,a ,/udy ( ,"s ,factors ,influ5c+ ,f]tility & ,/]ility 9 ! ,bull ,a ,,!sis ,pres5t$ to ! ,faculty ( ! ,graduate ,s*ool ( ,cornell ,univ]sity = ! ,degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,le/] ,,gilman1 ,d4 ,v4 ,m41 ,m4 ,s4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,vet]9>y ,college ,,albany ,j4 ,b4 ,,lyon ,,company1 ,,pr9t]s #aibb ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,"s ,,factors ,,influ5c+ ,,f]tility ,,& ,,/]ility ,,9 ,,! ,,bull ,,h]b]t ,l4 ,,gilman ,vet]9>y ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,normal reproduction is ! fundam5tal f\ndation ^u :i* ! entire cattle indu/ry re/s4 ,= ?is reason1 any factor capable ( int]f]+ ) x is a detrim5t to ! indu/ry1 & a matt] ( prime importance to ! bre$] & ! vet]9>ian4 ,) ! relative increase 9 numb] & value ( cattle1 & ! fact t ! pr(ession is dep5d+ m & m on ?is indu/ry = a livelihood1 ^! problems are assum+ great] importance4 ,! "p play$ by ! bull has be5 emphasiz$ entirely too little1 ) ! result t1 z 9 human m$ic9e1 _m fail to appreciate ! effects ( /]ility or l[]$ f]tility 9 ! male4 ,! "p play$ by ! sire 9 ! spread ( g5ital infections1 ?\gh discuss$ frequ5tly1 has receiv$ little sy/ematic inve/igation4 ,! bull ma/ be reg>d$ z at lea/ half ! h]d1 n only f ! /&po9t ( ! *>act]s he impr9ts ^u 8 prog5y1 b because ( 8 relation to ! reproductive effici5cy 9 ! h]d4 ,x seems q probable t he does dissem9ate dur+ copulation1 infection associat$ ) ! g5ital organs1 ) ! result t ! bull is a v important factor 9 a /udy ( ! subject4 ,too frequ5tly1 8 ability to copulate 9 an app>5tly normal mann]1 is tak5 z a /&>d ( f]tility4 ,gross *anges 9 8 g5italia1 or ! abs5ce ( sp]matozoa f ! sem5 are giv5 due consid]ation1 :ile o!r m obscure abnormalities are n look$ = nor reg>d$ 9 _! prop] light4 ,nei!r f]tility nor /]ility are always absolute1 b ! t]ms %\ld be us$ relatively inasmu* z we may h all degrees ( inf]tility or impot5cy4 ,all too frequ5tly we =get ! _m delicate & intricate me*anisms involv$ 9 ! reproductive process1 ) ! result t _m phases ( ! problem are neglect$ or disreg>d$4 ,! g5ital organs "w z a unit1 ea* "p ( :i* mu/ function 9 p]fect accord ) ! o!rs to ! end t full f]tility may result4 ,! physiological factors involv$ 9 ! =mation ( ! sem5 are too little und]/ood1 or at be/1 our k reg>d+ !m is m or less hazy4 ,! purposes ( ! pres5t "w h be53 7#a7 to summ>ize ! "w s f> done on ! subject1 7#b7 to review briefly ! kn[n facts ?r[+ light on ! anatomy & physiology ( ! male g5ital organs1 7#c7 to c>ry our sy/ematic /udies ^u ! pa?ology & bact]iology ( ! g5ital tract ( ! bull1 & 7#d7 to asc]ta9 if possible :e!r ! bull is a dissem9ator ( ^? infections :i* int]f]e ) reproduction 9 ! female4 ,! "w has be5 c>ri$ on = ! mo/ "p f ! po9t ( view ( a laboratory man coop]at+ ) cl9icians4 ,no attempt is made 9 ?is pap] to give detail$ cl9ical data1 me?ods = physical exam9ations1 etc4 ,!re are includ$ _m /atem5ts & "s data1 giv5 9 a prelim9>y article on ! subject4 ,:ile ! subject is broad 9 its scope1 9 fact too broad = great detail1 x is hop$ t a />t has be5 made t[>d future & m detail$ inve/igations4 ,,hi/ory ,ref]5ces to1 & inve/igations relat+ to1 ! "p play$ by ! bull 9 ! process ( reproduction 9 ! h]d1 & 9 ! spread ( g5ital infections1 h be5 limit$ l>gely to ^? ph5om5a caus$ by ,bact4 abortum4 ,bang 7#a7 orig9ally call$ att5tion to ! possibility ( ! male transmitt+ ! organism discov]$ by him1 b he rea*$ no def9ite conclusion on ! subject4 ,james ,law 7#b7 writ+ on contagi\s abortion 9 c[s1 e>ly suspect$ ?is possibility :5 /at+ "u 8casual infections10 t--8,9 a case :i* came "u ! obs]vation ( ! writ] rec5tly1 a family c[1 kept 9 a b>n :]e no abortion _h previ\sly occurr$1 0 tak5 = s]vice to a bull 9 a h]d :]e abortion 0 prevail+1 & ?\gh %e 0 only pres5t at ! latt] place = a few m9utes1 %e abort$ 9 ! six? mon?40 ,jans51 z quot$ by ,s&1 reports ! case ( a c[ f an abort+ h]d hav+ be5 tak5 into a h]d t _h be5 previ\sly q free f ! disease4 ,soon aft] h] arrival %e abort$1 & lat] c[ aft] c[ ( ! orig9al h]d abort$4 ,! own] kept ! matt] a secret1 & s5t 8 c[ to a neighbor's bull = s]vice1 ) ! result t = two ye>s abortion prevail$ among c[s s]v$ by ?is bull4 ,mc,fadyean & ,/ockman 7#c7 lat]1 9 exp]im5tal "w1 attempt$ b fail$ to infect c[s by us+ a soil$ bull = s]vice4 ,hadley & ,lo! 7#d7 /ate3 8,a l>ge numb] ( /ockm5 hold t ! bull is an important factor 9 ! transmission ( contagi\s abortion 9 h]ds4 ,a small] numb] believe t ! bull m]ely acts z a passive c>ri] ( ! abortion disease & is n actively conc]n$ 9 ! transmission40 ,9 a subsequ5t bullet91 ,hadley 7#e7 rem>ks3 8,! abortion organisms may ent] ! body 444 dur+ sexual int]c\rse40 ,9 an exp]im5t c>ri$ on by ! same au?or & co-work]s1 abortion-free virg9 heif]s 7 mat$ to abortion-infect$ bulls1 infection be+ evid5c$ by positive reactions to ! complem5t fixation & agglut9ation te/s4 ,8 results indicate1 he believes1 8t ! bull is n s important a factor 9 transmitt+ abortion z _m believe40 ,! conclusions are3 8,bulls may become infect$ ) abortion bacilli4 ,bulls t react$ to ! blood te/s 7 incapable ( dissem9at+ ! abortion disease to ! abortion-free heif]s ) :i* !y 7 mat$4 ,bulls appe> to possess a sexual or individual immunity to abortion infection t r5d]s !m less susceptible ?an c[s & induces a mild] =m ( ! disease4 ,! resi/ance appe>s to be due to c]ta9 anatomic & physiologic diff]5ces 9 _! sexual organs :i* make !m less favorable places = ! gr[? ( ! abortion g]ms ?an ^? ( ! opposite sex40 ,buck1 ,cree*1 & ,ladson 7#f7 appli$ ! agglut9ation te/ to #cbe mature bulls1 ( :i* #bhh 7 negative & #cg positive4 ,bacillus abortus 0 isolat$ f five animals1 ( :i* ?ree %[$ m>k$ lesions1 two 9 ! sem9al vesicles1 & "o 9 ! left te/icle4 ,!y conclude3 8,b4 abortus may involve organs ( ! g5]ative app>atus ( bulls1 produc+ *ronic inflammatory *anges4 ,( ! g5]ative organs1 ! sem9al vesicles appe> to furni% ! mo/ favorable site = ! lodgem5t & propagation ( abortion infection40 ,s*ro$] & ,cotton 7#g7 cite ! case ( a bull :i* react$ to ! abortion te/ &1 on po/ mortem1 ,bact4 abortum 0 isolat$ f an abscess ( "o epididymis4 ,!y /ate3 8,our attempts to produce a simil> case ( infection artificially fail$1 &1 9 agreem5t ) ! difficulties _m inve/igators h _h to obta9 incrim9at+ evid5ce aga9/ bulls1 we h ?us f> fail$ to infect bulls 9 any way t ju/ifies ! assumption t !y are important factors 9 ! dissem9ation ( abortion disease40 ,fur!r1 !y conclude3 8,reg>d+ ! dissem9ation ( abortion disease by bulls1 we may say1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld be foolh>dy 9 ! dim light ( our pres5t k to take lib]ties ) react+ bulls1 or bulls f infect$ h]ds1 or promiscu\sly us$ bulls40 ,cotton 7#h7 fail$ to demon/rate ! pres5ce ( abortion bacilli 9 ! g5ital organs ( ! bull us$ to s]ve abort+ c[s1 or 9 ! te/icles ( two bull calves1 "o ( :i* _h be5 f$ & ! o!r inject$ ) ! cultures ( ! abortion bacillus4 ,he concludes t ! bull does n h>bor ! organisms 9 ! te/icles4 ,c>p5t] 7#i7 inject$ bo? /reptococci & ,bact4 abortum into ! scrotal sacs ( "y calves1 & intrav5\sly 9 o!rs4 ,9 no case 0 he able to recov] ! organisms f any "p ( ! g5ital canal1 except = a /reptococcus 9 "o in/ance4 ,rettg] & ,:ite 7#aj7 7 unable to obta9 evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ,bact4 abortum 9 ?ree bulls slaught]$ aft] repeat$ reactions to ! complem5t fixation & agglut9ation te/s4 ,! ?ree bulls _h be5 "u obs]vation = ?ree ye>s1 ) no conclusive evid5ce to indicate t !y 7 a s\rce ( dang] to ! h]ds 9 :i* !y 7 a "p4 ,!y believe t ! bull transmits ! infection z a passive c>ri]4 ,attempts at artificial inoculation by natural *annels h fail$1 ) ! possible exception ( ,mc,fadyean1 ,%ea!r1 & ,m9ett 7#aa7 :o 7 able to infect ! bull by ! prepuce 9 two cases & by ! m\? 9 "o case4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 are by no means conclusive4 ,!y conclude1 nev]!less1 t cattle ( any age ( ei!r sex may be infect$ by natural *annels ) ! bacillus ( epizootic abortion4 ,s*ro$] 7#ab7 c>ri$ out inve/igations to asc]ta9 ! frequ5cy ) :i* bulls react to abortion te/s1 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* lesions *>geable to abortion bacilli occur 9 ! reproductive organs ( react+ bulls4 ,/udies 7 also pursu$ :i* he /ates conclusively prove t bulls ) infect$ reproductive organs may expel abortion bacilli ) ! sem9al fluid4 ,9 ! fir/ two m5tion$ inve/igations #cbe bulls f a ,wa%+ton abattoir 7 te/$1 & slaught]$ ^u reaction4 8,approximately t5 p] c5t ( ! bulls react$1 & approximately t5 p] c5t ( ! react+ bulls %[$ lesions ( ! reproductive organs f :i* abortion bacilli 7 isolat$40 ,! value ( ^! /udies1 he emphasizes1 lies n 9 8t !y give u a measure ( ! proportion ( bulls t react positively to abortion te/s or ! proportion ( react+ bulls t are c>ri]s ( abortion bacilli10 b 9 8! fact t !y %[ t abortion bacillus disease ( ! bull's reproductive organs is n a :olly unique affection :i* practically may be ignor$1 b an important condition t mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 our ef=ts to combat infecti\s abortion1 s9ce x has be5 prov$ to be associat$ ) contam9ation ( ! sem9al fluid40 ,9 discuss+ ! me?od by :i* infect$ bulls transmit ! organisms to cattle1 he believes t leakage ( sem5 f ! p5is1 or vag9as ( cattle aft] s]vice1 contam9ates ! food :i* subsequ5tly ga9s entrance to _! dige/ive tracts4 ,z ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 he /ates3 8444 ! results fail to ju/ify 9 ! lea/ degree ! assumption t c[s are infect$ ) abortion bacilli via _! vag9as or ut]uses at ! "t ( copulation1 or t ! bull1 ?r\gh copulation1 is an ag5t 9 ! spread ( abortion disease40 ,! "w s f> allud$ to1 has be5 limit$ to infection )1 & ! transmission (1 ,bact4 abortum & ! lesions associat$ ) su* infection4 ,! la/ m5tion$ au?or1 h[ev]1 /ates3 8,a se>* = o!r specific causes ( abortions among cattle has n be5 neglect$1 & bureau inve/igators c\ld relate at great l5g? /ories simil> to ^? :i* inve/igators h told ab\t microorganisms isolat$ f ! products ( abortions & ! ut]uses ( c[s t h abort$4 ,bacilli ( v>i\s k9ds1 diff]5t types ( micrococci1 & spirilla or vibrio h be5 f\nd repeat$ly2 b :5 _! pa?og5icity has be5 te/$ 9 accordance ) widely recogniz$ & accept$ & requir$ bact]iological /&>ds1 n "o %r$ ( evid5ce has be5 obta9$ to prove !m true etiological factors ( bov9e abortions4 ,:at role su* microorganisms may h z causes ( ! sequellae ( infecti\s abortions1 & ( o!r1 possibly1 indep5d5t1 abnormal processes 9 ! reproductive organs1 is f> f cle> & m]its c>eful /udy40 ,hadley 7#e7 m5tions ! fact t3 8,unque/ionably ! male (t5 becomes infect$ ) ! g]ms t produce ! v>i\s second>y diseases 9 ! female1 :i* are prop]ly class$ "u ! m inclusive t]m #8abortion disease4'0 ,also1 speak+ ( ! r>ity ) :i* ! bull acquires abortion infection1 he alludes to ! fact t he may act z a 8me*anical c>ri] ( v>i\s disease g]ms f an infect$ to a heal?y c[40 ,c>p5t] 7#i7 work+ on ! female g5ital tract1 comes to ! conclusion t1 9 all probability1 ! g5ital organs are normally free f bact]ia4 ,b>ney 7#ac7 quot+ ,huet f9ds t bact]ia may be pres5t 9 ! sem9al vesicles ( heal?y animals 7horses1 cattle1 pigs1 & laboratory animals74 ,?is1 he /ates1 corresponds ) ! well recogniz$ f9d+s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! g5ito-ur9>y tract1 n only 9 animals1 b 9 man4 ,he 7,huet7 has fur!r f\nd t 9 animals dy+ ( acute septicemia1 ! specific organism 7an?rax1 pneumococcus7 is to be f\nd 9 ! vesicul> secretions4 ,fur!rmore x 0 def9itely %[n t an infection c\ld be transmitt$ to ! female dur+ ! act ( copulation4 ,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 7#ad71 calls att5tion to ! lack ( vet]9>y lit]ature relat+ to ! pa?ology & bact]iology ( ! male g5ital tract1 except z relat$ to infection ) ,bact4 abortum4 ,infection ) o!r types ( bact]ia is emphasiz$1 ! cl9ical recognition ( su*1 ) ! accompany+ pa?ological *anges1 & ( ! num]\s ph5om5a involv$ 9 ! process ( reproduction 9 ! male4 ,! sem5 & its ess5tial g]m9al elem5ts are tak5 up ) ref]5ce to ! entire lack ( /udy devot$ to !m1 & "s ( ! abnormal *anges are describ$4 ,9 a lat] contribution 7#ae71 he takes up ! "p play$ by ! bull 9 ! dissem9ation ( g5ital infections & /ates3 8,cl9ical /udies n[ indicate ) great cle>ness t ! bull is an active spread] ( t gr\p ( g5ital infections :i* cause /]ility1 abortion1 & relat$ ph5om5a40 ,williams1 ,w4 ,w4 7#af71 /udi$ ! sem5 ) ref]5ce to /]ility1 emphasiz+ ! importance ( its exam9ation 9 ! diagnosis1 giv+ me?ods = collect+ samples1 /a9+ ( sp]ms1 & "s ( ! abnormalities enc\nt]$4 ,! "w is fundam5tal1 & %\ld be ( great practical importance to all int]e/$ 9 ! problem4 ,9 a lat] pap] 7#ag71 he br+s out a m ext5d$ discussion ( ! "q4 ,he concludes t ! cl9ical exam9ation is ( vital importance1 & t ! effici5cy ( ! sem5 dep5ds n only ^u its physical prop]ties b ^u ! numb] ( sp]matozoa t are motile1 ! degree ( motility1 degree ( obligosp]mia1 & ! p]c5tage ( imp]fect sp]matozoa1 ei!r de=m$ or immature4 ,( =ty bulls exam9$1 he f9ds t tw5ty1 or fifty p] c5t1 %[$ less5$ f]tility1 & o!rs1 aside f ?is1 %[$ m9or *anges 9 ! g5ital organs or sem54 ,! same au?or subsequ5tly takes up ! subject ( reproduction f ! viewpo9t ( bo? sexes1 b emphasiz+ infection 9 ! male1 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* l[]$ vitality ( ! g]m9al cells occurs4 ,hopp] 7#ah7 /ates3 8,a diseas$ bull may manife/ non-f]tility or decreas$ pot5cy 9 diff]5t ways--by repeat$ s]vice to app>5tly normal females )\t conception1 by a high abortion rate 9 females t h be5 app>5tly normal1 by *>act]i/ic infections foll[+ ! use ( any p>ticul> sire1 or by abnormalities 9 ! bre$+ tract not$ by rectal or physical palpation40 ,! obs]vations ( ,williams 7#ai7 9 a pure br$ dairy h]d br+ out q cle>ly ! relation ( ! bull to ! dissem9ation ( g5ital infections4 ,! bulls 9 ?is p>ticul> h]d 7 abnormal 9 _m respects1 z demon/rat$ by pa?ological *anges 9 _! g5ital organs1 bact]ial invasion ( ! p>ts1 abnormalities ( ! sem5 & sp]matozoa1 & ! probable transmission ( infection to ! females4 ,sev]al ( ! sires f ?is h]d furni%$ mu* ( ! mat]ial = ! e>ly basic "w ( ?is inve/igation4 ,s9ce !n ! tracts ( o!r sires h be5 work$ ^u ) q simil> or id5tical results4 ,to summ>ize ! "w already done1 mo/ inve/igators h consid]$ ! bull z m]ely a me*anical c>ri] ( ,bact4 abortum infection1 ?\gh all are m or less suspici\s ( 8 ability to become an active spread]4 ,s*ro$]1 h[ev]1 /ates t ! organisms are elim9at$ ) ! sem51 b infection ( ! female occurs second>ily ?r\gh ! dige/ive tract by contam9ation ( ! food ) ! sem54 ,o!r inve/igators br+ out fundam5tal po9ts demon/rat+ ! importance ( o!r organisms ?an ! ,bang bacillus & call att5tion to ! ne$ ( a m ?or\gh /udy ( ! anatomy1 physiology1 & pa?ology ( ! male g5ital tract4 ,any /udy ( ! g5ital organs mu/ ( necessity re/ fundam5tally ^u a ?or\gh k ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ^? p>ts4 ,too few ( u h /opp$ to consid] ^! que/ions ?or\ghly1 ) ! result t our ideas on ! problem are m or less vague4 ,x is mu* easi] to und]/& :y abnormal sp]matozoa occur s frequ5tly1 or *anges take place 9 ! sem5 ) dea? or weak5+ ( ! g]m9al elem5ts1 if we realize or /op to consid] ! highly diff]5tial process ( sp]matog5esis1 & ! v>i\s /ructures :i* contribute to ! =mation ( ! sem54 ,we mu/ come to realize t ea* "p ( ! g5ital tract is ess5tial to ! normal function+ ( ! :ole1 & t ! g5ital tract & reproduction are 9 turn dep5d5t ^u ! prop] function+ ( ! entire body4 ,walk] 7#bj7 emphasizes ! importance ( a ?or\gh k ( physiology 9 /at+1 8,al?\gh ! subject ( /]ility has attract$ ! att5tion ( ! m$ical pr(ession2 & al?\gh mu* has be5 writt5 on its causes & treatm5t1 x _c be claim$ t ! practical results obta9$ up to ! pres5t "t are satisfactory1 or t :5 consult$ = /]ility1 ! m$ical man ( today c hold out to 8 pati5t mu* m hope ( successful treatm5t ?an ! m$ical man ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,our failure 9 ?is respect is 9 ! ma9 due to an ignorance ( ! physiology ( reproduction40 ,to br+ out "s ( ^! po9ts1 ! anatomy ( ! tract w be review$ briefly1 toge!r ) ! physiology ( reproduction1 & ! v>i\s factors :i* %\ld be consid]$ 9 a /udy ( ! problem4 ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology ,9 orig9 & e>ly developm5t ! ov>y & te/is are id5tical4 ,! gonad & mesonephros or primitive kidney are develop$ f ! urog5ital fold4 ,! gonad fir/ =ms z a m$io-v5tral ?ick5+ ( ! fold1 :i* gradually exp&s until x becomes atta*$ by a m]e /alk4 ,at fir/1 ! gl& is made up m]ely ( a sup]ficial epi!lial lay]1 & an inn] epi!lial mass1 or epi!lial nucleus4 ,9 ! process ( developm5t1 l>ge primordial g]m cells migrate f ! entod]m ( ! future inte/9al canal1 & pass ?r\gh ! /alk to ! gonad4 ,9 ! case ( ! male gonad1 sem9if]\s tubules are v difficult to make out 9 embryos small] ?an #bd millimet]s4 ,!n !y sudd5ly diff]5tiate out z solid cords ( g]m cells1 :ile ! connective tissue gr[s 9 ar\nd !m4 ,^! connective tissue %ea?s unite at ! c5t] ( ! organ to =m ! anlage ( ! m$ia/9um te/is4 ,! te/icul> tubules unite & conv]ge t[>d ! hilus1 !re to meet ! anlage ( ! rete4 ,at ! mesonephric end ( ! te/is1 ! rete fir/ appe>s z a collection ( cells1 diff]5tiat+ out f ! inn] epi!lial mass ( ! gonad4 ,^! cells gradually gr[ out to meet ! collect+ portions ( ! mesonephric tubules on ! "o h&1 & ! sem9if]\s tubules on ! o!r4 ,! rete is repres5t$ z cords ( cells at fir/1 :i* 9 =ty millimet] embryos holl[ out to =m tubules4 ,! mesonephros1 or primitive kidney1 e>ly />ts to deg5]ate cranio-caudally1--! tubules becom+ sep>at$ into a cranial & caudal gr\p4 ,! collect+ & secretory p>ts ( ! cranial gr\p sep>ate1 ! collect+ tubules gr[+ out to meet ! rete ) :i* !y unite to =m ! eff]5t ductules ( ! epididymis4 ,! caudal gr\p ( tubules is ve/igial & becomes ! p>adidymis4 ,! mesonephric duct becomes ! vas def]5s1 connect+ z x does ) ! tubules ( ! epididymis1 & empty+ into ! ure?ra at ,mll]'s tub]cle or1 z x lat] becomes1 ! colliculus sem9alis4 ,! sem9al vesicles arise z holl[ saccules f ! dorsal wall ( ! mesonephric duct j z x empties into ! ure?ra4 ,! pro/ate develops z an outgr[? ( ! dorsal ure?ra j po/]ior to ,mll]'s tub]cle4 ,! bulbo-ure?ral gl&s appe> z solid1 pair$1 epi!lial outgr[?s f ! entod]m ( ! urog5ital s9us4 ,mll]'s duct1 at fir/ a solid tube gr[+ f ! ant]ior "p ( ! mesonephros1 & end+ at ,mll]'s tub]cle1 becomes a holl[ tube1 & 9 ! female =ms ! entire g5ital tract except = ! gonad & ! l[] "p ( ! vag9a4 ,9 ! male1 ! ant]ior "p rema9s z ! ve/igial app5dix te/is1 & ! po/]ior "p1 z ! vag9a mascul9a4 ,ell5b]g] /ates1 h[ev]1 t ?is embryonic /ructure is v seldom se5 9 ! mature bull4 ,! ,male ,reproductive ,organs include ! p5is & te/es1 toge!r ) ! excretory passages :i* connect ! te/es ) ! ure?ral canal4 ,^! excretory ducts include ! epididymis1 vas def]5s1 & sem9al vesicles4 ,po/]ior to _! t]m9ation 9 ! ure?ra1 !re are connect$ ! ducts ( ! pro/ate gl& & ! bulbo-ure?ral or ,c[p]'s gl&s4 ,,te/es3 ,! te/icles ( ! bull are relatively l>ge4 ,v>y+ ) ! size & age ( ! animal !y measure f f\rte5 to sev5te5 c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 includ+ ! epididymis1 & f six to eight c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,ea* te/icle is enclos$ )9 a s]\s sac1 ! tunica vag9alis1 ^: visc]al lay] is v intimately fus$ ) ! und]ly+ cov]+ ( ! organ1 ! tunica albug9ea4 ,! tunica albug9ea is q ?9 & consi/s ( connective tissue :i* is ri* 9 ela/ic fibres4 ,muscul> tissue is n pres5t z x is 9 ! case ( _m mammals4 ,inside ! tunica1 & closely atta*$ to1 ?\gh sep>at$ f1 ! p>5*yma by a ?9 lay] ( connective tissue1 is a lay] ( v loose connective tissue1 :i* because ( its ri* supply ( blood vessels is t]m$ ! tunica vasculosa4 ,! p>5*yma is ( a yell[i% gray color1 & ( a r s(t consi/5cy4 ,x is made up ( ! sem9if]\s tubules1 rete1 & ! connective tissue /roma1 ! m$ia/9um te/is4 ,on section1 ! m$ia/9um appe>s z ! c5t] or axis ( ! entire organ4 ,x is />-%ap$1 & radiates connective tissue septa out into ! p>5*yma to support & sep>ate ! tubules4 ,ell5b]g] /ates t ! te/is ( ! bull & all rum9ants lacks a clos$ sy/em ( int]lobul> septa1 because ( ! feeble developm5t ( ! connective tissue4 ,! pr9cipal blood vessels & rete tubules are f\nd 9 ?is /ructure1 ! function ( ! latt] be+ to connect ! sem9if]\s tubules & ! eff]5t tubules ( ! epididymis4 ,! epi!lium ( ! rete is q irregul>1--consi/+ 9 places ( a s+le lay]2 9 o!rs1 ( two lay]s4 ,at "s po9ts !re are =m$ gr\ps ( sev]al cells ly+ ov] "o ano!r1 ) swoll5 homog5e\s basal cells1 :i* sometimes =m projections into ! lum54 ,! int]/itial tissue1 besides convey+ ! blood vessels to ! organ1 conta9s _m 8int]/itial cells40 ,^! cells are relatively sp>se 9 ! adult bull1 & are comp>atively delicate1 slightly granul>1 (t5 %uttle-%ap$1 ) a r small nucleus4 ,embryologically !y are d]iv$ f a syncitium aris+ f ! meso!lium ( ! g5ital ridge1 diff]5tiat+ out by gr[? ( ! cytoplasm4 ,!y conta9 l>ge quantities ( fat1 & elaborate ! int]nal secretion ( ! te/is4 ,?is secretion gov]ns ! developm5t ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s1 & has a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! g5]al body metabolism1 & developm5t ( ! skeleton4 ,! int]/itial cells appe> e>ly 9 embryonic life ev5 be=e !re is any diff]5tiation ( sex1 & _! great] relative developm5t 9 ! fetus is indicative ( a future male developm5t4 ,9 v "y embryos1 ! gr[? is v rapid1 foll[$1 h[ev]1 by a p]iod ( atrophy1 dur+ :i* ! sem9if]\s tubules und]go m>k$ developm5t4 ,p5de 7#ba7 /ates3 8,!re seems to be an inv]se relation betwe5 ! gr[? ( ! tubul> & int]/itial tissues1 z "o is hypopla/ic :5 ! o!r is 9 full activity40 ,f bir? to ! onset ( sexual maturity1 :i* may be call$ a p]iod ( re/ = ! te/icle1 ! cells are few 9 numb]4 ,) ! acc5tuation ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s1 & ! beg9n+ ( sexual life1 ^! cells aga9 increase 9 numb] & activity4 ,! p>5*yma ( ! te/is consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( ! sem9if]\s tubules1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! c\rses !y take 9 ! diff]5t regions1 are divid$ into gr\ps4 ,! p]iph]al tubules are ! mu*-contort$ tubuli contorti4 ,^! ana/omose to =m ! mu* %ort] tubuli recti4 ,^! 9 turn ana/omose frequ5tly1 unit+ to =m ! rete te/is4 ,! rete proce$s ?r\gh ! m$ia/9um to =m ! eff]5t ductules :i* break ?r\gh ! tunica albug9ea to =m ! great] "p ( ! head ( ! epididymis4 ,! tubuli contorti are ! long] & m num]\s ( ! tubules1 = x is "h t practically all ! sp]matozoa are produc$4 ,! /raight tubules are relatively s %ort t !y may be reg>d$ m 9 ! light ( ! beg9n+ ( ! sy/em ( excretory ducts4 ,! sem9if]\s tubules consi/ ( a ?9 p]iph]al membrana propria ^u :i* re/s ! sem9al epi!lium1 :i* is made up ( ! ess5tial sem5 =m+ cells1 & ! cells ( ,s]toli4 ,! sp]matog5ic cells may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 f )9 outw>d3 ! p]iph]al s+le lay] ( small cuboidal sp]matogonia2 "o or two r[s ( l>ge sp]matocytes2 & ?ree to five r[s ( sph]oidal sp]matids4 ,! cells ( ,s]toli are m or less ( ! syncitial type1--l>ge 9 size & irregul> 9 outl9e4 ,!y occur at v>i\s int]vals betwe5 ! lay]s ( sp]matog5ic cells1 ) _! bases re/+ ^u ! membrana propria4 ,c5trally !y s5d out protoplasmic processes = v>iable di/ances1--"s ev5 rea*+ ! bord] ( ! inn]mo/ cell lay]s4 ,,sp]matog5esis3 ,9 ?is process1 ! prim>y g]m9al cells1 ! sp]matogonia1 divide to =m ! prim>y sp]matocytes4 ,maturation consi/s ( two cell divisions ( ! prim>y sp]matocytes1 & ^! 9 turn =m f\r sp]matids4 ,dur+ ! process1 ! numb] ( *romosomes is r$uc$ to half ! numb] *>act]i/ic ( ! species4 ,! sp]matids !n become conv]t$ into mature sp]matozoa4 ,?is mode ( trans=mation may be se5 9 ,plate ,i4 ,9 ! process1 ! nucleus ( ! sp]matid =ms a l>ge "p ( ! head3 ! c5trosome divides1 "p pass+ to ! extremities ( ! neck4 ,"o c5trosome becomes ! ant]ior1 & rema9s atta*$ to ! head1 :ile ! o!r divides to =m ! po/]ior c5trosome4 ,! latt] is divid$ into ! ant]ior "p1 & ! po/]ior nodule or annul> r+4 ,besides ?is1 ! po/]ior c5trosome becomes elongat$ to =m ! axial filam5t1 & ! cytoplasm =ms ! %ea?s ( ! neck & tail4 ,! spiral filam5t ( ! connect+ piece is d]iv$ f ! cytoplasmic mito*ondria4 ,at ?is "t1 a l>ge "p ( ! cellul> cytoplasm is ca/ (f4 ,mean:ile1 ! sp]matozoa s9k _! heads into ! long protoplasmic processes ( ! ,s]toli or 8nurse0 cells :i* furni% nutritive mat]ial = _! complete developm5t4 ,f9ally ! adult cells are ca/ (f into ! lum54 ,! /ructure ( ! sp]matozoa1 & a discussion ( ! sem5 w be tak5 up lat]4 ,,epididymis3 ,! epididymis is divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 ! head1 body & tail4 ,! head is made up pr9cipally ( ! lobules =m$ by ! mu*-coil$ eff]5t ductules proce$+ f ! rete4 ,! ductules1 ab\t twelve 9 numb] 9 ! bull1 unite to =m ! body1 :i* rema9s coil$ & runs along ! po/]o-m$ial "p ( ! te/icle to :i* x is m or less closely atta*$4 ,to quote ,ell5b]g] 7#bc73 8,! transition f ! rete into ! ductules is gradual1 z ! *>act]i/ic epi!lium ( ! latt] 7ductules7 beg9s 9 cavities )\t walls1 & at fir/1 gradually =m a wall :i* is well m>k$ out z a ?9 r+ ( int]/itial tissue4444 ,! epi!lium ( ! ductules is 9 %>p contra/ to ! rete 9 t x has a s+le-lay]$ ciliat$ column> epi!lium1 9 :i* "h & !re "o f9ds r\nd basal cells4 ,! d>k & light column> cells alt]nate2 ! cilia are (t5 cem5t$ toge!r1 & =m cone-%ap$1 homog5e\s appe>+ protub]ances4 ,! secretory activity is q cle>ly obs]vable4 ,9 ! light cells "o f9ds secretory globules1 accumulat+ 9 r[s1 sometimes above1 o!r times bel[1 ar*es ( cells4 ,! secretory droplets pass f ! cells into ! lum51 & (t5 lie 9 irregul> lay]s on ! epi!lium2 also ! basal cells appe> swoll5 & %ov$ out betwe5 ! cyl9drical cells40 ,at ! l[] extremity ( ! te/icle1 ! tail is =m$1 :i* is globul> 9 %ape1 & m or less loosely atta*$ to ! te/icle4 ,"h ! ductules ana/omose freely1 gradually become less coil$1 & end 9 ! s+le excretory tube1 ! vas def]5s4 ,! epi!lium at ! tail "p is m or less ( ! pseudo-/ratifi$ column>1 ciliat$ v>iety4 ,outside ?is is a membrana propria1 a circul> muscul> lay]1 & a connective tissue coat4 ,! secretory activity is v m>k$ "h & "o f9ds mu* secretion 9 ! lum51 ,c\rri] 7#bd71 work+ on ! bat1 sugge/s t ! gl&ul> activity is condition$ by ! secretion f ! int]/itial 7endocr9e7 gl&4 ,! action ( ! secretion is to dilute ! l>ge mass ( sp]matozoa pres5t1 n\ri% !m to "s ext5t & also /imulate !m to active motility4 ,/igl] 7#be7 /ates t ! prop]ties ( ! sp]ms are modifi$ 9 ! epididymis2 ! motility1 ! ability to resi/ heat1 & o!r prop]ties are augm5t$1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! gu9ea pig1 rat1 & m\se4 ,"s au?ors /ate t ! sp]ms fir/ become motile :5 9 contact ) ! pro/atic secretion1 b ,i h repeat$ly exam9$ ! cont5ts ( ! tail ( ! epididymis ( ! bull1 rabbit1 & gu9ea pig1 f9d+ full motility 9 ea* case1 ?\gh ! duration is n ne>ly z long z :5 ! sp]ms are ejaculat$ 9 ! sem54 ,! ,,vas ,,def]5s is q n>r[ 7#b mm47 & runs f ! tail ( ! epididymis to ! v]umontanum1 or colliculus sem9alis1 :]e x empties into ! ure?ra 9 common ) ! duct ( ! vesicle4 ,at fir/ x is l9$ by epi!lium simil> to t ( ! vas epididymis1 b ?is *anges ov] into a peculi> l[ /ratifi$ type4 ,ell5b]g] describes x z foll[s3 8,! epi!lium %[s a v pron\nc$ basal coat4 ,! ov]ly+ cell zone %[s m 7at ! mo/1 ?ree7 r[s ly+ ov] ea* o!r ( elongat$ nuclei1 :ile an outl9e ( cell =m is n ord9>ily noticeable1 s t x may be spok5 ( z a syncitium1 & at ! same "t z a _m lay]$ epi!lium40 ,! mucosa =ms l[1 broad folds into ! lum54 ,! tunica propria is a ?9 connective tissue lay]4 ,! submucosa consi/s ( ?9 connective tissue4 ,?ree muscul> coats are pres5t3 an inn] ?9 longitud9al lay]1 middle circul> lay]1 & an out] longitud9al lay]4 ,all are m or less intimately bl5d$1 & are surr\nd$ by ! adv5titia1 made up ( connective tissue1 ela/ic fibres & scatt]$ longitud9al muscle cells ( ! int]nal crema/] muscle4 ,ne> ! dorsal surface ( ! bladd]1 ! ducts come 9 close apposition1 & = t5 to twelve c5timet]s dilate to =m ! ampullae4 ,"h ! muc\s membrane becomes mu* plicat$1 =m+ long folds :i* ana/omose freely4 ,! function ( ! vas is to convey ! sp]matozoa & secretions f ! epididymis to ! ure?ra4 ,disselhor/ 7#bf7 believes ! ampulla acts z a sem9al res]voir & /ates t he has f\nd sp]matozoa /or$ up 9 ! little pockets 9 ! walls ( ?is /ructure 9 animals dur+ ! rutt+ "t4 ,he sugge/s1 fur!r1 t !re is a relation betwe5 ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! ampulla & ! "t occupi$ by copulation4 ,:5 ! organ is small or abs5t1 z 9 dogs1 cats1 & bo>s1 ! coition is a sl[ process1 b :5 ! ampulla is l>ge & well develop$1 z 9 horses & %eep1 ! coitus requires a relatively %ort "t4 ,inasmu* z coitus is s rapid 9 ! bull1 & ! ampulla is s well develop$1 x seems z ?\gh ?is function is v probable4 ,! ,,sem9al ,,vesicles are v compact gl&ul> /ructures ly+ on ei!r side ( ! m$ian l9e1 on ! dorsal side ( ! bladd]1 & v5tral to ! rectum4 ,9 ! mature bull !y measure t5 to twelve c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 f\r c5timet]s 9 wid?1 & ab\t two & "o-half to ?ree c5timet]s 9 ?ickness4 ,! gl&s are di/9ctly lobulat$1 q tortu\s1 & are (t5 asymmetrical 9 size & %ape4 ,!y conv]ge po/]iorly1 to empty into ! ure?ra at ! colliculus sem9alis ) ! ampulla1 9 a slightly oval slit 9 ! mucosa4 ,microscopically1 ! gl& is ( ! ana/omos+ tubul> type1 ) v poorly develop$ excretory ducts to ! gl&ul> cavities4 ,po/]iorly "o f9ds c5trally a few s9us-l n>r[ excretory passages1 :i* op5 into ! some:at l>g] collect+ & excretory duct4 ,! epi!lium is ( ! simple column> type & produces a relatively l>ge am\nt ( secretion4 ,! gl& cavities are surr\nd$ by a membrana propria1 ov] :i* is a relatively ?ick lay] ( smoo? muscle4 ,outside ?is is a connective tissue cov]+ :i* s5ds trabeculae or septa 9 betwe5 ! lobules4 ,! secretion ( ! sem9al vesicles is a t5aci\s album9\s fluid ) a slightly yell[i% t+e1 all or "p ( :i* appe>s 9 ! ejaculate 9 ! =m ( swoll5 sago-l gra9s :i* are soon dissolv$ foll[+ ejaculation & ! liquefaction ( ! sem54 ,! proteid comp\nds belong to ! gr\p ( hi/ones4 ,! secretion is liquid :5 w>m & coagulates :5 cold4 ,"s say t ! fill+ ( ! vesicles s]ves to excite sexual feel+1 b ?is is d\btful 9 view ( ! fact t 9 "s animals ! sexual desire exi/s be=e ! vesicles are fill$4 ,likewise1 ,/e9a* f\nd t rats1 ^: sem9al vesicles _h be5 remov$1 /ill reta9$ _! desire = copulation4 ,! function ( ! secretion is to furni% mu* ( ! volume to ! sem51 & 9 "s way x has a di/9ct be>+ on f]tility1 inasmu* z extirpation ( ! organs 9 rats leads to l[]$ f]tility4 ,! vesicles ( ! bull are 9 no s5se a /ore-h\se = sp]matozoa1 z is usually und]/ood4 ,repeat$ exam9ations 9 a l>ge numb] ( bulls h l$ to ! f9d+ ( sp]matozoa !re only 9 v r>e in/ances4 ,t !y s]ve z a resorption place = sp]ms t are n ejaculat$ is also v unlikely4 ,normally1 "o sees on sme> ( ! vesicles1 occasional cells1 leucocytes1 leci?9 granules1 sago bodies1 & r>ely a few deg5]at$ sp]matozoa4 ,! ,,colliculus ,,sem9alis is a r\nd$ or cone-%ap$ em95ce 9 ! po/]ior ure?ra1 ^u :i* ! ducts ( ! sem9al vesicles & vasa def]5tia op54 ,! ducts op5 sep>ately at ! bottom ( two n>r[ slits1 "o on ea* side ( ! m\nd1 !re be+ no di/9ct ejaculatory duct z 9 man4 ,! function ( ! colliculus or v]umontanum is n def9itely kn[n4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! /ructure is made up ( blood spaces :i* become engorg$ dur+ erection1 caus+ a blockage ( ! po/]ior ure?ra1 :i* prev5ts regurgitation ( ! sem54 ,ryt9a 7#bg71 h[ev]1 demon/rat$ t ! /ructure is n compos$ ( any unusual numb] ( blood vessels or spaces1 & t removal ( ! organ 0 n foll[$ by regurgitation ( ! sem5 into ! bladd] dur+ ejaculation4 ,he believes1 & q logically1 t its function is to af=d a prom95ce ^u :i* ! ducts may empty4 ,! mixture ( ! ?ick gelat9\s sem5 ) ! ?9 pro/atic secretion mu/ occur at ! mom5t ( ejaculation & mu/ be p]fectly homog5e\s1 o!rwise l>ge numb]s ( ! organisms rema9 9 ! ?ick gelat9\s portion ( ! fluid4 ,! em95ce s]ves ?is purpose 9 t ! pro/atic ducts :i* conv]ge t[>d x1 may eject _! secretion t[>d ! em95ce1 produc+ an admixture m ev5ly & quickly4 ,,pro/ate3 ,! bull possesses :at ,ell5b]g] calls a diffuse pro/ate4 ,t is1 !re is no di/9ct gl&ul> body z 9 man4 ,x is compos$ pr9cipally ( a gl&ul> %ea? ar\nd ! ure?ral wall4 ,j po/]ior to ! neck ( ! bladd]1 & 9 front ( ! ure?ral muscle1 !re is =m$ a slight dorsal transv]se elevation1 ext5d+ d[nw>d on ! sides4 ,?is is :at might be t]m$ ! body4 ,! great] "p ( ! gl& is 8dissem9ate0 9 =m1 be+ a %ea? ( gl&ul> tissue emb$d$ 9 ! ure?ral wall4 ,dorsally x is ab\t t5 to twelve millimet]s ?ick1 & v5trally ab\t two millimet]s4 ,! gl& is a bran*$ tubul> /ructure1 ! int]lobul> tissue ( :i* conta9s mu* un/rip$ muscle4 ,! lobules are l9$ by a column> type ( epi!lium4 ,! ducts1 ab\t ?irty to =ty 9 numb]1 op5 into ! ure?ra 9 two r[s po/]ior to ! colliculus4 ,! secretion is a ?91 slightly turbid fluid1 ( a fa9tly alkal9e reaction4 ,its function is to dilute ! sem51 /imulate ! motility ( ! sp]matozoa & n\ri% !m4 ,fi% 7#bh7 believes t ! activat+ prop]ty ( ! secretion is due to enzymes1 because boil+ deprives ! fluid ( its p[] to accel]ate ! motility ( ! sp]matozoa4 ,s]rla* & ,p>es1 quot$ by ,m>%all 7#bi71 work+ on dogs1 h adduc$ evid5ce indicat+ t ! pro/ate is an int]nal secretory gl& :i* controls ! te/icul> functions1 & regulates ! process ( ejaculation4 ,x is /at$ t if ! pro/ate is remov$1 sp]matozoa are no long] produc$ 9 ! te/is1 & t ! secretory activity ( ! accessory g5ital gl&s ceases4 ,^! *anges1 h[ev]1 c be prev5t$ by ! adm9i/ration ( extracts ( ! pro/ate4 ,! fact t ! pro/ate elaborates a secretion hav+ a def9ite relation to ! te/is1 has be5 v]ifi$ by o!r au?ors4 ,,c[p]',s ,,gl&s 7,bulbo-,ure?ral73 ,^! gl&s are pair$1 oval /ructures ab\t "o & "o-half by two & "o-half c5timet]s 9 size1 situat$ on ei!r side ( ! dorsal pelvic "p ( ! ure?ra close to ! is*ial ar*4 ,!y are deeply emb$d$1 ) ! bulbus ure?ae1 9 ! bulbo-cav]nosus muscle1 !reby be+ inaccessible to palpation4 ,9 g5]al1 !y are ( a well develop$ ana/omos+ tubul> type4 ,! connective tissue /roma is relatively ?91 & ?ick5s only 9 betwe5 ! l>g] lobules1 :]e "o f9ds ! l>g] collect+ ducts4 ,ea* gl& op5s by a s+le duct4 ,! epi!lium is ( ! simple cuboidal type4 ,little is kn[n ( ! function ( its secretion1 ?\gh ,k+sbury 7#cj7 reg>ds x 9 ! light ( a mat+ gl&2 t is1 x lubricates ! g5ital passages dur+ coitus1 z does its homolog\s /ructure 9 ! female1 ,b>?ol9's gl&4 ,ell5b]g] describes ! ure?ra1 slit v5trally1 z pres5t+ ! foll[+ picture3 8,! colliculus sem9alis di/9ctly appe>s z a process or (f%oot ( ! cri/a ure?ralis ( ! ,trigonium ,vesicae4 ,at ! summit1 & at ! bottom ( ! two slits1 op5 lat]ally ! ducts ( ! vesicles1 & m$ially ! ductus def]5s4444 ,f ! caudal slope ( ! colliculus g two di/9ct muc\s membrane folds :i* run ?r\gh ! entire pelvic ure?ra1 ne> toge!r1 some:at div]g+1 & !n com+ toge!r1 s t !y =m an elongat$1 n>r[ oval4 ,at _! caudal union1 ! excretory ducts ( ! bulbo-ure?ral gl&s op5 side by side4 ,at ! po9t ( dep>ture ( ! folds f ! colliculus1 arises a ni*e-%ap$ op5+1 betwe5 bo? folds1 & likewise lat]al to ea* fold4 ,9 ^! ni*es op5 ! ducts ( ! pro/ate4 ,! op5+s ( ! dissem9ate pro/ate lie 9 r[s z 9 ! horse1 b =m n less ?an six r[s4 ,!re is "o r[ m$ial to ea* fold1 & two lat]al4 ,mullet m5tions only ! m$ial r[s4 ,^! r[s ext5d to ! op5+ ( ! ducts ( ,c[p]'s gl&s4 ,! /ratum gl&ul>e 7dissem9ate pro/ate7 is v easy to recognize ) ! nak$ eye40 ,,sem53 ,! sem5 is ! mix$ product ( ! te/icles1 _! excretory passages1 & ! accessory sexual gl&s1 a fact :i* complicates its /udy consid]ably4 ,! fre%ly ejaculat$ fluid is cl\dy1 t5aci\s1 m or less coagulable1 & is ri* 9 album54 ,x is weakly alkal9e 9 reaction1 & conta9s eighty to n9ety p] c5t ( wat]4 ,( ! solid con/itu5ts1 !re is =ty p] c5t ( a%1 ( :i* ?ree-f\r?s is calcium phosphate4 ,besides ! sp]matozoa1 ! sem5 frequ5tly conta9s epi!lial cells1 leucocytes1 conc5tric amyloid concretions1 & leci?9 bodies4 ,:5 cold1 ! *>act]i/ic phosphoric acid salts are precipitat$4 ,! fluid cont5t is ! product ( ! tubules ( ! te/icles1 _! excretory ducts1 & ! accessory sexual gl&s4 ,! *>act]i/ic odor ( ! sem5 is suppli$ by a slimy nucleoalbum5 8sp]m90 :i* =ms ! sp]matic cry/als1 & is furni%$ by ! pro/atic secretion4 ,dur+ ejaculation ! sp]matozoa & secretions add$ by ! te/icle & epididymis are probably c>ri$ to ! ampulla by p]i/altic muscul> action1 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! orgasm4 ,at ! height ( ! orgasm1 ! ampulla is empti$ into ! po/]ior ure?ra 9 common ) ! secretion ( ! contract+ vesicles1 "h to be admix$ ) ! ?9 pro/atic secretion4 ,! entire mixture is !n propell$1 & ejaculation produc$ by /rong muscul> contractions ( ! entire ure?ra4 ,z 0 /at$ be=e1 ! sem5 is ! product ( ! te/icles1 ! excretory ducts1 & ! accessory sexual gl&s4 ,! te/es furni% ! ess5tial g]m9al elem5ts1 ! sp]ms1 & "s ( ! fluid cont5t4 ,!n is add$ ! product ( ! epididymis1 vas1 & ampulla1 :i* /imulates ! sp]matozoa to active motility1 n\ri%es ! organisms1 & adds some:at to ! fluid bulk ( ! secretion4 ,/igl] 7#be7 /ates3 8,dur+ its soj\rn 9 ! epididymis1 ! prop]ties ( ! sp]matozoa are modifi$2 ! motility1 ability to resi/ heat1 & o!r prop]ties are augm5t$1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! gu9ea pig1 rat1 & m\se40 ,to ! secretion is !n add$ ! product ( ! vesicles1 :i* contributes m>k$ly to its fluid cont5t1 n\ri%es ! sp]ms1 & supplies ! f]m5t :i* induces clott+ ( ! sem5 :5 ejaculat$4 ,?is is v important because ! clot =m$ 9 ! vag9a protects ! delicate sp]matozoa f ! ho/ile acid vag9al secretion4 ,! pro/ate likewise adds bulk & n\ri%+ sub/ances1 besides /imulat+ ! sp]matozoa to full] & m la/+ motility4 ,! addition ( ! sp]m9 is p]haps unimportant4 ,! function ( ! secretion ( ! ,c[p]'s gl&s1 :i* is add$ at ?is "t1 is problematical4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 h a dilut+ action on ! sem54 ,p]haps its secretion is p\r$ out prior to ejaculation s z to lubricate ! canal & prep>e ! way = ! sem54 ,fi% 7#bh7 has demon/rat$ by means ( d>kfield illum9ation1 ! pres5ce ( num]\s m9ute p>ticles or ultrap>ticles 9 ?is fluid4 ,_! "* & significance are matt]s ( conjecture1 b x w\ld seem z ?\gh !y 7 n id5tical ) ! 8*ylomicrons0 or fat p>ticles f\nd 9 ! blood by ,gage4 ,p]haps fur!r rese>*es w reveal "s intimate connection betwe5 ! numb] pres5t 9 a field1 & ! relative pot5cy ( ! animal4 ,ea* portion ( ! tract furni%es "s ess5tial elem5t to ! mix$ product :i* is s rem>kably adapt$ bo? z a vehicle = ! ejaculation ( ! sp]matozoa1 & z a fluid 9 :i* _! motility is initiat$ & ma9ta9$4 ,any d]angem5t ( "o "p is fraught ) dang] to ! exi/5ce ( viable sp]matozoa1 & ! cont9uation ( full f]tility on ! "p ( ! animal4 ,! physiology ( ea* contribut+ gl& mu/ be borne 9 m9d at all times4 ,walk] 7#ca7 inve/igat$ ! f]tility ( ! sem5 ( ! dog1 tak5 f v>i\s p>ts ( ! tract4 ,8 results 73 7#a7 sem5 f ! te/icle & head ( ! epididymis %[$ no motility1 7#b7 sem5 f ! tail ( ! epididymis %[$ "s motility 9 ! m fluid cont5ts ( ! prep>ations1 7#c7 sem5 f ! vas def]5s appe>$ ab\t ! same1 7#d7 a mixture ( epididymis sem5 & pro/atic secretion %[$ active motility1 & 7#e7 likewise 9 a mixture ( epididymis sem51 ?\gh only 9 ^? places :]e ! fluids _h become well mix$4 ,my obs]vations1 h[ev]1 diff] 9 "o respect ) reg>d to ! bull1 z ,i h f\nd full motility ( ! sp]matozoa f ! epididymis1 b x is n s la/+ z :5 augm5t$ by ! addition ( ! pro/atic fluid4 ,boett*] 7#cb7 concludes3 8t ! secretion ( ! accessory male g5ital organs possesses a protective colloid1 :i* 7#a7 h9d]s ! sp]matozoid action ( ! vag9al secretion1 at lea/ until ! sp]ms h "t to rea* ! int]ior ( ! ut]us :i* is an alkal9e reaction1 7#b7 t x makes ! ejaculate m volum9\s1 s t by cohabitation1 a v good "p ( ! vag9a becomes moi/5$1 & ! sp]matozoa become di/ribut$ ov] ! great] "p ( ! vag9al mucosa4 ,?is di/ribution is r5d]$ necess>y because "s ( ! fluid fl[s f ! vag9a foll[+ coitus4 ,9 ?is mann] ! opportunity is giv5 = a "p ( ! ejaculate conta9+ ! sp]matozoa to be br\ght easi] to ! ext]nal os1 & 7#c7 x happ5s t because ( its cont5t ( sodium *loride ! life ( ! sp]matozoa is /imulat$ & prolong$40 ,a full] discussion ( ! ess5tial physiology ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! tract on ! sem5 cont5t1 & f]tility1 w be tak5 up lat]4 ,! *anges 9 bio*emical cont5t1 reaction1 & ! result ( ! addition ( bact]ial products w also be m fully discuss$4 ,,sp]matozoa3 ,! hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( sp]matozoa is v int]e/+1 & = t reason a brief outl9e w be giv54 ,! 8sem5 ?reads0 7 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! ye> #affg1 by ,ham1 a /ud5t ( ,leeuw5hoek at ,leyd54 ,! discov]y 0 ann\nc$1 confirm$ by f9d+s 9 ! dog & rabbit1 & discuss$ by ! latt] au?or "u ! title3 ,obs]vationes ,an?onii ,l4 de natis e sem9e g5itali animaculis 7,^u ! =mation ( "y f procreative mat]ial74 ,! sp]ms 7 tak5 to be animals on acc\nt ( _! motility1 & _! significance rema9$ que/ionable if n unkn[n4 ,spallanzani1 quot$ by ,m>%all 7#bi71 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ! filt]$ fluid 0 impot5t1 & t sp]matozoa 9 ! sem5 7 ess5tial to f]tilization4 ,kollik]1 9 #ahda1 discov]$ t ! sp]ms arise f ! cells ( ! te/is1 & ,b>ry 9 #ahdc1 obs]v$ ! conjugation ( sp]m & ovum 9 ! rabbit4 ,?is l$ to a cle> und]/&+ ( ! function ( ^! important g]m9al elem5ts4 ,! sp]matozoa are ! male procreative cells1 & are *>act]iz$ by ! possession ( a head conta9+ ! *romosomes necess>y = f]tilization1 & a tail capable ( propell+ ! organism on its way to meet ! ovum4 ,! l5g? ( ! entire sp]m1 includ+ ! head1 is sev5ty-five to eighty microns4 ,! head is n9e & five-t5?s microns long1 & five & five-t5?s microns wide4 ,x may be divid$ into two pr9cipal p>ts1 ! head & tail4 ,! head1 = ! l>g] "p1 is made up ( ! nucleus1 & may be diff]5tiat$ by /a9+ reactions into a d>k] /a9+ po/]ior "p1 an ant]ior light] "p1 & (t5 a /ill light] area betwe5 ! two4 ,on ! ant]ior "p is a %>p5$ edge1 ! acrosome1 :i* s]ves to p]=ate ! ovum4 ,! :ole is surr\nd$ by a v def9ite limit+ membrane :i* (t5 becomes obscur$ "u abnormal conditions4 ,! tail may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 connect+ piece1 pr9cipal "p1 & t]m9al filam5t4 ,! connect+ piece1 ! ess5tial motile app>atus1 is ! ?icke/ & /ronge/ "p1 & jo9s ! tail prop] to ! head4 ,x consi/s ( ! c5tral axial filam5t1 a spiral filam5t ar\nd ?is1 & an out] mito*ondrial cov]+4 ,ant]iorly x is limit$ by ! ant]ior portion ( ! po/]ior *romosome1 & po/]iorly by ! annul> *romosome4 ,! ant]ior *romosome is directly connect$ ) ! head1 !re appe>+ a light break "h at ! neck :]e sep>ation frequ5tly occurs4 ,?is neck s]ves z a jo9t = ! motion4 ,! axial filam5t1 !re=e1 does n rea* ! head1 b ext5ds back f ! ant]ior "p ( ! po/]ior *romosome4 ,! pr9cipal "p consi/s m]ely ( ! axial filam5t1 & a ?9 out] cov]+1 :ile ! end piece is q ?9 & is made up solely ( ! uncov]$ axial filam5t4 ,! f9] /ructures are se5 only :5 special /a9+ reactions are us$1 & !n only :5 ! sp]ms are obta9$ directly f ! te/icle4 ,! function ( ! sp]ms is ( c\rse prim>ily t ( f]tilization4 ,num]\s obs]v]s h1 h[ev]1 ?\ght t !y might h "s o!r def9ite1 ?\gh unkn[n1 use4 ,an editorial 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association 7#cc7 raises sev]al important que/ions reg>d+ ?is obscure ph5om5on4 ,! fact t an enorm\s numb] ( sp]matozoa are produc$1 & only "o1 or at mo/1 a few p]=m ! function ( f]tilization1 raises ! "q z to :at becomes ( ! rema9d]4 ,x is /at$3 8,zoologi/s h f\nd t 9 "s ( ! inv]tebrates ! sp]matozoa invade ! entire body ( ! female1 & 9 "s species !y rea* ! ovum by p5etrat+ ! cuticle f outside & migrat+ to _! goal4 ,/udies on rod5ts %[ t ! sp]ms invade ! epi!lium ( ! g5]ative mucosa & und]ly+ connective tissue4 ,^! tissues seem$ to be /imulat$ to gr[?1 sugge/+ t ?is may influ5ce ! ut]9e mucosa 9 its prep>ation = receiv+ & emb$d+ ! egg1 & 9 =m+ ! decidua40 ,x has be5 %[n t ! sp]ms conta9 a specific prote9 capable ( produc+ antibodies 9 ! blood plasma1 by cit+ ! fact t rabbits develop a di/9ct ,ab]hald5 reaction = te/icul> prote9s %ortly aft] cohabitation4 ,"o v important obs]vation %[$ t by immuniz+ female rabbits ) sp]ms !y 7 r5d]$ /]ile = "s "t1 al?\gh aft] a few mon?s !y aga9 became capable ( impregnation4 ,! "q rais$ is3 8444 if ! sp]matozoa invade ! female tissues & cause ! =mation ( specific antibodies :i* are capable ( prev5t+ f]tilization1 may n su* a process p>ticipate 9 ! problem ( /]ility80 ,?is v problem seems to be a factor 9 expla9+ :y "s c\ples :o are n f]tile to ea* o!r subsequ5tly are bo? f]tile :5 !y cohabit ) o!r individuals4 ,motility3 ,aft] cl9ical obs]vation ( ! motility ( ! sp]matozoa ( ! bull1 ,i f9d t x diff]s little or none f ! types z obs]v$ by ,reynolds 7#cd7 9 8 "w on human sp]matozoa4 ,8 obs]vations are s accurate & well describ$ t !y w be giv5 9 8 words4 8,all normal motions appe> to be consecutive phases4 ,initial motion1 i4 e41 motion z se5 9 fre% sem5 "u favorable conditions1 consi/s ( a la%+ ( ! aft] "p ( ! tail f side to side :i* is s rapid z to con/itute vibration4 ,x produces rapid =w>d motion 9 a practically /raight l9e1 ! head1 middle piece1 & =w>d portion ( ! tail ma9ta9+ _! position 9 ! l9e ( motion ) practically no sway+ f side to side4 ,! action ( ! flagellum is s rapid t x is q impossible to foll[ its individual movem5ts4 ,sp]matozoa swimm+ 9 ?is mann] head aga9/ ! curr5t & usually cross ! field ( obs]vation 9 ab\t five seconds 9 ! abs5ce ( curr5ts or ob/acles4 ,?is type ( motion w be describ$ ?r\gh\t ! pap] z #8progressive vibratile' motion4 ,progressive vibratile motion is normally succe$$ aft] a v>iable l5g? ( "t by :at ,i reg>d z ! second phase ( normal motion4 8,! second normal motion diff]s f ! fir/ n only 9 its "* b 9 m>k$ly r$uc$ spe$4 ,! tail movem5t alt]s to a long /roke f side to side & almo/ ! :ole l5g? ( ! tail p>takes 9 ! /roke4 ,?is is1 moreov]1 accompani$ by sway+ ( ! head & middle piece ?r\gh an arc :i* is always consid]able & may ev5 equal n9ety degrees4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! sp]matozoa1 f be+ practically /raight ) almo/ non-detectable %>p1 quick1 small arc vibration ( ! aft]-tail1 has become an ,s 9 outl9e1 ) l>ge1 sl[1 pla9ly p]ceptible undulations travel+ gradually backw>d ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! sp]matozoon4 ,spe$ has be5 lo/ & direction seems to be m specifically det]m9$ by ! surr\nd+s4 ,individuals at ?is /age %[ a pron\nc$ *oice ( direction & g up to objects 9 ! m$ium1 f :i* !y lat] make (f z ?\gh ! movem5t 7 det]m9$ by tactile reaction to "s ext5t4 ,?is type ( motion has1 !re=e1 be5 nam$ #8undulatory tactile' 9 contradi/9ction to #8progressive vibratile4' 8,! ?ird type ( normal motion succe$s ! second & consi/s 9 a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! sp]matozoon to pu% itself aga9/ or into any small masses ( cells1 or sometimes o!r mat]ials1 :i* x may f9d 9 ! neighborhood1 bunt+ itself into any small cove t c be f\nd1 & ma9ta9+ a slight burr[+ motion by a la%+ tail movem5t ( ! vibratile type n unlike ! movem5ts ( ! caudal f9 ( a fi%4 ,! movem5t ( ! flagellum 9 ?is ?ird type is unlike ! second type 9 t x is vibratile r ?an la%+1 b is sl[] ?an ! vibratile motion ( ! fir/ type & less limit$ to ! aft]p>t ( ! tail4 ,^! sp]matozoa are app>5tly n caught 9 ! debris or unable to move (f4 ,f "t to "t1 !y back out ( su* a cove & seek ano!r moor+ place4 8,?is #8/ation>y hunt+' motion is less univ]sal ?an ! o!r two4 ,_m individual sp]matozoa fail to atta9 x4 ,x seems probable t only ! mo/ vigor\s individuals ev] rea* ?is /air04 ,x has n be5 enc\nt]$ 9 unmix$ sem5 or 9 any artificial m$iums4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ only :5 ! sp]matozoon is 9 ! secretions ( ! female g5ital tract4 ,x is mo/ frequ5t :5 ! sp]matozoon is 9 contact ) a ne/ ( epi!lial cells4444 8,! ?ree types ( normal motion are n only di/9ctive b are always consecutive1 i4 e41 ! second foll[s ! fir/ aft] a p]iod :i* is app>5tly det]m9$ bo? by initial vitality & by ! favorable or unfavorable "* ( ! m$ium1 :ile ! ?ird has be5 obs]v$ to occur only 9 individuals :i* h already develop$ ! second4 ,!y app>5tly con/itute a normal cycle4 8,?is cycle is op5 to ! !oretical explanation t ^! types ( motion are directly adapt$ to ! function ( ! sp]matozoon2 ?us1 ! progressive vibratile motion :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its exi/5ce appe>s especially suitable = its prolong$ j\rney ?r\gh ! c]vix & ut]us to ! fundus & tube4 ,?is is support$ by ! fact t dur+ ?is motion x always heads directly aga9/ any exi/+ curr5t1 & t dur+ ?is /age ( its j\rney x mu/ "u natural conditions be cont9u\sly expos$ to ! fa9t outw>d cili>y curr5ts ( ! muc\s membrane ( ^! passages4 8,! undulatory tactile motion :i* succe$s ! progressive vibratile w\ld !n be well adapt$ to ! lat] /age 9 :i* ! sp]matozoon has rea*$ ! tube1 :]e its success 9 conjugation is dep5d5t on its f9d+ ! ovum r ?an on fur!r progress4 8,! /ation>y bunt+ type ( motion is t :i* w\ld be dem&$ by ! passage ( ! sp]matozoon ?r\gh ! egg membrane :i* has be5 s (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! l[] animals4 ,?is v plausible explanation is1 h[ev]1 necess>ily !oretical & mu/ always rema9 s1 z ! conditions :i* surr\nd ! specim5 on ! field ( ! microscope v>y 9 s _m respects f ^? 9 :i* x accompli%es conjugation 9 ! c\rse ( nature2 b ! practical importance ( ! /udy ( types ( motion is n affect$ by _! explanation40 ,! duration ( motility is a v>iable factor1 dep5d5t entirely ^u ! environm5t 9 :i* ! sp]matozoa are plac$4 ,)9 ! body !y usually survive at lea/ a week4 ,"o au?or describes a case 9 :i* he f\nd liv+ sp]ms 9 a woman :o /at$ t coition _h n be5 exp]i5c$ = ?ree & "o-half weeks4 ,x has be5 /at$ ) reg>d to human sp]ms1 t _! motion %\ld cont9ue or be capable ( be+ re-e/abli%$ = twelve h\rs4 ,c>y 7#ce7 /ates1 8fir/1 t 9 _! prop] m$ium & at ! body temp]ature ! viability ( ! sp]m cells may ext5d ov] a p]iod ( a few days2 second1 t _! prolong$ vitality is probably dep5d5t ^u ! normal lime salts ( ! pro/atic fluid2 ?ird1 t ! su/a9+ p[] ( ! sem9al fluid is increas$ by its union ) ! normal secretion ( ! female g5ital tract40 ,aft] dea? ( ! male animal !y reta9 _! motility 9 ! g5ital tract = tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,wolf 7#cf7 work$ on ?is problem 9 rabbits1 & summ>izes z foll[s3 8,! motility ( rabbit sp]matozoa c be pres]v$ = at lea/ n9e days by plac+ ! juice ( ! epididymis 9 ! ,tyrode solution :i* _h be5 buff]$ & to :i* glucose _h be5 add$4 ,! solution is adju/$ to a p,h ( ab\t #g4d4 ,oxyg5 is pass$ 9 & a suitable am\nt ( sodium bic>bonate add$4 ,! prep>ation mu/ be kept at a temp]ature ne> ! freez+ po9t ( wat]40 ,"u ord9>y conditions motility p]si/s outside ! body only a few h\rs aft] ejaculation1 b if ! sem5 is kept q cool till ! "t ( exam9ation on a w>m /age1 motility %\ld be capable ( be+ re/or$ 9 at lea/ a fair p]c5tage ( ! sp]ms = tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! cells are m s5sitive to heat ?an to cold1 & ev5 to dilute acids m ?an to alkalies4 ,h5le 7quot$ by ,ell5b]g]7 /ates t a sp]matozoon "u favorable conditions travels at ! rate ( tw5ty-sev5 millimet]s 9 sev5 & "o-half m9utes1 :i* makes ?ree & five-t5?s millimet]s p] m9ute4 ,?is is ab\t sixty times ! entire l5g? ( ! sp]matozoon1 & tw5ty-"o c5timet]s 9 an h\r4 ,=w>d motion is also m pron\nc$ :5 ! swim is aga9/ ! curr5t1 su* z is produc$ by ! cilia ( ! oviduct4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t feebly motile sp]ms become v actively motile :5 plac$ on ! mucosa ( a fre% ,fallopian tube4 ,,te*nique ,! mat]ial us$ 9 ! "w came f abattoir animals1 bull calves & adult bulls rais$ 9 ! dep>tm5t h]d1 & sires ^u :i* cl9ical obs]vations _h be5 made by v>i\s vet]9>ians 9 ! field4 ,sem5 samples1 _m ( :i* 7 s5t 91 7 collect$ z (t5 z possible aft] ! me?od describ$ by ,williams 7#af74 ,! g5ital organs 7 remov$ ) z little *ance ( contam9ation z possible1 & tak5 or s5t to ! laboratory :]e ! exam9ations 7 made soon aft] arrival4 ,all cultures 7 made by se>+ ! surface c>efully1 te>+ out a small portion ( ! tissue ) /]ile =ceps1 & plac+ x ^u ! m$ia4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 :]e fluids 7 pres5t1 tubes 7 inoculat$ ) ! mat]ial :i* _h be5 drawn (f ) a /]ile pipette4 ,z /at$ by ,c>p5t] 7#i71 9 8 "w on ! female g5ital tract1 ! organisms usually live 9 ! dep?s ( ! tissue4 ,! m$ia us$ pr9cipally 7 glucose glyc]9 ag> 7glucose #a p] c5t1 glyc]9 #c p] c5t72 pla9 ag>1 bo? ) a p,h value ( #g4d1 & ,loeffl]'s blood s]um4 ,small am\nts ( /]ile blood s]um or defibr9at$ blood 7 add$ to mo/ ( ! ag> slants to insure bett] gr[?s ( /reptococci :5 pres5t4 ,all tubes1 to :i* ! s]um _h be5 add$1 7 incubat$ = =ty-eight h\rs be=e inoculation to insure absolute /]ility4 ,aft] inoculation1 ! ag> tubes 7 seal$ ) seal+ wax to give a p>tial oxyg5 t5sion :i* 0 q necess>y 9 isolat+ ! /reptococci4 ,! gr[? ( o!r organisms 0 by no means h9d]$ by ! proc$ure1 = "o tube f ea* organ 0 (t5 left unseal$4 ,incubation 0 at #cg ,c1 & ! r\t9e me?od ( exam9+ ! tubes 0 id5tical ) ! me?od ( ,c>p5t] 7#i74 ,:5ev] possible1 a sample ( blood 0 obta9$ f ! animal ei!r be=e1 or at ! "t ( slaught]1 = agglut9ation ) ,bact4 abortum antig54 ,extracts f ! sem9al vesicles1 te/es1 & epididymes 7 inject$ into ! gu9ea pigs & exam9$ at ! end ( f\r to six weeks = ! pres5ce ( ,bact4 abortum4 ,sections ( all organs 7 fix$ z soon z possible 9 ei!r ,z5k]'s or ,helly's fluid4 ,hematoxyl9 & eos9 7 us$ z r\t9e tissue /a9s4 ,eos9 & me?yl5e blue1 & ,mallory's connective tissue /a9 71 h[ev]1 frequ5tly utiliz$ = special /a9+ reactions4 ,! motility ( ! sp]matozoa is be/ obs]v$ ab\t half an h\r aft] ejaculation1 :5 ! ?ick t5aci\s clot has />t$ to liquefy4 ,a drop ( ! fluid is plac$ ^u a w>m$ slide1 pref]ably "o ) a slight depression 9 x1 & obs]vation made ) high or l[ p[]$ objectives4 ,! sem5 may be exam9$ :ole1 or dilut$ ) physiological sal9e solution4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! sp]ms h a great] opportunity = fre$om ( motion 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ?ick viscid coagulate4 ,a small vial ( sal9e solution may be c>ri$ 9 "o's pocket :]e x w be kept w>m1 & a drop ( ?is plac$ ^u ! glass slide4 ,if ! clot ( sem5 is m]ely t\*$ to ?is drop on ! slide1 pl5ty ( sp]matozoa w be deposit$ = an exam9ation4 ,?is me?od is v satisfactory = ! obs]vation ( motility1 b ne$less to say1 ! undilut$ sem5 mu/ be us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! numb] ( sp]ms pres5t4 ,if necess>y1 ! specim5 may be cov]$ ) a cov] glass & ! oil imm]sion objective us$4 ,:ile a w>m$ slide is q suffici5t to enable "o to detect ! pres5ce ( motility1 ! field soon cools & ! sp]ms gradually become less motile4 ,if possible1 x is be/ to use a small electrically heat$ /age w>m]1 :i* keeps ! field at a con/ant body temp]ature1 s t ! duration ( ! motion may be obs]v$ = h\rs if w>m$ physiological sal9e solution is add$ z ! fluid evaporates4 ,/a9$ prep>ations are be/ made ) ?9 sme>s on ! glass slides4 ,?is is conv5i5tly done by plac+ a drop ( ! sem5 on a slide & sme>+ x ov] ! surface ) ! edge ( ano!r slide4 ,a fairly ?9 & ev5 field is ?us obta9$4 ,a /ill bett] me?od is to fir/ dilute ! sem5 ) physiological sal9e solution1 s z to obta9 few] sp]ms 9 ! field4 ,aft] dry+ ! prep>ation 9 air1 fixation may be produc$ by draw+ ! slide ?r\gh a gas flame sev]al times1 by imm]sion 9 equal p>ts ( alcohol & e!r1 or ev5 by ! use ( tissue fix]s su* z ,helly's or ,z5k]'s fluids4 ,= ord9>y /a9+1 heat fixation is ! quicke/1 & at ! same "t is q satisfactory4 ,aft] ! slide is cool$1 or wa%$1 to remove ! fix+ solutions1 x %\ld be plac$ = a few m9utes 9 a fre%ly prep>$ solution 7#a p] c5t7 ( *loraz5e1 z recomm5d$ by ,williams1 to remove ! mucus & proteid mat]ial :i* o!rwise blur ! field4 ,o!r au?ors 7#ch7 h recomm5d$ dilut+ ! sem5 ) ab\t tw5ty volumes ( a #j4ab p] c5t sodium c>bonate solution 9 #j4h p] c5t sodium *loride4 ,f ?is liquid ! cells %\ld be c5trifug$ = sev]al m9utes1 remov$ ) a pipette1 & sme>$ on ! slide4 ,foll[+ ?is1 ! slide %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$1 pref]ably = t5 m9utes 9 runn+ wat]1 aft] :i* x is ready = /a9+4 ,num]\s me?ods h be5 us$ = ?is proc$ure1 b ! sp]ms are m or less erratic 9 _! reactions to ! dyes1 & "o mu/ be v c>eful to use ! same me?od 9 all samples1 9 ord] to obta9 uni=m results4 ,= quick /a9+1 to br+ out gross abnormalities ( /ructure1 & numb] ( sp]ms pres5t1 "o may use ,gram's /a91 or a light /a9 ) any ( ! anil9e dyes1 su* z fu*s94 ,to br+ out ! f9] /ructure1 p>ticul>ly ( ! head1 m c>eful te*nic mu/ be employ$4 ,c>nett & o!rs 7#ch7 recomm5d ! foll[+3 8,! me?od ( /a9+ by iron-hematoxyl91 p>ticul>ly :5 supplem5t$ by a cytoplasm /a91 has prov$1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ satisfactory1 & possesses ! additional advantage ( be+ absolutely p]man5t1 a quality t few anil9es c boa/4 ,! me?od consi/$ ( treat+ ! fix$ object--& "h ! fix+ ag5t 0 heat--) a two p] c5t solution ( iron-alum = f two to f\r h\rs4 ,! excess ( iron-alum 0 !n completely remov$ by pure wat]1 & ! object treat$ ) a solution ( hematoxyl9 7"o p] c5t aque\s7 = twelve h\rs or long]4 ,! cells by ?is "t 7 p]fectly black4 ,h[ev]1 a #a p] c5t solution ( iron-alum remov$ ! /a9 f ! cytoplasm1 leav+ ! *romat9 ( ! head1 ! c5trosome1 & ! axial filam5t a brilliant blue-black4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! prep>ation is n ov]-decoloriz$4 ,aft] decolorization a saturat$ aque\s solution ( eos9 0 add$ = f "o to ?ree m9utes4 ,?is /a9$ ! protoplasmic envelope p9k1 &1 unless ! envelope is ov]/a9$1 ! view ( ! inn] /ructures is n impair$ 9 ! lea/40 ,williams 7#ag7 recomm5ds us+ two /a9+ solutions1 "o ( alcoholic eos9 & fu*s91 ! o!r a dilut$ me?yl5e blue4 ,! results obta9$ are1 h[ev]1 m or less erratic1 due to ! un/able "* ( ! =m] /a91 & ! ease ) :i* "o may ov] or "u /a94 ,_m beautiful specim5s may1 nev]!less1 be obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ,i h frequ5tly us$ a fairly quick me?od1 ?\gh "o n satisfactory 9 all cases1 :i* consi/s ( /a9+ = five or six m9utes 9 a saturat$ aque\s solution ( fu*s91 wa%+ 9 wat]1 & c\nt]/a9+ = a few seconds 9 a /rong solution ( me?yl5e blue4 ,a q satisfactory me?od is to /a9 f two to five m9utes 9 a saturat$ aque\s solution ( me?yl gre51 ) ! application ( g5tle heat4 ,! heat may be appli$ by w>m+ ! slide ov] a gas flame z x /eams1 or by plac+ ! j> conta9+ ! /a9 9 a hot wat] ba?4 ,! slide is !n wa%$ ?or\ghly & c\nt]/a9$ = five m9utes 9 a /rong aque\s solution ( eos94 ,?is is a fairly reliable me?od1 & _m excell5t prep>ations may be obta9$ by its use4 ,! nucleus is /a9$ gre51 ! ant]ior "p ( ! head & all ( ! tail p9k4 ,s f>1 ,i h f\nd ?is a v reliable /a9 = r\t9e "w4 ,,pa?ology ,9 ! g5ital tracts t ,i h /udi$1 a complete pa?ological & bact]iological exam9ation 0 made :]ev] possible1 b 9 _m ( ! abattoir animals1 & c]ta9 o!rs1 gross & microscopical exam9ations only c\ld be made4 ,! g5ital organs ( "o hundr$ & n9ety-six males h be5 exam9$1 & ! gross or microscopical *anges1 or bo?1 det]m9$4 ,! abattoir animals 7 f a l>ge slaught] h\se1 & a small local plant4 ,( ! tracts1 ! pa?ology ( :i* 0 /udi$1 two 7 f abort$ fetuses2 sev5 f app>5tly normal "y calves2 f\r f mature f]tile bulls2 & sixte5 f mature inf]tile or /]ile sires4 ,! rema9d] 7#afg7 ( ^? exam9$ 7 f abattoir animals4 ,besides ^!1 ?ree specim5s ( sem9al vesicles1 & sev5 ( te/es 7 /udi$4 ,! tracts ( ! abort$ fetuses & veal calves 7 app>5tly normal1 bo? on gross & microscopic exam9ation ( ! vesicles & te/es4 ,on gross exam9ation1 ! tracts ( ! mature f]tile bulls 7 normal1 except = ! pres5ce ( _m f9e connective tissue tufts & /r&s ^u ! s]\s cov]+ ( ! tails ( ! epididymes1 & adjac5t portion ( ! p>ietal lay] ( ! tunica vag9alis4 ,microscopic sections ( all p>ts 7 app>5tly normal4 ,! m important pa?ological *anges 9 ! tracts ( ! sixte5 /]ile or inf]tile bulls are giv5 9 ! app5d$ *>t4 ,! tracts are numb]$ ! same z 9 ,gr\p ,,vi ( ! report ( ! bact]iological f9d+s2 t is1 any p>ticul> numb] 9 ei!r table ref]s to ! same animal4 ,ref]5ces are made ?r\gh\t ! text to "s cases :i* appe> 9 ?is gr\p ( animals4 ,pro/ate & ,c[p]'s gl&s are n includ$ 9 ! *>t z !y 7 n exam9$ 9 "s1 & 7 negative 9 ! o!rs4 ,fibr\s tufts & /r&s 7 pres5t on ! cov]+ ( ! epididymes 9 ea* animal4 ,! /udy ( sections f ! abattoir animals1 z well z ^? f ! /]ile or inf]tile bulls1 =ms ! basis = ! foll[+ obs]vations ^u ! pa?ology ( ! male g5ital tract4 ,! tracts secur$ f ! abattoir 7 /udi$ = ! mo/ "p on ! basis ( ! organ r ?an on t ( ! animal4 ,= example1 all sections ( te/es 7 plac$ 9 ! same bottle ( fix]1 & ! same plan foll[$ = ! o!r organs4 ,,te/es3 ,! te/es seldom pres5t$ gross alt]ations ( /ructure except = abscess =mation1 :i*1 accord+ to ,williams1 occurs m frequ5tly 9 ! bull ?an 9 any ( ! o!r dome/icat$ animals4 ,he also /ates t arre/ 9 developm5t by :i* ! organs rema9 s(t1 flaccid1 & some:at small] ?an normal is n uncommon4 ,"o v int]e/+ specim51 :i* typifies abscess =mation1 came f a bull ) a hi/ory reveal+ t "o te/is _h become mu* enl>g$1 hot1 & pa9ful4 ,^! symptoms develop$ v rapidly4 ,anorexia 0 well m>k$4 ,local applications 7 us$ = sev]al weeks1 b at ! end ( two mon?s ! condition 0 s little improv$ t unilat]al ca/ration 0 p]=m$4 ,! g5]al condition ( ! animal soon improv$1 b aft] a ye> ( s]vice he 0 s unc]ta9 comp>$ to :at he _h be51 t he 0 s5t to ! but*]4 ,x 0 impossible to obta9 ! o!r te/icle = /udy1 ?\gh x und\bt$ly 0 abnormal4 ,! te/icle remov$ 0 consid]ably enl>g$1 measur+ tw5ty by t5 & "o-half c5timet]s4 ,! tunica albug9ea pres5t$ a ?ickness ( six millimet]s1 & 0 made up ( firm scl]otic tissue4 ,! epididymis 0 n recognizable 9 ! mass4 ,te/icul> tissue 0 almo/ entirely gone4 ,! only rema9s1 ( :at appe>$ to h be5 p>5*yma1 0 an elongat$ irregul> area at "o side ( ! organ4 ,?is tissue consi/$ ( a :iti% opalesc5t mat]ial1 speckl$ ) v>y+ siz$ abscesses4 ,?is organ is pictur$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! rema9d] ( ! organ consi/$ ( a ?ick yell[i% case\s mass4 ,/reptococcus viridans 0 recov]$ f ! out] portion ( ! organ1 & gu9ea pig inoculations fail$ to demon/rate ,bact4 abortum4 ,microscopically1 *anges are q common & v>i$ 9 "*4 ,9 ! sem9if]\s tubules1 ! *anges range f a slight desquamation ( ! g]m9al epi!lium to atrophy & complete deg5]ation ( ! entire tubule1 z 0 ! case 9 ! left te/is ( ,bull #a4 ,9 ! mild cases1 sp]matog5esis occurs app>5tly 9 a normal mann] up to ! sp]matid /age1 at :i* po9t _m ( ! cells deg5]ate & sl\gh (f4 ,^! appe> 9 ! sem9al fluid1 associat$ ) ! few sp]ms t rea* maturity4 ,?is sl\gh+ & deg5]ation may be localiz$ 9 a few ( ! tubules1 or x may be widespread ov] ! entire organ4 ,likewise1 ! *anges may involve n only ! m mature cells1 b !y may be s sev]e z to cause almo/ total deg5]ation & desquamation ( ! sem9al epi!lium1 z 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,^! defects 9 sp]matog5esis are ( c\rse evid5c$ 9 ! sem5 by ! pres5ce ( immature1 or abnormal types ( sp]ms4 ,) cessation ( sp]matog5esis or deg5]ation ( ! epi!lium ( ! entire gl&1 no sp]ms are =m$4 ,n infrequ5tly "o f9ds num]\s tubules1 or ev5 ! entire te/is 9 :i* ! g]m9al epi!lium is intact1 b !re is little or no evid5ce ( mitosis1 z 9 "s tubules ( ,bull #f4 ,! cells are sev]al lay]s deep z 9 ! normal condition1 b !y are n divid+4 ,?is condition is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,9 ! m *ronic =ms1 ! tubules become atrophi$1 & frequ5tly disappe> entirely4 ,! membrana propria may become ?ick5$1 due to excessive connective tissue =mation1 or infiltration ) s]um or exudate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a di/9ct atrophy may occur4 ,! /roma ( ! organ n infrequ5tly is ?ick5$ by inflammatory exudates1 or by a noticeable increase 9 ! connective tissue4 ,9 "s te/es1 ! connective tissue is s mu* increas$ t ! tubules rapidly become atrophi$1 & disappe>4 ,9 abscess =mation1 due to acute inflammations1 ! entire organ becomes enl>g$1 m>k$ly hyp]aemic1 & infiltrat$ ) leucocytes4 ,necrotic areas appe> "h & !re 9 ! p>5*yma4 ,! rete (t5 %[s a m>k$ deg5]ation ( ! l9+ epi!lium1 & atrophy caus$ by increase ( ! int]/itial connective tissue4 ,,epididymis3 ,?is organ n infrequ5tly pres5ts gross abnormalities1 & v (t5 is pa?ological on microscopic exam9ation4 ,acute1 inflammation1 ) induration or abscess =mation1 is v common 9 ! tail1 b less s 9 ! head & body4 ,possibly ?is is caus$ by ! fact t ! tail is ! mo/ p5dant portion ( ! organ4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! tail is enl>g$1 s(t1 & q hot & pa9ful on physical exam9ation4 ,enl>gem5t1 due to a connective tissue induration1 occurs occasionally 9 all ?ree p>ts1 & ! inflammation may produce adhesions to ! adjac5t s]\s membranes4 ,inflammation ( bo? ! p>ietal & visc]al lay]s ( ! tunica vag9alis is v common4 ,9 ^? cases1 ! membrane usually is q hyp]aemic1 & on ! surface x pres5ts _m small r$d5$ tufts ( newly-=m$ connective tissue4 ,9 adult bulls x is exceptional n to f9d at lea/ slight evid5ce ( "s previ\s inflammation4 ,9 all ( ! num]\s bulls exam9$1 bo? app>5tly normal & /]ile1 ,i h f\nd b "o 9 :i* "s evid5ce ( inflammation 7ei!r pres5t or pa/7 c\ld n be f\nd4 ,along ) ! fibr\s tufts1 are num]\s f9e /r&s ( connective tissues pass+ f ! cov]+ ( ! tail ( ! epididymis to ! adjac5t portion ( ! p>ietal lay] ( ! tunica4 ,! /r&s (t5 ext5d ev5 to ! upp] "p ( ! head4 ,microscopically1 inflammation ( ! "p is %[n by hyp]aemia1 loss ( cilia ( ! l9+ cells1 & exudation4 ,9 ! m sev]e =ms1 ! l9+ cells :i* furni% consid]able secretion = ! n\ri%m5t & /imulation ( ! sp]ms1 become deg5]at$1 & are exfoliat$ into ! lum51 z 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,?is condition is v common 9 /]ile bulls1 & ^? ( l[]$ f]tility4 ,9 ! *ronic types1 ! int]/itial connective tissue is increas$ 9 am\nt1 lead+ to deg5]ation & atrophy ( "p or all ( ! tubules1 z 9 ! case ( ,bull #b4 ,infiltration ) leucocytes1 & necrosis1 are ! pr$om9at+ lesions 9 ! pyog5ic types ( inflammation4 ,,ductus ,,def]5s3 ,?is tube seems to be peculi>ly free f sev]e inflammatory processes1 & :5 ^! appe> !y are limit$ to ! mucosa4 ,! cells ( ! l9+ membrane n infrequ5tly %[ a mild type ( deg5]ation & exfoliation1 or 9 ! m *ronic =ms1 ! entire membrane deg5]ates & disappe>s4 ,9 man1 ! duct occasionally becomes occlud$1 b s f> ,i h fail$ to f9d ?is condition 9 ! bull4 ,und\bt$ly1 :5 ! occlusion does occur1 x is ne> ! orig9 ( ! duct at ! tail ( ! epididymis4 ,,sem9al ,,vesicles3 ,! sem9al vesicles & epididymis1 especially ! tail1 seem to be ! p>ts mo/ subject to ext5sive pa?ological *anges1 & bact]ial invasion4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 diseas$ vesicles pres5t gross manife/ations recognizable on cl9ical exam9ation1 :ile on ! o!r h& microscopic *anges may be pres5t 9 ! abs5ce ( gross lesions4 ,z diagnos$ on physical exam9ation1 or ev5 on po/ mortem exam9ation ( ! tract1 ! v>i\s =ms may be classifi$ into3 #a4 ,acute ,cat>rhal ,type3 ,9 ?is =m1 ! vesicles are usually enl>g$1 s(t1 & m or less r$d5$ by hyp]aemia4 ,on physical exam9ation ( ! animal1 di/9ct fl9*+ is produc$ :5 pressure is appli$ to ! organ4 ,enl>gem5t may ev5 be abs5t 9 ! e>ly /ages1 & ! diagnosis may be made f ! extreme s5sitiv5ess alone4 #b4 ,suppurative or ,cy/ic ,types3 ,9 bo? ( ^! types1 ! vesicles are usually enl>g$1 ei!r uni=mly1 or1 z is usually ! case1 9 localiz$ areas4 ,! suppurative =m may ext5d ov] ! entire gl&1 =m+ "o l>ge encapsulat$ abscess1 or on ! o!r h&1 x may take ! =m ( v>iable siz$ abscesses ) ?ick scl]otic1 or ?9 fluctuat+ walls4 ,occasionally ! abscesses rupture & dis*>ge _! cont5ts into ! rectum4 ,dr4 ,williams pres5t$ "o case ( ?is type4 ,"o vesicle 0 app>5tly normal1 :]eas ! o!r 0 ab\t five times l>g] ?an normal1 & consi/$ ( a d5se out] capsule :i* 0 adh]5t to all surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,on dissection1 x 0 f\nd t ! organ consi/$ ( abscesses ( v>i\s sizes1 ! l>g] "o ( :i* _h ruptur$ "s "t previ\sly into ! rectum1 leav+ ! di/9ct rema9s ( an op5+ into t "p4 ,! cy/ic =m may occur ei!r ) or )\t suppuration4 ,"o case came to my att5tion 9 :i* bo? vesicles 7 made up ( abscesses ( v>y+ sizes z well z ( a small] numb] ( cy/s4 ,evid5tly ! cy/s 7 ( ! ret5tion type1 & 7 second>y to ! pyog5ic infection4 #c4 ,*ronic or ,scl]otic ,type3 ,?is =m is *>act]iz$ by a di/9ct firmness ) or )\t m>k$ enl>gem5t4 ,! condition may be accompani$ by disease ( ! p>5*ymat\s tissue or x may take ! =m ( a *ronic productive inflammation ( ! int]/itial tissue4 ,?is inflammation may be simply a sup]ficial ?ick5+1 or x may ext5d 9 betwe5 ! lobules4 #d4 ,! ,p]i-vesicul> or 8pan-inflammatory0 ,type usually is ! result ( sev]e inflammation ( ! vesicles1 ) probable rupture ( "s ( ! small] cy/s or abscesses ^u ! surface4 ,! vesicles are1 z a rule1 consid]ably enl>g$ & buri$ 9 a d5se mass ( adhesions :i* involve neighbor+ /ructures4 ,! vesicles _c be palpat$ on physical exam9ation1 & x is only on c>eful po/ mortem dissection t !y may be /udi$4 ,?is type1 h[ev]1 is q r>e1--two cases only hav+ come to my att5tion4 ,9 bo?1 ! vesicles !mselves 7 m>k$ly affect$4 ,microscopically1 *anges 9 ! vesicles are q frequ5tly enc\nt]$1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( gross manife/ations4 ,9 ! acute cat>rhal =ms1 ! mucosa & submucosa are hyp]aemic4 ,! l9+ cells %[ v>i\s =ms ( deg5]ation1 & !re are1 z a rule1 inflammatory exudates 9 ! lum54 ,z ! inflammation progresses1 ! l9+ cells deg5]ate fur!r1 & become ca/ (f into ! lum5 ( ! gl&ul> cavities1 z 9 ,plate ,,vi4 ,! normal cle> muc\s secretion becomes mix$ ) fibr91 leucocytes1 & cellul> debris4 ,^! *anges may involve m]ely p>ts ( ! organ1 or !y may be q ext5sive4 ,) l>ge sections1 "o may f9d ! inflammation 9 all /ages1 f ! milde/ cat>rhal type1 to complete deg5]ation & exfoliation ( ! secretion-=m+ mucosal cells1 & fill+ ( ! cavities ) deg5]at$ cells1 leucocytes1 & debris4 ,frequ5tly ! int]/itial tissue is 9 no way affect$1 b at times x is ?ick5$ by o$emat\s exudates1 leucocytes1 & fibr94 ,! *ronic int]/itial =m is *>act]iz$ by a consid]able increase ( connective tissue1--produc+ m>k$ atrophy1 or ev5 complete oblit]ation ( ! gl&ul> cavities4 ,microscopically ! suppurative =m may be diffuse ov] ! entire gl&1 or z /at$ previ\sly1 may be 9 ! =m ( localiz$ abscesses1 ) or )\t a ?ick connective tissue wall4 ,! p>5*yma 9 ^! cases is usually ext5sively deg5]at$ & atrophi$ 9 ^? p>ts t h n und]gone suppuration & necrosis4 ,! cy/s appe> to be ( ! ord9>y ret5tion type1 & may or may n be accompani$ by ext5sive *anges 9 ! l9+ epi!lium4 ,bo? ! abscess =mation & cy/ic conditions are und\bt$ly initiat$ by an ob/ructive inflammation ( all or "p ( ! excretory duct4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a protective me*anism1 = :]e ! duct is clos$ ! bact]ia & exudates are unable to rea* ! ure?ra & contam9ate ! sem54 ,,pro/ate ,,& ,,c[p]',s ,,gl&s3 ,^! gl&s 7 m or less neglect$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! "w1 b lat] 7 subject$ to ! same exam9ation z o!r p>ts4 ,( ! ?irty-six ( ea* type ( gl& exam9$1 ,i fail$ to f9d "o ) any gross *anges1 b two pro/ates 7 f\nd t pres5t$ a mild cat>rhal inflammation ( ! mucosa4 ,x is probable t ,c[p]'s gl&s1 z well1 occasionally und]go inflammatory *anges4 ,,sem53 ,! sem51 made up z x is ( mix$ products ( ! te/es & accessory sexual gl&s1 is v (t5 abnormal1 z w\ld be expect$ 9 view ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* *anges occur 9 ! gl&s contribut+ to its =mation4 ,! normal sem5 is rem>kably adapt$ to its function ( n\ri%m5t & /imulation ( ! sp]matozoa1 & _! conveyance to ! int]nal female g5ital organs4 ,! sp]matozoa are extremely s5sitive to *anges 9 _! environm5t1 ) ! result t any alt]ation ( ! physical or bio*emical cont5t ( ! sem9al fluid may cause dea? ( ! sp]ms4 ,) ?is 9 view1 we mu/ rememb] t disease ( any ( ! contribut+ organs is a pot5tial dang]1 & ?reat5s ! pot5cy ( ! animal4 ,ea* or all ( ! gl&s may add bact]ia1 acid secretions1 or inflammatory exudates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may n function at all4 ,9 ea* case1 h[ev]1 ! sem5 is alt]$4 ,un=tunately x is impossible ) pres5t me?ods to obta9 ! fluid absolutely free f vag9al mucus1 b ) c>e x may be secur$ reasonably free f contam9ation by d\*+ ! prepuce ( ! bull & vag9a ( ! c[ be=e s]vice4 ,?is me?od 0 us$ z (t5 z possible 9 collect+ ! samples4 ,! usual am\nt ( sem5 obta9$ 0 f six to t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,) a hyp]secretion ( "o or all ( ! gl&s1 ! sem5 becomes q ?9 & wat]y1 ) a defici5cy ( solid matt]1 toge!r ) *anges 9 reaction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hyp(unction results 9 a secretion too viscid1 :i* is equally unsuit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! sp]matozoa4 ,! ?9 wat]y sem5 clots imp]fectly or n at all1 & clott+ is ess5tial 9 protect+ ! sp]matozoa f ! acid secretions ( ! vag9a4 ,likewise1 a m$ium too viscid is a di/9ct h9drance to motility4 ,*anges 9 reaction are v frequ5tly enc\nt]$4 ,! sp]ms are v s5sitive to dilute acids1 s t ) ev5 a slight acidity motility may dim9i% or entirely cease4 ,purul5t inflammatory exudates are occasionally mix$ ) ! sem51 & al?\gh ! pus cells !mselves h n be5 f\nd to be de/ructive to ! sp]ms1 c]ta9 deg5]ation products 9 ! exudate are v toxic1 & inhibit or de/roy ! motility4 ,s f>1 ,i h fail$ to f9d r$ corpuscles pres5t4 ,"o v int]e/+ sample ( sem5 0 q ?ick1 ( a yell[i% gre5 color1 & ( a di/9ctly acid reaction4 ,! secretion f ! vesicles 0 lat] f\nd to be ( ?is same "*1 & 0 due to a ,ps4 pyocyaneus infection4 ,! vesicles 7 highly inflam$ & deg5]at$4 ,! sp]matozoa 7 9 ?is case m>k$ly decreas$ 9 numb]1 & devoid ( motility4 ,! e>ly precipitation ( ! 8,boett*]*50 cry/als seems to be intimately connect$ ) /]ile sem51 or sp]matozoa ( l[]$ vitality4 ,likewise1 a decrease 9 solid matt] is (t5 se5 9 a defici5t secretion4 ,9 normal sem51 ! clot disappe>s aft] /&+ a "t1 & a ?ick s$im5t settles out4 ,?is s$im5t is decreas$ 9 am\nt z a rule 9 abnormal sem54 ,,sp]matozoa3 ,sp]matozoa1 ! ess5tial g]m9al elem5ts1 are v frequ5tly abnormal1 *anges 9 :i* may be manife/$ 9 _m ways4 ,we may divide ! deviations into *anges 9 /ructure1 & *anges 9 ! motility :i* is s indicative ( ! intr9sic vitality ( ! sp]m4 ,reynolds 7#cd7 describes two =ms ( abnormal motion4 ,! fir/ is 8rot>y swimm+10 9 :i* ! sp]ms move =w>d progressively1 & sometimes ) fair rapidity1 b 9 a spiral screwlike mann]4 ,he /ates t ?is type ( swimm+ is v awkw>d1 easy to recognize1 & is usually ( q long duration4 ,! o!r =m t]m$ 8p5dulum swimm+10 he /ates1 is less common ?an ! rot>y swimm+ & is usually conf9$ to relatively few] sp]ms 9 a giv5 field4 8,9 ?is ! middle piece & upp] tail seem to lose _! flexibility & balance to a consid]able degree1 & ! l[] tail motion sw+s ! =w>d "p ( ! sp]matozoon to & fro ) a p5dulum movem5t4 ,?is type ( swimm+ yields v poor progress40 ,"o factor we mu/ be> 9 m9d 9 ! /udy ( ! sem5 obta9$ f ! vag9a1 is t ! sp]matozoa may be highly motile be=e ejaculation1 b ! admixture ( ho/ile vag9al mucus may inhibit or de/roy ! motility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conditions may be rev]s$4 ,c>y 7#ce71 9 "o in/ance1 f\nd t ! sp]matozoa 9 a sample ( sem5 collect$ f a condom1 appe>$ to be ( v l[ vitality1 :ile :5 !y 7 mix$ ) ! vag9al secretions1 an exagg]at$ activity 0 manife/$4 ,may we n h to cont5d ) ?is factor 9 "s h]ds 9 :i* !re is a v di/9ct acid & toxic vag9al secretion f ! products ( c]vicitis & vag9itis8 ,9 a /udy ( motility1 we mu/ consid] n only ! abnormal types :i* may be enc\nt]$ b ! p]c5tage ( motile cells1 & ! duration ( ! movem5t4 ,9 necrosp]mia all ! ejaculat$ cells are motionless or dead4 ,9 o!r specim5s1 v>y+ p]c5tages ( ! cells are )\t motion1 & ! o!rs may be possess$ ( full & la/+ motility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! motility 9 "s cases is v active at fir/1 b quickly subsides ev5 "u ! be/ ( conditions4 ,! appe>ance 9 fre%ly ejaculat$ sem5 ( num]\s sp]ms t h a t5d5cy to take on ! 8undulatory tactile0 type ( motion :5 !y %\ld be 9 a highly active /ate1 is v indicative ( l[]$ vitality4 ,_m specim5s pres5t ?is v picture1 :]eas ! v active progressive movem5t %\ld1 "u prop] conditions1 survive = a consid]able "t be=e x gives way to ! second1 & sl[] type4 ,! cells frequ5tly e>ly bunt into epi!lial cells or clumps ( immotile sp]ms1 !n back out & move ar\nd sluggi%ly1 only to repeat ! same p]=mance till !y /op mov+ entirely4 ,i h se5 "o specim5 9 :i* ! sp]ms all t5d$ to clump4 ,:e!r ?is 0 ! result ( "s agglut9ative sub/ance 9 ! vag9al secretion is problematical4 ,i h se5 sev]al specim5s ( sem5 9 :i* practically all ! sp]ms 7 motile :5 fir/ exam9$1 b ! motion did n survive = any great l5g? ( "t4 ,ev5 a small p]c5tage ( motionless sp]ms or ( ^? %[+ l[]$ vitality is a consid]able factor 9 pot5cy4 ,al?\gh millions ( ! g]m9al elem5ts are ejaculat$ into ! vag9a1 l>ge numb]s ( !m are de/roy$ or become motionless !re1 & a small numb] is left beh9d 9 ! c]vix & ut]us2 s t ev5 ?\gh b a s+le sp]m is requir$ = f]tilization1 ! *ances ( impregnation are dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( dead or defective sp]ms4 ,asp]mia3 ,abs5ce ( sp]matozoa 9 ! sem5 is r>ely enc\nt]$1 & is probably due ei!r to total cessation ( sp]matog5esis1 or to an ob/ruction at "s po9t 9 ! sy/em ( excretory ducts4 ,i h se5 b "o case ( ?is "*4 ,! sem5 ( ?is bull 0 greatly increas$ 9 am\nt1 & ( a ?9 wat]y consi/5cy4 ,due to lack ( coop]ation on ! "p ( ! own]s1 ! tract c\ld n be obta9$ = /udy4 ,oligosp]mia1 or a dim9ution ( ! numb] ( sp]matozoa1 is q common1 & is und\bt$ly associat$ ) defective sp]matog5esis1 ei!r z a result ( poor mitosis ( ! sem9al epi!lium1 or deg5]ation ( ! elem5ts be=e maturity4 ,?is condition may v>y f ! f9d+ ( only occasional dead sp]ms 9 ! field1 to b a slight decrease 9 ! usual numb] ( normal sp]ms obs]v$4 ,abnormalities 9 morphology may be classifi$ into immature types1 & de=mities or imp]fect developm5t ( ! head & tail4 ,defective sp]matog5esis occurs s frequ5tly t x is n surpris+ to f9d sp]matozoa 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t ca/ into ! excretory ducts4 ,! v>i\s /ages pass$ ?r\gh 9 ! developm5t1 f sp]matogonia to adult sp]m1 are num]\s1 & x !re=e is to be expect$ t we %\ld see 9 abnormal sem5 _m diff]5t immature =ms4 ,no classification ( ! v>i\s types c be made1 b a cle>] und]/&+ ( !m c be/ be obta9$ by a review ( ! process ( sp]matog5esis4 ,sp]matocytes & sp]matids are se5 9 ! m sev]e types ( defective sp]matog5esis1 & are relatively uncommon1 :ile ! m mature =ms t result f ! trans=mations ( sp]matid to adult cell are v (t5 se54 ,"s ( ^! int]m$iate types are l>ge oval cells )\t di/9ct nuclei & z a rule ) poorly develop$ tails4 ,cells ) no tails or di/9ct nuclei1 ^? ) protoplasmic app5dages to ! head or tail1 & v>i\s o!r types1 are occasionally enc\nt]$4 ,mo/ ( ^! are motionless & incapable ( produc+ impregnation4 ,o!rs are active1 b survive a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,accord+ to ,c>y1 ! production ( ! immature cells is an ef=t on ! "p ( ! te/es to supply an abnormal dem&1 & _! pres5ce indicates t ! f]tility ( ! sem5 is impair$4 ,! de=mities1 :i* may be divid$ into cephalic & caudal gr\ps1 are also ! product ( defective sp]matog5esis1 or !y repres5t a deg5]ative process induc$ possibly by abnormalities ( ! fluid environm5t4 ,x is r difficult1 h[ev]1 to di/+ui% betwe5 de=mities & immature types4 ,! two mo/ common cephalic de=mities are :at might be call$ macro & microcephalic =ms4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! head is enl>g$ to a great] or less ext5t1 x is usually defective 9 /a9+ qualities1 & its outl9e is indi/9ct1 due to deg5]ation ( ! cov]+ membrane4 ,?is type is se5 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,also ! %ape ( ! head is usually abnormal1 be+ ei!r q r\nd$1 long & n>r[1 or %ort & v broad4 ,cells ) protoplasmic app5dages1 ?\gh !y are m prop]ly an immature type1 occasionally give ! head a great] volume4 ,microcephalic sp]ms v>y f ^? slightly small] ?an normal to ^? 9 :i* ! head is repres5t$ by a slight knob4 ,9 "s cells1 ! head is small & r\nd1 9 o!rs1 %ort & /ubby1 :ile ano!r type is normal 9 outl9e b dim9utive 9 size4 ,^! =ms likewise are1 z a rule1 defici5t 9 /a9+ qualities1 & are und\bt$ly deg5]ation =ms1 occurr+ ei!r z ! result ( faulty developm5t1 or deg5]ation subsequ5t to _! =mation4 ,c>y believes !y are deg5]ation types because 9 ! majority ( cells ! tail is app>5tly fully =m$1 & 9 ! normal process ( evolution ! tail is ! la/ "p ( ! cell to be exhibit$4 ,d\ble head$ =ms are q r>e1 b !y nev]!less appe> at times4 ,_! significance is difficult to expla94 ,ano!r v frequ5t de=mity ( ! head is a m>k$ con/riction at ! po/]ior "p s t x is ! %ape ( a pe> or top z 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,9 "s1 ! head is o!rwise normal 9 size1 :ile 9 o!rs x is mu* elongat$1 z 9 ,fig4 #bh1 or consid]ably atrophi$4 ,a con/riction at ! middle ( ! head1 z 9 ,fig4 #bi1 is n uncommon4 ,bo? defects are und\bt$ly ! result ( nucle> defici5cy1 z ! nucle> "p ( ! head 9 ^! cases is mu* dim9i%$ 9 size1 & /a9s v deeply or n at all4 ,i h se5 sp]matozoa1 ! heads ( :i* 7 l an inv]t$ cone1 ) a bulg+ r\nd$ base4 ,o!r heads are ev5 some:at contort$ & b5t on !mselves1 z %[n to "s ext5t 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,"u caudal de=mities1 ! mo/ frequ5t =m enc\nt]$ is a ?ick5+ ( ! connect+ piece4 ,?is may occur z a uni=m ?ick5+1 or z a bulg+ app5dage4 ,rudim5t>y developm5t ( ! tail1 ! pres5ce ( two poorly =m$ tails1 & defective developm5t ( ! connect+ piece occur r infrequ5tly4 ,all ^! immature & defective types are1 z a rule1 motionless1 & ( c\rse incapable ( produc+ f]tilization4 ,_! pres5ce indicates l[]$ f]tility ( ! sem54 ,besides ^! de=mities1 !re are sp]ms %[+ a curvature ( ! tail at an acute angle j po/]ior to ! neck1--! s-call$ 8wry neck40 ,_! significance is difficult to expla91 b !y occur frequ5tly 9 sem5 fix$ & /a9$ by ! same r\t9e me?ods us$ on samples 9 :i* !y are abs5t4 ,!y probably are n ! result ( ! me?ods us$ 9 fix+ & /a9+4 ,"s ?9k !y are slightly immature types1 or t ! condition is produc$ by abnormal contractions ( ! tail4 ,! majority ( sp]ms1 h[ev]1 especially ^? f highly f]tile bulls1 d n %[ ?is type at all4 ,! mo/ common *anges 9 ! sp]matozoa1 are ^? 9 :i* !re is a sep>ation ( ! head f ! tail1 & deg5]ation ( ! head z evid5c$ by reaction to /a9s4 ,! sep>ation ( ! head f ! tail always occurs at ! neck1 & (t5 is associat$ ) deg5]ation or abnormalities ( ! head4 ,! sep>ation1 9 ! majority ( cases1 indicates "s l[]+ ( vitality 9 ! elem5ts1 al?\gh 9 _m in/ances traumatism produc$ 9 mak+ sme>s or collect+ ! samples is responsible4 ,v>i\s =ms ( abnormal /a9+ ( ! head are v common4 ,! cell membrane1 :i* is normally di/9ct & %>p1 becomes blurr$ 9 outl9e4 ,normally1 ! head takes a good diff]5tial /a91 ! ant]ior "p /a9+ lightly1 & ! po/]ior "p some:at deep]4 ,! nucleus is di/9ct 9 outl9e & well def9$4 ,! light] 8inn] body0 /&s out 9 well /a9$ specim5s4 ,z ! result ( deg5]ation1 ! :ole head may take ! /a9 uni=mly1 ei!r slightly or mu* deep] ?an normal1 accord+ to ! degree ( deg5]ation4 ,! :ole problem ( /a9+1 h[ev]1 dep5ds v mu* ^u ! me?ods us$1 & ! c>e ) :i* !y are appli$4 ,:5 a good me?od is obta9$1 x %\ld be adh]$ to1 & us$ uni=mly on all specim5s4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( practice w enable "o to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! %>ply outl9$1 cle>ly /a9+ normal =ms1 & ^? t %[ abnormal reactions to ! /a9s4 ,,bact]iology ,a complete bact]iological /udy 0 made ( ! g5ital tracts ( f\rte5 normal "y veal calves 7six to twelve weeks old71 f\r mature f]tile bulls1 & sixte5 mature bulls1 ei!r /]ile or impot5t to "s degree4 ,toge!r ) ^!1 ! tracts ( elev5 abort$ fetuses1 sev5 calves dy+ f calf infections 7sc\rs or pneumonia71 & sixte5 bulls slaught]$ at an abattoir 7 /udi$ bact]iologically4 ,occasionally1 /udies 7 made ( individual sem9al vesicles or te/es1 :5 ^! p>ts alone 7 br\ght or s5t 94 ,! hi/ory ( ! abattoir animals 01 ( c\rse1 q indef9ite or entirely negative4 ,on ! kill+ floor1 _m tracts c\ld be /udi$ = pa?ological *anges1 b 9 ! bact]iological "w x 0 difficult to c>e = m ?an two tracts on ea* visit4 ,! results ( ! bact]iological exam9ations are giv5 9 ! app5d$ tables1 9 :i* ! tracts are divid$ into six gr\ps4 ,! results 9 ,gr\p ,i4 consi/+ ( normal veal calves1 indicate t ! g5ital organs ( "y male calves are1 "u normal conditions1 free f bact]ia4 ,c>p5t] 7#i7 obta9$ l results 9 exam9+ ! g5ital tracts ( heif] calves4 ,! cultures made f ! sem9al vesicles & te/es ( all ^! veal calves 71 ) two exceptions1 negative4 ,bo? sem9al vesicles ( "o tract & "o ( ano!r yield$ cultures ( ,/aphylococcus albus4 ,adult bulls ( kn[n f]tility 7 naturally difficult to obta91 only ! f\r animals 9 ,gr\p ,,ii be+ available = exam9ation4 ,two ( ^! 7,nos4 #a & #b7 7 f ! exp]im5tal h]d kept by ! dep>tm5t1 & at all times _h a good bre$+ hi/ory4 ,! o!r two 7 good bre$]s1 b 7 slaught]$ because ( poor p$igrees4 ,bull #a1 rais$ 9 ! dep>tm5t h]d1 _h a sev]e attack ( sc\rs :5 a few weeks old1 :ile ! calfhood hi/ory ( ! o!r is n kn[n1 he hav+ be5 pur*as$ aft] rea*+ sexual maturity4 ,! cultures f ! g5ital organs ( ! =m] 7,bull #a7 7 entirely negative1 except ^? f ! left epididymis & scrotal sac1 :i* yield$ gr[?s ( ,/reptococcus viridans4 ,all ! organs ( ! tract f ?is animal 7 normal1 except = ! fact t num]\s /r&s ( connective tissue ext5d$ f ! s]\s cov]+ ( ! tail ( bo? epididymes to ! adjac5t "p ( ! p>ietal lay] ( ! tunica4 ,! tract ( ! o!r fail$ to %[ any organisms4 ,! only evid5ce ( any abnormality 0 ! pres5ce ( ! same connective tissue /r&s on ! tail ( ! epididymis1 z 9 ! fir/ tract4 ,! o!r two bulls gave negative cultures f all p>ts4 ,( ! sixte5 bulls 9 ,gr\p ,,iii1 slaught]$ at abattoirs1 & 9 :i* no hi/ory 0 available1 eight fail$ to %[ ! pres5ce ( any organisms 9 _! g5italia4 ,( ! o!rs1 ! vesicles yield$ cultures ( ,/aphylococcus albus n9e times1 & /reptococci f\r times4 ,/aphylococcus albus 0 recov]$ once f ! pro/ate1 & once f ,c[p]'s gl&s4 ,! te/es gave cultures ( /aphylococci 9 two cases1 & ,bact4 abortum 9 "o4 ,no obs]vable anatomical *anges accompani$ ! pres5ce ( ! ,bang bacillus 9 ?is case4 ,! epididymes %[$ gr[?s ( /aphylococci five times1 & /reptococci on ?ree occasions4 ,/reptococci 7 isolat$ f ! scrotal sacs ( eight te/es4 ,! results 9 ,gr\p ,,iv 7abort$ fetuses7 %[ t bact]ia are (t5 pres5t 9 ! sem9al vesicles or te/es ( ^! animals4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! organisms are id5tical ) ^? isolat$ f ! blood or o!r p>ts ( ! animal4 ,?is is to be expect$1 h[ev]1 = because ( ! feeble resi/ance ( ! fetus to any infection1 ! organisms circulat+ 9 ! blood may be isolat$1 z a rule1 f _m diff]5t organs & tissues4 ,all samples ( blood set ) ,bact4 abortum antig5 7 negative1 irrespective ( :e!r or n ! organism 0 recov]$ f ! blood or o!r tissues4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! f9d+s ( ,c>p5t] 9 ! female fetus1--! resi/ance is s feeble t few or no antibodies are =m$ to combat any exi/+ infection4 ,bact4 abortum 0 recov]$ 9 two cases f ! vesicles1 & 9 f\r cases f ! te/es1 b 9 ea* in/ance ! same organism 0 pres5t 9 ! blood or o!r tissues ( ! body4 ,! results f ! tracts ( ! calves dy+ ( calf infections are giv5 9 ,gr\p ,v1 & %[ t five 7 negative4 ,! o!r two %[$ ,b4 coli1 /aphylococci1 & /reptococci1 9 ! organs indicat$ by ! *>t4 ,9 ,gr\p ,,vi1 ! mature inf]tile or /]ile bulls1 !re 0 a comp>atively wide v>iation 9 ! type ( organisms enc\nt]$1 b /reptococci & micrococci 7 ! mo/ common invad]s4 ,9 ! ord] ( ! frequ5cy ( infection1 ! organs w\ld be enum]at$ z foll[s3 ,vesicles1 epididymis 7usually ! tail71 scrotal sac1 te/es1 pro/ate1 & ,c[p]'s gl&s4 ,! fir/ ?ree p>ts m5tion$ usually conta9$ bact]ia4 ,a /reptococcus 0 ! usual invad] ( ! scrotal sac1 & v probably 0 ! cause ( ! connective tissue tufts & /r&s s frequ5tly se54 ,! vesicles & epididymes gave1 9 ! ord] ( ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce1 /aphylococci1 /reptococci1 ,b4 coli1 & ,ps4 pyocyaneus4 ,! /reptococci 7 usually ( ! viridans gr\p1 ?\gh a few 7 hemolytic1 & two /ra9s 7 indiff]5t to blood4 ,! te/es gave gr[?s 9 only elev5 in/ances1--/aphylococci eight times1 /reptococci two times1 & an unid5tifi$ rod once4 ,! pro/ate yield$ /aphylococci twice & ,c[p]'s gl& once4 ,z emphasiz$ previ\sly1 ! vesicles & tail ( ! epididymis are mo/ subject to infection & deg5]ative *anges4 ,at ! same "t1 !y are intimately connect$ ) ! secretion ( ! sem54 ,once ! epididymis becomes infect$1 !re is no?+ to prev5t ! organisms1 toge!r ) inflammatory products1 f be+ mix$ ) ! sem5 & ejaculat$ dur+ coitus4 ,also 9 ! vesicles1 unless ! inflammation is s sev]e z to occlude ! excretory duct1 ! organisms are mix$ ) ! vesicul> secretion1 :i* is empti$ into ! ure?ra dur+ ejaculation4 ,c>ri$ along ) ! bact]ia1 are1 ( c\rse1 toxic products1 deg5]at$ cells1 & ! o!rwise alt]$ secretion ( ! gl&s4 ,"o int]e/+ case not$ 0 t ( a bull t _h pass$ f a /ate ( f]tility to t ( complete /]ility dur+ a p]iod ( two mon?s4 ,! sem5 0 semi-fluid1 gre5i% yell[ 9 color1 & conta9$ a v few non-motile sp]matozoa4 ,po/ mortem exam9ation %[$ t ! vesicles _h und]gone abscess =mation & t !y conta9$ yell[i% gre5 mat]ial simil> to t :i* _h be5 dis*>g$ dur+ copulation4 ,/reptococcus hemolyticus & ,ps4 pyocyaneus 7 isolat$ f bo? vesicles1 & f ! sem54 ,micrococcus albus 0 isolat$ 9 ne>ly all cases ( vesiculitis & 0 (t5 associat$ ) ,/reptococcus viridans or hemolyticus4 ,bact]iological /udies ( ! sem5 are1 on ! :ole1 m or less unsatisfactory1 due to ! pres5t difficulty 9 obta9+ samples free f any *ance ( contam9ation4 ,9 mo/ ( ! abnormal bulls1 bact]ia ( v>i\s types 7 isolat$ f ! sem51 mo/ ( :i* agre$ culturally ) ^? lat] isolat$ f ! int]nal g5ital organs ( ! same tracts4 ,! me?od ( cultur+ consi/$ ( d\*+ ! prepuce ( ! bull & vag9a ( ! female ) /]ile sal9e solution be=e bre$+4 ,samples ( vag9al mucus 7 tak5 be=e s]vice1 & ! flora comp>$ to t aft] d\*+4 ,?is me?od ( d\*+ produc$ vag9al samples relatively free f bact]ia1 at lea/ s mu* s t ! po/ coital fluid demon/rat$ t _m organisms mu/ h be5 introduc$ f )\t4 ,:e!r or n !y came 9 ) ! sem5 is problematical1 b 9 all probability ?is 0 ! me?od ( introduction4 ,i h s f> fail$ to obta9 ,bact4 abortum f ! tract ( an adult animal1 ei!r by direct culture or gu9ea pig inoculation1 except f ! te/icle ( "o abattoir bull4 ,! agglut9ation te/s ) ,bact4 abortum antig5 7 all negative1 except = two abattoir bulls4 ,! results s f> obta9$ w\ld seem to indicate t1 9 accordance ) ! f9d+s ( o!r work]s1 ! ,bang organism seldom invades ! male g5ital tract1 or does n ?rive !re aft] its introduction4 ,s*ro$] 7#ab7 & o!rs1 h1 h[ev]1 on v>i\s occasions1 recov]$ ! organism f ! bull1 & ! =m] au?or ev5 /ates t x invades ! vesicles & is elim9at$ ) ! sem54 ,,discussion ,a complete discussion ( ^? factors :i* h a be>+ on reproduction & f]tility 9 an animal1 includes n only a ?or\gh /udy ( ! g5ital tract1 b an appreciative consid]ation ( v>i\s extr9sic factors4 ,! effect ( environm5t has long be5 kn[n to h a m>k$ influ5ce ^u bre$+1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to animals 9 dome/ication4 ,diet1 ?\gh long relegat$ to a m9or phase ( ! "q1 has1 )9 rec5t ye>s1 come to be a matt] ( prime importance ) reg>d to its be>+ ^u ! entire body metabolism4 ,! endocr9e organs preside ov] & regulate ! gr[? & function+ ( ! g5ital organs f ! e>lie/ embryonic /age to ! cessation ( sexual life4 ,any d]angem5t 9 "o results 9 functional or organic *anges 9 ! o!r4 ,9 a giv5 mat+1 we mu/ take into consid]ation su* factors z imp$im5ts to coitus1 z well z ^? num]\s ag5cies 9 ! female :i* may int]f]e ) ! union ( sp]m & ovum1 or ) ! successful implantation ( ! f]tiliz$ egg 9 ! ut]us1 & its gr[? & developm5t !re till normal p>turition takes place4 ,successful reproduction dep5ds ^u ! mat+ ( sexually s\nd females to equally s\nd males4 ,consid]+ ! v>i\s factors :i* gov]n reproduction1 sexual s\ndness mu/ necess>ily dep5d1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ^u a good g5]al condition ( ! entire body4 ,,environm5t3 ,! effect ( environm5t on f]tility 9 ! bull is no d\bt a m9or factor4 ,cases 9 :i* *anges 9 environm5t affect f]tility probably occur1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly :5 fe> & o!r psy*ic di/urbances play a "p4 ,m>%all 7#bi7 /ates3 8,x w\ld seem probable t failure to bre$ among animals 9 a /range environm5t is due n1 z has be5 sugge/$1 to any toxic influ5ce on ! organs ( g5]ation1 b to ! same causes z ^? :i* re/rict bre$+ 9 a /ate ( nature to c]ta9 p>ticul> seasons1 & t ! sexual in/9ct c only be call$ into play 9 response to c]ta9 /imuli1--! exi/5ce ( :i* dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u appropriate seasonal & climatic *anges40 ,,diet3 ,"u ?is head+ we may include n only ! effect ( defici5t food1 b also con/itutional disord]s1 z a result ( :i* ! organs ( g5]ation & ^? gl&s gu>d+ _! function receive insuffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,x is a well kn[n fact1 & long has be51 t animals fail to bre$ :5 !y are 9 a run d[n condition or :5 !y are f$ a defici5t diet4 ,c>y 7#ce71 quot+ ,hagn]1 /ates t ! virility ( ! sp]matozoa is (t5 9 direct proportion to ! g5]al physical condition ( ! pati5t4 ,reynolds 7#cd7 emphasizes ! fact t x is an e/abli%$ pr9ciple among animal bre$]s t a high prote9 diet 9 bo? sexes is ess5tial to full f]tility4 8,oligosp]mia ) defici5t vitality ( ! sp]matozoa is n infrequ5tly f\nd f con/itutional disord]s4 ,x c easily be demon/rat$ 9 animals t bo? l[ diet & conditions ( life t produce a n]v\s excitable /ate are att5d$ by oligosp]mia40 ,animals t are closely conf9$1 ^? t are ov]-fat 7%[ animals71 z well z ^? f$ a defici5t ration v frequ5tly fail to bre$1 b ex]cise & *ange ( diet soon ov]come ! impot5cy4 ,duts*]1 ,h>t1 ,/e5bock1 & o!r biological *emi/s h done ext5sive "w to %[ ! ess5tial importance ( vitam9es & m9]als 9 ! diet4 ,_! results indicate t animals _c ?rive & bre$ normally :5 f$ a diet compos$ solely ( ! products ( "o plant4 ,!re mu/ be v>iety1 & !re mu/ be n only a correct nutritive ratio1 b ! m9]al & vitam9e cont5t mu/ be pres5t z well4 ,c[s f$ on ! products ( "o plant (t5 fail$ to bre$1 & if conception occurr$1 x inv>iably result$ 9 a premature bir?1 or ! bir? ( weak & poorly n\ri%$ calves4 ,! "w ( ^! au?ors is fundam5tal1 & br+s out _m important po9ts4 ,is x n probable t ! defici5t diet results 9 weak5$ tissues :i* are easi] prey to ! invasion ( bact]ia8 ,macomb] & ,reynolds 7#ci7 exp]im5t$ ^u :ite rats to det]m9e ! effect ( defective diet z a cause ( /]ility4 ,!y call att5tion to ! confusion caus$ by ! application ( ! t]m /]ility to mo/1 or all1 inf]tile mat+s4 ,!y believe t failure ( reproduction is1 9 fact1 ! result ( decreas$ f]tility r ?an ( actual /]ility on ! "p ( ! two individuals conc]n$4 8,!re are c]ta9ly a l>ge numb] ( inf]tile mat+s :i* are purely functional & due to physiologic alt]ations or local conditions4 ,su* physiological alt]ations moreov] coexi/ 9 ! /]ilities ( pa?ologic orig9 & :5 unrecogniz$ & consequ5tly unrem$i$1 und\bt$ly expla9 a l>ge proportion ( ! cont9u$ inf]tilities aft] op]ation40 ,is x possible = a bull to be inf]tile to ! c[s 9 8 h]d t h be5 f$ a defici5t diet1 & at ! same "t to bre$ well :5 mat$ to animals outside ?is h]d8 ,?is is r improbable 9 practice1 b !re is always ! possibility ( its occurr5ce4 ,9 ! exp]im5tal "w1 :ite rats 7 us$3 "o /ra9 f ! ,wi/> ,in/itute ) a f]tility ( ab\t #fe p] c5t1 & ! o!r f a ,dr4 ,ca/le's /ra9 ) a f]tility ( ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ,! ,wi/> rats 7 f$ 9 gr\ps1 ea* gr\p receiv+ a diet defici5t 9 a c]ta9 sub/ance3 calcium1 prote91 or fat soluble vitam9e4 ,to ?is gr\p 0 add$ a diet defici5t 9 bo? calcium & prote9 7w> diet74 ,^! diets r$uc$ ! f]tility ( ! gr\ps f ! orig9al #fe p] c5t1 to #ee1 #ca1 & #ad p] c5t respectively4 ,x delay$ ! appe>ance ( f]tility 9 "y rats rais$ on ^! diets1 & l[]$ its degree 9 ! mature animals4 ,mo/ ( ^! rats1 h[ev]1 ?\gh inf]tile to ea* o!r1 br$ promptly :5 mat$ to ! ,ca/le rats ( kn[n f]tility4 ,?is demon/rates cle>ly t relative inf]tility ( giv5 mat+s does occur4 ,"o int]e/+ feature ( ! "w is ! fact t 9 ! mat+s on ! s+le defici5cy diets1 f\r deliv]ies ( mac]at$ fetuses occurr$ & !re 7 two m 9 eight deliv]ies f ^? re>$ on ! w> diet4 ,no cases ( ?is k9d _h previ\sly occurr$ 9 ?is /ra91 :i* _h be5 "u obs]vation = sev]al ye>s4 ,does ?is ?r[ any light ^u ! cause ( mac]at$ fetuses 9 cattle8 ,microscopically ! te/es & ov>ies ( ^! inf]tile rats %[$ no obs]vable *anges1 a fact :i* is ( great importance to be> 9 m9d4 ,williams1 9 8 book on disease ( ! g5ital organs1 br+s out q cle>ly ! relation ( defective diet1 ov]fe$+1 & lack ( ex]cise1 to reproductive effici5cy4 ,nov>ro 7#dj7 obs]v$ t pigeons f$ on a diet )\t vitam9e ,b %[$ deg5]ation ( ! sem9al epi!lium1 ) hyp]trophy & hyp]plasia ( ! int]/itial cells ( ! te/is4 ,ano!r au?or 7,all57 %[$ t r$uction 9 ! quantity ( wat]-soluble vitam9e 9 ! diet ( rats result$ 9 total deg5]ation ( all ! g]m cells1 b x did n int]f]e ) gr[? & developm5t 9 o!r respects4 ,! obs]vations ( ,williams 7#da71 9 a pure br$ beef h]d 9 ,hawaii1 cle>ly demon/rate ! intimate correlation betwe5 poor fodd] z ! result ( extreme dr\ght1 & ! acc5tuation (1 or increas$ susceptibility to1 g5ital infections1 z demon/rat$ by cl9ical f9d+s4 ,! g5ital disord]s />t$ soon aft] ! onset ( ! dr\ght1 & imm$iately took a d[nw>d tr5d ) ! adv5t ( ! ra9y season4 ,judg+ by ! "w quot$1 we w obs]ve t defici5t diet1 ?\gh x does n always affect ! g5]al heal?1 has a pr(\nd effect ^u ! g5ital organs ( bo? sexes1 associat$ ) di/urbances ( sp]matog5esis 9 ! male4 ,9 mo/ debilitat$ & weak5$ conditions ( ! male1 sp]matog5esis ceases or is m>k$ly defective4 ,we mu/1 und\bt$ly1 expla9 ?is fact ^u ! gr\nd ( defici5t n\ri%m5t to ! reproductive organs or possibly ! endocr9es4 ,! vitam9es h be5 t]m$ nucle> n\ri%]s1 & _! abs5ce probably results 9 nucle> defici5cy4 ,,endocr9es3 ,bell 7#db7 emphasizes ! fact t n only ! /ructure b also ! function ( e "p ( ! body is 9 close correlation ) ! re/4 8,?is is ess5tially true ( ! ductless gl&s3 ! %ad[ ( _! influ5ce is ov] all40 ,fur!r he /ates t :5 we rememb] t ! individual exi/s to p]petuate ! species1 x is n difficult to realize t ! metabolic factors conc]n$ 9 reproduction are ! same z ^? relat$ to ! individual metabolism4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! ductless gl&s :i* regulate ! individual metabolism conc]n equally ! reproductive4 ,br[n 7#dc71 discuss+ ! same subject br+s out ! g5]alization t ! sympa!tic1 s9ce x is ! mo/ primitive "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 is closely associat$ ) ! endocr9e sy/em1 a /ill m elem5tal means ( communication 9 ! body4 ,also s9ce specializ$ reproductive cells appe> be=e ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! organs ( reproduction rema9 closely associat$ ) ! old] *emical reactions n[ specializ$ 9 ! endocr9e gl&s4 8,! endocr9e gl&s1 ! reproductive organs1 & ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 !re=e1 rema9 z a basic tripod1 & x is n likely t a di/urbance w occur = long 9 "o limb )\t affect+ ! o!r two40 ,! =m] au?or believes t ! gonad keeps ! o!r ductless gl&s in=m$ ( ! ne$s ( ! g5ital tract1 !y 9 turn influ5c+ ! g5]al metabolism4 ,jump 7#dd7 /ates3 8,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t !re is a correlation ( function betwe5 ^! 7endocr9e7 gl&s & t "s cases ( /]ility are probably due to a d]angem5t ( ?is correlation40 ,bi$l 7#de7 concludes3 8,!re appe>s to be an intimate anatomical & physiological int]relation%ip betwe5 ! diff]5t blood gl&s :i* is manife/$ cl9ically by ! fact t ! pa?ological di/urbance ( "o gl& is accompani$ by symptoms po9t+ to ! functional d]angem5t ( "o or m ( ! o!rs4 ,kn[+1 z we d1 ! _m sid$ int]activity :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! diff]5t int]nal secretory organs1 x is readily conceivable t isolat$ diseases ( s+le organs ( ?is gr\p are v mu* r>] ?an1 at ! fir/ glance1 !y w\ld appe> to be4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ! only c\rse ( inve/igation :i* is op5 to u is to />t ) ! kn[n results ( ! functional d]angem5t ( any organ1 &1 by foll[+ ^! up1 to seek ! prim>y l9k 9 ! pa?ological *a940 ,mo/ work]s seem to agree t a special connection exi/s betwe5 ! normal function ( ! adr5al cortex & ! sexual organs4 ,tumors ( ! =m] are usually associat$ ) sex abnormalities1 & fe$+ "y animals ! gl& sub/ance seems to /imulate gr[? ( ! te/es4 ,_m argum5ts h be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ t ! pro/ate produces an int]nal secretion4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t ?is organ atrophies aft] ca/ration1 & enl>ges z ! sex life dw9dles4 ,z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 ,s]rla* & ,p>es rea*$ ! conclusion t ! gl& produces an int]nal secretion :i* controls ! te/icul> functions & regulates ! process ( ejaculation4 ,also !y /ate t if ! pro/ate is remov$1 sp]matozoa are no long] produc$ 9 ! te/es1 & t ! secretory activity ( ! accessory g5ital gl& ceases4 ,! secretion is1 at any rate1 a /imulus to ! int]nal secretion ( ! te/is4 ,! ?yroid be>s a di/9ct biological relation%ip to ! sexual gl&s4 ,removal ( ! gl& results 9 imp]fect developm5t ( ! gonads1 infantilism1 & g5]al torpor4 ,bell 7#db7 believes t ! association betwe5 ! ?yroid gl& & ! g5italia is z intimate z ! relation ( ! pituit>y to ! g5ital functions4 ,( all ! endocr9es1 p]haps ! ant]ior lobe ( ! hypophysis is 9 mo/ intimate correlation ) reproduction4 ,ca/ration results 9 hyp]trophy ( ?is organ1 :ile removal ( ! ant]ior lobe usually leads to dea?4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* dea? does n ensue1 x results 9 g5ital atrophy1 /unt+1 & r$uction ( sexual activity4 ,9 "y animals1 sp]matog5esis ceases entirely ev5 aft] p>tial extirpation ( ! ant]ior lobe4 ,bi$l 7#de7 /ates t 89 disease ( ! hypophysis1 d]angem5t ( sexual activity occurs v e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( ! disease1 %[n 9 wom5 by ! cessation ( m5/ruation1 & 9 m5 by impot5ce40 ,! ?ymus1 z is well kn[n1 is q intimately associat$ ) ! developm5t ( ! g5ital organs4 ,its normal disappe>ance is always associat$ ) ! developm5t ( sexual maturity 9 ! individual4 ,hew] 7#df7 conduct$ exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! effect ( ?ymus fe$+ on ! activity ( ! reproductive organs 9 ! rat4 ,%e concludes 9 "p3 8,male rats appe> m susceptible to ! influ5ce ( ?ymus fe$+ ?an female rats4 ,) mod]ate doses ( ?ymus1 sexual maturity 9 ! animals treat$ is delay$1 a ph5om5on :i* is attribut$ to delay$ developm5t ( ! te/is4 ,) l>ge doses ( ?ymus1 9 ! male1 ! te/is is /ructurally affect$3 9 ! "y animal 9 ! direction ( ret>dation ( developm5t1 9 ! mature animal 9 ! direction ( deg5]ation4 ,?is deg5]ation is conf9$ to ! te/es4 ,9 ! deg5]at+ te/is1 cells ( ,s]toli appe> to be abs5t3 ! sp]matogonia are pres5t1 also divid+1 & may lie free 9 ! lum5 ( ! tubule2 sp]matids1 _m ) abnormal nuclei1 are %$ into ! lum5 9 l>ge numb]s2 sp]matozoa are practically abs5t4 ,9 ! lat] /ages1 only a few divid+ sp]matogonia appe> among ! debris ( ! o!r unrecognizable cells ( ! tubule4 ,9 ! epididymis :i* itself is normal1 :5 ! te/is is %[+ deg5]ation1 v few sp]matozoa appe>1 9 ! lat] /ages none4 ,_m sp]matids are pres5t 9 v>i\s /ages1 & "s sp]matocytes4 ,animals 9 ! hyp]-?ymic condition appe> to be /]ile40 ,! =ego+ ref]5ces w1 ,i hope1 s]ve to br+ out ! facts t environm5t & diet1 toge!r ) ! g5]al body metabolism & ! endocr9es1 h a m or less pr(\nd effect ^u ! developm5t1 gr[?1 & function+ ( ! g5ital sy/em4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts x has be5 %[n t /]ility is n necess>ily accompani$ by any app>5t microscopical *anges 9 ! gonads1 or ev5 at times 9 ! g5]al body heal?4 ,nor c we exclude impot5cy ( ! male entirely ev5 :5 ! sp]matozoa are normal 9 %ape1 & motility4 ,c>nett1 & o!rs 7#ch71 ye>s ago /at$3 8,inde$1 !re is abundant cl9ical pro( to ! effect t sy/emic conditions :i* h no appreciable effect ^u ! motility or con=mation ( ! sp]matozoa mat]ially int]f]e ) reproductive p[]40 ,! entire complex g5ital sy/em is insep>ably l9k$ up ) ! body z a :ole1 a fact :i* we mu/ be> 9 m9d at all times4 ,imp$im5ts to coitus may be due to great diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! two mat$ individuals1 psy*ic di/urbances1 or inability to protrude ! p5is4 ,williams 7#ag7 m5tions sev]al physical imp$im5ts1 z de=mity ( ! limbs or feet1 sore feet1 ov]load+ ( ! rum51 obesity1 fe> ( fall+1 & p>alysis4 ,coitus may be some:at delay$1 or ev5 n p]=m$ z ! result ( a sev]e inflammation ) s5sitiv5ess ( ! p5is or prepuce4 ,occasionally tumors ( ! p5is are enc\nt]$ :i* may int]f]e ) protrusion ( ! p5is1 or its entrance into ! vag9a4 ,n infrequ5tly ! p5is is r5d]$ incapable ( protrusion z ! result ( inflammatory adhesions1 tub]culosis ( ! preputial lymph gl&s1 etc4 ,excessive sexual use1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 probably has n1 9 itself1 any mat]ial p]man5t effect ^u ! reproductive capacity4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* bulls us$ to excess break d[n sexually1 is probably due to ! devitaliz+ effect ^u ! tissues ( ! g5ital organs1 ?is op5+ ! way to bact]ial invasion & o!r de/ructive influ5ces4 ,ov]-use is probably n dang]\s1 unless cont9u$ ov] long p]iods1 b at ! same "t x (f]s great] opportunity = infection to be introduc$ into ! body f int]c\rse ) l>ge numb]s ( females4 ,lloyd-,jones & ,hays 7#dg7 c>ri$ on v int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! influ5ce ( excessive sexual activity ( male rabbits on ! prop]ties ( ! sem54 ,_! plan 0 to mate male rabbits 9 quick succession1 & /udy ! "* ( ! sem5 on ! fir/ s]vice1 & e fif? s]vice !reaft]4 ,! safe limit 0 tw5ty s]vices 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,z w\ld be expect$1 ! volume ( ! sem51 aft] ! fir/ few s]vices1 became gradually r$uc$ 9 am\nt4 8,9 rapidly successive s]vices1 ! sem5 becomes less visc\s & t5ds to lose its *>act]i/ic milky appe>ance until at ! tw5tie? s]vice1 :5 ! fluid is ?9 & wat]y40 ,x seem$ z ?\gh !re 0 a well m>k$ r$uction 9 ! numb] ( sp]matozoa p] cubic c5timet] 9 ! advanc$ s]vices4 ,successive copulations also result$ 9 a m>k$ decrease 9 ! numb] ( motile sp]matozoa1 toge!r ) a %ort] duration ( p]ceptible vitality4 ,! c]ta9ty ( produc+ impregnation at ! same "t became less & less4 8,?is r$uction 9 ! p] c5t ( effective mat+s :5 ! male is sexually ov]work$ is recogniz$ by ^? engag$ 9 animal bre$+ z "o ( ! mo/ noticeable & univ]sal concomitants ( heavy sexual s]vice40 ,9 ano!r pap]1 ^! same au?ors /udi$ ! effect ( sexual excess ^u ! "* ( ! (fspr+4 ,9 "p1 !y conclude3 8,by no means ?us f> us$ has any inf]iority ( prog5y f ! heavy sexual s]vice be5 discov]$4 ,!y are fully equal if n sup]ior to prog5y f v light s]vice ( male40 ,infection is )\t d\bt ! greate/ s+le factor capable ( produc+ functional & anatomic *anges result+ 9 v>y+ degrees ( impot5cy & /]ility4 ,! *anges produc$ range f ! addition ( ! toxic products ( bact]ial gr[? to ! sem9al fluid1 to ! complete de/ruction ( ! p>5*ymat\s tissue ( "o or m ( ! contribut+ sexual gl&s4 ,anatomic *anges are by no means ess5tial to ! production ( l[]$ f]tility4 ,z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 ! "w on veal calves indicates t ! g5ital organs ( "y bulls are normally free f bact]ia4 ,likewise 9 normal adult animals1 ! bact]ial cont5t ( ! g5ital organs is z a rule l[ or negative4 ,x is possible t a c]ta9 flora is normal = ! tract at sexual maturity1 z 9 sev]al o!r organs ( ! body1 b "u ! /ra9 ( sexual excess1 defective diet1 or o!r weak5+ influ5ces1 ^! organisms may become pa?og5ic4 ,/reptococci & /aphylococci h at times be5 f\nd 9 app>5tly normal p>ts ( ! body1 & at o!r times !y are f\nd associat$ ) sev]e pa?ological lesions 9 ! g5ital tract4 ,! degree ( pa?og5icity is ( c\rse difficult to det]m9e1 except z we f9d ! bact]ia associat$ ) abnormal conditions4 ,c>p5t] 7#i71 h[ev]1 inject$ /reptococci into ! g5ital tracts ( female calves & produc$ lesions resembl+ v closely ^? f :i* ! organisms _h be5 isolat$ 9 adult /]ile animals4 ,p]sonally1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! g5ital organs normally are free f bact]ia1 or if any are !re !y are bett] able to multiply "u ! /ra9 ( devitalization ( ! tissues4 ,bact]ial invasion1 h[ev]1 does take place q frequ5tly1 b ! pa?s ( entrance ( ! organisms are some:at problematical4 ,hematog5\s orig9 is always possible1 ?\gh x is r difficult to def9itely implicate ?is mode ( entrance4 ,! ure?ra is p]haps ! easie/ & mo/ common pa? = ! entrance ( bact]ia1 ?\gh ev5 "h x is n possible to make def9ite ass]tions4 ,contigu\s spread ( infection f neighbor+ /ructures is v probable 9 "s cases1 p>ticul>ly 9 pelvic p]itonitis4 ,! bact]iological results h>dly be> out ! !ory ( ,williams t ! organisms lie dormant 9 ! g5italia ( ! animals until ! adv5t ( sexual maturity1 at :i* "t !y acquire pa?og5ic p[]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 cl9ical obs]vations seem to indicate t ?is may be possible4 ,calves suff]+ f 8calf infections0 frequ5tly d h>bor organisms 9 _! g5ital organs1 b :e!r or n !y p]si/ !re till sexual maturity is a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! mo/ logical !ory seems to be t animals f h]ds 9 :i* g5ital infections are v sev]e1 or ^? t h _h sev]e attacks ( sc\rs or pneumonia1 are m susceptible to ^? infections1 due to ! e>ly l[]+ ( _! vitality4 ,"o bull 9 ! dep>tm5t h]d c]ta9ly _h a sev]e ordeal z a calf1 b z a mature bull he 0 highly f]tile4 ,mod]ate sexual use & prop] sexual hygi5e probably _h mu* to d ) ?is4 ,9 ! bull1 infection ( "s "p ( ! g5itals1 dur+ "s p]iod ( life1 is v con/ant1 h[ev]1 :e!r or n x is productive ( obs]vable *anges 9 8 bre$+ effici5cy4 ,! f9d+ ( ! f9e connective tissue /r&s & tufts on ! s]\s surface ( ! tail ( ! epididymis ( practically all bulls exam9$1 bo? /]ile & f]tile1 indicates pa/ or pres5t infection ( ! scrotal sac4 ,! vesicles & tail ( ! epididymis are1 z /at$ previ\sly1 ! mo/ commonly invad$ tissues ( ! tract4 ,! te/es are less frequ5tly involv$4 ,:ile x is difficult to obta9 irreproa*able pro( t ! bull is a dissem9ator ( g5ital infections1 ! f9d+s ( cl9icians q cle>ly indicate t ?is is true1 & laboratory me?ods t5d to support ?is assumption4 ,williams believes t n only may ! bull infect ! female ) organisms :i* int]f]e ) ! giv5 conception1 b t he (t5 implants !re organisms :i* int]f]e ) future pregnancies1 & ev5 ) ! life ( ! individual 9 "s cases4 ,! high abortion & /]ility rate foll[+ ! use ( c]ta9 sires1 & ! appe>ance ( *>act]i/ic infections aft] s]vice to c]ta9 bulls1 cle>ly indicate t 9 all probability ! bull does elim9ate ) 8 sem5 ^? organisms :i* produce lesions 9 8 g5ital organs1 & are capable ( infect+ ! female4 ,w4 ,l4 ,williams 7#dh7 cites ! case ( a pure br$ h]d 9 :i* bre$+ _h progress$ satisfactorily until heif]s _h gr[n to bre$+ age & a second bull 0 obta9$4 8,"s c[s ( ! old h]d 7 also assign$ to ! "y bull :i* _h n previ\sly be5 9 s]vice4 ,! c[s br$ to ! old h]d bull cont9u$ to bre$ normally4 ,! c[s & heif]'s br$ to ! new bull conceiv$ ) difficulty or n at all4 ,^? :i* conceiv$ mo/ly abort$1 & ^? :i* calv$ _h metritis & reta9$ fetal membranes4 ,! two fir/ c[s 9 :i* pregnancy t]m9at$ di$ ( metritis40 ,i h frequ5tly _h sem5 samples s5t 9 f bulls t 7 n only fail+ to get c[s ) calf1 b foll[+ ea* s]vice ! females %[$ a sev]e vag9itis4 ,w4 ,w4 ,williams work$ 9 a h]d 9 :i* s]vice to c]ta9 bulls 0 9 ea* case foll[$ by a sev]e vag9itis & c]vicitis1 only to be foll[$ lat] by a *>act]i/ic salp+itis4 ,vag9al sme>s tak5 be=e & aft] s]vice1 9 _m in/ances1 %[ t 9 all probability bact]ia1 especially ! /reptococci1 7 deposit$ !re ) ! sem54 ,^! results h be5 obta9$ ^u sev]al occasions1 at :i* "t ! vag9a 0 usually d\*$ prior to ea* s]vice ) /]ile sal9e solution4 ,/reptococci & o!r organisms h be5 isolat$ f ! vag9al samples obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ,9 mo/ cases1 !y 7 abs5t f samples tak5 be=e s]vice4 ,extrane\s contam9ation1 & error1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 b ! results t5d to be> out cl9ical obs]vations t ! bull is probably a dissem9ator ( "s infections associat$ ) ! g5ital organs ( bo? sexes4 ,at any rate1 organisms h be5 isolat$ repeat$ly f ! g5ital organs ( ! bull1 ( ! same biological "* z ^? :i* are associat$ ) /]ility1 abortion1 & alli$ ph5om5a 9 ! female4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ob/ruction 9 any "p ( ! tract1 !re is no?+ to h9d] infection f ga9+ access to ! sem9al fluid1 & be+ excret$ dur+ ejaculation4 ,hopp] 7#ah7 /ates3 8,a diseas$ bull may manife/ non-f]tility or decreas$ pot5cy 9 diff]5t ways--by repeat$ s]vice to app>5tly normal females )\t conception1 by a high abortion rate 9 females t h be5 app>5tly normal1 by *>act]i/ic infections foll[+ ! use ( any p>ticul> sire1 or by abnormalities 9 ! bre$+ tract not$ by rectal or physical palpation40 ,admitt$ly1 ,bact4 abortum has little aff9ity = ! g5italia ( ! bull1 ?\gh ,s*ro$] /ates t ! bull h>bors ! organisms 9 8 sem9al vesicles & t !y are elim9at$ ) ! sem54 ,o!r au?ors h occasionally isolat$ ! organism f ! vesicles1 te/es1 or bo?4 ,s*ro$]'s !ory t infection ( ! female occurs indirectly by contam9ation ( ! fodd] ) ! sem5 is probably r>e 9 occurr5ce4 ,! v limit$ numb] ( cases 9 :i* inve/igators h demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( ! organism 9 ! male g5ital organs1 & ! app>5t immunity ( ! bull to ! bact]ium z det]m9$ by ! agglut9ation reaction1 seem to indicate t he plays a small "p 9 ! spread ( ?is type ( infection 9 ! h]d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld seem t he is at times intimately associat$ ) ! spread ( c]ta9 o!r organisms t int]f]e s]i\sly ) h]d reproductivity4 ,! diagnosis ( inf]tility & /]ility re/s ^u a ?or\gh physical exam9ation ( ! g5ital organs1 toge!r ) a detail$ /udy ( ! sem54 ,! hi/ory ( ! animal & h]d involv$ mu/ also be v c>efully inquir$ into1 especially ! "p cov]+ ! result ( e s]vice by ! sire 9 "q4 ,besides ?is1 we mu/ always consid] all factors :i* h a be>+ ^u ! subject1 rememb]+ ! physiology ( ea* "p1 & ! role x plays 9 reproduction4 ,bact]ia ga9 entrance to _m p>ts ( ! tract1 :]e !y multiply & probably add toxic products to ! sem9al fluid1 alt]+ its biological "* & result+ 9 p>tial or total de/ruction ( ! secretory tissues4 ,! te/es1 epididymes1 vesicles1 pro/ate1 & o!r p>ts1 ea* contribute _! ess5tial "p to ! sem51 abnormalities ( any "o ( :i*1 z a rule1 result 9 int]f]5ces ) reproduction4 ,if ! vesicles are involv$1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d j :at is ! "p play$ by _! secretion1 & :at is ! probable result if _! ess5tial elem5ts are n add$ to ! sem54 ,9 l mann]1 we mu/ consid] ! pro/ate1 ^: secretion /imulates ! vitality ( ! sp]ms1 & adds fluid bulk to ! sem54 ,extirpation ( ! vesicles or pro/ate alone results 9 l[]$ f]tility1 )\t alt]+ ! sexual desire1 :ile remov+ bo? gl&s produces total /]ility4 ,p>tial or total de/ruction ( ! p>5*yma ( ei!r gl& produces ! same effect z extirpation1 9 t its function is alt]$ or entirely abs5t4 ,! sem5 %\ld be exam9$1 n only = ! numb] ( sp]matozoa & ! p]c5tage ( ^? t are motile1 b = ! duration & type ( motion4 ,normal sem51 :5 fir/ exam9$ "u ! microscope1 %[s a field closely pack$ ) highly motile sp]matozoa4 ,9 e /udy ( ! sem51 h[ev]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! temp]ature & o!r conditions "u :i* x has be5 kept s9ce emission4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sem5 f bulls ( l[]$ f]tility %[s *anges rang+ f mild di/urbances su* z sluggi% motility & a slight decrease 9 ! numb] ( sp]ms pres5t1 to asp]mia1 or total lack ( motion4 ,normal sem51 :5 comp>$ ) abnormal specim5s1 z a rule pres5ts di/9ct diff]5ces1 ei!r 9 motility1 /a9+ prop]ties1 or /ructure ( ! sp]matozoa4 ,impot5t bulls1 h[ev]1 may %[ at times few or no obs]vable *anges 9 _! g5ital organs4 ,! only assumption "h is t ! condition probably is ( endocr9e orig91 or is "s functional di/urbance4 ,( oligosp]mia ,reynolds /ates3 8,oligosp]mia1 ) normal motility & vitality1 is n absolute /]ility1 b is ( high importance because ! p]c5tage ( de/ruction ( sp]matozoa dur+ _! passage ?r\gh ! g5ital canal ( ! female is s enorm\s t ! possibility ( impregnation by sem5 :i* />ts out ) a defici5t numb] is always poor4 ,:5 ! g5itals ( ! female p>tn] are 9 a condition :i* is ev5 mod]ately ho/ile to ! sp]matozoa1 impregnation by su* sem5 becomes s unlikely z to be n ev5 a probability40 ,motility may be lack+ 9 a small numb]1 its abs5ce may be obs]v$ 9 a l>ge p]c5tage1 or ev5 9 all ^? 9 ! field1 z 9 necrosp]mia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! motility may be sluggi% or ( abnormal types 9 v>iable p]c5tages4 ,sp]ms ) sluggi% motility are always l[ 9 vitality1 & h weak p[]s ( insem9ation1 z ! motion la/s b a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,! vitality may be b mod]ately l[]$1 s t al?\gh ! sp]ms are highly motile :5 ejaculat$ !y soon lose _! p[] ( propulsion4 ,! type ( motion is likewise an indicator ( lack ( vitality4 ,! 8progressive vibratile0 motion describ$ by ,reynolds %\ld proce$ to a high degree = a long p]iod be=e ! 8undulatory tactile0 or bunt+ types ( motion appe>4 ,e>ly appe>ance ( ^! two latt] types indicates 9 mo/ cases a m>k$ lack ( vitality ( ! elem5ts4 ,! motion %\ld be vigor\s & la/+1 =1 z /at$ by ,reynolds1 8no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t sp]matozoa ( m]ely mod]ate vitality seldom impregnate a female40 ,! e>ly precipitation out ( ! 8,boett*]*50 cry/als is v *>act]i/ic ( oligosp]mia1 & impot5t sem54 ,! !ory "h is t cry/als d n precipitate out :5 a fluid is actively mov+1 b soon d s :5 ! fluid is motionless4 ,! s$im5t :i* normally makes up ab\t two-?irds ( ! sample is usually decreas$ 9 abnormal samples4 ,! sem5 itself %\ld be obs]v$ = unusual viscosity or a ?9 wat]y condition4 ,clott+ %\ld occur readily aft] emission1 b ! clot soon liquefies to "s ext5t1 all[+ ! sp]matozoa to become m active4 ,?is clott+ is1 ( c\rse1 to protect ! delicate sp]ms f ! ho/ile secretions ( ! vag9a4 ,! pres5ce ( immature & de=m$ types ( sp]ms repres5ts "s di/urbance ( sp]matog5esis1 b x is difficult to expla9 ! significance ( ^! =ms4 ,!y are seldom se5 9 normal samples1 & und\bt$ly none are capable ( produc+ impregnation4 ,9 ! case ( m9or abnormalities ( /a9+ reactions1 ! sp]ms are probably defici5t 9 nucle> mat]ial or o!rwise alt]$ s t probably !y are incapable ( rea*+ & unit+ ) ! ovum4 ,:5 impregnation does occur 9 ^! cases1 weak (fspr+ und\bt$ly result 9 _m in/ances4 ,! "w has by no means progress$ to ! po9t :]e "o may1 by an exam9ation ( ! sem51 det]m9e ! degree ( impot5cy ) great accuracy1 or ev5 :e!r ! animal may be re/or$ to sexual heal? by prop] hygi5ic & !rapeutic treatm5t4 ,relatively1 ! great] ! *anges 9 ! sem5 & sp]matozoa1 ! less ! *ances ( impregnation4 ,inf]tility to any m>k$ degree1 is1 h[ev]1 usually accompani$ by correspond+ *anges 9 ! sem9al fluid & its g]m9al elem5ts4 ,exam9ation ( ! sem5 is1 & probably always w be1 simply an aid 9 rea*+ a diagnosis4 ,:ile abnormalities ( ! sem5 & sp]matozoa are associat$ ) /]ility or inf]tility1 x is unwise to lay too mu* emphasis ^u ?is me?od ( diagnosis alone1 especially ) reg>d to ! mak+ ( a def9ite prognosis4 ,:5 l>ge numb]s ( abnormal sp]matozoa are pres5t 9 ! sem51 we are safe 9 say+ t ! animal is1 at ! "t1 ( l[]$ degree ( f]tility4 ,"o %\ld be v cauti\s1 h[ev]1 9 =etell+ h[ long ! condition w la/1 or if ! animal may 9 "t be re/or$ to full f]tility4 ,/]ility1 due to organic di/urbances1 probably seldom yields to treatm5t1 b :5 x is due to functional disord]s result+ f defective diet or lack ( ex]cise1 ! condition is frequ5tly rem$i$ by ov]com+ ! cause4 ,lack ( ex]cise & ov]fe$+ seem to be etiological factors 9 a fair p]c5tage ( cases4 ,besides abnormalities ( ! male g5ital tract1 we mu/ always consid] ! num]\s factors 9 ! female t may kill or weak5 ! sp]ms4 ,imp$im5ts to successful coitus may be pres5t 9 ! =m ( vag9al con/rictions1 abnormally %ort or small vag9a1 or o!r de=mities4 ,ho/ile exudates1 me*anical ob/ructions1 & o!r factors may int]rupt ! progress ( ! sp]ms at any po9t 9 ! tract4 ,al?\gh little is kn[n def9itely reg>d+ disord]s ( ! endocr9es 9 ! bull & _! relation to reproduction1 ! "w 9 human m$ic9e & exp]im5tal rese>*es ^u laboratory animals w>rant ?\ghtful consid]ation ( ^! factors :i* are by no means insignificant4 ,9 ! future1 ^! gl&s w no d\bt receive m & m att5tion 9 _! relation to ! g5ital organs & reproduction4 ,,conclusions #a4 ,! g5ital organs ( ! bull q frequ5tly und]go pa?ological *anges1 due to infection ) ! same v>ieties ( microorganisms associat$ ) g5ital infections 9 ! female4 #b4 ,9 all probability1 ^! microorganisms are frequ5tly elim9at$ ) ! sem5 & infect ! female dur+ copulation4 #c4 ,pa/ or pres5t infection 9 ! g5ital organs ( all ! bulls s f> exam9$ 0 evid5c$ by ! pres5ce ( ! f9e connective tissue tufts & /r&s ^u ! tunica vag9alis1 p>ticul>ly t "p cov]+ ! tail ( ! epididymis4 #d4 ,l[]$ sexual capacity is1 z a rule1 accompani$ by demon/rable *anges 9 ! sem54 #e4 ,a /udy ( impot5cy & /]ility includes n only a ?or\gh /udy ( ! g5ital organs1 b also ^? extr9sic factors :i* gov]n reproduction ei!r directly or indirectly4 #f4 ,a ?or\gh k ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! male g5ital organs is fundam5tal to a cle> und]/&+ ( ! problem4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,drs4 ,w4 ,l4 & ,w4 ,w4 ,williams = "s ( ! mat]ial1 & = helpful coop]ation 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! "w2 to ,drs4 ,c4 ,m4 ,c>p5t] & ,r4 ,r4 ,bir* = _m helpful sugge/ions2 & to ,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,fro/ & o!rs :o s k9dly co-op]at$ by plac+ at my disposal samples ( sem5 & "s ( ! g5ital tracts4 ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,normal ,,"y ,,calves ,gr\p ,i ,,numb],"r sem4 vesicle,left sem4 vesicle ,"r te/is,left te/is #a #b #c #d #e ,/aph4 albus4 #f #g #h #i ,/aph4 albus4 ,/aph4 albus4 #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,mature ,,f]tile ,,bulls ,gr\p ,,ii ,,numb] #a #b #c #d ,"r sem9al vesicle ,left sem9al vesicle ,pro/ate ,c[p]'s ,"r te/is ,left te/is ,"r epid4 ,left epid4 ,/reptococcus viridans4 ,"r scrotal sac ,left ,/reptococcus scrotal viridans4 sac ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,abattoir ,,bulls ,gr\p ,,iii ,,numb] ,"r ,left ,pro/ate,c[p]'s ,"r sem9alsem9al te/is vesiclevesicle #a #b ,/aph4 alb4 #c #d,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 vir4 vir4 #e #f #g ,bact4 abort4 #h,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 ,/rep4 hem4 #i #aj,/aph4 alb4 #aa #ab,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 #ac ,/aph4 alb4 #ad ,/aph4 alb4 #ae,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 #af ,,numb] ,"r ,left ,left ,"r ,left epidid4te/is epidid4scrotalscrotal sac sac #a #b,/aph4 ,/rep4 alb4 vir4 ,/rep4 vir4 #c ,/rep4 vir4 #d,/aph4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 alb4 vir4 vir4 ,/rep4 hem4 #e #f #g #h ,/aph4 ,/rep4 alb4 hem4 ,/rep4 hem4 #i #aj #aa #ab ,/aph4 ,/rep4 alb4 hem4 #ac #ad #ae,/aph4 ,/aph4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 alb4 alb4 vir4 vir4 #af ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,abort$ ,,fetuses ,gr\p ,,iv ,,numb] ,"r ,left sem9al,"r te/is,left te/is ,rem>ks sem9al vesicle vesicle #a,/rep4 vir4 ,/rep4 vir4 ,/rep4 vir4 f he>t's blood4 #b #c;,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 coli f all organs4 #d ,bact4 abort4,bact4 abort4,bact4 abortum f sple54 #e #f #g;,bact4 abort4 ,bact4 abort4,bact4 abortum f liv] & he>t's blood4 #h,/aph4 alb4 ,/aph4 alb4 ,/aph4 alb4 ,/aph4 alb4 f he>t's blood4 #i #aj;,bact4 abort4 ,bact4 abort4 ,bact4 abortum f he>t's blood4 #aa ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,calves ,,dy+ ,,( ,,calf ,,infections ,gr\p ,v ,,numb] ,"r ,left sem9al,"r te/is,left te/is ,rem>ks sem9al vesicle vesicle #a #b4;,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,/aph4 alb4 ,/aph4 alb4 ,/aph4 alb4 #c #d,/rep4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 viridans viridans viridans viridans f he>t's blood4 #e #f #g ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,mature ,,inf]tile ,,or ,,/]ile ,,bulls ,gr\p ,,vi ,,numb] ,r4,s4,v4 ,l4,s4,v4 ,pro/ate,c[p]'s ,r4 ,te/is #a,/rep4 ,/aph4 ,/rep4 vir4 alb4 hem4 ,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 #b,/rep4 ,/rep4 ,/aph4 vir4 alb4 7neutral7,/aph4 alb4 #c,/rep4 ,/rep4 vir4 vir4 ,/aph4 alb4 #d ,/aph4 alb4 #e;,b4 coli4 ,b4 coli4 ,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 #f ,/rep4 vir4 ,/aph4 alb4 #g #h,ps4 ,ps4 pyocan4 pyocan4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 hem4 hem4 #i,/aph4 ,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 alb4 #aj ,/aph4 alb4 #aa ,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 #ab,/aph4 ,/rep4 ,/aph4 alb4 vir4 alb4 #ac,/aph4 ,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 alb4 ,b4 coli4 ,b4 coli4 #ad,/aph4 ,/aph4 alb4 alb4 #ae ,/rep4 hem4 #af,/aph4 ,/rep4 alb4 vir4 ,,numb],r4 ,epidid4 ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ,l4 ,te/is ,epidid4 ,scrotal ,scrotal ,sac4 ,sac4 #a,/rep4 vir4,/aph4 ,/rep4 alb4 c\ld ,/aph4 alb4 n gr[4 #b,/rep4 vir4,/aph4 ,/rep4 alb4 vir4 ,/aph4 alb4 ,/aph4 alb4 #c,/rep4 vir4,/rep4 ,/rep4 vir4 vir4 ,/aph4 alb4 #d,/rep4 vir4 ,/rep4 hem4 #e,/aph4 alb4 ,b4 coli4 ,/aph4 alb4 #f ,/rep4 vir4 #g #h #i,/rep4 vir4,unid5t4,unid5t4 ,/rep4 hem4 rod4 rod4 #aj ,/aph4 alb4 #aa,/rep4 hem4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 vir4 ,/aph4 7neutral7 alb4 #ab,/rep4 vir4 #ac,/rep4 vir4 #ad,/rep4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 7neutral7 vir4 vir4 #ae ,/rep4 hem4 #af ,/aph4 ,/rep4 ,/rep4 alb4 vir4 hem4 ,a--,,pa?ology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,mature ,,/]ile ,,or ,,inf]tile ,,bulls ,r4 ,sem4 ,vesicle,l4 ,sem4 ,ductus ,r4 ,te/is ,vesicle ,def]5s #a;,desquamation ,same z ,bo? ,app>5tly & "r4 app>5tly normal4 deg5]ation normal4 ( l9+ membrane4 ,debris & exudates 9 lum54 #b,mo/ vesicles ,same z ,"r ,mo/ tubules deg5]at+4 "r4 app>5tly app>5tly normal4 normal4 ,int]/itial ,left %[s ,"s %[ cellul> deg5]ation deg5]ation infiltration4 ( ! ( ! l9+ sem9al membrane4 epi!lium4 ,necrosis 9 "o l>ge area4 #c;,entire gl& ,same z ,slight ,"s tubules deg5]at$4 "r4 desquamation normal4 & ,o!rs %[ deg5]ation deg5]ation ( mucosa ( ( ! "r sem9al ductus4 epi!lium4 ,coagulation necrosis ( int]/itial tissue4 ,debris & exudates 9 ! vesicles4 #d,same z ,no4 #c4 ,same z ,epi!lium ,mu* ,no4 #c4 entirely deg5]ation d5ud$ 9 & bo? ducts4 desquamation ( ! sem9al epi!lium4 ,r4 ,epididymis ,l4 ,te/is ,l4 ,epididymis #a;,acute ,app>5tly ,deg5]ation desquamation normal4 & & desquamation deg5]ation 9 "s 9 "s tubules4 tubules4 ,o!rs atrophi$ due to a *ronic int]/itial inflammation4 #b;,deg5]ation ,mo/ tubules ,same z "r1 & becom+ b "s desquamation atrophi$ due tubules are ( to a *ronic becom+ epi!lium inflammation4 atrophi$ due ( ! to a *ronic tubules4 inflammation4 #c,mu* ( ! ,same z "r4 ,same z "r4 epi!lium d5ud$4 ,debris & exudates 9 ! lum54 #d;,desquamation ,same z "r4 ,same z "r4 ( mo/ ( l9+- membrane4 ,b--,,pa?ology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,mature ,,inf]tile ,,or ,,/]ile ,,bulls ,r4 ,sem4 ,l4 ,sem4 ,ductus ,r4 ,te/is ,vesicle ,vesicle ,def]5s #e;,epi!lium ,same z ,bo? ,deg5]ation becom+ "r4 app>5tly ( _m deg5]at$4 normal4 tubules4 ,vesicles fill$ ) debris & exudates4 #f;,acutely ,same z ,slight ,deg5]ation inflam$4 "r4 deg5]ation ( mucosa ( l9+ 9 "s membrane ( tubules4 bo?4 #g,"s ,same z ,bo? ,app>5tly deg5]ation "r4 app>5tly normal4 ( l9+ normal4 membrane4 #h,necrosis 9 ,same z ,bo? ,app>5tly areas4 "r4 app>5tly normal4 normal4 ,infiltration ( int]/itial tissue4 ,deg5]ation ( l9+ membrane4 ,r4 ,l4 ,te/is ,l4 ,epididymis ,epididymis #e;,all ,same z ,ne>ly epi!lium "r4 normal4 d5ud$4 ,debris 9 lum54 #f;,app>5tly ,deg5]ation,app>5tly normal4 9 "s normal4 tubules4 ,no mitosis 9 "s4 #g;,app>5tly ,app>5tly ,app>5tly normal4 normal4 normal4 #h;,app>5tly ,app>5tly ,app>5tly normal4 normal4 normal4 ,c--,,pa?ology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,mature ,,inf]tile ,,or ,,/]ile ,,bulls ,r4 ,sem4 ,l4 ,sem4 ,ductus ,r4 ,te/is ,vesicle ,vesicle ,def]5s #i;,app>5tly ,app>5tly,bo? ,app>5tly normal4 normal4 app>5tly normal4 normal4 #aj,slight ,same z ,bo? ,app>5tly desquamation "r4 app>5tly normal4 & normal4 deg5]ation ( ! l9+ membrane4 #aa;,app>5tly ,app>5tly,bo? ,"s tubules normal4 normal4 app>5tly %[ no normal4 mitosis1 o!rs are deg5]at+4 #ab;,deg5]ation ,same z ,bo? ,app>5tly & "r4 app>5tly normal4 desquamation normal4 ( epi!lium ( "s vesicles4 ,r4 ,epididymis ,l4 ,te/is ,l4 ,epididymis #i;,app>5tly ,app>5tly,app>5tly normal4 normal4 normal4 #aj;,deg5]ation ,app>5tly,same z "r4 ( l9+ normal4 membrane4 #aa;,deg5]ation ,same z ,deg5]ation & "r4 & desquamation desquamation ( l9+ ( l9+ membrane4 membrane4 #ab;,deg5]ation ,app>5tly,app>5tly ( normal4 normal4 epi!lium ( all tubules4 ,debris & exudates 9 lum54 ,"s increase 9 connective tissue4 ,d--,,pa?ology ,,( ,,! ,,g5ital ,,tracts ,,( ,,mature ,,inf]tile ,,or ,,/]ile ,,bulls ,r4 ,sem4 ,vesicle,l4 ,sem4 ,vesicle ,ductus ,r4 ,te/is ,def]5s #ac;,deg5]ation (,same z "r4 ,slight ,app>5tly mo/ ( cat>rhal normal4 gl&4 inflammation ( mucosa ( bo?4 ,cellul> infiltration ( int]/itial connective tissue4 ,debris & exudates 9 lum54 #ad;,app>5tly ,app>5tly ,app>5tly ,"s normal4 normal4 normal4 deg5]ation ( sem9al epi!lium ( "s tubules4 #ae,slight ,acute cat>rhal,bo? ,deg5]ation desquamation inflammation4 app>5tly ( sem9al & normal4 epi!lium deg5]ation 9 "s ( l9+ tubules4 membrane4 ,debris & exudates 9 lum54 #af;,*ronic ,m acute ?an,bo? ,deg5]ation int]/itial "r4 app>5tly 9 "s inflammation4 normal4 tubules4 ,atrophy ( _m ,"s %[ poor tubules4 mitosis4 ,r4 ,epididymis ,l4 ,te/is ,l4 ,epididymis #ac;,deg5]ation ,app>5tly,same z "r4 & normal4 desquamation ( l9+ membrane ( mo/ tubules4 #ad;,app>5tly ,app>5tly,acute normal4 normal4 inflammation4 ,"s desquamation ( l9+ membrane4 #ae;,desquamation ,app>5tly,app>5tly ( l9+ normal4 normal4 membrane4 ,debris 9 lum54 #af;,app>5tly ,same z ,acute normal4 "r4 inflammation4 ,"s desquamation & deg5]ation ( l9+ membrane4 ,,bibliography #a4 ,,bang ,b4 ,die ,aetiologie des seu*5haft5 7infectis57 ,v]w]f5s4 ,zeit ,m$4 ,b& ,i1 ,s4 #bda1 #ahig4 ,das seu*5haft5 ,v]w]f5 d] ,r9d]4 ,ar*4 wiss4 u4 prakt4 ,?i]heilk41 ,b& #cc1 ,s4 #cab1 #aijg4 #b4 ,,law1 ,,james4 ,contagi\s ,abortion ( ,c[s4 ,circul> ,no4 #e1 ,agr4 ,exp]im5t ,/a4 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,june1 #aijc4 #c4 ,report ( ,engli% ,commission ( ,epizootic ,abortion4 ,app5dix to ,"p ,i1 p4 #ag1 #aiji4 #d4 ,,hadley1 ,f4 ,b41 & ,,lo!1 ,h4 ,! ,bull z a ,dissem9ator ( ,contagi\s ,abortion4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,vet4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,l1 #aiaf-ag1 p4 #adc4 #e4 ,,hadley1 ,f4 ,b4 ,contagi\s ,abortion ,que/ions ,answ]$4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bif1 ,oct4 #aiba1 ,agr4 ,exp]im5t ,/a41 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 #f4 ,,buck1 ,j4 ,m41 ,,cree*1 ,g4 ,t41 & ,,ladson1 ,h4 ,h4 ,bact]ium ,abortus ,infection ( ,bulls 7,prelim9>y ,report74 ,j\r4 ,agr4 ,rese>*1 ,augu/1 #aiai4 #g4 ,,s*ro$]1 ,e4 ,c41 & ,,cotton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,! ,bull z a ,factor 9 ,abortion ,disease4 #h4 ,,cotton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,proce$+s ( ,a4 ,v4 ,m4 ,a41 p4 #hea1 #aiac4 #i4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,c4 ,m4 ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,vet]9>y ,college1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 #aibj-ba4 #aj4 ,,rettg]1 ,l4 ,f41 & ,,:ite1 ,g4 ,c4 ,infecti\s ,abortion 9 ,cattle4 ,/orrs ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ic4 ,janu>y1 #aiaf4 #aa4 ,,mcfadyean1 ,,%ea!r & ,,m9ett4 ,rese>*es ,reg>d+ ,epizootic ,abortion4 ,j\r4 ( ,comp4 ,pa?4 & ,!rap41 ,,xxvi1 #adb1 #aiac4 #ab4 ,,s*ro$]1 ,e4 ,c4 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ,inve/igations ( ,bov9e ,infections ,abortion4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,vet4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,,lx1 p4 #edb4 ,febru>y1 #aibb4 #ac4 ,,b>ney1 ,j4 ,d4 ,rec5t ,/udies on ! ,pa?ology ( ! ,sem9al ,vesicles4 ,bo/4 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\r41 ,,clxxi1 #aiad1 #ei4 #ad4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 ,! ,diseases ( ,bulls4 ,cornell ,vet]9>ian4 ,x1 #id4 ,april1 #aibj4 #ae4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,vet]9>y ,college1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 #aibj-ba4 #af4 ,,williams4 ,w4 ,w4 ,te*nique ( ,collect+ ,sem5 = ,laboratory ,exam9ation ) ,review ( ,sev]al ,diseas$ ,bulls4 ,cornell ,vet4 ,x1 #hg1 ,april1 #aibj4 #ag4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,w4 ,diseases ( ! ,bull ,int]f]+ ,) ,reproduction4 ,j\r4 ( ,am]4 ,vet4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,,lviii1 #bi1 ,octob]1 #aibj4 #ah4 ,,hopp]1 ,e4 ,b4 ,h]d ,effici5cy f ! ,/&po9t ( ! ,vet]9>ian4 ,nor? ,am]4 ,vet41 ,,iii1 #ga1 ,febru>y1 #aibb4 #ai4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,w4 ,obs]vations on ,reproduction 9 a ,purebr$ ,dairy ,h]d4 ,cornell ,vet]9>ian1 ,,xii1 #ai1 ,janu>y1 #aibb4 #bj4 ,,walk]1 ,k4 ,m4 ,! ,diagnosis & ,treatm5t ( ,/]ility 9 ! ,male4 ,lancet1 ,,cci1 #bbh4 ,july #cj1 #aiba4 #ba4 ,,p5de4 ,endocr9oglia-,pa?ologia ,e ,cl9ica4 ,ab/ract 9 ,endocr9ology1 ,,ii1 #db4 #bb4 ,,f]guson1 ,j4 ,s4 ,normal ,hi/ology & ,microscopical ,anatomy4 #bc4 ,,ell5b]g]4 ,v]gl4 mikroskop4 ,anatomie d] ,hau/i]e4 ,,ii4 #bd4 ,,c\rri]1 ,m4 ,r4 ,on ! ,exi/5ce ( a ,secretion ( ! ,epididymis ( ! ,hib]nat+ ,bat & ,its ,significance4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 de ,biol4 7,p>is71 #aibj1 ,,lxxxiii1 #fg-fi4 #be4 ,,/igl]1 ,r4 ,ab/ract 9 ,j\r4 ,phys4 et ,pa?4 ,g54 7#b7 ,,clxxi1 #bgc1 ,septemb]1 #aiah4 #bf4 ,,disselhor/4 ,ansfuhrapp>at und ,anhangsdrus5 d] mnnli*5 ,ges*le*tsorgane4 ,oppel's ,lehrbu* d] v]glei*5d5 mikr4 ,anat4 d] ,wirbelti]e1 ,,iv1 ,j5a1 #aijd4 #bg4 ,,ryt9a1 ,a4 ,a4 ,! ,v]umontanum1 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,s9us ,pocul>is3 ,its ,hi/ology1 ,anatomy1 & ,physiology4 ,j\r4 ,urology1 ,i1 #aiag1 #bca4 #bh4 ,,fi%1 ,p4 ,a4 ,! ,sp]matic ,secretion & ,its ,ultrap>ticles4 ,cornell ,vet]9>ian1 ,octob]1 #aiba4 #bi4 ,,m>%all1 ,f4 ,h4 ,a4 ,! ,physiology ( ,reproduction4 #cj4 ,,k+sbury1 ,b4 ,f4 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ology & ,embryology1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4 #ca4 ,,walk]4 ,ar*4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,entwicklungsges*41 #ahii1 und ,ar*4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol4 #ahii4 #cb4 ,,boett*]1 ,w4 ,on ! ,significance ( ! ,secretions ( ! ,male ,accessory ,g5ital ,organs4 ,mn*4 m$4 ,w*ns*r4 #aibj1 #fg1 #a1 p4 #dd4 #cc4 ,,editorial4 ,j\r4 ( ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,,lxxvii1 ,no4 #a1 #db1 ,july #b1 #aiba4 #cd4 ,,reynolds1 ,e4 ,f]tility & ,/]ility4 ,j\r4 ( ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,,lxvii1 #aaic-aaii1 ,octob] #ba1 #aiaf4 #ce4 ,,c>y1 ,w4 ,h4 ,exam9ation ( ,sem5 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,its ,gynecological ,aspects4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,ob/etrics & ,diseases ( ,wom5 & ,*ildr54 ,,lxxiv1 ,no4 #d1 #aiaf4 #cf4 ,,wolf1 ,c4 ,g4 ,l4 ,! ,survival ( ,motility 9 ,mammalian ,sp]matozoa4 ,j\r4 ( ,physiol4 ,,iv1 #bdf1 ,augu/ #c1 #aiba4 #cg4 ,,br[n1 ,j4 ,h4 ,! ,use ( ,blood ,ag> = ! ,/udy ( ,/reptococci4 ,monograph ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$4 ,res41 #aiai1 ,,ix4 #ch4 ,,g>nett1 ,j4 ,b41 & o!rs4 ,! ,surgical ,treatm5t ( ,/]ility due to ,ob/ruction at ! ,epididymis ,toge!r ) a ,/udy ( ! ,morphology ( ,human ,sp]matozoa4 ,univ4 ( ,p5n4 ,m$4 ,bullet91 ,m>*1 #aijb4 #ci4 ,,reynolds1 ,e4 & ,,macomb]1 ,d4 ,defective ,diet z a ,cause ( ,/]ility4 ,j\r4 ( ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,,lxxvii1 #afi1 ,july #af1 #aiba4 #dj4 ,,nov>ro1 ,p4 ,a4 ,tissues ( ! ,te/icle & ,antam9osis4 ,gazetta degli ,osp$ali 7,milano71 #aibj1 ,,xli1 #dbd4 #da4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 ,obs]vations on ,reproduction 9 a ,pure ,br$ ,beef ,h]d4 ,cornell ,vet]9>ian4 ,janu>y1 #aibb4 #db4 ,,bell1 ,w4 ,b4 ,correlation ( ,function3 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,organs ( ,int]nal ,secretion & ! ,reproductive ,sy/em4 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 #aibj1 #a1 #ghg4 #dc4 ,,br[n1 ,w4 ,l4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,int]nal ,secretion4 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\r1 #aibj1 ,,ii1 #fhg-fia4 #dd4 ,,jump4 ,discussion 9 ,p5n4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 ,,xxv1 #ha4 #de4 ,,bi$l1 ,a4 ,! ,int]nal ,secretory ,organs4 #df4 ,,hew]1 ,e4 ,e4 ,! ,effect ( ,?ymus ,fe$+ on ! ,activity ( ! ,reproductive ,organs ( ! ,rat4 ,j\r4 ( ,physiology1 ,,xlvii1 #aiac-aiad1 #dgi4 #dg4 ,,lloyd-,,jones1 ,o4 & ,,hays1 ,f4 ,a4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,excessive ,sexual ,activity ( ,male ,rabbits4 #a4 ,on ! ,prop]ties ( ! ,sem9al ,dis*>ge4 ,j\r4 ( ,exp]4 ,zoology1 #aiah1 ,,xxv1 #dfc4 #dh4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 ,improvem5t ( ! ,reproductive ,effici5cy ( ,cattle4 ,nor? ,am]4 ,vet]9>ian1 ,,iii1 ,may1 #aibb4 ,,description ,,( ,,plates ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,diagrammatic sket*es %[+ ! developm5t ( a sp]matozoon f a sp]matogonium4 ,fig4 #b4 ,diagrammatic sket* %[+ ! m9ute /ructure ( a sp]matozoon4 ,! middle piece is made comp>atively ?ick 9 ord] to br+ out ! f9] /ructures4 ,adapt$ f ,ell5b]g]4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #c4 ,te/icle ( bull1 %[+ ext5sive deg5]ation & necrosis4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #d4 ,inn] "p ( wall ( ductus def]5s4 ,normal4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #e4 ,same1 b %[+ ext5sive deg5]ation & exfoliation ( ! l9+ membrane4 #bcj4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #f4 ,ductus def]5s1 %[+ entire exfoliation ( ! l9+ membrane4 ,! lum5 is fill$ ) a cellul> debris4 #ej4 ,fig4 #g4 ,same1 %[+ ! deg5]ation ( ! l9+ membrane1 & debris 9 lum54 #bcj4 ,,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #h4 ,sem9al vesicle ( bull4 ,high p[] section %[+ ! normal /ructure ( ! vesicul> cavities4 ,fig4 #i4 ,sem9al vesicle ( bull4 ,l[ p[]4 ,! membrane l9+ ! cavities is deg5]at$ & exfoliat$4 ,! cavities are fill$ ) cellul> debris1 & exudates4 ,!re is "s increase 9 ! int]/itial tissue1 & atrophy ( "s ( vesicul> cavities4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,l[ p[] section ( sem9al vesicle ( bull4 ,! condition is ab\t ! same z 9 ,fig4 #i except t x is n q z sev]e4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,same z ,fig4 #aj4 ,high p[]4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,te/icul> tubule %[+ normal sp]matog5esis4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,te/icul> tubule %[+ no evid5ce ( mitosis4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,te/icul> tubule4 ,! sp]matog5ic epi!lium is beg9n+ to deg5]ate & become ca/ (f into ! lum54 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,te/icul> tubule1 %[+ almo/ total exfoliation ( ! sp]matog5ic epi!lium4 #bcj4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #af4 ,te/icul> tubule4 ,! sem9al epi!lium is entirely deg5]at$4 ,! membrana propria is m>k$ly ?ick5$4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,te/icul> tubule4 ,! tubule is und]go+ atrophy & deg5]ation4 ,! int]/itial connective tissue is mu* increas$ 9 am\nt4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,same z ,fig4 #ag1 except t x is 9 ! m advanc$ /ages4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,te/icul> tubule4 ,! sp]matog5ic epi!lium has und]gone a sort ( hydropic deg5]ation4 ,! int]/itial connective tissue has become mu* increas$ 9 am\nt & has und]gone cellul> infiltration4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,normal /ructure ( epididymis tubule4 #adj4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,epididymis tubule %[+ exfoliation ( ! l9+ membrane1 & cellul> debris 9 ! lum54 #adj4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,atrophy & deg5]ation ( epididymis tubule4 ,! int]/itial connective tissue is mu* increas$ 9 am\nt4 #adj4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,same1 b 9 m advanc$ /age4 #adj4 ,,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,ab\t ! same z ,fig4 #bb4 #adj4 ,fig4 #be4 ,m>k$ deg5]ation ( epididymis tubule4 ,!re is a cellul> infiltration ( ! int]/itial tissue4 #fj4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,sp]matozoon1 %[+ con/riction at middle ( head4 ,! head is also some:at contort$4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,sp]matozoon4 ,pe> %ap$ head4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,sp]matozoon4 ,! head is q long1 & po9t$ at its po/]ior end4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,sp]matozoon1 %[+ a con/riction at middle ( ! head4 #fgj4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,microcephalic sp]matozoon4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,sp]matozoon4 ,! head is small1 & pe> %ap$4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,macrocephalic sp]m4 ,! middle piece is mu* ?ick5$4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,tailless sp]matozoa4 #fgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,page ,*ang$ f ,*ang$ to #ed blank ,bact]iology ( ! ,g5ital ,tracts ( ,mature ,inf]tile or ,/]ile ,bulls ,gr\p ,,vi ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4