,a ,study of ,some ,factors ,influencing ,fertility and ,sterility in the ,bull ,a ,,thesis ,presented to the ,faculty of the ,graduate ,school of ,cornell ,university for the ,degree of ,doctor of ,philosophy ,,by ,,herbert ,,lester ,,gilman1 ,d4 ,v4 ,m41 ,m4 ,s4 ,reprinted from the ,annual ,report of the ,new ,york ,state ,veterinary ,college ,,albany ,j4 ,b4 ,,lyon ,,company1 ,,printers #aibb ,a ,,study ,,of ,,some ,,factors ,,influencing ,,fertility ,,and ,,sterility ,,in ,,the ,,bull ,,herbert ,l4 ,,gilman ,veterinary ,experiment ,station1 ,cornell ,university ,normal reproduction is the fundamental foundation upon which the entire cattle industry rests4 ,for this reason1 any factor capable of interfering with it is a detriment to the industry1 and a matter of prime importance to the breeder and the veterinarian4 ,with the relative increase in number and value of cattle1 and the fact that the profession is depending more and more on this industry for a livelihood1 these problems are assuming greater importance4 ,the part played by the bull has been emphasized entirely too little1 with the result that1 as in human medicine1 many fail to appreciate the effects of sterility or lowered fertility in the male4 ,the part played by the sire in the spread of genital infections1 though discussed frequently1 has received little systematic investigation4 ,the bull mast be regarded as at least half the herd1 not only from the standpoint of the characters he imprints upon his progeny1 but because of his relation to the reproductive efficiency in the herd4 ,it seems quite probable that he does disseminate during copulation1 infection associated with the genital organs1 with the result that the bull is a very important factor in a study of the subject4 ,too frequently1 his ability to copulate in an apparently normal manner1 is taken as a standard of fertility4 ,gross changes in his genitalia1 or the absence of spermatozoa from the semen are given due consideration1 while other more obscure abnormalities are not looked for nor regarded in their proper light4 ,neither fertility nor sterility are always absolute1 but the terms should be used relatively inasmuch as we may have all degrees of infertility or impotency4 ,all too frequently we forget the many delicate and intricate mechanisms involved in the reproductive process1 with the result that many phases of the problem are neglected or disregarded4 ,the genital organs work as a unit1 each part of which must function in perfect accord with the others to the end that full fertility may result4 ,the physiological factors involved in the formation of the semen are too little understood1 or at best1 our knowledge regarding them is more or less hazy4 ,the purposes of the present work have been3 7#a7 to summarize the work so far done on the subject1 7#b7 to review briefly the known facts throwing light on the anatomy and physiology of the male genital organs1 7#c7 to carry our systematic studies upon the pathology and bacteriology of the genital tract of the bull1 and 7#d7 to ascertain if possible whether the bull is a disseminator of those infections which interfere with reproduction in the female4 ,the work has been carried on for the most part from the point of view of a laboratory man cooperating with clinicians4 ,no attempt is made in this paper to give detailed clinical data1 methods for physical examinations1 etc4 ,there are included many statements and some data1 given in a preliminary article on the subject4 ,while the subject is broad in its scope1 in fact too broad for great detail1 it is hoped that a start has been made toward future and more detailed investigations4 ,,history ,references to1 and investigations relating to1 the part played by the bull in the process of reproduction in the herd1 and in the spread of genital infections1 have been limited largely to those phenomena caused by ,bact4 abortum4 ,bang 7#a7 originally called attention to the possibility of the male transmitting the organism discovered by him1 but he reached no definite conclusion on the subject4 ,james ,law 7#b7 writing on contagious abortion in cows1 early suspected this possibility when stating under 8casual infections10 that--8,in a case which came under the observation of the writer recently1 a family cow1 kept in a barn where no abortion had previously occurred1 was taken for service to a bull in a herd where abortion was prevailing1 and though she was only present at the latter place for a few minutes1 she aborted in the sixth month40 ,jansen1 as quoted by ,sand1 reports the case of a cow from an aborting herd having been taken into a herd that had been previously quite free from the disease4 ,soon after her arrival she aborted1 and later cow after cow of the original herd aborted4 ,the owner kept the matter a secret1 and sent his cow to a neighbor's bull for service1 with the result that for two years abortion prevailed among cows served by this bull4 ,mc,fadyean and ,stockman 7#c7 later1 in experimental work1 attempted but failed to infect cows by using a soiled bull for service4 ,hadley and ,lothe 7#d7 state3 8,a large number of stockmen hold that the bull is an important factor in the transmission of contagious abortion in herds4 ,a smaller number believe that the bull merely acts as a passive carrier of the abortion disease and is not actively concerned in the transmission40 ,in a subsequent bulletin1 ,hadley 7#e7 remarks3 8,the abortion organisms may enter the body 444 during sexual intercourse40 ,in an experiment carried on by the same author and co-workers1 abortion-free virgin heifers were mated to abortion-infected bulls1 infection being evidenced by positive reactions to the complement fixation and agglutination tests4 ,his results indicate1 he believes1 8that the bull is not so important a factor in transmitting abortion as many believe40 ,the conclusions are3 8,bulls may become infected with abortion bacilli4 ,bulls that reacted to the blood tests were incapable of disseminating the abortion disease to the abortion-free heifers with which they were mated4 ,bulls appear to possess a sexual or individual immunity to abortion infection that renders them less susceptible than cows and induces a milder form of the disease4 ,the resistance appears to be due to certain anatomic and physiologic differences in their sexual organs which make them less favorable places for the growth of the abortion germs than those of the opposite sex40 ,buck1 ,creech1 and ,ladson 7#f7 applied the agglutination test to #cbe mature bulls1 of which #bhh were negative and #cg positive4 ,bacillus abortus was isolated from five animals1 of which three showed marked lesions1 two in the seminal vesicles1 and one in the left testicle4 ,they conclude3 8,b4 abortus may involve organs of the generative apparatus of bulls1 producing chronic inflammatory changes4 ,of the generative organs1 the seminal vesicles appear to furnish the most favorable site for the lodgement and propagation of abortion infection40 ,schroeder and ,cotton 7#g7 cite the case of a bull which reacted to the abortion test and1 on post mortem1 ,bact4 abortum was isolated from an abscess of one epididymis4 ,they state3 8,our attempts to produce a similar case of infection artificially failed1 and1 in agreement with the difficulties many investigators have had to obtain incriminating evidence against bulls1 we have thus far failed to infect bulls in any way that justifies the assumption that they are important factors in the dissemination of abortion disease40 ,further1 they conclude3 8,regarding the dissemination of abortion disease by bulls1 we may say1 however1 that it would be foolhardy in the dim light of our present knowledge to take liberties with reacting bulls1 or bulls from infected herds1 or promiscuously used bulls40 ,cotton 7#h7 failed to demonstrate the presence of abortion bacilli in the genital organs of the bull used to serve aborting cows1 or in the testicles of two bull calves1 one of which had been fed and the other injected with the cultures of the abortion bacillus4 ,he concludes that the bull does not harbor the organisms in the testicles4 ,carpenter 7#i7 injected both streptococci and ,bact4 abortum into the scrotal sacs of young calves1 and intravenously in others4 ,in no case was he able to recover the organisms from any part of the genital canal1 except for a streptococcus in one instance4 ,rettger and ,white 7#aj7 were unable to obtain evidence of the presence of ,bact4 abortum in three bulls slaughtered after repeated reactions to the complement fixation and agglutination tests4 ,the three bulls had been under observation for three years1 with no conclusive evidence to indicate that they were a source of danger to the herds in which they were a part4 ,they believe that the bull transmits the infection as a passive carrier4 ,attempts at artificial inoculation by natural channels have failed1 with the possible exception of ,mc,fadyean1 ,sheather1 and ,minett 7#aa7 who were able to infect the bull by the prepuce in two cases and by the mouth in one case4 ,the results1 however1 are by no means conclusive4 ,they conclude1 nevertheless1 that cattle of any age of either sex may be infected by natural channels with the bacillus of epizootic abortion4 ,schroeder 7#ab7 carried out investigations to ascertain the frequency with which bulls react to abortion tests1 and the frequency with which lesions chargeable to abortion bacilli occur in the reproductive organs of reacting bulls4 ,studies were also pursued which he states conclusively prove that bulls with infected reproductive organs may expel abortion bacilli with the seminal fluid4 ,in the first two mentioned investigations #cbe bulls from a ,washington abattoir were tested1 and slaughtered upon reaction4 8,approximately ten per cent of the bulls reacted1 and approximately ten per cent of the reacting bulls showed lesions of the reproductive organs from which abortion bacilli were isolated40 ,the value of these studies1 he emphasizes1 lies not in 8that they give us a measure of the proportion of bulls that react positively to abortion tests or the proportion of reacting bulls that are carriers of abortion bacilli10 but in 8the fact that they show that abortion bacillus disease of the bull's reproductive organs is not a wholly unique affection which practically may be ignored1 but an important condition that must be taken into account in our efforts to combat infectious abortion1 since it has been proved to be associated with contamination of the seminal fluid40 ,in discussing the method by which infected bulls transmit the organisms to cattle1 he believes that leakage of semen from the penis1 or vaginas of cattle after service1 contaminates the food which subsequently gains entrance to their digestive tracts4 ,as the result of a series of experiments1 he states3 8444 the results fail to justify in the least degree the assumption that cows are infected with abortion bacilli via their vaginas or uteruses at the time of copulation1 or that the bull1 through copulation1 is an agent in the spread of abortion disease40 ,the work so far alluded to1 has been limited to infection with1 and the transmission of1 ,bact4 abortum and the lesions associated with such infection4 ,the last mentioned author1 however1 states3 8,a search for other specific causes of abortions among cattle has not been neglected1 and bureau investigators could relate at great length stories similar to those which investigators have told about microorganisms isolated from the products of abortions and the uteruses of cows that have aborted4 ,bacilli of various kinds1 different types of micrococci1 and spirilla or vibrio have been found repeatedly2 but when their pathogenicity has been tested in accordance with widely recognized and accepted and required bacteriological standards1 not one shred of evidence has been obtained to prove them true etiological factors of bovine abortions4 ,what role such microorganisms may have as causes of the sequellae of infectious abortions1 and of other1 possibly1 independent1 abnormal processes in the reproductive organs1 is far from clear and merits careful study40 ,hadley 7#e7 mentions the fact that3 8,unquestionably the male often becomes infected with the germs that produce the various secondary diseases in the female1 which are properly classed under the more inclusive term #8abortion disease4'0 ,also1 speaking of the rarity with which the bull acquires abortion infection1 he alludes to the fact that he may act as a 8mechanical carrier of various disease germs from an infected to a healthy cow40 ,carpenter 7#i7 working on the female genital tract1 comes to the conclusion that1 in all probability1 the genital organs are normally free from bacteria4 ,barney 7#ac7 quoting ,huet finds that bacteria may be present in the seminal vesicles of healthy animals 7horses1 cattle1 pigs1 and laboratory animals74 ,this1 he states1 corresponds with the well recognized findings in other parts of the genito-urinary tract1 not only in animals1 but in man4 ,he 7,huet7 has further found that in animals dying of acute septicemia1 the specific organism 7anthrax1 pneumococcus7 is to be found in the vesicular secretions4 ,furthermore it was definitely shown that an infection could be transmitted to the female during the act of copulation4 ,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 7#ad71 calls attention to the lack of veterinary literature relating to the pathology and bacteriology of the male genital tract1 except as related to infection with ,bact4 abortum4 ,infection with other types of bacteria is emphasized1 the clinical recognition of such1 with the accompanying pathological changes1 and of the numerous phenomena involved in the process of reproduction in the male4 ,the semen and its essential germinal elements are taken up with reference to the entire lack of study devoted to them1 and some of the abnormal changes are described4 ,in a later contribution 7#ae71 he takes up the part played by the bull in the dissemination of genital infections and states3 8,clinical studies now indicate with great clearness that the bull is an active spreader of that group of genital infections which cause sterility1 abortion1 and related phenomena40 ,williams1 ,w4 ,w4 7#af71 studied the semen with reference to sterility1 emphasizing the importance of its examination in the diagnosis1 giving methods for collecting samples1 staining of sperms1 and some of the abnormalities encountered4 ,the work is fundamental1 and should be of great practical importance to all interested in the problem4 ,in a later paper 7#ag71 he brings out a more extended discussion of the question4 ,he concludes that the clinical examination is of vital importance1 and that the efficiency of the semen depends not only upon its physical properties but upon the number of spermatozoa that are motile1 the degree of motility1 degree of obligospermia1 and the percentage of imperfect spermatozoa1 either deformed or immature4 ,of forty bulls examined1 he finds that twenty1 or fifty per cent1 showed lessened fertility1 and others1 aside from this1 showed minor changes in the genital organs or semen4 ,the same author subsequently takes up the subject of reproduction from the viewpoint of both sexes1 but emphasizing infection in the male1 and the frequency with which lowered vitality of the germinal cells occurs4 ,hopper 7#ah7 states3 8,a diseased bull may manifest non-fertility or decreased potency in different ways--by repeated service to apparently normal females without conception1 by a high abortion rate in females that have been apparently normal1 by characteristic infections following the use of any particular sire1 or by abnormalities in the breeding tract noted by rectal or physical palpation40 ,the observations of ,williams 7#ai7 in a pure bred dairy herd bring out quite clearly the relation of the bull to the dissemination of genital infections4 ,the bulls in this particular herd were abnormal in many respects1 as demonstrated by pathological changes in their genital organs1 bacterial invasion of the parts1 abnormalities of the semen and spermatozoa1 and the probable transmission of infection to the females4 ,several of the sires from this herd furnished much of the material for the early basic work of this investigation4 ,since then the tracts of other sires have been worked upon with quite similar or identical results4 ,to summarize the work already done1 most investigators have considered the bull as merely a mechanical carrier of ,bact4 abortum infection1 though all are more or less suspicious of his ability to become an active spreader4 ,schroeder1 however1 states that the organisms are eliminated with the semen1 but infection of the female occurs secondarily through the digestive tract by contamination of the food with the semen4 ,other investigators bring out fundamental points demonstrating the importance of other organisms than the ,bang bacillus and call attention to the need of a more thorough study of the anatomy1 physiology1 and pathology of the male genital tract4 ,any study of the genital organs must of necessity rest fundamentally upon a thorough knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of those parts4 ,too few of us have stopped to consider these questions thoroughly1 with the result that our ideas on the problem are more or less vague4 ,it is much easier to understand why abnormal spermatozoa occur so frequently1 or changes take place in the semen with death or weakening of the germinal elements1 if we realize or stop to consider the highly differential process of spermatogenesis1 and the various structures which contribute to the formation of the semen4 ,we must come to realize that each part of the genital tract is essential to the normal functioning of the whole1 and that the genital tract and reproduction are in turn dependent upon the proper functioning of the entire body4 ,walker 7#bj7 emphasizes the importance of a thorough knowledge of physiology in stating1 8,although the subject of sterility has attracted the attention of the medical profession2 and although much has been written on its causes and treatment1 it cannot be claimed that the practical results obtained up to the present time are satisfactory1 or that when consulted for sterility1 the medical man of today can hold out to his patient much more hope of successful treatment than the medical man of fifty years ago4 ,our failure in this respect is in the main due to an ignorance of the physiology of reproduction40 ,to bring out some of these points1 the anatomy of the tract will be reviewed briefly1 together with the physiology of reproduction1 and the various factors which should be considered in a study of the problem4 ,,anatomy ,,and ,,physiology ,in origin and early development the ovary and testis are identical4 ,the gonad and mesonephros or primitive kidney are developed from the urogenital fold4 ,the gonad first forms as a medio-ventral thickening of the fold1 which gradually expands until it becomes attached by a mere stalk4 ,at first1 the gland is made up merely of a superficial epithelial layer1 and an inner epithelial mass1 or epithelial nucleus4 ,in the process of development1 large primordial germ cells migrate from the entoderm of the future intestinal canal1 and pass through the stalk to the gonad4 ,in the case of the male gonad1 seminiferous tubules are very difficult to make out in embryos smaller than #bd millimeters4 ,then they suddenly differentiate out as solid cords of germ cells1 while the connective tissue grows in around them4 ,these connective tissue sheaths unite at the center of the organ to form the anlage of the mediastinum testis4 ,the testicular tubules unite and converge toward the hilus1 there to meet the anlage of the rete4 ,at the mesonephric end of the testis1 the rete first appears as a collection of cells1 differentiating out from the inner epithelial mass of the gonad4 ,these cells gradually grow out to meet the collecting portions of the mesonephric tubules on the one hand1 and the seminiferous tubules on the other4 ,the rete is represented as cords of cells at first1 which in forty millimeter embryos hollow out to form tubules4 ,the mesonephros1 or primitive kidney1 early starts to degenerate cranio-caudally1--the tubules becoming separated into a cranial and caudal group4 ,the collecting and secretory parts of the cranial group separate1 the collecting tubules growing out to meet the rete with which they unite to form the efferent ductules of the epididymis4 ,the caudal group of tubules is vestigial and becomes the paradidymis4 ,the mesonephric duct becomes the vas deferens1 connecting as it does with the tubules of the epididymis1 and emptying into the urethra at ,mller's tubercle or1 as it later becomes1 the colliculus seminalis4 ,the seminal vesicles arise as hollow saccules from the dorsal wall of the mesonephric duct just as it empties into the urethra4 ,the prostate develops as an outgrowth of the dorsal urethra just posterior to ,mller's tubercle4 ,the bulbo-urethral glands appear as solid1 paired1 epithelial outgrowths from the entoderm of the urogenital sinus4 ,mller's duct1 at first a solid tube growing from the anterior part of the mesonephros1 and ending at ,mller's tubercle1 becomes a hollow tube1 and in the female forms the entire genital tract except for the gonad and the lower part of the vagina4 ,in the male1 the anterior part remains as the vestigial appendix testis1 and the posterior part1 as the vagina masculina4 ,ellenberger states1 however1 that this embryonic structure is very seldom seen in the mature bull4 ,the ,male ,reproductive ,organs include the penis and testes1 together with the excretory passages which connect the testes with the urethral canal4 ,these excretory ducts include the epididymis1 vas deferens1 and seminal vesicles4 ,posterior to their termination in the urethra1 there are connected the ducts of the prostate gland and the bulbo-urethral or ,cowper's glands4 ,,testes3 ,the testicles of the bull are relatively large4 ,varying with the size and age of the animal they measure from fourteen to seventeen centimeters in length1 including the epididymis1 and from six to eight centimeters in diameter4 ,each testicle is enclosed within a serous sac1 the tunica vaginalis1 whose visceral layer is very intimately fused with the underlying covering of the organ1 the tunica albuginea4 ,the tunica albuginea is quite thin and consists of connective tissue which is rich in elastic fibres4 ,muscular tissue is not present as it is in the case of many mammals4 ,inside the tunica1 and closely attached to1 though separated from1 the parenchyma by a thin layer of connective tissue1 is a layer of very loose connective tissue1 which because of its rich supply of blood vessels is termed the tunica vasculosa4 ,the parenchyma is of a yellowish gray color1 and of a rather soft consistency4 ,it is made up of the seminiferous tubules1 rete1 and the connective tissue stroma1 the mediastinum testis4 ,on section1 the mediastinum appears as the center or axis of the entire organ4 ,it is star-shaped1 and radiates connective tissue septa out into the parenchyma to support and separate the tubules4 ,ellenberger states that the testis of the bull and all ruminants lacks a closed system of interlobular septa1 because of the feeble development of the connective tissue4 ,the principal blood vessels and rete tubules are found in this structure1 the function of the latter being to connect the seminiferous tubules and the efferent tubules of the epididymis4 ,the epithelium of the rete is quite irregular1--consisting in places of a single layer2 in others1 of two layers4 ,at some points there are formed groups of several cells lying over one another1 with swollen homogeneous basal cells1 which sometimes form projections into the lumen4 ,the interstitial tissue1 besides conveying the blood vessels to the organ1 contains many 8interstitial cells40 ,these cells are relatively sparse in the adult bull1 and are comparatively delicate1 slightly granular1 often shuttle-shaped1 with a rather small nucleus4 ,embryologically they are derived from a syncitium arising from the mesothelium of the genital ridge1 differentiating out by growth of the cytoplasm4 ,they contain large quantities of fat1 and elaborate the internal secretion of the testis4 ,this secretion governs the development of the secondary sexual characters1 and has a profound influence on the general body metabolism1 and development of the skeleton4 ,the interstitial cells appear early in embryonic life even before there is any differentiation of sex1 and their greater relative development in the fetus is indicative of a future male development4 ,in very young embryos1 the growth is very rapid1 followed1 however1 by a period of atrophy1 during which the seminiferous tubules undergo marked development4 ,pende 7#ba7 states3 8,there seems to be an inverse relation between the growth of the tubular and interstitial tissues1 as one is hypoplastic when the other is in full activity40 ,from birth to the onset of sexual maturity1 which may be called a period of rest for the testicle1 the cells are few in number4 ,with the accentuation of the secondary sexual characters1 and the beginning of sexual life1 these cells again increase in number and activity4 ,the parenchyma of the testis consists for the most part of the seminiferous tubules1 which1 on account of the courses they take in the different regions1 are divided into groups4 ,the peripheral tubules are the much-contorted tubuli contorti4 ,these anastomose to form the much shorter tubuli recti4 ,these in turn anastomose frequently1 uniting to form the rete testis4 ,the rete proceeds through the mediastinum to form the efferent ductules which break through the tunica albuginea to form the greater part of the head of the epididymis4 ,the tubuli contorti are the longer and more numerous of the tubules1 for it is here that practically all the spermatozoa are produced4 ,the straight tubules are relatively so short that they may be regarded more in the light of the beginning of the system of excretory ducts4 ,the seminiferous tubules consist of a thin peripheral membrana propria upon which rests the seminal epithelium1 which is made up of the essential semen forming cells1 and the cells of ,sertoli4 ,the spermatogenic cells may be divided into three groups1 from within outward3 the peripheral single layer of small cuboidal spermatogonia2 one or two rows of large spermatocytes2 and three to five rows of spheroidal spermatids4 ,the cells of ,sertoli are more or less of the syncitial type1--large in size and irregular in outline4 ,they occur at various intervals between the layers of spermatogenic cells1 with their bases resting upon the membrana propria4 ,centrally they send out protoplasmic processes for variable distances1--some even reaching the border of the innermost cell layers4 ,,spermatogenesis3 ,in this process1 the primary germinal cells1 the spermatogonia1 divide to form the primary spermatocytes4 ,maturation consists of two cell divisions of the primary spermatocytes1 and these in turn form four spermatids4 ,during the process1 the number of chromosomes is reduced to half the number characteristic of the species4 ,the spermatids then become converted into mature spermatozoa4 ,this mode of transformation may be seen in ,plate ,i4 ,in the process1 the nucleus of the spermatid forms a large part of the head3 the centrosome divides1 part passing to the extremities of the neck4 ,one centrosome becomes the anterior1 and remains attached to the head1 while the other divides to form the posterior centrosome4 ,the latter is divided into the anterior part1 and the posterior nodule or annular ring4 ,besides this1 the posterior centrosome becomes elongated to form the axial filament1 and the cytoplasm forms the sheaths of the neck and tail4 ,the spiral filament of the connecting piece is derived from the cytoplasmic mitochondria4 ,at this time1 a large part of the cellular cytoplasm is cast off4 ,meanwhile1 the spermatozoa sink their heads into the long protoplasmic processes of the ,sertoli or 8nurse0 cells which furnish nutritive material for their complete development4 ,finally the adult cells are cast off into the lumen4 ,the structure of the spermatozoa1 and a discussion of the semen will be taken up later4 ,,epididymis3 ,the epididymis is divided into three parts3 the head1 body and tail4 ,the head is made up principally of the lobules formed by the much-coiled efferent ductules proceeding from the rete4 ,the ductules1 about twelve in number in the bull1 unite to form the body1 which remains coiled and runs along the postero-medial part of the testicle to which it is more or less closely attached4 ,to quote ,ellenberger 7#bc73 8,the transition from the rete into the ductules is gradual1 as the characteristic epithelium of the latter 7ductules7 begins in cavities without walls1 and at first1 gradually form a wall which is well marked out as a thin ring of interstitial tissue4444 ,the epithelium of the ductules is in sharp contrast to the rete in that it has a single-layered ciliated columnar epithelium1 in which here and there one finds round basal cells4 ,the dark and light columnar cells alternate2 the cilia are often cemented together1 and form cone-shaped1 homogeneous appearing protuberances4 ,the secretory activity is quite clearly observable4 ,in the light cells one finds secretory globules1 accumulating in rows1 sometimes above1 other times below1 arches of cells4 ,the secretory droplets pass from the cells into the lumen1 and often lie in irregular layers on the epithelium2 also the basal cells appear swollen and shoved out between the cylindrical cells40 ,at the lower extremity of the testicle1 the tail is formed1 which is globular in shape1 and more or less loosely attached to the testicle4 ,here the ductules anastomose freely1 gradually become less coiled1 and end in the single excretory tube1 the vas deferens4 ,the epithelium at the tail part is more or less of the pseudo-stratified columnar1 ciliated variety4 ,outside this is a membrana propria1 a circular muscular layer1 and a connective tissue coat4 ,the secretory activity is very marked here and one finds much secretion in the lumen1 ,courrier 7#bd71 working on the bat1 suggests that the glandular activity is conditioned by the secretion from the interstitial 7endocrine7 gland4 ,the action of the secretion is to dilute the large mass of spermatozoa present1 nourish them to some extent and also stimulate them to active motility4 ,stigler 7#be7 states that the properties of the sperms are modified in the epididymis2 the motility1 the ability to resist heat1 and other properties are augmented1 at least in the case of the guinea pig1 rat1 and mouse4 ,some authors state that the sperms first become motile when in contact with the prostatic secretion1 but ,i have repeatedly examined the contents of the tail of the epididymis of the bull1 rabbit1 and guinea pig1 finding full motility in each case1 though the duration is not nearly as long as when the sperms are ejaculated in the semen4 ,the ,,vas ,,deferens is quite narrow 7#b mm47 and runs from the tail of the epididymis to the verumontanum1 or colliculus seminalis1 where it empties into the urethra in common with the duct of the vesicle4 ,at first it is lined by epithelium similar to that of the vas epididymis1 but this changes over into a peculiar low stratified type4 ,ellenberger describes it as follows3 8,the epithelium shows a very pronounced basal coat4 ,the overlying cell zone shows more 7at the most1 three7 rows lying over each other of elongated nuclei1 while an outline of cell form is not ordinarily noticeable1 so that it may be spoken of as a syncitium1 and at the same time as a many layered epithelium40 ,the mucosa forms low1 broad folds into the lumen4 ,the tunica propria is a thin connective tissue layer4 ,the submucosa consists of thin connective tissue4 ,three muscular coats are present3 an inner thin longitudinal layer1 middle circular layer1 and an outer longitudinal layer4 ,all are more or less intimately blended1 and are surrounded by the adventitia1 made up of connective tissue1 elastic fibres and scattered longitudinal muscle cells of the internal cremaster muscle4 ,near the dorsal surface of the bladder1 the ducts come in close apposition1 and for ten to twelve centimeters dilate to form the ampullae4 ,here the mucous membrane becomes much plicated1 forming long folds which anastomose freely4 ,the function of the vas is to convey the spermatozoa and secretions from the epididymis to the urethra4 ,disselhorst 7#bf7 believes the ampulla acts as a seminal reservoir and states that he has found spermatozoa stored up in the little pockets in the walls of this structure in animals during the rutting time4 ,he suggests1 further1 that there is a relation between the state of development of the ampulla and the time occupied by copulation4 ,when the organ is small or absent1 as in dogs1 cats1 and boars1 the coition is a slow process1 but when the ampulla is large and well developed1 as in horses and sheep1 the coitus requires a relatively short time4 ,inasmuch as coitus is so rapid in the bull1 and the ampulla is so well developed1 it seems as though this function is very probable4 ,the ,,seminal ,,vesicles are very compact glandular structures lying on either side of the median line1 on the dorsal side of the bladder1 and ventral to the rectum4 ,in the mature bull they measure ten to twelve centimeters in length1 four centimeters in width1 and about two and one-half to three centimeters in thickness4 ,the glands are distinctly lobulated1 quite tortuous1 and are often asymmetrical in size and shape4 ,they converge posteriorly1 to empty into the urethra at the colliculus seminalis with the ampulla1 in a slightly oval slit in the mucosa4 ,microscopically1 the gland is of the anastomosing tubular type1 with very poorly developed excretory ducts to the glandular cavities4 ,posteriorly one finds centrally a few sinus-like narrow excretory passages1 which open into the somewhat larger collecting and excretory duct4 ,the epithelium is of the simple columnar type and produces a relatively large amount of secretion4 ,the gland cavities are surrounded by a membrana propria1 over which is a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle4 ,outside this is a connective tissue covering which sends trabeculae or septa in between the lobules4 ,the secretion of the seminal vesicles is a tenacious albuminous fluid with a slightly yellowish tinge1 all or part of which appears in the ejaculate in the form of swollen sago-like grains which are soon dissolved following ejaculation and the liquefaction of the semen4 ,the proteid compounds belong to the group of histones4 ,the secretion is liquid when warm and coagulates when cold4 ,some say that the filling of the vesicles serves to excite sexual feeling1 but this is doubtful in view of the fact that in some animals the sexual desire exists before the vesicles are filled4 ,likewise1 ,steinach found that rats1 whose seminal vesicles had been removed1 still retained their desire for copulation4 ,the function of the secretion is to furnish much of the volume to the semen1 and in some way it has a distinct bearing on fertility1 inasmuch as extirpation of the organs in rats leads to lowered fertility4 ,the vesicles of the bull are in no sense a store-house for spermatozoa1 as is usually understood4 ,repeated examinations in a large number of bulls have led to the finding of spermatozoa there only in very rare instances4 ,that they serve as a resorption place for sperms that are not ejaculated is also very unlikely4 ,normally1 one sees on smear of the vesicles1 occasional cells1 leucocytes1 lecithin granules1 sago bodies1 and rarely a few degenerated spermatozoa4 ,the ,,colliculus ,,seminalis is a rounded or cone-shaped eminence in the posterior urethra1 upon which the ducts of the seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia open4 ,the ducts open separately at the bottom of two narrow slits1 one on each side of the mound1 there being no distinct ejaculatory duct as in man4 ,the function of the colliculus or verumontanum is not definitely known4 ,it is generally believed that the structure is made up of blood spaces which become engorged during erection1 causing a blockage of the posterior urethra1 which prevents regurgitation of the semen4 ,rytina 7#bg71 however1 demonstrated that the structure is not composed of any unusual number of blood vessels or spaces1 and that removal of the organ was not followed by regurgitation of the semen into the bladder during ejaculation4 ,he believes1 and quite logically1 that its function is to afford a prominence upon which the ducts may empty4 ,the mixture of the thick gelatinous semen with the thin prostatic secretion must occur at the moment of ejaculation and must be perfectly homogeneous1 otherwise large numbers of the organisms remain in the thick gelatinous portion of the fluid4 ,the eminence serves this purpose in that the prostatic ducts which converge toward it1 may eject their secretion toward the eminence1 producing an admixture more evenly and quickly4 ,,prostate3 ,the bull possesses what ,ellenberger calls a diffuse prostate4 ,that is1 there is no distinct glandular body as in man4 ,it is composed principally of a glandular sheath around the urethral wall4 ,just posterior to the neck of the bladder1 and in front of the urethral muscle1 there is formed a slight dorsal transverse elevation1 extending downward on the sides4 ,this is what might be termed the body4 ,the greater part of the gland is 8disseminate0 in form1 being a sheath of glandular tissue embedded in the urethral wall4 ,dorsally it is about ten to twelve millimeters thick1 and ventrally about two millimeters4 ,the gland is a branched tubular structure1 the interlobular tissue of which contains much unstriped muscle4 ,the lobules are lined by a columnar type of epithelium4 ,the ducts1 about thirty to forty in number1 open into the urethra in two rows posterior to the colliculus4 ,the secretion is a thin1 slightly turbid fluid1 of a faintly alkaline reaction4 ,its function is to dilute the semen1 stimulate the motility of the spermatozoa and nourish them4 ,fish 7#bh7 believes that the activating property of the secretion is due to enzymes1 because boiling deprives the fluid of its power to accelerate the motility of the spermatozoa4 ,serrlach and ,pares1 quoted by ,marshall 7#bi71 working on dogs1 have adduced evidence indicating that the prostate is an internal secretory gland which controls the testicular functions1 and regulates the process of ejaculation4 ,it is stated that if the prostate is removed1 spermatozoa are no longer produced in the testis1 and that the secretory activity of the accessory genital glands ceases4 ,these changes1 however1 can be prevented by the administration of extracts of the prostate4 ,the fact that the prostate elaborates a secretion having a definite relation to the testis1 has been verified by other authors4 ,,cowper',s ,,glands 7,bulbo-,urethral73 ,these glands are paired1 oval structures about one and one-half by two and one-half centimeters in size1 situated on either side of the dorsal pelvic part of the urethra close to the ischial arch4 ,they are deeply embedded1 with the bulbus urethae1 in the bulbo-cavernosus muscle1 thereby being inaccessible to palpation4 ,in general1 they are of a well developed anastomosing tubular type4 ,the connective tissue stroma is relatively thin1 and thickens only in between the larger lobules1 where one finds the larger collecting ducts4 ,each gland opens by a single duct4 ,the epithelium is of the simple cuboidal type4 ,little is known of the function of its secretion1 though ,kingsbury 7#cj7 regards it in the light of a mating gland2 that is1 it lubricates the genital passages during coitus1 as does its homologous structure in the female1 ,bartholin's gland4 ,ellenberger describes the urethra1 slit ventrally1 as presenting the following picture3 8,the colliculus seminalis distinctly appears as a process or offshoot of the crista urethralis of the ,trigonium ,vesicae4 ,at the summit1 and at the bottom of the two slits1 open laterally the ducts of the vesicles1 and medially the ductus deferens4444 ,from the caudal slope of the colliculus go two distinct mucous membrane folds which run through the entire pelvic urethra1 near together1 somewhat diverging1 and then coming together1 so that they form an elongated1 narrow oval4 ,at their caudal union1 the excretory ducts of the bulbo-urethral glands open side by side4 ,at the point of departure of the folds from the colliculus1 arises a niche-shaped opening1 between both folds1 and likewise lateral to each fold4 ,in these niches open the ducts of the prostate4 ,the openings of the disseminate prostate lie in rows as in the horse1 but form not less than six rows4 ,there is one row medial to each fold1 and two lateral4 ,mullet mentions only the medial rows4 ,these rows extend to the opening of the ducts of ,cowper's glands4 ,the stratum glandulare 7disseminate prostate7 is very easy to recognize with the naked eye40 ,,semen3 ,the semen is the mixed product of the testicles1 their excretory passages1 and the accessory sexual glands1 a fact which complicates its study considerably4 ,the freshly ejaculated fluid is cloudy1 tenacious1 more or less coagulable1 and is rich in albumen4 ,it is weakly alkaline in reaction1 and contains eighty to ninety per cent of water4 ,of the solid constituents1 there is forty per cent of ash1 of which three-fourths is calcium phosphate4 ,besides the spermatozoa1 the semen frequently contains epithelial cells1 leucocytes1 concentric amyloid concretions1 and lecithin bodies4 ,when cold1 the characteristic phosphoric acid salts are precipitated4 ,the fluid content is the product of the tubules of the testicles1 their excretory ducts1 and the accessory sexual glands4 ,the characteristic odor of the semen is supplied by a slimy nucleoalbumen 8spermin0 which forms the spermatic crystals1 and is furnished by the prostatic secretion4 ,during ejaculation the spermatozoa and secretions added by the testicle and epididymis are probably carried to the ampulla by peristaltic muscular action1 in the earlier stages of the orgasm4 ,at the height of the orgasm1 the ampulla is emptied into the posterior urethra in common with the secretion of the contracting vesicles1 here to be admixed with the thin prostatic secretion4 ,the entire mixture is then propelled1 and ejaculation produced by strong muscular contractions of the entire urethra4 ,as was stated before1 the semen is the product of the testicles1 the excretory ducts1 and the accessory sexual glands4 ,the testes furnish the essential germinal elements1 the sperms1 and some of the fluid content4 ,then is added the product of the epididymis1 vas1 and ampulla1 which stimulates the spermatozoa to active motility1 nourishes the organisms1 and adds somewhat to the fluid bulk of the secretion4 ,stigler 7#be7 states3 8,during its sojourn in the epididymis1 the properties of the spermatozoa are modified2 the motility1 ability to resist heat1 and other properties are augmented1 at least in the case of the guinea pig1 rat1 and mouse40 ,to the secretion is then added the product of the vesicles1 which contributes markedly to its fluid content1 nourishes the sperms1 and supplies the ferment which induces clotting of the semen when ejaculated4 ,this is very important because the clot formed in the vagina protects the delicate spermatozoa from the hostile acid vaginal secretion4 ,the prostate likewise adds bulk and nourishing substances1 besides stimulating the spermatozoa to fuller and more lasting motility4 ,the addition of the spermin is perhaps unimportant4 ,the function of the secretion of the ,cowper's glands1 which is added at this time1 is problematical4 ,it does1 however1 have a diluting action on the semen4 ,perhaps its secretion is poured out prior to ejaculation so as to lubricate the canal and prepare the way for the semen4 ,fish 7#bh7 has demonstrated by means of darkfield illumination1 the presence of numerous minute particles or ultraparticles in this fluid4 ,their character and significance are matters of conjecture1 but it would seem as though they were not identical with the 8chylomicrons0 or fat particles found in the blood by ,gage4 ,perhaps further researches will reveal some intimate connection between the number present in a field1 and the relative potency of the animal4 ,each portion of the tract furnishes some essential element to the mixed product which is so remarkably adapted both as a vehicle for the ejaculation of the spermatozoa1 and as a fluid in which their motility is initiated and maintained4 ,any derangement of one part is fraught with danger to the existence of viable spermatozoa1 and the continuation of full fertility on the part of the animal4 ,the physiology of each contributing gland must be borne in mind at all times4 ,walker 7#ca7 investigated the fertility of the semen of the dog1 taken from various parts of the tract4 ,his results were3 7#a7 semen from the testicle and head of the epididymis showed no motility1 7#b7 semen from the tail of the epididymis showed some motility in the more fluid contents of the preparations1 7#c7 semen from the vas deferens appeared about the same1 7#d7 a mixture of epididymis semen and prostatic secretion showed active motility1 and 7#e7 likewise in a mixture of epididymis semen1 though only in those places where the fluids had become well mixed4 ,my observations1 however1 differ in one respect with regard to the bull1 as ,i have found full motility of the spermatozoa from the epididymis1 but it is not so lasting as when augmented by the addition of the prostatic fluid4 ,boettcher 7#cb7 concludes3 8that the secretion of the accessory male genital organs possesses a protective colloid1 which 7#a7 hinders the spermatozoid action of the vaginal secretion1 at least until the sperms have time to reach the interior of the uterus which is an alkaline reaction1 7#b7 that it makes the ejaculate more voluminous1 so that by cohabitation1 a very good part of the vagina becomes moistened1 and the spermatozoa become distributed over the greater part of the vaginal mucosa4 ,this distribution is rendered necessary because some of the fluid flows from the vagina following coitus4 ,in this manner the opportunity is given for a part of the ejaculate containing the spermatozoa to be brought easier to the external os1 and 7#c7 it happens that because of its content of sodium chloride the life of the spermatozoa is stimulated and prolonged40 ,a fuller discussion of the essential physiology of the various parts of the tract on the semen content1 and fertility1 will be taken up later4 ,the changes in biochemical content1 reaction1 and the result of the addition of bacterial products will also be more fully discussed4 ,,spermatozoa3 ,the history of the discovery of spermatozoa is very interesting1 and for that reason a brief outline will be given4 ,the 8semen threads0 were first observed in the year #affg1 by ,ham1 a student of ,leeuwenhoek at ,leyden4 ,the discovery was announced1 confirmed by findings in the dog and rabbit1 and discussed by the latter author under the title3 ,observationes ,anthonii ,l4 de natis e semine genitali animaculis 7,upon the formation of young from procreative material74 ,the sperms were taken to be animals on account of their motility1 and their significance remained questionable if not unknown4 ,spallanzani1 quoted by ,marshall 7#bi71 was the first to show that the filtered fluid was impotent1 and that spermatozoa in the semen were essential to fertilization4 ,kolliker1 in #ahda1 discovered that the sperms arise from the cells of the testis1 and ,barry in #ahdc1 observed the conjugation of sperm and ovum in the rabbit4 ,this led to a clear understanding of the function of these important germinal elements4 ,the spermatozoa are the male procreative cells1 and are characterized by the possession of a head containing the chromosomes necessary for fertilization1 and a tail capable of propelling the organism on its way to meet the ovum4 ,the length of the entire sperm1 including the head1 is seventy-five to eighty microns4 ,the head is nine and five-tenths microns long1 and five and five-tenths microns wide4 ,it may be divided into two principal parts1 the head and tail4 ,the head1 for the larger part1 is made up of the nucleus1 and may be differentiated by staining reactions into a darker staining posterior part1 an anterior lighter part1 and often a still lighter area between the two4 ,on the anterior part is a sharpened edge1 the acrosome1 which serves to perforate the ovum4 ,the whole is surrounded by a very definite limiting membrane which often becomes obscured under abnormal conditions4 ,the tail may be divided into three parts3 connecting piece1 principal part1 and terminal filament4 ,the connecting piece1 the essential motile apparatus1 is the thickest and strongest part1 and joins the tail proper to the head4 ,it consists of the central axial filament1 a spiral filament around this1 and an outer mitochondrial covering4 ,anteriorly it is limited by the anterior portion of the posterior chromosome1 and posteriorly by the annular chromosome4 ,the anterior chromosome is directly connected with the head1 there appearing a light break here at the neck where separation frequently occurs4 ,this neck serves as a joint for the motion4 ,the axial filament1 therefore1 does not reach the head1 but extends back from the anterior part of the posterior chromosome4 ,the principal part consists merely of the axial filament1 and a thin outer covering1 while the end piece is quite thin and is made up solely of the uncovered axial filament4 ,the finer structures are seen only when special staining reactions are used1 and then only when the sperms are obtained directly from the testicle4 ,the function of the sperms is of course primarily that of fertilization4 ,numerous observers have1 however1 thought that they might have some other definite1 though unknown1 use4 ,an editorial in the ,journal of the ,american ,medical ,association 7#cc7 raises several important questions regarding this obscure phenomenon4 ,the fact that an enormous number of spermatozoa are produced1 and only one1 or at most1 a few perform the function of fertilization1 raises the question as to what becomes of the remainder4 ,it is stated3 8,zoologists have found that in some of the invertebrates the spermatozoa invade the entire body of the female1 and in some species they reach the ovum by penetrating the cuticle from outside and migrating to their goal4 ,studies on rodents show that the sperms invade the epithelium of the generative mucosa and underlying connective tissue4 ,these tissues seemed to be stimulated to growth1 suggesting that this may influence the uterine mucosa in its preparation for receiving and embedding the egg1 and in forming the decidua40 ,it has been shown that the sperms contain a specific protein capable of producing antibodies in the blood plasma1 by citing the fact that rabbits develop a distinct ,aberhalden reaction for testicular proteins shortly after cohabitation4 ,one very important observation showed that by immunizing female rabbits with sperms they were rendered sterile for some time1 although after a few months they again became capable of impregnation4 ,the question raised is3 8444 if the spermatozoa invade the female tissues and cause the formation of specific antibodies which are capable of preventing fertilization1 may not such a process participate in the problem of sterility80 ,this very problem seems to be a factor in explaining why some couples who are not fertile to each other subsequently are both fertile when they cohabit with other individuals4 ,motility3 ,after clinical observation of the motility of the spermatozoa of the bull1 ,i find that it differs little or none from the types as observed by ,reynolds 7#cd7 in his work on human spermatozoa4 ,his observations are so accurate and well described that they will be given in his words4 8,all normal motions appear to be consecutive phases4 ,initial motion1 i4 e41 motion as seen in fresh semen under favorable conditions1 consists of a lashing of the after part of the tail from side to side which is so rapid as to constitute vibration4 ,it produces rapid forward motion in a practically straight line1 the head1 middle piece1 and forward portion of the tail maintaining their position in the line of motion with practically no swaying from side to side4 ,the action of the flagellum is so rapid that it is quite impossible to follow its individual movements4 ,spermatozoa swimming in this manner head against the current and usually cross the field of observation in about five seconds in the absence of currents or obstacles4 ,this type of motion will be described throughout the paper as #8progressive vibratile' motion4 ,progressive vibratile motion is normally succeeded after a variable length of time by what ,i regard as the second phase of normal motion4 8,the second normal motion differs from the first not only in its character but in markedly reduced speed4 ,the tail movement alters to a long stroke from side to side and almost the whole length of the tail partakes in the stroke4 ,this is1 moreover1 accompanied by swaying of the head and middle piece through an arc which is always considerable and may even equal ninety degrees4 ,the general outline of the spermatozoa1 from being practically straight with almost non-detectable sharp1 quick1 small arc vibration of the after-tail1 has become an ,s in outline1 with large1 slow1 plainly perceptible undulations traveling gradually backward throughout the length of the spermatozoon4 ,speed has been lost and direction seems to be more specifically determined by the surroundings4 ,individuals at this stage show a pronounced choice of direction and go up to objects in the medium1 from which they later make off as though the movement were determined by tactile reaction to some extent4 ,this type of motion has1 therefore1 been named #8undulatory tactile' in contradistinction to #8progressive vibratile4' 8,the third type of normal motion succeeds the second and consists in a tendency on the part of the spermatozoon to push itself against or into any small masses of cells1 or sometimes other materials1 which it may find in the neighborhood1 bunting itself into any small cove that can be found1 and maintaining a slight burrowing motion by a lashing tail movement of the vibratile type not unlike the movements of the caudal fin of a fish4 ,the movement of the flagellum in this third type is unlike the second type in that it is vibratile rather than lashing1 but is slower than the vibratile motion of the first type and less limited to the afterpart of the tail4 ,these spermatozoa are apparently not caught in the debris or unable to move off4 ,from time to time1 they back out of such a cove and seek another mooring place4 8,this #8stationary hunting' motion is less universal than the other two4 ,many individual spermatozoa fail to attain it4 ,it seems probable that only the most vigorous individuals ever reach this stair04 ,it has not been encountered in unmixed semen or in any artificial mediums4 ,it has been observed only when the spermatozoon is in the secretions of the female genital tract4 ,it is most frequent when the spermatozoon is in contact with a nest of epithelial cells4444 8,the three types of normal motion are not only distinctive but are always consecutive1 i4 e41 the second follows the first after a period which is apparently determined both by initial vitality and by the favorable or unfavorable character of the medium1 while the third has been observed to occur only in individuals which have already developed the second4 ,they apparently constitute a normal cycle4 8,this cycle is open to the theoretical explanation that these types of motion are directly adapted to the function of the spermatozoon2 thus1 the progressive vibratile motion which is characteristic of the earliest period of its existence appears especially suitable for its prolonged journey through the cervix and uterus to the fundus and tube4 ,this is supported by the fact that during this motion it always heads directly against any existing current1 and that during this stage of its journey it must under natural conditions be continuously exposed to the faint outward ciliary currents of the mucous membrane of these passages4 8,the undulatory tactile motion which succeeds the progressive vibratile would then be well adapted to the later stage in which the spermatozoon has reached the tube1 where its success in conjugation is dependent on its finding the ovum rather than on further progress4 8,the stationary bunting type of motion is that which would be demanded by the passage of the spermatozoon through the egg membrane which has been so often observed in the lower animals4 ,this very plausible explanation is1 however1 necessarily theoretical and must always remain so1 as the conditions which surround the specimen on the field of the microscope vary in so many respects from those in which it accomplishes conjugation in the course of nature2 but the practical importance of the study of types of motion is not affected by their explanation40 ,the duration of motility is a variable factor1 dependent entirely upon the environment in which the spermatozoa are placed4 ,within the body they usually survive at least a week4 ,one author describes a case in which he found living sperms in a woman who stated that coition had not been experienced for three and one-half weeks4 ,it has been stated with regard to human sperms1 that their motion should continue or be capable of being re-established for twelve hours4 ,cary 7#ce7 states1 8first1 that in their proper medium and at the body temperature the viability of the sperm cells may extend over a period of a few days2 second1 that their prolonged vitality is probably dependent upon the normal lime salts of the prostatic fluid2 third1 that the sustaining power of the seminal fluid is increased by its union with the normal secretion of the female genital tract40 ,after death of the male animal they retain their motility in the genital tract for twenty-four to forty-eight hours4 ,wolf 7#cf7 worked on this problem in rabbits1 and summarizes as follows3 8,the motility of rabbit spermatozoa can be preserved for at least nine days by placing the juice of the epididymis in the ,tyrode solution which had been buffered and to which glucose had been added4 ,the solution is adjusted to a p,h of about #g4d4 ,oxygen is passed in and a suitable amount of sodium bicarbonate added4 ,the preparation must be kept at a temperature near the freezing point of water40 ,under ordinary conditions motility persists outside the body only a few hours after ejaculation1 but if the semen is kept quite cool till the time of examination on a warm stage1 motility should be capable of being restored in at least a fair percentage of the sperms for twenty-four to forty-eight hours4 ,the cells are more sensitive to heat than to cold1 and even to dilute acids more than to alkalies4 ,henle 7quoted by ,ellenberger7 states that a spermatozoon under favorable conditions travels at the rate of twenty-seven millimeters in seven and one-half minutes1 which makes three and five-tenths millimeters per minute4 ,this is about sixty times the entire length of the spermatozoon1 and twenty-one centimeters in an hour4 ,forward motion is also more pronounced when the swim is against the current1 such as is produced by the cilia of the oviduct4 ,it has been demonstrated that feebly motile sperms become very actively motile when placed on the mucosa of a fresh ,fallopian tube4 ,,technique ,the material used in the work came from abattoir animals1 bull calves and adult bulls raised in the department herd1 and sires upon which clinical observations had been made by various veterinarians in the field4 ,semen samples1 many of which were sent in1 were collected as often as possible after the method described by ,williams 7#af74 ,the genital organs were removed with as little chance of contamination as possible1 and taken or sent to the laboratory where the examinations were made soon after arrival4 ,all cultures were made by searing the surface carefully1 tearing out a small portion of the tissue with sterile forceps1 and placing it upon the media4 ,in most cases1 however1 where fluids were present1 tubes were inoculated with the material which had been drawn off with a sterile pipette4 ,as stated by ,carpenter 7#i71 in his work on the female genital tract1 the organisms usually live in the depths of the tissue4 ,the media used principally were glucose glycerin agar 7glucose #a per cent1 glycerin #c per cent72 plain agar1 both with a p,h value of #g4d1 and ,loeffler's blood serum4 ,small amounts of sterile blood serum or defibrinated blood were added to most of the agar slants to insure better growths of streptococci when present4 ,all tubes1 to which the serum had been added1 were incubated for forty-eight hours before inoculation to insure absolute sterility4 ,after inoculation1 the agar tubes were sealed with sealing wax to give a partial oxygen tension which was quite necessary in isolating the streptococci4 ,the growth of other organisms was by no means hindered by the procedure1 for one tube from each organ was often left unsealed4 ,incubation was at #cg ,c1 and the routine method of examining the tubes was identical with the method of ,carpenter 7#i74 ,whenever possible1 a sample of blood was obtained from the animal either before1 or at the time of slaughter1 for agglutination with ,bact4 abortum antigen4 ,extracts from the seminal vesicles1 testes1 and epididymes were injected into the guinea pigs and examined at the end of four to six weeks for the presence of ,bact4 abortum4 ,sections of all organs were fixed as soon as possible in either ,zenker's or ,helly's fluid4 ,hematoxylin and eosin were used as routine tissue stains4 ,eosin and methylene blue1 and ,mallory's connective tissue stain were1 however1 frequently utilized for special staining reactions4 ,the motility of the spermatozoa is best observed about half an hour after ejaculation1 when the thick tenacious clot has started to liquefy4 ,a drop of the fluid is placed upon a warmed slide1 preferably one with a slight depression in it1 and observation made with high or low powered objectives4 ,the semen may be examined whole1 or diluted with physiological saline solution4 ,in the latter case1 the sperms have a greater opportunity for freedom of motion in the absence of the thick viscid coagulate4 ,a small vial of saline solution may be carried in one's pocket where it will be kept warm1 and a drop of this placed upon the glass slide4 ,if the clot of semen is merely touched to this drop on the slide1 plenty of spermatozoa will be deposited for an examination4 ,this method is very satisfactory for the observation of motility1 but needless to say1 the undiluted semen must be used for the determination of the number of sperms present4 ,if necessary1 the specimen may be covered with a cover glass and the oil immersion objective used4 ,while a warmed slide is quite sufficient to enable one to detect the presence of motility1 the field soon cools and the sperms gradually become less motile4 ,if possible1 it is best to use a small electrically heated stage warmer1 which keeps the field at a constant body temperature1 so that the duration of the motion may be observed for hours if warmed physiological saline solution is added as the fluid evaporates4 ,stained preparations are best made with thin smears on the glass slides4 ,this is conveniently done by placing a drop of the semen on a slide and smearing it over the surface with the edge of another slide4 ,a fairly thin and even field is thus obtained4 ,a still better method is to first dilute the semen with physiological saline solution1 so as to obtain fewer sperms in the field4 ,after drying the preparation in air1 fixation may be produced by drawing the slide through a gas flame several times1 by immersion in equal parts of alcohol and ether1 or even by the use of tissue fixers such as ,helly's or ,zenker's fluids4 ,for ordinary staining1 heat fixation is the quickest1 and at the same time is quite satisfactory4 ,after the slide is cooled1 or washed1 to remove the fixing solutions1 it should be placed for a few minutes in a freshly prepared solution 7#a per cent7 of chlorazene1 as recommended by ,williams1 to remove the mucus and proteid material which otherwise blur the field4 ,other authors 7#ch7 have recommended diluting the semen with about twenty volumes of a #j4ab per cent sodium carbonate solution in #j4h per cent sodium chloride4 ,from this liquid the cells should be centrifuged for several minutes1 removed with a pipette1 and smeared on the slide4 ,following this1 the slide should be thoroughly washed1 preferably for ten minutes in running water1 after which it is ready for staining4 ,numerous methods have been used for this procedure1 but the sperms are more or less erratic in their reactions to the dyes1 and one must be very careful to use the same method in all samples1 in order to obtain uniform results4 ,for quick staining1 to bring out gross abnormalities of structure1 and number of sperms present1 one may use ,gram's stain1 or a light stain with any of the aniline dyes1 such as fuchsin4 ,to bring out the finer structure1 particularly of the head1 more careful technic must be employed4 ,carnett and others 7#ch7 recommend the following3 8,the method of staining by iron-hematoxylin1 particularly when supplemented by a cytoplasm stain1 has proved1 on the whole1 the most satisfactory1 and possesses the additional advantage of being absolutely permanent1 a quality that few anilines can boast4 ,the method consisted of treating the fixed object--and here the fixing agent was heat--with a two per cent solution of iron-alum for from two to four hours4 ,the excess of iron-alum was then completely removed by pure water1 and the object treated with a solution of hematoxylin 7one per cent aqueous7 for twelve hours or longer4 ,the cells by this time were perfectly black4 ,however1 a #a per cent solution of iron-alum removed the stain from the cytoplasm1 leaving the chromatin of the head1 the centrosome1 and the axial filament a brilliant blue-black4 ,care must be taken that the preparation is not over-decolorized4 ,after decolorization a saturated aqueous solution of eosin was added for from one to three minutes4 ,this stained the protoplasmic envelope pink1 and1 unless the envelope is overstained1 the view of the inner structures is not impaired in the least40 ,williams 7#ag7 recommends using two staining solutions1 one of alcoholic eosin and fuchsin1 the other a diluted methylene blue4 ,the results obtained are1 however1 more or less erratic1 due to the unstable character of the former stain1 and the ease with which one may over or under stain4 ,many beautiful specimens may1 nevertheless1 be obtained by this method4 ,i have frequently used a fairly quick method1 though one not satisfactory in all cases1 which consists of staining for five or six minutes in a saturated aqueous solution of fuchsin1 washing in water1 and counterstaining for a few seconds in a strong solution of methylene blue4 ,a quite satisfactory method is to stain from two to five minutes in a saturated aqueous solution of methyl green1 with the application of gentle heat4 ,the heat may be applied by warming the slide over a gas flame as it steams1 or by placing the jar containing the stain in a hot water bath4 ,the slide is then washed thoroughly and counterstained for five minutes in a strong aqueous solution of eosin4 ,this is a fairly reliable method1 and many excellent preparations may be obtained by its use4 ,the nucleus is stained green1 the anterior part of the head and all of the tail pink4 ,so far1 ,i have found this a very reliable stain for routine work4 ,,pathology ,in the genital tracts that ,i have studied1 a complete pathological and bacteriological examination was made wherever possible1 but in many of the abattoir animals1 and certain others1 gross and microscopical examinations only could be made4 ,the genital organs of one hundred and ninety-six males have been examined1 and the gross or microscopical changes1 or both1 determined4 ,the abattoir animals were from a large slaughter house1 and a small local plant4 ,of the tracts1 the pathology of which was studied1 two were from aborted fetuses2 seven from apparently normal young calves2 four from mature fertile bulls2 and sixteen from mature infertile or sterile sires4 ,the remainder 7#afg7 of those examined were from abattoir animals4 ,besides these1 three specimens of seminal vesicles1 and seven of testes were studied4 ,the tracts of the aborted fetuses and veal calves were apparently normal1 both on gross and microscopic examination of the vesicles and testes4 ,on gross examination1 the tracts of the mature fertile bulls were normal1 except for the presence of many fine connective tissue tufts and strands upon the serous covering of the tails of the epididymes1 and adjacent portion of the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis4 ,microscopic sections of all parts were apparently normal4 ,the more important pathological changes in the tracts of the sixteen sterile or infertile bulls are given in the appended chart4 ,the tracts are numbered the same as in ,group ,,vi of the report of the bacteriological findings2 that is1 any particular number in either table refers to the same animal4 ,references are made throughout the text to some cases which appear in this group of animals4 ,prostate and ,cowper's glands are not included in the chart as they were not examined in some1 and were negative in the others4 ,fibrous tufts and strands were present on the covering of the epididymes in each animal4 ,the study of sections from the abattoir animals1 as well as those from the sterile or infertile bulls1 forms the basis for the following observations upon the pathology of the male genital tract4 ,the tracts secured from the abattoir were studied for the most part on the basis of the organ rather than on that of the animal4 ,for example1 all sections of testes were placed in the same bottle of fixer1 and the same plan followed for the other organs4 ,,testes3 ,the testes seldom presented gross alterations of structure except for abscess formation1 which1 according to ,williams1 occurs more frequently in the bull than in any of the other domesticated animals4 ,he also states that arrest in development by which the organs remain soft1 flaccid1 and somewhat smaller than normal is not uncommon4 ,one very interesting specimen1 which typifies abscess formation1 came from a bull with a history revealing that one testis had become much enlarged1 hot1 and painful4 ,these symptoms developed very rapidly4 ,anorexia was well marked4 ,local applications were used for several weeks1 but at the end of two months the condition was so little improved that unilateral castration was performed4 ,the general condition of the animal soon improved1 but after a year of service he was so uncertain compared to what he had been1 that he was sent to the butcher4 ,it was impossible to obtain the other testicle for study1 though it undoubtedly was abnormal4 ,the testicle removed was considerably enlarged1 measuring twenty by ten and one-half centimeters4 ,the tunica albuginea presented a thickness of six millimeters1 and was made up of firm sclerotic tissue4 ,the epididymis was not recognizable in the mass4 ,testicular tissue was almost entirely gone4 ,the only remains1 of what appeared to have been parenchyma1 was an elongated irregular area at one side of the organ4 ,this tissue consisted of a whitish opalescent material1 speckled with varying sized abscesses4 ,this organ is pictured in ,fig4 #c4 ,the remainder of the organ consisted of a thick yellowish caseous mass4 ,streptococcus viridans was recovered from the outer portion of the organ1 and guinea pig inoculations failed to demonstrate ,bact4 abortum4 ,microscopically1 changes are quite common and varied in character4 ,in the seminiferous tubules1 the changes range from a slight desquamation of the germinal epithelium to atrophy and complete degeneration of the entire tubule1 as was the case in the left testis of ,bull #a4 ,in the mild cases1 spermatogenesis occurs apparently in a normal manner up to the spermatid stage1 at which point many of the cells degenerate and slough off4 ,these appear in the seminal fluid1 associated with the few sperms that reach maturity4 ,this sloughing and degeneration may be localized in a few of the tubules1 or it may be widespread over the entire organ4 ,likewise1 the changes may involve not only the more mature cells1 but they may be so severe as to cause almost total degeneration and desquamation of the seminal epithelium1 as in ,fig4 #ae4 ,these defects in spermatogenesis are of course evidenced in the semen by the presence of immature1 or abnormal types of sperms4 ,with cessation of spermatogenesis or degeneration of the epithelium of the entire gland1 no sperms are formed4 ,not infrequently one finds numerous tubules1 or even the entire testis in which the germinal epithelium is intact1 but there is little or no evidence of mitosis1 as in some tubules of ,bull #f4 ,the cells are several layers deep as in the normal condition1 but they are not dividing4 ,this condition is shown in ,fig4 #ac4 ,in the more chronic forms1 the tubules become atrophied1 and frequently disappear entirely4 ,the membrana propria may become thickened1 due to excessive connective tissue formation1 or infiltration with serum or exudate4 ,on the other hand1 a distinct atrophy may occur4 ,the stroma of the organ not infrequently is thickened by inflammatory exudates1 or by a noticeable increase in the connective tissue4 ,in some testes1 the connective tissue is so much increased that the tubules rapidly become atrophied1 and disappear4 ,in abscess formation1 due to acute inflammations1 the entire organ becomes enlarged1 markedly hyperaemic1 and infiltrated with leucocytes4 ,necrotic areas appear here and there in the parenchyma4 ,the rete often shows a marked degeneration of the lining epithelium1 and atrophy caused by increase of the interstitial connective tissue4 ,,epididymis3 ,this organ not infrequently presents gross abnormalities1 and very often is pathological on microscopic examination4 ,acute1 inflammation1 with induration or abscess formation1 is very common in the tail1 but less so in the head and body4 ,possibly this is caused by the fact that the tail is the most pendant portion of the organ4 ,in these cases1 the tail is enlarged1 soft1 and quite hot and painful on physical examination4 ,enlargement1 due to a connective tissue induration1 occurs occasionally in all three parts1 and the inflammation may produce adhesions to the adjacent serous membranes4 ,inflammation of both the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis is very common4 ,in those cases1 the membrane usually is quite hyperaemic1 and on the surface it presents many small reddened tufts of newly-formed connective tissue4 ,in adult bulls it is exceptional not to find at least slight evidence of some previous inflammation4 ,in all of the numerous bulls examined1 both apparently normal and sterile1 ,i have found but one in which some evidence of inflammation 7either present or past7 could not be found4 ,along with the fibrous tufts1 are numerous fine strands of connective tissues passing from the covering of the tail of the epididymis to the adjacent portion of the parietal layer of the tunica4 ,the strands often extend even to the upper part of the head4 ,microscopically1 inflammation of the part is shown by hyperaemia1 loss of cilia of the lining cells1 and exudation4 ,in the more severe forms1 the lining cells which furnish considerable secretion for the nourishment and stimulation of the sperms1 become degenerated1 and are exfoliated into the lumen1 as in ,fig4 #ba4 ,this condition is very common in sterile bulls1 and those of lowered fertility4 ,in the chronic types1 the interstitial connective tissue is increased in amount1 leading to degeneration and atrophy of part or all of the tubules1 as in the case of ,bull #b4 ,infiltration with leucocytes1 and necrosis1 are the predominating lesions in the pyogenic types of inflammation4 ,,ductus ,,deferens3 ,this tube seems to be peculiarly free from severe inflammatory processes1 and when these appear they are limited to the mucosa4 ,the cells of the lining membrane not infrequently show a mild type of degeneration and exfoliation1 or in the more chronic forms1 the entire membrane degenerates and disappears4 ,in man1 the duct occasionally becomes occluded1 but so far ,i have failed to find this condition in the bull4 ,undoubtedly1 when the occlusion does occur1 it is near the origin of the duct at the tail of the epididymis4 ,,seminal ,,vesicles3 ,the seminal vesicles and epididymis1 especially the tail1 seem to be the parts most subject to extensive pathological changes1 and bacterial invasion4 ,in most instances1 diseased vesicles present gross manifestations recognizable on clinical examination1 while on the other hand microscopic changes may be present in the absence of gross lesions4 ,as diagnosed on physical examination1 or even on post mortem examination of the tract1 the various forms may be classified into3 #a4 ,acute ,catarrhal ,type3 ,in this form1 the vesicles are usually enlarged1 soft1 and more or less reddened by hyperaemia4 ,on physical examination of the animal1 distinct flinching is produced when pressure is applied to the organ4 ,enlargement may even be absent in the early stages1 and the diagnosis may be made from the extreme sensitiveness alone4 #b4 ,suppurative or ,cystic ,types3 ,in both of these types1 the vesicles are usually enlarged1 either uniformly1 or1 as is usually the case1 in localized areas4 ,the suppurative form may extend over the entire gland1 forming one large encapsulated abscess1 or on the other hand1 it may take the form of variable sized abscesses with thick sclerotic1 or thin fluctuating walls4 ,occasionally the abscesses rupture and discharge their contents into the rectum4 ,dr4 ,williams presented one case of this type4 ,one vesicle was apparently normal1 whereas the other was about five times larger than normal1 and consisted of a dense outer capsule which was adherent to all surrounding parts4 ,on dissection1 it was found that the organ consisted of abscesses of various sizes1 the larger one of which had ruptured some time previously into the rectum1 leaving the distinct remains of an opening into that part4 ,the cystic form may occur either with or without suppuration4 ,one case came to my attention in which both vesicles were made up of abscesses of varying sizes as well as of a smaller number of cysts4 ,evidently the cysts were of the retention type1 and were secondary to the pyogenic infection4 #c4 ,chronic or ,sclerotic ,type3 ,this form is characterized by a distinct firmness with or without marked enlargement4 ,the condition may be accompanied by disease of the parenchymatous tissue or it may take the form of a chronic productive inflammation of the interstitial tissue4 ,this inflammation may be simply a superficial thickening1 or it may extend in between the lobules4 #d4 ,the ,peri-vesicular or 8pan-inflammatory0 ,type usually is the result of severe inflammation of the vesicles1 with probable rupture of some of the smaller cysts or abscesses upon the surface4 ,the vesicles are1 as a rule1 considerably enlarged and buried in a dense mass of adhesions which involve neighboring structures4 ,the vesicles cannot be palpated on physical examination1 and it is only on careful post mortem dissection that they may be studied4 ,this type1 however1 is quite rare1--two cases only having come to my attention4 ,in both1 the vesicles themselves were markedly affected4 ,microscopically1 changes in the vesicles are quite frequently encountered1 even in the absence of gross manifestations4 ,in the acute catarrhal forms1 the mucosa and submucosa are hyperaemic4 ,the lining cells show various forms of degeneration1 and there are1 as a rule1 inflammatory exudates in the lumen4 ,as the inflammation progresses1 the lining cells degenerate further1 and become cast off into the lumen of the glandular cavities1 as in ,plate ,,vi4 ,the normal clear mucous secretion becomes mixed with fibrin1 leucocytes1 and cellular debris4 ,these changes may involve merely parts of the organ1 or they may be quite extensive4 ,with large sections1 one may find the inflammation in all stages1 from the mildest catarrhal type1 to complete degeneration and exfoliation of the secretion-forming mucosal cells1 and filling of the cavities with degenerated cells1 leucocytes1 and debris4 ,frequently the interstitial tissue is in no way affected1 but at times it is thickened by oedematous exudates1 leucocytes1 and fibrin4 ,the chronic interstitial form is characterized by a considerable increase of connective tissue1--producing marked atrophy1 or even complete obliteration of the glandular cavities4 ,microscopically the suppurative form may be diffuse over the entire gland1 or as stated previously1 may be in the form of localized abscesses1 with or without a thick connective tissue wall4 ,the parenchyma in these cases is usually extensively degenerated and atrophied in those parts that have not undergone suppuration and necrosis4 ,the cysts appear to be of the ordinary retention type1 and may or may not be accompanied by extensive changes in the lining epithelium4 ,both the abscess formation and cystic conditions are undoubtedly initiated by an obstructive inflammation of all or part of the excretory duct4 ,this is1 however1 a protective mechanism1 for where the duct is closed the bacteria and exudates are unable to reach the urethra and contaminate the semen4 ,,prostate ,,and ,,cowper',s ,,glands3 ,these glands were more or less neglected in the early part of the work1 but later were subjected to the same examination as other parts4 ,of the thirty-six of each type of gland examined1 ,i failed to find one with any gross changes1 but two prostates were found that presented a mild catarrhal inflammation of the mucosa4 ,it is probable that ,cowper's glands1 as well1 occasionally undergo inflammatory changes4 ,,semen3 ,the semen1 made up as it is of mixed products of the testes and accessory sexual glands1 is very often abnormal1 as would be expected in view of the frequency with which changes occur in the glands contributing to its formation4 ,the normal semen is remarkably adapted to its function of nourishment and stimulation of the spermatozoa1 and their conveyance to the internal female genital organs4 ,the spermatozoa are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment1 with the result that any alteration of the physical or biochemical content of the seminal fluid may cause death of the sperms4 ,with this in view1 we must remember that disease of any of the contributing organs is a potential danger1 and threatens the potency of the animal4 ,each or all of the glands may add bacteria1 acid secretions1 or inflammatory exudates4 ,on the other hand1 they may not function at all4 ,in each case1 however1 the semen is altered4 ,unfortunately it is impossible with present methods to obtain the fluid absolutely free from vaginal mucus1 but with care it may be secured reasonably free from contamination by douching the prepuce of the bull and vagina of the cow before service4 ,this method was used as often as possible in collecting the samples4 ,the usual amount of semen obtained was from six to ten cubic centimeters4 ,with a hypersecretion of one or all of the glands1 the semen becomes quite thin and watery1 with a deficiency of solid matter1 together with changes in reaction4 ,on the other hand1 hypofunction results in a secretion too viscid1 which is equally unsuited to the requirements of the spermatozoa4 ,the thin watery semen clots imperfectly or not at all1 and clotting is essential in protecting the spermatozoa from the acid secretions of the vagina4 ,likewise1 a medium too viscid is a distinct hindrance to motility4 ,changes in reaction are very frequently encountered4 ,the sperms are very sensitive to dilute acids1 so that with even a slight acidity motility may diminish or entirely cease4 ,purulent inflammatory exudates are occasionally mixed with the semen1 and although the pus cells themselves have not been found to be destructive to the sperms1 certain degeneration products in the exudate are very toxic1 and inhibit or destroy the motility4 ,so far1 ,i have failed to find red corpuscles present4 ,one very interesting sample of semen was quite thick1 of a yellowish green color1 and of a distinctly acid reaction4 ,the secretion from the vesicles was later found to be of this same character1 and was due to a ,ps4 pyocyaneus infection4 ,the vesicles were highly inflamed and degenerated4 ,the spermatozoa were in this case markedly decreased in number1 and devoid of motility4 ,the early precipitation of the 8,boettcherchen0 crystals seems to be intimately connected with sterile semen1 or spermatozoa of lowered vitality4 ,likewise1 a decrease in solid matter is often seen in a deficient secretion4 ,in normal semen1 the clot disappears after standing a time1 and a thick sediment settles out4 ,this sediment is decreased in amount as a rule in abnormal semen4 ,,spermatozoa3 ,spermatozoa1 the essential germinal elements1 are very frequently abnormal1 changes in which may be manifested in many ways4 ,we may divide the deviations into changes in structure1 and changes in the motility which is so indicative of the intrinsic vitality of the sperm4 ,reynolds 7#cd7 describes two forms of abnormal motion4 ,the first is 8rotary swimming10 in which the sperms move forward progressively1 and sometimes with fair rapidity1 but in a spiral screwlike manner4 ,he states that this type of swimming is very awkward1 easy to recognize1 and is usually of quite long duration4 ,the other form termed 8pendulum swimming10 he states1 is less common than the rotary swimming and is usually confined to relatively fewer sperms in a given field4 8,in this the middle piece and upper tail seem to lose their flexibility and balance to a considerable degree1 and the lower tail motion swings the forward part of the spermatozoon to and fro with a pendulum movement4 ,this type of swimming yields very poor progress40 ,one factor we must bear in mind in the study of the semen obtained from the vagina1 is that the spermatozoa may be highly motile before ejaculation1 but the admixture of hostile vaginal mucus may inhibit or destroy the motility4 ,on the other hand1 the conditions may be reversed4 ,cary 7#ce71 in one instance1 found that the spermatozoa in a sample of semen collected from a condom1 appeared to be of very low vitality1 while when they were mixed with the vaginal secretions1 an exaggerated activity was manifested4 ,may we not have to contend with this factor in some herds in which there is a very distinct acid and toxic vaginal secretion from the products of cervicitis and vaginitis8 ,in a study of motility1 we must consider not only the abnormal types which may be encountered but the percentage of motile cells1 and the duration of the movement4 ,in necrospermia all the ejaculated cells are motionless or dead4 ,in other specimens1 varying percentages of the cells are without motion1 and the others may be possessed of full and lasting motility4 ,on the other hand1 the motility in some cases is very active at first1 but quickly subsides even under the best of conditions4 ,the appearance in freshly ejaculated semen of numerous sperms that have a tendency to take on the 8undulatory tactile0 type of motion when they should be in a highly active state1 is very indicative of lowered vitality4 ,many specimens present this very picture1 whereas the very active progressive movement should1 under proper conditions1 survive for a considerable time before it gives way to the second1 and slower type4 ,the cells frequently early bunt into epithelial cells or clumps of immotile sperms1 then back out and move around sluggishly1 only to repeat the same performance till they stop moving entirely4 ,i have seen one specimen in which the sperms all tended to clump4 ,whether this was the result of some agglutinative substance in the vaginal secretion is problematical4 ,i have seen several specimens of semen in which practically all the sperms were motile when first examined1 but the motion did not survive for any great length of time4 ,even a small percentage of motionless sperms or of those showing lowered vitality is a considerable factor in potency4 ,although millions of the germinal elements are ejaculated into the vagina1 large numbers of them are destroyed or become motionless there1 and a small number is left behind in the cervix and uterus2 so that even though but a single sperm is required for fertilization1 the chances of impregnation are diminished in proportion to the number of dead or defective sperms4 ,aspermia3 ,absence of spermatozoa in the semen is rarely encountered1 and is probably due either to total cessation of spermatogenesis1 or to an obstruction at some point in the system of excretory ducts4 ,i have seen but one case of this character4 ,the semen of this bull was greatly increased in amount1 and of a thin watery consistency4 ,due to lack of cooperation on the part of the owners1 the tract could not be obtained for study4 ,oligospermia1 or a diminution of the number of spermatozoa1 is quite common1 and is undoubtedly associated with defective spermatogenesis1 either as a result of poor mitosis of the seminal epithelium1 or degeneration of the elements before maturity4 ,this condition may vary from the finding of only occasional dead sperms in the field1 to but a slight decrease in the usual number of normal sperms observed4 ,abnormalities in morphology may be classified into immature types1 and deformities or imperfect development of the head and tail4 ,defective spermatogenesis occurs so frequently that it is not surprising to find spermatozoa in various stages of development cast into the excretory ducts4 ,the various stages passed through in the development1 from spermatogonia to adult sperm1 are numerous1 and it therefore is to be expected that we should see in abnormal semen many different immature forms4 ,no classification of the various types can be made1 but a clearer understanding of them can best be obtained by a review of the process of spermatogenesis4 ,spermatocytes and spermatids are seen in the more severe types of defective spermatogenesis1 and are relatively uncommon1 while the more mature forms that result from the transformations of spermatid to adult cell are very often seen4 ,some of these intermediate types are large oval cells without distinct nuclei and as a rule with poorly developed tails4 ,cells with no tails or distinct nuclei1 those with protoplasmic appendages to the head or tail1 and various other types1 are occasionally encountered4 ,most of these are motionless and incapable of producing impregnation4 ,others are active1 but survive a comparatively short time4 ,according to ,cary1 the production of the immature cells is an effort on the part of the testes to supply an abnormal demand1 and their presence indicates that the fertility of the semen is impaired4 ,the deformities1 which may be divided into cephalic and caudal groups1 are also the product of defective spermatogenesis1 or they represent a degenerative process induced possibly by abnormalities of the fluid environment4 ,it is rather difficult1 however1 to distinguish between deformities and immature types4 ,the two most common cephalic deformities are what might be called macro and microcephalic forms4 ,in the former1 the head is enlarged to a greater or less extent1 it is usually defective in staining qualities1 and its outline is indistinct1 due to degeneration of the covering membrane4 ,this type is seen in ,fig4 #cb4 ,also the shape of the head is usually abnormal1 being either quite rounded1 long and narrow1 or short and very broad4 ,cells with protoplasmic appendages1 though they are more properly an immature type1 occasionally give the head a greater volume4 ,microcephalic sperms vary from those slightly smaller than normal to those in which the head is represented by a slight knob4 ,in some cells1 the head is small and round1 in others1 short and stubby1 while another type is normal in outline but diminutive in size4 ,these forms likewise are1 as a rule1 deficient in staining qualities1 and are undoubtedly degeneration forms1 occurring either as the result of faulty development1 or degeneration subsequent to their formation4 ,cary believes they are degeneration types because in the majority of cells the tail is apparently fully formed1 and in the normal process of evolution the tail is the last part of the cell to be exhibited4 ,double headed forms are quite rare1 but they nevertheless appear at times4 ,their significance is difficult to explain4 ,another very frequent deformity of the head is a marked constriction at the posterior part so that it is the shape of a pear or top as in ,fig4 #bg4 ,in some1 the head is otherwise normal in size1 while in others it is much elongated1 as in ,fig4 #bh1 or considerably atrophied4 ,a constriction at the middle of the head1 as in ,fig4 #bi1 is not uncommon4 ,both defects are undoubtedly the result of nuclear deficiency1 as the nuclear part of the head in these cases is much diminished in size1 and stains very deeply or not at all4 ,i have seen spermatozoa1 the heads of which were like an inverted cone1 with a bulging rounded base4 ,other heads are even somewhat contorted and bent on themselves1 as shown to some extent in ,fig4 #bf4 ,under caudal deformities1 the most frequent form encountered is a thickening of the connecting piece4 ,this may occur as a uniform thickening1 or as a bulging appendage4 ,rudimentary development of the tail1 the presence of two poorly formed tails1 and defective development of the connecting piece occur rather infrequently4 ,all these immature and defective types are1 as a rule1 motionless1 and of course incapable of producing fertilization4 ,their presence indicates lowered fertility of the semen4 ,besides these deformities1 there are sperms showing a curvature of the tail at an acute angle just posterior to the neck1--the so-called 8wry neck40 ,their significance is difficult to explain1 but they occur frequently in semen fixed and stained by the same routine methods used on samples in which they are absent4 ,they probably are not the result of the methods used in fixing and staining4 ,some think they are slightly immature types1 or that the condition is produced by abnormal contractions of the tail4 ,the majority of sperms1 however1 especially those from highly fertile bulls1 do not show this type at all4 ,the most common changes in the spermatozoa1 are those in which there is a separation of the head from the tail1 and degeneration of the head as evidenced by reaction to stains4 ,the separation of the head from the tail always occurs at the neck1 and often is associated with degeneration or abnormalities of the head4 ,the separation1 in the majority of cases1 indicates some lowering of vitality in the elements1 although in many instances traumatism produced in making smears or collecting the samples is responsible4 ,various forms of abnormal staining of the head are very common4 ,the cell membrane1 which is normally distinct and sharp1 becomes blurred in outline4 ,normally1 the head takes a good differential stain1 the anterior part staining lightly1 and the posterior part somewhat deeper4 ,the nucleus is distinct in outline and well defined4 ,the lighter 8inner body0 stands out in well stained specimens4 ,as the result of degeneration1 the whole head may take the stain uniformly1 either slightly or much deeper than normal1 according to the degree of degeneration4 ,the whole problem of staining1 however1 depends very much upon the methods used1 and the care with which they are applied4 ,when a good method is obtained1 it should be adhered to1 and used uniformly on all specimens4 ,as a rule1 however1 a certain amount of practice will enable one to differentiate between the sharply outlined1 clearly staining normal forms1 and those that show abnormal reactions to the stains4 ,,bacteriology ,a complete bacteriological study was made of the genital tracts of fourteen normal young veal calves 7six to twelve weeks old71 four mature fertile bulls1 and sixteen mature bulls1 either sterile or impotent to some degree4 ,together with these1 the tracts of eleven aborted fetuses1 seven calves dying from calf infections 7scours or pneumonia71 and sixteen bulls slaughtered at an abattoir were studied bacteriologically4 ,occasionally1 studies were made of individual seminal vesicles or testes1 when these parts alone were brought or sent in4 ,the history of the abattoir animals was1 of course1 quite indefinite or entirely negative4 ,on the killing floor1 many tracts could be studied for pathological changes1 but in the bacteriological work it was difficult to care for more than two tracts on each visit4 ,the results of the bacteriological examinations are given in the appended tables1 in which the tracts are divided into six groups4 ,the results in ,group ,i4 consisting of normal veal calves1 indicate that the genital organs of young male calves are1 under normal conditions1 free from bacteria4 ,carpenter 7#i7 obtained like results in examining the genital tracts of heifer calves4 ,the cultures made from the seminal vesicles and testes of all these veal calves were1 with two exceptions1 negative4 ,both seminal vesicles of one tract and one of another yielded cultures of ,staphylococcus albus4 ,adult bulls of known fertility were naturally difficult to obtain1 only the four animals in ,group ,,ii being available for examination4 ,two of these 7,nos4 #a and #b7 were from the experimental herd kept by the department1 and at all times had a good breeding history4 ,the other two were good breeders1 but were slaughtered because of poor pedigrees4 ,bull #a1 raised in the department herd1 had a severe attack of scours when a few weeks old1 while the calfhood history of the other is not known1 he having been purchased after reaching sexual maturity4 ,the cultures from the genital organs of the former 7,bull #a7 were entirely negative1 except those from the left epididymis and scrotal sac1 which yielded growths of ,streptococcus viridans4 ,all the organs of the tract from this animal were normal1 except for the fact that numerous strands of connective tissue extended from the serous covering of the tail of both epididymes to the adjacent part of the parietal layer of the tunica4 ,the tract of the other failed to show any organisms4 ,the only evidence of any abnormality was the presence of the same connective tissue strands on the tail of the epididymis1 as in the first tract4 ,the other two bulls gave negative cultures from all parts4 ,of the sixteen bulls in ,group ,,iii1 slaughtered at abattoirs1 and in which no history was available1 eight failed to show the presence of any organisms in their genitalia4 ,of the others1 the vesicles yielded cultures of ,staphylococcus albus nine times1 and streptococci four times4 ,staphylococcus albus was recovered once from the prostate1 and once from ,cowper's glands4 ,the testes gave cultures of staphylococci in two cases1 and ,bact4 abortum in one4 ,no observable anatomical changes accompanied the presence of the ,bang bacillus in this case4 ,the epididymes showed growths of staphylococci five times1 and streptococci on three occasions4 ,streptococci were isolated from the scrotal sacs of eight testes4 ,the results in ,group ,,iv 7aborted fetuses7 show that bacteria are often present in the seminal vesicles or testes of these animals4 ,as a rule1 however1 the organisms are identical with those isolated from the blood or other parts of the animal4 ,this is to be expected1 however1 for because of the feeble resistance of the fetus to any infection1 the organisms circulating in the blood may be isolated1 as a rule1 from many different organs and tissues4 ,all samples of blood set with ,bact4 abortum antigen were negative1 irrespective of whether or not the organism was recovered from the blood or other tissues4 ,this is in accordance with the findings of ,carpenter in the female fetus1--the resistance is so feeble that few or no antibodies are formed to combat any existing infection4 ,bact4 abortum was recovered in two cases from the vesicles1 and in four cases from the testes1 but in each instance the same organism was present in the blood or other tissues of the body4 ,the results from the tracts of the calves dying of calf infections are given in ,group ,v1 and show that five were negative4 ,the other two showed ,b4 coli1 staphylococci1 and streptococci1 in the organs indicated by the chart4 ,in ,group ,,vi1 the mature infertile or sterile bulls1 there was a comparatively wide variation in the type of organisms encountered1 but streptococci and micrococci were the most common invaders4 ,in the order of the frequency of infection1 the organs would be enumerated as follows3 ,vesicles1 epididymis 7usually the tail71 scrotal sac1 testes1 prostate1 and ,cowper's glands4 ,the first three parts mentioned usually contained bacteria4 ,a streptococcus was the usual invader of the scrotal sac1 and very probably was the cause of the connective tissue tufts and strands so frequently seen4 ,the vesicles and epididymes gave1 in the order of the frequency of their occurrence1 staphylococci1 streptococci1 ,b4 coli1 and ,ps4 pyocyaneus4 ,the streptococci were usually of the viridans group1 though a few were hemolytic1 and two strains were indifferent to blood4 ,the testes gave growths in only eleven instances1--staphylococci eight times1 streptococci two times1 and an unidentified rod once4 ,the prostate yielded staphylococci twice and ,cowper's gland once4 ,as emphasized previously1 the vesicles and tail of the epididymis are most subject to infection and degenerative changes4 ,at the same time1 they are intimately connected with the secretion of the semen4 ,once the epididymis becomes infected1 there is nothing to prevent the organisms1 together with inflammatory products1 from being mixed with the semen and ejaculated during coitus4 ,also in the vesicles1 unless the inflammation is so severe as to occlude the excretory duct1 the organisms are mixed with the vesicular secretion1 which is emptied into the urethra during ejaculation4 ,carried along with the bacteria1 are1 of course1 toxic products1 degenerated cells1 and the otherwise altered secretion of the glands4 ,one interesting case noted was that of a bull that had passed from a state of fertility to that of complete sterility during a period of two months4 ,the semen was semi-fluid1 greenish yellow in color1 and contained a very few non-motile spermatozoa4 ,post mortem examination showed that the vesicles had undergone abscess formation and that they contained yellowish green material similar to that which had been discharged during copulation4 ,streptococcus hemolyticus and ,ps4 pyocyaneus were isolated from both vesicles1 and from the semen4 ,micrococcus albus was isolated in nearly all cases of vesiculitis and was often associated with ,streptococcus viridans or hemolyticus4 ,bacteriological studies of the semen are1 on the whole1 more or less unsatisfactory1 due to the present difficulty in obtaining samples free from any chance of contamination4 ,in most of the abnormal bulls1 bacteria of various types were isolated from the semen1 most of which agreed culturally with those later isolated from the internal genital organs of the same tracts4 ,the method of culturing consisted of douching the prepuce of the bull and vagina of the female with sterile saline solution before breeding4 ,samples of vaginal mucus were taken before service1 and the flora compared to that after douching4 ,this method of douching produced vaginal samples relatively free from bacteria1 at least so much so that the post coital fluid demonstrated that many organisms must have been introduced from without4 ,whether or not they came in with the semen is problematical1 but in all probability this was the method of introduction4 ,i have so far failed to obtain ,bact4 abortum from the tract of an adult animal1 either by direct culture or guinea pig inoculation1 except from the testicle of one abattoir bull4 ,the agglutination tests with ,bact4 abortum antigen were all negative1 except for two abattoir bulls4 ,the results so far obtained would seem to indicate that1 in accordance with the findings of other workers1 the ,bang organism seldom invades the male genital tract1 or does not thrive there after its introduction4 ,schroeder 7#ab7 and others1 have1 however1 on various occasions1 recovered the organism from the bull1 and the former author even states that it invades the vesicles and is eliminated with the semen4 ,,discussion ,a complete discussion of those factors which have a bearing on reproduction and fertility in an animal1 includes not only a thorough study of the genital tract1 but an appreciative consideration of various extrinsic factors4 ,the effect of environment has long been known to have a marked influence upon breeding1 particularly with reference to animals in domestication4 ,diet1 though long relegated to a minor phase of the question1 has1 within recent years1 come to be a matter of prime importance with regard to its bearing upon the entire body metabolism4 ,the endocrine organs preside over and regulate the growth and functioning of the genital organs from the earliest embryonic stage to the cessation of sexual life4 ,any derangement in one results in functional or organic changes in the other4 ,in a given mating1 we must take into consideration such factors as impediments to coitus1 as well as those numerous agencies in the female which may interfere with the union of sperm and ovum1 or with the successful implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus1 and its growth and development there till normal parturition takes place4 ,successful reproduction depends upon the mating of sexually sound females to equally sound males4 ,considering the various factors which govern reproduction1 sexual soundness must necessarily depend1 to a large extent1 upon a good general condition of the entire body4 ,,environment3 ,the effect of environment on fertility in the bull is no doubt a minor factor4 ,cases in which changes in environment affect fertility probably occur1 however1 particularly when fear and other psychic disturbances play a part4 ,marshall 7#bi7 states3 8,it would seem probable that failure to breed among animals in a strange environment is due not1 as has been suggested1 to any toxic influence on the organs of generation1 but to the same causes as those which restrict breeding in a state of nature to certain particular seasons1 and that the sexual instinct can only be called into play in response to certain stimuli1--the existence of which depends to a large extent upon appropriate seasonal and climatic changes40 ,,diet3 ,under this heading we may include not only the effect of deficient food1 but also constitutional disorders1 as a result of which the organs of generation and those glands guarding their function receive insufficient nourishment4 ,it is a well known fact1 and long has been1 that animals fail to breed when they are in a run down condition or when they are fed a deficient diet4 ,cary 7#ce71 quoting ,hagner1 states that the virility of the spermatozoa is often in direct proportion to the general physical condition of the patient4 ,reynolds 7#cd7 emphasizes the fact that it is an established principle among animal breeders that a high protein diet in both sexes is essential to full fertility4 8,oligospermia with deficient vitality of the spermatozoa is not infrequently found from constitutional disorders4 ,it can easily be demonstrated in animals that both low diet and conditions of life that produce a nervous excitable state are attended by oligospermia40 ,animals that are closely confined1 those that are over-fat 7show animals71 as well as those fed a deficient ration very frequently fail to breed1 but exercise and change of diet soon overcome the impotency4 ,dutscher1 ,hart1 ,steenbock1 and other biological chemists have done extensive work to show the essential importance of vitamines and minerals in the diet4 ,their results indicate that animals cannot thrive and breed normally when fed a diet composed solely of the products of one plant4 ,there must be variety1 and there must be not only a correct nutritive ratio1 but the mineral and vitamine content must be present as well4 ,cows fed on the products of one plant often failed to breed1 and if conception occurred1 it invariably resulted in a premature birth1 or the birth of weak and poorly nourished calves4 ,the work of these authors is fundamental1 and brings out many important points4 ,is it not probable that the deficient diet results in weakened tissues which are easier prey to the invasion of bacteria8 ,macomber and ,reynolds 7#ci7 experimented upon white rats to determine the effect of defective diet as a cause of sterility4 ,they call attention to the confusion caused by the application of the term sterility to most1 or all1 infertile matings4 ,they believe that failure of reproduction is1 in fact1 the result of decreased fertility rather than of actual sterility on the part of the two individuals concerned4 8,there are certainly a large number of infertile matings which are purely functional and due to physiologic alterations or local conditions4 ,such physiological alterations moreover coexist in the sterilities of pathologic origin and when unrecognized and consequently unremedied1 undoubtedly explain a large proportion of the continued infertilities after operation40 ,is it possible for a bull to be infertile to the cows in his herd that have been fed a deficient diet1 and at the same time to breed well when mated to animals outside this herd8 ,this is rather improbable in practice1 but there is always the possibility of its occurrence4 ,in the experimental work1 white rats were used3 one strain from the ,wistar ,institute with a fertility of about #fe per cent1 and the other from a ,dr4 ,castle's strain with a fertility of about #ij per cent4 ,the ,wistar rats were fed in groups1 each group receiving a diet deficient in a certain substance3 calcium1 protein1 or fat soluble vitamine4 ,to this group was added a diet deficient in both calcium and protein 7war diet74 ,these diets reduced the fertility of the groups from the original #fe per cent1 to #ee1 #ca1 and #ad per cent respectively4 ,it delayed the appearance of fertility in young rats raised on these diets1 and lowered its degree in the mature animals4 ,most of these rats1 however1 though infertile to each other1 bred promptly when mated to the ,castle rats of known fertility4 ,this demonstrates clearly that relative infertility of given matings does occur4 ,one interesting feature of the work is the fact that in the matings on the single deficiency diets1 four deliveries of macerated fetuses occurred and there were two more in eight deliveries from those reared on the war diet4 ,no cases of this kind had previously occurred in this strain1 which had been under observation for several years4 ,does this throw any light upon the cause of macerated fetuses in cattle8 ,microscopically the testes and ovaries of these infertile rats showed no observable changes1 a fact which is of great importance to bear in mind4 ,williams1 in his book on disease of the genital organs1 brings out quite clearly the relation of defective diet1 overfeeding1 and lack of exercise1 to reproductive efficiency4 ,novarro 7#dj7 observed that pigeons fed on a diet without vitamine ,b showed degeneration of the seminal epithelium1 with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the interstitial cells of the testis4 ,another author 7,allen7 showed that reduction in the quantity of water-soluble vitamine in the diet of rats resulted in total degeneration of all the germ cells1 but it did not interfere with growth and development in other respects4 ,the observations of ,williams 7#da71 in a pure bred beef herd in ,hawaii1 clearly demonstrate the intimate correlation between poor fodder as the result of extreme drought1 and the accentuation of1 or increased susceptibility to1 genital infections1 as demonstrated by clinical findings4 ,the genital disorders started soon after the onset of the drought1 and immediately took a downward trend with the advent of the rainy season4 ,judging by the work quoted1 we will observe that deficient diet1 though it does not always affect the general health1 has a profound effect upon the genital organs of both sexes1 associated with disturbances of spermatogenesis in the male4 ,in most debilitated and weakened conditions of the male1 spermatogenesis ceases or is markedly defective4 ,we must1 undoubtedly1 explain this fact upon the ground of deficient nourishment to the reproductive organs or possibly the endocrines4 ,the vitamines have been termed nuclear nourishers1 and their absence probably results in nuclear deficiency4 ,,endocrines3 ,bell 7#db7 emphasizes the fact that not only the structure but also the function of every part of the body is in close correlation with the rest4 8,this is essentially true of the ductless glands3 the shadow of their influence is over all40 ,further he states that when we remember that the individual exists to perpetuate the species1 it is not difficult to realize that the metabolic factors concerned in reproduction are the same as those related to the individual metabolism4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that the ductless glands which regulate the individual metabolism concern equally the reproductive4 ,brown 7#dc71 discussing the same subject brings out the generalization that the sympathetic1 since it is the most primitive part of the nervous system1 is closely associated with the endocrine system1 a still more elemental means of communication in the body4 ,also since specialized reproductive cells appear before the nervous system1 the organs of reproduction remain closely associated with the older chemical reactions now specialized in the endocrine glands4 8,the endocrine glands1 the reproductive organs1 and the sympathetic nervous system1 therefore1 remain as a basic tripod1 and it is not likely that a disturbance will occur for long in one limb without affecting the other two40 ,the former author believes that the gonad keeps the other ductless glands informed of the needs of the genital tract1 they in turn influencing the general metabolism4 ,jump 7#dd7 states3 8,we are therefore justified in believing that there is a correlation of function between these 7endocrine7 glands and that some cases of sterility are probably due to a derangement of this correlation40 ,biedl 7#de7 concludes3 8,there appears to be an intimate anatomical and physiological interrelationship between the different blood glands which is manifested clinically by the fact that the pathological disturbance of one gland is accompanied by symptoms pointing to the functional derangement of one or more of the others4 ,knowing1 as we do1 the many sided interactivity which subsists between the different internal secretory organs1 it is readily conceivable that isolated diseases of single organs of this group are very much rarer than1 at the first glance1 they would appear to be4 ,in the present state of our knowledge1 the only course of investigation which is open to us is to start with the known results of the functional derangement of any organ1 and1 by following these up1 to seek the primary link in the pathological chain40 ,most workers seem to agree that a special connection exists between the normal function of the adrenal cortex and the sexual organs4 ,tumors of the former are usually associated with sex abnormalities1 and feeding young animals the gland substance seems to stimulate growth of the testes4 ,many arguments have been brought forward to show that the prostate produces an internal secretion4 ,it is a well known fact that this organ atrophies after castration1 and enlarges as the sex life dwindles4 ,as has been previously stated1 ,serrlach and ,pares reached the conclusion that the gland produces an internal secretion which controls the testicular functions and regulates the process of ejaculation4 ,also they state that if the prostate is removed1 spermatozoa are no longer produced in the testes1 and that the secretory activity of the accessory genital gland ceases4 ,the secretion is1 at any rate1 a stimulus to the internal secretion of the testis4 ,the thyroid bears a distinct biological relationship to the sexual glands4 ,removal of the gland results in imperfect development of the gonads1 infantilism1 and general torpor4 ,bell 7#db7 believes that the association between the thyroid gland and the genitalia is as intimate as the relation of the pituitary to the genital functions4 ,of all the endocrines1 perhaps the anterior lobe of the hypophysis is in most intimate correlation with reproduction4 ,castration results in hypertrophy of this organ1 while removal of the anterior lobe usually leads to death4 ,in those cases in which death does not ensue1 it results in genital atrophy1 stunting1 and reduction of sexual activity4 ,in young animals1 spermatogenesis ceases entirely even after partial extirpation of the anterior lobe4 ,biedl 7#de7 states that 8in disease of the hypophysis1 derangement of sexual activity occurs very early in the course of the disease1 shown in women by the cessation of menstruation1 and in men by impotence40 ,the thymus1 as is well known1 is quite intimately associated with the development of the genital organs4 ,its normal disappearance is always associated with the development of sexual maturity in the individual4 ,hewer 7#df7 conducted experiments to ascertain the effect of thymus feeding on the activity of the reproductive organs in the rat4 ,she concludes in part3 8,male rats appear more susceptible to the influence of thymus feeding than female rats4 ,with moderate doses of thymus1 sexual maturity in the animals treated is delayed1 a phenomenon which is attributed to delayed development of the testis4 ,with large doses of thymus1 in the male1 the testis is structurally affected3 in the young animal in the direction of retardation of development1 in the mature animal in the direction of degeneration4 ,this degeneration is confined to the testes4 ,in the degenerating testis1 cells of ,sertoli appear to be absent3 the spermatogonia are present1 also dividing1 and may lie free in the lumen of the tubule2 spermatids1 many with abnormal nuclei1 are shed into the lumen in large numbers2 spermatozoa are practically absent4 ,in the later stages1 only a few dividing spermatogonia appear among the debris of the other unrecognizable cells of the tubule4 ,in the epididymis which itself is normal1 when the testis is showing degeneration1 very few spermatozoa appear1 in the later stages none4 ,many spermatids are present in various stages1 and some spermatocytes4 ,animals in the hyper-thymic condition appear to be sterile40 ,the foregoing references will1 ,i hope1 serve to bring out the facts that environment and diet1 together with the general body metabolism and the endocrines1 have a more or less profound effect upon the development1 growth1 and functioning of the genital system4 ,in the experiments it has been shown that sterility is not necessarily accompanied by any apparent microscopical changes in the gonads1 or even at times in the general body health4 ,nor can we exclude impotency of the male entirely even when the spermatozoa are normal in shape1 and motility4 ,carnett1 and others 7#ch71 years ago stated3 8,indeed1 there is abundant clinical proof to the effect that systemic conditions which have no appreciable effect upon the motility or conformation of the spermatozoa materially interfere with reproductive power40 ,the entire complex genital system is inseparably linked up with the body as a whole1 a fact which we must bear in mind at all times4 ,impediments to coitus may be due to great difference in the size of the two mated individuals1 psychic disturbances1 or inability to protrude the penis4 ,williams 7#ag7 mentions several physical impediments1 as deformity of the limbs or feet1 sore feet1 overloading of the rumen1 obesity1 fear of falling1 and paralysis4 ,coitus may be somewhat delayed1 or even not performed as the result of a severe inflammation with sensitiveness of the penis or prepuce4 ,occasionally tumors of the penis are encountered which may interfere with protrusion of the penis1 or its entrance into the vagina4 ,not infrequently the penis is rendered incapable of protrusion as the result of inflammatory adhesions1 tuberculosis of the preputial lymph glands1 etc4 ,excessive sexual use1 within certain limits1 probably has not1 in itself1 any material permanent effect upon the reproductive capacity4 ,the frequency with which bulls used to excess break down sexually1 is probably due to the devitalizing effect upon the tissues of the genital organs1 this opening the way to bacterial invasion and other destructive influences4 ,over-use is probably not dangerous1 unless continued over long periods1 but at the same time it offers greater opportunity for infection to be introduced into the body from intercourse with large numbers of females4 ,lloyd-,jones and ,hays 7#dg7 carried on very interesting experiments on the influence of excessive sexual activity of male rabbits on the properties of the semen4 ,their plan was to mate male rabbits in quick succession1 and study the character of the semen on the first service1 and every fifth service thereafter4 ,the safe limit was twenty services in three hours4 ,as would be expected1 the volume of the semen1 after the first few services1 became gradually reduced in amount4 8,in rapidly successive services1 the semen becomes less viscous and tends to lose its characteristic milky appearance until at the twentieth service1 when the fluid is thin and watery40 ,it seemed as though there was a well marked reduction in the number of spermatozoa per cubic centimeter in the advanced services4 ,successive copulations also resulted in a marked decrease in the number of motile spermatozoa1 together with a shorter duration of perceptible vitality4 ,the certainty of producing impregnation at the same time became less and less4 8,this reduction in the per cent of effective matings when the male is sexually overworked is recognized by those engaged in animal breeding as one of the most noticeable and universal concomitants of heavy sexual service40 ,in another paper1 these same authors studied the effect of sexual excess upon the character of the offspring4 ,in part1 they conclude3 8,by no means thus far used has any inferiority of progeny from the heavy sexual service been discovered4 ,they are fully equal if not superior to progeny from very light service of male40 ,infection is without doubt the greatest single factor capable of producing functional and anatomic changes resulting in varying degrees of impotency and sterility4 ,the changes produced range from the addition of the toxic products of bacterial growth to the seminal fluid1 to the complete destruction of the parenchymatous tissue of one or more of the contributing sexual glands4 ,anatomic changes are by no means essential to the production of lowered fertility4 ,as has been previously stated1 the work on veal calves indicates that the genital organs of young bulls are normally free from bacteria4 ,likewise in normal adult animals1 the bacterial content of the genital organs is as a rule low or negative4 ,it is possible that a certain flora is normal for the tract at sexual maturity1 as in several other organs of the body1 but under the strain of sexual excess1 defective diet1 or other weakening influences1 these organisms may become pathogenic4 ,streptococci and staphylococci have at times been found in apparently normal parts of the body1 and at other times they are found associated with severe pathological lesions in the genital tract4 ,the degree of pathogenicity is of course difficult to determine1 except as we find the bacteria associated with abnormal conditions4 ,carpenter 7#i71 however1 injected streptococci into the genital tracts of female calves and produced lesions resembling very closely those from which the organisms had been isolated in adult sterile animals4 ,personally1 ,i am inclined to believe that the genital organs normally are free from bacteria1 or if any are there they are better able to multiply under the strain of devitalization of the tissues4 ,bacterial invasion1 however1 does take place quite frequently1 but the paths of entrance of the organisms are somewhat problematical4 ,hematogenous origin is always possible1 though it is rather difficult to definitely implicate this mode of entrance4 ,the urethra is perhaps the easiest and most common path for the entrance of bacteria1 though even here it is not possible to make definite assertions4 ,contiguous spread of infection from neighboring structures is very probable in some cases1 particularly in pelvic peritonitis4 ,the bacteriological results hardly bear out the theory of ,williams that the organisms lie dormant in the genitalia of the animals until the advent of sexual maturity1 at which time they acquire pathogenic powers4 ,on the other hand1 his clinical observations seem to indicate that this may be possible4 ,calves suffering from 8calf infections0 frequently do harbor organisms in their genital organs1 but whether or not they persist there till sexual maturity is a matter of conjecture4 ,the most logical theory seems to be that animals from herds in which genital infections are very severe1 or those that have had severe attacks of scours or pneumonia1 are more susceptible to those infections1 due to the early lowering of their vitality4 ,one bull in the department herd certainly had a severe ordeal as a calf1 but as a mature bull he was highly fertile4 ,moderate sexual use and proper sexual hygiene probably had much to do with this4 ,in the bull1 infection of some part of the genitals1 during some period of life1 is very constant1 however1 whether or not it is productive of observable changes in his breeding efficiency4 ,the finding of the fine connective tissue strands and tufts on the serous surface of the tail of the epididymis of practically all bulls examined1 both sterile and fertile1 indicates past or present infection of the scrotal sac4 ,the vesicles and tail of the epididymis are1 as stated previously1 the most commonly invaded tissues of the tract4 ,the testes are less frequently involved4 ,while it is difficult to obtain irreproachable proof that the bull is a disseminator of genital infections1 the findings of clinicians quite clearly indicate that this is true1 and laboratory methods tend to support this assumption4 ,williams believes that not only may the bull infect the female with organisms which interfere with the given conception1 but that he often implants there organisms which interfere with future pregnancies1 and even with the life of the individual in some cases4 ,the high abortion and sterility rate following the use of certain sires1 and the appearance of characteristic infections after service to certain bulls1 clearly indicate that in all probability the bull does eliminate with his semen those organisms which produce lesions in his genital organs1 and are capable of infecting the female4 ,w4 ,l4 ,williams 7#dh7 cites the case of a pure bred herd in which breeding had progressed satisfactorily until heifers had grown to breeding age and a second bull was obtained4 8,some cows of the old herd were also assigned to the young bull which had not previously been in service4 ,the cows bred to the old herd bull continued to breed normally4 ,the cows and heifer's bred to the new bull conceived with difficulty or not at all4 ,those which conceived mostly aborted1 and those which calved had metritis and retained fetal membranes4 ,the two first cows in which pregnancy terminated died of metritis40 ,i have frequently had semen samples sent in from bulls that were not only failing to get cows with calf1 but following each service the females showed a severe vaginitis4 ,w4 ,w4 ,williams worked in a herd in which service to certain bulls was in each case followed by a severe vaginitis and cervicitis1 only to be followed later by a characteristic salpingitis4 ,vaginal smears taken before and after service1 in many instances1 show that in all probability bacteria1 especially the streptococci1 were deposited there with the semen4 ,these results have been obtained upon several occasions1 at which time the vagina was usually douched prior to each service with sterile saline solution4 ,streptococci and other organisms have been isolated from the vaginal samples obtained by this method4 ,in most cases1 they were absent from samples taken before service4 ,extraneous contamination1 and error1 must be taken into consideration1 but the results tend to bear out clinical observations that the bull is probably a disseminator of some infections associated with the genital organs of both sexes4 ,at any rate1 organisms have been isolated repeatedly from the genital organs of the bull1 of the same biological character as those which are associated with sterility1 abortion1 and allied phenomena in the female4 ,in the absence of obstruction in any part of the tract1 there is nothing to hinder infection from gaining access to the seminal fluid1 and being excreted during ejaculation4 ,hopper 7#ah7 states3 8,a diseased bull may manifest non-fertility or decreased potency in different ways--by repeated service to apparently normal females without conception1 by a high abortion rate in females that have been apparently normal1 by characteristic infections following the use of any particular sire1 or by abnormalities in the breeding tract noted by rectal or physical palpation40 ,admittedly1 ,bact4 abortum has little affinity for the genitalia of the bull1 though ,schroeder states that the bull harbors the organisms in his seminal vesicles and that they are eliminated with the semen4 ,other authors have occasionally isolated the organism from the vesicles1 testes1 or both4 ,schroeder's theory that infection of the female occurs indirectly by contamination of the fodder with the semen is probably rare in occurrence4 ,the very limited number of cases in which investigators have demonstrated the presence of the organism in the male genital organs1 and the apparent immunity of the bull to the bacterium as determined by the agglutination reaction1 seem to indicate that he plays a small part in the spread of this type of infection in the herd4 ,on the other hand1 it would seem that he is at times intimately associated with the spread of certain other organisms that interfere seriously with herd reproductivity4 ,the diagnosis of infertility and sterility rests upon a thorough physical examination of the genital organs1 together with a detailed study of the semen4 ,the history of the animal and herd involved must also be very carefully inquired into1 especially the part covering the result of every service by the sire in question4 ,besides this1 we must always consider all factors which have a bearing upon the subject1 remembering the physiology of each part1 and the role it plays in reproduction4 ,bacteria gain entrance to many parts of the tract1 where they multiply and probably add toxic products to the seminal fluid1 altering its biological character and resulting in partial or total destruction of the secretory tissues4 ,the testes1 epididymes1 vesicles1 prostate1 and other parts1 each contribute their essential part to the semen1 abnormalities of any one of which1 as a rule1 result in interferences with reproduction4 ,if the vesicles are involved1 we must bear in mind just what is the part played by their secretion1 and what is the probable result if their essential elements are not added to the semen4 ,in like manner1 we must consider the prostate1 whose secretion stimulates the vitality of the sperms1 and adds fluid bulk to the semen4 ,extirpation of the vesicles or prostate alone results in lowered fertility1 without altering the sexual desire1 while removing both glands produces total sterility4 ,partial or total destruction of the parenchyma of either gland produces the same effect as extirpation1 in that its function is altered or entirely absent4 ,the semen should be examined1 not only for the number of spermatozoa and the percentage of those that are motile1 but for the duration and type of motion4 ,normal semen1 when first examined under the microscope1 shows a field closely packed with highly motile spermatozoa4 ,in every study of the semen1 however1 we must bear in mind the temperature and other conditions under which it has been kept since emission4 ,on the other hand1 semen from bulls of lowered fertility shows changes ranging from mild disturbances such as sluggish motility and a slight decrease in the number of sperms present1 to aspermia1 or total lack of motion4 ,normal semen1 when compared with abnormal specimens1 as a rule presents distinct differences1 either in motility1 staining properties1 or structure of the spermatozoa4 ,impotent bulls1 however1 may show at times few or no observable changes in their genital organs4 ,the only assumption here is that the condition probably is of endocrine origin1 or is some functional disturbance4 ,of oligospermia ,reynolds states3 8,oligospermia1 with normal motility and vitality1 is not absolute sterility1 but is of high importance because the percentage of destruction of spermatozoa during their passage through the genital canal of the female is so enormous that the possibility of impregnation by semen which starts out with a deficient number is always poor4 ,when the genitals of the female partner are in a condition which is even moderately hostile to the spermatozoa1 impregnation by such semen becomes so unlikely as to be not even a probability40 ,motility may be lacking in a small number1 its absence may be observed in a large percentage1 or even in all those in the field1 as in necrospermia4 ,on the other hand1 the motility may be sluggish or of abnormal types in variable percentages4 ,sperms with sluggish motility are always low in vitality1 and have weak powers of insemination1 as the motion lasts but a comparatively short time4 ,the vitality may be but moderately lowered1 so that although the sperms are highly motile when ejaculated they soon lose their power of propulsion4 ,the type of motion is likewise an indicator of lack of vitality4 ,the 8progressive vibratile0 motion described by ,reynolds should proceed to a high degree for a long period before the 8undulatory tactile0 or bunting types of motion appear4 ,early appearance of these two latter types indicates in most cases a marked lack of vitality of the elements4 ,the motion should be vigorous and lasting1 for1 as stated by ,reynolds1 8nothing is more certain than that spermatozoa of merely moderate vitality seldom impregnate a female40 ,the early precipitation out of the 8,boettcherchen0 crystals is very characteristic of oligospermia1 and impotent semen4 ,the theory here is that crystals do not precipitate out when a fluid is actively moving1 but soon do so when the fluid is motionless4 ,the sediment which normally makes up about two-thirds of the sample is usually decreased in abnormal samples4 ,the semen itself should be observed for unusual viscosity or a thin watery condition4 ,clotting should occur readily after emission1 but the clot soon liquefies to some extent1 allowing the spermatozoa to become more active4 ,this clotting is1 of course1 to protect the delicate sperms from the hostile secretions of the vagina4 ,the presence of immature and deformed types of sperms represents some disturbance of spermatogenesis1 but it is difficult to explain the significance of these forms4 ,they are seldom seen in normal samples1 and undoubtedly none are capable of producing impregnation4 ,in the case of minor abnormalities of staining reactions1 the sperms are probably deficient in nuclear material or otherwise altered so that probably they are incapable of reaching and uniting with the ovum4 ,when impregnation does occur in these cases1 weak offspring undoubtedly result in many instances4 ,the work has by no means progressed to the point where one may1 by an examination of the semen1 determine the degree of impotency with great accuracy1 or even whether the animal may be restored to sexual health by proper hygienic and therapeutic treatment4 ,relatively1 the greater the changes in the semen and spermatozoa1 the less the chances of impregnation4 ,infertility to any marked degree1 is1 however1 usually accompanied by corresponding changes in the seminal fluid and its germinal elements4 ,examination of the semen is1 and probably always will be1 simply an aid in reaching a diagnosis4 ,while abnormalities of the semen and spermatozoa are associated with sterility or infertility1 it is unwise to lay too much emphasis upon this method of diagnosis alone1 especially with regard to the making of a definite prognosis4 ,when large numbers of abnormal spermatozoa are present in the semen1 we are safe in saying that the animal is1 at the time1 of lowered degree of fertility4 ,one should be very cautious1 however1 in foretelling how long the condition will last1 or if the animal may in time be restored to full fertility4 ,sterility1 due to organic disturbances1 probably seldom yields to treatment1 but when it is due to functional disorders resulting from defective diet or lack of exercise1 the condition is frequently remedied by overcoming the cause4 ,lack of exercise and overfeeding seem to be etiological factors in a fair percentage of cases4 ,besides abnormalities of the male genital tract1 we must always consider the numerous factors in the female that may kill or weaken the sperms4 ,impediments to successful coitus may be present in the form of vaginal constrictions1 abnormally short or small vagina1 or other deformities4 ,hostile exudates1 mechanical obstructions1 and other factors may interrupt the progress of the sperms at any point in the tract4 ,although little is known definitely regarding disorders of the endocrines in the bull and their relation to reproduction1 the work in human medicine and experimental researches upon laboratory animals warrant thoughtful consideration of these factors which are by no means insignificant4 ,in the future1 these glands will no doubt receive more and more attention in their relation to the genital organs and reproduction4 ,,conclusions #a4 ,the genital organs of the bull quite frequently undergo pathological changes1 due to infection with the same varieties of microorganisms associated with genital infections in the female4 #b4 ,in all probability1 these microorganisms are frequently eliminated with the semen and infect the female during copulation4 #c4 ,past or present infection in the genital organs of all the bulls so far examined was evidenced by the presence of the fine connective tissue tufts and strands upon the tunica vaginalis1 particularly that part covering the tail of the epididymis4 #d4 ,lowered sexual capacity is1 as a rule1 accompanied by demonstrable changes in the semen4 #e4 ,a study of impotency and sterility includes not only a thorough study of the genital organs1 but also those extrinsic factors which govern reproduction either directly or indirectly4 #f4 ,a thorough knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the male genital organs is fundamental to a clear understanding of the problem4 ,i am much indebted to ,drs4 ,w4 ,l4 and ,w4 ,w4 ,williams for some of the material1 and for helpful cooperation in the early part of the work2 to ,drs4 ,c4 ,m4 ,carpenter and ,r4 ,r4 ,birch for many helpful suggestions2 and to ,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,frost and others who so kindly co-operated by placing at my disposal samples of semen and some of the genital tracts4 ,,bacteriology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,normal ,,young ,,calves ,group ,i ,,number,right sem4 vesicle,left sem4 vesicle ,right testis,left testis #a #b #c #d #e ,staph4 albus4 #f #g #h #i ,staph4 albus4 ,staph4 albus4 #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad ,,bacteriology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,mature ,,fertile ,,bulls ,group ,,ii ,,number #a #b #c #d ,right seminal vesicle ,left seminal vesicle ,prostate ,cowper's ,right testis ,left testis ,right epid4 ,left epid4 ,streptococcus viridans4 ,right scrotal sac ,left ,streptococcus scrotal viridans4 sac ,,bacteriology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,abattoir ,,bulls ,group ,,iii ,,number ,right ,left ,prostate,cowper's ,right seminalseminal testis vesiclevesicle #a #b ,staph4 alb4 #c #d,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 ,strep4 ,strep4 vir4 vir4 #e #f #g ,bact4 abort4 #h,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 ,strep4 hem4 #i #aj,staph4 alb4 #aa #ab,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 #ac ,staph4 alb4 #ad ,staph4 alb4 #ae,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 #af ,,number ,right ,left ,left ,right ,left epidid4testis epidid4scrotalscrotal sac sac #a #b,staph4 ,strep4 alb4 vir4 ,strep4 vir4 #c ,strep4 vir4 #d,staph4 ,strep4 ,strep4 alb4 vir4 vir4 ,strep4 hem4 #e #f #g #h ,staph4 ,strep4 alb4 hem4 ,strep4 hem4 #i #aj #aa #ab ,staph4 ,strep4 alb4 hem4 #ac #ad #ae,staph4 ,staph4 ,strep4 ,strep4 alb4 alb4 vir4 vir4 #af ,,bacteriology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,aborted ,,fetuses ,group ,,iv ,,number ,right ,left seminal,right testis,left testis ,remarks seminal vesicle vesicle #a,strep4 vir4 ,strep4 vir4 ,strep4 vir4 from heart's blood4 #b #c;,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 coli from all organs4 #d ,bact4 abort4,bact4 abort4,bact4 abortum from spleen4 #e #f #g;,bact4 abort4 ,bact4 abort4,bact4 abortum from liver and heart's blood4 #h,staph4 alb4 ,staph4 alb4 ,staph4 alb4 ,staph4 alb4 from heart's blood4 #i #aj;,bact4 abort4 ,bact4 abort4 ,bact4 abortum from heart's blood4 #aa ,,bacteriology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,calves ,,dying ,,of ,,calf ,,infections ,group ,v ,,number ,right ,left seminal,right testis,left testis ,remarks seminal vesicle vesicle #a #b4;,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,b4 coli ,staph4 alb4 ,staph4 alb4 ,staph4 alb4 #c #d,strep4 ,strep4 ,strep4 ,strep4 viridans viridans viridans viridans from heart's blood4 #e #f #g ,,bacteriology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,mature ,,infertile ,,or ,,sterile ,,bulls ,group ,,vi ,,number ,r4,s4,v4 ,l4,s4,v4 ,prostate,cowper's ,r4 ,testis #a,strep4 ,staph4 ,strep4 vir4 alb4 hem4 ,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 #b,strep4 ,strep4 ,staph4 vir4 alb4 7neutral7,staph4 alb4 #c,strep4 ,strep4 vir4 vir4 ,staph4 alb4 #d ,staph4 alb4 #e;,b4 coli4 ,b4 coli4 ,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 #f ,strep4 vir4 ,staph4 alb4 #g #h,ps4 ,ps4 pyocan4 pyocan4 ,strep4 ,strep4 hem4 hem4 #i,staph4 ,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 alb4 #aj ,staph4 alb4 #aa ,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 #ab,staph4 ,strep4 ,staph4 alb4 vir4 alb4 #ac,staph4 ,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 alb4 ,b4 coli4 ,b4 coli4 #ad,staph4 ,staph4 alb4 alb4 #ae ,strep4 hem4 #af,staph4 ,strep4 alb4 vir4 ,,number,r4 ,epidid4 ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ,l4 ,testis ,epidid4 ,scrotal ,scrotal ,sac4 ,sac4 #a,strep4 vir4,staph4 ,strep4 alb4 could ,staph4 alb4 not grow4 #b,strep4 vir4,staph4 ,strep4 alb4 vir4 ,staph4 alb4 ,staph4 alb4 #c,strep4 vir4,strep4 ,strep4 vir4 vir4 ,staph4 alb4 #d,strep4 vir4 ,strep4 hem4 #e,staph4 alb4 ,b4 coli4 ,staph4 alb4 #f ,strep4 vir4 #g #h #i,strep4 vir4,unident4,unident4 ,strep4 hem4 rod4 rod4 #aj ,staph4 alb4 #aa,strep4 hem4 ,strep4 ,strep4 vir4 ,staph4 7neutral7 alb4 #ab,strep4 vir4 #ac,strep4 vir4 #ad,strep4 ,strep4 ,strep4 7neutral7 vir4 vir4 #ae ,strep4 hem4 #af ,staph4 ,strep4 ,strep4 alb4 vir4 hem4 ,a--,,pathology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,mature ,,sterile ,,or ,,infertile ,,bulls ,r4 ,sem4 ,vesicle,l4 ,sem4 ,ductus ,r4 ,testis ,vesicle ,deferens #a;,desquamation ,same as ,both ,apparently and right4 apparently normal4 degeneration normal4 of lining membrane4 ,debris and exudates in lumen4 #b,most vesicles ,same as ,right ,most tubules degenerating4 right4 apparently apparently normal4 normal4 ,interstitial ,left shows ,some show cellular degeneration degeneration infiltration4 of the of the lining seminal membrane4 epithelium4 ,necrosis in one large area4 #c;,entire gland ,same as ,slight ,some tubules degenerated4 right4 desquamation normal4 and ,others show degeneration degeneration of mucosa of of the right seminal ductus4 epithelium4 ,coagulation necrosis of interstitial tissue4 ,debris and exudates in the vesicles4 #d,same as ,no4 #c4 ,same as ,epithelium ,much ,no4 #c4 entirely degeneration denuded in and both ducts4 desquamation of the seminal epithelium4 ,r4 ,epididymis ,l4 ,testis ,l4 ,epididymis #a;,acute ,apparently ,degeneration desquamation normal4 and and desquamation degeneration in some in some tubules4 tubules4 ,others atrophied due to a chronic interstitial inflammation4 #b;,degeneration ,most tubules ,same as right1 and becoming but some desquamation atrophied due tubules are of to a chronic becoming epithelium inflammation4 atrophied due of the to a chronic tubules4 inflammation4 #c,much of the ,same as right4 ,same as right4 epithelium denuded4 ,debris and exudates in the lumen4 #d;,desquamation ,same as right4 ,same as right4 of most of lining- membrane4 ,b--,,pathology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,mature ,,infertile ,,or ,,sterile ,,bulls ,r4 ,sem4 ,l4 ,sem4 ,ductus ,r4 ,testis ,vesicle ,vesicle ,deferens #e;,epithelium ,same as ,both ,degeneration becoming right4 apparently of many degenerated4 normal4 tubules4 ,vesicles filled with debris and exudates4 #f;,acutely ,same as ,slight ,degeneration inflamed4 right4 degeneration of mucosa of lining in some membrane of tubules4 both4 #g,some ,same as ,both ,apparently degeneration right4 apparently normal4 of lining normal4 membrane4 #h,necrosis in ,same as ,both ,apparently areas4 right4 apparently normal4 normal4 ,infiltration of interstitial tissue4 ,degeneration of lining membrane4 ,r4 ,l4 ,testis ,l4 ,epididymis ,epididymis #e;,all ,same as ,nearly epithelium right4 normal4 denuded4 ,debris in lumen4 #f;,apparently ,degeneration,apparently normal4 in some normal4 tubules4 ,no mitosis in some4 #g;,apparently ,apparently ,apparently normal4 normal4 normal4 #h;,apparently ,apparently ,apparently normal4 normal4 normal4 ,c--,,pathology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,mature ,,infertile ,,or ,,sterile ,,bulls ,r4 ,sem4 ,l4 ,sem4 ,ductus ,r4 ,testis ,vesicle ,vesicle ,deferens #i;,apparently ,apparently,both ,apparently normal4 normal4 apparently normal4 normal4 #aj,slight ,same as ,both ,apparently desquamation right4 apparently normal4 and normal4 degeneration of the lining membrane4 #aa;,apparently ,apparently,both ,some tubules normal4 normal4 apparently show no normal4 mitosis1 others are degenerating4 #ab;,degeneration ,same as ,both ,apparently and right4 apparently normal4 desquamation normal4 of epithelium of some vesicles4 ,r4 ,epididymis ,l4 ,testis ,l4 ,epididymis #i;,apparently ,apparently,apparently normal4 normal4 normal4 #aj;,degeneration ,apparently,same as right4 of lining normal4 membrane4 #aa;,degeneration ,same as ,degeneration and right4 and desquamation desquamation of lining of lining membrane4 membrane4 #ab;,degeneration ,apparently,apparently of normal4 normal4 epithelium of all tubules4 ,debris and exudates in lumen4 ,some increase in connective tissue4 ,d--,,pathology ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,tracts ,,of ,,mature ,,infertile ,,or ,,sterile ,,bulls ,r4 ,sem4 ,vesicle,l4 ,sem4 ,vesicle ,ductus ,r4 ,testis ,deferens #ac;,degeneration of,same as right4 ,slight ,apparently most of catarrhal normal4 gland4 inflammation of mucosa of both4 ,cellular infiltration of interstitial connective tissue4 ,debris and exudates in lumen4 #ad;,apparently ,apparently ,apparently ,some normal4 normal4 normal4 degeneration of seminal epithelium of some tubules4 #ae,slight ,acute catarrhal,both ,degeneration desquamation inflammation4 apparently of seminal and normal4 epithelium degeneration in some of lining tubules4 membrane4 ,debris and exudates in lumen4 #af;,chronic ,more acute than,both ,degeneration interstitial right4 apparently in some inflammation4 normal4 tubules4 ,atrophy of many ,some show poor tubules4 mitosis4 ,r4 ,epididymis ,l4 ,testis ,l4 ,epididymis #ac;,degeneration ,apparently,same as right4 and normal4 desquamation of lining membrane of most tubules4 #ad;,apparently ,apparently,acute normal4 normal4 inflammation4 ,some desquamation of lining membrane4 #ae;,desquamation ,apparently,apparently of lining normal4 normal4 membrane4 ,debris in lumen4 #af;,apparently ,same as ,acute normal4 right4 inflammation4 ,some desquamation and degeneration of lining membrane4 ,,bibliography #a4 ,,bang ,b4 ,die ,aetiologie des seuchenhaften 7infectisen7 ,verwerfens4 ,zeit ,med4 ,band ,i1 ,s4 #bda1 #ahig4 ,das seuchenhaften ,verwerfen der ,rinder4 ,arch4 wiss4 u4 prakt4 ,thierheilk41 ,band #cc1 ,s4 #cab1 #aijg4 #b4 ,,law1 ,,james4 ,contagious ,abortion of ,cows4 ,circular ,no4 #e1 ,agr4 ,experiment ,sta4 ,university of ,california1 ,june1 #aijc4 #c4 ,report of ,english ,commission of ,epizootic ,abortion4 ,appendix to ,part ,i1 p4 #ag1 #aiji4 #d4 ,,hadley1 ,f4 ,b41 and ,,lothe1 ,h4 ,the ,bull as a ,disseminator of ,contagious ,abortion4 ,jour4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,med4 ,assoc41 ,l1 #aiaf-ag1 p4 #adc4 #e4 ,,hadley1 ,f4 ,b4 ,contagious ,abortion ,questions ,answered4 ,bulletin ,no4 #bif1 ,oct4 #aiba1 ,agr4 ,experiment ,sta41 ,university of ,wisconsin4 #f4 ,,buck1 ,j4 ,m41 ,,creech1 ,g4 ,t41 and ,,ladson1 ,h4 ,h4 ,bacterium ,abortus ,infection of ,bulls 7,preliminary ,report74 ,jour4 ,agr4 ,research1 ,august1 #aiai4 #g4 ,,schroeder1 ,e4 ,c41 and ,,cotton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,the ,bull as a ,factor in ,abortion ,disease4 #h4 ,,cotton1 ,w4 ,e4 ,proceedings of ,a4 ,v4 ,m4 ,a41 p4 #hea1 #aiac4 #i4 ,,carpenter1 ,c4 ,m4 ,report of the ,new ,york ,state ,veterinary ,college1 ,cornell ,university1 #aibj-ba4 #aj4 ,,rettger1 ,l4 ,f41 and ,,white1 ,g4 ,c4 ,infectious ,abortion in ,cattle4 ,storrs ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bulletin ,no4 #ic4 ,january1 #aiaf4 #aa4 ,,mcfadyean1 ,,sheather and ,,minett4 ,researches ,regarding ,epizootic ,abortion4 ,jour4 of ,comp4 ,path4 and ,therap41 ,,xxvi1 #adb1 #aiac4 #ab4 ,,schroeder1 ,e4 ,c4 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry ,investigations of ,bovine ,infections ,abortion4 ,jour4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,med4 ,assoc41 ,,lx1 p4 #edb4 ,february1 #aibb4 #ac4 ,,barney1 ,j4 ,d4 ,recent ,studies on the ,pathology of the ,seminal ,vesicles4 ,bost4 ,med4 and ,surg4 ,jour41 ,,clxxi1 #aiad1 #ei4 #ad4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 ,the ,diseases of ,bulls4 ,cornell ,veterinarian4 ,x1 #id4 ,april1 #aibj4 #ae4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 ,report of the ,new ,york ,state ,veterinary ,college1 ,cornell ,university1 #aibj-ba4 #af4 ,,williams4 ,w4 ,w4 ,technique of ,collecting ,semen for ,laboratory ,examination with ,review of ,several ,diseased ,bulls4 ,cornell ,vet4 ,x1 #hg1 ,april1 #aibj4 #ag4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,w4 ,diseases of the ,bull ,interfering ,with ,reproduction4 ,jour4 of ,amer4 ,vet4 ,med4 ,assoc41 ,,lviii1 #bi1 ,october1 #aibj4 #ah4 ,,hopper1 ,e4 ,b4 ,herd ,efficiency from the ,standpoint of the ,veterinarian4 ,north ,amer4 ,vet41 ,,iii1 #ga1 ,february1 #aibb4 #ai4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,w4 ,observations on ,reproduction in a ,purebred ,dairy ,herd4 ,cornell ,veterinarian1 ,,xii1 #ai1 ,january1 #aibb4 #bj4 ,,walker1 ,k4 ,m4 ,the ,diagnosis and ,treatment of ,sterility in the ,male4 ,lancet1 ,,cci1 #bbh4 ,july #cj1 #aiba4 #ba4 ,,pende4 ,endocrinoglia-,pathologia ,e ,clinica4 ,abstract in ,endocrinology1 ,,ii1 #db4 #bb4 ,,ferguson1 ,j4 ,s4 ,normal ,histology and ,microscopical ,anatomy4 #bc4 ,,ellenberger4 ,vergl4 mikroskop4 ,anatomie der ,haustiere4 ,,ii4 #bd4 ,,courrier1 ,m4 ,r4 ,on the ,existence of a ,secretion of the ,epididymis of the ,hibernating ,bat and ,its ,significance4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 de ,biol4 7,paris71 #aibj1 ,,lxxxiii1 #fg-fi4 #be4 ,,stigler1 ,r4 ,abstract in ,jour4 ,phys4 et ,path4 ,gen4 7#b7 ,,clxxi1 #bgc1 ,september1 #aiah4 #bf4 ,,disselhorst4 ,ansfuhrapparat und ,anhangsdrusen der mnnlichen ,geschlechtsorgane4 ,oppel's ,lehrbuch der vergleichenden mikr4 ,anat4 der ,wirbeltiere1 ,,iv1 ,jena1 #aijd4 #bg4 ,,rytina1 ,a4 ,a4 ,the ,verumontanum1 ,with ,special ,reference to the ,sinus ,pocularis3 ,its ,histology1 ,anatomy1 and ,physiology4 ,jour4 ,urology1 ,i1 #aiag1 #bca4 #bh4 ,,fish1 ,p4 ,a4 ,the ,spermatic ,secretion and ,its ,ultraparticles4 ,cornell ,veterinarian1 ,october1 #aiba4 #bi4 ,,marshall1 ,f4 ,h4 ,a4 ,the ,physiology of ,reproduction4 #cj4 ,,kingsbury1 ,b4 ,f4 ,professor of ,histology and ,embryology1 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 #ca4 ,,walker4 ,arch4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,entwicklungsgesch41 #ahii1 und ,arch4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol4 #ahii4 #cb4 ,,boettcher1 ,w4 ,on the ,significance of the ,secretions of the ,male ,accessory ,genital ,organs4 ,mnch4 med4 ,wchnschr4 #aibj1 #fg1 #a1 p4 #dd4 #cc4 ,,editorial4 ,jour4 of ,amer4 ,med4 ,assoc41 ,,lxxvii1 ,no4 #a1 #db1 ,july #b1 #aiba4 #cd4 ,,reynolds1 ,e4 ,fertility and ,sterility4 ,jour4 of ,amer4 ,med4 ,assoc41 ,,lxvii1 #aaic-aaii1 ,october #ba1 #aiaf4 #ce4 ,,cary1 ,w4 ,h4 ,examination of ,semen ,with ,special ,reference to ,its ,gynecological ,aspects4 ,amer4 ,jour4 of ,obstetrics and ,diseases of ,women and ,children4 ,,lxxiv1 ,no4 #d1 #aiaf4 #cf4 ,,wolf1 ,c4 ,g4 ,l4 ,the ,survival of ,motility in ,mammalian ,spermatozoa4 ,jour4 of ,physiol4 ,,iv1 #bdf1 ,august #c1 #aiba4 #cg4 ,,brown1 ,j4 ,h4 ,the ,use of ,blood ,agar for the ,study of ,streptococci4 ,monograph of the ,rockefeller ,institute for ,med4 ,res41 #aiai1 ,,ix4 #ch4 ,,garnett1 ,j4 ,b41 and others4 ,the ,surgical ,treatment of ,sterility due to ,obstruction at the ,epididymis ,together with a ,study of the ,morphology of ,human ,spermatozoa4 ,univ4 of ,penn4 ,med4 ,bulletin1 ,march1 #aijb4 #ci4 ,,reynolds1 ,e4 and ,,macomber1 ,d4 ,defective ,diet as a ,cause of ,sterility4 ,jour4 of ,amer4 ,med4 ,assoc41 ,,lxxvii1 #afi1 ,july #af1 #aiba4 #dj4 ,,novarro1 ,p4 ,a4 ,tissues of the ,testicle and ,antaminosis4 ,gazetta degli ,ospedali 7,milano71 #aibj1 ,,xli1 #dbd4 #da4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 ,observations on ,reproduction in a ,pure ,bred ,beef ,herd4 ,cornell ,veterinarian4 ,january1 #aibb4 #db4 ,,bell1 ,w4 ,b4 ,correlation of ,function3 ,with ,special ,reference to the ,organs of ,internal ,secretion and the ,reproductive ,system4 ,brit4 ,med4 ,jour41 #aibj1 #a1 #ghg4 #dc4 ,,brown1 ,w4 ,l4 ,the ,principles of ,internal ,secretion4 ,brit4 ,med4 ,jour1 #aibj1 ,,ii1 #fhg-fia4 #dd4 ,,jump4 ,discussion in ,penn4 ,med4 ,jour41 ,,xxv1 #ha4 #de4 ,,biedl1 ,a4 ,the ,internal ,secretory ,organs4 #df4 ,,hewer1 ,e4 ,e4 ,the ,effect of ,thymus ,feeding on the ,activity of the ,reproductive ,organs of the ,rat4 ,jour4 of ,physiology1 ,,xlvii1 #aiac-aiad1 #dgi4 #dg4 ,,lloyd-,,jones1 ,o4 and ,,hays1 ,f4 ,a4 ,the ,influence of ,excessive ,sexual ,activity of ,male ,rabbits4 #a4 ,on the ,properties of the ,seminal ,discharge4 ,jour4 of ,exper4 ,zoology1 #aiah1 ,,xxv1 #dfc4 #dh4 ,,williams1 ,w4 ,l4 ,improvement of the ,reproductive ,efficiency of ,cattle4 ,north ,amer4 ,veterinarian1 ,,iii1 ,may1 #aibb4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,diagrammatic sketches showing the development of a spermatozoon from a spermatogonium4 ,fig4 #b4 ,diagrammatic sketch showing the minute structure of a spermatozoon4 ,the middle piece is made comparatively thick in order to bring out the finer structures4 ,adapted from ,ellenberger4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #c4 ,testicle of bull1 showing extensive degeneration and necrosis4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #d4 ,inner part of wall of ductus deferens4 ,normal4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #e4 ,same1 but showing extensive degeneration and exfoliation of the lining membrane4 #bcj4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #f4 ,ductus deferens1 showing entire exfoliation of the lining membrane4 ,the lumen is filled with a cellular debris4 #ej4 ,fig4 #g4 ,same1 showing the degeneration of the lining membrane1 and debris in lumen4 #bcj4 ,,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #h4 ,seminal vesicle of bull4 ,high power section showing the normal structure of the vesicular cavities4 ,fig4 #i4 ,seminal vesicle of bull4 ,low power4 ,the membrane lining the cavities is degenerated and exfoliated4 ,the cavities are filled with cellular debris1 and exudates4 ,there is some increase in the interstitial tissue1 and atrophy of some of vesicular cavities4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,low power section of seminal vesicle of bull4 ,the condition is about the same as in ,fig4 #i except that it is not quite as severe4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,same as ,fig4 #aj4 ,high power4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,testicular tubule showing normal spermatogenesis4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,testicular tubule showing no evidence of mitosis4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,testicular tubule4 ,the spermatogenic epithelium is beginning to degenerate and become cast off into the lumen4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,testicular tubule1 showing almost total exfoliation of the spermatogenic epithelium4 #bcj4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #af4 ,testicular tubule4 ,the seminal epithelium is entirely degenerated4 ,the membrana propria is markedly thickened4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,testicular tubule4 ,the tubule is undergoing atrophy and degeneration4 ,the interstitial connective tissue is much increased in amount4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,same as ,fig4 #ag1 except that it is in the more advanced stages4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,testicular tubule4 ,the spermatogenic epithelium has undergone a sort of hydropic degeneration4 ,the interstitial connective tissue has become much increased in amount and has undergone cellular infiltration4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,normal structure of epididymis tubule4 #adj4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,epididymis tubule showing exfoliation of the lining membrane1 and cellular debris in the lumen4 #adj4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,atrophy and degeneration of epididymis tubule4 ,the interstitial connective tissue is much increased in amount4 #adj4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,same1 but in more advanced stage4 #adj4 ,,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,about the same as ,fig4 #bb4 #adj4 ,fig4 #be4 ,marked degeneration of epididymis tubule4 ,there is a cellular infiltration of the interstitial tissue4 #fj4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,spermatozoon1 showing constriction at middle of head4 ,the head is also somewhat contorted4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,spermatozoon4 ,pear shaped head4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,spermatozoon4 ,the head is quite long1 and pointed at its posterior end4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,spermatozoon1 showing a constriction at middle of the head4 #fgj4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,microcephalic spermatozoon4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,spermatozoon4 ,the head is small1 and pear shaped4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,macrocephalic sperm4 ,the middle piece is much thickened4 #fgj4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,tailless spermatozoa4 #fgj4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,page ,changed from ,changed to #ed blank ,bacteriology of the ,genital ,tracts of ,mature ,infertile or ,sterile ,bulls ,group ,,vi ,typos fixed2 non-standard spelling and dialect retained4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4