,,! ,,geography ,,& ,,geology ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 ,,plate ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orographical ,,map ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,f9ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,geography ,,& ,,geology ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 ,,by ,,john ,,ball1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e4 ,decoration ,,cairo3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,press4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to be obta9$ ei!r directly or ?r\gh any ,booksell]1 f ! ,,publications ,,(fice1 ,gov]nm5t ,press1 ,bulaq2 f ! ,,sale-,,room1 ,geological ,museum1 ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,works ,g>d5s2 or f ! ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 ,gza 7,mudiria74 99 99 99 99 99 #aiab4 ,,price #dj ,p4,t4 ,,preface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is book is an attempt to give a sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! geography & geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt accord+ to ! late/ in=mation available4 ,x is bas$ on surveys :i* ,i c>ri$ out by ord] ( ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! f\r ye>s #aije-aijh1 & has be5 writt5 9 ! int]vals ( o!r (ficial "w dur+ ! succe$+ ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! fir/ or introductory *apt]1 ,i h giv5 a summ>y1 ) "s criticisms1 ( previ\s acc\nts ( ! region4 ,?is seem$ advisable 9 t ! lit]ature1 al?\gh n v ext5sive1 is scatt]$ 9 books & pap]s 9 v>i\s languages1 & is n always easy ( access4 ,! second *apt] is a concise sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! di/rict1 design$ ma9ly z a summ>y = ^? :o d n wi% to g into ! details2 x also conta9s sections deal+ ) matt]s ( insuffici5t importance1 or ( :i* our k is too scanty1 to be treat$ ( specially 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,! ?ird *apt] is an acc\nt ( ! survey+ me?ods employ$ & ! pr9cipal geographical results obta9$4 ,! survey+ me?ods are treat$ at "s l5g?1 fir/ly because an adequate specification ( ! survey me?ods us$ is necess>y = ! assessm5t ( ! value ( any contribution to mod]n geography1 &1 secondly1 because "s ( ! me?ods are ei!r new or little kn[n1 & h be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce to be specially adapt$ to ! mapp+ ( ?is type ( c\ntry4 ,! pr9cipal geographical results are giv51 mo/ly 9 tabul> =m1 z exhibit+ cle>ly ! gr\ndwork ( ! actual maps1 & z indicat+ a s]ies ( adequately fix$ positions :i* may be employ$ z a basis 9 any fur!r surveys4 ,9 ! f\r? to six? *apt]s ! dra9age l9es & hill features are sy/ematically describ$4 ,a k ( ! dra9age l9es1 z ! key to a precise und]/&+ ( ! relief1 is n[h]e m important ?an 9 ^! des]ts4 ,9 ! sev5? *apt] ! important "q ( wat] supplies is consid]$1 & ! positions & p>ticul>s ( ! v>i\s wat] s\rces are tabulat$ = easy ref]5ce4 ,! eigh? to t5? *apt]s deal ) ! v>i\s rocks occurr+ 9 ! di/rict4 ,! petrology ( ! region has be5 discuss$ ) "s fulness1 because :ile ! di/rict (f]s a rem>kable weal? ( rock-species1 well expos$ 9 consid]able masses1 detail$ /udies ( ,egyptian petrology h hi!rto be5 few4 ,my great regret 9 ?is connexion is t ,i h be5 unable to add *emical analyses ( ! rocks4 ,! elev5? *apt] summ>ises ! g5]al geological /ructure & hi/ory ( ! region1 z ga!r$ f a broad] outlook ov] ! detail$ geological evid5ces4 ,9 ! twelf? *apt] ,i h set d[n ! in=mation ,i 0 able to obta9 reg>d+ ! t]ritorial limits ( ! diff]5t ,b$\9 tribes inhabit+ ! region4 ,! ?irte5? & conclud+ *apt] ( ! book consi/s ( brief notes tak5 on ! return m>* to ,port ,sudan4 ,9 reg>d to ! c>tographic mat]ial1 mo/ ( :i* is new1 special att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! place-names1 & x is believ$ t ^! are correct 9 almo/ e case4 ,b z ! names are 9 languages n und]/ood by ,european draughtsm51 x is almo/ impossible t mi/akes h be5 entirely avoid$2 9 any case :]e map & text may disagree 9 spell+ 7! diff]5ces w1 ,i tru/1 nev] be s great z to leave d\bts ( id5tity71 ! text %\ld be foll[$ 9 pref]5ce to ! map1 z mi/akes 9 ! text are usually m easily p]ceiv$ & correct$4 ,i w\ld rem>k t al?\gh ! :ole ( ! field maps h be5 employ$ 9 prep>+ ! small scale ones1 yet ! full detail c be record$ only on ! l>ge scale maps1 :i* are giv5 = ! mo/ important di/ricts2 a future explor] w\ld d well1 !re=e1 to ref] to ! manuscript field maps :i* are fil$ at ! ,survey ,(fice at ,gza1 be=e conclud+ t no m detail$ survey exi/s ?an is %[n on ! maps 9 ?is book4 ,! plates illu/rat+ ! sc5ic types are f my own photographs1 :ile ^? illu/rat+ ! natural-size aspect ( ! typical rocks are reproductions f wat]-col\r draw+s :i* ,i made f actual specim5s4 ,^! col\r$ plates ( rocks are ma9ly design$ to enable prospectors to id5tify readily ! ord9>y k9ds ( /one !y meet ) 9 ! field2 b !y w also s]ve to give to petrologi/s an idea ( ! appe>ance ( h& specim5s ( rocks f ?is "p ( ! _w1 :i* are n frequ5tly met ) 9 ! great museums4 ,! text figures ( rock sections ,i h mo/ly drawn at ! microscope on silv] pr9ts f photographic plates1 ! pr9ts be+ aft]w>ds blea*$ out ) m]curic *loride2 !y w appe> slightly diagrammatic 9 places1 ow+ to ! necessity ( us+ l9es & dots = t9ts1 b ,i f9d ,i myself get a bett] idea ( a rock f a draw+ ( ?is k9d ?an f a photograph4 ,mu* detail$ survey+ ( ?is m\nta9\s & arid region rema9s yet to be done1 especially 9 ! di/ricts r\nd ! heads ( ! ,wadi ,alaqi1 be=e our k ( x c be consid]$ complete4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t a sub/antial beg9n+ has be5 made t[>ds ?is end1 & t future "w may be facilitat$ by ! obs]vational data record$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,john ,,ball4 ,,cont5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,page4 ,,*apt] ,i4 -- ,introduction #a ,,ii4 -- ,g5]al ,description ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt #ah ,,iii4 -- ,survey+ ,me?ods & ,pr9cipal ,geographical ,results #ci ,,iv4 -- ,! ,wadis dra9+ ,we/w>ds to ! ,nile #gh ,v4 -- ,! ,wadis dra9+ ,ea/w>ds to ! ,sea #id ,,vi4 -- ,! ,m\nta9s & ,hills #afd ,,vii4 -- ,wat] ,supplies #bcd ,,viii4 -- ,geology4--,s$im5t>y ,rocks #bea ,,ix4 -- ,igne\s ,rocks #bfb ,x4 -- ,metamorphic ,rocks #cca ,,xi4 -- ,tectonics & ,g5]al ,geology #ced ,,xii4 -- ,tribal ,b\nd>ies #cff ,,xiii4 -- ,notes on ! ,road f ,halaib to ,port ,sudan #cgb ,,index #cgi 99 99 99 99 99 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plate4 ,to face page ,i4 -- ,orographical ,map ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt ,,frontispiece4 ,,ii4 -- ,sket* ,map %[+ ,dra9age ,bas9s #bb ,,iii4 -- ,sket* ,map %[+ ,wat] ,s\rces & ,roads #bf ,,iv4 -- ,views ( ,ru9s at ,um ,eleiga & 9 ,wadi #cj ,%5%ef ,v4 -- ,views ( ,tomb ( ,%eikh ,%adli & ,bir ,%adli #cb ,,vi4 -- ,map ( ! ,di/rict ( ,nugrus & ,sikait #ajf ,,vii4 -- ,summit ,views ( ,gebels ,nugrus & ,abu ,hamamid #aff ,,viii4 -- ,views f ,gebel ,migif #afh ,,ix4 -- ,desc5d+ ,gebel ,zab>a #agj ,x4 -- ,views f ! ,summit ( ,gebel ,atut #agb ,,xi4 -- ,views 9 ,wadi ,muelih & ( ,gebel ,selaia #agb ,,xii4 -- ,typical ,views among ! ,m\nta9s ( ,hamata & ,abu ,hamamid #agf ,,xiii4 -- ,views on ,gebel ,kahfa #agh ,,xiv4 -- ,views ( ,gebel ,kalalat & ! ,summit ( ,gebel ,f>aid #aib ,,xv4 -- ,map ( ! ,di/rict ( ,abraq & ,abu ,saafa #bjb ,,xvi4 -- ,panoramas f ! ,summits ( ,gebels ,niqrub & ,g]f #bjf ,,xvii4 -- ,map ( ! ,di/rict ( ,gebel ,g]f #baj ,,xviii4 -- ,map ( ! ,di/rict ( ,meisah & ,wadi ,di-ib #bah ,,xix4 -- ,map ( ! ,di/rict ( ,elba & ,halaib #bbf ,,xx4 -- ,geological ,map ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt #bej ,,xxi4 -- ,geological ,map ( ,ras ,b5as #beh ,,xxii4 -- ,acid ,igne\s ,rocks #bfh ,,xxiii4 -- ,int]m$iate ,igne\s ,rocks #bhd ,,xxiv4 -- ,basic & ,ultra-basic ,igne\s ,rocks #cjj ,,xxv4 -- ,metamorphic ,rocks #ccd ,,xxvi4 -- ,sket* ,map %[+ ,tribal ,b\nd>ies #cfh ,,xxvii4 -- ,sket* ,map ( ,r\te f ,halaib to ,moham$ ,ghul #cgb ,,xxviii4 -- ,sket* ,map ( ,r\te f ,moham$ ,ghul to ,port ,sudan #cgb ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a4 ,sket*-map %[+ position ( area describ$ #a #b4 ,map ( ,abraq ,spr+s #abc #c4 ,view f ! summit ( ,gebel ,elba #bbi #d4 ,granite ( ,gebel ,f]eyid #bfi #e4 ,r$ pegmatitic granite ( ,wadi ,gemal #bga #f4 ,biotite-granite ( ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig #bgc #g4 ,hornbl5de-granite ( ,gebel ,elba #bge #h4 ,hornbl5de-granite ( ,gebel ,hamata #bge #i4 ,granite-porphyry ( ,krei%im ,hill #bgf #aj4 ,qu>tz-felsite ( ! ,wadi ,huluz #bgg #aa4 ,qu>tz-felsite f a dyke at ,gebel ,kolaiqo #bgh #ab4 ,alt]$ qu>tz-felsite ( ,gebel ,igli el ,iswid #bha #ac4 ,microp]?itic /ructure 9 felsp> ( qu>tz-felsite ( ,gebel ,had>ba #bhb #ad4 ,fractur$ felsp> cry/als 9 cru%$ qu>tz-felsite ( ,wadi ,huluz #bhb #ae4 ,sy5ite ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam #bhd #af4 ,sy5ite-porphyry ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam #bhd #ag4 ,tra*yte f a dyke at ,gebel ,kahfa #bhe #ah4 ,diorite ( ,gebel ,allawi #bhg #ai4 ,diorite ( ,wadi ,baaneit #bhg #bj4 ,augite-diorite ( ,wadi ,um ,h>gal #bhi #ba4 ,augite-diorite ( ,gebel el ,anbat #bij #bb4 ,mica-diorite f a dyke at ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig #bia #bc4 ,diorite-porphyrite ( ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid #bib #bd4 ,augite-porphyrite ( ,wadi ,muelih #bic #be4 ,k]santite ( ,gebel ,f]eyid #bid #bf4 ,view ne> ! top ( ,gebel ,sufra #bif #bg4 ,&esite ( ,gebel ,sufra #bif #bh4 ,gabbro ( ,gebel ,dahanib #bih #bi4 ,gabbro ( ,um ,eleiga #bii #cj4 ,hyp]/h5e-gabbro ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah #cjj #ca4 ,oliv9e-gabbro ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla #cja #cb4 ,oliv9e-gabbro ( ,gebel ,atut #cjb #cc4 ,oliv9e-gabbro f hill ,s4-,e4 ( ,gebel ,selaia #cjc #cd4 ,troctolite ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla #cjd #ce4 ,pyrox5e-granulite ( ,kolmanab ,hill #cje #cf4 ,diabase f "u ! ,nubian s&/one1 ,rod el ,nagi #cjf #cg4 ,diabase f ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid #cjh #ch4 ,oliv9e-diabase f a dyke at ! junction ( ,wadis ,gemal & ,huluz #cjh #ci4 ,diabase f a dyke 9 ,wadi ,kreiga #cji #dj4 ,mica-diabase ( ,gebel ,um ,kh>iga #caj #da4 ,basalt ( ,gimeida ,hill #caa #db4 ,basalt ( ,e9iwai ,hill #cab #dc4 ,amphibolite f hills ne> ,gebel ,um ,gunud #cag #dd4 ,amphibolite conta9+ oliv9e & bronzite1 ,qre9 ,salama #cai #de4 ,s]p5t9e 7probably f a mica-p]idotite71 ea/ ( ,erf el ,fahid #cba #df4 ,s]p5t9e 7f lh]zolite71 hills ne> ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga #cbb #dg4 ,s]p5t9e 7f dunite71 l[ hills ne> ,bir ,abraq #cbf #dh4 ,s]p5t9e 7f dunite71 l[ hills ne> ,bir ,abraq #cbf #di4 ,s]p5t9e 7f wehrlite71 ,gebel ,g]f #cbg #ej4 ,bronzite pass+ into s]p5t9e1 ,gebel ,g]f #cbg #ea4 ,s]p5t9e 7f h>zburgite171 ,gebel ,korabkansi #cbi #eb4 ,cru%+ ( qu>tz & felsp> 9 granite-gneiss1 ,gebel ,um ,rase9 #ccd #ec4 ,diorite-gneiss1 ,wadi ,muelih #ccd #ed4 ,cru%$ & alt]$ sy5ite 7s*i/71 ne> ,gebel el ,anbat #cci #ee4 ,hornbl5de s*i/1 ,wadi ,muelih #cdj #ef4 ,s*i/ compos$ ( cru%$ volcanic rocks1 ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid #cda #eg4 ,hornbl5de s*i/1 ne> ,gebel ,eqrun #cdc #eh4 ,em]ald & qu>tz1 ne> ,sikait #cde #ei4 ,t\rmal9e 9 talc-s*i/1 ,sikait #cdf #fj4 ,section ( s&/one at ,gebel ,um ,khafur #ceh #fa4 ,junction ( s&/one & granite1 we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,reit #cei #fb4 ,fault+ ne> ,wadi ,saalek #cei 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,geography ,,& ,,geology ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,sket*-,map ( ,egypt4 ,! %ad$ area %[s ! di/rict treat$ ( 9 ?is book4 ,! di/rict treat$ ( 9 ?is volume con/itutes ! extreme s\?-ea/ corn] ( ,egypt1 ly+ betwe5 ! p>allels ( #bb & #be ( nor? latitude1 & betwe5 ! m]idian ( #cd ,e4 & ! ,r$ ,sea coa/4 ,x comprises an area ( ab\t #ef1jjj squ>e kilometres1 & includes "s ( ! mo/ m\nta9\s & lea/ accessible portions ( ! ,kh$ive's dom9ions4 ,! di/rict has be5 comp>atively little visit$ by travell]s1 & ! lit]ature conc]n+ x is n v ext5sive4 ,b]5ice 7,jh7#a 0 f\nd$ by ,ptolemy ,,ii 7#bhe-bdg ,b4,c471 :o nam$ ! t[n aft] 8 "m1 z a /ation at "o end ( ! road = transport+ goods f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,nile at ,koptos 7,quft74 ,! em]ald m9es 9 ! ,zab>a area 7 work$ at lea/ z e>ly z ,ptolemaic times1 & gold m9es 9 ! s\? at a mu* e>li] date4 ,ref]5ces to ?is "p ( ,egypt occur 9 ! writ+s ( ,,/rabo1 ,,diodorus ,,siculus1 & ,,pl9y1 z well z 9 ,,ptolemy's ,geography & ! ,,anton9e ,,it9]>y4 ,bo? ,/rabo & ,pl9y /ate t 9 ,b]5ice1 z 9 ,sy5e1 ! sun ca/ no %ad[ at ! summ] sol/ice f :i* !y inf]r$ ! t[n to be on ! tropic ( ,canc]1 ?\gh 9 reality x lay 9 _! day "s tw5ty-five kilometres1 & is n[ ab\t #bh1 or "s fifty-two kilometres1 nor? ( ! tropic1 ! diff]5ce be+ caus$ by ! secul> *ange 9 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,ptolemy gives ! latitude ( ,b]5ice z #bc #ej1 :i* is only #e too l[2 ! ,sm>agdus mons1 or em]ald m\nta91 he places 9 latitude #be1 :i* is ab\t #ae high] ?an ! true position ( ,gebel ,zab>a 7,ec74 ,diodorus gives a v cle> description ( ! work+ ( gold m9es 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t 9 8 day1 by mis]able convict lab\r4 ,! road f ,koptos to ,b]5ice is m5tion$1 ) li/s ( /ations & wat] res]voirs & _! di/ances f ea* o!r1 bo? by ,pl9y & ! writ] ( ! ,anton9e ,it9]>y2 & ?\gh ,pl9y gives few] /ations ?an ! ,it9]>y1 ! two acc\nts agree v closely 9 e/imat+ ! total di/ance at ab\t #beh ,roman miles1 :i*1 s f> z c be judg$ f a p>tial id5tification ( ! /ations m>k+ ! r\te1 is pretty correct4 ,! isl& ( ,zeb]g$ 7,ok71 on :i* occurs ! gre5 gem call$ p]idot1 is probably ! ,topazos ,insula ( ,diodorus1 & ! ,aga?on ( ,ptolemy2 b ,diodorus gives its l5g? z eighty /ades 7ab\t twelve kilometres71 :i* is ?ree times great] ?an its pres5t size1 & ,ptolemy's latitude ( #bc is "s #af too l[4 ,ptolemy /ates t ! coa/ 0 inhabit$ by ! ,i*?yophages1 or fi%-eat]s1 :ile ! ,troglodytes1 or cave-dwell]s1 ( ,/rabo1 7 probably ! work]s 9 ! m9es4 ,! books ( ! ,arab geograph]s1 ,,edrisi & ,,abu ,,el ,,f$a1 conta9 "s ref]5ces to ! roads & m9es ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t1 b _! descriptions are unimportant & conta9 frequ5t palpable errors4 ,d',,anville1 9 8 ,mmoires sur l',egypte1 ,p>is1 #agff1 pp4 #bcj-bce1 attempt$ to con/ruct a map ( ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea by comb9+ ! classical records ) "s e>ly ,portuguese & o!r *>ts1 b ! latt] 7 too crude to enable any approa* to be made to an accurate map4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ,,bruce discov]$ ! isl& ( ,zeb]g$ & ! em]ald m9es ( ,zab>a 9 #agfi1 b x is tol]ably c]ta9 t he saw nei!r ( ^! places4 ,he e/imat$ ! latitude ( ! isl& he saw 8pretty exactly0 z #be #c1 & its di/ance f ! coa/ z ?ree miles1#b :]eas ,zeb]g$ is really 9 latitude #bc #cf1 & is ov] ?irty miles f ! ne>e/ coa/4 ,! m9es he saw 7 s close to ! coa/ t he c\ld walk to !m f 8 boat & back 9 less ?an a day 79 fact he /ates t !y 7 only ?ree miles f ! coa/71 :ile bo? ! ,sikait & ! ,zab>a m9es are ov] a day's j\rney f ! sea4 ,nor c\ld ! m9es h be5 ! sulphur work+s ne> ,el ,ranga 7,he71 unless ,bruce made a l>ge error 9 8 obs]vation = latitude1 = ! sulphur m9es are ab\t 9 latitude #bd #be1 &1 moreov]1 ,bruce /ates t he f\nd 8brittle gre5 cry/als10 n sulphur4 ,x is to ! ,fr5* travell] ,,cailliaud#c t we owe ! fir/ mod]n acc\nt ( ,b]5ice & ! em]ald m9es4 ,cailliaud 0 a m9]alogi/1 9 fav\r ) ,mohammad ,ali ,pa%a1 :o s5t him on two exp$itions 9 #ahaf & #ahag to se>* = m9es 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,on 8 fir/ exp$ition1 />t+ f ,r$esia 7ne> ,edfu71 he discov]$ ! rock temple ( ,seti ,i1 =ty-five kilometres ea/ ( ! ,nile1 & sev]al anci5t /ations on 8 r\te1 & proce$$ to ! em]ald m9es ( ,zab>a & ! sulphur m9es ( ,el ,ranga4 ,on 8 second exp$ition he took ) him sixty ,albanian workm5 to exploit ! m9es1 & l$ !m by ne>ly 8 =m] r\te to ,zab>a1 :]e !y extract$ t5 lbs4 weight ( em]alds 7b]yls7 = pres5tation to ! ,pa%a4 ,on ?is second exp$ition ,cailliaud discov]$ ! m9es & ru9s ( ,sikait1 & also o!r ru9s 9 ! ,wadi ,nugrus 7,ed74 ,cailliaud's draw+s ( ! ru9s ( ,sikait greatly exagg]ate _! size & elegance4 ,,jom>d1 9 notes prefac$ to ,cailliaud's acc\nt ( 8 travels1 made a c>eful /udy ( ! probable positions ( ! anci5t roads & m9es 9 ?is "p ( ,egypt2 he ?\ght t ,wadi ,gemal ,isl& 7,hd7 0 ,zeb]g$4 ,9 #ahah1 ,,belzoni1#d fir$ by ,cailliaud's discov]ies1 set out to discov] ! anci5t ,b]5ice4 ,/>t+ f ,edfu1 he travell$ ea/w>d = "s days ov] ,cailliaud's r\te1 !n m>*$ via ,bir ,samut 7:]e he discov]$ ! anci5t /ation7 & ,wadi ,ghuel to ! ,zab>a m9es1 :]e he f\nd ,cailliaud's m9]s /ill at "w4 ,f ,zab>a he j\rney$ ?r\gh ! ,wadi ,sikait1 pass+ ! m9es & ru9$ temples :i* _h be5 discov]$ by ,cailliaud1 & d[n ! ,wadi ,gemal to ! sea4 ,proce$+ !n s\?w>d along ! coa/1 he exam9$ ! sulphur m9es at ,el ,ranga ne> ! m\? ( ! ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun1 & !n made 8 discov]y ( ! ru9s ( ! temple & t[n ( ,b]5ice1 ne> ! p59sula ( 8,cape ,galah50 7,ras ,b5as74 ,! ru9s 7 s inconspicu\s z to be only f\nd ) difficulty1 & ! temple 0 s buri$ 9 s& t ,belzoni c\ld only make a v imp]fect plan ( x4 ,! anci5t t[n he e/imates to h cov]$ a space ne> ! temple #a1fjj feet broad & #b1jjj feet long4 ,leav+ ,b]5ice ! same day on :i* he made 8 discov]y1 ,belzoni return$ to ,sikait by way ( ,abu ,greia1 ,h>atreit 7:]e he discov]$ anci5t /ations71 ,hefeiri well1 & ! spr+ ( ,um ,sueh4 ,aft] copy+ "s ,greek inscriptions at ,sikait1 he return$ to ,edfu by way ( ,wadis ,hafafit 7,dc71 :]e he f\nd an anci5t /ation1 ,abu ,_h1 & ,samut4 ,belzoni's map#e ( 8 r\tes is ( c\rse v crude & errone\s1 b ! fact t he gives ! names ( ! places he pass$ enables "o to recon/ruct 8 r\tes on mod]n maps ) fair exactitude4 ,8 draw+s ( ! ru9s he visit$ are fairly accurate1 t ( ! rock temple ( ,sikait be+ a mu* tru] picture ?an ,cailliaud's4 ,! extreme s\?-ea/ corn] ( ,egypt 0 fir/ explor$ 9 #ahca & #ahcb by ,,l9ant ,,de ,,bellefonds1 :o tw5ty ye>s lat] publi%$ an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 travels & discov]ies4#f ,! mann] 9 :i* ,l9ant ,bey's exp$ition arose is v curi\s4 ,he _h read ! acc\nts ( ,diodorus & ,arabic writ]s conc]n+ ! anci5t gold m9es ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t1 & :5 he accid5tally discov]$ small cry/als ( gold 9 qu>tzose detritus br\ght d[n ! ,wadi ,alaqi into ! ,nile by a /orm torr5t1 he at once inf]r$ t ?is wadi w\ld lead him to ! m9es4 ,! ,arabs told him1 q correctly1 t ! d[n-wa% _h its orig9 f> up ! wadi1 n9e days' j\rney f its m\?4 ,report+ 8 discov]y to ,mohammad ,ali ,pa%a1 t pr9ce commission$ him to lead an exp$ition to se>* = ! m9es4 ,/>t+ f ,aswan1 ,l9ant j\rney$ s\?-ea/ & discov]$ ! anci5t m9es & ru9s at ,gebel ,seiga 7,bp71 & subsequ5tly ! m ext5sive work+s at v>i\s places r\nd ! head ( ,wadi ,alaqi1 su* z ,egat 7,ft7 & ,d>ahib 7,gu74 ,f ! ,alaqi di/rict he proce$$ nor?w>d to ,bir ,%9ai 7,hr71 & !nce ea/w>ds r\nd ! spurs ( ! m\nta9s to ,bir ,meisah 7,kr71 ea/ ( :i* he discov]$ ! old m9es ( ,romit 7,ls74 ,cross+ ! great ,wadi ,di-ib1 he appe>s to h rea*$ ,bir ,akwamtra 7,os71 at ! foot ( ,gebel ,elba4 ,8 desire to explore ! my/]i\s ,elba m\nta9s 0 fru/rat$ by ! ,arabs1 & he only asc5d$ a m9or peak be=e comm5c+ 8 return m>*4 ,f ,elba he return$ via ,bir ,meisah1 ,bir ,beida 7,ho71 & ! ,wadis ,kha%ab 7,gn71 ,hode91 ,rod el ,kh>uf 7,*71 & ,kh>it to ,d>aw on ! ,nile1 discov]+ ! spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa 7,em7 9 ! c\rse ( 8 m>*4 ,l9ant ?us p]=m$ = ! s\? portion ( ! di/rict a simil> s]vice to t :i* 8 compatriot ,cailliaud _h already done = ! nor? portion4 ,8 rem>ks on ! p ( ! c\ntry1 _! mann]s & cu/oms1 are no less int]e/+ ?an 8 descriptions ( ! ru9s & m9es :i* he discov]$4 ,! notes on c]ta9 po9ts1 su* z ! mann] ( trapp+ ! wild ass :i* !n roam$ ^! des]ts1 are specially int]e/+ z illu/rat+ pa/ usages4 ,l9ant also compil$ a small ,bi%>9-,fr5* vocabul>y z an app5dix to 8 "w4 ,! l>ge map accompany+ 8 book1 ?\gh x is well engrav$ & depicts well ! g5]al m\nta9\s "* ( ! c\ntry1 is un=tunately full ( l>ge errors2 ,gebel ,is 7,jt71 = example1 is plac$ m ?an sixty kilometres too f> s\?2 :ile _m ( ! place-names are ei!r :olly incorrect or s loosely translit]at$ z to be almo/ unrecognisable4 ,b ) all its defects1 ,l9ant's map rema9$ ! only s\rce = c>tograph]s = a l>ge portion ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t d[n to ! "t ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t survey2 ! map ( ,egypt publi%$ 9 #aije by ! ,topographical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,g5]al ,/aff1 = in/ance1 conta9s mu* ( ,l9ant's mat]ial1 ?\gh a comp>ison ( t map ) ! "o jo9$ to ?is report w %[ h[ great 7 ! errors 9 ! matt] ?us incorporat$4 ,,wilk9son#g gives v brief notes on ,b]5ice & ! anci5t roads lead+ to x1 z well z on ! em]ald m9es ( ,zab>a & ! ru9s ( ! ,sikait di/rict4 ,wilk9son believ$ he _h id5tifi$ all ! anci5t /ations on ! ,koptos-,b]5ice road1 besides ano!r small] "o n m5tion$ 9 classical it9]>ies4 ,9 ! temple ( ,b]5ice he f\nd a small f\nta91 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,b 8 "w add$ little to :at _h already be5 le>n$ by ,cailliaud & ,belzoni reg>d+ ?is "p ( ,egypt4 ,9 #ahcf1 ,,well/$1#h a lieut5ant 9 ! ,indian ,navy1 :o _h be5 employ$ 9 survey+ ! ,r$ ,sea coa/1 describ$ ! topography ( ,b]5ice1 & assign$ to ! place its true latitude ( #bc #ee4 ,he gives a plan & view ( ! temple1 :i* he p>tially cle>$1 & 9 :i* he f\nd fragm5ts ( ,greek tablets & ( a /atue4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahdj important contributions 7 furni%$ to ! geography ( ,ea/]n ,egypt by ! surveys ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 c>ri$ out by ,,moresby1 ,,well/$1 & o!r (fic]s ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's ,navy4 ,_! sail+ directions =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! 8,r$ ,sea & ,gulf ( ,ad5 ,pilot10 n[ publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,admiralty4#i ,bo? ! *>ts & sail+ directions h be5 cont9ually revis$ by ,admiralty surveys1 & furni% mu* accurate in=mation ab\t ! coa/4 ,! pr9cipal errors are t almo/ ! entire coa/-l9e betwe5 latitudes #bb & #be is plac$ too f> to ! we/1#aj & "s ( ! place-names are wrong1 or at lea/ unkn[n to ! local sailors ( to-day4 ,su* details ( ! inl& relief z are giv5 on ! *>ts are n correct1 z 0 ( c\rse to be expect$ 9 a hydrographic survey2 b ! ma9 summits are fairly accurately laid d[n1 & _! altitudes agree well ) my det]m9ations4 ,?us ! 8,s\!rn peak0 ( ! *>t1 9 latitude #bc #ah1 is ,gebel ,f]eyid2#aa ! 8,black conical hill10 ne> ,m]sa ,%ab1 is ,gemeida2 8,scragg$ hill0 is ,qa% ,amir2#ab 8,high peak0 is ,gebel ,elba2 8,ca/le hill0 is ,gebel ,%5dodai2 & 8,s\? peak0 is ,asotriba1 ! highe/ m\nta9 ( ! ,elba gr\p4 ,9 #ahdf1 ,,b>? made a j\rney f ,aswn to ,b]5ice & !nce to ,qoseir1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ a brief j\rnal ( 8 exp$ition4#ac ,go+ ea/w>d f ,aswn1 he pass$ nor? ( ,gebel ,hamrat ,mukbud 7,cf71 via ! ,wadi ,kha%ab1 pa/ ! tomb ( ,%eikh ,%adli 7,df7 & ! granite boss ( ,selaia 7,fh71 :i* he ?\ght to be ( slate1 & !n desc5d$ to ! coa/ by ,wadi ,salib ,abiad & ,wadi ,khoda 7,hf74 ,he discov]$ ! old /ation 7n[ call$ ,g>ia ,kalalat7 s\?-we/ ( ,b]5ice1 on 8 way to ! temple1 ( :i* he took measures4 ,b>? rem>ks on ! insignificant nature ( ! ru9s & on ! badness ( ! site = a t[n4 ,on 8 return j\rney1 he discov]$ ! wells & ru9s ( ,%5%ef 7,jj71 :]e !re are well pres]v$ rema9s ( sub/antial dwell+s :i* he ?\ght d5ot$ a settlem5t by p f ,b]5ice4 ,asc5d+ ! ,wadi ,%ut aft] return+ to ,wadi ,khoda1 he turn$ we/w>d & rea*$ ! pla9 s\? ( ! ,abu ,hamamid-,hamata m\nta9s4 ,cross+ ?is m\nta9 track by ! difficult pass ( ,hilgit1 he desc5d$ ! ,wadi ,huluz 7,ef71 into ,wadi ,gemal1 :5ce he turn$ nor?w>d & visit$ ! ru9s ( ,sikait4 ,f ,sikait he proce$$ by w9d+ tracks pa/ ,bir ,ghadir 7,ec7 & on to ,qoseir4 ,! next travell] to visit ! di/rict1 ,,von ,,heugl91 exam9$ ! c\ntry f ! coa/4#ad ,sail+ s\?w>d f ,qoseir1 he discov]$ ru9s :i* he ?\ght to be ^? ( ,ptolemy's ,ne*esia1 9 latitude #bd #ee1 a little s\? ( ,ras ,tundeba4 ,fur!r s\?1 he enum]ates ! v>i\s op5+s & an*orages ( ! coa/ to ,suak94 ,gebel ,hamata 7,gf7 he wrongly ?\ght might be ! ,alaqi ( ! anci5t m9+ records4 ,8 8,wadi el ,hemmah0 is d\btless ,wadi ,lahami 7,hg74 ,r\nd+ ,ras ,b5as1 he pass$ ! coral isl& ( ,mukaw> 7,geziret el ,ras71 & an*or$ by ! ru9s ( ,b]5ice1 :i* he /ates to be call$ ,sikait ,qibli4#ae ,9 & ne> ! temple ru9s von ,heugl9 f\nd copp] nails1 fragm5ts ( /atues1 ,roman co9s1 a qu>tz si/rum & pieces ( b]yl1 besides pot%]ds & brok5 glass4 ,pass+ ,m]sa ,%ab 7,%]m ,hel el ,madfa71 he notes a few fi%]m5's dwell+s on ,seyal ,isl&1 & a pe>l fi%] f ,jidda ply+ 8 call+ at a small an*orage call$ ,gota1 ne> ,ras ,fatma4 ,he m5tions ,kwolala z 8,geziret ,elba10 close to ! 8p59sula ( ,halaib0 7n[ an isl&1 ,geziret ,halaib74#af ,! ,elba m\nta9s he /ates to be ! ,prionotus mons ( ,ptolemy4 ,! 8,%]m ,qubet510 :i* he notes to ! s\? ( ,halaib1 is d\btless ,m]sa ,qabatit ( my map4 ,x is to ! vet]an ,african travell] ,,s*we9fur? t we owe ! fir/ inve/igations ( ! ,elba m\nta9s1 z long surr\nd$ ) my/]y z ! /ronghold ( dread$ ,bi%>9 tribes4#ag ,l von ,heugl91 ,s*we9fur? visit$ ! c\ntry f ! coa/1 mak+ excursions inl&4 ,/>t+ f ,qoseir 9 ,m>*1 #ahfd1 he proce$$ ) frequ5t /oppages to ,suak91 sp5d+ ne>ly six mon?s 9 explor+ ! littoral di/ricts4 ,8 *ief object 0 ! inve/igation ( ! flora ( ! c\ntry1 b 8 acc\nts#ah conta9 mu* geographical & geological in=mation ( great int]e/4 ,he comp>es ! coa/al ranges ( ,africa ) ! ,cordill]as ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,abyss9ian highl&s ) ,quito4 ,! flora ( ! ,elba di/rict he f\nd to be %>ply m>k$ (f f t ( ! re/ ( ,egypt by ! pres5ce ( l>ge numb]s ( plants ( ,abyss9ian types4 ,among 8 geological notes1 x is int]e/+ to come across a ref]5ce to s]p5t9e1 :i* ,i h lately f\nd to =m ! great m\nta9 masses ( ,abu ,dahr 7,gk71 ,korabkansi 7,fq71 & ,g]f 7,hp74 ,s*we9fur? wrote1 h[ev]1 9 ! e>ly days ( petrography1 & 8 t]m 8basalts0 includes a v>iety ( f9e-gra9$ d>k eruptive rocks :i* we %\ld n[ call by o!r names4 ,! sulphur m9es ( ,el ,ranga he *>act]is$ z wor?less1 ! m9]al be+ 9 v small quantity4 ,s*we9fur?'s map ( ! ,elba di/rict 0 a great advance on any?+ ( ! k9d previ\sly exi/+1 ?\gh x conta9s _m inaccuracies1 p>ticul>ly ( place-names1 z 0 9 fact only to be expect$ f 8 v %ort /ay 9 ! locality4 ,he rem>k$ ! sep>ation ( ,gebel ,elba 7,pr7 f ! m s\!rn m\nta9s1 b fail$ to notice t ,qa% ,amir 7,os71 7! 8,scragg$ ,hill0 ( ! ,admiralty ,*>t71 is 9 its turn q di/9ct f ,elba1 ,halaib is call$ ,elei1#ai & ! ,geziret ,halaib is %[n z a p59sula2 ,kwolala is call$ 8,geziret ,elei10 & ! ,geziret el ,dibia 7! ,elba ,isl& ( ! *>ts7 is call$ ,geziret ,abu ,f5dira by ,s*we9fur?4 ,my ,wadi ,%ellal he calls 8,wadi ,heb]ah10 & ,cape ,elba 7my ,ras ,had>ba7 is not$ z 8,ras ,ed9eb40 ,8 8highe/ peak0 7,s\? ,peak ( ! *>ts7 is ,asotriba1 ! highe/ m\nta9 ( ! gr\p1 ly+ j )9 ! ,sudan2 ! "n ,asotriba 7,s*we9fur?'s 8,soturba07 means 8gre5 m\nta910 & ref]s to ! vegetation on its slopes4 ,s*we9fur?'s exp]i5ce ( ! ,bi%>9 l$ him to give !m a v bad "*1 ?\gh he gives high recognition to _! beauty ( feature & figure2 b be+ unfamili> ) _! language 01 he admits1 an ob/acle to =m+ a fair judgm5t ( !m4 ,9 #ahgc1 ,colonels ,,purdy & ,,col/on1 two ,am]ican (fic]s atta*$ to ! ,egyptian ,army1 7 commission$ by ! ,kh$ive ,ismail ,pa%a to c>ry out a reconnaissance = a propos$ railway l9e betwe5 ,b]5ice & ,b]b]4 ,col/on#bj travell$ ov]l& f ,q5a via ,qoseir to ,b]5ice1 discov]+ sev]al anci5t /ations on 8 way to jo9 ,purdy4 ,?\gh ,purdy sangu9ely /ates#ba t 8la con/ruction d'un *em9 de f] de ce po9t 7,b]5ice7 ,b]b] n'(frirait pas de gr&es difficults10 ! reconnaissance appe>s to h be5 s+ul>ly r\gh = a decision 9 s weighty a matt]4 ,di/ances 7 m]e guesses1 & ! only in/rum5ts employ$ seem to h be5 a compass1 an]oid1 & hypsomet]4 ,! compass mu/ (t5 h be5 unreliable ow+ to magnetic rocks1 :i* 9 places deflect ! ne$le z mu* z #dj f its normal position1 :ile ! use ( ! an]oid 0 s little und]/ood t ,purdy c\ld actually write1 9 ! conclud+ p>agraph ( 8 pap]3 8,je me p]mets de rappel] l'att5tion sur les notes b>omtriques jo9tes ce rapport4 ,a ce propos1 je dois faire obs]v] que quoique l'anrode soit trs s5sible aux *angem5ts de niveau1 il ne l'e/ pas assez p\r la pression atmosphrique1 et sa m>*e e/ excessivem5t irrgulire4 4 4 4 ,il m'e/ arriv1 p> exemple1 de con/at]1 le mat91 au mom5t du d"p1 une diffr5ce s5sible du po9t m>qu le soir prcd5t mon arrive40 ,n only are _m ( ! place-names giv5 by ,purdy errone\s1 b "s ( 8 mo/ important /atem5ts are contr>y to fact2 to take only a few examples1 ! ,wadi ,kalalat is confus$ ) ,wadi ,%5%ef1 & ,gebel ,%ut ) ,gebel ,dahanib1 :ile x is /at$ t no wat] exi/s betwe5 ,gebel ,dif 7,fm7 & ,gebel ,egat 7,ft71 al?\gh !re are sev]al good wells betwe5 ! two places4 ,! map accompany+ ,purdy's pap] is full ( errors1 & almo/ worse ?an useless4 ,( ,col/on's r\te f ,q5a to ,b]5ice !re 0 no publi%$ c>tographic record until #ahia1 :5 ,g4 ,,cora#bb endeav\r$ to place ,col/on's track on a map f 8 manuscript sket*es4 ,cora's map %[s no new mat]ial except ! r\te1 & ev5 ?is _c be v correct1 = x is evid5t on comp>ison ) ! results ( ! rec5t survey t ,col/on's sket* map 0 ( ! same r\gh & inaccurate "* z ,purdy's4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahhi1 ,,gol,,nis*eff made an exp$ition f ! ,nile to ,b]5ice & back4 ,8 object 0 to collect ar*ological in=mation1 especially conc]n+ ! anci5t roads & /ations1 b ! c>eful acc\nt#bc :i* he has giv5 ( 8 j\rney is also ( geographical int]e/4 ,/>t+ f ,r$esia by ,cailliaud's r\te1 he exam9$ ! temple ( ,seti ,i1 & !n discov]$ ! anci5t /ation ( ,abu ,m$rik#bd fur!r to ! s\?-ea/4 ,pass+ ! ru9s at ,samut & ,dweig 7,cc71 he f\nd ano!r small /ation on ! way to ,abu ,_h1 & arriv$ at ! /ation 9 ,wadi ,gemal 7,ed71 ne> ,wadi ,hafafit4 ,f ! ,wadi ,gemal he proce$$ via ! ,wadis ,abiad 7,fe71 ,abu ,hegilig1 ,hefeiri1 ,abu ,ghusun 7,ge71 ,h>atreit 7,hf71 ,kha%ir 79 :i* ano!r anci5t /ation 0 discov]$71 & ,lahami 7,hg71 pa/ ! ,abu ,greia ru9s1 to ,b]5ice4 ,he return$ by way ( ,wadis ,naait 7,hh7 & ,lahami on to ! pla9 ( ,kh>it1 & !nce pa/ ,hamrat ,mukbud 7,cf71 via ! ,wadis ,kha%ab1 ,kh>it 7,ag71 & ,abu ,modellim1 to ! ,nile4 ,golnis*eff1 besides giv+ small plans ( ! v>i\s anci5t /ations & a c>efully measur$ plan ( ! temple ( ,b]5ice1 made a comp>ison ( 8 it9]>y ) ! descriptions ( ! old roads by classical writ]s & by ,col/on4 ,he consid]s !re c be no d\bt t ,abu ,greia is ! ,vetus hydreuma ( ,pl9y1 & ! ru9s 9 ,wadi ,kha%ir ! ,novum hydreuma ( ! same writ]4 ,! ru9s 9 ,wadi ,h>atreit he consid]s to be ! /ation ,cabalsi ( ! ,anton9e ,it9]>y1 ,apollonus be+ id5tifi$ ) ! well f\nd by ,col/on at ,hefeiri1 ,falacro ) ! ru9s 9 ! ,wadi ,gemal1 & ,ari/onis ) ^? 9 ,wadi ,dweig4 ,9 #ahia1 ,,floy]1 at ! head ( a sci5tific explor+ exp$ition s5t out by ! ,kh$ive ,tewfik ,pa%a1 travell$ ov] ! c\ntry nor? ( #bc #cj1 & 8 results 7 publi%$ 9 ,fr5* 9 #ahic4be ,a little lat]1 ! geographical results ( ! exp$ition 7 embodi$ 9 an ,engli% pap] read at ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4#bf ,! g5]al map 9 ! ,fr5* essay is only on a v small scale1 b ! ,engli% publication is accompani$ by a mu* m illum9at+ map on a scale ( #a3gfj1cbj1 r$uc$ f "o prep>$ by ! ,intellig5ce ,division ( ! ,w> ,(fice f ,floy]'s orig9al plane-table sket*es4 ,?is latt] map1 9 spite ( _m errors & defects1 0 a v great advance on any?+ :i* _h previ\sly appe>$1 & x =m$ ! pr9cipal s\rce ( geographical in=mation conc]n+ ! nor? "p ( ! di/rict at ! comm5cem5t ( my survey 9 #aije4 ,! geological obs]vations made by ,floy] dur+ 8 exp$ition =m$ ! subject ( a pap] read by him be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 9 #ahib4bg ,?is pap] is *iefly rem>kable = ! numb] ( grave errors ( obs]vation into :i* ,floy]'s limit$ acqua9tance ) geology caus$ him to fall1 & lat] rese>*es h fully ju/ifi$ ! scepticism ) :i* 8 d$uctions 7 receiv$ by ! ,society4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 he ref]s to ! anci5t s*i/s & slates ( ,zab>a z 8blue clay10#bh & to ! d>k s*i/s & diorite ( ,abu ,hamamid & ,abu ,gurdi z 8compact granite40 ,! rocks :i* ,floy] consid]$ to be 8metamorphos$ s&/one0 are diorites & s*i/s at ,um ,eleiga & 9 ! ,wadi ,gemal1 & typical gneisses & granites 9 ! ,nugrus & ,hafafit ranges4 ,n a trace ( s&/one has be5 f\nd to exi/ )9 _m miles ( ! places :]e ,floy] records its metamorphism1 nor has any evid5ce ( ! rec5t volcanic activity report$ by him 7,geog4 ,j\rnal1 #ahic1 p4 #dcj7 be5 discov]$4 ,an acc\nt ( a %ort visit to ! ,elba di/rict 0 publi%$ by ,,b5t#bi 9 #ahif4 ,b5t l&$ at ,halaib & camp$ ne> ,gebel ,%ellal 7,qt74 ,he ?9ks t ,halaib may h be5 ! t[n ( ,aydat m5tion$ by ! ,arab geograph]s ,abu el ,f$a & ,edrisi1 & t x is a place ( purely ,arab orig94 ,at ,suak9 el ,qadim 7,qs7 he f\nd among ! m\nds no?+ e>li] ?an ,cufic rema9s1 unless c]ta9 graves1 =m$ ( f\r l>ge blocks ( coral set deep 9 ! gr\nd1 may be look$ ^u z a m anci5t =m ( sepulture4 ,8 8,gebel ,%5deh0 %\ld be correctly ,gebel ,%5dib1 & 8 8,%5doeh0 is correctly ,%5dodai2 ! 8,riadh0 m5tion$ by him ,i h n be5 able to id5tify4 ,8 e/imat$ heights are consid]ably 9 error2 ?us ,gebel ,%5dib is really #f1bgc feet & ,gebel ,%ellal #d1fbc feet in/ead ( ! #d1ejj feet & #d1ajj feet :i* he gives4 ,! pap] conta9s int]e/+ rem>ks on ! ,ham$orab tribe1 :i* ,b5t 0 in=m$ totall$ only "s #cjj fight+ m5 9 ! entire di/rict f ,asotriba to ,ras ,b5as4 ,! ref]5ce to ! %eikh z 8! batran0 is due to a misconception2 ,batran 0 ! late %eikh's fir/ "n1 & is n a title ( /ation4 ,! map accompany+ ,b5t's pap] is only to a v small scale1 & =m$ practically no addition to exi/+ k4 ,,macali/]#cj has giv5 a detail$ & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,sikait di/rict 7,ed71 ) special ref]5ce to its geology1 z ! result ( an exp$ition !re 9 #ahii4 ,! small scale sket* map ( ! r\te foll[$ 9 rea*+ ! m9es f ! valley is n v correct1 b ! detail maps ( ! ,sikait neighb\rhood give an accurate repres5tation ( ! area 9 :i* ! m9es are situat$1 :ile ! geological notes give an excell5t idea ( "o ( ! mo/ highly metamorphic areas ( ! entire ,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,macali/] gives "s notes also on ! ru9s & ! p ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,8 exp]i5ce ( ! ,ababda z work]s 0 v unfav\rable2 ?\gh 8 *>act]isation is un=tunately only too well m]it$ by a l>ge section ( ! tribe1 x is probable t a long] acqua9tance ) ,arabs w\ld h enabl$ him to select m5 ( a bett] class4 ,a suffici5cy ( good m5 = a c>avan ( #acj camels _c be rais$ )\t great exp5diture ( "t & c>e1 ev5 by ^? :o h liv$ = _m ye>s among ! ,arabs1 & a few bad *>act]s 9 a des]t camp soon ex]t a bad influ5ce ov] ! re/4 ,! brilliant s]ies ( inve/igations c>ri$ out by ! (fic]s accompany+ ! ,au/rian rese>* %ip 8,,pola0 9 ! ,r$ ,sea 9 ! w9t] ( #ahie-if1 ?\gh *iefly conc]n$ ) oceanographic que/ions1 conta9 n a few obs]vations ( int]e/ connect$ ) ! l&4#ca ,! positions det]m9$ include ,%]m ,%eikh1 ,b]5ice1 ,/4 ,john's or ,zeb]g$ ,isl&1 & ,halaib4 ,! latitudes obs]v$ agree well ) ! values :i* ,i f\nd by triangulation4#cb ,= longitude ! me?od us$ 0 ! transport ( *ronomet]s1 & ?is me?od is liable to su* consid]able errors t we ne$ h no hesitation 9 pref]r+ my triangulation values1 especially z our latitudes are 9 agreem5t4 ,! obs]vations made by ! (fic]s ( ! 8,pola0 on ! compass-v>iation at ,b]5ice & ,halaib are ( consid]able importance z enabl+ u1 by comp>ison ) my own obs]vations at ! same places1 elev5 & twelve ye>s lat]1 to obta9 a reliable value = ! rate ( secul> *ange ( ?is magnetic elem5t 9 ! di/rict4 ,a l>ge scale map ( ,halaib is giv51 & among/ o!r obs]vations ( int]e/ to ! geograph] 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt are analyses ( ! wat] at ,halaib1 a s]ies ( p5dulum obs]vations :i* %[ a decid$ increase 9 ! =ce ( gravity ov] ! sea z comp>$ ) ! int5sity ov] ! l&1 & descriptions ) figures ( "s ( ! reptiles :i* are f\nd 9 ! region4 ,turn+ n[ to ! "w ( ! ,,geological ,,survey 9 ! di/rict1 ! maps & descriptions 9 ! pres5t volume are ! result ( surveys c>ri$ out by me 9 ! ?ree seasons #aije-aijh1 or ab\t tw5ty-two mon?s' "w 9 all4 ,! survey 0 comm5c$ prim>ily ) ! view ( enabl+ m9+ concessions to be accurately m>k$ out4 ,h[ little possibility ( ?is exi/$ s rec5tly z #aijb may be ga!r$ f ! fact t al?\gh a m9i/]ial ord] ( t ye> _h def9$ ! adm9i/rative fronti] betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan z be+ a l9e jo9+ c]ta9 important m\nta9s & wells1 :i* 7 nam$1 yet x 0 impossible to lay ?is fronti] d[n correctly on a map because ! geographical positions ev5 ( ^! important features 7 unc]ta9 to _m kilometres4 ,! ma9 int]e/ 9 ! field me?ods us$1 :i* w be describ$ 9 detail 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 lies 9 ! fact t _m ( !m are :olly or 9 "p new1 hav+ be5 devis$ z ! "w proce$$ to meet ! special exig5cies ( ! case4 ,! co/ly nature ( camel-transport1 & ! relatively small value ( ! c\ntry1 preclud$ ! employm5t ( ! ord9>y sequ5ce ( survey op]ations1 & x 0 necess>y to c>ry on reconnaissance1 precise triangulation1 detail$ topographical mapp+1 & geological survey+1 all at once1 & to move rapidly s z to cov] a l>ge area 9 a mod]ate "t4 ,/>t+ f a measur$ base ne> ,gebel ,muelih1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly connect$ by triangulation ) ! ,nile ,valley1 a network ( l>ge triangles 0 ?r[n ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ! triangulation 0 ! employm5t ( obs]vations at relatively few occupi$ ma9 summits1 to fix l>ge numb]s ( po9ts by int]section2 9 "s cases ov] a hundr$ triangulation po9ts 7 sight$ f a s+le occupi$ /ation4 ,! triangulation 0 cont9u$ s z to jo9 to a second base l9e ne> ,gebel ,um ,h>ba 7,ck71 & 0 also connect$ on to ma9 po9ts 9 ! trigonometrical survey ( ! ,sudan1 ?us l9k+ up a cont9u\s *a9 ( triangles f ,alex&ria to ,b]b]4 ,! total numb] ( ma9 7occupi$7 /ations 0 sixty-f\r1 :ile ! int]sect$ po9ts numb]$ #dej4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ab\t #a1bjj m9or po9ts 7 fix$ by subsidi>y triangulation f %ort local bases4 ,levels 7 tak5 trigonometrically = all po9ts fix$ by triangulation1 us+ ! actual sea-level z ! datum4 ,! altitudes ( ne>ly all camps 7 likewise f\nd trigonometrically1 & betwe5 successive camps an]oid read+s1 adju/$ to ! initial & t]m9al po9ts ( ! day's m>*1 7 employ$ to supplem5t trigonometrical det]m9ations made on ! j\rney4 ,= ! control ( ! maps1 latitudes & azimu?s 7 tak5 at int]vals1 ! =m] by equal altitudes ( ?ree or m />s1 ! latt] by elongations ( close circumpol> />s4 ,! topographical sket*+1 c>ri$ out on plane-tables on a scale ( #a3ajj1jjj1 0 bas$ on ! po9ts triangulat$1 ^! be+ comput$ 9 camp & plott$ by _! geographical coord9ates z mu* ahead ( ! l9es ( m>* z possible4 ,:5 m>*+1 plane-table /ations 7 fix$ by re-section f ?ree or m triangulat$ po9ts1 ! compass be+ useless ow+ to abundance ( magnetic rocks4 ,details along ! l9e ( m>* 7 put 9 by ta*eometric read+s f ! /ations1 us+ specially devis$ long di/ance me?ods4 ,b ! great] portion ( ! sket*+ 0 done f ! m\nta9 tops :ile occupy+ !m z trigonometrical /ations1 & = ?is aga9 special me?ods1 involv+ an ext5sive use ( v]tical angles1 7 employ$4 ,on an av]age1 ab\t ?irty squ>e kilometres 7 sket*$ 9 dur+ ea* day's m>*1 & ab\t #djj squ>e kilometres f ea* ma9 trigonometrical /ation1 :]e x 0 usually necess>y to rema9 = at lea/ a week to get suffici5tly cle> wea!r = ! m di/ant sights4 ,x 0 n1 ( c\rse1 possible to sket* e portion ( ! area 9 uni=m detail1 = "s p>ts lay s f> f ! l9e ( m>* & f ! triangulation /ations t little or no detail 0 visible4 ,! lacun 7 fill$ 9 z f> z possible 9 ! field f guides' /atem5ts1 tak+ c>e on ! field maps to di/+ui% p>ts s fill$ z only approximate4 ,a few additions ne> ! we/ limit ( ! map h be5 add$ f reconnaissance surveys by v>i\s colleagues ( ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t4 ,= details ( ! upp] "p ( ! bas9 ( ! ,wadi ,alaqi1 ,i h tak5 advantage ( an admirable reconnaissance-survey ( ?is tract rec5tly made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,,morr[ ,,campbell1 ,b4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 = ! ,egyptian ,options1 ,ltd41 :o k9dly plac$ _! map at ! disposal ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,my triangulation gave ! positions & altitudes ( all ! pr9cipal peaks ( ?is region1 & ?us enabl$ ,mr4 ,campbell's map to be accurately adju/$ to ! ,survey positions1 & 8 dra9age l9es & o!r topographical details h be5 ins]t$ ) great advantage to ! map1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 almo/ blank 9 ?is p>ticul> area4 ,mr4 ,campbell's map does n1 un=tunately1 give any altitudes1 & ! only altitude data = ! orographical sket*+ 7 ! peaks & o!r po9ts ( connexion ) ! ,survey map2 b by tak+ into acc\nt ! dep? ( %ad+ ( ! diff]5t hill masses & ! kn[n altitudes det]m9$ by triangulation1 x is believ$ t a fairly approximate picture ( ! orography has be5 obta9$4 ,! sea coa/ nor? ( latitude #bd #aj 0 adapt$ f ! ,admiralty ,*>t1 fitt+ x on to coa/ po9ts trigonometrically fix$4 ,s\? ( #bd #aj ! coa/ 0 survey$ 9 detail by means ( depression angles f ! occupi$ peaks ( ! triangulation4 ,! local circum/ances1 9 ! exi/5ce ( high m\nta9s pretty close to ! sea1 are s fav\rable to ! employm5t ( ?is me?od1 t x is confid5tly believ$ t ! maps repres5t a consid]able advance 9 accuracy ov] ! ,admiralty ,*>ts4 ,x 0 frequ5tly possible to *eck ! accuracy ( ! coa/-l9e del9eation by plane-table rays1 & x 0 inv>iably f\nd t ! errors 7 ins5sible1 ev5 on ! fairly l>ge scale employ$ 9 ! field-maps4 ,! coa/-l9e %[n is ! high wat]-l9e4 ,! tidal *ange ( level1 ?\gh x is g5]ally less ?an a metre1 uncov]s 9 _m places ext5sive coral reefs at l[ wat]1 b no attempt 0 made to map ^!4 ,v special c>e 0 tak5 ) place-names1 :i* are translit]at$ on ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t sy/em4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ?is sy/em is bas$ on ! ,arabic spell+1 n on pronunciation4 ,?us1 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 ! lett] g is almo/ always s(t1 l an ,engli% j1 & ! q is always s\nd$ l a h>d g4 ,! same sy/em 0 us$ = ! ,bi%>i & ,ababda names1 ^! be+ fir/ writt5 by a guide 9 ,arabic *>act]s & !n translit]at$4 ,x is believ$ t ! or?ography is correct 9 almo/ all cases4 ,! geology 0 exam9$ along e l9e ( m>*1 & additional specim5s 7 obta9$ by s5d+ guides to collect rocks f m\nta9s o!rwise unvisit$4 ,:]e possible1 ! pr9cipal geological b\nd>ies 7 drawn direct on ! plane-table %eets 9 ! field1 & ! rema9d] h be5 plac$ f field notes4 ,! limits ( ! diff]5t igne\s & metamorphic rocks %[n on ! geological map aim only at %[+ g5]al relation%ips1 = 9 _m cases x is difficult1 ow+ to ins5sible gradations1 to decide exactly :]e granites & diorites end & gneisses & s*i/s beg91 :ile 9 o!r places rocks ( two or ?ree di/9ct species are s intimately mix$ t ! b\nd>ies c\ld n be %[n on ! small scale us$1 ev5 if ! exact limits 7 trac$ by a life-"t's "w2 9 ^! latt] cases ! areas are col\r$ 9 accordance ) :at appe>$ to be ! dom9ant rock )9 !m4 ,?r\gh\t ! ?ree seasons' "w ,i 0 accompani$ by ,dahab ,eff5di ,hassan1 :o r5d]$ useful assi/ance 9 book+ angles & 9 reconnaissance1 & 9 ! ?ird season ,mr4 ,o4 ,n4 ,bakewell also accompani$ me & gave me mu* useful help4 ,! ,egyptian unskill$ /aff employ$ consi/$ almo/ entirely ( ,b$\9 & compris$ on an av]age ab\t tw5ty-five camel driv]s 7= ?iry-five baggage camels71 six port]s1 ?ree guides1 & two po/m51 all plac$ "u an ,arab %eikh4 ,! total co/ ( ! field-"w 0 approximately ,l4,e4 #e1jij1 or ab\t #aej milliemes = ea* squ>e kilometre ( c\ntry mapp$ 9 detail4 ,ne>ly two-?irds ( ! entire am\nt 7 exp5d$ 9 camel-transport1 ! rema9d] repres5t+ ! exp5diture on sal>ies & all[ances ( ! au?or & assi/ants engag$ 9 actual survey+ op]ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,! ref]5ces 9 p>5!ses aft] place-names ref] to _! positions on ! map1 ,plate ,i4 ,footnote #b3 ,bruce's ,travels to discov] ! ,s\rces ( ! ,nile4 ,halifax1 #ahde4 pp4 #gh-hj4 ,footnote #c3 ,,cailliaud1 ,travels 9 ! ,oasis ( ,!bes & 9 ! ,des]ts ea/ & we/ ( ! ,!baid1 edit$ by ,,jom>d4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,?is "w conta9s two small maps & _m engrav+s4 7,! map ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t is un=tunately want+ 9 ! ,kh$ivial ,libr>y copy1 :i* is ! only "o ,i h se547 ,footnote #d3 ,,belzoni1 ,n>rative ( ! ,op]ations & ,discov]ies 9 ,egypt & ,nubia1 & ( a ,j\rney to ! ,coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 se>* ( ! anci5t ,b]5ice4 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,footnote #e3 ,plates illu/rative ( ! ,rese>*es & ,op]ations ( ,g4 ,belzoni 9 ,egypt & ,nubia4 ,london1 #ahbb4 7,?is is a l>ge folio atlas ( #dd plates47 ,footnote #f3 ,,l9ant ,,de ,,bellefonds1 ,l',etbaye1 ,p>is 7,n4 ,d41 b ! title ( ! map accompany+ ! "w gives ! date z #ahed74 ,footnote #g3 ,,wilk9son1 ,topography ( ,!bes & ,g5]al ,view ( ,egypt4 ,london1 #ahce4 pp4 #dae-dbb4 ,mod]n ,egypt & ,!bes4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #chi-cid4 ,footnote #h3 ,,well/$1 ,notice ( ! ,ru9s ( ,b]5ice4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,london1 #ahcf4 pp4 #if-ajj4 ,footnote #i3 ,r$ ,sea & ,gulf ( ,ad5 ,pilot4 #e? edition4 ,london1 #aijj 7) sev]al lat] supplem5ts74 ,admiralty ,*>ts ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,%eets #b & #c4 ,footnote #aj3 ,at ,halaib ,=t ! diff]5ce is z mu* z #a #ec1 or ne>ly #b miles2 see p4 #ff4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?is %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! high] ,gebel ,f>aid to ! nor?w>d4 ,footnote #ab3 ,qa% ,amir is q a sep>ate m\nta9 f ,gebel ,elba1 n "p ( ! same range z ! *>t indicates4 ,footnote #ac3 ,,b>?1 ,reise von ,assuan b] ,b]5ike na* ,koss]--,zeits4 fr allgem4 ,erdkunde4 ,b]l94 ,vol4 ,,vii 7#ahei71 pp4 #a-ca4 7,!re is no map to ?is "w1 b ! r\te foll[$ is easily traceable on a mod]n map ow+ to ! place-names be+ giv5 9 ! j\rnal47 ,footnote #ad3 ,v4 ,,heugl91 ,reise 9 ,nordo/ ,africa und lngs des ,ro!n ,me]es im ,jahre #aheg4 ,pet]mann's geogr4 ,mit!ilung51 #ahfj4 pp4 #ccb-cce4 7,?is pap] is accompani$ by a map1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 lack+ 9 ! copy ( ! ,kh$ivial ,libr>y74 ,footnote #ae3 ,?is ,i ?9k is an error4 ,a small isolat$ granite hill we/ ( ,b]5ice is call$ ,sikeit1 & has be5 visit$ by ,b>? & myself2 b x is devoid ( ru9s4 ,my ,arabs call$ ,b]5ice ,m$9et el ,h>as4 ,footnote #af3 ,!re 0 no 8,geziret ,elba0 kn[n to ! sailors ( ,halaib at ! "t ( my survey4 ,! 8,elba ,isl&0 ( ! ,admiralty ,*>t is call$ ,geziret el ,dibia2 x is a v small isl&1 :i* looks l a boat f a di/ance4 ,footnote #ag3 ,?\gh ! ,bi%>9 are n[ v ord]ly & fri5dly1 ! anci5t dread ( _! c\ntry /ill p]si/s to su* a degree t x is almo/ impossible to p]suade ,ababda ,arabs to g ne> ! ,elba di/rict4 ,footnote #ah3 ,,s*we9fur?1 ,reise an d] ,ku/e des ,ro!n ,me]es von ,koss] bis ,suak91 ,zeits4 fr allgem4 ,erdkunde4 ,b]l91 ,b& ,,xviii 7#ahfe71 pp4 #aca-aej1 #bhc-cac1 #cbj-chd4 ,a special acc\nt ( ! ,elba di/rict is giv5 ) a map1 9 ano!r pap]1 ,das ,l& am ,elba- und ,soturba-,gebirge 9 ,pet]mann's geog4 ,mit!ilung51 #ahfe4 pp4 #ccj-cdj4 ,s*we9fur? also publi%$ sev]al o!r pap]s deal+ ) ! ri* botanical results ( 8 exp$ition4 ,footnote #ai3 ,i f\nd _m ( ! natives c\ld n recognise ! "n ,halaib1 :i* has become ! (ficial "n ( _! village4 ,!y call x 8,oleiyib10 s\nd+ ! f9al consonant only slightly2 s t ,s*we9fur?'s 8,elei0 is n v diff]5t f ! local "n4 ,footnote #bj3 ,,col/on1 ,j\rnal d'un voyage du ,caire ,k5eh1 ,brnice et ,b]b]4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,khdiv4 de ,gographie4 #ahhf4 pp4 #dhi-efh4 ,footnote #ba3 ,,purdy1 ,reconnaissance entre ,brnice et ,b]b]4 ,ibid4 pp4 #dca-dce1 ) a map4 ,footnote #bb3 ,,cora1 ,la r\te de ,kneh ,brnice leve en #ahgc1 p> le ,colonel ,r4 ,e4 ,col/on4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,khd4 de ,gog4 ,cairo1 ,sept4 #ahia4 pp4 #ecc-ech1 ) map4 ,footnote #bc3 ,,gol,,nis*eff1 ,une ,excursion ,brnice4 ,recueil de ,travaux4 ,vol4 ,,xiii 7#ahia71 pp4 #ge-if4 ,footnote #bd3 ,golnis*eff names ?is place ,abu ,grea1 a "n :i* he rem>ks is ! same z t ( a /ation ne> ,b]5ice4 ,g>ia ,abu ,m$rik is ! "n giv5 to x by ! ,arab guides accompany+ ! ,survey exp$itions4 ,footnote #be3 ,,floy]1 ,etude sur le ,nord ,etbai4 ,cairo1 #ahic4 ,footnote #bf3 ,fur!r ,r\tes 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt4 ,geog4 ,j\rnal4 ,london1 #ahic4 pp4 #djh-dca4 ,footnote #bg3 ,notes on ! ,geology ( ! ,nor!rn ,etbai4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rnal ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahib4 pp4 #egf-ehb4 ,footnote #bh3 ,pr(essor ,,hull1 9 ! discussion on ,floy]'s pap]1 sugge/$1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( specim5s1 t ,floy]'s 8blue clay0 0 really a decompos$ ,ar*an s*i/4 ,my obs]vations h prov$ ! sagacity ( ?is sugge/ion4 ,footnote #bi3 ,,b5t1 ,a visit to ! ,nor!rn ,sudan4 ,geogr4 ,j\rnal4 ,london4 ,vol4 ,,viii 7#ahif71 pp4 #cce-cec4 ,footnote #cj3 ,,macali/]1 ,! ,em]ald ,m9es ( ,nor!rn ,etbai4 ,geog4 ,j\rnal4 ,london4 ,vol4 ,,xvi 7#aijj71 pp4 #ecg-edi4 ,footnote #ca3 ,b]i*te d] ,commission fr ,oceanographis*e ,=s*ung54 ,se*/e ,reihe1 ,wi5 #ahih1 & ,sieb5te ,reihe1 ,wi51 #aija4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see p4 #fe4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,g5]al ,,description ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is *apt] w be giv5 a brief g5]al acc\nt ( ! di/rict1 "u ! heads (3-- #a4 ,ext5t4 #b4 ,relief4 #c4 ,hydrography4 #d4 ,coa/-l9e4 #e4 ,climate4 #f4 ,sc5]y4 #g4 ,animal & ,plant ,life4 #h4 ,wat] ,supplies4 #i4 ,geology4 #aj4 ,m9]al ,products4 #aa4 ,antiquities4 #ab4 ,inhabitants4 #ac4 ,languages4 #ad4 ,indu/ries4 #ae4 ,communications4 #af4 ,gov]nm5t4 ,! subjects ( topography1 wat] supplies1 & geology1 w be fur!r consid]$ m fully 9 succe$+ *apt]s4 ,ext5t4 ,z already m5tion$ 9 ! introduction1 ! di/rict treat$ ( 9 ?is volume lies betwe5 ! p>allels ( #be & #bb ( nor? latitude1 & betwe5 ! m]idian ( #cd ,e4 & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x comprises an area ( ab\t #ef1jjj squ>e kilometres 7#bb1jjj squ>e miles74 ,relief4#cc ,! high] m\nta9s ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t g5]ally =m ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,?is wat]%$ is mu* ne>] to ! coa/ ?an to ! ,nile1 ) ! result t ! ea/w>d dra9age is mu* /eep] ?an to ! we/4 ,comm5c+ f ! nor? 7see ! orographical map1 ,plate ,i71 ! pr9cipal m\nta9 masses are3-- 7i7 ,! ,migif -- ,hafafit -- ,nugrus -- ,hangalia -- ,zab>a gr\p 7#a1eje metres#cd71 cut (f to ! s\? by ! ,wadi ,gemal 7,fd74 7ii7 ,! ,abu ,hamamid -- ,hamata -- ,abu ,gurdi gr\p 7#a1igh metres71 limit$ on ! s\? by ! ,wadi ,lahami 7,hg74 7iii7 ,! ,um ,gunud -- ,dahanib -- ,batoga gr\p 7#a1bgj metres71 ly+ betwe5 ,wadi ,lahami on ! nor? & ,wadi ,khoda 7,hj7 on ! s\?4 7iv7 ,! ,abu ,dahr -- ,orga -- ,um ,t5$ba gr\p 7#a1aca metres71 sep>at+ ! dra9age ( ,wadi ,betan 7,fl7 f ,wadis ,khoda & ,rahaba 7,hl74 7v7 ,! ,f>aid gr\p1 ! ,mons ,p5tadactylus ( ,ptolemy1 compris+ "s v rem>kable granite peaks 7#a1cff metres71 ly+ ne> ! coa/ betwe5 ,wadi ,khoda & ,wadi ,rahaba4 7vi7 ,! ,awamtib -- ,abraq -- ,dif -- ,aqab el ,negum -- ,mi%bih gr\p 7#a1cec metres71 =m+ ! trip>tite wat]%$ betwe5 ! great ,wadi sy/ems ( ,kh>it & ,alaqi on ! we/1 & t ( ,wadi ,hode9 on ! ea/4 7vii7 ,! ,g]f -- ,abu ,hodeid gr\p1 a mighty mass ris+ to #a1gcf metres1 ly+ betwe5 ,wadi ,hode9 7,jn7 & ,wadi ,hasium 7,hs74 7viii7 ,! ,meisah -- ,ad> ,qaqa -- ,is gr\p1 betwe5 ! ,wadis ,hasium & ,di-ib 7,mr74 7ix7 ,! ,elba -- ,%5dib gr\p 7#a1iab metres#ce71 a great mass ( spiky m\nta9s ly+ ne> ! sea betwe5 ,wadi ,di-ib & ! coa/4 ,besides ^! ma9 gr\ps1 !re are num]\s m or less isolat$ m\nta9s1 ( :i* ,gebels ,abu ,khrug 7,bd1 #hgj metres71 ,hamrat ,mukbud 7,cf1 #hij metres71 ,z]gat ,naam 7,ej1 #hde metres71 & ! two ,niqrubs 7,fn & ,fo1 #hbi metres & #a1jgh metres7 are examples4 ,"s ( ! m\nta9s1 especially ! granite 8bodk90 ( ,gebel ,f>aid 7,hl71 & "s ( ! peaks ( ! ,elba gr\p1 appe> to be unclimbable4 ,a few o!rs are r dang]\s ( asc5t1 z1 = example1 ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid 7,ef7 on acc\nt ( its /eepness1 & ,gebel ,abu ,dahr 7,gk7 by reason ( comb9$ /eepness & rott5 rock1 :i* comes away 9 tons at a t\*4 ,! highe/ peak ( all )9 ! di/rict1 ,gebel ,hamata 7,gf71 is a comp>atively easy climb f ! nor?4 ,hydrography4 ,! c\rse ( ! ma9 wat]%$ :i* p>ts ! ,r$ ,sea & ,nile dra9ages is highly irregul> bo? 9 altitude & direction1 z w be evid5t f ! orographical map 7,plate ,i71 on :i* x is %[n by a r$ l9e4 ,f ,gebel ,hamrat ,wogud1 9 ! nor?1 x passes ea/ ( ,gebel ,atut1 !nce ?r\gh ! high masses ( ,gebels ,hangalia1 ,nugrus1 ,hafafit1 & ,migif1 beyond :i* x drops s\?w>d ?r\gh ! l[ c\ntry r\nd ,gebel ,abu ,_h4 ,ent]+ ! m\nta9s aga9 at ,gebel ,nukheira1 x takes an ea/w>d b5d1 pass+ along ! great ridges ( ,gebels ,abu ,hamamid1 ,um ,u%]1 ,um ,hasidok1 & ,ras el ,kh>it4 ,/rik+ s\?w>d across ! head ( ,wadi ,kh>it1 x c\rses ?r\gh ! m\nta9s ( ,mikbi & ,abu ,gurdi1 !nce dropp+ to ! s\? on ! pla9 ne> ! hills call$ ,m>wot ,elemikan4 ,turn+ "h %>ply we/w>d ov] ! pla91 x passes ?r\gh ! hill-mass ( ,gebel ,abu ,d]ega & on to ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam1 s\?-we/ ( :i* x crosses ! l[ tract at ! head ( ,wadi el ,arn$ to ! s&/one plateaux ( ,dagalai1 :5ce x c\rses a little to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,reit & ent]s ! m\nta9\s tract ( ,gebel ,aqab el ,negum4 ,its fur!r c\rse has n be5 trac$ 9 detail1 b f guides' /atem5ts & ! indications ( ! ma9 dra9age-l9es x is believ$ to run z %[n on ! map1 9 a great curve ?r\gh ! two %>p peaks ( ,gebel ,%ey5it to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,mi%bih1 & !n 9 ano!r flatt] curve s\?-ea/w>ds to ,gebel ,soaorib1 at ! head ( ,wadi ,hasium4 ,cont9u+ along ! m\nta9 ridges ( ,gebel ,soaorib1 x crosses to ,gebel ,is1#cf sep>at+ ! ,wadi ,is f ! heads ( ,wadi ,alaqi on ! ,sudan fronti]4 ,! wat]%$ is = a great "p ( its c\rse q impassable = camels4 ,! pr9cipal places :]e x c be cross$ are at ! head ( ,wadi ,nugrus1 ne> ,abu ,_h1 ! ,wadi ,m>asan betwe5 ,huluz & ,wadi el ,%eikh1 ! heads ( ,wadi ,lahami1 ,wadi el ,fil1 ,wadi ,arn$1 & ,wadi ,um ,reit1 passes at ,aqab el ,negum & ,hamrat el ,feg1 ne> ,gebel ,mi%bih1 ! head ( ,wadi ,hasium1 & ! pass ( ,ad> ,ameit1 nor? ( ,gebel ,is4 ,all ^! places are practicable = baggage camels1 ?\gh 9 "s ( !m1 z1 = in/ance1 at ! head ( ,wadi ,nugrus1 c>e is requir$ because ! track is /eep & /ony4 ,! pr9cipal dra9age-bas9s are %[n on ! small scale map on ,plate ,,ii4 ,! we/w>d dra9age ultimately rea*es ! ,nile by ! ?ree ma9 trunk wadis ( ,%ait1 ,kh>it1 & ,alaqi2 ,%ait & ,kh>it ent] ! ,nile ,valley at ,kom ,ombo1 :ile ,alaqi deb\*es ne> ,dakka4 ,! ea/w>d dra9age is mu* m complex1 ! pr9cipal trunk wadis1 su* z ,um ,kh>iga1 ,gemal1 ,khoda1 ,rahaba1 ,hode91 ,ibib1 ,di-ib1 & ,s]imtai1 be+ sep>at$ by v num]\s m9or wadis dra9+ indep5d5tly to ! sea4#cg ,ne>ly all ! wadis conta9 vegetation 9 ! =m ( trees & bu%es1 & plant life fl\ri%es z a rule f> m luxuri\sly 9 wadis dra9+ seaw>ds ?an 9 ^? lead+ to ! ,nile4 ,feqoh1 ,naam1 & ! l[] rea*es ( ,hode9 are1 h[ev]1 exceptionally b>r54 ,=m+1 z !y d1 ! only possible roads1 furni%+ ! entire supply ( camel food1 & conta9+ mo/ ( ! wells1 ! wadis are to ! des]t :at ! ,nile is to ,egypt prop]4 ,! int]v5+ m\nta9s are ( no int]e/ to ! ,arabs1 except :5 !y conta9 wat]-res]voirs4 ,h5ce ! place-nam+ />ts f ! wadis1 ev5 ! smalle/ ( :i* h names unless !y are b>r54 ,m\nta9s are g5]ally nam$ aft] ! ne>e/ wadi1 & may ?us h two names :5 situat$ betwe5 two wadis1 ! p>ticul> "n us$ dep5d+ on :i* side ! m\nta9 is se5 f4 ,coa/-l9e4 ,! coa/-l9e ( ?is "p ( ,egypt is some:at irregul>1 ! p59sula ( ,ras ,b5as =m+ a prom95t projection 9 latitude #bd4 ,9 ! s\? "p ( ! area ! ea/w>d ext5sion ( ! c\ntry1 culm9at+ 9 ,ras ,had>ba 7,cape ,elba ( exi/+ maps71 is v m>k$1 ext5d+ ne>ly to #cg ( ea/ longitude4 ,! coa/ is almo/ entirely fr+$ by coral reefs1 passage ?r\gh :i* is only possible at c]ta9 po9ts1 & !n only ) ! utmo/ c>e 9 navigation4#ch ,betwe5 ! feet ( ! m\nta9s & ! sea !re ext5ds a g5tly slop+ pla91 v>y+ 9 wid? f ab\t eight to tw5ty-five kilometres1 cov]$ ) s&1 ov] :i* ! dra9age me&]s 9 %all[ c\rses1 (t5 only traceable by ! vegetation :i* occurs along !m4 ,a r surpris+ result br\ght out by ! levell+ obs]vations is t ! slope ( ! coa/ pla91 ev5 :]e x looks flatte/ & s&ie/1 is z /eep z ! floors ( "s ( ! wadis dra9+ on to x1 & sev]al times m /eep ?an ! b$s ( ! wadis :i* dra9 we/w>ds to ! ,nile1 its fall seaw>ds av]ag+ six metres p] kilometre & rea*+ ov] t5 metres p] kilometre 9 "s sections4 ,climate4 ,! climate ( ! di/rict is pr$om9antly hot & dry to ! we/ ( ! wat]%$1 hot & moi/ ea/w>d ( x2 b v cold wea!r is apt to prevail = a few weeks 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 ) /rong nor? w9ds1 on bo? sides ( ! wat]%$1 & ! transition f pi]c+ cold to great heat at ^! times is (t5 br\ght ab\t v sudd5ly by a *ange ( w9d direction4 ,!re is seldom any fro/1 b wat]-bags are occasionally froz5 on ! m\nta9 tops at night4 ,cool nor?-we/ w9ds prevail 9 ! nor? "p ( ! area1 :ile hot damp w9ds f ! s\?-ea/ are usual 9 ! s\?4 ,9 ! c5tral "p1 r\nd ,b]5ice1 absolute calms are frequ5t4#ci ,! highe/ m\nta9-masses are frequ5tly swa!d 9 cl\ds = weeks toge!r1 especially f ,janu>y to ,m>*4 ,! hot1 dry1 s&-lad5 w9ds call$ ,khams9 occasionally bl[ = f\r or five days toge!r 9 ,m>* & ,april2 at ^! times ! %ade temp]ature rises to ov] #de ,c41 & ! air is ?ick ) s& & du/4 ,ra9 falls 9 mo/ ye>s1 b its quantity is v v>iable2 9 "s ye>s !re is b>ely en\gh to keep ! wells suppli$1 & mu* ( ! vegetation )]s2 9 o!rs1 heavy /orms produce wild d[nru%es 9 ! wadis1 fill+ !m = %ort p]iods ) rag+ torr5ts4 ,curi\s electrical & optical ph5om5a c sometimes be se5 on ! m\nta9-tops dur+ /orms & 9 mi/s4#dj ,! ,elba region is seldom free f cl\ds1 & receives f> m ra9 ?an any o!r portion ( ! area1 =m+ 9 fact ! nor!rn limit ( ! ra9y tropical zone2 x is 9 consequ5ce relatively well wood$1 :ile ! o!r m\nta9s are a dre>y wa/e ( nak$ rocks4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket*-,,map ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 ,%[+ ,dra9age-,bas9s4 ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,scale #a3b1jjj1jjj4 ,sc5]y4 ,! pr$om9ant types ( sc5]y are ext5sive s&y pla9s & gaunt rugg$ m\nta9s4 ,9 ! l[-l&s1 pleasant relief f ! /ony monotony is af=d$ by ! trees & scrub :i* occur along mo/ ( ! wadis1 ?\gh _! /ruggle = exi/5ce is (t5 evid5c$ by miles ( )]$ & black5$ scrub 9 places :i* a few ye>s ago 7 gre5 & fl\ri%+4 ,! b>5ess ( ! m\nta9s becomes slightly reliev$ 9 ! ,elba di/rict1 :]e beautiful trees & fl[]+ plants ?rive high up ! m\nta9-side along all ! dra9age l9es4 ,z to ! =ms ( ! m\nta9s1 "o sees ext5sive brok5 s&/one plateaux at ,gebel ,abraq 7,el71 rem>kable r\nd$ granite bosses at ,gebels ,muelih 7,ab71 ,nugrus 7,dc71 ,selaia 7,fh71 & ,um ,rase9 7,jr71 jagg$ & spiky granite peaks 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,f>aid 7,jk71 ,qa% ,amir 7,os71 & ,elba 7,ps71 & brok5 masses ( gneiss1 d>k s*i/s & s]p5t9es at ,gebels ,hafafit 7,dc71 ,hangalia 7,dc71 ,abu ,hamamid 7,ef71 ,hamata 7,gf71 & ,g]f 7,hp74 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! peaks are ^? ( ,f>aid 7,jk71 :i* f ! nor? look l ! exp&$ f+]s ( a huge h&1 :5ce !y receiv$ _! "n ( ,mons ,p5tadactylus 9 antiquity1 :ile "o specially %>p peak is /yl$ v appropriately 8! ,bodk90 on ,admiralty ,*>ts4 ,! mass ( ,elba =ms a v f9e view f ! nor?1 b ! preval5ce ( cl\ds ab\t its summits frequ5tly hides x f view = mon?s toge!r4 ,! views f ! m\nta9-tops are ext5sive & beautiful1 especially at sunrise & sunset1 :5 ! peaks take on wond]ful col\rs1 & ! views f ! summits :5 ! entire l[] l&scape is ba!d 9 cl\ds1 ?r\gh :i* only ! high] peaks project l isl&s f a great sea1 are n less rem>kable4 ,?\gh a good look out 0 kept f ! highe/ m\nta9s across ! sea1 ! m\nta9s ( ! opposite %ore ( ,arabia 7 nev] ) c]ta9ty made out2 ! cone ( ,zeb]g$ ,isl& 01 h[ev]1 (t5 se54 ,x is /at$ by d',anville1 on ! au?ority ( ,ca/ro1#da t bo? ! ,arabian & ,african m\nta9s c be se5 f ! summit ( ,zeb]g$4 ,animal & ,plant ,life4 ,bo? animal & plant life is ma9ly conf9$ to ! dra9age l9es4 ,( wild animals suitable = human food1 gazelles c be %ot fairly frequ5tly 9 ! s\? "p ( ! area1 b are v sc>ce 9 ! nor?4 ,s& gr\se & p>tridges c occasionally be obta9$ r\nd ,abu ,saafa1 :ile doves are v abundant 9 ! groves ne> ,bir ,akwamtra1 at ! foot ( ,gebel ,elba4 ,ibex 7 nev] se5 ) c]ta9ty1 ?\gh _! horns & lairs 7 (t5 f\nd on ! m\nta9s4 ,conies inhabit ! rocks ne> ,bir ,abraq & ,bir ,madi4 ,! wild ass has disappe>$ f ! area1 z also has ! o/ri*1 ?\gh fragm5ts ( o/ri* eggs pick$ up "h & !re1 & draw+s ( ?is bird on ! rocks1 atte/ its pres5ce "h 9 rec5t times4 ,vultures1 kites1 & rav5s are ev]y:]e 9 evid5ce1 & sev]al k9ds ( small] birds1 su* z swall[s & wagtails1 are (t5 se5 ab\t ! gre5] wadis4 ,liz>ds ( _m k9ds are to be se54 ,scorpions & snakes are seldom met )4 ,( butt]flies & mo?s1 especially ! latt]1 _m v>ieties occur4 ,! common fly occurs 9 su* numb]s z to be a great pe/1 b mosquitoes & s&-flies are practically abs5t4 ,camel ticks infe/ ! gr\nd "u all trees us$ z %ade by travell+ ,arabs4 ,e>wigs are 9 "s places v abundant1 & a great v>iety ( beetles & bugs occur4 ,ne> ! sea1 :ole armies ( crabs are to be se5 m>*+ on ! %ore1 & h]mit crabs are v num]\s 9 all sorts ( ga/]opod dwell+s4 ,( plant life ! di/rict conta9s a great v>iety4 ,! nor? & c5tral p>ts ( ! area conta9 ! same trees & bu%es z ab\nd fur!r nor? 9 ,egypt1#db & camel food is mod]ately abundant4 ,z ,elba is approa*$1 _m beautiful fl[]+ plants n f\nd fur!r nor? are met )1 :ile 9 ! clefts ( ! slopes ( ,elba itself is a f> ri*] vegetation ?an occurs wild 9 any o!r "p ( ,egypt4 ,i f\nd ! approa* to ,elba 0 /opp$ = baggage camels "s f\r kilometres f ! summit ow+ to ! clos5ess ( ! trees1 & ! asc5t on foot up ! clefts ( ! m\nta9-face = ! rema9d] ( ! way 0 m l go+ ?r\gh an ,engli% wood ?an up a des]t m\nta94 ,_m v>ieties ( sweet-smell+ fl[]s & "s fruit-be>+ trees unfamili> 9 ,egypt 7 se51 :ile mosses & li*5s cov]$ ! tumbl$ masses ( granite 9 _m places4 ,s*we9fur?1 :o exam9$ ! botany ( ?is region 9 #ahfd1 f\nd t ( #cjj species ( plants collect$ 9 ! ,elba di/rict1 ! va/ majority 7 ( ,abyss9ian types2 sc>cely #ajj 7 liv+ 9 o!r m nor!rly p>ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 :ile /ill few] are indig5\s to ! ,nile ,valley1 & only fifte5 species 7 ( ^? f\nd wild 9 ,europe4#dc ,wat] ,supplies4#dd ,! s\rces ( wat] comprise galts 7rock bas9s =m+ ra9 wat] res]voirs 9 ! m\nta9s71 spr+s & wells4 ,( ^!1 galts yield ! pure/ wat]1 & =m ! pr9cipal supply ( ! pa/oral ,arabs1 except 9 ye>s ( no ra9fall1 :ile spr+s & wells1 ! latt] usually rude excavations 9 ! alluvia ( wadis1 are mo/ us$ by travell]s f _! easi] accessibility4 ,small galts are call$ megal 7,ababda7 or megwel 7,bi%>972 !y are frequ5tly accompani$ by small spr+s4 ,! small scale map on ,plate ,,iii1 :i* %[s all s\rces kn[n to exi/ )9 ! area1 gives a good idea ( ! di/ribution ( wat] supplies4 ,wat] is sc>ce 9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ,bir ,abu ,ha%im be+ ! only s\rce )9 a radius ( ab\t sixty kilometres ( itself1 b galts & wells are fairly frequ5t among ! m\nta9\s tracts fur!r ea/4 ,! spr+s ( ,abraq & ,abu ,saafa are ! mo/ important s\rces 9 ! c5tral area4 ,! portion ( ! c\ntry "u ! ,sudan ,adm9i/ration is f> ri*] 9 wat] t ! ,egyptian "p1 conta9+ num]\s f9e wells & spr+s1 su* z ,birs ,m5eiga1 ,abu ,hodeid1 ,akwamtra1 & ,frukit4 ,! coa/ pla9 is wat]less1 except = salty wells ne> ! sea4 ,wat] c usually be obta9$ at int]vals ( ab\t two or ?ree days :5 on ! m>*1 & 9 "s p>ts mu* m frequ5tly4 ,! wat] ( c]ta9 wells & spr+s has a purgative effect due to ! absorption ( magnesium salts1 especially aft] a long int]val )\t ra94 ,t ( o!rs1 aga91 su* z ,muelih & ,%alate91 is s salty z to be only dr9kable by camels4 ,geology4#de ,! rocks compos+ ?is "p ( ,egypt are pr9cipally igne\s & metamorphic deposits ( v anci5t orig94 ,granite is mo/ prom95t 9 ! ,nugrus1 ,f>aid1 & ,elba areas1 s*i/s & diorites cov] a l>ge portion ( ! rema9+ c\ntry1 & huge masses ( s]p5t9es =m ! m\nta9s ( ,abu ,dahr1 ,korabkansi1 & ,g]f4 ,( s$im5t>y rocks1 plateaux ( ,nubian s&/one 7,cretace\s7 cov] l>ge areas r\nd ,bir ,abraq & we/w>d ( x1 :ile a n>r[ belt ( ! same rock also occurs along ! sea coa/ 9 ! nor? "p ( ! di/rict4 ,gypse\s lime/ones 7,mioc5e87 =m ! hills ( ,ras ,b5as & occur along ! coa/ nor? ( ,wadi ,lahami1 z well z 9 small areas ne> ! coa/ fur!r s\? 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,halaib4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket*-,,map ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 ,%[+ ! ,wat]-s\rces & ! ,roads connect+ !m4 ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,scale #a3b1jjj1jjj4 ,cru%+ ( ! old] rocks is almo/ ev]y:]e /rongly evid5c$1 b fault+ is difficult to trace except 9 ! s&/one areas1 :]e x is /rongly m>k$4 ,! pres5ce ( cle>ly def9$ ov]?ru/ fault+ 9 ! ,abraq area %[s t tang5tial e>? movem5ts1 s r>e 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1#df h n be5 altoge!r abs5t4 ,m9]al ,products4 ,! m9]al res\rces ( ?is "p ( ,egypt are n ( v great importance1 ow+ p>tly to its inaccessible situation & des]t "*4 ,gold & copp] ores occur 9 places2 o!r localities conta9 b]yl & p]idots1 :ile o!rs1 aga91 be> iron ores1 gypsum1 sulphur1 /eatite1 asbe/os1 & magnesite1 & good build+ /ones ab\nd ov] l>ge areas4 ,! pres5ce ( ru9s & excavations at places l ,hangalia1 ,sikait1 ,zab>a1 ,romit1 & ,d>ahib1 are evid5ce ( m9+ activity 9 ! pa/1 b ! mean nature ( ! accommodation = ! work]s1 & ! pres5ce ( old /one h& mills :]e gold 0 ! ?+ s\ght =1 confirm ! /atem5t ( ,diodorus#dg t ! m9es 7 work$ by mis]able convicts4 ,9 rec5t ye>s mu* prospect+ has be5 done to te/ :e!r ! anci5t m9es c\ld be develop$ & made comm]cially productive "u mod]n conditions4 ,9 ! case ( _m areas1 includ+ t r\nd ,d>ahib1 ! m9es ( :i* are believ$ to be ^? ref]r$ to ) a map 9 ! ,tur9 papyrus ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1#dh ! prospect+ lic5ces h be5 surr5d]$ to ! ,gov]nm5t because ! results 7 unfav\rable4 ,9 a few o!r cases prospect+ is /ill be+ c>ri$ out1 & 9 ?ree localities ! results h be5 suffici5tly enc\rag+ = exploitation to be und]tak54 ,! foll[+ tables1 compil$ f in=mation suppli$ by ! ,m9es ,dep>tm5t1 give p>ticul>s ( ! prospect+ lic5ces & m9+ leases at pres5t 7#aiab7 held )9 ! area describ$ 9 ?is book3-- ,,prospect+ ,,lic5ces4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,lic5ce,date ( ,lic5ce4,pr9cipal,hold] ( ,situation ( ,area ,no4 ,m9]al ,lic5ce4 lic5s$4 s\ght4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #di ,nov4 #a1 #aiji ,gold4 ,mr4 ,mack4 ,kurdeman di/rict4 #ej #a1 #aiji ,sabahia di/rict4 #ge ,may #ad1 #aiaa ,nor?-ea/ side ( ,gebel ,zab>a4 #ei ,feb4 #ag1 #aiaj ,sulphur4 ,mr4 ,gebel ,ranga1 ne> ! ,v5izelos4m\? ( ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun4 #fj #ag1 #aiaj ,adjo9+ ! =ego+4 #fa ,m>* #ai1 #aiaj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,m9+ ,,leases4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,lease,date ( ,lease4 ,p]iod ,m9]al ,hold] ( ,area leas$4 ,no4 = :i* exploit$4 ,lease4 grant$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ac ,dec4 #a1 #aiaj #cj ye>s4 ,gold4 ,african #be acres ,reefs1 ,ltd4ne> ,gebel ,um el ,tiur el ,tahtani4 #ae ,jan4 #a1 #aiab #cj ye>s4 ,gold4 ,mr4 ,wells4 #be acres ne> ,gebel ,suk>i4 #ee ,june #a1 #aijf #cj ye>s4 ,p]idot4 ,p]idot ,zeb]g$ ,egyptian 7,/4 ,john's ,gems ,co41 ,isl&74 ,ltd4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,( ! above ?ree m9+ leases1 ! la/ m5tion$ 7! ,p]idot & ,egyptian ,gems ,co41 ,ltd47 is ! only "o "u :i* any consid]able exploitation has be5 c>ri$ on1 l>ge numb]s ( beautiful p]idots hav+ be5 obta9$ f ! m9es4 ,! two gold m9+ und]tak+s h be5 comm5c$ too rec5tly = mu* to h be5 z yet accompli%$4 ,antiquities4 ,! ar*ological rema9s ( pre-,arab times 9 ?is "p ( ,egypt comprise ! small ru9$ temples ( ,b]5ice & ,sikait1 ! ru9s ( /ations along ! old m9+ roads1 ! anci5t m9es ) ! rude habitations ( ! m9]s1 & sundry m>k+s on rocks ne> ! roads4 ,! ,temple ( ,b]5ice is a l[ inconspicu\s /ructure measur+ only "s t5 metres squ>e1 conta9+ five small rooms & a t9y corridor & /aircase4#di ,ow+ to its expos$ situation on ! coa/ & ! s(t lime/one 7f ,ras ,b5as7 ( :i* x is built1 x is 9 a v dilapidat$ condition1 & x is difficult to make out _m ( ! inscriptions on its walls4 ,! axial direction ( ! temple 7#fc #bj ea/ ( true nor?7 appe>s to %[ t x 0 ori5t$ to face ! ris+ sun at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,( ! village 7"o c h>dly call x a city7 ( ,b]5ice1 only insignificant rema9s exi/ ne> ! temple4 ,! h\ses 7 m]e hovels built ( r\gh lumps ( coral4 ,!re are ?ree temples 9 ,wadi ,sikait2 !y are small rock-hewn /ructures 9 ev5 worse pres]vation ?an t ( ,b]5ice4#ej ,_m attempts h be5 made to trace ! anci5t m9+ roads m5tion$ by classical writ]s4 ,! /ations on ! road f ,koptos 7,quft7 to ,b]5ice1 enum]at$ by ,pl9y & ,anton9us1 h n be5 ) c]ta9ty id5tifi$4 ,! abs5ce ( any reliable map ( ! ma9 features ( ! c\ntry has hi!rto prev5t$ travell]s f locat+ ! positions ( /ations f\nd1 :ile 9 c>eful survey+ x has g5]ally be5 necess>y to travel by o!r roads ?an ! anci5t ones1 s t x _c be hop$ t all ! ru9$ /ations1 _m ( :i* are invisible till "o is close to !m1 h be5 includ$ 9 ! maps4 ,n[ t all ! pr9cipal features ( ! c\ntry h be5 accurately laid d[n1 x w be mu* easi] = future travell]s to locate precisely any ru9s !y may come across4 ,( ! road lead+ f ,contra-,apoll9opolis 7,edfu7 to ! em]ald m9es ( ,sikait & ,zab>a1 mu* m is kn[n1 ?is r\te hav+ be5 trav]s$ by ,golnis*eff#ea & mo/ ( its /ations locat$ by ! ,geological ,survey4 ,lead+ f ,edfu1 pa/ ,bir ,abad1 ! ru9s ( a l>ge /ation & rock temple occur at a di/ance ( ab\t =ty-five kilometres f ! ,nile1 at a place n[ call$ ,kanais 7! *ur*es71 :]e a well yield+ good wat] 0 sunk ?ree ye>s ago by ! ,m9es ,dep>tm5t4 ,ab\t =ty-five kilometres fur!r on is ! /ation call$ ,g>iat ,abu ,m$rik1 :]e !re are two anci5t /ucco-l9$ cyl9drical res]voirs1 b no well4 ,at ! next /ation1 call$ ,samut1 !re is a good well 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge rubble ru94 ,z all ! /ations j m5tion$ lie outside ! limits ( ! maps :i* accompany ?is memoir1 ,i give _! approximate geographical positions bel[3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,/ation4 ,latitude ,n4,longitude ,e4 ,altitude above ,sea4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ metres4 ,edfu #bd #eh #cb #ed #ij ,kanais #be #j #cc #ai #bje ,g>iat ,abu ,m$rik #bd #ee #cc #da #bie ,samut #bd #di #cc #ed #cdj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! next /ation aft] ,samut appe>s to h be5 ! ru9s ne> ,gebel ,dweig4 ,fur!r on1 aft] pass+ ov] ! wat]%$1 is ano!r /ation ) two ci/]ns 9 a semicircul> enclosure4 ,! road cont9ues pa/ ,gebel ,abu ,_h to ! ,wadi ,gemal1 :]e !re are two m ci/]ns1 ?is "t 9 a triangul> enclosure1 & !nce up to ! ,wadi ,nugrus & ,wadi ,sikait to ! m9es4 ,! ,edfu-,sikait road may h jo9$ ! ,quft-,b]5ice road at ! ,wadi ,gemal /ation4 ,a ?ird anci5t road is believ$ to h l$ nor?w>d f ,b]5ice to ,qoseir1 along ! coa/2 :ile a f\r?1 f ne> ,dakka on ! ,nile up ! ,wadi ,alaqi to ! gold m9es ( ! s\?1 is n[ a regul> r\te to ! ,nile ,valley ,company's m9e ( ,um ,g>i>t4 ,! anci5t em]ald m9es ( ,zab>a & ,sikait consi/ ( num]\s irregul> %afts1 mo/ly ( no v great dep?1 excavat$ 9 s*i/s ( micace\s & talcose types4 ,! old gold m9es1 su* z ^? at ,suk>i1 ,um ,eleiga1 ,seiga1 ,romit1 & ! ,d>ahib di/rict1 are on a consid]able scale1 excavations hav+ be5 c>ri$ on 9 qu>tz ve9s to fair dep?s4 ,! dwell+s at ! m9es 7 = ! mo/ "p only mis]able hovels ( rubble /one4 ,a view ( ^? ( ,um ,eleiga is giv5 on ,plate ,,iv4 ,! anci5t qu>tz-gr9d+ mills1 mo/ly made ( a h>d diorite1 are frequ5tly f\nd among ! ru9s ( ! hovels4 ,!re is no cle> evid5ce t any ( ! m9es yield$ a v ri* output2 ! work+s 7 ( ! nature ( p5al settlem5ts 7,pr(4 ,mahaffy#eb has aptly t]m$ !m a 8tropical ,sib]ia07 9 times :5 life & lab\r 7 *eap1 & a v mod]ate yield may "u ^? conditions h be5 satisfactory4#ec ,,plate ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,ru9s ( ,um ,eleiga4 ,gebel ,abu ,dahr 9 ! ,backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,ru9s 9 ,wadi ,%5%ef4 ,besides ^? at ! m9+ camps & /ations1 !re are "s o!r ext5sive collections ( ru9s 9 ! di/rict1 two ( ! mo/ consid]able be+ at ,%5%ef & ,bir ,m5eiga4 ,! ru9s at ,%5%ef 7see ,plate ,,iv7 are 9 "p ^? ( well-built h\ses1 furni%$ ) doors & w9d[s1 =m$ ( slabs ( fissile qu>tzose s*i/1 qu>ri$ 9 ! neighb\r+ hills4 ,!re are wells at ,%5%ef1 b app>5tly no m9es2 ! pres5ce ( wat* t[]s on ! hills1 & ! peculi> situation ( ! place1 sugge/ t x may h be5 a slave deal]'s /ronghold :]e slaves 7 h]d$ till !y c\ld be %ipp$ f ,b]5ice4 ,! bett] h\ses may h be5 ^? ( ! ov]se]s1 :ile ! rud] hovels accommodat$ ! slaves1 & s5t9els at ! wat* t[]s prev5t$ any attempt at escape4 ,! ru9s at ,bir ,m5eiga1 ?\gh ext5sive1 are v rude1 & probably only repres5t a camp+ gr\nd ne> ! spr+s4 ,a l>ge rubble enclosure ne> ,abraq spr+s has be5 ?\ght by ,purdy#ed to h be5 a hunt+ /ation ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,9 _m places !re are m>ks & draw+s on ! rocks ne> roads4 ,^! are frequ5tly spirit$ repres5tations ( animals1 among :i* ! o/ri* is (t5 se54 ,at ! ,galt el ,aguz1 ne> ! wat]%$ at ! head ( "o ( ! bran*es ( ,wadi ,g>>a1 ! draw+s are accompani$ by rude ,greek inscriptions4 ,at ,abu ,saafa1 "o ( ! spr+s issues f a ni*e cut 9 ! s&/one1 hav+ a c>v$ cornice ) ! rema9s ( a ,greek inscription on x4 ,ano!r class ( rema9s are f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! area 9 ! =m ( cyl9drical rubble piles1 f\r metres 9 diamet] & f "o to two metres high4 ,! natives consid] ^! to be tombs ( pre-,arab date4 ,( ,arab tombs 9 ! area1 ! mo/ consid]able is t ( ,%eikh ,%adli1 ne> ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid1 a view ( :i* is %[n on ,plate ,v4 ,x is a well-built tomb ( sev]al domes1 inhabit$ by a ,moori% gu>dian4 ,a ye>ly pilgrimage is made to ?is place by ! ,ababda ,arabs1 :o hold ! memory ( ,%adli 9 high v5]ation4 ,! next l>ge/ tomb is probably t ( ,%eikh ,hamid1 ne> ,abraq spr+s4 ,ne> ! nose ( ,ras ,b5as is a l>ge %eikh's tomb1 :]e sailors p]=m _! devotions1 & small] tombs ( ! same type1 built ( drift-wood1 are to be se5 at o!r po9ts ne> ! coa/4 ,cemet]ies ( small ,arab graves exi/ ne> e well & spr+4 ,inhabitants4 ,! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt is inhabit$ by nomad ,arabs ( ! v>i\s ,ababda & ,bi%>9 tribes4#ee ,ababda 7,a%abab & ,meleikab7 occupy ! c\ntry nor? ( ,muqsim & ,bir ,%alate91 :ile ,bi%>9 7,ham$orab1 ,kurbeilab1 ,koatil1 & ,balgab7 inhabit ! c\ntry to ! s\?4#ef ,only guesses are available z to _! numb]s1 b x is n probable t !y comprise s mu* z "o inhabitant = ea* five squ>e kilometres4 ,a casual j\rney ?r\gh ! c\ntry w\ld lead "o to ?9k t x 0 inhabit$ to an ev5 less degree1 b ! ,arabs mo/ly camp 9 select$ n>r[ wadis out ( sight ( ! travell]4 ,!y are a p ( good physique1 h>dy1 intellig5t1 & fair work]s if once _! employ] kn[s h[ to h&le !m4 ,!y %>e1 h[ev]1 9 ! univ]sal ,b$\9 dislike to protract$ regul> "w2 aft] a few mon?s ( regul> r\t9e1 ev5 ! semi-nomad r\t9e ( a survey-exp$ition1 !y exp]i5ce /rong desires = _! own indep5d5t roam+ life1 & x is impossible to reta9 !m = long] p]iods4 ,_m ( ! ,ababda :o are settl$ ne> ! ,nile h lo/ _! true des]t "*1 & on des]t exp$itions m5 ( ?is class are f> less satisfactory ?an nomads2 !y d n "k ! c\ntry1 b fe> ! des]t & are cont9ually desir\s ( return+ to ! valley4 ,! bett] des]t guides1 on ! o!r h&1 love ! wild]ness1 & !y h a p]fectly m>vell\s geographic in/9ct4 ,! skeleton on :i* !y arrange _! k is always ! sy/em ( dra9age4 ,if a map ( _! c\ntry is laid be=e !m1 & a few po9ts nam$ to !m1 !y w delight 9 trac+ out & nam+ all ! wadis & peaks4 ,b !y h v vague ideas ( proportion1 & c only read a map :5 x is laid on ! gr\nd 9 its true ori5tation ) respect to ! m]idian4 ,! ,ababda are g5]ally reg>d$ z ! be/ type ( ,egyptian des]t ,arab1 :ile my exp]i5ce ( ! ,bi%>9 ( ! ,elba di/rict is t !y are sup]ior1 9 indu/ry1 intellig5ce1 tru?fulness1 & ord]l9ess1 to ! ,ababda4#eg ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y ei!r to und]/& ! ,bi%>i tongue1 or to h m5 :o c int]pret into ,arabic1 z ! great mass ( ! ,bi%>9 und]/& only _! own language1 :i* is q diff]5t f ,arabic4#eh ,education is v backw>d1 b !re is a kuttab 7elem5t>y s*ool7 at ,halaib1 :]e in/ruction 9 ,arabic read+ & writ+ is giv5 to boys4 ,all ! ,arabs are ( c\rse ,moslems1 b !y are n at all fanatical4 ,,plate ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,tomb ( ,%eikh ,%adli4 ,illu/ration3 ,bir ,%adli4 ,! mann] ( life ( ! ,arabs is v simple4 ,mo/ ( ! m5 h only a s+le cotton wrap ab\t _! middle1 ?\gh "s we> ! ord9>y galabia & cotton draw]s4 ,_! camps are rude t5ts ( matt+ ab\t two metres 9 diamet]1 b ! m5 commonly sleep 9 ! op51 %elt]+ !mselves f w9ds by _! camel saddles1 cov]$ only ) _! cotton wrap1 :i* !y spread ov] _! entire bodies1 includ+ _! heads4 ,!y we> no head cov]+1 hav+ heavy 8mops0 ( curl$ black hair pl5tifully suppli$ ) mutton fat4 ,_! food consi/s almo/ entirely ( milk & meat1 ( :i* _! flocks & h]ds give !m a pl5tiful supply2 !y eat b little bread1 b !y are fond ( a k9d ( gruel ( fl\r & wat]1 & ( dates1 :i* are import$ f ,arabia via ,suak94 ,only a few ( !m smoke tobacco1 & t g5]ally 9 soap/one pipes :i* !y c>ve out = !mselves4 ,intoxicants are unkn[n among/ true des]t ,arabs4 ,= arms1 !y c>ry swords & knives1 seldom fire-arms4 ,( _! tribal cu/oms1 ,i saw b little2 ,l9ant de ,bellefonds gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( !m 9 8 8,l',etbaye40 ,on fe/ive occasions1 camel-rac+ & danc+ are fav\rite amusem5ts4 ,slav]y appe>s to be non-exi/5t at pres5t1 = 9 ! c\rse ( my tw5ty mon?s' w&]+s ,i receiv$ no compla9t "u ?is head1 z ,i %\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h done _h any oppressive s]vitude exi/$4 ,languages4 ,my own /udy ( ! ,ababda & ,bi%>i tongues has be5 ma9ly conf9$ to _! geographical t]ms4 ,! ,ababda n[adays almo/ all speak ,arabic1 & mo/ ( _! place-names are ei!r ,arabic or closely ak9 to x4 ,a m>k$ feature ( _! tongue is a fondness = dim9utives4 ,?us we h ,sellim & ,seleim1 ,hafafit & ,hefeifit1 ,f>aid1 & ,f]eyid1 ,wadi & ,wadai1 9 ea* ( :i* ! second ( ! pair is a dim9utive =m$ by v[el-*ange1 g5]ally accompani$ by a *ange 9 ! plac+ ( ! /ress4 ,! commone/ special geographical t]ms 9 ,ababda c\ntry are3 erf1 a ridge2 rod1 a tribut>y wadi2 talet1 a small tribut>y wadi2 kab1 a wat]%$ or pass2 hamrat1 a 7r$7 granite m\nta92 z]gat1 a black m\nta92 galt1 a rock bas9 conta9+ ra9 wat]2 & megal1 a small wat] hole4 ,?us we h su* names z ,hamrat ,selma1 ,z]gat ,naam1 & s on1 ! "n (t5 giv+ a clue to ! nature ( ! rock4 ,z soon z "o passes into ,bi%>9 c\ntry ! *ange 9 ! nature ( place-names is v /rik+4 ,! def9ite article is no long] el1 b o1 u1 ei1 e 7masc471 & to1 tu1 tei1 ti 7fem474 ,_m place-names end 9 ai & oi4 ,! pr9cipal geographical t]ms are3 kwan1 a wadi2 da-aiyob1 a depression f :i* !re is no dra9age outlet2 aweib & riba1 a m\nta92 kulet1 a hill2 megwel1 a wat] hole2 ad>1 r$2 hadal1 black2 sotai1 gre52 eire1 :ite2 s>>a1 deep2 salala1 r deep 7appli$ to wells74 ,h5ce we get su* comb9ations z3 ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 ! black m\nta9 ne> ,wadi ,meisah2 ,eir ,arib1 ! :ite 7granite7 rock2 ,s>obi ,kwan1 ! wadi :]e ! ,s>ob plant 7,capp>is sodada7 gr[s2 ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet1 ! deep well 9 ,wadi ,seyet1 & s on4 ,a m\nta9 call$ ad> is g5]ally ( r$ granite1 :ile "o call$ hadal is usually diorite or s]p5t9e4 ,asotriba1 ! gre5 m\nta9 s\? ( ,gebel ,elba1 receives its "n f ! vegetation on x4 ,indu/ries4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ries c>ri$ on by ! des]t ,arabs are ! re>+ ( camels1 %eep & goats1 especially ! fir/-nam$4 ,! ,bi%>9 devote mu* att5tion to camel-bre$+1 & supply _m animals annually to ! ,coa/ ,gu>d ,adm9i/ration4 ,_! camels are v sup]ior animals1 & ne$ to be h>dy 9 ord] to negotiate ! /eep m\nta9 passes ( _! c\ntry4 ,%eep & goats c be b\ght *eaply 9 ! s\?1 & are driv5 9 to ,aswn = sale at ! high] rates !re prevail+4 ,x is common to f9d a flock ( hundr$s ( %eep be+ wat]$ at wells su* z ,bir ,abu ,ha%im & ,qoleib on ! r\te to ,kom ,ombo2 b _m animals drop & die on ! we>y m>* f well to well4 ,*>coal burn+ has be5 practis$1 especially 9 ! ,ababda c\ntry1 b is n mu* c>ri$ on n[2 ?is indu/ry des]ves /rong opposition1 = x only impov]i%es ! c\ntry1 & ! seyal trees are few en\gh = ! support ( camels 9 ye>s ( dr\ght4 ,9 rec5t ye>s "s employm5t has be5 f\nd = ! ,arabs by prospectors = m9+ companies1 bo? z m9]s & = camel-transport1 & !y are occasionally1 z 9 ! pres5t exp$ition1 employ$ on ,gov]nm5t "w4 ,= ! in=mation ( future travell]s1 x may be wor? :ile to m5tion ! prices paid = local lab\r on ! survey exp$itions4 ,! m5 & animals 7 all ! be/ obta9able ( _! p>ticul> class1 & ! prices include saddles & fodd] = camels1 _! own provision ( wat] & food = ! m51 &1 9 ! case ( %eikhs1 po/m51 & guides1 _! rid+ camels & fodd]3-- ,mills1 p] day4#ei ,responsible %eikhs 9 *>ge ( all ,arabs #bjj ,skill$ guides 7also employ$ z beacon build]s7 #aej ,po/m5 j\rney+ regul>ly to & f ! ,nile ,valley #aej ,baggage camels1 ea* to c>ry #cjj p\nds' load1 ) "o driv] to e two camels1 ! driv]s to act z g5]al lab\r]s at a camp & to collect wood & wat] & to c>ry supplies up ! m\nta9s :5 requir$ #abj ,rid+ camels #abj ,port]s #gj to #hj ,a small am\nt ( agriculture is practis$ 9 ! ,wadi ,di-ib1 slightly s\? ( ! ,sudan fronti]1 b !re is none actually )9 ! di/rict "h describ$4 ,my camels 7 f$ = "s "t on durra 7,indian corn7 br\ght f ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,a little fi%+ is c>ri$ on ne> ,b]5ice & at ,m]sa ,%ab & ,halaib1 b only = ! food ( ! fi%]m51 :o subsi/ almo/ entirely on x1 & ?us recall ! ,i*?yophages ( ,ptolemy4 ,:5 ,i _h abundance ( excell5t fi% at ,%ab & ,halaib1 ,i notic$ t b few ( my ,bi%>9 c>$ to p>take ( :at 0 to me a v welcome *ange ( diet4 ,halaib is ! only p]man5t village1 & ev5 x is m]ely a mis]able collection ( wood5 huts & t5ts1 :]e trade is conf9$ to dates1 fat1 corn1 sug>1 & su* l necess>ies2 supplies are br\ght by boat f ,suak9 & sold to ! local ,arabs4 ,communications4 ,!re are num]\s camel-roads connect+ ! v>i\s wells ) ea* o!r & ) ! ,nile1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are indicat$ on ,plate ,,iii 7p4 #bf74 ,! mo/ usual />t+ po9ts f ! valley are ,edfu1 ,kom ,ombo1 ,aswn1 ,dakka1 & ,b]b]4 ,! roads lie mo/ly along wadis1 & are f> f be+ v direct1 be+ necess>ily s *os5 z to pass wat] supplies & to avoid v /eep places4 ,f ,aswn or ,kom ,ombo1 ,b]5ice c be rea*$ 9 ab\t sev5 or eight days by luggage camels1 & ! roads are fairly good2 wat] is lea/ sc>ce on ! ,kom ,ombo road1 :i* takes advantage ( ! wells ( ,qoleib & ,abu ,ha%im4 ,betwe5 any two wells1 !re are g5]ally sev]al possible roads4 ,! "o tak5 by any p>ticul> travell] is naturally t :i* 8 guides happ5 to "k be/1 or t along :i* ! mo/ camel food is to be f\nd at ! "t2 h>dly any two ,europeans h j\rney$ by precisely ! same road4 ,a 8road0 9 des]t p>lance is only a track by :i* camels h pass$ at "s "t or o!r2 !re is no?+ ( ! nature ( a made road1 ev5 along ! anci5t r\tes m5tion$ 9 ! ,anton9e ,it9]>y2 & ! tracks are sometimes oblit]at$ by s&4 ,s9ce ! op5+ up ( ,port ,sudan1 ! ,elba di/rict is mo/ easily rea*$ f t place1 :5ce x is ab\t #cdj kilometres di/ant1 by two roads ( ne>ly equal l5g?1 "o skirt+ ! coa/ & ! o!r m inl&2 ! latt] passes good wells at ab\t two days' int]vals4#fj ,to rea* ,elba f ! valley1 a camel j\rney ( m ?an #ejj kilometres is necess>y :e!r ,aswn1 ,dakka1 or ,b]b] be ! />t+ po9t4 ,! ports ( ,b]5ice1 ,%ab1 & ,halaib are only t\*$ occasionally & irregul>ly by coa/+ boats & ,coa/ ,gu>d /eam]s4 ,news is pass$ orally among ! w&]+ ,arabs ) rem>kable rapidity1 b naturally x frequ5tly gets some:at modifi$ 9 transit4 ,gov]nm5t4 ,! geographical fronti] betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan is ! #bbnd p>allel ( nor? latitude4 ,b = adm9i/rative purposes x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t to consid] all ,bi%>9 ,arabs z "u ! ,sudan ,gov]nm5t1 & all ,ababda "u t ( ,egypt4 ,! adm9i/rative fronti] !re=e runs betwe5 ! di/ricts ( ! two ma9 tribal divisions1 along a zigzag l9e f ,gebel ,muqsim1 via ,gebel ,um el ,tiur el ,foqani1 ,gebel ,niqrub el ,foqani1 & ,bir ,m5eiga1 to ,bir ,%alate9 on ! coa/4#fa ,a t]ritory ( "s #af1jjj squ>e kilometres 9 ! extreme s\?-ea/ corn] ( ,egypt is ?us plac$ = purposes ( gov]nm5t "u ! ,sudan mudiria ( ,b]b]1 "u :i* arrangem5t a moaw9 & small police =ce are ma9ta9$ 9 ! =t ( ,halaib4 ,! rema9d] ( ! area is adm9i/]$ by ! ,egyptian mudir ( ,aswn4 ,9 ,egypt1 ! ,arabs are n tax$ except 9 respect ( any l&s !y may own 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,9 ! ,sudan a tax is levi$ on ea* tribe 9 return = police protection & o!r advantages2 ! tax is paid v will+ly1 = ! ,bi%>9 are less poor ?an ! ,ababda1 & ?or\ghly appreciate ! advantage ( good gov]nm5t1 :ile !y h unb\nd$ fai? 9 ! ju/ice ( ,anglo-,egyptian (ficials 9 settl+ _! disputes4 ,"o ( ! incid5ts :i* mo/ /rongly impress$ itself on my remembrance dur+ my travels 9 ! di/rict 0 ! meet+ ne> ,gebel ,korabkansi ( an ,engli% inspector f ,b]b]1 to :om a numb] ( ,bi%>9 ,arabs engag$ 9 disputes /at$ _! rival claims quietly & reasonably1 bo? sides hav+ ! utmo/ confid5ce t ! judgm5t giv5 w\ld be j & fair4 ,9 ,egypt1 ! ,arabs are less fri5dly 9 _! feel+s t[>ds ! gov]nm5t1 & pref] to settle _! diff]5ces among !mselves2 a circum/ance no d\bt due to ! fact t ,egyptian gov]nors h _h _! h&s full ) matt]s connect$ ) ! valley1 & h _h no "t to become acqua9t$ ) ,b$\9 ideas & cu/oms1 :ile ! ,arabs1 indep5d5t = c5turies & v poor1 are afraid ( misund]/&+ & taxation4 ,x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be unfair to tax ! true des]t ,arabs ( ,egypt1 ev5 to ! mod]ate ext5t :i* is done = ! ,arabs ( ! ,sudan1 = _! c\ntry is mu* m b>r5 ?an t ( ! ,bi%>91 & _! s\rces ( income are consequ5tly few]4 ,9 a ye> ( little or no ra9fall1 !re is n en\gh vegetation to fe$ _! animals1 s t _m are lo/1 & ! only way a tax c\ld be rais$ at su* times w\ld be by cutt+ d[n trees = *>coal2 b1 z already m5tion$1 any enc\ragem5t ( ! *>coal indu/ry w\ld soon impov]i% ! c\ntry /ill fur!r1 ! ?orny acacia trees be+ ! pr9cipal res]ve camel food 9 ra9less ye>s4 ,t s _m ,ababda are settl$ 9 & ne> ! ,nile ,valley is possibly 9 "p due to _! hav+ be5 driv5 f ! des]t by ! gr[+ sc>city ( trees consequ5t on ! prosecution ( ! *>coal indu/ry 9 ! pa/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #cc3 ,! m\nta9s & hills w be f\nd describ$ 9 full] detail 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,footnote #cd3 ,! altitudes ref] to ! highe/ po9ts ( ! gr\ps4 ,footnote #ce3 ,?is is ! altitude ( ,%5dib1 ! highe/ ( ! gr\p 9 ,egypt2 b ! peaks ( ,asotriba1 :i* is "p ( ! same mass ly+ )9 ! ,sudan1 rise consid]ably high]4 ,footnote #cf3 ,9 ! map on ,plate ,i1 ,i h %[n ! wat]%$ cross+ directly f ,gebel ,soaorib across ! high int]v5+ m\nta9s to ,gebel ,is1 :i* is h[ x appe>$ to me f my /ation on ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,b ,mr4 ,morr[ ,campbell's map 7ref]r$ to on p4 #ae7 %[s ! heads ( ,wadi ,soaorib to ext5d fur!r we/ ?an ,i c\ld see !m2 & if ?is is correct1 z x probably is s9ce ,mr4 ,morr[ ,campbell d\btless approa*$ ! wat]%$ m closely ?an ,i did1 ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,gebel ,soaorib & ,gebel ,is lies fur!r we/ ?an ,i h %[n x on ,plate ,i4 ,9 draw+ ! wadis on ! geological & tribal maps on ,plates ,,xx & ,,xxvi1 ,i h %[n ! we/w>d ext5sion ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,soaorib accord+ to ,mr4 ,morr[ ,campbell4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! wadis w be f\nd describ$ at l5g? 9 ,*apt]s ,,iv & ,v4 ,footnote #ch3 ,see ! ,r$ ,sea & ,gulf ( ,ad5 ,pilot1 publi%$ by ! ,admiralty4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see my %ort pap] on ! meteorology ( ! ,b]5ice di/rict 9 ,survey ,notes1 ,sept4 #aijg1 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #dj3 ,i h giv5 %ort acc\nts ( "s ( ^! ph5om5a 9 ,survey ,notes1 ,april #aijg1 p4 #bai1 & 9 ! ,cairo ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 ,may #aijh1 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #da3 ,d',,anville1 ,mmoires sur l',egypte4 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #db3 ,see ,,b>ron & ,,hume1 ,topography & ,geology ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t1 ,c5tral ,portion4 ,cairo1 #aijb4 pp4 #ih-ajd4 ,footnote #dc3 ,,s*we9fur?1 9 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 #ahfe4 ,footnote #dd3 ,= a full] description ( ! wat]-s\rces ( ! region1 see ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,footnote #de3 ,= a full] acc\nt ( ! geology1 see ,*apt]s ,,viii to ,,xi1 & ! geological map on ,plate ,,xx4 ,footnote #df3 ,,suess1 ,! ,face ( ! ,e>?4 ,miss ,sollas' translation4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,ox=d1 #aijd4 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote #dg3 ,lib4 ,,iii1 #ab-ad4 ,footnote #dh3 ,see ,,dunn1 ,notes on ! ,m9]al ,deposits ( ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 publi%$ by ! ,sudan ,gov]nm5t4 ,kh>t\m1 #aiaa4 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #di3 ,= a plan ( ! temple & notes on its inscriptions1 see ,,gol,,nis*eff1 ,une ,excursion ,brnice1 ,recueil de ,travaux4 ,,xiii 7#ahia74 pp4 #ge-if4 ,footnote #ej3 ,,macali/]1 ,geog4 ,j\rnal4 ,vol4 ,,xvi 7#aijj74 p4 #edf4 ,footnote #ea3 ,op4 cit4 ,golnis*eff gives sket* plans ( ! /ations4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! ,empire ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,london1 #ahie4 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ec3 ,,diodorus 7,i4 #di7 probably greatly exagg]at$ ! value ( ! produce ( ! m9es4 ,see ,,uhlemann1 ,h&bu* d] gesammt5 aegyptis*5 ,alt]?umskunde1 ,zweit] ,!il1 ,leipzig1 #aheg1 pp4 #adh-aea1 :]e a v cle> acc\nt1 ma9ly d]iv$ f ,diodorus1 is giv5 ( ! m9+ me?ods us$ by ! anci5ts4 ,footnote #ed3 ,bullet9 ,soc4 ,khd4 de ,gogr4 #ahhf4 p4 #ddc4 ,footnote #ee3 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,bramly 7,! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan4 #aije4 p4 #ia7 ! ,bi%>9 are n true ,arabs1 & are ( ,hamitic desc5t4 ,footnote #ef3 ,reg>d+ ! geographical b\nd>ies ( ! diff]5t tribes1 see ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,footnote #eg3 ,s*we9fur? did n h ! same exp]i5ce 9 #ahfd2 b "o speaks z "o f9ds4 ,s*we9fur? 0 reluctant to pass judgm5t1 n kn[+ ! language1 & possibly 9 ! int]val s9ce #ahfd ! p h improv$4 ,footnote #eh3 ,on ! ,bi%>i language1 see ,,almkvi/1 ,die ,bi%>i-spra*e1 ,upsala1 #ahha-ahhe2 ,,re9is*1 ,die ,b$auye-spra*e 9 ,nordo/-,africa1 ,wi51 #ahic2 & ,,re9is*1 ,wrt]bu* d] ,b$auye-spra*e1 ,wi51 #ahie4 ,footnote #ei3 ,! millieme is practically equival5t to an ,engli% f>?+4 ,footnote #fj3 ,= a detail$ description ( ?is road1 see ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,footnote #fa3 ,arrt ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,int]ior1 ,egypt1 ,june #be1 #aijb4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,survey+ ,,me?ods ,,& ,,pr9cipal ,,geographical ,,results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,triangulation4 ,base-,l9es--,! triangulation 0 comm5c$ by measur+ a base l9e#fb ne> ,gebel ,muelih by means ( a #ajj-metre /eel tape1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly /&>dis$ at ! ,kh$ivial ,obs]vatory4 ,a level tract hav+ be5 select$1 9 su* a position z to af=d easy connection ) po9ts already triangulat$ f ! ,nile ,valley1 a l9e ab\t two & a half kilometres long 0 rang$ out1 along :i* wood5 pegs 7 driv5 flu% ) ! gr\nd at #ajj-metre int]vals4 ,! inequalities ( ! gr\nd betwe5 ! pegs 7 levell$ (f by t9y embankm5ts & cutt+s1 s z to enable ! tape to lie flat4 ,on ea* peg 0 nail$ a z9c plate hav+ a millimetre scale runn+ 9 ! direction ( ! l9e4 ,9 measur+1 ! tape 0 laid on ! gr\nd1 /ret*$ to a con/ant t5sion by a spr+ balance at ea* end1 9 su* mann] t its end m>ks fell on ! z9c scales1 & read+s 7 simultane\sly tak5 on ! scales at ! two ends4 ,temp]atures 7 tak5 9 sev]al places along ! tape by m]curial !rmomet]s4 ,! op]ation ( measurem5t 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! e>ly morn+1 s z to avoid any l>ge diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! air4 ,! levels ( ! pegs 7 f\nd by _s levell+4 ,aft] correction = ! initial error ( ! tape1 temp]ature1 /ret*1 & incl9ation1 ! true l5g? ( ! base-l9e r$uc$ to sea-level 0 f\nd1 z ! mean ( two sep>ate measurem5ts at diff]5t t5sions1 to be #b1dhbbhj metres4 ,! azimu? ( ! l9e 0 f\nd by obs]vations ( ,pol>is at elongation to be #cj #cj #f ,e4 ( ,n4 ,! geographical position ( ! we/ end ( ! l9e 0 f\nd by triangulation-connexion ) ! ,nile ,valley by ,mr4 ,villi]s ,/u>t to be latitude #bd #ec #cfg ,n41 longitude #cd #d #agi ,e4 ,a second connexion to a base-l9e 0 made ne> ,gebel ,um ,h>ba1 :]e a base _h be5 previ\sly measur$ by ,mr4 ,villi]s ,/u>t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 triangulation ( ! we/]n "p ( ! des]t4 ,9 ?is case ! connexion 0 n made to ! actual base-l9e1 b to ano!r ma9 l9e ti$ directly on to x4 ,! data at ?is po9t ( connexion f ! two triangulations af=d$ a useful *eck on ! accuracy ( ! "w1 & 7 z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,f ,mr4 ,/u>t's ,f my ,diff]5ce4 triangulation4 triangulation4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,latitude ,n4 #bc #cf #eej #bc #cf #eef #jf ,longitude ,e4 #cd #cj #cha #cd #cj #cgf #je ,l5g? ( l9e to ,dagalai beacon #ac1agjb metres4 #ac1afgi metres4#bc metres4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,reconnaissance = triangulation po9ts 0 c>ri$ out simultane\sly ) ! triangulation itself4 ,! di/ance ( likely look+ peaks 0 det]m9$ ei!r by int]sect+ !m f di/ant /ations1 or by special small triangulations f %ort bases1 & su* selection made z seem$ mo/ likely to secure well %ap$ figures & a good comm& ( surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,z a rule1 ! highe/ summits 7 select$ z ma9 7occupi$7 /ations1 :ile all o!r prom95t peaks & o!r features 7 fix$ by int]section f two or m ma9 /ations4 ,! =m adopt$ = ! ma9 triangulation net 0 a s]ies ( quadrilat]al figures ) diagonals1 comb9$ ) c5tric polygons1 all ! angles ( ! figures be+ g5]ally measur$4 ,! av]age l5g? ( side 0 ab\t ?irty-five kilometres4 ,beacons4--,ma9 /ations 7 m>k$ by wr\ght-iron beacons1 consi/+ ( two l5g?s ( /ove pip+ ab\t #ae c5timetres diamet] by #a metres long1 ! upp] l5g? fitt+ into a faucet made by splay+ out ! l[] tube4 ,ne> ! top ( ! tube 7 affix$ f\r %eet iron w+s1 bolt$ on to angle iron cleats4 ,a conical cairn ( /ones 0 built up r\nd ! tube1 ne>ly up to ! w+s1 s t ! beacon :5 erect$ 0 ab\t ?ree metres high1 two metres 9 diamet] across ! base ( ! cairn1 & ab\t a metre wide across ! w+s4 ,! beacons 7 tak5 d[n :ile a /ation 0 be+ occupi$1 & replac$ on leav+4 ,int]sect$ po9ts 7 sometimes m>k$ ) a beacon or cairn1 b 9 g5]al ! peaks 7 simply bisect$ f sev]al /ations1 z x 0 f\nd t ?is gave suffici5tly accurate results4 ,measurem5t ( ,horizontal ,angles4--,angles 7 measur$ ) a #f-;in* !odolite furni%$ ) read+ microscopes graduat$ to #aj & p]mitt+ ( reliable e/imations to #a4 ,! angles betwe5 ma9 po9ts 7 read on f\r arcs to elim9ate circle errors4 ,int]sect$ po9ts 7 obs]v$ on "o arc only4 ,! av]age error ( closure ( ma9 triangles 0 #cc4 ,field ,computation & ,plott+ ( ,triangulat$ ,po9ts4--,! triangles 7 comput$ by ! ord9>y me?od1 b ! angles 7 r\nd$ (f to #aj to enable ! s9es to be tak5 direct f ! log>i?mic tables1 & ! log>i?ms 7 only tak5 to five places4 ,! l5g? ( ! sides hav+ be5 ?us f\nd1 ! geographical positions 7 f\nd by ! ord9>y ,l ,m ,z computation1 us+1 h[ev]1 only two latitude t]ms & #e-place log>i?ms1 :ile azimu?s 7 only tak5 out to ! ne>e/ #aj4 ,! abbreviat$ =m ( computation us$ w be be/ illu/rat$ by an example3--#fc ,computation ( ,position ( ,no4 #bfj f ,no4 #bge4 l #bjjdb m4 #bc #ee #cjf #bge ,z #fd #bi #bj ,e ( ,n4 #cd #ed #cfi ,log l #dcjaid ,log l #hfjd - - ,log cos ,z #afcdaf ,log s9 ,z #aiaa - - ,b #beaaid ,c #ijec ------- ----- - #bddhjd #aefh ------- ----- d1 #a/ t]m #bhjf ,log l #dcjaid - #bnd t]m #jd ,log s9 ,z #aieede -------------- - d #bhjb ,a #bejidh ------- #d #djb #bgffhg - #bc #ee #cjf ,log cos #aifjgb -------------- ------- #bd #j #ajh #bhjfae -------------- ------- d #fdjj ,:5ce #aj #djj #bd #j #ajh #cd #ed #cfi #bfj -------------- #ce #e #afi #ce #e #afi -------------- ,9 ! above1 x w be notic$ t ! azimu? is always not$ z s mu* ea/ or we/ ( nor? or s\?4 ,if ?is conv5tion be adopt$1 "o may consid] ! fir/ t]m ( d z always 1 & ! second t]m w be if ! azimu? conta9s ! ^w s\?1--if x is f ! nor?1 :ile ! total d is to be add$ or subtract$ accord+ z "o is go+ nor? or s\?4 ,a some:at simil> conv5tion is adopt$ 9 neglect+ ! sign ( d till ! actual addition or subtraction is made4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! field t ?is me?od prev5t$ any mi/ake ( sign1 :ile be+ mu* simpl] to "w ?an "o involv+ angles great] ?an #ij4 ,! geographical coord9ates ?us f\nd 7 plott$ directly on to ! plane-table %eets1 on :i* ! graticule at #aj int]vals 0 ! fir/ ?+ drawn4 ,! odd m9utes & seconds 7 fir/ conv]t$ into m9utes & decimals1 & !n into kilometres by multiply+ by ! factors appropriate to ! latitude1 s t ! plott+ c\ld be done by ! ord9>y scale ( kilometres4 ,to avoid difficulties ( pap]-%r9kage1 z _m po9ts z possible 7 plott$ at ! "t ( draw+ ! graticule1 & 9 g5]al ! po9ts _h to be plott$ z f> ahead z possible = controll+ ! trav]s+ & sket*+4 ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations4--,a/ronomical *ecks on ! triangulation 7 obta9$ by obs]vations ( latitude at c]ta9 select$ ma9 /ations #fj-abj kilometres ap>t1 & by azimu? obs]vations = c]ta9 ma9 l9es4 ,! me?od us$ = latitude 0 t ( obs]v+ ! times ( equal altitudes ( ?ree or m />s1 select$ z ne> to ! m]idian#fd z possible4 ,?is me?od pres5ts great advantages ov] ! usual ,pol>is & circumm]idian altitudes1 9 t ! obs]vations are m easily made1 & yield mu* m accurate results1 because unc]ta9ties 9 refraction are l>gely elim9at$ & ! errors ( circle graduation are n involv$1 ! altitudes n be+ read at all4#fe ,! !odolite us$ 0 ! same z 0 employ$ 9 triangulation1 & ! times 7 tak5 by a half *ronomet] wat*1 pref]ably "o m>k+ sid]eal "t ) a rate :i* c\ld be consid]$ negligible dur+ ! h\r or s occupi$ by ! obs]vation4 ,! fir/ /> tak5 0 usually ,pol>is1 & ! v]tical circle 0 left clamp$ at its altitude4 ,= ! o!r />s1 any dislevelm5t 0 correct$ by t\*+ up ! levell+ screws j be=e ! in/ant ( obs]vation2 ?is 0 f\nd bett]1 ?an tak+ bubble read+s & correct+ = slight diff]5ce ( altitude4 ,! me?od :i* ,i f\nd be/ 9 ! field = r$uc+ ! obs]vations diff]s some:at f t describ$ by ,*auv5et4 ,assum+ approximate values = ! latitude & wat* error1 ,i fir/ calculat$ ! altitude ( ea* /> f ! =mula s9 h s9 s9 cos cos cos t ,if ! assum$ latitude & wat* error 7 correct1 all ! />s w\ld give ! same value = h4 ,if n1 ea* /> w\ld give an equation ( ! =m h cos ,a d cos s9 ,a d,t h#j #j :]e ,a is ! />'s azimu?1 d ! requir$ correction to ! assum$ latitude1 d,t ! requir$ correction to ! assum$ wat* times1 & h#j ! true altitude common to ! ?ree />s4 ,! values ( cos ,a & cos s9 ,a 7 calculat$ f ! ord9>y =mula s9 ,a 7cos s9 t7_/cos h by f\r-place log>i?ms 7us+ ! approximate values = 1 t1 & h1 s9ce ^! are q suffici5tly accurate = ! purpose7 & ins]t$ into ! ?ree />-equations4#ff ,by !n solv+ ! ?ree simultane\s equations = d1 ! requir$ correction to ! assum$ latitude 0 at once obta9$4 ,z ! me?od is "o n usually treat$ ( 9 books on practical a/ronomy1 ,i give on ! foll[+ pages ! r$uction ( an obs]vation work$ out 9 full4 ,latitude by ,equal ,altitudes ( ,?ree ,/>s4 ,/ation on ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib4 ,janu>y #cj1 #aijf4 ,approximate #bd #bj #ej ,n4 #cd #ea #j ,e4 ,sid]eal wat* ,u4 & ,c4 #cjhaa1 approximately #bm #bbs fa/ on ,l4,s4,t41 rate negligible4 ,obs]v$ times ( equal altitudes by wat*3-- ,pol>is #c;h #ccm #eds#b ,columb #c #db #dj #h ,canis majoris #d #bd #ce #h ,pol>is4 ,wat* "t #c;h #ccm #eds#b ,wat* fa/ #b #bb #j ------------ ,l4,s4,t4 #c #ca #cb #b ,/>'s ,r4,a4 #a #be #i #a ------------ t #b #f #bc #a #ca #ce #dfe ,w4 ( m]idian4 ------------ - #bd #bj #ej log s9 #afaeagfi - #hh #dh #cca log s9 #aiiiijfb --------- - - #afaejhca log cos #bcagg - ,nat4 7#a7 #jdabagfd log s9 t #agaic --------- ------ - #bjcgj - - #bd #bj #ej log cos #aieiedhh log cos h #aiefj ------ - - #hh #dh #cca log cos #bcagfhgj log s9 ,a #bjhaj - - t #ca #ce #dfe log cos #aicjcagi log cos #aieie --------- ------ - #bjdje - - #bbjgeecg ,nat4 #jjaa --------- ,nat4 7#b7 #jjafabgj ,nat4 7#a7 #jdabagfd log cos ,a #aiiii --------- #jdbhcjcd ,nat4 #ajjj - log s9 h #afcageae h #be #ba #ceh ,:5ce ! equation = ,pol>is is #ceh #ajjj d #jjaa d,t h#j #j 7#a7 ,columb4 ,wat* "t #c;h #dbm #djs#h ,wat* fa/ #b #bb #j ------------ ,l4,s4,t4 #c #dj #ah #h ,/>'s ,r4,a4 #e #cf #ae #f ------------ t #a #ee #ef #h #bh #ei #abj ,e4 ( m]idian4 ------------ - #bd #bj #ej log s9 #afaeagfi - #cd #g #deg log s9 #agdijaah --------- - #acfdahhg - ,nat4 7#a7 #jbcacjgj log cos #aiagi --------- - log s9 t #afhed ------ - - #bd #bj #ej log cos #aieiedhh #afjcc - - #cd #g #deg log cos #aiagiaab log cos h #aiefj ------ - - t #bh #ei #abj log cos #aidahgec log s9 ,a #afdgc --------- - - #ahaiccec log cos #aieie --------- ------ ,nat4 7#b7 #jfeifhcj #afjfh ,nat4 7#a7 #jbcacjgj ,nat4 #jdjd --------- #jdbhcgfj - - log s9 h #afcahaif log cos ,a #aiebc ,nat4 #jhif h #be #ba #eaa ,:5ce ! equation = ,columb is #eaa #jhif d #jdjd d,t h#j #j 7#b7 ,canis majoris4 ,wat* "t #d;h #bdm #ces#h ,wat* fa/ #b #bb #j ------------ #d #bb #ac #h ,/>'s ,r4,a4 #f #ed #eg #a ------------ t #b #cb #dc #c #ch #aj #die ,e4 ( m]idian4 ------------ - #bd #bj #ej log s9 #afaeagfi - #bh #ej #ebg log s9 #afhcdheg --------- - #abihffbf ,nat4 7#a7 #jaihiabh --------- - #bd #bj #ej log cos #aieiedhh - - #bh #ej #ebg log cos #aidbdefa log cos #aidbd - - t #ch #aj #die log cos #ahiedfjb log s9 t #agiaa --------- ------ - - #agigdfea #agcce --------- - ,nat4 7#b7 #jfbgbhec log cos h #aiefj ------ - ,nat4 7#a7 #jaihiabh log s9 ,a #aggge --------- - #jdbhcgbe log cos #aieie - ------ log s9 h #afcahbae #agcgj ,nat4 #jedf h #be #ba #eae - log cos ,a #aijcd ,nat4 #jhja ,:5ce ! equation = ,canis majoris is #eae #jhja d #jedf d,t h#j #j 7#c7 ,collect+ ! equations ( ! ?ree />s1 we h #ceh #ajjj d #jjaa d,t h#j #j 7#a7 #eaa #jhif d #jdjd d,t h#j #j 7#b7 #eae #jhja d #jedf d,t h#j #j 7#c7 ,by solv+ ^! equations = d1 we f9d d #fe :5ce ! latitude is f\nd to be #bd #bj #efe ,x may be rem>k$ t ! above process 0 consid]ably %ort5$ :5 x 0 possible to get a pair ( obs]vations on ! same s\? /> bo? ea/ & we/ ( ! m]idian1 in/ead ( on two sep>ate s\? />s4 ,9 t case ! wat* error 0 f\nd at once f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! />'s ,r4,a4 & ! mean ( ! two obs]v$ times1 & ! latitude c\ld be f\nd f two equations in/ead ( ?ree4 ,! condition = ?is modification ( ! me?od 0 t a nautical almanac /> c\ld be f\nd culm9at+ at an altitude slightly great] ?an t ( ,pol>is at a "t conv5i5t = ! obs]vation4 ,x is n advisable to select a /> :i* w\ld give too long an int]val betwe5 ! equal ea/ & we/ altitudes4 ,! be/ results are obta9able :5 ! int]val betwe5 ! two obs]vations ( ! s\? /> is ab\t an h\r1 & :5 ,pol>is is ne> its transit4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! wat* correction is obta9$ q ne>ly en\gh = a good latitude2 =1 z ,gauss#fg po9t$ out1 8! ess5tial condition is n s mu* t ! precise in/ant :5 ! /> rea*es a suppos$ place %\ld be not$1 z t at ! "t :i* is not$ ! /> %\ld n be s5sibly di/ant f t place40 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! latitudes f\nd by obs]vation & triangulation at ! v>i\s po9ts4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! me?od us$ = latitude det]m9ation 0 liable to obs]vational errors ( #b or s1 z well z to errors ( possibly m ?an d\ble t am\nt due to plumb-l9e deflection among ! m\nta9s1#fh s t ! obs]v$ latitudes 7 only tak5 z *ecks to prev5t any gross error 9 triangulation be+ ov]look$1 & n = any det]m9ation ( ! figure ( ! e>?1 = :i* latt] purpose m elaborate obs]vations w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,lat4 obs]v$4,lat4 comput$ ,diff]5ce ,po9t4 f comput$-obs]v$4 ,triangulation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,we/ ,peg1 ,muelih #bd #ec #djc #bd #ec #cfg #cf ,base ,beacon on ,gebel ,um #bd #bj #efe #bd #bj #dib #gc ,he%5ib ,hill ne>#bc #ee #ccb #bc #ee #cjf #bf ,gebel ,selaia ,b]5ice #bc #ed #cie #bc #ed #djc #jh ,temple ,gimeida #bb #df #ccb #bb #df #bid #ch ,hill ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,azimu?s 7 det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]#fi by elongations ( close circumpol> />s1 ,pol>is or #ea ,cephei be+ usually select$4 ,! azimu? m>k us$ 0 an ord9>y ,egyptian %amadan 7c&le/ick ) spr+ fe$7 ) a glass globe1 plac$ at a di/ance ( "o to two kilometres1 ) its foot firmly b$d$ 9 s& & /ones to prev5t any motion4 ,! azimu?s obs]v$ at ! diff]5t /ations are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,/ation ( ,obs]vation4 ,po9t to :i* ,azimu? obs]v$4 ,azimu? is giv54 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,peg at ,we/ end ( ,peg ea/ end ( base #cc #cj #f ,e4 ( ,n4 ,muelih ,base ,beacon on ,gebel ,um ,beacon on ,gebel ,hamata#de #ae #cd ,e4 ( ,s4 ,he%5ib ,hill ne> ,abu ,gurdi #be #cj #ce ,n4 ( ,e4 ,gebel ,selaia ,b]5ice ,kalalat #fa #aj #ca ,w4 ( ,s4 ,temple ,gimeida ,hill ,hamra ,dom #f #ad #df ,e4 ( ,s4 ,c5tre ( ,halaib ,=t ,elba #hc #be #j ,w4 ( ,s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! obs]v$ azimu?s1 unlike ! obs]v$ latitudes1 7 m accurate ?an ! results ( triangulation1 repetition hav+ %[n !m to be reliable )9 #b or #c1 an error ( :i* magnitude w\ld soon be surpass$ 9 ! process ( cont9u+ a *a9 ( azimu?s ) ! unadju/$ values ( ! angles ( ! triangles1 :i* 7 ! only values possible to be us$ 9 ! field4 ,on arriv+ at an azimu? /ation1 !re=e1 a fre% *a9 ( azimu?s 0 begun f ! results ( ! obs]vation1 & cont9u$ to ! next /ation :]e a/ronomical obs]vations 7 und]tak54 ,! accumulat$ azimu? error 01 h[ev]1 nev] f\nd to exce$ #aj 9 any *a91 a quantity :i* c\ld n s5sibly affect ! comput$ positions ( po9ts = plott+ on ! maps4 ,connexion ) ! ,sudan ,surveys4--,at ! s\? end ( ! area1 connexion 0 made to a numb] ( po9ts triangulat$ by ! ,sudan ,surveys1 b z ! ,sudan triangulation 0 comm5c$ z an indep5d5t piece ( "w f an obs]v$ latitude & a telegraphically det]m9$ longitude1 ! connexion af=ds no *eck on ! accuracy ( ! triangulations4 ,! diff]5ce f\nd betwe5 my positions & ^? ( ! ,sudan ,surveys 0 practically con/ant = all ! ,sudan po9ts connect$1 & am\nt$ to #ce 9 latitude & #bf 9 longitude#gj2 ^! figures repres5t ! errors 9 ! assum$ latitude & longitude ( ! />t+ po9t ( ! ,sudan ,surveys1 & w be employ$ z corrections to ! ,sudan positions n[ t a complete *a9 ( triangulation connects ,b]b] ) ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,levels ( ,triangulation ,po9ts4--,! altitudes above sea-level ( all triangulation po9ts 7 det]m9$ by v]tical angul> measurem5ts c>ri$ out at ! occupi$ /ations1 an actual sea-level datum be+ obta9$ by includ+ rocks awa% 9 ! sea among ! triangulat$ po9ts4 ,to secure con/ancy ( atmosph]ic refraction z f> z possible1 v]tical angles 7 always read 9 ! middle ( ! day1 :]e ! *ange ( refraction is sl[e/4 ,= ! occupi$ /ations1 refraction & curvature 7 elim9at$ by reciprocal obs]vations4 ,= int]sect$ po9ts ! =mula h d tan 7#a k7_/#br d 0 us$1 ! value ( d tan be+ fir/ f\nd by five-figure log>i?ms & !n t ( ! curvature & refraction correction 7#a k7_/#br d by means ( ! v conv5i5t 8,univ]sal0 slide rule ( ,nessl]4#ga ,! value ( k f\nd f a discussion ( ! fir/ few reciprocal obs]vations 0 f\nd to be v ne>ly #jac1 correspond+ ) ! mean ( ,european det]m9ations1 & ?is value = ! coeffici5t 0 employ$ ?r\gh\t ! "w = int]sect$ po9ts4#gb ,= obta9+ ! correction 7#a k7_/#br d by ! slide rule1 a m>k ,r 0 scrat*$ at #abajgc on ! l[] scale ( ! slide2 by br++ ?is m>k ,r opposite to ! di/ance 79 kilometres7 on ! l[] scale 7or1 :]e ! log>i?m ( ! di/ance 0 m conv5i5t1 by br++ ! m>k v]tically "u t log>i?m on ! log scale ( ! rule by means ( ! cursor7 ! correction c\ld be read (f directly on ! l[e/ fix$ scale opposite ! end-graduation ( ! slide4 ,usually f\r or five values = ! altitude ( a s+le po9t 7 obta9$ f a correspond+ numb] ( /ations1 & ! mean tak52 ! v>i\s values g5]ally agre$ )9 two metres4 ,! con/ant comb9ation ( v]tical angul> measurem5ts ) horizontal ones 0 ( great s]vice f ano!r po9t ( view f t ( provid+ altitude data = ! maps4 ,x frequ5tly happ5$ t a peak obs]v$ at "o /ation c\ld n be id5tifi$ among a numb] ( simil> peaks visible at ano!r /ation4 ,:5 ?is tr\ble arose1 ! v]tical angles (f]$ a way out ( ! difficulty4 ,v]tical & horizontal angles 7 read (f to a numb] ( likely-look+ peaks2 on work+ out ! triangles to ! ne>e/ m9ute ( ! obs]v$ angles1 ! di/ance ( ea* peak 0 obta9$ on ! assumption t x 0 ! "o requir$4 ,!n to f9d :i* ( ! sev]al peaks 0 ! correct "o1 ! elevations 7 work$ out1 assum+ ! di/ances correct2 9 only "o case w\ld ! level agree f ! two /ations1 & ?is obvi\sly discrim9at$ ! peak requir$4 ,! work+ out ( ! triangles = ?is purpose c\ld be done ) suffici5t accuracy 9 a v few m9utes by means ( ! slide rule1 & _m po9ts 7 ?us sav$ f rejection consequ5t on misid5tification4 ,*ecks on absolute level 7 frequ5tly obta9$ by obs]v+ depression angles to ! sea horizon1 us+ ! =mula #ajgh h1 :]e is 9 seconds ( arc & h is ! altitude 9 metres4 ,b = high /ations ! horizon is s di/ant t v small v>iations 9 refraction cause r l>ge errors 9 ! result1 s t ?is me?od only furni%$ a r\gh *eck4 ,summ>y ( ,triangulat$ ,positions4 ,! foll[+ tables give ! geographical positions & altitudes above sea-level ( all po9ts triangulat$1 arrang$ 9 ord] ( dim9i%+ latitude1 i4e41 f nor? to s\?4 ,! li/ includes ! po9ts fix$ )9 ! ,sudan = connexion ) ! ,sudan ,surveys4 ,/ations occupi$ are indicat$ by an a/]isk aga9/ ! numb] ( ! po9t4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 "s cases sev]al diff]5t m\nta9s be> ! same "n ?\gh widely di/ant f ea* o!r2 also t :]e a s+le m\nta9 mass possesses sev]al peaks or summits1 ea* ( ^! has be5 fix$ sep>ately4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,triangulat$ ,,positions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,field ,numb] ,"n4 ,m>k4 ,latitude,longitude,altitude ( ,n4 ,e4 ,metres4 ,po9t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ba ,g4 ,hamrat ,wogud cairn4 #be #i #cdcd #bj #j #a1ajc #bi ,g4 ,iteima #be #h #acd #aa #ac #hdi 99 #bjd ,g4 ,igli #be #d #fcd #cf #af #ige 99 #bf;a,g4 ,atut #be #j #efcd #bc #di #ijh 99 #bjc ,erf el ,fahid #be #j #ecd #aa #eb #egi #ad ,g4 ,hag> ,dunga% #bd #ei #abcd #b #cc #hae 99 #bah ,g4 ,suk>i #bd #ef #ejcd #db #ej #dgf #baf ,g4 ,um ,tundeba summit4 #bd #ee #dhcd #dg #bi #eej 99 #bjb ,muelih base ,e4 peg4 #bd #ed #ddcd #e #g #djf #bai ,isolat$ hill ne> summit4 #bd #ed #bccd #ed #ba #aij sea 99 #bja ,muelih base ,w4 peg4 #bd #ec #cgcd #d #ah #cih #ai ,g4 ,muelih cairn4 #bd #eb #ddcd #j #cg #gjg 99 #bbe ,kurdeman m9es #bd #eb #cecd #da #ce #ebe #ga ,m>wot ,rod el ,ligah #ba #ea #cacd #h #ba #ead #bjf ,g4 ,mud]geg summit4 #bd #ea #jcd #bb #a #hhe #bje ,g4 ,hangalia #bd #ej #bicd #ch #dc #a1bda 99 #bae ,g4 ,ghadir cairn4 #bd #ej #icd #dg #bb #fcf 99 #cb;a,g4 ,nugrus #bd #dh #cdcd #ce #dg #a1eje 99 #be ,g4 ,migif #bd #dg #bccd #bg #cj #a1aii 99 #bad ,g4 ,allawi #bd #df #dbcd #di #ci #eae #baa ,g4 ,zab>a #bd #de #bacd #da #ec #a1cfa #bbd ,g4 ,lewewi #bd #dd #chcd #df #ci #fed #bab ,ridge ne> ,g4 ,zab>a ,n4 end4 #bd #dc #dhcd #dj #ef #a1ajd #bba ,hill ne> sea summit4 #bd #db #ca #ce #c #ae -- #bjh ,g4 ,hamrat ,selma #bd #da #ehcd #bj #eh #gfa #baj ,peak 9 ,g4 ,hafafit cairn4 #bd #dj #ddcd #cg #h #gbb #bdj ,wadi ,gemal isl& ,n4 end4 #bd #dj #dece #i #f #j 99 #bbc ,g4 ,sikait cairn4 #bd #ci #eecd #dh #e #gga #bac ,g4 ,um ,mogh> summit4 #bd #ci #afcd #da #e #hfj #bd;a,g4 ,abu ,khrug cairn4 #bd #ch #egcd #af #ai #hgj #bj ,g4 ,sufra beacon4 #bd #ch #dbcd #d #ac #fij #bda ,wadi ,gemal isl& ,s4 end4 #bd #ch #chce #aj #cf #j #bjg ,g4 ,nahud ,n4 cone4 #bd #ce #cfcd #bb #ad #ffb 99 #bji ,peak 9 ,g4 ,hafafit beacon4 #bd #ce #cbcd #de #bb #gdd 99 #bbb ,mad>et ,um ,gamil #bd #cd #ebcd #ef #bh #ded #bbf ,g4 ,abu ,_h summit4 #bd #cd #abcd #cf #f #fcc #bdb ,l[ spur ( coa/ tip4 #bd #cc #dgce #aj #b #j #bce ,g4 ,um ,regeba summit4 #bd #cc #cfcd #db #bi #ega #bcc ,g4 ,nahud ,s4 cone4 #bd #cc #cecd #bj #aa #ffb #bci ,l[ spur ( coa/ tip4 #bd #bh #dcce #aj #eh #j #bdg ,g4 ,um ,su]ab summit4 #bd #bf #ejcd #db #cc #a1jbd #bca ,g4 ,um ,sueh #bd #bf #decd #ed #cj #gha #bcf ,g4 el ,abiad #bd #bf #bgcd #dh #ef #hib 99 #bbg ,g4 ,abu ,hegilig #bd #bf #afcd #eh #cb #fjg #bcg ,g4 ,um el ,abbas #bd #bf #aacd #ef #cc #fig #bcb ,g4 ,nukheira #bd #be #ehcd #cb #ec #hgf #gc ,g4 ,um ,goraf cairn4 #bd #be #cccd #ah #bh -- #beb ,g4 ,durunkat c5tre4 #bd #bc #dccd #de #ea #ibd #bgd ,s4 end ( l[ s&y -- #bd #bb #dace #bb #ef #j isl& #bee ,g4 ,um ,s$ri ,s4 peak ( #bd #bb #jcd #da #c #igj tw94 #bcd ,g4 el ,h$a summit4 #bd #bj #efcd #cj #aa #hfb #bdh ,g4 ,s>obi 7,s4 peak7 #bd #bj #ejce #i #j #dga 99 #bbh ,g4 ,um ,he%5ib beacon4 #bd #bj #dicd #ej #ec #a1ace #bdc ,g4 ,hefeiri summit4 #bd #bj #bbce #a #ba #fab #bdf ,g4 ,khulla #bd #ai #dccd #ch #db #igh #bec ,g4 ,t>fawi ,n4 end ( #bd #ah #dfcd #ee #ed #a1cfc ridge4 #bea ,g4 ,m>asan summit4 #bd #ag #cdcd #dd #ef #a1bfa #bdi ,g4 ,abu ,ghusun #bd #af #acd #eh #ag #a1chi #bde ,g4 ,metawit #bd #ae #eacd #ca #dh #gda 99 #bcj ,g4 ,abu ,hamamid beacon4 #bd #ad #dacd #dg #ch #a1gdg #bej ,g4 ,um ,u%] summit4 #bd #ad #aacd #ec #ba #a1dhg #bei ,g4 ,um ,hasidok #bd #ab #decd #ed #df #a1dig 99 #bbi ,g4 ,hamata beacon4 #bd #ab #agce #j #af #a1igh #beh ,g4 ,ab>un summit4 #bd #aa #bjcd #ej #ah #a1fjb #beg ,g4 ,abu ,argub #bd #aa #acd #de #dc #a1fji #ge ,g4 ,hamrat ,mukbud cairn4 #bd #i #eccd #bc #ag #hij #bed ,g4 ,ras el ,kh>it peak4 #bd #i #bece #a #ee #a1ffa #bfa ,g4 ,kha%ir summit4 #bd #i #adce #d #ej #a1efe #bfb ,g4 ,ras el ,kh>it peak4 #bd #i #bce #j #bh #a1efd 99 #bef ,g4 ,kahfa beacon4 #bd #h #ahcd #ch #ee #a1jah 99 #cii ,hill ne> ,bir ,qoleib beacon4 #bd #h #fcc #db #df #cee #djj ,bir ,qoleib clay bas94#bd #f #cfcc #da #bj #bci #bhg ,g4 el ,anbat summit4 #bd #e #abcd #ed #eh #ghh #bfc ,g4 ,mikbi ,s4 end ( #bd #d #edce #d #di #a1chh ridge4 #bgf ,g4 ,um ,huk cairn4 #bd #d #dace #ae #cd #eag #bgi ,g4 ,um ,sellim ,e4 peak4 #bd #c #ebce #i #ea #idg #cbj ,peak ,n4 ( ,b]5ice summit4 #bd #c #da #ce #bf #cj #bgf #bfd ,g4 ,egat peak4 #bd #c #dj #ce #c #cb #a1bgg #bgc ,g4 ,egat summit4 #bd #b #eb #ce #b #bi #a1dbb #bhj ,g4 ,abu ,ghalqa cairn4 #bd #a #g #ce #af #dg #efa 99 #bfj ,g4 ,abu ,gurdi beacon4 #bd #j #aa #ce #e #ag #a1efb #bhh ,g4 ,d]hib summit4 #bd #j #h #ce #a #bi #a1afj 99 #cae ,hill ne> ,b]5ice beacon4 #bd #j #d #ce #cj #cg #aif #bfh ,g4 el ,homur summit4 #bc #eh #edcd #ee #af #gca #bhi ,g4 ,um ,gunud cairn4 #bc #eg #dfce #ab #aj #ihi 99 #cci ,lime/one hill on beacon4 #bc #eg #afce #dc #aj #ahg ,ras ,b5as #bga ,g4 ,selaia summit4 #bc #eg #adcd #eb #ac #ghg 99 #cag ,hill on ,ras ,b5as beacon4 #bc #ef #djce #ci #dd #aic 99 #caf ,lime/one peak1 ,ras #bc #ef #cf #ce #cf #i #ahi ,b5as 99 #cch ,hill on ,ras ,b5as cairn4 #bc #ef #a #ce #dj #ec #aig #bia ,g4 ,aidab summit4 #bc #ee #ebce #ac #ch #hdh #bgj ,hill ne> ,g4 ,selaia #bc #ee #dfcd #ec #eh #fbc 99 #bge ,l[ hill ne> ,g4 beacon4 #bc #ee #cjcd #ed #cg #efc ,selaia #bgh ,g4 ,g5e9a peak ne> #bc #ed #efcd #dg #de #edh ,n4 end4 #ccf ,g4 ,um ,maiat ,n4 end4 #bc #ed #dece #ac #ce #ibh 99 #cac ,b]5ice ,temple beacon4 #bc #ed #cice #bh #bf #h #bij ,m>wot ,elemikan summit4 #bc #ed #ad #ce #f #h #fdh #cai ,peak ,n4 ( ,g4 #bc #ed #ajce #ac #ee #hgj ,kalalat #ccd ,hill ne> ,wadi #bc #ec #eg #ce #bb #j -- ,m9deit #cdj ,%eikh's tomb at c5tre4 #bc #ec #ejce #dg #ac #c ,ras ,b5as #cda ,tip ( ,ras ,b5as s&y #bc #ec #db #ce #dg #e #j po9t4 #bff ,g4 ,abu ,d]ega summit4 #bc #ec #chcd #ei #ac #hca #cce ,g4 ,um ,maiat ,s4 end4 #bc #ec #cdce #ad #dh #hdb #ccc ,high range ,n4 ( ,g4 ,n4 end4 #bc #ec #c #ce #ae #a #hge ,kalalat #gg ,g4 el ,nekeiba cairn4 #bc #eb #cdcd #bb #aj #egj #ccj ,hill ne> ,wadi summit4 #bc #eb #bice #bb #ah #cbh ,kalalat #cah ,g4 ,um ,maiat c5tral #bc #eb #bdce #ae #cf #hba peak4 #ccb ,high range ,n4 ( ,g4 ,s4 end4 #bc #ea #eice #af #bi #gfb ,kalalat #cca ,g4 ,kalalat m9or peak4#bc #ej #dhce #ae #ea #gdc #bid ,n4 end ( ,mukaw> -- #bc #ej #dgce #dh #ca #j ,isl& #bic ,g4 ,batoga c5tral #bc #ej #g #ce #bj #df #hjb peak4 #cbi ,g4 ,kalalat ,n4 peak4 #bc #di #eg #ce #ag #f #a1jhj #bid;a,s4 end ( ,mukaw> -- #bc #di #ecce #dh #ai #j ,isl& #cad ,g4 ,batoga 7,s4 peak7 beacon4 #bc #di #cg #ce #ba #i #ghe 99 #bhb ,g4 ,kalalat #bc #di #i #ce #ag #cf #a1abe #cbh ,g4 ,batoga m9or peak4#bc #dh #egce #bb #dg #dac #cec ,m9or peak ( ,g4 ,s4 "o ( #bc #dg #cgce #ah #df #hid ,kalalat pair4 #cee ,g4 ,um ,hegilig summit4 #bc #dg #acce #ad #cb #iff #cbg ,g4 ,dibag ,,nw4 peak4 #bc #df #dgce #ba #bc #eag #cjh ,g4 ,dibag ,,se4 peak4 #bc #df #dj #ce #bb #d #edd 99 #bfe ,g4 ,dahanib beacon4 #bc #de #ddce #aa #aj #a1bgj 99 #bfi ,g4 ,um ,bisella #bc #de #cdcd #eg #ci #hbd 99 #bgg ,g4 ,z]gat ,naam #bc #de #bhcd #dj #cd #hbc #cde ,g4 ,reyan ,n4 peak4 #bc #de #bjce #ag #ej #gdj #cdf ,g4 ,reyan ,s4 peak4 #bc #dd #g #ce #ag #bj #hfc 99 #cdc ,hill ne> ,%5%ef beacon4 #bc #dd #e #ce #bb #dj #bij ru9s #bib ,erf el ,gemal ,w4 end ( #bc #dc #cgcd #eb #aj #fgc ridge4 #bgb ,g4 ,hag> el ,fil summit4 #bc #dc #e #cd #db #c #hde #bha ,g4 ,%ut #bc #db #cece #af #ei #icj #cih ,bir ,abu ,ha%im pr9cipal #bc #da #ef #cd #d #bf #cbj well4 99 #cig ,hill ne> ,bir ,abu beacon4 #bc #da #dd #cd #c #cc #chf ,ha%im #cdh ,hill ne> ,w4 ,salib summit4 #bc #da #e #ce #g #c #gjc ,abiad #cbe ,g4 ,um ,etli c5tral #bc #ci #edce #bc #bb #gie peak4 #chd ,g4 ,abu ,hus5at summit4 #bc #ci #de #ce #a #ae #gbe #cbf ,g4 ,um ,etli ,w4 peak4 #bc #ci #cbce #ba #eb #hdd #cbd ,g4 ,um ,etli ,e4 peak4 #bc #ci #bfce #bc #ec #gfd #bie ,g4 ,h5dusi %>p peak4#bc #ci #aecd #eh #dd #fgh #cdd ,g4 ,um ,akra beacon4 #bc #cg #ehce #af #da #a1jej 99 #che ,ru9s ( ,um ,eleiga #bc #cg #bj #ce #c #e #eii #cjb ,peak ne> ,g4 ,abu summit4 #bc #cg #af #ce #f #dd #hdj ,dahr 99 #gi ,um ,h>ba beacon4 #bc #cf #efcd #cj #ch #fhh #cef ,g4 ,um ,akra ,s4 peak4 #bc #cf #cece #af #eh #igj #cdg ,g4 ,h9dia summit4 #bc #cf #bgce #ac #ci #hgc #ccg ,zeb]g$ ,isl& c5tral #bc #cf #afcf #aa #db #bch peak4 99 #bfg;a,g4 ,abu ,dahr beacon4 #bc #cf #h #ce #e #df #a1aca #cje ,g4 ,abu ,sieiyil summit4 #bc #ce #af #ce #a #d #hcc #cba ,g4 ,f>aid peak4 #bc #cd #h #ce #bc #ah #a1aca #cbc ,g4 ,f>aid #bc #cc #bice #ba #ej #a1cda #cfa ,hill ,s4 ( ,g4 ,abu summit4 #bc #cc #bh #ce #d #db #iab ,dahr #cbb ,g4 ,f>aid highe/ #bc #cc #g #ce #bb #aj #a1cff peak4 #cdb ,g4 ,f>aid #bc #ca #ecce #bb #df #a1jfh #cfj ,hill ,s4 ( ,g4 ,abu summit4 #bc #ca #dc #ce #e #ae #ggb ,dahr #cfb ,hill ,s4 ( ,g4 ,abu #bc #ca #cg #ce #b #di #gic ,dahr #cei ,hill ,s4 ( ,g4 ,abu #bc #ca #ag #ce #f #bb #ghd ,dahr 99 #bhe ,g4 ,f>aid peak4 #bc #cj #ecce #bj #be #a1bei 99 #he ,g4 ,um ,khafur beacon4 #bc #bi #edcd #bi #ai #efj #ceg ,g4 ,f>aid m9or peak4#bc #bi #cece #ag #cj #hfb #bhf ,g4 ,f>aid 8,! #bc #bh #ehce #bj #ce #a1bcb ,bodk940 #cej ,g4 ,f>aid outly+ #bc #bh #cice #ag #ce #hge peak4 #cea ,g4 ,f>aid peak4 #bc #bh #cece #af #ca #ied #ceb ,granite peak ne> summit4 #bc #bg #dhce #ac #ae #fig ,wadi ,rahaba #cdi ,g4 ,f>aid outly+ #bc #bg #ad #ce #ai #e #ijd peak4 #big ,g4 ,orga beacon4 #bc #bf #ba #ce #h #ag #fhb #cfc ,hill ne> ,wadi summit4 #bc #bf #ahce #ab #ch #ejf ,rahaba 99 #bif ,g4 ,abraq beacon4 #bc #be #aicd #df #dh #ffg #cfe ,hill ne> ,wadi summit4 #bc #be #b #ce #aa #db #ecf ,rahaba #chi ,g4 ,f>aid m9or peak4#bc #bd #egce #bd #db #ehe #ceh ,g4 ,f>aid peak4 #bc #bb #cice #bb #ai #iaf #cie;a,g4 ,abraq #bc #bb #bfcd #ej #ah #fii #cie ,g4 ,abraq #bc #bb #ai #cd #ej #d #gje 99 #hg ,g4 ,awamtib beacon4 #bc #bj #eicd #bf #ci #gic 99 #bii ,g4 ,um ,t5$ba #bc #ai #dhce #aj #dj #fef #cfh ,hill ne> ,g4 ,um summit4 #bc #ah #dcce #ab #cf #eee ,t5$ba 99 #cij ,plateau ne> ,abu beacon4 #bc #ah #djcd #dh #cj #fci ,saafa #cjg ,g4 ,saalek peak ,e4 #bc #ah #ahcd #ca #aj #gec side4 99 #ced;a,g4 ,f]eyid beacon4 #bc #ag #bice #bb #dh #fab #cid ,g4 ,hode9 #bc #af #bjcd #ec #be #fie #chj ,g4 ,hode9 corn] ( #bc #af #ahcd #eb #e #gah sc>p4 #cjd ,peak ,w4 ( ,g4 ,um summit4 #bc #ae #bfcd #cj #ad #hje ,reit #cjf ,peak ,w4 ( ,g4 ,um #bc #ae #bccd #ca #dg #hcg ,reit #cff ,hill ne> ,wadi #bc #ae #dce #af #be #dbj ,rahaba 99 #cjj ,g4 ,um ,reit beacon4 #bc #ae #dcd #cd #ag #heg 99 #bih;a,g4 ,h>hagit #bc #ad #cece #ab #eb #edb #cic ,g4 ,tibatib summit4 #bc #ab #dace #a #bh #cif #chg ,hill ne> ,wadi #bc #ab #bdce #af #ea #chc ,hode9 #cif ,granite peak ne> #bc #aa #aace #bj #ce #cee ,wadi ,rahaba #cib ,rock 9 sea 7level #bc #aj #eece #ce #eg #j datum74 #caj ,isolat$ hill we/ summit4 #bc #aj #cecd #be #bc #gjc ( ,g4 ,etresia #chh ,hill ne> ,wadi #bc #aj #ccce #af #cb #cji ,hode9 #dbc ,g4 ,kala #bc #aj #ccd #de #di #hjh #ejc ,g4 ,etresia ,e4 summit4 #bc #i #bdcd #cj #dc #a1jcg #cjc ,hill ,e4 ( ,g4 summit4 #bc #i #aecd #cb #bc #ibb ,etresia 99 #cge;a,g4 ,anfeib beacon4 #bc #h #bdcd #ei #ai #gje #cfd ,hill ,,ne4 ( ,g4 el summit4 #bc #h #jce #ba #df #cei ,anbat 99 #chf ,close to ,bir beacon4 #bc #g #egce #cf #bc #ac ,%alate9 #ejb ,g4 ,etresia summit4 #bc #g #eccd #ca #bd #a1jch #djg ,g4 ,kala #bc #g #dbcd #db #eh #hdf #caa ,isolat$ hill nor? #bc #g #afcd #bd #ci #ija ( ,g4 ,%igigat #dbe ,g4 ,kala #bc #g #aacd #db #cg #ghc #dbd ,g4 ,kala #bc #f #eacd #db #cj #gci #eja ,g4 ,etus #bc #f #aicd #bi #ec #iig 99 #cfg;a,g4 el ,anbat beacon4 #bc #f #ece #ai #bg #cij #cab ,g4 ,%igigat conspicu\s#bc #e #cg #cd #bc #ci #a1jbc peak4 #djf ,g4 ,kala summit4 #bc #e #afcd #db #ai #fbi #ejj ,g4 ,aqab el ,negum #bc #c #bfcd #bg #bj #a1adi #dif ,g4 ,natetiai peak4 #bc #c #hcd #ba #j #a1jbb #dii ,peak ne> ,aqab el summit4 #bc #b #dccd #bf #c #iih ,negum #dih ,peak ne> ,aqab el #bc #b #bbcd #be #cf #igi ,negum #dig ,peak ne> ,aqab el #bc #a #efcd #be #db #igd ,negum #die ,g4 ,natetiai peak4 #bc #j #dicd #bb #g #a1afd #cgc ,g4 ,niqrub el ,tahtani high #bc #j #dbce #j #eh #hbh p9nacle4 #cgc;a,g4 ,niqrub el ,tahtani beacon4 #bc #j #cice #j #ec #hbi 99 #cfi;a,g4 ,beida #bc #j #adce #af #ed #gaf #did ,g4 ,natetiai peak4 #bb #ei #cecd #bb #bb #igg #ejh ,peak 9 ,s4 "p ( summit4 #bb #eh #decd #bj #bi #hhe ,g4 ,feg #cia ,g4 ,hum>iai #bb #eh #chce #i #cf #efc #chb ,hill ,s4 ( ,wadi #bb #eh #ajce #ab #eh #fca ,beida #ejg ,peak 9 ,s4 "p ( #bb #eh #bcd #ai #ae #hcf ,g4 ,feg #cha;a,hill ,s4 ( ,wadi #bb #eg #cjce #af #ec #fca ,beida #cgi ,g4 ,mismih #bb #ef #efcd #de #cb #eii #cha ,hill ,s4 ( ,wadi #bb #ef #dgce #ag #c #fae ,beida #eaj ,conical hill #bb #ed #dhcd #dj #bg #ejd 99 #dja ,g4 ,kolaiqo beacon4 #bb #ed #acce #bd #ce #cbj 99 #cgd ,g4 ,niqrub el ,foqani #bb #ea #bicd #ef #di #a1jgh #eji ,g4 ,waqif summit4 #bb #ea #bacd #ch #eg #eef #dff ,tree at ,m]sa ,%ab c5tre4 #bb #ej #efce #dg #c #a #dai ,g4 ,um el ,kalala ,n4 peak4 #bb #ej #bccd #dd #ad #fgb #ejf ,g4 ,%ey5it #bb #ej #accd #ah #bc #hec #eje ,g4 ,%ey5it ,s4 peak4 #bb #di #ehcd #ah #ae #hhg #dae ,g4 ,um el ,kalala #bb #di #bfcd #dd #ah #fee #dah ,hill close to ,bir beacon4 #bb #dg #dfce #a #ci #eef ,madi 99 #djh ,g4 ,m5eiga #bb #dg #cece #aa #g #a1jcb 99 #djb ,g4 ,m5eiga highe/ #bb #dg #cace #aj #eg #a1jib po9t4 #dcj ,hill ne> ,wadi summit4 #bb #df #bice #bj #aa #ddc ,tiko%a 99 #daj ,gemeida hill beacon4 #bb #df #bice #cg #di #abc #dcg ,hill ,,sse4 ( ,bir summit4 #bb #de #ehce #ac #c #ihg ,m5eiga #dcd ,peak ne> ,wadi ,ti #bb #dd #cfce #ag #ed #ggd ,ilak #cgf ,g4 ,%abih highe/ #bb #dd #bfcd #ej #ba #a1aag peak4 #ebg ,g4 ,mi%bih ,,nw4 summit4#bb #dd #bacd #da #bc #a1cba #cgh ,g4 ,mi%bih beacon4 #bb #dd #ahcd #da #bj #a1caf #ddj ,ridge ne> head ( high po9t4#bb #dd #aece #ab #ah #a1jib ,w4 ,%ellal el ,gh>bi #ddg ,qre9 ,salama summit4 #bb #dd #ece #bd #cb #ced #dce ,peak ne> ,wadi ,ti #bb #dd #dce #ag #df #hdi ,ilak #dca ,hill ,n4 ( ,wadi #bb #dc #eece #ah #eb #fgj ,muqur #dad ,g4 el ,naga small] #bb #dc #cbcd #bg #bb #gdg hill4 #ia ,g4 ,seiga cairn4 #bb #dc #cacd #af #af #ije #cgg ,g4 ,mi%bih ,e4 peak4 #bb #dc #bhcd #db #ci #a1caa #ebf ,g4 ,mi%bih peak4 #bb #db #ebcd #da #bg #a1cec #dac ,g4 el ,naga ,n4 peak4 #bb #db #dbcd #bg #df #ghg #dde ,g4 ,tueiwi summit4 #bb #db #djce #e #ef #hcf 99 #djc ,g4 ,g]f high po9t #bb #db #aece #aa #dc #a1cci on ridge #dbg ,g4 ,g]f m9or #bb #db #acce #ac #cb #a1cbg summit4 99 #cgj ,g4 ,g]f beacon4 #bb #db #fce #ab #af #a1dai #dab ,g4 el ,naga ,s4 peak4 #bb #db #jcd #bh #be #hbg #dcf ,peak ne> ,wadi ,muqur summit4 #bb #da #ehce #ah #bb #ggh #dic ,g4 ,mi%bih ,s4 peak4 #bb #da #ddcd #db #da #ihh #dcb ,peak ne> ,wadi ,muqur summit4 #bb #da #djce #ag #ce #ifb #chc ,g4 ,muqur #bb #da #cace #af #ej #a1jeh #dcc ,hill ne> ,bir #bb #da #afce #j #eg #gig ,s>>at ,seyet #dbf ,peak ne> ,wadi summit4 #bb #da #fce #ad #cj #a1beh ,diqdib #dch ,peak ne> ,wadi #bb #da #cce #ag #ed #iaa ,qadiloi #dbi ,peak ne> ,wadi #bb #dj #eace #i #ee #a1bbg ,eirahimib #cga ,g4 ,%weib #bb #dj #dccd #dc #eg #iad #dbh ,peak ne> ,wadi #bb #dj #chce #aj #bi #a1cbg ,eirahimib #eca ,mt4 ne> ,bir ,baaneit #bb #dj #ace #ah #ae #iji #djd ,g4 ,g]f m9or #bb #ci #eice #aj #g #a1cah summit4 #dje ,g4 ,korabkansi #bb #ci #cice #j #dd #a1jeb #ddf ,g4 ,korabkansi ,n4 peak4 #bb #ci #cecd #ei #cb #a1agf #fad ,g4 ,hamra ,dom #bb #ci #cdce #ch #ai #cbf #dci ,peak ne> ,wadi summit4 #bb #ci #agce #af #aa #a1jbh ,diqdib 99 #cgb ,g4 ,korabkansi beacon4 #bb #ci #afcd #ei #ee #a1bcj #dbj ,peak ne> ,wadi cairn4 #bb #ci #aace #aj #ba #a1bih ,difoteb 99 #dag ,g4 ,hamra ,dom beacon4 #bb #ci #fce #ch #db #chh #dej ,tibansi ,tikam ,ankwei summit4 #bb #ci #ece #cb #aa #cde #dge ,peak ne> ,wadi #bb #ch #bjce #aa #db #a1cdd ,%]efa #daa ,g4 ,hamra ,dom c5tral #bb #ch #bce #ci #ab #cha peak #dgc ,hill ne> ,wadi ,um summit4 #bb #cg #edce #ag #ef #ibf ,saha #ecb ,hill ne> ,wadi ,um #bb #cg #ecce #ag #ef #icb ,saha #ddd ,g4 ,dreb peak4 #bb #cf #edce #f #bj #a1aci #fae ,g4 ,hamra ,dom ,s4 peak4 #bb #cf #dhce #ci #cf #cag #ddc ,g4 ,dreb peak4 #bb #cf #dace #g #j #a1adh #ddb ,g4 ,dreb #bb #cf #djce #g #df #a1acg #dgf ,g4 ,dreb #bb #cf #afce #i #ae #a1agf #dgh ,g4 ,dreb #bb #cf #ajce #h #ba #a1bbd #dgg ,g4 ,dreb #bb #cf #ace #h #ef #a1aia #ejd ,g4 ,kulyeit summit4 #bb #ce #ejcd #af #ch #gbd #dda;a,g4 ,dreb peak4 #bb #ce #ahce #h #bd #a1bic #ecc ,kilia ,arib summit4 #bb #ce #bce #ah #df #fdg #dda ,g4 ,dreb peak4 #bb #ce #jce #h #cf #a1bhh #ece ,g4 ,dreb #bb #cd #aece #i #db #a1jie #ecd ,tiba%oi ,tomakolat summit4 #bb #cc #dce #ai #dj #dfd 99 #ddi;a,kolmanab hill beacon4 #bb #cb #bfce #ec #cf #acg #eff ,hill ne> ,wadi ,ibib summit4 #bb #cb #bce #cg #cf #dei #fai ,po9t ne> ,kolmanab -- #bb #ca #eece #eb #dj #aaj #fab ,g4 ,m$>ai m9or peak4#bb #ca #bcce #ac #e #a1ajc #ebj ,g4 ,m$>ai summit4 #bb #cj #ehce #ab #e #a1bii #faj ,g4 ,m$>ai m9or peak4#bb #cj #efce #ad #cg #ibb #dhe ,g4 ,anweiyib ,n4 summit4 #bb #cj #bbcd #ec #db #hga 99 #efg;a,g4 ,eqrun 7,w4 summit7 beacon4 #bb #cj #ajce #cg #i #dgc #efg ,g4 ,eqrun ,,se4 summit4#bb #cj #jce #cg #ah #dfh #ffe ,ad> ,aweib ,um summit4 #bb #bi #bhce #cc #b #dee ,bi%tit #egg ,granite hill #bb #bi #aice #ed #f #adc #ebb ,g4 ,m$>ai ,s4 peak4 #bb #bi #hce #ab #d #a1aad #ebh ,g4 ,anweiyib summit4 #bb #bi #ecd #ec #cb #hfd #ehg ,g4 ,um ,rase9 ,n4 peak4 #bb #bh #ebce #bj #dd #gia 99 #daf ,g4 ,um ,rase9 beacon4 #bb #bh #abce #bj #ai #iji 99 #ege ,e9iwai hill #bb #bg #ejce #eg #ei #ach #eba ,g4 ,abu ,hireiq ,n4 summit4 #bb #bg #cice #ad #eh #a1aaf #fji ,hill ne> ,wadi summit4 #bb #bg #bace #ae #ea #hef ,m]diyeb #fac ,tahaqayet #bb #bf #dgce #dj #bc #dcb #eif ,hill ne> ,wadi ,odruk #bb #bf #dgce #ah #db #fci #eie ,hill ne> ,wadi ,odruk #bb #bf #bece #ai #ag #fae #ehb ,granite hill #bb #bf #bcce #ef #bj #aee #eib ,ne> ,wadi ,odruk peak4 #bb #bf #ice #bj #i #fbg #ebc ,g4 ,abu ,hireiq highe/ #bb #be #egce #ad #ci #a1cai po9t4 #eha ,osnei hill summit4 #bb #be #chce #ej #db #bea #dee ,hill ne> ,bir ,um #bb #be #adce #cc #ai #fcd ,bi%tit #dgb ,mt4 ne> ,wadi ,abu #bb #bd #dcce #af #ac #a1bef ,hireiq #faa ,g4 ,adatalob ,hadal beacon4 #bb #bd #chce #dh #bb #cha #dea ,titailibab summit4 #bb #bd #cbce #ch #eb #eic #dei ,g4 ,orgem ,,nw4 peak #bb #bd #cace #ca #a #ggi #egf ,g4 ,orgem ,,se4 peak4 #bb #bd #bace #ca #aa #gge #dhh ,g4 ,anweiyib ,,nw4 summit4#bb #bd #afcd #di #df #hhd #dga ,mt4 ne> ,wadi ,abu summit4 #bb #bc #efce #af #da #a1bbf ,hireiq #dhf ,g4 ,anweiyib ,,se4 summit4#bb #bc #cgcd #ea #be #iba #ffd ,hill ,s4 ( summit4 #bb #bc #bfce #ci #e #eed ,titailibab #dbb ,g4 ,abu ,hodeid beacon4 #bb #bc #ahce #ad #i #a1dhb #egb ,g4 ,adatalob ,ad>a summit4 #bb #bc #ace #di #eh #che #fjc ,ne> ,wadi ,tikraneib peak4 #bb #bb #egce #ah #ch #gcb #ded ,g4 ,meis-heit-ar summit4 #bb #bb #cgce #cd #dd #gag #dgj ,mt4 ne> ,bir ,abu #bb #bb #cace #ag #cc #a1jgd ,hodeid #dgi ,g4 ,mansur ,diab #bb #bb #bhce #aj #di #a1jia #dfi ,mt4 ne> ,bir ,abu #bb #bb #ajce #ag #ea #a1jgh ,hodeid #deg ,hill ne> head ( #bb #bb #cce #cb #db #gch ,wadi ,qidmib #ehc ,g4 ,ti%u%i ,tiboki m9or #bb #bb #jce #eg #ab #bhd summit4 #fdg ,abu ,hodeid ,oqla summit4 #bb #ba #bice #ag #ea #iib #dib ,g4 ,um el ,tiur el #bb #ba #bfcd #cd #df #ghc ,tahtani #fff ,g4 ,meis-heit-ar #bb #ba #aece #cd #dh #gba #ehj ,g4 ,ti%u%i ,tiboki highe/ #bb #ba #adce #ee #df #cei po9t4 99 #efi;a,ti ,kef]iai beacon4 #bb #ba #jce #di #dg #did #eih ,g4 ,hamra ,tit ,,sw4 peak4 #bb #bj #fce #bj #dd #fdb #dfa ,g4 ,qidmib summit4 #bb #ai #eece #cj #de #a1jcg 99 #def ,o ,%akafa #bb #ai #ddce #cd #db #gea #eig ,g4 ,g]or ,,ne4 summit4#bb #ai #ca #ce #eb #d #dcd #dfb ,g4 ,qidmib summit4 #bb #ai #acce #cj #bc #a1ajh #dfd ,g4 ,qidmib #bb #ai #dce #bi #ah #a1jgj #dfc ,g4 ,qidmib #bb #ah #dice #cj #ae #a1jii #faf ,g4 ,g]or high po9t4#bb #ah #cgce #ej #ah #eaj #ehd ,g4 ,qidmib summit4 #bb #ah #ahce #bi #bj #a1jhi #dec ,ad> ,aqdeib summit4 #bb #ah #fce #cg #ea #gcf #dij ,g4 ,um el ,tiur el #bb #ag #efcd #da #ad #idf ,foqani #fjb ,g4 ,g]or summit4 #bb #ag #eace #ej #ee #eaf #fdi ,g4 el ,sela peak4 #bb #ag #cgcf #ad #ag #dcc #dhg ,g4 ,hadal ,d]qa summit4 #bb #af #djce #i #ee #a1ajh 99 #dfj ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah beacon4 #bb #af #cice #ca #ee #a1bbd #fej ,g4 el ,sela peak4 #bb #af #cbcf #ab #ei #efj #dia ,g4 el ,adraq summit4 #bb #af #bbcd #ce #c #ggj #dba ,q>a ,saba #bb #af #gce #da #cd #ggh #fja ,g4 ,um ,seleim #bb #ae #ehce #ba #ce #a1jih #dhj ,g4 ,hadal ,d]qa ,,se4 peak4 #bb #ae #ejce #aj #ei #a1jij #ehe ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah m9or #bb #ae #dhce #cj #aj #a1jib summit4 #fjd ,g4 ,leqaq summit4 #bb #ae #djce #bj #h #a1aib #eab ,g4 ,heianai ,,nw4 summit4#bb #ad #djce #a #cj #a1jjg #ffh ,g4 ,hamida m9or #bb #ad #cdce #df #ac #ehc summit4 #fbj ,qa% ,amir beacon4 #bb #ad #cacf #ab #bj #gbd #fea ,g4 ,sul ,hamid highe/ #bb #ad #afcf #d #ec #egb peak4 #efh ,g4 ,balatitda summit4 #bb #ac #efce #eh #e #eib #eac ,g4 ,hilwit ,hasium ,,ne4 peak4 #bb #ac #ejce #ad #ch #a1jcg #dfh ,g4 ,ad> ,qaqa summit4 #bb #ac #dgce #ai #j #a1fjf #dhb ,g4 ,heianai ,,se4 summit4#bb #ac #dace #c #aa #a1bef #fah ,g4 ,hamida m9or #bb #ac #cfce #df #dg #gja summit4 #fjh ,g4 ,ad> ,qaqa #bb #ac #ccce #ai #ba #a1edb #ddh ,g4 ,hamida summit4 #bb #ac #cbce #df #cc #ged 99 #deh ,halaib ,=t c5tre ( #bb #ac #becf #ch #ef #h top4 #eef ,g4 ,elba peak #bb #ac #bacf #bb #bc #hbj ne> ,bir ,kansisrob4 #feb ,hill ,e4 ( ,g4 peak4 #bb #ac #bjce #ei #dc #dia ,balatitda #eee ,k>am ,elba summit4 #bb #ac #accf #be #dj #ehf #ebe ,g4 ,%anaiyet #bb #ac #dcd #di #dc #ijg #fec ,hill ne> ,wadi #bb #ac #dce #ej #ab #eaa ,w>abeit #fgf ,g4 ,elba peak ne> #bb #ac #bcf #bj #ed #ice ,wadi ,yahameib4 #ffb ,g4 ,balatitda m9or #bb #ab #efce #eg #dd #dic summit4 #dhi ,g4 el ,hateib summit4 #bb #ab #ddcd #dc #ah #hed #fgd ,hill ne> ,wadi summit4 #bb #ab #dbcf #ac #aj #ejg ,siamtit #eaf ,g4 ,hilwit ,hasium ,,sw4 peak4 #bb #ab #cjce #ac #ad #ieb #ffi ,mt4 s\? ( ,hadal summit4 #bb #ab #bace #cj #dj #a1jgb ,aweib ,meisah #dha ,g4 el ,arib #bb #ab #aece #h #cb #a1aab #egi;a,g4 ,um ,e9 beacon4 #bb #aa #ebce #ci #d #ija #ffg ,hill ne> head ( summit4 #bb #aa #djce #dg #f #fea ,wadi ,w>abeit #dfg ,g4 ,soaorib #bb #aa #ccce #bj #ac #a1dfi 99 #ecf ,g4 ,elba beacon4 #bb #aa #bgcf #bj #eb #a1dbh #fba ,g4 ,elba m9or peak4#bb #aa #afcf #bc #dd #a1ajb #fge ,g4 ,elba #bb #aa #ajcf #bj #ce #a1cid #dhc ,g4 ,heleikonti summit4 #bb #aa #gcd #eg #ei #a1aea #egc ,g4 ,w>abeit #bb #aa #ace #dg #eb #gid #eah ,g4 ,soaorib #bb #aj #edce #ag #dh #a1cig 99 #ega ,ad> ,aweib beacon4 #bb #aj #ejce #ed #j #fbj #ech ,g4 ,elba m9or peak4#bb #aj #agcf #ai #cd #a1bag #fjf ,g4 ,soaorib summit4 #bb #aj #adce #ba #be #a1cdi #ih ,g4 ,muqsim cairn4 #bb #aj #aacd #a #ab #hbe #ehi ,mt4 ne> ,wadi summit4 #bb #aj #ajce #cj #de #a1bff ,baueiwai #ecg ,g4 ,elba highe/ #bb #aj #ccf #ba #eb #a1dce po9t4 #fag ,g4 ,ma%u%5ai summit4 #bb #i #edce #di #de #fcd #fje ,g4 ,soaorib peak4 #bb #i #ejce #ba #de #a1chc #fgh ,g4 ,o ,sir ,eirab summit4 #bb #i #bdcf #bj #ef #hdb #fgg ,hill ne> ,w4 ,o ,sir #bb #i #gcf #ae #ef #gbd ,hadal #eai ,peak ne> ,wadi ,kirir #bb #h #bdce #ah #bg #a1cbh #dfe ,g4 ,soaorib #bb #h #bbce #bc #cf #a1dca #eij ,mt4 ,n4 ( ,wadi ,ad> ,,ne4 peak4 #bb #h #afce #ca #b #a1bid ,ameit el ,%>qi #fgj ,hill ne> ,wadi ,aqwem summit4 #bb #h #abce #dc #cj #gbd #egh ,hill ne> ,da-aiyob #bb #g #dece #dd #h #hcc ,wu%aq #fha ,g4 ,hanquf m9or peak4#bb #g #decf #af #ed #ghi #eia ,mt4 ,n4 ( ,wadi ,ad> ,,sw4 peak4 #bb #g #abce #bi #ed #a1bii ,ameit el ,%>qi #fhb ,g4 ,hanquf m9or peak4#bb #f #ed #cf #ag #ah #hgg #ebd ,g4 ,um ,r$dam summit4 #bb #f #bccd #ei #ee #a1aji #feg ,g4 ,miatit ,w4 peak4 #bb #f #adce #cd #ab #a1bbi #eaa ,mt4 ne> ,g4 ,egat summit #bb #e #eccd #ec #a #ihe #dhd ,g4 ,egat #bb #e #cicd #eb #ae #a1ade #ehf ,g4 ,miatit ,,se4 peak4 #bb #e #cfce #ce #cd #a1beg #fei ,mt4 ne> ,wadi ,ad> peak4 #bb #e #bjce #be #cj #a1ddj ,ameit el ,gh>bi #edj ,g4 ,hanquf ,n4 peak4 #bb #d #ebcf #ah #de #a1cig #deb ,hill ne> ,w4 ,di-ib summit4 #bb #d #adcf #a #cb #dia #fee ,g4 ,suruk ,e4 peak4 #bb #d #ajce #ch #g #a1jei #ehh ,g4 ,suruk highe/ #bb #c #ejce #ce #bh #a1cbg po9t4 #fgc ,hill ne> ,g4 ,suruk peak4 #bb #c #dfce #dj #af #hdf #fef ,g4 ,%5dib #bb #c #djce #cf #a #a1bge #eae ,mt4 ne> ,g4 ,himeitra #bb #c #agce #ag #eb #a1acd #fhe ,g4 ,%5dib #bb #c #hcf #ac #dd #a1dbg #eci ,g4 ,%5dodai highe/ #bb #c #acf #be #ca #a1ebi peak4 #fgb ,hill ne> ,g4 ,suruk peak4 #bb #c #jce #dj #be #hdg #ffa ,g4 ,%iab #bb #b #egce #de #ah #hee 99 #fjg ,g4 ,had>ba beacon4 #bb #b #eccf #dg #bc #bag #fed ,g4 ,%iab highe/ #bb #b #eace #dd #g #ihg po9t4 #eag ,g4 ,himeitra summit4 #bb #b #dfce #ad #ai #a1bca #dgd ,g4 ,is cairn on #bb #b #cfce #bh #d #a1gcf summit4 #eii ,g4 ,is peak4 #bb #b #bdce #bg #ce #a1fei #fbg ,g4 ,%5dodai ,s4 peak4 #bb #b #abcf #be #bb #a1cie #fhd ,hill ne> ,g4 ,%5dib summit4 #bb #b #abcf #i #f #fja #fjj ,g4 ,is peak4 #bb #b #aace #bf #ef #a1eid #fga ,hill ne> ,g4 ,suruk #bb #a #edce #dj #bj #ijc #eic ,mt4 ea/ ( ,g4 ,is ,n4 peak4 #bb #a #chce #ca #ef #a1bij #egj ,g4 ,hanquf highe/ #bb #a #cbcf #bj #ad #a1dfe po9t4 #fdj ,g4 ,%5dib peak4 #bb #a #bfcf #ad #dg #a1gbd #fda ,g4 ,%5dib #bb #a #hcf #ad #ei #a1fih #eid ,mt4 ea/ ( ,g4 ,is ,s4 peak4 #bb #a #bce #ca #aa #a1dgd #fdb ,g4 ,%5dib peak4 #bb #j #eacf #ae #j #a1fif #edc ,g4 ,%5dib beacon4 #bb #j #dhcf #af #cj #a1iab #edf ,g4 ,%5dib peak4 #bb #j #dfcf #ad #di #a1fgd #edd ,g4 ,%5dib peak4 #bb #j #decf #af #aj #a1heb #fhg ,hill ne> ,g4 ,%ellal summit4 #bb #j #djcf #i #b #fad #eeg ,g4 ,%ellal peak4 #bb #j #cicf #cj #cj #a1bfi #ebi ,g4 ,%ellal ,e4 peak4 #bb #j #cdcf #cj #de #a1bgi #egd ,g4 ,%ellal highe/ #bb #j #aecf #bi #dj #a1dji po9t4 #ede ,g4 ,%5dib peak4 #ba #ei #efcf #ag #f #a1hfc #edg ,g4 ,%5dib #ba #ei #dicf #ae #db #a1ffh #eej ,g4 ,%5dib #ba #ei #hcf #ad #af #a1efe #fde ,g4 ,%5dib #ba #ei #gcf #ac #bb #a1bbg #edi ,g4 ,%5dib #ba #ei #fcf #ad #dj #a1ebe #fdd ,g4 ,%5dib #ba #ei #jcf #ae #bj #a1eeb #fdf ,g4 ,%5dib #ba #eh #ehcf #ac #aa #a1aif #ffj ,l[ hill ne> ,w4 summit4 #ba #eh #bdcf #d #be #ejj ,%5dib #eda ,g4 ,q$a ,e4 peak4 #ba #ef #bdcf #bh #aa #a1hej #edb ,g4 ,q$a ,w4 peak4 #ba #ef #afcf #bf #ab #a1hgb #ead ,hadal ,aweib summit4 #ba #eb #djce #bb #bf #a1ghj #fbh ,g4 ,asotriba highe/ #ba #ea #eecf #cj #bf #b1baf po9t4 #eea ,eir ,aweit peak4 #ba #ej #cjcf #bb #dh #a1gae #eeb ,eir ,aweit #ba #di #efcf #bc #a #a1fgh #efd ,g4 ,obkeik ,n4 peak4 #ba #di #eece #ci #dj #a1hcg #edh ,g4 ,asotriba ,s4 peak4 #ba #di #cjcf #cj #dj #b1jhb #efe ,g4 ,obkeik ,s4 peak4 #ba #di #fce #ci #bi #a1hef #eec ,eir ,aweit highe/ #ba #dg #egcf #bb #dj #a1hec peak4 #eed ,eir ,aweit peak4 #ba #dg #chcf #bb #cb #a1gei #feh ,ad> ,x %>p peak4#ba #dg #acf #ai #ad #a1agj #dji beacon4 #ba #dd #bacd #cf #ec -- #eeh ,arit peak4 #ba #dj #bfcf #bb #ej #a1ebi #eei ,arit #ba #ci #becf #bb #cb #a1ggb #ffc ,k>ai ,awa summit4 #ba #ci #ahcf #aj #ba #a1jef #efb ,arit peak4 #ba #ch #ccf #ah #eg #a1daj #efj ,arit highe/ #ba #cf #eacf #bc #bg #a1haj peak4 #efc ,arit high peak4 #ba #cf #acf #ai #eb #a1gbg #efa ,arit ,w4 end ( #ba #ce #ejcf #bb #dh #a1ecb ridge4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,comp>ison ( ,positions det]m9$ on ! ,r$ ,sea ) ^? previ\sly f\nd 9 ,(ficial ,m>9e ,surveys4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! positions f\nd = c]ta9 triangulation po9ts ) ^? det]m9$ by ! ,briti% ,admiralty surveyors & by ,lieut4 ,koss1 :o accompani$ ! ,au/rian rese>*-%ip 8,pola0 9 #ahie-f4gd ,! ?ree be/ def9$ po9ts ( comp>ison are ,b]5ice temple1 ! c5tral peak ( ,/4 ,john's ,isl&1 & ,halaib ,=t4 ,9 ! case ( ,b]5ice & ,/4 ,john's ,isl& ! obs]vation ( ! two prior surveys 7 made at /ations a little di/ance f my triangulation po9ts1 b ! publi%$ *>ts enable "o to scale (f ! necess>y corrections to r$uce ! positions to ^? ( ! triangulat$ po9ts4 ,at ,b]5ice1 ! ,briti% ,admiralty obs]vation po9t1 = :i* ! latitude is giv5 z #bc #ef #af1 is #a #bf nor? ( ! temple1 s t ! equival5t ,admiralty latitude = ! temple is #bc #ed #ej4 ,simil>ly ,lieut4 ,koss's obs]vation po9t1 :]e ! latitude f\nd 0 #bc #ef #bg1 is #a #dg nor? ( ! temple1 giv+ ! latitude ( ! temple z #bc #ed #dj4 ,my triangulation gives ! latitude ( ! temple z #bc #ed #ci1 ?us %[+ a rem>kably good agreem5t ) t f\nd by ! 8,pola0 obs]v]4 ,at ,/4 ,john's ,isl&1 ow+ to ! smallness ( ! scale ( ! available *>ts1 x is a little m difficult to scale (f accurately ! ,admiralty position = ! peak & ! r$uction to ! peak ( ,lieut4 ,koss's po9t4 ,z ne>ly z ,i c scale1 ! ,admiralty latitude = ! peak is #bc #cf #dj1 :ile ! po9t :]e ,lieut4 ,koss obs]v$ 8 latitude ( #bc #ce #dg1 ne> ! s\?-we/ %ore ( ! isl&1 is approximately #dj s\? ( ! peak1 giv+ ! latitude ( ! peak z #bc #cf #bg4 ,i f\nd ! latitude ( ! peak to be #bc #cf #af1 ?us aga9 %[+ z good an agreem5t z c\ld be expect$1 hav+ reg>d to ! fact t x is n easy to scale ! latitude ( ! po9t mu* )9 #aj f ! exi/+ *>ts4 ,at ,halaib ,=t1 ! ,admiralty latitude is #bb #ad #aj1 :ile ! 8,pola0 exp$ition f\nd x #bb #ac #bf1 & my triangulation gave ! value #bb #ac #be4 ,! close agreem5t betwe5 my triangulation value & t obs]v$ by ,lieut4 ,koss seems to prove ! ,admiralty latitude ( ?is po9t to be "s #de too high4 ,summ>iz+ ! latitudes ( ! ?ree po9ts = comp>ison we h3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,b]5ice ,/4 ,john's ,halaib ,=t4 ,temple4 ,peak4 ----------------------------------- ,admiralty ,*>t #bc #ed #ejbc #cf #djbb #ad #aj 8,pola0 ,exp$ition #bc #ed #djbc #cf #bgbb #ac #bf ,ball 7,triangulation7#bc #ed #cibc #cf #afbb #ac #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,if we make correspond+ comp>isons ( ! longitudes ( ^! ?ree po9ts1 ,b]5ice ,temple1 ,/4 ,john's ,peak1 & ,halaib ,=t1 we obta9 mu* m wide div]g5ces1 z is only to be expect$ f ! fact t ! ,admiralty & 8,pola0 det]m9ations 7 made by transport ( *ronomet]s f ,suez1 :i* is ov] #ejj miles di/ant f ,halaib4 ,= ,b]5ice ,temple ! ,admiralty longitude 7obta9$ by apply+ ! scal$ r$uction ( #dj to ! obs]v$ longitude #ce #bi #aa at ! obs]vation po9t7 is #ce #bh #ca4 ,lieut4 ,koss's transport ( *ronomet]s f ,suez via ,jidda leads to a longitude ( #cc #cj #bj = 8 obs]vation po9t1 :i* lies #ed ea/ ( ! temple2 ?us ! 8,pola0 longitude = ! temple is #ce #bi #bf4 ,my triangulation gives #ce #bh #bf1 ?us agree+ v ne>ly ) ! ,admiralty value & diff]+ by exactly #a f ! value f\nd by ,lieut4 ,koss4 ,= ,/4 ,john's ,peak1 ! longitude scal$ f ! ,admiralty ,*>t is #cf #aj #bj4 ,! obs]vations ( ,lieut4 ,koss lead to a longitude ( #cf #ab #ch = 8 obs]vation po9t1 :i* is ab\t #ce we/ ( ! peak2 ?us ! 8,pola0 longitude = ! peak is #cf #ac #ac4 ,my triangulation gives #cf #aa #db1 be+ ?us betwe5 ! ,admiralty & 8,pola0 values4 ,= ,halaib ,=t1 ! ,admiralty longitude is #cf #cg #c1 :ile ,lieut4 ,koss's figures lead to ! value #cf #dj #ch2 my triangulation gives #cf #ch #ef1 ?us aga9 %[+ a value betwe5 ! two m>9e det]m9ations4 ,summ>iz+ ! longitudes obta9$ = ! ?ree po9ts1 we h3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,b]5ice ,/4 ,john's ,halaib ,=t4 ,temple4 ,peak4 ----------------------------------- ,admiralty ,*>t #ce #bh #cacf #aj #bjcf #cg #c 8,pola0 ,exp$ition #ce #bi #bfcf #ac #accf #dj #ch ,ball 7,triangulation7#ce #bh #bfcf #aa #dbcf #ch #ef ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,!re c1 ( c\rse1 be no d\bt ( ! imm5sely great] accuracy ( ! triangulation me?od ( det]m9+ longitude z comp>$ ) t ( *ronomet] transport 9 voyages la/+ = mon?s1 no matt] h[ _m *ronomet]s are c>ri$ nor :at c>e is tak5 9 ! "w4 ,! above diff]5ces ( longitude are small :5 "o consid]s t no absolute control ( ! *ronomet] ( ! 8,pola0 exp$ition 0 obta9$ f ,octob] #bc1 #ahie1 :5 ! %ip left ,suez1 till its return to ! same port on ,janu>y #bg1 #ahif4 ,if we exam9e ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 po9ts fairly close toge!r1 we f9d r bett] agreem5t betwe5 *ronomet]s & triangulation4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ,b]5ice & ,halaib1 a six days' voyage1 we h3-- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,longitude by ,longitude by ,*ronomet]s ,triangulation 7,koss74 7,ball74 --------------------------- ,halaib ,=t #cf #dj #ch #cf #ch #ef ,b]5ice ,temple #ce #bi #bf #ce #bh #bf --------------------------- ,diff]5ce #a #aa #ab #a #aj #cj ---------------------------------------- ------- %[+ an error ( only #db1 or ab\t ?ree seconds ( "t 9 ! six days4 ,! triangulation-positions3-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,latitude ,n4 ,longitude ,e4 --------------------------- ,b]5ice ,temple #bc #ed #ci #ce #bh #bf ,/4 ,john's ,peak #bc #cf #af #cf #aa #db ,halaib ,=t #bb #ac #be #cf #ch #ef ---------------------------------------- ----- may !re=e be tak5 z practically correct1 & ! ?ree po9ts may be us$ z well-det]m9$ positions bo? = fur!r discussion ( ! 8,pola0 results & 9 fur!r survey+ exp$itions 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4#ge ,detail ,survey+ along ,l9es ( ,m>*4 ,all detail visible along l9es ( m>* f camp to camp 0 record$ on plane-table %eets on a scale ( #a3ajj1jjj4 ,! usual process 0 z foll[s3 ,! plane-table %eet 0 fir/ provid$ ) a graticule at #aj int]vals ( latitude & longitude1 & all ! triangulation po9ts previ\sly fix$ )9 ! area cov]$ by ! %eet 7 m>k$ 9 _! comput$ places4 ,/ations 7 *os5 along ! r\te at an av]age di/ance ap>t ( two or ?ree kilometres1 ! mo/ comm&+ hills be+ select$1 & ! positions ( ^! 7 f\nd by plane-table re-section f ?ree or m triangulation po9ts4 ,! compass1 be+ frequ5tly di/urb$ by magnetic rocks1#gf 0 only us$ to get a fir/ approximation to ! true ori5tation ( ! table4 ,! plane-table /ation hav+ be5 fix$ on ! map1 ta*eometric read+s 7 tak5 to all conspicu\s po9ts easy ( access )9 a radius ( ab\t two kilometres1 & plott$ at _! measur$ di/ances along ! directions giv5 by ! alidade4 ,9 ! telemetric measurem5ts a #e-;in* ta*eomet] 0 us$ side by side ) ! plane-table1 & two /aff-m5 7 employ$4 ,z ! scale ( ! map 0 small1 ! sights 7 mu* long] ?an is usual 9 ta*eometry1 & ! maximum di/ance ( #hjj metres directly readable by ! f\r-metre /aves employ$ 0 g5]ally exce$$4 ,= ! long di/ance read+s1 :]e ! di/ance betwe5 two cross-wires subt5d$ m ?an ! l5g? ( ! /aff1 ,i devis$ ! foll[+ process4 ,br++ ! c5tre wire to ! base ( ! /aff1 a read+ ( ! v]tical circle 0 tak52 next1 by ! tang5t-screw1 ! wire 0 br\ght to ! top ( ! /aff1 & a second read+ ( ! v]tical circle 0 tak51 ! diff]5ce giv+ ! angle subt5d$ by ! f\r-metre /aff4 ,x is cle> t ! di/ance is z _m times great] ?an #hjj metres1 z ! angle subt5d$ is less ?an #ag ( arc1 & ! di/ance is ?us f\nd by simple proportion4 ,9 ! case ( v long sights1 ev5 ?is me?od fail$1 because ! circle c\ld only be read to half-m9utes1 :i* 0 too co>se a graduation to give a good result1 & 9 ^! cases ! me?od us$ 0 "o ( repetition4 ,! wire be+ br\ght to ! base ( ! /aff z be=e1 & a fir/ read+ ( ! v]tical circle tak51 ! wire 0 br\ght to ! top ( ! /aff by ! tang5t screw1 !n to ! bottom aga9 by alt]+ ! levell+ screws slightly1 aga9 to ! top by ! tang5t screw1 & s on1 ?ree or f\r times1 & !n a second read+ 0 tak5 on ! v]tical circle4 ,! slight alt]ation ( level _h no s5sible influ5ce on ! result1 & x is obvi\s t by automatically summ+ up1 say1 f\r int]cepts 9 ?is way1 a v mu* m accurate value ( ! subt5se angle 0 obta9$ ?an 0 possible f a s+le measurem5t4 ,9 practice ,i f\nd x 0 be/ to c>ry 9 ! wai/coat pocket a c>d giv+ ! di/ance correspond+ to any numb] ( m9utes ( diff]5ce ( read+ aft] a f\r-fold repetition1 & x 0 q practicable to measure up to ?ree kilometres ( di/ance )9 "o hundr$ metres ( ! tru?2 z ?is only repres5t$ a millimetre on ! %eet1 & z1 moreov]1 errors 7 n cumulative1 ow+ to ! indep5d5t fixation ( ea* successive /ation by re-section1 ! accuracy 0 all t c\ld be desir$1 & ! rapidity ( measurem5t 0 v great4 ,9 ?is long di/ance type ( ta*eometry1 f9ely graduat$ /aves 7 ( no use2 ! =m ( /aff employ$ 0 a broad-fac$ "o1 fifte5 c5timetres wide1 be>+ fifty-c5timetre divisions pa9t$ alt]nately black & :ite "r across ! :ole bread? ( ! /aff4#gg ,an av]age ( ab\t six or eight conspicu\s po9ts hav+ be5 telemetrically fix$ f a /ation1 ! detail 0 sket*$ 9 ar\nd !m1 & o!r m di/ant po9ts 7 at ! same "t fix$ by plane-table int]sections f sev]al /ations4 ,at ! /ations ! p5cil sket*+ ( relief 0 by =m-l9es :i* 7 subsequ5tly replac$ by ha*ure-r5d]+ :5 ink+ up ! %eets 9 camp4 ,occasionally1 :5 a high hill-/ation 0 employ$ ov]look+ a long wadi1 "t 0 sav$ by read+ only two di/ances1 bo? 9 ! same wadi1 "o v ne> to ! /ation & ! o!r two or ?ree kilometres away1 at ! same "t obs]v+ ! depression-angles to ^! po9ts4 ,! slope ( ! wadi be+ f\nd 9 ?is way1 ! depression-angles to int]m$iate po9ts gave ! di/ances ( su* po9ts )\t ! necessity ( /aff read+ at ! int]m$iate po9ts at all4 ,?us1 suppose ! ne> po9t 0 close "u ! /ation1 ) a di/ance ( #ejj metres & a depression-angle ( #ah1 :ile ! remote po9t up ! wadi _h a di/ance ( ?ree kilometres & a depression-angle ( #b #cj4 ,by means ( a slide rule or ?ree-figure log>i?ms1 ! ne> po9t 0 f\nd to be #afc metres bel[ ! /ation1 & ! di/ant "o #acj metres4 ,a po9t 9 ! wadi e/imat$ r\ghly z half way betwe5 ! two w\ld be ab\t #adf metres bel[ ! /ation2 s t if ! obs]v$ depression-angle to x 01 say1 #d #dj1 its di/ance w\ld be #adf_/7tan #d #dj71 or #ah kilometres4 ,any possible error ( prelim9>y e/imation ( ! di/ance 9 ord] to f9d ! level w\ld be )\t s5sible influ5ce on ! result+ true di/ance4 ,! process ( trav]s+ betwe5 /ations 0 seldom resort$ to1 z ! me?od ( fix+ /ations by re-section f triangulation po9ts is mu* m accurate 7! errors n be+ cumulative7 besides be+ m rapid4 ,b 9 c]ta9 tortu\s caon-l wadis1 :]e great & "t-consum+ climbs w\ld h _h to be und]tak5 9 ord] to see any triangulation po9ts1 ! me?od ( trav]s+ ) ! ta*eomet] _h to be employ$4 ,levels along ! l9e ( m>* 7 measur$ trigonometrically :5ev] possible2 ! v]tical angles to "o or m triangulation po9ts be+ read ) ! ta*eomet]1 & ! di/ances scal$ (f ! map1 ! diff]5ces ( height1 correct$ = refraction1 7 f\nd by ! slide rule 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! triangulation already describ$4 ,heights ( passes & camps :5ce no triangulation po9ts 7 visible 7 det]m9$ by b>omet]-comp>isons betwe5 !m & po9ts ( precisely det]m9$ altitude4 ,names ( places 7 writt5 d[n by ! guides 9 ,arabic *>act]s on ! spot :]e !y 7 asc]ta9$1 & translit]at$ on ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t sy/em = ins]tion 9 ! map4 ,mo/ ( ! place-names 7 *eck$ by gett+ ! guides to give !m f sev]al diff]5t /ations4 ,detail ,survey+ at ,occupi$ ,triangulation ,/ations4 ,x 0 g5]ally necess>y to rema9 = at lea/ a week on ! m\nta9 summits :i* =m$ ! ma9 triangulation /ations1 = only on ab\t "o day 9 sev5 0 ! air cle> en\gh = sight+ ! beacons on ! long] l9es4 ,occasionally ! entire l&scape 0 blott$ out = t5 or m consecutive days by cl\ds surr\nd+ ! summit1 :ile at o!r times x 0 possible to see only = a limit$ di/ance r\nd ! /ation ow+ to haze4 ,su* times 7 made use ( to map all visible detail )9 a mod]ate range 7say )9 a radius ( twelve kilometres7 r\nd ! /ation4 ,9 ?is "w ! fir/ /age 0 to f9d a small base1 "o end ( :i* 0 ! /ation itself4 ,usually a m9or peak ( ! same range1 #ejj to #a1jjj metres away f ! /ation1 0 fairly easily accessible1 & 0 *os5 = ! o!r end ( ! base4 ,! six-in* !odolite be+ at ! ma9 /ation1 ! five-in* ta*eomet] 0 set up at ! auxili>y /ation1 & all notewor?y hill tops1 z well z a few po9ts along ea* ma9 l9e ( dra9age1 7 triangulat$ (f ?is small base4 ,! l5g? ( ! base 0 f\nd by includ+ "o or two ma9 triangulation po9ts 9 ! r\nd ( angles4 ,^! m9or triangles 7 conv5i5tly r$uc$ by ! slide rule1 & ! po9ts plott$ at once on ! plane-table by means ( ! alidade & ! calculat$ di/ances4 ,! base be+ %ort1 x 0 necess>y to obs]ve to f9e m>ks2 cracks 9 ! rocks1 & ! dropp+s ( birds on ! peaks1 & ! c5tres ( select$ tree trunks 9 ! wadis1 7 usually *os54 ,! levels ( ^! m9or po9ts 7 det]m9$ by v]tical angulation 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,usually ab\t ?irty po9ts 7 ?us fix$ r\nd ea* high /ation4 ,once a numb] ( po9ts 7 fix$ 9 ! wadis1 ! levels ( ^! gave ! slope1 & ! diff]5ce ( height betwe5 any o!r p>ts ( ! wadis & ! /ation c\ld be e/imat$ to )9 a few metres by means ( ! k ?us obta9$4 ,a sket* be+ n[ made ( ! wadis1 :i* appe>$ spread out almo/ l a map bel[ ! /ation1 a hundr$ or m po9ts along !m 7 select$1 & _! dep?s bel[ ! /ation be+ v approximately kn[n f ! wadi slope1 _! di/ances 7 f\nd by obs]v+ depression angles to !m & r$uc+ ! v]tical triangle by means ( ! slide rule on ! spot4 ,9 all1 !re=e1 measurem5ts 7 usually made ( ! di/ances ( f #ajj to #bjj conspicu\s po9ts 9 ! area r\nd ! /ation1 & :5 ^! 7 plott$ ) ! alidade on ! plane-table %eet x 0 n difficult to sket* 9 all ! detail ) consid]able accuracy4 ,usually x 0 n possible to see all r\nd ! m\nta9 f ! /ation itself1 s t subsidi>y plane-table /ations ne> ! ma9 "o 7 necess>y4 ,9 o!r cases m ?an "o small base 0 measur$ 9 ord] to get good angles to v>i\s po9ts by ! m9or triangulation4 ,by ! comb9$ use ( m9or triangulation = peaks1 & v]tical angulation = po9ts situat$ along dra9age l9es1 x 0 f\nd t f> m sket*+ c\ld be done 9 a few days at a ma9 /ation ?an w\ld h be5 possible 9 ! same "t by ta*eometric "w on ! l[] gr\nd1 & t ( great] accuracy4 ,m ?an half ( ! entire detail sket*+ 0 9 fact done at ! ma9 /ations4 ,survey ( ! ,coa/-l9e4 ,9 ! e>li] portion ( ! "w1 i4e41 nor? ( latitude #bd1 ! "w on ! coa/-l9e 0 conf9$ to ! fixation ( prom95t po9ts su* z spurs & tips ( isl&s4 ,"s ( ^! 7 fix$ z int]sect$ po9ts dur+ ! triangulation1 :ile o!rs 7 det]m9$ by obs]v+ ! depression angle & azimu? to !m f trigonometrical /ations ( kn[n altitude4 ,9 ?is latt] me?od1 tak+ ! mean coeffici5t ( refraction z #jac1 ! =mula#gh employ$ 0 d #cedig 7 #aafba h7 :]e d di/ance 9 metres1 depression angle 9 seconds1 & h altitude ( /ation 9 metres4 ,?is =mula is r t$i\s to "w out1 ?\gh ! "w is relatively n s great if a numb] ( po9ts are to be calculat$ f obs]vations at ! same /ation4 ,prom95t po9ts hav+ be5 fix$ 9 ?is way1 ! coa/-l9e nor? ( #bd 0 sket*$ 9 f ! ,admiralty ,*>t1 adju/+ ! longitude to fit ! po9ts fix$4 ,x 0 sometimes a little difficult1 h[ev]1 to id5tify ! fix$ po9ts on ! exi/+ *>ts1 & h5ce ,i tri$ to f9d "s process ( survey+ ! entire rema9+ coa/-l9e de novo 9 detail4 ,trav]s+ along ! coa/ 0 plac$ out ( "q by ! great exp5diture ( "t & money :i* x w\ld h entail$4 ,ev5tually ,i 0 l$ to devise a new me?od1 by :i* long /ret*es ( coa/-l9e c\ld be mapp$ by pol> co-ord9ates f m\nta9 /ations ) great spe$ & accuracy4 ,! directions ( a s]ies ( po9ts suffici5tly close toge!r along ! coa/ 7 tak5 by !odolite1 & ! depression angles simultane\sly obs]v$ ) ! v]tical circle4 ,!n1 in/ead ( comput+ ! di/ances to ! po9ts1 !y 7 plott$ by a special scale graduat$ directly 9 angles ( dip2 by ?us do+ away ) all calculation at ! /ation1 x 0 possible to lay d[n ! po9ts on ! *>t z fa/ z ! obs]vations c\ld be tak51 usually at ! rate ( f\r or five po9ts a m9ute1 & x 0 frequ5tly possible to map ?irty kilometres or m ( coa/-l9e 9 an h\r ) great accuracy4 ,z ,i h giv5 a full acc\nt ( ?is new me?od 9 a sep>ate publication1#gi ,i %all n g into x fur!r "h1 b w\ld ref] ^? int]e/$ to ! publication j m5tion$4 ,) ! aid ( ! new me?od ! entire coa/-l9e f j nor? ( ,ras ,b5as s\?w>ds to ! p>allel ( #bb1 a di/ance ( ov] #bjj miles1 0 mapp$ 9 detail on ! #ajj1jjj scale4 ,i _h frequ5t opportunities ( te/+ ! accuracy ( ! del9eation ( ! coa/1 bo? by mapp+ ! same /ret* f two widely-di/ant /ations ( diff]5t heights1 & by subsequ5tly survey+ small portions ( ! coa/ directly by plane-table & ta*eomet] f triangulation po9ts on or ne> ! coa/2 & 9 all cases ,i f\nd ! accuracy to be v high1 ! diff]5ces f\nd r>ely exce$+ ! ?ickness ( a l9e on ! map4 ,! tides 9 ! ,r$ ,sea are s small 9 range 7g5]ally only ab\t a metre7 t v>iations ( sea-level 7 practically negligible dur+ ! op]ations4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! great difficulties att5d+ ! survey ( s inhospitable a coa/ by ! ord9>y me?od ( trav]s+1 ,i believe ! result+ outl9e ( ! coa/ on my maps is v mu* m correct ?an t %[n on any previ\s *>ts4 ,an accurate del9eation ( ! coa/-l9e 9 ?is region is ( c\rse *iefly ( value z indicat+ ! ext5t ( l&2 x is ( little importance to ! navigator1 = :om ! positions ( ! outly+ dang]\s reefs1 mapp$ by ! ,admiralty surveyors1 are f> m important4 ,location ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,b\nd>y betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,by an ,arrt ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,int]ior issu$ 9 #aijb x 0 enact$ t ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! adm9i/rative divisions ( ,egypt & ! ,sudan %\ld be z foll[s3-- ,comm5c+ at ,bir ,%alate9 on ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! limit runs to ,bir ,m5eiga1 !nce to ,gebel ,niqrub1 !nce to ,gebel ,um el ,tiur & to ,deiga4 ,f ,deiga ! l9e cont9ues to ,bir ,esmet ,om>1 !nce to ,gebel ,b>tazuga1 & f9ally to ! ,nile at ,korosko4 ,?is fronti] 0 def9$ aft] a commission _h sat1 at ! ,mudiria ( ,aswn1 to make enquiries z to ! ve/$ rights ( ! ,b$\9 tribes1 ! guid+ pr9ciple be+ t all ,bi%>9 tribes %\ld be "u ,sudan adm9i/ration1 & all ,ababda tribes 7) "o exception7 "u ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,egypt4 ,a map accompani$ ! decision1 b 0 ( a v r\gh "*1 & ! positions ( ! po9ts specifi$ 7 n kn[n )9 sev]al miles4 ,"p ( my "w compris$ ! precise fixation ( ! po9ts specifi$ 9 ! ,arrt1 ) a view to lay+ d[n ! b\nd>y accurately on a map4 ,z 0 natural 9 ! case ( a b\nd>y settl$ )\t c>eful ref]5ce to ! gr\nd1 c]ta9 difficulties arose 9 ! location4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are two di/9ct ,gebels ,niqrub1 & two di/9ct ,gebels ,um el ,tiur4 ,i assum$ ! high] m\nta9 ( ea* pair to be ! "o indicat$4 ,secondly1 ! precise po9t ( ! m\nta9 0 unspecifi$2 ,i assum$ ! highe/ peak to be ! po9t ref]r$ to4 ,?irdly1 ! text ( ! ,arrt disagrees ) ! map accompany+ x1 9 t ! map %[s ! l9e curv$ to pass close to ,gebel ,mi%bih1 :i* is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,arrt4 ,i assum$ ! text ( ! ord] to be det]m9ative1 & t betwe5 ! po9ts specifi$ ! limit foll[$ great circles on ! globe1 i4e41 practically /raight l9es on ! map4 ,! locality call$ ,deiga 0 n visit$1 & c only be approximately fix$2 x is said by guides to be a n>r[ road ne> ,gebel ,muqsim1 ( :i* m\nta9 sev]al peaks 7 fix$ by triangulation4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! positions f\nd = ! v>i\s po9ts along ! b\nd>y f ! sea to ! m]idian ( #cd 7#a7 f my survey op]ations1 & 7#b7 z scal$ f ! map accompany+ ! ,m9i/]ial ,arrt4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two sets ( positions w %[ h[ mu* ! survey has add$ to our k ( ! geography ( ?is "p ( ! des]t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,latitude ,n4 ,longitude ,e4 ,po9t4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,f my ,f ,f my ,f ,survey4 ,arrt ,map4 ,survey4 ,arrt ,map4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,bir ,%alate9 #bc #h #ebb #ci #jce #cf #bhcf #b #cj ,bir ,m5eiga #bb #dg #hbb #da #cjce #ab #bjce #b #cj ,gebel ,niqrub 7,el #bb #ea #bibb #dh #jcd #ef #dhcd #ea #j ,foqani7 ,gebel ,um el ,tiur #bb #ag #edbb #ah #cjcd #da #acd #cb #j 7,el ,foqani7 ,deiga 7approx47 #bb #aj #jbb #i #jcd #a #jcd #c #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,v>iation ( ! ,compass4 ,c>eful obs]vations 7 made ( ! v>iation ( ! compass at ?ree /ations1 viz41 ,b]5ice ,temple1 ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s1 & ne> ,halaib ,=t1#hj ^! ?ree po9ts be+ select$ z be+ well-kn[n places & at ! same "t likely to be free f local magnetic di/urbance4 ,b]5ice is on ! coa/-pla9 :]e only coral & s& occur2 ,abu ,saafa is 9 a s&/one di/rict ab\t #ajj kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,b]5ice1 & ,halaib is on ! calc>e\s & gypse\s rocks ( ! coa/ ab\t #bbj kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,abu ,saafa4 ,! in/rum5t us$ 0 a five-in* !odolite fitt$ ) a good tr\gh compass4 ,a l5s 0 us$ to br+ ! ne$le accurately to z]o1 & ! sun or a /> 0 employ$ to f9d ! true m]idian4 ,9 ea* case sev]al obs]vations1 ea* ) an indep5d5t sett+ ( ! ne$le1 7 made1 & ! mean tak54 ,! values obta9$ 73-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,place4 ,date & ,"t4 ,compass-,v>iation ,we/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,b]5ice ,temple ,janu>y #f1 #aijg1 #ecj p4m4 #b #dd ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s ,octob] #be1 #aijg1 #d p4m4 #b #cg ,ne> ,halaib ,=t ,may #g1 #aijh1 #aj a4m4 #b #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,9 ord] to f9d to :at degree ( accuracy ! results ( ^! det]m9ations might be reli$ on1 ! in/rum5t us$ 0 te/$ aga9/ ! ,kew magnetomet] at ! ,kh$ivial ,obs]vatory1 ,helwn1 aft] ! completion ( ! "w4 ,?ree obs]vations = ! decl9ation at ,helwn gave ! we/]ly v>iation z #b #dab #b #ehh #b #eej -------- ,mean #b #eej -------- :ile ! true decl9ation z giv5 by ! ,kew magnetomet] at ! same "t 0 #b #eb #e4 ,?us x appe>s reasonable to believe ! obs]v$ values to be )9 ab\t #e ( ! tru?4 ,x is r curi\s to note t ! decl9ation obs]v$ at ,abu ,saafa is less ?an t at ,b]5ice1 :i* lies fur!r ea/1 ev5 if all[ance is made = ! secul> *ange 9 ! int]val4 ,! diff]5ce f :at "o w\ld expect is1 h[ev]1 possibly ow+ to errors ( obs]vation ( ! magnitude above-m5tion$1 or x may be due to a slight local influ5ce ( magnetic rocks und]gr\nd at ,abu ,saafa1 :]e ! gr\nd is ne> to ! base ( ! ,nubian s&/one b$s1 :i* re/ presumably on eruptive & metamorphic rocks4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! obs]vations ( decl9ation at ,b]5ice & ,halaib ) ^? record$ by ,,rossl]#ha at ! same places 9 #ahie4 ,?us we h3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,b]5ice4 ,m]sa ,halaib4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,rossl]1 ,nov4 #bg1 #ahie #c #ed ,rossl]1 ,nov4 #ah1 #ahie #c #cf ,ball1 ,jan4 #f1 #aijg #b #dd ,ball1 ,may #g1 #aijh #b #ah --------- ---------- ,diff4 9 #aaa ye>s#a #aj ,diff4 9 #abe ye>s#a #ah ,ye>ly decrease #fc ,ye>ly decrease #fc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,we ?us arrive at a ye>ly secul> dim9ution ( decl9ation ( #f #c1 confirm+ ! value arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,,keel+#hb = ! rate ( secul> *ange 9 ! ,r$ ,sea area f a comp>ison ( o!r obs]vations4 ,x may be !re=e conclud$ t ! rate ( #c p] annum giv5 9 ! 8,admiralty ,pilot0#hc is only ab\t half ! true value4 ,travell]s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t %\ld ex]cise c>e 9 ! reliance !y place on compass be>+s4 ,be>+s tak5 ) a compass are g5]ally normal 9 granite & s&/one c\ntry2 b :]ev] d>k igne\s & metamorphic rocks ab\nd1 di/urbances are likely to occur4 ,local deviations ( #e to #aj are q common1 & 9 "s s]p5t9e areas ev5 #dj ( di/urbance may be obs]v$4 ,9 "s places1 "o c deflect ! ne$le ?r\gh a l>ge angle by means ( a fragm5t ( ! rock no l>g] ?an a nut1 s ri* are "s ( ! basic rocks 9 magnetic m9]als4 ,"s lumps ( rock ev5 %[ /rong pol>ity1 attract+ or repell+ ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le accord+ z "o "p or ano!r ( ! lump is pres5t$ to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #fb3 ,?is measurem5t 0 made 9 conjunction ) ,messrs4 ,villi]s ,/u>t1 ,*>t]is ,/ew>t1 & ,cl>ke4 ,footnote #fc3 ,! log>i?ms ,a1 ,b1 & ,c are tak5 f ,m]riman's ,precise ,survey+ & ,geodesy1 #ahii1 #bee4 p4 ,footnote #fd3 ,,*auv5et 7,sph]ical & ,practical ,a/ronomy1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhc7 %[s t :5 bo? latitude & "t are requir$1 ! ?ree />s %\ld diff] 9 azimu? by #abj to give ! mo/ accurate results4 ,b :5 only ! latitude is requir$ ! />s are be/ select$ ne> to ! m]idian nor? & s\? ( ! z5i?4 ,?is is evid5t by consid]+ t if two />s c\ld be obs]v$ to culm9ate at ! same altitude on opposite sides ( ! z5i?1 ! latitude w\ld be precisely det]m9$ indep5d5tly ( any ref]5ce to "t4 ,footnote #fe3 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,wade1 ( ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 = draw+ my att5tion to ?is me?od4 ,footnote #ff3 ,! signs ( ! coeffici5ts foll[ f ^? ( ! trigonometrical functions2 b x is useful to rememb] t ! coeffici5t ( d is or accord+ z ! /> is nor? or s\?1 :ile t ( d,t is or accord+ z ! /> is ea/ or we/ ( ! m]idian4 ,footnote #fg3 ,,*auv5et1 ,a/ronomy1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #fh3 ,9 ?is connexion x is int]e/+ to note t z ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib is "s #bej metres high] ?an t to ! nor? ( x1 ! plumb-l9e w be deflect$ to ! s\? by local attraction1 ?us expla9+ :y ! obs]v$ latitude at t /ation exce$s by s mu* ! value calculat$ f ! triangulation4 ,b]5ice temple1 on ! o!r h&1 is on a coa/-pla9 remote f m\nta9s1 & ! obs]v$ latitude agrees closely ) ! calculat$ "o4 ,footnote #fi3 ,! me?od ( obs]vation & r$uction 0 t usually describ$ 9 text books ( field a/ronomy4 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,mi*ie & ,h>l['s ,practical ,a/ronomy1 #aijb1 pp4 #afa-afh1 & ! tables on pp4 #aih-bja ( ! same "w4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! ,sudan ,survey's positions are all s\?-ea/ ( ^? :i* ,i obta9$ = ! same po9ts4 ,footnote #ga3 ,= calculations ( ?is type & = ta*eometric & o!r r$uctions 9 ! field1 ! ,nessl] 8,univ]sal0 slide rule1 :i* is specially design$ = surveyors1 0 f\nd to be a mo/ valuable "t-sav]4 ,see my pap] 9 ! ,cairo ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 8,on ! ,use ( ! ,slide-rule 9 ,survey+10 ,dec4 #aijg4 ,footnote #gb3 ,a c>eful discussion :i* ,i h rec5tly und]tak5 ( ! entire s]ies ( reciprocal obs]vations made dur+ ! ?ree seasons' "w %[s t k v>ies accord+ to ! altitude ( ! l9es & accord+ z ! l9es pass ov] l& or sea4 ,i hope lat] to publi% a sep>ate acc\nt ( ?is discussion1 :i* has an important be>+ on ! v]tical di/ribution ( temp]ature 9 ! air4 ,b ,i may "h /ate t = ov]l& l9es ! =mula k #jaejc #jjjjjafd 7h #hcj71 :]e h is ! mean altitude ( ! l9e 9 metres1 gives a good agreem5t ) ! obs]vations2 :ile on ov]sea l9es at altitudes above #ajj metres k is always v ne> to #jace4 ,! errors 9 ! result+ altitudes ( int]sect$ po9ts due to ! uni=m employm5t ( k #jac1 are v trifl+1 & w seldom exce$ "o or two metres2 = example1 at a di/ance ( ?irty kilometres ! sub/itution ( k #jaf = k #jac w only *ange ! altitude by two metres4 ,footnote #gc3 ,?is numb] #abaj repres5ts ! significant figures ( #ajfhd1 #fhd metres be+ ! correction giv5 by 7#a k7_/#br d = a di/ance ( t5 kilometres4 ,footnote #gd3 ,b]i*te d] ,commission fr ,oceanographis*e ,=s*ung51 ,se*/e ,reihe1 ,wi51 #ahih1 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #ge3 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! adoption ( ! above ?ree longitudes z ( equal accuracy ) ,suez w lead to a bett] longitude = ,jidda4 ,! longitude ( ,jidda is at pres5t fix$ only by *ronomet] transport f ,suez1 a di/ance ( "s #fej miles2 b by reg>d+ ,halaib z a fix$ po9t ! di/ance ( comp>ison c be r$uc$ to #aej miles4 ,! data = ?is revision ( ! longitude ( ,jidda already exi/ 9 ! ,reports ( ! 8,pola0 exp$ition1 & ! discussion is c]ta9ly wor? und]tak+ be=e any future surveys are conduct$ 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,footnote #gf3 ,! di/urbance ( ! ne$le 0 ( c\rse mo/ frequ5t 9 ! areas :]e d>k igne\s & metamorphic rocks prevail$2 9 ^! regions di/urbances ( #aj 7 v frequ5t1 & 9 "s cases1 z = example on ! s]p5t9e deposits ( ,sikait1 z mu* z #dj 0 notic$4 ,9 ! s&/one areas no di/urbances 7 m>k$4 ,footnote #gg3 ,i h giv5 a some:at full] acc\nt ( ?is process 9 a little pap] on 8,long-di/ance ,ta*eometry40 ,cairo ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,febru>y #aiaj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,,jordan1 ,h&bu* d] ,v]messungskunde4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahig4 ,bd4 ,,ii1 p4 #ebb4 ,footnote #gi3 ,a ,new ,me?od ( ,coa/ ,survey+1 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ba4 ,cairo1 #aiaa4 ,footnote #hj3 ,! obs]vations at ,halaib 7 made at a po9t f> en\gh f ! =t to avoid any *ance ( di/urbance by ! iron rails :i* =m "p ( ! build+4 ,footnote #ha3 ,b]i*te d] ,commission fr ,oceanographis*e ,=s*ung51 ,se*/e ,reihe4 ,wi51 #ahih4 pp4 #bba1 #bbc4 ,footnote #hb3 ,magnetic ,obs]vations 9 ,egypt1 #ahie-aije1 ,survey ,dept4 ,pap]1 ,no4 #f4 ,cairo1 #aijg4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #hc3 ,r$ ,sea & ,gulf ( ,ad5 ,pilot4 #e? edition4 #aijj4 p4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wadis ,,dra9+ ,,we/w>ds ,,to ,,! ,,nile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has be5 already m5tion$ 7p4 #ba7 t all ! dra9age we/w>d f ! ma9 wat]%$ ultimately rea*es ! ,nile by ! ?ree great trunk ,wadis ,%ait1 ,kh>it1 & ,alaqi4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] a detail$ description w be giv5 ( ^? p>ts ( ^! wadis & _! tribut>ies :i* are kn[n )9 ! area "u discussion4 ,! foll[+ s*eme %[s ! relations ( ! pr9cipal tribut>ies1 important fe$]s ( ! tribut>ies !mselves be+ indicat$ 9 7brackets73-- ,wadi ,dweig4 ,,wadi ,,%ait ,wadi ,muelih 7,wadi ,g]f1 ,rod el ,ligah1 ,wadi ,sibrit74 ,wadi ,hami%4 ,wadi ,hilgit 7,wadi ,um ,hasidok1 ,wadi ,um el ,tiur74 ,wadi ,egat4 ,wadi el ,anbat4 ,wadi ,ab>un4 ,wadi ,um ,daba4 ,wadi ,abu ,argub4 ,wadi ,safihat4 ,wadi ,um ,sellim4 ,wadi ,m$sus4 ,,wadi ,,kh>it ,wadi ,abu ,gurdi4 ,wadi ,elemikan 7,rod el ,g5e9a74 ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im4 ,wadi ,helie4 ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid 7,wadi ,m>asani1 ,wadi el ,%eikh74 ,rod el ,kh>uf 7,wadi ,abu ,_h74 ,wadi ,kha%ab 7,wadi ,metawit1 ,wadi ,ant>74 ,wadi ,g>>a 7,wadi el ,kreim1 ,wadi ,timsah1 ,wadi ,ghadrib1 ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im1 ,wadi ,abu ,homur74 ,wadi ,nata%4 ,wadi ,himeitra4 ,miti ,kwan 7,wadi ,duag1 ,wadi ,kirir1 ,wadi ,m]au1 ,wadi ,miaus74 ,wadi ,dage9a4 ,wadi ,alfawi4 ,wadi ,egat 7,wadi ,hiteib74 ,wadi ,hateib 7,wadi ,suh974 ,,wadi ,,alaqi ,wadi ,guqub4 ,wadi ,um ,t5eideb4 ,wadi ,defeit 7,wadi ,s>id1 ,wadi ,dauriai1 ,wadi ,hamida1 ,wadi ,b9t el ,feqoh1 ,wadi ,anweiyib1 ,wadi ,meladoyeb1 ,rod ,hawan91 ,wadi ,bagh>id74 ,wadi ,eleifat4 ,wadi ,seiga 7,wadi ,um ,d]]a1 ,wadi ,abu ,_h1 ,wadi ,um ,gholqa74 ,mo/ ( ! dra9age-l9es m5tion$ 9 ! description w be f\nd m>k$ on ! orographical map :i* =ms ,plate ,i2 b ! scale ( t map is too small = all ! m9or fe$]s to be indicat$ ) cle>ness4 ,wadi ,%ait1 an important ma9 trunk wadi dra9+ we/w>ds to ! ,nile1 orig9ates at ! we/ foot ( ,gebel ,ras ,%ait1 9 lat4 #bd #ej1 long4 #cd #ca1 & jo9s ! ,nile ,valley a little to ! nor? ( ,kom ,ombo4 ,x has a total l5g? ( v ne>ly #bjj kilometres1 & an av]age fall ( ?ree metres p] kilometre4 ,! fall is mu* m rapid 9 ! upp] rea*es ?an l[] d[n2 9 ! fir/ fifty-five kilometres ( its l5g?1 f ! foot ( ,gebel ,ras ,%ait to ,bir ,um ,gubur1 ! fall is #cdj metres1 or an av]age gradi5t ( six metres p] kilometre1 :ile f ,bir ,um ,gubur1 = ! rema9+ #adj kilometres ( its c\rse1 its fall is only #bej metres1 or an av]age gradi5t ( less ?an two metres p] kilometre4 ,! head ( ,wadi ,%ait is =m$ by ! union ( a numb] ( dra9age *annels f a k9d ( cul-de-sac =m$ by ,gebels ,migif1 ,ras ,%ait1 & ,mud]geg1 :]e x is sep>at$ f ! heads ( ,wadi ,g]f & ,wadi ,hafafit by flat s&y divides4 ,pass+ 9 a s\?-we/]ly direction to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,migif & ,gebel ,dweig1 x receives z a tribut>y ,wadi ,dweig 79 :i* are ! ru9s ( an anci5t /ation7 on ! left4 ,tak+ !nce a m we/]ly c\rse x trav]ses m op5 c\ntry1 & !n n>r[s among hills nor?-we/ ( ! rem>kable peak ( ,gebel ,abu ,khrug4 ,at a b5d fur!r on is ,bir ,murra1 a %all[ well sunk 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi floor at ! foot ( a s]p5t9e sc>p2 ! wat] "h 7z ! "n ( ! well indicates7 is v bitt]1 & is g5]ally drunk only by camels4 ,aft] pass+ ,bir ,murra1 ! wadi turns s\?-we/1 !n curves aga9 ne> ,bir ,um ,gubur1 ab\t ?ree kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,sufra1 & ab\t twelve kilometres bel[ ,bir ,murra4 ,bir ,um ,gubur is a %aft ab\t two & a half metres diamet]1 sunk ab\t eight metres deep 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi2 x 0 yield+ good supplies ( excell5t wat] 9 #aijf4 ,ab\t t5 kilometres bel[ ,bir ,um ,gubur1 ,wadi ,hami% jo9s ,wadi ,%ait f ! nor?-ea/4 ,9 ! rema9d] ( ! c\rse ( ,wadi ,%ait to ! ,nile1 ! pr9cipal wat] s\rce is ,bir ,heliwat1#hd ab\t t5 kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,hami%1 & ! *ief tribut>y wadis are ,muelih1 ,beza1 & ,midrik1 all ( :i* jo9 x f ! nor?-ea/4 ,! upp] portions ( ,wadi ,%ait conta9 a fair abundance ( trees & scrub1 b ! l[] p>ts are s&y arid wa/es4 ,wadi ,muelih orig9ates 9 ! m\nta9 call$ ,gebel ,iteima1 9 lat4 #be #h4 ,= ab\t sixte5 kilometres its c\rse lies ill-def9$ ov] a s&y pla9 ) scatt]$ l[ hills1 to ,erf el ,fahid1 a rem>kable ea/ & we/ qu>tz ridge ne>ly two kilometres long ris+ among cru%$ diorites & s*i/s to a height ( #egi metres above sea1 or n9ety-five metres above ! wadi1 9 lat4 #be #j4 ,aft] pass+ ,erf el ,fahid1 ! c\rse ( ! wadi *anges to s\?-we/1 & gradually becomes m enclos$ by l[ hills4 ,! fir/ hills pass$ on ! "r are high ridges =m$ by great qu>tz ve9s /rik+ s\?-we/1 at ! foot ( :i* ! wadi =ms a pla9 ne>ly a kilometre broad1 ) l[ hills & m\nds ( d>k gneisses & s*i/s on ! left4 ,at t5 kilometres bel[ ,erf el ,fahid1 on ! left ( ! wadi1 is a horse-%oe %ap$ hill ( aplite call$ ,m>wot ,rod el ,ligaia1 to ! nor? & s\? ( :i* are o!r hills p5etrat$ by networks ( qu>tz ve9s4 ,two kilometres fur!r on1 a b& ( diorite gneiss cuts across ! wadi1 :i* !n comm5ces to n>r[ 9 among hills ( cru%$ diorites1 grey gneisses1 & s*i/s1 ) _m dykes ( porphyrite & felsite4 ,^! hills become progressively high] z "o desc5ds1 & ne> ! m]idian ( #cd ! wadi curves r\nd ! foot ( ,gebel ,muelih1 a great b>e :ite granite boss ris+ ?r\gh d>k] rocks to a height ( #ccj metres above ! wadi1 or #gjg metres above sea4 ,j aft] pass+ ,gebel ,muelih ! wadi1 :i* has "h a wid? ( only "s #bjj metres1 turns s\?-we/ aga94 ,at ?is turn1 ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! wadi floor1 is ,bir ,muelih1 an excavation ab\t six metres deep 9 ! alluvium1 yield+ v salt wat] dr9kable only by camels4 ,nor?-ea/ ( ! well a track /rikes ov] ! hills t[>ds ,dunga% m9e4 ,f ,bir ,muelih ! wadi cont9ues 9 a r\ghly s\?-we/ direction pa/ ,bir ,samut 7well ab\t "o kilometre nor? ( ,wadi ,muelih7 & !n takes a m s\!rly c\rse dra9+ into ,wadi ,%ait 9 longitude #cc #df4 ,! wadi floor falls f a level ( #dhd metres ne> ,erf el ,fahid to #cge metres at ,bir ,muelih1 ! l5g? ( ! wadi betwe5 ! two places be+ ab\t tw5ty-sev5 kilometres2 ?is gives an av]age fall ( ab\t f\r metres p] kilometre2 ! actual gradi5t v>ies f ab\t two metres p] kilometre 9 ! broad] portions to ov] six metres p] kilometre 9 ! m enclos$ p>ts ( ! wadi4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ,wadi ,muelih are b>r5 & s&y1 b ! l[] portions conta9 a fair am\nt ( vegetation4 ,! pr9cipal fe$]s ( ,wadi ,muelih are ,wadi ,g]f1 :i* ent]s by sev]al op5+s on ! left above ,gebel ,muelih1 ,wadi ,samut1 ent]+ on ! "r 9 long4 #cc #ed1 & ,wadi ,sibrit1 ent]+ on ! left 9 long4 #cc #ej4 ,wadi ,g]f is ! collective "n giv5 to a numb] ( r complicat$ dra9age *annels =m+ tribut>ies to ,wadi ,muelih4 ,! pr9cipal heads are to ! ea/ & we/ ( ,gebel ,nugrus4 ,! ea/]n head is call$ ,wadi ,hangalia2 x comm5ces at ab\t an altitude ( #haa metres due ea/ ( ! highe/ po9t ( ,gebel ,nugrus1 at a difficult pass lead+ ov] ! ma9 wat]%$ to ,wadi el ,nom1 & curves r\nd ! nor? spurs ( ,gebel ,nugrus to jo9 ! we/]n head4 ,9 ! ,wadi ,hangalia are "s old ru9s ( a m9+ camp1 & also "s rec5t prospect+ work+s & a well giv+ a poor supply ( wat]4 ,! ,we/]n head ( ,wadi ,g]f comm5ces 9 ne>ly level gr\nd on ! ma9 divide we/ ( ,gebel ,nugrus1 at an altitude ( #fia metres4 ,^! two ma9 heads unite close to ! ea/ ( ,gebel ,ras ,%ait1 :5ce ,wadi ,g]f c\rses ab\t nor?-we/ ?r\gh l[ hills4 ,a ?ird head is 9 lat4 #bd #eb1 at a pass lead+ into ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga4 ,a f\r?1 call$ ,rod el ,atut1 takes ! dra9age f all sides ( ! conspicu\s black cone ( ,gebel ,atut4 ,a fif?1 call$ ,rod ,um el ,f>ag1 dra9s f ! mass ( mod]ately high hills fur!r we/ call$ ,um el ,huetat2 ^! hills conta9 "s old m9es1 *iefly 9 talc s*i/s4 ,! dra9ages f ^! v>i\s heads all ev5tually take a we/-s\?-we/ c\rse among l[ hills & ov] a s&y pla9 & ent] ,wadi ,muelih by sev]al op5+s ne> longitude #cd4 ,m9or tribut>ies are ,wadi ,abu ,seyal & ,wadi ,um ,seyal1 s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,atut1 ,rod el ,ligaia1 9 longitude #cd #aj2 & ,rod el ,ligah1 9 latitude #bd #ej4 ,! pr9cipal hills ( ! pla9 ov] :i* ,wadi ,g]f & its tribut>ies run _! c\rse are "s v rem>kable small black peaks collectively call$ ,khusa el ,f>aon1 a light col\r$ hill call$ ,m>wot ,rod el ,ligah1 & a ridge call$ ,erf el ,sagur2 ^! two la/ rise to #ead & #ebc metres above sea-level respectively4 ,wadi ,g]f possesses a fair am\nt ( vegetation1 except :]e x me&]s ov] ! s&y pla9s2 9 ! tribut>ies ,wadi ,um ,seyal & ,wadi ,abu ,seyal acacia trees are specially num]\s4 ,wadi ,sibrit is a long n>r[ wadi foll[+ a c\rse some:at s\? ( we/1 orig9at+ to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,mud]geg & jo9+ ,wadi ,muelih 9 longitude #cc #ej4 ,x possesses _m trees & a good well1 ,bir ,sibrit4 ,?is latt] is an excavation 9 ! wadi floor1 9 longitude #cc #eh2 x is said to yield a con/ant supply4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijf ,i f\nd ! wat] 0 at a dep? ( eight metres bel[ ! surface1 & ( good quality4 ,wadi ,kh>it1 "o ( ! greate/ trunk wadis ( ,egypt1 has its pr9cipal head at ,gebel ,ras el ,kh>it1 on ! ma9 wat]%$ 9 latitude #ad #aj & longitude #ce4 ,pursu+ a c\rse ! prevail+ direction ( :i* is a little nor? ( we/1 & collect+ ! dra9age f num]\s great wadis on its way1 x deb\*es on ! ,kom ,ombo pla9 & rea*es ! ,nile at ! same po9t z ano!r great wadi1 ,%ait1 9 latitude #bd #ce4 ,! l5g? ( ! ma9 *annel is ov] #bfj kilometres1 & ( its tribut>ies probably m ?an tw5ty times z great4 ,x dra9s an area ( m ?an #bc1jjj squ>e kilometres4 ,its av]age fall is ab\t two metres p] kilometre1 b 9 its l[] rea*es its gradi5t is less ?an half ?is am\nt4 ,! pr9cipal tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,kh>it1 :i* w be sep>ately describ$1 are ! ,wadis ,nata%1 ,ant>1 ,kha%ab1 ,abu ,hamamid1 ,elemikan1 & ,g>>a 7?is la/ ) ,wadis ,timsah & ,ghadrib z great fe$]s74 ,i n[ propose to trace out ! c\rse ( ! ma9 wadi 9 "s detail1 leav+ its great] tribut>ies = sep>ate description1 b includ+ its m9or fe$]s4 ,! ma9 head ( ,wadi ,kh>it is on ! ,nile-,r$ ,sea divide1 betwe5 ,gebel ,ras el ,kh>it & ,gebel ,mikbi1 at an altitude ( consid]ably m ?an #fjj metres above ! sea4 ,! wadi at fir/ c\rses a little s\? ( we/1 ov] a g5tly fall+ s&y pla9 ) hills ( b\ld]y granite1 & curves r\nd ! s\? spurs ( ,gebel el ,anbat4#he ,"h x receives two tribut>ies1 "o f ! nor?-we/ call$ ,wadi ,hilgit1 & "o f ! s\?-ea/ call$ ,wadi ,egat4#hf ,wadi ,hilgit orig9ates on ! ma9 wat]%$ 9 longitude #cd #eb1 ne> ,gebel ,um ,u%]4 ,a v /eep & difficult pass ov] ! wat]%$ sep>ates its head f t ( ano!r ,wadi ,hilgit dra9+ nor?w>d to ,wadi ,huluz4 ,! two wadis are call$ ,wadi ,hilgit lil ,kh>it & ,wadi ,hilgit lil ,huluz respectively :5 x is necess>y to di/+ui% !m4 ,on its c\rse s\?w>d to ,kh>it1 ,wadi ,hilgit receives z tribut>ies ,wadi ,um ,hasidok & ,wadi ,um el ,tiur1 dra9+ ! m\nta9s ( ! same names4 ,wadi ,egat dra9s "p ( ! we/ slopes ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi & ! s\? "p ( ,gebel ,egat1 = ! fir/ half ( its c\rse be+ %ut 9 by high hills & = ! latt] half pass+ ov] a g5tly fall+ pla94 ,aft] pass+ ,gebel el ,anbat1 ,wadi ,kh>it cont9ues its c\rse a little s\? ( we/1 9 broad %all[ dra9age *annels ov] a great s&y pla94 ,9 ?is "p ( its c\rse x receives _m important fe$]s f ! m\nta9 masses :i* limit ! pla9 to ! nor?4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! fe$]s are ! ,wadis ,anbat1 ,ab>un1 ,um ,daba1 ,abu ,argub1 ,safihat1 ,um ,sellim1 & ,m$sus4 ,ne> :]e ,wadi ,m$sus ent]s1 ,wadi ,kh>it takes a m s\!rly c\rse1 pass+ nor? ( a mass ( l[ d>k hills call$ ,gebel ,g5e9a1 & "h x receives ,wadi ,abu ,gurdi1 dra9+ ! we/ slopes ( ! m\nta9 ( ! same "n1 ! ill-def9$ ,wadi ,elemikan 7see p4 #hd71 dra9+ ! ext5sive pla9 s\? ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi1 & ! ,rod el ,g5e9a1 dra9+ f ! hills ( ,g5e9a4 ,a little fur!r on1 curv+ to ! nor?-we/1 x receives ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im & ,wadi ,abu ,selili1 :i* dra9 ! s\? flanks ( ,gebel ,kahfa4 ,! next fe$] is ! ,wadi ,helie1 :i* dra9s ! we/ slopes ( ,gebel ,kahfa & ent]s ,kh>it f ! nor?-ea/2 a well1 ,bir ,helie1 exi/s 9 ?is wadi ab\t eight kilometres above its junction ) ,kh>it4 ,! well appe>s to be ( ! same "* z ,bir ,abu ,hamamid2 x 0 yield+ pl5ty ( good wat] 9 ! spr+ ( #aijf1 b 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye> ! supply 0 said to be small] & r salty4 ,ab\t t5 kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,helie1 ,wadi ,kh>it receives ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid 7see p4 #he71 com+ f ! nor?-ea/1 & "s f\rte5 kilometres fur!r on ano!r tribut>y1 ! ,rod el ,kh>uf1 ent]s f ! opposite side convey+ ! dra9age f ! nor?-we/ flanks ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam4 ,9 ! rema9+ portion ( its c\rse to ! ,nile1 ,wadi ,kh>it receives num]\s o!r tribut>ies1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are ,wadi ,kha%ab & ,wadi ,ant> on ! nor?1 & ! ,wadi ,g>>a on ! s\? 7see pp4 #hf & #hg74 ,on ! :ole1 ,wadi ,kh>it is poor 9 vegetation2 trees are fairly abundant 9 ! c5tral portion ( its c\rse1 b bo? ne> its head & ne> ! riv] x is v b>r54 ,9 consequ5ce ( its s&y & arid "* ne> ! ,nile1 x is n usual = c>avans to j\rney along ! wadi f its m\?2 ,arabs f ,d>aw usually g up ! tortu\s & s&y ,wadi ,allawi1 & !nce ent] ,kh>it ei!r by ! ,rod ,abu ,modellim or by a track among hills :i* leads ea/w>d to ,bir ,qoleib4 ,bir ,qoleib is a good well 9 a small tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it1 ab\t sev5ty kilometres by road f ! ,d>aw4 ,f ,bir ,qoleib to ! wells ( ,abu ,hamamid & ,helie ! we/w>d j\rney is ab\t #aaj kilometres1 :ile f ,bir ,qoleib to ! well ( ,abu ,ha%im1 s\?-ea/ 7on ! road to ,abu ,saafa71 is a di/ance ( ab\t sev5ty-five kilometres4 ,wadi ,elemikan is ! "n giv5 to an ill-def9$ sy/em ( dra9age *annels me&]+ ov] ! pla9 s\? ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi4 ,x orig9ates on ! ma9 wat]%$1 & at its head !re is a v easy pass ov] into ! ,wadi ,lahami1 :i* desc5ds to ! sea4 ,at ?is po9t1 :i* is #eij metres above ! sea1 ! wat]%$ is ill-def9$1 be+ a s&y pla92 b :ile to ! we/ ! pla9 cont9ues ) only a slight fall1 to ! ea/ x soon gives place to rugg$ c\ntry ?r\gh :i* n>r[ wadis desc5d rapidly t[>ds ! sea coa/4 ,! pla9 we/ ( ! wat]%$ is rem>kable = ! pres5ce ( ?ree great bosses ( qu>tz1 ! l>ge/ ( :i*1 call$ ,m>wot ,elemikan1 rises z a conspicu\s cone ( dazzl+ :it5ess to a height ( sixty-eight metres above ! pla94 ,besides ! dra9age f ! pla9 itself1 ,wadi ,elemikan receives fe$]s f ! hills :i* flank ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi to ! s\?1 & also a portion ( ! dra9age f ! ,wadi ,abu ,gurdi1 :i* divides into two *annels on em]g+ f ! m\nta9s4 ,pass+ betwe5 ! granite hills ( ,gebel ,abu ,d]ega & ,gebel ,selaia1 ,wadi ,elemikan c\rses a little nor? ( we/w>d ov] a great s&y pla9 to jo9 ! ,wadi ,kh>it nor? ( ,gebel ,g5e9a 9 longitude #cd #cf4 ,x is a b>r5 wadi1 b wat] c sometimes be obta9$ a little nor? ( x at a small spr+ call$ ,megal el ,selaia1 at ! foot ( a l[ hill "o kilometre s\?-ea/ ( ! great r\nd$ granite boss ( ,gebel ,selaia4 ,i obta9$ a small supply ( v good wat] "h e>ly 9 #aijf1 b ! spr+ is a v sl[ "o & is said to fail altoge!r 9 dry seasons4 ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid1 an important tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it1 orig9ates z a s]ies ( gullies 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid1 on ! we/ face ( ! ma9 wat]%$1 9 longitude #cd #dh4 ,x c\rses1 among high hills a little nor? ( we/ to longitude #cd #da1 !n turns s\?-we/ & ent]s ! pla9 :i* ext5ds to ! we/ ( ,bir ,%adli4 ,"h x receives "p ( ! dra9age f ,wadi el ,%eikh1 & turns we/w>d among l[] hills1 pass+ nor? ( ! r$ hills call$ ,el ,hamra1 to ,bir ,abu ,hamamid1 & !n turn+ s\?-we/ betwe5 ,el ,hamra & ,hamrat ,mukbud to jo9 ,kh>it 9 longitude #cd #bc4 ,bir ,abu ,hamamid is an important well2 x is a rude irregul> excavation1 ab\t six metres deep1 9 ! wadi floor1 d[n :i* m5 c walk to fill _! wat] sk9s4 ,?is well 0 yield+ m pl5tiful supplies 9 ! autumn ( #aijf ?an any ( ! o!r wells 9 ! neighb\rhood2 ! wat] 0 r salty & muddy1 b q dr9kable4 ,f ne> ,bir ,abu ,hamamid1 a track leads nor?-we/w>d ov] ! hills to ,bir ,kha%ab & on to ,bir ,masur4 ,to rea* ,bir ,%adli1 "o foll[s up ! ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid till x op5s on to a pla91 & !n /rikes almo/ due ea/w>d across ! pla94 ,a small tribut>y :i* jo9s ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid f ! nor?-ea/1 9 longitude #cd #da1 call$ ,wadi ,m>asani1 is important z lead+ to a pass ov] ! ma9 wat]%$ into ,wadi ,m>asan1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,huluz4 ,! altitude ( ! pass is #fhe metres above sea2 x is q practicable = baggage camels4 ,wadi el ,%eikh1 ! only great tribut>y ( ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid1 orig9ates 9 longitude #cd #dj1 9 ! hilly tract we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( its c\rse1 x is a n>r[ w9d+ wadi1 mo/ly %ut 9 by high hills1 pursu+ ma9ly a direction a little we/ ( s\?1 f$ by num]\s lat]al wadis ent]+ f among ! hills to ! ea/1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are ! ,wadis ,um ,somra1 ,krioni1 ,um ,nasir1 ,um ,h]e9i1 ,um ,s]eiha1 ,um ,deheisi1 ,um ,retba1 & ,um ,h>gal4 ,ne> ! po9t :]e ,wadi ,um ,deheisi jo9s x1 ! ,wadi el ,%eikh em]ges f ! hill c\ntry & me&]s ov] a pla94 ,at its entry on to ! pla9 is ! tomb & well ( ,%eikh ,%adli1 views ( :i* are giv5 on ,plate ,v4 ,! tomb1 f :i* ! wadi d]ives its "n1 is a :ite dom$ /ructure1 t5d$ by a ,moori% gu>dian4 ,! ,ababda ,arabs hold ! memory ( ,%eikh ,%adli 9 high v5]ation1 & make ye>ly pilgrimages to 8 tomb4 ,! well1 ,bir ,%adli1 close to ! tomb1 is a %all[ excavation 9 ! /ony alluvium ( ! wadi floor4 ,"h !re is a p]5nial supply ( wat]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 v>ies mu* 9 quality & quantity2 aft] ra91 !re =ms a l>ge pool ( good wat]1 ! surface be+ ma9ta9$ almo/ level ) ! gr\nd by und]gr\nd influx2 :ile :5 !re has be5 no ra9 = a ye> or m ! wat] is only f\nd by digg+ to sev]al metres dep?1 & !n only infiltrates sl[ly at ! bottom ( ! hole1 ! quality simultane\sly falls (f & ! wat] acquires a sal9e & purgative "*4 ,aft] pass+ ,bir ,%adli & ent]+ on ! pla91 ,wadi el ,%eikh splits up into num]\s *annels1 "o ( :i* jo9s ! ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid1 :ile ! o!rs cont9ue 9 a s\?-we/]ly direction1 f$ by ! ,wadis ,um ,retba & ,um ,h>gal1 dra9+ f ! nor? flanks ( ,gebel ,kahfa4 ,unit+ toge!r z !y leave ! pla9 to re-=m a s+le ,wadi el ,%eikh1 ^! dra9ages turn we/w>d among ! hills to jo9 ! ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid4 ,bir ,%adli is "o ( ! be/-kn[n c5tres ( ! ,ababda ,arabs4 ,?\gh !re is no p]man5t settlem5t1 x is seldom t _m days elapse )\t ,arabs com+ to ! place to wat] _! animals1 :i* graze 9 ! adjo9+ wadis4 ,_m roads conv]ge "h4 ,to ! we/1 a track leads to ,bir ,abu ,hamamid4 ,to ! nor?-ea/1 a track leads up ! ,wadi ,%eikh1 across ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid1 & by an easy pass ne> ,gebel ,m>asan ov] ! ma9 wat]%$ into ,wadi ,huluz4 ,to ! s\?-ea/ !re are sev]al alt]native r\tes by :i* "o c j\rney ov] easy passes nor? ( ,gebel ,kahfa on to ! pla9 ( ,selaia & d[n ! ,wadi ,lahami to ,b]5ice4 ,yet ano!r road leads a little we/ ( s\? across ! ,wadi ,um ,h>gal1 & by an easy pass into ,wadi ,helie1 a small tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it :i* dra9s ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,kahfa1 & 9 :i* !re is a well ( simil> "* to t ( ,abu ,hamamid4 ,wadi ,kha%ab comm5ces its c\rse ne> ,gebel el ,h$a1 a little ea/ ( longitude #cd #cj1 & cont9ues 9 a g5]ally s\?-we/ direction to ! latitude ( ,gebel ,hamrat ,mukbud4 ,"h x takes a we/]ly c\rse1 pass+ s\? ( ,gebel ,homr ,ak>im & ent]+ ,wadi ,kh>it f ! nor? 9 ab\t longitude #cc #di4 ,wadi ,kha%ab receives its "n f its relatively well-wood$ "*2 9 its upp] p>ts x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a broad valley1 9 :i* trees are s num]\s z to give a v pleas+ contra/ to ! dre>y wa/es on ei!r side ( x4 ,bir ,kha%ab is a s]ies ( pits sunk 9 ! wadi floor 9 ab\t longitude #cd #bc1 :i* 7 yield+ small supplies ( wat] 9 #aijf4 ,! pr9cipal fe$]s ( ,wadi ,kha%ab are ,wadi ,metawit & ,wadi ,ant>4 ,wadi ,metawit is a %ort valley orig9at+ ne> ,gebel ,metawit1 & jo9+ ,wadi ,kha%ab a %ort di/ance above ,bir ,kha%ab4 ,x possesses an important well1 ,bir ,metawit1 excavat$ ab\t eight metres deep 9 ! c5tre ( ! wadi floor1 ab\t ?ree kilometres nor?-nor?-we/ ( ! summit ( ,gebel ,metawit1 on a road lead+ s\?-ea/ f ,bir ,masur to ,bir ,%adli4 ,?is well1 ne> :i* are "s l>ge acacia trees1 0 yield+ a pl5tiful supply ( excell5t wat] 9 ! spr+ ( #aijf4 ,wadi ,ant> orig9ates ne> ! hills ( ,nukheira & ,el ,h$a1 & c\rses we/w>d z a v wide %all[ s&y depression s\? ( ,gebel ,um ,goraf4 ,at ! foot ( ,gebel ,d]]a x turns s\?w>d1 receiv+ ! tribut>y ,wadi el ,anz f ! left a little fur!r on2 x turns aga9 we/w>d & !n nor?-we/ to ne> ,gebel ,muktil1 beyond :i* x c\rses s\?-we/ & jo9s ,wadi ,kha%ab 9 longitude #cc #ee1 a %ort di/ance only above ! po9t :]e t wadi ent]s ,kh>it4 ,wadi el ,g>>a1 ! great s\!rn tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it1 heads on ! ma9 wat]%$ ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,h>ba4 ,pursu+ at fir/ a nor?-we/]ly c\rse ov] a s&y pla91 x em]ges betwe5 two high s&/one hills t5 kilometres nor? ( ,gebel ,um ,h>ba1 & turns some:at m to ! we/1 receiv+ ! ,wadi el ,kreim1 :i* dra9s ! s\?-ea/ flanks ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam4 ,a little fur!r on x receives an unnam$ tribut>y :i* c\rses nor?-we/w>d f ,gebel ,um ,h>ba z a great valley ne>ly full ( bl[n s&4 ,/ill fur!r on its c\rse x is f$ by ano!r unnam$ tribut>y :i*1 com+ f ! ma9 wat]%$ 9 latitude #bc #cj1 c\rses ov] a wide s&y pla9 nor?-we/w>ds4 ,?is latt] tribut>y is v b>r51 b is ( "s importance z =m+ a v easy ?\gh s&y road ov] ! ma9 wat]%$ to ! ,wadi ,arn$ 7:i* leads to ! spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa7 & z pass+1 ab\t five kilometres be=e rea*+ ! pass1 a well kn[n wat]-hole call$ ,galt el ,aguz4 ,?is galt is a huge s&/one bas9 9 ! hills on ! ea/ side ( ! road1 fairly easy ( access4 ,aft] ra9 x holds an imm5se supply ( wat]1 b ow+ to ! por\s nature ( ! s&/one x becomes dry 9 a few mon?s ( dr\ght2 rude ,greek inscriptions on ! rocks1 mix$ ) spirit$ draw+s ( animals1 %[ t ?is s\rce ( wat] supply 0 kn[n & us$ 9 ,ptolemaic days4 ,besides ! dra9age f ! pass1 ! tribut>y fir/ m5tion$ takes t f ! s&/one hills ( ,um ,khafur situat$ fur!r ea/4 ,a little l[] d[n1 ,wadi ,g>>a receives fe$]s f ! nor?-ea/1 dra9+ ! hills r\nd ,gebel ,nikeiba & ,gebel ,felieiti1 & !n ! long ,wadi ,timsah com+ f ! s\?4 ,wadi ,timsah heads among high granite hills a little nor? ( latitude #bc1 & c\rses 9 a ne>ly nor!rly direction = ne>ly n9ety kilometres to jo9 ,wadi ,g>>a4 ,! prevail+ "* ( ,wadi ,timsah itself is s&y & dre>y1 b its fe$]s f ! ea/]n hills are ri*] 9 vegetation1 & 9 ye>s :5 !re is ra9 !y furni% 9 _! upp] portions good graz+ gr\nd = ,arab camels4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! fe$]s1 enum]at+ f ! s\? nor?w>ds1 are ! ,wadis ,um el ,rid1 ,awamtib 7) ,wadi ,um ,m>akh71 ,%abakhit1 & ,dagalai4 ,all ^! dra9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ! high s&/one hills call$ by ! same names4 ,wat] c be got f galts "h aft] ra94 ,ne> ! head ( ,wadi ,um el ,rid1 !re is a v easy pass ov] ! ma9 wat]%$ into ,wadi el ,dreb1 :i* leads to ! well ( ,um ,reit4 ,( ! ,wadi ,ghadrib1 :i* heads ne> ! hills ( ,gebel ,abu ,rahia & ,gebel ,um ,rewat1 9 latitude #bc1 & foll[s a c\rse r\ghly p>allel to1 b a few kilometres we/ ( t ( ,wadi ,timsah1 n v mu* is kn[n4 ,its prevail+ "* is s&y & arid4 ,! small tribut>y call$ ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im1 :i* ent]s ,wadi ,g>>a f ! s\? 9 ab\t longitude #cd #e1 is important z conta9+ ! important wells kn[n z ,bir ,abu ,ha%im4 ,! wells are excavations 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi floor1 & furni% good wat] at a dep? ( ab\t eight metres4 ,a beacon has be5 erect$ on a high hill to ! we/ ( ! wells & ov]look+ !m1 ! position ( :i* is latitude #bc #da #dd ,n41 longitude #cd #c #cc ,e41 altitude #chf metres above sea & sixty-six metres above ! wells4 ,! pr9cipal roads f ,bir ,abu ,ha%im are1 to ,aswn 7fir/ wat] at ,um ,hibal1 ne>ly "o hundr$ kilometres di/ant71 to ,d>aw 7fir/ wat] at ,bir ,qoleib1 sev5ty-five kilometres di/ant71 & to ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s 7a j\rney ( ab\t "o hundr$ kilometres ) possibly wat] en r\te at ! ,galt el ,aguz1 sixty kilometres f ,abu ,ha%im74 ,wadi ,nata% comm5ces among ! l[ hills =m+ ! ,nile -- ,r$ ,sea wat]%$ betwe5 ,gebel ,migif & ,gebel ,abu ,_h4 ,x pursues a c\rse r\ghly p>allel ) t ( ,wadi ,%ait1 at fir/ ov] a s&y pla9 f :i* rise ! two conspicu\s cones call$ ,el ,nahud 7! brea/s71 & aft]w>ds n>r[+ 9 among hills4 ,pursu+ a some:at devi\s c\rse 9 a direction g5]ally a little s\? ( we/1 ,wadi ,nata% passes s\? ( ,gebel ,nugra 79 longitude #cc #dj7 & ent]s on ! great pla9 call$ ,atmur ,nugra1 :]e x jo9s ! ,wadi ,kh>it & dra9s to ! ,nile ne> ,kom ,ombo4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 no wat] s\rce 9 ,wadi ,nata% itself1 b ,bir ,masur is situat$ 9 a bran* wadi only a few kilometres nor? ( x 9 longitude #cd4 ,at ,bir ,masur !re are num]\s pits sunk 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi1 9 "o or m ( :i* good wat] c g5]ally be f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t t5 metres2 b ! supply _c always be reli$ on1 = al?\gh ,i obta9$ pl5ty ( wat] 9 ,m>* #aijf1 ,i f\nd !re 0 only a v small quantity available 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>4 ,wadi ,alaqi1 ! greate/ ( all ! ,egyptian wadis dra9+ we/w>ds to ! ,nile1 has its head on ! ma9 wat]%$ ne> ,gebel ,is1 close to ! #bbnd p>allel 9 longitude #ce #bg4 ,its ma9 *annel1 ov] #cej kilometres 9 l5g?1 pursues a g5]al we/]ly c\rse1 w9d+ at fir/1 pa/ ! old m9+ c5tres ( ,d>ahib & ,alfawi1 t[>ds ,gebel ,muqsim1 on ! #cd? m]idian1 & !n1 curv+ r\nd to ! nor? ( t m\nta91 x turns to ! nor?-we/1 pa/ ! gold m9es ( ,um ,g>i>t1 & ent]s ! ,nile ,valley opposite ! l>ge village ( ,dakka1 9 latitude #bc #h4 ,! area ( its bas9 is unkn[n1 mu* ( x be+ unexplor$1 b x probably comprises no less ?an f\r squ>e degrees ( ! e>?'s surface1 or #dd1jjj squ>e kilometres4 ,its heads & upp] tribut>ies lie among high m\nta9\s tracts p>tly 9 ,egypt & p>tly 9 ! ,sudan1 & occasionally ! ra9fall 9 ^! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ea/]n des]t is suffici5t to conv]t ! usually dry wadi into a tempor>y /ream = a "p or all ( its l5g?4 ,t x may on ! r>e occasions ( suffici5t ra9fall dis*>ge no inconsid]able quantity ( wat] into ! ,nile is prov$ by ,l9ant's exp]i5ce ab\t #ahcj1 :5 he records t ! torr5t f ! ,wadi ,alaqi into ! ,nile 0 s great z to prev5t 8 dahaba sail+ up ! riv] pa/ ! po9t ( influx1 ev5 ) a good w9d & all sails set4#hg ,a great fl[ ( wat] d[n ! ,wadi ,alaqi also occurr$ 9 ! autumn ( #aijb z a consequ5ce ( heavy ra9s 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry ea/ ( ! m]idian #cd #cj4 ,?is torr5t 0 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,wells1 :o 0 !n manag] ( ! ,um ,g>i>t m9e4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ news 0 br\ght to ! m9e t great wat]s 7 com+ d[n ! wadi4 ,except = a slight ra9fall at ! heads ( ! ,wadis ,qoleib & ,haimur1 ! dra9age ( :i* did n appreciably swell ! flood ( ! ma9 wadi1 !re _h be5 no ra9 )9 "o hundr$ kilometres ( ! m9e1 & :5 ! al>m 0 giv51 at #f4cj a4m41 only a small trickl+ ( wat] d[n ! wadi 0 visible1 & ! news 0 ?\ght to be an exagg]ation4 ,b an h\r lat] ! :ole wadi 0 a rag+ torr5t1 & by n9e o'clock !re 0 a mighty /ream1 ov] #cjj metres wide & f "o to two & a half metres deep1 ru%+ pa/ ! m9e4 ,! fl[ cont9u$ = ab\t two & a half days4 ,on ?is occasion ! /ream1 9 spite ( its magnitude at ,um ,g>i>t1 did n rea* ! ,nile2 aft] fl[+ = "s sev5ty kilometres pa/ ! m9es1 x ent]$ a wide depression at ,hagab ,k>a1 "s =ty kilometres f ! m\? ( ! wadi1 :]e x =m$ a great pool & sank into ! s&4 ,mr4 ,wells in=ms me t ! wat] did n p5etrate ! s&y & gravelly floor ( ! wadi to ! b$ rock 7! ?ickness ( ! s&y & gravelly lay] at ,um ,g>i>t is f\rte5 metres7 till ?ree mon?s lat]1 & !n ! rock1 ?\gh damp1 did n absorb en\gh wat] to yield any supply to wells sunk 9 x4 ,! local ,arabs /at$ t ^! d[nru%es ( wat]1 :i* !y t]m 8seil10 occur on an av]age at ab\t t5-ye> int]vals2 ! la/ "o occurr$ sev5 ye>s be=e t ( #aijb4 ,! "p ( ! bas9 ( ,wadi ,alaqi fall+ )9 ! limits ( ! di/rict describ$ 9 ?is volume includes ! :ole c\ntry we/ ( ! ma9 wat]%$ betwe5 ! p>allels ( #bb & #bc4 ,?is area is dra9$ by num]\s tribut>ies ( ,alaqi1 all ent]+ ! ma9 wadi f its nor? side4 ,! foll[+ is a brief description ( ^! tribut>ies1 comm5c+ ) ! upp]mo/ 7ea/]nmo/7 ( !m4 ,wadi ,himeitra is a small wadi dra9+ ! s\? face ( ,gebel ,himeitra4 ,x conta9s a well1 ,bir ,himeitra1 at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 :i* is said to yield con/ant supplies ( wat]4 ,bel[ ! well1 ,wadi ,himeitra cont9ues = ab\t t5 kilometres 9 a s\?-we/]ly direction1 jo9+ ! ,wadi ,alaqi ab\t sev5 kilometres above ! ru9s ( ,d>ahib4 ,! ,miti ,kwan1 ! next tribut>y ( ,alaqi1 has its heads 9 ! nor? flanks ( ,gebel ,himeitra4 ,ne> its head x receives z fe$]s f ! nor?-ea/ ! ,wadis ,kirir & ,duag1 dra9+ m\nta9s ( ! same "n :i* =m "p ( ! ,ad> ,qaqa range4 ,ab\t f\rte5 kilometres fur!r d[n its c\rse1 ! ,miti ,kwan receives ! ,wadi ,m]au1 :i* dra9s ! hills ( ! ma9 wat]%$ r\nd ,eir ,arib4 ,bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,m]au1 ! ,miti ,kwan pursues a v w9d+ c\rse among ! hills = "s elev5 kilometres1 !n receives f ! nor? ! ,wadi ,miaus1 a small wadi ) _m bran*es among ! hills & conta9+ a well1 ,bir ,miaus1 ab\t sev5 kilometres up f its m\?4 ,aft] receiv+ ,wadi ,miaus1 ! ,miti ,kwan cont9ues a w9d+ c\rse = ab\t n9e kilometres & ent]s ! ,wadi ,alaqi on ! #bbnd p>allel1 ab\t fifte5 kilometres bel[ ! ru9s ( ,d>ahib4 ,a well-kn[n road1 connect+ ! ,wadi ,alaqi ) ! ,abu ,hodeid & ,meisah wells1 leads up ! ,miti ,kwan = a di/ance ( "s tw5ty-?ree kilometres1 & !n passes nor?w>ds ov] a /ony pla91 cross+ ! wat]%$ into ! head ( ,wadi ,hasium1 9 :i* is ,bir ,kagog4 ,wadi ,dage9a is a small _m-bran*$ tribut>y ( ,alaqi1 dra9+ ! hills ea/ ( ,gebel ,egat4 ,wadi ,alfawi1 :i* ent]s ,wadi ,alaqi a little l[] d[n its c\rse1 is likewise a small wadi dra9+ ! hilly tract ea/ ( ,gebel ,egat2 !re are "s old m9es on its we/]n side close to its junction ) ,wadi ,alaqi4 ,wadi ,egat1 ! next important tribut>y ( ,alaqi1 dra9s by v num]\s bran*es ! rem>kable peak ( ,gebel ,egat & ! s\? faces ( ,gebel ,heleikonti4 ,x conta9s a well1 ,bir ,egat1 situat$ ea/-s\?-ea/ ( ! peak1 ab\t tw5ty-six kilometres up f its junction ) ,alaqi1 & !re are ext5sive rema9s ( old m9+ op]ations to be se5 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,pass+ ea/ & s\? ( ,gebel ,egat1 ! wadi em]ges f ! m\nta9s1 c\rs+ almo/ due we/2 & aft] receiv+ v>i\s fe$]s1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ,wadi ,hiteib1 f ! m\nta9s to ! nor?1 x ent]s ,wadi ,alaqi 9 longitude #cd #dj1 ab\t tw5ty kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,egat4 ,wadi ,hateib1#hh :i* ent]s ,wadi ,alaqi ab\t tw5ty kilometres bel[ ,wadi ,egat1 has its heads 9 ! s\? faces ( ,gebel ,um el ,tiur el ,foqani & ! nor? flanks ( ,gebel el ,hateib or ,suh94 ,c\rs+ g5]ally s\?-we/w>d1 x receives small fe$]s on ! we/ f ,gebels ,adraq & ,guqub4 ,ab\t f\r kilometres above :]e x ent]s ,wadi ,alaqi1 ,wadi ,hateib is jo9$ f ! ea/ by ,wadi ,suh91 ! heads ( :i* dra9 ! s\? faces ( ,gebel ,hateib or ,suh94 ,wadi ,guqub1 a v small wadi :i* ent]s ,alaqi six kilometres l[] d[n ?an ,hateib1 dra9s ! hilly tract :i* "h lies to ! nor? ( ,alaqi2 x conta9s an important well1 ,bir ,guqub1 :i* yields good wat] ?\gh 9 v>y+ quantity4 ,a road leads f ,wadi ,alaqi up ! ,wadi ,guqub pa/ ! well & on to ,aswn1 via ,el ,haimur4 ,wadi ,um ,t5eideb dra9s ! we/]n faces ( ,gebels el ,adraq & ,guqub1 & jo9s ,wadi ,alaqi 9 longitude #cd #aa1 ab\t ?irty-?ree kilometres bel[ ,wadi ,gugub4 ,x has two ma9 bran*es1 :i* unite ab\t t5 kilometres above ! po9t ( junction ) ,wadi ,alaqi4 ,! old m9es ( ,betam are situat$ ne> ! nor!rn ( ! two bran*es1 ab\t sev5 kilometres we/ ( ,gebel el ,adraq1 on ! road j m5tion$ z lead+ f ,wadi ,alaqi to ,aswn4 ,wadi ,defeit1 :i* is probably ! mo/ important ,egyptian tribut>y ( ,wadi ,alaqi1 has its heads 9 ,gebels ,heleikont & ,heianai1 ab\t ! m]idian ( #ce4 ,its g5]al c\rse is t ( a flat circul> arc convex to ! nor? & hav+ its *ord ea/ & we/2 ! total l5g? ( its ma9 *annel1 f its head 9 ,gebel ,heleikont to its junction ) ,wadi ,alaqi 9 longitude #cd #aj1 is ov] "o hundr$ kilometres1 :ile its num]\s tribut>ies probably rea* a total l5g? ?ree times z great4 ,! pr9cipal head ( ,wadi ,defeit is call$ ,wadi ,s>id2 its bran*es ext5d among ! hills close to ! heads ( ,wadi ,egat & ,wadi ,miaus4 ,! "n ,defeit is appli$ to ! wadi :]e ,wadi ,s>id is jo9$ by ! fe$]s f ,gebel ,heleikont4 ,pass+ betwe5 ! high ranges ( ,heianai on ! nor?1 & ,heleikont & ,%anaiyet on ! s\?1 ,wadi ,defeit receives num]\s fe$]s1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are ! ,wadis ,dauriai & ,hamid1 bo? ent]+ x f ! m\nta9 to ! s\?2 cont9u+ we/w>ds1 x cuts ?r\gh ! nor? end ( ! mass ( ,gebel ,um el ,tiur el ,foqani1 & on em]g5ce is jo9$ by ! ,wadi ,b9t el ,feqoh1 a great we/w>d-c\rs+ tribut>y dra9+ ! nor? flanks ( ! ,heianai range & ! m nor!rly m\nta9 ( ,anweyib4 ,cont9u+ its we/w>d c\rse1 ,wadi ,defeit passes betwe5 ,gebels ,um el ,tiur el ,tahtani & ,adraq2 !n x ent]s on an ext5sive tract ( m op5 c\ntry1 receiv+ ?ree ma9 fe$]s1 ,wadi ,meladoyeb1 ,rod ,hauan91 & ,wadi ,bagh>id1 f ! hills to ! nor?1 be=e jo9+ ,wadi ,alaqi4 ,wadi ,seiga1 ! next great nor!rn tribut>y ( ,wadi ,alaqi1 has only be5 p>tially explor$4 ,its head is 9 ! wat]%$ range ne> ! conspicu\s tw9 peaks ( ,gebel ,%ey5it4 ,pursu+ at fir/ a s\!rly c\rse1 x cuts ?r\gh ! ea/ side ( ! mass ( ,gebel ,seiga2 & ab\t ?irty kilometres l[] d[n passes ?r\gh hills ) old gold m9es on ei!r h&4 ,bel[ ! m9es1 ,wadi ,seiga takes a s\?-we/]ly c\rse1 & receives a l>ge tribut>y f ei!r side4 ,t f ! we/1 call$ ,wadi ,deheis1 heads 9 ,gebel ,deheis & curves r\nd ea/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,bru%1 receiv+ 9 its c\rse two great fe$]s1 ! ,wadis ,um ,gholqa & ,abu ,_h1 bo? ( :i* head f> to ! nor? 9 ! ma9 wat]%$4 ,! ea/]n tribut>y1 call$ ,wadi ,um ,d]]a1 dra9s ! s\? "p ( ! hill-mass 9 :i* ! ,seiga m9es are situat$4 ,wadi ,seiga jo9s ,wadi ,alaqi 9 longitude #cc #ec1 "s =ty-five kilometres bel[ ! m9es2 ! junction is outside ! limits ( ! maps 9 ?is volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #hd3 ,dry 9 #aijf4 ,footnote #he3 ,to be di/+ui%$ f ano!r m\nta9 ( ! same "n fur!r s\?1 ne> ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,footnote #hf3 ,to be di/+ui%$ f ! bett] kn[n ,wadi ,egat mu* fur!r s\?1 a fe$] ( ,wadi ,alaqi4 ,footnote #hg3 8,l',etbaye40 p4 #a4 ,footnote #hh3 ,mr4 ,campbell's map names ?is ,wadi ,hadaib]4 ,my guides1 h[ev]1 gave ! "n ,gebel ,hateib to ! m\nta9 :i* is dra9$ by ! wadi1 & ,i h v5tur$ to alt] ! "n on ?is gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,campbell's map names ! m\nta9 ,gebel ,suh92 x probably has two names1 z is q usual 9 des]t nom5clature1 because its two sides are dra9$ by diff]5t wadis4 ,!re is a ,wadi ,hiteib dra9+ f ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! same hill-mass into ,wadi ,egat4 ,,*apt] ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wadis ,,dra9+ ,,ea/w>ds ,,to ,,! ,,sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ea/w>d dra9age diff]s /rik+ly f ! we/w>d 9 be+ mu* /eep] & m complex1 due to ! great] proximity ( ! m\nta9s to ! sea ?an to ! ,nile4 ,:ile all ! we/w>d dra9ages =m p>ts ( b ?ree great bas9s1 !re are on ! seaw>d side no less ?an =ty-sev5 di/9ct dra9age bas9s1 ea* hav+ a sep>ate outlet to sea 7see ,plate ,,ii74 ,only two ( ! ea/]n bas9s1 ,hode9 & ,di-x1 are comp>able 9 size ) ! great bas9s ( ! we/1 ! rema9d] be+ relatively small4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! names 9 ord]1 f nor? to s\?1 ( ! ma9 wadis dra9+ to ! sea1 ) _! tribut>ies s f> z !y fall )9 ! area treat$ ( 9 ?is volume1 ! pr9cipal fe$]s ( ! tribut>ies be+ indicat$ 9 p>5!ses4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! m9or fe$]s & tribut>ies are frequ5tly ( great] importance to ! ,arabs ?an ! ma9 *annels1 ow+ to _! conta9+ vegetation 9 great] abundance4 ,,wadi ,,dabur4 ,,wadi ,,igli4 ,,wadi ,,um ,,kh>iga4 ,,wadi ,,suk>i4 ,,wadi ,,um ,,tundeba4 ,,wadi ,,amba-,,ut4 ,wadi ,ghuel4 ,wadi ,fegas4 ,wadi ,ma-ud4 ,,wadi ,,ghadir ,wadi ,sabahia4 ,wadi ,zab>a 7,wadi ,atabi1 ,wadi ,um ,abid1 ,wadi ,um ,dafiri74 ,wadi ,allawi 7,wadi ,lewewi74 ,,wadi ,,um ,,gamil4 ,wadi ,huluz 7,wadi ,abiad lil ,huluz1 ,wadi ,mahali1 ,wadi ,t>fawi1 ,wadi ,hilgit lil ,huluz1 ,wadi ,um ,semiuki1 ,wadi ,um ,hegiligi lil ,huluz1 ,wadi ,m>asan1 ,wadi ,um ,su]ab lil ,huluz1 ,wadi ,abu ,g]ifat1 ,wadi ,um ,iteili1 ,wadi ,ga-etri1 ,wadi ,abu ,etl74 ,wadi ,um ,su]ab lil ,gemal4 ,wadi ,durunkat4 ,wadi ,hafafit 7,wadi ,abu ,_h1 ,wadi ,hefeifit74 ,,wadi ,,gemal ,wadi ,nugrus 7,wadai el ,nom1 ,wadi ,abu ,ru%eid1 ,wadi ,abu ,sada1 ,wadi ,sikait74 ,wadi ,mukhatatat4 ,wadi ,um ,sueh4 ,wadi ,um ,h]an4 ,wadi ,nasbia4 ,wadi ,abiad 7,wadi ,um ,seyal74 ,wadi ,um ,kabu4 ,,wadi ,,um ,,el ,,abbas ,wadai el ,anz4 ,,wadi ,,abu ,,ghusun ,wadi ,romit 7,wadi ,%oab1 ,wadi ,abu ,hegilig1 ,wadi ,hefeiri74 ,,wadi ,,el ,,ranga4 ,,wadi ,,hamata4 ,,wadi ,,h>atreit4 ,,wadi ,,kha%ir4 ,,wadi ,,mikbi4 ,wadi ,um ,k>aba4 ,wadi ,eidab4 ,wadi ,um ,gunud4 ,wadi ,um ,ri%an4 ,wadi ,um ,hom>4 ,,wadi ,,lahami ,wadi ,sef5t4 ,wadi ,um ,khuzama4 ,wadi ,um ,ghoba%a4 ,wadi ,gumudlum4 ,wadi ,abu ,m>wa lil ,lahami4 ,wadi ,naait 7,wadi ,um ,sumur1 ,wadi ,abu ,m>wa lil ,,wadi ,,mukhit ,naait1 ,wadi ,abu ,ghalqa74 ,wadi ,abu ,daba 7,wadi ,murra74 ,,wadi ,,abu ,,dibban4 ,,wadi ,,m9deit ,wadi ,um ,sellim lil ,m9deit4 ,wadi ,um ,maiat4 ,,wadi ,,kalalat ,wadi ,dibag lil ,batoga4 ,wadi ,um ,sellim4 ,,wadi ,,um ,,goran4 ,,wadi ,,kuns]ob ,wadi ,dibag lil ,kuns]ob4 ,,wadi ,,abu ,,b]iga4 ,wadi ,abu ,debebi lil ,khoda4 ,wadi ,salib el ,abiad4 ,wadi ,salib el ,azraq 7,wadi ,um ,k>aba74 ,wadi ,allawi4 ,wadi ,um ,tawil lil ,khoda4 ,wadi ,h9dia4 ,wadi ,um ,akra4 ,,wadi ,,khoda ,wadi ,%ut 7,wadi ,abu ,hugban1 ,wadi ,tawil lil ,%ut74 ,wadi ,um ,gubur4 ,wadi ,%ib4 ,wadi ,um ,seyal lil ,khoda4 ,wadi ,gumudlum4 ,wadi ,bulluk4 ,wadi ,um ,lassaf4 ,wadi ,%5%ef4 ,,wadi ,,um ,,etli4 ,,wadi ,,sorubiab ,wadi ,b9t el ,kurdum4 ,wadi ,titai4 ,wadi ,abu ,nikheil4 ,wadi ,abu ,reye4 ,wadi ,um ,bu]at4 ,,wadi ,,rahaba ,wadi ,abiad 7,rod ,elbel1 ,wadi ,abu ,ribian74 ,wadi ,megah4 ,wadi ,hutit4 ,wadi ,dagalai lil ,rahaba4 ,wadi ,abu ,_h4 ,wadi ,m>afai4 ,wadi ,arn$ 7,wadi ,muegil1 ,wadi ,um ,arta74 ,wadi ,saalek4 ,wadi ,um ,reit 7,wadi ,dreb1 ,wadi ,malhat74 ,talet ,um ,danaqa4 ,talet ,um ,sideiri4 ,wadi ,gihab 7,wadi ,gihab ,abu ,d]b74 ,wadi ,maghal4 ,wadi ,naam 7,wadi ,fil1 ,wadi ,abu ,seyal1 ,wadi ,um ,bisilla1 ,wadi ,erf ,um ,araka1 ,wadi ,arais1 ,wadi ,silsila1 ,wadi ,abraq1 ,wadi ,betan74 ,wadi ,dif 7,wadi ,feqoh1 ,talet ,um ,k>aba1 ,wadi ,enqireidia1 ,wadi ,gelabat ,%abai74 ,wadi ,orga el ,at%ani4 ,,wadi ,,hode9 ,wadi ,orga el ,rayani4 ,wadi ,anfeib 7,wadi ,anfeib el ,tawayib1 ,wadi ,atalab1 ,wadi ,mitatib74 ,wadi ,khasiya4 ,wadi ,madi 7,wadi ,difotib1 ,wadi ,eirahimib1 ,wadi ,faditiai1 ,wadi ,%ellal el ,gh>bi1 ,wadi ,s9atib1 ,wadi ,tugudbaia1 ,wadi ,b]5diyeb1 ,wadi ,atluk1 ,rod ,mukrayib1 ,wadi ,kolaiqo1 ,wadi ,edunqul74 ,wadi ,um ,t5$ba4 ,wadi ,kha%ab 7,wadi ,dehai>tib74 ,wadi ,um ,seleim4 ,wadi ,kreiga 7,wadi ,korbiai1 ,wadi ,m5eiga1 ,wadi ,abiad1 ,wadi ,eb]]1 ,wadi ,%igig74 ,,wadi ,,kolaiqo4 ,wadi ,radad4 ,wadi ,%ellal el ,%>qi4 ,wadi ,muqur 7,wadi ,ti ,ilak1 ,wadi ,tiko%a74 ,wadi ,qadiloi 7,talet ,tihu ,%ana74 ,,wadi ,,%ab ,wadi ,baaneit4 ,wadi ,kilanai4 ,wadi ,diqdib4 ,wadi ,um ,saha4 ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi4 ,kwat ,hewah4 ,wadi ,mantil ,hasium4 ,wadi ,hilwit ,hasium4 ,wadi ,%9ai4 ,wadi ,delawet4 ,wadi ,abu ,hodeid4 ,rod ,anut ,b]]4 ,wadi ,tikraneib4 ,,wadi ,,ibib 7,,hasium7 ,wadi ,abu ,hireiq4 ,wadi ,odruk4 ,wadi ,nilateib4 ,wadi ,m$>ai 7,wadi ,m]diyeb1 ,wadi ,um ,rase974 ,wadi ,soaorib 7,wadi ,haiyo1 ,wadi ,hankuk1 ,wadi ,di%lo1 ,wadi ,eimya1 ,wadi ,qidmib74 ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit 7,wadi ,delawet1 ,wadi ,orgem74 ,wadi ,habliai4 ,wadi ,s>obaiya4 ,wadi ,awitla4 ,wadi ,lasewid4 ,,wadi ,,meisah ,s>ob ,kwan4 ,akla ,da-aiyob4 ,hanqun ,ra-ub4 ,wadi ,eqaiyib4 ,wadi ,%5dib4 ,wadi ,h>eitra4 ,wadi ,qurat 7,wadi ,dibir1 ,wadi ,ha%imaiyib1 ,wadi ,o%qeq1 ,wadi ,ma%u%5ai74 ,o ,h>bub4 ,,wadi ,,kiraf 7,,di-,,ib7 ,wadi ,salalob4 ,wadi ,w>abeit 7,s>ob ,kwan1 ,wadi ,wi-eqw]1 ,wadi ,kwileimidaiyeib74 ,wadi ,qumad ,lim4 ,wad el ,qireira 7,wadi ,didaut1 ,wadi ,baueiwai74 ,wadi ,halal ,h5diyeb4 ,,wadi ,,di-,,x4 ,,wadi ,,eikwan4 ,wadi ,o ,sir ,hadal4 ,wadi ,qeirat4 ,,wadi ,,yoid] ,wadi ,siamtit4 ,wadi ,akwamtra4 ,,wadi ,,aideib ,wadi ,yahameib 7,wadi ,akau1 ,wadi ,kansisrob74 ,,wadi ,,todhi4 ,,wadi ,,del[a4 ,wadi ,um ,seyal4 ,,wadi ,,s]imtai ,wadi ,o ,sir ,eirab4 ,,wadi ,,%ellal4 ,,wadi ,,aqilhoq4 ,,wadi ,,aqwei4 ,,wadi ,,kreit-,,reit-,,or4 ,,wadi ,,qabatit4 ,wadi ,dabur falls only p>tly )9 ! di/rict to be describ$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,x dra9s ! hill c\ntry betwe5 ,gebels ,atut & ,igli1 by num]\s fe$]s1 & c\rses nor?-ea/ to ent] ! sea ab\t latitude #be #af1 beyond ! limits %[n on ! map4 ,wadi ,igli is a %ort wadi dra9+ f ,gebel ,igli & c\rs+ a little nor? ( ea/ to ! sea some:at s\? ( latitude #be #aj4 ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga has its pr9cipal head 9 a cul-de-sac we/ ( ,gebel ,ghuel & nor? ( ,gebel ,hangalia1 at an altitude ( approximately #hjj metres above sea-level4 ,ne> its head !re is an easy pass ent]+ f ! we/1 =m+ a l9e ( communication ) ,hangalia m9e2 ! highe/ po9t ( ! pass is #ggc metres above sea-level4 ,aft] c\rs+ = ab\t twelve kilometres a little we/ ( nor? betwe5 ! high hills call$ ,gebel ,um ,kh>iga1 ) a rapid fall1 ! wadi turns nor?-ea/1 receiv+ j bel[ ! b5d a l>ge tribut>y :i* heads 9 an easy pass to ,wadi ,ghadir4 ,ne> ?is place a road crosses ! wadi nor?w>ds ?r\gh ! l[ hills1 & passes we/ ( ,gebel ,igli el ,iswid2 x is said to g on to ,q5a4 ,fur!r on 9 its c\rse t[>ds ! sea1 ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga receives ano!r tribut>y dra9+ ! s\? flanks ( ,gebel ,igli el ,iswid4 ,! l[] portion ( ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga has n be5 survey$ 9 detail2 b x passes ?r\gh a tract ( l[] hills & ent]s ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #be #e4 ,! total l5g? ( ! ma9 *annel ( ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga is ab\t fifty kilometres1 & ! area ( its bas9 is ab\t #cjj squ>e kilometres4 ,wadi ,suk>i1 ! next wadi to ! s\?1 heads at a pass f ,wadi ,ghadir2 = ab\t n9e kilometres x c\rses ea/ ( nor? betwe5 ! ea/]n range ( ,gebel ,um ,kh>iga & ! craggy ,gebel ,suk>i1 !n turns m to ! ea/ & ent]s ! sea a little s\? ( ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga4 ,ne> ! s\? end ( ,gebel ,suk>i !re are num]\s ru9s & "s anci5t gold m9es4 ,wadi ,um ,tundeba heads ne> ! m\nta9 ( ! same "n1 & c\rses ab\t nor?-ea/ to ! sea4 ,9 "o ( ! heads ( ?is wadi1 ab\t ?ree kilometres we/ ( ! summit ( ,gebel ,um ,tundeba1 is an important wat] s\rce1 call$ ,galt ,um ,tundeba4 ,?is is a rock bas9 situat$ ab\t "o kilometre up a little wadi2 x conta9$ a good supply ( wat] 9 ,decemb] #aije1 b z x dep5ds = its supply on ra9fall 9 ! surr\nd+ hills1 x _c be reli$ on z a p]man5t wat] s\rce4 ,wadi ,amba-ut is a small wadi orig9at+ ne> ! granite hills call$ ,gebel ,amba-ut1 & foll[+ a c\rse ab\t p>allel ) ! ,wadi ,um ,tundeba seaw>ds4 ,wadi ,ghadir1 :i* dra9s by num]\s tribut>ies ! ea/]n face ( ,gebels ,hangalia & ,zab>a1 z well z ! hilly c\ntry r\nd ,gebels ,ghadir1 ,allawi1 & ,lewewi1 has a bas9 ( ov] #ejj squ>e kilometres & a l5g? along its ma9 *annel1 n c\nt+ its fe$]s1 ( ab\t =ty-five kilometres2 x ent]s ! sea 9 latitude #bd #ej4 ,! pr9cipal head ( ,wadi ,ghadir is at an easy pass betwe5 ,gebels ,ghuel & ,um ,kh>iga1 9 latitude #bd #ee1 at an altitude ( ab\t #ejj metres above sea-level4 ,c\rs+ s\?-ea/1 x receives important fe$]s f gorges 9 ! we/ face ( ,gebel ,ghuel2 ! pr9cipal ( ^! fe$]s1 ,wadi ,ghuel1 conta9s wat] holes1 :i* gave an excell5t supply ( ra9 wat] 9 #aije-jf4 ,a little fur!r along its c\rse1 ,wadi ,ghadir passes ! l[ hill di/rict call$ ,kurdeman1 :]e !re are "s old gold m9es1 & !n receives z tribut>ies ,wadi ,fegas & ,wadi ,ma-ud1 dra9+ ! m\nta9s ( ,ghuel & ,hangalia4 ,tak+ n[ a m ea/]ly direction t[>ds ,gebel ,ghadir1 x receives f ! nor?-we/ ,wadi ,sabahia1 dra9+ ! craggy felsite hill ( ! same "n2 !re are "s old gold m9es ab\t a kilometre nor?-ea/ ( ?is hill1 9 a bran* ( ,wadi ,sabahia4 ,! ,wadi ,zab>a1 an important tribut>y dra9+ ! nor? flanks ( ,gebel ,zab>a & ! s\?-ea/ "p ( ,gebel ,hangalia1 ent]s ,ghadir f ! s\?-we/1 ne>ly opposite ,wadi ,sabahia4 ,wadi ,zab>a has itself ?ree ma9 heads1 call$ by ! sep>ate names ( ,wadi ,atabi1 ,wadi ,um ,abid1 & ,wadi ,um ,dafiri4 ,!re are ru9s & anci5t m9es close to :]e ! ,wadi ,atabi jo9s ,wadi ,zab>a1 :ile 9 ! upp] "p ( ,wadi ,um ,dafiri are m ext5sive ru9s & num]\s anci5t em]ald m9es1 z well z a s]ies ( rock bas9s :i* 7 yield+ good wat] 9 #aije-aijf4 ,aft] receiv+ ! ,wadi ,zab>a1 ,wadi ,ghadir cont9ues its c\rse s\?-ea/ pa/ ,gebel ,ghadir1 f ! slopes ( :i* num]\s small fe$]s ent] ! ma9 *annel4 ,almo/ due s\? ( ,gebel ,ghadir1 9 ! s\!rn "o ( two bran*es into :i* ! wadi splits z x passes r\nd a l[ isl&-l mass ( hills1 is ,bir ,ghadir1 a well sunk 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi floor4 ,:5 ,i visit$ x e>ly 9 #aijf ?is well 0 fill$ by d[nwa%1 & ! ,arabs ( ! di/rict def]r$ digg+ x out until ! rock bas9s 7 empty2 x is an important wat] s\rce & is said to yield good supplies4 ,! m9es ( ,hangalia 7 suppli$ by wat] f ,bir ,ghadir 9 #aije1 :5 ne>] s\rces 7 dry4 ,ab\t six kilometres bel[ ! well1 ,wadi ,ghadir passes close nor? ( ,gebel ,allawi1 :]e !re are "s old gold m9es4 ,! ,wadi ,allawi1 :i* ) its tribut>y ,wadi ,lewewi dra9s ! hilly c\ntry betwe5 ,gebels ,zab>a & ,sikait1 ent]s ,ghadir a little to ! ea/ ( ,gebel ,allawi2 bo? ,allawi & ,lewewi are v tortu\s wadis1 _! names 9 fact mean+ 8crook$0 9 ! ,ababda tongue 7,lewewi is a dim9utive ( ,allawi74 ,wadi ,um ,gamil1 ! next wadi ent]+ ! sea to ! s\?1 dra9s ! hilly c\ntry s\?-ea/ ( ,sikait4 ,v little is kn[n ab\t its c\rse1 ! only "p survey$ be+ ! heads ea/ ( ,gebel ,sikait4 ,wadi ,gemal is ! t]m9al portion1 ab\t sixty kilometres 9 l5g?1 ( ! ma9 dra9age *annel f a bas9 ne>ly #bjj squ>e kilometres 9 area4 ,) its num]\s l>ge fe$]s1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ,wadi ,huluz1 ab\t eighty kilometres 9 l5g?1 ! ,wadi ,gemal dra9s ! ,hafafit & ,nugrus ranges ( m\nta9s on ! nor?1 & a great mass ( high m\nta9s1 includ+ ,gebel ,hamata1 on ! s\?4 ,x w be conv5i5t "h to describe only ! ,wadi ,gemal prop]1 leav+ ! great wadis :i* jo9 to =m x1 & its major tribut>ies1 = sep>ate treatm5t4 ,! "n ,wadi ,gemal is fir/ giv5 to ! dra9age at ! po9t :]e ,wadi ,huluz turns %>ply ea/w>d 9 longitude #cd #ci4hi ,at ?is po9t ! c\ntry becomes m op5 ?an 9 ! gorge-l ,wadi ,huluz4 ,to ! nor? is a mass ( l[ granite hills1 "s ( :i* h rem>kable %apes1 ) a great deal ( drift s&1 :ile to ! s\? are ! high] d>k hills flank+ ,gebel ,um ,su]ab4 ,among ^! surr\nd+s ! wadi pursues a w9d+ c\rse1 ) a g5]al nor?-ea/]ly direction1 receiv+ ! ,wadi ,um ,su]ab lil ,gemal & ! ,wadi ,durunkat z tribut>ies f ! s\?4 ,ab\t six kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,durunkat1 on ! "r 7s\?7 side ( ,wadi ,gemal1 is a locality call$ ,geli1 :]e !re are ext5sive ru9s4 ,a v rem>kable rock 9 ! middle ( ! ma9 wadi m>ks ! place :5ce a track leads s\?-ea/ pa/ ! ru9s & across ! heads ( ,wadis ,um ,ghazal & ,mukhatatat into ! upp] "p ( ,wadi el ,abiad4 ,pass+ a rem>kable bell-%ap$ hill 7,gebel ,um ,regeba1 ris+ to #ega metres above sea1 ! 8mosque rock0 ( ,floy]'s map7 ab\t f\r kilometres on ! left1 ,wadi ,gemal receives two small fe$]s com+ f among ! hills to ! s\?1 & !n ! important tribut>y call$ ,wadi ,hafafit ent]s f ! nor?-we/4 ,bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,hafafit1 ! ,wadi ,gemal becomes m n>r[1 & %ut 9 by high hills4 ,ne> ! m]idian ( #cd #di !re are "s ru9s on ! nor? side ( ! wadi1 & a little fur!r on ! ,wadi ,nugrus1 "o ( ! l>ge/ tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,gemal1 ent]s f ! nor?-we/ at a r %>p b5d4 ,fur!r d[n1 ,wadi ,gemal receives ,wadi el ,mukhatatat & ,wadi ,um ,sueh f ! s\?1 & ,wadi ,um ,h]an & ,wadi el ,nasbia f ! nor?4 ,! ,wadi ,abiad1 :i* next jo9s ,wadi ,gemal f ! s\?1 is an important fe$]4 ,two kilometres bel[ ! m\? ( ,wadi el ,abiad1 ! ,wadi ,um ,kabu ent]s ,wadi ,gemal f ! nor?-we/1 :ile ne>ly opposite to x is a small wadi1 call$ ,um ,sellimi1 9 :i* !re are wat] pools aft] ra94 ,! wadi n[ curves m nor?w>d r\nd ! base ( ! d\ble-topp$ hill mass call$ ,mad>et ,um ,gamil4 ,j beyond ! nor?w>d turn a road#ij leads up a n>r[ tortu\s gully 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction1 pass+ close s\? ( ! hill summit & =m+ ! mo/ ready means ( asc5t ( ,mad>et ,um ,gamil2 ! climb f ! road at ! top ( ! gully is only ab\t #bjj metres4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,wadi ,gemal to ! sea has n be5 survey$ beyond f\r kilometres ea/ ( ,mad>et ,um ,gamil2 x goes ?r\gh l[ hilly c\ntry & ent]s ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #bd4 ,! fall ( ! ,wadi ,gemal av]ages ab\t six metres p] kilometre1 be+ z l[ z f\r metres p] kilometre 9 "s places1 & probably exce$+ t5 metres p] kilometre :]e x em]ges f ! hills on to ! coa/-pla94 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! obs]vations ( level indicate a local increase ( gradi5t above ! place ( influx ( ,hafafit & ,nugrus4 ,! ,wadi ,gemal is well suppli$ ) trees1 z are also almo/ all its tribut>ies ) ! exception ( ! s&y ,wadi ,hafafit4 ,wadi ,huluz is a long w9d+ wadi1 mo/ly %ut 9 by high rock walls1 dra9+ ! high m\nta9s r\nd ,gebel ,hamata & c\rs+ nor?-ea/ = a di/ance ( ov] sev5ty-five kilometres to ! po9t1 ne> ,gebel ,um ,su]ab1 :]e1 turn+ %>ply ea/w>d1 x ent]s m op5 c\ntry & takes ! "n ( ,wadi ,gemal4 ,! slope ( ,wadi ,huluz av]ages fifty metres p] kilometre = ! fir/ t5 kilometres f its heads 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ! next t5 kilometres ! slope is mu* flatt]1 be+ tw5ty metres p] kilometre4 ,f tw5ty to =ty kilometres f its head ! av]age fall is only t5 metres p] kilometre1 :ile /ill fur!r d[n ! rate ( fall less5s till 9 ! la/ rea*es1 j be=e ent]+ ! ,wadi ,gemal1 x is only six & a half metres p] kilometre4 ,! pr9cipal heads ( ,wadi ,huluz are close to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,hamata1 9 a cul-de-sac =m$ by ! high m\nta9s ( ,gebel ,hamata 7#a1igh metres above sea7 & ,gebel ,ras el ,kh>it 7#a1ffa metres74 ,"h a numb] ( /eep gorges unite to =m ! ma9 *annel1 :i* due s\? ( ,hamata has an altitude ( #a1jec metres above sea-level4 ,foll[+ a w9d+ c\rse among ! m\nta9s z a rapidly fall+ valley ) a s&y floor av]ag+ #ajj metres or m 9 wid?1 x passes we/ ( ! great mass ( ,hamata1 receiv+ ! dra9ages f ! nor?-ea/ flanks ( t m\nta9 & f ! nor? face ( ,gebel ,um ,hasidok4 ,at its cross+ ! m]idian ( #ce x receives z a fe$] ! ,wadi el ,abiad lil ,huluz1 :i* dra9s ! nor? face ( ,hamata & ! s\? flanks ( ,gebel ,abu ,ghusun2 dra9+ mo/ly f granite c\ntry1 ?is fe$] has a floor ( co>se granitic s&1 f ! :iti% col\r ( :i* x takes its "n4 ,! next fe$] ( ,wadi ,huluz1 call$ ,wadi ,mahali1 ent]s f ! s\?1 its head be+ on ! ma9 wat]%$ betwe5 ,gebels ,um ,u%] & ,um ,hasidok4 ,pass+ betwe5 ,gebels ,um ,u%] & ,um ,laham1 ! ,wadi ,huluz receives ,wadi ,t>fawi1 dra9+ ! m\nta9 ( ! same "n f ! ea/4 ,fur!r d[n1 fe$]s come 9 f ,gebel el ,mehali on ! s\? & f ! high hills s\? ( ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib on ! nor?4 ,ne> ! m]idian ( #cd #ej two important tribut>ies ent] ,huluz ne> toge!r f ! s\?4 ,! upp] "o1 ,wadi ,hilgit lil ,huluz1 heads 9 a v /eep & difficult pass1 lead+ into ,wadi ,hilgit lil ,kh>it4 ,! l[] "o1 call$ ,wadi ,um ,semiuki1 dra9s ! nor?-ea/ flanks ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid4 ,ne>ly opposite ! m\? ( ,wadi ,um ,semiuki is ano!r fe$] ( ,wadi ,huluz1 :i* ,i believe =ms ! ma9 dra9age *annel = ! s\? face ( ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib2 b x is said to be v /eep & /ony1 & my ,arabs pref]r$ to rea* ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib by a small wadi1 conta9+ sev]al tombs1 "s f\r kilometres high] up ,wadi ,huluz1 :5ce !re is a /ony pass lead+ into ! above-m5tion$ ma9 dra9age *annel at a po9t above ! ob/ructions 9 x4 ,ab\t eight kilometres fur!r on1 on ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! wadi1 !re is a l[ gap ov] :i* by a v easy pass "o c desc5d into ! head ( ,wadi ,durunkat1 lead+ to ,wadi ,gemal4 ,"s ?ree kilometres l[] d[n1 ,huluz receives two tribut>ies toge!r2 "o1 f ! s\?-ea/1 is call$ ,wadi ,um ,hegiligi lil ,huluz1 :ile ! o!r1 f ! s\?-we/1 is call$ ,wadi ,m>asan & heads 9 an easy pass on ! ma9 wat]%$1 ov] :i* a track leads s\?-ea/ & s\? to ! well & tomb ( ,%eikh ,%adli4 ,two %eikhs' tombs & "s small] graves exi/ at a b5d 9 ! ,wadi ,huluz1 ?ree kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,m>asan4 ,bel[ ^! ent] z fe$]s ,wadi ,um ,su]ab lil ,huluz f ! nor?1 & ,wadi ,abu ,g]ifat f ! s\?4 ,! wadi n[ becomes v tortu\s4 ,ne> ! m]idian ( #cd #dj1 on ! s\? side ( ! wadi1 at a b5d :]e trees are v abundant1 is a small gully conta9+ ! important wat] holes call$ ,um ,g]ifat4 ,^! are rock bas9s f$ by ra9 wat] dra9+ d[n /eep gorges f ! hills r\nd ! tw9-peak$ ,gebel ,um ,s$ri2 !y are easily accessible 9 a few m9utes f ! ma9 wadi1 & conta9$ good supplies ( wat] 9 ! w9t] ( #aije-aijf4 ,ab\t f\r kilometres l[] d[n1 ! ,wadi ,um ,iteili ent]s f ! ea/1 & ab\t five kilometres beyond ?is ,huluz op5s out into a some:at triangul> space1 :5 ! ,wadi ,gaetri ent]s f ! we/ & ,wadi el ,khisei f ! ea/4 ,! ,wadi ,gaetri leads by an important pass into ! m op5 c\ntry to ! we/ 7wells ( ,wadi ,kha%ab & ,wadi ,nata%74 ,at ! op5 space above-m5tion$1 ,wadi ,huluz turns nor?w>d1 w9d+ some:at1 = "s eight kilometres1 & !n1 aft] receiv+ ! ,wadi ,abu ,etl z a fe$] f ! we/1 turns %>ply ea/w>d & becomes ! ,wadi ,gemal4 ,wadi ,durunkat1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,gemal1 =ms an important road f ,wadi ,gemal into ! high] p>ts ( ,huluz4 ,by foll[+ x up to its head ab\t tw5ty kilometres f its junction ) ,wadi ,gemal1 "o c ent] ,wadi ,huluz by a v easy pass 9 longitude #cd #df1 ?us cutt+ (f ! long w9d+ c\rse ( ,wadi ,huluz itself2 & f ?is pass "o c cross ! ma9 wat]%$ by ! ,wadi ,m>asan to rea* ,bir ,%adli4 ,wadi ,hafafit1 ano!r tribut>y ( ,wadi ,gemal1 has its head situat$ close to ! ea/ side ( ,gebel ,migif1 9 latitude #bd #ej1 on ! ma9 wat]%$1 :]e !re is an easy pass into ! head ( ,wadi ,%ait4 ,foll[+ a v /raight c\rse = ne>ly =ty kilometres s\?-ea/1 ) ! rem>kable range ( high gneiss m\nta9s call$ ,gebel ,hafafit on ! left1 & ! sug> loaf granite hills ( ,abu ,_h on ! "r1 ,wadi ,hafafit =ms a broad b>r5 valley 9 :i* !re are heavy accumulations ( bl[n s&4 ,wadi ,abu ,_h1 a small we/]n fe$] ( ,hafafit1 is well kn[n by reason ( ! well ( bitt] wat]1 ,bir ,abu ,_h1 at its head4 ,an ea/]n fe$] ( ,wadi ,hafafit1 :i* jo9s x %ortly be=e ! junction ) ,wadi ,gemal1 is call$ by ! dim9utive "n ( ,wadi ,hefeifit4 ,wadi el ,abiad1 likewise a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,gemal1 d]ives its "n f ! co>se :ite granitic s& :i* =ms its floor4 ,its heads are situat$ ne> latitude #bd #bj1 among ! granite m\nta9s call$ ,gebel el ,abiad & on ! nor!rly slopes ( ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib4 ,!re is a v /eep pass f its head1 ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib1 into ,wadi ,huluz4 ,pursu+ an almo/ nor!rly c\rse & fall+ r rapidly1 ,wadi el ,abiad is at fir/ v wide1 ) high granite hills on ea* side4 ,x n>r[s fur!r d[n1 at a po9t opposite ,gebel ,%oab1 :]e a small ea/]n fe$] leads by an easy s&y pass into ! ,wadi ,%oab4 ,a little l[] d[n1 pass+ into diorite c\ntry1 x turns m to ! ea/1 & aft] receiv+ ! ,wadis ,um ,seyal el ,foqani & el ,tahtani f ! s\?-ea/1 ent]s ! ,wadi ,gemal ne> ,mad>et ,um ,gamil4 ,! wadis call$ ,um ,seyal receive _! "n f ! abundance ( acacia trees 9 !m2 at ! head ( ,wadi ,um ,seyal el ,foqani !re is a pass lead+ by ! ,wadai el ,anz into ,wadi ,um el ,abbas4 ,wadi ,nugrus1 an important tribut>y ( ,wadi ,gemal1 comm5ces its c\rse on ! ma9 wat]%$ we/ ( ,gebel ,nugrus1 9 latitude #bd #dh1 at ! pass into ,wadi ,g]f1 #fij metres above sea-level1 & c\rses s\?-ea/ 9 almo/ a /raight l9e = ne>ly =ty kilometres to jo9 ! ,wadi ,gemal 9 latitude #bd #cd & longitude #cd #ej4 ,! fall to ?is po9t is "s #dej metres1 or an av]age ( ov] t5 metres p] kilometre1 b ! fall is mo/ rapid ne> ! head1 :]e ! floor ( ! wadi is rocky & /eep2 ! slope = ! fir/ few kilometres is ov] d\ble ! av]age4 ,! approa* to ! head ( ,wadi ,nugrus f ! nor?1 by "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,g]f1 is almo/ a pla94 ,b z soon z ,wadi ,nugrus is ent]$ "o becomes v s5sible ( ! great] /eepness ( ! ea/]n dra9age by ! /ony nature ( ! track & ! rapid fall4 ,! wadi "h is 9 fact only a n>r[ gorge ) ! huge m\nta9s ( ,hafafit & ,nugrus on ! we/ & ea/ sides respectively4 ,"s ?ree kilometres bel[ ! pass1 close to ! we/ side ( ! wadi1 9 a n>r[ gorge1 is ! spr+ call$ ,megal el ,h>ami1 situat$ 9 gneiss rocks1 & giv+ supplies ( good wat]2 ! wat] infiltrates sl[ly1 h[ev]1 s t ! yield is n suffici5tly rapid to supply l>ge quantities at once4 ,l[] d[n1 ! wadi broad5s out consid]ably1 ) a s&y floor 9 ! middle ( :i* l[ d>k hills rise l isl&s4 ,ab\t ?irte5 kilometres bel[ ! head1 an important fe$]1 ! ,wadai el ,nom1 comes 9 f ! nor?-ea/4 ,?is wadi dra9s ! s\?-ea/ flanks ( ,gebel ,nugrus & ! we/ flanks ( ,gebel ,hangalia2 x conta9s rock bas9s hold+ wat] = "s "t aft] ra91 & leads to a /eep w9d+ pass :i* enables "o to make a circuit r\nd ! great granite m\nta9 ( ,gebel ,nugrus4 ,! pass is1 h[ev]1 impracticable = baggage camels1 & "o has to dism\nt f a rid+ camel 9 ord] to get ov]4 ,beyond ! junction ( ,wadai el ,nom1 ! ,wadi ,nugrus cont9ues its /raight c\rse s\?-ea/1 betwe5 ! long range ( ,gebel ,hafafit on ! we/ & ,gebel ,zab>a on ! ea/4 ,"s ?irty kilometres bel[ its head1 ,wadi ,nugrus receives ! ,wadi ,abu ,ru%eid f ! nor?1 & a little fur!r on "o enc\nt]s on ! ea/ ! ru9s ( an old village call$ ,m$9a ,nugrus4 ,j opposite ! ru9s is a small fe$] call$ ,wadi ,abu ,sada1 a %ort di/ance up :i* are rock bas9s yield+ wat] aft] ra91 b ^! 7 dry 9 #aije4 ,n f> bel[ ?is1 !re are "s old work+s 9 a small fe$] on ! ea/ side ( ! ,wadi ,nugrus1 six kilometres above its junction ) ,wadi ,gemal4 ,wadi ,sikait1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,nugrus1 heads 9 "s high r$ granite hills nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,sikait4 ,a pass leads ov] ! we/]n head1 :ile 9 ! ea/]n "o is a small spr+1 :i*1 ?\gh a m]e trickle1 is said to be con/ant & to yield excell5t wat]4 ,^! two heads jo9 at a well rec5tly sunk by m9]s4 ,l[] d[n1 on ! flanks ( ,gebel ,sikait1 are num]\s em]ald m9es1 ) an anci5t t[] & _m o!r ru9s1 & 9 ! wadi ne> ^! is ano!r rec5tly sunk well1 :i* has only yield$ wat] ( inf]ior quality4 ,f ne> ! m9es !re lead two tracks on ei!r side ( ! wadi4 ,t to ! we/ is a r\gh pa? ov] gneiss hills into ,wadi ,abu ,ru%eid4 ,t to ! ea/ w9ds pa/ ! anci5t t[]1 asc5d+ gradually to a pass into "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,um ,gamil4 ,l[] d[n ! ,wadi ,sikait are _m anci5t m9es1 & ! ru9s ( ?ree rock temples & an anci5t village4 ,j be=e ! ,wadi ,sikait ent]s ,wadi ,nugrus1 a track leaves on ! ea/ = ,wadi ,um ,h]an1 9 :i* ,i am told wat] is sometimes to be f\nd4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,wadi ,sikait is ab\t f\rte5 kilometres1 & its fall is f #ece metres above sea at ! pass at its head to ab\t #bej metres :]e x ent]s ,wadi ,nugrus1 or an av]age slope ( tw5ty metres p] kilometre4 ,x is a n>r[ gorge %ut 9 by high hills1 ) a fair abundance ( trees4 ,wadi ,um el ,abbas orig9ates by ! union ( sev]al heads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! high granite hills ( ,um el ,abbas & ,abu ,hegilig4 ,"o ( its heads leads to an easy pass call$ ,kab el ,h>am1 f\r & a half kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig4 ,ano!r1 close ea/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig1 leads to ano!r easy pass into ! head ( a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,romit4 ,a ?ird head1 call$ ! ,wadai el ,anz1 leads to yet ano!r pass into ,wadi ,um ,seyal el ,foqani1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi el ,abiad4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,wadi ,um el ,abbas has only be5 survey$ = a %ort di/ance bel[ ! place :]e its heads unite2 x pursues a nor?-ea/]ly c\rse among l[ hilly c\ntry & ent]s ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #bd #cf4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,nugrus ,,sikait ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun comm5ces its c\rse among ! high m\nta9s ( ,gebel ,abu ,ghusun1 nor? ( ,gebel ,hamata4 ,pursu+ a nor!rly c\rse = ab\t t5 kilometres1 x passes close ea/ ( ! %>p granite peak ( ,gebel ,hefeiri1 !n turns m to ! ea/1 receiv+ ,wadi ,romit z an important tribut>y f ! we/ ne> ! b5d1 & rea*es ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #bd #bi4 ,wadi ,romit1 a tribut>y ( ,abu ,ghusun1 orig9ates 9 ! granite m\nta9s call$ ,gebel el ,abiad1 ne> ! p>allel ( #bd #bj & foll[s a w9d+ c\rse 9 a g5]al ea/]ly direction = ab\t sixte5 kilometres to its junction ) ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun4 ,x receives sev]al important tribut>ies4 ,! *ief ( ^!1 ,wadi ,%oab1 orig9ates close to ! s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,%oab1 :]e !re is an easy pass into ! ,wadi el ,abiad4 ,ano!r tribut>y ( ,romit1 ! ,wadi ,abu ,hegilig1 dra9s ! s\? "p ( ,gebel ,um el ,abbas1 :ile a ?ird is ! ,wadi ,hefeiri1 dra9+ ! hills r\nd ! granite peak ( ! same "n4 ,all ^! tribut>ies1 l ,wadi ,romit & ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun itself1 conta9 abundance ( trees1 & h a r rapid fall4 ,wadi ,hamata dra9s ! ea/]n flanks ( ! high hills nor? ( ,gebel ,hamata1 its pr9cipal heads be+ ab\t latitude #bd #ae4 ,only ! heads ( ?is wadi h be5 survey$2 x foll[s a w9d+ c\rse among ! l[] hill c\ntry & rea*es ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #bd #bd4 ,( ! ?ree wadis dra9+ seaw>ds s\? ( ,hamata1 call$ ,wadi ,h>atreit1 ,wadi ,kha%ir1 & ,wadi ,mikbi1 v little is kn[n1 n ev5 _! heads hav+ be5 visible f ! /ations :i* ,i occupi$4 ,! summits ( ! m\nta9s dra9$ by !m h1 h[ev]1 be5 mapp$1 & _! c\rses are approximately kn[n f ! acc\nts ( ,floy]2 ^! are indicat$ on ! map probably 9 ne>ly _! true positions4 ,dra9+ mo/ly /eep & precipit\s m\nta9 faces1 ! upp] p>ts ( ^! wadis mu/ h an extremely rapid fall1 & consequ5tly a r\gh /ony floor4 ,wadi ,lahami1 :i* ent]s ! sea nor? ( ! p59sula ( ,ras ,b5as1 is well kn[n by reason ( ! easy pass ov] ! ma9 wat]%$ at its head =m+ an important means ( access to ,b]5ice f ! we/4 ,at ?is po9t1 f\r kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ! :ite qu>tz cone call$ ,m>wot ,elemikan1 ! wat]%$ is s&y1 level1 & l[1 be+ only #eij metres above ! sea4 ,! drop on cross+ ! wat]%$ is fairly rapid1 ! wadi w9d+ ab\t among ! hills 9 a g5]al nor?-ea/]ly direction4 ,ab\t six kilometres bel[ its head1 ,lahami receives ! ,wadi ,um ,k>aba1 :i* dra9s ! s\? face ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi4 ,a little fur!r on1 ,wadi ,eidab ent]s f ! s\?-ea/2 ?is fe$] is said to head 9 a r\gh /eep pass ov] ! hills into ! ,wadi ,abu ,daba4 ,aft] pass+ betwe5 ! high hills ( ,gebels ,um ,goradi & ,um ,gunud1 ,wadi ,lahami receives ! %ort ,wadi ,um ,gunud1 9 :i* !re are two well kn[n galts1 or rock bas9s =m+ res]voirs ( ra9 wat]2 ^! conta9$ good supplies 9 #aijf-g4 ,l[] d[n1 ,wadi ,lahami crosses a /ony slop+ pla91 :]e x receives ! dra9age f ! nor? & ea/ flanks ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi & f ! m\nta9s to ! nor? ( x1 by a s]ies ( fe$]s1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are ,wadi ,um ,ri%an1 ,wadi ,um ,hom>1 & ,wadi ,sef5t4 ,ea/ ( ! pla9 !re is a sort ( %unt or loop-l9e ( ,wadi ,lahami1 call$ ! ,wadi ,abreik1 :i* is pref]r$ to ! ma9 *annel = a road4 ,j receiv+ ,wadi ,sef5t1 ,wadi ,lahami turns %>ply ea/w>d1 & !n nor?-ea/w>d1 receiv+ z fe$]s ,wadis ,um ,khuzama1 ,um ,ghoba%a1 & ,gumudlum1 dra9+ ,gebels ,um ,sellim & ,gumudlum to ! nor?2 ^! fe$]s are said to conta9 natural res]voirs full ( wat] aft] ra94 ,f ! s\?1 ,lahami is f$ by ! ,wadis ,um ,e%ub & ,abu ,m>wa lil ,lahami1 dra9+ ! l[] hill c\ntry4 ,! l[] c\rse ( ,wadi ,lahami has n be5 trac$ 9 detail4 ,x passes nor?-we/ ( ! well m>k$ granite peak call$ ,gebel ,um ,huk1 z rem>k$ above1 & rea*es ! sea nor? ( ! p59sula ( ,ras ,b5as4 ,to get to ,b]5ice1 "o leaves ,wadi ,lahami ab\t tw5ty-f\r kilometres bel[ ! pass at its head1 & turns (f s\?-ea/ up ! tribut>y ,wadi ,abu ,m>wa1 :i* leads to ,wadi ,naait by an easy road4 ,wadi ,lahami is well suppli$ ) trees2 x pres5t$ a v gre5 appe>ance e>ly 9 #aijf1 b ! abs5ce ( ra9 = a ye> made x mu* m desolate look+ 9 #aijg1 all ! foliage be+ !n black5$ & )]$4 ,its l5g? is approximately fifty kilometres1 its av]age slope twelve metres p] kilometre1 & ! area ( its bas9 is ab\t #fej squ>e kilometres4 ,! dra9age f ! l[ hills on ! ,p59sula ( ,ras ,b5as1 except = a small portion :i* jo9s ,wadi ,mukhit1 rea*es ! sea by a multitude ( small wadis1 none ( :i* be> special names4 ,! hills be+ ne>] to ! s\? side ( ! p59sula ?an to ! nor?1 ! wadis dra9+ s\?w>ds are on ! :ole mu* %ort] & /eep] ?an ^? dra9+ nor?w>ds1 & ! latt] cross a slop+ pla9 two or ?ree kilometres wide to rea* ! sea4 ,passage across ! hills f s\? to nor? is only possible to camels at a few places4 ,! s\!rn wadis are mo/ly b>r51 b ! nor!rn ones conta9 abundance ( a d>k col\r$ grass ( :i* camels are fond4 ,!re is no p]man5t wat] s\rce on ! p59sula1 ! ne>e/ reliable s\rce ( supply be+ a galt 9 ,wadi ,m9deit1 on ! ma9 l&1 ab\t twelve kilometres we/ ( ,b]5ice4 ,! tip ( ! l[ s&y projection ( ,ras ,b5as is m>k$ by a %eikh's tomb1 "o ( ! l>ge/ on ! coa/4 ,x is *iefly built ( wreckage ca/ up on ! bea*4 ,f ! hills x looks l a rectangul> rock1 & ,i det]m9$ its position by triangulation z latitude #bc #ec #ej ,n41 longitude #ce #dg #ac ,e4 ,! %eikh's memory appe>s to be greatly v5]at$ by sailors1 & sev]al ( my camel m5 made pilgrimages to ! tomb to pray4 ,! ,isl& ( ,mukaw>1 ab\t six kilometres s\? ( ! s&y tip ( ! ras1 is ne>ly two kilometres 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?4 ,i did n visit x1 b x has ! appe>ance ( be+ made ( coral2 its highe/ po9t1 ne> ! s\? end1 is ?irty-f\r metres above ! sea-level4 ,wadi ,abu ,daba dra9s ! ea/]n flanks ( ,gebel ,eidab & ,gebel ,um ,maiat1 & c\rses ea/w>d ?r\gh ! l[] hill c\ntry to ! coa/ pla91 :]e x jo9s ! dra9age f ,naait 9 ,wadi ,mukhit4 ,! pr9cipal fe$] ( ,abu ,daba is ,wadi ,murra :i* ent]s x f ! s\?-we/ a few kilometres be=e its em]g5ce on to ! pla94 ,at ! head ( ,wadi ,abu ,daba !re is said to be a r\gh /eep pass ov] ! m\nta9s into ,wadi ,eidab4 ,! place :]e ,abu ,daba deb\*es on to ! coa/ pla9 is m>k$ by a gr\p ( l[ b\ld]y look+ granite hills call$ ,kha%eib ,abu ,daba4 ,wadi ,abu ,dibban is a %ort wadi dra9+ ea/w>ds f ! hills across ! coa/ pla9 to ! sea a little nor? ( ,b]5ice4 ,9 its c\rse across ! pla9 x passes a little nor? ( a conspicu\s granite hill call$ ,sikeit1 a well kn[n l&m>k five kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,b]5ice4 ,wadi ,m9deit dra9s ! hills betwe5 ,gebel ,um ,maiat & ,gebel ,kalalat1 ent]+ ! sea at ,b]5ice4#ia ,wadi ,um ,sellim lil ,m9deit1 a %ort] wadi c\rs+ across ! pla9 a little fur!r s\?1 is int]e/+ z furni%+ ! ne>e/ fre% wat] s\rce to ,b]5ice2 x leads to a rock bas9 or galt among ! hills1 :]e ra9 wat] collects4 ,?is s\rce is "s t5 or twelve kilometres f ,b]5ice4 ,wadi ,naait#ib is a n>r[ tortu\s gorge1 ) a s&y floor %ut 9 by high hills1 c\rs+ ea/w>d to ! coa/ pla9 a little s\? ( ! #bd? p>allel4 ,?\gh only a small wadi "s sixte5 kilometres 9 l5g?1 x is well kn[n because x =ms ! usual road f ,wadi ,lahami to ,b]5ice4 ,its actual head has n be5 survey$1 b lies probably betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,um ,gunud & ,um ,hegilig4 ,its pr9cipal fe$]s are ,wadis ,um ,sum] & ,abu ,m>wa lil ,naait1 :i* ent] x f ! nor?-we/1 & ,wadi ,abu ,ghalqa1 ent]+ f ! nor? & dra9+ ! granite hills call$ ,gebel ,abu ,ghalqa4 ,all ?ree ( ^! fe$]s ent] ,naait ne> toge!r1 "s t5 kilometres be=e x em]ges on ! pla92 ! l[] "p ( ! wadi is free f lat]al bran*es4 ,! fall is t5 metres p] kilometre among ! hills4 ,on em]g+ f ! hills on to ! s&y coa/ pla91 x jo9s an ill-def9$ dra9age l9e call$ ,wadi el ,mukhit1 :i* ent]s ! sea at ,port ,b]5ice1 "s fifte5 kilometres fur!r ea/4 ,! "n ,wadi el ,mukhit is also giv5 to o!r ill-m>k$ dra9age l9es ent]+ ,port ,b]5ice f ! s&y tract betwe5 ! hills ( ! ma9 l& & ! hills ( ! p59sula ( ,ras ,b5as4 ,"s ?ree kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ! m\? ( ,wadi ,naait1 on ! coa/ pla91 is a conspicu\s isolat$ l[ hill1 =m+ a well-kn[n l&m>k & call$ ,gra9 el ,rih4 ,! pla9 dra9$ by ,wadi el ,mukhit is a dre>y s&y wa/e1 & ! cross+ ( x 9 a high w9d is v try+ by reason ( ! imm5se cl\ds ( s& rais$ & c>ri$ 9 ! air4 ,wadi ,kalalat heads 9 ! nor?-we/ portion ( ,gebel ,kalalat1 & c\rses ne>ly ea/w>d to rea* ! sea 9 latitude #bc #eb4 ,= ! fir/ two-?irds ( its c\rse ( ab\t ?irty kilometres1 ,wadi ,kalalat is %ut 9 by high hills1 & falls r rapidly4 ,at its head a r\gh /eep pass is said to exi/ into ! head ( ,wadi ,%ut4 ,aft] pass+ r\nd ! nor? flank ( ,gebel ,kalalat1 ! wadi receives two small tribut>ies call$ ,wadi ,um ,maiat & ,wadi el ,dibag lil ,batoga1 ! =m] dra9+ ! nor?-ea/ face ( ,gebel ,kalalat & ! latt] ! nor?-we/ face ( ,gebel ,batoga4 ,aft] receiv+ ,wadi ,dibag1 ! ,wadi ,kalalat makes a b5d nor?w>d = ab\t two kilometres1 !n turns s\?-ea/w>d to ! op5+ ( ! hills on ! coa/-pla94 ,ab\t two kilometres above ! po9t :]e x leaves ! hills1 on ! s\? side ( ! ma9 wadi1 is a rocky gully conta9+ ! ,galt ,batoga a rock bas9 :i* conta9$ good wat] 9 #aijg & :i* is v easy ( access 9 a few m9utes f ! ma9 wadi4 ,ab\t "o & a half kilometres fur!r d[n1 ! small ,wadi ,um ,sellim1 dra9+ ! nor?-ea/ p>ts ( ,gebel ,batoga1 jo9s ! ,wadi ,kalalat j be=e x op5s on to ! coa/-pla94 ,! c\rse ( ,wadi ,kalalat f "h to ! sea1 ab\t elev5 kilometres1 is ill-m>k$1 ov] a s&y pla94 ,a ru9$ enclosure ( consid]able size1 call$ ,g>ia ,kalalat1 lies close s\? ( ! wadi ab\t sev5 kilometres f ! sea4 ,wadi ,um ,goran is a small wadi dra9+ by _m heads f ! ea/ face ( ,gebel ,batoga & its foot hills to ! sea 9 latitude #bc #ej4 ,wadi ,kuns]ob1 dra9+ ! s\? p>ts ( ,gebels ,kalalat & ,batoga1 c\rses at fir/ ne>ly s\?w>ds1 !n curves r\nd s\? ( ,gebel ,dibag1 & aft] receiv+ ,wadi ,dibag lil ,kuns]ob f ! nor?-we/1 proce$s ea/w>d ?r\gh ! hills & across six kilometres ( s&y coa/-pla9 to ! sea 9 latitude #bc #dg4 ,wadi ,abu ,b]ig is a %ort dra9age l9e f among ! hills to ! sea1 a little s\? ( ,wadi ,kuns]ob4 ,wadi ,khoda is an important ma9 dra9age *annel "s =ty-five kilometres 9 l5g?1 c\rs+ a little nor? ( ea/w>d to rea* ! sea 9 latitude #bc #dc4 ,= ! great] "p ( its l5g? x is %ut 9 by high hills1 only ! la/ six kilometres be+ across ! s&y coa/-pla94 ,) a bas9 approximately #ghj squ>e kilometres 9 area1 x dra9s ! m\nta9s ( ,abu ,dahr1 ,dahanib1 ,%ut1 ,reyan1 ,%5%ef1 ,h9dia1 & ,um ,akra1 "s ( :i* rise to ov] #a1jjj metres above ! sea2 x ?us receives a fair am\nt ( wat] 9 ra9y ye>s1 & is well suppli$ ) trees & bu%es4 ,its av]age fall is ab\t n9e metres p] kilometre4 ,! head ( ,wadi ,khoda is =m$ by ! union ( ?ree wadis1 com+ approximately f ! nor?1 we/1 & s\?1 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,! c5tral "o ( ^!1 ,wadi ,abu ,debebi lil ,khoda1 heads 9 a v easy pass lead+ to ,bir ,betan & ! old m9es ( ,um ,eleiga4 ,! "o to ! nor?1 ,wadi ,salib el ,abiad1 is said to lead into ,wadi ,khiua1 & to possess "s old m9es1 b has n be5 explor$4 ,! rema9+ "o ( ! ?ree1 ,wadi ,salib el ,azrak1 dra9s ! ea/ face ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr & ! high hills ea/ ( x2 ! fe$] ( x f ,abu ,dahr1 call$ ,wadi ,um ,k>aba1 leads by an easy pass1 j nor? ( ! m\nta91 to ,bir ,betan & ! ,um ,eleiga m9es1 :ile "s eight kilometres f its junction ) ,khoda a track leads up a gully s\?-we/w>d ov] ano!r easy pass to ,bir ,rahaba4 ,! names ,salib el ,abiad & ,salib el ,azrak ref] to ! =m ( ! wadis & ! nature ( _! floor1 salib mean+ 8cross10 :ile abiad & azrak ref] to ! prevail+ :ite & d>k col\rs ( ! s& 9 ! respective arms ( ! cross2 ^! col\rs are due to ! wadis dra9+ light-col\r$ granites & d>k-col\r$ s]p5t9es & s*i/s respectively4 ,a little bel[ ! union ( ! ?ree arms above-m5tion$1 ,wadi ,khoda exp&s into a small r /ony pla91 :]e ! s9u\s ,wadi ,allawi#ic ent]s f ! nor?4 ,?is important fe$]1 :i* dra9s ! ea/]n face ( ,gebel ,dahanib1 is mo/ly %ut 9 by high hills1 & is relatively well wood$2 if x be foll[$ up = ab\t t5 kilometres1 "o comes to ! tomb ( ,%eikh ,f>han1 ne> :i* meet _m small fe$]s1 "o ( !m conta9+ a small rock bas9 ne> its head4 ,ab\t eight kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( entry ( ,wadi ,allawi1 ,wadi ,khoda receives two fe$]s f opposite sides2 t f ! nor?1 ,wadi ,um ,tawil lil ,khoda1 dra9s f ,gebel ,dahanib1 :ile t f ! s\?1 ,wadi ,h9dia1 is a s&y rapidly-fall+ wadi dra9+ ,gebel ,h9dia4 ,"s five kilometres fur!r d[n1 ,wadi ,um ,akra1 dra9+ ! m\nta9s ( ! same "n1 ent]s ,khoda f ! s\?1 :ile ano!r two kilometres br+s u to ! place ( influx ( ,wadi ,%ut1 an important fe$] f ! nor?4 ,! head ( ,wadi ,%ut is on ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,kalalat1 :5ce its c\rse is we/w>d = ab\t t5 kilometres2 x is !n jo9$ by ! ,wadi ,abu ,hugban1 com+ f ! s\?-we/1 & f ?is po9t x runs s\?-s\?-ea/ = "s tw5ty-?ree kilometres to its junction ) ,wadi ,khoda4 ,wadi ,%ut is a r wide wadi ) a s&y floor1 f$ by _m tribut>ies f ! m\nta9s ( ,dahanib1 ,um ,hegilig1 ,reyan1 & ,%ut4 ,its pr9cipal fe$] 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse is ,wadi ,um ,tawil lil ,%ut1 :i* dra9s ! s\? "p ( ,gebel ,dahanib & ent]s ,%ut f ! we/ ab\t five kilometres above its junction ) ,khoda4 ,! ,wadi ,%ut has a fair gr[? ( trees1 & is said to possess also a l>ge wat] s\rce1 ! exact locality ( :i* has n1 h[ev]1 be5 asc]ta9$4#id ,j bel[ ! place :]e ,wadi ,%ut jo9s x1 ,wadi ,khoda receives a small fe$] call$ ,wadi ,um ,gubur1 ent]+ f ! nor? & m>k$ by sev]al graves ne> its m\?4 ,on ! o!r side1 two kilometres fur!r on1 ,wadi ,%ib ent]s f ! s\?1 & five kilometres fur!r ! ,wadi ,um ,seyal lil ,khoda ent]s ,khoda f ! nor?4 ,! ,wadi ,gumudlum1 ! next great fe$] ( ,khoda1 ent]s f ! nor? f\r kilometres bel[ ,wadi ,um ,seyal4 ,x is a wadi "s eighte5 kilometres 9 l5g?1 c\rs+ s\?-s\?-ea/1 & hav+ its head on ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,kalalat4 ,a little bel[ wadi ,gumudlum1 ne> a boss ( :ite qu>tz1 sev]al small fe$]s1 ( :i* ! two pr9cipal are call$ ,wadi ,buluk & ,wadi ,um ,lassaf1 ent] ,wadi ,khoda f ! s\?2 ^! dra9 ! nor? side ( ! high hills call$ ,gebel ,um ,etli4 ,! la/ fe$] ( ,wadi ,khoda1 ! ,wadi ,%5%ef1 ent]s ! ma9 wadi "s ?ree kilometres above ! place :]e x deb\*es on to ! coa/-pla91 or eight kilometres f ! coa/4 ,x is a n>r[ & v tortu\s gorge w9d+ among high hills4 ,if x be foll[$ up = ab\t t5 kilometres1 "o comes to sev]al small wells call$ ,bir ,%5%ef1 :i* conta9$ wat] 9 #aijg1 & a little above ! wells1 :]e ! wadi becomes m op51 !re are ru9s1 call$ ,hitan ,%5%ef1 :i* atte/ ! =m] exi/5ce ( a t[n or l>ge village4 ,! ru9s are on bo? sides ( ! wadi1 & _m ( !m are extremely well built ( slabs ( qu>tz s*i/2 besides ! h\ses 9 ! wadi itself1 !re are small t[]s on ! hills4 ,z !re are app>5tly no m9es 9 ! hills "h1 ! orig9 ( ! ru9s is n cle>2 f ! /rong situation & ! wat* t[]s1 & its proximity to fre% wat] & ! sea1 x may possibly repres5t an old slave deal]'s /ronghold4 ,= "s eighte5 kilometres s\? ( ! ,wadi ,khoda1 ! seaw>d dra9ages h n be5 explor$1 b !y are believ$ to be only %ort wadis1 z ! high m\nta9s ( ,f>aid are "h only ab\t t5 kilometres f ! coa/4 ,f guides' /atem5ts1 ! ,wadi ,um ,etli1 c\rs+ ea/w>d & dra9+ ! s\? faces ( ,gebel ,um ,etli1 ent]s ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #bc #ch1 & !re is probably at lea/ "o o!r %ort wadi dra9+ to ! sea ab\t 9 latitude #bc #ce f ! nor? "p ( ,gebel ,f>aid4 ,! s&y coa/-pla9 9 ?is region is ab\t five kilometres wide4 ,! ,wadi el ,sorubiab1 dra9+ f ! nor? "p ( ,gebel ,f>aid1 & ! ,wadi ,b9t el ,kurdum1 dra9+ ! m\nta9s ar\nd ! rem>kable 8,bodk90 peak1 ent] ! sea toge!r by way ( a small lagoon 9 latitude #bc #cj4 ,ano!r wadi1 = :i* ,i c\ld n obta9 any "n f my guides1 dra9s ! extreme s\? p>ts ( ,gebel ,f>aid & ! nor? slopes ( ! small] ,gebel ,f]eyid1 ent]+ ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #bc #ai4 ,wadi ,rahaba1 ) a bas9 ( ab\t #ijj squ>e kilometres 9 area1 dra9s ! c\ntry betwe5 ,gebels ,f>aid & ,abu ,dahr4 ,f its head1 situat$ ab\t six kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 !re is an easy pass into ,wadi ,salib el ,azrak1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,khoda4 ,ab\t ?ree kilometres bel[ its head1 a fe$] call$ ,wadi ,titai ent]s ,rahaba f ! hill c\ntry to ! ea/2 & a kilometre l[] d[n1 ano!r fe$] call$ ,wadi ,abu ,nikheil1 comes 9 f ! we/4 ,at ?is po9t !re is an important well1 ,bir ,rahaba1 sunk 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi floor2 ?is is said to yield good summ] supplies1 b 0 fill$ up by d[nwa% :5 ,i visit$ x e>ly 9 #aijg4 ,"s ?ree kilometres bel[ ,bir ,rahaba1 a tribut>y call$ ,wadi ,abu ,reye ent]s ,wadi ,rahaba f ! nor?-we/2 & !re is said to be a well1 call$ ,bir ,abu ,reye1 ab\t "o & a half kilometres up ?is wadi4 ,ano!r fe$]1 ! ,wadi ,um ,bu]at1 jo9s ,rahaba f ! s\?-we/ a little fur!r on1 & !n ! wadi1 :i* has ?us f> tak5 a s\!rly c\rse1 turns s\?-ea/1 w9d+ consid]ably = "s eight kilometres till x is jo9$ by its mo/ important fe$]1 ! ,wadi el ,abiad4 ,?is ,wadi el ,abiad dra9s ! we/]n side ( ! nor!rn peaks ( ,gebel ,f>aid1 & d]ives its "n f ! :ite granitic s& :i* =ms its floor4 ,x has a l5g? ( "s tw5ty kilometres & is f$ by ! ,rod ,elbel1 :i* heads 9 a s&y pla9 at ! foot ( ! highe/ peak ( ,f>aid1 & by ! ,wadi ,abu ,ribian1 :i* collects ! dra9age f ! l[] hill c\ntry we/ ( ! ,bodk9 peak4 ,ab\t ?ree kilometres l[] d[n ?an ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi el ,abiad1 ,wadi ,rahaba receives ! ,wadi ,megah z a tribut>y f ! nor?-we/2 a well1 call$ ,bir el ,gahlia is said to exi/ at ! head ( ?is wadi1 ab\t twelve kilometres up f its op5+ into ,wadi ,rahaba4 ,"s six kilometres fur!r d[n1 ,wadi ,rahaba op5s out2 its c\rse d[n to ?is po9t has be5 %ut 9 by high hills1 b n[ becomes an ill-m>k$ dra9age l9e ov] a s&y pla94 ,! pla9 is brok5 by small hills1 & is limit$ ea/ & we/ by o!r hills :i* increase 9 height fur!r away1 =m+ 9 fact ! foot-hills ( ,gebels ,orga & ,um ,t5ebda on ! we/ & ( ,gebel ,f>aid on ! ea/4 ,9 ?is "p ( its c\rse ,rahaba receives sev]al tribut>ies1 ! pr9cipal be+ ,wadi ,hutit f ! nor?-we/1 ,wadi ,dagalai lil ,rahaba & ,wadi ,abu ,_h f ! ea/1 & ,wadi el ,m>afai1 :i* runs = "s t5 kilometres ne>ly p>allel to ,wadi ,rahaba1 among l[ hills two or ?ree kilometres ea/ ( ! ma9 ,wadi1 jo9+ ! latt] ab\t due we/ ( ,gebel ,f]eyid4 ,wadi ,rahaba curves r\nd to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,f]eyid 9 a quadrant ( ab\t sev5 kilometres radius1 & !n proce$s ne>ly due ea/ to rea* ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #bc #ab4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ,wadi ,rahaba1 :]e x is %ut 9 by high hills1 conta9 _m trees & bu%es2 b ! l[] p>ts are m b>r5 & s&y1 ! actual dra9age l9e be+ 9 places difficult to def9e on acc\nt ( ! paucity ( vegetation & ! op5ness ( ! pla94 ,! total l5g? is ab\t sev5ty-five kilometres1 & ! total fall #dej metres2 ! slope av]ages eight metres p] kilometre 9 ! upp] tw5ty-five kilometres1 :]e ! wadi is n>r[ & %ut 91 b only five metres p] kilometre 9 ! broad & s&y c\rse :i* =ms ! rema9+ fifty kilometres4 ,wadi ,hode91 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ( ! seaw>ds dra9+ wadis ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t1 has a bas9 ( ne>ly #ab1jjj squ>e kilometres1 or ov] a squ>e degree ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,its ma9 *annel1 =m$ by ! union ( ! ,wadis ,arn$1 el ,sania1 ,um ,sumur1 ,saalek1 ,um ,reit1 & el ,nom1 9 latitude #bc #ah1 longitude #cd #dc1 & rea*+ ! sea at ,bir ,%alate9#ie 9 latitude #bc #h1 longitude #ce #cg1 has a l5g? ( #ajh kilometres & an av]age slope ( ?ree metres p] kilometre4 ,= ! fir/ fifte5 kilometres ( its c\rse x is %ut 9 by ! high s&/one sc>ps ( ,gebel ,abraq & ,gebel ,hode92 b %ortly aft] pass+ ! ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s its *annel becomes wide & s&y1 pass+ ?r\gh l[] metamorphic hill c\ntry2 & 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five or ?irty kilometres ( its c\rse x is m]ely an ill-def9$ dra9age l9e ov] ! s&y coa/-pla94 ,its l[] rea*es are dre>y & inhospitable1 b its upp]-portion is pleasantly wood$1 & conta9s ! p]5nial spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa4 ,wadi ,hode9 is rem>kable = ! l>ge numb] & l5g? ( its tribut>y wadis1 "s ( :i* exce$ ! ma9 *annel itself 9 l5g?1 :ile _m ( !m conta9 wells & =m important l9es ( communication by lead+ to easy passes ov] ! ma9 wat]%$4 ,9 ! description :i* foll[s1 ,i %all fir/ consid] ! wadis :i* by _! union =m ! head ( ! ma9 *annel1 aft]w>ds trac+ ! c\rse ( ! ma9 wadi 9 detail to ! sea1 not+ ! influx ( ! v>i\s tribut>ies on ei!r h&1 & f9ally describ+ ! l>g] tribut>ies !mselves4 ,! mo/ important ( ! wadis :i* jo9 to =m ! head ( ,wadi ,hode9 are ,wadis ,arn$1 ,saalek1 & ,um ,reit4 ,^! jo9 9 a small pla9 ) ! ,wadis el ,sania1 ,um ,sumur & ,el ,nom1 :i* are small] & w n ne$ fur!r m5tion4 ,wadi el ,arn$ orig9ates on ! ma9 wat]%$ ab\t five kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,galt el ,aguz4 ,! wat]%$ "h is only #dbg metres above sea-level1 & is s flat & s&y t x is almo/ impossible to say )9 a kilometre :]e ! divide actually is2 ! wadi 9 fact heads 9 a s&y pla9 ab\t two kilometres wide ) l[ s&/one hills on ei!r h&1 f :i* fe$]s jo9 ! ma9 dra9age l9e4 ,ab\t six kilometres bel[ its head1 ,wadi ,arn$ is jo9$ f ! s\? by its mo/ important fe$]1 ! ,wadi ,muegil4 ,?is wadi1 :i* has a l5g? ( "s tw5ty kilometres1 orig9ates 9 ! hill c\ntry ab\t n9e kilometres nor? ( ,gebel ,um ,reit1 :]e an easy pass connects x ) ,wadi ,saalek2 x fl[s 9 a nor!rly direction1 entirely among s&/one hills1 & is fairly provid$ ) vegetation4 ,"s two kilometres l[] d[n1 ,arn$ receives a small] fe$] f ! nor?1 call$ ,wadi ,um ,arta2 by foll[+ ?is up = ab\t five kilometres1 "o c rea* a r /eep & s&y ea/w>d pass into ! head ( ,wadi ,silsila1 & ?is =ms ! %orte/ r\te f ! ,galt el ,aguz to ! spr+s ( ,abraq4 ,ab\t f\r kilometres bel[ ! junction ( ,wadi ,abu ,arta1 ne> an isolat$ hill on ! ea/ side ( ! ,wadi ,arn$1 !re appe>s to be ano!r op5+ into "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,silsila2 ?is op5+ is v s&y & looks l a practicable alt]native r\te to ,abraq ,spr+s1 ?\gh x has n be5 explor$4 ,l[] d[n its c\rse1 ,wadi ,arn$ is at fir/ v s&y & b>e1 ) high s&-drifts swa?+ ! feet ( ! hills on ! ea/2 b x gradually n>r[s into a gorge & becomes less s&y1 !n op5s out aga91 & ne> its junction ) ,wadi ,hode9 x conta9s abundant vegetation4 ,! ,wadi ,arn$ =ms ! easie/ & mo/ direct road f ,abu ,saafa to ,d>aw1 via ,galt el ,aguz1 ,bir ,abu ,ha%im1 & ,bir ,qoleib4 ,wadi ,saalek is a %ort wadi ) _m fe$]s1 dra9+ ! hills r\nd ,gebel ,saalek2 "o ( its nor!rn fe$]s leads to a pass into ! head ( ,wadi ,muegil1 :ile "o ( its s\? bran*es heads 9 a pass lead+ r\nd ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,um ,reit to ,wadi & ,bir ,um ,reit4 ,wadi ,um ,reit heads 9 ! granite m\nta9 call$ ,gebel ,um ,reit & fl[s nor?-ea/w>d1 to ! s\? ( ! m\nta91 = ab\t tw5ty-two kilometres1 to its junction ) ,arn$ & ,saalek to =m ,wadi ,hode94 ,! head ( ,wadi ,um ,reit leads to a pass nor?-we/ ( ! m\nta9 into ,wadi ,saalek1 :ile ! we/]n head ( ,um ,reit1 :i* be>s ! "n ,wadi el ,dub1 leads on to a s&y pla9 =m+ ! ma9 wat]%$1 :5ce !re are easy tracks to ! v>i\s fe$]s ( ,wadi ,timsah4 ,! well call$ ,bir ,um ,reit is a deep excavation1 9 ! wadi floor at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 ne> a l>ge tree4 ,dr4 ,hume1 :o visit$ x 9 #aijf1 f\nd x to yield wat] ( only m$iocre "*4 ,x is ab\t "o hundr$ kilometres by road f ,bir ,abu ,ha%im1 ! ne>e/ well to ! we/1 b only ab\t ?irty kilometres f ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s1 ! ne>e/ wat] ea/w>d2 to get to ,abu ,saafa f ,bir ,um ,reit1 "o has only to foll[ d[n ! wadi1 & ! supply at ,abu ,saafa c always be reli$ on = quantity & quality4 ,ne> ! well1 ,wadi ,um ,reit receives fe$]s dra9+ ! high granite hills ( ,etresia2 ! pr9cipal ( ^! is call$ ,wadi ,malhat4 ,! l[] "p ( ! c\rse ( ,um ,reit is almo/ entirely 9 s&/one hills2 x has n be5 mapp$ 9 detail except ne> its junction ) ,hode94 ,we turn n[ to ! ma9 *annel ( ,wadi ,hode91 :i* orig9ates1 z above-m5tion$1 by ! union ( ! ,wadis ,um ,reit1 ,saalek1 ,arn$1 & o!r small] wadis 9 a small pla91 & %all foll[ its c\rse onw>ds to ! sea4 ,?ree small fe$]s1 ,talet ,um ,danaqa & ,talet ,kurit on ! s\?1 & ,talet ,um ,sid]i on ! nor?1 jo9 ! *annel a few kilometres bel[ its head1 :ile ab\t n9e kilometres f ! head !re ent]s a l>g] wadi com+ f ! s\?1 call$ ! ,wadi el ,gihab4 ,! ma9 ,wadi ,gihab has n be5 foll[$1 b its ea/]n bran*1 call$ ,wadi ,gihab ,abu ,d]b1 conta9s a l>ge & v easily accessible galt ab\t f\r kilometres f ,hode91 & leads ab\t t5 kilometres fur!r on1 to a v /eep & difficult pass into ,wadi ,dif2 ?is pass is practicable only on foot1 be+ risky ev5 = unlad5 camels4 ,! ,spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa are situat$ 9 ! ,wadi ,hode91 ab\t two kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,gihab1 at an altitude ( #caj metres above sea-level4 ,! ,wadi ,hode9 is "h n>r[1 & %ut 9 by v high /eep s&/one sc>ps4 ,!re are f\r spr+s1 all issu+ f ! nor!rn sc>p at int]vals ( ab\t sixty metres along ! wadi1 & all ab\t ?ree metres above ! wadi floor1 trickl+ into pools ab\t a metre 9 diamet] close by4 ,! mo/ we/]ly ( ! f\r spr+s is a m]e trickle2 ! next yields a r great] fl[1 f a c>v$ ni*e 9 ! rock1 ) a ,greek cornice2 ! ?ird is ! "o mo/ us$1 hav+ ! greate/ fl[ ( ! f\r1 :ile ! ea/]nmo/ is almo/ /agnant & has yell[ incru/ations ne> x4 ,! rate ( fl[1 ev5 f ! l>ge/ spr+1 is v sl[1 probably n m ?an t5 litres p] m9ute1 & ! ov]fl[ f ! pools is only a t9y /ream a few c5timetres wide :i* soon loses itself 9 ! s& ( ! wadi floor2 b ! pools are l>ge en\gh = a doz5 or m camels to dr9k f1 & soon fill up aga9 :5 empti$4 ,! wat] is ( excell5t quality1 v cle>1 & ! supply nev] fails4 ,ne> ! spr+s !re are five or six small date palms1 & ! wadi h]eab\ts has _m o!r trees4 ,aft] ra91 ?is "p ( ,wadi ,hode9 at times becomes a /ream2 ?is 0 ! case 9 ,octob] #aijg1 = ,i f\nd num]\s pools 9 ! wadi floor1 & scum & fro? %[+ t an impetu\s /ream ab\t half a metre deep _h fl[$ d[n ! wadi only a few days prior to my visit4 ,j bel[ ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s1 ,wadi ,hode9 receives ! %ort ,wadi ,maghal f ! nor?-we/2 ?is wadi1 :i* is wall$ 9 by high s&/one plateaux1 conta9s wat] holes ab\t ?ree kilometres f ,wadi ,hode92 b ^! are less important ?an ! spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa1 & are1 moreov]1 (f ! ma9 road4 ,wadi ,hode9 n[ op5s out1 ! high s&/one sc>ps ( ,gebels ,abraq & ,hode9 runn+ nor? & s\?-ea/1 & ent]s a s&y pla9 ) v l[ hills1 f among :i* "s small fe$]s jo9 ! ma9 wadi4 ,ab\t fifte5 kilometres bel[ ! op5+ ( sc>ps1 ,wadi ,hode9 receives1 f ! nor?-we/1 ! ,wadi ,naam1#if a great tribut>y dra9+ ! m\nta9s ( ,z]gat ,naam1 ,um ,bisilla1 & ,abu ,dahr4 ,! next influx is f ,wadi ,dif1 :i* ent]s ,wadi ,hode9 f ! s\?-we/ ab\t six kilometres fur!r on2 ,wadi ,dif itself is only a %ort wadi1 b x collects ! dra9age ( an imm5se area to ! s\? by long fe$]s1 & conta9s a good well4 ,ne>ly opposite to ,wadi ,dif1 ! ,wadi ,orga el ,at%ani jo9s ,wadi ,hode9 f ! nor?-we/2 ! ,wadi ,hode9 has "h two l>ge isl&-l masses ( l[ hills 9 x1 betwe5 :i* ! ma9 dra9age l9e passes4 ,l[] d[n1 ,wadi ,orga el ,rayani ent]s by two m\?s f ! nor?4 ,bo? ! ,wadis ,orga are said to orig9ate ne> ,gebel ,orga1 "s ?irty kilometres to ! nor?1 b _! c\rses h n be5 mapp$2 ! "o call$ ,el ,rayani is said to lead to a good well1 ,bir ,orga1 ab\t twelve or f\rte5 kilometres above its junction ) ,hode94 ,on ! opposite 7s\?7 side1 ,wadi ,hode9 receives ! ,wadi ,anfeib1 dra9+ ! high s&/one plateau ( ,gebel ,anfeib4 ,a little fur!r on ! small ,wadi el ,khasiya comes 9 f ! nor?1 by two *annels1 "o on ei!r side ( a small gr\p ( isolat$ hills2 & ne>ly opposite is ! m\? ( ,wadi ,madi1 :i* dra9s ! we/ side ( ! great m\nta9 mass ( ,g]f1 "s sixty kilometres to ! s\?1 & possesses a good well ab\t fifty kilometres up its c\rse f ,wadi ,hode94 ,sev]al fe$]s come 9 f ! nor? a little fur!r d[n ! wadi1 ( :i* ! *ief is ! ,wadi ,um ,t5$ba1 dra9+ ! m\nta9 ( ! same "n1 :ile o!rs dra9 ! hill c\ntry r\nd ,gebel ,h>hagit4 ,on ! o!r 7s\?7 side is ! m\? ( ,wadi ,kha%ab1 dra9+ ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,kha%ab & ! hills we/ ( x4 ,a few kilometres fur!r on1 ,wadi ,hode9 wid5s consid]ably1 & f "h onw>d x is v s&y & arid4 ,a long spur runn+ nor?-we/ f ,gebel el ,anbat ne>ly cuts across ! wadi1 ! ma9 *annel ( :i* passes nor? & ea/ ( ! spur1 :ile to ! we/ ( x is a r broad s&y pla9 ) ill-m>k$ dra9age l9es f ! hills1 ( :i* ! *ief be>s ! "n ( ,wadi ,um ,seleim4 ,ne> ,gebel el ,anbat are num]\s small fe$]s ( ,wadi ,hode9 f t hill & ! o!r hills to ! nor?-ea/4 ,ab\t eight kilometres bel[ ,gebel el ,anbat1 ,wadi ,hode9 quits ! hills &1 turn+ a little nor? ( ea/1 m]ges into ! coa/-pla91 ov] :i* its rema9+ c\rse ( ab\t tw5ty-sev5 kilometres is v ill-def9$4 ,j :]e x leaves ! hills1 ,wadi ,hode9 is jo9$ f ! s\?-we/ by ,wadi ,beida1 dra9+ ! m\nta9 ( ! same "n & conta9+ two wells2 & a little fur!r on x receives ,wadi el ,kreiga1 :i* dra9s ! hill c\ntry r\nd ,bir ,m5eiga4 ,! junctions ( ,wadi ,beida & ,wadi ,kreiga ) ,wadi ,hode9 are v difficult to trace on ! gr\nd1 be+ almo/ lo/ 9 ! g5]al s&y pla94 ,bir ,%alate91 a v salt well 9 ! ,wadi ,hode91 ab\t two kilometres f its m\? & only ab\t sev5 metres above ! sea1 is *iefly ( importance by reason ( its m>k+ ! adm9i/rative limit ( ! ,egyptian & ,sudan sph]es ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is m]ely a few %all[ pits sunk 9 ! wadi b$1 yield+ wat] dr9kable only by camels4 ,an iron beacon two metres high has be5 erect$ on a l[ bank close to ! well1 & w enable ! well1 :i* is itself inconspicu\s1 to be easily f\nd4 ,wadi ,naam1 a great tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode9 com+ f ! nor?-nor?-we/1 orig9ates ab\t t5 kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam by ! union ( ! ,wadis ,abu ,seyal1 ,el ,fil1 & ,um ,bisilla1 & c\rses s\?-s\?-ea/ = ab\t =ty-n9e kilometres to its junction ) ,wadi ,hode94 ,x is a v b>r5 wadi1 be+ = mo/ ( its l5g? a broad1 %all[1 & v s&y dra9age l9e among l[ hills1 & 9 its l[] p>ts1 :]e x crosses ! pla9 ( ,abraq1 its c\rse is v ill-m>k$4 ,its slope decreases f five metres p] kilometre ne> its head to ab\t ?ree metres p] kilometre 9 its l[] rea*es4 ,besides ! ?ree wadis :i*1 z above-m5tion$1 unite to =m its head1 ,wadi ,naam has sev]al l>ge tribut>ies1 ( :i* ! *ief are ! ,wadis ,silsila & ,abraq on ! we/1 & ,wadis ,erf ,um ,araka1 ,arais1 & ,betan on ! ea/4 ,! ,wadi el ,fil1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! ma9 head ( ,wadi ,naam1 ?\gh x is n ! longe/1 dra9s ! nor?-ea/ portion ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam 7sometimes call$ ,hag> el ,fil74 ,! rocky gullies =m+ its heads conta9 rock bas9s :i* yield wat] = a %ort "t aft] ra94 ,wadi ,abu ,seyal dra9s ! s\? "p ( ! same range2 its head is v /eep1 & is said to conta9 a v l>ge galt1 :i* holds supplies ( wat] = five mon?s aft] ra94 ,wadi ,um ,bisilla dra9s ,gebel ,um ,bisilla1 :i* x half encircles1 its ma9 head be+ nor?-ea/ ( ! m\nta91 :]e !re is an easy pass into ,wadi ,abu ,nilih1 & !nce an easy road to ! head ( ,wadi ,lahami4 ,ab\t elev5 kilometres we/ ( ! m\nta91 ,wadi ,um ,bisilla receives1 f ! nor?-ea/1 ! ,wadi el ,khiua1 :i*1 ) its tribut>ies1 ,wadis ,abu ,fagir & ,abu ,nilih1 dra9s ! l[ hill c\ntry nor? ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ,wadis ,um ,bisilla & ,khiua h n be5 survey$ 9 detail2 _! c\rses z %[n on ! map are only approximate1 b be+ bas$ on guides' /atem5ts ne> ! spot !y are probably sub/antially correct4 ,wadi ,erf ,um ,araka heads z a s]ies ( small wadis among ! l[ hills s\? ( ,um ,bisilla1 & curves r\nd we/w>d betwe5 ! high hills ( ,abu ,%igelat & ,erf el ,gimal on ! nor?1 & ,erf ,um ,araka or ,gebel ,belamh&eit on ! s\?1 to jo9 ,wadi ,naam ab\t five kilometres l[] d[n ?an ,wadi ,um ,bisilla4 ,! hill c\ntry r\nd ! heads ( ,wadi ,erf ,um ,araka is fairly op51 s t "o c proce$ freely f ! head ( ,wadi ,arais1 across ^? ( ,wadi ,erf ,um ,araka1 & on into ! heads ( ,wadi ,um ,bisilla4 ,wadi ,arais orig9ates by ! union ( _m small fe$]s 9 ! l[ hill c\ntry betwe5 ,gebels ,um ,guruf & ,h5dusi1 & c\rses = ! fir/ f\rte5 kilometres 9 a s\?-s\?-we/ direction4 ,ab\t n9e kilometres bel[ its head ! ,wadi ,um ,guruf1 dra9+ ! hills r\nd ! conspicu\s granite boss call$ ,gebel ,um ,guruf1 ent]s f ! nor?-we/4 ,"s five kilometres fur!r on1 j beyond ! place :]e ,arais makes a %>p we/w>d b5d1 ,wadi ,belamh&eit1 dra9+ ! ea/ face ( ! long gneiss range call$ ,erf ,um ,araka or ,gebel ,belamh&eit1 ent]s f ! nor?4 ,wadi ,arais n[ n>r[s into a w9d+ gorge1 cutt+ we/w>d = ab\t t5 kilometres ?r\gh ! complex ( high gneiss hills call$ ,gebel ,arais to jo9 ,wadi ,naam4 ,its junction ) ,wadi ,naam takes place 9 a small pla91 ) ! s&/one plateaux ( ,gebel ,um ,sididad on ! we/ & ! gneiss hills ( ,gebel ,arais on ! ea/4 ,! fall ( ,wadi ,arais is f #dfd metres above sea at ! pass into ,wadi ,erf ,um ,araka1 to #cde metres :]e x jo9s ,wadi ,naam aft] a c\rse ( tw5ty-five kilometres2 s t its slope av]ages f\r & a half metres p] kilometre4 ,wadi ,silsila#ig heads 9 high s&/one hills on ! m]idian ( #cd #dj1 nor? ( ,gebel ,abraq1 :]e at lea/ "o pass1 /eep & s&y1 leads to ! ,wadi ,arn$4 ,its c\rse is almo/ due ea/1 ov] a pla9 ) l[ s&/one banks1 ) a great deal ( bl[n s&4 ,fe$]s ent] x f ! s&/one hills :i* b\nd ! pla91 ! pr9cipal be+ ! ,wadi ,um ,sididad1 dra9+ ! high s&/one hills1 call$ ,gebel ,um ,sididad1 on ! nor?4 ,ab\t sev5 kilometres be=e x jo9s ,naam1 ,wadi ,silsila cuts ?r\gh ! range ( l[ s&/one hills :i* /ret*es s\?w>d f ,gebel ,um ,sididad to ne> ,abraq spr+s2 9 proce$+ to ,abraq f ! pass at ! head ( ,wadi ,silsila1 "o be>s (f to ! s\? be=e rea*+ ?is range1 ent]+ ! dra9age ( ,wadi ,abraq ov] an op5 s&y pla94 ,wadi ,abraq is a r ill-def9$ dra9age l9e :i* orig9ates on ! nor? side ( ,gebel ,abraq1 & aft] skirt+ ! high s&/one sc>p1 f :i* x receives small fe$]s1 = ab\t ?irte5 kilometres1 turns ea/w>d to jo9 ,wadi ,naam1 ab\t n9e kilometres above its junction ) ,hode94 ,wadi ,abraq is s&y & b>r51 & w\ld be sc>cely wor?y ( m5tion b = ! fact t x conta9s "s ( ! mo/ important wat] s\rces ( ! entire ,ea/]n ,des]t1 ! ,abraq ,spr+s4 ,!re are no less ?an five spr+s )9 a l5g? ( z _m kilometres ( ! wadi1 yield+ p]5nial supplies ( excell5t wat]4 ,! fir/ spr+ f ! nor?1 call$ ,bir el ,sunta1 is a pool ab\t two metres 9 diamet] at ! entrance to a little gully 9 ! face ( ! high s&/one sc>p2 x is v easily accessible to camels1 be+ practically on ! pla91 & fills z rapidly z x is empti$4 ,! second & ?ird spr+s1 call$ toge!r ,bir ,abu ,dibesat1 are ab\t #a1ejj metres s\?-ea/ ( ,bir el ,sunta1 ne> ! tomb ( ,%eikh ,hamid2 !y =m small] pools at ! foot ( ! sc>p4 ,! f\r? spr+1 ,bir ,abraq1 is situat$ a %ort di/ance up a /ony gully :i* em]ges f ! sc>p a little fur!r s\?2 ! wat] lies 9 l>ge pools "u dipp+ s&/one b$s on ! s\? side ( ! gully4 ,! fif? spr+1 ,bir ,gumbit1 is said to be "s ?ree kilometres fur!r s\?-ea/1 &1 l ! o!rs1 at ! foot ( ! s&/one sc>p2 x has n1 h[ev]1 be5 visit$ by ! survey p>ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,map ( ,abraq ,spr+s4 ,scale3 #e c5timetres to a kilometre4 ,! wat] at all ! ,abraq ,spr+s is ( excell5t quality2 x conta9s masses ( gre5 alg1 b ^! are easily avoid$ 9 bal+ out1 & ! wat] c be obta9$ q cle>4 ,( ! f\r spr+s visit$1 ! "o call$ ,bir ,abraq is ! *ief2 b ,bir el ,sunta is r easi] ( access = camels4 ,! spr+s are practically all at ! same level1 viz41 #ccj metres above sea1 & all d]ive _! wat] f ! same s&/one b$s4 ,no camel food gr[s ne> ! wells1 & !re are v few trees 9 ! vic9ity2 consequ5tly1 ! ,arabs ( ! neighb\rhood d n camp ne> ! spr+s1 b 9 ,wadi ,hode9 & its tribut>ies1 draw+ wat] f ,abraq or ,abu ,saafa at int]vals4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ru9s ( a l>ge anci5t =t on a l[ hill ea/ ( ,bir ,abraq1 & "s ,arab graves a little fur!r nor?2 among ^! latt] is a l>ge tomb said to be t ( ,%eikh ,hamid4 ,wadi ,betan orig9ates on ! nor? side ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 :]e an easy pass1 #faj metres above sea-level1 connects its head ) ,wadi ,um ,k>aba1 & c\rses at fir/ we/w>d to ne> ,gebel ,h5dusi2 x !n turns s\?w>d to jo9 ,wadi ,naam a few kilometres only above its junction ) ,wadi ,hode94 ,its total l5g? is ov] fifty kilometres1 & its av]age slope is ab\t sev5 metres p] kilometre4 ,only ! head ( ,wadi ,betan has be5 survey$ 9 detail2 b ?is is ! mo/ important "p1 z conta9+ wat] s\rces & old m9e work+s2 & ! l[] "p ( its c\rse z %[n on ! map is probably sub/antially correct1 be+ bas$ on /atem5ts made ne> ! spot by guides famili> ) ! di/rict4 ,ab\t five kilometres bel[ its head1 ,wadi ,betan conta9s ! two wells call$ ,bir ,betan4 ,^! are excavations 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi4 ,! l[] "o is at ! m\? ( ! small ,wadi ,um ,eleiga1 :ile ! o!r is ab\t #fjj metres fur!r up ,wadi ,betan1 close to a small tree4 ,bo? ^! wells 7 fill$ up by d[nwa% :5 ,i visit$ !m 9 ,febru>y #aijg1 & _! places 7 only recognisable by ! clay 8hds0 ne> !m2 at ?is "t !re 0 no necessity = ! ,arabs to op5 !m1 z a galt at ! head ( ! wadi1 j s\? ( ! pass into ,wadi ,um ,k>aba1 0 yield+ a good supply ( wat]4 ,j above ! wells1 ,betan receives f ! s\? ! fe$] call$ ,wadi ,mi/ura1 dra9+ ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr4 ,! little ,wadi ,um ,eleiga1 :i* dra9s into ,betan close to ! s\? well1 is ( importance z lead+ to "s ext5sive ru9s & old work+s ab\t two kilometres up f its m\?4 ,! ru9s are mo/ly rubble hovels1 :ile ! work+s1 :i* 7 evid5tly = gold1 v>y f m]e scrat*+s to pits t5 metres deep 9 ! rock4 ,a diorite mill-/one is to be se5 ne> ! ru9s4 ,! ,wadi ,abu ,debebi lil ,betan1 :i* jo9s ,betan on ! nor? ab\t ?ree kilometres bel[ ! wells1 leads by an easy pass into ,wadi ,abu ,debebi lil ,khoda1 "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,khoda1 & =ms ! ne>e/ way to ! coa/ f ,bir ,betan4 ,wadi ,abu ,sieiyil is a small fe$] ent]+ ,betan f ! s\?1 ?ree kilometres fur!r d[n4 ,! pr9cipal rema9+ tribut>ies ( ,betan are ! ,wadis ,hefeiri1 ,abu ,beid1 & ,egat4 ,wadi ,hefeiri runs we/w>d f ne> ! ,abu ,debebi pass1 & turn+ s\? ne> ,gebel ,h5dusi1 receives ! ,rod el ,h5dusi j be=e ent]+ ,betan4 ,wadi ,abu ,beid el ,azrak orig9ates ne> ,gebel ,abu ,sieiyil we/ ( ,abu ,dahr1 & fl[s s\?w>ds to jo9 ,wadi ,abu ,beid el ,abiad1 :i* 9 turn fl[s into ,wadi ,betan4 ,a well1 ,bir ,abu ,beid1 is situat$ ne> ! junction ( ,wadi ,abu ,beid el ,abiad & ,wadi ,abu ,beid el ,azrak1 :]e !re are num]\s seyal trees2 x 0 yield+ a fair quantity ( good wat] 9 #aijf4 ,( ! ,wadi ,egat1 no?+ has be5 se52 x is1 h[ev]1 /at$ by ! ,arabs to orig9ate 9 ! rugg$ hilly tract s\? ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 & to jo9 ,wadi ,betan l[] d[n its c\rse ?an ,abu ,beid4 ,wadi ,dif orig9ates 9 ! s&/one hills r\nd ,bir ,dif1 & pursues a v s9u\s nor?-ea/]ly c\rse1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! high s&/one plateau :i* is nam$ ,gebel ,hode9 to ! nor?1 & ,gebel ,dif to ! s\? ( x4 ,= ! major "p ( its l5g? ( tw5ty-n9e kilometres x is v n>r[1 ) v high /eep s&/one sc>ps on ei!r side1 b x is a little m op5 ne> its orig91 :]e ,wadi ,feqoh jo9s x1 & 9 its l[] "p x w9ds z a broad s&y valley ?r\gh ! l[ hills :i* sep>ate ! ,wadi ,hode9 f ! high s&/one plateaux2 x jo9s ,wadi ,hode9 close to ! m]idian ( #ce4 ,except ! ,wadi ,feqoh1 :i* is ( imm5se l5g?1 & dra9s a v l>ge area1 ,wadi ,dif has only a few insignificant fe$]s4 ,( ^!1 ,talet ,um ,k>aba & ,wadi ,enqireidia ent] f ! s\? plateau ne> ! place :]e ,wadi ,dif leaves ! high s&/one hills2 & ,wadi ,gelabat ,%abai1 c\rs+ nor?-ea/ ?r\gh ! l[ hill c\ntry flank+ ! plateau1 jo9s ,wadi ,dif j above its junction ) ,hode94 ,bir ,dif is situat$ 9 a small gully =m+ ! head ( ,wadi ,dif1 9 latitude #bc #ab #db4 ,to a travell] com+ up ,wadi ,dif1 ,wadi ,feqoh =ms ! ma9 cont9uation ( ,wadi ,dif1 & ! gully conta9+ ,bir ,dif appe>s to be a lat]al tribut>y com+ 9 f ! we/2 b ! ,arabs re/rict ! "n ,dif to ! dra9age l9e bel[ ! spr+1 & apply ! "n ,feqoh to all ! upp] ma9 *annel4 ,bir ,dif is a spr+ =m+ two pools ( good wat]1 situat$ ab\t a kilometre up ! gully1 at ! junction ( s&/one & s*i/s4 ,! approa* to ! pools is v /ony1 b camels c easily rea* ! wat]2 ! spr+ is #bij metres above sea-level4 ,wadi ,feqoh1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,dif1 is _m times long] ?an ,wadi ,dif itself1 & ev5 long] ?an ! ,wadi ,hode9 ( :i* ,wadi ,dif is a tribut>y1 hav+ a l5g? along its ma9 *annel ( #aej kilometres1 ) fe$]s totall+ sev]al times t l5g?4 ,?\gh only portions ( ,wadi ,feqoh h be5 survey$ 9 detail1 ! position ( its entire c\rse is kn[n ) tol]able accuracy f ! /atem5ts ( guides at v>i\s /ations f :i* portions ( x c\ld be po9t$ out4 ,x is = ! mo/ "p a v b>r5 wadi1 =m+ an ill-def9$ dra9age l9e ?r\gh a dre>y wat]less s&y wa/e4 ,its v "n1 :i* means 8devoid ( n\ri%m5t10 indicates its "*4 ,x orig9ates ne> ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,soaorib1 only "s tw5ty kilometres nor? ( ! #bbnd p>allel ( latitude1 :]e ! ma9 wat]%$ sep>ates x f ! fe$]s ( ! ,wadi ,alaqi4 ,f "h x foll[s a nor?-we/]ly c\rse1 pass+ betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,eir ,arib & ,hadal ,d]qa4 ,curv+ slightly to ! nor?1 x crosses ! great s&y pla9 we/ ( ,gebel ,korabkansi1 & passes close we/ ( ! isolat$ m\nta9 call$ ,gebel ,%abih4 ,fur!r on1 x ent]s a c\ntry ( l[ hills ) s&y int]spaces1 pass+ close we/ ( ! l[ range call$ ,gebel ,um el ,kalala1 & !n sweeps r\nd 9 a great curve t[>ds ! ea/ to jo9 ! ,wadi ,dif close to ,bir ,dif4 ,! fall ( its b$ f ne> ,gebel ,%abih to its junction ) ,wadi ,dif1 t is1 9 a l5g? ( sev5ty-two kilometres1 is f #dgj metres to #bhj metres above sea1 giv+ an av]age slope ( only ab\t #bf metres p] kilometre2 ,wadi ,feqoh has 9 fact ! mo/ g5tle gradi5t ( all ! great seaw>ds-dra9+ wadis4 ,wadi ,feqoh has _m tribut>ies4 ,^? ne> its head1 & o!rs com+ 9 f ! we/]n m\nta9s ?r\gh ! l[ hill c\ntry nor? ( ,gebel ,mi%bih1 h n be5 trac$2 b ^? dra9+ ,gebel ,korabkansi & ,gebel ,niqrub1 :i* are probably ! mo/ important1 h be5 mapp$ 9 detail4 ,mo/ ( ! dra9age f ^! localities ev5tually f9ds its way into ! great trunk fe$] ( ,wadi ,feqoh1 call$ ! ,wadi ,gimal1#ih :i* jo9s ,wadi ,feqoh ab\t sixte5 kilometres be=e its junction ) ,wadi ,dif4 ,! tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,feqoh are ( mu* m int]e/ ?an ,wadi ,feqoh itself1 z !y conta9 9 _m places a fair or ev5 relatively ri* assemblage ( trees & bu%es1 & at lea/ "o good well1 ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet4 ,! mo/ s\!rn tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,feqoh :i* h be5 mapp$ are ,wadi ,kamoyib1 dra9+ ea/w>d f ,gebel ,wadhait1 & ,wadi ,tawayib1 dra9+ ! ea/ face ( ,gebel ,korabkansi4 ,^! are = ! mo/ "p b>r5 wadis ea* c\rs+ = ab\t sixte5 kilometres across a s&y pla9 to jo9 ,feqoh4 ,! ma9 head ( ,wadi ,gimal is call$ ,wadi ,seyet4 ,x orig9ates betwe5 ,gebel ,wadhait & ,gebel ,dreb ab\t latitude #bb #ce1 & by means ( _m fe$]s dra9s ! ea/ face ( ,gebels ,dreb & ,g]f4 ,! pr9cipal fe$] ( ,wadi ,seyet f ! s\?-we/ is ,wadi ,wadhait1 collect+ ! s\? dra9age ( ,gebel ,korabkansi1 :ile on ! ea/ ! ,wadi ,%]efa el ,gh>bi1 :i* leads to ! important ,%]efa pass1 contributes ! dra9age f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,gebel ,dreb & ! s\?-we/ p>ts ( ,gebel ,g]f4 ,^! bo? jo9 ,wadi ,seyet a little s\? ( latitude #bb #dj1 :ile a little fur!r d[n !re ent] f ! ea/ two small fe$]s call$ ,wadi ,delawet & ,wadi ,buyet4 ,! "n ,seyet is giv5 to ?is wadi only d[n to :]e x passes ?r\gh a n>r[ gap betwe5 high hills 9 latitude #bb #db2 bel[ t po9t x is call$ ,wadi ,gemal4 ,wadi ,seyet is rem>kably well wood$1 conta9+ an imm5se numb] ( f9e l>ge acacia trees1 & pres5t$ an almo/ p>k-l appe>ance at ! end ( #aijg4 ,x also conta9s a deep well1 ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet1 excavat$ 9 ! wadi floor j above ! gap betwe5 ! hills above ref]r$ to4 ,?is well 0 full ( d[nwa% 9 ! w9t] ( #aijg4 ,x is said to be tw5ty metres deep & to yield pl5ty ( good wat]1 b at t "t !re 0 pl5ty ( wat] 9 galts 9 ! m\nta9s1 & ! ,arabs said !y pref]r$ to d]ive _! supplies f ^! s long z !y la/$1 only digg+ out ! well :5 fur!r supplies 7 necess>y4#ii ,an unnam$ fe$] f ! we/1 jo9+ ,wadi ,seyet j bel[ ! well1 leads by an easy pass into ! head ( ,wadi ,hu%5ab1 :i* dra9s ?r\gh ,wadi ,sortdau into ! ,wadi ,gemal l[] d[n its c\rse4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ,gebel ,korabkansi & ,gebel ,niqrub ,foqani1 ?r\gh :i* ! c\rse ( ,wadi ,gemal lies1 is a g5tly slop+ pla9 ) m]e l[ banks1 among :i* ! dra9age l9es bran* out =m+ num]\s loops4 ,! ma9 *annel runs fairly /raight 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction1 receiv+ ,wadis ,sortdau & ,remalib1 dra9+ ! hills nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,korabkansi z tribut>ies on its we/ side2 b a sort ( loop l9e runs (f ea/w>d & rea*es ! ma9 *annel aga9 by ! ,wadi ,haletiai1 :i* also collects ! dra9age f ! s\? p>ts ( ,gebel ,niqrub ,foqani4 ,aft] pass+ we/ ( ?is la/-nam$ m\nta91 ,wadi ,gemal takes a m nor!rly c\rse2 x receives an imm5se numb] ( fe$]s f ! we/ & nor? ( ,gebel ,niqrub ,foqani1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal is call$ ,wadi ,umeiatib4 ,o!r fe$]s ent] f among ! l[ hills on ! we/1 ! pr9cipal be+ ,wadi ,hadel%i%eib1 com+ f ! neighb\rhood ( ! d>k cone call$ ,gebel ,mismih4 ,f ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet to its junction ) ,wadi ,feqoh ! l5g? ( ! ma9 *annel ( ,wadi ,gemal is fifty-sev5 kilometres1 & its fall is f #efj metres above sea to ab\t #caj metres1 or on ! av]age ab\t f\r & a half metres p] kilometre2 its slope is ?us mu* m rapid ?an t ( ,wadi ,feqoh1 ?\gh 9 its l[] p>ts1 :]e x passes ov] :at is almo/ a pla91 its gradi5t is less ?an half ?is av]age am\nt4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! ,wadi ,gemal & its tribut>ies conta9 z a rule a fair abundance ( trees & bu%es4 ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im1 :i* jo9s ,wadi ,feqoh ab\t ?ree kilometres above ,bir ,dif1 comm5ces its c\rse ne> ,gebel ,butitelib1 :]e an easy pass1 broad & s&y1 #dje metres above sea-level1 divides x f ! heads ( ,rod ,mukrayib1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,madi4 ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im foll[s a nor?-we/]ly c\rse1 ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e1 collect+ pr9cipally ! dra9age f ! we/]n slopes ( ! range ( high s*i/ hills :i* flank ! s&/one plateau ( ,gebel ,anfeib4 ,x has a l5g? ( sev5te5 kilometres1 & an av]age slope ( ab\t six metres p] kilometre4 ,x is a fairly op5 wadi1 )\t mu* vegetation2 on its we/ side are only v l[ hills4 ,wadi ,anfeib1 :i* ent]s ,wadi ,hode9 f ! s\?-we/ eight kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,dif1 is =m$ by ! union ( ?ree ma9 heads1 call$ ,wadi ,anfeib el ,tawayib1 ,wadi ,atalab1 & ,wadi ,mitatib1 dra9+ respectively ! nor!rn1 c5tral1 & s\!rn p>ts ( ! great s&/one plateau ( ,gebel ,anfeib4 ,mitatib is jo9$ half-way d[n its c\rse by ,wadi ,unfagalan1 :i* likewise heads 9 ! plateau4 ,bel[ ! junction ( its ?ree ma9 heads1 ,wadi ,anfeib has a c\rse ( only ab\t sev5 kilometres to run1 ?r\gh l[ hill c\ntry1 be=e x jo9s ,wadi ,hode94 ,wadi ,madi1 ! next great tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode9 f ! s\?1 heads 9 ! we/]n side ( ! complex gr\p ( m\nta9s call$ ,gebel ,g]f1 & c\rses 9 a nor!rly direction = ov] sev5ty kilometres be=e jo9+ ,wadi ,hode9 9 longitude #ce #g1 five kilometres l[] d[n ,wadi ,hode9 ?an ! m\? ( ,wadi ,anfeib4 ,! heads ( ,wadi ,madi are extremely complex1 consi/+ ( a multitude ( bran*+ dra9age l9es1 & "s ( !m divide _! dra9age ) ! ,wadi ,gemal1 :i* ent]s ,wadi ,hode9 by way ( ,wadis ,feqoh & ,dif4 ,! mo/ s\!rly head is ! ,wadi ,difoteb1 dra9+ f ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,g]f 9 latitude #bb #ci2 b only a "p ( ! dra9age f ?is gets into ,wadi ,madi1 ! re/ go+ into ,wadi ,%]efa el ,gh>bi4 ,a simil> fate is %>$ by ,wadi ,eirahimib1 :i* heads 9 a slightly difficult pass1 lead+ into ,wadi ,um ,r$dam1 ab\t ?ree kilometres we/ ( ! highe/ po9t ( ,gebel ,g]f 9 latitude #bb #db2 ?is wadi c\rses 9 a direction a little s\? ( we/1 fall+ v rapidly1 pa/ ! hill mass ( ,gebel ,tueiwi1 :]e x divides1 "p ( its dra9age go+ nor?w>ds z ,wadi ,madi1 & "p cross+ ! pla9 z ,wadi ,buyet & jo9+ ! ,wadi ,seyet4 ,! next head ( ,wadi ,madi to ! nor? is =m$ by ,wadi ,faditiai1 :i* dra9s ! high hills ea/ ( ,gebel ,tueiwi1 & captures a "p ( ! dra9age br\ght d[n by ! above-m5tion$ ,wadi ,eirahimib4 ,exactly :]e ! "n ,madi comm5ces to be appli$ to ! dra9age is unc]ta91 z ,arabs diff] on ! po9t1 b x is probably mo/ correct to consid] ,madi z comm5c+ j s\? ( ,gebel ,tueiwi1 :]e ! dra9age ( ,wadi ,eirahimib1 ) "p ( t f ,wadi ,difoteb1 divides into two p>ts1 ! less] go+ d[n ,wadi ,buyet to jo9 ,wadi ,seyet1 :ile ! great] =ms ,wadi ,madi itself4 ,on ?is basis1 ,wadi ,faditiai is a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,madi1 jo9+ x by sev]al op5+s betwe5 latitudes #bb #dd & #bb #df4 ,!re are num]\s fe$]s f ! l[ hill c\ntry bo? to ,wadi ,faditiai & to ,wadi ,madi prop]4 ,aft] receiv+ ,wadi ,faditiai1 ,madi fl[s 9 a well-def9$ tr5*1 ) _m trees1 nor?-we/ = a few kilometres to latitude #bb #dg1 :]e x turns %>ply1 almo/ at a "r angle1 to ! nor?-ea/4 ,a kilometre & a half beyond ! b5d :]e !re is a high granite hill on ! we/ side ( ! wadi1 is ,bir ,madi4 ,?is is a well sunk 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi floor1 hav+ its m\? l9$ ) /one slabs2 9 ,decemb] #aijg1 :5 ,i visit$ x1 ! wat] 0 f\r & a half metres deep1 ) its surface ?ree & a half metres bel[ ! wadi floor1 & ! wat] 0 good4 ,! wadi floor "h is #dgf metres above sea-level4 ,a beacon on ! granite hill ov]look+ ! well has ! position latitude #bb #dg #df ,n41 longitude #ce #a #ch ,e41 altitude #eef metres above sea4 ,bel[ ! well1 ,wadi ,madi foll[s a r w9d+ c\rse among mod]ately high hills to a little nor? ( latitude #bb #ej1 :]e x gets into m op5 c\ntry & cont9ues z a broad s&y valley1 curv+ g5tly 9 a nor!rly direction1 to latitude #bc #e4 ,beyond ?is po9t1 :]e x receives ! ,rod ,mukrayib & ! ,wadi ,kolaiqo f ! we/ & ea/ respectively1 ,wadi ,madi becomes n>r[]1 & w9ds ab\t1 ?\gh /ill keep+ a g5]al nor!rly direction1 among l[ hill c\ntry to its junction ) ,wadi ,hode94 ,wadi ,madi has _m tribut>ies1 ! *ief be+ ! ,wadis ,%ellal el ,gh>bi1 ,tugudbaia1 ,s9atib1 ,atluk & ,kolaiqo1 & ! ,rod ,mukrayib1 :i* w be treat$ sep>ately fur!r on4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ,wadi ,madi & _m ( its tribut>ies are well /ock$ ) trees1 b its c5tral p>ts1 :]e x is wide & s&y1 are m b>r54 ,its pr9cipal head1 ! ,wadi ,eirahimib1 falls at an av]age rate ( sixte5 metres p] kilometre2 f ne> ,gebel ,tueiwi to ,bir ,madi ! av]age slope is n9e metres p] kilometre2 :ile 9 ! f9al fifty-f\r kilometres ( its c\rse f ,bir ,madi to ,wadi ,hode91 ! av]age gradi5t is r less ?an six metres p] kilometre4 ,wadi ,%ellal el ,gh>bi1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,madi1 orig9ates 9 ! m\nta9s ab\t six kilometres nor? ( ! highe/ peak ( ,gebel ,g]f1 :]e a pass connects x ) ,wadi ,%ellal el ,%>qi1 a tribut>y ( ! ea/w>d dra9+ ,wadi ,radad4 ,fl[+ at fir/ ne>ly due we/1 ,wadi ,%ellal el ,gh>bi receives ! ,wadi ,um ,r$dam1 :i* collects ! dra9age f ! nor? faces ( ! highe/ peaks ( ,gebel ,g]f4 ,two ( ! heads ( ,um ,r$dam lead to passes2 "o ea/w>d to ,wadi ,%ellal el ,%>qi1 & "o we/w>d into ! head ( ,wadi ,eirahimib4 ,ent]+ a l[] hill c\ntry f :i* x receives num]\s fe$]s1 ,wadi ,%ellal el ,gh>bi turns nor?-we/ to jo9 ,wadi ,madi ab\t eight kilometres bel[ ,bir ,madi4 ,x has a r rapid fall1 & conta9s a fair quantity ( trees & bu%es4 ,its total l5g? along its ma9 *annel is tw5ty-"o kilometres4 ,wadi ,s9atib1 :i* ent]s ,wadi ,madi ab\t six kilometres bel[ ,%ellal el ,gh>bi1 is a small wadi c\rs+ nor?-we/ ?r\gh ! l[ hill c\ntry nor? ( ,wadi ,%ellal4 ,wadi ,tugudbaia conveys to ,wadi ,madi ! dra9age f ! dyke c\ntry s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,niqrub el ,foqani4 ,x is only a %ort wadi1 & ent]s ,wadi ,madi ne>ly opposite ,s9atib4 ,wadi ,b]5diyeb1 :i* jo9s ,wadi ,madi f ! we/ ab\t latitude #bb #ed1 dra9s ! we/]n flanks ( ,gebel ,niqrub el ,foqani4 ,x is a _m head$ wadi1 c\rs+ at fir/ among ! l[ foot-hills ( ! m\nta91 & !n cross+ almo/ a s&y pla9 to jo9 ,wadi ,madi4 ,its l5g? along its ma9 *annel is ab\t twelve kilometres4 ,nor? ( ,b]5diyeb1 !re are two o!r fe$]s ( ,wadi ,madi com+ f ! l[ hills nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,niqrub el ,foqani2 !y h no special names1 be+ broad & s&y & )\t mu* vegetation 9 consequ5ce ( _! dra9+ only l[ c\ntry4 ,wadi ,atluk1 :i* fl[s into ,wadi ,madi f ! s\?-ea/ almo/ opposite ,gebel ,niqrub el ,tahtani1 has a r curi\s orig94 ,x arises f a splitt+ ( ! c\rse ( ,wadi ,korbiai1 "p ( ! dra9age ( :i* passes ea/w>d d[n ,wadi ,kreiga1 :ile ! o!r "p reta9s its nor!rly direction z ,wadi ,atluk4 ,! total l5g? ( ,wadi ,atluk is ab\t tw5ty-"o kilometres4 ,x has n be5 survey$ 9 detail1 b = mo/ ( its c\rse x lies 9 l[ hill c\ntry4 ,rod ,mukrayib is a _m-bran*$ wadi :i* dra9s ! hilly c\ntry betwe5 ,gebel ,niqrub el ,tahtani & ,gebel ,anfeib4 ,"o ( its heads leads by an easy pass ne> ,gebel ,butitelib into ! head ( ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im2 ano!r head dra9s ! nor? face ( ,gebel ,niqrub el ,tahtani2 :ile a ?ird dra9s ! s\? end ( ,gebel ,anfeib1 c\rs+ betwe5 ! s&/one plateau & ! s*i/ hills we/ ( x4 ,f ! pass into ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im to its junction ) ,wadi ,madi ! l5g? ( its *annel is fifte5 kilometres1 ) a fall ( f #dje metres to #bej metres above sea1 giv+ an av]age slope ( t5 metres p] kilometre4 ,x jo9s ,wadi ,madi on ! nor? side ( an isolat$ gr\p ( hills1 j :]e ,wadi ,madi beg9s to n>r[ 91 ab\t n9ete5 kilometres above its junction ) ,wadi ,hode94 ,f ! po9t :]e ,rod ,mukrayib jo9s ,wadi ,madi !re is a good op5 road across ! heads ( ,wadi ,edunqul into ^? ( ,wadi ,anfeib4 ,wadi ,kolaiqo1 :i* jo9s ,madi almo/ opposite ,rod ,mukrayib1 orig9ates 9 ! hills betwe5 ,gebel ,niqrub el ,tahtani & ,gebel ,kha%ab1 :]e a pass at its head leads into ! heads ( ,wadi ,kha%ab4 ,x is a fairly wide wadi1 %ut 9 by r high hills1 c\rs+ we/-nor?-we/ ) a l5g? ( n9e kilometres & a fairly rapid fall4 ,wadi ,edunqul1 a small tribut>y ent]+ ,wadi ,madi1 ab\t t5 kilometres above its junction ) ,wadi ,hode91 dra9s by num]\s gullies ! s\? end ( ,gebel ,anfeib1 c\rs+ a little nor? ( ea/ ) a l5g? ( ab\t elev5 kilometres4 ,wadi ,kha%ab1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode91 dra9s by _m bran*es ! hilly c\ntry ea/ ( ,gebel ,beida4 ,"o ( its heads leads to a pass six kilometres due we/ ( ! summit ( ,gebel ,beida1 :5ce !re is a road to ,bir ,beida2 j be=e rea*+ ! pass1 !re is a l>ge qu>tz ve9 ) "s ru9s ne> x4 ,ano!r fe$] ( ,wadi ,kha%ab1 ! ,wadi ,dehai>tib1 heads 9 a pass lead+ to ! head ( ,wadi ,kolaiqo4 ,wadi ,kha%ab has n be5 explor$ s\? ( #bc #j4 ,f ?is p>allel to ,wadi ,hode9 its l5g? is ab\t tw5ty-six kilometres1 b its head may be five kilometres or m fur!r s\?4 ,! c\ntry on ! we/ side ( ,wadi ,kha%ab consi/s ( l[ hills1 b on ! ea/ x dra9s v high hills1 & its fe$]s c\rse 9 tr5*es across ! /ony slopes at ! feet ( ! hills to jo9 ! ma9 *annel4 ,wadi ,kha%ab conta9s l>ge numb]s ( trees1 :5ce its "n 7,kha%ab wood74 ,its av]age slope is ab\t eight metres p] kilometre4 ,wadi ,beida orig9ates at a pass #cie metres above sea-level1 six kilometres we/ ( ! summit ( ,gebel ,beida1 :]e a road leads ov] into ,wadi ,kha%ab4 ,f ! pass ,beida c\rses s\?-ea/ = sev5 kilometres1 receiv+ fe$]s f ! high hills on ei!r side4 ,x !n turns abruptly at an acute angle1 foll[+ a nor!rly direction = "o & a half kilometres2 !n turn+ ea/ = "o kilometre1 x receives a great fe$] dra9+ ! s\? slopes ( ,wadi ,beida1 aft]w>ds turn+ s\? = "o & a half kilometres to a po9t m>k$ by ! ru9 ( a small well built /one /ructure1 9 :i* mort> & /ucco has be5 us$4 ,f ?is po9t ! wadi foll[s a w9d+ c\rse1 at fir/ s\?-ea/ b gradually work+ r\nd into a nor?-ea/]ly direction1 z a n>r[ gorge ?r\gh ! high hills ( ,gebel ,beida4 ,j :]e ! wadi beg9s to turn nor?w>d1 ab\t "o & a half kilometres bel[ ! ru9 above-m5tion$1 are ! two wells call$ ,bir ,beida4 ,! upp] well is at ! op5+ ( a defile lead+ s\?-ea/w>d to a pass1 =m+ ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! ne>e/ road f ,bir ,beida to ,bir ,m5eiga2 ?is well 0 dry 9 ,novemb] #aijg4 ,! l[] well is ab\t #ejj metres fur!r d[n ! wadi1 at a %>p b5d 9 its c\rse2 x is an excavation 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi floor1 & 0 yield+ good wat] 9 #aijg f a dep? ( ab\t six metres4 ,! ,arabs say t ! supply at ?is well only fails aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s )\t ra9fall1 b ! wat] only infiltrates sl[ly1 s t aft] x has be5 empti$ by a c>avan x requires a day or s to refill4 ,! top ( ! well is #bje metres above sea-level4 ,ab\t f\r kilometres bel[ ! well1 ,wadi ,beida em]ges f ! high hills1 & crosses a tract ( mu* l[] hill c\ntry sev5 kilometres wide1 receiv+ 9 ?is "p ( its c\rse _m fe$]s f ! ea/]n face ( ,gebel ,beida2 x !n divides1 /ill pres]v+ its g5]al nor?-ea/]ly direction1 into a numb] ( %all[ *annels c\rs+ across ! s&y pla9 to jo9 ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,f ,bir ,beida ! ne>e/ wells are ,bir ,m5eiga & ,bir ,%alate92 ! wat] ( ! latt] is1 h[ev]1 v salt & only dr9kable by camels4 ,to ,bir ,m5eiga1 a di/ance ( ?irty-sev5 kilometres1 ! track leads ov] ! pass already m5tion$ s\?-ea/ ( ! upp] 7dry7 well1 !nce into ,wadi ,kreiga1 & up t wadi into ,wadi ,m5eiga2 ! road is r /ony ne> ,m5eiga1 & rises rapidly1 s pl5ty ( "t %\ld be all[$4 ,to rea* ,bir ,%alate91 =ty kilometres di/ant1 "o desc5ds ,wadi ,beida into ,wadi ,hode9 & foll[s ,wadi ,hode9 t[>ds ! sea2 ! road is easy1 be+ mo/ly across a fall+ s&y pla94 ,wadi ,kreiga1 ! la/ great tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode91 orig9ates by ! union ( ! ,wadis ,korbiai & ,m5eiga1 bo? dra9+ t nor? ext5sion ( ! m\nta9 mass ( ,gebel ,g]f :i* is sometimes call$ ,gebel ,korbiai or ,gebel ,m5eiga4 ,wadi ,korbiai & ,wadi ,m5eiga h _! heads only sep>at$ by a n>r[ m\nta9 ridge1 b !re is no possible track ov] ?is ridge f "o to ! o!r4 ,9 ea* case ! wadi conta9s two wat] s\rces ne> its head1 & ! limit ( 8navigability0 ( ! wadi is =m$ practically by ^! s\rces1 above :i* !re are /eep /ony gorges4 ,bir ,korbiai consi/s ( two wells1 bo? situat$ at ! foot ( a sudd5 drop 9 ! rocky b$ ( ,wadi ,korbiai1 ab\t #aej metres ap>t1 sunk 9 ! b\ld]y alluvium2 !re is "s rude timb]+ at ! m\? ( ! wells ov] :i* a l>ge /one is plac$ to prev5t infill+ by d[nwa%4 ,9 ,decemb] #aijg bo? wells conta9$ abundance ( excell5t wat]1 only a metre bel[ gr\nd level4 ,bo? wells are easily accessible1 ?\gh ! road to !m is /ony4 ,! wells are /at$ to yield good supplies = ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] ra9 has fall51 b aft] long] dr\ght !y only yield a little4 ,bel[ ! wells1 ,wadi ,korbiai sweeps r\nd 9 a semicircle ( ab\t ?ree kilometres radius r\nd ! we/ flank ( ! hills to jo9 ,wadi ,m5eiga4 ,on its "r side are ! /eep slopes ( ,gebel ,korbiai1 b on ! left is l[] hill c\ntry4 ,small fe$]s ent] f bo? sides4 ,! b$ ( ! wadi is /ony1 b !re are a fair numb] ( trees 9 x4 ,only a "p ( ! dra9age ( ,wadi ,korbiai turns ea/w>d to jo9 ,wadi ,m5eiga 9 =m+ ,wadi ,kreiga2 ! o!r "p pursues a nor!rly c\rse into ! ,wadi ,atluk1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,madi4 ,bir ,m5eiga is important1 n only z giv+ a p]5nial supply ( good wat]1 b also z m>k+ a po9t on ! adm9i/rative fronti] ( ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,x consi/s ( two spr+s 9 ! /ony b$ ( ,wadi ,m5eiga1 ne> its head4 ,! nor!rn spr+ is tak5 z m>k+ ! fronti]2 its position is latitude #bb #dg #h ,n4 longitude #ce #ab #bj ,e41 altitude #fje metres above sea-level4 ,! s\!rn spr+ is ab\t #cbj metres fur!r up ! wadi1 at a level f\r or five metres high]4 ,ea* ( ! spr+s consi/s ( a t9y pool among ! rocks ( ! wadi floor1 easily accessible to camels4 ,! pools only conta9 eight or t5 gallons ea*1 b camels c dr9k z fa/ z !y l & ! pool keeps full4 ,! wat] is excell5t4 ,!re are num]\s ru9s at ,bir ,m5eiga2 !y consi/ ( rude rubble hovels & ext5d = ov] a kilometre d[n ! wadi bel[ ! spr+s4 ,above ! spr+s1 ,wadi ,m5eiga soon becomes impassable1 end+ 9 rocky gorges 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,bel[ ! spr+s x c\rses = ab\t sev5 kilometres 9 a direction a little we/ ( nor? to jo9 ,wadi ,korbiai & =m ! head ( ,wadi ,kreiga4 ,! fall 9 ?is sev5 kilometres is #bjj metres1 s t ! slope is ! ph5om5ally rapid "o ( tw5ty-eight metres p] kilometre1 & ( c\rse ! floor ( ! wadi is v /ony & camel progress is v sl[4 ,!re are sev]al lat]al fe$]s1 includ+ "o f ! ea/1 ?ree kilometres bel[ ! spr+s1 lead+ to ! head ( ,wadi ,radad2 b ,i am n sure :e!r ! pass is practicable z ,i only saw x f ! m\nta9 top4 ,f ! m\? ( ,wadi ,m5eiga1 ,wadi ,kreiga c\rses ab\t #ae nor? ( ea/1 z a fairly wide wadi ) a /ony floor1 ) high hills on ei!r side f :i* small fe$]s ent]4 ,! fir/ l>ge fe$]1 ! ,wadi ,abiad1 ent]s f ! nor?-we/1 six kilometres bel[ ! m\? ( ,wadi ,m5eiga2 x is a /eeply fall+ wadi1 :i*1 l all wadis be>+ ! "n ( ,abiad1 has a floor ( light-col\r$ granitic s&4 ,"s eight kilometres l[] d[n1 two fe$]s ent] f opposite sides3 t f ! nor? is call$ ,wadi ,eb]]1 :ile t f ! s\? be>s ! "n ( ,wadi ,%igeg4 ,nei!r ( ^! has be5 foll[$ up f>1 & _! l5g? is unkn[n2 b !y are believ$ to be ( no great ext5t4 ,bel[ ?is po9t ! c\ntry op5s out consid]ably1 & ! wadi ana/omoses r\nd l[ hills1 :ile its floor becomes less /ony & m easy "u foot4 ,! v>i\s *annels unite aga9 ab\t eight kilometres fur!r d[n1 :]e ! wadi receives a tribut>y f ! nor?-we/ j be=e x passes ! high hill mass :i* =ms ! s\?w>d ext5sion ( ,gebel ,beida4 ,?is tribut>y leads to an easy pass1 =m+ a direct road to ,bir ,beida4 ,l[] d[n sev]al lat]al fe$]s come into ,kreiga f ei!r side1 & ! wadi em]ges on to a s&y pla9 ) scatt]$ l[ hills4 ,across ?is pla9 ,kreiga takes a m nor!rly direction = ab\t sixte5 kilometres to jo9 ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,! l5g? ( ,wadi ,kreiga f ! m\? ( ,wadi ,m5eiga to ,wadi ,hode9 is ab\t f\rty-"o kilometres4 ,its fall betwe5 ^! po9ts is f #dje metres to ab\t #gj metres above sea-level1 giv+ an av]age slope ( eight metres p] kilometre2 ! slope 9 ! upp] p>ts1 :]e ! wadi b$ is /ony1 is ( c\rse some:at great]1 & t 9 its l[] m s&y rea*es is some:at less ?an ?is av]age4 ,wadi ,kolaiqo is a v ill-def9$ dra9age l9e head+ 9 ! l[ hills call$ ,gebel ,kolaiqo1 & c\rs+ nor?-ea/ = ab\t ?irty kilometres across ! s&y coa/-pla9 to rea* ! sea ab\t latitude #bc #j4 ,x is v s&y1 & absolutely b>r5 except = a little scrub 9 its upp] p>ts4 ,x w\ld h>dly h be5 notic$ _h n ! triangulation /ation on ! hill at its head be5 occupi$4 ,wadi ,%ab1 ) a bas9 ( ab\t #a1bej squ>e kilometres1 dra9s ! ea/]n & s\!rn portions ( ! great gr\p ( m\nta9s ( :i* ,gebel ,g]f is ! c5tre1 & rea*es ! sea 9 latitude #bb #eb1 a little to ! nor? ( ,m]sa ,%ab4 ,x has a great numb] ( heads1 mo/ ( :i* be> special names1 ! "n ,%ab be+ appli$ collectively to !m f ! locality ne> ! hill ( ,qre9 ,salama1 ab\t =ty kilometres f ! sea1 :]e !y beg9 to unite toge!r into "o great trunk *annel4 ,f ! circum/ance t its heads are situat$ 9 a high m\nta9 mass :]e ! ra9fall is relatively great1 & moreov] h /eeply fall+ /ony b$s :i* absorb b little ( ! precipitation1 ! upp] portions ( ,%ab & its fe$]s are well /ock$ ) trees4 ,only 9 ! la/ /ages ( its c\rse to ! sea1 :]e ! absorption ( its dra9age by ! s&y coa/ pla9 becomes great1 does ! abundance ( vegetation fall (f & ! *annel become b>r54 ,its pr9cipal heads & fe$]s are ,wadi ,radad 7f$ by ,wadi ,%ellal el ,%>qi71 ,wadi ,tiko%a1 ,wadi ,muqur 7f$ by ,wadi ,ti ,ilak71 ,wadi ,qadiloi 7f$ by ,tilat ,tihu ,%ana71 ,wadi ,baaneit1 ,wadi ,kilanai1 ,wadi ,um ,saha1 ,wadi ,diqdib1 ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi1 & ,kwat ,hewah4 ,at lea/ ?ree ( ^! conta9 good wat] s\rces1 ,bir ,muqur1 ,bir ,baaneit1 & ,bir ,diqdib be+ situat$ 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! wadis be>+ ! same names4 ,! v>i\s heads & fe$]s ( ,%ab w be describ$ 9 detail bel[1 comm5c+ f ! nor!rnmo/ "o4 ,wadi ,radad may be m prop]ly describ$ z a tribut>y ?an z "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,%ab1 z x jo9s ! trunk wadi "s fifte5 kilometres bel[ ! o!r fe$]s4 ,x orig9ates 9 a rugg$ tract ( high hills ne> ,bir ,m5eiga1 & c\rses ea/w>d = ab\t ?irty-six kilometres1 jo9+ ,wadi ,%ab on ! coa/-pla9 ne> ! l[ hills ( ,ti ,qireira1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r kilometres up f ! po9t :]e ,wadi ,%ab ent]s ! sea4 ,x has n be5 survey$ 9 detail1 b its c\rse 0 mapp$ f ! triangulation /ation ( ,gebel ,g]f & f o!r occupi$ /ations :5ce portions ( x 7 visible4 ,wadi ,%ellal el ,%>qi1 a l>ge fe$] ( ,wadi ,radad1 orig9ates 9 ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,bir ,diqdib & ,bir ,muqur4 ,x has _m heads1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* is "o com+ f ! we/1 lead+ to a pass into ,wadi ,%ellal el ,gh>bi1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,madi2 :ile ano!r1 a little fur!r s\?1 leads to ano!r pass into ,wadi ,um ,r$dam & =ms a possible road to ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet4 ,wadi ,%ellal el ,%>qi foll[s g5]ally a nor?w>d c\rse1 ) a rapid fall1 & jo9s ,wadi ,radad ab\t eighte5 kilometres bel[ ! head ( ! latt]4 ,wadi ,muqur heads 9 ! ea/]n m\nta9s ( ! ,g]f gr\p1 :i* are sometimes call$ ,gebel ,muqur4 ,"h ! dra9age f sev]al /eeply fall+ rocky gullies collects into a s+le w9d+ gorge %ut 9 by ! m\nta9s4 ,! limit to :i* camels c g up ! gorge is m>k$ by a well call$ ,bir ,muqur4 ,at ! "t ( my visit to ?is1 9 ,febru>y #aijh1 ! well 0 fill$ up by debris1 ?r\gh :i*1 h[ev]1 ! wat] con/antly rose & trickl$ into pools 9 a s]ies ( rock bas9s at slightly l[] levels4 ,! fl[ 0 at ! rate ( ab\t five litres p] m9ute1 ! ov]fl[ f ! bas9s runn+ to wa/e at ?is rate 9 ! s& ( ! wadi4 ,! wat] 0 ( excell5t quality4 ,! ,arabs /ate t :5 ! wat] ceases to fl[ z a spr+ !y dig out ! debris & use ! place z a well4 ,bel[ ! well1 ,wadi ,muqur pursues a w9d+ c\rse nor?-ea/w>d = ab\t two & a half kilometres2 !n1 receiv+ ! %ort ,wadi ,ti ,ilak1 dra9+ ! m\nta9s to ! we/1 x turns %>ply ea/w>d & em]ges f ! high hills into l[] c\ntry ab\t ?ree kilometres fur!r on4 ,9 ! l[] c\ntry ! wadi *anges its direction to ea/-nor?-ea/1 receiv+ _m fe$]s f among ! l[ hills we/ ( ,qre9 ,salama1 & its b$ divides & ana/omoses into a s]ies ( *annels1 :i* ev5tually unite j be=e x ent]s ,wadi ,%ab1 five kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,qre9 ,salama4 ,f ne> its head at ,bir ,muqur to its junction ) ,%ab1 ,wadi ,muqur has a l5g? along its ma9 *annel ( ab\t n9ete5 kilometres2 x falls f #dgj metres above sea-level at ! well to #bjj metres at its junction ) ,%ab1 s t ! av]age gradi5t is ab\t f\rte5 metres p] kilometre4 ,a few kilometres be=e rea*+ ,wadi ,%ab1 ,wadi ,muqur is jo9$ by ! ,wadi ,tiko%a1 dra9+ ! mod]ately high hills :i* lie betwe5 ,wadi ,radad & ,gebel ,muqur1 & w9d+ among l[ hills ov] ! pla94 ,! ,wadis ,qadiloi & ,baaneit dra9 f ! ea/ faces ( ,gebel ,muqur & ! m\nta9s & hills close s\? & ea/ ( x1 into ,wadi ,%ab4 ,!re is an ea/w>d ext5sion ( hills f ,gebel ,muqur1 p>tly dra9$ by ,tilat ,tihu ,%ana1 :i* fl[s into ,wadi ,qadiloi2 s\? ( ?is ext5sion !re is a sort ( bay1 occupi$ by l[] hills sep>at+ ,wadi ,qadiloi f ,wadi ,baaneit1 ?r\gh :i* sev]al cross *annels connect ! two wadis4 ,bir ,baaneit is a small well 9 ,wadi ,baaneit1 ne> its head2 x is said to yield wat] always1 b refills sl[ly1 s t only six to t5 camels c be wat]$ at once4 ,a little bel[ ! well1 ,wadi ,baaneit leaves ! hills & c\rses nor?-ea/ across a rapidly fall+ /ony pla94 ,on ! pla91 s\? ( ! ma9 *annel1 are ! two ru9s call$ ,d>ahib ,baaneit4 ,!y are built ( rubble /one set 9 pla/]1 ) /ucco fac+ 9 places1 & appe> to be anci5t ,moslem tombs1 ! l>g] "o hav+ evid5tly once support$ a dome2 !re are ab\t tw5ty ,arab graves ne> ! ru9s4 ,s\? ( ,wadi ,baaneit ! pla9 is cross$ by _m dra9age *annels c\rs+ nor?-ea/ to jo9 ,wadi ,%ab1 & ! pla9 is cov]$ "h ) q a p>k-l gr[? ( acacia trees4 ,! pr9cipal *annel1 :i* comes f ! hills ab\t f\r kilometres s\? ,bir ,baaneit1 is call$ ,wadi ,kilanai4 ,a little s\? ( ,wadi ,kilanai ! pla9 cuts f> back to ! we/1 & ! dra9age ent]+ ?is portion comes f ! he>t ( ! ,g]f m\nta9s to ! nor?-we/4 ,a l>ge isolat$ granite hill-mass call$ ,kilia ,arib & num]\s small] hills break ! monotony ( ! pla9 & cause mu* bran*+ & loop+ ( ! dra9age *annels4 ,! pr9cipal art]y dra9+ ! s\? p>ts ( ,gebel ,g]f is ! ,wadi ,diqdib1 :i* orig9ates on ! s\? flanks ( ! highe/ peaks1 "r 9 ! he>t ( ! m\nta9 mass4 ,9 "o ( ! heads is a well call$ ,bir ,diqdib1 :i*1 ?\gh ( great s]vice to ! ,koatil ,arabs :o inhabit ?is di/rict ) _! camels & o!r animals1 is ( little importance to ! travell] because ( its situation 9 a clos$-9 wadi & ?us n be+ on any r\te4 ,f its head1 ,wadi ,diqdib c\rses s\?-we/w>d = fifte5 kilometres or m among ! m\nta9s1 receiv+ _m fe$]s1 be=e x em]ges on to ! pla94 ,on leav+ ! m\nta9s x splits up1 "p ( its dra9age go+ r\nd by ! nor? side ( ,kilia ,arib1 & "p by ! s\?1 9 ea* case by a numb] ( ana/omos+ *annels4 ,! ,wadi ,um ,saha dra9s ! hills s\?-we/ ( ,bir ,baaneit1 & aft] c\rs+ s\?w>ds among ! m\nta9s turns ! corn] & runs nor?-ea/ across ! pla9 to ,wadi ,%ab4 ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi1 :i* dra9s ! s\? portion ( ! ,g]f massif & ! nor?-ea/ flanks ( ,gebel ,dreb1 heads 9 ! important ,%]efa pass1 #hjg metres above sea-level1 & =m+ ! direct r\te f ,gebel ,hamra ,dom & ,gebel ,um ,rase9 to ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet by way ( ,wadi ,%]efa el ,gh>bi4 ,! pass is a fairly easy "o1 ?\gh ! fall is rapid1 especially on ! ea/ side1 :]e ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi falls no less ?an "o hundr$ metres 9 ! fir/ two kilometres ( its c\rse4 ,a fe$] :i* ent]s ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi f ! s\? ab\t two kilometres bel[ ! pass is said to lead by ano!r pass to a well call$ ,bir ,b9t el ,dreb1 situat$ at ! head ( ,wadi ,dreb1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,= ! fir/ sev5 kilometres ( its ea/-s\?-ea/]ly c\rse bel[ ! pass1 ,%]efa el ,%>qi is %ut 9 by v high hills1 f :i* num]\s fe$]s jo9 x2 x !n divides j be=e rea*+ ! great :ite granite hills call$ ,eir ,arib1 "p ( its dra9age go+ s\?w>d to jo9 ,kwat ,hewah1 & "p cont9u+ its c\rse on ! nor? side ( ! granite hills to jo9 ,diqdib ne> ! granite cones ( ,tiba%oi & !nce turn+ nor?w>ds ov] a l>ge s&y pla9 to ent] ,wadi ,%ab4 ,kwat ,hewah dra9s ! ea/]n flanks ( ,gebel ,dreb & ! nor? flanks ( ,g4 ,m$>ai4 ,its heads unite to =m a s]ies ( *annels 9 a small pla9 s\?-we/ ( ,eir ,arib1 & "h x receives a contribution f ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi z m5tion$ above4 ,z x passes ,eir ,arib1 ,kwat ,hewah divides1 "p ( its dra9age curv+ r\nd to ! nor? to jo9 t ( ,wadi ,diqdib & ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi on its way to ,wadi ,%ab1 & ! rema9d] go+ s\?-we/ to jo9 ! ,wadi ,m$>ai4 ,f ! head ( ,kwat ,hewah !re is said to be an easy pass into ! ,wadi el ,krim1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,wadi ,ibib1 :i* dra9s ! ea/]n slopes ( ,gebels ,m$>ai1 ,abu ,hireiq1 & ,abu ,hodeid1 & ! ea/]n & nor!rn faces ( ,gebels ,soaorib1 ,ad> ,qaqa1 ,leqaq1 ,um ,seleim1 ,qidmib1 ,orgem1 & ,um ,bi%tit1 z well z ,gebel ,hamra ,dom & ! small] hills s\? ( x1 is =m$ by ! union ( ! ,wadis ,hasium & ,m$>ai1 a little ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,rase91 & ent]s ! sea at ,m]sa ,%ab4 ,x has a dra9age bas9 ( ab\t #a1hjj squ>e kilometres4 ,includ+ ,wadi ,hasium1 :i* is simply ! upp] portion ( ,ibib1 its total l5g? along its ma9 *annel is slightly ov] "o hundr$ kilometres4 ,its pr9cipal tribut>ies are ! ,wadis ,%9ai1 ,abu ,hodeid1 ,abu ,hireiq1 ,m$>ai1 ,soaorib1 & ,um ,bi%tit4 ,wadi ,hasium1 :i* =ms ! upp] portion ( ,wadi ,ibib1 orig9ates on ! ma9 wat]%$ 9 ab\t latitude #bb #aj & longitude #ce #ae2 a pass leads f its head on to a /ony pla91 :5ce a track leads to ,miti ,kwan1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,alaqi4 ,ne> its head1 ,wadi ,hasium conta9s a small well call$ ,bir ,kagog4 ,a few kilometres fur!r d[n1 ! %ort ,wadi ,mantil ,hasium1 dra9+ ! we/]n face ( ,gebel ,ad> ,qaqa1 ent]s f ! ea/1 :ile ! ,wadi ,hilwit ,hasium1 dra9+ ! m\nta9 ( ! same "n & conta9+ a galt ne> its head1 jo9s ,wadi ,hasium f ! we/4 ,cont9u+ its c\rse nor?w>d pa/ ! m\nta9s ( ,ad> ,qaqa & ,leqaq1 ,wadi ,hasium ent]s an ext5sive s&y pla91 op5 to ! nor?1 b\nd$ on ! we/ by ! m\nta9s ( ,abu ,hodeid & ,um ,rase91 on ! s\? by ^? ( ,leqaq & ,um ,seleim1 & on ! ea/ by ^? ( ,qidmib & ,orgem4 ,?is pla91 :i* av]ages fifte5 kilometres 9 wid?1 is brok5 by l[ hills1 ! pr9cipal ( :i*1 ,gebel ,hamra ,tit1 ,kulet ,meiqrum1 & ,kulet ,t9asal1 rise to consid]able heights4 ,hasium c\rses slightly ea/ ( nor? ne> ! we/]n edge ( ?is pla9 to ne> ,gebel ,um ,rase91 !n curves to ! ea/ across x1 receiv+ ! ,wadi ,m$>ai & becom+ ,wadi ,ibib4 ,9 its nor?w>d c\rse ?r\gh ! pla91 ,wadi ,hasium receives a numb] ( important tribut>ies f ! we/]n m\nta9s1 besides a few small] fe$]s f ! m\nta9s to ! s\? & f ! hills on ! pla94 ,^! may be briefly describ$ 9 ord]4 ,wadi ,%9ai1 dra9+ ! hills s\? ( ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid1 c\rses a little s\? ( ea/ & ent]s ,wadi ,hasium ab\t latitude #bb #ai2 x has n be5 survey$ 9 detail1 b x conta9s a well kn[n wat] s\rce1 ,bir ,%9ai1 :i* is said to be ab\t sev5 kilometres f its junction ) ,hasium4 ,wadi ,delawet1 ano!r small fe$] :i* likewise dra9s ! hills s\? ( ,abu ,hodeid1 & ent]s ,wadi ,hasium ab\t ?ree kilometres bel[ ,wadi ,%9ai1 is ( importance z lead+ to a camel track ov] hills :i* =ms ! means ( access to ,bir ,odis ,maaleq1 ,i h n visit$ ?is wat] s\rce1 b x is said to yield imm5se quantities ( good wat]1 & to be situat$ at a r high level 9 ! head ( a small wadi call$ ,wadi ,odis1 a tribut>y ( ,abu ,hodeid4 ,x appe>s to be a spr+ f$ by ! ra9fall on ! surr\nd+ high m\nta9s1 ! ov]fl[ fill+ l>ge rock bas9s4 ,! reason :y x is approa*$ by ! ,wadi ,delawet & ! track ov] ! m\nta9s1 in/ead ( by asc5d+ ,wadi ,abu ,hodeid & ! ,wadi ,odis directly1 is t ! latt] r\te is v difficult = camels ow+ to ! /eep & /ony nature ( ! wadi floor2 x is1 h[ev]1 possible to use ?is r\te on foot4 ,z ne>ly z ,i c\ld make out f my guides' /atem5ts1 ! total di/ance ( ,bir ,odis ,maaleq f ! m\? ( ,wadi ,delawet is ab\t n9e kilometres1 ( :i* ! fir/ f\r are 9 ! ,wadi ,delawet & ! rema9+ five on ! hill track4 ,! di/ance by ! o!r r\te f ,bir ,abu ,hodeid is ab\t f\r kilometres1 "s ( :i* is climb+4 ,my native assi/ant1 :o 0 s5t to erect ! beacon on ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid1 took two & a half h\rs to g on foot f ,bir ,abu ,hodeid to ,bir ,odis ,maaleq1 & e/imat$ ! latt] spr+ to be "s #aej metres high] ?an ,bir ,abu ,hodeid4 ,wadi ,abu ,hodeid1 :i* dra9s ! m\nta9 mass ( ! same "n1 lies to ! ea/ ( ! highe/ peaks ( ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid & is %ut 9 betwe5 !m & ano!r high range fur!r ea/4 ,x has a g5]al s\?-s\?-ea/]ly direction1 & a v rapid fall4 ,its pr9cipal fe$] is ! %ort ,wadi ,odis above ref]r$ to1 :i* falls into x f ! we/ ab\t six kilometres bel[ its head4 ,ab\t "o & a half kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,odis1 !re is a l>ge & important spr+ ( good wat] 9 ! wadi1 call$ ,bir ,abu ,hodeid4 ,?\gh ,i h n visit$ ?is spr+1 its situation is %[n on ! map ) tol]able accuracy1 z its position ) reg>d to neighb\r+ triangulat$ po9ts 0 indicat$ by ! guides4 ,my native assi/ant1 :o pass$ ! spr+ on 8 way to erect ! beacon on ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid1 report$ x to be v simil> to ! spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa 9 appe>ance1 ?\gh ! latt] are 9 a diff]5t rock4 ,f its position 9 ! mid/ ( high m\nta9s1 ,wadi ,abu ,hodeid mu/ at times ( ra9fall collect a great deal ( wat]1 & ?is expla9s ! con/ant supplies yield$ by ! spr+4 ,above ! spr+1 ! /eepness ( ! wadi r5d]s its asc5t v difficult = load$ camels1 & !re is no road ?r\gh its head1 b guides /ate t !re is good graz+ at c]ta9 seasons 9 its upp] p>ts1 & animals are tak5 !re to fe$4 ,bel[ ! spr+1 ! wadi op5s out & curves ea/w>d r\nd ! foot ( ! rem>kable r\nd$ peak ( ,abu ,hodeid ,oqla to jo9 ,wadi ,hasium on ! pla94 ,! ,rod ,anut ,b]]1 :i* jo9s ,wadi ,hasium ab\t ! same po9t z ,wadi ,abu ,hodeid b f ! opposite side1 dra9s ! m\nta9s ( ,leqaq & ,um ,seleim :i* b\nd ! pla9 to ! s\?4 ,wadi ,tikraneib1 a small wadi full ( trees1 dra9s a jagg$ range nor? ( ,abu ,hodeid ,oqla1 & jo9s ,wadi ,hasium on ! pla9 by sev]al *annels4 ,wadi ,abu ,hireiq1 dra9+ ! m\nta9s ( ! same "n1 orig9ates ab\t latitude #bb #bg4 ,on leav+ ! high m\nta9s its *annel divides1 "p ( ! dra9age go+ nor?-ea/ z ,wadi ,m]diyeb1 & "p s\?-ea/ z ,wadi ,abu ,hireiq4 ,?is latt] wadi passes betwe5 ! ma9 m\nta9s & a high isolat$ range ( hills = ab\t sev5 kilometres1 !n curves r\nd to ! ea/w>d to jo9 ,wadi ,hasium4 ,!re are num]\s loop+s & bran*+s ( ! wadis 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 caus$ by ! fe$]s f ! hills & by ! pres5ce ( isolat$ hill masses1 :i* ! dra9age l9es frequ5tly encircle1 & x becomes impossible to say :i* ( ! v>i\s *annels is ! ma9 wadi1 s t ! "n ,wadi ,abu ,hireiq is appli$ to all ( !m collectively4 ,wadi ,odruk is a small wadi dra9+ betwe5 two gr\ps ( high hills s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,rase92 x jo9s "o ( ! *annels ( ,wadi ,abu ,hireiq ab\t f\r kilometres above its junction ) ,hasium4 ,wadi ,nilateib1 ano!r small wadi fur!r nor?1 dra9s ! s\? end ( ,gebel ,um ,rase9 & ! nor?-ea/ faces ( ! hills close s\?-we/ ( x4 ,c\rs+ at fir/ s\?-ea/ = ab\t ?ree kilometres1 x !n curves r\nd ! foot ( ,gebel ,um ,rase9 to jo9 ,wadi ,hasium by two *annels4 ,!re is a cle> passage f ! heads ( bo? ,wadi ,odruk & ,wadi ,nilateib into ,wadi ,m]diyeb4 ,all ! wadis h]eab\ts conta9 pl5ty ( trees & scrub1 especially 9 _! upp] p>ts2 z ,wadi ,hasium is approa*$ !y become m s&y & b>r54 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! pres5ce ( vegetation available = graz+ :i* det]m9es ! possession ( a "n by su* small wadis z ^! two4 ,! dra9age f ! ea/ face ( ,gebel ,um ,rase9 jo9s ,wadi ,hasium directly by _m small *annels1 :i* appe> n to be> any special "n4 ,wadi ,m$>ai1 :i* =ms ! ,wadi ,ibib by its junction ) ,hasium1 t5 kilometres due ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,rase91 has its ma9 head 9 ,gebel ,m$>ai1 its l5g? along its ma9 *annel be+ ab\t tw5ty-five kilometres4 ,by num]\s tribut>ies1 _m ( :i* conta9 abundance ( trees & scrub1 x dra9s ! :ole ( ! high hill c\ntry betwe5 ,gebel ,m$>ai & ,gebel ,um ,rase91 & x also takes a "p ( ! dra9age f ,kwat ,hewah4 ,"o ( its heads is said to lead to a r difficult pass1 s\? ( ,gebel ,m$>ai1 into ! ,wadi ,kirwau1 a tribut>y ( ,feqoh4 ,= ! fir/ t5 kilometres or s ( its l5g?1 ,wadi ,m$>ai c\rses a little nor? ( ea/2 x !n receives ! fe$] f ,kwat ,hewah above ref]r$ to1 & *anges its direction to a little s\? ( ea/1 pass+ close nor? ( ,gebel ,um ,rase9 on its way to jo9 ,wadi ,hasium on ! s&y pla9 ( ! num]\s fe$]s ( ,wadi ,m$>ai f ! hills we/ & nor? ( ,um ,rase91 ! pr9cipal is ,wadi ,m]diyeb1 :i* orig9ates t5 kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,rase9 by ! splitt+ ( ,wadi ,abu ,hireiq4 ,f ?is po9t ( orig91 x runs 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction 9 a r s9u\s c\rse among ! hills = ab\t twelve or ?irte5 kilometres1 jo9+ ,wadi ,m$>ai close nor? ( ,gebel ,um ,rase94 ,ano!r little fe$] ( ,wadi ,m$>ai1 ?\gh only ab\t two kilometres long1 is ( "s importance f its lead+ to ,bir ,um ,rase91 a small well among ! nor? foot-hills ( ,gebel ,um ,rase94 ,vegetation ceases to be abundant bo? 9 ,wadi ,m$>ai & 9 ,wadi ,hasium be=e _! junction to =m ,wadi ,ibib1 & ,wadi ,ibib itself is = ! mo/ "p a b>r5 s&y ill-def9$ *annel c\rs+ nor?-ea/w>d across a dre>y pla9 = "s fifty-sev5 kilometres to ,m]sa ,%ab4 ,9 ?is fifty-sev5 kilometres its fall is v ne>ly #cjj metres1 giv+ an av]age slope ( only a little ov] five metres p] kilometre4 ,! slope ( ! l[] "p ( ,wadi ,hasium is r /eep] ?an ?is1 :ile t ( ,wadi ,m$>ai is ab\t twice z great4 ,b ?\gh ,wadi ,ibib itself is b>r51 x has "s great tribut>ies :i* conta9s abundance ( trees & scrub 9 _! upp] rea*es1 z well z sev]al wells4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! tribut>ies are ! ,wadis ,soaorib & ,um ,bi%tit1 :i* ) _! fe$]s dra9 ! m\nta9s ( ,soaorib1 ,qidmib1 ,orgem1 & ,um ,bi%tit1 :ile o!r small] tribut>ies dra9 ! l[] hills nor?-ea/ ( ,um ,bi%tit & ,gebel ,hamra ,dom4 ,wadi ,soaorib orig9ates 9 ! mid/ ( high m\nta9s a little s\? ( latitude #bb #aj1 betwe5 ! s\!rn portion ( ,gebel ,soaorib & ! range :i* ext5ds s\?w>ds f ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,at its head is a difficult pass we/w>d into ! head ( ,miti ,kwan1 a tribut>y ( ,alaqi4 ,curv+ at fir/ ea/w>d1 x soon takes on a nor?-we/]ly direction1 & 9 latitude #bb #aa #cj rea*es a small op5 space call$ ,mitba2 "h x is met by sev]al tribut>y wadis ( :i* ! pr9cipal is ! ,wadi ,haiyo1 dra9+ ! ea/]n slopes ( ,gebel ,soaorib4 ,f ,mitba ! direction ( ,wadi ,soaorib becomes m nor!rly1 & ab\t n9e kilometres bel[ ,mitba x turns to ! we/1 em]g+ f ! m\nta9s into ! m op5 c\ntry :i* =ms ! s\? end ( ! great pla9 already ref]r$ to4 ,"h x is jo9$ by ! ,wadi ,hankuk1 dra9+ nor?-ea/w>d f ,gebel ,ad> ,qaqa1 & a few kilometres fur!r on by ! ,wadi ,di%lo1 :i* dra9s ! we/]n flanks ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah & ent]s ,soaorib f ! ea/4 ,ab\t ?ree kilometres bel[ ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,di%lo1 ,wadi ,soaorib is jo9$ f ! s\?-we/ by ano!r tribut>y :i* dra9s ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,um ,seleim4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds1 ,wadi ,soaorib c\rses a little ea/ ( nor? 9 a n v well def9$ c\rse = ab\t tw5ty-two kilometres ov] a g5tly fall+ s&y pla91 jo9+ ,ibib to ! nor?-we/ ( ! s&-swa!d hills call$ ,baq>i ,daba4 ,9 ?is "p ( its c\rse1 ,wadi ,soaorib receives small fe$]s f among ! hills we/ ( x on ! pla91 ! pr9cipal ( !m dra9+ nor?-ea/w>d betwe5 ! hills call$ ,kulet ,meiqrum & ,kulet ,t9asal4 ,x also receives m important tribut>ies f ! m\nta9s to ! ea/ ( x1 ! pr9cipal ( ^! be+ ! ,wadis ,eimya & ,qidmib4 ,wadi ,eimya dra9s ! we/]n face ( ,gebel ,qidmib1 :ile ,wadi ,qidmib dra9s ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! same m\nta94 ,wadi ,qidmib has two ma9 heads2 ! we/]n "o lies betwe5 two high m\nta9 ridges1 & conta9s a well call$ ,bir ,qidmib1 :ile ! ea/]n "o leads to a /eep pass by :i* ,wadi ,meisah c be rea*$4 ,be=e rea*+ ,wadi ,soaorib1 ,wadi ,qidmib is jo9$ by o!r fe$]s dra9+ ! we/]n flanks ( ,gebel ,orgem & ,baq>i ,daba4 ,f its head at ! pass into ,miti ,kwan to its junction ) ,ibib1 ,wadi ,soaorib has a l5g? ( ab\t fifty kilometres4 ,! level ( ! pass is unkn[n1 b f ,mitba to ,ibib ! level ( ! wadi floor falls f #eje metres above sea to #bfj metres 9 a l5g? ( ab\t =ty-"o kilometres1 giv+ an av]age slope ( six metres p] kilometre4 ,mo/ ( ! upp] portions ( ,wadi ,soaorib & its tribut>ies are well /ock$ ) trees & bu%es1 b z ! wadi crosses ! s&y pla9 x becomes m & m b>r54 ,! place :]e x ent]s on ! pla9 9 latitude #bb #bj m>ks a tribal b\nd>y1 ! upp] p>ts1 includ+ ,wadi ,di%lo1 belong+ to ! ,balgab ,arabs1 :ile ! l[] p>ts1 includ+ ,wadis ,eimya & ,qidmib1 are ,kurbeilab t]ritory4 ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit1 :i* jo9s ,wadi ,ibib "s five kilometres l[] d[n its c\rse ?an does ,wadi ,soaorib1 heads 9 a small op5 space 9 latitude #bb #bf & longitude #ce #ce4 ,at its head !re are two easy passes1 "o lead+ nor?w>d into ! head ( ,wadi ,habliai1 ano!r tribut>y ( ,wadi ,ibib1 & ! o!r s\?w>d into ! heads ( ,wadi ,meisah4 ,j bel[ its head ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit is jo9$ by ! small ,wadi ,delawet1 dra9+ ! hills close to ! s\?2 :ile a little l[] d[n is ano!r small tribut>y f a rocky gorge among ! s\? hills1 :i* is important z lead+ to ,bir ,um ,bi%tit4 ,?is well1 :i* 0 fill$ by d[nwa% :5 ,i visit$ x 9 ,m>* #aijh1 is situat$ 9 ! floor ( ! gorge at a %>p b5d1 ab\t a kilometre up f ! ma9 wadi4 ,accord+ to ! guides1 x requires excavat+ ab\t five metres deep1 & yields wat] 9 quantity = ab\t a ye> aft] ra91 b :5 !re has be5 no ra9 = a ye> only small supplies c be got1 z x fills sl[ly2 at ! "t ( my visit !re 0 no necessity to op5 ! well because !re 0 pl5ty ( wat] 9 galts 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,meis-heit-ar1 a little fur!r s\?4 ,! well is easy ( access1 & lies at #ccj metres above sea-level4 ,! total l5g? ( ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit is ab\t f\rte5 kilometres4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( its c\rse x runs nor?-we/w>d1 %ut 9 by high hills1 & conta9s abundance ( small trees4 ,aft] cutt+ ?r\gh ! hills x receives ! ,wadi ,orgem f ! s\?1 & turns nor?w>d 9 op5+ c\ntry to jo9 ,wadi ,ibib nor? ( ! hills call$ ,ad> ,aweib ,um ,bi%tit4 ,its av]age slope is ab\t n9e metres p] kilometre4 ,wadi ,orgem1 :i* jo9s ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit ab\t f\r kilometres bel[ ! gorge conta9+ ! well1 has its head at an easy pass ne> ! rem>kable peak ( ,o ,%akafa2 ?is pass leads into ,wadi ,meisah1 ab\t ?ree kilometres above ,bir ,meisah4 ,f ! pass1 ! ,wadi ,orgem runs betwe5 ! high hill ranges ( ,orgem & ,um ,bi%tit1 9 a direction a little we/ ( nor?1 = ab\t sixte5 kilometres to its junction ) ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit4 ,wadi ,habliai1 :i* heads 9 an easy pass ab\t ?ree kilometres ea/ ( ,bir ,um ,bi%tit1 & runs nor?w>ds = ab\t t5 kilometres to jo9 ,wadi ,ibib1 is a broad s&y & r b>r5 wadi dra9+ gneiss hills2 ! hills on ! ea/ are mu* l[] ?an ^? on ! we/1 & _! feet are swa!d 9 drift s&4 ,! la/ fe$]s ( ,wadi ,ibib are ^? dra9+ f ! isolat$ range ( high granite hills call$ ,gebel ,hamra ,dom4 ,^! fe$]s are v num]\s1 "s com+ f ! we/ side ( ! hills & curv+ r\nd its s\? end to jo9 ,wadi ,ibib1 :ile o!rs f ! ea/ side c\rse ea/ & nor?-ea/ ov] ! pla9 directly into ,wadi ,ibib4 ,!y conta9 num]\s small trees ne> _! heads1 & aft] ra9 !re spr+s up %ort grass 9 ?is locality1 af=d+ = %ort p]iods graz+ = great flocks ( %eep4 ,! mo/ nor!rly dra9age *annel f ! ea/ side heads 9 ! hills a little nor? ( ! highe/ peaks1 & "h1 aft] ra9 has fall5 rec5tly1 %all[ wells are dug 9 ! s& & yield good wat]4 ,! place :]e ! wells are is call$ ,ti ,dabei ,hamra ,dom4 ,"o _c rely on gett+ wat] !re = long aft] ra9 has fall51 z ! supplies are soon exhau/$4 ,9 ,janu>y #aijh1 ,i he>d t wat] & grass 7 extremely abundant1 & l>ge numb]s ( ,arabs 7 encamp$ !re ) _! flocks & h]ds4 ,b :5 ,i rea*$ ! place at ! end ( ! next mon?1 mo/ ( ! grass _h be5 eat5 up2 only a few ,arabs rema9$1 & ^! 7 bal+ out ! la/ drops ( wat] f ! holes to fill _! sk9s prep>atory to =sak+ ! place4 ,wadi ,meisah1 :i* dra9s ! nor? & ea/ slopes ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 ! ea/]n slopes ( ,gebel ,qidmib1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,meis-heit-ar1 besides ! l[] hills ( ,titailibab1 ,tahaqayet1 & ,eqrun1 has a total l5g? along its ma9 *annel 7includ+ ,wadi ,awitla1 ! c5tral "o ( its ?ree ma9 heads7 ( ab\t sev5ty-five kilometres1 & ent]s ! sea ab\t latitude #bb #de4 ,wadi ,meisah has ?ree ma9 heads1 call$ by sep>ate names4 ,! mo/ nor!rly is ! ,wadi ,s>obaiya1 dra9+ f betwe5 ,gebels ,qidmib & ,meis-heit-ar2 "o ( ! heads ( ?is leads to a /eep pass into ,wadi ,qidmib4 ,! c5tral head1 ,wadi ,awitla1 dra9s ! nor? slopes ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,! s\!rn head1 ! ,wadi ,lasewid1 dra9s ! ea/]n slopes ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah & ! l[] hills to ! ea/ ( x2 by asc5d+ its s\!rn fe$]s1 "o c pass easily into ! heads ( ,wadi ,baueiwai1 :ile "o ( ! gullies op5+ into x f ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah conta9s a s]ies ( rock bas9s & a small spr+ call$ ,megwel ,um ,edwa1 r difficult ( access = camels1 :i* 0 yield+ fair supplies ( wat] 9 ,april #aijh4 ,^! ?ree heads1 ea* ( :i* has num]\s fe$]s1 jo9 toge!r 9 a small pla9 at ! s\?-ea/ foot ( ,o ,%akafa1 a rem>kably prom95t peak practically isolat$ f ! m\nta9s ne> x1 & f ?is po9t onw>ds ! ma9 dra9age *annel is call$ ,wadi ,meisah4 ,! little pla9 :]e ! ?ree head wadis unite is cov]$ ) trees1 & has almo/ ! aspect ( a p>k2 x is #dee metres above sea-level4 ,curv+ ea/w>d & nor?w>d close r\nd ! foot ( ,o ,%akafa1 ,wadi ,meisah receives f ! s\? ! ,s>ob ,kwan1 a %ort & v broad wadi lead+ to an easy pass into ,wadi ,didaut1 & !n w9ds ab\t z a n>r[ gorge %ut 9 by high hills4 ,j :]e x leaves ! foot ( ,o ,%akafa1 !re is a track f ! ea/ side ( ! wadi ov] a v easy pass into ! head ( ,wadi ,orgem4 ,bir ,meisah is a well sunk 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi b$ ab\t ?ree kilometres bel[ ,o ,%akafa1 & #daj metres above sea-level4 ,:5 ,i visit$ x 9 ,m>* #aijh1 x 0 fill$ ) d[nwa%1 & z !re 0 pl5ty ( wat] 9 ! rock bas9s ( ! m\nta9s fur!r nor? !re 0 !n no necessity to dig x out4 ,! ,arabs say ! well is ab\t t5 metres deep1 & its wat] is n s good z t obta9able f ! galts1 s t !y only op5 x :5 ! o!r s\rces 9 ! neighb\rhood are exhau/$4 ,two gullies ent]+ ,wadi ,meisah f ! ea/1 j bel[ ! well1 ea* conta9 l>ge galts1 call$ ,meis-heit-ar1 a %ort di/ance up f _! m\?s2 ^! 7 bo? yield+ good & pl5tiful wat] supplies 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh4 ,aft] w9d+ ab\t among ! hills = t5 kilometres bel[ ! well1 ,wadi ,meisah receives a fe$] f ! we/ hav+ ?ree heads4 ,! nor!rn "o1 ,akla ,da-,aiyob1 is a v s&y gully1 9 fact x is *ok$ by drift s&1 & all ! trees 9 x are dead4 ,! c5tral "o1 com+ we/w>d f among high hills1 is call$ ,hanqun ,ra-ub1 :ile ! s\!rn "o1 call$ ! ,wadi ,eqaiyib1 is only sep>at$ f ,meisah at its head by an easy pass1 s t x almo/ =ms a loop ( ,meisah itself4 ,to g f ,bir ,meisah to ,bir ,um ,bi%tit1 "o crosses ?is pass into ,wadi ,eqaiyib1 !n up ,akla ,da-aiyob1 & ov] ano!r easy pass at its head into ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit2 ! total di/ance betwe5 ! two wells by ?is r\te is only sixte5 kilometres4 ,9 its l[] /ages ,wadi ,meisah trav]ses broad op5 s&y spaces betwe5 l[ hills1 receiv+ a numb] ( small fe$]s f ei!r side4 ,x curves r\nd to ! ea/w>d a little s\? ( ! hills ( ,eqrun & !n c\rses 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction across ! s&y coa/-pla9 to ! sea4 ,9 ! la/ /ages ( its c\rse its *annel is v ill-def9$1 ! dra9age spread+ ov] ! pla94 ,! trees1 :i* are fairly abundant 9 its upp] p>ts1 become few] z "o desc5ds1 b its l[] portions are n always entirely b>r51 = aft] rec5t ra9 %ort grass spr+s up 9 its broad %all[ b$ & af=ds a mod]ate am\nt ( graz+ = %eep4 ,! slope ( ! wadi floor j bel[ ! well is ab\t t5 metres p] kilometre2 l[] d[n1 ! gradi5t gradually less5s1 & 9 ! la/ =ty kilometres ( its c\rse is only a little ov] five metres p] kilometre4 ,wadi ,kiraf1 ! next wadi to ent] ! sea s\? ( ,meisah1 is really ! t]m9al portion ( ! great ,wadi ,di-ib1 ! "n ,kiraf be+ only appli$ to ! dra9age f ! po9t ( junction ( ! ,wad el ,qireira ) ,di-ib to ! sea1 t is1 = a di/ance ( "s ?irty-"o kilometres up f its m\?4 ,! ,wadi ,di-ib is probably ! mo/ important & rem>kable ( all ! seaw>ds dra9+ wadis ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt & ! ,nor!rn ,sudan4 ,i h only se5 t t]m9al portion ( its l5g? :i* lies 9 ,egypt1 t is1 nor? ( ! #bbnd p>allel2 b ! exam9ations ( t l5g? 7! "p ( x ly+ )9 ,egyptian t]ritory1 includ+ ,kiraf1 is "s eighty-five kilometres7 is en\gh to %[ t ! wadi mu/ dra9 an enorm\s bas91 = ! av]age slope is ! rem>kably small "o ( two metres p] kilometre1 & ! wadi floor 9 _m places1 in/ead ( be+ s&y1 consi/s ( mud simil> to t ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,accord+ to ! 8,sudan ,h&book10 x rises f> to ! s\?1 probably ne> ! #bj? p>allel1 & fl[s g5]ally nor?w>ds1 s t its l5g? mu/ be well ov] #cjj kilometres4 ,j be=e x ent]s ,egypt prop]1 !re is an expansion 9 its b$ cov]$ ) ri* alluvial mud1 on :i* crops ( durra are gr[n2 my camels 7 f$ = "s weeks on durra obta9$ f ?is s\rce :il/ ,i 0 work+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 ! pres5t volume ,i %all only deal ) t portion ( ,di-ib & its tribut>ies :i* lie nor? ( ! #bbnd p>allel1 describ+ fir/ ! ma9 *annel & aft]w>ds its pr9cipal tribut>ies4 ,wadi ,di-ib ent]s ,egypt a little we/ ( ! #cf? m]idian1 z a broad s&y dra9age *annel ) _m trees4 ,its b$ is "h only #agj metres above sea-level4 ,wadi ,di-ib receives two fe$]s f ! ea/ ne> ! #bbnd p>allel2 ! ,wadi ,%5dib1#ajj dra9+ ! we/]n flanks ( ! high m\nta9 mass ( ,gebel ,%5dib1 is believ$ to jo9 ,wadi ,di-ib a little s\? ( ! fronti]1 :ile ! ,wadi ,h>eitra1 dra9+ ! nor?-ea/]n flanks ( ,gebel ,%5dib & ! we/]n slopes ( ,gebel ,hanquf1 probably ent]s ,di-ib a little nor? ( x4 ,= ! fir/ eighte5 kilometres ( its c\rse nor? ( #bb1 ,wadi ,di-ib fl[s nor?w>d ov] a s&y pla91 ) l[ hills & ridges1 _! feet (t5 swa!d 9 drift s&1 on ei!r side4 ,x !n receives an important tribut>y f ! we/1 call$ ,wadi el ,qurat1 dra9+ ! nor? slopes ( ,gebel ,%iab & ! hilly c\ntry betwe5 ,gebel ,ma%u%5ai & ,ad> ,aweib4 ,aft] receiv+ ,wadi el ,qurat1 ,wadi ,di-ib ent]s m\nta9\s c\ntry1 be+ %ut 9 = "s fifte5 kilometres by ,ad> ,aweib on ! ea/ & ,gebel ,balatitda on ! we/4 ,9 its nor!rly c\rse "h ,wadi ,di-ib receives _m fe$]s f ! hills1 ( :i* two ent]+ f opposite sides ne> ,bir ,meh]iqa are ( int]e/4 ,t f ! ea/ is really a dra9age *annel f ! s&y pla9 s\? ( ,gebel ,sul ,hamid2 b x is *ok$ by huge accumulations ( drift s& s t ! dra9age nev] rea*es ,wadi ,di-ib1 b accumulates 9 a depression call$ ,o ,h>bub1 ab\t f\r kilometres above its m\?4 ,?is *annel1 ?\gh v s&y1 is q a practicable road1 z ,i f\nd by trav]s+ x on my way to ,gebel ,elba f ,bir ,meh]iqa4 ,! fe$] f ! we/1 :i* ent]s ,wadi ,di-ib ab\t "o & a half kilometres bel[ ,bir ,meh]iqa1 is call$ ,wadi ,salalob2 x dra9s ! nor? face ( ,ad> ,aweib1 & heads 9 a v /eep pass into ,wadi ,wieqw]4 ,i manag$ to get my rid+ camel ov] ?is pass only ) difficulty :5 unm\nt$1 & x is q impracticable = load$ camels2 ! rise 9 ! la/ kilometre be=e rea*+ ! top ( ! pass f ! direction ( ,wadi ,di-ib is ov] "o hundr$ metres1 ! summit ( ! pass be+ #cae metres above sea-level4 ,bir ,meh]iqa is a spr+ situat$ 9 ! m\? ( a small gully at ! foot ( ,gebel ,balatitda1 close to ! ea/ side ( ,wadi ,di-ib1 & practically on ! same level z ! wadi floor 7#abj metres above sea-level71 s t x is extremely easy ( access4 ,! floor ( ! gully is cov]$ ) conglom]ate ( rec5t =mation & 9 ?is are sev]al holes ) pools ( cle> wat] ab\t "o metre 9 diamet] by tw5ty c5timetres deep1 :i* fill z fa/ z empti$4 ,! wat] is r salt1 b is dr9kable4 ,! portion ( ,wadi ,di-ib :i* lies among ! m\nta9s has a floor ( s&y mud1 ) abundance ( trees & plants1 among :i* sev]al gazelles 7 graz+ z ,i pass$ ?r\gh4 ,ab\t six kilometres bel[ ,bir ,meh]iqa1 ,wadi ,di-ib is jo9$ f ! we/ by ,wadi ,w>abeit1 :i* dra9s a r l>ge ext5t ( high hills to ! we/ & cuts ?r\gh ! hills nor? ( ,ad> ,aweib to rea* ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,?is wadi =ms ! r\te to ,bir ,meisah f ,bir ,meh]iqa via ! well kn[n easy passes ( ,bani ,sana & ,s>ob ,kwan2 ! total di/ance is ab\t sixty-five kilometres4 ,soon aft] receiv+ ,wadi ,w>abeit1 ,wadi ,di-ib gets into l[] hill c\ntry1 ) great accumulations ( drift s&4 ,f ne> ,gebel ,ti%u%i ,tiboki x receives ! ,wadi ,qumad ,lim f ! nor?-we/1 & !n aft] pass+ ! ext5sive gr\p ( l[ hills ( ,ti%u%i x is jo9$ by ! ,wad el ,qireira1 :i* dra9s a l>ge area ea/ ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,f its junction ) ,wad el ,qireira to ! sea1 ,wadi ,di-ib is call$ by ! special "n ( ,wadi ,kiraf4 ,x is m]ely an ill-def9$ dra9age *annel c\rs+ nor?-ea/ across a great s&y pla9 = a di/ance ( ?irty-"o kilometres to ! sea1 ) only "o insignificant fe$]1 ,halal ,h5diyeb1 jo9+ x f ! we/w>d close to ! d>k little hill call$ ,e9iwai4 ,! ,wadi ,kiraf is almo/ b>r51 ! great accumulations ( s& ab\t ! l[] p>ts ( ,wadi ,di-ib probably absorb+ mo/ ( ! dra9age4 ,b to ! we/ ( ! m\? ( ,kiraf !re is q a d5se gr[? ( bu%es & trees1 cov]+ a l>ge tract & visible f l[ hills at consid]able di/ances4 ,?is locality is call$ ,%ekra el ,delam2 ,i did n visit x1 b ! ,arabs say !re is no wadi !re1 & x is possibly due to ! dra9age ( ,wadi ,kiraf runn+ bel[ ! surface ( ! s&y pla9 & be+ damm$ back by ! sea4 ,a salt well1 call$ ,bir ,adal ,deib1 exi/s close to ! %ore 9 ! same locality4 ,( ! ,wadi ,%5dib1 only a few ( ! heads are situat$ 9 ,egypt1 ,gebel ,%5dib be+ a mass ( m\nta9s cut ?r\gh by ! #bbnd p>allel4 ,collect+ f ! we/ face ( ! m\nta9 gr\p1 a numb] ( dra9age l9es unite1 9 ! l[] hills flank+ ! ma9 mass1 to =m ! ma9 *annel ( ,wadi ,%5dib1 :i* c\rses we/w>d ?r\gh l[ hill c\ntry a little s\? ( ! #bbnd p>allel to jo9 ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,none ( ! heads h be5 survey$ 9 detail2 _! position is %[n on ! map f ! /atem5ts ( guides comb9$ ) ! k ga9$ by triangulat+ f\rte5 ( ! pr9cipal peaks & sket*+ ! m\nta9 =ms f a consid]able di/ance4 ,z ! m\nta9 peaks are ( great height 7! highe/ peak ( ,%5dib1 m>k$ by an iron beacon1 is #a1iab metres above sea7 & frequ5tly wrapp$ 9 cl\ds = days or ev5 weeks toge!r1 x is probable t ! heads ( ,wadi ,%5dib are v /eep & convey consid]able /reams at c]ta9 seasons4 ,wadi ,h>eitra1 :i* lies j )9 ,egypt1 has likewise only be5 sket*$ 9 f a di/ance1 b hav+ be5 approa*$ m closely its c\rse is bett] kn[n ?an t ( ,wadi ,%5dib4 ,its ma9 head is ne>ly on ! fronti]1 9 longitude #cf #bj1 betwe5 ,gebels ,%5dib & ,hanquf4 ,f its head x makes a ne>ly quadrantal turn nor?w>d & we/w>d1 ) a radius ( ab\t t5 kilometres1 among ! m\nta9s f :i* x receives tribut>ies1 & !n crosses ! pla9 we/w>d1 turn+ s\?-we/ among l[ d>k hills to jo9 ,wadi ,di-ib aft] a c\rse ( ab\t =ty to =ty-five kilometres f its head4 ,! unnam$ dra9age *annel :i* is block$ by s& at ,o ,h>bub be=e rea*+ ,wadi ,di-ib heads 9 a tract ( l[ hills ) s&y int]spaces ab\t ?irte5 kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,elba2 x receives no "p1 h[ev]1 ( ! dra9age ( ,elba itself1 :i* goes nor?w>d by o!r m important *annels4 ,x is a broad & %all[ ill-def9$ dra9age l9e across ! s&y pla91 ) v few trees1 b its fe$]s f ! l[ hill tract ( ,sul ,hamid are less b>r54 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ ( ?is dra9age l9e lies 9 its =m+ a conv5i5t direct road f ,bir ,meh]iqa to ,bir ,akwamtra & ,halaib1 be+ f> less s&y1 z well z %ort]1 ?an any alt]native r\te r\nd ! nor? side ( ,sul ,hamid4 ,9 us+ ?is road1 "o leaves ! dra9age l9e to ! s\? on ! pla91 & skirts ! hills ( ,sul ,hamid till "o rea*es ! flat s&y divide at ! head ( ,wadi ,eikwan1 ) ! 8,scragg$ hill0 ( ,qa% ,amir 9 view4 ,"h "o turns ea/w>d ab\t f\r kilometres s\? ( ,qa% ,amir1 & foll[s an easy pass into ,wadi ,siamtit1 a small fe$] ( ,wadi ,yoid]1 :5ce tracks lead to ,bir ,akwamtra1 ,bir ,kansisrob1 & ,halaib4 ,wadi el ,qurat1 :i* jo9s ,wadi ,di-ib f ! we/ 9 latitude #bb #h1 is a broad wadi ) great abundance ( trees4 ,its ma9 head1 :i* has n be5 survey$ 9 detail1 appe>s to be 9 ,gebel ,%iab1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r kilometres above its junction ) ,di-ib1 & ! fir/ "p ( its c\rse is ?r\gh a rugg$ tract ( l[ hills4 ,be=e rea*+ ,wadi ,di-ib x is jo9$ by ! ,wadi ,dibir1 & ,wadi ,ha%imaiyib on ! nor? & by ,wadi ,o%qeq on ! s\?4 ,! nor!rn fe$]s are r complex1 ow+ to num]\s ana/omos+s & cross-connexions 9 ! l[ hill c\ntry betwe5 ,gebel ,ma%u%5ai & ,ad> ,aweib2 b !y conta9 abundance ( vegetation & give good graz+ gr\nds4 ,! %ort ,wadi ,dibir heads 9 ,wadi ,ma%u%5ai1 "p ( ! dra9age ( :i* x captures4 ,wadi ,ma%u%5ai is a little wadi to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,ma%u%5ai1 ) a well1 ,bir ,ma%u%5ai1 ne> its head2 "p ( its dra9age goes s\? to ,wadi ,dibir z above m5tion$1 :ile ! re/ cont9ues z ,wadi ,ma%u%5ai1 fl[+ s\?-ea/w>d among l[ hills = ab\t five kilometres to jo9 ,wadi ,ha%imaiyib4 ,wadi ,ha%imaiyib heads betwe5 ,gebel ,w>abeit & ,gebel ,ma%u%5ai4 ,curv+ r\nd ! nor? ( ,gebel ,ma%u%5ai almo/ 9 a semicircle1 x runs s\?-s\?-ea/ among l[ hills to jo9 ,wadi el ,qurat aft] a c\rse ( ab\t sixte5 kilometres4 ,besides ! ,wadi ,ma%u%5ai above-m5tion$1 ,ha%imaiyib receives1 j be=e ent]+ el ,qurat1 ! ,wadi ,s9q9yeib1 :i* dra9s "p ( ! we/ face ( ,ad> ,aweib & ! hills we/ ( x1 ) a l5g? along its ma9 *annel ( t5 kilometres4 ,!re is an easy road up ?is wadi1 pass+ close we/ ( ,ad> ,aweib into ,wadi ,wieqw]1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,w>abeit2 !re is no actual pass1 because ! we/w>d dra9age ( ,ad> ,aweib actually splits1 "o "p go+ nor? by ,wadi ,wieqw]1 & ! o!r s\? by ,wadi ,s9q9yeib4 ,wadi ,w>abeit has its mo/ important head at ! easy & well kn[n pass ( ,bani ,sana1 lead+ into ,wadi ,hamida4 ,x is "h a r wide wadi1 ) a fairly rapid fall 7ab\t ?irte5 metres p] kilometre71 betwe5 ! high hills ( ,gebel ,hamida & ^? =m+ ! s\? prolongation ( ,gebel ,g]or1 & receives num]\s fe$]s f ei!r side4 ,= ! fir/ six kilometres1 x runs s\?-ea/2 x !n arrives at a small op5 space1 :]e x is jo9$ by ea/w>d dra9ages f ,gebels ,hamida & ,w>abeit1 & turns r %>ply to ! ea/-nor?-ea/4 ,aft] c\rs+ 9 ?is direction = "s five kilometres1 x ent]s ano!r op5 space1 :]e x receives sev]al fe$]s1 ! pr9cipal be+ ! ,wadi ,wieqw]1 dra9+ nor?w>ds f ! hills we/ ( ,ad> ,aweib4 ,x !n receives ! ,wadi ,kwileimidaiyeib f ! nor?1 & cuts ea/w>d ?r\gh ! hills to jo9 ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,! total l5g? ( ! ,wadi ,w>abeit f ! pass ( ,bani ,sana to ,wadi ,di-ib is n9ete5 kilometres1 & 9 ?is l5g? x falls f #cce to #aac metres above sea-level1 s t its av]age slope is ne>ly twelve metres p] kilometre4 ,bo? ! wadi itself & its fe$]s are abundantly suppli$ ) trees & bu%es1 :ile co>se grasses ab\nd 9 places4 ,wadi ,w>abeit =ms a conv5i5t road f ,bani ,sana to ,bir ,meh]iqa1 be+ free f s& & well /ock$ ) camel food4 ,wad el ,qireira1 :i* jo9s ,wadi ,di-ib f ! s\?-we/ to =m ,wadi el ,kiraf1 is really only ! t]m9al portion ( ! m important ,wadis ,didaut & ,baueiwai1 :i* jo9 to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! conspicu\s d>k hill mass call$ ,ti ,kef]iai4 ,x is a broad %all[ dra9age l9e across ! s&y pla91 ) little vegetation4 ,to ! nor? ( x1 small hills are dott$ ov] ! pla91 ! mo/ important be+ "o ( r$ granite1 call$ ,osnei1 conta9+ a galt :i* yields wat] = "s "t aft] ra94 ,to ! s\? are ! l[ hills ( ,ti%u%i1 p>tly smo!r$ 9 drift s&4 ,wadi ,didaut1 a fe$] ( ! ,wad el ,qireira1 comm5ces its c\rse s\?-we/ ( ! hill ( ,ad> ,aqdeib4 ,"o ( its heads leads to ! easy pass ( ,s>ob ,kwan1 on ! road to ,bir ,meisah4 ,ano!r leads to a wat] s\rce 9 ! hills s\? ( ,ad> ,aqdeib1 call$ ,megwel ,didaut1 :ile a small fe$] a little l[] d[n1 com+ f ,ad> ,aqdeib1 also conta9s a wat] s\rce call$ ,megwel ,ad> ,aqdeib4 ,bo? ^! wat] s\rces are )9 ab\t half an h\r's j\rney f ! ma9 wadi4 ,aft] pass+ ,ad> ,aqdeib1 ,wadi ,didaut curves r\nd to ! nor?1 receiv+ fe$]s f ! hills ( ,um ,e9 & ,q>a ,saba to ! s\?1 !n turns ea/-nor?-ea/1 pass+ betwe5 ! hills call$ ,kikeiyet ,%>qi & ,kikeiyet ,gh>bi1 & !n betwe5 ! r$ granite hills ( ,adatalob ,ad>a & ! black mass ( ,ti ,kef]iai to jo9 ,wad el ,qireira4 ,! total l5g? ( ,wadi ,didaut is ab\t ?irty-five kilometres1 & its av]age slope is ab\t eight metres p] kilometre4 ,its upp] p>ts possess abundance ( vegetation1 ! beautiful fl[]+ bu% call$ ,s>ob be+ conspicu\s 9 ,s>ob ,kwan2 b 9 its l[] portions x becomes almo/ lo/ 9 drift s&4 ,!re is an easy op5 track f ne> ,megwel ,ad> ,aqdeib1 pass+ betwe5 ! high hills call$ ,q>a ,saba & ,gebel ,um ,e91 to ! ,wadi ,baueiwai4 ,wadi ,baueiwai heads 9 ! m\nta9s s\? ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,num]\s fe$]s f ! m\nta9s c\rse across a tract1 ab\t six kilometres 9 diamet]1 ( v l[ granite hills call$ ,i>ih ,meisah2 ?is tract is almo/ entirely %ut 9 by m\nta9s & high hills1 ) an outlet s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,e94 ,?r\gh ?is outlet ! ma9 *annel passes1 & receives ! ,wadi ,miatit1 dra9+ ! m\nta9s ( ! same "n1 f ! s\?-we/4 ,curv+ 9 a great sweep r\nd ! foot ( ,gebel ,um ,e91 ,wadi ,baueiwai turns nor?-ea/w>d1 pass+ close s\?-ea/ ( ! hills ( ,q>a ,saba & ,ti ,kef]iai to jo9 ! ,wadi ,didaut & =m ! ,wad el ,qireira4 ,f ! head ( ,wadi ,baueiwai !re appe>s to be an easy pass by ! ea/ side ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah into ! heads ( ,wadi ,meisah4 ,a small fe$] ( ,wadi ,baueiwai1 dra9+ ! nor?-ea/ flanks ( ,gebel ,um ,e91 leads to a wat] s\rce call$ ,megwel ,um ,e94 ,ano!r fe$] com+ 9 f ! we/ side ( ,q>a ,saba =ms an easy r\te to ,wadi ,didaut1 z already m5tion$ above4 ,! pr9cipal o!r tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,baueiwai are ! ,wadis ,aqwem & ,hamida4 ,wadi ,aqwem is a broad & v s&y wadi c\rs+ nor?-nor?-ea/ along ! we/ side ( ,gebel ,nubitra1 & rea*+ ,wadi ,baueiwai 9 ab\t latitude #bb #ah2 x leads to a wat] s\rce call$ ,megwel ,aqwem1 situat$ j s\? ( ! end ( a long spur ( high hills runn+ out nor?-ea/w>d f ,gebel ,miatit4 ,l[] d[n its c\rse ,wadi ,aqwem is f$ by tribut>ies f ! high hills ea/ ( x1 "o ( :i*1 ! ,wadi ,nubitra1 conta9s a well4 ,?is well1 call$ ,bir ,nubitra1 is said to yield only v small supplies2 x is situat$ ab\t ?ree kilometres up ! ,wadi ,nubitra1 among high hills4 ,"o ( ! _m heads ( ! small ,wadi ,nubitra leads nor?w>ds by an easy pass into ! head ( ,wadi ,hamida4 ,! ,wadi ,hamida heads 9 ! m\nta9 ( ! same "n1 & c\rses p>allel to ,wadi ,aqwem1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a long ridge ( high hills4 ,ab\t "o & a half kilometres bel[ its head at ! easy pass into ,wadi ,nubitra above ref]r$ to1 x receives a small gully f ! ea/2 by foll[+ up ?is gully1 :i* is n>r[ & tortu\s1 = ab\t a kilometre1 "o c rea* a t9y spr+ call$ ,megwel ,hamida4 ,:5 ,i visit$ x 9 ,april #aijh1 ! spr+ 0 a m]e trickle1 v salt2 a galt a little fur!r up ! gorge 0 dry at ! same "t1 b be>s signs ( hold+ a useful /ore ( wat] aft] ra94 ,ab\t ?ree kilometres bel[ ! gully conta9+ ! spr+1 ,wadi ,hamida rea*es an op5+ :5ce "o c ei!r g s\?-ea/ = two kilometres to ! easy pass ( ,bani ,sana1 or nor?-we/ ?r\gh a gap 9 ! longitud9al ridge :i* encloses ! wadi on ! left4 ,wadi ,hamida itself1 h[ev]1 keeps /raight on its c\rse pa/ ,gebel ,g]or1 & jo9s ,wadi ,baueiwai s\?-ea/ ( ! hill ( ,ti-,kef]iai4 ,! heads ( ,wadi ,hamida conta9 a fair am\nt ( vegetation1 b its l[] p>ts are m b>r5 & v s&y4 ,wadi ,di-x dra9s ! nor? p>ts ( ! hill mass ( ,sul ,hamid1 & c\rses nor?-ea/ to rea* ! coa/ indep5d5tly ab\t latitude #bb #bi4 ,x has n be5 explor$1 & is ( no great importance2 vegetation 9 x is probably conf9$ to its upp] p>ts among ! hills4 ,( its total c\rse ( ab\t ?irty-five kilometres1 a l>ge portion lies ov] ! s&y coa/-pla94 ,wadi ,eikwan is a broad %all[ & s&y *annel dra9+ ! high jagg$ hill call$ ,qa% ,amir & ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! l[ hill mass ( ,sul ,hamid4 ,its head is ab\t f\r kilometres s\? ( ,qa% ,amir1 9 ! flat s&y pla94 ,tak+ at fir/ a nor!rly direction pa/ ! we/ side ( ,qa% ,amir1 x turns to ! nor?-ea/ fur!r on & crosses ! coa/-pla9 to rea* ! sea only a little s\? ( ! m\? ( ,di-x4 ,its total l5g? is ab\t ?irty six kilometres1 & its av]age slope is ab\t n9e metres p] kilometre4 ,wadi ,yoid]1 ! next wadi to ! ea/1 is ( consid]able importance1 z x dra9s ! we/ portion ( ,gebel ,elba & its heads are extremely ri* 9 trees & o!r vegetation1 :ile "o ( its tribut>ies conta9s a l>ge well ( good wat] 7,bir ,akwamtra74 ,! ma9 head ( ,wadi ,yoid] may be consid]$ to be ! wadi :i* be>s ! special "n ( ,wadi ,o ,sir ,hadal1 dra9+ ! s\?-we/ flanks ( ,gebel ,elba & ! nor?-we/ flanks ( ,gebel ,hanquf1 & head+ 9 an easy pass close to ! well ( ,bir ,salalat ,o ,sir1 ab\t #dej metres above sea-level4 ,wadi ,o ,sir ,hadal c\rses nor?-we/ betwe5 ! m\nta9 ranges = ab\t eight kilometres1 receiv+ a r l>ge fe$] f ! s\? ab\t six kilometres bel[ its head4 ,x !n em]ges f ! m\nta9s & turns nor? among l[] hills1 "h receiv+ ! ,wadi ,qeirat1 dra9+ we/w>ds f ne> ! summit ( ,elba4 ,a few kilometres fur!r on x ent]s an op5 pla9 slop+ rapidly d[nw>ds to ! nor?1 receiv+ ! small & n>r[ ,wadi ,siamtit f betwe5 two high hill masses to ! we/4 ,f "h onw>ds ,wadi ,yoid] c\rses 9 g5tle curves a little nor? ( ea/ to rea* ! coa/ 9 ab\t latitude #bb #bg4 ,a well call$ ,bir ,nabit1 situat$ 9 ,wadi ,yoid]1 a few hundr$ metres up f its m\?1 is believ$ to yield only bracki% wat]4 ,9 its j\rney to ! coa/ ,wadi ,yoid] receives sev]al fe$]s f among ! rugg$ granite hills ( ,el ,sela to ! we/ ( x1 z well z ! important ,wadi ,akwamtra f ! nor?-ea/ flank ( ,gebel ,elba4 ,! head ( ?is ,wadi ,akwamtra is q close to ! summit ( ,elba1 & its c\rse is at fir/ almo/ due we/1 aft]w>ds *ang+ to ne>ly nor? among ! l[] flank+ hills1 & divid+ into two *annels :i* re-unite l[] d[n4 ,bir ,akwamtra1 "o ( ! be/ wat] s\rces 9 ! ,bi%>9 c\ntry1 is situat$ at an altitude ( #ccj metres above sea-level 9 ! ea/]n *annel ( ,wadi ,akwamtra1 ab\t ?ree kilometres up above ! place :]e x leaves ! hills4 ,x is an excavation 9 ! /ony floor ( ! wadi4 ,! wat] 9 ,april #aijh 0 ab\t f\r metres bel[ ! wadi floor1 & =m$ a pool ab\t two metres 9 diamet] 9 a wide op5 holl[ :i* fill$ z fa/ z x c\ld be empti$4 ,! wat] 0 ( excell5t quality4 ,!re are two o!r wells a few hundr$ metres fur!r d[n ! same wadi2 "o ( ^! conta9$ a little wat]1 :ile ! o!r 0 dry1 & only ! pr9cipal well 0 be+ us$4 ,! floor ( ! wadi ne> & above ! well is v /ony1 s t x is n a v good camp+ gr\nd1 & ! ,ham$orab ,arabs pit* _! t5ts ( matt+ fur!r d[n ! wadi4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! place !re 7 num]\s ,bi%>9 ,arabs at ! well ) _! wom5 & *ildr51 all busily employ$ 9 wat]+ _! flocks & h]ds & wa%+ _! clo!s4 ,! wadi1 9 spite ( its /ony floor1 is lit]ally full ( l>ge trees1 pr9cipally acacias1 s close toge!r t lad5 camels _c pick _! way ?r\gh !m = m ?an a %ort di/ance above ! well1 & ?\s&s ( doves inhabit ! trees4 ,!re are "s ru9s ne> ! wells1 built ( b\ld]s set 9 mud2 !y are said to h be5 erect$ by ,d]vi%es 9 #ahhf1 :5 !y seiz$ ,halaib & ,bir ,akwamtra4 ,^! ,d]vi%es 7 kill$ (f by ,egyptian troops1 "s ( !m be+ *as$ to ,bir ,meisah & %ot !re4 ,z ! d5sely wood$ & /ony "* ( ,wadi ,akwamtra prev5ts camels f pass+ up x mu* above ! well1 ,i f\nd x necess>y1 9 ord] to pit* a camp )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ! summit ( ,gebel ,elba1 to desc5d ,wadi ,akwamtra = ab\t a kilometre & to cross ! ,asut ,duk pass lead+ ea/ into ! head ( ,wadi ,yahameib4 ,?is pass is too /eep = load$ camels1 & ev5 rid+ camels h to be l$ d[n x2 baggage camels h to g r\nd ! hill spurs nor? ( ! pass4 ,! head ( ,wadi ,yahameib is also full ( trees & scrub1 b x is possible to get camels up )9 f\r kilometres ( ! summit ( ,elba by ?is r\te1 :]eas ,bir ,akwamtra is ov] six kilometres f x4 ,wadi ,aideib1 ) its pr9cipal tribut>y ! ,wadi ,yahameib1 dra9s ! nor?-ea/ portion ( ,gebel ,elba & rea*es ! sea 9 ab\t latitude #bb #ba4 ,a well1 call$ ,bir ,abu ,ramad1 is situat$ 9 ! wadi b$ n f> f ! sea2 l t ( almo/ all ! wells close to ! coa/1 its wat] is probably bracki%4 ,! ma9 head ( ,wadi ,aideib is on ! ea/ side ( ! ma9 peaks ( ,elba4 ,c\rs+ at fir/ nor?-ea/w>d1 ?is dra9age *annel runs ?r\gh an op5 slop+ pla9 ab\t "o & a half kilometres wide betwe5 ! m\nta9 spurs1 its *annel "h divid+ into a great loop ) num]\s fe$]s f ! ranges on ei!r side4 ,pass+ we/ ( ! high isolat$ granite mass ( ,k>am ,elba1 x runs nor?w>d ov] ! slop+ pla91 receiv+ ! ,wadi ,yahameib f ! we/ ne> ! l[ r$ granite hills call$ ,ti ,hamra1 & !n c\rses nor? ( ea/ to ! sea4 ,wadi ,yahameib orig9ates on ! nor?-we/ flanks ( ,gebel ,elba1 :]e /eep well wood$ gorges unite 9 a /eeply slop+ /ony pla91 cov]$ ) trees & scrub1 betwe5 two great spurs ( ! m\nta94 ,!re is no pass at its ma9 head1 b j be=e x ent]s ! pla9 !re is a small fe$] f among ! hills to ! we/1 by foll[+ up :i* "o c get ov] a r /eep pass call$ ,asut ,duk2 ?is pass =ms a %ort cut = unlad5 camels betwe5 ! wells ( ,kansisrob & ,akwamtra1 b is too /eep = animals load$ ) baggage4 ,curv+ r\nd to ! ea/1 ,wadi ,yahameib is f$1 j be=e x jo9s ,wadi ,aideib1 by ! ,wadis ,akau & ,kansisrob1 bo? dra9+ ! nor? p>ts ( a great spur ( ,gebel ,elba4 ,wadi ,akau conta9s a small spr+1 call$ ,megwel ,akau1 a %ort di/ance above its op5+ f ! hills1 :ile ,wadi ,kansisrob conta9s a great well ( good wat] call$ ,bir ,kansisrob1 a %ort di/ance up f its m\?4 ,bir ,kansisrob is second only to ,bir ,akwamtra 9 importance1 & !re are usually _m ,bi%>9 camps 9 ! wadi j bel[ x4 ,l all ! wadis dra9+ f ,elba1 ,wadis ,yahameib & ,aideib are full ( trees & scrub & grasses2 9 go+ to ! foot ( ,elba up ! head ( ,wadi ,yahameib ) baggage camels1 mu* m difficulty is caus$ by ! clos5ess ( ! trees & scrub ?an by ! /ony nature ( ! floor4 ,! ,elba di/rict is1 ,i believe1 ! only place 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt :]e vegetable gr[? is s abundant z s]i\sly to h9d] "o's c>avan 9 approa*+ ! m\nta9s2 = ! progress ( baggage camels to be arre/$ :ile /ill f\r or five kilometres f a peak by ! /eep & /ony nature ( ! gr\nd is common en\gh2 b = ! arre/ to be due to trees & scrub 0 a new & int]e/+ exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 ! s& dunes on ! we/ side ( ,wadi ,yahameib are half-cov]$ ) co>se grasses1 & look gre5 in/ead ( ! usual yell[4 ,:5 we c\ld get no fur!r ) our camp+ equipm5t1 ,mr4 ,bakewell1 :o _h be5 9 ,s\? ,africa1 in=m$ me t we 7 9 :at w\ld be call$ 9 t c\ntry 8op5 bu%02 b 9 comp>ison ) ! re/ ( ! des]t ! place 0 a jungle4 ,wadi ,todhi dra9s ! high hills ab\t ,k>am ,elba4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( its c\rse x fl[s nor?-ea/ betwe5 ,k>am ,elba & a range ( l[] granite hills call$ ,mik]iba2 em]g+ !nce on to ! pla91 its dra9age spreads out ov] a tract1 call$ ,k>am ,h9di1 cov]$ ) trees1 :5ce "p dra9s to ! ,wadi ,aideib :ile ano!r "p goes to ! sea ne> ,suak9 el ,qadim4 ,suak9 el ,qadim1 is a collection ( m\nds close to ! sea a little s\? ( latitude #bb #bj4 ,b5t1 :o visit$ ! place 9 #ahif1 f\nd 8no?+ e>li] ?an ,cufic rema9s1 unless ! graves1 =m$ ( f\r l>ge blocks ( madrepore sunk deep into ! gr\nd1 may be look$ ^u z a m anci5t =m ( sepulture40#aja ,my native assi/ant report$ !re 0 no well at ! place1 nor any?+ ( int]e/ besides ! graves4 ,wadi ,del[a is a small wadi ent]+ ! sea ab\t six kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,suak9 el ,qadim4 ,x orig9ates 9 ! l[ hill c\ntry ne> ,mik]iba & fl[s nor?-ea/ betwe5 ! little r$ hill ( ,alafot & ! l[ banks call$ ,alafot ,onqwab on ! nor? & ! granite hills ( ,krei%im & ,ta> ,ara on ! s\?4 ,wadi ,s]imtai is an important dra9age l9e1 ! ma9 head ( :i* is situat$ 9 ! ,sudan1 probably ne> ! great m\nta9 ( ,asotriba4 ,x ent]s ,egypt 9 longitude #cf #bb1 c\rs+ nor?w>d betwe5 ,gebel ,hanquf & ,gebel ,%5dodai1 f :i* la/-nam$ m\nta9 x receives a fe$] call$ ,wadi ,um ,seyal4 ,aft] pass+ ,gebel ,%5dodai x crosses a tract ( l[ granite hills to ! foot ( ,gebel ,o ,sir ,eirab1 :]e x receives ! wadi ( ! same "n & num]\s fe$]s f ,gebel ,hanquf4 ,x !n turns nor?-ea/1 pass+ along ! foot ( ! spurs ( ,elba1 & nor? ( ! granite hills ( ,o ,wota & ,abai ,sis to rea* ! sea t5 kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,halaib4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five kilometres up f its m\?1 ,wadi ,s]imtai conta9s a well call$ ,bir ,s>>at ,s]imtai1 :i* has1 h[ev]1 n be5 visit$4 ,! ,wadi ,o ,sir ,eirab1 an important tribut>y ( ,s]imtai1 dra9s ! s\? flanks ( ,gebel ,elba1 c\rs+ at fir/ s\?-we/ & !n turn+ %>ply ea/w>d4 ,at ! turn is a well 9 ! wadi floor call$ ,bir ,salalat ,o ,sir1 #ddj metres above sea-level1 close to :i* is an easy pass lead+ into ! head ( ,wadi ,o ,sir ,hadal1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,yoid]4 ,f its entry into ,egypt to its m\?1 ,wadi ,s]imtai has a l5g? ( =ty-five kilometres1 & an av]age slope ( twelve & a half metres p] kilometre4 ,x conta9s pl5ty ( trees & scrub1 especially 9 its upp] p>ts4 ,m]a ,kwan is a wadi dra9+ nor?-ea/w>d f ,gebel ,%5dodai & ent]+ ! sea a little nor? ( ,halaib4 ,x has n be5 survey$ 9 detail1 b z x dra9s f high m\nta9s x d\btless conta9s pl5ty ( vegetation1 especially 9 its upp] p>ts4 ,! l[] half ( its c\rse is r s&y1 pass+ among l[ hills on to ! coa/-pla94 ,halaib1 ! only p]man5t village on ! ,r$ ,sea coa/ ( ,egypt s\? ( ,qoseir1#ajb is situat$ 9 latitude #bb #ac #be ,n41 longitude #cf #ch #ef ,e4#ajc ,! "n ( ! place is pron\nc$ locally ,oleiyib1 & ?\gh ,i h reta9$ ! e/abli%$ ,european spell+ z giv5 on ! *>ts1 none ( ! natives w\ld recognise ! "n if pron\nc$ 9 its ,europeanis$ =m4 ,its mo/ conspicu\s build+s1 & ! only ones compos$ ( masonry 9 any =m1 are a =t & a block-h\se2 !re are a few rude wood5 %anties1 mo/ly built ( timb] :i* has be5 ca/ up on ! bea*1 b ! bulk ( ! population live 9 little re$ huts & t5ts ( matt+4 ,halaib is ! headqu>t]s ( a small police =ce "u ! comm& ( a moaw51 ! m5 be+ lodg$ 9 ! =t4 ,! =t1 :i* /&s ab\t =ty metres f ! sea on l[ gr\nd1 is an irregul> octagon 9 plan1 ab\t t5 metres 9 diamet] by six & a half metres high4 ,z its top is only eight metres above ! sea & !re are l[ banks we/ ( x1 ! =t is n v conspicu\s z "o approa*es x f ! l&w>d side1 b be+ :itewa%$ & op5 to ! sea x is a good l&m>k = sailors 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x has two flag/affs1 f :i* ! ,briti% & ,egyptian flags are fl[n on ,fridays4 ,! =t is ent]$ by a ladd]1 ! floor =m+ ! police qu>t]s be+ ab\t ?ree metres above gr\nd4 ,bel[ are wat] tanks1 & above a trap door gives access to ! ro(1 :i* is c>ri$ on iron rails & pla/]$ ov] ) /ucco4 ,! ro( vibrates too mu* = x to be us$ z a triangulation /ation1 & obs]vations "h 7 tak5 f an ecc5tric po9t on ! gr\nd & aft]w>ds r$uc$ to c5tre4 ,! block-h\se is a small] rectangul> /ructure1 :itewa%$1 situat$ on a l[ bank ab\t #djj metres s\?-we/ ( ! =t4 ,a small jetty1 built ( coral1 runs out f ne> ! =t f> en\gh = a small boat to get alongside4 ,!re are five wells at ,halaib1 all )9 a few hundr$ metres ( ! =t4 ,! wat] is v h>d1 & ex]ts a v /rongly ap]i5t action on ^? unus$ to x1 ?\gh ! ,arabs ( ! place consid] x v good4 ,a small ,gov]nm5t g>d5 ne> ! =t conta9s a few small date palms1 b !re is no o!r cultivation4 ,!re is a sort ( baza>1 :]e "o c buy clo!s1 sug>1 dates1 fat1 etc41 b ! supplies are small & !re 0 no fl\r to be got :5 ,i 0 !re4 ,eggs c be pur*as$ f ! ,arabs1 :o possess a few f[ls1 & excell5t fi% c be got v *eaply f ! fi%]m54 ,= a daily wage ( eight pia/res a fi%]man suppli$ me ) z mu* fre% fi% daily z ,i & my m5 c\ld eat4 ,%eep c be got f ! hills at a day's notice1 a good fat "o co/+ ,l4,e4 #a4 ,firewood has to be br\ght 9 f ! m\nta9s1 & any ,european mak+ a /ay at ! place w\ld d well to s5d to ,bir ,kansisrob or ,bir ,frukit = pure wat] at ! same "t4 ,! p are v fri5dly1 b only a few speak ,arabic4 ,!re is a kuttab :]e boys le>n to read & write ,arabic "u ! tuition ( a %eikh f ,suak91 s t ,arabic may p]haps be m spok5 aft] ano!r g5]ation4 ,!re are two isl&s a little nor? ( ,halaib1 bo? l[ & s&y4 ,! l>g] "o1 call$ ,geziret ,halaib el ,kebir1 is ne>ly triangul>1 ) sides ab\t ?ree & a half kilometres long4 ,x c be rea*$ easily by wad+ across a n>r[ *annel 9 l[ /ates ( ! sea4 ,on x is ! grave1 m>k$ by a wood5 cross1 ( ,lieut4 ,/ew>t1 ,r4,n41 :o lo/ 8 life 9 a fight ) ,d]vi%es "h 9 #ahhf4 ,! small] isl& lies fur!r nor?2 x is call$ ,geziret ,kwolala#ajd on acc\nt ( its ne>ly circul> %ape4 ,halaib possesses an excell5t h>b\r1 ?\gh x is sometimes difficult ( access to sail+ vessels ow+ to ! direction ( its entrance4#aje ,x is visit$ occasionally by ,coa/ ,gu>d cruis]s z well z by small trad+ boats f ,suak94 ,on enquiry ( ! local sailors1 ,i f\nd mo/ ( ! names giv5 on ! ,admiralty ,*>ts ( ?is di/rict to be unkn[n to !m4 ,= example1 ,abu ,d>a1 ,%]m ,alu$a1 ,ras ,abu ,fatma1 ,elba ,isl&1 ,ras ,jazriyal1 & ,cape ,elba 7 all unkn[n4 ,abu ,d>a 0 call$ by ! natives ,%ekra el ,delam1 :ile ,elba ,isl& 0 call$ ,geziret el ,dibia1 & ,cape ,elba is locally kn[n z ,ras ,had>ba4 ,i obta9$ ! foll[+ names = ! small an*orages nor? & s\? ( ,halaib1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n locate !m exactly on ! maps1 z ! sailors c\ld n read a map suffici5tly well1 & ! h>b\rs !mselves are m]e gaps ?r\gh ! out] coral reef1 n visible ind5tations ( ! actual coa/-l9e4 ,/>t+ f ,bir ,adal ,deib & go+ s\?w>d1 ,m]sa ,abu el ,qsim is ne> ! m\? ( ,wadi el ,kiraf2 a big tree =ms a l&m>k = ent]+ x4 ,fur!r on is ,m]sa ,h>ba1 !n ,m]sa ,abu ,naam ) an isl& opposite to x1 !n1 aft] pass+ ,ras ,unbilat1 comes ,m]sa ,yoid]1 at ! m\? ( ,wadi ,yoid]1 :]e !re is a well call$ ,bir ,nabit4 ,pass+ ,abu ,ramad well 9 ,wadi ,aideib1 & ,suak9 el ,qadim1 "o comes to ,m]sa ,aqwetit1 !n to ,m]sa ,s]imtai1 at ! m\? ( ,wadi ,s]imtai1 opposite ! isl& ( ,kwolala1 & !n to ,m]sa ,halaib itself4 ,s\? ( ,halaib ! pr9cipal an*orage is ,m]sa ,%ellal1 at ! m\? ( ,wadi ,%ellal4 ,! cape 9 latitude #bb #aj is call$ ,ras ,qubet ,isa4 ,a small an*orage s\? ( ,ras ,had>ba 7,cape ,elba7 appe>s to be call$ indiff]5tly ,m]sa ,had>ba 7f ! hills ne> x7 or ,m]sa ,qabatit 7f ! wadi & well ne> x72 b ,i c\ld n make q sure if ^! are "o & ! same1 or two sep>ate an*orages4 ,wadi ,%ellal heads betwe5 ! high m\nta9 masses ( ,gebels ,%5dodai & ,%ellal1 & c\rses nor?-ea/ = ab\t ?irty kilometres to rea* ! coa/ ab\t f\r kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,halaib4 ,9 its l[] "p1 :]e x crosses ! coa/-pla91 x is a broad %all[ dra9age *annel full ( scrub4 ,its upp] p>ts1 :i* h n be5 explor$1 are d\btless well suppli$ ) trees1 & are /at$ to be ! pr9cipal habitat ( ! ,ham$orab ,arabs4 ,wadi ,aqilhoq1 :i* dra9s ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,gebel ,%ellal1 c\rses ab\t p>allel to ,wadi ,%ellal a few kilometres fur!r s\?4 ,x conta9s a well1 ,bir ,frukit1 ab\t tw5ty kilometres up f its m\?1 ne> "s d>k conspicu\s foot hills call$ ,gebel ,balatitda4 ,?is well yields a con/ant supply ( v good wat]1 & is ! place :]e ,i s5t = my wat] supplies 9 comm5c+ my return m>* to ,port ,sudan4 ,! position ( ! well z %[n on ! map is only approximate1 b its direction hav+ be5 po9t$ out ) ! alidade by guides f two plane-table /ations1 ,i believe ! location is pretty ne>ly correct4 ,wadi ,aqwei dra9s ea/ ( nor? f among ! foot-hills ea/ ( ,gebel ,%ellal1 & ent]s ! sea f\r kilometres we/ ( ,ras ,qubet ,isa4 ,:]e ,i cross$ x two kilometres f its m\? x 0 a broad %all[ wadi ) pl5ty ( scrub1 divid+ r\nd a l[ b conspicu\s gravel bank be=e rea*+ ! sea4 ,kreit-reit-or is a simil> wadi to t la/ m5tion$1 c\rs+ nor?-ea/w>d ov] ! pla9 f among l[ hills1 & ent]+ ! sea five kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,ras ,qubet ,isa4 ,ab\t two kilometres s\? ( ,kreit-reit-or1 at a di/ance ( ?ree & a half kilometres f ! coa/1 & ?irty metres above sea-level1 are ! bitt] wells ( ,ti ,kureitra4 ,^! are f\r wells1 sunk ab\t twelve metres deep 9 ! gypse\s /rata :i* "h und]lie ! s& & gravel ( ! coa/-pla94 ,! wells are l9$ ) slabs ( sel5ite4 ,! wat] is s /rongly purgative t a numb] ( my ,arabs :o drank ( x 7 made extremely unwell1 & ! wells are *iefly us$ = wat]+ ! flocks ( %eep :i* graze 9 ! neighb\r+ valleys4 ,f ! gr\p ( conspicu\s ?\gh n v high hills call$ ,gebel ,had>ba1 t5 kilometres we/ ( ,ras ,had>ba 7,cape ,elba7 _m dra9age *annels cross ! coa/-pla9 t[>ds ! sea 9 a direction nor? ( ea/4 ,"s ( ! dra9age l9es =m ! nor? side ( ! hills rea* ! sea ea/ ( ,ti ,kureitra wells2 b o!rs lose !mselves 9 a quicks& call$ ,kuatianai1 or 8! dev\r]10 :i* cov]s a l>ge triangul> space ( ab\t tw5ty squ>e kilometres ab\t ! cape4 ,at ! actual cape1 rocks are visible at ! coa/1 & ! quicks&1 s f> z ,i c\ld judge f a di/ance1 appe>s to be really a lagoon1 fill$ ) ! s& wa%$ d[n f ! hills4 ,! ,arabs /ate t camels w&]+ on ?is s& get swall[$ up2 ! col\r ( its surface is di/9ctly d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! pla94 ,on ei!r side ( ! #bbnd p>allel1 ne> ! sea are l[ gravel-cov]$ banks ( calc>e\s grit1 sev5ty metres high 9 places1 & ?r\gh ^! pass sev]al broad wadis dra9+ f ! l[ hill c\ntry fur!r we/4 ,! *ief ( ^! wadis1 call$ ,wadi ,qabatit1 ent]s ! sea at a well def9$ inlet ( ! coa/ call$ ,m]sa ,qabatit4 ,a well1 ,bir ,qabatit1 is situat$ 9 ! b$ ( ano!r dra9age *annel a little s\? ( ! ma9 wadi1 "o & a half kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ! m]sa & #che kilometres s\? ( ! #bbnd p>allel4 ,! gr\nd at ! well is only five metres above ! sea4 ,! well is a big excavation 9 ! wadi floor1 & its wat] surface is ab\t at sea-level4 ,to me ! wat] ta/$ decid$ly salt1 b ! ,arabs say x does n purge !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #hi3 ,floy]'s map 7,geog4 ,j\rnal1 #ahic7 gives ! "n ,gemal z cont9u+ fur!r up z f> z ! pass into ,wadi ,durunkat2 b my guides say ?is is an error4 ,footnote #ij3 ,?is road is said to lead via ,ghuel1 ,um ,kh>iga1 & ,dabur1 to ,gebel ,hamrat ,wogud4 ,footnote #ia3 ,= a brief m5tion ( ! ru9s ( ,b]5ice1 see p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ea* ( ! ?ree v[els 9 ,naait is pron\nc$ broad & sep>ately1 s t ! ^w has ?ree syllables4 ,footnote #ic3 ,allawi crook$4 ,footnote #id3 ,i did n he> any?+ ( ?is 9 #aijg :5 9 ! neighb\rhood1 p]haps ow+ to ! ignorance ( my ,ababda guides4 ,! in=mation 0 giv5 me fur!r s\? 9 #aijh by sev]al ,bi%>9 guides1 :o appe>$ to "k ! place well & :o all agre$ on ! po9t4 ,footnote #ie3 ,! au?ors ( 8,! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan10 #aije 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hg7 errone\sly place ,bir ,%alate9 9 ,wadi ,hasium in/ead ( at ! m\? ( ,wadi ,hode94 ,! mi/ake has l$ to errone\s del9eation ( ! adm9i/rative b\nd>y betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan 9 exi/+ maps 7see p4 #gd74 ,footnote #if3 ,?is & ! o!r ma9 fe$]s ( ,wadi ,hode9 are describ$ 9 m detail 9 foll[+ pages4 ,footnote #ig3 ,! f9al syllable 9 ,silsila is h>dly he>d :5 ! "n is spok5 by an ,ababda ,arab2 x s\nds l ,silsi unless "o is li/5+ specially = ! end ( ! ^w4 ,footnote #ih3 ,to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,wadi ,gemal fur!r nor? m5tion$ on p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #ii3 ,bir ,madi1 #ab kilometres nor? ( ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet1 0 at ?is "t op5 & giv+ good supplies4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,?is & ! o!r ma9 ,egyptian tribut>ies ( ,di-ib are describ$ 9 m detail 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,footnote #aja3 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 #ahif4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,qoseir is 9 latitude #bf #f nor?1 ab\t #djj kilometres z ! cr[ flies f ,halaib4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,! position giv5 is t ( ! c5tre ( ! =t1 z det]m9$ by my triangulation f ! ,nile ,valley4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,kwolala is ! ,bi%>i ^w = circle4 ,footnote #aje3 ,r$ ,sea ,pilot4 #aijj4 p4 #acj4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m\nta9s ,,& ,,hills4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has be5 already m5tion$ 7p4 #ai7 t ! pr9cipal m\nta9 masses are divisible into t5 ma9 gr\ps z foll[s3-- i4 ,! ,migif -- ,hafafit -- ,nugrus -- ,hangalia -- ,zab>a gr\p2 ii4 ,! ,abu ,hamamid -- ,hamata -- ,abu ,gurdi gr\p2 iii4 ,! ,um ,gunud -- ,dahanib -- ,batoga gr\p2 iv4 ,! ,abu ,dahr -- ,orga -- ,um ,t5ebda gr\p2 v4 ,! ,f>aid gr\p2 vi4 ,! ,awamtib -- ,abraq -- ,dif -- ,aqab el ,negum -- ,mi%bih gr\p2 vii4 ,! ,g]f -- ,korabkansi -- ,abu ,hodeid gr\p2 viii4 ,! ,meisah -- ,ad> ,qaqa -- ,is gr\p2 ix4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,alaqi bas9 we/ ( ,gebel ,ad> ,qaqa2 x4 ,! ,elba -- ,%5dib gr\p2 :ile !re are num]\s m or less isolat$ m\nta9s & hills ly+ outside ^! pr9cipal masses4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] a m detail$ acc\nt w be giv5 ( ea* ( ! ma9 gr\ps1 tak+ !m 9 ord] f nor? to s\?1 ! pr9cipal outly+ hill-masses be+ consid]$ along ) ! m\nta9 gr\p to :i* !y are 9 greate/ proximity4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! geographical positions ( all ! pr9cipal peaks are tabulat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,migif -- ,hafafit -- ,nugrus -- ,hangalia -- ,zab>a ,gr\p4 ,! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! gr\p 7see ! detail$ map on ,plate ,,vi7 =m a close clu/]1 r\nd ,gebel ,nugrus 7#a1eje metres7 z a c5tre1 betwe5 latitudes #bd #dj & #bd #ee1 :ile o!r m or less deta*$ masses are scatt]$ to ! nor? & we/4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! c5tral clu/] is ! t5d5cy to ext5sion 9 a nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ direction1 :i* is specially m>k$ 9 ! ,hafafit & ,hangalia ranges4 ,gebel ,nugrus1 ! c5tral & highe/ m\nta9 ( ?is nor!rly gr\p1 is a great boss ( r$ granite ris+ to a height ( #a1eje metres among s*i/s & gneisses4 ,x is an almo/ isolat$ mass1 = ?\gh ! ,hangalia & ,hafafit ranges close 9 on x f ei!r side1 !re are passes bo? ea/ & we/ ( x by :i* a circuit ( ! m\nta9 c be made4 ,9 plan1 x is a pe>-%ap$ mass1 ab\t f\rte5 kilometres 9 l5g? by six kilometres 9 wid?1 hav+ its long axis nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/4 ,gebel ,nugrus is on ! ma9 wat]%$2 its nor? p>ts are dra9$ ,nilew>ds by ! ,wadi ,hangalia & o!r fe$]s ( ,wadi ,g]f1 :ile ! dra9age f its s\? portion passes by ! ,wadi ,nugrus & ,wadai el ,nom to ! ,wadi ,gemal & !nce to ! sea4 ,! asc5t ( ! m\nta9 0 made f a camp ab\t f\r kilometres we/ ( ! summit1 at ! top ( ! pass lead+ into ! /ony head ( ,wadi ,nugrus4 ,! divide "h is flat & s&y1 at an altitude ( #fia metres above sea-level1 s t ! asc5t f camp to summit 0 #had metres4 ,/rik+ ea/w>ds ov] ! l[] ridges :i* flank ! ma9 back-bone ( ! m\nta91 ! summit 0 rea*$ aft] a climb ( ne>ly f\r h\rs4 ,:5 asc5d$ f ?is side1 !re appe> to be two ma9 peaks1 ( :i* ! fur!r "o1 m>k$ by a beacon1 is ! triangulation po9t2 ! be/ way up is betwe5 ! two peaks1 z ! passage f "o to ! o!r is v r\gh & /eep4 ,?\gh tir+1 ! climb is n v difficult4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9 7see ,plate ,,vii7 is a mass ( great r\nd$ knobs ( granite1 on :i* a suitable place = sett+ up in/rum5ts 0 only f\nd aft] "s se>*+4 ,! beacon1 9 latitude #bd #dh #cd1 longitude #cd #ce #dg1 is on a r\nd$ em95ce n l>ge en\gh to receive an in/rum5t1 s t ecc5tric obs]vations 7 necess>y2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! ecc5tric po9t ( obs]vation & ! beacon _h to be f\nd by a subt5se me?od1 z ! r\ghness ( ! m\nta9 top r5d]$ any process ( *a9+ or tap+ impossible4 ,! view f ! summit is v f9e4 ,to ! we/1 "o sees ! p9nacles ( ,migif & ! ne>] long range ( ,hafafit2 to ! nor?-ea/ is ! black cone ( ,atut2 nor?w>d1 se5 ov] a sea ( hills1 is ,igli2 to ! ea/ is ! high ridge ( ,hangalia1 culm9at+ to ! s\? 9 ,gebel ,zab>a4 ,! sea is visible to ! nor?-ea/ & ea/1 b ! sea horizon 0 obscur$ dur+ ! ?ree days ,i sp5t on ! summit by banks ( cl\ds4 ,^! cl\d banks simulat$ ! sea horizon v closely1 _! upp] surface appe>+ p]fectly horizontal4 ,!y caus$ a peculi> ph5om5on at sunrise1 produc+ ! optical effect ( two suns ris+ "o aft] ! o!r ow+ to ! refraction ?r\gh ! cl\d4 ,! fir/ ?+ se5 0 a blood-r$ image ( ! sun ris+ ov] ! true sea horizon1 :i* 0 only ?us discov]$1 ! sun be+ se5 ?r\gh ! cl\d2 ab\t ?ree m9utes lat]1 :5 a little m ?an half ! blood-r$ disc _h ris51 ! true sun rays fla%$ out f ano!r & mu* bright] segm5t appe>+ ov] ! top ( ! cl\d1 s t p>ts ( two sun disks 7 se5 at once1 q sep>ately1 "o ov] ! o!r4 ,be=e desc5d+ f ! m\nta91 ,i w5t along ! ridge s\?-ea/ & nor?-we/ ( ! highe/ po9t to get plane-table /ations2 9 ei!r direction progress along ! top is extremely difficult4 ,to ! nor?-we/ x appe>$ z ?\gh ! way w\ld be easi] by keep+ on ! ea/ side ( ! ridge1 b 9 reality ?is 0 n s1 z ! slope 0 s /eep & smoo? t "s /ret*es c\ld only be got ov] by wriggl+ along ) z mu* z possible ( "o's body 9 contact ) ! rock4 ,! desc5t f ! nor?-we/ end ( ! ridge to camp 0 difficult & r dang]\s 9 places4 ,x is possible t a bett] way up ! m\nta9 c\ld be f\nd f ! pass at ! head ( ,wadi ,hangalia1 on ! opposite side to :]e ,i />t$2 t pass is #abj metres high] ?an ! we/ "o1 s t ! total climb w\ld be less5$ by t am\nt1 & ! horizontal di/ance is ab\t ! same4 ,gebel ,hafafit is a v long range1 *iefly ( gneiss1 runn+ 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e s\?-ea/w>d = ov] ?irty kilometres4 ,its highe/ peaks are at its nor? end1 :]e !y are n v mu* l[] ?an ^? ( ,gebel ,nugrus2 ! heights decrease gradually fur!r s\?4 ,half way d[n ! range is a v conspicu\s peak call$ ,um ,mogh>1 #hfj metres above sea1 :ile ano!r well m>k$ summit1 ! only "o :i* ,i climb$1 exi/s ne> ! s\? end & rises to #gdd metres4 ,?is la/-nam$ po9t is m>k$ by a beacon1 9 latitude #bd #ce #cb1 longitude #cd #de #bb4 ,on ei!r side ( ! ma9 back-bone ( ,hafafit are high flank+ ridges4 ,! dra9age ( ,hafafit practically all fl[s seaw>d by ! ,wadi ,gemal2 ! we/ faces are dra9$ by ,wadi ,hafafit1 & ! ea/ ones by ,wadi ,nugrus4 ,ea/ ( ! s\? "p ( ,gebel ,hafafit are "s rem>kable bosses ( granite1 ( :i* ! *ief1 ,gebel ,abu ,_h1 rises to #fcc metres above sea1 & is a l&m>k = ,bir ,abu ,_h4 ,ano!r rem>kable hill1 clos] 9 to ,hafafit & ! ,wadi ,gemal1 is %ap$ l a bell ) a h&le on ! top2 ?is hill1 :i* =ms a good l&m>k1 is call$ ,gebel ,um ,regeba1 & its summit is #ega metres above ! sea4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,illu/ration3 ,summit ( ,gebel ,nugrus4 7,granite74 ,illu/ration3 ,summit ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid4 7,s*i/s74 ,gebel ,migif is a v spiky gneiss mass situat$ ab\t ?irte5 kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,nugrus4 ,x has sev]al summits ( ab\t equal height1 fairly close toge!r1 b sep>at$ by deep clefts4 ,! triangulation beacon is on ! we/]n peak1 9 latitude #bd #dg #bc1 longitude #cd #bg #cj1 #a1aii metres above sea-level4 ,! foliation planes ( ! rock dip to ! nor?1 & ! only safe means ( asc5t is up ! result+ nor? slopes4 ,! s\? aspect is precipit\s4 ,:5 asc5d+ ! m\nta91 ,i pit*$ my camp #bg kilometres nor? ( ! beacon1 9 a gully dra9+ into ,wadi ,%ait1 we/ ( ano!r gully conta9+ ! wat] holes call$ ,galt ,um ,k>aba1 at an altitude ( #fjg metres above sea-level4 ,! asc5t1 ( #eib metres1 took two h\rs /eady climb+1 & 0 n difficult4 ,i kept on ! we/ side ( ! gorge till ne> ! top1 & ?is is ! be/ way up ! m\nta91 = ,i f\nd ! gorge itself to be /eep & ab\nd+ 9 impassable precipices4 ,! view f ,gebel ,migif is %ut 9 to ! ea/ by ! high masses ( ,gebels ,hafafit & ,nugrus2 ,gebels ,atut & ,igli are conspicu\s to ! nor?2 to ! s\?-ea/1 "o ov]looks ! great s&y bas9 ( ,wadi ,hafafit2 :ile to ! s\?-we/ is m op5 c\ntry 9 :i* ! two rem>kable cones ( ,el ,nahud1 ! %>p peak ( ,gebel ,abu ,khrug1 ! ridge ( ,gebel ,hamrat ,selma1 & clos] 9 ! ranges call$ ,gebel ,dweig1 are /rik+ features4 ,on a cle> day1 ! huge m\nta9s ( ,hamata & ,abu ,hamamid1 eighty kilometres to ! s\?-s\?-ea/1 c be disc]n$4 ,! photographs on ,plate ,,viii w give an idea ( ! views look+ t[>ds ,gebels ,nugrus & ,dweig respectively4 ,9 ! upp] view ,gebel ,nugrus is se5 beh9d ! ,hafafit range2 9 ! l[]1 ! masses close 9 are ,gebel ,dweig1 :ile 9 ! di/ance1 to ! "r ( ! c5tre1 is ,gebel ,hamrat ,selma1 & beh9d x on ! horizon ! spike ( ,gebel ,abu ,khrug4 ,! precipit\s nature ( ! s\? side ( ,gebel ,migif is evid5t 9 bo? views4 ,! nor? & we/ sides ( ,gebel ,migif are dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,%ait1 :i* passes ! foot ( ! m\nta92 ! /eep s\? face dra9s into ,wadi ,dweig1 a tribut>y ( ,%ait2 :ile ! ea/]n face1 flank$ by l[ hills1 is dra9$ by ,wadi ,hafafit4 ,gebel ,dweig is a small gr\p ( high hills close to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,migif1 ) :i* x comb9es to =m a cul-de-sac r\nd ! head ( ,wadi ,dweig4 ,gebel ,dweig resembles ,gebel ,migif 9 "*1 except t x is l[]2 ! hill on ! s\? side ( ! n>r[ op5+ by :i* ,wadi ,dweig leaves ! cul-de-sac is #hfd metres above sea1 & ?is is believ$ to be ! highe/ ( ! gr\p4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! mass is a curi\sly curv$ range sweep+ r\nd ne>ly 9 a semicircle4 ,gebel ,hamrat ,selma is a high ridge ris+ f ! pla9 ab\t fifte5 kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,migif4 ,i did n approa* x closely1 b fix$ ! position ( its highe/ po9t1 :i* is #gfa metres above sea-level1 by triangulation4 ,el ,nahud 7! brea/s7 is ! "n giv5 to two v rem>kable conical hills ( volcanic rock ris+ f ! pla9 on ! nor? side ( ,wadi ,nata% to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,hamrat ,selma4 ,! two hills are ab\t five kilometres ap>t1 "o be+ s\?-ea/ ( ! o!r4 ,! nor?-ea/]n cone is ! %>p] ( ! two1 b !y h bo? ! same altitude ( #ffb metres above ! sea & rise ab\t #acj metres above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,gebel ,abu ,khrug is a granite hill-mass ) a rem>kably %>p high peak1 ab\t tw5ty-five kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,migif4 ,! summit1 :i* is surm\nt$ by a triangulation beacon1 9 latitude #bd #ch #eg1 longitude #cd #af #ai1 has an altitude ( #hgj metres above sea-level4 ,abu ,khrug1 f its /rik+ ,matt]horn-l %ape & its situation 9 fairly op5 c\ntry1 is a conspicu\s l&m>k = great di/ances4 ,! ,arabs :o 7 s5t to erect ! beacon /at$ t ! asc5t 0 v difficult4 ,gebel ,sufra is a mass ( r flat-topp$ high hills1 p>tly ( volcanic orig91 ab\t eighte5 kilometres we/ ( ,abu ,khrug1 on ! nor? side ( ,wadi ,%ait4 ,! triangulation beacon on ! summit is 9 latitude #bd #ch #db1 longitude #cd #d #ac1 at a height ( #fij metres above sea-level1 & #cdj metres above ! well ( ,um ,gubur1 :i* is 9 ! ,wadi ,%ait ab\t ?ree kilometres to ! s\?-ea/4 ,gebels ,nazla & ,um ,s]g are mod]ately high hills ly+ to ! s\? ( ,gebels ,sufra & ,abu ,khrug1 betwe5 ! ,wadis ,%ait & ,nata%4 ,gorf el ,nata% is a sy5ite hill on ! s\? side ( ,wadi ,nata%1 ab\t five kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,bir ,masur1 :ile ,gebels ,muktil 7#dgj metres71 ,d]]a1 & ,um ,goraf1 are prom95t hills ly+ /ill fur!r s\? ne> ,wadi ,ant>4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,illu/ration3 ,view f ,gebel ,migif1 look+ ea/1 %[+ ! ,hafafit & ,nugrus ,ranges4 ,illu/ration3 ,view f ,gebel ,migif1 look+ s\?-we/1 %[+ ,gebel & ,wadi ,dweig4 ,gebel ,ras ,%ait is a gr\p ( high rugg$-look+ r$di% hills1 probably ( granite1 at ! head ( ,wadi ,%ait1 ne> ,gebels ,nugrus & ,migif4 ,its highe/ peak rises to #a1jai metres above sea4 ,! we/ face dra9s directly into ,%ait1 :ile ! ea/]n & nor!rn slopes dra9 into ,wadi ,g]f1 :i* jo9s ,%ait f> to ! s\?-we/4 ,betwe5 ,gebels ,migif & ,ras ,%ait is a small range ( hills divid+ ,wadi ,%ait f ! head ( ,wadi ,hafafit2 across ! s\? end ( ?is range1 :i* is compos$ ( d>k s*i/s ) :ite granite at its we/]n foot1 !re runs a zigzag pass1 fairly easy = camels1 to ! head ( ,wadi ,nugrus4 ,gebel ,mud]geg is a high range ( r$di% hills1 :i* ) ,gebels ,ras ,%ait & ,migif encloses ! heads ( ,wadi ,%ait4 ,its highe/ po9t is #a1jhf metres above sea4 ,to ! ea/ ( x are sev]al o!r l[] ranges1 "s ( :ite & o!rs ( black aspect1 :i* h n be5 approa*$ closely4 ,gebel ,hangalia is a great m\nta9 ridge runn+ s\?-s\?-ea/ = ab\t twelve kilometres1 f ,gebel ,ghuel to ,gebel ,zab>a1 consi/+ *iefly ( s*i/s4 ,its highe/ peak is #a1bda metres above sea-level4 ,its we/]n faces are dra9$ p>tly to ! ,nile by ! ,wadi ,hangalia 7a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,g]f7 & p>tly to ! sea by ! ,wadai el ,nom 7a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,nugrus72 its ea/]n faces1 :i* are flank$ by high ridges1 dra9 into ! v>i\s fe$]s ( ,wadi ,ghadir4 ,gebel ,zab>a1 a m\nta9 mass ris+ to #a1cfa metres above sea-level1 =ms a s\?w>d ext5sion ( ! ,hangalia range4 ,! cairn on its summit is 9 latitude #bd #de #ba1 longitude #cd #da #ec4 ,! m\nta9 is dra9$ on ! nor? & ea/ sides by fe$]s ( ! ,wadi ,ghadir1 :ile its we/]n flanks are p>tly dra9$ by ! ,wadai el ,nom4 ,gebel ,zab>a is *iefly compos$ ( s*i/s ( v>i\s types4 ,! anci5t em]ald m9es ( ,zab>a are 9 ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ! m\nta91 ab\t two & a half kilometres f its summit4 ,a triangulation beacon m>ks ! highe/ po9t ( ! m\nta91 b ?is 0 only us$ z an int]section po9t4 ,i asc5d$ "s ( ! flank+ ridges ne> ! old m9es2 ^! consi/$ ( spl9t]y s*i/s1 & ?\gh ! climb+ is /eep & r\gh 7see ,plate ,,ix71 ! s*i/s give a good foo?old s t ! asc5t to ! top is probably n v difficult4 ,! ru9s 9 ! ,wadi ,zab>a1 ne> ! old m9es1 are at #ead metres above sea-level2 ! climb f !m to ! summit is ?us "o ( #heg metres4 ,due s\? ( ,gebel ,zab>a is a high ridge1 ! nor?-we/ end ( :i* is #a1ajd metres above sea-level2 ?is ridge is ! mo/ conspicu\s ( a mass ( high hills flank+ ,gebel ,zab>a to ! s\?1 :i* h n be5 se5 except f a di/ance1 b :i* are probably dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,nugrus4 ,gebel ,ghuel1 :i* =ms a nor?w>d ext5sion ( ,gebel ,hangalia1 is likewise compos$ ( s*i/s4 ,its highe/ po9t1 ! s\? end ( a conspicu\s high ridge1 is #a1ajd metres above sea4 ,its ea/]n faces are dra9$ by ! ,wadis ,ghuel & ,fegas1 bo? tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,ghadir1 :ile its we/]n flanks dra9 into ! heads ( ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga4 ,high hills flank ! ma9 ridge on bo? sides1 especially ! ea/1 & ?r\gh ^! ! dra9age *annels =m deep gloomy gorges4 ,wadi ,ghuel conta9s important wat] holes4 ,gebel ,um ,kh>iga is ! "n giv5 to sev]al high hill ranges on ei!r side ( ! ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga4 ,two ( ^! ranges1 "o on ei!r side ( ! upp] "p ( ! wadi1 =m l ,gebel ,ghuel nor? ext5sions ( ! high ridge ( ,hangalia2 ! we/]n range c be cross$ at a gap by an easy pass1 #ggc metres above sea-level1 :i* sep>ates ! heads ( ,wadi ,g]f f ^? ( ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga4 ,^! two ranges %ut 9 ! wadi on ei!r side = "s t5 kilometres ( its nor?w>d c\rse1 beyond :i* ! c\ntry becomes m op5 & ! wadi curves r\nd to ! nor?-ea/1 pass+ ! nor? end ( a ?ird range ( high hills :i* is likewise call$ ,gebel ,um ,kh>iga4 ,?is ?ird range ext5ds nor?w>d = ab\t t5 kilometres f ,gebel ,ghuel1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a pass =m+ a good road ov] ! head ( ,wadi ,ghadir4 ,its mo/ conspicu\s feature is a tw9 peak at its nor? end1 #fgd metres above sea-level4 ,! ma9 ridge is flank$ by high hills1 especially on ! ea/ side4 ,only ! nor? & we/ flanks ( ?is range are dra9$ by ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga1 ! ea/]n side be+ cut up by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,suk>i4 ,besides ! pass sep>at+ x f ,gebel ,ghuel1 !re are two o!r passes1 "o r\nd its nor? end into ,wadi ,suk>i1 & ano!r at its s\? end betwe5 ,wadi ,ghadir & ,wadi ,suk>i1 s t a complete circuit ( ?is range c be made by camels4 ,"s ( ! hills compos+ ! mass consi/ ( highly magnetic s*i/s1 & compass read+s 9 ! region may be di/urb$ by _m degrees4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,illu/ration3 ,desc5d+ ,gebel ,zab>a4 7,s*i/s74 ,gebel ,igli el ,iswid is a r rugg$ m\nta9 mass ris+ among a sea ( l[] hills1 ?irty kilometres nor? ( ,gebel ,nugrus4 ,its highe/ po9t1 m>k$ by a triangulation beacon1 9 latitude #be #d #f1 longitude #cd #cf #af1 is #ige metres above sea-level4 ,! m\nta9 =ms a trip>tite wat]%$ betwe5 ! bas9s ( ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga 7dra9+ ! s\? slopes71 ,wadi ,dabur 7dra9+ ! nor? & we/ slopes71 & ,wadi ,igli 7dra9+ ! ea/]n face71 ea* ( :i* ?ree wadis c\rses sep>ately to ! sea4 ,9 occupy+ ! triangulation /ation on ! summit1 ,i plac$ my camp 9 a gully dra9+ to ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga1 ab\t two kilometres s\?-s\?-we/ ( ! summit at an altitude ( #fje metres above sea4 ,! climb ( #cgj metres to ! top f ?is camp 0 n difficult1 & occupi$ only a little ov] an h\r & a half4 ,! m\nta9 consi/s ( v h>d grey silice\s rocks1 :i* r+ "u ! hamm]1 & are probably cru%$ & devitrifi$ felsites 7see p4 #bha74 ,!re are galts 9 "s ( ! gullies dra9+ f ?is m\nta91 h5ce x is sometimes call$ ,igli el ,rayani4 ,at ! "t ( my visit 7,decemb] #aije7 !re 0 said to be a little wat] 9 a galt on ! we/ side ( ! mass2 b ! rock bas9s 9 ! gully :i* ,i asc5d$ 7 empty4 ,gebel ,igli el ,ahm>1 sometimes call$ ,el ,at%ani1 is a l[] hill mass ( granite "s t5 kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,igli el ,iswid4 ,gebel ,atut is a high black conical hill ?irty kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,nugrus4 ,ris+ consid]ably above ! hills :i* imm$iately surr\nd x1 ,atut is visible f a great di/ance f ! we/1 & its conical =m r5d]s x easy ( recognition4 ,its summit1 m>k$ by a beacon1 9 latitude #be #j #ef1 longitude #cd #bc #di1 is #ijh metres above sea-level & #cjj metres above ! bran*es ( ! ,rod el ,atut :i* encircle its base4 ,a camp c be plac$ close to ! foot ( ! cone1 & ! asc5t is easily made 9 ab\t an h\r4 ,! rock ( ,gebel ,atut is oliv9e gabbro 7see p4 #cjb71 ( great h>dness1 & ! :ole surface ( ! m\nta9 is =m$ ( great blocks1 r\nd$ & b\ld]-l bel[1 b angul> high] up4 ,! blocks h ru/y-look+ surfaces1 b are p]fectly s\nd rock inside1 & !y r+ l bells "u ! hamm]4 ,! upp] illu/ration on ,plate ,x %[s a view ( ! summit ( ,gebel ,atut1 f :i* its blocky nature w be evid5t4 ,! view f ,gebel ,atut is a v ext5sive "o4 ,to ! we/ & nor? 7see ! l[] illu/ration on ,plate ,x7 "o c see ! peaks ( ,gebels ,muelih1 ,hagg> ,dunga%1 ,iteima1 ,abu ,diab1 & ,hamrat ,wogud2 to ! s\?-ea/ are ! masses ( ,migif & ,nugrus1 :ile ea/w>d "o looks ov] a great expanse ( hills t[>ds ,gebels ,dabur & ,um ,kh>iga1 ) ! sea beyond4 ,! hills ( ,um el ,huetat1 ! highe/ ( :i* rise ov] #bjj metres above ! wadis r\nd !m1 are situat$ ab\t eight kilometres due we/ ( ,gebel ,atut2 !y are compos$ ( s*i/s ( v>i\s types1 & conta9 "s old m9es1 mo/ly 9 talc s*i/4 ,!y are dra9$ by ! ,rod el ,f>ag1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,g]f4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,rod el ,f>ag1 i4e41 fur!r we/ ( ,gebel ,atut1 are num]\s scatt]$ hills1 ! high] ( :i* be> ! names ( ,hamrat ,ma/ura1 ,el ,hamra1 & ,um ,him>4 ,^! are ( granite1 gneiss1 & s*i/s1 ) "s co>se gabbro & num]\s qu>tz ve9s4 ,/ill fur!r we/ is ! rem>kable ridge call$ ,erf el ,fahid1 a great qu>tz ve9 t5 metres wide & two kilometres long1 ris+ ne>ly "o hundr$ metres above ! ,wadi ,muelih4 ,a beacon on its highe/ po9t1 #egi metres above sea-level1 m>ks ! triangulation /ation1 its position be+ latitude #be #j #e1 longitude #cd #aa #eb4 ,s\?-ea/ ( ,erf el ,fahid is a l9e ( simil> b small] ridges1 also =m$ ( great qu>tz ve9s ris+ ?r\gh diorites & s*i/s4 ,/ill fur!r d[n ! ,wadi ,muelih is a curi\s horse-%oe-%ap$ hill ( aplite1 call$ ,m>wot ,rod el ,ligaia1 r\nd :i* ! hills ( cru%$ diorite are p5etrat$ ) a network ( qu>tz ve9s runn+ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,gebel ,muelih is a great boss ( :ite granite situat$ close to ! nor? side ( ,wadi ,muelih 9 longitude #cd4 ,its summit1 m>k$ by a beacon1 9 latitude #bd #eb #dd1 longitude #cd #j #cg1 is #gjg metres above sea & #cej metres above ! wadi :i* c\rses r\nd its s\? flank1 & f :i* x is easily climb$4 ,! upp] view on ,plate ,,xi gives an idea ( its appe>ance z se5 f ! base l9e camp 9 ! wadi six kilometres ea/ ( x4 ,gebel ,hag> ,dunga% is a great mass ( high hills situat$ nor? ( ,gebel ,muelih4 ,! beacon on its highe/ po9t1 9 latitude #bd #ei #ab1 longitude #cd #b #cc1 is #hae metres above sea-level4 ,9 ! hills :i* flank ! ma9 mass are num]\s %>p peaks1 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( :i*1 eight & a half kilometres s\?-we/ ( ! beacon1 is call$ ,gebel ,um ,dalalil4 ,a ridge five kilometres due ea/ ( ! beacon be>s ! "n ( ,erf ,rod ,um ,ra%id4 ,! rocks ( ,hagg> ,dunga% are *iefly d>k s*i/s4 ,,plate ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,summit ( ,gebel ,atut4 ,illu/ration3 ,view f ,gebel ,atut1 look+ nor?-we/1 %[+ ,gebels ,abu ,diab & ,hamrat ,wogud 9 ! di/ance4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,illu/ration3 ,view 9 ,wadi ,muelih 7,base-l9e ,camp74 ,gebel ,muelih 9 ! ,di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,granite-boss ( ,gebel ,selaia4 ,gebel ,iteima is a gr\p ( high granite hills ris+ f ! pla9 fifte5 kilometres nor? ( ,erf el ,fahid4 ,its highe/ peak is #hdi metres above ! sea4 ,x is dra9$ s\?w>ds by ! ,wadi ,muelih4 ,gebel ,hamrat ,wogud1 :i* is likewise ( granite1 is a high] m\nta9 mass fifte5 kilometres ea/ ( ,iteima4 ,its highe/ po9t1 m>k$ by a beacon1 is 9 latitude #be #i #cd1 longitude #cd #bj #j1 & #a1ajc metres above sea4 ,x is dra9$ s\?w>ds by ! ,rod ,um el ,f>ag1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,g]f4 ,betwe5 ,gebels ,muelih & ,mud]geg is a s&y pla9 ) l[ hills1 ! m conspicu\s ( :i* be> special names2 among !m are ,m>wot ,rod el ,ligah1 ,erf ,sagur1 & ,khusa el ,f>aon1 ! la/-nam$ be+ a gr\p ( small b v rem>kable black hills elev5 kilometres due s\? ( ,erf el ,fahid4 ,m>wot ,rod el ,ligah is a triangulation po9t2 its beacon is #ead metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,suk>i is a v craggy high ridge ( granitic rock tw5ty-two kilometres nor? ( ,gebel ,zab>a4 ,its highe/ po9t1 :i* is at its nor? end1 is #fcj metres above sea-level1 b ! triangulation beacon 0 erect$ on a l[] "p ( ! ridge fur!r s\?1 9 latitude #bd #ef #ej1 longitude #cd #db #ej1 at an altitude ( #dgf metres1 9 ord] to be ne> to ! ext5sive old m9es & ru9s :i* exi/ 9 ! locality4 ,gebel ,suk>i is dra9$ by v>i\s fe$]s ( ,wadi ,suk>i4 ,kurdeman is ! "n ( a l[ hilly di/rict on ! ea/ side ( ,wadi ,ghadir1 ?irte5 kilometres nor? ( ,gebel ,zab>a4 ,x is int]e/+ z conta9+ "s anci5t m9es1 d\btless work$ = gold4 ,a triangulation beacon has be5 erect$ on a hill j above ! work+s1 9 latitude #bd #eb #ce1 longitude #cd #da #ce1 at an altitude ( #ebf metres above sea1 or ab\t fifty metres above ! wadi4 ,gebel ,sabahia is a craggy felsite hill five kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,kurdeman1 ris+ to #ebj metres above sea1 or ab\t n9ety metres above ! wadi4 ,x is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,sabahia1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,ghadir4 ,9 ! heads ( ! ,wadi ,sabahia1 nor?-ea/ ( ! hill1 are "s old gold m9es4 ,gebel ,um ,tundeba is a high granite hill ne> ! head ( ,wadi ,um ,tundeba4 ,its summit is #eej metres above ! sea4 ,x =ms a l&m>k = ! wat] hole call$ ,galt ,um ,tundeba1 :i* is situat$ 9 a small gully1 ?ree kilometres we/ ( ! summit ( ! hill4 ,gebel ,amba-ut1 sev5 kilometres s\? ( ! =ego+1 is likewise believ$ to be ( granite2 ! s\!rn hill ( ?is gr\p is ( a r$ col\r & v conspicu\s z "o passes f ,um ,tundeba to ,ghadir4 ,gebel ,ghadir1 ! summit ( :i*1 9 latitude #bd #ej #i1 longitude #cd #dg #bb1 & #fcf metres above sea1 is m>k$ by a triangulation beacon1 is ?irte5 kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,zab>a4 ,i asc5d$ x f a camp #dbd metres above sea-level 9 "o ( ! gullies dra9+ we/w>d to ,wadi ,ghadir4 ,! asc5t is easy4 ,! rocks are gre5i% s]p5t9es & ophicalcites bel[1 ) a :ite qu>tz felsite above4 ,gebel ,allawi1 situat$ on ! s\? side ( ! ,wadi ,allawi1 is a diorite hill ris+ to #eae metres above sea4 ,x is be/ approa*$ by asc5d+ a small fe$] ( ,wadi ,allawi1 9 :i* a camp c be plac$ )9 a kilometre ( ! summit & #afj metres bel[ x4 ,!re are "s int]e/+ old gold m9es 9 ! qu>tz ve9s j bel[ ! beacon on ! summit ( ! hill1 & a b& ( graphitic s*i/ crops out ne> ! nor? foot ( ! hill4 ,! position ( ! beacon is latitude #bd #df #db1 longitude #cd #di #ci4 ,gebel ,lewewi is a d>k craggy hill range eight kilometres ea/-s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,zab>a1 betwe5 ,wadi ,allawi & its tribut>y ,wadi ,lewewi4 ,its highe/ po9t1 m>k$ by a cairn1 is #fed metres above sea-level4 ,!re are "s old m9es 9 ! l[] hills two & half kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,lewewi1 & o!rs a little fur!r (f 9 ! same direction4 ,gebel ,sikait is a rugg$ ridge ( s*i/s & s]p5t9e situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( hilly c\ntry f\rte5 kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,zab>a4 ,! triangulation beacon :i* m>ks its summit is 9 latitude #bd #ci #ee1 longitude #cd #dh #e1 & #gga metres above sea-level1 & #ccj metres above ! wadi :i* skirts its we/]n foot4 ,gebel ,sikait is ( int]e/ f ! abundant ru9s & old em]ald m9es :i* exi/ ne> x1 z well z f ! v>iety ( m9]als pres5t 9 its rocks4 ,x is ! ,sicily ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,b]yl1 t\rmal9e1 act9olite1 v>i\s micas1 *lorite1 talc & cry/als ( calcite are among/ ! common] m9]als f\nd4 ,! s]p5t9e :i* ab\nds 9 its upp] p>ts is highly magnetic1 & ! compass 0 f\nd to be di/urb$ by no less ?an #dj ne> ! triangulation po9t4 ,gebel ,sikait is dra9$ f ! we/ by ! ,wadi ,sikait1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,nugrus1 & f ! ea/ by ! ,wadi ,um ,gamil4 ,! be/ place to climb x f is ! ,wadi ,sikait1 & ! asc5t1 n a difficult "o1 is r5d]$ int]e/+ by ! ru9s & old m9es enc\nt]$2 "p ( ! way "o passes ov] an anci5t made road1 n[ brok5 9 _m places by ! d[nwa% f ! hill4 ,gebel ,ras ,um ,gamil & ,gebel ,um ,gamil are two high hill ranges s\?-ea/ ( ,sikait1 :i* h only be5 sket*$ f a di/ance4 ,mad>et ,um ,gamil is a conspicu\s d\ble-topp$ hill on ! nor? side ( ! ,wadi ,gemal1 sev5te5 kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,sikait4 ,! beacon :i* m>ks its highe/ po9t is 9 latitude #bd #cd #eb1 longitude #cd #ef #bh1 & #ded metres above sea4 ,x is be/ asc5d$ by a v w9d+ tribut>y ( ! ,wadi ,gemal2 ?is gully1 up :i* !re is a road1 leads pa/ ! s\?-we/ foot ( ! hill1 & ! climb is only "o ( "s #bjj metres4 ,! rocks r\nd ,mad>et ,um ,gamil are mo/ly s*i/s1 b ! top ( ! hill is a h>d gabbro l t ( ,gebel ,atut1 wea!r$ into ru/y look+ blocks4 ,a good view seaw>ds is obta9$ f ! summit1 "s v r$ granite =m+ a conspicu\s feature 9 ! l[ hills betwe5 x & ! coa/4 ,! ,abu ,hamamid -- ,hamata -- ,abu ,gurdi ,gr\p4 ,?is gr\p ( m\nta9s is rem>kable bo? = its ext5t & = ! l(t9ess ( _m ( its peaks1 "s ( :i* are among ! highe/ 9 ,egypt4 ,x is a mass ( rugg$ ridges & peaks1 cov]+ ab\t a qu>t] ( a squ>e degree ( ! e>?'s surface betwe5 latitudes #bd #j & #bd #cj1 9 :i* ! two dom9ant summits1 ,abu ,hamamid 7#a1gdg metres7 & ,hamata 7#a1igh metres7 are ! mo/ conspicu\s features 9 ! we/ & ea/ portions respectively1 :ile ,abu ,gurdi 7#a1efb metres7 =ms ! great t]m9al peak ( a s\?-ea/]ly ext5sion ( ! mass4 ,plate ,,xii %[s two typical views 9 ?is rugg$ region4 ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid is a great ridge ( h>d gre5i% s*i/s t[]+ above ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s to a height ( #a1gdg metres above sea4 ,its cre/ is brok5 into a numb] ( sep>ate summits1 :i* appe> f mo/ aspects ( almo/ a sug> loaf =m2 ! beacon is on ! mo/ nor!rly & highe/ ( ^!1 its position be+ latitude #bd #ad #da1 longitude #cd #dg #ch4 ,! m\nta9 is be/ asc5d$ f ! ,wadi ,um ,semiuki1 a tribut>y ( ,huluz1 :i* dra9s its nor?-ea/ face4 ,by asc5d+ ?is wadi till camels c\ld g no high] ow+ to its increas+ly r\gh & /ony floor1 ,i 0 able to pit* a camp at #hfe metres above sea-level & two & a qu>t] kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ! summit1 leav+ an asc5t ( #hhb metres to be made on foot4 ,! asc5t1 :i* occupi$ f\r h\rs1 0 free f difficulty till )9 ab\t "o hundr$ metres ( ! top1 b ! la/ portion 0 extremely /eep & 0 only negotiat$ ) consid]able tr\ble2 x repres5ts pretty ne>ly ! limit ( possibility 9 gett+ in/rum5ts up difficult places4 ,once ! top 0 rea*$1 h[ev]1 ! magnific5ce ( ! view obta9able1 & ! excell5ce ( ! po9t z a /ation = triangulat+ ! pr9cipal peaks among ! ?\s&s visible1 seem$ an ample recomp5se = ! tr\ble ( rea*+ x4 ,! top ( ! ridge 7see ,plate ,,vii1 p4 #aff7 is v r\gh & n>r[1 only a little ov] a metre wide1 & x is difficult to f9d a spot ne> ! summit :]e "o c spread "o's blankets = ! night ) ev5 a slight approa* to com=t4 ,! eight nights ( en=c$ biv\ack+ :i* ,i 0 oblig$ to sp5d on ! top ( ,abu ,hamamid 9 ,febru>y #aijf1 be=e ,i c\ld complete my obs]vations1 belong to ! lea/ pleasant ( my exp]i5ces 9 ! des]t4 ,a little "w only 0 possible ! fir/ day1 ow+ to haze obscur+ ! m di/ant peaks4 ,on ! second day cl\ds envelop$ u 9 a wet drizzle1 & a bitt]ly cold nor? w9d blew ) great viol5ce2 a rude rubble %elt] :i* my m5 built on ! summit1 cov]$ ) a blanket1 0 a v poor protection1 & ,i f\nd x bett] to ?r[ a rubble embankm5t across a /eep gully on ! lee side1 =m+ a small level plat=m :]e we 7 %elt]$ f ! bit+ w9d4 ,= ! next five days1 we 7 alt]nately wrapp$ 9 cl\ds or left free "u a brilliant blue sky ) cl\ds cov]+ all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,x 0 curi\s on ^! days to look ov] ! surface ( ! cl\ds1 z ov] a b\ndless level sea1 ) only ! highe/ peaks project+ %>p & black above ! :ite surface1 & to see ! sun rise & set exactly z ?\gh "o 7 on ! ocean4 ,!n at la/ ! cl\ds began to disappe>1 & on ! fir/ cle> day a v l>ge am\nt ( triangulation 0 accompli%$1 all ! m prom95t peaks )9 a radius ( ab\t sixty kilometres be+ obs]v$4 ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid =ms a culm9at+ po9t on ! ,nile -- ,r$ ,sea wat]%$1 its ea/]n p>ts dra9+ to ,wadi ,huluz & its we/]n ones to ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,typical ,views among ! ,m\nta9s ( ,hamata & ,abu ,hamamid4 7,! high peak 9 ! di/ance 9 ! l[] view is ,gebel ,hamata74 ,gebel ,um ,semiuki is a %>p cone ris+ to #a1bhc metres above ! sea among a mass ( l[] hills ?ree kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid4 ,x is ( a r$di% aspect1 due to a film :i* cov]s ! wea!r$ surface ( ! gre5 & grey hornfels ( :i* x is compos$4 ,x is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,um ,semiuki4 ,gebel ,abu ,argub is a v conspicu\s m\nta91 almo/ conical 9 %ape1 sev5 & a half kilometres s\?-s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by l[] hills4 ,to ! s\?1 ,gebel ,abu ,argub ov]looks ! pla9 ( ,selaia4 ,its peak1 #a1fij metres above sea-level1 is a good l&m>k f ! s\? & we/4 ,gebel ,kahfa is a _m-peak$ m\nta9 ( granite ris+ abruptly to a height ( #a1jah metres above sea f among l[] hills ( d>k s*i/s1 n9ete5 kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid4 ,x is deta*$ f ! ma9 m\nta9-mass1 be+ sep>at$ f x by ! heads ( ,wadi ,um ,retba4 ,its faces are 9 _m places %e] precipices ( sev]al hundr$ metres 7see ,plate ,,xiii71 b ! asc5t ( x f ! nor? is n v difficult4 ,9 occupy+ ,kahfa z a /ation ,i approa*$ x f ,bir ,%adli by a well-m>k$ track :i* skirts ! we/]n foot-hills & leads to ! ,wadi ,helie4 ,leav+ ?is track :]e x crosses ,wadi ,um ,h>gal "s six kilometres f ,bir ,%adli1 ,i asc5d$ ! ,wadi ,um ,h>gal & cross$ ! pass at its head into ! head ( ,wadi ,um ,retba1 :]e ,i pit*$ my camp at an altitude ( #efc metres1 at ! foot ( ,gebel ,kahfa #ac kilometres nor?-nor?-ea/ ( ! beacon on its summit4 ,! climb ( #dee metres f ?is camp to ! top occupi$ ?ree h\rs4 ,!re is good biv\ack+ gr\nd close ea/ ( ! summit1 betwe5 two ridges4 ,! beacon :i* m>ks ! triangulation po9t is 9 latitude #bd #h #ah1 longitude #cd #ch #ee4 ,a walk r\nd ! top is full ( int]e/2 "o c rea* _m po9ts ov]look+ trem5d\s precipices1 & ! =ms assum$ by ! granite peaks are v rem>kable4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta9 is a r l>ge op5 space =m+ ! head ( ,wadi ,helie1 b else:]e "o is surr\nd$ by l[ hills4 ,! pr9cipal dra9]s ( ,kahfa are ! ,wadis ,um ,h>gal & ,um ,retba 7tribut>ies ( ,wadi el ,%eikh7 to ! nor?1 & ,helie & ,abu ,ha%im 7tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,kh>it7 to ! s\?4 ,gebel ,m$sus is a small gr\p ( high hills ris+ among l[] ones betwe5 ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid & ,bir ,%adli4 ,gebel ,metawit is a high granite hill ris+ conspicu\sly among mu* l[] hills ?irte5 kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,bir ,%adli4 ,a track lead+ f ,bir ,%adli to ,bir ,metawit & o!r wells fur!r nor?-we/ passes close ea/ ( ! hill4 ,gebel ,metawit is a good l&m>k = ,bir ,metawit1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! wadi ( ! same "n ab\t ?ree kilometres nor?-we/ ( x4 ,! summit is #gda metres above sea-level or ab\t #bie metres above ! wadi floor at ! well4 ,gebel ,hamrat ,mukbud is a great r$ granite mass ris+ f ! pla9 ab\t tw5ty-five kilometres we/ ( ,bir ,%adli4 ,its isolat$ "* & great altitude 7#hib metres above ! sea & ab\t #dej metres above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry7 r5d] ,hamrat ,mukbud "o ( ! f9e/ & be/ kn[n l&m>ks 9 ?is "p ( ! des]t4 ,a cairn on its summit m>ks ! triangulation po9t1 9 latitude #bd #i #ec1 longitude #cd #bc #ag4 ,its asc5t is a matt] ( "s difficulty1 ow+ to its great /eepness4 ,el ,hamra is ano!r r$ granite mass1 mu* small] ?an ,hamrat ,mukbud1 ly+ ab\t half-way betwe5 t m\nta9 & ,bir ,%adli1 & sep>at+ ! ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid f ! ,wadi el ,%eikh4 ,gebel ,homr ,ak>im is a hill ab\t ?irty-?ree kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,hamrat ,mukbud1 close to ! nor? ( ,wadi el ,kha%ab4 ,its summit1 #dij metres above sea1 is m>k$ by a triangulation cairn4 ,gebel ,m>asan is a range ( m\nta9s nor?-we/ ( ,abu ,hamamid4 ,x is cut ?r\gh by an important pass ov] ! ma9 wat]%$1 #fhe metres above sea-level1 connect+ ! ,wadis ,huluz & ,abu ,hamamid by _! respective tribut>ies ,m>asan & ,m>asani1 :i* dra9 nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/ f ! pass4 ,! highe/ peak ( ! m\nta9s s\? ( ! pass is #a1bfa metres above sea-level1 :ile ^? to ! nor? are l[]4 ,! "n ,gebel ,m>asan is1 h[ev]1 commonly giv5 only to ! peaks nor? ( ! pass1 z !y rise m abruptly f x1 :ile ^? to ! s\? are unnam$ or reg>d$ z "p ( ,gebel ,hamamid because ! ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid dra9s _! s\!rn flanks4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,two ,views on ,gebel ,kahfa4 7,granite74 ,gebel ,khulla is a range ly+ a few kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,m>asan f :i* x is q sep>at$4 ,its highe/ po9t is #igh metres above sea4 ,x is dra9$ by ,wadi ,khulla1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid4 ,gebel ,um ,s$ri is a rem>kable pair ( tw9 peaks on or ne> ! ma9 wat]%$ sev5te5 kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid1 & a little to ! s\? ( ! ,wadi ,huluz4 ,^! peaks1 :i* are #igj metres above sea-level & ab\t #dfj metres above ! floor ( ,wadi ,huluz1 are v conspicu\s f ! surr\nd+ high c\ntry1 b !y _c be se5 f ! ,wadi ,huluz itself z !y lie a little way back f ! sc>ps :i* b\nd ! gorge4 ,x is ! dra9age f ! hills r\nd ,gebel ,um ,s$ri :i* fe$s ! wat] holes ( ,um ,g]ifat1 9 a little gorge op5+ to ,wadi ,huluz ab\t two kilometres nor?-we/ ( ! peaks4 ,gebel el ,h$a is a conspicu\s hill situat$ t5 kilometres nor?-nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,metawit1 betwe5 ! ,wadis ,ant> & ,kha%ab4 ,its highe/ po9t is #hfb metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,nukheira is a gr\p ( high hills on or ne> ! ma9 wat]%$1 close to ! head ( ,wadi ,ant> & ab\t t5 kilometres nor?-nor?-we/ ( ,gebel el ,h$a4 ,its highe/ po9t is #hgf metres above ! sea4 ,gebel ,ras ,abu ,etl is a l[] hill sev5 kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,nukheira4 ,z se5 f ! upp] "p ( ! ,wadi ,gemal x appe>$ to h a flat top1 :i* is #fdh metres above ! sea4 ,x is probably dra9$ by ! %ort ,wadi ,abu ,etl1 :i* jo9s ,wadi ,huluz to =m ! ,wadi ,gemal4 ,gebel ,um ,su]ab is a great high ridge ( d>k look+ rocks1 surr\nd$ by high flank+ hills1 ris+ conspicu\sly 9 ! hilly c\ntry betwe5 ! ,wadis ,huluz & ,gemal1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r kilometres nor?-nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid4 ,! top ( its ridge1 :i* appe>s to be ne>ly level = ab\t a kilometre ( its l5g?1 is #a1jbd metres above sea-level4 ,f its neighb\rhood dra9 two wadis 9 opposite directions2 "o1 call$ ! ,wadi ,um ,su]ab lil ,gemal1 goes nor?w>d to jo9 ,wadi ,gemal1 :ile ! o!r1 call$ ,wadi ,um ,su]ab lil ,huluz1 is ! long] & c\rses s\?w>d to jo9 ,wadi ,huluz4 ,gebel ,durunkat is ano!r app>5tly flat-topp$ hill eight kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,su]ab1 on ! we/ side ( ! ,wadi ,durunkat1 ab\t ?irte5 kilometres above its junction ) ,wadi ,gemal4 ,its summit is #ibd metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,ab>un is a m\nta9 range situat$ a %ort di/ance nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,argub1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! ,wadi ,ab>un4 ,its highe/ peak1 almo/ due ea/ ( t ( ,abu ,argub1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! ,wadi ,ab>un1 is #a1fjb metres above sea1 & ov]looks ! great pla9 ( ,selaia to ! s\?4 ,gebel ,um el ,tiur is a range ext5d+ s\?-ea/ f ,gebel ,ab>un1 =m+ a s\?w>d prolongation ( ! m\nta9s4 ,its highe/ peak is #a1dej metres above ! sea1 :ile ! t]m9al peak s\?w>d is #a1jhj metres4 ,x is dra9$ on ! we/ by ! ,wadis el ,%el & el ,anbat 7tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,kh>it7 & on ! ea/ by ! ,wadi ,um el ,tiur 7a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hilgit lil ,kh>it74 ,gebel el ,anbat is a gr\p ( l[] d>k col\r$ hills =m+ ! s\? foot hills ( ,gebel ,um el ,tiur4 ,its highe/ po9t is #ghh metres above sea1 :ile a deta*$ black hill a little we/ ( x on ! pla9 rises to #fhj metres above sea1 or #age metres above ! pla9 at its base4 ,^! hills are dra9$ by ! ,wadi el ,anbat & o!r small fe$]s ( ,wadi ,kh>it4 ,gebel ,um ,u%] & ,um ,hasidok are conspicu\s peaks on ! ma9 wat]%$ t5 kilometres ea/1 & twelve & a half kilometres ea/-s\?-ea/ respectively ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid1 ris+ to #a1dhg & #a1dig metres above sea-level4 ,!y are dra9$ to ! s\? by ! ,wadi ,hilgit lil ,kh>it1 & to ! nor? by ! ,wadi el ,mahali1 a fe$] ( ,wadi ,huluz4 ,gebel el ,mahali is a r high peak ( grey porphyry :i* =ms a nor!rly ext5sion ( ,gebel ,um ,u%]1 close s\? ( ! ,wadi ,huluz4 ,its top is #a1aab metres above sea1 or #ccj metres above ! adjac5t wadi floor4 ,gebel ,hamata1 ) "o exception#ajf ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 is situat$ on ! m]idian ( #ce1 9 latitude #bd #ab1 ?irty-?ree kilometres f ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! coa/ & #bac kilometres f ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! ,nile1 & rises to an altitude ( #a1igh metres above sea-level2 ! summit is m>k$ by a triangulation beacon1 ! position ( :i* is latitude #bd #ab #ag1 longitude #ce #j #af4 ,gebel ,hamata lies "s five kilometres ea/ ( ! ma9 wat]%$1 :i* curi\sly en\gh is n always =m$ by ! highe/ peaks4 ,x is dra9$ pr9cipally by ! ,wadi ,huluz1 ! heads ( :i* almo/ encircle x4 ,! ,wadi ,hamata heads 9 ! ea/]n face ( ! high ridge :i* connects ,gebels ,hamata & ,abu ,ghusun1 & ?us only takes a small portion ( ! dra9age ( ,gebel ,hamata itself4 ,?\gh surr\nd$ by o!r high m\nta9s1 ,hamata t[]s above !m s z to be a v conspicu\s feature on ! sky l9e f great di/ances4 ,look$ at f ! nor? or s\?1 x is l a great1 r flat1 cone ) a small] cone ea/ ( x4 ,! be/ way to asc5d ! m\nta9 is f ! head ( ! ,wadi el ,abiad1 t fe$] ( ,wadi ,huluz :i* dra9s ! nor? face ( x4 ,9 proce$+ up ! ,wadi el ,abiad f ,wadi ,huluz1 "o is %ut 9 by high hills on ei!r side till ab\t six kilometres f ! m\nta92 !n ! wadi op5s into a r\gh pla9 ) l[ granite hills1 & ! impos+ mass ( ,hamata spr+s sudd5ly into full view4 ,my camels 7 coax$ on ) _! loads up ?is wadi1 :i* becomes v /eep & /ony z its head is approa*$1 to )9 two & a qu>t] kilometres ( ! summit1 :]e !y actually rea*$ an altitude ( #a1jbe metres above ! sea4 ,! asc5t ( ! rema9+ #iec metres on foot1 ?\gh tir+1 0 fairly easy1 & occupi$ less ?an f\r h\rs4 ,! l[] ?ird ( ,hamata is a :iti% granite2 ?is gives place high] up to a h>d qu>tz felsite1 :i* r+s "u ! hamm] & wea!rs into ru/y br[n blocks4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ma9 summit ! rock *anges to a gre5 breccia1 :i* seems to =m a consid]able portion ( t "p ( ! m\nta94 ,! view f ! summit is a f9e "o 9 cle> wea!r1 includ+ z x does an ext5sive prospect ( ! rugg$ m\nta9s ar\nd1 & a l>ge ext5t ( coa/-l9e4 ,b x 0 on ?is m\nta9 t ,i _h my fir/ exp]i5ce ( ! *ronic haze :i* seems to hang almo/ p]petually ov] ! coa/al regions 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! tropic1 & :i* is ! greate/ enemy ( ! surveyor 9 ^! p>ts4 ,on ea* ( ! ?ree days :i* ,i sp5t on ,hamata1 ! morn+ sun rose ov] cl\d-banks to ! ea/2 cl\ds fill$ all ! wadis & cov]$ ! l[] c\ntry1 :ile ! highe/ peaks /ood up cle> & %>p above ! sea ( cl\d4 ,t[>ds #aj a4m41 ! cl\ds gradually melt$ away ov] ! l& "u ! increas+ sol> influ5ce1 b !re rema9$ a cont9u\s haze1 especially ov] ! coa/ & out to sea4 ,! explanation ( ! almo/ p]petual cl\ds & haze 0 soon se51 & is v simple4 ,if ! w9d bl[s f ! nor?-we/1 x is g5]ally cool or ev5 cold 9 w9t]4 ,if ?is nor? w9d is dry & p]si/5t1 ! air is cle>2 b %\ld x fail & w>m moi/ breezes set 9 f seaw>d1 ^! drop _! moi/ure on rea*+ ! cool] air ( ! m\nta9s4 ,if ! air is /ill or ne>ly s1 ! moi/ure is evaporat$ 9 ! sun's rays dur+ ! day1 only to precipitate itself aga9 z ! air cools by rapid radiation at night4 ,z a consequ5ce1 dews on ! m\nta9s are extremely heavy1 & "o soon le>ns to seek ! %elt] ( an ov]hang+ rock or to improvise a rude t5t f a blanket & a few /icks ov] "o's nightly re/+-place4 ,gebel ,abu ,ghusun is a m\nta9 range nor? ( ,hamata1 ) :i* x is connect$ by a ridge ( l[] peaks s z to close 9 ! small r\gh granite pla9 nor?-ea/ ( ! latt] m\nta94 ,its highe/ peak1 eight kilometres nor?-nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hamata1 is #a1chi metres above sea-level4 ,x is dra9$ on ! s\? by ! ,wadi el ,abiad1 ! same tribut>y ( ,wadi ,huluz :i* dra9s ! nor? face ( ,hamata1 & on ! nor? by ! ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun1 :i* ent]s ! sea sep>ately4 ,gebel ,um ,laham is a mass ( l[] hills a little we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,ghusun1 =m+ ! side ( ,wadi ,huluz opposite to ,gebel el ,mahali4 ,gebel ,t>fawi is a complex m\nta9 range f\rte5 kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hamata4 ,its highe/ po9t1 at ! nor?-we/ end ( a ridge1 is #a1cfc metres above ! sea4 ,x is probably dra9$ to ! s\? by ! ,wadi ,t>fawi1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,huluz1 & to ! nor? by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,romit4 ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib is a great ridge situat$ tw5ty-two kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hamata4 ,! beacon on its highe/ po9t1 9 latitude #bd #bj #di1 longitude #cd #ej #ec1 has an altitude ( #a1ace metres above ! sea4 ,its l[] p>ts are granite1 b ! upp] ?ird is ( d>k s*i/s1 :ile ! actual ridge on :i* ! beacon /&s is a grey porphyrite4 ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib is dra9$ to ! nor? by ! ,wadi el ,abiad1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,gemal1 & to ! s\? by tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,huluz4 ,i asc5d$ x on two occasions f opposite sides4 ,! nor? approa* is ! easi] road = camels1 z !y c pass easily up ! broad & s&y ,wadi el ,abiad1 :ile to rea* x f ,wadi ,huluz "o has to j\rney ov] a r /ony pass & along n>r[ /ony wadis4 ,b ! climb is long] f ! nor? side1 be+ "o ( #fce metres aga9/ #chj metres f ! s\?1 & ! s\!rn climb is easi] z well z %ort]4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t z ! gr\nd s\? ( ! m\nta9 lies at an av]age level ( #bej metres high] ?an t to ! nor?1 ! plumb-l9e ought f !oretical consid]ations to be attract$ to ! s\? by sev]al seconds1 & ?is 0 f\nd to be ! case :5 ! m\nta9 0 us$ z a latitude /ation 7see p4 #dg7 ,!re is a v difficult pass ea/ ( ! m\nta9 f ! head ( ,wadi el ,abiad into a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,huluz2 ,i 0 told t load$ camels c\ld n possibly get ov] ! pass1 & h reason to believe ! /atem5t true1 z al?\gh ,i did n cons5t my m5 7 desir\s ( go+ ov] x & volunte]$ to c>ry ! baggage ov] !mselves to relieve ! camels4 ,gebel el ,abiad is ! "n giv5 to two di/9ct ranges ( high granite hills on ei!r side ( ! ,wadi el ,abiad1 nor? & ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib4 ,! ea/]n ( ^! two ranges ext5ds 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction = ab\t twelve kilometres f ,gebel ,t>fawi to ne> ! place :]e ,wadi el ,abiad turns to ! nor?-ea/4 ,x has num]\s peaks1 ( :i* ! mo/ conspicu\s is at ! s\?-ea/ end ( a high ridge six & a half kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib1 & rises to #ieg metres above sea4 ,?is ea/]n range is dra9$ f ! we/ by ! ,wadi el ,abiad1 & f ! we/ by ! ,wadis ,%oab & ,romit4 ,! we/]n range is slightly l[] & less ext5sive2 "o ( its mo/ conspicu\s peaks1 elev5 kilometres nor?-nor?-ea/ ( ,um ,he%5ib1 is #hib metres above ! sea1 & !re are num]\s o!r peaks fur!r s\? ( almo/ equal altitude4 ,?is we/]n range is almo/ entirely dra9$ by ! ,wadi el ,abiad1 a fe$] ( :i* curves r\nd ! s\? end ( ! range1 ?us sep>at+ x f ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib2 ! dra9age f ! nor? end probably passes into ! ,wadi ,mukhatatat1 :ile a portion ( ! ea/]n slopes may be dra9$ by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,durunkat4 ,x is ! co>se :ite granitic s& result+ f ! dis9tegration ( ! rocks ( ^! hills :i* gives its "n to ! ,wadi el ,abiad1 & ! hills take _! "n f ! wadi4 ,! heads ( ! wadi ne> ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib are1 h[ev]1 black5$ by hornbl5dic d[nwa% f ! s*i/s :i* ov]lie ! granite ( t m\nta94 ,gebel ,%oab is a v high :ite granite hill close to ! head ( ,wadi ,%oab1 on its nor? side4 ,x rises to #hcj metres above ! sea1 or ab\t #djj metres above ! wadi floor4 ,gebel ,hefeiri is a v %>p granite peak a little we/ ( ! ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun1 ab\t fifte5 kilometres nor? ( ,hamata4 ,ris+ to #fab metres above ! sea1 or ab\t #cjj metres above ! wadi ne> x1 among l[] granite hills1 x is a good l&m>k4 ,!re is a small] v %>p peak two & a half kilometres to ! nor?-ea/1 on ! opposite side ( ! ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun1 :ile to ! we/ are sug> loaf %ap$ hills4 ,gebel ,um ,sueh is a conspicu\s granite hill six & a half kilometres ea/ ( ! ,wadi el ,abiad & f\r & a half kilometres nor? ( ! ,wadi ,%oab1 ris+ to #gha metres above sea4 ,x is probably dra9$ f ! nor?-ea/ by ! heads ( ,wadi ,um el ,abbas4 ,gebel ,um el ,abbas is a v rem>kable granite hill betwe5 ,gebels ,um ,sueh & ,abu ,hegilig4 ,f ! nor?1 x looks l a squ>e block ) precipit\s sides1 hav+ a %e] drop ( ab\t #bjj metres4 ,its summit is #fig metres above sea4 ,x is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,um el ,abbas1 :i* goes indep5d5tly to ! sea4 ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig is ano!r high granite hill1 ?ree & a half kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,um el ,abbas & tw5ty-six kilometres nor? ( ,gebel ,hamata4 ,its summit1 #fjg metres above sea1 is m>k$ by a beacon1 ! position be+ latitude #bd #bf #af1 longitude #cd #eh #cb4 ,! hill is dra9$ by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,um el ,abbas4 ,! camp f :i* ,i asc5d$ ! hill 0 9 "o ( ^! fe$]s #a1bjj metres nor?-ea/ ( ! beacon & #bfg metres above sea-level2 ! climb ( #cdj metres 0 n difficult1 & only occupi$ a little ov] an h\r4 ,! beacon is on a block n l>ge en\gh to take an in/rum5t1 s t obs]vations "h 7 tak5 f an ecc5tric po9t a little way along ! ridge & aft]w>ds r$uc$ to c5tre4 ,gebel ,s>obi is a small hill-range tw5ty-two kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,hamata & "s elev5 kilometres f ! sea coa/4 ,! peak at its s\? end is #dga metres above sea-level4 ,?is range has n be5 closely approa*$ nor well se51 b x mu/ be v conspicu\s to any "o travell+ 9 ! l[ hill c\ntry ne> ! sea4 ,gebel ,ras el ,kh>it is a m\nta9 range =m+ "p ( ! ma9 wat]%$1 runn+ 9 a ne>ly ea/ & we/ l9e a little s\? ( ,gebel ,hamata4 ,its highe/ peak is extremely %>p1 & rises to #a1ffa metres above sea-level six kilometres s\?-s\?-ea/ ( ,hamata4 ,( ! _m o!r peaks ( ! range1 ! *ief is "o ?ree kilometres we/ ( ! highe/ po9t1 & six kilometres due s\? ( ,hamata2 ?is rea*es an altitude ( #a1efd metres4 ,! nor!rn face ( ! range is dra9$ by ! heads ( ! ,wadi ,huluz1 :ile ! s\!rn is dra9$ by ! heads ( ,wadi ,kh>it1 :5ce ! "n ( ! m\nta9 range4 ,gebel ,kha%ir1 :i* =ms an ea/w>d ext5sion ( ,gebel ,ras el ,kh>it1 rea*es an altitude ( #a1efe metres above sea-level2 its highe/ peak is n9e & a half kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,hamata4 ,x is dra9$ to ! sea by ! ,wadi ,kha%ir1 ! heads ( :i* end 9 ! precipit\s ea/]n faces ( ! m\nta94 ,gebel ,mikbi is a long high ridge on ! ma9 wat]%$1 sev5 kilometres s\? ( ,gebel ,kha%ir4 ,its highe/ po9t1 at ! s\? end ( ! ridge1 is #a1chh metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,mikbi is connect$ ) ,gebel ,ras el ,kh>it by a l[] ridge runn+ nor?-we/ & =m+ ! cont9uation ( ! wat]%$ across ! head ( ,wadi el ,kh>it4 ,!re is a pass across ?is ridge into ! head ( ,wadi ,mikbi1 :i* dra9s ,gebel ,mikbi seaw>ds1 b x is a v difficult "o = load$ camels ow+ to ! great /eepness ( ! ea/]n side4 ,gebel ,zatit is ano!r high ridge ab\t five kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,mikbi1 on ! s\? side ( ! head ( ,wadi ,mikbi4 ,gebel ,egat is a high m\nta9 close to ! s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,mikbi1 =m+ ! cont9uation ( ! wat]%$4 ,x has two pr9cipal peaks1 two & a qu>t] kilometres ap>t1 ( :i* ! s\?-we/ "o is ! high]1 be+ #a1dbb metres1 :ile ! nor?-ea/ "o is #a1bgg metres above ! sea4 ,! we/]n face ( ! mass is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,egat1 a tribut>y ( ,kh>it1 :ile ! ea/]n flanks are cut up by fe$]s ( ! ,wadi ,sef5t1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,lahami4 ,gebels ,um ,sellim & ,gumudlum are high hill ranges =m+ an ea/w>d ext5sion ( ! ,egat & ,mikbi m\nta9s1 on ! nor? side ( ,wadis ,sef5t & ,lahami4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ,gebel ,um ,sellim is #idg metres above sea1 or ab\t #fbj metres above ! floor ( ,wadi ,lahami4 ,^! ranges are flank$ by l[] hills ?r\gh :i* run v>i\s small wadis su* z ,um ,khuzuma1 ,um ,ghoba%a1 & ,gumudlum1 all fe$]s ( ,wadi ,lahami4 ,"s ( ^! small wadis conta9 rock bas9s or galts :i* reta9 l>ge supplies ( wat] = "s "t aft] ra9 has fall5 on ! hills4 ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi is a great m\nta9 9 latitude #bd #j1 =m+ ! t]m9al peak to ! s\? ( ! ,hamata gr\p4 ,! beacon on its summit1 9 latitude #bd #j #aa1 longitude #ce #e #ag1 is #a1efb metres above sea-level4 ,?\gh 9 reality a ridge1 ,abu ,gurdi f mo/ po9ts ( view looks l a r flat cone1 surr\nd$ by l[] hills4 ,x is on ! ma9 wat]%$1 :i* cross+ to ! summit f ,gebel ,egat1 cont9ues s\?-ea/w>d along a n>r[ ridge desc5d+ to ! pass at ! head ( ,wadi ,lahami4 ,! s\?-we/ p>ts ( ,abu ,gurdi are dra9$ by ! ,wadis ,abu ,gurdi & ,elemikan1 bo? tribut>ies ( ,kh>it1 :ile its s\!rn & ea/]n p>ts dra9 into ,wadi ,lahami by v>i\s fe$]s1 ( :i* ! *ief are ! ,wadis ,um ,k>aba1 ,um ,ri%an1 ,um ,hom>1 & ,sef5t4 ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi c\ld probably be asc5d$ f ! we/ by foll[+ up ! ,wadi ,abu ,gurdi1 b 9 occupy+ ! m\nta9 z a triangulation /ation ,i desc5d$ ! ,wadi ,lahami z f> z ! po9t ( influx ( ,wadi ,um ,k>aba & !n asc5d$ ! latt] wadi z f> z ! camels c\ld get1 pit*+ my camp two kilometres s\? ( ! summit at #hjd metres above sea-level4 ,! asc5t ( #geh metres to ! beacon on foot f ! camp occupi$ two & a qu>t] h\rs ( fairly /iff climb+2 x pres5t$ no s]i\s difficulties1 b ! rock ne> ! top is mu* brok5 up & "o has to be c>eful le/ blocks are dislodg$ "u "o's foot4 ,! view f ! top ( ,abu ,gurdi on a cle> day mu/ be extremely f9e1 b dur+ ! ?ree days ,i rema9$ !re a ?9 haze spoil$ ! di/ant prospect1 especially t[>ds ! coa/2 ! rem>kable %apes ( ! granite peaks ( ,gebel ,f>aid1 sixty kilometres to ! s\?-s\?-ea/1 =m$ ! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ! sc5e4 ,gebel ,d]hib1 #a1afj metres above ! sea1 is a m\nta9 sep>at+ ,wadi ,abu ,gurdi f ,wadi ,egat2 x is really an ext5sion ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi1 f ! beacon on :i* its summit is six & a half kilometres we/4 ,gebel ,um ,goradi is likewise 9 reality "p ( ! ,abu ,gurdi mass1 =m+ ! end ( a spur ext5d+ s\?-ea/w>d = t5 kilometres f ! ma9 peak4 ,! ,wadi ,lahami curves r\nd its foot nor?w>d1 pass+ betwe5 x & ,gebel ,um ,gunud4 ,gebel ,selaia#ajg 7! bald head7 is a v rem>kable r\nd$ granite boss ris+ f ! pla9 ?irty-"o kilometres s\?-s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hamata4 ,ow+ to its peculi> %ape1 isolat$ position1 & consid]able height 7its top is #ghg metres above sea-level & ab\t #bfj metres above ! pla971 ,selaia is a conspicu\s l&m>k = great di/ances r\nd x4 ,! l[] illu/ration on ,plate ,,xi 7p4 #agb7 gives an idea ( its appe>ance z se5 f ! ea/2 f ! nor? or s\? x appe>s mu* /eep]4 ,s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,selaia /ret*es a l9e ( f\r small] granite hills4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ab\t a kilometre f ! great boss1 is int]e/+ z hav+ a small spr+1 call$ ,megal el ,selaia1 at its foot4 ,! next1 "o & a half kilometres fur!r on1 is l>g]1 :ile ! ?ird is l>g] /ill1 ris+ to #fbc metres above sea-level4 ,! f\r?1 five kilometres f ,gebel ,selaia1 is m>k$ by a triangulation beacon1 #efc metres above sea-level & ab\t fifty metres above ! pla91 9 latitude #bc #ee #cj1 longitude #cd #ed #cg4 ,gebel el ,homur is an isolat$ mass ( granite hills on ! pla9 six kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,selaia4 ,its highe/ po9t is #gca metres above sea & #bcj metres above ! pla9 at its foot4 ,x is dra9$ by small fe$]s ( ! ,wadi ,abu ,gurdi1 :i* passes nor? ( ! mass on its way across ! pla9 to jo9 ,wadi ,kh>it4 ,gebel ,abu ,d]ega is an isolat$ mass ( high] granite hills ?irte5 kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,selaia4 ,its highe/ po9t is #hca metres above sea-level1 & ab\t #cjj metres above ! pla94 ,gebel ,abu ,d]ega is on ! ,nile -- ,r$ ,sea wat]%$1 :i* crosses ! pla9 f ea/ to we/ 9 ?is locality4 ,! nor!rn dra9age is to ! ,wadi ,elemikan1 :i* runs betwe5 ,gebels ,abu ,d]ega & ,selaia to jo9 ,wadi ,kh>it1 :ile ! s\!rn faces ( ! hills are dra9$ by fe$]s ( ! ,wadi el ,khiua1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,um ,bisilla1 9 ! bas9 ( ,wadi ,hode94 ,besides ! hills above describ$1 !re are _m small] ones scatt]$ at int]vals ov] ! great s&y pla9 ( ,selaia1 b ! only o!rs call+ = special notice are ! ?ree v rem>kable :ite conical hills call$ ,m>wot ,elemikan1 situat$ twelve kilometres ea/ ( ,abu ,d]ega4 ,^! hills1 ?\gh small1 are conspicu\s f consid]able di/ances1 ow+ to ! dazzl+ appe>ance ( ! pure milk-:ite qu>tz ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! highe/ & mo/ nor!rly "o1 ) a triangulation beacon on its summit1 rises to #fdh metres above sea1 or #fh metres above ! pla91 9 latitude #bc #ed #ad1 longitude #ce #f #h4 ,! o!r two lie ab\t two kilometres s\?-ea/ & s\? respectively1 ) a black hill mid-way betwe5 !m4 ,! ,um ,gunud -- ,dahanib -- ,batoga ,gr\p4 ,! m\nta9s ( ?is gr\p1 occupy+ ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,wadi ,lahami & ,wadi ,khoda1 are consid]ably l[] ?an ^? ( ! prec$+ two gr\ps1 only a few peaks ris+ m ?an #a1jjj metres above sea4 ,! nor? portion ( ! gr\p is =m$ by ! l9e ( m\nta9 ridges :i* z se5 f ! sea ne> ,b]5ice appe>s to connect ,gebel ,kalalat ) ,abu ,gurdi1 :ile ! s\? "p spreads fur!r ea/ & we/ & conta9s ! highe/ peaks4 ,gebel ,um ,gunud is ! nor!rnmo/ m\nta9 ( ! range we/ ( ,b]5ice4 ,x is a d>k rugg$ ridge1 surm\nt$ by a cairn#ajh #ihi metres above sea-level1 =m+ ! ea/ side ( ! ,wadi ,lahami opposite ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi4 ,x is dra9$ f ! we/ by ! ,wadi ,um ,gunud1 a fe$] ( ,wadi ,lahami1 & on ! ea/ by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,naait4 ,gullies 9 ! we/ flanks ( ! m\nta9 conta9 rock bas9s1 call$ ,galt ,um ,gunud1 :i* hold wat] supplies = a long "t aft] ra9 has fall51 & :i* are fairly easy ( access f ,wadi ,lahami4 ,gebel ,eidab1 ! next memb] ( ! range to ! s\?1 rises to #hdh metres above sea4 ,x is dra9$ on ! we/ by ! ,wadi ,eidab1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,lahami1 & on ! ea/ by ! ,wadi ,abu ,daba1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,mukhit2 a r\gh & /eep pass is said to exi/ f ea/ to we/ betwe5 ! heads ( ^! two wadis ne> ! m\nta94 ,gebel ,um ,maiat1 a long high ridge /ret*+ s\?-ea/ f ,gebel ,eidab1 has ?ree m>k$ summits ne> its ends & c5tre2 t at ! nor? end1 :i* is ! highe/1 is #ibh metres1 :ile ! o!r two are #hgj & #hdb metres above sea respectively4 ,ano!r brok5 ridge1 ( simil> height1 = :i* ,i c\ld get no "n f my guides1 =ms a s\?-ea/]n prolongation ( ,um ,maiat1 & ext5ds to ! ,wadi ,kalalat2 ?is likewise has ?ree well def9$ summits1 ris+ 9 ord] f nor? to s\?1 to #hge1 #hba1 & #fbg metres respectively4 ,^! ridges are dra9$ to ! ea/ by ! ,wadis ,murra 7tribut>y ( ,abu ,daba7 & ,m9deit4 ,_! we/]n dra9age has n be5 /udi$ 9 detail1 b x all rea*es ! sea1 none ( x go+ ,nilew>ds2 "p ( ! dra9age is probably tak5 by ea* ( ! ,wadis ,kalalat1 ,%ut1 & ,el ,khiua4 ,to ! ea/ & nor?-ea/ ( ! ,um ,gunud -- ,eidab -- ,um ,maiat range is a great expanse ( l[] hill c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! wadis cut _! way ea/w>ds = ab\t fifte5 kilometres to ! coa/ pla94 ,! mo/ conspicu\s peaks 9 ?is l[] hill c\ntry are ,gebels ,um ,huk1 ,abu ,ghalqa1 & ,um ,hegilig1 all situat$ 9 its nor? portion r\nd ab\t ,wadis ,lahami & ,naait4 ,o!r l[ rugg$ hills fill a triangul> tract s\?-we/ ( ! ma9 range4 ,gebel ,um ,huk is a %>p granite peak1 surm\nt$ by a cairn1#aji ris+ to #eag metres above sea-level ne> ! s\? side ( ,wadi ,lahami1 f\rte5 kilometres nor?-nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,gunud4 ,gebel ,abu ,ghalqa is ano!r high granite hill1 also m>k$ by a cairn on its summit1 sev5 kilometres s\?-s\?-ea/ ( ,um ,huk4 ,! cairn is #efa metres above sea-level1 & is 9 latitude #bd #a #g1 longitude #ce #af #dg4 ,gebel ,um ,hegilig 9 a small r spiky range ( r$ granite hills situat$ a little to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,gunud1 ne> ! heads ( ,wadi ,naait4 ,to ! nor?-we/ ( ,b]5ice are sev]al l[ hills on ! coa/ pla91 :i* s]ve z l&m>ks & be> special names4 ,gra9 el ,rih is a conspicu\s isolat$ l[ hill ne>ly opposite ! place :]e ,wadi ,naait em]ges f ! hills on to ! pla91 ?irte5 & a half kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,b]5ice4 ,kha%eib ,abu ,daba is ! "n ( "s l[ b\ld]y granite hills at ! place :]e ,wadi ,abu ,daba ent]s ! pla94 ,sikeit1 a l&m>k = ,b]5ice1 f :i* x lies five kilometres nor?-we/1 is a l[ granite hill1 isolat$ on ! pla9 & v conspicu\s2 its summit is sev5ty metres above sea-level1 or ?irty-eight metres above ! pla9 at its foot4 ,! ,hills on ! ,p59sula ( ,ras ,b5as are %>ply m>k$ (f into two portions by diff]5ces ( col\r4 ,! mo/ /rik+ are ! dazzl+ :ite hills ( gypse\s lime/one :i* =m a n>r[ s9u\s brok5 plateau ne>ly along ! long axis ( ! p59sula4 ,! highe/ po9ts ( ^! :ite hills are #ahh metres above ! sea4 ,deep rav9es cut up ! plateau & sep>ate x into m or less deta*$ hills4 ,! surface ( ! gypse\s rock is v r\gh1 & frequ5tly wea!r$ into knife-l projections :i* cut "o's h&s & boots badly 9 climb+4 ,ne> ! tip ( ! p59sula ! gypse\s b$s conta9 a little sulphur 9 places1 & !re are "s %all[ pits :i* seem to h be5 dug = exploit+ t m9]al4 ,b ! quantity appe>s f> too small to be ( any comm]cial value1 & ! pits 7 probably only exploratory trial holes4 ,! o!r hills on ! p59sula are d>k] 9 col\r1 be+ *iefly diorite4 ,!y =m two masses1 "o ne> to :]e ! p59sula jo9s ! ma9 l&1 & ! o!r on ! s\? side ( ! p59sula tw5ty kilometres ea/ ( ,b]5ice4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! fir/-nam$ gr\p is #bgf metres1 :ile t ( ! second is #aig metres1 above sea-level4 ,all ! hills on ! p59sula are q sep>at$ f ^? ( ! ma9 l& by ! broad s&y pla9 ?r\gh :i* ,wadi ,mukhit c\rses s\?-ea/w>ds to ! sea4 ,gebel ,batoga1 a granite m\nta9 fifte5 kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,b]5ice1 is %>ply m>k$ (f f ! o!r m\nta9s ne> x by its light col\r4 ,x is a great boss ( acid granite seam$ ) dykes1 hav+ two ma9 peaks4 ,! highe/ 7c5tral7 peak rises to #hjb metres above sea-level2 ! s\!rn peak1 surm\nt$ by a triangulation beacon 9 latitude #bc #di #cg1 longitude #ce #ba #i1 is sev5te5 metres l[]4 ,gebel ,batoga is dra9$ f ! nor? by fe$]s ( ! ,wadi ,kalalat1 & f ! s\? by ! ,wadi ,kuns]ob4 ,!re is a good wat] s\rce1 ,galt ,batoga1 at its nor?-ea/ foot1 consi/+ ( a rock bas9 :i* holds a good supply ( wat] = a long "t aft] ra91 situat$ 9 a small gully close to ! ,wadi ,kalalat1 ! floor ( :i* is "h ab\t #afj metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,kalalat1 situat$ ab\t six kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,batoga1 is a mass ( ridges1 high] & d>k] 9 col\r ?an ,batoga4 ,its highe/ po9t1 m>k$ by a beacon 9 latitude #bc #di #i1 longitude #ce #ag #cf1 is #a1abe metres above ! sea1 :ile ano!r conspicu\s peak "o & a half kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ! beacon1 rises to #a1jhj metres1 & !re is a ?ird peak ?ree & a half kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ! beacon :i* atta9s #hid metres4 ,9 asc5d+ ,gebel ,kalalat to occupy ! triangulation /ation1 ,i foll[$ up ! ,wadi ,kalalat to :]e ! little w9d+ ,wadi ,um ,maiat ent]s x f ! s\?1 !n turn$ up ! latt] wadi & pit*$ my camp z f> up z ! camels c\ld g4 ,! camp 0 ?ree kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ! beacon & #cjj metres above sea1 s t ! climb to be made on foot 0 #hbe metres4 ,?\gh long & tir+1 ! asc5t to ! beacon 0 n dang]\s4 ,fur!r up ! head ( ! wadi ?an my camp1 ,i came on a l9e ( galts 7rock bas9s7 conta9+ ra9 wat]1 b !y 7 n easy ( access to camels1 be+ 9 a /eep & /ony gorge4 ,p]*$ on ! ea/ flank ( ,kalalat is a v rem>kable p9nacle rock1 well se5 9 ! illu/ration on ,plate ,,xiv4 ,a v good view ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s is obta9$ f ! summit 9 cle> wea!r1 b ! top 0 wrapp$ 9 cl\ds = a great "p ( two out ( ! f\r days ,i rema9$ on x4 ,gebel ,kalalat is dra9$ f ! nor? by fe$]s ( ! ,wadi ,kalalat1 & f ! s\? by ! ,wadis ,gumudlum & ,kuns]ob4 ,wadi ,kalalat curves r\nd ! nor?-we/ side ( ! mass1 & x is possible t ! asc5t might be easi] by foll[+ t wadi z f> z possible & climb+ up ! nor?-we/ face ( ! m\nta94 ,a r\gh /eep pass1 impracticable = load$ camels1 is said to lead f ! head ( ,wadi ,kalalat into ,wadi ,%ut4 ,gebel ,dibag is a high d>k ridge five kilometres s\? ( ,gebel ,batoga1 ) a peak at ea* end4 ,! nor?-we/ peak is #eag metres1 & ! s\?-ea/ "o #edd metres above sea-level4 ,! ,wadi ,kuns]ob curves r\nd its ea/ & s\? flanks1 :ile ! ,wadi ,dibag lil ,kuns]ob dra9s its ea/]n face into ! same *annel4 ,gebel ,%5%ef is a mass ( high d>k hills betwe5 ! ,wadis ,%5%ef & ,gumudlum1 close to ! ,wadi ,khoda4 ,on "o ( its ea/]n peaks1 situat$ 9 latitude #bc #dd #e1 longitude #ce #bb #dj1 on ! we/ side ( ,wadi ,%5%ef1 & n s high z o!rs fur!r we/1 a beacon has be5 erect$ ov]look+ ! ru9s call$ ,hitan ,%5%ef4 ,!re are wells 9 ! wadi a %ort di/ance bel[ ?is hill4 ,! beacon is #bij metres above ! sea & #aae metres above ! wadi floor at its foot4 ,gebel ,dahanib is a m\nta9 ( d>k col\r$ rocks 7diorite & gabbro71 situat$ twelve & half kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,kalalat & elev5 kilometres nor? ( ! ,wadi ,khoda4 ,its summit1 on :i* is a triangulation beacon1 is 9 latitude #bc #de #dd1 longitude #ce #aa #aj1 & #a1bgj metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,dahanib is surr\nd$ by o!r m\nta9s & hills1 & access to x is n v easy4 ,9 ord] to rea* x f ,gebel ,kalalat ,i _h to make a j\rney d[n ! ,wadi ,kalalat1 along ! coa/-pla9 & up ! ,wadis ,khoda & ,allawi1 a total di/ance ( ov] eighty kilometres1 al?\gh ! direct di/ance betwe5 ! two peaks is only twelve & a half kilometres4 ,by asc5d+ "o ( ! heads ( ! ,wadi ,allawi until camels c\ld get no fur!r1 ,i 0 able to pit* a camp #edj metres above sea-level & ?ree kilometres s\?-we/ ( ! beacon1 leav+ #gcj metres to be climb$ on foot4 ,! asc5t1 ?\gh tir+1 0 free f difficulties or dang]s1 & occupi$ two & a half h\rs4 ,a galt1 conta9+ only a small supply ( wat] at ! "t ( my visit1 exi/s a little fur!r up ! head ( ! wadi ?an :]e ,i fix$ my camp4 ,!re is a good view f ! summit1 b 9 ! w9t] mon?s ,dahanib1 l all ! m\nta9s ne> ! coa/1 is frequ5tly wrapp$ 9 cl\ds = days toge!r4 ,( sev5 days sp5t on ! summit 9 ,febru>y #aijg1 ?ree 7 pass$ entirely 9 cl\ds1 :ile only portions ( ! o!r f\r 7 free f fog or haze4 ,x 0 on ,gebel ,dahanib t ,i fir/ notic$ ! curi\s electric ph5om5a :i* may be obs]v$ at high /ations :5 electrifi$ cl\ds are pass+ close ov]head1 my att5tion be+ fir/ drawn to !m by a sp>k f ! eye-piece ( my !odolite /rik+ me ov] ! eye4 ,at ! same mom5t a rapid succession ( sp>ks a c5timetre or s long pass$ betwe5 my h& & ! adju/+ screws ( ! in/rum5t1 :ile bo? ! !odolite & my hair hiss$ l\dly4 ,9 ?is & all o!r cases ( a l k9d1 ,i judg$ x be/ to susp5d op]ations = a "t & desc5d a little bel[ ! summit till ! cl\d _h pass$ ov]4 ,gebel ,dahanib is dra9$ by ! ,wadis ,allawi1 ,um ,tawil1 & ,%ut1 all tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,khoda1 :i* c\rse = a consid]able di/ance ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ hills be=e rea*+ ! ma9 trunk wadi4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,illu/ration3 ,gebel ,kalalat4 ,illu/ration3 ,summit ( ,gebel ,f>aid4 7,granite74 ,gebels ,um ,hegilig1 ,reyan1 & ,%ut1 are high hills situat$ betwe5 ! ,wadis ,%ut & ,gumudlum1 bo? tribut>ies ( ,khoda4 ,gebel ,um ,hegilig1 a d>k peak ris+ to #iff metres above sea-level1 is almo/ exactly midway betwe5 ,gebels ,dahanib & ,kalalat4 ,gebel ,reyan1 a little fur!r s\?-ea/1 is a gr\p ( peaks & ridges ( :i* ! highe/ po9t is #hfc metres above sea4 ,gebel ,%ut1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! ?ree1 is a great cone ris+ to #icj metres above sea1 ab\t five kilometres nor? ( ! ,wadi ,khoda4 ,a v l>ge galt is said to exi/ among ^! hills1 approa*able f ,wadi ,%ut2 x is probably 9 "o ( ! fe$]s dra9+ we/w>d f ,gebel ,reyan1 :i* "n signifies 8! wet m\nta940 ,gebel ,um ,bisilla is a d>k m\nta9 ( gabbro ris+ conspicu\sly among l[] hills tw5ty-two kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,dahanib4 ,! triangulation beacon on its summit is 9 latitude #bc #de #cd1 longitude #cd #eg #ci1 & #hbd metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,um ,bisilla is dra9$ by ,wadi ,um ,bisilla1 ! head ( :i* encircles its s\!rn half1 :ile ! nor!rn flanks are dra9$ by fe$]s ( ! ,wadi el ,khiua1 :i* c\rses s\?-we/ to jo9 ,wadi ,um ,bisilla ab\t t5 kilometres we/ ( ! m\nta94 ,!re is an easy passage = camels r\nd ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta9 f ! head ( ,wadi ,um ,bisilla into a fe$] ( ,wadi ,abu ,nilih1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,el ,khiua4 ,9 asc5d+ ! m\nta9 ,i pit*$ my camp 9 "o ( ! gullies dra9+ f x to ,wadi ,um ,bisilla1 at an altitude ( #eac metres above sea & #a1cjj metres s\?-ea/ ( ! beacon4 ,! climb ( #caa metres f ?is camp to ! summit pres5t$ no difficulties1 & occupi$ only an h\r & a half4 ,erf el ,gimal is a high d>k ridge surr\nd$ by l[] hills t5 kilometres we/-s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla4 ,its highe/ po9t1 ! we/ end ( ! ridge1 is #fgc metres above sea4 ,ab\t sev5 kilometres fur!r we/ is a conspicu\s conical hill call$ ,gebel ,abu ,%igelat4 ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam1 sometimes call$ ,hag> el ,fil1 is a m\nta9 mass on ! ma9 wat]%$ ?irty kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla4 ,x =ms a curv$ range r\nd ! head ( ! ,wadi el ,kreim1 a tribut>y ( ,g>>a4 ,its nor!rn "p is dra9$ p>tly by ! ,wadi ,abu ,_h1 a fe$] ( ! ,rod el ,kh>uf1 & p>tly by ! heads ( ! ,wadi el ,fil1 :i* is itself ! head ( ,wadi ,naam4 ,! highe/ peak ( ! range is a conical "o ne> its s\? end1 #hde metres above sea-level1 b ! nor!rn peaks are m conspicu\s f "s po9ts ( view1 & x is on ! highe/ ( ^!1 #hbc metres above sea1 9 latitude #bc #de #bh1 longitude #cd #dj #cd1 t ! triangulation beacon has be5 erect$4 ,my camp at ! base 0 9 "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi el ,fil1 #ebg metres above ! sea1 & ab\t #gjj metres nor?-ea/ ( ! beacon4 ,! asc5t f "h on foot to ! beacon 0 fairly easy4 ,z]gat ,naam is a mass ( sy5ite ris+ ?r\gh s*i/s1 b ! nor!rn summits are =m$ by ea/ & we/ b&s ( a v h>d qu>tz felsite4 ,f ! summit1 look+ nor?w>ds "o sees long l9es ( nor?-&-s\? felsite dykes =m+ ridges on ei!r side ( ! head ( ,rod el ,kh>uf1 :ile close s\? ( "o is ! enclos$ slop+ pla9 across :i* run ! fe$]s ( ,wadi el ,kreim4 ,to ! s\?-s\?-ea/1 a range ( l[] hills runs nor?-we/w>d f ! end ( ! ma9 range1 & betwe5 ! two !re appe>s to be a rem>kably sudd5 drop into ! head ( ,wadi ,abu ,seyal4 ,! ,arabs /ate t !re is a v l>ge galt at ?is po9t1 rea*$ by asc5d+ ! ,wadi ,abu ,seyal2 ! galt is said to hold wat] = five mon?s aft] ra94 ,b dur+ my occupation ( ! /ation rec5t ra9s _h fill$ o!r small] rock bas9s 9 ! gullies to ! nor?1 & x 0 unnecess>y to s5d f> f ! camp to get supplies4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve f ! summit ( ,z]gat ,naam ! disposition ( ! rocks =m+ ! l[] hills to ! s\? & we/2 ^! are ( s&/ones ) m>k$ dips1 ! area be+ "o ( mu* di/urbance by fault+ along ! ,wadi el ,kreim4 ,on ! great s&y pla9 to ! nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,z]gat ,naam are two ext5sive gr\ps ( l[ hills1 :i* /& out rem>kably ow+ to _! d>k col\r4 ,"o ( ^! gr\ps1 tw5ty kilometres nor? ( ,z]gat ,naam1 is call$ ,gebel ,g5e9a ,gh>bi2 x is a mass ( hills compos$ *iefly ( dioritic & gabbroid rocks 7?r\gh !re are "s s*i/s & granites int]m+l$7 & is dra9$ nor?w>d by ! ,rod el ,g5e9a1 a fe$] ( ,wadi ,kh>it4 ,! o!r gr\p1 call$ ,gebel ,g5e9a ,%>qi1 is small] & situat$ fifte5 kilometres fur!r ea/2 ,i did n visit x1 b f its d>k col\r x is probable t x consi/s ( simil> rocks to ^? above-m5tion$4 ,! hills ( bo? gr\ps rise to ab\t #eej metres above ! sea1 or ab\t eighty to "o hundr$ metres above ! pla94 ,9 ! l[ c\ntry to ! we/ ( ,z]gat ,naam1 betwe5 ! ,wadi ,g>>a & ! ,rod el ,kh>uf1 ! mo/ conspicu\s hills are ,erf el ,dubeis1 a ridge tw5ty-six kilometres due we/ ( ! beacon1 ,gebel el ,nikeiba1 a granite hill m>k$ by a triangulation cairn1 #egj metres above sea-level & ?irty-f\r kilometres we/-nor?-we/ ( ,z]gat ,naam2 ,gebel ,felieiti1 a s&/one hill1 also m>k$ by a triangulation cairn1 #ejj metres above sea & sixte5 kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,nikeiba2 ,erf ,abu ,homur1 a ridge at ! head ( ,wadi ,abu ,homur 7a tribut>y ( ,g>>a71 ab\t sev5 kilometres nor? ( ,gebel ,felieiti2 ,erf el ,mohaib1 m>k$ by a triangulation cairn #dfe metres above sea-level1 ab\t n9e kilometres nor?-we/ ( ! la/-nam$ hill2 & ,gebel el ,gh>1 a hill on ! s\? side ( ,wadi el ,kh>it1 close to ! po9t :]e ! ,rod el ,kh>uf ent]s x4 ,! ,abu ,dahr -- ,orga -- ,um ,t5$ba ,gr\p4 ,! m\nta9s ( ?is gr\p occupy ! tract betwe5 ! ,wadi ,naam & ,gebel ,f>aid1 & are limit$ on ! s\? by ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 ! highe/ m\nta9 ( ! gr\p1 is a great mass ( s]p5t9e1 situat$ 9 latitude #bc #ce & ab\t =ty kilometres f ! coa/4 ,its summit1 m>k$ by a triangulation beacon 9 latitude #bc #cf #h1 longitude #ce #e #df1 is #a1aca metres above sea-level4 ,its we/]n face is dra9$ by ! heads ( ,wadi ,betan1 its nor?-ea/ flanks by ^? ( ,wadi ,khoda1 & its s\?-ea/ p>ts by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,rahaba4 ,abu ,dahr is surr\nd$ by high hills except on ! we/1 :]e !re is l[ hilly c\ntry conta9+ ! wells ( ,betan & ! old m9+ ru9s ( ,um ,eleiga 7see ,plate ,,iv1 p4 #cj74 ,! m\nta9 c be mo/ easily rea*$ ei!r by foll[+ up ! ,wadi ,betan to its head1 or by asc5d+ ! ,wadi ,salib el ,azrak 7a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,khoda7 & its fe$] ! ,wadi ,um ,k>aba4 ,!re is an easy pass #a1hjj metres nor? ( ! beacon1 betwe5 ! c5tral mass ( ,abu ,dahr & ! high hills nor? ( x1 connect+ ! heads ( ,wadi ,betan & ,wadi ,um ,k>aba4 ,a %ort di/ance to ! s\?-we/ ( ?is pass !re is a galt 9 a spur ( ! m\nta9 :i* holds wat] = "s "t aft] ra91 & :i* furni%$ supplies dur+ my /ay at ! place 9 #aijg4 ,9 occupy+ ! triangulation /ation1 ,i fix$ my camp 9 a small /ony wadi dra9+ f ! nor? ( ! m\nta91 on ! ea/ side ( ! pass j ref]r$ to2 ! camp 0 #fjj metres above sea-level & #a1bjj metres nor?-nor?-ea/ ( ! beacon4 ,! asc5t1 :i* occupi$ ?ree h\rs1 0 r difficult & dang]\s1 ! m\nta9 be+ n only /eep#aaj b compos$ ( rott5 highly cru%$ rock :i* came away 9 tons at a m]e t\*4 ,!re is a v ext5sive view f ! summit1 ! /rik+ peaks ( ,f>aid be+ a m>k$ feature to ! ea/ & s\?-ea/1 :ile to ! s\? are ! great masses ( ,mi%bih1 ,niqrub & ,g]f1 ) ! s&/one plateaux ( ,dif1 ,hode9 & ,abraq limit+ ! view to ! s\?-we/4 ,! rock ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr is highly magnetic1 & sev]al pieces :i* ,i exam9$ %[$ /rong pol>ity4 ,! compass ne$le po9ts 9 all sorts ( directions z "o moves ab\t ! m\nta94 ,gebel ,abu ,dahr & ! high hills r\nd x1 especially to ! s\?1 =m an important ra9-collect+ area1 ! dra9age f :i* fe$s1 :olly or 9 "p1 ! wells ( ,betan1 ,rahaba1 ,abu ,reye1 ,abu ,beid1 & ,gahlia1 all ( :i* are )9 a radius ( ab\t fifte5 kilometres ( ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,! relative abundance ( wat] 9 ?is area is caus$ by two ma9 factors4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! situation ( ! m\nta9 on ! ea/w>d side ( ! wat]%$1 only ab\t =ty kilometres f ! coa/1 & its consid]able height1 condition ! frequ5t accumulation ( cl\ds ab\t its summit1 ) relatively high ra9fall z a consequ5ce4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ! /eepness ( ! slopes1 & ! fact t ! s]p5t9e rocks are n only ( an imp]meable nature1 b are s cru%$ t ! d[nwa% into ! gullies ar\nd is *iefly compos$ ( smoo? fac$ blocks r ?an ( absorb5t s&1 condition a high] ratio ( run (f to ra9fall ?an exi/s 9 ! case ( mo/ o!r localities 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,a simil> /ate ( ?+s is f\nd 9 ! case ( ,gebel ,g]f1 :i*1 z w be m5tion$ fur!r on1 likewise consi/s ( s]p5t9e & is ! c5tre ( a di/rict relatively ri* 9 good wells2 :ile 9 ! case ( ! m\nta9s ( ,f>aid1 :i* are mu* high] & clos] to ! sea1 b consi/ ( granite wea!r+ into s&1 ?\gh ! ra9fall is probably great]1 ! absorption by ! s& is s rapid t !re are no wells kn[n to exi/ 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,betwe5 ,gebel ,abu ,dahr & ,gebel ,um ,bisilla !re are ?ree rem>kable little gr\ps ( granite hills4 ,gebel ,abu ,arta is a small range ( r$ peaks six kilometres s\? ( ,um ,bisilla2 ,gebel ,h5dusi1 five kilometres fur!r s\?1 is a v conspicu\s %>p granite peak ris+ to #fgh metres above ! sea & =m+ a good l&m>k2 :ile ,gebel ,abu ,hus5at1 f\r kilometres ea/ ( ,h5dusi1 has ano!r well-m>k$ peak ris+ to #gbe metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,abu ,sieiyil is a _m-peak$ hill range runn+ nor? & s\? = ab\t f\r kilometres1 situat$ eight kilometres we/ ( ! beacon on ,gebel ,abu ,dahr4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( be+ compos$ ( a p9k gneiss1 b has n be5 visit$4 ,its c5tral peak1 fix$ by triangulation1 is #hcc metres above sea4 ,! ,wadi ,abu ,beid el ,azrak runs s\?-we/w>d pa/ ! s\? end ( ! range1 ?r\gh a gap betwe5 x & a small] hill range to ! ea/4 ,gebel ,arais is a consid]able range ( gneiss peaks situat$ on ! ea/ side ( ,wadi ,naam 9 latitude #bc #cd4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( its _m summits is a pair ( tw9 peaks ne> ! s\? end ( ! range1 ris+ to #fac metres above ! sea4 ,! range is cut ?r\gh f ea/ to we/ by ! n>r[ & w9d+ ,wadi ,arais1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,naam4 ,! dra9age f ! we/]n faces ( ! range passes by _m fe$]s ov] a s&y pla9 to jo9 ! ,wadi ,naam directly4 ,gebel ,belamh&eit or ,erf ,um ,araka is a long range ( granite or gneiss hills nor? ( ,gebel ,arais4 ,x ext5ds = a l5g? ( n9e kilometres 9 a nor?-&-s\? direction on ! m]idian ( #cd #ej4 ,x is dra9$ on ! nor? & we/ by ! ,wadi ,erf ,um ,araka1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,naam1 & on ! ea/ by ! ,wadi ,belamh&eit1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,arais4 ,to ! ea/ ( ,gebel ,belamh&eit are sev]al granite bosses1 ( :i* ! mo/ conspicu\s is call$ ,gebel ,um ,guruf2 x is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,um ,guruf1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,arais4 ,gebel ,orga1 eighte5 kilometres s\? by ea/ f ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 is a high d>k-look+ range :i* has n be5 closely approa*$4 ,its highe/ peak1 surm\nt$ by a beacon1 ! position ( :i* has be5 fix$ by triangulation1 z latitude #bc #bf #ba1 longitude #ce #h #ag1 is #fhb metres above sea-level4 ,x is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,orga 7a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode971 :i* conta9s ! well call$ ,bir ,orga4 ,gebel ,um ,t5$ba is a mass ( d>k hills ( cru%$ basic rocks situat$ ?irty kilometres s\? by ea/ f ,gebel ,abu ,dahr & twelve kilometres nor? ( ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,its highe/ po9t1 m>k$ by a triangulation beacon1 is 9 latitude #bc #ai #dh1 longitude #ce #aj #dj1 & #fed metres above sea-level4 ,x is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,um ,t5$ba1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode94 ,! asc5t ( ! hill is conv5i5tly made 9 ab\t an h\r f a camp 9 "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,um ,t5$ba1 ab\t #a1bjj metres s\?-ea/ ( ! beacon & #cbj metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,h>hagit is an isolat$ granite boss ris+ among s*i/s t5 kilometres s\?-s\?-ea/ f ,gebel ,um ,t5$ba & five kilometres nor? ( ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,! beacon on its summit is 9 latitude #bc #ad #ce1 longitude #ce #ab #eb1 at an altitude ( #edb metres above sea-level1 or #cbf metres above ! wadi encircl+ its base4 ,f its isolat$ "* ,gebel ,h>hagit is a conspicu\s l&m>k = consid]able di/ances r\nd ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,gebel el ,anbat is conv5i5tly consid]$ "h1 ?\gh x lies on ! s\? side ( ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,x pres5ts a some:at simil> appe>ance to ,gebel ,h>hagit1 f :i* x lies n9ete5 kilometres s\?-ea/1 & l x be>s a beacon on its summit4 ,! position ( ! beacon is latitude #bc #f #e1 longitude #ce #ai #bg4 ,el ,anbat is l[] ?an ,h>hagit1 be+ only #cij metres above sea-level2 x consi/s also ( a diff]5t rock1 be+ *iefly compos$ ( curi\s br[n & r$di% calc>e\s s*i/s4 ,gebel el ,anbat is practically 9 ! ,wadi ,hode91 ! ma9 *annel ( :i* is deviat$ by its foot-hills s z to pass r\nd ! ea/ side ( ! hill4 ,x is be/ asc5d$ f ! s\?1 :]e a camp c be fix$ ab\t #fjj metres s\? ( ! beacon & ab\t #bee metres bel[ x2 ! asc5t is easy & occupies less ?an an h\r4 ,ea/w>d ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr !re ext5ds = "s ?irty kilometres along ! s\? side ( ,wadi ,khoda a m\nta9\s tract ( d>k rocks1 ! pr9cipal masses ( :i*1 f we/ to ea/1 be> ! names ( ,gebel ,h9dia1 ,gebel ,um ,akra1 & ,gebel ,um ,etli4 ,^! m\nta9s h only be5 se5 f a di/ance1 & little is kn[n ab\t !m beyond ! positions & altitudes ( _! pr9cipal peaks1 :i* h be5 fix$ by triangulation4 ,gebel ,h9dia1 ?irte5 kilometres ea/ ( ,abu ,dahr1 rises to #hgc metres above sea-level1 & is dra9$ p>tly by ! ,wadi ,h9dia to ! nor?1 & p>tly by ! ,wadi ,salib el ,azrak4 ,gebel ,um ,akra1 six kilometres fur!r ea/1 is high]1 its highe/ peak1 m>k$ by a beacon1 be+ #a1jej metres above ! sea1 :ile a ridge a little fur!r s\? rea*es #igj metres2 x is dra9$ to ,wadi ,khoda by ! ,wadi ,um ,akra4 ,gebel ,um ,etli1 :i* =ms ! s\? side ( ! ,wadi ,khoda j be=e t wadi em]ges on to ! coa/-pla91 has ?ree ma9 summits1 rea*+ respectively to #hdd1 #gie1 & #gfd metres above ! sea4 ,x is a r ext5sive mass1 dra9$ on ! nor? by ! ,wadis ,buluk & ,um ,lassaf1 tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,khoda1 & on ! s\? by ! ,wadi ,um ,etli1 :i* rea*es ! sea indep5d5tly4 ,! ,f>aid ,gr\p4 ,! m\nta9s ( ?is gr\p cov] a tract ab\t =ty kilometres 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?1 betwe5 ! ,wadis ,um ,etli & ,rahaba & lie clos] to ! sea ?an any o!r m\nta9s 9 ! area describ$1 _! peaks be+ only t5 to twelve kilometres f ! coa/4 ,!y consi/ entirely ( granite1 wea!r$ into a =e/ ( peaks ! =ms ( :i* r5d] !m 9 respect ( %ape ! mo/ rem>kable m\nta9s 9 ,egypt4 ,!re are f\r ma9 masses 9 ! gr\p1 ( :i* ! ?ree nor!rn ones are call$ collectively ,f>aid1 :ile ! s\!rn "o1 :i* is small] ?an1 & sep>at$ f1 ! re/1 is call$ by ! dim9utive "n ,f]eyid4 ,! mo/ nor!rn mass ( ,gebel ,f>aid is ! highe/1 its pr9cipal peak1 situat$ 9 latitude #bc #cc #g1 longitude #ce #bb #aj1 be+ #a1cff metres above sea-level4 ,z se5 f ! nor?1 ?is mass appe>s some:at l an outspread h&1 its we/]n peak seem+ to ov]hang slightly l a ?umb1 :ile ! high] ea/]n peaks resemble f+]s4 ,! "n ,mons ,p5tadactylus giv5 to ! m\nta9 9 antiquity1 & quot$ by ,ptolemy1 w\ld appe> to h ref]r$ only to ?is nor!rn mass1 & n to ! ,f>aid gr\p z a :ole4 ,! second mass pres5ts f mo/ aspects ! =m ( a ne>ly flat-topp$ m\nta9 ) a little peak on x & v /eep sides4 ,its highe/ po9t1 situat$ 9 latitude #bc #cj #ec1 longitude #ce #bj #be1 is #a1bei metres above sea1 & =ms a ma9 triangulation po9t2 x is too %>p to support an in/rum5t or ev5 a beacon1 & obs]vations _h to be tak5 f an auxili>y /ation a little di/ance away f ! summit & r$uc$ to c5tre4 ,9 asc5d+ ?is peak z a survey /ation ,i approa*$ x f ! we/ by ! ,wadi el ,abiad & ,wadi ,abu ,ribian1 plac+ my camp close "u ! m\nta91 on a s&y pla9 #dej metres above sea-level & "o & a half kilometres nor?-we/ ( ! summit4 ,! climb ( #hjj metres 0 /eep1 b n dang]\s1 & occupi$ ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,! l[] illu/ration on ,plate ,,xiv 7p4 #aib7 %[s ! top ( ! m\nta92 ! l[] ( ! two peaks is ! "o occupi$ = triangulation4 ,! ?ird mass ( ,f>aid is a great expanse ( peaks ext5d+ ov] eighte5 kilometres nor? & s\? & "s twelve kilometres ea/ & we/4 ,its highe/ peak1 call$ 8,! ,bodk90 by ! ,admiralty surveyors1 has ! position latitude #bc #bh #eh1 longitude #ce #bj #ce1 & rises to #a1bcb metres above sea-level1 dom9at+ ! re/ ( ! mass bo? by its height & its s+ul> =m2 x is a great %>p p9nacle1 app>5tly unclimbable1 visible f di/ances ( ov] #ajj kilometres 9 ne>ly all directions1 & a v conspicu\s l&m>k4 ,s\? & we/ ( 8,! ,bodk90 are num]\s o!r peaks1 "s ( :i* h be5 fix$ by triangulation2 sev]al ( !m rise to ov] #ijj metres above ! sea1 & ! :ole =ms a compact mass across :i* !re appe>s to be no passage = camels4 ,gebel ,f]eyid1 ! f\r? & mo/ s\!rly ( ! masses con/itut+ ! ,f>aid gr\p1 is a small spiky range q deta*$ f ! re/1 ab\t sev5 kilometres nor? ( ! ,wadi ,rahaba4 ,x has two ma9 peaks1 close toge!r1 ( :i* ! nor?-we/]n "o is slightly ! high] & is surm\nt$ by a beacon1 #fab metres above sea-level1 9 latitude #bc #ag #bi1 longitude #ce #bb #dh4 ,9 occupy+ ?is peak z a triangulation /ation1 ! camp 0 fix$ 9 "o ( ! heads ( a nameless wadi dra9+ pa/ ! nor? face ( ! m\nta9 to ! sea1 at an altitude ( #bjj metres above sea-level & #hej metres nor?-nor?-ea/ ( ! beacon4 ,! asc5t 0 easy till )9 ab\t fifty metres ( ! summit1 :5 x became difficult & r dang]\s1 & !re is v little room on ! top4 ,i _h to rema9 six days on ?is m\nta9 ow+ to almo/ cont9u\s haze & cl\ds block+ ! view4 ,! dra9age f ! we/]n faces ( ! entire ,f>aid gr\p is tak5 by ! ,wadi ,rahaba4 ,t f ! peaks nor? ( 8,! ,bodk90 is collect$ by ! ,wadi el ,abiad & its fe$]s ! ,rod ,elbel & ,wadi ,abu ,ribian1 :ile ! m s\!rn p>ts are dra9$ by v>i\s o!r tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,rahaba1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are ! ,wadis ,dagalai lil ,rahaba1 ,abu ,_h1 & el ,m>afai4 ,! heads ( ,wadi el ,abiad & its fe$]s cross a slop+ s&y pla9 :i* flanks ! ma9 peaks on ! we/4 ,( ! ea/]n dra9age1 less has be5 se52 ! two pr9cipal dra9]s ( ! ea/]n face appe> to be ! ,wadis el ,sorubiab & ,b9t el ,kurdum1 :i* unite toge!r 9 a small lagoon close to ! coa/ 9 latitude #bc #cj4 ,! head ( ! ,wadi ,b9t el ,kurdum is betwe5 8,! ,bodk90 & ! flat-topp$ m\nta9 to ! nor? ( x1 & f ! summit ( ! latt] x appe>$ z ?\gh !re might be a possible pass by x across ! range into ! heads ( ,wadi ,abu ,ribian2 b ,i did n h an opportunity ( te/+ ?is4 ,! foot-hills are only "s five or six kilometres f ! coa/ ne> ! nor? p>ts ( ! range1 b z "o goes s\? ! wid? ( ! coa/-pla9 increases some:at1 & is ab\t twelve kilometres ne> ,gebel ,f]eyid4 ,not)/&+ ! height ( ! ,f>aid m\nta9s1 _! proximity to ! coa/1 & ! cl\ds !y frequ5tly attract1 !re appe> to be no wells 9 ! wadis dra9+ f !m2 ! explanation is probably to be s\ght 9 ! fact t ! wea!r+ ( ! granite ( :i* !y are compos$ produces l>ge expanses ( co>se s& r\nd _! feet1 9 :i* ! ra9fall is rapidly absorb$4 ,! ,awamtib -- ,abraq -- ,dif -- ,aqab el ,negum -- ,mi%bih ,gr\p4 ,! m\nta9s ( ?is l>ge & irregul> gr\p occupy ! we/]n p>ts ( ! great dra9age bas9 ( ,wadi ,hode91 "s ( ! *ief ( !m =m+ ! ma9 wat]%$ sep>at+ t bas9 f ^? ( ! ,wadis ,kh>it & ,alaqi4 ,! nor!rn m\nta9s ( ! gr\p are high brok5 s&/one plateaux1 :ile ! s\!rn ones consi/ l>gely ( granite4 ,! s&/one ranges ( ,abraq1 ,hode91 & ,dif are rem>kable = ! num]\s spr+s at _! bases1 :i* r5d] ?is di/rict 7see ! l>ge scale map on ,plate ,,xv7 "o ( great importance to travell]s4 ,gebel ,awamtib is ! highe/ peak ( a great mass ( high s&/one hills =m+ ! ma9 wat]%$ betwe5 latitudes #bc #bj & #bc #cj & ext5d+ = "s eight or t5 kilometres on ei!r side ( ! m]idian ( #cd #cj4 ,! highe/ peaks ( ! mass are mo/ly well to ! we/ ( ! actual wat]%$1 & ! pr9cipal dra9age *annels run we/w>d1 ^? to ! ea/1 ! fe$]s ( ,wadi ,muegil1 be+ %ort]4 ,gebel ,awamtib is ne> to ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ?is mass1 & is itself situat$ ab\t six kilometres we/ ( ! wat]%$4 ,x is ne>ly sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ hills by wadis1 & =ms a conspicu\s peak f ! we/2 b ! neighb\r+ hills approa* x s ne>ly 9 height t x is n s easily di/+ui%$ f ! ea/4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be pick$ out by ! triangulation beacon :i* m>ks its summit1 #gic metres above sea-level1 9 latitude #bc #bj #ei1 longitude #cd #bf #ci4 ,gebel ,awamtib is dra9$ we/w>d by ! ,wadi ,awamtib 7a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,timsah71 ! heads ( :i* ne>ly surr\nd x4 ,9 occupy+ ! /ation ,i pit*$ my camp 9 a small fe$] ( ! ,wadi ,awamtib1 two & a qu>t] kilometres s\?-we/ ( ! summit & #def metres above sea-level4 ,! climb f ?is place 0 easy en\gh1 b r long1 & on rea*+ ! top ,i f\nd x w\ld h be5 bett] to h approa*$ ! m\nta9 by ano!r fe$] almo/ due we/ ( ! beacon1 z by ?is means a camp c\ld h be5 plac$ mu* clos] & ! asc5t w\ld n h be5 m difficult4 ,x is inadvisable to asc5d f ! ea/ face ( ! m\nta91 = al?\gh "o ( ! wadi heads passes close ea/ ( ! beacon1 ! slope on t side is extremely /eep & probably unscalable4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9 is =m$ ( l>ge s&/one blocks "u :i* "o c get good %elt] f dews1 ?\gh ) little head-room4 ,! view f x is %ut 9 to ! ea/ by ! peaks ( ,gebel ,%ebakhit1 only two kilometres di/ant2 b ! peaks ( ,gebels ,um ,h>ba & ,z]gat ,naam c be se5 to ! nor?1 :ile to ! s\? & s\?-ea/ "o looks out ov] high s&/one hills 9 ! =egr\nd to ! granite peaks ( ,gebels ,%igigat1 ,aqab el ,negum1 ,etresia1 ,um ,reit & ,saalek4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ?+ r\nd ,awamtib itself is ! /rong we/w>d dip ( ! s&/one b$s ( :i* x is compos$1 :i* has condition$ ! dra9age & ! /eep ea/]n face4 ,gebel ,%ebakhit is a gr\p ( high s&/one hills a few kilometres nor? ( ,awamtib4 ,x is dra9$ nor?-we/w>d by ! broad ,wadi ,%ebakhit1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,timsah4 ,gebel ,dagalai1 ! next memb] ( ! s&/one hill-mass to ! nor?1 has num]\s peaks rang+ f #fgj to #gab metres above sea4 ,x is dra9$ nor?-we/w>d by ! ,wadi ,dagalai1 9 :i* x is said t wat] c sometimes be obta9$4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,abraq ,,abu ,,saafa ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,gebel ,um ,khafur is a gr\p ( high s&/one ridges ov]look+ ! s&y pla9 ( ,um ,h>ba to ! nor?4 ,"o ( its high] ridges1 #efj metres above sea-level1 be>s a triangulation /ation1 m>k$ by a beacon1 9 latitude #bc #bi #ed1 longitude #cd #bi #ai4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ,gebel ,um ,khafur is ! nor?-nor?-ea/]ly dip ( its s&/one b$s at an angle ( ab\t #ac1 almo/ con/ant ov] a l>ge area1 ) probably /ep-fault+ p>allel to ! /rike ( ! b$s2 ow+ to ^! features !re are develop$ a s]ies ( long ridges1 ) a flat dip slope nor?w>d & a /eep] drop to ! s\?1 :ile ! dra9age *annels run along ! l9es ( /rike & only break across ! ridges at a few po9ts4 ,! dra9age f ^! *annels1 ! *ief ( :i* is call$ ! ,wadi ,um ,khafur1 me&]s nor?w>d ov] ! pla9 to jo9 a fe$] ( ,wadi ,g>>a4 ,gebel ,um ,h>ba is a conspicu\s s&/one peak m>k$ by a triangulation beacon 9 latitude #bc #cf #ef1 longitude #cd #cj #ch4 ,ris+ to a height ( #fhh metres above sea-level1 x =ms ! highe/ & c5tral po9t ( a long range runn+ nor?-nor?-we/ & s\?-s\?-ea/ f ! ,wadi el ,g>>a pa/ ! ,galt el ,aguz4 ,! nor? end ( ?is range is =k$1 ! ea/ & we/ arms be+ sep>at$ by a broad high valley1 fill$ ) bl[n s&1 dra9+ f ne> ! peak ( ,gebel ,um ,h>ba nor?w>ds to ,g>>a4 ,a m>k$ feature ( ! range is ! almo/ con/ant nor?-ea/]ly dip ( ! s&/one b$s ( :i* x is compos$2 ! ridges foll[ ! /rike ( ! b$s1 & pres5t g5tle dip slopes to ! ea/ ) /eep basset edges to ! we/4 ,gebel ,um ,h>ba ov]looks to ! we/ a great s&y pla91 s t x is a good l&m>k = travell]s com+ f t direction4 ,9 occupy+ x z a /ation1 ,i approa*$ x by ! broad s&y valley above-m5tion$1 & fix$ ! camp at #dhg metres above sea-level & #hjj metres nor? ( ! summit2 ! hill c also be rea*$ f ! we/1 ?\gh ! climb f ! pla9 is ab\t "o hundr$ metres m4 ,! asc5t becomes r /eep ne> ! top ( ! hill1 b pres5ts no great difficulty4 ,= a %ort "t aft] ra91 wat] c be f\nd 9 pools 9 ! gullies close to ! ea/ ( ! hill1 b ow+ to ! porosity ( ! rock ^! nev] la/ long4 ,! ,galt el ,aguz1 n9e & a half kilometres s\?-s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,h>ba1 9 a gully on ! ea/ side ( ! road to ,bir ,abu ,saafa1 la/s long] ?an o!r pools 9 ! neighb\rhood1 b ev5 x only yields supplies )9 a few mon?s at mo/ aft] ra91 = ! same reason4 ,gebel ,um ,sididad is a mass ( high s&/one hills on ! nor? side ( ,wadi ,silsila1 ?irty kilometres ea/-s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,h>ba & ov]look+ ! broad & s&y ,wadi ,naam to ! ea/4 ,! hill ,i asc5d$1 "o ( ! highe/1 0 #fbc metres above sea-level & ne>ly #cjj metres above ! pla9 at its foot4 ,high s&/one hills ext5d nor?-we/w>ds f ,gebel ,um ,sididad to ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam1 =m+ ! we/]n side ( ,wadi ,naam4 ,gebel ,abraq is a great high s&/one plateau cut up by gullies into m or less sep>ate hills1 outl9$ by ! ,wadis ,silsila on ! nor?1 ,hode9 on ! s\?1 ,arn$ on ! we/1 & ,abraq on ! ea/4 ,! highe/ hills ( ! mass are probably two peaks close toge!r on its ea/ side1 midway betwe5 ,bir ,abraq & ! ,wadi ,hode91 :i* rise to #gje & #fii metres above ! sea4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ ( ,gebel ,abraq lies 9 its =m+ a collect+ gr\nd = ! important spr+s ( ,abraq & ,abu ,saafa1 :i* occur along its ea/]n & s\!rn feet4 ,^! spr+s yield con/ant supplies ( excell5t wat]1 due to sl[ p]colation ?r\gh almo/ pure silice\s rocks1 & are ( great value bo? to ! local ,arabs & to ! pass+ travell]s4 ,!re are two beacons on ,gebel ,abraq1 "o ne> ,bir ,abraq & ! o!r ne> ,abu ,saafa spr+s4 ,! =m]1 a ma9 triangulation po9t1 is #ffg metres above sea-level on a conspicu\s ridge 9 latitude #bc #be #ai1 longitude #cd #df #dh2 :ile ! latt] is on ! ea/]n edge ( ! plateau1 9 latitude #bc #ah #dj1 longitude #cd #dh #cj1 & #fci metres above ! sea4 ,! ea/]n & s\!rn slopes ( ! plateau are v /eep1 becom+ almo/ precipices at _m po9ts1 & are ! home ( _m conies & rock p>tridges1 b "o c asc5d by tak+ advantage ( ! frequ5t gullies :i* cut up ! mass4 ,! climb to ei!r beacon f ! pla9 is ab\t #ccj metres1 & free f s]i\s difficulty4 ,gebel ,hode9 is a high s&/one plateau =m+ ! s\?-ea/ cont9uation ( ! ,abraq mass1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! rav9e ( ,wadi ,hode94 ,to ! s\? x is cut (f by ,wadi ,dif4 ,a triangulation beacon ne> ! nor?-ea/ po9t ( ! plateau 9 latitude #bc #af #bj1 longitude #cd #ec #be1 is #fie metres above sea-level1 b fur!r we/ ! summits are r high]4 ,an extremely /eep pass1 practicable only on foot1 exi/s to ! s\? ( ! mass1 lead+ f ! ,wadi ,gihab into ,wadi ,dif1 & =m+ a %ort cut f ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s to ,bir ,dif1 b camels h to g r\nd ! ea/ spurs ( ! m\nta94 ,gebel ,dif & ,gebel ,anfeib toge!r =m a /ill fur!r cont9uation s\?-ea/w>d ( ! same great s&/one plateau1 be+ sep>at$ f ,gebel ,hode9 by ! deep w9d+ gorge ( ,wadi ,dif4 ,! s&/one b$s "h dip to ! nor?-ea/1 & ! highe/ po9ts are ne> ! we/ edge ( ! mass1 :]e !y are flank$ by l9es ( l[] hills1 =m$ ( s*i/s cropp+ out f "u ! s&/one4 ,a triangulation beacon 9 latitude #bc #h #bd1 longitude #cd #ei #ai1 m>ks ! s\? end ( ! high plateau ( ,gebel ,anfeib2 x is #gje metres above sea-level1 & v conspicu\s f ! ea/1 b x is g5]ally invisible f ! we/ side ( ! mass1 ow+ to ! ridges nor?-we/ ( x be+ slightly high]4 ,9 occupy+ ! po9t z a /ation1 ,i approa*$ x f ,bir ,dif1 foll[+ up ! ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im to its head1 !n d[n ! ,rod ,mukrayib r\nd ,gebel ,lil[it1 ! s\? tip ( ! s*i/ range1 & turn+ nor? across v>i\s small wadis to a camp 9 "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,edunqul1 at #cae metres above sea-level & #a1bjj metres s\?-ea/ ( ! beacon4 ,?is camp c\ld also h be5 rea*$ f ,bir ,abu ,saafa via ! ,wadis ,hode9 & ,anfeib4 ,! climb to ! beacon1 ( #djj metres1 is /eep1 b n difficult1 & occupies less ?an two h\rs4 ,gebel ,tibatib is a conspicu\s d>k conical peak among ! l[ d>k hills :i* ext5d f ,gebel ,anfeib to ,wadi ,hode94 ,its summit is #cif metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,butitelib is a /eep-sid$ little hill mass ( grey felsite close we/ ( ! easy pass :i* leads f ! head ( ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im into ! ,rod ,mukrayib1 ne> ! s\? end ( ,gebel ,anfeib4 ,x rises to #dhe metres above sea1 or eighty metres above ! s&y pass4 ,gebel ,lil[it1 ! s\? end ( ! s*i/ range :i* flanks ,gebel ,anfeib on ! we/1 is #dhe metres above ! sea4 ,gebel ,niqrub el ,tahtani is a conspicu\s isolat$ jagg$ m\nta9 s\? ( ! ,rod ,mukrayib 7:i* dra9s its nor!rn face71 & we/ ( ,wadi ,madi4 ,! beacon on x is 9 latitude #bc #j #ci1 longitude #ce #j #ec1 #hbi metres above sea-level & ab\t #ejj metres above ! ,rod ,mukrayib4 ,a conspicu\s p9nacle close nor?-ea/ ( ! beacon has practically ! same altitude4 ,gebel ,niqrub el ,foqani is a m\nta9 ( granite & felsite ris+ to a height ( #a1jgh metres above ! sea1 f among ! l[ hill c\ntry :i* sep>ates ,wadis ,madi & ,gemal1 9 latitude #bc #eb4 ,its great height & isolat$ position r5d] x a conspicu\s object 9 ! l&scape f great di/ances4 ,x is dra9$ by myriads ( small wadis radiat+ 9 all directions1 b :i* all ev5tually jo9 ,wadi ,madi on ! ea/ or ,wadi ,gemal on ! we/4 ,x is be/ asc5d$ f ! we/ side1 :]e a camp c be got #a1ejj metres due ea/ ( ! beacon on ! summit & #dif metres above sea-level1 9 "o ( ! /ony heads ( ! *annels dra9+ t[>ds ,wadi ,gemal4 ,! asc5t f ?is camp occupi$ a little ov] two h\rs1 & 0 n v difficult2 b an attempt f any o!r direction w\ld mo/ likely h fail$1 z ! slopes to ! s\? & ea/ are extremely /eep & 9 places precipit\s4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9 is a v rugg$ ridge1 s brok5 t x is an h\r's h>d "w to get along its #gjj metres ( l5g?4 ,! ma9 ridge is surr\nd$ by l[] flank+ peaks on ! nor?1 ea/ & s\?1 :ile f ! we/ !re runs (f a long ridge1 curv+ r\nd to ! s\? & enclos+ a small s&y pla9 s\?-we/ ( ! summit4 ,?is curv$ ridge is cut ?r\gh f ea/ to we/ by a r /eep pass1 #dij metres above sea-level4 ,! view f ! summit ( ,gebel ,niqrub el ,foqani is v ext5sive1 z w be se5 f ! panorama drawn to scale f !odolite measurem5ts on ,plate ,,xvi1 b 9 ! w9t] mon?s ! m\nta9 is frequ5tly wrapp$ 9 cl\ds = days toge!r2 ,i _h to rema9 eight days on ! summit 9 ,decemb] #aijg1 be=e ,i c\ld complete my obs]vations1 mo/ ( ! "t be+ sp5t 9 a cold wet mi/ :i* blott$ out ! l&scape4 ,! beacon on ,gebel ,niqrub el ,foqani1 9 latitude #bb #ea #bi1 longitude #cd #ef #di1 m>ks a po9t on ! adm9i/rative b\nd>y betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan1 ! limit proce$+ ea/-s\?-ea/ to ,bir ,m5eiga1 & s\?-s\?-we/ to ,gebel ,um el ,tiur el ,foqani4 ,! l[ hill c\ntry betwe5 ,gebel ,niqrub & ,wadi ,madi consi/s *iefly ( ea/ & we/ ridges =m$ by dykes4 ,a r high granite hill ab\t t5 kilometres to ! s\?-ea/1 close to ,wadi ,madi1 is m>k$ by a beacon & ov]looks ! well call$ ,bir ,madi2 ! beacon is #eef metres above sea-level1 or eighty metres above ! well4 ,to ! s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hode9 ! s&/one runs (f 9 a mass ( v high hills call$ ,gebel ,kala1 leav+ a mu* l[] area ( s*i/ hills 9 betwe51 ?r\gh :i* ! ,wadi ,feqoh pursues its s&y b>r5 c\rse4 ,gebel ,kala has n be5 closely approa*$1 b its pr9cipal peaks h be5 fix$ by triangulation1 & ! highe/ is #hdf metres above sea-level4 ,! sc>ps ( ^! hills are v /eep1 & ! mass appe>s to be mu* cut up by wadis dra9+ to ,feqoh4 ,! s&/one ceases j beyond ,gebel ,kala1 & its place is tak5 by granite1 :i* =ms ! m\nta9s ( ! wat]%$ fur!r s\?-we/4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,measur$ ,,panoramas ,,f ,,! ,,summits ,,( ,,gebels ,,niqrub ,,g]f4 7,plott$ to scale f !odolite-obs]vations telescopic sket*es47 ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,gebel ,um ,reit is a conspicu\s granite m\nta9 ris+ to #heg metres above sea1 sev5te5 kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,awamtib1 on ! ea/ side ( ! wat]%$4 ,x c be approa*$ ei!r f ! we/ by asc5d+ ! tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,timsah & cross+ ! wat]%$ 7:i* is "h flat & s&y7 into ,wadi el ,dreb1 or f ! ea/ by asc5d+ ! ,wadi ,um ,reit4 ,! be/ place f :i* to asc5d ! m\nta9 is 9 "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,um ,reit1 :i* dra9s ! we/ side ( ! mass4 ,by foll[+ ?is up1 a camp c be plac$ ab\t a kilometre nor?-we/ ( ! beacon & #ebj metres above sea-level4 ,! climb ( #ccg metres f ! camp is fairly easy1 & only occupies ab\t an h\r4 ,f ! beacon 7latitude #bc #ae #d1 longitude #cd #cd #ag71 a good view is obta9able ( ! granite peaks to ! s\?1 :i* =ms a complex mass ) ,aqab el ,negum z ! highe/ po9t2 to ! ea/w>d ! outlook is mo/ly ov] high brok5 s&/one plateaux4 ,ext5d+ s\?-we/ f ,um ,reit is a complex ( granite m\nta9s1 :i* has n be5 survey$ 9 detail4 ,! pr9cipal peaks h1 h[ev]1 be5 fix$ by triangulation1 & _! positions w be f\nd tabulat$ 9 ! li/ ( po9ts giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! *ief peaks are ,gebels ,etresia 7#a1jcg metres71 ,um ,m>kha1 ,%igigat 7#a1jbc metres71 ,hamrat el ,feg1 ,aqab el ,negum 7#a1adh metres71 ,etus 7#iig metres71 & ,natetiai 7#a1afd metres74 ,an important pass is said to cross ! wat]%$ at ,aqab el ,negum1 ?\gh q practicable = camels1 x is a v high pass1 :5ce ! "n ( ! m\nta91 :i* signifies 8,pass ( ! ,/>s40 ,to ! nor? ( ,gebel ,%igigat !re is a s&y pla9 f :i* two conspicu\s isolat$ hills rise to heights ( #ija & #gjc metres respectively above sea-level2 ^! hills appe>1 h[ev]1 n to be> any di/9ctive names4 ,fur!r s\? along ! wat]%$1 9 latitude #bb #ej1 are two conspicu\s peaks ( ne>ly equal height & n f> ap>t1 :i* f ! ea/ look l two hop-kilns4 ,^! are call$ ,gebel ,%ey5it4 ,! s\!rn "o is ! high]1 ris+ to #hhg metres above sea-level1 :ile ! nor!rn "o atta9s #hec metres4 ,gebel ,mi%bih is a huge bri/l+ mass ( granite peaks a little ea/ ( ! ma9 wat]%$1 ris+ f ! pla9 we/ ( ,wadi ,feqoh 9 latitude #bb #dd4 ,be+ mu* high] ?an any o!r m\nta9 9 ! neighb\rhood1 x is a v rem>kable feature = long di/ances4 ,?\gh x has n be5 survey$ 9 detail1 its *ief peaks h be5 triangulat$ & ! g5]al %ape ( its ea/]n p>ts is tol]ably kn[n by obs]vations f ,niqrub & ,korabkansi4 ,! highe/ ( its _m peaks1 ne> ! s\?-we/ end ( ! mass1 rea*es #a1cec metres1 :ile ! nor?-ea/ peak1 m>k$ by a beacon 9 latitude #bb #dd #ah1 longitude #cd #da #bj1 is #a1caf metres above ! sea4 ,! m\nta9 is believ$ to be almo/ entirely dra9$ by fe$]s ( ! ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,gebel ,%weib is a small] hill-mass a little to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,mi%bih4 ,its highe/ peak1 :i* is at ! nor?-ea/ end1 is #iad metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,%abih is a v rem>kable granite m\nta9 ris+ abruptly f ! s&y pla9 trav]s$ by ,wadi ,feqoh 9 latitude #bb #de1 ab\t twelve kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,mi%bih4 ,f ! nor?1 x looks l a v p]fect cone1 b z "o passes x go+ s\? x is se5 to be slightly elongat$ m]idionally1 & to h two di/9ct peaks1 ( :i* ! nor!rn & high] "o rises to #a1aag metres1 or ab\t #fej metres above ! pla94 ,its sides are v /eep1 & an asc5t w\ld probably be a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,! ,wadi ,feqoh passes close we/ ( ! m\nta94 ,gebel ,um el ,kalala is a small range ( granite peaks close to ! ea/ side ( ,wadi ,feqoh 9 latitude #bb #ej4 ,! peaks at its nor? & s\? ends1 ne>ly two kilometres ap>t1 rise to #fgb & #fee metres above sea respectively4 ,9 ! l[ hilly c\ntry fur!r nor? !re are ?ree conspicu\s little peaks ( d>k aspect ris+ above ! g5]al level4 ,gebel ,mismih1 ! highe/ ( ^!1 rises to #eii metres above ! sea2 x is a ne>ly p]fect cone twelve kilometres nor? ( ,um el ,kalala1 & ab\t six kilometres ea/ ( ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,gebel ,waqif1 n9e kilometres we/-nor?-we/ ( ,um el ,kalala1 is less %>p1 & rea*es #eef metres above ! sea2 :ile ! ?ird hill1 :i* is unnam$1 lies ne>ly betwe5 ! la/ two1 on ! we/ side ( ,wadi ,feqoh1 & atta9s only #ejd metres4 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,um ,h>ba & ,awamtib ranges !re is op5 c\ntry1 =m$ by a great s&y pla91 ov] :i* ! ,wadis ,ghadrib & ,timsah pursue _! nor?w>d c\rses to jo9 ,g>>a1 & ! monotony ( :i* is brok5 at int]vals by ext5sive masses ( mod]ately high s&/one hills4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! hill masses are ,gebels ,nuggur1 ,mulgata1 ,ziraga1 & ! ,abu ,ha%im ,hills4 ,gebel ,nuggur1 m>k$ by a cairn1 lies sev5te5 kilometres we/ ( ,um ,h>ba1 & a little ea/ ( ! ,wadi ,timsah2 x =ms a deta*$ nor?-we/]ly ext5sion ( ,gebel ,dagalai4 ,gebel ,mulgata 7#ede metres7 & ,gebel ,ziraga 7#eec metres71 bo? m>k$ by triangulation cairns1 are ! *ief memb]s ( a long l9e ( s&/one hills sep>at+ ! ,wadis ,timsah & ,ghadrib4 ,! ,abu ,ha%im ,hills ext5d = great di/ances s\? & we/ ( ,bir ,abu ,ha%im2 ! triangulation beacon on ! hill we/ ( ! well 9 latitude #bc #da #dd1 longitude #cd #c #cc1 is #chf metres above sea1 & sixty-six metres above ! wadi floor1 b o!r hills ( ! gr\p fur!r s\? atta9 high] levels4 ,gebel ,m[isat1 sev5te5 kilometres s\? ( ,gebel ,ziraga & a few kilometres we/ ( ! ,wadi ,timsah1 is a granite hill capp$ by s&/one4 ,x is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,m[isat4 ,a track f ,aswn to ,bir ,um ,reit passes a little nor? ( ?is hill4 ,r\nd ! heads ( ! ,wadi ,ghadrib1 ab\t ! p>allel ( #bc nor? & ! m]idian ( #cd ea/1 are num]\s high] hills1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are ,gebels ,abu ,rahia 7#hce metres71 ,romit1 ,baid el ,khuruf1 ,reietit 7#hbe metres71 ,um ,rewat1 ,um ,ghalqa1 & ,um ,gotto1 :ile betwe5 ^! & ,gebel ,m[isat are ! ,hamiskul ,hills4 ,^! hills are all compos$ ( granite1 gneiss1 & s*i/s1 ! high] ones1 su* z ,abu ,rahia & ,reietit1 hav+ s&/one capp+ ! igne\s & metamorphic rocks :i* build up ! ma9 masses4 ,gebel ,um ,rewat =ms ! divide betwe5 ! bas9s ( ,wadi ,kh>it & ,wadi ,alaqi1 its nor!rn p>ts be+ dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,reietit1 a tribut>y ( ,ghadrib1 :ile ! s\? flanks dra9 into ! ,wadi ,um ,ghalqa1 a fe$] ( ,wadi ,seiga4 ,to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,mi%bih !re is hilly c\ntry1 9 :i* _m ( ! peaks rea* consid]able heights4 ,! pr9cipal hill-masses 9 ?is "p are ,gebel el ,naga1 a range ab\t f\r kilometres long runn+ nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/1 tw5ty-two kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,mi%bih1 ) sev]al peaks1 ( :i* ! highe/ is #hbg metres above sea2 ,gebel ,seiga1 a high hill 7#ije metres7 ab\t tw5ty kilometres fur!r we/1 surm\nt$ by a triangulation beacon & dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,seiga2 ,gebel ,ne%eb ,hasan & ,gebel ,abgeya1 two hills we/ & s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,seiga1 betwe5 ,wadis ,seiga & ,abu ,_h2 ,gebel ,um ,kru%1 betwe5 ,wadis ,abu ,_h & ,um ,ghalqa2 ,gebels ,ribdab1 el ,deheis1 & ,abu ,bru% 7#haj metres71 to ! we/ ( ,wadi ,um ,ghalqa2 & ,gebel ,kulyeit1 a conspicu\s cone ab\t fifte5 kilometres s\? ( ,gebel ,seiga1 ris+ to #gbd metres above sea4 ,mo/ ( ^! hills are ( s*i/s1 ?\gh ,gebels ,abu ,bru% & ,ribdab are ( granite4 ,! ,g]f -- ,korabkansi -- ,abu ,hodeid ,gr\p4 ,! c5tral m\nta9s ( ! ,g]f -- ,korabkansi -- ,abu ,hodeid gr\p =m a compact clu/] to ! ea/ ( ! ma9 wat]%$ betwe5 ! great ea/w>d dra9+ ,wadis ,hode9 & ,ibib4 ,! mo/ consid]able mass 9 ext5t is ,gebel ,g]f1 an extremely rugg$ m\nta9 tract "s tw5ty kilometres 9 diamet]1 hav+ its highe/ po9t #a1dai metres above sea-level4 ,! ,abu ,hodeid range1 =m+ a s\?w>d ext5sion ( ! ,g]f mass1 atta9s ! some:at high] level ( #a1dhh metres2 :ile ! deta*$ mass ( ,korabkansi on ! we/ rises to #a1bcj metres4 ,besides ^! ma9 masses1 f :i* ,i h nam$ ! gr\p1 !re are num]\s outly+ ranges ( less] height1 ! pr9cipal be+ ! ,beida range to ! nor?1 & ! ,hamra ,dom range to ! ea/4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! c5tral gr\p are its extreme rugg$ness1 ! pres5ce ( great masses ( s]p5t9e among its con/itu5t rocks1 & a relative abundance ( good wat] supplies4 ,! wells & spr+s 9 ! wadis dra9+ f ?is gr\p ( m\nta9s are among ! be/ & mo/ p]man5t ( ! wat] s\rces ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt4 ,gebel ,g]f 7see map on ,plate ,,xvii7 is a mass ( rugg$ m\nta9s1 r\ghly circul> 9 plan1 "s tw5ty kilometres 9 diamet]1 ext5d+ betwe5 latitudes #bb #ce & #bb #ej1 & betwe5 longitudes #ce #h & #ce #bj4 ,its highe/ po9t1 m>k$ by a beacon #a1dai metres above sea-level1 is some:at nor? ( ! c5tre ( ! mass1 be+ situat$ 9 latitude #bb #db #f ,n41 longitude #ce #ab #af ,e4 ,approa*$ f any side1 ,g]f blocks out ! entire view ahead4 ,! c5tral p>ts ( ! mass are entirely impassable = camels4 ,!re is no possible track across x f nor? to s\?1 nor is !re any ea/ to we/ pass across x nor? ( ! ,%]efa ,pass 7:i* skirts its s\? end7 except by ! heads ( ,wadi ,%ellal4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! mass1 :i* is semi-deta*$ by ! passes 9 ! heads ( ,wadi ,%ellal above-m5tion$1 is sometimes call$ ,gebel ,m5eiga or ,gebel ,korbiai aft] ! important wat] s\rces ( ! same "n 9 ! wadis dra9+ f x2 & ! nor?-ea/]n peaks are sometimes call$ ,gebel ,muqur f ! spr+ ,bir ,muqur4 ,b ^! names are1 ,i am told1 q local1 & ! entire mass is usually kn[n to ! ,arabs z ,gebel ,g]f4 ,?is application ( a s+le "n to an entire gr\p ( m\nta9s1 ) scores ( sep>ate peaks1 ext5d+ ov] ab\t #ejj squ>e kilometres1 is v unusual1 especially :51 z 9 ?is case1 x is dra9$ by wadis conta9+ good wells & pl5ty ( vegetation4 ,! explanation giv5 to me by ! guides 0 q compreh5sible2 !y /at$ t ,g]f 0 ! only m\nta9 mass 9 t "p ( ! des]t :i* 0 s ext5sive 9 e direction z to prev5t !m gett+ a cle> idea ( its true %ape 9 _! w&]+s ov] x4 ,!y c get all r\nd x only by a r\gh j\rney ( sev]al days1 & any endeav\r to cross its ma9 portion met ) failure1 s t !y _h p]=ce to reg>d x z a s+le great mass1 ( ! true /ructure ( :i* !y c\ld =m no satisfactory notion4 ,! imm5se int]e/ :i* ! guides took 9 ! mapp+ ( ?is p>ticul> m\nta9 tract fully confirm$ ! explanation giv54 ,! mapp+ 0 accompli%$ by mak+ an entire circuit ( ! mass1 & asc5d+ a few ( ! pr9cipal summits4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,gebel ,,g]f4 ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,! highe/ po9t ( ,gebel ,g]f _h be5 s+l$ out z a triangulation /ation f f> to ! nor?1 :ile approa*+ ! mass f ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,x 0 ev5tually rea*$ f ! we/ side aft] leav+ ,gebel ,korabkansi1 ! approa* be+ made by asc5d+ ! ,wadi ,eirahimib1 & go+ ov] ! pass at its head 7#hcj metres7 into "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,um ,r$dam1 turn+ r\nd a spur & asc5d+ ano!r ( ! heads ( ! same wadi4 ,! camp1 plac$ z high up ! wadi z possible1 lay ab\t #a1ejj metres we/ ( ! beacon1 at an altitude ( #hbj metres4 ,! climb ( ne>ly #fjj metres to ! summit occupi$ ?ree & a qu>t] h\rs1 & 0 free f s]i\s difficulty1 ?\gh involv+ "s tiresome trav]s+ ( connect+ ridges4 ,! summit ( ,gebel ,g]f is (t5 wrapp$ 9 cl\ds = weeks toge!r 9 w9t]1 & cold nor!rly gales are preval5t4 ,i f\nd x necess>y to rema9 on ! summit = no less ?an tw5ty-"o days & nights 9 ,janu>y #aijg1 9 ord] to obta9 ! obs]vations necess>y1 & ! discom=t due to en=c$ inaction & pi]c+ly cold w9ds 0 consid]able4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9 is a n>r[ ridge on :i* !re is b>ely /&+ room = an in/rum5t1 b ab\t #ajj metres s\?w>d along ! ridge f ! beacon !re is a slight broad5+ :]e a small t5t may be pit*$ by hit*+ ! ropes r\nd rocks in/ead ( t5t-pegs4 ,on a cle> day1 ! view f ! summit ( ,g]f is a magnific5t "o4 ,! numb]less rugg$ ridges & peaks ( ! ,g]f mass itself /ret* = miles ar\nd1 & out beyond1 9 e direction except to ! ea/1 "o c see ! m di/ant m\nta9s4 ,9 ! nor?1 ! mo/ /rik+ features are ! di/ant spikes ( ,gebel ,f>aid1 & /ill fur!r (f "o may disc]n ! blunt] =ms ( ,gebels ,abu ,gurdi1 ,hamata1 & ,abu ,hamamid1 #ahj kilometres away4 ,to ! ea/ is ! coa/-pla91 ) ! granite peaks ( ,gebel ,hamra ,dom break+ ! monotony4 ,to ! s\?-ea/ "o may see ! great peaks ( ! ,elba & ,%5dib m\nta9s1 #acj kilometres away1 ?\gh ^! are (t5 hidd5 by mi/ :5 ev]y?+ else is cle>4 ,to ! s\?1 "o looks out1 ov] ! gneiss boss ( ,gebel ,um ,rase91 to ! m\nta9s1 ris+ rank beh9d rank1 ( ,m$>ai1 ,abu ,hodeid1 ,ad> ,qaqa1 & ,is2 :ile a little to ! left ( ! la/-nam$ "o may see ! d\ble-head$ granite mass ( ,gebel ,obkeik 9 ! ,sudan1 m ?an #ajj kilometres di/ant1 t[]+ above ! int]v5+ ,egyptian m\nta9s4 ,! panorama visible to ! s\? & s\?-ea/ is %[n drawn to scale f !odolite measurem5ts 9 ! l[] figure on ,plate ,,xvi 7p4 #bjf74 ,to ! s\?-we/1 "o c make out ! pr9cipal m\nta9s ( ! ,alaqi bas91 :ile to ! we/ ! m\nta9s ( ,korabkansi1 ,%abih1 & ,mi%bih are conspicu\s features4 ,! nor? portion ( ! ,g]f mass1 sometimes call$ ,gebel ,m5eiga1 is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,kreiga1 :i* is a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode94 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal fe$]s ( ,wadi ,kreiga is ! /ony ,wadi ,m5eiga1 important z conta9+ p]5nial spr+s ( good wat]1 easily accessible to camels4 ,! ea/]n & s\!rn p>ts ( ! mass are dra9$ by v>i\s fe$]s ( ,wadi ,%ab1 ! pr9cipal ( ^! fe$]s be+ ,wadi ,%ellal el ,%>qi1 ,wadi ,muqur1 ,wadi ,baaneit1 ,wadi ,diqdib1 & ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi4 ,! ,wadis ,muqur1 ,baaneit1 & ,diqdib1 all conta9 wells or spr+s1 t 9 ,wadi ,diqdib be+ "r 9 ! he>t ( ! m\nta9 mass1 :ile ! o!rs are ne>] to its p]iph]y4 ,! we/]n flanks ( ! ,g]f mass are dra9$ by ! fe$]s ( ,wadis ,feqoh & ,madi1 ! pr9cipal be+ ! ,wadis ,%]efa el ,gh>bi1 ,eirahimib1 ,%ellal el ,gh>bi1 & ,korbiai4 ,! ,wadi ,%]efa el ,gh>bi is important z lead+ to ! ,%]efa ,pass 7#ijg metres7 :i* =ms a direct road f ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet to ! well ( ,um ,rase91 :ile ,wadi ,korbiai conta9s an excell5t well at its head1 easily rea*$ by camels4 ,gebel ,dreb is a _m-peak$ mass ( m\nta9s cov]+ "s sixty squ>e kilometres1 situat$ s\?-we/ ( ! ,g]f mass1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! ,%]efa ,pass4 ,its highe/ peak is #a1bic metres above sea1 b !re are num]\s o!r peaks ( b little inf]ior altitude4 ,its s\?-we/]n portion looks on to ! pla9 at ! head ( ,wadi ,feqoh1 :ile to ! s\?-ea/ x is sep>at$ f ,gebel ,m$>ai by an easy pass lead+ f ! head ( ,kwat ,hewah we/w>ds into ! head ( ,wadi ,kreim1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,ano!r pass is said to exi/ lead+ f ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi into ! head ( ,wadi ,dreb1 :]e !re is a well call$ ,bir ,b9t el ,dreb4 ,gebel ,m$>ai1 ! next m\nta9 mass to ! s\?-ea/1 is sep>at$ f ,gebel ,dreb by ! pass into ,wadi ,kreim above ref]r$ to1 :ile at its s\? faces x is sep>at$ f ,gebel ,abu ,hireiq by ano!r pass lead+ f "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,m$>ai we/w>ds into ! ,wadi ,kirwau1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ,gebel ,m$>ai1 m>k$ by a l>ge cairn1 is 9 latitude #bb #cj #eh1 longitude #ce #ab #e1 & rises to #a1bii metres above sea-level4 ,! nor? faces ( ! mass are dra9$ by ,kwat ,hewah1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,%ab2 ! ea/]n flanks by ,wadi ,m$>ai1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,ibib1 :ile ! we/]n faces dra9 by v>i\s fe$]s into ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,gebel ,abu ,hireiq1 ! m\nta9-mass next s\? ( ,m$>ai1 ext5ds ea/w>ds1 z a broad tract ( _m high ridges1 almo/ to ! gneiss-boss ( ,um ,rase91 :ile to ! s\? x is unit$ ) ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ,abu ,hireiq is #a1cai metres above sea4 ,its ea/]n flanks are dra9$ by tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,ibib1 :ile ! we/]n p>ts dra9 into ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid1 :i* =ms a high] s\?w>d ext5sion ( ,gebel ,abu ,hireiq1 is really two ranges ) ! ,wadi ,abu ,hodeid dra9+ betwe5 !m4 ,! we/]n range is ! high]1 its summit1 m>k$ by a beacon 9 latitude #bb #bc #ah1 longitude #ce #ad #i1 be+ #a1dhb metres above sea4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! ea/]n range is #a1bef metres above sea4 ,! s\? t]m9ation ( ?is ea/]n range is a v conspicu\s r\nd$ peak ( granite1 #iib metres above sea1 call$ ,abu ,hodeid ,ogla1 :i* =ms a good l&m>k = travell]s 9 mak+ ! wells ( ,abu ,hodeid2 ! wells lie we/ ( ?is peak4 ,! s\? p>ts ( ! ,abu ,hodeid m\nta9s are dra9$ by ! ,wadis ,%9ai1 ,delawet1 & ,abu ,hodeid1 all fe$]s ( ,wadi ,hasium1 & all lead+ to important wat] s\rces4 ,! ea/]n faces are dra9$ by ,wadis ,abu ,hireiq & ,tikraneib1 :i* are likewise fe$]s ( ,hasium1 :ile ! we/]n flanks are dra9$ by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,! broad op5+ :]e ,wadi ,hasium passes to ! s\? ( ! range makes a natural division sep>at+ ! m\nta9s ( ,abu ,hodeid f ^? ( ! ,ad> ,qaqa gr\p4 ,gebel ,mansur ,diab1 a d>k m\nta91 #a1jia metres high1 ly+ six kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid1 is n (t5 visible f ! ea/1 be+ hidd5 by ! high] ranges 9 front ( x2 b x =ms a conspicu\s l&m>k to any "o approa*+ f ! we/4 ,to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,mansur ,diab1 betwe5 ! heads ( ,wadi ,feqoh & ,wadi ,hasium1 are "s o!r m\nta9s ( consid]able height1 ! positions ( ^: summits 7 fix$ by triangulation1 b :i* 7 n closely approa*$4 ,^! are ,gebel ,hadal ,d]qa 7#a1ajh metres71 :i* z se5 f ! nor? appe>$ l a hog-back$ d>k ridge ) a conical semi-deta*$ hill at its s\?-ea/ end2 & ,gebel ,hilwit ,hasium1 :i* appe>$ to consi/ ( two sep>ate peaks "s ?ree & a half kilometres ap>t1 ! high] or nor?-ea/ "o ris+ to #a1jcg metres1 ! s\?-we/ "o to #ieb metres above sea4 ,gebel ,korabkansi is a rugg$ mass ( d>k s]p5t9e peaks & ridges occupy+ a ne>ly isolat$ position "s tw5ty kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,g]f4 ,its highe/ po9t1 m>k$ by a triangulation beacon1 is situat$ 9 latitude #bb #ci #af1 longitude #cd #ei #ee1 & rises to #a1bcj metres above sea4 ,! ma9 mass is flank$ by l[] hills to ! nor? & s\?1 b is m op5 to ! ea/ & we/4 ,x is dra9$ entirely by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,feqoh1 ! mo/ important ( ^! be+ ! ,wadi ,gemal4 ,! upp] portion ( ,wadi ,gemal is call$ ,wadi ,seyet1 & is important z conta9+ a well1 ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet2 ! well is ab\t five kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ! ma9 peak1 at a place :]e ! wadi cuts ?r\gh ! flank+ hill range4 ,= ! asc5t ( ! m\nta91 x is be/ to turn we/w>d f ne> ! well1 & foll[ up "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,seyet :i* leads "r into ! he>t ( ! m\nta92 "h a camp c be pit*$ at #gfe metres above sea-level1 & ! asc5t ( #dfe metres to ! summit1 f :i* !re is a gr& view1 c be accompli%$ 9 less ?an two h\rs4 ,! asc5t & desc5t require "s c>e1 ow+ to ! /eepness ( ! slopes 7! obs]v$ depression angle f summit to camp 0 #bi7 & ! rott5ness ( ! rock1 :i* comes away 9 lumps at a t\*4 ,! accumulat$ debris1 consi/+ ( small fragm5ts ( s]p5t9e1 sets at j ! angle ( repose1 s t 9 com+ d[n "o c /ick "o's feet firmly 9 ! mass & slide d[n ) x = a hundr$ metres or m )\t ex]tion1 tak+ c>e only n to be %ot ov] a sudd5 drop ( ! face4 ,! rocks are highly magnetic1 & ! compass is mu* di/urb$ any:]e on or ab\t ! m\nta94 ,! mass ( high hills :i* =ms ! s\?w>d ext5sion ( ,korabkansi1 ) peaks & ridges ris+ to ov] #ijj metres above sea-level1 is call$ ,gebel ,wadhait4 ,x is dra9$ on ! nor? by ,wadi ,wadhait1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,seyet1 & on ! we/ by ! ,wadi ,kamoyib1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,feqoh4 ,gebel ,um ,rase9 is a triple-head$ gneiss boss ris+ up boldly among s*i/s to ! ea/ ( ,gebel ,m$>ai4 ,its rem>kable =m & light col\r r5d] x a conspicu\s feature to a travell] approa*+ x f ! nor?-ea/1 & x is an important l&m>k = ! well1 ,bir ,um ,rase91 :i* exi/s 9 a small wadi at its nor? foot4 ,! highe/ peak ( ! ?ree1 m>k$ by a triangulation beacon 9 latitude #bb #bh #ab1 longitude #ce #bj #ai1 is #iji metres above sea-level4 ,= asc5d+ ! m\nta91 x is be/ to foll[ up ! ,wadi ,m]diyeb = a %ort di/ance on ! we/ side ( ! range1 & a camp c be plac$ at #chf metres above ! sea 9 a small tribut>y gully :i* dra9s f ! ma9 m\nta94 ,! climb ( #ebc metres to ! beacon is /eep 9 places1 b c be accompli%$ 9 two h\rs )\t difficulty by any "o us$ to negotiat+ smoo? /eep rocks4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9 is m conv5i5t = obs]vation ?an mo/ o!rs 9 ?is region1 & !re is a good view f x4 ,! beacon is on a smoo? h>d granite surface1 ) pl5ty ( room to walk r\nd an in/rum5t1 :ile a little to ! we/ !re is a good place to pit* a small t5t1 & a conv5i5t cave = s]vants to sleep 94 ,kilia ,arib1 ano!r isolat$ granite mass ab\t six kilometres fur!r ea/1 rises to #fdg metres above sea1 & is a l&m>k = ! m\? ( ,wadi ,diqdib1 :i* conta9s a well4 ,to ! ea/ & s\? ( ,kilia ,arib are "s small] granite hills call$ ,tiba%oi4 ,?\gh ris+ only "s fifty or sixty metres above ! pla91 ^! hills are conspicu\s l&m>ks f _! isolat$ position4 ,! nor!rn1 c5tral1 & s\!rn ones are call$ respectively ,tiba%oi ,dumat1 ,tiba%oi ,tumalhoi1 & ,tiba%oi ,tomakolat4 ,ano!r hill ( simil> size & "*1 five kilometres nor?-nor?-ea/ ( ,kilia ,arib1 is call$ ,tuquq4 ,qre9 ,salama is a little gr\p ( diorite hills ris+ f ! coa/-pla9 to ! ea/ ( ,gebel ,g]f4 ,! highe/ hill ( ! gr\p1 #ced metres above sea1 =ms a conspicu\s l&m>k :i* is visible = long di/ances4 ,b]get ,abu ,s>ib is a tract ( l[ d>k hills1 ) mu* drift$ s&1 ly+ a few kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,qre9 ,salama4 ,gimeida1 a small b conspicu\s black conical hill1 ris+ to sixty metres above ! coa/-pla91 or #abc metres above sea-level1 is important z a l&m>k = %ips ent]+ ,m]sa ,%ab4 ,a triangulation beacon has be5 erect$ on ! summit1 ! position ( :i* is latitude #bb #df #bi1 longitude #ce #cg #di4 ,! azimu? f ! beacon to ! big tree at ,m]sa ,%ab is ,n4 #fb ,e4 ,a mu* l[] dol]ite ridge1 two kilometres ea/ ( ,gimeida1 is call$ ,um>awi4 ,gebel ,hamra ,dom is a range ( rem>kable r$ granite hills ris+ abruptly f ! coa/-pla9 ne> latitude #bb #dj & longitude #ce #dj4 ,! range has a total l5g? f nor? to s\? ( ab\t elev5 kilometres1 ! highe/ peak be+ ne> ! c5tre ( ! range4 ,a beacon on ?is highe/ peak has ! position latitude #bb #ci #f1 longitude #ce #ch #db1 altitude #chi metres above sea4 ,c>e is necess>y 9 sight+ ?is peak1 = !re are two o!rs ne> x ( ne>ly equal height2 ! beacon is on ! s\!rnmo/ "o ( ! ?ree peaks ne> ! c5tre ( ! range4 ,a pass leads across ! range a kilometre s\? ( ! beacon4 ,gebel ,hamra ,dom is a locality well kn[n to ! ,arabs1 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ occasionally fav\r$ ) "s ra9fall4 ,9 ,janu>y #aijg ! di/rict r\nd ! m\nta9 0 cov]$ ) grass aft] a rec5t fall ( ra91 b ! hundr$s ( camels & o!r animals :i* ! ,arabs took to graze at ! place _h eat5 x all up :5 ,i arriv$ !re 9 ,febru>y4 ,at times ( ra9fall !re is wat] to be got 9 ! s&y b$ ( a little wadi to ! nor? ( ! beacon1 at a place call$ ,ti ,dabei ,hamra ,dom2 b x does n la/ long aft] ra94 ,gebel ,hamra ,dom is dra9$ almo/ entirely by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,ibib4 ,!re are num]\s small] hills to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,hamra ,dom1 b only ! l>ge/ ( !m1 ,tibansi ,tikam ,ankwei1 be>s a special "n4 ,?is is a granite hill ris+ to #cde metres above sea-level1 situat$ elev5 kilometres due we/ ( ! beacon on ,gebel ,hamra ,dom4 ,gebel ,kha%ab & ,gebel ,beid toge!r =m a complex range ( high hills mo/ly compos$ ( s*i/s to ! nor? ( ,gebel ,g]f4 ,! range has its long axis nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/1 ) a l5g? ( "s tw5ty-five kilometres & an av]age bread? ( ab\t eight kilometres4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! range is m>k$ by a triangulation beacon on ,gebel ,beid1 #gae metres above sea-level1 9 latitude #bc #j #ad1 longitude #ce #af #ed4 ,! nor?-we/ "p ( ! range is dra9$ by ! heads ( ,wadi ,kha%ab1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode94 ,! ea/]n faces are dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,beid & v>i\s o!r fe$]s ( ,wadi ,hode91 :ile ! s\? & s\?-we/ portions ( ! mass are dra9$ by small tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,kreiga1 itself a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode94 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! range c only be cross$ by camels at "o place1 ne> ! c5tre ( its l5g?1 :]e x is cut ?r\gh by ! ,wadi ,beid2 com+ f ! we/1 "o mu/ make = ! pass 7#cie metres above sea1 /ony b n /eep7 :i* sep>ates ! heads ( ,wadi ,kha%ab & ,wadi ,beid2 ! road is well kn[n z lead+ to ! well call$ ,bir ,beid4 ,gebel ,hum>iai is an isolat$ hill1 #efc metres above sea1 a few kilometres to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,beid4 ,gebel ,kolaiqo is a small hill-mass ly+ (f ! s\?-ea/]n extremity ( ! ,kha%ab -- ,beid range1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! ,wadi ,kreiga4 ,its highe/ po9t1 m>k$ by a triangulation beacon1 is 9 latitude #bb #ed #ac1 longitude #ce #bd #cd1 at an altitude ( #cbj metres above sea-level4 ,! dra9age is mo/ly into ,wadi ,kreiga1 b ! s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ! hills dra9 into ,wadi ,kolaiqo1 a v %all[ ill-def9$ dra9age l9e c\rs+ indep5d5tly to sea across ! s&y coa/-pla94 ,to ! nor? ( ,gebel ,kolaiqo !re are two long l9es ( l[ hills =m+ l[ outli]s ( ,nubian s&/one4 ,ti ,qireira is ! "n giv5 to two l[ hills ris+ f ! coa/-pla9 ab\t half-way betwe5 ,gebel ,kolaiqo & ! black conical hill ( ,gemeida4 ,^! hills1 f\r kilometres ap>t1 rise only "s fifty or sixty metres above ! pla91 b !y are conspicu\s l&m>ks1 & h5ce be> a "n4 ,! ,meisah -- ,ad> ,qaqa -- ,is ,gr\p4 ,! ,meisah -- ,ad> ,qaqa -- ,is gr\p ( m\nta9s ext5ds nor?w>ds f ! ,sudan fronti] 9 longitude #ce4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! ,g]f -- ,abu ,hodeid masses to ! nor? by ! ,wadi ,hasium2 on ! ea/1 ! great ,wadi ,di-ib divides x f ! m\nta9s ( ! ,elba gr\p2 :ile to ! we/ x is n %>ply m>k$ (f f ! r l[] m\nta9\s tract ( ! upp] ,alaqi bas94 ,gebels ,ad> ,qaqa 7#a1dfi metres7 & ,is 7#a1gcf metres7 are on ! ma9 wat]%$1 :ile ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah 7#a1bbd metres7 =ms ! highe/ po9t ( a huge rugg$ spur runn+ nor?w>ds on ! ea/ side ( ! wat]%$4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ma9 m\nta9s ( ! gr\p1 betwe5 !m & ! ,wadi ,di-ib1 are a numb] ( deta*$ m\nta9 & hill-masses1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are ,gebels ,o ,%akafa1 ,um ,e91 ,q>a ,saba1 ,w>abeit1 ,ad> ,aweib1 & ,%iab4 ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah is a conspicu\s d\ble-topp$ m\nta9 ( a some:at conical %ape4 ,its summit1 m>k$ by a triangulation beacon1 is #a1bbd metres above sea-level1 & has ! position latitude #bb #af #ci1 longitude #ce #ca #ee4 ,9 plan x is almo/ circul>1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! circumf]5ce ( its base be+ =m$ by ! ,wadis ,awitla & ,lasewid 7fe$]s ( ,wadi ,meisah71 :ile ! rema9+ f\r? =ms a connexion by :i* ! m\nta9 is jo9$ to ! long ridge ( ,gebel ,qidmib4 ,! asc5t ( ! m\nta9 0 made f a camp "o & ?ree-qu>t] kilometres due ea/ ( ! summit1 9 a small fe$] ( ,wadi ,lasewid1 close to ! spr+ call$ ,megwel ,um ,edwa4 ,camels _c get q up to ! spr+1 b a camp c be plac$ a little way fur!r d[n ! gully at an altitude ( #eif metres above sea1 & ! climb ( #fbh metres to ! top ( ! m\nta9 is easily accompli%$ on foot 9 ab\t two h\rs4 ,! m\nta9 is compos$ ( d>k gabbroid rock1 ! summit be+ compos$ ( great blocks1 wea!r$ to a ru/y br[n on _! surfaces2 ! rock is highly magnetic1 & ! compass po9ts sev]al degrees ea/ ( nor? at ! beacon ow+ to local attraction4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,meisah ,,wadi ,,di-,,ib4 ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,i>ih ,meisah is ! "n giv5 to a tract ( l[ granite hills ) s&y int]spaces1 :i* lies to ! s\? ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,x =ms ! head ( ,wadi ,baueiwai4 ,ab\t ?ree kilometres we/ ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 a high ridge1 ov] #a1jjj metres 9 height1 c\rses nor? & s\? = ov] f\rte5 kilometres4 ,! nor? end ( ?is ridge bifurcates to =m ,gebel ,qidmib2 ! ,wadi ,qidmib1 dra9+ nor?w>ds to ,wadi ,ibib1 has its head betwe5 ! two bran*es ( ! ridge1 :]e !re is a well call$ ,bir ,qidmib4 ,o ,%akafa is a v rem>kable hill sev5 kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,o ,%akafa d]ives its "n1 :i* signifies 8! b>ri]10 f ! fact t x appe>s to block ! way to ! travell] asc5d+ ! ,wadi ,meisah4 ,its cre/1 =m$ by a ridge ( h>d jasp]y qu>tzite1 rises precipit\sly f among a mass ( s(t] rocks1 "s ( :i* %[ rem>kably brilliant col\rs due to iron /a9+4 ,! cairn on ! summit is 9 latitude #bb #ai #dd1 longitude #ce #cd #db1 & #gea metres above sea-level4 ,!re is b>ely /&+ room on ! top ( ! ridge1 :i* ne$s c>eful climb+ ow+ to its precipit\s nature4 ,o ,%akafa is a good l&m>k = ,bir ,meisah1 :i* lies 9 ! wadi ab\t ?ree kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ! summit2 & = ! easy pass ( ,s>ob ,kwan1 :i* lies f\r kilometres to ! s\?-ea/4 ,to ! nor? ( ,o ,%akafa !re ext5ds a great tract ( high hills1 divid$ into two portions by ! nor?w>d-c\rs+ ,wadi ,orgem4 ,! we/]n portion ( ?is hill-tract culm9ates 9 ,gebel ,orgem1 ! two peaks ( :i* rise respectively to #ggi & #gge metres above ! sea1 :ile its nor!rn end =ms ! high s&-swa!d hill call$ ,baq>i ,daba4 ,! ea/]n portion ( ! tract1 conta9+ ! important wells ,bir ,um ,bi%tit & ,bir ,meisah1 z well z ! galts ( ,meis-heit-ar1 is r m complex1 & is cut into two p>ts by ! ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit4 ,its nor!rn "p ends 9 a conspicu\s gneiss hill call$ ,ad> ,aweib ,um ,bi%tit1 :ile ! hills imm$iately nor? ( ,o ,%akafa are call$ ,gebel ,meis-heit-ar4 ,gebel ,ad> ,qaqa is a v conspicu\s granite m\nta9 ab\t tw5ty-?ree kilometres we/ ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,its highe/ peak is 9 latitude #bb #ac #dg1 longitude #ce #ai #j1 & rises r precipit\sly to #a1fjf metres above sea-level4 ,ad> ,qaqa is dra9$ pr9cipally by ! ,wadi ,hasium1 :i* c\rses nor?w>d pa/ ! we/]n side ( ! m\nta94 ,gebel ,soaorib is a r long m\nta9 range :i* adjo9s ! s\? "p ( ,ad> ,qaqa & sweeps r\nd to ! s\?-ea/1 =m+ ! ma9 wat]%$4 ,its highe/ po9t is #a1dfi metres above sea-level4 ,its nor?-we/]n face is dra9$ by ,wadi ,mantil ,hasium1 :i* =ms "o ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,hasium4 ,! nor?-ea/]n flanks are dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,haiyo & o!r fe$]s ( ,wadi ,soaorib1 :ile ! s\?-we/ faces dra9 into ! ,wadi ,kirir & ! ,miti-,kwan1 tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,alaqi4 ,gebel ,leqaq 7#a1aib metres7 & ,gebel ,um ,seleim 7#a1jih metres7 are two m\nta9s1 bo? ) long nor?w>d spurs1 ly+ nor?-ea/ ( ,ad> ,qaqa1 betwe5 t m\nta9 & ! ,wadi ,soaorib4 ,!y are dra9$ by v>i\s fe$]s ( ! ,wadis ,hasium & ,soaorib1 ! pr9cipal be+ ! ,rod ,anut ,b]]1 :i* runs nor?w>d f betwe5 two m\nta9s to jo9 ,wadi ,hasium1 & ! ,wadi ,hankuk1 :i* rises to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,leqaq & c\rses r\nd ! s\?-ea/ flanks to jo9 ,wadi ,soaorib4 ,to ! nor? ( ,gebels ,leqaq & ,um ,seleim !re /ret*es a s&y pla91 ov] :i* ! ,wadis ,hasium1 ,ibib1 & ,soaorib pursue _! nor?w>d c\rse4 ,l[ hills rise "h & !re f ?is pla91 ! mo/ conspicu\s be+ ,gebel ,hamra ,tit1 a d\ble-peak$ granite hill1 ris+ to #fdb metres above ! sea2 ,kulet ,meigrum & ,kulet ,t9asal are two some:at small] hills situat$ respectively six kilometres nor?-nor?-ea/ & six kilometres ea/-nor?-ea/ f ,gebel ,hamra ,tit4 ,gebel ,is1 ! next great m\nta9 to ! s\?1 =ms ! ma9 wat]%$ j nor? ( ! ,sudan fronti]1 ! triangulation cairn on its summit hav+ ! position latitude #bb #b #cf1 longitude #ce #bh #d1 altitude #a1gcf metres above sea4 ,z se5 f ! nor?1 ,gebel ,is is a some:at flat-topp$ m\nta9 ( d>k aspect2 b judg+ by analogy ! app>5t flat top is probably only a n>r[ ridge se5 broadside on4 ,f ! ma9 mass a long spur ( flank+ m\nta9s runs we/w>d1 & a high ridge1 m or less deta*$1 rises to #a1dgd metres six kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ! ma9 summit4 ,! nor!rn & we/]n faces ( ,gebel ,is are dra9$ by fe$]s ( ,wadi ,alaqi1 :ile its ea/]n & s\!rn p>ts are dra9$ by v>i\s heads ( ,wadi ,is4 ,betwe5 ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah & ,gebel ,is !re /ret*es a mass ( m\nta9s ) _m peaks ov] #a1bjj metres high2 ^! appe> to be> no special names4 ,my guides /at$ t !re are two passes ov] ! ma9 wat]%$ 9 ?is region4 ,! fir/1 call$ ,ad> ,ameit1 is a high pass practicable = camels2 x lies ab\t f\r kilometres to ! nor? ( ! beacon on ,gebel ,is1 & connects ! two ,wadis ,ad> ,ameit el ,%>qi & ,ad> ,ameit el ,gh>bi :i* lie on opposite sides ( ! wat]%$4 ,! second pass1 said to be a difficult "o1 crosses ! wat]%$ "s five kilometres fur!r nor?1 =m+ a connexion betwe5 ! heads ( ,miti ,kwan & ,wadi ,soaorib4 ,gebel ,miatit 7#a1beg metres7 & ,gebel ,suruk 7#a1cgg metres71 are m\nta9 masses a little ea/ (1 & semi-deta*$ f1 ! ma9 ,is gr\p4 ,gebel ,miatit s5ds out a long spur nor?-ea/w>d1 end+ 9 a r conspicu\s hill at ! foot ( :i* !re is said to be a wat] s\rce call$ ,megwel ,aqwem4 ,gebel ,%iab is a collection ( peaks ris+ f a rugg$ c\ntry ( l[] hills ab\t tw5ty-eight kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,is4 ,its highe/ po9t is #ihg metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,%iab appe>s to =m ! ma9 head ( ,wadi el ,qurat1 an important fe$] ( ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,eqrun 7! horns7 is a conspicu\s gr\p ( s*i/ hills ly+ betwe5 ! ,wadis ,meisah & ,ibib4 ,x has two pr9cipal peaks2 ! high] "o1 surm\nt$ by a triangulation beacon1 has ! position latitude #bb #cj #aj1 longitude #ce #cg #i1 & is #dgc metres above sea-level2 ! o!r is ab\t #djj metres s\?-ea/ ( ! beacon1 & is only five metres l[]4 ,eqrun itself is an isolat$ hill gr\p1 b close to ! nor?-ea/ ( x !re is ano!r hill-mass ( great] ext5t & ( b little inf]ior height4 ,! c\ntry s\? ( ,eqrun =ms an ext5sive tract ( l[ hills ) mu* bl[n s&4 ,two conspicu\s hills 9 ?is tract rise above ! re/ & be> special names2 ^! are ,tahaqayet 7#dcb metres7 & ,titailibab 7#eic metres74 ,kolmanab & ,e9iwai are two small b v conspicu\s black hills elev5 kilometres ap>t1 ris+ f ! s&y coa/-pla9 betwe5 ! ,wadis ,meisah & ,di-ib4 ,bo? are surm\nt$ by triangulation beacons1 t on ,kolmanab be+ 9 latitude #bb #cb #bf1 longitude #ce #ec #cf1 #acg metres above sea1 & t on ,e9iwai be+ 9 latitude #bb #bg #ej1 longitude #ce #eg #ei1 #ach metres above sea4 ,nor?-we/ ( ,kolmanab are "s l[ banks call$ ,t9adei1 :ile ab\t mid-way betwe5 ,kolmanab & ,e9iwai is an isolat$ l[ hill call$ ,ankalidot4 ,osnei is a small b conspicu\s r$ granite hill1 ris+ to #bea metres above sea1 ?irte5 kilometres we/-s\?-we/ f ,e9iwai4 ,x conta9s a galt1 :i* yields wat] = "s little "t aft] ra9 has fall5 locally4 ,ti ,kef]iai is a conspicu\s little isolat$ gr\p ( d>k hills ( no v great height1 situat$ 9 ! =k :]e ! ,wadis ,didaut & ,baueiwai jo9 to =m ! ,wad el ,qireira4 ,!re are heavy accumulations ( bl[n s& r\nd ! nor?-ea/ flanks ( ! mass4 ,! triangulation beacon on ! summit has ! position latitude #bb #ba #j1 longitude #ce #di #dg1 & is #did metres above sea-level4 ,ti ,kef]iai =ms a good l&m>k = ! old m9es ( ,romit1 :i* are situat$ 9 "s l[] hills five kilometres s\?-we/ ( ! beacon4 ,!re are num]\s excavations "h 9 ve9s ( smoky qu>tz ) calcite & *alybite1 :i* p5etrate ! c\ntry rock ( highly cru%$ & decompos$ diorite2 a numb] ( anci5t gr9d+ mills ( diorite lie scatt]$ ab\t ! place4 ,f\r kilometres nor? ( ,ti ,kef]iai1 on ! opposite side ( ,wadi ,didaut1 is a conspicu\s hill ( v r$ granite call$ ,adatalob ,ad>a1 #che metres above sea-level4 ,f\r kilometres fur!r nor?-we/ is ano!r hill1 ( ne>ly equal height1 b ( black aspect1 call$ ,adatalob ,hadal4 ,we/ ( ,ti ,kef]iai1 at di/ances ( five & a half & n9e & a half kilometres respectively1 are two conspicu\s little hills ris+ f ! pla91 "o on ei!r side ( ! ,wadi ,didaut2 ^! are call$ ,kikeiyet ,%>qi & ,kikeiyet ,gh>bi4 ,ea/ ( ,ti ,kef]iai is a great s&y tract /ret*+ to ! ,wadi ,di-ib1 f :i* l[ hills rise half swa!d 9 bl[n s&2 ! pr9cipal hill gr\ps be> ! names ( ,gebels ,ti%u%i & ,ti%u%i ,tiboki4 ,q>a ,saba is a high & /eep hill mass ( d>k aspect1 ris+ conspicu\sly to #ghh metres above sea1 betwe5 ! ,wadis ,didaut & ,baueiwai1 "s sixte5 kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,ti ,kef]iai4 ,! tract betwe5 ,q>a ,saba & ,ti ,kef]iai is a wa/e ( bl[n s& ?r\gh :i* l[ hills protrude 9 places4 ,ad> ,aqdeib1 a granite hill #gcf metres high on ! nor? side ( ! ,wadi ,didaut1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ,q>a ,saba & ,o ,%akafa1 is a l&m>k = two small wat] s\rces & a pass4 ,! fir/ ( ^! wat] s\rces1 ,megwel ,ad> ,aqdeib1 is on ! ea/ side ( ! hill1 9 a little tribut>y ( ,wadi ,didaut4 ,! second1 ,megwel ,didaut1 is at ! head ( ,wadi ,didaut itself1 9 a sep>ate rugg$ hill tract s\? ( ,ad> ,aqdeib4 ,! we/ faces ( ,ad> ,aqdeib are dra9$ by ! ,s>ob ,kwan1 half ( :i* c\rses s\?-ea/ to ,wadi ,didaut1 & half nor?-we/ to ,wadi ,meisah1 & ! divide =ms a well kn[n easy pass4 ,gebel ,um ,e9 is a huge hill-mass ( d>k rocks1 ris+ to #ija metres above sea-level1 n9e kilometres s\?-s\?-we/ ( ,q>a ,saba4 ,! beacon :i* m>ks ! summit is 9 latitude #bb #aa #eb1 longitude #ce #ci #d4 ,gebel ,um ,e9 is ma9ly dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,baueiwai1 :i* curves r\nd ! s\? half ( its circumf]5ce4 ,a small wat] s\rce1 ,megwel ,um ,e91 is said to exi/ on ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! hill1 9 a small wadi :i* =ms a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,baueiwai4 ,a great tract ( high hills lies betwe5 ! ,wadis ,baueiwai & ,di-ib4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! tract1 :i* is cut (f f ! re/ by ! ,wadi ,w>abeit1 & is call$ ,gebel ,g]or1 has sev]al peaks ris+ to ov] #ejj metres2 on ! nor? x is flank$ by huge accumulations ( bl[n s&1 :ile its s\!rn faces are dra9$ by fairly well-wood$ wadis1 tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,w>abeit4 ,! "p ( ! hill tract s\? ( ! ,wadi ,baueiwai is mu* cut up by wadis into masses :i* be> sep>ate names4 ,gebel ,hamida1 :i* ) ,gebel ,nubitra =ms ! we/]nmo/ hill-mass ( ! gr\p1 is a s]ies ( high /eep s*i/ ridges ris+ 9 places ov] #gjj metres above sea-level4 ,! highe/ po9t1 #ged metres above sea1 is be/ rea*$ by foll[+ up ! ,wadi ,hamida till "o comes due we/ ( ! hill1 & !n /rik+ up ea/w>ds on foot2 x c also be rea*$ f ! ea/ side via ! t9y trickl+ salt spr+ ( ,megwel ,hamida1 b ,i f\nd ?is a long & we>isome climb4 ,to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,hamida is ! pass call$ ,bani ,sana1 :i* is important bo? z a pass & z be+ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! t]ritories ( ! ,kurbeilab & ,ham$orab ,arabs4 ,gebel ,w>abeit1 ! "p ( ! tract :i* =ms ! head ( ! ,wadi ,w>abeit1 lies s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,hamida1 be+ connect$ ) ,gebel ,hamida on ! "o side & ,gebel ,ma%u%5ai on ! o!r2 its highe/ po9t is #gid metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,ma%u%5ai 7#fcd metres7 lies a little to ! ea/ ( ,gebel ,w>abeit2 its nor? p>ts are dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,ha%imaiyib1 :ile ! s\? portions are dra9$ by ,wadi ,ma%u%5ai1 9 ! head ( :i* is a well1 ,bir ,ma%u%5ai4 ,all ! dra9age f h]eab\ts ultimately rea*es ,wadi ,di-ib by way ( ,wadi el ,qurat4 ,ad> ,aweib1 a conspicu\s & ext5sive granite hill-mass ly+ ea/ ( ! =ego+1 f :i* x is entirely sep>at$ by wadis1 rises to #fbj metres above sea2 its summit is m>k$ by a triangulation beacon 9 latitude #bb #aj #ej1 longitude #ce #ed #j4 ,9 occupy+ ,ad> ,aweib z a /ation1 x 0 approa*$ f ! ,bani ,sana pass by foll[+ d[n ! ,wadi ,w>abeit & !n turn+ up ! ,wadi ,wieqw]1 :i* leads to ! ea/]n foot ( ! m\nta94 ,! camp 0 plac$ ab\t a kilometre nor?-we/ ( ! beacon1 at an altitude ( #bhd metres above sea1 & ! climb ( #ccf metres to ! top took only an h\r & a half4 ,a great v>iety ( fl[]s c\ld be ga!r$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! asc5t2 ! upp] portion 0 slipp]y1 ! slopes consi/+ ( debris ( decompos$ granite re/+ j at ! angle ( repose4 ,9 desc5d+ f ! m\nta91 ,i w5t nor?w>ds on foot1 :5ce a /eep pass l$ d[n to ,bir ,meh]iqa1 9 ! ,wadi ,di-ib2 b ! camels _h to g r\nd ! s\? end ( ! m\nta9 by ,wadi el ,qurat1 z ! pass 0 too /eep = !m4 ,to ! s\? ( ! gr\p ( hills j describ$1 !re is a rugg$ tract ( l[ hills /ret*+ away s\? to ,gebel ,%iab4 ,ea/w>ds ?is tract becomes l[] & m s&y1 t]m9at+ 9 a s&y pla9 ) l[ rocky ridges1 ov] :i* ! ,wadi ,di-ib pursues its nor?w>d c\rse1 becom+ clos$ 9 aga9 by hills abrea/ ( ,ad> ,aweib4 ,! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,alaqi ,bas9 ,we/ ( ,ad> ,qaqa4 ,! m\nta9s ( ?is gr\p1 :i* are scatt]$ ov] an area ( "s #e1jjj squ>e kilometres betwe5 latitudes #bb #j & #bb #bb1 & longitudes #cd #j & #ce #bj1 are comp>atively little kn[n4 ,! positions & heights ( all ! pr9cipal peaks h be5 fix$ by triangulation f consid]able di/ances2 b ) ! s+le exception ( ,gebel ,muqsim1 :i* 0 occupi$ by ,mr4 ,villi]s ,/u>t z 8 t]m9al po9t1 none ( ! area has yet be5 (ficially survey$4 ,! positions det]m9$ = ! pr9cipal peaks w be f\nd includ$ 9 ! li/ on pp4 #ea to #fd1 & a g5]al idea ( ! relative positions ( ! m\nta9s & dra9age l9es w be obta9$ f ! orographical map on ,plate ,i4 ,a brief ref]5ce only to ! pr9cipal m\nta9s is possible "h4 ,gebel ,anweiyib 7#iba metres7 & ,eir ,arib 7#a1aab metres7 are on ! ma9 wat]%$4 ,z se5 f ! nor?1 ! =m] appe>$ z a long d>k range1 ! latt] z a light-col\r$ high %ort ridge ) a peak at its we/]n end4 ,gebels ,duag 7#a1cbh metres7 & ,himeitra 7#a1bca metres7 are connect$ ) ! wat]%$ range ( ,ad> ,qaqa & ,is by we/w>d-runn+ spurs4 ,gebel ,himeitra is a l&m>k = a well1 ,bir ,himeitra1 :i* is situat$ a little s\? ( ! m\nta91 & also = ! ru9s ( ,d>ahib1 :i* lie 9 ! ,wadi ,alaqi "s twelve kilometres s\?-s\?-we/ ( x4 ,gebel ,heianai 7#a1bef metres7 is a long range ( m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,wadis ,b9t el ,feqoh & ,defeit4 ,gebel ,heleikonti 7#a1aea metres7 appe>$ f ! nor? z a %ort high /eep ridge ) a little peak at its we/]n end4 ,gebel ,egat1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ rem>kable ( ! m\nta9s ( ! gr\p1 is a high /eep cone ris+ to #a1ade metres above sea on ! nor? side ( ! ,wadi ,alaqi 9 latitude #bb #e #ci1 longitude #cd #eb #ae4 ,x is a l&m>k = ,bir ,egat1 :i* lies ab\t five kilometres to ! ea/1 & = ! m9es ( ,alfawi1 :i* lie "s t5 kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ! peak4 ,gebel ,%anaiyet 7#ijg metres7 & ,gebel ,hamida lie s\? ( ! ,wadi ,defeit1 betwe5 t wadi & ! ,wadi ,egat4 ,gebel ,hateib or ,suh9 7#hed metres7 =ms ! ma9 collect+ gr\nd = ! ,wadis ,hateib & ,suh91 :i* are tribut>ies ( ,alaqi4 ,gebel ,um el ,tiur el ,foqani is a gr\p ( v high /eep hills on ! s\? side ( ,wadi ,defeit4 ,x has a well-m>k$ peak z its summit1 9 latitude #bb #ag #ef1 longitude #cd #da #ad1 #idf metres above sea-level4 ,?is peak =ms a po9t on ! adm9i/rative b\nd>y betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,gebel ,um el ,tiur el ,tahtani1 situat$ "s twelve kilometres we/-nor?-we/ ( ! =ego+1 & on ! opposite side ( ! ,wadi ,defeit1 is a some:at simil> b l[] gr\p ( hills1 its highe/ po9t ris+ to #ghc metres above sea4 ,gebel el ,adraq 7#ggj metres7 & ,gebel ,guqub are two o!r hill-gr\ps s\? ( ,gebel ,um el ,tiur el ,tahtani1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,wadis ,defeit & ,alaqi4 ,gebel el ,adraq is a l&m>k = "s old m9es call$ ,betan1 :ile ,gebel ,guqub is ! collect+ gr\nd1 ! dra9age ( :i* supplies ! important well ( ,bir ,guqub4 ,gebel ,muqsim is a conspicu\s m\nta9 on ! s\? side ( ! ,wadi ,alaqi ne> ! m]idian ( #cd4 ,! triangulation cairn on its summit is 9 latitude #bb #aj #aa1 longitude #cd #a #ab1 at an altitude ( #hbe metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,muqsim =ms a po9t on ! adm9i/rative b\nd>y betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,! ,elba-,%5dib ,gr\p4 ,?is gr\p ( granite m\nta9s is situat$ ne> ! sea 9 ! extreme s\?-ea/ corn] ( ,egypt1 betwe5 longitudes #cf & #cg1 on & ab\t ! p>allel ( #bb ( nor? latitude4 ,"p ( ! gr\p1 includ+ ! highe/ peak 7,asotriba1 #b1baf metres7 is 9 ! ,sudan1 & we %all "h consid] only ! nor!rn p>ts1 :i* fall )9 ,egypt prop]4 ,! pr9cipal m\nta9s ( ! gr\p are ,gebels ,elba 7#a1dbh metres71 ,%5dib 7#a1iab metres71 ,hanquf 7#a1dfe metres71 ,%5dodai 7#a1ebi metres71 & ,%ellal 7#a1dji metres74 ,besides ^!1 :i* =m a clu/] ( high rugg$ ridges & bri/l+ peaks1 !re are "s outly+ hills to ! ea/ & we/1 & x is conv5i5t to consid] all ! hills ea/ ( ,wadi ,di-ib z belong+ to ! gr\p4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! outly+ hills are ,gebels ,balatitda1 ,sul ,hamid 7#egb metres71 ,qa% ,amir 7#gbd metres71 & ,sela 7#efj metres7 on ! we/1 & ,k>am ,elba 7#ehf metres7 & ,gebel ,had>ba 7#bag metres7 on ! ea/ ( ! ma9 masses4 ,! g5]al relations ( ! ,elba di/rict w be se5 f ! orographical map on ,plate ,i1 :ile ! l>ge scale map on ,plate ,,xix %[s ! detail$ features on a l>g] scale4 ,t[]+ to great heights f ! coa/-pla91 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,elba gr\p are v conspicu\s f long di/ances ei!r on sea or on l& :5 ! air is cle>4 ,b (t5 = weeks toge!r !y are s %r\d$ 9 mi/ z to be invisible ev5 :5 "o is fairly ne> to !m4 ,^! v mi/s1 :i* s (t5 h9d] ! view be+ obta9$1 are ! cause ( mu* add$ beauty to ! sc5e :5 ! air is cle>2 = ! moi/ure produces a ri* vegetation1 n only 9 ! wadis1 b along all clefts "r up to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 & furni%es 9 addition ! l>ge/ & mo/ important wat] s\rces 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,s abundant is ! vegetation 9 all ! wadis dra9+ f ,elba1 t x is impossible to approa* ! m\nta9s v closely ) load$ camels1 ow+ to ! clos5ess ( ! trees4 ,ri*e/ 9 wat] supply & 9 vegetation ( all tracts 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 x is natural t ! ,elba di/rict %\ld also be ! greate/ c5tre ( des]t population1 & !re are consid]able settlem5ts ( ,bi%>9 ,arabs r\nd ! feet ( ! m\nta9s4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,elba ,,halaib4 ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,gebel ,elba1#aaa ! mo/ nor!rly m\nta9 ( ! ma9 gr\p1 is cut (f f ! m\nta9s to ! s\? by ! ,wadis ,o ,sir ,hadal & ,s]imtai2 !re is a pass betwe5 ! heads ( ^! wadis1 s t a complete circuit ( ! m\nta9 c be made1 al?\gh f almo/ any aspect ,elba appe>s to be jo9$ on to ! o!r m\nta9s ( ! gr\p4 ,9 plan1 ,gebel ,elba is ne>ly a squ>e ( ab\t fifte5 kilometres sides1 ) its diagonal 9 ! m]idian4 ,x is a bri/l+ mass ( light-col\r$ granite peaks1 flank$ on ! s\? & we/ by rugg$ hills ( d>k] rocks4 ,! highe/ po9t1 ! 8high peak0 ( ! ,admiralty ,*>t1 is 9 latitude #bb #aj #c1 longitude #cf #ba #eb1 & #a1dce metres above sea2 ano!r peak1 slightly l[]1 b m conspicu\s & ne>] ! c5tre ( ! mass1 0 *os5 = ! site ( ! triangulation /ation4 ,! beacon on ?is latt] peak is #a1dbh metres above sea1 & has ! position latitude #bb #aa #bg1 longitude #cf #bj #eb4 ,! peak :i* be>s ! triangulation /ation =ms a c5tre f :i* dra9age l9es radiate 9 all directions4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! dra9age l9es1 :i* are all well wood$1 are ! ,wadi ,yahameib1 :i* ) its fe$]s ,wadis ,akau & ,kansisrob dra9s ! nor? faces ( ! m\nta91 & unites ) ,wadi ,aideib1 :i* dra9s ! nor?-ea/ flanks2 ,wadi ,s]imtai1 :i* by its fe$] ! ,wadi ,o ,sir ,eirab dra9s ! s\? "p ( ! mass & !n curves r\nd nor?-ea/w>ds to ! sea2 & ! ,wadi ,yoid]1 :i* dra9s ! we/]n p>ts ( ! m\nta9 by its ?ree ma9 heads call$ respectively ,wadi ,akwamtra1 ,wadi ,qeirat1 & ,wadi ,o ,sir ,hadal1 & !n c\rses nor?w>d to rea* ! sea4 ,! approa* to ,gebel ,elba by ! coa/-pla9 f ! nor?-we/ is said to be difficult1 on acc\nt ( hav+ to cross an ext5sive tract ( s& dunes1 call$ ,i ,hubal1 :i* lies to ! nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,sul ,hamid4 ,! survey exp$ition rea*$ ! m\nta9 by m>*+ ea/w>d f ,bir ,meh]iqa 9 ! ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,on ?is road ! s& 0 n f\nd a s]i\s h9drance1 ?\gh progress 0 r sl[ ?r\gh ,o ,h>bub1 a s&-*ok$ wadi :i* 0 ent]$ on turn+ ea/w>ds j aft] leav+ ,bir ,meh]iqa4 ,skirt+ ! s\? side ( ,gebel ,sul ,hamid ov] a s&y pla91 we cont9u$ ea/w>d ) a slight nor!rly b5d till ! jagg$ mass ( ,qa% ,amir came into view2 !n /rik+ due ea/ aga9 we ent]$ "s l[ hills & dropp$ by an easy pass into ,wadi ,siamtit1 a little fe$] ( ,wadi ,yoid]2 cross+ ! ma9 *annel ( ,yoid]1 we cont9u$ our c\rse ea/w>d across v s&y m9or wadis1 & turn+ a little s\?w>d we rea*$ ,bir ,akwamtra1 :]e we f\nd a fairly l>ge ,bi%>9 camp1 9 a /ony wadi full ( trees4 ,i _h hop$ to asc5d ! m\nta9 by way ( ,wadi ,akwamtra1 :i* heads "r "u ! peak select$ = ! triangulation /ation4 ,b on arriv+ at ! well we 7 /ill m ?an six kilometres f ! head ( ! wadi1 & fur!r progress = camels 0 v difficult ow+ to ! clos5ess ( ! trees1 & ! b\ld]y nature ( ! wadi floor4 ,guides s5t out to reconnoitre hav+ report$ t ! asc5t c\ld be made ) less difficulty f ! ,wadi ,yahameib1 we foll[$ a v w9d+ track lead+ ov] ! ,asut ,duk pass into ,yahameib1 & !n made our way s\?w>d ov] ! slop+ b\ld]y pla91 ?ick ) trees & scrub1 until ! camels c\ld get no f>!r4 ,! camp 0 pit*$ 9 a slight cle>+ at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 ?ree & a qu>t] kilometres nor?-we/ ( ! beacon1 at an altitude ( #cdc metres above sea1 or #a1jhe metres bel[ ! beacon4 ,! climb to ! summit 0 a long & tir+ "o1 b v int]e/+4 ,/>t+ at #f4cj a4m4 on ,april #be1 #aijh1 we fir/ foll[$ up ! ,wadi ,yahameib to its head 9 a sort ( neck betwe5 two peaks2 ?is neck1 :i* we rea*$ at #aj a4m41 is #a1jic metres above sea4 ,ab\t half way up to ! neck1 among "s l>ge granite blocks1 !re is a small spr+ ( v pure wat]2 x =ms a pool hold+ ab\t a gallon & a half1 :i* fills z fa/ z x is empti$4 ,pass+ ov] ! neck1 we dropp$ d[n to a level ( #ihd metres 9 cross+ ! head ( ,wadi ,akwamtra1 & !n1 climb+ up ! opposite side1 we rea*$ ! beacon 7#a1dbh metres7 at noon4 ,except ! la/ #aej metres to ! summit1 :i* 0 b>e /eep granite1 ! :ole climb 0 ?r\gh a ?ick gr[? ( trees1 v gre5 & fre%1 ) a tangl$ und]gr[? ( fl[]+ %rubs & "s mosses & li*5s4 ,! trees gr[ v ne> to ! summit & give pl5ty ( %ady re/+-places4 ,acacia 7sellim7 trees cease ab\t #cej metres above sea1 & new =ms take _! place4 ,! mo/ rem>kable is a l>ge tree call$ ,hohait by my ,arabs2 ?is tree1 :i* ,i h n se5 else:]e 9 ,egypt1 gr[s 9 fair abundance to t5 metres or m high1 ) ?ick woody look+ trunk & bran*es1 ! foliage be+ great bun*es ( aloe-l leaves on ! ends ( ! bran*es2 accord+ to my ,arabs1 x be>s an edible fruit1 ( :i* !y %[$ me ! /one--a ne>ly sph]ical r$ "o1 ab\t z big z a pea1 v h>d4#aab ,! top ( ! m\nta9 is n>r[ & v r\gh1 b n>r[ sleep+ places c be f\nd on l$ges4 ,! view f ! summit 9 cle> wea!r is v f9e & ext5sive2 ! subjo9$ figure is f a c>eful sket* :i* ,i made ( ! outlook s\?w>ds f ! beacon4 ,b1 z already rem>k$1 ! m\nta9 is frequ5tly %r\d$ 9 cl\d1 & ( ! t5 days ,i rema9$ on ! summit 9 ,april & ,may #aijh only ?ree 7 cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,view f ! summit ( ,gebel ,elba4 ,! ph5om5on ( 8glories10 or ra9b[-col\r$ r+s r\nd ! %ad[ ( "o's head ca/ on to cl\ds bel[ :5 ! summit 0 cle>1 0 well obs]v$ 9 ! morn+s4 ,?ree r+s 7 specially di/9ct & vividly col\r$ on ,april #bf1 & ,i 0 able to measure ! diamet]s ) an improvis$ subt5se app>atus2 measur+ to ! middle ( ! yell[ 9 ea* case1 ,i f\nd ! diamet]s ( ! r+s to be #d1 #h1 & #ac1 s t ! diamet]s increase 9 ari?metical progression4 ,! %ad[ ca/ by "o's head & body 0 mo/ di/9ct :5 ! cl\d-bank 0 mo/ opaque2 ! r+s1 on ! o!r h&1 7 mo/ brilliant :5 !re 0 only a ?9 film ( cl\d4 ,! temp]atures exp]i5c$ on ! summit 7 rem>kable = _! range4 ,on ,april #be1 #bf1 & #bg1 #aijh1 ! air 0 /ill & full ( wet mi/1 & ! days 7 oppressively hot1 :ile ! nights 7 also w>m & damp4 ,on ,april #bh1 a cold nor?-we/ w9d set 91 :i* soon cle>$ ! air2 b ) ! cle>ness came su* a *ill+ ( ! air t x 0 impossible to /& up to ! in/rum5ts = obs]vations = m ?an a few m9utes at a "t2 "o 0 glad to take %elt] beh9d rocks f ! bit+ bla/1 & ?\gh we 7 well )9 ! tropics & ! spr+ 0 f> advanc$1 we sat %iv]+ ) blankets r\nd u ev5 9 ! sunnie/ & mo/ %elt]$ spots we c\ld f9d4 ,! cold la/$ till ,may #d1 :5 we desc5d$ ! m\nta9 to be half roa/$ 9 ! pla9s bel[4 ,z already rem>k$1 ,gebel ,elba is well suppli$ ) wat] s\rces4 ,! two *ief are ,bir ,akwamtra & ,bir ,kansisrob1 bo? situat$ on ! nor? side ( ! m\nta94 ,betwe5 !m is a small spr+ call$ ,megwel ,akau4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! m\nta9 are two o!r wells call$ ,bir ,salalat ,o ,sir1 & ,bir ,s>>at ,s]imtai4 ,9 times ( ra9fall !re mu/ be scores ( rock pools along e dra9age l9e4 ,k>am ,elba is a granite hill ris+ to #ehf metres above sea1 close to ! nor?-ea/ foot ( ,gebel ,elba1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a n>r[ wadi4 ,close nor? ( ,k>am ,elba are "s l[ granite hills call$ ,takrat ,riba1 :ile on ! s\? side is ano!r small granite hill call$ ,mik]iba4 ,to ! ea/ ( ,k>am ,elba are "s granite hills :i*1 ?\gh ( no great height1 are conspicu\s ow+ to _! position on ! coa/-pla91 & be+ us$ z l&m>ks by ! local ,arabs !y be> special names4 ,^! are3 ,alafot1 ,ta> ,ara1 ,krei%im1 ,abai ,sis1 & ,o ,wota1 ! la/-nam$ be+ ! l>ge/ ( !m all4 ,"s l[ banks nor? ( ,alafot are call$ ,alafot ,onqwab4 ,qa% ,amir 78,scragg$ ,hill0 ( ! ,admiralty ,*>ts7 is an isolat$ hill ris+ abruptly f a s&y pla9 at ! head ( ,wadi ,eikwan1 ab\t fifte5 kilometres we/-nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,elba4 ,qa% ,amir well des]ves ! title giv5 to x by ! ,admiralty surveyors1 = x is a mass ( %>p granite spikes :i* my be/ guides1 skill$ climb]s ?\gh !y 71 c\ld only asc5d ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,its top1 m>k$ by a beacon1 is #gbd metres above sea-level & has ! position latitude #bb #ad #ca1 longitude #cf #ab #bj4 ,i _h int5d$ to occupy ! summit z a ma9 /ation1 b ! guides :o 7 s5t to erect ! beacon report$ t ! summit 0 s %>p a spike t !re 0 b>ely room = a beacon to be built1 & t x w\ld be impossible to set up a !odolite tripod on x1 :ile !re 0 n ev5 a n>r[ l$ge :]e "o c\ld sleep )9 sev]al hundr$ metres ( ! summit4 ,gebel el ,sela is a /raggl+ gr\p ( high rugg$ granite hills ris+ f ! s&y pla9 to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,qa% ,amir4 ,! highe/ ( its peaks rea*es to #efj metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,sul ,hamid is an ext5sive tract ( l[ d>k hills1 cov]+ "s hundr$ squ>e kilometres or s to ! we/ ( ,qa% ,amir4 ,its highe/ peak is #egb metres above sea4 ,! nor? "p ( ! tract is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,di-x1 ! ea/]n "p by ! ,wadi ,eikwan1 :ile ! s\!rn dra9ages pass into a v %all[ *annel :i* c\rses we/w>d ov] a s&y pla9 t[>ds ,wadi ,di-ib1 b becomes *ok$ ) s& at ,o ,h>bub be=e rea*+ t great trunk wadi4 ,gebel ,balatitda is a gr\p ( high hills ly+ betwe5 ,gebel ,sul ,hamid & ! ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,its highe/ po9t is #eib metres above sea-level4 ,bir ,meh]iqa is situat$ at ! s\?-we/ ( ! mass1 on ! ea/ side ( ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,! nor? flanks ( ,gebel ,balatitda are swa!d 9 bl[n s&4 ,gebel ,o ,sir ,eirab is really ! s\? "p ( ,gebel ,elba2 its highe/ po9t is #hdb metres above sea4 ,?\gh its "n ,eirab means 8:ite10 ! m\nta9 is compos$ ( d>k-col\r$ rocks4 ,! explanation is t ! ,arabs always give ! names to ! wadis fir/1 & ! adjac5t ,wadi ,o ,sir ,eirab has a :ite s&y floor because x dra9s f ! granite mass ( ,elba2 ! m\nta9 is call$ aft] ! wadi ne> x4 ,gebel ,hanquf is a range ( m\nta9s "s tw5ty kilometres 9 l5g?1 /ret*+ 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,elba & sep>at+ t m\nta9 f ,gebel ,%5dib4 ,its s\?-ea/]n portion1 conta9+ ! highe/ peaks1 is ( granite1 :ile ! nor?-we/]n portion consi/s ( d>k rocks4 ,its highe/ po9t is ! nor!rly "o ( two rem>kable peaks ne> ! s\? end ( ! range1 & rises to #a1dfe metres1 :ile ano!r summit ne> ! middle ( ! range rea*es #a1cig metres4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ,gebel ,hanquf is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,o ,sir ,hadal1 a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,yoid]2 its ea/]n flanks by ! ,wadi ,s]imtai2 :ile ! we/]n dra9age is to ! ,wadi ,h>eitra1 :i* c\rses f betwe5 ,gebel ,hanquf & ,gebel ,%5dib we/w>ds to jo9 ! ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,gebel ,%5dib1 :i* lies close s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hanquf1 is a great mass ( v high light-col\r$ peaks flank$ on ! we/ by a tract ( mod]ately high hills ( d>k col\r4 ,! beacon :i* m>ks ! highe/ po9t1 #a1iab metres above sea1 is 9 latitude #bb #j #dh1 longitude #cf #af #cj4 ,%5dib is ! ?ird highe/ m\nta9 9 ,egypt prop]1 be+ surpass$ 9 altitude only by ,el ,%ayeb & ,hamata4 ,besides ! ma9 peak1 !re are num]\s o!rs exce$+ #a1fjj metres 9 height2 "o ( ^!1 "s two kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ! pr9cipal summit1 rea*es to #a1hfc metres & m>ks v ne>ly ! ,sudan fronti]2 its latitude is #ba #ei #ef1 s t x is only "s #abj metres s\? ( ! #bbnd p>allel4 ,! nor? portion ( ,%5dib is dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,h>eitra1 ! s\? "p by ,wadi ,%5dib1 bo? ^! be+ tribut>ies ( ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,gebel ,%5dodai 78,ca/le ,hill0 ( ! ,admiralty ,*>ts7 is a high m\nta9 mass ly+ ea/ ( ,gebel ,hanquf1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! ,wadi ,s]imtai4 ,its highe/ po9t1 a well-m>k$ peak1 is 9 latitude #bb #c #a1 longitude #cf #be #ca1 & rises to #a1ebi metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,%5dodai is dra9$ by ! ,wadis ,um ,seyal 7a tribut>y ( ,wadi ,s]imtai71 ,m]a ,kwan1 & ,%ellal4 ,gebel ,%ellal1 situat$ close s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,%5dodai on ! ,sudan fronti]1 is a gr\p ( m\nta9s ( slightly l[] altitude ?an ! =ego+1 its highe/ peak be+ #a1dji metres above sea-level4 ,gebel ,%ellal is dra9$ by ! ,wadis ,%ellal & ,aqilhoq1 ! latt] conta9+ a good well1 call$ ,bir ,frukit4 ,a tract ( l[ foot-hills1 "s twelve kilometres broad1 fronts ,gebels ,%5dodai & ,%ellal seaw>ds1 leav+ a bread? ( "s twelve kilometres ( g5tly slop+ coa/-pla9 betwe5 !m & ! %ore4 ,"o ( ! foot-hills ( ,gebel ,%ellal1 a conspicu\s high d>k-col\r$ ridge ne> ,bir ,frukit1 be>s ! "n ( ,gebel ,balatitda4 7,x w be notic$ t ano!r hill gr\p we/ ( ,gebel ,elba be>s ! same "n74 ,gebel ,had>ba is a little range ( felsite hills ) _m peaks ris+ f ! coa/-pla9 close to ,ras ,had>ba 7,cape ,elba ( ! ,admiralty ,*>ts74 ,a triangulation beacon on "o ( ! highe/ po9ts is 9 latitude #bb #b #ec1 longitude #cf #dg #bc1 at an altitude ( #bag metres above sea4 ,gebel ,had>ba is dra9$ by a numb] ( small wadis1 mo/ ( :i* empty !mselves into ! quicks&s ( ,kuatianai :i* cov] ! projection ( ,cape ,elba4 ,a high hill at ! s\?-we/ end ( ! ,had>ba range be>s ! special "n ( ,wiekorei1 :ile a tract ( l[ r$ hills on ! ,sudan fronti] a few kilometres s\? ( ! ,had>ba range1 is call$ ,timaiakwaia2 ?is latt] tract is *iefly dra9$ by ! ,wadi ,qabatit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #ajf3 ,! exception is ,el ,%ayeb1 9 latitude #bf #eh1 :i* atta9s a height ( #b1ahd metres4 ,see ,,b>ron & ,,hume1 ,topog4 & ,geology ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt 7,c5tral ,portion74 ,cairo1 #aijb4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ea* ( ! la/ ?ree v[els is pron\nc$ sep>ately1 s t ! ^w has f\r syllables1 ) ! acc5t on ! p5ultimate4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,! position ( ?is cairn is latitude #bc #eg #df1 longitude #ce #ab #aj4 ,footnote #aji3 ,! position ( ! cairn is latitude #bd #d #da1 longitude #ce #ae #cd4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,by measurem5t ) ! !odolite ,i f\nd ! av]age slopes ( ! m\nta9 to be #ce1 & _m p>ts h d\ble ?is incl9ation4 ,! v]tical angle f my camp to ! summit 0 ov] #bc4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,! ^w ,elba 7,bi%>i7 means 8:ite m\nta940 ,! designation 8,gebel0 is ?us /rictly speak+ sup]flu\s1 b is conv5i5t z ! ,bi%>i tongue is s little kn[n4 ,footnote #aab3 ,pr(4 ,s*we9fur? in=ms me t ! tree is ! dragon's-blood tree1 ,draca5a ombet v4 ,heugl92 he himself did n see x 9 ! ,elba neighb\rhood1 & its occurr5ce has n hi!rto be5 record$ fur!r nor? ?an ! ,erk[it di/rict ( ! ,sudan 7latitude ab\t #ai71 :]e ! native "n = ! tree is to-omba or t'ombet4 ,see ,bollett9o della ,societ ,africana d',italia3 ,naples1 #ahia4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wat] ,,supplies4#aac 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s\rces ( wat] 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 z 9 ! ,egyptian des]ts g5]ally1 may be divid$ into ?ree ma9 classes3-- 7#a7 ,spr+s2 7#b7 ,wells2 7#c7 ,rock bas9s4 ,spr+s4 ,z spr+s are classifi$ ^? wat] s\rces :]e wat] issues naturally f ! rocks1 ei!r above or ne> gr\nd level1 )\t ! aid ( artificial excavation4 ,z w be se5 on look+ ?r\gh ! li/ ( wat] s\rces on pp4 #bdd to #bej1 spr+s are less common ?an wells & rock bas9s1 b "s ( ! be/ kn[n wat] s\rces1 su* z ^? ( ,abraq1 ,abu ,saafa1 ,abu ,hodeid1 & ,m5eiga1 belong to ?is class4 ,! ,arabic ^w = spr+ is ,a91 b ! ,b$\9 seldom use ?is ^w1 call+ spr+s & wells alike ,bir1 :i* prop]ly signifies a well4 ,small spr+s are call$ ,megal by ! ,ababda1 & ,megwel by ! ,bi%>9 tribes4 ,spr+s may occur 9 any k9d ( rock1 b ! rock mu/ be ei!r ( a por\s nature or mu/ conta9 fissures4 ,?us ! spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa & ,abraq occur 9 s&/one1 :i* is itself por\s & p]mits ! passage ( wat] ?r\gh ! body ( ! rock1 :ile ! spr+s ( ,m5eiga occur 9 a cru%$ s]p5t9e1 :i*1 ?\gh n itself a por\s rock1 is full ( fissures & cru%-planes1 & ?us is capable ( hold+ & giv+ passage to und]gr\nd wat]s4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( ! non-porosity & ! comp>ative fewness ( fissures 9 granitic rocks t spr+s are seldom se5 to issue f rocks ( ?is class4 ,! collect+ areas ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t spr+s are mo/ly 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! spr+s !mselves4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa & ,abraq are f$ by ! ra9fall on ! great s&/one plateaux :i* surr\nd !m1 :ile ^? ( ,m5eiga are suppli$ by ! ra9fall on ! m\nta9 mass ( ,gebel ,g]f4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t ! wat]s d n travel v f> und]gr\nd be=e !y issue f ! spr+s1 ! wat] is g5]ally cool4 ,! yield ( ! spr+s is usually small1 r>ely exce$+ t5 litres a m9ute f any individual spr+1 b x is wond]fully con/ant2 ! rocks ( ! collect+ area =m a huge res]voir :i* only p>ts sl[ly ) its wat] cont5ts1 & ?us spr+s may g on yield+ supplies :51 aft] a succession ( ?ree or f\r ne>ly ra9less ye>s1 _m ( ! wells & rock bas9s are q dry4 ,z a rule1 spr+ wat]s are v cle> & potable4 ,! pure/ are ^? :i* pass ?r\gh silice\s rocks su* z s&/one2 :]e ! rocks are ri* 9 lime & magnesia1 z s]p5t9es & gabbros1 ! salt-cont5t ( ! spr+ may be fairly consid]able1 b !re is no kn[n spr+ 9 ?is "p ( ,egypt ( :i* ! wat] is s salt z to be disagreable to ! ta/e4#aad ,x is _! con/ancy comb9$ ) ! purity ( _! wat] t makes ! spr+s ! mo/ highly priz$ ( des]t wat] s\rces4 ,spr+s are mo/ly on or ne> ! ma9 camel roads1 = ! roads are naturally select$ s z to utilise ^! con/ant wat] supplies4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! spr+ is situat$ up a lat]al valley "s little di/ance f ! ma9 track1 & is m or less difficult ( access4 ,! spr+s ( ,abu ,saafa are on a ma9 road1 :]e ! ,wadi ,hode9 cuts cleanly ?r\gh ! s&/one plateau2 b ^? ( ,m5eiga1 be+ at ! head ( a cul-de-sac1 are only approa*able by a bran* track4 ,at l>ge spr+s ! ,arabs g5]ally dig out a s]ies ( bas9s into :i* ! wat] fl[s1 s t ^! are always full ( wat] ready = ! camels ( a c>avan to dr9k4 ,at megals !re is usually no pool1 or only a v small "o1 9 s& or detritus2 ?is s& is scoop$ out & ! wat] is bal$ f ! hole ) a t9 c4 ,! abs5ce ( a pool is probably due to a desire to *eck evaporation4 ,! fl[ at a megal is frequ5tly s small t only a few litres p] h\r c be obta9$2 ! small trickl+ spr+ ( ,sikait1 = in/ance1 0 yield+ only tw5ty gallons ( wat] p] diem 9 #aijf1 b ev5 ?is small supply 0 highly priz$ by ! m9]s work+ !re1 on acc\nt ( its purity z a dr9k+ wat]4 ,megals are m likely to run dry ?an ! l>g] spr+s1 ow+ to _! small] collect+ area4 ,any attempt to increase ! fl[ ( spr+s by bla/+ or excavation w\ld probably only give an increase 9 yield at ! exp5se ( con/ancy2 ! ?rottl+ ( ! efflux is d\btless 9 _m cases ! *ief reason = ! p]5nial "* ( ! yield ( a spr+1 ! ra9fall be+ insuffici5t to ma9ta9 great] supplies ?an ! spr+s yield at pres5t4 ,wells4 ,! wells ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt are mo/ly %all[ excavations 9 ! alluvia ( ! wadi floors1 tapp+ ! dra9age wat]s :i* sl[ly p]colate und]gr\nd ,nilew>ds & seaw>ds f ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,!y are naturally m frequ5t 9 ! di/ricts ne> to ! m\nta9 ranges ?an 9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! wadis1 & ! be/ wells are usually 9 well-def9$ trunk wadis :i* collect ! dra9age f myriads ( small] valleys4 ,! wells sunk 9 ! wadis at po9ts remote f ! m\nta9 ranges are ( imm5se importance to travell]s cross+ f ! ,nile1 =m+ z !y d ! only supplies 9 an o!rwise wat]less j\rney ( sev]al days4 ,on an av]age1 wat] is rea*$ at a dep? ( eight to t5 metres2 occasionally1 :]e ! wadi is cross$ und]gr\nd by a rocky b>1 ! natural damm+ enables wat] to be rea*$ at v %all[ dep?s4 ,! %afts dug by ! ,arabs are g5]ally wide & v crook$1 9 ord] to p]mit ( a man desc5d+ to fill a wat]-sk94 ,usually a 8well0 consi/s ( ?ree or f\r su* %afts sunk 9 proximity4 ,occasionally1 especially 9 ! ,bi%>9 c\ntry1 ! %afts are l9$ ) rubble masonry1 & r\gh timb]s may be /ret*$ across ! m\? to facilitate hoi/+ by ropes4 ,!re is nev] any hoi/+ ge> except at m9es2 rope is too mu* priz$ by ! ,arabs = x to be possible to leave ropes ungu>d$ at a well1 s ea* c>avan uses its own rope & sk9s4 ,occasionally1 ! %aft is s crank$ t ! wat] _c be se5 f above4 ,! reason = ?is is *iefly laz9ess 9 excavation2 x is easi] to deep5 a well by driv+ out lat]ally a %ort di/ance & !n s9k+ a n>r[ pit1 ?r[+ out ! excavat$ mat]ial into ! l>g] ma9 %aft1 ?an to hoi/ all to ! surface4 ,ne> ! wells "o usually f9ds hods1 or mud bas9s1 into :i* ! ,arabs p\r ! hoi/$ wat] = _! animals to dr9k4 ,frequ5tly !re are high hods = camels & l[ ones = %eep & goats4 ,aft] e consid]able ra9fall ! wells become fill$ up ) /ony d[nwa%1 & h to be dug out afre%4 ,!re is no protective wall to prev5t infill+2 &1 contr>y to :at might at fir/ be ?\ght1 x is n laz9ess :i* conditions ?is circum/ance4 ,to ! ,arab1 wells are a la/ res\rce4 ,aft] ra91 all ! galts 7rock bas9s7 are full ( good wat]4 ,! ,arab kn[s t ! supplies 9 ^! galts w evaporate1 :ile ^? 9 ! wells1 cov]$ 9 by alluvium1 are safe f loss by ?is cause4 ,he !re=e draws 8 supplies f galts z long z he c1 & only :5 ^! are empty does he op5 ! wells4 ,! ma9 wells nev] fail except aft] unusually prolong$ dr\ght1 & !n ! condition ( ! ,arab is sore inde$4 ,! ,bi%>9 d n dr9k mu* wat]1 pref]r+ to n\ri% !mselves on ! milk ( _! flocks & h]ds2 b 9 times ( dr\ght ! milk supply falls (f because !re is n suffici5t moi/ vegetation = ! animals to fe$ on4 ,! quality ( wat] f ! wells v>ies enorm\sly ) _! situation & at diff]5t times4 ,:5 wat] is abundant1 x is g5]ally good2 b z ! supply falls (f & ! wells h to be deep5$1 ! sl[ infiltration c>ries abundance ( sodium1 calcium1 & magnesium salts f ! rocks1 & ! wat] is !n (t5 v unpleasant4 ,! foll[+ analyses by ,mr4 ,lucas ( wat]-samples f "s ( ! wells 9 #aijf w give a good g5]al idea ( ! salts pres5t2 ! figures give milligrammes p] litre 7p>ts p] million73-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,bir ,sikait ,bir ,bir ,bir ,abu ,%adli#aae ,bir ,well4,masur4,metawit4,hamamid4--------- ---,helie4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total solid matt] 9 solution #g1cfj #hhj #d1jbj #a1gbj #b1chj #b1ihj #d1jdj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,cl #a1bfc #eg #a1jbg #bbe #eee #gdi #cbc ,,s#c #b1ecj #bfc #a1jdb #cah #edj #ggf #a1ddg ,ca,o #aaf #bjj #cej #ccj #caj #aaf #faj ,mg,o #aaf #bi #aaf #hg #fi #aaf #baa ---------------------------------------- -------- ,equival5t ( ,cl z ,na,cl #b1jge #id #a1fhg #cgj #iab #a1bca #ecj ,equival5t ( ,,s#c z ,na#b,,s#d #a1hej #a1cgg #dff #eej #ifj #a1cgg #b1efi ,alkal9ity to me?yl orange calculat$ z ,na,h,c,o#c #ejj #bbb #eej #hdh #bih #bfj #fea ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,all ! above wat]s 7 q dr9kable1 ?\gh t ( ! ,sikait well 0 r disagreably salty4 ,an analysis ( ! wat] ( "o ( ! ,halaib wells 9 #ahie is giv5 by ,dr4 ,natt]]1#aag :o f\nd 79 p>ts p] million73-- ,cl #ccf ,,s#d #ddi ,,co#c #dh ,dr4 ,natt]] records t ! sample1 :i* 0 cle>1 ta/$ slightly alkal9e1 & conta9$ v di/9ct traces ( nitrites & nitrates1 free c>bon dioxide1 free ammonia1 & organic matt]4 ,dur+ my /ay ( f\r days at ,halaib 9 ,may #aijh1 ,i drank regul>ly ( ! local well-wat]2 ,i f\nd x v h>d1 & ?\gh ! ,arabs seem$ to l x1 its action on myself 0 s /rongly ap]i5t t ,i s5t into ! m\nta9s to ,bir ,frukit = pur] supplies = use on ! long m>* to ,port ,sudan4 ,z a rule1 x is ! magnesium salts :i* are ! mo/ h>mful con/itu5ts1 ! sulphate giv+ a /rong purgative "* to ! wat]4 ,su* salts are naturally pres5t 9 greate/ quantity :]e ! rocks are gypse\s1 z = in/ance along ! coa/ to ! s\? ( ,halaib1 :]e ! wells ( ,ti ,kureitra1 sunk 9 gypsum & l9$ ) blocks ( sel5ite1 yield wat] ( s purgative a "* t all my ,arabs :o drank ( x became viol5tly ill4 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! rocks are ( v basic igne\s types1 su* z gabbros & s]p5t9es1 ! salt-cont5t may also be fairly high4 ,wat] f diorite c\ntry is some:at bett]1 t f granite bett] /ill1 & t f s&/one be/ ( all4 ,!re are practically no wells 9 clayey /rata )9 ! region "h treat$ (1 b ,bir ,qoleib1 :i* is on ! road f ,d>aw at ab\t two days' j\rney ea/ ( ! ,nile1 is sunk at ! foot ( a clayey sc>p1 & ! wat]1 :5 ,i p>took ( x 9 #aijg1 0 cl\d$ ) clayey matt] s f9ely divid$ z to be unfilt]able ?r\gh a ,b]kefeld filt] ev5 "u /rong pressure1 :ile ! physiological action ( ! wat] 0 to produce v m>k$ con/ipation4 ,wells ne> ! sea coa/ are liable to be v salty f infiltration ( sea wat]4 ,z a rule1 ! v salt wells1 su* z ,bir ,murra1 ,bir ,muelih1 ,bir ,%alate91 & ,ti ,kureitra1 are us$ only by camels & %eep4 ,:5 ! ,arabs h to dr9k purgative wat] = lack ( o!r supplies1 !y (t5 mix milk ) x1 & ,i h f\nd x wise to imitate !m 9 ?is respect1 ) lib]al addition ( br&y 9 "s cases4 ,wells are g5]ally nam$ aft] ! wadi 9 :i* !y occur1 e4g41 ,bir ,abu ,ha%im is ! well 9 ,wadi ,abu ,ha%im4 ,a bitt] well is (t5 call$ ,bir ,murra4#aah ,a deep well is call$ ,s>>at by ! ,bi%>91 e4g41 ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet is ! deep well 9 ,wadi ,seyet4 ,que/ions are (t5 ask$ z to :e!r x is n possible to increase ! available wat] supplies by s9k+ fre% wells4 ,:]e x is a "q ( s9k+ a new well 9 ! middle ( a long wat]less /ret*1 or :]e ! object is to s9k a fre% well ne> an exi/+ salty "o 9 ord] to obta9 a dr9kable quality ( wat] 7& ^! are ! two mo/ usual cases71 success _c be pr$ict$ ) any c]ta9ty1 ev5 9 ! mo/ likely look+ spots4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?\gh ! pres5t ,arabs may be lazy1 ! old] t5ants ( ! des]t 7 m active4 ,we h only to look at ! old m9+ c5tres to see ?is4 ,! probability is t ! old m9]s 7 j z mu* worri$ by ! sc>city ( wat] z we are to-day1 & ) ! *eap convict lab\r !n available we may re/ assur$ t e attempt 0 made to increase ! supply4 ,& x is n probable t ! ,arabs w h all[$ to fall into disuse any exi/+ well on an o!rwise wat]less road1 s t x is likely t mo/ ( ! wells 9 ! wadis remote f ! m\nta9s are at spots specially fav\rable :i* h be5 discov]$ by a labori\s process ( trial & error4 ,confirmation ( ?is view is suppli$ by ! failure ( new wells sunk at consid]able co/ 9 likely-look+ places1 z = in/ance at ,abu ,rahal1 :]e a well c>ri$ d[n to ov] sixty metres' dep? fail$ to f9d wat]4 ,:]e mod]n wells h obta9$ wat]1 !y h usually be5 sunk ne> to or on ! site ( exi/+ wells1 z = in/ance ne> ! temple ( ,seti ,i & at ! diff]5t m9+ c5tres2 9 ^! cases x has sometimes be5 f\nd possible to increase ! supply by go+ deep]4 ,& ) reg>d to obta9+ sweet wat] by s9k+ new wells ne> to old salty ones1 no success c be hop$ = if ! salt9ess is due to a g5]al salt-cont5t 9 ! surr\nd+ rocks2 ! ,m9es ,dep>tm5t well 9 ,wadi ,mellaha#aai yield$ no bett] wat] ?an ! ,arab well 9 ! same wadi1 because ! alluvium ev]y:]e 9 ! wadi conta9s abundance ( salt4 ,9 "s cases1 x may be1 ! promotion ( a m rapid fl[ w\ld lead to a slight less5+ 9 ! sal9ity2 b if a well becomes salt m]ely by evaporation result+ f /agnation1 t v fact %[s t x is n mu* us$ by ! ord9>y travell]2 & moreov] ! rate ( fl[ ( ! und]gr\nd wat] is n z a rule suffici5tly rapid to yield l>ge supplies1 ev5 f wide excavations4 ,9 ! s\? p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ! ra9fall is great]1 x is possible1 nay1 ev5 likely1 t _m new wells c\ld be sunk ) success2 b 9 ^! localities exi/+ wells are m abundant & ! necessity = new wells does n arise4 ,rock ,bas9s 7,galts74 ,! typical rock bas91 call$ a galt#abj by ! ,arabs1 is a smoo?-sid$ cavity 9 ! rocky floor ( a /eep gorge dra9+ a l>ge mass ( high hills4 ,galts are g5]ally difficult ( access1 be+ situat$ 9 ! high] p>ts ( v /ony wadis1 s t "o has to tramp (t5 ov] miles ( /eeply ris+ /ony gr\nd to rea* !m4 ,galts ab\nd 9 all high m\nta9-masses 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 & furni% ! great] portion ( ! wat] supply ( ! population4 ,! capacity ( galts v>ies v mu*2 "s hold millions ( litres4 ,(t5 !re is a *a9 ( successive galts at int]vals along ! l5g? ( a gorge1 & aft] ra9 ! :ole s]ies is fill$1 :ile mu* ov]fl[s & runs to wa/e4 ,! orig9 ( ! rocky bas9s is g5]ally due to pot-hol+ action on a l>ge scale4 ,galts may occur 9 rocks ( any h>d type1 b are mo/ commonly met ) 9 eruptive rocks4 ,s&/one galts nev] rema9 long full1 ow+ to ! p]meable nature ( ! rocks4 ,! l>ge ,galt el ,aguz ne> ,gebel ,um ,h>ba1 :i* f ! inscriptions ne> x 0 evid5tly kn[n & us$ 9 ,ptolemaic times1 is 9 s&/one1 receiv+ 9 fact ! sup]ficial run-(f f ! same high mass ( s&/one hills z furni% ! collect+ area = fe$+ by p]colation & und]gr\nd fl[ ! adjac5t spr+s ( ,bir ,abraq & ,abu ,saafa2 b ! galt is seldom full = m ?an a mon? or two1 :ile ! spr+s are con/ant4 ,! wat] supply ( galts dep5ds fir/ly on ! ra9fall ( ! di/rict2 secondly1 on ! exi/+ dra9age sy/em2 ?irdly1 on ! pres5ce & size ( erod$ bas9s along ! l9es ( dra9age2 f\r?ly1 on ! nature ( ! rocks =m+ ! bas91 &1 la/ly1 on ! degree ( exposure to evaporation4 ,! ra9fall 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t is (t5 v local4 ,a s]ies ( galts full "o ye> may be dry ! next1 :ile ^? ( ano!r area may %[ a rev]se /ate ( ?+s4 ,! dra9age sy/em mo/ fav\rable to galts is "o =m$ by ! union ( long n>r[ /eep-sid$ gullies into a s+le gorge4 ,! pres5ce ( bas9s is condition$ by ! /eepness ( ! dra9age & ! h>dness ( ! rocky floor2 if ! rocks are s(t or mu* cru%$1 galts are v unlikely to occur4 ,aga91 if ! bas9 is =m$ ( p]meable ?\gh h>d rock1 !re w be rapid loss by infiltration4 ,evaporation is g5]ally f> less rapid at galts ?an 9 op5 c\ntry1 because be+ 9 n>r[ gorges galts only receive ! sun's rays = a few h\rs ( ! day1 & are1 moreov]1 %elt]$ f w9ds4 ,! quality ( galt wat] v>ies v mu* ) ! int]val s9ce ra9fall & ) ! nature ( ! rocks4 ,s&/one galts are v pure1 because ( _! %ort life & ! silice\s nature ( ! rock4 ,s]p5t9e & diorite galts conta9 magnesium & o!r salts1 & z ! loss by evaporation cont9ues ! wat] may become some:at bitt] & purgative by conc5tration ( ^! sal9e con/itu5ts1 ?\gh galts nev] suff] to ! ext5t t "s wells d 9 ?is respect4 ,a galt is frequ5tly accompani$ by a small spr+ 7megal or megwel72 ! galt repres5ts ! run-(f1 :ile ! spr+ receives ! p]colat+ wat]4 ,?us = mon?s aft] a galt is empty x may 9 "s cases be possible to obta9 wat] 9 small quantity by scoop+ out s&-fill$ rock cavities close to ! bas94 ,galts are g5]ally nam$ aft] ! m\nta9 9 :i* !y occur1 ?\gh :5 l>ge & well kn[n !y may h special names giv5 to !m1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,galt el ,aguz m5tion$ above4 ,rem>ks on ,wat] ,transport4 ,z w be ga!r$ f ! map on ,plate ,,iii1 wat] supplies are seldom m ?an two days' m>* ap>t 9 ?is "p ( ,egypt4 ,= ! ord9>y travell] x w !re=e be usually an ample provision to c>ry f\r days' supply2 9 special cases1 :]e x is desir$ to camp = any purpose remote f wat] s\rces1 special provision w ( c\rse h to be made4 ,!re is seldom any tr\ble ) ! ,arabs ab\t _! own wat]1 z :5 _! supplies run %ort "o or two camels c always be deta*$ f a c>avan to fill _! sk9s f ! ne>e/ well1 & !y are always cont5t to travel day & night = ?is purpose4 ,) reg>d to ! quantity ( wat] to be c>ri$1 ,i f\nd t5 gallons p] ,european p] day to be ample1 includ+ wat] = cook+ & = "o's p]sonal s]vants4 ,wat] is be/ c>ri$ 9 rectangul> galvaniz$ iron tanks1 ea* hold+ t5 gallons1 fitt$ ) a good brass or wood5 plug2 two ( ^! c>ri$ horizontally make a light camel load1 & on ! m>* "o c add a little 9 ! %ape ( t5ts or b$d+ to ! load4 ,i h tri$ ! b>rel-%ap$ galvanis$ /eel tanks us$ by ! m9+ companies1 :i* hold sixte5 gallons ea* & are easily c>ri$ v]tically1 a pair =m+ a camel load2 b ,i h f\nd !m mu* m liable to damage ?an ! small] rectangul> tanks1 & d n recomm5d !m = regul> des]t travel4 ,li/ ( ,wat] ,s\rces4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/ ,i h summ>iz$ all ! wat] s\rces kn[n to me 9 ord] ( latitude f nor? to s\?4 ,i believe ! li/ conta9s all s\rces t are ( importance1 b x is d\btless f> f be+ complete z reg>ds ! rock bas9s ( ! m\nta9 areas = two reasons4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,arabs are (t5 reluctant to po9t out ! s\rces1 m especially 9 ! m arid p>ts ( ! ,ababda c\ntry2 & secondly1 z already rem>k$1 s9ce ! rock bas9s dep5d = _! supplies entirely on comp>atively rec5t ra9fall ar\nd !m1 !y v>y v mu* 9 yield 9 diff]5t ye>s1 s t bas9s :i* are ( great use 9 "o ye> may be totally dry ! next1 & vice-v]sa1 & guides seldom take ! tr\ble to po9t out a dry bas91 ev5 if 9 "s o!r ye> x may h held a useful /ore ( wat]4 ,) reg>d to ! accuracy ( ! positions giv5 9 ! li/1 x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! case ( wells actually visit$ ! position is giv5 to seconds1 & ! localisation may be reli$ on )9 at mo/ a few hundr$ metres2 :ile = wells n actually se5 b ^: positions 7 po9t$ out by guides f "s di/ance1 ! coord9ates are usually only giv5 to m9utes1 & ^! positions are unc]ta9 by l>g] am\nts1 up to two or ?ree kilometres 9 extreme cases4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ t wat] supplies c always be obta9$ at all ! localities nam$4 ,z already rem>k$1 rock bas9s w usually only be full if ra9 has fall5 9 ! di/rict comp>atively rec5tly1 l>ge rock bas9s may furni% supplies = a ye> aft] ra9fall1 b ! small] ones la/ only a few mon?s1 weeks1 or ev5 days4 ,! res]ves are ! wells1 mo/ ( :i* nev] run dry except aft] a succession ( ra9less ye>s4 ,b :5 rock bas9s are full1 _m ( ! wells are fill$ ) d[nwa%1 & digg+ mu/ be resort$ to 9 ord] to re-op5 !m4 ,a travell] arriv+ at a 8well0 sometimes f9ds no evid5ce :atev] ( its exi/5ce beyond ! guides po9t+ to a spot on ! gr\nd ) ! /atem5t 8el bir h5a0 7! well is "h74 ,! explanation is t ! well has be5 fill$ ) alluvial matt] wa%$ d[n ! valley by rec5t ra92 b t same ra9fall w h fill$ ! rock bas9s 9 ! hills1 & ! ,arabs leave ! digg+ out ( ! well until ! bas9s are empty aga94 ,9 o!r cases a well may be f\nd to be dry ?r\gh ! wat]-level hav+ sunk bel[ ! dep? to :i* ! well 0 la/ op5$1 & by deep5+ x a foot or s "o may obta9 a supply4 ,! notes 9 ! column head$ 8,rem>ks10 on ! quality ( ! wat] ( ! v>i\s s\rces1 are mo/ly bas$ on ! obs]vations ( a s+le ye>1 & mu/ !re=e only be tak5 z g5]al guides4 ,usually1 ! %ort] ! int]val s9ce ra9 has fall51 ! bett] are ! supplies1 bo? 9 quantity & quality4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,wat] ,,s\rces4#aba ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,"n4 ,latitude,longitude ,rem>ks4 ,n4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,galt ,um ,tundeba #bd #ee #becd #de #ec ,rock bas9 9 rav9e1 #a kilometre f ,wadi ,um ,tundeba4 ,gave good supply ( pure wat] 9 #aijf4 ,galt 9 ,gebel ,ghuel #bd #ed #jcd #ci #j ,l>ge rock bas9s1 yield+ a good supply 9 #aije-aijf4 ,bir ,muelih #bd #ea #cecc #ei #eb ,9 ,wadi ,muelih4 ,v salt1 only dr9kable by animals4 ,hangalia well #bd #ej #bgcd #ce #dj ,mod]n well 9 ,wadi ,hangalia1 sunk by m9]s4 ,supply small & ( poor quality4 ,galt ,um ,k>aba 7,migif7#bd #dh #dhcd #bg #ee ,l>ge rock bas9s1 yield+ a good supply 9 #aije-aijf4 ,r difficult ( access = camels4 ,bir ,ghadir #bd #dh #becd #dg #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,ghadir4 ,fill$ by d[nwa% 9 #aijf4 ,megal el ,h>ami #bd #dg #cdcd #cd #ae ,small spr+ 9 rav9e on we/ side ( ,wadi ,nugrus4 ,yields = "s mon?s aft] ra9fall4 ,wat] v good4 ,bir ,sibrit #bd #dc #jcc #eh #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,sibrit2 wat] ab\t #h metres d[n1 ( good quality4 ,supply /at$ to be con/ant4 ,bir ,murra #bd #da #jcd #aa #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,%ait4 ,wat] salt1 only dr9kable by camels4 ,hami% m9e #bd #da #jcd #f #j ,wat] 9 m9e %afts1 t 9 ! we/]nmo/ ( ?ree %afts good 9 #aijf4 ,well 9 ,wadi ,hami%1 close to m9es1 #ae metres deep1 dry 9 #aijf4 ,sikait1 spr+ #bd #dj #ejcd #dg #aj ,t9y trickl+ spr+ ( good wat]4 ,yields only ab\t #ej litres p] day1 b supply ( v good quality & said to be con/ant4 ,sikait1 nor? well #bd #dj #abcd #df #j ,mod]n well1 sunk by m9]s4 ,0 yield+ fair quantity 9 #aijf1 b ( m$iocre quality4 ,sikait1 s\? well #bd #ci #chcd #dg #de ,simil> to la/2 bo? wells are 9 ! floor ( ,wadi ,sikait4 ,bir ,um ,gubur #bd #cg #jcd #e #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,%ait4 ,wat] ab\t #h metres d[n1 good & pl5tiful 9 #aijf4 ,bir ,abu ,_h #bd #cd #jcd #cf #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,abu ,_h1 ne> its head1 at junction ( two roads to ,sikait4 ,wat] salty4 ,bir ,masur #bd #ca #jcd #ac #j ,sev]al wells 9 floor ( small wadi4 ,wat] good1 ab\t #aj metres d[n 9 #aijf1 b supplies _c be reli$ on4 ,bir el ,ranga #bd #bf #jce #ac #j ,v salt well1 close to sea4 ,galt ,um ,g]ifat #bd #bb #eecd #dj #bj ,rock bas9 9 gorge (f ,wadi ,huluz4 ,0 yield+ good supply 9 #aijf4 ,bir ,metawit #bd #ag #jcd #ca #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,metawit1 on road betwe5 ,bir ,%adli & ,bir ,masur4 ,said to yield con/ant supply4 ,wat] ab\t #h metres d[n1 good & cle> 9 #aijf4 ,bir ,kha%ab #bd #af #jcd #bc #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,kha%ab4 ,n to be dep5d$ on4 ,dry 9 spr+ ( #aijf1 b yield+ a small supply ( m$iocre "* 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye>4 ,bir ,%adli #bd #ab #ccd #cg #ee ,spr+ or well ne> tomb ( ,%eikh4 ,p]5nial supply ( v>iable quality & quantity4 ,fav\rite meet+ place ( ,ababda ,arabs4 ,bir ,abu ,hamamid #bd #ab #jcd #bi #j ,well sunk ab\t #g metres 9 floor ( ,wadi ,abu ,hamamid4 ,yield+ l>ge supplies ( r salty & muddy wat] 9 #aijf4 ,am> ,spr+ #bd #aj #jce #i #j ,spr+ ( good wat] 9 diorite hills s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,hamata4 ,well 9 ,wadi ,abu #bd #g #jcd #bf #j ,wells sunk 9 wadi floor4 ,hamamid ,dry 9 #aijf4 ,bir ,helie #bd #e #jcd #cb #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,helie4 ,excell5t wat] 9 spr+ ( #aijf1 b r salty lat] on 9 ! ye>4 ,quality evid5tly v>ies consid]ably ) int]val s9ce ra9fall4 ,megal ,um ,gunud #bc #eh #ejce #aj #ej ,a small] rock bas9 9 ,gebel ,um ,gunud1 (f ,wadi ,lahami1 ne> to ,galt ,um ,gunud4 ,galt ,um ,gunud #bc #eh #ajce #aa #bj ,rock bas91 9 ,gebel ,um ,gunud4 ,yield$ supplies 9 #aijf4 ,accessible f ,wadi ,lahami4 ,megal el ,selaia #bc #ef #eecd #eb #ej ,small spr+ 9 s& at foot ( rocks ne> ,gebel ,selaia4 ,yield small & n to be dep5d$ on = long aft] ra94 ,galt ,batoga #bc #ea #bjce #ba #cj ,rock bas9 at foot ( ,gebel ,batoga (f ,wadi ,kalalat4 ,wat] good1 pl5tiful1 & fairly easy ( access 9 #aijg4 ,galt ,um ,maiyat #bc #ej #bce #ah #ae -- ,galt 9 ,gebel ,dahanib #bc #dd #dece #i #ej ,rock bas9 9 rav9e1 conta9+ wat] aft] ra92 ab\t a cubic metre 9 #aijg4 ,bir ,%5%ef #bc #dd #jce #bc #j ,sev]al small wells 9 ,wadi ,%5%ef ne> ru9s4 ,wat] good4 ,bir ,abu ,ha%im #bc #da #efcd #d #bf ,sev]al wells 9 alluvial floor ( wadi4 ,wat] good & pl5tiful1 ab\t #h metres d[n 9 #aijg4 ,bir ,betan1 we/ well #bc #ch #jce #c #ae ,well 9 floor ( ,wadi ,betan1 ab\t #fjj metres l[] d[n ?an =ego+1 close to :]e ,wadi ,um ,eleiga ent]s ,wadi ,betan4 ,fill$ by d[nwa% 9 #aijg4 ,bir ,betan1 ea/ well #bc #cg #eece #c #ce ,well 9 floor ( ,wadi ,betan1 ne> small seyal tree4 ,fill$ by alluvium 9 #aijj4 ,galt ne> ,gebel ,abu #bc #cg #jce #e #bj ,rock bas9 9 nor?-we/ ,dahr flank ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr4 ,0 yield+ a good supply 9 #aijg4 ,bir ,rahaba #bc #cc #cjce #i #ed ,well 9 alluvium ( ,wadi ,rahaba4 ,fill$ by d[nwa% 9 #aijg4 ,bir ,abu ,reye #bc #cc #jce #i #j -- ,galt el ,aguz #bc #cb #cjcd #ce #j ,l>ge rock bas9 9 s&/one1 ne> easy pass ov] wat]%$ at head ( ,wadi ,arn$4 ,yields excell5t wat] = %ort "t only aft] ra94 ,bir el ,gahlia #bc #ca #jce #h #j -- ,bir ,abu ,beid #bc #ca #jcd #eh #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,abu ,beid4 ,0 yield+ a fair quantity ( good wat] 9 #aijf4 ,bir el ,sunta #bc #be #ejcd #dg #dj ,spr+ =m+ pool at foot ( s&/one sc>p ( ,gebel ,abraq4 ,good wat]4 ,bir ,abu ,dibesat #bc #be #fcd #dg #aj ,spr+ =m+ small pool at foot ( s&/one sc>p ( ,gebel ,abraq4 ,wat] good4 ,bir ,abraq #bc #bd #efcd #dg #bj ,spr+ =m+ pool 9 gully ( ,gebel ,abraq4 ,supply con/ant1 good1 & pl5tiful4 ,bir ,gumbit #bc #bd #jcd #di #j ,at edge ( s&/one hills2 probably a spr+ simil> to ^? ( ,abraq4 ,bir ,orga #bc #ba #jce #c #j ,well /at$ to exi/ 9 ,wadi ,orga el ,rayani4 ,megal ne> ,abu ,saafa #bc #ai #cjcd #dh #dj ,spr+8 9 small wadi (f ,wadi ,hode94 ,unimportant1 be+ close to ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s4 ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s #bc #ah #icd #dg #de ,f\r spr+s yield+ con/ant supply ( v pure wat]1 at foot ( s&/one sc>p 9 ,wadi ,hode94 ,pools easy ( access to camels4 ,galt 9 ,wadi ,gihab #bc #ag #ecd #dh #aj ,l>ge rock bas9 9 ,wadi ,gihab ,yakub ,abu ,d]b4 ,pool ( good ra9 wat] #f metres diamet] 9 #aijg4 ,easily accessible to camels4 ,bir ,um ,reit #bc #ac #cfcd #ce #c ,well sunk 9 floor ( ,wadi ,um ,reit4 ,wat] ( m$iocre quality4 ,bir ,dif #bc #ab #dbcd #di #ee ,spr+ =m+ two pools 9 ! /ony b$ ( ,wadi ,dif4 ,wat] good4 ,bir ,%alate9 #bc #h #ece #cf #bh ,v salt well ne> sea at m\? ( ,wadi ,hode94 ,dr9kable only by camels4 ,po9t on adm9i/rative b\nd>y betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,bir ,beida1 nor? well #bb #eh #fce #ah #aj ,9 ,wadi ,beida1 ab\t #ejj metres fur!r d[n ?an s\? well1 at a b5d 9 ! wadi4 ,good wat]1 yields ?ree ye>s aft] ra9fall1 b supply infiltrates sl[ly4 ,bir ,beida1 s\? well #bb #eg #ecce #ah #aj ,9 ,wadi ,beida1 close to :]e track to ,bir ,m5eiga leaves x4 ,dry 9 #aijg4 ,bir ,madi #bb #dg #dfce #a #dh ,well sunk 9 alluvium ( ,wadi ,madi1 at a b5d 9 a n>r[ gorge at foot ( a high granite hill4 ,pl5ty ( good wat] 9 #aijg-aijh4 ,bir ,m5eiga1 nor? #bb #dg #hce #ab #bj ,simil> to ,bir ,m5eiga1 spr+ s\? spr+1 to :i* x is v close4 ,po9t on adm9i/rative b\nd>y betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,bir ,m5eiga1 s\? #bb #df #eece #ab #ae ,t9y pool 9 rocky spr+ floor ( ,wadi ,m5eiga1 :i* refills z fa/ z empti$4 ,easily accessible to camels4 ,wat] excell5t4 ,bir ,korbiai #bb #df #eece #aj #ce ,two wells ( excell5t wat] 9 ! rocky gorge ( ,wadi ,korbiai4 ,said to yield = ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] ra94 ,bir ,muqur #bb #db #bfce #ah #e ,trickl+ spr+ ) pools 9 s]p5t9e1 9 ,wadi ,muqur4 ,0 yield+ ab\t five litres p] m9ute 9 #aijh4 ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet #bb #da #ajce #a #ei ,deep well 9 ,wadi ,seyet2 fill$ by d[nwa% 9 #aijg-aijh4 ,bir ,diqdib #bb #da #jce #ac #j ,spr+8 high up 9 ,wadi ,diqdib1 s\? "p ( ,gebel ,g]f4 ,bir ,adal ,deib #bb #dj #cjcf #d #cj ,salt well1 close to sea4 ,ti ,dabei ,hamra ,dom #bb #ci #eece #ch #dj ,%all[ excavations 9 alluvium & s& 9 ! hills ( ,hamra ,dom1 only yield+ supplies = a %ort "t aft] ra9fall4 ,bir ,baaneit #bb #ci #cjce #ah #dj ,spr+8 situat$ a %ort di/ance up ,wadi ,baaneit4 ,said to yield con/ant b limit$ supplies4 ,bir ,b9t el ,dreb #bb #cd #jce #i #j -- ,bir ,um ,rase9 #bb #bi #ajce #bj #bj ,ne> ,gebel ,um ,rase94 ,bir ,nabit #bb #bf #ejcf #ba #ej ,close to sea4 ,probably salty4 ,bir ,um ,bi%tit #bb #bf #ccce #cc #de ,9 n>r[ w9d+ gorge (f ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit4 ,said to yield good wat] supplies = a ye> aft] ra9fall & small supplies long]4 ,full ( d[nwa% 9 #aijh4 ,galt ,osnei #bb #be #cece #ej #dj ,rock bas9 9 small granite hill2 full only aft] ra94 ,meis-heit-ar1 nor? #bb #bb #dce #ce #ab ,galt 9 rocky gorge (f galt ,wadi ,meisah4 ,yield+ good supply 9 #aijh2 pref]r$ to ,bir ,meisah = quality4 ,bir ,abu ,hodeid #bb #bb #jce #ag #j ,l>ge & important spr+ 9 ,wadi ,abu ,hodeid4 ,bir ,odis ,maaleq #bb #bb #jce #af #j ,l>ge & important spr+ 9 ,wadi ,odis1 rea*$ by a m\nta9 track f ,wadi ,delawet4 ,bir ,meisah #bb #ba #hce #ce #ej ,well-kn[n well 9 ,wadi ,meisah4 ,fill$ by d[nwa% 9 #aijh4 ,wat] said to be ( only mod]ate quality4 ,bir ,qidmib #bb #ba #jce #bi #j -- ,bir ,abu ,ramad #bb #bj #djcf #bf #ej ,close to sea4 ,probably salty4 ,bir ,%9ai #bb #bj #jce #ae #j -- ,meis-heit-ar1 s\? #bb #ba #aece #ce #bj ,galt 9 rocky gorge (f galt ,wadi ,meisah4 ,yield+ good wat] 9 #aijh4 ,megwel ,ad> ,aqdeib #bb #ag #ejce #ch #dj -- ,megwel ,um ,edwa #bb #af #ejce #cb #de ,*a9 ( rock bas9s & small spr+ 9 /ony gorge on ea/ side ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,r difficult = camels4 ,wat] good4 ,megwel ,didaut #bb #af #bece #cg #aj -- ,megwel ,akau #bb #ad #ejcf #ba #aj ,small spr+8 on nor? side ( ,gebel ,elba4 ,bir ,kansisrob #bb #ad #cecf #bb #j ,l>ge well2 wat] good & pl5tiful4 ,bi%>9 camp+ gr\nd4 ,megwel ,hamida #bb #ad #bece #dg #j ,a t9y trickl+ spr+ ( sal9e wat] 9 a n>r[ gorge4 ,rock bas9 above x1 dry 9 #aijh4 ,halaib wells #bb #ac #becf #ch #dj ,sev]al wells 9 village4 ,wat] pl5tiful1 /rongly purgative to ,europeans1 ?\gh x has no effect on ! natives ( ! place4 ,bir ,akwamtra #bb #ac #acf #ag #eh ,an excell5t well at ! foot ( ,gebel ,elba2 important ,bi%>9 camp+ gr\nd4 ,bir ,hilwit ,hasium #bb #ac #jce #ad #j -- ,bir ,nubitra #bb #ab #ejce #df #bj ,said to yield only small supply4 ,megwel ,um ,e9 #bb #ab #cjce #ci #dj -- ,bir ,meh]iqa #bb #ab #ajce #ef #ce ,spr+ on ea/ side ( ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,wat] r salty1 b dr9kable & cle>4 ,bir ,kagog #bb #aa #jce #af #j ,small well 9 ,wadi ,hasium1 ne> its head4 ,galt 9 ,wadi ,kirir #bb #aj #jce #ai #j -- ,bir ,s>>at ,s]imtai #bb #h #ejcf #bd #ae -- ,bir ,ma%u%5ai #bb #h #cjce #di #cj -- ,megwel ,aqwem #bb #h #jce #da #j -- ,bir ,guqub #bb #h #jcd #bg #j ,galt & spr+8 ,wat] good b v>iable 9 quantity4 ,0 yield+ 9 #aijf4 ,bir ,salalat ,o ,sir #bb #g #bccf #ai #j -- ,ti ,kureitra #bb #e #ejcf #df #dj ,f\r wells sunk 9 gypse\s /rata ne> sea2 wat] /rongly purgative4 ,bir ,egat #bb #e #jcd #ed #j -- ,bir ,frukit #bb #b #jcf #cf #j ,well 9 ,wadi ,aqilhoq2 wat] good & pl5tiful4 ,bir ,himeitra #bb #j #jce #ae #j -- ,bir ,qabatit #ba #eg #eecf #ea #ag ,well 9 ,wadi ,qabatit1 #a kilometres f sea2 wat] salty1 b said n to be purgative4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,footnote #aac3 ,"p ( ?is *apt] is tak5 f my pap] on 8,des]t ,wat] ,supplies0 9 ! ,cairo ,sci5tific ,j\rnal = #aijh 7,vol4 ,,ii71 pp4 #bcd-bdb4 ,footnote #aad3 ,i except ! t9y spr+ call$ ,megwel ,hamida1 :i* is a m]e trickle ( v salty wat]4 ,footnote #aae3 ,samples collect$ on two diff]5t dates2 ! figures %[ ! v>iability ( ! wat] at ! same well4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,n det]m9$4 ,footnote #aag3 ,b]i*te d] ,commission fr ,oceanographis*e ,=s*ung51 ,se*/e ,reihe1 ,wi5 #ahih1 p4 #eaj4 ,footnote #aah3 ,cf4 ! ,m>ah ( ! ,israelites1 ,exodus #ae1 #bc4 8,!y c\ld n dr9k ( ! wat]s ( ,m>ah1 = !y 7 bitt]2 !re=e1 ! "n ( x 0 call$ ,m>ah40 ,footnote #aai3 ,?is is 9 latitude #bg #ce ,n41 & !re=e outside ! limits ( ! region specially describ$ 9 ?is memoir1 b is quot$ z a useful example4 ,footnote #abj3 ,pron\nc$ to rhyme ) ! ,engli% ^w %alt4 ,footnote #aba3 ,! map ( ! roads & wat] s\rces on ,plate ,,iii1 p4 #bf1 %\ld be ref]r$ to 9 connexion ) ?is li/4 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geological ,,map ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geology4--,,s$im5t>y ,,rocks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,only a small proportion ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt is cov]$ by s$im5t>y rocks4 ,z w be se5 f a glance at ! geological map on ,plate ,,xx1 s$im5t>y /rata are to be f\nd only 9 ! nor?-we/]n & c5tral portions ( ! area1 :]e ! ,nubian s&/one :i* cov]s s mu* ( ! c\ntry close ea/ ( ! ,nile t]m9ates 9 a long s\?-ea/]ly projection1 & along c]ta9 portions ( ! coa/1 :]e small outli]s ( ,nubian s&/one & pat*es & /rips ( gypse\s lime/ones & coral reef occur4 ,! olde/ rocks ( und\bt$ s$im5t>y orig91 ! ,nubian s&/ones1 are ( ,cretace\s age4 ,t]ti>y b$s are abs5t1 except = ! gypse\s /rata ( ,ras ,b5as1 :i* may possibly be ,mioc5e4 ,quat]n>y deposits are repres5t$ by ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t coral reefs & bea* deposits1 & by accumulations ( alluvial d[nwa%1 bl[n s&1 & calc>e\s tufa4 ,! s$im5t>y deposits may ?us be classifi$ into3-- 7#a7 ,rec5t ,deposits 7coral reefs & rais$ bea*es1 bl[n s&1 alluvial deposits1 & calc>e\s tufa74 7#b7 ,gypsum & ,gypse\s ,lime/ones 7( unc]ta9 age1 possibly ,mioc5e74 7#c7 ,nubian ,s&/one 7,cretace\s74 ,coral ,reefs & ,rais$ ,bea*es4 ,coral reefs fr+e almo/ ! entire coa/-l9e ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 r5d]+ ! coa/ "o ( ! f\le/ 9 ! _w = %ipp+4 ,coral =ms ! isl&s ( ,wadi ,gemal1 ,gulhan1 ,mukaw>1 ,mire>1 ,seyal1 & ,halaib1 ^! ris+ to a few metres above ! sea2 b 9 g5]al x is n met ) on ! ma9 l& except close to ! %ore4 ,! reefs may ext5d1 slightly rais$1 "s di/ance inl&1 b _c be se5 ow+ to ! s& & d[nwa% f ! m\nta9s :i* cov]s ! slop+ coa/-pla94 ,at l[ wat] great expanses ( ne>ly level coral reef1 /ret*+ out = a kilometre or m f ! %ore1 are expos$ 9 places1 especially ne> ,ras ,b5as4 ,frequ5tly a l9e ( reefs c be se5 runn+ = _m miles p>allel to ! coa/ at a di/ance ( a kilometre or m f x2 ^! out] reefs c be trac$ 9 w9dy wea!r by ! break+ ( waves on !m1 & 9 calm wea!r by ! light] col\r ( ! wat] ov] !m4 ,!re is frequ5tly deep wat] betwe5 ! out] reefs & ! %ore4 ,op5+s 9 ! out] reefs1 ?r\gh :i* boats c pass into ! %elt]$ wat] )91 are call$ m]sas by ! ,arab boatm52 !y frequ5tly occur opposite ! m\?s ( ! l>g] wadis4 ,coral reef =ms a t\gh1 h>d1 & v por\s lime/one1 ) an extremely r\gh surface on :i* ! /ructure ( ! a/raean & o!r corals compos+ x c be cle>ly se54 ,x has be5 us$ = build+ ! jetty at ,halaib1 & r\gh blocks ( x 7 anci5tly employ$ = build+ at ,b]5ice1 z well z 9 ! tombs at ,suak9 el ,qadim2 b its porosity & intractability w\ld nev] recomm5d x z a build+ /one if any o!r c\ld be f\nd locally4 ,9 close association ) coral reefs are bea* deposits ( ,plei/oc5e age4 ,^! occur r\nd ! hills ne> ! tip & on ! nor? side ( ! p59sula ( ,ras ,b5as1 :]e !y cov] ! slopes ( ! gypse\s lime/one hills4 ,l[ hills & banks ( v :ite aspect occur ne> ! sea fur!r nor?2 ^! are probably also rais$ bea*es1 ?\gh !y h n be5 visit$ & may possibly be gypsum4 ,ne> ! tip ( ,ras ,b5as ^! bea* deposits are gritty lime/ones ) abundant ca/s ( lamellibran*s & ga/]opods1 mo/ly 9 bad pres]vation1 z well z v>i\s e*9oids1 among :i* ,m4 ,f\rtau has id5tifi$ ! species ,brissus c>9atus z "o ( ! mo/ abundant4 ,bl[n ,s&4 ,! dune-=m+ s& 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt is exactly simil> to t :i* cov]s su* l>ge areas 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t4 ,x consi/s ( well-r\nd$ qu>tz gra9s1 av]ag+ ab\t a millimetre 9 diamet]2 ! gra9s are usually ( a gold5-yell[ col\r1 ow+ to _! be+ coat$ ) a ?9 sup]ficial film ( iron oxide4 ,! only area :]e s& dunes are ( any consid]able magnitude or ext5t 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt is ! tract call$ ,i ,hubl 7lit4 8! s& dunes07 :i* ext5ds f ,wadi ,meisah to ,wadi ,aideib1 front+ ! hills ( ,ti ,kef]iai1 ,g]or1 ,balatitda1 ,sul ,hamid1 & ,el ,sela4 ,! nor? faces ( all ^! hills & ! small] hills nor? ( !m are swa!d 9 ?ickly accumulat$ s& to su* an ext5t z to make travell+ ov] !m difficult4 ,! reason = ! heavy s& accumulation at ?is p>ticul> place is t ! nor?-we/ w9d1 :i* is ! preval5t w9d ov] ,egypt prop]1 "h meets ) s\?-ea/]ly w9ds com+ up ! ,r$ ,sea1 caus+ a local calm & a consequ5t dropp+ ( ! s& borne f ! ,nubian s&/one areas by ! nor?-we/ w9d4 ,?us ! same climatic conditions :i* give rise to ! ri* vegetation on ! ,elba m\nta9s cause at ! same "t extreme des]t conditions 9 ! tract imm$iately nor?-we/ ( !m4 ,s& accumulations ( less magnitude occur 9 & ab\t ! l[] rea*es ( ! ,wadi ,hode91 9 ! great valley to ! nor? ( ,b]5ice1 on ! pla9 we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,h>ba1 & at "s few o!r places1 b !y are seldom s ext5sive z to cause a s]i\s h9drance to travel4 ,besides transport+ ! ord9>y dune-=m+ s&1 ! action ( ! w9d is responsible = a consid]able am\nt ( r$i/ribution ( ! co>s] granitic & o!r s& produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( igne\s rocks4 ,9 high w9ds ?is co>se s&1 9 angul> gra9s z l>ge z peas1 is bl[n ab\t on ! coa/-pla9 to consid]able di/ances f ! places :]e x 0 orig9ally deposit$ by wat] transport4 ,alluvial ,deposits4 ,! degradation ( ! m\nta9 & hill masses :i* is con/antly go+ on "u sub-a]ial ag5cies 7dis9tegration by v>iations ( temp]ature1 & transport by wat] dur+ occasional ra9 /orms7 has 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies result$ 9 imm5se accumulations ( alluvial mat]ial 7s& & gravel7 along all ! dra9age l9es & on ! pla9s4 ,dis9tegration is 9 _m places greatly facilitat$ by ! cru%$ nature ( ! rocks1 due to ! tectonic movem5ts :i* !y h suff]$ dur+ ! process ( fold+ & m\nta9 =mation4 ,?is fact is specially evid5t 9 ! case ( ! m basic rocks4 ,s]p5t9es1 = in/ance1 are frequ5tly s cru%$ & crack$ t "o may se>* 9 va9 ov] a :ole m\nta9 = a place :]e ! rock is suffici5tly free f cracks to all[ ( a h&-specim5 ( ! ord9>y size be+ extract$ )\t break+ up into fragm5ts "u ! hamm]4 ,9 ! m acid rocks1 l ! granites1 cru%+ has be5 a less p[]ful aid to dis9tegration1 & "h ! diurnal temp]ature-range has be5 ! pr9cipal factor2 ! rock1 be+ an aggregate ( cry/als ( diff]5t mat]ials ) diff]5t coeffici5ts ( expansion1 has be5 easily brok5 up at its surface by ! con/ant diff]5tial motion ( its compon5t gra9s1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( co>se granitic s&4 ,*emical action 9 d5udation is ( q subord9ate importance4 ,?\gh "s *emical action has tak5 place1 z = in/ance 9 ! kaol9isation ( ! felsp>s1 we f9d z a rule t ! alluvial accumulations consi/ pr9cipally ( unalt]$ rock fragm5ts4 ,9 mat]ial1 ! alluvial accumulations are ( ! same v>i$ nature z ! m\nta9s f ^: degradation !y h orig9at$1 rang+ f v basic m9]al sub/ances1 su* z s]p5t9e1 to ! mo/ acid1 su* z qu>tz4 ,! relative proportions ( ! diff]5t mat]ials 9 ! alluvial deposits d n1 h[ev]1 correspond z a rule ) ! proportions 9 :i* !y ent] into ! m\nta9 masses4 ,n only are het]og5e\s rocks1 su* z granites & diorites1 f> m rapidly dis9tegrat$ by temp]ature-*anges ?an are ! m homog5e\s rocks su* z felsites & s]p5t9es1 b ! fragm5ts produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( granitic rocks are r\nd] & ( mu* small] size ?an ! fragm5ts result+ f ! break+ up ( felsites1 s*i/s1 & s]p5t9es4 ,! result is t granitic detritus is transport$ to great] di/ances & di/ribut$ ov] l>g] areas ?an ! detritus ( ! clos]-gra9$ & m homog5e\s rocks4 ,9 approa*+ a m\nta9 compos$ ( ab\t equal p>ts (1 say1 granite & s]p5t9e1 we accord+ly f9d ! l[] portions ( ! wadi consi/ *iefly ( granitic s&1 :ile ! co>s] & m angul> detritus ( s]p5t9e is only se5 9 abundance 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! dra9age *annel4 ,! nature ( ! alluvium ( ! wadi floor occasionally gives its "n to ! wadi2 ?us1 ( ! two wadis :i* by _! junction =m ,wadi ,khoda1 "o is call$ ,wadi ,salib el ,azrak1 because its alluvium consi/s ( d>k rock fragm5ts1 :ile ! o!r is call$ ,wadi ,salib el ,abiad1 because its floor is =m$ ( :ite granitic s&4 7,azrak d>k2 ,abiad :ite74 ,9 size1 ! fragm5ts compos+ alluvial detritus v>y f huge blocks weigh+ tons d[n to ! f9e/ s& ^: gra9s are only a fraction ( a millimetre 9 diamet]4 ,z a rule1 ( c\rse1 ! l>g] fragm5ts are f\nd ne> ! heads ( wadis1 & ! f9] s&s 9 _! l[] rea*es & on ! pla9s4 ,b (t5 we f9d great b\ld]s mix$ ) ! s& at imm5se di/ances f ! p>5t m\nta9 mass2 ! heavi] ra9 /orms :i* occasionally break ov] ! m\nta9s produce = %ort p]iods su* imm5se ru%es ( wat] d[n ! wadis1 t great b\ld]s are swept along & incorporat$ 9 ! f9] mat]ial :i* is deposit$ 9 times ( m normal ra9fall4 ,?us x is no uncommon ?+ 9 s9k+ a well 9 a wadi fifty kilometres or m f ! m\nta9s to enc\nt] great b\ld]s 9 ! s&y alluvium4 ,9 %ape1 ! alluvial fragm5ts v>y v mu*1 accord+ to _! m9]al nature & ! am\nt ( roll+ !y h receiv$ 9 transport4 ,foliat$ rocks1 l s*i/s & slates1 produce typically flaky fragm5ts :i* seldom atta9 any high degree ( r\nd+2 ! same is true ( s]p5t9es :i* h be5 %att]$ by cru%+4 ,granitic rocks produce g5]ally m symmetrical fragm5ts1 ?\gh granitic s& is typically angul> unless x has be5 transport$ = consid]able di/ances4 ,! l>g] blocks are g5]ally r\nd$ 9 ! case ( granitic rocks1 ev5 :5 !y h n travell$ = any great di/ance2 = if a cubical block ( granite be expos$ to wea!r+1 dis9tegration takes place mo/ rapidly at ! corn]s1 & ! block ev5tually becomes m or less sph]oidal )\t hav+ mov$ at all4 ,?is c be well se5 9 su* masses z ,gebel ,selaia1 :]e ! granite boss is ?or\ghly well r\nd$ 9 situ4 ,! same ph5om5on c be notic$ 9 c]ta9 dol]ites1 :]e portions ( ! rock deta*$ by jo9t planes h wea!r$ 9 situ into =ms l cannon balls4 ,! m homog5e\s rocks l felsite & s]p5t9e1 z well z ! foliat$ rocks l gneisses1 s*i/s1 & slates1 d n %[ mu* ( ?is r\nd+ 9 situ1 z !y yield to ! /resses ( expansion & contraction by break+ along planes ( cru%+ or foliation1 produc+ sep>ate masses :i* pres]ve mo/ ( _! angul> %ape4 ,9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! wadis & on ! pla9s1 ( c\rse1 all ! mat]ials are m or less r\nd$1 ow+ to ! attrition to :i* !y h be5 subject$ dur+ transport4 ,( ! ?ickness ( ! alluvial s&s & gravels v little is kn[n4 ,b t x exce$s eight metres 9 _m ( ! wadis is prov$ by wells sunk to t dep?4 ,on ! coa/-pla9 x may be va/ly ?ick]1 = ,grabham#abb m5tions t bor+s made 9 ! m>itime pla9 ne> ,port ,sudan h be5 c>ri$ d[n to #a1jjj feet 7#cje metres7 9 ! deposits4 ,only a v small proportion ( ! alluvial detritus br\ght d[n ! wadis ent]s ei!r ! sea or ! ,nile2 = ! /orm-=m$ /reams1 ?\gh viol5t 9 ! m\nta9\s tracts1 commonly cease by be+ absorb$ 9 ! ?ir/y wadi floors & pla9s be=e rea*+ ei!r ! sea or ! riv]4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 & ! ages ?r\gh :i* ! actions ( d5udation & transport h gone on1 we c well imag9e h[ great mu/ be ! total quantity ( detritus accumulat$4 ,9 "s wadis !re are high banks ( old detritus ?r\gh :i* ! /reams h cut _! way4 ,9 ! ,wadi ,m5eiga1 = in/ance1 !re are t]races ( alluvium1 "s eight or t5 metres high1 on ei!r side ( ! pres5t wat] *annel2 ^! t]races1 :i* are ab\t two kilometres l[] d[n ! wadi ?an ! wells1 are cov]$ ) rude rubble ru9s1 ! rema9s ( dwell+s erect$ out ( rea* ( ! occasional /reams :i* ru% d[n ! wadi aft] ra94 ,at ! ea/ foot ( ,gebel ,hamra ,dom are "s well /ratifi$ friable s& rocks & s&y clays1 ab\t t5 metres ?ick1 end+ abruptly aga9/ ! granites & s*i/s ( ! hill-mass4 ,^! b$s appe> to be anci5t alluvial deposits4 ,!y conta9 f]rug9\s scales & %[ sun-cracks 9 places1 :ile ! mat]ials are f9] & m di/9ctly /ratifi$ ?an "o w\ld expect to be br\ght d[n f ! m\nta9 "u pres5t conditions4 ,x is to ! alluvial mat]ial 9 ! wadis t ! ,ea/]n ,des]t owes mo/ ( its p]5nial wat] supplies & ! vegetation x possesses4 ,! alluvial deposits are ! great cons]v]s ( wat]4 ,pools =m1 x is true1 9 ! b>e rocky b$s ( ! high] dra9age l9es1 & may la/ = _m mon?s :]e !y are scre5$ by ! walls ( a gorge f w9d & sun1 & are 9 consequ5ce n subject to rapid evaporation4 ,b su* pools are difficult ( access1 & af=d b a prec>i\s s\rce ( wat] supply because !y are liable to dry up if a long p]iod passes )\t ra94 ,! alluvium ( ! wadis absorbs ! ra9fall & protects x f evaporation1 s t ev5 9 v dry ye>s wat] may be f\nd by excavat+ 9 x at suitable places to dep?s ( a few metres4 ,almo/ all ! wells :i* are s important to travell]s cross+ ! des]t f ! ,nile are ( ?is "*4 ,! abundance ( trees :i* fl\ri% 9 s _m ( ! wadis likewise d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f ! wat] cons]v$ 9 ! alluvium ( ! wadi floor4 ,calc>e\s ,tufa4 ,small deposits ( calc>e\s tufa ( rec5t orig9 h be5 not$ 9 ! ,wadi ,um ,tundeba & 9 a gorge on ! ea/ side ( ,gebel ,ghuel1 z well z r\nd ! little trickl+ spr+ call$ ,megwel ,hamida 9 ! s\? "p ( ! region4 ,at ,um ,tundeba ! deposit occurs 9 a little gully close to a well kn[n galt or pool ( ra9 wat]4 ,! deposit is n ext5sive1 & has d\btless be5 =m$ by ! evaporation ( trickl+ dra9age-wat] :i* _h absorb$ lime f ! rocks4 ,! tufa 7#aj1cgd7 is a pale br[n rock ( r por\s nature2 x envelops fragm5ts ( s*i/-debris f ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,! calc>e\s tufa ( ,gebel ,ghuel is a m impressive deposit1 ?\gh its total mass is n v great4 ,x occurs at a po9t ( sudd5 fall 9 a n>r[ rocky gorge lead+ to ! ,wadi ,ghadir 9 ab\t latitude #bb #ec4 ,proce$+ up ! gully "o is confront$ ) a great curta9-l mass ( tufa cov]+ ! face ( a high l$ge l a solidifi$ cascade4 ,"h also ! orig9 is cle>ly due to trickl+ ( lime-lad5 dra9age-wat]s ov] ! l$ge ( rock1 :i* =ms a /ep 9 ! wadi floor4 ,fragm5ts ( tufa 7 also se5 r\nd ab\t ,gebel ,allawi1 ?\gh ! rock 0 n trac$ to its s\rce4 ,z only a relatively small numb] ( rocky gullies h be5 explor$1 x is likely t simil> deposits to ^? above describ$ occur 9 _m o!r places4 ,gypsum & ,gypse\s ,lime/ones4 ,! occurr5ces ( gypsum & gypse\s lime/one b$s 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt are re/rict$ to ! coa/al regions4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( ! deposits are ^? on ,ras ,b5as 7see map on ,plate ,,xxi71 :]e ! b$s =m :ite hills ris+ to #ahh metres above sea-level4 ,fur!r nor?1 gypse\s deposits h be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,hume to exi/ ne> ! sea at ,bir el ,ranga1 & by ,mr4 ,f]r> ! same b$s h be5 record$ z occurr+ ne> ! coa/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,wadi ,igli4 ,x appe>s probable t ! gypse\s /rata =m a cont9u\s or ne>ly cont9u\s /rip ext5d+ along ! coa/ d[n to latitude #bd #bb1 z %[n on ! geological map on ,plate ,,xx1 b m complete obs]vations may %[ t ! di/ribution ( ! b$s is some:at diff]5t f t indicat$4 ,on ! coa/-pla9 s\? ( ,ras ,b5as1 gypse\s b$s are n expos$ except 9 ! extreme s\?-ea/ corn] ( ,egypt1 :]e !y =m small pat*es at ,halaib & r\nd ! wells ( ,ti ,kureitra4 ,at ,ras ,b5as1 :]e ! b$s h be5 /udi$ 9 mo/ detail1 !y consi/ ( gypsum & anhydrite #aa1eacabc alt]nat+ ) s&y m>ls & m>ly s&s1 =m+ hills mu* cut-up by /eep sid$ n>r[ rav9es4 ,! wea!r$ faces ( ! rocks are v s(t1 & ! dis9tegrat$ mat]ial =ms a /ret* ( s(t gypse\s s&1 into :i* "o's feet s9k f\r or five c5timetres at e /ep1 betwe5 ! hills & ! %ore4 ,at ,halaib1 gypse\s lime/ones crop out f "u ! gravel ( ! coa/-pla9 & =m l[ banks2 ! gypsum is "h associat$ ) calc>e\s grits #ab1aeb1 #ab1aad & conglom]ates1 ! latt] hav+ b\ld]s ( igne\s rock set 9 a calc>e\s matrix4 ,ne> ,ti ,kureitra wells1 ! gypsum exposures conta9 mu* cry/all9e sel5ite1 blocks ( ?is mat]ial be+ us$ 9 ! masonry l9+ ( ! wells4 ,bo? at ,bir el ,ranga & on ,ras ,b5as ! gypsum is f\nd to conta9 small pockets ( native sulphur4 ,no fossils h be5 f\nd 9 ! gypse\s /rata1 & _! geological age is unc]ta94 ,! b$s are y\ng] ?an ! ,nubian s&/one1 s9ce !y ov]lie t =mation at ,bir el ,ranga4 ,_! occurr5ce only ne> ! coa/ leads "o to reg>d !m z hav+ be5 =m$ aft] ! ,r$ ,sea occupi$ its pres5t position2 b :e!r !y orig9at$ z direct gypse\s deposits1 or 7 produc$ by ! alt]ation ( pre-exi/5t ,cretace\s or ,t]ti>y lime/ones is n yet q c]ta94 ,x is notewor?y t at ,ras ,b5as1 :]e ! gypse\s /rata re/ on diorite & hornbl5de granite1 ! igne\s rocks are consid]ably alt]$ z if by wea!r+1 ) a /rong brick-r$ col\r due to ! oxidation ( f]rug9\s matt]4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geological ,,map ,,( ,,ras ,,b5as ,ball4 ,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaj4 7#fj-aij7 ,! ,nubian ,s&/one4 ,! ,nubian s&/one cov]s a comp>atively small portion ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 occupy+ only ab\t "o-t5? ( ! total area "u consid]ation4 ,! great] portion ( x =ms ! ea/]n t]m9ation ( ! va/ s&/one plateaux :i* /ret* ea/w>d f ! ,nile t[>ds ! igne\s & metamorphic back-bone ( ! ,r$ ,sea m\nta9s1 b !re are 9 addition "s small pat*es on ! ea/]n side ( ! wat]%$ :i* are int]e/+ z %[+ t ! deposition ( ! s&/one 0 n conf9$ to ! we/]n side ( ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,! mo/ nor!rly exposure ( ,nubian s&/one 9 ! di/rict "h describ$ ext5ds ) "s breaks s\?w>d f ne> ,gebel ,sufra to ne> ,gebel ,homr ,ak>im1 =m+ l[ hills4 ,fur!r s\?1 x comes 9 aga9 on bo? sides ( ! ,wadi ,g>>a1 =m+ ! hills ( ,felieiti & ,abu ,ha%im4 ,9 ! s&y pla9 ar\nd ! ,wadi ,timsah are outly+ s&/one hills ( consid]able height & ext5t1 ! pr9cipal be+ ,gebels ,nuggur1 ,mulgata1 & ,ziraga4 ,fur!r s\?-we/1 ! ,nubian s&/one =ms an ext5sive high brok5 plateau /ret*+ s\?w>d f ne> ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam to ne> ,gebel ,um ,reit1 s5d+ out a long tongue s\?-ea/w>ds across ,wadi ,dif to ne> ,gebel ,nigrub el ,tahtani4 ,?is tract ( brok5 s&/one plateaux be>s v>i\s names 9 diff]5t p>ts1 ,gebels ,um ,h>ba1 ,um ,khafur1 ,dagalai1 ,%ebakhit1 ,awamtib1 ,um ,sididad1 ,abraq1 ,hode91 ,dif1 ,anfeib1 & ,kala1 all =m+ p>ts ( ! same great s&/one mass1 ?\gh sep>at$ by wadis f ea* o!r4 ,small outli]s ( ,nubian s&/one cap ! hills ( ,gebels ,reietit1 j nor? ( latitude #bc1 ne> ! m]idian ( #cd1 & ,gebel ,seiga1 9 latitude #bb #dd1 longitude #cd #af4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! wat]%$1 ,nubian s&/one ext5ds = "s di/ance ne> ! coa/ opposite ! ,gulhan isl&s1 & also =ms small ?9 outli]s s\? ( ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,! mo/ s\!rly po9t :]e ! s&/one has be5 met ) 9 ! area is a small outli] 9 latitude #bb #cf1 a few kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,hamra ,dom4 ,9 petrographical *>act]s ! ,nubian s&/one is rem>kably uni=m1 consi/+ ( m$ium-siz$ silica gra9s set 9 a m or less f]rug9\s cem5t2 ! col\r v>ies f ne>ly :ite1 ?r\gh v>i\s %ades ( br[n1 to ne>ly black1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( iron pres5t4 ,x is g5]ally well b$d$1 & frequ5tly mu* jo9t$4 ,!re is usually a m>k$ abs5ce ( ! clay b$s :i* are associat$ ) ! ,nubian s&/one 9 o!r p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,! basal b$s are g5]ally pebbly1 =m+ conglom]ates 9 "s places4 ,concretions are f\nd 9 ! rock at "s po9ts1 notably to ! nor? ( ,gebel ,um ,h>ba4 ,"s ( ! concretions are holl[1 ! %ell be+ ( h>d d>k f]rug9\s s&/one :ile ! int]ior is fill$ ) a p[d] ( sn[-:ite *alky matt] conta9+ s& gra9s4 ,! only fossils obs]v$ 9 ! s&/one )9 ! area describ$ 7 collect$ by ,mr4 ,*>t]is ,/ew>t 9 ! pla9 ( ,um ,h>ba2 !y consi/ ( crocodile scales & v>i\s %ells4 ,f ^! & ! fossil %ells f\nd fur!r we/ 9 s9k+ a well 9 ,wadi ,abu ,rahal1#abd x may be conclud$ t ! ,nubian s&/one "h1 z 9 ! ,nile ,valley1 is ( ,cretace\s age4 ,intrusions ( igne\s rock into ! s&/one h only be5 obs]v$ at two po9ts 9 ! area1 viz41 ne> ! we/]n foot ( ,gebel ,awamtib1 :]e a basic dyke runs ?r\gh ! s&/one1 & on ! ,r$ ,sea coa/1 ne> ,bir el ,ranga1 :]e ,dr4 ,hume has f\nd &esite int]b$d$ 9 ! s&/one4 ,a b$ ( diabase1 n[ mu* alt]$1 und]lies ! s&/one ne> ,wadi ,muelih1 & is possibly ( contemporane\s orig94 ,9 ?ickness1 ! ,nubian s&/one atta9s a maximum ( ab\t #cej metres 9 sev]al places r\nd ab\t ,bir ,abraq & ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,its ?ickness mu/ at "o "t h exce$$ ?is1 = ! upp] surfaces h suff]$ mu* d5udation1 & are n capp$ by y\ng] rocks4 ,"s int]e/ atta*es to ! maximum altitude rea*$ by ! ,nubian s&/one b$s4 ,! highe/ po9t at :i* x has be5 obs]v$ is at ,gebel ,seiga1 ^: s&/one cap is #ije metres above sea-level4 ,! highe/ po9t rea*$ by ! rock on ! great plateau r\nd ab\t ,wadi ,hode9 is ,gebel ,kala1 #hdf metres above sea4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! same b$s :i* =m ! plateau betwe5 longitude #cd & ! ,nile1 ! ,nubian s&/ones )9 ! area "h describ$ %[ consid]able di/urbances f _! orig9al horizontal b$d+1 ! dips be+ z a rule great] & m v>iable ! ne>] "o approa*es to ! wat]%$ m\nta9-ranges4 ,^! tectonic di/urbances1 :i* are important 9 connexion ) ! geological hi/ory ( ! region1 w be consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #abb3 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,decade ,v1 ,vol4 ,,vi 7#aiji71 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #abc3 ,! numb]s 9 squ>e brackets are ! specim5-numb]s 9 ! ,cairo ,geological ,museum4 ,footnote #abd3 ,wadi ,abu ,rahal is a small fe$] ( ,wadi ,abad1 jo9+ ! latt] f ! s\? 9 latitude #be #j1 longitude #cc #cj4 ,at ! po9t ( junction ( ! two wadis1 :i* lies on ! usual camel road f ,edfu to ! ,b>amia m9e1 a well 0 sunk by ! ,m9es ,dep>tm5t 9 #aijf1 9 ! hope ( obta9+ a wat] supply4 ,i visit$ ! well 9 ,may #aijf1 :5 x _h atta9$ a dep? ( fifty-f\r metres4 ,! /rata pass$ ?r\gh 7 t5 metres alluvium1 !n ?irty-sev5 metres ( s&/ones & clays1 foll[$ by a ?9 b& ( bitum9\s %ale1 & sev5 metres ( d>k grey clays4 ,f ne> ! bottom ( ! well ,i collect$ specim5s ( ,l+ula & a mytiloid %ell :i* ,mr4 ,bull5 ,newton comp>$ to ,septif] l9e>is2 ! latt] %ell diff]s b little f specim5s obta9$ f ! ,engli% ,gault1 & ?us t5ds to %[ t ! ,abu ,rahal b$s are ( ,cretace\s age4 7,see ,,hume1 ,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,geology ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt4 ,cairo1 #aijg4 p4 #bi74 ,s9ce my visit1 ! well has be5 deep5$ to sev5ty-?ree metres 9 s&/ones ) a bitum9\s seam1 b wat] 0 n rea*$1 & ! well has be5 ab&on$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,igne\s rocks cov] ab\t "o-?ird ( ! entire area ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 =m+ irregul>ly di/ribut$ tracts1 alt]nat+ ) o!rs occupi$ by metamorphic rocks1 ent]+ l>gely into ! composition ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9 masses & also und]ly+ a l>ge portion ( ! areas cov]$ by s& on ! coa/-pla9 & else:]e4 ,reg>d$ broadly1 ! igne\s rocks ( ?is portion ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t =m two ma9 divisions1 namely1 an acid division typifi$ by granite ri* 9 felsp>1 & a basic division typifi$ by gabbro4 ,int]m$iate types occur1 z well z ultra-acid & ultra-basic rocks1 b ^! are less abundant1 & are g5]ally f\nd 9 close association ) "o or o!r ( ! two ma9 types4 ,rocks ( ! acid type pr$om9ate to ! nor? ( latitude #bd1 :ile fur!r s\? basic rocks =m l>ge portions ( ! ma9 m\nta9 tracts1 ) acid rocks at int]vals on ei!r side d[n to ! ,sudan fronti]4 ,mo/ ( ! igne\s rocks are plutonic4 ,!re is a /rik+ paucity ( volcanic rocks1 a circum/ance d\btless to be ascrib$ l>gely to ! enorm\s d5udation :i* has tak5 place 9 ! di/rict4 ,! plutonic masses1 ) ! dykes seam+ !m1 h be5 elevat$ & laid b>e1 :ile mo/ ( ! volcanic outp\r+s h be5 d5ud$ away & o!rs h be5 alt]$ or devitrifi$ till _! orig9al volcanic nature has become less app>5t4 ,metamorphism has also affect$ _m ( ! plutonic masses to su* a degree t x is (t5 difficult to decide :e!r ! rocks %\ld n[ be plac$ 9 ! igne\s gr\p1 or class$ z metamorphic rocks4 ,= purposes ( classification1 ! igne\s rocks ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt may be divid$ into five ma9 gr\ps1 bas$ on silica-p]c5tage3-- #a4 ,ultra-acid rocks1 conta9+ ov] #hj p] c5t ( silica4 #b4 ,acid rocks1 conta9+ f #fe to #hj p] c5t ( silica4 #c4 ,int]m$iate rocks3-- 7a7 ,sub-acid rocks1 ) f #fj to #fe p] c5t ( silica4 7b7 ,sub-basic rocks1 ) f #ee to #fj p] c5t ( silica4 #d4 ,basic rocks1 conta9+ f #de to #ee p] c5t ( silica4 #e4 ,ultra-basic rocks1 ) less ?an #de p] c5t ( silica4 ,! classification is bas$ on silica p]c5tage1 = al?\gh up to ! pres5t x has n be5 f\nd possible to und]take ! *emical analysis ( ! rocks1 ! microscopic exam9ation ( ?9 sections itself gives a v fair guide to ! *emical composition1 & ! specific gravities ( ! diff]5t rocks1 :i* increase progressively f ! acid to basic gr\ps1 af=d a fur!r guide 9 ?is direction4 ,! table on ! foll[+ page %[s ! diff]5t rocks compris$ )9 ! five ma9 classes4 ,! five classes are n all ( equal importance4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! acid & basic types are pr$om9ant4 ,! ultra-acid & sub-acid rocks are pres5t 9 relatively small quantity1 & are 9 close relation%ip ) ^? ( ! acid s]ies :i* occur 9 great abundance2 ! rocks ( ! sub-basic & ultra-basic gr\ps1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh by no means insignificant 9 _! di/ribution 7diorites & s]p5t9es cov] v l>ge areas71 appe> to be closely l9k$ 9 ! field ) ^? ( ! basic gr\p4 ,! di/rict is s l>ge1 & ! inve/igation ( x has be5 s limit$1 t x w\ld be unwise to draw f ! above rem>ks ! d$uction t ! rocks h orig9at$ f two ma9 magmas2 ! /atem5ts are m]ely ^? ( ! facts ( obs]vation1 s f> z obs]vation has proce$$4 ,! s*eme tabulat$ above diff]s f e/abli%$ classifications only 9 ! inclusion ( an ultra-acid class ( rocks4 ,?is inclusion is necessitat$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! di/rict ( huge masses ( qu>tz-rocks :i* are almo/ c]ta9ly igne\s 9 orig94 ,^! rocks are almo/ pure silica1 & ?\gh !y are prop]ly reg>d$ z an extreme =m ( pegmatite1 _! silica-p]c5tage 7ov] #ie7 is too high = !m to be plac$ ) _! ne> relations ! granites2 & on gr\nds ( symmetry ( classification x appe>s ju/ifiable to h an 8ultra-acid0 class correspond+ ) t ( ultra-basic rocks4 ,,classification ,,( ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,int]m$iate4 ,ultra- ,acid4 ,basic4 ,ultra-basic4 acid4 ---------------------- ,sub-acid4 ,sub-basic4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,qu>tz-,granite ,sy5ite ,diorite ,gabbro ,pyrox5ite rock ,normal p9k ,augite- ,troctolite,amphibolite granite diorite ,r$ ,mica- ,pyrox5e- ,p]idotite pegmatitic diorite granulite granite ,aplite 7,s]p5t9e7 ,biotite- granite ,muscovite- granite ,hornbl5de- granite ,granite- ,sy5ite- ,diorite- ,diabase porphyry porphyry porphyrite ,augite- ,mica- porphyrite diabase ,k]santite ,qu>tz- ,tra*yte,&esite ,basalt felsite ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,ultra-,,acid ,,rocks4 ,qu>tz-rock ( igne\s orig9 occurs 9 ! =m ( intrusive bosses & ve9s p5etrat+ old] igne\s & metamorphic rocks at ,m>wot ,elemikan & else:]e4 ,! rock is practically pure vitre\s qu>tz4 ,its dazzl+ :ite aspect 9 ! sun r5d]s x v conspicu\s 9 ! field4 ,! %ape ( _m ( ! masses 7bosses71 _! close association ) pegmatite & aplite 9 at lea/ "o locality1 ! abs5ce f ! ve9s ( o!r m9]als 7calcite & v>i\s ores7 su* z usually accompany ve9-qu>tz deposit$ f solution1 & ! occasional pres5ce 9 ! rock ( mica flakes1 all po9t to an igne\s orig91 & ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ ?is qu>tz-rock z ! f9al product ( diff]5tiation ( a granitic magma1 repres5t+ its ultra-acid portion4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s occurr5ce ( qu>tz-rock is 9 ! ?ree ne>ly conical hills call$ ,m>wot#abe ,elemikan1 :i* rise f ! granitic pla9 at ! head ( ,wadi ,elemikan 9 latitude #bc #ec1 & :i* f _! sn[-:ite col\r =m l&m>ks visible f great di/ances4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ nor!rly hill ( ! ?ree is a boss ab\t #cjj metres 9 diamet]1 ris+ sixty-eight metres above ! pla91 :i* itself has "h an altitude ( #ehj metres above sea4 ,! o!r two hills are some:at small]2 !y lie respectively two kilometres s\?-ea/1 & two & half kilometres s\?1 ( ! l>ge/ "o2 a black hill ( ab\t equal size rises f ! pla9 mid-way betwe5 !m4 ,! highe/ ( ! ?ree :ite hills1 :i* 0 occupi$ z a triangulation /ation1 is compos$ almo/ entirely ( glassy qu>tz1 ! only o!r m9]al se5 9 x be+ a :ite mica1 ( :i* a few flakes 7 visible 9 ! out] portions4 ,! mass is crack$ 9 all directions1 & ! faces ( ! sep>at$ blocks frequ5tly %[ a slight yell[i% /a9+4 ,ano!r rem>kable boss ( qu>tz1 simil> to t j describ$ & likewise ris+ ?r\gh granite1 occurs on ! s\? side ( ! ,wadi ,khoda 7latitude #bc #db7 ab\t sev5 kilometres above ! po9t :]e ! wadi em]ges f ! hills on to ! coa/-pla94 ,a ?ird occurr5ce1 ( mu* less size1 9 ! floor ( ,wadi ,abu ,m>wa1 on ! track f ,wadi ,lahami to ,b]5ice via ! ,wadi ,naait2 ! fir/-m5tion$ wadi d]ives its "n f ! qu>tz occurr5ce 9 x4 ,( igne\s qu>tz ve9s1 ! be/ example is ! huge dyke :i* =ms ! back-bone ( ! ridge call$ ,erf el ,fahid1 9 latitude #be #j4 ,"h ! ve91 :i* /rikes ea/ & we/1 is 9 s*i/ose c\ntry4 ,x is at lea/ t5 metres wide1 ris+ to a height ( n9ety-five metres above ! wadi1 & c be trac$ = a l5g? ( ne>ly two kilometres4 ,l ! rock ( ,m>wot ,elemikan1 ! qu>tz ( ,erf el ,fahid %[s fa9t iron-/a9+ 9 places1 b appe>s to conta9 no o!r m9]als4 ,x is wea!r$ to a s9t]y appe>ance 9 places #aj1cfb1abf & conta9s "s cavities1 f "o ( :i* ,i extract$ a h&ful ( loose qu>tz cry/als #aj1cfc ) pyramids develop$ at bo? ends2 ^! la/ are evid5tly deposit$ f solution1 b x is difficult to assign o!r ?an an igne\s s\rce = ! ve91 & ! cavities & loose cry/als are probably ! product ( solution subsequ5t to ! igne\s intrusion4 ,go+ s\?-we/ f ,erf el ,fahid1 d[n ! ,wadi ,muelih1 is ano!r l9e ( ridges1 ( :i* ! back-bone is a great qu>tz ve9 traceable = "s two & a half kilometres along its /rike4 ,fur!r d[n ! wadi are networks ( qu>tz ve9s seam+ diorite 9 all directions on ei!r side ( a horse-%oe-%ap$ hill call$ ,m>wot ,rod el ,ligaia2 ?is hill is ( aplite1 & probably repres5ts a less acid "p ( ! same magma :i* =m$ ! qu>tz ve9s4#abg ,x is significant t !re are no traces ( m9e work+s at any ( ! places :]e qu>tz ve9s & bosses ( ! igne\s type occur1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! masses are s conspicu\s z to h surely attract$ ! eye ( e gold-seek+ prospector4 ,?\gh ! loose cry/als f\nd at ,erf el ,fahid %[ t !re at lea/ aque\s solutions h act$ on ! rock to a slight ext5t1 ^! great igne\s qu>tz masses appe> nev] to h be5 impregnat$ ) gold or o!r ores4 ,,acid ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,granites4 ,granites are ! mo/ abundant & mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( ! igne\s rocks ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,!y =m a l>ge proportion ( ! mo/ prom95t m\nta9 masses1 su* z ,gebels ,hamrat ,wogud1 ,nugrus1 ,hamrat ,mukbud1 ,hamata1 ,f>aid1 ,um ,reit1 ,mi%bih1 ,ad> ,qaqa1 ,ad> ,aweib1 & ,elba4 ,!y also occur 9 "s great pla9 tracts1 su* z ^? r\nd ,gebel ,selaia & to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,reit1 :]e l[ hills ( ! rock rise ?r\gh ! co>se granitic s& :i* cov]s mo/ ( ! pla94 ,9 po9t ( geological age1 ! granites appe> to be ! y\nge/ ( ! plutonic rocks ( ! c\ntry1 =m+ great intrusions 9 ! m anci5t s*i/s & diorites4 ,?\gh sometimes occurr+ z r\nd$ bosses1 z at ,gebels ,muelih1 ,selaia1 & ,f>aid1 granite typically =ms r jagg$ m\nta9s1 m especially 9 ! s\? p>ts ( ! area2 ! m\nta9s ( ,mi%bih & ,elba1 = in/ance1 ab\nd 9 spiky peaks1 :ile ,qa% ,amir1 ! 8,scragg$ ,hill0 ( ! ,admiralty ,*>t1 is an extreme example ( ?is mode ( wea!r+4 ,! spikes are (t5 made up ( m or less r\nd$ blocks pil$ "o on ano!r1 ! sep>ation & r\nd+ ( ! blocks be+ br\ght ab\t by jo9t+ & ! m rapid wea!r+ ( ! corn]s ( ! sep>at$ masses4 ,granite m\nta9s1 ?\gh sometimes :ite1 are usually ( a p9k or r$ col\r & are (t5 nam$ accord+ly by ! ,arabs4 ,9 ,ababda c\ntry1 all m\nta9s nam$ ,hamrat1 z = in/ance ,hamrat ,wogud & ,hamrat ,mukbud1 are compos$ ( r$ granite or granitoid gneiss2 :ile 9 ,bi%>9 c\ntry ! correspond+ "n ,ad>1 z us$ = example 9 ,ad> ,qaqa & ,ad> ,aweib1 has ! same significance1 bo? ! names mean+ r$4 ,! b$s ( wadis dra9+ f granitic m\nta9s1 & pla9s adjac5t to !m1 are inv>iably cov]$ ) a ?ick accumulation ( co>se felspa?ic & qu>tzose s& d]iv$ f ! wea!r+ ( ! rock4 ,?is s& is q firm to walk on1 & 9 ?is respect =ms a pleas+ contra/ to ! f9] w9d-borne s& d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( s&/one4 ,! granitic s& be+ g5]ally :ite 9 col\r 7! r$ness ( ! felsp>s hav+ l>gely disappe>$ 9 ! process ( wea!r+71 ! wadis 9 ^: floors x is l>gely display$ are frequ5tly nam$ 8,wadi el ,abiad0 7abiad :ite72 !re are num]\s wadis call$ by ?is "n1 all possess+ ! common *>act]i/ic ( dra9+ f granitic m\nta9s & consequ5tly hav+ a floor ( granitic s&4 ,besides ! great m\nta9-=m+ masses1 granites also occur frequ5tly 9 ! =m ( dykes or ve9s1 p5etrat+ ! gneisses1 s*i/s1 & o!r rocks4 ,view$ z a :ole1 ! granites ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt are *>act]is$ by _! /rongly acid composition4 ,?\gh p]fectly normal granites are f\nd 9 _m places1 & a gradual passage into qu>tz-sy5ite may be occasionally trac$1 yet on ! :ole ! rocks approximate to ! aplitic & pegmatitic types 9 :i* qu>tz & felsp> are associat$ ) v small quantities ( f]ro-magnesian m9]als4 ,we may consid] ! granites z fall+ ma9ly into ! foll[+ classes3-- #a4 ,normal p9k granite4 #b4 ,r$ pegmatitic granite4 #c4 ,aplite4 #d4 ,biotite-granite4 #e4 ,muscovite-granite4 #f4 ,hornbl5de-granite4 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,illu/ration3 ,ball4--,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,,acid ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,,porphyritic ,,granite4 ,gebel ,f]eyid4 ,,pegmatitic ,,r$ ,,granite4 ,wadi ,gemal4 ,,biotite-,,granite4 ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig4 ,,hornbl5de-,,granite4 ,gebel ,elba4 ,,qu>tz-,,felsite4 ,ne> ,gebel ,kolaiqo4 ,,qu>tz-,,felsite4 ,ne> ,gebel ,kolaiqo4 ,,natural ,,size4 ,normal p9k granite is ! =m ( granite mo/ commonly met ) 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,x =ms ! pr9cipal rock ( _m ( ! m\nta9s1 su* z ,gebels ,nugrus1 ,selaia1 ,f>aid1 ,um ,reit1 ,%igigat1 ,niqrub1 ,abu ,bru%1 & ,hamra ,dom1 & also cov]s l>ge expanses ( l[ hill c\ntry1 & occurs z knolls scatt]$ ov] s&y pla9s su* z t ( ,selaia & ! tract we/ ( ,um ,reit4 ,! rock #aa1eje1 a full size repres5tation ( :i* is %[n on ,plate ,,xxii1 is compos$ ( p9k or?oclase1 :ite oligoclase1 qu>tz1 & biotite1 ) hornbl5de1 sph5e1 apatite1 & magnetite z accessory m9]als4 ,! p9k or?oclase is ! dom9ant con/itu5t1 & gives ! col\r to ! mass2 x is sometimes 9 gra9s ( ab\t ! same size z ^? ( ! qu>tz1 viz41 two to f\r millimetres 9 diamet]1 b frequ5tly t5ds to assume a porphyritic habit1 ! cry/als !n measur+ a c5timetre or m across1 & incl9+ to idiomorphic =ms4 ,microcl9e is occasionally sp>+ly pres5t4 ,! oligoclase is :ite1 & is f> less abundant & less conspicu\s ?an ! or?oclase2 9 ! porphyritic v>ieties ( ! rock1 ! oligoclase is mix$ ) ! qu>tz & mica ( ! gr\nd mass4 ,9 "s specim5s ! felsp>s are fre%1 9 o!rs #ab1acc !y %[ cl\d+ due to decomposition1 ) =mation ( kaol9 & occasionally ( s]icite4 ,qu>tz is pres5t to ab\t half ! am\nt ( ! felsp>s1 9 gra9s rang+ up to ?ree millimetres 9 diamet]4 ,! biotite is frequ5tly ! only f]ro-magnesian m9]al pres5t1 occurr+ 9 wisps & little ne/s among ! o!r m9]als2 "u ! microscope x is /rongly pleo*roic1 ! col\r v>y+ f usually a pale olive br[n to ne>ly black :5 a cry/al is rotat$ ov] a nicol prism1 ?\gh 9 a specim5 #aa1eca f ! little hill call$ ,sikeit1 ab\t five kilometres we/ ( ,b]5ice1 col\r range is f pale yell[ to deep gre54 ,hornbl5de is typically ei!r abs5t or pres5t only 9 a v subord9ate am\nt to ! biotite4 ,x is sometimes alt]$ to *lorite1 ) sep>ation ( granules ( iron oxide & =mation ( epidote4 ,sph5e1 apatite1 & magnetite are usually only v sp>+ly pres5t1 & are only visible on microscopic exam9ation4 ,9 a slide cut f ! rock ( ,gebel ,f]eyid1 h[ev]1 sph5e =ms a cry/al measur+ #af millimetres across1 ( ! *>act]i/ic w$gelike =m 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,granite1 ,gebel ,f]eyid #aa1eje1 #aj4 f1 felsp> 7mo/ly or?oclase71 some:at cl\d$ by decomposition2 q1 qu>tz2 b1 biotite2 s1 sph5e4 ,! pr9cipal v>iation 9 m9]al composition ( ! rock is ! great] or less abundance ( ! biotite1 & ! occasional pres5ce ( appreciable am\nts ( hornbl5de4 ,9 a specim5 f ,wadi ,kreiga #ab1acc1 ! biotite is almo/ abs5t1 its place be+ tak5 by gre5 hornbl5de1 n[ l>gely alt]$ to *lorite & epidote4 ,! f]ro-magnesian m9]als are z a rule pres5t 9 small] am\nts ?an 9 av]age granites1 & 9 "s places1 especially ne> ! p]iph]y ( ! great intrusions1 !y vani% almo/ entirely1 & ! rock passes gradually into a pegmatite4 ,v>iations 9 appe>ance ( ! rock are also condition$ by ! size & habit assum$ by ! felsp> cry/als1 by ! v>iations 9 g5]al co>s5ess or f95ess ( gra91 & by ! pressures & wea!r+ influ5ces to :i* ! masses h be5 subject$4 ,:]e ! rock has be5 cru%$1 or subject$ to unequal pressures 9 diff]5t directions dur+ consolidation1 ! porphyritic cry/als t5d to lie along def9ite planes1 & ! rock may approximate 9 appe>ance to a gneiss4 ,! microscopic sections f ^! places %[ fur!r evid5ce ( cru%+ 9 ! crack+ ( cry/als & undulose ext9ction betwe5 cross$ nicols4 ,:]e ! rock is mu* wea!r$ x usually takes on a :it] aspect due to ! blea*+ ( ! or?oclase1 & sometimes exhibits gre5 spots due to ! =mation ( *lorite f ! decomposition ( biotite & hornbl5de4 ,x is ! p9k granite :i* by its dis9tegration gives rise to mu* ( ! granitic s& :i* is met ) 9 wadis & on pla9s4 ,! rock dis9tegrates v readily "u *anges ( temp]ature1 ! cleavage planes ( ! or?oclase aid+ 9 ! process4 ,*ange ( ! felsp> to kaol9 goes on "u wea!r+ influ5ces1 & ! felsp>s become blea*$1 b ! bulk ( ! dis9tegration is a me*anical process1 a l>ge "p ( ! s& consi/+ ( unalt]$ felsp>4 ,r$ pegmatitic granite is closely associat$ ) ! normal p9k granite1 occurr+ 9 great masses p]iph]ally to ! latt]1 z = in/ance at ,gebel ,hamrat ,mukbud & 9 ! l[ hills ab\t ! l[] p>ts ( ,wadi ,gemal & ,wadi ,kreiga4 ,! r$ pegmatitic granite is 9 fact simply an extreme v>iation ( ! normal p9k granite 9 :i* ! f]ro-magnesian m9]als 7biotite & hornbl5de7 are ei!r abs5t or pres5t 9 v small am\nts4 ,t ! rock (t5 =ms dykes is probably a consequ5ce ( its p]iph]al position r ?an ( any special mann] ( =mation4 ,! great masses su* z ,gebel ,hamrat ,mukbud appe>1 l ! normal granites1 to h solidifi$ "u plutonic conditions1 & ! dykes are (f-%oots f ! ma9 mass4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason 9 ?is locality = classify+ ! pegmatites sep>ately f ! granites into a special division ( dyke-rocks1 z is done by ,pr(4 ,ros5bus*1 & we %all consid] ! r$ pegmatitic granite z simply a co>se gra9$ mica-free granite ri* 9 or?oclase4 ,! pegmatitic granite is usually ( a f> m pron\nc$ r$ col\r ?an ! normal granite4 ,?is is d\btless 9 "p due to ! great] abundance ( or?oclase1 b x also arises 9 "s cases f ! or?oclase hav+ itself a deep] col\r4 ,! rocks ab\t ! l[] p>ts ( ,wadi ,gemal & ,wadi ,kreiga h a /rong brick-r$ aspect4 ,_! proximity to ! coa/ sugge/s t !re may possibly be "s connexion betwe5 ! int5sity ( _! coloration & _! position ne> ! sea2 ?is idea is support$ 9 "s measure by ! /rong r$ col\ration ( ! dioritic rocks ( ,ras ,b5as1 :i* occupy a simil> position1 b ! actual mann] ( production ( ! oxide ( iron :i* gives ! col\r is n cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,r$ pegmatitic granite1 f l[ hills ne> ! m\? ( ,wadi ,gemal #ab1ajf1 #aj4 q1 qu>tz2 f1 felsp> 7or?oclase7 turbid & full ( f9ely dissem9at$ r$ oxide ( iron4 ,9 ! h& specim5 7see ,plate ,,xxii71 ! r$ pegmatitic granite #aj1chi is a co>se-gra9$ aggregate ( r$ or?oclase & qu>tz4 ,! qu>tz is g5]ally ( grey aspect 9 ! mass1 runn+ 9 /r+s & networks ?r\gh ! felsp>4 ,! rock usually breaks easily into irregul> pieces "u ! hamm]1 ow+ to ! facility ) :i* ! l>ge felsp> cry/als c be cleav$1 b ! v r$ v>iety f ne> ! m\? ( ,wadi ,gemal #ab1ajf is extremely h>d & t\gh1 & /rikes fire v easily "u ! hamm]4 ,"u ! microscope 7see ,fig4 #e7 ! r$ col\r ( ! or?oclase (t5 p]si/s ev5 9 ! ?9ne/ sections1 be+ evid5tly due to f9ely dissem9at$ iron oxide :i* cl\ds ! felsp>s4 ,! qu>tz %[s %>ply def9$ angul> =ms1 & appe>s to h got some:at ! />t ( ! felsp> 9 cry/allisation4 ,ow+ to its cl\dy nature1 ! felsp> looks l a gr\nd mass1 & betwe5 cross$ nicols %[s a peculi> pat*y appe>ance1 s t a fir/ glance at ! slide sugge/s a qu>tz porphyry2 b ! :ole ( ! pat*es =m+ a cry/al ext+ui% at once1 & moreov] ! *>act]i/ic tw9n+ ( ! or?oclase c be se5 9 "s ( ! cry/als4 ,a little oligoclase is also pres5t 9 addition to ! or?oclase4 ,cru%+ ( ! rock is frequ5tly %[n by crack$ & brecciat$ cry/als1 m especially 9 ! h>d =m ( ! rock f ,wadi ,gemal4 ,dykes ( pegmatitic granite are v frequ5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gebel ,hamrat ,mukbud2 !y are typically r pal] 9 col\r ?an ! l>g] masses1 & occasionally %[ graphic /ructure4 ,9 asc5d+ ,gebel ,migif1 ! gneiss slopes ( ! m\nta9 7 f\nd to be /rewn "h & !re ) cry/als ( gre5 microcl9e #aj1cff1 simil> to ! well-kn[n ,pike's ,peak m9]al4 ,! cry/als1 :i* are ( imp]fect idiomorphic =m1 measur+ ab\t "o to two c5timetres 9 l5g?1 sometimes %[ cross-/riations on c]ta9 faces4 ,?\gh ! rock 0 n trac$ 9 situ1 ! cry/als are d\btless d]iv$ f pegmatite dykes trav]s+ ! gneiss4 ,aplite1 or f9e-gra9$ b9>y granite consi/+ ess5tially ( qu>tz & felsp>1 ) v little or no mica or hornbl5de1 diff]s f pegmatite n only 9 its great] f95ess ( gra91 b 9 its /ructure1 :i* is ess5tially granitic r ?an pegmatitic1 ! two ma9 m9]als be+ bo? 9 allotriomorphic gra9s4 ,9 col\r1 diff]5t aplites v>y ) t ( _! felsp>s f r$ to :ite1 & mo/ ( !m h t9y d>k spots 9 !m1 sometimes only visible ) a l5s1 due to ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( hornbl5de or biotite4 ,z already m5tion$ on p4 #bfh1 mo/ ( ! granites ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt incl9e to ! acid or aplitic type1 & "o is frequ5tly 9 d\bt :e!r to classify an acid granite1 su* z t ( ,gebel ,elba = in/ance1 z an aplite ) a little hornbl5de1 or z a hornbl5de granite4 ,"u aplites w be "h consid]$ only ^? granites 9 :i* ! proportion ( f]ro-magnesian m9]als is extremely small1 n =m+ m ?an ab\t "o or two p] c5t ( ! rock4 ,:5 ! def9ition ( an aplite is ?us limit$1 aplites are comp>atively sc>ce 9 ! area4 ,gebel ,abu ,hireiq consi/s ( a r$ granitic rock2 ,i did n visit ! range1 b ! guide s5t to erect ! triangulation beacon br\ght back z ! typical rock a p9k aplite #ab1acd ( r f9e gra91 consi/+ ess5tially ( qu>tz & p9k felsp>1 ) sp>sely scatt]$ specks ( hornbl5de4 ,! dykes #aa1ecf :i* seam ! granite & diorite ne> :]e ! ,wadi el ,kreim jo9s ,wadi ,g>>a may be class$ z silice\s alt]$ aplites4 ,!y are greyi%-:ite to purpli%-p9k rocks ( r f9e gra91 ) a few blacki% specks1 ! latt] visible only ) a l5s4 ,! microscopic slide %[s granitic qu>tz & r$-/a9$ decompos$ matt]1 ) a r pl5tiful spr9kl+ ( gra9s & p[d] ( iron oxide2 ! decompos$ matt] is almo/ c]ta9ly ! result ( alt]ation ( felsp> & hornbl5de1 ! latt] 9 v small proportion4 ,! hill call$ ,m>wot ,rod el ,ligaia1 ne> ! head ( ,wadi ,muelih1 is a boss ( p9k aplite1 & is ( int]e/ z ly+ 9 close connexion ) c]ta9 qu>tz ve9s :i* are believ$ to be ( igne\s orig9 7see p4 #bff74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,biotite-granite ne> ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig #aj1cij1 #ag4 q1 qu>tz2 f1 felsp> 7or?oclase & oligoclase71 some:at turbid by decomposition2 b1 biotite2 s1 sph5e4 ,biotite-granite ( a well-def9$ type #aj1cij occurs some:at l>gely 9 ! m\nta9s r\nd ! heads ( ,wadi ,abu ,ghusun & ,wadi el ,abiad4 ,x is a :iti% rock ) d>k-br[n to black spots 7see ,plate ,,xxii74 ,! :ite portion ( ! rock consi/s ( qu>tz & felsp>2 ! d>k spots are biotite4 ,g5]ally ! rock is ( m$ium gra91 ! biotite be+ 9 ne/s two to f\r millimetres diamet] scatt]$ ?r\gh ! mass1 giv+ x a speckl$ appe>ance4 ,sometimes ! biotite is m uni=mly scatt]$1 giv+ ! rock a grey aspect4 ,at "s places ! rock %[s signs ( cru%+1 ?is be+ indicat$ 9 h& specim5s by a t5d5cy to lam9> arrangem5t ( ! biotite pat*es4 ,"u ! microscope 7see ,fig4 #f71 ! felsp>s1 :i* are some:at m abundantly pres5t ?an ! qu>tz1 are se5 to consi/ ( or?oclase & oligoclase1 ) "h & !re cry/als %[+ ! *>act]i/ic cross hat*+ ( microcl9e4 ,! biotite is mo/ly 9 ne/s & clu/]s ( ragg$-look+ cry/als1 b x also occurs 9 t9y flakes includ$ 9 ! felsp>s1 sometimes %[+ a di/9ct arrangem5t along ! cleavage planes ( ! latt]4 ,! biotite is usually fairly fre%2 x is highly pleo*roic1 ) col\r rang+ f pale yell[ to deep olive-gre5 9 diff]5t positions ov] ! nicol4 ,associat$ ) ! biotite are a few wisps ( col\rless mica1 probably muscovite1 & irregul> granules ( opaque iron oxides4 ,granules ( epidote are to be se5 9 ! alt]+ felsp>s1 & !re are a few small irregul> granules ( a br[ni% highly refract+ m9]al1 probably sph5e4 ,a mu* m acid type ( biotite granite #aa1ejg occurs 9 close proximity to s]p5t9e 9 l[ hills ne> ! wells ( ,abraq4 ,9 ?is ! proportion ( biotite is s small t ! rock might almo/ be class$ z an aplite4 ,x is a f9e-gra9$ :ite rock1 v fre%-look+1 ) d>k spots2 9 h& specim5s x almo/ exactly resembles ! hornbl5de granite ( ,gebel ,elba 7see ,plate ,,xxii71 b exam9ation ) a l5s %[s ! d>k spots to consi/ ( biotite in/ead ( hornbl5de4 ,! microscopic slide %[s qu>tz1 or?oclase1 & oligoclase ) granitic /ructure1 ) "h & !re small /raggl+ cry/als ( br[n biotite2 ! br[n biotite is sometimes alt]+ to *lorite ) *ange ( col\r f br[n to gre54 ,muscovite-granite is r>ely met ) 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,a specim5 f ,gebel ,ad> ,qaqa#abh #ab1ach is a f9e-gra9$ h>d p9ki% rock ( sp4 gr4 #bfb1 compos$ ( qu>tz1 or?oclase1 oligoclase1 muscovite1 & g>net4 ,a v co>se-gra9$ v>iety ( muscovite-granite1 9 :i* ! individual cry/als measure sev]al c5timetres across1 =ms :ite hills to ! ea/ ( ,wadi ,nugrus4 ,hornbl5de-granite occurs 9 sev]al =ms1 giv+ rise to rocks ( diff]5t aspects 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! di/rict4 ,! mo/ important & widely di/ribut$ =m ( hornbl5de-granite is a f9e-gra9$ & v acid rock ( sp4 gr4 #bei1 :i* b = ! mann] 9 :i* x occurs might almo/ be spok5 ( z an aplite4 ,x is a :ite rock1 sometimes ) a fa9tly p9k or gre5i% ca/1 ( m$ium to f9e gra91 ) black specks ( hornbl5de ab\t a millimetre 9 diamet] scatt]$ ?r\gh x 7see ,plate ,,xxii74 ,?is rock =ms ,gebels ,muelih & ,elba2 x also occurs 9 ! l[ c\ntry r\nd ,gebel ,hamrat ,mukbud1 & a gneissose v>iation ( x =ms ! great boss ( ,um ,rase94 ,dykes ( ! same rock trav]se ! m basic rocks ( ,um ,bisilla4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,hornbl5de-granite1 ,gebel ,elba #ab1aah1 #ag4 q1 qu>tz2 f1 felsp> 7mo/ly or?oclase71 cl\d$ by kaol9isation2 h1 hornbl5de2 b1 biotite1 alt]+ ) sep>ation ( flakes ( limonite4 ,"u ! microscope ! rock f ,gebel ,elba #ab1aah is se5 to consi/ ( qu>tz1 or?oclase1 a little oligoclase1 hornbl5de1 & small quantities ( biotite 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,! or?oclase is some:at cl\d$ 9 /rips p>allel to ! cl9o-axis ( ! cry/als4 ,! hornbl5de is 9 irregul> gra9s ( %>ply m>k$ curv$ outl9es2 x is ( a v deep bottle-gre5 col\r4 ,! accessory biotite is br[n1 occurr+ z small wisps associat$ ) ! hornbl5de4 ,! rock ( ,gebel ,muelih #aj1cee is simil> to t ( ,gebel ,elba1 b ! hornbl5de "h is ( an extremely pale gre5i% br[n col\r1 only slightly pleo*roic1 ) well-m>k$ v]tical cleavage & a v small ext9ction angle1 s t x might be mi/ak5 = biotite1 :i* latt] m9]al appe>s to be abs5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,hornbl5de-granite1 ,gebel ,hamata #aj1dje1 #aj4 q1 qu>tz 7! rock conta9s a l>g] p]c5tage ( qu>tz ?an appe>s 9 ! drawn portion ( ! slide72 f1 felsp> 7or?oclase71 cl\d$2 h1 hornbl5de1 alt]$4 ,ano!r type ( hornbl5de-granite1 diff]+ f t la/ describ$ 9 be+ ( co>s] gra9 & conta9+ mu* m abundant hornbl5de1 & ?us hav+ mu* m ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y grey granite1 occurs 9 ! l[] "p ( ,gebel ,hamata & ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,?is rock #aj1dje is slightly heavi] ?an ! =ego+ type1 hav+ a sp4 gr4 ( #bff4 ,"u ! microscope 7see ,fig4 #h7 ! hornbl5de is se5 to be ( a d>k gre5 col\r1 v mu* alt]$ & cl\d$ by sep>at$ iron oxides & epidote4 ,a ?ird type ( hornbl5de-granite is =m$ by ! v>iation ( ! normal p9k granite already ref]r$ to1 9 :i* ! place ( biotite is l>gely tak5 by hornbl5de4 ,! mass ( ,gebel ,mi%bih appe>s#abi to consi/ ( a rock ( ?is type1 :i* passes by ins5sible gradations into a sy5ite4 ,granite-porphyry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,granite-porphyry1 ,krei%im ,hill #ab1aej1 view$ betwe5 cross$ nicols1 #aj4 q1 qu>tz 7! d>k triangul> area to ! left ( figure is also a qu>tz cry/al 9 ! position ( ext9ction72 f1 felsp> 7oligoclase72 g1 micro-granitic gr\nd mass4 ,"u ?is head+ are compris$ rocks ( granitic composition 9 :i* porphyritic cry/als ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & mica are surr\nd$ by a f9e-gra9$ gr\nd mass ( entirely granitic 7holocry/all9e7 "*4 ,!y diff] f porphyritic granites 9 ! mu* f9] gra9 ( ! g5]al body ( ! rock1 & f ! qu>tz felsites 9 ! entire abs5ce ( glassy matt] f ! gr\nd mass4 ,rocks ( ?is type are sc>ce 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,an example #ab1aej occurs at ! hill call$ ,krei%im1 sixte5 kilometres we/ ( ,halaib4 ,"h ! rock1 :i* appe>s to =m a small boss1 consi/s ( r\nd$ :ite porphyritic cry/als set 9 a f9ely cry/all9e grey gr\nd mass4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bfi4 ,"u ! microscope 7,fig4 #i7 ! porphyritic cry/als are se5 to consi/ ( qu>tz & oligoclase1 ! latt] 9 approximately idiomorphic cry/als1 (t5 beautifully zon$2 ! gr\nd mass1 ( micro-granitic /ructure1 is made up ( small] allotriomorphic cry/als ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & biotite4 ,dykes ( granite-porphyry also occur trav]s+ ! granite ( ,gebel ,kahfa #aa1ecg ,b & 9 ! basic rocks ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla #aa1eah4 ,at bo? ^! places ! rocks are f> less fre% ?an t above describ$4 ,9 ! h& specim5 !y are ( a greyi%-:ite or gre5i%-:ite col\r1 /rongly resembl+ f9e-gra9$ aplites 9 appe>ance4 ,) ! l5s1 cry/als ( qu>tz & felsp> c be made out1 & specks ( hornbl5de & *lorite4 ,! microscopic slides %[ ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( granite porphyry1 b ! felsp>s are all cl\d$ by decomposition products1 & ! hornbl5de1 :i* is r sp>+ly pres5t 9 ! gr\nd mass1 is mo/ly *ang$ to *lorite & epidote4 ,! specim5 f ,gebel ,kahfa conta9s a small am\nt ( muscovite4 ,qu>tz-felsite4 ,?\gh cov]+ only small areas1 qu>tz-felsite is ( v wide di/ribution 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,x typically =ms dykes & intrusive %eets trav]s+ ! plutonic & metamorphic rocks1 b likewise occurs occasionally 9 l>g] masses4 ,felsite dykes are specially abundant 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gebels ,muelih1 ,z]gat ,naam1 & ,um ,reit4 ,l>g] masses occur 9 ! ,wadi ,huluz1 & =m ! summits ( ,gebels ,nigrub el ,foqani & ,hamata4 ,felsites are frequ5tly met ) 9 a highly alt]$ condition4 ,! commone/ alt]ation1 especially 9 dykes1 is kaol9isation ( ! felsp>s & a cl\d+ ( ! :ole rock ) f9ely dissem9at$ iron oxides4 ,9 "s dykes trav]s+ ! granite ( ,um ,reit1 a blea*+ action has r$uc$ ! felsite to ! appe>ance ( a lime/one4 ,9 o!r cases ! rock has be5 devitrifi$ & indurat$ to a high degree2 ?is is well se5 9 ,gebel ,igli el ,iswid 7latitude #be7 & at ,gebel ,had>ba 7latitude #bb71 :]e ext5sive hill-tracts consi/ ( felsitic rocks ( almo/ fl9ty h>dness4 ,! qu>tz-felsites are 9 g5]al among ! y\nge/ ( ! igne\s rocks ( ! di/rict1 s9ce !y commonly =m dykes & intrusions1 n only 9 ! s*i/s1 b also 9 ! granites & o!r eruptive rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,qu>tz-felsite1 ,wadi ,huluz #aj1cid1 #aj4 q1 qu>tz2 f1 felsp> 7or?oclase & oligoclase72 g1 gr\nd mass1 %[+ fl[ /ructure r\nd ! porphyritic qu>tz & felsp>4 ,! qu>tz-felsite ( ,wadi ,huluz #aj1cid occurs 9 consid]able masses ab\t a kilometre bel[ ! wat] holes ( ,um ,g]ifat4 ,9 ! h& specim51 x is ( granitoid appe>ance1 ) opalesc5t qu>tz cry/als two millimetres or m 9 diamet] pl5tifully scatt]$ 9 a light greyi% gr\nd mass4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bga4 ,"u ! microscope ! cry/als ( qu>tz are se5 to h r\nd$ =ms & to be accompani$ by o!r porphyritic cry/als ( or?oclase & oligoclase1 (t5 approximat+ to idiomorphic %ape 7see ,fig4 #aj74 ,! porphyritic con/itu5ts are emb$d$ 9 a cryptocry/all9e gr\nd mass1 9 :i* augite & m9ute gra9s ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & biotite c be made out1 & !re are "s /r+s & granules ( epidote & fairly l>ge specks ( iron oxides4 ,! gr\nd mass %[s a fluidal arrangem5t1 ! little biotite flakes 9 x be+ (t5 arrang$ 9 l9es :i* sweep r\nd ! porphyritic cry/als4 ,! rock has und]gone consid]able alt]ation1 ! felsp> cry/als be+ cl\d$ & full ( t9y micace\s flakes ( high d\ble refraction2 ! epidote is also d\btless due to ! alt]ation ( augite & o!r m9]als 9 ! gr\nd mass4 ,! qu>tz-felsite :i* =ms ! upp] "p ( ,gebel ,hamata #aj1ijf is a d>k br[n co>se-textur$ rock1 ) rem>kably glassy porphyritic qu>tz 9 granules ab\t two millimetres diamet] scatt]$ pl5tifully ?r\gh x4 ,x is a v h>d rock :i* r+s "u ! hamm] & wea!rs into ru/y br[n blocks4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bga4 ,"u ! microscope ! qu>tz cry/als are se5 to be mu* crack$4 ,!re are also porphyritic cry/als ( or?oclase & oligoclase1 mo/ly ( irregul> %ape1 & a few cry/als1 ( /ill m irregul> =m1 ( d>k gre5 hornbl5de4 ,! cryptocry/all9e gr\nd mass consi/s *iefly ( qu>tz & felsp>1 ?r\gh :i* are scatt]$ t9y granules ( d>k gre5 hornbl5de4 ,! gr\nd mass %[s a matt$ texture betwe5 cross$ nicols2 !re is no trace ( fluidal movem5t4 ,l ! =ego+1 ?is rock is some:at alt]$1 ! hornbl5de 9 p>ticul> be+ v mu* attack$2 ! felsp>s are fairly fre%1 b ! cry/als1 l ^? ( ! qu>tz1 are (t5 crack$1 & ?us %[ ! rock to h und]gone consid]able cru%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,qu>tz-felsite f dyke at ,gebel ,kolaiqo #ab1ade1 #aj4 q1 qu>tz 7a gr\p ( idiomorphic cry/als72 f1 felsp> 7mo/ly or?oclase72 g1 microgranitic gr\nd mass ( qu>tz & felsp>1 ) wisps ( hornbl5de4 ,"o ( ! qu>tz-felsite dykes trav]s+ ! s*i/s at ,gebel ,kolaiqo #ab1ade is a v simil> rock to t ( ,gebel ,hamata1 except t "h ! gr\nd mass1 in/ead ( be+ d>k br[n 9 ! h& specim51 is ( a r$di% br[n col\r 7see ,plate ,,xxii71 & ! porphyritic cry/als are p>tly p9k felsp> & p>tly glassy qu>tz4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bfb4 ,"u ! microscope ! qu>tz & felsp> cry/als are se5 to be less cru%$ ?an 9 ! ,hamata rock1 :ile ! gr\nd mass1 in/ead ( be+ ( a matt$ /ructure1 is microgranitic1 ) t9y elongat$ gra9s ( gre5 hornbl5de scatt]$ ?r\gh x 7see ,fig4 #aa74 ,ano!r qu>tz-felsite dyke at ,gebel ,kolaiqo #ab1ace has a r diff]5t composition1 & 9 ! h& specim5 has m ! appe>ance ( a felsp> porphyry1 porphyritic :ite felsp>s be+ scatt]$ ) qu>tz gra9s ?r\gh a d>k grey to black gr\nd mass 7see ,plate ,,xxii74 ,its qu>tz cry/als frequ5tly approximate to idiomorphic =ms2 !y are mu* corrod$ by ! gr\nd mass4 ,! felsp> is *iefly oligoclase1 9 m or less idiomorphic cry/als1 a little cl\d$ by decomposition products4 ,! f]ro-magnesian m9]al "h is *iefly br[n biotite1 9 cry/als ( small] size ?an ^? ( ! qu>tz & felsp>1 scatt]$ porphyritically ?r\gh ! gr\nd mass4 ,"o ( ! qu>tz cry/als includes a cry/al ( biotite4 ,! gr\nd mass is cry/all9e1 & appe>s to consi/ ( qu>tz & felsp> ) a little biotite & "s glassy matt]4 ,a peculi> type ( qu>tz-felsite #aj1cgg occurs associat$ ) s]p5t9e & ophicalcites 9 ! upp] "p ( ,gebel ,ghadir4 ,! rock1 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bff1 is ne>ly :ite1 ) a fa9t greyi% t+e & scatt]$ r$di%-br[n specks4 ,at fir/ ! rock 0 tak5 = a granulite1 :i* x v mu* resembles 9 appe>ance1 & ! r$di%-br[n specks = g>net4 ,b exam9ation ) a l5s %[s ! specks to be f]ric oxide1 & "h & !re little cry/als ( glassy qu>tz c be se54 ,"u ! microscope ! rock is f\nd to consi/ ma9ly ( an extremely f9e-gra9$ semi-granulitic col\rless gr\nd mass 9 :i* are sp>sely scatt]$ cle> cry/als ( qu>tz1 sometimes %[+ corrosion1 & /raggl+ irregul> pat*es ( opaque iron oxide1 (t5 mix$ ) ne>ly col\rless wisps ( mica4 ,a few ( ! cle> cry/als are 9 f\r-sid$ =ms1 & may possibly be felsp>2 b !y are p]fectly free f alt]ation or tw9n+4 ,! iron oxide is d\btless ! product ( alt]ation ( a f]ro-magnesian m9]al1 probably biotite4 ,! m9]als ( ! gr\nd mass are difficult ( det]m9ation ow+ to ! m9ut5ess ( ! gra9s & ! abs5ce ( any col\r1 b app>5tly consi/ ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 a col\rless hornbl5de1 & s]icite4 ,! qu>tz-felsite dykes #aj1cef :i* cut ?r\gh ! granite & s*i/s ( ,gebel ,muelih appe> z grooves 9 ! granite1 & z back-bone ridges 9 ! surr\nd+ s*i/s4 ,!y are p9ki%-br[n close-textur$ rocks1 ) a d>k m>bl+ 9 places4 ,! microscopic slides %[ qu>tz & felsp> 9 a confus$ gr\nd mass1 ) little flakes ( a :ite micace\s m9]al 7s]icite87 aggregat$ r\nd ! porphyritic cry/als & di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! felsp>s & ! gr\nd mass4 ,! highly alt]$ qu>tz-felsite #ab1aeh :i* =ms ,gebel ,butitelib1 ne> ,gebel ,niqrub el ,tahtani1 appe>s to h =m$ a boss or neck 9 ! surr\nd+ s*i/s4 ,! rock is a v f9e-gra9$ grey to purpli% "o1 9 :i* no cry/als c usually be made out ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,! sp4 gr4 is v l[1 be+ only #bcb4 ,"u ! microscope "o sees small highly corrod$ cry/als ( qu>tz scatt]$ ?r\gh a cl\d$ & glassy gr\nd mass4 ,no traces ( felsp>s c be se51 ! cry/als1 if !y exi/$1 hav+ be5 decompos$ & become undi/+ui%able f ! gr\nd mass2 nor c any f]ro-magnesian m9]als be made out1 ?\gh !re are t9y granules & wisps ( iron oxides :i* 9 places %[ an arrangem5t sugge/ive ( _! hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( su* m9]als4 ,! specim5 #ab1aba br\ght back f ! summit ( ,gebel ,%5dib1 by ! guide :o 0 s5t to erect ! triangulation beacon on x1 is a compact br[n rock ) r$di% pat*es1 :i* "u ! microscope appe>s to be an alt]$ & brecciat$ felsite4#acj ,! slide %[s qu>tz & alt]$ felsp>s 9 a sph]ulitic gr\nd mass1 ! :ole ( ! m9]al be+ v mu* cl\d$ by f9ely dissem9at$ f]ric oxide4 ,! felsite dykes #aa1ech :i* seam ! granite ( ,gebel ,um ,reit are a /ill m highly alt]$ rock4 ,! dykes are ab\t two metres wide1 ( a :ite col\r1 & resemble lime/one 9 appe>ance2 be+ s(t1 !y h wea!r$ m rapidly ?an ! granite ar\nd !m1 leav+ v]tical-sid$ *asms4 ,b = ! mann] ( its occurr5ce1 ! rock w\ld h be5 easily mi/ak5 9 ! field = a s$im5t>y "o4 ,! microscope1 h[ev]1 confirms its eruptive orig94 ,! slides cut f ! rock %[ a confus$ & cl\d$ semi-cry/all9e aggregate1 conta9+ cle>] small areas ( qu>tz4 ,ev5 ! qu>tz cry/als are full ( specks1 & only ! fa9te/ traces c be se5 ( ! felsp>s1 :i* are s decompos$ z to be h>dly di/+ui%able f ! gr\nd mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,alt]$ qu>tz-felsite1 ,gebel ,igli el ,iswid #aj1cgb1 z se5 betwe5 cross$ nicols1 #dj4 f1 felsp> 7mo/ly or?oclase 9 ! position ( ext9ction72 h1 a cry/al ( hornbl5de2 g1 hemi-cry/all9e gr\nd mass2 m1 micropegmatitic int]gr[? ( qu>tz & felsp>1 sep>at+ ! porphyritic cry/als4 ,9 ! rocks ( ,gebels ,igli el ,iswid1 ,mahali1 & ,had>ba1 we h qu>tz-felsites :i* h be5 alt]$ 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,! rocks are extremely h>d1 & almo/ fl9ty1 break+ ) a sub-con*oidal fracture4 ,!y are typically ( a br[n to ne>ly black col\r1 ) :ite spots measur+ a millimetre or two across4 ,"u ! microscope ^! :ite spots are se5 9 ! rock f ,gebel ,igli el ,iswid #aj1cgb to be *iefly porphyritic felsp> & qu>tz cry/als1 sometimes corrod$ by ! gr\nd mass2 :ile ! black gr\nd mass is l>gely compos$ ( extremely f9e micro-pegmatitic int]gr[?s ( qu>tz & felsp>1 ) "s glassy matt]1 & "h & !re irregul> small cl\d$ & alt]$ cry/als ( hornbl5de4 ,! micro-pegmatitic mat]ial has possibly orig9at$ by devitrification ( an orig9ally glassy gr\nd mass4 ,v>iations ( ! rock occur 9 :i* ! porphyritic felsp>s are infrequ5t or ev5 altoge!r abs5t1 ! rock pass+ gradually into a hornfels #aj1cga4 ,! slide f ,gebel ,mahali #aj1djb exhibits cle> porphyritic cry/als ( qu>tz & or?oclase1 bo? m9]als 9 m or less idiomorphic =ms1 emb$d$ 91 & occasionally corrod$ by1 a semi-cry/all9e gr\nd mass4 ,! gr\nd mass conta9s "s calcite & iron oxides1 probably aris+ f ! decomposition ( a hornbl5dic or micace\s m9]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,microp]?itic /ructure 9 felsp> ( qu>tz-felsite1 ,gebel ,had>ba #ab1adg1 z se5 betwe5 cross$ nicols1 #dj4 ,! rocks ( ,gebel ,had>ba #ab1adf-ab1adi are ess5tially simil> to ^? ( ,gebel ,igli el ,iswid1 b 9 "s cases !y %[ bright r$ ve9+2 :]e !y h be5 expos$ to ! poli%+ ag5cy ( ! s& bla/1 ^! ve9$ v>ieties look z ?\gh !y _h be5 /reak$ ) melt$ seal+-wax4 ,9 "s ( ! slides ! felsp>s %[ a well m>k$ microp]?itic /ructure1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are s decompos$ t !y are b>ely di/+ui%able f ! gr\nd mass4 ,! gr\nd mass sometimes conta9s granules & /r+s ( iron-oxide1 possibly ref]able to alt]ation ( a hornbl5dic con/itu5t1 b ! rock is too mu* alt]$ = "o to be sure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,cru%$ oligoclase cry/al 9 qu>tz-felsite1 ,wadi ,huluz #aj1djd1 z se5 betwe5 cross$ nicols1 #dj4 ,an alt]$ & cru%$ qu>tz-felsite #aj1djd :i* occurs 9 ! ,wadi ,huluz1 ne> :]e ! ,wadi el ,abiad jo9s x ab\t eight kilometres to ! nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hamata1 some:at resembles ! rock ( ,gebel ,had>ba 9 appe>ance4 ,x is a jasp]y look+ rock ( d>k col\r ) r$ & gre5i% pat*es1 9 :i* ) a l5s "o c see scatt]$ gra9s ( glassy qu>tz4 ,! slide cut f ! rock %[s cle> porphyritic cry/als ( qu>tz1 or?oclase & oligoclase 9 a f9e gra9$ gr\nd mass4 ,! porphyritic cry/als are mo/ly 9 r\nd$ =ms1 b "s ( ! felsp>s %[ a t5d5cy to idiomorphism4 ,_m ( ! cry/als are sma%$1 & "s %[ undulose ext9ction4 ,! gr\nd mass consi/s ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & "s glassy matt]1 ) abundant epidote 9 ne/s & /r+s1 & a small am\nt ( gre5 hornbl5de 9 /raggl+ =ms4 ,! ea/-&-we/ dykes :i* trav]se ! sy5ite ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam1 & =m ! actual summit ( t m\nta91 consi/ ( a v h>d compact fle%-col\r$ rock :i* wea!rs br[n on ! surface4 ,! microscopic section #aa1ebe %[s ! rock to be a highly indurat$ felsite4 ,! orig9al felsp> cry/als c be made out by _! %apes1 b betwe5 cross$ nicols !y are se5 to consi/ ( a v f9e-gra9$ mosaic pol>is+ 9 l[ greys1 probably ! result ( alt]ation by silice\s solutions4 ,^! alt]$ felsp>s are scatt]$ ) "s qu>tz 9 a cryptocry/all9e gr\nd mass4 ,no volcanic rocks ( acid type h be5 ) c]ta9ty id5tifi$ 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t "s ( ! rocks above describ$ are 9 reality ( volcanic orig91 ?\gh ! mann] ( _! occurr5ce is m sugge/ive ( intrud$ masses & %eets4 ,x is also q likely t "s ( ! hornfels f\nd associat$ ) ! s*i/s1 z = in/ance at ,gebel ,um ,semiuki1 ne> ,abu ,hamamid1 are alt]$ =ms ( glassy acid lavas2 b _! va/ age & ! int5se metamorphism to :i* !y & ! surr\nd+ rocks h be5 subject$ r5d] x impossible to be c]ta9 ( ! mann] ( _! orig94 ,,int]m$iate ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 7a7 ,,sub-,,acid ,,rocks4 ,sy5ite & ,sy5ite-porphyry4 ,?\gh hornbl5dic v>ieties ( granite are fairly common1 true sy5ite 7i4e41 or?oclase-hornbl5de rocks ) little or no qu>tz7 is among/ ! r>e/ ( rocks 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,x occurs ne> ,gebel ,nazla 7betwe5 ,bir ,um ,gubur & ,bir ,masur71 9 ! two rem>kable conical hills call$ ,el ,nahud1 :i* rise f ! pla9 ne> ! head ( ,wadi ,nata%1 & at ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam4 ,9 all ^! ?ree localities ! sy5ite appe>s to =m intrusive bosses ris+ ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,! specim5s f ne> ,gebel ,nazla #aj1fbe & f ,el ,nahud #aj1heg are v f9e-gra9$ r$di%-br[n rocks1 :i* c be se5 ) a l5s to be l>gely made up ( r$ or?oclase cry/als ) d>k specks ( hornbl5de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,sy5ite ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam #aa1eae1 #aj4 o1 or?oclase felsp>1 %[+ /riations p>allel to ! basal planes2 h1 hornbl5de deep gre5 9 col\r2 g1 int]/itial qu>tz4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,sy5ite-porphyry1 ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam #aa1eab1 z se5 betwe5 cross$ nicols1 #aj4 f1 porphyritic felsp> 7or?oclase72 h1 hornbl5de2 g1 microgranitic gr\nd mass conta9+ felsp>1 hornbl5de1 & "s qu>tz4 ,! sy5ite ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam #aa1eae rises z a great boss f among ! surr\nd+ d>k s*i/ose rocks4 ,x is typically a p9ki%-br[n rock ( r f9e gra9 7see ,plate ,,xxiii71 9 :i* c be se5 %9+ cry/als1 ?ree to f\r millimetres long1 ( p9k or?oclase1 & specks ( d>k hornbl5de1 ) "h & !re a little glassy-look+ qu>tz4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bfb4 ,"u ! microscope ! rock is f\nd to be ma9ly compos$ ( or?oclase1 ) a mu* small] am\nt ( hornbl5de & a little int]/itial qu>tz4 ,! felsp> is fairly cle>1 9 =ms approximat+ to idiomorphic1 & %[+ ! *>act]i/ic simple tw9n+ ( or?oclase4 ,! cry/als are slightly cl\d$ 9 /reaks p>allel to ! basal planes1 s t ev5 9 ord9>y light a fa9t h]r+-bone /ructure is visible1 ! /reaks on ei!r side ( ! trace ( ! plane ( composition be+ incl9$ to ea* o!r at a l>ge angle4 ,betwe5 cross$ nicols ?is h]r+-bone /ructure is v /rongly m>k$1 & is evid5tly due to a p]?itic int]gr[? 7( albite874 ,! int]gr[n lamell are slightly irregul>2 ?\gh foll[+ g5]ally ! direction ( ! basal cleavage planes !y are n p]fectly /raight1 nor always cont9u\s across ! half ( ! cry/al4 ,! lamell ext+ui% & atta9 _! maximum ( brightness simultane\sly ) ! respective halves ( ! cry/al 9 :i* !y occur1 s t !y become invisible 9 c]ta9 positions ( ! nicols2 b z ! nicols are turn$ !y appe> z well m>k$ d>k b&s1 cle>ly visible ev5 "u l[ p[]s4 ,! hornbl5de is ( exceptionally d>k gre5 col\r1 9 irregul> /raggl+ masses1 (t5 consid]ably decompos$ & cl\d$ ) iron oxide4 ,accessory m9]als1 o!r ?an ! cle> int]/itial qu>tz1 appe> to be almo/ entirely abs5t 9 ! slide exam9$4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,ball4--,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,,int]m$iate ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,,p9k ,,sy5ite4 ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam4 ,,tra*yte4 ,gebel ,kahfa4 ,,diorite4 ,gebel ,allawi4 ,,diorite ,,) ,,prismatic ,,hornbl5de4 ,wadi ,muqur4 ,,b&$ ,,&esite4 ,gebel ,sufra4 ,,ve9$ ,,k]santite4 ,gebel ,f]eyid4 ,,natural ,,size4 ,9 places1 ! rock ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam takes on a f9] gra9 & a grey] aspect 9 ! mass4 ,a slide cut f ?is v>iety #aa1eab %[s ess5tially ! same composition1 b ! felsp>s are "h porphyritic 9 a cry/all9e gr\nd mass ( felsp> & hornbl5de4 ,! rock ?us passes into sy5ite-porphyry4 ,! porphyritic felsp> cry/als %[ ! same lamell> /ructure z ^? 9 ! m co>sely cry/all9e rock4 ,tra*yte4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,tra*yte1 f a dyke at ,gebel ,kahfa #aa1ecg ,a #aj4 ,a cle> cry/al ( or?oclase felsp> is se5 9 ! c5tre ( ! field1 surr\nd$ by a f9ely cry/all9e gr\nd mass ( hornbl5de & felsp>4 ,tra*yte1 ! volcanic repres5tative ( sy5ite1 occurs 9 dykes #aa1ecg ,a seam+ ! granite ( ,gebel ,kahfa4 ,x is a light grey rock1 ( v f9e gra91 break+ ) a r\gh surface1 conta9+ pores & small /umpy :ite pe>ly-look+ porphyritic cry/als ( or?oclase 7see ,plate ,,xxiii74 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bef4 ,! microscope %[s ! gr\nd mass surr\nd+ ! porphyritic idiomorphic or?oclase cry/als to be a holocry/all9e mixture ( hornbl5de & felsp>4 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\nd mass are usually 9 m elongat$ =ms ?an ! porphyritic cry/als1 & appe> to be p>tly plagioclase4 ,! hornbl5de1 9 small & v irregul> cry/als ( d>k olive-gre5 col\r1 (t5 cl\d$ & dirty look+1 is scatt]$ pl5tifully among ! feslp>s ( ! gr\nd mass4 ,accessory prim>y m9]als appe> to be entirely abs5t4 ,a rock :i* occurs 9 a hill at ! head ( ,wadi ,amba-ut #aj1cge appe>s to be ess5tially simil> to ! above1 b ! porphyritic or?oclases are m num]\s & ! gr\nd mass conta9s small quantities ( augite & magnetite4 ,?is rock is 9 a highly alt]$ condition1 ! felsp>s be+ full ( kaol9 & epidote1 :ile ! hornbl5de1 :i* is "h ( a pal] col\r ?an 9 ! tra*yte ( ,gebel ,kahfa1 is highly *loritis$4 7b7 ,,sub-,,basic ,,rocks4 ,diorite4 ,?\gh n =m+ su* conspicu\s features z ! granites1 rocks ( dioritic composition are v widely di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry1 & are specially abundant 9 ! di/ricts to ! s\? ( ,ras ,b5as4 ,!y are almo/ always %>ply m>k$-(f f ! granites1 be+ g5]ally closely connect$ ) ! m basic igne\s rocks & s*i/s4 ,! co>s]-gra9$ v>ieties usually =m p>ts ( irregul> intrusive masses1 %ad+ (f gradually into ! m basic =ms ( diabase1 gabbro1 & hornbl5de rock2 ! f9]-gra9$ types occur z dykes & irregul> b&s trav]s+ o!r igne\s rocks & s*i/s1 & are !mselves frequ5tly s cru%$ z to resemble s*i/s4 ,ow+ to _! intimate association ) o!r d>k rocks1 x is no easy matt] to trace ! limits ( ! diorites 9 ! field4 ,! same difficulty is f\nd :5 !y are microscopically exam9$1 = "o f9ds 9 _! m9]alogical composition e gradation f true diorites1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age ( augite-diorite to diabase & gabbro1 :ile _m ( ! h>d] d>k s*i/s & hornbl5de gneisses turn out to be m]ely highly cru%$ diorites1 s t classification mu/ be m or less arbitr>y4 ,diorite typically =ms l[ hill c\ntry ( d>k aspect4 ,! rock wea!rs z a rule f> m easily ?an granite1 & 9 "s cases ! debris ( r\nd$ gra9s set free by dis9tegration cov] ! surface & r5d] ! climb+ ( ! hills some:at dang]\s1 ! effect be+ l "o w\ld imag9e to result f walk+ ov] slopes cov]$ ) h>d peas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,diorite ( ,gebel ,allawi #aj1cac1 #aj4 pl1 plagioclase felsp>1 cl\d$ by decomposition products2 h1 hornbl5de1 olive-br[n 9 col\r2 ha1 hornbl5de alt]+ to pale-gre5 *lorite2 m1 magnetite4 ,diorite 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! t]m 7plagioclase-hornbl5de rock7 is n by any means abundant4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( old gold m9es1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,kurdeman & ,allawi di/ricts1 & x 0 employ$ by ! anci5t m9]s = _! cru%+ pans4 ,! rock f ,gebel ,allawi #aj1cac is a m$ium-gra9$ "o compos$ ( black & milk-:ite m9]als 9 ab\t equal proportion 7see ,plate ,,xxiii74 ,its sp4 gr4 is #bie4 ,"u ! microscope ! milk-:ite mat]ial is se5 to be plagiocla/ic felsp>1 g5]ally mu* decompos$1 :ile ! d>k gra9s are ( hornbl5de1 pale gre5 to olive-br[n 9 ?9 section1 ) some:at feeble pleo*roism4 ,l ! felsp>1 ! hornbl5de is consid]ably alt]$2 9 places x has lo/ ne>ly all its col\r & is conv]t$ into pale gre5 *lorite4 ,! accessory m9]als are iron-oxides & a little sph5e4 ,rocks ( some:at f9] gra9 #aj1ceh occur 9 ! ,rod el ,ligaia4 ,9 a slide f ! la/-nam$ locality1 granules ( ilm5ite are surr\nd$ by sph5e1 sugge/+ ! =mation ( sph5e by ! alt]ation ( ilm5ite4 ,a v>iety ( diorite #aj1djc occurs 9 ! ,wadi ,huluz 9 :i* ! hornbl5de is ne>ly col\rless1 %[+ only a trace ( gre5 col\r 9 ?9 section1 & is accompani$ by a small am\nt ( augite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,diorite1 ,wadi ,baaneit #ab1aea1 #aj4 h1 hornbl5de2 pl1 plagioclase2 b1 accessory biotite2 q1 accessory qu>tz4 ,a =m ( diorite :i* occurs 9 & ab\t ! ,wadi ,baaneit #ab1aea is v simil> to ! rock j describ$1 b diff]s f x 9 ! m irregul> mann] 9 :i* ! two pr9cipal m9]al con/itu5ts are di/ribut$4 ,! hornbl5de is 9 pat*es v>y+ f m]e specks to eight millimetres 9 diamet]2 ! felsp>s h a sug>y appe>ance 9 ! h& specim54 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bha4 ,a m highly specialis$ type ( diorite #ab1ajc occurs 9 ! ,wadi ,muqur4 ,?is is a v beautiful heavy rock 7sp4 gr4 #bhg71 ) %9+ prisms ( hornbl5de1 (t5 ?ree c5timetres or m 9 l5g?1 runn+ ?r\gh a mass ( :ite felsp>s 7see ,plate ,,xxiii74 ,microscopic exam9ation reveals ! pres5ce ( "s qu>tz mix$ ) ! plagiocla/ic felsp>s4 ,:]e ! alt]ation ( diorite has be5 v int5se1 z 9 ! c\ntry rock #ab1abd ( ! old ,romit m9e1 ! h& specim5 diff]s f t ( ! unalt]$ rock 9 t n only are ! :ite con/itu5ts ( dull] aspect1 b ! d>k m9]al1 in/ead ( be+ black & %9+1 has a dull gre5i%-grey appe>ance4 ,"u ! microscope "o sees no trace ( ! orig9al felsp>1 its place be+ tak5 by calcite & a confus$ aggregate ( small plates ( kaol9 & s]icite1 :ile ! hornbl5de is all replac$ by *lorite1 ) little /r+s ( limonite4 ,granules ( qu>tz1 (t5 ( relatively l>ge size1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! mass2 "s ( ^! are cl\d$ by m9ute enclosures1 & evid5tly repres5t ! accessory qu>tz ( ! orig9al rock1 :ile o!rs are cle>] & are probably ( second>y =mation4 ,f9e-gra9$ v>ieties ( diorite are f\nd mu* m abundantly ?an ! normal plutonic type1 occurr+ z irregul> masses mix$ ) s*i/s & z dykes 9 s*i/s & o!r rocks4 ,^! f9e-gra9$ diorites are ess5tially simil> to ! co>s]-gra9$ rocks1 b are g5]ally ev5 m alt]$4 ,! f9e-gra9$ diorite #aa1eag ,a1 :i* =ms ! top ( ,gebel ,um ,t5$ba1 = in/ance1 consi/s ( a mixture ( cl\d$ & alt]$ plagioclase & augite alt]+ to *lorite1 ) sep>at$ iron oxide along ! cleavage planes ( ! hornbl5de4 ,ano!r specim5 ( f9e-gra9$ diorite1 f a dyke 9 ,wadi ,kreiga #ab1aed1 is ev5 m highly alt]$1 ! hornbl5de be+ almo/ entirely *loritis$1 ) =mation ( abundant little granules ( epidote4 ,! ma9 rock ( ,gebel ,beida #ab1afj may also be class$ z an alt]$ f9e-gra9$ diorite4 ,x is a d>k f9e-gra9$ gre5i%-grey rock ) :ite & gre5i%-yell[ spots1 usually ab\t two millimetres diamet]1 scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 & abundant /r+s ( a gre5i% yell[ m9]al4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bif4 ,"u ! microscope x is se5 to be ( simil> nature to ! rocks la/ describ$1 ! hornbl5de be+ l>gely *loritis$4 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt ( accessory augite1 & ?is1 ?\gh cl\d$1 has resi/$ alt]ation bett] ?an ! hornbl5de4 ,! :iti% spots se5 9 ! h& specim5 are made up ( a f9e mosaic ( qu>tz gra9s1 ) t9y flakes ( a micace\s m9]al 7s]icite87 probably all ( second>y orig91 :ile ! gre5i%-yell[ /r+s are o!r alt]ation products 9 ! %ape ( epidote & calcite4 ,augite-diorite4 ,"u ! head ( augite-diorite are class$ holocry/all9e rocks conta9+1 9 addition to ! plagioclase & hornbl5de ( ord9>y diorites1 notable quantities ( augite4 ,! augite-diorites ?us =m a l9k betwe5 ! diorites prop] & ! diabases or plagioclase-augite rocks4 ,! pres5ce ( augite along ) ! hornbl5de is difficult to asc]ta9 9 ! field or 9 h& specim5s1 & c z a rule only be detect$ by ! microscopic exam9ation ( ?9 sections4 ,b augite diorites are g5]ally ( some:at d>k] aspect ?an normal diorites 9 ! mass1 ow+ to a less abundance ( felsp>1 & are g5]ally t\gh] "u ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,augite-diorite1 ,wadi ,um ,h>gal #aa1ece1 #dg4 h1 hornbl5de2 a1 augite1 ) celephytic bord] c1 ( hornbl5de & iron oxide2 f1 felsp> 7labradorite72 ap1 apatite4 ,an augite-diorite #aa1ece :i* occurs on ! pass at ! head ( ,wadi ,um ,h>gal1 ne> ,gebel ,kahfa1 is a heavy 7sp4 gr4 #bhg7 grey rock ( m$ium gra91 v fre% & h>d1 9 :i* c be se5 lu/r\s black cry/als mix$ ) a r small quantity ( :ite felsp>s4 ,9 ?9 section1 hornbl5de1 ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t1 is 9 fairly l>ge allotriomorphic cry/als1 ) well m>k$ cleavage & /rong pleo*roism 7blui%-gre5 to pale yell[71 conta9+ abundance ( irregul> granules ( iron oxides4 ,! augite1 :i* is pres5t to ab\t "o-?ird ! am\nt ( ! hornbl5de1 is 9 cry/als ( simil> size1 & likewise %[+ well-m>k$ cleavage1 easily di/+ui%$ by _! pale br[n col\r1 abs5ce ( pleo*roism1 & high] ext9ction angles 7ab\t #dj72 "s ( ! cry/als %[ irregul> crack+ & cl\d+ by decomposition products1 & are surr\nd$ by celephytic zones ( gre5i% matt] ( r l[] d\ble refraction conta9+ flakes & /r+s ( iron oxide1 probably repres5t+ a m>g9al alt]ation to hornbl5de4 ,! felsp>1 ?\gh consid]ably decompos$1 /ill %[s plagiocla/ic tw9n+ cle>ly1 & appe>s f ! ext9ction angles to be an acid type ( labradorite4 ,! rock conta9s consid]able am\nt ( magnetite scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 (t5 9 fairly l>ge irregul> gra9s1 also a few small gra9s ( apatite1 & "o or two small granules ( qu>tz4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,augite-diorite1 ,gebel el ,anbat #aj1daa1 #dj4 pl1 plagioclase felsp>2 a1 augite2 h1 hornbl5de1 aris+ f alt]ation ( augite4 ,! rock #aj1daa :i* =ms ! d>k hills call$ ,gebel el ,anbat1 ne> ! head ( ,wadi ,kh>it1#aca is likewise an augite-diorite4 ,9 ! field x is se5 wea!r$ into r\nd$ masses (t5 resembl+ b\ld]s1 ( great h>dness1 & cov]$ ) a blacki%-br[n sk94 ,! sp4 gr4 is #big4 ,microscopic exam9ation %[s ! rock1 :i* is v fre%1 to be ess5tially ( ! same type z t la/ describ$1 b ! augite is m abundant & s intimately mix$ ) ! hornbl5de z to sugge/ ev5 m /rongly an alt]ation ( augite to hornbl5de 7see ,fig4 #ba74 ,mica-diorite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,mica diorite1 f a dyke at ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig #aj1cia1 #ag4 f1 felsp> 7ma9ly plagioclase72 b1 biotite alt]+ ) =mation ( limonite2 h1 hornbl5de2 ap1 apatite2 m1 magnetite4 ,mo/ ( ! diorites ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt conta9 little or no biotite z an accessory con/itu5t4 ,an exception occurs1 h[ev]1 9 a great dyke #aj1cia ( v f9e gra9$ diorite ( sp4 gr4 #bhg1 :i* trav]ses ! granite ( ,gebel ,abu ,hegilig1 & :i* conta9s m biotite ?an hornbl5de4 ,! dyke is s decompos$ t x is difficult to get a coh]5t h& specim52 b a slide cut f "o ( ! less alt]$ portions %[s ! rock to be a v f9e gra9$ holocry/all9e "o1 made up ( plagioclase1 biotite1 hornbl5de1 apatite & magnetite1 ) abundant alt]ation products su* z epidote1 kaol91 & *lorite4 ,all ! m9]als1 except ! apatite & "s ( ! iron oxides1 are allotriomorphic4 ,! felsp>s are v mu* alt]$1 b appe> to be ma9ly plagioclase4 ,! biotite is 9 little br[n ragg$-look+ plates1 /rongly pleo*roic1 frequ5tly alt]$ ) sep>ation ( flakes ( limonite4 ,! hornbl5de is gre51 9 small & v irregul>-%ap$ cry/als1 :i* %[ v little trace ( cleavage & are frequ5tly *loritis$4 ,! apatite is 9 long hexagonal cle> prisms4 ,iron oxides1 sometimes %[+ squ>e or hexagonal outl9es1 & epidote 9 granules1 are lib]ally scatt]$ ?r\gh ! rock4 ,f ! abundance ( biotite & ! f9e gra9 & mann] ( occurr5ce ( ?is rock x 0 tak5 9 ! field = a decompos$ lamprophyre2 b ! entire abs5ce ( idiomorphism 9 ! f]ro-magnesian m9]als %[ t x %\ld r be plac$ ) ! diorites4 ,diorite-porphyrite4 ,rocks :i* may be some:at d\btfully class$ z alt]$ diorite-porphyrites occur at ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid z well z ne> ! ru9s ( ,um ,eleiga & at ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,diorite-porphyrite1 ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid #ab1adc1 #dj4 f1 porphyritic felsp> 7plagioclase72 h1 hornbl5de2 b1 biotite2 g1 gr\nd mass1 consi/+ *iefly ( plagioclase & hornbl5de4 ,! triangulation po9t on ,gebel ,abu ,hodeid n be+ an occupi$ /ation1 ,i h n visit$ ! m\nta91 b ! guide s5t to erect ! beacon on ! summit br\ght back a specim5 #ab1adc ( ! rock4 ,x is a v f9e-gra9$ d>k grey rock ) t9y gli/5+ specks4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bhh4 ,! microscopic slide %[s x to consi/ ( porphyritic plagioclase 9 a v f9e-gra9$ holocry/all9e gr\nd mass compos$ pr9cipally ( br[n hornbl5de & plagioclase1 ) a little biotite & a pl5tiful spr9kl+ ( t9y granules ( iron oxides4 ,! porphyritic plagioclases are incl9$ to idiomorphic =ms1 =m+ cry/als ab\t half a millimetre 9 l5g?1 & h5ce are n v conspicu\s 9 ! h& specim52 !y are consid]ably cl\d$ by decomposition1 b /ill %[ repeat$ tw9n+ v cle>ly4 ,! hornbl5de1 :i* =ms ! ma9 con/itu5t ( ! gr\nd mass1 is ( a pale to d>k yell[-br[n col\r1 mo/ly 9 r\nd$ granules 9 :i* cleavage is n v /rongly m>k$4 ,! plagioclase ( ! gr\nd mass is likewise 9 t9y granules1 mix$ ) ! hornbl5de4 ,biotite is only sp>+ly pres5t 9 ! slide2 x is 9 t9y br[n flakes4 ,all ! m9]als ( ! gr\nd mass %[ m or less decomposition & cl\d+1 & conta9 a fairly pl5tiful spr9kl+ ( m9ute gra9s ( iron oxides2 flakes ( ?is latt] sub/ance are specially evid5t 9 ! decompos+ biotite4 ,! diorite-porphyrite ( ,um ,eleiga #aa1ebg ,b occurs associat$ ) f9e gra9$ gabbro r\nd ! old m9es4 ,x is a grey rock1 break+ ) a r\gh surface1 9 :i* porphyritic la?-%ap$ felsp> cry/als1 up to ?ree millimetres long1 are some:at sp>sely scatt]$ 9 a f9e-gra9$ gr\nd mass4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bhb4 ,! microscopic slide reveals ! gr\nd mass to be f9ely holocry/all9e1 compos$ ( plagioclase & pale gre5 to br[n hornbl5de1 ) "s magnetite4 ,! plagioclase ( ! gr\nd mass is p>tly 9 little la?s1 & ! hornbl5de frequ5tly %[s a t5d5cy to prismatic & fibr\s =ms4 ,! :ole rock is 9 a r advanc$ /ate ( alt]ation1 all ! cry/als 9 ! slide be+ /rongly cl\d$ by kaol9 & o!r decomposition products4 ,! summit rock ( ,gebel ,um ,he%5ib #aj1cib appe>s to be a highly alt]$ basic diorite-porphyrite =m+ a dyke 9 ! surr\nd+ s*i/s4 ,x is a d>k-grey heavy rock 7sp4 gr4 #cjd71 ( basaltic appe>ance1 ) :ite porphyritic pat*es1 m or less r\nd$ 9 =m1 scatt]$ ?r\gh x4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ! :ite pat*es n[ to consi/ ma9ly ( kaol9ic matt]1 ) :i* is mix$ a cle> m9]al 7s]icite871 ( v l[ refractive index1 b %[+ r high d\ble-refraction col\rs2 :ile ! gr\nd mass is a v f9e-gra9$ mixture ( r fibr\s pale gre5 hornbl5de ) kaol9ic matt]4 ,h>dly a trace ( unalt]$ felsp> rema9s1 b x seems natural to ascribe ! kaol9 bo? ( ! porphyritic areas & ( ! gr\nd mass to ! decomposition ( orig9al felsp>s4 ,a dyke ( f9e-gra9$ br[n rock :i* occurs 9 ! granite ( ! l[] "p ( ,wadi ,kreiga #ab1ajb likewise appe>s to be an alt]$ diorite-porphyrite4 ,x is mu* less d5se ?an ! rock la/ describ$1 its sp4 gr4 be+ only #bfh4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ! ma9 con/itu5t to be plagioclase felsp> 9 idiomorphic =ms1 mu* alt]$ to kaol9 & calcite & /a9$ r$ by iron oxide4 ,betwe5 ! felsp>s are irregul> pat*es ( *loritic & s]p5t9\s matt]1 ) calcite & flakes ( limonite1 ! alt]ation products ( a f]ro-magnesian m9]al :i* 0 probably orig9ally hornbl5de4 ,augite-porphyrite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,augite-porphyrite1 ,wadi ,muelih #aj1cei1 #dj4 a1 augite2 pl1 plagioclase2 h1 hornbl5de1 mu* cl\d$ ) iron oxides4 ,! rock conta9s l>ge porphyritic plagioclase & hornbl5de cry/als n %[n 9 ! figure4 ,a dyke ( augite porphyrite #aj1cec occurs 9 ! ,wadi ,muelih ab\t half-way betwe5 ,gebel ,muelih & ,erf el ,fahid4 ,x is a f9e-gra9$ r$di%-br[n rock ( sp4 gr4 #bgi1 ) porphyritic :ite plagioclase cry/als ( consid]able size 7up to two c5timetres 9 l5g?7 & o!r small] porphyritic cry/als ( a d>k s*ill]iz$-look+ m9]al4 ,! gr\nd mass1 :5 exam9$ ) a h& l5s1 is se5 to be a v f9e-gra9$ mixture ( r$ & d>k m9]als1 l a sy5ite 9 m9iature4 ,! microscopic slide reveals ! d>k porphyritic cry/als z gre5 hornbl5de1 :ile ! gr\nd mass is a holocry/all9e mixture ( plagioclase & augite1 ) a little gre5 to br[n hornbl5de & abundance ( magnetite granules4 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\nd mass are mo/ly la?-%ap$2 !y are mu* alt]$1 & /a9$ r$ by iron oxide4 ,! augite1 ( a v pale purple col\r1 is abundant 9 ! gr\nd mass1 sometimes 9 prismatic =ms1 b m (t5 9 r\nd$ gra9s2 x is alt]$ 9 places to *lorite1 becom+ !n gre5 9 col\r4 ,! ext9ction angles measur$ 9 ! less-alt]$ cry/als range to ov] #dj4 ,k]santite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,k]santite1 f a dyke at ,gebel ,f]eyid #aa1ejd1 #dj4 f1 felsp> 7ma9ly oligoclase72 b1 biotite2 a1 augite1 ) a bord] ( hornbl5de 7h72 ap1 apatite4 ,only "o occurr5ce ( a rock :i* c be ) c]ta9ty class$ z a lamprophyre has be5 not$ 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,! s+le occurr5ce ref]r$ to is t ( a k]santite #aa1ejd :i* =ms a dyke cutt+ ea/-&-we/ ?r\gh ! granite ( ,gebel ,f]eyid4 ,9 ! h& specim5 7see ,plate ,,xxiii7 x is a f9e gra9$ d>k-grey rock1 m>bl$ ) ve9lets ( br[ni%-:ite granul> 7felspa?ic87 mat]ial1 & conta9+ "h & !re porphyritic d>k-br[n platey cry/als up to ?ree millimetres 9 diamet]4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bha4 ,"u ! microscope1 ! rock pres5ts a v fre% appe>ance1 & is se5 to be compos$ ma9ly ( felsp>s & br[n biotite1 ) a little accessory augite1 gre5 hornbl5de1 apatite & magnetite4 ,! biotite1 ! mo/ conspicu\s con/itu5t1 is se5 p>tly 9 basal sections ( p]fectly idiomorphic =ms1 & p>tly z long la?-%ap$ sections2 x is /rongly pleo*roic1 ! col\r v>y+ f pale yell[-br[n to a v d>k r$di%-br[n4 ,! felsp>1 :i* has und]gone "s alt]ation1 =ms a sort ( matrix r\nd ! biotite2 "h & !re l>ge cry/als %[ a t5d5cy to idiomorphism1 b ! felsp> is ess5tially allotriomorphic4 ,! felsp> appe>s to be ma9ly oligoclase2 b !re are also "s cry/als :i* %[ only simple tw9n+1 & ^! are d\btless or?oclase4 ,! augite & hornbl5de are v sp>+ly pres5t1 ! =m] 9 ne>ly col\rless to purpli% cry/als1 ! latt] 9 t9y =ms ( a deep em]ald or blui%-gre5 col\r1 ) v high d\ble refraction4 ,magnetite is lib]ally scatt]$ 9 small gra9s ?r\gh ! rock1 seldom includ$ 9 ! biotite4 ,apatite occurs 9 v f9e long ne$les among ! felsp>s4 ,&esites4 ,&esites1 ! volcanic repres5tatives ( ! diorites1 are mu* m sc>ce 9 ! s\? portion ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ?an !y are fur!r nor?4 ,9 ! di/rict "h treat$ (1 only a s+le deposit1 t ( ,gebel ,sufra1 has be5 not$ z belong+ c]ta9ly to ! class ( &esitic lavas4 ,"s o!r volcanic rocks consi/+ *iefly ( hornbl5de & plagioclase h be5 met )1 z = in/ance at ! hill ( ,ti ,kef]iai & 9 ! ,wadi ,huluz2 b ^! are ( s basic a nature t !y are m prop]ly class$ z hornbl5de-basalts4 ,x is also practically c]ta9 t "s ( ! rocks :i* mu/ be class$ z s*i/s on acc\nt ( _! /ructure are metamorphos$ &esites2 among ! s*i/s ( ! ,wadi ,muelih1 = example1 are rocks :i* 9 ?9 section pres5t a gr\nd mass /ill di/9ctly &esitic 9 "*1 b ! hornbl5dic con/itu5t1 in/ead ( =m+ well-def9$ porphyritic cry/als z x d\btless orig9ally did1 is dragg$ out into fibr\s =ms1 & ! same action c be trac$ 9 ! hornbl5des ( ! gr\nd mass4 ,! &esite ( ,gebel ,sufra #aj1eig occurs z a column> deposit ov]ly+ sy5ites & diorites at ! top ( ! m\nta91 :i* rises to #fij metres above sea-level 9 latitude #bd #ci4 ,! rock1 :i* is a f9e-gra9$ gre5i%-grey "o wea!r+ to a br[n col\r on expos$ surfaces1 (t5 %[s a b&$ /ructure 7see ,plate ,,xxiii74 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bfg4 ,! microscopic section %[s ! rock to be highly alt]$1 b suffici5t traces ( its orig9al nature c be made out to leave little d\bt ( its be+ an &esitic lava4 ,! slides %[ porphyritic felsp>s 9 a cryptocry/all9e gr\nd mass compos$ ( felsp> ) a little hornbl5de & biotite4 ,! porphyritic felsp>s are too mu* kaol9is$ = tw9n+ to be made out1 b a little calcite is visible 9 _! decomposition products1 & ! cry/als are 9 r elongat$ =ms :i* sugge/ plagioclase r ?an or?oclase4 ,! m9]als ( ! gr\nd mass are likewise mu* decompos$1 b t9y gra9s ( gre5 hornbl5de & wisps ( br[n biotite1 bo? alt]+ to *lorite1 c be se54 ,!re is an almo/ complete abs5ce ( prim>y iron oxides1 b a s+le l>ge porphyritic cry/al 9 ! slide %[s sep>at$ hmatite 9 flakes & 9 /r+s d[n its cleavage planes4 ,! nature ( ?is s+le cry/al is n v cle>1 & x is d\btful if any ( its orig9al sub/ance rema9s2 its =m & cleavage are sugge/ive ( augite1 b ! cle> spaces unoccupi$ by ! iron oxide h ! appe>ance ( qu>tz or cle> felsp> "u cross$ nicols4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,view ne> ! top ( ,gebel ,sufra1 %[+ ! column> /ructure ( ! &esite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,&esite ( ,gebel ,sufra #aj1eig1 z se5 betwe5 cross$ nicols1 #dj4 ,porphyritic felsp> cry/als 9 a cryptocry/all9e gr\nd mass4 ,,basic ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,gabbro4 ,gabbros 7or plutonic plagioclase-pyrox5e rocks ) or )\t oliv9e7 are widely di/ribut$ 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 ent]+ l>gely into ! composition ( "s conspicu\s m\nta9s su* z ,gebels ,atut1 ,mad>et ,um ,gamil1 ,um ,gunud1 ,um ,bisilla1 ,dahanib1 ,g]f1 & ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 & also occurr+ 9 small] pat*es at v>i\s o!r po9ts4 ,?\gh !y are all d>k-col\r$1 t\gh & heavy rocks 7specific gravity f #bh to #cb71 ! gabbros v>y v mu* 9 appe>ance at diff]5t places ow+ to v>iations 9 size ( gra9 & 9 m9]al composition4 ,?us we h e gradation f ! co>se-gra9$ gabbros su* z ^? ( ,um ,bisilla & ,g]f1 :]e ! individual cry/als measure sometimes two or ?ree c5timetres 9 l5g?1 ?r\gh ! m$ium gra9$ rocks ( ,atut1 ,dahanib & ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 to ! granulitic gabbro ( ,kolmanab hill1 ( :i* ! gra9 is s f9e t ! rock looks almo/ l a basalt4 ,9 m9]al composition1 ! gabbros %[ likewise great v>iety4 ,"s1 l ! rocks ( ,um ,bisilla1 are relatively ri* 9 felsp>1 & are light] bo? 9 col\r & 9 weight ?an o!rs 9 :i* ! pyrox5es pr$om9ate2 9 "s cases ! proportion ( felsp> almo/ vani%es & ! rock passes into a pyrox5ite4 ,"s ( ! gabbros1 su* z ^? ( ,atut1 conta9 oliv9e1 :ile o!rs1 su* z ! rocks ( ,gebel ,dahanib1 d n4 ,! nature ( ! pyrox5e v>ies1 be+ sometimes almo/ entirely diallage1 :ile 9 o!rs x is ma9ly ord9>y augite1 & 9 o!rs1 aga91 rhombic pyrox5es su* z bronzite & hyp]/h5e occur4 ,a fur!r v>iation is ! pres5ce ( hornbl5de 9 "s gabbros1 ei!r z an accessory prim>y con/itu5t or z an alt]ation product ( a pyrox5e4 ,9 ! upp]mo/ rock ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla we h an example ( troctolite1 a =m ( gabbro 9 :i* !re is no pyrox5e b only felsp> & oliv9e4 ,9 ! field1 m\nta9s & hills =m$ ( gabbro are typically ( d>k aspect1 ?\gh frequ5tly less d>k ?an a fre%ly brok5 surface ( ! rock1 ow+ to a film ( iron-oxide :i* =ms on wea!r$ faces4 ,?is film is mo/ /rongly m>k$ 9 ! oliv9e-be>+ v>ieties ( ! rock2 x is v ?91 good s\nd rock be+ usually f\nd at a dep? ( a millimetre or s bel[ ! expos$ surfaces4 ,9 =m1 hills ( gabbro are usually 9 ! =m ( flatti% cones & ridges1 ^: surfaces & summits are cov]$ ) a debris ( ru/y-look+ wea!r$ blocks ( ! rock4 ,?is blocky type ( summit is well se5 at ,gebel ,atut 7see ! view on ,plate ,x1 p4 #agb74 ,?\gh sometimes %>ply m>k$-(f f ! adjac5t rocks1 gabbros1 :5 trac$ lat]ally 9 ! field1 are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd to pass gradually into m basic =ms su* z pyrox5ites1 amphibolites1 & s]p5t9es4 ,x is n always easy 9 ! field to di/+ui% betwe5 augite or diallage & hornbl5de1 & "o or two rocks :i* 7 tak5 = gabbros turn out on microscopic /udy to be really basic diorites or hornbl5de-rocks2 :ile a rock at ,um ,eleiga1 :i* /rongly resembles a r f9e-gra9$ diorite 9 appe>ance1 turns out to be a gabbro4 ,! limit betwe5 gabbros & p]idotites is exceptionally difficult to map1 ! proportions ( oliv9e1 augite1 bronzite1 & felsp> *ang+ v frequ5tly 9 ! same rock mass1 z = in/ance at ,gebel ,g]f4 ,almo/ all ! gabbros conta9 a consid]able am\nt ( magnetite z an accessory con/itu5t1 & 9 "s cases1 z at ,gebel ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 magnetite is pres5t 9 su* quantity z to r5d] ! rock /rongly magnetic4 ,compass read+s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l>ge masses ( gabbro are almo/ always subject to m or less error f ?is cause4 ,9 ! case ( a gabbro discov]$ by ,dr4 ,hume to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,ranga1 ne> ! coa/ ab\t latitude #bd #bd1 conc5tration ( ! f]rug9\s matt] has gone on to su* a degree z to give rise to deposits ( hmatite conta9+ #ci p] c5t ( iron4#acb ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ feature evid5t 9 ! microscopic slides cut f ! gabbros is ! rem>kable fre%ness ( ! felsp>s 9 mo/ ( ! specim5s1 :i*1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! basic nature ( ! rocks1 incl9es "o to consid] ! basic rocks z probably on ! :ole among/ ! y\nge/ ( ! plutonic masses4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic feature is 8celephytic0 /ructure1 9 :i* a %ell ( gre5 hornbl5de is f\nd to surr\nd ! iron oxides & pyrox5es :5 !y are emb$d$ 91 or 9 contact )1 ! surr\nd+ felsp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,gabbro1 ,gebel ,dahanib #aa1eji1 #ag4 f1 felsp> 7labradorite72 a1 augite2 d1 diallage2 b1 bronzite2 h1 hornbl5de1 probably produc$ by alt]ation ( augite4 ,a typical oliv9e-free gabbro #aa1eji =ms ! ma9 rock ( ,gebel ,dahanib4 ,a specim5 tak5 f ! summit1 :]e ! rock is r f9] 9 gra9 ?an t ( ! re/ ( ! m\nta91 is v h>d & heavy 7sp4 gr4 #cae71 & is =m$ ( a mixture ( d>k dull-look+ m9]al ) %9+ :ite to col\rless felsp>s4 ,"u ! microscope x is se5 to be a holocry/all9e aggregate ( fairly fre% labradorite & pyrox5e1 bo? 9 allotriomorphic =ms1 9 ab\t equal proportions4 ,ab\t half ! pyrox5e is 9 ! =m ( diallage1 ! rema9d] be+ mo/ly ord9>y augite2 x is almo/ col\rless 9 ?9 section1 b "s ( ! cry/als %[ a slight pleo*roism1 col\rless to pale p9ki%-br[n4 ,! augite cry/als are mu* crack$1 & frequ5tly %[ signs ( alt]ation ) =mation ( calcite1 epidote & s]p5t9\s matt]4 ,!re are a few small irregul> areas ( v pale gre5 hornbl5de mix$ ) ! augite1 ( :i* !y may possibly be products ( alt]ation4 ,"o or two elongat$ cry/als 9 ! slide1 b>ely di/+ui%able f ! augite "u ord9>y light1 %[ a fibr\s /ructure & /raight ext9ction ) l[ d\ble-refraction col\rs2 ^! are probably bronzite4 ,!re are only a few v t9y gra9s ( iron oxide1 & oliv9e appe>s to be abs5t f ! slide exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,gabbro1 ,um ,eleiga #aa1ebg ,a1 #ag4 pl1 plagioclase2 pc1 cl\d$ plagioclase2 a1 augite2 m1 magnetite2 s1 s]p5t9\s matt] probably f alt]ation ( augite & hornbl5de4 ,a f9e gra9$ gabbro free f oliv9e occurs associat$ ) diorite r\nd ! old m9es ( ,um ,eleiga #aa1ebg ,a4 ,x is a speckl$ black-&-:ite rock :i* w\ld at fir/ sight be tak5 = a f9e-gra9$ diorite r ?an a gabbro4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #bic4 ,on microscopic exam9ation ! rock is f\nd to be a holocry/all9e aggregate ( plagioclase1 augite1 alt]$ hornbl5de1 & magnetite1 ) granitic /ructure4 ,! plagioclase 7labradorite7 is consid]ably alt]$ & cl\d$ by kaol9ic matt]1 especially ne> ! c5tres ( ! cry/als1 b /ill %[s its *>act]i/ic tw9n+ cle>ly4 ,! augite1 :i* is sometimes 9 ! =m ( diallage1 is fairly abundant1 mo/ly 9 irregul> gra9s1 ?\gh occasionally incl9+ to prismatic =ms2 x is ne>ly col\rless1 b mu* crack$ & slightly cl\d$4 ,a cl\d$ pale gre5 to br[n m9]al1 :i* s5ds (f long tongues into cracks 9 ! surr\nd+ felsp>s1 is also fairly abundant4 ,?is m9]al pol>ises 9 yell[s & greys z a confus$ s]p5t9e-l aggregate ( m9ute fibres1 b conta9s cle> & ne>ly col\rless areas repres5t+ ! orig9al m9]al f :i* x is d]iv$2 ^! cle> areas1 9 :i* prismatic cleavage is usually well m>k$1 are sometimes augite1 b 9 _m cases !y pol>ise 9 l[] col\rs 7greys & yell[s7 ?an ! augite1 ) l[ ext9ction angles1 & are probably hornbl5de4 ,magnetite is v abundant 9 q l>ge irregul> gra9s1 (t5 surr\nd$ by a ?9 %ell ( hornbl5de or ( ! cl\d$ alt]ation product j m5tion$4 ,!re are a few small six-sid$ prisms ( apatite1 mo/ly includ$ 9 ! felsp>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,hyp]/h5e-gabbro1 ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah #ab1abf1 #d4 f1 felsp> 7labradorite72 a1 augite2 hy1 hyp]/h5e 7! augite & hyp]/h5e h ! same appe>ance 9 ord9>y light72 m1 magnetite2 hb1 hornbl5de1 =m+ celyphitic bord]s r\nd ! augite & magnetite4 ,ano!r v>iety ( f9e-gra9$ gabbro1 likewise free f oliv9e1 b conta9+ hyp]/h5e & "s hornbl5de #ab1abf1 =ms ! upp] portion ( ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 & a v simil> rock #aa1eba occurs 9 ! hills five kilometres s\?-s\?-we/ ( ,m>wot ,elemikan4 ,! rock is v h>d1 ( a grey col\r on fracture1 wea!r+ to blocks :i* h a ru/y-br[n sk94 ,its sp4 gr4 is #bih4 ,x is highly magnetic1 & causes great di/urbance ( ! compass ne$le 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,! h& specim5 %[s a mixture ( %9+ :ite felsp>s ) dull] black m9]als 7see ,plate ,,xxiv74 ,on microscopic /udy1 ! rock is f\nd to be a holocry/all9e aggregate ( plagioclase1 augite1 hyp]/h5e1 hornbl5de & magnetite4 ,! plagioclase1 :i* =ms ab\t two-?irds ( ! rock1 is a v cle> & fre% labradorite ( a r acid type4 ,! augite is usually 9 m or less r\nd$ gra9s1 (t5 aggregat$ into irregul> /r+s & mix$ ) hyp]/h5e & magnetite4 ,only 9 a few cases does ! augite %[ diallagic lamellation4 ,x is ne>ly col\rless1 ) a slight gre5i% or p9ki%-br[n t+e & fa9t pleo*roism4 ,! prismatic cleavages are usually di/9ct1 & 9 addition ! cry/als are irregul>ly crack$4 ,tw9n+ is fairly frequ5t1 z also are inclusions ( magnetite 9 ! augite4 ,! hyp]/h5e occurs 9 gra9s simil> to ^? ( ! augite1 ) :i* x is mix$1 & f :i* at fir/ sight x is n easily discrim9at$2 b x c be pick$ out by its m m>k$ pleo*roism1 /raight ext9ction1 & l[] d\ble refraction4 ,magnetite is abundant 9 l>ge irregul> gra9s1 & 9 small] granules includ$ 9 ! augite4 ,hornbl5de occurs 9 subord9ate am\nt to ! o!r m9]als1 & is pr9cipally se5 z a celyphitic zone r\nd ! magnetite & augite cry/als1 especially betwe5 ^! cry/als & ! felsp>s4 ,x is usually fairly cle>1 /rongly pleo*roic 7deep gre5i%-br[n to v pale yell[i%-br[n71 & :]e surr\nd+ two or ?ree gra9s ( o!r m9]als ! :ole zone ext+ui%es at once1 %[+ x to be a s+le cry/al4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,illu/ration3 ,ball4--,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,,basic ,,& ,,ultra-,,basic ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,,oliv9e-,,gabbro4 ,gebel ,um ,bisella4 ,,f9e-,,gra9$ ,,gabbro4 ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah4 ,,troctolite4 ,gebel ,um ,bisella4 ,,diabase4 ,rod el ,nagi4 ,,oliv9e-,,basalt4 ,e9iwai ,hill4 ,,s]p5t9e4 ,gebel ,korabkansi4 ,,natural ,,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,oliv9e-gabbro1 ,gebel ,um ,bisilla #aa1ead1 #aj4 pl1 plagioclase felsp> 7labradorite72 d1 alt]$ diallage2 o1 oliv9e1 alt]$ 9 places to s]p5t9e 7s71 ) sep>ation ( granules ( iron oxide4 ,! ma9 portion ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla is =m$ ( a gabbro #aa1ead conta9+ a relatively small proportion ( pyrox5e & a consid]able am\nt ( oliv9e4 ,9 ! mass1 x is a h>d t\gh rock1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( :ite to gre5i% felsp>s1 %[+ plagiocla/ic tw9n+ ) ! l5s1 ) dull d>k m9]als1 "s ( a gre5i% col\r & o!rs ( a ru/y-br[n appe>ance 7see ,plate ,,xxiv74 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! rock is #bh4 ,! labradorite1 :i* =ms ab\t two-?irds ( ! :ole1 is v fre%1 b is "h & !re decompos$ ) =mation ( calcite along cracks4 ,! pyrox5ic con/itu5t is n[ mo/ly repres5t$ by du/y look+ v pale gre5i%-br[n /raggl+ cry/als int]/itial to ! felsp>s2 x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally diallage1 b is 9 an advanc$ /age ( alt]ation1 pol>is+ z a confus$ fibr\s mass ( hornbl5de & *lorite1 ) irregul> b&+ 9 a direction incl9$ at ab\t #cj to ! g5]al direction ( ! fibres4 ,! oliv9e is 9 l>ge r\nd$ gra9s1 ne>ly col\rless :]e unalt]$1 %[+ ! usual irregul> cracks2 "s ( ! gra9s are alt]$ to yell[i%-gre5 s]p5t9e1 ) sep>ation ( granules ( iron oxide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,oliv9e-gabbro1 ,gebel ,atut #aj1cfe1 #ag4 o1 oliv9e2 a1 augite2 h1 hornbl5de2 f1 felsp> 7labradorite74 ,( ! f9e-gra9$ oliv9e-gabbros1 "o ( ! pr9cipal types is ! rock ( ,gebel ,atut & ,mad>et ,um ,gamil #aj1cfe4 ,x is a d>k heavy rock1 wea!r+ into angul> blocks ) a ?9 ru/y sk91 ( great h>dness & r++ "u ! hamm]4 ,on a fre% fracture1 x is se5 to be made up ( :ite glassy felsp>s & d>k br[ni% m9]als1 "s ( :i* h a platey /ructure ) cleavage surfaces :i* fla% z ! specim5 is turn$ ab\t 9 ! sunlight4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #cja4 ,microscopic exam9ation %[s ! rock to be a holocry/all9e aggregate ( plagioclase 7labradorite71 augite1 hornbl5de & oliv9e1 ) a v little magnetite4 ,! labradorite1 :i* =ms ab\t half ! rock1 is v cle> & fre%1 9 l>ge cry/als :i* frequ5tly %[ a t5d5cy to idiomorphism4 ,small] cry/als ( labradorite are frequ5tly includ$ 9 ! augite & hornbl5de4 ,augite1 ! next mo/ abundant con/itu5t aft] ! felsp>1 is pres5t 9 irregul> almo/ col\rless gra9s ) well m>k$ cleavage & num]\s irregul> cracks1 & sometimes slightly cl\d$4 ,! ext9ction angles measure up to #cf4 ,! hornbl5de is 9 "s cry/als ( a r pale gre5i%-br[n col\r n %[+ v /rong pleo*roism1 :ile 9 o!rs x is m /rongly col\r$1 v>y+ f a r deep r$di%-br[n to v pale yell[i%-br[n :5 turn$ ov] ! nicol4 ,! hornbl5de & augite are frequ5tly associat$ 9 su* a mann] z to sugge/ t mu* ( ! hornbl5de 9 ! rock orig9at$ f alt]ation ( augite4 ,! oliv9e is fairly abundant 9 l>ge r\nd$ gra9s1 ) ! usual black5$ irregul> cracks2 x is mo/ly fre%1 b "h & !re are pat*es conv]t$ into ne>ly col\rless s]p5t9e ) sep>ation ( num]\s granules ( iron oxide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,oliv9e-gabbro1 f a hill elev5 kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,selaia #aj1dab1 #ag4 pl1 plagioclase felsp> 7labradorite72 a1 augite2 hy1 hyp]/h5e2 o1 oliv9e1 ) irregul> cracks m>k$ by sep>at$ magnetite2 h1 hornbl5de1 enclos+ ! o!r m9]als & =m+ a pseudocelephytic bord] r\nd ! oliv9e & augite4 ,! rock typically conta9s a some:at great] proportion ( hornbl5de ?an appe>s 9 ! figure4 ,ano!r oliv9e-gabbro #aj1dab1 :i* =ms a hill ris+ f ! pla9 ab\t elev5 kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,selaia1 resembles t ( ,gebel ,atut1 b is r co>s] 9 gra9 & conta9s less plagioclase1 a l>g] proportion ( hornbl5de1 & probably a little accessory hyp]/h5e4 ,x is a d5se d>k & t\gh rock ( sp4 gr4 #cag1 conta9+ l>ge black s*ill]iz$-look+ cry/als sometimes measur+ "o c5timetre across1 & a lib]al spr9kl+ ( :ite plagioclase ) a few t9y gra9s ( pyrite4 ,"u ! microscope1 v cle> & fre% labradorite is se5 to =m less ?an "o-?ird ( ! rock2 ! cry/als1 :i* are mo/ly ( irregul> outl9e1 are frequ5tly enclos$ 9 ! hornbl5de4 ,! hornbl5de occurs v abundantly z l>g] irregul> gre5 & br[n cry/als1 ) well-m>k$ prismatic cleavage2 x (t5 encloses cry/als ( all ! o!r m9]als1 =m+ a pseudo-celephytic bord] r\nd ! enclos$ augite & oliv9e4 ,augite is some:at less abundant ?an ! hornbl5de1 ) :i* x is int]gr[n1 9 pale p9ki%-br[n cry/als1 slightly pleo*roic1 ) v di/9ct v]tical cleavage & irregul> cracks4 ,tw9n+ is n v frequ5t4 ,! ext9ction angles are usually "u #cj4 ,a few cry/als :i* %[ slightly /rong] pleo*roism 7p9ki%-br[n to v pale gre57 ?an ! ord9>y augite1 & /raight ext9ction1 are probably hyp]/h5e4 ,oliv9e is pres5t 9 ab\t equal quantity ) ! augite1 9 l>ge irregul> gra9s1 mu* crack$1 b o!rwise fairly fre%1 pol>is+ 9 brilliant col\rs2 ! cracks are black5$ ) sep>at$ iron oxide1 b !re is v little s]p5t9isation4 ,!re are a few small gra9s ( pyrite & magnetite1 b iron ores are n ne>ly s conspicu\s z 9 "s ( ! o!r rocks ( ?is class4 ,troctolite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,troctolite ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla #aa1ebb1 #ag4 ,! cry/als ) ! d>k irregul> cracks are oliv9e 7o71 alt]+ to s]p5t9e 7s72 ! result+ expansion has cru%$ ! surr\nd+ cle> plagioclase cry/als 7pl71 =m+ l>ge numb]s ( curv$ cracks into :i* little tongues ( s]p5t9e project4 ,if ! gabbro ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla is foll[$ t[>ds ! summit1 a dim9ution 9 ! pyrox5ic cont5t1 ) a correspond+ increase 9 ! proportion ( oliv9e1 is not$1 & at ! top ( ! m\nta9 we h a troctolite1 or rock compos$ ess5tially ( plagioclase & oliv9e #aa1ebb4 ,x is a heavy speckl$ black-&-:ite rock1 made up ( col\rless to milky & greyi%-black gra9s ab\t ?ree millimetres diamet] 7see ,plate ,,xxiv74 ,its sp4 gr4 is #bhd4 ,! rock looks l a diorite 9 ! h& specim52 x wea!rs to ru/y look+ blocks ( rem>kable h>dness4 ,"u ! microscope ! m9]al :i* looks greyi%-black 9 ! h& specim5 is f\nd to be oliv9e1 col\rless :]e unalt]$ 9 ?9 section2 b ! usual alt]ation to s]p5t9e has gone on along irregul> cracks1 & ! sep>at$ granules or iron oxide give ! black col\r to ! mass4 ,! felsp>1 :i* =ms consid]ably m ?an half ! rock1 is a v fre%1 ?\gh occasionally mu* crack$1 labradorite4 ,bo? ! con/itu5t m9]als are pres5t 9 allotriomorphic gra9s4 ,pyrox5e-granulite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,pyrox5e-granulite1 ,kolmanab ,hill #ab1acb1 #dj4 a1 augite2 h1 hornbl5de2 pl1 plagioclase2 m1 magnetite4 ,! rock #ab1acb =m+ ! hill call$ ,kolmanab1 :i* rises f ! coa/-pla9 9 latitude #bb #cb1 resembles ! f9e-gra9$ oliv9e free gabbros v closely 9 composition1 b on acc\nt ( its m>k$ granulitic /ructure1 is t]m$ a pyrox5e-granulite4 ,! r\nd$ =m ( ! gra9s has probably be5 condition$ by movem5t ( ! magma dur+ consolidation1 b ! rock conta9s no g>net or o!r typically metamorphic m9]al1 & !re appe>s to be no reason = reg>d+ ?is p>ticul> granulite z o!r ?an an igne\s rock4 ,x w h be5 not$ t ! augite gra9s 9 "s ( ! f9e gra9$ gabbros %[ a m>k$ t5d5cy to granulitic =ms1 & ! rock ( ,kolmanab appe>s to be m]ely an example ( ?is t5d5cy ext5d+ to ! o!r con/itu5ts4 ,! field relations are su* z to sugge/ an intrusive boss4 ,! rock is v h>d & heavy1 greyi%-black & basaltic-look+2 fre% fractures %[ t9y gli/5+ gra9s :5 turn$ ab\t 9 ! h&4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #cac4 ,microscopic exam9ation %[s x to be ess5tially a granulitic mixture ( augite & plagioclase ) a consid]able am\nt ( magnetite1 & a little hornbl5de4 ,all ! m9]als are ( rem>kable fre%ness1 9 r\nd$ gra9s ab\t a t5? ( a millimetre 9 diamet]4 ,! augite1 :i* =ms ab\t half ! rock1 is ( a v pale gre5 col\r1 sometimes %[+ fa9t traces ( pleo*roism ) ! same p9ki% t9ts z hyp]/h5e1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x is easily di/+ui%$ by its high ext9ction angles4 ,x encloses abundant r\nd$ col\rless granules1 :i* appe> to be felsp>4 ,! felsp> is an acid labradorite1 & =ms a mosaic among ! augite gra9s2 besides ! tw9n$ cry/als1 !re are o!rs :i* %[ no trace ( ?is feature1 & "s ( ^! may possibly be qu>tz4 ,hornbl5de occurs1 n v abundantly1 9 l>g] cry/als ?an ! o!r con/itu5ts1 gra9s ( :i* x frequ5tly encloses2 x is ( an olive-gre5 col\r4 ,magnetite is scatt]$ ?r\gh ! entire rock 9 r\nd$ gra9s1 & is specially frequ5t enclos$ 9 ! hornbl5de4 ,diabases4 ,"u ! head+ ( diabase are includ$ plagioclase-augite rocks1 ) or )\t oliv9e1 ( a "* int]m$iate betwe5 gabbro & basalt4 ,!y diff] f ! gabbros 9 _! f9] gra91 9 ! g5]al abs5ce ( diallagic /ructures 9 ! augite1 & 9 ! m or less porphyritic nature ( _! felsp>s1 :i* are (t5 ophitically int]gr[n ) ! augite4 ,!y diff] f basalts1 on ! o!r h&1 9 be+ ( co>s] gra91 & typically conta9+ no glassy matt]4 ,! diabases ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt are m closely alli$ to ! volcanic division ( ! basic rocks 7basalts7 ?an to ! plutonic 7gabbros71 & _m ( ! rocks "h class$ z diabases w\ld be call$ dol]ites by "s ,engli% writ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,diabase f "u ! ,nubian s&/one1 ,rod el ,nagi #aj1dag1 #dj4 pl1 plagioclase felsp>1 ophitically int]gr[n ) a1 augite2 l1 limonite4 ,! rock also conta9s l>ge porphyritic felsp>s1 n %[n 9 ! figure4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ occurr5ce ( diabase 9 ?is "p ( ,egypt is a ?ick b$ und]ly+ ! ,nubian s&/one & expos$ along ! feet ( its ea/]n sc>ps betwe5 latitudes #bd #cj & #be4 ,ow+ to ! nor?-we/]ly tr5d ( ! sc>p1 x is cut obliquely by ! m]idian ( #cd1 & consequ5tly only ! s\!rn portion ( ! deposit is %[n on ! geological map ( ,plate ,,xx4 ,! b$ is well se5 on ! we/ ( ! road lead+ f ,b>amia to ,dunga% m9es2 ?is road foll[s ! foot ( ! sc>p = a long di/ance4 ,! ?ickness ( ! diabase %eet z se5 on ?is road is at lea/ t5 metres1 & is v uni=m = sev]al kilometres4 ,! rock is cru%$ & decompos$ to su* a degree t x is difficult to get a fair-siz$ specim54 ,bel[ ! diabase1 at a few po9ts along ! road1 !re are exposures ( an anci5t conglom]ate ( d>k col\r & extreme h>dness4 ,! relations ( ! b$ to ! s&/one are n absolutely c]ta91 b ! impression ,i got1 :5 ,i pass$ ! exposure on ! two occasions ( my outw>d & return m>*es1 0 t ! diabase 0 an ext5sive outfl[ ov] ! old conglom]ate 7?us indurat+ ! latt]71 ! s&/one be+ subsequ5tly laid d[n on ! und5ud$ diabase4 ,! diabase is ?us probably ,cretace\s 9 age4 ,a h& specim5 #aj1dag f "o ( ! lea/ decompos$ portions ( ! %eet1 9 ! ,rod el ,nagi1 ab\t fifte5 kilometres we/ ( ,gebel ,muelih1 %[s :ite to glassy porphyritic felsp> cry/als1 frequ5tly 9 la?-%ap$ =ms measur+ up to eight millimetres 9 l5g?1 9 a f9e-gra9$ grey gr\nd mass 7see ,plate ,,xxiv74 ,! rock conta9s _m ru/y specks1 & occasionally z "o turns ! specim5 ab\t 9 ! h& "o c cat* a r dull fla% f a cry/al ( "s d>k m9]al4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! rock is #bhe4 ,"u ! microscope ! porphyritic felsp>s1 :i* are v cle>1 are se5 to be mo/ly plagioclase1 ?\gh "s ( ! cry/als %[ simple tw9n+ & may be or?oclase4 ,! gr\nd mass is holocry/all9e1 compos$ ( felsp>1 augite1 & limonite4 ,! felsp>s ( ! gr\nd mass are 9 ! =m ( ?9 la?s1 ) repeat$ tw9n+4 ,! augite is ne>ly col\rless1 ) a v pale br[ni% or gre5i% t+e1 g5]ally cl\d$ by br[n du/y matt] & small irregul> cracks4 ,x =ms irregul> gra9s :i* are cut up 9 all directions by ! ophitically int]gr[n felsp>s4 ,! limonite is extremely abundant1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! gr\nd mass 9 r l>ge irregul> gra9s :i* frequ5tly %[ a t5d5cy to squ>e or hexagonal outl9es2 x is mo/ly opaque1 b 9 "s p>ts x is transluc5t1 ) a deep br[n col\r4 ,! limonite is d\btless an alt]ation product ( o!r m9]als1 probably magnetite & biotite1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 no di/9ct traces n[ rema94 ,besides =m+ ! %eet "u ! ,nubian s&/one1 diabase occurs fairly abundantly 9 s*i/s at v>i\s po9ts1 :]e x appe>s to =m intrusions4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ^! occurr5ces is its wea!r+ into ru/y look+ br[n 8cannon balls40 ,alt]$ =ms ( diabase are associat$ ) p]idotites & o!r ultra basic rocks 9 ! s]p5t9e mass ( ,gebel ,g]f 7see p4 #cbh74 ,diabase also =ms ve9s1 frequ5tly magnetic1 p5etrat+ granites & s*i/s1 & at "o po9t1 ne> ! foot ( ,gebel ,awamtib1 a dyke ( diabase is ev5 f\nd p5etrat+ ! ,nubian s&/one4 ,x is probable t ^! diabases are ( v diff]5t ages at diff]5t po9ts4 ,:ile ! occurr5ces associat$ ) ! s&/one are c]ta9ly ( ,cretace\s age1 x seems difficult to imag9e t ^? associat$ ) ! s*i/s & s]p5t9es are n va/ly old]2 = ?\gh !y are obvi\sly y\ng] ?an ! s*i/s1 & possibly y\ng] ?an ! p]idotites1 !y frequ5tly %[ metamorphism to a degree :i* x is difficult to reconcile ) a ,cretace\s age1 & :i* sugge/s t !y ant$at$ ! fold+ :i* =m$ ! anci5t m\nta9 *a9 on ! flanks ( :i* ! ,cretace\s /rata 7 laid d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,diabase1 ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid #aj1djj1 #dj4 a1 augite2 aa1 augite1 alt]+ ) sep>ation ( iron oxide2 pl1 plagioclase1 (t5 ophitically int]gr[n ) ! augite2 s1 gre5 s]p5t9\s m9]al2 m1 magnetite4 ,z an example ( a diabasic intrusion ) 8cannon ball0 wea!r+1 we may take ! rock #aj1djj1 :i* occurs 9 s*i/s on ! flanks ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid4 ,:5 "o ( ! ru/y look+ 8cannon balls0 is brok51 ! int]ior is se5 to be a d>k grey rock ( v f9e gra94 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bic4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ! rock to be holocry/all9e1 consi/+ ma9ly ( augite & plagioclase1 ophitically int]gr[n1 ) "s r l>ge gra9s & /r+s ( a ne>ly isotropic cle> yell[-gre5 m9]al1 & scatt]$ gra9s ( iron oxides4 ,! augite is ( a pale br[n col\r2 "s ( ! cry/als are fairly cle>1 :ile o!rs %[ /rong cl\d+ & sep>ation ( iron oxide4 ,! nature ( ! yell[-gre5 m9]al is some:at unc]ta92 x pol>ises g5]ally 9 v l[ col\rs1 z an aggregate ( fibres & t9y plates1 sometimes %[+ a sph]ulitic /ructure betwe5 cross$ nicols4 ,occasionally x includes granules ( a highly refract+ col\rless m9]al1 possibly oliv9e2 b !re is a rem>kable abs5ce ( ! sep>at$ iron oxide :i* is usual ) alt]+ oliv9e1 & ! granules exhibit only v f9e irregul> hairlike cracks2 if x is s]p5t9e result+ f alt]ation ( oliv9e1 ! oliv9e mu/ h be5 a v>iety poor 9 iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,oliv9e-diabase1 f a dyke at ! junction ( ,wadis ,huluz & ,gemal #aj1cic1 #ag4 o1 oliv9e2 pl1 plagioclase4 ,turn+ n[ to ! occurr5ce ( diabase 9 dykes1 a l>ge dyke 9 ! gneiss at ! junction ( ,wadis ,huluz & ,gemal #aj1cic consi/s ( a v h>d & heavy1 /rongly magnetic1 greyi% black rock ( r f9e gra91 9 :i* a d>k-br[n platey m9]al is mix$ ) grey & :ite matt]4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bie4 ,"u ! microscope ! con/itu5ts are se5 to be plagioclase1 oliv9e1 augite & magnetite1 ) small am\nts ( biotite & apatite4 ,! plagioclase appe>s to h =m$ 9 two g5]ations1 = :ile ! bulk ( x is 9 small la?-%ap$ cry/als 7frequ5tly ) radial gr\p+71 !re is a v l>ge porphyritic zon$ cry/al 9 ! slide4 ,! oliv9e is 9 l>ge cry/als1 usually r\nd$1 b occasionally t5d+ to hexagonal outl9e ) ! usual /rongly m>k$ black irregul> cracks4 ,a little s]p5t9isation has gone on at ! edges & along cracks ( a few ( ! cry/als1 b1 z a rule1 ! oliv9e is v fre%2 x is nev] int]gr[n ) felsp>s4 ,! augite is slightly pleo*roic1 ( a purple to br[n t9t1 9 irregul> =ms1 p>tly 9 mod]ate siz$ cry/als & p>tly 9 t9y gra9s 9 ! gr\nd mass4 ,! cry/als are mu* crack$4 ,ophitic /ructures are n conspicu\s4 ,br[n biotite is v sp>+ly pres5t 9 small flakes4 ,magnetite is lib]ally scatt]$ 9 small gra9s 9 ! augite ( ! gr\nd mass4 ,apatite occurs 9 m9ute prisms includ$ 9 ! felsp>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,diabase1 f a dyke 9 ,wadi ,kreiga #ab1aaj1 #ag4 pl1 plagioclase felsp>2 a1 augite2 h1 hornbl5de2 l1 limonite /r+s4 ,! diabase dykes :i* p5etrate ! granite 9 ,wadi ,kreiga #ab1aaj diff] f ! rock la/ describ$ 9 _! fre$om f oliv9e & 9 %[+ m>k$ ophitic /ructure4 ,!y are d5se br[n to black rocks ( v f9e gra91 ) porphyritic felsp> cry/als "h & !re4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bih4 ,microscopic /udy %[s !m to be holocry/all9e rocks1 compos$ ( an ophitic mixture ( rod-%ap$ plagioclase ) alt]+ augite & hornbl5de4 ,bo? ! f]ro-magnesian m9]als are v mu* cl\d$1 & conta9 pl5tiful /r+s ( iron oxide4 ,! hornbl5de is d>k gre51 (t5 =m+ celephytic %ells r\nd ! augite1 & is probably l>gely an alt]ation f augite4 ,!re is v little ( ! nature ( a gr\nd mass1 ! augite & hornbl5de practically fill+ all ! spaces betwe5 ! felsp>s4 ,mica-diabase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,mica-diabase1 ,gebel ,um ,kh>iga #aj1cgc #ag4 pl1 plagioclase felsp>2 b1 biotite1 ) sep>at$ opaque flakes ( magnetite1 (t5 9 geometric =ms2 a1 cl\d$ m9]al1 probably alt]$ augite1 ) :i* ! felsp>s are ophitically int]gr[n4 ,! rock :i* =ms ! top ( ,gebel ,um ,kh>iga #aj1cgc appe>s to be an alt]$ mica-diabase4 ,x is highly magnetic2 ! compass 0 f\nd to po9t #bj out ( its normal position at ! /ation on ! hill1 :ile h& specim5s brok5 (f ! rock %[$ /rong pol>ity1 "s p>ts attract+ & o!r p>ts repell+ ! ne$le2 a fragm5t ( ! size ( a pea deflect$ ! compass ne$le sev]al degrees :5 plac$ ne> x4 ,x is a d>k br[n rock1 ( sp4 gr4 #bhc1 v rott51 :i* 9 ! mass looks l an alt]$ dol]ite4 ,microscopic /udy ( a slide reveals ! pres5ce ( alt]$ plagioclase1 9 r l>ge la?-%ap$ cry/als2 biotite1 l>gely alt]$ to opaque iron oxide1 ! flakes ( :i* %[ m>k$ geometric =ms2 scatt]$ gra9s ( magnetite1 & "s second>y calcite4 ,! br[n cl\d$ m9]al pol>ises z a confus$ f9e-gra9$ & fibr\s aggregate 9 l[ col\rs2 x is probably alt]$ augite1 ) :i* ! plagioclases 7 ophitically int]gr[n1 b is 9 too highly alt]$ a /ate = c]ta9 id5tification4 ,! /rongly magnetic "* ( ! rock w\ld appe> to indicate t ! iron oxides produc$ by ! alt]ation ( ! biotite are1 l ! prim>y gra9s1 9 ! =m ( magnetite4 ,basalt4 ,basalt1 ! volcanic repres5tative ( ! gabbros & diabases1 is q a sc>ce rock 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 hav+ be5 not$ at only f\r or five po9ts4 ,fairly fre% oliv9e-basalts1 probably comp>atively late intrusions1 =m ! two conspicu\s l[ hills ne> ! coa/ call$ ,gimeida & ,e9iwai2 m alt]$ rocks ( basaltic type occur at ! head ( ,wadi ,um ,deheisi 7nor? ( ,gebel ,kahfa71 & 9 ! hills on ei!r side ( ! ,wadi ,huluz "s t5 kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hamata2 :ile an amygdaloidal rock :i* =ms a l>ge "p ( ! hill-mass ( ,ti ,kef]iai has be5 class$ z an alt]$ hornbl5de-basalt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,basalt1 ,gimeida ,hill #ab1aef1 #dj4 ,porphyritic cry/als ( plagioclase 7pl7 & oliv9e 7o7 9 a hemicry/all9e gr\nd mass conta9+ t9y cry/als ( plagioclase & granules ( augite 7a7 & magnetite 7m74 ,! basalt ( ,gimeida ,hill #ab1aef1 is a h>d heavy block rock ( sp4 gr4 #bhh1 ( dull aspect1 ) glassy :ite to col\rless plagioclase cry/als up to ?ree millimetres diamet] scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 & "h & !re a d>k diallagic cry/al & "s gre5i% glassy-look+ gra9s ( oliv9e4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ! rock to be rem>kably fre%2 ! porphyritic plagioclase & oliv9e cry/als are se5 to be emb$d$ 9 a cry/all9e gr\nd mass conta9+ little la?-%ap$ plagioclases1 ) granules ( pale br[n augite1 & abundant gra9s ( magnetite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,basalt1 ,e9iwai ,hill #ab1add1 #ag4 o1 oliv9e2 a1 augite2 p1 picotite1 ) a bord] ( opaque *romite2 gr1 hemicry/all9e gr\nd mass4 ,! basalt ( ,e9iwai #ab1add diff]s f t ( ,gimeida 9 ! abs5ce ( porphyritic felsp>s4 ,x occurs capp+ ! r$ granite :i* =ms ! l[] "p ( ,e9iwai ,hill & ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,x is a h>d dull black rock ) little glassy col\rless to pale gre5 cry/als pl5tifully scatt]$ ?r\gh x 7see ,plate ,,xxiv74 ,! sp4 gr4 is #caj4 ,! microscopic slide %[s porphyritic cry/als ( oliv9e1 augite1 & picotite1 9 a v f9e-gra9$ semi-glassy gr\nd mass conta9+ t9y la?s ( felsp> & gra9s ( augite & magnetite4 ,! porphyritic cry/als all %[ a rem>kable abs5ce ( col\r 9 ! slide1 :i* has be5 cut exceptionally ?9 on acc\nt ( ! d>kness ( ! gr\nd mass2 ?is ?9ness ( ! slide d\btless acc\nts = ! m9]als all %[+ relatively l[ pol>isation col\rs4 ,! porphyritic cry/als are mo/ly 9 six-sid$ & prismatic =ms1 b sometimes %[ z r\nd$ gra9s2 cleavage is usually indi/9ct1 b irregul> cracks are common1 & "s ( ! cry/als are brok5 9 two & ! halves sep>at$4 ,mo/ ( ! six-sid$ cry/als %[ /raight ext9ction1 & are probably a non-f]rug9\s oliv9e 7=/]ite72 !y %[ v little alt]ation1 !re be+ a g5]al abs5ce ( s]p5t9isation or magnetite-sep>ation along ! cracks4 ,! prismatic porphyritic cry/als are 9 =ms resembl+ ^? ( augite1 & "s ( ! cry/als %[ ext9ction suffici5tly oblique to ju/ify _! id5tification z augite2 o!rs1 h[ev]1 %[+ /raight ext9ction & v l[ pol>isation col\rs1 are probably en/atite4 ,! picotite is 9 r l>ge isotropic r\nd$ gra9s1 ( a pale gre5 col\r ) a well m>k$ opaque bord] ( *romite4 ,a peculi> basaltic rock #aj1djh occurs at ! top ( ,wadi ,um ,deheisi1 at ! pass into ,wadi ,um ,retba1 on ! road :i* passes f ,bir ,%adli to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,kahfa4 ,x is a black rock ( sp4 gr4 #bih1 & ( su* f9e gra9 t practically no?+ c be made out ) a l5s4 ,x is rem>kably magnetic1 ! compass be+ deflect$ by #ac f its normal direction at a plane-table /ation on ! pass4 ,! microscopic slide %[s r\nd$ & angul> cle> areas 9 a cryptocry/all9e gr\nd mass ( gre5i% col\r1 full ( specks ( magnetite4 ,! r\nd$ cle> areas are occupi$ by a v pale br[ni% m9]al1 probably augite1 =m+ ne/s ( cry/als 9 diff]5t ori5tations1 ) fairly well-m>k$ cleavages1 high ext9ction-angle & fairly high d\ble refraction4 ,! angul> cle> areas are mo/ly col\rless2 !y seem to consi/ *iefly ( alt]$ felsp>1 b "s ( !m are =m$ ( a f9e mosaic ( qu>tz granules4 ,! gr\nd mass is l>gely ( *loritic nature1 ) small fibres ( hornbl5de & "s decompos$ felsp>4 ,its l>ge cont5t ( r\nd$ magnetite granules acc\nts = ! magnetic "* ( ! rock4 ,! basalt ( ! ,wadi ,huluz #aj1daj is a close gra9$ gre5i%-black rock conta9+ :ite spots 7amygdules7 up to ?ree millimetres diamet]4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #bic4 ,! microscope %[s ! ma9 bulk ( ! rock to be =m$ ( la?-%ap$ plagioclase cry/als1 ar\nd & betwe5 :i* is gre5 matt]1 n[ mo/ly *lorite4 ,"h & !re are small cle> areas )9 ! gre5 pat*es1 :i* %[ bright pol>isation col\rs1 & are probably augite1 be+ ! rema9s ( ! orig9al m9]al :i* has be5 l>gely *loritis$4 ,!re is a fair am\nt ( magnetite 9 scatt]$ gra9s4 ,! amygdules are p>tly fill$ ) cle> qu>tz1 & p>tly ) zeolites4 ,! hill mass ( ,ti ,kef]iai is l>gely made up ( a f9e-gra9$ black rock #ab1abj1 ( sp4 gr4 #bii1 9 :i* are gre5i%-:ite & p9k amygdules up to two millimetres diamet]4 ,x is frequ5tly mu* cru%$1 & 9 "o place x has be5 brok5 into a co>se breccia & cem5t$ ) rose qu>tz #ab1abc4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ! ma9 "p ( ! rock to be a f9e-gra9$ mixture ( pale hornbl5de ) alt]$ plagioclase1 :ile ! amygdules are fill$ ) radiat+ zeolites4 ,! amygdules seem to indicate t ! rock is a volcanic "o1 & x has be5 class$ z a basalt r ?an z an &esite on acc\nt ( its basic nature & high specific gravity4 ,its texture is microgranitic r ?an basaltic1 a circum/ance p]haps 9 "p due to ! cru%+ x has und]gone2 ! rock is pass+ into a s*i/4 ,ultra-basic ,igne\s ,rocks4 ,! ultra-basic igne\s rocks 7i4e41 rocks practically free f felsp> & compos$ entirely ( f]ro-magnesian silicates su* z pyrox5es1 amphiboles1 & oliv9es71 ?\gh =m+ b a small "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 g5]al1 occur 9 v l>ge proportion 9 ! igne\s masses ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 :]e !y cov] sev]al hundr$ squ>e kilometres & =m prom95t m\nta9-masses su* z ^? ( ,gebels ,dahanib1 ,korabkansi1 & ,g]f4 ,!y may be classifi$ into3-- 7a7 ,pyrox5ites 7rocks compos$ ess5tially ( pyrox5es72 7b7 ,amphibolites 7rocks compos$ ess5tially ( hornbl5de72 7c7 ,p]idotites 7rocks compos$ ess5tially ( oliv9e1 ) or )\t pyrox5es & amphiboles72 ,all ^! ultra-basic rocks are easily alt]$ to 7d7 ,s]p5t9es1 9 :i* ! orig9al m9]als may or may n be traceable4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ! ultra-basic rocks "h1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 is _! gradual transition into "o ano!r1 %[+ t ! v>i\s =ms h aris5 f consolidation ( p>ts ( "o & ! same magma ow+ to slight diff]5ces 9 composition or 9 ! physical conditions "u :i* consolidation has tak5 place4 ,a fur!r notewor?y circum/ance is _! gradual passage into basic rocks2 !re is no h>d-&-fa/ l9e to be drawn1 = in/ance1 betwe5 basic diorites & amphibolites1 nor betwe5 basic gabbros & pyrox5ites1 nor betwe5 oliv9e gabbros1 poor 9 felsp> & p]idotites1 ^! v>i\s classes be+ f\nd to pass by ins5sible gradations "o into ano!r z !y are foll[$ up 9 ! field4 ,moreov]1 be+ typically co>se-gra9$ rocks1 & pyrox5es & amphiboles be+ (t5 indi/+ui%able 9 ! h& specim51 great caution has to be ex]cis$ 9 nam+ a rock mass f a few microscopic slides :i* ( necessity ea* embrace at mo/ b a few squ>e c5timetres ( section4 ,9 ! field1 ! appe>ance & cohesive /r5g? ( ! ultra-basic rocks v>ies prim>ily ) ! ext5t to :i* !y h be5 alt]$ t[>ds _! f9al /age ( s]p5t9isation4 ,:]e !y are lea/ alt]$1 !y =m black masses ( h>d heavy cry/all9e rock ( su* t\ghness t !y are only brok5 ) difficulty ) a sl$ge hamm]2 :ile 9 ! cases :]e s]p5t9isation has proce$$ to ! greate/ ext5t1 !y frequ5tly =m foxy r$ or ev5 p9k-look+ hills :i* might almo/ be tak5 = granite f a di/ance1 & !y are s %att]$ t ! rock comes (f lit]ally 9 tons at a m]e t\*2 9 ^! cases1 long se>* is necess>y to f9d a coh]5t piece l>ge en\gh = a museum specim54 ,! br[n or p9k col\r j ref]r$ to is ( c\rse only sup]ficial1 b 9 ! untrodd5 & ra9less wild]ness surface films rema9 unbrok5 & give *>act]i/ic col\rs to ! sc5]y4 ,fre%ly fractur$ surfaces are always d>k gre51 d>k br[n1 or black1 ) m or less cry/al /ructure visible accord+ z ! rock is less or m alt]$2 pyrox5ites or amphibolites1 :5 b little alt]$1 are a mass ( lu/r\s platey or fibr\s d>k cry/als1 :ile s]p5t9es are typically ( dull aspect4 ,! specific gravity is high1 rang+ f z mu* z #ca 9 ! less alt]$ =ms d[n to ab\t #bf 9 ^? :i* are m completely s]p5t9is$4 ,! process ( s]p5t9isation is ( c\rse a *emical *ange1 consi/+ l>gely 9 ! comb9ation ( wat] ) f]ro-magnesian silicates free f alum9a2 b x is rem>kable h[ frequ5tly ?is *emical *ange has be5 accompani$ by a p>allel physical de=mation4 ,s]p5t9es are almo/ always %att]$ rocks1 full ( slick5sid$ surfaces2 :5 we comp>e ! l[ sp4 gr4 ( s]p5t9e 7#bf7 ) t ( augite1 hornbl5de1 or oliv9e 7ab\t #cb71 we naturally conclude t ! %att]+ ( ! rock is 9 all probability due to ! expansion on hydration caus+ int]nal /ress1 & ! slick5sid+ is due to ! rock yield+ along c]ta9 surfaces4 ,! crack+ ( felsp>s & ! =c+ ( s]p5t9e into !m1 :i* are frequ5tly se5 9 ?9 sections ( oliv9e rocks1 su* z ! troctolite %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd on p4 #cjd1 %[s on a small scale ! physical effect ( expansion on s]p5t9isation1 & %\ld lead u to expect a correspond+ effect 9 rock masses4 ,x is ?us n necess>y to inf] great tectonic movem5ts to expla9 ! %att]+ ( ! rock1 & 9 fact ! disposition ( ! s]p5t9es 9 broad m\nta9 tracts l ,gebel ,g]f is oppos$ to ! idea ( !re be+ "h any local acc5tuation ( fold+ or cru%+ by g5]al cru/-crumpl+4 ,i h calculat$ t a horizontal %eet ( pyrox5ite ( sp4 gr4 #ca1 t5 kilometres wide1 conf9$ betwe5 fix$ abutm5ts & prev5t$ f increas+ its ?ickness1 w\ld rise into an ar* hav+ a height ( ab\t two & a qu>t] kilometres at its c5tre if conv]t$ into s]p5t9e ( sp4 gr4 #bf2 ?is is1 ( c\rse1 n giv5 z a precise example ( :at may actually h tak5 place1 b x w s]ve to %[ t expansion on hydration may produce dynamical effects n inf]ior to ^? ( contraction ( ! e>?'s cru/1 su* z are believ$ to be ! ma9 cause ( m\nta9 =mation1 & to expla9 :y we may f9d s]p5t9es %att]$ to fragm5ts & full ( slick5sid$ surfaces 9 areas :]e ! surr\nd+ rocks %[ comp>atively little evid5ce ( dynamo-metamorphism4 ,pyrox5ites4 ,heavy d>k gre5 rocks1 ( m$ium to co>se gra91 & consi/+ almo/ entirely ( a s*ill]iz$-look+ m9]al1 =m ! hill-masses ( ,gebels ,um ,e9 & ,qre9 ,salama1 & simil> rocks are f\nd 9 connexion ) gabbro at ,gebel ,um ,gunud & else:]e4 ,f ! diallagic appe>ance ( ^! rocks 9 ! h& specim51 !y 7 class$ 9 ! field z pyrox5ites or diallage rocks4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! slides cut f ! specim5s reveals ! ma9 con/itu5t to be hornbl5de1 & ! rocks mu/ !re=e be plac$ 9 ! division ( amphibolites4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 highly probable t ^! rocks 7 orig9ally pyrox5ites1 ! hornbl5de hav+ orig9at$ ma9ly f ! alt]ation ( augite2 ! *ange f augite to hornbl5de 9 ! gabbros has already 7p4 #cjb7 be5 rem>k$1 & 9 ^! ultra-basic =ms ! same process appe>s to h gone on4 ,"s p>ts ( ! great ultra-basic mass ( ,gebel ,g]f consi/ ( bronzite-rock4 ,specim5s f ! lea/ alt]$ portions consi/ almo/ entirely ( bronzite1 sometimes ) a little oliv9e2 ! rocks are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally f\nd pass+ into s]p5t9e1 su* z =ms ! ma9 portion ( ! m\nta91 & on microscopic exam9ation ev5 ! fre%e/ portions always exhibit m or less s]p5t9isation4 ,x w accord+ly be pref]able to treat ( ^! rocks "u ! head+ ( s]p5t9es4 ,amphibolites4 ,rocks consi/+ almo/ entirely ( hornbl5de occur 9 consid]able masses 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gebel ,um ,gunud1 & =m ! conspicu\s hills ,gebel ,um ,e9 & ,qre9 ,salama2 !y also occur 9 a small pat* ab\t ?ree kilometres ea/ ( ,erf el ,fahid4 ,9 ! field1 especially ) ! co>s]-gra9$ v>ieties1 !re is (t5 consid]able difficulty 9 id5tify+ ! ma9 con/itu5t ( ! rock z hornbl5de1 ow+ to ! s*ill]iz$ appe>ance ( ! m9]al be+ m sugge/ive ( diallage2 ! mass ea/ ( ,erf el ,fahid1 = in/ance1 0 class$ 9 ! field z a basic gabbro or diallage-rock1 in/ead ( a v basic diorite or hornbl5de-rock1 su* z ! microscopic exam9ation proves x to be4 ,^! rocks are always v heavy & extremely t\gh2 !y wea!r commonly into great ru/y-look+ r\nd$ blocks1 & a sl$ge hamm] is requir$ to get a specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,amphibolite1 f hills ne> ,gebel ,um ,gunud #aa1eaa1 #cj4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! figure is occupi$ by hornbl5de1 :i* is se5 cl\d$ & alt]+ to granul> epidote at e4 ,"p ( a l>ge gra9 ( calcite1 bord]$ & /reak$ ) iron oxide1 is se5 at c1 :ile q is a small cry/al ( int]/itial qu>tz4 ,! slide also conta9s a small proportion ( plagioclase felsp>1 n %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! amphibolite ( ! hills ab\t ,gebel ,um ,gunud #aa1eaa is a v h>d & heavy co>se gra9$ gre5i%-black rock compos$ almo/ entirely ( %9+ platey-look+ cry/als ( hornbl5de1 :i* (t5 rea* two c5timetres 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #cjh4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ! rock to be granitic 9 /ructure & to conta91 9 addition to hornbl5de1 small am\nts ( plagioclase1 qu>tz1 calcite1 & iron oxides4 ,! irregul>-%ap$ hornbl5de cry/als %[ /rong pleo*roism1 f pale olive-br[n to mod]ately deep gre54 ,! ext9ction angles are l>ge1 be+ frequ5tly ov] #bj4 ,tw9n+ ( ! cry/als is fairly common4 ,_m ( ! cry/als are cl\d$1 & ! alt]ation ( ! m9]al has result$ 9 ! =mation ( mu* epidote4 ,! plagioclase is only pres5t 9 v small quantity1 /rongly cl\d$ by decomposition1 b /ill %[+ tw9n+ cle>ly4 ,! qu>tz is cle>1 & is likewise pres5t 9 v small proportion1 mo/ly int]/itial4 ,calcite is fairly pl5tiful 9 l>ge r\nd$ & irregul> gra9s1 r turbid-look+1 ( a br[ni% or gre5i% t+e1 outl9$ & /reak$ ) /rong l9es ( iron oxide1 9 a way :i* at times sugge/s t ! calcite may possibly be ! result ( alt]ation ( a lime oliv9e4 ,a specim5 ( amphibolite #aa1ebh obta9$ f a hill ne> ! junction ( ,wadi ,abu ,m>wa ) ,wadi ,naait1 ab\t sev5 kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,um ,gunud1 is a d>k gre5 rock ( r f9e gra91 made up ( %9+ plates & small fibr\s cry/als ( hornbl5de & *lorite4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #big4 ,"u ! microscope ! hornbl5de is 9 r ragg$-look+ irregul> cry/als ( v>i\s sizes1 all int]lock$ ) ea* o!r1 r>ely %[+ any approximation to idiomorphism except 9 ! small] cry/als1 :i* are commonly limit$ by prismatic faces2 ^! small] cry/als are frequ5tly includ$ 9 ! l>g] ones4 ,! pleo*roism is fairly /rong1 a pale olive br[n1 c mod]ately deep gre54 ,prismatic cleavage is well m>k$4 ,ext9ction angles are (t5 l>ge1 rang+ up to #bd4 ,a few ( ! cry/als are slightly b5t1 & _m %[ m or less cl\d+ ow+ to p>tial alt]ation to *lorite1 b on ! :ole ! rock is fairly fre%4 ,except = a few specks ( magnetite1 & ! alt]ation product *lorite1 ! rock conta9s no?+ b hornbl5de4 ,! hornbl5de-rock or amphibolite ( ,gebel ,um ,e9 #ab1acj is ( m$ium gra91 almo/ entirely made up ( %9+ cry/als ( hornbl5de ) a little *loritic matt]4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #cjc4 ,! microscopic slide %[s l>ge individuals ( hornbl5de incl9+ to idiomorphism1 set 9 a sort ( gr\nd mass ( small] cry/als4 ,! hornbl5de %[s ! same /rong pleo*roism & high ext9ction angles z 9 ! two rocks j describ$2 x is frequ5tly cl\d$ & speckl$ ) iron oxides1 & (t5 full ( light]-col\r$ pat*es :i* ext+ui% ) ! re/ ( ! cry/al2 9 _m cases ^! light] pat*es conta9 a c5tral granule ( iron oxide1 & !y are d\btless due to a blea*+ by segregation ( ! iron4 ,betwe5 cross$ nicols _m ( ! cry/als are full ( small fibres ext+ui%+ diff]5tly f ! re/ ( ! cry/al2 "s ( ^! fibres pol>ise 9 l[ col\rs & are probably *lorite or s]p5t9e1 :ile o!rs %[ brilliant t9ts & are possibly act9olite4 ,! amphibolite :i* occurs ?ree kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,erf el ,fahid #aj1cfa is ( extremely co>se gra91 look+ l a v basic gabbro ow+ to ! s*ill]iz$ appe>ance ( its l>ge hornbl5de cry/als & ! pres5ce ( a little int]/itial felsp>4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! rock is #bih4 ,! section %[s ! hornbl5de to be ( a v pale gre5 col\r1 ) an almo/ entire abs5ce ( iron oxide gra9s & o!r alt]ation products4 ,betwe5 cross$ nicols x has a fibr\s woody appe>ance4 ,! int]/itial plagioclase 7probably labradorite7 is likewise v fre%1 %[+ its repeat$ tw9n+ v cle>ly2 ! cry/als are full ( t9y fibres ( hornbl5de1 & are trav]s$ by broad cracks fill$ ) a mosaic ( small] cry/als ( plagioclase & qu>tz4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,amphibolite ( ,qre9 ,salama #ab1aeg1 #ag4 h1 hornbl5de1 /rongly /riat$1 alt]+ to *lorite2 o1 oliv9e1 & b1 bronzite1 bo? pass+ into s]p5t9e4 ,! rock #ab1aeg1 ( ! hill call$ ,qre9 ,salama1 to ! ea/ ( ,gebel ,g]f1 is int]e/+ z conta9+ oliv9e & bronzite 9 addition to ! m abundant hornbl5de1 & ?us =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! amphibolites prop] & ! p]idotites2 b z ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! rock is hornbl5de x is /ill class$ z an amphibolite4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #cje4 ,9 ! slide1 ! hornbl5de is se5 9 irregul> cry/als1 col\rless to v pale gre51 ) a fibr\s /ructure :i* is /rongly m>k$ by pat*es ( %ad+ ( extremely f9e black prismatic /riations4 ,) cross$ nicols ! fibr\s /ructure is /ill m app>5t1 ! m9]al pol>is+ z brilliant fibres sep>at$ by *loritic alt]ation products4 ,! pron\nc$ /riation & fa9t col\r ( ! cry/als are m sugge/ive ( diallage ?an ( hornbl5de1 b ! ext9ction angles measur$ 9 ! slide are all less ?an #bb4 ,_m ( ! hornbl5de-cry/als conta9 l>ge numb]s ( small r\nd$ gra9s & /r+s ( iron oxide4 ,! oliv9e is mo/ly 9 r\nd$ cry/als1 frequ5tly includ$ 9 ! hornbl5de2 x is l>gely s]p5t9is$ & full ( small gra9s ( opaque iron oxides1 b k]nels ( ! orig9al m9]al rema94 ,! bronzite1 :i* is pres5t 9 ab\t equal proportion ) ! oliv9e1 is likewise ext5sively s]p5t9is$ & full ( iron oxide gra9s2 x is di/+ui%able f ! oliv9e by a m fibr\s appe>ance 7! s]p5t9isation hav+ gone on ma9ly along ! direction ( ! v]tical axis in/ead ( along irregul> cracks71 & by its g5]ally l[] pol>isation col\rs 9 ! unalt]$ portions4 ,p]idotites4 ,! p]idotites1 or felsp>-free rocks consi/+ l>gely ( oliv9e1 are usually classifi$ into3-- 7a7 ,dunites1 consi/+ entirely ( oliv9e4 7b7 ,h>zburgites1 consi/+ ( oliv9e & en/atite or bronzite4 7c7 ,wehrlites1 conta9+ oliv9e & diallage4 7d7 ,lh]zolites1 conta9+ oliv9e1 diallage1 en/atite or bronzite1 & picotite or *romite4 7e7 ,hornbl5de-picrites1 conta9+ oliv9e & hornbl5de4 7f7 ,mica-p]idotites1 conta9+ oliv9e & biotite4 ,mo/ if n all ( ^! classes are repres5t$ 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 b 9 ! alt]$ =m ( s]p5t9e4 ,! *ange to s]p5t9e has be5 s complete t x is n[ h>dly possible to extract ev5 a small specim5 ( ! primitive rock2 inde$1 c>eful se>* is (t5 requir$ to obta9 ev5 specim5s conta9+ any unalt]$ m9]al :atev]1 & "o has frequ5tly to rely on ! /ructure ( ! s]p5t9e = ! id5tification ( ! rocks f :i* x orig9at$4 ,s]p5t9e4 ,s]p5t9es cov] ab\t #djj squ>e kilometres ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 =m+ ! pr9cipal rock ( sev]al rem>kable m\nta9 gr\ps & also occurr+ 9 l[] hill c\ntry4 ,! l>ge/ occurr5ce is t ( ! great m\nta9 mass ( ,gebel ,g]f1 :]e s]p5t9e ) alt]nations ( gabbroid & dioritic rocks c be foll[$ f ,bir ,m5eiga s\?w>d = "s ?irty kilometres to beyond ! ,%]efa pass1 :ile ! bread? ( ! tract f ea/ to we/ is "s fifte5 kilometres or m at its wide/ "p2 ?is tract includes a va/ assemblage ( high peaks & ridges1 t[]+ up 9 _m cases to m ?an a kilometre above sea-level4 ,to ! nor?1 s\?1 & ea/1 ! s]p5t9e is b\nd$ by gabbros & diorites1 :ile on ! we/ a tract ( s*i/ose rocks sep>ates x f ano!r great s]p5t9e mass :i* =ms ,gebel ,korabkansi4 ,o!r rem>kable s]p5t9e masses are ,gebel ,abu ,dahr & ! upp] "p ( ,gebel ,sikait2 s]p5t9es also ent] into ! composition ( ,gebels ,ghadir & ,um ,t5$ba1 :ile l[] hills =m$ ( simil> rocks occur ne> ,bir ,murra 9 ,wadi ,%ait1 9 ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga1 ne> ,gebel ,kalalat1 & on ! pla9 ea/ ( ,abraq ,spr+s4 ,! foxy r$ col\r ( expos$ faces ( s]p5t9e hills1 & ! g5]ally %att]$ nature ( ! rock1 h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,:5 "o approa*es ! masses closely1 ! r$ col\r (t5 becomes less m>k$1 because ! fre% debris flank+ ! hills is ( a d>k] aspect4 ,! slopes ( s]p5t9e hills are usually /eep1 & ?is comb9$ ) ! rott5 nature ( ! rock r5d]s _! climb+ n always q free f dang]4 ,any attempt to map out 9 ! field ! precise limits ( ! diff]5t p]idotites :i* 7 ! p>5ts ( ! s]p5t9e ends 9 failure1 p>tly because ! con/itu5t m9]als c g5]ally only be id5tifi$ on microscopic exam9ation1 & p>tly because ! diff]5t p]idotites pass gradually "o into ano!r1 & are evid5tly only produc$ by slight v>iations 9 ! composition or conditions ( consolidation ( a s+le magma4 ,ev5 ! limits ( ! s]p5t9e itself are n always v cle>2 = :]e ! associat$ rock is gabbro1 z = in/ance to ! nor? ( ,gebel ,g]f1 !re is a gradual passage ?r\gh m or less s]p5t9is$ oliv9e gabbro to ! true s]p5t9e4 ,gold5 yell[ ve9lets ( fibr\s *rysotile c be se5 runn+ ?r\gh ! rock at _m places1 & occasionally ve9s & pockets ( magnesite & an inf]ior k9d ( asbe/os occur 7see p4 #ccj74 ,! s]p5t9es are ne>ly always m or less magnetic1 & sometimes %[ /rong pol>ity4 ,! compass 0 di/urb$ by #dj at ! triangulation /ation on ,gebel ,sikait2 ! am\nt ( di/urbance *anges greatly :5 "o moves ev5 a %ort di/ance1 & all e/imations ( direction f compass read+s 9 s]p5t9e c\ntry are !re=e liable to enorm\s error4 ,9 a /rictly petrographical s5se x w\ld be mo/ sy/ematic to describe ! s]p5t9es 9 classes accord+ to ! nature ( ! p>5t rock2 gr\p+ toge!r1 = in/ance1 all ^? d]iv$ f pyrox5ites into "o class1 ^? f amphibolites into ano!r1 ^? f dunites into a ?ird1 & s on4 ,b besides ! fact t ! nature ( ! p>5t rock _c always be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 su* a c\rse w\ld possess ! objection ( sep>at+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( "o & ! same mass2 at ,gebel ,g]f1 = example1 we h s]p5t9es d]iv$ f rocks ( v>i\s ( ^! classes1 ?\gh probably all =m$ "p ( ! same igne\s intrusion & are ?us g5etically connect$4 ,9 ! descriptions :i* foll[1 !re=e1 ! s]p5t9es ( ea* locality w be gr\p$ toge!r1 irrespective ( orig94 ,! localities are tak5 9 ord] ( latitude f nor? to s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,s]p5t9e1 probably d]iv$ f a mica-p]idotite1 ea/ ( ,erf el ,fahid #aj1cfj1 #dj4 cm1 *lorite & magnetite f alt]ation ( biotite2 s1 cle> s]p5t9e1 probably alt]$ oliv9e4 ,a s]p5t9e :i* occurs associat$ ) amphibolite & v>i\s s*i/s ab\t ?ree kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,erf el ,fahid #aj1cfj may possibly h be5 d]iv$ f a mica-p]idotite4 ,9 ! h& specim5 x is a d>k br[n rock ( dull aspect ) gre5i% pat*es1 & %[s m>k$ magnetic pol>ity4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bfc4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ma9ly col\rless s]p5t9e1 b !re are /r+s & bundles ( pale gre5i%-yell[ *lorite1 & specks & /r+s ( magnetite4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! magnetite 7see ,fig4 #de7 at once attracts att5tion1 be+ frequ5tly aggregat$ 9 p>allel /r+s rem9d+ "o ( ! cleavage ( mica4 ,betwe5 cross$ nicols ! *lorite is easily di/+ui%$ f ! s]p5t9e by its slightly high] pol>isation-col\rs 7l[ yell[s z comp>$ ) greys72 & its arrangem5t 9 long leaves & bundles1 ) di/9ct traces ( ! orig9al mica1 leaves no d\bt z to its d]ivation f biotite4 ,! p>allel /r+s ( magnetite are also mo/ likely due to alt]ation ( biotite1 = x is difficult to acc\nt = _! peculi> arrangem5t o!rwise2 !y are mo/ly sep>at$ by mat]ial ( l[] d\ble refraction ?an ! *lorite above-m5tion$1 p]haps a v>iety ( *lorite poor] 9 iron1 ow+ to ! previ\s sep>ation ( ! oxide4 ,! cle> s]p5t9e :i* =ms ! bulk ( ! slide does n conta9 mu* iron oxide1 & does n include any trace ( ! orig9al m9]al f :i* x has be5 =m$2 b betwe5 cross$ nicols x %[s an irregul> me% /ructure :i* makes "o almo/ c]ta9 ( its d]ivation f oliv9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,s]p5t9e1 probably d]iv$ f lh]zolite1 ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga #aj1cfh1 #ag4 s1 s]p5t9e d]iv$ f oliv9e2 sb & sd s]p5t9e probably d]iv$ f bronzite & diallage2 c1 calcite2 p1 picotite2 m1 magnetite4 ,! s]p5t9e ( ! hills on ! we/ side ( ! ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga #aj1cfh is rem>kable 9 ! field by its foxy r$ col\r on all expos$ surfaces4 ,! rock1 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bfc1 is ne>ly black on fractur$ surfaces1 & no cry/als c be detect$ 9 x4 ,! slide %[s col\rless to yell[ s]p5t9e1 ) a fair am\nt ( calcite (t5 arrang$ along cracks1 a lib]al spr9kl+ ( magnetite1 & "o or two fairly l>ge gra9s ( picotite1 or *romite4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! slide ! s]p5t9e %[s an irregul> me% /ructure betwe5 cross$ nicols2 ^! portions1 9 :i* ! magnetite-granules %[ an irregul> honeycomb-l arrangem5t1 are d\btless alt]$ oliv9e4 ,9 o!r places ! s]p5t9e pol>ises 9 cle> greys ) a fibr\s aspect1 & ! magnetite is arrang$ 9 p>allel l9es2 calcite is typically develop$ 9 ^! fibr\s portions1 sometimes along ! cleavages & sometimes 9 irregul> pat*es4 ,! fibr\s-look+ s]p5t9e probably repres5ts ! alt]ation-products ( bo? rhombic & monocl9ic pyrox5es1 & ! p>5t rock 0 ?us a m$ium-gra9$ lh]zolite1 conta9+ oliv9e1 diallage1 bronzite & picotite4 ,9 ! hills on ! ea/ side ( ! ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga1 ab\t 9 latitude #bd #ee1 !re is "s s]p5t9e :i* has app>5tly result$ f ! alt]ation ( v basic dykes4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bfe4 ,a slide cut f ?is rock #aj1cfg %[s ! same cle> fibr\s-look+ pat*es z ! specim5 la/ describ$1 & picotite1 9 a confus$ & ne>ly isotropic mass ( f9e fibres ( s]p5t9e1 ) b little magnetite & no calcite4 ,no orig9al m9]al rema9s except ! picotite4 ,! cle>] fibr\s pat*es may repres5t diallage or bronzite1 :ile ! re/ ( ! s]p5t9e is some:at d\btfully ref]r$ to oliv9e4 ,!re is "s trace ( b&+ 9 ! rock1 p]haps due to movem5t dur+ consolidation4 ,a s]p5t9e approa*+ an ophicalcite #aj1cgf =ms ! ma9 rock at ,gebel ,ghadir1 :]e x is associat$ ) a peculi> qu>tz felsite resembl+ granulite4 ,9 ! mass ! rock1 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bfg1 is black to gre51 ve9$ ) calcite2 surfaces ( ! debris are (t5 cov]$ ) a brilliant gre5 glaze4 ,! microscopic slide reveals an irregul> mixture ( ne>ly col\rless s]p5t9e & cl\dy-look+ calcite1 ) abundant specks & a few l>g] granules ( slightly transluc5t deep-br[n *romite or picotite4 ,betwe5 cross$ nicols1 ! s]p5t9e is a mass ( fibres & little plates1 9 :i* a /rong t5d5cy to l9e> arrangem5t c be se51 & "h & !re a lattice-/ructure4 ,?\gh none ( ! orig9al m9]al rema9s !re is n mu* d\bt t ! rock is an alt]$ amphibolite or basic diorite2 ! calcite is possibly d]iv$ f ! alt]ation ( an orig9al lime felsp>1 b x has be5 l>gely r$i/ribut$ 9 ! cru%$ rock by solution & r$eposition4 ,! s]p5t9e =m+ ! hills on ! nor? side ( ! m\? ( ,wadi ,kalalat is a d>k r$di%-br[n rock1 ( sp4 gr4 #bgf1 9 :i* %9+ cry/all9e specks ( oliv9e c be se54 ,x has d\btless result$ f ! alt]ation ( a dunite1 or rock consi/+ almo/ entirely ( oliv9e4 ,! slide #aa1eaj %[s ! rock /ill to conta9 abundant cle> col\rless k]nels ( ! orig9al oliv9e1 9 a me%-"w ( pale olive-br[n s]p5t9e4 ,! s]p5t9isation has tak5 place along irregul> cracks 9 ! oliv9e1 ea* crack be+ g5]ally m>k$ by a ?9 /reak ( opaque iron oxide runn+ longitud9ally d[n its c5tre1 ) s]p5t9e fibres runn+ crosswise & fill+ ! re/ ( ! crack4 ,:]e ! k]nels fir/ left h !mselves become *ang$ to s]p5t9e1 !y are ne>ly isotropic1 :ile ! cracks pol>ise 9 cle> greys1 s t ev5 :]e ! :ole ( a cry/al has be5 s]p5t9is$ ! /ructure is /ill cle>1 bo? 9 ord9>y light by ! magnetite /r+s1 & 9 pol>is$ light by ! way 9 :i* ! s]p5t9e ( ! cracks /&s out f ! m isotropic pat*es )9 ! me%es4 ,!re is a little accessory diallage1 easily recognisable by its fibr\s appe>ance & ! oblique ext9ction ( its unalt]$ portions4 ,! diallage1 l ! oliv9e1 is pass+ into s]p5t9e1 b "h ! s]p5t9e goes on along cleavage planes z well z along irregul> cross cracks1 giv+ ! p>tially alt]$ cry/als a /rip$ appe>ance betwe5 cross$ nicols4 ,:]e ! diallage has become entirely s]p5t9is$1 x c /ill be diff]5tiat$ by its cle>] appe>ance f ! oliv9e-s]p5t9e 9 ord9>y light1 & by its /riat$ /ructure betwe5 cross$ nicols2 b ( c\rse unless k]nels ( ! orig9al m9]al are left "o _c be sure :e!r x 0 diallage or bronzite4 ,!re are a few pat*es ( calcite or magnesite1 & ve9lets ( ! same second>y m9]als2 ^! may h aris5 f ! alt]ation ( a little orig9al felsp>1 or f ! diallage4 ,ne> ! head ( ,wadi ,arais1 to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,um ,bisilla1 !re are "s dykes ( d>k magnetic rock ( sp4 gr4 #bef4 ,a specim5 f "o ( ^! dykes #aa1eai1 turns out on microscopic exam9ation to be a s*i/ose s]p5t9e4 ,x is trav]s$ by p>allel /r+s ( opaque & br[n transluc5t iron oxides1 & granules ( magnetite are also scatt]$ ov] ! int]spaces4 ,! int]spaces betwe5 ! iron oxide /r+s are fill$ ) s]p5t9e %[+ no recognisable /ructures1 b conta9+ "h & !re little ne/s ( cl\d$ gre5 hornbl5de1 sugge/+ ! possibility ( ! rock be+ an alt]$ basic diorite or amphibolite4 ,! highly cru%$ & rott5 s]p5t9e :i* =ms ! high & /eep-sid$ m\nta9 mass ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 diff]s consid]ably 9 composition 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,! mo/ typical =m ( ! rock1 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bgg1 is a d>k br[n s]p5t9e ) little /r+s ( olive-gre5 matt]1 & occasionally l>ge dull$ black cry/als4 ,a slide #aa1eaf ,a1 cut f ?is portion ( ! rock %[s mo/ly oliv9e1 alt]+ to s]p5t9e 9 ! usual mann] ) abundant cle> k]nels ( ! orig9al m9]al4 ,associat$ ) ! oliv9e is ano!r m9]al ( a some:at fibr\s aspect1 alt]$ p>tly to s]p5t9e & p>tly to ano!r sub/ance :i* pol>ises z a confus$ aggregate ( fibres & flakes 9 brilliant col\rs1 ! flakes ext+ui%+ ) slight obliquity2 ! s]p5t9e is =m$ ma9ly along ! v]tical cleavages ( ! m9]al 7?\gh x also fills transv]se irregul> cracks71 :ile ! o!r sub/ance 7tremolite87 fills up int]spaces4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! mass ! rock has a black] col\r & a slightly high] d5sity 7#bhg71 some:at resembl+ a basalt ) l>ge gre5i% fibr\s-look+ cry/als scatt]$ sp>sely ?r\gh x4 ,! slide cut f ?is =m ( ! rock #aa1eaf ,b %[s no oliv9e :atev]1 practically ! :ole slide be+ compos$ ( ! fibr\s m9]al j describ$1 toge!r ) a little ne>ly col\rless fibr\s hornbl5de1 9 :i* ! *ange above-m5tion$ appe>s to be go+ on4 ,?us x w\ld seem likely t ! rock ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr is ess5tially an alt]$ hornbl5de-picrite 7or oliv9e-hornbl5de rock7 ) v>iations t[>ds dunite 7oliv9e-rock7 on ! "o h&1 & t[>ds an amphibolite or hornbl5de-rock on ! o!r4 ,! alt]ation ( hornbl5de "h is n a purely s]p5t9\s "o1 b results 9 ! =mation fir/ ( s]p5t9e along cracks & cleavage planes1 & !n ( a tremolitic m9]al 9 ! int]spaces4 ,x is wor? rem>k1 moreov]1 t 9 ! slide free f oliv9e ! *ange to tremolite prepond]ates1 & !re is mu* less s]p5t9e 9 ! alt]$ hornbl5de ?an 9 ! slide conta9+ oliv9e2 ?is sugge/s t ! pres5ce ( ! neighb\r+ oliv9e has 9 "s way br\ght ab\t m s]p5t9e 9 ! hornbl5de1 p]haps by actual =c+ ( s]p5t9e f ! exp&+ oliv9e into cracks 9 ! hornbl5de1 or by ! influ5ce ( pressure set up by ! same expansion4 ,9 ! s]p5t9e f "s l[ hills on ! pla9 a little to ! ea/ ( ,bir ,abraq #aa1ejf we h a rock evid5tly d]iv$ f a dunite1 ?\gh n a trace ( unalt]$ oliv9e rema9s4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bfa4 ,! microscopic slide consi/s ( ne>ly col\rless s]p5t9e ) /r+s ( magnetite m>k+ ! cracks along :i* its =mation began 7see ,fig4 #dg74 ,betwe5 cross$ nicols 7see ,fig4 #dh7 ! ma9 portion ( ! s]p5t9e1 d\btless d]iv$ f oliv9e1 pres5ts a v rem>kable appe>ance2 mo/ ( ! polygonal spaces betwe5 ! magnetite-me%work are l9$ ) plates ( cle> s]p5t9e1 :ile ! c5tre is occupi$ by ne>ly isotropic mat]ial4 ,?us ! slide 9 pol>is$ light pres5ts some:at ! aspect ( an aggregate ( cells ) d>k nuclei4 ,besides oliv9e1 ! slide %[s a small am\nt ( a fibr\s m9]al1 probably bronzite1 :i* is likewise almo/ entirely alt]$ to s]p5t9e1 ?\gh a few orig9al fibres rema92 ! magnetite gra9s 9 ! s]p5t9e d]iv$ f ?is m9]al is typically aggregat$ 9 /r+s p>allel to ! fibres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,s]p5t9e d]iv$ f an almo/ pure oliv9e-rock1 f a l[ hill ea/ ( ,bir ,abraq #aa1ejf1 #ag4 ,! outl9es ( ! orig9al oliv9e cry/als 7o7 & ! cracks 9 !m are m>k$ by granules & /r+s ( magnetite4 ,a s]p5t9is$ cry/al ( bronzite is se5 at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,a small portion ( ! s]p5t9e d]iv$ f oliv9e 9 ! same slide1 view$ betwe5 cross$ nicols "u a high] p[]1 %[+ ! cellul> /ructure4 ,a s]p5t9e rock f\nd associat$ ) f9e-gra9$ diorite at ,gebel ,um ,t5$ba #aa1eag ,b may h be5 d]iv$ f an oliv9e diabase poor 9 felsp>4 ,! rocks 9 ?is locality are highly alt]$ & cru%$1 & frequ5tly m or less s*i/ose4 ,9 a slide cut f ! s]p5t9e ( ! l[] "p ( ! m\nta91 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bga1 all ! orig9al m9]als ( ! rock h be5 replac$ by alt]ation products4 ,! ma9 portion ( ! slide is probably alt]$ augite2 x consi/s ( s]p5t9e ) fairly di/9ct me% /ructure 9 :i* iron oxides are v abundant 9 clots & /r+s4 ,"s pat*es1 :i* %[ a m uni=m grey aspect "u cross$ nicols1 are d\btfully ref]r$ to alt]$ felsp>4 ,small] areas1 usually free f iron oxide gra9s & mo/ly consi/+ ( almo/ isotropic s]p5t9e ) a sub/ance pol>is+ 9 l[ yell[ t9ts runn+ along irregul> cracks 9 all directions1 are believ$ to repres5t alt]$ oliv9e2 "o ( ^! areas is ne>ly fill$ ) little bru%es ( ! sub/ance j m5tion$1 giv+ x almo/ a sph]ulitic appe>ance z ! nicols are rotat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,s]p5t9e1 d]iv$ f wehrlite1 ,gebel ,g]f #ab1abh1 #ag4 s1 s]p5t9e 7ma9ly alt]$ oliv9e1 ) /r+s ( magnetite72 o1 unalt]$ oliv9e1 mix$ ) granules ( augite2 d1 diallage4 ,! pr$om9ant rock ( ! m\nta9 mass ( ,gebel ,g]f #ab1abh is a s]p5t9e app>5tly d]iv$ f a wehrlite or oliv9e-diallage rock4 ,9 ! h& specim51 x is a r heavy black rock 7sp4 gr4 #bge7 ) small pea-gre5 spots & a few small bronzy & glassy look+ cry/als "h & !re4 ,! microscopic slide 7see ,fig4 #di7 %[s ! oliv9e to be l>gely alt]$ to s]p5t9e 9 ! ord9>y mann] ) sep>ation ( magnetite1 b "s granules ( ! orig9al m9]al rema91 especially aggregat$1 toge!r ) augite granules1 r\nd ! diallage cry/als4 ,! diallage is tol]ably fre%1 & easily recognisable by its f9e /riation & oblique ext9ction4 ,besides ! diallage1 !re is "s ord9>y augite1 n always v easily di/+ui%able f ! unalt]$ oliv9e ow+ to its cleavage n be+ v m>k$4 ,"s ( ! diallage cry/als %[ undulose ext9ction z ! result ( /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,s]p5t9isation ( bronzite1 z se5 9 a s]p5t9e d]iv$ f bronzite-rock1 ,gebel ,g]f #ab1aai1 "u a high p[] betwe5 cross$ nicols4 ,! cle>] portions ( ! figure are unalt]$ portions ( a s+le l>ge cry/al ( bronzite2 ! s]p5t9e is se5 =m+ ma9ly along ! cleavages ( ! orig9al m9]al1 ) subsidi>y cross-fibres4 ,at _m po9ts ! s]p5t9e ( ,gebel ,g]f conta9s a great deal ( bronzite1 cry/als ( ?is m9]al ( typical aspect & measur+ up to five millimetres diamet] be+ visible 9 ! h& specim5 scatt]$ lib]ally ?r\gh ! dull] s]p5t9e4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ?is portion ( ! mass is #bha4 ,! slide #ab1aai %[s practically no?+ b bronzite alt]+ to s]p5t9e1 s t locally ! p>5t rock has be5 a pyrox5ite r ?an a p]idotite4 ,! s]p5t9isation ( ! bronzite has proce$$ ma9ly along ! fibres ( ! orig9al m9]al1 b !re are num]\s cross-fibres 7see ,fig4 #ej71 & "h1 z 9 ! hornbl5de ( ! rock ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 ! *ange to s]p5t9e appe>s to h be5 accompani$ by ! production ( tremolite4 ,9 ano!r slide #ab1abg ! ma9 con/itu5t appe>s to be /ill bronzite1 b "h x is ( a pron\nc$ olive-br[n col\r ev5 9 ?9 section1 & is accompani$ by "s ne>ly col\rless diallage2 "s ( ! olive-br[n fibr\s cry/als %[ ext9ction-angles ( a few degrees1 & x is possible t ^! are hornbl5de4 ,?\gh ! great] "p ( ! ,g]f s]p5t9e has be5 d]iv$ f rocks free1 or practically free1 f felsp>1 x is possible t ^! 7 mix$ ) o!r rocks1 su* z gabbros & diabases1 9 :i* basic plagioclase =m$ an ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,"o ( ! specim5s br\ght back f ! m\nta9 #ab1aae1 hav+ a sp4 gr4 ( #bfg1 is a some:at w$ge-%ap$ block1 ab\t t5 c5timetres squ>e & f\r c5timetres ?ick1 cov]$ entirely ) ! %9+ black to gre5i% glaze :i* is *>act]i/ic ( %att]$ s]p5t9e1 except :]e *ipp$ ) ! hamm] to te/ its coh]5ce & to look = rema9s ( cry/als 9 x4 ,! fractur$ surface is mo/ly dull & ne>ly black1 ) little /r+s & spots ( gre5i% matt] & scatt]$ %9+ specks4 ,b al?\gh ! block s ?or\ghly resembles a s]p5t9e1 ! slide cut f x proves ! rock to be a f9e-gra9$ diabase1 consi/+ ess5tially ( augite & plagioclase1 ) a good deal ( iron oxide4 ,! plagioclase is tol]ably fre%1 9 la?-%ap$ =ms /ill %[+ tw9n+ v cle>ly1 :ile ! augite is v cl\d$ & is *ang+ to hornbl5de & *lorite or s]p5t9e4 ,9 ! field no?+ 0 not$ :i* w\ld sep>ate ?is rock f ! re/ ( ! mass1 :i* x resembles almo/ p]fectly 9 appe>ance1 & :e!r ! diabase =ms a dyke or %eet1 or ! specim5 repres5ts a fragm5t ( diabase caught up by ! magma1 is n c]ta94 ,a dyke ( ?is mat]ial1 %att]$ & s]p5t9is$ on all ! fractur$ surfaces1 w\ld be indi/+ui%able f ! surr\nd+ s]p5t9e4 ,x is ev5 possible1 ?\gh n likely1 t ! diabase is n a sep>ate intrusion1 b m]ely a v>iation ( ! same plutonic mass :i* has giv5 orig9 to ! ma9 bulk ( ! s]p5t9e4 ,o!r v>iations 9 ! s]p5t9e :i* po9t to p>ts ( ! ,g]f mass hav+ orig9ally be5 ( a gabbroid type1 occur 9 ! m\nta9s r\nd ,bir ,korbiai & ,bir ,m5eiga4 ,a specim5 f ne> ,bir ,korbiai #ab1abe1 is a greyi%-black f9e-gra9$ rock full ( little :ite & gre5i% specks & /r+s1 ) pale citron-gre5 s]p5t9\s matt] cov]+ ! slick5sid$ surfaces ( ! fragm5ts into :i* ! mass readily sep>ates4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bfg4 ,! microscopic slide %[s s]p5t9e ) pron\nc$ knitt$ /ructure 9 places1 z ?\gh d]iv$ f augite1 & consid]able pat*es ( calcite :i* may repres5t an orig9al lime-felsp>4 ,! calcite has1 h[ev]1 be5 l>gely r$i/ribut$ along cracks1 :]e x is (t5 mix$ ) extremely co>se fibres or plates ( s]p5t9e4 ,! specim5 f ! m\nta9s r\nd ,bir ,m5eiga #ab1ajd is a h>d dull slatey-grey rock ) black /reaks & spots2 x is /rongly magnetic & %[s a t5d5cy to s*i/ose /ructure4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bed4 ,on exam9ation ) a l5s ! grey matt] has 9 places some?+ ( a resemblance to saussuritis$ felsp>4 ,! slide cut f ?is specim5 conta9s no orig9al m9]als4 ,! bulk ( x seems to be compos$ ( v m9ute fibres or plates1 g5]ally %[+ a di/9ctly p>allel arrangem5t along ! planes ( s*i/osity1 b exhibit+ knitt$ /ructure 9 places1 & ?us probably consi/+ 9 "p ( kaol9ic matt] d]iv$ f alt]$ felsp>1 & 9 "p ( s]p5t9\s matt] d]iv$ f alt]ation ( augite2 :ile scatt]$ ?r\gh ! slide are abundant pat*es & /r+s ( calcite & magnetite4 ,! rock is too int5sely cru%$ & alt]$ = "o to be c]ta9 ( its orig91 b x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally a diabase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,s]p5t9e d]iv$ f alt]ation ( h>zburgite1 ,gebel ,korabkansi #ab1adj1 #ag4 s1 s]p5t9e1 mo/ly =m$ f oliv9e2 o1 unalt]$ oliv9e2 b1 alt]+ bronzite2 c1 *romite or magnetite1 envelop+ oliv9e4 ,! s]p5t9e ( ,gebel ,korabkansi1 to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,g]f1 is an alt]$ oliv9e-bronzite rock 7h>zburgite7 ( mod]ately co>se gra94 ,a slide #ab1adj cut f ! lea/ alt]$ portion1 :]e ! sp4 gr4 ( ! rock is #bgb1 %[s oliv9e to h be5 ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t2 x is l>gely s]p5t9is$ 9 ! typical mann]1 b abundant k]nels rema9 unalt]$4 ,mix$ ) ! oliv9e cry/als are o!rs ( a fibr\s m9]al1 alt]$ p>tly to s]p5t9e & p>tly to a confus$ mass ( tremolite fibres2 9 ! few cases :]e any ( ! orig9al mat]ial rema9s1 ?is fibr\s m9]al %[s /raight ext9ction1 & is probably bronzite4 ,! alt]ation ( ! pyrox5e has "h proce$$ m rapidly ?an t ( ! oliv9e4 ,! pyrox5ic m9]al is easily pick$ out 9 ! slide by ord9>y light1 ow+ to ! fact t ! oliv9e has alt]$ to gre5i%-yell[ s]p5t9e1 :ile ! mix$ mat]ial produc$ f ! pyrox5e is ( a dirty-:ite aspect4 ,ano!r slide f ,gebel ,korabkansi #ab1aab exhibits 9 places me%-/ructure ) cle> k]nels :i* ext+ui% v obliquely to ! me%es1 %[+ augite or diallage also to h be5 a con/itu5t ( ! p>5t rock2 & !re is a s+le ragg$-look+ cry/al ( d>k gre5 fibr\s hornbl5de1 alt]+ to ne>ly col\rless s]p5t9e4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! specim5 f :i* ?is latt] slide 0 cut is #bfc4 ,bo? ! slides f ,gebel ,korabkansi are r poor 9 iron oxides1 b !re are a few irregul> cry/als ( *romite1 g5]ally envelop+ oliv9e4 ,alt]ation ,products ( ,s]p5t9e4 ,magnesite & ,asbe/os4 ,9 _m ( ! s]p5t9e-masses ! effects ( solution & pressure c be trac$ 9 ! =mation ( ve9s & pockets ( magnesite1 asbe/os1 & occasionally talc 9 ! rock4 ,magnesite ve9lets are frequ5tly se51 = in/ance1 r\nd ab\t ,bir ,m5eiga #ab1adb & ,bir ,muqur1 :ile asbe/os has be5 f\nd 9 pieces ( sev]al kilogrammes weight 9 ! ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%]qi #ab1abb & ne> ,bir ,muqur #ab1aec4 ,at ! la/-nam$ locality x occurs along ! cru%-planes ( ! s]p5t9e1 & appe>s to be prec$$ by ! =mation ( long fibres ( a gre5 sub/ance4#acc ,:]e ?icke/1 ! glaze on ! slick5sid$ surfaces ( ! s]p5t9e fragm5ts seems to consi/ ( ?is same gre5 sub/ance1 :i* splits into h>d fibres (t5 rea*+ t5 c5timetres or m 9 l5g? & only a few millimetres 9 diamet] #ab1aec ,a & ^! h>d fibres1 :i* h a sp4 gr4 ( #bfd1 break up gradually1 app>5tly "u wea!r+ influ5ces1 into ! mu* f9] & m flexible fibres ( :ite asbe/os4 ,! quality ( ! asbe/os is1 h[ev]1 inf]ior1 = a specim5 ( ! s(te/ k9d s5t to ,london = an exp]t op9ion1 0 report$ to be ( no comm]cial value2 ev5 _h x be5 o!rwise1 ! quantity se5 0 too small to ju/ify work+1 ?\gh ( c\rse a ?or\gh se>* among ! m\nta9s might reveal ! pres5ce ( bigg] deposits ?an 7 enc\nt]$ dur+ ! survey4 ,footnote #abe3 ,f ,m>wa1 ! ,arabic t]m = qu>tz4 ,footnote #abf3 ,! numb]s 9 squ>e brackets 9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt] are ! regi/ration numb]s ( ! specim5s 9 ! ,geological ,museum1 ,cairo4 ,footnote #abg3 ,i may "h recall t ! qu>tz mass :i* con/itutes ! s-call$ 8alaba/]0 qu>ry nor? ( ,aswn1 & = :i* ,i h inf]r$ an igne\s orig91 is likewise closely associat$ ) aplitic or pegmatitic intrusions4 ,see ,a ,description ( ! ,fir/ or ,aswn ,cat>act4 ,cairo1 #aijg1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #abh3 ,?is specim5 0 br\ght back by a guide s5t = ! purpose to ,gebel ,ad> ,qaqa4 ,x is /at$ to be ! ma9 rock ( ! m\nta91 b z ,i did n visit ! m\nta9 ,i am unable to v\* p]sonally = ?is be+ ! case4 ,footnote #abi3 ,f a specim5 br\ght back by ! guide :o 0 s5t to erect ! triangulation beacon on ,gebel ,mi%bih4 ,footnote #acj3 ,i did n visit ,gebel ,%5dib1 b z se5 f ,gebel ,elba ! m\nta9 appe>$ to be granite2 ! felsite probably =ms a dyke pass+ ?r\gh ! summit4 ,footnote #aca3 ,!re is ano!r ,gebel el ,anbat ne> ! ,wadi ,hode91 b ?is latt] consi/s ( s*i/s4 ,footnote #acb3 ,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,geology ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 betwe5 latitude #bb ,n4 & #be ,n41 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,hume4 ,cairo1 #aijg4 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #acc3 ,?is fibr\s gre5 sub/ance is probably ! column> v>iety ( s]p5t9e kn[n z ,picrolite2 x /rongly resembles ! specim5s ?us labell$ 9 ! ,london ,museum ( ,practical ,geology4 ,,*apt] ,x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,metamorphic ,,rocks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,metamorphic rocks1 compris+ a great v>iety ( gneisses & s*i/s1 are widely & abundantly di/ribut$ 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt1 =m+ ab\t half ! entire area treat$ ( 9 ?is volume4 ,! irregul> way 9 :i* ! metamorphic rocks alt]nate ) ^? ( ! igne\s & s$im5t>y gr\ps w be bett] appreciat$ by a ref]5ce to ! geological map on ,plate ,,xx ?an by any v]bal description4 ,z a :ole1 ! metamorphic rocks repres5t ! rema9s ( a complex ( igne\s & s$im5t>y deposits :i* 7 laid d[n 9 remote geological p]iods2 subsequ5tly ^! deposits 7 cru%$1 fold$1 & elevat$ into m\nta9s1 _! orig9al /ructures be+ l>gely oblit]at$ 9 ! dynamical process2 9 succe$+ ages ! metamorphos$ complex 0 p5etrat$ by ! great granitic & o!r intrusions :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & !n plan$ d[n by d5udation z an old l& surface be=e be+ :olly or 9 "p subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ,cretace\s sea 9 :i* ! ,nubian s&/one 0 deposit$4 ,! elevation ( ! l& aft] ! ,cretace\s p]iod 0 accompani$ by fur!r fold+ :i* mu/ h increas$ ! degree ( metamorphism ( ! rocks2 b x is mo/ probable t ! =ces :i* produc$ ^! po/-,cretace\s movem5ts 7 ( less int5sity & duration ?an ^? ( m anci5t p]iods1 & we may reg>d ! metamorphic "* ( ! old] rocks z hav+ be5 = ! mo/ "p impress$ on !m 9 ,ar*an1 or at late/ 9 ,palozoic times4 ,x is n impossible t "s ( ! m highly foliat$ gneisses may ev5 h be5 p>ts ( ! primitive cru/ ( consolidation ( ! e>?1 :ile ! clay s*i/s may be ! rema9s ( ! v e>lie/ s$im5ts4 ,besides ! evid5ces ( dynamo-metamorphism above-m5tion$1 we f9d occasionally traces ( contact-metamorphism1 :]e igne\s dykes h locally alt]$ ! rocks into :i* !y h intrud$2 b1 9 g5]al1 ! subsequ5t compression ( ! masses has oblit]at$ ^! traces1 & ! effects ( contact-metamorphism are negligible 9 comp>ison ) ^? produc$ by dynamic action4 ,! metamorphic rocks occurr+ 9 ?is "p ( ,egypt may be classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,gneisses4 ,granite-gneiss 7cru%$ granite74 ,diorite-gneiss 7cru%$ diorite74 ,highly foliat$ gneisses 79 :i* all traces ( primitive /ructure h be5 oblit]at$ by foliation & recry/allization74 ,s*i/s4 ,qu>tz-s*i/s 79 "s cases probably metamorphos$ s&/one1 9 o!rs cru%$ aplitic rocks74 ,clay-s*i/s 7metamorphos$ clays74 ,hornbl5de-s*i/s & cru%$ volcanic rocks4 ,hornfels 7metamorphos$ acid lavas74 ,mica-s*i/s 7sometimes conta9+ b]yl & t\rmal9e74 ,*lorite-s*i/s4 ,talc-s*i/s4 ,calc>e\s s*i/s & m>ble4 ,graphite-s*i/s4 ,breccias4 ,fluidal breccias1 9 :i* brok5 fragm5ts ( solid rock h be5 includ$ 9 an intrusive magma4 ,breccias prop]1 =m$ by fracture & recem5t+ toge!r ( fragm5ts )\t fusion4 ,m9]al ,ve9s4 ,qu>tz ve9s 7sometimes conta9+ gold & traces ( copp]74 ,calcite ve9s 7) m or less *alybite74 ,magnesite ve9s 79 s]p5t9e74 ,asbe/os ve9s 79 s]p5t9e74 ,gneisses4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s occurr5ce ( gneiss 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt is ! great mass :i* ext5ds f ,gebel ,mud]geg & ,gebel ,migif 9 ! nor?1 d[n ! range ( ,gebel ,hafafit1 & along ! great] "p ( ! ,wadi ,gemal4 ,) ?is mass is closely connect$ ano!r /ret* ( gneiss to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,abu ,khrug2 ! hills :i* rise f ! s&y pla9 r\nd ! head ( ,wadi ,nata% are mo/ly gneiss1 s t ! gneiss is probably cont9u\s across ! pla9 except :]e x is p5etrat$ by ! sy5itic cones call$ ,el ,nahud4 ,! total area cov]$ by gneiss 9 ?is locality alone is "s two ?\s& squ>e kilometres1 & includes "s rem>kable m\nta9 masses1 su* z ,gebels ,migif & ,hafafit4 ,o!r gneissose areas ( less ext5t occur r\nd ,bir ,abu ,beid & to ! s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,hamrat el ,feg2 :ile /ill small] areas are f\nd 9 ! hills to ! nor?-we/ ( ,b]5ice1 9 ! rem>kable triple-head$ m\nta9 call$ ,gebel ,um ,rase91 & to ! nor? ( ,bir ,um ,bi%tit4 ,gneiss typically =ms bold sc5]y ( precipit\s hills1 ! col\r ( :i* v>ies ) ! composition ( ! rock1 f p9k to grey4 ,at ,gebel ,migif "o asc5ds ! m\nta9 mo/ easily by ! nor!rn slopes1 :i* are =m$ by ! foliation-planes ( ! rock1 :ile to ! s\? ^! are cut across by %e] precipices2 ! same is ! case at ,gebel ,um ,rase94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,granite-gneiss1 ,gebel ,um ,rase9 #ab1ajh1 view$ betwe5 cross$ nicols1 #cj4 q1 qu>tz2 ol1 oligoclase2 or1 or?oclase2 h1 hornbl5de2 m1 8mort>0 ( cru%$ qu>tz & felsp> betwe5 ! l>g] cry/als4 ,! black areas are qu>tz 9 ! position ( ext9ction4 ,( gneisses evid5tly produc$ by ! de=mation ( granite1 we may take ! rock ( ,gebel ,um ,rase9 #ab1ajhacd z a type4 ,! bulk ( ! m\nta9 is =m$ ( a ne>ly :ite acid rock1 ( sp4 gr4 #bfg1 ) d>k spots1 resembl+ ! granite ( ,gebel ,elba 9 appe>ance1 except t "h ! d>k m9]als h a m>k$ arrangem5t along def9ite planes4 7,comp>e ! col\r$ figures ( ! two rocks on ,plates ,,xxii & ,,xxv74 ,9 places ! rock conta9s ?9 b&s ( almo/ pure biotite1 & ^! are (t5 ?r[n into %>p contortions by ! /rong compression :i* ! mass has und]gone4 ,! /rike ( ! foliation-planes 9 ,gebel ,um ,rase9 itself is ab\t s\?-s\?-ea/1 ) a dip ( ab\t #bj to ! ea/-nor?-ea/1 b ! /rike sw+s r\nd to ab\t s\? at ! s\? end ( ! mass1 & ! incl9ation ( ! foliation-planes become mu* /eep]4 ,! gneiss %[s v m>k$ pitt+ due to wea!r+1 ! holes rang+ f a few c5timetres to a metre or m 9 diamet] & dep?4 ,a microscopic section ( ! rock %[s x to be ess5tially an acid hornbl5de-granite simil> to t ( ,gebel ,elba1 b cru%$ s t !re is a 8mort>0 ( brok5 up qu>tz & felsp> betwe5 ! l>g] cry/als1 & ! l>g] :]e unbrok5 frequ5tly %[ undulose ext9ction z ! result ( /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,diorite-gneiss1 ,wadi ,nugrus #aj1chf1 #ag4 h1 hornbl5de1 ) small enclosures ( felsp> & sph5e2 pl1 plagioclase felsp>2 b1 biotite2 q1 qu>tz2 ap1 apatite2 sp1 sph5e4 ,9 ! ,wadis ,nugrus & ,gemal !re is a great deal ( /rongly foliat$ grey gneiss #aj1chf-g1 d]iv$ f ! int5se cru%+ ( diorites4 ,a figure f a typical h& specim5 ( ?is gneiss1 look+ at ! edges ( ! foliation-planes1 is giv5 on ,plate ,,xxv4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! rock is #bhh4 ,! microscopic slides %[ plagioclase & gre5 hornbl5de 9 ab\t equal proportions1 ) "s qu>tz & small am\nts ( biotite1 sph5e1 iron oxides1 & apatite4 ,! hornbl5de is v fre%-look+1 9 /rongly pleo*roic 7yell[i% to deep blue-gre57 /raggl+ cry/als1 aggregat$ toge!r along ! foliation-planes2 ! cry/als1 ?\gh v>i\sly ori5t$1 %[ a t5d5cy to lie ) _! cleavages 9 ! direction ( foliation4 ,a v /rik+ feature ( ! slides is ! abundance ( small gra9s ( enclos$ felsp> 9 ! hornbl5de1 giv+ ! gre5 cry/als a p]=at$ appe>ance 9 ord9>y light4 ,! felsp>s1 :i* are likewise fairly fre%1 are mu* sma%$ up1 =m+ ) ! qu>tz a mosaic betwe5 ! irregul> b&s ( hornbl5de2 ! gra9s (t5 %[ undulose ext9ction4 ,biotite1 ( a w>m br[n col\r :]e n blea*$1 is sp>+ly mix$ ) ! hornbl5de4 ,! sph5e is 9 small r\nd$ gra9s1 mix$ )1 & sometimes conta9+1 granules ( ilm5ite2 ! gra9s %[ a t5d5cy to =m little aggregates1 sometimes 9 ! hornbl5de1 & sometimes 9 ! felspa?ic portions ( ! slide4 ,"o or two /umpy gra9s ( apatite are enclos$ 9 ! felsp>s1 b ?is m9]al is extremely sc>ce 9 ! slides exam9$1 & does n %[ its usual long prismatic habit4 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,illu/ration3 ,ball4--,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,,metamorphic ,,rocks4 ,,granite-,,gneiss4 ,gebel ,um ,rase94 ,,r$ ,,gneiss4 ,gebel ,abu ,beid4 ,,diorite-,,gneiss4 ,wadi ,nugrus4 ,,gre5 ,,breccia4 ,gebel ,hamata4 ,,em]ald ,,& ,,qu>tz ,,9 ,,mica-,,s*i/4 ,gebel ,sikait4 ,,natural ,,size4 ,z an example ( gneisses 9 :i* ! foliation is s int5se t all orig9al /ructures h be5 oblit]at$ by recry/allization1 we may take ! r$ gneiss ( ! ,abu ,beid ,hills #aj1fei1 ( :i* a col\r$ natural size repres5tation is giv5 on ,plate ,,xxv4 ,9 ?is rock1 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bfe1 ! ma9 con/itu5t is a p9k felsp>1 mix$ ) a little qu>tz & arrang$ 9 f9e l5ticles sep>at$ by gre5i% lam9 :i* are d\btless alt]+ biotite4 ,?is rock be>s a /rong resemblance to ! well-kn[n r$ gneiss ( ! ,erzgebirge1 :i*1 f its *emical composition1 is usually believ$ to be a metamorphos$ granite poor 9 mica4 ,grey gneisses1 equally int5sely foliat$ ) ! ,abu ,beid rock1 occur 9 ! range ( ,gebel ,hafafit2 ^! conta9 a mu* l>g] proportion ( biotite1 & rem9d "o ( ! grey gneisses ( ! ,freib]g di/rict4 ,b z no analyses h yet be5 made ( ! ,egyptian rocks1 ! absolute simil>ity to ^? ( ! ,erzgebirge is n q c]ta94 ,qu>tzites & ,qu>tz-s*i/s4 ,ab\t t5 kilometres s\? ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi is a tract ( l[ hills & ridges compos$ ma9ly ( qu>tz-s*i/s4 ,! limits ( ^! rocks h n be5 mapp$1 b !y appe> to cov] a some:at elliptical area ) its long axis1 measur+ "s eight or t5 kilometres1 po9t+ ea/ & we/4 ,:]e fir/ enc\nt]$1 at a po9t ab\t twelve kilometres ea/ ( ,gebel ,selaia1 on ! m>* f t hill t[>ds ! pass into ! head ( ,wadi ,lahami1 ! rocks /rongly resemble r friable :ite to br[n f9e-gra9$ s&/ones1 ) b$d+ planes dipp+ ab\t #ce to ! nor?4 ,! rock #aj1dac consi/s almo/ entirely ( :ite or slightly iron-/a9$ qu>tz gra9s1 )1 9 places1 scatt]$ m9ute dull black rods :i* are app>5tly hornbl5de4 ,trac$ fur!r ea/1 ! rocks h m & m ! "* ( qu>tz s*i/s1 ) h>d] b&s ( qu>tzite1 & ! planes ( sep>ation1 :i* gradually become ne>ly horizontal1 h m ! appe>ance ( foliation-planes4 ,! h>d] qu>tzite b&s #aj1dad are usually br[ni% to gre5i%-:ite 9 col\r1 b sometimes take on a purple t9t1 & %[ micace\s & *loritic scales on cleav$ surfaces2 9 "s places ! rock conta9s 8eyes0 ( m9ette-l composition4 ,to ! s\? ! b$d+ or cleavage planes seem to rev]se _! dip1 ?is be+ n[ to ! s\? z ?\gh !re 7 an anticl9ical fold 9 ! mass4 ,!re is consid]able mixture ( o!r s*i/s ) ! rocks1 & dykes ( diorite & pegmatite1 z well z ve9s ( qu>tz1 are frequ5t4 ,a dioritic dyke :i* cuts ?r\gh ! rocks at a po9t n9e kilometres s\?-s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi1 & :i* is itself cru%$ almo/ into a hornbl5de-s*i/1 has h>d5$ & alt]$ ! qu>tzose rock on ei!r side ( x into a close-gra9$ horny look+ rock #aj1dae app>5tly conta9+ a great deal ( f9ely granul> &alusite4 ,^! qu>tz-s*i/s may h aris5 f ! metamorphism ei!r ( s&/ones1 9 :i* case ! p>ts to ! we/ ( ! tract are ! lea/ alt]$1 or ( f9e-gra9$ aplitic rocks1 on :i* view ! s&/one-l aspect ( ! we/]n portion ( ! tract is due to wea!r+2 ! rock is c]ta9ly m highly wea!r$ :]e x mo/ resembles an unalt]$ s&/one1 & ! pres5ce ( hornbl5de & ! 8eyes0 ( micace\s matt] are sugge/ive ( igne\s rock4 ,f a consid]ation ( all ! evid5ce ,i 0 able to ga!r 9 a rapid m>* ov] ! sea1 h[ev]1 ,i incl9e to ! view t ! rocks are alt]$ s&/one old] ?an ! ,nubian s]ies1 & probably ( ab\t ! same age z ! anci5t clays :i* gave rise to ! clay-s*i/s ( ,zab>a & else:]e4 ,! rocks are completely deta*$ f ! ne>e/ und\bt$ ,nubian s&/one b$s 7:i* lie "s =ty kilometres to ! s\?-we/1 beyond ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam71 & !y are mix$ ) s*i/s & ve9$ & alt]$ to a degree :i* is n[h]e approa*$ by b$s kn[n to be ( ! ,nubian s]ies4 ,/ill1 x is j possible t ! qu>tz-s*i/s repres5t ! rema9s ( ,nubian s&/one /rata1 = ! ne>e/ b$s ( t s]ies %[-consid]able fold+ & fault+ ne> ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam1 & we %\ld expect /ill great] di/urbance & alt]ation "h ne> ! ma9 wat]%$ & close to a pr9cipal axis ( m\nta9 elevation4 ,a qu>tz-s*i/ :i* is c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ! metamorphism ( aplitic dykes or %eets1 occurs z great incl9$ b&s cutt+ across ! ,wadi ,%5%ef close to "s old ru9s4 ,! ma9 rock ( ! di/rict1 9 :i* ! b&s occur1 is a m$ium-gra9$ diorite4 ,! qu>tz-s*i/ is a greyi%-:ite fissile rock1 :i* splits easily into great slabs2 x has suppli$ an excell5t build+ mat]ial = ! h\ses ( ! ru9$ t[n or encampm5t1 be+ us$ n only = ! walls b also = l9tels ov] doors & w9d[s4 ,clay-s*i/s4 ,clay-s*i/s cov] ext5sive areas 9 ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,!y occur abundantly 9 ! high hills to ! ea/ ( ,gebel ,nugrus & =m a l>ge portion ( ,gebel ,zab>a4 ,!y ab\nd also to ! s\? ( ,wadi ,ant> ab\t ! longitude ( ,gebel ,um ,goraf1 9 ! hills on ! ea/ side ( ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 9 ! ,wadi ,hode9 r\nd ab\t :]e ,wadi ,um ,t5$ba jo9s x1 9 ! hills flank+ ! s&/one plateau ( ,gebels ,dif & ,anfeib1 at ,gebels ,kolaiqo & ,eqrun1 on ! we/]n flanks ( ! s]p5t9e mass ( ,gebel ,m5eiga1 & 9 ! l[ hills on ! pla9 betwe5 ,gebels ,g]f & ,korabkansi4 ,clay-s*i/s are typically ( a grey col\r1 ?\gh gre5i%1 purple1 & r$di% v>ieties occur4 ,!y are s(t rocks1 easily scrat*$ ) a knife4 ,9 "s places1 z = in/ance at ,gebel ,zab>a1 !y are practically slates1 cleav+ into slabs (t5 ( consid]able size1 :ile 9 o!r localities1 z = in/ance ne> ,gebel ,abu ,dahr1 !y are cru%$ into mat*wood-l spl9t]s1 :i* c be us$ z slate-p5cils4 ,!y are usually associat$ ) o!r metamorphic rocks su* z cru%$ diorites & hornbl5de & mica-s*i/s4 ,! direction ( foliation ( ! slaty & slabby =ms is (t5 p]si/5t--at ,gebel ,zab>a1 = in/ance1 a g5]al s\?-ea/]ly dip ( ab\t #bh is ma9ta9$ ov] a consid]able area2 b !re are num]\s local v>iations1 & ! numb] ( obs]vations ?us f> made is too small = any g5]al conclusions to be drawn z to ! regional di/ribution ( dip4 ,on ! :ole1 ! clay-s*i/s are rem>kably free f knots or o!r irregul>ities1 ?\gh knott$ v>ieties1 d\btless ! result ( contact alt]ation1 h be5 obs]v$ on ! s\? side ( ,wadi ,seiga & at a few o!r places4 ,! clay-s*i/s h probably = ! mo/ "p be5 produc$ by ! metamorphism ( anci5t argillace\s s$im5ts2 9 "s places1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,wadi ,beida1 a passage c be obs]v$ into :at appe>s to be a cru%$ conglom]ate1 :ile 9 o!r places !y pass into qu>tzites :i* d\btless repres5t alt]$ int]calat$ s&/ones4 ,! relation betwe5 ! direction ( ! foliation-planes & t ( ! orig9al b$d+ is unkn[n2 x w\ld appe> likely t 9 mo/ cases ! traces ( b$d+ h be5 entirely oblit]at$ by pressure4 ,nor h any fossils be5 f\nd 9 ! rocks1 ?\gh a %>p look-out 0 kept 9 ! m likely-look+ localities1 s t ! age ( ! b$s is unkn[n4 ,at pres5t ,i am incl9$ to reg>d !m z mo/ likely ( ,ar*an age1 ant$at+ ! great granitic intrusions2 b fur!r evid5ce1 ei!r 9 ! f9d+ ( fossils or f a m c>eful /udy ( ! field relations ( ^! rocks to ! o!rs1 is requir$ be=e "o c be c]ta9 t !y are ( s great an antiquity4 ,hornbl5de-s*i/s & ,cru%$ ,volcanic ,rocks4 ,"u ! head+ ( hornbl5de-s*i/s & cru%$ volcanic rocks are classifi$ a great v>iety ( rocks1 rang+ 9 col\r f gre5 to grey & almo/ black1 9 fissility f ! f9e/ lamellation to almo/ massive =ms 9 :i* ! s*i/osity is b>ely evid5t 9 ! h& specim51 b all def9able z f9e-gra9$ d>k-col\r$ s*i/ose rocks consi/+ l>gely ei!r ( hornbl5de or ( its alt]ation products4 ,_! orig9 is n always cle>1 b _m ( !m appe> on microscopic exam9ation to be alt]$ f9e-gra9$ sy5ites1 diorites1 & lavas1 & x is probable t practically ! :ole are alt]$ =ms ( v>i\s int]m$iate & basic igne\s rocks4 ,! reason = includ+ ! hornbl5de-s*i/s & cru%$ volcanic rocks 9 "o great gr\p is ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ! diff]5t classes 9 ! field4 ,!y pass "o into ! o!r1 & _m rocks :i* 9 ! field w\ld be put d[n z hornbl5dic turn out on detail$ exam9ation to conta9 little or none ( t m9]al1 its place be+ tak5 by decomposition products4 ,s*i/s ( ! types above def9$ occur probably m abundantly ?an any o!r class ( metamorphic rocks 9 ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,!y ent] l>gely into ! composition ( "s ( ! ma9 m\nta9 masses1 su* z ^? ( ,gebels ,abu ,hamamid & ,abu ,gurdi1 besides cov]+ great expanses ( l[] hill c\ntry4 ,9 ! m\nta9 ranges !y rise 9 /eep-sid$ ridges ) knife edge summits1 a good idea ( :i* is giv5 by ! photograph ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid on ,plate ,,vii4 ,9 ! l[] hill c\ntry we h typically a dre>y confus$ look+ wa/e ( ?\s&s ( d>k hills & ridges sep>at$ by small w9d+ wadis2 sometimes !re is a semblance ( sy/em 9 ! di/ribution ( ! hills1 ow+ to ! occurr5ce ( p>allel dykes h>d] ?an ! s*i/s :i* !y p5etrate1 =m+ ?us back-bones = long l9es ( s*i/-ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,s*i/ produc$ by cru%+ ( sy5ite1 ne> ,gebel el ,anbat 7,wadi ,hode974 #aa1ecb ,b1 #cj4 f1 cru%$ & cl\d$ felsp>1 probably or?oclase2 lc1 mixture ( calcite & limonite1 produc$ by alt]ation ( hornbl5de1 no trace ( :i* rema9s4 ,s*i/ d]iv$ f ,sy5ite4--,among ! s*i/s occurr+ ne> ,gebel el ,anbat1 ne> ! ,wadi ,hode91 is "o :i* appe>s to be a cru%$ & alt]$ sy5ite4 ,x is a speckl$ grey & r$di%-br[n rock ) a dull & r granul> fracture1 ( sp4 gr4 #bib4 ,! slide #aa1ecb ,b %[s a r co>se granitic mixture ( cl\d$ felsp> & heavily iron-/a9$ calcite4 ,! felsp> is consid]ably alt]$1 %[+ no tw9n+1 b betwe5 cross$ nicols x ext+ui%es 9 irregul> b&s & is se5 to be mu* cru%$4 ,! f]rug9\s & calc>e\s matt] is almo/ c]ta9ly alt]$ hornbl5de2 x =ms irregul> masses1 9 :i* ! iron oxide is mo/ly arrang$ 9 p>allel l9es z ?\gh along ! cleavage planes ( ! p>5t m9]al1 :ile a cl\d$ calcite fills up ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 addition to pressure1 c>bonic acid has be5 ! ma9 ag5t ( metamorphism "h1 ! f]ro-magnesian silicate be+ attack$ & its silica entirely remov$1 :ile ! alum9\s silicate ( ! felsp> has rema9$ to "s ext5t un*ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,hornbl5de-s*i/ 7probably a metamorphos$ f9e-gra9$ diorite71 ,wadi ,muelih #aj1ceg1 #dj4 h1 pale gre5 hornbl5de2 f1 mass ( decompos$ felsp>1 conta9+ abundance ( f9ely acicul> hornbl5de & "s little pat*es ( qu>tz mosaic2 m1 magnetite4 ,s*i/s d]iv$ f ,diorites4--,hornbl5dic s*i/s :i* appe> to h be5 produc$ by ! metamorphism ( f9e-gra9$ diorites occur l>gely 9 ! l[ hill c\ntry r\nd ! upp] p>ts ( ! ,wadi ,muelih1 & 9 ! m\nta9 mass ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi4 ,a specim5 ( ! less alt]$ rock f ! ,wadi ,muelih #aj1ceg is a f9e-gra9$ h>d grey basaltic-look+ rock1 ( sp4 gr4 #cjd1 9 :i* ! s*i/osity 9 n v evid5t1 ?\gh x is well se5 9 ! mass4 ,! microscopic slide %[s pale gre5 hornbl5de 9 ragg$ fibr\s =ms 9 a matt$-look+ cl\d$ gr\nd mass made up ( f9ely acicul> gre5 hornbl5de & plagioclase1 ) a little qu>tz & or?oclase & a few gra9s ( magnetite4 ,hornbl5de fibres are (t5 enclos$ 9 ! decompos+ felsp>s1 :i* r>ely %[ def9ite outl9es & appe> mu* %att]$4 ,! qu>tz is probably ( second>y =mation1 occurr+ z little pat*es ( mosaic4 ,! s*i/ :i* =ms ! summit ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi #aj1daf is probably also a cru%$ & alt]$ diorite2 x is a r f9e-gra9$ h>d gre5i%-grey rock1 :i* ) a l5s c be se5 to be a mixture ( gre5i%-:ite felspa?ic mat]ial & d>k hornbl5de2 ! felsp> is mo/ly dull1 :ile ! hornbl5de1 on ! o!r h&1 is frequ5tly 9 %9+ cry/als4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! rock is #cjb4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ! hornbl5de to be ( a v pale gre5 col\r1 9 l>ge irregul> cry/als1 (t5 includ+ felsp>s4 ,! felsp> appe>s to be plagioclase2 x is typically 9 small] cry/als ?an ! hornbl5de1 ) a /rongly m>k$ t5d5cy to idiomorphism1 highly crack$ & almo/ entirely *ang$ to kaol94 ,"s r l>ge /raggl+ cry/als ( a d>k br[n cl\d$ & semi-opaque highly refract+ m9]al1 :ite by reflect$ light1 are p]haps alt]$ sph5e4 ,r\nd ! l>g] cry/als is m f9ely cry/all9e matt]1 mu* cl\d$1 app>5tly compos$ ( alt]$ felsp> & hornbl5de4 ,! cru%$ dioritic dykes already m5tion$ z cutt+ ! qu>tz-s*i/ to ! s\?-we/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,gurdi are possibly (f%oots f ! same magma :i* =m$ ! ma9 mass ( ! m\nta94 ,specim5 #aj1dae1 tak5 f "o ( ^! dykes1 is a f9e-gra9$ grey rock1 ( sp4 gr4 #bic1 ) an ev5 m decid$ s*i/osity ?an t ( ! ma9 m\nta94 ,! microscopic slide %[s cle> hornbl5de ( a gre5 col\r1 /rongly pleo*roic 7gre5i%-yell[ to blue-gre57 9 irregul> gra9s :i* are frequ5tly aggregat$ into ne/s & /r+s runn+ 9 ! direction ( foliation ( ! rock2 ! rema9+ mat]ial is a mosaic ( cle> qu>tz1 cl\d+ kaol91 & s]icite1 presumably repres5t+ alt]$ felsp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,s*i/ compos$ ( fragm5ts ( v>i\s volcanic rocks1 summit ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid #aj1cig1 #cj4 ,s*i/s =m$ by cru%+ ( ,volcanic ,rocks4--,s*i/s d]iv$ f ! cru%+ ( volcanic rocks are v abundant 9 ! m\nta9s r\nd ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid & 9 ! ,wadi ,beida4 ,typical specim5s f ! summit ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid #aj1cig are h>d gre5 to grey rocks1 ( sp4 gr4 #bg1 break+ ) a r\gh dull fracture4 ,) a l5s1 spots & /r+s ( dull :ite matt]1 ) ill-def9$ outl9es1 are se5 9 a gre5 to ne>ly black gr\nd mass4 ,! microscopic slides %[ ! rock to be a breccia r ?an a simple cru%$ rock1 = 9 ! same slide v v>i\s /ructures c be se54 ,"s portions1 evid5tly &esitic1 consi/ ( p]fectly idiomorphic la?-%ap$ felsp>s scatt]$ ) a little decompos$ hornbl5de 9 a glassy br[n gr\nd mass4 ,o!rs1 m abundant1 seem to be alt]$ qu>tz-diorite-porphyrite2 9 ^! p>ts1 porphyritic qu>tz & or?oclase cry/als1 9 =ms /rongly incl9$ to idiomorphism1 cl\d$ & /ra9$1 are scatt]$ 9 a cryptocry/all9e gr\nd mass conta9+ a good deal ( gre5 *lorite & epidote4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! slide1 aga91 ! *ief porphyritic con/itu5t is =m$ by l>ge gre5 gra9s1 :i* h evid5tly once be5 biotite or hornbl5de1 b :i* n[ consi/ ( *lorite4 ,9 yet o!r p>ts ( ! rock we h fragm5ts ( devitrifi$ glassy lava4 ,! diff]5t p>ts1 :i* are n always well outl9$1 are sep>at$ by s*i/ose b&s compos$ ma9ly ( /r+s ( *lorite & epidote4 ,:e!r ! rock is a tuff1 or a cru%$ conglom]ate ( igne\s b\ld]s & pebbles1 or due to complicat$ cru%+ ( a s]ies ( contigu\s igne\s rocks 9 situ1 is n q cle>4 ,9 "s places1 especially ab\t ! ,wadi el ,%eikh1 ! s*i/s look l cru%$ conglom]ates1 b ^! may possibly be rocks cru%$ 9 situ r ?an accumulations ( roll$ fragm5ts transport$ by /reams4 ,! hornbl5de-s*i/s :i* surr\nd ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam are ( a peculi> type ( :i* ! orig9 is n evid5t1 b are possibly alt]$ &esites4 ,! typical rock #aa1ebf is a h>d grey basaltic "o ( sp4 gr4 #bie1 ) a ru/y-br[n sk9 on expos$ surfaces4 ,! microscopic slide %[s little plates & bru%es ( ne>ly col\rless hornbl5de1 lib]ally scatt]$ 9 a cl\d$ gr\nd mass consi/+ ma9ly ( hornbl5de fibres 9 radiat+ & d5dritic gr\ps1 ) a small am\nt ( kaol9ic matt] & a few gra9s ( magnetite4 ,! slide conta9s no di/9ct qu>tz1 b possibly a small am\nt ( ?is m9]al may be pres5t 9 v m9ute gra9s ) ! kaol9ic matt]4 ,to ! metamorphism ( &esitic lavas1 too1 are some:at d\btfully ascrib$ ! grey & gre5 s*i/s ( ! ,wadi ,beida1 :i* h specific gravity ( ab\t #bge4 ,! slides f ! grey v>iety ( ! s*i/s #ab1aaf & #ab1aei %[ a v f9e-gra9$ cl\d$ rock1 app>5tly a mosaic ( qu>tz1 kaol91 *lorite & s]icite1 ) l>g] scatt]$ irregul> plates ( d>k gre5 *lorite4 ,9 a pale gre5 v>iety f ! head ( ! wadi #ab1aaa1 !re is less *lorite & a consid]able am\nt ( calcite4 ,hornbl5de ,s*i/s ( d\btful orig94--,9 ! m highly foliat$ & h>d] v>ieties ( hornbl5de s*i/1 :i* are typically ( a d>k] col\r ?an mo/ ( ^? already describ$1 we h rocks 9 :i* ! process ( re-cry/allization has be5 s complete t no trace ( ! orig9al rock rema9s4 ,^! rocks1 :i* are true hornbl5de-s*i/s 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! t]m1 are less abundant ?an ! =ego+ types1 & g5]ally occur z comp>atively n>r[ b&s associat$ ) gneisses & mica & talc s*i/s4 ,all ! m9]als 9 !m be+ ( second>y orig91 !y are usually 9 a q fre% /ate1 & fractur$ surfaces1 exam9$ ) a l5s1 exhibit a mass ( gli/5+ small cry/als ( hornbl5de1 qu>tz1 & felsp>4 ,! d5sity is usually ab\t #bi4 ,microscopic slides %[ elongat$ cry/als ( cle> gre5 hornbl5de1 /rongly pleo*roic 7pale yell[i%-gre5 to deep blue-gre57 arrang$ along ! planes ( s*i/osity1 sep>at$ by cle> granules ( qu>tz & a little felsp>1 ) scatt]$ magnetite gra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,hornbl5de-s*i/1 ne> ,gebel ,eqrun #ab1aag1 #cj4 h1 hornbl5de2 q1 qu>tz2 m1 magnetite4 ,a little felsp> is pres5t mix$ ) ! qu>tz1 f :i* x is di/+ui%able only 9 pol>is$ light4 ,ne> ,gebel ,eqrun are f\nd hornbl5de-s*i/s :i* exhibit a curi\s b&+ 9 planes at "r angles to ! ma9 foliation1 9 ! =m ( d>k] l5ticul> /ripes a few millimetres wide & ab\t ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,a slide #ab1aag cut f ?is v>iety %[s little trace ( ! b&+1 ! light] spaces betwe5 ! d>k b&s m]ely %[+ a cl\d+ ( ! qu>tz & felsp> by t9y granules ( epidote4 ,! /ripes are mo/ probably ! consequ5ce ( a second>y compression 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! orig9al "o r ?an relics ( a b&$ /ructure 9 ! p>5t rock4 ,act9olite-s*i/s4--,v beautiful bright gre5 s*i/s1 9 :i* ! hornbl5de is 9 ! fibr\s to silky =m call$ act9olite1 occur 9 small quantity associat$ ) mica & talc s*i/s at ,sikait #aj1chj & else:]e4 ,9 ^! rocks ! act9olite fibres1 :i* (t5 rea* two c5timetres 9 l5g?1 are g5]ally aggregat$ into bundles1 ) radiat+ /ructure4 ,9 ! microscopic slide ! rock pres5ts ev5 a m beautiful appe>ance ?an 9 ! mass1 ! long fibres ( act9olite pol>is+ 9 ! mo/ brilliant t9ts2 associat$ ) ! act9olite1 !re is ne>ly always m or less *lorite & talc4 ,hornfels4 ,associat$ ) ! s*i/s ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid & ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s !re are great masses ( v h>d horny-look+ rock #aj1dja ( gre5 to grey col\r1 break+ ) a sub-con*oidal fracture1 & ( su* close texture z to appe> homog5e\s ev5 ) a /rong l5s4 ,! pyramidal peak call$ ,gebel ,um ,semiuki1 :i* rises to #a1bhb metres above sea1 ?ree kilometres to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid1 is almo/ entirely compos$ ( rocks ( ?is type2 9 ! m\nta9 faces ! rock looks r$1 b ?is is only due to a film cov]+ wea!r$ surfaces1 ! int]ior be+ ( a gre5 to grey col\r4 ,! rock1 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bga1 is frequ5tly beautifully b&$1 light & d>k lay]s alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r1 & (t5 conta9s t9y cubes ( pyrites #aj1cii4 ,! microscopic slide f ,gebel ,um ,semiuki %[s a v f9e-gra9$ cl\d$ compact rock1 app>5tly consi/+ ( glassy matt] ) m9ute granules ( qu>tz & alt]$ felsp>1 toge!r ) a little s]icite1 ! latt] especially along c]ta9 b&s4 ,! slide f ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid is simil>1 b "h ! granules ( qu>tz & felsp> are a little l>g]1 ?\gh !y are /ill too small to be se5 ) a l5s 9 ! h& specim52 ! appe>ance is t ( a qu>tz felsite on a small scale4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #bha7 t ! qu>tz felsites ( ,gebels ,igli & ,had>ba pass gradually into hornfels1 & :5 we rememb] t ! s*i/s ( ! ,abu ,hamamid di/rict are mo/ly cru%$ volcanic rocks1 x becomes almo/ c]ta9 t ! hornfels associat$ ) !m is a cru%$ & devitrifi$ glassy lava ( acid composition4 ,a yell[i% horny rock ) grey /reaks #aj1cgi1 :i* occurs ne> ,gebel ,sabahia1 is conspicu\s 9 ! field ow+ to its wea!r$ surfaces be+ cov]$ ) a bright r$ f]rug9\s sk91 resembl+ c9nab> 9 col\r4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #beb4 ,exam9ation ) a l5s %[s ! grey /reaks to be fill$ ) myriads ( brilliant yell[ specks ( pyrites4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ^! to be aggregates ( little cubes1 :ile ! bulk ( ! rock is a s*i/ose felsitic mass ( qu>tz & felsp>1 ) scatt]$ l>g] felsp> cry/als1 mu* brok5 up & b5t4 ,9 ?is rock too we h !re=e a roll$ up & alt]$ felsite4 ,mica-s*i/s4 ,mica-s*i/s1 compos$ ma9ly ( gold5-br[n lu/r\s lam9 ( biotite ) m or less qu>tz1 occur ne> ! base ( ,gebel ,zab>a & at ,gebel ,sikait #aj1fbf1 z well z 9 small quantity at "o or two o!r po9ts4 ,!y are always associat$ ) gneiss1 & appe> to =m irregul> b&s1 alt]nat+ & mix$ ) talc & o!r s*i/s4 ,! lam9 ( mica c seldom be sep>at$ 9 any l>ge size1 break+ up at a t\* into small scales2 !y are (t5 highly contort$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,b]yl & qu>tz1 f a l5ticle 9 mica-s*i/ ne> ,sikait #aj1ehj1 #cj4 b1 b]yl 9 idiomorphic hexagonal cry/als2 q1 qu>tz1 allotriomorphic4 ,em]alds 7,b]yl74--,at ,zab>a & ,sikait ! mica-s*i/s conta9 cry/als ( b]yl 7silicate ( b]yllium & alum9ium1 ,be#c;,al#b,si#f,o#ah71 ! cle> v>iety ( :i* =ms ! gem em]ald4 ,! b]yls are mo/ly f\nd 9 l5ticul> b&s ( qu>tz :i* occur 9 ! mica-s*i/1 b sometimes !y c be se5 9 ! s*i/ itself4 ,! cry/als are mo/ly well develop$ hexagonal prisms ( a pale em]ald-gre5 col\r1 ) *>act]i/ic v]tical /riation4 ,! col\r$ figure on ,plate ,,xxv w give a good idea ( ! usual appe>ance ( ! m9]al4 ,9 microscopic slides 7see ,fig4 #eh7 ! b]yls are conspicu\s only by _! cle> cut hexagonal outl9es2 !y are q col\rless1 ) l[ pol>isation col\rs ab\t ! same z ^? ( qu>tz4 ,bo? at ,zab>a & ,sikait !re are num]\s ru9s & anci5t m9es :]e em]alds h be5 s\ght2 mo/ ( !m are irregul> %afts & tunnels1 twi/+ ab\t z ! old m9]s foll[$ ! v>y+ directions ( ! b&s ( s*i/s4 ,x is commonly believ$ t gem em]alds 7 at "o "t extract$ f ^! m9es1 & x seems incr$ible t ! m9+ %\ld h be5 c>ri$ on to s great an ext5t z is %[n by ! ru9s & old work+s1 unless /ones ( consid]able value 7 obta9$4 ,! ,zab>a m9es 7 re-op5$ by ,cailliaud 9 ! "t ( ,mohammad ,ali ,pa%a 7#ahag71 b ! /ones extract$ 7 ( little value1 be+ cl\d$ & full ( flaws4 ,a simil> result foll[$ a m rec5t 7#aijd-e7 vigor\s attempt by ,mr4 ,james1 act+ on behalf ( ,mr4 ,edw9 ,/reet]1 ( ,london1 to "w ! em]ald m9es ( ,sikait2 pl5ty ( b]yls 7 f\nd1 b none cle> en\gh to be ( any great value1 & ! ent]prise 0 ab&on$1 ,mr4 ,james conclud+ t ei!r ! anci5t m9]s _h work$ out all ! b&s conta9+ /ones ( any value1 or else1 :at is p]haps m likely1 ! anci5ts 7 satisfi$ ) a dull] /one = a gem ?an our mod]n jewell]s4 ,! dull =ms ( b]yl are 9 our own day ( v little value1 be+ pr9cipally us$ z a s\rce = b]yllium salts 9 *emical laboratories4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,t\rmal9e cry/als 9 graphitic talc-s*i/1 ,sikait m9es #i1ijh1 #ag4 t1 t\rmal9e cry/als1 irregul>ly crack$ & cl\d$2 g1 talc-s*i/1 heavily cl\d$ by graphite4 ,t\rmal9e4--,besides b]yls1 ! mica & talc s*i/s ( ,sikait conta9 9 places abundance ( black t\rmal9e 9 well-develop$ cry/als4 ,at "s spots ?is m9]al is s pl5tiful z to =m practically small pat*es ( t\rmal9e-rock #aj1cie4 ,9 ?9 section #i1hgd & #i1ijh ! t\rmal9e cry/als1 :i* are mu* cl\d$ & irregul>ly crack$1 %[ beautiful pleo*roism 7col\rless to deep orange71 & v high d\ble refraction col\rs 9 prismatic sections4 ,l ! b]yl1 h[ev]1 t\rmal9e is only ( value z a gem :5 x is cle> & transp>5t1 & all ! cry/als s f> obta9$ are dull & opaque4 ,calcite1 9 rhomb-%ap$ cry/als ( a br[n col\r due to pres5ce ( includ$ iron oxides #aj1chb likewise occurs 9 places 9 ! mica-s*i/s ( ,sikait4 ,*lorite-s*i/s4 ,?\gh _m ( ! decompos$ hornbl5de-s*i/s conta9 m or less *lorite1 ,i h only 9 two localities come across rocks 9 situ :i* conta9 s l>ge a proportion ( ?is m9]al z to des]ve ! "n ( *lorite-s*i/s4 ,! fir/ is 9 ! hills ( ,um el ,huetat 7latitude #be71 :]e typical *lorite-s*i/s are mix$ ) mica1 talc1 & hornbl5de s*i/s4 ,! second locality is betwe5 ,gebels ,ras ,%ait & ,nugrus1 :]e ! rock #aj1chh is rem>kable n only 9 its peculi> appe>ance b also by its /rongly magnetic "*4 ,x is a ?or\ghly s*i/ose rock ( a r pale greyi%-gre5 col\r & r silky appe>ance1 ) ru/y look+ spots4 ,! sp4 gr4 is #bgg4 ,! microscopic slide %[s ! /one to consi/ ess5tially ( an aggregate ( elongat$ plates & fibres ( l[ d\ble refraction1 :i* f ! h& specim5 seem to be *lorite1 b 9 ! slide look m l antigorite4 ,magnetite gra9s are lib]ally scatt]$ ?r\gh ! *loritic mass4 ,! ru/y spots visible 9 ! h& specim5 are transluc5t foxy r$ 9 ! slide1 9 irregul> brok5 =ms ) well-m>k$ cleavage & ne>ly /raight ext9ction4 ,!y are some:at d\btfully reg>d$ z deeply iron-/a9$ hornbl5de4 ,mix$ ) ! foxy r$ mat]ial are aggregates ( granules ( a highly refract+ b isotropic m9]al ( deep bottle-gre5 col\r 78 sp9el71 & *loritic wisps4 ,!re are also "s cle> col\rless gra9s1 resembl+ apatite 9 appe>ance except t !y sometimes %[ well-m>k$ v]tical cleavage & high ext9ction angles2 ^! are possibly a col\rless augite1 b ! d\ble-refraction col\rs are f> l[] ?an is usual ) ?is m9]al4 ,typical *lorite-s*i/s occur 9 ! ,wadi ,salib ,abiad1 & ne> ,gebels ,ribdab & ,muqsim1 9 ! extreme s\?-we/ portion ( ! region4 ,he>+1 f "s w&]+ ,arabs :ile at ,gebel ,abu ,dahr 9 ,febru>y #aijg1 t prospectors 7 at "w 9 ! ,wadi ,salib ,abiad1 ,i s5t a guide to f9d out :o !y 7 & :at !y 7 do+2 ! guide report$ t on 8 arrival !y _h gone away1 b !re 7 "s old work+s 9 a gre5 rock ( :i* he br\ght a sample4 ,i did n get an opportunity ( visit+ ! locality p]sonally1 b ! specim5 br\ght back by ! guide #aa1ebc is a beautiful apple-gre5 *lorite-s*i/1 ) "s br[ni% calc>e\s-look+ b&s4 ,! microscopic slide %[s "s little qu>tz & talc besides ! *lorite1 & !re are scatt]$ m9ute highly-refract+ r\nd$ gra9s ( a feebly transluc5t m9]al ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 probably rutile4 ,a simil> rock f ! ea/]n side ( ,gebel ,muqsim has be5 report$ by ,mr4 ,*>t]is ,/ew>t1 :o also records a normal *lorite-s*i/ z occurr+ on ! nor? side ( ,gebel ,ribdab4 ,talc-s*i/s4 ,talc-s*i/s1 ?\gh n widely di/ribut$1 are abundant 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,!y =m ! ma9 rock 9 _m ( ! hills 9 ! di/rict call$ ,um el ,huetat1 to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,atut 9 latitude #be1 :]e !re are num]\s old m9es4 ,9 ?is di/rict !re are imm5se masses ( talc-s*i/ ( rem>kable purity4 ,! rock #aj1cfd is ( a grey to gre5 or br[n col\r1 di/9ctly s*i/ose1 cleav+ easily ) a soapy feel1 & easily scrat*$ by ! f+] nail2 m massive =ms occur :i* c be easily c>v$ into pipes1 & ^! are frequ5tly smok$ by ! ,b$\94 ,i desc5d$ "o ( ! old %afts at ,um el ,huetat1 & f\nd no evid5ce ( o!r m9]als hav+ be5 work$ ?an ! talc itself4 ,a some:at m e>?y v>iety ( talc-s*i/ #aj1cif 0 met ) ne> ! ,rod el ,ligaia4 ,talc-s*i/s also occur at ,gebel ,sikait #aj1chc & ,gebel ,zab>a1 :]e1 z at ,um el ,huetat1 !y alt]nate ) mica & hornbl5de s*i/s4 ,b at ,sikait & ,zab>a ! talc-s*i/s are decid$ly subord9ate to ! mica-s*i/ 9 :i* ! b]yls are f\nd4 ,to ! class ( talc-s*i/s is also probably be/ ref]r$ a fissile & v rott5 purple-br[n s*i/1 conta9+ cubes ( limonite1 :i* 0 f\nd ne> ! triangulation /ation on ,gebel ,hamida1 & aga9 ne> ! old m9es ( ,romit4 ,! microscopic slide ( ! ,romit specim5 #ab1aci %[s ! bulk ( ! rock to consi/ ( talc & *lorite1 ) blot*y /a9s & flocul5t-look+ masses ( br[n iron oxide & occasional cle> irregul> granules ( qu>tz4 ,9 ?is are pl5tifully emb$d$ p]fect little cubes ( limonite4 ,! limonite cubes #ab1abi & #ab1acf wea!r out easily f ! rott5 matrix1 & c be ga!r$ f ! gr\nd at ! foot ( ! expos$ surfaces4 ,calc>e\s ,s*i/s & ,m>ble4 ,"s v curi\s calc>e\s s*i/s are f\nd 9 ,gebel el ,anbat & its neighb\rhood1 ne> ! ,wadi ,hode94 ,9 ,gebel el ,anbat itself a mass ( ^! rocks rises to a height ( ov] #bej metres above ! wadi level4 ,!y are e>?y-look+ rocks ( v>y+ col\r1 *iefly br[n & r$di%1 (t5 purpli% on ! r\gh wea!r$ surfaces1 & sometimes h a talcose feel4 ,a typical specim5 #aa1ecb ,a has a sp4 gr4 ( #bib1 & ! slide cut f x %[s x to be almo/ entirely compos$ ( gra9s ( calcite1 ) "h & !re l>g] irregul> granules ( qu>tz & ( :at looks l alt]$ felsp>1 & a lib]al spr9kl+ ( iron oxide4 ,x is difficult to assign an orig9 to ?is rock1 b a v>iation ( x #aa1ecb ,b has be5 already describ$ 7p4 #cci7 z probably an alt]$ sy5ite1 & ! ma9 rock may !re=e repres5t ! extreme =m ( alt]ation ( an igne\s rock ri* 9 lime felsp>s4 ,a h>d close-gra9$ r$di%-br[n rock ( sp4 gr4 #bia1 ) d>k /reaks #ab1ajg1 :i* =ms a high ridge1 swa!d 9 bl[n s&1 ris+ to #cej metres above sea-level ne> ! ,wadi ,kreiga1 elev5 & a half kilometres to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,gebel ,beida1 resembles a qu>tzite 9 appe>ance1 b turns out on c>eful exam9ation to be a calc>e\s s*i/4 ,! microscopic section %[s a v f9e-gra9$ mosaic ( calcite ) a little qu>tz1 & scatt]$ gra9s & /r+s ( iron oxide4 ,! orig9 ( ?is rock is unc]ta92 x may be a metamorphos$ lime/one4 ,! summit ( a high hill ris+ to #fhf metres above sea1 on ! ea/ side ( ! ,wadi ,um ,kh>iga 9 latitude #bd #ef #cj1 is a gozzany mass resembl+ ! outcrop ( a m9]al ve9 trav]s+ ! s*i/s4 ,on a fre% fracture1 ! int]ior ( ! rock #aj1cfi is se5 to consi/ ma9ly ( d>k cry/all9e calcite1 ) "s cubical cry/als ( pyrites1 num]\s ru/y look+ spots & pat*es ( limonite1 & ve9lets ( :ite calcite4 ,! microscopic slide %[s a mixture ( calcite ) kaol9ic & s]p5t9\s matt]1 ) a v pron\nc$ s*i/ose /ructure1 conta9+ 8eyes0 ( mix$ calcite & iron oxides2 ! rock is !re=e 9 reality a f]rug9\s calc>e\s s*i/4 ,! mass is too highly metamorphos$ = m ?an a guess z to its orig92 b ! slide conta9s "s granules resembl+ picotite & "o or two small pat*es ( :at looks l alt]+ felsp>1 & ! sugge/ion is t ! s*i/ is a metamorphos$ basic igne\s ve94 ,:ite cry/all9e m>ble has be5 f\nd only at "o po9t1 namely1 ab\t ?ree kilometres s\? ( ! jagg$ peak call$ ,qa% ,amir1 we/ ( ,gebel ,elba1 :]e x =ms a small pat* 9 cry/all9e rocks4 ,graphite-s*i/s4 ,a consid]able mass ( graphite-s*i/ occurs associat$ ) diorite rocks ne> "s anci5t gold work+s at ,gebel ,allawi4 ,! ext5t ( ! graphite-s*i/ has n be5 mapp$1 b x occurs on ! nor? slope ( ! m\nta91 & z se5 f ! summit x appe>s to run out we/w>d = miles z a broad black b&4 ,! rock #aj1cgh1 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bgj1 consi/s ( a mixture ( graphite ) calc>e\s & e>?y matt]4 ,! p>ts ri*e/ 9 graphite are readily cut ) a knife1 & m>k pap] easily4 ,analysis %[s t ! graphite1 ?\gh suffici5tly abundant to appe> 9 ! h& specim5 ! dom9ant m9]al ( ! rock1 is nev]!less pres5t 9 surpris+ly small proportion2 a sample te/$ by ,mr4 ,poll>d 0 f\nd to conta9 only a trifle ov] "o p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,a simil> graphite-s*i/ occurs associat$ ) mica-s*i/ 9 "o ( ! em]ald m9es ( ,gebel ,sikait1 & x may be rem>k$ t graphitic s*i/s h also be5 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,hume ne> ! lodes 9 ! gold m9es ( ,b>amia & ,um ,g>ai>t1 bo? ( :i* localities1 h[ev]1 lie outside ! limits ( ! area "h describ$4 ,! orig9 ( ! graphite-s*i/s is unc]ta94 ,p]haps ! hypo!sis pres5t+ ! lea/ difficulty is t :i* supposes !m to h be5 =m$ f anci5t s$im5t>y rocks conta9+ ! rema9s ( plants2 on ?is view ! close association ( dioritic rocks sugge/s t ! great ( igne\s intrusion may h play$ a "p 9 ! di/illation ( ! m volatile matt]s ( ! plant rema9s1 :ile ! s*i/ose /ructure %[s t pressure has also be5 active 9 ! =mation ( ! rock4 ,b ! abs5ce ( any associat$ rocks :i* be> di/9ct signs ( hav+ orig9ally be5 anci5t s$im5ts makes "o hesitate to ref] ! graphite to an organic orig91 & possibly ! c>bonace\s matt] may h be5 produc$ f q ano!r s\rce ?an t ( plant life4 ,breccias4 ,a v curi\s rock #aj1che :i* f a di/ance looks l a giant diorite1 occurs z a b& 9 gneiss on ! we/ side ( ! l[] "p ( ,wadi ,nugrus1 is d\btless a fluidal breccia4 ,x conta9s ovoid masses ( :ite aplite1 sometimes measur+ five c5timetres 9 diamet]1 emb$d$ 9 a d>k f9e-gra9$ dioritic matrix ) a m>k$ t5d5cy to s*i/ose /ructure4 ,mo/ likely ! rock has be5 =m$ by ! cat*+ up ( ! fragm5ts ( a cru%$ aplite 9 an intrusive diorite1 & !n ! :ole mass has be5 subject$ to ! same pressure :i* foliat$ ! surr\nd+ gneisses4 ,m normal breccias are f\nd at v>i\s po9ts4 ,"o :i* occurs betwe5 s*i/s & hornfels ne> ! summit ( ,gebel ,abu ,hamamid #aj1cih is made up ( fragm5ts ( v>i\s alt]$ volcanic rocks1 ) l>ge black fl9t-l lumps ( hornfels1 all cem5t$ into a v h>d rock :i* breaks across ! fragm5ts compos+ x4 ,?is breccia 0 d\btless =m$ by ! same movem5ts :i* produc$ ! s*i/s ( ! summit ( ! m\nta92 ^! latt] 7see p4 #cda7 are !mselves almo/ z mu* f9e breccias z s*i/s4 ,to ! we/ ( ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam ! /ones 9 ! wadis are sometimes cem5t$ into h>d breccias by calc>e\s matt]1 d\btless deposit$ by dra9age wat]s :i* h dissolv$ out ! lime f felspa?ic rocks4 ,9 ! hill call$ ,ti ,kef]iai1 a little bel[ ! triangulation po9t :i* m>ks ! summit1 a highly alt]$ f9e-gra9$ dioritic rock1 conta9+ mu* epidote1 has be5 cru%$ into a co>se breccia #ab1abc cem5t$ by rose-col\r$ qu>tz4 ,a rem>kable gre5 breccia is f\nd 9 ,gebel ,hamata1 :]e x appe>s to =m a l>ge mass 9 ! m\nta9-side to ! ea/ ( ! ma9 peak4 ,?is rock #aj1djg1 :i* has a sp4 gr4 ( #bib1 is d>k] 9 col\r & some:at s(t] ?an ! ornam5tal 8breccia v]de antico0 ( ! ,wadi ,hammamat di/rict fur!r nor?1#ace b x also is a v beautiful rock4 ,9 ! h& specim51 x consi/s ( black angul> fragm5ts1 up to two c5timetres 9 diamet]1 emb$d$ 9 a d>k gre5 gr\nd mass1 ! :ole ( v f9e gra9 & b>ely scrat*able ) a knife4 ,"u ! microscope1 ! black fragm5ts seem to be ( basaltic nature1 :ile ! gre5 matrix is probably a highly cru%$ & brecciat$ diorite-porphyrite2 ! :ole ( ! slide is cl\d$ by decomposition products4 ,fault-breccias1 produc$ by diff]5tial movem5t ( ! two sides ( faults1 occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,wadi ,saalek1 :]e ! s&/ones & s*i/s are mu* fault$ 7see p4 #cei74 ,! breccias "h #aa1eci are n>r[ b&s :i* /& up l dykes2 !y are v calc>e\s & highly f]rug9\s1 ) occasional gre5 /a9s1 p]haps due to traces ( copp]4 ,m9]al ,ve9s4 ,qu>tz ve9s deposit$ by solutions#acf 9 cracks & fissures ( ! igne\s & metamorphic rocks are v num]\s & widely di/ribut$1 especially 9 ! ,suk>i di/rict4 ,!y v>y imm5sely 9 size1 f m]e /r+s to ve9s two metres or m 9 ?ickness2 !y cut ! rocks 9 e direction & at e angle ( dip4 ,/eeply incl9$ ve9s are by f> ! mo/ num]\s1 b "s h a flat incl9ation & are !n /yl$ 8reefs0 by ! m9]s4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ atta*+ to ! qu>tz ve9s is ! fact t !y frequ5tly conta9 gold1 ?\gh seldom 9 p>ticles visible to ! unaid$ eye4 ,! qu>tz ve9s 7 work$ = _! gold by ! anci5ts1 ! rema9s ( ^: dwell+s & /one gr9d+ pans are f\nd at num]\s places1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,wadi ,hangalia1 at ,kurdeman1 ne> ,gebel ,sabahia1 at ,gebels ,suk>i & ,allawi1 9 ! ,wadi ,lewewi1 & at ,romit & ,d>ahib4 ,our mod]n prospectors h f\nd ^! ru9s ( anci5t m9+ camps & gr9d+ pans to be ! be/ guide to aurif]\s ve9s1 gold be+ seldom f\nd except 9 & ne> ! old work+s4 ,z m5tion$ on p4 #bg1 ! anci5ts work$ ! m9es by convict lab\r1 & !y c\ld = t reason af=d to "w ores :i* are too poor to pay "u mod]n conditions4 ,b 9 c]ta9 cases ! ve9s h be5 f\nd ri* en\gh to give possibilities ( a comm]cial return to mod]n m9+ ent]prise2 a li/ ( ! prospect+ lic5ces & m9+ leases n[ 9 =ce is giv5 on p4 #bh4 ,z to ! s\rce ( ! gold1 x is n kn[n :e!r x came up 9 solutions f bel[1 or has be5 secret$ lat]ally f ! c\ntry rock4 ,besides gold1 "s ( ! qu>tz ve9s conta9 traces ( copp]1 b none ( ! occurr5ces ( copp] ore )9 ! area specially treat$ ( 9 ?is book appe> to be capable ( yield+ any consid]able quantity ( ! metal1 mo/ ( !m 9 fact be+ m]e /a9s due to oxidation & c>bonatisation ( traces ( sulphides4#acg ,calcite ve9s are mu* m r>ely met ) ?an ^? ( qu>tz4 ,9 only "o ( ! ve9s ,i h exam9$ is calcite pres5t 9 any consid]able quantity1 namely 9 ! ve9 ( ! old gold m9es ( ,romit4 ,9 ?is ve91 :ite to br[n cry/all9e calcite is f\nd mix$ ) *alybite1 limonite1 & smoky qu>tz #ab1aje & #ab1ada1 ! la/-nam$ only be+ app>5tly aurif]\s4 ,!re did n appe> to be en\gh *alybite & limonite 9 ! ve9 to make x wor? foll[+ up = iron ore1 especially 9 view ( ! exp5se ( transport f ! place4 ,magnesite & asbe/os ve9s occur 9 ! s]p5t9es ( ! ,gebel ,g]f di/rict4 ,^! occurr5ces1 :i* appe> n to be l>ge en\gh to be wor? work+1 h be5 describ$ on p4 #ccj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #acd3 ,! figures 9 squ>e brackets 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt] are ! numb]s "u :i* ! specim5s are regi/]$ 9 ! ,geological ,museum1 ,cairo4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see ,b>ron & ,hume's 8,ea/]n ,des]t40 ,cairo1 #aijb4 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #acf3 ,o!r qu>tz ve9s :i* probably orig9at$ 9 q a diff]5t mann] are treat$ ( "u ! head+ ( ,igne\s ,rocks see 7p4 #bff74 ,footnote #acg3 ,! copp] smelt$ 9 anci5t times at ,kubban1 on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,nile opposite ,dakka1 9 latitude #bc #aj1 0 possibly obta9$ f m9es at ,abu ,seyal 7sometimes misspelt ,absciel71 nor? ( ! ,wadi ,alaqi 9 latitude #bb #dg1 longitude #cc #dd1 :]e !re are ext5sive old work+s1 ,abu ,seyal lies outside ! region describ$ 9 ?is volume2 a ref]5ce to ! m9es w be f\nd 9 ! ,report ( ! ,egyptian ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es = #aijf1 p4 #cd4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tectonics ,,& ,,g5]al ,,geology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,evid5ce ( a =m] ,pluvial ,p]iod4 ,giv5 a suffici5tly long p]iod = _! activity1 ! d5ud+ & transport+ ag5cies at "w at ! pres5t day are capable ( acc\nt+ = mo/ ( ! sup]ficial sculptur+ ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,! c\ntry is n absolutely ra9less1 & )9 a decade mo/ ( ! dry valleys h be5 = a few h\rs ! b$s ( /reams1 ! result ( ra9 /orms4 ,!re is practically no fro/ 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 s t dis9tegration by ! freez+ ( wat] 9 crevices ( ! rock does n occur on any l>ge scale2 ! diurnal v>iations ( temp]ature1 are1 h[ev]1 s great t ?is cause alone is v pot5t 9 break+ up rock mat]ial4 ,! dis9tegrat$ matt] accumulates z heaps ( debris & s&1 ready to be transport$ t[>ds ! ,nile or ! sea by ! /reams :i* foll[ ! next ra9fall4 ,bo? 9 erosion & 9 ! transport ( s&1 w9d is a v active ag5t1 & acc\nts = ! =mation & di/ribution ( imm5se quantities ( s&4 ,?us ! m\nta9s are sl[ly be+ l[]$1 & ! rocky valleys betwe5 !m are be+ wid5$ & deep5$1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 & ! accumulations ( s& on ! coa/-pla9 & else:]e are be+ sl[ly increas$ 9 ?ickness4 ,b :5 we look at ! great wadis1 (t5 hundr$s ( kilometres 9 l5g?1 cut to a dep? ( fifty metres ) a wid? ( half a kilometre ?r\gh ! s&/one plateaux :i* sep>ate ! m\nta9 ranges f ! ,nile1 x is difficult to conceive t ra9fall & d5udation h n 9 ! pa/ be5 great] ?an at pres5t4 ,9 our own day1 x is b seldom t ! great wadis convey /reams z f> z ! ,nile or ! sea1 _! wat]s be+ usually absorb$ by ! s&y b$ be=e ! end is rea*$2 erosion n[adays is practically conf9$ to ! upp] rea*es ( ! wadis1 & unless we po/ulate great] ra9fall 9 ! pa/1 inconceivable ages mu/ h be5 occupi$ 9 ! erosion ( ^! great *annels4 ,we are ?us driv5 to believe t :at is n[ a v dry area 0 =m]ly "o ( consid]able ra9fall4 ,?is belief is support$ by ! traces ( glaciation 9 ,europe1 = x is natural to inf] t :5 temp]ate ,europe _h an arctic climate1 nor!rn ,africa _h a temp]ate "o2 ! effect1 :atev] its cause1 be+ practically equival5t to an increase ( latitude4 ,?is *ange ( climate is equally evid5c$ by geological obs]vation 9 o!r p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,x is ev5 likely t ! climate ( ,egypt may be sl[ly *ang+ at pres5t2 b ! *ange )9 ! hi/orical p]iod has be5 s small z to be practically negligible4 ,orig9 ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,if ! #bjj-metre cont\r ( ! bottom ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 %[n on ,plate ,i1 be exam9$1 x w be f\nd to exhibit great ind5tations t[>ds ! great m\nta9 masses1 :ile !re is a curi\s projection includ+ ! ,isl& ( ,zeb]g$ :i* mimics ! pres5t ,ras ,b5as4 ,"s ( ! ind5tations ( ! cont\r l9e lie 9 ! direct prolongation ( exi/+ great wadis1 su* z ^? ( ,lahami1 ,khoda1 ,hode91 ,di-ib1 & ,s]imtai4 ,! obvi\s sugge/ion f ?is co9cid5ce is t ! sea has encroa*$ on ! l& s9ce ! dra9age-sy/em _h sub/antially its pres5t =m1 & we inf] a s9k+ ( ! region at no v remote geological epo*4 ,! c5tral p>ts ( ! ,r$ ,sea atta9 dep?s ( ov] #b1jjj metres2 ?us ?is sea 0 a great & deep "o ev5 :5 ! level ( its wat]s1 relative to ! l&1 0 #bjj metres l[] ?an n[4 ,we h no in=mation :i* w\ld give u a clue to ! orig9 ( ?is primitive sea1 b ! inf]5ce f ! cont\rs is t ! pres5t ext5t ( ! ,r$ ,sea has be5 caus$ by a great g5]al subsid5ce ( ! l&1 & n by tr\gh-fault+ z has hi!rto be5 usually /at$4#ach ,! subsid5ce j ref]r$ to 0 ev5 great] ?an w\ld be ga!r$ f a consid]ation ( ! pres5t coa/-l9e4 ,at int]vals along ! entire ea/]n coa/ ( ,egypt are hills ( gypsum2 ^! are nev] f\nd except close to ! pres5t sea-bord]s1 & ! natural d$uction is t ! gypsum b$s 7 deposit$ :5 ! sea 0 at a high] level ?an at pres5t4 ,at ,ras ,b5as1 ! gypse\s /rata rea* altitudes ( ne>ly #bjj metres1 s t at ! "t :5 ! gypsum 0 =m$ ! ,r$ ,sea mu/ h cov]$ a mu* great] area ?an n[1 ext5d+ 9 fact approximately to ! cont\r ( #bjj metres above pres5t sea-level4 ,z to ! epo* :5 ?is great] ext5t ( ! sea exi/$1 we %\ld h a clue if we knew ! age ( ! gypsum b$s1 :i* un=tunately is n ! case2 b !y are almo/ c]ta9ly y\ng] ,t]ti>y b$s1 possibly ,mioc5e or ev5 ,plioc5e1 s t 9 any case ! ,r$ ,sea is a depression ( consid]able antiquity4 ,possible ,=m] ,ext5t ( ! ,eoc5e ,rocks4 ,eoc5e rocks are entirely abs5t f ! di/rict1 & ! same is ! case ) ,cretace\s rocks y\ng] ?an ! ,nubian s&/one4 ,b if we g we/w>d along ! p>allel ( ,b]5ice1 across ! ,nile into longitude #bc #cj1 we come to ! plateau face ( ,gebel ,g>ra1 :]e !re are expos$ ?icknesses ( ab\t n9ety metres ( ,eoc5e lime/one & #bdj metres ( ,cretace\s m>ls4 ,^! b$s cov] great expanses fur!r we/ & nor?2 !y evid5tly once ext5d$ beyond _! pres5t limits1 & we may ask :e!r !y ev] rea*$ ov] ! ,r$ ,sea m\nta9s "h1 z is ! case 9 ,nor?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,to ?is "q no answ] c be giv52 f ,b]5ice to ,gebel ,g>ra is a di/ance ( ov] #cjj kilometres1 & ev5 a v gradual ?9n+ ( ! b$s ea/w>d w\ld acc\nt = _! abs5ce f ! ma9 m\nta9s2 at ! same "t ! d5udation :i* has remov$ e trace ( ! h>d ,eoc5e lime/one f ! pla9 betwe5 ,gebel ,g>ra & ! ,nile may well h done ! same fur!r ea/4 ,orig9al ,ext5t ( ! ,nubian ,s&/one4 ,! ,nubian s&/one is f\nd on bo? sides ( ! wat]%$ ranges1 & ! "q rais$ by its di/ribution is 9 reg>d to its possible orig9al cont9uity4 ,did ! ,nubian s&/one once ext5d ov] ! pres5t igne\s m\nta9s1 or 0 x laid d[n on ei!r side ( a great isl& ridge8 ,9 o!r words1 did ! ,r$ ,sea m\nta9s exi/ z su* 9 ,cretace\s times1 or h !y be5 subsequ5tly elevat$1 & ! ,nubian s&/ones :i* cov]$ !m d5ud$ away8 ,to ?is "q x may be /at$ at once t no c]ta9 answ] c be giv52 b a good deal ( /udy has be5 devot$ to ! facts be>+ ^u x1 & ^! facts w be briefly enum]at$ & discuss$ bel[4 ,evid5ce f ,volcanic ,intrusions4--,t ! ,nubian s&/one is y\ng] ?an ! igne\s rocks 9 g5]al is prov$ by ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( intrusions into ! s&/one4 ,ap>t f an int]b$d$ diabase %eet 9 ! nor? "p ( ! region & a small basic dyke ne> ,gebel ,awamtib1 ! igne\s rocks appe> n[h]e to p5etrate ! ,nubian b$s4 ,! s&/one is a =tiori y\ng] ?an ! metamorphic rocks into :i* ! igne\s masses h be5 intrud$4 ,evid5ce f ,pres5t ,di/ribution4--,com+ n[ to ! di/ribution ( ! s&/one1 ?\gh we f9d x on bo? sides ( ! ma9 ranges1 !re is n a trace ( s&/one among ! high] m\nta9s2 ?is ( c\rse proves no?+1 = d5udation w\ld be mo/ active among ! peaks & 9 di/ricts ( maximum up-?ru/1 & s&/one is an easily erodible rock4 ,! long tongue ( s&/one plateau :i* t]m9ates 9 ,gebel ,anfeib ext5ds inde$ "r across ! ma9 wat]%$1 b a ref]5ce to ! orographical map 7,plate ,i7 w %[ t ?is ext5sion is along a nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/ g5]al depression1 :]e ! ,wadis ,hode9 & ,g>>a =m a cut across ! map sep>at+ ! ma9 m\nta9 masses into nor? & s\? gr\ps4 ,! pres5ce ( ! s&/one tongue "h w\ld be equally well acc\nt$ = :e!r ! m\nta9s 7 elevat$ be=e or aft] ! deposition ( ! ,nubian b$s4 ,n only is ! s&/one abs5t f ! ma9 m\nta9s1 b x is nev] f\nd 9 su* close proximity to !m z to r5d] a decisive answ] to our "q4 ,?us ! ea/]n sc>p ( ! s&/one plateau 9 ! nor? "p ( ! area ov]looks a broad tract ( l[ c\ntry betwe5 x & ! m\nta9s2 & simil>ly f ,gebel ,anfeib "o ov]looks l[ c\ntry to ! nor?1 ea/1 & s\?4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9s ! s&/one deposits are re/rict$ to small pat*es consid]ably remov$ f ! ma9 summits1 & ev5 9 mo/ cases f _! foot-hills4 ,evid5ces f ,/ructural ,features4--,) reg>d to ! /ructural evid5ces to be ga!r$ f ! s&/one itself1 x 0 hop$ t ! obs]vations ( ! dip ( ! b$s at diff]5t places w\ld ?r[ light on ! "q z to :e!r _! deposition ant$at$ ! m\nta9 =mation or no4 ,to ! nor? ( latitude #bd1 ! ea/]n edge ( ! s&/one sc>p %[$ b$s diff]+ b little f ! horizontal1 ?\gh v g5tle fold+ 9 v>i\s directions is probable4 ,fur!r s\?1 ne> ,gebel ,z]gat ,naam1 mu* m decid$ evid5ces ( fold+1 & ev5 ( dislocation1 7 met )4 ,! head ( ! ,wadi el ,kreim1 s\?-we/ ( ,z]gat ,naam 7see ! geological map on ,plate ,,xx7 is probably a l9e ( fault1 = "h on ! s\?-we/ ( ! wadi we h s&/ones com+ "r d[n to ! wadi floor1 ) a dip ( #cj to ! s\?-we/ ne> ! edge1 becom+ flatt] ! fur!r we g f ! wadi1 :ile on ! o!r side are cru%$ & brecciat$ s*i/s4 ,go+ fur!r we/1 9 ! s&/one hill-mass :i* lies twelve kilometres we/ ( ,z]gat ,naam1 ! dip ( ! b$s is 9 ! opposite direction1 be+ #aj to #ae nor?-ea/1 & granite appe>s at ! foot ( ! /eep we/-s\?-we/ slope2 ?is1 ) ! prec$+ obs]vation1 seems to indicate a syncl9al fold t]m9at$ ne> ,z]gat ,naam by a fault up-?ru/+ ! s*i/s & sy5ite4 ,:]e ! ,wadi ,g>>a cuts ?r\gh ! s&/one hills to receive ! ,wadi el ,kreim1 ! b$s dip m>k$ly to ! s\?1 ! obs]v$ incl9ations be+ #fj or m at ! nor? edges1 rapidly fall+ to #bj or less fur!r s\?2 ! nor? faces %[ granite & s*i/s at _! base4 ,fur!r we/1 on ! way to ,gebel ,um ,h>ba1 ! s&/one ( ! hills %[$ dips to ! ea/ ( #ae4 ,at ,gebel ,um ,h>ba itself !re are ?ick b$s ( s&/one dipp+ #ac ea/-nor?-ea/1 :ile all ar\nd ! m\nta9 "o looks out ov] b$s hav+ approximately ! same incl9ation4 ,at ,gebel ,um ,khafur1 ! dip is #ac to #ad to ! nor?-nor?-ea/1 & is v con/ant ov] a l>ge area4 ,f ! nor? side1 :]e ! pla9 is #chj metres above sea-level1 ! hills rise ) a succession ( dip slopes & basset-edges ov] a horizontal di/ance ( #bi kilometres 7measur$ p]p5dicul> to ! /rike7 to ! triangulation beacon at #efj metres above sea1 ! b$s all along dipp+ at #ac or #ad4 ,unless !re is /ep-fault+ "h along ! /rike-wadis 7see ,fig4 #fj7 ! total ?ickness ( ,nubian s&/one "h is ov] #dej metres4 ,?is is a mu* great] ?ickness ?an has be5 not$ any:]e else 9 ,egypt1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !re is /ep-fault+ along at lea/ two ( ! /rike wadis :i* sep>ate ! hill-mass into ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,section ( ,s&/one at ,gebel ,um ,khafur4 ,9 approa*+ ,gebel ,awamtib f ! nor?-we/1 ,i cross$ ov] a small pat* ( diorite 9 ! s&/one at ! pass f ,wadi ,um ,t]bi into ,wadi ,awamtib1 & a basic dyke 0 f\nd cutt+ ! s&/one ( a spur ( ,gebel ,awamtib4 ,! b$s ( ,awamtib itself dip pretty uni=mly a little nor? ( we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,sket* section ( junction ( s&/one ) granite1 we/ ( ,gebel ,um ,keit4 ,ab\t n9e kilometres to ! s\? ( ,gebel ,awamtib1 a /ation 0 tak5 on a s&/one headl& ) s*i/s & qu>tz ve9s at its floor1 & aft]w>ds ,i skirt$ ! limit betwe5 s&/one & granitic rocks on ! way to ,gebel ,um ,reit4 ,all along ?is r\te !re 0 no sugge/ion ( %>p fold+ or fault+2 ! b$s 7 ne>ly horizontal "r up to ! limit1 :]e ! granite hills rise sudd5ly 7see ,fig4 #fa74 ,f ! top ( ,gebel ,um ,reit1 :i* itself is granite1 ! s&/one limit c\ld be se5 to ! nor? & ea/2 ! b$s dip #cj 9 places2 9 ^? on ! ea/ ! direction ( dip is ab\t s\?4 ,! region r\nd ,um ,reit is evid5tly "o ( consid]able di/urbance1 b ! s&/one is too f> (f = "o to get any precise idea ( its nature f ! summit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,sket* ( fault+ ne> ,wadi ,saalek4 ,go+ nor?w>ds f ,um ,reit across ! ,wadi ,saalek & up "o ( its bran*es into ! head ( ,wadi ,muegil1 !re is a good exposure ( fault$ s&/one ov]ly+ s*i/s j be=e rea*+ ! pass4 ,"h 7see ,fig4 #fb7 "o ( ! faults is a di/9ct ov]?ru/1 ) a nor?-ea/]ly /rike1 & !re are o!r faults 9 a p>allel direction4 ,f ! ,wadi ,muegil nor?w>ds pa/ ! ,galt el ,aguz to ,gebel ,um ,h>ba !re are g5tle dips & curv+s ( ! s&/one b$s1 ) a pr$om9ant dip ab\t nor?-ea/4 ,at ! ,galt el ,aguz ! s&/one rocks are mu* tumbl$ ab\t1 b ?is appe>s to be due to fall ( ov]-hang+ b$s4 ,at ! pass f ,wadi ,um ,arta into ! head ( ,wadi ,silsila1 ! dip ( ! s&/one is nor?-nor?-ea/4 ,9 its l[] "p1 ,wadi ,silsila passes betwe5 s&/one ridges ! dip ( :i* is con/antly ea/-nor?-ea/4 ,r\nd ,bir ,abraq & ! triangulation /ation on ,gebel ,abraq 7see l>ge scale map on ,plate ,,xv7 ! ma9 direction ( dip is ea/-s\?-ea/2 ! pool ( ,bir ,abraq itself is "u project+ slabs ( s&/one dipp+ 9 ?is direction4 ,bir el ,sunta1 a little fur!r nor?1 appe>s to lie 9 a syncl9e1 ! b$s ( ! hills to ! nor? dipp+ s\?-ea/1 :ile ^? to ! s\? dip nor?-we/4 ,approa*+ ! s&/one f ! ea/ by ,wadi ,hode91 "o trav]ses granite c\ntry ) felsite dykes & ent]s sudd5ly into high s&/one plateaux4 ,! b$s at ! ,abu ,saafa ,spr+s dip ab\t #e nor?w>ds4 ,! b$s ( ,gebel ,dif & ,gebel ,anfeib h a preval5t dip on ! we/ side to ! ea/ & nor?-ea/1 :ile on ! ea/ face ! dip appe>s to be 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,?is great mass ( s&/one plateau may ?us be a syncl9e ) a nor?-we/]ly /rike 7i4e41 a /rike r\ghly p>allel to ! ma9 direction ( ! wat]%$ m\nta9 ranges71 b ! ea/]n face 0 n exam9$ 9 detail1 & x may be t ! :ole mass dips to ! nor?-ea/2 "s outly+ small s&/one masses ne> ! head ( ,wadi ,edunqul %[ no rev]sal1 ! dip be+ /ill ea/-nor?-ea/4 ,at ,bir ,dif ! s&/ones are v>i\sly tilt$1 & probably fault$4 ,! s&/ones on ! ea/ side ( ! wat]%$ ranges1 ne> ,gebel ,ranga1 7 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,hume to dip t[>ds ! sea4 ,9 ! s\? "p ( ! region !re are "s l[ hills =m+ two s]ies ( ridges betwe5 ! sea & ,gebel ,kolaiqo1 sep>at$ by hills ( r$ aplitic granite2 ^! hills 7 n actually visit$1 b 7 mapp$ f "s little di/ance1 & ! dip ( ! b$s 0 n measur$1 b ! nature ( ! rocks 0 confirm$ by specim5s ( s&/one br\ght back by guides s5t to ! place4 ,summ+ up ! dips & di/urbances ( ! s&/one b$s at ! diff]5t places1 x is cle> t ! /rata are ! m di/urb$1 ! m closely !y approa* ! ma9 m\nta9 ranges2 ?is & ! seaw>d dip ( ! b$s ne> ,el ,ranga are s f> 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! s&/one may once h ext5d$ "r ov] ! pres5t m\nta9s4 ,b x w be se5 t ! di/urbances ( b$d+ are ( an irregul> "*1 especially betwe5 ,gebels ,z]gat ,naam & ,um ,reit1 :]e ! fold+ & fault+ are (t5 9 directions q di/9ct f t ( ! ma9 m\nta9 axes1 & x may be t ^! di/urbances are due to lat] movem5ts r ?an to ! elevation ( ! ma9 m\nta9 ranges4 ,s f> z obs]vations on ! s&/one itself g1 !re=e1 ! "q z to :e!r ! ,nubian s&/ones ( ! ,r$ ,sea bord] ev] directly jo9$ ^? on ! we/ ( ! m\nta9s rema9s op52 ! obs]v$ di/urbances ( ! b$s give u cle> pro( t consid]able e>? movem5ts h tak5 place s9ce ! s&/one 0 deposit$1 b !y are inconclusive z to :e!r ^! same movem5ts caus$ ! elevation ( ! great m\nta9 ranges4 ,! ,igne\s & ,metamorphic ,rocks4 ,turn+ n[ to ! ma9 m\nta9-=m+ rocks1 we f9d !m compos$ ( ! two great classes1 igne\s & metamorphic4 ,?\gh 9 places we h transition memb]s1 su* z granites pass+ into gneiss1 yet on ! :ole ! two gr\ps are q di/9ct1 & we f9d typical igne\s masses ris+ 9 ! mid/ ( equally typical s*i/s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances !re c be no hesitation 9 consid]+ ! two gr\ps to be ( diff]5t ages1 & t ! igne\s rocks mu/ be ! y\ng]4 ,! igne\s masses are divisible geologically into ! ?ree classes ( 7a7 lavas1 7b7 dykes1 & 7c7 plutonic rocks4 ,lavas4--,among/ ! igne\s rocks1 ! lavas are ^? mo/ poorly repres5t$4 ,ap>t f ! &esite ( ,gebel ,sufra1 & ! diabase %eets 9 or "u ! ,nubian s&/one1 !re are only a few occurr5ces ( volcanic rocks 9 all ! area1 a circum/ance :i* is easily expla9$ by ! enorm\s d5udation :i* has gone on & ! fact t lavas1 be+ sup]ficial out-p\r+s1 w h be5 mo/ expos$ to d5ud+ =ces4 ,dykes4--,dykes seam ! s*i/s & igne\s rocks1 frequ5tly 9 su* numb]s & ) su* p>allelism z to give to ! l& ! =m ( a succession ( ridges sep>at$ by long n>r[ depressions1 =m+ 8dyke c\ntry40 ,9 nature1 ! dykes v>y f extremely acid rocks l aplites & qu>tz-felsites1 to v basic =ms su* z diabase & basalt4 ,!re is on ! :ole a prepond]ance ( basic ov] acid types4 ,z already rem>k$1 only "o in/ance ( a dyke cutt+ ! ,nubian s&/one has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,ano!r significant feature 9 ! di/ribution ( dykes is t :ile dykes ( all k9ds are f\nd cutt+ s*i/s & acid plutonic igne\s rocks1 ! basic plutonic masses are z a rule free f dykes2 ?is sugge/s t ! basic plutonic rocks may be on ! :ole y\ng] ?an ! acid =ms4 ,plutonic ,rocks4--,! plutonic rocks include granites1 sy5ites1 diorites1 gabbros1 pyrox5ites1 amphibolites1 & p]idotites4 ,b ^! are n all ( equal importance1 & a natural division f ! field obs]vations is a two-fold "o into acid & basic gr\ps1 :i* are tol]ably well m>k$ (f f ea* o!r & are mo/ likely ( diff]5t ages4 ,! acid class on ?is view consi/s ( ! granites & sy5ites1 :ile ! basic class conta9s all ! o!r rocks above-m5tion$4 ,! granites are on ! :ole ( a v acid type2 sy5ite is v sc>ce & ne>ly always occurs 9 close association ) granite4 ,( ! basic gr\p1 probably ! mo/ abundant & mo/ typical rock is gabbro2 diorites & ! v>i\s ultra-basic rocks are almo/ always closely associat$ ) gabbro4 ,:]e acid & basic rocks occur 9 proximity 7z = in/ance ne> ,bir ,abraq1 :]e an acid granite occurs side by side ) a s]p5t9e7 !re is a %>p *ange1 )\t transitional =ms4 ,! mu* great] abundance ( dykes 9 ! plutonic rocks ( ! acid gr\p z comp>$ ) ^? ( basic composition1 z m5tion$ above1 incl9es u to reg>d ! basic gr\p z ! y\ng]--a view :i* is fur!r support$ by ! great] frequ5cy ) :i* a t5d5cy to gneissose /ructure is noticeable 9 ! acid rocks4 ,! fact t ! basic memb]s are frequ5tly 9 a high] /ate ( decomposition ?an ! acid ones is n contr>y to ?is view1 be+ due to ! great] ease ) :i* _! con/itu5ts und]go wea!r+2 & z expla9$ on p4 #cae1 ! fissur$ /ate ( ! alt]$ p]idotes is probably n due to ! same e>? =ces :i* h %e>$ ! granites1 b to int]nal /resses set up by ! expansion ( ! rocks on s]p5t9isation4 ,?\gh we may be fairly sure t ! basic plutonic rocks are on ! :ole y\ng] ?an ! acid ones1 we h no c]ta9 guide f :i* to e/imate ! geological age ( ei!r4 ,we "k f _! relations to ! s&/one t !y are bo? old] ?an ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 b we _c say h[ mu* old]2 !y may be any?+ f ,ar*an to ,jurassic2 ! circum/ance t simil> rocks und]lie ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ,s9ai incl9es u to place !m at lea/ z f> back z ,palozoic times4 ,gneisses & ,s*i/s4--,! gneisses & s*i/s :i* cov] s mu* ( ! c\ntry are obvi\sly old] ?an ! plutonic masses :i* are intrud$ 9 !m1 & = ^! metamorphic masses we ne$ h small hesitation 9 speculat+ on an ,ar*an age4 ,!y exhibit a wond]ful v>iety ( composition4 ,mo/ ( ! gneisses are d\btless %e>$ anci5t igne\s rocks1 su* z granite & diorite1 & a simil> orig9 may be assign$ to _m ( ! s*i/s4 ,o!r rocks1 z = in/ance ! clay-s*i/s1 graphite-s*i/s1 & m>ble1 h almo/ c]ta9ly orig9at$ f ! metamorphism ( anci5t s$im5t>y rocks4 ,b 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases we h at pres5t no clue to ! p>5t rock f :i* ! s*i/s h be5 =m$4 ,summ>y ( ,geological ,hi/ory ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,hav+ 9 ! =ego+ pages discuss$ ! evid5ces = ! relative ages ( ! diff]5t classes ( rocks & _! mutual relations1 we may n[ endeav\r to recon/ruct ! pa/ geological hi/ory ( ?is "p ( ,egypt f ! in=mation ga!r$4 ,9 ?is process we %all rev]se ! ord] ( consid]ation tak5 above1 & beg9 ) ! olde/ rocks4 ,! s*i/s & gneisses probably repres5t1 n ! orig9al cru/ ( consolidation ( ! e>?1 b a complex ( anci5t s$im5t>y & igne\s rocks1 laid d[n 9 pre-,palozoic times & subsequ5tly cru%$1 fold$1 & fault$ into m\nta9s :i* 7 subsequ5tly d5ud$ & worn d[n4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ma9 m\nta9-masses we may possibly /ill h ! cores ( "s ( ^! anci5t elevations1 b mo/ ( ! pres5t m\nta9 peaks are =m$ ( a lat] s]ies ( igne\s rocks4 ,! fir/ igne\s intrusions into ! s*i/s & gneisses 7 ! granites :i* =m su* peaks z ,gebels ,nugrus1 ,f>aid1 & ,elba4 ,!n foll[$ cru%+ & fold+ ( ^! rocks1 giv+ !m (t5 a gneissose /ructure & op5+ fissures1 up :i* came lat] intrusions1 mo/ly ( basic rocks1 9 ! =m ( dykes4 ,) ! dykes or lat] came great basic intrusions ( gabbroid rocks1 =m+ su* masses z ,gebels ,dahanib1 ,g]f1 & ,meisah4 ,a long int]val n[ foll[$ ( :i* ! rocks conta9 no record4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! area 0 subm]g$ or n 9 ,palozoic & e>ly ,mesozoic times2 b if x 01 all trace ( ! deposits ( ^! ages has vani%$ 9 ! great d5udation :i* surely took place be=e ! ,upp] ,cretace\s sea swept ov] ! c\ntry & deposit$ ! ,nubian s&/one4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! ,r$ ,sea m\nta9s !n /ood up z isl&s1 or :e!r !y 7 subsequ5tly elevat$4 ,nor d we "k :e!r ! area rema9$ :olly or p>tly subm]g$ dur+ ! ,eoc5e p]iod4 ,b we are sure t at "s "t betwe5 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s & ,oligoc5e epo*s !re 0 a great elevation ( ! l&1 ) fold+ & fault+1 especially 9 ! areas n[ occupi$ by ! great m\nta9 masses1 & possibly ! m\nta9s _h _! orig9 9 ?is movem5t ( elevation4 ,! ,r$ ,sea depression may well h orig9at$ 9 a complem5t>y s9k+ at ?is same p]iod4 ,! dep? ( ! sea is ( ! same ord] 7#b1jjj metres7 z ! height ( ! m\nta9s on ! adjac5t l&4 ,9 ! succe$+ ,oligoc5e p]iod ! l& 0 be+ sculptur$ into some?+ l its pres5t =m1 & probably ! ma9 dra9age l9es ( to-day 7 !n =m$4 ,ab\t ! ,mioc5e epo* !re 0 a s9k+ ( ! cru/ 9 ?is region4 ,! ,r$ ,sea increas$ 9 area1 & !n1 probably z ! results ( evaporation 9 a clos$ sea1 deposits ( gypsum 7 laid d[n4 ,a subsequ5t elevation 9 ,plioc5e or po/-,plioc5e times rais$ ^! deposits along ! pres5t %ores4 ,9 geologically rec5t times a fur!r g5tle elevation has gone on1 giv+ rise to slightly rais$ coral-reefs & sea-bea*es4 ,dur+ ! glacial p]iod ( ,europe1 ! ra9fall 9 ,egypt 0 probably great] ?an at pres5t1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ! great wadis receiv$ almo/ _! f9al sculptur+4 ,aft] ! *ange f ?is ra9y climate to ! dry "o ( to-day1 erosion /ill w5t on1 ?\gh m sl[ly1 9 ! hills2 b on ! pla9s & along ! coa/ accumulation ( s&s took place1 p>tly ow+ to w9d transport1 & p>tly ow+ to ! insuffici5cy ( ! dra9age wat]s to c>ry _! load z f> z ! ,nile or sea4 ,! abundance ( coral-reefs 9 ! ,r$ ,sea is l>gely condition$ by ! lack ( 9-fl[+ /reams ( silt-lad5 wat]2 = ! coral animal fl\ri%es only :]e ! wat] is cle>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #ach3 ,,suess1 9 ,! ,face ( ! ,e>? 7,engli% edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cgd71 /ates t 8! ,r$ ,sea itself is1 h[ev]1 a tr\gh-subsid5ce1 probably ! greate/ 9 ! _w40 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tribal ,,b\nd>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,b$\9 tribes#aci inhabit+ ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt are3-- ,nor? ( ! adm9i/rative b\nd>y 7,ababda tribes73-- ,a%abab4 ,meleikab4 ,s\? ( ! adm9i/rative b\nd>y 7,um ,ali ,bi%>9 tribes73-- ,ham$orab ,kurbeilab ,aliab ,balgab ,koatil ,s>r>ab ,mallak#adj ,mohammad ,om]ab#adj ,i _h hop$1 9 survey+ ! c\ntry1 to be able to place ! b\nd>ies ( ! t]ritories ( ! diff]5t tribes on ! field maps1 & ) ?is object 9 view ,i asc]ta9$ ! claims ( ea* tribe z precisely z possible f repres5tative m5 ( ! diff]5t tribes :o accompani$ me ov] ! gr\nd4#ada ,i f\nd t 9 sev]al places ! tribal claims ov]lapp$1 & 9 consequ5ce ,i h n ins]t$ ! b\nd>ies on ! g5]al maps4 ,b ,i 0 able to obta9 a cle> & def9ite idea ( ! v>i\s claims made at ! "t1 & z ?is in=mation 0 obta9$ on ! actual gr\nd1 ,i propose to set x d[n "h z be+ a useful basis = consid]ation if ev] x is necess>y to decide ^u ! "q ( rival claims4 ,on ! small scale map#adb :i* =ms ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,i h %[n ! v>i\s claims z accurately z ! scale w admit (1 & a ref]5ce to x w enable ! /atem5ts ( claim to be g5]ally foll[$2 b z ! disput$ portions frequ5tly conc]n some:at small wadis1 x w 9 "s cases be bett] to ref] to ! l>g] scale maps on ,plates ,,xv1 ,,xvii1 & ,,xviii1 to foll[ ! small] details4 ,i w\ld rem>k t !re did n appe> to be any?+ 9 ! nature ( a qu>rel betwe5 ! v>i\s tribes ov] ! areas ( disput$ own]%ip1 ^! areas be+ occupi$ indiff]5tly by ei!r tribe1 or by m5 ( bo? tribes liv+ amicably toge!r4 ,x 0 only :5 ,i attempt$ to lay d[n on a map ! precise b\nd>y ( ea* tribe t ,i f\nd c]ta9 areas _h two or m claimants4 ,9 ! c\ntry s\? ( ! adm9i/rative fronti]1 ! wells & vegetation are suffici5tly abundant1 9 proportion to ! population1 = ! "q ( own]%ip nev] to be a matt] ( heat$ controv]sy 9 ord9>y ye>s2 & ,i am told t ! pres5t relation%ips ( ! tribes are s fri5dly t al?\gh ea* tribe w\ld res5t any /atem5t z to own]%ip ( its traditional gr\nds by ! o!rs1 yet z a matt] ( fact no objection is rais$ to camels & %eep ( "o tribe graz+ 9 ! gr\nds ( ano!r1 a give-&-take policy be+ usual4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,halaib1 ,%eikh ,batran ,ali ,tiut 7( ! ,ham$orab7 told me !y nev] _h disputes ab\t graz+ rights1 z !re 0 pl5ty ( gr\nd = all2 b if a dispute %\ld arise1 he w\ld no d\bt be able to settle x amicably ) 8 neighb\rs1 by go+ to ! place & he>+ ! evid5ce ( ! olde/ ,arabs 9 ! p>ticul> di/rict & lett+ cu/om & tradition decide ! po9t4#adc ,b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,a%abab & ,meleikab4--,?is b\nd>y is def9$ 9 ! ,m9i/]ial ,arrt ( ,june #be1 #aijb1 to run along ! ,wadi ,hode9 f ! sea to ,gebel ,abraq1 & !nce s\?w>d to ,gebel ,um el ,tiur4 ,! only difficulty 9 lay+ d[n ?is l9e on ! map is 9 decid+ :i* "p ( ! great plateau ( ,gebel ,abraq to take z ! po9t1 & :i* ( ! two ,gebels ,um el ,tiur is meant4 ,) reg>d to ,gebel ,abraq 7see ! l>ge scale map on ,plate ,,xv71 ! ,wadi ,hode9 passes its s\? portion2 b ! context ( ! ,arrt1 def9es ! wells ( ,abraq 7,bir el ,sunta1 ,bir ,abu ,dibesat1 ,bir ,abraq1 & ,bir ,gumbit7 to be 9 ! ,meleikab area1 & z ^! lie fur!r nor? x is obvi\sly necess>y1 9 ! _s ( ! ,arrt1 to take a po9t 9 ! nor? portion ( ,gebel ,abraq4 ,f an exam9ation ( ! map on ,plate ,,xv x w be se5 t an easy & rational int]pretation w\ld be to reg>d ! triangulation po9t1 m>k$ by a beacon on ! plateau #a1gjj metres nor?-we/ ( ,bir ,abraq1 z be+ a po9t on ! b\nd>y2 ! l9e f ,gebel ,um el ,tiur to pass ?r\gh ?is po9t nor?w>ds till x outs ! ,wadi ,abraq1 & !nce ! b\nd>y l9e w\ld lie along ! c\rse ( ,wadis ,abraq & ,naam to ,wadi ,hode94 ,?is b\nd>y fulfils ! obvi\s int5tion ( ! ,arrt1 & at ! same "t has ! advantage ( be+ easily traceable on ! gr\nd4 ,z to ! two ,gebels ,um el ,tiur1 ,i h already m5tion$ ?is difficulty 9 connexion ) ! location ( ! adm9i/rative b\nd>y 7see p4 #gd71 & h tak5 ! high] ( ! two m\nta9s ( ! same "n z be+ ! "o int5d$4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ! ,meleikab b\nd>ies1 x may be wor? :ile to m5tion t at ! "t ! ,arrt ( #aijb 0 issu$ ! c\ntry _h n be5 survey$2 x 0 !n ?\ght t ,bir ,%alate9 lay "s fifty kilometres fur!r along ! coa/ s\?w>d ?an ! m\? ( ,wadi ,hode91 & ! ,arrt def9$ ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,meleikab t]ritory to be ! coa/-l9e f ,wadi ,hode9 to ,bir ,%alate94 ,b z ,bir ,%alate9 is actually 9 ! ,wadi ,hode91 ! real result is t ! ,meleikab area ends 9 a po9t on ! coa/1 & does n include any sea-bo>d at all4 ,! matt] is n "o ( great mom5t1 because ! coa/-pla9 = "s di/ance s\?w>d ( ,wadi ,hode9 is v b>r52 b x illu/rates ! impossibility ( def9+ b\nd>ies )\t ei!r go+ ov] ! actual gr\nd or hav+ a reliable map4 ,! ,ham$orab ,b\nd>y4--,! ,ham$orab claim _! b\nd>y to run f ,bir ,m5eiga s\?w>d along ! wat]%$ ( ,gebel ,g]f1 along ! ea/ side ( ! bas9 ( ,wadi ,diqdib to j s\? ( ,bir ,baaneit1 !nce to ! hill call$ ,kilia ,arib1 !nce to ! hill ( ,eqrun1 !nce to ! pass ( ,bani ,sana2 at ,bani ,sana ! b\nd>y turns s\?-we/w>d s z to pass we/ ( ,wadis ,hamida & ,nubitra1 !n b5ds to ! s\?-ea/ pass+ we/ ( ,wadis ,ma%u%5ai & ,dibir1 !nce ea/w>d along ! s\? side ( ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket*-,,map ,,%[+ ,,tribal ,,b\nd>ies ,ball--,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaa4 7#fj-aij7 ,! ,ham$orab /ate t mu* ( ! c\ntry includ$ 9 ! ,egyptian adm9i/ration z belong+ to ! ,a%abab is really ,ham$orab c\ntry2 !y claim ! nor? limit ( _! tribal t]ritory to comm5ce at ! m\? ( ,wadi ,khoda on ! coa/ 79 latitude #bc #db7 & to pass nor? ( ,wadis ,khoda1 ,%5%ef1 & ,%ut1 !nce s\?w>d pass+ we/ ( ,wadi ,beida to ,bir ,m5eiga4#add ,?is is ( c\rse contr>y to ! ,m9i/]ial ,arrt ( #aijb1 & z ,bramly ,bey 7,! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ic7 m5tions t on ! o!r h& ! ,ababda tribe ass]t t _! c\ntry %\ld rightly ext5d s\? ( ! adm9i/rative b\nd>y1 x is probable t ! adm9i/rative fronti] repres5ts a fair division ( ! rival claims4 ,! ,kurbeilab ,b\nd>y4--,! ,kurbeilab claim _! ea/]n b\nd>y to run z foll[s3 ,f ,bir ,m5eiga s\?w>d along ! wat]%$ ( ,gebel ,g]f to ne> ! ,%]efa pass1 !nce s\?-ea/w>d along ! nor? side ( ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi on to ! small hill call$ ,tiba%oi ,tomokolat1 !nce ea/-nor?-ea/w>d to ,gebel ,hamra ,dom4 ,f ,gebel ,hamra ,dom s\?-ea/w>d to ! hill ( ,osnei1 !nce s\?w>d to ! hills ( ,ti ,kef]iai1 !nce to ! pass ( ,bani ,sana4 ,f ,bani ,sana s\?w>d to ,gebel ,w>abeit1 !nce along ! ea/ side ( ,wadi ,dibir1 along ! nor? side ( ,wadi el ,qurat1 across ,wadi ,di-ib1 & !n s\?w>ds along ! ea/ side ( ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,! ,balgab ,b\nd>y4--,! ,balgab b\nd>y co9cides ) ! ma9 wat]%$ f ! p>allel ( #bb nor?w>ds to ,gebel ,ad> ,qaqa1 !n passes betwe5 ! dra9ages ( ,wadi ,hasium & ,wadi ,soaorib to ! hill call$ ,kulet ,t9asal4 ,f ,kulet ,t9asal ! b\nd>y runs ea/-s\?-ea/w>d across ,wadi ,soaorib1 pass+ nor? ( ,wadi ,di%lo2 !nce x turns s\? along ! m\nta9s sep>at+ ! bas9 ( ,wadi ,soaorib f t ( ,wadi ,baueiwai1 !nce x passes s\? ( ! heads ( ,wadi ,miatit1 ea/w>ds across ,wadi ,aqwem1 along ! nor? side ( ,wadi el ,qurat1 across ,wadi ,di-ib1 & !n s\?w>ds along ! ea/]n side ( ,wadi ,di-ib4 ,! ,koatil ,b\nd>y4--,! ,koatil claim _! b\nd>y to run f ! head ( ,wadi ,diqdib1 along ! m\nta9s =m+ ! ea/]n side ( ! bas9 ( ,wadi ,diqdib to a po9t j s\? ( ,bir ,baaneit1 !nce ea/w>d to ,gebel ,hamra ,dom4 ,f ,hamra ,dom1 we/-s\?-we/w>d to ,tiba%oi ,tomokolat1 !nce along ! nor? side ( ,wadi ,%]efa el ,%>qi & along ! m\nta9s =m+ ! we/ side ( ! bas9 ( ,wadi ,diqdib up to ! head ( t wadi4 ,! ,koatil fur!r claim z _! t]ritory ! upp] portion ( ! bas9 ( ,wadi ,m$>ai we/ ( longitude #ce #ah4 ,! ,koatil also own ! well call$ ,bir ,um ,rase91 ?\gh all ! wadis 9 its neighb\rhood belong to ! ,kurbeilab4 ,ov]lapp+ ( ,claims4--,:5 ! b\nd>ies ( ! diff]5t tribes z specifi$ above are laid d[n on ! map 7see ,plate ,,xxvi71 x is f\nd t !re are ?ree tracts claim$ by m ?an a s+le tribe4 ,^! ?ree disput$ areas are3-- 7#a7 ,a tract s\? & ea/ ( ,bir ,baaneit1 claim$ bo? by ! ,koatil & by ! ,ham$orab4 ,! we/]n "p ( ?is area is relatively well wood$4 ,its ea/]n portion includes ! wat] s\rce call$ ,ti ,dabai ,hamra ,dom4#ade 7#b7 ,a tract ext5d+ s\?w>d f ,gebel ,hamra ,dom to ! ,wadi ,qurat1 claim$ bo? by ! ,kurbeilab & by ! ,ham$orab4 ,?is area includes ! ,wadis ,hamida1 ,nubitra1 & ,dibir1 & f\r n v important wat] s\rces1 viz41 ,galt ,osnei1 ,megwel ,hamida1 ,bir ,nubitra1 & ,bir ,ma%u%5ai4#adf 7#c7 ,a n>r[ tract includ+ ! ,wadis ,qurat & ,di-ib1 claim$ by all ?ree tribes ,balgab1 ,kurbeilab1 & ,ham$orab4 ,own]%ip ( ,wat] ,s\rces4--,) ! exception ( ! five wat] s\rces j m5tion$ z ly+ )9 ! areas claim$ by m ?an "o tribe1 !re are no disputes ab\t own]%ip ( wat] supplies4 ,! wells ( ! diff]5t tribes are p>tly enum]at$ 9 ! ,arrt ( #aijb1 b z ! li/ !re giv5 is f> f complete & _m ( ! names are incorrect1 ,i give bel[ a li/ ( ! wat] s\rces belong+ to ! v>i\s tribes )9 ! area survey$4 ,= p>ticul>s ( ! v>i\s wat] s\rces ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,*apt] ,,vii 7p4 #bcd74 ,wells1 etc41 ( ! ,a%abab4 ,bir ,muelih ,bir ,helie ,igli ,galt ,bir ,ghadir ,bir ,abu ,ha%im ,galt ,um ,tundeba ,bir ,murra ,bir ,%5%ef ,zab>a ,galts ,bir ,abu ,_h ,bir ,betan ,ghuel ,galts ,bir ,um ,gubur ,bir ,rahaba ,galt ,um ,k>aba 7,migif7 ,bir ,masur ,bir ,abu ,reye ,megal ,h>ami ,bir ,ranga ,bir ,abu ,beid ,galt ,um ,g]ifat ,bir ,kha%ab ,bir ,gahlia ,galt ,um ,gunud ,bir ,abu ,hamamid ,bir ,orga ,galt ,batoga ,bir ,metawit ,bir ,um ,reit ,galt ,um ,maiat ,bir ,%adli ,am> ,spr+ ,galt el ,aguz ,galt ,seiga ,wells1 etc41 ( ! ,meleikab4 ,bir el ,sunta ,bir ,gumbit ,bir ,abu ,dibesat ,bir ,abu ,saafa ,bir ,abraq ,bir ,dif ,bir ,beida ,wells1 etc41 ( ! ,ham$orab4 ,bir ,%alate9#adg ,bir ,meh]iqa ,bir ,salalat ,o ,sir ,bir ,adal ,deib#adg ,bir ,nabit ,bir ,s>>at ,s]imtai ,bir ,m5eiga#adh ,bir ,abu ,ramad ,megwel ,akau ,bir ,muqur ,bir ,kansisrob ,ti ,kureitra ,bir ,baaneit ,bir ,akwamtra ,bir ,frukit ,halaib ,wells ,bir ,qabatit ,wells1 etc41 ( ! ,kurbeilab4 ,bir ,madi ,bir ,%9ai ,meis-heit-ar ,bir ,korbiai ,bir ,kagog#adi ,megwel ,ad> ,aqdeib ,bir ,m5eiga#adh ,bir ,guqub ,megwel ,um ,e9 ,bir ,s>>at ,seyet ,bir ,himeitra ,megwel ,um ,edwa ,bir ,b9t el ,dreb ,bir ,um ,bi%tit#aej ,megwel ,didaut#aea ,bir ,odis ,maaleq#adi ,bir ,qidmib ,megwel ,aqwem ,bir ,abu ,hodeid ,bir ,meisah#aea ,galt ,hilwit ,hasium ,galt ,kirir ,wells ( ! ,koatil4 ,bir ,diqdib ,bir ,um ,rase9 ,accord+ to ! ,arrt ( #aijb1 ,bir ,egat is ,mallak prop]ty4 ,footnote #aci3 ,see notes by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,j5n+s ,bramly 9 ,! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 edit$ by ,c\nt ,glei*54 ,london1 #aije4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ia-ic4 ,footnote #adj3 ,( ^! two sub-tribes 7,mallak & ,mohammad ,om]ab71 ,i did n he> any?+ dur+ my travels4 ,! ,mallak c\ntry is mo/ly s\? ( latitude #bb1 b ext5ds into ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt r\nd ab\t ,bir ,egat1 a locality :i* ,i did n visit4 ,! ,mohammad ,om]ab are /at$ by ,mr4 ,bramly 7op4 cit47 to own ! wells ( ,bir ,meisah & ,megwel ,didaut1 :i*1 z w be se5 f :at foll[s1 are includ$ 9 ! area claim$ z ,kurbeilab by ! ,%eikh :o accompani$ me4 ,footnote #ada3 ,! m5 7 ,%eikh ,isa ,ali ,tiut1 ,%eikh ( ! ,ham$orab2 ,%eik ,hatab 7bro!r ( ,mohammad ,katul1 ,%eikh ( ! ,kurbeilab72 & ,mohammad ,katul ,batkai1 ( ! ,kurbeilab-,aliab4 ,footnote #adb3 ,9 ord] to r5d] x easi] to foll[ ! descriptions ( ! b\nd>ies1 ,i h purposely omitt$ f ?is map mo/ ( ! place-names o!r ?an ^? m5tion$ 9 ! descriptions4 ,! map is to ! same scale z ! g5]al orographical map on ,plate ,i4 ,footnote #adc3 ,j5n+s ,bramly ,bey1 ! ,s5ior ,inspector ( ,b]b] ,prov9ce1 :o has k9dly fav\r$ me ) "s useful criticisms ( ?is *apt]1 rem>ks3 8,my exp]i5ce up to date is t ea* pr9cipal man has a diff]5t idea ( 8 own b\nd>ies & t ^? ideas diff] f day to day4 ,my impression is t ! ,bi%>9 are z yet "o big family1 & t ! graz+ is ample = all s t ! b\nd>ies are v vague betwe5 ! diff]5t tribes4 ,disputes ( c\rse d arise z to ! possession ( wadis1 b ,i f9d t a week aft] a c]ta9 wadi has be5 allott$ to "o ( two tribes1 bo? tribes are amicably graz+ 9 x side by side )\t paym5t4 ,! own]%ip ( wells is m /rictly def9$40 ,footnote #add3 ,bir ,%5%ef & ,bir ,beida are 9 fact class$ z belong+ to ! ,ham$orab 9 a ,,ms4 li/ ( wells drawn up by ,bramly ,bey4 ,b he has d\btless s class$ !m be=e _! true locality 0 kn[n2 z !y lie well to ! nor? ( ! ,sudan adm9i/rative b\nd>y 7,%5%ef is ov] "o hundr$ kilometres f ! ne>e/ po9t ( t b\nd>y1 on ! ,egyptian side7 ! ,ham$orab claim c h>dly be ma9ta9$4 ,footnote #ade3 ,?is wat] s\rce is record$ 9 ,bramly ,bey's ,,ms4 li/ ( wells z ,ham$orab prop]ty4 ,footnote #adf3 ,mr4 ,bramly 7,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ib71 classes ,bir ,ma%u%5ai z ,koatil4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 in=m$ t !re are two wells ( ?is same "n1 & ?is classification probably ref]s to ano!r well ?an ! "o m5tion$ above4 ,footnote #adg3 ,! ,arrt ( #aiab ascribes ^! two wells to ! ,a%ab1 a tribe ( :om ,i he>d no?+ :5 9 ! neighb\rhood2 ,bramly ,bey in=ms me t !y are a sub-tribe ( ! ,ham$orab4 ,footnote #adh3 ,jo9t ,ham$orab-,kurbeilab4 ,footnote #adi3 ,bramly ,bey1 9 8 ,,ms4 li/ ( wells already ref]r$ to1 classes ,bir ,odis & ,bir ,kadot 7probably ! same z my ,kagog7 z ,ham$orab4 ,b !y 7 n s claim$ by ! ,ham$orab %eikh :o accompani$ me1 & lie well outside ! ,ham$orab b\nd>y z claim$ by t %eikh4 ,footnote #aej3 ,bramly ,bey in=ms me t ! own]%ip ( ,bir ,um ,bi%tit is disput$ betwe5 ! ,kurbeilab & ,koatil1 b ! wadi ( ! same "n appe>s to be undisput$ ,kurbeilab gr\nd4 ,footnote #aea3 ,i h includ$ ^! two wat] s\rces 7,bir ,meisah & ,megwel ,didaut7 9 ! ,kurbeilab li/1 because !y lie )9 ! b\nd>y claim$ = ! ,kurbeilab by ! %eikh :o accompani$ me2 b accord+ to ,mr4 ,bramly 7,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ib7 !y belong to ! ,mohammad ,om]ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,road ,,f ,,halaib ,,to ,,port ,,sudan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! completion ( ! survey "w at ,halaib 9 ,may #aijh1 ,i return$ to ,cairo by m>*+ 9 to ,port ,sudan & !nce tak+ /eam] to ,suez4 ,! j\rney f ,halaib to ,port ,sudan ) baggage camels occupi$ elev5 days1 travell+ on an av]age ?irty kilometres a day4 ,?is rate ( travel did n p]mit ( any survey+ be+ done en r\te1 b ,i took brief notes ( ! road & ! wells on x1 & z ?is road does n appe> to be includ$ 9 ^? describ$ 9 ! ,sudan ,h&book1 ,i give "h ! notes ,i made4 ,! di/ances are e/imat$ f ! times occupi$ 9 m>*+4 ,i w\ld m5tion t f ,moham$ ,ghul onw>ds to ,port ,sudan !re are two roads2 a l[] "o ne> ! sea1 usually foll[$ by ! ,police patrols1 & an upp] "o :i* goes a little di/ance inl&4 ,! upp] road 0 ! "o ,i foll[$1 z my guides in=m$ me t :ile x 0 only "s eight kilometres long] ?an ! l[] "o1 !re 0 mu* bett] wat] to be f\nd on x4 ,9 ! sket* maps on ,plates ,,xxvii & ,,xxviii1 ,i h %[n ! road & ! wells on x z correctly z is possible f my notes1 us+ ! ,admiralty ,*>t ,no4 #b1ccf z a basis = ! coa/-l9e & ! maps #cf ,i & #df ,a1 issu$ by ! ,sudan ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 = ! position ( ,port ,sudan & "s topographical details4 ,z ! direction ( m>* 0 r\ghly nor?-to-s\? & ! total e/imat$ di/ances betwe5 ,halaib & ,moham$ ,ghul1 & betwe5 ,moham$ ,ghul & ,port ,sudan1 agree pretty well ) ^? scal$ f ! maps aft] lay+ d[n ! t]m9al positions correctly1 x may be tak5 t ! latitudes ( ! wells are fairly correct1 :ile ! longitudes are liable to great] error z be+ only r\gh e/imations4 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,ball--,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaa4 7#aij7 ,r\gh ,sket* ( ! ,road f ,,halaib ,,to ,,moham$ ,,ghul ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,illu/ration3 ,ball--,geography ,geology ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,egypt4 ,photo-,metal-,process4 ,survey ,dept4 ,cairo #aiaa4 7#aij7 ,r\gh ,sket* ( ! ,upp] ,road f ,,moham$ ,,ghul ,,to ,,port ,,sudan ,scale #a3gej1jjj4 ,,halaib ,,to ,,moham$ ,,ghul4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,kilometres4 ,place4 ------------------- ,description4 ,int]m$iate4,total4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,halaib -- -- ,village ( ,ham$orab ,arabs 7re$ huts74 ,small =t ( two /oreys2 tanks bel[ & native police qu>t]s above4 ,no accommodation = ,europeans4 ,sev]al wells1 ) pl5tiful wat]1 9 & ne> ! village4 ,wat] h>d & ap]i5t1 b dr9kable4 ,fi% ( good quality pl5tiful & *eap1 f native fi%]m54 ,small quantities ( sug>1 dates1 fat1 etc41 c be got 9 ! baza>4 ,no po/ nor telegraph nor regul> communication4 ,rocks ar\nd village are lime/ones & gypsum1 ) "s calc>e\s conglom]ates4 ,wadi ,%ellal #d #d ,road goes ov] s&y & gravelly undulat+ gr\nd ne> sea4 ,wadi ,%ellal is a broad %all[ wadi 7scrub7 com+ f high m\nta9s to ! we/4 ,wadi ,aqilhoq #c #g ,broad %all[ wadi 7scrub74 ,ab\t #ai km4 up ! wadi1 we/ ( ! road1 ,bir ,frukit1 :]e !re is a con/ant supply ( bett] wat] ?an c be got at ,halaib4 ,wadi ,aqwai #d #aa ,%all[ wadis ) scrub4 ,kreit-reit-or #i #bj ,ti ,kureitra #b #bb ,f\r wells1 ab\t #ab metres deep1 l9$ ) gypsum-slabs2 ab\t #d km4 f coa/4 ,wat] bad 7/rongly purgative7 only suitable = animals4 ,gypsum b$s1 p>tly cov]$ by gravel1 ext5d ov] a broad /ret* r\nd ! wells4 ,fur!r on1 banks ( calc>e\s grit1 cov]$ mo/ly ) gravel4 ,bir ,qabatit #ah #dj ,ab\t #f km4 f ,ti ,kureitra1 mass ( high felsite hills call$ ,gebel ,had>ba1 pass$ on "r ( road2 road cont9ues ov] s&y & gravelly undulat+ gr\nd across %all[ wadis dra9+ f ! hills4 ,bir ,qabatit is a well 9 a small wadi s\? ( ! ma9 ,wadi ,qabatit1 ab\t #a km4 f ! sea4 ,wat] ab\t #e metres d[n1 v salt1 b 0 be+ drunk by ! ,arab patrols1 :o said x did n purge !m4 ,bir ,ma-arob #ad #ed ,good road ov] coa/-pla94 ,at ,bir ,ma-arob1 "o well ( bad wat]1 /rongly ap]i5t4 ,well is 9 wadi1 =m+ a pool ab\t #b metres diamet]1 ov]hung by tam>isk-bu%4 ,wat] ab\t #d metres d[n f surface4 ,,nw4 ( ! well1 gr\p ( :ite hills1 ab\t #ej metres high1 call$ ,ti%>a1 ( calc>e\s grit4 ,wadi ,na-akreib #h #fb ,road ov] s&y & gravelly pla91 "h crosses a broad %all[ wadi4 ,wadi ,hamsiat #e #fg ,wadi dra9+ into lagoons4 ,wadi ,waseb #e #gb ,wadi dra9+ into a great inlet ( ! sea1 looks l a good h>b\r4 ,hibi ,kwan #c #ge ,wadi dra9+ into a l>ge inlet4 ,coa/ ab\t "h mu* brok51 ) coral reefs & islets4 ,bir ,delaut #ab #hh ,good road on to ,bir ,delaut4 ,?ree wells 9 alluvium ( wadi1 ab\t #ejj metres f sea4 ,wat] ab\t #d metres d[n4 ,! s\!rnmo/ well is ! be/4 ,wat] good4 #c #ia ,road passes head ( long inlet1 !n x passes ea/ ( a mass ( lime/one hills call$ ,abu ,hamama1 ab\t #bjj metres high4 ,a little fur!r on1 ano!r big inlet call$ ,halaqa1 close s\? ( :i* are lime/one-hills ab\t #aej metres high4 #ac #ajd ,road passes we/ ( lime/one hills4 ,fur!r on x crosses ! wide & bu%y ,wadi ,%5aab4 #ad #aah ,road turns %>ply ea/w>d ?r\gh l[ hills 7s&/ones & grits und]ly+ gypse\s lime/ones1 all dipp+ g5tly ea/w>ds74 ,megwel ,%umab #a #aai ,road passes close to ,megwel ,%umab1 a %all[ pit excavat$ 9 lime/one ) a little tunnel runn+ ea/w>ds4 ,wat] v bad1 us$ only by animals4 #e #abd ,road hi!rto ov] undulat+ gr\nd1 "h becomes ne>ly level4 ,wadi ,qumat ,yawab #aj #acd ,road crosses broad %all[ wadi4 ,dungunab #g #ada ,small village ( huts & t5ts on coa/4 ,good wat] at well ab\t #c km4 inl&4 ,mr4 ,crossl& is c>ry+ on "w "h 9 connexion ) pe>l-oy/] indu/ry4 ,meteorological /ation4 ,tribal b\nd>y #i #aej ,f ,dungunab1 road det\rs we/w>d to r\nd an inlet ( ! sea1 !n goes ov] a s&y & gravelly undulat+ pla9 ) bu%es & grasses4 ,b\nd>y betwe5 ,ham$orab & ,am>> c\ntry m>k$ by two wood5 po/s4 ,wadi ,hukeib #c #aec ,road crosses wadi4 ,high :ite hills1 #aj km4 to we/ ( road2 z se5 ?r\gh field-glass1 ^! appe> to be ( :ite granite seam$ by basic dykes4 ,!re is a good well1 ,bir ,hukeit-ar1 9 ,wadi ,hukeib ab\t #d km4 we/ ( road & #e km4 f sea4 ,wadi ,yame9ai #h #afa ,broad wadi1 :]e9 an acre or two has rec5tly be5 plant$ ) durra4 ,ab\t #f or #g km4 inl& f ?is po9t1 is a %eikh's tomb1 :ite & conspicu\s 9 ! morn+ light4 ,moham$ ,ghul #h #afi ,small village on coa/4 ,police =t ) two dec5t rooms above1 us$ by mamr z (fice & qu>t]s4 ,no supplies wor? m5tion4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,moham$ ,,ghul ,,to ,,port ,,sudan4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,kilometres4 ,place4 ------------------- ,description4 ,int]m$iate4,total4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,moham$ ,ghul -- -- ,small village on coa/2 see above4 #af #af ,road hi!rto ov] g5tly ris+ pla9 ( s& ) grasses & bu%es1 "h ent]s hills4 ,bir ,di-x #a #ag ,a numb] ( v salt wells1 us$ only by %eep & goats1 sunk ab\t #f metres deep 9 ! wadi b$ & l9$ ) masonry4 ,bir ,salalat ,aseir #bg #dd ,good road f ,bir ,di-x among granite hills ) int]v5+ wadis & small pla9s1 v grassy 9 places1 to ,bir ,salalat ,aseir1 a masonry-l9$ well ( good wat]1 ab\t #d metres deep1 sunk 9 ! alluvium ( ,wadi ,aseir4 ,small settlem5t ( ,am>> ,arabs "h4 #b #df ,road aft] w9d+ among hills1 "h ent]s on level pla9s ( granitic s&1 ) grasses & bu%es4 #ai #fe ,rocks *ange f granite to s&/ones & lime/ones2 road n[ w9ds among l[ banks4 #h #gc ,road goes ?r\gh ea/ "p ( a mass ( l[ hills4 ,bir ,eit #ai #ib ,aft] pass+ ! above-m5tion$ hills1 ! road cont9ues ov] g5tly undulat+ gr\nd ) broad s&y wadis ) grasses & bu%es alt]nat+ ) /rips ( igne\s gravel4 ,!re are l[ flat-topp$ hills ( lime/one 7b$s dipp+ g5tly seaw>ds7 betwe5 ! road & ! sea4 ,bir ,eit is on ! road2 x is a masonry-l9$ well ab\t #e metres deep sunk 9 ! wadi-alluvium close to "s sc>ps ( :ite gritty lime/one4 ,wat] v good4 7,n4,b4--,!re is ano!r ,bir ,eit 9 ! same wadi l[] d[n ne> ! sea1 ( slightly bitt] wat]74 ,small settlem5t ( ,am>> ,arabs4 ,hills r\nd ,bir ,eit rise at lea/ #ajj metres above ! wadi1 coral ov]ly+ m>ly & gypse\s b$s4 ,l[ gravel hills #h #ajj ,road ov] undulat+ s&y & gravelly gr\nd to two l[ gravel hills4 ,t[] #ab #aab ,road ov] s&y pla9 ) dri$-up scrub & occasional small pat*es ( igne\s gravel1 passes #a km4 we/ ( a small t[] on a l[ gravel bank4 ,wadi ,ga-awit-reb #d #aaf ,gr\nd brok5 by dra9age-l9es4 ,small trees & a few ,arab huts4 ,megwel ,ga-awit-reb1 a wat] s\rce 9 ! wadi a little bel[ :]e road crosses x4 ,bir ,ta-amai #aa #abg ,road ov] g5tly ris+ v s&y gr\nd to ,wadi ,arba-at1 a s&y wadi ) num]\s trees4 ,bir ,ta-amai is a well 9 ,wadi ,arba-at1 a little to ! we/ ( ! road1 :]e ! latt] passes betwe5 two masses ( l[ igne\s hills4 ,wat] good1 ab\t #g metres d[n4 ,rude hut ne> well4 #aj #acg ,*imneys ( ,port ,sudan "h become visible 9 di/ance on cle> day4 ,road lies ov] s&y pla94 ,port ,sudan #bj #aeg ,rail connexion ) ,atb>a & ,suak94 ,po/ & telegraph4 ,regul> /eam]s to ,suez4 ,p]mit f ,briti% ,consul necess>y be=e fire-arms c be tak5 on bo>d /eam]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,ababda ,arabs1 #cb4 geographical t]ms1 #cd4 ,abraq spr+s1 #abb4 ,abraq spr+s1 biotite-granite ne>1 #bgd4 ,abraq spr+s1 s]p5t9e ne>1 #cbe4 ,absciel 7,abu ,seyal71 old m9es at1 #cec4 ,abu ,beid ,hills1 r$ gneiss (1 #cce4 el ,f$a1 #b4 ,ha%im ,hills1 #bji4 ,hodeid ,ogla1 #bad4 ,m$rik1 ,g>iat1 #cj4 ,rahal well1 #bch1 #bfj4 ,saafa spr+s1 #aah4 ,seyal 7,absciel71 old m9es at1 #cec4 ,act9olite-s*i/s1 #cdc4 ,ad> ,aqdeib1 #bbb4 ,ameit1 #bba4 ,aweib1 #bbd4 ,aweib ,um ,bi%tit1 #bai4 ,adatalob ,ad>a1 #bbb4 ,hadal1 #bbb4 ,admiralty ,surveys1 #f4 ,admiralty positions1 comp>ison (1 #fe4 ,african ,reefs1 ,ltd41 #bh4 ,aga?on1 #b4 ,agriculture1 #ce4 ,akla ,da-,aiyob1 #adg4 ,alafot1 #bca4 ,onqwab1 #bca4 ,aliab tribe1 #cff4 ,alluvial deposits1 #bec4 ,am>> b\nd>y1 #cge4 ,amphibolites1 #caf4 s]p5t9e f1 #cbc4 ,&esites1 #bie4 alt]$ to s*i/s1 #cdb4 ,animal life1 #bd4 ,ankalidot1 #bba4 ,antiquities1 #bh4 ,anton9e ,it9]>y1 #b4 ,aplite1 #bgb4 ,apollonus1 #aa4 ,arabs1 #cb4 ,ari/onis1 #aa4 ,asbe/os1 #ccj4 ,a%abab tribe1 #cff4 b\nd>y ( t]ritory (1 #cfg4 wells (1 #cga4 ,ass1 wild1 #bd4 ,a/ronomical obs]vations1 #db4 ,asut ,duk pass1 #aei4 ,augite-diorite1 #bhi4 ,augite-porphyrite1 #bic4 ,aydat1 #ab4 ,azimu?1 me?od us$ 9 obs]vations =1 #dg4 ,azimu?s1 summ>y ( obs]v$1 #dh4 ,b ,bakewell1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,n41 #ag4 ,balgab tribe1 #cff4 ,balgab tribe1 b\nd>y ( t]ritory (1 #cfi4 ,bani ,sana pass1 #aec4 ,baq>i ,daba1 #bai4 ,b>?1 #g4 ,basalt1 #caj4 ,base-l9es1 #ci4 ,basic dykes1 s]p5t9is$1 #cbc4 igne\s rocks1 #bif4 ,bea* deposits1 #beb4 ,beacons at triangulation-/ations1 #dj4 ,b$\9 tribes1 #cff4 ,belzoni1 #d4 ,b5t1 #ab4 ,b]5ice1 f\ndation (1 #a4 position (1 #fe4 temple (1 #bi4 ,b]get ,abu ,s>ib1 #baf4 ,b]yl1 #cde4 ,biotite-granite1 #bgc4 ,bir ,abraq1 #abc4 s]p5t9e ne>1 #cbe4 ,abu ,beid1 #abe4 ,dibesat1 #abc4 ,_h1 #ajd4 ,hamamid1 #hd4 ,ha%im1 #hh4 ,hodeid1 #ada4 ,ramad1 #aeg4 ,reye1 #aad4 ,adal ,deib1 #aea4 ,akwamtra1 #aef4 ,baaneit1 #ach4 ,beida1 #acc4 ,betan1 #abd4 ,b9t el ,dreb1 #aci4 ,delaut1 #cgd4 ,dif1 #abf4 ,di-x1 #cgf4 ,diqdib1 #ach4 ,egat1 #ia4 ,eit1 #cgf4 ,frukit1 #afb4 el ,gahlia1 #aae4 ,ghadir1 #ajj4 ,gumbit1 #abc4 ,guqub1 #ib4 ,helie1 #hc4 ,heliwat1 #gi4 ,himeitra1 #ia4 ,kagog1 #adj4 ,kansisrob1 #aeh4 ,kha%ab1 #hf4 ,korbiai1 #acd4 s]p5t9es ne>1 #cbh4 ,ma-arob1 #cgd4 ,madi1 #acj4 ,ma%u%5ai1 #aeb4 ,masur1 #hi4 ,meh]iqa1 #aej4 ,meisah1 #adg4 ,m5eiga1 #acd4 magnesite-ve9s ne>1 #ccj4 s]p5t9es ne>1 #cbi4 ,metawit1 #hg4 ,miaus1 #ia4 ,muelih1 #hj4 ,muqur1 #acg4 magnesite & asbe/os ne>1 #ccj4 ,murra1 #gi4 ,nabit1 #aef4 ,nubitra1 #aed4 ,odis ,maaleq1 #ada4 ,orga1 #aai4 ,qabatit1 #afc1 #cgc4 ,qidmib1 #add4 ,qoleib1 #hd1 #bch4 ,rahaba1 #aad4 el ,ranga1 gypse\s deposits ne>1 #beh4 ,salalat ,o ,sir1 #aef1 #aei4 ,s>>at ,s]imtai1 #aei4 ,%adli1 #hf4 ,%alate91 #abj4 ,%5%ef1 #aac4 ,%9ai1 #adj4 ,sibrit1 #hb4 el ,sunta1 #abb4 ,ta-,amai1 #cgg4 ,um ,bi%tit1 #ade4 ,gubur1 #gi4 ,rase91 #adc4 ,reit1 #aag4 ,birds1 #bd4 ,bi%>9 ,arabs1 #cb4 geographical t]ms1 #cd4 ,bodk9 peak1 #bjj4 ,botany1 #be4 ,b\nd>ies1 adm9i/rative1 #gd4 ,b\nd>ies1 tribal1 #cff4 ,bramly1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,j5n+s1 #cff4 ,breccias1 #cej4 ,brissus c>9atus1 #beb4 ,bruce1 #c4 ,c ,cailliaud1 #c1 #cde4 ,calc>e\s s*i/s1 #cdh4 tufa1 #beg4 ,calcite1 9 mica-s*i/s ( ,sikait1 #cdf4 9 ve9s at ,romit1 #cec4 ,camel-bre$+1 #ce4 ,camel-transport1 co/ (1 #ce4 ,campbell1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,morr[1 #ae1 #ba1 #ib4 ,cannon-ball wea!r+ ( diabase1 #cjg4 ,*alybite1 #cec4 ,*>coal-burn+1 #ce4 ,*auv5et1 #db1 #dg4 ,*lorite-s*i/s1 #cdf4 ,clay-s*i/s1 #ccg4 ,climate1 #bb4 ,coa/-l9e1 #bb4 me?od ( survey+1 #gb4 ,coa/-pla91 slope (1 #bb4 ,col/on & ,purdy1 #i4 ,compass1 di/urbance (1 by magnetic rocks1 #gg1 #cba4 ,compass1 v>iation (1 #ge4 ,computation-me?ods1 #da4 ,contra-,apoll9opolis1 #bi4 ,copp] 9 qu>tz ve9s1 #ceb4 ,cora1 #aj4 ,coral-reefs1 #bea4 ,coral-reefs1 conditions = gr[? (1 #cfe4 ,cretace\s sea1 #cfd4 ,d ,da-aiyob1 #cd4 ,dahab ,eff4 ,hassan1 #ag4 ,d',anville1 #b4 ,d>ahib1 #hi4 ,baaneit1 #ach4 ,diabase1 #cje4 resembl+ s]p5t9e1 #cbh4 alt]$ to s]p5t9e1 #cbi4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 #b1 #bg4 ,diorite1 #bhf4 augite-1 #bhi4 mica-1 #bij4 ,diorites cru%$ into s*i/s1 #cdj4 ,diorite-gneiss1 #ccd4 ,diorite-porphyrite1 #bia4 ,doves1 #bd4 ,draca5a1 #bbi4 ,dragon's-blood tree1 #bbi4 ,dungunab1 #cge4 ,dunites1 #cai4 s]p5t9es f1 #cbc1 #cbe4 ,dunn1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,c41 #bg4 ,dykes1 #cfb4 ,e ,edrisi1 #b4 ,e9iwai ,hill #bba4 basalt (1 #caa4 ,eir ,arib1 #bbd4 ,em]alds1 #cde4 ,eoc5e rocks1 possible =m] ext5sion (1 #cef4 ,eqrun1 #bba4 ,erf ,abu ,homur1 #aie4 ,erf el ,fahid1 #agb4 amphibolite ne>1 #cah qu>tz-rock (1 #bff4 s]p5t9e ne>1 #cba4 el ,gimal1 #aic4 el ,mohaib1 #aie4 el ,sagur1 #agc4 ,um ,araka1 #aig4 ,rod ,um ,ra%id1 #agc4 ,f ,falacro1 #aa4 ,fault-breccias1 #cea4 ,faults 9 ,nubian s&/one1 #ceh4 ,f]r>1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,t41 #beh4 ,fi%+1 #cf4 ,floy]1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a41 #aa4 ,g ,gabbro1 #bif4 ,gabbroid rocks1 s]p5t9es d]iv$ f1 #cbh4 ,galts1 #be1 #bdj4 ,galt el ,aguz1 #hh1 #bdj4 ,batoga1 #aaa4 ,um ,tundeba1 #ii4 ,g>ia ,kalalat1 #aaa4 ,g>iat ,abu ,m$rik1 #cj4 ,gazelles1 #bd4 ,gebel ,ab>un1 #ahj4 ,abgeya1 #baj4 el ,abiad1 #ahc4 ,abraq1 #bjd4 s&/one-b$s (1 #cfj4 ,abu ,argub1 #agg4 ,arta1 #aig4 ,bru%1 #baj4 ,dahr1 #aie4 s]p5t9e (1 #cbd4 spl9t]y s*i/s ne>1 #ccg4 ,d]ega1 #ahg4 ,ghalqa1 #ahi4 ,ghusun1 #ahb ,gurdi1 #ahf4 s*i/s (1 #cdj4 ,hamamid1 #age4 breccia (1 #cea4 diabase (1 #cjg4 s*i/s (1 #cda4 ,hegilig1 #ahd4 ,hegilig1 biotite-granite ne>1 #bgc4 ,hegilig1 mica-diorite dyke (1 #bij4 ,hireiq1 #bac4 aplite (1 #bgb4 ,hodeid1 #bac4 diorite-porphyrite (1 #bia4 ,ogla1 #bad4 ,hus5at1 #aig4 ,khrug1 #afh4 ,rahia1 #bji4 ,%igelat1 #aic4 ,sieiyil1 #aig4 ,ad> ,qaqa1 #bai4 muscovite-granite (1 #bgd4 el ,adraq1 #bbe4 ,allawi1 #agd4 calc>e\s tufa1 (1 #bea4 diorite (1 #bhf4 graphite-s*i/ (1 #cej4 ,amba-ut1 #agd4 el ,anbat 7,wadi ,kh>it71 #ahj4 augite-diorite (1 #bij4 7,wadi ,hode971 #aih4 s*i/s (1 #cci1 #cdh4 ,anfeib1 #bjd4 s&/one-b$s (1 #cfj4 ,anweiyib1 #bbd4 ,aqab el ,negum1 #bjg4 ,arais1 #aig4 ,atut1 #aga4 oliv9e-gabbro (1 #cjb4 ,awamtib1 #bja4 s&/one (1 #cei4 ,baid el ,khuruf1 #bji4 ,balatitda 7ne> ,bir ,meh]iqa71 #bca4 7ne> ,bir ,frukit71 #bcc4 ,batoga1 #aij4 ,beida1 #bag diorite (1 #bhh4 ,belamh&eit1 #aig4 ,butitelib1 #bje4 alt]$ qu>tz-felsite (1 #bhj4 ,dagalai1 #bjb4 ,dahanib1 #aib4 gabbro (1 #bih4 el ,deheis1 #baj4 ,d]]a1 #afi4 ,d]hib1 #ahf4 ,dibag1 #aia4 ,dif1 #bje4 s&/one-b$s (1 #cfj4 ,dreb1 #bac4 ,duag1 #bbe4 ,durunkat1 #ahj4 ,dweig1 #afh4 ,egat 7ne> ,wadi ,kh>it71 #ahe4 ,egat 7ne> ,wadi ,alaqi71 #bbe4 ,elba1 #bbg4 ,elba1 hornbl5de-granite (1 #bgd4 ,eqrun1 #bba4 ,eqrun1 s*i/s (1 #cdc4 ,etresia1 #bjg4 ,etus1 #bjg4 ,f>aid1 #aii4 ,felieiti1 #aie4 ,f]eyid1 #bjj4 granite (1 #bfi4 k]santite dyke at1 #bid4 ,g5e9a ,gh>bi1 #aid4 ,%>qi1 #aid4 ,g]f1 #baj4 s]p5t9es (1 #cbg4 ,g]or1 #bbc4 ,ghadir1 #agd4 qu>tz-felsite (1 #bgi4 s]p5t9e (1 #cbc4 el ,gh>1 #aie4 ,ghuel1 #agj4 calc>e\s tufa (1 #beg4 ,guqub1 #bbe4 ,gumudlum1 #ahe4 ,had>ba1 #bcc4 rocks (1 #bha4 ,hadal ,d]qa1 #bad4 ,hag> ,dunga%1 #agb4 ,hafafit1 #aff4 grey gneiss (1 #cce4 ,hamata1 #ahj4 qu>tz-felsite (1 #bgh4 hornbl5de-granite (1 #bge4 gre5 breccia (1 #cea4 ,hamida 7ne> ,wadi ,baueiwai71 #bbc4 7ne> ,wadi ,baueiwai71 talcose s*i/ (1 #cdh4 7ne> ,wadi ,alaqi71 #bbe4 ,hamra ,dom1 #baf4 ,dom1 /ratifi$ rocks ne>1 #bef4 ,hamra ,tit1 #bbj4 ,hamrat el ,feg1 #bjg4 ,hamrat ,mukbud1 #agh4 granite (1 #bgj4 dykes at1 #bgb4 ,hamrat ,selma1 #afh4 ,hamrat ,wogud1 #agc4 ,hangalia1 #afi4 ,hanquf1 #bcb4 ,h>hagit1 #aih4 ,hateib1 #bbe4 el ,h$a1 #agi4 ,hefeiri1 #ahd4 ,heianai1 #bbe4 ,heleikonti1 #bbe4 ,h5dusi1 #aig4 ,hilwit ,hasium1 #bad4 ,himeitra1 #bbe4 ,h9dia1 #aih4 ,hode91 #bjd4 ,homr ,ak>im1 #agh4 el ,homur1 #ahg4 ,hum>iai1 #bag4 ,igli el ,ahm> 7el ,at%ani71 #aga4 ,igli el ,iswid 7el ,rayani71 #aga4 rocks (1 #bha4 ,is1 #bbj4 ,iteima1 #agc4 ,kahfa1 #agg4 granite-porphyry dykes (1 #bgf4 tra*yte dykes (1 #bhe4 ,kala1 #bjf4 ,kalalat1 #aia4 ,kha%ab1 #bag4 ,kha%ir1 #ahe4 ,khulla1 #agi4 ,kolaiqo1 #bag4 qu>tz-felsite dykes (1 #bgh4 ,korabkansi1 #bad4 s]p5t9e (1 #cbi4 ,korbiai1 #baa4 ,kulyeit1 #baj4 ,leqaq1 #bbj4 ,lewewi1 #agd4 ,lil[it1 #bje4 el ,mahali1 #ahj4 rocks (1 #bha4 ,mansur ,diab1 #bad4 ,m>asan1 #agh4 ,ma%u%5ai1 #bbc4 ,m$>ai1 #bac4 ,m$sus1 #agh4 ,meis-heit-ar1 #bai4 ,m5eiga1 #baa4 ,metawit1 #agh4 ,miatit1 #bba4 ,mikbi1 #ahe4 ,migif1 #afg4 microcl9e (1 #bgb4 ,mi%bih1 #bjh4 granite (1 #bge4 ,m[isat1 #bji4 ,muelih1 #agb4 hornbl5de-granite (1 #bge4 qu>tz-felsite dykes (1 #bhj4 ,mud]geg1 #afi4 ,muktil1 #afh4 ,mulgata1 #bji4 ,muqsim1 #bbf4 *lorite-s*i/ (1 #cdg4 ,muqur1 #baa4 el ,naga1 #bji4 ,natetiai1 #bjg4 ,nazla1 #afh4 sy5ite (1 #bhc4 ,ne%eb ,hasan1 #baj4 el ,nekeiba1 #aie4 ,niqrub el ,foqani1 #bje4 ,niqrub el ,tahtani1 #bje4 ,nubitra1 #bbc4 ,nuggur1 #bji4 ,nugrus1 #afe4 ,nukheira1 #agi4 ,orga1 #aig4 ,orgem1 #bai4 ,o ,sir ,eirab1 #bca4 ,qidmib1 #bai4 ,ranga1 hmatite at1 #bih4 s&/ones (1 #cfj4 ,ras ,abu ,etl1 #agi4 ,ras el ,kh>it1 #ahe4 ,ras ,%ait1 #afi4 ,ras ,%ait1 *rolite-s*i/s ne>1 #cdg4 ,ras ,um ,gamil1 #age4 ,reietit1 #bji4 ,reyan1 #aic4 ,ribdab1 #baj4 *lorite-s*i/ (1 #cdg4 ,romit1 #bji4 ,sabahia1 #agc4 hornfels ne>1 #cdd4 ,s>obi1 #ahd4 ,seiga1 #bji4 el ,sela1 #bca4 ,selaia1 #ahg4 gabbro ( hill ne>1 #cjb4 ,%abih1 #bjh4 ,%anaiyet1 #bbe4 ,%ebakhit1 #bjb4 ,%ellal1 #bcb4 ,%5dib1 #bcb4 felsite f1 #bhj4 ,%5dodai1 #bcb4 ,%5%ef1 #aia4 ,%ey5it1 #bjh4 ,%iab1 #bba4 ,%igigat1 #bjg4 ,%oab1 #ahd4 ,%ut1 #aic4 ,%weib1 #bjh4 ,sikait1 #agd4 graphite-s*i/s (1 #cej4 mica-s*i/s (1 #cde4 talc-s*i/s (1 #cdh4 ,soaorib1 #bbj4 ,sufra1 #afh4 &esite (1 #bie4 ,suh91 #bbe4 ,suk>i1 #agc4 ,sul ,hamid1 #bca4 ,suruk1 #bba4 ,t>fawi1 #ahb4 ,tibatib1 #bje4 ,ti%u%i1 #bbb4 ,ti%u%i ,tiboki1 #bbb4 ,um el ,abbas1 #ahd4 ,um ,akra1 #aii4 ,bisilla1 #aic4 granite-porphyry dykes (1 #bgf4 oliv9e-gabbro (1 #cja4 troctolite (1 #cjd4 ,dalalil1 #agb4 ,e91 #bbc4 ,e91 amphibolite (1 #cag4 ,etli1 #aii4 ,gamil1 #age4 ,ghalqa1 #bji4 ,goradi1 #ahg4 ,goraf1 #afi4 ,gotto1 #bji4 ,gunud1 #ahh4 amphibolite ( hills ar\nd1 #caf4 ,guruf1 #aig4 ,h>ba1 #bjc4 s&/one (1 #ceh4 ,hasidok1 #ahj4 ,hegilig 7ne> ,wadi ,naait71 #ahi4 ,hegilig 7ne> ,wadi ,%ut71 #aic4 ,he%5ib1 #ahb4 diorite-porphyrite (1 #bib4 ,huk1 #ahi4 el ,kalala1 #bjh4 ,khafur1 #bjc4 s&/one (1 #ceh4 ,kh>iga1 #agj4 mica-diabase (1 #caj4 ,kru%1 #baj4 ,laham1 #ahb4 ,maiat1 #ahi4 ,m>kha1 #bjg4 ,mogh>1 #aff4 ,rase91 #bae4 granite-gneiss (1 #ccc4 ,regeba1 #afg4 ,reit1 #bjg4 felsite dykes (1 #bhj4 ,rewat1 #bji4 ,s$ri1 #agi4 ,seleim1 #bbj4 ,sellim1 #ahe4 ,semiuki1 #agg4 hornfels (1 #cdd4 ,s]g1 #afh4 ,sididad1 #bjd4 ,sueh1 #ahd4 ,su]ab1 #agi4 ,t5$ba1 #aih4 diorite (1 #bhh4 s]p5t9e (1 #cbf4 el ,tiur1 #ahj4 el ,tiur el ,foqani1 #bbe4 el ,tiur el ,tahtani1 #bbe4 ,tundeba1 #agc4 ,u%]1 #ahj4 ,wadhait1 #bae4 ,waqif1 #bjh ,w>abeit1 #bbc4 ,zab>a1 #afi4 clay-s*i/s (1 #ccg4 mica-s*i/s (1 #cde4 talc-s*i/s (1 #cdh4 ,zatit1 #ahe4 ,z]gat ,naam1 #aic4 dykes (1 #bhb4 sy5ite (1 #bhc4 s*i/s (1 #cdb calc>e\s breccias ne>1 #cea4 ,ziraga1 #bji4 ,geli1 ru9s at1 #aja4 ,geographical co-ord9ates1 me?od ( comput+ & plott+1 #da4 ,geological ,survey1 #ad4 ,geziret el ,dibia1 #afa4 ,halaib el ,kebir1 #afa4 ,kwolala1 #afa4 ,gimeida ,hill1 #baf4 basalt (1 #caa4 ,gneisses1 #ccc4 ,gneisses & s*i/s1 age & orig9 (1 #cfc4 ,gold 9 qu>tz-ve9s1 #ceb4 ,gold-m9es1 see ,m9es4 ,golnis*eff1 #aj4 ,gov]nm5t1 #cg4 ,gra9 el ,rih1 #aaj1 #ahi4 ,granite1 #bfg4 biotite-1 #bgc4 hornbl5de-1 #bgd4 muscovite-1 #bgd4 pegmatitic1 #bgj4 ,granite-gneiss1 #ccc4 ,granite-porphyry1 #bgf4 ,graphite-s*i/s1 #cej4 ,gypsum & gypse\s lime/ones1 #beg4 ,h ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 #bah4 ,hadal ,aweib ,meisah1 hyp]/h5e-gabbro (1 #cjj4 ,halaib1 #fe1 #aei1 #cgc4 wat] (1 #bch4 gypse\s rocks (1 #beh4 ,hag> el ,fil1 #aic4 ,halal ,h5diyeb1 #aej4 ,ham$orab tribe1 #cff4 b\nd>y ( t]ritory (1 #cfh1 #cge4 wells (1 #cga4 ,hamiskul ,hills1 #bji4 ,hamra1 el1 #agb4 ,hamrat ,ma/ura1 #agb4 ,hanqun ,ra-ub1 #adh4 ,h>zburgites1 #cai4 s]p5t9e f1 #cbi4 von ,heugl91 #g4 ,hibi ,kwan1 #cgd4 ,hitan ,%5%ef1 #aac4 ,hohait 7tree71 #bbi4 ,hornbl5de-granite1 #bgd4 ,hornbl5de-picrites1 #cai4 s]p5t9isation (1 #cbe4 ,hornbl5de-s*i/s1 #cch4 ,hornfels1 #cdd4 ,hull1 ,pr(41 #ab4 ,hume1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,f41 #aag1 #beh1 #bih1 #cfj4 ,hydrography1 #bj4 ,hyp]/h5e-gabbro1 #cjj4 ,i ,i ,hubal1 #beb4 ,i>ih ,meisah1 #bai4 ,ibex1 #bd4 ,i*?yophages1 #b1 #cf4 ,igne\s rocks1 #bfb4 age (1 #cfc4 classification (1 #bfd4 ,indu/ries1 #ce4 ,insects1 #bd4 ,int]m$iate gr\p ( igne\s rocks1 #bhc4 ,j ,james1 ,mr41 #cdf4 ,jidda1 means ( revis+ longitude (1 #fg4 ,jom>d1 #c4 ,k ,kab el ,h>am1 #ajf4 ,kanais1 #bi4 ,k>am ,elba1 #bcj4 ,k>am ,h9di1 #aeh4 ,k]santite1 #bid4 ,khams91 #bc4 ,kha%eib ,abu ,daba1 #ahi4 ,khusa el ,f>aon1 #agc4 ,kikeiyet ,gh>bi1 #bbb4 ,kikeiyet ,%>qi1 #bbb4 ,kilia ,arib1 #baf4 ,koatil tribe1 #cff4 b\nd>y ( t]ritory (1 #cgj4 wells (1 #cga4 ,kolmanab ,hill1 #bba4 pyrox5e-granulite (1 #cjd4 ,koptos-,b]5ice road1 #bi4 ,koss1 ,lieut41 #fe4 ,krei%im ,hill1 #bca4 granite-porphyry (1 #bgf4 ,kreit-reit-or1 #afb1 #cgc4 ,kuatianai1 #afc4 ,kubban1 anci5t copp]-smelt+ at1 #cec4 ,kulet ,meigrum1 #bbj4 ,t9asal1 #bbj4 ,kurbeilab tribe1 #cff4 tribe1 b\nd>y ( t]ritory (1 #cfi4 wells (1 #cga4 ,kurdeman1 #ii1 #agc4 ,kwat ,hewah1 #aci4 ,l ,lab\r1 co/ ( ,arab1 #ce4 ,latitude1 me?od us$ 9 det]m9ation (1 #db4 ,latitudes ( po9ts on ,r$ ,sea1 #fe4 ,latitudes1 summ>y ( obs]v$1 #dg4 ,lavas1 #cfa4 ,levels1 me?ods us$ 9 det]m9ation (1 #di4 ,lh]zolites1 #cai4 s]p5t9es f1 #cbb4 ,limonite 9 s*i/s1 #cdh4 9 ve9s1 #cec4 ,l9ant de ,bellefonds1 #d1 #cc4 ,local attraction ( plumb-l9e1 #dg4 ,longitudes ( po9ts on ,r$ ,sea1 #ff4 ,m ,macali/]1 ,mr41 #ac4 ,mack1 ,mr41 #bh4 ,mad>et ,um ,gamil1 #age4 ,magnesite1 #ccj4 ,mallak tribe1 #cff4 ,m>ble1 #cdi4 ,m>wot ,elemikan1 #ahh4 ,elemikan1 qu>tz-rock (1 #bfe4 ,rod el ,ligah1 #agc4 ,rod el ,ligaia1 #agb4 ,rod el ,ligaia1 aplite (1 #bgc4 ,m$9a ,nugrus1 #ajf4 ,megal1 #be4 ,megal el ,h>ami1 #aje4 ,megal el ,selaia1 #hd4 ,megwel1 #be4 ,megwel ,ad> ,aqdeib1 #aec4 ,akau1 #aeh4 ,aqwem1 #aed4 ,didaut1 #aec4 ,hamida1 #aee4 ,%umab1 #cgd4 ,um ,edwa1 #adg4 ,um ,e91 #aed4 ,meis-heit-ar1 #adg4 ,meleikab tribe1 #cff4 tribe1 b\nd>y ( t]ritory (1 #cfg4 tribe1 wells (1 #cga4 ,m5eiga1 ru9s at1 #ca4 ,m]sas1 #beb4 ,m]sas1 ne> ,halaib1 #afa4 ,m]sa ,%ab1 #baf4 ,metamorphic rocks1 #cca4 probable age & orig9 (1 #cfc4 ,mica-diabase1 #caj4 ,mica-p]idotites1 #cai4 s]p5t9e f1 #cba4 ,mica-s*i/s1 #cde4 ,mik]iba1 #bcj4 ,m9]al products1 #bg4 ,m9]al ve9s1 #ceb4 ,m9es1 anci5t1 #a1 #bg1 #cj4 at ,abu ,seyal 7,absciel71 #cec4 ne> ,gebel ,allawi1 #ajj1 #agd4 at ,gebel ,suk>i1 #ii4 at ,gebel ,zab>a1 #ii1 #afi1 #cde4 at ,kurdeman1 #ii4 at ,romit1 #bbb4 at ,sikait1 #ajf1 #agd1 #cde4 at ,um ,eleiga1 #abe4 at ,um el ,huetat1 #agb1 #cdh4 9 ,wadi ,betan1 #abd4 9 ,wadi ,egat1 #ia4 9 ,wadi ,hangalia1 #ha4 9 ,wadi ,nugrus1 #ajf4 9 ,wadi ,sabahia1 #ii4 9 ,wadi ,salib ,abiad1 #aab4 9 ,wadi ,um ,dafiri1 #ajj4 ,m9+-leases1 #bh4 ,mioc5e1 s9k+ ( l& dur+1 #cfd4 ,mira ,kwan1 #aei4 ,mitba1 #add4 ,miti ,kwan1 #ia4 ,moham$ ,ghul1 #cge4 ,moham$ ,om]ab tribe1 #cff4 ,mons p5tadactylus1 #bd1 #aii4 ,moresby1 #f4 ,m\nta9s & hills1 #ai1 #afd4 ,mukaw> ,isl&1 #aji4 ,muscovite-granite1 #bgd4 ,n ,nahud1 el1 #afh4 sy5ite (1 #bhc4 ,ne*esia1 #g4 ,novum hydreuma1 #aa4 ,nubian s&/one1 #bei4 =m] ext5t (1 #cef4 pres5t di/ribution (1 #ceg4 /ructural features (1 #ceg4 faults 91 #ceh4 igne\s intrusions 91 #bfj1 #ceg4 fossils (1 #bfj4 ,o ,o ,h>bub1 #aea4 ,o ,%akafa1 #bai4 ,o ,wota1 #bca4 ,oligoc5e a p]iod ( l&-sculpture1 #cfd4 ,oliv9e-diabase1 s]p5t9e f1 #cbf4 ,ophicalcite1 #cbc4 ,or?ography ( place-names1 #af4 ,osnei1 #bbb4 ,o/ri*1 #bd4 ,p ,p>tridges1 #bd4 ,pegmatitic granite1 #bgj4 ,p]idot & ,egyptian ,gems ,co41 #bh4 ,p]idotites1 #cai4 ,picrolite1 #ccj4 ,place-names1 or?ography (1 #af4 ,ababda & ,bi%>91 #cd4 ,plane-table1 use (1 9 survey+1 #fh4 ,plant-life1 #be4 ,plioc5e & ,rec5t elevation ( ! l&1 #cfd4 ,plumb-l9e1 local attraction (1 #dg4 ,plutonic rocks1 relative ages (1 #cfb4 ,pluvial p]iod1 evid5ces (1 #ced4 8,pola0 exp$ition1 #ac1 #fe4 ,port ,sudan1 #cgg4 ,prionotus mons1 #h4 ,prospect+ lic5ses1 #bh4 ,ptolemy's ,geography1 #b4 ,purdy & ,col/on1 #i4 ,pyrox5e-granulite1 #cjd4 ,pyrox5ites1 #cae4 s]p5t9e f1 #cbg4 ,q ,q>a ,saba1 #bbb4 ,qa% ,amir1 #bca4 m>ble ne>1 #cdi4 ,qre9 ,salama1 #baf4 amphibolite (1 #cah4 ,qu>tz-rock1 #bfe4 ,qu>tzites1 #cce4 ,qu>tz-felsite1 #bgg4 ,qu>tz-s*i/s1 #cce4 ,qu>tz ve9s1 #ceb4 ,r ,ra9fall1 #bc4 ,rais$ bea*es1 #beb4 ,ras ,b5as1 hills (1 #aij4 rocks (1 #beb1 #beh4 ,reconnaissance = triangulation1 #dj4 ,r$ ,sea1 orig9 (1 #cee1 #cfd4 position ( pr9cipal po9ts on1 #fe4 ,refraction1 t]re/rial1 #di4 ,roads1 #cf4 ,road f ,halaib to ,port ,sudan1 #cgb4 ,rock-bas9s1 #bdj4 ,rock-inscriptions1 #ca4 ,rocks1 igne\s1 #bfb4 metamorphic1 #cca4 s$im5t>y1 #bea4 ,rod ,anut ,b]]1 #adb4 el ,atut1 #ha4 ,elbel1 #aae4 el ,g5e9a1 #hc4 ,hauan91 #ic4 el ,h5dusi1 #abe4 el ,kh>uf1 #hc4 el ,ligah1 #ha4 el ,ligaia1 #ha4 diorite (1 #bhg4 talc-s*i/s (1 #cdh4 ,mukrayib1 #aca4 el ,nagi1 diabase-%eet 91 #cjf4 ,um el ,f>ag1 #ha4 ,romit m9es1 #bbb4 *alybite & calcite at1 #ceb4 diorite (1 #bhh4 talc & *lorite-s*i/ (1 #cdh4 ,s ,samut1 well & ru9s at1 #cj4 ,s&-dunes1 #beb4 ,s&-gr\se1 #bd4 ,s&/one1 ,nubian1 #bei4 ,s>ob ,kwan1 #adg4 ,s>r>ab tribe1 #cff4 ,sc5]y1 types (1 #bc4 ,s*we9fur?1 ,pr(4 ,g41 #h1 #be1 #bbi4 ,scragg$ ,hill1 #bca4 ,s]p5t9e1 #cbj4 =mation & cause ( %att]+ (1 #cad4 alt]ation-products (1 #ccj4 ,%adly1 ,%eikh1 #ca1 #hf4 ,%5%ef1 ru9s1 at #ca1 #aac4 ,sikeit ,hill1 #aij4 ,sikeit ,hill1 granite (1 #bfi4 ,%ekra el ,delam1 #aej4 ,spl9t]y s*i/s1 #ccg4 ,sm>agdus mons1 #b4 ,spr+s1 #bcd4 ,/ew>t1 ,mr4 ,*>t]is1 #bfj1 #cdg4 ,/4 ,johns ,isl&1 position (1 #fe4 p]idot-m9es at1 #bh4 ,/rabo1 #b4 ,/reet]1 ,mr4 ,e41 #cdf4 ,/u>t1 ,mr4 ,villi]s1 #dj1 #bbd4 ,suak9 el ,qadim1 #aeh4 ,sudan surveys1 connection )1 #dh4 ,suess1 ,pr(41 #bg1 #cee4 ,sulphur at ,ras ,b5as1 #aij1 #beh4 at ,bir el ,ranga1 #beh4 ,sy5ite1 #bhc4 cru%$ into s*i/s1 #cci4 ,sy5ite-porphyry1 #bhe4 ,t ,ta> ,ara1 #bca4 ,ta*eometric me?ods1 #fh4 ,tahaqayet1 #bba4 ,takrat ,riba1 #bcj4 ,talc-s*i/s1 #cdh4 ,talet ,kurit1 #aah4 ,um ,danaqa1 #aah4 ,um ,k>aba1 #abe4 ,um ,sid]i1 #aah4 ,taxes1 #cg4 ,tectonics1 #ced4 ,temples1 #bi4 ,tibansi ,tikam ,ankwei1 #bag4 ,tiba%oi1 #baf4 ,ti ,dabei ,hamra ,dom1 #adf4 ,ti ,kef]iai1 #bbb4 ,ti ,kef]iai1 rocks (1 #cac1 #cea4 ,ti ,kureitra wells1 #afb1 #bch1 #cgc4 ,ti ,kureitra wells1 gypsum (1 #beh4 ,tilat ,tihu ,%ana1 #ach4 ,timaiakwaia1 #bcc4 ,t9adei1 #bba4 ,ti ,qireira1 #bah4 ,titailibab1 #bba4 ,tombs1 #ca4 ,topazos ,insula1 #b4 ,topographical mapp+1 #fh1 #ga4 ,t\rmal9e1 #cdf4 ,tra*yte1 #bhe4 ,transport ( wat]1 #bdb4 ,triangulation-me?ods1 #ci4 ,triangulation-computations1 #da4 ,triangulation1 m9or1 #ga4 ,triangulation1 use ( v]tical angles 91 #ej4 ,triangulat$ positions1 summ>y (1 #ej4 ,tribal b\nd>ies1 #cff4 ,troctolite1 #cjc4 ,troglodytes1 #b4 ,tufa deposits1 #beg4 ,tuquq1 #baf4 ,u ,uhlemann1 #ca4 ,ultra-acid igne\s rocks1 #bfe4 ,ultra-basic igne\s rocks1 #cac4 ,um>awi1 #baf4 ,um ,eleiga m9es1 #abe4 ,eleiga m9es1 diorite-porphyrite (1 #bib4 ,eleiga m9es1 gabbro (1 #bii4 ,g]ifat wat]-holes1 #ajc4 ,him>1 #agb4 el ,huetat ,hills1 #agb4 *lorite & talc-s*i/s (1 #cdg1 #cdh4 ,mogh> peak1 #aff4 ,v ,v5izelos1 ,mr41 #bh4 ,v]tical angles1 use (1 9 triangulation1 #ej4 ,vetus hydreuma1 #aa4 ,volcanic rocks cru%$ into s*i/s1 #cda4 ,w ,wad el ,qireira1 #aec4 ,wadai el ,anz1 #ajf4 ,wadai el ,nom1 #aje4 ,wadis1 importance (1 #ab4 ,wadis dra9+ to ! ,nile1 li/ (1 #gh4 ,wadis dra9+ to ! ,r$ ,sea1 li/ (1 #id4 ,wadi ,ab>un1 #hc4 ,abiad 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kreiga71 #ace4 el ,abiad 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,rahaba71 #aae4 el ,abiad lil ,huluz1 #ajb4 ,abraq1 #abb4 ,abreik1 #ajh4 ,aideib1 #aeg4 ,alaqi1 #hi4 ,alfawi1 #ia4 ,allawi 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,ghadir71 #ajj4 ,allawi 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,khoda71 #aab4 ,abu ,argub1 #hc4 ,beid el ,abiad1 #abe4 ,beid el ,azrak1 #abe4 ,b]ig1 #aaa4 ,daba1 #aji4 ,debebi lil ,betan1 #abe4 ,debebi lil ,khoda1 #aab1 #abe4 ,dibban1 #aji4 ,etl1 #ajd4 ,fagir1 #aba4 ,g]ifat1 #ajc4 ,ghalqa1 #aaj4 ,ghusun1 #ajg4 ,gurdi1 #hc4 ,_h 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,deheis71 #ic4 ,_h 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hafafit71 #ajd4 ,_h 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,rahaba71 #aae4 ,hamamid1 #hd4 ,ha%im 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it71 #hc4 ,ha%im 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,g>>a71 #hh4 ,ha%im 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,feqoh71 #abh4 ,hegilig1 #ajg4 ,hireiq1 #adb4 ,hodeid1 #ada4 ,hugban1 #aab4 ,m>wa lil ,lahami1 #ajh4 ,m>wa lil ,naait1 #aaj4 ,m>wa lil ,naait1 amphibolite ( hill ne>1 #cag4 ,nikheil1 #aad4 ,nilih1 #aba4 ,reye1 #aad4 ,ribian1 #aae4 ,ru%eid1 #ajf4 ,sada1 #ajf4 ,selili1 #hc4 ,seyal 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,g]f71 #ha4 ,seyal 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,naam71 #aba4 ,sieiyil1 #abe4 ,akau1 #aeh4 ,akwamtra1 #aef4 ,amba-ut1 #ii4 rock ( hill at head (1 #bhe4 ,anbat1 #hc4 ,anfeib1 #abi4 ,anfeib el ,tawayib1 #abi4 ,ant>1 #hg4 ,aqilhoq1 #afb1 #cgc4 ,aqwai1 #afb1 #cgc4 ,aqwem1 #aed4 ,arais1 #aba4 s*i/ose s]p5t9e (1 #cbd4 el ,arn$1 #aaf4 ,atabi1 #ii4 ,atalab1 #abi4 ,atluk1 #aca4 ,awamtib1 #hh4 ,awitla1 #adg4 ,baaneit1 #ach4 diorite (1 #bhg4 ,bagh>id1 #ic4 ,baueiwai1 #aed4 ,beida1 #acb4 s*i/s (1 #cdb4 ,belamh&eit1 #abb4 ,b]5diyeb1 #aca4 ,betan1 #abd4 ,b9t el ,feqoh1 #ic4 ,b9t el ,kurdum1 #aad4 ,buluk1 #aac4 ,buyet1 #abg4 ,dabur1 #ih4 ,dagalai 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,timsah71 #hh4 ,dagalai lil ,rahaba1 #aae4 ,dage9a1 #ia4 ,dauriai1 #ic4 ,dehai>tib1 #acb4 ,defeit1 #ib4 ,deheis1 #ic4 ,delawet 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,seyet71 #abg4 ,delawet 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hasium71 #ada4 ,delawet 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,um ,bi%tit71 #ade4 ,del[a1 #aei4 ,dibag lil ,batoga1 #aaa4 ,dibag lil ,kuns]ob1 #aaa4 ,dibir1 #aeb4 ,didaut1 #aec4 ,dif1 #abe4 ,difoteb1 #abi4 ,di-ib1 #adh4 ,di-x1 #aee4 ,diqdib1 #ach4 ,di%lo1 #add4 ,dreb1 #aci4 ,duag1 #ia4 el ,dub1 #aag4 ,durunkat1 #ajd4 ,dweig1 #gi4 ,eb]]1 #ace4 ,edunqul1 #acb4 ,egat 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it71 #hc4 ,egat 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,alaqi71 #ia4 ,egat 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,betan71 #abe4 ,eidab1 #ajh4 ,eikwan1 #aee4 ,eimya1 #add4 ,eirahimib1 #abi4 ,elemikan1 #hd4 ,enqireidia1 #abe4 ,eqaiyib1 #adh4 ,erf ,um ,araka1 #aba4 ,faditiai1 #abi4 ,fegas1 #ii4 ,feqoh1 #abf4 el ,fil1 #aba4 ,ga-aweit-reb1 #cgg4 ,gaetri1 #ajd4 el ,g>>a1 #hg4 dykes (1 #bgb4 tilt$ s&/ones (1 #ceh4 ,gelabat ,%abai1 #abf4 ,gemal1 #ajj4 pegmatitic granite (1 #bga4 diorite-gneiss (1 #ccd4 oliv9e-diabase (1 #cjh4 ,g]f1 #ha4 ,ghadir1 #ii4 ,ghadrib1 #hh4 ,ghuel1 #ii4 el ,gihab1 #aah4 ,gimal 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,feqoh71 #abg4 ,gumudlum 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,lahami71 #ajh4 ,gumudlum 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,khoda71 #aac4 ,guqub1 #ib4 ,habliai1 #adf4 ,hadel%i%eib1 #abh4 ,hafafit1 #ajd4 ,haiyo1 #add4 ,haletiai1 #abh4 ,hamata1 #ajg4 ,hamida 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,defeit71 #ic4 ,hamida 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,baueiwai71 #aee4 ,hami%1 #gi4 ,hamsiat1 #cgd4 ,hangalia1 #ha4 ,hankuk1 #add4 ,h>atreit1 #ajg4 ,h>eitra1 #aea4 ,ha%imaiyib1 #aeb4 ,hasium1 #adj4 ,hateib1 #ib4 ,hefeifit1 #ajd4 ,hefeiri 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,romit71 #ajg4 ,hefeiri 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,betan71 #abe4 ,helie1 #hc4 ,hilgit1 #hc4 ,hilgit lil ,huluz1 #ajc4 ,hilwit ,hasium1 #adj4 ,himeitra1 #ia4 ,h9dia1 #aab4 ,hiteib1 #ib4 ,hode91 #aae4 ,hukeib1 #cge4 ,huluz1 #ajb4 basalt (1 #cab4 diorite (1 #bhg4 felsites (1 #bgg1 #bhb4 oliv9e-diabase (1 #cjh4 ,hu%5ab1 #abh4 ,hutit1 #aae4 ,ibib1 #adj4 ,igli1 #ih4 gypse\s b$s (1 #beh4 ,kalalat1 #aaj4 s]p5t9e (1 #cbc4 ,kamoyib1 #abg4 ,kansisrob1 #aeh4 ,kh>it1 #hb4 ,kha%ab 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it71 #hf4 ,kha%ab 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,hode97 #acb4 ,kha%ir1 #ajg4 el ,khasiya1 #aai4 el ,khisei1 #ajd4 el ,khiua1 #aba4 ,khoda1 #aaa4 qu>tz-boss 91 #bfe4 ,kilanai1 #ach4 ,kiraf1 #adh4 ,kirir1 #ia4 ,kirwau1 #adc4 ,kolaiqo 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,madi71 #acb4 ,kolaiqo 7to sea71 #acf4 ,korbiai1 #acd4 ,kreiga1 #acd4 calc>e\s s*i/ (1 #cdi4 diabase dykes (1 #cji4 diorite dyke 91 #bhh4 diorite-porphyrite dykes 91 #bic4 granite (1 #bfi1 #bga4 el ,kreim1 #hg4 dykes (1 #bgb4 fault 9 s&/one 91 #ceh4 ,krioni1 #he4 ,kuns]ob1 #aaa4 ,kwilim&aiyeib1 #aec4 ,lahami1 #ajg4 ,lasewid1 #adg4 ,lewewi1 #ajj4 ,madi1 #abi4 ,maghal1 #aai4 ,mahali1 #ajc4 ,malhat1 #aah4 ,mantil ,hasium1 #adj4 el ,m>afai1 #aae4 ,m>asan1 #ajc4 ,m>asani1 #he4 ,ma%u%5ai1 #aeb4 ,ma-ud1 #ii4 ,m$>ai1 #adc4 ,m$sus1 #hc4 ,megah1 #aae4 ,meisah1 #adf4 ,meladoyeb1 #ic4 ,m5eiga1 #acd4 ,m]au1 #ia4 ,m]diyeb1 #adc4 ,metawit1 #hg4 ,miatit1 #aed4 ,miaus1 #ia4 ,mikbi1 #ajg4 ,m9deit1 #aaj4 ,mi/ura1 #abe4 ,mitatib1 #abi4 el ,mukhatatat1 #aja4 ,muegil1 #aaf4 s&/one (1 #cfj4 ,muelih1 #hj4 augite-porphyrite dyke 91 #bic4 s*i/s (1 #cdj4 el ,mukhit1 #aaj4 ,muqur1 #acg4 diorite (1 #bhg4 ,murra1 #aji4 ,naait1 #aaj4 ,naait1 amphibolite ne>1 #cag4 ,na-akreib1 #cgd4 ,naam1 #abj4 el ,nasbia1 #aja4 ,nata%1 #hi4 ,nilateib1 #adb4 el ,nom1 #aaf4 ,nubitra1 #aed4 ,nugrus1 #aje4 diorite-gneiss (1 #ccd4 fluidal breccia 91 #cej4 muscovite-granite ne>1 #bgd4 ,odis1 #ada4 ,orga el ,at%ani1 #aai4 ,orga el ,rayani1 #aai4 ,orgem1 #adf4 ,odruk1 #adb4 ,o ,sir ,eirab1 #aei4 ,o ,sir ,hadal1 #aef4 ,qabatit1 #afc4 ,qadiloi1 #ach4 ,qeirat1 #aef4 ,qidmib1 #add4 ,qumad ,lim1 #aej4 ,qumat ,yawab1 #cge4 el ,qurat1 #aeb4 ,radad1 #acf4 ,rahaba1 #aad4 ,remalib1 #abh4 ,romit1 #ajg4 ,saalek1 #aag4 faults 9 s&/one (1 #cfj4 fault-breccias ne>1 #cea4 ,sabahia1 #ii4 ,safihat1 #hc4 ,salalob1 #adi4 ,salib el ,abiad1 #aab4 *lorite-s*i/ f1 #cdg4 ,salib ,azrak1 #aab4 el ,sania1 #aaf4 ,s>id1 #ib4 ,s>obaiya1 #adg4 ,sef5t1 #ajh4 ,seiga1 #ic4 ,s]imtai1 #aei4 ,seyet1 #abg4 ,%ab1 #acf4 ,%abakhit1 #hh4 ,%ait1 #gi4 ,%ellal 7ne> ,halaib71 #afb1 #cgc4 ,%ellal el ,gh>bi1 #acj4 ,%ellal el ,%>qi1 #acg4 el ,%eikh1 #he4 ,%5dib1 #aea4 ,%5%ef1 #aac4 qu>tz-s*i/ (1 #ccg4 ,%]efa el ,gh>bi1 #abg4 ,%]efa el ,%>qi1 #aci4 asbe/os (1 #ccj4 ,%ib1 #aac4 ,%igeg1 #ace4 ,%9ai1 #adj4 ,%oab1 #ajg4 ,%ut1 #aab4 ,siamtit1 #aef4 ,sibrit1 #hb4 ,sikait1 #ajf4 ,silsila1 #abb4 s&/one (1 #cfj4 ,s9atib1 #aca4 ,s9q9yeib1 #aeb4 ,soaorib1 #add4 ,sortdau1 #abh4 ,sorubiab1 #aad4 ,suh91 #ib4 ,suk>i1 #ih4 ,t>fawi1 #ajc4 ,tawayib1 #abg4 ,ti ,ilak1 #acg4 ,tiko%a1 #ach4 ,tikraneib1 #adb4 ,timsah1 #hh4 ,titai1 #aad4 ,todhi1 #aeh4 ,tugudbaia1 #aca4 ,unfagalan1 #abi4 ,um el ,abbas1 #ajf4 ,abid1 #ii4 ,akra1 #aab4 ,arta1 #aag4 ,bi%tit1 #ade4 ,bisilla1 #aba4 ,bu]at1 #aad4 ,daba1 #hc4 ,dafiri1 #ii4 ,deheisi1 #he4 basalt (1 #cab4 ,d]]a1 #ic4 ,eleiga1 #abe4 ,e%ub1 #ajh4 ,etli1 #aad4 ,gamil1 #ajj4 ,ghoba%a1 #ajh4 ,gholqa1 #ic4 ,goran1 #aaa4 ,gubur1 #aac4 ,gunud1 #ajh4 ,guruf1 #aba4 ,h>gal1 #he4 augite-diorite (1 #bhi4 ,hasidok1 #hc4 ,hegiligi lil ,huluz1 #ajc4 ,h]an1 #aja1 #ajf4 ,h]e9i1 #he4 ,hom>1 #ajh4 ,iteili1 #ajd4 ,kabu1 #aja4 ,k>aba 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,lahami71 #ajh4 ,k>aba 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,salib ,azrak71 #aab4 ,kh>iga1 #ih4 s]p5t9e ne>1 #cbb4 s*i/ (1 #cdi4 ,khuzama1 #ajh4 ,lassaf1 #aac4 ,maiat1 #aaa4 ,m>akh1 #hh4 ,nasir1 #he4 ,r$dam1 #aca4 ,reit1 #aag4 ,retba1 #he4 el ,rid1 #hh4 ,ri%an1 #ajh4 ,saha1 #aci4 ,seleim1 #abj4 ,sellim 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kh>it71 #hc4 ,sellim 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,kalalat71 #aaa4 ,sellim lil ,m9deit1 #aaj4 ,sellimi1 #aja4 ,semiuki1 #ajc4 ,s]eiha1 #he4 ,seyal 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,g]f71 #ha4 ,seyal 7tribut>y ( ,wadi ,s]imtai71 #aei4 ,seyal el ,foqani1 #aje4 ,seyal el ,tahtani1 #aje4 ,seyal lil ,khoda1 #aac4 ,sididad1 #abb4 ,somra1 #he4 ,sueh1 #aja4 ,su]ab lil ,huluz1 #ajc4 ,sum]1 #aaj4 ,sumur1 #aaf4 ,tawil lil ,khoda1 #aab4 ,tawil lil ,%ut1 #aac4 ,t5$ba1 #abj4 ,t5eidib1 #ib4 el ,tiur1 #hc4 ,tundeba1 #ii4 calc>e\s tufa (1 #beg4 ,umeiatib1 #abh4 ,wadheit1 #abg4 ,w>abeit1 #aec4 ,waseb1 #cgd4 ,wieqw]1 #aec4 ,yahameib1 #aeg4 ,yame9ai1 #cge4 ,yoid]1 #aee4 ,zab>a1 #ii4 ,wat] s\rces1 li/ (1 #bdb4 own]%ip (1 #cgj4 supplies1 #be1 #bcd4 transport (1 #bdb4 ,wat]%$ betwe5 ,nile & ,r$ ,sea1 #bj4 ,wehrlites1 #cai4 ,wells1 #bcf4 ,wells1 analyses ( wat] (1 #bcg4 ,wells ,mr4 ,j4 ,f41 #ij4 ,well/$1 #f4 ,wiekorei1 #bcc4 ,wilk9son1 #f4 ,z ,zab>a1 em]ald-m9es (1 #cdf4 ,zeb]g$1 p]idot-m9es at1 #bh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geography ,,& ,,geology ,,( ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,egypt4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,ball4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,corrig5da4 99 99 99 99 99 ,page4 #aa l9e #i f top1 = 8,modell90 read 8,modellim40 #ba footnote1 l9e #b f bottom1 = 8wat]%$0 read 8we/w>d40 #bd l9e #b f top1 = 8figures0 read 8f+]s40 #dg 9 head+ ( la/ column ( table1 = 8obs]v$-comput$0 read 8comput$-obs]v$40 #di l9e #g f top1 = 8area0 read 8sea40 #di footnote1 l9e #c f bottom1 = 8k ( #jac0 read 8k #jac40 #di footnote1 bottom l9e1 9 ! d5om9ator ( ! fraction1 = 8#b--r0 read 8#br40 #ea l9e #ab f bottom1 9 la/ column1 = 8#j0 read 8--40 #eb l9e #ab f top1 9 la/ column1 = 8#j0 read 8--40 #ed l9e #ab f top1 ! latitude ( po9t ,no4 #cec is 8#bc #dg #cg0 n 8#bc #dg #dg40 #eg l9e #ad f top1 = 8,fokani0 read 8,foqani40 #eh l9e #ad f top1 = 8,mukur0 read 8,muqur40 #ei l9e #i f bottom1 = 8,un ,rase90 read 8,um ,rase940 #fj l9e #b f bottom1 9 la/ column1 = 8highe/0 read 8high40 #fa l9e #c f top1 delete 8m9or40 #fc l9e #h f top1 = 8,g4 ,di-ib0 read 8,w4 ,di-ib40 #gb la/ l9e1 = 8z0 read 8if40 #ge l9e #aj f top1 = 8add$ (0 read 8add$ to40 #gf ! obs]v$ compass-v>iation ne> ,halaib ,=t 0 8#b #ah10 n 8#c #ah10 & 9 ! obs]v$ v>iation at ,helwn ! figures giv5 z seconds %\ld be decimals ( a m9ute4 #gg ! ye>ly decrease ( decl9ation 79 ?ree places7 %\ld be #fc in/ead ( 8#f #c40 #hb l9e #bb f top1 = 8,wani0 read 8,wadi40 #hc l9e #ah f top1 = 8,um ,selim0 read 8,um ,sellim40 #hh l9e #aa f top1 = 8,feleiti0 read 8,felieiti40 #ih l9e #b f top1 = 8,s]imtay0 read 8,s]imtai40 #ii l9es #d & #g f bottom1 = 8,sabaia0 read 8,sabahia40 #aja l9e #be f top1 = 8,um ,h]am0 read 8,um ,h]an40 #ajc l9e #i f top1 = 8,! "o0 read 8,! upp] "o40 #ajd l9e #ag f top1 = 8heap0 read 8head40 #aje l9e #aa f top1 = 8#db #cd0 read 8#bd #cd40 #aji l9e #ah f top1 = 8#ce #dg #aj0 read 8#ce #dg #ac40 #aah l9e #aa f bottom1 = 8curv$0 read 8c>v$40 #add l9es #aj & #bb = 8,meisa0 read 8,meisah40 #ade top l9e1 = 8,meisan0 read 8,meisah40 #aeb l9e #h f top1 = 8,akwantra0 read 8,akwamtra40 #aec l9e #h f top1 = 8aad0 read 8&40 #aei l9e #e f top1 = 8,mikreiba0 read 8,mik]iba40 #aei la/ l9e1 = 8#bb #ac #bd0 read 8#bb #ac #be40 #aei la/ l9e & footnote1 = 8,qosi]0 read 8,qoseir40 #afj top l9e1 = 8#cf #ch #ed0 read 8#cf #ch #ef40 #afb l9e #g f top1 = 8to0 read 8or40 #afb l9e #e f bottom1 = 8,qubit0 read 8,qubet40 #afg l9e #aj f top1 = 8#ajii metres0 read 8#aaii metres40 #afg l9e #ae f bottom1 = 8,krug0 read 8,khrug40 #agc l9e #h f top1 = 8,itelma0 read 8,iteima40 #agc l9e #aj f bottom1 = 8#cd #dd #ce0 read 8#cd #da #ce40 #agf l9e #d f top1 = 8#bd #ad #dd0 read 8#bd #ad #da40 #ahc l9e #d f bottom1 = 8,mukhtatat0 read 8,mukhatatat40 #ahf la/ l9e1 = 8ea/0 read 8we/40 #ahh l9e #i f top1 = 8#bd #ed #ah0 read 8#bd #ed #ad40 #ahh footnote1 = 8#bc #eg #fg0 read 8#bc #eg #df40 #ahi l9e #h f top1 delete 8respectively40 #aid l9e #i f bottom1 = 8^!0 read 8!re40 #bjd l9e #af f top1 = 8we/]n0 read 8s\!rn0 #bjf l9e #ac f bottom1 = 8#cd #ej #di0 read 8#cd #ef #di40 #baa l9e #ab f bottom1 = 8:i*0 read 8:ile40 #bab l9e #bj f top1 = 8,um ,rass90 read 8,um ,rase940 #bac l9e #ad f bottom1 = 8,kirwaw0 read 8,kirwau40 #bbc l9e #aa f top1 = 8exit0 read 8exi/40 #bbc l9e #b f bottom1 = 8,ha%u%5ai0 read 8,ma%u%5ai40 #bbd l9e #ah f top1 = 8jugg$0 read 8rugg$40 #bbh la/ l9e1 = 8masses0 read 8mosses40 #bcc l9e #c f bottom1 = 890 read 8on40 #bce footnote1 = 8,megwal0 read 8,megwel40 #bch l9e #i f top1 = 8aad0 read 8&40 #bdb l9e #c f bottom1 be=e 8v>y0 ins]t 8!y40 #bde top l9e1 = 8,wadi ,sikait0 read 8,wadi ,%ait40 #bdf ! latitude ( ,galt el ,aguz is 8#bc #cb #cj0 n 8#bc #ca #cj40 #bdh ! latitude ( ,bir ,muqur is 8#bb #db #bf0 n 8#bb #da #bf40 #bec top l9e1 = 8,mesah0 read 8,meisah40 #bei l9e #ag f bottom1 = 8,dib0 read 8,dif40 #bfc l9e #h f top1 = 8section0 read 8sections40 #bgc top l9e1 = 8spr9k+0 read 8spr9kl+40 #bgh la/ l9e1 = 8,,xxi0 read 8,,xxii40 #cjd l9e #aa f bottom1 = 8pale0 read 8free40 #cjd l9e #i f bottom1 = 8=ms0 read 8=m40 #cjf l9e #g f top1 = 8#dd0 read 8#cd40 #caj l9e #aa f top1 = 8dolorite0 read 8dol]ite40 #cag 9 ! description ( ! figure1 ins]t ! ^w 8to0 betwe5 8alt]+0 & 8granul>40 #ccc l9e #b f top1 = 8,mod]geg0 read 8,mud]geg40 #cci l9e #ac f top1 = 8resemblance0 read 8semblance40 #cda l9e #ad f top1 = 8ericite0 read 8s]icite40 #cdb l9e #ah f top1 = 8d5tritic0 read 8d5dritic40 #cdb l9e #e f bottom1 = 8on0 read 8940 #cdf l9e #h f top1 = 8anci5t0 read 8anci5ts40 #cea l9e #ac f top1 = 8p4 #dda0 read 8p4 #cda40 #cec l9e #ab f top1 = 8,magnetite0 read 8,magnesite40 #ceh l9e #d f top1 = 8,,xv0 read 8,,xx40 #cfj l9e #af f top1 = 8,,xx0 read 8,,xv40 #cff footnote1 l9e #e f bottom1 = 8,megwell0 read 8,megwel40 #cfg footnote1 l9e #c f bottom1 = 8or0 read 8(40 #chg l9e #ah f top1 = 8,mitab0 read 8,mitba40 #cij l9e #ad f bottom1 = 8,balamh&eit0 read 8,belamh&eit40 #cib l9e #ah f top1 = 8,mokhatatat0 read 8,mukhatatat40 #cib l9e #be f top1 = 8,kukhit0 read 8,mukhit40 #cic second column1 l9e #af f top1 = 8,kalabat0 read 8,kalalat40 #cid la/ l9e1 = 8,zebeg$0 read 8,zeb]g$40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,%ort ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,maps1 ,,plans1 ,,& ,,publications ,,issu$ ,,by ,,! ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,f9ance1 ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,maps ,,& ,,plans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ is a g5]al li/ ( ! maps & plans (f]$ = sale by ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t4 ,a booklet giv+ details ( all %eets pr9t$ may be obta9$ free1 on application ei!r p]sonally or by lett] at ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 ,gza 7,mudiria71 or at ! ,geological ,museum1 ,public ,works ,m9i/ry ,g>d5s1 ,cairo1 :]e all maps & plans are = sale1 or ?r\gh any booksell]4 ,except :]e specially /at$1 ! price ( ea* map-%eet is #ej milliemes on pap]1 & #fe milliemes on clo?1 & !y are s5t po/ free by ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,! ref]5ce m>ks d5ote3 7997 map is 9 ,arabic only2 77 map is 9 ,engli% only2 7997 map be>s place-names bo? 9 ,arabic & ,engli%2 7997 77 map c be obta9$ ei!r 9 ,arabic or ,engli%4 ,t[n ,maps4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives p>ticul>s ( ! maps publi%$4 ,! map ( ,alex&ria1 on ! scale ( #a3a1jjj1 w be complet$ dur+ #aiac4 ,! survey ( ,cairo on ! scale ( #a3a1jjj is 9 progress4 ,cairo 79971 #bh %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj 7already pr9t$74 ,alex&ria 79971 #bjj %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,alex&ria 7997 771 #ae %eets1 scale #a3e1jjj4 ,g5]al map ( ,alex&ria ,municipality 7,fr5* & ,arabic71 #aj %eets scale #a3f1jjj4 ,mit ,ghamr 79971 #d %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,mansra 79971 #af %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,suez 79971 #bj %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,suez 79971 #a %eet1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,sohag 79971 #f %eets1 #a3a1jjj4 ,tanta 79971 #ae %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,girga 79971 #f %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,aswn 79971 #bc %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,port ,said 79 ,fr5*71 #a %eet1 scale #a3e1jjj4 ,zagazig 79971 #bj %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,damanhr 79971 #ad %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,b5ha 79971 #be %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,faym 79971 #bf %eets 9 all1 ( :i* #h are pr9t$1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,cada/ral ,maps4 ,^! are maps ( ! villages %[+ ea* hod & plot ( l&4 ,!y are pr9t$ 9 ,arabic only4 ,9 ord]+1 ! "n ( ! village & ! numb]s ( hod & plot %\ld be giv54 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! p>ticul>s ( ! maps = ea* mudiria 7prov9ce73-- ,beheira mudiria 79971 #c1cjj %eets1 "u survey1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,gh>ba mudiria 79971 #c1dfj %eets1 scale #a3d1jjj & #a3 #b1ejj4 ,daqahla mudiria 79971 #b1bcg %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,%>qa mudiria 79971 #b1igd %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,m5ufa mudiria 79971 #b1agc %eets1 scale #a3d1jjj & #a3b1ejj4 ,qaliuba mudiria 79971 #ggh %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,gza mudiria 79971 #gff %eets1 scale #a3d1jjj4 ,faym mudiria 79971 #b1bfc %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,b5i ,suef mudiria 79971 #idb %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,m9ia mudiria 79971 #a1fce %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,assit mudiria1 includ+ ,kh>ga ,oasis 79971 #b1bgc %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,girga mudiria 79971 #a1cac %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,q5a mudiria 79971 #a1efh %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,aswn mudiria 79971 #a1jgf %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,topographical ,maps4 ,scale #a3aj1jjj 7#aj cm4 #a kilometre2 #fc in*es #a mile74--,! names on ^! maps are 9 mo/ cases 9 ,arabic & ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( %eets publi%$3-- ,beheira mudiria 79971 #bfj %eets 7old s]ies74 ,beheira mudiria 79971 #ec %eets already pr9t$1 scale #a3aj1jjj 7new s]ies74 ,gh>ba mudiria 79971 #aeg %eets 7old s]ies74 ,gh>ba mudiria 79971 #hc %eets already pr9t$1 scale #a3aj1jjj 7new s]ies74 ,%>qa mudiria 79971 #ec %eets4 ,daqahla mudiria 79971 #aa %eets4 ,m5ufa mudiria 79971 #gc %eets4 ,qaliuba mudiria 79971 #fe %eets4 ,gza mudiria 79971 #ij %eets 7fir/ edition74 ,gza mudiria 79971 #ac %eets already pr9t$1 scale #a3aj1jjj 7second edition74 ,faym mudiria 79971 #abf %eets4 ,b5i ,suef mudiria 79971 #ba %eets4 ,assit mudiria1 includ+ ,kh>ga ,oasis 79971 #gb %eets4 ,aswn mudiria 79971 #fc %eets4 ,aswn or ,fir/ ,cat>act 771 #f %eets4 ,! ,nile ,valley f ,aswn to ,korosko 771 #cf %eets 7pap] only1 #be milliemes ea*74 ,scale #a3be1jjj 7#d cm4 #a kilometre2 #be in*es #a mile74--,a provisional map ( ,nor!rn ,gh>ba has be5 publi%$ on ?is scale1 p5d+ ! publication ( ! #a3aj1jjj %eets ( ?is area4 ,!re are #ia %eets4 ,scale #a3ej1jjj 7#b cm4 #a kilometre2 #ac in*es #a mile74--,^! maps are pr9t$ 9 ?ree col\rs4 ,names are giv5 9 ,engli%1 & z a rule 9 ,arabic z well4 ,?is s]ies is complet$ = ! :ole ( ! cultivat$ area ( ! ,nile ,valley & ,delta4 ,!re are #afd %eets4 ,a second & revis$ edition is be+ publi%$ gradually2 x w include ! %eets ( c]ta9 outly+ areas su* z ,lake ,m5zala1 ,suez ,canal1 ,wadi ,natrun1 etc41 :i*1 ow+ to lack ( "t or opportunity1 h ei!r n be5 publi%$ or publi%$ f defective data4 ,scale #a3bej1jjj 7#a cm4 #e kilometres2 #a in* #h miles74--,! prep>ation ( ! f\r %eets ( ?is s]ies1 embrac+ ! area ( ! ,delta1 is n[ be+ proce$$ )4 ,! two we/]n %eets are pr9t$ 9 ,engli% only & ! rema9+ two ea/]n %eets w be publi%$ by ! end ( ! ye> 7#aiab74 ,price1 #ajj milliemes p] %eet4 ,scale #a3a1jjj1jjj 7#a cm4 #aj kilometres2 #a in* #af miles74--,! six %eets ( ?is map1 cov]+ ! :ole ( ,egypt1 h n[ be5 publi%$4 ,! names are 9 ,engli%4 ,! price ( ea* %eet is #ej & #fe milliemes = pap] & clo? editions respectively1 or ! :ole c be obta9$ m\nt$ on clo?1 v>ni%$1 & fitt$ ) roll]s = #eej milliemes4 ,special ,maps on ,v>i\s ,scales4 ,map ( ,cairo & ,environs 79971 #a %eet1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes on ord9>y pap] or #aej m\nt$ & fold$ = ! use ( t\ri/s4 ,map ( ! ,delta 7997 771 #d %eets1 scale #a3bjj1jjj4 ,price1 #ge milliemes p] %eet1 or ! complete map m\nt$ on clo?1 v>ni%$1 & fitt$ ) roll]s1 #gjj milliemes4 ,map ( ! ,delta 771 #d %eets1 scale #a3bjj1jjj1 %[+ telephone l9es4 ,price z ! "o above4 ,l[] ,egypt & ! ,faym1 #aijd 7late/ edition7 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,l[] ,egypt1 %[+ l9es ( communication 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,map ( ,m5ufa mudiria 79971 scale #a3ej1jjj1 9 two %eets m\nt$ toge!r on clo? & fitt$ ) roll]s4 ,price1 #hej milliemes4 ,nor!rn ,gh>ba 79971 #a %eet1 scale #a3bjj1jjj4 ,kh>ga ,oasis 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,dakhla ,oasis 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,bah>ia ,oasis 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,f>afra & ,iddalia ,oases 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,provisional map ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 ,ea/ ,q5a-,aswn to ,r$ ,sea 771 #bj %eets1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,provisional map ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 betwe5 ,qus1 ,sayala1 & ,r$ ,sea 771 #b %eets1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,provisional map ( a "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ,oilfield 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes on pap] & #aej milliemes on clo?4 ,provisional map ( a "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ,oilfield1 %[+ regi/]$ prospect+ areas 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes on pap] & #aej milliemes on clo?4 ,r$ ,sea & ,s9ai ,oilfield1 %[+ regi/]$ prospect+ areas 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3caf1hjj4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes on pap] & #aej milliemes on clo?4 ,jemsa ,oil ,zone 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ge1jjj & #a3bej1jjj4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,m]sa ,matruh *>t 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3d1ejj4 ,m]sa ,matruh topographical map 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3aj1jjj4 ,m]sa ,matruh & ,ras ,allam ,rum 771 #b %eets1 scale #a3be1jjj4 ,aqaba-,rafa1 #aijf 79971 #c %eets1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,aqaba-,rafa1 #aijf 7997 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj 7pap]1 #be milliemes2 clo?1 #dj milliemes74 ,! ,nile ,valley f ,aswn to ,sudan b\nd>y 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3bej1jjj4 ,port d',alex&rie 7,fr5*71 #c %eets1 scale #a3d1jjj4 ,,atlases ,,& ,,s*ool-,,maps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! price ( ! s*ool-maps1 pr9t$ 9 col\rs1 m\nt$ on clo?1 v>ni%$1 & fitt$ on roll]s1 is #gjj milliemes p] copy1 except ! ,maps ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,bas9 & ( ! ,ottoman ,empire :i* are #ejj milliemes p] copy4 ,! price ( ea* "p ( ! ,atlas ( ! ,_w1 publi%$ sep>ately1 w be #bjj milliemes4 ,atlases 7publi%$ 9 ,arabic only74 #a4 ,elem5t>y ,atlas ( ,egypt1 price p] copy #ej mills4 #b4 ,atlas ( ! ,_w1 ,"p ,i #bjj ,conta9s ! foll[+ maps3 ,egypt1 ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 ,africa ,political1 ,africa ,physical1 eight inset maps ( ,africa1 ,asia ,political1 ,asia ,physical1 ,! ,ottoman ,empire & neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & ,europe ,political4 ,,s*ool-,,maps4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,title4 ,,scale4 ,,language4 ,,size4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- metres4 #a,l[] ,egypt #a3 #bjj1jjj ,arabic #aij #agh #b #a3 #bjj1jjj ,engli% #aij #agh #c,orographical ,map ( ! ,nile #a3b1ejj1jjj ,arabic #ace #age ,bas9 #d #a3b1ejj1jjj ,engli% #ace #age #e,political ,map ( ,egypt #a3 #gej1jjj #age #age #f #a3 #gej1jjj ,arabic #age #age #g,political ,map ( ,africa #a3f1jjj1jjj #age #ahe #h,physical ,map ( ,africa #a3f1jjj1jjj #age #ahe #i,political ,map ( ,asia #a3f1jjj1jjj #bje #ahe #aj,physical ,map ( ,asia #a3f1jjj1jjj #bje #ahe #aa,map ( ,we/]n ,europe #a3a1ejj1jjj #bbe #ahe #ab,map ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,bas9 #a3c1jjj1jjj #ahj #abj #ac,political ,map ( ,europe #a3c1jjj1jjj #bbe #ahe #ad,physical ,map ( ,europe #a3c1jjj1jjj #bbe #ahe #ae,! ,_w on ,m]cator's -- #bje #ahe ,projection #af,we/]n ,hemisph]e -- #afe #ahj #ag;,ea/]n ,hemisph]e -- #afe #ahj #ah,physical ,map ( ! ,briti% #a3 #gej1jjj #age #age ,isles #ai,political ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica #a3f1jjj1jjj #bje #ahe #bj,physical ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica #a3f1jjj1jjj #bje #ahe #ba,political ,map ( ,s\? ,am]ica #a3f1jjj1jjj #bje #ahe #bb,physical ,map ( ,s\? ,am]ica #a3f1jjj1jjj #bje #ahe #bc,political ,map ( ,au/ralia #a3e1jjj1jjj #bje #ahe #bd,physical ,map ( ! ,bas9 ( -- #bje #ahe ,pacific ,ocean 7,?is map %[s ! new ,panama ,canal & its relations to ! ,pacific ports74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! foll[+ ,atlases & maps are 9 prep>ation1 & w be publi%$ dur+ #aiac3-- ,atlases 7publi%$ 9 ,arabic only74 #a4 ,! ,atlas ( ! ,_w1 ,"p ,,ii1 w be publi%$ 9 ,septemb] #aiac1 & w conta9 ! foll[+ maps3 #d inset maps ( ,asia1 ,europe ,physical1 ,nor? ,c5tral ,africa %[+ ! ,bas9 ( ! ,nile1 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! ,_w on ,m]cator's ,projection1 ,nor? ,am]ica ,political1 ,nor? ,am]ica ,physical1 ,s\? ,am]ica ,political1 ,s\? ,am]ica ,physical4 #b4 ,! ,atlas ( ! ,_w1 ,"p ,,iii1 is 9 prep>ation & w be publi%$ 9 #aiad4 ,,s*ool-,,maps4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,title4 ,,scale4 ,,language4 ,,size4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a,! ,ottoman ,empire & ,neighb\r+ ,c\ntries #a3e1jjj4jjj ,arabic #ace #abj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,geological ,maps4 ,geological map ( ,egypt1 scale #a3a1jjj1jjj4 ,engli%4 ,six %eets1 #gj #eh cm4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes p] %eet4 ,complete map1 m\nt$ on clo?1 v>ni%$1 & fitt$ ) roll]s1 #hej milliemes4 ,geological map ( ,egypt1 scale #a3b1jjj1jjj4 ,engli%4 ,"o %eet1 #fh #fg cm4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes on pap]1 & #cjj milliemes m\nt$ on clo? & fitt$ ) roll]s4 ,a numb] ( maps h be5 publi%$ 9 ! v>i\s ,geological reports4 ,fur!r in=mation may be obta9$ "u ! respective head+s 9 ! li/ ( ,geological ,reports1 pp4 ,v & ,,vi4 ,,publications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ is a g5]al li/ ( ! publications ( ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 & a few o!rs :i* are = sale at ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 ,gza 7,mudiria71 & at ! ,geological ,museum1 ,public ,works ,m9i/ry ,g>d5s1 ,cairo4 ,a booklet giv+ full details c be obta9$1 on application ei!r p]sonally or by lett]4 ,except :]e specially /at$1 ! publications are #hvo1 & 9 ,engli%1 & are suppli$ po/ free by ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,!y c also be obta9$ ?r\gh any booksell]4 ,ar*ology4 ,,ar*,,ological ,,survey ,,( ,,nubia4 ,,bullet9 #a4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,septemb] #bj to ,novemb] #cj1 #aijg4 ,engli%4 #ci pp41 #bg illu/rations4 7,out ( pr9t47 ,,bullet9 #b4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,decemb] #a1 #aijg1 to ,m>* #ca1 #aijh4 ,engli%4 #fi pp41 #eb illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #c4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,octob] #a to ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh4 ,engli%4 #eb pp41 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #d4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,janu>y #a to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji4 ,engli%4 #bh pp41 #b illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #e4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,octob] #a to ,decemb] #ca1 #aiji4 ,engli%4 #ce pp41 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #f4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,janu>y #a to ,april #ae1 #aiaj4 ,engli%4 #cj pp41 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #g4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,novemb] #a1 #aiaj1 to ,febru>y #bh1 #aiaa4 ,engli%4 #ai pp41 #c illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,ar*,,ological ,,survey ,,( ,,nubia1 ,,season #aijg-h4 ,,vol4 ,i3 by ,,george ,a4 ,,reisn]4 ,price1 ) volume ( plates1 ,l4,e4 #b4 ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,ar*,,ological ,,survey ,,( ,,nubia1 ,,season #aijg-h4 ,,vol4 ,,ii3 ,report on ! ,human ,rema9s1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,,elliot ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,dr4 ,f4 ,,wood ,,jones4 ,price1 ) volume ( plates1 ,l4,e4 #b4 ,,phil--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,& ,,temples ,,(1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons1 ) introductory note by ,w4 ,e4 ,,g>/94 #ahif4 ,engli%4 #fg pp41 #gh illu/rations4 7,out ( pr9t47 ,,phil--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,& ,,temples ,,(1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #aijh4 ,engli%4 #dto1 #cb pp41 #ad illu/rations4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,geography4 ,,riv] ,,nile ,,& ,,its ,,bas9--,,physiography ,,( ,,!1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #aijf4 #daa pp41 #ad maps1 #cd illu/rations4 ,price1 #djj milliemes4 ,,turco-,,egyptian ,,b\nd>y ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,vilayet ,,( ,,! ,,hejaz ,,& ,,! ,,p59sula ,,( ,,s9ai--,,! ,,delimitation ,,( ,,!1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,wade1 toge!r ) additions by ,b4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,keel+ & ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 #aijf4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #d74 #hi pp41 #b maps4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,see also ,geology4 ,geology4 ,,abu ,,roa%1 ,,ne> ,,! ,,pyramids ,,( ,g,,za--,,cretace\s ,,region ,,(1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijb4 #dh pp41 #b maps1 #ai illu/4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,ars9oi!rium ,,zitteli 7,beadnell71 ,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,eoc5e ,,/rata ,,( ,,egypt--,,prelim9>y ,,note ,,on1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijb4 #d pp41 #f illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,asw,n 7,,fir/7 ,,cat>act ,,( ,,! ,,nile--,,description ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,ball4 #aijg #aba pp41 #e maps1 #bh illu/rations4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis1 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology1 by ,,dr4 ,,ball & ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijc4 #hd pp41 #h maps1 #b illu/4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,black5$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,nile ,,cat>acts ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,egyptian ,,des]ts1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aije4 #eh pp4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,build+ ,,/ones ,,9 ,,egypt--,,dis9tegration ,,(1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aijb4 #ag pp4 ,price1 #ge milliemes4 ,,build+ ,,/ones ,,( ,,cairo ,,neighb\rhood ,,& ,,upp] ,,egypt1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aiji4 #ib pp41 #i illu/rations4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #af4 ,,cairo ,,& ,,suez--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict ,,betwe51 by ,t4 ,,b>ron4 #aijg4 #acc pp41 #b maps1 #ad illu/rations4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,museum1 ,,cairo1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aije4 #cg pp4 ,price1 #be milliemes4 ,,dakhla ,,oasis1 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aija4 #ajg pp41 #i maps1 #g illu/rations4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,ea/]n ,,des]t ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,c5tral ,,portion--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,(1 by ,t4 ,,b>ron & ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aijb4 #cca pp41 #aj maps1 #cj illu/4 ,price1 #djj milliemes4 ,,ea/]n ,,des]t ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,betwe5 ,,latitudes #bb ,,& #be ,n4--,,prelim9>y ,,report ,,on ,,geology ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aijg4 #gb pp41 #d maps1 #e illu/4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #a4 ,,explanatory ,,notes ,,to ,,accompany ,,! ,,geological ,,map ,,( ,,egypt 7map m5tion$ on page iv71 by ,,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hume4 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,f>afra ,,oasis1 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aija4 #ci pp41 #h maps4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,,fay,m ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,egypt--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,(1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aije4 #aja pp41 #b maps1 #bb illu/rations4 ,price1 #cjj milliemes4 ,,=,,ts ,p,,trifi,,es ,,des ,d,,s]ts ,,de ,l',,egypte--,,note ,,sur ,l',,ge ,,des1 p> ,m4 ,r4 ,,f\rteau4 #ahih4 ,fr5*4 #h pp4 7,out ( pr9t47 ,,iron ,,ores ,,9 ,,egypt--,,di/ribution ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aiji4 #af pp41 #a map4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #bj4 ,,jebel ,,g>ra ,,& ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kurkur--,,topographical ,,& ,,geological ,,results ,,( ,a ,,reconnaissance-,,survey ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,ball4 #aijb4 #dj pp41 #b maps1 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,,kh>ga ,,oasis1 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology1 by ,,dr4 ,,ball4 #aijj4 #aaf pp41 #ai maps1 #af illu/rations4 ,price1 #bej milliemes4 ,,mammals--,,prelim9>y ,,note ,,on ,,"s ,,new--,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,eoc5e ,,( ,,! ,,fay,m1 ,,egypt1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,,&rews & ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijb4 #i pp41 #d illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,p,,trole ,,de ,,la ,,m] ,,r\ge--,,rapport ,,sur ,,les ,,re*]*es ,,du1 p> ,j4 ,,b>ois4 #ahhe4 ,fr5*4 #af pp41 #a map1 #aj illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,petroleum ,,di/ricts ,,situat$ ,,on ,,! ,,r$ ,,sea ,,coa/--,,report ,,on1 by ,,col4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,/ew>t4 #ahhh4 #be pp4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,petroleum ,,indu/ry ,,at ,,baku--,,sket* ,,report ,,(1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,,trevi?ick4 ,may1 #ahhf4 #bb pp4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,phosphate ,,deposits ,,( ,,egypt1 by ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t4 #bnd edition1 #aije4 #ce pp41 #c maps4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,objects ,,( ,,geology1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,egypt1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,,hume4 #be pp41 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,s9ai ,,p59sula 7,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,portion7--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aijf4 #bhj pp41 #e maps1 #bc illu/rations4 ,price1 #cjj milliemes4 ,,s9ai ,,p59sula 7,,we/]n ,,portion7--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,(1 by ,t4 ,,b>ron4 #aijg4 #bda pp41 #b maps1 #ac illu/rations4 ,price1 #cjj milliemes4 ,,soil ,,& ,,wat] ,,( ,,! ,,fay,m ,,prov9ce--,,prelim9>y ,,inve/igation ,,(1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aijb4 #ag pp4 ,price1 #ge milliemes4 ,,soil ,,& ,,wat] ,,( ,,! ,,wadi ,,tumilat ,,l&s ,,"u ,,reclamation1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aijc4 #bf pp41 #a map1 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,subsoil ,,wat] ,,9 ,,l[] ,,egypt--,,prelim9>y ,,note ,,on ,,!1 by ,h4 ,t4 ,,f]r>1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 #aiaj4 #af pp41 #c illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,subsoil ,,wat] ,,9 ,,upp] ,,egypt1 by ,h4 ,t4 ,,f]r>1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ai4 ,engli%4 #gd pp41 #cb illu/rations1 & #af maps4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,,t]ti>y ,,v]tebrata ,,( ,,! ,,fay,m1 ,,egypt--,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,(1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,,&rews4 #aijf4 #cai pp41 #abd illu/rations4 ,,tortoise-,,l&--,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,eoc5e ,,( ,,! ,,fay,m1 ,,egypt--,,prelim9>y ,,notice ,,(1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,,&rews & ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijc4 #aa pp41 #c illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,meteorology4 ,,daily ,,wea!r ,,report4--,issu$ daily by ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t4 ,conta9s ! read+s tak5 at #bi /ations 9 ,egypt & ! ,sudan1 & five /ations 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ) a map %[+ ! di/ribution ( pressure4 ,po/ free1 #bjj milliemes qu>t]ly1 includ+ %ort mon?ly summ>y4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,wea!r ,,9 ,,egypt1 ,,! ,,sudan1 ,,& ,,! ,,surr\nd+ ,,region4 ,mon?ly4--,conta9s a brief report on ! wea!r = ! mon?1 ) maps %[+ ! pressure-di/ribution = ea* day4 ,price1 po/ free1 #cjj milliemes p] annum4 ,,annual ,,meteorological ,,report4-- ,conta9s all ! meteorological read+s made dur+ ! ye> 9 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,also ! read+s ( ! v>i\s ,nile gauges4 ,ye>s #ahih-ahii1 #aijj1 #aija1 #aijb1 #aijc ,price1 #bej mill4 ea*4 ,ye>s #aijd1 #aije 79 two p>ts3 ,"p ,i1 conta9+ ! read+s tak5 at ,helwn ,obs]vatory2 ,"p ,,ii1 conta9+ ! read+s = ! re/ ( ,egypt & ! ,sudan7 ,price1 #ajj mill4 ea* "p4 ,ye> #aijf 7,"p ,i1 ,helwn7 ,price1 #ajj mill4 ,ye> #aijf 7,"p ,,ii1 ,re/ ( ,egypt & ! ,sudan7 ,price1 #aej mill4 ,ye> #aijg 7,p>ts ,i & ,,ii7 ,price1 #aej mill4 ea* "p4 ,ye> #aijh 7,p>ts ,i & ,,ii7 ,price1 #aej mill4 ea* "p4 ,ye> #aiji 7,p>ts ,i & ,,ii7 ,price1 #aej mill4 ea* "p4 ,nile ,flood4 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,! ,,volumes ,,dis*>g$ ,,by ,,! ,,nile ,,dur+ #aije ,,& #aijf1 by ,e4 ,m4 ,,d[son2 ,,) ,a ,,note ,,on ,,rat+ ,,=mul ,,= ,,curr5t-,,met]s1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #aa4 #hb pp41 #f illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,ra9s ,,( ,,! ,,nile ,,bas93-- ,9 #aijd1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #be pp41 #a map1 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,9 #aije1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #dj pp41 #d maps1 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,ra9s ,,( ,,! ,,nile ,,bas9 ,,& ,,! ,,nile ,,flood3-- ,9 #aijf1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #b74 #gj pp41 #e maps1 #aa illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,9 #aijg1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #i74 #ej pp41 #a map1 #aa illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,9 #aijh1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ad74 #fi pp41 #a map1 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,9 #aiji1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ag74 #ee pp41 #a map1 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,9 #aiaj1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no1 #bf74 #aji pp41 #ab illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,special ,pap]s on ,meteorology & ,a/ronomy4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity-,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,obs]vations ,,on--,,at ,,helw,n ,,obs]vatory1 ,,f ,,m>* #aijf ,,to ,,febru>y #aijh1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,,hur/4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #aj74 #fe pp41 #b maps1 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,climate ,,( ,,abbassia1 ,,ne> ,,cairo1 by ,b4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,keel+4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #c74 #aijg4 #fa pp41 #a map1 #g illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,evaporation ,,9 ,,egypt ,,& ,,! ,,sudan1 by ,b4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,keel+4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ae74 #aiji4 #bi pp41 #a illu/ration4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,meteorite ,,( ,,nakhla ,,el ,,bah>ia1 by ,,john ,,ball4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #be74 #bb pp41 #c illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,halley',s ,,comet ,,made ,,at ,,! ,,kh$ivial ,,obs]vatory1 ,,helw,n1 by ,h4 ,,knox ,,%aw4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #bc74 #ah pp41 #ef illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,plat9um-,,resi/ance ,,!rmomet]s--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,(--,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,at ,,! ,,helw,n ,,obs]vatory1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,wade4 #aije4 #bj pp41 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,survey+4 ,,altitudes--,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,(--,,by ,,levell+1 by ,e4 ,m4 ,,d[son4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aijh4 #bc pp41 #f illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,cada/ral ,,survey ,,( ,,egypt1 #ahib-aijg1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #aijh4 #dba pp41 #cj maps1 #af illu/rations4 ,price1 #djj milliemes4 ,,cada/ral ,,survey ,,( ,,egypt--,,comp>ison ,,(--,,) ,,^? ,,( ,,"s ,,european ,,c\ntries1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aiji4 #bd pp41 #h maps4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,errors ,,( ,,obs]vation1 by ,t4 ,l4 ,,b5nett4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aijh4 #bg pp41 #c illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,longitude--,,det]m9ation ,,(1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,wade4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aijh4 #ci pp41 #b maps1 #a illu/ration4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,longitudes--,a ,,field ,,me?od ,,( ,,det]m9+--,,by ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,! ,,moon1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,wade4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #e74 #aijg4 #dg pp41 #i illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,map-,,projections1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aiji4 #be pp41 #a map1 #be illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,map-,,projections--,,! ,,!ory ,,(--,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,projections ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ac74 #aiaj4 #gg pp41 illu/rat$4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,coa/ ,,survey+1 by ,,john ,,ball4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ba74 #df pp41 #g illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,relief ,,on ,,maps--,,! ,,repres5tation ,,(1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aiji4 #ai pp41 #e maps4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,survey+1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aiaj4 #bj pp41 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism4 ,,magnetic ,,obs]vations ,,9 ,,egypt1 #ahie-aije1 ,,) ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,previ\s ,,magnetic ,,"w ,,9 ,,nor!rn ,,africa1 by ,b4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,keel+4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #f74 #aijg4 #fe pp41 #d maps4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,magnetic ,,obs]vations ,,made ,,f ,,april ,,to ,,decemb]1 #aijg1 ,,at ,,helw,n ,,obs]vatory4 #h pp4 ,price1 #be milliemes4 ,,magnetic ,,obs]vations ,,made ,,dur+ #aijh ,,at ,,helw,n ,,obs]vatory4 #aa pp4 ,price1 #be milliemes4 ,! same = #aiji1 #aiaj1 & #aiaa4 ,price1 #ej milliemes ea*4 ,,magnetic ,,survey ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,values ,,( ,,! ,,magnetic ,,elem5ts ,,at #ha ,,/ations4 #f pp4 & #a illu/ration4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,/&>dization ,,( ,,! ,,magnetic ,,in/rum5ts ,,at ,,helw,n ,,obs]vatory ,,dur+ #aijg1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,,hur/4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #h74 #aijh4 #de pp41 #d illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,miscellane\s4 ,,annual ,,reports ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 by ! ,director-,g5]al1 z foll[s3 #aije1 #abj milliemes2 #aijf1 #aijg1 #aijh1 #aiji1 & #aiaj1 #ajj milliemes ea*4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,riv] ,,nile1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aijh4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #g74 #gh pp41 #a map1 #a illu/ration4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,,collection ,,( ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,areas ,,plant$ ,,9 ,,cotton 9 #aiji1 by ,e4 ,m4 ,,d[son & ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 #aiji4 ,engli% or ,arabic4 #gg pp41 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #aej milliemes ea*4 ,,collection ,,( ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,areas ,,plant$ ,,9 ,,cotton ,,9 #aiaj4 #aiaj4 ,engli% or ,arabic4 ,price1 #ej milliemes ea*4 ,,kh$ivial ,,obs]vatory1 ,,helw,n1 ,,bullet9s4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,price1 #bj milliemes ea*4 ,,pres]vative ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians ,,9 ,,embalm+1 by ,a4 ,,lucas1 ,f4,i4,c4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ab74 #aiaa4 #ei pp4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,labor>ies4--,a ,,report ,,on ,,!1 by ,a4 ,,lucas1 ,f4,i4,c41 = #aiaj & #aiaa4 ,price1 #ej milliemes ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote3 #a #ige milliemes2 #a #bjj milliemes2 ,mk4 #a #dh milliemes2 ,fr4 #a #ch milliemes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,n4 #fdg-aiab-djj ex4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,*anges 9 ! ,corrig5da h be5 made4 ,! ,corrig5da has be5 mov$ f3 be=e ! frontispiece to3 aft] ! ,index4 pg xi ,*ang$3 ,hadal ,aweih ,meisah to3 ,aweib pg #cj ,*ang$3 v grea? dep? to3 great pg #cc 7,footnote #eh7 ,*ang$3 ,upsala1 #aahh-ahhe to3 #ahha-ahhe pg #di 7,footnote #gb7 ,*ang$3 ! altitude ( ! ines to3 l9es pg #fj 9 ! r[ ( ,field po9t #dgb ,*ang$3 ,wdi ,abu ,hireiq to3 ,wadi pg #fg second table1 fir/ r[1 second column ,*ang$3 #cf #ch #ef to3 #cf #ch #ef pg #ia ,*ang$3 ! ru9s ( ,d>abib to3 ,d>ahib pg #ajg ,*ang$3 ab\t latitude #bd #ae to3 #bd #ae pg #aba ,*ang$3 ,gebel ,balamh&eit to3 ,belamh&eit pg #adb ,*ang$3 to jo9s ,wadi ,hasium to3 jo9 pg #aid ,*ang$3 longitude #cd #dj #cd to3 #cd #dj #cd pg #bjd ,*ang$3 latitude #bc #be #ai to3 #bc #be #ai pg #bje ,*ang$3 longitude #cd #ei #ai to3 #cd #ei #ai pg #bjf ,*ang$3 object 9 ! lanscape to3 l&scape pg #bbh ,*ang$3 foot ( ! m\ntian to3 m\nta9 pg #bed ,*ang$3 =m$ ( :ile granitic s& to3 :ite pg #bib 7caption ( ,fig4 #bc7 ,add$3 g1 be=e3 gr\nd mass pg #cjj 7caption ( ,fig4 #cj7 ,*ang$3 nb1 hornbl5de to3 hb pg #cjj 7caption ( ,,plate ,,xxiv47 ,*ang$3 ,,f9e-,,qra9$ ,,gabbro to3 ,,f9e-,,gra9$ pg #caa 7caption ( ,fig4 #da7 ,*ang$3 #dj to3 #dj pg #cab 7caption ( ,fig4 #db7 ,*ang$3 #dj to3 #dj pg #cbf ,*ang$3 are beliv$ to repres5t to3 believ$ pg #cbg 7caption ( ,fig4 #di7 ,*ang$3 #ab1abc to3 #ab1abh pg #cec 7,footnote #acg7 ,*ang$3 sometimes missspelt to3 misspelt pg #chj ,*ang$3 ,bir ,qababit to3 ,qabatit pg #cia remov$ a duplicate entry (3 ,wadi ,kreiga diabase dykes (1 #cji4 pg ,,iv ,*ang$3 to ! ,pacific por-s to3 ports ,m9or *anges 9 punctuation h be5 done sil5tly4 ,o!r spell+ inconsi/5cies h be5 left un*ang$4 ,p]iods at ! end ( words h be5 remov$ 9 ! table ,,classification ,,( ,,igne\s ,,rocks = ! sake ( table wid?4