,illustration3 ,llewellyn ,jewitt 7signature7 ,from a bust by ,w4 ,h4 ,goss4 ,,the ,,ceramic ,,art ,,of ,,great ,,britain ,,from ,,pre-,,historic ,,times ,,down ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,day ,,being ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern ,,pottery ,,and ,,porcelain ,,works ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom ,,and ,,of ,,their ,,productions ,,of ,,every ,,class ,,by ,,llewellynn ,,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,local ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,antiquaries ,,of ,,london2 ,,hon4 ,,and ,,actual ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,russian ,,imperial ,,arch,,ological ,,commission1 ,,and ,,statistical ,,committee1 ,,pskov2 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,arch,,ological ,,institute ,,of ,,great ,,britain ,,and ,,ireland2 ,,associate ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,arch,,ological ,,association2 ,,hon4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,essex ,,arch,,ological ,,society ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,manx ,,society1 ,,etc42 ,,cor4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,historical ,,society1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,nearly ,,two ,,thousand ,,engravings ,,in ,,two ,,volumes4--,i4 ,,london ,,virtue ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited1 #bf1 ,,ivy ,,lane ,,paternoster ,,row #ahgh ,all rights reserved4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,virtue ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,,city ,,road4 ,,to ,,colin ,,minton ,,campbell1 ,,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,,for ,,north ,,staffordshire1 ,,etc4 ,,etc41 ,,this ,,work1 ,,which ,,treats ,,of ,,an ,,art ,,for ,,whose ,,development ,,and ,,extension ,,he ,,and ,,the ,,firm ,,of ,,minton 7,,of ,,which ,,he ,,is ,,now ,,the ,,head7 ,,have ,,done ,,so ,,much1 ,,is ,,appropriately ,,and ,,with ,,permission ,dedicated1 ,,as ,a ,,mark ,,of ,,high ,,personal ,,esteem1 ,,and ,,as ,a ,,slight ,,token ,,of ,,appreciation ,,of ,,the ,,eminent ,,services ,,he ,,has ,,uniformly ,,rendered ,,to ,,that ,,important ,,branch ,,of ,,art-,,manufacture ,,with ,,which ,,his ,,name ,,is ,,so ,,intimately ,,and ,,so ,,worthily ,,associated4 ,,llewellynn ,,jewitt4 ,,winster ,,hall1 ,,derbyshire1 ,november1 #ahgg4 ,,introduction4 ,in issuing my present work ,i have two distinct personal duties to perform1 and ,i hasten1 in these few brief lines of introduction1 to discharge them4 ,first1 ,i earnestly desire to ask indulgence from my readers for any shortcomings which may be apparent in its contents2 and next1 ,i desire emphatically to express my thanks to all who have in any way1 or even to the smallest extent1 assisted me in my labours4 ,the preparation of the work has extended over a considerable period of time1 and ,i have had many difficulties to contend with that are1 and must necessarily be1 wholly unknown to any but myself--hard literary digging to get at facts and to verify dates1 that is not understood1 and would scarce be believed in1 by the reader who turns to my pages--and hence errors of omission and of commission may have1 nay1 doubtless have crept in1 and may in some places1 to a greater or less extent1 have marred the accuracy of the page whereon they have occurred4 ,i can honestly say ,i have left nothing undone1 no source untried1 and no trouble untaken to secure perfect accuracy in all ,i have written1 and yet ,i am painfully aware that shortcomings may1 and doubtless will1 be laid to my charge2 for these1 wherever they occur1 ,i ask1 and indeed claim1 indulgence4 ,i believe in work1 in hard unceasing labour1 in patient and painstaking research1 in untiring searchings1 and in diligent collection and arrangement of facts--to make time and labour and money subservient to the end in view1 rather than that the end in view1 and the time and labour and money expended1 should bend and bow and ultimately break before time4 ,thus it is that my 8,ceramic ,art0 has been so long in progress1 and thus it is that many changes have occurred during the time it has been passing through the press which it has been manifestly impossible to chronicle4 ,i have the proud satisfaction1 however1 of knowing that my work is the only one of its kind yet attempted1 and ,i feel a confident hope that it will fill a gap that has long wanted filling1 and will be found alike useful to the manufacturer1 the china collector1 and the general reader4 ,when1 some twenty years ago1 at the instance of my dear friend ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall1 ,i began my series of papers in the ,art ,journal upon the various famous earthenware and porcelain works of the kingdom1 but little had been done in that direction1 and the information ,i got together from time to time had to be procured from original sources1 by prolonged visits to the places themselves and by numberless applications to all sorts of people from whom even scraps of reliable matter could be obtained4 ,books on the subject were not many1 and the information they contained on ,english ,ceramics was meagre in the extreme4 ,since then numerous workers have sprung up1 and their published volumes--many of them sumptuous and truly valuable works--attest strongly to the interest and pains they have taken in the subject4 ,to all these1 whoever they may be1 the world owes a debt of gratitude for devoting their time and their talents to so important a branch of study4 ,to each of them ,i tender my own thanks for having devoted themselves to the elucidation of one of my favourite pursuits1 and for having given to the world the result of their labours4 ,no work has1 however1 until now been entirely devoted to the one subject of ,british ,ceramics1 and ,i feel therefore that in presenting my present volumes to the public ,i am only carrying out the plan ,i at first laid down1 and am not even in the slightest degree encroaching on the province of any other writer4 ,i think ,i may safely say there is scarcely a manufacturer--even if there be one at all--in the length and breadth of the kingdom with whom ,i have not frequently communicated in the progress of this work4 ,except in some few solitary instances ,i have received the information ,i have sought1 and my inquiries have met with the most cordial and ready response4 ,to all those who have thus assisted me with information or otherwise1 and especially to my friend ,mr4 ,goss1 who has greatly assisted me over the onerous task of some of the ,staffordshire potteries1 ,i offer my warmest thanks2 and to those few others1 who from inattention1 shortsightedness1 or other cause1 have not responded to my inquiries1 ,i would express my sorrow if1 through that inattention on their part1 ,i have been unable to give as full particulars regarding their potteries as ,i could have wished4 ,to thank by name those who have assisted me with information would require a long list indeed2 ,i therefore tender my acknowledgments to all in the one emphatic good old ,english expression--8,thank you60 ,,llewellynn ,,jewitt4 ,,winster ,,hall1 ,,derbyshire4 ,november1 #ahgg4 ,,contents ,,of ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,practice of the ,art in ,england--,the ,celtic ,period--,classes of ,vessels--,cinerary ,urns--,food ,vessels--,drinking ,cups1 c4--,modes of ,ornamentation--,food ,vessels--,immolation ,urns or ,incense ,cups--,handled ,cups #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,romano-,british ,pottery--,upchurch ,ware--,durobrivian ,ware--,roman ,potters' ,kilns--,pottery in ,london--,salopian ,ware--,new ,forest ,ware--,yorkshire1 ,oxfordshire1 ,lincolnshire1 and other ,wares--,varieties of ,vessels3 ,amphor1 ,mortaria1 c4--,sepulchral ,vessels--,tiles--,tile ,tombs--,clay ,coffins--,lamps--,penates--,coin ,moulds1 c4 #bd ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,anglo-,saxon ,pottery--,forms of ,vessels1 from ,illustrated ,,mss4--,culinary ,vessels--,pitchers and other domestic ,vessels--,cinerary ,urns--,cemeteries at ,kingston1 ,king's ,newton1 ,bedford1 c4--,modes of ,ornamenting #fd ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,pottery of the ,norman and ,medival ,periods--,examples from ,illuminated ,,mss4--,norman ,potworks at ,burley ,hill--,the ,ferrars ,family--,medival ,pottery--,grotesque ,vessels--,costrils--,mammiform ,vessels--,the ,cruiskeen or ,cruiska--,godets1 c4--,simpson's ,petition--,rous and ,cullyn's ,patent--,bellarmines--,ale-pots--,salt- glazing--,butter-pots--,dr4 ,plott--,state of ,staffordshire ,potteries--,combed ,ware--,ariens ,van ,hamme--,john ,dwight--,the ,brothers ,elers--,the ,tofts--,william ,sans--,tygs--,candlesticks--,cradles1 c4 #gf ,,chapter ,v4 ,pottery in ,england in the ,eighteenth ,century--,delft ,ware--,posset ,pots--,billin's ,patent--,redrich and ,jones's ,patent--,benson's ,patents--,ralph ,shawe's ,patents--,trial of ,right--,the ,bow ,works--,heylyn and ,frye's ,patents--,the ,fulham ,works--,white's ,patent--,the ,count de ,lauraguais' ,patent--,staffordshire ,wares--,the ,plymouth ,works--,william ,cookworthy's ,patent--,josiah ,wedgwood--,crease's and other ,patents--,ralph ,wedgwood's ,patents--,progress of the ,art during the ,century #ajg ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,fulham ,works--,dwight's ,inventions and ,patents--,first ,china made in ,england--,dwight's ,books of ,recipes1 c4--,present ,productions--,lambeth--,exchequer ,trial--,high ,street--,coade's ,works--,london ,pottery--,lambeth ,pottery--,fore ,street--,waters' ,patent--,imperial ,pottery--,crispe's ,china--,blackfriars ,road--,bas-reliefs for ,wedgwood ,institute--,vauxhall--,aldgate--,millwa ll--,mortlake--,southwark2 ,gravel ,lane--,isleworth--,stepney--,greenwich- -,deptford--,merton-- ,hounslow--,wandsworth--,ewell--,cheam-- ,chiselhurst #aah ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,chelsea--,m4 ,spremont--,sale of the ,works to ,duesbury--,removal to ,derby--,wages ,bills--,simpson's ,works--,wedgwood's ,works--,ruhl's ,works--,bow--,heylin and ,frye--,weatherby and ,crowther--,craft--,sale of ,works to ,duesbury--,kentish ,town--,giles and ,duesbury--,euston ,road--,mortlocks and others--,hoxton--,hammersmith #afh ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,worcester--,royal ,porcelain ,works--,dr4 ,wall--,warmstry ,house and its ,owners--,the ,porcelain ,company--,early ,marks--,transfer ,printing--,king of ,prussia ,mug--,josiah ,holdship--,poem--,robert ,hancock--,richard ,holdship--,derby ,china ,works--,caughley--,flight and ,barr--,chamberlain--,kerr and ,binns--,r4 ,w4 ,binns--,productions of the ,works--,royal ,services--,tokens--,royal ,china ,works--,granger and ,lee--,productions--,st4 ,john's ,encaustic ,tiles--,rainbow ,hill ,tileries--,st4 ,george's ,pottery ,works--,rustic ,terra-,cotta--,stourbridge--,the ,lye ,works--,stourbridge ,clay #bba ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,salopian ,wares--,uriconium--,caughley ,works--,thomas ,turner--,introduction of 8,willow ,pattern0--,worcester ,works--,close of ,caughley ,works--,marks--,transfer ,printing--,hancock and ,holdship--,coalport ,works--,jackfield--,john ,rose--,swansea and ,nantgarw--,productions of the ,coalport ,works--,marks--8,willow ,pattern0 and 8,broseley ,blue ,dragon10 c4--,broseley ,pipes--,coalbrookdale ,iron ,works--,terra ,cotta--,madeley--,martin ,randall's ,china--,jackfield ,pottery--,maurice ,thursfield--8,black ,decanters0--,china--,craven ,dunnill ,co4's ,tile ,works--,broseley--,benthall--,maw's ,tile ,works--,broseley ,tileries--,benthall ,potteries--,coalmoor #bfc ,,chapter ,x4 ,plymouth--,william ,cookworthy--,the ,divining ,rod--,discovery of ,petuntse and ,kaolin--,productions of the ,plymouth ,works--,patent--,specification--,marks- -,sale to ,champion--,transference to ,bristol--,death of ,cookworthy--,plymouth ,earthenware ,works--,watcombe--,terra-,cotta ,works--,honiton--,exeter--,bovey ,tracey ,pottery--,indiho ,pottery--,bovey ,pottery--,folley ,pottery--,bideford ,pottery--,framington ,pottery--,aller ,pottery #cah ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,bristol--,delft ,ware--,redcliffe ,backs--,richard ,frank--,ring--,flower--,bristol ,china--,william ,cookworthy--,richard ,champion--,transference of ,plymouth ,works--,extension of ,patent--,wedgwood's ,opposition--8,case0 of the ,manufacturers--,champion's ,specification--,champion's ,productions--,edmund ,burke--,bristol ,vases--,figures--,marks--,bristol ,earthenware--,temple ,backs--,potters' ,songs--,temple and ,st4 ,thomas's ,street ,works--,temple ,gate--,wilder ,street--,bristol ,glass--,william ,edkins--,salt ,glaze--,brislington--,crews ,hole--,westbury--,easton--,weston-super -,mare--,matthews's ,royal ,pottery--,poole--,architectural ,pottery ,company--,bourne ,valley--,branksea--,kinson #cej ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,nottingham ,ware--,list of ,potters--,nottingham ,mugs--,bears-- ,lowesby--,coalville--,ibstock--,tamwort h--,wilnecote--,coventry-- ,nuneaton--,broxburne--,stamford--,roman ,kiln--,blasfield's ,terra-,cotta--,bolingbroke--,wisbech--, lowestoft and ,gunton-- ,delft ,ware--,lowestoft ,china--,stowmarket--,ipswich--,ebbisham -- ,wrotham--,yarmouth--,cossey--,cadboroug h--,rye--,gestingthorpe-- ,holkham--,nuneham ,courtney--,marsh ,balden--,horspath--,shotover #dae ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,york--,place's ,ware--,hirstwood's ,china--,layerthorpe-- ,osmotherley--,hull--,belle ,vue ,pottery--,stepney ,lane ,pottery--,leeds--,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co4--,britton and ,sons-- ,leathley ,lane ,pottery--,castleford ,pottery--,eagle ,pottery--,pontefract--,ferrybridge--,kn ottingley--,ralph ,wedgwood--,swinton ,pottery--,rockingham ,ware--,cadogan ,pots--,rockingham ,china--,brameld ,co4--,dale's ,patent--,baguley's ,productions--,mexborough--,rock ,pottery--,mexborough ,pottery--,mexborough ,old ,pottery-- ,rawmarsh--,rotherham--,north ,field ,pottery--,holmes's ,pottery--,don ,pottery--,denaby--,kilnhurst--,wath-upo n-,dearne-- ,newhill ,pottery--,wakefield--,potovens--,yearsl ey--,wortley-- ,healey--,colsterdale #dfj ,,ceramic ,,art ,,in ,,great ,,britain4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,practice of the ,art in ,england--,the ,celtic ,period--,classes of ,vessels--,cinerary ,urns--,food ,vessels1 ,drinking ,cups1 c4--,modes of ,ornamentation--,food ,vessels--,immolation ,urns or ,incense ,cups--,handled ,cups4 ,the history of the ceramic art in our own country is one of intense interest and of paramount importance4 ,i open my present work1 which ,i intend to devote to its consideration1 with this assertion1 and before it is done ,i hope ,i shall have proved its truth4 ,it is a subject which may be treated in more ways than one4 ,it may be considered technically1 i4e4 with regard to manipulation1 to the mixing of bodies and glazes1 and the practical parts of the potter's art2 or historically1 so as to treat of the introduction and progress of the art in this country1 its gradual extension and improvement1 the chief seats of its operations1 and the characteristics of the productions of each age and place4 ,to neither of these do ,i purpose confining myself2 but to the latter ,i shall1 here and there1 mix up just sufficient of the former to render it more intelligible and useful4 ,the main ingredients of the 8body0--to use a potter's term--of my work will be history1 description1 and biography1 with just sufficient technicology to temper it and give it its proper tenacity and consistency4 ,for the facts relating to the earliest examples of that art1 from which ,i shall deduce my narrative1 ,i rely upon actual researches into grave-mounds and otherwise1 undertaken by myself or by others2 and for the rest--those relating to the art in medival and later times--upon constant inquirings and searchings and readings carried on1 with this special end in view1 during the course of many years4 ,it is impossible to show when the potter's art was first invented or when it was first brought into use in this island2 but that it was practised here in the very earliest days of its being inhabited by its savage population can be abundantly proved4 ,to this pre-historic period1 then1 ,i shall first direct attention2 and then endeavour to trace the history of the art down from the ,celtic to the ,romano-,british period2 from the time of the ,romans to the ,anglo-,saxons and ,normans2 and so gradually come downwards through medival to modern times1 giving1 under each separate seat of the more modern manufacture1 historical notices of the works and their founders1 and descriptive particulars of the more characteristic of their productions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,celtic ,pottery in the ,norwich ,museum4 ,the practice of the fictile art in ,england dates back1 as ,i have already said1 to a very remote period--that of its ,celtic or ancient ,british population1 by whom there is abundant evidence it was much esteemed4 ,it is pleasant to know1 and to be able indisputably to prove1 that from those early days down to the present time the art has1 through a long succession of ages1 continued with more or less skill1 to be observed among us1 and that thus in pottery1 as in nothing else1 an unbroken chain1 connecting us in our present high state of civilisation with our remote barbarian forefathers of the stone age1 exists4 ,the weapons and other implements of imperishable stone and flint have1 long ages ago1 died out1 and any possible connection between them and the weapons or tools of our own day has died with them2 but the vessels of simple clay have an abiding-place with us which has lasted without a break until now1 and will yet last for ever4 ,hitherto the course of the potter's art has been one of constant and gradual improvement2 but its capabilities for further development are almost unbounded1 and another generation will witness advances of which we can now but dimly dream4 ,among the ancient ,britons1 vessels of clay were formed for sepulchral and other uses1 and it is entirely to their grave-mounds that we are indebted for the examples which have survived to our time4 ,it is in the course of examination of these mounds that these fictile remains have been brought to light2 and it is by a careful examination of these alone1 and by constant comparison of the 8finds0 of one locality with the discoveries of another1 that a proper estimate of their character has been1 or can be1 drawn4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,monsal ,dale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,cleatham4 ,the pottery of this period may be safely arranged in four classes#a1 viz4--#a4 ,sepulchral or ,cinerary ,urns1 which have been made for and have contained1 or been inverted over1 calcined human bones2 #b4 ,drinking ,cups1 which1 in a similar manner1 are supposed to have contained some liquid to be placed with the dead body2 #c4 ,food ,vessels 7so called71 which are supposed to have contained an offering of food1 and which are more usually found with unburnt bodies than along with interments by cremation2 #d4 ,immolation ,urns1 7erroneously called ,incense ,cups by ,sir ,r4 ,colt ,hoare for want of more knowledge of their use71 which are very small vessels1 found only with burnt bones 7and usually also containing them71 placed in the mouths of1 or close by1 the larger cinerary urns4 ,these latter ,i believe to have been simply small urns intended to receive the ashes of the infant1 perhaps sacrificed at the death of its mother1 so as to admit of being placed within the larger urn containing the ashes of the parent3 ,i venture1 therefore1 to name them 8,immolation ,urns40 ,no notice of the pottery of this period is to be found in ancient writers1 if we except the allusion of ,strabo1#b who says that one of the commodities with which the ,phnicians traded to the ,cassiterides was earthenware4 ,but in connection with this it is necessary to state that no example of pottery which can possibly be traced to ,phnician origin has as yet been found in any of the hundreds of barrows which have been opened4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,ballidon ,moor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,tresvenneck4 ,the pottery exhibits considerable difference1 both in clay1 in size1 and in ornamentation4 ,those presumed to be the oldest are of coarse clay mixed with small pebbles and sand2 the later ones of a somewhat less clumsy form1 and perhaps a finer mixture of clays4 ,they are entirely wrought by hand without the assistance of the wheel1 and are mostly very thick and clumsy4 ,they are very imperfectly fired1 having probably been baked on the funeral pyre4 ,in the examination of barrows of this period it not unfrequently happens that the spot where the funeral pyre has been lit can very clearly be perceived4 ,in these instances the ground beneath is generally found to be burned to some considerable depth2 sometimes1 indeed1 it is burned to a fine red colour1 and approaches in texture somewhat to that of brick4 ,where it was intended that the remains should be placed in an urn for interment1 it appears1 from careful examinations which have been made1 that the urn being formed of clay--most probably1 judging from the delicacy of touch1 and from the impress of fingers which occasionally remains1 by the females of the tribe--and ornamented according to the taste of the manipulator1 was placed in the funeral fire and there baked1 while the body of the deceased was being consumed4 ,the remains of the calcined bones1 the flints1 c41 were then gathered up together1 and placed in the urn2 over which the mound was next raised4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,trentham4 ,from their imperfect firing1 the vessels of this period are usually called 8sun-baked0 or 8sun-dried20 but this is a grave error1 as any one conversant with examples cannot fail1 on careful examination1 to see4 ,if the vessels were 8sun-baked0 only1 their burial in the earth--in the tumuli wherein1 some two thousand years ago1 they were deposited1 and where they have all that time remained--would soon soften them1 and they would1 ages ago1 have returned to their old clayey consistency4 ,as it is1 the urns have remained of their original form1 and although1 from imperfect baking1 they are sometimes found partially softened1 they still retain their form1 and soon regain their original hardness4 ,they bear abundant evidence of the action of fire1 and are1 indeed1 sometimes sufficiently burned for the clay to have attained a red colour--a result which no 8sunbaking0 could produce4 ,they are mostly of an earthy brown colour outside1 and almost black in fracture1 and many of the cinerary urns bear internal and unmistakable evidence of having been filled with the burnt bones and ashes of the deceased1 while those ashes were of a glowing and intense heat4 ,they were1 most probably1 fashioned by the females of the tribe1 on the death of their relative1 from the clay to be found nearest to the spot1 and baked on or by the funeral pyre4 ,the glowing ashes and bones were then1 as ,i have already stated1 collected together1 and placed in the urn1 and the flint implements1 and occasionally other relics belonging to the deceased1 deposited along with them4 ,in some instances1 however1 it is probable that even the cinerary urns were burned in a separate fire1 as were the 8drinking cups10 which are usually fired to a much harder degree than they are4 ,no kiln1 or anything approaching to one1 however1 could of course have been used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,darley ,dale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,darley ,dale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,darley ,dale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,darley ,dale4 ,the ,cinerary or ,sepulchral ,urns vary very considerably in size1 in form1 in ornamentation1 and in material--the latter1 naturally1 depending on the locality where the urns were made2 and1 as a general rule1 they differ also in the different tribes4 ,those which are supposed to be the most ancient1 from the fact of their frequently containing flint instruments along with the calcined bones1 are of large size1 ranging from nine or ten1 to sixteen or eighteen inches in height4 ,those which are considered to belong to a somewhat later period1 when cremation had again become general1 are of a smaller size1 and of a somewhat finer texture4 ,with them objects of flint are rarely found1 but articles of bronze are occasionally discovered4 ,sometimes they are wide at the mouth1 without any overlapping rim2 at others they are characterised by a deeply overlapping lip or rim2 others are more of 8flower-pot0 form1 with encircling raised bands1 while others again are contracted inwardly at the mouth by curved rims4 ,some also have loops at the sides4 ,the ornamentation is produced chiefly by incised lines1 or punctures1 or by lines1 c41 produced by indenting into the soft clay a twisted thong 7,fig4 #cg74 ,encircling and zig-zag lines of various forms1 reticulated and lozenge-formed patterns1 and rows of indentations1 are the usual decorations2 but occasionally1 as at ,west ,kennet and ,launceston ,heath1 clearly defined patterns are produced by the finger or thumb nail4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,launceston ,heath4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,cleatham4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,launceston ,heath4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,stone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,cleatham4 ,the more usual of the forms will be best understood by the engraved examples1 selected from the proceeds of many barrow openings in different parts of the kingdom4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,broad ,down4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,tredenny4 ,the four urns 7,fig4 #b1 #c1 #d1 and #f7 are characteristic examples of the variety with the broad or deep overlapping border or rim4 ,the first of these has the pattern incised in the soft clay1 that on the rim being in diagonal lines1 and the central portion reticulated4 ,the second has the herring-bone or chevron ornament around its rim1 and the third example is ornamented with horizontal and vertical lines alternately on its rim1 and zig-zagged1 filled in with horizontal and crossed1 lines on the central part4 ,the lines in this are all produced by indenting a twisted thong into the clay while in a soft state4 ,fig4 #af has its ornamentation indented with twisted thongs in 8herring-bone0 pattern both on the outside and inside the rim and around the central part4 ,fig4 #h has a central band as well as overhanging lip4 ,figs4 #aa and #ac1 from ,dorsetshire barrows1#c are of different form1 the ornamentation consisting of incised lines and impressed thumbmarks1 c4 ,the remaining engravings also give excellent examples of other forms and varieties of these sepulchral vessels4 ,figs4 #i and #aj have the upper part curved1 and almost approaching to cup shape1 and ,fig4 #g has raised bands2 in ,fig4 #ad the upper parts are hollowed out2 and in ,fig4 #ae the upper part is marked with lozenges4 ,figs4 #ai and #bc are ornamented with indented dots produced by pressing the end of a stick or other substance into the soft clay4 ,fig4 #bc has these dots in zig-zag lines4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,cinerary and ,immolation ,urns from ,darwen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,darley ,dale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,calais ,wold4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,glen-,dorgal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,clahar ,garden1 ,mullion4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bf1 #bg1 #bh4--;,clahar ,garden1 ,mullion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,denzell4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,gerrans4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,place1 near ,fowey4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,lanlawren4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cc and #cd4--;,bosporthennis4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,trevello4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,boscawen-,un4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,darwen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,morvah ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,fimber4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,roundway ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4--,monsal ,dale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,green ,low4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,broad ,down4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,gospel ,hillock4 ,fig4 #ba has the reticulated lines produced by indentations from twisted thongs4 ,fig4 #bb is a remarkably fine example4 ,around its upper portion are encircling lines1 between which is the usual zig-zag ornament4 ,around the central band1 too1 are encircling lines1 between which are a series of vertical zig-zag lines4 ,the whole of the ornamentation has been produced by twisted thongs2 some1 however1 being of tighter twist than others4 ,inside1 the rim is ornamented by encircling and diagonal lines4 ,it has on its central band four projecting handles or loops1 which are pierced4 ,nine other looped examples1 from ,cornwall1 are shown on ,figs4 #e1 #ag1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj1 and #ce2d along with other examples from the same county4 ,figs4 #ah and #bj are two 8,immolation ,urns10 found along with1 or in1 ,figs4 #ai and #ba4 ,fig4 #ch shows a kind of ear or handle on the side of another vessel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4--,monsal ,dale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,grindlow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,elk ,low4 ,the ,drinking ,cups are usually of tall form1 globular in the lower half1 contracted in the middle1 and expanding at the mouth4 ,in ornamentation they are more elaborate than the cinerary urns1 many of them1 in fact1 being covered over their entire surface with impressed or incised patterns1 frequently of considerable delicacy in manipulation1 and always of a finer and higher quality than those of the other descriptions of pottery4 ,figs4 #ci to #dh will show some of the varieties both of form and style of decoration4 ,instances have been known in which a kind of incrustation has been very perceptible on the inner surface1 thus showing that their use as vessels for holding liquor is certain2 the incrustation being produced by the gradual drying up of the liquid with which they had been filled when placed with the dead body4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,elk ,low4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,hitter ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,hitter ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,trentham4 ,fig4 #dg1 which1 however1 may perhaps be a food vessel1 has the unusual feature of being ornamented on the bottom quite as elaborately as around its sides4 ,the bottom is shown on ,fig4 #dh4 ,the whole of the ornamentation has been produced by the indentation of twisted thongs into the pliant clay4 ,fig4 #ci1 from ,fimber1 is richly and elaborately ornamented over its entire surface with the most delicate indentations1 and is 7with ,fig4 #db7 one of the best and most perfect of known examples4 ,when found it stood close to the shoulders of the skeleton of a strong-boned1 middle-aged1 man1 which lay on the right side4 ,fig4 #db is equally as elaborate in ornamentation1 and as good in form4 ,like the former1 it is ornamented by thong indentations4 ,fig4 #da is of the same general shape1 but not so elaborate in design2 the greater portion of the ornamentation consisting of reticulated and lozenge patterns4 ,fig4 #de is also a remarkably good example1 and is about equal in point of ornament with ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #dj is of very different form1 as are also ,figs4 #dc and #dd4 ,the ornamentation on the first of these is produced in the usual way1 and on the second1 by simple indentations4 ,other forms of drinking cups are met with1 but these are the most usual4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,penquite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,fimber4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,hay ,top1 ,monsal ,dale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,fimber4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,trentham4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,monsal ,dale4 ,the ,food ,vessels--small urns1 so called because they were probably intended to contain an offering of food--are of various forms and sizes1 and are1 in point of decoration1 more or less elaborate4 ,they are usually small at the bottom1 and gradually swell out until they become1 frequently1 wider at the mouth than they are in height4 ,they are formed of clay of much the same kind as the other vessels1 and are fired to about the same degree of hardness4 ,figs4 #di to #eg will show their general form and style of decoration4 ,figs4 #di and #ej were found in the same barrow1 and yet1 as will be seen1 exhibit very different styles of ornamentation4 ,the first of these is four and three quarter inches in height1 and five and a half inches in diameter at the top4 ,it is richly ornamented with the usual diagonal and herring-bone lines1 formed by twisted thongs impressed into the soft clay1 in its upper part4 ,around the body of the urn itself1 however1 is a pattern of lozenge form1 very unusual on vessels of this period4 ,the second is five and a quarter inches in height1 and six and a quarter inches in diameter at the top4 ,it is very richly ornamented4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,broad ,down4 ,fig4 #ec has the pattern rudely indented over its whole surface4 ,fig4 #ea is coarse and rude1 and the pattern very simple4 ,figs4 #ed1 #ee1 and #eg are of different character1 and have a kind of handle or projecting stud on four sides4 ,they are among the most elaborate1 in point of ornamentation1 of any of these interesting vessels1 of which other forms besides those engraved have occasionally been found4 ,on ,wykeham ,moor1 in ,yorkshire the ,rev4 ,canon ,greenwell has brought to light some urns of a different character1 and of greater width at the mouth4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,broad ,down4 ,the diminutive vessels1 usually called 7though1 as ,i have said1 erroneously7 8,incense ,cups10 but which ,i propose to call 8,immolation ,urns10 are ornamented in the same manner as the other pottery4 ,the form1 as will be seen from ,figs4 #eh to #ge1 varies much1 from a plain salt-cellar like cup to the more elaborately rimmed vase4 ,three examples 7,figs4 #fh1 #gj1 and #ge7 have the very unusual appendage of a handle at one side2 others have holes in their sides1 as if for suspension1 and ,i suspect this has been the case in the urn containing the ashes of the mother4 ,fig4 #fg has four handles4 ,holes for1 as supposed1 suspension1 are shown in ,figs4 #eh1 #gb1 and #gd2 these have each two of these small perforations in the side4 ,others1 as in ,figs4 #fd and #fg1 have perforated loops at their sides4 ,fig4 #fe is of unusual form1 having a broad rim round its mouth2 it is elaborately ornamented4 ,figs4 #e1 #ah and #bj are shown with the urns with which they were found4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,broad ,down4 ,other forms of these interesting little vessels1 which generally range from an inch and a half to three inches in height1 occur4 ,they will be best understood from the engravings4 ,one of these 7,fig4 #gb71 for the purpose of showing its pattern more carefully1 is engraved of its ,,full ,,size4 ,it is a remarkable example1 and has its bottom ornamented as well as its sides and rim1 which are shown on ,figs4 #gc and #gd4 ,when found it was filled with burnt bones1 probably of an infant4 ,on one side were two perforations4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,denzell4 ,among the unusual forms of ,celtic pottery may be named the curious examples 7,figs4 #gf and #gg7 one of which is a kind of drinking mug with a handle1 and the other is supported on feet4 ,fig4 #gf1 and another of somewhat similar kind in the ,ely ,museum1 are the only two known examples of this form of vessel1 and they will be seen to be very richly ornamented4 ,fig4 #gf is in the ,bateman collection1 as is also ,fig4 #gg4 ,it is one of the class of vessels hitherto called incense cups1 and is1 ,i believe1 unique--no other example on feet having come under my notice4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,pickering4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,pickering4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,romano-,british ,pottery--,upchurch ,ware--,durobrivian ,ware--,roman ,potters' ,kilns--,pottery in ,london--,salopian ,ware--,new ,forest ,ware--,yorkshire1 ,oxfordshire1 ,lincolnshire1 and other ,wares--,varieties of ,vessels3 ,amphor--,mortaria1 c4--,sepulchral ,vessels--,tiles--,tile ,tombs--,clay ,coffins--,lamps--,penates--,coin ,moulds1 c4 ,during the ,romano-,british period the fictile art was much practised in ,england1 and not only was a large variety of wares produced1 but an almost endless number of vessels were made4 ,potworks were established in many parts of the kingdom1 some of which grew to very large dimensions1 while others of a less important character and size still made wares of extremely good quality4 ,the three principal potteries--at least so far as present researches have enabled us to judge--in ,england at this period were those on the ,medway1 in the ,upchurch marshes1 extending towards ,sheerness1 in ,kent2 the ,durobrivian potteries on the river ,nen1 in ,northamptonshire2 and the ,salopian potteries on the ,severn1 in ,shropshire4 ,smaller pot works1 however1 being scattered over various parts of the kingdom4 ,with the well-known 8,samian ,ware10 the finest and most beautiful of the pottery of the ,romans which is found in this country1 ,i have1 of course1 nothing to do in my present work2 for1 although found so frequently and so abundantly in ,england1 it was not manufactured here1 and therefore does not come within its scope4 ,i proceed1 therefore1 to speak of the various ,english seats of the manufacture4 ,upchurch ,ware4--,the district wherein this pottery was made and is found so abundantly1 is of five or six miles in length1 and from one to two in breadth2 and over the whole of this tract of country1 at a distance of some few feet below the surface1 a regular layer of remains of ,roman fictile art occurs4 ,to ,mr4 ,c4 ,roach ,smith is due the greatest credit of bringing these under notice3--8,there can be no doubt10 says ,mr4 ,wright1 8not only from the extent of ground covered by the potteries1 but from the frequent occurrence of the sort of pottery made here1 among ,roman remains in ,britain belonging to different periods1 that these potteries were in full activity during the whole extent of the ,roman period4 ,the site of the kilns was moved as the clay was used up1 and at the same time the refuse pottery was thrown on the ground behind them1 so that1 when at last abandoned1 this extensive site presented a surface of ground covered almost entirely by a bed of refuse pottery40 ,here1 then1 the ,roman figuli exercised1 more extensively than anywhere else in ,england their art1 and continued its practice for a long series of years4 ,in those days the ground would of course be firm and dry4 ,since then1 as is usually the case in so long a number of years1 the soil has accumulated to the thickness of about three feet--the inroads which the ,medway is constantly making upon it forming the creeks1 and continually disclosing the remains left by the potters4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,group of ,upchurch ,ware4 ,the ware made at ,upchurch must have been in considerable repute1 for it is found in ,roman localities in most parts of the kingdom4 ,on ,roman sites in ,france and ,germany and in ,flanders1 c41 wares of a precisely similar kind are found1 and show that it is probable they were simultaneously made at different places4 ,the prevailing colour of the ware is a bluish or greyish black1 with a smooth and rather shining surface4 ,a good deal1 however1 is of a dark drab colour4 ,the black colour has been produced by the process of 8firing0 in 8smother kilns0--a process well known to potters4 ,the forms of the vessels1 as well as the sizes1 vary to a surprising extent1 but they are all remarkable for the gracefulness and elegance of their outline1 and1 in many instances1 for the simplicity and effective character of the patterns with which they are decorated4 ,the decorations consist chiefly of circles or semi-circles2 lines1 vertical or otherwise2 bands1 and numbers of raised dots arranged in a variety of ways4 ,the clay used is fine1 and the vessels are light and thin1 and remarkably well 8potted40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gi to #hc4--,upchurch ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hd to #hh4--,upchurch ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hi to #ic4--,upchurch ,ware4 ,the instruments used in the ornamentation of this pottery appear to have been of a very rude description1 and were1 as it seems1 chiefly mere sticks1 some sharpened to a point1 and others with a transverse section cut into notches4 ,the former were used in tracing the lines already described2 the latter had the section formed into a square or rhomboid1 the surface of which was cut into parallel lines crossing each other so as to form a dotted figure1 and this was stamped on the surface of the pottery in various combinations and arrangements4 ,sometimes these dots are arranged so as to form bands2#e and in others simply 8patch0 ornaments4 ,other vessels were covered with reticulation1 the lines being simply scratched into the surface of the clay2 and others have bands of serrated lines4 ,the forms of some of the vessels from the ,upchurch works will be seen on ,fig4 #gh1 and a series of other characteristic examples are given on ,figs4 #gi to #ie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4--,upchurch ,ware4 ,one example 7,fig4 #hj7 is ornamented with half-circles traced on the clay as with compasses1 from which run downwards rows of incised lines4 ,on ,fig4 #gh is an example of much the same character of ornamentation although different in form4 ,figs4 #ha1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 and #hh are of different form1 and are ornamented with raised dots in bands and patches2 while #hc and #hd are 8engine turned40 ,they are of remarkably elegant form4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,upchurch ,ware4 ,figs4 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 and #ie are more bottle shaped--in fact1 approaching somewhat to the form of the medival bellarmine4 ,many varieties of this general form have been found in the marshes and elsewhere4 ,fig4 #hi is particularly simple and elegant in shape1 as are also several shown in the groups on this and the preceding pages4 ,among these is an example of another variety of ornamentation common to the ,upchurch ware4 ,it is formed by diagonal intersecting lines1 and in form is much the same as the ordinary kind of ,roman cinerary urns4 ,in the group1 ,fig4 #id1 are some examples of ,upchurch and other wares4 ,no kilns have as yet been discovered in the ,upchurch marshes1 but doubtless further researches will yet bring them to light4 ,mr4 ,roach ,smith1 to whose incessant labours we owe the principal notices of these potteries1 has discovered the remains of the extensive village of the potters1 with traces of their habitations and of their graves1 in the higher ground bordering on the marshes4 ,castor ,ware1 or ,durobrivian ,ware1 as it is variously called1 is the production of the extensive ,romano-,british potteries on the river ,nen1 in ,northamptonshire and ,huntingdonshire2 near ,castor and ,chesterton1 in those counties respectively4 ,in this locality1 as the names of ,chesterton and ,castor undeniably prove to have been the case1 an important settlement of the ,romans was made1 and excavations have brought to light the remains of a considerable town1 and in connection with it1 of a settlement of potters with the remains of their works extending over a district many miles in extent4 ,the great interest attaching to this locality is in the fact that this was not the first1 but the first well ascertained discovery of a ,roman pot-manufactory in this kingdom1 and that at this spot the first kilns of that period have been uncovered1 and the processes adopted by the ,roman figuli brought to light4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,castor ,ware4 ,the situation of the potteries was well chosen for carrying on an extensive trade with distant parts of the kingdom1 and from researches searches which were made1 the late ,mr4 ,artis1 to whom the discovery is due1 computed that probably two thousand people had been employed in the fabrication of fictile vessels4 ,it is on the line of one of the most important of the ,roman roads--the ,ermyn street--and close to the navigable river ,nen2 and that the products of the manufactory were supplied to places throughout the kingdom is abundantly testified by the remains which are almost invariably found in course of excavations wherever ,roman occupation is known4 ,mr4 ,artis unfortunately1 although he published a fine folio volume of plates#f of the more remarkable of the objects he discovered1 never issued the descriptive and historical text which was intended to accompany it4 ,the great bulk of the information he had gleaned he never committed to paper1 and consequently it died with him4 ,mr4 ,artis1 however1 communicated some valuable particulars to ,mr4 ,c4 ,roach ,smith1 and these have been made public by him in the 8,journal of the ,british ,archological ,association0#g and in the 8,collectanea ,antiqua40#h ,mr4 ,artis in one of these says that during an examination of the pigments used by the ,roman potters of ,castor and its neighbourhood1 he was 8led to the conclusion that the blue and slate-coloured vessels met with here in such abundance were coloured by suffocating the fire of the kiln at the time when its contents had acquired a degree of heat sufficient to insure uniformity of colour4 ,i had so firmly made up my mind on the process of manufacturing and firing this peculiar kind of earthenware1 that ,i had denominated the kilns in which it had been fired 8smother kilns40 ,the mode of manufacturing the bricks of which these kilns are made is worthy of notice4 ,the clay was previously mixed with about one-third of rye in the chaff1 which being consumed by the fire1 left cavities in the room of the grains4 ,this might have been intended to modify expansion and contraction1 as well as to assist in the gradual distribution of the colouring vapour4 ,the mouth of the furnace and the top of the kiln were no doubt stopped3 thus we find every part of the kiln1 from the inside wall to the mouth on the outside1 and every part of the clay wrappers of the domes penetrated with the colouring exhalation40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ig1 #ih1 #ii4--;,castor ,ware4 ,the researches further proved that the colour could not be attributed to any metallic oxide 7although it must be confessed that in many instances the surface has a strongly developed metallic appearance7 either in the clay itself or applied externally1 and this conclusion is confirmed by the appearance of the clay wrappers of the dome of the kilns2 and it may be added1 the colour is so fugitive that it is expelled entirely1 by submitting the pottery to an open fire4 ,during the examination of the ,upchurch pottery1 ,mr4 ,artis remarked that he thought a coarse kind of sedge had been used in the manufactory4 ,his practical eye alone guided him to this conclusion1 for he had never visited the site1 and was quite unaware that below the strata of broken vessels1 a layer of sedge peat is in several places visible4 ,the same kind of arrangement probably obtained pretty generally with the ,roman potters4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,potter's ,kiln1 ,normangate ,field1 ,castor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,potter's ,kiln1 ,normangate ,field1 ,castor4 ,the kilns for firing the ,castor ware1 discovered by ,mr4 ,artis1 are among the most interesting of all the remains of ,roman arts which have been brought to light4 ,the kilns which were removed in the course of the investigations were 8all constituted on the same principle3 a circular hole was dug from three to four feet deep1 and four in diameter1 and walled round to the height of two feet4 ,a furnace1 one-third of the kiln in length1 communicated with the side4 ,in the centre of the circle so formed was an oval pedestal1 the height of the sides1 with the end pointing to the mouth of the furnace4 ,upon this pedestal and side walls the floor of the kiln rests4 ,it was formed of perforated angular bricks1 meeting at one point in the centre2 the furnace was arched with bricks1 moulded for the purpose2 the side of the kiln was constructed with curved bricks set edgeways 7see ,fig4 #ajj7 in a thick slip 7the same material made into a thin mortar7 to the height of two feet4 ,the process of packing the vessels and securing uniform heat in firing the ware was the same in the two different kinds of kilns--namely1 that before described1 called #8smother kiln1' and that for various other kinds of pottery4 ,they were first carefully loose-packed with the articles to be fired1 up to the height of the side walls4 ,the circumference of the bulk was then gradually diminished1 and finished in the shape of a dome4 ,as this arrangement progressed1 an attendant seems to have followed the packer1 and thinly covered a layer of pots with coarse hay or grass4 ,he then took some thin clay1 the size of his hand1 and laid it flat over the grass upon the vessels3 he then placed more grass on the edge of the clay just laid on--then more clay--and so on until he had completed the circle4 ,by this time the packer would have raised another tier of pots1 the plasterer following as before1 hanging the grass over the top edge of the last layer of plasters1 until he had reached the top1 in which a small aperture was left1 and the clay nipped round the edge2 another coating would then be laid on as before described4 ,directly after1 gravel or loam was thrown up against the side wall where the clay wrappers were commenced--probably to secure the bricks and the clay coating4 ,the kiln was then fired with wood4#i ,in consequence of the care taken to place grass between the edges of the wrappers1 they could be unpacked in the same size pieces as when laid on in a plastic state2 and thus the danger in breaking the coat to obtain the contents of the kiln could be obviated4 ,in the course of my excavations ,i discovered a curiously constructed furnace1 of which ,i have never before or since met an example4 ,over it had been placed two circular vessels2 the next above the furnace was a third less than the other1 which would hold about eight gallons2 the fire passed partly under both of them1 the smoke escaping by a smoothly-plastered flue1 from seven to eight inches wide4 ,the vessels were suspended by the rims fitting into a circular groove or rabbet1 formed for the purpose4 ,they contained pottery1 both perfect and fragmentary4 ,it is probable they had covers1 and ,i am inclined to think were used for glazing peculiar kinds of the immense quantities of ornamented ware made in this district4 ,its contiguity to one of the workshops in which the glaze 7oxide of iron7 and other pigments were found confirms this opinion40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,potter's ,kiln1 ,castor4 ,fig4 #ajb is a kiln of a different construction4 8,in it1 instead of modelling or moulding bricks for the kiln1 the potters1 after forming a tolerably round shaft1 commenced plastering it three inches thick with clay1 prepared for that purpose1 leaving a flange twenty inches above the furnace floor to receive the floor of the kiln2 a mode of construction unnoticed by me before in these kilns4 ,in the centre was placed an oval pedestal1 for the double purpose of dividing the fire and of giving support to the centre of the floor4 ,to attach the pedestal to the back of the kiln1 and to shut out the cold air which would lodge in the angle formed by the pedestal being so placed1 the angle was filled with coarse materials1 which were stopped up with clay1 so as to draw the flame more towards the centre1 and induce a union with the flame and heat entering the front part of the kiln40 ,the more usual plan with the potters of this district in packing their kilns was1 when the contents had reached the surface of the earth1 to form a dome by covering the urns and vases lightly with dry grass1 sedge1 or the like1 and plastering it over with patches of prepared clay1 divided by strewing a small quantity of hay between each portion to facilitate removal4 ,in place of this usual process1 in this kiln bricks were used of an oblong shape1 four inches by two and a half inches1 wedge-shaped at one end1 with a sufficient curve to traverse the circumference when set edgeways1 with the wedge ends lapped over each other4 ,the sides would be thus raised for three or four courses or more1 as circumstances might require1 and probably be afterwards backed up with loose earth4 ,these bricks were modelled and kneaded with chaff and grain40#aj ,the numbers indicate as follows3--#a1 front of the pedestal supporting the floor of the kiln2 #b #b1 slopes1 probably intended to produce a more uniform heat2 #c #c1 part of the kiln floor2 #d1 bricks1 before used2 #e1 area of the furnace2 #f1 mouth of furnace2 #g1 wall of kiln2 #h1 top of the pedestal4 ,the mouth of the furnace1 ,no4 #f1 was arched over4 ,the ware of the ,durobrivian potteries was superior both in style of art and in form and material to that of ,upchurch1 and has an especial interest over it in the fact that it bears figures and various ornaments in relief1 in the same manner as on the ,samian ware4 ,the ornament1 especially the scrolls1 c41 were laid on 8in slip40 ,the vessel1 after having been thrown on the wheel1 would be allowed to become somewhat firm1 but only sufficiently so for the purpose of the lathe4 ,in the indented ware1 the indenting would have to be performed with the vessel in as pliable a state as it could be taken from the lathe4 ,a thick slip of the same body would then be procured1 and the ornamentation would proceed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,figs4 #ajf and #ajg4 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,fig4 #aji4 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,representations of ,field ,sports on ,castor ,ware4 8,the vessels--on which are displayed a variety of hunting subjects1 representations of fishes1 scrolls1 and human figures--were all glazed after the figures were laid on2 where1 however1 the decorations are white1 the vessels were glazed before the ornaments were added4 ,ornamenting with figures of animals was effected by means of sharp and blunt skewer instruments and a slip of suitable consistency4 ,these instruments seem to have been of two kinds--one thick enough to carry sufficient slip for the nose1 neck1 body1 and front thigh2 the other of a more delicate kind1 for a thinner slip1 for the tongue1 lower jaws1 eye1 fore and hind legs1 and tail4 ,there seems to have been no retouching1 after the slip trailed from the instrument4 ,field sports seem to have been favourite subjects with our ,romano-,british artists4 ,the representations of deer and hare hunts are good and spirited2 the courage and energy of the hounds1 and the distress of the hunted animals are given with great skill and fidelity1 especially when the simple and off-handed process by which they must have been executed is taken into consideration40#aa ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--,the ,colchester ,vase4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab4--;,castor ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aac to #aae4--;,castor ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aaf and #aag4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,fig4 #aai4 ,fig4 #abj4 ,figs4 #aba and #abb4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,fig4 #abd4 ,foliated patterns on ,castor ,ware4 ,two vessels with these hunting subjects are given in ,figs4 #ajh and #aaj2 and other designs of this character1 exhibiting stag and hare hunts1 are shown on ,figs4 #ajc to #aji4 ,gladiatorial combats are also frequent subjects for representation on the ,castor vases4 ,one of these is given on ,fig4 #aaa1 which represents one side of the celebrated 8,colchester vase20 ,fig4 #ajc being the design of another of its sides4 ,the next engraving 7,fig4 #aab7 shows the chariot race in the ,roman racecourse or stadium--the quadriga being well1 although rudely1 fashioned1 and the position both of the horses and charioteer boldly conceived4 ,mythological subjects were also common4 ,one of these1 of the indented form1 restored from fragments1 is given in the accompanying engraving 7,fig4 #aac74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,fig4 #abf4 ,fig4 #abg4 ,castor ,ware4 ,another and equally pleasing variety of ornamentation1 and one peculiar1 it may be said1 to the ,durobrivian potteries1 is that whereon the pattern consists of scrolls and flowers in white slip on the dark bluish black ground4 ,the effect of these simple patterns1 which are generally graceful and always elegantly formed1 is remarkably pleasing4 ,examples of these are given on ,figs4 #aad to #abd1 which will serve to show the general style of this kind of decoration4 ,figs4 #abe to #abh are admirable examples of the indented form of vessel4 ,many other shapes and varieties of ,castor ware might be adduced1 but the illustrations ,i have given will be sufficient to give a clear insight into their general characteristics4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,engine-turned ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4--,leicester ,museum4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,fig4 #aca4 ,fig4 #acb4 ,fig4 #acc4 ,fig4 #acd4 ,fig4 #ace4 ,fig4 #acf4 ,fig4 #acg4 ,roman ,pottery4 ,one of the most curious and interesting urns of this ware 7,fig4 #abi7 was dug up in ,leicester in #ahfi1 and is preserved in the museum of that town4 ,it is of a fine rich deep colour1 with the pattern in white slip1 and has borne an inscription1 also in slip1 the only letters of which now remaining are ,m ,e ,i ,i ,,vi4 ,in the same museum1 among other varieties of ,romano-,british ware1 are the beautiful vessels shown on ,figs4 #acb1 #acc1 #acd4 ,there are also fragments of ware which seem to point at pottery which ,i believe1 at one period of ,roman occupation1 existed in the neighbourhood of ,leicester4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,potter's ,kiln1 ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,potters' kilns of the ,romano-,british period have been found in other places1 but those at ,castor are the most perfect1 and in every way the best4 ,indeed1 the others may be said1 more appropriately perhaps1 to be indications of kilns rather than the kilns themselves4 ,a curious record of the discovery of a kiln in ,london1 at the north-west of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 in #afgg1 by ,john ,conyers1 a collector of antiquities1 is preserved in the ,british ,museum1#ab and has been published by ,mr4 ,roach ,smith1#ac the eminent archologist1 to whom the antiquarian world is indebted for so much valuable information concerning ,roman antiquities4 ,this very curious and valuable record is as follows1 in the handwriting of ,conyers1 and the accompanying engraving is carefully reduced 7see ,fig4 #ach7 from ,conyers' own drawing3-- 8,this kill was full of the coarser#ad sorts of potts or cullings1#ae so that few were saved whole1 viz41 lamps1 bottles1 urnes1 dishes4 8,the forme of a kill in which the olde ,romans' lamps1 urnes1 and other earthen pottes and vessels was burnt1 and some left in the kill2 and that within a unstired1 loamy ground about #bf foot deep near about the place where the ,market ,house stood in ,oliver's tyme1 the discovery made anno #afgg at the digging the foundacion of the north east part of ,st4 ,paull's1 ,london1 among gravel pitts and loam pitts1 where the ground had been at tymes raised over it #c or #d tymes1 and so many #h foote storyes or depths of coffins lay over the loamy kill1 the lowest coffins made of chalk2 and this supposed to be before or about ,domitian the emperor's tyme4 8,of these 7kilns7 #d severall had been made in the sandy loam on the ground in the fashion of a cross foundacion and only this height standing1 viz4 #e foot from topp to bottom and better2 and as many feet in breadth2 and had no other matter for its form and building but the outward loame as it naturally lays1 crusted hardish by the heat burning the loame redd like brick4 ,the floor in the middle supported by and cut out of loame1 and helped with old-fashioned ,roman tyles shards1 but very few1 and such as ,i have seen used for repositorys for urns in the fashion of like ovens1 and they plastered within with a reddish mortar or tarris2 but here was no mortar1 but only the sandy loam for cement3 8observed and thus described 8by ,,jo,n ,,conyers1 ,apothecary40 ,in accordance with the above description1 the sketch by ,conyers shows also the four kilns placed crosswise1 leaving ample space in the centre for the workmen4 ,the vessels found in the kiln are thus described by ,conyers1 who also made sketches of them1 which are preserved along with his ,,ms41 and have been engraved in the 8,collectanea ,antiqua30-- 8#a4 #a quart earthen dish4--#b4 #b gallons1 whitish4--#c4 #d quart bason1 whitish4--#d4 #h ounce censer or lamp1 whitish earth4--#e4 #b quart colinder1 whitish4--#f4 #b pint lipp waterpott4--#g4 ,lamp1 or censer1 reddish4--#h4 #c pint urne4--#i4 #c quarts urne1 whitish4--#aj4 #b ounce lamp1 gilded with electrum4--#aa4 #b quart1 white4--#ab4 #a pint bottle4--#ac4 #b pint black urne4--#ad4 #a pint urne1 black4--#ae4 #f ounce urne4--#af4 #c quart urne1 blewish4--#ag4 ,half pint urne1 electrum ,britan4--#ah4 #a pint dish1 blewish4--#ai4 #a ounce urne1 whitish4--#bj4 #c ounce urne1 cinamon collour4--,all these a sort of earth almost like crucibles1 except the black1 will endure the fire like brass1 as in this day in use about ,poland40 ,from the drawings which accompany these descriptions1 the ,romano-,british origin of the examples found actually in the kiln is placed beyond doubt4 ,most of them are precisely the same types as hundreds of fragments which have been found all over ,london1 and are the common table and culinary ware of the period4 ,some bear a very striking resemblance to the vessels from the ,upchurch pottery4 ,amongst them is a mortarium4 ,most of the vessels are plain1 but some are ornamented with rows of dots1 c41 and others with a reticulated pattern4 ,the forms are elegant and simple4 ,in another part of his ,,ms4 ,conyers describes other kinds of pottery found during the excavations4 8,now these pottsherds10 he writes1 8are some glass and some potts like broken urns1 which were curiously laid on the outside with like thorne pricks of rose trees and in the manner of raised work3 this upon potts of murry collour1 and here and there grey houndes and stags and hares all in raised work3 other of these cinamon collour urne fashion and were as gilded with gold but vaded3 some of strange fashioned juggs the sides bent in so as to be six squares1 and these raised work upon them and curiously pinched as curious raisers of paist may imitate3 some like black earth for pudding panns2 one the outside indented and crossed quincunx fashion4 ,now many of these potts of the finer kind are lite and thinn and these workes raised or indented were instead of collours2 yet ,i find they had some odd collours1 not blew1 in those tymes1 and a way of glazing different to what now2 and here takes notice that the redd earth before mencioned bore away the belle40 ,the manuscript contains also the following note3-- 8,the labourers toulde me of some remains of other such kinds of small kills that was found up and down nere the place of the other pott kills1 and these had a funnel to convey smoke which might serve for glass furnaces1 for though not anny potts with glass in it whole in the furnaces was there found1 yet broken crucibles or tests for melting of glass1 together with boltered glass such as is to be seen remaining at glass houses amongst the broken glass1 which was glass spoyled in the making1 was there found2 but not plenty1 and especially coloured and prepared for jewel-like ornament1 but mostly such as for cruetts or glasses with a lipp to drop withall1 and that a greenish light blew collour2 and of any sort of glass there was but little40 ,remains of potteries of this period have also been discovered in ,norfolk 7between ,brixton and ,brampton72 at ,botham in ,lincolnshire2 in ,somersetshire2 at ,worcester2 at ,marlborough2 at ,sibson2 at various places in ,yorkshire2 in ,shropshire2 in ,oxfordshire2 in the ,new ,forest1 ,hampshire2 at ,colchester1 in ,essex2 at ,wilderspool1 near ,warrington2 and in many other parts of the kingdom4 ,of some of these ,i shall now proceed briefly to speak4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,salopian ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4--,pottery from ,uriconium4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ada to #aea4--,pottery of the ,new ,forest4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aeb to #aeg4--,pottery of the ,new ,forest4 ,to the ,shropshire potteries--those of the clays of the ,severn ,valley1 probably at ,brosely1--a vast number of varieties of vessels are to be traced2 and it is1 as ,i shall show in a later chapter1 interesting to know that the same bed of clay which at the present day produces articles of daily use1 produced fifteen hundred years ago the vessels for the table1 c41 of the inhabitants of the then great neighbouring city of ,uriconium4 ,in the excavations which have been undertaken on the site of this ruined city immense quantities of fragments of pottery have been found1 and1 with the exception of the ,samian ware and the ,durobrivian ware1 it is not too much1 perhaps1 to say that the whole1 or nearly so1 has been made in the ,severn ,valley4 ,of these wares1 two sorts especially are found in considerable abundance2 the one white1 the other of a rather light red colour4 ,the white1 which is made of what is commonly called ,brosely clay1 and is rather coarse in texture1 consists chiefly of rather handsomely shaped jugs or bellarmine-shaped vessels1 of different sizes1 the general shape of which somewhat resembles ,fig4 #if2 of ,mortaria2 and of bowls of different shapes and sizes1 which are often painted with stripes of red and yellow4 ,the other variety1 the red ,romano-,salopian ware1 is also made from one of the clays of the ,severn ,valley1 but is of finer texture1 and consists principally of jugs not dissimilar to those in the white ware1 except in a very different form of mouth2 and of bowl-shaped colanders4#af ,two examples of ,romano-,salopian ware--the first of the white1 and the second of the red variety--are given on ,fig4 #aci1 and on ,fig4 #adj is represented a group of vessels of this make1 from the cemetery at ,uriconium4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,derby ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aei4--;,jermyn ,street ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,york ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,fig4 #afb4 ,fig4 #afc4 ,fig4 #afd4 ,fig4 #afe4 ,sepulchral ,deposits1 ,colchester4 ,the potteries of the ,new ,forest in ,hampshire1 for a lucid account of which we are indebted to ,mr4 ,wise1#ag were of great extent1 and1 as is proved by the researches which have been made on their sites1 of considerable importance4 ,the potteries were noticed in #ahec by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,bartlett1#ah who prepared an account of his researches for the ,society of ,antiquaries1 and since that period both that gentleman and ,mr4 ,wise have with great success continued their explorations4 ,the names of the localities where these ancient potteries exist--,crockle 7crock kiln or crock hill7 and ,panshard--are highly suggestive4 ,during the excavations kilns were found in a perfect state4 ,the kiln at ,crockle was circular1 and measured six yards in circumference1 its shape being well defined by small hand-formed masses of red brick-earth4 ,the floor1 about two feet below the natural surface of the ground1 was paved with a layer of sand-stones1 some of them cut into a circular shape so as to fit the kiln1 the upper surfaces being tooled1 whilst the under remained in their original state4 ,at the potteries at ,audenwood no kilns were discovered2 but at ,sloden1 where the works cover several acres1 8two large mounds marking the sites of kilns0 are remaining1 along with the sites of potters' huts1 c4 ,at ,island ,thorn more kilns and innumerable fragments of vessels of various kinds were discovered4 ,in ,pitts ,enclosure1 besides mounds opened by ,mr4 ,bartlett1 ,mr4 ,wise discovered in one mound five kilns1 ranged in a semicircle1 and paved with irregular masses of sand-stone4 ,they were close together1 separated only by mounds of the natural soil4 ,besides fragments of various vessels1 8two distinct heaps of white and fawn-coloured clay and red earth1 placed ready for mixing1 and a third of the two worked together1 fit for the immediate use of the potter10 were found with these kilns4 ,some of the more usual and more striking forms of the vessels from ,new ,forest potteries are grouped together on ,figs4 #ada to #aea4 ,a selection of patterns from the wares are grouped on ,figs4 #aeb to #aeg1 some of which will be seen to bear a close resemblance to those of the ,castor ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aff and #afg4--,potter's ,mould1 ,headington4 ,of the potters' kiln1 c41 found near ,colchester1 where probably some ware in imitation of the fine red ,samian was produced1 a notice will be found in 8,collectanea ,antiqua40#ai ,in the ,yorkshire potteries--for there can be little doubt that at ,potters ,newton1 at ,york1 and at other places pot-works existed in these early times--the curious vessels ornamented with what are usually called 8frill patterns0 were made1 as also other slip and scaled patterns1 as on ,figs4 #aeh1 #aei1 and #afj4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #afh to #agj4--,mortaria1 from ,headington4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aga4--;,from ,headington4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #agb to #age4--;,from ,headington4 ,at ,headington1 ,oxfordshire1 ,i had the good fortune myself to discover in #ahdi1 along with the remains of a villa and other buildings1 traces of a kiln and of many other interesting features1 of which ,i published an account in the ,journal of the ,british ,archological ,association4#bj ,the fragments of pottery found on this site were extremely varied1 and attended with some very unusual facts4 ,one of the most curious and interesting matters was the discovery of a clay mould bearing a beautifully formed female head 7a bacchante71 with a wreath of vine leaves encircling her brow1 for the forming of heads on ,romano-,british pottery4 ,fig4 #aff shows this mould1 and ,fig4 #afg gives the impression taken from it4#ba ,the face has a remarkably pleasing expression1 and is beautifully formed4 ,the mould is a rough lump of red clay1 and has been broken on its sides4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,fig4 #agg4 ,fig4 #agh4 ,fig4 #agi4 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,fig4 #aha4 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,roman ,pottery1 ,headington1 ,oxfordshire4 ,the pottery1 with but one or two exceptions1 was in fragments2 from these the engravings here given have been carefully restored4 ,one very remarkable feature was the immense assemblage--a cartload at least--of fragments of mortaria4 ,in form and material they differed considerably from those found in other localities4 ,some were of a fine buff-coloured clay1 others of a lead colour1 as produced by the smother kiln1 and all well studded with broken quartz4 ,in size they varied from seven and a half inches to nearly two feet in diameter4 ,the larger one on ,fig4 #afh was one foot nine inches in diameter1 while the smaller one is only seven and a half inches4 ,the sections of the rims of the ,headington mortaria are dissimilar to others1 as ,i have carefully pointed out in the communication referred to4 ,fig4 #aga exhibits a vessel of fine red ware1 the rim of which is painted black1 on which the white scroll-pattern is laid4 ,the sections of rims which accompany it for comparison sake are1 besides its own rim1--#a1 red with white pattern2 #b1 a fine red ware2 #c1 a fine ware1 with a metallic surface2 and #d and #e1 imported ,samian4 ,fig4 #age is of chocolate colour1 and is ornamented with an indented pattern of lines of squares1 alternating with flat circles4 ,fig4 #agb is of blue-gray colour1 of fine and close and very hard texture2 the sides are indented4 ,fig4 #agc is of light buff colour4 ,the curious assemblage of vessels grouped on ,fig4 #agf are formed of a fine black clay mixed with sand4 ,they are beautifully formed1 and many of them are ornamented with surface lines traced on the clay without incision or indentation4 ,the two examples 7,figs4 #aha and #ahb7 are of tolerably fine red ware2 the taller one 7which has had a handle7 has been surface-coated with a red pigment4 ,fig4 #agh is of coarse red ware1 and1 as will be seen1 is much the same in form as our modern soup-plates4 ,fragments of vessels of the form of ,fig4 #ahj were very numerous4 ,they were of coarse buff-coloured ware4 ,other examples found during the excavations which ,i carried on are shown grouped on ,fig4 #ahc4 ,fig4 #agi1 like the rest1 restored from fragments1 is a small and delicately formed cup1 three and a quarter inches in diameter1 of rough-cast ware#bb2 of these1 examples were found1 some of red1 and others of a chocolate colour4 ,some good fragments of ,castor ware were discovered1 from which the group 7,figs4 #ig to #ii7 has been restored4 ,fig4 #agd is a small cup of buff-coloured ware4 ,some small fragments of a green glazed ware were also found4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ahd and #ahe4--;,from ,wilderspool4 ,among the most curious of the discoveries were fragments of vessels of fine clay1 of a buff colour1 with the patterns painted in red on their surface4 ,one of these bears the rude representation of a cock2 others have waved and scrolled patterns2 and others again1 lines1 dots1 circles1 c4 ,many other varieties of wares were also found1 as were some few fragments of ,samian4 ,an interesting discovery of the remains of what appears to have been a potter's workshop was made in ,dorsetshire1 in #ahda1 by ,mr4 ,warne1 of which he gives some very interesting particulars4#bc ,the foundations were rectangular and clearly defined--in length forty-four feet1 in breadth twenty-five feet--constructed of flints1 which are plentiful in the neighbourhood4 8,in clearing out there was found a great quantity of fragments of the ordinary smooth black and firm-grained ware3 the bottoms of some vessels were perforated like colanders4 ,in the course of the excavations1 remains of instruments used by the potter were also found2 the most interesting being a considerable portion of a wheel1 formed of that peculiar bituminous shale well known as #8,kimmeridge coal4' ,it is part of a circle1 originally a wheel or plate1 fifteen inches in diameter and one inch and a quarter thick4 ,it has undergone the process of a careful and well-finished turning in the lathe4 ,it may at once be seen that it formed part of a potter's wheel1 the rotatory table on which the workmen moulded1 or rather when brought to the desired form1 the ductile clay received the finishing touches4 ,there are to be seen two or three counter-sinkings1 in which were fixed the arms of the metal axis on which it revolved4 ,portions of other wheels in limestone were found1 and one of great thickness1 in conglomerate1 the use of which would seem to have been for pulverising the crude material4 ,numerous pieces were scattered about of small and very thin stone1 of a rude but markedly angular form1 similar to such as are still1 or lately were1 used in the manufacture of coarse earthenware4 ,amidst the dbris was a knife fixed in a rude bone haft2 with the remains were a large brass coin of ,marcus ,aurelius1 and three denarii of ,severus ,alexander1 ,gordianus ,,iii41 and ,philippus40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,mask1 ,wilderspool4 ,at ,wilderspool1 the presumed site of ,condate1 an outskirt of ,warrington1 evidence exists which warrants the supposition that pottery of various kinds was there made by the ,romans4 ,a large quantity of fragments1 including many interesting examples1 have been collected by ,dr4 ,kendrick and placed in the museum at ,warrington2 these include many well-known varieties of ,roman wares1 and some which are peculiar to the place2 among these are excellent examples of 8engine-turned0 bowls1 in which the engine-turning is surmounted by scoriated ornament2 these are in red clay4 ,of ,durobrivian ware were found portions of a bowl with overhanging rim1 ornamented with the ivy-leaf pattern in slip2 on one portion is a potter's mark1 ,,pat1 which has been impressed on the side4 ,of imitation1 or ,english1 ,samian1 are several fragments1 with relief ornaments1 some of which are pretty close copies of the true ,samian1 while others are rather clumsy adaptations of the ,samian borders1 c4 ,examples of ,upchurch ware were also found4 ,the wares which seem to be peculiar to ,wilderspool1 and which were1 there is every reason to believe1 made there1 are the two varieties engraved on ,figs4 #ahd and #ahe1 and the 8rough-cast0 ware1 of which a small vessel found by myself at ,headington1 and engraved on ,fig4 #agi1 will serve as an example4 ,fig4 #ahd is of a light red clay1 which has been surface-coloured4 ,it is ornamented with a mammal ornament--a series of raised circles1 about three-quarters of an inch in diameter1 dying off in their lower half1 and having a knob or nipple in the centre4 ,this has evidently been the ornament of the upper part of a vessel1 the lower being engine-turned in diagonal lines4 ,fig4 #ahe is of a dark-coloured clay1 with a similar kind of ornament1 but of much smaller size1 the discs being only rather more than a quarter of an inch in diameter4 ,the 8rough-cast0 ware1 as this variety 7,fig4 #agi7 has been appropriately named by ,dr4 ,kendrick1 is a fine kind of red-ware1 the vessels in which1 after having been 8thrown10 have1 while in their soft1 moist state1 been powdered all over with small bits of dry clay1 and then dipped in thin slip before firing--the roughness having previously been carefully removed from the rims and other parts which were intended to be left plain4 ,dr4 ,kendrick claims this to be hitherto 8unnoticed1 and therefore undescribed20 but here he is in error1 for in #ahejbd ,i described a similar ware--the only fragment then known--which ,i discovered at ,headington 7,fig4 #agi71 that example being1 perhaps1 a little finer and of better quality than the present ,wilderspool specimens4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ahg and #ahh4--,tetin1 ,wilderspool4 ,another variety of ornament1 supposed by ,dr4 ,kendrick to be unique1 is on a hard bluish-grey ware2 it is a series of patches of fine lines scratched into the surface1 as though done by a fine comb or a hard brush4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--,wilderspool4 ,among the most special objects found at ,wilderspool are two tetin1 a tragic mask1 and a triplet vase4 ,of the mask1 engraved on ,fig4 #ahf1 ,dr4 ,kendrick says3--8,although it is sadly mutilated1 an earthenware mask or visor for the human face is certainly the most rare and curious of the ,roman antiquities discovered at ,wilderspool4 ,as such it has been described and figured in the seventeenth volume of the ,journal of the ,archological ,association4 ,in the ,british ,museum is a single specimen of the comic mask1 such as we often see represented on ,greek and ,roman sculptures or intaglio seals2 there is also another mask1 with the mouth closed1 for the silent actor4 ,the ,wilderspool mask appears to be an equally solitary example of the tragic mask1 although ,pollux1 an ancient writer1 enumerates twenty-five typical or standing masks of tragedy--six for old men1 seven for young men1 nine for females1 and three for slaves40 ,the tetin1 or feeding-bottles1 are engraved on ,figs4 #ahg and #ahh2 they have tubular spouts at the side1 and1 when used1 they were no doubt furnished with soft nipples or teats for the tender mouth of the infant4 ,when found the mouth of each was covered by a fragment of pottery1 and1 from their upright position and contents1 there can be no doubt that they contained the ashes of one or more children4 ,it is also curious to remark that one handle was suited for the right hand of the nurse1 and the other for the left1 as if to compel a change of posture for the infant4 ,the triple1 or triune vase1 restored on ,fig4 #ahi1 is an excellent specimen1 the connecting bands being hollow tubes1 so that when the liquor was placed in one1 it rose to the same height in each4 ,many other objects of great interest were found at ,wilderspool1 and have been carefully described by ,dr4 ,kendrick and illustrated by his daughter4 ,at ,ashdon1 in ,essex1 a potter's kiln was discovered by the ,hon4 ,r4 ,c4 ,neville in #aheb4 ,it was of square form1 being1 as nearly as could be measured1 eighteen feet square1 inclusive of the outer walls4 ,the furnace appeared to have been at the south-west end1 immediately communicating with the central and largest flue2 in it was a considerable quantity of charcoal and black ashes4 ,this flue was two feet six inches across at the entrance and two feet in width along the entire length1 which divided the structure into two equal portions4 ,from it eight lateral flues 7each seven inches wide7 diverged opposite each other on either side4 ,it was closed by the north-eastern wall1 which was carefully constructed of ,roman tiles1 which1 as well as the flanged tiles in other parts1 had evidently been used in some former building4 ,many fragments of tiles and pottery were strewed about1 but no perfect vessel was found4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,fig4 #aia4 ,fig4 #aib4 ,fig4 #aic4 ,fig4 #aid4 ,fig4 #aie4 ,fig4 #aif4 ,fig4 #aig4 ,amphor1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aih4--;,chesterfield4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aii4--;,chesterfield4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bja4--;,colchester4 ,a kiln was discovered in #ahfh at ,winterton1 near ,brigg1 on a site about half a mile from the ,roman road1 and not far from where a tesselated pavement had been previously discovered4 ,by the falling of a portion of the side of a pit where sand was being dug1 there was exposed a rudely constructed kiln or oven1 made by sinking a circular cavity about six feet deep and six feet in diameter at the top1 becoming narrower towards the bottom1 so as to be in fact an inverted cone4 ,the lower half of it is in the sand1 and the upper half in the surface soil1 and in a thin bed of clay between this and the sand4 ,a little more than a foot in depth of the bottom of the pit had been filled with soil from the surface1 quite compact1 as if it had been mixed with water and well rammed down4 ,on the top of this rested the oven itself1 formed by lining the pit with a mixture of coarse mud or clay with small stones and pebbles1 to a thickness of about four inches at the bottom1 increasing upward to ten inches at the brim1 which is about one foot and a half below the present surface of the field4 ,from the centre of the floor thus made rises a pillar of one foot nine inches in height1 and widening from one foot diameter at the bottom to one foot ten inches at the top1 which pillar widens suddenly so as to form a sort of mushroom head1 continuous in structure with the clay or mud floor and walls just described4 ,two shallow grooves run all round the inside of the oven1 a little above the top of the pillar1 and broken pieces of blue ,roman pottery are laid across from the pillar to the side of the basin so as to cover in a sort of circular flue4 ,over these has been spread a thin coat of clay similar to the rest of the lining1 so that the upper storey1 so to speak1 is a shallow pit1 about three and a half feet diameter and one foot and a half deep4 ,a large quantity of black ashes1 and of fragments of ,roman pottery1 was found in and around the kiln4 ,an account of this discovery1 with an engraving of the kiln appeared in vol4 ix4 of 8,the ,reliquary40 ,another1 in the same county1 was discovered near ,ancaster2 and in ,somersetshire a kiln has been uncovered4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--,little ,chester4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--;,cirencester4 ,many potteries besides those whose productions have been here spoken of might be described2 but as their productions were the usual classes of domestic or sepulchral vessels1 or flue and other tiles1 it is not perhaps necessary to enumerate them4 ,i will therefore proceed to speak of some of the vessels not already particularised in this chapter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--;,cirencester4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bje4--;,cirencester4 ,amphor were undoubtedly made in the ,roman pot-works of ,britain2 evidences of their manufacture having been observed in various localities4 ,the most extensive of these indications was at ,colchester1 from which place the example 7,fig4 #aid7 is taken4 ,these vessels are of large dimensions1 strongly formed1 and usually of a buff1 or reddish-yellow colour4 ,the forms of these vessels are of two distinct kinds--the one being tall and slender1 as in ,fig4 #aid1 and the other more globular1 as in ,figs4 #aif and #aig4 ,they were mostly pointed at the bottom1 for the purpose of fixing them1 it is believed1 in the earth1 or in stands made for their reception4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--,the ,jewry ,wall1 ,leicester4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,mortaria1 of which three examples have been given 7,figs4 #afh to #agj71 formed another extensive class of domestic vessels4 ,their use appears to have been the pounding and beating up1 for culinary purposes1 of vegetables and other articles4 ,some of the examples which have been found bear unmistakable signs of long and hard use4 ,their inner surface was studded1 while the clay was soft1 either with small fragments of quartz or with scori of iron1 so as to promote trituration4 ,the example 7,fig4 #aih7 is of somewhat different character1 having more upright1 and somewhat higher1 sides than usual4 ,it has been much used4 ,another of the more usual of the domestic vessels1 of ,romano-,british manufacture1 is the very convenient kind of basin 7,fig4 #aii71 which will be seen to be of the same general shape as ,fig4 #aga4 ,the form of this basin is infinitely better1 more elegant1 and more convenient than those in use among us at the present day4 ,the central flanged rim is a very secure and handy arrangement for holding4 ,this example1 and the mortarium 7,fig4 #aih7 were found together--in fact1 inverted one into the other--in the churchyard at ,chesterfield1 in ,derbyshire4 ,many other varieties of domestic vessels were also extensively made1 but to these it is not necessary farther to refer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baj4--,walesby4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baa4--,walesby4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bab4--;,headington4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bac4--,london4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bad and #bae4--;,headington4 ,the sepulchral urns of ,romano-,british manufacture are of extremely varied form and ornamentation4 ,figs4 #gh1 #ace1 #acg1 #adj1 #afa to #afe1 and #ahc1 will serve as examples of some of the varieties4 ,the most usual forms1 however1 are perhaps ,figs4 #bjj to #bje4 ,they are of various kinds of clays1 and were generally plain1 or but slightly ornamented4 ,other good examples of sepulchral urns of various kinds1 and of different shapes1 will be seen on the three groups of pottery1 c41 found at ,cirencester1 shown on ,figs4 #bjc1 #bjd1 and #bje4be ,on the same engravings will be seen many other characteristic examples of ,roman ,ceramic ,art1 as well as some metallic remains4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baf4--,tile ,cist1 ,colchester4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,building-tiles1 flue-tiles1 roof-tiles1 and drain-tiles were a branch of manufacture which was carried on to a considerable extent in various parts of the country1 and1 no doubt1 generally in the immediate neighbourhood of the buildings where they were used4 ,the building-tiles which are to be seen in the remains of the period1 as in the ,jewry ,wall at ,leicester1 engraved on ,fig4 #bjf1 where occasionally they form 8herring-bone0 masonry1 are usually from about seven to ten inches square1 and about an inch and a half in thickness4 ,they are frequently marked with letters1 and with feet of animals which have passed over them 7,figs4 #bjg and #bji74 ,the flue-tiles are of various dimensions4 ,they are usually of an oblong square form1 hollow throughout1 with a lateral opening in one side for the heated air to pass through 7see ,fig4 #bad74 ,others have two channels through their entire length1 and are without side openings4 ,they are much ornamented with incised patterns1 and occasionally are stamped with letters4 ,some1 too1 have figures of dogs1 stags1 c4 ,they were used for various purposes4 ,another example is shown lying down in the centre of the group of tiles on ,fig4 #baj4 ,in this group1 the tall example1 represented standing upright1 will be sufficient to show the form and excellence of construction of the drain-tiles--the small end of each being made to fit with an elbow joint into the thick end of the next4 ,in the same group are some open-flanged drain-tiles4 ,an inscribed flange-tile is shown on ,fig4 #bag4 ,the roofing-tiles were much more calculated to resist the wind and rain than those of later invention4 ,they had flanged sides1 which fitted close to each other and were covered at the joint by a small semicircular tile1 like a draining or ridge-tile1 imbedded in mortar and resting on the two roofing-tiles1 as a draining-tile rests on its sole4 ,this arrangement is shown on ,fig4 #baa1 which represents some roofing-tiles found at ,walesby4 ,of the ridge-tiles1 of semicircular form1 to cover the joints1 two good examples 7,figs4 #bab and #bae71 from ,headington1 are here given4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bah4--,tile ,tomb1 ,york4 ,it may be added that1 on tiles of one kind or other1 the name of the legions and cohorts quartered in particular localities where they were made1 are frequently found impressed4 ,the soldiers were brick-makers and masons1 and made the tiles and built the houses1 c41 at the places where they were stationed4 ,tile-stamps thus become important aids to history4 ,it is curious to add that some of the tiles which have been found tell a silent tale1 which they were never intended to carry1 of the dress or hand or foot of the maker1 which have become accidentally impressed upon their surface while in a soft state1 and are afterwards rendered imperishable by firing in the kiln4 ,one example of this kind of accidental ornamentation 7,fig4 #bjg71 which exhibits the impress of a man's feet1 or1 rather1 shoes thickly studded with nails1--like the 8hob-nailed0 boots of our own day1--will suffice as an illustration4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bai4--;,clay ,coffin1 ,aldborough4 ,one extraordinary and highly interesting use of tiles among the ,roman inhabitants of ,britain was that of forming them into tombs4#bf ,a large tile was laid flat on the ground2 two others of the same length were placed upright1 one at each side1 to form the sides2 two shorter ones were placed upright as ends2 and another tile formed the cover 7,fig4 #baf74 ,thus a fictile cist1 or chest1 was formed1 and in this was deposited the sepulchral urn containing the ashes of the departed1 with its accompanying group of smaller vessels4 ,cists of this kind are found frequently in the ,roman cemeteries at ,colchester4 8,the practice of enclosing or covering the sepulchral deposits with tiles appears to have been so general1 that the word tegula1 a tile1 was often used to signify a tomb4 ,the reader will at once call to mind the lines of ,ovid3-- 8,est honor et tumulis2 animas placate paternas1 ,parvaque in extinctas munera ferte pyras4 ,parva petunt manes2 pietas pro divite grata est ,munere2 non avidos ,styx habet ima deos4 ,tegula projectis satis est velata coronis1 ,et spars fruges1 parcaque mica salis40 ,it appears from these lines that it was the custom for the relatives to place garlands1 fruit1 and salt on the tile which covered the sepulchral deposit4#bg ,at ,york1 graves1 or rather tombs1 formed of a number of roof-tiles1 have been found4 ,fig4 #bah represents one of these curious tombs4 ,it was formed of ten roof-tiles1 four of which were placed on either side1 and one at each end1 and four ridge tiles arranged along the top4 ,each tile bore the impressed stamp of the ,,vi4 ,legion 7,leg4 ,,vi41 ,legio sexta victrix--the sixth legion victorious74 ,in these tile-tombs urns had in one instance been placed2 in another 7the one engraved7 were the remains of the funeral fire1 with the ashes of the dead4 ,clay coffins have also occasionally been found4 ,one of these1 from ,aldborough1 is shown on ,fig4 #bai4 ,lamps were undoubtedly made in various parts of this kingdom1 and were more or less ornamented2 some bear excellently executed figures and other devices4 ,many appear to have been made at ,colchester1 and are spoken of by ,mr4 ,roach ,smith in his 8,collectanea ,antiqua40 ,the pot works at this place appear to have been on the ,lexden ,road1 where a kiln and many other remains have been brought to light4 ,penates and other figures1 or statuettes1 were also made in this country2 and these1 again1 it is pretty certain1 were made in considerable numbers at ,colchester1 as were also lachrymatories1 unguentaria1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--;,colchester4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bba4--;,coin ,mould4 ,coin moulds1 for the manufacture of spurious ,roman coins1 were also made of clay1 and the arrangement was very simple1 but effective4 ,the clay being properly tempered and prepared1 was formed into small round tablets of uniform size and thickness4 ,a coin was then pressed between two tablets while the clay was soft1 so as to leave a perfect impression1 and these impressions1 which had thus become obverse and reverse moulds1 were arranged together in little piles2 the upper and lower being impressed on one side only4 ,down the sides of each of these little piles or heaps a nick or notch was then cut1 so as to admit the molten metal4 ,two or three of these heaps were then1 as shown in the engraving 7,fig4 #bba71 placed side by side with the notches joined together1 and these were then surrounded by a clay cone with a hole at the top1 into which the metal was poured1 and ran down through the notches1 and so into the moulds4 ,impressions were thus taken the exact counterpart of the original coin from which the moulds had been taken4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,anglo-,saxon ,pottery--,forms of ,vessels1 from ,illustrated ,,mss4--,culinary ,vessels--,pitchers and other domestic ,vessels--,cinerary ,urns--,cemeteries at ,kingston1 ,king's ,newton1 ,bedford1 c4--,modes of ornamenting4 ,for examples of the ceramic art of the ,anglo-,saxon period we are mainly indebted to the cemeteries and burial mounds of that people4 ,the art during this period1 so far as this country is concerned1 was but little practised1 except1 as in the ,celtic period1 for the manufacture of sepulchral urns of one kind or other4 ,still1 it is pretty certain that many of the vessels found in the barrows were made for the purposes of life1 and used for those of death when urns were wanted4 ,in the preceding era the population of this country--the ,romano-,britons--were essentially a pot-producing people1 and they established1 as will have been seen1 extensive manufactories in various parts of the kingdom1 and made and supplied vessels for every conceivable use and purpose4 ,when the ,saxons took possession of the country1 and gradually extended themselves over its length and breadth1 they found the ,roman towns1 as well as the stations and detached dwellings--nay1 they found every part of the island--well and1 indeed1 profusely stocked with crockery of every kind1 from the finest ,samian cup and bowl down to the coarsest mortarium and amphora1 in such profusion1 and in such variety1 as well as of such elegance1 use1 and beauty1 as they had not previously known4 ,fighting their way here1 and settling there1 they utilised the crockery which so abundantly lay ready to their hands1 and1 as there can be no doubt the ,roman potters continued their works long after the advent of the ,saxons1 they used these ,roman vessels for all purposes1 and thus did not1 except in the case of their burial urns and ordinary domestic vessels1 resembling in a somewhat striking manner some modern utensils1 leave the impress of what little taste or skill they had upon the productions of the fictile art4 ,the cinerary urns are1 therefore1 almost1 the only productions of the ,saxon potter which are known4 ,these1 like those of the ,celtic period1 were1 there can be no doubt1 usually made in pretty close proximity to their place of burial1 and1 consequently1 were formed of the clays of the district4 ,they assumed a peculiar character1 and are entirely dissimilar to those of either of the preceding periods4 ,of the forms of other vessels of the ,anglo-,saxons--for there is no doubt that coarse domestic utensils were to some extent made--a tolerable idea may be gained from the illuminated ,,mss4 of the time4 ,some few1 but very few1 examples have also been brought to light1 which may with tolerable certainty be assigned to this period4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,the engravings 7,figs4 #bbb to #bbg7 showing a few of the forms taken from the illuminated ,,mss4 of this and the succeeding period1 are interesting examples4 ,some of these will be seen to owe their origin--as1 for instance1 ,fig4 #bbf--to ,roman design1 while others are equally as clearly ,franco-,gaulish in character4 ,the ,anglo-,saxons were not1 like their ,roman forerunners1 an artistic race4 ,they could not draw the form of the human figure correctly1 nor1 indeed1 that of animals2 but their delineations of jugs and pitchers are proved by existing examples to be pretty accurate4 ,their mind1 as a rule1 was coarse and unpoetic as their own beer1 while that of the ,roman was bright and sparkling as his own champagne4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--;,from ,kingston1 in the ,derby ,museum4 ,fig4 #bcc4--;,in the ,norwich ,museum4 ,fig4 #bcd4--;,ashmolean ,museum4 ,the scene depicted on ,fig4 #bbd exhibits some well-formed vessels in the foreground1 while the dinner scene on ,fig4 #bbb shows other varieties4 ,for culinary purposes the ,anglo-,saxons appear to have had a kind of aversion to clay1 hence their bowls were principally of metal or wood--generally of ash1 and their drinking-vessels were of horn or glass4#bh ,one form of vessel1 made of coarse buff-coloured clay1 is here shown 7,fig4 #bbi72 and another of simple form is shown on ,fig4 #bcj4 ,the pottery of the ,anglo-,saxon grave-mounds and cemeteries consists1 unlike that of the preceding periods1 almost exclusively of cinerary urns1 and these have1 as has been already stated on a previous page1 been made near the place of sepulture2 and1 as a natural consequence1 of the clays found in the neighbourhood4 ,this is proved1 incontestably1 in the case of the urns found at ,king's ,newton1 where the bed of clay still exists1 and has very recently been used for common pottery purposes4#bi ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bce and #bcf4--,king's ,newton4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bcg to #bdd4--;,anglo-,saxon ,cinerary ,urns1 ,king's ,newton4 ,the shape of the cinerary urns is somewhat peculiar1 and partakes of the ,frankish form1 which may be called degraded ,roman4 ,instead of being wide at the mouth1 like the ,celtic urns1 they are more or less contracted1 and have a kind of neck instead of the overhanging lip or rim which is so eminently characteristic of the pottery of that period4 ,some1 however1 are tolerably wide at the mouth2 but these are usually low and shallow4 ,the cinerary urns were formed by hand1 not on the wheel1 although on some other vessels evidence of wheel-turning is apparent4 ,this is another proof that these sepulchral urns were made on the spot where wanted4 ,they are as a rule1 perhaps1 more firmly fired than those of the ,celtic period4 ,they are usually of a dark-coloured clay1 sometimes nearly black1 at other times of a dark brown1 and occasionally of a slate1 or greenish tint1 produced by surface-colouring4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bde to #bdg4--,mayer ,museum4 ,their general form will be best understood by reference to the engravings1 ,figs4 #bcb to #bdd4 ,one of these will be seen to have projecting knobs or bosses1 which have been formed by simply pressing out the pliant clay from the inside with the hand4 ,in other examples these raised bosses take the form of ribs gradually swelling out from the bottom1 till1 at the top1 they expand into semi-eggshaped protuberances4 ,the ornamentation on the urns from these cemeteries usually consists of encircling incised lines in bands or otherwise1 and vertical or zig-zag lines arranged in a variety of ways1 and1 not unfrequently1 the knobs or protuberances of which ,i have just spoken4 ,sometimes1 also they present evident attempts at imitation of the ,roman egg-and-tongue ornament4 ,the marked features of the pottery of this period is the frequency of small punctured or impressed ornaments1 which are introduced along with the lines or bands with very good effect4 ,these ornaments were evidently produced by the end of a stick cut and notched across in different directions1 so as to produce crosses and other patterns4 ,in some districts1 especially in the ,east ,angles1 these vessels are ornamented with simple patterns painted upon their surface in white2 but1 so far as my knowledge goes1 no example of this kind of decoration has been found in the ,mercian cemeteries4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bdh to #beb4 ,of the ,east-,anglian urns1 ,mr4 ,wright--to whom and to ,mr4 ,roach ,smith is mainly due the credit of having correctly appropriated them to the ,anglo-,saxon period--thus speaks3-- 8,the pottery is usually made of a rather dark clay1 coloured outside brown or dark slate-colour1 which has sometimes a tint of green1 and is sometimes black4 ,these urns appear often to have been made with the hand1 without the employment of the lathe2 the texture of the clay is rather coarse1 and they are rarely well baked4 ,the favourite ornaments are bands of parallel lines encircling the vessel1 or vertical and zigzags1 sometimes arranged in small bands1 and sometimes on a larger scale1 covering half the elevation of the urn2 and in this latter case the spaces are filled up with small circles and crosses1 and other marks1 stamped or painted in white4 ,other ornaments are met with1 some of which are evidently unskilful attempts at imitating the well-known egg-and-tongue and other ornaments of the ,roman ,samian ware1 which1 from the specimens1 and even fragments1 found in their graves1 appear to have been much admired and valued by the ,anglo-,saxons4 ,but a still more characteristic peculiarity of the pottery of the ,anglo-,saxon burial urns consists in raised knobs or bosses1 arranged symmetrically round them1 and sometimes forming a sort of ribs1 while in the ruder examples they become mere round lumps1 or even present only a slight swelling of the surface of the vessel4 ,that these vessels belong to the early ,anglo-,saxon period is proved beyond any doubt by the various objects1 such as arms1 personal ornaments1 c41 which are found with them1 and they present evident imitations both of ,roman forms and of ,roman ornamentation4 ,but one of these urns has been found accompanied with remarkable circumstances1 which not only show its relative date1 but illustrate a fact in the ethnological history of this early period4 ,among the ,faussett collection of ,anglo-,saxon antiquities is an urn which ,bryan ,faussett appears to have obtained from ,north ,elmham1 in ,norfolk1 and which contained the bones of a child4 ,it is represented in the accompanying engraving 7,fig4 #bde71 and will be seen at once to be perfectly identical in character with the ,east-,anglian sepulchral urns4 ,but ,mr4 ,roach ,smith1 in examining the various objects in the ,faussett collection1 preparatory to his edition of ,bryan ,faussett's 8,inventorum ,sepulchrale10 discovered on one side of this urn a ,roman sepulchral inscription1 which is easily read as follows3-- ,d4 ,m4 ,to the gods of the shades4 ,,laeliae ,to ,llia ,,rvfinae ,rufina4 ,,vixit,a,,xiii ,she lived thirteen years1 ,m,,iii,d,,vi4 three months1 and six days4 ,to this ,roman girl1 with a purely ,roman name1 belonged1 no doubt1 the few bones which were found in the ,anglo-,saxon burial urn when ,bryan ,faussett received it2 and this circumstance illustrates several important as well as interesting questions relating to our early history4 ,it proves1 in the first place1 what no judicious historian now doubts1 that the ,roman population remained in the island after the withdrawal of the ,roman power1 and mixed with the ,anglo-,saxon conquerors2 that they continued to retain1 for some time at least1 their old manners and language1 and even their ,paganism and their burial ceremonies2 for this is the purely ,roman form of sepulchral inscriptions2 and that1 with their own ceremonies1 they buried in the common cemetery of the new ,anglo-,saxon possessors of the land1 for this urn was found in an ,anglo-,saxon burial-ground4 ,this last circumstance had already been suspected by antiquaries1 for traces of ,roman interment in the well-known ,roman leaden coffins had been found in the ,anglo-,saxon cemetery at ,ozingell1 in the ,isle of ,thanet2 and other similar discoveries have1 ,i believe1 been made elsewhere4 ,the fact of this ,roman inscription on an ,anglo-,saxon burial urn1 found immediately in the district of the ,anglo-,saxon cemeteries1 which have produced so many of these ,east ,anglian urns1 proves further that these urns belong to a period following immediately upon the close of what we call the ,roman period40 ,the sepulchral vases found in the district of the ,middle ,angles vary but slightly in form from the ,east-,anglian burial urns4 ,an example is given in ,fig4 #bdf1 from ,chestersovers1 in ,warwickshire1 where it was found with an iron sword1 a spear-head1 and other articles of ,anglo-,saxon character4 8,if we had not abundant proofs of the ,anglo-,saxon character of this pottery at home10 continues ,mr4 ,wright1 8we should find sufficient evidences of it among the remains of the kindred tribes on the ,continent1 the old ,germans1 or ,alemanni1 and the ,franks4 ,some years ago1 an early cemetery1 belonging to the ,germans1 or ,alemanni1 who then occupied the banks of the ,upper ,rhine1 was discovered near a hamlet called ,selzen1 on the northern bank of that river1 not far above ,mayence1 and the rather numerous objects found in it are1 ,i believe1 preserved in the ,mayence ,museum4 ,they were communicated to the public by the brothers ,lindenschmit1 in a well-illustrated volume published in #ahdh1 under the title #8,das ,germanische ,todtenlager bei ,selzen in der ,provinz ,reinhessen4' ,when this book appeared in ,england1 our antiquaries were astonished to find in the objects discovered in the ,alemannic cemeteries of the country bordering on the ,rhine a character entirely identical with that of their own ,anglo-,saxon antiquities1 by which the close affinity of the two races was strikingly illustrated4 ,more recently1 the subject has been further illustrated in the description by ,ludwig ,lindenschmit of the collection of the national antiquities in the ,ducal ,museum of ,hohenzollern1 and in other publications4 ,about the same time with the first labours of the ,lindenschmits1 a ,french antiquary1 ,dr4 ,rigollot1 was calling attention in ,france to similar discoveries in the cemeteries which the ,teutonic invaders of ,picardy had left behind them1 and in which he recognised the same character as that displayed by the similar remains of the ,anglo-,saxons in our island4 ,similar discoveries have been made in ,burgundy and in ,switzerland1 the ancient country of the ,helvetii2 and it is hardly necessary here to do more than mention the great and valuable researches carried on by the ,abb ,cochet among the ,frankish graves in ,normandy4 ,it has thus become an established fact that the varied remains of the tribes1 all of ,teutonic descent1 who settled on the borders of the ,roman empire along the whole extent of the country from ,great ,britain to ,switzerland1 present the same character and bear a close resemblance40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bec to #bef4 ,a few figures here given will illustrate this resemblance4 ,figs4 #bdh and #bea are two ,allemannic urns from the cemetery of ,selzen4 ,it will be seen that they resemble in form the ,east ,anglian urns1 and the same ornamentation is also found among our general ,anglo-,saxon pottery4 ,these urns are described as being usually made of the clay of the neighbourhood1 in most cases turned on a lathe1 but many of them imperfectly baked4 ,they are found in graves where the body had not undergone cremation1 and were used for containing articles of a miscellaneous description4 ,fig4 #beb is a slate-coloured urn1 procured at ,cologne1 and is ornamented with circular stamps4 ,figs4 #bdi and #bea are ,frankish urns1 obtained by the ,abb ,cochet from ,londinires in ,normandy1 and show at a glance the identity of the ,frankish pottery with the ,germanic as well as with the ,anglo-,saxon4 ,the second of these is surrounded with a row of the well-known bosses1 which are equally characteristic of the three divisions of this ,teutonic pottery--,anglo-,saxon1 ,frankish1 and ,allemannic4 ,above these bosses is an ornament identical with that of the ,east ,anglian urn with the sepulchral inscription4 ,figs4 #bec to #bef are urns from the ,swiss ,lacustrine habitations1 for comparison of form4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,the series of engravings 7,figs4 #bcb to #bdd7 will show the general and more characteristic forms of purely ,anglo-,saxon cinerary urns4 ,figs4 #bcb and #bce are of the low or flat variety1 which is of not unfrequent occurrence4 ,figs4 #bcd and #bcf are also of a not uncommon form1 while #bdj is more uncommon4 ,fig4 #bda is of excellent form1 and is very simple in ornamentation1 having only encircling and diagonal lines1 to decorate its surface4 ,figs4 #bdc1 #bdd1 and #bci are of different shape1 and so again are ,figs4 #bcg and #bdj1 which are almost unique in form and in ornamentation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,most of these examples are from one locality1 ,king's ,newton1 in ,derbyshire1 within a few miles of the capital of the kingdom of ,mercia4 ,the others 7,fig4 #bcb7 are from ,kingston1 in the same neighbourhood4 ,other characteristic examples of form and decoration are given on ,figs4 #bcc and #bcd4 ,these are from the ,ashmolean ,museum at ,oxford1 and from the ,norwich ,museum1 and exhibit excellent specimens of forms and decoration from those districts4 ,the ornamentation on ,anglo-,saxon cinerary urns consists usually of encircling lines in bands1 or otherwise2 in vertical or zig-zag lines1 arranged in a variety of ways2 of impressed or punctured ornaments2 and of knobs or protuberances4 ,sometimes also1 as in a ,bedfordshire urn1 they present evident attempts at imitation of the ,roman egg-and-tongue ornament4 ,in some districts small ornaments are painted on the surface with a white pigment4 ,the marked feature of the pottery of this period is the frequency of the small punctured or impressed ornaments to which ,i have alluded1 which are introduced along with the lines or bands1 with very good effect4 ,these ornaments were evidently usually produced by the end of a stick1 cut and notched across in different directions1 so as to produce crosses and other patterns4 ,in other instances these impressed ornaments have been produced by twisted slips of metal1 c4 ,in the woodcut 7,figs4 #bfj and #bfa7 ,i have endeavoured to show two of the notched-stick 8punches10 such as ,i have reason to believe were used for pressing into the soft clay1 and also the impressed patterns produced by them4 ,the quatrefoils 7or as they may almost be called1 crosses pate7 on some of the urns ,i have engraved1 particularly on ,figs4 #bcg1 #bch1 and #bci1 are very unusual1 as are also those in the lower bands of ,figs4 #bcg and #bdj1 and in the upper band of the latter example4 ,other modes of ornamenting are shown on ,fig4 #bcd4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,pottery of the ,norman and ,medival ,periods--,examples from illuminated ,,mss4--,norman ,potworks at ,burley ,hill--,the ,ferrars ,family--,medival ,pottery---,grotesque ,vessels--,costrils--,mammiform ,vessels--,the ,cruiskeen or ,cruiska--,godets1 c4--,simpson's ,petition--,rous and ,cullyn's ,patent--,bellarmines--,ale-pots--,salt glazing--,butter-pots--,dr4 ,plot--,state of ,staffordshire ,potteries--,combed ,ware--,ariens ,van ,hamme--,john ,dwight--,the brothers ,elers--,the ,tofts--,william ,sans--,tygs--,candlesticks--,cradles1 c4 ,of the pottery of the ,norman period but little has been said by any writers1 and that simply because but little was known4 ,i had the good fortune1 however1 a few years' back1 to discover the remains of a kiln#cj of that period1 in and around the remains of which were many vessels--8wasters0 as they would be technically called--of various kinds4 ,this discovery was all the more interesting and valuable1 as being the only instance of the finding of a kiln either of the ,anglo-,saxon or ,norman periods1 and it has enabled me to identify and appropriate to this age vessels from other localities4 ,to these ,i shall presently refer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,illustration3 ,pitcher1 temp4 ,henry ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,the pottery of this period consisted chiefly of pitchers1 dishes1 bowls1 or basins1 and what we should now term porringers or pipkins2 the bowls or basins and dishes being used for drinking purposes as well as for placing cooked meats in2 the pitchers for holding and carrying ale1 mead1 water1 and other liquors to the table1 and the porringers both for eating and for cooking with4 ,the uses of these vessels1 as well as their general forms1 are gathered from the illuminated ,,mss4 of the time which have come down to us4 ,the annexed engraving 7,fig4 #bfd7 from a twelfth-century ,,ms41 shows the pitchers1 the water or wine vessels--both in their locker and being carried up to the feast by attendants1 one of whom is drawing water from a draw-well in the yard4 ,fig4 #bfc shows1 on a table set out for dinner1 the bowls or basins for the food and for drinking from1 one of which holds a fish4 ,the plate-like articles1 it should be mentioned1 are bread which was made in cakes1 and variously ornamented with the knife4 ,the other engravings 7,figs4 #bfb and #bff7 are excellent representations of pitchers and wine vessels1 drinking-cups and bowls1 and other characteristic vessels4 ,the next ,fig4 7#bfe7 gives the form of the drinking-cups excellently well1 and enables one to determine that the small vessel engraved 7,fig4 #bdf7 was one used for that purpose4 ,it should be stated1 however1 that1 as in the former case1 the objects between the drinking-cups on the table are not plates1 but cakes of bread4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bff4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bfg to #bgj4--;,from ,burley ,hill4 ,the clay of which ,norman pottery is formed is usually of a coarse kind1 and the vessels bear evidence in many instances of the wheel having been used4 ,in colour they are sometimes of a reddish brown1 at others of a tolerably good red1 while at others again they are nearly black2 and many of the pitchers1 c41 are either wholly or partially covered with a green or other glaze4 ,many are quite devoid of ornament1 but others have the ends of the handles formed into foliage1 c41 by the pressure of the finger4 ,some1 however1 are rather highly decorated4 ,figs4 #bfg to #bgj show four small-sized jugs1 ranging from four and a half to seven inches in height1 two of which are devoid of ornament1 and the other two have their handles foliated4 ,figs4 #bgc and #bge show pitchers of a larger growth1 of the same clumsy coarse kind of clay1 and ornamented in the same primitive manner4 ,they are about nine inches in height1 and are green glazed4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bga and #bgb4--;,from ,burley ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bgc to #bge4--;,from ,burley ,hill4 ,figs4 #bga and #bgb represent the two sides of a remarkably fine pitcher1 which 7as well as those engraved on ,figs4 #bfg to #bgi7 was discovered by myself in a kiln to which reference has been made4 ,it is sixteen inches in height1 and is1 perhaps1 the finest and most interesting fictile remain of the ,norman period in existence4 ,it bears1 as will be seen1 five horseshoes1 and two buckles1 all of which were badges of the ,ferrars family 7,norman ,earls of ,derby71 who were lords of the soil where1 and at the time when1 these vessels were made4 ,the decorations are all laid on in 8slip0 of a finer kind of clay than that of which the body is composed1 and the pitcher is glazed4 ,herring-bone pattern is incised in the body of the pitcher itself4 ,while speaking of this pitcher it may not be out of place to allude to a ludicrous mistake made in ,miss ,meteyard's 8,life of ,wedgwood40 ,on page #ch1 vol4 i4 of that work1 ,miss ,meteyard has copied my own woodcut which appeared some little time before1 both in the 8,reliquary0 and in my own 8,life of ,wedgwood20 but her artist having made his tracing from my woodcut has reversed it in his copy1 and thus made it worse than useless4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,fig4 #bgd represents a 8porringer0 or pipkin from the same place4 ,it is of red clay2 but others were found of a dark clay1 and partly glazed4 ,a kind of clumsy dish and a bottle-shaped vessel with a side handle are shown on the next engravings 7,figs4 #bgf and #bgg74 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bgh and #bgi4--;,from ,burley ,hill4 ,fragments of a number of large pitchers1 highly decorated with flowers1 bosses1 c41 in slip1 and incised patterns1 were also found4 ,among the more interesting of these were some bearing round the neck rude attempts at faces and arms4 ,two of these are shown on ,figs4 #bgh and #bgi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,fig4 #bha4 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,the domestic vessels of a somewhat later date appear1 in many instances1 to retain the same general form1 but in others present new shapes4 ,fortunately1 we can again fall back upon the illuminated ,,mss4 for forms of these vessels1 and can compare them with actual examples4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,thus on ,fig4 #bhd we have a dish of the fourteenth1 and in ,fig4 #bhc those of the fifteenth century2 while in the others we have drinking cups1 bowls1 three-legged vessels with spouts1 c4 ,fig4 #bhb gives us a wash-hand basin and jug--an attendant holding the basin in one hand and jug in the other while the guest washes his hands1 a female standing by with the towel4 ,in ,fig4 #bha we have a remarkably fine assemblage of pitchers of the fourteenth century1 some of which appear to be ornamented with cross bands2 while in ,fig4 #bhj 7the dancing of ,herodias before ,herod7 we have dishes1 jugs1 and bowls4 ,some of the vessels in these illuminations1 it must be borne in mind1 may be of metal1 but the form is still of the same value and importance4 ,some excellent figures of medival jugs are also given in the next engravings1 one of which 7,fig4 #bhg7 likewise shows a drinking-mug4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bij4--,london4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bia to #bid4--;,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bie4--,london4 ,one of the earliest written notices of crockery we have is the oft-quoted entry in the account of payments by the executors of ,queen ,eleanor1 wife of ,edward ,i4 8,item ,juliana la potere pro ccc picheriis die anniversarii ,regin viijs4 vjd40--these three hundred pitchers being probably earthenware vessels 8provided for the feast given to the poor on the anniversary of the queen's death40#ca ,another item in the same accounts is also curious3 8,item1 ,johanni le squeler pro ,mle et ,d discis1 tot platelles1 tot salseriis1 et cccc chiphis1 xlijs40--the 8squeler10 or 8sargeant-squylloure10 being 8pourveyour of the squylery10 or scullery1 who had charge of the pots1 and kept them clean and in order4 ,in the household books of ,edward ,,iv4 and ,sir ,john ,howard1 in the fifteenth century1 and the ,earl of ,northumberland1 shortly afterwards1 mention is made of 8earth and asshen cuppes0 and 8erthyn potts0--the latter directing that leather pots be bought in place of earthen ones1 of course in consequence of the loss by breakage4 ,the entry in the expenses of ,sir ,john ,howard1 in #adff1 referred to1 shows somewhat curiously the cost of 8potes0 in those days3--8,watekin bocher of ,stoke delyvered of my mony to on of the poteres of ,horkesley ivs4 vid4 to pay hemselfe and his felawes for xi dosen potes10 which would be about #d;d4 per dozen for them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,the vessels made in ,england in medival times principally consisted of pitchers and jugs1 cups or bowls1 bottles1 and dishes2 the term 8pottes0 being applied to the drinking cups then in general use4 ,from them and their successors the 8ale pots10 of which ,i shall yet speak1 the still common term of a pot of ale has gradually come down to us4 ,one shape of these drinking vessels is shown in the two smaller vessels1 ,figs4 #bic and #bid1 the larger ones being excellent examples of the jugs in use along with them4 ,these were dug up in ,oxford1 in #ahch1 and are preserved in the ,ashmolean ,museum4 ,other good examples of jugs1 in the ,jermyn ,street ,museum1 are shown on ,figs4 #bij and #bie4 ,these are all plain1 but are glazed4 ,the larger jugs1 or pitchers1 are frequently ornamented with heads1 foliage1 or other devices1 in somewhat high relief4 ,many of these are very curious4 ,they were made in different parts of the country1 of the common clays of the locality1 and decorated according to the taste and skill of the maker4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #big4--,lewes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bih4--,salisbury ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bii4--,scarborough ,museum4 ,jugs1 or vessels for liquor1 were occasionally1 from a very early period1 made in form of mounted knights4 ,indeed1 from the occurrence of grotesque heads and portions of figures on the ,norman vessels which ,i had the good fortune to exhume a few years back1#cb it is probable these grotesque vessels may1 in some instances1 trace from that date4 ,a very interesting example 7,fig4 #big7 was found at ,lewes in #ahdf4 ,it is in the form of a mounted knight4 ,the workmanship is very rude1 but there are certain details1 such as the long pointed toes and pryck spurs1 from which its probable date is assigned to the time of ,henry ,,ii4 ,its length is ten and half inches1 and its full height1 when perfect1 would be thirteen or fourteen inches4 ,the material is coarse clay1 the upper parts green glazed4 ,there can be no doubt it was intended to contain liquor1 and the handle1 which passes from the back of the knight to the tail of the horse1 was evidently intended for pouring out the contents2 whilst a circular aperture at the lower end of the handle afforded the means of filling the vessel4#cc ,there is no evidence to show where this was made4 ,another curious example 7,fig4 #bih7 preserved in the ,salisbury ,museum1 was found at ,mere1 in ,wiltshire1 and is believed to belong to the latter half of the twelfth century4 ,the costume and accoutrements of this figure 7which is a knight on horseback1 armed with shield1 c47 correspond almost precisely to that of the effigy of ,king ,richard ,i4 on his great seal4#cd ,the impressed circles are probably intended to represent chain mail4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cja4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,another vessel1 of analogous character1 preserved in the ,scarborough ,museum1 is engraved on ,fig4 #bii4 ,it is in the form of an animal with a twisted horn1 but its handle and other parts are imperfect4 ,it is covered with a green glaze1 and was1 there cannot be the shadow of a doubt1 made at ,scarborough1 where1 as ,i shall show1 the remains of a potter's kiln was found in #ahed1 but has not1 as yet1 been named in any work on pottery4 ,a jug1 which would almost appear to have been the origin of the bellarmine1 to be hereafter described1 was communicated by ,mr4 ,kirwan to the ,journal of the ,british ,archological ,association1#ce where it is engraved4 ,it is covered with green glaze1 and bears a well and powerfully moulded head1 with the flowing hair and beard so characteristic of the time of ,edward ,i41 ,,ii41 and ,,iii4 ,to this period some clay moulds for the forming of faces upon medival pottery1 found at ,lincoln by ,mr4 ,arthur ,trollope1 may be assigned2 they are engraved by ,marryatt1#cf and will be referred to later on in this volume4 ,it will be seen1 too1 on comparison of this jug with the fragments of ,norman pottery on another page1 that it is the same kind of general idea1 somewhat amplified1 but carried out in the taste of the day4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cje4 ,the costrils1 or pilgrims' bottles as they are commonly called1 i4e41 bottles for liquor to be carried and hung on the person1 were much made in the ,middle ,ages1 and although usually plain1 were1 nevertheless1 sometimes rather highly decorated4 ,fig4 #cjj is the shape mostly known as a pilgrim's bottle1 and will be seen to vary but little from the flattened globular amphora of ,roman times 7,fig4 #cjc74 ,sometimes they had four loops instead of handles1 so that the strap could pass through the four loops and make the carrying safer4 ,to this class a remarkably fine example in the ,roach ,smith collection in the ,british ,museum belongs4 ,on one side are the royal arms of ,henry ,,viii4 within a rose and garter1 and with supporters and crown1 with the legend ,,dne ,,salvvm ,,fac ,,regem ,,reginam ,,et ,,regnvm 7,god keep safe the ,king1 ,queen1 and kingdom73 on the other side are four medallions3 one contains the sacred monogram1 ,i4,h4,s42 two others have radiating patterns1 and the fourth a heart1 with loveknot of flowers and the word ,,leal4 ,fig4 #cjc shows another example1 somewhat of the form of ,figs4 #cjj and #cjb2 but in this case it is globular1 or gourd-shaped1 and not flattened on the sides1 and the handles for the loops are simply flat pieces of clay pierced for suspension4 ,this interesting example1 which is of ,tickenhall make1 belongs to ,sir ,j4 ,h4 ,crewe1 ,bart41 and is mottled with green all over its surface4 ,another excellent form of medival 8pilgrim's bottle0 was found at ,collingbourne ,ducis by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,c4 ,lukis1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,it is of barrel shape1 and has handles and mouth at the top1 and1 at the bottom1 a stand4 ,in front is a face surrounded by oak-leaves1 within a circle of foliage1 all in relief1 and above this is an aperture4 ,other vessels partaking of the barrel-shape and mammiform character are also met with3 some of their forms will be seen on ,figs4 #cjd to #cjg4 ,when carried1 they would be slung by the handles in the same manner as others2 but when not in use1 instead of having a base1 as in ,fig4 #cjc1 one end is seen to be flattened for it to stand upon2 the other end is in form of a woman's breast--this1 of course1 in allusion to the use of the vessel1 from the mouth of which the person who used it would drink or 8suck0 the liquor it contained4 ,a much more perfectly formed mammiform bottle ,i give1 from a beautiful drawing furnished me1 with others1 by my friend the late ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,lukis1 ,f4,s4,a41 on ,figs4 #cjd and #cje4 ,it is gourd-shaped1 with one side flattened to prevent its rolling when set down1 and the other side is a beautifully formed female breast4 ,it is four and a half inches in height1 and holds about half a pint4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjg4 ,the cruskin1 or cruse1 or cruske1 was much in use1 and made of somewhat varied form4 ,it was the precursor of the tyg1 and was nothing more than a drinking-cup4 ,references are frequently found to this vessel1 as a 8crusekyn de terre10 and as having1 in some instances1 been mounted with silver4 ,usually1 however1 they were plain cups of earthenware or of wood1 generally ash1 the latter partaking somewhat of the form of our present basin4 ,i am inclined to think1 too1 that the pipkin1 or porringer1 was also called a cruske or cruskin4 ,the term is still in use in ,ireland1 where a 8cruisken of whiskey0 is a common form of expression4 ,some of the forms of the 8cruisken0 as at present in use in ,ireland--made of wood--are shown on ,figs4 #cjh to #caa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cji4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #caj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #caa4 ,the godet1 or goddard1 was another drinking-cup much in vogue1 and was1 evidently1 a kind of large cup or bowl1 in which spiced liquor was mixed and drunk by 8gossips0 and friends4 ,some of these bowls will be spoken of later on4 ,besides these1 various other names for drinking-vessels were more or less in use4 ,in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the potter's art was principally confined to the manufacture of common domestic vessels--large coarse dishes1 cruiskens1 tygs1 pitchers1 bowls1 cups1 candlesticks1 pans1 butter-pots1 and other articles being among the number4 ,many articles1 not made in ,england1 were imported from ,holland and other countries1 and came into general use4 ,they were1 however1 soon copied by our own workmen and made to a large extent4 ,among the principal of the imported vessels were bellarmines1 or grey beards2 and ale-pots4 ,in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 one ,william ,simpson proposed to manufacture1 8in some decayed town within this realm10 these ale-pots1 which had till that time been solely imported from ,cologne by ,garnet ,tynes1 by which he promised that 8manie a hundred poore men may be sett at worke40 ,as a preliminary to this1 he petitioned the queen to grant him sole licence to bring them into the realm4 ,the following is his petition3--#cg 8,the sewte of ,william ,simpson1 merchaunte--,whereas one ,garnet ,tynes1 a straunger livinge in ,acon1 in the parte beyond the seas1 being none of her maties subjecte1 doth buy uppe alle the pottes made at ,culloin1 called ,drinking stone pottes1 and he onelie transporteth them into this realm of ,england1 and selleth them3 ,it may please your matie to graunt unto the said ,simpson full power and onelie license to provyde transport and bring into this realm the same or such like drinking pottes2 and the said ,simpson will putt in good suretie that it shall not be prejudiciall to anie of your maties subjects1 but that he will serve them as plentifullie1 and sell them at as reasonable price as the other hath sold them from tyme to tyme4 8,item4 ,he will be bound to double her maties custome by the year1 whenever it hath been at the most4 8,item4 ,he will as in him lieth draur the making of such like pottes into some decayed town within this realm1 wherebie manie a hundred poore men may be sett a work4 8,note4 ,that no ,englishman doth transport any potte into this realm but onlie the said ,garnet ,tynes1 who also serveth all the ,low ,countries and other places with pottes40 ,whether the petition was granted or not does not appear4 ,in #aegj1 according to ,stow1 ,jasper ,andries and ,jacob ,janson1 potters1 who had settled in ,norwich in #aefg 7which see71 8removed to ,london4 ,they set forth in a petition to ,queen ,elizabeth that they were the first that brought in and exercised the said science in this realm1 and were at great charges before they could find materials in this realm4 ,they besseeched her1 in recompense of their great cost and charges1 that she would grant them house room in or without the liberties of ,london1 by the water side40 ,in #afbf a patent was granted to ,thomas ,rous1 alias ,rius1 and ,abraham ,cullen1 for the manufacture of 8,stone ,potts1 ,stone ,juggs1 and ,stone ,bottells40 ,this patent ,i here give entire3-- 8,whereas we are given to vnderstand by our loving subiecte1 ,,thomas ,,rous als ,,rius and ,,abraham ,,cullyn1 of ,london1 ,marchante1 that heretofore and at this present1 this our ,kingdome of ,englande and other our ,dominions are and have beene served with stone potte1 stone jugge1 and stone bottles out of forreigne parte from beyond the seas1 and they have likewise shewed vnto vs that by their industry and charge not onely the materialle1 but also the arte and manufacture may be found out and pformed1 never formerly vsed within this our ,kingdome of ,england1 by any which proffitable intencon they have already attempted and in some good measure have proceeded in1 and hope to pfecte1 whereby many poore and vnproffitable people may be sett on worke and put to labour and good ymployment for their maintenance1 and reliefe1 of which they will make further tryall at their owne charge for the good of our realmes1 and in consideracon thereof they have humbly desired that we would be graciously pleased to grant vnto them our royall priviledge for #8,,the ,,sole ,,making ,,of ,,the ,,stone ,,potte1 ,,stone ,,jugge1 and ,,stone ,,bottelle1' within our ,dominions for the tearme of fowerteene yeares1 for a reward for their ,invencon1 and they have also voluntarily offered vnto vs for the same a yearely rente of five pounde towarde the increase of our revenue1 soe long as they have benefitte by this our grant1 neyther doe they desier by vertue of such priviledge to prohibite or hinder the importacon of these comodities by others from forreigne parte1 but that they may still bring in the same from beyond the seas as they have formerly done4 8,knowe ye1 that we graciously tendring and effecting the general good and benifitt of our kingdomes and our subiecte of the same1 and to the end that as well the said ,thomas ,rous als ,rius and ,abraham ,cullin may receave some convenient recompence and proffitte out of their owne labours and endeavours as reason requireth1 as also that other our loving subiecte may be thereby encouraged1 in the like laudable service and endeavours for the comon good of their country1 and for other good consideracons vs herevnto moving of our especiall grace1 certeyne knowledge1 and meare mocon we have given and granted1 and by these ,presente for vs1 our heires and successors1 doe give and grant full and free lycence1 priviledge1 power1 and authority1 vnto the said ,thomas ,rous als ,rius and ,abraham ,cullin1 and eyther of them1 their and eyther of their executors and administrators1 and their and every or any of their deputies or assignes1 having authority from them1 or any of them in that behalfe1 that they and every or any of them1 and none others1 shall and may from tyme to tyme1 and at all tymes for and during the tearme of fowerteene yeares nexte ensueing the date hereof1 within these our ,realmes of ,england and ,ireland1 and the ,dominions thereof1 at their or any of their liberty and pleasuer1 vse1 exercise1 practise1 and put in vse the arte and feate of frameing1 workeing1 and makeing of all and all manner of potte1 jugge1 and bottelle1 commonly called or knowne by the name or names of stone potte1 stone jugge1 and stone bottelle whatsoever1 whereof the like hath not heretofore beene vsually made or wrought1 within our said realmes and dominions1 and also to make1 erecte1 and sett vpp in any ground1 place1 or places whatsoever within our said realmes and dominions1 with the consent1 agreement1 and good likeing of the persons to whome the same shall belong1 any fornace or fornaces whatsoever concerning the said feate or arte of frameing1 workeing1 and making of stone potte1 stone jugge1 and stone bottelle1 and the same soe made to vtter and sell in grose1 or by retayle1 or otherwise to doe away or dispose of the same at their or any of their will and pleasuer1 and to their or any of their beste comodity and proffitt1 during the said tearme of fowerteene yeares2 and therefore our will and pleasuer is1 and we doe1 by these ,presente1 for vs1 our heires1 and successors1 straightly charge1 prohibite1 and forbidd all and every person and persons1 as well our naturall borne subiecte as aliens1 denizens1 and strangers whatsoever 7other then the said ,thomous ,rous als ,rius and ,abraham ,cullin1 and eyther of them1 their and eyther of their executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 and such as shall by them or any of them be sett on worke1 licensed or authorised1 that they or any of them doe not1 during the tearme aforesaid1 presume1 attempte1 or take in hande to make1 frame1 practise1 vse1 or exercise1 within our said ,realmes of ,england or ,ireland1 or the ,dominions of the same1 the said arte1 feate1 or way of makeing1 frameing1 or workeing of any manner of the said potte1 jugge1 or bottelle1 comonly called or knowne by the name or names of stone potte1 stone jugge1 and stone bottelle whatsoever1 not heretofore vsually made or wrought within our said realmes or dominions1 and to be put in vse and practise by the said ,thomas ,rous als ,rius and ,abraham ,cullin1 or eyther of them1 their or eyther of their executors1 administrators1 or assignes1 or to counterfett the said arte or feate by them or any of them soe to be put in vse1 practise1 nor to presume1 attempt1 or take in hand1 to make1 erecte1 frame1 or sett vpp any furnace or furnaces to that purpose1 vpon payne of forfeyture of all and every such potte1 jugge1 and bottelle soe to be made1 wrought or counterfetted1 contrary to the true intente and meaneing of these psente1 and also vpon payne of breakeing and defaceing of all and every the said furnace or furnaces to be made or erected contrary to the tenor hereof1 and further vpon payne of our highe indignacon and displeasure1 and such further penalties and imprisonmente as by any the statute or lawes of the said realmes or dominions1 or any of them1 can or may be inflicted vpon them1 or any of them1 for their contempt and disobedience in breakeing and contemning our comandement and prerogative royall40 ,in #afce a patent was granted to 8,david ,ramsey1 ,esquier1 one of the groomes of our pryvie chamber1 ,michael ,arnold1 and ,john ,ayliffe1 of the citty of ,westminster1 ,brewers10 for a new method of heating boilers by means of sea coal1 for brewers1 soap-boilers1 and others2 which 8invencion is alsoe very usefull for the ,dryeinge of ,bricke1 all manner of ,tyles1 and all such sortes of ,tyles as cannot be made in this kingdome but in the ,heat of ,sumer2 and alsoe that they have found out the ,arte and ,skill of ,makeinge and ,dyeinge of all sortes of ,panne ,tyles1 ,stone ,juggs1 ,bottles of all sizes1 ,earthen ,wicker ,bottles2 ,meltinge ,pottes for ,gouldsmythes1 and other ,earthen ,comodityes within this our ,realme1 which nowe are made by ,straungers in ,forraigne ,partes2 and that in the makinge of the same ,earthen ,comodityes as aforesaid1 the saide ,david ,ramsey1 ,michaell ,arnold1 and ,john ,ayliffe shall have employment for many of our poore ,subjects1 whoe thereby shalbee sett on worke1 and bee competently mainteyned1 and will alsoe sell them cheaper than they are now sould40 ,this patent was for fourteen years1 the parties being bound to pay one-fourth part of their profit yearly into the exchequer4 ,the stoneware was usually called 8,cologne ware10 from ,cologne1 from whence it was first imported2 and by this name that made in our own country continued to be in great measure known4 ,it will be well here1 therefore1 to speak of the ale-pots and bellarmines of that kind of ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cab and #cac4--;,bellarmines4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cad4--;,bellarmine4 ,the ,bellarmine1 or ,grey ,beard1 or ,long ,beard1 as it was commonly called1 was a stoneware pot of bottle form1 mostly with a handle at the back and ornament on the front4 ,the neck is narrow1 and the lower part1 or 8belly10 as it is technically called1 very wide and protuberant4 ,they were in very general use at the 8ale-houses0 to serve ale in to customers1 and were of different sizes--the gallonier containing a gallon2 the pottle pot1 two quarts2 the pot1 a quart2 and the little pot1 a pint4 ,these jugs were derisively named after ,cardinal ,bellarmine1 who died in #afba4 ,the cardinal having1 by his determined and bigoted opposition to the reformed religion1 made himself obnoxious in the ,low ,countries1 became naturally an object of derision and contempt with the ,protestants1 who1 among other modes of showing their detestation of the man1 seized on the potter's art to exhibit his short stature1 his hard features1 and his rotund figure1 to become the jest of the ale-house and the byword of the people4 ,allusions to the bellarmines are very common in the productions of the ,english writers of the period4 ,ben ,jonson1 in his ,gipsies ,metamorphosed1 gives the following amusing version of the origin of these vessels3-- 8,gaze upon this brave spark struck out of ,flintshire upon ,justice ,jug's daughter1 then sheriff of the county1 who1 running away with a kinsman of our captain's1 and her father pursuing her to the ,marches1 he great with justice1 she great with jugling1 they were both for the time turned into stone upon sight of each other here in ,chester2 till at last 7see the wonder67 a jug of the town ale reconciling them1 the memorial of both their gravities--his in beard1 and hers in belly--hath remained ever since preserved in picture upon the most stone jugs of the kingdom40 ,in another place he says3-- 8,whose1 at the best1 some round grown thing1 a jug ,faced with a beard1 that fills out to the guests40 ,in another play1 the ,ordinary1 is the following3-- 8,thou thing1 ,thy belly looks like to some strutting hill1 ,o'ershadowed by thy rough beard like a wood2 ,or like a larger jug that some men call ,a ,bellarmine1 but we a ,conscience2 ,whereon the lewder hand of pagan workman ,over the proud ambitious head hath carved ,an idol large1 with beard episcopal1 ,making the vessel look like tyrant ,eglon40 ,in the curious play of ,epsom ,wells1 one of the characters1 while busy with ale1 says1 8,uds bud1 my head begins to turn round2 but let's into the house4 ',tis dark4 ,we'll have one ,bellarmine there1 and then ,bonus nocius40 ,these are but a few of the allusions that might be brought forward from the old writers1 but they are sufficient to show its common use4 ,the ale pots thus being formed with the corpulent proportions and the 8hard-mouthed visage0 of the cardinal1 became a popular and biting burlesque upon him4 ,from them1 too1 from the face upon the ale mug or ale pot1 the vulgar name of 8mug0 for the human face is probably derived4 ,the engravings1 ,figs4 #cab to #cad1 show three bellarmines2 the first two are 8foreign0 make1 but the latter is ,english2 and a strong general resemblance will be seen to the pitchers before engraved4 ,another ,english bellarmine is engraved under the head of 8,fulham40 ,the ordinary 8ale-pots10 or 8little pots10--the pint jugs1--were1 like the bellarmines1 at first imported into this country1 but they were afterwards made to a considerable extent in various parts of the kingdom4 ,they were made of a light-coloured clay1 and took the name of 8stoneware10 from their hardness and colour4 ,they were turned on the wheel1 the necks being usually covered1 with deeply encircling lines2 and the ornaments consisted of lines scratched1 or incised1 into the soft clay with a sharp point1 in form of foliage1 flowers1 scrolls1 circles1 c41 and then washed in with blue colour4 ,in some instances a pattern--usually a flower or initials--was impressed1 from a mould1 on the front1 as in the manner of the bellarmines4 ,they are generally very thick1 and must have been extremely durable4 ,one example is engraved 7,fig4 #cae74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cae4--;,ale ,pot4 ,salt-glazing appears to have been introduced about #afhj1 and it gradually superseded the lead-glazing which till that time was in regular use4 ,the account given of this discovery is1 that 8at ,mr4 ,joseph ,yates'1 ,stanley1 near ,bagnall1 five miles east of ,burslem1 in ,staffordshire1 the servant was preparing1 in an earthen vessel1 a salt-ley for curing pork1 and during her temporary absence the liquid boiled over1 and the sides of the pot were quickly red hot from intense heat2 yet1 when cold1 were covered with an excellent glaze4 ,the fact was detailed to ,mr4 ,palmer1 potter1 of ,bagnall1 who availed himself of the occurrence1 and told other potters4 ,at the small manufactories in ,holden ,lane 7,adams's71 ,green ,head1 and ,brownhills 7,wedgwood's71 salt-glazed ware was soon afterwards made40 8,the ovens employed for the purpose being used only once weekly1 and the ware being cheap1 were large in diameter1 and very high1 to contain a sufficient quantity to be baked each time1 to cover all contingent expenses4 ,they were constructed with a scaffold round them1 on which the firemen could stand1 while casting in the salt through holes made in the upper part of the cylinder1 above the bags or inner vertical flues2 and the saggers were made of completely refractory materials1 with holes in their sides1 for the vapourised salt to circulate freely among all the vessels in the oven to affect their surfaces40 ,the ware thus glazed1 and made from the common clay1 with a mixture of fine sand from ,mole ,cop1 was called 8,crouch ware10 and in this all the ordinary articles of domestic use1 including jugs1 cups1 dishes1 c41 were made4 ,at this time1 it is stated1 there were only twenty-two ovens in ,burslem and its neighbourhood4 8,the employment of salt in glazing ,crouch ware was a long time practised before the introduction of white clay and flint4 ,the vast volumes of smoke and vapours from the ovens entering the atmosphere1 produced that dense white cloud which1 from about eight o'clock till twelve on the ,saturday morning 7the time of #8firing up1' as it is called71 so completely enveloped the whole interior of the town1 as to cause persons often to run against each other1 travellers to mistake the road2 and strangers have mentioned it as extremely disagreeable1 and not unlike the smoke of ,etna or ,vesuvius40 ,in #afhe a white stoneware was made at ,shelton by ,thomas ,miles1 and at the same time and place a brown stoneware was also made4 ,these would be the same as the ale-pots and bellarmines were made of4 ,in #afhf1 ,dr4 ,plot published his 8,staffordshire10 and thus spoke of the butter trade1 and butter-pots then made3--#ch 8,from which ,limestone ,hills1 and rich pastures and meddows1 the great ,dairys are maintained in this part of ,staffordshire1 that supply ,uttoxeter ,mercat with such vast quantites of good butter and cheese1 that the ,cheesemongers of ,london have thought it worth their while to set up a ,factorage here for these commodities1 which are brought in from this1 and the neighbouring county of ,derby1 in so great plenty1 that the ,factors many ,mercat days 7in the season7 lay out no less than five hundred pounds a day in these two commodities only4 ,the ,butter they buy by the ,pot of a long cylendrical form1 made at ,burslem1 in this county1 of a certain size1 so as not to weigh above six pounds at most1 and yet to contain at least #ad pounds of ,butter1 according to an ,act of ,parliament made about #ad or #af years agoe1 for regulateing the abuses of this trade in the make of ,pots1 and false packing of the ,butter2 which before was sometimes layed good for a little depth at the top1 and bad at the bottom2 and sometimes set in rolls only touching at the top1 and standing hollow below at a great distance from the sides of the pot4 ,to prevent these little ,moorlandish cheats 7than whom no people whatever are esteemed most subtile7 the ,factors keep a ,surveyor all the ,summer here1 who if he have ground to suspect any of the ,pots1 tryes them with an instrument of ,iron1 made like a ,cheese-,taster1 only much larger and longer1 called an ,auger or ,butter-boare1 with which he makes proof 7thrusting it in obliquely7 to the bottom of the ,pot3 so that they weigh none 7which would be an endless business7 or very seldom2 nor do they bore it neither1 where they know their customer to be a constant fair dealer4 ,but their ,cheese which comes but little1 if anything short of that of ,cheshire1 they sell by weight as at other places40 ,in reference to this1 the ,historian of ,uttoxeter says3-- 8,butter-pots are mentioned in the parochial records of the town forty years before ,dr4 ,plot wrote2 for five pots of butter were sent from ,uttoxeter to the garrison of ,tutbury ,castle1 and had been bought at the sum of #abs4 ,as this was seventeen years before the ,act of ,parliament for the regulation of the sale of butter in pots1 it is difficult from this to judge of the exact price of butter per pound at ,uttoxeter at that remote period4 ,and yet it may be reasonably inferred that the pots of #afdd were of the size of those manufactured after #affa2 for it appears the ,act was passed more for the prevention of any irregularity in the size of the pots1 and the mode of packing butter in them1 than for any actual alteration of the size the pots were understood to be4 ,if so1 butter then at ,uttoxeter was worth but about twopence a pound1 supposing the five pots of butter sent to ,tutbury1 costing #abs41 contained fourteen pounds of butter each4 ,about fifty years before butter was retailed throughout the kingdom at sevenpence per pound2 but this was regarded as an enormous price1 which1 ,stowe says1 #8was a judgment for their sins4' ,it is highly probable1 therefore1 that the pots contained fourteen pounds of butter1 which consequently was twopence per pound at ,uttoxeter when the five pots were bought1 especially as it corresponds with the price of cheese at that time in the town1 as to which the old parochial accounts have preserved very distinct information1 the sum of #g #aes4 #aj;d4 having been paid for #h cwt4 #b qrs4 #g lbs41 which was also for the besieged at ,tutbury40 ,the following extracts from the churchwardens' accounts of ,uttoxeter illustrate this subject3-- s4d4 #afdd4 ,may #g4 ,for #h cwt4 #b qrs4 #g lb4 of cheese to ,tutbury #g #ae #aj ,for #e potts of butter to ditto #j #ab #j #afde4 ,june #be4 ,bread1 beer1 cheese1 a pott of butter1 and a flitch of bacon1 for ,lieut4-,col4 ,watson's men quartered at ,blunts ,hall #b #e #f ,the butter pots were tall cylindrical vessels1 of coarse clay1 and very imperfectly baked4 ,they are now of great rarity1 but specimens may be seen in the ,hanley ,museum and in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,their form will be seen in ,fig4 #caf4 ,it is worthy of remark that even yet1 as it was in ,shaw's days1 ,irish or ,dutch butter1 which is generally imported in casks1 and is in most places known as 8tub butter10 is1 in the potteries1 usually called 8pot butter40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #caf4--;,butter ,pots4 ,of the state of the ,staffordshire potteries at this period1 the latter half of the seventeenth century1 ,dr4 ,plot gives a most interesting and valuable account1 in which he shows not only what clays were then used1 but also speaks of the glazes1 and describes the modes of manufacture of some of the vessels4 ,the clays1 it appears1 were mostly procured from the coal measures1 and fine sand to temper and mix with them was procured from ,baddeley ,edge1 ,mole ,cop1 and other places4 ,the following is ,dr4 ,plot's account3-- 8#be4 ,other potter's clays for the more common wares there are at many other places1 particularly at ,horsley ,heath1 in the parish of ,tipton2 in ,monway field above mentioned1 where there are two sorts gotten1 one of a yellowish colour1 mixt with white1 the other blewish2 the former stiff and heavy1 the other more friable and light1 which1 mixt together1 work better than apart4 ,of these they make divers sorts of vessels at ,wednesbury1 which they paint with slip1 made of a reddish sort of earth gotten at ,tipton4 ,but the greatest pottery they have in this county is carried on at ,burslem1 near ,newcastle-under-,lyme1 where for making their different sorts of pots they have as many different sorts of clay1 which they dig round about the towne1 all within half a mile's distance1 the best being found nearest the coale1 and are distinguish't by their colours and uses as followeth3-- 8#a4 ,bottle clay1 of a bright whitish streaked yellow colour4 8#b4 ,hard fire-clay1 of a duller whitish colour1 and fully intersperst with a dark yellow1 which they use for their black wares1 being mixt with the 8#c4 ,red blending clay1 which is of a dirty red colour4 8#d4 ,white clay1 so called it seems1 though of a blewish colour1 and used for making yellow-colour'd ware1 because yellow is the lightest colour they make any ware of4 ,all which they call throwing clays1 because they are of a closer texture1 and will work on the wheel4 8#bf4 ,which none of the three other clays they call ,slips will any of them doe1 being of looser and more friable natures2 these1 mixt with water1 they make into a consistence thinner than a ,syrup1 so that being put into a bucket it will run out through a ,quill4 ,this they call ,slip1 and is the substance wherewith they paint their wares1 whereof the 8#a4 ,sort is called the ,orange ,slip1 which1 before it is work't1 is of a greyish colour1 mixt with orange balls1 and gives the ware 7when annealed7 an orange colour4 8#b4 ,the ,white ,slip3 this1 before it is work't1 is of a dark blewish colour1 yet makes the ware yellow1 which1 being the lightest colour they make any of1 they call it1 as they did the clay above1 the white slip4 8#c4 ,the ,red ,slip1 made of a dirty reddish clay1 which gives ware a black colour4 ,neither of which clays or slips must have any sand or gravel in them4 ,upon this account1 before it be brought to the wheel1 they prepare the clay by steeping it in water in a square pit till it be of a due consistence2 then they bring it to their beating board1 where1 with a long ,spatula1 they beat it till it be well mixt2 then1 being first made into great squarish rolls1 it is brought to the wageing board1 where it is slit into thin flat pieces with a wire1 and the least stones or gravel pick't out of it4 ,this being done1 they wage it1 i4e4 knead or mould it like bread1 and make it into round balls proportionable to their work2 and then 'tis brought to the wheel1 and formed as the workman sees good4 8#bg4 ,when the potter has wrought the clay either into hollow or flat ware1 they set it abroad to dry in faire weather1 but by the fire in foule2 turning them as they see occasion1 which they call whaving4 ,when they are dry they stouk them1 i4e4 put ears and handles to such vessels as require them4 ,these also being dry1 they slip or paint them1 with their severall sorts of slip1 according as they designe their work2 when the first slip is dry1 laying on the others at their leisure1 the orange slip makeing the ground1 and the white and red the paint2 which two colours they break with a wire brush1 much after the manner they doe when they marble paper1 and then cloud them with a pencil when they are pretty dry4 ,after the vessels are painted they lead them with that sort of ,lead ,ore they call ,smithum1 which is the smallest ore of all1 beaten into dust1 finely sifted1 and strewed upon them2 which gives them the gloss1 but not the colour2 all the colours being chiefly given by the variety of slips1 except the motley colour1 which is procured by blending the ,lead with ,manganese1 by the workmen call'd ,magnus4 ,but when they have a mind to shew the utmost of their skill in giving their wares a fairer gloss than ordinary1 they lead them then with lead calcined into powder1 which they also sift fine and strew upon them as before1 which not only gives them a higher gloss1 but goes much further too in their work than the lead ore would have done4 8#bh4 ,after this is done they are carried to the oven1 which is ordinarily above #h foot high1 and about #f foot wide1 of a round copped forme1 where they are placed one upon another from the bottom to the top2 if they be ordinary wares1 such as cylindricall butter-pots1 c41 that are not leaded1 they are exposed to the naked fire1 and so is all their flat ware1 though it be leaded1 having only parting shards1 i4e4 thin bits of old pots1 put between them to keep them from sticking together2 but if they be leaded hollow wares1 they doe not expose them to the naked fire1 but put them in shragers1 that is1 in coarse metall'd pots made of marle 7not clay7 of divers formes1 according as their wares require1 in which they put commonly three pieces of clay1 called ,bobbs1 for the ware to stand on1 to keep it from sticking to the shragers2 as they put them in the shragers1 to keep them from sticking to one another 7which they would certainly otherwise doe by reason of the leading71 and to preserve them from the vehemence of the fire1 which else would melt them downe1 or at least warp them4 ,in twenty-four hours an oven of pots will be burnt2 then they let the fire goe out by degrees1 which in ten hours more will be perfectly done1 and then they draw them for sale1 which is chiefly to the poor ,crate-men1 who carry them at their backs all over the countrey1 to whome they reckon them by the piece1 i4e4 ,quart1 in hollow ware1 so that six pottle1 or three gallon bottles1 make a dozen1 and so more or less to a dozen as they are of greater or lesser content4 ,the flat wares are also reckoned by pieces and dozens1 but not 7as the hollow7 according to their content1 but their different bredths40 ,a round dish of the 8combed ware10 or marbled or mottled ware1 described by ,plot1 is shown on ,fig4 #cag4 ,some of the examples ,i have seen are exceedingly delicate and minute in their patterns2 others1 as the engraving1 have been 8combed0 with a coarse comb or wire brush4 ,the lead for glazing1 named by ,plot1 was procured from the ,derbyshire lead mines--the ore being powdered1 or 8punned10 and dusted on to the soft clay vessel before firing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cag4 ,previous to this1 in #afga1 ,john ,dwight took out a patent in the petition for which he stated that 8he had discovered the ,mistery of ,transparent ,earthen ,ware1 comonly knowne by the ,names of ,porcelaine or ,china and ,persian ,ware1 as alsoe the ,misterie of the ,stone ,ware vulgarly called ,cologne ,ware2 and that he designed to introduce a ,manufacture of the said ,wares into our ,kingdome of ,englande1 where they have not hitherto been wrought or made40 ,this was the origin of the famous ,fulham works1 a full account of which will be given in another part of this volume4 ,in #afgf ,john ,ariens ,van ,hamme1 8in pursuance of the incouragement he hath received from our ,ambassadour at the ,hague1 is come over to settle in this our kingdome with his family1 to exercise his #8,art of makeing ,tiles and ,porcelaine and other ,earthen ,wares1 after the way practised in ,holland1' which hath not beene practised in this our kingdome10 took out a patent for fourteen years for the sole practice of his art4 ,the 8tiles0 named in his patent would1 of course1 be the 8,dutch ,tiles0 as they were always called1 and which were used for the lining of rooms1 the decoration of fire-places1 and for various other purposes4 ,they were about four inches square1 made of a common kind of clay1 and faced1 as all delf ware was1 with a fine white slip4 ,on this was painted a pattern--a group of figures1 the illustration of some sacred or profane story1 foliage1 birds1 or other devices1 in blue colour1 and then glazed and fired4 ,on one of these tiles is represented a lady letting her lover down from her chamber into the street below1 by a rope which she holds in her hand1 and others have various devices4 ,the manufacture of these tiles was carried on largely in ,england1 and further notices will be given under the head of ,liverpool1 c4 ,in #afhd ,john ,dwight1 having represented 8that by his owne industry and at his owne proper costes and charges hee hath invented and sett vp at ,fulham1 in our ,county of ,middlx1 8,severall ,new ,manufactures of ,earthenwares1 called by the names of ,white ,gorges1 ,marbled ,porcellane ,vessels1 ,statues1 and ,figures1 and ,fine ,stone ,gorges and ,vessells never before made in ,england or elsewhere2 and alsoe discovered the ,mistery of ,transparent ,porcellane1 and ,opacous1 ,redd1 and ,dark coloured ,porcellane or ,china and ,persian ,wares1 and the ,mistery of the ,cologne or ,stone ,wares1 and is endeavouring to settle manufactures of all the said wares within this our kingdome of ,england10 had another patent for fourteen years granted to him4 ,to ,dwight1 therefore1 it will be seen by these patents1 the credit of being the first inventor and maker of porcelain in ,england belongs4 ,his name is thus one entitled to lasting honour as the pioneer of one of the best1 most beautiful1 most successful1 and most flourishing arts ever practised in our kingdom4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cah and #cai4--;,elers ,ware4 ,in #afhh the brothers ,eler or ,elers1 traditionally believed to have been potters from ,holland1 are said to have come over with ,william1 ,prince of ,orange 7,william ,,iii471 to ,england at the time of the 8,glorious ,revolution10 and1 two years later1 to have settled at ,bradwell and ,dimsdale1 not far from ,burslem1 in ,staffordshire1 where they erected kilns and commenced the making of a fine red ware 7probably the kind spoken of by ,dwight71 in imitation of foreign red porcelain1 from a vein of clay which1 by some means1 they had discovered existed at this spot4 ,here they produced remarkably fine and good red ware1 of compact and hard texture1 good colour1 and of very characteristic and excellent designs4 ,they were men of much skill and taste1 and their productions so closely resemble those of ,japan as to be occasionally mistaken for them4 ,an example1 from the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 is here shown4 ,the ,elers1 besides the red ware1 also produced an exceedingly good ,egyptian black1 by a mixture of manganese with the clay2 and this was the precursor and origin of the fine black bodies of ,josiah ,wedgwood and others4 8,their extreme precaution10 says ,shaw1 8to keep secret their processes1 and jealousy lest they might be accidentally witnessed by any purchaser of their wares--making them at ,bradwell1 and conveying them over the fields to ,dimsdale1 there to be sold1 being only two fields distant from the turnpike road1 and having some means of communication 7believed to be earthenware pipes1 like those for water7 laid in the ground between the two contiguous farmhouses1 to intimate the approach of persons supposed to be intruders--caused them to experience considerable and constant annoyance4 ,in vain did they adopt measures for self-protection in regard to their manipulations1 by employing an idiot to turn the thrower's wheel1 and the most ignorant and stupid workmen to perform the laborious operations1 and by locking up these persons while at work1 and strictly examining each prior to quitting the manufactory at night--all their most important processes were however developed1 and publicly stated for general benefit4 ,mortified at the failure of all their precaution1 disgusted at the prying inquisitiveness of their ,burslem neighbours1 and fully aware that they were too far distant from the principal market for their productions--even had not other kinds of porcelain been announced1 which probably would diminish their sales--about #agaj they discontinued their ,staffordshire manufactory1 and removed to ,lambeth or ,chelsea 7where is at this day a branch of the family71 and connected the interests of their new manufactory with those of a glass manufacture1 established in #afgf by ,venetians1 under the auspices of the ,duke of ,buckingham4 ,others1 however1 have stated that their removal was consequent on misunderstanding and persecution because their oven cast forth such tremendous volumes of smoke and flame1 during the time of glazing1 as were terrific to the inhabitants of ,burslem1 and caused all its 7astonishing number of eight7 master potters to hurry in dismay to ,bradwell40 ,the two potters who had wormed out the secret of the ,elers were named ,astbury and ,twyford1 and they are said each to have commenced business on his own account at ,shelton1 and to have made 8,,red10 8,,crouch10 and 8,,white ,,stone0 wares from native clays1 using salt glaze for some of the vessels1 and lead ore for others4 ,it is interesting to add that the oven erected and used by the ,elers was in existence as late as the beginning of the present century1 and that the place1 in an old account-book in my possession1 is called 8the ,eller field40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,about the period when ,dwight was taking out his patent1 ,thomas ,toft and ,ralph ,toft were making1 in ,staffordshire1 some large domestic dishes1 which1 from some of them bearing their names1 put on in large letters1 are universally known to collectors as 8,toft ,dishes40 ,under this name1 however1 it is well to state many dishes and other vessels pass which never were1 or could have been1 made by them1 and ,i warn collectors against too easily pinning their faith to a belief that their examples are genuine 8,tofts0 unless they bear the name4 ,the style was common to all makers of that date4 ,besides dishes1 tygs of various forms1 with one1 two1 three1 or four handles2 pitchers of various sizes1 candlesticks1 posset-pots1 gossips' bowls1 pans or pancheons1 utensils for the chamber1 and many other articles1 were made of precisely the same coarse materials1 and of exactly the same kind of decoration as the dishes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cba4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbb4 ,the material of these pots is a coarse reddish or buff-coloured clay1 and the ornaments are laid on in different coloured clays1 and the whole is then glazed thickly over4 ,one of these large dishes1 now in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 is shown on ,fig4 #cba4 ,the body is of buff-coloured clay1 with the ornaments laid on in relief in light and dark brown4 ,the border is trellised1 and in the centre is a lion rampant1 crowned4 ,on the rim beneath the lion is the name of the maker1 ,,thomas ,,toft4 ,in the same museum is a fragment of another similar dish1 with a lion and unicorn4 ,a very fine dish of a similar kind1 and by the same maker1 in the ,bateman ,museum is engraved on ,fig4 #cbj4 ,it is twenty-two inches in diameter1 and bears a half-length crowned portrait of ,king ,charles1 with sceptre in each hand1 and the initials ,c4,r4 ,below the figure1 on the rim1 which1 as usual1 is trellised in red and black1 is the name ,,thomas ,,toft4 ,in the same museum is another remarkably fine dish1 bearing two full-length figures in the costume of the ,stuarts1 the gentleman holding in his hand his hat and feather1 and having 8petticoat breeches10 tied stockings1 and high-heeled boots with ties1 and the lady holding a bunch of flowers4 ,between the figures are the initials ,w4 ,t41 and on the rim at the bottom1 in precisely the same manner as the ,toft dishes1 is the name ,,william3 ,,talor4 ,another ,toft dish 7,fig4 #cbb7 now in the possession of ,mr4 ,bagshawe1 is nineteen inches in diameter1 and bears a female figure1 and two heads in ovals1 with foliage1 c41 and the name ,,ralphoft1 or ,ralph ,toft1 the ,h and ,t being apparently conjoined4 ,the ground is buff1 and the ornaments are laid on in dark and light brown clay4 ,another with the name ,,ralph ,,toft1 #afgg1 was in the ,reynolds' collection4 ,another maker of this period1 whose name occurs in the same manner as those just described1 was ,,william ,,sans4 ,of the makers of these dishes1 it is interesting to observe that ,toft is an old name connected with the pottery district1 and that members of the family are still potters in the neighbourhood4 ,it is also an old ,derbyshire name1 being connected with ,youlgreave and other places in that neighbouring county4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbh4 ,the 8,tygs0 appear to have been made in considerable numbers1 and1 indeed1 to have constituted one of the staple manufactures of the potters of that day4 ,they were the ordinary drinking-cups of the period1 and were made with one1 two1 three1 four1 or more handles4 ,the two-handled ones are said to have been 8parting cups10 and those with three or four handles 8loving cups10 being so arranged that three or four persons drinking out of one1 and each using a different handle1 brought their lips to different parts of the rim4 ,examples of some of the forms of these tygs are shown on ,figs4 #cbc to #cbh4 ,two of these1 with three handles each 7,figs4 #cbf and #cbh71 were found in a long-disused lead mine at ,great ,hucklow2 another 7,fig4 #cbg7 has three handles and a spout1 and is ornamented with bosses of a lighter colour1 bearing a swan1 a flower1 and a spread eagle4 ,the fourth 7,figs4 #cbc and #cbd7 are two-handled cups1 of the same general form as those with one handle4 ,these two latter specimens are in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,other examples of various forms are shown on the remaining engravings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbi4--;,candlestick1 ,jermyn ,street4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccj4--;,candlestick4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cca4--,mug4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccb4--;,earthenware ,cradle4 ,a curious candlestick1 shown on ,fig4 #cbi1 in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 is of much the same kind of ware as the tygs1 and has its ornaments in white clay slip2 it bears the date #afdi1 and the initials ,e4 ,m4 ,another1 in my own collection 7,fig4 #ccj71 is made of precisely the same coarse kind of ware as the tygs2 dark reddish brown1 with ornaments in white slip--the slip at the base having been laid on in a broad band1 and then scratched through to the dark clay4 ,the mug1 ,fig4 #cca1 is exactly the same kind of ware4 ,another curious article of this same kind of ware1 in the ,bateman collection1 is engraved on ,fig4 #ccb4 ,it is a small earthenware cradle of excellent form1 and elaborately ornamented2 the ground is a rich reddish brown1 the ornaments of buff and black4 ,it bears the date on its top of #afic1 and is #g inches long1 and #d inches in height4 ,to this period belongs the interesting puzzle-jug in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 shown on ,fig4 #ccc4 ,it is of brown ware1 and bears the name1 incised in writing letters1 of 8,john ,wedgwood1 #afia10 and is the first and earliest example of the name of ,wedgwood occurring on pottery4 ,it will again be referred to later on4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccc4--,puzzle ,jug4 ,it is very clear that brown ware of the same general character as the tygs and the ,toft dishes1 was made in very many parts of the country besides ,staffordshire1 and that much now by collectors appropriated to that county has no connection with it4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ccd and #cce4--;,hand ,grenades4 ,a peculiar use for ceramics should here be noticed2 it has not before been spoken of in any work upon pottery4 ,i allude to hand-grenades1 two of which1 preserved in the ,leicester ,museum1 are here engraved 7,figs4 #ccd and #cce74 ,these were found in the ,old ,magazine1 or ,newarke1 ,gateway at ,leicester4 ,they are formed of red clay1 and fired in the kiln in the usual manner1 and they have fuse-plugs of wood fitted into the opening at the top4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,pottery in ,england in the eighteenth century--,delft ware--,posset pots--,billin's patent--,redrich and ,jones's patent--,benson's patents--,ralph ,shawe's patents--,trial of right--,the ,bow works--,heylyn and ,frye's patents--,the ,fulham works--,white's patent--,the ,count de ,lauraguais' patent--,staffordshire wares--,the ,plymouth works--,william ,cookworthy's patent--,josiah ,wedgwood--,crease's1 and other patents--,ralph ,wedgwood's patents--,progress of the art during the century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccf4--,posset ,pot4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccg4 ,at the commencement of the eighteenth century1 the ceramic art in this country was beginning to expand in a remarkable degree1 and many important strides for its improvement were taken4 ,the brown-ware dishes1 tygs1 and other vessels for domestic use1 were still made as before1 and stoneware bottles1 ale pots1 and other articles continued to be produced2 but1 beyond these1 some much finer kinds of earthenware were introduced1 which gradually took their place4 ,among these were ,delft ware and ,crouch ware1 to which ,i have referred1 and the white ware1 which has frequently1 but erroneously1 been called 8,elizabethan ware10 which was probably introduced about this time4 ,a good specimen of the brown ware of this period1 which will be seen to be identical in character with the dishes and tygs and cradle before spoken of1 is the posset pot shown on ,fig4 #ccf4 ,it bears the loyal motto1 8,,god 3 ,,save3 ,,the 3 ,,qveen 3 #agaa10 and is ornamented in the usual way with slip4 ,it is of much the same character as a wassail or gossips' bowl1 bearing the name 8,,richard ,,meir10 in the ,liverpool ,museum4 ,it is shown on ,fig4 #ccg4 ,the form of ,fig4 #ccf is somewhat different from the usual later shape of posset pots1 as will be shown on engravings which will follow4 ,as posset and posset pots are local matters1 a few words concerning them will here be interesting4 ,posset pots have been made and regularly used in ,derbyshire and the neighbouring counties from an early period until the present time4 8,posset0 is an excellent mixture of hot ale1 milk1 sugar1 spices1 and sippets1 or1 perhaps1 more correctly speaking1 dice1 of bread or oat-cake4 ,in these counties this beverage was formerly almost1 if not quite1 universal for supper on ,christmas-eve2 and the 8posset pot0 was thus used but once a year1 and often became an heirloom in the family4 ,a small silver coin and the wedding-ring of the mistress of the family were generally dropped into the posset when the guests were assembled1 and those who partook of it took each a spoonful in turn as the 8pot0 was handed round4 ,whichever of the party fished up the coin was considered certain of good luck in the coming year1 while an early and happy marriage was believed to be the enviable fate of the lucky individual who fished up the ring4 ,other posset pots will be found engraved in other parts of this volume1 under the heads of ,nottingham and ,brampton4 ,it is clear that about this time the art of pot-making began to make rapid strides2 for in the space of twenty-seven years--from #agbb to #agdi--no less than nine separate patents were taken out1 and were followed in rapid succession by others4 ,in #agbb1 ,richard ,holt and ,samuel ,london1 gentlemen1 took out a patent for 8a certain new composicon or mixture 7without any sort of clay7 for making of white ware1 which is formed and moulded in a method hitherto not known or practised1 and far surpasses the finest of delf ware1 or any other sort made in any part of ,europe1 and also by their new method of impression make the fabrick of earthenware of a more exquisite shape than the present method of turning could ever perform or arrive to1 by which meanes our subjects will be able to excell all ,europe1 and not only employ a great many of our own poor1 to the great benefit of trade and the manufactures of our kingdom1 but also prevent the clandestine running of delf ware1 c41 from foreign parts into ,great ,brittain20 granted 8for the term of fourteen years40 ,it does not say of what materials the composition is made1 except that it is without any sort of clay1 nor does it describe any method of impression4 ,in the same year1 ,thomas ,billin1 having 8by many long1 laborious1 and chargeable experiments found out and invented a method for making the most refined earthenware1 with help of clay and other materials found within this kingdom1 which ever yet appeared in this part of ,europe1 of a nature and composicon1 not only transparent1 but so perfect in its kind1 and of principles so firmly vnited1 as 7contrary to the nature of all other earthenwares7 to resist almost any degree of heat1 by which qualities it is more valuable1 and of greater vse and ornament than all other kinds ever yet invented or practised in this kingdom1 and capable of being wrought into vessels and ornaments for any vse2 and for the working of the same invention he hath invented particular and proper engines and tools40 ,no description is given of the mode of manufacture1 or of the engines or tools mentioned in the title of the invention4 ,in #agbd ,robert ,redrich and ,thomas ,jones had a patent granted them for 8a new art or method1 as well for staining1 veining1 spotting1 clouding1 damasking1 or otherwise imitating the various kinds of marble1 porphyry1 and other rich stones1 and tortoiseshell1 on wood1 stone1 and earthenware1 and all and every such goods1 wares1 utensils1 and things as are made1 cut1 or fashioned thereout1 as for the making1 marbling1 veining1 spotting1 staining1 clouding1 and damasking any linen1 silks1 canvas1 paper1 and leather40 ,in #agbf1 and again in #agcb1 patents were taken out for methods of grinding flints1 c41 which were of much importance4 ,the first of these1 by ,thomas ,benson1 is described as 8an engine or new method for the more expeditious working the said flint stone1 whereby all the said hazards and inconveniences attending the same will effectually be prevented40 ,it is stated that in the making of 8white pots10 flint stone is 8the chief ingredient10 and that the method hitherto used in preparing it 8has been by pounding or breaking it dry1 and afterwards sifting it through fine lawns1 which has proved very destructive to mankind20 and this invention is to obviate it1 and is as follows3--,the flint stones are first wetted1 then crushed as fine as sand by two large wheels1 of the bigness and shape of mill-stones1 of iron1 and made to turn upon the edges by the power of a water-wheel4 ,this material is afterwards conveyed into large circular iron pans1 8in which there are large iron balls1 which1 by the power of the water-wheel above named1 are swiftly driven round3 in a short time the operation is concluded1 and by turning a tap the material empties itself into casks40 ,the next one1 by the same ,thomas ,benson1 taken out in #agcb1 was described as-- 8,a new engine1 or method for grinding of flint stones1 being the chief ingredient used in making of white wares1 such as pots and other vessels1 a manufacture carried on in our county of ,stafford1 and in some other parts of this our kingdom2 that the common method hitherto used in preparing the same hath been by breaking and pounding the stones dry1 and afterwards sifting the powder through fine lawns1 which hath proved very destructive to mankind1 occasioned by the dust suckled into the body1 which1 being of a ponderous nature1 fixes so closely upon the lungs that nothing can remove it1 insomuch that it is very difficult to find persons to engage in the said manufacture1 to the great detriment and decay of that branch of trade1 which would otherwise1 from the usefulness thereof1 be of great benefit and advantage to our kingdom2 that by the petitioner's invention the flint stones are sprinkled with water1 so that no dust can arise1 then ground as fine as sand1 with two large stones made to turn upon the edges by the power of a wheel1 worked either by wind1 water1 or horses1 which is afterwards conveyed into large stone pans1 made circular1 wherein are placed large stone balls1 which1 by the power of such wheels are driven round with great velocity2 that1 in a short time1 the flint stones so broken are reduced to an oily substance1 which1 by turning on a cock1 empties itself into casks provided for that purpose2 that by this invention all hazards and inconveniences in making the said manufacture in the common way will be effectually prevented1 and in every particular tend to the manifest improvement and advantage thereof1 and preserving the lives of our subjects imployed therein40 ,in #agbi ,samuel ,bell took out a patent for fourteen years 8for a new method not hitherto practiced within ,great ,brittain for making of a red marble stone ware with minerall earth1 found within this kingdom1 which being firmly vnited by fire will make it capable of receiving a gloss so beautiful as to imitate1 if not to compare with rubie2 that the stone ware may be formed into vessells for any necessary vse1 or into ornaments for houses or gardens1 such as jarrs1 flower potts1 c41 it being the most perfect of its kind1 both in colour1 nature1 and form1 that hath ever appeared in this part of ,europe20 but no specification1 to show what the mineral earth was1 is given4 ,in #agcc 7,april #bdth7 ,ralph ,shawe1 potter1 of ,burslem1 who1 like many other potters of the district1 had long adopted the improvements of ,mr4 ,astbury and others1 took out a patent for employing 8various sorts of mineral1 earth1 clay1 and other earthy substances1 which1 being mixt and incorporated together1 make up a fine body1 of which a curious ware may be made1 whose outside will be of a true chocolate colour1 striped with white1 and the inside white1 much resembling the brown ,china ware1 and glazed with salt40 ,the secret was merely washing the inside1 and forming broad lines on the outside of the articles with a very thick slip of flint and pipeclay4 8,to keep his process more secluded and secret1 he was accustomed to evaporate his mixed clays on a long trough1 in a place locked up under cover1 beneath which were flues1 for the heat from fire applied on the outside4 ,this also kept the clay free from any kind of dirt2 and the idea is supposed to have been gained from the tile-makers' method of drying their tiles in stoves4 ,a pair of flower-pots1 excellent specimens of this person's manufacture1 which had been received as a present from the maker by his wife's grandfather1 were in the author's possession till very recently4 ,mr4 ,shawe became so litigious and overbearing1 that many of the manufacturers were extremely uncomfortable1 and prevented improving their productions4 ,not content with the success he experienced1 and the prospect of speedily acquiring affluence1 his excessive vanity and insatiable avarice incited to proceedings that terminated in his ruin4 ,unwilling to admit the customary practices of the business1 and to brook any appearance of competition1 he was constantly objecting to every trifling improvement as an infringement of his patent1 and threatening his neighbours with suits in equity to protect his sole rights2 till at length self-defence urged them to bear the expenses of a suit he had commenced against ,j4 ,mitchell1 to try the validity of the patent1 at ,stafford1 in #agcf2 and very aged persons1 whose parents were present1 give the general facts of the trial3--,all the manufacturers being interested in the decision1 those most respectable were in the court4 ,witnesses proved ,astbury's invention and prior usage of the practice1 and a special jury of great intelligence and wealth gave a verdict against ,mr4 ,shawe4 ,the learned judge1 after nullifying the patent1 thus addressed the audience--8,go home1 potters1 and make whatever kinds of pots you please40 ,the hall re-echoed with acclamations1 and the strongest ebullitions of satisfaction from the potters1 to the indescribable mortification of ,mr4 ,shawe and his family1 who afterwards went to ,france1 where he carried forward his manufactory1 whence some of his family returned to ,burslem about #agej40 ,this event is thus characteristically spoken of in native tongue1 in the 8,burslem ,dialogue10 by ,mr4 ,ward3-- 8,terrick4 ,dust moind1 ,rafe1 owt o' th' treyal at ,staffurt o' ,johnny ,mutchil for makkin ,rafy ,shay's patten ware8 8,leigh4 ,oi just remember1 bu oi wur ony a big lad at th' teyme4 ,it had bin mitch tawkt abaht1 and when1 it wur oer1 they aw toud'n wat th' judge sed to th' mesters--#8,gooa whomm1 potters1 an mak wot soourts o' pots yoa loiken4' ,an when they coomn to ,boslem1 aw th' bells i' ,hoositon1 an ,stooke1 an th' tahn1 wurn ringin loike hey-go-mad1 aw th' dey40 ,the kind of ware just described was sometimes known as 8bitstone ware10 from 8bits0 of stone being used to separate the pieces in the oven4 ,this was1 of course1 prior to the use of 8stilts10 8triangles10 or 8cockspurs40 ,in #agdd1 ,edward ,heylyn1 in the parish of ,bow1 in the county of ,middlesex1 merchant1 and ,thomas ,frye1 of the parish of ,west ,ham1 in the county of ,essex1 painter1 took out a patent1 and early in the following year enrolled their specification1 for the making of china and porcelain ware4 ,this specification1 which is deeply interesting1 is as follows3-- 8,whereas ,his most ,excellent ,majesty ,king ,george the ,second1 by ,his ,royal ,letters ,patent1 under the ,great ,seal of ,great ,britain1 bearing date at ,westminster1 the ,sixth day of ,december1 in the eighteenth year of ,his reign1 reciting that whereas we1 the said ,edward ,heylyn and ,thomas ,frye1 had1 by our ,petition1 humbly represented unto ,his said ,majesty that we had1 at a considerable expence of time and money in trying experiments1 applyed ourselves to find out a method for the improvement of the ,english earthenware1 and had at last invented and brought to perfection 8,a ,,new ,,method ,,of ,,manufacturing ,a ,,certain ,,material1 ,,whereby ,a ,,ware ,,might ,,be ,,made ,,of ,,the ,,same ,,nature ,,or ,,kind1 ,,and ,,equal ,,to1 ,,if ,,not ,,exceeding ,,in ,,goodness ,,and ,,beauty1 ,,china ,,or ,,porcelain ,,ware ,,imported ,,from ,,abroad20 which ,invention we1 the ,petitioners1 apprehended would be of vast advantage to the kingdom1 as it would not only save large sums of money that were yearly paid to the ,chinese and ,saxons1 but also imploy large numbers of men1 women1 and children2 and that as many and as great benefits would arise therefrom to this nation1 as from the woolen or iron manufactories1 in proportion to the numbers of people that would be employed therein1 ,his ,majesty did therefore1 of ,his especial grace1 certain knowledge1 and meer motion1 give and grant unto us1 the said ,edward ,heylyn and ,thomas ,frye1 our extors1 admors1 assigns1 ,his especial licence1 full power1 sole priviledge authority1 to make1 use1 exercise1 and vend our said ,invention in that part of ,great ,britain called ,england1 ,dominion of ,wales1 and ,town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed1 to hold to us1 the said ,edward ,heylyn and ,thomas ,frye1 our extors1 admors1 and assigns1 for the term of fourteen years from the date of the said recited ,letters ,patent4 ,in which said ,letters ,patent there is contained a provisoe1 that if we1 the said ,edward ,heylyn and ,thomas ,frye1 should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of our said ,invention1 and in what manner and of what materials the same was to be performed1 by an instrument in writing1 under our hands and seals1 or the hand and seal of one of us1 and cause the same to be inrolled in ,his ,majesty's ,high ,court of ,chancery1 within four calendar months after the date of the said recited ,letters ,patent2 that then the said ,letters ,patent1 and the libertys and advantages thereby granted1 should cease and be void1 as in and by the same ,letters ,patent 7relation being thereunto had7 may more at large appear4 8,,now ,,know ,,ye1 that we1 the said ,edward ,heylyn and ,thomas ,frye1 in pursuance of the said provisoe1 contained in the said recited ,letters ,patent1 do hereby describe and ascertain the nature of our said ,invention1 and the manner and of what material the same is to be performed1 as hereinafter is mentioned 7that is to say73-- 8,the material is an earth1 the produce of the ,chirokee nation in ,america1 called by the natives unaker1 the propertys of which are as follows1 videlicet1 to be very fixed1 strongly resisting fire and menstrua1 is extreamly white1 tenacious1 and glittering with mica4 ,the manner of manufacturing the said material is as follows3--,take unaker1 and by washing seperate the sand and mica from it1 which is of no use2 take pott ash1 fern ash1 pearl ash1 kelp1 or any other vegetable lixiviall salt1 one part of sands1 flints1 pebbles1 or any other stones of the vitryfying kind2 one other part of these two principles form a glass in the usual manner of making glass1 which when formed reduce to an impalpable powder4 ,then mix to one part of this powder two parts of the washed unaker1 let them be well worked together until intimately mixed for one sort of ware2 but you may vary the proportions of the unaker and the glass2 videlicet1 for some parts of porcelain you may use one half unaker and the other half glass1 and so in different proportions1 till you come to four unaker and one glass2 after which knead it well together1 and throw it on the wheel1 cast it into moulds1 or imprint it into utensils1 ornaments1 c42 those vessells1 ornaments1 c41 that are thrown1 should be afterwards turned on a lathe and burnished1 it will then be in a situation to be put into the kiln and burned with wood1 care being taken not to discolour the ware1 otherwise the process will be much hurt4 ,this first burning is called biscuiting1 which1 if it comes out very white1 is ready to be painted blue1 with lapis lazuli1 lapis armenis1 or zapher1 which must be highly calcined and ground very fine4 ,it is then to be dipt into the following glaze3--,take unaker forty pounds1 of the above glass ten pounds1 mix and calcine them in a reverberatory2 then reduce1 and to each pound when reduced add two pounds of the above glass1 which must be ground fine in water1 and left of a proper thickness for the ware to take up a sufficient quantity4 ,when the vessells1 ornaments1 c41 are dry1 put them into the kiln in cases1 burn them with a clean wood fire1 and when the glaze runs true lett out the fire1 and it is done1 but must not be taken out of the kiln till it is thorough cold40 ,in #agdh ,thomas ,frye took out another patent1 the specification for which1 enrolled ,march #ag1 #agdi1 is as follows3-- 8,,whereas ,his most ,excellent ,majesty ,king ,george the ,second1 by ,his ,letters ,patent under the ,great ,seal of ,great ,britain1 bearing date the ,seventeenth day of ,november1 in the twenty-third year of ,his reign1 did give and grant unto me1 the said ,thomas ,frye1 ,his especial licence that ,i1 the said ,thomas ,frye1 during the term of years therein expressed1 should and lawfully might make1 use1 exercise1 and vend my 8,,new ,,method ,,of ,,making ,a ,,certain ,,ware1 ,,which ,,is ,,not ,,inferior ,,in ,,beauty ,,and ,,fineness1 ,,and ,,is ,,rather ,,superior ,,in ,,strength1 ,,than ,,the ,,earthenware ,,that ,,is ,,brought ,,from ,,the ,,east ,,indies1 ,,and ,,is ,,comonly ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,china1 ,,japan1 ,,or ,,porcelain ,,ware20 in which said ,letters ,patent there is contained a proviso obliging me1 the said ,thomas ,frye1 by a writing under my hand and seal1 to cause a particular description of the nature of the said ,invention1 and in what manner the same is to be performed1 to be inrolled in ,his ,majesty's ,high ,court of ,chancery within four kalendar months after the date of the said recited ,letters ,patent1 as in and by the same 7relation being thereunto had7 may more at large appear4 8,,now ,,know ,,ye1 that in complyance with the said provisoe1 ,i1 the said ,thomas ,frye1 do hereby declare that the said ,invention is to be performed in the manner following 7that is to say73-- 8,as there is nothing in nature but by calcination1 grinding1 and washing will produce a fixed indissoluble matter1 distinguished by the name of virgin earth1 the properties of which is strictly the same whether produced from animals1 vegetables1 or fossills1 no other difference arising from the process but that some bodys produce it in greater quantities than others1 as all animal substances1 all fossils of the calcarious kind1 such as chalk1 limestone1 c42 take therefore any of these classes1 calcine it till it smokes no more1 which is an indication that all the volatile sulpherous parts are dissipated1 and that the saline are sett loose2 then grind and wash in many waters to discharge the salts and filth1 reiterate the process twice more1 when the ashes or virgin earth will be fit for use2 then take of these ashes two parts1 one part of flint1 or white peble1 or clear sand1 either producing the same effect1 which mix together with water and make into balls or bricks1 and burn them in a feirce fire1 then grind it fine1 and it is ready to be mixed with one third part of its weight of pipeclay1 and temper it well1 when it is fit to be thrown on the wheel1 which1 when finished and dry1 is to be burned as all other pottery ware till it is transparent and of a fine colour1 then to be painted with smalt or zaffer1 as it is required to be deeper or paler1 and it is ready to be glazed with the following preparation3--,take saltpetre one part1 red lead two parts1 sand1 flint1 or other white stones1 three parts4 ,to make a glass1 melt it well and grind it1 to every twenty pounds of which add six pounds of white lead1 adding a small portion of smalt to clean the colour2 mix it well and glaze the ware1 which is done by dipping in the vessell and setting it on to dry1 when it must be put in cases and burned as above with wood1 till the surface of the ware is clear and shining1 and it is finished40 ,in these specifications we have important materials touching the ,bow china works1 under which head they will again be referred to4 ,about this time1 the ,chelsea1 ,worcester1 and ,derby1 and1 a little later1 the ,plymouth1 porcelain works were established4 ,the year in which this specification was enrolled1 #agdi1 is memorable as the year when ,josiah ,wedgwood completed his term of apprenticeship1 and when1 consequently1 he entered upon that course of work and life which have ever since had so brilliant and so marked an effect upon the potter's art in this country4 ,at this time1 too1 there were in ,staffordshire a number of very skilful potters1 who were1 even before ,wedgwood's time1 making rapid strides in the art4 ,to some of these ,i shall refer later on in this work4 ,the next patent taken out was in #agfb1 by 8,william ,white1 of ,fulham1 in the county of ,middlesex1 potter10 for making white crucibles or melting-pots of ,stourbridge clay and ,dorsetshire clay1 calcined1 mixed with ,woolwich sand1 and water1 and trodden together1 and burned4 ,two years later1 ,james ,williamson and ,joseph ,spackman patented 8a new method of turning ovals in pewter1 ,english china1 and all other earthenwares10 on a lathe with movable chucks and sliding ring1 of their inventing4 ,in #agff1 8the ,count de ,lauraguais1 of ,london10 having1 8by his petition1 humbly represented unto us1 that by labour1 study1 travelling1 and expence in trying experiments1 he hath found out and invented #8a new method of making porcelain ware in all its different branches1 viz4--to make the coarser species of china1 the more beautiful of the ,indies1 and the finest of ,japan1 in a manner different from any that is made in our dominions1 and he1 having the materials tryed in ,great ,britain1 has brought the same to so great perfection that the porcelain made therewith after his new method far excells any that has hitherto been made in ,great ,britain1 the same not being fusible by fire1 as all other china made there is1'0 took out a patent for fourteen years1 but no specification seems to have been enrolled4 ,during all this time the pottery district of ,staffordshire was rapidly increasing1 and important strides were being made by its manufacturers in the improvement of their art4 ,in various parts of the country1 too1 old pot works continued their business in an improved state1 and new ones sprang up in every direction4 ,the history of the art1 therefore1 becomes that of the various works which ,i shall have to pass under review4 ,the patents taken out from this period to the close of the century are some guide to this state of progress1 but not much2 for it is an undoubted fact1 that many of the most important improvements and most reliable inventions were never patented at all1 while others1 which were the gradual result of daily practice1 were not sufficiently 8inventions0 to entitle them to patent right4 ,in #agfh ,william ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 took out a patent for his newly invented porcelain1 which was renewed in #agge to ,richard ,champion2 to these reference will be made under the heads of 8,plymouth0 and 8,bristol40 ,in #agfi ,josiah ,wedgwood took out his only patent2 it was for decorative1 not manufacturing1 processes1 and will be spoken of more fully in the notice of ,etruria4 ,in #aghb ,james ,crease patented some inventions in the making of sanitary vessels2 and in the two following years 8,joseph ,cartledge1 of ,blackley1 in the county of ,york1 ,doctor of ,physic10 enrolled his specification for 8a method of glazing earthenware40 ,this interesting document is as follows3-- 8,whereas ,his present most ,excellent ,majesty ,king ,george the ,third1 by ,his ,letters ,patent under the ,great ,seal of ,great ,britain1 bearing date at ,westminster1 the ,fifth day of ,february1 in the twenty-fourth year of ,his reign1 reciting that ,i1 the said ,joseph ,cartledge1 had1 by my ,petition1 humbly represented unto ,his said ,majesty1 that ,i had1 by great study1 invented 8,a ,,new ,,method ,,of ,,glazing ,,earthenware10 which would be of public utility and advantage1 and praying ,his said ,majesty to grant unto me1 my exors1 admors1 and assigns1 ,his said ,majesty's ,letters ,patent for the sole exercise of my said ,invention1 within ,england and ,wales1 and the ,town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed1 for the term of fourteen years from the date of the said ,letters ,patent1 was graciously pleased to condescend to my request2 in which said ,letters ,patent is contained a proviso that if ,i1 the said ,joseph ,cartledge1 should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said ,invention1 and in what manner the same is to be performed1 by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal1 and cause the same to be inrolled in his said ,majesty's ,high ,court of ,chancery within four calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said ,letters ,patent1 that then the said ,letters ,patent1 and all liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby granted1 should utterly cease1 determine1 and become void1 as in and by the said ,letters ,patent1 relation being thereunto had1 may and will more fully appear4 8,,now ,,know ,,ye1 that ,i1 the said ,joseph ,cartledge1 in compliance with the said proviso1 do hereby describe and ascertain the nature of my said ,invention and in what manner the same is to be performed1 as follows1 viz43-- 8,first1 as to the nature of the ,invention1 it is well known to the manufacturers of earthenware1 that all the sorts of common ware now in use are now1 and have been heretofore at all times1 both in this and all other countries ,i know1 glazed either by sea salt1 or by lead ore1 or by some preparation of lead1 or of lead and tin united to ground flints or clay1 or both4 ,now the nature of the discovery which ,i have made consists in this1 that instead of the use of sea salt1 or metallic substances1 the earthenware is glazed with various kinds of earths and stones1 by which there will be a great saving of expence in the glazing of the said ware1 and the glaze itself1 it is apprehended1 will be more perfect than that which is made with salt1 and more wholesome than that into which either lead1 or lead and tin1 enter as constituent parts4 8,secondly1 with respect to the manner of applying the earth and stones3--,they are to be ground into powder1 and laid on the ware as potters use their own composition4 ,with respect to the sorts of earths and stones which are adapted to the purposes they are various4 ,the toad-stone of ,derbyshire1 and other places1 the ,scotch and ,guernsey pebbles1 the basaltes1 and other productions generally esteemed volcanic1 rag stone1 slate1 shale1 granite1 gypsum1 fluor spar1 mare stone1 and many other kinds of earths and stones which ,i know not how to denominate1 will all1 either severally or when mixed in different proportions with each other1 or with siliceous or argillaceous1 micaceous1 or calcareous earths or stones1 or with all of them1 answer the purpose4 ,i would have it also understood1 that portions of the metallic substances now used for the purpose of glazing earthenware or saline bodies 7tho' not necessary for producing the effect7 may be used in conjunction with the earths and stones here mentioned4 ,i would further remark1 that the slags of furnaces1 the slags of pit-coal1 and the crust which forms on the bottom slip-kilns1 by themselves1 or in conjunction with the substances before mentioned1 will glaze earthenware4 ,but as the same effect may be produced by a great many different sorts of earths and stones1 when used either separately or when combined in very different proportions1 all of which it is impossible to enumerate or ascertain1 ,i think it fit to mention the three following1 which have succeeded well with me4 ,take of ,derbyshire toad-stone five parts by weight1 fluor spar one part1 take thirty-three parts of clay1 nineteen parts of flint1 thirty-eight parts of striated gypsum1 take fluor spar one1 two1 three or four parts1 porcelain clay two parts1 siliceous earth one fourth of a part1 of calcareous earth one sixth of a part40 ,the next patent1 in #aghe1 was by ,thomas ,de-la-,mayne1 for 8making buttons of burnt earth or porcelain20 and the next1 in #aghf1 by ,john ,skidmore1 for ornamenting various articles and 8all sorts of china and earthenware with foil stones1 ,bristol stones1 paste1 and all sorts of pinched glass1 lapped glass1 and every other stone1 glass1 and composition used in or applicable to the jewellery trade10 in ways therein described4 ,in #aghi an improvement in the form and construction of 8soup ladles1 tureens1 gravy spoons1 ladles1 and skimmers10 was patented by ,john ,baynes2 and in #agij1 ,johanna ,hempel patented newly invented filters4 ,in #agif1 ,james ,keeling patented improvements in decorative and glazing processes2 and in the same year1 in conjunction with ,valentine ,close1 an improved mode of constructing 8ovens1 kilns1 and firing-places1 so as to make and cause a very great saving of coals and fuel in and about the firing1 hardening1 and baking all manner of porcelain1 china ware1 and all manner of earthenwares1 in every state wherein firing is needful and necessary40 ,in the same year1 #agif1 ,ralph ,wedgwood took out three separate patents4 ,the first of these was for a 8new discovered and invented method of making earthenware1 whereby the article of earthenware may be made at a less cost than hitherto1 to the great advantage of the manufacturers thereof1 and of the public40 ,this consists 8in casing over inferior compositions with compositions commonly used for making cream-coloured ware1 white ware1 or china40 8,thick bats or lamin0 of the inferior are covered on each side with thin bats of the superior clay1 and if the edges of the ware are required to be cased1 they are surrounded 8with a square piece commonly called a wad40 ,afterwards the 8bats0 are beat1 pressed1 or rolled out to the required dimensions1 8as are proper for the wares to be made from the same40 ,for moulding the wares single moulds may be used1 but double are preferred1 of wood1 or 8wood cased with plaster1 of metal10 or any material capable of standing much pressure4 ,the press is such as is used for stamping buttons4 ,the glazing is applied dry to the bats2 if the edges of the ware1 after moulding1 are not properly covered with dry glaze1 supply these parts 8with wet glaze1 by means of a pencil20 afterwards stove and burn the ware4 ,the others were respectively for a new method of making glass from old earthenware1 china1 c42 and for 8a new-invented stove10 8calculated principally for the use of manufacturers of earthenware and china40 ,on the same day on which this patent was dated1 one was also granted to ,john ,pepper1 for a new construction of kilns or ovens for the same purpose4 ,in #agii ,messrs4 ,william and ,john ,turner patented 8a new method or methods of manufacturing porcelain or earthenware1 by the introduction of a material not heretofore used in the manufacturing of those articles20 the material being 8,tabberner's ,mine rock10 8,little ,mine rock10 and 8,new rock10 mixed with the growan1 or ,cornish stone1 and flint4 ,this is the last patent connected with ceramics before the year #ahjj1 and therefore brings us down to the commencement of the present century4 ,from #ahjj to #ahfa no less than three hundred and twenty-two patents were taken out for improvements in the potter's art or in matters connected with that art4 ,these will be briefly enumerated at the close of this work1 and of many of them notices will be found incorporated in its body4 ,in the early part of this century1 with the exception of the productions of a few houses1 the state of the art was still at a low ebb2 and1 although improvements were constantly being made1 when the great world-struggle took place in #ahea1 we1 as a nation1 were found to be lamentably behind some other countries1 not only in the beauty of form and decoration of our ceramic productions1 but even in quality of body and glaze4 ,between the ,exhibitions of #ahea and #ahfb a marked improvement was effected1 and this has gone on steadily extending itself1 until now ,great ,britain1 without exception1 stands foremost of all the nations of earth in this art4 ,i now proceed1 in succeeding chapters1 to speak of the various earthenware and porcelain works and seats of pottery manufacture1 of the kingdom4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,fulham ,works--,dwight's ,inventions and ,patents--,first ,china made in ,england--,dwight's ,books of ,recipes1 c4--,present ,productions--,lambeth--,exchequer ,trial--,high ,street--,coade's ,works--,london ,pottery--,lambeth ,pottery--,fore ,street--,waters' ,patent--,imperial ,pottery--,crispe's ,china--,blackfriars ,road--,bas-reliefs for ,wedgwood ,institute--,vauxhall--,aldgate--,mill ,wall--,mortlake--,southwark2 ,gravel ,lane--,isleworth--,stepney--,greenwich- -,deptford--,merton-- ,hounslow--,wandsworth--,ewell--,cheam-- ,chiselhurst4 ,,fulham4 ,in #afga1 as ,i have already shown1#ci ,john ,dwight took out a patent for 8the mistery of transparent earthenware1 comonly knowne by the names of ,porcelaine or ,china1 and ,persian ,ware10 c4 ,the patent runs as follows3-- 8,,charles ,,the ,,second1 c41 to all to whome theise presents shall come1 greeting4 8,,whereas wee have bene informed by the humble peticon of ,,john ,,dwight1 ,gentl1 that he had discovered 8,,the ,,mistery ,,of ,,transparent ,,earthenware1 ,,comonly ,,knowne ,,by ,,the ,,names ,,of ,,porcelaine ,,or ,,china1 ,,and ,,persian ,,ware1 ,,as ,,alsoe ,,the ,,misterie ,,of ,,the ,,stone ,,ware ,,vulgarly ,,called ,,cologne ,,ware2 ,,and ,,that ,,he ,,designed ,,to ,,introduce ,a ,,manufacture ,,of ,,the ,,said ,,wares ,,into ,,our ,,kingdome ,,of ,,england1 ,,where ,,they ,,have ,,not ,,hitherto ,,bene ,,wrought ,,or ,,made40 ,and thereupon the said ,john ,dwight hath humbly besought vs to grant him the sole benefitt of the manufacture of the said wares for fourteene yeares1 according to the statute in that behalfe made and provided4 8,,know ,,yee1 that wee1 being willing to cherish and encourage all laudable endeavours and designes of such our subiects as shall find out vsefull and profitable arts1 misteries1 and invencons1 by granting and appropriating vnto them for some terme of yeares the fruite and benefitt of their industry1 whereby their labours and expences in the attainmt thereof may be recompensed and rewarded vnto them1 of our especiall grace1 certaine knowledge1 and meere mocon1 have given and granted1 and by theise presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 doe give and grant vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 speciall lycense and full and free libertie1 priviledge1 power1 and authoritie1 that he1 the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 by him and themselves1 or by his or their deputies1 servants1 workemen1 or assignes1 and none other1 shall and may1 from time to time1 and att all and everie time and times hereafter1 dureing the tearme of fourteene yeares next ensueing the date of these presents1 att his and their owne proper costs and charges1 vse1 exercise1 practise1 and enioy the said misterie and ,invencon of makeing transparent earthen ware1 comonly knowne by the names of porcelaine or ,china1 and ,persian ware2 and also the mistery and ,invencon or makeing the stone ware vulgarly called ,collogne ware1 within any convenient place or places within our ,realme of ,england1 ,dominion of ,wales1 or ,towne of ,berwick-vpon-,tweed1 in such manner as to him or them in their discrecons shall seeme meete2 and shall and may have and enioy the sole benefitt and advantage from1 by1 or vnder the said misteries and invencons or manufactures of the said wares1 or either of them by him the said ,john ,dwight found out and discovered1 as aforesaid1 ariseing or groweing from time to time dureing the terme hereby granted1 to have1 hold1 and enioy the said lycenses1 priviledges1 powers1 and authorities1 benefitt1 advantages1 other the premisses in and by these presents granted or menconed to be granted1 and everie of them1 vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 from and dureing the tearme of fourteene yeares from henceforth next ensueing1 and fully to be compleate and ended1 yeilding and paying therefore yearely and every yeare dureing the said tearme into the receipt of our ,exchequer att ,westminster1 to the vse of vs1 our heires and successors1 the yearely rent or sume of twentie shillings of lawfull money of ,england1 att the two most vsuall feasts or tearmes in the yeare1 7that is to say7 att the ,feast of ,saint ,michaell the ,archangell1 and the ,annunciation of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 by even and equall porcons4 ,and to the end the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 and everie of them1 may the better enioy the full and whole benefitt and sole vse and exercise of the said misteries1 invencons1 and manufacture of the said wares1 as well within liberties as without1 wee doe by theise presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 require and streightly charge and comand all and everie person persons1 bodies pollitique and corporate1 of whatsoever qualitie1 degree1 name1 or condicon they be1 that neither they nor any of them1 dureing the tearme hereby granted1 either directly or indirectly1 doe or shall vse or putt in practise the said misteries and invencons or manufacture of the said wares1 or either of them1 soe by the said ,john ,dwight found out or discovered as aforesaid2 nor doe or shall counterfeit1 imitate1 or resemble the same2 nor doe or shall make any addicon therevnto1 or substraccon from the same1 whereby to pretend themselves the inventors or devisors thereof1 without the lycense1 consent1 and agreement of the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 or assignes1 in writeing under his or their hands and seals first had and obteyned in that behalfe1 vpon such paines and penalties as can or may be inflicted on such offendors for the contempt of this our comand in that behalfe1 and further to be answearable to the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 according to law and justice1 for his and their damages thereby susteined4 ,and further1 we doe by theise presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 give and grant vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 full power and authoritie that he1 they1 and everie of them1 his1 theire1 everie of theire deputies1 servants1 and agents1 or any of them1 haveing first obteyned a warrant in this behalfe from the ,lord ,chiefe ,justice of the ,court of ,king's ,bench for the time being1 may1 with the assistance of a constable or any other lawfull officer1 as well within liberties as without1 vpon request1 att convenient times in the day1 dureing the time aforesaid1 and in lawfull manner1 to enter and make search in any houses or other places where there shall be iust causes of suspition1 for discovering and finding out of all such persons as shall within the tearme of fourteene yeares aforesaid imitate or cause to bee imitated or vse or putt in practise the said misteries and invencons1 or manufacture of the said wares1 or either of them1 soe by the said ,john ,dwight found out and discovered as aforesaid1 that soe such offendors may be proceeded against and punished according to their demeritts4 ,and further1 wee doe by theise presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 will1 authorise1 and require all and singuler justices of the peace1 mayors1 sheriffes1 bayliffes1 constables1 head-boroughs1 and all other officers and ministers whatsoever1 of vs1 our heires and successors1 for the time being1 that they and every of them respectively be from time to time dureing the said tearme hereby granted in their respective places1 favouring1 ayding1 helping1 and assisting vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 adminrs1 and assignes1 and to be his and their deputie and deputies1 servants1 and agents1 in and by all things in and aboute the accomplishment of our will and pleasure herein declared1 and in the exercise and execucon of the powers and priviledges herein and hereby granted or menconed to be granted as aforesaid2 and1 moreover1 wee will and comand by theise presents1 for us1 our heires and successors1 that our said officers1 or any of them1 doe not molest1 trouble1 or interrupt the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 or assignes1 or his or their deputie or deputies1 servants1 or workemen1 or any of them1 in or about the vse or exercise of the said misteries and invencons or manufacture of the said wares1 or either of them1 or any matter or thing concerning the same1 or either of them3 ,provided alwaies1 that if att any time dureing the said tearme of fourteene yeares it shall be made appeare vnto vs1 our heires or successors1 or any six or more of our or their ,privy ,councell1 that this our grant is contrary to law or preiudiciall or inconvenient or not of public vse or benefitt1 then1 vpon significacon declaracon to be made by vs1 our heires or successors1 vnder our or their signett or privie seale1 or by the ,lords and others of our ,privy ,councell1 or any six of them for the time being1 in writeing vnder their hands1 of such preiudice or inconvenience1 these our ,letters ,patents1 and all things therein conteyned1 shall forthwith cease1 determine1 and be vtterly void to all intents and purposes1 anything hereinbefore conteyned to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,and our will and pleasure is1 that the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 or assignes1 shall enroll these presents1 or cause the same to be enrolled1 before the ,clerke of the ,pipe within six moneths next after the date hereof4 ,and lastly1 wee doe by theise presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 grant vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 that these our ,letters ,patents1 and the inrollment thereof1 shall bee in and by all things good1 valid1 sufficient1 and effectuall in the law1 according to the true intent and meaning of theise presents1 and shall be taken1 adiudged1 and construed most favourably and beneficially for the best benefitt and advantage of the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 as well in all our ,courts of ,record as elsewhere1 notwithstanding the not specifying the various sorts of the said ,collogne wares1 and the not full and certaine describing the manner and qualitie of the said misteries and invencons1 or any of them1 or of the materialls1 way and manner of workeing the same1 or of the true and certaine vse and benefitt thereof1 and notwithstanding any other defects1 incertainties1 or imperfeccons in theise presents conteyned1 or any act1 statute1 ordinance1 provision1 proclamacon1 or restraint to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding4 8,in witnes1 c4 ,witnes our selfe att ,westminster1 the ,three and twentieth day of ,aprill ,p bre de privatoe sigillo40 ,this was the commencement of the ,fulham ,pottery1 whose history ,i am about to attempt to trace1 and which has continued uninterruptedly in work for more than two centuries4 ,dwight appears to have been a man of considerable learning and ability4 ,he graduated as ,m4,a4 at ,christ ,church1 ,oxford1 and successively held the appointments of secretary to more than one ,bishop of ,chester4 ,he seems to have long experimented upon clays and mineral products in the search after the body of which the oriental china was made1 and at length to have brought those researches to a successful issue4 ,six years after the date of the first of his patents1 ,dr4 ,plot1 the eminent antiquary and keeper of the ,ashmolean ,museum at ,oxford1 thus wrote of his discoveries in his 8,history of ,oxfordshire03-- 8 #hd4 ,amongst arts that concern formation of earths1 ,i shall not mention the making of pots at ,marsh ,balden and ,nuneham ,courtney1 nor of tobacco-pipes of the white earth of ,shotover1 since those places are now deserted4 ,nor indeed was there1 as ,i ever heard of1 anything extraordinary performed during the working these earths1 nor is there now of a very good tobacco-pipe clay found in the parish of ,horspath1 since the first printing of the third chapter of this history4444 ,let it suffice for things of this nature1 that the ingenious ,john ,dwight1 formerly ,m4,a4 of ,christ ,church ,college1 ,oxon1 hath discovered the mystery of the stone or ,cologne wares 7such as d',alva bottles1 jugs1 noggins71 heretofore made only in ,germany1 and by the ,dutch brought over into ,england in great quantities2 and hath set up a manufacture of the same1 which 7by methods and contrivances of his own1 altogether unlike those used by the ,germans71 in three or four years' time1 he hath brought it to greater perfection than it has attained where it hath been used for many ages1 insomuch that the ,company of ,glass-sellers of ,london1 who are the dealers for that commodity1 have contracted with the inventor to buy only of his ,english manufacture1 and refuse the foreign4 8 #he4 ,he hath discovered also the mystery of the ,hessian wares1 and vessels for reteining the penetrating salts and spirits of the chymists1 more serviceable than were ever made in ,england1 or imported from ,germany itself4 8 #hf4 ,and hath found ways to make an earth white and transparent as porcellane1 and not distinguishable frome it by the eye1 or by experiments that have been purposely made to try wherein they disagree4 ,to this earth he hath added the colours that are usual in the coloured china ware1 and divers others not seen before4 ,the skill that hath been wanting to set up a manufacture of this transparent earthenware in ,england1 like that of ,china1 is the glazing of the white earth1 which hath much puzzled the projector1 but now that difficulty also is in great measure overcome4 8 #hg4 ,he hath also caused to be modelled statues or figures of the said transparent earth 7a thing not done elsewhere1 for ,china affords us only imperfect mouldings71 which he hath diversified with great variety of colours1 making them of the colour of iron1 copper1 brass1 and party-colour'd as some ,achat-stones4 ,the considerations that induced him to this attempt were the duration of this hard-burnt earth1 much above brass or marble1 against all air and weather1 and the softness of the matter to be modelled1 which makes it capable of more curious work than stones that are wrought with chisels1 or metals that are cast4 ,in short1 he has so advanced the ,art ,plastic that 'tis dubious whether any man since ,prometheus have excelled him1 not excepting the famous ,damophilus and ,gorgasus of ,pliny 7,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 xxxv4 c4 #ab74 8 #hh4 ,and these arts he employs about meterials of ,english growth1 and not much applyed to other uses2 for instance1 he makes the stone bottles of a clay in appearance like to tobacco-pipe clay1 which will not make tobacco-pipes1 although the tobacco-pipe clay will make bottles2 so that that which hath lain buried and useless to the owners may become beneficial to them by reason of this manufacture1 and many working hands get good livelihoods1 not to speak of the very considerable sums of ,english coyn annually kept at home by it40 ,dwight having patented his discovery of 8the mistery of transparent earthenware1 commonly known by the names of ,porcelaine or ,china1 or ,persia ware10 in ,april1 #afga1 it is perfectly clear that the discovery must have been made before that time1 and that it must have been the result of a long series of patient trials and experiments4 ,thus1 ,i think1 we may safely say that the actual discovery was made some time prior to #afga4 ,in #afhd the patent expired1 and a new one granted1 in ,june1 for another term of fourteen years--this time the wares and articles being more specifically named4 ,it is as follows3-- 8,,charles ,,the ,,second1 by the grace of ,god1 c41 to all to whom these presents shall come1 greeting4 8,,whereas ,,john ,,dwight1 ,gentl1 hath represented vnto vs that by his owne industry and at his owne proper costs and charges1 hee hath invented and sett vp at ,fulham1 in our ,county of ,middx1 #8,,severall ,,new ,,manufactures ,,of ,,earthenwares1 ,,called ,,by ,,the ,,names ,,of ,,white ,,gorges1 ,,marbled ,,porcellane ,,vessells1 ,,statues1 ,,and ,,figures1 ,,and ,,fine ,,stone ,,gorges ,,and ,,vessells1 ,,never ,,before ,,made ,,in ,,england ,,or ,,elsewhere2 ,,and ,,alsoe ,,discovered ,,the ,,mistery ,,of ,,transparent ,,porcellane1 ,,and ,,opacous1 ,,redd1 ,,and ,,darke-,,coloured ,,porcellane ,,or ,,china ,,and ,,persian ,,wares1 ,,and ,,the ,,mistery ,,of ,,the ,,cologne ,,or ,,stone ,,wares1' and is endeavouring to settle manufactures of all the said wares within this our kingdome of ,england2 and hee having humbly besought vs1 to grant vnto him our ,letters ,patents for the sole vse and exercise of the same for the terme of fowrteene years1 according to the ,statute in that case provided1 wee are gratiously pleased to condescend to that his request4 8,,know ,,yee ,,therefore1 that wee being willing that the said ,john ,dwight may reap some reasonable recompence and compensacon for his great charge and paines in and about the premisses1 and to incourage the inventers of such arts as may be of publick vse and benefitt1 of our especiall grace1 certeine knowledge1 and meere mocon1 have given and granted1 and by these presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 doe give and grant1 vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 speciall licence1 full power1 sole privilege and authority1 that hee1 the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 and every of them1 by themselves1 or their deputy or deputys1 servants or agents1 or such others as the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 or assignes1 shall at any time agree with1 and noe others1 from time to time and at all times dureing the terme of yeares hereafter in these presents expressed1 shall and lawfully may vse1 exercise1 and enioy the said ,invencons of new manufactures within any part or parts1 place or places whatsoever1 of1 in1 or belonging to our kingdome of ,england1 dominion of ,wales1 and all and every or any of our kingdomes and dominions whatsoever1 in such manner1 and according to such reasonable and lawfull rates and limitacons1 as to him1 the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 or any of them1 shall in their discrecons seeme meet1 and that hee1 the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 shall and may have and enioy the sole benefitt1 profitt1 comodity1 and advantage from time to time coming1 growing1 and arising by reason of the said ,invencons of new manufactures1 for and dureing the full terme of yeares hereafter menconed2 to have1 hold1 exercise1 and enioy the said licence1 powers1 privileges1 and advantages hereinbefore granted or menconed to be granted vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 for and dureing and vnto the full end and terme of fourteene yeares from the day of the date of these presents next and imediately ensueing and fully to be compleate and ended according to the ,statute in this case made and provided2 and to the end that the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 and every of them1 may enioy the full benefitt and the sole vse and exercise of the said ,invencons of new manufactures according to our gratious intencons hereinbefore declared1 wee doe by these presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 require and strictly comand all and every person and persons1 bodys politique and corporate1 and all other our subiects whatsoever1 of what estate1 quality1 or degree1 name1 or condicon soever they be1 within all and every our kingdomes dominions1 that neither they nor any of them1 at any time dureinge the continuance of the said terme of fowrteene yeares hereby granted1 either directly or indirectly doe1 vse1 or put in practise the said ,invencons of new manufactures1 or any of them1 or any part of the same soe atteined vnto by the said ,john ,dwight as aforesaid1 nor shall in anywise counterfeite or resemble the said ,invencons of manufacture1 or any of them1 nor shall make or cause to be made any addicon thereto or substraccon from the same1 whereby to pretend themselves the inventers or devisers thereof1 without the licence1 consent1 or agreement of the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 or assignes1 in writing vnder his1 their1 or some of their hands and seales1 first had and obteyned in that behalfe1 vpon such paines and penaltys as can or may be iustly inflicted on such offenders for their contempt of this our ,royall comand2 and further to be answerable to the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 according to law for his and their damages thereby to be susteined4 ,and wee doe1 of our further especiall grace1 certeine knowledge1 and meere mocon1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 grant vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 by these presents1 that hee1 they1 and every of them1 and his1 their1 and every of their deputys1 agents1 and servants1 haveing first obteined a lawfull warrant from the ,lord ,chiefe ,justice of our ,court of ,king's ,bench at ,westm for the time being1 and with the assistance of a constable or any other lawful officer1 at convenient times in the day dureing the terme hereby granted1 and in lawfull manner1 may enter into and make search in any place or places whatsoever within any of our kingdomes and dominions where there shall be iust cause of suspicon for the discovery and finding out of all and every person and persons as shall imitate or cause to be imitated1 or shall vse or put in practise the said ,invencons of new manufactures1 or any of them1 or shall make or counterfeite any instruments or materialls to the same belonging1 that soe such offender or offenders may be proceeded against and punished according to law4 ,and further1 wee doe by these presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 will1 authorise1 and comand all and singular justices of the peace1 mayors1 sheriffs1 bayliffes1 constables1 head-boroughs1 and all other officers and ministers whatsoever of vs1 our heires and successors1 for the time being1 as well within our kingdome of ,england and dominion of ,wales1 as within all and every other our kingdomes and dominions1 that they and every of them respectively be from time to time dureing the terme hereby granted1 in their respective offices1 favouring1 aiding1 helping1 and assisting vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 and to his and theire deputy and deputys1 servants and agents1 in and by all things in and about the accomplishment of our ,royall will and pleasure hereinbefore declared1 and in the exercise and execucon of the powers and privileges hereby granted as aforesaid4 ,and moreover wee doe by these presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 will and comand that our said respective officers and ministers before menconed1 or any of them1 doe not1 nor shall att any time hereafter dureing the said terme hereby granted1 in anywise1 molest1 trouble1 or hinder the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 or assignes1 or any his or their deputys1 servants1 or agents1 in or about the due and lawfull vse or exercise of the aforesaid ,invencons1 or any of them1 or anything relateing therevnto3 ,provided always1 and these our ,letters ,patents are and shalbe vpon this condicon1 that if at any tyme dureing the said terme hereby granted it shalbe made appeare to vs1 our heires or successors1 or any six or more of our or their ,privy ,councell1 that this our present grant is contrary to law or preiudiciall or inconvenient to our subiects in generall1 or that the said ,invencons and every of them are not new invencons as to the publick vse and exercise thereof within this our kingdome1 and not invented and found out by the said ,john ,dwight as aforesaid1 then vpon significacon and declaracon thereof to be made by us1 our heires or successors1 vnder our or their signett or privy seale1 or by the lords and others of our or their ,privy ,councell1 or any six or more of them vnder their hands1 these our ,letters ,patents shall forthwith cease1 determine1 and be vtterly void to all intents and purposes1 any thing before herein conteined to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding3 ,provided alsoe1 that these our ,letters ,patents or any thing therein conteined shall not extend or be construed to extend to give privilege vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 or assignes1 or any of them1 to vse or imitate any invencon or worke whatsoever which hath been heretofore found out or invented by any other of our subiects whatsoever1 and publicly vsed or exercised within our said realme and dominions1 or any of them1 vnto whom we have already granted our like ,letters ,patents of ,privilege for the sole vse1 exercise1 and benefitt thereof1 it being our will and pleasure that the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 and all and singular other person and persons to whom we have already granted our like ,letters ,patents or privileges1 as aforesaid1 shall distinctly vse and practise their severall invencons by them invented and found out according to the true intent and meaning of the said ,letters ,patents and of these presents4 ,and lastly wee doe by these presents1 for vs1 our heires and successors1 grant vnto the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 that these our ,letters ,patents or the inrollment thereof shalbe in and by all things firme1 valid1 sufficient1 and effectuall in the law according to the true intent and meaneing thereof1 and shalbe taken1 construed1 and adiudged in the most favourable and beneficiall sense for the best advantage of the said ,john ,dwight1 his executors1 administrators1 and assignes1 aswell in all ,courts of ,record as elsewhere1 and by all and singular the officers and ministers whatsoever of vs1 our heires and successors in all and singular our realmes and dominions whatsoever1 and amongst all and every the subiects of us1 our heires and successors1 whatsoever and wheresoever1 notwithstanding the not full and certaine describing the nature or quality of the said ,invencons1 or any of them1 or of the materialls thereto conduceing or belonging1 or any other defects or incertaintys in these presents contained1 or any act1 statute1 ordinance1 provision1 proclamacon1 or restriccon1 or other matter1 cause1 or thing whatsoever to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding4 ,in witnesse1 c4 ,witnesse ,ourselfe at ,westm1 the ,twelfth day of ,june4 ,by ,writt of ,privy ,seale4 ,in #afiddj ,houghton thus1 in his 8,letters on ,husbandry and ,trade10 wrote#da while speaking of the tobacco-pipe clays1 8gotten at or nigh ,pool1 a post-town in ,dorsetshire1 and there dug in square pieces1 of the bigness of about half a hundredweight each2 from thence 'tis brought to ,london1 and sold in peaceable times at about eighteen shillings a ton1 but now in this time of war is worth about three and twenty shillings10 ,and again he says3 8,this sort of clay1 as ,i hinted formerly1 is used to clay sugar2 and the best sort of mugs are made with it1 and the ingenious ,mr4 ,daught of ,fulham tells me that 'tis the same earth ,china-ware is made of1 and 'tis made1 not by lying long in the earth1 but in the fire2 and if it were worth while1 we may make as good ,china here as any is in the world4 ,and so for this time1 farewel ,clay40 ,again1 on 8,march #ac1 #afie10 he thus writes3 8,of ,china-ware ,i see but little imported in the year #afid1 ,i presume by reason of the war and our bad luck at sea4 ,there came only from ,spain certain1 and from ,india certain twice4 ',tis a curious manufacture1 and deserves to be encourag'd here1 which without doubt money would do2 and ,mr4 ,dowoit at ,fulham has done it1 and can again in any thing that is flat3 but the difficulty is that if a hollow dish be made1 it must be burnt so much that the heat of the fire will make the sides fall4 ,he tells me that our clay will very well do it2 the main skill is in managing the fire4 ,by my consent1 the man that would bring it to perfection should have for his encouragement one thousand pound from the publick1 though ,i help'd to pay a tax towards it40 ,although no specifications are preserved with ,dwight's patents1#db ,i am enabled1 through the extreme kindness and courtesy of the present owner of the works1 ,c4 ,i4 ,c4 ,bailey1 ,esq41 to give recipes for the manufacture of porcelain1 c41 in ,dwight's own words1 and copied from his own private pocket-books4 ,these two extremely curious books were recently discovered among some old account books and their discovery throws considerable light on the history of the plastic art at this period4 ,one of these books1 which is bound in vellum1 contains on its outside front cover the words3-- 8,all that is in this book was enterd since #i ber #ae #afie20 but the other contains many earlier entries1 from #afia4 ,both the books are in ,dwight's own handwriting4 ,among the number of curious recipes are the following1 which possess more than ordinary interest4 8,to make transparent ,porcelane or ,china ,cley4--,take fine white thirty pounds4 ,best cley sifted twenty pounds4 ,mingle tread4 ,this works strong and may be wrought thin vpon ye wheel4 8,to make another transparent porcelane or ,china ,cley4--,take fine white thirty pounds4 ,best ,cley fifteen pounds4 ,mingle and tread4 ,this works weaker and thicker but burns very clear with low fire4 8,to make red porcelane ,cley4--,take ,cley sifted twenty pounds4 ,ffine dark ,earth fifteen pounds4 ,white 4 ,cyprus five pounds4 ,mingle tread4 8,to make a bright red ,cley wth ,staffordshire red ,cley4--,take sifted ,staffordshire ,cley thirty pounds4 ffine dark twenty pounds4 ,mingle tread4 8,the fine ,stone ,cley4--,take sifted cley sixty pounds ffine white fourteen pounds4 ffine white sand sifted ten pounds4 ,mingle and tread4 ,the best way of weighing and mingling this ,cley is1 #a1 ,to weigh thirty pounds of ,cley put that into ye mingling box1 #b1 ,to weigh thirty pounds of ,cley and put that also into ye mingling box4 ,spreading all the ,cley till it lye ,leuell4 #c1 ,then weigh fourteen pounds of fine white1 ten pounds of fine white sand1 and pour ym together upon the ,cley1 and spread them to lye leuell1 yn mingle all ye grate ,shouell4 8,the fine white ,cley for ,gorges ,cans4--,take ,cley sifted three and thirty pound1 ffine white thirty pounds4 ,mingle tread4 ,the readiest way of weighing and mingling this ,cley is #ast1 ,weigh three and thirty pounds of ,cley and put it into ye mingling box1 spreading it abroad till it lye leuell1 #b1 ,weigh thirty pounds of fine white1 put it into the mingling box vpon the ,cley1 spreading it to the leuell1 then mingle them with ye grate ,shouell4 8,the like fine white ,cley in smaller quantity if occasion require4--,take ,cley sifted two twenty pounds1 ffine white twenty pounds4 ,weigh the white first1 and lay the ,cley a top1 mingling ym in the scale4 8,the fine white ,cley for dishes or ,teapots to endure boiling water4--,take ,cley sifted two twenty pounds ffine white twenty pounds4 ,white 4 ,cyprus six pounds4 ,weigh these one vpon another and mingle them in ye ,scale4 8#8#i;ber#dc #afie4 ,an ,essay towards a ,china ,glasse4--,take calcin'd sand six ounces1 ffine white sand two ounces4 ,mingle and melt them vnder the ffurnace into a white hard glasse4 ,take of the set white hard glasse beated sifted half a pound4 ,white ,lead two ounces4 ,mingle melt them into a glasse to be ground for a china glasse4' #8,not 7note7 yt in burning ,china you must set pots near the wideness of ye ,arches and set them #f inches distant from one another and from the wall4 ,the little furnace where the last ,red ,teapots were burnt ,i take to be a convenient one for this vse4' 8#afia ,march #ad4 ,to make a gray ,porcellane by ,salt4--,take eighteen pound of fine white ,earth1 two pound of fine pale ,earth1 twenty pound of ,cley1 six pound of vnground ,white ,earth sifted through ,cyprus sieve2 mingle tread4 ,this is a strong hardy ,cley1 fit for ,garden pots1 teapots1 dishes c4 8#afia ,march #ae4 ,to make a blew porcellane ,cley to be turn'd into vessells or to spot and inlay pots of any other ,porcellane4--,take fiue pounds of ,cley1 fiue pound of ye fine ,white ,earth1 one pound of zaffer fine ground-dryd and done through a midling hair ,sieve1 mingle tread4 ,if it be wetted with the white water 'twill be the brighter4 8,to make another blew porc3 ,cley more bright4--,take six pound of fine ,white ,earth1 four pound of ,cley1 one pound of zaffer ground fine dry'd sifted through ye midling hair sieve1 mingle1 and tread them wth the white water4 8#afib ,july #ab4 ,to make a blew porcell3 ,cley of inlaying or to turn into vessells4--,take fine white two ounces4 ,white 4 ,cyp's sieve one ounce4 ,best ,smalt one ounce4 ,cley three ounces4 8#afic #i;ber #ad4 ,to make transparent porcellane or ,china ,cley4--,take fine white ,earth thirty pounds4 ,cley sifted twenty pounds4 ,mingle tread4 8,to make another transparent porcellane or ,china ,cley4--,take fine white ,earth thirty pounds1 ,cley sifted fifteen pounds4 ,mingle and tread40 ,other recipes are3 8,light grey ,cley to endure boiling water20 8ffiner light grey ,cley for ye like vses20 8,mouse coloured cley to endure boiling water20 8ffiner mouse coloured ,cley for ye same vse20 8#afih ,apr3 #f4 ,to make ,number ,sixteen20 8,the best ,white ,cley to make ,gor3 ,cans1 or dishes to endure boiling water20 8,to make ye ,white ,earth20 8,to make the ,white ,earth in larger quantity at one time20 8,to make the ,dark ,earth20 8,to make fine ,white20 8,to make fine ,dark20 8,to make calcin'd ,sand20 8,to make white 4 ,cyprus20 8,to make ye ,black ,earth20 8,a fine brown colour wth out ,grinding20 8,to make a fine bright and strong brown20 8,to make ye brightest brown colour20 8,cley to burn brown20 8for marbling stone-pots20 8,white to marble ston pots20 8,another grey for marbl3 stone pots20 8,to make a fine white porcellane ,cley to be burnt wth ,salt fitt only for things of ornament20 8,grey ,cley for ye like vse20 8,a darker ,cley for ye same vse20 8,a ,mouse colour'd ,porcellane wth white specks20 8,a bright ,mouse colourd ,cley to endure boiling water20 8,a fine porcellane ,cley fit for deep dishes wth out handles to be burnt wth out glasse in the strongest fire that may serve to perfect ye ,china ware4 ,cley twenty pounds4 ffine ,white twenty pounds4 fine ,black ,earth two pounds4 ,white ,cyprus sieve six pounds4 ,mingle tread20 8,the best ,dark ,earth20 8,the fine grinding of the ,dark ,earth20 8,the best browne glasse for white browne pots20 8,to make the ,dark ,earth20 8,a dark colour'd ,cley for marbled dishes and teapots to endure boiling water20 8,the ,mouse colour'd ,cley to endure boiling water20 8,another lesse red ,cley20 8,to make a grey porcellane ,clay hardy fit for ,garden ,potts1 ,teapots c420 8,another lighter ,grey ,cley20 8,to make a deep red ,cley of the ,staffordshire red ,cley20 8,another good red of ye same ,cley20 8,another ,red ,cley20 8,to make a ,cley to burn brown strong hardy fit for teapots to be sprig'd white20 8,to make ye best fine ston ,clay20 8,wh3 br3 wh3 gor3 to be excisd#dd ,cley sixty pounds1 ,white sand #ab pounds1 ffine ,white #bd pounds40 ,these extracts will be amply sufficient to show the interest and importance of these curious old books which have so kindly been placed at my disposal for this work by their owner1 ,mr4 ,bailey1 but ,i cannot refrain from giving some extracts of a totally different character4 ,these relate to the way ,mr4 ,dwight had of being his own banker by hiding his money in all sorts of out-of-the-way corners of his pot-works until wanted4 ,probably there may still be some of this 8treasure-trove10 as well as his moulds and models1 c41 to be turned on by some fortunate possessor of the place4 8#afic #i;ber4#de--;,in ye garret in a hole vnder ye fire-place #bdj ,g4#df in a wooden box4#dg 8,in ye old ,labouratory at the old house1 in two holes vnder the fire-place on both sides ye ffurnace in #b half pint ,gor3 ,couered #dfj4 8,behind the door of the ,old ,labouratory1 within ye end of ye bench1 in a pot couered #bjj4 8,in ye second presse in ye said ,laboura3 vnder some papers at ye bottome in a bag some mill'd money4#dg 8,behind ye doore of the little parlor old house in a corner some mill'd money4#dg 8,in ye same little parlour behind some boxes just going into ye kitchen some mill'd money4#dg 8,in ye second side hole at the bottome of ye first ffurnace in ye kitchen on ye right hand going to ye chimney1 pott of ,gui3#dfdg 8between a little ffurnace great one that joynes to ye oven behind ,shouels forks some ,gui3#dg 8,close by those ,shouells wth in a hole into ye vent of ye same large furnace1 ,gui3#dg 8,in two holes of that great furnace running in almost to the ,ouen1 #b boxes full of mill'd money4 ,may be drawn out wth a long crooked ,iron standing behind ye kitchen door4#dg 8#afih ,vnder ye lower shelfe in ye kitchen near ye ,oven1 #b cans couer'd4 8,in severall holes of ye ffurnace in ye middle of the kitchin opening at ye top where the sands lyes is a purse of #ajj gui3 seuerall ,cans couer'd4 8,at ye further ,end of the bottome hole of my furnace in the little parlour a box of #bjjl40 ,there are also many other matters of interest in these books2 among them the names of a 8,lydia 3 444 ,dwight her ,book #h #ab #d ,ly ,fulham0 evidently in her own handwriting1 and which ,i take to mean 8,lydia ,dwight1 her book1 ,fulham1 #ae0--the #ae being her age1 which is arrived at by adding the figures together as they occur in form of a cross1 #a1 #b1 #h1 and #d4 8,ly ,d4 ,lewin10 8,lydia ,dwigh10 8,mrs4 ,deb ,nel10 8,mrs4 ,deb ,n10 8,mary10 8,deb ,nel10 8,miss ,betty ,osgood10 8,miss ,lucy10 8,miss ,betty ,osgood10 and 8,miss ,molly ,osgood10 are also scribbled in different parts of the book4 ,dwight is stated to have buried1 in like manner as he did his money1 all his models1 tools1 moulds1 c41 in some still-unknown secret hiding-place of his manufactory that his descendants might not continue that branch of the trade which he had been the first to invent2 and very securely he has1 evidently1 done this2 for1 whatever may be found in future alterations and excavations1 it is certain that these have never yet been brought to light4 ,a few years ago1 however1 after taking down some of the old buildings1 which had become much dilapidated1 the workmen1 while digging foundations for the new workshops1 c41 discovered a vaulted chamber or cellar which had been firmly walled up1 and which1 on being broken into1 was found to contain a number of stoneware grey-beards or bellarmines and ale-pots1 c41 undoubtedly of ,dwight's manufacture4 ,these were of the same form1 precisely1 as the old ,cologne ones which they were intended to1 and did1 supersede in this country--and were those 8fine stone gorges never before made in ,england0--and for which his patent was granted4 ,one of these1 presented to me by the present proprietor of the works1 ,mr4 ,bailey1 ,i here engrave 7,fig4 #cch74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cch4 ,nothing1 at present1 is known as to when the death of ,john ,dwight took place1 or who succeeded him4 ,a ,dr4 ,dwight died at ,fulham in #agcg1 who1 according to the ,gentleman's ,magazine of that year1 was 8author of several curious treatises on physic4 ,he was the first that found out the secret to colour earthenware like china20 but this was not ,john ,dwight1 as supposed by some writers1 but ,samuel ,dwight1 who1 in #agbb1 published 8,de ,vomitione1 et ,purgatione1 eorumque excessu curando1 necnon de emiticis ,medicamentis1 de ,catharticis1 et ,variolis1 et ,morbillis20 in #agbe1 8,de ,hydropibus20 and in #agca1 8,de ,febribus1 ,symptomaticis40 ,as the death of this ,samuel ,dwight took place in #agcg1 or sixty-six years after the date of ,john ,dwight's patent1 the probability is that he was the son of ,john ,dwight1 and that his finding out the secret of colouring earthenware like china took place while engaged in his father's business4 ,about this time it would appear 7probably after the death of ,samuel ,dwight7 the business was carried on by a ,margaret ,dwight1 in partnership with ,thomas ,warland1 and these two--,margaret ,dwight and ,thomas ,warland of ,fulham1 potters--became bankrupt in #agdf4 ,this lady is said afterwards to have married a ,mr4 ,white1 or ,wight1 who continued the works4 ,in #agfb 8,william ,white1 of ,fulham1 in the county of ,middlesex1 potter10 took out a patent for the manufacture of 8white crucibles or melting potts made of ,british materials1 and never before made in ,england or elsewhere1 and which ,i have lately sett up at ,fulham aforesaid10 and which were composed of 8,stourbridge clay and ,dorsetshire clay1 calcined2 mix them with ,woolwich sand and water1 to be trodden with the feet1 and then burned40 ,for these he had1 in the previous year1 obtained a premium from the ,society of ,arts4 ,in #agie the works were1 according to ,lysons1 8carried on by ,mr4 ,white1 a descendant in the female line of the first proprietor10 and they were so continued until #ahfb1 when1 on the death of the then ,mr4 ,white1 they passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,makintosh and ,clements4 ,two years later1 however1 on the death of ,mr4 ,makintosh1 the works were sold to the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,i4 ,c4 ,bailey1 who shortly afterwards considerably enlarged and improved them2 he having built a new factory and introduced the newest and most improved machinery4 ,the articles and the wares made by the ,dwights will have been pretty well understood from the foregoing notice2 but1 in addition1 it is essential to speak of some few well-authenticated examples which still exist4 ,about the time of the sale in #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,baylis1 of ,priors ,bank1 obtained from the ,fulham works a number--about twenty-five--of extremely curious and historically valuable specimens of the ware produced there by the ,dwights1 and kept in the family4 ,of these he sent a brief account to the ,art-,journal1#dh a part of which ,i here transcribe3-- 8,the first is a dish1 said1 and with more than mere probability1 to be one of a dinner set manufactured for the especial service of ,charles ,,ii4 ,it is of a round form and large size1 being #fd inches in circumference4 ,the groundwork is a rich blue1 approaching to the ultramarine2 it is surrounded by a broad rim nearly four inches wide1 formed by a graceful border of foliage and birds in white1 and shaded with pale blue4 ,the whole of the centre is occupied by the royal arms1 surmounted by its kingly helmet1 crown and lion crest4 ,the arms themselves are encircled with the garter1 on which is inscribed the well-known motto1 #8,honi soit qui mal y pense4' ,the arms and supporters rest upon a groundwork of foliage1 in the middle of which is the motto1 #8,dieu et mon ,droit4' ,the workmanship of this piece of crockery is of very superior character1 and a dinner set of similar ware would make many a modern one look poor4 ,the solitary specimen left of this once-magnificent royal dinner service is believed to be by far the finest extant of this early ,english manufacture1 and includes five classical figures of brown ware1 of admirable execution1 testifying to the skill and taste of the ,italian workmen3 they consist of ,saturn--at least we presume it is meant for him1 as he is represented with a child in his arms1 which he seems to be on the point of devouring1 according to his agreement with his brother ,titan4 ,he has already got the child's hand in his mouth1 and the bite of his teeth is by no means agreeable to his offspring1 as is evident by the expression of pain on his countenance4 ,the next figure is ,jupiter1 the third is ,neptune1 the fourth ,mars1 and the fifth either ,adonis or ,meleager1 the emblem of the boar's head applying to either--the former being killed by a boar2 the latter having killed the boar2 and as the head is cut off1 and lying at his feet1 it is most probably ,meleager1 as he cut off the head of the beast and presented it to ,atalanta4 ,the grey ware consists of a bust of ,charles ,,ii42 a bust of his queen1 ,catherine of ,braganza2 another of ,james ,,ii41 and a companion one of his queen1 ,mary d',este--all four of meritorious execution and excellent likenesses2 a statuette of ,flora2 a likeness of one of the ,dwight family1 thirteen inches high2 another of ,adonis1 same height2 and a likeness of a lady2 a portrait of one of the ,dwights2 a smaller pair of statuettes of a gentleman and lady of the court of ,charles ,,ii41 probably intended as likenesses2 a curious figure1 or rather bust1 of one sleeping1 or rather lying on a pillow1 for it was a death likeness1 and is inscribed #8,lydia ,dwight1 dyd ,march the #crd1 #agfb2' a drinking cup1 called ,hogarth's cup--it is lettered #8,midnight ,conversation1' and and has on it a representation of ,hogarth's picture in raised figures1 and also four arms of the ,city companies4 ,there are also four brown liqueur bottles1 with white figures in relief1 temp4 ,charles ,,ii41 with his initial letter2 and one or two specimens1 such as a butter-boat and a couple of pickle saucers of fine grey ware2 but these appear of a somewhat different kind of manufacture1 and may have been brought from ,delft40#di ,other productions were flip-cans1 gorges1 grey beards1 ale pots1 bottles1 mugs1 single figures and groups1 busts1 statuettes1 flasks1 leaf-dishes1 c4 ,in the ,jermyn ,street ,museum are some examples of this ware1 and others may be found in various private collections4 ,among the latter may be named an historically interesting flip-can1 belonging to 8,robinson ,crusoe10 and carefully preserved by his family4 ,it bears the incised inscription-- 8,alexander ,selkirke4 ,this is my one ,when you take me on bord of ship ,pray fill me full with punch or flipp ,fulham10 and is said to have been made for him in or about #agjc4 ,the goods now made at these works1 by ,mr4 ,bailey1 are glazed and unglazed stoneware1 porous ware1 terra-cotta1 and china4 ,in stoneware1 or 8,bristol ware10 all the usual domestic vessels--in bottles1 pitchers1 jars1 pans1 drinking-mugs1 tobacco-pots1 feet1 carriage1 and chest warmers1 funnels1 bird fountains1 barrels1 filters1 c4--are made very extensively1 as also are drain and sanitary pipes1 traps1 c41 of every description4 ,the stoneware is of the hardest1 finest1 and most durable character1 and the glaze is remarkably good4 ,to this excellent quality is to be attributed the success of these works1 ,mr4 ,bailey supplying1 ,i believe1 the large house of ,crosse ,blackwell1 as well as many distillers1 chemists1 and shippers1 with their stoneware1 both for home and export trade1 and constantly increasing his business and premises4 ,works of art of a high order1 in his stoneware1 terra cotta1 china1 and other productions1 are now executed4 ,for the stoneware department1 ,m4 ,cazin1 late ,director of the ,school of ,art at ,tours1 in ,france1 has been engaged chiefly to design figured and other fancy jugs1 mugs1 cannettes1 c4 ,some of these1 with armorial bearings and other decorations in incised lines1 or impressed1 are remarkably good adaptations of the antique4 ,a cannette1 in my own possession1 bearing the artist's name1 8,,cazin1 #ahgb1 ,,study10 is remarkably good1 and gives evidence of great things to follow4 ,another example1 also in my own possession1 and made expressly for me1 is of excellent form and remarkably pure and simple design4 ,it bears an admirably modelled armorial medallion1 with arms1 crests1 helmet1 mantling1 c41 and is likewise decorated with incised and relief ornaments4 ,on the bottom is the date1 incised1 8#ahgc10 and on the handle the artist's name1 ,c4 ,,cazin1 also incised4 ,in #ahgb ,mr4 ,bailey received a medal at the ,dublin ,exhibition for his stoneware and terra cotta4 ,mr4 ,bailey has introduced a marked improvement in the construction of filters--the water passing downwards at the back1 and then rising in zig-zag direction by its own force to the tap at the top in front--thus the water has to travel a much further distance through the filtering matter 7as shown by the arrows in the section7 than the old method1 and having to be taken a far more circuitous course1 it is brought more thoroughly in contact with the purifying medium4 ,the usual method is for the water to pass perpendicularly down or up1 but in these filters the water is kept a considerable time in contact with the charcoal and other ingredients1 and any sediment is left at the bottom1 instead of forming a compact mass of filth for the water to pass through each time it is filled4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cci4 ,terra-cotta stoves1 of simple and effective construction1 are also extensively made at these works4 ,in 8,sunderland ,ware0--i4e4 brown ware1 white inside--cream pots1 starch pans1 milk bowls1 dishes1 trays1 and basins are largely manufactured4 ,chemical apparatus--receivers1 retorts1 evaporating dishes1 condensing worms1 filtering and other funnels1 still heads1 c41--are a speciality in these works1 and are of high repute4 ,these various goods were thus spoken of in the ,official ,report of the ,international ,exhibition1 #ahga3-- 8,mr4 ,bailey exhibits some samples of well-made chemical ware of a highly vitreous and durable body1 consisting of acid tanks1 retorts1 receivers1 condensing worms1 and other vessels4 ,he sends one or two specimens of sewer pipes1 well burnt1 and of dense body4 ,his contribution of ,bristol ware1 for excellence of make1 glaze1 and colour1 is equal to any exhibited1 and comprises1 among many other things1 an ingenious ascension filter1 in which1 by a certain arrangement of stoneware discs in the interior1 the water is more exposed to the filtering material than in ordinary filters4 ,a churn1 entirely constructed of stoneware1 by this exhibitor1 is also well worth notice2 it is stated to be exceedingly rapid in its action40 ,in terra-cotta1 the ,fulham ,works now produce vases1 statues1 architectural enrichments1 chimney shafts1 stoves1 c41 of very good quality and of admirable design2 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,martin1 sculptor1 student of the ,royal ,academy and ,government ,schools of ,art1 having been engaged as modeller and designer4 ,the productions in this department are of a very high order of merit1 and will take rank with those of any other manufactory4 ,the brackets and jardinires are of great beauty1 and are characterised by a pure artistic feeling and a touch such as is seldom attained2 the pieces bear evidence of being not only modelled by a clever artist1 but of receiving finishing-touches by the master-hand itself4 ,in colour the ,fulham terra cotta is a light pink and a rich red1 and1 when these are combined1 a peculiar delicacy and finished effect is produced4 ,the mark ,r4 ,w4 ,,martin fecit occurs on the productions of this artist4 ,the manufacture of china ware was1 during the year #ahgc1 very wisely and successfully added to this establishment1 and1 with the aid of the good workmen and artists who have been engaged1 has already done much to establish a fresh fame for ,fulham4 ,the art direction of this branch was placed by ,mr4 ,bailey in the hands of ,mr4 ,e4 ,bennet1 a well-known sculptor1 while the china body flowers1 c41 were undertaken by ,mr4 ,hopkinson4 ,i am the more particular in stating these arrangements as1 being the beginning of a new manufacture1 ,i am desirous of putting on record the circumstances of its commencement4 ,the 8body10 it may be well to note1 is made from ,dwight's original recipe--the very body of which the first china ware made in ,england was produced--and therefore the 8,fulham china0 of to-day has an historical interest attached to it which is possessed by no other4 ,it was a wise thought that induced ,mr4 ,bailey to restore to ,fulham the special manufacture which has rendered its name famous in the ceramic annals of this country2 and it is to be hoped that the spirit he has shown will be amply compensated by a liberal patronage of his productions4 ,the marks used by ,mr4 ,bailey are3-- ,illustration3 ,i4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,bailey ,,fulham ,,bailey ,,fulham ,c4 ,i4 ,c4 ,,bailey ,,fulham ,,pottery ,,london4 ,at the #ahga ,exhibition 7at which no medals were given7 ,mr4 ,bailey's productions were highly spoken of in the ,official ,report2 and at the ,dublin ,exhibition of #ahgb he was awarded a medal for his terra cotta and stoneware4 ,,lambeth4 ,lambeth has been a seat of pottery manufacture from an early period4 ,in medival times the characteristic brown-ware pitchers1 pans1 tygs1 c41 were made2 and1 later on1 at this place was quite a colony of makers of ,delft ware1 who in turn gave place to stoneware manufacturers4 ,china1 too1 appears to have been made at ,lambeth from perhaps #agfj1 or thereabouts4 ,it is recorded that in the middle of the seventeenth century the ,delft ware manufacture commenced2 but it is not unlikely that ,rous and ,cullyn1 some years earlier1 here established themselves in the making of 8stone potts1 stone jugs1 and stone bottels10 for which they received a patent in #afbf4ej ,it is conjectured1 and with some probability1 that one of the ,delft ware makers at this place was ,john ,ariens ,van ,hamme1 a ,dutchman1 who had come over from the ,hague under the encouragement of our ambassador1 who1 as has already been shown1#ea took out a patent in #afgf for the 8art of makeinge tiles and porcelane and other earthen wares1 after the way practiced in ,holland10 and who1 with his staff of workmen1 probably formed the nucleus of what was afterwards a nest of potters1 comprising1 according to the 8,history of ,lambeth10 no less than twenty manufactories4 ,in #afic a trial took place in the ,court of ,exchequer concerning some parcels of potter's clay which had been seized by the ,custom ,house officers1 under pretence that it was fuller's earth4 ,in this trial five ,london potters1 ,william ,knight1 ,thomas ,harper1 ,henry ,de ,wilde1 ,john ,robins1 and ,moses ,johnson1 gave evidence in favour of the clay being potter's clay4 ,there is nothing in the record of this trial to identify any of the five potters therein named with ,lambeth2 but the probability is that some of them belonged to that place4 ,one of them1 ,william ,knight1 was undoubtedly the 8,william ,knight of the parish of ,st4 ,buttolph ,without1 ,aldgate1 ,london1 ,pottmaker10 concerning whom ,i give1 from the original deed in my possession1 some particulars under the head of 8,aldgate20 some of the others were1 ,i believe1 of ,lambeth4 ,the account of the trial has been printed by my friend1 ,mr4 ,reeks1 in the 8,catalogue of the ,museum of ,practical ,geology10 and is so interesting that ,i here reproduce it entire4 ,a ,brief ,account of the ,evidence given on behalf of ,edmund ,warner1 at a ,tryal had at the ,bar the #bdth of ,november1 #afic1 before the ,four ,barons of the ,exchequer1 relating to a ,parcel of ,potters ,clay1 seized by the ,custom-,house ,officers1 under the pretence of it's being ,fullers ,earth4 ,william ,riddal swore that he was ,steward and ,tenant to the said ,warner for above #bj ,years1 in all which time the said ,warner constantly sold to the ,potters in ,london considerable quantities of the same sort of clay now in dispute1 for the making of ,white and ,painted ,earthen-,ware3 ,that he never knew or heard that the least ,parcel of it was ever sold as ,fullers-,earth1 or put to any other ,use than making ,earthen-,ware1 excepting some small quantities yearly in the ,neighbourhood for daubing of ,houses1 which may be alledged as a good ,argument that the said ,clay is not of the nature of ,fullers-,earth2 for1 whereas this makes the best ,clay ,wall in ,england1 if it were of the nature of ,fullers-,earth1 upon the first wet ,weather it would all fall to the ,ground3 ,he likewise further deposed1 ,that the first time the said ,warner shipt the said ,clay for ,holland1 it was seized by the ,custom-house ,officers as ,fullers-,earth2 but upon ,tryal of it1 they were convinced of their ,error1 and cleared the same4 ,william ,knight1 ,thomas ,harper1 ,henry de ,wilde1 ,john ,robins1 ,moses ,johnson are all ,potters in ,london1 and swore that they had all seen the said ,warner's ,clay1 which was seized1 that it was really ,potter's ,clay1 and of the same sort which they had constantly bought of him1 some for above #be ,years1 others ever since they were ,traders1 that it is of a quite different nature from ,fullers ,earth2 for the said ,warner's ,clay tho' never so often dissolved in ,water1 may be brought into a ,body again1 and will work1 like ,wax1 into any shape1 whereas ,fullers ,earth being once dissolved is never to be got into any ,body1 but when it is dry crumbles like ,sand1 and all the art of ,man can never make a ,pot of it4 ,hen4 de ,wilde1 one of the said ,potters1 farther deposed1 ,that about five ,years since he shipt some of the said ,warner's ,clay for ,pensilvania1 where his ,son had set up a ,pot-,house1 that the ,custom-,house ,officers did then likewise seize it as ,fullers-,earth1 but upon ,trial of it found they were mistaken1 and cleared the same4 ,benjamin ,furly1 ,merchant in ,rotterdam1 to whom the said ,warner consigned his ,clay1 ,john ,sonman1 ,servant to the said ,furly1 were1 by virtue of a ,commission from the ,court of ,exchequer1 examined upon ,oath 7by ,commissioners appointed for that purpose71 to several ,interrogatories1 and their ,depositions being read in ,court1 did plainly prove that all the said ,warner's ,clay which was sent for ,holland was really sold to ,potters for making of ,earthen-,ware2 ,that they never heard1 nor do believe that any part of it was ever used for the ,fulling ,trade1 or is any way proper for it2 that they sold the said ,warner's ,clay from #be to #cj ,guilders a ,last1 when they could buy ,fullers-,earth at #g ,guilders a ,last4 ,adrian ,van ,arde1 sworn ,measurer of all the ,earth and ,clay imported to ,rotterdam1 was examined by vertue of the said ,commission1 and ,deposed1 ,that for many ,years which he had been in that ,office1 he never knew or heard of any ,english ,fullers-,earth imported into ,holland1 that they were so plentifully supplied with that sort of ,earth from ,flanders2 that it is commonly bought and sold at ,seven ,guilders a ,last1 and had an ,hundred ,last by him to sell at the same ,rate4 ,ten or ,twelve ,potters in ,holland were likewise examined by virtue of the said ,commission1 and deposed severally1 ,that they had bought considerable quantities of the said ,warner's clay of ,mr4 ,benj4 ,furly1 and paid for the same from #be to #cj ,guilders a ,last2 that they used the same in making ,earthen-,ware1 but do not believe it any way useful for the ,fulling ,trade1 nor never heard that any of it was ever sold for that use4 ,colonel ,holt1 a ,member of ,parliament1 swore1 ,that he 7being very lately in ,holland7 made the strictest inquiries into the ,truth of this ,business1 that he could1 ,first amongst the ,potters1 who all declared to the same ,effect1 as in their ,depositions before mentioned1 that he likewise took some of the said ,warner's ,clay1 and got a ,fuller to try it1 whether it were any way useful for their ,trade1 who answered it was not8 nor could he use it if he might have it for ,nothing2 after which the ,colonel ask'd him1 ,from whence they were supplied with ,fullers-,earth1 and at what ,rates8 ,the ,fullers answered1 generally from ,flanders at #f1 and #g ,guilders per ,last2 and sometimes from ,rosendale1 in the ,states ,dominions1 at #aj ,guilders per ,last2 that being much dryer1 and wasted less by lying2 all which the ,colonel 7being unwilling to believe upon the ,fuller's bare word7 caused to be drawn up in the ,form of an ,affidavit1 and the ,fuller before a ,magistrate1 swore to the ,truth of it1 which ,affidavit the ,colonel hath to produce4 ,mr4 ,edward ,paget1 a ,divine1 swore1 ,that he being in ,holland at the same time1 made the like ,enquiry amongst the ,fullers at ,layden1 the chief cloathing ,town in ,holland1 who all gave him the same ,information1 that the ,fuller at ,rotterdam had done the ,colonel above2 and for his better satisfaction1 ,three of the ,chiefest went with him before a ,magistrate1 and swore to the ,truth of what they ,affirmed2 after which he went to ,delft amongst the ,potters1 who all affirmed the same thing1 that the ,ten or ,twelve had sworn in their aforementioned ,depositions1 the ,truth of which they attested by a ,certificate1 under the ,hands of above ,twenty1 which ,affidavits1 and ,certificate1 the said ,paget hath to produce4 ,rich4 ,cutler1 ,matthew ,hanson1 ,ship-brokers1 swore1 ,they had hired many ,ships for the said ,warner1 to load ,clay for ,rotterdam2 and the general ,price of the ,fraight1 and ,primage paid for the same1 was #ae ,guilders1 #h ,stivers per ,last2 and sometimes #ag ,guilders1 #ab ,stivers per ,last4 ,will4 ,read1 ,tho4 ,wood1 ,john ,saliby1 ,mariners1 swore1 ,they had the same ,prices above mentioned1 for several ,fraights which they carried1 and saw delivered to the ,potters in ,holland4 ,hump4 ,bellomy1 ,richard ,hopkins1 ,timothy ,fowler1 ---- ,shepherd1 ,worcester1 are all ,buyers1 and ,sellers of ,fullers-,earth1 and swore they could well judge of the same1 having dealt therein from ,ten to above ,twenty-five ,years1 that they all took ,samples of the said ,warner's ,clay1 out of the ,king's ,celler1 and tryed all the ,experiments to judge of it1 that they were capable of2 and possitively affirmed that it was no ,fullers-,earth2 neither could they find anything of the ,nature of ,fullers-,earth in it1 that for their ,use they would not give a ,shilling for #ajj ,last1 for they should never be able to sell it4 ,alderman ,bearcraft1 ,tho4 ,cooksey1 ,john ,wynn1 ,rowl4 ,hancock1 ,gloucestershire2 ,rich4 ,osborne1 ,tho4 ,woorrel1 ,john ,chilton1 ,sam4 ,beadle1 ,essex2 ,simon ,meazy1 ,john ,lawson1 ,john ,backer1 ,john ,peartree1 ,suffolk2 ,john ,clarke1 ,senior1 ,john ,clarke1 ,junior1 ,will4 ,baines1 ,tho4 ,baines1 ,dan4 ,baines1 ,john ,smith1 ,john ,carter1 ,dan4 ,wenden1 ,sam4 ,wrinch1 ,london2 ,dan4 ,barrs1 ,john ,st4 ,berry1 are all ,clothiers1 ,fullers1 and ,cloth-,workers2 being the most eminent in their several ,places2 as well for ,honesty1 as great ,traders1 and good ,estates2 they all swore they had made the most impartial ,experiments they could of the said ,warner's ,clay1 now in dispute1 being the same taken out of the ,king's ,celler1 that they tried it upon several sorts of ,goods1 as several sorts of ,cloth1 ,bays1 ,cloth-,serges1 and ,perpetuans1 and every one possitively affirmed that it was no ,fuller's-,earth1 but on the contrary was an absolute ,enemy to the ,woollen ,manufacture2 for instead of scouring1 it fix'd the ,grease in the ,grownd of all the ,goods1 that were done with it1 and instead of makeing them ,white1 it absolutely stained them ,yellow1 all which was apparent to the most common ,eye1 in all the above-said several sorts of ,goods1 produced in ,court3 ,they likewise declared upon ,oath1 that they were all ,strangers to the said ,warner2 and that it was as prejudicial to their interest1 to have ,fullers-,earth ,transported1 as any men's1 and therefore could have no ,inducement to favour the said ,warner1 beyond the ,merits of his cause1 to the ,violation of their ,consciences4 ,this is so just a ,recital of the ,evidence given on behalf of the said ,warner1 that he challenges the greatest of his ,enemies to detect him of the least ,falsehood therein2 and if his ,adversaries had been as fair in representing theirs1 there would have been no need of this2 for whereas in their printed ,papers they make their ,witnesses to affirm the said ,warner's clay was tried in all ,experiments1 without any mixture1 there was not above ,one or ,two1 but upon cross-,examination at the ,tryal1 owned they used either ,segg and ,hogs dung1 or ,soap and ,gauls with it1 which would have scowered any ,cloath better without the said ,clay than with it4 ,it may not be amiss likewise to observe that for a whole ,year in which the ,custom-,house ,officers have been so very diligent in spreading the ,fame of the said ,warner's ,clay to be the best ,fullers-,earth in ,england1 he hath not been able to sell the least quantity of it as such1 tho' he has proffered it to all ,men for a very little more than one-,third of what ,fullers-,earth is generally sold for4 ,the ,delft ware here made was of the ordinary kind1 same as imported from ,holland1 and as that made in various ,english localities1 and1 being without mark1 is not to be distinguished from others4 ,besides tiles1 plates1 jugs1 mugs1 dishes1 c41 sack and other wine bottles1 apothecaries' pill-slabs1 wine-bin labels1 c41 were made4 ,some of these pill-slabs are preserved in the ,jermyn ,street ,museum1 as are also some of the 8sack-pots10 both of which may most probably1 as well as the apothecaries' jars1 be ascribed to ,lambeth4 ,they are all of ,delft ware1 painted with blue1 in the same manner as the tiles and other articles of this ware4 ,in #ahbj there 8were six or seven potters in ,lambeth10 says ,mr4 ,goddard1 8working some sixteen small kilns1 of seven or eight feet in diameter1 the produce of each kiln being under #bj worth of ware1 the principal articles made being blacking bottles1 ginger-beer bottles 7very extensively made still71 porter and cider bottles 7not so largely made now71 spruce-beer bottles 7gone1 with the beer1 quite out of fashion71 ink bottles 7more used now than ever71 oil bottles1 pickle jars1 hunting jugs1 c4 ,a few chemical vessels were also turned out well from one kiln belonging to an eccentric individual1 whose chief boast was to drink a gallon of beer a day1 and do without rest on ,sundays40 ,in #ahfj3 8,in place of some sixteen kilns1 turning out each under #bj per kiln1 we have now about seventy1 turning out each1 perhaps1 on an average #ej4 ,they consume upwards of #bj1jjj tons of coal1 paying a corporation tax of say #b1ajj per annum4 ,the law requires this quantity to be burnt without smoke1 and1 after immense cost and labour1 this difficulty may be called surmounted4 ,twenty-three thousand tons of clay are annually changed into useful articles1 giving employment to more than eight hundred persons4 ,the returns of the ,lambeth potters cannot be estimated at less than #adj1jjj40 ,high ,street4--,from about #agej to #aggj the ,delft ware works were carried on by a ,mr4 ,griffiths1 who had1 for those days1 a large establishment4 ,a curious reference to this manufactory occurs in the following extract from the ,monthly ,magazine for #agig4 ,a man1 at that time unknown1 but who turned out to be ,james ,doe1 a potter1 committed suicide by drowning1 on the #adth of ,september in that year1 at ,sea ,mill ,docks1 two and a half miles from ,bristol1 having remained 8fasting and praying10 without food or bedding in the ruined building there from the #aath1 waiting opportunity and determination to commit the rash act2 and having1 during the whole of that time1 written a kind of diary of his feelings and intentions1 his hopes and fears1 on the walls of the old room he remained in4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,james interested himself much in the matter1 and wrote an account for the ,monthly ,magazine2 and this1 and the inquest1 and other means he took1 resulted in the discovery of the name and some particulars of the life of the suicide4 ,two of the letters forwarded in ,october1 #agig1 are highly interesting as showing at what works he had been employed4 ,the first letter is from ,london1 from 8a respectable proprietor of a pottery there10 and thus runs3-- 8,to the ,editor of the ,,monthly ,,magazine4 8,,sir1 8,the extraordinary and affecting manuscript writing of the unfortunate stranger found drowned in ,sea-,mill ,dock1 which ,i transmitted to you last month1 having very probably excited the attention and sympathy of many of your numerous readers1 ,i feel it a duty incumbent upon me to lay before them 7through the channel of your useful publication7 some information which ,i have since been enabled to procure of this unhappy and extraordinary person4 8,a few days previous to the publication of your magazine1 ,i caused a paragraph to be again inserted in the ,bristol newspapers1 requesting the attention of the readers to the personal description of the stranger found drowned at ,sea-,mill ,dock1 and inviting the two women who had made inquiries after a stranger that was missing1 and answering the same description1 to come forward with their information1 as the only probable means left of tracing out the name and connections of this unfortunate stranger4 ,i was soon after waited on by two gentlemen of ,bristol of the name of ,ring1 the proprietors of a large pottery1 whose information and description of a person lately come to ,bristol1 and who worked in their manufactory1 in the art of painting china1 so exactly corresponded with the clothing and person of the man found drowned at ,sea-,mills1 that there remained not a doubt of his being the person1 the subject of their inquiry4 ,through their polite assistance ,i obtained the name of the deceased1 which is ,james ,doe1 and ,i also got an interview with the ,k--f--m acquaintance1 who1 having visited the tenement1 and viewed the manuscript writing there upon the wall1 recognised the handwriting of his friend2 he gave me likewise a description of his person and dress1 which corresponded with that already published4 ,for particulars of the deceased's family and friends1 ,i was referred to several persons in ,london1 one of whom1 a respectable proprietor of a pottery there1 writes thus3-- 8#8,,sir1--,i received yours1 and was much affected at its contents4 ,i should have written sooner1 but ,i wished first to see his uncle1 who has informed me of the following particulars3-- 8#8,james ,doe was born at ,lambeth1 in ,surrey1 of very respectable parents1 and was educated in the same place4 ,he served an apprenticeship at ,lambeth to a painter in the china and earthenware line1 and he painted in the biscuit before it was glazed4 ,in this line he was esteemed a good workman2 and1 to my own knowledge1 he worked some years at ,mr4 ,wedgwood's manufactory in ,staffordshire4 ,he was there very much respected by his employer1 his fellow-workmen1 and by all who knew him4 ,he was fond of company1 but ,i do not remember him to neglect business when urgent4 ,having a tolerably good education1 he was fond of reading4 ,he was particularly generous1 and always first to relieve any of the trade out of employ or in sickness4 ,he worked at ,mr4 ,baddely's1 in ,staffordshire1 for six or seven years1 and was1 at that place1 very much respected4 ,in fact1 ,i believe him to be generally beloved and respected wheresoever he worked4 ,about three years ago he came to ,london1 and finding little or no employment in the line in which he was brought up1 he was obliged to leave town1 and1 being assisted by his friends1 he embarked on board a ship for ,newcastle1 and from thence went on to ,glasgow in ,scotland1 where he was a fellow-workman with one of my present journeymen1 and supported an excellent character there4 ,from this time1 ,i believe1 he met with many disappointments4 ,he then went to ,ireland1 and1 after stopping there a short time1 he embarked on board a vessel bound for ,swansea1 in ,south ,wales1 where he worked some time1 and then went on to the ,worcestershire ,china ,manufactory1 which was1 ,i believe1 the last place he worked at4'0 ,the following is an extract from the letter alluded to3-- 8#8,,london1 ,nov4 #bj1 #agig4 8#8,,sir1-- 8#8,you seem to be very anxious concerning the life of the unfortunate stranger found drowned in ,sea-,mill ,dock4 ,you have a right to know it1 for the kindness you have shown to his unfortunate remains4 ,james ,doe was born at ,lambeth1 about two miles from ,london1 of honest parents1 who brought him up in as creditable a manner as their circumstances would admit4 ,at the age of fourteen years1 or thereabouts1 he was put as an apprentice to ,mr4 ,griffiths1 at the delft pottery1 ,high ,street1 ,lambeth4 ,when he was out of his time1 he continued working at his business until he became slack2 and the queen's ware meeting with great encouragement1 he went into ,staffordshire for employment1 where he remained upwards of twenty years1 working for different masters1 and then came up to ,london1 in want of employ1 and got work at ,china-gilding for a few months4 ,he was then invited into ,staffordshire again1 where he remained but a short time3 and from that time he has been considered the wanderer of the trade4 ,he was the most charitable man ,i ever knew2 and he was often known to neglect himself when misfortunes came on his friends and acquaintances1 to whose relief he contributed both time and money1 as much as lay in his power4 ,believe me1 ,sir1 you have bestowed your trouble on the remains of a very good-hearted man4 ,the acquaintance he alluded to in his diary1 and another person1 were going to ,france1 about thirteen years ago1 with a view of carrying over and establishing there the queen's-ware manufactory2 some of the master potters heard of it1 and had them confined in prison4 ,as soon as ,james ,doe heard of it1 he went through the trade to gather money to support his friend1 and to preserve him from want2 and he1 poor soul1 contributed all he had1 for that purpose4 ,to be denied assistance by that man whom he had relieved in distress1 was too great for his tender heart to bear4 ,sir1 ,i do not pretend to hold my friend up to perfection1 the last action of his life is against him2 but1 ,i believe1 the denial of relief by that man whom he had served and relieved in distress was the sole cause of his committing the rash act of suicide4 ,the language of the manuscript writing is nearly the same as his last conversation with me1 as far as this friend is mentioned4 ,i perfectly agree with you1 that he was in his senses as much as he ever was in his life1 when he committed the act of suicide4 ,he was acquainted with a ,mr4 ,greenwood in ,staffordshire for some years1 a man remarkable for fine knowledge2 to that man the unfortunate ,doe owed a great deal of his knowledge2 and although ,mr4 ,greenwood was a very sensible man1 yet he held it just for a man to destroy himself1 and1 like my friend1 in his perfect senses1 actually made away with himself the day before he was to have been married to a person of credit and property4 ,they are two of the strangest suicides ,i ever heard2 and had ,james ,doe written to his friends in ,london1 he would have had money sent him2 for his friends in ,london would have thought it a happiness to relieve him4 ,he was a very useful man in the ,staffordshire ware manufactory1 as he had studied the chemical secrets of that business4 ,he was fond of reading4 ,i shall be happy to communicate any further particulars you may require2 and am1 ,sir1 8#8,yours1' c4 c40 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,ring is a mug painted by ,doe--said to be his last work4 ,it is signed 8,j4 ,doe1 ,sept41 #agig20 and as he committed suicide on the #adth of that month1 it would certainly be one of his last productions4 ,mr4 ,owen's assertion that he committed suicide through a fear that that painting would injure the enameller's trade is1 from the above letters1 c41 amply shown to be without foundation4 ,coades4--,coade's ,artificial ,stone ,works1 at ,pedlar's ,acre1 ,king's ,arms ,stairs1 ,narrow ,wall1 ,lambeth1 opposite ,whitehall ,stairs or ,ferry1 were established about #agfj by ,mrs4 or the ,misses ,coade1 under the name of 8,coade's ,lithodipyra1 ,terra ,cotta1 or ,artificial ,stone ,manufactory40 ,this material was intended to take the place of carved stone for vases1 statues1 and architectural enrichments4 ,in #agfi the two ,misses ,coade took into partnership their cousin1 a ,mr4 ,sealy 7the nephew of ,mr4 ,coade71 and by these the works were carried on4 ,in #ahaa the firm was still 8,coades ,sealy40 ,at the death of ,mr4 ,sealy1 who survived the ,misses ,coade1 a ,mr4 ,croggan1 who had for a long time been a clerk or manager attached to the business1 became the proprietor of the works1 which he continued for many years4 ,he then disposed of the business to ,messrs4 ,routledge1 ,greenwood1 ,keene1 who were succeeded by ,messrs4 ,routledge ,lucas4 ,these gentlemen1 about #ahdj1 dissolved partnership and sold off all their moulds1 models1 plant1 c41 by auction1 by ,messrs4 ,rushworth ,jarvis1 of ,saville ,row4 ,many of these moulds and models were bought by ,mr4 ,blashfield#eb and by other manufacturers1 among whom was ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,blanchard of ,blackfriars ,road#ec 7which see71 and who1 being an apprentice with the ,coades1 and possessing many of their models1 c41 claims to be their successor4 ,the ,coades are said to have come from ,lyme ,regis1 in ,dorsetshire1 and probably it was for the purpose of turning their native clay to good account in ,london that induced them to establish this manufactory4 ,bacon1 ,flaxman1 ,banks1 ,rossi1 and ,panzetta1 the sculptors1 were employed to model for these works1 and many of the old mansions and public buildings in ,london and in the country1 as well as abroad--including the bas-relief in the pediment over the western portico of ,greenwich ,hospital1 representing the death of ,nelson1 designed by ,benjamin ,west1 and modelled by ,bacon and ,panzetta2 and the rood-screen of ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 ,windsor2 the statue of ,britannia on the ,nelson monument at ,yarmouth1 c4--were executed at these works4 ,the works principally produced at ,coades were capitals of columns1 statues1 vases1 bassi-relievi1 monuments1 coats of arms1 keystones1 angle rusticated blocks1 balustrades1 c4 ,they were of durable quality and excellent manufacture4 ,another person employed at ,coades was ,william ,john ,coffee1 who afterwards attained some celebrity as a modeller at the ,derby ,china ,works1 and as a terra cotta maker1 for a short time1 at ,derby4 ,i believe he was employed as a fire-man at ,coades1 and here1 no doubt1 being a clever fellow1 picked up his knowledge of modelling and of mixing bodies4 ,the following curious letter and 8information10 from the originals in my own possession1 give some highly interesting particulars regarding ,coades' and ,sealy's manufactory in #agij3-- 8,the information got from the fire-man that worked at the ,artificial ,stone ,manufactory1 ,lambeth3--,there is three kilns1 the largest is #i feet diameter and about #aj feet high1 the other two are sizes under2 they have only three fire-holes to each1 and they are about #ad inches in the clear4 ,they make use of no saggers1 but their kilns are all muffled about two inches thick1 which was always done by this fire-man4 ,they always was four days and four nights of fireing a kilns1 and the moment the goods are fire'd up he always took and stop'd the kilns intirely close from any air whatever without lowering the fires at all4 ,he has been use to fire intirely with coal 7which are call'd ,hartley coals--they are not much unlike yours at ,derby74 ,he never made use of any thermometer1 but depended intirely on his own knowledge4 ,the composition shrinks about half an inch in a foot in the drying1 and about the same in the firing4 ,a great deal of the ornaments are #d inches thick when fired1 and he has fired figures #i feet high4 ,this man has had the intire management of building the kilns1 setting and firing them for many years2 his wages was one guinea per week1 and for every night when he fired he had #bs4 #f;d4 for the small kiln1 #cs4 for the next size1 and #cs4 #f;d4 for the largest4 8,,sir1--,quite unexpected1 the fire-man from ,lambeth that ,i have been after so long1 call'd on me on ,monday1 to say that he was out of imploy2 therefore ,i engaged him to meet me at ,field's in the evening1 which he did2 and inclosed is all the information ,i cou'd get from him4 ,i informed him that when ,i wrote to him in the country ,i was imploy'd to look out for a person in his way1 but did not know wether there was now the same person wanted or not1 but wou'd write4 ,at the same time ,i ask'd him if he shou'd like to go down into the country to make a trial for a short time1 and see how he was likely to succeed2 but this he seem'd to decline for some time1 unless he went upon a certainty for constant imployment4 ,after drinking a bowl of punch1 he said he wou'd go down to make trial1 in case his expences was all paid up and down1 and paid for the time he was away4 ,he seems to think1 before he cou'd attempt doing any thing1 there must be some alteration made to the kiln2 but of this you will be the best judge1 if you agree to have him down4 ,he seems pretty confident they will be glad to have him back to ,lambeth again very soon3 in short1 he thinks they cannot do without him4 ,he says they had better a made him a present of #ejj than a parted with him4 ,i have been inform'd thro' another hand that had use to work at the manufactory they have had very great losses in the kilns since he left1 and that they have lost everything in the large kiln4 ,he seems very confident in succeeding in firing ,china figures to any size2 but of this he cannot be a judge till a trial is made4 ,after ,i first see this man1 ,i went and inform'd ,mr4 ,vulliamy of it1 and his advise is to for you to have him down1 tho' he says he is a drunken bad chap1 but clever in his business4 ,if you shou'd so determine to have him down1 ,i think sooner the better1 as he expects soon to be call'd to ,gen4 ,conway's#ed again1 and likewise to fire some figures1 c41 for a ,mrs4 ,dimer1#ed in town4 ,he has promis'd to call again in a few days1 therefore you will please to give your answer4 ,mr4 ,vulliamy very much wants two boys of the last mould sent3 begs you will forward them immediately4 ,mr4 ,v4 inform'd me a few days since that he would write to you the first opportunity1 and am1 8,sir1 your very obedient servant1 8,j4 ,,lygo40 8,march #bcrd1 '#ij40 ,in #agib the following letter1 also in my own possession1 was addressed to ,coffee by ,miss ,e4 ,coade1 and shows what a clear-headed1 right-minded1 and well-disposed employer she was3-- 8,lyme1 #be ,july1 #agib4 8,,mr4 ,,coffee4--,i received your third letter1 but have had so many engagements that ,i cou'd not answer it sooner2 besides that at this distance ,i can't speak upon it as if ,i were present4 ,i supposed1 as you now say1 that ,mr4 ,pritchard's information against you was in consequence of some quarrell you had had with him2 but ,i do not justify his manner of taking revenge1 and you are now returning it upon him by acquainting me of his making tools in my time and selling them1 which1 as you say1 is a greater crime than what he has charged you with1 and if ,mr4 ,sealy knew it1 ,i can't suppose he wou'd keep such a man4 ,but it is always a rule with me to let every man speak for himself if he can2 and1 therefore1 as ,i am at such a distance ,i must put it by for ye present1 or else refer it to ,mr4 ,sealy1 who is ye only judge whether ye hurry of business will allow of parting with a man or not4 ,you shou'd put yourself in ye place of a master1 and then consider how many things they have to try them1 and how impossible to attend to ye private quarrells of ye workmen3 however1 ,i know ,mr4 ,sealy is disposed to do justice4 ,you say he behaved very well to you in ye beginning of this affair1 and if he changed his conduct1 it must be in consequence of your improper behaviour to him4 ,but as it is too late to recall what is past1 my advice to you is to do as you say--return to your work2 and if you are conscious that in your passion you have behaved disrespectfully to ,mr4 ,sealy1 make such acknowledgments to him as will show your good sense1 as well as a sense of duty4 ,i have no doubt but he would have lent you money if you had asked it in a becoming spirit4 ,i hope your hand is better and that you are at work4 ,and wishing you may improve this accident to your own good1 ,i remain 8,your sincere friend1 8,e4 ,,coade4 8,my best wishes to ,patty4 ,i did not know but ,i shou'd have been up by this time1 but ,i hope it will not be long40 ,the ,london ,pottery is in ,high ,street1 ,lambeth4 ,it was established on a small scale in #agea1 on a portion of old 8,hereford ,house10 the palace of one of the former bishops of ,hereford1 and has been carried on without intermission1 from that time to the present4 ,in #ahdj the manufactory came into the hands of ,mr4 ,james ,stiff1 the head of the present firm of 8,messrs4 ,james ,stiff ,sons40 ,at that time the works consisted only of two kilns 7the larger one being only about ten feet in diameter71 and covered an area of probably less than a quarter of an acre of ground4 ,since #ahdj it has been gradually developed1 until at the present time it comprises fourteen kilns 7some of them more than twenty feet in diameter7 and covers an area of about two acres of ground4 ,it has a very extensive frontage on the ,albert ,embankment1 overlooking the river ,thames1 and by means of a private dock1 with entrance under the ,embankment1 is enabled directly to carry on a very extensive export trade1 and also to import most economically the coals1 clay1 and other raw material used in the production of brown and white stoneware1 terra-cotta1 c4 ,until #ahfj1 when fresh buildings were erected1 a ,delft-ware sign-board existed in the front of this pottery4 ,the four principal kinds of pottery manufactured by ,messrs4 ,stiff and ,sons are3 #a4 ,brown salt-glazed stoneware1 in which the tubular socket drain-pipes so extensively made here are produced2 water-filters1 jugs1 bottles1 jars1 and all kinds of chemical apparatus are also made in this class of ware4 #b4 ,white stoneware or 8double-glazed0 ware1 or 8,bristol ware10 in which salt is not used1 but the glazing is obtained by the application of a liquid glaze to the interior and exterior of each article before it is placed in the kiln4 ,this ware1 which is generally made with a rich yellow ochre on the upper parts of goods1 while the lower part is of a creamy-white colour1 has only been introduced into ,lambeth about twenty years4 ,it has1 however1 to a considerable extent superseded the old brown stoneware1 on account of its superior appearance and cleanliness4 #c4 ,buff terra-cotta1 in which is made garden vases1 pedestals1 chimney-tops1 window arches1 string-courses1 c4 ,this terra-cotta1 being thoroughly vitrified1 is valuable for the manufacture of keystones1 springers1 string-courses1 c41 for buildings where durability is of the very highest importance2 one great advantage 7for architectural purposes7 lying in the fact that1 in it1 the choicest and most elaborate patterns1 either raised or countersunk1 can be obtained at little more than the cost of perfectly plain stone4 #d4 ,porous ware1 in which round and square porous cells1 plates1 c41 are extensively made1 and have been used by some of the first telegraphic engineers1 philosophical instrument makers1 c41 of the day1 and have given much satisfaction1 securing1 as they do1 the greatest amount of porosity1 together with a degree of hardness and fineness of texture which render them insusceptible of disintegration4 ,the quality of the stoneware or 8,bristol ware0 produced at the 8,london ,pottery0 is remarkably good1 being extremely hard1 and covered with an excellent1 clear1 and firm glaze1 not surpassed by any other house4 ,the same remark will apply to the porous ware1 which is fine in composition1 and possesses to an eminent degree the porous quality so essential in vessels of this description4 ,the terra-cotta goods are of very fine1 hard1 and durable quality1 and of a peculiarly pleasing tone of colour4 ,their artistic execution is of a high order1 and some of the designs--as notably the draped bowl and flower-pots which are engraved on ,figs4 #cdj to #cdb1 and #cde1 #cdf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cda4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cde4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdf4 ,messrs4 ,stiff ,sons produce a large number of filters of excellent construction and of artistic design4 ,some of these have ,gothic arches1 with figures or armorial decorations1 and others are decorated with elegant foliage2 two of these effective designs are shown on ,figs4 #cdc and #cdd4 ,these filters have been more than thirty years before the public4 ,the filtering medium consists of alternate layers of charcoal1 silica1 and another purifying substance1 all carefully cleansed1 and so arranged as to retain full efficiency for eight or ten years without further cost or trouble4 ,the 8,popular0 filter--intended for common use among all classes--purifies eight gallons of water per day1 and is sold complete and fitted for a mere trifle4 ,the potteries of ,messrs4 ,stiff ,son are among the largest in ,london4 ,they employ about two hundred hands1 and their annual import of raw material1 clay1 coals1 c41 is about #ae1jjj tons4 ,they have business relations in almost all parts of the world1 and their manufactures have been admitted to the principal ,international ,exhibitions2 their terra-cotta vases combine excellence of finish with correctness of design1 and are sold at very moderate prices4 ,their stoneware chemical apparatus has a very wide reputation1 and their drain-pipes and other sanitary appliances1 comprising nearly two-thirds of their business1 have an immense sale4 ,it is well to add that at this pottery antique jugs and water-jugs1 of excellent design and clever manipulation1 are made4 ,the forms are chaste and good1 and they have1 partly owing to the care in making1 and partly to the fineness of the glaze1 a pleasanter feel to the hand than others4 ,the carriage and foot warmers1 c41 made here are also extremely good in quality and design4 ,the ,lambeth ,pottery4--,in #ahah ,mr4 ,john ,doulton established stoneware works at ,vauxhall1 and soon afterwards was joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,john ,watts1 the business being carried on under the style of ,doulton ,watts4 ,some years after1 the works were removed to ,high ,street1 ,lambeth1 to premises near those which had formerly been occupied by ,mr4 ,griffiths1 already spoken of4 ,in #aheh ,mr4 ,watts died1 and from that time to the present the manufactory has been carried on by ,mr4 ,john ,doulton in co-partnership with his sons1 under the style of ,doulton ,watts1 and ,henry ,doulton ,co4 ,in #ahed ,mr4 ,henry ,doulton took out a patent for 8improvements in kilns used in the manufacture of stoneware1 earthenware1 and china40 ,in #ahei he took out another patent for 8improvements in earthenware jars and bottles10 and in #ahfa the same gentleman also patented his 8improvements in the construction of vats and similar vessels for containing liquids40 ,at the ,exhibitions of #ahea and #ahfb1 medals were awarded to this firm1 as they were also at the ,exhibitions at ,paris1 ,hamburg1 ,oporto1 ,new ,zealand1 ,auxerre1 ,caen1 and ,amsterdam4 ,at the ,international ,exhibitions of #ahga and #ahgb they also received the highest commendation4 ,the goods manufactured by ,messrs4 ,doulton ,co4 include chemical vessels of large size 7up to #ejj gallons7 and all kinds of stoneware suitable for the laboratory and works of the manufacturing chemist--jars1 bottles1 jugs1 water-filters1 and other articles of domestic use2 terra-cotta for architectural and gardening purposes2 drainage pipes1 irrigation conduits1 sinks1 and all kinds of sanitary ware2 plumbago and other crucibles1 muffles1 furnaces1 c43 and1 in addition to their manufactory at ,lambeth1 they have works for the manufacture of sewer pipes1 fire goods1 blue bricks1 c41 at ,rowley-,regis1 ,staffordshire2 ,smethwick1 ,staffordshire2 and ,st4 ,helen's1 ,lancashire4 ,the various kinds of stoneware and terra-cotta produced by ,messrs4 ,doulton at their ,lambeth works give employment to about six hundred men2 and their consumption of coals at ,lambeth alone 7exclusive of the quantity used in their ,staffordshire and ,lancashire factories7 is over #aj1jjj tons per annum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdg4--;,doulton ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cdh to #cec4--;,doulton's ,vases1 ,filters1 c4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ced to #ceg4--;,doulton's ,terra ,cotta4 ,in stoneware--which1 like every other branch of the ceramic art1 has made great progress during the last twenty or thirty years1 and has been made applicable to scores of purposes never dreamed of by the potters of old--,messrs4 ,doulton produce1 to a very large extent1 bottles1 jars1 pitchers1 and jugs2 troughs and pans2 feet1 carriage1 bed1 and other warmers2 barrels and taps2 filters1 filter-stands1 and drip-pans1 and every possible variety of household vessels4 ,besides these1 force-pumps1 retorts1 receivers1 condensing-worms1 still-heads1 evaporating dishes and pans1 filtering-funnels1 percolators1 and every other conceivable kind of chemical and manufacturing vessels and apparatus1 as well as drain-pipes1 gullies1 sinks1 and sanitary goods1 are largely made4 ,many of the productions in this stoneware are of extremely artistic character1 and evince a purity of taste which is highly meritorious4 ,some of the jugs and tankards1 from antique examples1 and which are produced both in brown1 blue1 claret1 and fine white stoneware1 are remarkably chaste and elegant1 and remind one of the best periods of ,german and ,flemish art4 ,the forms are admirable1 and the decorations1 whether foliage or animal1 incised or in relief1 are always thoroughly well considered1 and especially adapted to the material1 the mode of production1 and the use of the object4 8,there are no affected imitations of antique types4 ,the spirit of true design is caught with admirable perception and insight1 and when colour is introduced1 it is done sparingly1 and with a view to enhance the form of the object and the natural beauty of the material1 rather than to conceal either the one or the other40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ceh4--;,group of ,doulton ,ware4 ,in terra-cotta1 ,messrs4 ,doulton's works rank high1 both for the beauty of their productions1 the variety of designs they have introduced1 and the durability and excellence of their material4 ,in vases for gardens1 c4--the finest of which is their ,amazon vase 7,fig4 #ced7 sent to the ,exhibition of #ahga--,messrs4 ,doulton produce a large number of exquisite patterns1 as they do also of pedestals1 fountains1 garden-seats1 flower-boxes1 and vases1 fern-cases1 flower-pendants1 mignionette-boxes1 brackets1 terminals1 c41 which are all characterized by extreme excellence of design and workmanship4 ,in statuary and architectural decorations the productions consist of figures1 busts1 and medallions2 keystones1 arches1 trusses1 and string-courses2 capitals1 bases1 and finials2 window and door heads and jambs2 rain-water heads1 of marvellously bold and effective design2 parapets and balustrades2 panels of coloured stoneware and terra-cotta1 modelled in very high relief1 and mostly of scriptural subjects1 for out-door decoration2 tiles and bosses of endless design--some ornamented in the sgraffito style1 and others richly coloured2 and everything requisite for the architect or the builder4 ,of terra-cotta flower-pots and fern-cases a large variety are made1 all elegant in shape--some ornamented with masks and medallions1 and others with vegetable composition2 and of brackets and pendants the specimens are very graceful4 ,painting on pottery has also of late been introduced into this manufactory with very good results4 ,one class of objects to which attention should be called1 presents1 in ordinary clays1 adaptations in which is conspicuous all the play of the chastest ,greek contours1 with all the forms dear to successive generations of housewives before the revival set in4 ,prominent are claret cups1 loving cups1 hot and cold water jugs1 flower vases1 candlesticks1 hunting jugs1 pitchers1 and inkstands1 with a great variety of other vessels4 8,what particularly arrests the eye in this branch of the manufacture is1 that each object has a style which now takes us back to the flowery periods of ,doric and ,etruscan forms1 now to the days of medival hospitalities1 or to modern instances1 by vessels of form and capacity which would delight even the hearts of the notoriously beer-loving ,burschenschaft of ,jena4 ,and it is necessary to explain that1 as these works are not the results of the common course of earthenware production1 it has cost much thought and the exercise of much knowledge and ingenuity to appoint a confederacy of labour so particularly qualified as shall work successfully to this special end40 ,the ornament is principally the sgraffimento1 or incised outline1 which is effected sometimes as soon as the vessel leaves the wheel1 or more generally after it has been allowed partially to dry to a consistency which will allow of its being handled1 though yet sufficiently soft to admit of being easily worked upon4 ,to the designs thus engraved in outline1 especially to the leafage1 colour is applied with an ordinary water-colour brush1 and burnt in4 ,this ware is called 8,doulton ware10 or 8,sgraffito ware10 and no two pieces are formed alike4 ,with regard to the body it will be sufficient to say that the great strength of stoneware in comparison with that of earthenware1 and also its perfect cleanliness1 have secured its adoption1 whether produced by this or any of the other eminent firms who manufacture it1 in all kinds of appliances in connection with drainage and sanitary engineering2 and the perfect resistance it offers to the strongest acids1 proves the material to be admirably fitted for the manufacture of every kind of vessel and apparatus employed in trades depending in any degree on chemical operations4 ,fore ,street4--,a manufactory of various kinds of pottery existed here in the beginning of the present century1 and was carried on by ,mr4 ,richard ,waters1 who in ,june1 #ahaa1 took out a patent for 8a new method of manufacturing pottery ware40 ,first1 8in the fabrication of various articles of considerable magnitude10 8instead of throwing or moulding them on a revolving table1 the clay is made into sheets and then applied upon moulds and finished1 by beating or pressure1 or by turning while in a revolving state20 second1 forming 8delf-ware pots and other articles by compression of the clay between suitable moulds20 third1 8making or clouding the #8,welsh ware1' by using a number of pipes instead of one in distributing the colour20 fourth1 8making earthenware jambs1 tiles for facing houses1 and for paving hearths1 balustrades1 balconies1 and bricks vein-coloured1 variegated either by the last process or by putting together masses differing from each other10 and in the admixture of stony or metallic or other mineral substances1 so as to differ in their colours and appearance when baked2 fifth1 by this process making 8figures1 statues1 ornaments1 armorial bearings1 and the like20 sixth1 by this process making 8stone mortars and pestles1 cisterns1 coffins1 worms for distillers' use1 tiles1 with a hook on the back instead of a knob1 also with a higher edge and deeper return than usual40 ,imperial ,pottery4--,another pottery at ,lambeth was that of ,messrs4 ,green ,co41 which in #aheh passed1 by purchase1 into the hands of ,mr4 ,john ,cliff1 by whom it was considerably enlarged4 ,mr4 ,cliff here brought into use his own 8patent kiln for what is known as double glaze or ,bristol glaze kiln1 and a circular bag for the salt glaze and pipe kiln1 since adopted generally40 ,here also ,carr's 8,disintegrant0 was first proved and got to work2 and here1 under his own eye1 ,siemens's gas furnace was tried on pottery4 ,here also ,mr4 ,cliff brought out1 and into work1 his patent wheel and patent lathe--two most important improvements in the potter's art1 and said to be the most perfect and convenient machines extant4 ,the works were closed in #ahfi1 through the site being required by the ,metropolitan ,board of ,works for improvements1 and ,mr4 ,cliff removed to ,runcorn1 in ,cheshire1 where he still continues his manufactory4#ee ,the works were originally established for the manufacture of common red ware2 but after a time ,mr4 ,green added a little salt-glazed ware2 and then1 as the double glazed gained favour1 added it1 and made it his principal business1 giving up the red ware entirely4 ,later still1 he manufactured drain pipes and a good deal of chemical stoneware2 and1 besides all the usual articles1 filters were here extensively made for the celebrated ,george ,robins1 the auctioneer4 ,the old works were many times much injured by fire--being nearly destroyed just before passing into ,mr4 ,cliff's hands in #aheh4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cei to #cfc4--;,blanchard's ,terra ,cotta1 c4 ,crispe's ,china4--,crispe of ,bow ,churchyard is said to have had a manufactory of china ware at ,lambeth in the middle of last century2 and to him ,john ,bacon1 the sculptor1 is stated to have been apprenticed in #agee4 ,but little is known of this manufactory of ,crispe's1 but reference to him and to his connection with the china trade will be made in another part of this book4 ,several other potteries--one carried on by ,mr4 ,northen1 who was an apprentice to ,mr4 ,white of ,fulham--existed at ,lambeth1 but have been removed1 like the 8,imperial10 by the improvements on the banks of the ,thames4 ,,blackfriars ,,road4 ,the terra-cotta works of ,messrs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,blanchard1 ,son1 ,co41 were established in #ahci by ,mr4 ,blanchard1 who served his apprenticeship with ,messrs4 ,coade ,sealey at ,lambeth1 and they are still carried on by him and his sons and other partners under the above style4 ,the terra-cotta goods manufactured by this firm are of remarkably fine and good quality1 and consist of vases1 tazzas1 statues1 busts1 groups of figures1 brackets1 pedestals1 terminals1 crosses1 fountains1 balustrades1 trusses1 and every species of architectural enrichment4 ,in #ahea1 and again in #ahfb1 as well as at the ,paris ,exhibition1 ,mr4 ,blanchard was awarded medals for his terra-cotta goods1 and they are considered to be among the best produced1 either in this country or on the ,continent4 ,among the more successful of the works executed by them may be named the terra-cotta for the ,brighton ,aquarium2 the permanent buildings1 ,south ,kensington ,museum2 the columns1 c41 of the arcades in the ,royal ,horticultural ,gardens2 the ,charing ,cross and ,cannon ,street hotels and termini2 the ,grosvenor mansions2 the ,grand ,hotel1 ,cairo2 and the chastely beautiful and effective enrichments of the ,wedgwood ,institute1 ,burslem4 ,of this last1 as one of the greatest achievements of ceramic art1 as applied to external decoration of buildings1 ,i give a series of engravings4 ,the principal features of these designs are a series of twelve nearly square panels1 in alto-relievo1 representing the months of the year--each month being represented by a seated1 recumbent1 or stooping life-size figure1 with the attribute of the season2 and a series of oblong panels or plaques1 representing1 in similar relief1 all the more striking details of the work of the potter1 thus1 very appropriately1 illustrating the staple trade of the district in which the ,wedgwood ,institute is situated4 ,of the months1 the four illustrations here given 7,figs4 #cfd to #cfg7 will convey a correct idea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cff4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfg4 ,of the general high character for design and workmanship of the productions of ,mr4 ,blanchard--who ranks among the best in the kingdom--the objects here engraved will give abundant testimony2 and it only remains to add that the quality of the material and its durability are fully equalled by the excellence of design of the various articles produced by this firm4 ,,vauxhall4 ,thomas ,houghton1 to whom ,i have in other parts of this work referred1 in his 8,husbandry and ,trade ,improved10 writing on ,march #ac1 #afie-f1 says1 speaking of the imports during the year #afid1 8of teapots there came but ten1 and those from ,holland4 ,to our credit be it spoken1 we have about ,faux-,hall 7as ,i have been informed7 made a great many1 and ,i cannot gainsay but they are as good as any come from abroad40 ,in #agad ,thoresby writes that he 8went by water to ,fox-,hall and the ,spring-gardens4 ,after dinner we viewed the pottery and various apartments there4 ,was most pleased with that where they were painting divers colours1 which yet appear more beautiful and of divers colours when baked40 ,the ,vauxhall ,pottery is said to have been situated close by ,vauxhall ,bridge1 in ,high ,street4 ,the ,delft-ware ,pottery in ,princess ,street1 ,lambeth1 is said to have belonged to the same works4 ,the ,vauxhall ,pottery1 which was for the production of stoneware similar to that at ,lambeth1 was carried on towards the close of last century by a ,mr4 ,wagstaffe2 and on his death1 in or about #ahjc1 it passed into the hands of his nephew1 ,mr4 ,john ,wisker1 who carried it on until his decease in #ahch1 he having1 in #ahcc1 taken out a patent 8for certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for grinding covers or stoppers for jars1 bottles1 and other vessels made of china1 stone1 or other earthenware10 such as are described in the patent of ,robert ,burton ,cooper taken out in #ahca4 ,on the death of ,mr4 ,wisker1 the works were purchased of his executors by ,mr4 ,alfred ,singer1 but have been discontinued and pulled down2 and the site built over1 for some years4 ,at these works ,mr4 ,singer1 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,henry ,pether1 manufactured small tiles1 or tesser1 for tesselated pavements4 ,in #ahci they took out a patent 8for certain improvements in the preparation and combination of earthenware or porcelain1 for the purpose of mosaic or tesselated work0 8by cutting clay or other plastic material into rectilinear figures1 by means of intersecting wires stretched in a frame10 and 8the forming of ornamental slabs of mosaic work by cementing together small pieces of porcelain or earthenware1 of various figures and colours1 on slabs of slate1 stone1 or other suitable material40 ,there was another pottery at ,vauxhall1 where coarse red or brown ware was made1 and where also1 later on1 a fine stoneware was produced4 ,there was also a manufactory of white stoneware carried on1 in #ahaa1 by a ,mr4 ,joseph ,kishire4 ,,aldgate4 ,in #afij ,william ,knight was a 8,pottmaker0 in 8the parish of ,st4 ,buttolph without ,aldgate1 ,london10 and made 8white ware40 ,in that year he had conveyed to him1 by deed1 some premises which were situated 8by the river running from ,merton ,mill to ,wandsworth1 in the county of ,surrey10 and consisted in part of a mill1 8used for a colour-mill for grinding colours for the glazeing of white ware0 made by him4 ,the original deed1 which is in my own possession1 was first made public by me in my 8,reliquary10 and is altogether one of the most interesting contributions to the history of the ceramic art in ,england which has of late been made4 ,the deed is as follows3-- ,,this ,,indenture1 made the ,tenth ,day of ,march1 ,,anno ,,dom4 #afij1 and in the ,third ,yeare of the ,reigne of our ,soveraigns ,lord and ,lady ,william and ,mary ,king and ,queene of ,england ,scotland ,france and ,ireland c ,,betweene ,mary ,crispe of the parish of ,st4 ,andrewe ,holborne in the ,county of ,middx ,widow late wife of ,ellis ,crispe late of ,wimbledon in the ,county of ,surry ,esquire ,deceased and ,samuel ,crispe of the ,inner ,temple ,london ,gent4 ,son and ,heire of the said ,ellis ,crispe of the ,one part ,and ,william ,knight of the ,parish of ,st4 ,buttolph without ,aldgate ,london ,pottmaker of the ,other part ,,witnesseth ,that ,for and in ,consideration of the ,sume of ,seaven ,hundred ,pounds of lawfull mony of ,england heretofore to the said ,ellis ,crispe and the said ,mary ,crispe 7by the name of ,mary his wife7 or one of them paid by the said ,william ,knight ,and in ,consideration of the ,sume of ,five ,shillings to the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe or one of them in hand at or before th' ensealing and delivery of these presents by the said ,william ,knight well and truly paid ,the ,receipt of which severall ,sumes they the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe doe hereby respectively ,acknowledge ,testifie and ,declare ,and thereof and of and from every part and parcell thereof ,doe hereby severally and respectively ,release ,acquitt and ,discharge the said ,william ,knight his ,heirs ,executors and ,administrators and every of them by these presents ,and in pursuance of a ,covenant for further ,assurances of the ,lands ,mill and ,hereditaments hereinafter mentioned or intended to be ,released or ,conveyed made by and from the said ,ellis ,crispe for himself and for the said ,mary ,crispe 7by the name of ,mary his wife7 and for the ,heires and ,assigns of the said ,ellis ,crispe to the said ,william ,knight his ,heires and ,assignes ,conteined in an ,indenture bearing date on or about the ,four and ,twentieth day of ,july ,anno ,domini ,one ,thousand ,six ,hundred ,eighty and ,three and in the ,five and ,thirtieth ,yeare of the ,raigne of the late ,king ,charles the ,second ,made or mentoned to be made ,between the said ,ellis ,crispe and the said ,mary ,crispe 7by the name of ,mary his wife7 of the ,one part and the said ,william ,knight of the ,other part ,and for diverse other good ,causes and ,consideratons them the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe thereunto moueing ,,they the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe ,,have ,bargained ,sold ,released and ,confirmed ,and by these presents ,doe ,bargaine ,sell ,release and ,confirme unto the said ,william ,knight 7in his actuall possession now being7 and to his ,heires and ,assignes ,,all ,those ,five ,closes or ,parcells of ,meadow ,ground ,conteineing by ,estimation ,fifteene ,acres be the same more or lesse lyeing neare and adjoyneing to the ,river running from ,merton ,mill to ,wandsworth in the ,county of ,surry ,together with the ,mill ,erected on part of the said ,fifteen ,acres formerly used for a ,fulling ,mill and ,brasill ,mill and now and of late used for a ,colour ,mill for ,grinding ,colours for the ,glazeing of ,white ,ware ,and also the ,watercourses ,ponds ,mill ,ponds ,floodgates ,wayes ,waters ,comodityes and ,appurtenances to the said ,mill and ,premises or any of them belonging or of right apperteineing ,all which ,premises now are and late were in the tenure or occupaton of the said ,william ,knight his ,tennants or ,assignes ,and are ,scituate lyeing and being in the said ,parish of ,wimbledon in the said ,county of ,surrey ,,and also all the ,land ,mill and ,hereditaments with the appurtennces which in or by ,one ,indenture bearing date the ,fourth day of ,november ,anno ,domini ,one ,thousand ,six ,hundred ,seaventy and ,three ,and in the ,five and ,twentieth ,yeare of the ,raigne of the late ,king ,charles the ,second made ,betweene the said ,ellis ,crispe of the ,one part and ,john ,campion of ,london ,pewterer and the said ,william ,knight of the ,other part were or were mentoned to be demised granted and to ,farm letten by the said ,ellis ,crispe unto the said ,john ,campion and ,william ,knight ,all which premises doe abutt on the ,southside towards the ,highway on the ,westside towards the ,land late of the said ,ellis ,crispe late in the occupaton of ,joseph ,walton ,william ,mason and ,edward ,hubbart on the ,northside towards ,biggery ,road and on the ,eastside towards the ,old ,river ,all which ,land ,mill and ,premises are ,platted ,sett out and drawne and butted and bounded in a ,plott or scheame to these presents annexed#ef 7,,except and allwayes reserved out of this ,present ,release or ,conveyance unto the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe and the ,heires of the said ,samuel ,the ,royalty of ,fishing and free leave liberty and lycense to and for the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe and the ,heires of the said ,samuel and her his and their ,servants to come into and upon the premises hereby ,released or ,conveyed to ,fish at all seasonable and convenient times7 ,and the ,revercon and ,revercons ,remainder and ,remainders ,rents ,issues and ,profitts of all and singular the ,premises and of every part and parcell thereof ,and all the ,estate ,right ,tythe ,interest ,revercon ,inheritance ,trust ,property ,profit ,clayme and ,demand whatsoever of them the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe or either of them of into and out of the ,premises hereby menconed or intended to be ,released or ,conveyed and every or any part or parcell thereof ,together with true ,coppyes 7to be made at the costs and charges of the said ,william ,knight his ,heirs or ,assignes7 of all such ,deeds ,evidences and ,writeings 7now in the hands custody or possession of the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe or which they or either of them may or can come at without ,suite in ,law7 as doe relate to or concerne the ,premises hereby menconed or intended to be bargained and sold joyntly with other the ,lands ,tenements or ,hereditaments of them the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe or either of them ,all which ,premises hereby menconed or intended to be bargained ,sold ,released and ,confirmed were heretofore bargained sold released and confirmed or otherwise ,conveyed unto the said ,william ,knight his ,heires and ,assignes to his and their own use and behoofe for ever by and from the said ,ellis ,crispe and the said ,mary his wife by ,indentures of ,lease and ,release bearing date the ,three and ,twentieth and ,four and ,twentieth dayes of ,july ,anno ,domini ,one ,thousand ,six ,hundred ,eighty and ,three and in the said ,five and ,thirtieth ,yeare of the ,raigne of the said late ,king ,charles the ,second made or mencondd to be made ,betweene the said ,ellis ,crispe and the said ,mary ,crispe by the name of ,mary his wife of the ,one part and the said ,william ,knight of the ,other part and by other good and sufficient ,conveyances or ,assurances in the ,law ,and also together with all ,messuages ,tenements ,houses ,erectons and ,buildings ,sythence erected and built upon the said ,fifteen ,acres of ,land or any part thereof with their ,appurtenances ,,to ,,have ,,and ,,to ,,hold all and singular the premises 7,except before ,excepted7 ,unto the said ,william ,knight his ,heires and ,assignes ,to the onely use and behoofe of the said ,william ,knight his ,heires and ,assignes for ,ever and to and for noe other use or uses intents or purposes whatsoever ,and the said ,mary ,crispe for herselfe her ,heires ,executors and ,admstrators ,,and ,,the ,,said ,samuel ,crispe for himselfe his ,heires ,executors and ,administrators ,doe respectively ,covenant and ,agree to and with the said ,william ,knight his ,heires and ,assignes by these presents ,that it shall and may be lawfull to and for the said ,william ,knight his ,heires and ,assignes peaceably and quitely to ,have ,hold ,occupy ,possese and ,enjoy the premises with the appurtennces hereby bargained and sold or menconed to be hereby bargained and sold and to receive have and take the ,rents ,issues and ,profitts thereof to his and their owne ,use and ,uses without the lawful ,lett ,suite ,trouble ,molestation ,eviction ,disturbance or ,interrupton of or by the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe or either of them their or either of their ,heires or ,assignes or the ,heires and ,assignes of the said ,ellis ,crispe or the ,heires or ,assignes of ,rowland ,wilson ,esquire ,decd late ,grandfather of the said ,ellis ,crispe ,or of or by any other person or persons claymeing or to clayme by from or under the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe or by from or under the said ,ellis ,crispe or ,rowland ,wilson or any or either of them in any manner of wise ,and that ,free and ,cleare and freely and clearly ,acquitted ,exonerated and ,discharged ,or otherwise by the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe their ,heires and ,assignes from time to time and at all times hereafter well and sufficiently ,saved ,defended and kept harmelesse and ,indempnifyed of and from ,all and all manner of former and other ,guifts ,grants ,bargaines ,sales or ,conveyances 7,other than such as are hereinbefore menconed7 ,mortgages ,joyntures ,dowers ,right and ,tytle of ,dower ,uses ,wills ,intayles ,recognizances ,statutes ,merchant and of the ,staple ,judgements ,executons ,extents ,seizures ,forfeitures ,debts to the ,crowne and of and from all other ,charges ,estates ,tytles ,troubles and ,incumbrances whatsoever had made comitted done or suffered or to be had made committed done or suffered by the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe or either of them respectively their ,heires or ,assignes or by the said ,ellis ,crispe and ,rowland ,wilson or either of them or any clayming by from or under them either or any of them in any manner of wise ,,and ,,farther ,that the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe either of them their and either of their ,heires and ,assignes and all and every other person and persons claymeing or to clayme by from or under the said ,mary ,crispe and ,samuel ,crispe or either of them or the said ,rowland ,wilson or ,ellis ,crispe shall and will from time to time and at all times hereafter within the ,space of ,seaven ,yeares at the ,request ,costs and ,charges in the ,law of the said ,william ,knight his ,heires or ,assignes make doe acknowledge leavy execute and suffer or cause and procure to be made done acknowledged leavyed executed and suffered unto him and them such further or other lawfull and reasonable ,act and ,acts ,deed and ,deeds ,conveyance and ,conveyances ,assurance and ,assurances in the ,law whatsoever for the further and better ,conveying ,assureing ,surety and ,sure makeing of the ,premises with the appurtennces hereby bargained sold or released and every part and parcell thereof unto the said ,william ,knight his ,heires and ,assignes to his and their owne use and uses ,bee it by ,fine or ,fines ,recovery or ,recoveryes with single double or treble ,voucher or ,vouchers over ,deed or ,deeds ,inrolled or not ,inrolled ,release ,confirmacon or by all or any of those wayes or meanes or by any other wayes or meanes whatsoever ,as by the said ,william ,knight his ,heires or ,assignes or his or their ,councell ,learned in the ,laws shalbee reasonably devised or advised and required ,soe as such farther ,assurance shall conteyne noe further or other ,warranty or ,covenants then only against the partyes thereunto and for and concerning their own acts only and soe as the ,person or ,persons making such farther ,assurance shall not be ,compelled or ,compellable to ,travell farther than the ,citys of ,london or ,westminster in ,case they ,inhabit within ,seaven ,miles thereof or else farther than ,seaven ,miles from the ,place of his or their abode for the doeing thereof ,,and ,,it ,,is hereby ,covenanted ,declared and fully agreed by and betweene all and every the ,partyes to these presents for them and their ,heires ,that all and every ,fine and ,fines ,conveyance and ,conveyances ,assurance and ,assurances in the ,law whatsoever already had made levyed acknowledged executed or suffered or hereafter to be had made levyed acknowledged executed or suffered by or betweene the said ,partyes to these presents or whereunto they or any of them are or shalbee ,party or ,partyes ,of or concerning the premises hereby menconed or intended to be ,released or ,confirmed unto the said ,william ,knight his ,heires or ,assignes intirely by themselves or joyntly with any other ,lands ,tenements or ,hereditaments whatsoever shalbee and ,enure and shall be adjudged deemed construed expounded and taken to be and enure and is and are hereby declared to be and enure as to the said severall ,closes ,mill and other the premises with the appurtenaces hereby menconed or intended to be ,released or ,conveyed ,to the use and behoofe of the said ,william ,knight his ,heires and ,assignes and to and for noe other use or uses intents or purposes whatsoever ,,in ,,witness whereof ,the said parties to these present ,indentures ,interchangeably have ,sett their ,hands and ,seales ,dated the ,day and ,yeare ,first above written4 ,,mary ,,crispe4 ,,samuel ,,crispe4 ,the deed1 which is sealed with the arms of ,crispe1 is thus attested on the back1 8,sealed and ,delivered in the presence of ,,john ,,walker1 ,servts4 to ,saml4 ,crispe4 ,,walter ,,lockie1 ,,benj3 ,,gladman1 ,scr3 in ,lothbury1 ,london40 ,the ,william ,knight1 8pott maker10 of this deed was the same ,william ,knight whose name appears three years later on1 in #afic1 along with those of ,thomas ,harper1 ,henry ,de ,wilde1 ,john ,robins1 and ,moses ,johnson--8all potters in ,london0--in the curious 8,brief ,account of the ,evidence given on behalf of ,edmund ,warner0 in a trial in the ,court of ,exchequer1 concerning a parcel of ,potter's clay which had been wrongfully seized as ,fuller's-earth1 given on page #acd4 8,mary ,crispe of the parish of ,st4 ,andrewe1 ,holborne1 in the county of ,middx41 widow1 late wife of ,ellis ,crispe1 late of ,wimbledon1 in the county of ,surry1 ,esquire1 deceased1 and ,samuel ,crispe of the ,inner ,temple1 ,london1 ,gent41 ,son and ,heire of the said ,ellis ,crispe10 were1 there can be but little doubt1 of the same family to which1 later on1 ,crispe1 the china manufacturer1 belonged4 ,,mill-,,wall4 ,mr4 ,blashfield1 now of the ,stamford ,terra-cotta ,works1 who had previously been engaged in the plastic1 scagliola1 and cement business1 commenced the manufacture of terra-cotta vases1 statues1 chimney-shafts1 c41 turning to good account the models he had used in his former business and those he had acquired from ,coades4 ,these works he carried on until #aheh1 when he removed to ,stamford1 in ,lincolnshire1 and opened his present large manufactory4 ,,mortlake4 ,delft-ware works appear to have been in existence here in the seventeenth century4 ,at the close of the eighteenth they were taken by ,mr4 ,wagstaffe1 of the ,vauxhall ,pottery1 and passed with them to his nephew1 ,mr4 ,wisker1 about the year #ahjd1 and were by him continued for the manufacture of ,delft and stone-wares until #ahbj or #ahba1 when he removed the whole concern to ,vauxhall4 ,two examples of ,mortlake ,delft-ware--a large punch-bowl1 twenty-one inches in diameter1 painted in blue1 with birds1 flowers1 c42 and a set of twelve tiles1 also painted in blue1 with landscape1 ruins1 figures1 c41 are in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,they were removed from the old factory4 ,,southwark4 ,gravel ,lane4--,in the beginning of last century a pottery was carried on by ,nathaniel ,oade1 connected with whom and whose business a shocking circumstance is detailed in the ,post ,boy of ,march #ast1 #agah4 ,it appears that ,oade had a family of four sons1 who were determined to have the business and house made over to them1 leaving him to exist on what property he had acquired4 ,this he declined to do2 when they swore they would have it in spite of him1 and soon afterwards had him arrested on judgment in a sham action in the ,marshalsea ,court for #ejj1 and thrown into prison4 ,the sons then1 with their vile attorney1 conveyed arms and a store of provisions into the house1 and at once turned their mother and servants out and barricaded the place4 8,in their rage they shot a woman who was passing by2 also their own mother and a servant who would not give up possession of the books of account4 ,the constables and the military at length arriving1 they capitulated40 ,the youngest son and another man were executed for the murder2 the others were found guilty of manslaughter4 ,in #agej the roof of a pottery belonging to ,mr4 ,oade was thrown down by an earthquake1 and an account of the circumstance was sent to the ,royal ,society by ,william ,jackson1 a potter4 ,,isleworth4 ,the manufacture of porcelain at ,isleworth was commenced by ,joseph ,shore in #agfj1 and was continued to be made about forty years4 ,in #agie ,lysons says3 8,there is a china manufactory at ,isleworth belonging to ,messrs4 ,shore ,co40 ,in #ahjj it was discontinued1 but the stock is said to have remained on the premises until #ahcj1 when the works1 having in the meantime been used for the manufacture of earthenware--principally 8,welsh0 or 8streaked0 ware1--were closed4 ,a few years afterwards the manufactory was removed to ,hounslow1 and the site converted to other purposes4 ,joseph ,shore is said to have come from the ,worcester ,china ,works1 and his partner and principal painter1 ,richard ,goulding1 was his son-in-law1 who was1 later on1 assisted by his son1 ,william ,goulding ,sidenote3 ,,wm4 ,,goulding1 ,june #bjth1 #aggj4 7a dated piece of his having the name as in the margin74 ,i am inclined1 however1 to think that ,joseph ,shore must have originally belonged to the ,derby ,china ,works1 as several of that name were connected with them4 ,after ,shore's death1 the works were continued by the ,gouldings4 ,the works were at ,railshead ,creek1 by the ferry side4 ,,stepney4 ,a manufacture of porcelain was carried on here in the middle of last century2 for ,jonas ,hanway1 writing in #agej-a1 says1 8,it is with great satisfaction that ,i observe the manufactories of ,bow1 ,chelsea1 and ,stepney have made such a considerable progress40 ,,greenwich4 ,in #agdg it appears there was a small manufactory of china here1 but nothing is known of its history4 ,in the ,london ,tradesman of that year occurs this note3--8,of late we have made some attempts to make porcelain or chinaware1 after the manner it is done in ,china and ,dresden4 ,there is a house at ,greenwich1 and another at ,chelsea1 where the undertakers have been for some time trying to imitate that beautiful manufacture40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ransome's ,patent ,stone ,works4--,these works1 situated at ,blackwall ,lane1 ,east ,greenwich1 were established at ,ipswich in #ahdd1 and removed to this locality in ,january1 #ahff4 ,in #ahga the present company was incorporated in extension of the preceding firm4 ,mr4 ,frederick ,ransome1 the inventor of the processes1 is a member of the well-known ,ipswich family1 and was in early life connected with the ,orwell ,works firm of ,ransomes and ,sims4 ,it was while there1 and noticing a workman engaged in dressing a millstone1 that he conceived the idea of producing artificial stone1 capable of being moulded to any form1 and to be a perfect imitation1 both in appearance and substance1 of the blocks taken from our best quarries4 ,at the commencement ,mr4 ,ransome had1 as ,i have said1 his stoneworks at ,ipswich4 ,for ten years the difficulties he had to encounter were very great1 but he persevered1 and1 though often discouraged1 toiled and experimented on scientific principles until he succeeded in making not only perfectly equable and homogeneous grindstones1 with keen cutting powers1 and that need no dressing1 but also ornamental and decorative stonework of ornate character1 which has been well introduced in the ,brighton ,aquarium1 ,london ,docks1 ,albert ,bridge1 the ,indian ,court1 ,whitehall1 ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 c41 the ,university of ,calcutta and other buildings in ,india1 and for ornamental buildings in ,france1 ,belgium1 ,holland1 ,egypt1 ,turkey1 ,china 7where a splendid fountain of ,ransome stone adorns the public gardens at ,hong ,kong71 and other countries4 ,the demand for this artificial stone becoming much extended1 the inventions were taken up by a company1 and extensive works were erected at ,east ,greenwich1 to which the business was transferred1 ,mr4 ,ransome continuing with the company as managing director4 ,the works are of great extent1 and occupy a space of about four acres1 that was formerly a dreary waste1 on the banks of the ,thames4 ,they are connected with the river by a tramway and a jetty1 supplied with a powerful derrick4 ,the works consist of a large covered building1 with a dividing wall across the centre1 in which there are two openings for the tramways that are laid from one end to the other1 and on which the work is conveyed from one point to another as the different processes require4 ,the material is1 to all intents and purposes1 a pure sand-stone1 whose silicious particles are bound together by a cement of silicate of lime--a mineral substance well known to be of the most indestructible nature2 its composition1 mechanically and chemically1 is precisely that of the ,craigleith and other best quality building-stones4 ,it can be moulded to any form while in a plastic state1 and can be worked with the chisel the same as any natural stone4 ,the process of manufacture is based upon one of the most beautiful of chemical reactions2 flints are dissolved by means of caustic alkali under high pressure1 so as to form silicate of soda1 a kind of waterglass4 ,this viscous and tenacious substance is then rapidly mixed with a proportion of very fine and sharp silicious sand in a pug mill1 so as to form a soft1 plastic mass1 which can be moulded into any shape that is desired4 ,the soft stone is next immersed in a bath of chloride of calcium solution1 which is made to penetrate every pore by means of hydraulic or atmospheric pressure4 ,whenever this solution comes into contact with the silicate of soda the two liquids are mutually and instantaneously decomposed1 the silica taking possession of the calcium and forming the hard1 solid silicate of lime1 and the soda uniting with the chlorine to form chloride of sodium in a small quantity4 ,instead1 then1 of the particles of sand being covered with a thin film of the liquid silicate of soda1 they are covered and united together with a film of solid silicate of lime--one of the most indestructible substances known4 ,the small quantity of soluble chloride of sodium1 one of the results of decomposition1 is then washed out of the stone by a douche of clean water1 or by hydraulic pressure1 its complete removal being ensured by chemical tests4 ,the stone is then dried and is fit for use4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cga4 ,the productions of these works may be said to comprise most of the useful as well as ornamental purposes to which stone can be applied4 ,in the ornamental departments1 vases of admirable design and of great variety1 fountains1 tazzas 7in these three departments some two hundred different designs are produced71 terminals1 flower-boxes1 flower-pots1 tree-pots1 garden edgings1 c4 ,figures and busts are also produced4 ,in the more useful architectural departments1 chimney-pieces1 balustrades1 chimney-shafts and tops1 window-heads1 vases1 plinths1 capitals1 and many other articles are made1 as well as memorial crosses1 gravestones1 cemetery numbers and labels1 and other mortuary articles1 of such excellent design and finish as to take the place of real stone1 at a great reduction of cost4 ,another speciality of the productions of these works is the manufacture of grindstones and scythe-stones4 ,these are said to preserve their cutting edges better than stones dressed in the ordinary way4 ,filters1 too1 for reservoirs1 are made extensively1 and have the reputation of being the most effective of any introduced4 ,pavement tiles1 both red1 white1 grey1 and other colours1 and also inlaid in different patterns1 are made4 ,these1 among other places1 have been adopted on the new ,albert ,bridge1 at ,chelsea1 with good effect1 and are giving entire satisfaction1 on account of their great hardness1 strength1 and non-liability to become slippery4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgc4 ,another admirable and important element of ,mr4 ,ransome's inventions is the applying of the silicate of lime to the preservation of stone4 ,the sculpture on ,st4 ,george's ,hall1 ,liverpool1 the ,custom ,house at ,greenock1 ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 and many other public buildings1 have been successfully treated with this solution1 which hardens and renders the surface indestructible by time or weather4 ,the trade mark of the company1 which is the only mark used in this manufactory1 is a winged genius grinding an arrow1 from an antique gem at ,rome4 ,it is shown on ,fig4 #cgc4 ,the works are under the personal superintendence of ,mr4 ,a4 ,pye-,smith1 with ,mr4 ,frederick ,ransome as consulting chemist2 ,mr4 ,bessemer is the chairman4 ,,deptford4 ,in the seventeenth century a pottery existed here1 where were manufactured melting-pots1 8the best in the world1 especially for founders40 ,these were in great repute1 and gradually superseded those imported from ,holland1 ,germany1 and ,denmark4 ,,merton 7see 8,aldgate074 ,,hounslow4 ,about #ahcj the manufacture of earthenware 7commenced by ,joseph ,shore and carried on after his death by his son and grandson ,richard and ,william ,goulding7 at ,isleworth was removed to ,hounslow1 but died out in the course of a year or two1 and has not been renewed4 ,,wandsworth 7see 8,aldgate074 ,,ewell4 8,nonsuch ,pottery40--,a pottery existed here in the early part of last century1 but about1 or soon after1 #agij1 the bed of clay having been exhausted1 it was discontinued4 ,about #ahjj the steward of the ,nonsuch estates1 on which the pottery was situated1 gave permission for a new pottery to be established wherever the clay could be found2 and soon afterwards the present 8,nonsuch ,pottery0 was opened in ,nonsuch ,park4 ,it was founded by ,mr4 ,william ,richard ,waghorn1 who was joined in partnership by his son4 ,this firm continued the works until #ahea1 when they were transferred to ,mr4 ,swallow1 who had1 until that time1 been their foreman4 ,by him and his partner1 ,mr4 ,stone1 the business was continued under the style of 8,stone and ,swallow10 and by them a pottery--principally for the manufacture of fire-bricks--was established at ,epsom4 ,mr4 ,swallow died in #ahff or #ahfg1 and since then his partner1 ,mr4 ,stone1 continued the works alone3 they are known as the 8,nonsuch ,pottery10 or as 8,stone's ,ewell and ,epsom ,potteries40 ,the goods manufactured by ,mr4 ,w4 ,waghorn were 8,italian tiling0--used very extensively in the buildings of the time and remarkable for their strength and durability2 ornamental roof tiles2 ridge tiles2 8,nonsuch ,fire ,bricks20 8,nonsuch ,fire ,loam20 paving and other tiles2 moulded bricks1 c41 for ,gothic buildings2 ornamented chimney-pots2 pipes2 flower-pots and vases1 c42 and on their lists was a view of the old ,nonsuch ,palace1 with an historical notice of the same4 ,at the present time the same descriptions of goods are produced--the mark1 where used1 being simply the words 8,stone ,co40 ,,cheam4 ,a pottery was worked here1 about #ahdj1 by ,messrs4 ,waghorn1 of the ,ewell ,pottery2 but on their retiring1 in #ahea1 was transferred to ,mr4 ,baker1 by whom it was worked until #ahfh1 when he was succeeded by ,messrs4 ,cowley ,aston4 ,it was closed in #ahfi4 ,in the same year another pottery was opened by ,mr4 ,henry ,clark1 by whom it is still carried on1 for the manufacture of ornamental and plain flower-pots1 rustic fern-stands1 vases1 chimney-pots1 drain-tiles1 c4 ,they are of a bright red colour1 and when a mark is used1 it is simply 8,henry ,clark1 ,cheam ,pottery40 ,,chiselhurst4 ,the ,west ,kent ,potteries were opened in #ahbj1 before which time other works were in operation and carried on by the steward of ,lord ,sydney1 the owner of the estate1 for the manufacture of wares for the use of the estate4 ,at ,christmas1 #ahbb1 the works were taken by ,mr4 ,pascall1 who continued to carry them on until ,january1 #ahfi1 when he died in the ninety-second year of his age4 ,since then it has been carried on by his sons1 ,messrs4 ,pascall ,brothers1 the present owners4 ,the productions of the works are the ordinary red-ware flower and root pots1 sea-kale pots1 and other horticultural ware3 building and paving bricks and tiles2 roofing and ridge tiles2 drain1 socket1 and other pipes2 chimney-tops1 c4 ,messrs4 ,pascall are patentees of the famous ,west ,kent flower-pots with loose bottoms1 celebrated for their convenience for changing and examining the roots2 and of the patent sea-kale pots for growing sea-kale in hothouses4 ,the works are extensive1 and the production of horticultural-ware is large4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,chelsea--,m4 ,spremont--,sale of the ,works to ,duesbury--,removal to ,derby--,wages ,bills--,simpson's ,works--,wedgwood's ,works--,ruhl's ,works--,bow--,heylin and ,frye--,weatherby and ,crowther--,craft--,sale of ,works to ,duesbury--,kentish ,town--,giles and ,duesbury--,euston ,road--,mortlocks and others--,hoxton--,hammersmith4 8,chelsea buns10 8,chelsea pensioners10 and 8,chelsea china0 are surely three things1 each one in itself sufficient to make a place famous1 but when brought together1 a three-fold fame must certainly attach to the locality which has given them a name4 ,with the buns and the pensioners1 however1 ,i disclaim all connection in my present work4 ,the former are not sufficiently works of ,art-manufacture to entitle them to a place in our columns1 and the latter are certainly not articles of virt which can be collected together and stowed away under glass shades by the connoisseur4 ,and yet the 8,chelsea ,bun-house0 has its story--full of interest and of incident--and the 8,hospital0 has a history and a host of associations connected with it1 which render these two places memorable1 and give them an imperishable interest4 ,it is with the 8,china0--the third of the matters ,i have named1 and of whose story the least is known--that ,i have now to do4 ,the establishment of the ,bun-house1 and its history to the latest time1 is easily traced out and written2 the foundation of the ,hospital1 and the events which have from time to time filled it with pensioners1 are matters of record which are easily gathered together2 but the formation of the china works1 and many of the changes the establishment has undergone1 are lost to us1 and will be difficult to recover4 ,it is my object here to attempt to get back so much as may be of the early history of the works1 and to throw together the scraps ,i have collected1 into the form of a narrative1 which may become the nucleus of a larger and more extended history1 as fresh facts are brought to light in the course of my own investigations or of those of others interested in the matter4 ,it is better to state at the outset that the history of the ,chelsea ,china ,works is very obscure4 ,in fact1 a ,london fog1 such as is proverbial in the month in which ,i write 7,november71 seems to have closed around1 and enveloped the place in such a dense mass as to make it next to invisible4 ,a little of this cloud of mist ,i have already removed1 and ,i trust that in the course of future researches ,i may be able to almost entirely dispel it4 ,at all events1 every item of information is valuable1 and in the following narrative a vast deal of new matter will be found1 which will materially assist the collector in understanding the history of these1 the most celebrated of any of the old china manufactories of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the south-western district of ,london1 on both sides of the water1 has1 as ,i have already shown1 for a long period1 been the seat of fictile manufactories of an extensive and important character4 ,fulham1 ,chelsea1 ,battersea1 ,vauxhall1 ,pedler's ,acre1 ,lambeth--all had their potteries at an early date1 and all1 probably1 had their origin from one common source4 ,what that first source was--i4e41 where the first pottery was founded--is1 of course difficult to say1 but from it others sprung up1 in different directions1 until quite a nest of manufactories was located in the suburban districts4 ,the artisans of the seventeenth century were chiefly ,dutchmen2 indeed1 the manufacture was of that kind of ware known as 8,delft-ware0--originally made in ,holland1 and introduced into ,england by workmen from thence4 ,the importation of 8,delft-ware0 in this 7seventeenth7 century was considerable1 and at that period the manufacture of a kind of porcelain is said to have been achieved at ,delft4 ,i have shown on another page that large quantities of ware were imported into ,england from ,holland in the seventeenth century1 and that ,dutch workmen of skill and enterprise were induced1 from the prospect of a good home trade here1 to settle in ,england4 ,these workmen1 it is not too much to believe1 were acquainted with the art of manufacturing porcelain as produced in ,delft1 as well as the ordinary kind of ware made in their native country2 and thus the knowledge was brought into our kingdom1 and carried on1 to some little extent1 by those who settled here4 ,the first maker of china1 as ,i have shown in my account of the ,fulham ,works1 was ,mr4 ,dwight1 and to him ,i am inclined to award the honour of being the father of the ,chelsea ,china ,works1 about whose origin so little is known4 ,the probability is that after ,dwight had succeeded in making porcelain1 and abandoned it1 some other potter started the works at ,chelsea1 and with good result4 ,when first commenced they were1 of course1 of a very small size1 and were1 it is said1 principally confined to painting and finishing ,oriental china1 which was imported for that purpose4 ,there is a tradition--but only tradition--that the origin of the ,chelsea works took its rise from the fact of clay being brought as ballast in vessels from ,chinese ports1 which was found to be the veritable clay used by the ,oriental potters4 ,this clay is said to have been used both at ,chelsea and at ,bow1 and to have enabled the workmen successfully to compete with their ,eastern rivals4 ,the tradition1 however1 goes on to recount that the ,chinese1 finding that the uses of this clay had been discovered1 and perceiving that they were losing trade in consequence1 wisely 8stopped the supplies10 and peremptorily refused to allow any more to leave their ports4 ,the workmen were then driven to seek elsewhere for material1 and1 as a matter of course1 soon found enough to use in our country4 ,by whom the works were carried on in their early days is not recorded1 but in the year #agde the art had evidently attained a high continental as well as home celebrity4 ,in this year the ,french company1 in their petition for the exclusive privilege of establishing a porcelain manufactory at ,vincennes1 urged the benefit which ,france might be expected to derive by having a manufactory of porcelain which should counteract the reputation of ,english and ,german make1 and stop their importation into ,france4 ,there is nothing to show that ,chelsea1 any more than ,bow1 was intended by this2 but as ten years later1 according to ,rouquet1 8that of ,chelsea is the most considerable0 of the three or four china manufactories in the neighbourhood of ,london1 it is probable it was then one of the seats of manufacture of which ,france was jealous4 ,george ,,ii4 gave the ,chelsea establishment his countenance and earnest support1 and did much to encourage its works1 and to ensure its success4 ,he procured for it workmen1 models1 and materials from the ,state of ,saxony1 and thus enabled the factory to produce works of such high merit as to successfully rival the productions of ,svres and ,dresden4 ,this royal patronage of course produced its results1 in procuring the patronage of many of the leading men of the day4 ,thus1 the ,duke of ,cumberland not only took it under his special care1 but allowed a sum of money annually for its furtherance and support4 ,in #agej it belonged to ,m4 ,nicholas ,spremont1 or ,sprimont1 a foreigner of considerable taste and talent1 who did much towards establishing its already acquired reputation4 ,at this time the productions of the establishment must have been of a particularly high order4 ,in ,watkins's 8,life of ,queen ,charlotte10 it is stated that 8there are several rooms in ,buckingham ,palace full of curiosities and valuable movables1 but not ranged in proper order4 ,among other things ,i beheld with admiration a complete service of ,chelsea china1 rich and beautiful in fancy beyond expression4 ,i really never saw any ,dresden near so fine4 ,her ,majesty made a present of this choice collection to the duke1 her brother--a present worthy of so great a prince40 ,horace ,walpole1 too1 in #agfc1 wrote1 8,i saw yesterday 7,march #c1 #agfc7 a magnificent service of ,chelsea china1 which the king and queen are sending to the ,duke of ,mecklenberg4 ,there are dishes and plates without number1 an epergne1 candlestick1 salt-cellars1 sauce-boats1 tea and coffee equipages1 c4 ,in short it is complete1 and cost #a1bjj40 ,in the ,lansdowne ,,mss4#eg in the ,british ,museum is a curious document relating to the ,chelsea works1 which1 being particularly interesting1 ,i here give in full4 ,it is entitled 8,the case of the ,undertaker of the ,chelsea manufacture of ,porcelain ,ware40 8,many attempts towards this art have been made in ,europe for a long course of years past2 the success which has been met with at ,dresden has revived these pursuits in many parts of ,europe4 8,the ,empress ,queen has a manufacture of her own4 8,the ,french ,king has one1 and has patronised and encouraged several2 the ,king of ,naples has one2 the late ,duke of ,orleans was1 at the time of his death1 and had been for many years1 engaged very earnestly in this pursuit1 but none have come up to the pattern they have been endeavouring to imitate4 8,several attempts have likewise been made here2 few have made any progress1 and the chief endeavours at ,bow have been towards making a more ordinary sort of ware for common uses4 8,this undertaker1 a silversmith by profession1 from a casual acquaintance with a chymist who had some knowledge this way1 was tempted to make a trial1 which1 upon the progress he made1 he was encouraged to pursue with great labour and expense2 and as the town and some of the best judges expressed their approbation of the essays he produced of his skill1 he found means to engage some assistance4 8,the manufacture was then put upon a more extensive footing1 and he had the encouragement of the public to a very great degree1 so that the last winter he sold to the value of more than #c1ejj1 which is a great deal1 considering the thing is new1 and is of so great extent that it has been beyond the reach of his industry to produce such complete assortments as are required in a variety of ways4 ,this has been a great spur to his industry1 so that1 notwithstanding some discouragements1 the ground-plot of his manufacture has gone on still increasing4 8,the discouragements1 besides the immense difficulties in every step towards the improvement of the art1 have been the introduction of immense quantities of ,dresden porcelain4 8,it was known that1 as the laws stand1 painted earthenware1 other than that from ,india1 is not enterable at the ,custom ,house1 otherwise than for private use1 and of course becomes forfeit when offered to sale1 as well as lace from ,france1 or any other unenterable commodity2 and though it was publicly sold in a great many shops1 and that there were even very frequent public sales of it1 it was hoped that what was exposed to sale was chiefly the stock in hand1 and when that should be got off1 this grievance would cease4 ,it has1 nevertheless1 happened quite otherwise1 for not only the importations continue1 and considerable parcels are allowed to pass at the ,custom ,house1 as for private use1 by which means the shops abound with new stock1 and public sales are advertised at the very beginning of the winter1 and in large quantities2 but there is reason to believe1 from the diminution in the price of the ,dresden china1 that this is done on purpose to crush the manufactory established here1 which was a project threatened last year4 8,it is apprehended that if recourse is had to the ,custom ,house books1 it will be found that considerable quantities have been entered there for private use1 besides what may have been allowed to pass as ,furniture to foreign ministers4 8,this earthenware pays eightpence by the pound when entered for private use2 but a figure of very little weight may be worth five pounds1 so that the real value of what is sold here will be found to be considerable2 and1 indeed1 it must be so1 as this ware makes an important article in a number of great shops1 besides the number of public sales during the course of a winter1 and the other private ways there are of carrying it about4 8,it may be a motive to let it be entered at the ,custom ,house1 that great names are made use of there2 but it is to be regretted1 that either these names are often made use of without authority1 or that names are often given for very mean purposes2 and as nobody is named1 it may be said that a certain foreign minister's house has been1 for a course of years1 a warehouse for this commerce1 and the large parcel1 advertised for public sale on the seventh of next month1 is come1 or is to come from thence4 8,even the right of entering this ware at all is a doubtful point1 and the affirmative is taken upon presumption1 because the law says it shall not be entered for sale4 8,the manufacture in ,england has been carried on so far by great labour1 and at a large expense2 it is in many points to the full as good as the ,dresden1 and the late ,duke of ,orleans told ,colonel ,york that the metal or earth had been tried in his furnace1 and was found to be the best made in ,europe4 ,it is now daily improving1 and already employs at least one hundred hands1 of which is a nursery of thirty lads1 taken from the parishes and charity schools1 and bred to designing and painting--arts very much wanted here1 and which are of the greatest use in our silk and printed linen manufactures4 8,besides the advantage great honour accrues to the nation1 from the progress made in so fine an art1 without any of those aids by which it has been set on foot and supported abroad2 nor has there even been any application for new laws or prohibitions in its favour1 which has been a rule in every country upon the establishment of new manufactures4 8,the execution of the laws which have all along been in force1 and which can give no offence to anybody1 it is apprehended will answer the purpose2 all that is therefore requested is1 that the ,commissioners of the ,customs may be cautioned with regard to the admission of this ware under the pretence of private use1 and that the public sale of it may not be permitted any more than that of other prohibited goods4 ,a few examples of seizures would put a stop to this1 and which cannot be difficult1 as all ,dresden china has a sure mark to distinguish it by2 but if this commerce is permitted to go on1 the match between a crowned head and private people must be very unequal1 and the possessors of the foreign manufactures will at any time1 by the sacrifice of a few thousand pounds1 have it in their power to ruin any undertaking of this kind here4 8,this must be the case at present with the ,chelsea manufacture1 unless the administration will be pleased to interpose1 and enjoin1 in the proper place1 a strict attention to the execution of the laws2 for if1 while the manufacture is filled with ware1 these public sales of1 and the several shops furnished with1 what is prohibited1 are to take off the ready money which should enable the manufacturer to go on1 it must come to a stop1 to the public detriment1 and the ruin of the undertaker1 as well as great loss to those who have engaged in his support40 ,who the 8undertaker0 of the works here referred to was1 is not stated in the document1 which1 according to ,mr4 ,franks1 bears internal evidence of having been written after #ageb and before #agei4 ,whether the ,customs acceded to his views or not does not appear2 but certain it is that1 despite the abuse of import privilege enjoyed by cabinet ministers and others1 he was1 by his own showing1 carrying on a very extensive business1 selling #c1ejj worth of goods in one winter1 and employing more than a hundred hands1 including a nursery of about thirty lads1 who were learning the arts of potting and painting4 ,in #aged the following advertisement1 which is most important as showing the class of goods then made at ,chelsea1 appeared in the ,public ,advertiser of ,december #agth3-- 8,to be sold by auction1 by ,mr4 ,ford1 at his ,great ,room1 in ,st4 ,james's1 ,hay-,market1 this and four following days4 ,all the entire stock of ,chelsea porcelain toys1 brought from the proprietor's warehouse in ,pall ,mall2 consisting of snuff-boxes1 smelling-bottles1 and trinkets for watches 7mounted in gold and unmounted7 in various beautiful shapes1 of an elegant design1 and curiously painted in enamel1 a large parcell of knife-hafts1 c4 ,the said stock may be viewed till the time of sale1 which will begin each day at half an hour after eleven o'clock4 ,note4--,most of the above things are in lots suitable for jewellers1 goldsmiths1 toyshops1 china-shops1 cutlers1 and workmen in those branches of business4 ,catalogues may be had at ,mr4 ,ford's1 at sixpence each1 which will be allowed to those who are purchasers40 ,in ,mr4 ,franks's possession1 and in other collections1 examples of these 8toys0 are preserved4 ,mr4 ,franks has a smelling-bottle in form of a group1 being a boy seated and writing a letter1 while a girl looks on3 the letter is inscribed1 8,fe3 #agei1 ,this is40 ,in that year a ,mr4 ,hughes1 an ironmonger in ,pall ,mall1 in his advertisement of ,may #bnd-- 8,begs leave to inform the nobility1 gentry1 and others1 that he has a greater choice of the ,chelsea ,porcelain than any dealer in ,london1 both useful and ornamental2 and as they were bought cheap can be sold more reasonable than they can be made at the manufactory4 ,he has compleat services of plates and dishes1 tureens1 sauce-boats1 c41 which no one else has2 several elegant epargnes for desarts1 and one beautiful one bought at the last sale2 several figures and greatest choice of branches with the best flowers1 such as were on the chandelier at the last sale2 and upwards of three thousand of those flowers to be sold by themselves1 so that ladies or gentlemen may make use of them in grottos1 branches1 epargnes1 flower-pots1 c41 agreeable to their own taste40 ,after much research ,i find that ,mr4 ,spremont continued the works until #agfh or #agfi1 when he retired1 principally through ill health1#eh after having amassed a comfortable fortune2 his ledgers dating from #agei to #agfh4 ,during the time of his carrying on the establishment the works were very flourishing--indeed1 it was said that 8the china was in such repute as to be sold by auction2 and as a set was purchased as soon as baked1 dealers were surrounding the doors for that purpose40 ,mr4 ,spremont's managing man was ,francis ,thomas1 of whom ,i shall have a few words to say presently4 ,when ,spremont retired from the concern1 it was purchased by1 or assigned over to1 ,mr4 ,james ,cox1 who engaged ,francis ,thomas as overseer1 at a salary of #ajj a year1 and this arrangement continued to the #fth of ,january1 #aggj1 when ,mr4 ,thomas died4 ,shortly afterwards the concern again1 and for the last time1 changed hands4 ,mr4 ,thomas was a man of good ability and of much practical skill1 and to his energy in directing the works under ,mr4 ,spremont much of their fame may be traced4 ,he was buried in the south aisle of the parish church of ,chelsea1 where an inscription to his memory now remains4 ,i have in my possession a bill from ,elizabeth1 widow of ,francis ,thomas1 which is somewhat interesting1 as refuting the statements which have been made as to the position held by this gentleman1 and which ,i therefore give entire3-- ,,james ,,cox1 ,esq41 to ,,eliz4 ,,thomas1 ,dr4 s4 d4 ,to ,keeping a ,horse from ye #ad of ,decm4 #agfi1 to ,friday1 ,march ye #b1 #aggj1 which is #aa ,weacks1 at #ajs4 #f;d4 pr4 ,weack #e #ae #f ,to #bj ,trusses of ,hay1 at #ah;d4 pr4 ,truss #a #aj #j ,to #aa ,trusses of ,straw1 at #aj;d4 pr4 do4 #j #i #b ,to #e ,pecks of ,corn ,remaining #j #b #aj ,to #a ,chaldren of ,coals #b #ai #f ,to ,shuting the ,coals #j #a #j ---------- #aggj4 #aj #ah #j ,jany4 #bg4 ,to paid a weekly ,bill #c #b #f ,feb4 #c4 ,to paid ditto #b #ad #aj #aj4 ,to paid ditto #c #ai #b ---------- ,carried forward #bj #ad #f ,brought forward #bj #ad #f ,feb4 #ag4 ,to paid a ,weekly ,bill #d #af #i ,mr4 ,thomas's ,sallery for ,looking after the ,manufactory --#ajj pr4 anam1 which he enjoyed from ,septm4 #agfi to ,jany4 #f1 #aggj #be #d #j ---------- #ej #ae #c ,received in part by ,mourning ,rings #ag #j #j ----------- #cc #ae #c ,the following announcements refer to the sales and proposed sales of the manufactory1 and its models1 plant1 c43-- #agfd4 8,to be sold by auction1 by ,mr4 ,burnsall1 on the premises1 some time in ,march next 7#agfd71 at the ,chelsea porcelane manufactory4 ,every thing in general belonging to it1 and all the remaining unfinished peices1 glazed and unglazed2 some imperfect enamelled ditto of the useful and ornamental1 all the meterials1 the valuable and extensive variety of fine models in wax1 in brass1 and in lead2 all the plaster molds and others1 the mills1 kilns1 and iron presses2 together with all the fixtures of the different warehouses2 likewise all the outbuildings1 c41 c4 ,and as ,mr4 ,sprimont1 the sole possessor of this rare porcelane secret1 is advised to go to the ,german spaw1 all his genuine household furniture1 c41 will be sold at the same time4 8,n4,b4--,soon after1 when every thing is sold belonging to the manufactory1 c41 and the large warehouse cleared1 there will be some most beautiful peices of the truly inimitable ,marazine blus1 crimson1 and gold1 that ,mr4 ,sprimount has thought deserving finishing2 that will be sold at ,chelsea1 as the whole remaining and the last produce of that once most magnificent porcelane manufactory40 7,april #agfi7 8,to all proprietors of porcelane manufactories and others2 there is to be sold at the ,chelsea manufactory1 by order of the proprietor 7having recently left off making the same71 every thing in general belonging to it1 as all the plaster moulds1 models in wax1 lead and brass2 kilns1 mills1 iron presses1 and a large quantity of biscuit work1 c41 c41 likewise all the buildings and many other articles4 ,for further particulars1 enquire of ,mr4 ,thomas at the said manufactory40 ,in the ,gazetteer1 or ,new ,daily ,advertiser1 for ,may1 #agfi1 is the following advertisement3-- 8,to be sold by auction1 by ,mr4 ,burnsall1 at his auction room in ,charles ,street1 ,berkeley ,square1 on ,wednesday1 the #agth of ,may1 and the following days1 by order of ,mr4 ,nicholas ,sprimont1 the proprietor of the ,chelsea ,porcelain ,manufactory1 he having entirely left off making the same1 all the curious and truly matchless pieces of that valuable manufactory2 consisting of beautiful vases1 antique urns1 perfume pots1 table and dessart services1 tea and coffee equipages1 compatiers1 leaves1 c41 beautiful candlesticks of different shapes2 variety of figures1 very large and curious groups1 particularly two groups of ,roman charity1 toilet boxes of various forms and sizes1 and many other articles1 most highly finished in the mazarine blue1 crimson1 pea-green1 and gold1 finely painted in figures1 birds1 fruit1 and flowers1 enriched with gold and curiously chased4 ,to be viewed on ,monday the #aeth1 and till the sale4 ,n4,b4--,likewise will be sold all the fine models1 mills1 kilns1 presses1 buildings1 and all other articles belonging to this most distinguished manufactory4 ,for further particulars apply to the said ,mr4 ,burnsall40 ,in reference to this last advertisement1 ,josiah ,wedgwood thus wrote to ,thomas ,bentley3--8,the ,chelsea moulds1 models1 c41 are to be sold1 but ,i'll enclose you the advertisement--there's an immense amount of fine things20 and about the same date1 writing to his clerk1 ,william ,cox1 he says3--8,pray enquire of ,mr4 ,thomas whether they are determined to sell less than the whole of the models1 c41 together3 if so ,i do not think it would suit me to purchase4 ,i should be glad if you could send me any further particulars of the things at ,chelsea40 ,about this time ,dr4 ,johnson was busying himself in experimentalising in compositions for the manufacture of porcelain1 and an interesting account of his progress at ,chelsea1 as given from the lips of the foreman of the works1 is preserved by ,faulkener4 ,he says1 in his 8,history of ,chelsea30-- 8,mr4 ,h4 ,stephens was told by the foreman of the ,chelsea ,china ,manufactory 7then in the workhouse of ,st4 ,luke's1 ,middlesex71 that ,dr4 ,johnson had conceived a notion that he was capable of improving on the manufacture4 ,he even applied to the directors of the ,chelsea ,china ,works1 and was allowed to bake his compositions in their ovens in ,lawrence ,street1 ,chelsea4 ,he was accordingly accustomed to go down with his housekeeper about twice a week1 and stayed the whole day1 she carrying a basket of provisions with her4 ,the ,doctor1 who was not allowed to enter the mixing-room1 had access to every other part of the house1 and formed his composition in a particular apartment1 without being overlooked by anyone4 ,he had also free access to the oven1 and superintended the whole process1 but completely failed1 both as to composition and baking1 for his materials always yielded to the intensity of the heat1 while those of the ,company came out of the furnace perfect and complete4 ,the ,doctor retired in disgust1 though not in despair1 for he afterwards gave a dissertation on this very subject in his works2 but the overseer 7he was still living in the spring of #ahad7 assured ,mr4 ,stephens that he 7the overseer7 was still ignorant of the nature of the operation4 ,he seemed to think that the ,doctor imagined one single substance was sufficient1 while he1 on the other hand1 asserted that he always used sixteen2 and he must have had some practice1 as he had nearly lost his eyesight by firing batches of china1 both at ,chelsea and at ,derby1 to which the manufacture was afterwards carried40 ,dr4 ,johnson certainly took much interest in the manufacture of porcelain1 and after the discontinuance of the ,chelsea works visited those at ,derby4 ,he does not1 however1 seem to have carried his researches on to any practical result4 ,in #agfi ,mr4 ,william ,duesbury1 the proprietor of the famous ,derby ,china ,works1 became the purchaser of the ,chelsea works1 and for many years carried on the two establishments conjointly4 ,the ,derby works had at that time attained to a high degree of excellence and of celebrity1 and ,mr4 ,duesbury 7who became the purchaser1 not only of the ,chelsea works1 but those of ,bow1 ,giles's1 ,pedlar's ,acre1 c47 was doing more trade than was done at any other establishment in the kingdom4 ,he had opened an extensive connection with ,london1 and was rapidly increasing his concern1 both in that and other markets1 and had become more than a successful rivaller of the excellence of the ,chelsea wares4 ,the purchase of the ,chelsea works was arranged on the #agth of ,august1 #agfi1 and completed on the #eth of ,february1 #aggj1 when a payment of #djj1 in part of the purchase money1 was made4 ,the original document1 now in my possession1 is highly interesting1 and is as follows3-- 8,recd4 ,london1 #eth ,feby4 #aggj1 of ,mr4 ,wm4 ,duesbury1 four hundred pounds1 in part of the purchase of the ,chelsea ,porcelain ,manufactory and its apurtenances and lease thereof1 which ,i promise to assign over to him on or before the #hth instant4 8,,james ,,cox40 ,thus the ,chelsea works1 which had been taken to by ,mr4 ,duesbury in ,august1 #agfi1 and had been1 indeed1 carried on at his cost from about that period1 finally passed into his hands on the #hth of ,february1 #aggj4 ,the purchase included not only the 8,porcelain manufactory and its appurtenances and the lease thereof10 but the stock of finished and unfinished goods then on the premises2 and this gave rise to a long and tedious lawsuit1 of which ,i shall have to speak hereafter4 ,mr4 ,duesbury also1 it would appear1 covenanted to pay all liabilities on the estate1 and of course to receive all moneys due to it4 ,at the foot of the bill from ,mrs4 ,thomas to ,mr4 ,cox1 printed above1 there is this very significant foot-note3--8,mr4 ,cox sold ,mr4 ,deusbury the whole1 who was to pay the above1 and every other matter40 ,other bills1 in my possession1 including one from ,william ,payne1 the carpenter1 for #ai #aes4 #e;d41 for repairs done at the works for ,mr4 ,cox1 are endorsed as paid by ,mr4 ,duesbury4 ,in this carpenters bill one item shows that the works were palisadoed3--8,dec4 #i1 #agfi4 ,to repairing the yard gates and palisades1 setting on locks1 #is4 #f;d40 ,the accounts do not appear to have been quite cleared up until the year #aghj1 when1 upon the winding up of the affairs of ,mr4 ,cox1 on his failure or death1 a claim was made on ,mr4 ,duesbury by the solicitor1 ,mr4 ,jasper ,jay1 for balance of account as then 8standing open in the books of ,mr4 ,cox40 ,the account is but short2 but as all this is useful material towards the history of the ,chelsea works1 and is therefore of importance1 ,i give it entire4 ,messrs4 ,,wm4 ,,deusbury ,,co41 ,dr4 to the ,estate of ,,james ,,cox4 #aggj4 s4 d4 ,feby4 #f4 ,to cash paid #b small ,bills #e #ag #d #i4 ,to ditto pd4 ,haskins #ab #h #j #bj4 ,to ,interest ,j4 ,cox note to ,n4 ,sprimont1 #f mo4 #cjj #g #aj #j #aggd4 ,june #ae4 ,to #dj ,museum ,lottery ,tickets #db #j #j ---------- #agga4 #fg #ae #d ,oct4 #h4 ,cr4 ,by net produce goods per ,capt4 ,peirce #eb #d #j ---------- #ae #aa #d ,the lawsuit to which ,i have alluded was commenced the same year that the works finally passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,duesbury1 and was brought by that gentleman against ,burnsall 7,i presume the auctioneer named above71 to recover a quantity of goods said to have been unlawfully sold to him by ,francis ,thomas1 and which in reality belonged to ,duesbury1 as a part of his purchase4 ,the goods1 which appear to have been made by ,spremont1 and of his own materials1 were alleged by ,thomas to have been sold to him by ,spremont2 but although the books of the concern were kept by ,thomas himself1 no entry of such sale and purchase was to be found4 ,there were also cross actions4 ,the action was first heard in ,michaelmas ,term1 #aggj1 and lasted until ,hilary ,term1 #aggb4 ,evidence was given that the articles demanded of ,burnsall were made of ,mr4 ,spremont's materials1 and at his manufactory2 that ,mr4 ,spremont never sold them to ,thomas1 and that they were found in rooms lately belonging to the factory1 and were therefore included in ,mr4 ,duesbury's purchase by the formal words4 ,mr4 ,spremont1 whose health had been gradually failing1 died while the action was going on1 in ,june1 #agga1 and in the end the defendant ,burnsall's counsel1 representing to the court 8,mrs4 ,thomas's situation in a madhouse1 and four small children1 and the attorney swearing that there was nothing else for to support them1 the court would not let us keep the action at law any longer in court1 so we must pay the costs40 ,the action thus came to an end1 and ,burnsall immediately announced a sale of china1 8in which are some capital pieces of ,chelsea porcelain0--a part1 doubtless1 of the disputed goods4 ,under ,mr4 ,duesbury1 the manager of the ,chelsea works1 was ,richard ,barton 7a modeller and general workman72 and the 8weekly bills0 of wages and disbursements1 now in my possession1 as made out by him1 are highly interesting and valuable1 as showing the kind of articles then made at ,chelsea1 the names of the workmen and painters1 and the amounts earned by each from week to week4 ,these bills commence in ,march1 #aggj1 and run over the next three or more years4 ,the final destruction of the works is carefully described in some excellent letters1 also in my possession1 to which ,i shall refer later on4 ,from these 8weekly bills0 ,i have selected some items which are of more than passing interest1 and which tend1 more materially than other information can1 to throw light on the ,chelsea works at this particular period--a period1 it must be borne in mind1 later than that at which the works are generally said to have been discontinued4 ,it must be remembered that1 until my account of the 8,derby ,china ,works0 appeared in the columns of the ,art-,journal1 in #ahfb1 nothing had ever been known of the connection of ,duesbury with the concern4 ,the information ,i there gave of his purchase of the ,chelsea factory was new2 and upon what ,i then wrote every later account of the ,chelsea works has been founded4 ,the works were till then generally believed to have been discontinued in #agfe1 but ,i have been enabled to show that they were not finally given up until #aghd1 when the kilns were taken down4 ,in ,june1 #aggf1 her ,majesty ,queen ,charlotte paid a visit to ,duesbury's ,london ,show ,rooms in ,bedford ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 and was shown through by his agent1 ,mr4 ,wood4 ,the following is an account of the event3-- 8,on ,friday last her ,majesty accompany'd with the ,dutchess of ,ancaster was pleased to honor with her presence ,mr4 ,duesburys ,ware ,rooms in ,bedford ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 condescended to express great approbation at those beautiful articles of ,derby and ,chelsea porcelain1 and patronize and encourage the same by making some purchases40 ,the 8weekly bills0 of the ,chelsea ,china ,works1 in my own possession1 are very carefully prepared1 and give the names and salaries of the workmen employed1 as well as the kinds of goods they were engaged in making4 ,they are thus particularly interesting and important1 and are calculated to throw no little light on the history of the works4 ,i quote two weeks in full1 ,may #abth to #aith1 #aggj2 and ,march #afth to #bcrd1 #agga1 as examples of the style of these 8weekly bills20 and ,i have added to these some few extracts1 to show the kind of ware then being made1 and the prices which the workmen received for painting1 c4 #aggj4 ,a ,weekly ,bill at ,chelsea from ,may the #ab to the #ai4 s4 d4 ,barton1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,boyer1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,seals1 made overtime1 #f cocks #j #j #g #c ,dozen ,cupid crying by a ,urn #j #c #f #a ,dozen and #f fine ,gentle ,man with a ,muff #j #a #i #a ,dozen and #f ,shephard ,sheering of ,sheep #j #a #i #f ,arliquens #j #j #g ,roberts1 #f days at #bs4 #f;d4 #j #af #aj ,piggot1 #g days at #as4 #i;d4 #j #ab #c ,ditto1 ,taking ,care of the horse on ,sunday#ei #j #a #f ,inglefield1 #g days at #as4 #h;d4 #j #aa #h ,bleeding of the horse1 and a ,broom and ,soap #j #a #j ------- ,exd4 and ,entd4 #d #ac #e ,recd4 of ,mr4 ,duesbury in full of all ,demands for ,self and the a ,bove4 ,,richd4 ,,barton4 ,work done this ,week 7,may #ab to #ai1 #aggj7 at ,chelsea1 by ,barton1 ,boyer1 cc4 ,reparing #d figures in ,clay to go to ,darby4 ,making #a ,ornament ,beaker4 ,dry rubbing the #b ,large ,jarrs1 helping at the ,kiln1 cc4 ,making ,jarr for ,perfume on #d feet4 ,mending the #b ,large ,quarters of the ,world1 and helping at the ,kiln1 cc4 ,roberts at ,case making1 and working in the ,kiln1 cc4 ,piggot working in the ,mill and helping at the ,kiln1 cc4 ,inglefield ,cutting ,wood1 ,case making1 and helping at the ,kiln4 #agga4 ,a ,weekly ,bill at ,chelsea from ,march the #af to the #bc4 s4 d4 ,boarman1 #f days at #es4 #c;d4 #a #aa #f ,wollams1 #f days at #ds4 #f;d4 #a #g #j ,snowden1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,jinks1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,boyer1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,barton1 #f days at #cs4 #f;d4 #a #a #j ,piggot1 #f days at #as4 #i;d4 #j #aj #f ,ditto ,sunday1 ,teaking care of the ,horse #j #a #f ,,chasing ,,and ,,polishing3 #b ,double handle ,cups and ,covers at #as4 #d;d4 each #j #b #h #c ,ditto and ,ditto at #as4 #b;d4 each #j #c #f #b four ,scallop'd ,jarrs at #bs4 #c;d4 each #j #d #f #c ,large ,pieces of the ,crimson ,service at #bs4 #c;d4 each #j #f #i ,,polishing ,,only3 #d ,row ,waggons at #js4 #i;d4 each #j #c #j #b ,small ,perfume ,potts at #as4 #f;d4 each #j #c #j #c ,ornamental ,perfume ,potts at #as4 #j;d4 each #j #c #j #b ,jonquill ,jarrs at #as4 #i;d4 each #j #c #f #a ,egg shaped ,jarr #j #b #j #a ,small ,jarr #j #j #d ,exd4 and ,entd4 #i #f #i ,recd4 of ,mr4 ,duesbury in full of all ,demands for ,self and the a ,bove4 ,,richd4 ,,barton4 ,from these 8weekly bills10 of different dates from #aggj to #aggc1 ,i make the following extracts for the purpose of showing collectors the period to which they may safely attribute the manufacture of such specimens as may be in their possession4 ,the extracts are from the 8overtime0 made by the hands1 and are taken hap-hazard1 and without any attempt whatever at classification4 s4 d4 ,seals1 #b dozen of ,tom-tits #j #b #d #c dozen of ,ouls ,crests #j #c #f #b dozen of ,indian ,boys with ,handscreen #j #b #d ,seals1 #c dozen ,bull finches #j #c #f #b dozen of ,parrotts #j #b #d #a dozen fine ,gentle ,man with a ,muff #j #a #b #b dozen and #f ,cocks #j #b #aa #b ,vincent ,perfume ,potts #j #c #j ,jarr1 with ,globe ,cover #j #a #j #a ,junquill ,beaker1 with ornament handles #j #b #f #c ,hart ,shape ,perfume ,potts1 with handles #j #c #i #b ,perfume ,potts1 ,royhal ,pattern #j #a #f #a dozen ,seals1 ,cupid as a ,letter ,carrear #j #a #b #a dozen and #f ,boys a drumming #j #a #i #a dozen and #f ,cupid as ,doctor #j #a #i #c dozen ,perimeds #j #c #f #a dozen and #f ,chinease ,men a smoking #j #a #i #a dozen and #f ,cupids with a ,nett #j #a #i #c dozen ,seals1 ,chinease ,men with a ,burd #j #c #f #c dozen ,cupid as a ,backus #j #c #f ,seals1 #e dozen ,swallows #j #e #aj ,seals1 #c dozen ,arliquens #j #b #d #a dozen and #f ,shepherds ,shearing of ,sheep #j #a #f #a dozen and #f ,cupids ,booted and ,spur'd #j #a #i #a dozen and #f ,harts on a ,cushion #j #a #i #a dozen and #f ,turks a ,smoakin #j #a #i ,seals1 #f dozen ,birds #j #g #j ,jinks overtime for painting #c dozen of ,tom tits1 at #a;d4 each #j #d #f #e ,sweet ,meat ,basins1 at #as4 each #j #e #j #cj ,seals painted in ,mottowes1 by ,boarman and ,wollams #j #c #a #cd ,figure ,seals1 painted by ,jinks1 at #b;d4 each #j #e #h ,paid 7carriage7 for the plaster ,mould from ,darby #j #j #f ,painting ,smelling bottles1 overwork1 viz3-- #b boys catching a ,squrel1 at #as4 #c;d4 #j #b #f #b ditto with a ,birds nest1 at #as4 each #j #b #j #a ditto piping with a ,dog1 at #as4 #j #a #j #a ditto ,double ,dove #j #a #j ,modling of a ,pedestol #j #ad #j #ba ,snuff boxes of ,cupid and ,lamb #a #d #f #a ,cupid forgin ,harts #j #a #c #ab ,tooth picks1 with ,head of ,turk1 and companions #j #ah #j #bc ,seals painted1 overtime1 by ,jinks #j #b #aj #aj ,plates1 at #as4 #f;d4 each #j #ae #j #f ,large ,pieces1 at #bs4 #c;d4 each #j #ac #f ,a ,junquill ,beaker1 overtime1 by ,barton #j #b #j ,overtime1 by ,boyer ,barton1 #b ,junquills ,beakers #j #d #j ,pollishing and ,cheasing #bd ,pleats and #bj ,compots1 at #c;d4 each1 ,boyer1 ,jinks1 c4 #j #aa #j ,to ,modling of a ,pedestol #j #ad #j ,overwork1 by ,boyer ,barton1 #h ,sweet ,meat ,basons #j #e #j ,mottoing #fj ,seals1 at #a;d4 each #j #f #c #ah figuar ,seals1 painted by ,jinks #j #c #j ,paid 7,carriage7 for the ,plaister ,mould from ,darby1 the #i of ,august #j #j #f #a ,vincent pattern ,perfume ,pot 7painting7 #j #a #f #cc ,cocks1 painted1 overtime1 by ,jinks1 at #a;d4 each #j #d #a ,wolliams1 ,painting ,mottows to #df ,seals #j #e #j #ah ,doves painted1 overtime1 at #as4 and #b;d4 each #a #a #j #e ,royal ,pattern ,perfume ,pots #j #c #c #di ,painted ,seals1 ,overtime1 by ,jinks #j #f #j ,cheasing and ,pollishing of #bj ,pleats at #as4 #f;d4 each #a #aj #j ,polishing #f ,perfume ,pots at #as4 #f;d4 #j #i #j ,mr4 ,woolams ,boremans ,expenses on ,saturday the #i of ,march1 #agga4 ,taking pattrons at ,mr4 ,morgans #j #b #j #hd ,seals1 ,painted1 ,overtime1 by ,boyer ,co4 #j #ad #j #if ,thimbles1 ,painted1 ,overtime1 by ,boarman ,co4 #j #ab #j ,over ,work by ,jinks1 ,boyer1 ,snowdon ,co41 ,pollishing and ,chasing #b ,three turnd ,vauses1 #as4 #d;d4 #f ,crimson ,gould ,tea ,saucers1 #ds4 #j;d4 #e ,cups ,saucers with ,medalions1 #fs4 #c;d4 #b ,large ,jars ,french ,pattern1 ,pollishing ,cheasing #j #i #j #b ,less ditto #j #c #f #b small ,goat head ,vauses ditto #j #c #d #d ,butter ,tubs and ,stands #j #e #d #af ,cupid ,lamb ,snuff ,boxes1 ,painted #as4 #b;d4 each #a #a #j ,to painting of ,mottos to #ij ,seals1 by ,wollams ,co4 #j #i #d ,painting #a ,cupid forgin ,harts at #as4 #c;d4 #j #a #c #a ,ditto ,booted ,spurd #j #a #j #b ,bird ,catchers at #as4 #c;d4 each #j #b #f #ab ,tooth ,picks1 with head of turk and ,companions with ,emblamatick ditto #j #ah #j ,plaister #j #c #aa ,barton1 ,modling #b ,small ,antiquit ,vauses #a #a #j ,seals made1 overtime1 #f ,cocks #j #j #g #c ,dozen ,cupid ,crying by a ,urn #j #c #f #a ,dozen #f fine ,gentle ,man with a muff #j #a #i #a ,dozen #f ,shephard ,shearing of ,sheep #j #a #i #f ,arliquens #j #j #g #d ,liqer ,bottles at #as4 each #j #d #j #d ,globe ,cover ,jarrs att #as4 each #j #d #j #ca ,seals1 ,indian1 ,painted by ,jinks #j #e #b ,the ,mottoes don to #cf ,seals1 ,by ,boardman ,wolliams #j #c #i #h ,hart ,shape ,perfume ,pots with handles at #as4 #c;d4 each7overwork by ,barton ,boyer7 #j #aj #j #c ,dozen of ,seals of the ,lambs1 made overtime #j #c #f #c ,dozen of ,lyons1 ditto #j #c #f #bd ,double ,doves ,snuff ,boxis1 ,painted overtime1 at #as4 and #b;d4 each #a #h #j ,pd for ,siver 7silver7 paper for ,chelsea #j #d #f ,pd ,porterage of ,wt ,lead #j #b #f ,pd ,coach ,hire with the ,attorney to ,mr4 ,spremont and ,chelsea #j #g #f ,gold ,writing ,peaper #j #j #h ,gum for the ,gold #j #j #c a ,almanack #j #j #f ,modling ,clay #j #j #f ,bone ,ashes to ,derby #d #e #f #b ,tons of fine ,clay ,shipping to ,darby #b #g #j ,plaster to ,mould the ,jarr #j #a #h ,cord for the ,kilns 7cord wood7 #a #ag #d #c baggs of ,plaister #j #c #j #ajj ,loads of ,billet at #gs4 #i;d4 per ,load #ch #ae #j 78,billets0 i4e4 ,wood1 for firing the kilns47 ,painting #if ,thimbles #j #ab #j #b ,three-turn ,vauses -- #b ,row ,wagon in figures #a #aj #j ,mr4 ,o',neil1 on account1 a ,painter #a #a #j ,i give entire some few other of the weekly statements of 8,work ,don at ,chelsea by ,barton1 ,boyer1 c410 the painters1 ,boreman1 ,wollams1 ,snowden1 and ,jinks1 not being included4 #aggj4 ,april #g to #ad4 ,work ,don at ,chelsea by ,barton ,boyer4 #c hantike ,perfume ,vauses with handles4 #d ,oval ,jarrs and ,covers with ,ornementd handles4 #d hantike ,bottles with handles4 #b ,scollopt ,bottles with handles4 #b hantike ,perfume ,vauses4 ,roberts1 making cases4 ,piggot1 making ,cases and ,grinding of the ,clay4 ,inglefield making ,cases and ,cutting of wood4 #aggj4 ,june #af to #bc4 ,making of ,pidgeon house ,perfume ,pot and ,glasing of the ,work for the ,glase killn4 ,roberts1 ,glasing of the ,cases and ,reparing of the ,glasd work4 ,piggot1 making of ,tryhangles for the ,work to be ,plasd on in the ,glasd kiln and ,making of ,cases4 ,inglefield1 getting of the ,work ,ready to be ,glasd ,cutting of ,wood4 ,july #g to #ad4 ,barton1 ,glasing of the ,work1 c4 ,boyer1 ,reparing of the ,glasd ,work1 c4 ,roberts1 ,setting of the ,glase kiln and ,burning of it4 ,piggot1 ,working of the ,clay ingin and ,clearing of the ,bisket ,work and ,case ,making4 ,inglefield1 ,cutting ,wood and ,case ,making and ,clearing of the ,ware4 ,july #ba to #bh4 ,barton1 ,reparing of the ,glaze ,work4 ,boyer1 ,laying on of ,safer4 ,roberts1 ,getting of the ,glaze ,cases ready for the ,kiln4 ,piggot1 ,grinding of ,case ,clay and ,making of ,cases4 ,inglefield1 ditto1 and ,glazeinge of ,cases4 ,august #aa to #ah4 ,barton1 ,reparing of the ,glasd ,work4 ,boyer1 ,laying on of ,sapher 7this is zaffer1 the blue that was used74 ,roberts1 setting the ,glass kiln 7,glaze kiln74 ,piggot1 making of ,cases and working the ,mill 7the 8,cases0 were the ,saggers74 ,inglefield1 ditto4 #aggj4 ,augt4 #be to ,sep4 #a4 ,barton1 ,dickorating ,sum of the ,perfume ,pots and ,making of #a ,perfume ,pot a figuar and ,oiling of the ,moulds of the ,burst 7bust7 for ,casting4 ,boyer1 #a ,perfume ,vause #b ,large ,ornement ,beakers1 #e ,covers1 c4 ,roberts1 at ,case ,making4 ,piggot1 ,grinding of ,case ,clay and ,working the ,brusers1 c4 ,inglefield1 ,cutting of ,wood4 ,in the 8weekly bill0 on the same paper are the following entries relating to the 8bust40 ,it would be highly interesting to know what bust is meant4 s4 d4 ,oil for the ,mould of the ,burst #j #j #g for a ,pedistol to ditto #j #a #f ,plaister to ,cast ditto #j #g #f ,sep4 #h to #ae4 ,barton1 ,making of #a ,jarr with a ,dog and ,rabits1 and flowering of them4 ,casting of one ,bust in ,plaister and ,barbing of #b of ditto4 ,boyer1 #d ,ornement ,jarr and #f ,plain ,jarrs with ornement handles4 ,roberts1 a ,case ,making ,making of ,tiles and ,bricks4 ,piggot1 ,cleaning of ,flint1 ,treading of ,clay4 ,inglefield1 ,cutting of ,wood and helping at the ,cases4 ,sep4 #bb to #bi4 ,barton1 making #e ,cup ,vauses1 c4 ,boyer1 ,making of #c ,season ,vauses1 ,cleaning of the ,gallory1 c4 ,roberts1 ,making ,soports for the inhamil kiln and ,mending of ditto1 and ,burning of the ,gleasd ,kiln4 ,piggot1 ,cleaning of flint1 ,bruising ,clay1 c4 ,inglefield1 ,cutting of ,wood4 #aggj4 ,sep4 #ae to #bb4 ,work ,don this ,week by ,barton1 ,boyer1 cc4 ,barton1 ,barbing of #a of the ,plaister heads ,casting #c ,paddistols for ditto1 ,making of #b ,antike ,vauses with figies #a ,cup ,vause4 ,boyer1 #b ,ornement ,vauses with ,chinas figuars1 #b ditto ,seasons ,vauses1 and ,casting the ,leaf in a ,basket in ,wax4 ,roberts1 making ,tiles ,triangles and c4 ,piggot1 ,cleaning of flint1 c4 ,inglefield1 ,cutting of ,wood4 ,from these weekly lists of 8work don by ,barton1 ,boyer10 and others1 ,i add1 for the same purpose1 the following highly interesting extracts3-- #d hantick ,jarr1 with heads1 wanting to be flowered4 #d ditto1 with handles4 #a ,bottle1 with ornement handles4 #dh ,compotiers1 all made with the ,darby ,clay4 #bd ,ornement ,plates1 made with ditto4 ,perfume ,jarrs1 with handles4 ,repairing of ,plaister ,heads1 and greasing of sum ,bluework4 ,season ,vauses4 ,season ,perfume ,jar4 ,perfume ,pot with ,indian figures4 ,junquill beaker with stag-head handles4 ,ornament ,vauses1 with ,chinease figures4 ,cleaning of ,flint1 ,treading of ,clay1 c4 ,a ,jarr1 with ,dog and ,rabbits4 ,pidgeon ,house ,perfume ,pot4 ,perfume pots1 with boys and girls dancing4 #b ,large ,vauses1 with ,venus at her ,toylet4 ,perfume pots1 with #b ,boys4 #d hantike bottles1 with handles4 #d ,scollopt ,bottles1 with handles4 #b hantike ,perfume ,vauses1 with #c goats heads4 #bd ,strawbery ,compoteirs1 made with the ,darby ,clay4 ,crimson and ,gould ,tea ,saucers4 #f large ornement ,pedistols for the ,grand ,popore4 #e large ,popore ,perfume ,pots to ,ditto4 #a ,square ,perfume pot1 ,dickarated with heads of the #d ,seasons4 ,hantike ,vauses1 with #c figures each4 ,making a ,large ,pedestol for the ,quarters of the ,world4 ,making of ,clay ,sheep1 and c1 to go to ,darby1 and helping at the ,kiln1 and c c4 ,perfume ,jar on #d feet4 ,perfume ,vause1 with #c children a dauncing4 ,making of ,lambs1 ,sheep1 ,dogs1 ,calfes1 and c c4 ,square ,perfume ,jarr1 with ,pearc'd ,neck and ,globe cover4 ,mr4 ,duesbury continued working the manufactory at ,chelsea1 together with his large and important works at ,derby1 until the year #aghd1 when he pulled down the buildings1 removed all that was useful to ,derby1 and so totally put an end to the manufacture of 8,chelsea ,china40 ,for some years he had been gradually drafting off the workmen1 models1 c41 to ,derby1 and in the end finally gave up the manufacture at ,chelsea1 and continued his works1 entire1 at their original place1 ,derby4 ,it has been said1 and generally believed1 that the excellence of the ,derby works dates from the time when the ,chelsea workmen and the ,chelsea models were brought to it2 but this is1 undoubtedly1 a great and a grave error4 ,the truth is1 the ,derby works had risen to such extreme eminence1 and had attained to so high a degree of excellence1 as to more than rival ,chelsea1 which1 in consequence1 began to decline4 ,the successful owner of the ,derby establishment was thus enabled to purchase the ,chelsea works1 as he also did those of ,bow1 and to carry them on1 as long as he considered advisable1 conjointly4 ,i am enabled to give copies of two letters now in my possession1 describing the taking down of the buildings1 the removal of some of the kilns to ,derby1 and the arrangement made with the old and faithful workman1 ,robert ,boyer1 whose name appears so regularly on the 8weekly bills40 ,the letters are much decayed and mutilated1 but fortunately are decipherable4 ,they will be read with much gratification by all who take an interest in the history of ,chelsea and its ,china works4 8,laurence ,strt41 ,chelsea1 ,feby4 #ahth1 #aghd4 8,,sir1--,i ,wright to ,inform yow how we are pretty forward in the pulling ,down of the buildings at ,chelsea4 ,i think a little better than a fortnight they will be all down to the ground and ,cleared of the primeses1 wich ,i shall be glad to my hart1 for ,i am tired of it4 ,mr4 ,lygo#fj says yow would wish to have the ,ion ,kiln ,cum to ,derby4 ,its hardley worth sending1 for the ,corners are a good deail burnt at the ,bottom1 and the sides are opend or ,drawd so much as #d or #e ,inches on each side4 ,but if yow chuse to have it ,cum1 say how it shall be sent--by ,land or ,water1 and ,i will send it4 ,i wish yow will ,lett me no if yow will have the mold of the ,large figur of ,brittannia sent to the warehous or ,broake4 ,now1 sir1 as my time at ,chelsea draws nigh to a conclution1 ,i should beg of yow to ,informe me by letter what yow mean to ,imploy me abought at your manufactory1 ,in case yow myself should settle on ,tirms agreable4 ,yow now allow me one ,ginue pr ,week1 house ,rent1 and fire2 and ,i dont make aney ,doubght ,but ,i shall be found a very ,uceful servant to yow if ,i ,cum1 must beg of ,yow to say if #be_/- pr week will be to much to ,give me1 and house rent free1 as ,i have always had of yow4 ,i make no ,dought but yow will please to say what yow will allow me for the ,removall of my ,famaley4 ,we have #d children1 my wife and self1 wich will ,cost a deal of money--and thats an articall wich is scarce wth mee4 ,i have had severall offers of places's since the manufactory has bin pulling ,down1 but ,refus'd them all1 ,becaus it would have been ,wicked in me to have ,left yow in such a till ,i had seen your property ,cleared off4 ,if ,i am ,constant at the kilns1 ,i must begg ,leaf to at all2 ,but ,i have no ,objection to fire aney ,rich ware in such a kiln as ,i have at 2 and if ,tirms are such as yow may approve1 pleas to say2 but ,i ,due not like to ,cum so maney miles from ,london on an ,uncertinty1 therefore it will be nesesary to have articals drawd for #c1 five1 or #g years1 as is agreable to yow4 ,i have carrid ,mr4 ,lygo a bove sixty-six pounds this week1 wich ,i found to be very seasonable4 ,i was very much shock'd1 sir1 when ,i heard yow had been so ,dangeresly ,ill1 ,but am happy to find yow are so much better than yow was1 ,god send yow may ,continue to ,gett mending for the ,best4 ,should ,i ,cum to ,derby1 ,i shall bring nothing with me but my ,beds--,land ,carridge ,cums to a ,deal of ,money2 in short1 my ,goods are ,but old1 therefore they shall all be sold4 8,i am1 with ,respects1 your ,obt4 ,humble ,servt41 8,,robt4 ,,boyer4 8,mr4 ,lygo desir'd me to wright to yow a bought my ,cuming down1 wich ,i should have ,done if he had not ,desired me40 ,to this letter ,mr4 ,duesbury1 who bore a most excellent character for kindness and consideration towards his work-people and servants1 evidently returned a satisfactory and pleasant reply1 as is evidenced by the following letter from ,boyer3-- 8,chelsea1 ,march #bhth1 #aghd4 8,,sir1--,i have your letter of the #bdth inst41 and am much oblig'd to yow for all past favours1 and am happy in finding that yow are satisfide with my past ,conduct4 ,now1 sir1 as yow due agree to the terms which my letter expresses1 and as yow have alway's behav'd with a ,deal of kindness towards me1 ,i therefore ,due asure yow that while ,i am with yow1 yow shall ever find me a faithful and honest sarvant1 and ,i further do asure yow that1 ,i will make my self as sarvicable as it ,lays in my power1 so that yow shall have no ,reason to find aney fault with me4 ,i make no doubght but yow will find me very servicable1 will ,due every thing in my power to forward your ,bisness4 ,i hope we shall gett done hear in a short time3 the peopl are all busey in getting their things of the primeses as fast as they possibley ,can4 ,i hope to be ,down at ,derby with yow in a short ,time1 as soon as ,i can gett my matters a ,little to gather4 ,yow shall have the ,ion ,kiln down by the waggon next week wth ought faile4 ,i could not ,lett it ,cum this week on account of things ,i had by me wich wanted firing that ,i never had time to fire till this week4 ,the ,lapaderys wheel is packed in a hogshead now at sea1 ,no4 #af4 ,mr4 ,lygo has been ,taulking wth me a bought the ,burnishing3 he complains of its being full of scratches1 wich will ever be the ,consequense if your burnishing tools are not kept in good order2 that is to say1 ,lett them always be kept with a good polish on them1 and then they never will have aney scratches to be seen on the gold4 ,i wish you will let me no what ,i shall due with your #d ,chears1 ,table1 ,looking ,glass1 and ,sofee1 that is in the ,dining ,room at ,chelsea4 ,i sopose they may go to the warehouse4 ,the ,liqurs ca4 ought of the seller is gone there ever since a ,little after ,christmas4 8,i ,remain1 with ,respect1 your ,obt4 ,sarvt41 8,r4 ,,boyer40 ,in the former of these two letters it will have been observed that mention is made of a 8mould of the large figure of ,britannia20 this was one of the finest figures produced at ,chelsea or ,derby1 and is now of great rarity4 ,the 8hands0 employed at ,chelsea1 so far as they are entered in these 8weekly bills10 appear to have been as follows4 ,i give their names and the rates of wages they were receiving3-- ,boarman1 or ,boreman #es4 #c;d4 per day4 ,wolliams1 or ,wollams #ds4 #f;d4 ,askew #ds4 #b;d4 ,jenks1 or ,jinks #cs4 #f;d4 ,snowden #cs4 #f;d4 ,r4 ,boyer #cs4 #f;d4 ,gauron #hs4 #i;d4 ,barton #cs4 #f;d4 ,richard ,roberts #bs4 #f;d4 ,piggot #as4 #i;d4 ,and #a_/f for ,sunday1 for taking care of the horse4 ,thomas #as4 #f;d4 7,turning the wheel for a ,thrower47 ,inglefield #as4 #h;d4 ,during the time the ,chelsea and ,derby works were carried on conjointly1 the proprietor held periodical sales by ,messrs4 ,christie and ,ansell1 8at their ,great ,room1 next ,cumberland ,house1 ,pall ,mall10 and afterwards 8by the ,candle10 at his own warehouse1 by ,mr4 ,william ,hunter of ,new ,bond ,street4 ,of many of these sales 7see 8,derby0 china works7 ,i possess catalogues--some of them priced2 and they are particularly valuable and interesting as describing the articles made at the period4 ,the goods offered for sale were evidently the best that were produced1 and many of them are of a most costly and magnificent character4 ,from the catalogues of #agha and #aghb--three years before the ,chelsea works were taken down--,i have selected a few examples3-- ,an elegant ,etruscan-shape ,vase1 enamel'd in compartments with a figure of ,shenston1 and fine blue ground striped with gold4 ,six beautiful ,caudle ,cups1 covers and stands enamel'd with festoons of green husks1 garland of coloured flowers1 and fine blue and gold4 ,one large ,flower ,pot1 green and gold1 finely painted in compartments1 with a landscape and figures4 ,a beautiful large group of the three ,virtues1 in biscuit4 ,one group1 ,jason and ,medea before ,diana4 ,one superb and elegant ,vase1 with therms1 beautifully enamel'd with figures1 the three ,graces on one side1 and a landscape on the other1 in compartments enriched with chased and burnished gold2 and #b ewer-shaped ,vases to match1 figure of ,virtue on one side1 and ,prudence on the other4 ,one pair of basket-work antique-handle ,vases1 enamel'd with figures1 ,pomona and ,prudence on one side1 and a landscape on the other1 in compartments gilt to match4 ,one beautiful large group of #b ,virgins awaking ,cupid1 in biscuit4 ,one ditto of two ,bacchants dressing ,pan with a garland of flowers4 ,one large perfume ,vase1 beautifully painted in figures in compartments1 representing ,eneas meeting ,venus before he enters ,carthage1 richly gilt4 ,one pair of large ,beakers to match1 enamel'd in compartments with figures1 on one side ,bacchus and ,ariadne1 and on the other ,venus and ,adonis1 richly gilt4 ,a very beautiful ,seve pattern compleat ,desert ,service1 enamel'd with roses1 fine mosaic border1 richly finished with chased and burnished gold2 consisting of #bd plates1 #c large oblong compotiers1 #b heart-shaped1 #d round1 #d square1 #d small oblong ditto1 and a pair of cream bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons4 ,one beautiful figure of ,shakespear in biscuit1 and fine blue and gold pedestal4 ,one group of #c ,boys playing at ,hazard1 and #a ditto of a galanter show1 in biscuit4 ,an elegant ,stand for different cheeses and butter1 enamel'd with vases and fine mazarine blue and gold 7rivitted74 ,a beautiful large group of #c ,graces and #b ,cupids1 supposed to be crowning her ,majesty with garland of flowers1 in biscuit4 ,a pair of uncommonly large octagon jars 7near #b feet high71 decorated with natural flowers1 and finely enamel'd with figures1 landscapes1 c41 richly ornamented with chased and burnished gold1 the figures representing1 a votaress of ,bacchus1 and ,innocence washing her hands at an altar4 ,an elegant ,seve pattern complete ,desert ,service1 enamel'd with roses1 and a rich mosaic and gold border2 consisting of three dozen plates1 #b large oblong compotiers1 #d round1 #b heart-shaped1 #d large square1 #d small oblong1 and #a large ditto1 with a foot for the centre1 and a pair of cream bowls1 covers1 stands1 and spoons4 ,one superb and elegant large ,vase1 with therms1 enamel'd in compartments1 with figures of the three ,graces1 enrich'd with chased burnish and gold4 ,one pair of beautiful oval ,jars to match2 the figures represent ,apollo and ,agrippina lamenting over the ashes of ,germanicus4 ,a pair ,neptune ,head ,drinking ,mugs1 enamel'd and gilt4 ,a pair ,salad ,dishes1 enamel'd with a group of coloured flowers1 festoons of green husks1 and pea-green and gold borders4 ,six ,egg-,spoons1 #f ,asparagus ,skewers1 and #f ,egg-,cups1 blue and white4 ,one pair ,foxes ,heads1 for drinking-cups4 ,a large and elegant ,ink-,stand1 enamel'd and richly finished with burnished gold4 ,a pair of beautiful ,caudle ,cups1 covers and stands peacock pattern1 enamel'd with gold medallions1 festoons of green husks1 and richly gilt4 ,one pair of figures1 ,shakespear and ,milton1 in biscuit4 ,six ,finger ,cups and stands1 enamel'd with festoons of green flowers and gold edge4 ,one pair of elegant small ,ice-,pails1 for pint bottles1 enamel'd in compartments with figures1 fine crimson ground1 richly finished with chased and burnished gold4 ,one pair of beautiful ,cabinet ,cups1 enamel'd with natural flowers and gold stripes4 ,an elegant ,punch ,jug1 or ,coffee ,pot1 enamel'd with flowers1 and fine blue and gold border4 ,one pair of beautiful ,lamps1 enamel'd1 with vases1 and fine blue and gold4 ,one superbly elegant large ,vase1 with therms1 beautifully enamelled in compartments with a landscape1 and figures representing a ,roman marriage2 and a pair ewer-shape ,vases1 enamel'd with figures of ,minerva and ,juno1 fine blue ground1 richly finished with chased and burnished gold4 ,one pair beautiful ,tripods1 fine blue and gold4 ,a beautiful group of #d ,cupids1 #a pair figures1 ,mars and ,venus1 #a pair ,baccus and ,ariadne1 and #b pair music figures4 ,a set of #h ,views in ,windsor ,park1 by ,mr4 ,sandby2 very fine impressions in elegant green and gold frames4 ,a set of #e superbly elegant ,vauses1 enamel'd in compartments with figures and landscapes1 gold stripes1 richly ornamented with fine blue and gold2 the center vase is enamel'd with a figure of ,mars1 the two side pieces with figures of ,damon and ,delia1 ,paris and none1 and the two end pieces with a shepherd and lamb1 and shepherdess with a birdcage4 ,two pair elegant ,rummers1 enamel'd with groups of coloured flowers1 and fine blue and gold border4 ,a beautiful large ,vase1 with therms1 enamel'd in compartments with a landscape on one side1 shepherd with a lamb and shepherdess with a birdcage on the other side1 gold stripes1 richly ornamented with green and gold4 ,one pair of beautiful ,vases to correspond1 enamel'd in compartments with figures of ,damon and ,delia1 ,paris and none4 ,a round ,cheese ,stand1 enamel'd with a vase1 fine mazarine blue border1 richly finished1 with chased and burnished gold4 ,a superb and elegant large ,vause1 with therms1 beautifully enamel'd with figures of ,wisdom and ,vigilance on one side1 and a landscape on the other2 #b ewer shape ditto to match1 enamel'd with figures of ,virtue and ,fortitude1 in compartments1 fine blue ground1 richly finished with chased and burnished gold4 ,the manufactory was situated in ,lawrence ,street1 ,chelsea1 at the corner of ,justice ,walk1 and was held by ,mr4 ,spremont--or1 at all events1 one house was--at the yearly rental of #bd4 ,sept4 #eth1 #aggj4 ,recd4 of ,mr4 ,sproemont1 by the ,hands of ,mr4 ,morgan1 ,twelve ,pound for ,half a ,years ,rent1 ,due for a ,house at ,chalsa at ,lady ,day1 #aggj4 ,i say ,recd4 by ,me1 ,thos4 ,bush1 ,executor to the late ,mr4 ,chas4 ,ross1 #ab4 ,several of the adjoining houses are said to have been used as show and ware rooms2 but the whole of the premises have been1 of course1 rebuilt many years4 ,in a pleasant gossiping conversation between ,nollekins1 the sculptor1 and ,betew1 a friend of ,hogarth1 related in ,smith's 8,life of ,nollekins10 the following allusion to the works and its situation is made3--8,the factory stood just below the bridge1 upon the site of ,lord ,dartery's ,house4 #8,my father worked for them at one time1' said ,nollekins4 #8,yes1' replied ,betew1 #8and ,sir ,james ,thornhill designed for them4 ,mr4 ,walpole has at ,strawberry ,hill half-a-dozen china plates by ,sir ,james1 which he bought at ,mr4 ,hogarth's sale4#fa ,paul ,ferg painted for them4 ,the cunning rogues produced very white and delicate ware1 but then they had their clay from ,china1 which when the ,chinese found out1 they would not let the captains have any more for ballast1 and the consequence was that the whole concern failed4'0 ,it is much to be regretted that no view of the works is known to be in existence2 and their absolute site is not1 as far as ,i am aware1 marked on any plan of the locality4 ,the following relate to these works1 and possess more than a passing interest3-- ,work ,done for the ,china house ,by ,john ,sherman4 s4 d4 ,to a ,strong ,double ,waterpot #j #e #f ,lighting the ,lamp two ,quarters #a #a #j ----------- #a #f #f ,recd4 ,july #adth1 #aggj1 the ,contents and all ,demands4 ,exd4 ,entd4 ,pd ,,john ,,sherman4 ,mr4 ,dewsbury1 ,to ,j4 ,booth ,co4 ,dr4 at ,chelsea ,china house4 #agga4 ,may #c;d ,to #b ,tons ,clay and ,shipping off #a #ae #j ----------- ,recd4 #eth ,octor4 the above ,contents for ,j4 ,booth ,co4 ,j4 ,,prockter4 #aggj4 7,carriage47 s4 d4 ,to #aj ,bags of ,boneash from ,london #c #j ,to #b ,tuns of ,clay from ditto #e #j ,to #b ,tuns of ,clay from ,london #e #j ,recd #g ,june #aggj of ,mr4 ,william ,dewsbury the ,sum of four pound ,ten ,shillings in full for paint ,sent to ,chelsea ,china ,work4 ,charged to ,mr4 ,cox4 #d--aj--j4 ,exd4 ,entd4 ,pd4 ,,thos4 ,,coles4 ,the body of the ,chelsea china is very frequently uneven--i4e4 it has often the appearance of being unequally mixed4 ,one of its peculiarities is that it would bear no fresh exposure to the heat of the kiln1 and consequently could not be re-painted and altered4 ,the second application of heat would most probably end in the entire cracking and destruction of the piece4 ,the body was not so compact as the ,derby1 and of very different general character from ,worcester4 ,the earliest examples made at ,chelsea ,i believe to have been the ordinary white with blue patterns1 after the ,delft and other makes2 and in these early days no marks were used4 ,the glaze1 too1 was somewhat thick and clumsy1 and unevenly laid on4 ,a little later on1 ,oriental patterns were copied very successfully1 both in blue and white and in mixed colours1 and the potting became careful and less clumsy4 ,some early specimens of cups and saucers copied from ,oriental patterns1 which ,i have seen1 are remarkably well potted1 and bear a wonderfully close resemblance to the originals1 both in body and in ornamentation4 ,the best ,oriental specimens which could be had were1 however1 used as models1 as were also those of ,france and ,germany2 and very soon the articles produced at ,chelsea most successfully rivalled the best productions of ,dresden and ,svres1 both in modelling1 potting1 colouring1 and glazing4 ,the colours were remarkably fine and vivid2 and as only the best artists were employed as painters1 the pieces produced were extremely choice and good4 ,many of the landscapes1 of which ,boreman 7or ,bowman7 was for a long time the chief painter1 are in most exquisite taste1 both in colouring and choice of subject4 ,the groups of figures1 historical1 mythological1 or otherwise1 are1 too1 remarkably fine1 and evince a correct taste and a high degree of manipulation on the part of the artists employed4 ,in modelling1 ,bacon1 ,nollekins1 and many other of the most eminent men were employed1 and the figures they produced were of the highest possible degree of beauty4 ,in flowers and insects1 the ,chelsea painters were particularly happy and successful1 and they had a peculiar 8knack0 in 8accidental arrangement0 which produced a most pleasing effect4 ,thus1 on a plate or dish1 the little groups or single sprigs of flowers were often thrown on1 as it were1 8hap-hazard0 along with butterflies1 bees1 lady-cows1 flies1 moths1 and other insects1 and thus produced a pleasing1 because an apparently unstudied1 effect4 ,the raised flowers1 arranged on vases and other ornamental pieces1 are usually of extremely good character1 and are well painted2 and the birds and figures which are introduced along with them are also very nicely and carefully modelled4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cgd and #cge4--;,figures in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,specimens of ,chelsea china are to be found in most collections1 both public and private1 and1 being much sought after1 usually produce high prices when offered for sale4 ,it may be well1 as a guide to collectors1 to quote the prices which have been realised in some few instances4 ,in the ,bernal collection were the following3-- ,a pair of oval ,dishes1 crimson borders1 painted with birds1 butterflies1 and fruit1 sold for thirteen guineas4 ,a pair of beautiful globular scalloped ,vases and covers1 deep blue1 painted with exotic birds with pierced borders and covers of the highest quality1 were bought by ,mr4 ,addington for #aaj #es4 ,an imperfect 7chipped7 ,cup and ,saucer1 with festoons raised in white1 sold for a guinea4 ,another ,cup and ,saucer1 with flowers and crimson drapery edge1 sold for three guineas and a half4 ,a beautiful two-handled ,cup and ,saucer1 with medallions of ,cupids in pink1 and striped gold sides1 realised twenty-one pounds4 ,an ,ecuelle1 cover1 and stand1 with pink scalloped edges1 and delicately painted sprigs of flowers1 sold for #bg #fs4 ,at the sale of the late ,queen ,charlotte's collection1 the ,chelsea porcelain realised in many instances very exorbitant prices4 ,at the ,strawberry ,hill sale a pair of cups of the famed claret colour1 without saucers1 enriched with figures of gold1 sold for #be guineas4 ,another pair1 blue1 with gold figures1 sold for #ag guineas2 and a similar pair1 with groups of flowers on a ground of gold1 made #aa #fs4 ,at the sale of the ,angerstein collection a pair of bleu-de-roi vases1 with paintings1 were bought by ,lord ,kilmory for #ajj guineas4 ,another pair1 pink and gold ground1 with paintings1 and with open-work lips1 realised #adb guineas4 ,a single vase and cover1 from ,queen ,charlotte's collection1 sold for #ajf guineas2 and a pair of splendid globular vases and covers1 with paintings of ,bathsheba and ,susanna1 realised #bjc guineas4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgf4--,vase formerly in the ,foundling ,hospital4 ,in the ,british ,museum are some good examples of ,chelsea porcelain1 presented to that ,institution in #agfc2 and in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 in ,jermyn ,street1 are also some excellent specimens1 which can be examined by the collector4 ,the ,foundling ,hospital1 until recently1 possessed a remarkably fine blue vase1 richly gilt and painted1 which was presented to that excellent institution in #agfc1 during the time the works were in the hands of ,mr4 ,spremont1 by ,dr4 ,garnier4 ,foundling ,hospital4--,at a ,meeting of the ,committee1 ,wednesday1 #bj ,april1 #agfc1 the ,treasurer acquainted the ,committee that he has received from ,dr4 ,geo4 ,garnier a fine vase of porcelain1 made at ,chelsea4 ,resolved1--,that the ,treasurer be desired to direct that a glass case be made for the safe keeping of the said vase1 to be placed in the ,committee-room of this hospital4 ,the vase1 which has been broken1 has passed by purchase into the hands of the ,earl of ,dudley1 who1 about the same time1 became the purchaser1 for the sum of #b1jjj1 of the famous vase belonging to the late ,earl of ,chesterfield4 ,the earliest specimens of ,chelsea ware have no mark1 and can only be judged by the body1 the general style of workmanship1 and the glaze4 ,but it is difficult correctly to appropriate many examples1 especially those in which the painting alone was ,chelsea work on foreign bodies4 ,in many of the old examples the marks produced by the triangle or tripod are said to be indicative of the ,chelsea works2 but this is by no means to be relied on1 as the same appearances are frequently found on the productions of other work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgg4--,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,the general distinctive mark of ,chelsea is an anchor--sometimes drawn with the pencil1 at others raised from a hollow mould2 and this is used either singly1 two together1 or in conjunction with one or more daggers4 ,it is usually said that the raised anchor is the oldest mark2 but this can scarcely be depended on1 for instances are known where1 on the same set1 the raised anchor appears on some of the pieces1 while the anchor drawn with the pencil occurs on others4#fb ,this being the case1 it is difficult to decide which is the oldest2 but1 judging from the workmanship of the specimens ,i have examined1 ,i should feel inclined to say that the earliest mark was the simple plain anchor1 drawn on the piece with the hair pencil1 in the colour which the workman happened to have in use at the time4 ,it has been asserted that the mark of the best kind of porcelain was an anchor in gold1 and of the inferior an anchor in red4 ,this is1 however1 erroneous3 the quality of the body had nothing whatever to do with it1 and ,i believe the golden anchor is never found on pieces except where gold is used in the ornamentation4 ,the raised anchor appears on the cup and saucer4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgh4 ,one of the most1 if not the most1 interesting marks connected with ,chelsea occurs on a cream ewer formerly belonging to ,dr4 ,wellesley1 and afterwards to ,mr4 ,w4 ,russell1 the ,accountant-,general4 ,one of the marks usually ascribed to the ,bow works is the triangle 7,fig4 #cgh72 and in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology is a cream ewer bearing this mark in the paste4 ,this specimen was formerly in the ,strawberry ,hill collection1 and afterwards in ,mr4 ,bandinell's4 ,the cream ewer which belonged to ,mr4 ,russell is moulded in the same mould1 and is1 in fact1 identically the same as the one in the ,museum1 but has1 in addition to the above mark1 the word 8,chelsea0 and the date 8#agde0 upon it4 ,the mark and the words 8,chelsea1 #agde10 are graved or scratched in the soft paste before firing1 and1 of course1 under the glazing 7,fig4 #cgi74 ,this mark is particularly interesting and curious1 as being the earliest dated example of ,english porcelain known4 ,this example1 and the occurrence of the triangle with the name of ,chelsea1 was first noticed by me in my history of the ,chelsea works in the ,art-,journal of #ahfc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chj4 ,fig4 #chj is an engraving of an elegant little scent-bottle1 formerly in my own collection1 which bears the embossed anchor4 ,the bottle has a continuous landscape running around it1 which is beautifully pencilled1 and is evidently of early work4 ,the plain anchor1 drawn in red 7anchor71 ,i have copied from a leaf-shaped dessert dish of early workmanship4 ,the dish is beautifully painted in small groups and sprigs of flowers1 thrown indiscriminately on the surface1 and intermixed with well-painted insects4 ,the form of the anchor varied1 as is natural to be supposed1 according to the idea of the workman1 and it was occasionally drawn with the cable attached4 ,figs4 #chb to #chi exhibit some of the varieties2 they are drawn in different colours1 red1 blue1 and brown1 and in gold4 ,two anchors1 side by side1 occasionally occur4 ,fig4 #cha is from a small vase in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 ,jermyn ,street4 ,the vase is of deep blue colour1 with peacocks1 and is painted in compartments and richly gilt4 ,an anchor and a sword1 or an anchor and two swords1 are not unusual marks1 and ,fig4 #cia is an elegant vase1 with open-work rim1 on which it occurs4 ,the raised flowers are beautiful in their modelling1 and the colouring is extremely good4 ,between the flowers1 leaves1 c41 are painted on the vase1 which is also decorated with butterflies1 caterpillars1 and other insects4 ,on either side is a cherub's head1 surrounded by raised flowers4 ,the mark on this vase engraved 7,fig4 #cib7 is the usual anchor1 preceded by a dagger1 in red4 ,it is worthy of remark that on the inside of the cover of the centre vase--a globular cover surmounted by a bird1 and covered with raised flowers of similar character to those on the vase here given--the mark is reversed1 the anchor preceding the dagger4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cha4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #chb to #chi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cij4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cia4 ,a singular mark 7,fig4 #cid71 communicated to me by ,mr4 ,octavius ,morgan1 ,m4,p41 occurring on some small groups of figures belonging to ,lady ,mary ,long1 is an anchor1 with cable1 in red2 on one side is an upright dagger1 point upwards1 in red2 while on the other is a horizontal dagger1 point outwards1 in blue4 ,this mark occurs on each piece4 ,another mark is the anchor with cable1 and dagger sometimes on its right1 and at others on its left side4 ,it has been surmised that the cabled anchor and dagger1 or sword1 may be ,bow2 but there is no reason for supposing this to be the case1 and ,i am inclined to believe they are really what ,i have named them--,chelsea4 ,in reference to this remark ,i give the following marks1 which are considered by ,mrs4 ,palliser to belong to ,bow2 but of course there is no proof either way4 ,those collectors whose affections mainly centre in ,chelsea ascribe pieces having these marks to that locality1 while those whose loves direct them to the attractions of ,bow1 with equally as little hesitation pronounce them to belong to those works4 ,it seems in fact to be1 in the instance of these marks1 that the collector has to act on the showman's advice--he 8pays his money0 for the rare piece of china and 8takes his choice0 whether he appropriates it to ,chelsea or to ,bow6 ,i am disposed to think the anchor really is1 as has always been considered1 the true ,chelsea mark1 and that most of the varieties belong to those works1 but that it was also used by other manufacturers1 either separately or in combination with other devices4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cib to #cie4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cif to #djb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djc4 ,it would leave my notice of the marks of the ,chelsea works incomplete1 were ,i not to introduce the mark which was1 for a time1 used to denote the fusion of these works into those of ,derby4 ,when ,mr4 ,duesbury purchased the ,chelsea works1 and carried on the two together1 he added the letter ,d to the ,chelsea anchor 7,fig4 #djc73 and this is the mark which denotes what is known to collectors as 8,chelsea ,derby0 or 8,derby ,chelsea0 ware1 and which1 being of comparative rarity1 is eagerly sought after4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djd4 ,it may be well1 perhaps1 to notice a curious mark which ,i have described in my account of 8,salopian ,china10 for the purpose of suggesting that it may have been engraved for marking on porcelain made at ,caughley1 and intended to pass as 8,chelsea ,derby40 ,this mark ,i reproduce4 ,it occurs on a copper plate 7for a mug71 and represents a landscape--a river1 with swans sailing1 trees on either side1 boat with fishermen1 sailing boat1 c42 and in the background a bridge1 a church with ruins to the left1 and a tall1 gabled building1 over which are the words 8,sutton ,hall0 to the right1 above which are the words 8,english ,hospitality40 ,it is also well to hint that all china bearing the well-known red or golden anchor must not be taken to be ,chelsea1 for examples which are undoubtedly the production of other works are constantly occurring4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,china ,works4--,another small china manufactory was commenced1 according to ,lysons1 at an old mansion by the water side4 ,this would probably be the works started by a party of workmen from ,staffordshire1 thus spoken of by ,shaw3--8,carlos ,simpson was born at ,chelsea1 to which place his father1 ,aaron ,simpson1 went in #agdg along with ,thomas ,lawton1 slip maker2 ,samuel ,parr1 turner2 ,richard ,meir1 fire-man2 and ,john ,astbury1 painter1 all of ,hot ,lane2 ,carlos ,wedgwood1 of the ,stocks1 a good thrower2 ,thomas ,ward1 and several others1 from ,burslem1 to work at the ,chelsea manufactory4 ,they soon ascertained that they were the principal workmen1 on whose exertions all the excellence of the porcelain must depend2 they then resolved to commence business on their own account at ,chelsea1 and were in some degree successful2 but at length1 owing to some disagreement among themselves1 they abandoned it and returned to ,burslem40 ,the fact may be as ,shaw stated it1 so far as regards the workmen going to ,chelsea1 for some reason leaving it again and commencing for themselves2 but his remark as to their being 8the principal workmen on whose exertions all the excellence of the porcelain must depend0 is sheer nonsense1 as at that time 7#agdg7 the ,staffordshire workmen did not make porcelain at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wedgwood's ,chelsea ,works4--,in #agfi or #aggj ,josiah ,wedgwood established a branch of his manufactory at ,chelsea4 ,this was for the decoration of his vases by his 8peculiar species of encaustic painting in various colours1 in imitation of the ancient ,etruscan and ,roman earthenware40 ,the reason for the founding of this branch was that it was judged better to have this peculiar style of ornamentation carried on near ,london1 where suitable artists could easily be got together1 and where the operations could be conducted under the personal superintendence of ,mr4 ,bentley1 who there resided1 and for whom in #agfi a house was taken at ,chelsea4 ,the partnership between ,wedgwood and ,bentley had reference only to the ornamented1 not to the useful ware2 but both kinds were decorated at ,chelsea1 the two being kept separate in the accounts4 ,the workmen at ,chelsea were thus employed on both branches1 the amounts paid them in wages being distinguished as on 8,josiah ,wedgwood's account0 and as on 8,wedgwood and ,bentley's account40 ,thus1 for instance1 in the following document1 ,john ,lawrence1 for the week ending ,october #fth1 is paid for six days' work1 at #as4 #i;d4 a day1 of which #es4 #c;d4 is charged to 8,j4 ,w410 and the other #es4 #c;d4 to 8,w4 ,b40 ,i am enabled1 from the following document in my possession1 to show the names of a portion1 at all events1 of the artists who were employed there in the month of ,october1 #aggj4 ,the document is very fragmentary and imperfect1 but1 so far as remains1 is as follows4 ,the year #aggj1 it must be borne in mind1 was the very year when the ,chelsea ,china ,works finally passed by purchase into the hands of ,duesbury1 the owner of the ,derby ,china ,works3-- ,on ,on ,cash paid at ,chelsea for ,wages ,j4 ,w4's ,w4 ,b4's ,acct4 ,acct4 #aggj4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,oct4 #f4 ,john ,lawrence1 #f days #j #e #c #j #e #c ,timothy ,roberts1 #f days #j #ab #j #e4 ,james ,bakewell1 #f days #j #af #j ,thos4 ,blomeley's ,bill #a #j #e ,thos4 ,hutchings1 #f days #a #f #j ,william ,roberts1 #d days #j #d #d ,nathl4 ,cooper1 #f days #j #af #j ,william ,shuter's ,bill #j #h #j ,thomas ,simcock1 #f days #j #af #j ,ralph ,wilcocks1 #f days ,mrs4 ditto #f days ,john ,winstanley1 #f days #j #ac #j #f4 ,thomas ,barrett1#fc #e days #j #g #j ,thomas ,green1 #f days4 ,miss ,edwards1 #f days4 ,miss ,parkes1#fd #f days4 ,mr4 ,rhodes4#fe ,ditto for ,joe4 ,ditto for ,will4 ,ditto for ,unwin4 ,how long the establishment at ,chelsea was continued1 ,i do not know2 but painting was done in ,london for ,wedgwood to a late date4 ,a letter1 dated ,february #bgth1 #agie--the month following ,josiah ,wedgwood's death--while speaking of painters and enamellers on porcelain1 says1 8,i believe ,wedgwood's men here do not get less than #bfs4 or #bhs4 per week10 and the presumption is that these men might be employed at his ,chelsea establishment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chelsea ,pottery4--,about #aggd a pottery was established in ,upper ,cheyne ,row1 ,chelsea1 for the manufacture of crucibles and melting pots4 ,it was established by a person named ,ruhl1 or ,ruelle1 who was succeeded by his son-in-law1 ,c4 ,f4 ,hempel4 ,it had the reputation of producing the best made crucibles in this country4 ,after the death of ,mr4 ,hempel1 his widow1 ,johanna ,hempel1 on the expiration of the lease1 removed the works from ,cheyne ,row to the ,king's ,road1 where she not only made crucibles1 but table services1 being patronised by ,queen ,charlotte4 ,in #agij she took out a patent for 8a certain composition made of earth and other materials1 and the means of manufacturing the same into basins and other vessels1 which1 so manufactured1 hath the power of filtering water and other liquids in a more cheap1 easy1 and convenient manner than water or other liquids could then be filtered40 ,in #agig ,mrs4 ,hempel became bankrupt1 and the plant and stock-in-trade1 including table services1 vases1 crucibles1 stoves1 c41 and a carved sign of the ,queen's ,arms1 were sold by auction4 ,the manufactory was afterwards carried on by ,messrs4 ,ludwig and ,warner4 ,near this pottery1 in #agie1 was a manufactory of artificial stone1 carried on by a ,mr4 ,triquet4 ,,bow4 ,nothing is known definitely as to the date of the first establishment of this very important china manufactory situated at ,stratford-le-,bow4 ,it must1 however1 have been in existence some little time prior to #agdd1 for in that year it was carried on by 8,edward ,heylyn1 in the parish of ,bow1 in the county of ,middlesex1 merchant10 who1 in conjunction with 8,thomas ,frye1 of the parish of ,west ,ham1 in the county of ,essex1 painter10 took out a patent for 8a new method of manufacturing a certain material1 whereby a ware might be made of the same nature or kind1 and equal to1 if not exceeding in goodness and beauty1 china or porcelain ware imported from abroad40 ,the patent1 which was for fourteen years1 bore date the #fth of ,december1 #agdd1 and the specification was duly enrolled on the #eth of ,april1 #agde4 ,this specification ,i have printed in full on page #aab1 and it will be found of the highest interest and totally different from what is put forth by ,chaffers as a copy of it4 ,on the #agth of ,november1 #agdh1 the same 8,thomas ,frye1 of the parish of ,west ,ham1 in the county of ,essex1 painter10 took out another patent1 by which he 8lawfully might make1 use1 exercise1 and vend my new method of making a certain ware1 which is not inferior in beauty and fineness1 and is rather superior in strength1 than the earthenware that is brought from the ,east ,indies1 and is commonly known by the name of ,china1 ,japan1 or ,porcelain ware40 ,the specification was duly enrolled on the #agth of ,march1 #agdi1 and is highly interesting4 ,this will be found printed entire on page #aac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dje4--;,inkstand in possession of ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,binns4 ,there is nothing1 it will be seen1 in these patents or specifications to show that the works at ,bow were carried on by ,heylin and ,frye--the one being simply described as of the 8parish of ,bow1 merchant0 7not potter71 and the other 8of the parish of ,west ,ham1 painter20 nor has anything yet been found1 to my knowledge1 to prove that they were actual proprietors of the manufactory4 ,indeed1 ,frye is stated1 in more than one work1 to have been engaged to superintend the manufactory4 ,he was an artist of considerable skill1 who is said to have come to ,london in #agch1 and soon afterwards to have painted a portrait of ,frederick1 ,prince of ,wales1 for the ,saddlers' ,company4 ,he was also a mezzo-tint engraver of considerable note4 ,to his skill as an artist no doubt he was in the main indebted for the position he held at ,bow2 and here it would appear he remained some fifteen years1 to the great injury of his health1 and then returned to his previous occupation2 he died in #agfc4 ,his daughters are stated to have assisted him in the painting of china at ,bow4 ,in #agej the works appear1 from the original account-books in the possession of ,lady ,charlotte ,schrieber1 to have come into the hands of ,messrs4 ,weatherby and ,crowther1 who1 ,i may add1 were potters at ,st4 ,catherine's1 near the ,tower4 ,at this time the manufactory was evidently called 8,new ,canton10 by which name it continued to be known for some years4 ,it was thus named because1 as ,thomas ,craft wrote in #agij1 8the model of the building was taken from that at ,canton in ,china40 ,with reference to this name of 8,new ,canton0 a remarkably curious and very interesting example is in existence1 and belongs to my friend1 ,mr4 ,binns ,f4,s4,a4 ,it is an inkstand of flat circular form1 and is decorated in blue with flowers1 etc4 ,on the top it bears the words1 8,,made ,,at ,,new ,,canton1 #agej40 ,in the centre of the well for the ink1 and around it1 are five pen-holes4 ,it is shown on the accompanying engraving 7,fig4 #dje74 ,the date1 #agej1 would show that it was made in the year when the works first passed1 as is supposed1 into the hands of ,crowther and ,weatherby4 ,another similar inkstand1 deposited in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology by ,mr4 ,brooks1 is dated one year later1 its inscription being1 8,,made ,,at ,,new ,,canton1 #agea40 ,on the #gth of ,february1 #agec1 the ,bow manufactory opened a wholesale and retail warehouse in ,cornhill1 ,london2 as shown in the following advertisement which ,i copy from the ,derby ,mercury of ,friday1 ,march #ith1 in that year3-- 8,,bow ,,china ,,warehouse 8,was opened on ,wednesday1 the #gth of ,february1 near the ,royal ,exchange1 in ,cornhill1 ,london1 with a ,back ,door facing the ,bank1 in ,threadneedle-street1 for the convenience of all ,customers1 both in ,town and ,country2 where it will continue to be sold in the same manner as formerly1 at ,,bow1 with ,allowance made to ,wholesale dealers40 ,in ,november of the same year an advertisement for painters appeared in ,aris's ,birmingham ,gazette1 as follows3-- 8,this is to give notice to all painters in the blue and white potting way and enamellers on china ware1 that by applying1 at the counting house at the ,china-house1 near ,bow1 they may meet with employment and proper encouragement according to their merit2 likewise painters brought up in the snuff-box way1 japanning1 fan painting1 c41 may have an opportunity of trial1 wherein if they succeed they shall have due encouragement4 ,n4,b4--,at the same house a person is wanted who can model small figures in clay neatly40 ,in #agfj1 among the many clever artists employed was one ,thomas ,craft1 who has left a most interesting souvenir of his connection with these works in the shape of a fine punch-bowl1 measuring nearly nine inches in diameter1 which is accompanied by the following note in his own handwriting3-- 8,this ,bowl was made at the ,bow ,china ,manufactory at ,stratford-le-,bow1 ,essex1 about the year #agfj1 and painted there by me1 ,thomas ,craft3 my cipher is in the bottom4 ,it is painted in what we used to call the old ,japan taste1 a taste at that time much esteemed by the then ,duke of ,argyle2 there is nearly two pennyweight of gold--about #ae shillings2 ,i had it in hand1 at different times1 about three months2 about two weeks' time was bestowd upon it2 it could not have been manufactured1 c41 for less than #d4 ,there is not its similitude4 ,i took it in a box to ,kentish ,town1 and had it burned there in ,mr4 ,gyles's kiln1#ff cost me #cs2 it was cracked the first time of using it4 ,miss ,nancy ,sha1 a daughter of the late ,sir ,patrick ,blake1#fg was christened with it4 ,i never used it but in particular respect to my company1 and ,i desire my legatee 7as mentioned in my will7 may do the same4 ,perhaps it may be thought ,i have said too much about this trifling toy2 a reflection steals in upon my mind1 that this said bowl may meet with the same fate that the manufactory where it was made has done1 and like the famous cities of ,troy1 ,carthage1 c41 and similar to ,shakespear's ,cloud ,cap't ,towers1 c4 8,the above manufactory was carried on many years under the firm of ,messrs4 ,crowther and ,weatherby1 whose names were known almost over the world2 they employed #cjj persons2 about #ij ,painters 7of whom ,i was one71 and about #bjj turners2 throwers1 c41 were employed under one roof4 ,the model of the building was taken from that at ,canton in ,china2 the whole was heated by two stoves on the outside of the building1 and conveyed through flues or pipes and warmed the whole1 sometimes to an intense heat1 unbearable in winter4 ,it now wears a miserable aspect1 being a manufactory for turpentine and small tenements1 and like ,shakespeare's baseless fabric1 c4 ,mr4 ,weatherby has been dead many years2 ,mr4 ,crowther is in ,morden ,college1 ,blackheath1 and ,i am the only ,person of all those employed there who annually visit him4 ,t4 ,,craft1 #agij40 ,and the allusion to the works1 a little later on--perhaps about #aghj--will be found in 8,nollekins and his ,times10 as follows3-- 8,nollekins 7to ,betew1 a dealer in curiosities in ,old ,compton ,street74 ,do you still buy broken silver8 ,i have some odd sleeve buttons1 and ,mrs4 ,nollekins wants to get rid of a chased watch-case by old ,moser1 one that he made when he used to model for the ,bow manufactory4 8,betew4 ,ay1 ,i know there were many very clever things produced there2 what curious heads for canes they made at that manufactory2 ,i think ,crowther was the proprietor's name4 ,he has a very beautiful daughter who is married to ,sir ,james ,lake4#fh ,nat ,hone painted a portrait of her in the character of ,diana1 and it was one of his best pictures4 ,there were some clever men who modelled for the ,bow concern1 and they produced several spirited figures--,quin in ,falstaff2 ,garrick in ,richard2 ,frederick ,duke of ,cumberland striding triumphantly over the ,pretender1 who is begging quarter of him2 ,john ,wilkes1 and so forth4 8,nollekins4 ,mr4 ,moser1 who was keeper of our ,academy1 modelled several things for them2 he was a chaser originally40 ,it will be perceived that ,betew and ,nollekins both speak of the ,bow works as a thing of the past4 ,and so they were2 for in ,october1 #agfb1 says the ,london ,chronicle1 8,mr4 ,weatherby1 one of the proprietors of the ,bow china warehouse in ,cornhill1 died at his house on ,tower ,hill1 on the #aeth ,october1 #agfb20 and1 in the following year1 #agfc1 his partner1 8,john ,crowther1 of ,cornhill1 china-man10 was gazetted a bankrupt4 ,this bankruptcy1 however 7which was followed by that of 8,benjamin ,weatherby1 of ,st4 ,catherine's1 merchant10 probably son of the above71 appears only to have had reference to the ,london warehouse and business1 and not to the manufactory at ,bow4 ,the stock was sold by auction1 by order of the assignees of ,john ,crowther1 on ,march #ab and following days1 and on ,may #aith and #cjth1 the two first at the ,bow warehouse in ,cornhill1 and the last at the great exhibition room in ,spring ,gardens1 and consisting1 among other things1 of 8curious figures10 8girandoles10 8branches for chimney-pieces finely decorated with figures and flowers10 8dishes10 8compotiers10 8beautiful desserts of the fine old partridge and wheatsheaf patterns10 8knife and fork handles10 c4 ,john ,crowther1 however1 it seems1 retained and still1 in his own name alone1 carried on the manufactory at ,bow1 and after a time opened a warehouse in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 which he continued to hold from #aggj to #agge1 when he sold his entire concern--the works1 moulds1 tools1 c4--to ,mr4 ,william ,duesbury1 the proprietor of the ,derby ,china ,works4 ,mr4 ,duesbury1 who not only held the ,derby ,china ,works1 but had purchased those of ,chelsea1 ,giles's1 and one at ,vauxhall1 thus became proprietor of the ,bow works as well1 and was therefore the largest holder either in those or later days4 ,mr4 ,duesbury1 as he did with those of ,chelsea1 removed the moulds1 models1 implements1 c41 to ,derby1 and the ,bow manufactory was brought to a close4 ,the next year1 #aggg1 ,john ,crowther became an inmate of ,morden ,college1 ,blackheath1 being elected on the foundation on the #agth of ,march1 and here he was still residing in #agij1 8and10 says ,thomas ,craft1 8,i am the only person of all those employed there 7at ,bow7 who annually visit him40 ,on the site of the works some small tenements and a turpentine manufactory soon sprang up1 and their exact site was forgotten1 having been later on converted into chemical works by ,mr4 ,macmurdo1 the calico printer4 ,afterwards a portion of the place was used as emery mills by ,mr4 ,marshall1 and1 since then1 as a manufactory of lucifer matches1 vesta lights1 c41 by ,messrs4 ,bell and ,black4 ,in #ahfg1 during some sewering operations at these works1 a considerable number of fragments of ,bow china--probably on the site of one of the old kilns--was discovered4 ,of this discovery the following interesting account appeared in the ,art ,journal for #ahfi3-- 8,in trenching a drain from the manufactory into the sewer1 the workmen1 at about eight or ten feet from the surface1 came upon the dbris of the old ,bow ,china ,works4 8,mr4 ,higgins1 jun41 who is attached to the match-manufactory1 received his first intimation of the trouvaille from perceiving fragments of delicate biscuit china in the hands of some children1 who had picked them up as playthings4 ,this led him to keep strict watch over the excavation1 and1 by permission of the proprietors1 the ground remained open for a few months1 and1 as leisure permitted1 he examined the earth for some distance immediately round the spot4 ,limited as the space was1 he found a great quantity of specimens1 which he and his sister1 ,miss ,higgins1 have taken the pains to arrange carefully in trays1 and through their kindness we are enabled to describe some of the more interesting examples4 8,although fragmentary1 they are particularly interesting1 as showing us the various descriptions of ware made at ,bow1 verifying its products1 and enabling us to identify not only the paste and glaze1 but the methods of ornamentation4 8,the spot where the excavations were made is supposed to have been where one of the kilns formerly stood2 this is borne out to a certain extent by the presence of a quantity of bricks cemented together1 the inner surface having become vitrified by the heat of the kiln2 and also by a vast number of broken saggers1 or cases of baked earthenware1 used to contain the china1 and protect it from the flame and ashes in the kiln4 ,one of these saggers1 of cylindrical form1 measures #aj inches in diameter by #h inches in height2 it had three rows of holes pierced through the sides1 at equal distances from top to bottom1 into which clay pegs 7like large clout nails7 were inserted1 to support the circular platforms within1 at convenient distances1 on which the china articles rested while baking4 ,the cockspur1 or point1 used to separate the china is a simple cone of baked clay1 not the usual form1 which is like the caltrop1 having always three points below and one only uppermost4 ,large pieces of china clay were found1 some in a soft1 soapy state1 others hardened2 bones of animals1 which entered into the composition of the paste1 as well as calcined flints and pieces of quartz1 used in making the frit or glaze2 a number of circular medallions of baked clay1 from two to six inches in diameter--one was marked on each side with ,h and ,m cut into the clay4 ,all the fragments of vessels discovered are of porcelain biscuit3 not a piece of ,delft or common earthenware was found among them3 some few are glazed1 but these form the exceptions4 8,the first we shall notice1 and probably the earliest manufacture1 are the pieces decorated with blue painting3 the designs are painted1 in mineral colour1 on the biscuit1 and have not been glazed or burnt in4 ,these designs are principally of ,chinese landscapes1 flowers1 figures1 and birds4 ,a few examples are given on the next page1 to show their general character4 8,a very frequent pattern of simple character in the blue ware is three hanging branches of willow leaves4 ,among the rest is a mottled ground plate with white angular medallions of light blue scenery4 ,the only variations in colour are a cup with green leaves and lake flowers1 and a fragment painted in lake camaeu1 with a castellated mansion1 of high finish3 these two are glazed4 ,not a single specimen of blue-printed china was discovered3 all are painted with a brush4 ,this is not at all surprising1 for it must be remembered they are all unfinished pieces1 which have never been out of the factory2 and1 when this decoration was required1 they were sent to ,liverpool to be printed4 8,the next division consists of biscuit china1 fragments of services ornamented in relief1 the favourite pattern being the ,mayflower4 ,the hawthorn is represented quite after nature1 with its thorny branches and blossom4 ,about a dozen of the moulds for stamping these flowers were also found quite perfect2 they are of biscuit1 three inches by two and a half in diameter4 ,fig4 #djh is interesting1 being the original mould of a biscuit cup which has its exact counterpart glazed4 ,these pieces form a history in themselves4 8,another mould is of two roses and leaves on a stalk 7,fig4 #dji74 ,the raised figures on the biscuit are remarkably sharp2 but the application of the glaze fills up the spaces4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #djf to #dae4 8,the other decorations in relief are the basket pattern1 overlapping leaves1 vertical bands overlaid with scrolls1 ribbed cups and basins1 a biscuit candlestick in form of a vine-leaf1 another of different pattern painted blue4 ,in this extensive collection we find milk-pots1 cups1 cans1 and saucers1 open-work baskets1 octagon plates1 cup-handles1 lion's-paw feet1 small pots for colour or rouge2 but not a single piece has any mark which can be assigned to the fabrique4 ,one of the cups has the name of #8,norman' written on it in pencil--perhaps the name of one of the painters4 ,among other relics are pieces which have been injured in the kiln by falling into ugly and distorted shapes1 plates and saucers that have inadvertently gone in contact with each other and could not be separated4 8,there is a great variety of china biscuit knife-handles1 some plain1 others with rococo scrolls in relief1 heightened with blue2 two specimens are here given 7,figs4 #dad and #dae74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #daf4 8,some few pieces of an ornamental character are among the dbris4 ,the foot of a salt-cellar beautifully modelled in biscuit1 formed of three shells1 with smaller shells and seaweed between2 the upper shell1 to hold the salt1 is wanting4 ,a sketch of it is here given 7,fig4 #dac74 ,to these may be added the foot of a large centre ornament of the same character as the last1 to hold sweetmeats1 also modelled by hand in shells of all sorts1 rock-work1 coral1 seaweed1 c41 with three escalop shells3 this has had one or more tiers above1 but broken off at stem4 ,some natural shells were found which served as copies4 ,there are two pug-dogs nearly perfect1 with collars1 on which are roses4 ,two handles1 in form of female heads1 in high relief1 for tureens and other large bowls 7,fig4 #daf72 and a man's head1 with a high cap and feather1 nicely modelled 7,fig4 #dag72 also the body of a female figure in biscuit1 with laced bodice4 8,the ,bow paste is exceedingly hard1 and the fracture very close and compact2 consequently the pieces1 as a rule1 are very heavy for their size1 but many of the cups and saucers are almost of egg-shell thickness4 ,the colour is a milky white40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dag4 ,in the ,art-,journal for #ahfi a notice of the account-books of the ,bow works1 now belonging to ,lady ,charlotte ,schrieber1 is given2 and this ,i here quote1 as it contains some highly interesting matter3-- 8,the first contains the accounts from ,january1 #agej4--a4 ,o4,s41 in which year the partnership of ,messrs4 ,crowther and ,weatherby commenced1 up to ,december1 #agee4 ,from these it appears that a branch establishment was opened in ,london in #agec1 which1 no doubt1 was that of ,st4 ,catherine's1 near the ,tower1#fi although the place is not mentioned4 ,an account is given in separate columns of the value of the bisket and glazed-ware taken into the warehouse at ,bow1 and sold out of the warehouses at ,london and ,bow1 in each year4 8,a statement for the year #aged is here given1 to show the extent of the business transacted4 ,a ,,weekly ,,account ,,of ,,trade1 ,c41 ,,at ,,london ,,and ,,bow4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #aged4 ,goods ,credit ,retail ,cash1,cash1 per ,cash ,goods ,jan4 #e4;,credited with without ,london4 ,journal4 ,recd4 at ,returned4 ,discount4 ,discount4 ,bow4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #e #acd #ae #e #a #a #j #bj #d #c #aa #a #f #bh #ag #i #i #ae #j #ab #agd #f #a #be #e #f #bi #d #h #ach #i #c #af #ad #h #d #ac #j #ai #aib #ac #f #bd #af #aj #ej #af #j #aec #ah #i #bh #ae #aj #ae #e #j #bf #aae #ad #d #a #j #j #ei #f #b #id #ac #j #bj #h #i #af #af #c ,feby4 #b #ej #af #aa #ae #ai #c #bf #b #f #hf #ae #j #cj #i #f #a #f #f #i #fi #h #g #i #ad #g #db #c #i #dj #e #d #ba #f #a #fb #a #e #af #ea #af #h #c #g #f #cb #ag #e #ga #ah #e #bd #ad #g #g #af #f #bc #dh #i #aa #ga #a #h #ch #ab #h #eh #ag #g #bb #aj #g #b #ai #c ,mar4 #b #fg #a #c #ac #i #f #ef #d #c #hc #b #e #bf #c #aj #ag #ad #f #i #hi #ab #g #h #i #d #dd #aa #i #ade #ad #b #ce #e #a #af #acf #ag #j #i #e #f #bg #aa #e #gj #ab #f #cc #af #d #b #j #f #bc #da #g #e #ac #f #j #cf #h #aj #ee #i #f #ad #g #j #a #i #j #cj #ajd #aa #j #ad #aj #f #da #ah #c #ij #af #b #ba #i #i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #abgg #aj #i #baa #g #b #ejf #a #aa #aaja #ac #gcbe #j #j #ada #af #aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,annual ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,porcelain ,,company',s ,,trade ,,for ,,the ,,year #aged4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sold with ,sold without,cash received1,cash received1 ,debts ,discount4 ,discount4 ,london4 ,bow4 come in4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ast ,quarter#abgg #aj #i #baa #g #b #ejf #a #aa #cbe #j #j #aaja #ac #g #bnd ,quarter#bbbb #aa #h #bjj #j #c #efi #c #aa #bii #aj #d #adcd #aj #a #crd ,quarter#bfdg #ah #a #che #b #b #cha #ah #aa #aej #d #j #bahd #f #aa #dth ,quarter#aihb #c #h #ahi #j #j #cec #e #h #gg #h #aa #bdbi #aj #i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,total #hacj #d #b #ihe #i #g #ahaj #aj #e #heb #c #c #gaej #a #d ,disct4 #aj #hac #j #j-------------------------------------- -- ---------- ,cash received ,bow #heb #c #c #gcag #d #b ,london #ahaj #aj #e ---------- ,sold without ,discount #ihe #i #g ,sold with ,discount #gcag #d #b ------------ ,total #ah1aae #h #i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- 8,the following extract will show the actual cash receipts at ,bow and ,london1 #agea to #agee1 exclusive of the book debts received during the year1 which1 as will be seen in the preceding account for #aged1 amounted to upwards of #g1jjj4 8,this statement gives us an idea of the steady increase of the business1 which had nearly doubled itself in five years4 ,o4,s4 #agej-a #f1egc #j #h ,n4,s4 #ageb #g1gdg #d #h #agec #aj1aad #aa #f #aged #aj1ife #f #c #agee #aa1bbi #ae #b 8,the next entry gives us the weekly account of biscuit china made at ,bow in #aged1 and is interesting1 as it distinctly informs us that the name of the ,bow factory was ,new ,canton2 the ,china works being1 as ,thomas ,craft says1 on the same plan as that of ,canton40 ,a ,,weekly ,,account ,,of ,,bisket ,,ware ,,made ,,at ,,new ,,canton4 #aged4 ,jan4 #e ,no ,kilns #ab ,do4 #ai ,do4 #bi ,do4 ,feb4 #b ,do4 #i ,do4 #af ,do4 #bc #b ,kilns #abh #ae #b ,mar4 #b #b ,do4 #abf #h #aa #i #b ,do4 #acd #i #aj #af #b ,do4 #adg #ah #f #bc #b ,do4 #abi #j #f #cj #b ,do4 #acb #ad #aj --------- #gii #g #i #aged4 ,apr4 #f #b ,kilns #aji #d #c #ac #b ,do4 #adj #ac #c #bj #b ,do4 #abh #h #f #bg #b ,do4 #aae #c #f ,may #d #b ,do4 #aba #ac #c #aa #b ,do4 #aae #af #f #ah #b ,do4 #abh #e #j #be #c ,do4 #ahd #ac #h ,june #a #c ,do4 #agg #j #h #h #c ,do4 #agg #ag #f #ae #c ,do4 #aha #ad #e #bb #c ,do4 #agg #c #j #bi #c ,do4 #afi #i #a ----------- #a1ibg #b #g #gii #g #i ----------- ,amount one week with another for #ai weeks is #adc #aj #j each week #b1gbf #aj #d 8,there is a cash-account book for #ageg and #ageh1 of receipts and payments of a ,london branch of the ,bow factory1 either at ,st4 ,catherine's or in ,cornhill3 it is balanced weekly4 ,the moneys received are principally from customers1 whose names are given1 and ready money taken daily1 cash received from ,st4 ,james ,street1 c41 averaging about #abj per week4 ,the bulk of the money was paid to ,mr4 ,crowther every week1 occasionally to ,mr4 ,weatherby4 8,mr4 ,frye frequently received sums varying from #ae to #cj1 possibly for expenses at ,bow2 ,mr4 ,heylin's name occurs once or twice only for small sums4 ,other payments are for powder gold and for grain gold for ,bow2 freight of clay2 weekly wages--to ,mr4 ,brown1 #ahs42 ,mr4 ,sandys1 #abs42 ,hugh ,williams1 #abs42 ,stephenson1 #abs42 ,burnett1 #ajs41--which average about #fjs4 per week4 8,the book we now refer to contains memoranda made by ,john ,bowcocke1 in #agef2 he was one of the managers1 or perhaps traveller1 for the ,bow works4 ,in it we find orders from customers1 and many interesting notes relating to the business4 ,we shall have occasion to quote largely from this manuscript1 as the items throw considerable light upon the various descriptions of ware made there1 among which many will be identified by the curious reader4 8#8#agef4 ,insure #dej on board the ,antilope3 ,john ,cowling4 ,mr4 ,crowther paid ,thos4 ,osborne for an anchor for the ship ,antilope #ab #as4 #j;d4 #b doz4 crimson buttons for ,mr4 ,frye4 ,jany4 #bi4 ,mr4 ,fogg3 a sprig'd sallad vessel1 #abs42 #a pair sprig'd boats1 #fs42 #af cooks1 #bs4 each1 abated2 a swan2 two harlequins 7returned71 #gs4 ,march4 ,mr4 ,fahy3 #i gentlemen and ladies1 at #is41 #d #as4 #j;d4 ,mr4 ,white3 #a small fluter white3 #c pair boys and girls2 #a pair small fidler and companion2 #a pair tamberines2 #a cook4 ,mr4 ,fogg3 #b doz4 odd cups and #b doz4 imag'd small2 #b pair image ewers2 #f swans2 #f white boars2 #f sprig'd handled cups and #f cans2 #a pair sauce boats1 ,mr4 ,vere's pattern1 #ds42 #a pair large ribbed boats1 #ds42 #a large dragon milk-pot2 #ab dragon breakfast cups and saucers with good deep colour2 #a sprig'd upright teapot1 #cs42 #a sprig'd cream ewer2 #bd octagon nappy plates1 partridge pattern2 #a vine-leaf milk-pot4 ,march #bg4 ,mrs4 ,ann ,howard1 the ,lamb1 in ,broad ,mead1 ,bristol4 #aj round dishes2 #b of each size from the smallest to the largest1 both included2 #a largest octogon dish2 #a next less size dish2 #cf table plates2 #ab soup plates2 #b pair rib'd boats2 #c pair flatt salts1 without feet2 they must all be the bordered image1 blue and pale1 as you please4 ,she has it greatly in her power to serve the factory4 ,i hope they will be very neat and charged reasonable2 ,i have not told her any price4 ,add #a soup dish1 #ac1 or not above #ad inches over2 #ab table plates4 ,imaged pale blue4 ,quy4 ,what's to be done with white bud sprigs2 what quy4 of ,cupids and ,b is wanted white2 white floras1 c4 ,march #cj4 ,lent ,mr4 ,frye1 cash #h4 ,april #bb4 ,colol4 ,griffin1 ,brook ,street2 #d small upright pint mugs to be painted to the very fine landskip pattern1 as soon as possible4 ,april #bb4 #d doz4 blue plates1 ,newark pattern2 #h doz4 mosaic do4 ,april #bh4 ,lord ,southwell3 ,mr4 ,heylin has promised him to make an oval tureen1 the image pattern1 and to be done in #f weeks without fail4 ,think of the ,chinese head for ,mr4 ,weatherby4 ,may #d4 ,mr4 ,vanderkist3 an enamelled partridge coffee-pot1 #is4 ,mr4 ,white3 #a imag'd cup and #g sprig'd chocolates4 ,what is meant by #cf white men with salt-boxes8 ,mr4 ,hunter desires to have some mustard ladles as the cream ladles1 only small boles and long handles2 #f enamelled roses2 #b pr4 green leaf candlesticks2 #d white leaf candlesticks4 ,mr4 ,kentish3 mandrill coffee-pot4 ,mr4 ,fogg3 #b swans1 wings open4 ,mrs4 ,whitfield to have #a pr4 white branch candlesticks4 ,mr4 ,williams1 #a pr4 sporters2 #a enamelled pero1 #fs4 #a shepherd1 imperial1 #gs42 #a shepherdess1 #is4 ,may #g4 ,quy4 whether any ,windsor bricks were received at the glass house1 which is charged to the porcelain compy4 ,paid ,mr4 ,heylin1 ,minshull's draft1 #aj #ajs4 #j;d4 ,j4 ,b4 paid ,sir ,joseph ,hankey for ,messrs4 ,weatherby and ,crowther1 #cdh #ahs4 #j;d4 ,mr4 ,fahy3 #a pr4 of the new shepherd and compn42 #a pr4 ,dutch dancers1 #is42 #a gentleman and lady1 #ahs42 #a cook1 #gs42 #a boy and girl1 #abs42 #a ,paris cries1 #fs42 #a woman with chicken1 #gs4 ,whether any bucks is wanted8 ,there was #e pair sent down1 and only #a pair came back4 ,send down what does there is in town1 and send down the ,bow books4 ,may #bh4 ,patterns received from ,lady ,cavendish3 a ,japan octogon cup and saucer1 lady pattern2 a rib'd and scollop'd cup and saucer1 image pattern2 a basket bordered dysart plate2 a ,japan bread and butter plate4 ,mr4 ,williams3 #ab setts blue teas1 at #bs4 #aj;d42 a sett compleat of the second printed teas4 ,may #ae4 ,recd4 a pair of birds on pedestals1 to be painted for ,mr4 ,legg1 corner of ,birchen lane4 ,lady ,stairs3 a compleat sett ,dresden sprig1 the canister top2 parteridge octogon plates4 ,mrs4 ,whitfield to have #a pr4 white biscuit candlesticks4 ,may #bj4 ,duchess of ,leeds3 #b square enamd4 and sprig'd desst4 #aes42 #a blue dolphin-pickle stand1 #es42 #a white basin and cover1 #cs42 the ,duke of ,argyle's acct41 #bj #es4 #j;d4 ,the ,duchess of ,portland's acct4 to be made out1 and wait on the steward1 ,mr4 ,guidon1 in ,privy ,gardens1 ,whitehall1 and will be paid when her ladyship returns4 ,june #ah4 ,mr4 ,fogg3 #a pint printed mug1 #es42 #a half-pint do41 #cs4 #f;d42 #a fine plate1 #ds42 #a partridge handd4 cup and saucer1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,allowed ,mr4 ,fogg4 ,in a ,pero's broken hat1 #as4 7,pierrot72 in two ,turks #cs42 octogon dysart partridge plate1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,fogg to know the price of the best cock plates2 #d pair rib'd boats1 at #ds41 good2 #b pr4 small imaged boats and plates2 #f squirrels2 butter tubs2 #b small dragon milk-pots2 #b do41 a little larger2 #a dragon sugar dish4 ,mr4 ,morgan lent me a leaf for the roses2 #d vauses2 #a pair ,minervas of each size4 #b double dozn4 of lase and #b double doz4 dysart rose pattern knife handles2 to be mounted and sent in ,baxter's parcel4 ,july #bd4 ,mr4 ,fogg to have #a pair of coloured squirrels4 ,the knife-handles2 how many sold of ,dresden flowers2 and to have a double dozn4 mounted4 ,has ,mrs4 ,bernardeau had what she ordered of the wheatsheaf8 ,to buy a partridge either alive or dead4 ,to bring down the ,chelsea cabbage leaves and bason4 ,recd4 and gave ,mr4 ,beswick receipt for #ajg #abs4 #j;d4 in full to ,sept4 #agee1 for ,weatherby and ,crowther4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mr4 ,coleman3 harliquin1 columbine1 and ,pero 7,pierrot74 #a small sprig'd round teapot4 ,goats1 swans1 and every other sorts of toys to be sent in ,baxter's order1 flatt drawers to be made on purpose1 and each kept separate4 ,a plate of the ,princess ,wales' pattern1 good4 ,aug4 #cj4 ,paid ,mr4 ,heylin's draft on ,mr4 ,crowther for #ac1 and charged ,mr4 ,crowther's cash acct4 with it3 quy4 how is ,mr4 ,heylin made ,dr4 and ,j4 ,c4 ,creditor8 ,nov4 #bi4 ,j4 ,bowcocke borrowed of ,mr4 ,crowther for ,bow #cj4 ,mr4 ,fogg3 caudle-cups1 white sprig'd and saucers2 #c pr4 image cream ewers1 full blue2 #d white leaf candlesticks1 #bs4 #c;d42 #a set large sprig'd teas1 handled2 #b pr4 rib'd boats1 at #ds4 #f;d42 #a sprig'd tea pot1 #ds41 good4 ,patterns received from ,lady ,cavendish2 a ,japan octogon cup and saucer1 lady pattern2 a rib'd and scollop'd cup and saucer2 a basket bordered dysart plate2 a ,japan bread and butter plate4 ,to be returned in a month1 ,may #bhth1 #agef4' 8,on analyzing these memoranda1 although they are but imperfect and necessarily curt1 being written only for the writer's guidance1 we are made acquainted with many facts not before disclosed2 for example--it has never been suggested that printed china was produced at ,bow1 yet it is evident that china was decorated with transfer engravings as early as the year #agef1 as appears from the following entries3-- 8#8,one pint printed mug1 ,one half-pint1 do41 ,a sett compleat of the second printed teas4' 8,the patent which ,messrs4 ,sadler and ,green1 of ,liverpool1 proposed taking out as inventors of the process is dated #agef1 but they had brought the art to perfection several years before1 and had kept it a profound secret4 ,transfer printing on enamel was in vogue at ,battersea before #agee1 and the process would be the same on china as enamel4 ,horace ,walpole1 writing to ,richard ,bentley in ,sept4 #agee1 says1 #8,i send you a trifling snuff-box1 only as a sample of the new manufacture at ,battersea1 which is done with copper-plates4' ,mr4 ,binns1 of ,worcester1 has a ,battersea enamel watch-case with the tea-party from the same plate as the impressions on china4 ,the ,liverpool ,guide of #agii says #8copper-plate printing upon china and earthenware originated here in #ageb1 and remained some time a secret with the inventors1 ,messrs4 ,sadler and ,green4 ,the manner in which this continues to be done here1 remains still unrivalled in perfection4 ,as late as #aghc1 ,wedgwood constantly sent his ware to ,liverpool to be printed4' 8,the proprietors of the ,bow works availed themselves of assistance by occasionally sending their china to ,liverpool to be printed4#gj ,all the pieces decorated with transfer engravings1 have1 without discrimination1 been erroneously assigned to ,worcester1 owing to the want of a thorough investigation of the quality of the body4 8,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber has a teapot with a transfer portrait of the #8,prussian ,hero1' the handle and spout ornamented in relief with the enamelled flowers peculiar to ,bow2 a bowl with prints of the well-known tea-party1 and garden-scenes2 and two plates1 part of #8a sett of the second printed teas1' before alluded to1 with poultry and leaves4 ,all these are undoubtedly of ,bow body1 probably decorated at ,liverpool4 8,large quantities of blue-painted ware issued from the ,bow works1 and there are frequent allusions to them in the order-book1 for cheap services4 ,on examining the blue pieces1 which can be safely assigned to ,bow from the nature of the body1 there is a peculiarity in the glaze which arises in this way3 blue being at that time the only colour that would bear the intense heat of the kiln 7au grand feu71 it is always painted on the biscuit before being dipped in the glaze2 consequently portions1 however slight1 are apt1 while the glaze is in a fluid state1 to spread over the surface1 giving it a blue tinge1 especially on large surfaces2 the other colours1 as well as the gold1 are painted over the glaze1 and set in a kiln of lower temperature1 called the reverberatory or muffle kiln4 ,hence the blue1 being under the glaze1 is imperishable1 but the other colours1 from frequent use1 get rubbed off4 8,we find in the order-book the blue ,newark pattern2 blue dolphin pickle-stand2 #8setts of blue teas4' ,a dinner-service was ordered to be #8blue and pale as you please1' c4 8,among the patterns noticed in the same book are white bud sprigs1 sprigged tea sets1 and ,dresden sprigs2 partridge services1 imaged services1 and dragon services1 were in great demand2 ,chelsea cabbage leaf1 the lady pattern1 and the ,princess of ,wales's pattern1 white men with salt boxes1 mugs painted to the fine landscape pattern1 c4 8,of the figures and groups1 only a few are mentioned1 such as ,minerva of two sizes1 ,flora1 imperial shepherd and shepherdess1 the new shepherd and its companion1 ,cupid1 gentleman and lady1 boy and girl1 fluter1 fiddler1 harlequin1 columbine1 and pierrot or clown1 tambourine-player1 sportsman1 cook1 ,dutch dancer1 woman with chicken1 ,turk and companion1 female figure1 birds on pedestals1 swans1 boars1 squirrels1 buck and doe1 goat1 and toys of all sorts4 8,these short notices of ,bow figures1 although far from being important examples1 will remind many of our readers of similar pieces which have been classed as ,chelsea4 8,we may also refer to the pair of white china figures of ,woodward the actor1 and ,mrs4 ,clive1 in the costumes as given in ,bell's #8,collection of ,plays4' ,a pair of these in the white ,bow china1 exquisitely modelled and finished1 bear the date #ageh stamped in the clay3 they are in the possession of a lady whose family has retained them ever since they came from the factory4 99 99 99 99 99 8,memorandum-book of ,john ,bowcocke for #ageh4 8,there is very little to interest us in this book4 ,bowcocke was at ,dublin for the first eight months1 receiving consignments of glass and china from the works1 which were sold principally by auction4 ,the money taken was remitted weekly to the company4 8#8,feb4 #i1 #ageh4 ,dublin4 ,i went to see ,sheridan1 in ,hamlet4 ,april #ai4 ,lady ,freik shew'd me two tureens she brought from ,france1 moulded from a full-grown cabbage4 7,a sketch is given47 ,aug4 #bb4 ,at ,nottingham4 ,called on ,mr4 ,rigley2 he says he was used ill about some figure ,thorpe sent1 not to order1 and has done4 ,sept4 #bd4 ,at ,bow4 ,went to hear ,mr4 ,john ,crowther preach his first sermon4 ,oct4 #af4 ,bought a china figure for ,mrs4 ,mc,nally1 #ds4 ,painting do41 #as4 #c;d4 ,treating ,mrs4 ,mc,nally1 wine1 #as4 ,went to see her home from the play1 #as42 purl1 #b;d4 7,this lady was a good customer of the firm3 on referring to the cash-book1 we find she paid1 on ,oct4 #afth1 #ah #acs4 #i;d47 ,nov4 #bg4 ,at ,bow4 ,observed in the burning of the bisquit ware that dishes and plates should be burnt in new cases1 and only one in each case1 as when two are burnt in one another it is certain that one is always bad4 ,all handled chocolates and coffees and handled teas to be burnt with covers4 ,dec4 #bf4 ,dined with ,mr4 ,h4 ,frye and family at ,stratford4' 8,in the front of this book is a note in pencil1 written in #ahff1 stating that-- 8#8,one hundred years since1 ,john ,bowcocke died1 ,tuesday1 ,feb4 #bfth1 #agfe1 at #f o'clock in the evening1 of lockjaw4 ,he was brother to ,william ,bowcocke1 of ,chester1 painter1 my mother's father4--,,thos4 ,,bailey4' 8,in the same collection are two books of pencil sketches by a ,french artist named ,de la ,cour1 of plants1 trees1 festoons of flowers1 rococo scrolls1 cane handles1 frames1 chimney-pieces1 landscapes 7among which is a view of ,london71 figures1 single figures for statuettes1 c4 ,another book contains coloured engravings by ,martin ,engelbrecht1 of ,nuremberg1 of a great variety of subjects suitable for painting on china3 costumes of various nations1 ladies and gentlemen splendidly attired1 shepherds and shepherdesses1 garden scenes and summer-houses1 palaces1 birds1 animals and insects1 hunting scenes1 musicians1 ,chinese figures and scenery1 interlaced ornaments1 c4 ,a fourth book1 published by ,edwards and ,darley1 #aged1 consists of engraved subjects1--,chinese interiors1 vases1 figures1 pagodas1 bridges1 animals1 exotic birds1 insects1 c4 ,the ,chinese designs are mixed up with rococo scrolls and other ornamental work40 ,enough will have been gleaned from the foregoing regarding the various productions of the ,bow ,works4 ,one or two noted examples1 however1 require to be specially named1 as being usually associated in the minds of collectors with this manufactory4 ,one of these is a well-known small goat milk-jug which was formerly always attributed to ,bow4 ,it bears a bee in relief under the spout which was supposed to be allegorical of the initial ,b of ,bow4 ,some examples1 however1 are without the bee4 ,they are occasionally marked with a simple triangle1 which1 however1 has been shown to have been occasionally used at ,chelsea2 and that the goat jugs were also there made4#ga ,the marks attributed to the ,bow factory are numerous and varied2 and some which are so ascribed have not1 ,i believe1 the slightest connection with those works4 ,the following are among the marks1 said by one writer or other to belong to ,bow1 but some of them are very doubtful4 ,indeed1 there is almost an absolute certainty that some of those ascribed to ,bow1 in reality belong to ,chelsea and other places4 ,some of these marks are incised4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dah to #dej4 ,,stratford4 ,the ,london ,chronicle of #agee contains the following paragraph3 8,yesterday four persons1 well skilled in the making of ,british china1 were engaged for ,scotland1 where a new porcelain manufacture is going to be established in the manner of that now carried on at ,chelsea1 ,stratford1 and ,bow40 ,from this it is evident that in #agee a china manufactory1 distinct from that at ,bow1 was carried on at this place4 ,nothing1 however1 is at present known as to its history4 ,,kentish ,,town4 ,in the middle of last century ,john ,giles had a small establishment and kiln at ,kentish ,town1 where he finished and burned china1 c41 procured in the white from other manufactories4 ,he advertised 8to procure and paint1 for any person1 ,worcester porcelain to any or in any pattern20 and here vases and other articles1 decorated by himself and by other artists and amateurs1 were burned4 ,an interesting reference to this kiln will be found in my account of the ,bow china works on another page1 where ,thomas ,craft1 speaking of a bowl he had made1 writing from memory in #agij1 says 8about the year #agfj30 8,i took it in a box to ,kentish ,town1 and had it burned there in ,mr4 ,gyles's kiln1 cost me #cs40 ,in #agga ,giles took premises in ,cockspur ,street1 as a sale-room1 c4 ,on the #ith of ,july in that year the lease of these premises was granted from 8,george ,stubbs1 of the parish of ,st4 ,margaret1 ,westmr41 in the county of ,middx41 ,esq410 8to ,james ,giles1 of the parish of ,st4 ,james1 within the liberty of ,westmr41 in the said county of ,middlx41 china-man10 of 8all that messuage or tenement and premises1 lately called or known by the name of the ,gun ,tavern1 in the parish of ,st4 ,martin-in-the-,fields1 in the said county of ,middx41 situate and being on the north side of a street called ,cockspur ,street1 leading from ,pall ,mall to ,charing ,cross1 and lately in the tenure or occupation of ,susannah ,cannon1 deceased1 together with all ways10 c41 c41 for a term of #ba years1 at an annual rental of #aaj4 ,these premises were held from the ,crown1 on a longer lease1 by ,stubbs1 so that this was a sub-letting to ,giles1 who had power to enter upon them on the above date1 but to be free from rent until ,september #bith in consideration of any sums he might lay out in repairs1 he covenanting to lay out in improvements and repairs #cjj1 if requisite4 ,the deed1 in my own possession1 bears the signature and seal of 8,geo4 ,stubbs10 and the attesting signatures of 8,g4 ,stubbs4 ,jos4 ,mead1 his ,clerk40 ,giles appears to have become involved soon after this1 and was assisted with loans and money and in other ways1 by ,duesbury1 of the ,derby china works4 ,this is proved by papers in my own possession1 amongst which are several notes of hand1 as 8,borrowed of ,mr4 ,duesbury five guineas1 which ,i promise to repay on demand4 ,james ,giles40 8,paid ,mr4 ,heath a ,bill on ,mr4 ,giles1 dated ,feb4 #bj1 at two months1 value #abj40 8,april #a1 ,james ,giles's note due #dth ,june1 #aggg1 #ej40 8,may #bi1 ,jas4 ,giles's note due ,july #ab1 #ej10 etc41 etc4 ,ultimately ,mr4 ,duesbury1 on the failure of ,giles1 took to his stock and entire concern1 and the original accounts1 c41 connected with this are in my own possession4 ,one of these1 the balance-sheet of the estate for #aggf-gg1 is very curious as showing some of the fashionable people with whom he did business3-- ,,jas4 ,,giles',s ,,estate1 ,,cr4 #aggf4 s4 d4 ,may #d4 ,by ,miss ,clarkson's ,bill received #c #h #f ,lord ,palmerstone's do4 #j #ad #f #ac4 ,coll4 ,twisleton's do4 #j #aj #f #ae4 ,lady ,nuneham do4 #b #ad #f ,lady ,ailesford do4 #j #ae #j #bh4 ,mrs4 ,nesbitt do4 #j #aj #f ,june #ad4 ,duke of ,bolton do4 #c #d #j #ag4 ,mr4 ,robt4 ,child do4 #b #ae #j #aj4 ,mr4 ,duesbury borrow'd #e #e #j ,july #bc4 ,ditto do4 #e #e #j ,aug4 #ag4 ,ditto do4 #c #ac #j #aggg4 ,may #ag4 ,mr4 ,buller his ,bill #h #ai #j #cj4 ,dutchess of ,ancaster do4 #aj #a #j ,june #ad4 ,mrs4 ,stevens do4 #j #aa #f ,mr4 ,cooper do4 #j #i #j ,mr4 ,kent do4 #b #aj #f ,july #ab4 ,mr4 ,sheridan1 on ,acct4 #bj #j #j ,sept4 #h4 ,ditto1 in full #c #ab #f ------------- #gd #ai #j ,,jas4 ,,giles',s ,,estate1 ,,dr4 #aggf4 s4 d4 ,may #aa4 ,jas4 ,steventon1 assisting before1 at and after the ,auction at ,squibs1 #ag days at #cs4 #b #aa #j ,saml4 ,sanders do41 #aj days at #cs4 #a #aj #j ,paid ,cartage from ,berwick ,street #j #d #j ,hay1 paper1 nails1 c4 #j #c #g #ac4 ,pd4 year's rent to ,mrs4 ,becket #ae #j #j ,june #e4 ,steventon and ,sanders1 #ad days each at ,sale ,king's ,head1 ,butcher ,row1 at #cs4 each #d #d #j ,paid ,porterage #j #b #j ,july #e4 ,paid ,mrs4 ,becket year's ,rent in full #ae #j #j ,aug4 #bh4 ,bill for enamelling sundries to compleat ,stock #be #b #aj #aggh4 ,april #cj4 ,paid ,debt to ,flight ,co4 #ab #f #b ,cost of arrest to do4 #b #b #j ,paid ,debt to ,mr4 ,maiden #j #g #f ------------- #gh #ac #a ,the #be #bs4 #aj;d4 8for enamelling sundries to complete stock0 was thus expended3-- ,acct4 of ,goods ,enamel'd to compleat the ,stock1 and ,deld4 to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 ,augt4 #bhth1 #aggf1 by ,js4 ,giles4 s4 d4 #dh ,shank'd ,tea ,cups and ,saucers1 blue edge1 at #h;d4 #a #ab #j #b ,teapots #ds42 #b ,milkpots1 #cs42 #b ,slop ,basons1 #cs42 do4 #j #aj #j #b ,sugar ,boxes1 #ds42 #b large ,plates1 #ds42 #b less do41 #cs4 #j #aa #j #b ,teapot ,stands1 #b ,spoon ,trays do4 at #as4 #j #d #j #ab ,plain ,handle ,teas1 #ab ,saucers do4 at #h;d4 #j #af #j #f ,coffee ,cups1 #ds42 #b ,slop ,basons1 #ds42 #b ,sugar ,boxes1 #ds42 do4 #j #ab #j #b ,bread and ,butter ,plates1 #cs42 #b ,teapots1 #ds4 #j #g #j #ab ,handle ,teas1 #ab ,saucers1 #f ,coffee ,cups1 green edge1 at #h;d4 #a #j #j #a ,slop ,bason and #a ,sugar ,box1 do41 at #bs4 #j #d #j #ag ,fluted ,teas1 #a ,coffee ,cup1 #a ,slop ,bason1 #a ,sugar ,box1 #a ,milk ,pot1 blue wreath #a #aa #f #bd ,handle ,cups and ,saucers1 #f ,coffee ,cups1 and #a ,sugar ,box1 fruit and flowers and pea-green ground #d #af #j #g ,twig ,handle ,teas1 #f ,coffee ,cups1 gold ,dontell1 at #as4 #j #ac #j #a ,teapot1 #a ,milkpot1 do4 #j #e #j #ab ,plain ,handle ,cups and ,saucers1 for ,breakfast1 do4 #j #ae #j #a ,slop ,bason1 #a ,sugar ,box1 do4 #j #e #j #b ,saucers1 #as42 and #a ,coffee ,can1 do4 #j #b #f #bd ,new ,ribb'd ,handle ,teas and ,saucers1 do41 at #as4 #a #d #j #a ,teapot1 #cs42 #a ,milkpot1 #bs42 #a ,slop ,bason1 #bs4 #f;d42 #a ,sugar ,box1 #bs4 #f;d4 #j #aj #j #a ,stand1 #a ,boat1 #bs4 #f;d42 #a large ,plate1 #bs4 #f;d42 #a less1 #bs4 #j #g #j #bd ,shank'd ,handle ,teas and ,saucers1 #a ,sugar ,box1 #a ,milkpot1 green flower1 c4 #a #aj #j #b ,chocolates1 #b ,saucers1 flowers and brown edge #j #d #j #a ,coffee ,cup1 pink sprigs #j #j #aj #a ,table ,plate1 ,french blue ring #j #c #j #ab ,handle ,teas1 #ab ,saucers1 sky-blue and gold #c #j #j #b ,slop ,basons1 #is42 #a ,teapot1 #fs42 #a ,butter ,tub and ,cover do41 #es4 #a #j #j #ah ,desert ,plates in large birds #c #j #j ----------- #be #b #aj ,the 8,debt to ,flight ,co410 and 8,cost of ,arrest to do410 as entered under the date of ,april #cjth1 is thus explained3-- ,thomas ,flight and ,robert ,tabor ,against ,james ,giles4 ,in the ,common ,pleas4 ,hilary ,vacation1 #aggh4 ,to ,debt as pr4 ,warrant #ab #f #b ,to ,cost of ,suit1 c4 #b #b #j ----------- #ad #h #b ,received #cjth ,april1 #aggh1 of ,mr4 ,james ,giles1 the above-named ,defendant1 ,fourteen ,pounds1 eight ,shillings and #b;d41 for the purposes above mentioned4 ,pr4 ,thomas ,vere1 #ad #hs4 #b;d4 ,no4 #ae1 ,southampton ,buildings4 ,one of the assignees of ,james ,giles was ,mr4 ,wm4 ,randall1 who died before ,dec4 #bc1 #aggi4 ,in the balance-sheet of his accounts1 from ,may #g1 #aggf 7the date of assignment71 to that date1 are frequent entries of postage of letters from ,worcester2 and among the receipts are accounts from ,lady ,melbourne1 ,lady ,warren1 ,paul ,orchard1 ,esq41 ,mrs4 ,powis1 -- ,kent1 ,esq41 ,lady ,jersey1 ,dutchess ,dowager of ,leinster1 etc4 ,the account is as follows3-- ,,the ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,late ,,mr4 ,,william ,,randall1 ,,as ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,assignees ,,of ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,the ,,late ,,mr4 ,,giles1 ,,from ,,may ,y,e #g,,th1 #aggf1 ,,to ,,december ,y,e #bc,,rd1 #aggi4 ,,will,m4 ,,randall1 ,,cred,r4 #aggf4 s4 d4 ,may #g4 ,for a year's rent of ,mr4 ,giles' ,house1 due at ,xmas #agge1 paid to ,mr4 ,stubbs #aaj #j #j ,for a ,bill to ,mr4 ,stubbs1 ,attorney #e #ac #i #ca4 ,for a ,quarter's ,rent paid to ,do41 due at ,ladyday #bg #aj #j ,june #bf4 ,for a ,letter from ,worcester #j #j #d #bi4 ,for an half-year's ,interest of #bjj1 due ,april ye #dth1 upon ,bond1 to ,mrs4 ,twiss #e #j #j ,aug4 #ba4 ,for a ,bill to ,mr4 ,sheppard1 ,attorney #ba #ah #f ,for a ,letter fm ,worcester #j #j #d #bc4 ,for a ,quarter's ,rent1 due at ,midsummer1 paid to ,mr4 ,stubbs #bg #aj #j ,nov4 #af4 ,for ,do4 due at ,michaelmas #bg #aj #j #aggg4 ,jan4 #ae4 ,for an half-year's ,interest1 due ,oct4 #dth1 #aggf1 to ,mrs4 ,twiss #e #j #j #bi4 ,for a ,letter fm ,worcester #j #j #d ,dec4 #ac4 ,for a ,year's ,rent1 due at ,michaelmas1 and paid to ,mr4 ,stubbs #aaj #j #j #aggh4 ,dec4 #bh4 ,for ,do4 due at ,do4 #aaj #j #j #aggi4 ,for a ,letter from ,worcester #j #j #d ,dec4 #bc4 ,for a ,year's ,rent1 due at ,michaelmas1 to ,mr4 ,stubbs #aaj #j #j ,,per ,,con3 ,d,r4 #aggf4 s4 d4 ,may #g4 ,for cash recd4 of ,messrs4 ,stubbs--,shop ,account #db #f #f #h4 ,for ,do4 of ,lady ,warren ,do4 #aa #g #j #i4 ,for ,do4 of ,paul ,orchard1 ,esq4 ,do4 #aj #aj #j ,deducted for ,china broken #j #aj #f ------ #i #ai #f #bj4 ,for ,do4 of ,mrs4 ,powis ,do4 #ae #d #j #bc4 ,for ,do4 of -- ,kent1 ,esq4 ,do4 #b #aj #j -- ,for ,do4 of ,lady ,melbourne ,do4 #ae #a #j #ca4 ,for ,do4 of ,mr4 ,harris1 for a ,quarter's ,rent of the ,house late ,mr4 ,giles'1 due at ,ladyday #ce #j #j ,june #aa4 ,for ,do4 of ,lady ,jersey--,shop ,account #b #ad #j ,nov4 #af4 ,for ,do4 of ,mr4 ,harris1 for an half-year's ,rent due at ,michaelmas #gj #j #j ,dec4 #g4 ,for ,do4 of the ,dutchess ,dowager of ,leinster1 ,shop ,account #cb #ac #f #aggg4 ,june #ag4 ,for ,do4 of ,mr4 ,tho3 ,jones ,do4 #j #h #f ,dec4 #ac4 ,for ,do4 of ,mr4 ,harris1 for a ,year's ,rent1 due at ,michaelmas #adj #j #j #aggh4 ,dec4 #bh4 ,for ,do4 of ,do4 due at ,do4 #adj #j #j #aggi4 ,dec4 #bc4 ,for ,do4 of ,do4 due at ,do4 #adj #j #j ,,euston ,,road4 ,in #ahfj ,messrs4 ,w4 and ,t4 ,wills1 sculptors1 having turned their attention to the production of works of art in terra-cotta1 commenced the manufacture at this place4 ,the works produced consist of vases1 figures and groups of figures1 busts1 c41 of a size and character for drawing-room use4 ,the subjects are principally mythological1 and are admirably modelled--each piece sent out receiving its finishing touches from the artist's own hands4 ,in colour1 ,messrs4 ,wills' terra-cottas are a delicate pink and deep rich red4 ,their names are marked on each piece4 ,,oxford ,,street4 ,among ,london establishments who1 from a long and intimate connection with some of the more eminent of our porcelain works1 may almost be considered to be manufacturers1 are the following4 ,to these firms the world owes many of the most striking and beautiful of ceramic productions4 ,these have been designed by the firms themselves1 and made specially for them2 they thus become literally their own productions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mortlocks2 ,oxford ,street4--,this house was established in #agdf1 by ,john ,mortlock1 and has been uninterruptedly continued since that date through five generations1 in direct line1 of the same family2 its head at the present time being1 as it was more than one hundred and fifty years ago1 a ,john ,mortlock4 ,in the palmy days of the old ,rockingham works1 ,john ,mortlock was ,london agent for the goods made there4 ,one speciality of these works1 the 8,cadogan0 teapot1 formed on the model of an example of ,indian green ware brought from abroad by the ,marquess and ,marchioness of ,rockingham1 or the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,cadogan1 was the means of adding largely to his connection with these works4 ,the first of these was made for the ,marchioness of ,rockingham2 and when the ,prince ,regent1 afterwards ,george ,,iv41 visited ,wentworth ,house1 the seat of ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 these teapots were then in use1 and were much admired2 the prince1 who was a great connoisseur in tea1 ,i believe1 bringing one of them away with him4 ,on the return of the prince and his suite to town1 inquiries were made for them of ,john ,mortlock1 who supplied the palace with china1 c4 ,he at once saw that they would come into great repute1 and ordered a large quantity1 stipulating that his name1 ,,mortlock1 should be stamped upon them4 ,this was done in place of the word ,,rockingham1 and they thus passed as ,mortlock's own make2 he ordered at one time as much as #ijj worth for one season's consumption4 7,see 8,rockingham ,works407 ,when the ,nantgarw works were first started1 ,mr4 ,mortlock became a large purchaser as well as agent4 ,he regularly took a large quantity of the ware in the white2 this he had painted in ,london1 by ,webster1 ,randall1 and various other artists1 and fired at the enamel kiln of ,messrs4 ,robins and ,randall1 in ,spa ,fields4 ,at this time ,mortlock was also agent to the ,coalport and ,swansea works2 and ,mr4 ,nore1 of ,coalport1 feeling a jealousy1 and finding that the sale of the ,swansea and ,nantgarw productions interfered with his own1 bought up those two concerns1 removed their models1 c41 to ,coalport1 and closed them4 ,the firm still retain an agency for ,coalport1 and also for ,messrs4 ,minton ,co4 ,mr4 ,mortlock has special marks for some of the ,coalport productions prepared from his designs4 ,,hoxton4 ,in #afic there was 8a famous brick-moulder at ,hoxton40 ,some very interesting particulars are given by ,houghton1 in his 8,husbandry and ,trade ,improved10 #afic4 ,,hammersmith4 ,houghton1 in #afic1 thus alludes to the brick works at this place3 8,some can make fourteen or #ae1jjj in a day1 some #ah1jjj2 but ,nicholas ,gooding1 of ,hammersmith1 for a wager of #ajl41 made in one day #bb1jjj bricks1 upon which ,sir ,nicholas ,crisp assisted him to set up1 and he is now living at ,hammersmith1 and worth several thousand pounds4 ,his master's name was ,gosling1 who had three men whom he often encouraged to wagers40 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,worcester--,royal ,porcelain ,works--,dr4 ,wall--,warmstrey ,house and its ,owners--,the ,porcelain ,company--,early ,marks--,transfer ,printing--,king of ,prussia ,mug--,josiah ,holdship--,poem--,robert ,hancock--,richard ,holdship--,derby ,china ,works--,caughley--,flight and ,barr--,chamberlain--,kerr and ,binns--,r4 ,w4 ,binns--,productions of the ,works--,royal ,services--,tokens--,royal ,china ,works--,grainger and ,lee--,productions--,st4 ,john's ,encaustic ,tiles--,rainbow ,hill ,tileries--,st4 ,george's ,pottery ,works--,rustic ,terra-,cotta--,stourbridge--,the ,lye ,works--,stourbridge ,clay4 ,,worcester--,,the ,,royal ,,porcelain ,,works4 ,there are three things for which the 8faithful city0 of ,worcester1 so celebrated in history for its loyalty1 is at the present day especially famous4 ,these are its porcelain1 its gloves1 and its sauce4 ,for who has not drunk out of or seen 8,worcester china10 worn 8,dent's gloves10 or tasted 8,lea and ,perrin's ,worcestershire sauce08 ,these three are things which are identified with its name wherever ,worcester is heard of1 and1 in the minds of some people1 take precedence of its glorious cathedral1 its tomb of ,king ,john1 or its exquisitely beautiful shrine of ,prince ,arthur4 ,with the first of these only ,i have now to do1 and its history is one of great interest1 as connected with that of the general porcelain manufacture of the kingdom4 ,at a time when foreign china was much sought after1 when ,fulham1 ,chelsea1 ,bow1 and ,derby were gradually working their way into favour1 and gaining ground on their foreign rivals in the estimation of people of taste1 ,worcester was quietly experimentalising in the same direction1 and gradually paving the way for the establishment of those works which have since become so great a benefit to it1 and so great an honour to the country4 ,exactly in the middle of the last century these experiments were carried on1 and the works were soon afterwards established1 and rapidly grew into note4 ,so rapidly1 indeed1 did the ware made at this manufactory come into repute1 that in the year following the opening of the works it was noticed in the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 and in #agfc was alluded to in the 8,annual ,register40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dea4--,portrait of ,dr4 ,wall4 ,the 8faithful city0 was indebted for the establishment of its pottery to the exertions and scientific researches of ,dr4 ,john ,wall1 a physician of that city4 ,the learned doctor was born at ,powick1 a village in ,worcestershire1 in the year #agjh4 ,his father was a tradesman in ,worcester1 of which city he served the office of mayor in #agjc2 he was descended from a good family in ,herefordshire4 ,dr4 ,wall's father dying while he was young1 he was educated at the ,king's ,school1 ,worcester1 and in #agbf became a scholar at ,worcester ,college1 ,oxford4 ,nine years later1 at the age of twenty-seven1 he became a fellow of ,merton ,college4 ,having studied at ,oxford and at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 he in #agci took his degree1 and commenced practice in ,worcester4 ,he married ,catherine ,sandys1 cousin to the first ,lord ,sandys4 ,dr4 ,wall1 besides being a clever practitioner and an excellent chemist1 was also an artist of great ability2 he painted historical pictures with great judgment1 and his conceptions were sometimes marked with considerable originality and grandeur4 ,one of his principal pictures is that of the founder1 c41 in the hall of ,merton ,college1 ,oxford--a painting#gb he presented to that college in #agfe4 ,of his other works1 his 8,brutus condemning his ,sons10 8,the ,head of ,pompey brought to ,csar0 7now at ,hagley71 8,regulus returning to ,carthage10 8,queen ,eleanor sucking the ,poison from the ,arm of ,edward ,i410 8,elijah fed by the ,ravens10 8,moses striking the ,rock10 8,the ,school of ,physic10 8,the ,shunamite's ,child restored10 and 8,the ,head of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist10 are among the best4 ,he also etched some remarkably clever plates1 and designed the stained-glass window in the bishop's private chapel at ,hartlebury1 the 8,presentation of ,christ in the ,temple10 a window at ,oriel ,college1 and others4 ,dr4 ,wall was also the author of several medical works1 and was eminently instrumental in bringing the ,malvern waters into public notice4 ,he was also one of the most zealous supporters of the ,worcestershire ,infirmary4 ,dr4 ,wall1 besides his other accomplishments1 was1 as has already been intimated1 an excellent practical chemist2 his laboratory was at ,no4 #cc1 ,broad ,street4 ,he turned his attention more particularly to experimentalising on materials which might be used for the manufacture of porcelain2 and in #agea1 about a year after the establishment of the works at ,derby1 and while those at ,chelsea and ,bow were being carried on1 he brought his experiments to a successful issue2 the result being the discovery of a body of surpassing excellence4 ,it has been said1 and there is indeed a traditional belief in the fact1 that the mainspring of ,dr4 ,wall's experiments was a political one1 and that he was induced to turn his attention to the subject in the hope of introducing into ,worcester a new branch of manufacture1 by which 8the low party of the county0 might be enabled1 by the votes it would command1 8to stand a competition for members of parliament with the ministerial or popular party40#gc ,i cannot1 however1 for a moment1 and1 despite all that has been brought forward on the matter1 believe that this was the motive power by which ,dr4 ,wall1 a man of high intellect and attainments1 and of noble character1 was impelled to the prosecution of his inquiries2 but that for the good of science and of commerce alone1 and with a knowledge that a branch of manufacture of the kind1 if once well established1 must be lucrative to its possessors and advantageous to the city1 he was induced to work hard and zealously in his laboratory until he had mastered the difficulties which surrounded him1 and had produced a material that should successfully rival the foreign examples which he took for his model4 ,however1 be this as it may1 in the year #agea success had so far attended his labours that he formed a company for the manufacture of porcelain in ,worcester1 and thus laid the foundation of that manufacture which has been carried on with uninterrupted success for a century and quarter4 ,the 8,worcester ,porcelain ,company10 founded1 then1 in #agea by ,dr4 ,wall1 consisted of several gentlemen who joined him in his undertaking1 and thus formed a 8joint-stock company0 for the manufacture of the chinaware on the principle he had discovered4 ,the names of these proprietors from #agea to #aggb were ,dr4 ,wall1 ,richard ,holdship1 ,rev4 ,benjamin ,blayney1 ,samuel ,bradley1 ,rev4 ,samuel ,pritchett1 ,wm4 ,oliver1 ,david ,henry 7in place of ,richard ,holdship71 ,wm4 ,davis1 ,john ,salway1 ,germain ,lavie1 ,rev4 ,thomas ,vernon1 ,mary ,blayney1 ,richard ,cook1 ,henry ,cook1 and ,john ,thorneloe4 ,the company thus formed commenced its operations in a fine old mansion1 formerly the residence of the ,warmstrey family1 in ,warmstrey ,slip and ,palace ,row1 nearly adjoining the bishop's palace2 the grounds at the back1 at that time beautifully laid out1 running down to the banks of the ,severn1 and commanding a delightful view of the valley1 and of the ,malvern and ,abberley hills beyond4 8,the mansion of the ,warmstrey family10 says a local writer1 in #ahcg1 8is conjectured to have been occupied as far back as the reign of ,henry ,,vii4 and ,henry ,,viii41 by ,sir ,william ,windsor1 second ,lord ,windsor1 an ancestor of the late ,earl of ,plymouth4 ,on the first floor of the house is a parlour1 wainscoted round with oak1 and over the fire-place is a very curious specimen of armorial ensigns1 carved in wood1 and bearing the marks of great age4 ,they are the arms of ,sir ,william ,windsor1 second ,lord ,windsor1 the distinguished nobleman just alluded to1 and such as are borne by the ,earls of ,plymouth4 ,the arms are quartered as follows3-- 8#a4 ,windsor--gules a saltire ar4 between twelve cross crosslets1 or4 #b4 ,blount--barry nebul of six1 or and sable4 #c4 ,eckingham--azure1 fretty1 argent4 #d4 ,beauchamp of ,hatch1 co4 of ,somerset--vairy1 argent and azure2 ,crest2 a buck's head gardent1 couped at the neck1 ar4 8,the arms have supporters1 and underneath them is this motto or inscription--#8,stemmata quid faciunt8' 8,the late ,earl of ,plymouth1 when inspecting the process of the porcelain works a few years back1 with his sister1 the late ,marchioness of ,downshire1 and his father-in-law1 ,earl ,amhurst1 recognised these memorials of his ancestors1 and viewed them for some time with much interest4 8,in #aecc1 reign of ,henry ,,viii41 this ,sir ,william ,windsor1 second ,lord ,windsor1 was made one of the ,knights of the ,bath1 against the coronation of ,anne ,boleyn1 which was performed with great solemnity at ,westminster4 ,and at the decease of the king1 he was one of the twelve peers1 chief mourners1 who1 on ,august #hth1 #aeec1 attended the funeral4 ,his lordship was buried at ,bredenham1 in ,buckinghamshire 7where the family then had estates71 very splendidly1 according to his quality1 says ,strype4 8,after a lapse of ages1 the family of the ,plowdens occupied the mansion for some time2 and ultimately this ancient edifice1 about eighty-six years since1 was devoted to its present purposes1 and now exhibits an animating scene of art and industry1 rivalling most successfully some of the finest productions of the ,royal ,porcelain ,works of the ,continent4 8,a few of the old rooms are preserved in their original state1 and have been much admired by some learned antiquaries1 and others who delight in viewing the relics of past ages4 ,the house forms a sort of quadrangle1 with a court in the centre1 and was formerly the residence of the #8,warmstreys1' several of whom were connected1 as registrars and others1 with the ,cathedral ,church of ,worcester4 ,the library of the house is a lofty and spacious room1 wainscoted with oak1 carved in various parts with different devices1 and the arms of the family of #8,warmstrey1' viz41 a cross molyn between crescents and decrescents1 and impaled and quartered with the arms of other families4 ,the fire-place is of very ample dimensions1 with handsome pillars on each side1 and the chimney-piece is decorated with a scroll extremely well cut4 ,surmounting it1 the royal arms of ,england appear most curiously carved2 and around the room may still be seen the antique book-shelves1 edged with a scolloped border of green cloth1 remaining quite firm in its texture4 ,adjoining the library1 is a small study1 fitted up with book-shelves in the same style40 ,the family was one of considerable note1 and monuments to ,mrs4 ,cecil ,warmstrey1 widow of the registrar of the diocese1 #afdi2 to the said registrar2 and to ,dr4 ,thomas ,warmstrey1 dean of ,worcester1 their son1 #affa1 who was a famous divine1 and was one of the persons appointed by the city to treat as to terms of its surrender to the army of the parliament in #afdf--;are to be seen in the cathedral4 ,the building still remains1 and is now occupied by ,messrs4 ,dent and ,co4 for the manufacture of gloves4 ,the old part of the building has been entirely denuded of its ornament1 and stripped of every vestige of its former grandeur2 the gardens have been covered with engine-houses1 scouring and dyeing rooms1 and other buildings necessary to the works now carried on1 and which find employment for many hundreds of people4 ,warmstrey ,house was sold in #agjg by its then owners1 the ,rev4 ,chewning ,blackmore and ,abigail his wife1 for the sum of #cdj1 to ,william ,evett1 glover4 ,on the #afth of ,may1 #agea1 the premises were leased by ,william ,evett1 glover1 to ,richard ,holdship the younger1 glover1 for the term of twenty-one years1 with right of renewal for a further term of twenty-one years on payment of a fine of #bj1 the annual rent being #cj4 ,this ,richard ,holdship was one of the partners in the porcelain company1 and it was1 it appears1 for the purposes of this company that he became lessee of the premises4 ,the company at this time1 on its first formation1 appears to have consisted of ,dr4 ,john ,wall1 ,mr4 ,richard ,holdship1 the ,rev4 ,benjamin ,blayney1 and ,mr4 ,samuel ,bradley1 a goldsmith1 who kept the house in ,high ,street for retailing the ware4 ,to these were subsequently added the others named above4 ,in #aggb-d the partners were ,dr4 ,wall1 the two ,william ,davises1 father and son1 ,rev4 ,t4 ,vernon1 ,robert ,hancock the engraver1 and ,richard ,cook of ,london4 ,in #aggd ,hancock left the concern1 and from #aggf to #aghc the two ,davises and ,vernon were the only proprietors4 ,the company at first turned its attention principally to the production of imitations of the ,chinese porcelain1 both in form and colour4 ,thus the blue and white patterns--then so general in ,chinese porcelain1 and the characteristic of the ,nankin ware--were for a time1 it appears1 exclusively followed at ,worcester4 ,some of the brilliant colours of the ,japanese ceramists were1 however1 soon attempted1 and with complete success2 and by the conventional arrangement of these colours in new patterns the ,worcester potters were gradually led on to more elaborate productions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #deb4 ,the works must have been commenced on a tolerably large scale1 and have rapidly risen in importance1 for in #ageb--only a year after the formation of the company--the premises were very business-like in their arrangement and extensive in their proportions1 and were sufficiently important to be engraved in the ,gentleman's ,magazine of that year4 ,of that view the accompanying engraving is a reduced fac-simile1 and it will show at once how soon the works had risen to a state of importance4 ,the following explanatory references from the ,magazine will make it better understood3--8,explanation4 #a4 ,st4 ,andrew's4 #b4 ,warmstrey ,slip4 #c4 ,biscuit kilns4 #d4 ,glazing kilns4 #e4 ,great kiln for segurs4 #f4 ,pressing and modelling gallery4 #g4 ,rooms for throwing1 turning1 and stove-drying the ware on the first floor1 a1 of the chamber floors4 #h4 ,the garden4 #i4 ,the yard for coals4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,evett's house and garden1 landlord of the premises4 b4 ,the eight windows in two large chambers1 in which the ware is placed on stallions1 on the east and north1 where are the painters' rooms4 ,all the beginning of the process is carried on under the quadrangular building1 ground floor1 marked ,a2 in its ,n4,w4 angle is the great rowl and ring2 in the ,n4,e4 the horses turn the same1 and the levigators near to the rowl4 ,the next 7on the ground floor7 is the slip and treading-rooms2 behind ,no4 #d is the glazing-room2 behind #e is the secret-room on the ground-floor40 ,accompanying this engraving1 which bears the initials 8,j4 ,d4 delin40 7probably ,john ,davis1 one of the partners7 and 8,j4 ,c4 sculp40 7probably ,j4 ,cave71 is the following interesting note3--8,n4,b4 ,a sale of this manufacture will begin at the ,worcester music-meeting on ,sept4 #bj1 with great variety of ware1 and1 'tis said1 at a moderate price40 ,this was probably the first time the ,worcester goods were brought into the public market4 ,the goods were first vended by ,mr4 ,samuel ,bradley1 one of the partners1 at a shop opposite the ,guildhall in ,high ,street1 and afterwards in larger premises near the ,cross4 ,the characteristic of the early ware was a peculiarly soft greenness of hue in the body1 and by this1 as well as the general style of ornamentation1 and by the marks1 ,worcester specimens may without difficulty be recognised4 ,the first mark used ,i believe to have been a simple letter ,w41 but the marks are so various in the early period of the manufacture that it is most difficult1 indeed impossible1 to arrange them chronologically4 ,like the ,d on the ,derby porcelain1 which might be either the initial of the founder of the works1 ,duesbury1 or that of the town1 ,derby1 the ,worcester ware had a ,w41 which might be the initial of its founder1 ,wall1 or of the city1 ,worcester1 itself4 ,the different varieties of the letter ,w which have come under my notice are the following1 and these may certainly all of them be ascribed to an early period4 ,another distinctive mark of about the same time is the crescent1 which is sometimes drawn in outline1 sometimes filled in in lines1 and sometimes of full blue colour4 ,this mark is supposed to be taken1 and perhaps with some probability1 from the arms of the ,warmstreys1 which decorated the rooms used by the workmen4 ,it is worthy of note here1 that one of the marks of the ,caughley or ,coalport porcelain was also a crescent4 ,as these works are said to have been established by ,worcester workmen1 the use of this mark may be attributed to them1 and it may have had the double signification of a crescent and a ,c for ,caughley4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dec to #dfj4 ,as the ,worcester aim was to copy1 and emulate in design and material1 the ceramic productions of ,china and ,japan1--indeed1 there were scarcely any others to copy from at this early period1--so it appears to have been the study of the artists to copy1 or to simulate1 the marks used on the productions of these foreign manufactories2 and thus a great variety of marks are to be met with principally1 or1 ,i may say1 entirely1 drawn in blue4 ,some of the most characteristic and general of these ,i here append4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dfa to #dha4 ,a considerable variety of other marks are to be met with1 but ,i apprehend they are most probably but the distinctive marks of the artists employed4 ,it must be borne in mind that in other factories the 8hands0 were numbered1 and1 as was the case at ,derby1 were required to attach each one his number below the general mark of the establishment4 ,at ,worcester ,i am not aware that such a regulation existed2 and thus1 probably1 each artist had his 8mark0 instead4 ,a few examples of these ,i here give3-- ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dhb to #eaa4 ,after a time the ,dresden and ,svres productions were studied and successfully followed at ,worcester1 the salmon-coloured ground and bleu de roi being excellently managed4 ,tea and dessert services1 vases1 c41 were produced in these styles1 some of which are remarkable for the elegance of their painting and ornamentation4 ,on many examples of this period the ,dresden mark was used1 as shown in the accompanying woodcut4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eab4 ,in ,march1 #agef1 8,the proprietors of the ,worcester ,china ,manufacture1 for the better accommodation of merchants and traders1 have opened a warehouse at ,london ,house1 ,aldersgate ,street1 ,london1 where they may be supplied every day1 between the hours of nine in the morning and three in the afternoon1 with a sortment of goods1 wholesale1 on the most reasonable terms4 ,orders are likewise taken and executed with dispatch for home and foreign trade40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eac4 ,a remarkable bowl1 apparently from a mould cast from a silver original1 is of the date of the commencement of these works4 ,it is in possession of ,mrs4 ,barr1 and bears beneath it the date #agea ,mr4 ,binns also possesses specimens which may be attributed to about the same period4 ,in #agef1 the truly important invention of printing on china1 i4e4 transferring printed impressions from engraved copper-plates on to the china body1 is said to have been made in ,worcester4 ,at all events1 it is an undoubted fact that1 in #ageg1 the art in ,worcester had arrived at a wondrous state of perfection2 and it is but fair1 therefore1 to say that the belief in its being practised in the previous year is well founded4 ,to have arrived at the state of perfection which is exhibited in the example to which ,i am alluding 7a mug bearing the head of the ,king of ,prussia1 and dated #ageg71 must at least have been the work of months1 if not of years4 ,the invention of transfer printing is claimed1 and very plausibly1 for ,liverpool1 and is said to have been made by ,mr4 ,john ,sadler1 who drew up papers1 and procured affidavits1 for obtaining a patent1 in ,august1 #agef2 on the #bgth of ,july in that year he and his partner1 ,guy ,green1 were sworn to have printed more than twelve hundred earthenware tiles in six hours4 ,whether the ,worcester idea was taken from ,liverpool1 or whether both were taken from ,battersea1 or whether1 as is not unfrequently the case1 the invention originated in two minds about the same time1 without one being at all connected with the other1 it is not for me now to determine4 ,it is enough for my present purpose to say that highly finished printed goods were made at ,worcester in #ageg1 and the dated example now in existence clearly establishes the fact that it was a work of some forethought and care4 ,on this mug the following poem appeared in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,december1 #ageg3-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ead4 ,,poem ,,on ,,seeing ,,an ,,arm',d ,,bust ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,prussia ,,curiously ,,imprinted ,,on ,a ,,porcelain ,,cup ,,of ,,the ,,worcester ,,manufacture1 ,,with ,,the ,,emblems ,,of ,,his ,,victories4 ,,inscribed ,,to ,,mr4 ,,josiah ,,holdship4 ,here1 taught by thee1 we view with raptured eyes1 ,graceful and bold1 the ,prussian hero rise-- ,the royal chief1 the ,csar of the age1 ,whose acts the wonder of the world engage4 ,the martial spirit animates his mien1 ,his heart intrepid1 and his look serene4 ,there ,fame1 regardless else who reigns or bleeds1 ,with all her breath resounds his mighty deeds4 ,here from whole nations in the field o'erthrown1 ,he points to trophies which are all his own2 ,while ,victory gives to valour so renown'd ,the blooming wreath which her own temples bound4 ,see where his virtues still his life expose1 ,and smile defiance to surrounding foes4 ,the intriguing ,saxon see him there#gd surprise2 ,here from his arms the ,imperial ,eagle#ge flies2 ,tho' fortune frowns1#gf unknowing how to yield1 ,he drives1 by proxy1#gg ,russia from the field4 ,now1 farther prest1 behold him still advance1 ,and pour destruction on the troops#gh of ,france2 ,before his glitt'ring arms the ,swedes retire1 ,and mourn pale ,envy's unfulfilled desire4 ,yet lo6 once more by frowning fortune crost1 ,he sees a battle1 ,breslau1 ,bevern lost3 ,yet soon1 that loss retrieved1 the hero gains ,immortal glory on ,silesian plains4 ,his active spirit still disdains repose1 ,resolv'd to combat with stern wintry snows2 ,and through the regions of her cold domain1 ,to stretch the triumphs of the long campaign4 ,what praise1 ingenious ,,holdship1 is thy due1 ,who first on porcelain the fair portrait drew2 ,who first alone to full perfection brought ,the curious art1 by rival numbers sought4 ,hence shall thy skill inflame heroic souls1 ,who mighty battles see round mightier bowls2 ,while ,albion's sons shall see their features1 name1 ,and actions copied on the cup of fame4 ,hence beauty1 which repairs the waste of war1 ,beauty may triumph on a china jar3 ,and this1 perhaps1 with stronger faith to trust1 ,than the stain'd canvas or the marble bust4 ,for here1 who once in youthful charms appears ,may bloom uninjured for a thousand years2 ,may time--till now opposed in vain--defie1 ,and live still fair1 till ,nature's self shall die4 ,here may the toasts of every age be seen1 ,from ,britain's ,gunning back to ,sparta's ,queen3 ,and every hero history's page can bring ,from ,macedonia's down to ,prussia's king4 ,perhaps the art may track the circling world4 ,where'er thy ,britain has her sails unfurl'd2 ,while wond'ring ,china shall with envy see1 ,and stoop to borrow her own arts from thee4 ,,cynthio4 ,worcester1 #bjth ,dec41 #ageg4 ,a different version of this poem was reprinted in the ,worcester ,journal of ,january1 #ageh1 with the addition of a couple of lines4 ,it is there headed3--8,on seeing an armed bust of the ,king of ,prussia curiously imprinted on a ,porcelain ,cup of the ,worcester ,manufacture1 with ,fame resounding her ,trump and an emblematical representation of his victories3 ,addressed to ,mr4 ,josiah ,holdship20 and an 8extempore on the compliment of imprinting the ,king of ,prussia's ,bust being ascribed to ,mr4 ,josiah ,holdship40 ,the extempore being the following important lines3-- 8,handcock1 my friend1 don't grieve1 tho' ,holdship has the praise1 ',tis yours to execute--'tis his to wear the bays40 ,from this it would seem that the credit of the invention 7for more information see the chapters on the ,liverpool potteries and the ,coalport china works7 was even then a vexed question in ,worcester2 some ascribing it to ,holdship1 and others to ,hancock2 and1 no doubt1 each of those individuals claiming it for himself4 ,robert ,hancock was an engraver of some eminence in ,worcester1 and 8was chief engraver#gi to the ,worcester ,porcelain ,company on its first establishment20 and it is also said he was in partnership with ,dr4 ,wall4 ,he died in #ahag1 aged eighty-seven4 ,valentine ,green1 the historian of ,worcester1 and a famous mezzo-tint engraver1 was a pupil of ,robert ,hancock's 7by whom many of the plates in his 8,history of ,worcester0 are engraved71 as was also ,james ,ross1 the line engraver4 ,valentine ,green died in ,london in #ahac1 and was buried in the churchyard of ,st4 ,mary's1 ,paddington1 where his gravestone now stands4 ,hancock1 it is believed1 had1 previously to printing on porcelain at ,worcester1 produced some printed plaques at ,battersea1 specimens of which1 with his name attached1 are in existence4#hj ,richard ,holdship1 it will have been seen1 was one of the original proprietors of the ,worcester works1 and became1 in #agea1 the lessee of the premises 7,warmstry ,house7 in which the manufacturing operations were commenced4 ,in #agei he1 conjointly with his brother ,josiah ,holdship1 purchased the property for #fjj1 having previously purchased some houses to the south of the works1 on whose site he erected a large and commodious mansion4 ,he1 however1 became bankrupt in #agfa1 having sold his shares in the porcelain works to ,mr4 ,david ,henry1 of ,london1 for the immense sum of five shillings4 ,shortly after that1 ,holdship appears to have left ,worcester1 and1 as evidenced by the original deed in my own possession1 in #agfd bound himself by bond and various articles of agreement1 to ,messrs4 ,duesbury and ,heath1 of ,derby1 for the making and printing china or porcelain ware4 ,in these 8articles of agreement0 he is described as 8,richard ,holdship1 of the city of ,worcester1 china maker10 and in it he agrees for 8the sum of one hundred pounds of lawful ,british money10 to be paid down1 and for an annuity of thirty pounds a year1 to be paid to him during life1 to deliver to ,messrs4 ,duesbury and ,heath1 8in writing under his hand1 the process now pursued by him the said ,richard ,holdship1 in the making of china or porcelain ware1 agreeable to the proofs already made 7by him7 at the china manufactory of the said ,john ,heath and ,william ,duesbury1 in ,derby20 also1 8during his life to supply and furnish0 them 8with a sufficient quantity of soapy rock used in the making of china or porcelain ware1 at such a price as any other china manufacturers do1 shall1 or may at any time hereafter give for that commodity20 and 8also that he1 the said ,richard ,holdship1 shall and will during his life print1 or cause to be printed1 all the china or porcelain ware which the said ,john ,heath and ,william ,duesbury1 their heirs1 c41 shall from time to time have occasion to be printed1 of equal skill and workmanship1 and upon as reasonable terms as the said 7,heath and ,duesbury7 can have the same done for by any other person or persons whomsoever1 or agreeable to the prices now given in40 ,he also binds himself not to disclose or make known his process to any other persons during the continuance of these articles1 nor to bequeath1 sell1 or communicate them to any persons1 so as to take place after his death1 unless the articles are cancelled during his lifetime4 ,the agreement was to continue in force so long as ,duesbury and ,heath determined to carry on the business according to his process2 and whenever they should decline doing so1 then ,holdship was to be at liberty to sell or communicate his process to any one else4 ,at ,derby1 ,holdship also printed stoneware4 ,as ,i have stated in my account of the ,derby china works1 the printed ware did not appear to meet ,mr4 ,duesbury's views1 or to be so advantageous as the higher class of goods painted by hand1 for which he was famed1 and thus there were constant complaints and recriminations passing between ,holdship and his employers4 ,from some of the documents ,i glean that his process was 8for printing enamell and blew20 that he had an assistant named ,william ,underwood2 that he valued his press at #aj #ajs42 offered his 8utensils and copper engraved plates at half prime cost20 that his 8enamell collours1 weight #aea lbs410 he valued at #ce1 including his process for making the same2 and that he proposes to 8yield his process for printing enamell and blew1 for which he hath been offered several hundred pounds40 ,how long the agreement continued ,i cannot say1 but at all events1 ,holdship was still employed at ,derby at the end of #agfi4 ,of much of the work of ,robert ,hancock1 fortunately1 there can be no possible doubt1 for his name appears in full on some examples1 and his initials--at least1 initials believed to be his--on others4 ,these will be seen in the accompanying engraving3-- ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eae to #eag4 ,two of these1 it will be seen1 are somewhat curious1 having the ,chelsea anchor attached to the name of ,worcester4 ,it is a problem worth solving whether this monogram of ,,rh conjoined was that of ,robert ,hancock1 and1 if so1 whether he had previously been connected with the ,chelsea works2 or whether the anchor was adopted as a mark by ,richard ,holdship in allusion to his name1 hold ship1 which1 it must be admitted1 would be a clever and very appropriate colophon4 ,the engraving1 looked at as engraving alone1 upon some of the pieces of this period1 is truly beautiful and sharp2 but when considered as transfer on to china paste1 is very wonderful4 ,in ,mr4 ,binns's possession is a watch-back of ,battersea enamel1 transfer printed1 bearing the initials 8,r4 ,h4 f40 ,the subject was a popular one for china and enamels1 and was frequently reproduced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eah4 ,richard ,hancock1 it is supposed1 was employed at ,battersea before coming to ,worcester1 where he must have been settled before the date 7#ageg7 of the poem just quoted4 ,he was an excellent engraver1 as the watch-back 7,fig4 #eah7 will testify4 ,examples of his engravings1 transferred on to ,chinese porcelain1 are also preserved1 and are considered to be his trial pieces from transferring on to this material4 ,the copper plate itself from which these foreign china specimens as well as many of the choicest known examples of ,worcester china have been printed1 ,i had myself the good fortune to discover a few years ago at ,coalport4 ,it bears the engraver's name--,r4 ,hancock fecit4 ,illustration3 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,hancock',s ,,original ,,engravings1 ,,from ,,caughley ,,and ,,coalport4 7,the central group bears his name4 8,r4 ,hancock1 fecit40 ,see pp4 #bcd1 #bgj47 ,i know1 for the first time such a thing has been done1 give as an illustration 7on ,plate ,,ii47 impressions actually printed from this very plate engraved by ,hancock a century ago4#ha ,on the same plate1 it will be noticed1 is another engraving by ,hancock1 of a group of children playing at 8,blind ,man's ,buff10 which collectors will recognise as occasionally occurring on rare examples4 ,on ,plates ,,iii4 and ,,iv4 ,i also give1 for the first time1 impressions from other copper plates1 to which ,i shall make allusion later on4 ,among ,hancock's pupils were ,valentine ,green1 the historian of ,worcester2 ,james ,ross1 who earned a considerable local reputation2 and1 it is believed1 ,thomas ,turner1 afterwards of the ,caughley china works4 ,in #agfi ,hancock purchased from the mortgagees of ,richard ,holdship the buildings he had erected1 and became a partner in the china works2 in which he held a sixth share4 ,the partnership1 however1 did not last long1 and in #aggd he was 8paid out10 as appears by the following entry3--8,whereas certain controversies1 differences1 and disputes had arisen between the parties touching the said ,robert ,hancock's share of the said stock1 it was agreed by indenture1 dated ,october #ca1 #aggd1 in order to prevent all such disputes1 to purchase from him his share in said stock for the sum of #ijj1 being exactly one-sixth40 ,hancock1 it is said1 left the works in the same year1 #aggd4 ,the group 7,fig4 #eag7 exhibits a selection of the early transfer-printing examples of ,hancock's work and that of his clever contemporaries4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eai4--,worcester ,transfer ,printing4 ,a few years before the ,chelsea works passed into the hands of ,duesbury of ,derby1 it appears that some of the workmen migrated to ,worcester1 and this circumstance gave a fresh impetus to the manufacture of porcelain in that city1 and enabled the proprietors of the works to produce many exquisite articles after the ,dresden and ,svres schools of art4 ,some examples of this ,chelsea style are shown grouped on ,fig4 #ebj4 ,in #aggf ,dr4 ,wall died1 and was buried at the ,abbey ,church1 ,bath1 in which city he had resided for some time for the benefit of his impaired and declining health4 ,soon after this time the works began to decline2 the goods produced were far inferior to those made in former years1 and their whole style1 body1 and finish showed an evident falling off in the management of the works4 ,it is surely not too much to attribute this decadence in a great degree to the loss of the master mind of ,dr4 ,wall4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebj4--,worcester ,china in the ,chelsea style4 ,after many changes in proprietorship1#hb the ,worcester works1 in #aghc1 were purchased by ,mr4 ,t4 ,flight1 a merchant of ,bread ,street1 ,london1 and of ,hackney 7who was agent to the ,worcester ,porcelain ,company71 for his sons1 ,joseph and ,john1 for the sum of #c1jjj1 including premises1 models1 plant1 and stock1 and here he established them4 ,these two brothers were jewellers1 and carried on both concerns at the same time4 ,under their management the works rapidly more than regained their former eminence1 and became very successful4 ,the mark used by ,messrs4 ,flight was as follows--simply the name in writing letters4 ,another mark of this period was the name ,,flights1 in italic capitals1 impressed on the ware1 sometimes with the crescent painted in blue4 ,in #aghf ,joseph ,flight1 one of the partners1 8jeweller and china manufacturer10 advertised that he had taken ,mr4 ,bradley's shop1 #cc1 ,high ,street4 ,shortly afterwards he removed to larger premises1 ,no4 #de1 where he received the king and queen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eba4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ebb and #ebc4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ebd to #ebf4 ,in #aghh an event of great importance to the works occurred4 ,in that year the king1 ,george ,,iii41 with ,queen ,charlotte and the princesses1 visited ,worcester1 and having gone through the porcelain works1 and been much pleased with the beauty of the articles manufactured1 his majesty desired that the word 8royal0 might be prefixed to the name1 and recommended the proprietors to open a show-room in ,london4 ,this suggestion was at once acted upon1 and a warehouse opened in ,coventry ,street1 which secured a large and very fashionable patronage for the ware4 ,after the king's visit the distinctive mark of a crown was added to the marks1 which at this time were the following4 ,the subsequent changes in the proprietorship1 consequent on deaths1 were 8,messrs4 ,flight and ,barr0--,mr4 ,martin ,barr having joined the concern in #agic--8;,barr1 ,flight1 and ,barr10 and 8,flight1 ,barr1 and ,barr0 7,joseph ,flight1 ,martin ,barr1 and ,martin ,barr1 jun41 and afterwards ,george ,barr in place of the elder ,martin74 ,from #ahbi till #ahdj the firm was simply 8,barr and ,barr10 the parties being ,martin and ,george ,barr4 ,some of the marks ,i here give4 ,others1 which were printed marks1 it is scarcely worth while to engrave2 they are as follows3--8,flight1 ,barr1 and ,barr0--,b1 the initial of ,barr1 scratched in the ware2 8,barr1 ,flight1 and ,barr1 ,royal ,porcelain ,works1 ,worcester2 ,london ,house1 ,no4 #a1 ,coventry ,street10 in five lines1 and surmounted by two crowns2 8,b4,f4,b410 imprint on the ware3 8,barr1 ,flight1 and ,barr1 ,royal ,porcelain ,works1 ,worcester2 ,london ,house1 ,flight and ,barr1 ,coventry ,street0 7within an oval71 8,manufacturers to their ,majesties1 ,prince of ,wales1 and ,royal ,family2 established #agea0 7surrounding the oval72 the whole surmounted by a crown and the ,prince of ,wales's feathers3 8,flight1 ,barr1 and ,barr1 ,proprietors of the ,royal ,porcelain ,works1 ,worcester1 established #agfa10 in five lines2 above are the royal arms1 and beneath are the ,prince of ,wales's feathers1 the whole within a circle2 surrounding the circle is1 8,manufacturers to their ,majesties and the ,prince ,regent2 ,london ,warehouse1 ,no4 #a1 ,coventry ,street40 ,in #aghf1 ,robert ,chamberlain1 who was the first apprentice to the old ,worcester ,porcelain ,company1 and who had continued with the different proprietors up to that period1 commenced business for himself in premises at ,diglis--the same which are now carried on by the ,royal ,worcester ,porcelain ,company4 ,chamberlain was a painter1 and on the first establishment of his business bought his porcelain from the ,caughley works 7,coalbrookdale7 and painted it at ,worcester4 ,in a very short time1 however1 he made his own1 and his works soon grew into public favour and eminence4 ,his son was an excellent artist1 and a portrait of the ,princess ,charlotte1 which he painted1 is said to have given the highest satisfaction to ,prince ,leopold and others4 ,the mark adopted by ,chamberlain was simply his name in writing1 thus1 8,chamberlain's10 or 8,chamberlains completes the sentence4 ,worcester04 ,afterwards the following marks were used3-- ,illustration3 ,chamberlain's1 ,worcester1 #fc1 ,piccadilly1 ,london4 ,chamberlain's ,regent ,china1 ,worcester1 #aee1 ,new ,bond ,street1 ,london4 ,chamberlain's1 ,worcester1 #aee1 ,new ,bond ,street1 ,london4 ,royal ,porcelain ,manufactory4 ,,chamberlains4 ,chamberlain ,co41 ,worcester4 ,,chamberlain ,,co41 ,,worcester1 #aee1 ,,new ,,bond ,,street1 ,,no4 #a1 ,,coventry ,,st41 ,,london4 ,figs4 #ebg to #ecf4 ,as a companion picture to the fac-simile of ,dr4 ,wall's works ,i give views of those of ,chamberlain's 7,fig4 #ecg71 and1 later1 of ,flight and ,barr's1 the latter copied from an engraving transferred to porcelain4 ,from these the extensive character of the place will be seen4 ,it has1 however1 been much increased since the amalgamation of the two establishments1 and within the last few years has been almost entirely rebuilt by the present proprietors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ecg4--;,chamberlain's ,worcester ,porcelain ,works4 ,the business was afterwards carried on successively by 8,chamberlain and ,sons0 and 8,chamberlain and ,co40 ,during the continuance of the two works it is believed that by far the greater part of the entire production of porcelain in the kingdom was made at ,worcester2 and certainly the books and the samples of various sets still remaining in the show-rooms bear evidence both of the high patronage and the extent of orders received1 and of the beauty of workmanship which the proprietary had attained in their ware4 ,the successive changes in the proprietary were as follows3--#aghf-agih1 ,robert ,chamberlain1 senior1 ,humphrey ,chamberlain1 and ,richard ,nash 7sleeping partner72 #agih-ahjd1 ,humphrey ,chamberlain and ,robert ,chamberlain1 junior2 #ahjd-ahaa1 the same1 with ,g4 ,e4 ,boulton as sleeping partner2 #ahaa-ahbg1 the same1 without ,boulton2 #ahbh-ahdj1 ,walter ,chamberlain and ,john ,lilly4 ,the marks then used1 from #ahdj to #ahej1 being ,chamberlain ,co41 ,worcester1 in writing italics1 and ,,chamberlain',s in capital letters4 ,in #ahjj1 a third china manufactory was established in ,worcester by ,mr4 ,thomas ,grainger1 nephew of ,humphrey ,chamberlain1 who had for many years taken an active and principal part in ,chamberlain's works4 ,this establishment1 of which a few words anon1 is still continued by the son of its founder and partners under the firm of 8,g4 ,grainger and ,co40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ech4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eci to #ede4--,productions of ,messrs4 ,chamberlain1 #ahea4 ,the two principal manufactories1 those of 8,flight1 ,barr1 and ,barr10 and 8,chamberlain and ,co410 continued until #ahdj1 when they amalgamated1 and the two firms formed one joint-stock company4 ,the plant and stock were removed from ,warmstry ,house to ,messrs4 ,chamberlain's premises1 and the works were there carried on under the style of 8,chamberlain and ,co40 ,the mark used by ,chamberlain and ,co4 was as follows3-- ,from #ahdj to #ahdg the managing directors were ,walter ,chamberlain1 ,john ,lilly1 and ,martin and ,george ,barr1 and ,fleming ,st4 ,john2 from #ahdh to #ahej the proprietors were ,walter ,chamberlain and ,john ,lilly2 in #ahej1 ,walter ,chamberlain and ,edward ,lilly4 ,in #ahej ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,kerr joined the concern1 which was for a short time carried on under the style of 8,chamberlain1 ,lilly1 and ,kerr20 but on the #ast of ,january1 #aheb1 another change took place in the proprietary4 ,on this occasion ,mr4 ,chamberlain and ,mr4 ,lilly retired1 and ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,binns entered into partnership with ,mr4 ,kerr1 and the firm was carried on under the style of 8,kerr and ,binns10 and 8,w4 ,h4 ,kerr and ,co40 ,in #aheb the works were considerably increased1 in fact they may almost be said to have been then rebuilt1 by ,mr4 ,kerr1 whose great desire was to make them the best constructed1 and most roomy and convenient1 of any porcelain works in the kingdom4 ,in #ahfb ,mr4 ,kerr retired from the concern1 and it is now carried on by a company of shareholders1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,binns1 ,f4,s4,a41 who is one of them1 holding the proud position of 8,art ,director10 a post for which no man is better qualified than he is4 ,the total number of hands employed at the present time is between five and six hundred4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edf4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #edg and #edh4--;,ewer and ,stand1 painted by ,bott4 ,the productions of the ,worcester works have been brought to a wondrous state of perfection1 both as to body1 glaze1 form1 and decoration4 ,certainly neither in ancient nor in modern specimens of ceramic art have such exquisitely beautiful works been produced as some of the enamels which1 under the fostering hand of ,mr4 ,binns1 have of late years been made here4 ,the body1 unlike the works of ,limoges or the ,svres imitations1 is pure porcelain1 not a coating of porcelain over sheets of metal2 and the effect is produced by the partial transparency of the white laid on the blue ground1 instead of by heightening4 ,the tone produced in these enamels is peculiarly soft and delicate1 and the colours are pure and intense2 they will bear--and bear well--a close and critical comparison with those of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4#hc ,examples consisting of an ewer and stand1 a vase1 a pastile-burner1 a plate1 a tazza1 and other articles1 are given on ,figs4 #edg to #eec4 ,the late ,mr4 ,bott1 an artist of the very highest eminence1 was brought up by ,mr4 ,binns specially for the production of these enamels1 and his early death has been a great loss to ,art4 ,through his death examples have become very scarce1 and realise high prices4 ,at the present time a pair of vases--still in the hands of the ,worcester ,company--are valued at #a1ejj guineas1 and an ewer and basin at #cej guineas1 and the probability is that they will still increase rapidly in value4 ,to ,mr4 ,binns is entirely due the introduction and carrying out of the ,worcester enamels in the style of ,limoges2 the ivory porcelain1 a soft-glaze body of an ivory tint2 the ,raphaelesque porcelain2 jewelled porcelain1 of a totally different and far higher character than that of ,svres2 and ,japanese decoration on porcelain and pottery4 ,besides these1 to his taste1 skill1 and judgment are due the great varieties of styles and improvements in form and decoration which now characterize these works4 ,in parian1 the ,worcester works produce a large variety of figures1 busts1 groups1 and ornamental articles of every kind1 and of a remarkably clean and pure body4 ,the ivory porcelain--an improvement upon parian1 and capable of greater development--is one of the specialities of these works4 ,besides being used for busts1 figures1 and ornamental pieces1 in its simple state1 when it has all the softness1 beauty1 and natural tint of ivory itself1 it forms the basis of many of the ornamental decorations1 especially the ,raphaelesque ware1 which is the colouring of the surface in relief in the style of the old ,capo di ,monte ware and the ,buen ,retiro porcelain4 ,this style was first introduced by ,mr4 ,binns for the ,exhibition of #ahfb1 and has retained its popularity to the present hour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edi4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eej to #eeb4--;,enamel2 the subject taken from the ,raphael ,tazza4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eec4--;,group of ,worcester ,porcelain ,enamel4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eed and #eee4 ,the jewelled porcelain1 for which ,worcester now is famous1 is totally different from that made at ,svres or ,tournay1 whether ancient or modern4 ,the ,french jewels are all made by enamellers1 and each colour is fused on a small plate of metal which forms the setting1 and may be stuck on the vase or plate with gum if it is not required to pass it through the fire4 ,these jewels may be bought by the dozen or hundred in any variety3 but the work decorated with them is essentially ,french1 and tinselly4 ,the ,english jewelling1 though perhaps not so brilliant1 is of far higher and purer character1 and is far more legitimate as a decoration for pottery4 ,each of these jewels is formed of colour melted on to the china1 and occasionally raised higher and higher by repeated firings1 and thus it becomes1 and is1 a part of the material itself4 ,the most elaborate piece of work produced at ,worcester in this style is a djener set made for presentation to the ,countess of ,dudley on her marriage1 from the city of ,worcester4 ,it is powdered all over with turquoise1 but so arranged in geometric lines that only the different sizes of the jewels are noticed4 ,in ,japanese porcelain the ,worcester works produce a vast variety of articles2 amongst these are vases1 spill-cases1 jardinires1 toilet ornaments1 trays1 and an infinite number of other elegancies4 ,these ,japanese productions are not servile imitations of native art2 they are ,japanese art and art-characteristics adapted and rendered subservient to the highest aims of pure design of our own country4 ,mr4 ,binns1 to whom this introduction is owing1 has caught the very spirit of ,japanese art1 and1 with the happy facility he possesses of turning everything to good account1 has so grafted it upon ,english productions that the one becomes an essential and component part of the other4 ,among the more pleasing and characteristic of the vases are a set on which the designs1 in relief 7admirably modelled by ,mr4 ,hadley7 upon tablets1 represent the various processes of the potter's art as followed in the ,east2 and these pictures--for true pictures they are--are so minutely and exquisitely painted and gilded 7by ,callowhill71 that it requires a good lens to bring out their many and very minute beauties4 ,of these ,i give some engravings4 ,this introduction1 which now forms a distinctive feature of the ,worcester works1 is a marked and decided advance in ceramic art2 the effect of bronze and other metals being quite an achievement4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #eef to #eei4--,worcester ,japanese ,ware4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #efj to #efe4--,worcester ,porcelain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eff4 ,in majolica the ,worcester works produce many splendid varieties of articles1 and many spirited and beautiful designs4 ,dessert services1 floral table decorations1 shell-pieces1 spill-cases1 and vases are among the articles produced4 ,the body is finer and more compact than that frequently used by manufacturers1 and the colouring is faultless and in the purest taste4 ,it was a wise thought to graft this branch of ceramic art on to that of the finest porcelain at ,worcester1 and its rapid development shows how thoroughly it has been appreciated4 ,but it is not in ornamental goods only that these works take high rank4 ,they produce every possible variety1 from the simple gold and white to the most highly decorated tea1 coffee1 djener1 dinner1 toilet1 and other services4 ,these are produced in very large quantities1 and form a staple and constantly increasing branch of the manufacture2 and in all these1 however simple1 the same purity of taste in patterns is displayed as in the rarer and more costly gems of art4 ,it is a common belief that high art and commercial success cannot go hand in hand1--that to make things sell you must sink art--or that1 if you produce high art examples1 you must give up all expectations of a remunerative trade4 ,this theory ,i do not believe in4 ,i hold it to be the mission of the manufacturer1 in whatever branch he may be engaged1 to produce such goods as shall tend to educate the public taste1 and to lead it gradually upwards to a full appreciation of the beautiful4 ,the manufacturer is quite as much a teacher as the writer or the artist1 and he is frequently a much more effectual one4 ,in pottery especially1 where the wares of one kind or other are hourly in the hands of every person in the kingdom1 it behoves the manufacturers to produce such perfect forms1 and to introduce such ornamentation1 even in the commonest and coarsest ware1 as shall teach the eye1 and induce a taste for whatever is beautiful and perfect and lovely in art4 ,the mission of the manufacturer is to create a pure taste1 not to perpetuate and pander to a vicious and barbarous one2 and ,i believe1 in the end1 that those who do their best to elevate the minds of the people by this means will find that1 commercially1 their endeavours will be most satisfactory--assuredly they will be the most pleasant to their own minds4 ,the ,worcester people seem to understand this thoroughly1 and to have wisely determined that nothing1 even of the most simple design or common use1 which is not pure in taste and elegant in form shall be issued from their works4 ,the marks of ,messrs4 ,kerr and ,binns were the following3--,illustration3 ,figs4 #efg and #efh4 ,but they had also another1 a special mark1 designed by ,digby ,wyatt1 which is used solely for marking the goods made for her ,majesty4 ,in the mark 7,fig4 #efh7 in the third quarter of the shield1 left white in the engraving1 the initials of ,mr4 ,bott1 the painter1 are found on his beautiful enamels4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egj4--;,breakfast ,service made for the ,duke of ,cumberland in #ahjf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ega4--,service made for ,king ,william ,,iv4 in #ahca4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egb4--,service made for the ,princess ,charlotte on her marriage in #ahaf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egc4--,service made on the occasion of the creation of the ,duke of ,clarence in #aghi4 ,the ,worcester works have1 at one time or other1 been favoured more than most ,english establishments with orders from royalty4 ,of these ,i give five examples of plates1 to show the beauty and intricacy of their designs4 ,fig4 #efi is a part of a service made for the ,queen2 ,fig4 #egc1 from the service made for ,prince ,william ,henry1 ,duke of ,clarence1 in #aghi2 #egb1 for the ,princess ,charlotte on her marriage2 #ega for his ,majesty ,king ,william ,,iv42 and #egj1 for the ,duke of ,cumberland in #ahjf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egd4 ,a curious feature in connection with these works1 and one which ,i am only aware has been followed by one other ,english china manufactory 7that of ,pinxton71 was the issuing of porcelain tokens--that is1 china money--for the convenience of the masters and workmen at the factory4 ,they are1 it will be seen1 in the form of a promissory note4 ,they bear the 8promise0 on the obverse1 and on the reverse the letters ,w ,p ,c 7,worcester ,porcelain ,company71 and were issued for various amounts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ege4 ,examples of some of the more recent productions of the ,royal ,worcester ,porcelain ,company 7as shown at the ,french ,exhibition of #ahfh7 are shown on our cuts1 ,figs4 #efj to #efe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,royal ,china ,works4--,the porcelain works of ,messrs4 ,grainger and ,co4 are situated in ,st4 ,martin's ,street1 with show-rooms in the ,foregate4 ,they were established in #ahjj1 as ,i have before stated1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,grainger1 nephew to ,mr4 ,chamberlain1 to whom he served an apprenticeship as a painter2 the latter part of his apprenticeship being devoted to taking a share in the general management of the works4 ,when out of his time1 ,mr4 ,grainger started a manufactory on his own account1 and took into partnership a ,mr4 ,wood1 a painter of considerable skill and eminence1 whose productions on the early porcelain made by them are characterized by a peculiar mellowness of shade1 and who excelled in 8mezzo-tint drawing20 and the works were carried on for some time under the firm of 8,grainger and ,wood40 ,afterwards1 ,mr4 ,grainger took into partnership his brother-in-law1 ,mr4 ,lee1 and the style of the firm was then changed to that of 8,grainger and ,lee40 ,the mark was as appended4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egg4 ,in #ahaj1 about two years before ,mr4 ,lee became a partner1 the works were destroyed by fire4 ,the manufactory was shortly rebuilt on a new site1 on the opposite side of the street1 and has been considerably enlarged4 ,mr4 ,lee having retired from the concern1 the business was then carried on by ,mr4 ,grainger until his decease in #ahci1 when his son1 ,mr4 ,george ,grainger1 one of the present proprietors1 succeeded him1 and has carried on the works1 under the style of 8,g4 ,grainger and ,co410 to the present day4 ,up to the year #ahej1 porcelain alone was made at this establishment1 and its quality was remarkably good1 both in body and in ornamentation4 ,in that year1 however1 ,mr4 ,george ,grainger invented a new body1 which he named 8semi-porcelain40 ,this new ware was first made public at the ,great ,international ,exhibition of #ahea1 and from its peculiar qualities of durability1 hardness1 and freedom from cracking with heat1 attracted considerable attention4 ,the surface of the semi-porcelain bears every characteristic of the finest china1 and1 of course1 in colour1 in painting1 and in gilding can be made quite equal to it2 but it has the additional advantage of being so completely vitrified that the inside1 in case of being chipped or broken1 remains of its original whiteness4 ,it is peculiarly adapted for dinner-services through not flying or cracking with heat so readily as the ordinary china does1 and because of its power of retaining heat for a much longer time4 ,it is somewhat extensively exported both to ,france and to ,india4 ,mr4 ,grainger manufactures very largely of this material chemical vessels1 batteries1 insulators for telegraph wires1 c41 and for these purposes its superiority is admitted by the highest scientific authorities4 ,these insulators 7in an unglazed state7 after being soaked for many hours in acid1 stood the test of a battery of two hundred ,daniel's cells--a very severe test--showing thus great strength and resisting power--a strength which would be much increased when glazed4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,,grainger 4 ,c4 ,,manufacturers ,,worcester4 ,fig4 #egh4 ,the mark of the present firm is as follows3--see ,fig4 #egh ,another has simply the words 8,chemical ,porcelain1 ,grainger and ,co41 ,manufactory1 ,worcester40 ,messrs4 ,grainger and ,co4 also produce some admirable vases1 excellent parian figures and ornaments4 ,another variety of goods is the perforated parian ware1 in which is made vases1 c41 of remarkably pure design and careful execution4 ,some of the best specimens of lace drapery have been produced by this firm4 ,at the ,exhibition of #ahfb1 the last at which the firm exhibited1 a medal was awarded them for this 8semi-0 or 8chemical porcelain10 which1 undeniably1 well deserved such a distinction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egi4 ,the toilet services of this firm are of considerable elegance in design1 as will be seen on ,figs4 #eha and #ehb4 ,fig4 #ehj exhibits a 8honeycombed0 coffee-service of very elegant design1 the foliage being gracefully thrown4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ehj to #ehc4 ,a new invention of ,messrs4 ,grainger is their 8,opalite10 a highly vitrified and very fine body1 in which they have produced1 with remarkably good effect1 embossed tiles for external decorations in shop fronts1 c4 ,a design of a celadon ground with the blackberry1 conventionally treated1 in relief1 in white1 with the stems relieved with burnished gold1 burned into the body1 is remarkably beautiful and effective4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,st4 ,john's ,encaustic ,tile ,works4--,after the removal of ,messrs4 ,flight and ,barr's works to the present site of the ,royal porcelain manufactory1 on the amalgamation spoken of on a preceding page1 ,mr4 ,barr for a time continued making encaustic paving tiles on the old premises4 ,in this he was joined by ,mr4 ,fleming ,st4 ,john1 who was one of the managing directors of the ,royal porcelain works1 and some excellent patterns1 and of good colour and material1 were produced4 ,the tile works were1 however1 in #ahfj1 sold to ,messrs4 ,maw1 who continued to carry on the manufacture until #aheb1 when they removed to ,broseley1 where the manufacture is still continued 7see 8,broseley074 ,in #ahec the premises were purchased from ,mr4 ,fleming ,st4 ,john by ,mr4 ,allcroft1 one of the partners in the firm of ,dent1 ,allcroft1 and ,co41 and their business of glove-making was removed within the same year4 99 99 99 99 99 8,worcester ,tileries10 ,rainbow ,hill4--,these works were established in #ahgj by ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,webb1 their present proprietor4 ,the tiles produced are in three series--#ast1 geometrical tiles in five colours1 viz4 black1 red1 buff1 grey1 and chocolate2 #bnd1 geometrical tiles in these colours with the addition of cream1 fawn1 blue1 white1 and green2 #crd1 the whole of these1 with encaustic or inlaid tiles added4 ,the geometrical tiles are made of various sizes and of every necessary shape1 and thus pavements of admirable and effective design and of endless variety are produced1 which are equally suitable for small villas1 cottages1 schools1 c4 ,the colours are clear and good1 and the quality hard and durable4 ,the mark used by ,mr4 ,webb is the name ,,henry ,c4 ,,webb1 ,,worcester1 in raised letters1 in a small circle impressed in the clay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,george's ,pottery ,works4--,these works were established by their present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,w4 ,barker1 formerly of ,frome in ,somersetshire1 in #ahfi1 for the manufacture of rustic ware1 terra-cotta1 and patent bricks--the latter being the main production of the establishment4 ,the works are situated on ,gregory's ,bank1 close to the canal1 on the north side of ,worcester1 where they occupy a large area of ground4 ,the kilns were erected from the designs of the patentees1 ,hoffman and ,licht1 of ,berlin and ,dantzic1 and the machinery by the patentees1 ,bradley and ,craven1 of ,wakefield4 ,as these are said to be among the best constructed of modern brick and terra-cotta works1 ,i quote the following particulars3-- 8,the kiln consists of a long railway-tunnel-shaped passage1 forming a long annular channel or ring4 ,this ring is divided into twelve compartments1 which may be made to communicate or to be separated from each other by the raising or lowering of a partition or damper4 ,to each compartment there is an entrance-doorway1 which can be closed with temporary brickwork4 ,flues lead from the bed of each compartment to the central smoke-chamber1 which communicates by a main flue with the chimney4 ,the state and progress of the fire can be at any time easily seen through the apertures on the top1 down which the fuel is passed2 and as the draught is under perfect control1 the heat can be at once raised or lowered as may be required4 ,the low temperature at which the gases leave the kiln is indicated by the fact that a high chimney for getting up the draught is required4 ,there is thus a perpetual current1 so to say1 of bricks1 which is brought slowly to revolve against1 and in the contrary direction to1 a perpetually revolving draught4 ,in the green stage of the bricks they thus come in contact with air at a comparatively low temperature1 and then gradually advance towards higher temperatures until they are at last burnt4 ,each stack of bricks to be burnt is1 therefore1 most ingeniously made to combine successively--7#a7 the functions of a grate with bars2 7#b7 of a ,leimen's regenerator1 for heating the air to be burnt2 7#c7 of a drying-room for themselves when green2 and 7#d7 of a cooling-room for themselves when burnt4 ,it is impossible not to enjoy the examination of such an exemplification of the dominion of mind over matter4 ,each day one chamber is emptied of its burnt and cooled-down bricks1 and another chamber is filled with green goods4 ,any repairs can also be at once done to any one of the chambers as it gets emptied in its turn4 ,in every process of treating clay or marl1 with a view to drying it in the open air or to burning it1 it is absolutely necessary to carry out these operations gradually at the risk of cracking and splitting the goods4 ,this kiln1 from its very gradual action and absence of sudden changes of temperature1 produces no 8wasters0 from these causes1 and the bricks can also be burnt in a much more moist state than in ordinary kilns1 as the heat is very gradually brought to bear upon them4 ,the extraordinary and widespread success of the patent annular kilns1 the beauty of the scientific principles they so ingeniously embody1 and the many fresh applications of which they are capable1 are well deserving a careful study4 ,in all there are not less than five hundred of these kilns at work in different parts of the world--,europe1 the ,united ,states1 ,india1 and ,australia4 ,in ,england and her colonies alone there are upwards of ninety in use1 and the power of production1 within merely ,england and ,ireland1 can be reckoned at nearly one million of bricks daily4 ,our ,admiralty use five1 the ,indian ,government already six4 ,in the ,patent ,kiln there is an important source of saving in the fact that the moisture is driven into the chimney1 and is never carried over the fuel1 uselessly conveying away1 as it would do1 enormous amounts of latent heat4 ,the chimney1 which rises from the centre of the kiln1 is of a circular form1 about #afj feet in height1 #ba feet #f inches in diameter at the base1 and #g feet #f inches at the top40 ,the analysis of the clay1 as reported by ,dr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,davis1 is as follows3--silica1 #efgd2 alumina1 #caff2 oxide of iron1 #fif2 lime1 #cdc2 magnesia1 trace2 alkaline salts1 #jec2 loss in analysis1 #jfh2 total1 #ajjjj4 ,the rustic terra-cotta ware produced at these works is of a very superior quality1 and the designs are so true to nature as to be faultless in every respect4 ,in this ware garden-seats1 flower-pots1 and flower-vases1 mignonette and other boxes1 spill-cases1 and a variety of other articles have been made1 and all are equally good in design4 ,among the rustic flower-pots and stands some are excellent representations of the gnarled root of a tree2 the small branches of trees nailed to the sides of the vessel2 and the bole of a tree beautifully modelled1 and apparently hollowed out to receive the plant4 ,in these cases the grain of the wood is well copied4 ,mr4 ,barker's great forte in these designs seems to have been the accurate and truthful copying of nature in the barks and peculiarities of growth of various trees4 ,mr4 ,barker manufactures the ceramic part of ,beckitt's patent photographic apparatus--an apparatus consisting of an earthenware cylinder and a series of troughs of the same material1 in which the cylinder is made to revolve by means of a handle2 the troughs being intended for the hyposulphate bath1 the gold solution1 and wash1 respectively4 ,ordinary flower-pots and other horticultural ware1 of good quality and excellent material1 are extensively made1 and form a staple branch of the ,st4 ,george's trade4 ,,stourbridge4 ,the ,lye ,works have the reputation of being the oldest in this district1 having been established in #agej4 ,its present proprietors are ,messrs4 ,william ,king ,perrens1 of ,wilmcote ,hall1 and ,george ,king ,harrison1 of ,hagley4 ,they are makers of fire-bricks of all kinds1 blast furnaces1 glass-house furnaces1 gas retorts1 gas ovens1 c41 and are proprietors of best ,glasshouse pot-clay4 ,the other makers at ,stourbridge are-- ,f4 ,t4 ,rufford ,hungary ,hill4 ,hickman ,co4 ,haygreen and ,brettell ,lane ,works4 ,perrens ,harrison ,the ,lye and ,brettell ,lane ,works4 ,e4 ,h4 ,j4 ,pearson ,the ,delph and ,tintern ,abbey ,works4 ,jas4 ,b4 ,fisher ,co4 ,the ,hayes4 ,mobberley ,bayley ,the ,thorns and ,cradley4 ,king ,brothers ,netherend4 ,harris ,pearson ,amblecote4 ,edward ,bowen ,clattershall4 ,john ,hall ,amblecote and ,bug ,hole4 ,trotter1 ,haines ,corbett ,brettell ,lane4 ,,and ,john ,walker ,kingswinford1 near ,dudley4 ,the ,himley ,fire ,brick ,company ,near ,dudley4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,george ,king ,harrison1 of the 8,lye ,works10 ,stourbridge1 for the following interesting particulars respecting ,stourbridge clay4 ,he says-- 8,the earliest account ,i have been able to obtain respecting ,stourbridge fire-clay shows that1 in the year #aeff1 a lease was granted for the purpose of getting and digging ,glasshouse pot-clay4 ,it is probable at that time it had only recently been discovered1 and that its peculiar properties and purity1 with the well-known abundance of fuel in the neighbourhood1 were the causes of the establishment of the glass manufacture1 which was introduced by refugees from ,lorraine about #aeeg4 ,it is believed that one of the first glasshouses was erected in a field 7near to ,stourbridge ,station71 and which is known by the name of the ,glasshouse ,field at the present time2 an old plan shows the position of the works1 foundations of furnaces1 and portion of old furnace40 ,dr4 ,plot1 in his 8,history of ,staffordshire10 date about #afhf1 says-- 8,the most preferable clay of any is that of ,amblecote1 of a dark blewish colour1 whereof they make the best pots for the glasshouses of any in ,england2 nay1 so very good is it for this purpose that it is sold in the place for #g;d4 the bushel1 whereof ,mr4 ,gray 7an ancestor of the present ,earl of ,stamford and ,warrington7 has #f;d4 and the workman #a;d41 and so very necessary to be had that it is sent as far as ,london1 some time by waggon and some time on pack horses to ,bewdley1 and so down the ,severn to ,bristol1 and thence to ,london40 8,the goodness of which clay and cheapness of coal hereabouts no doubt has drawn the glasshouses both for vessels and broad glass into these parts1 there being divers set up in different forms here at ,amblecote1 ,oldwynford1 ,hollowaysend1 and ,coburnbrook40 ,stourbridge clay 7properly so called7 is found only in a comparatively small district1 say within a circle of not more than two miles1 taking the valley of the ,stour at the ,lye as the centre1 and at depths varying from three or four yards from the surface to one hundred and eighty yards2 its position in the strata is in all cases below the thick coal1 at distances varying from twelve to twenty-five yards2 and it is generally overlaid by a shaly1 friable kind of coal1 called 8batts10 from twelve to twenty-four inches thick4 ,the thickness of the seam varies very much1 rarely exceeding thirty-six to forty-two inches1 and sometimes thinning down to five or six inches when close to faults or small disturbances in the measures4 ,the quality is very variable1 in some instances as hard as stone1 having to be blasted with powder1 and in others soft and easily workable4 ,there is a great variation in its component parts1 arising principally in the proportion of silica2 a clay containing only about fifty per cent4 of silica being very inferior1 and contracting very much on exposure to intense heat4 ,in order to show this difference in a practical form ,i have had eight clays from as many mines in the ,stourbridge district1 prepared under precisely similar circumstances1 subjected to the same heat1 and all burnt in the kiln at one time4 ,the result showing the great variation and power of resisting heat1 since1 in the eight samples1 hardly two are of the same weight and size4 ,the eight bricks all made in one mould4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 #d-aj_/af #b-ac_/af #a4 #d-aa_/af #b #a4 #ae oz4 #a gr4 #af oz4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 #d #b-ae_/af #ae_/af4 #d #b-aj_/af #ad_/af4 #af oz4 #a gr4 #ae oz4 #a gr4 ,no4 #e4 ,no4 #f4 #d-aa_/af #b-ac_/af #a-a_/af4 #d-f_/af #b #ad_/af4 #ag oz4 #b gr4 #ae oz4 #a gr4 ,no4 #g4 ,no4 #h4 #d-i_/af #b #ac_/af4 #d-i_/af #b #a4 #ac oz4 #b gr4 #ae oz4 #b gr4 ,the usual treatment of clay for glass-house purposes is as follows4 ,after having been carefully selected1 it is broken into small pieces by women accustomed to its appearance1 who throw on one side all pieces of discoloured and irregular clay2 it is finely ground by heavy edge-runners1 and mixed with a certain proportion of ground potsherds 7old broken burnt pots72 the proportion of burnt clay varies according to the purpose for which the clay is to be used2 it is then mixed with water1 and tempered with the foot1 and allowed to lie a considerable time--which should not be less than six or seven weeks--when it should acquire great tenacity before being made into pots4 ,these pots are built up by hand gradually1 great care being taken that the last layer of clay is not allowed to become hard or dry1 or it will not unite properly2 neglect in this respect causing the pot to give way in the furnace4 ,the pots are dried very gradually1 and are seldom fit for use under six to eight months4 ,the clay1 after the selection of the best pot-clay1 is allowed to lie in large heaps1 subjected to the action of the atmosphere1 and is then used in the manufacture of gas-retorts1 fire-bricks1 c4 ,the quantity of bricks made annually in the ,stourbridge district is about fifty millions4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,salopian ,wares--,uriconium--,caughley ,works--,thomas ,turner--,introduction of 8,willow ,pattern0--,worcester ,works--,close of ,caughley ,works--,marks--,transfer ,printing--,hancock and ,holdship--,coalport ,works--,jackfield--,john ,rose--,swansea and ,nantgarw--,productions of the ,coalport ,works--,marks--8,willow ,pattern0 and 8,broseley ,blue ,dragon10 c4--,broseley ,pipes--,coalbrookdale ,iron ,works--,terra ,cotta--,madeley--,martin ,randall's ,china--,jackfield ,pottery--,maurice ,thursfield--8,black ,decanters0--,china--,craven ,dunnill ,co4's ,tile ,works--,broseley--,benthall--,maw's ,tile ,works--,broseley ,tileries--,benthall ,potteries--,coalmoor4 ,in the midst of one of the most historically interesting districts of the kingdom--a district abounding in spots rendered famous in various ages by the events which have occurred within its boundaries1 and full of associations as varied as they are interesting--within a few miles of ,boscobel1 and ,tong1 and numberless other places possessing a sad interest as connected with the wanderings and the painful vicissitudes of ,king ,charles ,,ii41--within a short distance of those two glorious monastic ruins1 ,buildwas ,abbey and ,wenlock ,priory--not far from the 8,english ,nineveh10 ,uriconium1 and within easy distance of ,shrewsbury and ,ludlow1--is a group of manufactories whose simple history is as interesting as that of many of these places4 ,broseley1 whose pipe manufactories two hundred and fifty years ago were as famed as they are now1 and whose makers then got rid of their goods without advertising the emphatic words1 8,when you ask for a ,broseley pipe1 see that you get it60--,jackfield1 famed of old for its earthenware1 and where it is still to some little extent made2--,caughley1 formerly a successful rival of ,worcester in the excellence of its porcelains2--,coalport1 a rival of all other works at the present day2--,horsehay1 with its discontinued pot works2--,benthall1 where 8yellow ware0 works are in constant operation1 and where the magnificent encaustic and enamelled tile and mosaic works of ,messrs4 ,maw are situated2--,ironbridge1 with its famous one-arch bridge1 the first iron bridge erected in ,england1 from which it takes its name1 spanning the ,severn3--,madeley1 with its extensive iron furnaces2--,benthall ,edge1 with its limestone works2--,coalbrookdale1 whose iron works are known throughout the world1 and where terra cotta is manufactured1--and a score of other busy hives of industry1 are here gathered together1 and demand careful attention4 ,to the history of some of these ,i therefore devote this chapter4 ,like those of ,worcester and ,derby1 the ,salopian manufactory of porcelain dates from the middle of last century2 and1 like them1 has continued from its first introduction to the present time without interruption4 ,indeed1 it may be said of the district that an almost--if not an entirely--unbroken historical chain may be traced from the ,romano-,british period down to the present day2 for1 as ,i have already shown1 the same beds of clay which1 fifteen hundred years ago1 produced some of the fictile ware of the ,roman occupiers of the soil1 have been worked in the intermediate ages1 and still produce1 more largely than ever1 articles of daily use for every class of the people of ,england4 ,the same beds which supplied the magnificent city of ,uriconium with jugs1 mortaria1 bowls1 and colanders of white ware1 still supply the neighbourhood with innumerable articles of daily use4 ,,caughley4 ,the ,worcester porcelain works1 as ,i have shown1 were established in the year #agea2 and the commencement of those in ,shropshire must have been1 if not coeval1 at all events closely subsequent to that event4 ,indeed1 the two works may be almost said to have sprung into existence at the same time4 ,the site of the first ,salopian china works was at ,caughley1 about a mile from the present manufactory1 and on the opposite or south side of the river ,severn4 ,the works were situated on the hill overlooking the valley of the ,severn1 as it flowed on to ,bridgnorth1 and commanding a magnificent view of the surrounding country4 ,on this spot1 it is said1 a small pottery was begun by a ,mr4 ,browne1 of ,caughley ,hall1 and after his death managed by a gentleman named ,gallimore1 who was a relative1 to whom1 in #aged1 a lease of the place was granted for the term of sixty-two years4 ,this ,mr4 ,gallimore does not appear to have been long connected with the works2 for the only name1 as proprietor1 which ,i have at present been able to establish1 is that of ,mr4 ,thomas ,turner1 who married ,dorothy1 daughter of ,mr4 ,gallimore and niece to ,mr4 ,browne1 and carried on the manufactory4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,turner was the son of ,dr4 ,richard ,turner1 of ,magdalene ,hall1 ,oxford1 rector of ,cumberton1 vicar of ,elmly ,castle and ,norton1 all in ,worcestershire1 in #aged1 and who was also chaplain to the ,countess of ,wigtoun4 ,this ,dr4 ,turner1 who took his degree at ,magdalene ,hall1 ,oxford1 was the author of several works on astronomy1 gauging1 trigonometry1 education1 history1 c41 and1 in #agfe1 was a 8teacher of geometry1 astronomy1 and philosophy0 at ,worcester4 ,he died in #agia1 and was buried at ,norton-juxta-,kempsey1 near ,worcester4 ,besides his son ,thomas1 he had two other sons1 ,richard1 ,,ll4,d41 and ,edward1 the first of whom also published some works on geography1 c41 and the latter was a general in the army in ,india1 where he died2 and two daughters1 ,elizabeth1 married to ,abraham ,wyke1 of ,broseley1 surgeon1 and ,sarah1 married to ,dr4 ,william ,hancock ,roberts1 rector of ,broadwas and minor canon of ,worcester ,cathedral4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,turner1 by his first wife1 ,dorothy ,gallimore1 who died in #agic1 had issue two children who died in infancy2 and by his second wife1 ,mary1 daughter of ,thomas ,milner1 of ,dothill1 and widow of ,henry ,alsop1 had issue one son1 ,george ,thomas ,turner1 of ,high ,broughton1 near ,manchester1 who died at ,scarborough ,march #ag1 #ahfi1 without issue1 and one daughter1 ,catherine ,georgiana ,cecilia1 who married ,john ,jacob ,smith1 of ,st4 ,james's ,priory1 ,bridgnorth1 for more than half a century town clerk of that borough1 by whom he had issue the present ,hubert ,smith1 ,esq41 of ,st4 ,leonards1 ,bridgnorth1 the gifted author of 8,tent ,life with ,english ,gipsies in ,norway10 who is the lineal and only representative of the main line of the ,turner family4 ,mr4 ,turner was born in #agdi1 and is said to have been brought up as a silversmith at ,worcester2 but this is an error1 as1 for the purpose of obtaining the freedom of the city1 he was1 as a matter of legal form only1 apprenticed to his father4 ,it seems pretty certain that he was1 at an early period1 connected with the ,worcester china works1 and it is an established fact that he was an excellent chemist1 and had thoroughly studied the various processes relating to porcelain manufacture4 ,he was also a skilful draftsman and designer1 and occasionally engraved3 he was also a clever musician4 ,he became a county magistrate for ,shropshire1 and was a freeman of the city of ,worcester and the boroughs of ,wenlock and ,bridgnorth4 ,he was also chairman of the ,court of ,equity for the three counties1 which he had been mainly instrumental in establishing4 ,in #aggb1 he succeeded his father-in-law1 ,mr4 ,gallimore1 at the ,caughley works 7,mr4 ,gallimore having leased them from ,mr4 ,browne in #aged71 and carried them on until #agii1 when he sold out all interest in the works and retired from business4 ,he died at his residence at ,caughley in #ahji1 aged sixty1 and was buried in the family vault at ,barrow1 where1 later1 his daughter1 ,mrs4 ,smith1 was also buried4 ,after his death the commissioners of ,oldbury ,court presented his widow with a memorial silver cup of large size1 bearing on one side the arms of ,turner1 and on the other an appropriate inscription4 ,this is in possession of his representative1 ,mr4 ,hubert ,smith4 ,mr4 ,turner had a partner named ,shaw4 ,they had a warehouse in ,london1 and1 as was usual in those days with other works1 had periodical sales by auction of their goods4 ,in my own possession is a bill of this firm1 dated ,january #bdth1 #agid1 and headed 8,salopian ,china ,warehouse4 ,bought of ,turner and ,shaw40 ,the lots in this bill were bought 8at public sale10 and consisted of 8jugs10 8bakings10 8china dishes10 and other 8sundry pieces20 the lots were 8put up at half price0 at the sale4 ,in #agie1 ,mr4 ,turner's manager at ,caughley was one ,thomas ,blase2 and ,i have a letter of his1 dated #bjth ,february in that year1 concerning a painter1 named ,withers1 at that time employed there1 but who had wrongfully left his employment at the ,derby china works1 where he was 8,mr4 ,deusbury's articled servant40 ,no doubt the incentive to the establishment of the ,caughley works were the experiments long carried on at ,worcester by ,dr4 ,wall1 and the knowledge that at this spot the two principal materials wanting in a pottery of this kind could be had at a trifling cost4 ,with abundance of coal within twenty feet of the surface1 with clunch of the best quality for the making of seggars overlying the coal1 and with the navigable river at hand for bringing the materials and for carrying away the finished goods1 the inducements were strong for the fixing on this spot the manufactory which was destined ultimately to grow into such enviable importance4 ,to ,worcester1 of course1 coal and clunch and other materials had to be conveyed at great cost2 but here they were ready to hand1 and indeed were cropping out in every direction1 inviting to be used4 ,in #agef the works had attained a considerable degree of excellence2 and an example is in existence1 bearing that date1 which gives most satisfactory evidence of the excellence of the body at that time--a body1 however1 which speedily became greatly improved4 ,in the early years of the ,caughley manufactory1 the ware was not many degrees removed from earthenware2 but it gradually assumed a finer and more transparent character4 ,like the early ,worcester examples1 the patterns were principally confined to blue flowers1 c41 on a white ground2 and in this style and colour the ,caughley works excelled1 in many respects1 their competitors4 ,an excellent example of the body1 as made in #aggf1 is exhibited in a mug1 bearing that date1 now in the possession of a family at ,coalport4 ,this interesting mug1 here engraved1 is white1 with blue and gold flowers1 and bears the words 8,francis ,benbow1 #aggf10 surmounted by an anchor2 the ,francis ,benbow1 for whom it was made1 being a barge-owner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehe4--;,arms of ,turner4 ,in #aggb1 as ,i have shown1 ,mr4 ,turner succeeded ,mr4 ,gallimore in these works1 and set about enlarging them4 ,in #agge we read1 8,the porcelain manufactory erected near ,bridgnorth1 in this county1 is now quite completed1 and the proprietors have received and completed orders to a very large amount4 ,lately we saw some of their productions1 which in colour and fineness are truly elegant and beautiful1 and have the bright and lively white of the so much extolled oriental40 ,in #aghj he visited ,france1 for the purpose of 8picking up knowledge0 on the porcelain manufactures of ,paris and other places4 ,he is said to have been an excellent draughtsman1 and this added to his chemical knowledge--for he had a regular laboratory fitted up at the top of his house--must have been a great advantage to him while in that country of beautiful and chaste designs4 ,on his return from ,france he brought with him some skilled workmen1 and at once entered with increased spirit into the manufacture of porcelain in his own works at ,caughley4 ,one of the men whom he had brought over appears to have been a clever architect2 and from his design a very tasty and elegant chteau1 which he called 8,caughley ,place10 and where he resided1 was built for ,mr4 ,turner1 near the works4 ,this building being of a novel design in ,england--more especially in the sequestered neighbourhood of ,caughley--attracted much attention2 and its peculiarities of construction and arrangement are still often talked about by the old inhabitants of the place4 ,this house and ,caughley ,hall1 after ,mr4 ,turner's death1 came into the hands of ,lord ,forester1 and were pulled down in #ahbj or #ahba2 part of the materials being used for making additions to the present works at ,coalport4 ,at the present time no vestiges of the house or works remain at ,caughley1 with the exception of traces of foundations1 and here and there a spring flower or two which still make their appearance where once the elegantly laid out gardens existed4 ,in #aghj ,mr4 ,turner introduced the making of the famous 8,willow ,pattern0--the first made in ,england--at ,caughley1 and about the same time the 8,broseley ,blue ,dragon0 pattern4 ,the willow pattern is still commonly known in the trade as 8,broseley pattern40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehf4 ,an excellent example of dated ,caughley ware is the puzzle-jug in the possession of ,mr4 ,edmund ,thursfield1 here engraved4 ,it is eight inches in length1 and is formed of the usual body of these works4 ,it is decorated with blue sprigs1 and bears on its front the name1 in an oval border1 of 8,john ,geary ,cleak of the old ,church ,brosley #aghi40 ,on the bottom is written in blue1 8,mathew the v #af10 though one would fail to see any allusion in the text here referred to either to the vessel or to its purpose4 ,in ,mr4 ,smith's possession is a fine ,caughley mug2 white1 with blue flowers of bold character3 it bears the words1 8,wm4 ,haslewood1 #agia10 and has the mark ,s on the bottom4 ,this ,william ,haslewood was the representative of an old family of that name in this neighbourhood1 and his property passed to the ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,smith already spoken of4 ,in #aghh ,mr4 ,robert ,chamberlain commenced his china works at ,worcester1 and for some time bought his ware at ,caughley1 had it sent down by barge to ,worcester1 and there painted and finished it4 ,the same thing was also done when ,grainger's works were first started at ,worcester4 ,the number of hands employed at ,caughley must have been somewhat large1 as the premises were extensive1 and the quantity of goods required by ,mr4 ,turner1 for his own trade and for ,worcester1 was considerable4 ,in #agih or #agii1 in consequence of the increase of the trade of ,mr4 ,rose1 who had been apprenticed to ,mr4 ,turner1 and afterwards commenced on his own account1 by which the ,caughley business was much injured1 the works were disposed of to ,mr4 ,rose and his partner2 ,mr4 ,turner entirely retiring from the concern4 ,the ,caughley works were then carried on by ,messrs4 ,rose and ,co41 in conjunction with their own4 ,the coal at ,caughley beginning to work out1 and the cost of carrying the unfinished ware from thence down the hill and across the water to ,coalport was so great1--the unfinished ware being carried on women's heads the whole distance1--that ,mr4 ,rose determined to remove the works to ,coalport1 which he did at different times1 gradually drafting off the workmen1 until about #ahad or #ahae1 when they were finally removed1 the kilns and rooms taken down1 and the materials used for the enlargement of the works at ,coalport4 ,the last of the buildings1 with the house1 were not1 however1 destroyed until #ahba1 when the materials were brought to ,coalport to build the present burnishing-shops and some workmen's cottages4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehg4--,the ,caughley ,china ,works1 taken down in #ahae4 ,the works were built in form of a quadrangle1 with an entrance gateway surmounted by an inscribed stone4 ,of these historical works ,i am enabled1 through the courtesy of my friend ,mr4 ,hubert ,smith1 to give an engraving from an original drawing in his possession4 ,the entrance building1 it will be seen1 was three stories in height1 the remainder two stories1 and the kilns were of large size4 ,the marks used at ,caughley and ,coalport have been very few1 but they are very important1 and require careful attention at the hands of the collector4 ,in my account of the ,worcester works ,i have given several varieties of the crescent as a mark of that establishment1 and have also stated that it was used at ,caughley4 ,i believe the first mark used at ,caughley to have been the crescent alone1 and that it was1 as ,i have before stated1 intended to have the signification of a ,c for ,caughley1 and that its connection with the ,worcester works may1 in a great measure1 be traced to the fact of the goods on which it appears being printed1 not at that city1 but at ,caughley4 ,i have seen examples of this mark on undoubted ,worcester body1 and also on equally undoubted ,caughley make1 bearing precisely the same printed patterns4 ,the following are some of the varieties of the crescent occurring on ,caughley specimens1 and show pretty clearly its transition from a common 8half-moon0 7,i have often heard it called 8half-moon china07 to the finished and engraved ,c4 ,illustration3 ,c ,c' ,c ,c c ,figs4 #ehh to #eib4 ,another mark said to have been used at ,caughley1 but of which at present ,i have met with no example1 is the accompanying1 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eic4 which is very similar to the mark ascribed to the ,leeds manufactory4 ,another distinctive mark of the ,salopian works was the capital letter ,s1 of which the following are varieties3-- ,illustration3 ,s ,s ,sx ,sx ,so ,s ,s ,figs4 #eid to #fjj4 ,when the ,s was introduced it is difficult to say2 but1 at all events1 it appears on the dated example alluded to above in #aggf1 and it was used at the same time as the ,c for a considerable period4 ,on many of the engraved plates still in existence1 indeed1 both the ,c and the ,s occur1 and this leads me to suspect that the one was used to mark the goods sent to ,caughley to be printed1 and the other those made and printed for their own market4 ,i have seen precisely similar articles in pattern1 bearing each of these letters4 ,occasionally the ,s and crossed daggers occur4 ,illustration3 ,vol4,i4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,original ,,copper-,,plates--,,caughley ,,and ,,coalport4 7,the letters ,c and ,s are the marks alluded to on page #bgj2 they here occur side by side on the original copper-plate47 ,another circumstance is also worthy of note4 ,on two mugs printed from the same engraved plate1 which ,i have seen1 the one bears the ,s1 and the other the accompanying curious mark 7,fig4 #eih71 which is evidently of the same character as the examples of assimilated ,chinese ones1 which are occasionally ascribed to ,worcester1 but which are in reality1 ,i believe1 those of ,caughley4 ,of these ,i give the following as examples2 many of these are disguised figures4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fja to #fjf4 ,following the ,c and ,s1 two impressed marks1 bearing the word 8,salopian10 were used4 ,these are as follows3-- ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fjg and #fjh4 and it is worthy of remark that1 on some examples of plates bearing this impressed mark1 the blue printed ,s also appears2 as1 on others1 does also the crescent4 ,others1 probably merely workmen's marks1 are ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fji and #faj4 ,the subject of printing upon porcelain1 to which ,i have already alluded under 8,worcester10 is one so intimately and intricately connected with the ,caughley and ,coalport works1 that it will be necessary to consider the period of its introduction at some length4 ,i have already shown that transfer-printing was used as early as #ageg on ,worcester porcelain 7p4 #bbi1 ante72 and ,i have little doubt that quite as early1 if not a few years before that period1 it was practised at ,caughley4 ,indeed1 in the early years of the manufactory1 the two works1 ,caughley and ,worcester1 seem to have been closely connected1 and to have worked 8in and in10 if ,i may be allowed the use of so unscientific an expression1 and ,i believe1 with ample reason1 that a great proportion of the printed goods bearing the ,worcester mark were printed at ,caughley4 ,indeed1 it is known that the ware was sent up from ,worcester by barge to be printed at ,caughley1 and returned1 when finished1 by the same mode of conveyance4 ,i have closely examined the style of engraving and the patterns of a large number of examples1 and ,i am clearly of opinion that they are the work of the same hands4 ,i do not1 by this1 claim for ,caughley the honour of inventing the art of transfer-printing on to porcelain2 but ,i feel assured that that art must have been there practised at quite as early a period as the dated example of ,worcester make2 and ,i am led to this belief partly from the fact that the ,robert ,hancock whose beautiful productions ,i have before spoken of1 and to whom the engraving of the dated example is ascribed1 also engraved for the ,caughley works4 ,and ,i have an impression of a plate1 of an identical pattern with the famous tea group1 which bears his monogram on the ,worcester specimens1 on which his name1 ,r4 ,hancock fecit1 occurs in full at ,caughley4 ,collectors1 therefore1 in a case of this kind1 must not be too hasty in ascribing1 from appearance alone1 examples to either one or the other make1 but must be guided1 in a great measure1 by the body on which the engraving occurs4 ,it cannot be wondered that an art1 then such an important secret1 should have been followed at ,caughley1--a place so perfectly retired from the world1 situated in the midst of woods and wilds1 almost unapproachable to strangers1 and with every facility for keeping the workmen away from all chance of imparting the secret to others1--in place of in ,worcester1 where secrecy would be almost impossible1 and where the information would ooze out from the workmen1 at the ale-house or elsewhere1 and be greedily caught up by those interested in the process4 ,at ,caughley every possible precaution seems to have been taken to secure secrecy2 and the workmen--the engravers and printers--were locked up and kept apart from every one else4 ,who the engravers were ,i cannot satisfactorily say4 ,it is1 however1 certain1 that ,hancock engraved for the works2 and it is said that ,holdship1 of whom ,i have before spoken1 was also employed4 ,among the other engravers was a man named ,dyas1 who was apprenticed as an engraver at ,caughley about the year #agfh1 and who continued at the works until his death1 at the ripe age of eighty-two4 ,it is also worthy of note that ,mr4 ,minton1 the father of ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton1 was in his early days employed as an engraver at these works4 ,it is not too much to say1 that the style of engraving adopted at so early a period was remarkably good1 and of really high character4 ,indeed1 some specimens which ,i have seen of the plates used at ,caughley are far superior to most of the productions of the period4 ,illustration3 ,vik4 ,i4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,original ,,copper-,,plates--,,caughley ,,and ,,coalport4 ,of the painters employed at ,caughley1 it will be sufficient to say that amongst those apprenticed there were ,john ,parker1 ,thomas ,fennell1 and ,henry ,boden1 famous for their skill in flowers2 and that ,muss1 ,silk1 and others1 excelled in landscapes and figures--some sepia landscapes being remarkable for their pure artistic treatment2 while among the gilders1 a most important art1 and one to which special attention has always been directed at these works1 were men of the names of ,rutland1 ,marsh1 and ,randall who were considered proficients4 ,of the latter1 a nephew1 who is the author of pleasant little volumes on the 8,severn ,valley0 and 8,the ,willey ,country10 is still employed at the ,coalport works1 principally on birds4 ,i have named above that ,robert ,hancock engraved for ,caughley as well as for ,worcester1 or at all events that plates of his were printed from at the former place possibly for the latter4 ,his name appears on one of the plates as follows3--in-line illustration and other plates are evidently the work of his hand1 though without name4 ,i engraved a curious mark1 the monogram ,,rh1 anchor1 and name of ,worcester1 in the account of those works4 ,this ,i reproduce on ,fig4 #faa1 and give another which occurs on a plate from ,caughley1 with the anchor and the word ,derby1 which ,i introduce for the purpose of comparison1 and to suggest the probability that the place which produced the one with the word ,derby 7for whatever reason that may have been done71 which was undoubtedly ,caughley1 also produced the one with the word ,worcester4 ,the engraved plate1 with the anchor and ,derby1 is a curious one 7for a mug71 and represents a landscape--a river1 with trees on either side1 swans sailing in the foreground1 behind them two fishermen in a boat drawing a net1 beyond them a boat with sails1 and in the background a bridge1 and church with ruins to the left1 and a tall gabled building on the right1 over which are the words 8,sutton ,hall10 whilst above the whole picture is 8,english ,hospitality40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #faa and #fab4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fac4--;,coalport ,china ,works1 from a painting by ,muss4 ,,coalport4 ,one of the most flourishing1 most important1 and most successful in art-productions of any in the kingdom are the ,coalport works1 at one time also known as 8,coalbrook ,dale10 to whose history ,i now devote a few pages4 ,the founder of these works was ,mr4 ,john ,rose1 a man of wondrous skill and enterprise1 to whom the ceramic art is indebted for many important improvements4 ,mr4 ,rose1 who was the son of a farmer in the neighbourhood of ,caughley1 was apprenticed to ,mr4 ,thomas ,turner1 of the ,caughley ,china ,works1 by whom he was taken into the house1 and taught the art of china making in all its branches4 ,here he remained for several years2 but ultimately1 from causes which it is not necessary to enter upon1 a difference arose between them1 and ,mr4 ,rose left ,mr4 ,turner1 and commenced a small business on his own account at ,jackfield1 in the immediate neighbourhood4 ,here he did not remain long1 but removed his works to ,coalport1 on the opposite bank of the ,severn1 where he fixed himself in some buildings which had previously been a small pottery belonging to a ,mr4 ,young1 a mercer of ,shrewsbury1 and in these buildings in part they have continued to the present day4 ,mr4 ,john ,rose had not long established himself at ,coalport1 it appears1 before he met with opposition2 for other works were started on the opposite side of the canal1 and only a few yards distant1 by his brother1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,rose1 and partners1 who commenced business under the style of 8,anstice1 ,horton1 and ,rose40 ,these works1 however1 did not continue long1 but passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,john ,rose and his partners1 who1 with other additions1 formed them into one establishment4 ,in the space of three or four years from the establishment of the ,coalport works by ,mr4 ,rose1 he had so successfully carried on his business that the ,caughley works of ,mr4 ,turner had become greatly reduced1 and were gradually beaten out of the market4 ,in #agii ,mr4 ,turner1 of the ,caughley works1 gave up the business and sold the concern to ,messrs4 ,rose ,co41 who thus became proprietors of both works1 as well as of those commenced by the brother of ,mr4 ,rose4 ,both manufactories were then continued by them1 thus giving a great increase to the establishment1 and rendering it one of the most extensive in the kingdom4 ,in #ahjc ,messrs4 ,blakeway1 ,rose1 and ,horton having become bankrupt1 a question as to the ownership of the remainder of the ,caughley manufactory arose and was submitted to arbitration4 ,the following is the award1 for which ,i am indebted to my friend ,mr4 ,hubert ,smith3-- 8,,to ,,all ,,to ,,whom ,,these ,,presents ,,shall ,,come we ,ralph ,wedgwood of ,bransford in the county of ,worcester ,gentleman and ,william ,horton of ,coalport in the county of ,salop ,gentleman send greeting ,whereas by articles of agreement in writing bearing date the ,thirteenth day of ,december last past and made between ,thomas ,turner of ,caughley in the county of ,salop ,esquire of the one part and ,timothy ,yate of ,madeley in the county of ,salop ,charles ,guest and ,elias ,prestwich of ,broseley in the county of ,salop ,gentlemen of the other part ,reciting that by a ,memorandum of an ,agreement bearing date the ,twelfth day of ,october ,one thousand seven hundred and ninety nine and made between the said ,thomas ,turner of the one part and ,edward ,blakeway ,john ,rose and ,richard ,rose of ,coalport in the said county of ,salop porcelain manufacturers of the other part ,the said ,thomas ,turner did agree to assign amongst other things all his interest in a ,lease from ,mr4 ,browne to him of the several works buildings and erections called ,caughley ,china ,works and also the colliery then held under lease by him from ,mr4 ,browne to the said ,edward ,blakeway ,john ,rose and ,richard ,rose ,the said ,thomas ,turner also agreed to assign to the said ,edward ,blakeway and ,co4 the unglazed stock of goods then in and about the said manufactory and all the materials implements fixtures moulds copper plates and machinery belonging to the said manufactory and colliery ,and it was agreed that the said ,edward ,blakeway and ,company should have and be entitled to the same liberties and privileges so far as respected the said manufactory and colliery as the said ,thomas ,turner was entitled to and that the said colliery should be worked in a fair and workmanlike manner and that the clod and middle coals so far as they were getable together or separate to be got so that the best coals should not be got without the clod and middle coals ,the said ,edward ,blakeway and ,company to pay ,mr4 ,turner ,five hundred pounds per annum for the residue of the term and interest in his lease by half-yearly payments as herein mentioned provided the said coals so to be got should not be sufficient for the use of the said manufactory and the best coals should be exhausted the said ,edward ,blakeway and ,company should be at liberty to give up the said works and premises to the said ,thomas ,turner at the end of any half year during the remainder of the term by which the same premises were held upon giving him six months notice in writing for that purpose and leaving the materials implements fixtures moulds copper plates and machinery then employed thereat not diminishing the same in the mean time ,but if the said ,edward ,blakeway and ,company should be desirous of continuing the said works and premises till the expiration of the said term the said ,thomas ,turner agreed to make an allowance of ,two hundred pounds per annum out of the said sum of ,five hundred pounds per annum from the time the said best coals should be exhausted if the quantity of best coals used had not exceeded upon the average eighteen tons per week1 each ton containing forty eight hundred and it was thereby further agreed that in case any dispute or question should arise between the said parties touching any clause article matter or thing therein contained the same was to be referred to and settled by two indifferent persons one to be chosen by each party and in case they should not agree as to the same then by an umpire to be named by the said two persons whose determination should be final ,and further reciting that the said ,edward ,blakeway and ,john ,rose together with ,robert ,winter their partner who then lately held the said works and premises had lately been declared ,bankrupt and the said ,timothy ,yate ,charles ,guest and ,elias ,prestwich chosen assignees of their estate and effects and that they the same assignees had lately contracted to sell all their right title and interest to and in the said ,caughley ,china ,works ,colliery and ,premises unto ,cuthbert ,johnson and ,william ,clarke ,esquires ,and further reciting that a doubt or question had arisen whether the said materials implements fixtures moulds copper plates and machinery were to be the property of the said ,thomas ,turner at the end of the said term or whether they were to become his property in the event only of the said ,agreement being determined before the expiration of the said term ,and that the same parties had therefore mutually agreed to refer the said doubt or question to the decision of the said ,ralph ,wedgwood and ,william ,horton and in case they could not agree then to such person as they should name umpire in the premises ,and that the said ,thomas ,turner had agreed to sell and the said ,timothy ,yate ,charles ,guest and ,elias ,prestwich had agreed to purchase all the right and interest of the said ,thomas ,turner of and in the said materials implements fixtures moulds copper plates and machinery at such a price or sum of money as should be fixed thereon by the said ,ralph ,wedgwood and ,william ,horton or their umpire to be named as aforesaid ,and further reciting that a dispute had arisen between the said ,thomas ,turner and the said ,timothy ,yate ,charles ,guest and ,elias ,prestwich respecting the manner in which the said colliery or coalwork had been managed and carried on which dispute or any other difference which might arise pending that reference as a consequence of the investigation of the claims of the respective parties the said parties had agreed should be adjusted and settled by the said ,ralph ,wedgwood and ,william ,horton or their said umpire to be appointed by them in manner aforesaid ,it is by the ,articles of ,agreement now in recital witnessed that as well the said ,thomas ,turner as also the said ,timothy ,yate ,charles ,guest and ,elias ,prestwich did thereby for themselves severally and respectively and for their several and respective ,heirs ,executors and ,administrators covenant promise and agree to and with each other and to and with his and their ,executors and ,administrators that they the said parties respectively their respective ,executors and ,administrators should and would well and truly stand to abide by perform fulfil and keep this award order or determination which the said ,ralph ,wedgwood and ,william ,horton or their said umpire should make between them as well concerning the said doubt or question concerning the right and interest of the said ,thomas ,turner of and in the said materials implements fixtures moulds copper plates and machinery and the price or sum of money to be paid him for the same as also concerning the dispute which had arisen or which pending the said reference might arise between the said parties respecting the manner in which the said colliery or coalwork had been managed and carried on so as the award or umpirage be made in writing under the hands of the said ,ralph ,wedgwood and ,william ,horton or their said umpire within twelve weeks from the date thereof ,but it was thereby agreed that that ,agreement or any clause therein contained or the said award or umpirage to be made in pursuance thereof should not alter or extend to alter the rent and royalty reserved and made payable by the therein recited ,agreement but that the same should remain payable upon the terms and conditions therein mentioned ,and for the true performance of that ,agreement each of the said parties bound himself and themselves his and their ,executors and ,administrators to the other of them his ,executors and ,administrators mutually and reciprocally in the penalty of ,one thousand pounds ,as by the said recited ,agreement reference being thereunto had will appear ,now know ye that we the said ,ralph ,wedgwood and ,william ,horton having duly examined and considered the said ,agreement and the proofs and allegations of the said parties to the said reference and all such accounts documents and evidence as have been produced to us relating to the said materials implements fixtures moulds copper plates and machinery and also the said colliery coal-mines and premises do hereby award order decide and determine that the said materials implements fixtures copper plates moulds and machinery were by the said ,agreement to be the property of the said ,blakeway ,rose and ,rose at the end of the term mentioned in the said agreement and not the property of the said ,thomas ,turner but in the event only of the said ,agreement being determined before the expiration thereof by six months notice being given in the manner in the said ,agreement specified ,and we do further award order decide and determine that the said ,timothy ,yate ,charles ,guest and ,elias ,prestwich as such assignees as aforesaid shall pay unto the said ,thomas ,turner his ,executors ,administrators or ,assigns for all his contingent or present right and interest of and in the said materials implements fixtures moulds copper plates and machinery the sum of ,one hundred pounds on or before the ,twenty first day of ,may next ,and we do further award order decide and determine that the said colliery or coalwork hath been worked and carried on in a fair and workmanlike manner and according to the spirit of the said ,agreement of the ,twelfth day of ,october ,one thousand seven hundred and ninety nine and that therefore the said ,thomas ,turner not having been injured is not entitled to any compensation or damage from the said ,blakeway ,rose and ,co4 or their said ,assignees in respect thereof ,given under our hands this ,sixth day of ,march ,one thousand eight hundred and four4 8,witness 8,,ra ,,wedgwood ,,jn4 ,,pritchard ,,willm ,,horton0 ,on the #bcrd ,october1 #agii1 an event occurred in connection with the works at ,coalport which was most sad in its results4 ,at that time a considerable number of the work-people and painters employed at the works resided at ,broseley1 and were in the habit of passing backwards and forwards across a ferry near the works4 ,on this night1 thirty-two persons1 including the best artists1 went on board the ferry-boat1 which1 about midwater1 owing to the intoxicated state of the ferryman1 was capsized1 and twenty-nine were drowned4 ,the principal painter at this time was an artist named ,walker1 and an unfinished piece of work of his--the piece he left in progress only a few minutes before he lost his life--is still preserved1 with almost religious care1 in the factory4 ,soon after this time considerable additions were made at ,coalport1 and since then the manufactory has been constantly and considerably enlarged1 and now occupies1 ,i am told1 considerably more ground than any other porcelain works in the kingdom4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fad to #fag4--;,coalport ,vases4 ,illustration3 ,painted by ,hartshorne4 ,painted by ,cook4 ,painted by ,randall4 ,painted by ,cook4 ,figs4 #fah to #fba4--;,coalport ,vases4 ,the view of the ,coalport ,china ,works given on page #bgd will show its extensive character in the early part of the present century1 and its pleasant situation on the banks of the ,severn4 ,the view is copied from an interesting painting by ,muss1 who1 before his successful artistic career in ,london1 was employed as one of the painters at this establishment4 ,since the period when ,muss made this painting1 the works have been constantly increased1 and at the present time are about doubled in extent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbc4 ,the commercial style of the firm has been1 ever since its establishment at ,coalport1 and still is1 8,messrs4 ,john ,rose and ,company10 although many changes in the proprietary have taken place4 ,these changes have been as follows3--8,rose and ,blakeway20 8,rose1 ,blakeway1 and ,rose20 8,rose1 ,johnson1 and ,winter20 8,rose1 ,johnson1 ,clarke1 and ,winter20 8,rose1 ,winter1 and ,clarke20 8,rose1 ,clarke1 and ,maddison20 8,maddison1 ,pugh1 ,rose1 and ,rose20 8,w4 ,pugh and ,w4 ,f4 ,rose20 and the present sole proprietor is 8,william ,pugh20 but the firm is still known by its old style of 8,john ,rose and ,co40 ,mr4 ,john ,rose died in #ahda1 and was buried at ,barrow4 ,he was succeeded by his nephew1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,rose1 of ,rock ,house1 ,coalport1 who retired from the firm in the autumn of #ahfb1 and died in ,london in #ahfd1 having in the meantime started some small works at ,hanley1 where he shortly afterwards failed1 and unsuccessfully attempted to commence others in ,derbyshire4 ,he was a man of the most generous disposition and kindly nature1 and his losses were a subject of deep sorrow to myself and his other many friends4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbe4 ,it will be seen from what ,i have said1 that the ,coalport works had already1 before the commencement of the present century1 absorbed those of ,caughley1 of ,jackfield1 and of the opposition establishment of ,messrs4 ,anstice1 ,horton1 and ,rose4 ,some years later1 the ,swansea ,porcelain ,works1 which had risen somewhat into repute1 were discontinued1 and the moulds1 c1 bought by ,mr4 ,rose1 who removed them1 along with the workmen1 to ,coalport1 about the year #ahbj4 ,another famed manufactory1 though small1 that of ,nantgarw1 established by ,billingsley1 the famous flower painter1 of ,derby1 and his son-in-law1 ,walker1 also of ,derby1 in #ahaf 7under the assumed name of ,beeley and ,walker71 and which produced1 perhaps1 the finest examples of porcelain with granulated fracture ever made1 also soon afterwards was merged into the ,coalport establishment4 ,billingsley and ,walker1 on discontinuing the works at ,nantgarw1 removed to ,coalport1 with all their moulds and processes1 and continued employed there until ,billingsley's death1 which took place in #ahbh4 ,walker was a remarkably clever workman1 and did much during the time of his continuance at ,coalport to improve the art of china-making4 ,he removed thence to ,america1 where he established a pottery1 which1 ,i believe1 he still continues to work4 ,the ,nantgarw porcelain was very expensive to make1 but was remarkably fine in its body and texture4 ,the original recipes for this peculiar body are in the possession of ,messrs4 ,rose ,co42 and it can be made at ,coalport of as fine a quality as ever4 ,i have carefully examined specimens made at ,nantgarw with others made by ,billingsley and ,walker when they first came to ,coalport1 and these again with examples made by ,messrs4 ,rose in #ahfj1 and they appear all to be of equal excellence of body4 ,it is1 however1 too expensive a process to be followed to any extent1 and is never manufactured there now4 ,in #ahbj ,mr4 ,john ,rose received the gold medal of the ,society of ,arts for his improvements in the manufacture of china4 ,the prize1 which was offered for the best porcelain glaze produced without lead1 was competed for by ,copelands1 ,davenports1 and all the principal manufacturers1 as well as by ,mr4 ,rose1 but was honourably gained by him4 ,it bears the inscription--8,to ,mr4 ,john ,rose1 ,,mdcccxx41 for his improved glaze for porcelain40 ,the history of the works has been one of complete success from their first establishment to the present day2 and this success has been attained by untiring and unflagging energy on the part of the proprietary1 and by a determination to make their manufactory second to none in existence in extent and in beauty and purity of work4 ,the porcelain trade owes much to the ability and energy of ,mr4 ,john ,rose2 and this skill1 ability1 and energy is equally the characteristic of the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,pugh4 ,both at the ,great ,exhibition in #ahea and that of #ahfb1 as well as at the ,french ,exhibition in #ahee1 ,messrs4 ,rose ,co4 carried off medals for their productions2 and these recognitions of excellence have been continued at the later ,international ,exhibitions4 ,at the first a magnificent dessert service in the difficult but truly beautiful ,rose du ,barry colour1 which the firm had succeeded in restoring in all its beauty to the ceramic art1 was exhibited1 and excited considerable interest4 ,this service1 considered by competent judges to equal the original ,svres in evenness of colour1 was purchased by ,lord ,ashburton4 ,at the second1 ,messrs4 ,rose exhibited a large number of exquisite examples of their make2 and services were purchased by the ,emperor of the ,french1 by ,m4 ,fould1 and by the principal savans of ,paris4 ,at the third1 the selection of vases and other decorative pieces was of the finest possible character4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fbf to #fbh4 ,at the present hour the productions of the ,coalport works take a foremost rank among the best porcelain of the kingdom2 many of the specialities of this firm being marvels of beauty2 the colours pure and full1 and of extreme richness4 ,sardinian green--a colour for the extreme depth and richness of which these works are celebrated--is introduced with remarkable effect both in services and otherwise4 ,one of the finest pieces of this colour is a tripod wine goblet1 with flowers in tablets1 and raised and jewelled gold borders4 ,a lighter shade of this fine green is introduced1 with tablets of flowers and ,westbourne birds1 with great effect on two-handled goblets1 c4 ,rose du ,barry has always been a speciality of the ,coalport works1 and a colour on the excellence of which its proprietors1 especially the late clever and enlightened ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,rose1 have always prided themselves4 ,this is used as a ground in every conceivable variety of decoration1 and when enriched with raised dead and burnished gold1 and with the exquisite painting by which it is usually accompanied1 has a remarkably rich and chaste effect4 ,a new jardinire1 with pierced key top and ,svres fruit and flowers1 is one of the prettiest examples of this colour1 combined with raised gold and flowers1 which has been produced4 ,one of the finest and most massive pieces in this colour is a claret jug1 with raised gold vine-leaves and grapes and other decorations1 and splendidly painted on one side with the head of a bacchante and on the other a bunch of grapes4 ,a pink1 or light ,rose du ,barry1 is also much used as a ground for pilgrims' bottles1 vases1 services1 c41 where1 for some kinds of decoration1 it harmonizes better than the full colour would4 ,a blue with a slightly purplish cast1 which gives it an additional richness and fulness1 has been introduced1 and forms a splendid ground for ,japanese decoration in vases1 pilgrims' bottles1 c41 in which style of now very fashionable decoration the ,coalport artists excel4 ,in these ,japanese patterns some of the designs are unusually elaborate and intricate1 and the workmanship is characterized by extreme precision and regularity1 while the gilding and colour1 especially the deep reds and blues1 are rich and full in the extreme4 ,some of the vases in this style vie with those of the native art of the ,japanese1 and are not excelled by any other house4 ,the principal artists employed at the present time at the works are ,mr4 ,charles ,palmere1 ,mr4 ,cooke1 ,mr4 ,john ,randall1 ,mr4 ,birbeck1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,bowdler1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,hartshorne1 and ,mr4 ,jabez ,aston2 and among those formerly engaged here was ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,abraham1 a student of ,antwerp and ,paris and a successful follower of the school of ,etty4 ,modellers of a very high class in their respective branches are also employed1 and the excellence of their work is apparent in all the higher class productions of this establishment4 ,illustration3 ,c ,c' ,c ,c ,c ,s ,s ,sx ,sx ,so ,s ,s ,figs4 #fbi to #fdj4 ,the marks used by the ,caughley works have already been fully described4#hd ,after the removal of these works to ,coalport1 the same letters1 both ,c and ,s1 for many years were used4 ,at ,coalport1 however1 marks have been adopted1 perhaps1 more sparingly than at any other works2 and the great bulk of the goods have been manufactured1 from the first down to the present time1 without any mark at all4 ,on some examples of the early part of the present century1 the written name of 8,coalport10 thus--,coalporthandwriting--appears2 but these are of very rare occurrence4 ,another mark1 adopted somewhat later1 though only used very sparingly1 was simply the letters ,illustration3 ,,cd for ,coalbrookdale1 or the same two letters conjoined thus--,illustration3 ,,cd2 sometimes also ,coalbrookdale appears in full1 and at others the contraction 8,c ,dale10 in similar writing letters4 ,another mark1 adopted in #ahbj1 was of large size1 and will1 perhaps1 be as well understood by description as engraving4 ,it is a circle of nearly two inches diameter1 in which is a wreath of laurel encircling the words1 8,coalport ,improved ,felt ,spar ,porcelain10 in four lines across4 ,surrounding the wreath are the words1 8,patronised by the ,society of ,arts4 ,the ,gold ,medal awarded ,may #cj1 #ahbj20 while beneath1 and outside the circle1 is the name 8,i4 ,rose and ,co40 ,this mark was adopted consequent on ,mr4 ,john ,rose obtaining the ,society of ,arts' gold medal for 8his improved glaze for porcelain0 to which ,i have before alluded1 and the articles on which it appears are of extremely good material and very perfect glaze4 ,other marks adopted by this firm1 although but seldom used 7the great bulk of the goods1 as ,i have said before1 being sent out without any mark at all71 are the following3--,illustration3 #c mark images ,the first of these is a monogram of the letters ,c ,b ,d1 for ,coalbrookdale1 so joined together as to produce a very characteristic and distinctive mark4 ,the second1 the same monogram1 surrounded by a garter bearing the name of 8,daniell1 ,london0--a firm for many years1 like ,mortlocks and other leading houses1 connected with ,coalport or ,coalbrookdale1 who have had that mark used for some especial orders4 ,the third and last is the most recent mark1 and is almost the only one now used by the ,coalport works3 it embraces the initials of the various manufactories which have from time to time been incorporated with1 or merged into1 the ,coalport establishment4 ,thus the scroll--which at first sight may1 to the uninitiated1 look like a short 8and0 77--will1 on examination1 be seen to be a combination of the writing letters1 ,c and ,s1 for ,coalport and ,salopian1 enclosing within its bows the three letters1 ,c1 ,s1 and ,n1 denoting respectively ,caughley1 ,swansea1 and ,nantgarw4 ,having now passed through the history of these famed works1 and shown their connection with others1 both in manufacture and in printing1 it only remains to say a few words on the varieties of goods for which the ,salopian works have been famed1 both in times past and at present4 ,first and foremost1 then1 of course1 come the blue painted and printed wares copied from ,chinese patterns1 for which both it and the early ,worcester works were remarkable4 ,the first painted1 as well as printed1 wares were close imitations of the foreign2 but groups of flowers of original design1 c41 were also introduced1 and designs based1 perhaps1 on foreign models were adopted4 ,groups of figures1 in the characteristic costume of the period1 were also executed with great taste and ability4 ,of the ,chinese patterns1 the two most famous--the well-known 8willow pattern0 7known generally among the trade as the 8,broseley pattern07 and the 8blue dragon0 7also known as the 8,broseley blue dragon07--owe their first introduction to the ,caughley works2 and this fact alone is sufficient to entitle them to more than ordinary notice4 ,the willow pattern has undoubtedly been the most popular1 and had the most extensive sale of any pattern ever introduced4 ,it has1 of course1 been made by most houses1 but the credit of its first introduction belongs to ,caughley2 and early examples1 bearing the ,caughley mark--the cups without handles1 and ribbed and finished precisely like the foreign--are rare4 ,the dragon1 known still as 8the ,broseley blue dragon0 or 8,broseley blue ,canton10 was also a most successful imitation of the ,chinese1 and almost rivalled the 8willow0 in popularity4 ,a special form of jug1 considered in those days to be very far advanced in art1 known technically as the 8cabbage-leaf jug10 was also first made at the ,caughley works4 ,later on1 the 8worm sprig0 pattern1 the 8tournay sprig10 and other equally successful patterns were here introduced from the ,dresden1 as were also the celebrated ,dresden raised flowers and the 8,berlin chain edge0 pattern4 ,about #ahba a peculiar marone-coloured ground1 which is much sought after1 was introduced at ,coalport1 by ,walker1 of ,nantgarw1 of whom ,i have before spoken2 and at this time many marked improvements were made in the different processes of manufacture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fda4--,willow ,pattern4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdc4--;,broseley ,blue ,dragon4 ,the copies1 both in embossing1 in body1 in colour1 and oiliness of the glaze1 and in style of painting of birds and flowers1 of the ,dresden at this period were perfect1 and1 as the ,dresden mark was 7perhaps injudiciously7 introduced as well1 were capable of deceiving even the most knowing connoisseur4 ,it may be well to note that at this period an impressed anchor was sometimes used4 ,this must not be taken to be anything more than a workman's mark4 ,very successful copies of the ,svres and ,chelsea have also been at one time or other produced1 and on these the marks of those makers have been also copied4 ,collectors of 8old ,chelsea10 especially of the famous green examples1 must be careful1 therefore1 not to take everything for granted as belonging to that place on which the gold anchor is found4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdd4 ,the egg-shell china produced at ,coalport is much finer than any other which has come under my notice1 from the fact that the body is pure porcelain1 being composed of one stone and one clay alone1 unmixed with bone or any other material whatever4 ,,broseley4 ,broseley ,pipe ,works4--,broseley is perhaps more universally known as a seat of the manufacture of tobacco-pipes than in any other way2 for in this particular it has 8held its own0 against other localities for about three centuries1 and seems still likely to do so for three centuries more1 should the habit of smoking continue so long4 ,as a few words must in the course of this work be said upon this branch of ceramic art1 it may be well here to introduce it2 and ,i cannot do better than give1 in an abridged and altered form1 what1 some years ago1 ,i drew up for the pages of the ,reliquary4#he ,the period at which the introduction of tobacco into ,england took place is a vexed question1 which it is not necessary here to attempt to solve4 ,to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 ,mr4 ,ralph ,lane 7his governor of ,virginia1 who returned to ,england in #aehf71 ,sir ,john ,hawkins 7#aefe71 ,captain ,price1 ,captain ,keat1 and others1 have respectively been assigned the honour of its introduction and of its first use in this country4 ,but1 at whatever period tobacco was introduced1 it must not1 ,i think1 be taken for granted that to that period the commencement of the habit of smoking must be ascribed4 ,it may reasonably be inferred1 from various circumstances1 that herbs and leaves of one kind or other were smoked medicinally1 in this country1 long before the period at which tobacco is generally believed to have been first brought to ,england4 ,coltsfoot1 yarrow1 mouse-ear1 and other plants are still smoked by the people1 for various ailments1 in rural districts1 and are considered highly efficacious1 as well as pleasant2 and ,i have known them smoked through a stick from which the pith had been removed1 the bowl being formed of a lump of clay rudely fashioned at the time1 and baked at the fireside4 ,i have no doubt that pipes were in use before 8the weed0 was known in our country1 and that it took the place of other plants1 but did not give rise to the custom of smoking4 ,it is difficult to assign dates to these early pipes1 but the one represented in ,fig4 #fde is probably ,elizabethan4 ,it bears on its spur a rose4 ,mr4 ,crofton ,croker considered that the smaller the pipe1 the more distant its date1 and therefore he assigned the diminutive example shown on ,fig4 #fdh1 of its full size1 to an early period4 ,this idea1 which originated in the knowledge that tobacco was an extremely expensive luxury when first imported1 and as it gradually decreased in value allowed a larger indulgence to the smoker1 will not1 ,i think1 hold good1 for dated examples show that some of the later specimens are far less capacious than others which are of an undoubtedly earlier period4 ,the form of the pipe is generally a better criterion of age than its size1 though even this cannot always be depended upon4 ,adopting ,mr4 ,croker's arrangement as to periods1 the following series of examples1 partly selected from pipes in my own possession1 will be useful to the collector1 and enable him pretty accurately to appropriate any specimens which may come under his notice4 ,the engravings are1 of course1 of a reduced size4 ,fig4 #fdi is of similar form to the one above2 it is probably ,elizabethan4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fde to #ffe4--,old ,english ,clay ,pipes4 ,the next example ,mr4 ,croker assigned to the period of ,james ,i4 or ,charles ,i4 ,it does not differ very materially in shape from the preceding specimens4 ,of pipes of this period1 a large variety of shapes might be adduced4 ,these forms may be understood from the figures in the accompanying group1 copied from engravings of the period4 ,the dates are1 ,no4 #a1 #afcj2 #b1 #afcb2 #c1 #afdj2 #d1 #afda4 ,the latter example is of the same shape as those known to have been in use in the reign of ,elizabeth1 and is pretty nearly similar to ,mr4 ,croker's example4 ,the same form is found in use through several reigns4 ,the usual shape of the period1 however1 will be seen on ,figs4 #a1 #b1 and #c4 ,the barrel-shaped pipe1 engraved as an example of the period comprising the ,commonwealth and the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 is from ,devonshire1 and may be taken as the usual type of that era4 ,of this period1 the examples given are chosen principally from ,traders' tokens4 ,one 7#b7 will be seen to be of the form usually ascribed to ,william ,,iii4's reign4 ,the dates of these specimens are #a1 #afej2 #b1 #afff 7,dunstable72 #c1 #afhh 7,chipping ,norton72 #d1 probably same year 7,southwark72 #e1 #affi 7,leeds74 ,pipes were made at ,leeds from a peculiar vein of clay found there4 ,mr4 ,croker considered the pipes of the reign of ,william ,,iii4 to have had bowls of the elongated form 7,figs4 #ffb and #ffc71 and it would appear probable that this is correct1 for at the places where his ,dutch troops were stationed1 the pipes of this and the accompanying form are most abundant4 ,barrel-shaped bowls were1 however1 still in use1 and ,i have copied one from ,mr4 ,fairholt's book1 on which the date #afhi is incised4 ,that these long pipes were not imported in very large quantities1 may be gleaned from the following highly interesting notice1 which ,i quote from ,houghton3-- 8,the next are tobacco-pipes1 of which came from ,holland1 gross one hundred and ten1 chests four4 ,i have seen some very long ones and also small from thence1 that truly are very fine4 ,if there comes no more1 they'll do us no great hurt4 ,i think they must be permitted to be patterns to set our people on work1 and if our smoakers would use none but fine ones1 ,i question not but we should make as fine as anybody40#hf ,from this it appears that1 in #afid1 only #aaj gross1 or four chests1 of ,dutch pipes were imported1 and this included both sorts--the 8very long ones and also small40 ,it is worthy of note1 for comparison's sake1 that in the same year from ,holland #ab1jjj1 and from ,germany #bc tons1 of 8marbles for boys to play with10 were imported4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fff to #fgf4--,old ,broseley ,clay ,pipes4 ,the long-bowled pipes continued in use to the middle of last century1 and representations of them may be found on engravings of the period1 thus showing that they gradually merged from the bulbous into the elongated form of the time of ,william ,,iii41 and so passed on to the wide-mouthed shape of the present day4 ,the heel or spur also changed from the flat form--made to rest the pipe upon during or after use--to the long pointed one now so common1 and which took its rise probably from the ,dutch4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that the ,dutch were originally indebted to ,england for the introduction of pipe-making into that country4 ,usually the old pipes were perfectly plain1 with the general exception of a milled border1 impressed by hand1 not in the mould1 running round the mouth4 ,it is also worthy of remark1 that the bowls of many of the older pipes are scraped into form after having been moulded4 ,sometimes ornamented examples are met with1 but they are of extremely rare occurrence4 ,mr4 ,croker had one which he considered to have been of foreign make1 but which ,i think there is little doubt is of ,english manufacture3 and the one in my own possession 7,fig4 #fdf7 presents some very interesting features2 in form it closely resembles one of the examples of ,james ,i4 and ,charles ,i41 and ,i have no doubt1 from the form of the letters1 that ,i am right in appropriating it to that period4 ,it is not very easy to localise pipes1 for but little is known of places where they were made1 and the manufacture was of course of so small an extent that it is difficult to trace it4 ,in ,november1 #afja1 ,mr4 ,secretary ,cecil alludes1 in a speech1 to a then existing patent of monopoly enjoyed by tobacco-pipe makers2 and in #afai the craft of pipemakers were incorporated1 their privileges1 according to ,stowe1 extending through the cities of ,london and ,westminster1 the kingdom of ,england1 and dominion of ,wales4 ,they were governed by a master1 four wardens1 and about twenty-four assistants4 ,these privileges were confirmed by subsequent monarchs4 ,at ,derby several generations of pipemakers have uninterruptedly carried on business1 and it was in one of these ovens that the first pieces of ,derby china were fired4 ,the pipes made at ,winchester were1 in ,ben ,jonson's time1 great favourites2 they were said to be the best then made1 and far superior to those of ,vauxhall and other places4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,bath1 pipes were apparently made in the beginning of the seventeenth century1 the makers' names being ,thomas ,hunt1 ,henry ,putley1 ,rich4 ,greenland1 ,rich4 ,tyler1 and ,jeffry ,hunt2 and some of the examples bear a shield with a branch of the tobacco-plant4 ,at ,lichfield they were made to a large extent1 as also at ,newcastle-under-,lyme1 and indeed they were produced in most parts of the country4 ,from the smallness of size of these early pipes has1 ,i presume1 arisen their common name of 8,fairy ,pipes10 varied sometimes into 8,elfin ,pipes10 8,mab ,pipes10 8,danes ,pipes10 etc4 ,they are also sometimes called 8,celtic0 and 8,old ,man's ,pipes10 and ,i have heard them designated by the characteristic name of 8,carls ,pipes10 a name indicative of a belief in their ancient origin4#hg ,in ,ireland1 they are believed to have belonged to the ,cluricanes1 a kind of wild1 mischievous fairy-demon1 and when found are at once broken up by the superstitious 8pisantry40 ,in ,england1 they are said to have belonged to the fairies or 8old men10 but1 unlike their ,irish brethren1 our peasantry usually preserve them1 and in some districts believe that a certain amount of good luck attends their possession4 ,i have known one of these pipes carried about the person for years1 and have heard its owner--a ,peak-man--declare in his native dialect1 on being asked to part with it1 8,nay1 a'd part wi' a towth sowner60 ,a quantity of these 8fairy pipes0 were found in the parish of ,old ,swinford1 ,worcestershire1 some few years ago1 8and the country folks there had a tradition that it was a favourite spot for the resort of ,queen ,mab and her court1 and that among other appendages of royalty was a fairy-pipe manufactory1 of which these were the remains40 ,broseley has been so long famous for its tobacco-pipes1 that a 8,broseley0 is a term familiar to smokers all over the world4 ,that this locality should have been chosen as the place par excellence for their manufacture1 is to be accounted for by the excellent clay of the district4 ,the white pottery found at ,wroxeter is made of clay from the ,severn ,valley1 and this shows that the ,broseley or other clays were worked at a very early period of our history4 ,the ,shirlot clay1 of which a few pipes were made at ,shirlot and ,much-,wenlock1 is of a coarse texture1 and very inferior to the ,devon pipeclay1 of which most are now made4 ,this might lead us to suppose that the earliest manufacturers of pipes at first used the clay found in the neighbourhood1 but discarded it for the purer clays which they obtained from ,devonshire2 but ,i feel assured the ,shirlot and ,wenlock pipes are not of very ancient date4 ,in the late ,mr4 ,thursfield's collection were many with marks on the spur4 ,some of these marks exhibit the maker's name in full1 some abbreviated1 others initials only1 and one has a gauntlet on the bowl1 with ,s4 ,d4 7probably the initials of ,samuel ,decon1 who was alive in #agbi7 on the spur2 three bowls alone only bear dates1 viz41 ,richard ,legg1 #afhg2 ,john ,legg1 #afhg2 and ,john ,legg1 #afif4 ,these three are engraved on page #bic4 8,i have carefully examined the ,broseley parish register10 ,mr4 ,thursfield informed me1 8which dates back as early as #aegb1 and find in #aege1 #agth ,elizabeth 7ten years before ,sir ,walter ,raleigh introduced tobacco71 that ,richard ,legg had a daughter baptized4 ,i therefore consider him to be the father of ,broseley pipemakers1 for even at the present day some of his descendants follow the trade in this place--from various causes no longer as masters--and still bear the family names of ,richard and ,john ,legg4 ,a stone slab let into the front of a substantial cottage1 with the words #8,richard ,legg built this1 #agaf1' testifies to the well-to-do position held by the family in the early part of the eighteenth century40 ,the name of ,ben ,legg also occurs on a pipe found in ,worcestershire4 ,the names of the pipemakers at ,broseley1 judging from the examples ,i have seen1 appear to commence first as follows3--,clarke in #afdg1 ,roden in #afha1 ,legg #aege1 ,darbey #agjj1 ,decon #afjh1 ,evans #afae1 ,hughes #afda1 ,hartshorne #afbj1 ,james #afjj1 ,jones #aeij1 ,price #afjh1 ,partridge #agah1 ,overton #agjj1 ,smith #agji1 ,shaw #afcj1 ,wilksone #agcc1 and ,ward #agjj4 ,other names 7,brown1 ,bradley1 ,dry1 ,hart1 ,harper1 ,overley1 and ,roberts1 for instance7 occur as pipemakers here in the olden time4 ,more than a hundred years ago1 the pipemakers began to stamp their names and residences on the stems of the pipes instead of the spurs1 the stems being1 in many instances1 #af or #ah inches or more in length4 ,they likewise made a small twist or bead mid stem1 at such a length from the bowl1 that when held between the fingers at that spot1 the pipe was balanced4 ,a pipe-maker1 named ,noah ,roden1 brought the long pipes to great perfection1 and supplied most of the ,london clubs and coffee-houses of that day2 he died about #ahbi1 and his business was carried on by the late ,william ,southorn1 who made great strides in improving the manufacture1 and whose eldest son is now carrying on the famed business of maker of the patent and genuine 8,real ,broseleys40 ,about the middle of last century1 and since1 the ,rodens were famous makers of pipes at ,broseley1 and to them is due the introduction of 8churchwardens0 and 8,london straws10 and they were succeeded in the early part of this century by ,mr4 ,southorn1 father of the present well-known maker1 ,mr4 ,edwin ,southorn4 ,the works at present carried on by ,mr4 ,edwin ,southorn were established about #ahcj by ,noah ,roden4 ,in #ahef they passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,southorn1 and from that time forward their progress has been of marked improvement in every branch of the manufacture4 ,in #ahfj ,mr4 ,southorn introduced the process of transfer printing upon pipes1 the same as practised in other branches of ceramics4 ,by this means the crests or armorial bearings1 names1 mottoes1 or monograms of his patrons1 trade marks or initials of firms1 and signs and names of hotels and inns are produced1 as are also other devices in colours4 ,in #ahfh ,mr4 ,southorn introduced steam-power into his manufactory1 and has rendered it available to all parts of his works2 he is thus enabled to produce an enormous quantity1 counting at the present time about #aj1ejj gross or #a1ejj1jjj pipes in the course of a year4 ,the 8,broseleys0 thus1 not only in quantity but in quality--for they are the finest produced both in form1 in quality of clay1 in beauty of surface1 and in manipulation of any made--surpass all others4 ,in #ahea1 ,mr4 ,southorn received honourable mention as 8superior tobacco-pipes0 at the ,exhibition in that year4 ,mr4 ,southorn has also introduced the plan of dipping1 or 8tipping10 his pipes at the mouth-piece with green or any other coloured glaze1 which is one of the most marked improvements of modern days4 ,the variety of pipes produced at these works is somewhat remarkable4 ,among these are 8large bowls10 #ba inches long2 8long plain10 #bb inches long2 8long ,broseley straws10 or 8aldermen10 #bg inches long1 8fit for an alderman or a king20 8long straws10 or 8churchwardens10 #be inches long1 which ,dr4 ,richardson1 at the ,bath meeting of the ,british ,association1 says are unquestionably the best of pipes2 8,london straws10 #af inches2 8,raleigh straws10 8,lord ,crewes10 #bg inches long2 8long ,dutch straws10 #bh inches long2 8short ,broseley straws10 8short tips10 8plain tips10 8,s4 ,d4 straws10 8dhudeens10 8peg-top straws10 8ovarium straws10 8billiard10 8cutty10 8yachting10 8,broseley meerschaums10 and a score of other kinds4 ,one of the specialities1 however1 of ,mr4 ,southorn's productions is his 8patent ,broseley ,narghil40 ,in this 8the pipe1 which is formed of clay noted for its fineness and remarkably porous qualities1 is enclosed for a portion of its length in a glass tube1 which is filled with water2 and the action of the water is to draw away the colouring matter and narcotic poison from the smoke before reaching the smoker's mouth4 ,the proof of this is in the gradual colouring of the water2 which may be readily discharged and the tube refilled4 ,a further effect is coolness of the extremity4 ,the glass tubes are supplied from the ,broseley pipe works in every variety of style1 and we have never seen so much fine art taste combined with utility as in these1 some of them vieing with the ancient ,venetian glass in the combination of opaque and clear1 c4 ,it is to be understood that by the #8,narghil' is meant the attachment1 or tube containing water1 which is removable at the pleasure of the holder2 a title that serves to recall the luxurious and costly water-pipes of ,turkey1 to which1 in all their best qualities1 this patent completely answers4 ,the #8patent' ,broseley pipe is manufactured specially for the ,narghil1 and is the only clay pipe for which it is adapted4 ,it is evident that a clay1 either more or less porous than are these tobacco-pipes1 would be equally unsuitable2 and what is very remarkable1 and shows the perfection to which the manufacture has been carried1 these pipes are uniform in porousness1 in part due to their being manufactured of the very finest and purest clay40 ,many of the forms adopted by ,mr4 ,southorn are adaptations of medival examples1 and others are of the most artistic and elegant outline4 ,the mark used by him is usually the name 8,e4 ,,southorn1 ,,broseley10 impressed on the stem4 ,sometimes his name with the royal arms appears printed on the bowl4 ,the other pipemakers at ,broseley at the present day are ,mr4 ,william ,southorn1 of the late firm of ,william ,southorn and ,co42 and ,richard ,tomkis2 but of these it is not necessary to speak4 ,,coalbrookdale4 ,the terra cotta works belonging to the world-famed 8,coalbrookdale ,iron ,company0 were established in #ahfa4 ,the beds of clay belonging to this company being peculiarly adapted for the finest and best kinds of terra cotta1 they1 in conjunction with others in the neighbourhood1 undertook to prepare and send1 for the ,exhibition of #ahfb1 examples of goods made from the various clays of the ,shropshire coal fields4 ,the result of this determination was the establishment of this branch of the company's manufacture1 and1 so far as it has been carried out1 it has proved eminently successful4 ,the colour of the terra cotta is a peculiarly light buff of a pleasing and soft tint2 and the quality is of the highest order both for firmness1 fineness1 hardness1 and durability4 ,in it the company produce vases1 tazzas1 pedestals1 brackets1 pendants1 flower-pots and boxes1 chimney-pots1 and every variety of architectural decoration4 ,with their well-known skill in design1 and with the talented artists they employ for their metal work1 it may well be supposed that this company would produce striking and beautiful patterns in their vases and other ornamental goods2 and such is the case4 ,there is a peculiar sharpness and beauty in the details of many that is far superior to that produced by some other firms4 ,some of the designs will be seen in the accompanying engravings4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fgg to #fhj4--;,coalbrookdale ,terra ,cotta4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fha4--;,coalbrookdale ,terra ,cotta4 ,at ,lightmoor1 in the same neighbourhood1 the ,coalbrookdale ,company have extensive works for the manufacture of moulded and other bricks in white1 blue1 and red clays2 ornamental and plain roofing tiles1 many of which are of very effective shapes2 garden edgings and ridge tiles of every style of design1 from a simple bead to an elaborate ,tudor ornament2 paving tiles1 c4 ,nothing could better show the variety1 the importance1 and the high quality of the clays of this locality than do these varieties4 ,the colour of the red quarries is rich1 and improves with washing and wear1 while their hardness is beyond any others4 ,the roof tiles of this company are very extensively used 7for instance1 the ,charterhouse ,schools1 near ,godalming1 are covered with them71 and they have the reputation of being among the hardest and best produced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhb4--;,coalbrookdale ,terra ,cotta4 ,,madeley4 ,a small manufactory of china was established and carried on for about a quarter of a century at ,madeley1 by ,mr4 ,martin ,randall1 who served his apprenticeship at the ,coalport works2 his elder brothers1 ,edward and ,william ,randall1 having been apprenticed at ,caughley4 ,from ,coalport ,martin ,randall went to the ,derby ,china ,works1 where he remained for some time1 and became the friend of two of their famed painters1 ,phillip ,cleve and ,william ,pegg4 ,from ,derby he removed to ,london1 and entered into business with a ,mr4 ,robins1 at ,islington4 ,upon a dissolution of partnership he came down to ,madeley1 and fixed himself in ,park ,place1 where for a few years he confined himself to re-decorating ,svres china1 which was procured by agents2 chiefly of ,baldock and ,garman1 in ,paris4 ,white china was obtained where feasible2 but when that could not be had1 dessert1 tea1 and breakfast services1 vases1 wine coolers1 jardinires1 and other articles1 ornamented simply with blue and gold lines1 dots1 or sprigs of flowers1 were purchased2 the latter of which were removed by fluoric acid1 the glaze being so blended with the body that it gave back a new surface on being passed through the enamelling kiln4 ,the gold was so thick on the pieces that it was usually peeled off with a knife1 and was then sent to ,london to be again reduced by acid4 ,at first ,randall used a box kiln1 with charcoal2 but afterwards erected an enamelling kiln1 which he heated with billets of wood4 ,mr4 ,randall soon afterwards removed from ,park ,lane to a larger house at the bottom of ,madeley1 where he erected enamelling kilns1 and also a kiln which served for biscuit and glaze4 ,his potters were ,thomas ,wheeler1 who was thrower and turner2 ,francis ,brewer1 modeller2 ,william ,roberts1 presser2 and ,david ,morris1 fire-man4 ,mr4 ,john ,randall1 nephew of ,mr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,randall1 was an apprentice to the painting1 and ,mr4 ,francis ,brewer1 now of the ,tamworth ,potteries1 was an apprentice to the modelling4 ,mr4 ,randall took the decorating department1 but he also employed as figure painter ,mr4 ,philip ,ballard1 a son of ,mr4 ,s4 ,ballard1 solicitor1 ,worcester1 and brother to ,mr4 ,t4 ,ballard1 ,r4,a4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,gray1 artist1 now of ,dorking1 and father of ,mr4 ,george ,gray1 ,a4,r4,a41 and his son ,robert were flower painters2 and the late ,mr4 ,enos ,raby was ground-layer1 colour-maker1 and gilder4 ,mr4 ,randall's want of experience in the processes of making led to frequent errors and losses1 the latter being the greater from his constant desire to produce a body which should equal ,nantgarrw and ,svres4 8,too much beer0 on the part of a fire-man sometimes brought down the entire kiln of ware1 so that the saggers disappeared below the trial-hole1 and the pieces bulged like wax1 till they became fast to each other1 and assumed the most fantastic forms4 ,too much flint in the clay1 at another time1 produced a chalky absorbent body1 that drank up so much glaze that when fired it would fly off in the form of small daggers whilst cooling1 and continue to do so for weeks4 ,mr4 ,randall1 however1 kept his temper like a philosopher2 and at length succeeded in producing the nearest approach to the old ,svres of any at that time made in this kingdom4 ,it had all the mellow transparency and richness1 and the same capability of receiving the colours into the glaze1 of that famous ware1 and had this to such an extent that the most experienced connoisseurs found it impossible to distinguish between them1 excepting by the mark1 which no bribe would induce him to imitate2 being a strict quaker1 he had a conscientious objection to doing so4 ,from ,madeley1 ,mr4 ,randall removed his business to ,shelton2 and here it was that the late ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton was so struck with the beauty of his productions that he made overtures to him to join his firm1 which1 however1 he did not do2 and he soon afterwards retired from business1 and went to live at ,barlaston1 near ,trentham1 where he died1 and was buried in a spot he had chosen for himself4 ,mr4 ,randall1 who was uncle to ,mr4 ,john ,randall1 ,f4,g4,s41 one of the celebrated painters of the ,coalport works1 used no mark4 ,,jackfield4 ,the ,jackfield ,pottery was one of the oldest in ,shropshire1 and is believed to have been worked for centuries4 ,the potters had1 at different times1 probably from being expert hands1 migrated into ,staffordshire2 and ,i am informed that1 as early as #aefj1 several entries occur in the parish registers of ,stoke-upon-,trent of people 7potters1 of course7 as 8from ,jackfield40 ,a few years ago a coal-pit at ,jackfield1 which was known not to have been entered for nearly two centuries1 was opened1 and in it was found a small mug of brown earthenware1 bearing the date #afcd4 ,the works were1 probably not long after this period1 carried on by a person of the name of ,glover1 who used the old salt glaze for his ware4 ,he was succeeded by ,mr4 ,john ,thursfield1 son of ,mr4 ,john ,thursfield of ,stoke-upon-,trent1 about the year #agac4 ,this ,john ,thursfield had married a daughter of ,captain ,webb1 who had been in the wars under ,marlborough and ,prince ,eugene1 and had1 while in the ,low ,countries1 married a ,dutch lady4 ,in #agbi ,john ,thursfield married a lady named ,eleanor ,morris1 of ,ferney ,bank1 who is curiously described in the ,broseley register as a 8sojoinner40 ,he died in #agea1 leaving two sons--,john1 who built the works at ,benthall2 and ,morris1 who succeeded his father at ,jackfield4 ,the kind of ware made at ,jackfield was a white stoneware1 very similar to the ,staffordshire make1 and on some examples flowers and other ornaments were incised and coloured1 that is1 the outlines were cut in while the clay was soft1 and the flowers and other ornaments touched afterwards with colour4 ,tiles of the kind usually known as 8,dutch tiles0 were also made4 ,in #agfc ,mr4 ,simpson carried on the pottery at ,jackfield1 and made yellow ware1 and a ware the body of which was pipeclay and glazed with salt4 ,this he sent down the ,severn to the ,bristol ,channel for export to ,america--a trade which the ,american war of independence put an end to4 ,maurice ,thursfield made at ,jackfield a very superior black ware1 highly vitrified and glazed2 indeed1 so highly glazed was it that it had all the outward appearance of glass4 ,the forms1 and the potting of these articles1 locally known as 8black decanters10 were remarkably good1 and on some specimens which ,i have seen ornaments have been judiciously introduced4 ,on one1 in the possession of the late ,richard ,thursfield1 ,esq41 of ,broseley1 a head and wreath are executed in gold and colour2 and on others1 paintings in oils1 both portraits and views1 and raised ornaments1 are introduced4 ,some good examples are preserved in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,maurice ,thursfield died in ,america1 where he had1 it appears1 considerable business connections4 ,in these works ,mr4 ,rose1 in conjunction with a ,mr4 ,blakeway1 soon after the death of ,maurice ,thursfield1 began making china4 ,the works were not1 however1 carried on long1 but were removed to ,coalport1 on the opposite side of the ,severn1 where they were begun in some buildings which had formerly been a pottery 7,i believe belonging to a ,mr4 ,young1 a mercer of ,shrewsbury71 and where they have continued uninterruptedly to the present day4 ,in the early part of this century a pottery--spoken of in #ahcf as the 8new pottery0--was established here by ,mr4 ,john ,myatt1 for brown and yellow stone-wares4 ,here1 too1 at the same time1 near the ,calcuts1 extensive brick and tile-works were then and still are carried on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,jackfield ,,encaustic ,,tiles4--,many years ago ,mr4 ,peter ,stephan 7still at this date a modeller at ,coalport71 son of ,stephan the potter1 who was a ,frenchman1 and at one time at ,derby and afterwards of ,jackfield1 where he had a small pottery1 produced some strikingly good arabesque patterns in blue printing4 ,his mark was an anchor with cable1 impressed in the body of the ware2 and also the crest of an anchor on an heraldic roll1 with his name above 7see ,figs4 #fhc and #fhd71 and printed in blue on the bottom of the ware4 ,his pieces are of rare occurrence4 ,he also made encaustic tiles4 ,these were the first made in this district4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fhc and #fhd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhe4--,the ,jackfield ,works4 ,the ,jackfield ,works4--,the site of the present works carried on by ,craven1 ,dunnill1 ,co41 for the manufacture of ,encaustic and ,geometrical tiles1 is that of the above old pottery in ,jackfield1 in which ,hargreaves and ,craven for several years made geometrical tiles by the clay-dust process1 and encaustic tiles from plastic clay2 but the buildings being old and dilapidated1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,dunnill formed a limited liability company1 consisting of seven shareholders1 for rebuilding and carrying on the concern4 ,the old buildings were taken down1 a considerable extent of land added to the premises1 and on this land the present handsome new works were erected4 ,they now cover an extent of nearly two acres of ground1 and are fitted with machinery and arrangements specially adapted to the requirements of the trade1 each department succeeding the other in perfect rotation2 so that the clay goes into the blunging-house at one point1 from thence into the slip-kilns1 mill-room1 damping-houses1 press-shops1 encaustic rooms1 drying-stove1 seggar-house1 firing and glaze-kilns1 sorting-house1 warehouses1 packing-room1 and finally1 having in the various processes gone the circuit of the manufactory1 passes into the railway lurries to be conveyed to various parts of the kingdom and abroad4 ,the fine clays of ,jackfield and ,broseley are largely used in the manufacture1 and within the grounds of the works there is a pit in which1 from a depth of thirty-five yards1 is brought up by steam-power a beautiful red clay1 of very fine tone of colour4 ,the firm justly pride themselves on the colour and quality of their plain tiles2 and the hardness of their buff tiles--a point much desired by the trade--is very noticeable4 ,the colour and hardness of body of their dove tiles are also very apparent4 ,in encaustic tiles many beautiful designs by ,waterhouse1 ,goldie1 ,gibbs1 ,bentley1 and other architects are produced4 ,at the instance of one of the firm1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,brown1 ,m4,p4 for ,wenlock1 a noticeable arrangement has been made in the interest of the work-people4 ,any profit made after ten per cent4 paid to the proprietors is equally divided between them and the work-people1 and the latter have thus a direct interest to do their work in the best manner1 so as to add to the reputation of the firm4 ,glazed tiles for hearths1 of great variety and beauty of pattern1 are made here1 and also glazed wall tiles in white1 cream1 celadon1 and other tones4 ,the company also produce majolica tiles of the richest class1 with an endless variety of printed1 painted1 and art tiles for decorative purposes4 ,the quality of the tiles is remarkably good2 the colours are pure and clear1 the body hard and durable1 and the glaze firm4 ,many of the patterns are of extreme beauty and excellence4 ,the marks adopted1 impressed on the back of the tiles1 are-- ,,hargreaves ,,craven ,,hargreaves ,,craven ,,dunnill ,,co ,,jackfield ,n,r ,,ironbridge ,,salop ,,craven ,,dunnill ,,co ,,limited ,,jackfield ,n,r ,,ironbridge ,,salop ,,hargreaves ,,craven ,,dunnill ,,co ,,jackfield ,,craven ,,dunnill ,,co ,,jackfield ,,salop ,,craven ,,co 99 99 99 99 99 ,,benthall ,,works4--,the manufactory of encaustic tiles1 mosaics1 and majolica1 which has for the last twenty-two years been carried on by ,messrs4 ,maw1 at the ,benthall works1 near ,broseley1 was initiated at ,worcester 7as named in my account of the works of ,mr4 ,st4 ,john in that city7 in the year #ahej1 where ,messrs4 ,maw commenced experimenting on the processes of manufacture on the premises formerly occupied by the ,worcester ,porcelain ,manufactory1 when under the hands of ,messrs4 ,flight and ,barr1 and afterwards used for the production of encaustic tiles by my late friend ,mr4 ,fleming ,st4 ,john and his partners1 by whom the moulds1 c41 which had been used by them in the manufacture of encaustic tiles were sold to ,messrs4 ,maw4 ,these gentlemen at once saw that a much wider field was open to them in the production of tiles than had previously been attempted at ,worcester4 ,in #aheb1 ,messrs4 ,maw1 feeling the necessity for carrying on the manufacture in a neighbourhood which would produce both the coal and the clay1 abandoned the works at ,worcester1 and removed their moulds1 plant1 c41 to the ,benthall works1 near ,broseley1 where another seven years was spent by them in a series of costly experiments with no immediate profit except the experience gained by which they have subsequently built up the business4 ,their first effort was to thoroughly investigate and experiment upon the clays of the ,shropshire coal-field1 as well as the plastic materials found throughout the kingdom1 many of which no one had before attempted to turn to economic account4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fhf to #fic4--;,examples of ,messrs4 ,maw's ,tiles4 ,the results of these experiments have been illustrated in an extensive series of specimens of the clays or plastic slates of ,great ,britain presented by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,maw1 ,f4,s4,a41 to the ,government ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 in ,jermyn ,street1 and printed in the supplement to the catalogue by ,sir ,h4 ,de ,la ,beche and ,mr4 ,trenham ,reeks4 ,in #aheg1 after all these years of patient labours1 the manufacture was commenced on a commercial scale1 which for several years barely paid its expenses2 but from that time to the present continual additions have been made to the works to meet the increasing demand for their productions4 ,in #ahga supplementary works were commenced at the ,tuckies1 about two miles from the ,benthall works1 celebrated as the spot where the late ,lord ,dundonald carried on his experiments in the manufacture of coal-gas4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fid4 ,messrs4 ,maw have from the first laid themselves out for applying the very highest art and architectural talents to their manufactures1 and1 in #ahef1 commissioned ,mr4 ,m4 ,d4 ,wyatt to design a series of patterns of geometrical mosaic1 which were issued as a small lithographed volume of fourteen pages4 ,this little book1 which first established their reputation as art manufacturers1 was subsequently superseded by a much larger volume1 published in #ahfg1 including the designs of ,digby ,wyatt1 ,george ,goldie1 ,j4 ,p4 ,seddon1 ,george ,e4 ,street1 ,j4 ,burgess1 and others1 as well as the reproduction of all the best obtainable examples of ancient tiles1 geometrical1 and ,roman mosaic1 majolica1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fie4 ,in #ahea ,messrs4 ,maw began the manufacture of plain tiles1 geometrical mosaic1 and the ordinary encaustic tiles of two colours1 to which their productions were for several years limited3 but since #aheg their progress has been marked by the continual grafting on of specialities1 the yearly production of new colours1 and new phases of ceramic art applied to tiles4 ,in #ahfa they commenced the manufacture of very small tesser for the formation of pictorial mosaics1 and produced for the ,exhibition of #ahfb their well-known mosaic of 8,the ,seasons10 here engraved 7,fig4 #fie71 and which is now in the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 from a design expressly made for them by ,digby ,wyatt4 ,the result was so successful that ,mr4 ,wyatt commissioned ,messrs4 ,maw to execute a mosaic frieze for the inner quadrangle of the ,new ,india ,office4 ,the production of coloured enamels for the surface decoration of majolica tiles next occupied their attention1 and after years of experimenting1 all the colours employed in the ancient tiles of ,spain or ,italy were successfully reproduced1 as well as others which were unknown to the medival and ,moorish manufacturers4 ,a stone chimney-piece1 enriched with tiles executed for the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb1 was their first attempt in the application of enamels and majolica in architectural work4 ,shortly afterwards the successful decoration of ceilings was carried out in the corridors of the ,india ,office4 ,and now the production of majolica tiles and enamelled terra cotta for all kinds of internal and external decoration forms an important branch of ,messrs4 ,maw's manufacture4 ,among the more important of their works in enamelled terra cotta may be mentioned the beautiful staircase executed for ,sir ,d4 ,majoribanks1 a portion of which was exhibited in the ,international ,exhibition of #ahga1 and the chimney-pieces manufactured for the board-room of the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 and the ,museum of ,science and ,art1 at ,edinburgh4 ,messrs4 ,maw were the first in this country to produce the transparent celeste1 or turquoise blue1 employed in ancient ,chinese enamels1 specimens of which were exhibited in the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahfg4 ,among their more recent productions may be mentioned tesser for mosaic work1 decorated with rich enamels2 embossed tiles2 8sgrafito10 a ware the decoration of which is produced by the cutting away of superimposed layers of different coloured clays1 after the fashion of cameo carving2 8slip painting10 the production of a pattern by the painting of liquid clay on a ground of another colour1 and the whole glazed over1 after the first burning1 with transparent coloured enamels2 8pte sur pte10 tiles in which the design in high relief is superimposed on a ground of a different colour2 mixed coloured glasses and enamels for the decoration of pottery1 by which the most subtle and brilliant effects are produced2 terra cotta and ,parian plant-markers1 forming an economical and indestructible substitute for the old wooden and iron name tallies4 ,on these the names of trees and shrubs are written in a permanent black enamel and burnt in4 ,the special processes employed by ,messrs4 ,maw have been made the subject of a number of patents1 among which may be mentioned their mill machinery1 used in the preparation of clay for the manufacture of tiles by ,prosser's process2 the steam blunger1 by which the rough clay is levigated1 sifted1 and refined ready for drying on the slip-kilns1 without the intervention of manual labour2 the manufacture of encaustic tiles out of pulverised nearly dry clay1 and their patent press worked by steam power for the pressing of tiles1 which is the only successful application of steam power to screw presses which has yet been attained4 ,the geometric and tesselated pavements produced by ,messrs4 ,maw are of the most elegant1 elaborate1 and beautiful character1 and the tesser and tiles of which they are composed are made with the utmost mechanical accuracy1 and of the finest quality both in body1 in colours1 and in glaze4 ,the patterns they have prepared are of exquisite beauty and of endless variety1 and suitable for every possible purpose both for public and private buildings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fif to #fii4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gjj to #gja4 ,the encaustic1 or figured tiles1 for pavements1 are also a great speciality of ,messrs4 ,maw's works1 and are1 like those of other makers1 produced in immense variety and in large quantities4 ,they are made in two1 three1 four1 or more colours combined1 the colours used being buff or yellow1 red1 black1 blue1 chocolate1 white1 cream1 fawn1 green1 c41 and of various sizes1 the usual dimensions being #f and #d inches square4 ,the patterns are1 in many instances1 taken from the best remaining ancient examples1 and in others have been specially designed for ,messrs4 ,maw by ,sir ,digby ,wyatt1 ,owen ,jones1 and the best authorities of the day2 and many of the pavements thus produced are matchless both in design1 in general effect1 and in beauty and brilliancy of colour4 ,messrs4 ,maw are not content with producing simple quarries1 to be arranged in the usual varieties of ways1 but they have introduced entire pavements1 over which is spread one grand design covering its entire surface2 many entire patterns occupying not the usual old numbers of #d1 #i1 #ab1 #af1 or #bd tiles1 but #add and other numbers4 ,these are peculiarly rich and effective1 and particularly well adapted for halls1 vestibules1 corridors1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjc4 ,the marks used by ,messrs4 ,maw are-- ,,maw ,,co ,,maw ,,co ,,maw ,,co ,,maw ,,co ,,benthall ,,broseley ,,benthall ,,broseley ,,works ,,broseley ,,salop ,,broseley ,,salop ,,maw ,,co ,the enamelled hearth-pavements and wall-tiles are another great speciality of these works1 and are of unsurpassable richness and beauty1 as are also their majolica tiles and fire-place linings4 ,these are produced in every possible variety1 and are remarkable not only for the richness and delicacy of the colours which are used1 and for their purely artistic and masterly combination1 but for the excellence of both body and glaze1 and the scrupulous accuracy of forms for fitting together4 ,the same remark applies to the embossed and indented tiles1 and also to those which are partially pierced for open work4 ,they are all equally good1 and bear evidence of that thorough appreciation of art which pervades all the productions of the ,benthall works4 ,the engravings 7,figs4 #gjb and #gjc7 show two of their majolica chimney-pieces4 ,the first is of the finest majolica1 with a fire-place lining of encaustic1 or enamel1 tiles1 which would also be used for the hearth4 ,the decorations are in high and bold relief1 and being coloured with pure artistic taste1 have a charming and very striking effect4 ,it is #d feet #h inches in height1 and #g feet in width1 and is1 of course1 furnished with a marble shelf at the top--which1 however1 is not shown in the illustration4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjd4 ,the next shows another of these chimney-pieces entirely complete2 it is1 like the other1 of majolica4 ,the ornaments are in bold relief1 set off with an excellent arrangement of groundwork and colour2 the hearth is formed of encaustic1 or enamelled1 or mosaic tiles2 and the fender is of majolica4 ,another branch of ceramics--that of 8,art ,pottery0--has recently been added to ,messrs4 ,maw's manufactory4 ,this is the production of vases1 c41 in majolica1 a branch which they are eminently qualified to bring to perfection4 ,in this branch vases1 tazzas1 and other articles1 more or less decorated with raised or surface ornamentation1 are produced4 ,they are of excellent design1 the body light but compact1 and the decorations of remarkably good and artistic character4 ,,broseley4 ,the ,broseley ,tileries1 at ,broseley1 are said to be the oldest brick and tile works in the district1 and they have for more than a century been in the hands of the family of the present proprietor1 ,mrs4 ,penelope ,jane ,thorn4 ,they are now under the management of ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,bathurst4 ,the goods produced are encaustic and geometrical glazed and unglazed tiles1 ornamental ridge tiles1 roofing and pavement tiles of various kinds1 sanitary pipes1 c4 ,benthall ,potteries4--,these works1 carried on by the 8,benthall ,pottery ,company10 under the management of ,mr4 ,allen1 produce the ordinary yellow and other common wares4 ,,coalmoor4 ,at ,coalmoor1 near ,horsehay1 a pottery of common coarse ware formerly existed4 ,the hovels are still standing1 but converted to other purposes4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,plymouth--,william ,cookworthy--,the ,divining ,rod--,discovery of ,petuntse and ,kaolin--,productions of the ,plymouth ,works--,patent--,specification--,marks- -,sale to ,champion--,transference to ,bristol--,death of ,cookworthy--,plymouth ,earthenware ,works--,watcombe--,terra-,cotta ,works--,honiton--,exeter--,bovey ,tracey ,pottery--,indiho ,pottery--,bovey ,pottery--,folley ,pottery--,bideford ,pottery--,framington ,pottery--,aller ,pottery4 ,one of the names most intimately connected with the early history of the porcelain manufactures of this kingdom is that of ,william ,cookworthy1 to whom that art is indebted for the discovery of the two most important of its ingredients1 the native kaolin and the petuntse1 and to whose successful experiments and labours its excellence was and is in a great measure to be attributed4 ,at the time when he first made his experiments--although ,dwight had patented his invention for making transparent porcelain1 although ,van ,hamme and others had also secured their rights for similar purposes1 although ,chelsea and other places made their china 7it is said7 of ,chinese materials1 and although many experiments had been made on the nature and properties of the earths supposed to be employed for its manufacture--the art of china-making from native materials was unknown2 and ,cookworthy pursued his course of study unaided by the experience of others1 and1 though beset with difficulties at every turn1 brought it to a perfectly successful and satisfactory issue4 ,the history of these experiments1 and the life of this man1 are the history of the ,plymouth works4 ,the one is inseparable from the other4 ,the history of the works is the story of the life of ,cookworthy1 and the story of that life is the origin1 the success1 and the close of those works4 ,the narrative of ,william ,cookworthy1 then1 must be the thread of my present history4 ,william ,cookworthy was born at ,kingsbridge1 not many miles from ,plymouth1 on the #abth of ,april1 #agje1 his parents being ,william and ,edith ,cookworthy1 who were ,quakers4 ,his father was a weaver1 and died1 leaving his family but ill provided for1 in #agah4 ,thus young ,cookworthy1 at the age of thirteen1 and with six younger brothers and sisters--for he was the eldest of the family of seven--was left fatherless4 ,his mother entered upon her heavy task of providing for and maintaining her large family with true courage1 and appears to have succeeded in working out a good position for them all4 ,she betook herself to dressmaking1 and as her little daughters grew old enough to handle the needle1 they were taught to aid her1 and thus she maintained them in comparative comfort4 ,in the following spring1 at the age of fourteen1 young ,cookworthy was apprenticed to a chemist in ,london1 named ,bevans2 but his mother's means being too scanty to admit of his being sent to the metropolis in any other way1 he was compelled to walk there on foot4 ,this task1 no light one in those days1 a hundred and fifty years ago1 or now1 for a boy of fourteen1 he successfully accomplished4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gje4--,portrait and ,autograph of ,william ,cookworthy4 ,his apprenticeship he appears to have passed with extreme credit1 and on its termination returned into ,devonshire1 not only with the good opinion1 but with the co-operation of his late master1 and commenced business in ,nutt ,street1 ,plymouth1 as wholesale chemist and druggist1 under the name of ,bevans and ,cookworthy4 ,here he gradually worked his way forward1 and became one of the little knot of intelligent men who in those days met regularly together at each other's houses1 of whom ,cookworthy1 ,dr4 ,huxham1 ,dr4 ,mudge1 and the elder ,northcote1 were among the most celebrated4 ,here he brought his mother to live under his roof1 and she became by her excellent and charitable character a general favourite among the leading people of the place1 and was looked up to with great respect by the lower classes whom she benefited4 ,in #agce ,cookworthy married a young ,quaker lady of ,somersetshire1 named ,berry4 ,this lady1 to whom he seems to have been most deeply attached1 lived only ten years after their marriage1 and left him with five little daughters2 and ,cookworthy remained a widower for the remaining thirty-five years of his life4 ,in #agde his attention seems first to have been seriously directed to experimenting in the manufacture of porcelain--at all events1 in this year the first allusion to the matter which is made in his letters and papers occurs1 and this only casually4 ,in the following letter1 written to his friend and customer1 8,richard ,hingston1 ,surgeon1 in ,penryn10 and dated ,may #eth1 #agde1 this allusion will be found4 8,plymouth1 #cjth1 #eth mo41 #agde4 8,,dear ,,richard1 8,my ,eastern and ,south-,ham journeys have kept me of late so much abroad that ,i have not had opportunities of writing to thee equal to my inclination4 8,thy last order went a few days since by ,wm4 ,johns' barge for ,falmouth1 which is the first opportunity that hath offered since we received it4 ,i am sorry for the damage which happened to the pill-boxes and party-gold1 but am apt to believe it was taken in the passage1 as we always keep the pill-boxes in a garrett where no moisture can affect them4 8,amos hath1 ,i understand1 answered thy question about the beds1 which ,i believe he was very capable of doing effectually1 having been formerly concerned in filling them at brother ,fox's4 ,i hope his answer is fully satisfactory4 8,we have of late been very barren in news4 ,but1 a few days since1 we had certain advice that ,admiral ,martin's squadron had taken a very rich ship from the ,havannah1 though the captain from whom ,chas4 de ,voigne hath received a letter says she came from ,st4 ,domingo4 ',tis allowed1 however1 that she hath a good deal of money on board1 and so 'tis likely she may have been at both places4 8,chas4 de ,voigne tells me that ,cape ,breton is of such consequence to the ,french that they cannot do without it1 and we may depend on their exerting their utmost endeavour to retake it2 and if they should be unsuccessful1 would never make peace without its reddition4 ,we had lately a very considerable sale here for the cargoes of the prizes taken by ,martin's squadron some time since1 and that of the ,elephant4 ,j4 ,colsworthy was at it1 and bought a very large quantity of sugars on commission1 as well as another ,friend from ,london1 whose name is ,jonathan ,gurnell4 ,we must not be at all surprised at this1 it being by what ,i can find grown a settled maxim that ,friends may deal in prize goods4 ,for on my attacking ,f4 ,jewel for being concerned in the purchase of the ,mentor1 which he bought in partnership with ,dr4 ,dicker and ,lancelot ,robinson1 he pleaded in his justification that ,friends at ,london were clearly of opinion there is no harm in it2 and that ,jno4 ,hayward1 a preacher1 had given him a commission to buy prize ,havannah snuffs4 ,and brother ,fox1 who has done something in this way too for the good of his family1 acquaints me that ,friend ,wilson1 when here1 seemed to be quite ignorant of anything wrong in the practice1 and only advised in general that ,friends should not act against their convictions4 ,i am not at present disposed to make reflections1 and therefore shall only say that ,i hope ,i shall be kept clear of it1 as ,i believe it would bring a cloud over my mind4 8,i purpose next second day to set out for the west1 and hope to be with thee about the #bbnd proximo4 ,but ,i shall not be able to stay as usual1 as ,i must hasten to ,looe1 to #8squire ,sally to ,redruth yearly meeting1 from whence she purposes to go to ,wadebridge1 to pay a visit to her cousins4 ,she talks as if she should not be able to spare time to see you at ,penryn4 ,but ,i believe she will be mistaken4 8,i had lately with me the person who hath discovered the china-earth4 ,he had several samples of the chinaware of their making with him1 which were1 ,i think1 equal to the ,asiatic4 ',twas found in the back of ,virginia1 where he was in quest of mines2 and having read ,du ,halde1 discovered both the petunse and kaulin4 ',tis the latter earth1 he says1 is the essential thing towards the success of the manufacture4 ,he is gone for a cargo of it1 having bought the whole country of the ,indians where it rises4 ,they can import it for #ac per ton1 and by that means afford their china as cheap as common stone ware4 ,but they intend only to go about #cj per cent4 under the company4 ,the man is a ,quaker by profession1 but seems to be as thorough a ,deist as ,i ever met with4 ,he knows a good deal of mineral affairs1 but not fundits4 8,i have at last hearkened to thy advice1 and begun to commit to black and white what ,i know in chemistry--,i mean so far as ,i have not been obliged to other folks4 ,having finished my observations on furnaces1 ,i intend to continue it as ,i have leisure1 as it may be of use after my death4 8,farewell1 dear ,richard1 and if ,i am to have an answer1 let it be by next post1 or it will not come to hand before my leaving home4 8,thine affectionately1 8,w4 ,c4 8,maunds#hh are excessively dear1 and ,i have none worse than what is sent that is fit for use40 ,the letter is addressed 8,for ,richard ,hingston1 ,surgeon1 in ,penryn10 and is followed by an invoice of goods sent by 8,bevans and ,cookworthy40 ,at this time the business was still carried on under the style of 8,bevans and ,cookworthy40 ,the death of his wife1 which took place within a few months of the writing of this letter1 entirely took away his attention from business1 and his researches into china clays were thrown aside4 ,he retired into seclusion at ,looe1 in ,cornwall1 where he remained for several months1 and1 on his return to business1 took his brother ,philip1 who1 it appears1 had lately returned from abroad1 into partnership1 and carried it on1 with him under the style of 8,william ,cookworthy ,co40 ,this arrangement enabled ,cookworthy to devote his time to the scientific part of the business1 and to the prosecution of his researches1 while his brother took the commercial management of the concern4 ,left thus more to the bent of his scientific inclinations1 he pursued his inquiries relative to the manufacture of porcelain1 and lost no opportunity of searching into and experimenting upon the properties of the different natural productions of ,cornwall2 and it is related of him that1 in his journeys into that county1 he has passed many nights sitting up with the managers of mines1 obtaining information on matters connected with mines and their products4 ,in the course of these visits he first became acquainted with the supposed wonderful properties of the 8,divining ,rod10 or 8,dowsing ,rod10 as it was called by the ,cornish miners1 in the discovery of ore of various kinds4 ,in the magic properties of this rod he was an ardent believer1 and he wrote an elaborate dissertation upon its uses1 which has been published4 ,it is entitled 8,observations on the ,properties of the ,virgula ,divina10 and contains1 from beginning to end1 such a series of statements as would do well to go side by side with the tales of spririt-rapping in our day1 and which make one wonder at the amount of credulity that a clever man may occasionally exhibit4 ,so ardent a believer was he in the value of this rod1 that he did not hesitate to uphold it in the presence of men of high scientific attainments1 and to carry on experiments occasionally to prove to them its correctness4 ,as might be expected1 on most occasions these experiments failed1 but the operator had always some good reason ready to be assigned for the mishap4 ,on one occasion1 after having warmly descanted on its properties to ,dr4 ,mudge and ,dr4 ,johnson1 he agreed to try in his own garden the experiment as to whether any metal was to be found beneath its surface1 affirming that if metal1 whether large or small in quantity1 and at whatever depth1 existed1 the rod would immediately indicate its whereabouts4 ,the doctors having previously taken the precaution to have one of ,cookworthy's large iron mortars1 used in his laboratory1 buried in one corner of the garden1 unknown to him1 the examination with the rod was gravely made1 and resulted in ,cookworthy triumphantly affirming that no metal existed on the spot4 ,the learned doctors then1 in his presence1 dug out the mortar to prove that he was wrong1 and had signally failed in his trial4 ,cookworthy1 nothing disconcerted1 however1 immediately exclaimed1 8,ah1 that's an amalgam6 my rod has no sympathy with amalgams10 and thus spoiled their joke1 and kept his own position at the same time4 ,his journeys into ,cornwall1 however1 were productive of much more important results than the fabulous properties of the divining rod1 for it was in these journeys that he succeeded in discovering1 after much anxious inquiry and research1 the materials for the manufacture of genuine porcelain4 ,the information given him by the 8,quaker0 in #agde had never been lost sight of1 and he prosecuted inquiries wherever he went4 ,after many searchings and experiments1 he at length discovered the two materials1 first in ,tregonnin ,hill1 in ,germo parish2 next in the parish of ,st4 ,stephen's2 and again at ,boconnoc1 the family seat of ,thomas ,pitt1 ,lord ,camelford4 ,there is a kind of traditionary belief that he first found the stone he was anxious to discover in the tower of ,st4 ,columb ,church1 which is built of stone from ,st4 ,stephen's1 and which thus led him to the spot where it was to be procured4 ,at this time he lodged at ,carlogges1 in ,st4 ,stephen's parish1 with a ,mr4 ,yelland1 and was in the habit of going about the neighbourhood with his 8dowsing rod10 in search of mineral treasures4 ,this discovery would probably be about #aged or #agee4 ,having made this important discovery1 ,cookworthy appears to have determined at once to carry out his intention of making porcelain1 and to secure the material to himself4 ,to this end he went to ,london to see the proprietors of the land1 and to arrange for the royalty of the materials4 ,in this he succeeded2 and ultimately ,lord ,camelford joined him in the manufacture of china1 and1 as appears from a letter of that nobleman to ,polwhele1 the historian of ,cornwall1 the two expended about three thousand pounds in prosecuting the work4 ,the letter of ,lord ,camelford1 which is dated 8,boconnoc1 ,nov4 #cj1 #agij10 is as follows3-- 8,with regard to the ,porcelain ,manufactory that was attempted to be established some years ago1 and which was afterwards transferred to ,bristol1 where it failed1 it was undertaken by ,mr4 ,cookworthy1 upon a friend of his having discovered on an estate of mine1 in the parish of ,st4 ,stephen's1 a certain white saponaceous clay1 and close by it a species of granite1 or moor-stone1 white1 with greenish spots1 which he immediately perceived to be the two materials described by the missionary ,pre ,d',entrecolles1 as the constituent parts of ,chinese porcelain1 the one giving whiteness and body to the paste1 the other vitrification and transparency4 ,the difficulties found in proportioning properly these materials1 so as to give exactly the necessary degree of vitrification and no more1 and other niceties with regard to the manipulation1 discouraged us from proceeding in this concern1 after we had procured a patent for the use of our materials1 and expended on it between two and three thousand pounds4 ,we then sold our interest to ,mr4 ,champion1 of ,bristol40 ,it will be seen that ,lord ,camelford in this letter says that the discovery was made by a friend of ,cookworthy's4 ,whether this were so or not is matter of little consequence1 but it is due to ,cookworthy1 who was strictly conscientious and scrupulously honest and straightforward in all his transactions1 to say that he has left it on record that he himself made the discovery1 as will be seen by the following highly interesting paper written by him1 but unfortunately without date3-- 8,it is now near twenty years since ,i discovered that the ingredients used by the ,chinese in the composition of their porcelain1 were to be got1 in immense quantities1 in the county of ,cornwall2 and as ,i have since that time1 by abundance of experiments1 clearly proved this to the entire satisfaction of many ingenious men1 ,i was willing this discovery might be preserved to posterity1 if ,i should not live to carry it into a manufacture2 and1 with this view1 ,i have thought proper to put in writing1 in a summary way1 all ,i have discovered about this matter4 8,the account of the materials used by the ,chinese is very justly given by the ,jesuit missionaries1 as well as their manner of preparing and mixing them into the ,china-ware paste4 ,they observe1 the ,chinese have two sorts of bodies for porcelain2 one prepared with ,petunse and ,caulin1 the other with ,petunse and ,wha ,she or ,soapy ,rock4 ,the ,petunse they describe to be prepared from a quarry stone of a particular kind1 by beating it in stamping-mills1 and washing off and settling the parts which are beaten fine4 ,this ingredient gives the ware transparency and mellowness1 and is used for glazing it4 ,the stone of this ,petunse is a species of the granite1 or1 as we in the west call it1 the moor-stone4 8,i first discovered it in the parish of ,germo1 in a hill called ,tregonnin ,hill2 the whole country in depth is of this stone4 ,it reaches1 east and west1 from ,breag to ,germo1 and north and south1 from ,tregonnin ,hill to the sea4 ,from the cliffs some of this stone hath been brought to ,plymouth1 where it was used in the casemates of the garrison2 but ,i think the best quarries are in ,tregonnin ,hill4 ,the stone is compounded of small pellucid gravel1 and a whitish matter1 which1 indeed1 is ,caulin petrified2 and as the ,caulin of ,tregonnin ,hill hath abundance of mica in it1 this stone hath them also4 ,if the stone is taken a fathom or two from the surface1 where the rock is quite solid1 it is stained with abundance of greenish spots1 which are very apparent when it is wetted4 ,this is a circumstance noted by the ,jesuits1 who observe that the stones which have the most of this quality are the most proper for the preparation of the glaze2 and ,i believe this remark is just1 as ,i know that they are the most easily vitrifiable1 and that a vein of this kind in ,tregonnin ,hill is so much so that it makes an excellent glaze without the addition of vitrescent ingredients4 ,if a small crucible is filled up with this stone1 or a piece of it put in it1 and exposed to the most violent fire of a good wind furnace for an hour1 the stone will be melted into a beautiful mass2 all its impurities will be discharged1 one part of it will be almost of a limpid transparency1 and the other appear in spots as white as snow4 ,the former is the gravel1 the other the ,caulin1 reduced by fire to purity4 ,if the fire is not continued long enough to effect this1 the upper part and middle of the mass will be of a dirty colour1 and the bottom and parts of the sides fine4 8,,caulin4 8,this material1 in the ,chinese way of speaking1 constitutes the bones1 as the ,petunse does the flesh1 of china ware4 ,it is a white talcy earth1 found in our granite countries1 both in the counties of ,devon and ,cornwall4 ,it lies in different depths beneath the surface4 ,sometimes there shall be a fathom or more of earth above it1 and at other times two or three feet4 ,it is found on the sides of hills1 and in valleys2 in the sides1 where1 following the course of the hills1 the surface sinks1 or is concave1 and seldom1 ,i believe1 or never where it swells1 or is convex4 ,by what ,i have observed1 it is by no means a regular stratum1 but is rather in bunches or heaps1 the regular continuance of which is frequently interrupted by gravel and other matters4 ,at times there are veins of it among the solid rocks1 when it is constantly very pure from gravel4 ,i have a piece by me of this kind1 very fine4 8,there are inexhaustible stores of this ,caulin in the two western counties4 ,the use it's commonly put to is in mending the tin furnaces and the fire-places of the fire-engines1 for which 'tis very proper4 ,the sort ,i have chiefly tried is what is got from the side of ,tregonnin ,hill1 where there are several pits of it4 ,as the stone hath a pretty large quantity of ,caulin in it1 so the ,caulin hath a large mixture of the same sort of gravel as enters into the composition of the stone4 ,it contains1 besides1 mica in abundance4 8,in order to prepare the ,caulin for porcelain1 nothing more is necessary but pouring a large quantity of water on it1 so that it may not1 when dissolved1 be of so thick a consistence as to suspend the mica4 ,let it settle about ten minutes1 and pour off the dissolved clay into another vessel4 ,let it settle1 pour off the water1 and dry it4 ,i will observe here1 that care ought to be taken about the water used in washing off both the ,petunse and ,caulin4 ,it ought to be pure1 without any metallic or calcareous mixture4 ,our rivers in the west afford excellent water for this purpose1 as they arise1 the most of them1 and run through a granite country4 ,the ,caulin of ,tregonnin ,hill is very unvitrifiable1 and exceedingly apt to take stains from the fire4 ,i know no way to burn it clean but the following3--,form it into cakes of the thickness of two or three crown pieces1 and beat some of the stone to a very coarse powder2 cover the bottom of the crucible with this powder2 then put in a cake of the ,caulin2 cover this the thickness of one-third of an inch with the powder of stone2 fill the crucible in this way1 ending with a layer of the stone2 cover the crucible1 and treat it as in the process for melting the stone before described4 ,if the stone is burned to purity1 the ,caulin will be as white as snow2 if but partially calcined1 so far as the stone is pure1 the ,caulin will be so2 and when that is of a dirty colour1 the ,caulin will be of the same hue4 8,i have lately discovered that1 in the neighbourhood of the parish of ,st4 ,stephen's1 in ,cornwall1 there are immense quantities both of the ,petunse stone and the ,caulin1 and which1 ,i believe1 may be more commodiously and advantageously wrought than those of ,tregonnin ,hill1 as1 by the experiments ,i have made on them1 they produce a much whiter body1 and do not shrink so much1 by far1 in baking1 nor take stains so readily from the fire4 ,tregonnin ,hill is about a mile from ,godolphin ,house1 between ,helston and ,penzance4 ,st4 ,stephen's lies between ,truro1 ,st4 ,austel1 and ,st4 ,columb2 and the parish of ,dennis1 the next to ,st4 ,stephen's1 ,i believe1 hath both the ingredients in plenty in it4 ,i know of two quarries of the stone--one is just above ,st4 ,stephen's1 the other is called ,caluggus1 somewhat more than a mile from it1 and appears to be the finer stone4 8,having given this sketch of the natural history of the materials1 'tis needless to say much about the composition4 ,pottery being at present in great perfection in ,england1 our potters'-mills prepare the ,petunse much better than stamping mills1 and excuse one from the trouble of washing it off1 it being fit to be used as it comes from the mill4 ,i would further observe that the mills should be made of the ,petunse granite1 it being obvious that1 in grinding1 some of the mill-stones must wear off and mix with the ,petunse4 ,if those stones should be of a nature disagreeable to the body1 this mixture must1 in some degree1 be hurtful to it2 whereas1 whatever wears off from mill-stones of the same stone1 cannot be so in the least degree4 ,i have generally mixed about equal parts of the washed ,caulin and ,petunse for the composition of the body1 which1 when burnt1 is very white1 and sufficiently transparent4 ,the ,caulin of ,st4 ,stephen's burns to a degree of transparency without the addition of ,petunse4 ,the materials from this place make a body much whiter than the ,asiatic1 and1 ,i think1 full as white as the ancient chinaware1 or that of ,dresden4 8,the stones ,i have hitherto used for glazing are those with the green spots of ,tregonnin ,hill4 ,these1 barely ground fine1 make a good glaze4 ,if 'tis wanted softer1 vitrescent materials must be added4 ,the best ,i have tried are those said to be used by the ,chinese1 viz41 lime and fern-ashes1 prepared as follows3--,the lime is to be slacked by water1 and sifted4 ,one part of this1 by measure1 is to be mixed with twice its quantity of fern-ashes1 and calcined together in an iron pot1 the fire to be raised till the matter is red hot4 ,it should not melt1 and for that reason should be kept continually stirred4 ,when it sinks in the pot1 and grows of a light ash colour1 'tis done4 ,it then must be levigated in the potter's mill to perfect smoothness4 ,it may be used in proportion of one part to ten1 and so on to fifteen or twenty of the stone1 as shall be found necessary4 ,we found one to fifteen of the stone a very suitable proportion4 ,our manner of mixing was to dilute both the stones and the ashes to a proper degree for dipping1 and then to mix them as above4 ,on mixing1 the whole grows thicker4 ,if 'tis too thick for dipping1 more water must be added4 ,our method of dipping was just the same as is used by the delft-ware people4 ,we first baked our ware to a soft biscuit1 which would suck1 then painted it with blue1 and dipped them with the same ease2 and the glazing grows hard and dry1 as soon as it does in the delft-ware4 ,large vessels may be dipped raw1 as the ,chinese are said to do it4 ,but the proper thickness of the glaze is not so easily distinguished this way1 as when the ware is biscuited2 for1 the raw body being of the same colour and consistence with the glaze1 when the latter is dry1 'tis hardly possible to determine the limits of either2 a thing very easy to be done when the body is hardened by biscuiting4 ,our chinaware makers in general deny it to be possible to glaze on a raw body or soft biscuit4 ,and so it is with their glaze2 which1 abounding in lead and other fluxing materials1 melts soon and runs thin1 and1 melting before the body closes1 penetrates it1 and is lost in the body1 whereas our stone is almost as hard to melt as the body is to close2 and1 not melting thin1 neither runs nor penetrates the body4 ,i insist on the truth of this observation1 and 'tis necessary to be insisted on1 as scarcely any of our potters1 misled by too slavish dependence on their own too partial experience1 will allow it4 ,i have said above that the ,jesuits observe that the ,chinese paint and glaze their ware on the raw body4 ,i know this can be done1 for ,i have done it2 and so may anyone else who pleases to try it4 ,i have now by me the bottom of a ,chinese punch-bowl1 which was plainly glazed1 when it was raw1 or a soft biscuit2 for the ware wants a great deal of being burnt1 it being of the colour of coarse whited-brown paper4 ,but the same body1 when exposed to a proper degree of fire1 turns to a chinaware of a very good colour--a demonstration that it had not1 as our ware in ,england hath1 the great fire before the glaze was laid on4 ,i don't point out the advantages of painting and glazing on a soft biscuit1 as they are very obvious to anyone1 ever so little used to pottery4 8,in regard to burning1 ,i have to remark1 that by all the experiments we have made1 the north of ,england kilns1 where the fire is applied in mouths on the outside of the kilns1 and the fuel is coal1 will not do for our body1 at least when it is composed of the materials of ,tregonnin ,hill4 8,in those kilns especially1 when bags are used1 there is no passage of air through the middle of the kiln2 and a vapour1 in spite of all the care that can be taken1 will either transpire through the bags1 or be reflected from the crown1 which will smoke and spoil our ware1 though it doth not appear to affect other compositions4 ,how true this remark may be1 with regard to the ,st4 ,stephen's materials ,i cannot determine1 as they have not yet been tried in a kiln4 ,the only furnace or kiln which we have tried with any degree of success1 is the kiln used by the potters who make brown stone4 ,it is called the #cf-;hole kiln4 ,wood is the fuel used in it4 ,they burn billets before and under it1 where there is an oven or arch pierced by #cf-;holes1 through which the flame ascends into the chamber which contains the ware1 and goes out at as many holes of the same dimensions in the crown of the furnace4 ,the safeguards at bottom stand on knobs of clay1 which won't melt1 about two inches square1 and two inches and a half or three inches high2 by which means more of the holes are stopped by the bottoms of the safeguard1 but the air and flame freely ascend1 and play round every safeguard2 by which means those tingeing vapours1 which have given us so much trouble1 are kept in continual motion upward1 and hindered from penetrating and staining the ware4 8,experience must determine the best form and way of using this kiln4 ',tis the only desideratum wanting to the bringing of the manufacture of porcelain1 equal to any in the world1 to perfection in ,england4 8,caulin pipeclay and a coarse unvitrifiable sand make excellent safeguards40 ,the experiments on the ,cornish materials having been perfectly successful1 ,cookworthy established himself as a china manufacturer at ,plymouth4 ,the works were at ,coxside1 at the extreme angle which juts into the water at ,sutton ,pool4 ,some parts of the buildings still exist1 and are used as a shipwright's yard4 ,they are still known by the name of the 8,china ,house10 and it is really pleasant to find that a memory of these once celebrated works is yet retained on the spot where they were carried on4 ,it is strange1 however1 to think that the same building which was used for the fabricating of the finest and most delicate and fragile articles1 should now be used for the constructing of huge seaworthy vessels1 which can withstand the force of the waves1 and bear heavy burthens in safety across the seas1 whether in calm or storm4 ,in these works ,cookworthy prosecuted his new art with great success1 and was soon enabled to enter the market with ,englishmade hard-paste china1 composed of native materials alone4 ,the early examples are1 as is natural to expect1 very coarse1 rough1 and inferior1 but they evidence1 nevertheless1 considerable skill in mixing1 though not so much1 perhaps1 in firing4 ,and they are also remarkable for their clumsiness1 as well as for their bad colour1 their uneven glazing1 and their being almost invariably disfigured by fire cracks--if nowhere else1 almost invariably at the bottom4 ,on many of the pieces the colour 7blue7 on which the pattern was drawn1 has 8run0 in the glazing1 and thus disfigured the pieces4 ,as examples of the early make of ,plymouth1 an inkstand belonging to ,mrs4 ,lydia ,prideaux1 of ,plymouth1 is an excellent specimen4 ,it was for many years the office inkstand of her father1 who died in #agif1 and was got by him from the son of a workman in the china factory4 ,it is very clumsy in make1 of coarse body1 rough in the glaze1 uneven in colour1 and is1 perhaps1 one of the best and most characteristic existing specimens of the early make of ,plymouth4 ,it is circular1 nearly five and a half inches in diameter2 around the top is a border in blue1 and round the hollowed sides are octagonal spaces with ,chinese figures and landscapes1 connected together by a diapered band1 all in blue4 ,the inkstand bears the usual ,plymouth mark on the bottom1 in blue4 ,another early example worthy of note is a pounce-pot1 formerly in the possession of the late ,mr4 ,james1 of ,bristol4 ,like the inkstand and other early examples1 it is coarse in texture1 rough on the surface1 and imperfect in the glaze4 ,it is painted with flowers in blue1 and has the mark also in blue on the bottom4 ,as on the earliest productions of all the old china works1 the decorations on the ,plymouth examples are invariably blue2 the blue at first being of a heavy1 dull1 blackish shade1 but gradually improving1 until1 on some specimens which ,i have seen1 it had attained a clear brilliance4 ,cookworthy1 being a good chemist1 paid considerable attention to the producing of a good blue1 and was the first who succeeded in this country in manufacturing cobalt blue direct from the ore4 ,before this time the colour was prepared by grinding foreign imported zaffres with slab and muller2 but after a series of experiments he succeeded in producing a fine and excellent blue from the cobalt ore1 and prepared it by a better process4 ,it is said that ,cookworthy himself painted some of the earlier blue and white productions of his manufactory1 and this is not at all improbable4 ,examples of the finer and more advanced class of blue and white are1 like the earlier and more primitive attempts1 scarce4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjh4 ,the white porcelain of ,plymouth is one of its notable features1 for in it some remarkably fine works exist in different collections4 ,these mostly consist of salt-cellars1 pickle-cups1 and toilet-pieces1 formed of shells and corals1 beautifully1 indeed exquisitely1 modelled from nature4 ,the shells and corals1 and other marine objects which compose these pieces1 are remarkably true to nature1 and their arrangement in groups is very artistic and good4 ,as a rule these pieces are not marked4 ,some of the forms of these shell groups are shown in the accompanying engravings4 ,the accidental arrangement of the small shells1 sea-weeds1 and coral1 are very characteristic of ,plymouth manufacture1 and evince a high degree of artistic excellence4 ,the salt-cellars of this description1 in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 are good examples1 and useful for reference4 ,in white1 too1 ,cookworthy produced figures1 birds1 and animals1 both singly and in groups1 which bore no mark4 ,amongst the most successful and important productions of the ,plymouth works1 in white1 are busts1 of which one or two excellent examples are in existence4 ,the finest of these is a bust1 of large size1 of ,king ,george ,,ii41 in possession of the late ,dr4 ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 the great-nephew of ,william ,cookworthy1 the founder of the works1 from whom it has passed in succession to its present owner1 who is now the sole representative of the family4 ,the bust1 which is remarkably fine1 and exquisitely modelled1 evidences a very advanced state of ,art1 and shows great skill1 both in modelling1 in body1 and in firing4 ,its height is seventeen inches1 and its extreme width thirteen inches4 ,dr4 ,cookworthy also possessed some remarkably fine allegorical figures1 groups for candlesticks1 c41 all1 although unmarked1 said to be authenticated as ,plymouth manufacture4 ,an elephant said to be probably of ,plymouth manufacture is in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 as are also ,figs4 #gjh and #gac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gji4 ,the prosecution of the new works having progressed satisfactorily1 ,cookworthy in #agfh took out a patent for the manufacture of 8a kind of porcelain newly invented by me1 composed of moor-stone or growan1 and growan clay40 ,the patent was dated the #agth of ,march1 #agfh1 and contained the usual proviso that full specification should be lodged and enrolled within four months of that date4 ,this specification was duly enrolled1 and ,i am happy to be able to give it in extenso to my readers4 ,it is a most interesting document1 and contains a great deal of valuable information2 it is as follows3-- 8,to all people to whom these presents shall come1 ,i1 ,william ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 in the ,county of ,devon1 ,chemist1 send greeting4 8,whereas ,his ,most ,gracious ,majesty ,king ,george the ,third1 by ,letters ,patent bearing date at ,westminster the ,seventeenth day of ,march now last past1 did give and grant unto me1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 my executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 his especial license1 full power1 sole privilege and authority1 that ,i1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 my executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 and every of us1 by myself and themselves1 and by mine and their deputy or deputys1 servants or agents1 or such others as ,i1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 my executors1 administrators1 or assigns1 should at any time agree with1 and no others1 from time to time1 and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed1 should and lawfully might make1 use1 exercise1 and vend #8,a ,,kind ,,of ,,porcellain ,,newly ,,invented ,,by ,,me1 ,,compos',d ,,of ,,moor-,,stone ,,or ,,growan1 ,,and ,,growan ,,clay1' within that part of ,his ,majesty's kingdom of ,great ,britain called ,england1 his dominion of ,wales1 and town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed1 in such manner as to me1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 my executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 or any of us1 should in our discretion seem meet1 and that ,i1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 my executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 should and lawfully might have and enjoy the whole profit1 benefit1 commodity1 and advantage from time to time coming1 growing1 accruing1 and arising by reason of the said invention1 for and during the term of years therein mentioned1 to have1 hold1 exercise1 and enjoy the said license1 powers1 privileges1 and advantages thereinbefore granted unto me1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 my executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 for and during and unto the full end and term of fourteen years from the date of the said ,letters ,patent1 next and immediately ensuing1 and fully to be compleat and ended according to the statute in such case made and provided2 in which said ,letters ,patent there is contained a provisoe as or to the effect following 7viz471 that if ,i1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said invention1 and in what manner the same was to be performed1 by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal1 and cause the same to be inrolled in ,his ,majesty's ,high ,court of ,chancery within four calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said ,letters ,patent2 that then the said ,letters ,patent and all libertys and advantages whatsoever thereby granted should utterly cease1 determine1 and become void1 as in and by the said ,letters ,patent 7relation being thereunto had7 more fully and at large it doth and may appear4 8,now know ye that ,i1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 in pursuance of the said recited provisoe1 do1 by this my ,deed in writing1 declare and make known the nature of my said invention1 and the quality of the materials1 and manner in which the same is performed1 which is as followeth 7that is to say73-- 8,the materials of which the body of the said porcellain is composed are a stone and earth1 or clay4 ,the stone is known in the countys of ,devon and ,cornwall by the names of ,moor-stone and ,growan1 which stones are generally composed of grains of stone or gravel of a white or whitish colour1 with a mixture of talky shining particles4 ,this gravel and these talky particles are cemented together by a petrified clay into very solid rocks1 and immense quantities of them are found in both the above-mentioned countys4 ,all these stones1 exposed to a violent fire1 melt without the addition of fluxes into a semi-transparent glass1 differing in clearness and beauty according to the purity of the stone4 ,the earth1 or clay1 for the most part lies in the valleys where the stone forms the hills4 ,this earth is very frequently very white1 tho' sometimes of a yellowish or cream colour4 ,it generally arises with a large mixture of talky mic1 or spangles1 and a semi-transparent or whitish gravel4 ,some sorts have little of the mic1 or spangles1 but the best clay for making porcellain always abounds in mic1 or spangles4 ,the stone is prepared by levigation in a potter's mill1 in water in the usual manner1 to a very fine powder4 ,the clay is prepared by diluting it with water untill the mixture is rendered sufficiently thin for the gravell and mic to subside2 the white water containing the clay is then poured1 or left to run off from the subsided mic and gravell into proper vessells or reservoirs2 and after it has settled a day or two1 the clear water above it is to be then poured or drawn off1 and the clay1 or earth1 reduced to a proper consistence by the common methods of exposing it to the sun and air1 or laying it on chalk4 ,this earth1 or clay1 gives the ware its whiteness and infusibility1 as the stone doth its transparency and mellowness3 they are therefore to be mix'd in different proportions1 as the ware is intended to be more or less transparent2 and the mixture is to be performed in the method used by potters1 and well known 7viz41 by diluting the materials in water1 passing the mixture through a fine sieve1 and reducing it to a paste of a proper consistence for working in the way directed for the preparation of the clay74 ,this paste is to be form'd into vessells1 and these vessells1 when biscuited1 are to be dipp'd in the glaze1 which is prepared of the levigated stone1 with the addition of lime and fern-ashes1 or an earth called magnesia alba1 in such quantity as may make it properly fusible and transparent when it has received a due degree of fire in the second baking4 8,in witness whereof ,i1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 have hereunto sett my hand and seal this ,eleventh day of ,july1 in the ,eighth year of the reign of our ,sovereign ,lord ,george the ,third1 by the grace of ,god of ,great ,britain1 ,france1 and ,ireland1 ,king1 ,defender of the ,faith1 and so forth1 and in the year of our ,lord ,one ,thousand ,seven ,hundred and ,sixty-eight4 8,,william 7,l4 ,s47 ,,cookworthy4 8,signed1 sealed1 and delivered by the within-named ,william ,cookworthy1 in the presence of 8,,george ,,leach1 8,j4 ,,stove4 8,and be it remembered that on aforesaid ,eleventh day of ,july1 in the year above-mentioned1 the aforesaid ,william ,cookworthy came before our said ,lord the ,king in his ,chancery1 and acknowledged the ,specification aforesaid1 and all and everything therein contained and specified in form above written4 ,and also the ,specification aforesaid was stampt according to the tenor of the statute made in the sixth year of the reign of the late ,king and ,queen ,william and ,mary of ,england1 and so forth4 8,inrolled the ,fourteenth day of ,july1 in the year above written4 8,,samuel ,,champion1 a ,master ,extraordinary40 ,it is natural to suppose that the finest and best goods of the ,plymouth ,works were produced in the six years which intervened between the enrolling of this specification and the removal of the ,works to ,bristol1 previous to their sale to ,champion4 ,the progress of the manufactory had hitherto been great and satisfactory1 but continuing at the same rate of improvement1 the perfection to which the best productions arrived could only have been attained a very short time before its close4 ,cookworthy determined to make his porcelain equal to that of ,svres and ,dresden1 both in body1 which he himself mixed1 and in ornamentation1 for which he procured the services of such artists as were available4 ,to this end he engaged a ,mon4 ,saqui1 or ,soqui1 from ,svres1 who was a man of rare talent as a painter and enameller1 and to whose hands1 and those of ,henry ,bone1 a native of ,plymouth1 who there is reason to suppose was apprenticed to ,cookworthy1 and afterwards became very celebrated1 the best painted specimens may be ascribed4 ,besides these several other artists were employed1 but they were principally engaged in painting in blue1 while ,saqui and ,bone painted the high-class birds and flowers4 ,in a town like ,plymouth1 where ,art has always found a home1 and whose sons have so greatly distinguished themselves1 it is not to be wondered that the paintings and decorations on china should assume a high character for design and treatment4 ,in a neighbourhood which has the honour of having given birth to ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 to ,james ,northcote1 to ,haydon1 to ,sir ,charles ,eastlake1 to ,opie1 to ,william ,cooke1 and to a score others1 it would be strange indeed if the ,art part of the manufacture had not been prominently good1 and had not produced artists1 like ,henry ,bone1 of more than local excellence4 ,the ware made at ,plymouth consisted of dinner services1 tea and coffee services1 mugs and jugs2 vases1 trinket and toilet stands1 busts1 single figures and groups1 animals1 8,madonnas10 and other figures after foreign models1 candlesticks with birds1 flowers1 c41 c4 ,the large mug 7,fig4 #gab7 is an excellent example of the higher1 and1 of course1 later1 productions of ,cookworthy's manufactory4 ,it is a quart mug1 remarkably well potted1 clear in its colour and glaze1 and exquisitely painted by ,saqui on the one side with peacock and pheasant and landscapes1 and on the other with a group of flowers4 ,mugs of this form1 and different sizes1 painted with birds and flowers1 are to be found in different collections1 and are usually marked in red or blue4 ,the peculiarity of the specimen here engraved is1 that besides being remarkably good in its painting1 it is marked with the usual sign1 but instead of being in colour1 is incised before glazing4 ,the bottom is also disfigured1 as so frequently occurs1 with a fire crack4 ,the incised mark on this mug is engraved 7,fig4 #gaj74 ,some very good mugs of the form and style of this one were shown in the ,exhibition of #ahea1 in ,mr4 ,phillips's case1 illustrating the raw material and productions of the clay district4 ,they were marked in red1 and belonged to ,mr4 ,george ,pridham1 of ,plymouth4 ,on the same engraving with the mug ,i have given a representation of a teapot1 which is beautifully painted with groups of flowers in pink4 ,that ,cookworthy endeavoured to procure good artists is evident by the following advertisement in #aggj3-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gaj4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gaa to #gac4 8,china painters wanted1 for the ,plymouth new invented ,patent ,porcelain ,manufactory4--,a number of sober1 ingenious artists1 capable of painting in enamel or blue1 may hear of constant employ by sending their proposals to ,thomas ,frank1 in ,castle ,street1 ,bristol40 ,among the busts and statuettes are an admirable bust of ,george ,,ii41 after the statue by ,ruysbranch1 in ,queen's ,square1 ,bristol2 ,woodward1 the actor2 ,mrs4 ,clive2 a shepherd2 and shepherdess1 c41 which show that excellent modellers must have been employed4 ,one of the finest productions of the ,plymouth ,works1 and evidently of the latest1 is a pair of splendid vases and covers1 sixteen inches high1 in the possession of ,mr4 ,francis ,fry1 of ,bristol4 ,one of these is here engraved 7,fig4 #gad74 ,it is hexagonal1 and is enriched with festoons of beautifully-modelled raised flowers1 and with painted butterflies1 leaves1 borders1 c4 ,these vases are of precisely the same general form as some unique examples of ,bristol make1 which ,i shall have to describe when writing on those works1 from which1 however1 they differ in ornament and detail1 and they are evidently the production of the same artists4 ,they are marked with the usual sign in red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gad4 ,in ,lord ,mount ,edgcumbe's possession1 too1 is a pair of vases of very similar character 7but more nearly resembling ,mr4 ,fry's specimens of ,bristol71 on which the ,plymouth mark has1 at a later period1 been added4 ,many good examples of ,plymouth still remain in the hands of families resident in ,plymouth and its neighbourhood1 and in the cabinets of most collectors4 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology some characteristic examples of ,plymouth ware may be seen4 ,among these are a pair of shell-salts 7,fig4 #gjh72 a pair of figures1 8,europe0 and 8,asia10 and some other figures2 some remarkably good mugs1 jugs1 and sauce boats2 one or two cups and saucers2 and other pieces4 ,there are also two plates 7one of which is shown on ,fig4 #gae71 described as 8in earthenware1 with thick white enamel1 painted10 the one with flowers1 and the other 8in green1 with flowers on the border and crest of the ,parker family in the centre4 ,unmarked40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gae4 ,the mark of the ,plymouth china is usually painted in red or blue on the bottom of the pieces4 ,no mark has yet1 however1 come under my notice on the white examples4 ,on the early blue and white the mark appears invariably to be in blue1 and somewhat thick and clumsy in its drawing4 ,on the later and more advanced goods it is more neatly drawn in red or blue4 ,it varies a little in form1 according to the different 8hand0 by which it was affixed4 ,the mark is the chemical sign for tin or mercury1 1 and was doubtless chosen by ,cookworthy1 the chemist1 to denote that the materials from which it was made1 and which he had discovered1 were procured from the stanniferous district of ,cornwall4 ,the following are varieties of the mark selected from different specimens3-- ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gaf to #gbd4 ,on some other examples the sign with the addition of the ,bristol mark of the cross beneath it occurs2 and on others a number1 as if to denote the number of the pattern 7or possibly of the workman71 occurs4 ,these two marks1 the simple sign and the sign with the number1 occur on pieces belonging to the same set4 ,illustration3 ,mr ,wm ,cookworthy's ,factory ,plymo #aggj ,in ,mr4 ,skardon's possession is a pair of small sauce boats1 embossed and painted with birds and flowers in colours2 they each bear the name1 painted on the bottom1 as here shown4 ,in ,dr4 ,ashford's possession is an example bearing a very similar mark1 but in writing letters1 thus3-- ,illustration3 ,mr ,w4 ,cookworthy's ,factory ,plymouth #aggj ,another curious example1 formerly in the possession of ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,reynolds1 bears the word 8,plymouth10 the arms of the borough1 some illegible letters1 and the date 8,march #ad #agfh ,c ,f40 ,however beautiful and satisfactory the productions of the ,plymouth works might be as china1 they were not1 it would appear1 remunerative commercially4 ,the clay and the stone ,cookworthy had within easy distance1 but his material was difficult and expensive to make1 his experiments produced frequent failures and losses1 and therefore he was unable to keep pace with other manufactories1 and to compete with them4 ,add to this that he was far from being a young man--being then in his seventieth year--it is not surprising that he should determine on giving up the works1 especially when ,lord ,camelford1 who was one of his partners1 says between two and three thousand pounds had been sunk in their prosecution4 ,on the #fth of ,may1 #aggd1 therefore1 ,william ,cookworthy 7who1 it would appear probable1 had already removed the manufacture to ,bristol71 for considerations set forth in the deed of assignment1 sold the business and patent-right to ,richard ,champion1 merchant1 of ,bristol1 who had been connected pecuniarily with the works at ,plymouth1 and who had previously1 8under license from the patentee0 7,william ,cookworthy71 commenced the manufacture of china in ,bristol1 under the style of 8,w4 ,cookworthy ,co410 and they were transferred to that city4#hi ,champion appears to have been a connection of ,cookworthy's--a cousin of the latter1 ,phillip ,debell ,tuckett1 marrying1 in ,august1 #aggd1 a sister of the former 7,esther ,champion71 about the time when the affairs for the transfer of the works were finally completed2 and the arrangements appear to have been completed entirely to ,cookworthy's satisfaction4 ,the following letter1 highly characteristic of ,cookworthy's style1 relates to the settlement of the transfer4 ,though without date1 it evidently was written only a short time prior to the #fth of ,may1 #aggd4 ,it is addressed to his cousin1 ,anna ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth3-- 8,bristol1 #dth day1 #aj o'clock4 8,,my ,,dear ,,cousin1 8,when ,i wrote my last to thy father1 ,i hoped to have left this city1 last second day2 but such hath been the nature of the affair which detains me here1 that though ,i have endeavoured1 to the utmost of my power1 to get it completed1 ,i cannot yet succeed4 ,the attorney assures me that we shall have everything ready by next fifth day2 and1 if he is as good as his word1 we shall finish our matters that evening1 or the next day at farthest4 ,and then1 if health permits1 ,i shall set out in the machine second day morning1 and reach ,plymouth on fourth day4#ij 8,i am heartily disposed to show every mark of respect to a niece so sincerely and justly esteemed by me2 and it hath been one source of anxiety and vexation to me that ,i have been so long detained here2 but there is really a necessity for my closing our affair before ,i leave this city4 ,when this is done1 ,i shall set my face towards ,plymouth with great pleasure4 ,not that ,i have any reason to complain of ,bristol2 for1 though ,i have had the load of important and difficult affairs on my mind1 and have gone through a real fit of the gout besides1 ,i have been helped through all in the enjoyment of calm spirits and inward satisfaction4 8,i have a budget full of interesting matter for your entertainment at my return4 ,i have not had the least reason to complain of ,r4 ,champion's behaviour2 and all my acquaintance at ,bristol have shown me much kindness and respect2 and1 on the whole1 my time hath been spent agreeably amongst them1 all things considered4 ,for1 considering my attention to china-wares1 the closing of my business with ,r4 ,champion1 the settling the lovers' matters1 which were in a much worse situation than we imagined2 all this1 and the attending meetings1 have made the last month the busiest one to me that ,i have known for many years4 ,but quiet dependence is sufficient to carry us1 safely and well1 through all those things in which ,providence engages us4 ,let this be an encouragement to my dear niece through every difficulty she may meet with4 ,let us but determine in all things to do our duty1 depending only on ,him who is mighty to help1 and nothing that can befall us can be hurtful to us4 ,let us learn to despise the superficial judgment of a world that looks only at things that are seen2 which renders all its spacious wisdom foolishness in reality4 ,let the attainment and possession of a conscience void of offence1 regulate us in all our views and pursuits2 and let us implore the help of the ,great ,father1 and steadily wait for it1 through the whole course of our conduct2 and we shall know that blessing which maketh rich1 and addeth no sorrow with it to rest on our hearts and houses4 8,farewell1 my dear cousin2 and1 farewell1 all my dear friends4 ,i am hastening to meeting4 8,w4 ,,cookworthy40 ,the works having been transferred to ,bristol1 were carried on by ,richard ,champion1 who having incurred considerable expense without a proportionate return1 petitioned in the same year for a further term of fourteen years patent-right to be extended to him1 which was accordingly done by ,act of ,parliament passed in the session which commenced the #bith of ,november in the same year 7#aggd74 ,this ,act and others will be found noticed in my account of the ,bristol china works4 ,thus ended1 after the brief period of nineteen or twenty years from the first discovery of the material to its close1 the manufacture of porcelain in ,plymouth--a manufacture which was an honour to the locality1 a credit to all concerned in it1 and which has given it1 and ,cookworthy its founder1 an imperishable name in the ceramic annals of this country4 ,having passed through the history of the works1 so far as scantiness of material will allow1 it only remains to turn back for a few minutes to the thread of the life of ,cookworthy with which ,i started1 and to follow it1 so far as may be necessary1 to its close4 ,during the time he was engaged on the manufacture of chinaware1 his ever-active mind seems to have been busied with other things as well1 and he appears to have been sought1 and much esteemed1 by the savans of the day4 ,smeaton1 the builder of the ,eddystone ,lighthouse1 was an inmate of his house while the lighthouse was in progress1 and they were constant companions in examining the dove-tailed blocks of stone as they were prepared on the ,hoe for shipping2 ,wolcot--8,peter ,pindar0--was a frequent visitor for days together at his house2 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,captain ,cook1 and ,dr4 ,solander1 were his guests just before the famous 8,voyage ,round the ,world0 and on their return1 when their protg1 ,omai the ,otaheitan1 was also his guest2 ,earl ,st4 ,vincent1 then ,captain ,jervis1 was his attached friend1 and he was looked up to by all as a man of such large understanding1 such varied and extensive knowledge1 and such powers of intellectual conversation1 that1 as ,lord ,st4 ,vincent is said often to have remarked1 8whoever was in ,mr4 ,cookworthy's company was always wiser and better for having been in it40 ,he carried on considerable experiments to discover a method by which sea-water might be distilled for use on board ship4 ,he was a disciple of ,swedenborg1 some of whose works he translated1 and was also an accomplished astronomer1 and an ardent disciple of 8good old ,izaac ,walton40 ,as a preacher among the ,society of ,friends he seems to have been most highly esteemed1 and to have been a man looked up to by the whole of that body4 ,in #aghj1 ,cookworthy1 then seventy-five1 died in the same house in ,nutt ,street1 ,plymouth1 which he had occupied from the time of his first starting in life1 and a touching 8testimony0 to his character was given by the 8monthly meeting40 ,he was interred with every mark of respect at ,plymouth1 and his memory is still warmly cherished in the locality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plymouth ,earthenware4--,the manufacture of chinaware having ceased in ,plymouth in #aggd this useful and elegant art was lost to the town4 ,some years later rough common brown and yellow earthenware was made here4 ,in addition to these1 manufactories of fine 8,queen's ,ware10 and painted1 printed1 and enamelled ware1 were established in #ahaj4 ,in #ahae there were three separate manufactories in ,plymouth4 ,the proprietors of these various potteries were ,mr4 ,fillis1 ,mr4 ,algar1 and ,mr4 ,hellyer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plymouth ,pottery ,company4--,mr4 ,wm4 ,alsop 7who made coarse ware near the ,gas ,works7 built a manufactory for fine earthenware of the ordinary commoner quality1 but afterwards removed to ,swansea1 his works passing into the hands of ,messrs4 ,bryant1 ,burnell1 and ,james4 ,subsequently ,mr4 ,alsop returned from ,swansea and formed a ,limited ,liability ,company for the carrying on of this concern1 and produced large quantities of the common classes of pottery and printed goods4 ,on the death of ,mr4 ,alsop a ,mr4 ,bishop1 from the ,staffordshire pottery district1 took the management of the works1 but the manufacture gradually died out1 and about #ahfc the plant was sold off and the place disposed of to the ,gas ,company4 ,the mark used by this company was the ,queen's ,arms1 with the words 8,p4,p4 ,,coy4 ,l4 7,plymouth ,pottery ,company ,limited47 ,stone ,china40 ,the quality of the ware was of the commonest description of white earthenware1 blue printed in various patterns4 ,there is at the present time a manufactory of common brown ware1 carried on by ,mr4 ,hellyer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gbe4 ,,watcombe4 ,watcombe ,pottery4--,the works at ,watcombe1 ,st4 ,mary ,church1 about two miles from ,torquay1 in ,devonshire1 were established in #ahfi1 and have made more rapid progress in the time than any other manufactory on record4 ,their establishment owes its origin to the discovery a few years ago1 by ,g4 ,t4 ,allen1 ,esq41 of ,watcombe ,house1 of a bed of the finest plastic clay1 of considerable extent and depth4 ,this discovery was made while excavating behind his residence1 and ,mr4 ,allen1 who is a gentleman of great learning and of refined taste1 and who is son of ,dr4 ,allen1 ,bishop of ,ely1 and was the last ,master of ,dulwich ,college before the late changes made in that institution1 took immediate steps to have its qualities for ceramic purposes tested4 ,a company was immediately afterwards formed for the getting and sale of the terra-cotta clay to various potters2 but1 after experiments had been made1 and its unique beauty1 when worked1 discovered1 it was wisely resolved to erect a pottery on the spot1 and to convert the clay immediately from the pits into ,art-manufactures and architectural enrichments4 ,shortly afterwards1 the company were fortunate enough to secure the services of ,mr4 ,charles ,brock1 of ,hanley1 in ,staffordshire--a gentleman of the most enlightened taste1 and of the most extensive practical knowledge--to become the manager and ,art-director of the concern4 ,mr4 ,brock at once turned his attention to the development of the resources of the clay thus fortunately discovered2 and having brought together a number of skilled workmen and workwomen from the ,staffordshire potteries1 and procured the best possible models and modellers1 soon produced ,art-works which are quite unequalled in this country1 in works of this character and material4 ,at the present time about one hundred persons are employed at the ,watcombe works1 and there can be but little doubt that1 as they are yet quite in their infancy1 that number will be considerably increased as their resources become more developed4 ,the ,watcombe clay is remarkably fine1 clean1 and pure2 and1 with skilful manipulation1 and the requisite degree of heat in firing1 has a warmth1 delicacy1 and pureness of colour1 and an evenness of tint1 that is very gratifying to the eye2 while the surface in the 8turned0 specimens is fine1 smooth1 and almost velvety to the touch4 ,it is capable of being modelled into raised flowers and other ornaments1 and is eminently adapted for most decorative purposes4 ,many of the borders and pressed ornaments have almost the sharpness1 as they have quite the general effect1 of those made of jasper body2 indeed1 many of the productions bear a very strong and marked general resemblance1 in appearance1 to those of jasper ware2 and they are superior in many respects to the much-vaunted terra cotta of ,france and ,germany4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gbf4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gbg to #gcc4--,watcombe ,terra ,cotta4 ,the ,art-productions of the ,watcombe pottery are extremely varied1 and show how capable this local clay is of being turned to good account in a variety of ways4 ,among the more notable productions are statuettes and busts1 for which the clay is peculiarly suitable4 ,of these1 the difficult figure of 8,the ,disc ,thrower0 is one of the most successful1 both in modelling1 in firing1 and in all the other manipulative processes4 ,another artistic statuette is a sweetly pretty figure of a country girl1 bare-footed and reclining4 ,her right hand holds up her apron filled with flowers1 while in her left she holds an open book1 which she is intently reading4 ,the conception of the figure1 simple and graceful in the highest degree1 is remarkably good1 and the execution is free and artistic4 ,in others1 a charming effect is produced by leaving the figure itself of the natural red of the body1 and introducing a lighter tinted clay for the drapery in which they are partly enveloped2 this1 again1 being lighted up and relieved here and there with a slight touch of colour4 ,among the busts are a pair of ,byron and ,scott--two of the most popular subjects that could be produced--and of full life-size1 being about two feet six inches in height1 and two feet in width4 ,in modelling1 these busts are among the most easy1 graceful1 and life-like we have ever seen1 either in marble1 in parian1 or in any other material1 while as productions in warm-tinted terra-cotta they surpass anything yet produced4 ,they are not only life-like portraits of these two great and widely-different types of men1 as regards features and figure and pose1 but they convey an actual reflex of the mind of each in the expression which the modeller has caught and perpetuated4 ,the tint of the ,watcombe terra-cotta is a delicate rich warm red1 with what may be truly called a 8bloom0 overspreading its surface4 ,it is1 therefore1 on that account1 as well as for its matchless fineness and purity1 eminently adapted for busts and statuary2 and1 for such large size busts as the pair we are writing about1 it is infinitely superior to any other material4 ,the vases1 which are made in endless variety1 are characterized by extreme chasteness and elegance of outline1 and by excellent taste in decoration1 whether that decoration consists in festoons of hand-modelled flowers1 in pressed work1 in milling1 in printing1 or in painting4 ,many of them in form and in ornamentation1 although of so different a body1 bear comparison with the better specimens of ,wedgewood-ware1 and exhibit a purity of taste which is quite refreshing4 ,for tea or djeun services1 the insides of the teapots and cream-ewers are simply1 but judiciously glazed2 while the cups are1 as in some old oriental examples1 lined with celeste1 which colour is also occasionally introduced with good taste1 on the handles and mouldings4 ,brackets1 of charming design1 candlesticks1 jugs1 medallions1 tobacco-jars1 spill-cases1 flower-stands--and1 indeed1 all the articles produced--bear the same stamp of care and elegance4 ,the turning is done with admirable precision2 the moulding with a refreshing delicacy of finish2 and the gilding and enamelling--only sparsely introduced1 by the way1 and then only as an accessory to the general design--executed with a pure taste and by a master mind4 ,besides these1 it is necessary to mention that architectural decorations and enrichments1 statues1 garden and flower-vases1 pedestals1 and garden edgings1 besides other articles1 are made2 the commoner strata of clay being remarkably well adapted1 from its hardness and durability1 for these purposes4 ,our engravings convey but a very poor idea of the beauty and elegance of form of the vases1 c41 here produced2 the purest taste characterizes the various articles4 ,the works are carried on by a company1 under the style of 8,the ,watcombe ,terra ,cotta ,clay ,company10 consisting of seven proprietors4 ,they are situate about two miles from ,torquay1 on the ,teignmouth ,road1 near to the picturesque rocks and downs of ,watcombe4 ,large show-rooms have been erected1 and everything done to make the ,watcombe works attractive and useful4 ,they have been visited by1 and received the patronage of1 many distinguished persons4 ,the marks used by the company are simply impressed in the body of the ware1 or printed on its surface4 ,the usual mark is simply the words 8,watcombe1 ,torquay10 or 8,watcombe20 but another1 and very picturesque mark has also been adopted--it is a woodpecker on a branch of a tree1 with a distant landscape and ship on the sea1 within a garter1 on which are the words1 ,,watcombe ,,torquay4 ,illustration3 ,,watcombe1 ,,torquay4 ,,honiton4 ,a manufactory of common brown and red ware existed here in the early part of the present century1 but has long been discontinued4 ,its productions were for ordinary domestic use--the common 8cloam0 of the country--and consisted of pans1 pitchers1 pancheons1 porringers1 c4 ,,exeter4 ,in ,felix ,farley's ,bristol ,journal of ,december #bith1 #agfd1 is the following3--8,we hear that a few gentlemen of fortune have undertaken to set up a new manufactory of china at ,exeter40 ,probably rumour was all1 for as yet ,i have found nothing to lead to the inference that the works were ever established4 ,,bovey ,,tracey4 ,the great source of ,devonshire clay used in most of the potteries of the kingdom is the district near the estuary of the river ,teign4 ,this clay is known by various names--8,black clay10 8,ball clay10 8,devonshire clay10 8,kingsteignton clay10 or 8,potter's clay20 and is sent off in immense quantities to the various seats of earthenware manufacture4 ,yet in the whole of this district where the clay is raised1 and one would expect to find earthenware extensively made1 only one pottery exists1 and that one not on a large scale4 ,coal1 which is such an important item in the manufacture of earthenware1 is wanting in the district2 and it is found more economical and advantageous to take the clay to the coal1 than to bring the coal to the clay4 ,although no true coal is found in this district 7that is1 coal of the ,carboniferous formation71 a lignite is found on ,bovey ,heath field4 ,the beds of this lignite crop out in a line running east and west for about the length of half a mile in the vicinity of the present ,bovey ,tracey ,pottery ,works4 ,in the middle of the last century these beds had been but little worked1 and lignite could easily be obtained by open pits4 ,in consequence of the sandy and soft nature of the beds which alternate with the lignite1 it has been found impossible to work underground on the plan adopted in ordinary coal-mines4 ,the raising of ,bovey lignite has1 therefore1 been almost given up--all the coal near the surface having been worked out4 ,the existence of a cheap fuel in the proximity of the potters' clay no doubt led to the establishment of potteries at ,bovey ,tracey4 ,this lignite is a light bituminous coal which occurs in the ,miocene formation1 being the same geological formation in which the potters' clay is found4 ,this lignite is highly gaseous1 but only possesses about a third of the heat-giving power of average ,english coal4 ,it is the same as the ,norwegian 8,surturbrand10 and emits a disagreeable odour in burning4 ,large pieces of fir-trees are occasionally found perfect in it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,indiho ,pottery4--,about #aggb a pottery was established at ,indiho1 or ,indio1 or ,indeo1 in the parish of ,bovey ,tracey1 and continued to be worked until #ahda1 when it was superseded by the ,bovey ,pottery1 which had been established a few years previously to that time4 ,the ,indiho ,pottery was a small manufactory1 and is supposed to have been commenced by one ,george ,tufnell1 and was afterwards in the hands of proprietors of the names of ,inglett and ,steer4 ,about the beginning of the present century a really good earthenware was made at ,indio2 the printed ware was of a superior class1 and some tea and coffee cups of a brown body with an interior enamelled with white slip and painted outside with small sprigs are characteristic and pretty4 ,nothing remains of the buildings of the manufactory at ,indio--a modern house1 the seat of ,charles ,aldenburgh ,bentinck1 ,esq41 standing on its site4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bovey ,pottery4--,the first pottery at ,bovey ,tracey was not on the site of the present pottery known under this name1 but was carried on in some houses1 which are parish property1 near the modern railway station4 ,the house is at present a carpenter's shop1 and is at a corner just where the road turns off to the ,bovey ,heathfield4 ,tradition states that this pottery had mills to grind materials close to ,bovey ,bridge1 and the remains of a mill and water-wheel existed on the left bank of the stream up to #ahdd4 ,these works were carried on by a family of the name of ,ellis2 they were probably commenced in the earlier half of the eighteenth century and certainly were in work in #agee1 and lasted for thirty years after that period4 ,nothing certain is known of the character of the ware of this first attempt at ,bovey ,tracey4 ,clay pipes are said to have been made1 and jugs of a yellow body which are attributed to this period are to be found in houses in the neighbourhood4 ,in #ahdb the ,bovey ,pottery was purchased by two ,devonshire gentlemen1 ,captain ,buller and ,mr4 ,j4 ,divett1 who enlarged the works1 and obtained the lignite from underground workings4 ,the supply of this substance1 however1 proving insufficient for the increased requirements of the manufacture1 ordinary coal was substituted in its stead2 and1 after the opening of a railway to the works1 ,somersetshire coal has been used to the entire exclusion of the lignite4 ,the works are still carried on by ,messrs4 ,buller and ,divett1 under the style of the 8,bovey ,tracey ,pottery ,company40 ,in general character they are similar to those of the pottery district1 and on the average five glost-ovens are fired each week4 ,the quality of the ware is about equal to the ordinary and commoner classes of ,staffordshire goods4 ,it consists of all the ordinary services and articles in white1 printed1 and coloured wares1 and is principally supplied to the home markets in the ,west of ,england1 and to ,mediterranean ports4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,folly ,pottery4--,another pottery in ,bovey ,tracey parish was the 8,folly ,pottery40 ,this pottery may be looked upon as the origin of the present ,bovey ,tracey ,pottery4 ,no doubt the site was chosen for its proximity to the main outcrop of the lignite4 ,considerable uncertainty exists as to the date of this manufacture4 ,it was probably commenced in the last years of the eighteenth or the first years of the nineteenth century by a man of the name of ,mead4 ,it was then for a considerable period contemporaneous with the ,indio ,pottery4 ,the earthenware1 however1 seems hardly1 at any time1 to have equalled in quality that of the last-named pottery4 ,in #ahce the works were carried on by ,messrs4 ,john and ,thomas ,honeychurch4 ,it is thus described in an advertisement of sale3--8,to be sold by public auction1 as directed by the assignees of ,john and ,thomas ,honeychurch1 bankrupts1 at the ,union ,inn1 ,bovey ,tracey1 on the #bnd ,may1 #ahcf1 the ,folly ,pottery1 situate in the parish of ,bovey ,tracey1 in the county of ,devon4 ,this may be designated one of the largest and most complete potteries in the ,west of ,england1 #ad miles from ,exeter and #bh from ,plymouth2 its situation being in the land of clay1 from which nearly all the potteries in ,staffordshire draw their supply1 with coal-mine and railroad1 c40 ,the advertisement1 after giving particulars regarding the processes1 c41 speaks of a glost-kiln1 and a biscuit-kiln1 capable of containing #a1fjj saggers of ware2 flint kilns2 a quantity of ,cornish clay and flints1 copper-plates1 moulds1 c4 ,no purchaser was found until #ahdb1 when the concern was bought by ,captain ,buller and ,mr4 ,j4 ,divett1 and converted into the 8,bovey ,tracey ,pottery ,company10 as last described4 ,,bideford4 ,pot works appear to have existed at ,bideford ever since the fourteenth century1 but nothing beyond the ordinary coarse earthenware has been produced4 ,nothing is known as to the early history of these works1 but fragments of ware of medival character have not unfrequently been dug up4 ,an interesting relic1 a chimney-pot1 is in the possession of ,mr4 ,crocker4 ,it is of square form1 and bears the name 8,bideford10 and the date 8#affh40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,bideford ,old ,pottery1 belonging to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,crocker1 has been in the possession of himself and his ancestors for more than a century1 but of late years its productions1 under the present proprietor1 have received a marked improvement4 ,the works were almost entirely rebuilt1 and much extended1 in #ahgj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gcd4--;,earthenware ,ovens4 ,ornamental goods are to some extent made1 and consist of garden vases1 edgings1 jugs1 and other articles4 ,flower-pots1 sea-kale and rhubarb pots1 chimney tops1 c41 are also largely made4 ,the great specialty1 however1 of the productions are the fire-clay ovens1 which are made in considerable numbers and of various sizes4 ,they are of peculiar shape1 and so constructed as to retain the heat for a considerable time4 ,their form may be said1 in some measure1 to approximate to the old couvre-feu1 as will be seen by the engraving 7,fig4 #gcd74 ,the bottom is flat1 and the walls1 which are of great strength and thickness1 are arched1 so that the heat is thrown upon the bread in every direction4 ,in front is a loose fire-clay door made to fit with exactness2 or1 occasionally1 a cast-iron door is fixed4 ,these ovens are heated with gorse1 or wood1 and one bundle of either is said to be sufficient to thoroughly bake three pecks of dough4 ,the ovens are1 and for generations have been1 in much repute in ,devonshire and ,cornwall1 and in the ,welsh districts1 and the bread baked in them is said to have a sweeter and more wholesome flavour than when baked in ordinary ovens4 ,they are ornamented in a primitive manner with impressed and incised lines1 and the mark used is the proprietor's name ,illustration3 ,w4 ,h4 ,,crocker ,,bideford 99 99 99 99 99 ,north ,devon ,pottery4--,this pottery was established in #ahdh by a company formed for the purpose4 ,the productions are confined to stoneware pipes1 and sanitary appliances of various kinds4 ,the goods are made from the strong clay deposits of the northern side of ,dartmoor--a clay of peculiar hardness and tenacity--and the articles are therefore what may be called 8real vitrified stone ware10 as distinguished from the pipes and sanitary goods made in other districts from fire-clay4 ,the works are under the management of ,mr4 ,henry ,jones4 ,,fremington4 ,the manufacture of coarse brown ware has evidently been carried on for many generations at ,fremington1 near ,barnstaple1 for fragments of medival and later wares are constantly being turned up4 ,about fifty years ago the remains of five old potteries1 which could not have been worked for1 at least1 a century1 existed near the present manufactory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,pottery1 at ,fremington1 was established in the early part of the present century by ,mr4 ,george ,fishley1 who1 in #ahci1 was succeeded by his son ,edmund ,fishley1 who continued it until his death in #ahfa1 when it passed into the hands of his son1 ,mr4 ,edwin ,b4 ,fishley1 the present proprietor4 ,the goods produced are of the ordinary glazed red ware1 and consist principally of pitchers and jars2 scalding-pans for milk1 for producing the world-famed 8,devonshire cream02 flower-pots and pans2 washing pots1 cauldrons1 and ewe pans2 baking dishes and bread pans2 salting vessels and chimney pots1 and many other articles4 ,some of the water pitchers bear the peculiar names of 8,long ,toms10 8,thirty ,tales10 8,gullymouths10 c4 ,yellow-ware jugs and other domestic vessels are also made4 ,in ornamental wares some good designs in jars1 beer jugs1 and vases are produced4 ,these are formed of a body of red clay1 with figures and flowers in white clay4 ,they are sometimes coloured1 with good effect4 ,the beer jugs1 which are a speciality of the works1 are generally white with drawings in red1 of the same colour as the body4 ,the great speciality of the ,fremington ,pottery1 like that of ,bideford1 is the manufacture of fire-clay ovens4 ,these are made of various sizes for baking from one peck up to twelve4 ,their general form will be best understood from ,fig4 #gcd4 ,the material of which they are composed is remarkably firm1 hard1 and compact1 and retains the heat for a considerable time4 ,these ovens1 which are a peculiarity of the ,west of ,england and of some of the ,welsh districts1 are simply enclosed in raised brickwork1 leaving the mouth open to the front4 ,they are heated in the inside with wood or gorse1 and are remarkable for the small quantity of fuel that is required--two pennyworth of wood being said to be amply sufficient to bake seven or eight shillings' worth of flour4 ,the bread is stated to be of a peculiarly wholesome and sweet character4 ,the mark used on the ovens1 c41 is simply the proprietor's name impressed in the clay while moist4 ,on the ornamental ware the name is written on the bottom of the ware4 ,illustration3 ,e4 ,b4 ,,fishley1 ,,fremington4 ,,aller4 ,the ,aller ,pottery4--,these works1 near ,newton ,abbot1 were commenced for the manufacture of common brown ware in #ahfe1 and three years later came into the hands of ,messrs4 ,john ,phillips ,co41 by whom they are still carried on1 for the production of architectural pottery4 ,the goods manufactured consist of flooring and roofing tiles1 sanitary and sewage ware1 garden edgings1 ornamental chimney pots1 decorative bricks1 flower vases1 c41 and various other kinds of fire-clay goods4 ,the markets principally supplied are those of ,devonshire1 ,somersetshire1 and ,cornwall4 ,the mark is a horse's head1 couped1 with the ,greek words ,i 1 being a playful allusion to the name of the proprietor1 8,phillips40 ,,pednandrea1 ,,redruth4 ,crucible ,works4--,these works at ,pednandrea and at ,fore ,street1 ,redruth1 were established about #agfj by ,john ,juleff1 and carried on by him until his decease1 when he was succeeded by his son1 ,john ,juleff1 by whom they were continued until #ahge4 ,in that year he died and the works passed into the hands of his two sons1 by whom they are still carried on under the style of 8,john and ,david ,juleff40 ,the firm are the only manufacturers of the original ,cornish crucibles1 which have always had1 and still maintain1 the reputation of being the best articles made for dry assaying and for standing intense heat4 ,they are made to a large extent and sent to most parts of the world4 ,the firm also make mufflers1 scorifiers1 special bricks and covers for assay furnaces1 plumbago crucibles for tin assaying1 plumbago brass melting pots1 c41 of various shapes and sizes4 ,mr4 ,juleff received honourable mention for his goods at the #ahfa ,exhibition3 there being no competition in these specialities1 no medal could be awarded4 ,the goods are usually marked with the name of the firm4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,bristol--,delft ,ware--,redcliffe ,backs--,richard ,frank--,ring--,flower--,bristol ,china--,william ,cookworthy--,richard ,champion--,transference of ,plymouth ,works--,extension of ,patent--,wedgwood's ,opposition--8,case0 of the ,manufacturers--,champion's ,specification--,champion's ,productions--,edmund ,burke--,bristol ,vases--,figures--,marks--,bristol ,earthenware--,temple ,backs--,potters' ,songs--,temple and ,st4 ,thomas's ,street ,works--,temple ,gate--,wilder ,street--,bristol ,glass--,william ,edkins--,salt ,glaze--,brislington--,crews ,hole--,westbury--,easton--,weston-super -,mare--,matthews's ,royal ,pottery--,poole--,architectural ,pottery ,company--,bourne ,valley--,branksea--,kinson4 ,,bristol4 ,the first record of pot-making in ,bristol appears to have been in the reign of ,edward ,i41 but it seems certain that vessels were made in the neighbourhood in ,saxon and ,norman times1 as well as in the earlier ,celtic and ,romano-,british periods4 ,medival earthenware vessels of different periods1 and probably made in the locality1 have now and then been found at ,bristol1 and during the reign of ,elizabeth1 there is no doubt1 a manufactory of fictile vessels was in operation4 8,six hundred years ago10 says ,mr4 ,owen1 8the art of pottery was practised in ,bristol1 but in what form is beyond our speculation4 ,the record1 though authentic1 is too terse to give more than the bare fact1 and the imagination must be fertile indeed that can supply the details4 ,the ,governor of ,bristol ,castle1 under ,edward ,i41 in his accounts1 preserved in the ,pipe ,roll for the twelfth year of that reign 7#abhd71 has an item--#8pro terra fodienda ad vasa fictilia facienda'--which shows that this claim for high antiquity is well founded40 ,fragments of some curious pitchers and other medival domestic vessels are engraved by ,mr4 ,owen1 and appear to be of about the period alluded to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,delft ,works4--,at the close of the seventeenth century1 ,delft ware was made here1 and continued to be produced until about the time when porcelain began to be produced in the city4 ,many specimens of ,bristol ,delft ware have come under my notice1 some of which are1 fortunately1 dated4 ,the earliest dated example ,i have seen is a plate marked on the rim with the initials ,s ,m ,b1 ,b and the date #agjc1 thus--,s ,m4 ,the ware is of a very nice #agjc quality1 with a good glaze1 and the blue of good colour4 ,the next dated specimen1 in chronological order1 which has come under my notice is a ,delft high-heeled shoe1 or choppine1 which is dated on the sole #agbb1 along with the initials ,m ,s--thus ,m ,s4 #agbb ,this very good example1 which is said to be of ,bristol make1 was in possession of the late ,mr4 ,james1 of that city4 ,it is beautifully formed1 has a buckle in front1 and is flowered and bordered in blue4 ,two of these ,delft stands in the form of high-heeled shoes1 formerly belonging to ,queen ,charlotte1 were sold at the ,bernal sale4 ,they were of an earlier date1 and marked ,m ,i #agje4 ,another example in the same possession is a plate of the year #agdj1 bearing on its rim the initials ,r ,s ,p1 thus-- #ag ,p #dj4 ,r ,s ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gce4--;,edkins' ,plate1 belonging to ,mr4 ,owen4 ,one of the latest dated examples ,i have seen is the plate engraved on ,fig4 #gce1 which forms part of a set belonging to a descendant of the artist who painted it1 and has remained in the family from the time of its manufacture until it came into my hands4 ,it is a plate painted in a somewhat peculiar style1 in blue1 with a ,chinese figure1 trees1 cattle1 and birds1 and having on its under side the date #agfj1 and the initials ,m ,b ,e1 as shown on ,fig4 #gcf4 ,these are the initials of ,michael and ,betty ,edkins1 of ,bristol1 of whom ,i shall have more to say presently4 ,illustration3 ,e ,m,b ,j#gfj ,fig4 #gcf4 ,it may be well to remark1 en passant1 that this mode of placing initials1 which is so usual on traders' tokens1 was the favourite way of arranging the initials of husband and wife1 and they were so understood without using the short 4 ,the upper letter was the initial of the surname1 and those below of the ,christian names of the husband and wife4 ,thus ,e ,m ,b would read ,m ,b ,e1 and stand for ,michael and ,betty ,edkins4 ,the ,delft ware works were situated on 8,redcliffe ,backs10 near to the glass works of ,messrs4 ,little and ,longman4 ,the names of the first potters are1 as usual1 lost1 but in the early part of last century the works belonged to a ,mr4 ,richard ,frank1 who seems to have been a man of standing in the place1 and who employed1 along with other workmen1 a ,mr4 ,thomas ,patience1 and a family of the name of ,hope4 ,richard ,frank1 who had also works at ,brislington1 was the son of ,thomas ,frank1 8gallipot maker10 of ,bristol1 who was married in #afig2 he1 the 8gallipot maker10 is therefore the earliest recorded potter of this place4 ,the goods produced at ,richard ,frank's manufactory--who1 as well as his father1 is described as a 8gallipot maker0 in #agcd-i and #aged--were principally plates1 dishes1 and 8,dutch tiles0 for fire-places1 dairies1 c4 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology is a slab composed of twenty-four tiles1 on which is painted in blue a view of ,st4 ,mary ,redcliffe ,church1 ,bristol4 ,these were made by ,richard ,frank1 about #agch-ej1 and the arms of ,bishop ,butler appear upon one of them4 ,the tiles were all1 of course1 painted by hand1 and we have it on the authority of ,michael ,edkins1 himself the actual painter of the plate1 ,fig4 #gce1 that the brushes which he and the other workmen used were made by themselves from the hairs pulled from the nostrils and eyelids of cattle4 ,michael ,edkins1 the painter of ,delft ware1 was1 it appears1 from ,birmingham1 where he was apprenticed to a house painter4 ,his master dying before his term expired1 he was of course left to shift for himself1 and made his way to ,bristol1 where1 becoming acquainted with ,patience and ,hope1 he got employed at ,frank's pottery1 where he became a 8pot painter10 and continued in that employment till the ,delft pottery declined1 8when 7in #agfa7 he became a coach and general painter and decorator1 and quickly rose to eminence1 was employed about most public works in the city1 assisted in painting the bas-reliefs to the altar-piece of ,st4 ,mary ,redcliffe1 and also assisted ,hogarth in fixing his celebrated pictures in that altar-piece40 ,he was also a successful actor at the theatre4 ,one branch of his business that he now followed was 8enamelling glass ware10 which he did for ,little and ,longmans1 and their successors1 ,vigor and ,stevens1 whose glass house adjoined the ,delft pottery on ,redcliffe ,backs4 ,the works stood on what is now1 at the time ,i write1 ,redcliffe ,wharf1 occupied by ,mr4 ,cripps1 general wharfinger1 on the river ,avon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gcg4--;,election ,plate1 #aged4 ,a plate bearing the words 8,nugent only #aged10 was in all probability made by ,richard ,frank1 who was a supporter of ,nugent at the general election of that year4 ,another plate1 commemorating the same year's election for ,tewkesbury1 is supposed to be from the same works2 it bears the words 8,calvert and ,martin ,for ,tukesbury #aged ,sold by ,webb40 ,among other dated examples of ,bristol ,delft are the following1 which may be from ,frank's pottery4 ,a piece bearing the words 8,ye #ast ,septr #agfa ,bowen fecit20 a pair of plates made for a member of the family of ,davis1 with the letters ,d ,t x ,h #agaf 1 and others with the following ,h ,u ,d ,,elizabeth ,,iohn ,s x ,h #agfj ,,barness ,,saunders #agea #agch #aged 8,hannah ,hopkins ,born ,sep #ag ,new ,style #ageb10 occurs on a christening bowl in the ,edkins collection4 ,a fine plate1 painted by ,bowen1 engraved on ,fig4 #gch1 is in possession of ,mr4 ,willet1 of ,brighton1 who also possesses a grand tile picture1 consisting of seventy-two tiles1 painted with ,hogarth's 8,march to ,finchley40 ,mr4 ,fry has two clever tile pictures of nine tiles each1 one representing a cat and the other a dog4 ,on the collar of the latter are the words 8,bristol1 #ageb40 ,later on ,richard ,frank took his son ,thomas into partnership1 and in #aggg the works were removed to ,water ,lane1 to the manufactory which1 in #agge1 had been carried on by ,james ,alsop1 a brown stoneware potter4 ,the following advertisement1 of the year #aggg1 refers to this change3 8,richard ,frank ,son1 ,earthen and ,stone ,pot ,works1 are removed from ,redcliffe ,backs to ,water ,lane1 where they continue the same business in all its branches40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gch4 ,in #aghd1 ,joseph ,ring1 rectifier and vinegar maker1 who had married ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,richard ,frank 7and was father of ,sarah1 the wife of ,frederick ,cookworthy1 nephew of ,william ,cookworthy71 purchased the business of ,frank and ,son for #ffi #as4 #c;d4 ,mr4 ,owen prints the following extracts from the valuation for this sale4 ,it shows that ,richard ,frank and ,son were general dealers in all kinds of ware1 as well as ,delft and stone ware makers4 ,the inventory is headed1 8,the ,stock ,utensils in ,trade ,at the ,pot ,house in ,water ,lane1 ,bristol1 as ,appraised as following40 ,the following are some of the items2 the whole of the plant being valued at only ten pounds3-- s4 d4 8,black ,ware #bg #f #b ,red ,china ,ware #c #af #b ,tortoishell ,ware #j #ah #j ,blue and ,white ,sprig'd ,ware #ad #ae #f ,blue and ,white ,stone ,staffordshire ,ware #b #ah #i ,dutch ,ware1 #ah ,jugs1 one to ye ,warp #j #ah #j ,delph ,ware #g #e #j #ba ,doz4 and ,copperplate tiles #d #d #j ,best ,nottingham ,ware #be #af #h ,blue ,china ,glaz'd ,ware #aa #c #b ,enamelled ,china ,glaze ,ware #ad #h #aa ,common ,enamelled ,ware #c #ac #c ,copperplate ,ware #b #j #j ,cream ,colour ,ware #ij #ac #d ,white ,stone ,ware #eb #j #i ,brown ,stone ,ware #aei #af #aa ,materials1 #bg tons ,clay1 #b_/f #bi #j #f #hj bags ,sand1 #a_/b #d #ac #d #aa ,cut ,salt1 #e_/f #c #j #f ,tools1 #cbd ,pot ,boards1 #c ,benches1 #a ,pounding ,trough1 #a ,mixing ,trough1 #a ,clay ,chest1 #c ,compleat ,wheel and ,wheel ,frames1 with ,working ,benches1 c41 ,moulds and ,drums for making #aj #j #j ,slugs1 ,kiln ,ladder1 ,salting ,boxes1 ,lignum ,vit blocks and ,hand ,mill ,old ,iron ,pot1 in the ,yard #j #d #f ,richard ,frank died in #aghe1 aged about #gc1 and was buried in the ,quaker's ground at ,redcliffe ,pit4 8,joseph ,ring1 successor to ,richard ,frank in the ,pottery ,business10 in his address stated that he 8continues the manufactory of the ,bristol ,stone ,ware1 and sells all other sorts of ,queen's and other ,ware wholesale and retail40 ,this last branch of his business he cultivated considerably1 and appears to have traded with most of the manufacturers of the day4 ,in #aghf ,mr4 ,ring determined upon manufacturing ,queen's ware1 and to that end engaged ,anthony ,hassel 7or ,hassells71 a potter of ,shelton1 in ,staffordshire1 buying from him his stock and moulds1 and removing them to ,bristol4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gci4 ,in #aghh ,mr4 ,ring took two partners1 ,mr4 ,taylor and ,mr4 ,carter1 he bringing in a capital of #c1jjj1 and ,messrs4 ,taylor and ,carter #a1ejj jointly4 8,the ,stock and ,utensils in ,trade at the ,pot ,house in ,water ,lane1 as per ,inventory taken this day10 ,january #ith1 #aghh1 were sold by ,mr4 ,ring to himself and partners1 8under the firm of ,ring and ,taylor10 for #bjch #as4 #aj;d4 ,the manufacture of ,delft ware then came to a close4 ,another ,delft ware potter was ,joseph ,flower1 who1 in #agge lived at ,no4 #b on the ,quay1 and in #aggg removed to #c ,corn ,street1 where he put a sign-board1 painted black1 with 8,flower1 ,potter10 in gold letters1 for the painting of which he paid ,michael ,edkins #ajs4 #f;d4 ,flower's ware1 says ,mr4 ,owen1 is thinner and neater in make than most ,british ,delft2 the glaze good1 and the colour clear and brilliant in tone--indeed1 in no respect inferior to ,dutch4 ,fig4 #gci is a plate belonging to a dinner service made by ,joseph ,flower1 and now in the possession of his descendant ,mr4 ,j4 ,flower ,fussel4 ,it is painted with a ,chinese pattern1 and bears initial and dates varying from #agdb to #agej4 ,the plate here engraved bears the initials 7,fig4 #gdj74 ,in the same hands is a plate dated #agda-b1 painted with a view of the river ,avon and the old ,hotwells ,house2 and two dishes bearing the plan of a battle1 and the words 8,the taking of ,chagre in the ,west ,indies by ,admiral ,vernon40 ,illustration3 ,fig #gdj4 ,,bristol ,,china4 ,the first mention of the making of china in ,bristol occurs in a letter of ,richard ,champion1 dated ,february #bf1 #agff4 ,in ,july1 #agfe1 a box of 8porcelain earth0 8from the internal part of the ,cherokee nations1 #djj miles from hence 7,charles ,town71 on mountains scarcely accessible10 was consigned to him1 by his brother-in-law1 to be forwarded to the ,worcester china works to be used there in experiments4 ,the letter of advice was dated ,charles ,town1 #agfe4 ,at the same time another box of this earth was sent to ,champion for the ,earl of ,hyndford1 who desired ,champion to open it and try experiments1 or give it to ,thomas ,goldney 8who is a very curious gentleman40 ,in the letter of ,february #bhth ,champion1 writing to ,lloyd1 by whom it was consigned1 says ,mr4 ,goldney has declined the clay4 8,i therefore10 he adds1 8had it tried at a manufactory set up here some time ago on the principle of the ,chinese porcelain2 but not being successful is given up40 8,the proprietors of the work in ,bristol imagined they had discovered in ,cornwall all the materials similar to the ,chinese2 but though they burnt the body part tolerably well1 yet there were impurities in the glaze or stone1 which were insurmountable even in the greatest fire they could give it1 and which was equal to a glass-house heat40 ,these works he had personally1 in ,november1 #agfe1 spoken of as 8a new work just established10 and says1 8this new work is from a clay and stone discovered in ,cornwall1 which answers the description of the ,chinese2 but in burning there is a deficiency1 though the body is perfectly white within but not without1 which is always smoaky4 ,this clay is very much like1 but not quite so fine as the ,cherokee2 however there can be no chance of introducing the latter as a manufacture when it can be so easily procured from ,cornwall40#ia ,this 8new work0 which had been tried and failed was doubtless connected with ,cookworthy of ,plymouth4 ,in #agfd he is spoken of as 8the first inventor of the ,bristol china works40 ,champion1 at all events1 it is clear from the letters1 had nothing to do with it1 and probably his first idea of making china was got from the fact of the box of porcelain earth being consigned to him for the ,worcester works4 ,in ,march1 #agfh1 ,cookworthy1 the discoverer of the material1 the mainspring in all those matters1 and the first to try experiments and bring to a successful issue the manufacture of porcelain from the ,cornish materials he had found1 took out his patent4#ib ,soon after this the manufacture of china was again commenced in ,bristol by ,richard ,champion4 ,in #agga a china manufactory1 carried on by 8,william ,cookworthy ,co410 appears to have been in operation in ,castle ,green--the 8,co410 there can be no reasonable doubt1 being ,richard ,champion and others4 ,in ,may1 #aggd1 ,william ,cookworthy assigned his patent right1 c41 to ,champion1 and the ,plymouth manufactory1 which had probably been previously removed to ,bristol1 was finally closed2 in the rate-books the firm being1 from #aggc to #aghj1 8,richard ,champion ,co410 in #agha 8,richard ,champion0 only2 and in the following year the premises are stated to have been occupied by a pipe-maker named ,j4 ,carey4 8,every circumstance investigated10 says ,mr4 ,owen1 in his valuable work 8,ceramic ,art in ,bristol10 8proves that ,champion first commenced china-making under licence from the patentee 7,cookworthy74 ,mr4 ,edward ,brice advanced #a1jjj in aid of the work in ,february1 #agfh2 the partnership in #agfh consisted of ,richard ,champion1 ,joseph ,harford1 and ,thomas ,winwood0--,harford contributing #c1jjj to the capital4 ,on the #ast ,february1 #agfi1 the partnership was dissolved4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,fry1 without being a partner1 is also stated to have contributed #a1ejj to the scheme4 ,in #agga an advertisement of 8,some beautiful dessert services1 ornamental figures1 candlesticks1 and many other valuable articles of the ,bristol manufactory10 were advertised to be on sale 8on retail at ,taylor's ,hall0 in that city4 ,in #aggb1 as ,mr4 ,owen incontestably shows1 the china works were in full operation in ,bristol4 ,on ,august #aeth of that year the following advertisement appeared3-- 8,china4 ,for ,sale by ,auction at the ,taylors-,hall in ,broad ,street1 on ,tuesday the #ast of ,september and the following days1 ,useful and ,ornamental ,china1 ,the produce of the ,bristol ,manufactory1 consisting of very elegant ,figures1 beautiful ,vases1 ,jars1 and beakers1 with all kinds of useful ,china1 blue and white and enamel'd4 ,to be sold without ,reserve4 ,j4 ,stephens1 auctioneer4 ,the whole to be ,viewed the ,saturday and ,monday preceding the ,sale1 from ,ten in the morning till ,two1 and from ,three till ,six in the ,afternoon4 ,the ,manufactory is still carried on in ,castle ,green1 where all persons may be supplied with useful or ornamental ,china1 ,wholesale or ,retail40 ,in ,november1 #aggb1 the following still more illustrative advertisement appeared3-- 8,china4 ,at the ,manufactory in ,castle ,green1 ,bristol1 are sold various kinds of ,the ,true ,porcelain1 ,both ,useful and ,ornamental1 consisting of a new assortment4 ,the ,figures1 ,vases1 ,jars1 and ,beakers are very elegant1 and the useful ware exceedingly good4 ,as this ,manufactory is not at present sufficiently known1 it may not be improper to remark that this ,porcelain is wholly free from the ,imperfections in ,wearing which the ,english ,china usually has1 and that its ,composition is equal in fineness to the ,east ,indian1 and will wear as well4 ,the enamell'd ,ware1 which is rendered nearly as cheap as the ,english blue and white1 comes very near and in some ,pieces equal to ,dresden1 which this work more ,particularly imitates4 ,n4,b4 ,there is some of the old ,stock1 which will be sold very cheap4--,two or three careful ,boys wanted4 ,also at ,,cadell',s ,tea and ,china ,shop1 ,no4 #bj1 in ,,wine ,,street1 is to be sold ,retail1 on the same ,terms as at the ,manufactory1 a new and elegant ,assortment of the above ,porcelain40 ,in ,january1 #aggc1 as again shown by ,mr4 ,owen1 to whom the world is much indebted for many years' laborious searchings into every available source of knowledge1 and whom ,i have to thank for much information1 another advertisement appeared as follows3-- 8,the ,true ,porcelain1 both useful and ornamental1 ,consisting of a large and elegant assortment 7,particularly some beautiful ,imitations of the ,dresden7 on any low ,terms1 to induce the ,public to encourage a ,manufactory the first of the kind introduced into ,england1 and now brought to ,great ,perfection4 ,its texture not to be distinguished from ,east ,india ,china1 and will wear equally well4 ,some of the old ,stock selling remarkably cheap40 ,from these it is evident the ,bristol works were carried on simultaneously with those of ,plymouth in the last few years of those later works1 and that1 like ,plymouth1 8vases1 jars1 and beakers1 very elegant10 were produced1 as well as the ordinary classes of useful goods4 ,in ,june1 #aggc1 his prices are advertised as 8,complete ,tea ,sets in the ,dresden taste highly ornamented #g #js4 #j;d4 to #ab #abs4 #j;d4 and upwards4 ,tea ,sets1 #dc pieces1 of various prices as low as #b #bs4 #j;d4 ,cups and ,saucers from #cs4 #f;d4 to #es4 #f;d4 per half-dozen1 and all other sorts of useful ,ware proportionately cheap40 ,whatever may have been the position of the manufactory at ,bristol1 and by whomever--whether 8,w4 ,cookworthy ,co410 8,r4 ,champion ,co410 or 8,r4 ,champion0 alone--it was carried on previous to that date1 certain it is that 7as ,i have stated7 in #aggd ,cookworthy sold his patent right1 c41 to ,champion1 closed his ,plymouth works1 and from that time forth ceased to have any connection with china making4 ,in #aggd1 then1 8,richard ,champion1 of ,bristol1 merchant10 became possessed of ,cookworthy's patent4 ,the deed of assignment of the patent rights1 c41 from ,cookworthy to ,champion1 is dated ,may #fth1 #aggd1 and among other 8considerations0 it was covenanted that whatever the amount of value of the raw material 7the ,cornish clay and stone which ,cookworthy had discovered and brought into use7 ,champion used in the course of a year1 an equal amount of money should be paid to ,cookworthy4 ,for example1 if1 in the course of a year1 ,champion paid #ajjj for material in ,cornwall1 he would also have to pay another #ajjj to ,cookworthy for the privilege of using it1 thus doubling the price of the material from that at which ,cookworthy had himself worked it4 ,of this1 however1 more presently4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gda and #gdb4--,portraits of ,richard ,champion and ,judith his wife4 ,champion was1 evidently1 a man before his time in ,bristol1 enthusiastic in everything which could tend to improve that city commercially or otherwise1 and ever ready to expend his energies and his money in furtherance of useful schemes and beneficial manufactures4 ,he was1 it will have been seen1 just the kind of man to enter earnestly1 and even enthusiastically1 into the scheme of making porcelain on a principle that should employ native materials only1 and which bid fair to be a great and lasting benefit1 not only to his city1 but to the community at large4 ,i have shown1 then1 that ,richard ,champion1 in #aggd1 by deed of assignment from ,cookworthy1 dated ,may #fth in that year1 became the sole proprietor of the patent right1 and everything connected with the china works1 for which he covenanted1 among other things1 to pay to ,cookworthy1 his heirs1 executors1 c41 a profit equal to the first cost of the raw material used in his manufactory4 ,the first arrangement was that this royalty was to be perpetual1 but it was afterwards restricted to ninety-nine years--the time of the lease for the raw materials4 ,having thus become proprietor of the concern which had at one time been carried on jointly by ,cookworthy1 ,lord ,camelford1 and himself 7and probably others71 he1 on the #bbnd of the following ,february1 #agge1 presented a petition to the ,house of ,commons1 praying for the term of patent right to be enlarged for a further period of fourteen years to himself4 ,his petition was referred to a committee1 which began its sittings on the #bhth of ,april4 ,the following is the report of the committee of the ,house of ,commons upon the petition3-- 8,to prove the ,allegations of the said petition1 ,his present ,majesty's ,letters ,patent1 dated #agth ,march1 #agfh1 granted to ,,william ,,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 ,chymist1 for the sole use and ,exercise of a ,discovery of ,materials1 of the same ,nature as those of which the ,asiatic and ,dresden ,porcelain are made1 were produced to your ,committee and read4 8,that an ,assignment of the said ,letters ,patent from the said ,,william ,,cookworthy to the petitioner1 dated #fth ,may1 #aggd1 were also ,produced and read2 and 8,mr4 ,john ,britain being examined1 said ,that he has great ,experience in several ,china ,manufactures1 and has made several ,trials upon all those which had been manufactured in ,england1 and finds that all of them1 except that of ,bristol1 were destroyed in the same fire which brings the same ,bristol to ,perfection4 8,and he produced to your committee several samples of the said kinds of ,china1 which shewd the effect upon china severally1 and said that they had not been able to bring the ,bristol ,china to a marketable commodity so as to furnish an order until within the last ,six ,months1 but that sometimes they succeeded and at other times not2 but that now they can execute any order4 8,that they have lately made considerable ,improvements in the said manufacture1 and particularly are endeavouring to perfect the ,blue1 in which as yet they have not entirely succeeded1 though they have now a ,gentleman who has succeeded in a small way1 in which they have been at a considerable expence2 that the witness thinks the manufacture is capable of further improvements2 that they can afford it at a price equal to ,foreign ,china of equal goodness2 and that they have made some ,specimens equal to good ,dresden2 that he had not seen any ,dresden ornamental ,china equal to the ,vases produced to your committee1 nor anything equal to the ,biscuit in those ,vases and other ,ornaments2 that the ,gilding stands well2 that ,seve ,china differs from this--the ,ornamental is more of a cream colour1 but the glaze is so soft that it will not bear using2 that he believes the ,enamell of the ,bristol ,china is as hard as the ,dresden and harder than the ,chinese2 that they can make it of any degree of thickness required2 that there is the difference between the ,bristol ,china and the ,seve and several other kinds1 that when they are broke they seem as dry as a ,tobacco ,pipe2 that this is the case of all the ,english ,china2 but the ,dresden1 the ,bristol1 and the ,asiatic ,china have when broke a moist and ,lucid appearance1 in proof of which he produced ,fragments of the several kinds4 ,that the ,bristol ,china will stand hot water without splitting2 that he has never known an instance of it splitting1 though he has known several pieces of the ,asiatic split2 that the gold does not come off the ,bristol2 that there are some china which frequent use turns brown and cracks1 which the ,witness thinks arises from there not being a proper ,union between the ,body and the glaze2 that the ,manufacturers have their ,glaze made into a glass previous to its being applied to the ,body1 but that that is not the case with the ,bristol4 ,that they can make plates1 but have had great ,difficulties4 ,that they have not hitherto much attended to that object1 but have applied themselves to perfecting the body as a ,body and the ,glaze as a glaze2 that they can render this ,china in most ,articles as cheap as the ,asiatic1 and much cheaper than the ,dresden4 8,then the ,witness produced to your committee ,specimens of the ,asiatic and ,chinese materials1 and said he found no difference except that the materials of the ,asiatic shrunk in the ,burning ,one #db;d ,part more than those of ,bristol1 and judges the ,bristol materials to be better4 ,then1 8,mr4 ,samuel ,hardensydes ,produced to your committee several pieces of ,china which he had lately tried ,experiments on in ,london2 and being examined1 said that he had put ,india1 ,dresden1 ,bristol1 and other ,english ,china into the fire in the same ,crucible2 that the ,india1 ,dresden1 and ,bristol came out in the same state they were put in2 the ,bristol was tried three times and stood it2 the ,fire moved the ,gilding into ,grains1 but had no other ,effect upon it2 in other respects it was rather better for the ,fire4 8,ordered1 ,that leave be given to bring in a ,bill for enlarging the ,letters patent4 8,and that ,mr4 ,frederick ,montagu1 ,mr4 ,cruger1 ,mr4 ,harris1 ,mr4 ,cooper1 the ,lord ,clare1 and ,mr4 ,eden1 do appear and bring in the same40 ,by this time he had prepared and produced some remarkably fine specimens of china made at his works1 for examination by the committee1 and it is not too much to say that at this period his productions were of the highest rank4 ,the result of his application was the ultimate passing of an ,act of ,parliament1 by which the patent was accordingly enlarged4 ,this ,act1 which contains a vast deal of valuable and interesting information1 ,i give in extenso1 for the benefit of my readers4#ic ,it was passed in #agge 7#ae ,geo4 ,,iii41 cap4 #eb71 and is entitled1 8,an ,act for enlarging the term of ,letters ,patent granted by his present ,majesty to ,william ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 ,chymist1 for the sole use and exercise of a discovery of certain materials for making ,porcelain1 in order to enable ,richard ,champion1 of ,bristol1 merchant 7to whom the said ,letters ,patent have been assigned71 to carry the said discovery into effectual execution for the benefit of the public40 ,it is as follows3-- 8,whereas his present ,majesty ,king ,george the ,third has been graciously pleased to grant his ,royal ,letters ,patent under the ,great ,seal of ,great ,britain unto ,william ,cookworthy1 ,chymist1 in the words1 or to the effect1 following2 that is to say3 ,george the ,third by the grace of ,god of ,great ,britain1 ,france1 and ,ireland1 ,king1 ,defender of the ,faith1 and so forth1 to all to whom these presents shall come1 greeting3 ,whereas1 ,william ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 in the ,county of ,devon1 ,chymist1 has by his petition humbly represented unto us that he hath by a series of experiments discovered that materials of the same nature as those of which the ,asiatic porcelain is made are to be found in immense quantities in our island of ,great ,britain1 which ingredients are distinguished in our two counties of ,devon and ,cornwall by the names of moor stone1 and growan1 and growan clay2 that the ware which he hath prepared from these materials hath all the character of the true porcelain in regard to grain1 transparency1 colour1 and infusibility1 in a degree equal to the ,chinese or ,dresden ware3 whereas1 all the manufactures of porcelain hitherto carried on in ,great ,britain have been only imitations of the genuine kind1 wanting the beauty of colour1 and the smoothness and lustre of grain1 and the great characteristic of genuine porcelain sustaining the most extreme degree of fire without melting2 that this discovery hath been attended with great labour and expense1 and1 to the best of his knowledge and belief in regard to this kingdom1 is new and his own1 the materials being1 even at this time1 applied to none of the uses of pottery but by him and those under his direction2 and that he verily believes this invention will be of great advantage to the public4 ,he1 therefore1 most humbly prayed us that we should be pleased to grant him our ,royal ,letters ,patent for the sole making and vending of this new invented porcelain1 composed of moor stone or growan1 and growan clay1 within that part of our kingdom of ,great ,britain called ,england1 our dominion of ,wales1 and the town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed1 for the space of fourteen years1 according to the statute in that case made and provided3 we1 being willing to give encouragement to all arts and inventions which may be for the public good1 are graciously pleased to condescend to the petitioner's request4 ,know ye1 therefore1 that we1 of our especial grace1 certain knowledge1 and meet motion1 have given and granted1 and for these presents our heirs and successors do give and grant unto the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 our special licence1 full power1 sole privilege and authority1 that he1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 and every of them1 by himself and themselves1 or by his or their deputy or deputies1 servants1 or agents1 or such others as the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns shall at any time agree with1 and no others1 from time to time1 and at all times hereafter during the term of years herein expressed1 shall1 and lawfully may make1 use1 exercise1 and vend his said invention within that part of ,great ,britain called ,england1 our dominion of ,wales1 and the town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed1 and in such a manner as he1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 or any of them1 in their discretions seem meet2 and that the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns shall1 and lawfully may1 enjoy the whole profit1 benefit1 commodity1 and advantage from time to time coming1 growing1 accruing1 and arising by reason of the said invention for and during the term of years herein mentioned1 to have1 hold1 exercise1 and enjoy the said licence1 privileges1 and advantages hereinbefore granted1 or mentioned to be granted1 to the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 for and during and to the full end of the term of fourteen years from the date of these presents next and immediately ensuing1 and fully to be completed and ended according to the statute in such case made and provided1 and to the end that he1 the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 and every of them1 may have and enjoy the full benefit and the sole use and exercise of the said invention1 according to our gracious intention hereinbefore declared2 we do by these presents1 for us1 our heirs and successors1 require and strictly command all and every person and persons1 bodies politic and corporate1 and all other our subjects whatsoever1 of what estate1 quality1 degree1 name1 or condition soever they be1 within that said part of ,great ,britain called ,england1 our dominion of ,wales1 and our town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed aforesaid1 that neither they nor any of them1 at any time during the continuance of the said term of fourteen years hereby granted1 either directly or indirectly1 do make1 use1 or practise the said invention or any part of the same so attained unto by the said ,william ,cookworthy as aforesaid1 nor in anywise counterfeit1 imitate1 or resemble the same1 nor shall make1 or cause to be made1 any addition thereunto1 or substraction from the same1 whereby to pretend himself or themselves to be the inventor or inventors1 deviser or devisers thereof1 without the licence1 consent1 or agreement of the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 or assigns1 in writing under his or their hands and seals1 first had and obtained in that behalf1 upon such pains and penalties as can or may be justly inflicted on such offenders for their contempt of this our ,royal command2 and further1 to be answerable to the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns according to law for his and their damages thereby occasioned2 and moreover1 we do by these presents1 for us1 our heirs1 and successors1 will and command all and singular the justices of the peace1 mayors1 sheriffs1 bailiffs1 constables1 head boroughs1 and all other officers and ministers whatsoever1 of us1 our heirs1 and successors for the time being1 that they1 or any of them1 do not1 nor shall at any time hereafter during the said term hereby granted the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 or assigns1 or any of them1 or his or their deputies1 servants1 or agents1 in anywise molest1 trouble1 or hinder the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 or any of them1 or his or their deputies1 servants1 or agents1 in or about the due and lawful use or exercise of the aforesaid invention or anything relating thereto3 ,provided always1 and these our ,letters ,patent are and shall be upon this condition1 that if at any time during the said term here granted1 it shall be made to appear to us1 our heirs1 or successors1 or any six or more of our or their ,privy ,council1 that this our grant is contrary to law1 or prejudicial or inconvenient to our subjects in general1 or that if the said invention is not a new invention as to the public use and exercise thereof1 in that part of our kingdom of ,great ,britain called ,england1 our dominion of ,wales1 and town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed aforesaid1 or not invented or found out by the said ,william ,cookworthy as aforesaid1 then1 upon signification or declaration thereof1 to be made by us1 our heirs and successors1 under our or their signet or ,privy ,seal1 or by the lords of our or their ,privy ,council1 or any six or more of them under their hand1 these our ,letters ,patent shall forthwith cease1 determine1 and be utterly void to all intents and purposes1 anything hereinbefore contained in anywise notwithstanding4 ,provided also1 that these our ,letters ,patent1 or anything herein contained1 shall not extend to or be construed to extend to the privileges of the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 or assigns1 or any of them1 to use or imitate any invention or work whatsoever which has heretofore been found out or invented by any other of our subjects whatsoever1 or publicly used or exercised in that part of our kingdom of ,great ,britain called ,england1 our dominion of ,wales1 and town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed aforesaid1 unto whom1 the like ,letters ,patent or privileges have already been granted for the sole use1 exercise1 and benefit thereof1 it being our will and pleasure that the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 and all and every person or persons to whom the like ,letters ,patent or privileges have already been granted as aforesaid1 shall distinctly use and practice their several inventions by them invented and found out1 according to the true intent and meaning of the said ,letters ,patent and of these presents4 ,provided1 likewise1 nevertheless1 and these our ,letters ,patent are upon this express condition1 that the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 or assigns1 or any person or persons which shall or may be at any time or times hereafter1 during the continuance of this grant1 have or claim any right1 title1 or intent1 in law or equity1 or of1 in1 or to the power1 privilege1 and authority of the sole use of the said benefit hereby granted1 shall make any transfer or assignment1 or pretended transfer or assignment1 of the said liberty and privilege1 or any share or shares for the benefit or profit thereof1 or shall declare any trust thereof to or for any number of persons exceeding the number of five1 or shall open1 or cause to be opened1 any book or books for public subscriptions to be made by any number of persons exceeding the number of five for such or the like intents or purposes1 or shall presume to act as a corporate body1 or shall divide the benefit of these our ,letters ,patent1 or the liberty and privileges hereby by us granted1 into any number of shares exceeding the number of five1 or shall commit or do1 or shall procure to be committed or done1 any act1 matter1 or thing whatsoever1 during the time such person or persons shall have any right or title1 either in law or equity1 in or to the said premises which shall be contrary to the true intent and meaning of a certain ,act of ,parliament1 made in the sixth year of the reign of our late royal greatgrandfather ,king ,george the ,first1 entituled1 #8,an ,act for the better securing certain powers and privileges1 intended to be granted by his ,majesty by two charters1 for the ,insurance of ,ships and ,merchandize by ,sea1 and for laying money out upon bottoming1 and for restraining several extravagant and unwarrantable practices therein mentioned1' or in case the said privilege or authority shall at any time hereafter become vested in1 or in trust for1 any number of more than five persons or their representatives 7reckoning executors or administrators as for the single person whom they represent1 as to such interest as they are or shall be entitled to in right of such testator or intestate71 that then1 and in any of the said cases1 these our ,letters ,patent1 and all liberties and advantages whatsoever hereby granted1 shall utterly cease and become void1 anything hereinbefore contained to the contrary thereof1 anywise1 notwithstanding4 ,provided also1 if the said ,william ,cookworthy shall not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of his invention1 and in what manner the same is to be performed1 by an instrument in writing1 under his hand and seal1 and cause the same to be enrolled in our ,high ,court of ,chancery within four calendar months next and immediately after the date of these our ,letters ,patent1 that then these our ,letters ,patent1 and all liberties and advantages whatsoever hereby granted1 shall utterly cease1 determine1 and become void1 anything hereinbefore contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding4 ,and1 lastly we do by these presents1 for us1 our heirs and successors1 grant unto the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 that these1 our ,letters ,patent1 or the enrollment of the exemplification thereof1 shall be in and by all things good1 firm1 valid1 sufficient1 and effectual in the law1 according to the true intent and meaning thereof1 and shall be taken1 construed1 and adjudged in the most favourable and beneficial sense for the best advantage of the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 as well in all our ,courts of ,record as elsewhere1 and by all and singular the officers and ministers whatsoever of us1 our heirs1 and successors in that part of the said kingdom of ,great ,britain called ,england1 our dominion of ,wales1 and town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed aforesaid1 and amongst all and every the subjects of us1 our heirs1 and successors whatsoever and wheresoever1 notwithstanding the not full and certain describing the nature or quality of the said invention1 or of the materials thereto conducing and belonging1 in witness whereof we have caused these our ,letters to be made patent3 witness ourself1 at ,westminster1 the seventeenth day of ,march1 in the eighth year of our reign4 8,and whereas the said ,william ,cookworthy hath by an instrument in writing1 under his hand and seal1 described and ascertained the nature of the said invention1#id and the manner in which the same is to be performed1 and hath caused the same to be enrolled in ,his ,majesty's ,high ,court of ,chancery within the time and in the manner directed by the said ,letters ,patent2 and whereas by a deed of assignment1 bearing date the sixth day of ,may1 ,one ,thousand ,seven ,hundred and ,seventy-four1 the said ,william ,cookworthy 7for the consideration therein mentioned7 hath assigned all his interest1 benefit1 and property1 in the said ,letters ,patent and invention1 unto ,,richard ,,champion1 of ,bristol1 merchant1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns2 and whereas the said ,richard ,champion hath been at very considerable expense and great pains and labour in prosecuting the said invention1 and by reason of the great difficulty attending the manufacture upon a new principle1 hath not been able to bring the same to perfection until within the last year1 and it will require further pains1 labour1 and expense1 to render the said invention of public utility1 for all which trouble and expense the said ,richard ,champion will not be able to receive an adequate compensation unless the term granted by the said royal ,letters ,patent be prolonged4 ,to the end therefore that the said ,richard ,champion may be encouraged to prosecute and complete the said invention1 may it please your ,majesty 7at the humble petition of the said ,richard ,champion7 that it may be enacted1 and be it enacted by the ,king's most excellent ,majesty1 by and with the consent of the ,lords ,spiritual and ,temporal1 and ,commons1 in this present ,parliament assembled1 and by the authority of the same1 that all and every the powers1 liberties1 privileges1 authorities1 rights1 benefits1 and advantages1 which in and by the said ,letters ,patent were originally given and granted to him the said ,william ,cookworthy1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 and no further or greater than he or the said ,richard ,champion would have been entitled to if this ,act had not been made1 shall be1 and the same are hereby given and granted1 to the said ,richard ,champion1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 and shall be held1 exercised1 and enjoyed by him the said ,richard ,champion1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 for and during the present term of fourteen years granted by the said ,letters ,patent2 and from and after the end and expiration of the said term of fourteen years thereby granted1 for and during the further or additional term of fourteen years1 in as full1 ample1 and beneficial manner1 in all respects1 and to all intents and purposes whatsoever1 as he the said ,richard ,champion1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 could have held and enjoyed the same under and by virtue of the said ,letters ,patent for the term thereby granted1 in case the said ,letters ,patent had been originally granted by his ,majesty to him the said ,richard ,champion1 his executors1 administrators1 and assigns4 8,provided always1 and be it further granted and declared by the authority aforesaid1 that if the said ,richard ,champion shall not cause to be enrolled in the ,high ,court of ,chancery1 within four months after passing this ,act1 a specification of the mixture and proportions of the raw materials of which his porcelain is composed1 and likewise of the mixture and proportions of the raw materials which compose the glaze of the same 7which specification is now in the hands of the ,lord ,high ,chancellor of ,great ,britain72 or if the same shall not be a true and just specification of the mixture and proportions of the said materials1 then this ,act shall cease1 determine1 and be absolutely void1 anything hereinbefore contained to the contrary notwithstanding4 8,provided also that nothing in this ,act contained shall be construed to hinder or prevent any ,potter or ,potters1 or any other person or persons1 from making use of any such raw materials1 or any mixture or mixtures thereof 7except such mixture of raw materials1 and in such proportions1 as are described in the specification hereinbefore directed to be enrolled71 anything in this ,act to the contrary notwithstanding4 8,and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid1 that this ,act shall be adjudged1 deemed1 and taken to be a public ,act1 and shall be judicially taken notice of as such by all judges1 justices1 and other persons whomsoever1 without specially pleading the same40 ,between the time1 however1 of the committee's sitting and the passing of the ,act1 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 whose name is always received with reverence by all who study the history of ,ceramic ,art1 ostensibly as the spokesman of the ,staffordshire potters1 but really at first alone1 opposed the grant1 on the ground1 among others1 that the use of the natural productions of the soil ought to be the right of all1 and that the restrictions would be detrimental to trade and injurious to the public4 ,in ,wedgwood's 8memorial0 against the petition of ,champion1 which he presented to parliament1 8,josiah ,wedgwood on behalf of himself and the manufacturers of earthenware in ,staffordshire10 urges 8that the manufacture of earthenware in that county has of late received many essential improvements1 and is continually advancing to higher degrees of perfection2 that the further improvement of the manufactory must depend upon the application and the free use of the various raw materials that are the natural products of this country2 that the raw materials1 now secured for a limited time to the petitioner 7,champion7 may1 at the expiration of the patent assigned to him1 be of great use to enable the potters throughout ,great ,britain to improve their manufactures into the finest porcelain1 and thereby produce a branch of commerce of more national importance than any of this kind hitherto established20 that ,mr4 ,champion 8was not the inventor1 but the purchaser only of the unexpired patent granted to another man1 who does not appear to have any interest in this application2 that the petitioner1 therefore1 not being the original discoverer1 and having purchased the remaining term of the patent at a proportionate price1 can have no right to expect a further extension of a monopoly injurious to the community at large1 which neither the ingenious discoverer nor the purchaser1 for want perhaps of skill and experience in this particular business1 have been able1 during the space of seven years already elapsed1 to bring to any useful degree of perfection20 and that1 if he has brought his discovery to perfection1 as alleged1 the unexpired term of seven years ought to be enough to enable him to reimburse himself4 ,to this memorial of ,josiah ,wedgwood's1 ,champion presented the following honourable reply3-- 8,when ,mr4 ,champion presented a petition to the ,honourable ,house of ,commons1 praying the aid of parliament for a prolongation of the term granted by the ,patent for making porcelain1 he built his hopes of success on two circumstances3 the first1 the apparent utility resulting from such a manufacture carried to a perfection equal to that of the ,dresden and ,asiatic4 ,the second circumstance on which he grounded his expectation was the sense which he hoped the ,house would entertain of the justice of compensating1 by some reasonable privilege1 the great labour1 expense1 and risque which had been incurred1 not only in the invention of the material and composition1 but in the improvement of this important manufacture4 ,he was also almost certain that no person whatsoever in this kingdom could1 on a supposition of their being prejudiced in their rights in a similar property1 have had any cause of complaint1 or pretence to interfere with him1 or to oppose the prayer of his petition4 8,mr4 ,champion however finds1 with some surprise1 that ,mr4 ,wedgwood1 who has never hitherto undertaken any similar manufacture1 conceives himself likely to be injured by the indulgence which ,mr4 ,champion has solicited4 ,he has accordingly printed a memorial containing his reasons against the granting the prayer of ,mr4 ,champion's petition1 and is now actually gone in person into ,staffordshire in order to solicit others to prefer a petition to ,parliament against ,mr4 ,champion's bill4 8,before ,mr4 ,champion replies to ,mr4 ,wedgwood's observations or complaints1 he begs leave to remark on the time when ,mr4 ,wedgwood introduces them4 ,mr4 ,champion presented his petition to the ,honourable ,house of ,commons on the twenty-second day of ,february4 ,the committee to which that petition was referred did not sit until the twenty-eighth day of ,april1 during which time ,mr4 ,wedgwood neither made any public application against ,mr4 ,champion1 or gave him any sort of private information of intended opposition4 ,neither did any manufacturers in ,staffordshire or elsewhere express any uneasiness or make any complaint of ,mr4 ,champion's application1 though it is not improbable that ,mr4 ,wedgwood's journey thither may be productive of both4 8,mr4 ,champion forbore to bring forward his petition before the committee until he had prepared such specimens of his manufacture as might give the committee the most striking proofs of the truths of his allegations1 and this could not be done sooner in a manufacture so very lately1 and with such incredible difficulty1 brought to its present perfection4 ,he trusts that the specimens which he has produced in various kinds will show that he has been usefully employed1 and merits the public protection4 8,mr4 ,wedgwood is pleased to represent his memorial on behalf of himself and the manufacturers of earthenware in ,staffordshire4 ,mr4 ,champion says1 as has been already hinted1 that ,mr4 ,wedgwood had not any authority from such manufacturers1 or any others1 to make any representations in their behalf4 8,mr4 ,champion most cheerfully joins in the general praise which is given to ,mr4 ,wedgwood for the many improvements which he has made in the ,staffordshire earthenware1 and the great pains and assiduity with which he has pursued them4 ,he richly deserves the large fortune he has made from these improvements4 ,but should he not be content with the rewards he has met with1 and not have the avidity to grasp at a manufacture which another has been at as great pains as ,mr4 ,wedgwood has employed in his own to establish8--a manufacture entirely original in this kingdom1 and which all nations in ,europe have been desirous to obtain8 8,mr4 ,wedgwood says the application and free use of the various raw materials of this country will make a great improvement in the manufacture of ,staffordshire earthenware4 ,mr4 ,champion has no objection to the use which the potters of ,staffordshire may make of his or any other raw materials1 provided earthenware only1 as distinguished by that title1 is made from it4 ,he wants to interfere with no manufacture whatever1 and is content to insert any clause to confine him to the invention which he possesses1 and which he has improved4 ,he is contented that ,mr4 ,wedgwood1 and every manufacturer1 should reap the fruit of their labour2 all he asks is1 such a protection for his own as the legislature in its wisdom shall think merits4 8,mr4 ,wedgwood's remark on the difference of merit betwixt ,mr4 ,watt and ,mr4 ,champion is ungenerous and unjust3 ungenerous1 as ,mr4 ,champion has not1 or does not1 compare himself to ,mr4 ,watt2 he has not even mentioned his name in any of his applications4 ,his business is not with comparative or similar merits2 it is his duty to prove the merit of his own manufacture1 for which he solicits the encouragement of the legislature4 ,he hopes that the specimens which he has produced before the committee are incontrovertible evidences of it4 ,the remark is unjust1 because he has been many years concerned in this undertaking2 nearly from the time the patent was granted to ,mr4 ,cookworthy1 in whose name it continued till assigned over to ,mr4 ,champion4 ,to deny the advantage of any part of ,mr4 ,cookworthy's merits to his assignee is to deny that advantage to ,mr4 ,cookworthy himself4 ,one part of the benefit of every work1 from whence profit may be derived1 is the power of assignment2 and if1 in fact1 the manufacture could not be completed1 nor the inventor1 of course1 derive any profit from it1 without the expense1 care1 and perseverance of the assignee and once partner1 the merit of that assignee1 who both completes the manufacture and rewards the discoverer1 is equal in equity to that of the discoverer himself--equal in every respect1 except the honour that attends original genius and power of invention4 8,mr4 ,champion can assert with truth that his hazard and expense was many times greater than those of the original inventor4 ,mr4 ,champion mentions this without the least disparagement to the worthy gentleman1 who is his particular friend2 he gives him all the merit which was due to so great a discovery2 he deserved it for finding out the means of a manufacture which will1 in all probability1 be a very great advantage to this country2 but yet ,mr4 ,champion claims the merit of supporting the work1 and1 when the inventor declined the undertaking himself1 with his time1 his labour1 and his fortune1 improved it from a very imperfect to an almost perfect manufacture2 and he hopes soon1 with proper encouragement1 to one altogether perfect4 8,what regards the original discoverer is1 in some measure1 answered in the foregoing paragraph1 but the original discoverer is not without a reward4 ,mr4 ,champion at this moment allows him1 and is bound to his heirs1 c41 in a profit equal to the first cost of the raw material1 and1 as ,mr4 ,champion's manufactory is encouraged1 must increase to a very great degree4 8,nor is ,mr4 ,wedgwood more excusable for his implication that a want of skill prevented the work being brought earlier to perfection2 undoubtedly the difficulty arose from a want of skill in working these new materials4 ,this is a profound as well as civil remark of ,mr4 ,wedgwood's2 but that skill was to be acquired only by care and expense1 and that care and expense are ,mr4 ,champion's merits4 ,mr4 ,champion pretends to no other knowledge as a potter than what he has acquired in the progress of this manufacture1 his profession of a merchant not putting more in his power2 but he had the experience of ,mr4 ,cookworthy1 the inventor1 one of the most able chemists in this kingdom1 to whom the public is indebted for many useful discoveries2 he had the experience of the manager of his works1 a person bred in the potteries1 and thoroughly conversant in manufactures of this kind2 the workmen he employed were brought up to the branch1 and he has spared no expense in encouraging foreign artificers4 8,but ,mr4 ,champion1 as a further answer to ,mr4 ,wedgwood's implication of want of skill1 begs leave to observe that the ,dresden manufacture 7like this1 a native clay71 which has been established so great a number of years1 was long before it attained perfection1 and even now it has not that exact proportion of shape which the ,chinese manufacture possesses4 ,the ,austrian manufacture 7also a native clay7 was twenty-five years before it attained any degree of perfection1 and then only by accidental aid of the ,dresden workmen who were dispersed during the late war4 ,the work in ,brandenburgh is nothing more than the ,dresden materials1 wrought by workmen removed hither from that city1 the ,brandenburgh work having no clay of its own territory4 ,mr4 ,champion is surprised that ,mr4 ,wedgwood can find no cause but one1 which he chooses to blame1 why a new manufacture1 upon a principle never before tried in ,england1 should not have attained perfection in a shorter space than the very short space of seven years4 8,as to ,mr4 ,wedgwood's calculation of the profits sufficient to recompense the ingenuity1 and repay the trouble and expense of others1 ,mr4 ,champion submits it to a discerning and encouraging legislature1 whether a seven years' sale is likely to repay a seven years' unproductive1 experimental1 and chargeable labour1 as well as the future improvement to grow from new endeavours8 ,until ,mr4 ,champion was able to make this porcelain in quantities to supply a market1 it was rather an object of curiosity than a manufacture for national benefit4 8,there is one branch of the manufacture1 the blue and white1 upon which he has just entered--this branch is likely to be the most generally useful of any3 but the giving a blue colour under the glaze1 on so hard a material as he uses1 has been found full of difficulty4 ,this object he has pursued at a great expense by means of a foreign artificer2 and he can now venture to assert that he shall bring that to perfection which has been found so difficult in ,europe in native clay4 8,if the various difficulties which have attended his work from its beginning could have been foreseen1 this patent ought not to have been applied for at so early a period4 ,the time in which profit was to be expected has necessarily been laid out in experiment4 ,it was thought that when the principle was found1 the work was done2 but the perfecting a chemical discovery into a merchantable commodity has been found a troublesome and a tedious work4 ,it is therefore presumed that the legislature will distinguish between the over-sanguine hopes1 in point of time1 of an invention which1 however1 has at length succeeded1 and those visionary projects which deceive for ever4 ,upon the whole1 ,mr4 ,champion humbly rests his pretensions to the protection of the legislature upon three grounds--that he has been almost from the beginning concerned in the work which has cost so much labour and expense2 that he now allows the inventor a certain and increasing recompense1 though the carrying that invention to an actual merchantable manufacture was entirely his own work2 that the potteries of chinaware in most other countries in ,europe have been at the charge of sovereign princes4 ,it has been immediately so in ,france1 ,austria1 ,dresden1 and ,brandenburgh2 in ,italy they have been under the care of great noblemen4 ,in this original work ,mr4 ,champion claims the principal share of supporting1 improving1 and carrying into execution a manufacture so much admired in ,china and ,japan1 and now first attempted in ,britain1 in capacity of resisting the greatest heat1 equal to the ,asiatic and ,dresden40 ,wedgwood answered this 8,reply0 of ,champion's by some 8,remarks10 which he issued to the members of the legislature1 wherein he reminds them that he 8has all his life been concerned in the manufacture and improvement of various branches of pottery and porcelain2 that he has long had an ambition to carry these manufactures to the highest pitch of perfection they will admit of2 and that so far from having any personal interest in opposing ,mr4 ,champion1 it would evidently have been his interest to have accepted of some of the obliging proposals that have been made to him by ,mr4 ,champion and his friends1 and to have said nothing more upon the subject2 but ,mr4 ,wedgwood is so fully convinced of the great injury that would be done to the landed1 manufacturing1 and commercial interests of this nation1 by extending the term of ,mr4 ,champion's monopoly of raw materials1 of which there are immense quantities in the kingdom1 and confining the use of them to one or a few hands1 that he thought it a duty of moral obligation to take the sense of his neighbours upon this subject1 and to give up to the manufactory at large all advantages he might have secured to himself4 ,it is upon these principles1 and these alone1 that he has acted in this business1 and therefore he humbly presumes he does not merit the censure of avidity in grasping at other men's manufactures1 though he thinks that himself and all manufacturers should be protected in the free use of all raw materials that are not invented by men1 but are the natural productions of the earth4 ,when ,mr4 ,wedgwood discovered the art of making ,queen's ,ware1 which employs ten times more people than all the china works in the kingdom1 he did not ask for a patent for this important discovery4 ,a patent would greatly have limited its public utility4 ,instead of one hundred manufactories of ,queen's ,ware1 there would have been one2 and instead of an exportation to all quarters of the world1 a few pretty things would have been made for the amusement of the people of fashion in ,england4 ,it would be the same with the use of the materials in question3 if they are not only confined to the use of one person or manufactory1 by patent1 for fourteen years1 but that patent be extended for twenty or thirty years longer1 so long they may be the means of supporting one trifling manufactory2 but if the materials are left free for general use1 and ,mr4 ,champion is in possession of the result of all his experiments and real discoveries with respect to the art of manufacturing these raw materials into porcelain1 no essential part of which has been revealed by him to the public1 either in his specifications or otherwise1 then there is reason to expect a very large and extensive manufactory of porcelain will be established in various parts of this kingdom1 to the great benefit of the public1 without any injury to ,mr4 ,champion40 ,wedgwood continued his 8remarks0 by replying that ,mr4 ,champion's offer of inserting a clause to allow the potters the free use of the raw material in all kinds of earthenware1 restricting its use in porcelain only to himself1 was a useless concession1 because ,champion had failed to define the difference between earthenware and porcelain1 and had failed to impart the secret of his manufacture to the public1 either by his specifications or otherwise4 8,how then10 he asked1 8are the ,staffordshire potters to use the growan stone and growan clay for the improvement of their finer stone and earthenwares1 without producing such a manufacture as may in ,westminster ,hall be deemed porcelain80 ,he also said that1 judging from ,mr4 ,champion's own words1 ,cookworthy's patent 8ought not to have been applied for at so early a period10 it was evident that the 8patent was taken out for a discovery of the art of making true porcelain before it was made2 and if the discovery has been since made1 there can have been no specification of it2 it has not been revealed to the public1 it is in ,mr4 ,champion's own possession1 and being unknown1 it is presumed the right to practise it cannot be confirmed or extended by ,act of ,parliament1 which ought to have some clear ground to go upon40 ,the patent1 he says1 has evidently been considered as a privilege to the patentee1 8for the sole right of making experiments upon materials which many persons have thought would make good porcelain1 and on which experiments have been prosecuted by several successive sets of operators many years before the date of the patent40 ,he contended that it would have been an 8egregious injury to the public0 to continue the patent to one person who was no original discoverer1 who was only just commencing the commonest and most useful part of his business with the aid of a foreign artificer1 in the hope that a discovery might at some future time be made4 ,he considered that if the raw materials were thrown open to all1 8a variety of experienced hands would probably produce more advantage to the nation in a few years than they would ever do when confined to one manufactory1 however skilful the director might be10 and that the extension of the patent securing the monopoly 8would be a precedent of the most dangerous nature1 contrary to policy1 and of general inconvenience10 and therefore he 8humbly hopes the legislature will not grant the prayer of ,mr4 ,champion's petition10--a hope which1 however earnestly expressed1 and however tenaciously followed1 was eventually of no avail4 ,to this opposition1 however1 is doubtless to be traced the ultimate abandonment of the patent1 and the manufacture of the less difficult soft paste to so great an extent in ,staffordshire4 ,the term of the original patent1 it will be remembered1 was for fourteen years1 of which nearly eight years remained unexpired at the time when it was assigned over by ,cookworthy to ,champion4 ,the extension petitioned for would thus have given ,champion nearly twenty-two years' exclusive right to the raw materials1 and it was this extended monopoly which aroused the watchfulness of ,wedgwood1 and made him determined to use his utmost efforts to prevent its being enacted4 ,in this opposition--which was determined and energetic1 though only partially successful--,wedgwood1 besides memorialising the legislature against granting the prayer of the petition1 issued a number of 8,reasons why the extension of the term of ,mr4 ,cookworthy's patent1 by authority of parliament1 would be injurious to many landowners1 to the manufacturers of earthenware1 and to the public40 ,in addition to this1 he made out and presented a 8,case of the manufacturers of earthenware in ,staffordshire10 setting forth the advantages that would be derived from throwing open the use of the raw materials1 and the disadvantages which an extension of the monopoly would entail1 not only on the manufacturers1 but on the public at large4 ,these 8reasons0 why the extension of the term of ,mr4 ,cookworthy's patent1 by authority of parliament1 would be injurious to landowners1 to the manufacturers of earthenware1 and to the public are so ingenious1 and the 8case0 so carefully made out1 that ,i here give them entire4#ie 8,it would be injurious to the landowners1 because by means of this monopoly materials of great value would be locked up within the bowels of the earth1 and the owners be deprived of the power of disposing of them2 for the present patentee and his assigns have contracted with one gentleman that he shall sell these materials only to them1 and that they shall purchase such materials only from him1 during the term of ninety-nine years4 8,it would be injurious to the manufacturers of earthenware2 because1 notwithstanding the mechanical part of their manufactory1 their execution1 their forms1 their painting1 c41 are equal1 if not superior1 to those of any other country1 yet the body of their ware stands in great need of improvement1 both in colour and texture2 because the public begin to require and expect such improvement2 because without such improvement the sale of their manufactures will probably decline in favour of foreign manufacturers1 who may not be deprived of the use of the materials that their countries produce4 ,for the consideration in this case is not whether one manufacturer or manufactory shall be supported against another1 but whether the earthenware manufactories of ,great ,britain shall be supported in their improvements against those of every other country in the world2 because the materials in question are the most proper of any that have been found in this island for the improvement of the manufactures of earthenware2 and because no line has been drawn1 or can be drawn1 with sufficient distinctness1 between earthenware and porcelain1 and especially between earthenware and the various kinds of this patent porcelain1 to render it safe for any potter to make use of these materials in his works4 8,the extension of this monopoly would be injurious to the public1 by preventing the employment of a great number of vessels in the coasting trade in bringing the raw materials from the places where they would be dug out of the earth to the different parts of this island where they would be manufactured4 8,this extension would also be injurious to the public because it would prevent our manufacturers of earthenware from being improved in their quality and increased in their quantity and value to the amount of many hundred thousand pounds per annum4 8,and lastly1 it would be injurious to the public by preventing a very great increase of our exports1 which must infallibly take place when the body of our earthenwares shall come to be improved so as to bear a proportion to the beauty of their forms and the excellence of their workmanship4 8,upon the whole1 would it not be unreasonable to extend the term of a monopoly in favour of an individual to the prejudice of ten thousand industrious manufacturers1 when the individual can have no merit with the public1 as he has made no discovery to them80 ,the following is the 8case0 of the manufacturers of earthenware in ,staffordshire1 as drawn up by ,wedgwood3-- 8,the potters1 and other persons depending upon the pottery in ,staffordshire1 beg leave humbly to represent that ,nature has provided this island with immense quantities of materials proper for the improvement of their manufactures2 that such materials have been known and used twenty or thirty years ago1 and that many experiments were made upon them by various operators with various degrees of success4 8,that porcelain was made of these materials1 and publicly sold before the year #agfh4 8,that in ,march1 #agfh1 ,mr4 ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 took out a patent for the sole use of the materials in question1 called in the patent moor-stone or growan1 and growan clay1 for the making of porcelain1 which is defined to have a fine colour and a lucid grain1 and likewise to be as infusible as the ,asiatic4 8,that ,mr4 ,cookworthy contracted1 as the condition upon which he held the privilege of his monopoly1 that he would make a full and true specification of the art by which he converted these materials into porcelain1 and that he entirely failed in fulfilling this obligation4 8,for in the pretended specification which he made1 he omitted to describe the principal operations in which his art or discovery consisted1 having neither exhibited the proportions in which the materials were to be mixed to produce the body or the glaze1 nor the art of burning the ware1 which he knew to be the most difficult and important part of the discovery4 8,that the company concerned in the porcelain manufactory at ,plymouth1 established under the authority of this patent1 contracted with one gentleman1 in whose lands these materials are found1 that he should sell the materials only to them1 and that they should purchase materials from no other person1 during the term of ninety-nine years4 8,that nevertheless there are great quantities of such materials in other estates in ,cornwall and ,devonshire1 and probably in many other parts of this island4 8,that in the year #aggd ,mr4 ,cookworthy assigned over his patent right to ,mr4 ,champion1 of ,bristol1 who now applies to parliament for an extension of this monopoly1 seven years before the expiration of the patent2 which assignment was made upon condition that ,mr4 ,cookworthy should receive for ninety-nine years from ,mr4 ,champion as large a sum every year as should be paid to the proprietor for the raw materials1 hereby laying a tax of #ajj per cent4 upon them4 8,that ,mr4 ,champion in his petition sets forth that he has brought this discovery to perfection2 and that in a paper he has published1 entitled ,a ,reply1 c41 he says that if the various difficulties which have attended this work from the beginning could have been foreseen1 this patent ought not to have been applied for at so early a period2 that is1 in plain ,english1 the patent was taken out for the discovery of an art before the discovery was made by the patentee4 ,and if the discovery has been made since1 there has been no specification of it2 it has not been recorded for the public benefit2 it is in ,mr4 ,champion's own possession2 it is kept from the public for his own private emolument3 and the nature of it being unknown1 it is humbly presumed such a pretended discovery can neither entitle the patentee nor the petitioner to the extension of a monopoly injurious to many thousands of industrious manufacturers in various parts of the kingdom4 8,and in the same paper in which we find the above curious confession1 ,mr4 ,champion acknowledges that even at this time he has just entered upon the commonest and most useful branch of his manufactory1 which he has pursued at a great expense1 by means of a foreign artificer1 and can now venture to assert that he shall bring it to perfection4 ,and in the space of seven years yet to come of his patent1 and fourteen years' further indulgence which he expects from parliament1 one would hope some discovery might be made2 but would it not be an egregious injury to the public1 an unheard of and unprecedented discouragement to many manufacturers who have great and acknowledged merit with the public1 to continue to one person who1 in this instance1 has no public merit1 the monopoly of earth and stones that nature has furnished this country with in immense quantities1 which are necessary to the support and improvement of one of the most valuable manufactures in the kingdom8 8,mr4 ,champion says1 in the ,reply referred to above1 he #8has no objection to the use which the potters of ,staffordshire may make of his or any other raw materials1 provided earthenware only1 as distinguished by that title1 is made from them4 ,he wants to interfere with no manufactory whatsoever1 and is content to insert any clause to confine him to the invention which he possesses1 and which he has improved1' c4 8,if ,mr4 ,champion had accurately defined the nature of his own invention2 if he had described the proportions of his materials necessary to make the body of his ware2 if he had also specified the proportions of his materials necessary to produce his glaze1 as every mechanical inventor who takes out a patent is obliged to specify the nature of the machine by which he produces his effect2 if ,mr4 ,champion could have drawn a distinct line between the various kinds of earthenware and porcelain that have been made1 and are now made in this kingdom1 and his porcelain1 a clause might have been formed to have confined him to the invention which he says he possesses1 and to have prevented him from interrupting the progress of other men's improvements1 which he may think proper to call imitations of his porcelain2 but as he has not chosen to do the former1 nor been able to do the latter1 no manufacturer of stoneware1 ,queen's ware1 or porcelain1 can with safety improve the present state of his manufacture4 8,it is well known that manufactures of this kind can only support their credit by continual improvements4 ,it is also well known that there is a competition in these improvements through all parts of ,europe4 ,in the last century ,burslem1 and some other villages in ,staffordshire1 were famous for making milk pans and butter pots1 and by a succession of improvements1 the manufactory in that neighbourhood has gradually increased in the variety1 the quality1 and the quantity of its productions1 so as to furnish1 besides the home consumption1 an annual export of useful and ornamental wares1 nearly to the amount of two hundred thousand pounds2 but during all this progress it has had the free range of the country for materials to work upon1 to the great advantage of many landowners and of navigation4 8,queen's ware has already several of the properties of porcelain1 but is yet capable of receiving many essential improvements4 ,the public have for some time required and expected them4 ,innumerable experiments have been made for this purpose4 ,there are immense quantities of materials in the kingdom that would answer this end2 but they are locked up by a monopoly in the bowels of the earth1 useless to the landowners1 useless to the manufacturers1 useless to the public2 and one person is petitioning the legislature1 in effect1 to stop all the improvements in earthenware and porcelain in this kingdom but his own4 8,for the next step1 and the only step the manufacturers can take to improve their wares1 will be deemed an invasion of this vague and incomprehensible patent4 8,the manufacturers of earthenware are justly alarmed at the prospect of extending the term of the patent1 because1 without improvements1 the sale of their manufactures must certainly decline in favour of foreign manufacturers1 who may not be deprived of the free use of the materials their countries produce2 for the consideration in this case is not whether one manufacturer or manufactory shall be supported against another1 but whether the earthenware and porcelain manufactories of ,great ,britain shall be supported in their improvements against those of every other country in the world4 ,upon the whole1 the petitioners against the bill humbly presume this monopoly will appear to be contrary to good policy1 highly injurious to the public1 and generally inconvenient2 that the extension of the monopoly1 supposing any patent to be valid1 would be greater increasing the injury2 that the bill now depending is not only calculated to extend1 but to confirm it1 and therefore they humbly hope it will not be suffered to pass into a law40 ,despite all this factious opposition--for it was factious in the extreme--to his petition by ,wedgwood1 as the representative of the potters1 and by the members of parliament for the county of ,stafford1 and others who had been moved by the exertions of ,wedgwood and his friends1 the bill passed the ,house of ,commons1 and was sent up to the lords without amendment4 ,the 8case0 just given1 along with extracts from the bill1 with comments1 showing1 among other things1 that the passing of the ,act1 as originally framed1 conferred the full benefits of ,cookworthy's patent on ,champion1 without compelling him to enrol anew any specification of his process of manufacture1 was printed for circulation among the members of the ,upper ,house4 ,with reference to this important point1 it was shown that ,cookworthy1 having enrolled his specification1 and having afterwards assigned the patent right to ,champion1 the bill enacted that all and every the powers1 liberties1 privileges1 authorities1 and advantages which in and by the said letters patent were originally granted to the said ,william ,cookworthy1 shall be held1 exercised1 and enjoyed by the said ,richard ,champion for the present term of fourteen years1 granted by the said letters patent1 and after the expiration thereof1 for the further term of fourteen years1 in as full1 ample1 and beneficial a manner as the said ,richard ,champion could have held the same in case the said letters patent had originally been granted to him4 ,the view of the bill is manifestly to confirm to ,mr4 ,champion the letters patent for the present term of fourteen years1 as well as to grant him fourteen years more4 ,had it been intended only to enlarge the term1 and that the letters patent should have stood upon their own ground1 such words of confirmation would not have been necessary2 or if they had been thought so1 they should have been succeeded by words to the effect following3--8,subject1 nevertheless1 to the same provisoes1 conditions1 limitations1 and agreements1 as the said ,william ,cookworthy held and enjoyed the same before the date of the said assignment40 ,but these being omitted1 and the bill having stated that the 8said ,william ,cookworthy had described the nature of his said invention and the manner in which the same is to be performed10 it is evident that the design of the bill is not only to confirm absolutely the letters patent1 and consequently the monopoly of these materials for the present term of fourteen years1 but also to grant it to him for fourteen years more2 and the ,act is to have this operation1 even though the letters patent may be void by the discovery not being a new invention1 according to the statute of ,james ,i41 or by ,mr4 ,cookworthy's not having conformed to the terms and conditions of the letters patent1 by having described and ascertained the nature of the said invention1 and the manner in which the same is to be performed4 ,that the making of porcelain is not a new invention is too evident to need any proof2 that the letters patent are not within the intent of the statute is manifest by a cursory perusal of it4 ,that ,mr4 ,cookworthy has not described and ascertained the nature of this invention and the manner in which the same is to be performed 7unless the discovery of the materials can alone be deemed so71 will appear by what he has been pleased to call his specification4 ,but it will appear in evidence that even the discovery of the materials was not1 at the time of granting the letters patent to ,mr4 ,cookworthy1 8new and his own10 but that they were at that time1 and had been long before1 applied to the uses of pottery4 8,is it therefore reasonable that ,parliament should confirm to ,mr4 ,champion the present term of fourteen years1 and also grant him fourteen years more1 in the monopoly of an immense quantity of materials1 the natural products of the earth1 for the making of porcelain1 which no person is to imitate or resemble2 but also virtually the sole privilege of vending and disposing of these materials at what price and in what manner he thinks proper8 ,for no person can use them in any respect but they will produce 7if not the same effect7 an effect that will resemble what he may call his patent porcelain2 and it is not to conceive how he can be deprived of the exclusive right of selling as well as using these materials if the bill now depending should pass into a law40 ,the presenting these papers to the ,lords produced more effect1 it would seem1 than the efforts in a similar direction had apparently done in the ,commons4 ,the consequence was1 that 8,lord ,gower and some other noble lords1 having fully informed themselves of the facts upon which the merits of the case depended1 and having considered the subject with a degree of attention proportioned to its importance1 saw clearly the injurious nature of the bill1 and were determined to oppose it40 ,this determination brought on a conference between the two noble lords who took the most active part for and against the bill1 and the result was the introduction of two clauses1 the first making it imperative on ,champion to enrol anew his specification of both body and glaze within the usual period of four months2 the second throwing open the use of the raw materials to potters for any purpose except the manufacture of porcelain1 was as follows3-- 8,provided1 also1 that nothing in this ,act contained shall be construed to hinder or prevent any potter or potters1 or any other person or persons1 from making use of any such raw materials1 or any mixture or mixtures thereof 7except such mixture of raw materials1 and in such proportions1 as are described in the specification hereinbefore directed to be enrolled71 anything in this ,act to the contrary notwithstanding40 ,the ,act being obtained 7specimens of his skill in making porcelain having been submitted to the ,committee by ,champion71 the specification was duly prepared and enrolled according to the provisions of the ,act4 ,it is dated the #abth of ,september1 #agge1 and was duly enrolled on the #aeth of the same month4 ,the following is the specification1 which will be found to contain much matter of interest2 and1 taken in conjunction with that of ,cookworthy1 given in my account of the ,plymouth works1 completes the important series of papers in connection with this manufactory3-- 8,,to ,,all ,,to ,,whom ,,these ,,presents ,,shall ,,come1 ,i1 ,,richard ,,champion1 of ,bristol1 ,merchant1 send greeting1 and so forth4 8,,whereas his present ,majesty1 ,king ,george the ,third1 in the eighth year of his reign1 did grant his ,royal ,letters ,patent to ,william ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 chymist1 for the sole use and exercise of #8,a ,,discovery ,,of ,,certain ,,materials ,,for ,,making ,,of ,,porcelain1' which ,letters ,patent have been duly assigned to me the said ,richard ,champion2 and whereas by a certain ,act of ,parliament 7intitled an ,act for enlarging the ,term of ,letters ,patent granted by his present ,majesty to ,william ,cookworthy1 of ,plymouth1 chymist1 for the sole ,use and ,exercise of a ,discovery of certain ,materials for making ,porcelain1 in order to enable ,richard ,champion1 of ,bristol1 ,merchant--to whom the said ,letters ,patent have been assigned--to carry the said ,discovery into execution for the ,benefit of the ,public71 all and every the powers1 liberties1 rights1 and advantages by the said ,letters ,patent granted to the said ,william ,cookworthy are granted to me1 the said ,richard ,champion1 my executors1 administrators1 and assigns1 during the remainder of the term of the said ,letters ,patent1 and from the expiration thereof for a further term therein mentioned1 provided ,i1 the said ,richard ,champion1 should cause to be inrolled in the ,high ,court of ,chancery1 within four months after passing the said ,act1 a specification of the mixture of the raw materials of which my porcelain is composed1 and likewise of the mixture and proportions of the raw materials which compose the glaze of the same1 which specification was in the hands of the ,lord ,high ,chancellor of ,great ,britain3 8,,now ,,know ,,ye ,,therefore1 that ,i1 the said ,richard ,champion1 do hereby testify and declare that the specification hereinafter contained is the true and just specification of the mixture and proportions of the raw materials of which my porcelain is composed1 and likewise of the mixture and proportions of the raw materials which compose the glaze of the same1 and which1 at the time of passing the before-mentioned ,act1 was in the hands of the ,lord ,high ,chancellor of ,great ,britain 7that is to say73-- 8,the raw materials of the above porcelain are plastic clay1 generally found mixed with mica and a coarse gravelly matter4 ,it is known in the counties of ,devon and ,cornwall by the name of growan clay4 ,the other raw material is a mixed micarious earth or stone called in the aforesaid countries moor-stone and growan4 ,the gravel found in the growan clay is of the same nature1 and is used for the same purpose in making the body of my porcelain as the moor-stone and growan4 ,the mixture of these materials to make the body of the porcelain is according to the common potter's method1 and has no peculiar art in it4 ,the proportions are as follow3--,the largest proportion of the stone or gravel aforesaid to the clay aforesaid is four parts of stone to one of clay4 ,the largest proportion of clay to stone is sixteen parts of clay to one part of stone mixed together4 ,i use these and every proportion intermediate1 between the foregoing proportions of the stone to the clay and the clay to the stone1 and all this variation ,i make without taking away from the ware the distinguishing appearance and properties of ,dresden and ,oriental porcelains1 which is the appearance and are the properties of mine4 ,the raw materials of which the glaze is composed are1 the stone or gravel aforesaid1 and the clay aforesaid1 magnesia1 nitre1 lime1 gypsum1 fusible spar1 arsenic1 lead1 and tin ashes4 8,the proportions of our common glaze are as follows1 together with every intermediate proportion1 videlicet3-- ,growan gravel #abh parts ,growan or moor-stone #aab ,the materials and ,i vary it from #if to #add ground and mixed ,magnesia #af together with and ,i vary it from #ad to #ah water4 ,gypsum #c ,lime #h 8,but ,i also use the following materials for glaze3-- ,growan clay #abh parts ,growan or moor-stone #aab and ,i vary it from #hd to #adj ,magnesia #bj and ,i vary it from #af to #bd ,the materials ,lime #h ground and mixed and ,i vary it from #f to #aj together with ,nitre #a water4 and ,i vary it to #b ,fusible spar #bj ,arsenic #bj ,lead and tin ashes #bj and ,i vary it from #af to #bd 8,i have described truly and justly the raw materials1 the mixture and proportions of them which are used in making my porcelain1 which has the appearance and properties of ,dresden or ,oriental porcelain1 and which porcelain may be distinguished from the frit or false porcelain1 and from the pottery1 or earthen or stone wares1 as follows3-- 8,the frit or false porcelain will all melt into a vitreous substance1 and lose their form and original appearance in a degree of heat which my porcelain1 agreeing in all properties with ,asiatic and ,dresden1 will not only bear1 but which is necessary for its perfection4 ,my porcelain may be distinguished from all other wares which are vulgarly called earthen or stone wares1 which can sustain an equal degree of heat1 by the grain1 the colour of the grain1 and by its semi-transparency2 whereas the earthenwares1 such as ,staffordshire white and yellow earthenwares and all other earthenwares which sustain a strong heat without being fused1 are found1 when subjected to the most intense heat1 to appear cellular or otherwise1 easily by the eye to be distinguished from the true porcelain4 8,in witness whereof1 ,i1 the said ,richard ,champion1 have hereunto set my hand and seal this twelfth day of ,september1 in the year of our ,lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five1 and in the fifteenth year of the reign of our ,sovereign ,lord1 ,george the ,third1 by the grace of ,god1 of ,great ,britain1 ,france1 and ,ireland1 ,king1 ,defender of the ,faith1 and so forth4 8,,rich4 7,s4 ,s47 ,,champion4 8,sealed and delivered in the presence of us1 8,,henry ,,sherwood1 8,of ,wood ,street1 ,london4 8,,robert ,,reynolds1 8,of ,coventry4 8,,and ,,be ,,it ,,remembered1 that the twelfth day of ,september1 in the year above written1 the said ,richard ,champion came before our said ,lord the ,king in his ,chancery1 and acknowledged the writing aforesaid1 and all and everything therein contained and specified1 as form above written4 ,and also the writing aforesaid was stampt according to the tenor of the statute made in the sixth year of the reign of the ,king and ,queen ,william and ,mary of ,england1 and so forth4 8,enrolled the fifteenth day of ,september1 in the year above written40 ,the works of ,richard ,champion were in ,castle ,green1 ,bristol1 and ,i was enabled1 in #ahfc1 assisted by the researches of ,mr4 ,edkins1 kindly undertaken at my request1 to fix the exact locality both of the works and of ,champion's residence4 ,this he determined by the singularly fortuitous circumstance of a ,directory for the city of ,bristol having been published--and for that one year only--in the year in which ,champion obtained his ,act of ,parliament1 #agge4 ,in this ,directory1 which is of extreme rarity1 occurs the following entry3-- 8,champion1 ,richard1 ,china ,manufactory1 #ae1 and his house1 #ag1 ,castle ,green40 ,this occurs in the alphabetical list of 8,merchants1 ,tradesmen1 c410 and in another list of the 8,merchants and ,bankers and their residences10 is the following3-- 8,champion1 ,richard1 #ag1 ,castle ,green40 ,it is perhaps worth just mentioning that this ,directory1 so opportunely made1 is an admirable illustration of the difficulties under which compilers of those useful publications had to labour in the olden times4 ,it was compiled by a person of the name of ,sketchley1 and1 most of the houses not being in those days numbered1 he carried with him a lot of metal figures1 and nailed them on to the doors as he went on1 charging a shilling at each house for doing so2 and it is related of him that1 with a strict eye to business1 he excluded the names of some persons from his list who refused to pay the impost6 ,fortunately for my purpose1 ,richard ,champion had evidently paid a couple of shillings1 and so ensured not only his residence at ,no4 #ag1 but his works at ,no4 #ae being duly entered4 ,the site of the china works is now covered with small houses4 ,armed with his new ,act of ,parliament1 by which he was empowered to enjoy nearly twenty-two years' patent right1 ,champion spared no pains and no expense to make the productions of his works as good as possible2 and that he continued to produce a magnificent body and a remarkably fine glaze1 and turned out some truly exquisite specimens of fictile art1 both in design1 in potting1 in modelling1 and in painting1 is fully evident by examples still remaining in the hands of collectors4 ,the commoner description of goods1 the blue and white ware1 seems to have been1 very naturally1 considered by ,champion to be the branch most likely to pay him1 commercially1 and this he at one time cultivated to a greater extent than any other branch4 ,his acknowledged and advertised model was the ,dresden1 and his best efforts were turned in this direction4 ,the patterns which he adopted1 being1 naturally1 in many cases almost identical with those produced at ,worcester and other places--which1 of course1 arose from the fact of the different works copying from the same models--the ware made by ,champion is sometimes apt to be appropriated by collectors to that manufactory4 ,it may1 however1 easily be distinguished by those who are conversant with the peculiarities of its make4 ,in blue and white1 ,champion produced dinner1 tea1 and coffee services1 toilet pieces1 jugs1 mugs1 and all the varieties of goods usually made at that period4 ,the blue is usually of good colour1 and the painting quite equal to that of other manufactories4 ,some of these pieces are embossed1 and of really excellent workmanship4 ,a good deal of the blue and white ware was marked with the usual cross1 but it appears more than probable that the greatest part of this kind of goods passed out of the works unmarked4 ,another characteristic class of goods made by ,champion was the imitation of the most common ,chinese patterns1 examples of which are shown in the next engraving of a saucer and a teapot4 ,there is a thorough ,chinese style in the decoration of these pieces1 and the colouring is also remarkably well reproduced4 ,the saucer bears the usual mark of the cross1 but very many examples of this class which have come under my notice are not marked at all1 and pass as foreign pieces4 ,in the same group ,i have given a cup of elegant form1 but of different style1 to show the beauty of its outline4 ,transfer printing was not1 it would appear1 practised by ,champion1 but some examples1 ,mr4 ,owen informs me1 are known1 which1 although made at ,bristol1 were evidently printed at ,worcester4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gdc to #gde4 ,the expenses attendant on this unwarrantable opposition in ,parliament drained ,champion's exchequer1 and despite the energy of himself1 the skill of his workmen1 and the beauty of the ware produced at his manufactory1 ,richard ,champion's hopes of permanently establishing an art in ,bristol1 which should not only be an honourable and useful1 but a remunerative one1 proved fallacious1 and in little more than five years from his obtaining of the ,act of ,parliament1 the works which he had laboured so hard to establish1 and on which he had expended so much time1 money1 and skill1 were lost to the city of ,bristol1 and removed for ever from its walls1 but not1 fortunately1 until he had proved incontestably his ability to produce a genuine porcelain of the finest texture1 and of the most artistic and finished style4 ,in #agge ,champion advertised his works as 8,patent ,china1 at the ,manufactory in ,castle ,green40 ,in #aggf he advertised it thus3-- 8,established by ,act of ,parliament1 ,the ,bristol ,china ,manufactory in ,castle ,green4 ,this ,china is greatly superior to every other ,english ,manufactory 7sic74 ,its texture is fine1 exceeding the ,east ,india and its strength so great that water may be boiled in it4 ,it is a true ,porcelain composed of a native clay and is thus distinguished from every other ,english ,china which being composed of a ,number of ,ingredients mix'd together the principal part being ,glass occasions it soon to get dirty in the wear renders it continually liable to ,accidents and in every respect only an ,imitation and therefore stiled by ,chemists1 a false ,porcelain40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gdf4--;,joseph ,fry4 ,in #aggh1 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 in a letter1 dated ,august #bdth in that year1 says1 8,poor ,champion1 you may have heard is quite demolished2 it was never likely to be otherwise1 as he had neither professional knowledge1 sufficient capital1 nor scarcely any real acquaintance with the materials he was working upon4 ,i suppose we might buy some growan stone and growan clay now upon easy terms1 for they have prepared a large quantity this last year40 ,this curious letter1 whose sympathy was certainly left-handed1 did but little credit to ,wedgwood--the man who of all others had worked hard to crush him1 and had succeeded in so doing4 ,his hope now that ,champion was 8quite demolished0 was that he might be able to gain his point and get the growan stone and clay on easy terms6 ,it is lamentable to feel that a great name could sink so low4 ,it does not appear1 however1 that ,champion ever became bankrupt1 or even appealed to his creditors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gdg4--;,book ,plate1 with ,arms of ,champion4 ,in his ,bristol works1 although only his own name appears in the various documents to which ,i have alluded1 ,champion had friends who assisted pecuniarily in his undertaking4 ,one of these friends was ,joseph ,fry1 the grandfather of the present ,mr4 ,francis ,fry1 ,f4,s4,a41 of ,bristol1 whose name is as well known among biblists and connoisseurs in china for his fine collection of old bibles and choice porcelain as the firm to which he belongs is to the general public for the 8,fry's ,chocolate0 which they manufacture to so large an extent4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,fry1 the friend of ,champion1 died in #aghf1 about nine years after the works had been closed on their removal into ,staffordshire2 and it appears that the only return he got for the capital he had sunk in the concern1 was the beautiful set of vases now in the possession of his grandson4 ,the patent right was sold by ,champion1 in #agha--not #aggg1 as stated by ,shaw--to a company of ,staffordshire potters1 who continued the manufacture at ,new ,hall 7which see for a continuation of this narrative7 for some time1 when the ordinary soft-paste china was allowed to supersede it4 ,thus the works at ,bristol were brought to a close1 and the manufacture of porcelain was lost to the locality4 ,champion himself with his family removed for a time into ,staffordshire1 fixing themselves at ,newcastle-under-,lyne1 in ,november1 #agha1 and there remained until ,april1 #aghb1 when1 having been appointed a ,deputy ,paymaster-,general of the ,forces1 by ,edmund ,burke1 he left ,staffordshire 8at a day's notice10 and removed to ,london1 having apartments at ,chelsea ,hospital4 ,this appointment he only held till #aghd4 ,in ,october of that year he sailed for ,charleston1 in ,south ,carolina1 and there he died1 in #agia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gdh4--,venus and ,adonis1 belonging to ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber4 ,bristol china 7marked71 every description of which1 owing to the short time the works were in operation1 and other causes1 is scarce1 is particularly rare in the finer and more highly finished varieties4 ,fortunately1 however1 examples of these different varieties1 of the very finest kind1 are still preserved1 and attest most strongly to the extreme perfection to which ,champion succeeded in bringing his works4 ,much discrimination is1 nevertheless1 required in appropriating examples1 and it is well to caution collectors against placing too much reliance on the sweeping way in which1 by some writers1 all examples are hauled into the ,bristol net2 and by others into those of ,lowestoft and other places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gdi4 ,one of the choicest examples of the highest class of art in ,bristol porcelain existing at the present day1 is the tea-service of which the cup and saucer engraved on ,fig4 #gdi forms a part4 ,this splendid service1 of which1 through the courtesy of ,miss ,smith1 this cup and saucer passed into my hands1 possesses a double interest1 first from its being made 8the best that the manufactory could produce20 and1 second1 from the historical associations which are connected with it4 ,this example is also highly important as showing the perfection to which the manufacture of porcelain had been brought by ,champion in #aggd-e4 ,it seems that in #aggd ,edmund ,burke1 while the contested election for ,bristol was going on1 remained in that city1 and for a month was the guest of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,smith1 who were his warm friends and zealous supporters1 and he presented this splendid set of china1 made expressly1 by his own order1 by ,mr4 ,champion1 to ,mrs4 ,smith1 and the remains of the set are now the property of that lady's daughter1 ,miss ,smith1 of ,berkeley ,crescent4 ,this set1 it is fair to presume1 was ordered by ,burke while remaining in ,bristol1 or at all events about that time1 which would be the very year in which the transfer of the ,plymouth works to ,champion of ,bristol was completed4 ,as a service of such exquisite beauty and such minute detail in painting would necessarily be a work of time1 the absolute date of its completion may be set down to the beginning of the year #agge4 ,the decorations of ,burke's service are of chaste and elaborate design and delicate workmanship4 ,it is profusely and massively gilt in both dead and burnished gold1 the wreaths of laurel1 c41 being in green1 which was ,burke's electioneering colour4 ,each piece bears the monogram of ,mrs4 ,smith1 ,s ,s conjoined1 formed of wreaths of roses in pink and gold1 and also the arms of ,smith1 sable1 a fesse between three saltiers or2 on an escutcheon of pretence the arms of ,pope1 or1 two chevronels and a canton gules1 the latter charged with a mullet of the first2 and the crest of ,smith1 a saltier or4 ,the pieces of this service are marked with the usual cross4 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology is a cup and saucer of the same form1 presented by the ,duchess of ,northumberland1 in which the festoons and borders are of similar character1 but of very inferior workmanship to those just described4 ,another remarkably fine and1 of course1 unique service was brought under the hammer in #ahga1 and deserves more than a passing notice4 ,this service had been made by ,champion and presented by him and his wife to ,mrs4 ,burke4 ,on the larger pieces were the arms of ,burke impaling ,nugent on a pedestal1 supported1 dexter1 by a figure of ,liberty2 and1 sinister1 by a figure of ,plenty4 ,on the top of the pedestal is ,cupid with a flaming torch1 and at the base the inscription1 8,i4 ,,bvrke1 ,,opt4 ,b4 ,m4 ,r4 ,,et4 ,i4 ,,champion4 ,d4 ,d4,d4 ,,pignvs4 ,,amicit4 ,,iii4 ,,non4 ,,nov4 ,,mdcclxxiv40 ,other decorations also are introduced4 ,portions of this service 7which it is a pity was ever dispersed7 are in possession of ,mr4 ,callender1 of ,mr4 ,edkins1 of ,mr4 ,fry1 and others4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,owen for permission to reproduce from his admirable volume the engraving of a portion of this service 7,fig4 #gej71 and for the use of several other woodcuts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gej4--,part of the ,service presented to ,edmund ,burke by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,champion4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gea to #gec4--;,bristol ,vases1 belonging to ,mr4 ,fry1 ,mr4 ,nightingale1 and ,mr4 ,callender4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ged4--;,bristol ,vase1 belonging to ,mr4 ,francis ,fry4 ,amongst the finest known productions of the ,bristol works are the series of splendid vases in the possession of ,mr4 ,francis ,fry1 ,f4,s4,a41 to which ,i alluded in my account of ,plymouth china4 ,one of these is engraved on ,fig4 #ged2 it is #ab inches in height1 and of hexangular form4 ,the landscapes are exquisitely painted1 and it has well modelled female busts on two of its sides1 from which hang festoons of raised coloured flowers4 ,the other vases in ,mr4 ,fry's possession1 one of which has a perforated neck1 though differing in form1 style1 and ornamentation1 exhibit the same excellence and skill in workmanship and in decoration which are so remarkable on this specimen4 ,that these vases were painted by the same artists as the highest class of ,plymouth china is very apparent to those who are conversant with their works4 ,the birds are clearly 8of the same family10 and the general style of decoration bears evident mark of coming from the same hands4 ,they are not marked1 and therefore a doubt very naturally arises as to whether they were made before the works were removed from ,plymouth1 and so brought as part of the 8stock0 to ,bristol1 or whether they were really made after their establishment in that city4 ,they are1 however1 of a finer and higher quality than the marked ,plymouth example1 and therefore there can be no reasonable doubt that they are ,champion's production4 ,vases are distinctly spoken of in the evidence of ,john ,britain before the ,house of ,commons in #aggd4 ,he said 8that he has great experience in several ,china manufactories1 and has made several ,trials upon all those which had been manufactured in ,england1 and finds that all of them1 except that of ,bristol1 were destroyed in the same ,fire that brings the ,bristol to ,perfection4 ,and he produced to your ,committee several ,samples of the said kinds of ,china1 which shewed the effects upon china severally2 and said1 that they have not been able to bring the ,bristol ,china to a marketable commodity1 so as to furnish an ,order1 until within the last ,six ,months1 but that sometimes they succeeded1 and at other ,times not1 but that now they can execute any order4 ,that they have lately made considerable improvements in the said ,manufacture1 and particularly are endeavouring to perfect the ,blue1 in which they have not as yet entirely succeeded1 though they have now a ,gentleman who has succeeded in a small ,way1 in which they have been at a considerable ,expense2 that the witness thinks the ,manufacture is capable of further improvements2 that they can afford it at a price equal to ,foreign ,china of equal ,goodness1 and that they have made some ,specimens equal to good ,dresden2 that he has not seen any ,dresden ornamental ,china equal to the ,vases produced to your ,committee1 nor any ,thing in ,biscuit equal to the ,biscuit in those ,vases1 and other ,ornaments2 that the ,gilding stands well2 that the ,seve ,china differs from this2 the ,ornamental is more of a ,cream colour1 but the ,glaze is so soft that it will not bear using2 that he believed the enamel of the ,bristol ,china is as hard as the ,dresden1 and harder than the ,chinese10 c4 ,mr4 ,champion also spoke very markedly upon this improvement when he wrote these words2 8,mr4 ,champion can assert1 with truth1 that his hazard and expense were many times greater than those of the original inventor4 ,mr4 ,champion mentions this without the least disparagement to the worthy gentleman1 ,mr4 ,cookworthy1 who is his particular friend2 he gives him all the merit which is due to so great a discovery2 he deserves it for finding out the means of a manufacture1 which will1 in all probability1 be a very great advantage to this country2 but yet ,mr4 ,champion claims the merit of supporting the work1 and1 when the inventor declined the undertaking himself1 with his time1 his labour1 and his fortune1 improved it from a very imperfect to an almost perfect manufacture2 and he hopes1 soon1 with proper encouragement1 to one altogether perfect40 ,the vases under notice fell to the lot of ,mr4 ,fry's grandfather at the time of the close of the works1 and have never been out of the possession of the family4 ,they are therefore attested as coming from ,champion's establishment4 ,in ,mr4 ,fry's possession is also a remarkably interesting 8waster0 vase of the same general form and character1 which has apparently been spoiled by smoke in the kiln4 ,this vase1 ,i believe1 was purchased by its present possessor from a family in ,bristol1 in whose possession it was stated to have been for seventy years4 ,other vases of equal merit1 all said to be ,bristol1 are in the possession of ,mr4 ,edkins1 ,mr4 ,nightingale1 and ,mr4 ,walker4 ,of services1 and portions of services1 many fine examples exist in various private as well as in the national collections4 ,many of these are of extreme beauty in design and of remarkably good workmanship4 ,of these marvels of ceramic beauty ,mr4 ,owen thus speaks3-- 8,some of these are painted with exotic birds of brilliant colour and landscape backgrounds1 delicately panelled4 ,the design of others exhibits considerable ingenuity4 ,one painted with ,chinese figures in medallions has a pencilled ground selected with good taste from a natural object--shagreen1 or dressed shark-skin--often chosen by the ,chinese for a similar purpose2 the hexagonal pattern of which has been felicitously used as a ground with singular success4 ,there is such a similarity in the colour and handling when compared with similar pieces of ware bearing the ,plymouth mark1 that some of them must have been from the same pencil4 ,one of these vases is of special character1 with perforated neck4 ,it is hexagonal1 with landscapes exquisitely painted in monochrome1--two in lake1 two in blue1 and two in green on several sides with good effect4 ,besides these1 ,mr4 ,fry has another series that cannot be doubted are ,,champion',s1 although they want the same undeniable evidence of having passed directly from the factory into the possession of his family4 ,we engrave one of them that has a cover1 ,fig4 #gea2 it is so artistically identical in paste and glaze1 touch and colour1 with those preserved by ,mr4 ,joseph ,fry as to need no other voucher for its paternity4 ,the same opinion may be given of a fine vase1 ,fig4 #geb1 the property of ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,nightingale1 ,the ,mount1 ,wilton1 with a strong additional argument in support of it--one side bears the same design enamelled in blue--the draw-well--that is painted on ,mr4 ,fry's vase1 ,fig4 #ged4 ,mr4 ,edkins also has a ,bristol vase1 similar to some in ,mr4 ,fry's collection1 though somewhat different in decoration4 ,it is identical in form with ,fig4 #geb1 but without the modelled sprays and leaves4 ,four of the sides are painted with landscapes in colour1 two others in blue monochrome1 all exquisitely pencilled4 ,the gilded border round the upper portion beneath the neck is a rich arabesque of elegant design4 ,this is a charming example1 in perfect condition4 ,the vase engraved 7,fig4 #gec71 is one of a pair1 exquisitely decorated with birds and insects in panels on a blue salmon-scale ground4 ,they are similar in character to ,mr4 ,fry's example1 with a shagreen ground1 already described4 ,some former proprietor has had them mounted in ormolu4 ,the design of the metal work is rich and graceful1 and in perfect harmony with the gilded arabesque borders1 framing with panels4 ,the height of all these vases is about twelve inches1 and1 with cover1 sixteen inches40 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gee and #gef4--;,bristol ,bisque ,plaques4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #geg and #geh4--;,bristol ,bisque ,plaques4 ,another notable and beautiful feature of the ,bristol works was the production of plaques1 bouquets of flowers1 wreaths1 and armorial bearings1 in biscuit4 ,of these examples are given in ,figs4 #gee to #geh4 ,one of these 7,fig4 #geg71 lately in the possession of ,mr4 ,baller1 but now of ,mr4 ,nightingale1 bears the arms and crest of the ,eltons 7who were connected with ,bristol for the last two centuries as bankers1 members of parliament1 and mayors1 and of which the present representative is ,sir ,arthur ,hallam ,elton1 ,bart47 impaling ,tierney4 ,the arms are paly of six1 or and gules1 on a bend sable1 three mullets of the first1 for ,elton2 impaling azure1 between two lions combatant a sword argent1 for ,tierney4 ,the shield is surrounded by a wreath of exquisitely and delicately modelled leaves and flowers4 ,the plaque is oval1 #e inches in height by #d inches in breadth4 ,another heraldic plaque is in the possession of ,miss ,smith1 of ,bristol4 ,it is of about the same size as the one just described1 and bears the arms of ,smith1 with escutcheon of ,pope1 as described as appearing on the tea-service engraved 7,fig4 #gdi74 ,it is surrounded with a wreath of raised flowers of surpassing beauty4 ,this interesting and valuable piece was some years ago stolen from the late ,mr4 ,smith1 but1 after about thirty years1 was purchased by its former owner at a sale along with some other examples of ,bristol make4 ,in the possession of the late ,mr4 ,edwin ,james1 of ,bristol1 and in other hands1 are circular and oval plaques with wreaths or bouquets of raised flowers1 modelled in the same delicate and masterly manner1 and undoubtedly by the same artist4 ,another 7,fig4 #gee71 in ,mr4 ,fry's collection1 has the arms of ,france beautifully surrounded by a crowned wreath of elaborately modelled flowers--the crown1 wreath1 and border of which are of dead and burnished gold4 ,fig4 #gef1 also in ,mr4 ,fry's possession1 is an exquisite heraldic plaque1 having the arms of ,harford impaling ,lloyd1 surrounded by a finely modelled wreath of flowers4 ,in the ,edkins collection was also a plaque with a delicate border of flowers enclosing a medallion profile of ,franklin2 and another1 a simple group of flowers1 and other examples1 belong to ,mr4 ,owen1 ,mr4 ,rawlins1 ,mr4 ,gwyn1 and others4 ,in her ,majesty's possession are two remarkably fine examples with medallion profiles of ,george ,,iii4 and ,queen ,charlotte1 presented to that queen by ,champion himself in #agge1 together with a pair of smaller flower plaques of exquisite finish and delicacy4 ,figures were1 to some extent1 as is shown by the advertisements already quoted1 made at ,bristol1 and in ,mr4 ,james's possession were a pair--a man with a bird1 and a woman with a barrel and a pig--bearing an incised cross on the bottom4 ,other figures are in the possession of ,mr4 ,fry1 ,mr4 ,edkins1 ,lady ,charlotte ,schreiber1 ,mr4 ,castle1 and others4 7,see ,figs4 #gei to #ggj74 ,mr4 ,owen gives in his admirable work a fac-simile of a letter1 in ,champion's own handwriting1 addressed to the same modeller 7whose name unfortunately does not appear7 who produced the 8,four ,elements0 for the ,derby works1 ordering from him a set of the same subjects1 and also the 8,four ,seasons10 treated in a way which he fully describes4 ,the letter is so interesting1 and bears so strongly on the point of figure producing at ,bristol1 that ,i here reprint it4 8,to #bg ,feb4 #aggb4 8,mr4 ,brillait shew'd me your ,letter of ye #ah ,ins1 which ,i chose to answer myself as a few thoughts had struck me which pleas'd me1 which will with your ,execution have a very good ,effect4 8,as ,i have an ,inclination to fancys of this kind1 ,i chose to write you as wish to have some elegant ,designs4 ,i have seen the four ,elements which are made at ,derby they are very ,beautifull the dress easy1 the forms fine1 two in particular ,air and ,water are the charming figures4 ,i apprehend that you made ye models therefore hope that from your ,execution the following fancies will not look amiss4 8,the ,elements 8,fire4 ,a ,vulcan forging a ,thunderbolt in the attitude of striking with his anvil ,hammer1 some pieces of ,iron or coals or anything peculiar to a ,blackmith's ,shop to be scatter'd about4 8,water4 ,a ,naiad crown'd with rushes1 leaning with her arm on an urn from whence gushes out ,water4 ,in the other hand she holds a fishing ,net1 with ,fishes enclos'd in it1 the ground ornamented with rushes1 shells1 ,fish or the ,fancies peculiar to ,water4 8,earth4 ,an ,husbandman digging with a spade a ,baskett fill'd with ,implements of ,husbandry on ye ,ground4 ,the ground ornamented1 with corn1 acorns or ,fruits4 8,air4 ,a ,winged ,zephyr crown'd with ,flowr's treding on clouds1 which rise naturally about him1 his robes flowing flying behind him he holds in one ,hand a ,branch of a ,tree1 if any ornaments behind are wanting1 some ,cherubim's heads blowing would not be amiss4 8,the ,seasons 8,spring4 ,a ,nymph with a ,coronet of ,flow'rs on her head in ,flowing ,robes rather flying behind her1 approaching with a smiling countenance as she advances the flow'rs appear to start up before her those at her feet higher those at a distance1 which seems to be just ,budding out1 on the side after a ,plough or ,harrow1 which she points to with one ,hand1 and with the other holds a small open ,baskett fill'd with ,seeds which she offers1 from the ,baskett falls a kind of ,zone or ,belt1 on which are represented1 the sign of the ,zodiac ,aries ,taurus ,germin4 8,summer4 ,a man in the ,prime of ,life1 loosely dress'd with a ,bakt round his ,body1 on which are represented the ,signs of the ,zodiac ,cancer ,leo ,virgo ,a,ps a shear 7made use of in shearing ,sheep7 in one hand1 and with the other ,supports a ,baskett of wool on his shoulders--on the ,ground a scythe with ,trusses of ,hay schatter'd about4 8,autumn4 ,a ,matron with a kind of ,coronet on her head1 from whence spring ,ears of ,corn4 ,her robes not so flow as spring being of a graver ,cast1 in one ,hand a ,sickle1 she leans on a ,thyrsis round which are twin'd ,baskett of grapes1#if a ,zone or ,belt falling from it1 on which are represented the three signs of ye ,zodiac1 ,libra1 ,scorpia1 ,sagittarius1 the grounds she treads on full of ,corn1 on a side of her a ,baskett of fruit overturn'd4 8,winter4 ,a ,descriped old man his head bald and a ,long ,beard leaning a ,staff under one arm a ,bundle of ,sticks1 his robe schatter'd and clasp'd with a ,belt1 on which are represented ,the three signs of the ,zodiac1 ,capricorn1 ,aquarius1 ,pisces1 the ground cover'd with bare branches of ,trees1 ,frost ,snow icicles hanging down in different ,places4 8,all these figures to be about #aj ,inches high4 ,after having seen the ,derby ,figures ,i did not recommend ,ease ,elegance in the ,shape dress1 but the latter ,i shall just mention as the antique ,robes1 are very easy and have a ,propriety which is not to be met with in foreign ,dresses1 as these figures are of a serious cast ,i think such dresses will carry woth them a greater ,elegance1 ,i shall be oblig'd to you to carry the designs into ,execution as soon as possible1 c40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gei4--;,champion's ,memorial to his daughter ,eliza1 belonging to ,mr4 ,desaussure1 of ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gfj to #gfc4--,the ,four ,seasons1 from the ,edkins ,collection4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gfd to #gfg4--,the ,four ,elements1 belonging to ,mr4 ,boddam ,castle4 ,these series were accordingly executed1 and all bear1 in the examples now remaining1 the mark ,t osideways #8o' symbol24 ,it would thus appear to be the modeller's own mark1 or contraction of his name4 ,the most authentic and interesting figure is a memorial to ,richard ,champion's daughter ,eliza1 who died ,oct4 #ac1 #aggi1 aged fourteen4 ,the figure is a monumental statuette of a mourning female figure1 leaning on an urn1 holding in her right hand a votive wreath and her left closed on the drapery4 ,the urn and pedestal bear a long and very touching inscription4 ,this interesting relic stands thirteen inches in height2 it is in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,desaussure1 of ,camden1 ,south ,carolina1 who married a granddaughter of ,champion4 ,it is engraved on ,fig4 #gei1 through the courtesy of ,mr4 ,owen4 ,two admirable figures 7,figs4 #gfh and #gfi7 of a shepherd and milkmaid1 marked with the ,to marks1 are in the possession of ,mr4 ,francis ,fry1 and a set of the four seasons in rustic juvenile figures1 bearing the same mark1 were in the ,edkins collection 7,figs4 #gfj to #gfc74 ,another fine group is 8,love subdued by ,time10 in the ,edkins collection 7,fig4 #ggj74 ,busts were also made2 but as these and the examples made at ,plymouth are not marked1 and are made of the same body1 and by the same workmen1 it is manifestly impossible to correctly appropriate them4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gfh and #gfi4--;,belonging to ,mr4 ,francis ,fry1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,a cup1 part of the ,harford service1 bears in the bottom in the inside the 1 the initials ,j ,h 7of ,joseph ,harford71 and the date #aggd1 and is the earliest known dated example of ,bristol china4 ,another excellent dated example1 bearing the repeated monogram ,w ,c on the inside1 has on the bottom the 1 #aggf1 and figure #a4 ,the pounce-box 7,fig4 #ggb7 bears the and figure #c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ggj4 ,the mark which usually denotes ,bristol porcelain is a plain saltire1 or cross1 in blue1 neutral tint1 or red1 sometimes with the addition of figures or other marks1 but more commonly by itself4 ,the figures probably denoted the workman1 not the pattern1 as on the same sets different numbers appear1 which would not be the case if the design was denoted4 ,the following are varieties of the mark1 the cross being sometimes in one colour1 and the figure or character in another4 ,one1 it will be seen1 bears1 besides the saltire1 the sign for a drachm 7or perhaps figure #c71 and another the ,greek character epsilon 774 ,these marks occur the one on a teapot1 the other on a saucer lately in the possession of ,mr4 ,norman4 ,the letter ,b also sometimes occurs painted in the same manner as the cross1 and also in combination with figures1 c4 7,figs4 #ghc to #ghf47 ,other marks have been ascribed to ,bristol1 but many of them1 ,i believe1 wrongly4 ,in ,mr4 ,james's collection was a small fluted cream-boat1 blue and white1 with an unusual mark1 the blue cross1 above which is an embossed letter ,t1 as shown on ,fig4 #ghi4 ,the same mark occurs on a specimen in the ,nightingale collection4 ,another mark variously ascribed to ,bristol and ,bow is ,to 7,fig4 #gij71 and one very early trial piece in the ,edkins collection bears the unique mark of the word ,b r i s t o l l in relief4 ,the ,dresden mark of crossed daggers occasionally occurs in connection with the cross or the letter ,b2 the latter marks being in some instance painted over the former1 and in others close by 7,figs4 #gia to #gif74 ,other marks said to be ,bristol are shown on ,figs4 #gii and #hjj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gga4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ggb4 ,the mark of ,plymouth and the of ,bristol are on one or two known pieces1 found in combination thus 7,fig4 #gih71 from the ,schreiber collection4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ggc to #hjj4 ,mr4 ,owen1 to whom ,i have had occasion many times to refer in the course of this chapter on ,bristol china1 and to whom ,i must offer my congratulations on the successful issue of his labours and on the boon he has conferred on the literature of ceramics by his researches and by the elegant volume in which those researches are recorded1 gives many interesting particulars regarding ,champion's workmen and apprentices4 ,the following notes upon workmen may be useful for reference3-- ,anthony ,amatt2 a thrower and meritorious painter1 who died in #ahea1 aged #ib4 ,he is said to have been born at ,derby in #agei1 and to have been apprenticed to a thrower who worked at ,champions1 and to have worked there till their close4 ,moses ,hill2 a china maker1 #agge-f 7probably from ,derby74 ,john ,britain2 foreman1 whose initials ,i,b appear on some pieces4 ,thomas ,briand 7probably ,bryan72 a flower modeller in #aggg1 who came from ,derby4 ,b4 ,proeffell2 a ,german1 supposed to be engaged on the 8blue and white ware40 ,m4 ,saqui 7not ,le ,quoi1 as ,mr4 ,owen supposes72 a clever painter and modeller4 ,william ,fifield2 a painter4 ,he worked as an enameller at the ,water ,lane ,pottery1 and died in #aheg1 aged #hj4 ,mr4 ,owen1 carefully correcting ,marryatt1 says3 8,he is said to have worked for ,champion1 but this is simply impossible1 as he was not born till #aggg1 and ,champion's labours concluded in #agha10 when he was only four years old4 ,philip ,james2 a china painter in #agge4 ,mrs4 ,james2 modeller1 mother of the late well-known and respected collector1 ,mr4 ,edwin ,james1 of ,bristol4 ,henry ,bone 7the celebrated enameller74 ,he is shown1 by ,mr4 ,owen1 to have been apprenticed on the #bjth of ,january1 #aggb1 to 8,richard ,champion1 ,china ,manufacturer1 ,judith his wife1 for seven years40 ,he was born at ,truro1 in ,february1 #agee1 so that at the date of his apprenticeship to ,champion he would be seventeen years old4 ,the presumption is that young ,bone1 whose father was a cabinet-maker at ,plymouth1 was originally apprenticed to ,cookworthy at ,plymouth1 and became a 8turn-over10 with re-apprenticeship1 to ,champion4 ,he became an ,r4,a4 in #ahaa1 and died full of honours in #ahcd4 ,william ,stephens2 son of ,william ,stephens1 of ,plymouth1 and1 in #agga1 of ,bristol4 ,apprenticed to ,champion on the same day as ,bone1 and probably also a 8turn-over0 from ,cookworthy4 ,he was a china painter4 ,john ,hayden2 china painter1 of the same family as ,benjamin ,hayden1 ,r4,a4 ,he was the son of ,john ,hayden1 of ,plymouth1 shoemaker1 and was apprenticed to ,champion on the same day as ,bone and ,stephens1 and the probability certainly is that these three ,plymouth youths1 all apprenticed on the same day to ,richard ,champion1 who succeeded to the ,plymouth works1 were transferred to him by ,cookworthy and re-apprenticed4 ,samuel ,daw1 apprenticed ,january #bcrd1 #aggb4 ,samuel ,andrews ,lloyd1 apprenticed ,december #cast1 #aggb4 ,he was son of ,edward ,lloyd1 merchant1 of ,bristol1 and nephew of ,mrs4 ,champion4 ,jacob ,alsop1 apprenticed as a china painter ,june #ahth1 #aggc4 ,son of ,uriah ,alsop1 coalminer1 of ,stapleton4 ,samuel ,banford1 apprenticed as a china painter same day4 ,son of ,thomas ,banford1 of ,berkeley4 ,john ,garland1 apprenticed as a china painter same day4 ,son of ,richard ,garland1 of ,bristol1 labourer4 ,william ,wright1 apprenticed as a china painter ,april #hth1 #agge4 ,son of ,wm4 ,wright1 of ,wotton-under-,edge4 ,john ,parrot1 apprenticed as a 8burner of china0 ,november #bbnd1 #agge4 ,son of ,john ,parrot1 of ,bristol1 house painter4 ,benjamin ,lewis1 apprenticed as a china painter ,december #eth1 #agge4 ,son of ,john ,lewis1 of ,llandoger4 ,samuel ,begnon1 apprenticed ,january #bith1 #aggf4 ,son of ,john ,begnon1 late of ,bristol1 joiner4 ,thomas ,williams1 apprenticed ,september #aith1 #aggf4 ,son of ,thos4 ,williams1 of ,bristol1 labourer4 ,john ,jones1 apprenticed same day4 ,son of ,samuel ,jones1 of ,bristol1 carpenter4 ,samuel ,fiander ,pagler1 apprenticed as a china painter ,october #bdth1 #aggf4 ,son of ,thos4 ,paglar1 of ,bristol1 mason4 ,john ,webb1 apprenticed as a china painter ,july #bfth1 #aggg4 ,son of ,john ,webb1 of ,bristol1 shoemaker4 ,william ,webb1 apprenticed as a china painter same day4 ,son of ,isaac ,webb1 of ,bristol1 stocking-maker4 ,james ,saunders1 apprenticed as a china painter same day4 ,son of ,james ,saunders1 of ,bristol1 potter4 ,edward ,stephens1 apprenticed ,july #ag1 #aggf1 to ,john ,britain1 foreman to ,champion4 ,son of ,william ,stephens1 and brother to ,william ,stephens already apprenticed to ,champion4 ,william ,lyne1 apprenticed ,july1 #aggh4 ,the last apprentice to the works4 ,,bristol ,,earthenware4 ,temple ,backs4--,in #aghf the pottery for fine earthenware was established at ,no4 #i1 ,water ,lane1 ,temple ,street1 called 8,temple ,back10 by ,joseph ,ring1 as ,i have shown in my notice of that potter and his delft-ware productions on page #ced4 ,in ,january1 #aghg1 the following highly interesting advertisement appeared in the ,bristol ,gazette and ,public ,advertiser3-- 8,bristol ,pottery1 ,temple ,back4--,joseph ,ring#ig takes this opportunity to inform merchants and others that he has established a manufactory of the ,queen's and other earthenware1 which he will sell on as low terms1 wholesale and retail1 as any of the best manufacturers in ,staffordshire can render the same to ,bristol40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hja4--;,bristol ,pottery in #ahfi4 ,in ,december of the same year1 as is shown by an invoice of goods1 the following goodly variety of articles was made3 8oval dishes10 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 and #ad inches respectively2 8table plates20 8soups20 8suppers20 8twifflers20 8tureens20 8quart jugs20 8pint jugs20 8sallad dishes20 8coffee-pots20 8sugar dishes with covers20 8coffee cups20 8bowles20 8coffee cups and saucers1 paynted20 8table plates1 paynted20 8twifflers paynted20 8quart mugs variagated20 and 8pint mugs variagated40 ,mr4 ,ring's friend and assistant1 ,john ,bettington1 commemorated the establishment of this new manufacture by writing some songs for the ,martinmas hiring festivities of the workmen4 ,two of these are printed by ,mr4 ,owen4 ,the first is entitled 8,the ,bristol ,pottery1 by ,j4 ,bettington10 and is as follows3-- 8,ye ,gentleman all1 ,i beg your attention1 ,unto a few lines which now ,i shall mention1 ,a comical ditty of ,bristol you'l hear1 ,and ,i hope that each man in chorus will bear4 ,derry ,down1 c4 ,its of the new ,pottery ,i mean now to sing1 ,and ,i hope to this city great wealth it will bring4 ,for we are deserving1 of many things clever1 ,our names are immortal1 and shall be for ever4 ,derry ,down1 c4 ,then let me explain a little of our merit1 ,which now ,i will do with a generous spirit1 ,great troble we have had to bring it to bear1 ,but now1 my dear ,boys1 we make cream colour ware4 ,derry ,down1 c4 ,it's true our noble ,queen has patron'd this trade1 ,and many by it great fortunes has made2 ,then let us all hope that it may flourish here ,as well as it has in famed ,staffordshire4 ,derry ,down1 c4 ,i now can inform you a trial is made ,which gives us great hope of a flurishing trade2 ,this being the ,case then1 let us jovially sing ,success to the pottery and health to ,joseph ,ring4 ,derry ,down1 c40 ,the second song1 called 8,bristol ,pottery ,martinmas ,ditty0 concludes thus3-- 8,then fill up your glasses1 let mirth now abound1 ,and ,joy in each ,countenance appear all around1 ,here's a ,health to ,his ,majesty ,george our ,king1 ,and riches in store to our friend ,joseph ,ring4 ,huzza for this ,pottery6 ,huzza6 my boys1 ,i call1 ,each striving to merrit ,will animate your spirit4 ,so long life to its ,founder ,and family all40 ,on the #eth of ,april1 #aghh1 8,mr4 ,joseph ,ring1 potter1 in ,temple ,street was unfortunately killed by the falling in of a warehouse4 ,he has left a widow and nine children to lament his loss40#ih ,he was superintending some alterations at the time1 when the roof fell in1 and he was killed in the presence of his wife4 ,the business was carried on as usual 8by the widow of the late ,joseph ,ring1 and late partners1 under the firm of ,ring1 ,taylor1 and ,carter40 ,the commemorative song of this year is curious4 ,it is as follows3-- 8,come cheer up my lads let us all be gay1 ,for now we are meet it's ,martlemas ,day1 ,of this ,bristol ,pottery ,i mean for to sing1 ,for wealth to our masters ,i hope it will bring4 ,huza for this ,pottery6--,huza6 my ,boys1 ,i call1 ,each striving to merit--,will animate your spirit1 ,so long live our masters--,their family's all4 ,i need not inform you good ware we have made1 ,and that we have now got a flurishing ,trade1 ,great ,wealth to the ,city ,i am sure it will ,bring1 ,so join ,my ,brave ,boys let all of us ,sing ,huza1 c4 ,then ,let us all ,strive ,my ,brave ,lads to ,excell1 that when we are ,gone our ,children may ,tell ,what ,labour ,we had for to ,bring it to ,bare before that we ,could make good ,cream ,colour ware4 ,huza1 c4 ,now fill up your ,glasses1 and let ,mirth abound1 and ,joy in our faces appear to all ,round1 hears a health to hise ,majesty ,grate ,george our ,king1 ,to our ,worthy ,masters1 ,mistress ,ring4 ,huza1 c40 ,in #agig these works are described as 8a large pottery10 so they must at that time have been very extensive4 ,in that year a curious reference to 8two gentlemen of the name of ,ring10 sons1 no doubt1 to ,joseph ,ring1 occurs in the account of the death of ,james ,doe1 a potter who worked there under them1 which ,i have given under the head of ,lambeth 7see page #acg1 ante74 ,a mug bearing his name1 8,j4 ,doe1 ,sept4 #agig10 is engraved in ,mr4 ,owen's book4 ,in #ahac a deed of partnership between ,joseph ,ring 7son of the late owner71 ,henry ,carter1 and ,john ,d4 ,pountney was drawn up1 but through the death of the first-named was not executed4 ,the business was therefore carried on by ,pountney and ,carter1 under the style of ,elizabeth ,ring ,co41 until #ahaf1 when ,carter retired and was succeeded by ,edward ,allies1 the style being ,pountney and ,allies4 ,in #ahbe-f it was1 according to ,chilcott's and ,matthews' ,guides1 worked by the firm of ,pountney and ,allies1 and at that time gave employment to about two hundred persons4 ,mr4 ,allies retired in #ahce1 and in the following year ,mr4 ,pountney took into partnership ,mr4 ,gabriel ,goldney1 who retired in #ahej4 ,mr4 ,pountney died in #aheb1 and the works were then carried on by his widow under the style of 8,pountney ,co410 under the management of ,mr4 ,clowes4 ,in #ahgb1 in which year ,mrs4 ,pountney died1 the works were purchased by ,mr4 ,halsted ,sayer ,cobden1 who also owns the ,victoria ,pottery1 in ,bristol1 and by whom they have been much extended1 and give employment to about four hundred hands4 ,the goods produced are the ordinary classes of white and printed earthenware1 principally for exportation4 ,during ,mr4 ,pountney's lifetime1 some parian figures1 c41 were made at these works2 and some exquisite examples1 made by one of the workmen named ,raby1 who removed into ,staffordshire1 were in the possession of the late ,mrs4 ,pountney1 as were also some excellent imitations of the ,etruscan and other styles4 ,examples of the early productions of these works are scarce1 and it is interesting to state that the good old ,bristol mark of the cross was used on some of the pieces of earthenware here made4 ,the mark is sometimes in blue1 and sometimes impressed4 ,a name well known in connection with these works is that of ,william ,fifield 7and his son ,john71 who was a painter of some merit4 ,one of his plaques--a sportsman with dog1 gun1 and glass--is1 with other examples1 in my own possession4 ,it bears on the back his initials1 8,w4 ,f410 and the words1 8,here's to my ,dog and my ,gun1 #ahee40 ,the view of the works1 painted on four large tiles1 and dated ,may #aeth1 #ahbj1 now on the wall of the office of the ,water ,lane ,pottery 7,fig4 #hjb71 was also painted by him4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hjb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hjc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,temple and ,st4 ,thomas's ,street ,works4--,the oldest stoneware pottery in ,bristol is that of ,mr4 ,j4 and ,c4 ,price and ,brothers1 in ,st4 ,thomas's ,street and ,temple ,street1 where their famous glazed stoneware is made4 ,it was established about #agce or #agdj1 and has been continued in work by three generations of the same family until the present day4 ,the old 8,salt ,glaze0 was used till #ahdb1 when great improvements having been made through the long-continued and successful experiments of ,mr4 ,powell 7as named in the notice of his works71 it was at that time found practicable to dip the stoneware into liquid glaze in its green state1 instead of first burning and then 8smearing10 as formerly practised4 ,messrs4 ,price1 having adopted the new method1 continued to improve their works1 and built much larger kilns than usual in potteries of the kind4 ,the superiority of 8,bristol stoneware0 over others became so well established1 that the metropolitan makers bought their glaze from that city until very recently1 and1 indeed1 ,i believe some of them do so at the present day4 ,the stoneware goods produced by ,messrs4 ,price are of the highest quality1 and1 besides the more homely and useful articles1 they have succeeded in making some excellent imitations of the antique1 of very fine body1 faultless glaze1 and elegant form4 ,many of these are admirable copies from the antique1 and are perfect in shape and in firing4 ,among the goods produced by this firm are filters of a remarkably simple but excellent construction and of elegant form2 feet and carriage warmers2 barrels and churns2 bread1 cheese1 and other pans1 and every other kind of domestic vessel1 as well as every possible size and variety of bottles1 jugs1 c4 ,they do an immense export trade for bottles for ale1 stout1 c41 these being found for the purpose far superior to glass4 ,messrs4 ,price also make all the other usual varieties of stoneware goods1 and all are of faultless quality both in body and glaze4 ,other stoneware potters besides those already named were1 in former times1 ,john ,hope1#ii in ,temple ,street2 ,thomas ,patience1#ajj in the same district2 ,james ,alsop1 first at #i1 ,water ,lane1 and afterwards at ,temple ,street1 and others1 as well as at ,baptist ,mills1 ,easton1 and ,westbury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,temple ,gate ,pottery4--,at ,temple ,gate a stoneware pottery has long been established1 and is still successfully carried on by ,messrs4 ,william and ,septimus ,powell1 the sons of its founder4 ,the goods manufactured at this establishment are what are generally termed 8,bristol ware0 or 8,improved stone10 which was invented and perfected some forty years ago by the late ,mr4 ,powell4 8,its peculiarity consists in its being coated with a glaze which is produced simultaneously with the ware itself1 so that one firing only is needed40 ,so great was ,mr4 ,powell's success in his discovery1 that 8shortly after its introduction at the ,temple ,gate ,pottery almost every other manufacturer of stoneware adopted it1 and it has now1 in a large measure1 superseded the old salt-glazed ware40 ,the goods principally made by the present proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,s4 ,powell1 are bread-pans1 filters1 foot-warmers1 and other domestic vessels1 as well as bottles and jars of every size1 shape1 and use4 ,messrs4 ,powell have a registered arrangement for fitting1 fastening1 and keeping air-tight1 by means of a three-pronged1 or tripod1 iron clamp furnished with an elastic washer1 the lids of preserve and other jars--thus doing away with the necessity of any other covering4 ,at these works1 too1 vases and bottles of classic shape are occasionally made1 as are also enormous jugs--one of which1 capable of holding twenty-five gallons1 has been exhibited by the firm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wilder ,street ,pottery4--,about #ahbj a pottery on a small scale was worked in ,wilder ,street by a family named ,macken1 a descendant of the owner of the old pottery at ,st4 ,ann's1 at ,brislington1 where flower-pots and other coarse brown ware was made4 ,macken afterwards went to ,america4 ,,bristol ,,glass4 ,as the manufacture of enamelled glass in ,bristol is so intimately mixed up with that of pottery and china1 it may be interesting to add a few words concerning it4 ,in #agfa there appears to have been1 according to ,evans1 8fifteen large houses employed in that manufacture40 ,the main source of information concerning the manufacture is gained from the books and papers of ,michael ,edkins1 to whom ,i have referred in my notice of the delft-ware pottery4 ,for the particulars gleaned from these papers ,i am indebted to his descendant1 ,mr4 ,william ,edkins4 ,the ledger commences in ,may1 #agfa4 ,the glass made at ,bristol appears to have been principally white1 of different shades1 and was made in a great variety of articles1 including teapots1 jugs1 cream ewers1 beakers1 c4 ,the commoner varieties of decorative glass were painted in a rapid style with varnish colour1 and submitted to a gentle heat1 just sufficient to fix it on the surface4 ,this1 of course1 soon rubbed off in use1 and on the examples which are still remaining the patterns have almost disappeared4 ,the highest class of goods produced by ,mr4 ,edkins was beautifully and perfectly enamelled1 the colours were remarkably good1 and thoroughly incorporated into the glass4 ,examples of this kind are very rare1 but one or two specimens still remain in the family and are highly prized4 ,as the prices charged by ,michael ,edkins for painting on glass1 and for enamelling1 naturally become a guide to the prices he had been paid as a painter on delft-ware1 and further as a guide to the prices of painting on china at that time1 ,i append a few extracts from his ledger1 which will be read with interest by collectors4 ,for these extracts ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,william ,edkins1 of ,bristol1 grandson of the painter1 who has the original book in his possession4 ,the accounts for painting and enamelling on glass extend from ,april1 #agfb1 to ,december1 #aghg4 ,the following are a few of the items3-- #agfb4 s4 d4 ,april #bf4 ,to #e long dozn4 ,aml4#aja ,beakers #j #aj #j ,may #c4 ,to #c do4 basons1 cans1 cream jugs #j #f #j #e4 ,to #c ,do4 sorted blue ware #j #ab #j #aj4 ,to #b ,lg4 dzn4 ,amell ware #j #d #j #ab4 ,to #a ,lg4 dzn4 ,aml4 ,beakers #j #b #j #ad4 ,to #bj ,sugar dishes covers #j #b #f ,june #ab4 ,to #e ,lg4 dzn4 ,aml4 ware #j #aj #j #ag4 ,to #a ,dn4 blue pint bowls #j #h #j #ai4 ,to #a sett ,jar ,beakers #e in a ,sett #j #b #f ,july #ae4 ,to #h ,long dzn4 ,amell sorted #j #ag #j #ai4 ,to #d blue jars ,beakers with ,mosaick border1 to match a large sett for ,mr4 ,wilson #j #b #j #bj4 ,to #a do do ,amell cans #j #b #j #bf4 ,to #a pint blue can ornamented with gold and letters #j #j #h #cj4 ,to ,amell #ab pint cans #j #b #j ,sept4 #d4 ,to #f setts blue jars and ,beakers with mosaick borders #as4 #f;d4 sett #j #i #j #ac4 ,to #ab blue quart canns #f;d4 each #j #f #j ,dec4 #c4 ,to #c long ,dozen cream ,bucketts #bs4 #j #f #j #c4 ,to #ab sett large blue ,jars ,beakers #j #ah #j #agfc4 ,feb4 #aa4 ,to #ae long dozn4 sorted ,blue ware #a #j #j ,april #ac4 ,to #aj ,do4 ,do4 #b #j #j ,may #ca4 ,to #ab small blue jars covers #d;d4 #j #d #j ,june #bd4 ,to #a pint ,blue ,can with name ,john ,vowell #j #j #f ,aug4 #ah4 ,to #f ,enamell pint ,cans--wrote 8,liberty no ,excise0 #d;d4 #j #b #j ,to #f ,cannisterrs blue #f;d4 #j #c #j ,oct4 #ah4 ,to #a dozn4 ,canns ,milk jugs #j #a #a ,nov4 #ab4 ,to #ab ,wash hand ,tumblers #d;d4 #j #d #j ,to #ab ,saucers #d;d4 #j #d #j ,to #f ,flower bottles #j #a #j #agfe4 ,may #bh4 ,to #b blue pints 8,mary ,john ,vowell0 #j #a #j #agff4 ,aug4 #bj4 ,to #ab long ,dozen fine ,wine--wrote 8,pitt ,liberty0 #cs4 ,dozen #a #af #j #agfg4 ,dec4 #d4 ,to #c large setts ,enamell richly ornamented with ,gold and ,flowers #es4 sett #j #ae #j #agfi4 ,sept4 #bb4 ,to #c pair blue ,cornucopias ornamented with gold #as4 pair #j #c #j #aggc4 ,aug4 #be4 ,to #hd blue wash hand basons ,plates #j #ad #j #agge4 ,aug4 #bc4 ,to #bd large ,shades1 with a large gold border at top and the bottom rim gilded #c #j #j #aghg4 ,dec4 #aj4 ,to ,ornamenting #a ,enamell ,jar with ,gold last ,entry in ,ledger #j #a #j ,,salt ,,glaze4 ,it is said that the delft-ware potteries were preceded by a maker of salt-glazed stoneware--a ,german named ,wrede or ,read--and a curious story is told in connection with him and the difficulty he had in establishing his works4 ,it appears that the people being surprised at the glaze he produced on his ware1 and at the secrecy he endeavoured to preserve regarding his pottery1 and noticing the dense clouds of vapour which every now and then arose from his kiln 7caused1 of course1 by the throwing in of the salt through the fire holes when the ware had arrived at a certain degree of heat71 believed that he had called in supernatural aid1 and that the fumes which ascended were caused by the visits of the devil4 ,he was 8mobbed0 by the people1 his place injured1 and he was forced to fly the town4 ,,brislington4 ,about a century ago1 ,i am informed1 there was a pottery at ,st4 ,ann's1 in this parish1 conducted by a family named ,macken4 ,the older productions are described as 8a drab-coloured ware with a plum-coloured glaze2 the more modern were the same ware covered with a layer resembling porcelain2 white1 and apparently of felspar1 this kind has almost invariably a rough blue pattern40 ,one of the ,macken family had a pottery in ,bristol4 ,a manufactory formerly existed at this place1 and the ware produced may be described as very closely approaching1 in general appearance and effect1 the common descriptions of ,turkish pottery4 ,the patterns were produced1 in coarse and rude designs1 in a kind of copper or red lustre1 on the plain buff clay ground4 ,examples are somewhat rare4 ,the works were carried on by ,richard ,frank1 of ,bristol1 and his family1 but were closed in the latter part of last century4 ,the works1 which were of course but small1 still stand1 but are converted into cottages4 8,they are situated at the bottom of ,st4 ,ann's ,wood1 between ,st4 ,ann's ,vale and the river1 on a line about half a mile beyond ,netham ,dam10 and opposite to ,crewshole4 ,some good examples of this ware1 which is remarkably clumsy and coarse1 but very curious1 are preserved in the ,bristol ,museum 7,fig4 #hjd74 ,the circular dish is fourteen inches in diameter with a small centre of nine inches4 ,on its back is the rude monogram 7,fig4 #hje7 of ,richard ,frank1 its maker4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hjd and #hje4 ,,crews-,,hole4 ,a small stoneware pottery was established here by a clever but somewhat peripatetic potter1 ,anthony ,amatt1 originally of ,derby1 who was one of the workmen employed by ,richard ,champion at the famous ,bristol china works4 ,his works were merely a wooden shed or two1 and the bulk of his productions were flower-pots4 ,he afterwards1 ,i believe1 had a small pottery at ,temple ,gate1 which came into the hands of ,mr4 ,powell when ,mr4 ,amatt entered into his employ4 ,previous to this it is believed a small pottery for producing the same kind of ware as that of ,brislington had existed at ,crewshole4 ,in #agid-e ,amatt was living at ,twerton1 in ,somersetshire2 in those years he was extensively engaged in painting on earthenware and china for ,mr4 ,egan1 of ,bath1 brother-in-law of the second ,william ,duesbury1 of the ,derby ,china ,works4 ,the original bills are in my own possession4 ,he was afterwards a stocking weaver4 ,,westbury4 ,the ,sugar ,house ,pottery at ,westbury1 which had been for many years carried on by ,george ,hart1 passed1 on the #hth of ,december1 #agge1 into the hands of ,stephen ,fricker1 potter and publican1 who was host of the ,fountain tavern in ,high ,street1 ,bristol4 ,besides sugar bakers' moulds1 which gave the name of 8,sugar-house ,pottery0 to the works1 the usual classes of flower-pots1 chimney-tops1 puncheons1 pitchers1 and other domestic coarse brown ware articles were made4 ,,easton4 ,a small manufactory was established here for the manufacture of various articles by a process for using the magnesian limestone of the district in its body4 ,many very creditable and artistic articles were produced1 but the whole affair proved a failure1 and the works were closed4 ,the spill case 7,fig4 #hjf7 is said to have been made here4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hjf4 ,,weston-,,super-,,mare4 ,the ,royal ,pottery was established in #ahcf by ,mr4 ,charles ,phillips as a brick and tile manufactory4 ,in the following year glazed ware1 for domestic vessels1 was introduced1 as was also1 to a small extent1 the manufacture of flower-pots1 c4 ,in #ahdj the production of glazed ware was discontinued2 and1 the clay of the locality being found to be admirably adapted for horticultural vessels1 vases1 statuary1 c41 special attention was directed to them1 and with such marked effect that1 at the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea1 medals and certificates of merit were awarded for them4 ,in #ahgj ,mr4 ,phillips retired from the business1 which was at that time purchased from him by the present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,john ,matthews1 by whom it has been very considerably extended4 ,by ,mr4 ,matthews1 too1 several new branches have been added to the business1 and a new and better taste has been infused into the art decorations4 ,notably among the new introductions are rustic-work1 baskets of artificial flowers1 busts1 vases1 suspenders1 c4 ,flower-pots1 of which from #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj are made weekly1 and of all sizes1 from #a inches to #cj inches in diameter1 are a staple production of the 8,royal ,pottery10 and are supplied to her ,majesty's garden at ,windsor ,castle1 ,h4,m4 ,commissioners of ,works at ,kew1 ,hampton ,court1 the ,parks1 c41 the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,chiswick1 c41 and to most of the principal gardens in this country1 as well as being exported in large quantities to ,new ,zealand1 ,port ,natal1 and ,chili4 ,they have the reputation of being the best1 most compact1 and most durable of any manufacture2 and1 although of such enormous size1 are turned with marvellous precision1 and fired without running or casting4 ,two great1 and registered1 specialities are the 8,oxford ,pot0 with perforated rim for training pelargoniums1 azaleas1 roses1 c41 without the aid of sticks1 and the 8,alpine-plant pot0--a kind of double pot so arranged that the space between the outer one and the inner one 7in which1 of course1 the plant is set7 can be filled with water or moist moss4 ,the more notable ornamental productions of the 8,royal ,pottery0 are figure1 shell1 and other fountains1 of various tiers in height2 life-size figures and groups of figures2 statuettes and busts2 reproductions of ancient statuary2 eagles1 lions1 and other gigantic figures on artificial rocks and pedestals2 flower and other brackets in considerable variety2 vases and tazzas of every conceivable form1 many of which1 peculiar to these works1 are of remarkable elegance2 pedestals and garden-seats2 flower-vases and flower-stands1 elaborately and elegantly decorated in relief2 fern-stands and flower and fern-baskets1 with and without handles1 charmingly decorated in relief with wicker-work1 fern-leaves1 and other ornamentation2 cut flower-baskets and vases2 crocus pots2 elegant suspenders for flowers1 for use in conservatories1 entrance-halls1 archways1 c42 orchid pots1 of greatly improved form and construction2 window-boxes for flowers2 stump or rustic arborettes1 of various sizes1 for lawns1 rockeries1 parterres1 c41 of the most striking and novel character2 rockery arborettes for ferns1 lychopods1 c41 of various sizes1 either for out or in-door use2 and architectural decorations1 c4 ,the general colour of these productions is a delicate red1 which is calculated to harmonize well with surrounding foliage4 ,the designs of the vases1 c41 are remarkably good1 bold1 and effective2 the body durable and hard2 the colour pleasing1 and the workmanship faultless4 ,the greatest achievement of ,art in terra-cotta which has ever been gained is the production of baskets of flowers1 each individual leaf or flower modelled from nature2 and vases decorated in the same manner4 ,those who are acquainted with the exquisite beauty of the groups of porcelain bisque flowers produced at the old ,bristol and ,derby works1 will scarcely be prepared to believe that they are successfully vied in the coarser material by ,mr4 ,matthews4 ,but such is the case1 and hence it is that ,i call attention to these new and beautiful ceramic productions4 ,so true to nature are many of the flowers1 and so delicately modelled in all their minutest details1 that the most skilful botanist can scarce find a deviation from nature in leaf or flower4 ,the basket engraved on ,fig4 #hjg is a fair specimen of the ,matthews' reproduction of flowers2 but the most exquisitely beautiful group yet produced is an example in my own possession--the chef-d'uvre of the works4 ,it is unsurpassed by any production in terra-cotta4 ,these floral baskets are a speciality of the ,royal ,pottery1 and are among the most beautiful of art productions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hjg4--;,group of ,flowers in ,weston-super-,mare ,terra-,cotta4 ,the clay from which the various terra-cotta and other objects are made is the native clay of the place1 and is produced in the field in which the works are situated4 ,it is a fine plastic clay1 of light colour1 and admirably adapted for the various purposes to which it is being applied4 ,the first six or eight feet in depth is this fine plastic clay1 from which the vases1 statuary1 busts1 fern-stands1 flower-baskets1 and other finer goods are made4 ,below this are several feet in depth of blue clay1 from which bricks1 drain-pipes1 c41 are made1 and which lies in a bed of peat about fifteen inches in depth4 ,below this peat is a considerable depth of soft clay1 from which the ordinary bricks are made4 ,roofing and flooring tiles1 and garden-edgings1 are also made in large quantities4 ,the following is an analysis of the plastic clay made for the purpose of this account4 8,before analyzing1 the clay was dried at the temperature of boiling water4 8,silica #egbi ,alumina #acee ,ferric ,oxide #dij ,manganese ,oxide #jdf ,lime #hhd ,magnesia #bbg ,potash #cfb ,loss on calculation 7,water and ,carbonic ,acid7 #ajjf ------ #ajjii 8,the greater part of the lime shown above exists in the raw clay as carbonate4 ,the high character which the clay bears as regards its suitability for #8,terra-,cotta' work is fully borne out by the analysis4 7,signed71 ,edward ,g4 ,tosh1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,chemical ,laboratory1 ,whitehaven40 ,they possess the advantage of not turning green while in use4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,matthews1 ,,late ,,phillips1 ,,royal ,,pottery1 ,,weston-,,super-,,mare4 ,the mark of the ,royal ,pottery is sometimes the ,royal ,arms alone1 and at others the ,royal ,arms surmounting a tablet with the name4 ,there are also other potteries1 where coarse common ware is produced1 in the same neighbourhood4 ,,poole1 ,,dorset4 ,the ,architectural ,pottery ,company's works were established in #ahed by ,messrs4 ,thomas ,sanders ,ball1 ,john ,ridgway 7china manufacturer1 of ,cauldon ,place1 ,hanley71 ,thomas ,richard ,sanders1 and ,frederick ,george ,sanders4 ,in #aheg1 ,mr4 ,ridgway retired from the concern and it was carried on by the remaining partners until #ahfa1 when ,mr4 ,thomas ,sanders ,ball also retired4 ,since then the works have been continued by ,messrs4 ,t4 ,r4 and ,f4 ,g4 ,sanders alone4 ,the ,company produce patent coloured and glazed bricks and mouldings1 semi-perforated and pressed2 patent mosaic1 tessellated1 encaustic1 vitreous1 and white1 blue1 and other glazed wall tiles2 embossed and perforated tiles2 quarries and fire-clay goods1 and other articles--the clays used being ,purbeck clay1 ,cornish china clay1 and ,fareham clay1 while those for plain quarries are from the ,canford estate4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hjh to #haa4 ,the encaustic paving tiles are of good design1 many being carefully copied from medival examples1 while others are new and of extremely good character--some being classic and others gothic4 ,the colours used in the encaustic tiles are very varied and1 in some instances1 rich2 red1 buff1 blue1 chocolate1 black1 white1 brown1 green1 c41 of different shades and of harmonious combinations4 ,a speciality of these works are the tessellated tiles1 under ,bale's patent process4 ,these are literally formed of thin tesser of various colours1 laid on and forming a part of the quarry itself4 ,by this means all the richness and intricacy of the geometrical designs of tessellated pavements is produced1 and at small trouble in laying down4 ,their character1 as a rule1 is better than the ,italian tiles produced on the same general principle4 ,these 8tessellated tiles0 possess every quality for general adoption1 and no doubt will1 in time1 become1 so to speak1 acclimatised to this country4 ,in quality the ,architectural ,pottery ,company's decorated tiles are not so hard and compact in body as some others are1 but doubtless this can be improved upon4 ,the marks used by the company are3-- ,,architectural ,,pottery ,,company ,,poole ,,dorset ,,registered ,,architectural ,,pottery ,,co ,,poole 3 ,,dorset ,,architectural ,,pottery ,,co4 ,,poole ,,dorset ,,patent ,,inlaid ,,mosaic ,,patent ,,architectural ,,pottery 4 ,,co ,,poole ,,dorset ,,patent ,,architectural ,,pottery 4 ,,co ,,poole1--,,dorset ,,bale',s ,,patent ,,inlaid ,,mosaic ,a ,p ,,co ,,poole ,,patent ,a4 ,p4 ,,co4 ,a4 ,p ,,co ,,poole 99 99 99 99 99 ,bourne ,valley ,pottery4--,at this pottery1 worked by ,messrs4 ,standing and ,marten1 who have an establishment at ,bourne ,valley ,wharf1 ,nine ,elms1 ,london1 glazed stoneware sewage and sanitary pipes1 on ,creshes' patent1 and terra-cotta vases1 figures1 chimney-tops1 garden edgings1 and architectural enrichments are made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,branksea ,pottery4--,these potteries were built by ,col4 ,waugh for the manufacture of stoneware sanitary goods and terra-cotta1 in #ahee1 who also established alum works here4 ,fire-clay goods of the usual quality of the district are made1 and the sanitary pipes are of a hard and durable nature4 ,the works have the advantage of a large bed of excellent clay close at hand4 ,,kinson4 ,the works at ,kinson1 near ,poole 7with a wharf at the ,albert ,embankment1 ,lambeth71 were established in the middle of the present century1 and consisted of twelve kilns with boiler1 engine-house1 drying-sheds1 stables1 offices1 c4 ,after a few years they were closed1 and so remained until #ahfg1 when the property was purchased and came into the hands of the present 8,kinson ,pottery ,company10 who commenced making stoneware drain-pipes4 ,shortly afterwards the company introduced the making of terra-cotta goods1 in which they have been very successful1 and fire-bricks1 which they manufacture to a very considerable extent4 ,the estate consists of about twenty-seven acres of freehold land1 which is underlaid through its whole area with a thick compact bed of clay1 in layers of various descriptions4 ,it is 7roughly speaking7 of three qualities1 about #dj feet thick1 lying in nearly equal beds of each description4 ,the quality is shown in the following copy of ,herapath's analysis1 taken some years ago1 for the original company3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 #a1,no4 #b1,no4 #c1,no4 #d1,no4 #a1 ,l4 ,dark4 ,grey4,white4 ,grey4,white4,white4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,silica #eadj #eiaj #ffbj #eddj #ehgj #fedj ,alumina1 total #cjjj #ceaf #bhjj #cgjj #cdhj #bedj ,magnesia #fj -- -- -- #ej -- ,carbon #baj -- -- #bj #cj -- ,protoxide of iron #abfj #dfj #afj #edj #cej #ejj ,sulphate of lime #cdj #abd #ddj #cjj #bjj #djj ------------------------------------- #ajjajajjajajjbjajjjj #iicj #iihj ,alumina out of the above soluble in #abge #abej #hgj #acbj #abaj #ddf acid ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,the above alumina is that portion which is soluble in boiling nitro-caloric acid1 and therefore considered as not in combination with the silica4 7,signed7 ,,william ,,herapath1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,the clays lie in the mine as follows3-- ,no4 #a4 ,stock-brick ,clay4 #b4 ,top ,white ,loam4 #c4 ,top ,black ,loam4 #d4 ,top ,blue ,white ,vein4 #e4 ,top ,blue ,red ,vein4 #f4 ,white ,loamy ,pottery ,clay1 ,red ,vein4 #g4 ,white ,loamy ditto4 #h4 ,best ,london1 for bottle ware4 #i4 ,best ,blue ,vein4 #aj4 ,best ,bottom ,black4 ,the productions of the ,kinson ,pottery1 in stoneware1 are sanitary and drain-pipes of every description1 traps1 syphons1 and pans1 and other articles2 they are highly vitrified1 strong1 and durable1 and of excellent quality4 ,in terra-cotta1 vases1 rustic seats1 brackets1 garden edgings1 chimney-pots1 architectural enrichments1 and other goods are produced1 as are also fire-bricks1 arch and wedge bricks1 c4 ,the quality of the terra-cotta is extremely good and durable4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,nottingham ,ware--,list of ,potters--,nottingham ,mugs--,bears--,lowesby --,coalville--,ibstock--,tamworth--,wiln ecote--,coventry--,nuneaton-- ,broxburne--,stamford--,roman ,kiln--,blasfield's ,terra-,cotta-- ,bolingbroke--,wisbech--,lowestoft and ,gunton--,delft ,ware--,lowestoft ,china--,stowmarket--,ipswich--,ebbisham --,wrotham--,yarmouth--,cossey-- ,cadborough--,rye--,gestingthorpe--,holk ham--,nuneham ,courtney--,marsh ,balden--,horspath--,shotover4 ,,nottingham4 ,that pottery and encaustic paving-tiles were made at ,nottingham during medival times is abundantly proved by the discovery1 in ,april1 #ahgd 7when digging the foundations for the ,methodist ,new ,connection chapel71 of kilns and examples of tiles and domestic vessels4 ,of this discovery ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,sully gives me the following account3-- 8,as the men were excavating on the site of the old ,parliament ,street ,chapel at the lower corner of ,george ,street1 they came on an old kiln1 in and near which they found jars1 jugs1 and flat-bottomed pots of medival manufacture1 varying from six to sixteen inches in height and from two to nine inches in diameter2 they are all of a red clay body1 with the upper portion of the outside covered with green salt glaze4 ,they afterwards found three other kilns and more pieces of the same description1 and a number of fragments of encaustic tiles with coats of arms on1 and one or two with inscriptions4 ,in the same place1 they also found a number of silver pennies of ,edward ,i41 ,,ii41 and ,,iii41 a few ,irish types of ,edward ,i41 and pennies of ,alexander of ,scotland4 ,but what proves most conclusively that there was a pottery there1 is the fact that nearly all the pieces found are faulty1 having been either broken1 or fallen in shape in the oven1 and therefore thrown aside2 and the coins1 tiles1 and pottery being all of the same period1 prove that the works must have been in existence as early as the latter part of the fourteenth century4 ,one of the vessels is probably unique2 it is of the shape of an inverted water-bottle1 and has a face in relief on each side--though for what use it was intended ,i am unable to conjecture1 as it has an opening at the bottom as well as at the top4 ,they were all found within four feet of the surface1 the walls of the chapel having been built all round the place2 but there being no internal walls of any kind1 the enclosed land had not been disturbed before4 ,some kilns and fragments of a similar kind were discovered about fifty years ago1 when excavations were being made on the site of ,st4 ,paul's church1 which is also situated in ,broad ,street1 but at a distance of about three hundred yards from where this last find took place2 so that the works would seem to have been of a very extensive character1 and to have covered a large space of ground40 ,the vessels seem to be of very much the same general character and period as those found at ,burley ,hill1 described on pages #gh and #gi4 ,they consist principally of pitchers of almost identical form with those engraved on ,figs4 #bff to #bfi and #bgb and #bgd4 ,the most remarkable is the one described by ,mr4 ,sully as bearing a mask on either side4 ,in #afda there appears1 from a list of trades compiled in that year and given by ,dering1 to have been only one master-potter at ,nottingham4 ,in #afic 8glass-pots0--i4e4 crucibles for glass makers--were made of ,derbyshire crouch clay4 ,this is thus alluded to by ,houghton in that year1 8clay with flat or thin sand glittering with mica4 ,crouch white clay1 ,derbyshire1 of which the glass pots are made at ,nottingham40 ,in the beginning of last century ,mr4 ,charles ,morley was a manufacturer of brown glazed earthenware in ,nottingham4 ,his works were in the lower part of ,beck ,street1 on the way to ,st4 ,ann's ,well4 ,mr4 ,morley1 who amassed a very considerable fortune by his pottery1 built for himself the large house in ,beck ,lane1 which was afterwards occupied by his son1 the late ,mr4 ,charles ,lomas ,morley1 and still later used as the ,government ,school of ,design4 ,in #agcg ,mr4 ,charles ,morley1 the potter1 was one of the ,sheriffs of ,nottingham4 ,one of his principal branches of manufacture was in brown ware ale-mugs1 for the ale-houses of the district1 and in pitchers1 and other domestic utensils4 ,in #agci1 according to a list of trades in that year1 there were two master-potters in ,nottingham4 ,dering1 who wrote his 8,nottingamia vetus et nova0 in #agea1 says that at that time ,nottingham sends down the river ,trent 8coals1 lead1 timber1 corn1 wool1 and potter's ware40 ,in #aggb-d it is stated1 in a curious and scarce little work1 8,a ,short ,tour in the ,midland ,counties of ,england10 that at ,nottingham 8the making of glass wares is laid aside1 and that of pots become very trifling2 but here are some small silk mills and also a few on the same principle for cotton1 lately erected40 ,in #aggd the names of thirteen 8pot-makers10 one 8mug maker10 and four 8pipe makers0 occur in 8,an exact ,list of the ,burgesses and ,freeholders of the town and county of ,nottingham10 who voted at the election of ,members of ,parliament in that year1 but of course these would mainly be journeymen4 ,the names1 which ,i here extract from a copy of this scarce book in my own possession1 are as follows3-- ,john ,ash1 pot maker1 ,bottle ,lane4 ,william ,barns1 pot maker1 ,barkergate4 ,john ,clayton1 pipe maker1 ,bridge ,foot4 ,moses ,colclough1 pot maker1 ,beck ,barn4 ,john ,coppock1 pot maker1 ,marsdens ,court4 ,thomas ,ellnor1 pot maker1 ,st4 ,james's ,lane4 ,thomas ,glover1 pot maker1 ,warser ,gate4 ,john ,handley1 mug maker1 ,coalpit ,lane4 ,john ,hazeley1 pot maker1 ,bridlesmith ,gate4 ,thomas ,hough1 pot maker1 ,beck ,lane4 ,william ,lockett1 pot maker1 ,new ,buildings4 ,benjamin ,marshall1 pipe maker1 ,parliament ,street4 ,james ,sefton1 pipe maker1 ,mary ,gate4 ,george ,sefton1 pipe maker1 ,mary ,gate4 ,isaac ,selby1 pot maker1 ,new ,buildings4 ,leonard ,twells1 pot maker1 ,beck ,lane4 ,samuel ,wyer1 pot maker1 ,boot ,lane4 ,john ,wyer1 sen41 pot maker1 ,boot ,lane4 ,in #aghj1 in 8,an exact list of the ,burgesses of the town and county of the town of ,nottingham1 who polled in the election of two ,burgesses to represent the said town in the ,council ,chamber10 the following fourteen pot and mug-makers and one pipe-maker occur3-- ,john ,coppock1 pot maker1 ,narrow ,marsh4 ,isaac ,dance1 pot maker1 ,coalpit ,lane4 ,john ,clayton1 pipe maker1 ,water ,lane4 ,thomas ,hough1 pot maker1 ,new ,buildings4 ,john ,handley1 mug maker1 ,coalpit ,lane4 ,isaac ,selby1 pot maker1 ,york ,road4 ,thomas ,wyer1 pot maker1 ,boot ,lane4 ,richard ,reeves1 pot maker1 ,new ,buildings4 ,william ,barnes1 pot maker1 ,barker ,gate4 ,moses ,coleclough1 pot maker1 ,beckbarn ,yard4 ,leonard ,twells1 pot maker1 ,beck ,lane4 ,richard ,wyer1 pot-maker1 ,boot ,lane4 ,thomas ,glover1 pot maker1 ,warsergate4 ,william ,lockett1 pot maker1 ,st4 ,ann's ,street4 ,thomas ,ellnor1 pot maker1 ,st4 ,james's ,lane4 ,in #ahjb1 in a ,list of the ,burgesses in the ,free ,library#ajb the following four names occur2-- ,moses ,colclough1 potter1 ,beck ,court4 ,john ,key1 pot maker1 ,coalpit ,lane4 ,john ,reynolds1 potter1 ,barker ,gate4 ,samuel ,woodhouse1 pot maker1 ,sandy ,lane4 ,in the list of those who voted at the contested election of #ahjc1 only one pot-maker appears4 ,in the same list the 8,old ,pottery0 is mentioned as a place of residence of several persons1 thus showing that the manufacture had then ceased at that place4 ,in #ahae1 ,blackner in his history of ,nottingham says1 8there were likewise two potteries within the last thirty years10 8but the clay was principally brought from a considerable distance1 which added so much to the cost of the pots as to prevent the proprietors maintaining a competition with the ,staffordshire dealers40 ,the names of 8,mug-,house ,yard0 and 8,mug-,house ,lane0 in ,beck ,street1 take their origin from the old pot works of ,mr4 ,morley1 and show1 incontestably1 that those works1 where 8mugs0 were the staple production1 were known as the 8,mug-house40 ,the greater part of the clay was brought from out of ,derbyshire1 but some is said also to have been procured from ,hucknall ,torkard4 ,the earliest known dated example of ,nottingham ware is the remarkably fine posset-pot 7,fig4 #hab71 in the possession of my friend1 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,doxey1 by whom it was thus described for my 8,reliquary03--#ajc 8,it is a ,posset-pot of the general form 7,jewitt's 8,life of ,wedgwood10 pp4 #fd-fe71 fashioned with more than ordinary care and lightness4 ,it is made of very hard and durable ware1 and has1 as usual1 a light brown lustrous glaze4 ,it stands #aj inches1 and at the top is #i inches in diameter4 ,it is of a very unusual mode of construction1 the #8belly' part having double sides1 the outer of which is ornamented with foliage and flowers1 the stalks being incised and the flowers and leaves being perforations4 ,there is1 moreover1 the following remarkable peculiarity1 which may be partially seen in the engraving4 ,a tube commencing about an inch from the top1 is passed down the exterior side as far as the top of the #8belly1' where it passes through and is continued to the bottom of the interior4 ,this tube1 ,i imagine1 had originally a mouth-piece1 which is unfortunately broken off1 and was so constructed that a draught of the posset liquor could by suction be taken apart from the bread1 spices1 c4 ,between the handles1 on the upper part1 on the tube side1 is inscribed in cursive characters the following3-- ,samuel ,watkinson ,major of ,nottingham4 ,sarah his ,wife ,majoress #a #g #j #j ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hab4 8,occupying a space #e inches broad and #e in height1 on the other side1 in a similar position are to be seen the ,royal arms of the period 7,william ,,iii47 with crest1 supporters1 and garter1 with motto4 ,though this cup is of the same general form as the ,posset-pot1 and may have been used as such1 it may also have been used on occasions of mayoral and other hospitality as a #8loving-cup1' or as some would prefer to call it1 from its having only two handles1 a #8parting-cup4' ,samuel ,watkinson1 the owner of the ,posset-pot1 or in whose honour it was made1 was no mean person4 ,from ,throsby's ,thoroton's #8,history of ,nottingham1' ,i learn he was elected on three several occasions 7#agjj1 #agjh1 #agae7 ,mayor1 or as it is more correctly put on the ,posset-pot1 ,major of ,nottingham40 ,in ,mr4 ,briscoe's possession is a good specimen of the brown mugs so characteristic of ,nottingham ware4 ,it is #e inches in height1 #b inches in diameter at the bottom1 and wider at the top1 and will hold about half a pint4 ,it was discovered during excavations in ,victoria ,street1 ,nottingham1 close to the site of the ,old ,ship inn1 of 8,gideon ,giles0 notoriety4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hac and #had4 ,one of the finest mugs which has come under my notice--and indeed1 ,i believe1 the finest known example--is in the possession of ,mr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,kidd1 of ,nottingham1 who is also the fortunate possessor of a fine collection of ,english china4 ,it is engraved on ,figs4 #hac and #had4 ,in front is a full-blown rose on a stem1 surmounted by a crown1 and there are two other crowns1 one on either side1 a little lower down1 between what are evidently intended for thistles2 there is also a terminal rose at each end1 and the remainder of the body is ornamented with their stems and foliage4 ,at the back1 by the handle1 are the words ,john ,nottingham ,johnson ,sept4 ye #c ,schoolmaster #agfb ,this inscription is1 as usual1 in ordinary writing letters1 incised1 or scratched1 into the soft clay4 ,on the bottom1 in the same kind of incised writing letters1 is the maker's name1 ,wm ,lockett4 ,this is highly interesting1 as he1 ,william ,lockett1 is one of the makers included in the foregoing lists of voters in #aggd and #aghj4 ,the name stands thus in the #aggd list3--8,lockett ,william1 pot-maker1 ,new buildings0 7in #aghj he was of ,st4 ,ann's ,street71 and he appears to have given a plumper for the ,hon4 ,william ,howe1 of ,epperstone4 ,in the same list is a ,henry ,lockett1 saddler1 ,smithy row1 who voted in the same manner4 ,in the same list the name of the school-master1 for whom this special mug was made also occurs1 but he voted for ,lord ,edward ,bentinck1 and ,sir ,charles ,sedley1 of ,nutthall1 ,bart4 ,the name stands thus3--8,johnson ,john1 school-master1 ,st4 ,mary's ,church side40 ,thus a record occurs both of the maker and the owner of this curious mug1 of which ,mr4 ,kidd is the fortunate possessor4 ,a jug formerly belonging to ,mr4 ,norman has the inscription1 incised in writing letters1 as follows3-- 8,john ,smith junr of ,bassford near ,nottingham #agab0 ,in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology is a 8christening bowl10 thirteen inches in diameter bearing the incised words1 in writing letters1 8,nouember #bj #agbf20 a punch-bowl1 twenty-two inches in diameter1 with the words 8,old ,england for ,ever1 #agej20 and a highly interesting mug 8in brown earthenware with glaze of metallic lustre1 ornamented with stamped flowers laid on in relief1 and incised inscription in cursive characters1 round the rim1 #8,made at ,nottingham ye #agth ,day of ,august ,a4,d4 #agga4'0 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hae4 ,another good1 dated example1 brought under my notice by ,mr4 ,briscoe1 bears the names of 8,thos4 and ,mary ,brammer1 ,may ye #ba #agec40 ,in the collection formerly belonging to ,mr4 ,hawkins was 8a neatly formed puzzle jug1 of lustrous glaze1 ornamented with a vase of pinks these flowers being most generally used in the ornamentation of the ,nottingham ,pottery and scrolls around the lower part1 the flowers being a dark red colour2 on the front is the date #agee1 underneath the bottom1 the initials1 #8,g4 ,b4'0 ,in the same collection was 8a tobacco jar1 in form of a bear1 of bright lustrous glaze1 his head being the cover1 a collar round his neck1 and a chain1 to which is attached a large hollow ball1 containing stones and holes1 used as a rattle2 on the ball is impressed the name 8,elizabeth ,clark1 ,decr ye #beth #agfi40 ,one of the favourite productions of the ,nottingham 8,mug-house0 and its predecessors1 was drinking jugs in form of a bear1 which were also made at ,brampton in the same kind of ware1 and at ,fulham and other places in other wares4 ,a strikingly good example 7,fig4 #hae7 is in my own possession4 ,it is #i inches in height1 and formed of the usual hard brown glazed ware of this pottery4 ,the whole1 with the exception of the neck1 is powdered with small fragments of dry clay 7not 8potsherds0 as usually1 but erroneously1 stated7 which have been sprinkled over its surface before firing and burnt in with it4 ,this1 it may be remarked1 is the usual characteristic of these vessels whenever made4 ,the one under notice has the eyes1 outlines of the ears1 teeth1 and claws1 laid on in white 8slip40 ,it1 like many other 8bears10 is made to rest as in the engraving1 or to stand upright when placed on its hams2 the body contains the liquor1 and the head lifts off to be used as a drinking-cup1 holding it by the muzzle4 ,,lowesby4 ,in #ahce ,sir ,frederick ,gustavus ,fowke1 ,bart41 commenced some ,terra ,cotta ,works at ,lowesby1 in ,leicestershire1 and produced vases of very good character and of remarkably hard and fine body from the clays of the neighbourhood4 ,he had previously1 about #ahcc1 made some garden-pots for his own use1 and finding the clay remarkably good and tenacious1 determined upon utilising it4 ,in colour the terra cotta was a full rich red1 and in some cases the articles were decorated with ,etruscan figures and ornaments in black enamel4 ,vases1 ornamented flower-pots1 butter-pots1 and other articles of domestic use1 were produced1 and these were mostly decorated with patterns in black1 or occasionally in colours1 and gilt4 ,a shop for the sale of the ,lowesby ware was opened in ,king ,william ,street1 ,london1 under the management of a ,mr4 ,purden4 ,the ornamental vases1 made of different sizes1 were sent up to ,london as they came from the kiln1 and many of the antique shapes were beautifully painted and enamelled in ,london under ,mr4 ,purden's superintendence4 ,the manufacture was only continued for a few years and then1 not being found to answer1 died out4 ,the place is now used as a brick and tile works1 and flower-pots are also made4 ,the mark is impressed on the bottom of the ware4 ,it is a fleur-de-lis1 beneath the name 8,,lowesby0 in a curved line 7,fig4 #haf74 ,occasionally the name ,,lowesby without the fleur-de-lis occurs4 ,the arms of ,sir ,frederick ,g4 ,fowke1 ,bart41 the founder of the works1 are1 vert1 a fleur-de-lis1 argent1 and the seat is ,lowesby ,hall1 so that the mark represented time armorial bearing of the family1 and the name of the estate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #haf4 ,,coalville4 ,in #ahei the attention of ,mr4 ,george ,smith 7who has made himself a name1 and earned the thanks of his country for his philanthropic exertions in improving the condition of the brick-yard children and those of the canal population7 was accidentally drawn to the clays of the neighbourhood of ,coalville and ,whitwick1 and he procured some for the purpose of experiments4 ,these trials proving eminently satisfactory1 ,mr4 ,smith entered into an arrangement with ,mr4 ,joseph ,whetstone and others by which he undertook to establish the manufacture of terra cotta on the spot and to develop the clay resources of the place4 ,the works were therefore established in connection with the ,whitwick ,colliery ,company1 at ,coalville and ,ibstock2 they are now worked by the ,midland ,brick and ,terra ,cotta ,company4 ,three kinds of terra cotta are here produced1 viz41 red1 white or light buff1 and yellow or cream colour4 ,these varieties1 each distinct from the other1 are thus described for me by ,mr4 ,smith3-- 8,first1 the red4 ,this is made out of the surface clay1 of a greyish tint1 and varies in thickness from four to thirty feet1 and does not shrink much in burning2 it burns a beautiful bright red colour and will stand the severest weather and keep its colour4 ,occasionally a little white scum may be seen on the surface3 this is the result of making1 drying1 and burning too quickly2 but this will disappear after it has been in use a winter or so4 ,second1 the light buff or glypto terra cotta4 ,the clay out of which this is made underlies the red terra cotta clay and varies in thickness from six to twenty feet2 it is very hard and difficult to be ground to a proper fineness4 ,this terra cotta when burnt resembles very much ,bath stone in colour1 and may1 if it be kept dry from the time it is burnt to the time it is used1 be cut and carved with much ease1 and it is very suitable for head-stones1 c4 ,but this peculiar speciality disappears after it has been exposed to the weather for a little time1 when it gets hard1 and turns the edge of the tools4 ,third1 the yellow or cream-coloured terra cotta4 ,the clay for this kind of terra cotta is got out of the coal-pits in the neighbourhood1 and lies at a depth of about a hundred and twenty yards from the surface4 ,it averages about five feet in thickness1 and is a kind of clay between a pot-clay and a fire-clay4 ,it is very fine1 strong1 free from iron1 and will stand a great heat1 but shrinks a deal in burning--about one-eighth4 ,the kind of goods this clay is most suitable for are the following3--,sewage-pipes1 chimney-pots1 vases1 flower-boxes1 tiles1 and pottery4 ,the goods produced in architectural enrichments are bases and capitals2 cornices1 corbels1 and brackets2 arch moulds1 vaulting-ribs1 and balustrades2 diapers1 finials1 and ridge-tiles1 and other articles4 ,garden and conservatory1 as well as table vases--some of which1 especially a tripod vase1 are of excellent design--are also made of various sizes40 ,,ibstock4 ,the history of these works is that of ,coalville2 which see4 ,,polesworth4 ,terra ,cotta ,works4--,one of the manufactures of terra cotta carried on by the 8,midland ,brick and ,terra ,cotta ,company0 is situated at ,polesworth4 ,it was established in #ahge1 and the directorship placed in the hands of ,mr4 ,j4 ,joiner1 for many years principal manager at the ,stamford ,terra ,cotta ,works4 ,the productions consist of fountains2 garden1 conservatory1 and other vases of various designs2 architectural details and enrichments2 chimney tops1 chimney pieces1 capitals and columns1 crestings and finials1 and other articles1 including an admirable feature1 that of tomb-stones1 monuments1 memorial tablets1 urns1 c4 ,blue and brown bricks1 both moulded and plain2 coping1 arch1 and stable bricks2 roofing tiles1 garden edgings1 drain pipes1 and other useful goods are also extensively made4 ,the terra cotta is both red and buff1 and is of fine hard and durable quality1 and1 with a clean1 good surface1 unites a pleasant shade of colour4 ,,market ,,bosworth4 ,terra ,cotta ,works1 belonging to the 8,midland0 ,company1 before spoken of1 have been established for the production of bricks1 tiles1 fire-clay1 and the more ordinary terra cotta goods4 ,,tamworth4 ,the ,terra ,cotta ,works at ,tamworth were established in #ahdg1 by the present owners1 ,messrs4 ,gibbs and ,canning1 and are now very extensive and important1 and produce a large variety of goods of the highest class and character4 ,the principal productions are terra-cotta for architectural1 horticultural1 and other useful and ornamental purposes2 ,della ,robbia ware2 sanitary and other goods2 tiles1 and bricks1 c4 ,in terra cotta1 for architectural purposes1 trusses and cornices1 bosses and pater1 brackets and corbels1 capitals and bases1 balustrades and parapets1 keystones and quoins1 strings and mouldings1 window and door heads1 terminals and finials1 friezes1 diaper work1 ashlar1 and every other detail1 are produced1 and of a quality for sharpness1 hardness1 and durability scarcely to be surpassed4 ,among the buildings where this ,tamworth terra cotta has been well introduced are the ,roman ,catholic church of the ,holy ,name at ,manchester2 the ,royal ,albert ,hall1 ,south ,kensington2 the ,royal ,horticultural ,gardens2 the ,colston ,hall1 ,bristol2 the ,natural ,history ,museum1 ,south ,kensington2 and the corridor of the ,new ,town ,hall1 ,manchester1 c4 ,for ornamental purposes this firm produces fountains1 vases1 tazzas1 pedestals1 garden-seats1 brackets1 suspenders1 figures and groups1 garden-edging1 and every variety of articles for the lawn1 the garden1 or the conservatory4 ,many of these are of excellent design1 and the material being durable they are well suited for out-door purposes4 ,the 8,della ,robbia ware0--a fine terra cotta beautifully and effectively enamelled in brilliant and flat colours on the surface--is produced in endless variety in plaques1 c41 for ceilings and walls1 where it takes the place of plaster or other surface-covering4 ,its great beauty is1 however1 especially apparent in the garden and flower-vases1 jardinires1 mignonette-boxes1 tree-pots1 and an endless variety of other useful articles which the firm produce4 ,the designs are chaste and elegant1 especially those in which the convolvulus is introduced1 and the colouring rich and effective in the extreme4 ,they are among the best productions of this class of goods4 ,another excellent production of the firm is a grey terra-cotta1 which has a pleasing effect for architectural enrichments4 ,,wilnecote4 ,the ,wilnecote ,works1 near ,tamworth1 which rank among the more important in the kingdom1 were established in #ahfj1 when ,mr4 ,george ,skey purchased the coal mines at this place1 with the intention of working them4 ,on sinking shafts for the purpose he fortunately discovered several important and valuable beds of fire-clay1 and other clays well adapted for pottery purposes1 and he wisely determined to at once erect suitable kilns and buildings for their full development4 ,at great cost and under considerable disadvantages suitable workrooms were erected and fitted up with suitable machinery1 steam presses1 lathes1 c4 ,competent workmen were engaged1 and the manufactory was opened in #ahfb4 ,the goods produced were so well received and their quality so good1 both as regard material and workmanship1 as well as design1 that the works had very shortly to be considerably enlarged and fresh workrooms1 kilns1 c41 erected4 ,this was done1 and at the present time the entire produce of the coal and clay pits 7about #cjj tons of coal and #cjj tons of clay per week7 is used up at the works1 which give employment to several hundred persons4 ,in #ahfd ,mr4 ,skey having found the concern grown to more than his own personal care could1 single handed1 control1 formed it into a limited liability company1 with a capital of #fj1jjj1 under the style of the 8,wilnecote ,company1 ,limited10 afterwards altered to the 8,george ,skey and ,company1 ,limited10 ,mr4 ,skey being the managing director1 and ,mr4 ,thos4 ,creswell1 secretary4 ,the goods produced are3--in terra-cotta1 which is of fine and durable quality1 and of excellent workmanship1 fountains1 vases1 tazzas1 brackets1 pedestals1 suspenders1 terminals1 flower-vases1 mignonette-boxes1 fern-stands1 garden-seats1 balustrades1 cornices1 chimney tops1 and every description of architectural enrichment4 ,game-pie dishes1 of admirable design and of perfect modelling1 and other articles1 are also produced in this material4 ,the colour is a beautiful light cream colour1 and the body being very fine the relief patterns 8come out0 very sharply and effectively4 ,in 8,rustic ware10 vases1 garden-seats1 flower-pots1 brackets1 fern-stands1 and an infinite variety of beautiful articles are made4 ,this 8,rustic ware0 is a fine buff coloured terra-cotta1 glazed with a rich brown glaze1 and sometimes heightened with a green tinge1 just sufficient to give it a remarkably pleasing effect4 ,the modelling of some of these goods is highly artistic4 ,in stoneware1 or ,bristol ware1 all the usual articles as made at ,lambeth1 at ,bristol1 and other places1 are produced4 ,in sanitary ware1 all the usual and many additional articles are made2 these are of remarkably fine and good quality and excellent both in body and glaze1 and in firing4 ,in ridging and roofing-tiles1 sewerage-pipes1 and garden-edgings1 and in moulded bricks for cornices1 string courses1 c41 an endless variety2 and in paving-tiles1 and facing-bricks of various colours1 as well as fire-bricks1 all the usual kinds4 ,terra-cotta gas-stoves are extensively made in various designs1 some of which are registered4 ,they are chaste and even elegant in design1 and admirable in construction4 ,some of the patterns are in high relief1 and others1 in addition to the relief1 are perforated1 and have a striking and pleasing effect4 ,two of the designs are shown on ,figs4 #hag and #hah4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hag and #hah4 ,the following is an analysis of ,mr4 ,george ,skey's ,fire ,clay1 made by ,mr4 ,a4 ,winkler ,willis' of ,wolverhampton3--,silica1 hydrated1 #gada2 detrydrated1 #geii4 ,alumina1 hydrated1 #baag2 detrydrated1 #bbec4 ,protoxide of ,iron1 hydrated1 #ia2 detrydrated1 #ig4 ,lime1 hydrated1 #jd2 detrydrated1 #je4 ,magnesia1 hydrated1 a trace4 ,alkalies1 hydrated1 #hb2 detrydrated1 #hg4 ,manganese1 ,organic ,matter1 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,chlorine1 traces4 ,water1 hydrated1 #beg4 ,water combined1 hydrated1 #cdi4 ,total1 hydrated1 #ajjda2 detrydrated1 #ajjda4 ,total ,impurities1 #ahi4 ,the mark used is the words ,,george ,,skey ,,wilnecote ,,works ,,nr ,,tamworth1 in an oval1 impressed in the ware4 ,,coventry4 ,at ,stoke1 near ,coventry1 and other places in the district1 are old established coarse brown ware works4 ,mr4 ,robt4 ,wakefield is a maker of flower-pots1 seakale-pots1 c41 of good quality4 ,,nuneaton4 ,the works were established about #ahcj1 by ,mr4 ,peter ,wager ,williams1 upon the site of what evidently had been very old pot works1 but of which no record appears to exist4 ,at first there were during ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,williams's lifetime two distinct manufactories4 ,one of these was next worked by his eldest son1 ,mr4 ,john ,williams1 who sold it to his three brothers1 ,peter1 ,charles1 and ,james1 by whom it was carried on under the style of 8,caroline ,williams40 ,it passed by purchase into the hands of ,mr4 ,j4 ,rawlins1 and was taken by 8,messrs4 ,broadbent and ,stanley ,brothers10 by whom it was considerably extended4 ,the other manufactory was carried on by ,mr4 ,walter ,handley1 at whose death it passed to his son-in-law1 ,mr4 ,david ,wheway1 at whose decease it was incorporated with the former one1 and carried on jointly with it1 by ,messrs4 ,broadbent and ,stanley ,brothers4 ,in #ahga ,mr4 ,broadbent retired from the concern1 and it is now carried on by ,messrs4 ,stanley ,brothers4 ,the goods produced are terra-cotta vases1 chimney-tops1 c42 coloured paving-tiles for geometric designs2 garden-edging1 ornamental ridging and all kinds of plain building and ornamental bricks2 glazed sanitary and other pipes1 c4 ,the firm has recently patented a process for the manufacture of malt kiln tiles1 for which they have invented new machinery4 ,they are made of the finest fire-clay1 and are of very superior character to any others4 ,the marls in this neighbourhood1 from which these various goods are made1 are varied1 and on the ground worked by this firm alone about twenty different measures occur1 and these are of divers colours and qualities4 ,the works occupy nearly ten acres of ground4 ,,broxbourne4 ,in #ahdc1 when terra-cotta was but little known1 ,mr4 ,pulham turned his attention to it1 made numerous experiments in order to bring about its revival1 and succeeded in making it both of a good hard stone colour and of a rich pale red4 ,having done this1 he began to produce various small objects for architectural purposes--bosses1 angle quoins1 brackets1 balustrades1 small flower-pots1 and vases--which remain at the present day as sharp and good as when they left the kiln4 ,he also1 about this time1 introduced what is termed granulated terra-cotta1 having the appearance of stone4 ,latterly this imitation has fallen into disrepute1 and wisely so1 for although where terra-cotta is now used it is adopted instead of stone1 yet it is not used to imitate stone1 but passes for what it is1--bona fide terra-cotta4 ,for architectural purposes1 it is still1 in some instances1 granulated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hai4 ,mr4 ,pulham exhibited specimens of his work at the ,exhibition of #ahea4 ,notably amongst them was a handsome ,gothic vase in rich pale red1 highly enriched2 this was placed upon a suitable pedestal of cream-colour terra-cotta4 ,from that time down to the next ,exhibition1 in #ahfb1 improvements were constantly being made1 both in the manipulation1 production1 and style of the manufacture4 ,mr4 ,pulham aimed more at the quality than quantity made2 and it is said that he still carries out the rule he laid down1 not to extend his business1 but to keep it so that it is not too large to be under his own personal supervision4 ,mr4 ,pulham exhibited in #ahfb1 among other things1 a large ,fountain for a gentleman's grounds near ,tunbridge ,wells1 many features of which1 particularly the life-size figure of ,hebe which surmounts it1 and which is a perfection in burning1 were very successful4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hbj4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hba to #hbd4--;,broxbourne ,terra ,cotta4 ,in #ahga1 besides other of his productions1 ,mr4 ,pulham exhibited a small fountain1 which was at play during the whole time of the ,exhibition2 and also several new vases4 ,the fountains 7for which a prize medal was awarded7 and principal exhibits were very favourably noticed4 ,some of these ,i give on ,figs4 #hai to #hbd4 ,at the ,paris ,exhibition in #ahfg fountains1 vases1 and architectural embellishments1 amongst which may be named the ,preston vase 7a number of which were made for the ,people's ,park1 ,preston71 with medallions representing the staple commerce of the place2 some rich columns1 novel window jambs and dressings2 and notably amongst the rest was the ,mulready ,monument1 erected for the ,science and ,art ,department1 ,south ,kensington1 and at whose instigation it was sent to ,paris4 ,the design of this is a pedestal #ae ft4 by #aj ft41 round the sides of which are sketched in outline some of ,mulready's principal pictures4 ,this pedestal supports a large-size effigy1 #g ft4 long1 on a raised bier1 the whole of this bier and effigy being fired successfully1 just as it left the sculptor's and modeller's hands1 and which was highly commended and spoken of as quite a chef d'uvre in the terra-cotta art1 and obtained the silver medal4 ,it is now in ,kensal ,green cemetery1 where it was fixed on its return from ,paris4 ,mr4 ,pulham also executed a portion of ornamental terra-cotta used in the ,new ,science ,schools at ,south ,kensington4 ,the quality of the terra-cotta produced at ,broxbourne is very high2 it is hard1 firm1 compact1 and durable1 and of a soft and pleasing colour4 ,besides the articles already named1 ,mr4 ,pulham produces a goodly variety of vases1 tazzas1 pedestals1 flower-baskets1 and architectural enrichments of every kind4 ,,stamford4 ,that pottery was in medival times made in ,stamford was incontestably proved in the latter end of #ahgd by the discovery of a kiln during the course of excavations in the rear of a house occupied by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,f4 ,gretton1 formerly ,master of the ,grammar ,school there4 ,the kiln was thus described in 8,the ,reliquary10#ajd by ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,burton3-- 8,on visiting the spot after a clearance had been effected1 ,i found an opening sunk in the ground1 #g feet wide1 and as far as excavated1 #h feet #f inches long4 ,the end that was bared 7north7 was semicircular2 the form of the other could not be seen1 though from certain indications ,i think it would correspond4 ,the bottom was floored with clay1 and the lining or #8bratticing' of the sides was composed of stones1 of irregular shapes and sizes1 set in and entirely faced with clay4 ,the layer forming the floor was about three inches thick1 and had been burnt to a rather deep red2 the coating of the sides was not so highly burnt1 indeed2 the clay at one part1 only a few inches from the face1 became perfectly plastic by exposure during a few days' rain4 ,in this opening1 in the direction of its length1 was a row of four piers of an extreme height of #c ft4 #h inches1 and about #ab inches or #ad inches thick2 their section was something like a square or oblong1 slightly rounded at the angles--in some parts resembling a rough circle4 ,these columns were at somewhat irregular distances4 ,that at the north end supported a short1 thick lintel1 which was connected with the enclosure1 and was in a line with the series of piers4 ,the three other columns carried at their heads a slighter lintel4 ,these piers supported four horizontal beams #a foot wide and #i inches thick1 of an extreme length of #d feet #f inches1 which spanned the space between the piers and the east side of the opening4 ,thus the internal arrangement1 to use a homely illustration1 was pretty much that of a gridiron bent in the middle to the shape of the letter ,l inverted4 inverted ,l symbol ,the part enclosed by the piers and beams was of the clear width of #c feet #f inches2 the space from the piers to the other side was #b feet #f inches4 ,this latter is believed to represent the #8stoke-hole1' and the unbarred opening1 between the two northernmost piers1 was perhaps a #8man-hole4' ,i have been told that the four transverse beams had been continued right across the opening1 and that on one side they had been accidentally destroyed2 but one who was very early on the spot assures me that the piers did not then present the appearance of anything having been broken from them4 ,the columns1 the beams1 and the lintels were all of clay1 burnt in some portions to a light brick red4 ,their construction seems to have been a rude and simple affair4 ,sticks or branches of no great thickness were placed in position1 and then soft clay was clapped round them until the required massiveness was obtained1 when drying and baking would finish the operation1 if indeed drying and baking were necessary4 ,of what the superstructure was composed1 and what form it took1 ,i could find nothing to indicate4 ,the floor of the kiln was seven or eight feet from the present surface1 and the sides at the highest remaining part rose to a level with the horizontal beams4 ,i should state that in two parallel cuttings1 made for the foundations of new buildings1 ,i observed a very thin layer of burnt earth of a light colour1 extending nearly to the south end of the excavated remains of the kiln1 and at about the same level as the horizontal beams4 ,this would seem to show that when the kiln was in operation the tops of the pillars were on a level with the then surrounding surface4 ,one remarkable circumstance ought1 perhaps1 to be mentioned4 ,it was found necessary to make a cutting through this kiln1 and the excavation revealed the fact1 that for at least ten feet beneath the kiln floor there was nothing but #8made ground1' as the workmen called it4 ,other cuttings near disclosed a similar substructure1 the loose ground being #bj feet deep40 ,the very large and important works of this place owed their origin to ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,blashfield1 by whom they were established in #aheh4 ,previous to that time1 ,mr4 ,blashfield had been1 until #ahea1 engaged1 in ,southwark ,bridge ,road1 ,albion ,place1 ,blackfriars1 and ,mill ,wall1 in the ,italian marble trade1 and the manufacture of cements and scagliola1 and the making and laying down of tessellated pavements1 c4 ,in that year he commenced the manufacture of terra-cotta at ,mill ,wall1 ,london1 having a few years previously purchased a number of the moulds1 models1 c41 from ,coades when that manufactory was closed4 ,in #aheh ,mr4 ,blashfield removed his moulds1 models1 plant1 c41 to ,stamford1 where a splendid clay for his purpose exists1 and where he soon became as successful as such enterprise and ability as his deserved1 and where he did more for the development and improvement of the beautiful in art than could otherwise have been accomplished4 ,in #ahgd the works merged into a limited liability company1 under the style of the 8,stamford ,terra-,cotta ,company10 which failed and was wound up in #ahge1 when the plant and stock were sold by auction4 ,mr4 ,blashfield's name is very intimately connected with the subject of encaustic paving-tiles1 having been associated with the late ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton in their revival4 ,in reference to this the following extract from a paper read by him is interesting3-- 8,one of the greatest revivals in pottery1 connected with architecture1 took place about #ahcc4 ,mr4 ,wright1 of ,shelton1 obtained a patent for making inlaid tiles4 ,this patent was bought by the late ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton1 who improved upon it1 and produced the tiles now so commonly used in churches4 8,in #ahdj1 ,richard ,prosser1 of ,birmingham1 took a patent for making buttons in china4 ,in #ahda1 buttons made from the body of which porcelain is constituted were very largely manufactured by the late ,mr4 ,herbert ,minton1 under this patent of ,prosser's2 and having1 myself1 for several years1 made inlaid pavements and imitations of old mosaic and tesselated work1 ,i conceived that ,prosser's invention would make tesser and tiles1 and ,i suggested to ,minton and ,prosser the enlargement of the patent for this purpose4 ,i then made arrangements to carry out this invention1 and laid the first designs and specimens ,i made before the then ,president of the ,royal ,society 7the ,marquis of ,northampton71 who kindly permitted me to exhibit them at one of his soires1 at his house in ,piccadilly1 about the commencement of the year #ahdc4 ,he then introduced the subject to a great number of noblemen1 and especially to his ,royal ,highness the ,prince ,consort1 who requested an especial account of the process to be written for him1 and which was done1 and forms now the appendix to the second edition of a work ,i first published in #ahdb1 through ,mr4 ,owen ,jones1 on ,tesselated ,pavements4 ,in #ahdc1 ,i published a work upon ,encaustic ,tiles1 with ninety-six copies of ancient tiles drawn half the full size1 and also designs of pavements4 ,the drawings were arranged and copied on stone by ,mr4 ,owen ,jones4 ,i also employed ,mr4 ,lewis1 ,mr4 ,kendall1 and other architects on the same subject1 and especially ,mr4 ,digby ,wyatt1 who copied for me in ,italy the remains of the mosaic works of the ,middle ,ages1 from ,san ,lorenzo1 ,st4 ,mark's1 and other places2 and which has since been drawn on stone1 and published by him1 under the title of #8,the ,geometrical ,mosaics of the ,middle ,ages4' ,the ,society of ,arts1 ,london1 also kindly permitted me to lecture on the subject1 and constantly to bring it forward--so that1 by the end of the year #ahde1 the trade in tesselated pavements1 inlaid tiles1 and ,venetian floors1 had gained a firm footing2 but1 from various circumstances1 and after spending many thousand pounds in bringing the subject fully into notice1 ,i was obliged to surrender all interest in it to the manufacturer1 ,herbert ,minton4 ,since this date1 ,minton and ,hollins have revived the art of majolica and ,palissy ware1 and produced the most magnificent specimens1 both in point of size and color1 ever attained in this description of pottery40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hbe4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hbf to #hca4--;,blashfield's ,stamford ,terra ,cotta4 ,mr4 ,blashfield further wrote to me3-- 8,i suggested to ,herbert ,minton the making of mosaic pavements1 and found some of the money and designs for the early development of the pavement business4 ,it was the connection with the pavement business that led me to a knowledge of pottery2 and made me turn the moulds and models which ,i had used for plastic scagliola and cement castings into use for terra-cotta in #ahea4 ,i began to form my collection of models in #ahca in the ,southwark ,bridge ,road40 ,the productions of this manufactory were terra-cotta as applied to every purpose1 glazed or enamelled tiles and bricks for wall-facings1 hard ordinary paving tiles1 enamelled architectural enrichments for internal use1 and red and buff moulded bricks4 ,in this material1 statues1 both single figures and groups1 busts1 vases1 tazzas1 fountains1 pedestals1 suspenders1 chimney shafts1 cornices1 consoles1 string courses1 pater1 medallions1 panels1 friezes1 capitals and bases1 tracery1 window and door heads and jambs1 balustrades1 and every species of architectural decoration were produced in almost endless--and1 certainly1 as to design1 matchless--variety4 ,the vases and tazz were most carefully modelled from ancient examples taken from the ,british and other ,museums1 and from the standard works of ,montfaucon1 ,winckelmann1 ,millengen1 ,raoul ,rochette1 ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,baptista ,passerio1 ,d',hancarville1 ,piranesi1 ,tatham1 ,moses1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,englefield1 and others2 and many original designs by ,mr4 ,blashfield and other artists were added4 ,these were produced of various sizes1 but all of equal excellence4 ,the statues and busts1 c41 are clever reproductions of ancient examples1 and special works modelled for the purpose by or from ,bell1 ,woodington1 ,roubilliac1 ,weigall1 ,chantrey1 and other renowned modern artists4 ,among the public buildings which have been enriched by the art works of ,mr4 ,blashfield's manufactory are the urns1 antifixa1 and pavements in the ,royal ,mausoleums1 ,windsor2 vases and terminals1 c41 at ,buckingham ,palace2 vases1 tazzas1 borders1 c41 at ,kew and ,hampton ,court ,gardens and ,dairy ,farm1 ,windsor2 colossal statues1 fountains1 vases1 c41 and roofs and other decorations1 at the ,crystal ,palace2 chimney shafts1 c41 ,sandringham2 vases and pedestals1 ,marlborough ,house2 the entire red1 buff1 grey1 and black terra-cotta details and enrichments for ,dulwich ,college2 ,lady ,alford's mansion1 and many other places2 and1 indeed1 for most of the public buildings and private mansions of this country and abroad4 ,of these1 perhaps one of the most important1 and which will ever remain a lasting monument of ,stamford ceramic art1 is the new ,dulwich ,college1 erected from designs by ,mr4 ,charles ,barry1 and entirely composed of terra-cotta4 ,it is the most complete specimen of terra-cotta building in ,england--no stone whatever being used2 the value of the material alone being1 in the gross1 calculated at #bh1jjj4 ,the whole of this was made at these works4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hcb to #hcd4--;,blashfield's ,terra ,cotta4 ,in colour and quality the ,stamford terra-cotta is of faultless excellence4 ,the details are sharp1 and in many cases exquisitely moulded2 and1 the body being much finer and harder than usual1 they have a finish and a 8touch0 about them that cannot easily be surpassed4 ,one of the most striking series of subjects produced in terra-cotta was the manufacturing 8process panels0 on the exterior of the ,wedgwood ,memorial ,institute at ,burslem4 ,three of these are engraved on ,figs4 #hcb to #hcd4 ,the whole series1 modelled by ,mr4 ,walter ,j4 ,morris1 illustrate the various processes of the plastic art2 those selected for engraving represent 8,turning10 8,painting10 and 8,firing40 ,the history of these panels is a somewhat interesting feature as connected with ,stamford terra-cotta works1 and is worth briefly recording4 ,the whole of the clay for these large panels was prepared at the ,stamford works by ,mr4 ,blashfield4 ,a large case1 lined with plaster of ,paris1 was made for each panel2 the clay was firmly and evenly pressed into it1 and thus each of the twelve was transmitted to ,south ,kensington4 ,mr4 ,morris wrought his modelling on the faces of these cases of clay1 and they were returned to ,stamford when ready for the later process to be accomplished4 ,at ,stamford they were cut up in suitable pieces for 8firing20 made true 7for they had got considerably twisted and warped during the time they were in the modeller's hands71 carefully dried1 and burned2 the whole series coming out from the kiln in the admirable and perfect state in which they now stand1 as monuments of ,mr4 ,blashfield's ceramic skill1 in the ,wedgwood ,institute4 ,the whole of the operations in producing these panels occupied about twelve months in time1 and their cost1 of course1 was something considerable4 ,they were marked with ,mr4 ,blashfield's name4 ,among the most successful vases was the 8,shakspeare vase40 ,it is of the ,medici form1 but the general allegorical design and details are ,mr4 ,blashfield's own4 ,the figures of the allegory1 which run round the body of the vase1 were modelled by the late ,mr4 ,nixon1 who executed the statue of ,william ,,iv4 for the ,city of ,london1 in conjunction with his father1 also a sculptor of eminence4 ,it represents a masque scene from ,shakspeare's ,tempest--,prospero1 ,ferdinand and ,miranda1 with ,juno and ,ceres1 in front of the vase2 ,iris at the back1 with the reapers1 dancers1 c4 ,caliban forms the part of one handle and ,sycorax the other4 ,the whole are moulded in a masterly manner1 and the rest of the details of the vase are eminently in keeping with them4 ,engravings of some of ,mr4 ,blashfield's vases are given on ,figs4 #hbf to #hce4 ,of these1 ,fig4 #hbg1 of novel design1 bears powerful medallions of ,dante and ,petrarch2 and ,fig4 #hbh 7a flower-pot71 those of the ,queen and the ,prince ,consort1 and the ,emperor and ,empress of the ,french4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hce4 ,the marks used were the name1 impressed1 8,j4 ,m4 ,,blashfield10 or 8,,blashfield1 ,,stamford10 or 8,,stamford ,,terra ,,cotta ,,co4 ,,limited40 ,,bolingbroke4 ,in the seventeenth century a pottery existed at ,bolingbroke1 in ,lincolnshire4 ,houghton1 writing in #afic1 speaks of 8the blue clay of ,bolingbroke pottery1 in ,lincolnshire40 ,nothing1 however1 is now known as to this manufactory4 ,,wisbech4 ,terra-cotta of a remarkably good character1 made from the clay of the district1 was made here in #ahei2 but the works were not of long continuance4 ,,lowestoft ,,and ,,gunton4 ,lowestoft1 on the very easternmost point of ,england1 on the coast of ,suffolk1 is a pleasant town1 with delightful sea views1 a fine coast1 and a picturesque neighbourhood4 ,it is an ancient borough2 is divided into three parts1 respectively known as the 8,old ,town10 the 8,new ,town10 and the 8,lower ,town20 and its principal street1 from which branch off other streets to the left1 and numberless 8scores10 or narrow ways1 leading to the ,dene and the sea1 is about a mile in length1 and contains the principal residences1 shops1 and public buildings4 ,its chief trade1 like that of ,yarmouth1 is the herring fishery2 and many curious traditions of conflicts between the men of the two rival 8bloater towns0 are still extant among the inhabitants4 ,the principal interest of the place1 however1 centres in the fact1 that here1 on one of the easternmost points of the ,east ,angles1 a manufactory of fine porcelain existed in the latter half of last century1 and that genuine productions of those works are now much sought for by collectors4 ,in #ahfc ,i visited ,lowestoft for the special purpose of seeking information regarding the works1 about which at that time literally nothing was known1 and after a vast deal of research1 both in the town and out of it1 ,i succeeded in obtaining the information which is embodied in this chapter1 and which1 with the exception of its being now revised and here and there amended1 ,i contributed to the ,art-,journal of ,july in that year4 ,it seems somewhat strange that the absolute 8land's end0 on the eastern coast of ,england should have been chosen as the spot on which porcelain should be made1 when the clay for the purpose had to be procured from the western 8,land's ,end10 ,cornwall1 and the coal from the extreme northern coast of ,northumberland and ,durham4 ,it is not improbable1 however1 that the same cause which conduced to the establishment of the ,chelsea works had much to do with the formation of those at ,lowestoft4 ,certain it is that an extensive trade was in the early and middle part of last century carried on1 as it is at the present day1 with ,holland2 and certain it is1 that at that time1 as now1 the town was the constant resort of ,dutch fishermen and others2 and as the first productions of the ,ceramic ,art in this neighbourhood appear1 so far as ,i have been able to ascertain1 to have been delft-ware1 it is not too much to suppose that the first potters were from ,holland1 and made the ware from clay found in the neighbourhood4 ,specimens of this fine delft-ware1 inscribed with names of people in the neighbourhood1 and with dates1 still exist1 and attest pretty strongly to the correctness of this opinion4 ,gillingwater1 in his 8,history of ,lowestoft10 written in #agij1 says at p4 #aab3-- 8,the only manufactory carried on at ,lowestoft is that of making porcelain1 or china ware2 where the proprietors have brought this ingenious art to a great degree of perfection2 and1 from the prospect it affords1 promises to be attended with much success4 ,the origin of this manufactory is as follows3--,in the year #agef1 ,hewlin ,luson1 ,esq41 of ,gunton ,hall1 near ,lowestoft1 having discovered some fine clay1 or earth1 on his estate in that parish1 sent a small quantity of it to one of the china manufactories near ,london1 in view of discovering what kind of ware it was capable of producing1 which1 upon trial1 proved to be somewhat finer than that called the delft-ware4 ,mr4 ,luson was so far encouraged by this success as to resolve upon making another experiment of the goodness of its quality upon his own premises2 accordingly he immediately procured some workmen from ,london1 and erected upon his estate at ,gunton a temporary kiln and furnace1 and all the other apparatus necessary for the undertaking2 but the manufacturers in ,london being apprised of his intentions1 and of the excellent quality of the earth1 and apprehending also that if ,mr4 ,luson succeeded he might rival them in their manufacture1 it induced them to exercise every art in their power to render his scheme abortive2 and so far tampered with the workmen he had procured1 that they spoiled the ware1 and thereby frustrated ,mr4 ,luson's design4 ,but notwithstanding this unhandsome treatment1 the resolution of establishing a china manufactory at ,lowestoft was not relinquished1 but was revived again in the succeeding year 7#ageg71 by ,messrs4 ,walker1 ,brown1 ,aldred1 and ,rickman4 ,this second attempt experienced the same misfortune as the former one1 and very nearly ruined their designs2 but the proprietors happening to discover these practices of the workmen before it was too late1 they took such precautions as to render every future attempt of this nature wholly ineffectual1 and have now established the factory upon such a permanent foundation as promises great success4 ,they have now enlarged their original plan1 and by purchasing several adjoining houses1 and erecting additional buildings1 have made every necessary alteration requisite for the various purposes of the manufactory4 ,they employ a considerable number of workmen1 and supply with ware many of the principal towns in the adjacent counties1 and keep a warehouse in ,london to execute the orders they receive both from the city and the adjoining towns1 and have brought the manufactory to such a degree of perfection as promises to be a credit to the town1 useful to the inhabitants1 and beneficial to themselves40 ,it appears from this account that the first pottery was established at ,gunton1 near ,lowestoft1 in #agef2 but ,i am inclined to think that pot making had been carried on some years before this date4 ,marryat describes two plates in his possession1 of coarse paste1 with blue borders1 which bear1 respectively1 the words-- ,,quinton ,,benjamin ,,yarmouth #ageb4 ,,quinton ,,mary ,,yarmouth #ageb4 which he considers may have been ante-dated2 but the probability is that they are not1 but that they were painted at ,gunton or ,lowestoft at the period whose date they bear4 ,a remarkably fine blue and white delft plate1 or dish1 which belonged to the late ,mr4 ,james ,mills1 of ,norwich1 and traditionally said to be painted at ,lowestoft1 has a bold border of blue colour round the rim1 and the centre bears a heart-shaped tablet 7,fig4 #hcf7 with a ,cupid at either side bearing a pendent bunch of flowers4 ,above the tablet is a coronet1 and below it a knot and tassel4 ,the tablet bears the words--,robart ,ann ,parrish in ,norwich #agef4 ,other examples of this kind of ware1 bearing names of individuals and places in the neighbourhood1 have also come under my notice1 and tend to strengthen my opinion that they must have been made somewhat prior to the year #agef4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hcf4 ,it is a matter of extreme importance1 and very noteworthy1 that of the dated examples of wares known or recorded1 those of #ageb1 #agef1 #agei1 and #agfj1 are not china but delft ware2 and that those from #agfb forward to #aghi are china4 ,the inference is that the manufacture of delft ware at ,gunton or ,lowestoft continued till about #agfj1 and that about that time the manufacture of porcelain was gradually making its way4 ,the proprietors of the porcelain works in #ageg are stated by ,gillingwater to be ,messrs4 ,walker1 ,brown1 ,aldred1 and ,rickman4 ,of some of these proprietors particulars will be found interwoven in my present article1 but of the others very little is known4 ,by #aggj the manufacture had advanced very considerably1 so much so that in that year1 as appears by the following advertisement1 a warehouse for its sale was established in ,london3--8,clark ,durnford1 ,lowestoft ,china ,warehouse1 ,no4 #d1 ,great ,st4 ,thomas the ,apostle1 ,queen ,street1 ,cheapside1 ,london1 where merchants and shopkeepers may be supplied with any quantity of the said ware at the usual prices4 ,n4,b4 ,allowance of ,twenty per cent4 for ,ready ,money40 ,the firm was carried on 7as is proved by the address furnished to ,mr4 ,duesbury1 of the ,derby ,china factory7 under the style of 8,robert ,browne ,co402 the address is 8,mr4 ,robt4 ,browne ,co41 ,china ,manufactory1 ,lowestoff1 ,suffolk40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hcg4 ,one of the partners of the early firm1 and the manager of the works1 was ,robert ,browne1 who died in #agga1 when the management fell to his son1 also ,robert ,browne1 who1 being an excellent practical chemist1 made great improvements in the ware4 ,he was constantly experimenting on 8bodies10 and succeeded in bringing the art of making porcelain nearer to the ,oriental original than had been at that time attained by any other individual4 ,of the first of these ,robert ,brownes an interesting relic remains in the possession of his great-grandson at the present day4 ,it is a small inkstand1 white1 with blue ornaments4 ,it is of nine-sided form1 and has ,chinese figures on seven of its sides1 the other two being taken up with the pattern here engraved1 the initials 8,r4 ,b41 #agfb10 being those of ,robert ,browne just alluded to4 ,the manufacture of porcelain under the management of the second ,robert ,browne must have attained some great degree of excellence in #agge1 for in that year ,i find that a man named ,david ,rhodes1 who was apparently employed by his master1 ,josiah ,wedgwood1 to collect together for him examples of the productions of the different manufactories of this country1 enters in his account of expenses the purchase of a ,lowestoft slop basin1 for which he gave ninepence4 ,the account1 which is in the possession of ,mr4 ,mayer1 of ,liverpool1 is curious1 as the following items will show3-- #agge4 s4 d4 ,may #aj4 ,a ,flawed ,chelsea ,leaf1 a ,plymouth ,teapot1 and #b ,liverpool ,coffee ,cups #j #f ,may #ab4 ,a set of ,bristol ,china #f #j ,a -pint ,worcester ,basin and broken ware #j #f #b ,slop ,basins1 ,derby and ,leastoff #a #f #a ,quart ,bristol ,mug and ,teapot ,stand #b #f ,a ,broken ,quart ,mug1 ,bristol #j #f ,prices at which collectors nowadays would be only too glad to purchase specimens4 ,fancy a quart ,bristol mug1 and a teapot-stand of the same1 for half-a-crown6 and a ,chelsea leaf1 a ,plymouth teapot1 and two ,liverpool coffee-cups for sixpence6 ,the works must at this time have become noted1 or they would not have attracted the attention of ,josiah ,wedgwood1 and made him desirous of examining the 8body10 and comparing it with other wares made in this country4 ,that the china produced at and before this time was good there can be no doubt1 and the purchase of a 8slop-basin0 shows that tea-services must1 prior to that time1 have been made4 ,it would be interesting to find that this identical slop-basin was still preserved at ,etruria1 as1 possibly1 it may be1 although ,i have failed to recognise it4 ,a curious circumstance connected with the first ,robert ,browne1 the memory of which has been preserved in his family1 is worth relating1 as showing the schemes and the underhand practices which were resorted to by manufacturers in those days 7as1 alas6 now71 to worm out and steal the secrets of others4 ,the workmen who had been engaged from ,london having been1 as alluded to by ,gillingwater1 shamefully tampered with1 and bribed to injure the work at ,lowestoft1 probably induced ,mr4 ,browne to retaliate in the manner ,i am about to describe4 ,being desirous1 soon after the commencement of the works1 to ascertain how the glaze was prepared1 some of the colours mixed1 and other particulars concerning the ingredients used1 he went to ,london1 and under the disguise of a workman1 engaged himself at one of the china manufactories--of course either ,chelsea or ,bow4 ,here1 after a short time1 he bribed the warehouseman to assist him in his design1 and soon accomplished his purpose4 ,the warehouseman locked him up secretly in that part of the factory where the principal was in the habit of mixing the ingredients after the workmen had left the premises4 ,browne was placed under an empty hogshead close to the counter or table on which the principal operated1 and could thus see through an opening all that was going on4 ,from his hiding-place he watched all the processes1 saw the proportions of the different ingredients used1 and gained the secret he had so long coveted4 ,having thus remained a willing prisoner for some hours1 he was at last released when the principal left the place1 and shortly afterwards returned to ,lowestoft1 after an absence of only two or three weeks1 in full possession of the1 till then1 secret information possessed by the famed works of ,chelsea or ,bow4 ,it may be well to note that the ,brownes1 ,i am informed1 were engaged in the staple trade of the place--that of the herring fishery as well as in that of the manufacture of porcelain4 ,the firm also were shipowners1 and kept vessels constantly running 8to the ,isle of ,wight for a peculiar sand1 which1 with pulverised glass and pipeclay1 formed principally the ingredients of the groundwork of the ware10 and to ,newcastle for coals4 ,lowestoft is1 fortunately1 particularly rich in dated examples of its productions2 but it is worthy of remark1 that the whole of these examples1 with names and dates1 which have come under my notice1 are white and blue2 showing that1 during the period through which these dates run1 that was the character of the china made at these works1 and that the finer body and the elaborate colouring which distinguish so much of the ,lowestoft porcelain1 were of later date4 ,but of this presently4 ,the earliest dated example of ,lowestoft china ware ,i have yet seen is the inkstand just described1 which bears the initials 8,r4 ,b410 and the date 8#agfb40 ,in ,mr4 ,norman's collection was a bowl with the name 8,,abrm4 ,,moore1 #agfe10 and a basin1 said to have been made for ,sarah ,crisp1 has her initials 8,s4 ,c41 #agfe40 ,the next is a fine bowl1 with a large group of ,chinese figures--emperor1 mandarins1 c4--painted in blue1 and inscribed on the bottom with the name of an eccentric old maid1 well known in the town1 and whose gravestone lies in the churchyard3-- ,,eliza,,th ,,buckle #agfh4 ,this bowl and other pieces of a service 7notably a basin and cream jug1 painted with shepherd and shepherdess7 made for her1 were painted by her nephew1 a man named ,robert ,allen1 who1 as a boy1 was one of the first employed when the manufactory was established and remained there until its close4 ,the bowl is in the possession of his aged daughter1 ,mrs4 ,johnson4 ,this ,robert ,allen may well be classed amongst the 8worthies0 of ,lowestoft4 ,working at the china manufactory from the first1 he became foreman1 and was entrusted with the mixing of the colours and the ingredients of the material itself1 and remained so till the close of the factory in #ahjc4 ,as a painter he appears to have been chiefly employed on blue2 at all events the only authenticated specimens of his work which ,i have seen are of that colour4 ,he also employed himself in staining glass1 and numerous pieces of his work are still preserved by families in the town4 ,his principal work was the painting in the east window of the parish church1 which he completed in the year #ahai1 being then in his seventy-fourth year1 and presented it to the town4 ,in acknowledgment of this service a silver cup1 now in possession of his daughter1 and bearing the following inscription1 was presented to him3--8,a token of respect to ,mr4 ,robert ,allen1 from his fellow-townsmen at ,lowestoft1 for having1 at the advanced age of ,seventy-four1 gratuitously and elegantly ornamented the ,east ,window of their ,parish ,church ,anno4 ,dom4 #ahai40 ,after the closing of the ,lowestoft works1 ,allen1 who dealt in china1 c41 put up a small kiln at his own house1 where he carried on operations on a limited scale1 buying the unfinished ware from the ,rockingham works and painting and finishing it himself for sale4 ,mr4 ,brameld1 of the ,rockingham works1 who was an excellent painter on china1 occasionally visited ,lowestoft1 and became attached to ,allen1 to whom he presented a set of five vases1 beautifully painted from nature with flowers copied from specimens he had gathered on the ,dene4 ,he also presented him with a snuff-box1 painted by himself4 ,of the same year as the bowl above described 7#agfh7 a dated example in the possession of ,mr4 ,seago1 the town clerk of ,lowestoft1 is a bowl1 with the words-- ,,edward ,,morley #agfh ,another bears the date-- ,,ricd4 ,,mason ,,jany4 #a,,th #agga ,of this latter year another dated example is shown on the engraving 7,fig4 #hch72 it has the words--8,james ,mary ,curtis1 ,lowestoft1 #agga40 ,this mug was painted by ,thomas ,curtis1 son of the pair named in the inscription4 ,he was for some time1 it is said1 employed at ,dresden1 and became a 8silent partner0 in the ,lowestoft works1 and in his will is described as a 8porcelain painter40 ,part of a set of china1 painted by this same ,thomas ,curtis on ,oriental body1 in #agge1 and intended as a wedding present for his son ,james1 is still preserved in the family4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hch4 ,the next dated example of blue and white was in the museum of the late ,mr4 ,mills1 of ,norwich4 ,it is a mug1 and bears the inscription--8,,robt4 ,,haward #agha40 ,the same gentleman had also other initialed specimens1 made originally for members of his family4 ,in ,mr4 ,seago's collection is an inkstand marked ,s4 ,a4 ,sept4 #bf #aghb1 being the initials of ,samuel ,aldred2 and ,mr4 ,norman possessed a similar inkstand inscribed 8,a present from ,lowestoft10 but not dated4 ,in ,norwich a later example1 with the initials and date-- ,w ,j ,s #aghd is also preserved4 ,a beautiful example1 the latest known dated specimen of ,lowestoft china1 is in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,williams1 of ,islington4 ,it is a mug1 three and a half inches high1 painted in blue with borders and flowers1 and has on the front the initials and name#aje ,g ,c ,,lowestoft #aghi ,these will be sufficient to show the range of years over which the ,lowestoft blue and white porcelain was manufactured4 ,that it was made to the close of the works there is every probability2 but that it gradually gave way to a finer and higher class of goods is certain4 ,earthenware1 too1 of a fine kind1 appears to have been made at ,lowestoft1 of which ,i have seen some interesting examples1 so called1 in various collections4 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,andreas ,a4 ,cockayne is a pair of remarkably good salt-cellars of undoubted ,lowestoft make4 ,the inside is painted with roses and other flowers1 and the outside has festoons of roses and foliage1 and on either side of each is a shield bearing gules1 on a bend1 argent1 three leopards' heads1 caboshed1 of the field2 over all an escutcheon of pretence with the arms of ,cockayne1 argent1 three cocks1 gules4 ,crest1 a leopard's head1 caboshed1 gules4 ,before speaking of the later and higher class of goods made1 or painted1 at ,lowestoft1 it is quite necessary to put collectors on their guard against giving implicit credence to all they hear in the locality as to the kinds of ware made at these works4 ,i have seen undoubted specimens of early ,worcester1 of ,caughley1 of ,bristol1 and of several other localities1 gravely asserted to be ,lowestoft1 and even attempted to be proved to be such by the very marks they bear4 ,as a proof of this ,i may just mention that it is said the company did a large trade with ,turkey1 and the ware prepared for that market 8had on it no representation of man or beast 7so as not to offend ,mahometan law71 and at the bottom of each piece the ,crescent was painted60 ,it is perhaps unnecessary to say that the pieces marked with the 8,turkish ,crescent0 are the ordinary blue and white with the ,worcester and ,caughley marks1 and that some of the pieces are the well-known 8cabbage-leaf0 and other forms of those makes4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hci1 #hdj4 ,the great characteristic of the latter and more advanced porcelain made at ,lowestoft1 is its extreme minuteness and intricacy of pattern and beauty of finish4 ,indeed the decorations on many of the specimens which ,i have examined1 are of a character far superior1 both in design and in the exquisite and almost microscopic nicety of the pencilling and finish1 to those mostly produced at other ,english manufactories4 ,the borders are frequently very minute and elaborate1 and the wreaths1 festoons1 or groups of flowers1 are equally delicate in their proportions4 ,some of the productions of the ,lowestoft works are apparently painted on ,oriental body1 but there are many good examples in existence where the body is of ,lowestoft make which are of very fine quality4 ,the collector will be able to distinguish immediately between the examples painted at ,lowestoft on ,oriental body and those which were potted and painted there4 ,punch-bowls and tea and coffee services appear to have been the staple productions of these works1 and1 fortunately1 many of the former1 and several almost complete sets of the latter1 are remaining in the hands of families in the neighbourhood1 and in those of local collectors1 who seem imbued with a truly laudable desire to keep alive the memory of what has been done for the ,ceramic ,art in their town4 ,the bowls are usually of remarkably good form1 and highly ornamented4 ,they are mostly painted at ,lowestoft1 on ,oriental body4 ,some of these1 though not dated1 nevertheless give collateral evidence of the period at which they were made1 and become1 therefore1 historically valuable2 as do also1 indeed1 some of the services bearing the initials1 heraldic bearings1 and monograms of families in the neighbourhood4 ,a punch-bowl in the possession of the town clerk of ,lowestoft1 which is elaborately ornamented inside and out1 bears inside a well-painted representation of a fishing lugger at full sail1 within a circle1 beneath which is the name of the vessel1 ,the ,judas4 ,this bowl was made for the boat ,judas1 and was filled with punch and drank to its success before each fishing voyage1 and at carousals at their end4 ,in the same collection is another beautiful bowl1 bearing on either side1 within ovals1 and surrounded by ornamental ovals1 c41 portraits of the notorious ,john ,wilkes1 and another1 with the words 8,wilkes and ,liberty40 ,the painting of these1 as of all the higher class of wares1 is very beautiful and1 indeed1 in some parts exquisite4 ,when writing in #ahfc upon these works 7and it must be borne in mind that ,i was the first to write upon them7 ,i expressed myself as above4 ,my opinion that some of the ,lowestoft productions were painted there on ,oriental body1--an opinion based upon thoroughly good foundation--has been taken exception to by a later writer 7who has been indebted for nearly every scrap of information he has embodied in his work to what ,i then wrote71 in no measured terms4 ,i was fortified in that opinion by the judgment of the late ,mr4 ,rose1 of ,coalport1 than whom no man living had a more thorough practical knowledge of bodies and of all the different processes and phases of ,ceramic ,art1 and whose opinion in all technical matters was sought and relied upon by all scientific men of real intelligence2 and ,i am far from feeling disposed to give up that opinion at the mere dictum of a dealer4 ,i have hesitation in saying that if a tithe of the pieces exhibited as ,lowestoft were painted there 7which ,i very much doubt71 they assuredly were painted on ,oriental body1 for much of the ware now vaunted as ,lowestoft is certainly not ,english4#ajf ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hda4 ,the coffee-pot 7,fig4 #hda7 formerly belonging to ,mr4 ,norman is a good specimen of ,lowestoft painting4 ,it forms part of a service1 evidently a marriage-service1 originally made for ,captain ,walsh4 ,the initials it bears are probably those of himself and his bride4 ,they are enclosed in an oval within a wreath of roses and palm branches1 tied with a true lover's knot4 ,on either side is a ,cupid1 who supports a human heart pierced with two arrows1 and this is surmounted by a coronet4 ,on reference to the delft plate just described and engraved 7,robert and ,ann ,parrish71 it will be seen how strongly the design of that early example of ,lowestoft earthenware accords with this1 perhaps one of the most highly finished of its productions in porcelain4 ,it is unnecessary to describe other services1 although many of them are of the highest beauty4 ,one tea service1 with the crest 7an owl7 and the monogram of ,w4 ,w4 conjoined1 is especially deserving of notice1 however1 as being one of the choicest examples of porcelain painting of its kind which have come under my notice4 ,this service1 until lately intact1 has unfortunately been dispersed1 and portions of it passed into the collections of ,sir ,henry ,tyrwhit1 ,mr4 ,norman1 ,mr4 ,seago1 and others4 ,it is worthy of remark that on much of the ,lowestoft china the rose is plentifully introduced4 ,the reason for this is probably two-fold3 first1 the arms of the borough is the ,tudor 7or full-blown7 rose1 crowned with an open arched crown2 and this may probably have been the principal incentive in giving the rose so constant and so prominent a place in the ornamentation of the china4 ,second1 during the period of the great ,revolution1 a ,french refugee of the name of ,rose1 one of the cleverest of the ,french porcelain painters1 found his way to ,lowestoft1 and was engaged by the company4 ,he became the principal1 and by far the best1 of the artists employed1 and probably introduced the rose more generally1 in allusion to his name1 than would otherwise have been done4 ,to him may probably be ascribed the finest and most minutely finished specimens of painting which the works produced1 and it was his taste which gave that ,french character to the general style of ornamentation which is so discoverable on many of the services4 ,it is well to remark that on some of the pieces painted by him he is said to have introduced a small rose under the handle as a special mark of his work4 ,like that of many another man of genius1 the lot of this clever refugee artist was a sad one4 ,he was an aged man when he came to ,lowestoft1 and he remained at the works till his eyesight failed him1 and he became very poor4 ,a subscription was entered into1 and a couple of donkeys to help him to carry water in the town purchased1 and thus he passed his last few years4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hdb4 ,in the group 7,fig4 #hdb71 ,i have shown some very characteristic examples of the higher class make of the ,lowestoft works4 ,the saucer is an excellent specimen of floral decoration1 and shows better than many the rose which was so plentifully introduced in decoration4 ,the painting1 however1 of these bolder groups of flowers is not so good as in the more minute ones--the artists1 as ,i have before said1 excelling in minute1 careful1 and elaborate pencilling rather than in breadth of style and colour4 ,the coffee-cup is a simple but very good specimen of heraldic decoration4 ,it is part of a set made for the celebrated writer1 the ,rev4 ,robert ,potter1 ,prebendary of ,norwich and ,vicar of ,lowestoft1 one of the most distinguished classical scholars of his time1 and chiefly known for his excellent translations of schylus1 ,euripides1 and ,sophocles1 and for other equally learned works4 ,the cup bears the arms or1 a chevron1 sable1 between three mullets1 gules1 pierced of the first2 with crest1 and motto1 8,,in ,,deo ,,potero40 ,the tea-cup in the same group is a good example of the not unusual ,french style of ornamentation1 in wreaths1 monograms1 and initials4 ,the shield bears the initials 8,m4,s4,j410 and is surrounded by a remarkably elegant wreath of flowers1 and surmounted by a crest4 ,the engraving 7,fig4 #hdc7 is a simple sketch from the saucer belonging to the cup just described1 and is therefore not filled in with the elaborate detail of the original4 ,the mug engraved in the group is of a form very usual in ,lowestoft specimens4 ,it is well decorated with groups and sprays of flowers1 among which the rose is predominant4 ,the borders on all these pieces are of elaborate and minutely pencilled character4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hdc4 ,transfer printing on china does not seem to have been practised to any extent at ,lowestoft4 ,one jug1 however1 which has been handed down from father to son in the family of the most active proprietor1 is preserved1 with a memorandum that the copper-plate from which it was printed was given to ,mr4 ,browne by a ,mr4 ,gamble1 of ,bungay1 who1 with his family1 was in the habit of visiting ,lowestoft4 ,probably the plate was given that the family might be supplied with ware printed from it4 ,the design is a sportsman with dog and gun1 and on the spout of the jug are the letters #8,s4 ,a4' the initials of ,samuel ,aldred4 ,i have also seen a set of beakers1 c41 printed in blue1 which are said to have been bought at the factory1 and to be attested as ,lowestoft make4 ,the ,lowestoft works did not excel in figures1 which were usually simple in design1 and of small size4 ,they are usually single rustic figures1 and possess no notable features2 four examples1 purchased at the factory just before its close1 are in the possession of ,lady ,smith1 and are highly interesting as being well authenticated4 ,among the principal artists employed at the works were ,rose1 the refugee of whom ,i have just spoken1 whose beautiful floral patterns decorate most of the best specimens of the ware of these works2 ,powles1 a very clever artist1 whose name is well known as the draughtsman of the plates illustrating ,gillingwater's 8,history of ,lowestoft20 ,allen1 of whom ,i have spoken1 who painted the east window of the parish church1 and was the mixer of the colours at the factory2 ,redgate1 who also was a good flower-painter2 ,curtis1 of whose productions ,i have already spoken2 ,abel1 ,john1 and ,joseph ,bly2 ,james1 ,john1 and ,margaret ,redgrave2 and others named ,stevenson1 ,balls1 ,mottershed1 and ,simpson4 ,besides these1 several women were employed in painting and gilding4 ,the works were brought to a close in the year #ahjc or #ahjd1 and the materials and finished goods were sold by auction4 ,the causes which led to their discontinuance were many1 but principally the losses sustained by the company1 and the successful competition of the ,staffordshire manufacturers4 ,one great loss was caused by the failure of their ,london agents2 another and more serious one by the destruction of a very large quantity of ,lowestoft china in ,holland1 with which country an extensive trade was carried on1 as thus stated3--8,when ,napoleon crossed the river during a hard frost and captured ,holland1 amongst the ,british property destroyed was a quantity of ,lowestoft china at ,rotterdam1 in value several thousand pounds40 ,the trade with ,rotterdam was very large1 and the ware was sent weekly in hogsheads by way of ,yarmouth4 ,these two losses1 coming closely together1 crippled the company2 and the cost of manufacture1 through having no coal nor any other requisite material in the neighbourhood1 preventing them from producing ware so cheaply as could be done in ,staffordshire and at ,derby and ,worcester1 the works were closed1 after the proprietors had realised considerable sums2 and the town thus lost a branch of manufacture which was an honour to it1 and which has given it a name in the annals of the ,ceramic ,art of this country4 ,and here1 before proceeding further1 let me again utter a word or two of caution to collectors1 against placing too implicit a reliance upon what has been written concerning ,lowestoft china1 and against taking for granted that all which is nowadays called ,lowestoft china is really the production of that manufactory4 ,if all that is ascribed to ,lowestoft was ever made there1 the works must have been about the most extensive1 and--if all the varieties of wares that are now said to have been there produced were made1 as is asserted1 simultaneously--the most extraordinary on record4 ,the great bulk of the specimens now unblushingly ascribed to ,lowestoft ,i believe never were in that town1 much less were ever made there4 ,mr4 ,owen1 in his excellent work on ,bristol china1 says truly3-- 8,the fashion has become general to attribute all such 7,oriental7 china to ,lowestoft1 in spite of the evidence afforded by its make1 texture1 and glaze4 ,it is painful to see1 in public and private collections1 examples of ,oriental ware so labelled1 simply because1 though hard porcelain1 they bear ,english armorial coats and initials4 ,mrs4 ,wilton1 of ,twigworth ,villa1 ,gloucester1 has a set of ,oriental china mugs--with the initials of her grandfather and grandmother--which were made for her ancestor in ,china1 and brought thence by himself4 ,according to the new fashion1 these relics would be attributed to ,lowestoft4 ,many porcelain punch-bowls are to be found in seaport towns with names and portraits of ships and very early dates2 these bowls are often attributed to the works at ,liverpool and ,lowestoft4 ,the officers of the ,east ,india ,co4's ships were accustomed to take out ,english delft bowls1 and get them reproduced in common porcelain in ,china for their merchant friends2 and many a relic now prized as of home manufacture was procured in this manner40 ,and again3-- 8,if one hundredth portion only of the ,oriental porcelain which1 on the slight evidence of having a certain red trellis-work in the borders1 or coarsely-painted roses1 or ,english armorial bearings1 is erroneously attributed to ,lowestoft1 had really been made there1 that factory must have been the most prolific and wonderful in the kingdom4 ,a higher critical appreciation of the peculiarities of ,oriental ware would prevent such an error40 ,the mill for grinding the materials for the manufactory 8was in a ravine by the ,warren ,house on ,gunton ,denes1 where a fine stream of water constantly flows4 ,this was dammed up1 and when it had arrived at a certain height1 was set to flow over a very large wheel 7the largest of the kind at that time in the kingdom71 for the purpose of grinding the materials for the china40 ,this water wheel is1 ,i am informed1 still in existence4 ,the factory was situated in the town1 and the premises are now occupied as a brewery4 ,the street is still called ,factory ,lane4 ,it is worthy of note that no mark was used upon ,lowestoft china4 ,marryat mentions a mark of three parallel straight blue lines2 but this is evidently an error1 as no such examples appear to be known4 ,,stowmarket4 ,the ,tile ,works at this place are of old establishment1 and have always been noted for the production of celebrated 8white bricks10 spoken of in the seventeenth century4 ,they are worked by ,mr4 ,c4 ,o4 ,fison1 who1 in addition1 manufactures an improved malt-kiln tile1 both square-cluster and round-cluster1 for which honourable mention was made at the #ahfb ,exhibition4 ,they are largely exported to various foreign countries1 as well as being extensively used in this kingdom4 ,,ipswich4 ,ransome's ,patent ,stone4--,the first manufacture of this important material was commenced at ,ipswich in #ahdd2 the inventor being ,mr4 ,frederick ,ransome1 of the firm of ,ransomes and ,sims of this town4 ,the works were removed in #ahff to ,east ,greenwich1 which see 7page #afb7 for a farther account4 ,,ebbisham4 ,a large brick manufactory existed at ,ebbisham1 in ,surrey1 in the seventeenth century1 and a long and most interesting account of it1 and of the clays1 as well as all the processes of manufacture1 will be found in ,houghton's 8,husbandry and ,trade ,improved10 #afic4 ,,wrotham4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hdd4 ,a pottery was in existence here1 in ,kent1 in the middle of the seventeenth century1 but nothing is known as to its history4 ,the ware was the usual coarse brown ware1 of much the same character as the ,toft dishes4 ,an example1 formerly belonging to ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,reynolds1 decorated with an incised pattern and bearing the date #affh1 and the initials ,h4 ,i4 and ,i4 ,a41 is traditionally said to be of this make4 ,in the ,british ,museum is a large brown dish with the words ,e4 ,w4 ,e41 ,,wrotham1 #affi1 and in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology is a two-handled posset-pot with raised ornaments and inscription laid on1 in yellow slip1 before glazing1 ,t4 ,e41 ,,wrotham1 #agjc4 ,another good example1 belonging to ,mr4 ,baldwin1 is a four-handled tyg ornamented with fleur-de-lis1 c41 and bearing the words ,w ,,wrotham ,c ,r #afei4 ,r,s ,an interesting example1 considered by ,marryat to belong to ,wrotham1 is given on ,fig4 #hdd4 ,,yarmouth4 ,although the name 8,absolon1 ,yarmouth10 may occur on various pieces of ware in different collections1 it must not1 for one moment1 be taken for granted that the pottery was produced there4 ,the ,absolons were china and glass dealers in ,yarmouth1 and one of the family appears to have erected a kiln1 called the ,ovens1 and there to have burnt in the flowers and other designs which he employed himself in painting upon ware produced from other places4 ,his plan appears to have been to procure the ordinary cream-coloured ware in plates1 c41 and paint upon them flowers in the manner of those of ,swinton1 ,don1 c42 and in the same manner to write their names on the back2 and then to burn them in in his own 8oven40 ,mr4 ,norman possessed some plates of ,absolon's painting1 which bore on the back the usual mark of his name1 pencilled on and burnt in1 and the name 8,,turner0 impressed in the ware4 ,these pieces1 there can be no reasonable doubt1 were made by ,john ,turner1 of ,lane ,end4 ,mr4 ,chaffers says that having the name of 8,turner0 stamped upon them1 8proves that they were actually made at ,caughley1 and decorated at ,yarmouth20 but this carries its own condemnation on the face of it1 for ,turner of ,caughley is not known to have stamped his name on his ware1 and beyond this he did not produce cream ware at his works4 ,there is reason to believe that ,absolon bought his ware from ,staffordshire and ,leeds4 ,he put his name in colour on the bottom of the pieces he decorated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hde4 ,,cossey4 ,the works at ,cossey1 near ,norwich1 which now produce many art-works of merit in the form of decorated bricks and other architectural enrichments1 were established about #ahjj1 as a brick-yard1 and so continued of small size1 until about #ahbg1 when ,cossey1 or ,costessy ,hall1 the seat of its noble owner1 ,lord ,stafford1 was rebuilt1 when they were enlarged1 so as to enable a full supply for the purpose to be made4 ,the foreman of these works was ,mr4 ,gunton1 and under his care the manufacture of ornamental bricks1 for the new hall1 was tried1 and with marked success4 ,on this hall1--one of the best of brick buildings1 and one which may be looked upon as a gigantic example of ,cossey ceramic art--are some remarkably fine ,tudoresque chimney shafts1 as well as excellently designed and well-executed cusped window-heads1 transoms1 mullions1 c42 and finials1 door-jambs1 cornices1 panelling1 and string-courses1 all of equal excellence4 ,these are all formed of moulded brick made at ,cossey from native clays1 and are still in remarkably good preservation4 ,after the completion of the building of the ,hall the brickworks were closed for about four years1 when ,mr4 ,gunton succeeded in renting them in the hope of fully carrying out his idea of manufacturing decorated brickwork4 ,unfortunately1 however1 he was not permitted to have the use of the moulds from which the ,hall bricks had been made2 but1 nevertheless1 he from time to time prepared new moulds for chimney shafts1 window-heads1 mouldings1 c41 and gradually got them into notice1 and architects and builders soon began to see their advantage4 ,the works are now carried on by his son1 ,mr4 ,george ,gunton1 whose productions are of the highest possible class of merit4 ,among the architectural enrichments produced at these works1--the designs being entirely supplied by architects1 and of the purest style and finish--are chimney shafts1 many of which are of the most elaborate style of ornamentation2 window-heads1 c42 balustrades2 cornices2 medallions2 crest-ridging2 string-courses2 plinths2 arches and keys2 pater2 architraves2 finials2 capitals1 bases1 and shafts2 and many other matters4 ,these are produced of remarkable sharpness and of great beauty of finish--the tooth1 nail-head1 and other ornaments1 being very pure in character4 ,they are produced in two colours--a fine1 rich1 deep red1 and a stone2 the latter being the nearest approach of any to artificial stone1 and both being extremely hard and durable4 ,,cadborough4 ,the ,cadborough ,pottery1 near ,rye1 in ,sussex1 was first built about #ahjg1 and carried on by ,mr4 ,james ,smith1 and afterwards by his son1 ,mr4 ,jeremiah ,smith4 ,in #ahdj1 the business passed into the hands of the late ,mr4 ,william ,mitchell 7who had had the management of it1 under ,mr4 ,smith1 since #ahbg71 who carried it on in his own name until #ahei1 when he took one of his sons1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,mitchell1 into partnership1 and the firm became 8,wm4 ,mitchell ,son10 and so continued until #ahfi1 when the partnership was dissolved1 under mutual arrangement1 ,mr4 ,mitchell1 sen41 continuing the ,cadborough business for common earthenware1 and his son1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,mitchell1 taking the fancy department1 which was his own creation1 to new premises1 the ,bellevue ,pottery 7which see74 ,in #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,mitchell1 sen41 died1 and the business at ,cadborough was then taken by ,mr4 ,henry ,mitchell1 who still carries it on4 ,the goods produced are the ordinary common brown wares1 glazed and unglazed1 and consist of flower-pots2 chimney-pots2 pitchers and crocks of various kinds2 tongue1 ham1 beef1 biscuit1 milk1 and other pans2 bottles1 jugs1 bowls1 and other domestic vessels2 sewer and drain pipes2 butter-pots2 and all the other usual articles made in this ware4 ,the clay is dug on the farm of ,cadborough1 as is also the loam with which it is mixed1 and it is of peculiarly hard and durable texture1 and capable of taking a good glaze4 ,many of the domestic vessels are mottled or 8splashed0 under the glaze4 ,,rye4 ,the 8,bellevue ,pottery0 in the ,ferry ,road1 ,rye1 ,sussex1 was established in #ahfi1 by its present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,mitchell1 son and partner of the late ,mr4 ,william ,mitchell of the ,cadborough ,pottery 7which see74 ,it was established entirely for the manufacture of 8,sussex ,rustic ,ware0--an ornamental branch of the brown-ware goods invented by ,mr4 ,frederick ,mitchell while at those works4 ,this ware is of peculiar1 but highly pleasing character1 and in it a large variety of fancy articles1 flower-baskets1 candlesticks1 jugs1 vases1 pilgrims' bottles1 c41 are made4 ,the clay is peculiarly light1 and of tolerably close texture1 and it is capable of working into any form4 ,the glaze1 which is of equal richness with that of 8,rockingham0 ware1 is of exceedingly good quality1 and it has a rich effect over the mottling or 8splashing0 which characterizes this ware4 ,many of the productions are very artistic1 and evince much taste and skill in manipulation4 ,some of the vessels are decorated with the leaf and head of the staple product of the county --the hop--or with other excellent copies of leaves and flowers1 c4 ,the peculiarity of this 8,sussex ,rustic ,ware0 is its extreme lightness1 and the richness of its mottling and glaze4 ,one article1 worthy of especial notice1 as made at these works 7and formerly at ,cadborough71 is the 8,sussex ,pig0 here engraved4 ,this is a drinking vessel of the same general character as the 8,bears10 which will be found described under the heads of ,brampton1 ,nottingham1 c4 ,the body1 when filled with ale1 stands on end1 on its tail1 and the head lifts off to be used as a drinking cup1 precisely in the same manner as with the 8bears40 ,in ,sussex these 8pigs0 are used at weddings1 when each guest is invited to 8drink a hogshead of beer to the health of the bride20 and at other social and convivial meetings4 ,on these occasions each person is expected to drink this cup--or 8hog's head0--full of liquor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hdf4 ,,gestingthorpe4 ,pavement tiles and other articles were made at ,gestingthorpe1 in ,essex1 in the seventeenth century4 ,houghton1 writing in #afic1 says3-- 8,from my ingenious good friend1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,dale1 of ,braintree1 in ,essex1 ,i am informed1 that at ,gestingthorpe1 in that county1 are made a sort of hard yellowish bricks and pavements1 called white brick1 and ,walpet brick1 from a town in ,suffolk of that name1 where they were first made2 they are harder and more durable than common red brick1 and therefore much used for pavement of floors in lower rooms1 and also for fire-hearths1 except just where they make their fires40 ,,holkham4 ,in #ahdi1 the ,earl of ,leicester1 anxious to turn the clays of his estate in ,norfolk to good account1 commenced the manufacture of red terra-cotta at ,holkham1 and produced some good ,tudor chimney-tops and moulded bricks4 ,,nuneham ,,courtney4 ,potworks existed here in the beginning of the seventeenth century1 and are spoken of by ,plot1 in #afgg as being 8now deserted2 nor1 indeed1 was there1 as ,i ever heard of1 anything extraordinary performed during the working these earths40 ,,marsh ,,balden4 ,the pottery at this place1 existing in the beginning of the seventeenth century1 is included in the above remark by ,dr4 ,plot4 ,,horspath4 ,tobacco pipes were made here in the latter end of the seventeenth century4 ,,shotover4 ,at ,shotover1 in the parish of ,headington1 tobacco-pipes were made prior to #afgg1 at which time the 8place was deserted40 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,york--,place's ,ware--,hirstwood's ,china--,layerthorpe--,osmotherley-- ,hull--,belle ,vue ,pottery--,stepney ,lane ,pottery--,leeds--,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co4--,britton and ,sons--,leathley ,lane ,pottery-- ,castleford ,pottery--,eagle ,pottery--,pontefract--,ferrybridge-- ,knottingley--,ralph ,wedgwood--,swinton ,pottery--,rockingham ,ware-- ,cadogan ,pots--,rockingham ,china--,brameld ,co4--,dale's ,patent-- ,baguley's ,productions--,mexborough--,rock ,pottery--,mexborough ,pottery--,mexborough ,old ,pottery--,rawmarsh--,rotherham--,north ,field ,pottery--,holmes's ,pottery--,don ,pottery--,denaby--,kilnhurst-- ,wath-upon-,dearne--,newhill ,pottery--,wakefield--,potovens-- ,yearsley--,wortley--,healey--,colsterda le4 ,,york4 8,place's ,ware40--,francis ,place1 who may be looked upon as one of the pioneers of modern pottery1 commenced the manufacture of what1 at the time1 was considered 8equal to true china ware10 about #affe4 ,but little1 however1 is known either of the manufactory1 or of the ware he produced4 ,francis ,place was1 according to ,walpole1 a younger son of ,mr4 ,rowland ,place1 of ,dimsdale1 in the county of ,durham1 and was placed as clerk to an attorney in ,london until #affe4 ,walpole's notice of him runs thus3 8,mr4 ,francis ,place1 a gentleman of ,yorkshire1 had a turn to most of the beautiful arts4 ,he painted1 designed1 and etched4 ,mr4 ,scots of ,crown ,court1 ,westminster1 had a picture of gooseberries painted in oil on a black ground 7a common method with him1 as ,mr4 ,scots was told by ,mrs4 ,wyndham1 ,place's daughter1 who was living in #agfd71 and a jug of his ,earthenware4 ,mr4 ,place was placed as clerk to an attorney in ,london1 where he continued till #affe1 in which year going into a shop the officers came to shut up the house1 on its having the ,plague in it4 ,this occasioned his leaving ,london1 and gave him an opportunity of quitting a profession that was contrary to his inclination1 and of following the roving life he loved and the arts for which he had talents4 ,ralph ,thoresby often mentions ,mr4 ,place with great encomiums and specifies various presents that he made to his ,museum4 ,he tells us too that ,mr4 ,place discovered an earth for1 and a method of making ,porcelain1 which he put in practice at the ,manor house at ,york1 of which manufacture he gave ,thoresby a fine ,mug4 ,his pottery cost him much money2 he attempted it solely from a turn for experiments1 but one ,clifton took the hint from him1 and made a fortune by it40 ,thoresby1 in his 8,ducatus ,leodiensis0 7#agad71 mentions ,place and his wares several times4 ,the principal notice1 when speaking of the vein of white clay in the hundred of ,wortley1 is as follows3-- 8,here is a good vein of fine clay that will retain its whiteness after it is burnt 7when others turn red71 and therefore used for the making of tobacco pipes1 a manufacture but lately begun at ,leeds4 ,of the several sorts of clay1 their nature and colours1 and how to manage such as are stubborn1 my honoured friend1 ,john ,evelyn1 ,esq41 has writ incomparably in his ,sylva and ,pomona2 and there is a very curious table of clay exhibited by another celebrated naturalist of this age4 ,as to the sort and manner of making ,pipes1 ,i can add nothing to what my late friend1 ,mr ,houghton1 has writ in his useful collections1 where he tells us also that the finest mugs1 and even ,china ware1 are made of this sort of ,earth1 of which1 saith he1 we may make as good in ,england as any in the world1 and this ,i am fully convinced of1 having a specimen in this ,museum made of ,english materials in the ,manor house at ,york by the very ingenious ,mr ,francis ,place1 who presented it to me with one of the outer covers purposely made to secure them from the violence of the fire in baking40 ,from the examples at present in existence--and there are only two or three known--it appears that the ware was simply a tolerably fine kind of earthenware1 of a greyish colour streaked with black and brown2 and this is the way in which ,horace ,walpole describes his specimen3 8,i have a coffee cup of his ware2 it is of grey earth1 with streaks of black1 and not superior to common earthenware40 ,this example was sold at the ,strawberry ,hill sale1 and passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,franks1 who generously presented it to the ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,it is a cup about #b inches in height1 and #b inches in diameter at the top4 ,it is of thin glazed greyish ware1 streaked with black and brown1 and has a narrow rib1 or raised band1 running round it at about two-thirds of its height from the top4 ,an old pasteboard label attached to the handle of this cup bears the words 8,mr4 ,francis ,place's china10 probably in the handwriting of ,horace ,walpole4 ,examples are also in the hands of some of the descendants of ,mr4 ,place4 ,they are of precisely the same character as the one just described4 ,in the same hands is 8a small portrait of ,place1 by himself1 in which he has introduced one of his cups1 the original of which his descendant possesses1 and which is traditionally said to be one which he considered to be his masterpiece40 ,mr4 ,place1 in #agab1 visited ,thoresby1 and in #agbh he died1 leaving a widow and an only child1 a daughter1 married to ,wadham ,wyndham1 ,esq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,york ,china ,manufactory4--,in #ahch ,mr4 ,haigh ,hirstwood1 formerly of the ,rockingham china works1 established a china manufactory in ,york1 and by the succeeding spring had so far progressed that the following paragraph appeared in one of the ,york papers3-- 8,,york ,,china ,,manufactory4--,mr4 ,hirstwood1 of ,stonegate1 is erecting a kiln1 extensive warehouses1 c41 in the ,groves1 for manufacturing1 gilding1 and burnishing china1 which has not previously been attempted in this city40 ,the works were established in ,lowther ,street1 ,groves1 and were continued until about #ahej1 when the concern was wound up4 ,mr4 ,haigh ,hirstwood was born at ,royd's ,hall1 near ,huddersfield1 in #aggh2 and learnt the art of china making and decorating under the ,bramelds at the ,rockingham works1 as did also afterwards his sons and son-in-law4 ,he continued at the ,rockingham works upwards of forty years1 leaving them only towards their close1 when he removed to ,york and commenced business as a china dealer4 ,in #ahci1 as ,i have stated1 he erected kilns1 c41 at ,york1 and commenced business in the decorating and finishing departments1 buying his china in the white from ,sampson ,bridgwood ,co4 of ,longton1 and from others4 ,in this business he was assisted by his son-in-law1 ,mr4 ,william ,leyland also from the ,rockingham works1 who became his managing partner4 ,disagreements having arisen1 however1 the business was broken up1 ,mr4 ,hirstwood remaining in ,york1 where he died in #ahed1 and ,mr4 ,leyland removing to ,london1 when he took to painting and decorating lamps1 where he died in #ahec1 leaving a widow 7who soon afterwards died7 and a family of two sons and four daughters1 who are now of ,lawrence1 near ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 ,north ,america4 ,mr4 ,leyland was a clever painter1 gilder1 and enameller1 and understood well all the practical details of the potter's art4 ,mr4 ,hirstwood was a clever painter of flowers1 c41 and was considered the best fly painter at the ,rockingham works4 ,in #ahbf he copied1 for use in the decoration of the ,rockingham china1 upwards of five hundred insects at ,wentworth ,house1 which had been arranged by ,lady ,milton1 the daughter-in-law of ,earl ,fitzwilliam4 ,he and his sons ,joseph and ,william 7who were brought up at the ,rockingham works7 were engaged upon the chef-d'uvres of that manufactory1 the services for ,king ,william ,,iv4 and for the ,duchess of ,cumberland4 ,he was succeeded in his business in ,coney ,street by his son1 ,mr4 ,william ,hirstwood1 father of the present proprietor1 but the manufactory has been entirely discontinued since #ahej4 ,no mark was used4 ,the goods principally produced were dinner1 tea1 dessert1 and other services1 vases1 figures1 c4 ,the style of decoration was1 as is natural to expect1 closely assimilated to that of ,rockingham china2 indeed1 so closely as in some instances scarcely to be distinguished from them4 ,some of the flowers are beautifully painted1 as are also the butterflies and other natural objects1 and the gilding is remarkably good4 ,the figures are usually of good character4 ,,layerthorpe ,,pottery4 ,this manufactory of coarse ware--flower-pots1 chimney pipes1 bowls1 socket pipes1 c4--was established in #ahdf by its present proprietor1 ,mr4 ,john ,webster1 who produces considerable quantities of ware4 ,,osmotherley4 ,a pottery1 discontinued many years back1 existed at this place4 ,its productions were the ordinary brown ware1 in which jugs1 mugs1 pitchers1 tobacco-boxes1 c41 were produced4 ,,hull4 ,there can be no doubt but that common earthenware was made at ,hull1 if not earlier1 at all events in the middle of the seventeenth century2 but no record of such works has at present been brought to light4 ,in ,june1 #ahge1 however1 some property at ,sculcoates1 formerly an outskirt of ,hull1 was brought to the hammer by ,mr4 ,charles ,johnson4 ,it was in extent about one-third of an acre1 and has always been known by the name 8,pot ,house ,yard40 ,inquiries have resulted in ascertaining that this pottery at ,sculcoates had not been worked in the memory of those living1 but that there were pottery works there4 ,there are still remaining three cottages fronting into the ground1 of a date certainly a hundred and fifty years back1 but more probably two hundred years4 ,part of the site has been occupied in recent years by ,messrs4 ,stewart and ,gregson1 oil refiners1 who have now become the purchasers of the whole of the property4 ,very early in the eighteenth century pipe-making was carried on here2 and ,gent1 in his curious history1 published in #agce1 records1 among the epitaphs in the churchyard1 one to 8,thomas ,cook1 ,pipe-maker1 who died the #gth of ,february1 #agbj1 aged #fd40 ,the first distinct information ,i have been able to gather regarding pot works at this place is that in #ahjb 7eighteen years earlier than the first date given by ,chaffers71 by a deed1 dated ,august #aj in that year1 ,thomas ,english1 of ,hull1 merchant1 sold a plot of land on what is called the ,humber ,bank1 in a part of what was then the outskirts of the town1 and known as 8,myton40 ,the piece of land consisted of #c1gah square yards1 and was conveyed to ,james ,smith and ,jeremiah ,smith1 both of ,hull1 potters2 ,job ,ridgway1 of ,shelton1 ,staffordshire1 potter2 and ,josiah ,hipwood1 of ,hull1 blockmaker4 ,that part of the town has for fifty years1 to the writer's knowledge1 been known as the 8,pottery10 a name doubtless derived from these works4 ,the deed of partnership between these parties was dated #bcrd ,november1 #ahjb4 ,from the fact of two of the parties1 ,james ,smith and ,jeremiah ,smith1 being described as 8of ,hull1 potters10 while ,job ,ridgway was of 8,shelton1 ,staffordshire1 potter10 the probability is that the ,smiths were already in business there as pot-makers1 and that ,ridgway joined them for the purpose of increasing and improving their manufacture4 ,the partnership1 however1 was but of short duration1 for in #ahjd ,mr4 ,ridgway1 being desirous of retiring1 agreed to sell to the remaining partners all his fourth part of the lands1 works1 stock-in-trade1 debts1 c41 for the sum of #a1jjj4 ,hipwood left the concern in the same year1 when a ,mr4 ,james ,rose became a partner with the ,smiths4 ,in #ahjf the proprietors assigned all their interest in the works to ,messrs4 ,job and ,george ,ridgway1 who carried them on for some years4 ,in #ahbf they were succeeded by ,mr4 ,william ,bell1 who became the proprietor in that year1 by deed of conveyance from the brothers ,ridgway4 ,by ,mr4 ,bell the manufactory was very much extended1 and the operations were carried on on a large scale1 chiefly for export1 the principal part of the trade being with ,hamburg1 where his brother1 ,mr4 ,edward ,bell1 was in business1 and a large ,german and ,dutch trade was done through his means4 ,the works were closed in #ahda1 when the plant and stock were disposed of by auction1 as here shown3-- 8,to ,potters1 c4 ,to be ,sold by ,auction1 by ,mr4 ,stamp1 at the ,belle ,vue ,pottery1 ,humber ,bank1 ,hull1 on ,thursday1 ,july #bith1 #ahda1 at ,eleven o',clock1 without ,reserve1 the ,remainder of the ,utensils and ,stock1 consisting of four ,printing ,presses1 #fj large ,copper ,plates1 large ,iron ,mortar and ,pestle1 large ,scale ,beam1 ,boards1 and ,weights2 several small ,lots of ,tincal1 ,borax1 ,colours1 c42 sundry ,boards1 ,planks1 ,tubs1 ,shovels1 ,whirlers1 ,rakes1 ,lumber1 c4 ,a ,kiln of ,unfinished ,pots2 a great ,quantity of ,moulds1 ,saggars1 c42 three good ,counting-house ,desks1 ,writing ,table1 ,nest of ,drawers1 ,shelves1 and other ,office ,furniture4 ,the above may be seen one ,day previous to the ,sale1 on application to the ,auctioneer40 ,at this sale ,mr4 ,charles ,johnson1 of ,hull1 to whom ,i am indebted for much of this information1 acted as auctioneer for ,mr4 ,stamp1 and ,i am informed by him that the copper-plates1 the stock of which weighed about three hundredweight1 and amongst which were some of the 8,willow pattern10 8were sold to a pottery works at or near ,rotherham10 which ,i presume to be either the ,swinton or the ,don works4 ,the wares produced were cream-coloured ware1 green-glazed ware1 the ordinary white ware1 and blue printed wares2 and in them the usual classes of useful goods1 consisting of services of various kinds and miscellaneous articles1 were made4 ,one notable dinner-service was made to commemorate an exploit in connection with the noted pirate ,paul ,jones1 and was1 it would appear1 made for the owner1 or family of the owner of the 8,crow ,isle40 ,only one plate of this service is now known to be in existence1 and this is preserved at the ,hull ,museum1 to which it was presented by the late ,mr4 ,charles ,hassell1 grandson to the late ,francis ,hall1 ,esq41 of ,hull1 who was owner of the 8,crow ,isle10 ,baltic trader4 ,in the centre is represented the 8,crow ,isle0 successfully beating off ,paul ,jones on its homeward voyage when off the ,yorkshire coast in #aggi4 ,another example of the ,belle ,vue pottery is a butter-pot in form of a cow1 with movable lid1 in yellow ware4 ,mr4 ,johnson has also in his possession a portion of a remarkably fine green-glazed dessert service1 of very artistic design1 in embossed leaves1 with basket-work centres to the plates1 which was bought at the ,hull works from ,mr4 ,bell in #ahch4 ,it is marked with the impressed mark 7,fig4 #hde74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hdg4 ,the mark is the one here engraved4 ,it is two bells1 surrounded by the words 8,,belle ,,vue ,,pottery1 ,,hull20 but sometimes the bells alone appear1 without the lettering4 ,in the possession of the late ,mr4 ,bagshawe were some of the later accounts of these works1 from which a good idea of the extent to which the operations were carried on may be gleaned4 ,for instance1 in #ahcg1 four years before the close of the works1 the expenses were as under3-- ,slip ,men #if #ai #j ,flat ,men #add #d #i ,pressers #dg #a #aj ,throwers and ,turners #cgf #e #f ,saggar ,making #cc #ae #aa ,cock ,spurs #bf #ah #aj ,modelling #ba #j #j ,printing #afd #j #aa ,biscuit ,firemen #ei #af #aa ,biscuit ,painting #hi #ah #h ,gloss ,firemen #aac #i #d ,packing1 c4 #ajd #ai #h ,engineer #gi #aj #e ,enamel ,painting #gf #ag #i ---------------- #a1dcd #ai #f ,the works have been entirely discontinued since #ahda1 and the site included in the extensive engineering works of ,messrs4 ,c4 ,d4 ,holmes ,co4 ,in #ahjd1 ,mr4 ,william ,clowes 7also from the ,staffordshire pottery district71 one of the founders of ,primitive ,methodism1 worked at the ,hull pottery4 ,mr4 ,clowes was born at ,burslem in #aghj2 he 8came from ,nottingham to ,hull to establish a missionary centre1 on the #aeth of ,january1 #ahai20 the day after his arrival 8he informs us that he visited the ,pottery by the ,humber ,bankside1 where he had worked as a potter fifteen years before1 but he found the working of the pottery had been discontinued20 i4e41 ,i presume it was then in a transition state before being transferred to ,mr4 ,bell by the brothers ,ridgway4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stepney ,lane4--,at the present time a small pottery for the manufacture of the common brown ware pancheons1 flower-pots1 c41 is still carried on by the successors of ,mr4 ,mayfield1 of the ,stepney ,paper ,mills1 ,hull4 ,,leeds4 ,there is no doubt that pottery has been made at ,leeds1 or in its immediate neighbourhood1 from the earliest times of our ,british history4 ,celtic and ,romano-,british relics have1 from time to time1 been found in the neighbourhood1 which were1 without doubt1 made at the place2 and the village of ,potters ,newton evidently takes its name from a colony of potters having settled there in early times4 ,that it was so in days of yore is evidenced by the fact of the name appearing in deeds of the thirteenth century4 ,in later times coarse brown earthenware was made in ,leeds1 as were also tobacco-pipes in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,these were made from clays found at ,wortley--the same bed of clay which was worked for the old ,leeds pottery1 and is still used for making yellow ware and saggars at the present day4 ,the manufacture of tobacco-pipes at ,leeds was established in the latter part of the seventeenth century1 and was carried on somewhat extensively for several years4 ,ralph ,thoresby1 in his 8,ducatus ,leodiensis10 published in #agad1 in his account of ,wortley ,hundred says3 8,here is a good vein of fine clay1 that will retain its whiteness after it is burnt 7when others turn red71 and therefore used for the making of tobacco-pipes1 a manufacture but lately begun at ,leeds40 ,probably to the existence of this bed of fine clay is to be attributed the establishment of the pot works at ,leeds1 to which ,i am now about to direct attention4 ,of the date of the first establishment of the ,leeds pot works nothing definite is known4 ,it is1 however1 certain that they were in existence about the middle of last century1 and that they were then producing wares of no ordinary degree of excellence4 ,before this time a kind of delft-ware was made1 and ,i have seen some very creditable copies of ,oriental patterns1 with salt glaze1 also produced at these works4 ,delft-ware1 however1 was only made to a small extent1 and was soon succeeded by the manufacture of that fine cream-coloured earthenware which made the works so famous1 and enabled them in that particular branch to compete successfully with ,wedgwood and other makers4 ,as early as #aggj considerable progress had been made in the ornamental productions1 and ,i have seen dated examples of open and embossed basket-work ware of a few years later 7#aggg and #aggi71 which are as fine as anything produced at the time4 ,the first proprietors of whom there appears to be any record were two brothers named ,green1 in #agfj2 and it is believed their earliest productions were in black ware1 in which the firm afterwards excelled4 ,it was then carried on by ,humble1 ,green1 ,co4 8,mr4 ,wilson has found the draft of an agreement1 dated ,november #aa1 #agge1 whereby #8,joshua ,green1 of ,middleton1 gent41 ,john ,green1 of ,hunslet1 potter1 with divers others1 under the firm of ,humble1 ,green ,co41' agree with ,messrs4 ,hutchinson and ,evers to erect and maintain in repair at their mill a water-wheel1 with all necessary machinery for grinding flints4 ,for thirteen years the wheel was to be used exclusively by the ,greens1 who were to supply burnt flints and to pay #ajs4 for every #ajj pecks of well ground and levigated flints1 the workmen's wages being first deducted40 ,in #aghc the firm was ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,company1 and they had so far advanced in their work1 and were so firmly established and well known by that year as to justify them in issuing a book of 8designs0 of some of the articles they were then producing4 ,a copy of this rare volume1 in my own possession1 contains all three of the lists--,english1 ,french1 and ,german4 ,the ,english title is 8,designs of sundry ,articles of ,queen's1 or ,cream-colour'd ,earthen-,ware1 manufactured by ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co41 at ,leeds-,pottery3 with ,a ,great ,variety of other ,articles4 ,the same ,enamel'd1 ,printed or ,ornamented with ,gold to any ,pattern2 also with ,coats of ,arms1 ,cyphers1 ,landscapes1 c41 c4 ,leeds1 #aghc40 ,the list and title-page occupy eight pages1 as do also each of the two others--translated into ,german and ,french--which accompany it1 and which bear the following titles3--8,abrisse von verschiedenen ,artickeln vom ,kniginnen oder gelben ,stein-,gute1 welches ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,comp4 ,in ihrer ,fabrick in ,leeds verfertigen2 ,nebst vielen andern ,artickeln2 ,auch dieselben gemahlt1 gedruckt oder mit ,gold gezieret zu jedem ,muster1 ebenfalls mit ,wapen1 eingegrabene ,namen1 ,landschaften1 c41 c41 c4 ,leeds1 #aghc40 8,desseins de divers ,articles de ,poteries de la ,reine en ,couleur de ,creme1 ,fabriqus la ,poterie de ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co4 ,leeds3 ,avec une ,quantit d'autres ,articles2 ,les mmes maills1 imprims ou orns d',or chaque ,patron1 aussi avec des ,armes1 des ,chiffres1 des ,paisages1 c4 c4 ,leeds1 #aghc40ajg ,this catalogue1 with some variations1 continued to be issued till a much later period4 ,a copy presented by myself in #ahfe to the ,jermyn ,street ,museum supplies the plates missing in the former copy4 ,it has no title-page1 but is printed on paper bearing a water-mark of #ahad4 ,the words 8,leeds ,pottery0 are engraved on each plate of the book4 ,the plates1 forty-four in number1 are very effectively engraved on copper1 and exhibit a wonderful1 and certainly exquisite1 variety of designs for almost all articles in use1 both plain1 ornamented1 perforated1 and basket-work1 including services1 vases1 candlesticks1 flower-stands1 inkstands1 baskets1 spoons1 c41 c4#ajh ,the partners at this time 7#aghc-d7 composing the firm of ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co4 were ,william ,hartley1 ,joshua ,green1 ,john ,green1 ,henry ,ackroyd1#aji ,john ,barwick1 ,samuel ,wainwright1 ,thomas ,wainwright1 ,george ,hanson1 and ,saville ,green4 ,the business was1 it appears1 divided into six shares1 of which ,william ,hartley1 ,joshua and ,john ,green1 and ,henry ,ackroyd1 had each one2 ,john ,barwick and the two ,wainwrights half of one each2 and ,george ,hanson and ,saville ,green a quarter share each1 the latter acting as 8bookkeeper0 to the firm4 ,the proprietors were extremely systematic and particular in their mode of keeping accounts and in their dealings with each other4 ,they held regular meetings1 and appointed independent and disinterested persons as valuers in each department2 for instance1 one to value the stock of finished goods in the ware rooms1 another the unfinished ware1 another the copper plates1 another the buildings1 others the moulds and models1 the windmill1 the horses1 the waggons and carts1 the raw materials1 the woodwork1 and every imaginable thing4 ,the reports of these various valuers1 whose names and awards for many years ,i have carefully examined1 were submitted to a meeting of the partners1 when a balance was struck1 to which the names of each one were attached4 ,in #aghe1 and again in #aghf1 fresh editions of the catalogue and book of plates were issued1 without change either in the number of articles enumerated or in their variety or form4 ,the works at this time had been considerably increased in size1 and the wares made were exported in large quantities to ,germany1 ,holland1 ,france1 ,spain1 and ,russia4 ,so great had the concern become five years later 7#agia71 that the yearly balance then struck amounted to over #ea1ejj2 and it is worth recording that in that year the value of the copper-plates from which the transfer printing was effected was #bjd1 while at the present time they represent about #a1jjj4 ,these copper-plates consisted of teapot borders1 landscapes1 ,nankin borders1 and others4 ,the general stock in this year 7#agia7 was valued at about #f1jjj1 and the windmill at about #a1bjj4 ,the house of the partners1 entered as 8,hartley1 ,green1 ,co4's ,house10 was at ,thorpe ,arch1 near ,tadcaster and ,wetherby4#aaj ,at ,thorpe ,arch1 too1 were the grinding mills4 ,these mills were ten miles from the works at ,leeds1 and a team of four horses was kept constantly at work carrying the ground flint and stone4 ,they1 with the men who worked them1 stayed six days1 going and coming1 between the two places1 and then six at ,thorpe ,arch1 alternately4 ,the raw material was taken from ,leeds to the mills at ,thorpe ,arch1 when the horses who had brought it worked the mill to grind it1 and returned with it1 when prepared1 to ,leeds for use4 ,this continued until #ahad1 when the windmill on the ,leeds premises1 which had been used as a corn mill1 was converted into a flint mill1 and an engine1 made by the builders of the first successful locomotive1 ,fenton1 ,murray1 ,co41 put up4 ,this mill is still used for the same purpose4 ,in #agid another edition of the catalogue and pattern-book was issued4 ,it was precisely the same in contents as the previous editions1 both in the plates and letter-press2 and contained the catalogue1 or list1 in ,english1 ,french1 and ,german4 ,fresh designs appear to have been continually added1 and1 the connections of the company increasing1 a translation of the catalogue into the ,spanish language was in a few years issued4 ,this interesting work1 of which a copy is in the possession of ,mr4 ,e4 ,hailstone1 ,f4,s4,a41 and which also contains the ,english catalogue1 without date1 bears the following title3--8,dibuxos de varios ,renglones de ,loza ,inglesa de ,regna1 de ,color de ,crema1 ,fabricados en la ,manufactura y ,lozeria ,hartley1 ,greens1 y ,compa4 en ,leeds3 en este mismo ramo fabriam de dicha loza1 hay piezas esmaltadas1 impresas y adornadas con oro2 como tambien hermoseadas con escudos1 armas1 cifras1 payses1 c4 c4 ,leeds40 ,instead of #aeb general articles1 as enumerated in the previous editions1 #bba appear in this2 and instead of #cb in tea-ware1 #dh appear4 ,in #ahad1 too1 another edition was issued1 a copy of which is in my own possession2 it contains #ga plates of patterns1 exhibiting #bba general articles1 and #dh patterns of tea1 coffee1 and chocolate services4 ,in this edition the whole of the plates1 both those from the other copies and those newly engraved1 have the words 8,leeds ,pottery0 engraved upon them4 ,in the middle of the last century an important event in connection with the ,leeds pottery took place4 ,this was the establishment of the tramway from the collieries of ,mr4 ,charles ,brandling1 at ,middleton1 to the town of ,leeds4 ,this tramway passed through the ,leeds pot works1 to the proprietors of which a nominal rental of #g a year was paid1 and to whom1 as a further consideration for the right of passage1 an advantage in the price of coals was allowed4#aaa ,while speaking of the formation of this early line1 it is interesting to note that upon it was set to work the first locomotive commercially successful on any railway4 ,mr4 ,john ,blenkinsop1 who was manager of the ,middleton ,collieries1 took out a patent1 in #ahaa1 for a locomotive steam engine1 and placed his designs for execution in the hands of ,messrs4 ,fenton1 ,murray ,co41 at that time eminent engineers of ,leeds4 ,this was the first locomotive engine in which two cylinders were employed1 and in that respect was a great improvement upon those of ,trevithick and others4 ,the cylinders were placed vertically1 and were immersed for more than half their length in the steam space of the boiler4 ,the progress was effected by a cog wheel working into a rack on the side of one of the rails4 ,mr4 ,blenkinsop's engine began running on the railway extending from the ,middleton ,collieries to the town of ,leeds1 a distance of about three miles and a half1 on the #abth of ,august1 #ahab1 two years before ,george ,stephenson started his first locomotive4 ,mr4 ,blenkinsop was for many years principal agent to the ,brandling family1 and his invention was1 as is seen1 first brought to bear in bringing coals from those pits to ,leeds--a matter of immense importance to the town and its manufactures4 ,in #agif1 as named in ,hutchins' 8,history of ,dorset10 much of the ,poole clay in that county was sent 8to ,selby for the use of the ,leeds potteries40 ,in the year #ahjj two fresh partners1 ,ebenezer ,green and ,e4 ,parsons1 had joined the concern1 the firm at this time consisting of ,william ,hartley1 ,joshua ,green1 ,john ,green1 ,ebenezer ,green1 ,e4 ,parsons1 ,mrs4 ,ackroyd and her daughter ,mary 7widow and daughter of ,henry ,ackroyd1 deceased71 ,john ,barwick1 ,thomas ,wainwright1 ,george ,hanson1 ,saville ,green1 and ,samuel ,wainwright4 ,on the death of ,mr4 ,hartley the business was carried on--still under the title of ,hartley1 ,greens ,co4--by the remaining partners2 and a ,mr4 ,ruperti1 a ,russian1 became1 ,i believe1 a partner in the firm4 ,the trade at this time was1 as ,i have already stated1 principally with ,russia1 and with ,norway1 ,spain and ,portugal1 and hence1 ,i presume1 ,mr4 ,ruperti's connection with it4 ,the agent in ,russia at one time was ,mr4 ,barwick1 and afterwards his nephew1 ,mr4 ,jubb4 ,other changes in the proprietary followed in succession1 one of which was that a minister1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,parsons1 married ,miss ,ackroyd1 and thus became a partner2 and for a time the style of the firm was changed from 8,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co410 to 8,greens1 ,hartley1 ,co40 ,these repeated changes1 and the unpleasantness and disputes that arose in consequence appear to have been detrimental to the concern1 which was ultimately thrown into ,chancery1 and a large portion of the stock sold off4 ,some idea of the extent of the business done about this time may be formed from the fact1 which ,i have gathered from a personal reference to the accounts1 that the annual sales amounted1 in round numbers1 to about #cj1jjj2 that about #h1jjj was paid in wages1 and more than #b1jjj for coals1 even with the decided advantage of reduction in price by the arrangement spoken of4 ,in #ahbe1 by an advantageous arrangement effected through the good offices of his friend ,mr4 ,hardy1 the then ,recorder of ,leeds1 ,i am informed1 the affair was got out of ,chancery1 and passed1 by purchase1 into the hands of ,mr4 ,samuel ,wainwright1 one of the partners4 ,the concern was at this time1 ,i believe1 carried on in the name of 8,samuel ,wainwright and ,company10 and was conducted with great spirit4 ,mr4 ,wainwright engaged as his confidential cashier ,stephen ,chappell1 who up to that time was employed as a bookkeeper in one of the ,leeds cloth manufactories4#aab ,at ,wainwright's death 7of cholera7 in #ahcb1 the trustees carried on the business under the style of the 8,leeds ,pottery ,company10 and employed ,stephen ,chappell as their sole manager4 ,this arrangement continued until the year #ahdj1 when the trustees transferred the whole concern to ,chappell1 who took it at his own valuation4 ,shortly after this time his brother ,james became a partner in the concern1 the firm then consisting simply of 8,stephen and ,james ,chappell10 who continued the works until #ahdg1 when they became bankrupt4 ,the pottery was then carried on for about three years1 for the benefit of the creditors1 by the assignees1 under the management of ,mr4 ,richard ,britton1 who had for some time held a confidential position with ,mr4 ,chappell4 ,in #ahej the concern passed1 by purchase1 into the hands of ,mr4 ,samuel ,warburton and this same ,mr4 ,richard ,britton1 and was by them carried on under the style of 8,warburton and ,britton10 until #ahfc1 when1 on the death of ,mr4 ,warburton1 ,mr4 ,richard ,britton became sole proprietor of the works4 ,on ,july #ast1 #ahgb1 he was joined in partnership by his two eldest sons1 ,john ,broadbent ,britton and ,alfred ,britton1 the firm at the present time being 8,richard ,britton ,sons40 ,the ,leeds ,pot ,works are situated in ,jack ,lane1 and occupy an area of considerably more than seven acres of ground1 and at the present time give employment to about two hundred and fifty persons4 ,the premises are intersected for a considerable portion of their length by the ,brandling's ,railway1 and are also crossed in a cutting by the main line of the ,midland ,railway4 ,the works are very extensive1 and1 with but some trifling alterations1 now stand as they did in the time of ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co4 ,closely adjoining them is the ,leathley ,lane ,pottery4 ,the wares manufactured at different periods at these interesting works consist of the coarse brown earthenwares1 made on its first establishment2 delft-ware1 produced only in small quantities1 and for a short period2 hard and highly vitrified stone ware1 with a strong salt glaze2 cream-coloured1 or ,queen's ware2 ,egyptian black ware2 ,rockingham ware2 white earthenware2 yellow ware1 c41 c4 ,the great speciality of the works was the perforated 8,queen's or cream-coloured earthenware10 for which they became universally famed1 and successfully competed with ,wedgwood4 ,it is this kind of ware which among collectors has acquired the name of 8,leeds ,ware40 ,to this it will be necessary to direct careful attention1 and to point out both the peculiarities of pattern and of ornamentation which they exhibit4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hdh and #hdi4 ,in colour the old ,leeds ware--i4e41 the cream-coloured earthenware--is of a particularly clear rich tint1 usually rather deeper in tone than ,wedgwood's ,queen's ware1 and of a slightly yellowish cast4 ,the body is particularly fine and hard1 and the glaze of extremely good quality4 ,this glaze was produced with arsenic1 and its use was so deleterious to the workmen1 that they usually became hopelessly crippled after four or five years' exposure to its effects4 ,it is not now used4 ,the perforated pieces1 as well as those of open basket-work1 exhibit an unusual degree of skill and an elaborateness of design that is quite unequalled4 ,the example 7,fig4 #hdh71 is a chestnut basket and stand1 of the finest and most elaborate description4 ,in form it is faultless1 as it is also in moulding1 and there is considerable elegance in the general outline4 ,the upper part of the cover1 and the lower portion of the bowl are fluted1 and the handles1 which are double twisted1 terminate in flowers and foliage4 ,both bowl and cover are elaborately perforated2 and here it may be well to note1 for the information of collectors1 that the perforations of this description were produced by punches1 by which the soft clay was pierced by hand4 ,i name this more particularly because ,i have heard an opinion expressed1 by those not conversant with the matter1 that this description of open-work was produced in the mould4 ,the fact of each of the perforations being produced separately by the hands of the workman1 adds materially to the interest attached to the piece1 and to its value4 ,it may also be remarked that the wholesale price of this piece 7eleven inches in diameter71 the pattern for which was probably produced about #aghb-hc1 was1 in #agid1 #hs4 #f;d4--a price which collectors at the present time would gladly triple and even quadruple4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hej to #heb4 ,fig4 #hdi is an oval butter-tub and stand1 of peculiarly elegant design1 belonging to ,mr4 ,manning4 ,it is well covered with embossed work1 and has both cover and stand very nicely perforated1 the perforations being produced in the same manner as the one just described1 by punches4 ,the handles are ribbed and double twisted1 with foliated terminations4 ,the next illustration shows one of the 8pierced fruit baskets0 for which these works were very famous1 and ,i have chosen it because it shows the combination of the pierced work with painting4 ,these1 and the asparagus shell 7,fig4 #hej71 engraved to show how the peculiar art of these works was applied to the simplest things1 will be sufficient to illustrate this variety of pottery4 ,the next variety is that of twig baskets1 of which ,fig4 #heb is a good and characteristic example4 ,in these pieces1 which were produced in different varieties of wicker-work1 the 8twigs10 or 8withies10 are really composed of clay in long or short 8strips10 as occasion required1 and then twisted and formed into shape4 ,the process was one which required considerable care and nicety in manipulation1 and was well calculated to exhibit the skill of the workman4 ,baskets of this kind were made by various makers1 as well as at ,leeds1 and all on much the same model1 so that without an intimate knowledge of the body and glaze of the ,leeds ware1 it is difficult to distinguish them from others4 ,one of these baskets on its oval stand or dish 7the wholesale price in #agid ranging from #as4 #d;d4 to #cs4 #f;d41 according to size7 is engraved in the book of patterns of which ,i have spoken1 and those who are fortunate enough to possess1 or to be able to refer to that extremely scarce work1 8,wedgwood's ,engraved ,pattern ,book0 7#ah plates1 #dto471 will there find one engraved on ,plate #ac1 ,fig4 #hea4 ,the same baskets were produced at ,castleford and ,don1 and by ,staffordshire houses4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hec4 ,another characteristic variety of ,leeds work was the combination in basket-work1 c41 of embossed patterns with perforations4 ,of these ,i give an excellent example on the accompanying engraving1 in which the rim of the dish is embossed and pierced in basket-work4 ,the way in which this was produced was this4 ,the plate1 dish1 basket1 or other piece1 was formed in the mould so that the pattern stood out in relief above the parts intended to be incised4 ,these were then cut out by hand1 with a penknife1 leaving the pattern entirely in open-work4 ,the dish here engraved is one of the simplest kind1 but is an extremely early specimen1 having probably been made about #aggi1 and is therefore a good illustration of this class of work4 ,it is marked in small capital letters ,,leeds ,,pottery4 ,in this same ware--the ,queen's or cream-coloured earthenware--the ,leeds works produced services of various kinds1 as well as the usual vessels for domestic use1 and works of ,art in the shape of vases1 candelabra1 centres1 c4 c4 ,of the services1 which1 as a rule1 were of remarkably elegant forms1 and produced with extreme skill in workmanship1 it will not be necessary to give illustrations4 ,of the more decorative pieces1 however1 ,i give ,figs4 #hed to #hef1 engravings1 because it is well to show collectors to what degree of perfection in design these almost forgotten works had arrived4 ,the first example which ,i engrave is a magnificent centre1 or 8grand platt menage10 of four tiers4 ,it is composed of five separate pieces4 ,the base is rock1 and each tier is composed of shells after the fashion of the ,plymouth designs4 ,the shells are supported on elegant brackets1 and the whole piece is surmounted by a well-modelled female figure4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hed and #hee4 ,fig4 #hee shows a jardinire of very elegant and effective design1 of cornucopia form1 with a head of ,flora1 crowned with flowers1 in front1 and festoons above held by a ram's and an eagle's head2 and ,fig4 #hef exhibits a 8grand platt menage10 similar to that engraved on ,plate #bf 7,fig4 #ajf7 of the 8,book of ,patterns40 ,in the plate to which ,i have referred this elegant piece has a base for cruets added1 and is somewhat different in some of its details1 but it is much the same in general design4 ,around the centre of the base1 it will be noticed1 is a series of rams' heads with large bent horns1 hooked at the end1 and the foliage beneath the pine-apple at the top is also deeply bent downwards1 and the point of each leaf hooked up at the end4 ,on these--the horns and leaves--it was intended to hang small earthenware wicker-work baskets1 and on the engraving to which ,i have alluded1 these are all shown in situ4 ,it is interesting to note that in ,mr4 ,hailstone's collection is a precisely similar piece1 but with the addition of a circular base1 which is of ,wedgwood's ,queen's ware1 and is marked ,,wedgwood in the usual manner4 ,this circumstance shows that the design was common to both manufactories1 and the natural inference to be drawn is that ,messrs4 ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co41 in this instance1 as in others1 copied and reproduced ,wedgwood's designs2 while in other instances it is equally possible ,wedgwood copied from them4 ,it is curious in going through the pattern-books of ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co4 of #aghc1 and downwards to #ahad1 ,wedgwood's of #ahae1 and the 8,don10 to note the similarity of designs exhibited1 some of which are so nearly identical1 as to appear almost to have been produced from the same moulds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hef4 ,a teapot1 dated #aggg1 has been ascribed to the ,leeds works2 but ,i am doubtful as to the correctness of the appropriation4 ,it bears on one side the words3-- 8,may all loving ,friends ,be happy and free ,in drinking a ,cup ,of harmless tea40 ,and on the other side3-- 8,mary ,green in the ,parish of ,souze #aggg40 ,the vases1 scent jars1 cockle pots1 and potpourri produced at ,leeds1 were many of them of very elaborate and elegant designs1 and of large size1 and were decorated with raised figures1 medallions1 flowers1 festoons1 shells1 c41 and with perforated work4 ,they were also frequently painted1 or enamelled1 in various colours1 blue1 green1 and red being the prevailing ones4 ,one 8cockle pot10 #bb inches in height1 has a square stand1 highly decorated with shells1 c41 in relief1 and with perforations1 standing on four feet4 ,at each corner is a raised seated figure4 ,from the centre rises the stem1 supporting a solid globe1 on which rests the bowl1 supported by mermaids4 ,the bowl is decorated with festoons of shells1 flowers1 and sea-weeds in high relief4 ,the cover is also ornamented with raised groups of shells and seaweed1 and is perforated in an elaborate and somewhat intricate pattern4 ,it is surmounted by a spirited figure of ,neptune with his trident and horses4 ,candlesticks were made in great variety1 and were highly decorated4 ,some were in the form of vases1 and in this variety vases were produced in the same manner as ,wedgwood's jasper ware1 with reversible tops1 so as to serve either as ornaments only1 or as candlesticks4 ,others have dolphins2 others again ,corinthian and other pillars2 others have massive bases perforated and embossed1 while the candlestick itself rose from griffins2 and others again are vases with branches for two or more candles springing out from their tops4 ,these are now of great rarity1 as1 indeed1 are many of the productions of the ,leeds works4 ,single figures1 and groups of figures1 were also produced1 principally in the plain cream-coloured ware1 but sometimes painted4 ,it is also said that some minute works of ,art1 small cameos1 were made at ,leeds4 ,a pair of these1 said to be authenticated as ,leeds manufacture1 are in the possession of ,mr4 ,ferns1 who is also the owner of many excellent specimens of perforated ware4 ,in ,mr4 ,hailstone's possession is a remarkably fine fountain of large size4 ,it has a dolphin spout1 shell terminations1 mermaids and shells for handles1 and has figures and ornaments in relief in front4 ,in tea1 coffee1 and chocolate services1 a large variety of patterns were produced2 both plain1 engined1 fluted1 pierced1 and otherwise decorated4 ,many of these are of similar form to ,wedgwood's1 to whom their manipulation would1 indeed1 have been no discredit4 ,the great peculiarity of the tea and coffee pots1 c41 is their double twisted handles1 with flowers and leaves for terminations4 ,many of these are extremely beautiful1 both in design and in execution4 ,these services were made either in plain cream-colour1 or painted with borders and sprigs of flowers in various colours4 ,the chocolate cups are usually two-handled1 or without handles4 ,the stands are1 in many instances1 highly ornamented with perforations1 or take the form of melon or other leaves1 and have ornamental sockets for the cups attached4 ,several patterns appear in the engravings of which ,i have spoken4 ,tea-kettles and milk-pails with covers were also made1 and in the possession of the late ,mr4 ,lucas was a fine example of a tea-kettle with double twisted handle1 with foliated terminations4 ,in the early part of the present century1 white earthenware was made at these works4 ,it was a fine1 hard1 compact body1 and had1 like the cream-coloured1 a remarkably good glaze4 ,in this ware services1 especially dinner and tea1 were produced1 and were decorated with transfer printing1 painting1 lustre1 and tinsel4 8,tinselling10 it must be understood1 is the peculiar process by which a part of the pattern is made to assume a metallic appearance by being washed here and there over the transfer or drawing4 ,examples of these1 consisting of plates1 and a cup and saucer1 belonging to ,mr4 ,manning and ,mr4 ,davis1 are marked with the curved mark to be hereafter described4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #heg4 ,the plates also bear a small blue-pencilled letter ,c1 and impressed flower of seven lobes1 and kind of cross patte2 these are1 of course1 workmen's marks4 ,the cup and saucer in ,mr4 ,davis's possession have flowers and rude landscape in colours and copper-coloured 8tinsel40 ,an excellent example of the white earthenware of ,leeds is the puzzle jug in the possession of ,mr4 ,alfred ,britton1 here engraved 7,fig4 #heg74 ,this is one of the most elaborate in design1 and careful in execution1 which has come under my notice4 ,the upper part is ornamented with 8punched0 perforations1 and the centre of the jug is open throughout1 having an open flower on either side1 between which is a swan standing clear in the inside4 ,the jug is painted with borders and sprigs of flowers1 and is marked with the usual impressed mark of ,,leeds ,,pottery4 ,a curious example of the white earthenware is in the possession of ,mr4 ,hailstone4 ,it is a large jug1 having on one side a spirited engraving of 8the ,vicar and ,moses0 in black transfer printing1 and coloured1 and on the other side the old ballad of 8the ,vicar and ,moses10 engraved in two columns1 and surrounded by a border4 ,in front of the jug1 pendent from the spout1 is painted the arms of the borough of ,leeds1 the golden fleece1 commonly called the 8tup in trouble40 ,on each side of this are the initials ,j4 ,b4 and ,s4 ,b41 and beneath are the words--8,success to ,leeds ,manufactory40 ,transfer printing was introduced at ,leeds1 probably1 about #aghj1 but this is very uncertain4 ,in the title-page of the 8,book of ,patterns in #aghc10 it is said1 8the same enamel'd1 ,printed or ,ornamented with ,gold to any pattern2 also with ,coats of ,arms1 ,cyphers1 ,landscapes1 c420 and in #agia1 the copper-plates then in use were valued at #bjd4 ,the patterns were principally willow pattern1 ,nankin pattern1 borders1 groups of flowers1 landscapes1 and ruins4 ,i may mention that several of the original pattern-books of drawings of the articles themselves1 and of borders and other decorations1 of the early ,leeds productions are in my own possession4 ,lustre1 both gold and silver1 was used occasionally in the decorations at ,leeds1 and excellent examples of 8lustre ware0 were also produced4 ,these1 like the other early productions of the works1 are scarce4 ,about the year #ahjj1 black ware was introduced at ,leeds4 ,this was of the same character as the ,egyptian black1 then so largely made in ,staffordshire by ,wedgwood1 by ,mayer1 by ,neale1 and others4 ,the body is extremely compact1 firm1 and hard1 but had a more decided bluish cast than is usual in other makes4 ,in this ware1 tea and coffee pots1 the latter both with spouts and with snips1 cream ewers1 and other articles were made4 ,i believe there are but few collectors cognizant of the fact that this ,egyptian black ware was made at ,leeds at all2 but ,i have been fortunate enough1 by careful examination1 to ascertain that up to #ahab-ac1 probably from ninety to a hundred distinct patterns and sizes of teapots alone were produced in black at these works4 ,this is an interesting fact to note1 and is one which will call attention for the first time to this particular branch of ,leeds manufacture4 ,the patterns of the teapots were very varied1 both in form1 in style of ornamentation1 and in size4 ,in form were round1 oval1 octagonal1 and other shapes1 including some of twelve sides4 ,in ornamentation some were engine-turned in a variety of patterns1 while others were chequered or fluted4 ,others again were formed in moulds elaborately ornamented in relief with flowers1 fruits1 borders1 festoons1 c41 c42 while others still had groups of figures1 trophies1 and medallions in relief on their sides4 ,the 8knobs0 of the lids were seated figures1 lions1 swans1 flowers1 c41 c4 ,the lids were made of every variety1 both inward and outward fitting1 sliding1 and attached with hinges4 ,in speaking of engine-turning1 it may be well to note that 8engined0 mugs1 jugs1 c41 were made at these works as early as #aghb1 if not at an earlier date4 ,and here1 in connection with the black ware1 let me note too1 that pot-works were established at ,swinton1 by some of the family of the ,greens1 of ,leeds 7see ,swinton72 and that here1 too1 black ware teapots were made1 which were known as 8,swinton pattern40 ,of these ,i shall have more to say in my account of the ,swinton works4 ,the marks used at ,leeds are not numerous1 and are easily distinguished4 ,collectors1 however1 need to be told that very few indeed of the productions of this manufactory were marked4 ,the great bulk of the pottery1 whether in ,queen's ware or otherwise1 was made for foreign markets--,russia1 ,holland1 ,spain1 ,germany1 ,portugal1 ,france1 c4--and as a rule the goods were sent off unmarked4 ,it is worthy of note1 too1 that the finest examples of ,leeds make1 both in the perforated and other varieties1 now known1 have been recovered from the ,continent4 ,to illustrate this remark1 it will be only necessary to point to the chestnut basket just described and engraved1 which was purchased and brought from ,holland a few years ago4 ,the marks1 so far as ,i have been able to ascertain1 which were used at the ,leeds works1 and of each of which examples are in my own collection1 are the following-- ,,leeds ,,pottery99 in large capitals1 with a terminal asterisk impressed4 ,this mark occurs on a large-sized 8,melon ,terine0 same as the one engraved in the pattern-book of #aghc1 figure #fh1 plate #af4 ,on the same piece are a large capital letter ,s impressed1 and the number #ab incised4 ,these are of course workmen's or pattern marks4 ,,leeds 99 ,,pottery in small capital letters4 ,illustration3 ,,hartley ,,greens ,,co ,,leeds 99 ,,pottery ,fig4 #heh4 in small capital letters4 ,illustration3 ,,hartley ,,greens ,,co ,,leeds ,,pottery ,fig4 #hei4 ,illustration3 ,,leeds 99 ,,pottery ,,leeds 99 ,,pottery ,fig4 #hfj4 in small capital letters1 in two curved or horse-shoe lines4 ,many good examples of ,leeds wares are preserved in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology4 ,among these one is marked with the impressed ,leeds mark twice in form of a saltire 7,fig4 #hfj74 ,the marks usually ascribed to ,leeds are the following3--but there is no proof that any of these were ever used at the works4 ,in my own possession is a dessert service with ,,cg arrow symbol pointing south west the 8sponged0 border 7which was used at ,leeds71 and a series of extremely fine and thoroughly artistic figures1 cupids1 c41 engraved in stipple1 and printed in a warm pinkish brown colour1 which bears the first of these three marks2 but although it is ascribed to ,leeds1 ,i have grave doubts as to the correctness of the appropriation4 ,mr4 ,chaffers1 in his first edition1 says3 8,the mark of ,c4 ,g4 has been attributed to ,charles ,green1 of ,leeds2 that in the margin is on a cup and saucer of white ,english china1 with paintings of landscapes and the raised wicker border1 ,c4 ,g4 ,w4image common to this manufactory40 ,i quote this for the purpose of showing how little reliance can be placed on the information hitherto given with respect to these works4 ,so far as my researches go1 ,i do not find there was a ,charles ,green connected with the ,leeds works2 and that china was never made there ,i am fully convinced4 ,this mark of ,c4 ,g4 ,w4image does occur upon a china cup and saucer which has come under my notice3 but it has not any connection with the ,leeds works4 ,the ,leeds ,pottery at the present time produces the ordinary descriptions of earthenware for domestic use1 consisting of dinner ware in great variety1 tea and coffee1 toilet1 and other services1 jugs and mugs1 screw jugs1 bowls and basins1 and1 indeed1 all articles in general use4 ,in dinner ware upwards of ten standard patterns are made for the ,london market1 which market takes nearly one-half of the whole productions of the works in general goods4 ,the white earthenware is of the same quality as the ordinary run of ,staffordshire ware1 and has a good glaze4 ,it is produced in the usual styles of blue printing1 painting and edging4 ,pearl white of good quality1 both plain and decorated1 is also manufactured4 ,this pearl body is got up in toilet ware1 varying in patterns1 printed lines1 and fancy stamped2 jugs embossed and plain2 tea and breakfast services1 c4 ,it is also being introduced for washing-machines1 substituting earthenware bottoms for wood2 also for patented machines for cloth manufacturers4 ,these were first shown at the ,leeds ,exhibition of #ahge4 ,scent-jars1 leech-jars1 c41 c41 are also largely made4 ,in ,rockingham ware1 tea and coffee pots and other articles are still made in considerable quantities2 as are also ,egyptian black glazed wares and yellow earthenware1 which is made from native clays procured from ,wortley4 ,thus it will be seen that the ,leeds potteries of the present day--of the very existence of which but few persons are aware--are of considerable size and importance1 and are doing a large business--a business which1 unlike that of the olden times1 is principally confined to the supplying of the home markets1 where1 not being marked1 the ware usually passes for that of ,staffordshire4 ,the marks used at the present day are1 an old ,english letter ,l,gothic ,l within a gothic quatrefoil in a circle1 impressed in the body of the ware2 or the name of the pattern within an ornamental circle1 and1 below it1 the initials of the firm1 ,r4 ,b4 ,s41 printed on the surface4 ,,leathley ,,lane ,,pottery4 ,closely adjoining the works ,i have been noticing is another small pottery1 of whose history a few words may be said4 ,they were established in the early part of the present century1 by1 ,i believe1 a ,mr4 ,north1 for the manufacture of black ware1 but were afterwards used by the same person for the making of the ordinary white earthenware4 ,from ,mr4 ,north the works passed into the hands of a ,mr4 ,hepworth1 who made the ordinary brown salt-glazed ware4 ,it was next worked by ,mr4 ,dawson1 one of the trustees of the ,leeds pottery1 who took into partnership ,mr4 ,chappell1 of whom ,i have spoken as1 for a period1 proprietor of the ,leeds pottery2 and it was for some time carried on by ,dawson and ,chappell1 afterwards by ,chappell alone1 and then by ,shackleton1 ,taylor and ,co4 ,this partnership was dissolved in #ahea1 and the works were then continued by two of the former proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,taylor and ,gibson4 ,since #ahei1 the factory has been continued to the present time by ,messrs4 ,gibson ,co4 ,the premises are small1 and produce only the commoner and inferior kinds of earthenware for domestic purposes4 ,these are white ware of the commonest kind1 yellow ware made from the ,wortley clays1 and ,rockingham ware4 ,,castleford4 ,castleford1 which has its stations on the 8,north-,eastern0 and on the 8,lancashire and ,yorkshire10 and is in direct communication with the ,midland and ,great ,northern ,railways1 lies about twelve miles from ,leeds4 ,it is1 in great measure1 supported by its glasshouses1 its chemical works1 and its potteries1 which are still in full operation4 ,common brown ware had1 ,i believe1 been made for a considerable period1 on the spot1 the goods produced1 of course1 being pancheons and the ordinary classes of coarse vessels4 ,the ,castleford ,pottery was established1 towards the close of the last century1 by ,david ,dunderdale1 for the manufacture of the finer kinds of earthenware1 more especially ,queen's or cream-coloured ware1 which was then being made so largely at ,leeds and other places1 as well as in ,staffordshire4 ,mr4 ,dunderdale took into partnership a ,mr4 ,plowes1 and in #ahjc1 the firm of ,d4 ,dunderdale ,co41 which appears stamped on the goods1 consisted of these two persons4 ,the partnership was not of long duration1 and after considerable dissension1 was dissolved1 ,mr4 ,plowes removing to ,ferrybridge1 where he joined the proprietors of the pot-works there1 his son removing to ,london1 and ,mr4 ,dunderdale continuing the ,castleford ,works alone4 ,the next partner was ,mr4 ,thomas ,edward ,upton1 a relative of ,mr4 ,dunderdale's1 and these two shortly afterwards took into partnership ,john ,bramley 7or ,bramler7 and ,thomas ,russell1 who was not a practical potter1 but was an hotel proprietor at ,harrogate4 ,at this time the proprietary was thus divided3--,dunderdale one half of the concern1 ,russell a fourth1 and ,upton and ,bramley an eighth each4 ,considerable additions were made to the works at this time1 and the change in the proprietary was commemorated by a grand feast1 and by bonfires1 and all kinds of extravagant rejoicings4 ,in #ahbj the manufactory was closed1 and in #ahba a part of the works was taken by some of the workmen--,george ,asquith1 ,william and ,daniel ,byford1 ,richard ,gill1 ,james ,sharp1 and ,david ,hingham4 ,they were succeeded by ,taylor1 ,harrison1 ,co41 ,harrison having been an apprentice of ,david ,dunderdale's2 and the place was for several years carried on by the latter and the son of the former1 under the style of ,taylor and ,harrison4 ,it is now closed as an earthenware manufactory 7,messrs4 ,taylor and ,harrison having given up the trade71 and is carried on for stoneware alone4 ,at these works1 an offshoot1 as ,i have shown1 of the old pottery1 the commoner descriptions of goods only are made4 ,at the close of the year #ahbe1 ,i believe1 the old works were taken by ,asquith1 ,wood1 ,co4 ,they were joined in partnership by ,thomas ,nicholson1 who had served his apprenticeship with ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co41 of the ,leeds ,pottery1 and carried on the business as ,asquith1 ,wood1 and ,nicholson1 and afterwards as ,wood and ,nicholson alone4 ,in #ahed another change took place1 by which ,mr4 ,nicholson1 one of the old firm1 retained the works1 and took into partnership ,thomas ,hartley1 the style of the firm being ,thomas ,nicholson ,co4 ,a few years ago ,mr4 ,nicholson retired from the concern1 and it was then carried on by ,thomas ,hartley alone1 and afterwards with partners1 under the old name of ,nicholson ,co4 ,in ,december1 #ahga1 ,mr4 ,hartley died1 and the ,castleford ,pottery was then1 and still is1 carried on by his co-partners1 ,hugh ,mc,dowall ,clokie1 and ,john ,masterman1 under the style of 8,clokie and ,masterman40 ,the ,castleford ,works1 under ,david ,dunderdale ,co41 did a large trade with ,spain1 the ,baltic1 and other 8foreign parts10 principally in cream-coloured ware1 and it is said that during the war the losses were so great1 both in earthenware and in specie1 as to cripple the works1 and lead to their being closed4 ,so great was the export trade of the firm1 that they owned vessels of heavy burthen1 which were kept trading with the ,spanish and other ports4 ,it is related that just before the peace of ,amiens1 one of ,dunderdale's ships was closely and hotly chased1 but succeeded in outstripping her would-be captors4 ,this was celebrated at ,castleford1 and the circumstance was remembered as 8,dunkirk ,races10 and is still talked of with pride by one or two of the old people with whom ,i have conversed4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hfa to #hfc4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hfd and #hfe4 ,as ,i have said1 the staple production of the ,castleford ,pottery in ,dunderdale's time was the 8,queen's0 or 8cream-coloured ware10 which was made of an excellent quality1 and of a good colour4 ,in appearance it assimilated pretty closely to the cream ware made at the ,herculaneum ,works1 and was not so fine or so perfect in glaze as that made at ,leeds4 ,in this ware dinner1 dessert1 and other services1 as well as open-work baskets1 vases1 candlesticks1 and a large variety of other articles1 were made1 both plain and painted1 or enamelled1 and decorated with transfer printing4 ,in the accompanying engraving are shown some examples4 ,fig4 #hfb is one of a set of four central covered dishes painted in sepia with a border of vine leaves1 grapes1 and tendrils1 of precisely the same design as appears on examples of ,wedgwood's make1 and of ,herculaneum1 and other places4 ,this set of dishes1 when placed together for use1 forms a circle of twenty-two inches in diameter4 ,the sauce-boat 7,fig4 #hfc7 is a part of the same service4 ,the small oval sauce tureen 7,fig4 #hfa7 and ladle show that double-twisted handles were made at ,castleford as well as at ,leeds1 at ,swinton1 and other places4 ,open-work baskets1 stands1 plates1 dishes1 c41 were produced in great variety1 and of designs in many instances closely resembling those of ,leeds and other places4 ,the accompanying engraving 7,fig4 #hfd7 exhibits one of these4 ,in what would now be called ,parian1 the ,castleford ,works in their early days produced some remarkably good and effective pieces4 ,one of these1 a hot-milk jug with its cover1 shown on ,fig4 #hfe is beautifully decorated with foliated and other borders1 and with groups of figures in relief4 ,mugs1 and other articles of the same material1 were also produced4 ,examples of this kind of ware may be seen in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 ,jermyn ,street1 and in many private collections4 ,black or ,egyptian ware of fine quality was made at ,castleford in its palmy days1 and is now of some degree of rarity4 ,in my friend ,c4 ,roach ,smith's possession is a part of a service of this material1 in which the hot-milk jug is of precisely the same pattern as the one engraved above4 ,in fine white earthenware a large variety of goods was made by ,dunderdale ,co41 who produced a remarkably hard and compact body1 and a glaze of considerable merit4 ,in the late ,mr4 ,pulleine's possession1 among other examples1 was an oval fruit-dish1 painted inside with a broad1 bold1 but not elegant border in red1 and in the centre1 in an oval1 a landscape1 with water1 buildings1 trees1 figures1 c41 in the same colour on a red tinted ground4 ,the marks used at these works appear to have been very few1 and are easily recognised4 ,they are-- ,d ,d ,co99 ,,castleford or ,d,d ,co ,,castleford ,,pottery impressed in the ware4 ,the mark of the later proprietors when trading as 8,t4 ,nicholson ,co410 was a circular garter1 surmounted by a crown1 and on the ribbon the initials of the firm--8,t4 ,n4 ,co402 in the centre the name of the pattern4 ,the mark of the present firm is their initials within a border4 ,at the present day the ,castleford ,pottery1 as carried on by ,clokie and ,masterman1 manufactures all the ordinary kinds of earthenware1 including white1 printed1 sponged1 and the very commonest kinds of painted varieties2 the principal patterns of services being 8,willow10 8,wild ,rose10 8,albion10 8,gem10 8,eton ,college10 8,verona10 etc41 which are produced in blue1 green1 brown1 and other colours4 ,the body is firm and good1 and the glaze of the usual quality4 ,the old glory of the works has1 however1 long departed1 and nothing artistic or beautiful is now to be seen in the place where once so many choice articles might be found4 ,there is in connection with the pottery a flint mill1 where flint1 stone1 glaze and colour are ground1 and the clay is prepared by hydraulic pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,eagle ,pottery was established in #ahed by a company of workmen1 under the style of 8,john ,roberts ,co410 and afterwards taken by ,messrs4 ,pratt ,co41 who sold the concern to ,mr4 ,h4 ,mc,dowall1 who continued to trade under the original style4 ,since the death of ,mr4 ,mc,dowall the buildings have been converted into a glass bottle manufactory4 ,only the most common classes of earthenware were produced4 ,,pontefract4 ,thoresby records that ,francis ,place1 of the ,manor ,house at ,york1 spent much money upon his manufacture of 8fine muggs10 and that he attempted it solely from a turn for experiments2 but one ,clifton1 of ,pontefract1 took the hint from him1 and made a fortune by it4 ,the works of ,mr4 ,clifton would probably be the forerunners of those of ,ferrybridge1 near the 8town of liquorice40 ,the ,,ferrybridge ,,pottery is situated at ,ferrybridge1 by ,knottingley1 and only a short distance from that famous seat of the growth of liquorice1 ,pontefract1 whose 8,pomfret cakes0 are so well and1 indeed1 universally known4 ,the pot-works at ,ferrybridge are among the largest1 if they are not the very largest1 in ,yorkshire1 and have the reputation of being well arranged and convenient4 ,they were established in #agib1 by ,mr4 ,william ,tomlinson1 who had for partners ,mr4 ,seaton1 an eminent banker of ,pontefract2 ,mr4 ,foster1 a wealthy shipowner1 of ,selby2 ,mr4 ,timothy ,smith1 a coal proprietor2 and ,mr4 ,thompson1 an independent gentleman1 residing at ,selby4 ,the firm was styled 8,william ,tomlinson ,co410 until about the year #agif1 when the proprietors took into partnership ,ralph ,wedgwood1 of ,burslem1 when the style was changed to that of 8,tomlinson1 ,foster1 ,wedgwood1 ,co40 ,ralph ,wedgwood was the eldest son of ,thomas ,wedgwood1 of ,etruria 7the cousin and partner of ,josiah ,wedgwood71 and was brought up at that place under his uncle and father4 ,he was brother to ,john ,taylor ,wedgwood1 the eminent line engraver1 whose works are so justly in repute4 ,in my 8,life of ,josiah ,wedgwood10 ,i gave1 for the first time1 as the result of considerable research1 a notice of this remarkable man1 ,ralph ,wedgwood1 and of his inventions1 and his family#aac and connections4 ,ralph ,wedgwood1 who was a man of extraordinary and varied ability1 the originator of many important scientific inventions1 and the author of the 8,book of ,remembrance10 published in #ahad1 in which the invention of the electric telegraph1 under the name of the 8fulguripolygraph10 is made known1 and its benefits--precisely such as are now reaped by the public--are described1 was born in #agff1 and was brought up with his father at ,etruria1 where he received much valuable aid in chemistry1 c41 from ,josiah ,wedgwood4 ,he afterwards carried on business as a potter1 under the style of 8,wedgwood ,co410 at the ,hill ,works1 ,burslem2 but was ruined through losses during the war4 ,while at the ,hill1 he prepared and presented to ,queen ,charlotte some fine examples of his manufacture1 on the occasion of the restoration of health to the king1 which were graciously accepted through the hands of ,lord ,cremorne4 ,he then removed into ,yorkshire1 where1 as ,i have stated1 he entered into partnership with ,messrs4 ,tomlinson ,co41 of ,ferrybridge1 and thus again commenced business4 ,this engagement1 however1 was not of long duration1 his partners being dissatisfied at the large amount of breakage caused by his experiments and peculiar mode of firing1 and the partnership being dissolved he retired from the concern1 having succeeded in getting a thousand pounds awarded to him as his share of the business4 ,he next removed to ,bransford1 near ,worcester1 where he issued prospectuses for teaching chemistry at schools1 and thence to ,london1 in #ahjc1 travelling in a carriage of his own constructing1 which he describes as 8a long coach to get out behind1 and on grasshopper springs1 now used by all the mails40 ,this carriage was so extraordinary in its appearance as to be taken for a travelling show4 ,while at ,bransford he had been perfecting his inventions1 among which was his celebrated manifold writer1 which still maintains its high repute 8against all comers40 ,one of his copying schemes1 which he called a 8,penna-polygraph10 that of writing with a number of pens attached to one handle1 he found1 on his arrival in ,london1 had already been made by another person4 ,his other plan1 proving to be new1 he called the 8,pocket ,secretary10 and afterwards the 8,manifold ,writer20 and on the #gth of ,october1 #ahjf1 after much discouragement and opposition1 he took out a patent for this as 8an apparatus for producing duplicates of writing40 ,in #ahjh he took out a second patent for 8an apparatus for producing several original writings or drawings one and at the same time1 which ,i shall call a ,pennpolygraph1 or pen and stylographic manifold writer40 ,an 8rial zone0 was also proposed by him1 and his invention was laid before the ,admiralty1 but judging from the following extract from a letter now lying before me1 the invention was not considered to be a very feasible one4 8,the rial zone is in proper hands if it is laid before the ,admiralty1 for there does not seem to be any greater likelihood of its becoming an article of general use than there is of the ladies leaving off muslin because some lose their lives every year by its use40#aad ,in #ahjf1 ,ralph ,wedgwood established himself at ,charing ,cross1 and soon afterwards his whole attention began to be engrossed with his scheme of the electric telegraph1 first invented by his father1 ,thomas ,wedgwood1 which1 in the then unsettled state of the kingdom--in midst of war1 it must be remembered--he considered would be of the utmost importance to the government4 ,in #ahad1 having perfected his scheme1 he submitted his proposal to ,lord ,castlereagh1 and most anxiously awaited the result4 ,his son ,ralph having waited on his lordship for a decision as to whether government would accept the plan or not1 was informed that 8the war being at an end1 the old system was sufficient for the country60 ,the plan1 therefore1 fell to the ground1 until ,professor ,wheatstone1 in happier and more enlightened times1 again brought the subject forward with such eminent success4 ,the plan1 thus brought forward by ,ralph ,wedgwood in #ahad 7and1 as ,i have stated1 he received the first idea from his father71 was thus described by him in a pamphlet entitled1 8,an ,address to the ,public1 on the advantages of a proposed introduction of the ,stylographic ,principle of writing into general use2 and also of an improved species of ,telegraphy1 calculated for the use of the ,public as well as for the ,government40 ,the pamphlet is dated ,may #bi1 #ahae4 ,ralph ,wedgwood from ,charing ,cross removed successively to ,piccadilly1 and ,southampton ,street1 ,strand1 where he continued producing his 8,pocket ,secretary0 in large numbers1 and did a profitable business4 ,the advantages he gained were1 however1 lost by his researches concerning the electric telegraph1 and in the end his business gradually decayed4 ,he was a man of too eccentric and visionary nature for the ordinary pursuits of life1 and was thus led into the speculative ideas rather than the substantialities of worldly existence4 ,among his schemes was one for the founding of an universal language1 over which he held a lengthy and elaborate correspondence with ,percy ,bysshe ,shelley and other men of the day4 ,he died at ,chelsea in #ahcg4 ,he was three times married--first to ,mary ,yeomans1 of ,worcester1 by whom he had issue ,ralph ,wedgwood1 of ,barnes and ,cornhill2 secondly1 to ,sarah ,taylor2 and thirdly1 to ,anne ,copeland1 by each of whom also he had issue4 ,after the dissolution of the partnership at ,ferrybridge1 which took place1 ,i believe1 about #ahjj or #ahja1 when ,wedgwood ceased to have any connection with the concern1 the firm of 8,tomlinson ,co40 was resumed1 and so continued until #ahcd1 when it changed to 8,tomlinson1 ,plowes1 ,co420 ,mr4 ,plowes1 of the ,castleford ,works1 having joined the proprietary4 ,in #ahjd1 the name of the manufactory1 which1 up to that period1 had been called the ,knottingley ,pottery1 was changed to that of the ,ferrybridge ,pottery4 ,this change was made for the convenience of foreign correspondence--a large foreign trade being carried on--,ferrybridge being at that time a post-town of some note1 and the works being situated nearer to it than to ,knottingley4 ,mr4 ,tomlinson was succeeded by his son ,mr4 ,edward ,tomlinson1 who continued the works under the firm of ,edward ,tomlinson ,co41 until the year #ahbf1 when he finally retired from the concern4 ,a part of the premises were then worked for a short time by ,messrs4 ,wigglesworth and ,ingham2 when the whole place was taken by ,messrs4 ,reed1 ,taylor1 and ,kelsall1 who continued the manufactory until the retirement of ,mr4 ,kelsall1 after which the works were continued by the surviving partners1 ,messrs4 ,james ,reed and ,benjamin ,taylor4 ,mr4 ,reed1 who was father of ,mr4 ,john ,reed1 of the 8,mexborough ,pottery10 was a man of enlarged experience1 of matured judgment1 and of great practical skill2 and in his time many improvements in the ware were made1 and the manufacture of china introduced4 ,he1 in conjunction with his partner1 took the ,mexborough ,pottery1 and for some time carried on the two establishments conjointly4 ,ultimately ,mr4 ,reed gave up the ,ferrybridge works1 and confined himself to those at ,mexborough1 while ,mr4 ,taylor carried on the ,ferrybridge works alone4 ,after ,mr4 ,taylor gave up the works ,mr4 ,lewis ,woolf entered upon them as tenant for a few years1 and in #ahef became the purchaser1 and commenced manufacturing in his own name1 and has continued from that time until the present day4 ,in the following year1 #aheg1 a large additional pottery was built closely adjoining1 and1 indeed1 connected with the 8,ferrybridge ,pottery10 by the sons of ,mr4 ,lewis ,woolf4 ,this new manufactory was called the 8,australian ,pottery10 and is still in full work4 ,the proprietors of the joint works1 8,the ,ferrybridge and ,australian ,potteries10 as they are named1 now are ,lewis1 ,sidney1 and ,henry ,woolf1 who trade under the style of 8,lewis ,woolf and ,sons40 ,these works1 besides a very large local and coasting trade1 had extensive transactions with several foreign ports4 ,from their first establishment to the time of the issuing of the famous ,berlin decree by ,napoleon1 ,messrs4 ,tomlinson ,co4 had done a very extensive and lucrative trade with ,russia1 for which country the finer and more expensive kinds of earthenware1 including cream-colour1 ,egyptian black1 and other kinds of fancy bodies1 were made1 both pressed1 printed1 enamelled1 and gilt4 ,the decree cut short the trade with the ,continent2 but shortly after this commercial blow1 which was severely felt by the ,yorkshire potters1 the ,river ,plate was opened by ,sir ,home ,popham1 a circumstance which was taken immediate advantage of by the ,ferrybridge firm4 8,one of the partners immediately proceeded there1 and succeeded in establishing a good market until the royal family emigrated to ,brazil1 when the same partner moved up to ,rio de ,janeiro1 to which port a large business was for many years carried on40 ,the wares principally made were the following3--cream and cane-coloured ware1 in which services and most articles in general use were manufactured1 either plain1 pressed 7i4e41 with raised patterns71 painted1 or printed4 ,green glazed ware1 in which dessert services and other articles were made1 and which were of a lighter colour than what ,wedgwood produced4 ,egyptian black ware1 of the usual quality made at the period4 ,fine white earthenware1 in which was produced all the usual kinds of goods in enamelling1 blue printing1 painting1 c4 ,artists of considerable ability were employed at the works1 and ,i have seen examples which are of thoroughly good character1 and will vie with some of the best contemporary productions of the ,staffordshire potteries4 ,in the time of ,messrs4 ,reed and ,taylor china of a very fine quality was made1 but the manufacture was not of long duration4 ,tea and coffee services1 dessert services1 scent bottles1 and a variety of articles1 were made of this body1 and were remarkably good in form and in style of decoration4 ,examples of ,ferrybridge china are now of extreme rarity4 ,cameos1 medallions1 and other ornamental articles in the time of ,ralph ,wedgwood's connection with the works1 were made in imitation of those of ,josiah ,wedgwood1 to which they were1 however1 very inferior both in body and finish4 ,the combined works at the present time 7by which of course ,i mean the joint manufactory of the 8,ferrybridge and ,australian ,potteries07 give employment to about five hundred hands1 and do a large trade with ,australia and other foreign markets4 ,in white earthenware1 which is the staple trade of the works1 the ornamentation consists of a large variety of patterns in transfer printing1 in common painting1 in lustre or 8tinsel10 and in sponged patterns4 ,enamelled and gilt goods1 too1 are made1 and of qualities to suit the different markets for which they are intended4 ,for the ,egyptian markets1 to which large quantities of goods are sent1 lustred or tinselled patterns are adapted very extensively4 ,in 8jet ware10 dessert services1 candlesticks1 toilet trays1 and other articles are made4 ,in this ware1 ,i believe ,i am right in saying that a large number of services have been made especially for the ,chinese market4 ,in ,egyptian black the ordinary varieties of articles are made1 as they are also in ,rockingham ware4 ,in 8blue jasper0 ware1 i4e41 a blue glazed ware1 absurdly so called1 many useful and ornamental articles are made1 as they are also in a variety of other bodies4 ,the marks used at the ,ferrybridge ,pottery have been but few4 ,so far as my knowledge goes1 those which will be of interest to the collector are the following-- ,,tomlinson ,,co4 impressed in the bottom of the ware1 ,,wedgwood ,,co4 impressed on cameos1 made during the time of ,ralph ,wedgwood's connection with the works4 ,,ferrybridge4 also impressed1 and one variety of which mark is peculiar from having the letter ,d reversed thus-- ,,ferrybridgewith d of bridge backwards ,p ,a shield1 with the words--,,opaque ,,granite ,,china in three lines1 supported by a lion and unicorn1 and surmounted by a crown4 ,this mark is also impressed1 and occurs on green-glazed ware1 as does the one just spoken of4 ,the mark at the present time is that of the lion and unicorn with the shield and crown1 and the words1 8,ferrybridge and ,australian ,potteries10 sometimes impressed1 and at others printed on the goods1 with the names of the bodies1 as 8granite10 8stone china10 c41 added4 ,,swinton-,,rockingham ,,china4 ,when pot-making was first practised in ,swinton and its district1 it is1 of course1 impossible to say1 but ,i believe that as early1 at all events 7if not at a much earlier period71 as quite the beginning of last century1 a hard brown ware1 of much the same quality as that made at ,nottingham and ,chesterfield1 was produced on ,swinton ,common1 where clays useful for various purposes were abundantly found4 ,in #agde1 it appears that a ,mr4 ,edward ,butler1 seeing the advantage offered by the locality through its clays1 which consisted of a 8common yellow clay used for the purposes of making bricks1 tiles1 and coarse earthenware2 a finer white clay for making pottery of a better quality2 an excellent clay for making fire-bricks2 and also a white clay usually called pipeclay20 established a tile-yard and pot-works for common earthenware1 on a part of the estate of ,charles1 ,marquis of ,rockingham1 which lay closely contiguous to ,swinton ,common1 where these clays existed4 ,the memory of this old potter1 the founder of the works which afterwards became so famous as the 8,royal ,rockingham ,china ,works10 is1 it is pleasant to record1 at the present day preserved in the name of a field near the now ruined factory1 called 8,butler's ,park40 ,butler at these works produced the ordinary classes of goods then in use1 but principally the hard brown ware to which ,i have just alluded4 ,an interesting example of this period was in the possession of the late ,dr4 ,brameld1 and is engraved on ,fig4 #hff4 ,it is a 8posset-pot0 of the usual form of those which1 at that period1 were in such general use in ,derbyshire and ,yorkshire2 it bears the date of #agei4 ,this interesting example has a fragment of a label1 written at 8,swinton ,pottery10 which authenticates it as having been made by1 or for1 ,john ,brameld4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hff and #hfg4 ,in #agfe the works were taken by ,william ,malpass1 who held another small pot-work at ,kilnhurst1 in the same neighbourhood1 and he continued them for some years4 ,with him were associated in partnership1 ,i believe1 ,john ,brameld1 and subsequently his son1 ,william ,brameld1 of whom ,i shall have more to say presently4 ,mr4 ,malpass continued to manufacture the same varieties of ware as his predecessor1 and held the works1 or rather was a partner in them1 at all events as late as #aghf4 ,in #aggh ,mr4 ,thomas ,bingley became a principal proprietor of the ,swinton works1 and had for partners1 among others1 ,john and ,william ,brameld1 and a person named ,sharpe4 ,mr4 ,bingley was a member of a family of that name which had been resident at ,swinton for more than four hundred years1 and is now worthily represented in the person of ,mr4 ,thomas ,bingley1 who still resides there4 ,the firm at this time was carried on under the style of ,thomas ,bingley ,co41 and1 being thriving1 indeed opulent1 people1 the works were greatly enlarged1 and conducted with much spirit4 ,an extensive trade was at this time carried on1 and besides the ordinary brown and yellow wares1 blue and white dinner1 tea1 coffee1 and other services were made1 as also a white earthenware of remarkably fine and compact body1 and other wares of good quality4 ,a highly interesting example of this period1 #aghh1 is shown on the accompanying engraving 7,fig4 #hfg71 which exhibits a two-handled drinking-cup1 with the name of one of the proprietors1 8,william ,brameld10 on one side1 and the date 8#aghh0 on the other4 ,this curious cup1 which is five and a quarter inches in height1 is of fine white earthenware with a bluish coloured glaze4 ,the upper part1 both inside and out1 two narrow borders round the centre1 the handles1 and the base1 are ornamented with blue transfer-printing4 ,the rest of the vessel is black1 the name1 date1 and ornaments upon it being gilt4 ,the borders of blue printing are much the same as those around 8willow pattern0 plates1 and from this it may be inferred that the 8willow pattern0 was at that period produced in ,swinton4 ,from about the year #aghg down to #ahjj1 the firm traded under the style of 8,greens1 ,bingley1 ,co40 ,this was consequent on some of the ,greens of the 8,leeds ,pottery10 7which see7--having become partners1 and taken an active part in the ,swinton manufactory1 with ,mr4 ,bingley1 ,mr4 ,brameld1 and those who were connected with them in those works4 ,mr4 ,john ,green became acting manager of the ,swinton works1 and afterwards1 as ,i am informed1 founded the 8,don ,pottery40 ,i possess some original letters from ,john ,green1 dated 8,leeds ,pottery10 of ,april and ,june1 #aghh1 addressed to 8,mr4 ,john ,brameld1 ,swinton1 near ,rotherham10 giving directions not only concerning the works themselves1 but relating to the partnership3-- 8,should be glad you and ,mr4 ,bingley will look over the partnership-deeds1 and if there be anything that do not meet your ideas1 please point it out4 ,when you have done this you may send them in a small box directed for me2 they never was in my mind when at ,swinton1 or should have done the needful then4 ,i have writt ,charles with some sponges and 444 informing him ,i expect #d ,cm kills per week exclusive of china1 which ,i hope he will be able to manage without increasing the wages40 444 8,hope your buisket kill turns out well4 ,you have room now if you will but make neat goods and be observing to get money2 but it will require a strict attention to keep every weelband in the nick40 ,in the same letter he speaks of consignments of flint by ,mr4 ,brearey to ,selby and ,tadcaster4 ,he also offers ,brameld from himself and partners a commission of #e per cent4 on all 8wearing apparell sould to your works40 ,the partnership with ,john ,green was carried on in the style of 8,greens1 ,bingley1 ,co41 ,swinton ,pottery20 and the same price-lists which were printed at ,leeds with the ,leeds pottery heading1 had that heading cut off1 and that of 8,greens1 ,bingley1 ,co41 ,swinton ,pottery10 written in its place4 ,later on large fresh price-lists were printed4 ,they were headed 8,greens1 ,hartley1 ,co41 ,swinton ,pottery1 make1 sell1 and export wholesale all sorts of ,earthenware1 ,cream ,coloured or ,queens1 ,nankeen ,blue1 ,tortoise ,shell1 ,fine ,egyptian ,black1 ,brown ,china1 c41 c4 ,all the above sorts enameled1 printed1 or ornamented with gold or silver40 ,on the fly-leaf was a printed circular1 dated 8,swinton ,pottery1 #ast ,february1 #agif10 announcing an advance in prices and a revised system of counting4 ,the patterns used at ,leeds were evidently1 to some extent1 adopted at ,swinton2 and ,i possess some original drawings and designs on which the numbers for each of those works are given4 ,for instance1 in teapots1 ,leeds ,no4 #adi was ,swinton ,no4 #fh2 ,leeds #acc was ,swinton #fi2 #bah was #gj2 and #beb was #ga1 and so on4 ,late in the last century1 about the time of which ,i am now writing1 a peculiar kind of ware was first made at these works1 and took the name of 8,,brown ,,china10 and afterwards that which it has ever since maintained where attempted to be made1 of 8,,rockingham ,,ware40 ,this ware1 which is of a fine reddish-brown1 or chocolate colour1 is one of the smoothest and most beautiful wares that has ever been produced at any place4 ,the body is of fine hard and compact white earthenware1 and the brown glaze1 by which the peculiar shaded and streaky effect of this class of goods was produced is as fine as it is possible to conceive1 and required to be 8dipped0 and passed through the firing no fewer than three times before it could be considered perfect4 ,in this exquisite ware tea1 coffee1 and chocolate services1 jugs1 drinking-cups1 c41 were produced1 and continued to be made to the close of the works in #ahdb4 ,since that time 8,rockingham ware0--in every instance falling far short of the original in beauty and in excellence--has been made by almost every manufacturer in the kingdom1 and has always1 especially for tea and coffee pots1 met a ready and extensive sale4 ,one special article produced in this ware was the curious coffee pot1 formed on purely scientific principles1 which is usually known to collectors as the 8,cadogan pot40 ,this curious piece was formed on the model of an example of green ,indian ware1 said to have been brought from abroad#aae by the ,marquis and ,marchioness of ,rockingham1 or the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,cadogan1 and preserved fifty or sixty years at ,wentworth before it was thought of being copied4 ,it has a small opening in the bottom to admit the coffee1 but none at the top and no lid4 ,from the hole in the bottom a tube1 slightly spiral1 was made to pass up inside the vessel to within half an inch of the top1 so that after filling1 on the 8pot0 being turned over into its proper position for table use1 the coffee was kept in without chance of spilling or escape4 ,it is worthy of remark that tea and 8,cadogan0 coffee pots of genuine ,rockingham ware1 the first of which was made for the ,marchioness of ,rockingham1 have the reputation of being by far the best of any1 and are said1 ,i know not upon what principle1 to produce a better and purer flavour than any others4#aaf ,i have been told it as a fact1 that ,george ,,iv41 who was as great a connoisseur in tea as he was in many far less harmless matters1 invariably1 for a long time1 used one of the then fashionable ,rockingham ware pots4 ,i have it from undeniable authority that the royal penchant for this kind of ware thus arose4 ,when he1 while ,prince ,regent1 visited ,wentworth ,house1 the seat of ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 these teapots were in use1 and were much admired4 ,on the return of the prince and suite to ,london1 inquiries were made for them at ,john ,mortlock's1 in ,oxford ,street1 who supplied the palace4 ,he at once saw that they would come into considerable repute1 ordered largely1 contracted to have his own name stamped upon them1 and enjoyed the questionable reputation of being their inventor4 ,mr4 ,mortlock1 ,i believe1 ordered as much as #ijj worth of this ware in one season alone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hfh4--;,cadogan ,pot4 ,in #agif1 the firm was1 as before1 8,greens1 ,bingley1 ,co420 and from a list of prices and goods now in my possession1 it appears that a large variety of articles were produced4 ,the list is thus headed3-- 8,greens1 ,bingley1 ,co4 ,swinton ,pottery1 make1 sell1 and export wholesale1 all sorts of ,earthen ,ware1 viz41 ,cream-coloured1 or ,queen's1 ,nankeen ,blue1 ,tortoise ,shell1 ,fine ,egyptian ,black1 ,brown ,china1 c4 ,also the above sorts enameled1 printed or ornamented with gold or silver40 ,among the articles in cream ware1 enumerated in this list1 are all the separate items for services in ,paris1 ,bath1 concave1 royal1 queen's1 feather1 and shell-edge patterns1 which were produced 8printed or enamelled with coats of arms1 crests1 cyphers1 landscapes1 c42 also blue printed ,nankeen patterns20 dishes1 covers1 compotiers1 tureens1 plates1 butter-tubs1 baking-dishes1 nappies1 glass trays1 fruit plates1 fruit baskets pierced and plain1 tea-trays1 garden-pots and stands1 shaving-basins1 salts1 castors1 cruets1 egg-cups1 spoons plain and pierced1 ice-cellars1 candlesticks1 inkstands1 wafer and sand boxes1 fountain inkstands1 bidets1 c41 furnished castors1 tureen ladles1 chocolate stands1 quintal flower horns1 radish dishes1 crosses with holy-water cup1 ice pails1 broad mugs1 bowls1 ewers1 basins1 c41 milk ewers1 tea and coffee pots1 tea canisters1 chocolate cups and saucers1 c41 c4 ,in #ahjf1 the firm of 8,greens1 ,bingley1 ,co40 was dissolved4 ,at this time1 as appears from a memorandum of resolutions1 passed at a meeting held on ,january #bbnd1 #ahjf1 preparatory to the dissolution1 that the partners 7present7 were--8,william ,hartley for himself and others 7this was ,william ,hartley1 principal proprietor in the ,leeds ,pottery71 ,ebenezer ,green for himself and others 7this was another of the partners in the ,leeds ,pottery71 ,george ,hanson1 ,thomas ,bingley1 ,john ,brameld1 and ,william ,brameld40 ,these resolutions are as follows3-- 8,at a meeting held at ,swinton ,pottery1 on ,wednesday1 the #bbnd day of ,january1 #ahjf4 ,present ,william ,hartley for himself and others4 ,ebenezer ,green for himself and others4 ,george ,hanson4 ,thomas ,bingley4 ,john ,brameld4 ,william ,brameld4 #ast4 ,that no more ,coals be got at ,wath ,wood ,colliery4 #bnd4 ,that on the #ast of ,february next the ,engine1 ,gins1 and every thing that is valuable belonging to us1 be removed from the ,colliery to the ,pottery premises1 and that the ,pits be rail'd round4 #crd4 ,that no more stone be got from the ,quarry on ,wath ,wood4 #dth4 ,that the ,willows be immediately cut and brought to the ,pottery4 #eth4 ,that the ,manure on hand be sold4 #fth4 ,that the ,crop or ,crops on the ,farm be immediately valued4 #gth4 ,that the ,coals on hand be disposed of in the best manner possible4 #hth4 ,that as many ,men be immediately discharged from the ,manufactory as can be conveniently done2 retaining for the present only as many as may be necessary to compleat the orders already taken1 and make a few things that may be needful to assort the ,stock on hand4 #ith4 ,that a ,schedule of every thing belonging to the ,colliery and ,quarry be immediately taken4 #ajth4 ,that these ,resolutions be carried into ,execution by ,c4 ,prince40 ,at the dissolution of partnership1 the whole concern fell into the hands of two of the partners1 ,messrs4 ,john and ,william ,brameld1 who1 with other partners1 continued the works with considerable spirit under the style of 8,brameld ,co40 until their death4 ,the old price-lists1 which ,i have already named1 continued to be used1 but had the words 8,greens1 ,bingley0 erased with the pen1 and 8,brameld0 substituted1 so that the heading commenced 8,brameld ,co41 ,swinton ,pottery40 ,they were later on joined in partnership by the younger branches of the family1 who eventually1 as ,i shall show1 became proprietors of the manufactory4 ,by ,messrs4 ,john and ,william ,brameld additional buildings were erected1 and great improvements made in the ware4 ,about this time cream-coloured ware was made very extensively1 and a remarkably fine white earthenware--the 8chalk-body10 as it was technically called--was successfully produced1 but1 owing to its costliness through loss in firing1 was made only to a small extent1 and is now of great rarity4 ,about the year #ahac1 the sons of the old proprietors1 on the death of ,mr4 ,william ,brameld1 succeeded to the concern4 ,these were ,thomas ,brameld1 ,george ,frederick ,brameld1 and ,john ,wager ,brameld1 and to them the great after-success of the works was due4 ,these gentlemen considerably enlarged the manufactory1 made many improvements in the wares produced1 and erected a flint mill on the premises1 which after the close of the china works continued to be worked by their descendants4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,brameld1 the eldest of the partners1 was a man of the most exquisite taste1 and he laboured hard to raise the character of the productions of the ,swinton ,works to a high standard of excellence4 ,in this he succeeded to an eminent degree4 ,in #ahbj he turned his attention to the production of china ware1 and made many experiments in bodies and glazes4 ,having expended large sums of money in the production of this1 his favourite project1 and in making ,art-advances in his manufactory1 the firm became1 as is too frequently the case with those who study the beautiful instead of the strictly commercial in the management of their works1 slightly embarrassed4 ,this was considerably increased by the great loss1 both in earthenware and money1 which the firm sustained consequent on the war4 ,in #ahbe1 which it will be remembered was a year of great commercial difficulties1 ,messrs4 ,brameld succumbed to the embarrassments that had for some time affected them1 and a meeting of themselves1 their creditors1 c41 was held at ,rotherham4 ,at this meeting1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,brameld produced some remarkable examples of his china ware1 the result of long and patient labour on his part1 and these being highly approved by all who were present1 and appearing likely to succeed1 ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 the owner of the property at ,swinton1 in the most laudable and kindly manner1 agreed to assist in the prosecution of the work by the advance of capital1 and by taking an active part in the scheme4 ,this being done1 ,mr4 ,brameld set himself to his task with renewed spirit1 and with a determination to make his porcelain at least equal to any which could then be produced1 and in this he certainly succeeded4 ,the works were altered and enlarged2 modellers and painters1 the most skilful that could be procured1 were employed2 and every means taken to insure that success1 artistically and manipulatively1 which quickly followed4 ,in this ware1 dinner1 dessert1 breakfast1 and tea services1 vases1 groups of figures and flowers1 and numberless articles1 both of utility and ornament1 were produced1 and were all characterised by pure taste1 and an excellence of design and workmanship which told much for the skill and judgment of the mind that governed the whole of the manufactory4 ,mr4 ,george ,frederick ,brameld1 the second of the partners1 devoted himself to the strictly commercial part of the business on the ,continent4 ,he for some time resided at ,st4 ,petersburg1 a large trade with ,russia being carried on by the firm4 ,mr4 ,john ,wager ,brameld1 like his brother1 was a man of pure taste4 ,he was an excellent artist1 and some truly exquisite paintings on porcelain by him have come under my notice4 ,he was a clever painter of flowers and of figures1 and landscapes4 ,in flowers ,mr4 ,brameld went to ,nature herself1 collecting specimens wherever he went1 and reproducing their beauties on the choice wares of the works4 ,at ,lowestoft ,i remember seeing a set of three vases painted in flowers1 which1 it is said1 ,mr4 ,brameld gathered on the ,dene1 at that place1 on one of his visits1 and which vases he presented to the father of their present owner4#aag ,in the same hands is an elegant snuff-box1 bearing an exquisite painting of 8,the ,politician10 with groups of flowers1 and bearing the words1 8,brameld1 ,rockingham ,works1 near ,rotherham10 8,the ,politician1 ,j4 ,w4 ,brameld40 ,this being a signed piece of ,john ,wager ,brameld's1 is particularly interesting4 ,mr4 ,brameld's time was chiefly devoted1 however1 to travelling for the firm in the ,united ,kingdom1 and to the management of the ,london house1 so that his artistic productions did not make a feature in the goods generally made at the works4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,brameld1 who resided at ,swinton ,house1 ,swinton1 a delightful residence overlooking the valley of the ,don 7to whose taste ,swinton is deeply indebted for the preservation from destruction of two fine old ,norman archways from the destroyed chapel71 died in #ahej4 ,he left four sons1 the ,rev4 ,john ,thomas ,brameld1 late of ,mansfield2 the ,rev4 ,george ,william ,brameld2 the late ,rev4 ,arthur ,james ,brameld1 of ,new ,wortley1 who was accidentally drowned soon after ,i made his acquaintance2 and the late ,dr4 ,henry ,e4 ,brameld1 to each and all of whom--especially the two last named--,i was indebted for much assistance in the preparation of this notice4 ,mr4 ,john ,wager ,brameld died in #ahea1 leaving an only son1 who was accidentally drowned while bathing near ,swinton4 ,the last of the partners1 ,mr4 ,george ,frederick ,brameld1 died unmarried in #ahec4 ,the regulations laid down for the keeping of time by the workmen at ,swinton1 and for their guidance over their work1 were remarkably well considered and clear2 the original document of about #ahbi1 in ,mr4 ,brameld's handwriting1 is in my own possession1 as is also another from which ,i learn some particulars as to the overlookers of that time4 ,richard ,shillito was to have charge of the earthenware department as general overlooker1 with 444 ,hulme to assist him2 ,william ,horncastle had charge of the ,warehouse1 c42 ,mr4 ,wager had charge of the men at the farm2 ,mr4 ,baguley had 8charge of all the painting and gilding department in china and enamel earthenware40 ,john ,speight1 8the painting1 c41 c41 in earthenware biscuit work20 ,george ,liversedge was overlooker and manager of the printing department2 ,joseph ,bullough was sorter of biscuit ware2 ,william ,speight had charge of the mill1 and also 8the care of and management of all gold1 colours1 and glazes1 c41 he giving them out as they may be properly wanted to use40 ,earthenware of various kinds--8,brown ,china10 or 8,rockingham ware10 green glazed ware1 biscuit figures and ornaments1 hard fine white stoneware1 cream-coloured ware1 and other varieties of goods were also still made2 and the works1 which1 at this time--the time when china began regularly to be made 7#ahbf7--with the assistance of the ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 assumed the name of the 8,,rockingham ,,works10 began to use the crest of the ,fitzwilliam family as the mark of the firm4 ,in #ahbf 7,november #ag71 ,messrs4 ,brameld ,co4 secured the services of an excellent painter1 8,mr4 ,john ,cresswell1 painter on china10 and articles of agreement 7in my own possession7 were drawn up by which ,cresswell engaged himself to them for five years at #gs4 #f;d4 a day for the first three years2 #is4 #c;d4 a day for the fourth year2 and #ajs4 #f;d4 a day for the fifth year4 ,in #ahcj the firm received an order for a service from the ,duchess of ,cumberland3-- 8,at ,kew1 ,october #bc1 #ahcj4 8,her ,royal ,highness the ,duchess of ,cumberland most graciously inspected the ,pattern ,plates 7#e7 prepared for the purpose2 and was pleased to express herself much gratified therewith1 and commanded me to get up her ,service with #f ,plates ,interiors1 style of ,original4 #f ,shells4 #f ,birds4 #f ,fruit4 #f ,landscapes 7real views74 #f ,marine4 and the comports1 elevetated1 7,des ,assiettes ,elevs7 to be same of those of ,his ,majesty2 to be shewn to her as they are prepared in turns for the ,king to see4 ,price #bej ,guineas4 #cf ,plates1 gad g4 #ab ,comports1 or ,w4 ,s4 #b ,cream ,bowls4 #b ,ice ,cellars4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,brameld40 ,and in #ahcc1 from the ,duke of ,sussex3-- ,memorandum of a ,dessert ,service for ,h4,r4,h4 ,the ,duke of ,sussex4 ,kensington1 #cjth ,nov41 #ahcc4 ,forms same as ,h4,m4's4 ,plate--,essex--but same size as ,h4,m4's4 #d ,large ,dress ,plates4 #d ,second size do4 #h ,small do4 do4 #d ,ice ,pails 7,handles la ,warwick74 #d ,pine and ,grape ,baskets4 #h ,peach ,baskets--say #d ,mulberry and #d ,pine4 #d ,fruit ,comports4 #d ,shell ---- #dj pieces perhaps #ejj guineas4 #f doz4 of ,plates will be #cfj --- #hfj ,say #fjj1 for #b_/c4 ,in the same year ,messrs4 ,brameld ,co4 became the purchasers from ,mr4 ,george ,green of his interest in the ,kilnhurst ,pottery 7which see74 ,in #ahdj1 ,messrs4 ,brameld were in negotiation for the purchase from ,mr4 ,dillwyn of the ,glamorgan ,pottery at ,swansea 7which see72 but the purchase was not made4 ,in #ahcj1 the ,rockingham ,works received an order for a splendid dessert service for ,king ,william ,,iv41 which was executed in the highest style of the art1 and gave intense satisfaction4 ,the original sketches for this service are in my own possession1 and are named 8,original ,designs for ,his ,majesty's ,dessert1 #abth ,nov41 #ahcj1 per ,j4 ,w4 ,b40 7,john ,wager ,brameld74 ,they are pen-and-ink sketches by himself4 ,of this service ,i shall have yet to speak4 ,at this time the works assumed the name of 8,royal ,rockingham ,works10 and the proprietors called themselves ,china ,manufacturers and ,potters to the ,king1 ,queen1 and ,royal ,family4 ,in #ahch1 the manufacture of china and earthenware bed-posts1 cornices1 c4--a somewhat novel feature in the art--was added to the other productions of the ,rockingham ,works4 ,in that year a patent was taken out in the name of ,william ,dale#aah for 8certain improvements in constructing columns1 pillars1 bed-posts1 and other such-like articles20 consisting of several ornamental pieces or compound parts of china or earthenware10 8united1 strengthened and supported by a shaft or rod passing through the whole length of the same1 and furnished with screw nuts or other description of fastenings1 and collars10 c4 ,these bed-posts and other similar things were made at the ,rockingham ,works1 though never to any extent4 ,they are now of very great rarity1 but examples are in my own possession4 ,the body is white1 the prevailing colour being ,rose-du-,barry1 with yellow flowers1 c4 ,another of these interesting examples is white with an effective chintz pattern in colours2 while others have small groups and sprigs of flowers1 the outline in transfer printing1 and filled in with colour4 ,in my own possession1 too1 are several of the original drawings of designs for beds1 window cornices1 lamps1 candelabra1 tables1 c41 which are remarkable for their elegance and beauty4 ,an elegant work-table of this description of ware1 of simple but very effective design and excellent workmanship1 is in the possession of ,mr4 ,wilson of ,sheffield4 ,it is #b feet #f inches high and #a foot #f inches in diameter at the top4 ,among the designs to which ,i have alluded is one representing a small and remarkably elegant table of somewhat similar1 but much more ornate character1 on which is a fish-globe stand of corresponding design4 ,although the ,rockingham ,works were eminently successful in an artistic point of view1 they were not so commercially1 and in #ahdb were closed1 after involving not only their noble owner1 but the absolute proprietors1 in a loss of very many thousands of pounds4 ,only sixteen years had elapsed since the introduction of the china manufacture to the works1 but those had been sixteen years of beauty1 and of artistic and manipulative success4 ,no man better understood his art than ,mr4 ,thomas ,brameld1 no man laboured harder and more disinterestedly in the ennobling of that art than he did1 and few men1 either before his time or since1 succeeded in accomplishing greater or more honourable things4 ,he and his brother looked to ,art instead of commerce1 and the result was embarrassment and loss4 ,at the close of the ,rockingham ,works in #ahdb1 the stock1 c41 was sold off and dispersed1 and the manufactory which had produced so large a quantity of elegant services1 c41 was entirely discontinued4 ,a small portion of the building was taken by an old and experienced workman1 ,isaac ,baguley 7formerly employed at the famous ,derby ,china ,works71 who was one of ,messrs4 ,brameld's best painters and gilders4 ,here he commenced business in a small way on his own account1 and continued to do some little business until his death4 ,mr4 ,baguley did not manufacture the wares himself1 but purchased what he required in the biscuit and white state1 from other makers1 and then painted1 gilt1 and otherwise ornamented them for sale4 ,at his death1 his son1 ,alfred ,baguley1 succeeded him1 and1 for a few years1 carried on this decorative branch of the business on the old premises4 ,mr4 ,baguley decorated with commendable taste earthenware and porcelain1 and produced some extremely good and effective designs in modelling1 and clever patterns in decoration4 ,one of his specialities was the old ,rockingham ware1 which he produced of a far purer and better quality than any other house4 ,to this branch he paid particular attention1 and produced the ,rockingham chocolate or brown glaze on a china body4 ,in this 8,rockingham china10 breakfast and tea services1 tea and coffee pots of the good old designs1 drinking horns1 jugs1 c41 were made1 and1 being gilt in the same manner as the old ,rockingham ware1 have a remarkably pleasing appearance1 while in touch they are all that can be desired4 ,mr4 ,baguley also made the famous old 8,bishopthorpe0 and 8,wentworth0 jugs4 ,his mark was the same as that of the old works--the crest of ,earl ,fitzwilliam 7,fig4 #hhj7 with the name-- ,illustration3 ,baguley ,rockingham ,works4 ,fig4 #hfi4 ,in #aheb1 a small portion of the works was tenanted by some earthenware manufacturers1 who traded as 8,p4 ,hobson ,son10 but their occupation was of only short duration1 and now the whole place is closed4 ,the ,rockingham ,works--a view of which in their palmiest days is on a dish made by ,twigg1 in my own collection--when in full operation1 gave employment to a considerable number of hands and occupied a large area of ground4#aai ,at the present time the place is a sad and desolate-looking wilderness4 ,the buildings have most of them been removed1 and others1 at the time of my visit1 were being taken down4 ,the whole place was in ruins1 and in the area1 where but a few years ago all was life1 activity1 and bustle in the execution of a royal order1 8weeds and briars grow20 while in the centre of the wreck stood a building bearing the almost defaced words1 8,this way to the ,china ,room10 where no china1 save broken fragments scattered about on the 8shard rucks10 was to be seen4 ,of the 8brown china0 or 8,rockingham ware0 services1 ,cadogan pots1 c41 ,i have given notices4 ,it will be sufficient to add that although all which was made at these works were not marked1 they usually bore the impressed marks of 8,,rockingham10 8,,brameld10 or 8,,brameld ,,co410 or the name of 8,,mortlock40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hgj4 ,in fine hard 8white stoneware10 and in fine cane-coloured ware1 jugs of remarkably good design were made1 and were decorated with groups in relief in the same manner2 indeed1 strongly resembling1 both in body and in design1 those of ,turner1 which are so well known to collectors4 ,in ,mr4 ,davis's and other hands are remarkably good jugs of this kind1 decorated with raised groups of figures in blue1 and bearing the embossed mark to be hereafter spoken of4 ,the handles of these jugs are formed of the leg and tail of a horse4 ,in 8green-glazed earthenware10 dessert services1 flower vases1 garden seats1 and all the usual varieties of articles were made4 ,the green1 as a rule1 was a somewhat lighter colour and not so good in quality as ,wedgwood's4 ,the pieces were generally marked with the usual impressed mark4 ,in fine 8earthenware10 services of every kind were produced1 both white1 blue-printed1 painted1 and gilt4 ,the glaze on the earlier pieces1 it should be remarked1 is of a decided blue tint1 and somewhat inferior in quality4 ,some of the dessert-services produced in the early part of the present century are particularly interesting4 ,on each piece is painted some flower as large as life1 and coloured true to nature in every particular4 ,the name of the plant represented is in each case pencilled at the back of the piece4 ,the plants represented on the two examples 7,fig4 #hgj7 are respectively marked as 8,althea ,frutex0 and 8,virgilia helioides40 ,in the late ,dr4 ,brameld's possession was a service of this same kind1 in which the flowers were beautifully painted4 ,the painter of these pieces was ,collinson1 the best flower-painter employed at the ,swinton ,works1 and they were made between the years #ahaj-ae4 ,the ware is particularly light1 and has a remarkably pleasant feel in handling4 ,i have been somewhat particular in speaking of this variety of goods1 because similar services were produced far more extensively at the ,don ,works1 at ,swansea1 and at other places4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hga and #hgb4 ,of works of ,art1 in earthenware1 the ,swinton ,pottery produced many vases and other objects of a high degree of excellence1 both in design1 manipulation1 and in decoration1 and were1 indeed1 far in advance of most of their competitors4 ,fig4 #hga represents one of a pair of remarkably fine pot-pourris1 which were 8thrown0 at the ,swinton ,works by ,mr4 ,thomas ,brameld the year he was out of his apprenticeship1 in #ahje1 and were1 till his death1 in the possession of his son1 ,dr4 ,brameld4 ,they are #ah inches high1 and have lions' heads for handles1 while on the top of the lid is a lion couchant1 the family crest1 gilt4 ,the jars are beautifully painted in ,chinese subjects4 ,the next engraving shows one of the specialities of the ,swinton pottery1 a 8lotus vase10 from an example in ,mr4 ,manning's possession4 ,it is formed of leaves1 c41 and has butterflies1 c41 raised1 as if resting upon the leaves4 ,the whole is carefully enamelled1 and altogether forms a flower vase of surpassing beauty4 ,it is pleasant to add that at the close of the ,rockingham ,works1 the moulds for the production of these 8lotus vases10 as well as others1 including the model of the keep of ,conisborough ,castle1#abj which1 by the way1 was another of the specialities of the ,swinton ,works1 passed into the hands of the late ,mr4 ,john ,reed1 of the 8,mexborough ,pottery10 by whose successor they continue to be made1 both in the fine old green-glazed style1 and enamelled4 ,in 8,queen's ware10 or 8cream-coloured ware10 services were formerly made at ,swinton4 ,it was of a very similar quality to that made at ,leeds and at ,castleford1 and1 being unmarked1 is generally ascribed to one or other of those works4 ,in ,dr4 ,brameld's possession was a teapot of this material1 which is said to have been made in the latter part of last century by his grandfather4 ,it is here shown4 ,it is of deep buff1 or cream colour1 with beaded edges1 and bears the name and date-- ,amelia ,hallam1 #aggc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hgc4 ,in the late ,mr4 ,reed's possession1 too1 was a double-handled drinking cup of elegant form1 with the name ,,iohn ,,alsebrook1 and the date #agie1 within an enamelled border of roses and foliage1 and having on the other side a ,chinese figure subject1 also enamelled4 ,that this kind of ware was not made extensively at ,swinton until after the dissolution of partnership with ,hartley1 ,greens ,co41 is perhaps to be easily accounted for in the fact that these proprietors of the ,leeds ,pottery1 where it was manufactured so extensively and so well1 being also partners here1 the cream ware would be made principally at ,leeds1 while at the ,swinton ,works was produced what had not been made at the other place4 ,from the time the works fell entirely into the hands of the ,bramelds1 however1 this kind of ware became the staple production of the manufactory1 and an immense trade was carried on in it in the ,baltic and elsewhere4 ,not being marked1 it probably often passes for ,leeds ware in the eyes of collectors4 ,in this material beautiful open-work baskets1 and many other elegant articles1 were made4 ,transfer printing was introduced at ,swinton1 at all events1 as early1 as ,i have shown1 as #aghh1 and was continued to the close of the works4 ,in the later years1 some extremely tasteful groups of flowers1 butterflies1 c41 were engraved and transferred in outline1 and then painted in the usual manner4 ,in dinner1 tea1 toilet1 and other services1 the designs were extremely good1 and one of them1 the ,don ,quixote pattern1 became very popular4 ,engine-turned tea and coffee pots1 plates1 c41 were also manufactured1 and in manipulation were equal to any produced in ordinary earthenware4 ,groups of flowers1 figures1 trophies1 borders1 c41 in relief1 were also introduced4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hgd to #hgf4 ,in 8china0 the earliest examples are two trial pieces by ,mr4 ,thomas ,brameld1 which ,i saw in the possession of his son1 the late ,dr4 ,brameld4 ,these are a pair of small leaves1 the body of which is of good quality1 painted of a salmon colour with gold veins4 ,these are probably of the date #ahbj-b1 and but few trials were made from that time until #ahbe4 ,in #ahbf china ware began to be made largely1 and from that time 7in this year it will be remembered the works changed their name from 8,swinton0 to 8,rockingham07 to #ahdb was one series of successes in all but profit4 ,tea1 coffee1 dinner1 dessert1 toilet1 and other services1 were made in every variety of style1 from the ordinary blue printed1 or white with raised blue ornaments1 to the most elaborately painted and gilt varieties4 ,vases1 and numberless ornamental articles for the drawing-room and the toilet were also made1 and were generally distinguished by good taste in design1 and skill in decoration4 ,to show how ,art was1 by the taste of the ,bramelds1 made subservient to the production of things of every-day use1 ,i give1 in ,figs4 #hgd to #hgf1 three examples in ,mr4 ,manning's possession4 ,in vases1 some of the finest which had ever been produced were made at these works4 ,at ,wentworth ,house1 the magnificent seat of ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 among other fine examples of ,swinton ,art1 is one which is of surpassing beauty4 ,it was the largest china vase produced at that time in a single piece in this country4 ,it stands three feet nine inches in height1 and is three feet one inch in circumference4 ,the base1 which is of tripod form1 has a blue ground1 with flowers in compartments1 and is massively gilt4 ,from it rises the vase1 supported on three lions' paws in white and gold4 ,from between the feet on each side spring branches of oak1 solidly gilt1 which entwine their leaves around the paws1 and form an elegant border to each of the large painted subjects on the sides4 ,the neck of the vase is in honeycomb open-work1 with raised bees upon it2 and the handles are of massive coral in white and gold4 ,on each of the three sides of the vase is a large subject from ,don ,quixote1 exquisitely painted in enamel colours4 ,the cover has a blue ground1 on which are flowers and trophies in tablets1 surrounded by oak leaves and acorns in gold4 ,it is surmounted by a large and powerfully-modelled rhinoceros1 gilt4 ,the under side of the cover1 quite out of sight except when lifted off the vase1 is painted in a series of small landscapes1 alternating with subjects taken from ,bewick's celebrated tail-pieces4 ,inside the cover is the mark of the crest1 and the words 8,rockingham ,works1 ,brameld10 and the date #ahbf4 ,this splendid vase was painted by ,john ,wager ,brameld4 ,at ,wentworth ,house1 too1 the ,earl and ,countess ,fitzwilliam have1 along with a large number of choice examples of ,chelsea1 ,chelsea-,derby1 and other rare makes of ,china 7which ,i have examined71 several other notable pieces of ,rockingham china4 ,among these are a set of three 8,canova-shape0 vases1 painted with groups of flowers2 a dessert-service of white and gold 8seaweed0 pattern1 each piece bearing the crest and the date #ahch2 three of the pattern-plates submitted to ,william ,,iv4 in competition for the royal service2 a number of example-plates of different designs2 a breakfast service painted in flowers1 each flower named2 an elegant tray with raised flowers and a view of ,arundel ,castle2 a pair of 8monkey0 beakers1 nineteen inches high2 and a pair of fine biscuit scent bottles1 sixteen inches high1 decorated with exquisite raised flowers4 ,in the possession of the late ,dr4 ,brameld1 who had among other things1 a remarkably beautiful ice pail and other pieces of note1 was the fine vase engraved in ,fig4 #hgg1 which is known as the 8,dragon ,vase10 and occasionally by the not very euphonious name of the 8,infernal ,vase40 ,it is #c feet #d inches in height1 and has dragons for handles1 and also a dragon on the top of the cover4 ,another of these 8,dragon0 vases is in the possession of ,mr4 ,henry ,barker4 ,in the late ,mr4 ,bagshawe's collection was a set of three vases1 green and gold1 with swans for handles1 on which are beautifully painted 8named0 views of 8,bellagio1 ,lago di ,come10 8,verona10 and 8,isola ,bella1 ,lago ,maggiore40 ,mr4 ,reed had pieces bearing views of ,newstead ,abbey1 c41 and in ,mr4 ,hobson's possession are vases1 with views of ,chatsworth and other places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hgg4 ,the chef-d'uvre of the ,rockingham ,china ,works was1 however1 the truly gorgeous dessert service made for ,william ,,iv41 which is now preserved with the most scrupulous care at ,buckingham ,palace1 and is1 we are credibly informed1 justly prized by her ,majesty as among her more precious ceramic treasures4 ,this service1 which cost no less a sum than #e1jjj1 consists of one hundred and forty-four plates1 and fifty-six large pieces1 and is one of the finest produced in this or any other country4 ,the plates have raised oak borders in dead and burnished gold running over a raised laced pattern1 also in gold1 and the centres are splendidly painted with the royal arms1 c4 ,the comports1 which were all designed by ,mr4 ,thomas ,brameld1 are emblematical of the use to which each piece has to be put4 ,for instance1 the comports for biscuit1 are supported by ears of wheat2 the fruit pieces have central open-work baskets of fruit2 the ice pails are supported by holly berries and leaves2 and in each case the landscapes are also in unison with the uses of the pieces1 which are of exquisite design1 and have also oak-leaf and lace decorations1 so massively gilt in dead and burnished gold as to have the appearance of ormolu laid on the porcelain1 and each piece is decorated with views of different seats1 the sketches for which were taken expressly for the purpose1 and by groups of figures1 c4 ,this service is1 as ,i have said1 at ,buckingham ,palace4 ,in ,dr4 ,brameld's possession was the specimen plate which was submitted to1 and approved by1 the king1 and some portions of the comports1 c42 and in ,mrs4 ,barker's hands was one of the comports 7with views of 8,langthwait ,bridge10 and 8,kentmore ,hall10 and a group of bird-catchers71 which1 for its extreme beauty and rarity1 is an almost priceless treasure4 ,she also possesses a cup and saucer of the breakfast service prepared for ,her ,majesty4 ,in ,mrs4 ,reed's possession is an unique example1 being one of the specimen plates submitted for royal approval in a competition with the principal china manufacturers of the kingdom for the royal order4 ,in this competition1 twelve plates of different patterns were specially prepared and submitted by the ,rockingham ,works4 ,of these plates1 the examples in ,mr4 ,reed's1 ,dr4 ,brameld's1 the ,earl ,fitzwilliam's1 ,mr4 ,hobson's1 and other hands1 form a part4 ,in the centre are the royal arms1 and the rim is decorated with oak leaves and acorns4 ,another unique pattern-plate belonged to ,dr4 ,brameld1 and is of the most delicate and exquisitely beautiful character4 ,in the centre are the royal arms1 and on the rim are three compartments1 two of which contain groups of flowers1 and the third a view1 while between these the 8garter0 is repeated4 ,the cost at which in the estimate it was calculated these plates could be produced1 was twelve guineas each4#aba ,the dessert service made for ,william ,,iv4 was first used on occasion of the coronation of our beloved ,queen1 and has only1 ,i am informed1 been used on very special state occasions from that time to the present4 ,although so large a sum of money was paid for it the cost of its production was so great1 that the actual outlay was1 ,i am told by those who are in the best position to know1 considerably more than was charged4 ,this royal service had some little to do with the embarrassments that caused the final stoppage of the works4#abb ,in 8biscuit10 figures1 busts1 and groups1 as well as vases1 of which splendid examples belong to ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 were produced4 ,among other specimens that have come under my notice are a ,swiss boy and girl1 a fine bust of ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 ,chantrey's sleeping child1 ,chantrey's full-length statue of ,lady ,russell1 c4 ,among the artists employed at the ,rockingham works it will only be necessary to name a few4 ,these were ,collinson1 who painted flowers2 ,llandig1 who was a charming fruit and flower painter2 ,bailey1 who was the principal butterfly painter1#abc and who also painted landscapes and crests2 ,speight 7father and son71 the latter of whom painted many of the finest subjects1 both landscapes and figures1 on the royal service1 and who also painted the heraldic decorations on the same2 ,brentnall1 who was a clever flower-painter2 ,cordon1 who executed landscapes and figures2 ,tilbury1 who painted landscapes and figures2 ,mansfield1 who was the principal embosser and chaser in gold2 ,aston1 who was clever as a modeller of flowers2 and ,cowen1 who was an artist of much repute1 and for many years enjoyed the patronage of the ,fitzwilliam family4 ,william ,eley1 too1 was employed as modeller1 and executed some admirable works1 including a fine bust of ,earl ,fitzwilliam4 ,the ,,marks used at the ,swinton ,works are not many1 but have the advantage of being particularly clear and easily recognised4 ,they are1 so far as ,i have been able to ascertain1 the following4 ,it should be premised that no mark was placed on the early productions of these works1 and they are1 therefore1 only to be ascertained by a knowledge of the body1 the glaze1 and the style of ornamentation used4 ,the following are the marks which have come under my notice3-- ,illustration3 ,rockingham ,fig4 #hgh4 ,this incised mark1 the earliest used by these works1 occurs on one of the famous 8,brown ,china0 high-shaped teapots of which ,i have spoken4 ,it is a mark of great rarity4 ,,rockingham ,,rockingham in large capital letters1 impressed into the body of the ware4 ,the same in small capital letters4 ,these occur on early examples of 8,rockingham ware10 c4 ,the name ,,mortlock also occurs on examples of this ware4 ,,brameld in capital letters1 impressed4 ,this occurs on green glazed ware1 c4 ,,brameld ,,co' or ,,brameld9999 also in small capital letters1 impressed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hgi4 ,an embossed mark1 in an oval1 stuck on the ware1 from which it generally differs in colour1 being usually in blue4 ,,royal ,,rockingham ,,works ,,brameld in small capitals1 in four lines1 impressed4 ,this mark occurs in biscuit figures1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hhj4 ,this mark 7,fig4 #hhj7 is the crest of the ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 and was adopted in #ahbe-f on the commencement of the manufacture of china1 under the assistance of that nobleman1 who was owner of the works4 ,it is usually printed in red4 ,illustration ,rockinghan ,works 7,same crest47 ,brameld ,same crest4 ,rockingham ,works ,brameld ,manufacturers to the ,king 7,same crest47 ,royal ,rockingham ,works ,brameld in writing letters4 ,the first of these marks occurs1 with the date #ahbf1 on the ,rhinoceros ,vase at ,wentworth ,house4 ,the others are also in writing letters in purple4 ,illustration 7,same crest47 ,,royal ,,rockingham ,,brameld 7,same crest47 ,,royal ,,rockingham ,,works ,,brameld in capital letters4 ,sometimes in gold4 ,illustration 7,same crest47 ,rockingham ,works4 ,brameld ,manufacturer to the ,king ,queen and ,royal ,family4 surrounded by a wreath of roses1 c4 ,printed in purple4 ,it is only necessary to add to this account of the ,swinton ,pottery that collectors will find remarkably good examples of ,rockingham china1 for reference1 in the ,jermyn ,street ,museum1 including pattern plates of the royal service4 ,,mexborough4 ,the 8,rock ,pottery0 or 8,mexbro ,pottery0 is situated at ,mexborough1 a rising town near ,swinton1 with stations on the ,south ,yorkshire and ,midland lines of railway4 ,the works1 at first very small1 were1 ,i believe1 established for the manufacture of brown and yellow wares1 and for common red garden-pots1 by a person named ,beevers1 who1 with a partner named ,ford--trading as ,beevers and ,ford--carried on the business for some years4 ,the workrooms at this time were built close up to the rock1 which1 indeed1 formed the back wall of the manufactory2 and from this circumstance the place was called the 8,rock ,pottery10 a name by which it is still occasionally known4 ,the goods at this time1 and subsequently1 during the proprietorship of ,ford1 ,simpson1 and ,beevers1 were made entirely from native clays1 and were confined to 8cane0 or 8yellow ware0 dishes1 jugs1 c41 for household use2 garden and root pots of red ware2 and pitchers1 c41 of a brown ware4 ,the works next passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,reed and ,taylor1 who also owned the works at ,ferrybridge 7which see71 and by them were considerably enlarged4 ,the manufacture of finer kinds of earthenware was also introduced by them1 and carried on with great success4 ,in #ahci the pottery passed entirely into the hands of ,mr4 ,james ,reed1 who carried it on until #ahdi1 when he was succeeded by his son1 ,mr4 ,john ,reed1 by whom the manufactory was conducted until his decease4 ,it was then carried on by his executors under the management of the late ,mr4 ,c4 ,bullock4 ,during the time of ,mr4 ,reed's proprietorship1 and that of his father1 considerable alterations and additions were made to the works1 and new kilns erected2 the character of the productions was also much improved1 and several new varieties of wares were introduced4 ,in #ahgc1 ,messrs4 ,sydney ,woolf ,co41 the owners of the 8,australian ,pottery10 at ,ferrybridge 7which see71 became the purchasers of this manufactory1 and they now carry it on conjointly with their other works at ,ferrybridge1 under the management of ,mr4 ,bowman ,heald4 ,by ,messrs4 ,woolf ,co4 the works have been considerably extended and several new varieties of shapes and patterns introduced4 ,they successfully compete in several classes of goods with any in the locality1 and with many of the ,staffordshire houses4 ,the principal varieties of goods are1--in ordinary white earthenware1--all the most marketable varieties of painted1 printed1 enamelled1 and gilt services of different kinds1 many of which are of good design1 manufactured chiefly for the home market4 ,in dinner and toilet services1 especially1 some remarkably good patterns1 well enamelled and gilt1 are produced4 ,in ,stilton cheese stands and covers some good designs have been introduced4 ,in ,rockingham ware all the usual kinds of vessels are made4 ,in 8terra-cotta10 which is of a good colour1 and of a fine and durable quality1 ,mr4 ,reed manufactured large-sized flower-vases for gardens and other decorative purposes2 pendant flower-vases for conservatories1 entrance-halls1 c42 root-pots of tasteful design1 butter coolers1 c41 c4 ,in green glazed earthenware1 dessert services1 in which the plates1 centres1 comports1 c41 are embossed with leaves1 flowers1 and other patterns1 are made1 many of them from the original moulds of the ,swinton ,works1 which passed by purchase to the ,mexborough pottery2 and others of equally elegant design from moulds expressly belonging to ,mexborough4 ,in this ware garden seats1 both plain and foliated1 of the same designs as those produced in the old days of the ,rockingham ,works2 and also root-pots and flower-vases1 are made4 ,of these the 8lotus vase10 of which ,i have already given an engraving 7,fig4 #hgb71 is one of the most elegant and attractive1 and is1 ,i believe1 made only at the ,mexborough ,pottery1 as is also the model of the keep of ,conisborough ,castle already alluded to4 ,the mark used at the ,mexborough ,pottery1 but which is only occasionally introduced1 is simply the name of the proprietor1 99 ,,reed 99 in large capitals1 impressed in the ware4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mexborough ,old ,pottery4--,at ,mexborough was formerly another pot-work1 known as the 8,mexborough ,old ,pottery40 ,this was established at the end of the last century by ,messrs4 ,sowter and ,bromley1#abd who held the works until #ahjd1 when they came into the possession of ,mr4 ,peter ,barker4 ,peter ,barker was the son of ,joseph ,barker1 who came out of ,staffordshire as manager of the ,swinton ,pottery4 ,he became partner with ,mr4 ,wainwright at the pot-works at ,rawmarsh 7afterwards ,hawley's71 and ultimately took to the works at ,mexborough4 ,these were continued by the brothers1 ,peter and ,jesse ,barker1 who were succeeded by ,mr4 ,samuel ,barker1 the son of the latter1 until #ahcd1 when they acquired the ,don ,pottery4 ,by ,mr4 ,samuel ,barker they were continued until #ahdd4 ,the ,mexborough ,old ,pottery was then discontinued1 and is now converted into ironworks for the manufacture of wheels for locomotives4 ,at these works the commoner descriptions of earthenware1 including blue printing1 were produced4 ,,rawmarsh4 ,in the latter part of last century a pottery was carried on here by ,mr4 ,peter ,barker and his partner1 under the style of 8,barker and ,wainwright40 ,he afterwards joined his brother ,jesse at the ,mexborough ,old ,pottery4 ,,rotherham4 ,north ,field ,pottery4--,this pottery was established in #ahea by ,joseph ,lee1 a working potter1 who had previously carried on a small manufactory 7now disused7 in the town of ,rotherham4 ,in #ahee it was purchased by ,mr4 ,george ,hawley1 of ,rawmarsh2 who1 on his death1 was succeeded by his sons1 the late ,mr4 ,william ,hawley1 father of the present proprietors1 ,mr4 ,matthew ,hawley1 and his two brothers4 ,the firm was for a time carried on as 8,w4 and ,g4 ,hawley10 but its present style is ,hawley ,brothers4 ,the goods manufactured are the commoner descriptions of earthenware2 and a large trade is carried on in furniture polish bottles and articles of a similar class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,holmes ,pottery4--,these works were built on part of the ,holmes ,hall ,estate--the kitchen garden1 in fact--formerly belonging to the ,walker family1 who owned the large ironworks there1 where at one time the notorious ,tom ,payne worked4 ,the pottery was at first extremely small1 but has gradually extended itself until it is now of considerable extent4 ,it was first worked by ,messrs4 ,earnshaw and ,greaves1 who were succeeded by ,messrs4 ,dickinson and ,jackson2 it was then continued by ,mr4 ,thomas ,jarvis until some few years back1 when it passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,john ,jackson ,co41 the present owners4 ,the goods produced are the commoner class of white and blue printed earthenware4 ,some years ago an attempt at china manufacture was made here1 but was abandoned4 ,,the ,,don ,,pottery4 ,the ,don ,pottery1 closely adjoining the canal at ,swinton1 on which it has a wharf1 was established in a very small way about #agij1 and considerably increased in #ahjj by ,john ,green1 of ,newhill4 ,he was one of the ,greens of ,leeds1 of the same family as the proprietors of the ,leeds ,pottery1 and a proprietor in the ,swinton ,pottery4 ,he is1 in fact1 stated to have been the manager of the ,leeds and the ,swinton potteries1 and to have sustained considerable losses on the breaking out of the ,french war4 ,about #ahjj1 or a little later1 he purchased a plot of almost waste and swampy land at ,swinton1 and1 with the aid of partners1 set about the erection of the present works4 ,at this time a person named ,newton1 father to the more than octogenarian from whom1 some years ago1 ,i picked up many scraps of the information ,i record1 had an enamel kiln at the back of his house at ,swinton1 where he used to burn such wares as he decorated4 ,to this man1 for the first twelve months1 ,green1 of the ,don ,pottery1 brought his pattern pieces to be fired1 as he prepared them4 ,in #ahjg1 other members of the family united with ,john ,green1 who also had partners named ,clarke2 the firm trading as 8,greens1 ,clarke1 ,co40 ,in #ahca1 ,mr4 ,green was proprietor of the ,don ,pottery4 ,in #ahcd the ,don ,pottery passed by purchase to ,mr4 ,samuel ,barker1 of the ,mexborough ,old ,pottery2 which latter works he closed in #ahdd1 and confined his operations entirely to the ,don manufactory4 ,in #ahea the firm became 8,samuel ,barker and ,son10 under which style it is still continued1 the present proprietors being ,mr4 ,henry ,barker and ,mr4 ,edward ,barker4 ,from a list of goods prepared by the firm in #ahjh1 it appears that a considerable variety was produced at that time4 ,this list1 which is in my own collection1 is thus headed3-- 8,greens1 ,clarke1 ,co41 ,don ,pottery1 near ,doncaster1 ,make1 ,sell1 and ,export ,wholesale all the various kinds of ,earthenware1 viz41 ,cream-colour1 ,brown1 ,blue1 and ,green ,shell1 ,nankin ,blue1 ,printed1 ,painted1 and ,enamelled1 ,egyptian ,black1 ,brown1 ,china1 c41 c4 ,also ,services executed in ,borders1 ,landscapes1 ,coats of ,arms1 c41 and ornamented with ,gold or ,silver40 ,of the ordinary fine earthenware made soon after the opening of the works1 some specimens1 whose actual date can be satisfactorily ascertained1 have come under my notice1 and show to what perfection in body and glaze1 in manipulation1 and in decoration1 the manufacture had already arrived4 ,the most remarkable of these early specimens is a jug1 commonly called the 8,jumper ,jug10 which is of great rarity4 ,on either side of the larger jugs is the figure of a very uncouth1 coarse1 and slovenly-looking man1 in red coat1 pink waistcoat1 striped green and white under-waistcoat1 orange-neckerchief1 orange breeches1 above which his shirt is seen1 top boots1 and spurs4 ,in his hand he holds his hat1 orange1 with red ribands1 on which is a card bearing the words 8,milton for ever40 ,beneath the spout1 on a scroll1 is the following curious verse3-- 8,the ,figure there is no mistaking1 ,it is the famous ,man for--breaking4 ,oh that instead of ,horse and ,mare ,he had but broken ,crockery-ware1 ,each grateful ,potter in a bumper ,might drink the health of ,orange ,jumper40 ,this man1 who was known all the country round as 8,orange ,jumper10 was a very eccentric character1 and a great mover in the political 8stirs0 of his county4 ,he was a horse-breaker at ,wentworth1 and many extraordinary stories are remembered in connection with him4 ,one of these1 as connected with the story of this jug1 is worth repeating4 ,in the great ,yorkshire election of #ahjg--the most costly and the most strongly contested election on record--when the candidates who were so mercilessly pitted against each other were ,lord ,milton1 ,wilberforce1 and ,lascelles1 8,orange ,jumper0 was employed to carry dispatches regularly backwards and forwards from ,york to ,wentworth ,house1 the seat of ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 the father of ,lord ,milton1 who eventually won the election1 and was returned as the colleague of ,wilberforce4 ,orange was the ,fitzwilliam colour1 and blue that of ,lascelles 7son of the ,earl of ,harewood71 his opponent2 and on one occasion 8,jumper0 was seen entering ,york decked out as usual in orange1 but riding on an ass gaily decorated with bright blue ribands4 ,on being jeered at for this apparent inconsistency in wearing both colours1 he replied that he wore the right colour1 orange1 and that his ass was only like other asses1 for they were all donkeys that wore blue6 ,the election was gained by the party he espoused1 and in commemoration these jugs1#abe with his portrait and verse1 were made4 ,they are marked ,don4 ,pottery4 pencilled in red on the bottom4 ,an engraved pattern-book was issued by the firm1 in the same style1 and of the same size1 as that of ,hartley1 ,greens1 ,co41 of the ,leeds ,pottery4 ,a careful comparison of the two books reveals the fact1 that whereas in the latest edition of that of ,leeds #bfi patterns are engraved1 in that of the ,don ,pottery #bib are given4 ,it also reveals the important fact that many of the ,don patterns are identical with those of ,leeds1 the engraver of the former having evidently traced from those of the latter 7,leeds7 in preparing his plates4 ,many of the remaining patterns are slightly altered from ,leeds1 while others do not appear in the book of those works at all4 ,in this pattern-book ,figs4 #a to #h are covered tureens2 #aj to #ab are leaves2 #ac to #ah1 covered vegetable dishes2 #ai to #bc1 sauce tureens with covers1 stands1 and ladles2 #bd1 a two-handled drinking cup2 #bf to #cj1 butter-boats2 #ca to #di1 dishes and plates1 c42 #ej to #fi1 fruit bowls1 side dishes1 c42 #gj to #gf1 perforated1 open-work1 and embossed baskets and stands1 some of which have covers1 and are precisely of the same kind as those of the ,leeds works2 #gg1 a perforated chestnut tureen1 like that of the ,leeds works2 #gh1 also perforated and embossed2 #gi to #hc1 perforated dishes and plates2 #hd to #ia1 covered sugar bowls1 c42 #ib to #if1 spoons and strainers2 #ig to #aaj1 bowls1 c42 #aaa is a melon bowl of the same kind as those made at ,leeds2 #aac to #aaf are egg cups and stands2 #aah to #acj1 cruets1 c42 #aca1 an asparagus holder1 like the ,leeds2 #aci to #ade1 mugs and jugs2 #adf1 a toast rack2 #adg1 an invalid's feeding cup2 #adh to #aei1 dishes1 tureens1 c42 #afj and #afa1 vegetable trays in compartments2 #afc to #agf1 ice pails and domestic vessels2 #agg to #ahc1 ink stands2 #ahd1 #ahe1 flower-pots2 #ahf to #bjb1 toilet services and shaving basins2 #bja is a scaphium2 #bjf is a quintal flower horn2 #bjg1 a pastile-burner2 and then come candlesticks1 egg-cups1 flower-vases1 flower-stands1 vases1 crosses with cup for holy water1 c4 ,another series of plates1 the figures numbered from #a to #ed and from ,a to ,k1 are devoted to tea equipages1 consisting of a remarkable and very striking variety of teapots1 coffee-pots1 milk jugs1 sugar bowls1 cake trays1 tea canisters1 basins or bowls1 tea1 coffee1 and chocolate cups and saucers1 c41 c4 ,on each plate throughout the series the name 8,don ,pottery0 is engraved in a scroll4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hha to #hhc4 ,open-work baskets1 tureens1 c41 twig baskets1 in which the 8withies0 were of precisely the same form as those of ,leeds and ,wedgwood1 c41 perforated plates1 dishes1 tureens1 spoons1 ladles1 and other articles1 ice-pails1 salt-cellars1 flower-vases1 cruets and stands1 inkstands1 seals1 bird fountains1 smelling-bottles1 and1 indeed1 every variety of articles1 as well as services of all descriptions1 and ornamental vases of several designs1 were made in these wares1 and such as were adapted for the colour were made in green glazed ware4 ,of teapots1 many patterns1 with raised groups1 trophies1 c41 and others for loose metal 8kettle-handles0 are also engraved4 ,in the cream-coloured ware1 and also in the fine white earthenware1 excellent dessert and other services were made1 and were painted with flowers1 c41 with a truth to nature which has seldom been equalled4 ,in my own collection are also some remarkable plates of small size of fine earthenware4 ,in these the underside of the plate is left white1 while the whole of the rest is tinted of a deep buff4 ,the edge1 and a line on the inner side of the rim1 is black1 and in the centre of each plate is a landscape1 which has all the beauty and effect of a well-executed ,indian ink drawing4 ,about #ahaj-ab1 china of an excellent quality was1 to a very small extent indeed1 made at the ,don ,pottery1 and examples of this are of extreme rarity4 ,in ,mr4 ,manning's possession is a coffee mug of excellent body1 and of remarkably good soft glaze1 well painted with ,chinese subjects1 which is marked 8,don ,pottery0 in very small letters1 pencilled in red4 ,this interesting specimen is the only marked one which has come under my notice4 ,two other specimens of this very rare china ware1 which are equally curious and interesting with the one just spoken of1 are here engraved4 ,one is a jug which will hold rather more than a pint1 and has a curious story attached to it4 ,the china body of which it was made was mixed by ,godfrey ,speight and ,ward ,booth1 both of whom were originally from ,staffordshire2 the latter1 it is said1 was brought from that county 8with a whole regiment of hands0 to work at the new ,don ,pottery1 of which he became the manager4 ,the jug was painted by his son1 ,taylor ,booth1 who was brought up with ,enoch ,wood1 of ,burslem1 and afterwards was at the old ,derby ,china ,works1 and given to ,speight1 from whose aged son's hands it passed into my own4 ,it is beautifully painted with groups of flowers on either side1 and a sprig of jasmine beneath the spout1 and has a broad gold line round the top4 ,the curious part of the story connected with this jug is1 that in the body of which it is composed1 by one of those strange and unaccountable freaks to which potters as well as other people are liable1 are two of the fingers of a noted malefactor1 ,spencer ,broughton1 who was gibbeted on ,attercliffe ,common at the close of the last century4 ,it appears that a party of the ,don and ,swinton potters1 who had been to ,sheffield for a carousal1 and had stayed there till the small hours of the morning1 were1 when not sober1 returning over the moor1 when1 on passing the gibbet on which the gaunt skeleton of the malefactor still hung1 as it had for years1 in chains1 one of them1 saying1 8,let's ha' a rap at him10 picked up a stone and threw it1 knocking off the bones of two of the fingers4 ,these were picked up1 and carefully carried home as trophies of the exploit2 and some time afterwards1 when trials in the manufacture of china were being made1 they were brought out1 calcined1 and mixed with some of the body4 ,of this body a seal was made1 8with a gibbet on it10 and the jug 7,fig4 #hhb7 just described4 ,this story ,i had from the lips of one of the party of potters1 a man then fast nearing 8fourscore years and ten0 in age4 ,the horrible and brutal taste displayed by the potters has1 it must be admitted1 its use in authenticating the example1 and in giving it1 at all events1 an approximate date4 ,the other example is a comport 7,fig4 #hha7 of remarkably fine body and excellent glaze1 and has a plant of the tiger-lily exquisitely painted of natural size1 occupying the whole of its inside4 ,in fine cane-coloured ware1 tea-services1 jugs1 c41 were made1 and were ornamented with figures1 borders1 and other designs in relief4 ,of this kind of ware the accompanying engraving of a sugar-box will serve as an example4 ,it is ornamented with figures1 trophies1 c41 in relief in black and is marked 8,green's ,don ,pottery40 ,in green glazed ware flower-vases of large size1 root-pots1 dessert and other services2 in red ware1 scent jars of bold and good design1 large-sized mignonette vases1 and many other articles2 and in 8,egyptian black10 teapots1 cream-ewers1 jugs1 c41 were made4 ,the 8brown china0 spoken of in the list of goods was the 8,rockingham ,ware10 which was attempted to be made at the ,don ,pottery1 and is still made of the common marketable quality4 ,a considerable trade was carried on with ,russia1 with ,france and ,belgium1 and with ,south ,america1 to which markets the greater part of the goods produced were consigned4 ,at the 8,don ,pottery0 at the present day1 ,messrs4 ,barker produce all the usual varieties of the commoner classes of earthenware to a large extent2 the works giving employment to between two and three hundred hands4 ,in toilet services many excellent patterns are produced1 both enamelled1 gilt1 and lustred4 ,they also produce dinner1 tea1 dessert1 and other services1 as well as all the usual varieties of goods for home and foreign consumption1 including in 8,egyptian black10 teapots1 cream-ewers1 c41 ,rockingham ware1 and 8cane10 or yellow ware4 ,some of the painted patterns recently introduced are of good design1 and their pressed jugs are of superior shape4 ,the marks adopted by these works have been but few1 and these only very occasionally used4 ,they are1 so far as ,i have been able to ascertain1 as follows3--8,don ,pottery0 pencilled in red on the bottom of the vessel1 or 8,,don ,,pottery0 impressed on the bottom of the pieces4 ,,green ,,don ,,pottery also impressed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hhd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hhe4 ,the first of these 7,fig4 #hhd7 was impressed1 the second 7,fig4 #hhe7 was printed and transferred on the ware4 ,it was the first mark used by ,samuel ,barker1 and was adopted by him on purchasing the ,don ,pottery on its discontinuance by the ,greens4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hhf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hhg4 ,the first of these marks 7,fig4 #hhf71 also in transfer printing1 an eagle displayed rising from out a ducal coronet1 was adopted by the firm when it became ,samuel ,barker and ,son1 at which time the old mark was discontinued4 ,the eagle displayed is not now used1 the firm having adopted the old mark of the demi-lion rampant holding in his paws the pennon1 and enclosed within a garter1 beneath which are the initials of the firm1 8,s4 ,b4 ,s40 7,fig4 #hhg7 ,on the ribbon of the garter is usually given the name of the pottery1 as for instance ,,york4 ,,denaby4 ,the ,denaby ,pottery was established for the manufacture of fire-bricks1 c41 but was1 about #ahfd1 taken by ,mr4 ,john ,wardle 7from ,messrs4 ,alcocks1 of ,burslem71 who was shortly afterwards joined in partnership by ,mr4 ,charles ,w4 ,wilkinson1 the business being carried on under the style of 8,wilkinson and ,wardle40 ,the works were situated near the railway1 from which they had a siding direct into the premises4 ,the goods produced were the general ordinary classes of printed earthenware1 pearl body1 cream ware1 c41 which were of good ordinary quality4 ,in these all the more popular and favourite patterns were produced1 and all the copper plates being new1 were sharp and fresh in appearance4 ,dinner1 tea1 coffee1 toilet and other services were produced1 as well as jugs and other articles1 some of which are of really good and effective design4 ,yellow1 or cane-coloured ware1 was also made1 as well as tiles for external decorative purposes4 ,these were made from clay found at ,conisborough1 where branch works were established4 ,the mark adopted by the firm1 for what reason it is difficult to divine1 unless it be that the wares were intended to pass for ,staffordshire make1 was the ,staffordshire knot1 with the words 8,wilkinson and ,wardle1 ,denaby ,potteries40 ,these works1 after an existence of a few years only1 were closed in #ahfi or #ahgj1 and the buildings converted into bone and glue works4 ,,kilnhurst4 ,at ,kilnhurst1 a place which one would naturally say took its name from pot-works1 is a manufactory of earthenware1 known as the 8,kilnhurst ,old ,pottery40 ,this was established about the middle of last century1 soon after the ,act for the navigation of the river ,don was obtained4 ,it was erected on the estate of the ,shore family4 ,it was held at the beginning of this century by a potter named ,hawley1 who had also a pottery at ,rawmarsh4 ,from him it passed into the hands of ,george ,green 7one of the family of the ,greens at ,leeds71 by whom1 on the #beth of ,april1 #ahcb1 they were purchased by ,messrs4 ,brameld ,co4 7subject to ,mr4 ,shore1 the owner1 accepting them as tenants71 at a valuation1 ,mr4 ,green to retain all the manufactured goods1 copper plates1 moulds1 c41 and to reduce as much as convenient the stock of raw materials4 ,in #ahci it came into the hands of ,messrs4 ,twigg ,brothers4 ,it is now carried on by the surviving partner1 ,mr4 ,john ,twigg1 who produces the usual varieties of earthenware1 and has made some unsuccessful trials in china4 ,,wath-,,upon-,,dearne4 ,the 8,newhill ,pottery0 was established1 about #ahbb1 by ,mr4 ,joseph ,twigg1 who up to that time had the management of the ,swinton ,old ,pottery1 by whom1 in partnership with his sons ,john1 ,benjamin1 and ,joseph ,twigg1 it was carried on until about #ahff1 when it passed into the hands of ,messrs4 ,binney and ,matthews1 who were shortly afterwards succeeded by ,messrs4 ,dibb and ,coulter4 ,in ,april1 #ahgb1 the works were purchased by ,messrs4 ,bedford and ,richmond1 the present proprietors4 ,the goods produced are the ordinary useful classes of earthenware1 both for home consumption and for export4 ,in these all the usual services and articles of every-day use are made1 both in white1 in printed 7in which some good patterns are employed71 sponged and coloured varieties1 and they are produced of the usual qualities4 ,,wakefield4 ,a pottery existed on ,wakefield ,moor in the latter part of the seventeenth century1 where vessels were made from clay found on the spot4 ,this clay ,houghton1 in #afic1 calls 8,the potters' pale yellow clay of ,wakefield ,moor40 ,,potovens4 ,the village of ,potovens lies about two miles from ,wakefield1 and1 as its name implies1 takes its origin from some old potteries established at this place4 ,ralph ,thoresby in his ,diary 7#agjb7 says1 under date of ,march #afth1 8,from ,wakefield then by ,allerthorpe 7,alverthorpe7 and ,silkhouse to the ,pott-,ovens 7,little ,london1 in the dialect of the poor people71 where ,i stayed a little to observe not only the manner of their forming their earthenware--which brought to mind the words of the prophet1 #8,as clay in the hands of the potter1 so are we in the ,lord's'--but to observe the manner of building the furnaces1 their size and materials1 which are small1 and upon the surface of the ground1 confirming me in my former apprehensions that those remains at ,hawcaster-rigg 7,philosoph4 ,trans4 ,no4 #bbb7 are really the ruins of a ,roman pottery40 ,these works were carried on1 about the time1 or in the time1 when ,thoresby wrote1 by one ,caleb ,glover4 ,in his will1 dated #bith of ,january1 #agbh1 recorded in the ,rolls ,office1 ,february #fth1 #agbi1 this ,caleb ,glover 8of ,pott-,ovens1 pott-maker10 bequeaths to his wife all his chattels excepting his 8working tools and oven house10 and to his son ,daniel ,glover he leaves all his 8working tools belonging to the trade of a pot-maker1 and the pot oven40 ,he was succeeded at his death1 in #agbh-i1 by this son ,daniel ,glover1 who continued the works4 ,no manufactory of the kind now exists at this place1 and the name of the village itself is somewhat ambiguous1 for it is occasionally known as ,wrenthorp4 ,,yearsley4 ,the earliest1 and1 indeed1 only potters of whom anything is known at this place1 are members of the ,wedgwood family1 as recounted in my 8,life of ,josiah ,wedgwood0 7p4 #ehc71 where these works were first brought into notice4 ,one branch of the ,wedgwoods of ,staffordshire settled at ,yearsley1 in the ,yorkshire ,wolds1 at an early date1 and commenced pot-making1 which was carried on successfully for some generations4 ,in #afhb ,john ,wedgwood1 of ,yearsley1 was 8buried in woollen10 as were also in #afib ,william ,wedgwood1 and in #afij ,isabell1 who was wife of one of these4 ,john1 the son of this ,john ,wedgwood1 who died in #agjg1 was1 ,i have reason to believe1 the ,john ,wedgwood whose name appears on the puzzle jug here engraved1 with the date #afia4 ,it is in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 in the ,catalogue of which museum is an engraving of the opposite side from ,fig4 #hhh4 ,it is of brown ware body1 coated with green lead glaze1 and has1 round the body1 the name 8,john ,wedg ,wood #afia4 incised in writing letters4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hhh4 ,the ware made by the ,yorkshire ,wedgwoods was the common hard brown ware1 made from the clays of the district1 and consisted1 of course1 mainly of pitchers1 pancheons1 porringers1 and other vessels of homely kind4 ,from researches ,i have made1 ,i have succeeded in tracing out1 with tolerable accuracy1 a pedigree1 of the ,yorkshire ,wedgwoods for seven or eight generations1 ranging from the middle of the seventeenth century down to the present time1 when their descendants are still living in the district1 not as potters1 but in other equally useful walks of life4 ,so well known were the ,wedgwoods of this district1 that one member of the family has been immortalised in song1 thus3-- 8,at ,yearsley there are pancheons made ,by ,willie ,wedgwood1 that young blade40 ,for this interesting fragment of a ,yorkshire ballad ,i am indebted ,,mm to my late friend the ,rev4 ,robert ,pulleine1 ,rector of ,kirkby ,wiske4 8,pancheons0 are thick coarse earthenware pans1 made of various sizes1 and used for setting away milk in1 and for washing purposes4 ,they are made in several localities1 and besides being sold by earthenware dealers1 are hawked about the country by men who make their living in no other way4 ,several fragments of brown pottery have at one time or other been dug up at ,yearsley1 and1 among the rest1 a brown earthenware oven1 green glaze1 semicircular1 open at top1 with a hollowed ledge round the inner side about half way1 and a flat bottom1 having two handles at the sides1 and between them a crinkled ornament1 bearing some letters and the date #agab4 ,,wortley4 ,the works at ,wortley1 near ,leeds1 were established in #agie by ,mr4 ,john ,cliff1 father of the present ,mr4 ,joseph ,cliff1 the head of the now firm of 8,joseph ,cliff and ,son10 for the manufacture of fire-bricks1 for which the clay of the locality was considered highly valuable4 ,in #ahbj the manufacture of clay retorts was commenced and continued very largely until #ahcj1 when it gradually died out1 but was revived about #ahej and has continued to the present day one of the most successful branches of the trade--the retorts being considered to be both better and cheaper than those in iron4 ,about #ahdg the manufacture of drain-pipes was added1 and these were1 and still are1 made at the rate of several miles per week2 blast-furnace lumps being also largely made1 and1 owing to their excellent quality1 extensively used4 ,in #ahff1 terra-cotta was added to the other productions of this firm and is still carried on4 ,about the same time white and coloured glazed bricks were made1 and now form one of the staple trades of the works1 as do plumbago crucibles1 the manufacture of which was introduced in #ahfi4 ,the goods principally produced by ,mr4 ,cliff are1 in terra-cotta1 vases1 tazzas1 and pedestals2 figures and brackets2 capitals1 trusses1 keystones1 terminals1 and other architectural enrichments2 flower-boxes1 baskets1 and suspenders2 chimney-shafts1 and many other articles1 some of which are characterized by extreme chasteness of design and by excellence of finish4 ,in stoneware1 tubes1 pipes1 and sanitary goods of every description2 troughs1 mangers1 and sinks2 enamelled retorts for gas1 and chemical goods1 c4 ,fire and other bricks and tiles are also very extensively made1 as are garden edgings1 fire-backs1 for which a patent has been obtained by the firm4 ,messrs4 ,cliff and ,son were awarded a medal in #ahfb1 and at the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahfg4 ,,healey4 ,a medival pottery existed here1 in the parish of ,masham1 in the ,north ,riding of ,yorkshire4 ,its site was on the spot where ,healey church now stands1 the ground bearing the name of 8,potters ,field40 ,when the church was erected in #ahdh considerable quantities of 8wasters0 and fragments of pottery were dug up by the workmen4 ,,colsterdale4 ,a pottery of a similar character existed at this place on a spot called 8,potter's ,pit40 ,here many vessels have been found1 as well as the clay pits which had been worked for their manufacture4 ,the place was1 according to some old maps1 a very ancient enclosure from the moor4#abf ,,end ,,of ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,printed ,,by ,,virtue ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,,city ,,road1 ,,london4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,for articles upon this subject see the 8,reliquary1 ,quarterly ,archological ,journal and ,review10 vol4 ii42 ,bateman's 8,ten ,years' ,diggings20 ,jewitt's 8,grave-,mounds and their ,contents20 ,sir ,john ,lubbock's 8,pre-historic ,times10 c4 #b ,lib4 ,,iii4 c4 #e1 ii4 #c ,warne's 8,celtic ,tumuli of ,dorset40 #d ,from ,borlase's 8,nnia ,cornubi0--a recently published and most excellent work on the early antiquities of ,cornwall2 it contains a vast amount of valuable information upon discoveries of ,celtic pottery in that county1 and enables me1 through the courtesy of its author1 to present these remarkable looped examples to my readers4 ,this work is a valuable addition to archological literature4 #e ,wright4 #f 8,the ,durobriva of ,antoninus ,identified and ,illustrated40 #ahbh4 #g ,vol4 i4 p4 #a4 #h ,vol4 iv4 p4 #hj1 and vol4 vi4 p4 #agi4 #i ,in the furnace of one kiln was a layer of wood ashes from four to five inches thick4 ,the kiln1 in a very perfect state1 was covered in again undisturbed4 #aj 8,collectanea ,antiqua40 #aa ,artis4 #ab ,sloane ,,mss41 #ieh1 fol4 #aje4 #ac 8,illustrations of ,roman ,london10 p4 #gi1 and 8,collectanea ,antiqua10 vol4 vi4 p4 #agc4 #ad ,conyers had previously described the red1 lustrous 7,samian7 ware1 and also the vessels termed ,castor ware1 with figures of animals and foliage1 but which he did not find in the kilns4 #ae ,stone ware1 the kind imported from ,cologne1 was commonly called ,cullen4 ,in #afbf1 too1 ,abraham ,cullen took a patent for the making of these stone pots4 ,it is this kind of ware to which ,conyers refers4 #af ,wright4 #ag 8,the ,new ,forest1 its ,history and ,scenery10 by ,john ,r4 ,wise 7,smith1 ,elder1 ,co471 p4 #bad4 #ah 8,archologia10 xxxv4 #ia4 #ai ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cf4 #bj ,vol4 v4 p4 #aei1 and vol4 vi4 pp4 #eb to #fg4 #ba ,this curious and unique potter's mould is in my own possession4 #bb ,for a further account of this ware see p4 #ea4 #bc 8,col4 ,ant410 vol4 v4 p4 #aic4 #bd ,journal of the ,british ,archological ,association1 vol4 vi4 p4 #fd4 #be ,these three engravings are reproduced from ,messrs4 ,buckman and ,newmarch's 8,ancient ,remains of ,cirencester10 an admirable and truly useful work1 to which ,i refer my readers for much information4 #bf ,it was also a common practice to place a tile as the covering of a cinerary urn4 #bg ,this is extremely interesting1 as illustrating the custom of funeral garlands1 which still obtains in some parts of our country4 #bh ,these glasses were made rounded or pointed at the bottom2 thus they must have been filled while held1 and could not without spilling have been set down till emptied4 ,from these the name of 8tumblers0 takes its origin4 ,for a drinking-cup and wine-pitcher1 see our cut1 ,fig4 #bbe1 and for two of these 8tumblers10 see ,figs4 #bbh and #bca4 #bi ,see notice of pot-works at ,king's ,newton on a later page4 #cj ,for an account of the pottery here discovered see the 8,reliquary1 ,quarterly ,archological ,journal and ,review10 vol4 ii4 p4 #baf4 #ca ,marryatt4 #cb ,see p4 #gi1 ante4 #cc ,arch4 ,journ41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bi4 #cd ,edwards4 #ce ,vol4 iii4 p4 #fc4 #cf ,page #ahb4 #cg ,lansdowne ,,mss41 #ajh1 fol4 #fj4 #ch ,probably written about ten years before printed4 #ci ,page #ih1 ante4 #dj ,not #afic1 as stated by ,chaffers1 who has evidently not understood that the date given by ,houghton is 8old style40 #da ,aubrey1 in his 8,,ms4 ,natural ,history of ,wiltshire10 had also1 a few years previously1 thus spoken3 8,in ,vemknoll1 adjoining the lands of ,easton ,pierse1 neer the brooke and in it1 ,i bored clay as blew as ultra marine1 and incomparably fine1 without anything of sand1 c41 which perhaps might be proper for ,mr4 ,dwight for his making of porcilaine4 ,it is also in other place1 hereabout1 but 'tis rare40 #db ,i perceive that ,mr4 ,chaffers1 in the #ahgj edition of his work1 says3 8the discovery of the two patents granted to ,john ,dwight 444 now published for the first time1 in treating on this matter10 c42 but here he is in error4 ,in #ahfc ,mr4 ,woodcraft printed abridgments of these very patents1 and to these abridgments ,mr4 ,chaffers is indebted for the knowledge he possessed of them4 ,in #ahfd ,i1 too1 gave notices of these patents1 four years before the date of his publication4 #dc ,november4 #dd ,this is evidently the material for the white-brown and white gorges to be made of1 which were to be decorated with incised lines4 #de ,november4 #df ,guineas4 #dg ,those entries which ,i thus indicate are all crossed out in the ,,ms4 ,evidently they have been crossed out as the money was withdrawn4 #dh ,october1 #ahfb4 #di ,this collection afterwards passed into the hands of ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,reynolds1 and has since been dispersed by auction4 #ej ,see page #ij4 #ea ,page #ih4 #eb ,see 8,stamford40 #ec ,see under 8,blackfriars ,road40 #ed ,it would seem from this that ,general ,conway and ,mrs4 ,dimer had figures1 c41 probably their own modelling1 fired privately4 #ee ,see 8,runcorn40 #ef ,this plan is in possession of my friend1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,hughes1 ,f4,s4,a4 #eg ,no4 #hbi1 folio #ba4 #eh ,in #ageg the following notice appeared3 8,the ,publick is hereby acquainted that the ,chelsea ,porcelain ,manufactory has been very much retarded by the sickness of ,mr4 ,spremont2 nevertheless several curious things have been finished1 and are now exposed to sale at the warehouse in ,piccadilly1 with the lowest price1 for ready money1 fixed on each particular4 ,all warranted true enamel40 #ei ,the horse was used for turning the flint and clay mills4 #fj ,mr4 ,lygo was ,london agent and salesman to ,mr4 ,duesbury4 #fa ,these are mentioned by ,walpole as twelve earthen plates in blue and white delft1 painted with the twelve signs of the ,zodiac by ,sir ,john ,thornhill1 in ,august1 #agaa1 bought at ,mrs4 ,hogarth's sale4 ,they were bought for seven guineas1 and are said to have been of ,dutch make1 and then painted by ,thornhill4 #fb ,i know of one service of flowered cups and saucers where the whole of the saucers have the raised anchor1 and the cups bear the usual anchor drawn in red4 #fc ,or ,barnett4 #fd ,or ,parker4 #fe ,mr4 ,rhodes was the ,clerk4 #ff ,for an account of this1 see ,kentish ,town4 #fg ,sir ,patrick ,blake1 ,bart41 of ,langham1 co4 ,suffolk4 #fh ,sir ,james ,lake1 ,bart41 of ,edmonton1 who died in #ahjg1 married1 in #agfd1 ,joyce1 daughter of this ,mr4 ,john ,crowther2 she died in #ahcd4 #fi ,this is an error2 it was at ,cornhill4 #gj ,this is very doubtful4 #ga ,see ,chelsea4 #gb ,the portrait here engraved is copied from an engraving by ,daniell1 after a drawing by ,george ,dance1 ,r4,a4 #gc ,chambers's 8,biographical ,illustrations of ,worcestershire40 #gd ,at ,pirna4 #ge ,the battle of ,prague4 #gf ,the battle with ,ct4 ,daun1 #ahth of ,june4 #gg ,the battle of ,m4 ,lehwald1 with the ,r4 #gh ,the battle with the ,prince ,soubise1 ,november #e4 #gi ,chambers's 8,biographical ,history40 #hj ,the ,battersea works were carried on1 it is said1 by ,alderman ,jansen1 who failed in #agef1 and soon afterwards the ,worcester printing began4 #ha ,mr4 ,binns1 in his 8,century of ,potting in the ,city of ,worcester10 #hvo41 #ahfe1 says--8,we may here state that the copper plate from which not only this ,chinese porcelain was painted1 but some of the finest specimens in our cabinet1 was discovered by ,mr4 ,jewitt at ,coalport40 #hb ,for full details of all the changes which have taken place1 and for an immense fund of information on every point connected with the works1 the reader is referred to ,mr4 ,binns's 8,century of ,potting in ,worcestershire40 #hc ,it may not be out of place to allude to the ,prince ,consort's unqualified approval and appreciation of these enamels4 ,in #ahed1 ,mr4 ,binns obtained permission to exhibit specimens of his new invention to his royal highness1 whose commendations were most emphatically and unhesitatingly expressed1 and he at once purchased all the examples which had been shown him1 saying they were the best things he had seen4 ,her ,majesty subsequently ordered some specimens of this work1 which was all on dark blue ground2 and latterly an order for a magnificent dessert service1 in the same style of work1 on a turquoise ground1 has been ordered by her ,majesty4 ,the ,worcester works owe much to the pure taste of his late ,royal ,highness the ,prince ,consort4 #hd ,pages #bgj and #bga4 #he 8,a few ,words on #8,fairy ,pipes1'0 ,reliquary1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #gb to #hd4 #hf ,pipes of three feet long and more1 with barrel bowls1 are still imported in small quantities4 #hg 8,they are called 8,fairy ,pipes0 in this neighbourhood1 and the small bowls with broken stem have been occasionally found on my estate at ,st4 ,james's40--,h4 ,s4 #hh 8,maund0 is the ,devonshire name for basket1 or hamper4 ,in ,plymouth it is not unusual to hear of a 8maund o' cloam10 which is only 8a basket of pots0--cloam being the ,devonshire word for crockery ware4 #hi ,mr4 ,owen has shown that previous to ,december1 #agfe1 china had been attempted to be made in ,bristol4 ,in ,november of that year1 ,champion wrote1 in reference to some clay from ,carolina1 8,i sent part to ,holdship1 as you desired1 and gave part to a new work just established4444 ,this new work is from a clay and stone discovered in ,cornwall1 which answers the description of the ,chinese10 c42 and on ,december #aeth1 8,i have had your clay tried at the works here1 which is now given up1 as they could not burn the ware clean40 ,probably either ,cookworthy was connected with these short-lived works1 or they were carried on under license from him4 #ij ,this allusion to the time occupied in the journey from ,bristol to ,plymouth is very interesting4 ,it was then1 it seems1 a hundred years ago1 a two days' journey by the 8machine0 7which was1 of course1 the coach74 ,cookworthy intended to set out1 it seems1 on the ,tuesday morning1 and hoped to reach ,plymouth by the machine some time on the ,thursday4 ,on my last journey1 in fact while making these notes1 ,i left ,bristol at eight o'clock1 and arrived at ,plymouth at ten minutes after twelve1 the journey occupying only four hours and ten minutes6 ,what a contrast between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this simple fact presents4 #ia 8,two ,centuries of ,ceramic ,art in ,bristol10 by ,hugh ,owen1 ,f4,s4,a4 #ib ,see the account of the ,plymouth china works1 p4 #cbi4 #ic ,this ,act ,i first printed in extenso in the ,art-,journal1 for #ahfc1 page #bad4 #id ,this specification of ,cookworthy's ,i have given in extenso in my history of the 8,plymouth ,china ,works10 ,art-,journal1 ,september1 #ahfc1 and on page #cbi1 ante1 of this volume4 #ie ,my notice of the ,bristol china works in the ,art-,journal for #ahfc was the first occasion in which these 8,reasons0 were reprinted1 in connection with the porcelain works of this kingdom4 #if ,this would have formed a straight line1 and is omitted in the figure4 #ig ,felix ,farley's ,journal4 #ih ,felix ,farley's ,journal4 #ii ,john ,hope was apprenticed to ,richard ,frank1 and became a stoneware potter in ,temple ,street4 #ajj ,thomas ,patience1 8victualler and potter10 kept the ,cross ,keys1 ,temple ,street1 the 8potters' house of call40--7,sketchley's ,directory47 #aja ,enamel4 #ajb ,for this extract ,i am indebted to the librarian1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,briscoe4 #ajc ,vol4 xiii4 p4 #afa4 #ajd ,reliquary1 ,archological ,journal and ,review1 vol4 xv4 p4 #bjg4 #aje ,the whole of the dated examples which ,i have described 7with the exception of this last1 which ,i now make known for the first time7 and those of #agfe and #aghb1 ,i fully described in the ,art-,journal for #ahfc1 and they have served1 unacknowledged1 as the foundation upon which ,chaffers and every other later writer have built up their notices of ,lowestoft4 #ajf ,it is worthy of note that ,mr4 ,chaffers1 speaking upon this1 says 7p4 #fai73 8,there is such a peculiarity in the form and quality of the ,lowestoft porcelain1 that we are surprised any one at all conversant with or accustomed to see collections of china could ever mistake it for ,oriental20 and yet a few pages later on he says 7p4 #fcf71 8a punch-bowl representing similar harvest scenes is in the collection of the ,author1 which has been in his 7,mr4 ,chaffers'7 family for nearly a century1 painted evidently by the same artist2 former possessors supposing it to be of ,oriental manufacture40 ,how is it that1 being in his own family for nearly a century1 and he being assuredly 8conversant with and accustomed to see collections of china10 ,mr4 ,chaffers did not previously find out that it was ,lowestoft1 but should have allowed his family always to suppose it to be ,oriental8 ,the same writer relies in great measure on a statement made by ,mr4 ,abel ,bly1 in #ahfe1 that 8,no ,oriental porcelain ever came into it to be decorated40 ,the statement is as follows3--8,from my ,father working at the ,factory ,i was in the habit of going daily to the premises1 and can most positively affirm that no manufactured articles were brought there to be painted2 but that every article painted in the ,factory had been previously made there4 ,i remember that the ware produced in the ,factory was deemed far superior to anything to be obtained in the country40 ,the statement is almost too ridiculous to notice1 and how any careful writer could give credence to it is somewhat mysterious4 ,abel ,bly begins his statement 7which evidently was drawn up for him to sign7 by saying1 8,i 444 am now in the #hdth year of my age4444 ,my father's name was ,abel ,bly1 who was employed in various departments in the china factory at ,lowestoft4 ,he died when ,i was eleven years of age40 ,it will be seen that he says that1 from his father working at the factory1 he was in the habit of going there daily1 and so can 8positively affirm0 as above1 and yet his father died when he was only a little boy eleven years old6 and he was only four years old when hard paste porcelain1 according to ,chaffers1 began to be made there4 ,i think one can judge pretty well what amount of weight can be attached to a statement made seventy-three years afterwards1 of the internal and commercial arrangements of a manufactory where1 till he was only eleven years old1 a boy was in the habit of going daily1 probably with his father's dinner6 ,the statement is just as ludicrous as the next1 where he says1 8,i remember that the ware produced at the factory was deemed far superior to anything to be obtained in the country40 ,where was the ,chelsea8 the ,bow8 the ,derby8 the ,bristol8 the ,plymouth8 and a host of others8 #ajg ,a copy of this most interesting pattern-book--from which1 however1 three plates are missing--is in the ,museum of ,practical ,geology1 ,jermyn ,street1 ,london1 which has the ,english list1 #aghf2 ,german1 #aghc2 and ,french1 #aghe4 ,i have also copies bearing the date #agid1 and others undated4 #ajh ,in the ,pattern ,book of #aghc the plates represent the various articles as follows3-- ,nos4 #a to #d are covered terrines2 #e to #h are sauce terrines with spoons and stands2 #i and #aj are the same articles with fast stands2 #aa to #ac are a pickle leaf1 a sea shell1 and an escallop shell2 #ad to #ag are sauce-boats2 #ah to #ba are oval dishes2 #bb to #be1 table plates2 #bf to #bi1 covered1 or ragout dishes2 #cj to #cd1 sallads2 #ce1 a turtle dish2 #cf to #ci1 compotiers2 #dj to #df1 pierced dessert dishes1 with open-work rims2 #dg and #dh1 fish drainers2 #di to #ed1 salts1 with covers2 #ee to #eg1 egg-cups2 #eh and #ei1 pierced double salts2 #fj and #fa1 jugs2 #fb and #fc1 salts2 #fd to #fg1 mugs covered and uncovered2 #fh1 melon terrine and spoon2 #fi1 round terrine and stand2 #gj and #ga1 covered bowls2 #gb and #gc1 covered dessert1 pierced covers1 and bowls1 c42 #gd to #gi1 butter-tubs and stands2 #hj to #hb1 single castors2 #hc to #he1 mustards2 #hf and #hg1 strawberry dishes and stands2 #hh1 platt menage2 #hi1 water-bottle and basin2 #ij1 ice cellar2 #ia and #ib1 bakers2 #ic and #id1 ice-pails2 #ie1 glass tray2 #if and #ig1 double and single pails2 #ih1 hot-water dish2 #ii1 asparagus shell2 #ajj1 escallop'd nappy2 #aja1 salad2 #ajb and #ajc1 large furnished castors2 #ajd1 oil and vinegar stand2 #aje and #ajf1 grand platts menage2 #ajg to #aae1 various candlesticks1 some highly ornamental2 #aaf1 vase candlestick2 #aag1 composite candlestick2 #aah1 flat candlestick2 #aai and #abj1 ewers and basins2 #aba and #abb1 scaphia2 #abc and #abd1 8spitting pots20 #abe and #abf1 shaving basin2 #abg to #acj1 spoons and ladles2 #aca1 pierced fish trowel2 #acb to #acf1 fruit-baskets and stands of elegant basket1 twig and open work2 #acg1 pierced chesnut basket and stand2 #ach1 ornamented jar1 or pot pourri2 #aci1 a cockle pot1 or potpourri2 #adj1 caper jar1 or pot pourri2 #ada1 covered flower cup2 #adb1 a quintal flower-horn2 #adc and #add1 sweetmeat cups2 #ade1 confectionery basket and stand2 #adf1 a pot pourri1 whose top inverts to form a candlestick2 #adg1 inkstand2 #adh1 a wafer-box2 #adi1 a fountain inkstand2 #aej1 a sand-box or pounce-box2 #aea1 inkstand2 #aeb1 a cross with holy water cup4 ,tea ware3 ,nos4 #a to #d1 teapots2 #e to #h1 coffee-pots2 #i to #aa1 tea-cannisters2 #ab and #ac1 milk pots with covers2 #ad and #ae1 slop-bowls2 #af and #ag1 milk ewers2 #ah1 tea or coffee-tray1 with open-work border2 #ai to #bd1 sugar-basins with covers2 #be to #cb1 cups and saucers of various kinds4 #aji ,henry ,ackroyd died in #aghh4 ,in a letter from ,john ,green1 of the ,leeds ,pottery1 to his partner1 ,john ,brameld1 at the ,swinton ,pottery1 dated 8,leeds ,pottery1 #ae ,april1 #aghh10 the following curious allusion is made to him3--8,our worthy friend ,ackroyd is dead1 and ,i doubt not but is alive again4 ,it was a pleasant reflection to me1 being one of the pall-bearers1 to think ,i was bearing the ,cover over a dead ,carkess whose soul ,i had not the least doubt was in heaven4 ,he left this world with as great ,composer and ,confidance in his future state as was posable for a man to do2 and ,i sincerely wish that you and me may be as well prepared as friend ,ad for a future state40 #aaj ,a letter of ,john ,green's in ,june1 #aghh1 says1 8,letters are to be directed to me at ,flint ,mill ,grange1 near ,wetherby40 #aaa ,the ,act of ,parliament for the formation of this line of railway was passed in ,january1 #ageh1 and it is therein stated that ,charles ,brandling1 the owner of the collieries1 had made agreements with the owners of the lands through which it was intended to pass1 8to pay yearly rent or other considerations0 for the privilege4 ,the ,leeds pot works must1 therefore1 have been established some length of time previous to the year #ageh4 ,it may be interesting to add that by this act ,mr4 ,brandling bound himself for a term of sixty years to bring from his collieries at ,middleton1 to a repository at 8,casson ,close1 near the ,great ,bridge at ,leeds10 8#bj1jjj dozens1 or #bdj1jjj corfs of coals10 each corf containing in weight about #baj lbs41 and in measure #g1fhj cubical inches1 and there sell the same to the public at the price of #d;d4 a corf4 ,as the town increased in size1 and its manufactures spread1 fresh acts of parliament were applied for and obtained in #aggi1 #agic 7two71 and #ahjc1 by which last the quantity of coal undertaken to be supplied was increased to #a1ibj corfs per day1 and the price raised to #h;d4 per corf4 #aab ,in the same year 7#ahbe71 to add to the perplexities of the proprietors1 there appears to have been a strike among the potters4 ,the following 8,appeal0 was printed for the men by ,mr4 ,baines1 who afterwards became one of our statesmen3-- 8,an ,appeal to the ,public from the ,journeymen ,potters of ,leeds and its ,neighbourhood4 8,it is with painful feelings that we are under the necessity of laying before a discerning public the following brief statement of ,facts relative to those differences now existing between us and our ,employers4 8,at a time like the present1 it is very strange that our ,employers should attempt an unparalleled ,reduction of our ,wages1 amounting from #bj to #cj per cent4 upon the prices we have received1 when those prices were barely sufficient to support a ,man and his ,family1 and at the same time raise the price of his goods to the ,public at least #ej per cent4 8,we feel confident the above ,statement of ,facts will at once convince every thinking individual that our conduct in standing out to oppose such uncalled-for proceedings is just and right4 ,we should have exposed ourselves to the censure of every reasonable ,man1 and all who have alive in their bosom a spark of honest indignation1 had we tamely submitted to the fiat of our ,employers1 and not have made every effort in our power to preserve that which is every man's natural right--a fair remuneration for his labour4 8,we respectfully solicit the aid of a generous ,public1 to enable us to withstand the unjust proceedings of those who have driven us to this alternative1 by their unceasing endeavours to reduce us to a state of misery and degradation from which we hope to be preserved by your kind assistance1 and enabled to withstand those encroachments which would inevitably plunge ourselves1 our families1 and our successors into inevitable ruin4--,dec4 #ac1 #ahbe40 #aac ,jewitt's 8,life of ,wedgwood40 ,london3 ,virtue ,brothers1 p4 #agg1 et seq4 #aad ,letter from ,josiah ,wedgwood1 ,m4,p4 #aae ,vessels of this construction1 of early ,japanese make1 are in existence4 #aaf ,these teapots were of high and somewhat peculiar form1 like what are now usually sold as coffee pots1 and were universally known as 8,rockingham ,teapots40 ,this high form was said to be the reason of the tea being produced of a better quality than in the ordinary shaped ones4 #aag ,mr4 ,allen1 of ,lowestoft1 at one time was in the habit of purchasing white wares from the ,rockingham ,works1 which he painted and burnt in an enamel kiln1 erected at the back of his shop4 #aah ,the following is a copy of the agreement in my own possession3-- 8,,memorandum ,,of ,,agreement ,,the #bh,,th ,,of ,,february1 #ahch4 8,brameld ,co4 agree to buy from ,mr4 ,wm4 ,dale1 of ,shelton1 his interest in a certain invention he has now in the ,patent ,office in ,london for the manufacture of ,china1 ,ironstone ,china or ,earthenware ,pillars1 ,columns or ,rails1 c41 for ,bed-,posts1 ,window-,heads1 c41 c41 and for obtaining the ,patent-right of which he has entered a ,caveat and taken other preliminary steps4 8,b4 ,co4 agree to employ the said ,wm4 ,dale in the manufacture of and superintendance of the completion of the articles to be manufactured by them under the ,patent1 and also in the general management of the ,china ,clay department at the ,rockingham ,works for seven years1 to be computed from the #ast of 1 this year--at the yearly salary of ,eighty ,pounds4 8,the whole expences incurr'd from this time in obtaining the proper security of the ,patent to be borne and paid by ,brameld ,co4 at their sole cost and risk4 8,the said ,wm4 ,dale to have no extra allowance above his salary as fixed above1 for the first year of his servitude4 ,but for the second1 and each and every of the succeeding years of the term the allowance or premium of ,fifty ,pounds1 as a compensation for giving up his interest in the ,patent1 making in the six years terminating this agreement a total of ,three ,hundred ,pounds4 ,but it is understood and provided that if the amount of sales of the articles made under this patent does not1 in any of the said six last years of this agreement1 amount to ,five ,hundred ,pounds or upwards1 at wholesale or trade prices1 nett money1 then1 in such case1 the premium or compensation for the ,patent-right shall be reduced exactly in the same degree or proportion as the sales may fall short of the amount of ,five ,hundred ,pounds in any or all the said six years of this agreement4 8,for the considerations agreed as above to be given by ,brameld ,co4 to the said ,wm4 ,dale1 it is fully and clearly understood that he shall give up to them the whole of his designs1 models1 and moulds of every sort connected with the execution of the articles to be produced under the ,patent4 8,it is also further agreed between the parties to this contract1 that if it shall turn out that the said ,wm4 ,dale cannot from any cause whatever substantiate his claim to1 and fully secure an available and efficient ,patent so that the advantages to be expected from it shall fail of being obtained1 then1 in such case1 this ,agreement1 in every part1 shall be considered to be annulled1 and to cease and determine40 ,the specification1 of which ,i possess a copy1 was enrolled on the #ajth of ,september1 #ahch1 and is accompanied by illustrative drawings4 #aai ,i possess two original copper plates engraved with views of these works in their best days4 #abj ,conisborough ,castle is in the neighbourhood of these works1 being only four or five miles distant from ,swinton4 ,it is one of the finest ,norman keeps in existence4 #aba ,this truly exquisite plate1 which is a perfect chef-d'uvre of ceramic art-decoration1 was designed by ,mr4 ,thomas ,brameld1 after the death of ,king ,william ,,iv41 and submitted to her present ,majesty1 ,mr4 ,brameld proposing to substitute it for the plates made for his late ,majesty4 ,the ,queen1 however1 did not give her consent to the alteration4 ,the cost of the substitution would1 it is stated1 have been #a1gjj4 #abb ,services were also made for the ,king of ,hanover1 the ,king of the ,belgians1 the ,dukes of ,sussex1 ,cambridge1 c41 for the ,duke of ,sutherland1 and for many others of the nobility4 #abc ,butterflies were more frequently introduced into the decorations at these works than at any others1 and were beautifully painted from nature4 ,they were also introduced as 8knobs0 to muffineers1 sauce tureens1 c41 and were for that1 and other decorative purposes1 charmingly modelled4 #abd ,of ,mr4 ,bromley1 and his connection with these and the ,whittington ,works1 some notice will be found under ,whittington4 #abe ,on the quart jugs the figure appeared on one side1 and the verse on the other4 #abf ,fisher's 8,history of ,masham10 p4 #fh4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,obvious printers'1 punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently4 #b4 ,where hyphenation is in doubt1 it has been retained as in the original4 #c4 ,some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original4 #d4 ,where appropriate1 the original spelling has been retained4 #e4 ,superscripts are represented using the caret character1 e4g4 ,dr4 or ,xxx4 #f4 ,italics are shown as xxx4