,,radio ,,pictures ,illustration3 ,,jenkins ,vision by ,radio ,radio ,photographs ,radio ,photograms ,c4 ,,francis ,,jenkins ,,washington ,,copyrighted1 #aibe1 ,,by ,,jenkins ,,laboratories1 ,,inc4 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,to the splendid young folks1 ,sybil ,l4 ,almand1 ,florence ,m4 ,anthony1 ,john ,n4 ,ogle1 ,james ,w4 ,robinson1 ,stuart ,w4 ,jenks1 and ,thornton ,p4 ,dewhirst1 who so efficiently assisted in the attainment of ,photographs by ,radio1 ,radio ,vision1 and ,radio ,photograms1 this book1 in grateful appreciation1 is dedicated4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins ,born in the country1 north of ,dayton1 ,ohio1 in #ahfh1 of ,quaker parents4 ,spent boyhood on farm near ,richmond1 ,indiana4 ,attended country school2 a nearby high school2 and ,earlham ,college4 8,explored0 wheatfields and timber regions of ,northwest1 and cattle ranges and mining camps of ,southwest ,united ,states4 ,came to ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in #ahij1 and served as secretary to ,sumner ,i4 ,kimball1 ,u4 ,s4 ,life ,saving ,service4 ,resigned in #ahie to take up inventing as a profession4 ,built the prototype of the motion picture projector now in every picture theatre the world over2 developed the spiral-wound paraffined all-paper container2 and produced the first photographs by radio1 and mechanism for viewing distant scenes by radio4 ,has over three hundred patents2 and maintains a private laboratory in ,washington4 ,he is a member of the ,franklin ,institute1 the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 and founder of the ,society of ,motion ,picture ,engineers4 ,has several times been honored by scientific and other bodies for original research and attainment4 ,foreword ,the rapid development of apparatus for the transmission of photographs by wire and by radio may now be confidently expected1 because the public is ready for it4 ,at this very moment it is going through the same empirical process by which motion pictures arrived1 and out of which finally the long film strip was born4 ,in the motion picture development there appeared the spiral picture disc2 the picture 8thumb book02 picture cards radially mounted on drums and bands2 and the picture film continuously moved and intermittently illuminated4 ,but finally the development resolved itself into a single1 long1 transparent picture film1 intermittently moved in the exposure aperture of the projecting machine2 and upon this has been built one of the large industries of the world4 ,doubtless this will be the history of the development of electrically transmitted photographs1 and of radio vision1 for many schemes have already been tried and more may yet be seen before the final1 practical form shall have been evolved1 and this new aid to business and to entertainment shall have taken its place in human affairs4 ,the transmission of a photograph electrically1 a portrait1 for example1 is not so much a matter of mechanism1 once the tools are perfected and their operation understood2 it is more a matter of blending of line and tone1 just exactly as it is with the artist4 ,the great portrait photographer uses the same tools the amateur uses1 but an acquired technique of high order enables him to produce a superior portrait1 free of chalky contrasts1 and soft in tone and blending4 ,just so in radio photography1 it is a matter of simple mechanism1 and an acquired skill in its use4 ,the author expects to see1 very soon1 the radio amateurs using flash-light lamps and electric pens where they now use headphones2 and halftones or potassium cells where they now use microphones1 for the radio problem between the two is practically the same--if anything rather more simple with light than with sound4 ,and new means for modulating electric current by changing light values may be expected when the ,american boy starts to play with this new toy4 ,there has been a veritable army of engineers engaged in the development of radio as a service to the ear1 while relatively few engineers have been developing radio as a service to the eye4 ,it is believed that the distant electric modulation of light for many purposes will soon become a common phenomena and eventually of inestimable service in science1 in engineering1 in industry1 and in the home4 ,nor will this service be confined to radio4 ,present metallic channels now employed for other purposes1 i4 e41 high tension power lines1 railroad rails1 city lighting wires1 and water pipes1 can be made a new source of revenue1 and at a ridiculously insignificant cost4 ,radio is none the less valuable by reason of its application as such a rider on the present metallic grids of every city1 and of interurban connections4 ,there are many channels where only space radio can be employed1 but the neglect of the application of high frequency currents to metallic channels which lead into every place of business1 and into every home1 is unnecessary waste4 ,the author confidently believes the application of these several ideas to the control of light at distant points is the next great advance in electricity1 and to hasten such development the information in the following pages is set down to assist the research worker and the application engineer4 ,the mechanisms and circuits herein disclosed may be accepted with assurance4 ,with a radio photographic technique1 the result of ten years of concentration on this subject1 it may be asserted with confidence that the requirement of a particular application rather than a particular machine is the governing factor in each case2 for with full working knowledge of the art1 and the special application requirements known1 the design of the machine best adapted to that service is a simple matter4 ,contents ,page ,amstutz ,machines #gc ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 ,co4 ,pictures #he ,baker's ,scheme #gg ,belin ,machine #hc ,braun ,tube ,receiver #ia ,capillary ,pen #df ,circuits1 radio #aag ,code ,pictures #hi ,color by ,radio #ic ,control ,fork #bi ,corona ,lamp #ea ,dot ,pictures #hh ,duplex ,machine #aje ,electrograph of #aijj #ge ,electrolytic ,receivers #df ,engraving ,receiver #gc ,eye ,radio ,service #ci ,filament ,lamp #bh1 #ej ,first ,radio ,channel #fg ,first ,picture ,machine #abj ,fournier and ,rignoux #ha ,galvanometer #dh ,genesis of ,radio #abg ,glow ,lamp #bi ,halftone1 filled in #da ,high ,speed ,camera #abe ,historical ,sketch1 ,jenkins #aah ,hook-ups--,jenkins #aag ,initial ,activities #be ,ink ,pen ,receivers #df ,korn1 ,dr41 ,machine #gi ,lens ,drum ,machine #aaf ,lens ,disc ,machine #aad1 #aae ,light ,cell #db ,light ,sources #aab ,light ,wedge #dh ,mechanisms employed #dj ,medals #aba-abf ,motion ,picture ,projector #abj ,multiple ,signals #cj ,nipkow ,sutton #ga ,oscillograph ,receiver #dg ,patents1 list of #acb ,perforated ,strips #dc ,photographic ,receiver #dg ,pneumatic ,valve #di ,prismatic ,ring #be1 #ih1 #aaj ,prismatic ,ring ,machines #ie ,radio ,circuits #aag ,radio ,corp4 ,pictures #hg ,radio ,motor #cj ,radio ,vision #cc ,radio ,vision ,machines #aji ,receiving ,machines #de ,receiving ,methods #bf ,sending ,machines #dj ,sources of ,light #aab ,spark-,gap ,source #ej ,strip ,machine #ajc ,stroboscopic ,lamp #cj ,sutton ,nipkow #ga ,swelled ,gelatin #da ,synchronizing ,forks #aja ,talking ,machine #ajg ,transmitting ,methods #be ,washington #acc ,zinc ,etching #dj ,illustrations ,page ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 ,co4 example #hd ,amstutz ,machine #gb ,baker ,machine #gf ,belin ,machine #hb ,code ,picture #hi ,comments #eb-ff ,control ,fork #ajj ,dot ,picture #hh ,duplex ,machine #ajd ,electrograph #gd ,examples ,photograms #ce-ch ,examples ,radio ,photos #ag-bc ,experimenter's ,machine #ajf ,first ,picture ,projector #abj ,high ,speed ,camera #abd ,korn ,example #gh ,light ,sources #aab ,loomis ,wireless #fh ,medals #aba-abf ,photograms #ce-ch ,prismatic ,band ,ring #ii ,prismatic ,disc ,ring #ig ,prism ,combinations #aaj1 #aaa ,radio ,color ,example #ib ,radio ,corp'n ,picture #hf ,radio ,hook-up #aag ,radio ,photographs #ag-bc ,radio ,photo ,camera #if ,radio ,photo ,transmitter #id ,radio ,picture ,scheme #aac ,radio ,vision ,machines #ajh ,r4 ,v4 ,mechanisms #aad-aaf ,seeing by ,radio #hj ,seeing by ,wire #gj ,story ,world #abb ,strip ,machine #ajb ,vision by ,radio ,c4 ,,francis ,,jenkins ,the earliest attempts to send pictures and to see electrically date back some fifty years1 being practically coincident with efforts to transmit sound electrically4 ,at first a metallic circuit was employed to carry the impulses representing picture values1 but when radio was available several workers immediately began the adaptation of their apparatus to radio circuits4 ,some remarkably fine examples of pictures transmitted by both wire and radio have been produced in recent months2 most of them showing the lines1 but some of them without lines at all1 i4 e41 true photographic results4 ,and as the transmission of images from living subjects in action differs from 8still0 pictures only in that they are more rapidly formed1 it naturally followed that the solution of this problem should also be undertaken4 ,when radio service to the eye shall have a comparable development with radio service to the ear1 a new era will indeed have been ushered in1 when distance will no longer prevent our seeing our friend as easily as we hear him4 ,our ,president may then look on the face of the ,king of ,england as he talks with him2 or upon the countenance of the ,president of ,france when exchanging assurances of mutual esteem4 ,the general staff of our ,navy and ,army may see at headquarters all that a lens looks upon as it is carried aloft in a scouting airplane over battle front or fleet maneuvers4 ,and from our easy chairs by the fireside1 we stay-at-homes can watch the earth below as a great ship1 like the ,shenandoah1 carries our flag and a broadcasting lens1 over the mountains and plains1 the cities and farms1 the lakes and forests1 of our wonderful country4 ,in due course1 then1 folks in ,california and in ,maine1 and all the way between1 will be able to see the inaugural ceremonies of their ,president1 in ,washington2 the ,army and ,navy football games at ,franklin ,field1 ,philadelphia2 and the struggle for supremacy in our national sport1 baseball4 ,the new machine will come to the fireside as a fascinating teacher and entertainer1 without language1 literacy1 or age limitation2 a visitor to the old homestead with photoplays1 the opera1 and a direct vision of world activities1 without the hindrance of muddy roads or snow blockades1 making farm life still more attractive to the clever country-bred boys and girls4 ,already audible radio is rapidly changing our social order2 those who may now listen to a great man or woman are numbered in the millions4 ,our ,president recently talked to practically the whole citizenship of the ,united ,states at the same time4 ,when to this audible radio we add visible radio1 we may both hear and see great events2 inaugural ceremonies1 a football1 polo1 or baseball game2 a regatta1 mardi gras1 flower festival1 or baby parade2 and an entire opera in both action and music4 ,educationally1 the extension worker in our great universities may then illustrate his lecture1 for the distant student can see as well as hear him by radio4 ,it is not a visionary1 or even a very difficult thing to do2 speech and music are carried by radio1 and sight can just as easily be so carried4 ,to get music by radio1 a microphone converts sound into electrical modulation1 which1 carried by radio to distant places1 is then changed back into sound and we hear the music4 ,to get pictures by radio1 a sensitive cell converts light into electrical current1 and at radio distances changes these currents back into light values1 and one may see the distant scene2 for light is the thing of which pictures are made1 as music is made of sound4 ,to further show the close relation1 it might be added that in receiving sets these same electrical values can be put back either into sound with headphones or into light with a radio camera2 although it may be admitted that such radio signals do not make much sense when with headphones one listens to the pictures4 ,already radio vision is a laboratory demonstration1 and while it is not yet finished and ready for general public introduction1 it soon will be1 for it should be borne in mind that animated pictures differ from still pictures only in the speed of presentation1 and the sending of 8still0 pictures by radio is now an accomplished fact1 radio photographs of no mean quality1 examples of which appear as illustrations in this volume4 ,just as is done in radio photographs the picture surface is traversed by a small spot of light moving over the picture surface in successive parallel adjacent lines1 with the value of the lines changed by the incoming radio signals to conform to a given order1 the order being controlled by the light values of the scene at the distant sending station4 ,in sending pictures electrically1 there have been but two methods employed1 perhaps the only methods possible2 namely 7a7 a cylinder mechanism2 and 7b7 a flat surface4 ,without exception1 every scheme which had attained any degree of success1 before the author adopted flat surfaces1 has depended upon synchronous rotation of two cylinders1 one at the sending station with the picture thereon to be sent2 and the other at the receiving station where the picture is to be put4 ,perhaps the very obviousness of the cylinder scheme1 and that there are no patents to prevent1 explains why it has been employed by so many4 ,and there have been many workers in this line of endeavor2 for example1 in ,england1 ,lord ,northcliff1 ,sir ,thompson1 ,mr4 ,evans and ,mr4 ,baker2 in ,france1 ,,mm4 ,armengaud1 ,ruhmer1 ,rignoux1 ,fournier1 and ,belin2 in ,germany1 ,paul ,nipkow1 ,dr4 ,anchutz1 and ,dr4 ,korn4 ,in ,america1 ,mr4 ,ballard1 ,mr4 ,brown1 and ,mr4 ,amstutz1 the latter deserving particular mention1 for1 from a distant picture1 a swelled gelatine print1 he engraved a printing plate which could be put directly on a printing press for reproduction4 ,all these many workers have adopted the cylinder method of sending and receiving1 and all have arrived at approximately the final stage of development permitted by concurrent science4 ,it may be well to explain that1 in these older schemes1 the picture to be sent is wrapped around the cylinder1 usually a cylinder of glass where light sensitive cells are employed1 mounted on a rotating shaft1 which also has longitudinal displacement4 ,the light values which make up the picture are converted into electric current of corresponding values and put upon a wire or other channel which delivers them to the distant receiving station4 ,at the receiving station a suitable film-like sheet 7paper1 for example7 is wrapped around a cylinder similar to that at the sending station4 ,as this cylinder is rotated and longitudinally advanced under a stationary point in contact with the paper on the cylinder1 a spiral is traced thereon4 ,as the incoming electrical current represents picture values1 and as the two cylinders are turning in exact synchronism1 a picture duplicate of that at the sending station appears thereon4 ,after the picture is completed the paper sheet can then be taken off the cylinder and flattened out for such use as may be desired4 ,it is quite obvious that vision by radio and radio movies can never be attained by a cylinder method1 for as the picture must appear to the eye complete1 by reason of persistence of vision1 it naturally follows that the eye must make up the whole picture from a single focal plane4 ,the attainment of 8television0 or ,radio ,vision1 as it is now coming more commonly to be called1 requires that the sending shall be from a flat plane1 and reception on a flat plane1 and a modulation which will give not only the high-lights and shadows but the halftones as well4 ,these 8flat planes0 may1 of course1 be the focal planes of the lenses employed at the receiving station1 and from the focal depth of the lens at the sending station where the picture may perhaps be taken from living actors in the studio or from an outdoor scene4 ,at the receiving station the 8flat surface0 may be a photographic plate1 a white wall1 or a miniature of the usual 8silver sheet0 of the motion picture theatre4 ,it may aid in a clearer and quicker understanding of the text if the words telephone and television be limited to metallic circuit service1 while radio phone and radio vision is applied to radio carried signals1 and this designation will be employed in the following pages4 ,illustration3 ,projector ,illustration3 ,photographs ,this and succeeding pages are examples of photographs received by radio from a distance1 by the ,jenkins system1 some of them from ,washington to ,philadelphia1 and represent the best work done in #aibb1 #aibc1 and #aibd4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 ,photographs ,,initial ,,activities3 ,the author's work began with the publication in the ,motion ,picture ,news1 of ,october #d1 #aiac1 of an article entitled 8,motion ,pictures by ,wireless40 ,this contemplated the employment of a flat receiving surface1 but in the light of subsequent experience the scheme proposed therein is believed to be impractical4 ,it did1 however1 provoke discussion of the subject and initiated the work which was thereafter rather continuously prosecuted1 except for interruption to aid in the great ,world ,war4 ,after failure to find a practical1 workable mechanism made up of devices already in use in applied science1 diligent effort was made to discover the necessary1 missing part4 ,,prismatic ,,ring3 ,at length a device described as a prismatic ring was developed1 a new contribution to optical science4 ,in use it is comparable to a solid glass prism which changes the angle between its sides1 giving to a beam of light passing therethrough a hinged or oscillating action on one side of the prism while maintaining a fixed axis of the beam on the other side of the prism4 ,as a convenience in fabrication this prismatic ring is ground into the face of a glass disc of suitable size1 of selected mirror plate1 which gives the ring its own support on the rotating shaft upon which it is mounted4 ,,transmitting ,,methods3 ,success in sending pictures by radio from flat photographs and receiving them on flat photo negative plates 7and subsequently of radio vision71 really began with the perfection of automatic machines for the making of these prismatic rings1 for by means of these prisms and a light sensitive cell at the sending station the light values which make up the picture are converted into electrical values1 and broadcast4 ,so to put this picture on a radio carrier wave we simply slice up the picture 7figuratively7 into slices one-hundredth of an inch in width1 in the best pictures1 by sweeping the picture across the light sensitive cell by means of these rotating prismatic rings4 ,with each downward sweep the picture is moved one-hundredth of an inch to the right until the whole picture has crossed the cell1 the cell converting the light strengths of the different parts of each such slice into corresponding electrical values4 ,the process very much resembles a bacon slicer in the market1 each slice showing fat and lean4 ,similarly these imaginary slices of our picture show light and dark parts1 and these lights and shadows moving across the sensitive cell produce corresponding strength of electric current1 modulating the radio carrier wave of the broadcasting set accordingly4 ,further1 of course1 it is immaterial whether the current modulation is taken directly from a flat photograph1 from a solid object1 or from an outdoor scene at which the transmitter is pointed4 ,,receiving ,,methods3 ,to put these light values back together again at the distant receiving station to make up a negative of the picture being broadcast from the sending station1 it is only necessary to reverse the process2 first1 with a point of light to draw lines across a photographic plate1 which the rotating prismatic rings do2 and1 second1 to vary the density of the different parts of the successive lines corresponding to lights and shadows of the picture at the sending station1 and this the varying strength of the incoming radio signal does by varying the intensity of the light4 ,dense areas in the negative are built up where the light is successively very bright at the same place in adjacent lines2 halftones where the light is less intense2 while where the light is very faint1 little or no exposure occurs1 and shadows will result4 ,it is thus the lights and shadows which make the picture are built up1 line by line1 for when this negative is developed1 and paper prints made therefrom1 the dense areas produce high-lights in the picture2 the less dense areas the halftones2 and the thin areas the shadows of the picture1 person or scene broadcast at the sending station4 ,it is simply that a photographic negative has been made of what the lens at the sending station is looking at4 ,so1 then1 to receive pictures by radio1 it is only necessary 7#a7 to cover a photographic plate in parallel adjacent lines1 and 7#b7 to vary the density of the lines1 to build up the shadows1 the halftones1 and the high-lights of the picture4 ,if one puts a nickel under a piece of paper and draws straight lines across it with a dull pencil1 a picture of the ,indian appears4 ,and that is exactly the way photographs by radio are received1 except that a photographic plate is used instead of a piece of white paper1 and a pencil of light instead of the pencil of lead1 the light pencil changing the exposure in various parts of the successive adjacent parallel lines by reason of the variation of the incoming radio signals4 ,the scheme is just a long camera with miles instead of inches between lens and plate4 ,for example1 the lens in ,washington and its photographic plate in ,boston2 with this exception1 that the one lens in ,washington can put a negative on one1 ten or one hundred photographic plates in as many different cities at the same time1 and at distances limited only by the power of the broadcasting station1 radio instead of light carrying the image from lens to plate4 ,the time for transmitting a picture depends upon the size of the picture and strength of light1 say1 from three to six minutes1 using a filament lamp as a source4 ,the radio photograph receiving instruments are rather simple and inexpensive and1 like a loudspeaker1 can be attached to any standard amplifying audio-radio receiving set4 ,,filament ,,lamp3 ,for the light source for radio photographs a filament lamp is employed1 and in a single turn coil enclosed in a hydrogen atmosphere4 ,this miniature filament coil is imaged on a photo negative plate1 and the variation in the light is caused by putting the incoming radio signals through this lamp1 perhaps after the filament has been brought to a red glow by a battery current4 ,by adjusting the speed of the motor to the temperature change of this filament soft gradations of light and shade are obtained which probably can never be equaled by any other device1 a photograph of true photographic value1 entirely free of lines4 ,the author wishes to take this occasion to express his appreciation of the splendid assistance of the ,general ,electric ,company1 under the personal supervision and hearty cooperation of ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,porter1 who from the very first has shown his confidence in the ultimate successful conclusion of this development4 ,,glow ,,lamp3 ,for the high speed radio photograms1 where only blacks and whites are needed1 a corona glow lamp of very high frequency has been developed4 ,this lamp is lighted by the plate current of the last tube of the amplifier2 and as the lamp can be lighted and extinguished a million times a second1 it is obvious that the permissible speed is almost limitless1 and a thousand words per minute is believed ultimately possible4 ,this lamp has been developed for the author by ,professor ,d4 ,mc,farlan ,moore1 an expert in lamps incorporating this phenomena1 and who some years ago1 it may be remembered1 produced a lamp of this type more than two hundred feet long4 ,it is probably safe to predict that no other lamp will ever be able to compete in speed4 ,as photography is the quickest means of copying anything2 and radio the swiftest in travel1 it seemed logical that the two hitched together should constitute the most rapid means of communication possible4 ,,control ,,fork3 ,of course1 the sending machine and the receiving machines must run in exact synchronism4 ,this synchronous control of the sending and receiving motors is maintained by the vibration of a rather heavy fork at each station1 and adjusted to beat together1 with such slight automatic correction by radio as may be required to keep all receiving forks in step with the fork of the station which at the moment is sending4 ,it is a very simple and dependable mechanism1 by which any number of motors1 of any size1 separated by any distance1 can be made to run in synchronism4 ,,radio ,,motor3 ,another scheme of the rotary type1 perhaps even better adapted to the distant control of large motors1 is a small synchronous radio motor driven by power carried by radio from the broadcasting station to the receiving stations4 ,it is1 of course1 rotated partly by radio power from the distant station1 and partly by local current1 just as a loudspeaker is operated4 ,these small motors1 rotating in synchronism with the motor at the sending station1 control the rotation of a larger motor in each receiving camera1 and so all stations keep in step4 ,,stroboscopic ,,lamp3 ,of course1 it would be fatal if it were necessary to wait until the picture was developed before it could be discovered that the receiving camera was getting out of control4 ,so a special 8neon0 lamp is located to shine on a revolving marker on the motor shaft of the receiving instrument1 and flashed by the incoming radio signals1 which latter bear a definite relation to the rotation of the sending station motor4 ,,same ,,wave3 ,it should be noted that the same radio wave carries both the picture frequency which builds up the photograph and the synchronism frequency which controls the motors1 and also that it lights the stroboscopic lamp4 ,,multiple-,,signal ,,radio3 ,a further advance step was made when an audible message was added to the same radio wave which carried the picture4 ,this is done by modulating the carrier wave to give audibility1 while interrupting the same carrier wave at a frequency far above the audible range1 say1 two hundred thousand cycles1 to make our picture4 ,by means of this duplex employment of the same radio wave1 it is possible to get1 for example1 both the gesture and the voice of an inaugural address2 the play and the cheers of a national sport2 or the acting and song of grand opera4 ,perhaps it might be explained that synchronism in visual-audible radio reception is accomplished by the simple expedient of keeping the radio picture 8framed10 exactly as this is done in the motion picture theatre4 ,but continuing the description of the still picture processes a little further1 before taking up ,radio ,vision and ,radio ,movies1 it might be added that while photographs by radio is the more interesting and impressive process1 there is little doubt but that radio photo letters will be of much greater immediate service in business4 ,commerce1 like an army1 can go forward no faster than its means of communication4 ,the history of industrial advance in all ages shows that with every addition to communication facilities the volume of business has increased4 ,obviously a third electrical means of communication will enlarge business1 and speed up commerce and industry4 ,as an aid in national defense the chief of staff of the ,signal ,corps of the ,army1 in a recently published report to the ,secretary of ,war1 said 7,washington ,star1 ,november #bb1 #aibd73 8,looking into the future of signal communication for a moment1 it appears that the basic method of breaking messages up into words1 words into letters1 letters into dots-and-dashes1 and then passing these through the wrist of an operator1 as has been the practice since ,morse's fundamental invention of the electric telegraph1 seems to be nearing the end of a cycle4 ,mechanical transmitters with higher speed qualities are becoming stabilized and ,american invention seems to be making further and rapid progress in associating photography with radio1 which bids fair to revolutionize fundamental methods of transmission4 8,the message of the future1 whether it be written1 printed1 of mixed with diagrams and photographs1 including the signature of the sender1 will1 it seems certain1 soon be transmitted photographically by radio frequency at a rate tens of times faster than was ever possible by the dot-and-dash methods of hand transmission4 8,military messages of the future1 particularly in active operations1 may contain diagrams and sketches1 or even entire sheets of maps1 all transmitted as part of the same message and by means of which detection or listening-in will be reduced to a very low minimum40 ,the author suggests that it might be added that the newcomer1 the radio photogram1 has merits distinctly its own1 e4 g43 7#a7 ,it is autographically authentic2 7#b7 it is photographically accurate2 7#c7 it is potentially very rapid2 7#d7 it is little effected by static2 7#e7 it is not effected by storms2 and 7#f7 it is automatic and tireless4 ,it can also be used to enlarge the individual newspaper's influence and prestige by the establishment of photostat branch printing plants at strategic points1 like summer camps1 and winter resorts1 and at ridiculously little cost4 ,such copies of the news1 financial and market report pages of the paper could be distributed in these distant places before they could possibly appear on the streets of the home city of the paper4 ,of course1 produce market reports1 stock market news1 and similar matter could be so distributed very much quicker than could be done by any other system1 certainly so to the farmer and gardener4 ,,radio ,,vision3 ,radio ,photographs and ,radio ,vision1 when both are done by the flat-plate method1 are identical in principle1 the difference being only in the speed of the apparatus1 with such modification in the apparatus as will permit of the required speed4 ,just as in the ,radio ,photograph the picture surface of the ,radio ,vision is covered with a small spot of light moving over the picture surface in successive parallel lines1 with the light value of the lines changed by the incoming radio signals to conform to a given order1 the order being controlled by the distant scene at the sending station4 ,and as the whole picture surface is covered in one-twelfth to one-sixteenth of a second1 persistence of vision of the human eye is sufficient to get the picture from the white receiving screen--a photographic plate is not necessary4 ,when the machine of ,radio ,vision is turned over slowly1 the little spot of light on the screen which makes up the picture looks for all the world like a tiny1 twinkling star as it travels across the white surface of the screen in adjacent parallel lines1 changing in light value to correspond in position and intensity to the light values of the scene before the lens at the broadcasting station4 ,but when the machine is speeded up until the succession of lines recur with a frequency which deceives the eye into the belief that it sees all these lines all the time1 then a picture suddenly flashes out on the white screen in all the glory of its pantomime mystery4 ,to accomplish this1 the apparatus must be speeded up until a whole picture can be assembled on the screen1 say1 in one-sixteenth of a second1 to be seen by the eye directly4 ,it was necessary to modify the ,radio ,photo apparatus to permit this increase in speed4 ,so a lens disc is substituted for the fast pair of prismatic plates4 ,each lens draws a line while the relatively slow rotation of the prismatic plates distributes the lines over the whole picture surface1 just exactly as the plates do in the ,radio ,photo ,camera4 ,the ,radio ,vision receiving set and the ,radio ,movies set are identical1 and one may1 therefore1 see in one's home what is happening in a distant place1 an inaugural parade1 football1 baseball1 or polo game 7and we call it ,radio ,vision72 or one may see the motion picture taken from the screen of a distant theatre 7and we call it ,radio ,movies74 ,the ,radio ,vision receiving set1 as now designed1 is very simple2 namely1 a mahogany box1 or small lidded cabinet1 containing1 beside the radio receiving set and a loudspeaker1 only a small motor rotating a pair of glass discs1 and a miniature1 high frequency lamp for outlining the pantomime picture on a small motion picture screen in the raised lid of the cabinet1 synchronism being maintained by the simple expedient of 8framing0 the picture on the screen exactly as this is done in a moving picture theatre4 ,the author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to his friend1 ,professor ,d4 ,mc,farlan ,moore1 for a word name for this new device1 i4e41 8telorama0 for the radio vision instrument1 and 8teloramaphone0 for the instrument when it includes simultaneous reproduction of the music or sound accompanying the living scene4 ,illustration3 ,,col4 ,,paul ,,henderson1 ,,october #a1 #aibd4 ,,assistant ,,postmaster ,,general1 ,,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,my ,,dear ,,col4 ,,henderson3--,,this ,,is ,,an ,,example ,,of ,,our ,,new ,,radio-,,photo ,,letter1 ,a ,,method ,,of ,,transmitting ,,messages ,,by ,,radio ,,instead ,,of ,,by ,,steamship4 ,,washington ,,to ,,panama ,,in ,,five ,,minutes4 ,,it ,,has ,,the ,,authentic ,,character ,,of ,,an ,,autographed ,,letter1 ,,and ,,the ,,speed ,,of ,,radio4 ,,it ,,is ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,a ,,radio ,,service ,,to ,,the ,,eye1 ,,where ,,heretofore ,,radio ,,has ,,been ,,an ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,ear ,,only4 ,,will ,,the ,,time ,,soon ,,come ,,when ,,the ,,post ,,office ,,department ,,will ,,deliver ,,by ,,radio ,,photographic ,,copies ,,of ,,our ,,business ,,letters ,,at ,,the ,,speed ,,of ,,light ,,rather ,,than ,,the ,,laggard ,,delivery ,,of ,,the ,,originals ,,by ,,mail-,,plane4 ,,such ,,an ,,exchange ,,of ,,intelligence ,,would ,,wonderfully ,,speed ,,up ,,industry ,,because1 ,,like ,,an ,,army1 ,,industry ,,can ,,go ,,no ,,faster ,,than ,,its ,,means ,,of ,,communication4 ,jenkins ,,col4 ,,paul ,,henderson1 ,,october #a1 #aibd4 ,,assistant ,,postmaster ,,general1 ,,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,my ,,dear ,,col4 ,,henderson3--,,this ,,is ,,an ,,example ,,of ,,our ,,new ,,radio-,,photo ,,letter1 ,a ,,method ,,of ,,transmitting ,,messages ,,by ,,radio ,,instead ,,of ,,by ,,steamship4 ,,washington ,,to ,,panama ,,in ,,five ,,minutes4 ,,it ,,has ,,the ,,authentic ,,character ,,of ,,an ,,autographed ,,letter1 ,,and ,,the ,,speed ,,of ,,radio4 ,,it ,,is ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,a ,,radio ,,service ,,to ,,the ,,eye1 ,,where ,,heretofore ,,radio ,,has ,,been ,,an ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,ear ,,only4 ,,will ,,the ,,time ,,soon ,,come ,,when ,,the ,,post ,,office ,,department ,,will ,,deliver ,,by ,,radio ,,photographic ,,copies ,,of ,,our ,,business ,,letters ,,at ,,the ,,speed ,,of ,,light ,,rather ,,than ,,the ,,laggard ,,delivery ,,of ,,the ,,originals ,,by ,,mail-,,plane4 ,,such ,,an ,,exchange ,,of ,,intelligence ,,would ,,wonderfully ,,speed ,,up ,,industry ,,because1 ,,like ,,an ,,army1 ,,industry ,,can ,,go ,,no ,,faster ,,than ,,its ,,means ,,of ,,communication4 ,jenkins ,illustration3 ,maj4 ,mauborgne1 ,washington ,when a radio message is received as a photo copy of an autographed order1 it is known to be authentic and can be obeyed at once4 ,in war this is vital4 ,combined with simplicity1 ruggedness and speed the radio photo deserves attention4 ,jenkins ,oct4 #bj1 #aibd4 ,maj4 ,mauborgne1 ,washington ,when a radio message is received as a photo copy of an autographed order1 it is known to be authentic and can be obeyed at once4 ,in war this is vital4 ,combined with simplicity1 ruggedness and speed the radio photo deserves attention4 ,jenkins ,oct4 #bj1 #aibd4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 ,photographs ,,radio ,,service ,,to ,,the ,,eye3 ,since the initiation of broadcasting1 a veritable army of engineers have been devoting themselves to the development of radio as a service to the ear4 ,the author for several years has been1 rather lonesomely1 devoting his efforts to the development of radio as a service to the eye4 ,incidentally it is suggested that there are undreamed of possibilities in radio in the unlimited frequencies above audibility1 in which speed transmission is greatly accelerated by the tolerance of eyesight1 not possible in an appeal to the ear4 ,witness1 the motion picture theatre screen upon which a picture is taken off and put back again forty-eight times per second without discovery by the eye2 while the slightest error in a note in the orchestra is detected at once and grates harshly on the ear4 ,just as the motion picture depends for success on the fact that the eye is easily deceived1 so in ,radio ,vision the eye is fooled into the belief that it sees the radio picture as a whole1 though in fact the eye sees at any one moment only the tiny spot of light by which1 with almost lightning like speed1 the picture is made up4 ,audio radio engineers have been working in the very limited audio-frequency band below1 say1 ten thousand cycles1 whereas the workable range where light instead of sound is employed goes away up to millions of cycles4 ,it is confidently predicted that the next great development in radio is in this area4 ,when the 8teloramaphone0 is made generally available1 then pictures at the fireside sent from distant world points will be the daily source of news2 the daily instructional class2 and the evening's entertainment2 and equally the long day of the sick and shut-ins will be more endurable1 and life in the far places less lonely1 for the flight of radio is not hindered by rain1 or storm1 or snow blockades4 ,,mechanisms ,,employed3 ,the successful study of the problem of the transmission of light effects electrically 7vision1 pictures1 light signals1 etc47 might well begin with the division of the subject into its elements and sub-elements4 ,the major division is1 naturally1 into 7a7 the sending station apparatus2 and 7b7 the receiving station apparatus4 ,a great variety of devices have been invented for analysis of the picture at the sending station1 and the translation of the light values 7which make up the picture7 into electrical modulation2 and likewise a variety of methods for receiving these electrical signals at a distant place 7or places7 and there changing the electrical modulations back into light values with which the picture is built up4 ,,sending ,,machines--,,zinc ,,etching3 ,before the refinement of light sensitive cells1 actual electrical contact was oftenest employed in sending the impulses which represented light gradations in the picture4 ,usually1 therefore1 a zinc etching of a pen and ink picture was made1 and curved into a cylinder4 ,this picture cylinder was then slipped onto a rotating mandril1 which was also moved axially by a screw thread on the mandril shaft2 or the cylinder rotated and a contact arm moved along by the screw1 like the old wax cylinder phonograph4 ,a delicately suspended arm1 moved along by the screw as just described and carrying1 instead of the phonograph sound box1 a very small and smooth point which was lifted by the high parts of the zinc etched picture4 ,when so lifted the arm makes electrical contact with an adjustable point and current is put into the inter-station wire circuit4 ,by this means the values of the picture are converted into corresponding duration values of an electric current1 and put onto a wire connecting the sending machine with a distant receiving machine 7described in detail later in the text74 ,it will thus be seen that the electric impulses sent out over a wire attached to the contact point represent the value of the light and dark portions of the picture4 ,the electric impulses are similar to letter-code dots-and-dashes1 for the picture actually opens and closes the circuit1 like a telegraph key1 the dark portions of the picture sending dashes and the light portions of the picture sending dots4 ,with the point set at one end of the cylinder1 and the contact arm advancing longitudinally by reason of the thread on the shaft1 the point traverses a spiral around the cylinder until the whole picture is covered4 ,,swelled ,,gelatine ,,print3 ,in another process a swelled gelatine picture print was used to raise and lower the contact-making arm1 and a carbon contact button was employed1 but otherwise the sending machine was much the same4 ,,filled-,,in ,,halftones3 ,somewhat later halftones of photos were available1 and these were similarly bent into cylinders4 ,the interstices between the metal points of the halftones were filled with an insulating wax1 and the whole smoothed off until the bright metal points 7of different size and representing the different values of the picture7 were exposed4 ,when this picture cylinder was rotated under a contact point1 the cylinder and the point being parts of an electric circuit1 current flowed in the circuit whenever the point touched the metal parts of the picture1 but no current flowed when the insulation passed under the point4 ,because the point does not jump up and down1 but has a smooth surface to ride on1 greater speed and accuracy is possible with the filled-in etching4 ,,light ,,sensitive ,,cells3 ,as is quite generally known there are certain 8semi-metals0 which have the property of changing their resistence to an electric current when light falls thereon4 ,of this group selenium is typical1 although there are several others1 thallium1 strontium1 barium1 etc4 ,more recently it was discovered that some of the rarer alkali metals had the property1 under certain conditions1 of actually converting light into electric current4 ,in this group are potassium1 sodium1 caesium1 rubidium1 etc4 ,these light sensitive cells vary the electric current quite accurately in proportion to the intensity of the light falling thereon1 and when available were quickly seized upon by the workers in 8pictures-by-electricity40 ,when these light sensitive cells were employed1 a modification of the previous picture-translating methods and mechanisms was made1 for now a modulation instead of an interruption of the electric current was possible1 the modulation representing the values of the halftones of a picture transparency as well as its blacks and whites4 ,the rotating cylinder now employed was of glass1 around which the picture1 on transparent film1 was wrapped4 ,inside the cylinder a light was put to shine through the passing picture film as a minute point of light falling on the light sensitive cell located in a dark box4 ,just as in the other cylinder schemes the picture is made to traverse this point of light until the whole picture is converted into electric current of corresponding values1 which1 as before1 can be put on a wire1 or can be made to modulate a radio wave4 ,,perforated ,,paper ,,strips3 ,one of the oddities of picture analytical translation consists of running a perforated paper strip between a source of light and a light sensitive cell1 the paper ribbon perforated with a series of groups of holes4 ,it is intended that the number of holes in successive groups along the ribbon shall represent successive values of light in the different parts of the picture to be transmitted4 ,while it is possible to perforate such a ribbon it is quite likely that the experienced engineer would adopt some of the simpler forms of picture translation1 for there are enough of them which may be used without hesitation1 such basic patents as have ever existed having long since expired4 ,an unusual scheme consists in writing the message in ink made of saltpeter1 and then setting fire to the ink line4 ,the ink line of the message burns itself out leaving the paper intact4 ,thereupon the paper is carefully laid on the metal cylinder of the sending machine1 or on 8silver paper0 which is put on the sending cylinder4 ,the contact point drops through the burnt lines making contact1 and the out-going signals1 received on a like cylinder at a distant station1 make a duplicate of the original message4 ,a more satisfactory scheme is to put a thin coating of hard wax on a thin sheet of metal1 or metal coated papers4 ,these sheets as wanted are laid on an electric hot-plate and the message1 picture1 or sketch1 is written through the warm wax coating with a lead pencil or stylus4 ,then the paper with its message etched therein1 is wrapped around the sending cylinder and rotated under the contact-making finger1 which sends out the electrical impulses4 ,one may also take the sketch1 line drawing1 or pen picture1 to the zinc etcher 7halftone engraving plant71 and have him make a print on very thin metal1 and develop and harden it1 but not etch it4 ,this will give a photographically accurate copy4 ,this copy on the metal sheet can then be bent around the cylinder of your sending machine1 and sent out by wire or radio1 to be received at all stations tuned in4 ,if etched the etching may be filled in with hard wax and this put on the cylinder1 and run under the contact finger4 ,it is possible to write on paper with copper sulphate 7blue vitral7 solution1 for the acidulated line carries the current through the paper to the metal cylinder beneath1 and completes the circuit4 ,the acid may even be strong enough to eat through the paper exposing the metal cylinder underneath4 ,salt water with a little glycerine to keep it from drying up too fast will also perform4 ,another method which has been proposed is to print or write on paper with sticky material1 like ,japan drier1 and sprinkle thereon a fine powdered wax1 battery sealing wax1 for example4 ,this will stick to the tacky lines and can be melted over a hot plate or in an oven4 ,the melted wax leaves standing lines which will raise a contact-closing pen passing over it4 ,if the lines are sprinkled with metallic powder a double contact pen can be used and the mechanism is still simpler1 less delicate1 and more dependable4 ,one of the newer methods of photogram transmission is to use a rotating table1 like a talking machine table1 with a rectangular piece of paper thereon 7tucked under at the corners71 from which to send a communication2 market bulletins1 for example1 broadcast by a progressive newspaper to the farmers and truck gardener patrons in their vicinity4 ,the contact point is advanced from the outer edge to the centre by a spiral cut on the under side of the table2 or by a threaded edge of a detachable tabletop and a reducing gear to move the contact arm across the message1 or other scheme4 7,of course1 the receiving machine should be a duplicate of the sending machine1 with suitable receiving surface47 ,the bulletin sheet can not be advantageously used to the very centre1 any more than a music record can1 but this space can be employed by the broadcaster for printed announcements 7as music disc records are so used71 the receiving paper being furnished by the broadcaster4 ,but of all the schemes it is very doubtful if any will ever equal the writing of the message or sketch in lead pencil on paper1 and rotate it under a two-contact collector4 ,the graphite of the lines makes contact across the twin-blade terminals1 effecting the transmitter as would a telegraph key in the circuit4 ,,receiving ,,machines3 ,coming now to the design of a suitable receiving machine1 it will be found that an even greater variety of schemes have been tried4 ,,ink ,,pen ,,receivers3 ,upon a rotating and longitudinally moving cylinder1 similar to that of the sending machine first described1 a paper is put1 and upon this paper1 as the cylinder rotates1 an ink pen1 mounted on a pivoted arm1 touches intermittently1 being drawn down to ink the paper with every incoming electrical impulse1 and lifted off the paper by a gentle spring4 ,,capillary ,,pen3 ,in another ink and pen scheme the electric current is passed through a capillary ink tube to make it flow and black the paper2 no lifting of the pen arm is necessary4 ,as the order of these dots-and-dashes is controlled by the impulses put into the line by the picture at the sending station1 a picture is built up on the paper on the receiving machine cylinder1 a copy of the picture on the cylinder of the sending machine4 ,,electrolytic ,,receivers3 ,in another and similar scheme a chemically treated paper is put on the cylinder1 and upon this1 as it rotates1 a metallic point is gently pressed4 ,when the incoming electric current from the sending station passes through the paper under the contact point an electrolysis occurs which appears as a discoloration of the paper4 ,and as these discolored dots-and-dashes appear1 as before1 in an order controlled by the distant station1 a picture is again built up on the paper1 a copy of the picture at the sending station4 ,one of the best solutions for the purpose is made up of ,iodide of ,potassium one-half pound2 ,bromide of ,potassium two pounds2 ,dextrine or ,starch one ounce2 and ,distilled ,water one gallon4 7,use an iron contact needle74 ,there are other solutions made of ,ferricyanide1 but are not so satisfactory4 ,still another scheme1 the simplest of mechanisms1 consists of a metal disc upon which electrolytic paper is clipped4 ,this plate is then put on the rotating table of a talking machine4 ,a rubbing electrical contact is made with the disc1 and the other wire attached to the tone arm to complete the circuit through the steel needle of the sound box4 ,as no groove is available to carry the arm toward the centre of the disc1 a spurred-wheel is attached thereto1 so as to engage the paper on the disc4 ,the wheel can be adjusted diagonally of the tone arm to give any separation required in the convolutions of the spiral line4 ,one of the schemes employed1 and with considerable success for its time1 consisted of an engraving tool1 moved up and down radially of a coated cylinder1 cutting a groove of varying width in the soft coating of the cylinder4 ,when this coating was stripped off the cylinder1 laid out flat and hardened1 it was mounted on a printing block1 inked1 and impressions taken therefrom on a suitable printing press4 ,,photographic ,,receivers3 ,but doubtless photographic paper1 wrapped around the cylinder1 has been used oftener than any other medium4 ,with photo paper or film a point of light is usually employed to expose the film4 ,,oscillograph ,,receivers3 ,the point sources of light used and methods of modulation have been almost as varied as the temperaments of the several workers4 ,one of the first was the employment of a steady light source which1 reflected in the tiny mirror of an oscillograph1 is caused to vibrate at a high frequency across a minute aperture which in turn is imaged on the film on the cylinder4 ,as the amplitude of vibration of the mirror determines the amount of light passing through the aperture and falling on the film1 it will readily be understood that the strength of the incoming electric signals1 representing light values of the picture at the distant station1 reproduce duplicate values on the exposed film4 ,when this film is developed a copy of the picture on the cylinder of the sending machine is obtained4 ,,light ,,wedge ,,modulation3 ,another scheme for modulating the light falling on the film on the cylinder1 consists in placing a light wedge against the face of a lens which images the vibrating mirror 7or light source7 on the film4 ,as the light is constantly imaged on the film by the lens its slight displacement toward the dark end of the light wedge by the vibration of the mirror decreases the strength of the light falling on the film1 while displacement toward the thin edge of the light wedge gives greater exposure on the film4 ,it is obvious1 therefore1 that the vibration of the mirror determines the exposure at successive positions on the film2 and as these displacements follow the varying strength of the incoming electric current1 and the latter in turn is determined by the light values of the picture at the sending station1 it naturally follows that when the film is developed a duplicate of the distant picture results4 ,,silver ,,wire ,,galvanometer3 ,another method of varying the light falling on the photo film on the cylinder consists in mounting two very minute overlapping shutters one on each of the two wires of an electric circuit suspended in a strong magnetic field4 ,on these overlapping shutters a light source is focused1 so that greater or lesser displacement of the shutters1 by reason of varying strengths of current in the adjacent runs of the wire1 allows more or less light to pass there between4 ,another lens images these tiny shutters onto the film covered cylinder1 so that when the shutters are opened by the incoming currents in the two wires1 the light is concentrated on the film4 ,as the exposure depends on 7a7 the shutter openings1 and the shutter opening on 7b7 the incoming current strength1 and the incoming current strength on 7c7 the light values at the sending station1 development of the film again gives a duplicate of the picture at the sending station4 ,,pneumatic ,,valve3 ,an interesting scheme of picture reception is known as the pneumatic light valve1 the vibration of which causes a shadow band to oscillate across a lens opening into the camera4 ,in a circular center opening in a magnetized iron diaphragm is suspended an iron disc somewhat smaller than the opening4 ,this small disc is magnetically held by its edge to the inside edge of the opening in the diaphragm1 with its plane in the plane of the magnetic field of the diaphragm4 ,upon the disc is mounted a tiny mirror1 and as the suspension of the disc is in the magnetic field held there by the strength of the field itself1 it is extremely easily disturbed1 so that a small beam of light reflected from the mirror can be vibrated with a very little current through great amplitude4 ,as the beam of light has a transverse shadow band therein of a width to normally close the lens opening into the camera1 the varying amplification of the vibration of the mirror1 and therefore1 of the shadow1 admits a proportional amount of light4 ,,spark ,,gap3 ,one of the very simplest light sources for exposing the film on the receiving cylinder consists of a minute spark-gap located in contact with the moving film4 ,the strength of the incoming current charges a small condenser until the gap breaks down and the passing spark exposes the film 7or perhaps perforates it74 ,if the current is strong the sparks pass the gap at a high frequency1 while if the current is weak the frequency is less4 ,the range may be from #ejj to #e1jjj per second perhaps1 depending on the current strength1 and1 of course1 the film exposure correspondingly varies1 and the different degrees of density of the picture results4 ,this scheme requires about as small current as is likely to be practical1 perhaps1 especially when the spark is in a suitable degree of vacuum1 and1 of course1 the incoming radio signals require correspondingly small amplification4 ,,filament ,,lamp3 ,the direct source of light which in the author's laboratory has produced the most perfect photographic effects1 i4 e41 photographs absolutely without lines1 consists of a lamp about an inch in diameter and two inches long1 fitted with a standard screw base4 ,the tube contains a 4#f mil filament with a small single turn coil in a hydrogen atmosphere4 ,the coil is offset until it almost touches the glass wall4 ,such location of the coiled filament permits the effective placing of a minute aperture in very close relation to the filament2 whereas an aperture on the outside of a bulb with the light source in the centre of the bulb acts like a pin-hole camera1 and sharpness of image is practically impossible 7unless a lens is used74 ,the lamp described above will respond to fluctuations in current well above a thousand times per second1 but requires voltages about four times normal4 ,it was made for the author by courtesy of the ,general ,electric ,company1 under the direction of ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,porter1 of ,harrison1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,corona ,,lamp3 ,but the lamp that really elicits the author's unqualified admiration is the corona glow lamp made for the author by ,professor ,d4 ,mc,farlan ,moore4 ,it consists of a small glass bulb containing a neat-fitting metallic cylinder1 one terminal of an attached circuit4 ,inside and concentric with the cylinder is a second cylindrical capsule made of a solid rod drilled to a predetermined depth4 ,the electron stream from the outside cylinder to the capsule naturally takes the long path1 and as the longest path is down into the capsule1 the result is that the small central opening of the capsule glows with great intensity while the other parts of the lamp remain dark4 ,this lamp1 ,professor ,moore advises1 has a light and dark frequency of a million per second4 ,illustration3 ,,western ,,union ,,telegram ,,newcomb ,,carlton1 ,,president ,,george ,w4 ,e4 ,,atkins1 ,,first ,,vice-,,president #aec,w #a,w #a ,,extra ,,of ,,telephoned ,,message ,p ,,rochester ,,ny #aad,p ,,oct #ab #aibb ,c ,,francis ,,jenkins #aeai ,,conn ,,avenue ,,nw ,,washington ,,dc ,,society ,,motion ,,picture ,,engineers ,,regrets ,,your ,,absence ,,from ,,the ,,convention ,,best ,,wishes ,,for ,,your ,,success ,,in ,,radio ,,transmission ,,of ,,pictures ,a ,r ,,dennington ,,secy #bbe,p ,,western ,,union ,,telegram ,,newcomb ,,carlton1 ,,president ,,george ,w4 ,e4 ,,atkins1 ,,first ,,vice-,,president #aec,w #a,w #a ,,extra ,,of ,,telephoned ,,message ,p ,,rochester ,,ny #aad,p ,,oct #ab #aibb ,c ,,francis ,,jenkins #aeai ,,conn ,,avenue ,,nw ,,washington ,,dc ,,society ,,motion ,,picture ,,engineers ,,regrets ,,your ,,absence ,,from ,,the ,,convention ,,best ,,wishes ,,for ,,your ,,success ,,in ,,radio ,,transmission ,,of ,,pictures ,a ,r ,,dennington ,,secy #bbe,p ,illustration3 ,,general ,,electric ,,company ,in ,reply ,refer to ,,west ,,lynn1 ,,mass4 ,november #bh1 #aibb4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,ave41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i am in receipt of yours of ,november #beth1 enclosing the radio picture1 for which ,i thank you4 ,it certainly shows a successful result4 ,when ,i first read of your prismatic ring arrangement in the 8,scientific ,american01 ,i recognized that it was the solution of a problem which ,i had often thought of as possible1 and ,i can well understand that it may have applications which we do not even now think of4 ,it is perfectly possible1 as you say1 to employ the method of radio transmission of pictures on a very considerable scale1 which would hardly be possible in transmitting them by the ordinary telegraph4 ,with best regards1 and gratification to know that you are progressing1 ,i am1 ,very truly yours1 ,elihu ,thomson ,,general ,,electric ,,company ,in ,reply ,refer to ,,west ,,lynn1 ,,mass4 ,november #bh1 #aibb4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,ave41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i am in receipt of yours of ,november #beth1 enclosing the radio picture1 for which ,i thank you4 ,it certainly shows a successful result4 ,when ,i first read of your prismatic ring arrangement in the 8,scientific ,american01 ,i recognized that it was the solution of a problem which ,i had often thought of as possible1 and ,i can well understand that it may have applications which we do not even now think of4 ,it is perfectly possible1 as you say1 to employ the method of radio transmission of pictures on a very considerable scale1 which would hardly be possible in transmitting them by the ordinary telegraph4 ,with best regards1 and gratification to know that you are progressing1 ,i am1 ,very truly yours1 ,elihu ,thomson ,illustration3 ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,december #e1 #aibb4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,please accept my thanks for the radio photograph which you were good enough to send to me4 ,the production of a picture in this fashion is certainly one of the marvels of our time and ,i am under obligation to you for sending me this handsomely mounted copy which will be preserved as a very much prized souvenir4 ,gratefully yours1 ,warren ,g ,harding ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,december #e1 #aibb4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,please accept my thanks for the radio photograph which you were good enough to send to me4 ,the production of a picture in this fashion is certainly one of the marvels of our time and ,i am under obligation to you for sending me this handsomely mounted copy which will be preserved as a very much prized souvenir4 ,gratefully yours1 ,warren ,g ,harding ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,illustration3 ,westinghouse ,electric ,manufacturing ,company ,east ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,ave41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,march #g1 #aibc4 ,my dear ,jenkins3 ,i have been reading with much interest the newspapers giving an account of your success in sending photographs by ,radio from ,washington to ,philadelphia4 ,after my visit to your laboratory a few weeks ago when you told me of this proposed transmission1 ,i have been looking forward to it feeling assured it would be fully as successful as the papers have related1 and ,i want to add my congratulations to the many you must have already received1 and which you so well deserve4 ,may your success continue4 ,with kindest regards1 ,i am1 ,yours very sincerely1 ,john ,westinghouse ,electric ,manufacturing ,company ,east ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,ave41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,march #g1 #aibc4 ,my dear ,jenkins3 ,i have been reading with much interest the newspapers giving an account of your success in sending photographs by ,radio from ,washington to ,philadelphia4 ,after my visit to your laboratory a few weeks ago when you told me of this proposed transmission1 ,i have been looking forward to it feeling assured it would be fully as successful as the papers have related1 and ,i want to add my congratulations to the many you must have already received1 and which you so well deserve4 ,may your success continue4 ,with kindest regards1 ,i am1 ,yours very sincerely1 ,john ,illustration3 ,,the ,,franklin ,,institute ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,pennsylvania ,,philadelphia ,march #h1 #aibc4 ,mr4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #eejb ,sixteenth ,street1,n4,w41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i want to say to you how delighted ,i was to receive your letter of ,march #fth1 accompanied by the beautiful examples of your success in transmitting photographs by radio4 ,i enjoyed very decidedly the opportunity that you gave me of seeing the process of receiving these pictures and have found since that a number of those whose attention ,i called to your work1 took advantage of the opportunity and were greatly pleased with the results4 ,i can only say that ,i appreciate to a certain extent1 at least1 the tremendous energy and persistence that you have put into the development of this new art and most heartily congratulate you on the success that you have obtained4 ,i am promising myself that if ,i come to ,washington at any time in the near future to make a visit to your laboratory and see you in your own private lair4 ,hoping that such an opportunity will not be too long delayed4 ,i am1 ,sincerely yours1 ,geo4 ,a4 ,hoadley4 ,s4 and ,a4 ,assistant4 ,,the ,,franklin ,,institute ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,pennsylvania ,,philadelphia ,march #h1 #aibc4 ,mr4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #eejb ,sixteenth ,street1,n4,w41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i want to say to you how delighted ,i was to receive your letter of ,march #fth1 accompanied by the beautiful examples of your success in transmitting photographs by radio4 ,i enjoyed very decidedly the opportunity that you gave me of seeing the process of receiving these pictures and have found since that a number of those whose attention ,i called to your work1 took advantage of the opportunity and were greatly pleased with the results4 ,i can only say that ,i appreciate to a certain extent1 at least1 the tremendous energy and persistence that you have put into the development of this new art and most heartily congratulate you on the success that you have obtained4 ,i am promising myself that if ,i come to ,washington at any time in the near future to make a visit to your laboratory and see you in your own private lair4 ,hoping that such an opportunity will not be too long delayed4 ,i am1 ,sincerely yours1 ,geo4 ,a4 ,hoadley4 ,s4 and ,a4 ,assistant4 ,illustration3 ,,charles ,,francis ,,jenkins #bcb ,,south #g,,th ,,street ,,philadelphia1 ,,penna4 ,march #abth1 #aibc4 ,charles ,francis ,jenkins1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,friend3 ,the receipt of the ,journal of the ,english ,historical ,society a few days ago1 in which is given a list of ,friends who have achieved distinction through inventions and in which your name is given1 shows that we have another point of contact in addition to our exactly similar names1 and that is1 we are both ,members of the ,society of ,friends4 ,if you ever get to ,philadelphia1 ,i hope you will stop in and see me and arrange to have lunch with me1 if possible4 ,i have been much interested in the considerable amount of publicity given your work lately and ,i enclose a page from the ,evening ,bulletin1 although ,i think it more than likely you have seen it4 ,with best wishes1 ,very truly1 ,charles ,francis ,jenkins ,,charles ,,francis ,,jenkins #bcb ,,south #g,,th ,,street ,,philadelphia1 ,,penna4 ,march #abth1 #aibc4 ,charles ,francis ,jenkins1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,friend3 ,the receipt of the ,journal of the ,english ,historical ,society a few days ago1 in which is given a list of ,friends who have achieved distinction through inventions and in which your name is given1 shows that we have another point of contact in addition to our exactly similar names1 and that is1 we are both ,members of the ,society of ,friends4 ,if you ever get to ,philadelphia1 ,i hope you will stop in and see me and arrange to have lunch with me1 if possible4 ,i have been much interested in the considerable amount of publicity given your work lately and ,i enclose a page from the ,evening ,bulletin1 although ,i think it more than likely you have seen it4 ,with best wishes1 ,very truly1 ,charles ,francis ,jenkins ,illustration3 ,,naval ,,research ,,laboratory 8,,bellevue10 ,,anacostia1 ,d4 ,c4 #ba ,august #aibc4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,ave41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,my dear ,jenkins3 ,thanks very much for the samples of your recent work4 ,they look very good4 ,i was particularly interested in what you said concerning the ,chinese and ,japanese methods of transmitting telegraphy4 ,i had heard something of this before but never realized how complicated it would make the process for them4 ,as soon as ,i can get this laboratory well started ,i will certainly find time to look in on you and ,i hope arrangements may be made for continuing some cooperative work with you4 ,we have designated a section of our organization to work on methods of secret communication but just now we are unable to put anyone on that work4 ,i hope you will keep me in touch with your developments and let me know in particular what progress you are making towards high speed work4 ,one of the best arguments that ,i can make for the ,navy taking up such work will be the matter of saving time in handling coded messages4 ,with best regards1 ,i am1 ,very truly yours1 ,a4 ,hoyt ,taylor ,physicist1 ,,usn ,,naval ,,research ,,laboratory 8,,bellevue10 ,,anacostia1 ,d4 ,c4 #ba ,august #aibc4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,ave41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,my dear ,jenkins3 ,thanks very much for the samples of your recent work4 ,they look very good4 ,i was particularly interested in what you said concerning the ,chinese and ,japanese methods of transmitting telegraphy4 ,i had heard something of this before but never realized how complicated it would make the process for them4 ,as soon as ,i can get this laboratory well started ,i will certainly find time to look in on you and ,i hope arrangements may be made for continuing some cooperative work with you4 ,we have designated a section of our organization to work on methods of secret communication but just now we are unable to put anyone on that work4 ,i hope you will keep me in touch with your developments and let me know in particular what progress you are making towards high speed work4 ,one of the best arguments that ,i can make for the ,navy taking up such work will be the matter of saving time in handling coded messages4 ,with best regards1 ,i am1 ,very truly yours1 ,a4 ,hoyt ,taylor ,physicist1 ,,usn ,illustration3 ,,popular ,,radio #i ,,east #dj,,th ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,kendall ,,banning1 ,editor ,vanderbilt #iihe ,september #aa1 #aibc4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1,esq41 #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i certainly appreciate your interesting letter of ,september #ajth1 as well as the three photographic enclosures4 ,i am tremendously impressed1 not only with what you have accomplished in the transmission of pictures by radio1 but also with the limitless possibilities that you are opening up4 ,it is entirely conceivable that the work you are doing right now may have an effect upon civilization that will be almost revolutionary4 ,you must have had a corking good time on your airplane trip from ,omaha to ,chicago4 ,yes1 we have been1 undoubtedly backward in the development of our airplane commercial traffic4 ,some day we will make up for lost time4 ,cordially1 ,kendall ,banning ,,popular ,,radio #i ,,east #dj,,th ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,kendall ,,banning1 ,editor ,vanderbilt #iihe ,september #aa1 #aibc4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1,esq41 #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i certainly appreciate your interesting letter of ,september #ajth1 as well as the three photographic enclosures4 ,i am tremendously impressed1 not only with what you have accomplished in the transmission of pictures by radio1 but also with the limitless possibilities that you are opening up4 ,it is entirely conceivable that the work you are doing right now may have an effect upon civilization that will be almost revolutionary4 ,you must have had a corking good time on your airplane trip from ,omaha to ,chicago4 ,yes1 we have been1 undoubtedly backward in the development of our airplane commercial traffic4 ,some day we will make up for lost time4 ,cordially1 ,kendall ,banning ,illustration3 ,,imperial ,,japanese ,,navy ,,inspectors' ,,office ,,one ,,madison ,,avenue ,new ,york ,city ,october #f1 #aibc4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 ,radio ,pictures ,corporation1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,dr4 ,jenkins3 ,thank you for your kind note of ,october #dth enclosing some splendid reproductions of the message ,i wrote when ,i called upon you at your ,laboratory4 ,upon my return to ,japan1 ,i shall inform our ,home authorities about the merits of your high speed camera and radio apparatus and will also present the fine samples you sent me4 ,by the way1 kindly accept this expression of gratitude for the courtesies you extended to me and my associates during our recent visit to ,washington4 ,very truly yours1 ,t4 ,kuroda ,,engineer,,captain1 ,i4 ,j4 ,n4 ,,imperial ,,japanese ,,navy ,,inspectors' ,,office ,,one ,,madison ,,avenue ,,new ,,york ,,city ,october #f1 #aibc4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 ,radio ,pictures ,corporation1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,dr4 ,jenkins3 ,thank you for your kind note of ,october #dth enclosing some splendid reproductions of the message ,i wrote when ,i called upon you at your ,laboratory4 ,upon my return to ,japan1 ,i shall inform our ,home authorities about the merits of your high speed camera and radio apparatus and will also present the fine samples you sent me4 ,by the way1 kindly accept this expression of gratitude for the courtesies you extended to me and my associates during our recent visit to ,washington4 ,very truly yours1 ,t4 ,kuroda ,,engineer,,captain1 ,i4 ,j4 ,n4 ,illustration3 ,commonwealth of ,pennsylvania ,governor's ,office ,,harrisburg ,october #bc1 #aibc4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #eejb ,sixteenth ,street1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,my heartiest thanks for your letter of ,october #agth and for the copy of my first photograph by radio4 ,i appreciate it more than ,i can easily say1 and think it is a perfectly marvelous piece of work under the circumstances4 ,also it is more than pleasant to have it from you1 in view of our long association1 and so beautifully mounted4 ,with renewed appreciation1 and heartiest thanks for all the trouble you took in getting it up4 ,sincerely yours1 ,gifford ,pinchot ,commonwealth of ,pennsylvania ,governor's ,office ,,harrisburg ,october #bc1 #aibc4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #eejb ,sixteenth ,street1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,my heartiest thanks for your letter of ,october #agth and for the copy of my first photograph by radio4 ,i appreciate it more than ,i can easily say1 and think it is a perfectly marvelous piece of work under the circumstances4 ,also it is more than pleasant to have it from you1 in view of our long association1 and so beautifully mounted4 ,with renewed appreciation1 and heartiest thanks for all the trouble you took in getting it up4 ,sincerely yours1 ,gifford ,pinchot ,illustration3 #acci-acea ,,diversey ,,parkway ,,chicago ,december #ba1 #aibc4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 ,radio ,pictures ,corporation1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i was delighted to receive your letter of the #aith4 ,heartiest congratulations on making such wonderful progress with the ,radio ,pictures4 ,i am sure that ,i am going to be one of those fellows who can proudly say 8,i knew him when--04 ,with all good wishes for a ,merry ,christmas and a ,happy ,new ,year1 ,i am1 ,sincerely1 ,rothacker ,film ,mfg4 ,co4 ,w4 ,r4 ,rothacker ,,wrr3,,gld #acci-acea ,,diversey ,,parkway ,,chicago ,december #ba1 #aibc4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 ,radio ,pictures ,corporation1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i was delighted to receive your letter of the #aith4 ,heartiest congratulations on making such wonderful progress with the ,radio ,pictures4 ,i am sure that ,i am going to be one of those fellows who can proudly say 8,i knew him when--04 ,with all good wishes for a ,merry ,christmas and a ,happy ,new ,year1 ,i am1 ,sincerely1 ,rothacker ,film ,mfg4 ,co4 ,w4 ,r4 ,rothacker ,,wrr3,,gld ,illustration3 ,,eastman ,,kodak ,,company ,,rochester1 ,n4,y4 ,february #ah1 #aibd4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i am in receipt of your letter of ,february #fth enclosing the copies of photographs sent by radio4 ,your feat seems marvelous to me and ,i heartily congratulate you upon its accomplishment4 ,with kindest regards1 ,i am1 ,sincerely yours1 ,geo ,eastman ,,eastman ,,kodak ,,company ,,rochester1 ,n4,y4 ,february #ah1 #aibd4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i am in receipt of your letter of ,february #fth enclosing the copies of photographs sent by radio4 ,your feat seems marvelous to me and ,i heartily congratulate you upon its accomplishment4 ,with kindest regards1 ,i am1 ,sincerely yours1 ,geo ,eastman ,illustration3 ',,william ,w4 ,j4 ,bryan' ,,william ,,jennings ,,bryan ,,villa ,,serena ,,miami1 ,,florida ,july #bi1 #aibd4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i thank you for the ,radio ,photograph--it is wonderful6 ,what is there left to be discovered8 ,appreciating your friendly interest1 ,i am1 ,very truly yours1 ,w4 ,j4 ,bryan ,illustration3 ,department of ,commerce ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,,washington ,february #a1 #aibd4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i wish to express my appreciation for the photograph which you so kindly sent me4 ,it represents a very startling development in radio and sometime when ,i have some leisure ,i would be interested in discussing the method with you4 ,yours faithfully1 ,herbert ,hoover ,department of ,commerce ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,,washington ,february #a1 #aibd4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins1 #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,i wish to express my appreciation for the photograph which you so kindly sent me4 ,it represents a very startling development in radio and sometime when ,i have some leisure ,i would be interested in discussing the method with you4 ,yours faithfully1 ,herbert ,hoover ,illustration3 ,,carl ,,akeley #gg,,th ,,street ,,and ,,central ,,park ,,west ,,new ,,york ,,city ,march #af1 #aibe4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,you are perfectly welcome to publish anything ,i may have written you4 ,i think few people realize or appreciate the practical possibilities of the transmission of radio photographs and the high development to which you have brought this art4 ,i congratulate you on your success and wish a speedy realization of your dreams4 ,sincerely yours1 ,carl ,akeley ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins ,jenkins ,laboratories #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington ,d ,c ,,carl ,,akeley #gg,,th ,,street ,,and ,,central ,,park ,,west ,,new ,,york ,,city ,march #af1 #aibe4 ,dear ,mr4 ,jenkins3 ,you are perfectly welcome to publish anything ,i may have written you4 ,i think few people realize or appreciate the practical possibilities of the transmission of radio photographs and the high development to which you have brought this art4 ,i congratulate you on your success and wish a speedy realization of your dreams4 ,sincerely yours1 ,carl ,akeley ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins ,jenkins ,laboratories #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,washington ,d ,c ,the ,first ,radio ,channel ,while perhaps not singly applicable to the subject of pictures by radio1 it is certain that without the discovery that signals could be transmitted through the air without wires1 we should not now have either audible or visual radio4 ,while in #ahcb ,professor ,joseph ,henry discovered that electrical oscillations could be detected a considerable distance from the oscillator1 it remained for a dentist1 ,dr4 ,mahlon ,loomis1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 to actually send the first radio messages4 ,in #ahfe he built an oscillating circuit1 and connected it to a wire aerial supported in the air by a kite4 ,one station was set up on the top of ,bear ,den ,mountain1 in ,virginia1 not very far from ,washington2 a duplicate station being set up on top of ,catoctin ,spur1 some fifteen miles distant4 ,messages were sent alternately from one station to the other station1 by dot-and-dash interruption of a buzzer spark circuit2 while reception was attained by deflecting a galvanometer needle at the station which was at the moment receiving4 ,in ,leslie's ,weekly 7#ahfh7 ,frank ,leslie personally describes these 8successful experiments in communication without the aid of wires40 ,later 7#ahfi7 a bill was introduced in the ,u4 ,s4 ,congress to incorporate the ,loomis ,aerial ,telegraph ,company 7though nobody would buy the stock1 and it remained for others1 years later1 to reap the reward of radio broadcasting74 ,in speaking on the bill1 ,senator ,conger repeated1 he said1 the explanation that ,dr4 ,loomis made to him1 that-- ,illustration3 ,this ,illustration of ,dr4 ,mahlon ,loomis's ,wireless ,telegraph ,set ,was ,made from ,his ,original ,drawings of ,his ,invention ,which ,are on ,file in the ,united ,states ,patent ,office at ,washington4 8,the system consists of causing electrical vibrations1 or waves 7from the kite wire aerial7 to pass around the world1 as upon the surface of some quiet lake into which a stone is cast one wave circlet follows another from the point of disturbance to the remotest shores2 so that from any other mountain top upon the globe another conductor which shall receive the impressed vibrations may be connected to an inductor which will mark the duration of such vibration1 and indicate by an agreed system of notation1 convertible into human language1 the message of the operator at the point of first disturbance40--,from ,congressional ,globe1 ,library of ,congress4 ,perhaps it may be a coincidence1 or perhaps a blood strain of the pioneer1 that the first radio school ever set up by a woman should have been founded by his granddaughter1 ,miss ,mary ,texanna ,loomis1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,nipkow and ,sutton ,one of the most interesting examples of the attempts to see by radio was made the subject of a patent by ,nipkow in #ahhd4 ,the proposed transmitter consisted of a selenium cell and an objective lens1 with a spirally perforated disc rotating between the cell and lens 8to dissect the scene40 ,the receiving device employed the polarizing light valve used by ,major ,george ,o4 ,squire1 and ,professor ,a4 ,c4 ,crehore1 to measure the flight of gun shells at ,fort ,monroe1 ,virginia1 in #ahie4 ,the ,nipkow scheme was preceded by ,shelford ,bidwell's device for 8the telegraphic transmission of pictures of natural objects10 described in ,telegraphic ,journal #ahha1 ,vol4 #i1 page #hc2 and later almost exactly duplicated by ,m4 ,henri ,sutton1 and rather fully described in ,lumiere ,electrique1 ,vol4 #ch1 page #ech1 #ahij4 ,illustration3 ,machines ,the ,amstutz ,system ,of all the mechanisms which have been designed for the transmission of pictures electrically1 that of ,n4 ,s4 ,amstutz1 of ,valparaiso1 ,indiana1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 in the author's opinion1 stands out as the most conspicuous1 not only for fine work1 but for the cleverness of its accomplishment1 the first successful picture being sent in ,may1 #ahia1 over a #be-mile wire in eight minutes4 8,mr4 ,amstutz was not the first to send pictures over wire1 but he was the first to send pictures with halftones1 the others were simply line drawings4 ,in this first method ,mr4 ,amstutz used a relief photograph4 ,the amount of relief was in direct proportion to the amount of light which had acted on the sensitive gelatine1 resulting in an irregular surface1 representing in elevation all the variations of light and shade in a regular picture4 8,the picture received is actually a phonographic spiral around the receiving drum carrying the celluloid sheet4 ,when finished it is removed from the cylinder and flattened out and a stereotype or electrotype made from it for relief printing2 or the engraved celluloid sheet can be inked and printed immediately on the intaglio press40 7,from exhibit in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum47 ,illustration3 ,,this ,,picture ,,was ,,taken ,,from ,,the ,,receiving ,,machine ,,after ,,having ,,been ,,transmitted ,,eight ,,hundred ,,miles ,,over ,a ,,telegraph ,,wire4 ,,the ,,international ,,electro-,,graph ,,co4 ,,nov4 #a,,st1 #aijj4 ,,cleveland1 ,o4 ,,this ,,picture ,,was ,,taken ,,from ,,the ,,receiving ,,machine ,,after ,,having ,,been ,,transmitted ,,eight ,,hundred ,,miles ,,over ,a ,,telegraph ,,wire4 ,,the ,,international ,,electro-,,graph ,,co4 ,,nov4 #a,,st1 #aijj4 ,,cleveland1 ,o4 ,the ,electrograph ,from the accompanying illustration and title it will readily be seen that rather good pictures were reproduced with pen and ink method in #ahij4 ,the original of this picture was given the author by ,mr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,witherspoon1 who at the time of the experiment 7#aijj7 was a principal examiner in the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent ,office1 and detailed in charge of the ,patent ,office ,exhibit at the ,buffalo ,exposition1 where1 also1 these machines were on exhibition4 ,it may be a coincidence of passing interest that from ,cleveland twenty-four years later the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company sent their first wire pictures4 ,illustration3 #aiaj4--;,baker4 #a4 ,,photograph ,,wired ,,from ,,paris ,,to ,,london ,the ,baker ,machine ,the machine of the opposite illustration1 8the telestereograph10 is the invention of ,t4 ,thorn ,baker1 ,esq41 of ,england1 and 8was used by the ,london ,daily ,mirror in ,july1 #aiji1 and was worked by wire rather regularly between ,london and ,paris1 and ,london and ,manchester40 ,the picture to be sent was 8a halftone photograph printed in fish glue on lead foil1 and wrapped on a sending cylinder1 rotating once every two seconds with a metal point riding on it40 ,the receiving cylinder carried 8an absorbent paper impregnated with a colorless solution which turns black or brown when decomposed by the incoming electric current40 ,what electrolytic solution was employed is not stated in the report1 but was probably sodium iodide or potassium bromide judging from the description of its color and behavior4 ,to synchronize1 the receiving drum turns faster than the sending drum1 and is caught each revolution until the other catches up4 7,smithsonian ,report1 #aiaj47 ,illustration3 #b4 ,,fashion ,,plate ,,transmitted ,,by ,,professor ,,korn',s ,,telautograph4 #b4 ,,fashion ,,plate ,,transmitted ,,by ,,professor ,,korn',s ,,telautograph4 ,the ,dr4 ,korn ,machine ,the accompanying illustration shows the work of a machine developed by ,dr4 ,korn1 of ,germany1 and first used by the ,daily ,mirror between ,london and ,paris in #aijg4 8,on a revolving glass cylinder0 a transparent picture was put4 ,he used a ,nernst lamp and 8selenium cells on opposite sides of a ,wheatstone bridge0 to overcome the inherent lag of the selenium cell4 ,signals were sent over a wire and received on photographic film on a cylinder1 using 8two fine silver strings free to move laterally in a strong magnetic field40 ,a light was focused on the obstructing 8silver strings10 which the incoming electric signals1 passing through the 8strings10 separated to a greater or lesser degree 8to widen or thin the photographed line40 8,when the film is developed it is laid out flat1 and the spiral line becomes resolved into so many parallel lines40 ,the sending and the receiving machines were synchronized by 8well calibrated clocks which released the cylinders at end of every five seconds40 7,mr4 ,baker in ,smithsonian ,report1 #aiaj47 ,illustration3 ,machines ,rignoux and ,fournier ,scheme ,one of the early suggestions had for its fundamental principle a surface studded with thousands of 8selenium cells0 each a part of an individual circuit1 and upon which a picture was projected4 ,the idea was that the different cells would transmit a different value of current with each different intensity of light which made up the picture4 ,at the distant station a given surface had a corresponding number of tiny lamps1 each attached to its respective cell at the sending station1 and being lighted thereby the ensemble would reproduce the distant picture4 ,the scheme is possible but hardly practical1 for if only fifty lines per inch each way were sufficient on a picture but one foot square1 there would have to be three hundred and sixty thousand cells at the sending end1 and a like number of lamps at the receiving end1 each but one-fiftieth of an inch in diameter4 ,such a problem would seem to present difficulties1 though the author himself in the bravery of ignorance suggested this very scheme in the ,electrical ,engineer1 of ,july #be1 #ahid4 7,illustration by courtesy of ,science and ,invention47 ,illustration3 ,machines ,the ,belin ,machine ,the 8,belinograph0 is the invention of ,edouard ,belin1 of ,paris4 ,with these machines 8the first step in transmitting a picture is to convert the latter into a bas-relief4 ,or a drawing can be made in a special ink1 which1 when dry1 leaves the lines in relief4 ,the picture when ready for transmission has an uneven surface1 the irregularities of which correspond with the pictorial details4 ,the transmitter resembles the cylinder of a phonograph4 ,the picture is wrapped around this metal cylinder1 and a style presses down on the picture cylinder as it is rotated by clockwork4 ,as the style moves up and down over the irregularities of the picture1 a microphone varies the strength of an electric transmitting current4 8,at the receiving end another cylinder in a light-tight box carries a sensitized paper upon which a point of light is reflected from the mirror of a galvanometer actuated by the incoming current from the distant station40 ,two very accurately regulated chronometers are employed to keep the machines in synchronism1 one chronometer for the sending machine and one for the distant receiving machine4 7,from ,review of ,reviews1 #aibb47 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,american ,telephone ,telegraph ,company ,machine ,the picture opposite is one of those sent by the ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 ,company on ,may #bj1 #aibd1 by wire from ,cleveland to ,new ,york4 ,some of the pictures sent were from photographs taken earlier1 and some were taken only a few minutes before being transmitted4 ,in the sending machine1 8the film picture is inserted in the machine simply by rolling it up in a cylindrical form and slipped into the drum4 ,during operation a very small and intense beam of light shines through the film upon a photo-electric cell within40 ,in the receiving machine1 8the sensitive film is put on a rotating cylinder and turns like the cylinder record on a phonograph4 ,on this film falls a point of intense white light varied constantly40 ,for synchronizing 8two separate currents were sent over the wires1 one is called the picture channel1 the other the synchronizing channel40 8,forty-four minutes elapsed from the time the picture was taken in ,cleveland until it was reproduced in ,new ,york40 7,new ,york ,times1 ,may #bj1 #aibd47 ,it seems unlikely that returns from the daily wire transmission of pictures can equal the day-by-day revenue from the wires used for the transmission of speech when balanced up for the principal circuit1 phantom circuits1 and carrier circuits4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,radio ,corporation ,machine ,the accompanying 8photoradiogram0 is a development by the ,radio ,corporation of ,america1 and was transmitted from ,london to ,new ,york on ,november #cj1 #aibd4 8,the transparent picture film is placed on a glass cylinder4 ,an incandescent lamp inside the cylinder is focused in a minute beam onto the film as the cylinder rotates1 and this transfers the light values of the picture into electrical impulses1 in a ,general ,electric ,company photo-electric cell4 8,the receiving cylinder has white paper placed thereon1 and the incoming dots-and-dashes1 amplified in passing through a bank of vacuum tubes1 are recorded in ink on this paper with a special vibrating fountain pen1 drawn down by magnet coils to record the picture much in the style of an artistic stippled engraving40 ,the cylinders of both the sending and the receiving machines are 8rotated back and forth1 the electric camera itself advancing down the length of the picture one notch at a time40 8,the necessary synchronism of the two machines is maintained by the use of special driving motors1 and a special controlling mechanism based on the constant pitch of a tuning fork40 7,see ,radio ,news1 ,february1 #aibe47 ,illustration3 ,by courtesy of 8,the ,world10 ,new ,york4 ,a ,,radio ,,coded ,,photograph4 ,how the picture looked after being sent from ,rome by radio and decoded on ,professor ,korn's machine4 ,the above is an example of one of the rather odd methods of 8sending pictures by radio40 ,the picture to be sent is divided into many small squares with varying values of dark in the squares4 ,seventeen different grades of light in these squares are translated into seventeen letters printed on a tape4 ,this coded picture is transmitted to a distant place and there decoded into dots of sizes corresponding to the seventeen values1 and each dot placed in its corresponding square on a white paper4 ,the collection of large dots builds up the dark areas2 a similar collection of smaller dots makes up the halftones2 and still other collections of very minute dots make up the light areas4 7,from the ,new ,york ,world47 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,a telegraphic code scheme in which points in a picture are determined by the crossing of straight lines1 ordinates and abscissas1 and in which the shades of light1 of gray1 and of black which make up the picture are also indicated by letters4 ,this coded information is telegraphed to the distant stations where the receiving artist determines the location of these points and shades by 7#a7 a similar pair of crossed straight lines1 and 7#b7 letters indicating the light values to be washed in on paper4 ,the process depends for its success largely on the skill and cleverness of the receiving artist1 and is hardly more than a 8filler-in0 pending the adaption of the directly photographic process4 7,courtesy ,science and ,invention47 ,illustration3 ,schematic ,the ,braun ,tube ,receiver ,one of the theoretically attractive forms of receivers is the ,braun oscillograph tube1 for it is so very easy to wobble the cathode ray spot about over the fluorescent screen1 to form figures4 ,it has an imponderable pencil of light which can be moved over the picture screen with very little electrical energy4 ,its use has been proposed by many4 ,but the feature of the system which is most often overlooked in this scheme is the necessity for an analytical picture machine at the sending station1 and no such device in satisfactory workable form has yet been suggested4 ,the ,braun tube system awaits1 therefore1 the attention of the practical-application engineer before it can compete with other forms of receivers4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,pictures by ,radio in ,natural ,colors ,it is well known that pictures in color are in common use in magazine printing1 in window transparencies1 decorations1 etc4 ,the process consisting in making three negatives1 one through a red screen1 a second through a green screen1 and a third through a blue screen4 ,when transparencies from these three negatives1 each stained in its complementary color1 red1 green and blue1 are superimposed and viewed by transmitted light1 the resultant picture is seen in its natural colors4 ,with this process generally well known1 it is obvious that three such negatives transmitted by radio or wire could be colored and combined to make a 8picture sent by radio in natural colors40 ,of course1 the picture is not sent in color at all1 and the author hesitates to claim for such a feat more than that the resultant picture proves the excellence of the synchronism of the machines employed in the transmission of the three successive pictures which after their reception are to be colored and combined into one4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,prismatic ,disc ,machines ,these machines are principally used in radio transmission of photographs2 employ four overlapping prismatic discs or 8rings0 in both the sending and the receiving machines4 ,either a transparent or an opaque picture is used in the sending instrument2 and in the receiving camera a filament lamp1 modulated by the incoming radio signals1 recorded on a photographic negative plate4 ,in the sending machine 7first illustration7 the picture is projected with a magic lantern 7#a7 through four overlapping prismatic rings1 7#b7 two of which in rotation sweep the picture vertically across the light sensitive cell1 at the same time the image is moved laterally by the other pair of prisms4 ,the different light values of the picture are changed into electric values in light cell #d1 and broadcast4 ,a rotating perforated disc1 7#c7 interposed between the lens and light cell1 produces a pulsating direct current which can immediately be amplified through the usual radio transformers1 on its way to the broadcasting set4 ,in the radio camera 7second illustration7 a photographic negative 7#a7 is used and a pencil of light from lamp #b4 ,the rotating plates 7#c7 draw the lines and the radio signals vary the light intensities of the lamp to give gradations of exposure on the negative plate4 7,see next page47 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 ,photographs ,the ,jenkins ,prismatic ,ring ,the prismatic ring or plate is a new contribution to optical science1 and was designed for use in a machine for the transmission of radio pictures from a flat surface1 and for recording them on a flat surface1 the only way in which radio vision and radio movies will ever be produced2 and a method which permits of the reception of portraits having true photographic value1 without lines1 and having tone and shading unequaled by any other known process to date4 ,the prismatic ring section is ground into the face of a glass disc1 and from one end to a point half around it has its base outward1 and from this midway point around to the other end having its base inward4 ,the warp from one end to the other is gradual4 ,a beam of light passing through this ring1 in rotation1 is caused to oscillate1 having its hinged action fulcrumed in the plane of rotation of the prism ring4 ,the oscillation is always in the plane of the diameter of the disc from the point where the light passes through the prismatic ring section4 ,the plates 7made with the initial grinding machine7 may have one1 two1 or four prismatic sections to the ring1 and may be made right or left hand1 and in #aj inch and in #g inch sizes1 and also in disc ring 7first illustration7 or band ring form 7second illustration74 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 ,photographs ,jenkins ,synchronizing ,forks ,the accompanying photographs show a vibrating-fork-control employed to keep distantly separated motors in synchronism4 ,this is the motor control employed in the system developed by the author for the sending and receiving of photographs and photograms1 by radio and by wire4 ,the control unit is surprisingly simple and dependable1 and is believed might be found useful for many other purposes where it is desired to keep motors in step with each other which are separated by long distances1 the control signals being sent by wire or by radio1 and from fixed or moveable stations1 on land1 on water1 or in the air4 ,the fork illustrated is about fifteen inches long1 mounted on a cast brass frame with a bakelite cover plate upon which the fork1 motor coil1 and binding posts are mounted4 ,a single cell of dry battery keeps the fork in vibration4 ,the device is designed on a new principle1 and has a very sharp control of the motor revolutions4 ,simple means are provided for easily verifying the continuity of the motor control4 ,these fork motor units will control any number of motors of any size1 at any distance1 and on moveable or stationary platforms4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,the ,jenkins ,picture-,strip ,machine ,in the transmission of news1 market reports1 etc41 as a continuous process a long strip of paper of typewritten copy is put into this machine1 and the blacks and whites of the letters and figures falling on the light sensitive cell open and close a ,c4 ,w4 broadcast or wire circuit2 which at distant points is translated back into light and recorded on a long strip of photographic paper4 ,this can be a continuous process if the sending strip is added too from time to time1 and the receiving photographic strip of paper1 as it is exposed1 passes continuously through a developing1 fixing1 washing and drying bath4 ,this process might be required by the conditions of service4 ,a white strip and an electric pen may be used instead of photo paper4 ,in the sending machine the rotating prisms sweep the image of the typewriter line across the light sensitive cell2 and the strip is moved longitudinally by winding on a drum4 ,in the receiving machine the strip is drawn along while it is curved around a rotating cylinder inside which the modulating light is located1 turned off and on by radio4 ,a corona glow lamp is preferably employed with the photographic paper4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,jenkins ,duplex ,machine ,the ,jenkins duplex cylinder type of machine was designed for simultaneously sending and receiving photograms1 letters1 maps1 drawings1 etc4 ,the motor runs all day long1 like an electric fan1 in control of the vibrating fork4 ,the right hand 7glass7 cylinder sends2 and the left hand cylinder receives4 ,the messages are put on and taken off without stopping the machine1 and without one function interfering with the other4 ,the machine may be used on radio or on wire1 and is an easily operated machine1 the perfect functioning of which can be determined by a glance at the perforated rotating disc illuminated by the synchronizing signal lamp4 ,it is believed to be the first duplex two-way service machine ever built1 and is complete as shown1 except for the batteries and the radio receiving set1 which latter may be any standard set which will operate a loudspeaker4 ,the illustration shows a machine in which a picture transparency and a sensitive cell is used at the sending cylinder2 and a high speed lamp and photographic paper at the receiving cylinder4 ,illustration3 ,photographs 8,talking ,machine0 ,photograms ,the spring driven machine illustrated is probably the simplest device possible for the experimental study of transmission of pictures and picture messages by radio or by wire4 ,a conducting ink or pencil line on paper and put on one cylinder 7or an insulating coating cut through with a stylus7 over which the sending point rides for sending2 and an electrolytic bromide 7or photo7 paper on the other cylinder under the receiving pen for receiving2 the contact points being attached to the sending and the receiving sets respectively4 ,the upper illustration shows a machine electrically driven and equipped to transmit and receive handwritings1 maps1 sketches1 pictures1 etc41 of an area of about #e #g inches4 ,the sending is from pencil lines on paper1 the reception on electrolytic paper4 ,the machine is also made with a glass cylinder to send from a picture transparency1 and to receive on photographic paper4 ,it must1 therefore1 be used in a dark or subdued lighted room to receive4 ,each machine is capable of the very highest quality of work of its particular kind1 and is simple and easy to operate4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,radio ,vision ,the machines here shown are the laboratory models used in the development of ,radio ,vision and ,radio ,movies for the reception in the home of broadcast studio performances1 i4 e41 dancing girls1 public speakers1 pantomime1 marionettes1 motion pictures2 and1 by remote control1 outdoor events1 sports1 etc4 ,the lower illustration shows a #aj disc rotating in front of a prismatic ring1 synchronized by a variable speed of the motor4 ,the light is in the round box at the top of the standard behind the lens carrier1 and shines through lenses and prism 7onto a picture screen7 as they pass1 the light fluctuating in value with the incoming radio signals to make up a complete picture every one-sixteenth of a second4 ,the upper illustrated mechanism differs from the lower one in that it has a second overlapping prism for optical correction4 ,the casing enclosing the mechanism is not very large1 and contains1 besides the radio vision mechanism1 the radio receiving set1 and a loudspeaker1 so that an entire opera in both action and music may be received4 ,illustration3 ,the prismatic ring can be rotated to follow any moving object2 e4g41 a motion picture film2 or if fitted with a high-reading automobile speedometer the speed of an airplane or dirigible can be read directly off a dial by the navigating officer4 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,illustration3 glowing filament offset hollow cylinder filled with light ,,new ,,light ,,sources ,,for ,,radio vibrating gold leaf electroscope for blinking a constant light source spark plug light source glowing filament offset hollow cylinder filled with light ,,new ,,light ,,sources ,,for ,,radio vibrating gold leaf electroscope for blinking a constant light source spark plug light source ,illustration3 ,drawing ,illustration3 ,the rotation of the disc ,a carrying lenses b1 c1 d1 etc41 sweeps the image of the light source ,c across the screen ,f in a horizontal direction1 while line displacement in a vertical direction is effected by reason of the changing angle of successive prism elements4 ,illustration3 ,the rotation of the disc ,a carrying lenses arranged in a spiral causes the light ,l to sweep across the screen ,m4 ,a revolution every sixteenth second gives a motion picture screen effect4 ,illustration3 ,,radio ,,motion ,,picture ,,mechanism ,the rotation of the drum ,a carrying the lenses b1 b1 b1 etc41 causes the image of the light source ,s to sweep across the screen ,y in two directions4 ,a complete rotation every sixteenth of a second is motion picture speed4 ,illustration3 ,radio ,vision hook-up circuits4 ,a is the light cell4 ,the upper circuit puts a 8chopper0 frequency onto the radio carrier wave by the inductive coupling4 ,the lower diagram shows an intermediate frequency oscillator to be controlled by a light cell 7not shown71 the intermediate being put on the carrier wave4 ,historical ,sketch of ,jenkins ,radio ,photography #ahid4 ,jenkins publishes article on transmission of pictures electrically with illustration of proposed apparatus4--,electrical ,engineer1 ,july #be1 #ahid4 #aiac4 ,proposes another mechanism1 for 8,motion ,pictures by ,wireless40--,motion ,picture ,news1 ,september #bg1 #aiac4 #aibj4 ,reads paper on the ,prismatic ,ring1 a new contribution to optical science 7an essential element in transmission of radio pictures74--,transactions ,society ,motion ,picture ,engineers1 ,toronto ,meeting1 ,may1 #aibj4 #aibb4 ,sends first radio photograph2 sent from a photograph1 and received photographically2 and predicts motion pictures by radio in the home4--,washington ,evening ,star1 ,may #ai1 #aibb4 #aibb4 ,sends photographs by telephone wire of ,american ,telephone ,telegraph ,company1 through his desk telephone1 from #aeai ,connecticut ,avenue 7,washington7 to ,navy ,radio ,station1 ,,nof1 at ,anacostia1 ,d4 ,c41 and there broadcast4 ,the signals were picked up and recorded on a photographic plate at #eejb ,sixteenth ,street ,n4,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in presence of ,commander ,a4 ,hoyt ,taylor1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 and ,j4 ,c4 ,edgerton1 of the ,post ,office2 ,october #c1 #aibb4 #aibb4 ,makes official demonstration of his radio transmission of photographs for ,navy officials ,december #ab1 #aibb1 in presence of ,admirals ,s4 ,s4 ,robison and ,h4 ,j4 ,ziegemeier1 ,captain ,j4 ,t4 ,tompkins1 ,commander ,s4 ,c4 ,hooper1 ,lt4 ,commanders ,e4 ,h4 ,loftin and ,h4 ,p4 ,le,clair2 the report of which was later released for publication4--,washington ,evening ,star1 ,january #ad1 #aibc4 #aibc4 ,sends radio photographs of ,president ,warren ,g4 ,harding1 ,secretary ,herbert ,hoover1 ,governor ,gifford ,pinchot1 and others1 from ,u4 ,s4 ,navy ,radio ,station1 ,,nof1 ,washington1 to ,evening ,bulletin ,building1 ,philadelphia1 by courtesy of ,robt4 ,mc,lean1 ,jr41 ,march #b1 #aibc4--,reproduced in the ,bulletin1 and in the ,washington ,star1 ,march #c1 #aibc4 #aibc4 ,makes his first laboratory demonstration of ,radio ,vision 7the instantaneous reproduction on a small picture screen of a distant performer or a distant scene71 and of ,radio ,movies 7the transmission of pictures from a theatre screen to a small screen in the home71 ,june #ad1 #aibc4 ,see ,visitor's ,register4 #aibd4 ,makes his first hundred-line photograph1 ,june #ae1 #aibd1 portraits of true photographic values in which no lines appear4 ,photographs of ,president ,calvin ,coolidge1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,montgomery1 ,chaplain of the ,house1 ,william ,jennings ,bryan1 etc4 ,see letters of congratulations from subjects of these photographic tests4 #aibd4 ,sends message1 in ,japanese characters1 from ,charge d',affairs1 ,i4 ,yoshida1 of the ,japanese ,embassy1 ,washington1 i4e41 sending from the old ,navy ,station1 ,,nof1 to ,amrad ,station1 ,,wgi1 ,medford ,hillside1 ,massachusetts2 reported and reproduced in ,boston ,traveler1 ,december #d1 #aibd4 #aibd4 ,apparatus bought and used experimentally by ,u4 ,s4 ,post ,office ,department1 on night-flying section1 ,air ,mail route1 ,new ,york-,san ,francisco1 first message night of ,december #c1 #aibd4 ,see ,james ,w4 ,robinson's telegram1 ,december #ae1 #aibd4 #aibe4 ,transmits ,motion ,pictures by ,radio from standard motion picture film to be looked at directly on a small motion picture screen in the distant radio receiving set2 ,tuesday1 ,march #ca1 #aibe4 ,s4,l4,a41 ,f4,m4,a41 ,j4,n4,o41 ,j4,w4,r41 ,t4,p4,d4 ,illustration3 ,this machine is the prototype of the motion picture projector in universal use the world over1 the result of experimentation begun by ,mr4 ,jenkins in #ahij2 the machine finished and publicly exhibited in #ahic and #ahid4 ,later shown before the ,franklin ,institute1 and thereafter in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,when it has completed its service in the ,laboratory office1 the ,franklin ,institute ,museum will be the final depository4 ,illustration3 ,the accompanying cuts show the ,elliott ,cresson ,gold ,medal1 awarded by the ,franklin ,institute1 of ,philadelphia1 for a machine exhibited before the ,institute in #ahie by ,mr4 ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins4 ,illustration3 ,later1 in making a second award1 that of the ,john ,scott ,medal1 8in recognition of the value of this invention10 the ,institute ,committee said3 8,eighteen years ago the applicant exhibited a commercial motion picture projecting machine which he termed the #8,plantoscope4' ,this was recognized by the ,institute and subsequently proved to be the first successful form of projecting machine for the production of life-size motion pictures from a narrow strip of film containing successive phases of motion40 ,illustration3 ,,anno ,,domini ,,mdccccxxiv ,in recognition of services rendered to the screen by ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins---- as inventor of the motion picture projector---- ,story ,world ,magazine of ,hollywood1 in a series of articles published in #aibc-bd names ,mr4 ,jenkins as one of-- ,the ,ten ,greatest ,figures in-- ,motion ,pictures--,it now takes pleasure in making this formal acknowledgment of its judgment-- ,story ,world----,jay ,brien ,chapman ,september ,first ,editor ,,anno ,,domini ,,mdccccxxiv ,in recognition of services rendered to the screen by ,c4 ,francis ,jenkins---- as inventor of the motion picture projector---- ,story ,world ,magazine of ,hollywood1 in a series of articles published in #aibc-bd names ,mr4 ,jenkins as one of-- ,the ,ten ,greatest ,figures in-- ,motion ,pictures--,it now takes pleasure in making this formal acknowledgment of its judgment-- ,story ,world----,jay ,brien ,chapman ,september ,first ,editor ,illustration3 ,american ,projection ,society ,,incorporated ,,ability ,,progress ,,science ,,membership ,,certificate ,this is to certify that ,c4 ,f4 ,jenkins having proved his fitness has been duly received into ,the ,american ,projection ,society ,inc4 as a ,honorary ,member1 and is entitled to all rights and privileges as such4 ,in ,witness thereof the ,executive ,officers of the ,chapter have hereunto affixed their signatures4 ,president ,secretary ,treasurer ,date ,june #ab1 #aibd ,american ,projection ,society ,,incorporated ,,ability ,,progress ,,science ,,membership ,,certificate ,this is to certify that ,c4 ,f4 ,jenkins having proved his fitness has been duly received into ,the ,american ,projection ,society ,inc4 as a ,honorary ,member1 and is entitled to all rights and privileges as such4 ,in ,witness thereof the ,executive ,officers of the ,chapter have hereunto affixed their signatures4 ,president ,secretary ,treasurer ,date ,june #ab1 #aibd ,illustration3 ,photographs ,the ,jenkins ,high ,speed ,camera ,this camera was designed for the study of high speed motions2 i4e41 the flight of birds1 recoil of guns1 the impact of shell on plate1 muscular activity of athletes1 airplane behavior1 mechanical motions1 etc4 ,the normal rate of exposures is #a1jjj to #c1jjj pictures per second 7#d1jjj pictures per second have been made74 ,it uses standard motion picture super-speed negative film4 ,prints from these negatives are made in any standard motion picture printer1 and developed in the usual way4 ,the prints may then be projected in any standard motion picture projecting machine1 giving an apparent reduction of #ajj to #bjj times in the speed of movement of the object photographed1 and therefore easily studied4 ,the camera is fitted with #dh ,zeiss ,tessar lenses1 ,f-#c4e and #b focus1 and is driven by an automobile starting motor4 ,it weighs approximately #ajj pounds1 and therefore easily moved from place to place4 7,weight of two #f-volt automobile batteries additional47 ,sunshine is adequate for illumination4 ,if artificial illumination is employed1 it should be equal to sunshine4 7,,note3 ,the explanation of the unusual speed possible with this camera lies in its lens system1 for each lens may work as much as #aej per cent of the time2 that is1 the exposures overlap47 ,illustration3 ,photographs ,the ,genesis of ,radio ,a ,broadcast from ,,wrc1 ,november #bj1 #aibd ,c4 ,,francis ,,jenkins ,the history of radio is unique--at first only a scientific curiosity1 and for years thereafter a boy's plaything2 when1 all at once1 without warning1 the public takes it up with a suddenness no one foresaw1 and for which no one was prepared4 ,an invention which behaves so peculiarly excites one's curiosity to a study of its strange attraction2 and of the beginnings of the scientific principles involved1 now so knowingly discussed by mere youngsters4 ,why1 boys in the whole range of their 'teens discourse with fluency and understanding such mysteries as inductance1 impedence and capacities2 reactance1 reluctance and rotors2 harmonics1 aerials1 and mush2 choppers1 chokes and cheese2 heterodyne1 neutrodyne1 and iodine2 and we oldsters don't know whether they are talking of medicine1 music or food4 ,the only thing that saves us from everlasting embarrassment is that we have the gumption to keep our mouths shut4 ,so1 determined to be ready for these 8kids0 the next time they come into my august presence1 ,i start in to 8bone up0 on some of these funny words1 and for a start ,i turn to a musty volume printed by ,congress in #ahgi4 ,it appears that on ,january #af of that year the business of ,congress was stopped1 and1 in solemn procession1 led by the ,sergeant-at-,arms1 the ,chaplain1 and the ,vice-,president1 the ,senate proceeded to the ,house chamber1 where the ,speaker handed his official gavel to the ,vice-,president1 who said3 8,the ,senators and ,members of the ,congress of ,the ,united ,states are here assembled to take part in services to be observed in memory of the late ,joseph ,henry40 ,and1 as ,i read the addresses made on that memorable occasion1 and look up the references cited1 ,i get the solution to my problem4 ,i find it was ,joseph ,henry who first discovered that breaking the circuit in a coiled wire 8gives a more intense spark than the same wire uncoiled40 ,and so inductance was born1 and later in his honor we name its unit of measure a 8henry40 ,then he put iron inside the coil and got the first magnetic field2 next he found that when he arranged a second similar coil near the first1 the spark appeared in a gap of the second circuit1 and so we have the first transformer4 ,he put parallel metal plates across the circuit1 and he had a condenser2 and finally he separated the circuits by many hundred feet1 and the first radio signals were broadcast and picked up4 ,so we learn that to this modest but remarkable man we owe the simple coupling coil that the boys of the past twenty-five years have been using to telegraph to each other wirelessly4 ,and it is these ,american youngsters who have developed radio2 who first set up two-way communication half-way around the world2 who1 through their ,radio ,relay ,league1 kept ,captain ,mc,millan in touch with home during his long winter night in the ,arctic ice2 who kept the ,shenandoah in constant contact with headquarters in ,washington during her recent transcontinental trip1 official acknowledgment of which was publicly made by the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,radio eventually will touch our lives at more points directly and indirectly than any other discovery in the history of mankind1 unless1 perhaps1 ,i should make an exception in favor of fire4 ,and the delightful thing about it all is that the inaccessible places are benefited the most by radio1 those in the out-of-the way places are less lonesome1 and the long day of the sick and shut-in is more endurable4 ,the farmer has his market reports on the minute1 his weather forecasts in time for action1 and he sets his clock by radio and gets his entertainment from the air4 ,dispatched and guided by radio1 the flying mail goes day and night with such clocklike regularity that its remarkable performance is no longer 8news10 although industry has not yet waked up to the advantage and economy which can be effected by a larger use of the airmail4 ,ships are guided into harbor through fog by wireless direction1 and the captain was guided thereto by radio compass and radio beacon1 and at sea summons aid in case of mishap or danger4 ,in commerce one may send letters1 telegrams1 bank drafts1 or engineer's drawings1 as radio photographs of the originals1 with photographic accuracy and autographic authenticity4 ,men on the ground talk with men in a flying machine out of sight in the sky1 an almost inconceivable fact4 ,this reason alone would warrant one in predicting that the defense of our country is definitely going to pass from the limited activities of the ,army and ,navy to an ,air ,department1 for the plane has no boundary or limit of range in offense or defense4 ,and in addition there is the wireless direction of bomb-dropping airplanes1 torpedo submarines1 and floating mines1 inanimate agencies obeying the distant1 unseen hand4 ,and ultimately power will be transmitted to populous areas1 over wireless channels1 from the enormous unworked coal fields away up in the ,arctic ,circle4 ,the applications of radio are coming so fast in industry that it is hard to keep informed1 but doubtless its most extended use will be in the home4 ,the use of microphone modulated radio to carry music and speech to our homes celebrated its fourth anniversary only two weeks ago4 ,and yet in this brief space 7#a7 millions on millions have been entertained with the very best the artist has to offer2 7#b7 a singer has been heard around the world2 7#c7 and our ,president has addressed his fellow ,americans as a single audience4 ,when onto the boundless range of audible radio is grafted the world-wide appeal of the picture1 the ideal means of entertainment would seem to have been attained1 for the picture is without language1 literacy or age limitation4 ,by radio we shall see what is happening in a distant place2 inaugural ceremonies1 football1 baseball or polo games2 flower festival1 mardi gras1 or baby parade4 ,so when the development of radio as a service to the eye has progressed to a like extent with ear-service radio1 we will bring the entire opera to your home in both acting and music1 or even the ,olympic games from across the sea4 ,it has been most satisfying to have had a part in the development of this wonderful medium of contact between individuals and between nations4 ,my part being principally visual radio1 ,i expect great things from ,radio ,vision4 ,and did you ever notice the curious fact that a great laboratory1 despite its inestimable contributions to science and engineering1 has never yet brought forth a great1 revolutionary invention which has subsequently started a new industry1 like the telegraph1 telephone1 and telescope2 motion picture1 typecasting and talking machines2 typewriter1 bicycle and locomotive2 automobile1 flying machine1 and radio vision4 ,it has always been a poor man to first see these things1 and as a rule the bigger the vision the poorer the man4 ,and1 do you know1 that is right comforting1 too2 for ,i sometimes think that perhaps ,i myself may yet do something worth while if ,i only stay poor enough1 long enough4 ,radio ,patents of ,interest #abi1iga ,loomis #bce1dfi ,bell #ega1dfc ,thompson #fec1hha ,pollack #ffj1aii ,pollack #gad1egg ,gruhn #gbe1adj ,roberts #hda1chg ,de,forest #hfg1hgg ,de,forest #hgi1ecb ,de,forest #hhd1aaj ,stone-,cabot #ibi1icj ,latour #icd1ifi ,de,forest #ifh1dhd ,kruh #ihj1cef ,squire #ihj1ceg ,squire #ihj1ceh ,squire #ihj1cei ,squire #a1jae1hha ,fessenden #a1jcj1bdj ,hoglund #a1jei1gfc ,reisz #a1jfi1ece ,de,bernochi #a1jig1hga ,murphy #a1ace1fbd ,rosing #a1ada1hej ,stille #a1afa1gcd ,rosing #a1caf1ifg ,moore #a1cbi1fhh ,voulgre #a1cef1gfc ,hartley #a1cgj1ejd ,hammond #a1che1cbe ,jenkins #a1cij1dde ,jenkins #a1djf1dde ,culver #a1dac1ccc ,jenkins #a1dbc1gcg ,sandell #a1dcd1jfd ,montielhet #a1dcf1fgf ,peterson #a1ddj1dff ,jenkins #a1ddd1fje ,heising #a1dej1jhj ,hazeltine #a1ded1ecb ,beatty #a1dfg1ihh ,hoxie #a1dgj1fif ,nicholson #a1dge1ehc ,hoxie #a1dhd1fdh ,jenkins #a1dhe1ggc ,espenshied #a1dhi1bbh ,hazeltine #a1eje1aeh ,martin #a1eba1ahh ,jenkins #a1eba1ahi ,jenkins #a1eba1aij ,jenkins #a1eba1aia ,jenkins #a1eba1aib ,jenkins #a1eba1bje ,stephenson #a1ebb1cje ,latour #a1ebe1edh ,jenkins #a1ebe1edi ,jenkins #a1ebe1eej ,jenkins #a1ebe1eea ,jenkins #a1ebe1eeb ,jenkins #a1ebe1eec ,jenkins #a1ecj1dfc ,jenkins ,illustration3 ,note3 ,as ,washington is the birthplace of radio1 and has been the birthplace of more revolutionary inventions1 upon which great industries have been built1 than any other ten-mile territory1 it may be interesting1 and appropriate1 to add here a recount by ,mr4 ,jenkins of ,washington's claims to intellectual stimulus4--,,editor4 ,washington1 the ,city of ,enchantment ,broadcast from ,,wcap1 ,september #bf1 #aibd ,c4 ,,francis ,,jenkins ,washington is the home of our ,federal ,government2 but it is more than that--it is a delightful place to work1 a stimulus to excellence in mental activity4 ,those of us who had wandered about more or less aimlessly before we discovered ,washington well understand how its genial climate called forth the ,presidential praise of our honor guest from the cool1 green hills of ,vermont4 ,add to the delight of the climate1 the charm of ,washington's setting1 and one appreciates why1 from the ,executive ,mansion outward to the very rim of federal activity1 all remain1 if they can1 after leaving office4 ,woodrow ,wilson stayed here1 until he passed away4 ,president ,harding was hurrying home when his end came4 ,the only living ex-president resides in the ,district4 ,abraham ,lincoln was loath to leave ,washington1 it is said1 and so preferred a summer cottage in the ,soldier's ,home ,grounds1 as did many of his successors1 rather than a more elaborate executive residence elsewhere1 while the ,white ,house was getting its annual dressing4 ,in the house now occupied by the ,cosmos ,club1 ,dolly ,madison ruled social ,washington in such a scintillating setting that even the widows of presidents1 with few exceptions1 have made their later homes here4 ,nor is it strange1 for this is the city the unequaled plan of which was worked out with such loving care by ,major ,charles ,l',enfant1 as he leaned over a drawing board in his home near the old ,tudor ,mansion2 the parks of the plan later beautified by the landscape gardener1 ,andrew ,j4 ,downing4 ,and this magnificent dream city had the proper antecedents1 too1 for it was from this very site the old ,indian chief ,powhatan ruled his own vast territory before ever the white man had set up the capital of a nation dedicated to peace and opportunity4 ,many eminent statesmen and great orators have found ,washington environs so satisfying that they have spent their last years within this forest-like city4 ,the inimitable ,henry ,clay was buried here in #aheb2 ,elbridge ,gerry1 a signer of the ,declaration of ,independence1 lies in the ,congressional ,cemetery2 and ,john ,lee ,carroll1 a former ,governor of ,maryland1 found his last resting place in a local graveyard4 ,it was in ,washington as the head of the ,federal ,party that that distinguished orator1 ,daniel ,webster1 made his indelible impress on ,american history4 ,in the old 8,union ,tavern0 on a site now occupied by a large apartment building one could have found hobnobbing with resident genius1 in that early yesterday1 such guests as ,louis ,phillipe1 ,count ,valney1 ,lord ,lyons1 ,baron ,humboldt1 ,charles ,talleyrand1 ,jerome ,bonaparte1 ,washington ,irving1 ,charles ,dickens1 ,general ,st4 ,clair1 ,lorenzo ,dow1 ,john ,randolph1 and perhaps ,charles ,goodyear1 when he was asking for a patent for vulcanizing rubber4 ,even the dashing ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 leaving his ancestral home overlooking ,washington1 rode regretfully away to duty in his beloved south4 ,one may perhaps concede that associations would attract retired admirals and generals to a residence here--,admirals ,evans1 ,dewey1 ,schley1 ,sampson1 ,peary1 and ,generals ,greely1 ,crook1 ,wheeler1 ,miles and ,pershing1 within my own unprompted memory1 but what is the secret which brings back to ,washington those who have looked upon the enchanting spots of our wonderful country2 the three ,johns1 for example1 ,john ,c4 ,freemont1 the great northwest pathfinder2 ,john ,w4 ,powell1 explorer of the ,grand ,canon of the ,colorado2 ,john ,a4 ,sutter1 discoverer of gold in ,california4 ,even ,governor ,shepherd1 who made ,washington1 and afterward was practically banished to ,mexico1 prayed that he might be brought back to the city of his dreams1 and his wish gratified1 he lies at rest amid the grassy slopes of ,rock ,creek ,cemetery4 ,it was ever thus2 even stubborn old ,davy ,burns must have thought well of ,washington for he brought from his native land not only a charming daughter but the bricks with which he builded a cottage for her1 and from whose humble door this ,scottish lassie later went to a haughty family and a mansion as the wife of ,major ,general ,van ,ness4 ,not only from official life1 but from all fields of activity1 the capital city attracts to itself an unusual aggregation of mentality--scientific and literary and industrial4 ,poets and great writers1 noted scientists and renowned inventors have done their best work in the invigorating atmosphere of the capital1 washed clear by the mist of the ,great ,falls of the ,potomac4 ,it was here ,francis ,scott ,key lived when he wrote 8,the ,star ,spangled ,banner10 a spot marked by the new memorial bridge just completed2 here ,harriet ,beecher ,stowe wrote that immortal story1 8,uncle ,tom's ,cabin02 ,walt ,whitman the first edition of his 8,leaves of ,grass02 ,james ,bryce 8,the ,american ,commonwealth02 and ,owen ,meredith his 8,lucile40 ,in a rose-covered cottage on the heights overlooking the river1 across from the ,arlington ,national ,cemetery1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,d4 ,e4 ,n4 ,southworth wrought2 and in a less flowery abode impecunious ,edgar ,allan ,poe wrote much of his 8spooky stuff40 ,looking down upon the city from the east1 ,john ,howard ,payne1 in tranquil contentment1 on his return from a sojourn in a foreign land1 wrote the one song which will never die1 8,home1 ,sweet ,home40 ,in isolated serenity in ,rock ,creek ,park stands the cabin of ,joaquin ,miller1 8the poet of the ,sierras10 now the shrine of the artist as well as the writer4 ,across ,lafayette ,park1 opposite the ,white ,house1 ,george ,bancroft1 the great historian1 calmly laid down his pen in his #iast year and passed to his great reward4 ,and it was here that the painter ,james ,mc,neill ,whistler began his climb to an artistic1 world-renowned fame4 ,as for science1 why ,washington is the scientific center of the world4 ,more revolutionary discoveries which have been the foundations of great industries have been made in the ,district of ,columbia than any other ten miles square in all the world4 ,it was here that the great ,joseph ,henry spent the most prolific period of his sixty years of usefulness4 ,on the bosom of ,rock ,creek1 ,fulton first floated the model of his steamboat1 the ,clermont2 and on the ,potomac ,river1 ,professor ,langley tested out the aerodynamic principles upon which all airplanes are built1 and at a time when the 8flying machine0 was a subject not mentioned in elite scientific circles4 ,in the observatory on ,cathedral ,heights1 that great astronomer1 ,simon ,newcomb1 worked2 and nearby ,cleveland ,abbe1 the famous meteorologist1 published the first daily weather reports4 ,between ,washington and ,baltimore1 ,professor ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 in #ahdd1 put his telegraph to work1 the first telegraph operator being ,theodore ,n4 ,vail1 late president of the ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 ,company4 ,dr4 ,graham ,bell perfected his telephone here1 ,professor ,tainter the wax cylinder phonograph1 and ,mr4 ,berliner the talking machine4 ,both the typecasting machines1 the linotype and monotype1 were invented in the ,district2 and here a stenographer in the ,life ,saving ,service invented the first motion picture machine1 the prototype of the projector used in every picture theatre the world over to this very day4 ,from the hills of ,virginia1 across the river1 the first wireless message ever transmitted was sent into ,washington2 and from ,washington to ,philadelphia the first photographs by radio were sent4 ,when the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution sought a permanent home no place could successfully compete with the charm of ,washington2 and here also the ,american ,red ,cross and the ,pan ,american ,union set up their respective domiciles4 ,in ,kendall ,green ,park1 in the northeast section of the city1 the ,columbia ,institute for the ,deaf was set up1 the only ,institution of its kind in the world1 the gift of ,gallaudet to the afflicted4 ,it was in ,washington that another philanthropist1 ,william ,w4 ,corcoran1 built the ,louise ,home for ,southern gentlewomen1 as well as the ,corcoran ,art ,gallery1 the latter a gift to the city4 ,he was laid away in ,oak ,hill ,cemetery1 the resting place of an unequaled gathering of distinguished ,americans4 ,in the north of the city is the ,walter ,reed ,hospital1 named in honor of ,dr4 ,walter ,reed1 who heroically risked his life to prove that yellow fever germs were communicated by mosquitos4 ,the ,carnegie ,institute 8for the encouragement of investigation1 research and discovery10 and the ,carnegie ,geophysical ,laboratory are both located here4 ,in ,washington the ,geographic ,society was established1 and the unique ,geographic ,magazine is published2 and here the beautiful home for the ,national ,academy of ,science has just been dedicated4 ,so the atmosphere of ,washington works its witchery on resident as well as those who stop here but briefly1 a mental stimulus of no uncertain potency2 and as for scenic beauty1 it is unequaled and getting more beautiful and more attractive all the time4 ,as ,i fly above the city its streets are hidden under a criss-cross of green trees1 with the superb white dome of the ,capitol standing out above the verdure in majestic splendor2 and over to the west the ,lincoln ,memorial1 looking for all the world like a jewel box of alabaster4 ,and on the rim of the mist beyond stands a bowl-like marble amphitheatre keeping watch over the grave of the ,unknown ,soldier1 while still farther around to the north looms the great ,national ,cathedral on ,mount ,st4 ,albans1 where lies 8the man of peace40 ,and it was this inspiring sight that greeted the homeward bound1 round-the-world flyers as they glided over the city to a landing in ,boiling ,field4 ,an annual pilgrimage to this mecca of glorious past and wondrous present1 with its wealth of white buildings1 its miles of park roads1 its spring cherry blossoms and autumn colors is always inspiring4 ,from whatever point of view1 ,washington well deserves the pride of possession of all worthy ,americans4 ,illustration3 ,every normal man instinctively seeks a recreational activity--hunting1 fishing1 riding1 tennis1 golf4 ,the author's relaxation from research work is flying an airplane--and it's delightful sport4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,typos fixed2 non-standard spelling and dialect retained4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4