,exp]im5tal ,glass ,bl[+ ,,= ,,boys ,,by ,,c>leton ,j4 ,,lynde1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,physics ,mac,donald ,college1 ,quebec ,prov9ce1 ,canada ,prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,,alfr$ ,c4 ,,gilb]t ,,yale ,,univ]sity1 #aiji ,,exp]im5tal ,,glass ,,bl[+ ,boys1 glass tubes are made 9 ! sizes %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & 9 l>g] sizes4 ,y w use sizes #b1 #d1 & #f 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #a4 ,fun b5d+ glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,sizes ,,( ,,glass ,,tub+ ,hold a piece ( ,no4 #b1 ) bo? h&s1 9 ! flame ( ! alcohol lamp1 & turn x con/antly 7,fig4 #c74 ,d y f9d t :5 ! glass becomes ne>ly r$ hot1 x becomes s(t & b5ds easily8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,,heat+ ,,glass ,,to ,,s(t5 ,,x ,take ! tube out ( ! flame1 b5d x into any %ape y wi% 7,fig4 #d71 & all[ x to cool4 ,d y f9d t ! glass h>d5s :5 x cools & reta9s ! b5t %ape8 ,heat ! tube ne> ! fir/ b5d1 turn x con/antly1 take x out ( ! flame1 & make ano!r b5d4 ,repeat ?is & make all k9ds ( fanta/ic %apes4 ,place all hot glass on ! cool+ blocks1 n on ! table4 ,glass is us$ 9 _m1 _m ways by ! human race2 = example1 to make bottles1 tumbl]s1 w9d[ glass1 & s on1 & all ( ^! uses dep5d ^u ! facts :i* y h j illu/rat$1 namely1 t glass becomes s(t :5 heat$ & h>d :5 cool$ aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,,b5d+ ,,glass ,,! ,,lamp ,! wick %\ld be cut /raight across & %\ld project above ! wick hold] ab\t in* 7,fig4 #e71 or a little m if y require m heat4 ,burn wood alcohol or gra9 alcohol1 because !y give flames )\t soot or smoke4 ,fill ! lamp to )9 a in* ( ! top only2 x w burn "o h\r4 ,! hotte/ "p ( ! flame is n d[n close to ! wick1 z mo/ beg9n]s suppose1 b up j b5ea? ! tip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,,! ,,lamp ,buy y\r alcohol at a drug /ore 9 quantities ( "o p9t or m4 ,:5 y are ?r\gh exp]im5t+ = ! day p\r ! alcohol f ! lamp back into ! p9t bottle & cork ! bottle tightly4 ,alcohol left 9 ! lamp gradually evaporates & is lo/4 ,d n let ! lamp /& ) alcohol 9 x = any consid]able "t--ov]night = example--because fuel alcohol conta9s wat] & :5 x evaporates f ! wick1 ! alcohol evaporates fir/ & leaves ! wat] 9 ! wick4 ,!n :5 y try to light ! wick aga91 y w f9d t y _c d s1 because1 ( c\rse1 wat] does n burn4 ,if ?is happ5s to y1 take ! wick out1 dry x1 & />t ! lamp aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,,mak+ ,a ,,scrat* ,x is p]fectly safe to use k]os5e 9 ! lamp1 b x gives a v smoky flame :i* deposits soot on ! glass & fills ! air ) soot p>ticles4 ,y\r "m w object v /r5u\sly to ?is because ! soot p>ticles settle & black5 ev]y?+4 ,burn alcohol only1 at lea/ 9 ! h\se4 ,exp]im5t #b4 ,to cut glass tub+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,,break+ ,,! ,,tube ,cut (f a six-in* l5g? ( ,no4 #b z foll[s3 ,lay ! tube flat on ! table1 m>k ! six-in* l5g? & draw ! file across ! tube at ?is po9t1 press+ h>d en\gh to make a good scrat* 7,fig4 #f74 ,grasp ! tube ) bo? h&s ne> ! scrat*1 z 9 ,fig4 #g1 pull ap>t & b5d slightly4 ,d y f9d t ! tube breaks across easily8 ,repeat ?is ) ,no4 #d & ,no4 #f tubes4 ,exp]im5t #c4 ,to make ! edges smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,,mak+ ,,! ,,edges ,,smoo? ,hold "o end ( ! six-in* piece ( ,no4 #b 9 ! tip ( ! flame 7,fig4 #h71 & turn con/antly until x is j r$ hot4 ,take x out & let x cool on ! blocks4 ,d y f9d t ! edges are smoo?8 ,repeat ) ! o!r end4 ,repeat ) bo? ends ( ! six-in* piece ( ,no4 #d4 ,if ?ick glass is heat$ quickly x may crack1 because ! hot ext]ior exp&s m quickly ?an ! cool] int]ior & produces int]nal /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,,! ,,bl[pipe ,,flame ,! ,no4 #f tube is comp>atively ?ick & %\ld be heat$ gradually z foll[s3 ,hold ! end 9 ! flame = ab\t #a second1 !n )draw x = ab\t #a second2 hold x 9 ! flame aga9 = #a second1 & )draw x = #a second4 ,repeat ?is eight or t5 times1 !n hold & turn x 9 ! flame until r$ hot4 ,smoo? bo? ends ( ! ,no4 #f piece 9 ?is way4 ,exp]im5t #d4 ,practice ) ! bl[pipe4 ,hold ! small end ( ! bl[pipe j inside ! flame at "o edge1 ab\t in* above ! wick 7,fig4 #i71 & bl[ air ?r\gh ! flame p>allel to ! top ( ! wick4 ,keep y\r m\? clos$ on ! bl[pipe1 brea! ?r\gh y\r nose1 & practice keep+ a /eady /ream ( air go+ = a long "t4 ,y w be able to d ?is ) a little practice4 ,d y obs]ve t ! bl[pipe flame is po9t$1 also t x is made up ( a po9t$ cone inside & a light]-color$ cone outside8 ,! hotte/ "p ( ! flame is inside ! out] cone j beyond ! po9t ( ! inn] cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,,clos+ ,,"o ,,end ,,( ,a ,,tube ,! bl[pipe flame is hott] ?an ! lamp flame because ! heat ( ! burn+ alcohol is conc5trat$ at "o po9t by means ( ! air bla/1 & because ! alcohol is m completely burn$ by ! extra air4 ,exp]im5t #e4 ,to close ! end ( a small tube4 ,hold "o end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tube 9 ! bl[pipe flame 7,fig4 #aj71 turn x sl[ly1 & heat until ! end closes4 ,does x close nicely8 ,close "o end ( a piece ( ,no4 #d 9 ! same way4 ,y c close ,no4 #f tub+ 9 ?is way1 b x leaves a l>ge lump ( glass :i* may crack on cool+ or on reheat+4 ,y w practice clos+ ,no4 #f tub+ lat]4 ,! 8:y0 ( x ,! glass becomes s(t :5 heat$ because x becomes almo/ a liquid1 & if x is heat$ suffici5tly x becomes entirely a liquid4 ,9 ?is respect x acts v mu* z pit*1 ros91 & wax act :5 heat$ by ! sun or by a fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,,mak+ ,a ,,glass ,,bubble ,! end ( a glass tube becomes smoo?1 or closes entirely1 :5 heat$1 = ! foll[+ reason3 ,! surface ( any liquid tries to take ! smalle/ possible area 7?is is expla9$ 9 detail "u 8,surface ,t5sion0 9 ! ,gilb]t book on 8,exp]im5tal ,me*anics071 = example1 a small p>ticle ( wat] takes ! %ape ( a drop1 a sph]e1 & ! surface ( a sph]e has ! lea/ area = a giv5 am\nt ( wat]4 ,n[ :5 ! end ( ! glass tube is heat$ x becomes a liquid1 & ! surface ( ?is liquid contracts ! glass into a smoo? r\nd$ surface ( lea/ area4 ,if ! tube is heat$ /ill m1 ! surface contracts /ill m & closes ! end4 ,exp]im5t #f4 ,fun bl[+ glass bubbles4 ,smoo? "o end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tube & all[ x to cool4 ,close ! o!r end 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 turn x sl[ly1 & heat until x is v hot4 ,take ! tube out ( ! flame1 put ! smoo? end into y\r m\? quickly1 & bl[ z h>d z y c 7,fig4 #aa74 ,d y get a f9e big glass bubble :i* bur/s ) a pop8 ,if y get only a small bulb at ! fir/ trial1 heat ! end1 & try aga94 ,d y f9d t ! bulb %r9ks :5 heat$ b bl[s out aga9 readily8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,,bl[+ ,a ,,bulb ,:5 y get a big bubble1 place ! bubble end ( ! tube on a cool+ block & break all ! ?9 glass away f ! tube by /rik+ x ) ! file or bl[pipe4 ,!n close ! end & bl[ ano!r bubble4 ,repeat until y c bl[ bubbles easily4 ,repeat ) a piece ( ,no4 #d tube4 ,,bubble ,,colors ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,a ,,wat] ,,balloon ,d y f9d t ! ?9 glass ( ! bubbles %[s colors1 especially 9 sunlight1 j z soap bubbles d8 ,y boys :o h _h ! ,gilb]t set on 8,light ,exp]im5ts0 w "k t ^! colors are due to 8int]f]5ce40 ,! colors produc$ by a ?9 film ( oil on wat] are also produc$ by 8int]f]5ce40 ,exp]im5t #g4 ,to make wat] balloons4 ,close "o end ( ! ,no4 #b tube 9 ! bl[pipe flame aga9 & :ile x is /ill hot bl[ c>efully into ! op5 end until y h a bulb ab\t in* 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #ab74 ,n[ let x cool4 ,make a scrat* ) ! file ab\t in* f ! bulb1 break ! tube at ?is po9t 7,fig4 #ac71 & smoo? ! r\gh edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,,! ,,balloon ,,s9ks ,,& ,,rises ,put ! bulb 9 a tumbl] ( wat]4 ,does x float8 ,if n1 make ano!r balloon ) a l>g] bulb4 ,exp]im5t #h4 ,magic4 ,f9d a l>ge bottle made ( cle> glass1 ! neck ( :i* w fit y\r solid rubb] /opp]4 ,fill ! bottle ) wat] to ov]fl[+1 ins]t ! balloon1 & !n ! /opp]4 ,n[ press d[n h>d on ! /opp]4 ,does ! balloon s9k 9 a mo/ magical mann] 7,fig4 #ad78 ,release ! /opp]4 ,does ! balloon rise 9 an equally magical mann]8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,a ,,balloon ,,race ,exp]im5t #i4 ,balloon races4 ,make ano!r wat] balloon4 ,put ! two balloons toge!r 9 ! bottle fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) wat]4 ,ins]t ! /opp] & press d[n h>d4 ,d ! balloons s9k 7,fig4 #ae71 & does "o s9k m quickly ?an ! o!r8 ,release ! /opp]4 ,d ! balloons rise1 & does "o rise m quickly ?an ! o!r8 ,! mo/ buoyant balloon s9ks la/ & rises fir/4 ,! 8:y0 ( x ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,,draw+ ,a ,,?9 ,,tube ,y boys :o h ! ,gilb]t set on 8,hydraulic & ,pneumatic ,eng9e]+0 w "k ! 8:y0 ( ! la/ ?ree exp]im5ts4 ,any body floats 9 wat] if x is light] ?an an equal volume ( wat]1 & x s9ks if x is heavi] ?an an equal volume ( wat]4 ,wat] is practically incompressible b air is v compressible3 ?us :5 y press d[n on ! /opp]1 y =ce wat] into ! balloon & compress ! air 9 x2 :5 y release ! /opp]1 ! compress$ air 9 ! balloon exp&s & drives ! wat] out4 ,:5 ! weight ( ! balloon & ! weight ( ! wat] 9 x are toge!r great] ?an ! weight ( wat] displac$ by ! balloon1 ! balloon s9ks2 :5 !y are less1 x rises4 ,exp]im5t #aj4 ,fun ) ?9 tubes4 ,hold a piece ( ,no4 #b tub+ 9 ! lamp flame & turn x con/antly4 ,:5 x is r$ hot & s(t1 take x out ( ! flame & pull y\r h&s ap>t until ! tube is /ret*$ t5 or twelve in*es 7,fig4 #af74 ,is ! tube 9 ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,a ,,glass ,,tube ,,/ret*$ ,all[ ! tube to cool1 break ! l>ge ends away f ! ?9 tube1 place "o end ( ! ?9 tube 9 a glass ( wat]1 & bl[ into ! o!r end to make air bubbles 9 ! wat] 7,fig4 #ah74 ,if y c d s1 x is a real tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,,air ,,?r\gh ,,tube ,does ! ?9 tube b5d easily & does x spr+ back :5 releas$8 ,repeat ! exp]im5t ) ano!r piece ( ,no4 #b tub+1 b make ! ?9 tube z long z y c4 ,c y bl[ air ?r\gh ! ?9 tube1 & does x b5d v easily inde$8 ,repeat ) a piece ( ,no4 #d tub+4 ,^! ?9 hairlike tubes are call$ 8capill>y0 tubes1 f ! ,lat9 ^w capillus1 mean+ a hair4 ,exp]im5t #aa4 ,magic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,,wat] ,,runs ,,uphill ,y h always he>d t wat] runs d[nhill1 b y w n[ see x run uphill & rema9 !re 9 a mo/ magical mann]4 ,cut (f #e-;in* l5g?s ( ,no4 #f1 ,no4 #d1 & ,no4 #b tub+1 /& !m side by side 9 a glass full ( wat] 7,fig4 #ai71 & move !m up & d[n 9 ! wat] to wet ! inside ( ! tubes4 ,n[ look at ! wat] level 9 ea* ( ! tubes4 ,is x above ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! glass1 & is x high] ! small] ! inside diamet] ( ! tube1 t is1 is x high] 9 ! ,no4 #b ?an 9 ,no4 #d1 & 9 ,no4 #d ?an 9 ,no4 #f8 ,n[ take ! ?9 capill>y tube :i* has ! l>ge/ inside diamet]1 place "o end 9 ! glass ( wat]1 suck x full ( wat] & bl[ x out4 ,n[ ) "o end 9 ! glass ( wat] notice quickly h[ ! wat] rises inside ! tube4 ,does x run uphill 9 a mo/ magical mann] 7,fig4 #bj71 & does x rema9 !re8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,,wat] ,,runs ,,up ,,tube ,repeat ?is ) y\r o!r capill>y tubes4 ,does ! wat] run uphill 9 ea*1 & does x rise high] ! small] ! inside diamet] ( ! tube8 ,! 8:y0 ( ?is is expla9$ 9 ,gilb]t's 8,exp]im5tal ,me*anics0 "u 8,capill>ity40 ,,:at ,,is ,,glass8 ,common glass is made f ?ree sub/ances ) :i* y are all m or less famili>2 namely1 s&1 sodium c>bonate 7wa%+ soda71 & lime4 ,if s& & soda or pota% are mix$ & heat$ to a high temp]ature1 !y melt toge!r & produce a glass :i* dissolves 9 wat]4 ,?is is kn[n z 8wat] glass0 & x is us$ 9 _m ways3 to pres]ve eggs1 to cem5t fire bricks1 to make firepro( cem5t1 & s on4 ,if1 h[ev]1 lime is add$ & ! mixture is heat$ to a high temp]ature1 a glass is produc$ :i* is n soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is is ! glass y "k4 ,! ?ree mo/ common k9ds ( glass are3 ,v5etian glass1 made f s&1 soda1 & lime2 ,bohemian glass1 f s&1 pota%1 & lime2 & cry/al or fl9t glass1 f s&1 pota%1 & lead oxide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,,second ,,/ep ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,w9d[ ,,panes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,,iron+ ,,! ,,cyl9d]s ,,flat ,,h[ ,,are ,,?+s ,,made ,,( ,,glass8 ,! glass mixture is heat$ to a high temp]ature 9 fire clay pots or tanks 9 l>ge ov5s4 ,! surface is skimm$ f "t to "t & ! heat+ is cont9u$ until all air bubbles h escap$ f ! mixture1 usually ab\t ?ree days4 ,! glass is n[ q fluid & x is all[$ to cool some:at until x is visc\s2 !n ! objects are made by bl[+1 press+1 or roll+1 z describ$ bel[4 ,! f9i%$ articles are f9ally 8anneal$10 t is1 !y are plac$ :ile /ill hot 9 a second hot ov51 :i* is !n seal$ & all[$ to cool sl[ly1 = f\r or five days or = z _m weeks1 accord+ to ! k9d ( glass4 ,if a glass object cools quickly1 x cools m rapidly on ! surface ?an 9 ! int]ior4 ,?is produces a condition ( /ra9 9 ! glass & ! object may drop to pieces :5 j>r$ or scrat*$4 ,?is condition ( /ra9 is avoid$ by all[+ ! objects to cool v sl[ly1 t is1 by anneal+4 ,,w9d[ ,,glass ,w9d[ glass is bl[n 9 exactly ! same way z y h bl[n glass balloons2 ! process is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! glass mixture is heat$ = ab\t ?ree days 9 fire clay pots & is all[$ to cool until x is visc\s4 ,! glass bl[] !n atta*es a lump ( ! visc\s glass to ! end ( a /raight iron bl[pipe ab\t five feet long & bl[s a bulb4 ,he !n reheats ! glass & bl[s a l>g] pe>-%ap$ bulb & 9 do+ s re/s ! glass on a pe>-%ap$ mold ( *>r$ wood 7see c5t] ( ,fig4 #a74 ,he aga9 reheats ! glass1 holds ! pe>-%ap$ bulb ov] a pit1 & bl[s a long cyl9d] 7see left ( ,fig4 #a74 ,! ends ( ! cyl9d] are n[ cut (f & ! edges are sme>$ ) molt5 glass to prev5t splitt+ 7see "r1 ,fig4 #ba74 ,! cyl9d] is next cut l5g?wise ) a diamond 7c5t]1 ,fig4 #ba71 & is plac$ 9 a second hot ov51 :]e x is iron$ out flat 7,fig4 #bb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,,bottles ,,bl[n ,,9 ,a ,,mold ,! flat %eets are f9ally anneal$ 9 a ?ird ov5 = a numb] ( days & are !n cut into panes1 sort$1 & pack$4 ,,glass ,,tubes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,,roll+ ,,plate ,,glass ,! glass tubes ) :i* y d ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is book are made 9 ! same way z w9d[ glass up to ! /age ( bl[+ ! cyl9d]2 !n ! bl[]'s help] atta*es an iron rod to ! opposite end ( ! cyl9d] 7see "r ( ,fig4 #a71 & ! bl[] & help] walk backw>d away f ea* o!r to pull ! cyl9d] into a tube4 ,( c\rse1 !y use a small am\nt ( glass to make small tubes1 & l>g] am\nts = l>ge tubes4 ,,mold$ ,,glass ,_m articles ( glass are made by bl[+ ! glass 9 molds4 ,bottles are made 9 ?is way 7,fig4 #bc71 & l>ge ma*9es are n[ 9 use :i* mold _m bottles at "o "t 9 ?is way4 ,,press$ ,,glass ,_m articles are made by press+ glass into molds1 t is1 ! molt5 glass is p\r$ into molds & is press$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! mold by means ( a plung]4 ,imitation cut glass is press$ 9 ?is way4 ,,plate ,,glass ,! l>ge %eets ( plate glass us$ 9 /ore w9d[s are n bl[n1 b roll$4 ,! molt5 glass is p\r$ f ! fire clay pots ^u a ca/-iron table & is roll$ flat by means ( a l>ge iron roll] 7,fig4 #bd74 ,! glass is !n 9 ! %ape ( plate glass1 b is r\gh on bo? sides4 ,x is anneal$ = a numb] ( days & !n is gr\nd smoo? on bo? sides1 fir/ ) co>se em]y1 !n ) f9] & f9] em]y1 & is f9ally poli%$ ) r\ge4 ,! result is ! beautifully poli%$ plate glass we see 9 l>ge w9d[s4 ,,optical ,,glass ,! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 made great /rides 9 ! manufacture ( optical glass dur+ ! w> & !re are n[ _m k9ds on ! m>ket4 ,!y are us$ 9 mak+ ! l5ses1 prisms1 & mirrors = optical in/rum5ts4 ,optical glass is made 9 mu* ! same way z ord9>y glass1 b great c>e is tak53 fir/1 to see t ! mat]ials are pure2 second1 to /ir ! glass con/antly1 z x cools f ! molt5 to ! visc\s /ate1 to make x z uni=m z possible2 & ?ird1 to cool x v sl[ly 9 ! anneal+ process1 to avoid /ra9s4 ,,qu>tz ,,glass ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,a ,,pollywog ,an entirely new glass has be5 plac$ on ! m>ket 9 quantity 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,x is made by melt+ v pure qu>tz s& at a temp]ature ( #cjjj ,f4 & cool+ x fairly rapidly4 ,x has ! v valuable prop]ty ( exp&+ & contract+ v1 v slightly :5 heat$ & cool$4 ,?us !re is practically no int]nal /ra9 set up :5 x is heat$ or cool$ quickly & x does n break4 ,x c be heat$ r$ hot1 = example1 & !n plung$ into cold wat] )\t break+4 ,x is probable t ?is glass w be 9 univ]sal use 9 a v few ye>s4 ,exp]im5t #ab4 ,to make an acrobatic pollywog4 ,smoo? "o end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tube to put 9 y\r m\?1 close ! o!r end 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 take x out & bl[ a bulb ab\t in* 9 diamet]4 ,all[ ! bulb to cool1 !n heat ! tube ab\t in* f ! bulb & draw x out into a ?9 tube4 ,n[ b5d ! ?9 tube at "r angles ne> ! bulb & break x (f 7,fig4 #be74 ,place ! bulb 9 wat]4 ,does x float8 ,if n1 bl[ ano!r ) a l>g] bulb4 ,exp]im5t #ac4 ,magic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,,acrobats ,place ! pollywog 9 a bottle fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) wat]1 ins]t ! solid rubb] /opp]1 & press x d[n h>d4 ,does ! pollywog s9k8 ,n[ release ! /opp] quickly4 ,does ! pollywog turn som]saults 9 a mo/ magical mann] 7#a1 ,fig4 #bf71 & also rise8 ,make "o or two m pollywogs1 place !m all 9 ! bottle toge!r 7#b1 ,fig4 #bf71 & ent]ta9 y\r fri5ds ) a pollywog circus4 ,! pollywog s9ks :5 y press d[n on ! /opp] because y compress ! air 9 x & =ce wat] 9 until x weighs m ?an ! wat] x displaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,,danc+ ,,pollywogs ,! pollywog rises :5 y release ! /opp] because ! compress$ air drives ! wat] out until ! pollywog weighs less ?an ! wat] x displaces4 ,! pollywog turns a som]sault because ! wat] ru%es out sidewise 9 "o direction & =ces ! nozzle 9 ! o!r direction4 ,air may escape f ! pollywog :5 x is turn+ a som]sault2 if s1 wat] w take its place1 & may make ! pollywog too heavy to float4 ,y c re/ore its buoyancy by suck+ out ! wat]4 ,exp]im5t #ad4 ,a danc+ pollywog4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,,draw+ ,,glass ,,spid]-,,webs ,make a pollywog z 9 ,exp]im5t #ab1 b b5d its tail twice z %[n 9 #a1 ,fig4 #bg2 ! nozzle is at "o side & po9ts sidewise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,,! ,,spid] ,,trick ,put x 9 ! bottle full ( wat]1 !n press d[n & release ! /opp]4 ,does x s9k & rise1 & does x also :irl ar\nd mo/ beautifully z x rises8 ,make ano!r pollywog 7#b1 ,fig4 #bg71 b b5d its nozzle 9 ! opposite direction4 ,does x :irl 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! fir/ pollywog8 ,put !m 9 ! bottle toge!r & treat y\r fri5ds to a pollywog dance4 ,! pollywog :irls because ! wat] ru%es out ( ! nozzle 9 "o direction & =ces ! nozzle 9 ! opposite direction4 ,exp]im5t #ae4 ,to make glass spid]-web4 ,heat ! end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tube 9 ! bl[pipe flame until x is melt$ & v hot4 ,n[ t\* ! end ( ano!r piece ( glass to ! melt$ glass1 remove f ! flame1 & quickly pull ! two pieces ap>t z f> z y c 7,fig4 #bh74 ,d y f9d t y h pull$ "p ( ! melt$ glass out into a v f9e glass spid]-web8 ,repeat1 b ask a fri5d to t\* ! second piece ( glass to ! fir/ & run away z fa/ z he c4 ,d y get a mu* f9] spid]-web8 ,is ! glass spid]-web fairly /rong & v flexible8 ,exp]im5t #af4 ,! anci5t spid] trick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,,atta*+ ,a ,,h&le ,atta* an imitation spid]--or ! dead body ( a real spid]--to ! end ( ! glass spid]-web & surprise y\r fri5ds1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! glass spid]-web is mu* less visible ?an a ?read = ?is purpose4 ,exp]im5t #ag4 ,to make work+ h&les4 ,y c save glass 9 _m cases by atta*+ a %ort piece ( glass to ! piece y int5d to "w )1 z foll[s3 ,heat an end ( ea* piece 9 ! lamp flame until r$ hot1 press !m toge!r1 remove f ! flame1 & hold until solid4 ,! %ort piece !n s]ves z a work+ h&le 7,fig4 #cj7 = ! l>ge piece4 ,exp]im5t #ah4 ,to close a l>ge tube4 ,y clos$ small tubes 9 ,exp]im5t #e by simply heat+ ! end 9 ! bl[pipe flame4 ,?is me?od does n s]ve = l>ge tubes1 h[ev]1 because x leaves a v l>ge lump ( glass :i* may crack on cool+ or reheat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,,clos+ ,a ,,l>ge ,,tube ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,,mak+ ,a ,,subm>9e ,practice ! foll[+ me?od ( clos+ a l>ge tube2 fir/ ) a piece ( ,no4 #d tube1 & !n ) a piece ( ,no4 #f3 ,atta* a work+ h&le to ! end to be clos$1 heat ! tube in* f ! end 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 turn con/antly1 & :5 s(t pull ap>t until ! tube has ! %ape #a1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,heat1 turn1 & pull ! end away to leave ! tube z 9 #b4 ,heat ! end & bl[ out until x has ! %ape #c4 ,! end is n[ clos$ & ! glass has ab\t ! same ?ickness z ! rema9d] ( ! tube4 ,exp]im5t #ai4 ,to make a subm>9e4 ,close "o end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tub+ z describ$ above1 b leave ! end some:at po9t$ 7#a1 ,fig4 #cb74 ,heat ! tube on "o side at a di/ance in* f ! end & bl[ a bulb ab\t in* 9 diamet] 7#b74 ,heat ! tube in* f ! bulb1 draw x d[n into a f9e tube1 & break (f ! tube1 leav+ a small hole 9 ! end 7#c74 ,place ! subm>9e 9 a glass ( wat]1 & if x floats x is complete4 ,exp]im5t #bj4 ,magic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,subm]ges ,fill a bottle to ov]fl[+ ) wat]1 ins]t ! subm>9e op5 end d[n1 ins]t ! solid rubb] /opp] & press d[n h>d 7,fig4 #cc74 ,does ! subm>9e subm]ge8 ,release ! /opp]4 ,does ! subm>9e rise & does x also move =w>d8 ,turn ! bottle on its side & release ! /opp] quickly4 ,does ! subm>9e %oot =w>d at a great rate 7,fig4 #cd78 ,! subm>9e acts 9 ?is magical mann] = ! reasons giv5 9 ,exp]im5t #i4 ,:5 y press ! /opp] 91 y compress ! air 9 ! subm>9e & =ce wat] 9 until ! subm>9e weighs m ?an an equal volume ( wat] & x s9ks4 ,:5 y release ! pressure on ! /opp]1 ! compress$ air =ces ! wat] out until ! subm>9e becomes light] ?an an equal volume ( wat] & x rises4 ,! wat] ru%+ out ?r\gh ! op5+ ex]ts pressure backw>d on ! wat] 9 ! bottle & ! reaction drives ! subm>9e =w>d4 ,exp]im5t #ba4 ,fun ) ! subm>9e4 ,if y\r fri5ds d n "k ab\t ! little subm>9e1 y c my/ify !m z foll[s3 ,tell !m t subm>9es are j l o!r fi%2 namely1 !y lay eggs1 & ! little eggs hat* out aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( days 7( c\rse1 y\r fri5ds w "k t y are only jok+74 ,pret5d t y f\nd "o ( ^! subm>9e eggs1 hat*$ x out 9 lukew>m wat]1 & t y h tra9$ ! baby subm>9e to d "s simple tricks4 ,= example1 t y h tra9$ x to subm]ge1 rise1 & attack1 :5 y issue ! comm&s 8subm]ge10 8rise10 & 8attack40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,%oots ,,=w>d ,tell !m to wat* ! subm>9e c>efully & to notice t x takes 9 wat] & subm]ges :5 y issue ! comm& 8subm]ge40 ,/& ! bottle on ! table1 issue ! comm& 8subm]ge0 &1 :ile y\r fri5ds are wat*+ ! subm>9e1 press d[n on ! /opp] unkn[n to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,a ,,subm>9e ,,battle ,tell !m to wat* ! subm>9e c>efully aga9 & to notice t x expels wat] & rises :5 y issue ! comm& 8rise40 ,issue ! comm& & unkn[n to !m release ! pressure on ! /opp] sl[ly4 ,repeat ) ! comm& 8attack0 & release ! pressure quickly4 ,exp]im5t #bb4 ,a subm>9e battle4 ,make a second subm>9e1 place x 9 a l>ge bottle ) ! fir/ subm>9e1 turn ! bottle on its side1 & make ! subm>9es manuv] by mov+ ! /opp] 9 & out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,,fl>+ ,a ,,tube ,f9ally arrange !m s t !y are on ! bottom1 fac+ ea* o!r b[ to b[1 two or ?ree in*es ap>t 7#a1 ,fig4 #ce71 & release ! /opp] quickly4 ,d ! subm>9es try to ram ea* o!r 7#b1 ,fig4 #ce7 9 a mo/ reali/ic mann]8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,,an ,,air ,,gun ,exp]im5t #bc4 ,to fl>e ! end ( a tube4 ,heat ! end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tube until x is r$ hot1 take x out ( ! flame1 hold ! fl>+ wire inside ! end1 & press outw>d g5tly :ile y revolve ! tube 7#a1 ,fig4 #cf74 ,d y f9d t ! end is fl>$ out 7#b1 ,fig4 #cf78 ,exp]im5t #bd4 ,to make an air gun4 ,take a full l5g? piece ( ,no4 #d tube & fl>e bo? ends slightly4 ,?is is ! air gun 7,fig4 #cg74 ,n[ to make an arr[1 cut (f ! light+ end ( a mat* & ins]t a p9 9 ! o!r end 7,fig4 #ch74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,,! ,,arr[ ,,is ,,%ot ,,p9-,,end ,,fir/ ,ins]t ?is arr[ 9 ! air gun & bl[ x out4 ,does x come out ) consid]able spe$8 ,exp]im5t #be4 ,a %oot+ mat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci ,a ,,%oot+ ,,mat* ,draw a t>get on a piece ( pap] & hang x up1 away f ! wall or at ! edge ( ! table1 :]e !re w be space beh9d = ! arr[s to pass ?r\gh4 ,n[ %oot at ! t>get ) y\r air gun 7,fig4 #ci74 ,d y f9d t ! arr[ makes holes 9 ! t>get & sometimes goes "r ?r\gh8 ,! bull's-eye ( a t>get is usually #a in* 9 diamet]1 ! next circle outside is #b in*es 9 diamet]1 ! next #d in*es1 & ! out] circle #e in*es4 ,get up a %oot+ mat* & keep track ( ! score made by ea*4 ,if ! bull's-eye is cut any:]e by ! arr[1 ! c\nt is #e po9ts2 a cut any:]e inside or t\*+ ! #b-;in* circle c\nts #d po9ts2 any:]e inside or t\*+ ! next two circles c\nts #c & #b po9ts respectively4 ,! "o :o makes ! highe/ score 9 five %ots is ! w9n]4 ,x is m sanit>y if ea* %oot] has 8 own air gun & arr[s4 ,exp]im5t #bf4 ,height & di/ance conte/4 ,g outside & see :i* ( y c %oot 8 arr[ to ! greate/ height & to ! greate/ di/ance4 ,give ea* conte/ant five %ots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,,! ,,pea ,,%oot] ,,9 ,,action ,y c make fair e/imates ( ! heights if y %oot up beside a build+ or tall tree4 ,exp]im5t #bg4 ,to make a pea %oot]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,,b5ds ,take a full l5g? piece ( ,no4 #f tub+1 smoo? bo? ends & fl>e !m out slightly4 ,?is makes an excell5t pea %oot]4 ,try x ) peas4 ,d y f9d t !y come out ) great spe$8 ,exp]im5t #bh4 ,a pea-%oot+ mat*4 ,make a t>get on a piece ( pap]1 hang x up away f ! wall or at ! edge ( ! table1 & %oot at x 7,fig4 #dj74 ,d y f9d t ! peas g "r ?r\gh ! pap]8 ,arrange a mat* ) y\r fri5ds & keep track ( ! score z 9 ,exp]im5t #be4 ,exp]im5t #bi4 ,to make a good b5d4 ,a good b5d has ! same diamet] 9 ! b5d z 9 ! rema9d] ( ! tube 7#a1 ,fig4 #da74 ,x is r difficult to make because ! tube t5ds to cave 9 on ! inside ( ! b5d 7#b7 or flatt5 on ! outside 7#c71 or bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db ,a ,,dr9k+ ,,tube ,make ! b5d z foll[s3 ,heat a piece ( ,no4 #b tube ab\t #b in*es f "o end 9 ! lamp flame1 turn x con/antly & move x back & =? endwise to heat a l5g? ( ab\t #b in*es4 ,:5 s(t1 take ! tube out ( ! flame1 & b5d ! ends upw>d until ! angle is #ij4 ,if ! b5d is flat on ! inside or outside1 close "o end ( ! tube 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 smoo? ! o!r end & all[ !m to cool1 !n heat ! flat side ( ! b5d 9 ! bl[pipe flame & bl[ x out slightly4 ,?is makes ! diamet] ( ! tube at ! b5d equal to t ( ! rema9d] ( ! tube4 ,cut (f ! clos$ end1 smoo? ! edge1 & y\r b5d is complete4 ,make b5ds ) ,no4 #d tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,a ,,siphon ,exp]im5t #cj4 ,to make a dr9k+ tube4 ,_m times :5 !re is sickness 9 ! h\se1 x is conv5i5t to h a glass dr9k+ tube 7,fig4 #db71 ?r\gh :i* ! pati5t c dr9k )\t rais+ 8 head4 ,make su* a tube f a piece ( ,no4 #d tub+4 ,! %ort arm is equal 9 l5g? to ! dep? ( ! tumbl]2 ! long arm1 or m\?piece1 is ab\t #a in* long] ?an ?is4 ,exp]im5t #ca4 ,to make a siphon4 ,cut (f a piece ( ,no #d tub+ #h in*es long1 make two "r-angl$ b5ds ab\t #a in* ap>t at ! c5t]1 smoo? bo? ends1 & y\r siphon is complete 7,fig4 #dc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd ,a ,,siphon ,exp]im5t #cb4 ,magic4 ,put "o arm ( ! siphon 9 a tumbl] ( wat] & suck air out ( ! o!r end4 ,does ! wat] />t runn+ & does x cont9ue to run 9 a mo/ magical way 7,fig4 #dd7 until ! wat] is bel[ ! end ( ! siphon 9 ! tumbl]8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,,f ,,! ,,high ,,level ,,to ,,! ,,l[ ,fill ! tumbl] ) wat] aga91 />t ! wat] runn+1 put ! out] arm ( ! siphon 9 an empty tumbl]1 & /& bo? tumbl]s on ! table 7,fig4 #de74 ,does ! wat] run up "o arm ( ! siphon & d[n ! o!r into ! empty tumbl]8 ,does x /op runn+ :5 ! levels are ! same8 ,/& ! fir/ tumbl] on a book4 ,does ! wat] run aga9 & /op :5 ! levels are aga9 ! same 7,fig4 #df78 ,place ! l[] tumbl] on ! book & ! upp] tumbl] on ! table4 ,does ! wat] n[ run 9 ! opposite direction until ! levels are aga9 ! same8 ,raise "o tumbl] a foot or s above ! table4 ,does ! wat] run up ov] ! edge & drop into ! second8 ,n[ be=e ! upp] tumbl] is empty1 l[] x 9 su* a way t an arm ( ! siphon is 9 ea* tumbl]1 & raise ! second tumbl]4 ,does ! wat] n[ run 9 ! opposite direction8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df ,,! ,,wat] ,,/ops ,,:5 ,,levels ,,are ,,! ,,same ,y boys :o h ! ,gilb]t set on 8,hydraulic & ,pneumatic ,eng9e]+0 w "k t x is ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e :i* causes ! wat] to run up ov] ! edge ( ! tumbl] 9 ?is magical way4 ,exp]im5t #cc4 ,a long-arm$ siphon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,,siphon+ ,,) ,,long ,,tubes ,atta* a full l5g? ( ,no4 #d tube to ea* arm ( ! siphon1 z 9 ,fig4 #dg1 & repeat ! exp]im5ts describ$ above4 ,note3 ,:5 y ins]t a glass tube into a rubb] c\pl+ or rubb] /opp]1 wet ! end ( ! glass tube & ! inside ( ! c\pl+ or /opp]1 grasp ! tube ne> ! end to be ins]t$1 & ins]t ) a twi/+ motion4 ,exp]im5t #cd4 ,to make a nozzle4 ,atta* a work+ h&le to "o end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tube1 heat ! tube ab\t "o in* f ! end 9 ! lamp flame1 turn con/antly until s(t1 !n remove f ! flame1 & draw x out ab\t #c in*es4 ,:5 cool1 break (f ! ?9 tube1 cut (f ! nozzle to a l5g? ( ab\t #b in*es1 smoo? ! l>ge end1 & y\r nozzle 7,fig4 #dh7 is complete4 ,exp]im5t #ce4 ,to make a f\nta94 ,arrange ! app>atus z 9 ,fig4 #di1 & suck air out ( ! nozzle4 ,h y made a beautiful f\nta98 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,a ,,nozzle ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di ,,fig4 #ej ,,fig4 #ea ,,fig4 #eb ,,y ,,make ,a ,,numb] ,,( ,,magic ,,f\nta9s ,exp]im5t #cf4 ,magic4 ,make a nozzle #f in*es long out ( ,no4 #b tube4 ,smoo? ! ends ( ! nozzle1 & long tubes4 ,arrange ! app>atus z 9 ,fig4 #ej & suck air out ( ! nozzle until ! wat] runs 9 ! siphon4 ,does ! wat] squirt out ( ! nozzle 9 a magical mann]8 ,exp]im5t #cg4 ,m magic4 ,arrange ! ,no4 #b app>atus z 9 ,fig4 #ea1 ) ! nozzle inside ! bottle4 ,n[ to />t ! app>atus3 ,fill ! bottle ab\t qu>t] full ( wat]1 ins]t ! tubes 9 ! /opp] z %[n2 ins]t ! /opp] into ! m\? ( ! bottle2 inv]t ! bottle2 !n put ! %ort tube 9 a tumbl] full ( wat] & ! long tube 9 an empty pail or bas94 ,is !re a magical f\nta9 inside ! bottle8 ,repeat ?is ) a tall] bottle1 if y c f9d "o to fit y\r two-hole /opp]4 ,d y get a high] f\nta98 ,exp]im5t #ch4 ,/ill m magic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec ,,/>t+ ,a ,,siphon ,make ano!r nozzle & atta* x to ! app>atus us$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t by means ( ! inv]t$ siphon 7,fig4 #eb74 ,/>t ! exp]im5t z describ$ above4 ,d y get two f\nta9s8 ,exp]im5t #ci4 ,to />t a siphon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,,siphon+ ,,s& ,y c />t a siphon )\t suck+ ! air out ( x z foll[s3 ,fill ! siphon ) wat]1 put a f+] ov] ea* end 7#a1 ,fig4 #ec71 place "o end 9 a tumbl] full ( wat] & remove ! f+] "u wat] 7#b1 ,fig4 #ec71 !n remove ! o!r f+]4 ,does ! siphon />t8 ,9 ?is case ! wat] y p\r into ! siphon drives ! air out1 & ?is is ! reason y d n ne$ to suck ! air out4 ,exp]im5t #dj4 ,to siphon s& or mud4 ,arrange a siphon 7,fig4 #ed71 />t ! wat] fl[+1 & !n p\r s& or mud into ! upp] tumbl]4 ,is ! s& ( mud siphon$ ov] into ! l[] tumbl]8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee ,a ,,squirt ,,bottle ,atta* a long tube to ! out] arm ( ! siphon & repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,is ! s& or mud siphon$ m rapidly & m ?or\ghly8 ,exp]im5t #da4 ,to make a squirt bottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,,squirt ,,bottle ,,9 ,,action ,make a nozzle at "o end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tub+1 make a b5d ne> ! nozzle1 cut (f ! o!r end at su* a l5g? t x w rea* to )9 in* ( ! bottom ( ! bottle1 smoo? ?is end1 all[ x to cool1 wet ! tube & ! two-hole /opp]1 %ove x ?r\gh "o hole ( ! /opp]1 ins]t an elb[ 9 ! o!r hole1 & y\r squirt bottle is complete 7,fig4 #ee74 ,fill ! bottle ) wat]1 & bl[ ?r\gh ! elb[4 ,d y get a f9e long /ream f ! nozzle 7,fig4 #ef78 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg ,,tube ,,= ,,trick ,,squirt ,,bottle ,exp]im5t #db4 ,to make a trick squirt bottle4 ,y c h any am\nt ( fun ) a trick squirt bottle4 ,x is exactly ! same z ! squirt bottle describ$ 9 ,exp]im5t #da except t x has a hole j bel[ ! b5d 7,fig4 #eg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh ,,mak+ ,a ,,small ,,hole ,to make ! hole1 make ! long b5t nozzle z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 !n heat ! tube j bel[ ! b5d 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 t\* a piece ( glass tube to ! r$-hot glass 7#a1 ,fig4 #eh71 & pull x away 7#b1 ,fig4 #eh74 ,d y f9d t ! hot glass is pull$ out into a ?9 po9t$ tube8 ,break (f ! ?9 tube close to ! l>ge tube1 heat 9 ! bl[pipe flame until ! edges are smoo? & at ! same level z ! sides ( ! l>ge tube4 ,fl>e ! edges ( ! hole1 if necess>y2 x %\ld be ab\t in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei ,,trick ,,squirt ,,bottle ,n[ fill ! bottle ) wat]1 & bl[ h>d 7,fig4 #ei74 ,d y f9d t "o /ream ( wat] is driv5 into y\r face & ano!r out ( ! nozzle8 ,exp]im5t #dc4 ,fun ) a trick squirt bottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj ,,trick ,,bottle ,,9 ,,action ,n[ to h fun ) y\r trick bottle1 %[ x to "o fri5d at a "t4 ,d n ask him to try ! bottle1 j g :]e he c see y & squirt a long /ream1 b unkn[n to him h y\r f+] ov] ! hole bel[ ! b5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa ,a ,,simple ,,eng9e]',s ,,level 7,f ,ald\s' ,physics4 ,c\rtesy ( ,! ,macmillan ,company7 ,y\r fri5d w j naturally want to h a try at x4 ,s y say 8,all "r1 let's see :o c squirt ! longe/ /ream40 ,tell him t all he has to d is to take a deep brea? & bl[ z h>d z he c4 ,he w d s1 ) laughable results 7,fig4 #fj74 ,n[ toge!r f9d ano!r fri5d4 ,d n ask him to bl[1 b ea* ( y bl[ z long a /ream z y c1 :]e he c see y4 ,he w beg to be all[$ to try1 & f9ally y let him1 ) ! same laughable results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb ,,"o-,,legg$ ,,table ,,& ,,level ,repeat ) o!r fri5ds4 ,exp]im5t #dd4 ,to make an eng9e]'s level4 ,y c make "o =m ( eng9e]'s level 7,fig4 #fa7 z foll[s3 ,take a full l5g? ( ,no4 #f tub+1 b5d x up #d in*es at ea* end1 smoo? ! ends1 atta* x to a small bo>d1 re/ ! bo>d on a "o-legg$ table1 & y h a s]viceable level 7,fig4 #fb74 ,fill ! tube ) wat]1 %ove ! po9t$ end ( ! leg into ! gr\nd & sight along ! outside ( ! upright tubes at ! level ( ! wat] surfaces4 ,! l9e along :i* y sight is exactly horizontal1 because ! wat] surfaces are at exactly ! same level4 ,exp]im5t #de4 ,to use ! eng9e]'s level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc ,,homemade ,,level ,,9 ,,use ,an eng9e]'s level is us$ to f9d ! diff]5ce 9 level ( two or m po9ts 7,fig4 #fc74 ,to practice us+ y\r level1 f9d ! diff]5ce 9 level ( two po9ts #ajj feet ap>t on a road1 sidewalk1 or railroad4 ,to d ?is1 y mu/ fir/ make :at is call$ a level+ rod4 ,f9d a piece ( wood ab\t "o or two in*es squ>e & six or m feet long1 m>k on x feet & in*es1 beg9n+ at ! bottom end1 & y\r level+ rod is complete4 ,n[ to f9d ! diff]5ce 9 level ( two po9ts #ajj feet ap>t1 scrat* a l9e or ins]t a small /ake at "o po9t1 !n pace (f #ajj feet & m>k ! second po9t4 ,n[ set up y\r level betwe5 ! two po9ts1 ask a fri5d to hold ! rod on ! gr\nd & upright1 at ! fir/ po9t1 sight along ! wat] levels at ! rod1 & ask y\r fri5d to move 8 f+]1 or a :ite c>d1 up & d[n until x is exactly 9 y\r l9e ( sight4 ,n[ ask y\r fri5d to tell y exactly :]e 8 f+] or c>d is & record ?is height4 ,let u suppose t x is #d feet #f in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,n[ leave ! level exactly :]e x is1 ask y\r fri5d to hold ! rod upright at ! second po9t1 & aga9 sight along ! wat] levels at ! rod4 ,let u suppose t 8 f+] or c>d is n[ exactly #c feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! diff]5ce 9 level at ! two po9ts is #d feet #f in*es m9us #c feet or #a foot #f in*es4 ,t is1 ! second po9t is #a feet above ! fir/ po9t or ! grade is #a4e feet 9 #ajj1 or #a4e p] c5t4 ,y c n[ m>k a ?ird po9t #ajj feet beyond ! second po9t1 set up y\r level betwe5 ! second po9t & ?ird po9t1 place ! rod at ! second po9t1 !n at ! ?ird po9t1 & f9d _! diff]5ce 9 level z above4 ,if ! ?ird po9t is #a foot above ! second1 ! total rise 9 ! #bjj feet is #b feet2 if1 h[ev]1 x is #a foot bel[ ! second1 ! rise is #a m9us #a or foot 9 ! #bjj feet4 ,y c repeat ?is ) z _m po9ts z y please4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd ,a ,,_s ,,level ,exp]im5t #df4 ,to make a _s level4 ,! _s level 7,fig4 #fd7 is simply a curv$ glass tube fill$ ) alcohol except = ! bubble & clos$ at bo? ends4 ,! curve ( ! tube is "p ( a circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe ,,mak+ ,a ,,_s ,,level ,make a _s level z foll[s3 ,take a piece ( ,no4 #d tube ab\t #g in*es long1 heat a space ab\t #c in*es long 9 ! lamp flame1 turn con/antly1 & :5 s(t remove f ! flame1 hold bo? ends & all[ ! c5t] to s9k into a slight curve 7#a1 ,fig4 #fe74 ,let ! tube cool1 m>k ! c5t] ( ! curve ) ink1 & make m>ks #b in*es f ! c5t] on ea* side4 ,hold ! tube crosswise 9 ! lamp flame1 heat at "o m>k1 draw d[n ! tube & close x 7#b74 ,9 a simil> mann] draw d[n ! tube at ! o!r m>k b d n close x 7#c74 ,let ! tube cool & fill x ) alcohol to ! level %[n 9 #d4 ,to d ?is easily make ! pipette 7#e71 suck alcohol into x )9 ab\t #a in* ( ! top1 put y\r f+] ov] ! top1 ins]t ! l[] end ( ! pipette to ! bottom ( #d1 & remove y\r f+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff ,,m\nt+ ,,! ,,_s ,,level ,heat ! small "p ( #d1 )\t heat+ ! alcohol1 & close ! tube 7#f74 ,n[ atta* ! level to a smoo? bo>d z #b or #c1 ,fig4 #ff1 m>k ! c5t] ( ! bubble1 & y\r _s level is ready = use4 ,exp]im5t #dg4 ,to make a f\nta9-p5 fill]4 ,atta* a rubb] c\pl+ to ! l>ge end ( "o ( y\r ,no4 #d nozzles1 close ! o!r end ( ! c\pl+ ) a glass plug1 & y\r f\nta9-p5 fill] is made 7,fig4 #fg74 ,to make ! plug1 close "o end ( a piece ( ,no4 #d tub+1 all[ x to cool1 cut (f to a l5g? ( #a in* & smoo? ! r\gh edges4 ,ins]t ! clos$ end ( ?is plug into ! rubb] c\pl+4 ,practice us+ ! fill] by draw+ up & %oot+ out wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg ,a ,,f\nta9-,,p5 ,,fill] ,exp]im5t #dh4 ,to make a syr+e4 ,take a half l5g? ( ,no4 #f tube & smoo? bo? ends 9 ! lamp flame or bl[pipe flame4 ,n[ to make a plung]3 ,cut an #h-;in* l5g? ( ,no4 #b4 smoo? "o end1 close ! o!r end & bl[ a slight bulb4 ,:5 cold1 wet ! clos$ end & ins]t x into a small wet rubb] c\pl+4 ,note3 ,always grasp a tube ne> ! end :5 y ins]t x into a c\pl+ or /opp]1 because if y hold x too f> back y may break x4 ,ins]t x ) a twi/+ motion1 aft] wett+ ! end & ! inside ( ! c\pl+ or /opp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh ,a ,,syr+e ,wet ! inside ( ! l>ge tube1 wet ! plung] & rub x on a cake ( soap to make x slipp]y1 !n try x 9 ! l>ge tube4 ,if ! plung] is too l>ge1 /ret* ! c\pl+ l5g?wise2 if x is too small1 cr[d ! c\pl+ toge!r l5g?wise4 ,if ! bulb is too l>ge or too small1 dry x1 heat 9 ! bl[pipe flame until x %r9ks1 & bl[ ano!r4 ,:5 ! plung] is made1 atta* a ,no4 #d nozzle to ! ,no4 #f tube ) a l>ge c\pl+1 arrange z 9 ,fig4 #fh1 & y\r syr+e is made4 ,fill ! l>ge tube ) wat] & see h[ long a /ream y c make4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi ,,ano!r ,,syr+e ,exp]im5t #di4 ,to make ano!r syr+e4 ,heat a piece ( ,no4 #f 9 ! bl[pipe flame at a l5g? ( #g in*es & draw x out into a nozzle2 smoo? ! o!r end 9 ! lamp flame4 ,use ! same plung] z 9 ,exp]im5t #dh1 & y\r syr+e is made 7,fig4 #fi74 ,try x out ) wat]4 ,exp]im5t #ej4 ,to make a ?ird syr+e4 ,heat a piece ( ,no4 #f tube 9 ! bl[pipe flame at a l5g? ( #g in*es1 draw x out1 & close ! end1 !n smoo? ! o!r end4 ,n[ to make a plung]3 ,heat a piece ( ,no4 #b tube #h in*es f "o end 9 ! lamp flame1 draw x out into a nozzle1 & break x (f1 leav+ a small hole at ! end ( ! nozzle4 ,smoo? ! o!r end 9 ! lamp flame1 fl>e x out slightly1 all[ x to cool1 dip x into wat] & ins]t x into a small wet c\pl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj ,a ,,?ird ,,syr+e ,n[ fill ! l>ge tube ) wat] & ins]t ! c\pl+ plung] 7,fig4 #gj74 ,d y get a f9e long /ream8 ,exp]im5t #ea4 ,to make a diablo :i/le4 ,use ! ,no4 #f tube & ! ,no4 #b plung] f ,exp]im5t #dh1 arrange z 9 ,fig4 #ga1 bl[ across ! top1 & move ! plung] up & d[n4 ,d y get a mo/ diabolical s\nd8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga ,,! ,,diablo ,,:i/le ,! s\nd is produc$ by ! vibration ( ! air column betwe5 ! top ( ! tube & ! top ( ! plung]4 ,d y f9d t ! pit* ( ! note is high] ! %ort] ! air column8 ,exp]im5t #eb4 ,fun ) ! diablo :i/le4 ,/>t ) ! air column long & bl[ ! note1 %ort5 x a little & bl[ ! next note1 cont9ue1 & try to bl[ ! eight notes ( an octave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb ,,jo9+ ,,two ,,tubes ,try to play a tune4 ,try to make ! mo/ weird s\nd y c4 ,exp]im5t #ec4 ,to jo9 two tubes end to end4 ,take a piece ( ,no4 #b tube ab\t #g in*es long1 close "o end1 smoo? ! o!r1 & :5 cool cut ! tube at ! middle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc ,,work+ ,,! ,,jo9t ,n[ jo9 ^! two pieces z foll[s3 ,hold ! ends opposite ea* o!r ne> ! top ( ! lamp flame 7,fig4 #gb71 rotate con/antly1 & :5 ne>ly r$ hot br+ ! ends accurately toge!r 9 ! flame1 press toge!r slightly1 draw out slightly1 & remove f ! flame4 ,! ends are n[ /uck toge!r1 b ! glass is 9 a slight lump ar\nd ! jo9t & if all[$ to cool w crack v easily4 ,x is necess>y to "w ! glass back & =? to get rid ( ! lump & to make ! glass uni=m on bo? sides ( ! jo9t4 ,d ?is z foll[s3 ,heat "o ?ird ( ! jo9t 9 ! bl[pipe flame 7,fig4 #gc71 & :5 r$ hot bl[ a slight bulge4 ,n[ turn ! jo9t "o ?ird1 heat ! next ?ird r$ hot & bl[ a slight bulge4 ,repeat ) ! rema9+ ?ird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd ,,jo9+ ,,tubes ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,sizes ,n[ heat ! fir/ ?ird aga9 until x is r$ hot & %r9ks1 !n bl[ a slight bulge aga94 ,repeat ?is ) ! o!r two ?irds4 ,repeat ?is :ole op]ation a ?ird "t & bl[ j en\gh to leave ! jo9t ! same size z ! rema9d] ( ! tube or a little l>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge ,,mak+ ,a ,,l>ge ,,hole ,?is heat+ & bl[+ has work$ ! jo9t back & =? until ! glass is fairly uni=m4 ,x makes a /rong jo9t4 ,cut (f ! clos$ end & smoo? ! edge4 ,repeat ) a piece ( ,no4 #d tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf ,,mak+ ,a ,,tee ,exp]im5t #ed4 ,to jo9 tubes ( diff]5t sizes4 ,take a piece ( ,no4 #d tub+ ab\t #c in*es long & close "o end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg ,,?ree-,,arm$ ,,siphon ,take a piece ( ,no4 #f tub+1 atta* a h&le to "o end1 heat ! ,no4 #f tube 9 ! bl[pipe flame ab\t #a in* f ?is end & draw x d[n to small] size4 ,break ! small "p at a po9t :]e x is ab\t ! size ( ! ,no4 #d tube4 ,if ! hole is too l>ge1 heat ! edge until x is a little too small & fl>e x out ) ! fl>+ tool4 ,if ! hole is too small1 heat ! edge & fl>e x out4 ,n[ heat ! ends ( bo? tubes 7,fig4 #gd71 & jo9 !m z describ$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t4 ,repeat ! op]ation ( heat+ & bl[+ at lea/ ?ree times4 ,jo9 a ,no4 #d & a ,no4 #b tube 9 ! same way4 ,exp]im5t #ee4 ,to make a l>ge hole4 ,take a piece ( ,no4 #d tube ab\t #f in*es long1 close "o end1 smoo? ! o!r1 & all[ x to cool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh ,a ,,repeat+ ,,air ,,gun ,n[ to make a l>ge hole 9 ! side ( ?is tube1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,heat 9 ! bl[pipe flame ! po9t at :i* y wi% to make ! hole1 & bl[ a slight bulge 7#a1 ,fig4 #ge74 ,!n heat ! top ( ?is bulge until x is r$ hot ov] an area ab\t equal to ! size ( ! hole y wi% to make1 & bl[ h>d to make a ?9 bubble 7#b1 ,fig4 #ge74 ,break away ! ?9 glass ( ! bubble1 smoo? ! edges1 & ! hole is made4 ,! edge ( ?is hole w project beyond ! side ( ! tube 7#c1 ,fig4 #ge74 ,if y wi% to make ! edge ev5 ) ! side ( ! tube1 heat x 9 ! bl[pipe flame until x %r9ks back level ) ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi ,,f\r-,,way ,,junction ,exp]im5t #ef4 ,to make a tee4 ,take a piece ( ,no4 #d tube ab\t #f in*es long1 close "o end1 smoo? ! o!r1 & all[ x to cool4 ,take ano!r piece #c in*es long1 close "o end1 & all[ x to cool4 ,n[ make a hole 9 ! side ( ! fir/ tube at a po9t #c in*es f ! clos$ end4 ,d ?is z describ$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t b leave ! hole project+ beyond ! side ( ! tube 7#a1 ,fig4 #gf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj ,,mak+ ,a ,y ,n[ heat ! edge ( ! hole & ! end ( ! %ort piece 9 ! lamp flame1 & make a jo9t 7#b1 ,fig4 #gf7 exactly z describ$ 9 ,exp]im5t #ec4 ,be p>ticul> to heat & bl[ all ar\nd ! jo9t at lea/ ?ree times to make ! glass uni=m1 & on ! la/ bl[+ leave ! jo9t a little l>g] ?an ! tube4 ,cut (f ! clos$ ends1 make ! arms equal 9 l5g?1 smoo? ! ends1 & y\r tee is made 7#c1 ,fig4 #gf74 ,y\r fir/ attempt may n be beautiful1 b if y w repeat ! heat+ & g5tle bl[+ (t5 en\gh1 ! jo9t w be /rong1 :i* is ! ma9 po9t4 ,repeat until y c make a tee easily4 ,make a tee ) ,no4 #b tub+4 ,y\r flame is h>dly l>ge en\gh to make a tee ) ,no4 #f tub+4 ,exp]im5t #eg4 ,a ?ree-arm$ siphon4 ,make a ?ree-arm$ siphon z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,put two arms 9 tumbl]s fill$ ) wat]1 suck air out ( ! ?ird arm until ! wat] runs1 & !n put x 9 an empty tumbl]4 ,/& ! ?ree tumbl]s on ! table4 ,does ! wat] run until ! levels are ! same8 ,put "o tumbl] on a book4 ,does ! wat] run into ! o!r two tumbl]s until ! levels are ! same8 ,return ! "o tumbl] to ! table & put ! o!r two on ! book4 ,does ! wat] run f bo? tumbl]s to ! l[] tumbl] until ! levels are aga9 ! same8 ,exp]im5t #eh4 ,to make a repeat+ air gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha ,,balanc+ ,,columns ,take a full l5g? ( ,no4 #d tub+1 put a bran* ab\t #c in*es long at a po9t ab\t #b in*es f "o end2 leave ! end ( ! bran* clos$ 7,fig4 #gh74 ,n[ load ! bran* ) %ot or co>se dry s&1 & y\r repeat+ air gun is ready = use4 ,tilt ! bran* slightly above ! horizontal & bl[ int]mitt5tly4 ,does y\r gun reload aft] ea* bl[1 until ! ammunition is us$ up8 ,exp]im5t #ei4 ,to make a f\r-way junction4 ,make a tee z 9 ,exp]im5t #ef1 b d n cut (f ! clos$ ends4 ,n[ atta* a f\r? arm1 z 9 ,fig4 #gi1 & heat & bl[ g5tly z be=e to "w ! glass into uni=m condition4 ,cut (f ! clos$ arms at equal l5g?s1 smoo? ! ends1 & y\r f\r-way junction is made4 ,exp]im5t #fj4 ,a f\r-arm siphon4 ,make a f\r-arm siphon1 repeat ! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ,exp]im5t #eg1 & make o!rs ( y\r own4 ,exp]im5t #fa4 ,to make a ,y4 ,make a tee z 9 ,exp]im5t #ef1 !n make a b5d ab\t in* f ! /em on ea* side 7,fig4 #hj71 & y\r ,y is complete4 ,exp]im5t #fb4 ,balanc+ columns4 ,arrange ! app>atus z 9 ,fig4 #ha1 put ! arms toge!r 9 a glass ( wat]1 suck a little air out ( ! top c\pl+ & close x ) a glass plug4 ,d y f9d t ! wat] rises to ! same level 9 ea*8 ,place ! arms 9 sep>ate tumbl]s fill$ ) wat] to ! same level & repeat4 ,does ! wat] rise to ! same level8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb ,,! ,,wat] ,,levels ,,are ,,! ,,same ,add an extra l5g? to "o arm & repeat4 ,are ! levels diff]5t b are !y equal di/ances above ! wat] 9 _! respective tumbl]s8 ,place ! tumbl]s on ! table1 make "o tube slant+1 & repeat ! exp]im5t 7,fig4 #hb74 ,are ! levels aga9 ! same8 ,:5 y suck air out ( ! tee1 y decrease ! air pressure 9 ! two tubes1 & ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! wat] 9 ! tumbl]s lifts ! wat] into ! tubes4 ,exp]im5t #fc4 ,unequal columns4 ,put a l>ge h&ful ( salt into a tumbl] p>tly fill$ ) wat] & /ir until ! salt is dissolv$4 ,n[ p\r fre% wat] into ano!r tumbl] until x is at ! same height z ! salt wat]4 ,make ! arms ( equal l5g?1 put "o arm 9 ! salt wat] & ! o!r 9 ! fre% wat]1 !n suck a little air out ( ! top c\pl+ & close x ) a plug4 ,d y f9d t ! column ( salt wat] is %ort] ?an ! column ( fre% wat] 7#a1 ,fig4 #hc78 ,x is %ort] because salt wat] is heavi] ?an fre% wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc ,,unequal ,,columns ,if y h gasol9e or k]os5e conv5i5t fill "o tumbl] half full ( ei!r1 & ! o!r tumbl] half full ( wat]1 !n repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,d y f9d t ! column ( gasol9e or k]os5e is long] ?an ! column ( wat] 7#b1 ,fig4 #hc78 ,x is long] because gasol9e & k]os5e are light] ?an wat]4 ,exp]im5t #fd4 ,to fuse wire into glass4 ,f9d a piece ( ?9 iron or copp] wire ab\t #d in*es long1 heat ! end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b tub+ until x is ne>ly clos$1 ins]t ! iron or copp] wire into ! small hole1 & heat ! glass ar\nd ! wire until x %r9ks & grips ! wire firmly 7,fig4 #hd74 ,! glass !n s]ves z a h&le = ! wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd ,,wire ,,fus$ ,,into ,,glass ,x is difficult to make a secure jo9t betwe5 iron or copp] wire & glass because !y bo? exp& & contract m ?an glass :5 heat$ & cool$4 ,x is easy to make a secure jo9t betwe5 plat9um wire & glass because plat9um & glass exp& & contract at practically ! same rate :5 heat$ & cool$4 ,plat9um1 h[ev]1 is too exp5sive to be us$ = ord9>y exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #fe4 ,to cut w9d[ glass4 ,! common glass cutt] is a small v h>d /eel :eel m\nt$ on a h&le 7,fig4 #he74 ,practice ) "o on a pane ( glass3 place a rul] on ! glass1 draw ! :eel along ! rul] 7,fig4 #hf7 ) suffici5t pressure to scrat* ! glass1 place ! "u side ( ! scrat* exactly ov] ! edge ( ! table1 & press d[n on bo? sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he ,a ,,glass ,,cutt] ,exp]im5t #ff4 ,to bore a hole 9 glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf ,,cutt+ ,a ,,pane ,,( ,,glass ,place a piece ( w9d[ glass flat on ! table1 p\r a little k]os5e on ! spot to be bor$1 clasp ! file ne> ! end1 press ! end d[n h>d on ! spot & turn x back & =? ) a g\g+ motion 7,fig4 #hg74 ,y twi/ ! file j z y w\ld twi/ an awl to =ce x into h>d wood4 ,y w soon p5etrate ! surface2 use pl5ty ( k]os5e & cont9ue ! bor+ until y are ne>ly ?r\gh2 !n turn ! plate ov] & />t a hole on ! o!r side to meet ! "o y h made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg ,,bor+ ,a ,,hole ,,9 ,,glass ,d n ru% ?+s2 x w take y t5 or fifte5 m9utes to bore ?r\gh ord9>y w9d[ glass4 ,bore a hole 9 a bottle 9 ! same way1 except t ! bor+ is all f ! outside4 ,if ! end ( ! file becomes dull1 break (f a small piece1 ) a pair ( pli]s1 to expose a fre% surface4 ,exp]im5t #fg4 ,to cut a bottle 9 two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh ,,bottle ,,ready ,,to ,,be ,,cut ,,9 ,,two ,w9d a /rip ( blott+-pap] or wrapp+ pap] #b in*es wide ar\nd ! bottle at "o side ( ! l9e along :i* y wi% to cut4 ,make ?ree or m ?icknesses & !n tie ! pap] ) cord )9 in* ( ! edge to be cut4 ,wrap ano!r simil> piece on ! opposite side ( ! place to be cut & in* f ! fir/ piece 7,fig4 #hh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi ,,heat+ ,,! ,,bottle ,n[ /& ! bottle 9 a pail ( wat] until ! pap] is ?or\ghly wet 7ab\t five m9utes71 take x out1 rotate x 9 a horizontal position & direct ! bl[pipe flame aga9/ ! glass betwe5 ! pap]s 7,fig4 #hi74 ,cont9ue ?is = f\r or five m9utes1 !n if ! bottle has n dropp$ ap>t1 plunge x v]tically into ! pail ( wat]4 ,! bottle w break into two p>ts along ! l9e betwe5 ! two pap]s 7,fig4 #ij74 ,if x does n d s1 repeat ! op]ation until x does4 ,smoo? ! r\gh edges outside & inside ) ! file4 ,y _c d ?is ) ! flame because ! glass is too brittle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij ,,! ,,bottle ,,cut ,,9 ,,two ,exp]im5t #fh4 ,to gr9d glass4 ,r\gh edges ( glass c be gr\nd smoo? by means ( em]y pap]4 ,= example1 to smoo? ! edges ( ! glass bottle y h j cut 9 two1 use ! file = ! r\gh "w1 !n lay a piece ( em]y pap] on a plate ( glass1 em]y side up1 p\r a little k]os5e on x & rub ! r\gh surface on ! em]y ) a rot>y motion 7,fig4 #ia74 ,f9i% ) f9e em]y pap]1 & smoo? ! edges inside & out ) ! f9e pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia ,,smoo?+ ,,! ,,edges ,exp]im5t #fi4 ,to cem5t glass4 ,!re are two important po9ts to rememb] 9 cem5t+ glass3 fir/1 to get ! glass clean1 & second1 to press ! surfaces toge!r aft] apply+ ! cem5t1 to squeeze out z mu* ( ! cem5t z possible1 & to keep !m press$ toge!r until ! cem5t is h>d4 ,to clean ! glass wa% x ?or\ghly ) soap & wat]1 r9se1 & dry ) a clean clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib ,,cem5t+ ,,glass ,!re are _m excell5t glass cem5ts on ! m>ket4 ,"s ( ^! are solid & are us$ only on hot glass2 o!rs are liquid & are us$ on cold or hot glass4 ,cem5t two /rips ( glass toge!r 7,fig4 #ib7 ) seal+ wax or solid %ellac or "s o!r solid cem5t z foll[s3 ,clean ! glass ?or\ghly1 place 9 ! ov5 or on ! /ove1 heat gradually until ! glass j melts ! cem5t1 rub ! cem5t ov] bo? surfaces1 br+ !m toge!r :5 ! cem5t is fluid1 press !m toge!r to squeeze out z mu* cem5t z possible1 & keep !m press$ toge!r until ! cem5t is h>d4 ,cem5t a /rip ( wood to a /rip ( glass 9 ! same way4 ,cem5t a /rip ( wood to a /rip ( glass ) liquid glue1 bo? wood & glass be+ cold4 ,keep !m press$ toge!r until ! glue is dry1 p]haps a day or two4 ,,magical ,,exp]im5ts ,boys1 y c p]=m _m magic exp]im5ts ) app>atus made out ( ! glass tubes1 rubb] /opp]s1 & rubb] unions suppli$ ) 8,exp]im5tal ,glass ,bl[+40 ,we outl9e a numb] 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,y c inv5t _m m = y\rselves4 ,,magic ,,) ,,flames ,exp]im5t #gj4 ,magic light+4 ,light y\r alcohol lamp1 bl[ x out1 & br+ a light$ mat* d[n t[>d ! wick f above 7,fig4 #ic74 ,does ! lamp light 9 a mo/ magical mann] be=e ! mat* t\*es ! wick8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic ,,magic ,repeat ?is ) a k]os5e lamp & ) a c&le4 ,d !y light 9 ! same magical mann]8 ,! 8:y0 ( x ,:5 ! lamp is light$1 ! alcohol or k]os5e turns to a gas1 & x is ! gas :i* burns2 :5 ! c&le is light$1 ! wax turns to an oil1 ! oil turns to a gas1 & x is ! gas :i* burns4 ,! gas rises f ! wick = a %ort "t aft] ! flame is bl[n out1 & x is ?is gas :i* lights :5 y br+ ! mat* d[n t[>d ! wick4 ,exp]im5t #ga4 ,air us$ by flames4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id ,,! ,,c&les ,,g ,,out ,,& ,,! ,,wat] ,,rises ,drop melt$ c&le wax on a t9 c cov] & atta* ! bottoms ( two c&les to ! cov] 7,fig4 #id72 use "o c&le ab\t #d in*es long & ano!r ab\t #c in*es1 /& !m upright 9 a pan ( wat]1 light !m1 & inv]t a wide-m\!d bottle ov] !m4 ,does "s air escape at fir/ due to expansion1 d bo? c&les g out1 ! tall] "o fir/1 & does ! wat] rise until ! bottle is ab\t "o-fif? full8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie ,,! ,,cork ,,rises ,cut a piece ( c&le in* long1 float x on a flat cork or c cov] 9 ! pan ( wat]1 light x1 & inv]t a fre% empty bottle ov] x 7,fig4 #ie74 ,is ! result simil>8 ,! 8:y0 ( x ,! wat] rises 9 ! bottle because ( ! air is us$ up by ! burn+ c&le4 ,air is oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,! oxyg5 unites ) ! burn+ gas ( ! c&le & produces wat] vapor 7,h#b,o7 & c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b72 ! nitrog5 takes no "p 9 ! burn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if ,,wat] ,,f ,,flame ,! wat] vapor 7,h#b,o7 cond5ses to wat] on cool+ & takes up v little space4 ,! c>bon dioxide rema9s a gas & occupies space1 b ?is is (fset by ! volume ( ! air :i* escap$ at fir/4 ,! result is t ! volume ( gas at ! end is ab\t less1 & ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! wat] 9 ! pan lifts wat] into ! bottle4 ,! c&le goes out because x mu/ h oxyg5 to burn & ! oxyg5 is us$ up4 ,exp]im5t #gb4 ,wat] produc$ by fire4 ,x is c]ta9ly magic to produce wat] f fire1 b y c d x easily z foll[s3 ,hold a clean1 dry1 cold tumbl] ov] y\r alcohol lamp flame 7,fig4 #if74 ,does wat] deposit 9 ! =m ( mi/ on ! inside ( ! tumbl]8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig ,,atmosph]ic ,,pressure ,repeat ) fre% tumbl]s ) ! flame ( a k]os5e lamp & ( a c&le4 ,are ! results simil>8 ,direct ! bl[pipe flame into ! end ( a piece ( ,no4 #b or #d tub+4 ,does wat] deposit 9 drops inside ! tube ab\t #a in* above ! end8 ,! 8:y0 ( x ,"o ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( alcohol1 k]os5e1 & c&le wax is hydrog5 7,h71 & :5 ?is burns 9 ! oxyg5 7,o7 ( ! air1 x produces wat] 7,h#b,o74 ,x is ?is wat] :i* cond5ses on ! cold glass4 ,,magic ,,) ,,air ,exp]im5t #gc4 ,atmosph]ic pressure4 ,arrange a ,no4 #f tube z 9 #a1 ,fig4 #ig1 & suck air out at ! top4 ,does ! wat] run uphill into y\r m\?8 ,hold y\r f+] ov] ! top & lift ! tube out ( ! pail 7#b74 ,does ! wat] rema9 9 ! tube8 ,fill a bottle ) wat] to ov]fl[+1 ins]t a ,no4 #b tube into y\r "o-hole /opp]1 ins]t ! /opp] into ! m\? ( ! bottle 7#c7 )\t admitt+ air bel[ ! /opp]1 & try to suck wat] out ( ! bottle4 ,d y f9d t y _c d s8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih ,,wat] ,,driv5 ,,up ,,tube ,,by ,,atmosph]e ,repeat 7#c7 ) ! bottle half full ( air 7#d74 ,d y f9d t y c n[ suck "p ( ! wat] out ( ! bottle1 & all ( x if y admit air8 ,! 8:y0 ( x ,! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! e>? ex]ts a pressure ( #ae p\nds p] squ>e in* on ev]y?+ at ! e>?'s surface4 ,x ex]ts ?is pressure equally d[nw>d1 sidewise1 & upw>d4 ,x is ?is atmosph]ic pressure on ! wat] 9 ! pail 7#a7 :i* lifts ! wat] into ! tube :5 y decrease ! pressure on ! wat] 9 ! tube by suck+ out air & !n wat]4 ,x is ?is pressure upw>d t supports ! wat] 9 #b4 ,! wat] does n rise 9 #c because ! atmosph]e _c ex]t pressure d[nw>d on ! wat] 9 ! bottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii ,a ,,f\nta9 ,! rise ( ! wat] 9 #d is due to ano!r fact1 namely1 t any gas exp&s :5 ! pressure on x is decreas$4 ,:5 y suck air out ( ! tube y decrease ! pressure on ! wat] 9 ! tube & !reby on ! air 9 ! bottle2 ! air !n exp&s & lifts ! wat] into y\r m\?4 ,exp]im5t #gd4 ,great pressure ( air4 ,) ! app>atus ,fig4 #ih hold y\r f+] ov] ! l[] end ( ! tube1 suck z mu* air z y c out ( ! tube1 p9* ! c\pl+1 & remove y\r f+] "u wat]4 ,does ! atmosph]e drive wat] up ! tube v rapidly & ) great =ce8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj ,,magic ,exp]im5t #ge4 ,a f\nta94 ,) ! app>atus ,fig4 #ii suck z mu* air z y c out ( ! bottle1 p9* ! c\pl+1 & op5 x "u wat]4 ,does ! atmosph]e lift ! wat] into ! bottle & produce a beautiful f\nta98 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja ,,m ,,magic ,exp]im5t #gf4 ,magic tumbl]4 ,fill a tumbl] ) wat]1 cov] x ) a %eet ( pap]1 hold ! pap] on ) y\r h&1 inv]t ! tumbl]1 & remove y\r h& 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,does ! atmosph]ic pressure upw>d support ! pap] & wat]8 ,exp]im5t #gg4 ,magic lift4 ,fill a tumbl] ) wat]1 press y\r palm d[n on ! top ) y\r f+]s po9t+ d[nw>d 7,fig4 #aja71 /raight5 y\r f+]s )\t admitt+ air to ! tumbl]1 & !n lift y\r h&4 ,d y lift ! tumbl] ( wat] also8 ,!re is a p>tial vacuum betwe5 y\r h& & ! wat]1 & ! atmosph]ic pressure upw>d & d[nw>d holds y\r h& & ! tumbl] toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb ,,tumbl] ,,p5dulum ,exp]im5t #gh4 ,a magic p5dulum4 ,pass a /r+ ?r\gh a small hole 9 a piece ( c>dbo>d1 knot ! end ( ! /r+1 & drop melt$ c&le wax ov] ! hole to make x air tight4 ,fill a tumbl] ) wat]1 press ! c>dbo>d d[n on ! tumbl] ) ! palm ( y\r h&1 & lift ! /r+4 ,d y also lift ! tumbl] 7,fig4 #ajb78 ,sw+ ! tumbl] g5tly z a p5dulum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc ,,p\ltry ,,f\nta9 ,exp]im5t #gi4 ,a p\ltry f\nta94 ,to make ! p\ltry f\nta9 7,fig4 #ajc71 fill a bottle ) wat]1 hold y\r ?umb ov] ! m\?1 inv]t ! bottle ov] ! pan ( wat]1 & remove y\r ?umb "u wat]4 ,does ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! wat] 9 ! pan hold ! wat] 9 ! bottle8 ,lift ! bottle until ! m\? is a little above ! wat] 9 ! pan4 ,does air ent] & wat] run out until ! m\? is aga9 cov]$ ) wat]8 ,?is is :at happ5s :5 ! p\ltry1 by dr9k+1 l[] ! wat] bel[ ! m\? ( ! bottle4 ,9 a p\ltry f\nta9 ! bottle is support$1 z %[n1 ) its m\? "u wat] b above ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd ,a ,,dr9k+ ,,f\nta9 7,f ,butl]'s ,h\sehold ,physics4 ,publi%$ by ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje ,,homemade ,,dr9k+ ,,f\nta9 ,exp]im5t #hj4 ,a dr9k+ f\nta94 ,! dr9k+ f\nta9 7,fig4 #ajd7 is simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! p\ltry f\nta9 ( ! la/ exp]im5t4 ,! wat] is held 9 ! l>ge inv]t$ bottle by ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! wat] 9 ! l[] vessel4 ,air ent]s ! bottle & wat] escapes f x :5 ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! l[] vessel falls bel[ ! m\? ( ! bottle4 ,! wat] is cool$ by ! ice surr\nd+ ! l[] vessel4 ,make a dr9k+ f\nta9 ( ?is k9d z 9 ,fig4 #aje1 ask a fri5d to hold x1 remove ! glass plug f ! c\pl+1 & draw a glass ( wat]4 ,d y obs]ve t air bubbles ent] ! inv]t$ bottle & wat] fl[s f x only :5 ! wat] level 9 ! half bottle falls bel[ ! m\? ( ! inv]t$ bottle8 ,all[ ! wat] to fl[ cont9u\sly4 ,is ! wat] level practically con/ant 9 ! half bottle until ! upp] bottle is empty8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4 ,subscripts are %[n us+ an und]score 77 ) curly braces 1 z 9 ,h#b,o4