce !n ! city may raise money f ! citiz5s "u two titles1 ei!r z tribute1 or z debt2 9 ! =m] case !re is no action ( law all[$1 = !re c be no "q :e!r ! city h "r to require tribute2 9 ! latt] x is all[$1 because ! city w take no?+ f its citiz5s by fraud or cunn+1 & yet if ne$ require1 all !y h1 op5ly4 ,& !re=e he t condemns ?is place1 say+1 t by ?is doctr9e x is easy = pr9ces to free !mselves f _! debts1 he does x imp]t95tly4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is kn[n by ! civil laws :at !ft1 murd]1 adult]y1 & injury are4 #af4 ,!ft1 murd]1 adult]y1 & all injuries1 are =bid by ! laws ( nature2 b :at is to be call$ !ft1 :at murd]1 :at adult]y1 :at injury 9 a citiz51 ?is is n to be det]m9$ by ! natural1 b by ! civil law4 ,= n e tak+ away ( ! ?+ :i* ano!r possesse?1 b only ano!r man's goods1 is !ft2 b :at is our's1 & :at ano!r's1 is a "q belong+ to ! civil law4 ,9 l mann]1 n e kill+ ( a man is murd]1 b only t :i* ! civil law =bids2 nei!r is all enc\nt] ) wom5 adult]y1 b only t :i* ! civil law prohibits4 ,la/ly1 all brea* ( promise is an injury1 :]e ! promise itself is lawful2 b :]e !re is no "r to make any compact1 !re c be no conveyance ( x1 & !re=e !re c no injury foll[1 z ha? be5 said 9 ! second *apt]1 ,article #ag4 ,n[ :at we may contract =1 & :at n1 dep5ds :olly ^u ! civil laws4 ,! city ( ,lac$mon !re=e rightly ord]$1 t ^? "y m5 :o c\ld s take away c]ta9 goods f o!rs z n to be caught1 %\ld g unpuni%$2 = x 0 no?+ else b to make a law1 t :at 0 s acquir$ %\ld be _! own1 & n ano!r's4 ,rightly also is t man ev]y:]e sla91 :om we kill 9 w> or by ! necessity ( self-def5ce4 ,s also t copulation :i* 9 "o city is matrimony1 9 ano!r w be judg$ adult]y4 ,also ^? contracts :i* make up m>riage 9 "o citiz51 d n s 9 ano!r1 al?\gh ( ! same city2 because t he :o is =bidd5 by ! city1 t is1 by t "o man or c\ncil ^: ! supreme p[] is1 to contract aught1 ha? no "r to make any contract1 & !re=e hav+ made any1 x is n valid1 & by consequ5ce no m>riage4 ,b 8 contract :i* receiv$ no prohibition1 0 !re=e ( =ce1 & s 0 matrimony4 ,nei!r adds x any =ce to any unlawful contracts1 t !y 7 made by an oa? or sacram5t2#ac = ^? add no?+ to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! contract1 z ha? be5 said above1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,art4 #bb4 ,:at !re=e !ft1 :at murd]1 :at adult]y1 & 9 g5]al :at injury is1 mu/ be kn[n by ! civil laws2 t is1 ! comm&s ( him :o ha? ! supreme au?ority4 ,footnote #ac3 ,t !y 7 made by an oa? or sacram5t1 c4 ,:e!r matrimony be a sacram5t1 79 :i* s5se t ^w is us$ by "s div9es71 or n1 x is n my purpose to dispute4 ,only ,i say1 t ! legitimate contract ( a man & woman to live toge!r1 t is1 grant$ by ! civil law1 :e!r x be a sacram5t or n1 is surely a legitimate m>riage2 b t copulation :i* ! city ha? prohibit$ is no m>riage1 s9ce x is ( ! ess5ce ( m>riage to be a legitimate contract4 ,!re 7 legitimate m>riages 9 _m places1 z among ! ,jews1 ! ,grecians1 ! ,romans1 :i* yet might be dissolv$4 ,b ) ^? :o p]mit no su* contracts b by a law t !y %all nev] be broke1 w$lock _c be dissolv$2 & ! reason is1 because ! city ha? comm&$ x to be indissoluble1 n because matrimony is a sacram5t4 ,:]e=e ! c]emonies :i* at w$d+s are to be p]=m$ 9 ! temple1 to bless1 or1 if ,i may say s1 to consecrate ! husb& & wife1 w p]haps belong only to ! (fice ( cl]gym52 all ! re/ namely1 :o1 :51 & by :at contracts m>riages may be made1 p]ta9s to ! laws ( ! city4 ,sid5ote3 ,! op9ion ( ^? :o w\ld con/itute a city1 :]e !re %\ld n be any "o endu$ ) absolute p[]4 #ag4 ,?is same supreme comm& & absolute p[]1 seems s h>% to ! greate/ "p ( m51 z !y hate ! v nam+ ( !m2 :i* happ5s *iefly ?r\gh want ( k1 :at human nature & ! civil laws are2 & p>tly also ?r\gh _! default1 :o1 :5 !y are inve/$ ) s great au?ority1 abuse _! p[] to _! own lu/4 ,t !y may !re=e avoid ?is k9d ( supreme au?ority1 "s ( !m w h a city well en\gh con/itut$1 if !y :o %all be ! citiz5s' conv5+1 d agree conc]n+ c]ta9 articles prop\nd$1 & 9 t conv5t agitat$ & approv$1 & d comm& !m to be obs]v$1 & puni%m5ts prescrib$ to be inflict$ on !m :o %all break !m4 ,to :i* purpose1 & also to ! repell+ ( a =eign enemy1 !y appo9t a c]ta9 & limit$ return1 ) ?is condition1 t if t suffice n1 !y may call a new conv5tion ( e/ates4 ,:o sees n 9 a city ?us con/itut$1 t ! assembly :o prescrib$ ^? ?+s _h an absolute p[]8 ,if !re=e ! assembly cont9ue1 or f "t to "t h a c]ta9 day & place ( meet+1 t p[] w be p]petual4 ,b if !y :olly dissolve1 ei!r ! city dissolves ) !m1 & s all is return$ to ! /ate ( w>3 or else !re is some:]e a p[] left to puni% ^? :o %all transgress ! laws1 :osoev] or h[ _m soev] !y be t h x2 :i* _c possibly be )\t an absolute p[]4 ,= he t by "r ha? ?is might giv51 by puni%m5ts to re/ra9 :at citiz5s he please?1 ha? su* a p[] z a great] _c possibly be giv5 by any citiz5s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! notes ( supreme au?ority4 #ah4 ,x is !re=e manife/1 t 9 e city !re is "s "o man1 or c\ncil1 or c\rt1 :o by "r ha? z great a p[] ov] ea* s+le citiz51 z ea* man ha? ov] himself consid]$ out ( t civil /ate2 t is1 supreme & absolute1 to be limit$ only by ! /r5g? & =ces ( ! city itself1 & by no?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,= if 8 p[] 7 limit$1 t limitation mu/ necess>ily proce$ f "s great] p[]4 ,= he t prescribes limits1 mu/ h a great] p[] ?an he :o is conf9$ by !m4 ,n[ t conf9+ p[] is ei!r )\t limit1 or is aga9 re/ra9$ by "s o!r great] ?an itself2 & s we %all at l5g? arrive to a p[]1 :i* ha? no o!r limit b t :i* is ! t]m9us ultimus ( ! =ces ( all ! citiz5s toge!r4 ,t same is call$ ! supreme comm&2 & if x be committ$ to a c\ncil1 a supreme c\ncil1 b if to "o man1 ! supreme "l ( ! city4 ,n[ ! notes ( supreme comm& are ^!3 to make & abrogate laws1 to det]m9e w> & peace1 to "k & judge ( all controv]sies1 ei!r by himself1 or by judges appo9t$ by him2 to elect all magi/rates1 m9i/]s1 & c\nsellors4 ,la/ly1 if !re be any man :o by "r c d "s "o action1 :i* is n lawful = any citiz5 or citiz5s to d beside himself1 t man ha? obta9$ ! supreme p[]4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* by "r may n be done by any "o or _m citiz5s1 ! city itself c only d4 ,he !re=e t do? ^? ?+s1 use? ! city's "r2 :i* is ! supreme p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ! city be comp>$ ) a man1 he :o ha? ! supreme comm& is 9 ord] to ! city1 z ! human s\l is to ! man4 #ai4 ,!y :o comp>e a city & its citiz5s ) a man & 8 memb]s1 almo/ all say1 t he :o ha? ! supreme p[] 9 ! city is 9 relation to ! :ole city1 su* z ! head is to ! :ole man4 ,b x appe>s by :at ha? be5 already said1 t he :o is endu$ ) su* a p[]1 :e!r x be a man or a c\rt1 ha? a relation to ! city1 n z t ( ! head1 b ( ! s\l to ! body4 ,= x is ! s\l by :i* a man ha? a w1 t is1 c ei!r w or nill2 s by him :o ha? ! supreme p[]1 & no o!rwise1 ! city ha? a w1 & c ei!r w or nill4 ,a c\rt ( c\nsellors is r to be comp>$ ) ! head1 or "o c\nsellor1 ^: only c\nsel 7if ( any "o alone7 ! *ief rul] makes use ( 9 matt]s ( greate/ mom5t3 = ! (fice ( ! head is to c\nsel1 z ! s\l's is to comm&4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! supreme p[] _c by "r be dissolv$ by _! cons5ts1 by ^: compacts x 0 con/itut$2 #bj4 ,=asmu* z ! supreme comm& is con/itut$ by virtue ( ! compacts :i* ea* s+le citiz5 or subject mutually makes ) ! o!r2 b all contracts1 z !y receive _! =ce f ! contractors1 s by _! cons5t !y lose x aga9 & are brok53 p]haps "s may inf] h5ce1 t by ! cons5t ( all ! subjects toge!r ! supreme au?ority may be :olly tak5 away4 ,:i* inf]5ce1 if x 7 true1 ,i _c disc]n :at dang] w\ld !nce by "r arise to ! supreme comm&]s4 ,= s9ce x is suppos$ t ea* "o ha? oblig$ himself to ea* o!r2 if any "o ( !m %all refuse1 :atsoev] ! re/ %all agree to d1 he is b\nd not)/&+4 ,nei!r c any man )\t injury to me1 d t :i* by contract made ) me he ha? oblig$ himself n to d4 ,b x is n to be imag9$ t ev] x w happ51 t all ! subjects toge!r1 n s mu* z "o except$1 w comb9e aga9/ ! supreme p[]4 ,:]e=e !re is no fe> = rul]s 9 *ief1 t by any "r !y c be despoil$ ( _! au?ority4 ,if1 not)/&+1 x 7 grant$ t _! "r dep5d$ only on t contract :i* ea* man makes ) 8 fell[-citiz51 x might v easily happ5 t !y might be robb$ ( t dom9ion "u pret5ce ( "r4 ,= subjects be+ call$ ei!r by ! comm& ( ! city1 or s$iti\sly flock+ toge!r1 mo/ m5 ?9k t ! cons5ts ( all are conta9$ 9 ! votes ( ! great] "p2 :i* 9 tru? is false4 ,= x is n f nature t ! cons5t ( ! major "p %\ld be receiv$ = ! cons5t ( all1 nei!r is x true 9 tumults2 b x proce$s f civil in/itution3 & is !n only true1 :5 t man or c\rt :i* ha? ! supreme p[]1 assembl+ 8 subjects1 by reason ( ! greatness ( _! numb] all[s ^? t are elect$ a p[] ( speak+ = ^? :o elect$ !m2 & w h ! major "p ( voices1 9 su* matt]s z are by him prop\nd$ to be discuss$1 to be z effectual z ! :ole4 ,b we _c imag9e t he :o is *ief1 ev] conv5$ 8 subjects ) int5tion t !y %\ld dispute 8 "r2 unless we>y ( ! bur!n ( 8 *>ge1 he decl>$ 9 pla9 t]ms t he r5\nces & ab&ons 8 gov]nm5t4 ,n[1 because mo/ m5 ?r\gh ignorance e/eem n ! cons5t ( ! major "p ( citiz5s only1 b ev5 ( a v few1 provid$ !y be ( _! op9ion1 = ! cons5t ( ! :ole city2 x may v well seem to !m1 t ! supreme au?ority may by "r be abrogat$1 s x be done 9 "s great assembly ( citiz5s by ! votes ( ! great] numb]4 ,b ?\gh a gov]nm5t be con/itut$ by ! contracts ( p>ticul> m5 ) p>ticul>s1 yet its "r dep5ds n on t obligation only2 !re is ano!r tie also t[>ds him :o comm&s4 ,= ea* citiz5 compact+ ) 8 fell[1 says ?us3 ,i convey my "r on ?is p>ty1 ^u condition t y pass y\rs to ! same3 by :i* means1 t "r :i* e man _h be=e to use 8 faculties to 8 own advantage1 is n[ :olly translat$ on "s c]ta9 man or c\ncil = ! common b5efit4 ,:]e=e :at by ! mutual contracts ea* "o ha? made ) ! o!r1 :at by ! donation ( "r :i* e man is b\nd to ratify to him t comm&s1 ! gov]nm5t is upheld by a d\ble obligation f ! citiz5s2 fir/1 t :i* is due to _! fell[-citiz5s2 next1 t :i* !y owe to _! pr9ce4 ,:]e=e no subjects1 h[ _m soev] !y be1 c ) any "r despoil him :o be>s ! *ief rule ( 8 au?ority1 ev5 )\t 8 own cons5t4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,gov]nm5t1 ,,democracy1 ,,ari/ocracy1 ,,mon>*y4 #a4 ,t !re are ?ree k9ds ( gov]nm5t only1 democracy1 ari/ocracy1 mon>*y4 #b4 ,t olig>*y is n a div]se =m ( gov]nm5t di/9ct f ari/ocracy1 nor an>*y any =m at all4 #c4 ,t a tyranny is n a div]se /ate f a legitimate mon>*y4 #d4 ,t !re _c be a mix$ /ate1 fa%ion$ out ( ^! sev]al species4 #e4 ,t democracy1 except !re be c]ta9 times & places ( meet+ prefix$1 is dissolv$4 #f4 ,9 a democracy ! int]vals ( ! times ( meet+ mu/ be %ort1 or ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t dur+ ! int]val committ$ to "s "o4 #g4 ,9 a democracy1 p>ticul>s contract ) p>ticul>s to obey ! p3 ! p is oblig$ to no man4 #h4 ,by :at acts ari/ocracy is con/itut$4 #i4 ,9 an ari/ocracy ! nobles make no compact1 nei!r are !y oblig$ to any citiz5 or to ! :ole p4 #aj4 ,! nobles mu/ necess>ily h _! set meet+s4 #aa4 ,by :at acts mon>*y is con/itut$4 #ab4 ,mon>*y is by compact oblig$ to none = ! au?ority x ha? receiv$4 #ac4 ,mon>*y is ev] 9 ! readie/ capacity to ex]cise all ^? acts :i* are requisite to good gov]nm5t #ad4 ,:at k9d ( s9 t is1 & :at sort ( m5 are guilty ( x1 :5 ! city p]=ms n its (fice t[>ds ! citiz5s1 nor ! citiz5s t[>ds ! city4 #ae4 ,a mon>* made )\t limitation ( "t ha? p[] to elect 8 successor4 #af4 ,( limit$ mon>*s4 #ag4 ,a mon>*1 reta9+ 8 "r ( gov]nm5t1 _c by any promise :atsoev] be conceiv$ to h p>t$ ) 8 "r to ! means necess>y to ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority4 #ah4 ,h[ a citiz5 is fre$ f subjection4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( gov]nm5t only2 democracy1 ari/ocracy1 & mon>*y4 #a4 ,we h already spok5 ( a city by in/itution 9 its g5us2 we w n[ say some:at ( its species4 ,z = ! diff]5ce ( cities1 x is tak5 f ! diff]5ce ( ! p]sons to :om ! supreme p[] is committ$4 ,?is p[] is committ$ ei!r to "o man1 or c\ncil1 or "s "o c\rt consi/+ ( _m m54 ,fur!rmore1 a c\ncil ( _m m5 consi/s ei!r ( all ! citiz5s1 insomu* z e man ( !m ha? a "r to vote1 & an int]e/ 9 ! ord]+ ( ! greate/ affairs1 if he w himself2 or ( a "p only4 ,f :5ce !re arise ?ree sorts ( gov]nm5t2 ! "o1 :5 ! p[] is 9 a c\ncil :]e e citiz5 ha? a "r to vote2 & x is call$ a democracy4 ,! o!r1 :5 x is 9 a c\ncil1 :]e n all1 b "s "p only h _! suffrages2 & we call x an ari/ocracy4 ,! ?ird is t1 :5 ! supreme au?ority re/s only 9 "o2 & x is /yl$ a mon>*y4 ,9 ! fir/1 he t gov]ns is call$ 1 ! p2 9 ! second1 ! nobles2 9 ! ?ird1 ! mon>*4 ,sid5ote3 ,olig>*y is no /ate ( a city di/9ct f ari/ocracy2 nei!r is an>*y any /ate at all4 #b4 ,n[1 al?\gh anci5t writ]s ( politics h introduc$ ?ree o!r k9ds ( gov]nm5t opposite to ^!2 to wit1 an>*y or confusion to democracy2 olig>*y1 t is1 ! comm& ( "s few1 to ari/ocracy1 & tyranny to mon>*y2 yet are n ^! ?ree di/9ct =ms ( gov]nm5t1 b ?ree div]se titles giv5 by ^? :o 7 ei!r displeas$ ) t pres5t gov]nm5t or ^? t b>e rule4 ,= m51 by giv+ names1 d usually n only signify ! ?+s !mselves1 b also _! own affections1 z love1 hatr$1 ang]1 & ! l4 ,:5ce x happ5s t :at "o man calls a democracy1 ano!r calls an an>*y2 :at "o c\nts an ari/ocracy1 ano!r e/eems an olig>*y2 & :om "o titles a k+1 ano!r /yles him a tyrant4 ,s z we see1 ^! names betok5 n a div]se k9d ( gov]nm5t1 b ! div]se op9ions ( ! subjects conc]n+ him :o ha? ! supreme p[]4 ,= fir/1 :o sees n t an>*y is equally opposite to all ! a=5am$ =ms8 ,= t ^w signifies t !re is no gov]nm5t at all1 t is1 n any city4 ,b h[ is x possible t no city %\ld be ! species ( a city8 ,fur!rmore1 :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 an olig>*y1 :i* signifies ! comm& ( a few or gr&ees1 or an ari/ocracy1 :i* is t ( ! prime or *ief heads1 m ?an t m5 diff] s among !mselves1 t ! same ?+s seem n good to all m58 ,:5ce x happ5s t ^? p]sons1 :o by "s are look$ on z ! be/1 are by o!rs e/eem$ to be ! wor/ ( all m54 ,sid5ote3 ,t a tyranny is n a div]se /ate f a legitimate mon>*y4 #c4 ,b m51 by reason ( _! passions1 w v h>dly be p]suad$ t a k+dom & tyranny are n div]se k9ds ( cities2 :o ?\gh !y w\ld r h ! city subject to "o ?an _m1 yet d !y n believe x to be well gov]n$ unless x accord ) _! judgm5ts4 ,b we mu/ discov] by reason1 & n by passion1 :at ! diff]5ce is betwe5 a k+ & a tyrant4 ,b fir/1 !y diff] n 9 ?is1 t a tyrant ha? ! great] p[]2 = great] ?an ! supreme _c be grant$2 nor 9 ?is1 t "o ha? a limit$ p[]1 ! o!r n2 = he ^: au?ority is limit$1 is no k+1 b 8 subject t limits him4 ,la/ly1 nei!r diff] !y 9 _! mann] ( acquisition2 = if 9 a democratical or ari/ocratical gov]nm5t "s "o citiz5 %\ld1 by =ce1 possess himself ( ! supreme p[]1 if he ga9 ! cons5t ( all ! citiz5s1 he becomes a legitimate mon>*2 if n1 he is an enemy1 n a tyrant4 ,!y diff] !re=e 9 ! sole ex]cise ( _! comm&1 insomu* z he is said to be a k+ :o gov]ns well1 & he a tyrant t do? o!rwise4 ,! case !re=e is br\ght to ?is pass2 t a k+1 legitimately con/itut$ 9 8 gov]nm5t1 if he seem to 8 subjects to rule well & to _! lik+1 !y af=d him ! appellation ( a k+2 if n1 !y c\nt him a tyrant4 ,:]e=e we see a k+dom & tyranny are n div]se =ms ( gov]nm5t1 b "o & ! self-same mon>* ha? ! "n ( a k+ giv5 him 9 po9t ( hon\r & rev]5ce to him1 & ( a tyrant 9 way ( contumely & reproa*4 ,b :at we frequ5tly f9d 9 books said aga9/ tyrants1 took its orig9al f ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 ^: gov]nm5t 0 p>tly democratical1 & p>tly ari/ocratical1 & !re=e n tyrants only1 b ev5 k+s 7 odi\s to !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,t !re c no mix$ /ate be =m$ out ( ^! =5am$ k9ds ( gov]nm5t4 #d4 ,!re are1 :o inde$ d ?9k x necess>y t a supreme comm& %\ld be some:]e extant 9 a city2 b if x %\ld be 9 any "o1 ei!r man or c\ncil1 x w\ld foll[1 !y say1 t all ! citiz5s mu/ be slaves4 ,avoid+ ?is condition1 !y imag9e t !re may be a c]ta9 =m ( gov]nm5t comp\nd$ ( ^? ?ree k9ds we h spok5 (1 yet diff]5t f ea* p>ticul>2 :i* !y call a mix$ mon>*y1 or mix$ ari/ocracy1 or mix$ democracy1 accord+ z any "o ( ^! ?ree sorts %all be m em95t ?an ! re/4 ,= example1 if ! nam+ ( magi/rates & ! arbitration ( w> & peace %\ld belong to ! ,k+1 judicature to ! ,lords1 & contribution ( monies to ! ,p1 & ! p[] ( mak+ laws to all toge!r1 ?is k9d ( /ate w\ld !y call a mix$ mon>*y =soo?4 ,b if x 7 possible t !re c\ld be su* a /ate1 x w\ld no :it advantage ! lib]ty ( ! subject4 ,= z long z !y all agree1 ea* s+le citiz5 is z mu* subject z possibly he c be3 b if !y disagree1 ! /ate returns to a civil w> & ! "r ( ! private sword2 :i* c]ta9ly is mu* worse ?an any subjection :atsoev]4 ,b t !re c be no su* k9d ( gov]nm5t1#ad ha? be5 suffici5tly demon/rat$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 art4 #f-ab4 ,footnote #ad3 ,b t !re c be no su* k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,mo/ m5 grant1 t a gov]nm5t ought n to be divid$2 b !y w\ld h x mod]at$ & b\nd$ by "s limits4 ,truly x is v reasonable x %\ld be s2 b if ^! m51 :5 !y speak ( mod]at+ & limit+1 d und]/& divid+ x1 !y make a v fond di/9ction4 ,truly1 = my "p1 ,i wi% t n only k+s1 b all o!r p]sons endu$ ) supreme au?ority1 w\ld s temp] !mselves z to commit no wrong1 & only m9d+ _! *>ges1 conta9 !mselves )9 ! limits ( ! natural & div9e laws4 ,b !y :o di/+ui% ?us1 !y w\ld h ! *ief p[] b\nd$ & re/ra9$ by o!rs3 :i*1 because x _c be done b !y :o d set ! limits mu/ ne$s h "s "p ( ! p[]1 :]eby !y may be enabl$ to d x1 ! gov]nm5t is prop]ly divid$1 n mod]at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,t democracy1 except x h c]ta9 times & places ( meet+ prescrib$1 is dissolv$4 #e4 ,let u see a little n[1 9 ! con/itut+ ( ea* =m ( gov]nm5t :at ! con/itutors d4 ,^? :o met toge!r ) int5tion to erect a city1 7 almo/ 9 ! v act ( meet+1 a democracy4 ,= 9 t !y will+ly met1 !y are suppos$ oblig$ to ! obs]vation ( :at %all be det]m9$ by ! major "p2 :i*1 :ile t conv5t la/s1 or is adj\rn$ to "s c]ta9 days & places1 is a cle> democracy4 ,= t conv5t1 ^: w is ! w ( all ! citiz5s1 ha? ! supreme au?ority2 & because 9 ?is conv5t e man is suppos$ to h a "r to give 8 voice1 x foll[s t x is a democracy1 by ! def9ition giv5 9 ! fir/ article ( ?is *apt]4 ,b if !y dep>t & break up ! conv5t1 & appo9t no "t or place :]e & :5 !y %all meet aga91 ! public weal returns to an>*y & ! same /ate x /ood 9 be=e _! meet+1 t is1 to ! /ate ( all m5 w>r+ aga9/ all4 ,! p1 !re=e1 reta9s ! supreme p[]1 no long] ?an !re is a c]ta9 day & place publicly appo9t$ & kn[n1 to :i* :osoev] w may resort4 ,= except t be kn[n & det]m9$1 !y may ei!r meet at div]s times & places1 t is1 9 factions1 or n at all2 & !n x is no long] 1 ! p1 b a dissolute multitude1 to :om we c nei!r attribute any action or "r4 ,two ?+s !re=e frame a democracy2 :]e( "o1 to wit1 ! p]petual prescription ( conv5ts1 makes 1 ! p2 ! o!r1 :i* is a plurality ( voices1 1 or ! p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 democracy1 ! int]vals ( ! times ( conv5+ mu/ be %ort1 or ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t committ$ to "s "o4 #f4 ,fur!rmore1 x w n be suffici5t = ! p1 s z to ma9ta9 its supremacy1 to h "s c]ta9 kn[n times & places ( meet+1 unless t ei!r ! int]vals ( ! times be ( less di/ance1 ?an t any?+ may 9 ! meantime happ5 :]eby1 by reason ( ! defect ( p[]1 ! city may be br\ght into "s dang]2 or at lea/ t ! ex]cise ( ! supreme au?ority be1 dur+ ! int]val1 grant$ to "s "o man or c\ncil4 ,= unless ?is be done1 !re is n t w>y c>e & he$ tak5 = ! def5ce & peace ( s+le m51 :i* ought to be2 & !re=e x w n des]ve ! "n ( a city1 because t 9 x1 = want ( security1 e man's "r ( def5d+ himself at 8 own pleasure returns to him aga94 ,sid5ote3 ,9 a democracy1 p>ticul>s contract ) p>ticul>s to obey ! p3 ! p is oblig$ to no man4 #g4 ,democracy is n fram$ by contract ( p>ticul> p]sons ) ! p1 b by mutual compacts ( s+le m5 ea* ) o!r4 ,b h5ce x appe>s1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! p]sons contract+ mu/ be 9 be+ be=e ! contract itself4 ,b ! p is n 9 be+ be=e ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 z n be+ any p]son1 b a multitude ( s+le p]sons2 :]e=e !re c\ld !n no contract pass betwe5 ! p & ! subject4 ,n[1 if aft] t gov]nm5t is fram$1 ! subject make any contract ) ! p1 x is 9 va92 because ! p conta9s )9 its w ! w ( t subject1 to :om x is suppos$ to be oblig$2 & !re=e may at its own w & pleasure dis5gage itself1 & by consequ5ce is n[ actually free4 ,b 9 ! second place1 t s+le p]sons d contract ea* ) o!r1 may be inf]r$ f h5ce2 t 9 va9 sure w\ld ! city h be5 con/itut$1 if ! citiz5s _h be5 engag$ by no contracts to d or omit :at ! city %\ld comm& to be done or omitt$4 ,because1 !re=e1 su* k9d ( compacts mu/ be und]/ood to pass z necess>y to ! mak+ up ( a city1 b none c be made 7z is already %ew$7 betwe5 ! subject & ! p2 x foll[s1 t !y mu/ be made betwe5 s+le citiz5s1 namely1 t ea* man contract to submit 8 w to ! w ( ! major "p1 on condition t ! re/ also d ! l4 ,z if e "o %\ld say ?us3 ,i give up my "r unto ! p = y\r sake1 on condition t y also deliv] up y\rs = m9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,by :at acts an ari/ocracy is fram$4 #h4 ,an ari/ocracy or c\ncil ( nobles end[$ ) supreme au?ority1 receives its orig9al f a democracy1 :i* gives up its "r unto x4 ,:]e we mu/ und]/& t c]ta9 m5 di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 ei!r by em95ce ( title1 blood1 or "s o!r "*1 are prop\nd$ to ! p1 & by plurality ( voices are elect$2 & be+ elect$1 ! :ole "r ( ! p or city is convey$ on !m1 insomu* z :atsoev] ! p might d be=e1 ! same by "r may ?is c\rt ( elect$ nobles n[ d4 ,:i* be+ done1 x is cle> t ! p1 consid]$ z "o p]son1 its supreme au?ority be+ already transf]r$ on ^!1 is no long] n[ 9 be+4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 an ari/ocracy ! nobles make no contract1 nor are !y oblig$ to any citiz51 or to ! :ole p4 #i4 ,z 9 democracy ! p1 s 9 an ari/ocracy ! c\rt ( nobles is free f all mann] ( obligation4 ,= see+ subjects n contract+ ) ! p1 b by mutual compacts among !mselves1 7 ti$ to all t ! p did2 h5ce also !y 7 ti$ to t act ( ! p1 9 resign+ up its "r ( gov]nm5t into ! h&s ( nobles4 ,nei!r c\ld ?is c\rt1 al?\gh elect$ by ! p1 be by x oblig$ to any?+4 ,= be+ elect$1 ! p is at once dissolv$1 z 0 decl>$ above1 & ! au?ority x _h z be+ a p]son1 utt]ly vani%e?4 ,:]e=e ! obligation :i* 0 due to ! p]son1 mu/ also vani%1 & p]i% toge!r ) x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nobles mu/ necess>ily h _! set meet+s4 #aj4 ,ari/ocracy ha? ^! consid]ations1 toge!r ) democracy4 ,fir/1 t )\t an appo9tm5t ( "s c]ta9 times & places1 at :i* ! c\rt ( nobles may meet1 x is no long] a c\rt1 or "o p]son1 b a dissolute multitude )\t any supreme p[]4 ,secondly1 t ! times ( _! assembl+ _c be disjo9$ by long int]vals )\t prejudice to ! supreme p[]1 unless its adm9i/ration be transf]r$ to "s "o man4 ,n[ ! reasons :y ?is happ5s1 are ! same :i* we set d[n 9 ! fif? article4 ,sid5ote3 ,by :at acts a mon>*y is fram$4 #aa4 ,z an ari/ocracy1 s also a mon>*y is d]iv$ f ! p[] ( ! p1 transf]r+ its "r1 t is1 its au?ority on "o man4 ,"h also we mu/ und]/&1 t "s "o man1 ei!r by "n or "s o!r tok51 is prop\nd$ to be tak5 notice ( above all ! re/2 & t by a plurality ( voices ! :ole "r ( ! p is convey$ on him2 insomu* z :atsoev] ! p c\ld d be=e he 7 elect$1 ! same 9 e respect may he by "r n[ d1 be+ elect$4 ,:i* be+ done1 ! p is no long] "o p]son1 b a rude multitude1 z be+ only "o be=e by virtue ( ! supreme comm&1 :]e( !y n[ h made a conveyance f !mselves on ?is "o man4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! mon>* is by compact oblig$ to none = ! au?ority he ha? receiv$4 #ab4 ,& !re=e nei!r do? ! mon>* oblige himself to any = ! comm& he receives4 ,= he receives x f ! p2 b z ha? be5 %ew$ above1 ! p1 z soon z t act is done1 cease? to be a p]son2 b ! p]son vani%+1 obligation to ! p]son vani%e?4 ,! subjects !re=e are ti$ to p]=m ob$i5ce to ! mon>*1 by ^? compacts only by :i* !y mutually oblig$ !mselves to ! obs]vation ( all t ! p %\ld comm& !m1 t is1 to obey t mon>*1 if he 7 made by ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,a mon>* is ev] 9 ! readi] capacity to ex]cise all ^? acts :i* are requisite to well gov]n+4 #ac4 ,b a mon>*y diff]s z well f an ari/ocracy z a democracy1 9 ?is *iefly2 t 9 ^? !re mu/ be c]ta9 set times & places = delib]ation & consultation ( affairs1 t is1 = ! actual ex]cise ( x 9 all times & places4 ,= ! p or ! nobles n be+ "o natural p]son1 mu/ necess>ily h _! meet+s4 ,! mon>*1 :o is "o by nature1 is always 9 a pres5t capacity to execute 8 au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at k9d ( s9 t is1 & :at sort ( m5 are guilty ( x1 :5 ! city p]=ms n its (fice to ! citiz5s1 nor ! citiz5s t[>ds ! city4 #ad4 ,because we h decl>$ above1 79 art4 #g1 #i1 #ab71 t !y :o h gott5 ! supreme comm&1 are by no compacts oblig$ to any man1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t !y c d no injury to ! subjects4 ,= injury1 accord+ to ! def9ition made 9 *ap4 ,,iii4 art4 #c1 is no?+ else b a brea* ( contract2 & !re=e :]e no contracts h "p1 !re c be no injury4 ,yet ! p1 ! nobles1 & ! mon>* may div]se ways transgress aga9/ ! o!r laws ( nature1 z by cruelty1 iniquity1 contumely1 & o!r l vices1 :i* come n "u ?is /rict & exact notion ( injury4 ,b if ! subject yield n ob$i5ce to ! supreme1 he w 9 propriety ( spee* be said to be injuri\s1 z well to 8 fell[-subjects1 because ea* man ha? compact$ ) ! o!r to obey2 z to 8 *ief rul]1 9 resum+ t "r :i* he ha? giv5 him1 )\t 8 cons5t4 ,& 9 a democracy or ari/ocracy1 if any?+ be decre$ aga9/ any law ( nature1 ! city itself1 t is1 ! civil p]son s9s n1 b ^? subjects only by ^: votes x 0 decre$2 = s9 is a consequ5ce ( ! natural express w1 n ( ! political1 :i* is artificial4 ,= if x 7 o!rwise1 !y w\ld be guilty by :om ! decree 0 absolutely dislik$4 ,b 9 a mon>*y1 if ! mon>* make any decree aga9/ ! laws ( nature1 he s9s himself2 because 9 him ! civil w & ! natural are all "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,a mon>* made )\t limitation ( "t1 may elect 8 successors4 #ae4 ,! p :o are ab\t to make a mon>*1 may give him ! supremacy ei!r simply )\t limitation ( "t1 or = a c]ta9 season & "t det]m9$4 ,if simply1 we mu/ und]/& t he :o receives x1 ha? ! self-same p[] :i* !y _h :o gave x4 ,on ! same gr\nds1 !re=e1 t ! p by "r c\ld make him a mon>*1 may he make ano!r mon>*4 ,insomu* z ! mon>* to :om ! comm& is simply giv51 receives a "r n ( possession only1 b ( succession also2 s z he may decl>e :om he please? = 8 successor4 ,sid5ote3 ,( limit$ mon>*s4 #af4 ,b if ! p[] be giv5 = a "t limit$1 we mu/ h reg>d to some:at m ?an ! b>e gift only4 ,fir/1 :e!r ! p convey+ its au?ority1 left itself any "r to meet at c]ta9 times & places1 or n4 ,next1 if x h res]v$ ?is p[]1 :e!r x 7 done s z !y might meet be=e t "t 7 expir$1 :i* !y prescrib$ to ! mon>*4 ,?irdly1 :e!r !y 7 cont5t$ to meet only at ! w ( t tempor>y mon>*1 & n o!rwise4 ,suppose n[ ! p _h deliv]$ up its p[] to "s "o man = t]m ( life only2 :i* be+ done1 let u suppose 9 ! fir/ place1 t e man dep>t$ f ! c\ncil )\t mak+ any ord] at all conc]n+ ! place1 :]e aft] 8 dea? !y %\ld meet aga9 to make a new election4 ,9 ?is case1 x is manife/ by ! fif? article ( ?is *apt]1 t ! p cease? to be a p]son1 & is become a dissolute multitude2 e "o :]e( ha? an equal1 to wit1 a natural "r to meet ) :om he li/s at div]s times1 & 9 :at places %all be/ please him2 nay1 & if he c1 engross ! supreme p[] to himself1 & settle x on 8 own head4 ,:at mon>* soev]1 !re=e1 ha? a comm& 9 su* a condition1 he is b\nd by ! law ( nature1 set d[n 9 *ap4 ,,iii4 art4 #h1 ( n return+ evil = good1 prud5tly to provide t by 8 dea? ! city suff] n a dissolution2 ei!r by appo9t+ a c]ta9 day & place1 9 :i* ^? subjects ( 81 :o h a m9d to x1 may assemble !mselves1 or else by nom9at+ a successor2 :e!r ( ^! %all to him seem mo/ conducible to _! common b5efit4 ,he !re=e1 :o on ?is =esaid mann] ha? receiv$ 8 comm& dur+ life1 ha? an absolute p[]1 & may at 8 discretion dispose ( ! succession4 ,9 ! next place1 if we grant t ! p dep>t$ n f ! election ( ! tempor>y mon>*1 be=e !y decre$ a c]ta9 "t & place ( meet+ aft] 8 dea?2 !n ! mon>* be+ dead1 ! au?ority is confirm$ 9 ! p1 n by any new acts ( ! subjects1 b by virtue ( ! =m] "r4 ,= all ! supreme comm&1 z dom9ion1 0 9 ! p2 b ! use & ex]cise ( x 0 only 9 ! tempor>y mon>*1 z 9 "o t takes ! b5efit1 b ha? n ! "r4 ,b if ! p aft] ! election ( a tempor>y mon>*1 dep>t n f ! c\rt be=e !y h appo9t$ c]ta9 times & places to conv5e dur+ ! "t prescrib$ him2 z ! dictators 9 anci5t times 7 made by ! p ( ,rome2 su* an "o is n to be acc\nt$ a mon>*1 b ! prime (fic] ( ! p4 ,& if x %all seem good1 ! p may deprive him ( 8 (fice ev5 be=e t "t2 z ! p ( ,rome did1 :5 !y conf]r$ an equal p[] on ,m9utius1 ma/] ( ! horse1 ) ,qu9tus ,fabius ,maximus1 :om be=e !y _h made dictator4 ,! reason :]e( is1 t x is n to be imag9$1 t he1 :e!r man or c\ncil1 :o ha? ! readie/ & mo/ imm$iate p[] to act1 %\ld hold 8 comm& on su* t]ms1 z n to be able actually to execute x2 = comm& is no?+ else b a "r ( comm&+1 z (t z nature all[s x possible4 ,la/ly1 if ! p hav+ decl>$ a tempor>y mon>*1 dep>t f ! c\rt on su* t]ms1 z x %all n be lawful = !m to meet )\t ! comm& ( ! mon>*1 we mu/ und]/& ! p to be imm$iately dissolv$1 & t 8 au?ority1 :o is ?us decl>$1 is absolute2 =asmu* z x is n 9 ! p[] ( all ! subjects to frame ! city anew1 unless he give cons5t :o ha? n[ alone ! au?ority4 ,nor matt]s x1 t he ha? p]haps made any promise to assemble 8 subjects on "s c]ta9 times2 s9ce !re rema9s no p]son n[ 9 be+1 b at 8 discretion1 to :om ! promise 0 made4 ,:at we h spok5 ( ^! f\r cases ( a p elect+ a tempor>y mon>*1 w be m cle>ly expla9$ by comp>+ !m ) an absolute mon>* :o ha? no heir-app>5t4 ,= ! p is "l ( ! subject 9 su* a mann]1 z !re c be no heir b :om itself do? appo9t4 ,besides1 ! spaces betwe5 ! times ( ! subjects' meet+1 may be fitly comp>$ to ^? times :]e9 ! mon>* sleeps2 = 9 ei!r ! acts ( comm&+ cease1 ! p[] rema9s4 ,fur!rmore1 to dissolve ! conv5t1 s z x _c meet aga91 is ! dea? ( ! p2 j z sleep+1 s z he c nev] wake m1 is ! dea? ( a man4 ,z !re=e a k+ :o ha? no heir1 go+ to 8 re/ s z nev] to rise aga91 t is1 dy+1 if he commit ! ex]cise ( 8 regal au?ority to any "o till he awake1 does by consequ5ce give him ! succession2 ! p also elect+ a tempor>y mon>*1 & n res]v+ a p[] to conv5e1 deliv]s up to him ! :ole dom9ion ( ! c\ntry4 ,fur!rmore1 z a k+ go+ to sleep = "s season1 entru/s ! adm9i/ration ( 8 k+dom to "s o!r1 & wak+ takes x aga92 s ! p hav+ elect$ a tempor>y mon>*1 & )al reta9+ a "r to meet at a c]ta9 day & place1 at t day receives its supremacy aga94 ,& z a k+ :o ha? committ$ ! execution ( 8 au?ority to ano!r1 himself 9 ! mean:ile wak+1 c recal ?is commission aga9 :5 he please?2 s ! p1 :o dur+ ! "t prescrib$ to ! tempor>y mon>* do? by "r conv5e1 may if !y please deprive ! mon>* ( 8 au?ority4 ,la/ly1 ! k+1 :o commits 8 au?ority to ano!r :ile himself sleeps1 n be+ able to wake aga9 till he :om he entru/$ give cons5t1 loses at once bo? 8 p[] & 8 life2 s ! p1 :o ha? giv5 ! supreme p[] to a tempor>y mon>* 9 su* sort z !y _c assemble )\t 8 comm&1 is absolutely dissolv$1 & ! p[] rema9s ) him :om !y h *os54 ,sid5ote3 ,a mon>* reta9+ 8 "r ( gov]nm5t1 _c1 by any promise :atsoev]1 be conceiv$ to h p>t$ ) 8 "r to ! means necess>y to ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority4 #ag4 ,if ! mon>* promise aught to any "o or _m subjects toge!r1 by consequ5ce :]e( ! ex]cise ( 8 p[] may suff] prejudice1 t promise or compact1 :e!r made by oa? or )\t x1 is null4 ,= all compact is a conveyance ( "r1 :i* by :at ha? be5 said 9 ! f\r? article ( ! second *apt]1 requires meet & prop] signs ( ! w 9 ! convey]4 ,b he :o suffici5tly signifies 8 w ( reta9+ ! end1 do? also suffici5tly decl>e t he quits n 8 "r to ! means necess>y to t end4 ,n[ he :o ha? promis$ to "p ) some:at necess>y to ! supreme p[]1 & yet reta9s ! p[] itself1 gives suffici5t tok5s t he no o!rwise promis$ x1 ?an s f> =? z ! p[] might be reta9$ )\t x4 ,:5soev] !re=e x %all appe>1 t :at is promis$ _c be p]=m$ )\t prejudice to ! p[]1 ! promise mu/ be valu$ z n made1 t is1 ( no effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,by :at means a subject is fre$ f 8 subjection4 #ah4 ,we h se5 h[ subjects1 nature dictat+1 h oblig$ !mselves by mutual compacts to obey ! supreme p[]4 ,we w see n[ by :at means x comes to pass1 t !y are releas$ f ^! bonds ( ob$i5ce4 ,& fir/ ( all1 ?is happ5s by rejection1 namely1 if a man ca/ (f or =sake1 b convey n ! "r ( 8 comm& on "s o!r4 ,= :at is ?us reject$1 is op5ly expos$ to all alike1 cat* :o cat* c2 :5ce aga91 by ! "r ( nature1 e subject may he$ ! pres]vation ( himself accord+ to 8 own judgm5t4 ,9 ! second place1 if ! k+dom fall into ! p[] ( ! enemy1 s z !re c no m opposition be made aga9/ !m1 we mu/ und]/& t he :o be=e _h ! supreme au?ority1 ha? n[ lo/ x3 = :5 ! subjects h done _! full endeav\r to prev5t _! fall+ into ! enemy's h&s1 !y h fulfill$ ^? contracts ( ob$i5ce :i* !y made ea* ) o!r2 & :at1 be+ conqu]$1 !y promise aft]w>ds to avoid dea?1 !y mu/ ) no less endeav\r lab\r to p]=m4 ,?irdly1 9 a mon>*y1 7= a democracy & ari/ocracy _c fail71 if !re be no successor1 all ! subjects are dis*>g$ f _! obligations2 = no man is suppos$ to be ti$ he kn[s n to :om2 = 9 su* a case x 7 impossible to p]=m aught4 ,& by ^! ?ree ways1 all subjects are re/or$ f _! civil subjection to t lib]ty :i* all m5 h to all ?+s2 to wit1 natural & savage2 = ! natural /ate ha? ! same proportion to ! civil1 7,i mean1 lib]ty to subjection71 :i* passion ha? to reason1 or a bea/ to a man4 ,fur!rmore1 ea* subject may lawfully be fre$ f 8 subjection by ! w ( him :o ha? ! supreme p[]1 namely1 if he *ange 8 soil2 :i* may be done two ways1 ei!r by p]mission1 z he :o gets lic5se to dwell 9 ano!r c\ntry2 or comm&1 z he :o is bani%$4 ,9 bo? cases1 he is free f ! laws ( 8 =m] c\ntry2 because he is ti$ to obs]ve ^? ( ! latt]4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,lords ,,ov] ,,_! ,,s]vants4 #a4 ,:at "l & s]vant signify4 #b4 ,! di/9ction ( s]vants1 into su* z ^u tru/ enjoy _! natural lib]ty1 & slaves1 or su* z s]ve be+ imprison$ or b\nd 9 fett]s4 #c4 ,! obligation ( a s]vant arises f ! lib]ty ( body all[$ him by 8 "l4 #d4 ,s]vants t are b\nd1 are n by any compacts ti$ to _! lords4 #e4 ,s]vants h no propriety 9 _! goods aga9/ _! "l4 #f4 ,! "l may sell 8 s]vant1 or ali5ate him by te/am5t #g4 ,! "l _c injure 8 s]vant4 #h4 ,he t is "l ( ! "l1 is "l also ( 8 s]vants4 #i4 ,by :at means s]vants are fre$4 #aj4 ,dom9ion ov] bea/s belongs to ! "r ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at "l & s]vant are4 #a4 ,9 ! two =ego+ *apt]s we h treat$ ( an in/itutive or fram$ gov]nm5t1 z be+ t :i* receives its orig9al f ! cons5t ( _m1 :o by contract & fai? mutually giv5 h oblig$ ea* o!r4 ,n[ foll[s :at may be said conc]n+ a natural gov]nm5t2 :i* may also be call$ acquir$1 because x is t :i* is gott5 by p[] & natural =ce4 ,b we mu/ "k 9 ! fir/ place1 by :at means ! "r ( dom9ion may be gott5 ov] ! p]sons ( m54 ,:]e su* a "r is gott51 !re is a k9d ( a little k+dom2 = to be a k+1 is no?+ else b to h dom9ion ov] _m p]sons2 & ?us a great family is a k+dom1 & a little k+dom a family4 ,let u return aga9 to ! /ate ( nature1 & consid] m5 z if b ev5 n[ sprung out ( ! e>?1 & sudd5ly1 l mu%rooms1 come to full maturity1 )\t all k9d ( engagem5t to ea* o!r4 ,!re are b ?ree ways only1 :]eby "o c h a dom9ion ov] ! p]son ( ano!r2 :]e( ! fir/ is1 if by mutual contract made betwe5 !mselves1 = peace & self-def5ce's sake1 !y h will+ly giv5 up !mselves to ! p[] & au?ority ( "s man1 or c\ncil ( m52 & ( ?is we h already spok54 ,! second is1 if a man tak5 prison] 9 ! w>s1 or ov]come1 or else di/ru/+ 8 own =ces1 to avoid dea?1 promises ! conqu]or or ! /rong] p>ty 8 s]vice1 t is1 to d all :atsoev] he %all comm& him4 ,9 :i* contract1 ! good :i* ! vanqui%$ or inf]ior 9 /r5g? do? receive1 is ! grant ( 8 life1 :i* by ! "r ( w> 9 ! natural /ate ( m5 he might h be5 depriv$ (2 b ! good :i* he promises1 is 8 s]vice & ob$i5ce4 ,by virtue !re=e ( ?is promise1 !re is z absolute s]vice & ob$i5ce due f ! vanqui%$ to ! vanqui%]1 z possibly c be1 except+ :at repugns ! div9e laws2 = he :o is oblig$ to obey ! comm&s ( any man be=e he kn[s :at he w comm& him1 is simply & )\t any re/riction ti$ to ! p]=mance ( all comm&s :atsoev]4 ,n[ he t is ?us ti$1 is call$ a s]vant2 he to :om he is ti$1 a "l4 ,?irdly1 !re is a "r acquir$ ov] ! p]son ( a man by g5]ation2 ( :i* k9d ( acquisition some:at %all be spok5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! di/9ction ( s]vants1 into su* z ^u tru/ enjoy _! natural lib]ty1 & slaves1 or su* z s]ve be+ imprison$ or fett]$4 #b4 ,e "o t is tak5 9 ! w>1 & ha? 8 life sp>$ him1 is n suppos$ to h contract$ ) 8 "l2 = e "o is n tru/$ ) s mu* ( 8 natural lib]ty1 z to be able1 if he desir$ x1 ei!r to fly away1 or quit 8 s]vice1 or contrive any mis*ief to 8 "l4 ,& ^! s]ve inde$1 b )9 prisons or b\nd )9 irons2 & !re=e !y 7 call$ n by ! common "n ( s]vant only1 b by ! peculi> "n ( slave2 ev5 z n[ at ?is day1 un s]viteur1 & un s]f1 or un esclave h div]se significations4 ,sid5ote3 ,! obligation ( a s]vant arise? f t fre$om :i* is grant$ him by 8 "l4 #c4 ,! obligation !re=e ( a s]vant to 8 "l1 arise? n f a simple grant ( 8 life2 b f h5ce r1 t he keeps him n b\nd or imprison$4 ,= all obligation d]ives f contract2 b :]e !re is no tru/1 !re c be no contract1 z appe>s by *ap4 ii4 art4 #i2 :]e a compact is def9$ to be ! promise ( him :o is tru/$4 ,!re is !re=e a confid5ce & tru/ :i* accompanies ! b5efit ( p>don$ life1 :]eby ! "l af=ds him 8 corporal lib]ty2 s t if no obligation nor bonds ( contract _h happ5$1 he might n only h made 8 escape1 b also h kill$ 8 "l :o 0 ! pres]v] ( 8 life4 ,sid5ote3 ,s]vants t are b\nd1 are n oblig$ to _! "l by any contract4 #d4 ,:]e=e su* k9d ( s]vants z are re/ra9$ by imprisonm5t or bonds1 are n compreh5d$ 9 t def9ition ( s]vants giv5 above2 because ^? s]ve n = ! contract's sake1 b to ! end !y may n suff]4 ,& !re=e if !y fly1 or kill _! "l1 !y (f5d n aga9/ ! laws ( nature4 ,= to b9d any man1 is a pla9 sign t ! b9d] supposes him t is b\nd1 n to be suffici5tly ti$ by any o!r obligation4 ,sid5ote3 ,s]vants h no propriety 9 _! goods aga9/ _! "l4 #e4 ,! "l !re=e ha? no less dom9ion ov] a s]vant t is n1 ?an ov] "o t is b\nd2 = he ha? a supreme p[] ov] bo?1 & may say ( 8 s]vant no less ?an ( ano!r ?+1 :e!r animate or inanimate1 ?is is m9e4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t :atsoev] ! s]vant _h be=e 8 s]vitude1 t aft]w>ds becomes ! "l's2 & :atsoev] he ha? gott51 x 0 gott5 = 8 "l4 ,= he t c by "r dispose ( ! p]son ( a man1 may surely dispose ( all ^? ?+s :i* t p]son c\ld dispose (4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ :i* ! s]vant may reta9 z 8 own aga9/ ! w ( 8 "l2 yet ha? he1 by 8 "l's di/ribution1 a propriety & dom9ion ov] 8 own goods3 insomu* z "o s]vant may keep & def5d !m aga9/ ! invasion ( 8 fell[-s]vant1 9 ! same mann] z ha? be5 %ew$ be=e1 t a subject ha? no?+ prop]ly 8 own aga9/ ! w ( ! supreme au?ority1 b e subject ha? a propriety aga9/ 8 fell[-subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "l may sell 8 s]vant1 or ali5ate him by te/am5t4 #f4 ,s9ce !re=e bo? ! s]vant himself1 & all t belongs to him are 8 "l's1 & by ! "r ( nature e man may dispose ( 8 own 9 :at mann] he pleases2 ! "l may ei!r sell1 lay to pl$ge1 or by te/am5t convey ! dom9ion he ha? ov] 8 s]vant1 accord+ to 8 own w & pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "l _c be injuri\s to 8 s]vant4 #g4 ,fur!rmore1 :at ha? be=e be5 demon/rat$ conc]n+ subjects 9 an in/itutive gov]nm5t1 namely1 t he :o ha? ! supreme p[] c d 8 subject no injury2 is true also conc]n+ s]vants1 because !y h subject$ _! w to ! w ( ! ,"l4 ,:]e=e1 :atsoev] he do?1 x is done ) _! w2 b no injury c be done to him t wille? x4 ,sid5ote3 ,he t is "l ( ! "l1 is "l also ( 8 s]vants4 #h4 ,b if x happ5 t ! "l1 ei!r by captivity or volunt>y subjection1 do? become a s]vant or subject to ano!r1 t o!r %all n only be "l ( him1 b also ( 8 s]vants2 supreme "l ov] ^!1 imm$iate "l ov] him4 ,n[ because n ! s]vant only1 b also all he ha?1 are 8 "l's2 !re=e 8 s]vants n[ belong to ?is man1 nei!r c ! m$iate "l dispose o!rwise ( !m ?an %all seem good to ! supreme4 ,& !re=e1 if sometime 9 civil gov]nm5ts ! "l h an absolute p[] ov] 8 s]vants1 t is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! "r ( nature1 & n con/itut$1 b slightly pass$ ov] by ! civil law4 ,sid5ote3 ,by :at means s]vants are fre$4 #i4 ,a s]vant is by ! same mann] fre$ f 8 s]vitude1 t a subject 9 an in/itutive gov]nm5t is fre$ f 8 subjection4 ,fir/1 if 8 "l enfran*ise him2 = ! "r :i* ! s]vant transf]r$ to 8 "l ov] himself1 ! same may ! "l re/ore to ! s]vant aga94 ,& ?is mann] ( be/[+ ( lib]ty is call$ manumission2 :i* is j z if a city %\ld p]mit a citiz5 to convey himself "u ! jurisdiction ( "s o!r city4 ,secondly1 if ! "l ca/ (f 8 s]vant f him2 :i* 9 a city is bani%m5t2 nei!r diff]s x f manumission 9 effect1 b 9 mann] only4 ,= !re1 lib]ty is grant$ z a fav\r1 "h1 z a puni%m5t3 9 bo?1 ! dom9ion is r5\nc$4 ,?irdly1 if ! s]vant be tak5 prison]1 ! old s]vitude is aboli%$ by ! new2 = z all o!r ?+s1 s s]vants also are acquir$ by w>1 :om 9 equity ! "l mu/ protect1 if he w h !m to be 84 ,f\r?ly1 ! s]vant is fre$ = want ( k ( a successor1 ! "l dy+ 7suppose7 )\t any te/am5t or heir4 ,= no man is und]/ood to be oblig$1 unless he "k to :om he is to p]=m ! obligation4 ,la/ly1 ! s]vant t is put 9 bonds1 or by any o!r means depriv$ ( 8 corporal lib]ty1 is fre$ f t o!r obligation ( contract4 ,= !re c be no contract :]e !re is no tru/1 nor c t fai? be brok5 :i* is n giv54 ,b ! "l :o himself s]ves ano!r1 _c s free 8 s]vants1 b t !y mu/ /ill cont9ue "u ! p[] ( ! supreme2 =1 z ha? be5 %ew$ be=e1 su* s]vants are n 81 b ! supreme "l's4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dom9ion ov] bea/s is by ! "r ( nature4 #aj4 ,we get a "r ov] irrational creatures1 9 ! same mann] t we d ov] ! p]sons ( m52 to wit1 by =ce & natural /r5g?4 ,= if 9 ! /ate ( nature x is lawful = e "o1 by reason ( t w> :i* is ( all aga9/ all1 to subdue & also to kill m5 z (t z x %all seem to conduce unto _! good2 mu* m w ! same be lawful aga9/ brutes2 namely1 at _! own discretion to r$uce ^? to s]vitude1 :i* by art may be tam$ & fitt$ = use1 & to p]secute & de/roy ! re/ by a p]petual w> z dang]\s & noxi\s4 ,our dom9ion !re=e ov] bea/s1 ha? its orig9al f ! "r ( nature1 n f div9e positive "r4 ,= if su* a "r _h n be5 be=e ! publi%+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 no man by "r might h kill$ a bea/ = 8 food1 b he to :om ! div9e pleasure 0 made manife/ by holy writ2 a mo/ h>d condition = m5 inde$1 :om ! bea/s might dev\r )\t injury1 & yet !y might n de/roy !m4 ,=asmu* !re=e z x proce$s f ! "r ( nature1 t a bea/ may kill a man1 x is also by ! same "r t a man may slay a bea/4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,p>5ts ,,ov] ,,_! ,,*ildr51 ,,& ,,( ,,h]$it>y ,,gov]nm5t4 #a4 ,pat]nal dom9ion arise? n f g5]ation4 #b4 ,dom9ion ov] infants belongs to him or h] :o fir/ ha? !m 9 _! p[]4 #c4 ,dom9ion ov] infants is orig9ally ! "m's4 #d4 ,! expos$ infant is 81 f :om he receives 8 pres]vation4 #e4 ,! *ild t ha? "o p>5t a subject1 & ! o!r a sov]eign1 belongs to him or h] 9 au?ority4 #f4 ,9 su* a conjunction ( man & woman1 z nei!r ha? comm& ov] ! o!r1 ! *ildr5 are ! "m's1 unless by compact or civil law x be o!rwise det]m9$4 #g4 ,*ildr5 are no less subject to _! p>5ts1 ?an s]vants to _! lords & subjects to _! pr9ces4 #h4 ,( ! hon\r ( p>5ts & lords4 #i4 ,:]e9 lib]ty consi/s1 & ! diff]5ce ( subjects & s]vants4 #aj4 ,!re is ! same "r ov] subjects 9 an h]$it>y gov]nm5t1 :i* !re is 9 an in/itutive gov]nm5t4 #aa4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! "r ( succession belongs only to mon>*y4 #ab4 ,a mon>* may by 8 w & te/am5t dispose ( 8 supreme au?ority3 #ac4 ,or give x1 or sell x4 #ad4 ,a mon>* dy+ )\t te/am5t1 is ev] suppos$ to w t a mon>* %\ld succe$ him3 #ae4 ,& "s "o ( 8 *ildr53 #af4 ,& a male r ?an female3 #ag4 ,& ! elde/ r ?an ! y\ng]3 #ah4 ,& 8 bro!r1 if he want issue1 be=e all o!rs4 #ai4 ,9 ! same mann] t m5 succe$ to ! p[]1 d !y also succe$ to ! "r ( succession4 ,sid5ote3 ,pat]nal dom9ion arise? n f g5]ation4 #a4 ,,socrates is a man1 & !re=e a liv+ creature1 is "r reason+2 & t mo/ evid5t1 because !re is no?+ ne$ful to ! ackn[l$g+ ( ! tru? ( ! consequ5ce1 b t ! ^w man be und]/ood2 because a liv+ creature is 9 ! def9ition itself ( a man1 & e "o makes up ! proposition :i* 0 desir$1 namely ?is1 man is a liv+ creature4 ,& ?is1 ,sophroniscus is ,socrates' fa!r1 & !re=e 8 "l1 is p]haps a true inf]5ce1 b n evid5t2 because ! ^w "l is n 9 ! def9ition ( a fa!r3 :]e=e x is necess>y1 to make x m evid5t1 t ! connexion ( fa!r & "l be some:at unfold$4 ,^? t h hi!rto endeav\r$ to prove ! dom9ion ( a p>5t ov] 8 *ildr51 h br\ght no o!r argum5t ?an t ( g5]ation2 z if x 7 ( itself evid5t1 t :at is begott5 by me is m9e2 j z if a man %\ld ?9k1 t because !re is a triangle1 x appe>s pres5tly1 )\t any fur!r disc\rse1 t its angles are equal to two "r4 ,besides1 s9ce dom9ion1 t is1 supreme p[] is indivisible1 insomu* z no man c s]ve two ma/]s2 b two p]sons1 male & female1 mu/ concur 9 ! act ( g5]ation2 x is impossible t dom9ion %\ld at all be acquir$ by g5]ation only4 ,:]e=e we w1 ) ! m dilig5ce1 9 ?is place inquire into ! orig9al ( pat]nal gov]nm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,dom9ion ov] infants belongs to him :o fir/ ha? !m 9 8 p[]4 #b4 ,we mu/ !re=e return to ! /ate ( nature1 9 :i*1 by reason ( ! equality ( nature1 all m5 ( rip] ye>s are to be acc\nt$ equal4 ,!re by "r ( nature ! conqu]or is "l ( ! conqu]$4 ,by ! "r !re=e ( nature1 ! dom9ion ov] ! infant fir/ belongs to him :o fir/ ha? him 9 8 p[]4 ,b x is manife/ t he :o is newly born1 is 9 ! "m's p[] be=e any o!rs2 insomu* z %e may rightly1 & at h] own w1 ei!r bre$ him up or adv5ture him to =tune4 ,sid5ote3 ,dom9ion ov] infants is orig9ally ! "m's4 #c4 ,if !re=e %e bre$ him1 because ! /ate ( nature is ! /ate ( w>1 %e is suppos$ to br+ him up on ?is condition2 t be+ gr[n to full age he become n h] enemy2 :i* is1 t he obey h]4 ,= s9ce by natural necessity we all desire t :i* appe>s good unto u1 x _c be und]/ood t any man ha? on su* t]ms af=d$ life to ano!r1 t he might bo? get /r5g? by 8 ye>s1 & at once become an enemy4 ,b ea* man is an enemy to t o!r1 :om he nei!r obeys nor comm&s4 ,& ?us 9 ! /ate ( nature1 e woman t be>s *ildr51 becomes bo? a "m & a "l4 ,b :at "s say1 t 9 ?is case ! fa!r1 by reason ( ! pre-em95ce ( sex1 & n ! "m becomes "l1 signifies no?+4 ,= bo? reason %[s ! contr>y2 because ! inequality ( _! natural =ces is n s great1 t ! man c\ld get ! dom9ion ov] ! woman )\t w>4 ,& cu/om also contradicts n2 = wom51 namely ,amazons1 h 9 =m] times wag$ w> aga9/ _! adv]s>ies1 & dispos$ ( _! *ildr5 at _! own wills4 ,& at ?is day1 9 div]s places wom5 are inve/$ ) ! pr9cipal au?ority2 nei!r d _! husb&s dispose ( _! *ildr51 b !mselves2 :i* 9 tru? !y d by ! "r ( nature2 =asmu* z !y :o h ! supreme p[]1 are n ti$ at all 7z ha? be5 %ew$7 to ! civil laws4 ,add also1 t 9 ! /ate ( nature x _c be kn[n :o is ! fa!r1 b by ! te/imony ( ! "m2 ! *ild !re=e is 8 ^: ! "m w h x1 & !re=e h]'s4 ,:]e=e orig9al dom9ion ov] *ildr5 belongs to ! "m3 & among m5 no less ?an o!r creatures1 ! bir? foll[s ! belly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! expos$ infant is 8 t pres]ves him4 #d4 ,! dom9ion passes f ! "m to o!rs1 div]s ways4 ,fir/1 if %e quit & =sake h] "r by expos+ ! *ild4 ,he !re=e t %all br+ up ! *ild ?us expos$1 %all h ! same dom9ion ov] x :i* ! "m _h4 ,= t life :i* ! "m _h giv5 x1 7n by gett+ b n\ri%+ x71 %e n[ by expos+ takes f x4 ,:]e=e ! obligation also :i* arose f ! b5efit ( life1 is by ?is exposition made void4 ,n[ ! pres]v$ owe? all to ! pres]v]1 :e!r 9 reg>d ( 8 education z to a "m1 or ( 8 s]vice z to a "l4 ,= al?\gh ! "m 9 ! /ate ( nature1 :]e all m5 h a "r to all ?+s1 may recov] h] son aga91 namely1 by ! same "r t anybody else might d x2 yet may n ! son rightly transf] himself aga9 unto 8 "m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! son ( a subject & *ief1 is 8 t comm&s4 #e4 ,secondly1 if ! "m be tak5 prison]1 h] son is 8 t took h]2 because t he :o ha? dom9ion ov] ! p]son1 ha? also dom9ion ov] all belong+ to ! p]son2 :]e=e ov] ! son also1 z ha? be5 %ew$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 9 ! fif? article4 ,?irdly1 if ! "m be a subject "u :at gov]nm5t soev]1 he t ha? ! supreme au?ority 9 t gov]nm5t1 w also h ! dom9ion ov] him t is born ( h]2 = he is "l also ( ! "m1 :o is b\nd to obey him 9 all ?+s4 ,f\r?ly1 if a woman = society's sake give h]self to a man on ?is condition1 t he %all be> ! sway2 he t receives 8 be+ f ! contribution ( bo? p>ties1 is ! fa!r's1 9 reg>d ( ! comm& he ha? ov] ! "m4 ,b if a woman be>+ rule %all h *ildr5 by a subject1 ! *ildr5 are ! "m's2 = o!rwise ! woman c h no *ildr5 )\t prejudice to h] au?ority4 ,& univ]sally1 if ! society ( ! male & female be su* an union1 z ! "o h subject$ himself to ! o!r1 ! *ildr5 belong to him or h] t comm&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 su* a conjunction ( male & female1 z nei!r ha? ! comm&+ p[] ov] ! o!r1 ! *ildr5 are ! "m's2 except by pact or civil law x be o!rwise det]m9$4 #f4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( nature1 if a man & woman contract s1 z nei!r is subject to ! comm& ( ! o!r1 ! *ildr5 are ! "m's1 = ! reasons above giv5 9 ! ?ird article1 unless by pacts x be o!rwise provid$4 ,= ! "m may by pact dispose ( h] "r z %e li/s2 z h]et(ore ha? be5 done by ! ,amazons1 :o ( ^? *ildr5 :i* h be5 begott5 by _! neighb\rs1 h by pact all[$ !m ! males1 & reta9$ females to !mselves4 ,b 9 a civil gov]nm5t1 if !re be a contract ( m>riage betwe5 a man & woman1 ! *ildr5 are ! fa!r's2 because 9 all cities1 to wit1 con/itut$ ( fa!rs1 n mo!rs gov]n+ _! families1 ! dome/ical comm& belongs to ! man2 & su* a contract1 if x be made accord+ to ! civil laws1 is call$ matrimony4 ,b if !y agree only to lie toge!r1 ! *ildr5 are ! fa!r's or ! "m's v>i\sly1 accord+ to ! diff]+ civil laws ( div]s cities4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ildr5 are no less subject to _! p>5ts1 ?an s]vants to _! lords1 & subjects to _! city4 #g4 ,n[ because1 by ! ?ird article1 ! "m is orig9ally "l ( h] *ildr51 & f h] ! fa!r1 or somebody else by d]iv$ "r2 x is manife/ t ! *ildr5 are no less subject to ^? by :om !y are n\ri%$ & br\ght up1 ?an s]vants to _! lords1 & subjects to him :o be>s ! supreme rule2 & t a p>5t _c be injuri\s to 8 son1 z long z he is "u 8 p[]4 ,a son also is fre$ f subjection 9 ! same mann] z a subject & s]vant are4 ,= emancipation is ! same ?+ ) manumission1 & abdication ) bani%m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,( ! hon\r due to p>5ts & lords4 #h4 ,! enfran*is$ son or releas$ s]vant1 d n[ /& 9 less fe> ( _! "l & fa!r1 be+ depriv$ ( 8 natural & lordly p[] ov] !m2 &1 if reg>d be _h to true & inw>d hon\r1 d hon\r him less ?an be=e4 ,= hon\r1 z ha? be5 said 9 ! section above1 is no?+ else b ! e/imation ( ano!r's p[]2 & !re=e he t ha? lea/ p[]1 ha? always lea/ hon\r4 ,b x is n to be imag9$1 t ! enfran*is] ev] int5d$ s to mat* ! enfran*is$ ) himself1 z t he %\ld n s mu* z ackn[l$ge a b5efit1 b %\ld s c>ry himself 9 all ?+s z if he 7 become :olly 8 equal4 ,x mu/ !re=e be ev] und]/ood1 t he :o is fre$ f subjection1 :e!r he be a s]vant1 son1 or "s colony1 do? promise all ^? ext]nal signs at lea/1 :]eby sup]iors us$ to be hon\r$ by _! inf]iors4 ,f :5ce x foll[s1 t ! precept ( hon\r+ our p>5ts1 belongs to ! law ( nature1 n only "u ! title ( gratitude1 b also ( agreem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e9 lib]ty do? consi/2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 subjects & s]vants4 #i4 ,:at !n1 w "s "o dem&1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a son1 or betwe5 a subject & a s]vant8 ,nei!r d ,i "k t any writ] ha? fully decl>$ :at lib]ty & :at slav]y is4 ,commonly1 to d all ?+s accord+ to our own fancies1 & t )\t puni%m5t1 is e/eem$ to be lib]ty2 n to be able to d ?is1 is judg$ bondage2 :i* 9 a civil gov]nm5t1 & ) ! peace ( mank9d1 _c possibly be done2 because !re is no city )\t a comm& & a re/ra9+ "r4 ,lib]ty1 t we may def9e x1 is no?+ else b an abs5ce ( ! lets & h9drances ( motion2 z wat] %ut up 9 a vessel is !re=e n at lib]ty1 because ! vessel h9d]s x f runn+ out2 :i*1 ! vessel be+ brok51 is made free4 ,& e man ha? m or less lib]ty1 z he ha? m or less space 9 :i* he employs himself3 z he ha? m lib]ty1 :o is 9 a l>ge1 ?an he t is kept 9 a close prison4 ,& a man may be free t[>d "o "p1 & yet n t[>d ano!r2 z ! travell] is b\nd$ on ?is & t side ) h$ges or /one walls1 le/ he spoil ! v9es or corn neighb\r+ on ! highway4 ,& ^! k9ds ( lets are ext]nal & absolute4 ,9 :i* s5se all s]vants & subjects are free1 :o are n fett]$ & imprison$4 ,!re are o!rs :i* are arbitr>y1 :i* d n absolutely h9d] motion1 b by accid5t1 to wit1 by our own *oice2 z he t is 9 a %ip1 is n s h9d]$ b he may ca/ himself into ! sea1 if he w4 ,& "h also ! m ways a man may move himself1 ! m lib]ty he ha?4 ,& h]e9 consi/s civil lib]ty2 = no man1 :e!r subject1 son1 or s]vant1 is s h9d]$ by ! puni%m5ts appo9t$ by ! city1 ! fa!r1 or ! "l1 h[ cruel soev]1 b t he may d all ?+s1 & make use ( all means necess>y to ! pres]vation ( 8 life & heal?4 ,= my "p !re=e ,i _c f9d :at reason a m]e s]vant ha? to make compla9ts1 if !y relate only to want ( lib]ty2 unless he c\nt x a mis]y to be re/ra9$ f hurt+ himself1 & to receive t life1 :i* by w>1 or mis=tune1 or ?r\gh 8 own idl5ess 0 =feit$1 toge!r ) all mann] ( su/5ance1 & all ?+s necess>y to ! cons]vation ( heal?1 on ?is condition only1 t he w be rul$4 ,= he t is kept 9 by puni%m5ts laid be=e him1 s z he d>es n let loose ! re9s to 8 w 9 all ?+s1 is n oppress$ by s]vitude1 b is gov]n$ & su/a9$4 ,b ?is privilege free subjects & sons ( a family h above s]vants 9 e gov]nm5t & family :]e s]vants are2 t !y may bo? und]go ! m hon\rable (fices ( ! city or family1 & also enjoy a l>g] possession ( ?+s sup]flu\s4 ,& h]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 a free subject & a s]vant1 t he is free inde$1 :o s]ves 8 city only2 b a s]vant is he1 :o also s]ves 8 fell[-subject4 ,all o!r lib]ty is an exemption f ! laws ( ! city1 & prop] only to ^? t be> rule4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re is ! same "r 9 an h]$it>y1 :i* !re is 9 an in/itutive gov]nm5t4 #aj4 ,a fa!r ) 8 sons & s]vants1 gr[n into a civil p]son by virtue ( 8 pat]nal jurisdiction1 is call$ a family4 ,?is family1 if ?r\gh multiply+ ( *ildr5 & acquisition ( s]vants x becomes num]\s1 insomu* z )\t ca/+ ! unc]ta9 die ( w> x _c be subdu$1 w be t]m$ an h]$it>y k+dom4 ,:i* ?\gh x diff] f an in/itutive mon>*y1 be+ acquir$ by =ce1 9 ! orig9al & mann] ( its con/itution2 yet be+ con/itut$1 x ha? all ! same prop]ties1 & ! "r ( au?ority is ev]y:]e ! same2 insomu* z x is n ne$ful to speak any?+ ( !m ap>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "q conc]n+ ! "r ( succession belongs only to mon>*y4 #aa4 ,x ha? be5 spok51 by :at "r supreme au?orities are con/itut$4 ,we mu/ n[ briefly tell y1 by :at "r !y may be cont9u$4 ,n[ ! "r by :i* !y are cont9u$1 is t :i* is call$ ! "r ( succession4 ,n[ because 9 a democracy ! supreme au?ority is ) ! p1 z long z !re be any subjects 9 be+1 s long x re/s ) ! same p]son2 = ! p ha? no successor4 ,9 l mann] 9 an ari/ocracy1 "o ( ! nobles dy+1 "s o!r by ! re/ is sub/itut$ 9 8 place2 & !re=e except !y all die toge!r1 :i* ,i suppose w nev] happ51 !re is no succession4 ,! qu]y !re=e ( ! "r ( succession takes place only 9 an absolute mon>*y4 ,= !y :o ex]cise ! supreme p[] = a "t only1 are !mselves no mon>*s1 b m9i/]s ( /ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,a mon>* may dispose ( ! comm& ( 8 gov]nm5t by te/am5t3 #ab4 ,b fir/1 if a mon>* %all by te/am5t appo9t "o to succe$ him1 ! p]son appo9t$ %all succe$4 ,= if he be appo9t$ by ! p1 he %all h all ! "r ov] ! city :i* ! p _h1 z ha? be5 %[$ 9 *ap4 ,,vii4 art4 #aa4 ,b ! p might *oose him2 by ! same "r !re=e may he *oose ano!r4 ,b 9 an h]$it>y k+dom1 !re are ! same rights z 9 an in/itutive4 ,:]e=e e mon>* may by 8 w make a successor4 ,sid5ote3 ,or give x away1 or sell x4 #ac4 ,b :at a man may transf] on ano!r by te/am5t1 t by ! same "r may he1 yet liv+1 give or sell away4 ,to :omsoev] !re=e he %all make ov] ! supreme p[]1 :e!r by gift or sale1 x is rightly made4 ,sid5ote3 ,a mon>* dy+ )\t te/am5t1 is ev] und]/ood to w t a mon>* %\ld succe$ him3 #ad4 ,b if liv+ he h n decl>$ 8 w conc]n+ 8 successor by te/am5t nor o!rwise1 x is suppos$1 fir/1 t he w\ld n h 8 gov]nm5t r$uc$ to an an>*y or ! /ate ( w>1 t is1 to ! de/ruction ( 8 subjects2 z well because he c\ld n d t )\t brea* ( ! laws ( nature1 :]eby he 0 oblig$ to ! p]=mance ( all ?+s necess>ily conduc+ to ! pres]vation ( peace2 z also because1 if t _h be5 8 w1 x _h n be5 h>d = him to h decl>$ t op5ly4 ,next1 because ! "r passe? accord+ to ! w ( ! fa!r1 we mu/ judge ( ! successor accord+ to ! signs ( 8 w4 ,x is und]/ood !re=e1 t he w\ld h 8 subjects to be "u a mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 r ?an any o!r1 because he himself 9 rul+ ha? be=e approv$ ( t /ate by 8 example1 & ha? n aft]w>d ei!r by any ^w or de$ condemn$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,& "s "o ( 8 *ildr53 #ae4 ,fur!rmore1 because by natural necessity all m5 wi% !m bett]1 f :om !y receive glory & hon\r1 ?an o!rs2 b e man aft] dea? receives hon\r & glory f 8 *ildr51 soon] ?an f ! p[] ( any o!r m53 h5ce we ga!r1 t a fa!r int5ds bett] = 8 *ildr5 ?an any o!r p]son's4 ,x is to be und]/ood !re=e1 t ! w ( ! fa!r1 dy+ )\t te/am5t1 0 t "s ( 8 *ildr5 %\ld succe$ him4 ,yet ?is is to be und]/ood ) ?is proviso1 t !re be no m app>5t tok5s to ! contr>y3 ( :i* k9d1 aft] _m successions1 cu/om may be "o4 ,= he t makes no m5tion ( 8 succession1 is suppos$ to cons5t to ! cu/oms ( 8 realm4 ,sid5ote3 ,& a male r ?an female3 #af4 ,among *ildr5 ! males c>ry ! pre-em95ce2 9 ! beg9n+ p]haps1 because = ! mo/ "p1 al?\gh n always1 !y are fitt] = ! adm9i/ration ( great] matt]s1 b specially ( w>s2 b aft]w>ds1 :5 x 0 gr[n a cu/om1 because t cu/om 0 n contradict$4 ,& !re=e ! w ( ! fa!r1 unless "s o!r cu/om or sign d cle>ly repugn x1 is to be int]pret$ 9 fav\r ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ( ! males1 ! elde/ r ?an ! y\ng]3 #ag4 ,n[ because ! sons are equal1 & ! p[] _c be divid$1 ! elde/ %all succe$4 ,= if !re be any diff]5ce by reason ( age1 ! elde/ is suppos$ m wor?y2 = nature be+ judge1 ! mo/ 9 ye>s 7because usually x is s7 is ! wise/2 b o!r judge !re _c be _h4 ,b if ! bro!rs mu/ be equally valu$1 ! succession %all be by lot4 ,b primog5iture is a natural lot1 & by ?is ! elde/ is already pref]r$2 nor is !re any t ha? p[] to judge1 :e!r by ?is or any o!r k9d ( lots ! matt] is to be decid$4 ,n[ ! same reason :i* cont5ds ?us = ! fir/-born son1 do? no less = ! fir/-born daught]4 ,sid5ote3 ,& 8 bro!r1 if he want issue1 be=e all o!rs4 #ah4 ,b if he h no *ildr51 !n ! comm& %all pass to 8 bro!rs & si/]s2 = ! same reason t ! *ildr5 %\ld h succe$$1 if he _h _h !m4 ,= ^? t are ne>e/ to u 9 nature1 are suppos$ to be ne>e/ 9 b5evol5ce4 ,& to 8 bro!rs soon] ?an 8 si/]s1 & to ! eld] soon] ?an ! y\ng]2 = ! reason is ! same = ^!1 t x 0 = ! *ildr54 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! same mann] t m5 succe$ to ! p[]1 d !y also succe$ to ! "r ( succession4 #ai4 ,fur!rmore1 by ! same reason t m5 succe$ to ! p[]1 d !y also succe$ to ! "r ( succession4 ,= if ! fir/-born die be=e ! fa!r1 x w be judg$ t he transf]r$ 8 "r ( succession unto 8 *ildr52 unless ! fa!r h o!rwise decre$ x4 ,& !re=e ! nephews w h a fair] pret5ce to ! succession1 ?an ! uncles4 ,i say all ^! ?+s w be ?us1 if ! cu/om ( ! place 7:i* ! fa!r by n contradict+ w be judg$ to h cons5t$ to7 d n h9d] !m4 ------- ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,comp>ison ,,betwe5 ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,_! ,,sev]al ,,inconv5i5ces4 #a4 ,a comp>ison ( ! natural /ate ) ! civil4 #b4 ,! conv5i5ces & inconv5i5ces ( ! rul] & 8 subjects are alike4 #c4 ,! praise ( mon>*y4 #d4 ,! gov]nm5t "u "o1 _c be said to be unreasonable 9 ?is respect1 namely1 because "o ha? m p[] ?an all ! re/4 #e4 ,a rejection ( _! op9ion1 :o say1 t a "l ) 8 s]vants _c make a city4 #f4 ,exactions are m griev\s "u a popul> /ate1 ?an a mon>*y4 #g4 ,innoc5t subjects are less expos$ to p5alties "u a mon>*1 ?an "u ! p4 #h4 ,! lib]ty ( s+le subjects is n less "u a mon>*1 ?an "u a p4 #i4 ,x is no disadvantage to ! subjects1 t !y are n all admitt$ to public delib]ations4 #aj4 ,civil delib]ations are unadvis$ly committ$ to great assemblies1 by reason ( ! unskilfulness ( ! mo/ "p ( m53 #aa4 ,9 reg>d ( eloqu5ce3 #ab4 ,9 reg>d ( faction3 #ac4 ,9 reg>d ( ! un/abl5ess ( ! laws3 #ad4 ,9 reg>d ( ! want ( secrecy4 #ae4 ,t ^! inconv5i5ces adh]e to democracy1 =asmu* z m5 are naturally delight$ ) ! e/eem ( wit4 #af4 ,! inconv5i5ces ( a city aris+ f a k+ t is a *ild4 #ag4 ,! p[] ( g5]als is an evid5t sign ( ! excell5ce ( mon>*y4 #ah4 ,! be/ /ate ( a city is t1 :]e ! subjects are ! rul]'s inh]itance4 #ai4 ,! ne>] ari/ocracy draws to mon>*y1 ! bett] x is2 ! fur!r x keeps f x1 ! worse4 ,sid5ote3 ,a comp>+ ! /ate ( nature ) ! civil4 #a4 ,:at democracy1 ari/ocracy1 & mon>*y are1 ha? already be5 spok52 b :i* ( !m t5ds mo/ to ! pres]vation ( ! subjects' peace & procur+ _! advantages1 we mu/ see by comp>+ !m toge!r4 ,b fir/ let u set =? ! advantages & disadvantages ( a city 9 g5]al2 le/ "s p]haps %\ld ?9k x bett]1 t e man be left to live at 8 own w1 ?an to con/itute any society at all4 ,e man inde$ out ( ! /ate ( civil gov]nm5t ha? a mo/ entire1 b unfruitful lib]ty2 because t he :o by reason ( 8 own lib]ty acts all at 8 own w1 mu/ also by reason ( ! same lib]ty 9 o!rs suff] all at ano!r's w4 ,b 9 a con/itut$ city1 e subject reta9s to himself z mu* fre$om z suffices him to live well & quietly2 & !re is s mu* tak5 away f o!rs1 z may make !m n to be fe>$4 ,out ( ?is /ate1 e man ha? su* a "r to all1 z yet he c enjoy no?+2 9 x1 ea* "o securely enjoys 8 limit$ "r4 ,out ( x1 any man may rightly spoil or kill ano!r2 9 x1 none b "o4 ,out ( x1 we are protect$ by our own =ces2 9 x1 by ! p[] ( all4 ,out ( x1 no man is sure ( ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs2 9 x1 all m5 are4 ,la/ly1 out ( x1 !re is a dom9ion ( passions1 w>1 fe>1 pov]ty1 slov5l9ess1 solitude1 b>b>ism1 ignorance1 cruelty2 9 x1 ! dom9ion ( reason1 peace1 security1 ri*es1 dec5cy1 society1 elegancy1 sci5ces1 & b5evol5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ga9s & losses ( ! rul] & 8 subjects are alike4 #b4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 sev5? book & f\rte5? *apt] ( 8 ,politics1 sai?1 t !re are two sorts ( gov]nm5ts2 :]e( ! "o relates to ! b5efit ( ! rul]1 ! o!r to t ( ! subjects4 ,z if :]e subjects are sev]ely dealt )1 !re 7 "o1 & :]e m mildly1 !re 7 ano!r =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,:i* op9ion may by no means be subscrib$ to2 = all ! pr(its & dispr(its aris+ f gov]nm5t are ! same1 & common bo? to ! rul] & ! subject4 ,! damages :i* befall "s p>ticul> subjects ?r\gh mis=tune1 folly1 neglig5ce1 slo?1 or 8 own luxury1 may v well be sev]$ f ^? :i* conc]n ! rul]4 ,b ^? relate n to ! gov]nm5t itself1 be+ su* z may happ5 9 any =m ( gov]nm5t :atsoev]4 ,if ^! same happ5 f ! fir/ in/itution ( ! city1 !y w !n be truly call$ ! inconv5i5ces ( gov]nm5t2 b !y w be common to ! rul] ) 8 subjects1 z _! b5efits are common4 ,b ! fir/ & greate/ b5efit1 peace & def5ce1 is to bo?2 = bo? he t comm&s1 & he :o is comm&$1 to ! end t he may def5d 8 life makes use at once ( all ! =ces ( 8 fell[-subjects4 ,& 9 ! greate/ inconv5i5ce t c befall a city1 namely1 ! slaught] ( subjects aris+ f an>*y1 bo? ! comm&] & ! p>ties comm&$ are equally conc]n$4 ,next1 if ! rul] levy su* a sum ( va/ moneys f 8 subjects1 z !y are n able to ma9ta9 !mselves & _! families1 nor cons]ve _! bodily /r5g? & vigor1 ! disadvantage is z mu* 8 z !irs1 :o1 ) nev] s great a /ock or measure ( ri*es1 is n able to keep 8 au?ority or 8 ri*es )\t ! bodies ( 8 subjects4 ,b if he raise no m ?an is suffici5t = ! due adm9i/ration ( 8 p[]1 t is a b5efit equally to himself & 8 subjects1 t5d+ to a common peace & def5ce4 ,nor is x imag9able :i* way public treasures c be a grievance to private subjects1 if !y be n s exhau/$ z to be :olly depriv$ f all possibility to acquire1 ev5 by _! indu/ry1 necess>ies to su/a9 ! /r5g? ( _! bodies & m9ds4 ,= ev5 ?us ! grievance w\ld conc]n ! rul]2 nor w\ld x arise f ! ill-in/itution or ord9ation ( ! gov]nm5t1 because 9 all mann] ( gov]nm5ts subjects may be oppress$2 b f ! ill-adm9i/ration ( a well-e/abli%$ gov]nm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! praise ( mon>*y4 #c4 ,n[ t mon>*y1 ( ! =esaid =ms ( democracy1 ari/ocracy1 & mon>*y1 ha? ! pre-em95ce1 w be/ appe> by comp>+ ! conv5i5ces & inconv5i5ces aris+ 9 ea* "o ( !m4 ,^? argum5ts !re=e1 t ! :ole univ]se is gov]n$ by "o ,god2 t ! anci5ts pref]r$ ! mon>*ical /ate be=e all o!rs1 ascrib+ ! rule ( ! gods to "o ,jupit]2 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( affairs & ( nations1 ! decrees ( pr9ces 7 held = laws2 t pat]nal gov]nm5t1 in/itut$ by ,god himself 9 ! creation1 0 mon>*ical2 t o!r gov]nm5ts 7 compact$ by ! artifice ( m5#ae out ( ! a%es ( mon>*y1 aft] x _h be5 ru9$ ) s$itions2 & t ! p ( ,god 7 "u ! jurisdiction ( k+s3 al?\gh1 ,i say1 ^! d hold =? mon>*y z ! m em95t to u1 yet because !y d x by examples & te/imonies1 & n by solid reason1 we w pass !m ov]4 ,footnote #ae3 ,compact$ by ! artifice ( m51 c4 ,x seems ! anci5ts :o made t same fable ( ,prome!us1 po9t$ at ?is4 ,!y say t ,prome!us1 hav+ /ol5 fire f ! sun1 =m$ a man out ( clay1 & t = ?is de$ he 0 tortur$ by ,jupit] ) a p]petual gnaw+ 9 8 liv]4 ,:i* is1 t by human inv5tion1 :i* is signifi$ by ,prome!us1 laws & ju/ice 7 by imitation tak5 f mon>*y2 by virtue :]e(1 z by fire remov$ f its natural orb1 ! multitude1 z ! dirt & dregs ( m51 0 z x 7 quick5$ & =m$ into a civil p]son2 :i* is t]m$ ari/ocracy or democracy4 ,b ! au?or & abettors be+ f\nd1 :o might securely & quietly h liv$ "u ! natural jurisdiction ( k+s1 d ?us sm>t = x2 t be+ expos$ /ill to alt]ation1 !y are torm5t$ ) p]petual c>es1 suspicions1 & diss5sions4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gov]nm5t ( "o _c be said to be evil 9 ?is respect1 namely1 because "o ha? m p[] ?an all ! re/4 #d4 ,"s !re are1 :o are discont5t$ ) ! gov]nm5t "u "o1 = no o!r reason b because x is "u "o2 z if x 7 an unreasonable ?+1 t "o man among s _m %\ld s f> excel 9 p[]1 z to be able at 8 own pleasure to dispose ( all ! re/4 ,^! m51 sure1 if !y c\ld1 w\ld )draw !mselves f "u ! dom9ion ( "o ,god4 ,b ?is exception aga9/ "o is sugge/$ by envy1 :ile !y see "o man 9 possession ( :at all desire4 ,= ! same cause1 !y w\ld judge x to be z unreasonable if a few comm&$1 unless !y !mselves ei!r 71 or hop$ to be ( ! numb]4 ,= if x be an unreasonable ?+ t all m5 h n an equal "r1 surely an ari/ocracy mu/ be unreasonable also4 ,b because we h %[$ t ! /ate ( equality is ! /ate ( w>1 & t !re=e inequality 0 introduc$ by a g5]al cons5t2 ?is inequality1 :]eby he :om we h volunt>ily giv5 m to1 enjoys m1 is no long] to be acc\nt$ an unreasonable ?+4 ,! inconv5i5ces !re=e :i* att5d ! dom9ion ( "o man1 att5d 8 p]son1 n 8 unity4 ,let u !re=e see :e!r br+s ) x ! great] grievances to ! subject1 ! comm& ( "o man1 or ( _m4 ,sid5ote3 ,rejection ( _! op9ion1 :o say t a "l ) 8 s]vants _c make a city4 #e4 ,b fir/ we mu/ remove _! op9ion1 :o d5y t to be any city at all1 :i* is compact$ ( nev] s great a numb] ( s]vants "u a common "l4 ,9 ! n9? article ( ! fif? *apt]1 a city is def9$ to be "o p]son made out ( _m m51 ^: w by _! own contracts is to be e/eem$ z ! wills ( !m all2 insomu* z he may use ! /r5g? & faculties ( ea* s+le p]son = ! public peace & safety4 ,& by ! same article ( ! same *apt]1 "o p]son is t1 :5 ! wills ( _m are conta9$ 9 ! w ( "o4 ,b ! w ( ea* s]vant is conta9$ 9 ! w ( 8 "l2 z ha? be5 decl>$ 9 ! fif? article ( ! eigh? *apt]2 s z he may employ all _! =ces & faculties accord+ to 8 own w & pleasure4 ,x foll[s !re=e t t mu/ ne$s be a city1 :i* is con/itut$ by a "l & _m s]vants4 ,nei!r c any reason be br\ght to contradict ?is1 :i* do? n equally combat aga9/ a city con/itut$ by a fa!r & 8 sons4 ,= to a "l :o ha? no *ildr51 s]vants are 9 ! nature ( sons2 = !y are bo? 8 hon\r & safegu>d2 nei!r are s]vants m subject to _! lords1 !n *ildr5 to _! p>5ts1 z ha? be5 manife/$ above 9 ! fif? article ( ! eigh? *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! exactions are m griev\s "u comm& ( ! p1 ?an "u ! mon>*4 #f4 ,among o!r grievances ( supreme au?ority "o is1 t ! rul]1 beside ^? monies necess>y = public *>ges1 z ! ma9ta9+ ( public m9i/]s1 build+1 & def5d+ ( ca/les1 wag+ w>s1 hon\rably su/a9+ 8 own h\sehold1 may also1 if he w1 exact o!rs ?r\gh 8 lu/1 :]eby to enri* 8 sons1 k9dr$1 fav\rites1 & flatt]]s too4 ,i confess ?is is a grievance1 b ( ! numb] ( ^? :i* accompany all k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 b are m tol]able 9 a mon>*y ?an 9 a democracy4 ,= ?\gh ! mon>* w\ld enri* !m1 !y _c be _m1 because belong+ b to "o4 ,b 9 a democracy1 look h[ _m demagogues1 t is1 h[ _m p[]ful orators !re are ) ! p1 7:i* ev] are _m1 & daily new ones gr[+71 s _m *ildr51 k9sm51 fri5ds1 & flatt]]s are to be rew>d$4 ,= e ( !m desire n only to make _! families z pot5t1 z illu/ri\s 9 weal?1 z may be1 b also to oblige o!rs to !m by b5efits1 = ! bett] /r5g!n+ ( !mselves4 ,a mon>* may 9 great "p satisfy 8 (fic]s & fri5ds1 because !y are n _m1 )\t any co/ to 8 subjects2 ,i mean )\t robb+ !m ( any ( ^? treasures giv5 9 = ! ma9t5ance ( w> & peace4 ,9 a democracy1 :]e _m are to be satisfi$1 & always new ones1 ?is _c be done )\t ! subject's oppression4 ,?\gh a mon>* may promote unwor?y p]sons1 yet (t times he w n d x2 b 9 a democracy1 all ! popul> m5 are !re=e suppos$ to d x1 because x is necess>y2 = else ! p[] ( !m :o did x1 w\ld s increase1 z x w\ld n only become dreadful to ^? o!rs1 b ev5 to ! :ole city also4 ,sid5ote3 ,innoc5t subjects are less obnoxi\s to puni%m5t "u a mon>*1 ?an "u ! p4 #g4 ,ano!r grievance is1 t same p]petual fe> ( dea?1 :i* e man mu/ necess>ily be 9 :ile he consid]s ) himself1 t ! rul] ha? p[] n only to appo9t :at puni%m5ts he li/s on any transgressions1 b t he may also 9 8 wra? & s5suality slaught] 8 innoc5t subjects1 & ^? :o nev] (f5d$ aga9/ ! laws4 ,& truly ?is is a v great grievance 9 any =m ( gov]nm5t1 :]esoev] x happ5s2 = x is !re=e a grievance1 because x is1 n because x may be done4 ,b x is ! fault ( ! rul]1 n ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,= all ! acts ( ,n]o are n ess5tial to mon>*y2 yet subjects are less (t5 undes]v$ly condemn$ "u "o rul]1 ?an "u ! p4 ,= k+s are only sev]e aga9/ ^? :o ei!r tr\ble !m ) imp]t95t c\nsels1 or oppose !m ) reproa*ful words1 or control _! wills2 b !y are ! cause t t excess ( p[] :i* "o subject might h above ano!r1 becomes h>mless4 ,:]e=e "s ,n]o or ,caligula reign+1 no m5 c undes]v$ly suff] b su* z are kn[n to him1 namely1 c\rti]s1 & su* z are rem>kable = "s em95t *>ge2 & n all nei!r1 b !y only :o are possess$ ( :at he desires to enjoy4 ,= !y t are (f5sive & contumeli\s1 are des]v$ly puni%$4 ,:osoev] !re=e 9 a mon>*y w lead a retir$ life1 let him be :at he w t reigns1 he is out ( dang]4 ,= ! ambiti\s only suff]2 ! re/ are protect$ f ! injuries ( ! m pot5t4 ,b 9 a popul> dom9ion1 !re may be z _m ,n]os z !re are orators :o soo! ! p4 ,= ea* "o ( !m c d z mu* z ! p1 & !y mutually give way to ea* o!r's appetite1 z x 7 by ?is secret pact1 sp>e me to-day & ,i'll sp>e !e to-morr[1 :ile !y exempt ^? f puni%m5t1 :o to satisfy _! lu/ & private hatr$ h undes]v$ly sla9 _! fell[-subjects4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is a c]ta9 limit 9 private p[]1 :i* if x exce$1 x may prove p]nici\s to ! realm2 & by reason :]e( x is necess>y sometimes = mon>*s to h a c>e1 t ! common weal d !nce receive no prejudice4 ,:5 !re=e ?is p[] consi/$ 9 ! multitude ( ri*es1 !y less5$ x by dim9i%+ _! heaps2 b if x 7 9 popul> applause1 ! p[]ful p>ty1 )\t any o!r crime laid to 8 *>ge1 0 tak5 f among !m4 ,! same 0 usually practis$ 9 democracies4 ,= ! ,a!nians inflict$ a puni%m5t ( t5 ye>s' bani%m5t on ^? t 7 p[]ful1 m]ely because ( _! p[]s1 )\t ! guilt ( any o!r crime4 ,& ^? :o by lib]al gifts did seek ! fav\r ( ! common p1 7 put to dea? at ,rome1 z m5 ambiti\s ( a k+dom4 ,9 ?is democracy & mon>*y 7 ev52 yet diff]$ !y mu* 9 fame4 ,because fame d]ives f ! p2 & :at is done by _m1 is comm5d$ by _m4 ,& !re=e :at ! mon>* does1 is said to be done out ( envy to _! virtues2 :i* if x 7 done by ! p1 w\ld be acc\nt$ policy4 ,sid5ote3 ,s+le p]sons h no less lib]ty "u a mon>*1 ?an "u ! p4 #h4 ,!re are "s1 :o !re=e imag9e mon>*y to be m griev\s !n democracy1 because !re is less lib]ty 9 t1 ?an 9 ?is4 ,if by lib]ty !y mean an exemption f t subjection :i* is due to ! laws1 t is1 ! comm&s ( ! p2 nei!r 9 democracy1 nor 9 any o!r /ate ( gov]nm5t :atsoev]1 is !re any su* k9d ( lib]ty4 ,if !y suppose lib]ty to consi/ 9 ?is1 t !re be few laws1 few prohibitions1 & ^? too su*1 t except !y 7 =bidd51 !re c\ld be no peace2 !n ,i d5y t !re is m lib]ty 9 democracy ?an mon>*y2 = ! "o z truly consi/e? ) su* a lib]ty1 z ! o!r4 ,= al?\gh ! ^w lib]ty may 9 l>ge & ample lett]s be writt5 ov] ! gates ( any city :atsoev]1 yet is x n meant ! subject's1 b ! city's lib]ty2 nei!r c t ^w ) bett] "r be inscrib$ on a city :i* is gov]n$ by ! p1 ?an t :i* is rul$ by a mon>*4 ,b :5 private m5 or subjects dem& lib]ty1 "u ! "n ( lib]ty !y ask n = lib]ty1 b dom9ion2 :i* yet = want ( und]/&+ !y little consid]4 ,= if e man w\ld grant ! same lib]ty to ano!r1 :i* he desires = himself1 z is comm&$ by ! law ( nature2 t same natural /ate w\ld return aga91 9 :i* all m5 may by "r d all ?+s2 :i* if !y knew1 !y w\ld abhor1 z be+ worse ?an all k9ds ( civil subjection :atsoev]4 ,b if any man desire to h 8 s+le fre$om1 ! re/ be+ b\nd1 :at does he else dem& b to h ! dom9ion8 ,= :oso is fre$ f all bonds1 is "l ov] all ^? t /ill cont9ue b\nd4 ,subjects !re=e h no great] lib]ty 9 a popul>1 ?an 9 a mon>*ical /ate4 ,t :i* deceives !m1 is ! equal p>ticipation ( comm& & public places4 ,= :]e ! au?ority is 9 ! p1 s+le subjects d s f> =? %>e 9 x1 z !y are p>ts ( ! p rul+2 & !y equally p>take 9 public (fices1 s f> =? z !y h equal voices 9 *oos+ magi/rates & public m9i/]s4 ,& ?is is t :i* ,ari/otle aim$ at1 himself also ?r\gh ! cu/om ( t "t miscall+ dom9ion lib]ty4 7,polit4 lib4 vi4 cap4 #b47 ,9 a popul> /ate !re is lib]ty by supposition2 :i* is a spee* ( ! vulg>1 z if no man 7 free out ( ?is /ate4 ,f :5ce1 by ! way1 we may collect1 t ^? subjects :o 9 a mon>*y deplore _! lo/ lib]ty1 d only /oma* ?is1 t !y are n receiv$ to ! /e]age ( ! commonweal4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is no disadvantage to ! subjects1 t !y are n all admitt$ to ! public delib]ations4 #i4 ,b p]haps = ?is v reason1 "s w say t a popul> /ate is mu* to be pref]r$ be=e a mon>*ical2 because t :]e all m5 h a h& 9 public bus9esses1 !re all h an opportunity to %ew _! wisdom1 k1 & eloqu5ce1 9 delib]at+ matt]s ( ! greate/ difficulty & mom5t2 :i* by reason ( t desire ( praise :i* is br$ 9 human nature1 is to !m :o excel 9 su*-l faculties1 & seem to !mselves to exce$ o!rs1 ! mo/ delightful ( all ?+s4 ,b 9 a mon>*y1 ?is same way to obta9 praise & hon\r is %ut up to ! greate/ "p ( subjects2 & :at is a grievance if ?is be none8 ,i w tell y3 to see 8 op9ion1 :om we scorn1 pref]r$ be=e ours2 to h our wisdom und]valu$ be=e our own faces2 by an unc]ta9 trial ( a little va9 glory1 to und]go mo/ c]ta9 enmities 7= ?is _c be avoid$1 :e!r we h ! bett] or ! worse72 to hate & to be hat$1 by reason ( ! disagreem5t ( op9ions2 to lay op5 our secret c\ncils & advices to all1 to no purpose & )\t any b5efit2 to neglect ! affairs ( our own family3 ^!1 ,i say1 are grievances4 ,b to be abs5t f a trial ( wits1 al?\gh ^? trials are pleasant to ! eloqu5t1 is n !re=e a grievance to !m2 unless we w say1 t x is a grievance to valiant m5 to be re/ra9$ f fight+1 because !y delight 9 x4 ,sid5ote3 ,civil delib]ations are unadvis$ly committ$ to _m1 by reason ( ! unskilfulness ( mo/ m53 #aj4 ,besides1 !re are _m reasons1 :y delib]ations are less successful 9 great assemblies ?an 9 less] c\ncils4 ,:]e( "o is1 t to advise rightly ( all ?+s conduc+ to ! pres]vation ( a commonweal1 we mu/ n only und]/& matt]s at home1 b =eign affairs too4 ,at home1 by :at goods ! c\ntry is n\ri%$ & def5d$1 & :5ce !y are fet*$2 :at places are fit to make g>risons (2 by :at means soldi]s are be/ to be rais$ & ma9ta9$2 :at mann] ( affections ! subjects be> t[>ds _! pr9ce or gov]nors ( _! c\ntry2 & _m ! l4 ,abroad1 :at ! p[] ( ea* neighb\r+ c\ntry is1 & :]e9 x consi/s2 :at advantage or disadvantage we may receive f !m2 :at _! dispositions are bo? to u-w>d1 & h[ affect$ to ea* o!r among !mselves2 & :at c\nsel daily passe? among !m4 ,n[1 because v few 9 a great assembly ( m5 und]/& ^! ?+s1 be+ = ! mo/ "p unskilful1 t ,i say n incapable ( !m1 :at c t same numb] ( advis]s ) _! imp]t95t op9ions contribute to good c\nsels1 o!r ?an m]e lets & imp$im5ts8 ,sid5ote3 ,by reason ( _! eloqu5ce3 #aa4 ,ano!r reason :y a great assembly is n s fit = consultation is1 because e "o :o deliv]s 8 op9ion holds x necess>y to make a long-cont9u$ spee*2 & to ga9 ! m e/eem f 8 auditors1 he poli%es & adorns x ) ! be/ & smoo!/ language4 ,n[ ! nature ( eloqu5ce is to make good & evil1 pr(itable & unpr(itable1 hone/ & di%one/1 appe> to be m or less ?an inde$ !y are2 & to make t seem j :i* is unju/1 accord+ z x %all be/ suit ) 8 end t speake?3 = ?is is to p]suade4 ,& ?\gh !y reason1 yet take !y n _! rise f true pr9ciples1 b f vulg> receiv$ op9ions1 :i* = ! mo/ "p are errone\s4 ,nei!r endeav\r !y s mu* to fit _! spee* to ! nature ( ! ?+s !y speak (1 z to ! passions ( _! m9ds to :om !y speak2 :5ce x happ5s1 t op9ions are deliv]$ n by "r reason1 b by a c]ta9 viol5ce ( m9d4 ,nor is ?is fault 9 ! man1 b 9 ! nature itself ( eloqu5ce1 ^: end1 z all ! ma/]s ( rhetoric tea* u1 is n tru? 7except by *ance71 b victory2 & ^: prop]ty is n to in=m1 b to allure4 ,sid5ote3 ,by reason ( faction3 #ab4 ,! ?ird reason :y m5 advise less successfully 9 a great conv5t is1 because t !nce arise factions 9 a commonweal2 & out ( factions1 s$itions & civil w>4 ,= :5 equal orators d combat ) contr>y op9ions & spee*es1 ! conqu]$ hates ! conqu]or & all ^? t 7 ( 8 side1 z hold+ 8 c\ncil & wisdom 9 scorn1 & /udies all means to make ! advice ( 8 adv]s>ies prejudicial to ! /ate3 = ?us he hopes to see ! glory tak5 f him1 & re/or$ unto himself4 ,fur!rmore1 :]e ! votes are n s unequal1 b t ! conqu]$ h hopes1 by ! accession ( "s few ( _! own op9ion1 at ano!r sitt+ to make ! /rong] p>ty1 ! *ief heads d call ! re/ toge!r2 !y advise a "p h[ !y may abrogate ! =m] judgm5t giv52 !y appo9t to be ! fir/ & e>lie/ at ! next conv5t2 !y det]m9e :at1 & 9 :at ord] ea* man %all speak1 t ! same bus9ess may aga9 be br\ght to agitation2 t s :at 0 confirm$ be=e by ! numb] ( _! !n pres5t adv]s>ies1 ! same may n[ 9 "s measure become ( no effect to !m1 be+ neglig5tly abs5t4 ,& ?is same k9d ( indu/ry & dilig5ce :i* !y use to make a p1 is commonly call$ a faction4 ,b :5 a faction is inf]ior 9 votes1 & sup]ior1 or n mu* inf]ior 9 p[]1 !n :at !y _c obta9 by craft & language1 !y attempt by =ce ( arms2 & s x comes to a civil w>4 ,b "s w say1 ^! ?+s d n necess>ily1 nor (t5 happ54 ,he may z well say1 t ! *ief p>ties are n necess>ily desir\s ( va9 glory1 & t ! greate/ ( !m seldom disagree 9 great matt]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,by reason ( ! unsettl$ness ( ! laws3 #ac4 ,x foll[s h5ce1 t :5 ! legislative p[] resides 9 su* conv5ts z ^!1 ! laws mu/ ne$s be incon/ant2 & *ange1 n accord+ to ! alt]ation ( ! /ate ( affairs1 nor accord+ to ! *angeabl5ess ( m5's m9ds1 b z ! major "p1 n[ ( ?is1 !n ( t faction1 d conv5e4 ,insomu* z ! laws d float "h & !re1 z x 7 ^u ! wat]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,= want ( secrecy4 #ad4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! c\nsels ( great assemblies h ?is inconv5i5ce2 t :]eas x is (t ( great consequ5ce t !y %\ld be kept secret1 !y are = ! mo/ "p discov]$ to ! enemy be=e !y c be br\ght to any effect2 & _! p[] & w is z soon kn[n abroad1 z to ! p itself comm&+ at home4 ,sid5ote3 ,^! inconv5i5ces d adh]e to democracy1 =asmu* z m5 are naturally delight$ ) an op9ion ( wit4 #ae4 ,^! inconv5i5ces1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! delib]ations ( great assemblies1 d s f> =? ev9ce mon>*y to be bett] ?an democracy1 z 9 democracy affairs ( great consequ5ce are (t5] tru/$ to be discuss$ by su* l committees1 ?an 9 a mon>*y4 ,nei!r c x easily be done o!rwise4 ,= !re is no reason :y e man %\ld n naturally m9d 8 own private1 ?an ! public bus9ess1 b t "h he sees a means to decl>e 8 eloqu5ce1 :]eby he may ga9 ! reputation ( be+ +5i\s & wise1 & return+ home to 8 fri5ds1 to 8 p>5ts1 to 8 wife & *ildr51 rejoice & triumph 9 ! applause ( 8 dext]\s behavi\r4 ,z ( old1 all ! delight ,m>cus ,coriolanus _h 9 8 w>like actions1 0 to see 8 praises s well pleas+ to 8 "m4 ,b if ! p 9 a democracy w\ld be/[ ! p[] ( delib]at+ 9 matt]s ( w> & peace1 ei!r on "o1 or "s v few1 be+ cont5t ) ! nom9ation ( magi/rates & public m9i/]s1 t is to say1 ) ! au?ority )\t ! m9i/ration2 !n x mu/ be confess$1 t 9 ?is p>ticul> democracy & mon>*y w\ld be equal4 ,sid5ote3 ,! inconv5i5ces ( gov]nm5t proce$+ f a k+ :o is a *ild4 #af4 ,nei!r d ! conv5i5ces or inconv5i5ces :i* are f\nd to be m 9 "o k9d ( gov]nm5t ?an ano!r1 arise f h5ce1 namely1 because ! gov]nm5t itself1 or ! adm9i/ration ( its affairs1 are bett] committ$ to "o ?an _m2 or on ! o!r side1 to _m ?an to "s few4 ,= gov]nm5t is ! p[]1 ! adm9i/ration ( x is ! act4 ,n[ ! p[] 9 all k9ds ( gov]nm5t is equal2 ! acts only diff]1 t is to say1 ! actions & motions ( a commonweal1 z !y fl[ f ! delib]ations ( _m or few1 ( skilful or imp]t95t m54 ,:5ce we und]/&1 t ! conv5i5ces or inconv5i5ces ( any gov]nm5t dep5d n on him 9 :om ! au?ority resides1 b on 8 (fic]s2 & !re=e no?+ h9d]s b t ! commonweal may be well gov]n$1 al?\gh ! mon>* be a woman1 or y\?1 or infant1 provid$ t !y be fit = affairs :o are endu$ ) ! public (fices & *>ges4 ,& t :i* is said1 woe to ! l& ^: k+ is a *ild1 do? n signify ! condition ( a mon>*y to be inf]ior to a popul> /ate2 b contr>iwise1 t by accid5t x is ! grievance ( a k+dom1 t ! k+ be+ a *ild1 x (t5 happ5s1 t _m by ambition & p[] intrud+ !mselves into public c\ncils1 ! gov]nm5t comes to be adm9i/]$ 9 a democratical mann]2 & t !nce arise ^? infelicities1 :i* = ! mo/ "p accompany ! dom9ion ( ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p[] ( g5]als is an argum5t ( ! excell5cy ( mon>*y4 #ag4 ,b x is a manife/ sign t ! mo/ absolute mon>*y is ! be/ /ate ( gov]nm5t1 t n only k+s1 b ev5 ^? cities :i* are subject to ! p or to nobles1 give ! :ole comm& ( w> to "o only2 & t s absolute1 z no?+ c be m4 ,:]e91 by ! way1 ?is mu/ be not$ also2 t no k+ c give a g5]al great] au?ority ov] 8 army1 ?an he himself by "r may ex]cise ov] all 8 subjects4 ,mon>*y !re=e is ! be/ ( all gov]nm5ts 9 ! camps4 ,b :at else are _m commonweal?s1 ?an s _m camps /r5g!n$ ) arms & m5 aga9/ ea* o!r2 ^: /ate1 because n re/ra9$ by any common p[]1 h[soev] an unc]ta9 peace1 l a %ort truce1 may pass betwe5 !m1 is to be acc\nt$ = ! /ate ( nature2 :i* is ! /ate ( w>4 ,sid5ote3 ,! be/ /ate ( a commonweal1 is t :]e ! subjects are ! rul]'s inh]itance4 #ah4 ,la/ly1 s9ce x 0 necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ourselves to be subject to "s man or c\ncil1 we _c on bett] condition be subject to any1 ?an "o ^: int]e/ dep5ds ^u our safety & welf>e2 & ?is !n comes to pass1 :5 we are ! inh]itance ( ! rul]4 ,= e man ( 8 own accord endeav\rs ! pres]vation ( 8 inh]itance4 ,b ! l&s & monies ( ! subjects are n only ! pr9ce's treasure1 b _! bodies & wildy m9ds4 ,:i* w be easily grant$ by ^?1 :o consid] at h[ great rates ! dom9ion ( less] c\ntries is valu$2 & h[ mu* easi] x is = m5 to procure money1 ?an money m54 ,nor d we readily meet ) any example t %[s u :5 any subject1 )\t any default ( 8 own1 ha? by 8 pr9ce be5 despoil$ ( 8 life or goods1 ?r\gh ! sole lic5ti\sness ( 8 au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/ocracy is s mu* bett]1 by h[ mu* x approa*es ne>] to mon>*y2 ! worse1 by h[ mu* x is m di/ant f x4 #ai4 ,hi!rto we h comp>$ a mon>*ical ) a popul> /ate2 we h said no?+ ( ari/ocracy4 ,we may conclude ( ?is1 by :at ha? be5 said ( ^?1 t t :i* is h]$it>y1 & cont5t ) ! election ( magi/rates2 :i* transmits its delib]ations to "s few1 & ^? mo/ able2 :i* simply imitates ! gov]nm5t ( mon>*s mo/1 & ! p lea/ ( all2 is = ! subjects bo? bett] & m la/+ ?an ! re/4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,places ,,& ,,examples ,,( ,,scripture ,,( ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,gov]nm5t1 ,,agreeable ,,to ,,:at ,,ha? ,,be5 ,,said ,,be=e4 #a4 ,! beg9n+ ( in/itutive gov]nm5t f ! cons5t ( ! p4 #b4 ,judicature & w>s dep5d on ! w ( supreme comm&]s4 #c4 ,t !y :o h ! *ief au?ority1 are by "r unpuni%able4 #d4 ,t )\t a supreme p[] !re is no gov]nm5t1 b an>*y4 #e4 ,t f s]vants & sons !re is a simple ob$i5ce due to _! lords & p>5ts4 #f4 ,absolute au?ority prov$ by mo/ evid5t places1 z well ( ! ,new z ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beg9n+ ( in/itutive gov]nm5t f ! cons5t ( ! p4 #a4 ,we h1 9 ! six? *apt] & ! second article1 s d]iv$ ! orig9al ( in/itutive or political gov]nm5t f ! cons5t ( ! multitude1 t x appe>s !y mu/ ei!r all cons5t1 or be e/eem$ z enemies4 ,su* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,god's gov]nm5t ov] ! ,jews in/itut$ by ,moses1 7,exod4 xix4 #e-h73 ,if ye w obey my voice inde$1 c4 ,ye %all be unto me a k+dom ( prie/s1 c4 ,& ,moses came & call$ ! eld]s ( ! p1 c4 ,& all ! p answ]$1 & said3 ,all t ! ,"l ha? spok5 we w d4 ,su* also 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,moses's p[] "u ,god1 or 8 viceg]5cy1 7,exod4 xx4 #ah-ai73 ,& all ! p saw ! ?und]+s & light5+s1 & ! noise ( ! trumpet1 c4 ,& !y said unto ,moses1 speak ?\ unto u1 & we w he>4 ,! l beg9n+ also _h ,saul's k+dom1 7#a ,sam4 xii4 #ab1 #ac73 ,:5 ye saw t ,naha% k+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,ammon came out aga9/ y1 ye said unto me1 nay1 b a k+ %all reign ov] u1 :5 ! ,"l y\r ,god 0 y\r k+4 ,n[ !re=e behold ! k+ :om ye h *os51 & :om ye h desir$4 ,b ! major "p only cons5t+1 & n all2 = !re 7 c]ta9 sons ( ,belial1 :o said1 7#a ,sam4 x4 #bg71 ,h[ %all ?is man save u8 ,& !y despis$ him2 ^? :o did n cons5t1 7 put to dea? z enemies4 ,& ! p said unto ,samuel 7#a ,sam4 xi4 #ab73 ,:o is he t said1 %all ,saul reign ov] u8 ,br+ ! m51 t we may put !m to dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p[] ( judicature1 & det]m9ation ( w>s1 dep5d on ! w ( ! supreme (fic]4 #b4 ,9 ! same six? *apt]1 ! six? & sev5? articles1 ,i h %[$ t all judgm5t & w>s dep5d ^u ! w & pleasure ( him :o be>s ! supreme au?ority2 t is to say1 9 a mon>*y1 on a mon>* or k+2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! p's own judgm5t4 #a ,sam4 viii4 #bj2 ,we also w be l all ! nations1 & our k+ %all judge u1 & g out be=e u1 & fight our battles4 ,& :at p]ta9s to judgm5ts1 & all o!r matt]s :]e( !re is any controv]sy1 :e!r !y be good or evil1 is confirm$ by ! te/imony ( ,k+ ,solomon1 7#a ,k+s iii4 #i73 ,give !re=e ?y s]vant an und]/&+ he>t to judge ?y p1 t ,i may disc]n betwe5 good & evil4 ,& t ( ,absolom1 7#b ,sam4 xv4 #c73 ,!re is no man deput$ ( ! k+ to he> !e4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y :o h ! supreme au?ority are by "r unpuni%able4 #c4 ,t k+s may n be puni%$ by _! subjects1 z ha? be5 %[$ above 9 ! six? *apt] & ! twelf? article1 ,k+ ,david also confirms2 :o1 ?\gh ,saul s\ght to slay him1 did not)/&+ refra9 8 h& f kill+ him1 & =bade ,abi%ai1 say+1 7#a ,sam4 xxvi4 #i73 ,de/roy him n2 = :o c /ret* =? 8 h& aga9/ ! ,lords ano9t$1 & be innoc5t8 ,& :5 he _h cut (f ! skirt ( 8 g>m5t1 7#a ,sam4 xxiv4 #f73 ,! ,"l =bid1 sai? he1 t ,i %\ld d ?is ?+ unto my ma/] ! ,"l's ano9t$1 to /ret* =? m9e h& aga9/ him4 ,& 7#b ,sam4 i4 #ae7 comm&$ ! ,amalekite1 :o = 8 sake _h sla9 ,saul1 to be put to dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,t )\t a supreme p[] !re is no gov]nm5t1 b confusion4 #d4 ,t :i* is said 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ,judges1 at ! six? v]se3 ,9 ^? days !re 0 no k+ 9 ,israel1 b e man did t :i* 0 "r 9 8 own eyes3 z ?\gh :]e !re 7 n a mon>*y1 !re 7 an an>*y or confusion ( all ?+s3 may be br\ght z a te/imony to prove ! excell5cy ( mon>*y above all o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t2 unless t by ! ^w k+ may p]haps be und]/ood n "o man only1 b also a c\rt2 provid$ t 9 x !re reside a supreme p[]4 ,:i* if x be tak5 9 ?is s5se1 yet h5ce x may foll[1 t )\t a supreme & absolute p[] 7:i* we h endeav\r$ to prove 9 ! six? *apt]7 !re w be a lib]ty = e man to d :at he ha? a m9d1 or :atsoev] %all seem "r to himself2 :i* _c /& ) ! pres]vation ( mank9d4 ,& !re=e 9 all gov]nm5t :atsoev]1 !re is ev] a supreme p[] und]/ood to be some:]e exi/5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,t s]vants & sons owe _! lords & p>5ts simple ob$i5ce4 #e4 ,we h1 9 *ap4 ,,viii4 art4 #g & #h1 said t s]vants mu/ yield a simple ob$i5ce to _! lords1 & 9 *ap ,,ix4 art4 #g1 t sons owe ! same ob$i5ce to _! p>5ts4 ,sa9t ,paul says ! same ?+ conc]n+ s]vants 7,coloss4 iii4 #bb73 ,s]vants obey 9 all ?+s y\r ma/]s accord+ to ! fle%1 n ) eye-s]vice1 z m5-pleas]s1 b 9 s+l5ess ( he>t1 fe>+ ,god4 ,conc]n+ sons 7,colos4 iii4 #bj73 ,*ildr5 obey y\r p>5ts 9 all ?+s1 = ?is is well-pleas+ unto ! ,"l4 ,n[ z we by simple ob$i5ce und]/& all ?+s :i* are n contr>y to ! laws ( ,god2 s 9 ^? cit$ places ( ,/4 ,paul1 aft] ! ^w all ?+s1 we mu/ suppose1 except+ ^? :i* are contr>y to ! laws ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,! absolute p[] ( pr9ces prov$ by mo/ evid5t te/imonies ( ! ,scripture1 z well ,new z ,old4 #f4 ,b t ,i may n ?us by piecemeal prove ! "r ( pr9ces1 ,i w n[ in/ance ^? te/imonies :i* altoge!r e/abli% ! :ole p[]2 namely1 t !re is an absolute & simple ob$i5ce due to !m f _! subjects4 ,& fir/ out ( ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ,mat?4 xxiii4 #b1 #c3 ,! ,scribes & ,ph>isees sit 9 ,moses' seat2 all !re=e1 :atsoev] !y bid y obs]ve1 t obs]ve & d4 ,:atsoev] !y bid y 7says ,*ri/7 obs]ve1 t is to say1 obey simply4 ,:y8 ,because !y sit 9 ,moses' seat2 namely1 ! civil magi/rate's1 n ,a>on1 ! prie/'s4 ,rom4 xiii4 #a1 #b3 ,let e s\l be subject to ! high] p[]s2 = !re is no p[] b ( ,god2 ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god2 :osoev] !re=e resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god2 & !y t resi/1 %all receive to !mselves damnation4 ,n[ because ! p[]s t 7 9 ,/4 ,paul's "t1 7 orda9$ ( ,god1 & all k+s did at t "t require an absolute entire ob$i5ce f _! subjects1 x foll[s t su* a p[] 0 orda9$ ( ,god4 #a ,pet] ii4 #ac-ae3 ,submit y\rselves unto e ord9ance ( man = ! ,"l's sake1 :e!r x be to ! k+ z supreme1 or unto gov]nors z unto !m t are s5t by him = ! puni%m5t ( wick$ do]s1 & = ! praise ( !m t d well2 = s is ! w ( ,god4 ,aga9 ,/4 ,paul to ,titus1 7*ap4 iii4 #a73 ,put !m 9 m9d to be subject to pr9cipalities & p[]s1 to obey magi/rates1 c4 ,:at pr9cipalities8 ,0 x n to ! pr9cipalities ( ^? times1 :i* requir$ an absolute ob$i5ce8 ,fur!rmore1 t we may come to ! example ( ,*ri/ himself1 to :om ! k+dom ( ! ,jews belong$ by h]$it>y "r d]iv$ f ,david himself2 he1 :5 he liv$ 9 ! mann] ( a subject1 bo? paid tribute unto ,cs>1 & pron\nc$ x to be due to him1 ,mat?4 xxii4 #ba3 ,give unto ,cs> 7sai? he7 ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s1 & unto ,god ! ?+s :i* are ,god's4 ,:5 x pleas$ him to %[ himself a k+1 he requir$ entire ob$i5ce1 ,mat?4 xxi4 #b1 #c3 ,g 7said he7 into ! village ov] aga9/ y1 & /raight-way ye %all f9d an ass ti$1 & a colt ) h]2 loose !m1 & br+ !m unto me2 & if any man say aught unto y1 ye %all say ! ,"l ha? ne$ ( !m4 ,?is he did !re=e by ! "r ( be+ "l1 or a k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,b to take away a subject's goods on ?is pret5ce only1 because ! ,"l ha? ne$ ( !m1 is an absolute p[]4 ,! mo/ evid5t places 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are ^!3 ,deut4 v4 #bg3 ,g ?\ ne>1 & he> all t ! ,"l our ,god %all say2 & speak ?\ unto u all t ! ,"l our ,god %all speak unto !e1 & we w he> x1 & d x4 ,b "u ! ^w all1 is conta9$ absolute ob$i5ce4 ,aga9 to ,jo%ua 7,jo%ua i4 #af-ah73 ,& !y answ]$ ,jo%ua1 say+1 all t ?\ comm&e/ u1 we w d2 & :i!rsoev] ?\ s5de/ u1 we w g2 accord+ z we he>k5$ unto ,moses 9 all ?+s1 s w we he>k5 unto !e2 only ! ,"l ?y ,god be ) !e1 z he 0 ) ,moses2 :osoev] he be t do? rebel aga9/ ?y comm&m5t1 & w n he>k5 unto ?y words 9 all t ?\ comm&e/ him1 he %all be put to dea?4 ,& ! p>able ( ! bramble 7,judges ix4 #ad1 #ae73 ,!n said all ! trees unto ! bramble1 ,come ?\ & reign ov] u4 ,& ! bramble said unto ! trees1 ,if 9 tru? ye ano9t me k+ ov] y1 !n come & put y\r tru/ 9 my %ad[2 & if n1 let fire come out ( ! bramble1 & dev\r ! c$>s ( ,lebanon4 ,! s5se ( :i* words is1 t we mu/ acquiesce to _! say+s1 :om we h truly con/itut$ to be k+s ov] u1 unless we w\ld *oose r to be consum$ by ! fire ( a civil w>4 ,b ! regal au?ority is m p>ticul>ly describ$ by ,god himself1 9 #a ,sam4 viii4 #i1 c43 ,%[ !m ! "r ( ! k+ t %all reign ov] !m1 c4 ,?is %all be ! "r ( ! k+ t %all reign ov] y2 he w take y\r sons1 & appo9t !m = himself1 = 8 *>iots1 & to be 8 horsem51 & "s %all run be=e 8 *>iots1 c4 ,& he w take y\r daught]s to be confection>ies1 c4 ,& he w take y\r v9ey>ds1 & give !m to 8 s]vants1 c4 ,is n ?is p[] absolute8 ,& yet x is by ,god himself /yl$ ! k+'s "r4 ,nei!r 0 any man among ! ,jews1 no n ! high-prie/ himself1 exempt$ f ?is ob$i5ce4 ,= :5 ! k+1 namely1 ,solomon1 said to ,abia?> ! prie/ 7#a ,k+s ii4 #bf1 #bg73 ,get !e to ,ana?o? unto ?9e own fields2 = ?\ art wor?y ( dea?2 b ,i w n at ?is "t put !e to dea?1 because ?\ b>e/ ! ark ( ! ,"l ,god be=e ,david my fa!r1 & because ?\ ha/ be5 afflict$ 9 all :]e9 my fa!r 0 afflict$4 ,s ,solomon ?ru/ out ,abia?> f be+ prie/ unto ! ,"l2 x _c by any argum5t be prov$1 t ?is act ( 8 displeas$ ! ,"l2 nei!r read we1 t ei!r ,solomon 0 reprov$1 or t 8 p]son at t "t 0 any :it less acceptable to ,god4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,int]nal ,,causes ,,t5d+ ,,to ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,any ,,gov]nm5t4 #a4 ,t ! judg+ ( good & evil belongs to private p]sons is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #b4 ,t subjects d s9 by obey+ _! pr9ces is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #c4 ,t tyrannicide is lawful is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #d4 ,t ^? :o h ! supreme p[] are subject to ! civil laws is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #e4 ,t ! supreme p[] may be divid$ is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #f4 ,t fai? & sanctity are n acquir$ by /udy & reason1 b always sup]naturally infus$ & inspir$1 is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #g4 ,t ea* subject ha? a propriety or absolute dom9ion ( 8 own goods is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #h4 ,n to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p & ! multitude1 prep>es t[>d s$ition4 #i4 ,too great a tax ( money1 ?\gh nev] s j & necess>y1 prep>es t[>d s$ition4 #aj4 ,ambition dispose? u to s$ition4 #aa4 ,s do? ! hope ( success4 #ab4 ,eloqu5ce alone )\t wisdom1 is ! only faculty ne$ful to raise s$itions4 #ac4 ,h[ ! folly ( ! common p1 & ! elocution ( ambiti\s m51 concur to ! de/ruction ( a common-weal4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! judgm5t ( good & evil belongs to private p]sons1 is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #a4 ,hi!rto ha? be5 spok51 by :at causes & pacts commonweals are con/itut$1 & :at ! rights ( pr9ces are ov] _! subjects4 ,n[ we w briefly say some:at conc]n+ ! causes :i* dissolve !m1 or ! reasons ( s$itions4 ,n[ z 9 ! motion ( natural bodies ?ree ?+s are to be consid]$1 namely1 int]nal disposition1 t !y be susceptible ( ! motion to be produc$2 ! ext]nal ag5t1 :]eby a c]ta9 & det]m9$ motion may 9 act be produc$2 & ! action itself3 s also 9 a commonweal :]e ! subjects beg9 to raise tumults1 ?ree ?+s pres5t !mselves to our reg>d2 fir/1 ! doctr9es & ! passions contr>y to peace1 :]e) ! m9ds ( m5 are fitt$ & dispos$2 next1 _! quality & condition :o solicit1 assemble1 & direct !m1 already ?us dispos$1 to take up arms & quit _! allegiance2 la/ly1 ! mann] h[ ?is is done1 or ! faction itself4 ,b "o & ! fir/ :i* dispose? !m to s$ition1 is ?is1 t ! k ( good & evil belongs to ea* s+le man4 ,9 ! /ate ( nature inde$1 :]e e man lives by equal "r1 & has n by any mutual pacts submitt$ to ! comm& ( o!rs1 we h grant$ ?is to be true2 nay1 prov$ x 9 *ap4 ,i4 art4 #i4 ,b 9 ! civil /ate x is false4 ,= x 0 %[n 7*ap4 ,,vi4 art4 #i7 t ! civil laws 7 ! rules ( good & evil1 j & unju/1 hone/ & di%one/2 t !re=e :at ! legislator comm&s1 mu/ be held = good1 & :at he =bids = evil4 ,& ! legislator is ev] t p]son :o ha? ! supreme p[] 9 ! commonweal1 t is to say1 ! mon>* 9 a mon>*y4 ,we h confirm$ ! same tru? 9 *ap4 ,,xi4 art4 #b1 out ( ! words ( ,solomon4 ,= if private m5 may pursue t z good & %un t z evil1 :i* appe>s to !m to be s1 to :at end s]ve ^? words ( 83 ,give !re=e unto ?y s]vant an und]/&+ he>t1 to judge ?y p1 t ,i may disc]n betwe5 good & evil8 ,s9ce !re=e x belongs to k+s to disc]n betwe5 good & evil1 wick$ are ^?1 ?\gh usual1 say+s1 t he only is a k+ :o does righte\sly1 & t k+s mu/ n be obey$ unless !y comm& u j ?+s2 & _m o!r su* l4 ,be=e !re 0 any gov]nm5t1 j & unju/ _h no be+1 _! nature only be+ relative to "s comm&3 & e action 9 its own nature is indiff]5t2 t x becomes j or unju/1 proce$s f ! "r ( ! magi/rate4 ,legitimate k+s !re=e make ! ?+s !y comm& j1 by comm&+ !m1 & ^? :i* !y =bid1 unju/1 by =bidd+ !m4 ,b private m51 :ile !y assume to !mselves ! k ( good & evil1 desire to be ev5 z k+s2 :i* _c be ) ! safety ( ! commonweal4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( all ,god's comm&s is1 7,g54 ii4 #ag73 ,?\ %alt n eat ( ! tree ( k ( good & evil3 & ! mo/ anci5t ( all diabolical temptations1 7,g54 iii4 #e73 ,ye %all be z gods1 kn[+ good & evil2 & ,god's expo/ulation ) man1 7v]se #aa73 ,:o told !e t ?\ w]t nak$8 ,ha/ ?\ eat5 ( ! tree1 :]e( ,i comm&$ !e t ?\ %\ld/ n eat8 ,z if he _h said1 h[ come/ ?\ to judge t nak$ness1 :]e9 x seem$ good to me to create !e1 to be %ameful1 except ?\ h arrogat$ to ?yself ! k ( good & evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,t subjects d s9 9 obey+ _! pr9ces1 is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #b4 ,:atsoev] any man do? aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 is a s92 = he :o do? s1 contemns ! law4 ,b we mu/ di/+ui%4 ,t is my s9 inde$1 :i* committ+ ,i d believe to be my s92 b :at ,i believe to be ano!r man's s91 ,i may sometimes d t )\t any s9 ( m9e4 ,= if ,i be comm&$ to d t :i* is a s9 9 him :o comm&s me1 if ,i d x1 & he t comm&s me be by "r "l ov] me1 ,i s9 n4 ,= if ,i wage w> at ! comm&m5t ( my pr9ce1 conceiv+ ! w> to be unju/ly und]tak51 ,i d n !re=e d unju/ly2 b r if ,i refuse to d x1 arrogat+ to myself ! k ( :at is j & unju/1 :i* p]ta9s only to my pr9ce4 ,!y :o obs]ve n ?is di/9ction1 w fall into a necessity ( s9n+1 z (t z any?+ is comm&$ !m :i* ei!r is1 or seems to be unlawful to !m3 = if !y obey1 !y s9 aga9/ _! consci5ce2 & if !y obey n1 aga9/ "r4 ,if !y s9 aga9/ _! consci5ce1 !y decl>e t !y fe> n ! pa9s ( ! _w to come2 if !y s9 aga9/ "r1 !y d1 z mu* z 9 !m lies1 aboli% human society & ! civil life ( ! pres5t _w4 ,_! op9ion !re=e :o tea*1 t subjects s9 :5 !y obey _! pr9ce's comm&s :i* to !m seem unju/1 is bo? errone\s1 & to be reckon$ among ^? :i* are contr>y to civil ob$i5ce2 & x dep5ds ^u t orig9al error :i* we h obs]v$ above1 9 ! =ego+ article4 ,= by our tak+ ^u u to judge ( good & evil1 we are ! occasion t z well our ob$i5ce1 z disob$i5ce1 becomes s9 unto u4 ,sid5ote3 ,t tyrannicide is lawful1 is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #c4 ,! ?ird s$iti\s doctr9e spr+s f ! same root1 t tyrannicide is lawful2 nay1 at ?is day x is by _m div9es1 & ( old x 0 by all ! philosoph]s1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,plut>*1 & ! re/ ( ! ma9ta9]s ( ! ,greek & ,roman an>*ies1 held n only lawful1 b ev5 wor?y ( ! greate/ praise4 ,& "u ! title ( tyrants1 !y mean n only mon>*s1 b all ^? :o be> ! *ief rule 9 any gov]nm5t :atsoev]2 = n ,pisi/ratus only at ,a!ns1 b ^? ,?irty also :o succe$$ him1 & rul$ toge!r1 7 all call$ tyrants4 ,b he :om m5 require to be put to dea? z be+ a tyrant1 comm&s ei!r by "r or )\t "r4 ,if )\t "r1 he is an enemy1 & by "r to be put to dea?2 b !n ?is mu/ n be call$ ! kill+ a tyrant1 b an enemy4 ,if by "r1 !n ! div9e int]rogation takes place3 ,:o ha? told !e t he 0 a tyrant8 ,ha/ ?\ eat5 ( ! tree1 :]e( ,i comm&$ !e t ?\ %\ld/ n eat8 ,= :y do/ ?\ call him a tyrant1 :om ,god ha? made a k+1 except t ?\1 be+ a private p]son1 usurpe/ to ?yself ! k ( good & evil8 ,b h[ p]nici\s ?is op9ion is to all gov]nm5ts1 b especially to t :i* is mon>*ical1 we may h5ce disc]n2 namely1 t by x e k+1 :e!r good or ill1 /&s expos$ to be condemn$ by ! judgm5t1 & sla9 by ! h& ( e murd]\s villa94 ,sid5ote3 ,t ev5 !y :o h ! supreme p[] are subject to ! civil laws1 is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #d4 ,! f\r? op9ion adv]s>y to civil society1 is _!'s :o hold1 t !y :o be> rule are subject also to ! civil laws4 ,:i* ha? be5 suffici5tly prov$ be=e n to be true1 9 *ap ,,vi4 art4 #ad1 f ?is argum5t3 t a city c nei!r be b\nd to itself1 nor to any subject2 n to itself1 because no man c be oblig$ except x be to ano!r2 n to any subject1 because ! s+le wills ( ! subjects are conta9$ 9 ! w ( ! city2 insomu* t if ! city w be free f all su* obligation1 ! subjects w s too2 & by consequ5ce %e is s4 ,b t :i* holds true 9 a city1 t mu/ be suppos$ to be true 9 a man1 or an assembly ( m5 :o h ! supreme au?ority2 = !y make a city1 :i* ha? no be+ b by _! supreme p[]4 ,n[ t ?is op9ion _c consi/ ) ! v be+ ( gov]nm5t1 is evid5t f h5ce2 t by x ! k ( :at is good & evil1 t is to say1 ! def9ition ( :at is1 & :at is n aga9/ ! laws1 w\ld return to ea* s+le p]son4 ,ob$i5ce !re=e w cease1 z (t z any?+ seems to be comm&$ contr>y to ! civil laws1 & toge!r ) x all co]cive jurisdiction2 :i* _c possibly be )\t ! de/ruction ( ! v ess5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,yet ?is error ha? great props1 ,ari/otle & o!rs2 :o1 by reason ( human infirmity1 suppose ! supreme p[] to be committ$ ) mo/ security to ! laws only4 ,b !y seem to h look$ v %all[ly into ! nature ( gov]nm5t1 :o ?\ght t ! con/ra9+ p[]1 ! int]pretation ( laws1 & ! mak+ ( laws1 all :i* are p[]s necess>ily belong+ to gov]nm5t1 %\ld be left :olly to ! laws !mselves4 ,n[ al?\gh p>ticul> subjects may sometimes cont5d 9 judgm5t1 & g to law ) ! supreme magi/rate2 yet ?is is only !n1 :5 ! "q is n :at ! magi/rate may1 b :at by a c]ta9 rule he ha? decl>$ he w\ld d4 ,z1 :5 by any law ! judges sit ^u ! life ( a subject1 ! "q is n :e!r ! magi/rate c\ld by 8 absolute "r deprive him ( 8 life2 b :e!r by t law 8 w 0 t he %\ld be depriv$ ( x4 ,b 8 w 01 he %\ld1 if he brake ! law2 else 8 w 01 he %\ld n4 ,?is !re=e1 t a subject may h an action ( law aga9/ 8 supreme magi/rate1 is n /r5g? ( argum5t suffici5t to prove1 t he is ti$ to 8 own laws4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is evid5t t he is n ti$ to 8 own laws2 because no man is b\nd to himself4 ,laws !re=e are set = ,titius & ,caius1 n = ! rul]4 ,h[ev]1 by ! ambition ( lawy]s x is s ord]$1 t ! laws to unskilful m5 seem n to dep5d on ! au?ority ( ! magi/rate1 b _! prud5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! supreme p[] may be divid$1 is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #e4 ,9 ! fif? place1 t ! supreme au?ority may be divid$1 is a mo/ fatal op9ion to all commonweals4 ,b div]se m5 divide x div]se ways4 ,= "s divide x1 s z to grant a supremacy to ! civil p[] 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to peace & ! b5efits ( ?is life2 b 9 ?+s conc]n+ ! salvation ( ! s\l !y transf] x on o!rs4 ,n[1 because ju/ice is ( all ?+s mo/ necess>y to salvation1 x happ5s t subjects measur+ ju/ice1 n z !y ought1 by ! civil laws1 b by ! precepts & doctr9es ( !m :o1 9 reg>d ( ! magi/rate1 are ei!r private m5 or /rang]s1 ?r\gh a sup]/iti\s fe> d>e n p]=m ! ob$i5ce due to _! pr9ces2 ?r\gh fe> fall+ into t :i* !y mo/ fe>$4 ,n[ :at c be m p]nici\s to any /ate1 ?an t m5 %\ld1 by ! appreh5sion ( ev]la/+ torm5ts1 be det]r$ f obey+ _! pr9ces1 t is to say1 ! laws2 or f be+ j8 ,!re are also "s1 :o divide ! supreme au?ority s z to all[ ! p[] ( w> & peace unto "o :om !y call a mon>*2 b ! "r ( rais+ money !y give to "s o!rs1 & n to him4 ,b because monies are ! s9ews ( w> & peace1 !y :o ?us divide ! au?ority1 d ei!r really n divide x at all1 b place x :olly 9 !m 9 ^: p[] ! money is1 b give ! "n ( x to ano!r3 or if !y d really divide x1 !y dissolve ! gov]nm5t4 ,= nei!r ^u necessity c w> be wag$1 nor c ! public peace be pres]v$ )\t money4 ,sid5ote3 ,t fai? & hol9ess are n acquir$ by /udy & reason1 b are ev] sup]naturally infus$ & inspir$1 is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #f4 ,x is a common doctr9e1 t fai? & hol9ess are n acquir$ by /udy & natural reason1 b are always sup]naturally infus$ & inspir$ into m54 ,:i*1 if x 7 true1 ,i und]/& n :y we %\ld be comm&$ to give an acc\nt ( our fai?2 or :y any man1 :o is truly a ,*ri/ian1 %\ld n be a prophet2 or la/ly1 :y e man %\ld n judge :at is fit = him to d1 :at to avoid1 r out ( 8 own inspiration1 ?an by ! precepts ( 8 sup]iors or "r reason4 ,a return !re=e mu/ be made to ! private k ( good & evil2 :i* _c be grant$ )\t ! ru9 ( all gov]nm5ts4 ,?is op9ion ha? spread itself s l>gely ?r\gh ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w1 t ! numb] ( apo/ates f natural reason is almo/ become inf9ite4 ,& x sprang f sick-bra9$ m51 :o hav+ gott5 good /ore ( holy words by frequ5t read+ ( ! ,scriptures1 made su* a connexion ( !m usually 9 _! prea*+1 t _! s]mons1 signify+ j no?+1 yet to unle>n$ m5 seem$ mo/ div9e4 ,= he ^: nons5se appe>s to be a div9e spee*1 mu/ necess>ily seem to be inspir$ f above4 ,sid5ote3 ,t s+le subjects h any propriety or absolute dom9ion ov] _! own goods1 is a s$iti\s op9ion4 #g4 ,! sev5? doctr9e opposite to gov]nm5t1 is ?is2 t ea* subject ha? an absolute dom9ion ov] ! goods he is 9 possession (3 t is to say1 su* a propriety z excludes n only ! "r ( all ! re/ ( 8 fell[-subjects to ! same goods1 b also ( ! magi/rate himself4 ,:i* is n true2 = !y :o h a "l ov] !m1 h !mselves no lord%ip1 z ha? be5 prov$ *ap4 viii4 art4 #e4 ,n[ ! magi/rate is "l ( all 8 subjects1 by ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t4 ,be=e ! yoke ( civil society 0 und]tak51 no man _h any prop] "r2 all ?+s 7 common to all m54 ,tell me !re=e1 h[ gotte/ ?\ ?is propriety b f ! magi/rate8 ,h[ got ! magi/rate x1 b t e man transf]r$ 8 "r on him8 ,& ?\ !re=e ha/ also giv5 up ?y "r to him4 ,?y dom9ion !re=e1 & propriety1 is j s mu* z he w1 & %all la/ s long z he pleases2 ev5 z 9 a family1 ea* son ha? su* prop] goods1 & s long la/+1 z seems good to ! fa!r4 ,b ! greate/ "p ( m5 :o pr(ess civil prud5ce1 reason o!rwise4 ,we are equal1 say !y1 by nature2 !re is no reason :y any man %\ld by bett] "r take my goods f me1 ?an ,i 8 f him4 ,we "k t money sometimes is ne$ful = ! def5ce & ma9t5ance ( ! public2 b let !m :o require x1 %[ u ! pres5t necessity1 & !y %all receive x4 ,!y :o talk ?us "k n1 t :at !y w\ld h1 is already done f ! beg9n+1 9 ! v con/itution ( gov]nm5t2 & !re=e speak+ z 9 a dissolute multitude & yet n fa%ion$ gov]nm5t1 !y de/roy ! frame4 ,sid5ote3 ,n to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 a p & a multitude1 prep>es to s$ition4 #h4 ,9 ! la/ place1 x is a great h9drance to civil gov]nm5t1 especially mon>*ical1 t m5 di/+ui% n en\gh betwe5 a p & a multitude4 ,! p is some:at t is "o1 hav+ "o w1 & to :om "o action may be attribut$2 none ( ^! c prop]ly be said ( a multitude4 ,! p rules 9 all gov]nm5ts4 ,= ev5 9 mon>*ies ! p comm&s2 = ! p wills by ! w ( "o man2 b ! multitude are citiz5s1 t is to say1 subjects4 ,9 a democracy & ari/ocracy1 ! citiz5s are ! multitude1 b ! c\rt is ! p4 ,& 9 a mon>*y1 ! subjects are ! multitude1 & 7h[ev] x seem a p>adox7 ! k+ is ! p4 ,! common sort ( m51 & o!rs :o little consid] ^! tru?s1 d always speak ( a great numb] ( m5 z ( ! p1 t is to say1 ! city4 ,!y say1 t ! city ha? rebell$ aga9/ ! k+ 7:i* is impossible71 & t ! p w & nill :at murmur+ & discont5t$ subjects w\ld h or w\ld n h2 "u pret5ce ( ! p /irr+ up ! citiz5s aga9/ ! city1 t is to say1 ! multitude aga9/ ! p4 ,& ^! are almo/ all ! op9ions1 :]e) subjects be+ ta9t$ d easily tumult4 ,& =asmu* z 9 all mann] ( gov]nm5t maje/y is to be pres]v$ by him or !m1 :o h ! supreme au?ority2 ! crim5 ls maje/atis naturally cleaves to ^! op9ions4 ,sid5ote3 ,too great a tax ( money1 ?\gh nev] s j & necess>y1 dispose? m5 to s$ition4 #i4 ,!re is no?+ m afflicts ! m9d ( man ?an pov]ty1 or ! want ( ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y = ! pres]vation ( life & hon\r4 ,& ?\gh !re be no man b kn[s1 t ri*es are gott5 ) indu/ry1 & kept by frugality1 yet all ! poor commonly lay ! blame on ! evil gov]nm5t1 excus+ _! own slo? & luxury2 z if _! private goods =soo? 7 wa/$ by public exactions4 ,b m5 mu/ consid]1 t !y :o h no patrimony1 mu/ n only lab\r t !y may live1 b fight too t !y may lab\r4 ,e "o ( ! ,jews1 :o 9 ,esdras' "t built ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 did ! "w ) "o h&1 & held ! sword 9 ! o!r4 ,9 all gov]nm5t1 we mu/ conceive t ! h& :i* holds ! sword1 is ! k+ or supreme c\ncil1 :i* is no less to be su/a9$ & n\ri%$ by ! subjects' c>e & indu/ry1 ?an t :]e) ea* man procures himself a private =tune2 & t cu/oms & tributes are no?+ else b _! rew>d :o wat* 9 arms = u1 t ! lab\rs & endeav\rs ( s+le m5 may n be mole/$ by ! incursion ( enemies2 & t _! compla9t1 :o impute _! pov]ty to public p]sons1 is n m j1 ?an if !y %\ld say t !y are become 9 want by pay+ ( _! debts4 ,b ! mo/ "p ( m5 consid] no?+ ( ^! ?+s4 ,= !y suff] ! same ?+ ) !m :o h a disease !y call an incubus2 :i* spr++ f gluttony1 x makes m5 believe !y are invad$1 oppress$1 & /ifl$ ) a great weight4 ,n[ x is a ?+ manife/ ( itself1 t !y :o seem to !mselves to be bur!n$ ) ! :ole load ( ! commonweal1 are prone to be s$iti\s2 & t !y are affect$ ) *ange1 :o are di/a/$ at ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,ambition dispose? m5 to s$ition3 #aj4 ,ano!r noxi\s disease ( ! m9d is !irs1 :o hav+ little employm5t1 want hon\r & dignity4 ,all m5 naturally /rive = hon\r & pref]m5t2 b *iefly !y1 :o are lea/ tr\bl$ ) c>+ = necess>y ?+s4 ,= ^! m5 are invit$ by _! vacancy1 sometimes to disputation among !mselves conc]n+ ! commonweal1 sometimes to an easy read+ ( hi/ories1 politics1 orations1 poems1 & o!r pleasant books2 & x happ5s t h5ce !y ?9k !mselves suffici5tly furni%$ bo? ) wit & le>n+1 to adm9i/] matt]s ( ! greate/ consequ5ce4 ,n[ because all m5 are n :at !y appe> to !mselves2 & if !y 71 yet all 7by reason ( ! multitude7 c\ld n be receiv$ to public (fices2 x is necess>y t _m mu/ be pass$ by4 ,^! !re=e conceiv+ !mselves affront$1 c desire no?+ m1 p>tly out ( envy to ^? :o 7 pref]r$ be=e !m1 p>tly out ( hope to ov]:elm !m1 ?an ill-success to ! public consultations4 ,& !re=e x is no m>vel1 if ) gre$y appetites !y seek = occasions ( innovations4 ,sid5ote3 ,s do? hope ( success4 #aa4 ,! hope ( ov]com+ is also to be numb]$ among o!r s$iti\s incl9ations4 ,= let !re be z _m m5 z y w1 infect$ ) op9ions repugnant to peace & civil gov]nm5t2 let !re be z _m z !re c1 nev] s mu* w\nd$ & torn ) affronts & calumnies by !m :o are 9 au?ority2 yet if !re be no hope ( hav+ ! bett] ( !m1 or x appe> n suffici5t1 !re w no s$ition foll[2 e man w dissemble 8 ?\ghts1 & r cont5t himself ) ! pres5t bur!n ?an haz>d a heavi] weight4 ,!re are f\r ?+s necess>ily requisite to ?is hope4 ,numb]s1 in/rum5ts1 mutual tru/1 & comm&]s4 ,to resi/ public magi/rates )\t a great numb]1 is n s$ition1 b desp]ation4 ,by in/rum5ts ( w>1 ,i mean all mann] ( arms1 munition1 & o!r necess>y provision3 )\t :i* numb] c d no?+4 ,nor arms nei!r1 )\t mutual tru/4 ,nor all ^!1 )\t union "u "s comm&]1 :om ( _! own accord !y are cont5t to obey2 n z be+ engag$ by _! submission to 8 comm&2 7= we h already 9 ?is v *apt]1 suppos$ ^! k9d ( m5 n to und]/& be+ oblig$ beyond t :i* seems "r & good 9 _! own eyes72 b = "s op9ion !y h ( 8 virtue1 or milit>y skill1 or resemblance ( hum\rs4 ,if ^! f\r be ne> at h& to m5 griev$ ) ! pres5t /ate1 & measur+ ! ju/ice ( _! actions by _! own judgm5ts2 !re w be no?+ want+ to s$ition & confusion ( ! realm1 b "o to /ir up & quick5 !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,eloqu5ce alone )\t wisdom is ! only faculty ne$ful to raise s$itions4 #ab4 ,sallu/'s "* ( ,catal9e1 ?an :om !re nev] 0 a great] arti/ 9 rais+ s$itions1 is ?is3 t he _h great eloqu5ce1 & little wisdom4 ,he sep>ates wisdom f eloqu5ce2 attribut+ ?is z necess>y to a man born = commotions2 adjudg+ t z an in/ructress ( peace & quietness4 ,n[ eloqu5ce is tw(old4 ,! "o is an elegant & cle> expression ( ! conceptions ( ! m9d2 & rise? p>tly f ! contemplation ( ! ?+s !mselves1 p>tly f an und]/&+ ( words tak5 9 _! own prop] & def9ite signification4 ,! o!r is a commotion ( ! passions ( ! m9d1 su* z are hope1 fe>1 ang]1 pity2 & d]ives f a metaphorical use ( words fitt$ to ! passions4 ,t =ms a spee* f true pr9ciples2 ?is f op9ions already receiv$1 :at nature soev] !y are (4 ,! art ( t is logic1 ( ?is rhetoric2 ! end ( t is tru?1 ( ?is victory4 ,ea* ha? its use2 t 9 delib]ations1 ?is 9 exhortations2 = t is nev] disjo9$ f wisdom1 b ?is almo/ ev]4 ,b t ?is k9d ( p[]ful eloqu5ce1 sep>at$ f ! true k ( ?+s1 t is to say1 f wisdom1 is ! true "* ( !m :o solicit & /ir up ! p to innovations1 may easily be ga!r$ out ( ! "w itself :i* !y h to d4 ,= !y c\ld n poison ! p ) ^? absurd op9ions contr>y to peace & civil society1 unless !y held !m !mselves2 :i* sure is an ignorance great] ?an c well befall any wise man4 ,= he t kn[s n :5ce ! laws d]ive _! p[]1 :i* are ! rules ( j & unju/1 hone/ & di%one/1 good & evil2 :at makes & pres]ves peace among m51 :at de/roys x2 :at is 81 & :at ano!r's2 la/ly1 :at he w\ld h done to himself1 t he may d ! l to o!rs3 is surely to be acc\nt$ b meanly wise4 ,b t !y c turn _! auditors out ( fools into madm52 t !y c make ?+s to !m :o are ill-affect$1 seem worse1 to !m :o are well-affect$1 seem evil2 t !y c enl>ge _! hopes1 less5 _! dang]s beyond reason3 ?is !y h f t sort ( eloqu5ce1 n :i* expla9s ?+s z !y are1 b f t o!r1 :i* by mov+ _! m9ds1 makes all ?+s to appe> to be su* z !y 9 _! m9ds1 prep>$ be=e1 _h already conceiv$ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ ! folly ( ! common p1 & ! eloqu5ce ( ambiti\s m51 concur to ! dissolution ( a commonweal4 #ac4 ,_m m51 :o are !mselves v well affect$ to civil society1 d ?r\gh want ( k co-op]ate to ! dispos+ ( subjects' m9ds to s$ition1 :il/ !y tea* "y m5 a doctr9e con=mable to ! said op9ions 9 _! s*ools1 & all ! p 9 _! pulpits4 ,n[ !y :o desire to br+ ?is disposition into act1 place _! :ole endeav\r 9 ?is3 fir/1 t !y may jo9 ! ill-affect$ toge!r into faction & conspiracy2 next1 t !mselves may h ! greate/ /roke 9 ! faction4 ,!y ga!r !m into faction1 :ile !y make !mselves ! relators & int]pret]s ( ! c\nsels & actions ( s+le m51 & nom9ate ! p]sons & places to assemble & delib]ate ( su* ?+s :]eby ! pres5t gov]nm5t may be re=m$1 accord+ z x %all seem be/ to _! int]e/s4 ,n[ to ! end t !y !mselves may h ! *ief rule 9 ! faction1 ! faction mu/ be kept 9 a faction2 t is to say1 !y mu/ h _! secret meet+s ap>t ) a few1 :]e !y may ord] :at %all aft]w>d be prop\nd$ 9 a g5]al meet+1 & by :om1 & on :at subject1 & 9 :at ord] ea* ( !m %all speak1 & h[ !y may draw ! p[]fulle/ & mo/ popul> m5 ( ! faction to _! side4 ,& ?us :5 !y h gott5 a faction big en\gh1 9 :i* !y may rule by _! eloqu5ce1 !y move x to take ^u x ! manag+ ( affairs4 ,& ?us !y sometimes oppress ! commonweal?1 namely1 :]e !re is no o!r faction to oppose !m2 b = ! mo/ "p !y r5d x1 & introduce a civil w>4 ,= folly & eloqu5ce concur 9 ! subv]sion ( gov]nm5t1 9 ! same mann] 7z ! fable ha? x7 z h]et(ore ! daught]s ( ,pelias1 k+ ( ,!ssaly1 conspir$ ) ,m$ea aga9/ _! fa!r4 ,!y go+ to re/ore ! decrepit old man to 8 y\? aga91 by ! c\nsel ( ,m$ea !y cut him into pieces1 & set him 9 ! fire to boil2 9 va9 expect+ :5 he w\ld live aga94 ,s ! common p1 ?r\gh _! folly1 l ! daught]s ( ,pelias1 desir+ to r5ew ! anci5t gov]nm5t1 be+ drawn away by ! eloqu5ce ( ambiti\s m51 z x 7 by ! wit*craft ( ,m$ea2 divid$ into faction !y consume x r by ^? flames1 ?an !y re=m x4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,!m ,,:o ,,be> ,,rule4 #a4 ,! "r ( supreme au?ority is di/+ui%$ f its ex]cise4 #b4 ,! safety ( ! p is ! supreme law4 #c4 ,x behoves pr9ces to reg>d ! common b5efit ( _m1 n ! peculi> int]e/ ( ?is or t man4 #d4 ,t by safety is und]/ood all mann] ( conv5i5ces4 #e4 ,a qu]y1 :e!r x be ! duty ( k+s to provide = ! salvation ( _! subjects' s\ls1 z !y %all judge be/ accord+ to _! own consci5ces4 #f4 ,:]e9 ! safety ( ! p consi/s4 #g4 ,t discov]]s are necess>y = ! def5ce ( ! p4 #h4 ,t to h soldi]s1 arms1 g>risons1 & moneys 9 read9ess1 9 "t ( peace1 is also necess>y = ! def5ce ( ! p4 #i4 ,a "r in/ruction ( subjects 9 civil doctr9es1 is necess>y = ! pres]v+ ( peace4 #aj4 ,equal di/ributions ( public (fices conduces mu* to ! pres]vation ( peace4 #aa4 ,x is natural equity1 t monies be tax$ accord+ to :at e man sp5ds1 n :at he possesses4 #ab4 ,x conduce? to ! pres]vation ( peace1 to keep d[n ambiti\s m54 #ac4 ,& to break factions4 #ad4 ,laws :]eby ?riv+ arts are *]i%$ & great co/s re/ra9$1 conduce to ! enri*+ ( ! subject4 #ae4 ,t m ought n to be def9$ by ! laws1 ?an ! b5efit ( ! pr9ce & 8 subjects requires4 #af4 ,t great] puni%m5ts mu/ n be inflict$1 ?an are prescrib$ by ! laws4 #ac4 ,subjects mu/ h "r done !m aga9/ corrupt judges4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "r ( supreme au?ority is di/+ui%$ f its ex]cise4 #a4 ,by :at ha? hi!rto be5 said1 ! duties ( citiz5s & subjects 9 any k9d ( gov]nm5t :atsoev]1 & ! p[] ( ! supreme rul] ov] !m are app>5t4 ,b we h z yet said no?+ ( ! duties ( rul]s1 & h[ !y ought to behave !mselves t[>ds _! subjects4 ,we mu/ !n di/+ui% betwe5 ! "r & ! ex]cise ( supreme au?ority2 = !y c be divid$4 ,z = example1 :5 he :o ha? ! "r1 ei!r _c or w n be pres5t 9 judg+ trespasses1 or delib]at+ ( affairs4 ,= k+s sometimes by reason ( _! age _c ord] _! affairs2 sometimes also1 ?\gh !y c d x !mselves1 yet !y judge x fitt]1 be+ satisfi$ 9 ! *oice ( _! (fic]s & c\nsellors1 to ex]cise _! p[] by !m4 ,n[ :]e ! "r & ex]cise are sev]$1 !re ! gov]nm5t ( ! commonweal is l ! ord9>y gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 9 :i* ,god1 ! mov] ( all ?+s1 produce? natural effects by ! means ( second>y causes4 ,b :]e he to :om ! "r ( rul+ do? belong1 is himself pres5t 9 all judicatures1 consultations1 & public actions1 !re ! adm9i/ration is su*1 z if ,god1 beyond ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 %\ld imm$iately apply himself unto all matt]s4 ,we w !re=e 9 ?is *apt] summ>ily & briefly speak some:at conc]n+ _! duties1 :o ex]cise au?ority1 :e!r by _! own or o!r's "r4 ,nor is x my purpose to desc5d into ^? ?+s1 :i* be+ div]se f o!rs1 "s pr9ces may d1 = ?is is to be left to ! political practices ( ea* commonweal4 ,sid5ote3 ,! safety ( ! p is ! supreme law4 #b4 ,n[ all ! duties ( rul]s are conta9$ 9 ?is "o s5t5ce1 ! safety ( ! p is ! supreme law4 ,= al?\gh !y :o among m5 obta9 ! *iefe/ dom9ion1 _c be subject to laws prop]ly s call$1 t is to say1 to ! w ( m51 because to be *ief & subject1 are contradictories2 yet is x _! duty 9 all ?+s1 z mu* z possibly !y c1 to yield ob$i5ce unto "r reason1 :i* is ! natural1 moral1 & div9e law4 ,b because dom9ions 7 con/itut$ = peace's sake1 & peace 0 s\ght aft] = safety's sake2 he1 :o be+ plac$ 9 au?ority1 %all use 8 p[] o!rwise ?an to ! safety ( ! p1 w act aga9/ ! reasons ( peace1 t is to say1 aga9/ ! laws ( nature4 ,n[ z ! safety ( ! p dictates a law by :i* pr9ces "k _! duty1 s do? x also tea* !m an art h[ to procure !mselves a b5efit2 = ! p[] ( ! citiz5s is ! p[] ( ! city1 t is to say1 8 t be>s ! *ief rule 9 any /ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is ! duty ( pr9ces to respect ! common b5efit ( _m1 n ! peculi> int]e/ ( ?is or t man4 #c4 ,by ! p 9 ?is place we und]/&1 n "o civil p]son1 namely1 ! city itself :i* gov]ns1 b ! multitude ( subjects :i* are gov]n$4 ,= ! city 0 n in/itut$ = its own1 b = ! subjects' sake3 & yet a p>ticul> c>e is n requir$ ( ?is or t man4 ,= ! rul] 7z su*7 provides no o!rwise = ! safety ( 8 p1 ?an by 8 laws1 :i* are univ]sal2 & !re=e he ha? fully dis*>g$ himself1 if he h ?or\ghly endeav\r$ by :olesome con/itutions to e/abli% ! welf>e ( ! mo/ "p1 & made x z la/+ z may be2 & t no man suff] ill1 b by 8 own default1 or by "s *ance :i* c\ld n be prev5t$4 ,b x sometimes conduces to ! safety ( ! mo/ "p1 t wick$ m5 d suff]4 ,sid5ote3 ,by safety is und]/ood all mann] ( b5efits4 #d4 ,b by safety mu/ be und]/ood1 n ! sole pres]vation ( life 9 :at condition soev]1 b 9 ord] to its happ9ess4 ,= to ?is end did m5 freely assemble !mselves & in/itute a gov]nm5t1 t !y might1 z mu* z _! human condition w\ld af=d1 live delightfully4 ,!y !re=e :o _h und]tak5 ! adm9i/ration ( p[] 9 su* a k9d ( gov]nm5t1 w\ld s9 aga9/ ! law ( nature1 7because aga9/ _! tru/1 :o _h committ$ t p[] unto !m71 if !y %\ld n /udy1 z mu* z by good laws c\ld be effect$1 to furni% _! subjects abundantly1 n only ) ! good ?+s belong+ to life1 b also ) ^? :i* advance to delectation4 ,!y :o h acquir$ dom9ion by arms1 d all desire t _! subjects may be /rong 9 body & m9d1 t !y may s]ve !m ! bett]4 ,:]e=e if !y %\ld n endeav\r to provide !m1 n only ) su* ?+s :]eby !y may live1 b also ) su* :]eby !y may gr[ /rong & lu/y1 !y w\ld act aga9/ _! own scope & end4 ,sid5ote3 ,qu]y1 :e!r x be ! duty ( k+s to provide = ! salvation ( _! subjects' s\ls1 z !y %all judge be/ 9 _! own consci5ces4 #e4 ,& fir/ ( all1 pr9ces d believe t x ma9ly conc]ns et]nal salvation1 :at op9ions are held ( ! ,deity1 & :at mann] ( wor%ip he is to be ador$ )4 ,:i* be+ suppos$1 x may be dem&$ :e!r *ief rul]s1 & :osoev] !y be1 :e!r "o or m1 :o ex]cise supreme au?ority1 s9 n aga9/ ! law ( nature1 if !y cause n su* a doctr9e & wor%ip to be taught & practis$1 or p]mit a contr>y to be taught & practis$1 z !y believe necess>ily conduce? to ! et]nal salvation ( _! subjects4 ,x is manife/ t !y act aga9/ _! consci5ce2 & t !y w1 z mu* z 9 !m lies1 ! et]nal p]dition ( _! subjects4 ,= if !y will$ x n1 ,i see no reason :y !y %\ld suff] 7:5 be+ supreme !y _c be compell$7 su* ?+s to be taught & done1 = :i* !y believe !m to be 9 a damnable /ate4 ,b we w leave ?is difficulty 9 susp5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,:]e9 ! safety ( ! p consi/s4 #f4 ,! b5efits ( subjects1 respect+ ?is life only1 may be di/ribut$ into f\r k9ds4 #a4 ,t !y be def5d$ aga9/ =eign enemies4 #b4 ,t peace be pres]v$ at home4 #c4 ,t !y be enri*$1 z mu* z may consi/ ) public security4 #d4 ,t !y enjoy a h>mless lib]ty4 ,= supreme comm&]s c conf] no m to _! civil happ9ess1 ?an t be+ pres]v$ f =eign & civil w>s1 !y may quietly enjoy t weal? :i* !y h pur*as$ by _! own indu/ry4 ,sid5ote3 ,t discov]]s are necess>y = ! def5ce ( ! p4 #g4 ,!re are two ?+s necess>y = ! p's def5ce2 to be w>n$ & to be =e>m$4 ,= ! /ate ( commonweal?s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 is natural1 t is to say1 ho/ile4 ,nei!r if !y cease f fight+1 is x !re=e to be call$ peace2 b r a brea?+ "t1 9 :i* "o enemy obs]v+ ! motion & c\nt5ance ( ! o!r1 values 8 security n accord+ to ! pacts1 b ! =ces & c\nsels ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,& ?is by natural "r1 z ha? be5 %[$ 9 *ap4 ,,ii4 art4 #aa1 f ?is1 t contracts are invalid 9 ! /ate ( nature1 z (t z any j fe> do? int]v5e4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to ! def5ce ( ! city1 fir/1 t !re be "s :o may1 z ne> z may be1 se>* into & discov] ! c\nsels & motions ( all ^? :o may prejudice x4 ,= discov]]s to m9i/]s ( /ate1 are l ! beams ( ! sun to ! human s\l4 ,& we may m truly say 9 vision political1 ?an natural1 t ! s5sible & intelligible species ( outw>d ?+s1 n well consid]$ by o!rs1 are by ! air transport$ to ! s\l2 t is to say1 to !m :o h ! supreme au?ority3 & !re=e are !y no less necess>y to ! pres]vation ( ! /ate1 ?an ! rays ( ! light are to ! cons]vation ( man4 ,or if !y be comp>$ to spid]'s webs1 :i*1 ext5d$ on all sides by ! f9e/ ?reads1 d w>n !m1 keep+ 9 _! small holes1 ( all outw>d motions2 !y :o be> rule1 c no m "k :at is necess>y to be comm&$ = ! def5ce ( _! subjects )\t spies1 ?an ^? spid]s c1 :5 !y %all g =?1 & :i!r !y %all repair1 )\t ! motion ( ^? ?reads4 ,sid5ote3 ,to h soldi]s1 arms1 g>risons1 & money 9 read9ess 9 "t ( peace1 is necess>y = ! p's def5ce4 #h4 ,fur!rmore1 x is necess>ily requisite to ! p's def5ce1 t !y be =e>m$4 ,n[ to be =e>m$ is to be furni%$ ) soldi]s1 arms1 %ips1 =ts1 & monies1 be=e ! dang] be in/ant2 = ! lift+ ( soldi]s & tak+ up ( arms aft] a bl[ is giv51 is too late at lea/1 if n impossible4 ,9 l mann]1 n to raise =ts & appo9t g>risons 9 conv5i5t places be=e ! fronti]s are invad$1 is to be l ^? c\ntry swa9s1 7z ,demo/h5es said71 :o ignorant ( ! art ( f5c+1 ) _! buckl]s gu>d$ ^? p>ts ( ! body :]e !y fir/ felt ! sm>t ( ! /rokes4 ,b !y :o ?9k x !n seasonable en\gh to raise monies = ! ma9t5ance ( soldi]s & o!r *>ges ( w>1 :5 ! dang] beg9s to %[ itself1 !y consid] n1 surely1 h[ difficult a matt] x is to wr+ sudd5ly out ( close-fi/$ m5 s va/ a proportion ( monies4 ,= almo/ all m51 :at !y once reckon 9 ! numb] ( _! goods1 d judge !mselves to h su* a "r & propriety 9 x1 z !y conceive !mselves to be injur$ :5soev] !y are =c$ to employ b ! lea/ "p ( x = ! public good4 ,n[ a suffici5t /ock ( monies to def5d ! c\ntry ) arms1 w n soon be rais$ out ( ! treasure ( impo/s & cu/oms4 ,we mu/ !re=e1 = fe> ( w>1 9 "t ( peace ho>d up good sums1 if we int5d ! safety ( ! commonweal4 ,s9ce !re=e x necess>ily belongs to rul]s1 = ! subjects' safety to discov] ! enemy's c\nsel1 to keep g>risons1 & to h money 9 cont9ual read9ess2 & t pr9ces are1 by ! law ( nature1 b\nd to use _! :ole endeav\r 9 procur+ ! welf>e ( _! subjects3 x foll[s1 t x is n only lawful = !m to s5d out spies1 to ma9ta9 soldi]s1 to build =ts1 & to require monies = ^! purposes2 b also n to d ?us is unlawful4 ,to :i* also may be add$1 :atsoev] %all seem to conduce to ! less5+ ( ! p[] ( =eign]s :om !y suspect1 :e!r by slight or =ce4 ,= rul]s are b\nd accord+ to _! p[] to prev5t ! evils !y suspect2 le/ p]adv5ture !y may happ5 ?r\gh _! neglig5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,a "r in/ruction ( subjects 9 civil doctr9es1 is necess>y = ! pres]v+ ( peace4 #i4 ,b _m ?+s are requir$ to ! cons]vation ( inw>d peace2 because _m ?+s concur 7z ha? be5 %[$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]7 to its p]turbation4 ,we h !re %[$1 t "s ?+s !re are1 :i* dispose ! m9ds ( m5 to s$ition1 o!rs :i* move & quick5 !m s dispos$4 ,among ^? :i* dispose !m1 we h reckon$ 9 ! fir/ place c]ta9 p]v]se doctr9es4 ,x is !re=e ! duty ( ^? :o h ! *ief au?ority1 to root ^? out ( ! m9ds ( m51 n by comm&+1 b by tea*+2 n by ! t]ror ( p5alties1 b by ! p]spicuity ( reasons4 ,! laws :]eby ?is evil may be )/ood1 are n to be made aga9/ ! p]sons err+1 b aga9/ ! errors !mselves4 ,^? errors :i*1 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 we affirm$ 7 inconsi/5t ) ! quiet ( ! commonweal1 h crept into ! m9ds ( ignorant m51 p>tly f ! pulpit1 p>tly f ! daily disc\rses ( m51 :o1 by reason ( little employm5t o!rwise1 d f9d leisure en\gh to /udy2 & !y got into ^! m5's m9ds by ! tea*]s ( _! y\? 9 public s*ools4 ,:]e=e also1 on ! o!r side1 if any man w\ld introduce s\nd doctr9e1 he mu/ beg9 f ! academies4 ,!re ! true & truly demon/rat$ f\ndations ( civil doctr9e are to be laid2 :]e) "y m51 be+ once endu$1 !y may aft]w>d1 bo? 9 private & public1 in/ruct ! vulg>4 ,& ?is !y w d s mu* ! m *e]fully & p[]fully1 by h[ mu* !mselves %all be m c]ta9ly conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ^? ?+s !y pr(ess & tea*4 ,= see+ at ?is day m5 receive propositions1 ?\gh false1 & no m intelligible ?an if a man %\ld jo9 toge!r a company ( t]ms drawn by *ance out ( an urn1 by reason ( ! frequ5t use ( he>+ !m2 h[ mu* m w\ld !y = ! same reason ent]ta9 true doctr9es1 suitable to _! own und]/&+s & ! nature ( ?+s8 ,i !re=e conceive x to be ! duty ( supreme (fic]s1 to cause ! true elem5ts ( civil doctr9e to be writt51 & to comm& !m to be taught 9 all ! colleges ( _! sev]al dom9ions4 ,sid5ote3 ,equal di/ribution ( public bur!ns conduce? mu* to ! pres]vation ( peace4 #aj4 ,9 ! next place we %[$1 t grief ( m9d aris+ f want did dispose ! subjects to s$ition2 :i* want1 al?\gh d]iv$ f _! own luxury & slo?1 yet !y impute x to ^? :o gov]n ! realm1 z ?\gh !y 7 dra9$ & oppress$ by public p5sions4 ,not)/&+1 x may sometimes happ5 t ?is compla9t may be j2 namely1 :5 ! bur!ns ( ! realm are unequally impos$ on ! subjects2 = t :i* to all toge!r is b a light weight1 if _m )draw !mselves x w be v heavy1 nay1 ev5 intol]able to ! re/3 nei!r are m5 wont s mu* to grieve at ! bur!n itself1 z at ! inequality4 ,) mu* e>ne/ness !re=e m5 /rive to be fre$ f taxes2 & 9 ?is conflict ! less happy1 z be+ ov]come1 d envy ! m =tunate4 ,to remove !re=e all j compla9t1 x is ! int]e/ ( ! public quiet1 & by consequ5ce x conc]ns ! duty ( ! magi/rate1 to see t ! public bur!ns be equally borne4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce :at is br\ght by ! subjects to public use1 is no?+ else b ! price ( _! b\ght peace1 x is good reason t !y :o equally %>e 9 ! peace1 %\ld also pay an equal "p1 ei!r by contribut+ _! monies or _! lab\rs to ! commonweal4 ,n[ x is ! law ( nature1 7by art4 #ae1 *ap4 ,,iii71 t e man 9 di/ribut+ "r to o!rs1 d c>ry himself equal to all4 ,:]e=e rul]s are1 by ! natural law1 oblig$ to lay ! bur!ns ( ! commonweal equally on _! subjects4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is natural equity1 t monies be tax$ accord+ to :at e man sp5ds1 n to :at he possesse?4 #aa4 ,n[ 9 ?is place we und]/& an equality1 n ( money1 b ( bur!n2 t is to say1 an equality ( reason betwe5 ! bur!ns & ! b5efits4 ,= al?\gh all equally enjoy peace1 yet ! b5efits spr++ f !nce are n equal to all2 = "s get great] possessions1 o!rs less2 & aga91 "s consume less1 o!rs m4 ,x may !re=e be dem&$1 :e!r subjects ought to contribute to ! public accord+ to ! rate ( :at !y ga91 or ( :at !y sp5d3 t is to say1 :e!r ! p]sons mu/ be tax$1 s z to pay contribution accord+ to _! weal?2 or ! goods !mselves1 t e man contribute accord+ to :at he sp5ds4 ,b if we consid]1 :]e monies are rais$ accord+ to weal?1 !re !y :o h made equal ga91 h n equal possessions1 because t "o pres]ves :at he ha? got by frugality1 ano!r wa/es x by luxury1 & !re=e equally rejoic+ 9 ! b5efit ( peace1 !y d n equally su/a9 ! bur!ns ( ! commonweal3 & on ! o!r side1 :]e ! goods !mselves are tax$1 !re e man1 :ile he sp5ds 8 private goods1 9 ! v act ( consum+ !m he undisc]nably pays "p due to ! commonweal1 accord+ to1 n :at he ha?1 b :at by ! b5efit ( ! realm he ha? _h3 x is no m to be d\bt$1 b t ! =m] way ( comm&+ monies is aga9/ equity1 & !re=e aga9/ ! duty ( rul]s2 ! latt] is agreeable to reason1 & ! ex]cise ( _! au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,x conduces to ! pres]vation ( peace1 to depress ! ambiti\s4 #ab4 ,9 ! ?ird place we said1 t t tr\ble ( m9d :i* rise? f ambition1 0 (f5sive to public peace4 ,= !re are "s1 :o seem+ to !mselves to be wis] ?an o!rs1 & m suffici5t = ! manag+ ( affairs ?an !y :o at pres5t d gov]n1 :5 !y c no o!rwise decl>e h[ pr(itable _! virtue w\ld prove to ! commonweal1 !y %[ x by h>m+ x4 ,b because ambition & gre$9ess ( hon\rs _c be root$ out ( ! m9ds ( m51 x is n ! duty ( rul]s to endeav\r x2 b by con/ant application ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts !y may s ord] x1 t m5 may "k t ! way to hon\r is n by contempt ( ! pres5t gov]nm5t1 nor by factions & ! popul> air1 b by ! contr>ies4 ,!y are good m5 :o obs]ve ! decrees1 ! laws1 & rights ( _! fa!rs4 ,if ) a con/ant ord] we saw ^! adorn$ ) hon\rs1 b ! facti\s puni%$ & _h 9 contempt by ^? :o be> comm&1 !re w\ld be m ambition to obey ?an )/&4 ,not)/&+1 x s happ5s sometimes1 t z we mu/ /roke a horse by reason ( 8 too mu* fi]c5ess1 s a /iff-neck$ subject mu/ be flatt]$ = fe> ( 8 p[]2 b z t happ5s :5 ! rid]1 s ?is :5 ! comm&] is 9 dang] ( fall+4 ,b we speak "h ( ^? ^: au?ority & p[] is entire4 ,_! duty1 ,i say1 x is to *]i% ob$i5t subjects1 & to depress ! facti\s all !y c2 nor c ! public p[] be o!rwise pres]v$1 nor ! subjects' quiet )\t x4 ,sid5ote3 ,& to dissolve factions4 #ac4 ,b if x be ! duty ( pr9ces to re/ra9 ! facti\s1 mu* m does x conc]n !m to dissolve & dissipate ! factions !mselves4 ,n[ ,i call a faction1 a multitude ( subjects ga!r$ toge!r ei!r by mutual contracts among !mselves1 or by ! p[] ( "s "o1 )\t 8 or _! au?ority :o be> ! supreme rule4 ,a faction1 !re=e1 is z x 7 a city 9 a city3 = z by an union ( m5 9 ! /ate ( nature1 a city receives its be+1 s by a new union ( subjects !re arise? a faction4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 a multitude ( subjects :o h b\nd !mselves simply to obey any =eign pr9ce or subject1 or h made any pacts or leagues ( mutual def5ce betwe5 !mselves aga9/ all m51 n except+ ^? :o h ! supreme p[] 9 ! city1 is a faction4 ,also fav\r ) ! vulg>1 if x be s great t by x an army may be rais$1 except public caution be giv5 ei!r by ho/ages or "s o!r pl$ges1 conta9s faction 9 x4 ,! same may be said ( private weal?1 if x exce$2 because all ?+s obey money4 ,=asmu* !re=e z x is true1 t ! /ate ( cities among !mselves is natural & ho/ile1 ^? pr9ces :o p]mit factions1 d z mu* z if !y receiv$ an enemy )9 _! walls3 :i* is contr>y to ! subjects' safety1 & !re=e also aga9/ ! law ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,laws :]eby ga9+ arts are *]i%$ & great exp5ses re/ra9$1 d conduce mu* to ! enri*+ ( ! subject4 #ad4 ,!re are two ?+s necess>y to ! enri*+ ( ! subjects1 lab\r & ?rift2 !re is also a ?ird :i* helps1 to wit1 ! natural increase ( ! e>? & wat]2 & !re is a f\r? too1 namely1 ! militia1 :i* sometimes augm5ts1 b m frequ5tly less5s ! subjects' /ock4 ,! two fir/ only are necess>y4 ,= a city con/itut$ 9 an isl& ( ! sea1 no great] ?an w s]ve = dwell+1 may gr[ ri* )\t s[+ or fi%+1 by m]*&ize & h&icrafts only2 b !re is no d\bt1 if !y h a t]ritory1 t !y may be ri*] ) ! same numb]1 or equally ri* be+ a great] numb]4 ,b ! f\r?1 namely1 ! militia1 0 ( old reckon$ 9 ! numb] ( ! ga9+ arts1 "u ! notion ( boot+ or tak+ prey2 & x 0 by mank9d1 disp]s$ by families be=e ! con/itution ( civil societies1 acc\nt$ j & hon\rable4 ,= prey+ is no?+ else b a w> wag$ ) small =ces4 ,& great commonweals1 namely1 t ( ,rome & ,a!ns1 by ! spoils ( w>1 =eign tribute1 & ! t]ritories !y h pur*as$ by _! arms1 h sometimes s improv$ ! commonweal?1 t !y h n only n requir$ any public monies f ! poor] sort ( subjects1 b h also divid$ to ea* ( !m bo? monies & l&s4 ,b ?is k9d ( increase ( ri*es is n to be br\ght into rule & fa%ion4 ,= ! militia1 9 ord] to pr(it1 is l a die2 :]e) _m lose _! e/ates1 b few improve !m4 ,s9ce !re=e !re are ?ree ?+s only1 ! fruits ( ! e>? & wat]1 lab\r1 & ?rift1 :i* are exp$i5t = ! enri*+ ( subjects1 ! duty ( comm&]s 9 *ief %all be conv]sant only ab\t ^? ?ree4 ,= ! fir/ ^? laws w be useful1 :i* c\nt5ance ! arts t improve ! increase ( ! e>? & wat]2 su* z are husb&ry & fi%+4 ,= ! second all laws aga9/ idl5ess1 & su* z quick5 indu/ry1 are pr(itable2 z su* :]eby ! art ( navigation1 by help :]e( ! commodities ( ! :ole _w1 b\ght almo/ by lab\r only1 are br\ght into "o city2 & ! me*anics1 "u :i* ,i compreh5d all ! arts ( ! mo/ excell5t workm52 & ! ma!matical sci5ces1 ! f\nta9s ( navigatory & me*anic employm5ts1 are held 9 due e/eem & hon\r4 ,= ! ?ird ^? laws are useful1 :]eby all inord9ate exp5se1 z well 9 meats z 9 clo!s1 & univ]sally 9 all ?+s :i* are consum$ ) usage1 is =bidd54 ,n[ because su* laws are b5eficial to ! ends above specifi$1 x belongs also to ! (fice ( supreme magi/rates to e/abli% !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,t m ought n to be det]m9$ by ! laws1 ?an ! b5efit ( pr9ce & subjects require4 #ae4 ,! lib]ty ( subjects consi/s n 9 be+ exempt f ! laws ( ! city1 or t !y :o h ! supreme p[] _c make :at laws !y h a m9d to4 ,b because all ! motions & actions ( subjects are nev] circumscrib$ by laws1 nor c be1 by reason ( _! v>iety2 x is necess>y t !re be inf9ite cases :i* are nei!r comm&$ nor prohibit$1 b e man may ei!r d or n d !m z he li/s himself4 ,9 ^!1 ea* man is said to enjoy 8 lib]ty2 & 9 ?is s5se lib]ty is to be und]/ood 9 ?is place1 namely1 = t "p ( natural "r :i* is grant$ & left to subjects by ! civil laws4 ,z wat] inclos$ on all h&s ) banks1 /&s /ill & corrupts2 hav+ no b\nds1 x spreads too l>gely1 & ! m passages x f9ds ! m freely x takes its curr5t2 s subjects1 if !y might d no?+ )\t ! comm&s ( ! law1 w\ld gr[ dull & unwieldy2 if all1 !y w\ld be disp]s$2 & ! m is left undet]m9$ by ! laws1 ! m lib]ty !y enjoy4 ,bo? extremes are faulty2 = laws 7 n inv5t$ to take away1 b to direct m5's actions2 ev5 z nature orda9$ ! banks1 n to /ay1 b to guide ! c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,! measure ( ?is lib]ty is to be tak5 f ! subjects' & ! city's good4 ,:]e=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is aga9/ ! *>ge ( ^? :o comm& & h ! au?ority ( mak+ laws1 t !re %\ld be m laws ?an necess>ily s]ve = good ( ! magi/rate & 8 subjects4 ,= s9ce m5 are wont commonly to debate :at to d or n to d1 by natural reason r ?an any k ( ! laws1 :]e !re are m laws ?an c easily be rememb]$1 & :]eby su* ?+s are =bidd5 z reason ( itself prohibits n ( necessity1 !y mu/ ?r\gh ignorance1 )\t ! lea/ evil int5tion1 fall )9 ! compass ( laws1 z g9s laid to entrap _! h>mless lib]ty2 :i* supreme comm&]s are b\nd to pres]ve = _! subjects by ! laws ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,t great] puni%m5ts mu/ n be inflict$1 ?an are prescrib$ by ! laws4 #af4 ,x is a great "p ( t lib]ty1 :i* is h>mless to civil gov]nm5t & necess>y = ea* subject to live happily1 t !re be no p5alties dread$ b :at !y may bo? =esee & look =2 & ?is is done1 :]e !re are ei!r no puni%m5ts at all def9$ by ! laws1 or great] n requir$ ?an are def9$4 ,:]e !re are none def9$1 !re he t ha? fir/ brok5 ! law1 expects an indef9ite or arbitr>y puni%m5t2 & 8 fe> is suppos$ b\ndless1 because x relates to an unb\nd$ evil4 ,n[ ! law ( nature comm&s !m :o are n subject to any civil laws1 by :at we h said 9 *ap4 ,,iii4 art4 #aa1 & !re=e supreme comm&]s1 t 9 tak+ rev5ge & puni%+ !y mu/ n s mu* reg>d ! pa/ evil z ! future good2 & !y s91 if !y ent]ta9 any o!r measure 9 arbitr>y puni%m5t ?an ! public b5efit4 ,b :]e ! puni%m5t is def9$2 ei!r by a law prescrib$1 z :5 x is set d[n 9 pla9 words t he t %all d ?us or ?us1 %all suff] s & s2 or by practice1 z :5 ! p5alty1 n by any law prescrib$1 b arbitr>y f ! beg9n+1 is aft]w>d det]m9$ by ! puni%m5t ( ! fir/ del9qu5t2 7= natural equity comm&s t equal transgressors be equally puni%$72 !re to impose a great] p5alty ?an is def9$ by ! law1 is aga9/ ! law ( nature4 ,= ! end ( puni%m5t is n to compel ! w ( man1 b to fa%ion x1 & to make x su* z he w\ld h x :o ha? set ! p5alty4 ,& delib]ation is no?+ else b a weigh+1 z x 7 9 scales1 ! conv5i5ces & inconv5i5ces ( ! fact we are attempt+2 :]e t :i* is m weighty1 do? necess>ily accord+ to its incl9ation prevail ) u4 ,if !re=e ! legislator do? set a less p5alty on a crime1 ?an w make our fe> m consid]able ) u ?an our lu/1 t excess ( lu/ above ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 :]eby s9 is committ$1 is to be attribut$ to ! legislator1 t is to say1 to ! supreme2 & !re=e if he inflict a great] puni%m5t ?an himself ha? det]m9$ 9 8 laws1 he puni%e? t 9 ano!r 9 :i* he s9n$ himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,subjects mu/ h "r re/or$ to !m aga9/ corrupt judges4 #ag4 ,x p]ta9s !re=e to ! h>mless & necess>y lib]ty ( subjects1 t e man may )\t fe> enjoy ! rights :i* are all[$ him by ! laws4 ,= x is 9 va9 to h our own di/+ui%$ by ! laws f ano!r's1 if by wrong judgm5t1 robb]y1 or !ft1 !y may be aga9 conf\nd$4 ,b x falls out s1 t ^! d happ5 :]e judges are corrupt$4 ,= ! fe> :]eby m5 are det]r$ f do+ evil1 arise? n f h5ce1 namely1 because p5alties are set1 b because !y are execut$4 ,= we e/eem ! future by :at is pa/1 seldom expect+ :at seldom happ5s4 ,if !re=e judges corrupt$ ei!r by gifts1 fav\r1 or ev5 by pity itself1 d (t5 =be> ! execution ( ! p5alties due by ! law1 & by t means put wick$ m5 9 hope to pass unpuni%$3 hone/ subjects encompass$ ) murd]]s1 ?ieves1 & knaves1 w n h ! lib]ty to conv]se freely ) ea* o!r1 nor sc>ce to /ir abroad )\t haz>d2 nay1 ! city itself is dissolv$1 & e man's "r ( protect+ himself at 8 own w returns to him4 ,! law ( nature !re=e gives ?is precept to supreme comm&]s1 t !y n only d righte\sness !mselves1 b t !y also by p5alties cause ! judges1 by !m appo9t$1 to d ! same2 t is to say1 t !y he>k5 to ! compla9ts ( _! subjects2 & z (t z ne$ requires1 make *oice ( "s extraord9>y judges1 :o may he> ! matt] debat$ conc]n+ ! ord9>y ones4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,laws ,,& ,,trespasses4 #a4 ,h[ law diff]s f c\nsel4 #b4 ,h[ f cov5ant4 #c4 ,h[ f "r4 #d4 ,division ( laws into div9e & human3 ! div9e into natural & positive2 & ! natural into ! laws ( s+le m5 & ( nations4 #e4 ,! division ( human1 t is to say1 ( civil laws into sacr$ & secul>4 #f4 ,into di/ributive & v9dicative4 #g4 ,t di/ributive & v9dicative are n species1 b p>ts ( ! laws4 #h4 ,all law is suppos$ to h a p5alty annex$ to x4 #i4 ,! precepts ( ! decalogue ( hon\r+ p>5ts1 ( murd]1 adult]y1 !ft1 false witness1 are civil laws4 #aj4 ,x is impossible to comm& aught by ! civil law contr>y to ! law ( nature4 #aa4 ,x is ess5tial to a law1 bo? t itself & also ! lawgiv] be kn[n4 #ab4 ,:5ce ! lawgiv] comes to be kn[n4 #ac4 ,publi%+ & int]pretation are necess>y to ! k ( a law4 #ad4 ,! division ( ! civil law into writt5 & unwritt54 #ae4 ,! natural laws are n writt5 laws2 nei!r are ! wise s5t5ces ( lawy]s nor cu/om laws ( !mselves1 b by ! cons5t ( ! supreme p[]4 #af4 ,:at ! ^w s91 mo/ l>gely tak51 signifies4 #ag4 ,! def9ition ( s94 #ah4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a s9 ( infirmity & malice4 #ai4 ,"u :at k9d ( s9 a!ism is conta9$4 #bj4 ,:at treason is4 #ba4 ,t by treason n ! civil1 b ! natural laws are brok54 #bb4 ,& t !re=e x is to be puni%$ n by ! "r ( dom9ion1 b by ! "r ( w>4 #bc4 ,t ob$i5ce is n rightly di/+ui%$ into active & passive4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ law diff]s f c\nsel4 #a4 ,!y :o less s]i\sly consid] ! =ce ( words1 d sometimes conf\nd law ) c\nsel1 sometimes ) cov5ant1 sometimes ) "r4 ,!y conf\nd law ) c\nsel1 :o ?9k t x is ! duty ( mon>*s n only to give e> to _! c\nsellors1 b also to obey !m2 z ?\gh x 7 9 va9 to take c\nsel1 unless x 7 also foll[$4 ,we mu/ fet* ! di/9ction betwe5 c\nsel & law1 f ! diff]5ce betwe5 c\nsel & comm&4 ,n[ c\nsel is a precept1 9 :i* ! reason ( my obey+ x is tak5 f ! ?+ itself :i* is advis$2 b comm& is a precept1 9 :i* ! cause ( my ob$i5ce dep5ds on ! w ( ! comm&]4 ,= x is n prop]ly said1 ?us ,i w & ?us ,i comm&1 except ! w /& = a reason4 ,n[ :5 ob$i5ce is yield$ to ! laws1 n = ! ?+ itself1 b by reason ( ! advis]'s w1 ! law is n a c\nsel1 b a comm&1 & is def9$ ?us3 law is ! comm& ( t p]son1 :e!r man or c\rt1 ^: precept conta9s 9 x ! reason ( ob$i5ce3 z ! precepts ( ,god 9 reg>d ( m51 ( magi/rates 9 respect ( _! subjects1 & univ]sally ( all ! p[]ful 9 respect ( !m :o _c resi/1 may be t]m$ _! laws4 ,law & c\nsel !re=e diff] _m ways4 ,law belongs to him :o ha? p[] ov] !m :om he advise?2 c\nsel to !m :o h no p[]4 ,to foll[ :at is prescrib$ by law1 is duty2 :at by c\nsel1 is free-w4 ,c\nsel is direct$ to 8 end1 t receives x2 law1 to 8 t gives x4 ,c\nsel is giv5 to none b ! will+2 law ev5 to ! unwill+4 ,to conclude1 ! "r ( ! c\nsellor is made void by ! w ( him to :om he gives c\nsel2 ! "r ( ! law-giv] is n abrogat$ at ! pleasure ( him :o ha? a law impos$4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ x diff]s f a cov5ant4 #b4 ,!y conf\nd law & cov5ant1 :o conceive ! laws to be no?+ else b c]ta9 1 or =ms ( liv+ det]m9$ by ! common cons5t ( m54 ,among :om is ,ari/otle1 :o def9es law on ?is mann]2 ' 1 3 t is to say1 law is a spee*1 limit$ accord+ to ! common cons5t ( ! city1 decl>+ e ?+ t we ought to d4 ,:i* def9ition is n simply ( law1 b ( ! civil law4 ,= x is manife/ t ! div9e laws sprang n f ! cons5t ( m51 nor yet ! laws ( nature4 ,= if !y _h _! orig9al f ! cons5t ( m51 !y might also by ! same cons5t be abrogat$2 b !y are un*angeable4 ,b inde$1 t is no "r def9ition ( a civil law4 ,= 9 t place1 a city is tak5 ei!r = "o civil p]son1 hav+ "o w2 or = a multitude ( m51 :o h ea* ( !m ! lib]ty ( _! private wills4 ,if = "o p]son1 ^? words common cons5t are ill-plac$ "h2 = "o p]son ha? no common cons5t4 ,nei!r ought he to h said1 decl>+ :at 0 ne$ful to be done1 b comm&+2 = :at ! city decl>es1 x comm&s its subjects4 ,he !re=e by a city und]/ood a multitude ( m51 decl>+ by common cons5t 7imag9e x a writ+ confirm$ by votes7 "s c]ta9 =ms ( liv+4 ,b ^! are no?+ else b "s mutual contracts1 :i* oblige n any man 7& !re=e are no laws7 be=e t a supreme p[] be+ con/itut$1 :i* c compel1 h suffici5t rem$y aga9/ ! re/1 :o o!rwise are n likely to keep !m4 ,laws !re=e1 accord+ to ?is def9ition ( ,ari/otle1 are no?+ else b nak$ & weak contracts2 :i* !n at l5g?1 :5 !re is "o :o by "r do? ex]cise ! supreme p[]1 %all ei!r become laws or no laws at 8 w & pleasure4 ,:]e=e he conf\nds contracts ) laws1 :i* he ought n to h done2 = contract is a promise1 law a comm&4 ,9 contracts we say1 ,i w d ?is2 9 laws1 d ?is4 ,contracts oblige u2#af laws tie u fa/1 be+ oblig$4 ,a contract oblige? ( itself2 ! law holds ! p>ty oblig$ by virtue ( ! univ]sal contract ( yield+ ob$i5ce4 ,!re=e 9 contract1 x is fir/ det]m9$ :at is to be done1 be=e we are oblig$ to d x2 b 9 law1 we are fir/ oblig$ to p]=m1 & :at is to be done is det]m9$ aft]w>ds4 ,ari/otle !re=e ought to h def9$ a civil law ?us3 a civil law is a spee* limit$ by ! w ( ! city1 comm&+ ev]y?+ behoveful to be done4 ,:i* is ! same ) t we h giv5 above1 9 *ap4 ,,vi4 art4 #i3 to wit1 t ! civil laws are ! comm& ( him1 :e!r man or c\rt ( m51 :o is endu$ ) supreme p[] 9 ! city1 conc]n+ ! future actions ( 8 subjects4 ,footnote #af3 ,contracts oblige u4 ,to be oblig$1 & to be ti$ be+ oblig$1 seems to "s m5 to be "o & ! same ?+2 & t !re=e "h seems to be "s di/9ction 9 words1 b none inde$4 ,m cle>ly !re=e1 ,i say ?us3 t a man is oblig$ by 8 contracts1 t is1 t he ought to p]=m = 8 promise sake2 b t ! law ties him be+ oblig$1 t is to say1 x compels him to make good 8 promise = fe> ( ! puni%m5t appo9t$ by ! law4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ x diff]s f "r4 #c4 ,!y conf\nd laws ) "r1 :o cont9ue /ill to d :at is p]mitt$ by div9e "r1 not)/&+ x be =bidd5 by ! civil law4 ,t :i* is prohibit$ by ! div9e law1 _c be p]mitt$ by ! civil2 nei!r c t :i* is comm&$ by ! div9e law1 be prohibit$ by ! civil4 ,not)/&+1 t :i* is p]mitt$ by ! div9e "r1 t is to say1 t :i* may be done by div9e "r1 do? no :it h9d] :y ! same may n be =bidd5 by ! civil laws2 = inf]ior laws may re/ra9 ! lib]ty all[$ by ! sup]ior1 al?\gh !y _c enl>ge !m4 ,n[ natural lib]ty is a "r n con/itut$1 b all[$ by ! laws4 ,= ! laws be+ remov$1 our lib]ty is absolute4 ,?is is fir/ re/ra9$ by ! natural & div9e laws2 ! residue is b\nd$ by ! civil law2 & :at rema9s1 may aga9 be re/ra9$ by ! con/itutions ( p>ticul> t[ns & societies4 ,!re is great diff]5ce !re=e betwe5 law & "r4 ,= law is a fett]1 "r is fre$om2 & !y diff] l contr>ies4 ,sid5ote3 ,! division ( laws into div9e & human2 & ( ! div9e into natural & positive2 & ( ! natural into ^? laws ( s+le m51 & ^? ( nations4 #d4 ,all law may be divid$1 fir/ accord+ to ! div]sity ( its au?ors into div9e & human4 ,! div9e1 accord+ to ! two ways :]eby ,god ha? made kn[n 8 w unto m51 is tw(old2 natural or moral1 & positive4 ,natural is t :i* ,god ha? decl>$ to all m5 by 8 et]nal ^w born ) !m1 to wit1 _! natural reason2 & ?is is t law1 :i* 9 ?is :ole book ,i h endeav\r$ to unfold4 ,positive is t1 :i* ,god ha? reveal$ to u by ! ^w ( prophecy1 :]e9 he ha? spok5 unto m5 z a man4 ,su* are ! laws :i* he gave to ! ,jews conc]n+ _! gov]nm5t & div9e wor%ip2 & !y may be t]m$ ! div9e civil laws1 because !y 7 peculi> to ! civil gov]nm5t ( ! ,jews1 8 peculi> p4 ,aga91 ! natural law may be divid$ into t ( m51 :i* alone ha? obta9$ ! title ( ! law ( nature2 & t ( cities1 :i* may be call$ t ( nations1 b vulg>ly x is t]m$ ! "r ( nations4 ,! precepts ( bo? are alike4 ,b because cities once in/itut$ d put on ! p]sonal proprieties ( m51 t law1 :i* speak+ ( ! duty ( s+le m5 we call natural1 be+ appli$ to :ole cities & nations1 is call$ ! "r ( nations4 ,& ! same elem5ts ( natural law & "r1 :i* h hi!rto be5 spok5 (1 be+ transf]r$ to :ole cities & nations1 may be tak5 = ! elem5ts ( ! laws & "r ( nations4 ,sid5ote3 ,! division ( human1 t is to say1 civil laws into secul> & sacr$4 #e4 ,all human law is civil4 ,= ! /ate ( m5 consid]$ out ( civil society1 is ho/ile2 9 :i*1 because "o is n subject to ano!r1 !re are no o!r laws beside ! dictates ( natural reason1 :i* is ! div9e law4 ,b 9 civil gov]nm5t ! city only1 t is to say1 t man or c\rt to :om ! supreme p[] ( ! city is committ$1 is ! legislator2 & ! laws ( ! city are civil4 ,! civil laws may be divid$1 accord+ to ! div]sity ( _! subject matt]1 into sacr$ or secul>4 ,sacr$ are ^? :i* p]ta9 to religion1 t is to say1 to ! c]emonies & wor%ip ( ,god3 to wit1 :at p]sons1 ?+s1 places1 are to be consecrat$1 & 9 :at fa%ion2 :at op9ions conc]n+ ! ,deity are to be taught publicly2 & ) :at words & 9 :at ord] supplications are to be made2 & ! l2 & are n det]m9$ by any div9e positive law4 ,= ! civil sacr$ laws are ! human laws 7:i* are also call$ ecclesia/ical7 conc]n+ ?+s sacr$2 b ! secul>1 "u a g5]al notion1 are usually call$ ! civil laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,into di/ributive & v9dicative4 #f4 ,aga91 ! civil law 7accord+ to ! two (fices ( ! legislator1 :]e( "o is to judge1 ! o!r to con/ra9 m5 to acquiesce to 8 judgm5ts7 ha? two p>ts2 ! "o di/ributive1 ! o!r v9dicative or p5al4 ,by ! di/ributive x is1 t e man ha? 8 prop] rights2 t is to say1 x sets =? rules = all ?+s1 :]eby we may "k :at is prop]ly our's1 :at ano!r man's2 s z o!rs may n h9d] u f ! free use & enjoym5t ( our own1 & we may n int]rupt o!rs 9 ! quiet possession ( _!'s2 & :at is lawful = e man to d or omit1 & :at is n lawful4 ,v9dicative is t1 :]eby x is def9$ :at puni%m5t %all be inflict$ on !m :o break ! law4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/ributive & v9dicative are n two species ( ! laws4 #g4 ,n[ di/ributive & v9dicative are n two sev]al species ( ! laws1 b two p>ts ( ! same law4 ,= if ! law %\ld say no m1 b 7= example7 :atsoev] y take ) y\r net 9 ! sea1 be x y\rs1 x is 9 va94 ,= al?\gh ano!r %\ld take t away f y :i* y h caught1 x h9d]s n b t x /ill rema9s y\rs4 ,= 9 ! /ate ( nature :]e all ?+s are common to all1 y\rs & o!rs are all "o2 insomu* z :at ! law def9es to be y\rs1 0 y\rs ev5 be=e ! law1 & aft] ! law ceases n to be y\rs1 al?\gh 9 ano!r man's possession4 ,:]e=e ! law do? no?+1 unless x be und]/ood to be s y\rs1 z all o!r m5 be =bidd5 to int]rupt y\r free use & secure enjoym5t ( x at all times1 accord+ to y\r own w & pleasure4 ,= ?is is t :i* is requir$ to a propriety ( goods2 n t a man may be able to use !m1 b to use !m alone2 :i* is done by prohibit+ o!rs to be an h9d]ance to him4 ,b 9 va9 d !y also prohibit any m51 :o d n )al /rike a fe> ( puni%m5t into !m4 ,9 va9 !re=e is ! law1 unless x conta9 bo? p>ts1 t :i* =bids injuries to be done1 & t :i* puni%e? ! do]s ( !m4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 :i* is call$ di/ributive1 is prohibitory1 & speaks to all2 ! second1 :i* is /yl$ v9dicative or p5>y1 is m&atory1 & only speaks to public m9i/]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,all law is suppos$ to h a p5alty annex$ to x4 #h4 ,f h5ce also we may und]/&1 t e civil law ha? a p5alty annex$ to x1 ei!r explicitly or implicitly4 ,= :]e ! p5alty is n def9$1 nei!r by any writ+1 nor by example ( any :o ha? suff]$ ! puni%m5t ( ! transgress$ law1 !re ! p5alty is und]/ood to be arbitr>y2 namely1 to dep5d on ! w ( ! legislator1 t is to say1 ( ! supreme comm&]4 ,= 9 va9 is t law1 :i* may be brok5 )\t puni%m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! precepts ( ! ,decalogue ( hon\r+ p>5ts1 ( murd]1 adult]y1 !ft1 false witnesses1 are ! civil laws4 #i4 ,n[ because x comes f ! civil laws1 bo? t e man h 8 prop] "r & di/+ui%$ f ano!r's1 & also t he is =bidd5 to invade ano!r's rights2 x foll[s t ^! precepts3 ,?\ %alt n refuse to give ! hon\r def9$ by ! laws1 unto ?y p>5ts3 ,?\ %alt n kill ! man1 :om ! laws =bid !e to kill3 ,?\ %alt avoid all copulation =bidd5 by ! laws3 ,?\ %alt n take away ano!r's goods1 aga9/ ! lords w3 ,?\ %alt n fru/rate ! laws & judgm5ts by false te/imony3 are civil laws4 ,! natural laws comm& ! same ?+s1 b implicitly4 ,= ! law ( nature 7z ha? be5 said 9 *ap4 ,,iii4 art4 #b7 comm&s u to keep contracts2 & !re=e also to p]=m ob$i5ce1 :5 we h cov5ant$ ob$i5ce1 & to ab/a9 f ano!r's goods1 :5 x is det]m9$ by ! civil law :at belongs to ano!r4 ,b all subjects 7by *ap4 ,,vi4 art4 #ac7 d cov5ant to obey 8 comm&s :o ha? ! supreme p[]1 t is to say1 ! civil laws1 9 ! v con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ev5 be=e x is possible to break !m4 ,= ! law ( nature did oblige 9 ! /ate ( nature2 :]e fir/1 because nature ha? giv5 all ?+s to all m51 no?+ did prop]ly belong to ano!r1 & !re=e x 0 n possible to invade ano!r's "r2 next1 :]e all ?+s 7 common1 & !re=e all c>nal copulations lawful2 ?irdly1 :]e 0 ! /ate ( w>1 & !re=e lawful to kill2 f\r?ly1 :]e all ?+s 7 det]m9$ by e man's own judgm5t1 & !re=e pat]nal respects also2 la/ly1 :]e !re 7 no public judgm5ts1 & !re=e no use ( be>+ witness1 ei!r true or false4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is n possible to comm& aught by ! civil law1 contr>y to ! laws ( nature4 #aj4 ,see+ !re=e our obligation to obs]ve ^? laws is m anci5t ?an ! promulgation ( ! laws !mselves1 z be+ conta9$ 9 ! v con/itution ( ! city2 by ! virtue ( ! natural law :i* =bids brea* ( cov5ant1 ! law ( nature comm&s u to keep all ! civil laws4 ,= :]e we are ti$ to ob$i5ce be=e we "k :at w be comm&$ u1 !re we are univ]sally ti$ to obey 9 all ?+s4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t no civil law :atsoev]1 :i* t5ds n to a reproa* ( ! ,deity1 79 respect ( :om cities !mselves h no "r ( _! own1 & _c be said to make laws71 c possibly be aga9/ ! law ( nature4 ,= ?\gh ! law ( nature =bid !ft1 adult]y1 c2 yet if ! civil law comm& u to invade any?+1 t invasion is n !ft1 adult]y1 c4 ,= :5 ! ,lac$monians ( old p]mitt$ _! y\?s1 by a c]ta9 law1 to take away o!r m5's goods1 !y comm&$ t ^! goods %\ld n be acc\nt$ o!r m5's1 b _! own :o took !m2 & !re=e su* surreptions 7 no !fts4 ,9 l mann]1 copulations ( hea!n sexes1 accord+ to _! laws1 7 lawful m>riages4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is ess5tial to a law1 t bo? x & ! legislator be kn[n4 #aa4 ,x is necess>y to ! ess5ce ( a law1 t ! subjects be acqua9t$ ) two ?+s3 fir/1 :at man or c\rt ha? ! supreme p[]1 t is to say1 ! "r ( mak+ laws2 secondly1 :at ! law itself says4 ,= he t nei!r knew ei!r to :om or :at he is ti$ to1 _c obey2 & by consequ5ce is 9 su* a condition z if he 7 n ti$ at all4 ,i say n t x is necess>y to ! ess5ce ( a law1 t ei!r "o or ! o!r be p]petually kn[n1 b only t x be once kn[n4 ,& if ! subject aft]w>d =get ei!r ! "r he ha? :o made ! law1 or ! law itself1 t makes him no less ti$ to obey2 s9ce he might h rememb]$ x1 _h he a w to obey4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5ce ! legislator is kn[n4 #ab4 ,! k ( ! legislator dep5ds on ! subject himself2 = ! "r ( mak+ laws c\ld n be conf]r$ on any man )\t 8 own cons5t & cov5ant1 ei!r express$ or suppos$2 express$1 :5 f ! beg9n+ ! citiz5s d !mselves con/itute a =m ( gov]n+ ! city1 or :5 by promise !y submit !mselves to ! dom9ion ( any "o2 or suppos$ at lea/1 z :5 !y make use ( ! b5efit ( ! realm & laws = _! protection & cons]vation aga9/ o!rs4 ,= to ^: dom9ion we require our fell[ subjects to yield ob$i5ce = our good1 8 dom9ion we ackn[l$ge to be legitimate by t v reque/4 ,& !re=e ignorance ( ! p[] ( mak+ laws1 c nev] be a suffici5t excuse2 = e man kn[s :at he ha? done himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,promulgation & int]pretation are necess>y to ! k ( a law4 #ac4 ,! k ( ! laws dep5ds on ! legislator2 :o mu/ publi% !m2 = o!rwise !y are n laws4 ,= law is ! comm& ( ! law-mak]1 & 8 comm& is ! decl>ation ( 8 w2 x is n !re=e a law1 except ! w ( ! law-mak] be decl>$1 :i* is done by promulgation4 ,n[ 9 promulgation two ?+s mu/ be manife/2 :]e( "o is1 t he or !y :o publi% a law1 ei!r h a "r !mselves to make laws1 or t !y d x by au?ority d]iv$ f him or !m :o h x2 ! o!r is ! s5se ( ! law itself4 ,n[1 t ! fir/1 namely1 publi%$ laws1 proce$ f him :o ha? ! supreme comm&1 _c be manife/ 7speak+ exactly & philosophically7 to any1 b !m :o h receiv$ !m f ! m\? ( ! comm&]4 ,! re/ believe2 b ! reasons ( _! belief are s _m1 t x is sc>ce possible !y %\ld n believe4 ,& truly 9 a democratical city1 :]e e "o may be pres5t at ! mak+ ( laws if he w1 he t %all be abs5t1 mu/ believe ^? t 7 pres5t4 ,b 9 mon>*ies & ari/ocracies1 because x is grant$ b to few to be pres5t1 & op5ly to he> ! comm&s ( ! mon>* or ! nobles1 x 0 necess>y to be/[ a p[] on ^? few ( publi%+ !m to ! re/4 ,& ?us we believe ^? to be ! edicts & decrees ( pr9ces1 :i* are prop\nd$ to u = su*1 ei!r by ! writ+s or voices ( !m ^: (fice x is to publi% !m4 ,b yet1 :5 we h ^! causes ( belief2 t we h se5 ! pr9ce or supreme c\nsel con/antly use su* c\nsellors1 secret>ies1 publi%]s1 & seals1 & ! l argum5ts = ! decl>+ ( 8 w2 t he nev] took any au?ority f !m2 t !y h be5 puni%$1 :o n giv+ cr$it to su* l promulgations h transgress$ ! law2 n only he :o ?us believ+ %all obey ! edicts & decrees set =? by !m1 is ev]y:]e excus$1 b he t n believ+ %all n yield ob$i5ce1 is puni%$4 ,= ! con/ant p]mission ( ^! ?+s is a manife/ sign en\gh & evid5t decl>ation ( ! comm&]'s w2 provid$ !re be no?+ conta9$ 9 ! law1 edict1 or decree1 d]ogatory f 8 supreme p[]4 ,= x is n to be imag9$ t he w\ld h aught tak5 f 8 p[] by any ( 8 (fic]s1 z long z he reta9s a w to gov]n4 ,n[ ! s5se ( ! law1 :5 !re is any d\bt made ( x1 is to be tak5 f !m to :om ! supreme au?ority ha? committ$ ! k ( causes or judgm5ts2 = to judge1 is no?+ else ?an by int]pretation to apply ! laws to p>ticul> cases4 ,n[ we may "k :o !y are t h ?is (fice grant$ !m1 9 ! same mann] z we "k :o !y be t h au?ority giv5 !m to publi% laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,! civil law divid$ into writt5 & unwritt54 #ad4 ,aga9 ! civil law1 accord+ to its two-fold mann] ( publi%+1 is ( two sorts1 writt5 & unwritt54 ,by writt51 ,i und]/& t :i* wants a voice1 or "s o!r sign ( ! w ( ! legislator1 t x may become a law4 ,= all k9d ( laws are ( ! same age ) mank9d1 bo? 9 nature & "t2 & !re=e ( m antiquity ?an ! inv5tion ( lett]s1 & ! art ( writ+4 ,:]e=e n a writ+1 b a voice is necess>y = a writt5 law2 ?is alone is requisite to ! be+1 t to ! remembrance ( a law4 ,= we read1 t be=e lett]s 7 f\nd out = ! help ( memory1 t laws1 contract$ into metre1 7 wont to be sung4 ,! unwritt51 is t :i* wants no o!r publi%+ ?an ! voice ( nature or natural reason2 su* are ! laws ( nature4 ,= ! natural law1 al?\gh x be di/+ui%$ f ! civil1 =asmu* z x comm&s ! w2 yet s f> =? z x relates to our actions1 x is civil4 ,= example1 ?is same1 ?\ %alt n covet1 :i* only app]ta9s to ! m9d1 is a natural law only2 b ?is1 ?\ %alt n invade1 is bo? natural & civil4 ,= see+ x is impossible to prescribe su* univ]sal rules1 :]eby all future cont5tions1 :i* p]haps are inf9ite1 may be det]m9$2 x is to be und]/ood t 9 all cases n m5tion$ by ! writt5 laws1 ! law ( natural equity is to be foll[$1 :i* comm&s u to di/ribute equally to equals2 & ?is by ! virtue ( ! civil law1 :i* also puni%e? ^? :o kn[+ly & will+ly d actually transgress ! laws ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! natural laws are n writt5 laws1 nei!r are ! s5t5ces ( lawy]s or cu/oms laws ( !mselves1 b by ! cons5t ( ! supreme p[]4 #ae4 ,^! ?+s be+ und]/ood1 x appe>s1 fir/1 t ! laws ( nature1 al?\gh !y 7 describ$ 9 ! books ( "s philosoph]s1 are n = t reason to be t]m$ writt5 laws3 & t ! writ+s ( ! int]pret]s ( ! laws1 7 no laws1 = want ( ! supreme au?ority2 nor yet ^? orations ( ! wise1 t is to say1 judges1 b s f> =? z by ! cons5t ( ! supreme p[] !y "p into cu/om2 & t !n !y are to be receiv$ among ! writt5 laws1 n = ! cu/om's sake1 7:i* by its own =ce do? n con/itute a law71 b = ! w ( ! supreme comm&]2 :i* appe>s 9 ?is1 t he ha? suff]$ 8 s5t5ce1 :e!r equal or unequal1 to pass into cu/om4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ! ^w s91 tak5 9 its l>ge/ s5se1 signifies4 #af4 ,s91 9 its l>ge/ signification1 compreh5ds e de$1 ^w1 & ?\ght aga9/ "r reason4 ,= e man1 by reason+1 seeks out ! means to ! end :i* he prop\nds to himself4 ,if !re=e he reason "r1 t is to say1 beg9n+ f mo/ evid5t pr9ciples he makes a disc\rse out ( consequ5ces cont9ually necess>y1 he w proce$ 9 a mo/ direct way4 ,o!rwise he w g a/ray1 t is to say1 he w ei!r d1 say1 or endeav\r some:at aga9/ 8 prop] end2 :i* :5 he ha? done1 he w inde$ 9 reason+ be said to h err$1 b 9 action & w to h s9n$4 ,= s9 foll[s error1 j z ! w do? ! und]/&+4 ,& ?is is ! mo/ g5]al acception ( ! ^w2 "u :i* is conta9$ e imprud5t action1 :e!r aga9/ ! law1 z to ov]?r[ ano!r man's h\se1 or n aga9/ ! law1 z to build 8 own ^u ! s&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! def9ition ( s94 #ag4 ,b :5 we speak ( ! laws1 ! ^w s9 is tak5 9 a m /rict s5se1 & signifies n e ?+ done aga9/ "r reason1 b t only :i* is blameable2 & !re=e x is call$ malum culp1 ! evil ( fault4 ,b yet if any?+ be culpable1 x is n pres5tly to be t]m$ a s9 or fault2 b only if x be blameable ) reason4 ,we mu/ !re=e enquire :at x is to be blameable ) reason1 :at aga9/ reason4 ,su* is ! nature ( man1 t e "o calls t good :i* he desires1 & evil :i* he es*ews4 ,& !re=e ?r\gh ! div]sity ( our affections x happ5s1 t "o c\nts t good1 :i* ano!r c\nts evil2 & ! same man :at n[ he e/eem$ = good1 he imm$iately aft] looks on z evil3 & ! same ?+ :i* he calls good 9 himself1 he t]ms evil 9 ano!r4 ,= we all measure good & evil by ! pleasure or pa9 we ei!r feel at pres5t1 or expect h]eaft]4 ,n[ see+ ! prosp]\s actions ( enemies1 because !y increase _! hon\rs1 goods1 & p[]2 & ( equals1 by reason ( t /rife ( hon\rs :i* is among !m2 bo? seem & are irksome1 & !re=e evil to all2 & m5 use to repute ^? evil1 t is to say1 to lay "s fault to _! *>ge1 f :om !y receive evil2 x is impossible to be det]m9$ by ! cons5t ( s+le m51 :om ! same ?+s d n please & displease1 :at actions are1 & :at n to be blam$4 ,!y may agree inde$ 9 "s c]ta9 g5]al ?+s1 z t !ft1 adult]y1 & ! l are s9s2 z if !y %\ld say t all m5 acc\nt ^? ?+s evil1 to :i* !y h giv5 names :i* are usually tak5 9 an evil s5se4 ,b we dem& n :e!r !ft be a s91 b :at is to be t]m$ !ft2 & s conc]n+ o!rs1 9 l mann]4 ,=asmu* !re=e z 9 s great a div]sity ( c5sur]s1 :at is by reason blameable is n to be measur$ by ! reason ( "o man m ?an ano!r1 because ( ! equality ( human nature2 & !re are no o!r reasons 9 be+1 b only ^? ( p>ticul> m51 & t ( ! city3 x foll[s1 t ! city is to det]m9e :at ) reason is culpable4 ,s z a fault1 t is to say1 a s91 is t :i* a man does1 omits1 says1 or wills1 aga9/ ! reason ( ! city1 t is1 contr>y to ! laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a s9 ( infirmity & malice4 #ah4 ,b a man may d some:at aga9/ ! laws ?r\gh human infirmity1 al?\gh he desire to fulfil !m2 & yet 8 action1 z be+ aga9/ ! laws1 is rightly blam$1 & call$ a s94 ,b !re are "s :o neglect ! laws2 & z (t z any hope ( ga9 & impunity do? appe> to !m1 no consci5ce ( contracts & betro!d fai? c )hold !m f _! violation4 ,n only ! de$s1 b ev5 ! m9ds ( ^! m5 are aga9/ ! laws4 ,!y :o s9 only ?r\gh infirmity1 are good m5 ev5 :5 !y s92 b ^!1 ev5 :5 !y d n s91 are wick$4 ,= ?\gh bo? ! action & ! m9d be repugnant to ! laws1 yet ^? repugnances are di/+ui%$ by diff]5t appellations4 ,= ! irregul>ity ( ! action is call$ 1 unju/ de$2 t ( ! m9d & 1 inju/ice & malice2 t is ! infirmity ( a di/urb$ s\l1 ?is ! pravity ( a sob] m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,"u :at k9d ( s9 a!ism is conta9$4 #ai4 ,b see+ !re is no s9 :i* is n aga9/ "s law1 & t !re is no law :i* is n ! comm& ( him :o ha? ! supreme p[]1 & t no man ha? a supreme p[] :i* is n be/[$ on him by our own cons5t2 9 :at mann] w he be said to s91 :o ei!r d5ies t !re is a ,god1 or t he gov]ns ! _w1 or ca/s any o!r reproa* ^u him8 ,= he w say3 t he nev] submitt$ 8 w to ,god's w1 n conceiv+ him s mu* z to h any be+3 & grant+ t 8 op9ion 7 errone\s1 & !re=e also a s91 yet 7 x to be numb]$ among ^? ( imprud5ce or ignorance1 :i* by "r _c be puni%$4 ,?is spee* seems s f> =? to be admitt$1 t ?\gh ?is k9d ( s9 be ! greate/ & mo/ hurtful1 yet is x to be ref]r$ to s9s ( imprud5ce2#ag b t x %\ld be excus$ by imprud5ce or ignorance1 is absurd4 ,= ! a!i/ is puni%$ ei!r imm$iately by ,god himself1 or by k+s con/itut$ "u ,god2 n z a subject is puni%$ by a k+1 because he keeps n ! laws2 b z "o enemy by ano!r1 because he w\ld n accept ( ! laws2 t is to say1 by ! "r ( w>1 z ! giants w>r+ aga9/ ,god4 ,= :osoev] are n subject ei!r to "s common "l1 or "o to ano!r1 are enemies among !mselves4 ,footnote #ag3 ,yet is x to be ref]r$ to s9s ( imprud5ce4 ,_m f9d fault t ,i h ref]r$ a!ism to imprud5ce1 & n to inju/ice2 yea by "s x is tak5 s1 z if ,i _h n decl>$ myself an enemy bitt] en\gh aga9/ a!i/s4 ,!y object fur!r1 t s9ce ,i _h else:]e said t x might be kn[n !re is a ,god by natural reason1 ,i ought to h ackn[l$g$ t !y s9 at lea/ aga9/ ! law ( nature1 & !re=e are n only guilty ( imprud5ce1 b inju/ice too4 ,b ,i am s mu* an enemy to a!i/s1 t ,i h bo? dilig5tly s\ght =1 & vehem5tly desir$ to f9d "s law :]eby ,i might condemn !m ( inju/ice4 ,b :5 ,i f\nd none1 ,i inquir$ next :at "n ,god himself did give to m5 s dete/$ by him4 ,n[ ,god speaks ?us ( ! a!i/3 ,! fool ha? said 9 8 he>t1 !re is no ,god4 ,:]e=e ,i plac$ _! s9 9 t rank :i* ,god himself ref]s to4 ,next ,i %[ !m to be enemies ( ,god4 ,b ,i conceive ! "n ( an enemy to be sometimes some:at %>p]1 ?an t ( an unju/ man4 ,la/ly1 ,i affirm t !y may "u t notion be ju/ly puni%$ bo? by ,god1 & supreme magi/rates2 & !re=e by no means excuse or ext5uate ?is s94 ,n[ t ,i h said1 t x might be kn[n by natural reason t !re is a ,god1 is s to be und]/ood1 n z if ,i _h meant t all m5 might "k ?is2 except !y ?9k1 t because ,ar*im$es by natural reason f\nd out :at proportion ! circle ha? to ! squ>e1 x foll[s !nce1 t e "o ( ! vulg> c\ld h f\nd out z mu*4 ,i say !re=e1 t al?\gh x may be kn[n to "s by ! light ( reason t !re is a ,god2 yet m5 t are cont9ually engag$ 9 pleasures or seek+ ( ri*es & hon\r2 also m5 t are n wont to reason aright1 or _c d x1 or c>e n to d x2 la/ly1 fools1 9 :i* numb] are a!i/s1 _c "k ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ! s9 ( treason is4 #bj4 ,see+ t f ! virtue ( ! cov5ant1 :]eby ea* subject is ti$ to ! o!r to p]=m absolute & univ]sal ob$i5ce 7su* z is def9$ above1 *ap4 ,,vi4 art4 #ac7 to ! city1 t is to say1 to ! sov]eign p[]1 :e!r t be "o man or c\ncil1 !re is an obligation d]iv$ to obs]ve ea* "o ( ! civil laws2 s t t cov5ant conta9s 9 itself all ! laws at once2 x is manife/ t ! subject :o %all r5\nce ! g5]al cov5ant ( ob$i5ce1 do? at once r5\nce all ! laws4 ,:i* trespass is s mu* worse ?an any o!r "o s91 by h[ mu* to s9 always1 is worse ?an to s9 once4 ,& ?is is t s9 :i* is call$ treason2 & x is a ^w or de$ :]eby ! citiz5 or subject decl>es1 t he w no long] obey t man or c\rt to :om ! supreme p[] ( ! city is entru/$4 ,& ! subject decl>es ?is same w ( 8 by de$1 :5 he ei!r do? or endeav\rs to d viol5ce to ! sov]eign's p]son1 or to !m :o execute 8 comm&s4 ,( :i* sort are traitors1 regicides1 & su* z take up arms aga9/ ! city1 or dur+ a w> fly to ! enemy's side4 ,& !y %[ ! same w 9 ^w1 :o flatly d5y t !mselves or o!r subjects are ti$ to any su* k9d ( ob$i5ce1 ei!r 9 ! :ole1 z he :o %\ld say t we mu/ n obey him 7keep+ ! ob$i5ce :i* we owe to ,god entire7 simply1 absolutely1 & univ]sally2 or 9 "p1 z he :o %\ld say1 t he _h no "r to wage w> at 8 own w1 to make peace1 enli/ soldi]s1 levy monies1 elect magi/rates & public m9i/]s1 enact laws1 decide controv]sies1 set p5alties1 or d aught else )\t :i* ! /ate _c /&4 ,& ^! & ! l words & de$s are treason by ! natural1 n ! civil law4 ,b x may s happ51 t "s action1 :i* be=e ! civil law 0 made1 0 n treason1 yet w become su* if x be done aft]w>ds4 ,z if x be decl>$ by ! law1 t x %all be acc\nt$ = a sign ( r5\nc+ public ob$i5ce1 t is to say1 = treason1 if any man %all co9 monies1 or =ge ! privy-seal2 he t aft] t decl>ation %all d ?is1 w be no less guilty ( treason ?an ! o!r4 ,yet he s9s less1 because he breaks n all ! laws at once1 b "o law only4 ,= ! law by call+ t treason :i* by nature is n s1 do? inde$ by "r set a m odi\s "n1 & p]haps a m griev\s puni%m5t on ! guilty p]sons2 b x makes n ! s9 itself m griev\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,treason breaks n ! civil1 b ! natural law4 #ba4 ,b t s91 :i* by ! law ( nature is treason1 is a transgression ( ! natural1 n ! civil law4 ,= s9ce our obligation to civil ob$i5ce1 by virtue :]e( ! civil laws are valid1 is be=e all civil law1 & ! s9 ( treason is naturally no?+ else b ! brea* ( t obligation2 x foll[s1 t by ! s9 ( treason t law is brok5 :i* prec$$ ! civil law1 to wit1 ! natural1 :i* =bids u to violate cov5ants & betro!d fai?4 ,b if "s sov]eign pr9ce %\ld set =? a law on ?is mann]1 ?\ %alt n rebel1 he w\ld effect j no?+4 ,= except subjects 7 be=e oblig$ to ob$i5ce1 t is to say1 n to rebel1 all law is ( no =ce4 ,n[ ! obligation :i* oblige? to :at we 7 be=e oblig$ to1 is sup]flu\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,& !re=e is puni%$ n by ! "r ( sov]eignty1 b by ! "r ( w>4 #bb4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t rebels1 traitors1 & all o!rs convict$ ( treason1 are puni%$ n by civil1 b natural "r2 t is to say1 n z civil subjects1 b z enemies to ! gov]nm5t2 n by ! "r ( sov]eignty & dom9ion1 b by ! "r ( w>4 ,sid5ote3 ,ob$i5ce n rightly di/+ui%$ into active & passive4 #bc4 ,!re are "s :o ?9k t ^? acts :i* are done aga9/ ! law1 :5 ! puni%m5t is det]m9$ by ! law itself1 are expiat$1 if ! puni%$ will+ly und]go ! puni%m5t2 & t !y are n guilty be=e ,god ( break+ ! natural law1 7al?\gh by break+ ! civil laws1 we break ! natural too1 :i* comm& u to keep ! civil71 :o h suff]$ ! puni%m5t :i* ! law requir$2 z if by ! law ! fact 7 n prohibit$1 b a puni%m5t 7 set in/ead ( a price1 :]eby a lic5se might be b\ght ( do+ :at ! law =bids4 ,by ! same reason !y might inf] too1 t no transgression ( ! law 7 a s92 b t e man might enjoy ! lib]ty :i* he ha? b\ght by 8 own p]il4 ,b we mu/ "k1 t ! words ( ! law may be und]/ood 9 a two-fold s5se4 ,! "o z conta9+ two p>ts1 7z ha? be5 decl>$ above 9 art4 #g71 namely1 t ( absolutely prohibit+1 z1 ?\ %alt n d ?is2 & rev5g+1 z1 he t do? ?is1 %all be puni%$4 ,! o!r1 z conta9+ a condition1 = example1 ?\ %alt n d ?is ?+1 unless ?\ wilt suff] puni%m5t2 & ?us ! law =bids n simply1 b conditionally4 ,if x be und]/ood 9 ! fir/ s5se1 he t do? x s9s1 because he do? :at ! law =bids to be done2 if 9 ! second1 he s9s n1 because he _c be said to d :at is =bidd5 him1 t p]=ms ! condition4 ,= 9 ! fir/ s5se1 all m5 are =bidd5 to d x2 9 ! second1 !y only :o keep !mselves f ! puni%m5t4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 ! v9dicative "p ( ! law oblige? n ! guilty1 b ! magi/rate to require puni%m5t2 9 ! second1 he himself t owes ! puni%m5t1 is oblig$ to exact x2 to ! paym5t :]e(1 if x be capital or o!rwise griev\s1 he _c be oblig$4 ,b 9 :at s5se ! law is to be tak51 dep5ds on ! w ( him :o ha? ! sov]eignty4 ,:5 !re=e !re is any d\bt ( ! mean+ ( ! law1 s9ce we are sure !y s9 n :o d x n1 x w be s9 if we d x1 h[soev] ! law may aft]w>d be expla9$4 ,= to d t :i* a man d\bts :e!r x be a s9 or n1 :5 he ha? fre$om to =be> x1 is a contempt ( ! laws2 & !re=e by *ap4 ,,iii4 art4 #bh1 a s9 aga9/ ! law ( nature4 ,va9 !re=e is t same di/9ction ( ob$i5ce into active & passive2 z if t c\ld be expiat$ by p5alties con/itut$ by human decrees1 :i* is a s9 aga9/ ! law ( nature1 :i* is ! law ( ,god2 or z ?\gh !y s9n$ n1 :o s9 at _! own p]il4 ,,religion --- ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,( ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,by ,,nature4 #a4 ,! proposition ( ! foll[+ cont5ts4 #b4 ,ov] :om ,god is said to rule by nature4 #c4 ,! ^w ( ,god ?reefold2 reason1 revelation1 prophecy4 #d4 ,! k+dom ( ,god tw(old2 natural1 & prophetic4 #e4 ,! "r :]eby ,god reigns1 is seat$ 9 8 omnipot5ce4 #f4 ,! same prov$ f ,scripture4 #g4 ,! obligation ( yield+ ob$i5ce to ,god1 proce$s f human infirmity4 #h4 ,! laws ( ,god 9 8 natural k+dom1 are ^? :i* are recit$ above 9 *apt]s ,,ii4 ,,iii4 #i4 ,:at hon\r & wor%ip is4 #aj4 ,wor%ip consi/s ei!r 9 attributes or 9 actions4 #aa4 ,& !re is "o sort natural1 ano!r arbitr>y4 #ab4 ,"o comm&$1 ano!r volunt>y4 #ac4 ,:at ! end or scope ( wor%ip is4 #ad4 ,:at ! natural laws are conc]n+ ,god's attributes4 #ae4 ,:at ! actions are :]eby naturally we d give wor%ip4 #af4 ,9 ,god's natural k+dom1 ! city may appo9t :at wor%ip ( ,god x please?4 #ag4 ,god rul+ by nature only1 ! city1 t is to say1 t man or c\rt :o "u ,god ha? ! sov]eign au?ority ( ! city1 is ! int]pret] ( all ! laws4 #ah4 ,c]ta9 d\bts remov$4 #ai4 ,:at s9 is 9 ! natural k+dom ( ,god2 & :at treason aga9/ ! ,div9e ,maje/y4 ,sid5ote3 ,! proposition ( ! foll[+ cont5ts4 #a4 ,we h already 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 prov$ bo? by reason & te/imonies ( holy writ1 t ! e/ate ( nature1 t is to say1 ( absolute lib]ty1 su* z is !irs :o nei!r gov]n nor are gov]n$1 is an an>*y or ho/ile /ate2 t ! precepts :]eby to avoid ?is /ate1 are ! laws ( nature2 t !re c be no civil gov]nm5t )\t a sov]eign2 & t !y :o h gott5 ?is sov]eign comm&1 mu/ be obey$ simply1 t is to say1 9 all ?+s :i* repugn n ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,!re is ?is "o ?+ only want+ to ! complete und]/&+ ( all civil duty1 & t is1 to "k :i* are ! laws & comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,= else we _c tell :e!r t :i* ! civil p[] comm&s u1 be aga9/ ! laws ( ,god1 or n2 :5ce x mu/ necess>ily happ51 t ei!r by too mu* ob$i5ce to ! civil au?ority we become /ubborn aga9/ ! div9e ,maje/y2 or = fe> ( s9n+ aga9/ ,god we run into disob$i5ce aga9/ ! civil p[]4 ,to avoid bo? ^! rocks1 x is necess>y to "k ! div9e laws4 ,n[ because ! k ( ! laws dep5ds on ! k ( ! k+dom1 we mu/ 9 :at foll[s speak some:at conc]n+ ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,ov] :om ,god is said to reign3 #b4 ,! ,"l is k+1 ! e>? may be glad !re(2 sai? ! psalmi/1 7,psalm xcvii4 #a74 ,& aga9 ! same psalmi/1 7,psalm xcix4 #a73 ,! ,"l is k+1 be ! p nev] s impati5t2 he sitte? betwe5 ! *]ubims1 be ! e>? nev] s unquiet2 to wit1 :e!r m5 w or n1 ,god is ! k+ ov] all ! e>?2 nor is he mov$ f 8 ?rone1 if !re be any :o d5y ei!r 8 exi/5ce or 8 provid5ce4 ,n[ al?\gh ,god gov]n all m5 s by 8 p[]1 t none c d any?+ :i* he w\ld n h done3 yet ?is1 to speak prop]ly & accurately1 is n to reign4 ,= he is said to reign1 :o rules n by act+1 b speak+1 t is to say1 by precepts & ?reat5+s4 ,& !re=e we c\nt n inanimate nor irrational bodies = subjects 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 al?\gh !y be subord9ate to ! div9e p[]2 because !y und]/& n ! comm&s & ?reats ( ,god3 nor yet ! a!i/s1 because !y believe n t !re is a ,god2 nor yet ^? :o believ+ !re is a ,god1 d n yet believe t he rules ^! inf]ior ?+s3 = ev5 ^!1 al?\gh !y be gov]n$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 yet d !y n ackn[l$ge any ( 8 comm&s1 nor /& 9 awe ( 8 ?reats4 ,^? only !re=e are suppos$ to belong to ,god's k+dom1 :o ackn[l$ge him to be ! gov]nor ( all ?+s1 & t he ha? giv5 8 comm&s to m51 & appo9t$ puni%m5ts = ! transgressors4 ,! re/ we mu/ n call subjects1 b enemies ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ^w ( ,god ?reefold2 reason1 revelation1 prophesy4 #c4 ,b none are said to gov]n by comm&s1 b !y :o op5ly decl>e !m to ^? :o are gov]n$ by !m4 ,= ! comm&s ( ! rul]s1 are ! laws ( ! rul$2 b laws !y are n1 if n p]spicu\sly publi%$1 insomu* z all excuse ( ignorance may be tak5 away4 ,m5 inde$ publi% _! laws by ^w or voice2 nei!r c !y make _! w univ]sally kn[n any o!r way4 ,b ,god's laws are decl>$ aft] a ?reefold mann]3 fir/1 by ! tacit dictates ( "r reason2 next1 by imm$iate revelation1 :i* is suppos$ to be done ei!r by a sup]natural voice1 or by a vision or dream1 or div9e inspiration2 ?irdly1 by ! voice ( "o man1 :om ,god recomm5ds to ! re/1 z wor?y ( belief1 by ! work+ ( true miracles4 ,n[ he ^: voice ,god ?us makes use ( to signify 8 w unto o!rs1 is call$ a prophet4 ,^! ?ree mann]s may be t]m$ ! ?reefold ^w ( ,god1 to wit1 ! rational ^w1 ! s5sible ^w1 & ! ^w ( prophecy4 ,to :i* answ] ! ?ree mann]s :]eby we are said to he> ,god2 "r reason+1 s5se1 & fai?4 ,god's s5sible ^w ha? come b to few2 nei!r ha? ,god spok5 to m5 by revelation1 except p>ticul>ly to "s1 & to div]se div]sely2 nei!r h any laws ( 8 k+dom be5 publi%$ on ?is mann] unto any p4 ,sid5ote3 ,! k+dom ( ,god two-fold3 natural1 & prophetic4 #d4 ,& accord+ to ! diff]5ce :i* is betwe5 ! rational ^w & ! ^w ( prophecy1 we attribute a two-fold k+dom unto ,god3 natural1 9 :i* he reigns by ! dictates ( "r reason2 & :i* is univ]sal ov] all :o ackn[l$ge ! div9e p[]1 by reason ( t rational nature :i* is common to all3 & prophetical1 9 :i* he rules also by ! ^w ( prophecy2 :i* is peculi>1 because he ha? n giv5 positive laws to all m51 b to 8 peculi> p & "s c]ta9 m5 elect$ by him4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "r :]eby ,god gov]ns1 is seat$ 9 8 omnipot5ce4 #e4 ,god 9 8 natural k+dom ha? a "r to rule1 & to puni% ^? :o break 8 laws1 f 8 sole irresi/ible p[]4 ,= all "r ov] o!rs is ei!r f nature1 or f contract4 ,h[ ! "r ( gov]n+ spr+s f contract1 we h already %[$ 9 *ap4 ,,vi4 ,& ! same "r is d]iv$ f nature1 9 ?is v ?+1 t x is n by nature tak5 away4 ,= :5 by nature all m5 _h a "r ov] all ?+s1 e man _h a "r ( rul+ ov] all z anci5t z nature itself4 ,b ! reason :y ?is 0 aboli%$ among m51 0 no o!r b mutual fe>1 z ha? be5 decl>$ above 9 *ap4 ,,ii4 art4 #c2 reason1 namely1 dictat+ t !y mu/ =ego t "r = ! pres]vation ( mank9d2 because ! equality ( m5 among !mselves1 accord+ to _! /r5g? & natural p[]s1 0 necess>ily accompani$ ) w>2 & ) w> jo9s ! de/ruction ( mank9d4 ,n[ if any man _h s f> exce$$ ! re/ 9 p[]1 t all ( !m ) jo9$ =ces c\ld n h resi/$ him1 !re _h be5 no cause :y he %\ld "p ) t "r1 :i* nature _h giv5 him4 ,! "r !re=e ( dom9ion ov] all ! re/ w\ld h rema9$ ) him1 by reason ( t excess ( p[] :]eby he c\ld h pres]v$ bo? himself & !m4 ,!y !re=e ^: p[] _c be resi/$1 & by consequ5ce ,god ,almighty d]ives 8 "r ( sov]eignty f ! p[] itself4 ,& z (t z ,god puni%e? or slays a s9n]1 al?\gh he !re=e puni% him because he s9n$1 yet may we n say t he c\ld n ju/ly h puni%$ or kill$ him al?\gh he _h n s9n$4 ,nei!r1 if ! w ( ,god 9 puni%+ may p]haps h reg>d to "s s9 antec$5t1 do? x !re=e foll[1 t ! "r ( afflict+ & kill+ dep5ds n on div9e p[]1 b on m5's s9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! same prov$ f ,scripture4 #f4 ,t "q made fam\s by ! disputations ( ! anci5ts3 :y evil ?+s befal ! good1 & good ?+s ! evil3 is ! same ) ?is ( ours2 by :at "r ,god disp5se? good & evil ?+s unto m52 & ) its difficulty x n only /agg]s ! fai? ( ! vulg> conc]n+ ! div9e ,provid5ce1 b also philosoph]s1 & :i* is m1 ev5 ( holy m54 ,psalm lxxiii4 #a1 #b1 #c3 ,truly ,god is good to ,israel1 ev5 to su* z are ( a clean he>t2 b z = me1 my feet 7 almo/ gone1 my /eps _h well nigh slipp$4 ,& :y8 ,i 0 griev$ at ! wick$2 ,i d also see ! ungodly 9 su* prosp]ity4 ,& h[ bitt]ly did ,job expo/ulate ) ,god1 t be+ j he %\ld yet be afflict$ ) s _m calamities6 ,god himself ) op5 voice resolv$ ?is difficulty 9 ! case ( ,job1 & ha? confirm$ 8 "r by argum5ts drawn n f ,job's s91 b f 8 own p[]4 ,= ,job & 8 fri5ds _h argu$ s among !mselves2 t !y w\ld ne$s make him guilty1 because he 0 puni%$2 & he w\ld reprove _! accusation by argum5ts fet*$ f 8 own innoc5ce4 ,b ,god1 :5 he _h he>d bo? him & !m1 refutes 8 expo/ulation1 n by condemn+ him ( inju/ice or any s91 b by decl>+ 8 own p[]1 7,job xxxviii4 #d73 ,:]e wa/ ?\ 7says he7 :5 ,i laid ! f\ndation ( ! e>?1 c4 ,& = 8 fri5ds1 ,god pron\nces himself angry aga9/ !m 7,job4 xlii4 #g73 ,because !y _h n spok5 ( him ! ?+ t is "r1 l 8 s]vant ,job4 ,agreeable to ?is is t spee* ( our ,savi\r's 9 ! man's case :o 0 born bl9d3 :5 8 disciples ask+ him :e!r he or 8 p>5ts _h s9n$1 t he 0 born bl9d1 he answ]$1 7,john ix4 #c73 ,nei!r ha? ?is man s9n$1 nor 8 p>5ts2 b t ! works ( ,god %\ld be manife/ 9 him4 ,= ?\gh x be said1 7,rom4 v4 #ab71 t dea? ent]$ into ! _w by s93 x foll[s n b t ,god by 8 "r might h made m5 subject to diseases & dea?1 al?\gh !y _h nev] s9n$2 ev5 z he ha? made ! o!r animals mortal & sickly1 al?\gh !y _c s94 ,sid5ote3 ,! obligation ( yield+ ob$i5ce unto ,god1 proce$s f human infirmity4 #g4 ,n[ if ,god h ! "r ( sov]eignty f 8 p[]1 x is manife/ t ! obligation ( yield+ him ob$i5ce lies on m5 by reason ( _! weakness4#ah ,= t obligation :i* rises f contract1 ( :i* we h spok5 9 *ap4 ,,ii4 c h no place "h2 :]e ! "r ( rul+1 no cov5ant pass+ betwe51 rises only f nature4 ,b !re are two species ( natural obligation4 ,"o1 :5 lib]ty is tak5 away by corporal imp$im5ts1 accord+ to :i* we say t heav5 & e>?1 & all creatures1 d obey ! common laws ( _! creation4 ,! o!r1 :5 x is tak5 away by hope or fe>1 accord+ to :i* ! weak]1 despair+ ( 8 own p[] to resi/1 _c b yield to ! /rong]4 ,f ?is la/ k9d ( obligation1 t is to say1 f fe> or consci5ce ( our own weakness 9 respect ( ! div9e p[]1 x comes to pass t we are oblig$ to obey ,god 9 8 natural k+dom2 reason dictat+ to all1 ackn[l$g+ ! div9e p[] & provid5ce1 t !re is no kick+ aga9/ ! pricks4 ,footnote #ah3 ,by reason ( _! weakness4 ,if ?is %all seem h>d to any man1 ,i desire him ) a sil5t ?\ght to consid]1 if !re 7 two ,omnipot5ts1 :e!r 7 b\nd to obey4 ,i believe he w confess t nei!r is b\nd4 ,if ?is be true1 !n x is also true :at ,i h set d[n2 t m5 are subject unto ,god1 because !y are n omnipot5t4 ,& truly our ,savi\r admoni%+ ,paul1 :o at t "t 0 an enemy to ! ,*ur*1 t he %\ld n kick aga9/ ! pricks2 seems to require ob$i5ce f him = ?is cause1 because he _h n p[] en\gh to resi/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! laws ( ,god 9 8 natural k+dom1 are ^? :i* are above set d[n 9 *aps4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 #h4 ,because ! ^w ( ,god1 rul+ by nature only1 is suppos$ to be no?+ else b "r reason1 & ! laws ( k+s c be kn[n by _! ^w only2 x is manife/ t ! laws ( ,god1 rul+ by nature alone1 are only ! natural laws2 namely1 ^? :i* we h set d[n 9 *aps4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 & d$uc$ f ! dictates ( reason1 humility1 equity1 ju/ice1 m]cy2 & o!r moral virtues befri5d+ peace1 :i* p]ta9 to ! dis*>ge ( ! duties ( m5 "o t[>d ! o!r2 & ^? :i* "r reason %all dictate besides1 conc]n+ ! hon\r & wor%ip ( ! ,div9e ,maje/y4 ,we ne$ n repeat :at ^? natural laws or moral virtues are2 b we mu/ see :at hon\rs & :at div9e wor%ip1 t is to say1 :at sacr$ laws ! same natural reason do? dictate4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at hon\r & wor%ip are4 #i4 ,hon\r to speak prop]ly1 is no?+ else b an op9ion ( ano!r's p[] jo9$ ) goodness2 & to hon\r a man1 is ! same ) highly e/eem+ him3 & s hon\r is n 9 ! p>ty hon\r$1 b 9 ! hon\r]4 ,n[ ?ree passions d necess>ily foll[ hon\r ?us plac$ 9 op9ion2 love1 :i* ref]s to goodness2 hope & fe>1 :i* reg>d p[]4 ,& f ^! arise all outw>d actions1 :]e) ! p[]ful are appeas$ & become propiti\s2 & :i* are ! effects1 & !re=e also ! natural signs ( hon\r itself4 ,b ! ^w hon\r is transf]r$ also to ^? outw>d effects ( hon\r2 9 :i* s5se1 we are said to hon\r him1 ( ^: p[] we te/ify ourselves1 ei!r 9 ^w or de$1 to h a v great respect2 insomu* z hon\r is ! same ) wor%ip4 ,n[ wor%ip is an outw>d act1 ! sign ( inw>d hon\r2 & :om we endeav\r by our homage to appease if !y be angry1 or h[soev] to make !m fav\rable to u1 we are said to wor%ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip consi/s ei!r 9 attributes1 or 9 actions4 #aj4 ,all signs ( ! m9d are ei!r words or de$s2 & !re=e all wor%ip consi/s ei!r 9 words or de$s4 ,n[ bo? ! "o & ! o!r are ref]r$ to ?ree k9ds2 :]e( ! fir/ is praise1 or public decl>ation ( goodness2 ! second a public decl>ation ( pres5t p[]1 :i* is to magnify1 2 ! ?ird is a public decl>ation ( happ9ess1 or ( p[] secure also = ! future1 :i* is call$ 4 ,i say t all k9ds ( hon\r may be disc]n$1 n 9 words only1 b 9 de$s too4 ,b we !n praise & celebrate 9 words1 :5 we d x by way ( proposition1 or dogmatically1 t is to say1 by attributes or titles2 :i* may be t]m$ prais+ & celebrat+ categorically & pla9ly2 z :5 we decl>e him :om we hon\r to be lib]al1 /rong1 wise4 ,& !n 9 de$s1 :5 x is done by consequ5ce or by hypo!sis or supposition2 z by ?anksgiv+1 :i* suppose? goodness2 or by ob$i5ce1 :i* suppose? p[]2 or by congratulation1 :i* suppose? happ9ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,& !re is "o sort natural1 & ano!r arbitr>y4 #aa4 ,n[ :e!r we desire to praise a man 9 words or de$s1 we %all f9d "s ?+s :i* signify hon\r ) all m53 su* z among attributes1 are ! g5]al words ( virtues & p[]s1 :i* _c be tak5 9 ill s5se2 z good1 fair1 /rong1 j1 & ! l3 & among actions1 ob$i5ce1 ?anksgiv+1 pray]s1 & o!rs ( t k9d1 by :i* an ackn[l$gm5t ( virtue & p[] is ev] und]/ood4 ,o!rs1 :i* signify hon\r b ) "s1 & scorn ) o!rs1 or else nei!r2 su* z 9 attributes1 are ^? words1 :i*1 accord+ to ! div]sity ( op9ions1 are div]sely ref]r$ to virtues or vices1 to hone/ or di%one/ ?+s4 ,z t a man slew 8 enemy1 t he fl$1 t he is a philosoph]1 or an orator1 & ! l2 :i* ) "s are _h 9 hon\r1 ) o!rs 9 contempt4 ,9 de$s1 su* z dep5d on ! cu/om ( ! place1 or prescriptions ( civil laws2 z 9 salut+ to be b>ehead$1 to put (f ! %oes1 to b5d ! body1 to petition = any?+ /&+1 pro/rate1 kneel+1 =ms ( c]emony1 & ! l4 ,n[ t wor%ip :i* is always & by all m5 acc\nt$ hon\rable1 may be call$ natural2 ! o!r1 :i* foll[s places & cu/oms1 arbitr>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o comm&$1 ano!r volunt>y4 #ab4 ,fur!rmore1 wor%ip may be enjo9$1 to wit1 by ! comm& ( him t is wor%ipp$1 & x may be volunt>y1 namely1 su* z seems good to ! wor%ipp]4 ,if x be enjo9$1 ! actions express+ x d n signify hon\r1 z !y signify actions1 b z !y are enjo9$3 = !y signify ob$i5ce imm$iately1 ob$i5ce p[]2 insomu* z wor%ip enjo9$ consi/s 9 ob$i5ce4 ,volunt>y is hon\rable only 9 ! nature ( ! actions2 :i* if !y d signify hon\r to ! behold]s1 x is wor%ip1 if n1 x is reproa*4 ,aga91 wor%ip may be ei!r public or private4 ,b public1 respect+ ea* s+le wor%ipp]1 may n be volunt>y2 respect+ ! city1 x may4 ,= see+ t :i* is done volunt>ily1 dep5ds on ! w ( ! do]1 !re w\ld n "o wor%ip be giv51 b z _m wor%ips z wor%ipp]s2 except ! w ( all m5 7 unit$ by ! comm& ( "o4 ,b private wor%ip may be volunt>y1 if x be done secretly2 = :at is done op5ly1 is re/ra9$ ei!r by laws or ?r\gh mode/y2 :i* is contr>y to ! nature ( a volunt>y action4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ! end or aim ( wor%ip is4 #ac4 ,n[ t we may "k :at ! scope & end ( wor%ipp+ o!rs is1 we mu/ consid] ! cause :y m5 delight 9 wor%ip4 ,& we mu/ grant :at we h %[$ else:]e2 t joy consi/s 9 ?is1 t a man contemplates virtue1 /r5g?1 sci5ce1 beauty1 fri5ds1 or any p[] :atsoev]1 z be+1 or z ?\gh x 7 8 own2 & x is no?+ else b a glory or triumph ( ! m9d1 conceiv+ itself hon\r$1 t is to say1 lov$ & fe>$1 t is to say1 hav+ ! s]vices & assi/ances ( m5 9 read9ess4 ,n[ because m5 believe him to be p[]ful1 :om !y see hon\r$1 t is to say1 e/eem$ p[]ful by o!rs2 x falls out t hon\r is increas$ by wor%ip2 & by ! op9ion ( p[] true p[] is acquir$4 ,8 end !re=e1 :o ei!r comm&s or suff]s himself to be wor%ipp$1 is1 t by ?is means he may acquire z _m z he c1 ei!r ?r\gh love or fe>1 to be ob$i5t unto him4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ! natural laws are conc]n+ ,god's attributes4 #ad4 ,b t we may und]/& :at mann] ( wor%ip ( ,god natural reason do? assign u1 let u beg9 f 8 attributes4 ,:]e fir/1 x is manife/ t exi/5ce is to be all[$ him2 = !re c be no w to hon\r him1 :o1 we ?9k1 ha? no be+4 ,next1 ^? philosoph]s :o said1 t ,god 0 ! _w or ! _w's s\l1 t is to say1 a "p ( x1 spake unwor?ily ( ,god2 = !y attribute no?+ to him1 b :olly d5y 8 be+4 ,= by ! ^w ,god we und]/& ! _w's cause4 ,b 9 say+ t ! _w is ,god1 !y say t x ha? no cause1 t is z mu* z !re is no ,god4 ,9 l mann]1 !y :o ma9ta9 ! _w n to be creat$1 b et]nal2 because !re c be no cause ( an et]nal ?+1 9 d5y+ ! _w to h a cause1 !y d5y also t !re is a ,god4 ,!y also h a wret*$ appreh5sion ( ,god1 :o imput+ idl5ess to him1 d take f him ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w & ( mank9d4 ,= say1 !y %\ld ackn[l$ge him omnipot5t2 yet if he m9d n ^! inf]ior ?+s1 t same ?read-b>e s5t5ce w take place ) !m3 quod supra nos1 nihil ad nos2 :at is above u1 do? n conc]n u4 ,& see+ !re is no?+ = :i* !y %\ld ei!r love or fe> him1 truly he w be to !m z ?\gh he 7 n at all4 ,moreov]1 9 attributes :i* signify greatness or p[]1 ^? :i* signify "s f9ite or limit$ ?+1 are n signs at all ( an hon\r+ m9d4 ,= we hon\r n ,god wor?ily1 if we ascribe less p[] or greatness to him ?an possibly we c4 ,b e f9ite ?+ is less ?an we c2 = mo/ easily we may always assign & attribute m to a f9ite ?+4 ,no %ape !re=e mu/ be assign$ to ,god1 = all %ape is f9ite2 nor mu/ he be said to be conceiv$ or compreh5d$ by imag9ation1 or any o!r faculty ( our s\l2 = :atsoev] we conceive is f9ite4 ,& al?\gh ?is ^w inf9ite signify a conception ( ! m9d1 yet x foll[s n t we h any conception ( an inf9ite ?+4 ,= :5 we say t a ?+ is inf9ite1 we signify no?+ really1 b ! impot5cy 9 our own m9d2 z if we %\ld say1 we "k n :e!r or :]e x is limit$4 ,nei!r speak !y hon\rably en\gh ( ,god1 :o say we h an idea ( him 9 our m9d3 = an idea is our conception2 b conception we h none1 except ( a f9ite ?+4 ,nor !y1 :o say t he ha? p>ts1 or t he is "s c]ta9 entire ?+2 :i* are also attributes ( f9ite ?+s4 ,nor t he is 9 any place2 = no?+ c be said to be 9 a place1 b :at ha? b\nds & limits ( its greatness on all sides4 ,nor t he is mov$ or is at re/2 = ei!r ( !m suppose a be+ 9 "s place4 ,nor t !re are _m ,gods2 because n _m inf9ites4 ,fur!rmore1 conc]n+ attributes ( happ9ess1 ^? are unwor?y ( ,god :i* signify sorr[2 7unless !y be tak5 n = any passion1 b1 by a metonomy1 = ! effect72 su* z rep5tance1 ang]1 pity4 ,or want2 z appetite1 hope1 concupisc5ce1 & t love :i* is also call$ lu/2 = !y are signs ( pov]ty2 s9ce x _c be und]/ood t a man %\ld desire1 hope1 & wi% = aught1 b :at he wants & /&s 9 ne$ (4 ,or any passive faculty2 = suff]+ belongs to a limit$ p[]1 & :i* dep5ds ^u ano!r4 ,:5 we !re=e attribute a w to ,god1 x is n to be conceiv$ l unto ours1 :i* is call$ a rational desire2 7= if ,god desires1 he wants1 :i* = any man to say1 is a contumely72 b we mu/ suppose "s resemblance :i* we _c conceive4 ,9 l mann] :5 we attribute sight & o!r acts ( ! s5se to him1 or k1 or und]/&+1 :i* 9 u are no?+ else b a tumult ( ! m9d1 rais$ f outw>d objects press+ ! organs2 we mu/ n ?9k t any su* ?+ befalls ! ,deity2 = x is a sign ( p[] dep5d+ ^u "s o!r1 :i* is n ! mo/ bless$ ?+4 ,he !re=e :o w\ld n ascribe any o!r titles to ,god ?an :at reason comm&s1 mu/ use su* z are ei!r negative1 z inf9ite1 et]nal1 incompreh5sible1 c42 or sup]lative1 z mo/ good1 mo/ great1 mo/ p[]ful1 c42 or indef9ite1 z good1 j1 /rong1 creator1 k+1 & ! l2 9 su* s5se1 z n desir+ to decl>e :at he is2 7:i* 7 to circumscribe him )9 ! n>r[ limits ( our phantasy72 b to confess 8 own admiration & ob$i5ce1 :i* is ! prop]ty ( humility & ( a m9d yield+ all ! hon\r x possibly c d4 ,= reason dictates "o "n alone :i* do? signify ! nature ( ,god1 t is1 exi/5t1 or simply1 t he is2 & "o 9 ord] to1 & 9 relation to u1 namely ,god1 "u :i* is conta9$ bo? ,k+1 & ,"l1 & ,fa!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ^? actions are1 :]eby naturally we d give wor%ip4 #ae4 ,conc]n+ ! outw>d actions :]e) ,god is to be wor%ipp$1 z also conc]n+ 8 titles2 x is a mo/ g5]al comm& ( reason1 t !y be signs ( a m9d yield+ hon\r4 ,"u :i* are conta9$ 9 ! fir/ place1 pray]s4 8,qui f+it sacros auro vel m>more vultus1 ,non facit ille deos2 qui rogat1 ille facit40 ,= pray]s are ! signs ( hope2 & hope is an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! div9e p[] or goodness4 ,9 ! second place1 ?anksgiv+2 :i* is a sign ( ! same affection1 b t pray]s g be=e ! b5efit1 & ?anks foll[ x4 ,9 ! ?ird1 gifts1 t is to say1 oblations & sacrifices2 = ^! are ?anksgiv+s4 ,9 ! f\r?1 n to swe> by any o!r4 ,= a man's oa? is an imprecation ( 8 wra? aga9/ him if he deceive1 :o bo? kn[s :e!r he d or n1 & c puni% him if he d1 ?\gh he be nev] s p[]ful2 :i* only belongs to ,god4 ,= if !re 7 any man f :om 8 subjects' malice c\ld n lie hid1 & :om no human p[] c\ld resi/1 plight$ fai? w\ld suffice )\t swe>+2 :i* brok51 might be puni%$ by t man4 ,& = ?is v reason !re w\ld be no ne$ ( an oa?4 ,9 ! fif? place1 to speak w>ily ( ,god2 = t is a sign ( fe>1 & fe> is an ackn[l$gm5t ( p[]4 ,x foll[s f ?is precept1 t we may n take ! "n ( ,god 9 va91 or use x ra%ly2 = ei!r are inconsid]ate4 ,t we mu/ n swe>1 :]e !re is no ne$2 = t is 9 va94 ,b ne$ !re is none1 unless x be betwe5 cities1 to avoid or take away cont5tion by =ce1 :i* necess>ily mu/ arise :]e !re is no fai? kept 9 promises3 or 9 a city1 = ! bett] c]ta9ty ( judicature4 ,also1 t we mu/ n dispute ( ! div9e nature2 = x is suppos$ t all ?+s 9 ! natural k+dom ( ,god are inquir$ into by reason only1 t is to say1 out ( ! pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce4 ,b we are s f> (f by ^! to atta9 to ! k ( ! nature ( ,god1 t we _c s mu* z rea* to ! full und]/&+ ( all ! qualities ( our own bodies1 or ( any o!r creatures4 ,:]e=e !re comes no?+ f ^! disputes1 b a ra% imposition ( names to ! div9e ,maje/y accord+ to ! small measure ( our conceptions4 ,x foll[s also1 7:i* belongs to ! "r ( ,god's k+dom71 t _! spee* is inconsid]ate & ra%1 :o say1 t ?is or t do? n /& ) div9e ju/ice4 ,= ev5 m5 c\nt x an affront t _! *ildr5 %\ld dispute _! "r1 or measure _! ju/ice o!rwise ?an by ! rule ( _! comm&s4 ,9 ! six?1 :atsoev] is (f]$ up 9 pray]s1 ?anksgiv+s1 & sacrifices1 mu/ 9 its k9d be ! be/ & mo/ betok5+ hon\r2 namely1 pray]s mu/ n be ra%1 or light1 or vulg>1 b beautiful1 & well compos$4 ,= ?\gh x 7 absurd 9 ! hea!n to wor%ip ,god 9 an image1 yet 0 x n aga9/ reason to use poetry & music 9 _! *ur*es4 ,also oblations mu/ be clean1 & pres5ts sumptu\s2 & su* z are significative ei!r ( submission or gratitude1 or commemorative ( b5efits receiv$4 ,= all ^! proce$ f a desire ( hon\r+4 ,9 ! sev5?1 t ,god mu/ be wor%ipp$ n privately only1 b op5ly & publicly 9 ! sight ( all m52 because t wor%ip is s mu* m acceptable1 by h[ mu* x begets hon\r & e/eem 9 o!rs2 z ha? be5 decl>$ be=e 9 art4 #ac4 ,unless o!rs !re=e see x1 t :i* is mo/ pleas+ 9 our wor%ip vani%e?4 ,9 ! la/ place1 t we use our be/ endeav\r to keep ! laws ( nature4 ,= ! und]valu+ ( our ma/]'s comm&1 exce$s all o!r affronts :atsoev]2 z on ! o!r side1 ob$i5ce is m acceptable ?an all o!r sacrifices4 ,& ^! are pr9cipally ! natural laws conc]n+ ! wor%ip ( ,god2 ^?1 ,i mean1 :i* reason dictates to e man4 ,b to :ole cities1 e "o :]e( is "o p]son1 ! same natural reason fur!r comm&s an uni=mity ( public wor%ip4 ,= ! actions done by p>ticul> p]sons1 accord+ to _! private reasons1 are n ! city's actions2 & !re=e n ! city's wor%ip4 ,b :at is done by ! city1 is und]/ood to be done by ! comm& ( him or !m :o h ! sov]eignty2 :]e=e also toge!r ) ! cons5t ( all ! subjects1 t is to say1 uni=mly4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! natural k+dom ( ,god1 ! city may appo9t :at wor%ip x please?4 #af4 ,! natural laws set d[n 9 ! =ego+ article conc]n+ ! div9e wor%ip1 only comm& ! giv+ ( natural signs ( hon\r4 ,b we mu/ consid] t !re are two k9ds ( signs2 ! "o natural2 ! o!r done ^u agreem5t1 or by express or tacit composition4 ,n[ because 9 e language ! use ( words & names come by appo9tm5t1 x may also by appo9tm5t be alt]$2 = t :i* dep5ds on & d]ives its =ce f ! w ( m51 c by ! w ( ! same m5 agree+ be *ang$ aga9 or aboli%$4 ,su* names !re=e z are attribut$ to ,god by ! appo9tm5t ( m51 c by ! same appo9tm5t be tak5 away4 ,n[ :at c be done by ! appo9tm5t ( m51 t ! city may d4 ,! city !re=e by "r1 t is to say1 !y :o h ! p[] ( ! :ole city1 %all judge :at names or appellations are m1 :at less hon\rable = ,god2 t is to say1 :at doctr9es are to be held & pr(ess$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ,god & 8 op]ations4 ,n[ actions d signify n by m5's appo9tm5t1 b naturally2 ev5 z ! effects are signs ( _! causes4 ,:]e( "s are always signs ( scorn to !m be=e :om !y are committ$2 z ^? :]eby ! body's uncleanness is discov]$1 & :atsoev] m5 are a%am$ to d be=e ^? :om !y respect4 ,o!rs are always signs ( hon\r1 z to draw ne> & disc\rse dec5tly & humbly1 to give way or to yield 9 any matt] ( private b5efit4 ,9 ^! actions ! city c alt] no?+4 ,b !re are inf9ite o!rs1 :i*1 z mu* z belongs to hon\r or reproa*1 are indiff]5t4 ,n[ ^!1 by ! in/itution ( ! city1 may bo? be made signs ( hon\r1 & be+ made s1 d 9 v de$ become s4 ,f :5ce we may und]/&1 t we mu/ obey ! city 9 :atsoev] x %all comm& to be us$ = a sign ( hon\r+ ,god1 t is to say1 = wor%ip2 provid$ x c be in/itut$ = a sign ( hon\r2 because t is a sign ( hon\r1 :i* by ! city's comm& is us$ = su*4 ,sid5ote3 ,god rul+ by nature only1 ! city1 t is to say1 t man or c\rt :i* "u ,god ha? ! sov]eignty1 is ! int]pret] ( all ! laws4 #ag4 ,we h already decl>$ :i* 7 ! laws ( ,god1 z well sacr$ z secul>1 9 8 gov]nm5t by ! way ( nature only4 ,n[ because !re is no man b may be deceiv$ 9 reason+1 & t x s falls out t m5 are ( diff]5t op9ions conc]n+ ! mo/ actions2 x may be dem&$ fur!r1 :om ,god w\ld h to be ! int]pret] ( "r reason1 t is to say1 ( 8 laws4 ,& z = ! secul> laws1 7,i mean ^? :i* conc]n ju/ice & ! c>riage ( m5 t[>ds m571 by :at ha? be5 said be=e ( ! con/itution ( a city1 we h demon/ratively %[$ x agreeable to reason1 t all judicature belongs to ! city2 & t judicature is no?+ else b an int]pretation ( ! laws2 & by consequ5ce1 t e :]e cities1 t is to say1 ^? :o h ! sov]eign p[]1 are ! int]pret]s ( ! laws4 ,z = ! sacr$ laws1 we mu/ consid] :at ha? be5 be=e demon/rat$ 9 *ap4 ,v4 art4 #ac1 t e subject ha? transf]r$ z mu* "r z he c\ld on him or !m :o _h ! supreme au?ority4 ,b he c\ld h transf]r$ 8 "r ( judg+ ! mann] h[ ,god is to be hon\r$2 & !re=e also he ha? done x4 ,t he c\ld1 x appe>s h5ce2 t ! mann] ( hon\r+ ,god be=e ! con/itution ( a city1 0 to be fet*$ f e man's private reason4 ,b e man c subject 8 private reason to ! reason ( ! :ole city4 ,moreov]1 if ea* man %\ld foll[ 8 own reason 9 ! wor%ipp+ ( ,god1 9 s great a div]sity ( wor%ipp]s "o w\ld be apt to judge ano!r's wor%ip uncomely1 or impi\s2 nei!r w\ld ! "o seem to ! o!r to hon\r ,god4 ,ev5 t !re=e :i* 7 mo/ consonant to reason1 w\ld n be a wor%ip2 because t ! nature ( wor%ip consi/s 9 ?is1 t x be ! sign ( inw>d hon\r4 ,b !re is no sign1 b :]eby some:at becomes kn[n to o!rs2 & !re=e is !re no sign ( hon\r1 b :at seems s to o!rs4 ,aga91 t is a true sign1 :i* by ! cons5t ( m5 becomes a sign2 !re=e also t is hon\rable1 :i* by ! cons5t ( m51 t is to say1 by ! comm& ( ! city1 becomes a sign ( hon\r4 ,x is n !re=e aga9/ ! w ( ,god1 decl>$ by ! way ( reason only1 to give him su* signs ( hon\r z ! city %all comm&4 ,:]e=e subjects c transf] _! "r ( judg+ ! mann] ( ,god's wor%ip1 on him or !m :o h ! sov]eign p[]4 ,nay1 !y mu/ d x2 = else all mann] ( absurd op9ions conc]n+ ! nature ( ,god1 & all ridicul\s c]emonies :i* h be5 us$ by any nations1 w be se5 at once 9 ! same city4 ,:5ce x w fall out1 t e man w believe t all ! re/ d (f] ,god an affront2 s t x _c be truly said ( any1 t he wor%ips ,god2 = no man wor%ips ,god1 t is to say1 hon\rs him outw>dly1 b he :o do? ^? ?+s1 :]eby he appe>s to o!rs = to hon\r him4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$1 t ! int]pretation ( all laws1 z well sacr$ z secul>1 7,god rul+ by ! way ( nature only71 dep5ds on ! au?ority ( ! city1 t is to say1 t man or c\nsel to :om ! sov]eign p[] is committ$2 & t :atsoev] ,god comm&s1 he comm&s by 8 voice4 ,& on ! o!r side1 t :atsoev] is comm&$ by !m1 bo? conc]n+ ! mann] ( hon\r+ ,god1 & conc]n+ secul> affairs1 is comm&$ by ,god himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,c]ta9 d\bts remov$4 #ah4 ,aga9/ ?is1 "s man may dem&1 fir/1 :e!r x do? n foll[ t ! city mu/ be obey$1 if x comm& u directly to affront ,god1 or =bid u to wor%ip him8 ,i say1 x does n foll[1 nei!r mu/ we obey4 ,= to affront1 or n to wor%ip at all1 _c by any man be und]/ood = a mann] ( wor%ipp+4 ,nei!r also _h any "o1 be=e ! con/itution ( a city1 ( ^? :o ackn[l$ge ,god to rule1 a "r to d5y him ! hon\r :i* 0 !n due unto him2 nor c\ld he !re=e transf] a "r on ! city ( comm&+ any su* ?+s4 ,next1 if x be dem&$ :e!r ! city mu/ be obey$1 if x comm& some:at to be said or done1 :i* is n a disgrace to ,god directly1 b f :5ce by reason+ disgraceful consequ5ces may be d]iv$2 z = example1 if x 7 comm&$ to wor%ip ,god 9 an image1 be=e ^? :o acc\nt t hon\rable3 truly x is to be done4#ai ,= wor%ip is in/itut$ 9 sign ( hon\r2 b to wor%ip him ?us1 is a sign ( hon\r1 & increase? ,god's hon\r among ^? :o d s acc\nt ( x4 ,or if x be comm&$ to call ,god by a "n1 :i* we "k n :at x signifies1 or h[ x c agree ) ?is ^w ,god2 t also mu/ be done4 ,= :at we d = hon\r's sake1 7& we "k no bett]71 if x be tak5 = a sign ( hon\r1 x is a sign ( hon\r2 & !re=e if we refuse to d x1 we refuse ! enl>g+ ( ,god's hon\r4 ,! same judgm5t mu/ be _h ( all ! attributes & actions ab\t ! m]ely rational wor%ip ( ,god1 :i* may be controv]t$ & disput$4 ,= ?\gh ?is k9d ( comm&s may be sometimes contr>y to "r reason1 & !re=e s9s 9 !m :o comm& !m2 yet are !y n aga9/ "r reason1 nor s9s 9 subjects2 ^: "r reason1 9 po9ts ( controv]sy1 is t :i* submits itself to ! reason ( ! city4 ,la/ly1 if t man or c\nsel :o ha? ! supreme p[]1 comm& himself to be wor%ipp$ ) ! same attributes & actions1 :]e) ,god is to be wor%ipp$2 ! "q is1 :e!r we mu/ obey8 ,!re are _m ?+s1 :i* may be commonly attribut$ bo? to ,god & m52 = ev5 m5 may be prais$ & magnifi$4 ,& !re are _m actions1 :]eby ,god & m5 may be wor%ipp$4 ,b ! significations ( ! attributes & actions are only to be reg>d$4 ,^? attributes !re=e1 :]eby we signify ourselves to be ( an op9ion1 t !re is any man endu$ ) a sov]eignty indep5d5t f ,god1 or t he is immortal1 or ( inf9ite p[]1 & ! l2 ?\gh comm&$ by pr9ces1 yet mu/ !y be ab/a9$ f4 ,z also f ^? actions signify+ ! same2 z pray] to ! abs5t2 to ask ^? ?+s :i* ,god alone c give1 z ra9 & fair wea!r2 to (f] him :at ,god c only accept1 z oblations1 holocau/s2 or to give a wor%ip1 ?an :i* a great] _c be giv51 z sacrifice4 ,= ^! ?+s seem to t5d to ?is end1 t ,god may n be ?\ght to rule2 contr>y to :at 0 suppos$ f ! beg9n+4 ,b g5uflection1 pro/ration1 or any o!r act ( ! body :atsoev]1 may be lawfully us$ ev5 9 civil wor%ip2 = !y may signify an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! civil p[] only4 ,= div9e wor%ip is di/+ui%$ f civil1 n by ! motion1 plac+1 habit1 or ge/ure ( ! body1 b by ! decl>ation ( our op9ion ( him :om we d wor%ip4 ,z if we ca/ d[n ourselves be=e any man1 ) int5tion ( decl>+ by t sign t we e/eem him z ,god1 x is div9e wor%ip2 if we d ! same ?+ z a sign ( our ackn[l$gm5t ( ! civil p[]1 x is civil wor%ip4 ,nei!r is ! div9e wor%ip di/+ui%$ f civil1 by any action usually und]/ood by ! words & 2 :]e( ! =m] m>k+ out ! duty ( s]vants1 ! latt] _! de/9y1 !y are words ( ! same action 9 degree4 ,footnote #ai3 ,truly x is to be done4 ,we said 9 art4 #ad ( ?is *apt]1 t !y :o attribut$ limits to ,god1 transgress$ ! natural law conc]n+ ,god's wor%ip4 ,n[ !y :o wor%ip him 9 an image1 assign him limits4 ,:]e=e !y d t :i* !y ought n to d4 ,& ?is place seems to contradict ! =m]4 ,we mu/ !re=e "k fir/1 t !y :o are con/ra9$ by au?ority1 d n set ,god any b\nds2 b !y :o comm& !m4 ,= !y :o wor%ip unwill+ly1 d wor%ip 9 v de$3 b !y ei!r /& or fall !re1 :]e !y are comm&$ to /& or fall by a lawful sov]eign4 ,secondly1 ,i say x mu/ be done1 n at all times & ev]y:]e1 b on supposition t !re is no o!r rule ( wor%ipp+ ,god1 beside ! dictates ( human reason2 = !n ! w ( ! city /&s = reason4 ,b 9 ! k+dom ( ,god by way ( cov5ant1 :e!r old or new1 :]e idolatry is expressly =bid1 ?\gh ! city comm&s u to wor%ip ?us1 yet mu/ we n d x4 ,:i*1 if he %all consid]1 :o conceiv$ "s repugnancy betwe5 ?is & art4 #ad1 w surely cease to ?9k s any long]4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is s9 9 ! natural k+dom ( ,god1 & :at treason aga9/ ! div9e maje/y4 #ai4 ,f :at ha? be5 said may be ga!r$1 t ,god reign+ by ! way ( natural reason only1 subjects d s91 fir/ if !y break ! moral laws2 :i* are unfold$ 9 *apt]s ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,secondly1 if !y break ! laws or comm&s ( ! city1 9 ^? ?+s :i* p]ta9 to ju/ice4 ,?irdly1 if !y wor%ip n ,god ,f\r?ly1 if !y confess n be=e m51 bo? 9 words & de$s1 t !re is "o ,god mo/ good1 mo/ great1 mo/ bless$1 ! ,supreme ,k+ ( ! _w & ( all worldly k+s2 t is to say1 if !y d n wor%ip ,god4 ,?is f\r? s9 9 ! natural k+dom ( ,god1 by :at ha? be5 said 9 ! =ego+ *apt] 9 art4 #b1 is ! s9 ( treason aga9/ ! ,div9e ,maje/y4 ,= x is a d5y+ ( ! ,div9e ,p[]1 or a!ism4 ,= s9s proce$ "h1 j z if we %\ld suppose "s man to be ! sov]eign k+1 :o be+ himself abs5t1 %\ld rule by 8 vic]oy4 ,aga9/ :om sure !y w\ld transgress1 :o %\ld n obey 8 vic]oy 9 all ?+s2 except he usurp$ ! k+dom to himself1 or w\ld give x to "s o!r4 ,b !y :o %\ld s absolutely obey him1 z n to admit ( ?is exception1 might be said to be guilty ( treason4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,"u ,,! ,,old ,,cov5ant4 #a4 ,sup]/ition possess+ =eign nations1 ,god in/itut$ true religion by ! means ( ,abraham4 #b4 ,by ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ,adam1 all dispute is =bidd5 conc]n+ ! comm&s ( sup]iors4 #c4 ,! mann] ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ,abraham4 #d4 ,9 t cov5ant is conta9$ an ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god1 n simply1 b ( him :o appe>$ unto ,abraham4 #e4 ,! laws unto :i* ,abraham 0 ti$1 7 no o!r beside ^? ( nature1 & ! law ( circumcision4 #f4 ,abraham 0 ! int]pret] ( ! ^w ( ,god1 & ( all laws among ^? t belong$ to him4 #g4 ,abraham's subjects c\ld n s9 by obey+ him4 #h4 ,god's cov5ant ) ! ,hebrews on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 #i4 ,f !nce ,god's gov]nm5t took ! "n ( a k+dom4 #aj4 ,:at laws 7 by ,god giv5 to ! ,jews4 #aa4 ,:at ! ^w ( ,god is1 & h[ to be kn[n4 #ab4 ,:at 0 held ! writt5 ^w ( ,god among ! ,jews4 #ac4 ,! p[] ( int]pret+ ! ^w ( ,god1 & ! supreme civil p[]1 7 unit$ 9 ,moses :ile he liv$4 #ad4 ,!y 7 also unit$ 9 ! high-prie/1 dur+ ! life ( ,jo%ua4 #ae4 ,!y 7 unit$ too 9 ! high-prie/ until k+ ,saul's "t4 #af4 ,!y 7 also unit$ 9 ! k+s until ! captivity4 #ag4 ,!y 7 s 9 ! high-prie/s aft] ! captivity4 #ah4 ,d5ial ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce1 & idolatry1 7 ! only treasons aga9/ ! ,div9e ,maje/y among ! ,jews2 9 all ?+s else !y ought to obey _! pr9ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]/ition possess+ =eign nations1 ,god in/itut$ ! true religion by ! means ( ,abraham4 #a4 ,mank9d1 f consci5ce ( its own weakness & admiration ( natural ev5ts1 ha? ?is2 t mo/ m5 believe ,god to be ! invisible mak] ( all invisible ?+s2 :om !y also fe>1 conceiv+ t !y h n a suffici5t protection 9 !mselves4 ,b ! imp]fect use !y _h ( _! reason1 ! viol5ce ( _! passions did s cl\d !m1 t !y c\ld n rightly wor%ip him4 ,n[ ! fe> ( invisible ?+s1 :5 x is sev]$ f "r reason1 is sup]/ition4 ,x 0 !re=e almo/ impossible = m51 )\t ! special assi/ance ( ,god1 to avoid bo? rocks ( a!ism & sup]/ition4 ,= ?is proce$s f fe> )\t "r reason2 t1 f an op9ion ( "r reason )\t fe>4 ,idolatry !re=e did easily fa/5 ^u ! greate/ "p ( m52 & almo/ all nations did wor%ip ,god 9 images & resemblances ( f9ite ?+s2 & !y wor%ipp$ spirits or va9 visions1 p]haps out ( fe> call+ !m devils4 ,b x pleas$ ! ,div9e ,maje/y1 z we read x writt5 9 ! sacr$ hi/ory1 out ( all mank9d to call =? ,abraham1 by ^: means he might br+ m5 to ! true wor%ip ( him2 & to reveal himself sup]naturally to him1 & to make t mo/ fam\s cov5ant ) him & 8 se$1 :i* is call$ ! old cov5ant or te/am5t4 ,he !re=e is ! head ( true religion2 he 0 ! fir/ t aft] ! deluge taught1 t !re 0 "o ,god1 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se4 ,& f him ! k+dom ( ,god by way ( cov5ants1 takes its beg9n+4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 ,jews1 lib4 ,i44 cap4 #g4 ,sid5ote3 ,by ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ,adam1 all dispute is =bidd5 conc]n+ ! comm&s ( sup]iors4 #b4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w ,god reign$ inde$1 n only naturally1 b also by way ( cov5ant1 ov] ,adam & ,eve2 s z x seems he w\ld h no ob$i5ce yield$ to him1 beside t :i* natural reason %\ld dictate1 b by ! way ( cov5ant1 t is to say1 by ! cons5t ( m5 !mselves4 ,n[ because ?is cov5ant 0 pres5tly made void1 nor ev] aft] r5ew$1 ! orig9al ( ,god's k+dom 7:i* we treat ( 9 ?is place7 is n to be tak5 !nce4 ,yet ?is is to be not$ by ! way2 t by t precept ( n eat+ ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 7:e!r ! judicature ( good & evil1 or ! eat+ ( ! fruit ( "s tree 7 =bidd571 ,god did require a mo/ simple ob$i5ce to 8 comm&s1 )\t dispute :e!r t 7 good or evil :i* 0 comm&$4 ,= ! fruit ( ! tree1 if ! comm& be want+1 ha? no?+ 9 its own nature1 :]eby ! eat+ ( x c\ld be morally evil1 t is to say1 a s94 ,sid5ote3 ,! mann] ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ,abraham4 #c4 ,n[ ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ,abraham 0 made 9 ?is mann]1 7,g54 xvii4 #g1 #h73 ,i w e/abli% my cov5ant betwe5 me & !e1 & ?y se$ aft] !e 9 _! g5]ations1 = an ev]la/+ cov5ant1 to be a ,god unto !e & to ?y se$ aft] !e4 ,& ,i w give unto !e & to ?y se$ aft] !e1 ! l& :]e9 ?\ art a /rang]1 all ! l& ( ,canaan1 = an ev]la/+ possession2 & ,i w be _! ,god4 ,n[ x 0 necess>y to in/itute "s sign1 :]eby ,abraham & 8 se$ %\ld reta9 ! memory ( ?is cov5ant2 :]e=e circumcision 0 add$ to ! cov5ant1 b yet z a sign only1 7v]se #aj1 #aa73 ,?is is my cov5ant :i* ye %all keep betwe5 me & !e1 & ?y se$ aft] !e2 e man-*ild among y %all be circumcis$1 & ye %all circumcise ! fle% ( y\r =esk92 & x %all be a tok5 ( ! cov5ant betwe5 me & y4 ,x is !re=e cov5ant$1 t ,abraham %all ackn[l$ge ,god to be 8 ,god & ! ,god ( 8 se$1 t is to say1 t he %all submit himself to be gov]n$ by him2 & t ,god %all give unto ,abraham ! inh]itance ( t l& :]e9 he !n dwelt b z a pilgrim2 & t ,abraham1 = a memorial sign ( ?is cov5ant1 %\ld take c>e to see himself & 8 male se$ circumcis$4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 t cov5ant is conta9$ an ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god1 n simply1 b ( him :o appe>$ unto ,abraham4 #d4 ,b see+ t ,abraham1 ev5 be=e ! cov5ant1 ackn[l$g$ ,god to be ! ,creator & ,k+ ( ! _w2 7= he nev] d\bt$ ei!r ( ! be+ or ! provid5ce ( ,god72 h[ comes x n to be sup]flu\s1 t ,god w\ld pur*ase to himself ) a price & by contract an ob$i5ce :i* 0 due to him by nature2 namely1 by promis+ ,abraham ! l& ( ,canaan1 ^u condition t he w\ld receive him = 8 ,god2 :5 by ! "r ( nature he 0 already s8 ,by ^? words !re=e1 to be a ,god unto !e & to ?y se$ aft] !e1 we und]/& n t ,abraham satisfi$ ?is cov5ant by a b>e ackn[l$gm5t ( ! p[] & dom9ion :i* ,god _h naturally ov] m51 t is to say1 by ackn[l$g+ ,god indef9itely1 :i* belongs to natural reason2 b he mu/ def9itely ackn[l$ge him1 :o said unto him1 7,g54 xii4 #a1 #b73 ,get !e out ( ?y c\ntry2 c4 7,g54 xiii4 #ad73 ,lift up ?9e eyes1 c43 :o appe>$ unto him1 7,g54 xviii4 #a1 #b71 9 ! %ape ( ?ree cele/ial m52 & 7,g54 xv4 #a71 9 a vision2 & 7v]se #ac71 9 a dream1 :i* is matt] ( fai?4 ,9 :at %ape ,god appe>$ unto ,abraham1 by :at k9d ( s\nd he spake to him1 is n express$4 ,yet x is pla9 t ,abraham believ$ t voice to be ! voice ( ,god & a true revelation1 & w\ld h all 8 to wor%ip him1 :o _h s spok5 unto him1 = ,god ! ,creator ( ! _w2 & t 8 fai? 0 gr\nd$ on ?is1 n t he believ$ ,god to h a be+ or t he 0 true 9 8 promises1 t :i* all m5 believe1 b t he d\bt$ n him to be ,god1 ^: voice & promises he _h he>d1 & t ! ,god ( ,abraham signifi$ n simply ,god1 b t ,god :i* appe>$ unto him2 ev5 z ! wor%ip1 :i* ,abraham ow$ unto ,god 9 t notion1 0 n ! wor%ip ( reason1 b ( religion & fai?1 & t :i* n reason1 b ,god _h sup]naturally reveal$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! laws to :i* ,abraham 0 ti$ 7 no o!r1 b ^? ( nature & t ( circumcision4 #e4 ,b we read ( no laws giv5 by ,god to ,abraham1 or by ,abraham to 8 family1 ei!r !n or aft]1 secul> or sacr$2 except+ ! comm&m5t ( circumcision1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! cov5ant itself4 ,:5ce x is manife/1 t !re 7 no o!r laws or wor%ip1 :i* ,abraham 0 oblig$ to1 b ! laws ( nature1 rational wor%ip1 & circumcision4 ,sid5ote3 ,abraham among 8 own 0 ! int]pret] ( ! ^w ( ,god & ( all laws4 #f4 ,n[ ,abraham 0 ! int]pret] ( all laws1 z well sacr$ z secul>1 among ^? t belong$ to him2 n m]ely naturally1 z us+ ! laws ( nature only1 b ev5 by ! =m ( ! cov5ant itself2 9 :i* ob$i5ce is promis$ by ,abraham1 n = himself only1 b = 8 se$ also2 :i* _h be5 9 va91 except 8 *ildr5 _h be5 ti$ to obey 8 comm&s4 ,& h[ c t be und]/ood1 :i* ,god says 7,g54 xviii4 #ah1 #ai73 ,all ! nations ( ! e>? %all be bless$ 9 him2 = ,i "k him1 t he w comm& 8 *ildr5 & 8 h\sehold aft] him1 & !y %all keep ! way ( ! ,"l to d ju/ice & judgm5t3 unless 8 *ildr5 & 8 h\sehold 7 suppos$ to be oblig$ to yield ob$i5ce unto 8 comm&s8 ,sid5ote3 ,abraham's subjects c\ld n s9 9 obey+ him4 #g4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ,abraham's subjects c\ld n s9 9 obey+ him1 provid$ t ,abraham comm&$ !m n to d5y ,god's exi/5ce or provid5ce1 or to d some:at expressly contr>y to ! hon\r ( ,god4 ,9 all o!r ?+s1 ! ^w ( ,god 0 to be fet*$ f 8 lips only1 z be+ ! int]pret] ( all ! laws & words ( ,god4 ,= ,abraham alone c\ld tea* !m :o 0 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 & 9 :at mann] he 0 to be wor%ipp$4 ,& !y :o aft] ,abraham's dea? 7 subject to ! sov]eignty ( ,isaac or ,jacob1 did by ! same reason obey !m 9 all ?+s )\t s91 z long z !y ackn[l$g$ & pr(ess$ ! ,god ( ,abraham to be _! ,god4 ,= !y _h submitt$ !mselves to ,god simply1 be=e !y did x to ,abraham1 & to ,abraham be=e !y did x to ! ,god ( ,abraham3 aga91 to ! ,god ( ,abraham1 be=e !y did x to ,isaac4 ,9 ,abraham's subjects !re=e1 to d5y ,god 0 ! only treason aga9/ ! div9e ,maje/y2 b 9 _! po/]ity1 x 0 also treason to d5y ! ,god ( ,abraham1 t is to say1 to wor%ip ,god o!rwise ?an 0 in/itut$ by ,abraham1 to wit1 9 images made ) h&s1#bj z o!r nations did2 :i* = t reason 7 call$ idolat]s4 ,& hi!rto1 subjects might easily en\gh disc]n :at 0 to be obs]v$1 :at avoid$ 9 ! comm&s ( _! pr9ces4 ,footnote #bj3 ,9 images made ) h&s4 ,9 *ap4 ,,xv4 art4 #ad1 !re we h %[$ su* a k9d ( wor%ip to be irrational4 ,b if x be done by ! comm& ( a city1 to :om ! writt5 ^w ( ,god is n kn[n nor receiv$1 we h !n %[$ ?is wor%ip 79 article #ah7 to be rational4 ,b :]e ,god reigns by way ( cov5ant1 9 :i* x is expressly w>n$ n to wor%ip ?us1 z 9 ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham2 !re1 :e!r x be ) or )\t ! comm& ( ! city1 x is ill done4 ,sid5ote3 ,god's cov5ant ) ! ,hebrews at ,m\nt ,s9ai4 #h4 ,to g on n[1 foll[+ ! guidance ( ! holy ,scripture2 ! same cov5ant 0 r5ew$ 7,g54 xxvi4 #c1 #d7 ) ,isaac2 & 7,g54 xxviii4 #ac1 #ad7 ) ,jacob2 :]e ,god /yles himself n simply ,god1 :om nature do? dictate him to be1 b di/9ctly ! ,god ( ,abraham & ,isaac4 ,aft]w>d be+ ab\t to r5ew ! same cov5ant by ,moses ) ! :ole p ( ,israel1 7,exod4 iii4 #f73 ,i am1 sai? he1 ! ,god ( ?y ,fa!r1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 t p1 n only ! free/1 b also ! greate/ enemy to human subjection1 by reason ( ! fre% memory ( _! ,egyptian bondage1 abode 9 ! wild]ness ne> m\nt ,s9ai1 t anci5t cov5ant 0 prop\nd$ to !m all to be r5ew$ 9 ?is mann] 7,exod4 xix4 #e1 #f73 ,!re=e if ye w obey my voice inde$1 & keep my cov5ant1 7to wit1 t cov5ant :i* 0 made ) ,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob72 !n %all ye be a peculi> treasure unto me1 above all p2 = all ! e>? is m9e1 & ye %all be to me a k+dom ( prie/s1 & an holy nation4 ,& all ! p answ]$ toge!r1 & said1 7v]se #h7 ,all t ! ,"l ha? spok51 w we d4 ,sid5ote3 ,f !nce ,god's gov]nm5t 0 call$ a k+dom4 #i4 ,9 ?is cov5ant1 among o!r ?+s1 we mu/ consid] well ! appellation ( k+dom1 n us$ be=e4 ,= al?\gh ,god1 bo? by nature & by cov5ant made ) ,abraham1 0 _! k+1 yet ow$ !y him an ob$i5ce & wor%ip only natural1 z be+ 8 subjects2 & religi\s1 su* z ,abraham in/itut$1 z be+ ! subjects ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 _! natural pr9ces4 ,= !y _h receiv$ no ^w ( ,god beside ! natural ^w ( "r reason2 nei!r _h any cov5ant pass$ betwe5 ,god & !m1 o!rwise ?an z _! wills 7 includ$ 9 ! w ( ,abraham1 z _! pr9ce4 ,b n[ by ! cov5ant made at ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ! cons5t ( ea* man be+ _h1 !re becomes an in/itutive k+dom ( ,god ov] !m4 ,t k+dom ( ,god1 s r5[n$ 9 ,scriptures & writ+s ( div9es1 took its beg9n+ f ?is "t2 & hi!r t5ds t :i* ,god said to ,samuel1 :5 ! ,israelites ask$ a k+ 7#a ,sam4 viii4 #g73 ,!y h n reject$ !e1 b !y h reject$ me1 t ,i %\ld n reign ov] !m2 & t :i* ,samuel told ! ,israelites 7#a ,sam4 xii4 #ab73 ,ye said unto me1 nay1 b a k+ %all reign ov] u1 :5 ! ,"l y\r ,god 0 y\r k+2 & t :i* is said1 ,j]4 xxxi4 #ca3 ,i w make a new cov5ant1 c4 al?\gh ,i 0 an husb& unto !m2 & ! doctr9e also ( ,judas ,galilu1 :]e m5tion is made 9 ,josephus' ,antiq4 ( ! ,jews1 7,book xviii4 *ap4 #b71 9 ^! words3 ,b ,judas ,galilu 0 ! fir/ au?or ( ?is f\r? way ( ^? :o foll[$ ! /udy ( wisdom4 ,^! agree 9 all ! re/ ) ! ,ph>isees1 except+ t !y burn ) a mo/ con/ant desire ( lib]ty2 believ+ ,god alone to be held = _! ,"l & pr9ce2 & w soon] endure ev5 ! mo/ exquisite k9ds ( torm5ts1 toge!r ) _! k9sfolks & de>e/ fri5ds1 ?an call any mortal man _! ,"l4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at laws 7 by ,god giv5 to ! ,jews4 #aj4 ,! "r ( ! k+dom be+ ?us con/itut$ by way ( cov5ant1 let u see 9 ! next place1 :at laws ,god prop\nd$ to !m4 ,n[ ^? are kn[n to all1 to wit1 ! decalogue1 & ^? o!r1 z well judicial z c]emonial laws1 :i* we f9d f ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,exodus to ! end ( ,deut]onomy & ! dea? ( ,moses4 ,n[ ( ^? laws1 deliv]$ 9 g5]al by ! h& ( ,moses1 "s !re are :i* oblige naturally1 be+ made by ,god1 z ! ,god ( nature1 & _h _! =ce ev5 be=e ,abraham's "t4 ,o!rs !re are :i* oblige by virtue ( ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham1 be+ made by ,god z ! ,god ( ,abraham1 :i* _h _! =ce ev5 be=e ,moses's "t1 by reason ( ! =m] cov5ant4 ,b !re are o!rs :i* oblige by virtue ( t cov5ant only1 :i* 0 made la/ ) ! p !mselves2 be+ made by ,god1 z be+ ! peculi> k+ ( ! ,israelites4 ,( ! fir/ sort are all ! precepts ( ! decalogue :i* p]ta9 unto mann]s2 su* z1 hon\r ?y p>5ts1 ?\ %alt n kill1 ?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 ?\ %alt n /eal1 ?\ %alt n be> false witness1 ?\ %alt n covet2 = !y are ! laws ( nature4 ,also ! precept ( n tak+ ,god's "n 9 va92 = x is a "p ( natural wor%ip1 z ha? be5 decl>$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt] 7art4 #ae74 ,9 l mann] ! second comm&m5t1 ( n wor%ipp+ by way ( any image made by !mselves2 = ?is also is a "p ( natural religion1 z ha? be5 %[$ 9 ! same article4 ,( ! second sort is ! fir/ comm&m5t ( ! decalogue1 ( n hav+ any o!r ,gods2 = 9 t consi/s ! ess5ce ( ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham1 by :i* ,god requires no?+ else1 b t he %\ld be 8 ,god1 & ! ,god ( 8 se$4 ,also ! precept ( keep+ holy ! ,sabba?2 = ! sanctification ( ! sev5? day is in/itut$ 9 memorial ( ! six days' creation1 z appe>s out ( ^! words 7,exod4 xxxi4 #af-ag73 ,x is a p]petual cov5ant1 7mean+ ! ,sabba?71 & a sign betwe5 me & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel = ev]2 = 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 & on ! sev5? day he re/$1 & 0 refre%$4 ,( ! ?ird k9d are ! politic1 judicial1 & c]emonial laws2 :i* only belong$ to ! ,jews4 ,! laws ( ! fir/ & second sort writt5 9 tables ( /one1 to wit1 ! decalogue1 0 kept 9 ! ark itself4 ,! re/ writt5 9 ! volume ( ! :ole law1 7 laid up 9 ! side ( ! ark1 7,deut4 xxxi4 #bf74 ,= ^!1 reta9+ ! fai? ( ,abraham1 might be *ang$2 ^? c\ld n4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ! ^w ( ,god is1 & h[ to be kn[n4 #aa4 ,all ,god's laws are ,god's ^w2 b all ,god's ^w is n 8 law4 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god :i* br\ght !e out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 is ! ^w ( ,god2 x is no law4 ,nei!r is all t1 :i* = ! bett] decl>+ ( ,god's ^w is pron\nc$ or writt5 toge!r ) x1 in/antly to be tak5 = ,god's ^w4 ,=1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 is n ! voice ( ,god1 b ( ! prea*] or prophet4 ,all t1 & only t1 is ! ^w ( ,god1 :i* a true prophet ha? decl>$ ,god to h spok54 ,n[ ! writ+s ( ! prophets1 compreh5d+ z well ^? ?+s :i* ,god1 z :i* ! prophet himself speaks1 are !re=e call$ ! ^w ( ,god1 because !y conta9 ! ^w ( ,god4 ,n[ because all t1 & t alone1 is ! ^w ( ,god1 :i* is recomm5d$ to u = su* by a true prophet1 x _c be kn[n :at ,god's ^w is1 be=e we "k :o is ! true prophet2 nor c we believe ,god's ^w1 be=e we believe ! prophet4 ,moses 0 believ$ by ! p ( ,israel = two ?+s2 8 miracles & 8 fai?4 ,= h[ great & mo/ evid5t miracles soev] he _h wr\ght1 yet w\ld !y n h tru/$ him1 at lea/ he 0 n to h be5 tru/$1 if he _h call$ !m out ( ,egypt to any o!r wor%ip ?an ! wor%ip ( ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob _! fa!rs4 ,= x _h be5 contr>y to ! cov5ant made by !mselves ) ,god4 ,9 l mann] two ?+s !re are2 to wit1 sup]natural pr$iction ( ?+s to come1 :i* is a mighty miracle2 & fai? 9 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 _! deliv]] out ( ,egypt2 :i* ,god propos$ to all ! ,jews to be kept = m>ks ( a true prophet4 ,he t wants ei!r ( ^!1 is no prophet2 nor is x to be receiv$ = ,god's ^w1 :i* he obtrudes = su*4 ,if fai? be want+1 he is reject$ 9 ^! words1 7,deut4 xiii4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e73 ,if !re arise among y a prophet or a dream] ( dreams1 & give? !e a sign1 or a wond]2 & ! sign or ! wond] come to pass1 :]e( he spake unto !e1 say+1 ,let u g aft] o!r gods1 c4 t prophet1 or t dream] ( dreams %all be put to dea?4 ,if pr$iction ( ev5ts be want+1 he is condemn$ by ^!1 7,deut4 xviii4 #ba1 #bb73 ,& if ?\ say 9 ?9e he>t1 h[ %all we "k ! ^w :i* ! ,"l ha? n spok58 ,:5 a prophet speake? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 if ! ?+ foll[ n nor come to pass1 t is ! ?+ :i* ! ,"l ha? n spok52 b ! prophet ha? spok5 x presumptu\sly4 ,n[1 t t is ! ^w ( ,god :i* is publi%$ = su* by a true prophet2 & t he 0 held to be a true prophet among ! ,jews1 ^: fai? 0 true1 & to ^: pr$ictions ! ev5ts answ]$2 is )\t controv]sy4 ,b :at x is1 to foll[ o!r gods1 & :e!r ! ev5ts :i* are affirm$ to answ] _! pr$ictions1 d truly answ] !m or n1 may admit _m controv]sies2 especially 9 pr$ictions :i* obscurely & enigmatically =etel ! ev5t2 su* z ! pr$ictions ( almo/ all ! prophets are2 z :o saw n ,god app>5tly1 l unto ,moses1 b 9 d>k spee*es1 & 9 figures4 7,numb4 xii4 #h74 ,b ( ^! we _c judge1 o!rwise ?an by ! way ( natural reason2 because t judgm5t dep5ds on ! prophet's int]pretation1 & on its proportion ) ! ev5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at 0 held = ! writt5 ^w ( ,god among ! ,jews4 #ab4 ,! ,jews did hold ! book ( ! :ole law1 :i* 0 call$ ,deut]onomy1 = ! writt5 ^w ( ,god2 & t only 7=asmu* z c be collect$ out ( sacr$ hi/ory7 until ! captivity4 ,= ?is book 0 deliv]$ by ,moses himself to ! prie/s1 to be kept & laid up 9 ! side ( ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 & to be copi$ out by ! k+s2 & ! same a long "t aft]1 by ! au?ority ( k+ ,josiah 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #b71 ackn[l$g$ aga9 = ! ^w ( ,god4 ,b x is n manife/1 :5 ! re/ ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 fir/ receiv$ into canon4 ,b :at conc]ns ! prophets1 ,isaiah & ! re/1 s9ce !y =etold no o!r ?+s ?an :at 7 to come to pass1 ei!r 9 or aft] ! captivity1 _! writ+s c\ld n at t "t be held = prophetic2 by reason ( ! law cit$ above 7,deut4 xviii4 #ba1 #bb71 :]eby ! ,israelites 7 comm&$ n to acc\nt any man = a true prophet1 b him ^: prophecies 7 answ]$ by ! ev5ts4 ,& h5ce p]adv5ture x is1 t ! ,jews e/eem$ ! writ+s ( ^? :om !y slew :5 !y prophesi$1 = prophetic aft]w>d2 t is to say1 = ! ^w ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p[] ( int]pret+ ! ^w ( ,god1 & ! supreme civil p[]1 7 unit$ 9 ,moses :ile he liv$4 #ac4 ,x be+ kn[n :at laws !re 7 "u ! old cov5ant1 & :at ^w ( ,god receiv$ f ! beg9n+2 we mu/ fur!rmore consid]1 ) :om ! au?ority ( judg+1 :e!r ! writ+s ( ! prophets aris+ aft]w>d 7 to be receiv$ = ! ^w ( ,god2 t is to say1 :e!r ! ev5ts did answ] _! pr$ictions or n2 & ) :om also ! au?ority ( int]pret+ ! laws already receiv$1 & ! writt5 ^w ( ,god1 did reside3 :i* ?+ is to be trac$ ?r\gh all ! times & sev]al *anges ( ! commonweal? ( ,israel4 ,b x is manife/ t ?is p[]1 dur+ ! life ( ,moses1 0 entirely 9 himself4 ,= if he _h n be5 ! int]pret] ( ! laws & ^w1 t (fice mu/ h belong$ ei!r to e private p]son1 or to a congregation or synagogue ( _m1 or to ! high-prie/ or to o!r prophets4 ,fir/1 t t (fice belong$ n to private m51 or any congregation made ( !m1 appe>s h5ce2 t !y 7 n admitt$1 nay1 !y 7 prohibit$ ) mo/ heavy ?reats1 to he> ,god speak1 o!rwise ?an by ! means ( ,moses4 ,= x is writt51 7,exod4 xix4 #bd1 #be73 ,let n ! prie/s & ! p break ?r\gh1 to come up unto ! ,"l1 le/ he break =? ^u !m4 ,s ,moses w5t d[n unto ! p1 & spake unto !m4 ,x is fur!r manife/ly & expressly decl>$1 ^u occasion giv5 by ! rebellion ( ,corah1 ,da?an1 & ,abiram1 & ! two hundr$ & fifty pr9ces ( ! assembly1 t nei!r private m5 nor ! congregation %\ld pret5d t ,god _h spok5 by !m1 & by consequ5ce t !y _h ! "r ( int]pret+ ,god's ^w4 ,= !y cont5d+1 t ,god spake no less by !m ?an by ,moses1 argue ?us1 7,numb]s xvi4 #c73 ,ye take too mu* ^u y1 see+ all ! congregation are holy1 e "o ( !m1 & ! ,"l is among !m4 ,:]e=e !n lift ye up y\rselves above ! congregation ( ! ,"l8 ,b h[ ,god det]m9$ ?is controv]sy1 is easily und]/ood by v]ses #cc & #ce ( ! same *apt]1 :]e ,corah1 ,da?an1 & ,abiram w5t d[n alive into ! pit1 c4 ,& !re came out fire f ! ,"l1 & consum$ ! two hundr$ & fifty m5 t (f]$ inc5se4 ,secondly1 t ,a>on ! high-prie/ _h n ?is au?ority1 is manife/ by ! l controv]sy betwe5 him 7toge!r ) 8 si/] ,miriam7 & ,moses4 ,= ! "q 01 :e!r ,god spake by ,moses only1 or by !m also2 t is to say1 :e!r ,moses alone1 or :e!r !y also 7 int]pret]s ( ! ^w ( ,god4 ,= ?us !y said1 7,numb4 xii4 #b73 ,ha? ! ,"l inde$ spok5 only by ,moses8 ,ha? he n also spok5 by u8 ,b ,god reprov$ !m2 & made a di/9ction betwe5 ,moses & o!r prophets1 say+1 7v]se #f1 #g1 #h73 ,if !re be a prophet among y1 ,i ! ,"l w make myself kn[n unto him 9 a vision1 & w speak unto him 9 a dream3 my s]vant ,moses is n s1 c4 ,= ) him w ,i speak m\? to m\?1 ev5 app>5tly1 & n 9 d>k spee*es1 & ! similitude ( ! ,"l %all he behold4 ,:]e=e !n 7 ye n afraid to speak aga9/ my s]vant ,moses8 ,la/ly1 t ! int]pretation ( ! ^w ( ,god z long z ,moses liv$1 belong$ n to any o!r prophets :atsoev]1 is collect$ out ( t place :i* we n[ cit$1 conc]n+ 8 em95cy above all o!rs2 & out ( natural reason1 = z mu* z x belongs to ! same prophet1 :o br+s ! comm&s ( ,god1 to unfold !m too2 b !re 0 !n no o!r ^w ( ,god1 beside t :i* 0 decl>$ by ,moses4 ,& out ( ?is also1 t !re 0 no o!r prophet extant at t "t1 :o prophesi$ to ! p1 except+ ! sev5ty eld]s :o prophesi$ by ! _s ( ,moses4 ,& ev5 t ,jo%ua1 :o 0 !n ,moses' s]vant1 8 successor aft]w>d1 believ$ to be injuri\sly done1 till he knew x 0 by ,moses' cons5t2 :i* ?+ is manife/ by text ( ,scripture1 7,numb4 xi4 #be73 ,& ! ,"l came d[n 9 a cl\d1 c4 & took ( ! _s t 0 ^u ,moses1 & gave x unto ! sev5ty eld]s4 ,n[ aft] x 0 told t !y prophesi$1 ,jo%ua said unto ,moses1 ,=bid !m1 my "l4 ,b ,moses answ]$3 ,:y envie/ ?\ = my sake8 ,see+ !re=e ,moses alone 0 ! mess5g] ( ,god's ^w1 & t ! au?ority ( int]pret+ x p]ta9$ nei!r to private m51 nor to ! synagogue1 nor to ! high-prie/1 nor to o!r prophets2 x rema9s t ,moses alone 0 ! int]pret] ( ,gods ^w1 :o also _h ! supreme p[] 9 civil matt]s2 & t ! conv5tions ( ,corah ) ! re/ ( 8 complices aga9/ ,moses & ,a>on1 & ( ,a>on ) 8 si/] aga9/ ,moses1 7 rais$1 n = ! salvation ( _! s\ls1 b by reason ( _! ambition & desire ( dom9ion ov] ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y 7 also unit$ 9 ! high-prie/1 dur+ ! life ( ,jo%ua4 #ad4 ,9 ,jo%ua's "t ! int]pretation ( ! laws1 & ( ! ^w ( ,god1 belong$ to ,eleaz> ! high-prie/2 :o 0 also1 "u ,god1 _! absolute k+4 ,:i* is collect$1 fir/ ( all1 out ( ! cov5ant itself2 9 :i* ! commonweal? ( ,israel is call$ a prie/ly k+dom1 or1 z x is recit$ 9 #a ,pet] ii4 #i1 a royal prie/hood4 ,:i* c\ld 9 no wise be said1 unless by ! in/itution & cov5ant ( ! p1 ! regal p[] 7 und]/ood to belong to ! high-prie/4 ,nei!r do? ?is repugn :at ha? be5 said be=e1 :]e ,moses1 & n ,a>on1 _h ! k+dom "u ,god4 ,s9ce x is necess>y1 :5 "o man in/itutes ! =m ( a future commonweal?1 t "o %\ld gov]n ! k+dom :i* he in/itutes dur+ 8 life1 7:e!r x be mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 or democracy72 & h all t p[] = ! pres5t1 :i* he is be/[+ on o!rs = ! future4 ,n[1 t ,eleaz> ! prie/ _h n only ! prie/hood1 b also ! sov]eignty1 is expressly set d[n 9 ,jo%ua's call to ! adm9i/ration4 ,= ?us x is writt5 7,numb1 xxvii4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba73 ,take !e ,jo%ua ! son ( ,nun1 a man 9 :om is ! ,_s1 & lay ?9e h& ^u him1 & set him be=e ,eleaz> ! prie/1 & be=e all ! congregation1 & give him a *>ge 9 _! sight2 & ?\ %alt put "s ( ?9e hon\r ^u him1 t all ! congregation ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel may be ob$i5t2 & he %all /& be=e ,eleaz> ! prie/1 :o %all ask c\nsel = him aft] ! judgm5t ( ,urim1 be=e ! ,"l2 at 8 ^w %all !y g out1 & at 8 ^w %all !y come 91 & all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ) him1 ev5 all ! congregation4 ,:]e to ask c\nsel ( ,god = :atsoev] is to be done1 t is1 to int]pret ,god's ^w1 & 9 ! "n ( ,god to comm& 9 all matt]s1 belongs to ,eleaz>2 & to g out & to come 9 at 8 ^w1 t is to say1 to obey1 belongs bo? to ,jo%ua & to all ! p4 ,x is to be obs]v$ also1 t t spee*1 "p ( ?y glory1 cle>ly d5otes t ,jo%ua _h n a p[] equal ) t :i* ,moses _h4 ,9 ! meantime x is manife/1 t ev5 9 ,jo%ua's "t ! supreme p[] & au?ority ( int]pret+ ! ^w ( ,god1 7 bo? 9 "o p]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y 7 also unit$ 9 ! high-prie/1 until k+ ,saul's "t4 #ae4 ,aft] ,jo%ua's dea? foll[ ! times ( ! ,judges until k+ ,saul2 9 :i* x is manife/ t ! "r ( ! k+dom in/itut$ by ,god1 rema9$ ) ! high-prie/4 ,= ! k+dom 0 by cov5ant prie/ly1 t is to say1 ,god's gov]nm5t by prie/s4 ,& su* ought x to h be51 until t =m1 ) ,god's cons5t1 7 *ang$ by ! p !mselves2 :i* 0 n done be=e t requir+ a k+ ,god cons5t$ unto !m1 & said unto ,samuel 7#a ,sam4 viii4 #g73 ,he>k5 unto ! voice ( ! p 9 all t !y say unto !e2 = !y h n reject$ !e1 b !y h reject$ me1 t ,i %\ld n reign ov] !m4 ,! supreme civil p[] 0 !re=e rightly due by ,god's own in/itution to ! high-prie/2 b actually t p[] 0 9 ! prophets1 to :om 7be+ rais$ by ,god 9 an extraord9>y mann]7 ! ,israelites1 a p gre$y ( prophets1 submitt$ !mselves to be protect$ & judg$1 by reason ( ! great e/eem !y _h ( prophecies4 ,! reason ( ?is ?+ 01 because t ?\gh p5alties 7 set & judges appo9t$ 9 ! in/itution ( ,god's prie/ly k+dom2 yet1 ! "r ( inflict+ puni%m5t dep5d$ :olly on private judgm5t2 & x belong$ to a dissolute multitude & ea* s+le p]son to puni% or n to puni%1 accord+ z _! private zeal %\ld /ir !m up4 ,& !re=e ,moses by 8 own comm& puni%$ no man ) dea?2 b :5 any man 0 to be put to dea?1 "o or _m /irr$ up ! multitude aga9/ him or !m1 by div9e au?ority1 & say+1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l4 ,n[ ?is 0 con=mable to ! nature ( ,god's peculi> k+dom4 ,= !re ,god reigns inde$1 :]e 8 laws are obey$ n = fe> ( m51 b = fe> ( himself4 ,& truly1 if m5 7 su* z !y %\ld be1 ?is 7 an excell5t /ate ( civil gov]nm5t2 b z m5 are1 !re is a co]cive p[] 79 :i* ,i compreh5d bo? "r & might7 necess>y to rule !m4 ,& !re=e also ,god1 f ! beg9n+1 prescrib$ laws by ,moses = ! future k+s 7,deut4 xvii4 #ad-bj74 ,& ,moses =etold ?is 9 8 la/ words to ! p1 say+ 7,deut4 xxxi4 #bi73 ,i "k t aft] my dea? ye w utt]ly corrupt y\rselves1 & turn aside f ! way t ,i h comm&$ y1 c4 ,:5 !re=e accord+ to ?is pr$iction !re arose ano!r g5]ation 7,judges ii4 #aj-aa7 :o knew n ! ,"l1 nor yet ! works :i* he _h done = ,israel1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel did evil 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 & s]v$ ,balaam2 to wit1 !y ca/ (f ,god's gov]nm5t1 t is to say1 t ( ! prie/1 by :om ,god rul$2 & aft]w>d1 :5 !y 7 ov]come by _! enemies & oppress$ ) bondage1 !y look$ = ,god's w1 n at ! h&s ( ! prie/ any m1 b ( ! prophets4 ,^! !re=e actually judg$ ,israel2 b _! ob$i5ce 0 rightly due to ! high-prie/4 ,al?\gh !re=e ! prie/ly k+dom1 aft] ! dea? ( ,moses & ,jo%ua1 0 )\t p[]2 yet 0 x n )\t "r4 ,n[ t ! int]pretation ( ,god's ^w did belong to ! same high-prie/1 is manife/ by ?is2 t ,god1 aft] ! tab]nacle & ! ark ( ! cov5ant 0 consecrat$1 spake no m 9 ,m\nt ,s9ai1 b 9 ! tab]nacle ( ! cov5ant1 f ! propitiatory :i* 0 betwe5 ! *]ubims1 :i!r x 0 n lawful = any to approa* except ! high-prie/4 ,if !re=e reg>d be _h to ! "r ( ! k+dom1 ! supreme civil p[] & ! au?ority ( int]pret+ ,god's ^w 7 jo9$ 9 ! high-prie/4 ,if we consid] ! fact1 !y 7 unit$ 9 ! prophets :o judg$ ,israel4 ,= z judges1 !y _h ! civil au?ority2 z prophets1 !y int]pret$ ,god's ^w4 ,& ?us e way hi!rto ^! two p[]s cont9u$ insep>able4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y 7 unit$ 9 ! k+s1 until ! captivity4 #af4 ,k+s be+ once con/itut$1 x is no d\bt b ! civil au?ority belong$ to !m4 ,= ! k+dom ( ,god by ! way ( prie/hood 7,god cons5t+ to ! reque/ ( ! ,israelites7 0 end$2 :i* ,hi]om also m>ks1 speak+ ( ! books ( ,samuel4 ,samuel1 says he1 ,eli be+ dead & ,saul sla91 decl>es ! old law aboli%$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! oa?s ( ! new prie/hood & new sov]eignty 9 ,zadok & ,david1 d te/ify t ! "r1 :]eby ! k+s did rule1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! v concession ( ! p4 ,! prie/ c\ld rightly d :atsoev] e man c\ld rightly d himself2 = ! ,israelites grant$ him a "r to judge ( all ?+s1 & to wage w> = all m52 9 :i* two are conta9$ all "r :atsoev] c be conceiv$ f man to man4 ,our k+ say !y 7#a ,sam4 viii4 #bj7 %all judge u1 & g out be=e u1 & fight our battles4 ,judicature !re=e belong$ to ! k+s4 ,b to judge is no?+ else1 ?an by int]pret+ to apply ! laws to ! facts4 ,to !m !re=e belong$ ! int]pretation ( laws too4 ,& because !re 0 no o!r writt5 ^w ( ,god ackn[l$g$ beside ! law ( ,moses1 until ! captivity2 ! au?ority ( int]pret+ ,god's ^w did also belong to ! k+s4 ,nay1 =asmu* z ! ^w ( ,god mu/ be tak5 = a law1 if !re _h be5 ano!r writt5 ^w beside ! ,mosaical law1 see+ ! int]pretation ( laws belong$ to ! k+s1 ! int]pretation ( x mu/ also h belong$ to !m4 ,:5 ! book ( ,deut]onomy1 9 :i* ! :ole ,mosaical law 0 conta9$1 be+ a long "t lo/ 0 f\nd aga92 ! prie/s inde$ ask$ c\nsel ( ,god conc]n+ t book1 b n by _! own au?ority1 b by ! comm&m5t ( ,josiah2 & n imm$iately nei!r1 b by ! means ( ,holda ! prophetess4 ,:5ce x appe>s t ! au?ority ( admitt+ books = ! ^w ( ,god1 belong$ n to ! prie/4 ,nei!r yet foll[s x1 t t au?ority belong$ to ! prophetess2 because o!rs did judge ( ! prophets1 :e!r !y 7 to be held = true or n4 ,= to :at end did ,god give signs & tok5s to all ! p1 :]eby ! true prophets might be disc]n$ f ! false2 namely1 ! ev5t ( pr$ictions1 & con=mity ) ! religion e/abli%$ by ,moses2 if !y might n use ^? m>ks8 ,! au?ority !re=e ( admitt+ books = ! ^w ( ,god1 belong$ to ! k+2 & ?us t book ( ! law 0 approv$1 & receiv$ aga9 by ! au?ority ( k+ ,josiah2 z appe>s by ! second book ( ! ,k+s1 *ap1 xxii4 xxiii43 :]e x is report$ t he ga!r$ toge!r all ! sev]al degrees ( 8 k+dom1 ! eld]s1 prie/s1 prophets1 & all ! p2 & he read 9 _! e>s all ! words ( ! cov5ant2 t is to say1 he caus$ t cov5ant to be ackn[l$g$ = ! ,mosaical cov5ant2 t is to say1 = ! ^w ( ,god2 & to be aga9 receiv$ & confirm$ by ! ,israelites4 ,! civil p[] !re=e1 & ! p[] ( disc]n+ ,god's ^w f ! words ( m51 & ( int]pret+ ,god's ^w ev5 9 ! days ( ! k+s1 0 :olly belong+ to !mselves4 ,prophets 7 s5t n ) au?ority1 b 9 ! =m & by ! "r ( proclaim]s & prea*]s1 ( :om ! he>]s did judge4 ,& if p]haps ^! 7 puni%$ :o did n li/5 to !m pla9ly1 tea*+ easy ?+s2 x do? n !nce foll[1 t ! k+s 7 oblig$ to foll[ all ?+s :i* !y1 9 ,god's "n1 did decl>e 7 to be foll[$4 ,= ?\gh ,josiah1 ! good k+ ( ,judah1 7 sla9 because he obey$ n ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ! m\? ( ,ne*o k+ ( ,egypt2 t is to say1 because he reject$ good c\nsel ?\gh x seem$ to come f an enemy2 yet no man ,i hope w say t ,josiah 01 by any bond ei!r ( div9e or human laws1 oblig$ to believe ,ph>aoh ,ne*o k+ ( ,egypt1 because he said t ,god _h spok5 to him4 ,b :at "s man may object aga9/ k+s1 t = want ( le>n+ !y are seldom able en\gh to int]pret ^? books ( antiquity1 9 ! :i* ,god's ^w is conta9$2 & t = ?is cause1 x is n reasonable t ?is (fice %\ld dep5d on _! au?ority2 he may object z mu* aga9/ ! prie/s & all mortal m52 = !y may err4 ,& al?\gh prie/s 7 bett] in/ruct$ 9 nature & arts ?an o!r m51 yet k+s are able en\gh to appo9t su* int]pret]s "u !m2 & s1 ?\gh k+s did n !mselves int]pret ! ^w ( ,god1 yet ! (fice ( int]pret+ !m might dep5d on _! au?ority4 ,& !y :o !re=e refuse to yield up ?is au?ority to k+s1 because !y _c practice ! (fice itself1 d z mu* z if !y %\ld say1 t ! au?ority ( tea*+ geometry mu/ n dep5d ^u k+s1 except !y !mselves 7 geometricians4 ,we read t k+s h pray$ = ! p2 t !y h bless$ ! p2 t !y h consecrat$ ! temple2 t !y h comm&$ ! prie/s2 t !y h remov$ prie/s f _! (fice2 t !y h con/itut$ o!rs4 ,sacrifices inde$ !y h n (f]$2 = t 0 h]$it>y to ,a>on & 8 sons4 ,b x is manife/1 z 9 ,moses' lifetime1 s ?r\gh\t all ages1 f k+ ,saul to ! captivity ( ,babylon1 t ! prie/hood 0 n a mai/ry1 b a m9i/ry4 ,sid5ote3 ,! same 7 unit$ 9 ! prie/s1 aft] ! captivity4 #ag4 ,aft] _! return f ,babylonian bondage1 ! cov5ant be+ r5ew$ & sign$1 ! prie/ly k+dom 0 re/or$ to ! same mann] x 0 9 f ! dea? ( ,jo%ua to ! beg9n+ ( ! k+s2 except+ t x is n expressly set d[n1 t ! return$ ,jews did give up ! "r ( sov]eignty ei!r to ,esdras1 by ^: direction !y ord]$ _! /ate1 or to any o!r beside ,god himself4 ,t re=mation seems r to be no?+ else1 ?an ! b>e promises & v[s ( e man1 to obs]ve ^? ?+s :i* 7 writt5 9 ! book ( ! law4 ,not)/&+1 7p]haps n by ! p's int5tion71 by virtue ( ! cov5ant :i* !y !n r5ew$1 7= ! cov5ant 0 ! same ) t :i* 0 made at ,m\nt ,s9ai71 t same /ate 0 a prie/ly k+dom2 t is to say1 ! supreme civil au?ority & ! sacr$ 7 unit$ 9 ! prie/s4 ,n[1 h[soev] ?r\gh ! ambition ( ^? :o /rove = ! prie/hood1 & by ! int]position ( =eign pr9ces1 x 0 s tr\bl$ till our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/'s "t1 t x _c be und]/ood out ( ! hi/ories ( ^? times1 :]e t au?ority resid$2 yet x is pla91 t 9 ^? times ! p[] ( int]pret+ ,god's ^w 0 n sev]$ f ! supreme civil p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,among ! ,jews1 ! d5ial ( ! ,div9e provid5ce & idolatry1 7 ! only treasons aga9/ ! ,div9e ,maje/y3 9 all o!r ?+s !y ought to obey _! pr9ces4 #ah4 ,out ( all ?is1 we may easily "k h[ ! ,jews1 9 all times f ,abraham unto ,*ri/1 7 to behave !mselves 9 ! comm&s ( _! pr9ces4 ,= z 9 k+doms m]ely human1 m5 mu/ obey a subord9ate magi/rate 9 all ?+s1 except+ :5 8 comm&s conta9 9 !m "s treason2 s 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 ! ,jews 7 b\nd to obey _! pr9ces1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,moses1 ! prie/1 ! k+1 e "o dur+ _! "t 9 all ?+s1 except :5 _! comm&s did conta9 "s treason aga9/ ! ,div9e ,maje/y4 ,n[ treason aga9/ ! ,div9e ,maje/y 01 fir/1 ! d5ial ( div9e provid5ce2 = ?is 0 to d5y ,god to be a k+ by nature3 next1 idolatry1 or ! wor%ip n ( o!r1 7= !re is b "o ,god71 b ( /range ,gods2 t is to say1 a wor%ip ?\gh ( "o ,god1 yet "u o!r titles1 attributes1 & rites1 ?an :at 7 e/abli%$ by ,abraham & ,moses2 = ?is 0 to d5y ! ,god ( ,abraham to be _! k+ by cov5ant made ) ,abraham & !mselves4 ,9 all o!r ?+s !y 7 to obey4 ,& if a k+ or prie/1 hav+ ! sov]eign au?ority1 _h comm&$ some:at else to be done :i* 0 aga9/ ! laws1 t _h be5 8 s91 & n 8 subject's2 ^: duty x is1 n to dispute1 b to obey ! comm&s ( 8 sup]iors4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,cov5ant4 #a4 ,! prophecies conc]n+ ,*ri/'s dignity4 #b4 ,! prophecies conc]n+ 8 humility & passion4 #c4 ,t ,jesus 0 t ,*ri/4 #d4 ,t ! k+dom ( ,god by ! new cov5ant1 0 n ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 z ,*ri/1 b z ,god4 #e4 ,t ! k+dom by ! new cov5ant is heav5ly1 & %all beg9 f ! day ( judgm5t4 #f4 ,t ! gov]nm5t ( ,*ri/ 9 ?is _w 0 n a sov]eignty1 b c\nsel1 or a gov]nm5t by ! way ( doctr9e & p]suasion4 #g4 ,:at ! promises ( ! new cov5ant are1 on bo? p>ts4 #h4 ,t no laws are add$ by ,*ri/1 beside ! in/itution ( ! sacram5ts4 #i4 ,rep5t ye1 be baptiz$1 keep ! comm&m5ts1 & ! l =ms ( spee*1 are n laws4 #aj4 ,x p]ta9s to ! civil au?ority1 to def9e :at ! s9 ( inju/ice is4 #aa4 ,x p]ta9s to ! civil au?ority1 to def9e :at conduces to ! peace & def5ce ( ! city4 #ab4 ,x p]ta9s to ! civil au?ority1 to judge 7:5 ne$ requires7 :at def9itions & :at inf]5ces are true4 #ac4 ,x belongs to ! (fice ( ,*ri/1 to tea* morally1 n by ! way ( speculation1 b z a law2 to =give s9s1 & to tea* all ?+s :]e( !re is no sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$4 #ad4 ,a di/9ction ( ?+s temporal f spiritual4 #ae4 ,9 h[ _m sev]al sorts ! ^w ( ,god may be tak54 #af4 ,t all :i* is conta9$ 9 ,holy ,scripture1 belongs n to ! canon ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 #ag4 ,t ! ^w ( a lawful int]pret] ( ,holy ,scriptures1 is ! ^w ( ,god4 #ah4 ,t ! au?ority ( int]pret+ ,scriptures1 is ! same ) t ( det]m9+ controv]sies ( fai?4 #ai4 ,div]s significations ( a ,*ur*4 #bj4 ,:at a ,*ur* is1 to :i* we attribute rights1 actions1 & ! l p]sonal capacities4 #ba4 ,a ,*ri/ian city is ! same ) a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #bb4 ,_m cities d n con/itute "o ,*ur*4 #bc4 ,:o are ecclesia/ical p]sons4 #bd4 ,t ! election ( ecclesia/ical p]sons belongs to ! ,*ur*1 _! consecration to pa/ors4 #be4 ,t ! p[] ( remitt+ ! s9s ( ! p5it5t1 & reta9+ ^? ( ! imp5it5t1 belongs to ! pa/ors2 b t ( judg+ conc]n+ rep5tance belongs to ! ,*ur*4 #bf4 ,:at excommunication is1 & on :om x _c pass4 #bg4 ,t ! int]pretation ( ,scripture dep5ds on ! au?ority ( ! city4 #bh4 ,t a ,*ri/ian city ought to int]pret ,scriptures by ecclesia/ical pa/ors4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prophecies conc]n+ ,*ri/'s dignity4 #a4 ,!re are _m cle> prophecies extant 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t conc]n+ our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 to re/ore ! k+dom ( ,god by a new cov5ant2 p>tly =etell+ 8 regal dignity1 p>tly 8 humility & passion4 ,among o!rs conc]n+ 8 dignity1 ^!4 ,god1 bless+ ,abraham1 makes him a promise ( 8 son ,isaac2 & adds 7,g54 xvii4 #af73 ,& k+s ( p %all be ( him4 ,jacob bless+ 8 son ,judah 7,g54 xlix4 #aj73 ,! sceptre1 quo? he1 %all n dep>t f ,judah4 ,god to ,moses 7,deut4 xviii4 #ah73 ,a prophet1 sai? he1 w ,i raise !m up f among _! bre?r51 l unto !e1 & w put my words 9 8 m\?1 & he %all speak unto !m all t ,i %all comm& him2 & x %all come to pass1 t :osoev] w n he>k5 unto my words1 :i* he %all speak 9 my "n1 ,i w require x ( him4 ,isaiah 7,isai4 vii4 #ad73 ,! ,"l himself %all give !e a sign2 ,behold a virg9 %all conceive & be> a son1 & %all call 8 "n ,emmanuel4 ,! same prophet 7,isaiah ix4 #f73 ,unto u a *ild is born1 unto u a son is giv51 & ! gov]nm5t %all be ^u 8 %\ld]s2 & 8 "n %all be call$ wond]ful1 c\nsellor1 ! mighty ,god1 ! ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,& aga9 7,isaiah xi4 #a-e73 ,!re %all come =? a rod out ( ! /em ( ,jesse1 & a bran* %all gr[ out ( 8 roots2 ! _s ( ! ,"l %all re/ ^u him1 c42 ,he %all n judge aft] ! sight ( 8 eyes1 nei!r reprove aft] ! he>+ ( 8 e>s2 b ) righte\sness %all he judge ! poor1 c42 ,& he %all smite ! e>? ) ! rod ( 8 m\?1 & ) ! brea? ( 8 lips %all he slay ! wick$4 ,fur!rmore 9 ! same ,isaiah 7*apt]s li4 to lxii471 !re is almo/ no?+ else conta9$ b a description ( ! com+ & ! works ( ,*ri/4 ,j]emiah 7,j]em4 xxxi4 #ca73 ,behold ! days come1 sai? ! ,"l1 t ,i w make a new cov5ant ) ! h\se ( ,israel1 & ) ! h\se ( ,judah4 ,& ,b>u* 7,b>4 iii4 #ce-cg73 ,?is is our ,god1 c4 ,aft]w>d did he %[ himself ^u e>?1 & conv]s$ ) m54 ,ezekiel 7,ezek4 xxxiv4 #bc-be73 ,i w set up "o %eph]d ov] !m1 & he %all fe$ !m2 ev5 my s]vant ,david4 ,& ,i w make ) !m a cov5ant ( peace1 c4 ,daniel 7,dan4 vii4 #ac-ad73 ,i saw 9 ! night visions2 & behold "o l ! ,son ( ,man came ) ! cl\ds ( heav51 & came to ! anci5t ( days2 & !y br\ght him ne> be=e him2 & !re 0 giv5 him dom9ion1 & glory1 & a k+dom1 t all p1 nations1 & languages %\ld s]ve him2 8 dom9ion is an ev]la/+ dom9ion1 c4 ,haggai 7,haggai ii4 #f-g73 ,yet once x is a little :ile1 & ,i w %ake ! heav51 & ! e>?1 & ! sea1 & ! dry l&2 & ,i w %ake all nations2 & ! desire ( all nations %all come4 ,za*>iah1 "u ! type ( ,jo%ua ! high-prie/ 7,za*4 iii4 #h73 ,i w br+ =? my s]vant ! bran*1 c4 ,& aga9 7,za*4 vi4 #ab73 ,behold ! man ^: "n is ! ,bran*4 ,& aga9 7,za*4 ix4 #i73 ,rejoice greatly ,o daught] ( ,zion1 %\t ,o daught] ( ,j]usalem2 behold ?y k+ come? to !e2 he is j1 hav+ salvation4 ,! ,jews mov$ by ^! & o!r prophecies1 expect$ ,*ri/ _! k+ to be s5t f ,god2 :o %\ld r$eem !m1 & fur!rmore be> rule ov] all nations4 ,yea1 ?is prophecy _h spread ov] ! :ole ,roman empire2 :i* ,vespasian too1 ?\gh falsely1 int]pret$ 9 fav\r ( 8 own ent]prises2 t out ( ,judea %\ld come he t %\ld h dom9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prophecies ( ,*ri/'s humility & passion4 #b4 ,n[ ! prophecies ( ,*ri/'s humility & passion1 among/ o!rs are ^!3 7,isaiah liii4 #d73 ,he ha? borne our griefs1 & c>ri$ our sorr[s2 yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$2 & by & by 7v]se #g73 ,he 0 oppress$1 he 0 afflict$1 yet he op5$ n 8 m\?2 he is br\ght z a lamb to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep be=e h] %e>] is dumb1 s op5$ he n 8 m\?1 c4 ,& aga9 7v]se #h73 ,he 0 cut out ( ! l& ( ! liv+2 = ! transgression ( my p 0 he /rick51 c4 7,v]se #ab73 ,!re=e ,i w divide him a portion ) ! great1 & he %all divide ! spoil ) ! /rong2 because he ha? p\r$ out 8 s\l unto dea?1 & he 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors1 & he b>e ! s9 ( _m1 & made int]cession = ! transgressors4 ,& t ( ,za*>iah 7,za*4 ix4 #i73 ,he is l[ly1 rid+ ^u an ass1 & ^u a colt ! foal ( an ass4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/4 #c4 ,9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,cs>1 ,jesus our ,savi\r1 a ,galilean1 began to prea*2 ! son1 z 0 suppos$1 ( ,joseph2 decl>+ to ! p ( ! ,jews1 t ! k+dom ( ,god expect$ by !m 0 n[ come1 & t himself 0 a k+1 t is to say1 ! ,*ri/2 expla9+ ! law1 *oos+ twelve apo/les & sev5ty disciples1 aft] ! numb] ( ! pr9ces ( ! tribes1 & sev5ty eld]s 7accord+ to ! patt]n ( ,moses7 to ! m9i/ry2 tea*+ ! way ( salvation by himself & !m2 purg+ ! temple1 do+ great signs1 & fulfill+ all ^? ?+s :i* ! prophets _h =etold ( ,*ri/ to come4 ,t ?is man1 hat$ ( ! ,ph>isees1 ^: false doctr9e & hypocritical sanctity he _h reprov$2 & by _! means1 ( ! p accus$ ( unlawful seek+ = ! k+dom1 & crucifi$2 0 ! true ,*ri/ & k+ promis$ by ,god1 & s5t f 8 ,fa!r to r5ew ! new cov5ant betwe5 !m & ,god2 bo? ! evangeli/s d %[1 describ+ 8 g5ealogy1 nativity1 life1 doctr9e1 dea?1 & resurrection2 & by comp>+ ! ?+s :i* he did ) ^? :i* 7 =etold ( him1 all ,*ri/ians d cons5t to4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! k+dom ( ,god by ! new cov5ant1 0 n ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 z ,*ri/1 b z ,god4 #d4 ,n[ f ?is1 t ,*ri/ 0 s5t f ,god 8 ,fa!r to make a cov5ant betwe5 him & ! p1 x is manife/1 t ?\gh ,*ri/ 7 equal to 8 ,fa!r accord+ to 8 nature1 yet 0 he inf]ior accord+ to ! "r ( ! k+dom4 ,= ?is (fice1 to speak prop]ly1 0 n t ( a k+1 b ( a vic]oy2 su* z ,moses' gov]nm5t 02 = ! k+dom 0 n 81 b 8 ,fa!r's4 ,:i* ,*ri/ himself signifi$ :5 he 0 baptiz$ z a subject1 & op5ly pr(ess$ :5 he taught 8 disciples to pray1 ,our ,fa!r1 ?y k+dom come1 c43 & :5 he said 7,mat?4 xxvi4 #bi73 ,i w n dr9k ( ! blood ( ! grape1 until t day :5 ,i %all dr9k x new ) y 9 ! k+dom ( my ,fa!r4 ,& ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #bb-bd73 ,z 9 ,adam all die1 s 9 ,*ri/ %all all be made alive2 b e man 9 8 own ord]2 ,*ri/ ! fir/ fruits2 aft]w>d !y t are ,*ri/'s1 :o believ$ 9 8 com+2 !n come? ! end :5 he %all h deliv]$ up ! k+dom to ,god ev5 8 ,fa!r4 ,! same not)/&+ is also call$ ! k+dom ( ,*ri/3 = bo? ! "m ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee petition$ ,*ri/1 say+ 7,mat?4 xx4 #ba73 ,grant t ^! my two sons may sit1 ! "o on ?y "r h&1 ! o!r on ?y left1 9 ?y k+dom3 & ! ?ief on ! cross 7,luke xxiii4 #db73 ,"l rememb] me :5 ?\ come/ into ?y k+dom3 & ,/4 ,paul 7,ephes4 v4 #e73 ,= ?is "k ye1 t no :oremong]1 c4 %all ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god1 & ( ,*ri/3 & else:]e 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #a73 ,i *>ge !e be=e ,god1 & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o %all judge ! quick & dead at 8 appe>+1 & 8 k+dom1 c43 7v]se #ah73 ,& ! ,"l %all deliv] me f e evil "w1 & w pres]ve me unto 8 heav5ly k+dom4 ,nor is x to be m>vel$ at1 t ! same k+dom is attribut$ to !m bo?2 s9ce bo? ! ,fa!r & ! ,son are ! same ,god2 & ! new cov5ant conc]n+ ,god's k+dom1 is n prop\nd$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r2 b 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ( "o ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ! k+dom ( ,god by ! new cov5ant is heav5ly1 & beg9s f ! day ( judgm5t4 #e4 ,b ! k+dom ( ,god1 = re/itution :]e( ,*ri/ 0 s5t f ,god 8 ,fa!r1 takes n its beg9n+ be=e 8 second com+2 to wit1 f ! day ( judgm5t1 :5 he %all come 9 maje/y accompani$ ) 8 angel4 ,= x is promis$ ! apo/les1 t 9 ! k+dom ( ,god !y %all judge ! twelve tribes ( ,israel1 7,mat?4 xix4 #bh73 ,ye :i* h foll[$ me 9 ! reg5]ation1 :5 ! ,son ( man %all sit 9 ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 ye also %all sit ^u twelve ?rones judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel3 :i* is n to be done till ! day ( judgm5t4 ,*ri/ !re=e is n yet 9 ! ?rone ( 8 maje/y2 nor is t "t1 :5 ,*ri/ 0 conv]sant "h 9 ! _w1 call$ a k+dom1 b a reg5]ation2 t is to say1 a r5ovation or re/itution ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 & a call+ ( !m :o 7 h]eaft] to be receiv$ into 8 k+dom4 ,& :]e x is said 7,mat?4 xxv4 #ca-cb73 ,:5 ! ,son ( man %all come 9 8 glory1 & all ! holy angels ) him1 !n %all he sit ^u ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 & be=e him %all be ga!r$ all nations2 & he %all sep>ate !m "o f ano!r1 z a %eph]d divide? 8 %eep f ! goats3 we may manife/ly ga!r t !re w be no local sep>ation ( ,god's subjects f 8 enemies1 b t !y %all live mix$ toge!r until ,*ri/'s second com+4 ,:i* is also confirm$ by ! comp>ison ( ! k+dom ( heav5 ) :eat m+l$ ) d>nell1 & ) a net conta9+ all sorts ( fi%4 ,b a multitude ( m51 enemies & subjects1 liv+ promiscu\sly toge!r1 _c prop]ly be t]m$ a k+dom4 ,besides1 ! apo/les1 :5 !y ask$ our ,savi\r1 :e!r he w\ld at t "t :5 he asc5d$ into heav51 re/ore ! k+dom unto ,israel2 did op5ly te/ify1 t !y !n1 :5 ,*ri/ asc5d$1 ?\ght ! k+dom ( ,god n to be yet come4 ,fur!rmore1 ! words ( ,*ri/1 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w3 &1 ,i w n dr9k1 c4 till ! k+dom ( ,god come3 &1 ,god ha? n s5t 8 ,son into ! _w1 to judge ! _w1 b t ! _w ?r\gh him might be sav$3 &1 ,if any man he> my words1 & keep !m n1 ,i judge him n2 = ,i came n to judge ! _w1 b to save ! _w3 &1 ,man1 :o made me a judge or divid] betwe5 y8 & ! v appellation ( ! k+dom ( heav5 te/ifies z mu*4 ,! same ?+ is ga!r$ out ( ! words ( ! prophet ,j]emiah1 speak+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god by ! new cov5ant 7,j]4 xxxi4 #cd73 ,!y %all tea* no m e man 8 neighb\r2 say+1 ,"k ! ,"l4 ,= !y %all all "k me1 f ! lea/ ( !m to ! greate/ ( !m1 sai? ! ,"l3 :i* _c be und]/ood ( a k+dom 9 ?is _w4 ,! k+dom ( ,god !re=e1 = ! re/or+ :]e( ,*ri/ came into ! _w2 ( :i* ! prophets did prophecy1 & ( :i* pray+ we say1 ,?y k+dom come2 if x is to h subjects locally sep>at$ f enemies1 if judicature1 if maje/y1 accord+ z ha? be5 =etold2 %all beg9 f t "t1 :]e9 ,god %all sep>ate ! %eep f ! goats2 :]e9 ! apo/les %all judge ! twelve tribes ( ,israel2 :]e9 ,*ri/ %all come 9 maje/y & glory2 :]e9 la/ly1 all m5 %all s "k ,god1 t !y %all n ne$ to be taught2 t is to say1 at ,*ri/'s second com+1 or ! day ( judgm5t4 ,b if ! k+dom ( ,god 7 n[ already re/or$1 no reason c\ld be r5d]$ :y ,*ri/1 hav+ complet$ ! "w = :i* he 0 s5t1 %\ld come aga92 or :y we %\ld pray1 ,?y k+dom come4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,*ri/ 9 ?is _w 0 n a sov]eignty1 b c\nsel1 or a gov]nm5t by way ( doctr9e & p]suasion4 #f4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! k+dom ( ,god by ,*ri/ to be e/abli%$ ) a new cov5ant1 7 heav5ly2 we mu/ n !re=e ?9k1 t !y1 :o believ+ 9 ,*ri/ w\ld make t cov5ant1 7 n s to be gov]n$ "h on ! e>? too1 z t !y %\ld p]sev]e 9 _! fai? & ob$i5ce promis$ by t cov5ant4 ,= 9 va9 _h ! k+dom ( heav5 be5 promis$1 if we 7 n to h be5 l$ into x2 b none c be l$1 b ^? :o are direct$ 9 ! way4 ,moses1 :5 he _h in/itut$ ! prie/ly k+dom1 himself ?\gh he 7 no prie/1 yet rul$ & conduct$ ! p all ! "t ( _! p]egr9ation1 until _! entrance into ! promis$ l&4 ,9 ! same mann] is x our ,savi\r's (fice1 7:om ,god 9 ?is ?+ w\ld h l unto ,moses71 z he 0 s5t f 8 ,fa!r1 s to gov]n ! future subjects ( 8 heav5ly k+dom 9 ?is life1 t !y might atta9 to & ent] into t2 al?\gh ! k+dom 7 n prop]ly 81 b 8 ,fa!r's4 ,b ! gov]nm5t :]eby ,*ri/ rules ! fai?ful ones 9 ?is life1 is n prop]ly a k+dom or dom9ion1 b a pa/oral *>ge1 or ! "r ( tea*+2 t is to say1 ,god ! ,fa!r gave him n a p[] to judge ( meum & tuum1 z he do? to ! k+s ( ! e>?2 nor a co]cive p[]1 nor legislative2 b ( %[+ to ! _w1 & tea*+ !m ! way & k ( salvation2 t is to say1 ( prea*+ & decl>+ :at !y 7 to d1 :o w\ld ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,t ,*ri/ _h receiv$ no p[] f 8 ,fa!r to judge 9 que/ions ( meum & tuum1 t is to say1 9 all que/ions ( "r among ^? :o believ$ n1 ^? words above cit$ d suffici5tly decl>e3 ,man1 :o made me a judge or divid] betwe5 y8 ,& x is confirm$ by reason4 ,= see+ ,*ri/ 0 s5t to make a cov5ant betwe5 ,god & m52 & no man is oblig$ to p]=m ob$i5ce be=e ! contract be made2 if he %\ld h judg$ ( que/ions ( "r1 no man _h be5 ti$ to obey 8 s5t5ce4 ,b t ! disc]n+ ( "r 0 n committ$ to ,*ri/ 9 ?is _w1 nei!r among ! fai?ful nor among infidels1 is app>5t 9 ?is2 t t "r )\t all controv]sy belongs to pr9ces1 z long z x is n by ,god himself d]ogat$ f _! au?ority4 ,b x is n d]ogat$ be=e ! day ( judgm5t2 z appe>s by ! words ( ,/4 ,paul1 speak+ ( ! day ( judgm5t 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #bd73 ,!n come? ! end1 :5 he %all h deliv]$ up ! k+dom to ,god ev5 ! ,fa!r1 :5 he %all h put d[n all rule1 & all au?ority1 & p[]4 ,secondly1 ! words ( our ,savi\r reprov+ ,james & ,john1 :5 !y _h said 7,luke ix4 #ed73 ,wilt ?\ t we call = fire f heav51 t x may consume !m8 7namely ! ,sam>itans1 :o _h d5i$ to receive him go+ up to ,j]usalem73 & reply+ 7v]se #ef71 ,! ,son ( man is n come to de/roy s\ls1 b to save !m2 & ^? words3 ,behold ,i s5d y z %eep among wolves2 ,%ake (f ! du/ ( y\r feet2 & ! l2 & ^? words1 ,god s5t n 8 ,son into ! _w1 to judge ! _w1 b t ! _w ?r\gh him might be sav$2 & ^?3 ,if any man he> my words1 & keep !m n1 ,i judge him n2 = ,i came n to judge ! _w1 c43 d all %[1 t he _h no p[] giv5 him to condemn or puni% any man4 ,we read inde$1 t ! ,fa!r judge? no man1 b ha? committ$ all judgm5t to ! ,son2 b s9ce t bo? may1 & mu/ be und]/ood ( ! day ( future judgm5t1 x do? n at all repugn :at ha? be5 said be=e4 ,la/ly1 t he 0 n s5t to make new laws1 & t !re=e by 8 (fice & mission he 0 no legislator prop]ly s call$1 nor ,moses nei!r1 b a br+] & publi%] ( 8 ,fa!r's laws1 7= ,god only1 & nei!r ,moses nor ,*ri/1 0 a k+ by cov5ant71 is collect$ h5ce2 t he said1 ,i came n to de/roy1 7to wit1 ! laws be=e giv5 f ,god by ,moses1 :i* he pres5tly int]prets71 b to fulfil2 &1 ,he t %all break "o ( ! lea/ ( ^! comm&m5ts1 & %all tea* m5 s1 he %all be call$ lea/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,*ri/ !re=e _h n a royal or sov]eign p[] committ$ to him f 8 ,fa!r 9 ?is _w1 b c\ncill>y & doctr9al only2 :i* himself signifies1 z well !n :5 he calls 8 apo/les n hunt]s1 b fi%]s ( m52 z :5 he comp>es ! k+dom ( ,god to a gra9 ( mu/>d-se$1 & to a little leav5 hid 9 meal4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ! promises ( ! new cov5ant are on bo? p>ts4 #g4 ,god promis$ unto ,abraham1 fir/1 a num]\s se$1 ! possession ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 & a bless+ ^u all nations 9 8 se$1 on ?is condition2 t he & 8 se$ %\ld s]ve him3 next1 unto ! se$ ( ,abraham accord+ to ! fle%1 a prie/ly k+dom1 a gov]nm5t mo/ free1 9 :i* !y 7 to be subject to no human p[]1 on ?is condition2 t !y %\ld s]ve ! ,god ( ,abraham on t fa%ion :i* ,moses %\ld tea*3 la/ly1 bo? to !m & to all nations1 a heav5ly & et]nal k+dom1 on condition t !y %\ld s]ve ! ,god ( ,abraham on t mann] :i* ,*ri/ %\ld tea*4 ,= by ! new1 t is to say1 ! ,*ri/ian cov5ant1 x is cov5ant$ on m5's "p1 to s]ve ! ,god ( ,abraham on t mann] :i* ,jesus %\ld tea*3 on ,god's "p1 to p>don _! s9s1 & br+ !m into 8 cele/ial k+dom4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! quality ( ! heav5ly k+dom1 above 9 art4 #e2 b x is usually call$1 sometimes ! k+dom ( heav51 sometimes ! k+dom ( glory1 sometimes ! life et]nal4 ,:at is requir$ on m5's "p1 namely1 to s]ve ,god z ,*ri/ %\ld tea*1 conta9s two ?+s2 ob$i5ce to be p]=m$ to ,god1 7= ?is is to s]ve ,god72 & fai? 9 ,jesus1 to wit1 t we believe ,jesus to be t ,*ri/ :o 0 promis$ by ,god2 = t only is ! cause :y 8 doctr9e is to be foll[$1 r ?an any o!r's4 ,n[ 9 holy ,scriptures1 rep5tance is (t5 put in/ead ( ob$i5ce2 because ,*ri/ tea*e? ev]y:]e1 t ) ,god ! w is tak5 = ! de$2 b rep5tance is an infallible sign ( an ob$i5t m9d4 ,^! ?+s be+ und]/ood1 x w mo/ evid5tly appe> out ( _m places ( sacr$ ,scripture1 t ^? are ! conditions ( ! ,*ri/ian cov5ant :i* we h nam$2 to wit1 giv+ remission ( s9s & et]nal life on ,god's "p2 & rep5t+ & believ+ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 on m5's "p4 ,fir/1 ! words1 7,m>k i4 #ae73 ,! k+dom ( ,god is at h&2 ,rep5t ye & believe ! gospel1 conta9 ! :ole cov5ant4 ,9 l mann] ^? 7,luke xxiv4 #df-dg73 ,?us x is writt51 & ?us x behov$ ,*ri/ to suff]1 & to rise f ! dead ! ?ird day2 & t rep5tance & remission ( s9s %\ld be prea*$ 9 8 "n among all nations1 beg9n+ at ,j]usalem4 ,& ^? 7,acts iii4 #ai73 ,rep5t & be conv]t$1 t y\r s9s may be blott$ out :5 ! times ( refre%+ %all come1 c4 ,& sometimes "o "p is expressly prop\nd$1 & ! o!r und]/ood1 z "h 7,john iii4 #cf73 ,he t believe? 9 ! ,son1 ha? ev]la/+ life2 ,he t believe? n ! ,son1 %all n see life1 b ! wra? ( ,god abide? on him3 :]e fai? is express$1 rep5tance n m5tion$2 & 9 ,*ri/'s prea*+ 7,mat?4 iv4 #ag73 ,rep5t1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&3 :]e rep5tance is express$1 fai? is und]/ood4 ,b ! p>ts ( ?is new contract are mo/ manife/ly & =mally set d[n !re1 :]e a c]ta9 rul]1 b>ga9+ z x 7 = ! k+dom ( ,god1 aske? our ,savi\r 7,luke xviii4 #ah73 ,good ,ma/]1 :at %all ,i d to inh]it et]nal life8 ,b ,*ri/ fir/ prop\nds "o "p ( ! price1 namely1 obs]vation ( ! comm&m5ts1 or ob$i5ce2 :i* :5 he answ]$ t he _h kept1 he adjo9s ! o!r1 say+ 7v]se #bb73 ,yet lacke/ ?\ "o ?+2 ,sell all t ?\ ha/1 & di/ribute to ! poor1 & ?\ %alt h treasure 9 heav52 & come1 foll[ me4 ,?is 0 matt] ( fai?4 ,he !re=e n giv+ suffici5t cr$it to ,*ri/ & 8 heav5ly treasures1 w5t away sorr[ful4 ,! same cov5ant is conta9$ 9 ^! words 7,m>k xvi4 #af73 ,he t believe? & is baptiz$1 %all be sav$2 b he t believe? n1 %all be damn$3 :]e fai? is express$1 rep5tance is suppos$ 9 ^? t are baptiz$4 ,& 9 ^! words 7,john iii4 #e73 ,except a man be born aga9 ( wat] & ! ,holy ,gho/1 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( heav53 :]e1 to be born ( wat]1 is ! same ) reg5]ation1 t is to say1 conv]sion to ,*ri/4 ,n[ t baptism is requir$ 9 ! two places cit$ j be=e1 & 9 div]s o!rs1 we mu/ und]/&1 t :at circumcision 0 to ! old cov5ant1 t baptism is to ! new4 ,see+ !re=e t 0 n ( ! ess5ce1 b s]v$ = a memorial ( ! old cov5ant1 z a c]emony or sign1 7& 0 omitt$ 9 ! wild]ness72 9 l mann] ?is also is us$1 n z p]ta9+ to ! ess5ce1 b 9 memory & = a sign ( ! new cov5ant :i* we make ) ,god4 ,& provid$ ! w be n want+1 ! act ?r\gh necessity may be omitt$2 b rep5tance & fai?1 :i* are ( ! ess5ce ( ! cov5ant1 are always requir$4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are no laws add$ by ,*ri/1 beside ! in/itution ( ! sacram5ts4 #h4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,god aft] ?is life1 !re w be no laws2 p>tly1 because !re is no room = laws1 :]e !re is none = s9s2 p>tly1 because laws 7 giv5 u f ,god1 n to direct u 9 heav51 b unto heav54 ,let u n[ !re=e inquire :at laws ,*ri/ e/abli%$ n himself2 = he w\ld n take ^u him any legislative au?ority1 z ha? be5 decl>$ above 9 art4 #f2 b prop\nd$ to u = 8 ,fa!r's4 ,we h a place 9 ,scripture1 :]e he contracts all ! laws ( ,god publi%$ till t "t1 into two precepts4 7,mat?4 xxii4 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj73 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t1 ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d2 ?is is ! greate/ & fir/ comm&m5t4 ,& ! second is l unto x1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,on ^! two comm&m5ts hang all ! law & ! prophets4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 giv5 be=e by ,moses 9 ! same words 7,deut4 vi4 #e72 & ! second ev5 be=e ,moses2 = x is ! natural law1 hav+ its beg9n+ ) rational nature itself3 & bo? toge!r is ! sum ( all laws4 ,= all ! laws ( div9e natural wor%ip1 are conta9$ 9 ^! words1 ,?\ %alt love ,god2 & all ! laws ( div9e wor%ip due by ! old cov5ant1 9 ^! words1 ,?\ %alt love ?y ,god1 t is to say1 ,god1 z be+ ! peculi> ,k+ ( ,abraham & 8 se$2 & all ! laws natural & civil1 9 ^! words1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,= he t loves ,god & 8 neighb\r1 ha? a m9d to obey all laws1 bo? div9e & human4 ,b ,god requires no m ?an a m9d to obey4 ,we h ano!r place :]e ,*ri/ int]prets ! laws1 namely1 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? entire *apt]s ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,b all ^? laws are set d[n ei!r 9 ! decalogue or 9 ! moral law1 or are conta9$ 9 ! fai? ( ,abraham2 z t law ( n putt+ away a wife is conta9$ 9 ! fai? ( ,abraham4 ,= t same1 two %all be "o fle%1 0 n deliv]$1 ei!r by ,*ri/ fir/1 or by ,moses1 b by ,abraham1 :o fir/ prea*$ ! creation ( ! _w4 ,! laws !re=e :i* ,*ri/ contracts 9 "o place1 & expla9s 9 ano!r1 are no o!r ?an ^? to :i* all mortal m5 are oblig$1 :o ackn[l$ge ! ,god ( ,abraham4 ,beside ^!1 we read n ( any law giv5 by ,*ri/1 beside ! in/itution ( ! sacram5ts ( baptism & ! eu*>i/4 ,sid5ote3 ,t ^! & ! l =ms1 rep5t1 be baptiz$1 keep ! comm&m5ts1 are n laws4 #i4 ,:at may be said !n ( ^! k9d ( precepts1 ,rep5t1 ,be baptiz$1 ,keep ! ,comm&m5ts1 ,believe ! ,gospel1 ,come unto me1 ,sell all t ?\ ha/1 ,give to ! poor1 ,foll[ me2 & ! l8 ,we mu/ say t !y are n laws1 b a call+ ( u to ! fai?3 su* z is t ( ,isaiah 7lv4 #a73 ,come2 buy w9e & milk )\t money & )\t price4 ,nei!r if !y come n1 d !y !re=e s9 aga9/ any law1 b aga9/ prud5ce only2 nei!r %all _! infidelity be puni%$1 b _! =m] s9s4 ,:]e=e ,/4 ,john sai? ( ! unbeliev]1 ,! wra? ( ,god abide? on him2 he sai? n1 ,! wra? ( ,god %all come ^u him4 ,&1 ,he t believe? n1 is already judg$2 he sai? n1 %all be judg$1 b is already judg$4 ,nay1 x _c be well conceiv$1 t remission ( s9s %\ld be a b5efit aris+ f fai?1 unless we und]/& also on ! o!r side1 t ! puni%m5t ( s9s is an hurt proce$+ f infidelity4 ,sid5ote3 ,x belongs to ! civil au?ority1 to def9e :at ! s9 ( inju/ice is4 #aj4 ,f h5ce1 t our ,savi\r ha? prescrib$ no di/ributive laws to ! subjects ( pr9ces1 & citiz5s ( cities2 t is to say1 ha? giv5 no rules :]eby a subject may "k & disc]n :at is 8 own1 :at ano!r man's1 nor by :at =ms1 words1 or circum/ances a ?+ mu/ be giv51 deliv]$1 invad$1 possess$1 t x may be kn[n by "r to belong to ! receiv]1 invad]1 or possessor3 we mu/ necess>ily und]/& t ea* s+le subject 7n only ) unbeliev]s1 among :om ,*ri/ himself d5i$ himself to be a judge & di/ributor1 b ev5 ) ,*ri/ians7 mu/ take ^? rules f 8 city1 t is to say1 f t man or c\ncil :i* ha? ! supreme p[]4 ,x foll[s !re=e1 t by ^? laws2 ,?\ %alt n kill1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 ,hon\r ?y fa!r & "m2 no?+ else 0 comm&$1 b t subjects1 & citiz5s1 %\ld absolutely obey _! pr9ces 9 all que/ions conc]n+ meum & tuum1 _! own & o!rs' "r4 ,= by t precept1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 all slaught] is n prohibit$2 = he t said1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 said also1 7,exod4 xxxv4 #b73 ,:osoev] do? "w ^u ! sabba?1 %all be put to dea?4 ,no1 nor yet all slaught]1 ! cause n be+ he>d2 = he said1 7,exod4 xxxii4 #bg73 ,slay e man 8 bro!r1 & e man 8 companion1 & e man 8 neighb\r4 7,v]se #bh73 ,& !re fell ( ! p ab\t ?ree ?\s& m54 ,nor yet all slaught] ( an innoc5t p]son2 = ,jeph?a v[$ 7,judges xi4 #ca73 ,:osoev] come? =?1 c4 ,i w (f] him up = a burnt (f]+ unto ! ,"l2 & 8 v[ 0 accept$ ( ,god4 ,:at !n is =bidd58 ,only ?is3 t no man kill ano!r1 :o ha? n a "r to kill him2 t is to say1 t no man kill1 unless x belong to him to d s4 ,! law ( ,*ri/ !re=e conc]n+ kill+1 & consequ5tly all mann] ( hurt done to any man1 & :at p5alties are to be set1 comm&s u to obey ! city only4 ,9 l mann]1 by t precept1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 all mann] ( copulation is n =bidd52 b only t ( ly+ ) ano!r man's wife4 ,b ! judgm5t1 :i* is ano!r man's wife1 belongs to ! city2 & is to be det]m9$ by ! rules :i* ! city prescribes4 ,?is precept !re=e comm&s bo? male & female to keep t fai? entire1 :i* !y h mutually giv5 accord+ to ! /atutes ( ! city4 ,s also by ! precept1 ?\ %alt n /eal1 all mann] ( invasion or secret surreption is n =bidd52 b ( ano!r man's only4 ,! subject !re=e is comm&$ ?is only1 t he invade n nor take away aught :i* ! city prohibits to be invad$ or tak5 away2 & univ]sally1 n to call any?+ murd]1 adult]y1 or !ft1 b :at is done contr>y to ! civil laws4 ,la/ly1 see+ ,*ri/ ha? comm&$ u to hon\r our p>5ts1 & ha? n prescrib$ ) :at rites1 :at appellations1 & :at mann] ( ob$i5ce !y are to be hon\r$2 x is to be suppos$ t !y are to be hon\r$ ) ! w inde$1 & inw>dly1 z k+s & lords ov] _! *ildr51 b outw>dly1 n beyond ! city's p]mission1 :i* %all assign to e man1 z all ?+s else1 s also 8 hon\r4 ,b s9ce ! nature ( ju/ice consi/s 9 ?is1 t e man h 8 own giv5 him2 x is manife/1 t x also belongs to a ,*ri/ian city to det]m9e :at is ju/ice1 :at inju/ice1 or a s9 aga9/ ju/ice4 ,n[ :at belongs to a city1 t mu/ be judg$ to belong to him or !m :o h ! sov]eign p[] ( ! city4 ,sid5ote3 ,x belongs to civil au?ority1 to def9e :at conduces to ! peace & safety ( ! city4 #aa4 ,moreov]1 because our ,savi\r ha? n %[$ subjects any o!r laws = ! gov]nm5t ( a city1 beside ^? ( nature1 t is to say1 beside ! comm& ( ob$i5ce2 no subject c privately det]m9e :o is a public fri5d1 :o an enemy1 :5 w>1 :5 peace1 :5 truce is to be made1 nor yet :at subjects1 :at au?ority & ( :at m51 are commodi\s or prejudicial to ! safety ( ! commonweal4 ,^! & all l matt]s !re=e are to be le>n$1 if ne$ be1 f ! city1 t is to say1 f ! sov]eign p[]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,x belongs to ! civil au?ority1 to judge1 :5 ne$ requires1 :at def9itions & :at inf]5ces are true4 #ab4 ,fur!rmore1 all ^! ?+s1 to build ca/les1 h\ses1 temples2 to move1 c>ry1 take away mighty weights2 to s5d securely ov] seas2 to contrive eng9es1 s]v+ = all mann] ( uses2 to be well acqua9t$ ) ! face ( ! :ole _w1 ! c\rses ( ! />s1 ! seasons ( ! ye>1 ! acc\nts ( ! times1 & ! nature ( all ?+s2 to und]/& p]fectly all natural & civil rights2 & all mann] ( sci5ces1 :i*1 compreh5d$ "u ! title ( philosophy1 are necess>y p>tly to live1 p>tly to live well2 ,i say1 ! und]/&+ ( ^! 7because ,*ri/ ha? n deliv]$ x7 is to be le>nt f reason+2 t is to say1 by mak+ necess>y consequ5ces1 hav+ fir/ tak5 ! beg9n+ f exp]i5ce4 ,b m5's reason+s are sometimes "r1 sometimes wrong2 & consequ5tly1 t :i* is conclud$ & held = a tru?1 is sometimes tru?1 sometimes error4 ,n[ errors1 ev5 ab\t ^! philosophical po9ts1 d sometimes public hurt1 & give occasions ( great s$itions & injuries4 ,x is ne$ful !re=e1 z (t z any controv]sy arise? 9 ^! matt]s contr>y to public good & common peace1 t !re be somebody to judge ( ! reason+1 t is to say1 :e!r t :i* is inf]r$1 be rightly inf]r$ or n2 t s ! controv]sy may be end$4 ,b !re are no rules giv5 by ,*ri/ to ?is purpose1 nei!r came he into ! _w to tea* logic4 ,x rema9s !re=e t ! judges ( su* controv]sies1 be ! same ) ^? :om ,god by nature _h in/itut$ be=e1 namely1 ^? :o 9 ea* city are con/itut$ by ! sov]eign4 ,moreov]1 if a controv]sy be rais$ ( ! accurate & prop] signification1 t is1 ! def9ition ( ^? names or appellations :i* are commonly us$2 insomu* z x is ne$ful = ! peace ( ! city1 or ! di/ribution ( "r1 to be det]m9$2 ! det]m9ation w belong to ! city4 ,= m51 by reason+1 d se>* out su* k9d ( def9itions 9 _! obs]vation ( div]se conceptions1 = ! signification :]e( ^? appellations 7 us$ at div]se times & = div]se causes4 ,b ! decision ( ! "q1 :e!r a man d reason rightly1 belongs to ! city4 ,= example1 if a woman br+ =? a *ild ( an unwont$ %ape1 & ! law =bid to kill a man2 ! "q is1 :e!r ! *ild be a man4 ,x is dem&$ !re=e1 :at a man is4 ,no man d\bts b ! city %all judge x1 & t )\t tak+ an acc\nt ( ,ari/otle's def9ition1 t man is a rational creature4 ,& ^! ?+s1 namely1 "r1 policy1 & natural sci5ces1 are subjects conc]n+ :i* ,*ri/ d5ies t x belongs to 8 (fice to give any precepts1 or tea* any ?+ beside ?is only2 t 9 all controv]sies ab\t !m1 e s+le subject %\ld obey ! laws & det]m9ations ( 8 city4 ,yet mu/ we rememb] ?is1 t ! same ,*ri/1 z ,god1 c\ld n only h taught1 b also comm&$ :at he w\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,x belongs to ! (fice ( ,*ri/1 to tea* morality1 n z a speculation1 b z a law2 to =give s9s1 & to tea* all ?+s :]e( !re is no sci5ce prop]ly s call$4 #ac4 ,! sum ( our ,savi\r's (fice 01 to tea* ! way & all ! means ( salvation & et]nal life4 ,b ju/ice & civil ob$i5ce1 & obs]vation ( all ! natural laws1 is "o ( ! means to salvation4 ,n[ ^! may be taught two ways2 "o1 z !orems1 by ! way ( natural reason1 by draw+ "r & ! natural laws f human pr9ciples & contracts2 & ?is doctr9e ?us deliv]$1 is subject to ! c5sure ( civil p[]s4 ,! o!r1 z laws1 by div9e au?ority1 9 %[+ ! w ( ,god to be su*2 & ?us to tea*1 belongs only to him to :om ! w ( ,god is sup]naturally kn[n1 t is to say1 to ,*ri/4 ,secondly1 x belong$ to ! (fice ( ,*ri/ to =give s9s to ! p5it5t2 = t 0 necess>y = ! salvation ( m5 :o _h already s9n$4 ,nei!r c\ld x be done by any o!r4 ,= remission ( s9s foll[s n rep5tance naturally1 z a debt2 b x dep5ds1 z a free gift1 on ! w ( ,god sup]naturally to be reveal$4 ,?irdly1 x belongs to ! (fice ( ,*ri/ to tea* all ^? comm&m5ts ( ,god1 :e!r conc]n+ 8 wor%ip1 or ^? po9ts ( fai? :i* _c be und]/ood by natural reason1 b only by revelation2 ( :i* nature are ^?1 t he 0 ! ,*ri/2 t 8 k+dom 0 n t]re/rial1 b cele/ial2 t !re are rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] ?is life2 t ! s\l is immortal2 t !re %\ld be su*1 & s _m sacram5ts2 & ! l4 ,sid5ote3 ,a di/9ction ( ?+s temporal f spiritual4 #ad4 ,f :at ha? be5 said 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 x is n h>d to di/+ui% betwe5 ?+s spiritual & temporal4 ,= s9ce by spiritual1 ^? ?+s are und]/ood1 :i* h _! f\ndation on ! au?ority & (fice ( ,*ri/1 &1 unless ,*ri/ _h taught !m1 c\ld n h be5 kn[n2 & all o!r ?+s are temporal2 x foll[s1 t ! def9ition & det]m9ation ( :at is j & unju/1 ! cognizance ( all controv]sies ab\t ! means ( peace & public def5ce1 & ! exam9ation ( doctr9es & books 9 all mann] ( rational sci5ce1 dep5ds ^u ! temporal "r2 b ^? :i* are my/]ies ( fai?1 dep5d+ on ,*ri/'s ^w & au?ority only1 _! judgm5ts belong to spiritual "r4 ,b x is reason's inquisition1 & p]ta9s to temporal "r to def9e :at is spiritual1 & :at temporal2 because our ,savi\r ha? n made t di/9ction4 ,= al?\gh ,/4 ,paul 9 _m places di/+ui% betwe5 spiritual ?+s & c>nal ?+s2 & call 7,rom4 viii4 #e3 #a ,cor4 xii4 #h-aj7 ^? ?+s spiritual1 :i* are ( ! _s1 to wit1 ! ^w ( wisdom1 ! ^w ( k1 fai?1 ! gift ( heal+1 ! work+ ( miracles1 prophecy1 div]s k9d ( tongues1 int]pretation ( tongues2 all sup]naturally inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & su* z ! c>nal man und]/&s n1 b he only :o ha? kn[n ! m9d ( ,*ri/ 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #ad-af72 & ^? ?+s c>nal1 :i* belong to worldly weal? 7,rom4 xv4 #bg72 & ! m5 c>nal m5 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #a-c73 yet ha? he n def9$1 nor giv5 u any rules :]eby we may "k :at proce$s f natural reason1 :at f sup]natural inspiration4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ^w ( ,god _m ways tak54 #ae4 ,see+ !re=e x is pla9 t our ,savi\r ha? committ$ to1 or r n tak5 away f pr9ces1 & ^? :o 9 ea* city h obta9$ ! sov]eignty1 ! supreme au?ority ( judg+ & det]m9+ all mann] ( controv]sies ab\t temporal matt]s2 we mu/ see h5ce=? to :om he ha? left ! same au?ority 9 matt]s spiritual4 ,:i* because x _c be kn[n1 except x be out ( ! ^w ( ,god & ! tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 we mu/ enquire 9 ! next place :at ! ^w ( ,god is1 :at to int]pret x1 :at a ,*ur* is1 & :at ! w & comm& ( ! ,*ur*4 ,to omit t ! ^w ( ,god is 9 ,scripture tak5 sometimes = ! ,son ( ,god1 x is us$ ?ree mann] ( ways4 ,fir/1 mo/ prop]ly = t :i* ,god ha? spok54 ,?us1 :atsoev] ,god spake unto ,abraham1 ! patri>*s1 ,moses1 & ! prophets1 our ,savi\r to 8 disciples1 or any o!rs2 is ! ^w ( ,god4 ,secondly1 :atsoev] ha? be5 utt]$ by m5 on ! motion or by comm& ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 9 :i* s5se we ackn[l$ge ! ,scriptures to be ! ^w ( ,god4 ,?irdly1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t inde$1 ! ^w ( ,god mo/ frequ5tly signifies ! doctr9e ( ! gospel1 or ! ^w conc]n+ ,god1 or ! ^w ( ! k+dom ( ,god by ,*ri/4 ,z :]e x is said 7,mat?4 iv4 #bc7 t ,*ri/ prea*$ ! gospel ( ! k+dom3 :]e ! apo/les are said to prea* ! ^w ( ,god 7,acts xiii4 #df73 :]e ! ^w ( ,god is call$ ! ^w ( life 7,acts v4 #bj73 ( ! ^w ( ! gospel 7,acts xv4 #g73 ! ^w ( fai? 7,rom4 x4 #h73 ! ^w ( tru?1 t is to say1 7add+ an int]pretation7 ! gospel ( salvation1 7,eph4 i4 #ac73 & :]e x is call$ ! ^w ( ! apo/les2 = ,/4 ,paul says 7#b ,!ss4 iii4 #ad73 ,if any man obey n our ^w1 c4 ,:i* places _c be o!rwise meant ?an ( ! doctr9e evangelical4 ,9 l mann]1 :]e ! ^w ( ,god is said to be s[n1 to increase1 & to be multipli$ 7,acts xii4 #bd3 & xiii4 #di73 x is v h>d to conceive ?is to be spok5 ( ! voice ( ,god or ( 8 apo/les2 b ( _! doctr9e1 easy4 ,& 9 ?is ?ird acception is all t doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* at ?is day is prea*$ 9 pulpits & conta9$ 9 ! books ( div9es1 ! ^w ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,all ?+s conta9$ 9 ! ,scripture1 belong n to ! canon ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 #af4 ,n[ ! sacr$ ,scripture is entirely ! ^w ( ,god 9 ?is second acception1 z be+ t :i* we ackn[l$ge to be inspir$ f ,god2 & innum]able places ( x1 9 ! fir/4 ,& see+ ! greate/ "p ( x is conv]sant ei!r 9 ! pr$iction ( ! k+dom ( heav51 or 9 prefigurations be=e ! inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 or 9 evangelization & explication aft]2 ! sacr$ ,scripture is also ! ^w ( ,god1 & !re=e ! canon & rule ( all evangelical doctr9e1 9 ?is ?ird signification2 :]e ! ^w ( ,god is tak5 = ! ^w conc]n+ ,god1 t is to say1 = ! gospel4 ,b because 9 ! same ,scriptures we read _m ?+s political1 hi/orical1 moral1 physical1 & o!rs :i* no?+ at all conc]n ! my/]ies ( our fai?2 ^? places1 al?\gh !y conta9 true doctr9e1 & are ! canon ( su* k9d ( doctr9es1 yet c !y n be ! canon ( ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ian religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ^w ( a lawful int]pret] ( ,scriptures1 is ! ^w ( ,god4 #ag4 ,& truly1 x is n ! dead voice or lett] ( ! ^w ( ,god1 :i* is ! canon ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e2 b a true & g5u9e det]m9ation4 ,= ! m9d is n gov]n$ by ,scriptures1 unless !y be und]/ood4 ,!re is ne$ !re=e ( an int]pret] to make ! ,scriptures canon1 & h5ce foll[s "o ( ^! two ?+s2 t ei!r ! ^w ( ! int]pret] is ! ^w ( ,god1 or t ! canon ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e is n ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! la/ ( ^! mu/ necess>ily be false2 = ! rule ( t doctr9e :i* _c be kn[n by any human reason1 b by div9e revelation only1 _c be less ?an div9e2 = :om we ackn[l$ge n to be able to disc]n :e!r "s doctr9e be true or n1 x is impossible to acc\nt 8 op9ion = a rule 9 ! same doctr9e4 ,! fir/ !re=e is true1 t ! ^w ( an int]pret] ( ,scriptures is ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! au?ority ( int]pret+ ,scriptures1 is ! same ) t ( det]m9+ controv]sies ( fai?4 #ah4 ,n[ t int]pret] ^: det]m9ation ha? ! hon\r to be held = ! ^w ( ,god1 is n e "o t translates ! ,scriptures out ( ! ,hebrew & ,greek tongue1 to 8 ,lat9 auditors 9 ,lat91 to 8 ,fr5* 9 ,fr5*1 & to o!r nations 9 _! "m tongue2 = ?is is n to int]pret4 ,= su* is ! nature ( spee* 9 g5]al1 t al?\gh x des]ve ! *ief place among ^? signs :]eby we decl>e our conceptions to o!rs1 yet _c x p]=m t (fice alone )\t ! help ( _m circum/ances4 ,= ! liv+ voice ha? its int]pret]s pres5t1 to wit1 "t1 place1 c\nt5ance1 ge/ure1 ! c\nsel ( ! speak]1 & himself unfold+ 8 own mean+ 9 o!r words z (t z ne$ is4 ,to recall ^! aids ( int]pretation1 s mu* desir$ 9 ! writ+s ( old "t1 is nei!r ! "p ( an ord9>y wit1 nor yet ( ! qua9te/1 )\t great le>n+ & v mu* skill 9 antiquity4 ,x suffice? n !re=e = int]pretation ( ,scriptures1 t a man und]/& ! language :]e9 !y speak4 ,nei!r is e "o an au!ntic int]pret] ( ,scriptures1 :o writes comm5ts ^u !m4 ,= m5 may err2 !y may also ei!r b5d !m to s]ve _! own ambition2 or ev5 resi/+1 draw !m into bondage by _! =e/all+s2 :5ce x w foll[1 t an errone\s s5t5ce mu/ be held = ! ^w ( ,god4 ,b al?\gh ?is might n happ51 yet z soon z ^! comm5tators are dep>t$1 _! comm5t>ies w ne$ explications2 & 9 process ( "t1 ^? explications expositions2 ^? expositions new comm5t>ies1 )\t any end4 ,s z !re _c1 9 any writt5 int]pretation :atsoev]1 be a canon or rule ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :]eby ! controv]sies ( religion may be det]m9$4 ,x rema9s1 t !re mu/ be "s canonical int]pret]1 ^: legitimate (fice x is to end controv]sies begun1 by expla9+ ! ^w ( ,god 9 ! judgm5ts !mselves2 & ^: au?ority !re=e mu/ be no less obey$1 ?an !irs :o fir/ recomm5d$ ! ,scripture itself to u = a canon ( fai?2 & t "o & ! same p]son be an int]pret] ( ,scripture1 & a supreme judge ( all mann] ( doctr9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,div]s significations ( a ,*ur*4 #ai4 ,:at conc]ns ! ^w ecclesia1 or ,*ur*1 orig9ally x signifies ! same ?+ t concio or a congregation does 9 ,lat92 ev5 z ecclesia/es or *ur*man1 ! same t concionator or prea*]1 t is to say1 he :o speaks to ! congregation4 ,9 :i* s5se we read 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ( a ,*ur* confus$1 & ( a lawful ,*ur* 7,acts xix1 #cb-ci73 t1 tak5 = a conc\rse ( p meet+ 9 way ( tumult2 ?is1 = a convocat$ assembly4 ,b 9 holy writ by a ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ians1 is sometimes und]/ood ! assembly1 & sometimes ! ,*ri/ians !mselves1 al?\gh n actually assembl$1 if !y be p]mitt$ to ent] into ! congregation & to communicate ) !m4 ,= example1 ,tell x to ! ,*ur*1 7,mat?4 xviii4 #ag71 is meant ( a ,*ur* assembl$2 = o!rwise x is impossible to tell any ?+ to ! ,*ur*4 ,b ,he laid wa/e ! ,*ur*1 7,acts viii4 #c71 is und]/ood ( a ,*ur* n assembl$4 ,sometimes a ,*ur* is tak5 = ^? :o are baptiz$1 or = ! pr(essors ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :e!r !y be ,*ri/ians inw>dly or feign$ly2 z :5 we read ( some:at said or writt5 to ! ,*ur*1 or said1 or decre$1 or done by ! ,*ur*4 ,sometimes = ! elect only1 z :5 x is call$ holy & )\t blemi% 7,ephes4 v4 #bg74 ,b ! elect1 z !y are militant1 are n prop]ly call$ a ,*ur*2 = !y "k n h[ to assemble2 b !y are a future ,*ur*1 namely1 9 t day :5 sev]$ f ! reprobate !y %all be triumphant4 ,aga91 a ,*ur* may be sometimes tak5 = all ,*ri/ians collectively2 z :5 ,*ri/ is call$ ! head ( 8 ,*ur* 7,ephes4 v4 #bc72 & ! head ( 8 body ! ,*ur* 7,coloss4 i4 #ah74 ,sometimes = its p>ts2 z ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus1 ! ,*ur* :i* is 9 8 h\se1 ! sev5 ,*ur*es1 c4 ,la/ly1 a ,*ur*1 z x is tak5 = a company actually assembl$1 accord+ to ! div]s ends ( _! meet+1 signifies sometimes ^? :o are met toge!r to delib]ate & judge2 9 :i* s5se x is also call$ a c\ncil & a synod2 sometimes ^? :o meet toge!r 9 ! h\se ( pray] to wor%ip ,god1 9 :i* signification x is tak5 9 ! #a ,cor4 xiv4 #d1 #e1 #bc1 #bh1 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at a ,*ur* is1 to :om we attribute rights1 actions1 & ! l appellations prop] to a p]son4 #bj4 ,n[ a ,*ur*1 :i* ha? p]sonal rights & prop] actions attribut$ to x1 & ( :i* t same mu/ necess>ily be und]/ood1 ,tell x to ! ,*ur*1 & he t obeys n ! ,*ur*1 & all su* l =ms ( spee*1 is to be def9$ s z by t ^w may be und]/ood a multitude ( m51 :o h made a new cov5ant ) ,god 9 ,*ri/1 t is to say1 a multitude ( !m :o h tak5 ^u !m ! sacram5t ( baptism2 :i* multitude may bo? lawfully be call$ toge!r by "s "o into "o place1 &1 he s call+ !m1 are b\nd to be pres5t ei!r 9 p]son or by o!rs4 ,= a multitude ( m51 if !y _c meet 9 assembly :5 ne$ requires1 is n to be call$ a p]son4 ,= a ,*ur* c nei!r speak1 nor disc]n1 nor he>1 b z x is a congregation4 ,:atsoev] is spok5 by p>ticul> m51 7to wit1 z _m op9ions almo/ z heads71 t is ! spee* ( "o man1 n ( ! ,*ur*4 ,fur!rmore1 if an assembly be made1 & x be unlawful1 x %all be consid]$ z null4 ,n any "o ( ^! !re=e :o are pres5t 9 a tumult1 %all be ti$ to ! decree ( ! re/2 b specially if he diss5t4 ,& !re=e nei!r c su* a ,*ur* make any decree2 = !n a multitude is said to decree some:at1 :5 e man is oblig$ by ! decree ( ! major "p4 ,we mu/ !re=e grant to ! def9ition ( a ,*ur*1 to :i* we attribute ?+s belong+ to a p]son1 n only a possibility ( assembl+1 b also ( do+ x lawfully4 ,besides1 al?\gh !re be "s "o :o may lawfully call ! re/ toge!r2 yet if !y :o are call$1 may lawfully n appe>2 :i* may happ5 among m5 :o are n subject "o to ano!r2 t same ,*ur* is n "o p]son4 ,= by :at "r !y1 :o be+ call$ to a c]ta9 "t & place d meet toge!r1 are "o ,*ur*2 by ! same1 o!rs flock+ to ano!r place appo9t$ by !m1 are ano!r ,*ur*4 ,& e numb] ( m5 ( "o op9ion is a ,*ur*2 & by consequ5ce1 !re w be z _m ,*ur*es z !re are div]s op9ions2 t is to say1 ! same multitude ( m5 w at once prove to be "o1 & _m ,*ur*es4 ,:]e=e a ,*ur* is n "o1 except !re be a c]ta9 & kn[n1 t is to say1 a lawful p[]1 by means :]e( e man may be oblig$ to be pres5t 9 ! congregation1 ei!r himself 9 p]son1 or by proxy2 & t becomes "o1 & is capable ( p]sonal functions1 by ! union ( a lawful p[] ( convocat+ synods & assemblies ( ,*ri/ians2 n by uni=mity ( doctr9e2 & o!rwise x is a multitude1 & p]sons 9 ! plural1 h[soev] agree+ 9 op9ions4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,*ri/ian city is ! same ) a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #ba4 ,x foll[s :at ha? be5 already said by necess>y connexion1 t a city ( ,*ri/ian m5 & a ,*ur* is altoge!r ! same ?+1 ( ! same m51 t]m$ by two names1 = two causes4 ,= ! matt] ( a city & a ,*ur* is "o1 to wit1 ! same ,*ri/ian m54 ,& ! =m1 :i* consi/s 9 a lawful p[] ( assembl+ !m1 is ! same too2 = x is manife/ t e subject is oblig$ to come ?i!r1 :i!r he is summon$ by 8 city4 ,n[ t :i* is call$ a city1 z x is made up ( m51 ! same1 z x consi/s ( ,*ri/ians1 is /yl$ a ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,_m cities d n con/itute "o ,*ur*4 #bb4 ,?is too is v coh]5t ) ! same po9ts3 if !re be _m ,*ri/ian cities1 !y are n altoge!r p]sonally "o ,*ur*4 ,!y may inde$ by mutual cons5t become "o ,*ur*1 b no o!rwise ?an z !y mu/ also become "o city4 ,= !y _c assemble b at "s c]ta9 "t1 & to "s place appo9t$4 ,b p]sons1 places1 & times1 belong to civil "r2 nei!r c any subject or /rang] lawfully set 8 foot on any place1 b by ! p]mission ( ! city1 :i* is "l ( ! place4 ,b ! ?+s :i* _c lawfully be done b by ! p]mission ( ! city1 ^?1 if !y be lawfully done1 are done by ! city's au?ority4 ,! univ]sal ,*ur* is inde$ "o my/ical body1 :]e( ,*ri/ is ! head2 b 9 ! same mann] t all m5 toge!r1 ackn[l$g+ ,god = ! rul] ( ! _w1 are "o k+dom & "o city2 :i* not)/&+ is nei!r "o p]son1 nor ha? x "o common action or det]m9ation4 ,fur!rmore1 :]e x is said t ,*ri/ is ! head ( 8 body ! ,*ur*1 x manife/ly appe>s t t 0 spok5 by ! ,apo/le ( ! elect2 :o1 z long z !y are 9 ?is _w1 are a ,*ur* only 9 pot5tia2 b %all n actually be s be=e !y be sep>at$ f ! reprobate1 & ga!r$ toge!r among !mselves 9 ! day ( judgm5t4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome ( old 0 v great1 b %e w5t n beyond ! b\nds ( h] empire1 & !re=e nei!r 0 %e univ]sal2 unless x 7 9 t s5se1 :]e9 x 0 also said ( ! city ( ,rome1 ,orbem jam totum victor ,romanus habebat2 :5 z yet he _h n ! tw5tie? "p ( x4 ,b aft] t ! civil empire 0 divid$ into p>ts1 ! s+le cities !nce aris+ 7 s _m ,*ur*es3 & t p[] :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h ov] !m1 might p]haps :olly dep5d on ! au?ority ( ^? ,*ur*es1 :o hav+ ca/ (f ! emp]ors1 7 yet cont5t to admit ! doctors ( ,rome4 ,sid5ote3 ,:o are cl]gym54 #bc4 ,!y may be call$ *ur*m51 :o ex]cise a public (fice 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,b ( (fices1 !re 0 "o a m9i/]y1 ano!r a mai/]y4 ,! (fices ( ! m9i/]s1 0 to s]ve tables1 to take c>e ( ! temporal goods ( ! ,*ur*1 & to di/ribute1 at t "t :5 all propriety ( ri*es be+ aboli%$ !y 7 f$ 9 common1 to ea* man 8 portion4 ,! mai/]s1 accord+ to _! ord]1 7 call$ "s apo/les1 "s bi%ops1 "s presbyt]s1 t is to say1 eld]s2 yet n s1 z t by ! "n ( presbyt]1 ! age1 b ! (fice might be di/+ui%$4 ,= ,timo?y 0 a presbyt]1 al?\gh a "y man4 ,b because = ! mo/ "p ! eld]s 7 receiv$ into ! mai/]%ip1 ! ^w1 d5ot+ age1 0 us$ to signify ! (fice4 ,! same mai/]s1 accord+ to ! div]sity ( _! employm5ts1 7 call$ "s ( !m apo/les1 "s prophets1 "s evangeli/s1 "s pa/ors or tea*]s4 ,& ! apo/olical "w inde$ 0 univ]sal2 ! prophetical1 to decl>e _! own revelations 9 ! ,*ur*2 ! evangelical1 to prea* or to be publi%]s ( ! gospel among ! infidels2 t ( ! pa/ors1 to tea*1 confirm1 & rule ! m9ds ( ^? :o already believ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! election ( *ur*m5 belongs to ! ,*ur*2 _! consecration to ! pa/ors4 #bd4 ,9 ! election ( *ur*m5 two ?+s are to be consid]$2 ! election ( ! p]sons1 & _! consecration or in/itution1 :i* also is call$ ord9ation4 ,! fir/ twelve apo/les ,*ri/ himself bo? elect$ & orda9$4 ,aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion1 ,mat?ias 0 elect$ 9 ! room ( ,judas ! traitor2 ! ,*ur*1 :i* at t "t consi/$ ( a congregation ( ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty m51 *oos+ two m53 & !y appo9t$ two1 ,joseph & ,mat?ias3 b ,god himself by lot approv+ ( ,mat?ias4 ,& ,/4 ,paul calls ^! twelve ! fir/ & great apo/les2 also ! apo/les ( ! circumcision4 ,aft]w>d 7 add$ two o!r apo/les1 ,paul & ,b>nabas2 orda9$ inde$ by ! doctors & prophets ( ! ,*ur* ( ,antio* 7:i* 0 a p>ticul> ,*ur*7 by ! imposition ( h&s2 b elect$ by ! comm& ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,t !y 7 bo? apo/les1 is manife/ 9 ,acts xiii4 #b1 #c4 ,t !y receiv$ _! apo/le%ip f h5ce1 namely1 because !y 7 sep>at$1 by comm& ( ! _s1 = ! "w ( ,god f ! re/ ( ! prophets & doctors ( ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*1 ,/4 ,paul himself %[s2 :o calls himself1 = di/9ction sake 7,rom4 i4 #a71 an apo/le sep>at$ unto ! ,gospel ( ,god4 ,b if x be dem&$ fur!r1 by :at au?ority x came to pass1 t t 0 receiv$ = ! comm& ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* ^? prophets & doctors did say proce$$ f him2 x mu/ necess>ily be answ]$1 by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*4 ,= ! prophets & doctors mu/ be exam9$ by ! ,*ur*1 be=e !y be admitt$4 ,= ,/4 ,john 7#a ,epi/4 iv4 #a7 sai?3 ,believe n e _s2 b try ! spirits1 :e!r !y are ( ,god2 because _m false prophets are gone out into ! _w4 ,b by :at ,*ur*1 b t to :i* t epi/le 0 writt58 ,9 l mann] ,/4 ,paul 7,gal4 ii4 #ad7 reproves ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia1 because !y ,judaiz$2 al?\gh !y seem$ to d s by ! au?ority ( ,pet]4 ,= :5 he _h told !m1 t he _h repreh5d$ ,pet] himself 9 ^! words3 ,if ?\ be+ a ,jew1 live/ aft] ! mann] ( ,g5tiles1 & n z d ! ,jews2 :y compelle/ ?\ ! ,g5tiles to live z d ! ,jews3 n long aft] he que/ions !m1 say+ 7,gal4 iii4 #b73 ,?is only w\ld ,i le>n ( y3 receiv$ ye ! ,_s by ! works ( ! law1 or by ! he>+ ( fai?8 ,:]e x is evid5t1 t x 0 ,judaism :i* he repreh5d$ ! ,galatians =1 not)/&+ t ! apo/le ,pet] compell$ !m to ,judaize4 ,see+ !re=e x belong$ to ! ,*ur*1 & n to ,pet]1 & !re=e also n to any man1 to det]m9e :at doctors !y %\ld foll[2 x also p]ta9$ to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*1 to elect _! prophets & doctors4 ,n[1 because ! ,holy ,gho/ sep>at$ to himself ! apo/les ,paul & ,b>nabas by ! imposition ( h&s f doctors ?us elect$1 x is manife/1 t imposition ( h&s & consecration ( ! prime doctors 9 ea* ,*ur*1 belongs to ! doctors ( ! same ,*ur*4 ,b bi%ops1 :o 7 also call$ presbyt]s1 al?\gh all presbyt]s 7 n bi%ops1 7 orda9$ sometimes by apo/les2 = ,paul & ,b>nabas1 :5 !y _h taught 9 ,d]be1 ,ly/ra1 & ,iconium1 orda9$ eld]s 9 e ,*ur* 7,acts xiv4 #bc73 sometimes by o!r bi%ops2 = ,titus 0 by ,paul left 9 ,crete1 t he %\ld orda9 eld]s 9 e city 7,tit4 i4 #e74 ,& ,timo?y 0 advis$ 7#a ,tim4 iv4 #ad7 ,n to neglect ! gift t 0 9 him1 :i* 0 giv5 him by prophecy ) ! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( ! presbyt]y4 ,& he _h rules giv5 him conc]n+ ! election ( presbyt]s4 ,b t _c be und]/ood o!rwise1 ?an ( ! ord9ation ( ^? :o 7 elect$ by ! ,*ur*2 = no man c con/itute a doctor 9 ! ,*ur*1 b by ! ,*ur*'s p]mission4 ,= ! duty ( ! apo/les !mselves 0 n to comm&1 b to tea*4 ,& al?\gh !y :o 7 recomm5d$ by ! apo/les or presbyt]s1 7 n reject$1 = ! e/eem t 0 _h ( ! recomm5d]s2 yet see+ !y c\ld n be elect$ )\t ! w ( ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 also suppos$ elect$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 l mann] m9i/]s1 :o are call$ deacons1 7 orda9$ by ! apo/les2 yet elect$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,= :5 ! sev5 deacons 7 to be elect$ & orda9$1 ! apo/les elect$ !m n3 b1 look ye out1 say !y 7,acts vi4 #c1 #e1 #f71 among y1 bre?r51 sev5 m5 ( hone/ report1 c43 & !y *ose ,/eph51 c43 & !y set !m be=e ! apo/les4 ,x is app>5t !re=e by ! cu/om ( ! primitive ,*ur* "u ! apo/les1 t ! ord9ation or consecration ( all *ur*m51 :i* is done by pray] & imposition ( h&s1 belong$ to ! apo/les & doctors2 b ! election ( ^? :o 7 to be consecrat$1 to ! ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p[] ( remitt+ s9s to ! p5it5t1 & reta9+ ^? ( ! imp5it5t1 belongs to ! pa/ors2 b judgm5t ( ! rep5tance1 to ! ,*ur*4 #be4 ,conc]n+ ! p[] ( b9d+ & loos+1 t is to say1 ( remitt+ & reta9+ ( s9s2 !re is no d\bt b x 0 giv5 by ,*ri/ to ! pa/ors !n yet = to come1 9 ! same mann] z x 0 to ! pres5t apo/les4 ,n[ ! apo/les _h all ! p[] ( remitt+ ( s9s giv5 !m1 :i* ,*ri/ himself _h4 ,z ! ,fa!r ha? s5t me1 says ,*ri/1 7,john xx4 #ba71 s s5d ,i y2 & he adds 7v]se #bc73 ,^: soev] s9s ye remit1 !y are remitt$2 & ^: soev] s9s ye reta91 !y are reta9$4 ,b :at b9d+ & loos+1 or remitt+ & reta9+ ( s9s1 is1 admits ( "s scruple4 ,= fir/1 to reta9 8 s9s1 :o be+ baptiz$ into remission ( s9s1 is truly p5it5t1 seems to be aga9/ ! v cov5ant itself ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & !re=e c\ld n be done by ,*ri/ himself1 mu* less by 8 pa/ors4 ,& to remit ! imp5it5t1 seems to be aga9/ ! w ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 f :om ,*ri/ 0 s5t to conv]t ! _w & to r$uce m5 unto ob$i5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 if ea* pa/or _h an au?ority grant$ him to remit & reta9 s9s 9 ?is mann]1 all awe ( pr9ces & civil magi/rates1 toge!r ) all k9d ( civil gov]nm5t w\ld be utt]ly de/roy$4 ,= ,*ri/ ha? said x1 nay ev5 nature itself dictates1 t we %\ld n fe> !m :o slay ! body1 b _c kill ! s\l2 b r fe> him1 :o c ca/ bo? s\l & body into hell 7,mat?4 x4 #bh74 ,nei!r is any man s mad1 z n to *oose to yield ob$i5ce r to !m :o c remit & reta9 _! s9s1 ?an to ! p[]fule/ k+s4 ,nor yet on ! o!r side is x to be imag9$1 t remission ( s9s is no?+ else b an exemption f ecclesia/ical puni%m5ts4 ,= :at evil ha? excommunication 9 x1 beside ! et]nal pa9s :i* are consequ5t to x8 ,or :at b5efit is to be receiv$ into ! ,*ur*1 if !re 7 salvation out ( x8 ,we mu/ !re=e hold1 t pa/ors h p[] truly & absolutely to =give s9s2 b to ! p5it5t3 & to reta9 !m2 b ( ! imp5it5t4 ,b :ile m5 ?9k t to rep5t1 is no?+ else1 b t e "o condemn 8 actions & *ange ^? c\nsels :i* to himself seem s9ful & blameable2 !re is an op9ion ris51 t !re may be rep5tance be=e any confession ( s9s to m51 & t rep5tance is n an effect1 b a cause ( confession4 ,& !nce ! difficulty ( ^?1 :o say t ! s9s ( ! p5it5t are already =giv5 9 baptism1 & !irs :o rep5t n1 _c be =giv5 at all1 is aga9/ ,scripture1 & contr>y to ! words ( ,*ri/1 ^: soev] s9s ye remit1 c4 ,we mu/ !re=e1 to resolve ?is difficulty1 "k 9 ! fir/ place1 t a true ackn[l$gm5t ( s9 is rep5tance4 ,= he t kn[s he ha? s9n$1 kn[s he ha? err$2 b to w an error1 is impossible2 !re=e he t kn[s he ha? s9n$1 wi%es he _h n done x2 :i* is to rep5t4 ,fur!r1 :]e x may be d\btful :e!r t :i* is done be a s9 or n1 we mu/ consid]1 t rep5tance do? n prec$e confession ( s9s1 b is subsequ5t to x3 = !re is no rep5tance b ( s9s ackn[l$g$4 ,! p5it5t !re=e mu/ bo? ackn[l$ge ! fact1 & "k x to be a s91 t is to say1 aga9/ ! law4 ,if a man !re=e ?9k1 t :at he ha? done is n aga9/ ! law1 x is impossible he %\ld rep5t ( x4 ,be=e rep5tance !re=e1 x is necess>y !re be an application ( ! facts unto ! law4 ,b x is 9 va9 to apply ! facts unto ! law )\t an int]pret]3 = n ! words ( ! law1 b ! s5t5ce ( ! law-giv] is ! rule ( m5's actions4 ,b surely ei!r "o man1 or "s m5 are ! int]pret]s ( ! law2 = e man is n judge ( 8 own fact1 :e!r x be a s9 or n4 ,:]e=e ! fact1 ( :i* we d\bt :e!r x be a s9 or n1 mu/ be unfold$ be=e "s man or m52 & ! do+ ( ?is is confession4 ,n[ :5 ! int]pret] ( ! law ha? judg$ ! fact to be a s91 if ! s9n] submit to 8 judgm5t & resolve ) himself n to d s any m1 x is rep5tance2 & ?us1 ei!r x is n true rep5tance1 or else x is n antec$5t1 b subsequ5t to confession4 ,^! ?+s be+ ?us expla9$1 x is n h>d to und]/& :at k9d ( p[] t ( b9d+ & loos+ is4 ,= see+ 9 remission ( s9s !re are two ?+s consid]able2 "o1 ! judgm5t or condemnation :]eby ! fact is judg$ to be a s92 ! o!r1 :5 ! p>ty condemn$ does acquiesce & obey ! s5t5ce1 t is to say1 rep5ts1 ! remission ( ! s92 or1 if he rep5t n1 ! ret5tion3 ! fir/ ( ^!1 t is to say1 ! judg+ :e!r x be a s9 or n1 belongs to ! int]pret] ( ! law1 t is1 ! sov]eign judge2 ! second1 namely1 remission or ret5tion ( ! s91 to ! pa/or2 & x is t1 conc]n+ :i* ! p[] ( b9d+ & loos+ is conv]sant4 ,& t ?is 0 ! true mean+ ( our ,savi\r ,*ri/ 9 ! in/itution ( ! same p[]1 is app>5t 9 ,mat?4 xviii4 #ae-ah1 ?us4 ,he !re speak+ to 8 disciples1 says3 ,if ?y bro!r s9 aga9/ !e1 g & tell him 8 fault betwe5 him & !e alone4 ,:]e we mu/ obs]ve by ! way1 t if ?y bro!r s9 aga9/ !e1 is ! same )1 if he d !e injury2 & !re=e ,*ri/ spake ( ^? matt]s :i* belong$ to ! civil tribunal4 ,he adds2 if he he> !e n1 7t is to say1 if he d5y t he ha? done x1 or if hav+ confess$ ! fact1 he d5ies x to be unju/ly done71 take ) !e yet "o or two2 & if he refuse to he> !m1 tell x to ! ,*ur*4 ,b :y to ! ,*ur*1 except t %e might judge :e!r x 7 a s9 or n8 ,b if he refuse to he> ! ,*ur*2 t is1 if he d n submit to ! ,*ur*'s s5t5ce1 b %all ma9ta9 t to be no s91 :i* %e judges to be a s92 t is to say1 if he rep5t n2 7= c]ta9 x is1 t no man rep5ts himself ( ! action :i* he conceives n to be a s972 he sai? n1 ,tell x to ! apo/les2 t we might "k t ! def9itive s5t5ce 9 ! "q1 :e!r x 7 a s9 or n1 0 n left unto !m2 b to ! ,*ur*4 ,b let him be unto !e1 says he1 z an hea!n1 or publican2 t is1 z "o out ( ! ,*ur*1 z "o t is n baptiz$1 t is to say1 z "o ^: s9s are reta9$4 ,= all ,*ri/ians 7 baptiz$ into remission ( s9s4 ,b because x might h be5 dem&$1 :o x 0 t _h s great a p[]1 z t ( )hold+ ! b5efit ( baptism f ! imp5it5t2 ,*ri/ %[s t ! same p]sons1 to :om he _h giv5 au?ority to baptize ! p5it5t into ! remission ( s9s1 & to make !m ( hea!n m5 ,*ri/ians1 _h also au?ority to reta9 _! s9s :o by ! ,*ur* %\ld be adjudg$ to be imp5it5t1 & to make !m ( ,*ri/ian m5 hea!ns3 & !re=e pres5tly subjo9s3 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ^: soev] s9s ye %all b9d ^u e>?1 !y %all be b\nd also 9 heav52 & ^: soev] s9s ye %all loose ^u e>?1 !y %all be loos$ also 9 heav54 ,:5ce we may und]/&1 t ! p[] ( b9d+ & loos+1 or ( remitt+ & reta9+ ( s9s1 :i* is call$ 9 ano!r place ! p[] ( ! keys1 is n diff]5t f ! p[] giv5 9 ano!r place 9 ^! words 7,mat?4 xxviii4 #ai73 ,g1 & tea* all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,& ev5 z ! pa/ors _c refuse to baptize him :om ! ,*ur* judges wor?y1 s nei!r c !y reta9 8 s9s :om ! ,*ur* holds fitt+ to be absolv$1 nor yet remit 8 s9s :om ! ,*ur* pron\nce? disob$i5t4 ,& x is ! ,*ur*'s "p to judge ( ! s91 ! pa/or's to ca/ out or to receive into ! ,*ur* ^? t are judg$4 ,?us ,/4 ,paul to ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? 7#a ,cor4 v4 #ab73 ,d n ye judge1 sai? he1 ( ^? t are )98 ,yet he himself pron\nc$ ! s5t5ce ( excommunication aga9/ ! ince/u\s p]son4 ,i inde$1 sai? he 7v]se #c71 z abs5t 9 body1 b pres5t 9 ,_s1 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at excommunication is1 & on :om x _c pass4 #bf4 ,! act ( reta9+ s9s is t :i* is call$ by ! ,*ur* excommunication1 & by ,/4 ,paul deliv]+ ov] to ,satan4 ,! ^w excommunication s\nd+ ! same ) poie91 ca/+ out ( ! synagogue1 seems to be borr[$ f ! ,mosaical law2 :]e9 !y :o 7 by ! prie/ adjudg$ lepr\s1 7 comm&$ 7,levit4 xiii4 #df7 to be kept ap>t out ( ! camp1 until by ! judgm5t ( ! prie/ !y 7 aga9 pron\nc$ clean1 & by c]ta9 rites1 among :i* ! wa%+ ( ! body 0 "o1 7 purifi$4 ,f h5ce 9 process ( "t x become a cu/om ( ! ,jews1 n to receive ^? :o pass$ f ,g5tilism to ,judaism1 suppos+ !m to be unclean1 unless !y 7 fir/ wa%$2 & ^? :o diss5t$ f ! doctr9e ( ! synagogue1 !y ca/ out ( ! synagogue4 ,by resemblance ( ?is cu/om1 ^? t came to ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r !y 7 ,jews or ,g5tiles1 7 n receiv$ into ! ,*ur* )\t baptism2 & ^? t diss5t$ f ! ,*ur*1 7 depriv$ ( ! ,*ur*'s communion4 ,n[1 !y 7 !re=e said to be deliv]$ ov] to ,satan1 because all t 0 out ( ! ,*ur*1 0 compreh5d$ )9 8 k+dom4 ,! end ( ?is k9d ( discipl9e 01 t be+ de/itute = a "t ( ! grace & spiritual privileges ( ! ,*ur*1 !y might be humbl$ to salvation2 b ! effect 9 reg>d ( secul> matt]s1 t be+ excommunicat$1 !y %\ld n only be prohibit$ all congregations or *ur*es1 & ! p>ticipation ( ! my/]ies1 b z be+ contagi\s !y %\ld be avoid$ by all o!r ,*ri/ians1 ev5 m ?an hea!n4 ,= ! apo/le all[$ to accompany ) hea!n2 b ) ^!1 n s mu* z to eat 7#a ,cor4 v4 #aj-aa74 ,see+ !n ! effect ( excommunication is su*1 x is manife/1 9 ! fir/ place1 t a ,*ri/ian city _c be excommunicat$4 ,= a ,*ri/ian city is a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 7z ha? be5 decl>$ above1 9 art4 #ba71 & ( ! same ext5sion2 b a ,*ur* _c be excommunicat$4 ,= ei!r %e mu/ excommunicate h]self1 :i* is impossible2 or %e mu/ be excommunicat$ by "s o!r ,*ur*2 & ?is1 ei!r univ]sal or p>ticul>4 ,b see+ an univ]sal ,*ur* is no p]son1 7z ha? be5 prov$ 9 art4 #bb71 & !re=e nei!r acts nor does any ?+1 x _c excommunicate any man2 & a p>ticul> ,*ur* by excommunicat+ ano!r ,*ur*1 do? no?+4 ,= :]e !re is n "o common congregation1 !re _c be any excommunication4 ,nei!r if "s "o ,*ur* 7suppose t ( ,j]usalem71 %\ld h excommunicat$ ano!r1 7suppose t ( ,rome71 w\ld x any m h excommunicat$ ?is1 ?an h]self3 = he t deprives ano!r ( 8 communion1 deprives himself also ( ! communion ( t o!r4 ,secondly1 no man c excommunicate ! subjects ( any absolute gov]nm5t all at once1 or =bid !m ! use ( _! temples or _! public wor%ip ( ,god4 ,= !y _c be excommunicat$ by a ,*ur*1 :i* !mselves d con/itute4 ,= if !y c\ld1 !re w\ld n only n rema9 a ,*ur*1 b n s mu* z a commonweal1 & !y w\ld be dissolv$ ( !mselves2 & ?is 7 n to be excommunicat$ or prohibit$4 ,b if !y be excommunicat$ by "s o!r ,*ur*1 t ,*ur* is to e/eem !m z hea!n4 ,b no ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 by ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 c =bid ! hea!n to ga!r toge!r & communicate among !mselves1 z x %all seem good to _! cities2 especially if !y meet to wor%ip ,*ri/1 al?\gh x be done 9 a s+ul> cu/om & mann]3 !re=e also n ! excommunicat$1 :o are to be dealt ) z hea!n4 ,?irdly1 a pr9ce :o ha? ! sov]eign p[]1 _c be excommunicat$4 ,= by ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 nei!r "o nor _m subjects toge!r c int]dict _! pr9ce any public or private places1 or d5y him entrance into any assembly :atsoev]1 or prohibit him ! do+ ( :at he w ) 8 own jurisdiction4 ,= x is treason among all cities1 = any "o or _m subjects jo9tly to arrogate to !mselves any au?ority ov] ! :ole city4 ,b !y :o arrogate to !mselves an au?ority ov] him :o ha? ! supreme p[] ( ! city1 d arrogate ! same au?ority ov] ! city itself4 ,besides1 a sov]eign pr9ce1 if he be a ,*ri/ian1 ha? ?is fur!r advantage2 t ! city ^: w is conta9$ 9 81 is t v ?+ :i* we call a ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* !re=e excommunicates no man1 b :om x excommunicates by ! au?ority ( ! pr9ce4 ,b ! pr9ce excommunicates n himself2 8 subjects !re=e _c d x4 ,x may be inde$1 t an assembly ( rebelli\s citiz5s or traitors may pron\nce ! s5t5ce ( excommunication aga9/ _! pr9ce2 b n by "r4 ,mu* less c "o pr9ce be excommunicat$ by ano!r2 = ?is w\ld prove n an excommunication1 b a provocation to w> by ! way ( affront4 ,= s9ce t is n "o ,*ur*1 :i* is made up ( citiz5s belong+ to two absolute cities1 = want ( p[] ( lawfully assembl+ !m1 7z ha? be5 decl>$ be=e1 9 art4 #bb72 !y :o are ( "o ,*ur* are n b\nd to obey ano!r1 & !re=e _c be excommunicat$ = _! disob$i5ce4 ,n[1 :at "s may say1 t pr9ces1 see+ !y are memb]s ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 may also by ! au?ority ( ! univ]sal ,*ur* be excommunicat$1 signifies no?+3 because ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 7z ha? be5 %[$ 9 art4 #bb71 is n "o p]son1 ( :om x may be said t %e act$1 decre$1 det]m9$1 excommunicat$1 absolv$1 & ! l p]sonal attributes2 nei!r ha? %e any gov]nor ^u e>?1 at ^: comm& %e may assemble & delib]ate4 ,= to be guide ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 & to h ! p[] ( assembl+ h]1 is ! same ?+ z to be gov]nor & "l ov] all ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! _w2 :i* is grant$ to none1 b ,god only4 ,sid5ote3 ,! int]pretation ( ,scripture dep5ds on ! au?ority ( ! city4 #bg4 ,x ha? be5 %[$ above 9 art4 #ah1 t ! au?ority ( int]pret+ ! ,holy ,scriptures consi/$ n 9 ?is1 t ! int]pret] might )\t puni%m5t exp\nd & explicate 8 s5t5ce & op9ion tak5 !nce unto o!rs1 ei!r by writ+ or by 8 own voice2 b t o!rs h n a "r to d or tea* aught contr>y to 8 s5t5ce2 insomu* z ! int]pretation we speak (1 is ! same ) ! p[] ( def9+ 9 all mann] ( controv]sies to be det]m9$ by sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,n[ we mu/ %[ t t p[] belongs to ea* ,*ur*2 & dep5ds on 8 or _! au?ority :o h ! supreme comm&1 provid$ t !y be ,*ri/ians4 ,= if x dep5d n on ! civil au?ority1 x mu/ ei!r dep5d on ! op9ion ( ea* private subject1 or "s =eign au?ority4 ,b among o!r reasons1 ! inconv5i5ces t mu/ foll[ private op9ions1 _c suff] its dep5dance on !m4 ,( :i* ?is is ! *ief2 t n only all civil ob$i5ce w\ld be tak5 away 7contr>y to ,*ri/'s precept72 b all human society & peace w\ld be dissolv$ 7contr>y to ! laws ( nature74 ,= see+ e man is 8 own int]pret] ( ,scripture1 t is to say1 s9ce e man makes himself judge ( :at is pleas+ & displeas+ unto ,god2 !y _c obey _! pr9ces1 be=e t !y h judg$ :e!r _! comm&s be con=mable to ! ^w ( ,god1 or n4 ,& ?us ei!r !y obey n1 or !y obey = _! own op9ion's sake2 t is to say1 !y obey !mselves1 n _! sov]eign2 civil ob$i5ce !re=e is lo/4 ,aga91 :5 e man foll[s 8 own op9ion1 x is necess>y t ! controv]sies :i* rise among !m1 %\ld become innum]able & indet]m9able2 :5ce !re w bre$ among m51 :o by _! own natural incl9ations d acc\nt all diss5sions an affront1 fir/ hatr$1 !n brawls & w>s2 & ?us all mann] ( peace & society w\ld vani%4 ,we h fur!rmore = an example1 t :i* ,god "u ! old law requir$ to be obs]v$ conc]n+ ! book ( ! law2 namely1 t x %\ld be transcrib$ & publicly us$2 & he w\ld h x to be ! canon ( div9e doctr9e1 b ! controv]sies ab\t x n to be det]m9$ by private p]sons1 b only by ! prie/s4 ,la/ly1 x is our ,savi\r's precept1 t if !re be any matt] ( (f5ce betwe5 private p]sons1 !y %\ld he> ! ,*ur*4 ,:]e=e x is ! ,*ur*'s duty to def9e controv]sies2 x !re=e belongs n to private m51 b to ! ,*ur* to int]pret ,scriptures4 ,b t we may "k t ! au?ority ( int]pret+ ,god's ,^w1 t is to say1 ( det]m9+ all que/ions conc]n+ ,god & religion1 belongs n to any =eign p]son :atsoev]2 we mu/ consid]1 fir/1 :at weight su* a p[] has 9 ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s1 & _! actions4 ,= no man c be ignorant t ! volunt>y actions ( m51 by a natural necessity1 d foll[ ^? op9ions :i* !y h conc]n+ good & evil1 rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,:5ce x happ5s1 t necess>ily !y w\ld *oose r to obey ^?1 by ^: judgm5t !y believe t !y %all be et]nally happy or mis]able4 ,n[1 by ^: judgm5t x is appo9t$ :at doctr9es are necess>y to salvation1 by _! judgm5t d m5 expect _! et]nal bliss or p]dition2 !y w !re=e yield !m ob$i5ce 9 all ?+s4 ,:i* be+ ?us1 mo/ manife/ x is1 t ^? subjects1 :o believe !mselves b\nd to acquiesce to a =eign au?ority 9 ^? doctr9es :i* are necess>y to salvation1 d n p] se con/itute a city1 b are ! subjects ( t =eign p[]4 ,nor !re=e1 al?\gh "s sov]eign pr9ce %\ld by writ+ grant su* an au?ority to any o!r1 yet s z he w\ld be und]/ood to h reta9$ ! civil p[] 9 8 own h&s1 %all su* a writ+ be valid1 or transf] aught necess>y = ! reta9+ or good adm9i/ration ( 8 comm&4 ,= by *ap4 ,,ii4 art4 #d1 no man is said to transf] 8 "r1 unless he give "s prop] sign1 decl>+ 8 w to transf] x4 ,b he :o ha? op5ly decl>$ 8 w to keep 8 sov]eignty1 _c h giv5 a suffici5t sign ( transf]r+ ! means necess>y = ! keep+ x4 ,?is k9d ( writ+ !re=e w n be a sign ( w1 b ( ignorance 9 ! contractors4 ,we mu/ consid] next1 h[ absurd x is = a city or sov]eign to commit ! rul+ ( 8 subjects' consci5ces to an enemy2 = !y are1 z ha? be5 %[$ above 9 *ap4 ,v4 art4 #f1 9 an ho/ile /ate1 :osoev] h n jo9$ !mselves into ! unity ( "o p]son4 ,nor contradicts x ?is tru?1 t !y d n always fight3 = truces are made betwe5 enemies4 ,x is suffici5t = an ho/ile m9d1 t !re is suspicion2 t ! fronti]s ( cities1 k+doms1 empires1 /r5g!n$ ) g>risons1 d ) a fight+ po/ure & c\nt5ance1 ?\gh !y /rike n1 yet z enemies mutually behold ea* o!r4 ,la/ly1 h[ unequal is x to dem& t1 :i* by ! v reason ( y\r dem& y confess to be ! "r ( ano!r4 ,i am ! int]pret] ( ,scriptures to y1 :o are ! subject ( ano!r /ate4 ,:y8 ,by :at cov5ants pass$ betwe5 y & me8 ,by div9e au?ority4 ,:5ce kn[n8 ,out ( holy ,scripture3 behold ! book1 read x4 ,9 va91 unless ,i may also int]pret ! same = myself4 ,t int]pretation !re=e do? by "r belong to me1 & ! re/ ( my private fell[-subjects2 :i* we bo? d5y4 ,x rema9s !re=e t 9 all ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 t is to say1 9 all ,*ri/ian cities1 ! int]pretation ( sacr$ ,scripture1 t is to say1 ! "r ( det]m9+ all controv]sies1 dep5ds on & d]ives f ! au?ority ( t man or c\ncil1 :i* ha? ! sov]eign p[] ( ! city4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,*ri/ian city mu/ int]pret ,scriptures by cl]gym54 #bh4 ,n[ because !re are two k9ds ( controv]sies3 ! "o ab\t spiritual matt]s1 t is to say1 que/ions ( fai?1 ! tru? :]e( _c be se>*$ into by natural reason2 su* are ! que/ions conc]n+ ! nature & (fice ( ,*ri/1 ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts to come1 ( ! sacram5ts1 ( outw>d wor%ip1 & ! l3 ! o!r1 ab\t que/ions ( human sci5ce1 ^: tru? is s\ght out by natural reason & syllogisms1 drawn f ! cov5ants ( m51 & def9itions1 t is to say1 significations receiv$ by use & common cons5t ( words2 su* z are all que/ions ( "r & philosophy2 = example1 :5 9 matt] ( "r x is que/ion$1 :e!r !re be a promise & cov5ant1 or n1 t is no?+ else b to dem& :e!r su* words1 spok5 9 su* a mann]1 be by common use & cons5t ( ! subjects a promise or cov5ant2 :i* if !y be s call$1 !n x is true t a contract is made2 if n1 !n x is false3 t tru? !re=e dep5ds on ! compacts & cons5ts ( m54 ,9 l mann]1 :5 x is dem&$ 9 philosophy1 :e!r ! same ?+ may entirely be 9 div]s places at once2 ! det]m9ation ( ! "q dep5ds on ! k ( ! common cons5t ( m51 ab\t ! signification ( ! ^w entire4 ,= if m51 :5 !y say a ?+ is entirely some:]e1 d signify by common cons5t t !y und]/& no?+ ( ! same to be else:]e2 x is false t ! same ?+ is 9 div]s places at once4 ,t tru? !re=e dep5ds on ! cons5ts ( m51 & by ! same reason1 9 all o!r que/ions conc]n+ "r & philosophy4 ,& !y :o d judge t any?+ c be det]m9$1 contr>y to ?is common cons5t ( m5 conc]n+ ! appellations ( ?+s1 out ( obscure places ( ,scripture2 d also judge t ! use ( spee*1 & at once all human society1 is to be tak5 away4 ,= he :o ha? sold a :ole field1 w say he meant "o :ole ridge2 & w reta9 ! re/ z unsold4 ,nay1 !y take away reason itself2 :i* is no?+ else b a se>*+ out ( ! tru? made by su* cons5t4 ,?is k9d ( que/ions1 !re=e1 ne$ n be det]m9$ by ! city by way ( int]pretation ( ,scriptures2 = !y belong n to ,god's ,^w1 9 t s5se :]e9 ! ,^w ( ,god is tak5 = ! ,^w conc]n+ ,god2 t is to say1 = ! doctr9e ( ! gospel4 ,nei!r is he :o ha? ! sov]eign p[] 9 ! ,*ur*1 oblig$ to employ any ecclesia/ical doctors = ! judg+ ( any su* k9d ( matt]s z ^!4 ,b = ! decid+ ( que/ions ( fai?1 t is to say1 conc]n+ ,god1 :i* transc5d human capacity1 we /& 9 ne$ ( a div9e bless+1 7t we may n be deceiv$ at lea/ 9 necess>y po9ts71 to be d]iv$ f ,*ri/ himself by ! imposition ( h&s4 ,=1 see+ to ! end we may atta9 to et]nal salvation we are oblig$ to a sup]natural doctr9e1 & :i* !re=e x is impossible = u to und]/&2 to be left s de/itute z t we c be deceiv$ 9 necess>y po9ts1 is repugnant to equity4 ,?is infallibility our ,savi\r ,*ri/ promis$ 79 ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y to salvation7 to 8 apo/les until ! day ( judgm5t2 t is to say1 to ! apo/les1 & pa/ors succe$+ ! apo/les1 :o 7 to be consecrat$ by ! imposition ( h&s4 ,he !re=e1 :o ha? ! sov]eign p[] 9 ! city1 is oblig$ z a ,*ri/ian1 :]e !re is any "q conc]n+ ! my/]ies ( fai?1 to int]pret ! ,holy ,scriptures by cl]gym5 lawfully orda9$4 ,& ?us 9 ,*ri/ian cities1 ! judgm5t bo? ( spiritual & temporal matt]s belongs unto ! civil au?ority4 ,& t man or c\ncil :o ha? ! supreme p[]1 is head bo? ( ! city & ( ! ,*ur*2 = a ,*ur* & a ,*ri/ian city is b "o ?+4 ------- ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,^? ,,?+s ,,:i* ,,are ,,necess>y ,,= ,,our ,,entrance ,,into ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,heav54 #a4 ,! difficulty prop\nd$ conc]n+ ! repugnancy ( obey+ ,god & m51 is to be remov$ by ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! po9ts necess>y & n necess>y to salvation4 #b4 ,all ?+s necess>y to salvation1 are conta9$ 9 fai? & ob$i5ce4 #c4 ,:at k9d ( ob$i5ce t is1 :i* is requir$ ( u4 #d4 ,:at fai? is1 & h[ di/+ui%$ f pr(ession1 f sci5ce1 f op9ion4 #e4 ,:at x is to believe 9 ,*ri/4 #f4 ,t t article alone1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is necess>y to salvation2 is prov$ f ! scope ( ! evangeli/s4 #g4 ,f ! prea*+s ( ! apo/les4 #h4 ,f ! eas9ess ( ,*ri/ian religion4 #i4 ,f ?is also1 t x is ! f\ndation ( fai?4 #aj4 ,f ! mo/ evid5t words ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les4 #aa4 ,9 t article is conta9$ ! fai? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #ab4 ,h[ fai? & ob$i5ce concur to salvation4 #ac4 ,9 a ,*ri/ian city1 !re is no contradiction betwe5 ! comm&s ( ,god & ( ! city4 #ad4 ,! doctr9es :i* ?is day are controv]t$ ab\t religion1 d = ! mo/ "p relate to ! "r ( dom9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! difficulty prop\nd$ conc]n+ ! repugnance ( obey+ ,god & m51 is to be remov$ by ! di/9ction betwe5 ! po9ts necess>y1 & n necess>y to salvation4 #a4 ,x 0 ev] grant$1 t all au?ority 9 secul> matt]s d]iv$ f him :o _h ! sov]eign p[]1 :e!r he 7 "o man or an assembly ( m54 ,t ! same 9 spiritual matt]s dep5d$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 is manife/ by ! la/ly =ego+ pro(s2 & besides by ?is1 t all ,*ri/ian cities are ,*ur*es endu$ ) ?is k9d ( au?ority4 ,f :5ce a man1 ?\gh b dull ( appreh5sion1 may collect1 t 9 a ,*ri/ian city1 t is to say1 9 a city ^: sov]eignty belongs to a ,*ri/ian pr9ce or c\ncil1 all p[]1 z well spiritual z secul>1 is unit$ "u ,*ri/1 & !re=e x is to be obey$ 9 all ?+s4 ,b on ! o!r side1 because we mu/ r obey ,god ?an m51 !re is a difficulty ris51 h[ ob$i5ce may safely be yield$ to !m1 if at any "t some:at %\ld be comm&$ by !m to be done :i* ,*ri/ ha? prohibit$4 ,! reason ( ?is difficulty is1 t see+ ,god no long] speaks to u by ,*ri/ & 8 prophets 9 op5 voice1 b by ! holy ,scriptures1 :i* by div]s m5 are div]sely und]/ood2 !y "k inde$ :at pr9ces & a congregat$ ,*ur* d comm&2 b :e!r t :i* !y d comm&1 be contr>y to ! ^w ( ,god or n1 ?is !y "k n2 b ) a wav]+ ob$i5ce betwe5 ! puni%m5ts ( temporal & spiritual dea?1 z x 7 sail+ betwe5 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 !y (t5 run !mselves ^u bo?4 ,b !y :o rightly di/+ui% betwe5 ! ?+s necess>y to salvation1 & ^? :i* are n necess>y1 c h none ( ?is k9d ( d\bt4 ,= if ! comm& ( ! pr9ce or city be su*1 t he c obey x )\t haz>d ( 8 et]nal salvation1 x is unju/ n to obey !m2 & ! apo/le's precepts take place 7,col4 iii4 #bj-bb73 ,*ildr5 obey y\r p>5ts 9 all ?+s3 s]vants 9 all ?+s obey y\r ma/]s accord+ to ! fle%4 ,& ! comm& ( ,*ri/ 7,mat?4 xxiii4 #b-c73 ,! ,scribes & ,ph>isees sit 9 ,moses' *air2 all ?+s !re=e :atsoev] !y comm& y1 t obs]ve & d4 ,on ! contr>y1 if !y comm& u to d ^? ?+s :i* are puni%$ ) et]nal dea?1 x 7 madness n r to *oose to die a natural dea?1 ?an by obey+ to die et]nally3 & !n comes 9 t :i* ,*ri/ says 7,mat?4 x4 #bh73 ,fe> n !m :o kill ! body1 b _c kill ! s\l4 ,we mu/ see1 !re=e1 :at all ^? ?+s are1 :i* are necess>y to salvation4 ,sid5ote3 ,all ?+s necess>y to salvation1 are conta9$ 9 fai? & ob$i5ce4 #b4 ,n[ all ?+s necess>y to salvation are compreh5d$ 9 two virtues1 fai? & ob$i5ce4 ,! latt] ( ^!1 if x c\ld be p]fect1 w\ld alone suffice to pres]ve u f damnation2 b because we h all ( u be5 long s9ce guilty ( disob$i5ce aga9/ ,god 9 ,adam1 & besides we ourselves h s9ce actually s9n$1 ob$i5ce is n suffici5t )\t remission ( s9s4 ,b ?is1 toge!r ) our entrance into ! k+dom ( heav51 is ! rew>d ( fai?2 no?+ else is requisite to salvation4 ,= ! k+dom ( heav5 is %ut to none b s9n]s1 t is to say1 ^? :o h n p]=m$ due ob$i5ce to ! laws2 & n to ^? nei!r1 if !y believe ! necess>y articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,n[1 if we %all "k 9 :at po9ts ob$i5ce do? consi/1 & :i* are ! necess>y articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 x w at once be manife/ :at we mu/ d1 & :at ab/a9 f1 at ! comm& ( cities & ( pr9ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at k9d ( ob$i5ce t is1 :i* is requir$ ( u4 #c4 ,b by ob$i5ce 9 ?is place is signifi$ n ! fact1 b ! w & desire :]e) we purpose1 & endeav\r z mu* z we c1 to obey = ! future4 ,9 :i* s5se ! ^w ob$i5ce is equival5t to rep5tance2 = ! virtue ( rep5tance consi/s n 9 ! sorr[ :i* accompanies ! remembrance ( s92 b 9 our conv]sion into ! way1 & full purpose to s9 no m2 )\t :i* t sorr[ is said to be ! sorr[ n ( a p5it5t1 b a desp]ate p]son4 ,b because !y :o love ,god _c b desire to obey ! div9e law1 & !y :o love _! neighb\rs _c b desire to obey ! moral law2 :i* consi/s 7z ha? be5 %[$ above 9 *ap4 ,,iii47 9 ! prohibition ( pride1 +ratitude1 contumely1 inhumanity1 cruelty1 injury1 & ! l (f5ces1 :]eby our neighb\rs are prejudic$2 !re=e also love1 or *>ity1 is equival5t to ! ^w ob$i5ce4 ,ju/ice1 also1 :i* is a con/ant w ( giv+ to e man 8 due1 is equival5t ) x4 ,b t fai? & rep5tance are suffici5t = salvation1 is manife/ by ! cov5ant itself ( baptism4 ,= !y :o 7 by ,pet] conv]t$ on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 dem&+ him1 :at !y %\ld d3 he answ]$ 7,acts ii4 #ch73 ,rep5t & be baptiz$ e "o ( y1 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 = ! remission ( y\r s9s4 ,!re 0 no?+ !re=e to be done = ! obta9+ ( baptism1 t is to say1 = to ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god1 b to rep5t & believe 9 ! "n ( ,jesus2 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is promis$ by ! cov5ant :i* is made 9 baptism4 ,fur!rmore1 by ! words ( ,*ri/1 answ]+ ! lawy] :o ask$ him :at he %\ld d to inh]it et]nal life 7,luke xviii4 #bj73 ,?\ kn[e/ ! comm&m5ts3 ,?\ %alt n kill1 ?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 c43 :i* ref] to ob$i5ce2 & 7,m>k x4 #ba73 ,sell all t ?\ ha/1 & come & foll[ me3 :i* relates to fai?4 ,& by t :i* is said3 ,! j %all live by fai?2 n e man1 b ! j2 = ju/ice is ! same disposition ( w :i* rep5tance & ob$i5ce are4 ,& by ! words ( ,/4 ,m>k 7i4 #ae73 ,! "t is fulfill$1 & ! k+dom ( ,god is at h&2 rep5t ye1 & believe ! gospel2 by :i* words is n obscurely signifi$1 t !re is no ne$ ( o!r virtues = our entrance into ! k+dom ( ,god1 except+ ^? ( rep5tance & fai?4 ,! ob$i5ce !re=e :i* is necess>ily requir$ to salvation1 is no?+ else b ! w or endeav\r to obey2 t is to say1 ( do+ accord+ to ! laws ( ,god2 t is1 ! moral laws1 :i* are ! same to all m51 & ! civil laws2 t is to say1 ! comm&s ( sov]eigns 9 temporal matt]s1 & ! ecclesia/ical laws 9 spiritual4 ,:i* two k9ds ( laws are div]s 9 div]s cities & ,*ur*es1 & are kn[n by _! promulgation & public s5t5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at fai? is1 & h[ di/+ui%$ f pr(ession1 f sci5ce1 & f op9ion4 #d4 ,t we may und]/& :at ! ,*ri/ian fai? is1 we mu/ def9e fai? 9 g5]al2 & di/+ui% x f ^? o!r acts ( ! m9d1 :]e) commonly x is conf\nd$4 ,! object ( fai? univ]sally tak51 namely1 = t :i* is believ$1 is ev]more a proposition1 t is to say1 a spee* affirmative or negative1 :i* we grant to be true4 ,b because propositions are grant$ = div]s causes1 x falls out t ^! k9d ( concessions are div]sely call$4 ,b we grant propositions sometimes1 :i* not)/&+ we receive n into our m9ds2 & ?is ei!r = a "t1 to wit1 s long1 till by consid]ation ( ! consequ5ces we h well exam9$ ! tru? ( !m1 :i* we call suppos+2 or also simply1 z ?r\gh fe> ( ! laws1 :i* is to pr(ess1 or confess by outw>d tok5s2 or = a volunt>y compliance sake1 :i* m5 use out ( civility to ^? :om !y respect1 & = love ( peace to o!rs1 :i* is absolute yield+4 ,n[ ! propositions :i* we receive = tru?1 we always grant = "s reasons ( our own2 & ^! are d]iv$ ei!r f ! proposition itself1 or f ! p]son prop\nd+4 ,!y are d]iv$ f ! proposition itself1 by call+ to m9d :at ?+s ^? words1 :i* make up ! proposition1 d by common cons5t usually signify4 ,if s1 !n ! ass5t :i* we give1 is call$ k or sci5ce4 ,b if we _c rememb] :at is c]ta9ly und]/ood by ^? words1 b sometimes "o ?+1 sometimes ano!r seem to be appreh5d$ by u1 !n we are said to ?9k4 ,= example1 if x be prop\nd$ t two & ?ree make five2 & by call+ to m9d1 t ! ord] ( num]al words is s appo9t$ by ! common cons5t ( !m :o are ( ! same language ) u1 7z x 71 by a c]ta9 contract necess>y = human society71 t five %all be ! "n ( s _m unities z are conta9$ 9 two & ?ree tak5 toge!r1 a man ass5t t ?is is !re=e true1 because two & ?ree toge!r are ! same ) five3 ?is ass5t %all be call$ k4 ,& to "k ?is tru? is no?+ else1 b to ackn[l$ge t x is made by ourselves4 ,= by ^: w & rules ( speak+ ! numb] is call$ two1 is call$ ?ree1 & is call$ five2 by _! w also x comes to pass t ?is proposition is true1 two & ?ree tak5 toge!r make five4 ,9 l mann] if we rememb] :at x is t is call$ !ft1 & :at injury2 we %all und]/& by ! words !mselves1 :e!r x be true t !ft is an injury1 or n4 ,tru? is ! same ) a true proposition2 b ! proposition is true 9 :i* ! ^w consequ5t1 :i* by logicians is call$ ! pr$icate1 embrace? ! ^w antec$5t 9 its amplitude1 :i* !y call ! subject4 ,& to "k tru?1 is ! same ?+ z to rememb] t x 0 made by ourselves by ! v usurpation ( ! words4 ,nei!r 0 x ra%ly nor unadvis$ly said by ,plato ( old1 t k 0 memory4 ,b x happ5s sometimes1 t words al?\gh !y h a c]ta9 & def9$ signification by con/itution1 yet by vulg> use ei!r to adorn or deceive1 !y are s wre/$ f _! own significations1 t to rememb] ! conceptions = :i* !y 7 fir/ impos$ on ?+s1 is v h>d1 & n to be ma/]$ b by a %>p judgm5t & v great dilig5ce4 ,x happ5s too t !re are _m words1 :i* h no prop]1 det]m9$1 & ev]y:]e ! same signification2 & are und]/ood n by _! own1 b by virtue ( o!r signs us$ toge!r ) !m4 ,?irdly1 !re are "s words ( ?+s unconceivable4 ,( ^? ?+s1 !re=e1 :]e( !y are ! words1 !re is no conception2 & !re=e 9 va9 d we seek = ! tru? ( ^? propositions1 :i* !y make out ( ! words !mselves4 ,9 ^! cases1 :ile by consid]+ ! def9itions ( words we se>* out ! tru? ( "s proposition1 accord+ to ! hope we h ( f9d+ x1 we ?9k x sometimes true1 & sometimes false2 ei!r ( :i* ap>t is call$ ?9k+1 & also believ+2 bo? toge!r1 d\bt+4 ,b :5 our reasons1 = :i* we ass5t to "s proposition1 d]ive n f ! proposition itself1 b f ! p]son prop\nd+1 :om we e/eem s le>n$ t he is n deceiv$1 & we see no reason :y he %\ld deceive u2 our ass5t1 because x gr[s n f any confid5ce ( our own1 b f ano!r man's k1 is call$ fai?4 ,& by ! confid5ce ( :om we d believe1 we are said to tru/ !m1 or to tru/ 9 !m4 ,by :at ha? be5 said1 ! diff]5ce appe>s1 fir/1 betwe5 fai? & pr(ession2 = t is always jo9$ ) inw>d ass5t2 ?is n always4 ,t is an inw>d p]suasion ( ! m9d1 ?is an outw>d ob$i5ce4 ,next1 betwe5 fai? & op9ion2 = ?is dep5ds on our own reason1 t on ! good e/eem we h ( ano!r4 ,la/ly1 betwe5 fai? & k2 = ?is delib]ately takes a proposition brok5 & *ew$2 t swall[s x d[n :ole & entire4 ,! explication ( words1 :]eby ! matt] enquir$ aft] is prop\nd$1 is conducible to k2 nay1 ! only way to "k1 is by def9ition4 ,b ?is is prejudicial to fai?2 = ^? ?+s :i* exce$ human capacity1 & are prop\nd$ to be believ$1 are nev] m evid5t by explication1 b1 on ! contr>y1 m obscure & h>d] to be cr$it$4 ,& ! same ?+ befalls a man1 :o endeav\rs to demon/rate ! my/]ies ( fai? by natural reason1 :i* happ5s to a sick man1 :o w ne$s *ew be=e he w swall[ 8 :olesome b bitt] pills2 :5ce x comes to pass1 t he pres5tly br+s !m up aga92 :i* p]haps w\ld o!rwise1 if he _h tak5 !m well d[n1 h prov$ 8 rem$y4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at x is to believe 9 ,*ri/4 #e4 ,we h se5 !re=e :at x is to believe4 ,b :at is x to believe 9 ,*ri/8 ,or :at proposition is t1 :i* is ! object ( our fai? 9 ,*ri/8 ,= :5 we say1 ,i believe 9 ,*ri/1 we signify inde$ :om1 b n :at we believe4 ,n[1 to believe 9 ,*ri/ is no?+ else b to believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 namely1 he :o accord+ to ! prophecies ( ,moses & ! prophets ( ,israel1 0 to come into ?is _w to in/itute ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,& ?is suffici5tly appe>s out ( ! words ( ,*ri/ himself to ,m>?a 7,john xi4 #be-bg73 ,i am1 sai? he1 ! resurrection & ! life2 he t believe? 9 me1 ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live2 & :osoev] live? & believe? 9 me1 %all nev] die4 ,believe/ ?\ ?is8 ,%e sai? unto him1 yea1 ,"l1 ,i believe t ?\ art ! ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god1 :i* %\ld come into ! _w4 ,9 :i* words1 we see t ! "q1 believe/ ?\ 9 me1 is exp\nd$ by ! answ]1 ?\ art ! ,*ri/4 ,to believe 9 ,*ri/ !re=e is no?+ else b to believe ,jesus himself1 say+ t he is ! ,*ri/4 ,sid5ote3 ,t t article alone1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is necess>y to salvation1 is prov$ out ( ! scope ( ! evangeli/s4 #f4 ,fai? & ob$i5ce bo? necess>ily concurr+ to salvation1 :at k9d ( ob$i5ce t same is1 & to :om due1 ha? be5 %[$ above 9 art4 #c4 ,b n[ we mu/ enquire :at articles ( fai? are requisite4 ,& ,i say1 t to a ,*ri/ian#ba !re is no o!r article ( fai? requisite z necess>y to salvation1 b only ?is1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,b we mu/ di/+ui%1 z we h already done be=e 9 art4 #d1 betwe5 fai? & pr(ession4 ,a pr(ession1 !re=e1 ( m articles1 if !y be comm&$1 may be necess>y2 = x is a "p ( our ob$i5ce due to ! laws4 ,b we enquire n n[ :at ob$i5ce1 b :at fai? is necess>y to salvation4 ,& ?is is prov$1 fir/1 out ( ! scope ( ! ,evangeli/s1 :i* 01 by ! description ( our ,savi\r's life1 to e/abli% ?is "o article3 & we %all "k t su* 0 ! scope & c\nsel ( ! ,evangeli/s1 if we obs]ve b ! hi/ory itself4 ,/4 ,mat!w 7*ap4 i471 beg9n+ at 8 g5ealogy1 %[s t ,jesus 0 ( ! l9eage ( ,david1 born ( a virg93 *ap1 ii41 t he 0 ador$ by ! wise m5 z k+ ( ! ,jews2 t ,h]od = ! same cause s\ght to slay him3 *ap4 iii41 iv41 t 8 k+dom 0 prea*$ bo? by ,john ! ,bapti/ & himself3 *apt]s v4 vi4 vii41 t he taught ! laws1 n z ! ,scribes1 b z "o hav+ au?ority3 *apt]s viii4 ix41 t he cur$ diseases miracul\sly3 *ap4 x41 t he s5t 8 apo/les1 ! prea*]s ( 8 k+dom1 ?r\gh\t all ! p>ts ( ,judea to proclaim 8 k+dom3 *ap4 xi41 t he comm&$ ! mess5g]s1 s5t f ,john to enquire :e!r he 7 ! ,*ri/ or n1 to tell him :at !y _h se51 namely1 ! miracles :i* 7 only compatible ) ,*ri/3 *ap4 xii41 t he prov$ & decl>$ 8 k+dom to ! ,ph>isees & o!rs by argum5ts1 p>ables1 & signs2 & ! foll[+ *apt]s to xxi41 t he ma9ta9$ himself to be ! ,*ri/ aga9/ ! ,ph>isees3 *ap4 xxi41 t he 0 salut$ ) ! title ( k+1 :5 he ent]$ into ,j]usalem3 *aps4 xxii41 xxiii41 xxiv41 xxv41 t he =ew>n$ o!rs ( false ,*ri/s2 & t he %[$ 9 p>ables :at mann] ( k+dom 8 %\ld be3 *aps4 xxvi4 xxvii41 t he 0 tak5 & accus$ = ?is reason1 because he said he 0 a k+2 & t a title 0 writt5 on 8 cross1 ?is is ,jesus ! k+ ( ! ,jews3 la/ly1 *ap4 xxviii41 t aft] 8 resurrection1 he told 8 apo/les t all p[] 0 giv5 unto him bo? 9 heav5 & 9 e>?4 ,all :i* t5ds to ?is end2 t we %\ld believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/4 ,su* !re=e 0 ! scope ( ,/4 ,mat!w 9 describ+ 8 gospel4 ,b su* z 8 01 su* also 0 ! re/ ( ! ,evangeli/s2 :i* ,/4 ,john sets d[n expressly 9 ! end ( 8 gospel 7,john xx4 #ca73 ,^! ?+s1 sai? he1 are writt51 t ye may "k t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,footnote #ba3 ,i say1 t to a ,*ri/ian4 ,al?\gh ,i conceive ?is ass]tion to be suffici5tly prov$ by ! foll[+ reasons1 yet ,i ?\ght x wor? my lab\r to make a m ample explication ( x2 because ,i p]ceive t be+ some:at new1 x may possibly be di/a/eful to _m div9es4 ,fir/ !re=e1 :5 ,i say ?is article1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is necess>y to salvation2 ,i say n t fai? only is necess>y1 b ,i require ju/ice also1 or t ob$i5ce :i* is due to ! laws ( ,god2 t is to say1 a w to live righte\sly4 ,secondly1 ,i d5y n b ! pr(ession ( _m articles1 provid$ t t pr(ession be comm&$ by ! ,*ur*1 is also necess>y to salvation4 ,b see+ fai? is int]nal1 pr(ession ext]nal1 ,i say t ! =m] only is prop]ly fai?2 ! latt] a "p ( ob$i5ce2 insomu* z t article alone suffice? = inw>d belief1 b is n suffici5t = ! outw>d pr(ession ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,la/ly1 ev5 z if ,i _h said t true & inw>d rep5tance ( s9s 0 only necess>y to salvation1 yet 7 x n to be held = a p>adox2 because we suppose ju/ice1 ob$i5ce1 & a m9d re=m$ 9 all mann] ( virtues to be conta9$ 9 x4 ,s :5 ,i say t ! fai? ( "o article is suffici5t to salvation1 x may well be less wond]$ at2 see+ t 9 x s _m o!r articles are conta9$4 ,= ^! words1 ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 d signify t ,jesus 0 t p]son1 :om ,god _h promis$ by 8 prophets %\ld come into ! _w to e/abli% 8 k+dom2 t is to say1 t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god1 ! creator ( heav5 & e>?1 born ( a virg91 dy+ = ! s9s ( !m :o %\ld believe 9 him2 t he 0 ,*ri/1 t is to say1 a k+2 t he reviv$ 7= else he 7 n l to reign7 to judge ! _w1 & to rew>d e "o accord+ to 8 works 7= o!rwise he _c be a k+72 also t m5 %all rise aga91 = o!rwise !y are n l to come to judgm5t4 ,! :ole symbol ( ! apo/les is !re=e conta9$ 9 ?is "o article4 ,:i*1 not)/&+1 ,i ?\ght reasonable to contract ?us2 because ,i f\nd t _m m5 = ?is alone1 )\t ! re/1 7 admitt$ into ! k+dom ( ,god1 bo? by ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les2 z ! ?ief on ! cross1 ! eunu* baptiz$ by ,philip1 ! two ?\s& m5 conv]t$ to ! ,*ur* at once by ,/4 ,pet]4 ,b if any man be displeas$ t ,i d n judge all ^? et]nally damn$1 :o d n inw>dly ass5t to e article def9$ by ! ,*ur*1 & yet d n contradict1 b1 if !y be comm&$1 d submit3 ,i "k n :at ,i %all say to !m4 ,= ! mo/ evid5t te/imonies ( ,holy ,writ1 :i* d foll[1 d )hold me f alt]+ my op9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,by ! apo/les' s]mons4 #g4 ,secondly1 ?is is prov$ by ! prea*+ ( ! apo/les4 ,= !y 7 ! proclaim]s ( 8 k+dom2 nei!r did ,*ri/ s5d !m to prea* aught b ! k+dom ( ,god 7,luke ix4 #b3 ,acts x4 #db74 ,& :at !y did aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion1 may be und]/ood by ! accusation :i* 0 br\ght aga9/ !m 7,acts xvii4 #f-g73 ,!y drew ,jason1 sai? ,/4 ,luke1 & c]ta9 bre?r5 unto ! rul]s ( ! city1 cry+1 ^! are ! m5 t h turn$ ! _w upside d[n1 & are come hi!r also1 :om ,jason ha? receiv$2 & ^! all d contr>y to ! decrees ( ,cs>1 say+ t !re is ano!r k+1 "o ,jesus4 ,x appe>s also1 :at ! subject ( ! apo/le's s]mon 01 out ( ^! words 7,acts xvii4 #b-c73 ,op5+ & alleg+ out ( ! ,scriptures 7to wit1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t7 t ,*ri/ mu/ ne$s h suff]$ & ris5 aga9 f ! dead2 & t ?is ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,sid5ote3 ,by ! eas9ess ( ,*ri/ian religion4 #h4 ,?irdly1 by ! places1 9 :i* ! eas9ess ( ^? ?+s1 :i* are requir$ by ,*ri/ to ! atta9+ ( salvation1 is decl>$4 ,= if an int]nal ass5t ( ! m9d 7 necess>ily requir$ to ! tru? ( all & ea* proposition1 :i* ?is day is controv]t$ ab\t ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 or by div]s *ur*es is div]sely def9$2 !re w\ld be no?+ m difficult ?an ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,& h[ !n w\ld t be true 7,mat?4 xi4 #cj73 ,my yoke is easy & my burd5 light2 & t 7,mat?4 xviii4 #f73 little ones d believe 9 him2 & t 7#a ,cor4 i4 #ba73 x pleas$ ,god by ! fooli%ness ( prea*+1 to save ^? t believe8 ,or h[ 0 ! ?ief hang+ on ! cross suffici5tly in/ruct$ to salvation1 ! confession ( ^: fai? 0 conta9$ 9 ^! words3 ,"l1 rememb] me :5 ?\ come/ into ?y k+dom8 ,or h[ c\ld ,/4 ,paul himself1 f an enemy1 s soon become a doctor ( ,*ri/ians8 ,sid5ote3 ,by ?is1 t x is ! f\ndation ( fai?4 #i4 ,f\r?ly1 by ?is1 t t article is ! f\ndation ( fai?2 nei!r re/s x on any o!r f\ndation4 ,mat?4 xxiv4 #bc1 #bd3 ,if any man %all say unto y1 ,lo "h is ,*ri/1 or he is !re2 believe x n4 ,= !re %all arise false ,*ri/s & false prophets1 & %all %[ great signs & wond]s1 c4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t = ! fai?'s sake :i* we h 9 ?is article1 we mu/ n believe any signs & wond]s4 ,gal4 i4 #h3 ,al?\gh we or an angel f heav51 sai? ! apo/le1 %\ld prea* to y any o!r gospel1 ?an :at we h prea*$2 let him be accurs$4 ,by reason ( ?is article1 !re=e1 we might n tru/ ! v apo/les & angels !mselves1 & !re=e1 ,i conceive1 n ! ,*ur* nei!r1 if !y %\ld tea* ! contr>y4 #a ,john iv4 #a-b3 ,belov$1 believe n e _s1 b try ! spirits :e!r !y are ( ,god2 because _m false prophets are gone out into ! _w4 ,h]eby "k ye ! _s ( ,god2 e _s t confesse? ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is ( ,god1 c4 ,t article !re=e is ! measure ( ! spirits1 :]eby ! au?ority ( ! doctors is ei!r receiv$1 or reject$4 ,x _c be d5i$1 inde$1 b t all :o at ?is day are ,*ri/ians1 did le>n f ! doctors t x 0 ,jesus1 :o did all ^? ?+s :]eby he might be ackn[l$g$ to be ! ,*ri/4 ,yet x foll[s n1 t ! same p]sons believ$ t article = ! doctor's or ! ,*ur*'s1 b = ,jesus' own sake4 ,= t article 0 be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 7,mat?4 xvi4 #ah71 al?\gh all ! re/ 7 aft] x2 & ! ,*ur* 0 f\nd$ ^u x1 n x ^u ! ,*ur*4 ,besides1 ?is article1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is s fundam5tal1 t all ! re/ are by ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #aa-ae7 said to be built ^u x3 ,= o!r f\ndation c no man lay1 ?an t :i* is laid2 :i* is ,jesus ,*ri/2 t is to say1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,n[ if any man build ^u ?is f\ndation1 gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones1 wood1 hay1 /ubble2 e man's "w %all be made manife/2 if any man's "w abide1 :i* he ha? built !reupon1 he %all receive a rew>d2 if any man's "w %all be burnt1 he %all suff] loss1 b he himself %all be sav$4 ,f :5ce x pla9ly appe>s1 t by f\ndation is und]/ood ?is article1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/3 = gold1 & silv]1 preci\s /ones1 wood1 hay1 /ubble1 :]eby ! doctr9es are signifi$1 are n built ^u ! p]son ( ,*ri/3 & also1 t false doctr9es may be rais$ ^u ?is f\ndation2 yet n s z !y mu/ necess>ily be damn$ :o tea* !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,by ! pla9 words ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les4 #aj4 ,la/ly1 t ?is article alone is ne$ful to be inw>dly believ$1 may be mo/ evid5tly prov$ out ( _m places ( holy ,scripture1 let :o w be ! int]pret]4 ,john v4 #ci3 ,se>* ! ,scriptures2 = 9 !m ye ?9k ye h et]nal life2 & !y are !y :i* te/ify ( me4 ,b ,*ri/ meant ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t only2 = ! ,new 0 !n n yet writt54 ,n[1 !re is no o!r te/imony conc]n+ ,*ri/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b t an et]nal k+ 0 to come 9 su* a place1 t he 0 to be born ( su* p>5ts1 t he 0 to tea* & d su* ?+s :]eby1 z by c]ta9 signs1 he 0 to be kn[n4 ,all :i* te/ify ?is "o ?+2 t ,jesus :o 0 s born1 & did tea* & d su* ?+s1 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,o!r fai? !n 0 n requir$ to atta9 et]nal life1 besides ?is article1 ,john xi4 #bf3 ,:osoev] live? & believe? 9 me1 %all nev] die4 ,b to believe 9 ,jesus1 z is !re express$1 is ! same ) believ+ t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,he !re=e t believes t1 %all nev] die2 & by consequ5ce1 t article alone is necess>y to salvation4 ,john xx4 #ca3 ,^! are writt51 t ye might believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 & t believ+1 ye might h life ?r\gh 8 "n4 ,:]e=e he t believes ?us1 %all h et]nal life2 & !re=e ne$s no o!r fai?4 #a ,john iv4 #b3 ,e _s1 t confesse? t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is ( ,god4 ,& #a ,john v4 #a3 ,:osoev] believe? t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is born ( ,god4 ,& v]se #e3 ,:o is he t ov]come? ! _w1 b he t believe? t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god8 ,if !re=e !re be no ne$ to believe any?+ else1 to ! end a man may be ( ,god1 born ( ,god1 & ov]come ! _w1 ?an t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/2 t "o article !n is suffici5t to salvation4 ,acts viii4 #cf-cg3 ,see1 "h is wat]2 :at do? h9d] me to be baptiz$8 ,& ,philip said1 ,if ?\ believe/ ) all ?9e he>t1 ?\ maye/4 ,& he answ]$ & said1 ,i believe t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! ,son ( ,god4 ,if !n ?is article be+ believ$ ) ! :ole he>t1 t is to say1 ) inw>d fai?1 0 suffici5t = baptism2 x is also suffici5t = salvation4 ,besides ^! places1 !re are innum]able o!rs1 :i* d cle>ly & expressly affirm ! same ?+4 ,nay1 :]esoev] we read t our ,savi\r comm5d$ ! fai? ( any "o1 or t he said1 ?y fai? ha? sav$ !e1 or t he heal$ any "o = 8 fai?'s sake2 !re ! proposition believ$ 0 no o!r b ?is1 ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ei!r directly or consequ5tly4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ?is article is conta9$ ! fai? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #aa4 ,b because no man c believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/1 :o1 :5 he kn[s t by ,*ri/ is und]/ood t same k+1 :o 0 promis$ f ,god by ,moses & ! prophets = to be ! k+ & ,savi\r ( ! _w1 do? n also believe ,moses & ! prophets2 nei!r c he believe ^!1 :o believes n t ,god is1 & t he gov]ns ! _w2 x is necess>y1 t ! fai? ( ,god & ( ! ,old ,te/am5t be conta9$ 9 ?is fai? ( ! ,new4 ,see+ !re=e t a!ism1 & ! d5ial ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce1 7 ! only treason aga9/ ! ,div9e ,maje/y 9 ! k+dom ( ,god by nature2 b idolatry also 9 ! k+dom ( ,god by ! old cov5ant2 n[ 9 ?is k+dom1 :]e9 ,god rules by way ( a new cov5ant1 apo/acy is also add$1 or ! r5unciation ( ?is article once receiv$1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,truly o!r doctr9es1 provid$ !y h _! det]m9ation f a lawful ,*ur*1 are n to be contradict$2 = t is ! s9 ( disob$i5ce4 ,b x ha? be5 fully decl>$ be=e1 t !y are n ne$ful to be believ$ ) an inw>d fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ fai? & ob$i5ce d concur to salvation4 #ab4 ,fai? & ob$i5ce h div]s p>ts 9 accompli%+ ! salvation ( a ,*ri/ian2 = ?is contributes ! p[] or capacity1 t ! act2 & ei!r is said to ju/ify 9 its k9d4 ,= ,*ri/ =gives n ! s9s ( all m51 b ( ! p5it5t or ! ob$i5t1 t is to say1 ! j4 ,i say n ! guiltless1 b ! j2 = ju/ice is a w ( obey+ ! laws1 & may be consi/5t ) a s9n]2 & ) ,*ri/1 ! w to obey is ob$i5ce4 ,= n e man1 b ! j %all live by fai?4 ,ob$i5ce !re=e ju/ifies1 because x make? j2 9 ! same mann] z temp]ance make? temp]ate1 prud5ce prud5t1 *a/ity *a/e2 namely1 ess5tially2 & puts a man 9 su* a /ate1 z makes him capable ( p>don4 ,aga91 ,*ri/ ha? n promis$ =giv5ess ( s9s to all j m52 b only ^? ( !m :o believe him to be ! ,*ri/4 ,fai? !re=e ju/ifies 9 su* a s5se z a judge may be said to ju/ify1 :o absolves1 namely1 by ! s5t5ce :i* actually saves a man2 & 9 ?is acception ( ju/ification 7= x is an equivocal t]m7 fai? alone ju/ifies2 b 9 ! o!r1 ob$i5ce only4 ,b nei!r ob$i5ce alone1 nor fai? alone1 d save u2 b bo? toge!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 a ,*ri/ian city !re is no contr>iety betwe5 ! comm& ( ,god1 & ( ! city4 #ac4 ,by :at ha? be5 said hi!rto1 x w be easy to disc]n :at ! duty ( ,*ri/ian subjects is t[>ds _! sov]eigns2 :o1 z long z !y pr(ess !mselves ,*ri/ians1 _c comm& _! subjects to d5y ,*ri/1 or to (f] him any contumely3 = if !y %\ld comm& ?is1 !y w\ld pr(ess !mselves to be no ,*ri/ians4 ,= see+ we h %[$1 bo? by natural reason & out ( holy ,scriptures1 t subjects ought 9 all ?+s to obey _! pr9ces & gov]nors1 except+ ^? :i* are contr>y to ! comm& ( ,god2 & t ! comm&s ( ,god1 9 a ,*ri/ian city1 conc]n+ temporal affairs1 t is to say1 ^? :i* are to be discuss$ by human reason1 are ! laws & s5t5ce ( ! city1 deliv]$ f ^? :o h receiv$ au?ority f ! city to make laws & judge ( controv]sies2 b conc]n+ spiritual matt]s1 t is to say1 ^? :i* are to be def9$ by ! holy ,scripture1 are ! laws & s5t5ces ( ! city1 t is to say1 ! ,*ur*1 7= a ,*ri/ian city & a ,*ur*1 z ha? be5 %[$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 art4 #aj1 are ! same ?+71 deliv]$ by pa/ors lawfully orda9$1 & :o h to t end au?ority giv5 !m by ! city2 x manife/ly foll[s1 t 9 a ,*ri/ian commonweal ob$i5ce is due to ! sov]eign 9 all ?+s1 z well spiritual z temporal4 ,& t ! same ob$i5ce1 ev5 f a ,*ri/ian subject1 is due 9 all temporal matt]s to ^? pr9ces :o are no ,*ri/ians1 is )\t any controv]sy2 b 9 matt]s spiritual1 t is to say1 ^? ?+s :i* conc]n ,god's wor%ip1 "s ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is to be foll[$4 ,= x is an hypo!sis ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 t ,god speaks n 9 ?+s sup]natural b by ! way ( ,*ri/ian int]pret]s ( holy ,scriptures4 ,b :at8 ,mu/ we resi/ pr9ces1 :5 we _c obey !m8 ,truly1 no2 = ?is is contr>y to our civil cov5ant4 ,:at mu/ we d !n8 ,g to ,*ri/ by m>tyrdom2 :i* if x seem to any man to be a h>d say+1 mo/ c]ta9 x is t he believes n ) 8 :ole he>t1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god2 = he w\ld !n desire to be dissolv$1 & to be ) ,*ri/2 b he w\ld by a feign$ ,*ri/ian fai? elude t ob$i5ce1 :i* he ha? contract$ to yield unto ! city4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9es :i* ?is day are controv]t$ ab\t religion1 d = ! mo/ "p belong to ! "r ( dom9ion4 #ad4 ,b "s m5 p]haps w wond]1 if 7except+ ?is "o article1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 :i* only is necess>y to salvation 9 relation to int]nal fai?7 all ! re/ belong to ob$i5ce2 :i* may be p]=m$1 al?\gh a man d n inw>dly believe1 s he d b desire to believe1 & make an outw>d pr(ession1 z (t z ne$ requires1 ( :atsoev] is prop\nd$ by ! ,*ur*2 h[ x comes ab\t t !re are s _m t5ets1 :i* are all held s to conc]n our fai?1 t except a man d inw>dly believe !m1 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,b if he consid] t1 9 mo/ controv]sies1 ! cont5tion is ab\t human sov]eignty2 9 "s1 matt] ( ga9 & pr(it2 9 o!rs1 ! glory ( wits3 he w surely wond] ! less4 ,! "q ab\t ! propriety ( ! ,*ur*1 is a "q ab\t ! "r ( sov]eignty4 ,= x be+ kn[n :at a ,*ur* is1 x is kn[n at once to :om ! rule ov] ,*ri/ians do? belong4 ,= if e ,*ri/ian city be t ,*ur*1 :i* ,*ri/ himself ha? comm&$ e ,*ri/ian1 subject to t city1 to he>2 !n e subject is b\nd to obey 8 city1 t is to say1 him or !m :o h ! supreme p[]1 n only 9 temporal1 b also 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,b if e ,*ri/ian city be n t ,*ur*1 !n is !re "s o!r ,*ur* m univ]sal1 :i* mu/ be obey$4 ,all ,*ri/ians !re=e mu/ obey t ,*ur*1 j z !y w\ld obey ,*ri/1 if he came ^u e>?4 ,x w !re=e rule ei!r by ! way ( mon>*y1 or by "s assembly4 ,?is "q !n conc]ns ! "r ( rul+4 ,to ! same end belongs ! "q conc]n+ infallibility4 ,= :osoev] 7 truly & int]nally believ$ by all mank9d1 t he c\ld n err1 w\ld be sure ( all dom9ion1 z well temporal z spiritual1 ov] all mank9d1 unless himself w\ld refuse x4 ,= if he say t he mu/ be obey$ 9 temporals1 because x is suppos$ he _c err1 t "r ( dom9ion is imm$iately grant$ him4 ,hi!r also t5ds ! privilege ( int]pret+ ,scriptures4 ,= he to :om x belongs to int]pret ! controv]sies aris+ f ! div]s int]pretations ( ,scriptures1 ha? au?ority also simply & absolutely to det]m9e all mann] ( controv]sies :atsoev]4 ,b he :o ha? ?is1 ha? also ! comm& ov] all m5 :o ackn[l$ge ! ,scriptures to be ! ^w ( ,god4 ,to ?is end drive all ! disputes ab\t ! p[] ( remitt+ & reta9+ s9s2 or ! au?ority ( excommunication4 ,= e man1 if he be 9 8 wits1 w 9 all ?+s yield t man an absolute ob$i5ce1 by virtue ( ^: s5t5ce he believes himself to be ei!r sav$ or damn$4 ,hi!r also t5ds ! p[] ( in/itut+ societies4 ,= !y dep5d on him by :om !y subsi/1 :o ha? z _m subjects z monks1 al?\gh liv+ 9 an enemy's city4 ,to ?is end also ref]s ! "q conc]n+ ! judge ( lawful matrimony4 ,= he to :om t judicature belongs1 to him also p]ta9s ! k ( all ^? cases :i* conc]n ! inh]itance & succession ( all ! goods & rights1 n ( private m5 only1 b also ( sov]eign pr9ces4 ,& hi!r also 9 "s respect t5ds ! virg9 life ( ecclesia/ical p]sons2 = unm>ri$ m5 h less coh]5ce ?an o!rs ) civil society4 ,& besides1 x is an inconv5i5ce n to be slight$1 t pr9ces mu/ ei!r necess>ily =ego ! prie/hood1 :i* is a great bond ( civil ob$i5ce2 or h no h]$it>y k+dom4 ,to ?is end also t5ds ! canonization ( sa9ts1 :i* ! hea!n call$ apo!osis4 ,= he t c allure =eign subjects ) s great a rew>d1 may br+ ^? :o are gre$y ( su* glory1 to d>e & d any?+4 ,= :at 0 x b an hon\rable "n ) po/]ity1 :i* ! ,decii & o!r ,romans s\ght aft]2 & a ?\s& o!rs1 :o ca/ !mselves ^u incr$ible p]ils8 ,! controv]sies ab\t purgatory1 & indulg5ces1 are matt] ( ga94 ,! que/ions ( free-w1 ju/ification1 & ! mann] ( receiv+ ,*ri/ 9 ! sacram5t1 are philosophical4 ,!re are also que/ions conc]n+ "s rites n introduc$1 b left 9 ! ,*ur* n suffici5tly purg$ f ,g5tilism4 ,b we ne$ reckon no m4 ,all ! _w kn[s t su* is ! nature ( m51 t diss5t+ 9 que/ions :i* conc]n _! p[]1 or pr(it1 or pre-em95ce ( wit1 !y sl&] & curse ea* o!r4 ,x is n !re=e to be wond]$ at1 if almo/ all t5ets1 aft] m5 grew hot ) disput+s1 are held =? by "s or o!r to be necess>y to salvation & = our entrance into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,insomu* z !y :o hold !m n1 are n only condemn$ z guilty ( disob$i5ce2 :i* 9 tru? !y are1 aft] ! ,*ur* ha? once def9$ !m2 b ( infidelity3 :i* ,i h decl>$ above to be wrong1 out ( _m evid5t places ( ,scripture4 ,to :i* ,i add ?is "o ( ,sa9t ,paul's 7,rom4 xiv4 #c1 #e73 ,let n him t eate?1 despise him t eate? n1 & let n him t eate? n1 judge him t eate?2 = ,god ha? receiv$ him4 ,"o man e/eeme? "o day above ano!r1 ano!r e/eeme? e day alike4 ,let e man be fully p]suad$ 9 8 own m9d4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,9 ! summ>y ( ,*apt] ,,xiii1 ! la/ article is misnumb]$ z #8#ac'1 r ?an #8#ag4' ,on p4 #bba1 a ref]5ce to article #ac 9 ,*apt] ,v almo/ c]ta9ly %\ld h be5 to ! #ab? article ( t *apt]4 ,o!r errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s h be5 correct$1 & are not$ "h4 ,! ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 ! orig9al4 #c4a _/ ,replac$4 #e4e t same _/ ,replac$4 #ef4ad ,prov4 xxii4 #aj73 ,remov$4 #ii4ca ,= be+ er_/lect$1 ! p is at once ,replac$4 dissolv$ #ajb4bj make him a monaa_/r* ,replac$4 #ajf4ca h oblig$ !mselu_/ves ,replac$4 #adg4e ! w ( ,god4 ,add$4 #aif4c ,! def99ition ( s94 ,remov$4 #aif4cb to :i* ?a_/ey h giv5 ,replac$4 #aig4bh _/ ,/ress add$4 #bbh4c conc]n-_/+ ! comm&s ,add$4 #bch4bj t is to say ,add$4 #bgb4be ! ^w ( fai? ,add$4 #bhc4cd 7v]se #bb_/c7 ,replac$4 #bhe4g & _!'s :o rep5t n ,remov$4 #cab4h 9 ! ,old ,te/i_/am5t ,replac$4 #caf4ca ! rule ov] ,*ri/ai_/ians ,transpos$4