8,extraord9>ily int]e/+4 4 4 4 ,he is erudite & he is intellig5t2 he makes ! c\rage\s attempt to be at ! same "t sci5tific & psy*ological2 & he has ! great advantage ( hav+ at 8 disposal a k ( semantics4 ,8 t]ms are cle>1 useful1 & conv5i5tly few40--,! ,nation4 8,:at he has done is to make ?9k+ ab\t art cle>]1 & ab\t life1 too4 ,?is is precisely ! m]it ( ,ri*>ds' rem>kable volume40--,*ri/ian ,sci5ce ,monitor4 8,! book is compact ) /imulat+ criticism ( ! great critics ( ! ages1 & ) numb]less orig9al sugge/ions on all phases ( ! creation & appreciation ( art40--,spr+field ,republican4 8,an important contribution to ! rehabilitation ( ,engli% criticism--p]haps1 because ( its su/a9$ sci5tific nature1 ! mo/ important yet made4 4 4 4 ,! pr9ciples enunciat$ are pursu$ 9 m p>ticul> aspects ( lit]>y criticism1 always ) a cle> re/ & consequ5t elucidation4 ,p>allel applications to ! arts ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & music =m ! subjects ( ?ree *apt]s4 ,ano!r important *apt] deals ) ! availability ( ! poet's exp]i5ce40--,! ,crit]ion1 ,london4 8,mr4 ,ri*>ds is an ent]ta9+ writ]1 ^: "w avoids easily ! t$ium ( a te*nical treatise40--,! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e,book 0 creat$ f a #aibh edition1 scans ( :i* are available f ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,tildes 77 indicate words t 7 set 9 ,fraktur script 9 ! orig9al text4 ,new orig9al cov] art includ$ ) ?is e,book is grant$ to ! public doma94 ,int]national ,libr>y ( ,psy*ology ,philosophy & ,sci5tific ,me?od ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,by ,i4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds ,,fell[ ,,( ,,magdal5e ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company ,,london3 ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn] ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,lund ,,humphries ,,london ,,brad=d ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,*aos ,,( ,,critical ,,!ories ,,ii4 ,,! ,,phantom ,,/hetic ,,/ate ,,iii4 ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,criticism ,,iv4 ,,communication ,,& ,,! ,,arti/ ,v4 ,,! ,,critics' ,,conc]n ,,) ,,value ,,vi4 ,,value ,,z ,,an ,,ultimate ,,idea ,,vii4 ,a ,,psy*ological ,,!ory ,,( ,,value ,,viii4 ,,art ,,& ,,morals ,,ix4 ,,actual ,,& ,,possible ,,misappreh5sions ,x4 ,,poetry ,,= ,,poetry',s ,,sake ,,xi4 ,a ,,sket* ,,= ,a ,,psy*ology ,,xii4 ,,pleasure ,,xiii4 ,,emotion ,,& ,,! ,c,,ne/hesia ,,xiv4 ,,memory ,,xv4 ,,attitudes ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,poem ,,xvii4 ,,rhy?m ,,& ,,metre ,,xviii4 ,,on ,,look+ ,,at ,a ,,picture ,,xix4 ,,sculpture ,,& ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,=m ,,xx4 ,,! ,,impasse ,,( ,,musical ,,!ory ,,xxi4 ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,communication ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,availability ,,( ,,! ,,poet',s ,,exp]i5ce ,,xxiii4 ,,tol/oy',s ,,infection ,,!ory ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,normality ,,( ,,! ,,arti/ ,,xxv4 ,,badness ,,9 ,,poetry ,,xxvi4 ,,judgm5t ,,& ,,div]g5t ,,read+s ,,xxvii4 ,,levels ,,( ,,response ,,& ,,! ,,wid? ,,( ,,appeal ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,allusiv5ess ,,( ,,mod]n ,,poetry ,,xxix4 ,,p]man5ce ,,z ,a ,,crit]ion ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,a ,,poem ,,xxxi4 ,,art1 ,,play1 ,,& ,,civilisation ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,xxxiii4 ,,tru? ,,& ,,revelation ,,!ories ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,two ,,uses ,,( ,,language ,,xxxv4 ,,poetry ,,& ,,beliefs ,,app5dix ,a ,,on ,,value ,,app5dix ,b ,,on ,,mr4 ,,eliot',s ,,poetry ,,preface ,a book is a ma*9e to ?9k )1 b x ne$ n1 !re=e1 usurp ! functions ei!r ( ! bell[s or ! locomotive4 ,?is book might bett] be comp>$ to a loom on :i* x is propos$ to re-weave "s ravell$ p>ts ( our civilisation4 ,:at is mo/ important ab\t x1 ! int]connection ( its sev]al po9ts ( view1 might h be5 exhibit$1 ?\gh n ) equal cl>ity1 9 a pamphlet or 9 a two-volume "w4 ,few ( ! sep>ate items are orig9al4 ,"o does n expect novel c>ds :5 play+ s traditional a game2 x is ! h& :i* matt]s4 ,i h *os5 to pres5t x "h on ! smalle/ scale :i* w\ld all[ me to fit toge!r ! v>i\s positions adopt$ into a :ole ( "s firmness4 ,! elaborations & expansions :i* sugge/ !mselves h be5 con/antly cut %ort at ! po9t at :i* ,i ?\ght t ! read] w\ld be able to see = himself h[ !y w\ld cont9ue4 ,! dang] ( ?is proc$ure1 :i* o!rwise has great advantages bo? = him & = me1 is t ! diff]5t p>ts ( a connect$ acc\nt su* z ?is mutually illum9e "o ano!r4 ,! writ]1 :o has1 or %\ld h1 ! :ole position 9 8 m9d ?r\gh\t1 may ov]look s\rces ( obscurity = ! read]1 due to ! s]ial =m ( ! exposition4 ,?is ,i h endeav\r$ to prev5t by means ( num]\s cross-ref]5ces1 =w>ds & backw>ds4 ,b "s fur!r explanation ( ! /ructure ( ! book is due to ! read]4 ,at sundry po9ts--notably 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi1 ,,vii1 & ,,xi-,,xv--its progress appe>s to be int]rupt$ by l5g?y excursions into !ory ( value1 or into g5]al psy*ology4 ,^! ,i w\ld h omitt$ if x _h seem$ 9 any way possible to develop ! argum5t ( ! re/ /rongly & cle>ly 9 _! abs5ce4 ,criticism1 z ,i und]/& x1 is ! endeav\r to discrim9ate betwe5 exp]i5ces & to evaluate !m4 ,we _c d ?is )\t "s und]/&+ ( ! nature ( exp]i5ce1 or )\t !ories ( valuation & communication4 ,su* pr9ciples z apply 9 criticism mu/ be tak5 f ^! m fundam5tal /udies4 ,all o!r critical pr9ciples are arbitr>y1 & ! hi/ory ( ! subject is a record ( _! ob/ructive influ5ce4 ,! view ( value impli$ ?r\gh\t is "o :i* mu/ be held 9 "s =m by v _m p]sons4 ,yet ,i h be5 unable to discov] any:]e any /atem5t ( x to :i* ,i might satisfactorily ref] ! read]4 ,i _h to make a fairly full /atem5t ) applications & illu/rations myself4 ,& ,i _h to put 9 ! =efront ( ! book :]e1 to ! m exclusively lit]>y read]1 x w appe> a dry & un9vit+ tract to be cross$ = problematical advantages4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! second !oretical expansion1 ! psy*ological *apt]s2 !y are to ! value *apt]s1 ,i fe>1 z a ,sah>a to a ,gobi4 ,no o!r *oice seem$ op5 if ,i did n wi% my lat]1 critical1 sections to be misund]/ood1 ?an to include z a prelim9>y :at am\nts to a concise treatise on psy*ology4 ,= ne>ly all ! topics ( psy*ology are rais$ at "o po9t or ano!r by criticism1 b rais$ f an angle :i* ord9>y text-books d n contemplate4 ,^! two des]ts pass$1 ! re/ ( ! book accords1 ,i believe1 mu* m closely ) :at may be expect$ ( an essay 9 criticism1 al?\gh ! language 9 :i* "s ( ! m obvi\s rem>ks are c\*$ may seem unnecess>ily repellant4 ,! explanation ( mu* ( ! turgid unc\?ness ( its t]m9ology is ! desire to l9k ev5 ! commonplaces ( criticism to a sy/ematic exposition ( psy*ology4 ,! read] :o appreciates ! advantages s ga9$ w be =giv+4 ,i h c>efully rememb]$ ?r\gh\t t ,i am n writ+ = speciali/s alone4 ,! omissions1 p>ticul>ly z to qualifications & res]vations1 :i* ?is fact entails1 %\ld 9 fairness to myself be m5tion$4 ,my book1 ,i fe>1 w seem to _m sadly lack+ 9 ! condim5ts :i* h come to be expect$ 9 writ+s ^u lit]ature4 ,critics & ev5 !ori/s 9 criticism curr5tly assume t _! fir/ duty is to be mov+1 to excite 9 ! m9d emotions appropriate to _! augu/ subject-matt]4 ,?is endeav\r ,i h decl9$4 ,i h us$1 ,i believe1 few words :i* ,i c\ld n def9e 9 ! actual use :i* ,i h made ( !m1 & necess>ily su* words h little or no emotive p[]4 ,i h com=t$ myself ) ! reflection t !re is p]haps some?+ debilitat$ ab\t a ta/e = speculation :i* requires a flav\r+ ( ! et]nal & ! ultimate or ev5 ( ! lit]>y spices1 my/]y & pr(undity4 ,mix$ modes ( writ+ :i* enli/ ! read]'s feel+ z well z 8 ?9k+ are becom+ dang]\s to ! mod]n consci\sness ) its increas+ aw>5ess ( ! di/9ction4 ,?\ght & feel+ are able to mislead "o ano!r at pres5t 9 ways :i* 7 h>dly possible six c5turies ago4 ,we ne$ a spell ( pur] sci5ce & pur] poetry be=e ! two c aga9 be mix$1 if inde$ ?is w ev] become once m desirable4 ,9 ! ,second ,edition ,i add$ a note on ,mr4 ,eliot's poetry :i* w elucidate :at ,i mean "h by purity1 & "s supplem5t>y rem>ks ^u ,value2 9 ! ,?ird1 a few m9or improvem5ts h be5 made4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! k :i* ! m5 ( ,a4,d4 #cjjj w possess1 if all goes well1 may make all our /hetics1 all our psy*ology1 all our mod]n !ory ( value1 look pitiful4 ,poor inde$ w\ld be ! prospect if ?is 7 n s4 ,! ?\ght1 8,:at %all we d ) ! p[]s1 :i* we are s rapidly develop+1 & :at w happ5 to u if we _c le>n to guide !m 9 "t80 already m>ks = _m p ! *ief int]e/ ( exi/5ce4 ,! controv]sies :i* ! _w has kn[n 9 ! pa/ are z no?+ to ^? :i* are ahead4 ,i w\ld wi% ?is book to be reg>d$ z a contribution t[>ds ^! *oices ( ! future4 ,betwe5 ! possession ( ideas & _! application !re is a gulf4 ,e tea*] w9ces :5 he rememb]s ?is4 ,z an attempt to attack ?is difficulty1 ,i am prep>+ a companion volume1 ,practical ,criticism4 ,extremely good & extremely bad poems 7 put unsign$ be=e a l>ge & able audi5ce4 ,! comm5ts !y wrote at leisure give1 z x 71 a /]eoscopic view ( ! poem & ( possible op9ion on x4 ,?is mat]ial :5 sy/ematically analys$1 provides1 n only an int]e/+ comm5t>y ^u ! /ate ( contempor>y culture1 b a new & p[]ful educational in/rum5t4 ,i4 ,a4 ,r4 ,cambridge1 ,may1 #aibh4 ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,*aos ( ,critical ,!ories ,o mon/r\s6 b "o half-p5nywor? ( bread to ?is intol]able deal ( sack6--,! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,f\r?4 ,! lit]ature ( ,criticism is n small or negligible1 & its *ief figures1 f ,ari/otle onw>ds1 h (t5 be5 among ! fir/ intellects ( _! age4 ,yet ! mod]n /ud5t1 survey+ ! field & not+ ! simplicity ( ! task attempt$ & ! fragm5ts ( "w a*iev$1 may reasonably wond] :at has be5 & is amiss4 ,= ! exp]i5ces ) :i* criticism is conc]n$ are exceptionally accessible1 we h only to op5 ! book1 /& be=e ! picture1 h ! music play$1 spread out ! rug1 p\r out ! w9e1 & ! mat]ial ^u :i* ! critic works is pres5tly be=e u4 ,ev5 too abundantly1 9 too great fullness p]haps3 8,m w>m? ?an ,adam ne$s0 ! critic may compla91 e*o+ ,milton's compla9t aga9/ ! climate ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed52 b he is =tunate n to be />v$ ( matt] l ! inve/igator ( psy*oplasm4 ,& ! que/ions :i* ! critic seeks to answ]1 intricate ?\gh !y are1 d n seem to be extraord9>ily difficult4 ,:at gives ! exp]i5ce ( read+ a c]ta9 poem its value8 ,h[ is ?is exp]i5ce bett] ?an ano!r8 ,:y pref] ?is picture to t8 ,9 :i* ways %\ld we li/5 to music s z to receive ! mo/ valuable mom5ts8 ,:y is "o op9ion ab\t works ( art n z good z ano!r8 ,^! are ! fundam5tal que/ions :i* criticism is requir$ to answ]1 toge!r ) su* prelim9>y que/ions--,:at is a picture1 a poem1 a piece ( music8 ,h[ c exp]i5ces be comp>$8 ,:at is value8--z may be requir$ 9 ord] to approa* ^! que/ions4 ,b if we n[ turn to consid] :at are ! results yield$ by ! be/ m9ds pond]+ ^! que/ions 9 ! light ( ! em95tly accessible exp]i5ces provid$ by ! ,arts1 we discov] an almo/ empty g>n]4 ,a few conjectures1 a supply ( admonitions1 _m acute isolat$ obs]vations1 "s brilliant guesses1 mu* oratory & appli$ poetry1 inexhau/ible confusion1 a suffici5cy ( dogma1 no small /ock ( prejudices1 :imsies & crot*ets1 a pr(usion ( my/icism1 a little g5u9e speculation1 sundry /ray inspirations1 pregnant h9ts & r&om ap]u2 ( su* z ^!1 x may be said )\t exagg]ation1 is extant critical !ory compos$4 ,a few specim5s ( ! mo/ fam\s utt]ances ( ,ari/otle1 ,long9us1 ,horace1 ,boileau1 ,dryd51 ,addison1 ,wordswor?1 ,col]idge1 ,c>lyle1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 & "s m mod]n au?ors1 w ju/ify ?is ass]tion4 8,all m5 naturally receive pleasure f imitation40 8,poetry is *iefly conv]sant ab\t g5]al tru?40 8,x dem&s an en?usiasm alli$ to madness2 transport$ out ( ourselves we become :at we imag9e40 8,beautiful words are ! v & peculi> light ( ! m9d40 8,let ! "w be :at y l1 provid$ x has simplicity & unity40 8,de ,gu/ibus4 4 40 8,( writ+ well "r ?9k+ is ! beg9n+ & ! f\nt40 8,we mu/ nev] sep>ate ourselves f ,nature40 8,delight is ! *ief1 if n ! only end2 in/ruction c be admitt$ b 9 ! second place40 8,! pleasures ( ,fancy are m conducive to heal? ?an ^? ( ! und]/&+40 8,! spontane\s ov]fl[ ( p[]ful feel+40 8,! be/ words 9 ! be/ ord]40 8,! :ole s\l ( man 9 activity40 8,unity 9 v>iety40 8,! syn!tic & magical p[] ( ! imag9ation40 8,! eye on ! object40 8,! disimprisonm5t ( ! s\l ( fact40 8,! id5tification ( cont5t & =m40 8,a criticism ( ,life40 8,empa?y fav\rable to our exi/5ce40 8,significant =m40 8,! expression ( impressions10 etc4 etc4 ,su* are ! p9nacles1 ! apices ( critical !ory1 ! heights ga9$ 9 ! pa/ by ! be/ ?9k]s 9 _! attempt to rea* explanations ( ! value ( ! arts4 ,"s ( !m1 _m ( !m inde$1 are pr(itable />t+-po9ts = reflection1 b nei!r toge!r1 nor s+ly1 nor 9 any comb9ation d !y give :at is requir$4 ,above !m & bel[ !m1 ar\nd & ab\t !m c be f\nd o!r ?+s ( value1 ( s]vice = ! appreciation ( p>ticul> poems & works ( art2 comm5t1 elucidation1 appraisal1 mu* t is fit occupation = ! contemplative m9d4 ,b ap>t f h9ts su* z h be5 cit$1 no explanations4 ,! c5tral "q1 ,:at is ! value ( ! arts1 :y are !y wor? ! devotion ( ! ke5e/ h\rs ( ! be/ m9ds1 & :at is _! place 9 ! sy/em ( human endeav\rs8 is left almo/ unt\*$1 al?\gh )\t "s cle> view x w\ld seem t ev5 ! mo/ judici\s critic mu/ (t5 lose 8 s5se ( position4 ,b p]haps ! lit]ature ( ,criticism is ! wrong place 9 :i* to expect su* an inquiry4 ,philosoph]s1 ,morali/s & /heticians are p]haps ! compet5t au?orities8 ,!re is c]ta9ly no lack ( treatises ^u ! ,good & ! ,beautiful1 ^u ,value & ^u ! /hetic ,/ate1 & ! treasures ( e>ne/ endeav\r lavi%$ ^u ^! topics h n be5 9 va94 ,^? inve/igators :o h reli$ ^u ,reason1 ^u ! ,select ,intuition & ! ,ineluctable ,argum5t1 :o h sat d[n )\t ! necess>y facts to ?9k ! matt] out1 h at lea/ ?or\ghly discr$it$ a me?od :i* ap>t f _! lab\rs w\ld h>dly h be5 suspect$ ( ! b>r5ness x has %[n4 ,& ^? :o1 foll[+ ,fe*n]1 h turn$ in/ead to ! collection & analysis ( concrete1 p>ticul> facts & to empirical rese>* into /hetics h suppli$ a ho/ ( details to psy*ology4 ,9 rec5t ye>s especially1 mu* useful in=mation ^u ! processes :i* make up ! appreciation ( works ( art has be5 skilfully elicit$4 ,b x is %[+ no +ratitude to ^! inve/igators if we po9t out c]ta9 defects ( almo/ all exp]im5tal "w on /hetics1 :i* make _! results at be/ ( only indirect s]vice to our wid] problems4 ,! mo/ obvi\s ( ^! conc]ns _! inevitable *oice ( exp]im5ts4 ,only ! simple/ human activities are at pres5t am5able to laboratory me?ods4 /heticians h !re=e be5 compell$ to beg9 ) z simple =ms ( #8/hetic *oice' z c be devis$4 ,9 practice1 l9e-l5g?s & elem5t>y =ms1 s+le notes & phrases1 s+le col\rs & simple collocations1 nons5se syllables1 metronomic beats1 skeleton rhy?ms & metres & simil> simplifications h alone be5 op5 to inve/igation4 ,su* m complex objects z h be5 exam9$ h yield$ v unc]ta9 results1 = reasons :i* anyone :o has ev] bo? look$ at a picture or read a poem & be5 inside a psy*ological laboratory or conv]s$ ) a repres5tative psy*ologi/ w und]/&4 ,! g5]alisations to be drawn f ^! simple exp]im5ts are1 if we d n expect too mu*1 enc\rag+4 ,"s light ^u obscure processes1 su* z empa?y1 & ^u ! int]v5tion ( muscul> imag]y & t5d5cies to action into ! appreh5sion ( %apes & ( sequ5ces ( s\nds :i* _h be5 suppos$ to be appreh5d$ by visual or auditory app>atus alone1 "s int]e/+ facts ab\t ! pla/icity ( rhy?m1 "s approa* t[>ds a classification ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* col\rs may be reg>d$1 increas$ recognition ( ! complexity ( ev5 ! simple/ activities1 ^! & simil> results h be5 well wor? ! tr\ble exp5d$4 ,b m important has be5 ! revelation ( ! great v>iety 9 ! responses :i* ev5 ! simple/ /imuli elicit4 ,ev5 s unambigu\s an object z a pla9 col\r1 x has be5 f\nd1 c ar\se 9 diff]5t p]sons & 9 ! same p]son at diff]5t times extremely diff]5t /ates ( m9d4 ,f ?is result x may seem no illegitimate /ep to conclude t highly complex objects1 su* z pictures1 w ar\se a /ill great] v>iety ( responses1 a conclusion v awkw>d = any !ory ( criticism1 s9ce x w\ld appe> to decide adv]sely ! prelim9>y "q3 8,h[ may exp]i5ces be comp>$80 :i* any su* !ory mu/ settle if ! m fundam5tal que/ions ( value are to be satisfactorily approa*$4 ,b j "h a crucial po9t arises4 ,!re seems to be good reason to suppose t ! m simple ! object contemplat$ ! m v>i$ ! responses w be :i* c be expect$ f x4 ,= x is difficult1 p]haps impossible1 to contemplate a comp>atively simple object by itself4 ,inevitably x is tak5 by ! contemplator into "s context1 & made "p ( "s l>g] :ole1 & "u su* exp]im5tal conditions z h yet be5 devis$ x seems n possible to gu>antee ! k9d ( context into :i* x is tak54 ,a comp>ison ) ! case ( words is in/ructive4 ,a s+le ^w by itself1 let u say #8night1' w raise almo/ z _m diff]5t ?\ghts & feel+s z !re are p]sons :o he> x4 ,! range ( v>iety ) a s+le ^w is v little re/rict$4 ,b put x into a s5t5ce & ! v>iation is n>r[$2 put x into ! context ( a :ole passage1 & x is /ill fur!r fix$2 & let x occur 9 su* an intricate :ole z a poem & ! responses ( compet5t read]s may h a simil>ity :i* only its occurr5ce 9 su* a :ole c secure4 ,! po9t w arise = discussion :5 ! problem ( corroboration = critical judgm5ts is dealt ) lat] 7cf4 pp4 #aff1 #agh1 #aib74 ,x _h to be m5tion$ "h 9 ord] to expla9 :y ! !ory ( criticism %[s no great dep5d5ce ^u exp]im5tal /hetics1 useful 9 _m respects z ^! inve/igations are4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,phantom /hetic ,/ate ,none ( 8 follies w he rep5t1 none w he wi% to repeat2 no happi] lot c be assign$ to man4--,wilhelm ,me/]4 ,a m s]i\s defect 9 /hetics is ! avoidance ( consid]ations z to value4 ,x is true t an ill-judg$ introduction ( value consid]ations usually leads to disa/]1 z 9 ,tol/oy's case4 ,b ! fact t "s ( ! exp]i5ces to :i* ! arts give rise are valuable & take ! =m !y d because ( _! value is n irrelevant4 ,:e!r ?is fact is ( s]vice 9 analysis w naturally dep5d ^u ! !ory ( value adopt$4 ,b to leave x out ( acc\nt altoge!r is to run ! risk ( miss+ ! clue to ! :ole matt]4 ,& ! clue has 9 fact be5 miss$4 ,all mod]n /hetics re/s ^u an assumption :i* has be5 /rangely little discuss$1 ! assumption t !re is a di/9ct k9d ( m5tal activity pres5t 9 :at are call$ /hetic exp]i5ces4 ,ev] s9ce 8! fir/ rational ^w conc]n+ beauty0#a 0 spok5 by ,kant1 ! attempt to def9e ! #8judgm5t ( ta/e' z conc]n+ pleasure :i* is dis9t]e/$1 univ]sal1 un9tellectual1 & n to be confus$ ) ! pleasures ( s5se or ( ord9>y emotions1 9 %ort to make x a ?+ sui g5]is1 has cont9u$4 ,?us arises ! phantom problem ( ! /hetic mode or /hetic /ate1 a legacy f ! days ( ab/ract inve/igation into ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful & ! ,true4 ,! temptation to align ?is trip>tite division ) a simil> division into ,w1 ,feel+ & ,?\ght 0 irresi/ible4 8,all ! faculties ( ! ,s\l1 or capacities1 are r$ucible to ?ree1 :i* d n admit ( any fur!r d]ivation f a common gr\nd3 ! faculty ( k1 ! feel+ ( pleasure or displeasure1 & ! faculty ( desire0#b said ,kant4 ,legislative = ea* ( ^! faculties /ood ,und]/&+1 ,judgm5t & ,reason respectively4 8,betwe5 ! faculties ( k & desire /&s ! feel+ ( pleasure1 j z judgm5t is int]m$iate betwe5 und]/&+ & reason40 ,& he w5t on to discuss /hetics z app]ta9+ to ! prov9ce ( judgm5t1 ! middle "o ( ^! ?ree1 ! fir/ & la/ hav+ already occupi$ him 9 8 two o!r ,critiques ( ,pure & ,practical ,reason respectively4 ,! effect 0 virtually to annex /hetics to ,idealism1 9 :i* fabric x has ev] s9ce cont9u$ to s]ve important purposes4 ,?is accid5t ( =mal correspond5ce has _h an influ5ce ^u speculation :i* w\ld be ridicul\s if x _h n be5 s disa/r\s4 ,x is difficult ev5 n[ to get out ( ruts :i* h be5 se5 to lead n[h]e4 ,) ! id5tification ( ! prov9ces ( ,tru? & ,?\ght no qu>rel arises1 & ! ,w & ! ,good are1 z we %all see1 intimately connect$1 b ! attempts to fit ,beauty into a neat pigeon-hole ) ,feel+ h l$ to calamit\s di/ortions4 ,x is n[ g5]ally ab&on$1#c al?\gh e*oes ( x c be he>d ev]y:]e 9 critical writ+s4 ,! peculi> use ( #8emotion' by review]s1 & ! preval5ce ( ! phrase #8/hetic emotion' is "o ( !m4 ,9 view1 !n1 ( ! objections to ,feel+1 some?+ else1 "s special mode ( m5tal activity1 _h to be f\nd1 to :i* ,beauty c\ld belong4 ,h5ce arose ! /hetic mode4 ,tru? 0 ! object ( ! inquir+ activity1 ( ! ,intellectual or ,!oretical "p ( ! m9d1 & ! ,good t ( ! will+1 desir+1 practical "p2 :at "p c\ld be f\nd = ! ,beautiful8 ,"s activity t 0 nei!r inquisitive nor practical1 t did n "q & did n seek to use4 ,! result 0 ! /hetic1 ! contemplative1 activity :i* is /ill def9$1 9 mo/ treatm5ts#d1 by ^! negative conditions alone1 z t mode ( comm]ce ) ?+s :i* is nei!r intellectual inquiry into _! nature1 nor an attempt to make !m satisfy our desire4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* arise 9 contemplat+ objects ( art 7 !n discov]$ to be describable 9 "s su* t]ms1 & sy/em secur$ a tempor>y triumph4 ,x is true t _m ( ^! exp]i5ces d pres5t peculi>ities1 bo? 9 ! intellectual int]e/ :i* is pres5t & 9 ! way 9 :i* ! developm5t ( desires )9 !m takes place1 & ^! peculi>ities--deta*m5t1 imp]sonality1 s]5ity & s =?--are ( great int]e/4 ,!y w h to be c>efully exam9$ 9 ! sequel4 ,we %all f9d t two entirely diff]5t sets ( *>act]s are involv$4 ,!y arise f q diff]5t causes b are h>d to di/+ui% introspectively4 ,tak5 z m>k+ (f a special prov9ce = inquiry !y are mo/ unsatisfactory4 ,!y w\ld yield = our purposes1 ev5 if !y 7 n s ambigu\s1 a diagonal or slant classification4 ,"s ( ! exp]i5ces :i* mo/ require to be consid]$ w\ld be left out & _m :i* are )\t importance br\ght 94 ,to *oose ! /hetic ,/ate z ! />t+-po9t = an inquiry into ! values ( ! arts is 9 fact some:at l *oos+ #8rectangul>1 & r$ 9 p>ts' z a def9ition ( a picture4 ,we %\ld f9d ourselves ultimately discuss+ a diff]5t collection ( ?+s f ^? we int5d$ to discuss4 ,b ! problem rema9s--,is !re any su* ?+ z ! /hetic /ate1 or any /hetic "* ( exp]i5ces :i* is sui g5]is8 ,n _m explicit argum5ts h ev] be5 giv5 = "o4 ,v]non ,lee1 x is true1 9 ,beauty & ,ugl9ess1 p4 #aj1 argues t 8a relation entirely sui g5]is betwe5 visible & audible =ms & ourselves0 c be d$uc$ f ! fact 8t giv5 proportions1 %apes1 patt]ns1 compositions h a t5d5cy to recur 9 art40 ,h[ ?is c be done x is h>d to div9e4 ,ars5ic t5ds to recur 9 murd] cases1 & t5nis 9 ! summ]1 b no *>act]s or relations sui g5]is any:]e are !reby prov$4 ,obvi\sly y c only tell :e!r any?+ is l or unlike o!r ?+s by exam9+ x & !m1 & to notice t "o case ( x is l ano!r case ( x1 is n helpful4 ,x may be suspect$ t :]e ! argum5t is s confus$1 ! orig9al "q 0 n v cle>4 ,! "q is :e!r a c]ta9 k9d ( exp]i5ce is or is n l o!r k9ds ( exp]i5ce4 ,pla9ly x is a "q z to degree ( lik5ess4 ,be x grant$ at once1 to cle> ! air1 t !re are all sorts ( exp]i5ces involv$ 9 ! values ( ! arts1 & t attributions ( ,beauty spr+ f all sorts ( causes4 ,is !re among ^! "o k9d ( exp]i5ce z diff]5t f exp]i5ces :i* don't s occur z1 say envy is f rememb]+1 or z ma!matical calculation is f eat+ *]ries8 ,& :at degree ( diff]5ce w\ld make x specific8 ,put ?is way x is pla9ly n an easy "q to answ]4 ,^! diff]5ces1 none ( !m measurable1 are ( v>y+ degree1 & all are h>d to e/imate4 ,yet ! va/ majority ( po/-,kantian writ]s1 & _m be=e him1 h unhesitat+ly repli$1 8,yes6 ! /hetic exp]i5ce is peculi> & specific40 ,& _! gr\nds1 :5 n m]ely v]bal1 h usually be5 ^? ( direct inspection4 ,x requires "s audacity to run c\nt] to su* a tradition1 & ,i d n d s )\t reflection4 ,yet1 aft] all1 ! matt] is "o ( classification1 & :5 s _m o!r divisions 9 psy*ology are be+ que/ion$ & re-organis$1 ?is also may be re-exam9$4 ,! case = a di/9ct /hetic species ( exp]i5ce c take two =ms4 ,x may be held t !re is "s unique k9d ( m5tal elem5t :i* ent]s into /hetic exp]i5ces & into no o!rs4 ,?us ,mr ,clive ,bell us$ to ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( an unique emotion #8/hetic emotion' z ! diff]5tia4 ,b psy*ology has no place = su* an entity4 ,:at o!r w be sugge/$8 ,empa?y1 = example1 z ,v]non ,lee h]self insi/s1 ent]s into innum]able o!r exp]i5ces z well z into /hetic exp]i5ces4 ,i d n ?9k any w be propos$4 ,alt]natively1 ! /hetic exp]i5ce may conta9 no unique con/itu5t1 & be ( ! usual /uff b ) a special =m4 ,?is is :at x is commonly suppos$ to be4 ,n[ ! special =m z x is usually describ$--9 t]ms ( dis9t]e/$ness1 deta*m5t1 di/ance1 imp]sonality1 subjective univ]sality1 & s =?--?is =m1 ,i %all try to %[ lat]1 is sometimes no m ?an a consequ5ce ( ! incid5ce ( ! exp]i5ce1 a condition or an effect ( communication4 ,b sometimes a /ructure :i* c be describ$ 9 ! same t]ms is an ess5tial feature ( ! exp]i5ce1 ! feature 9 fact ^u :i* its value dep5ds4 ,9 o!r words1 at lea/ two diff]5t sets ( *>act]s1 due to diff]5t causes1 are1 9 curr5t usage1 ambigu\sly cov]$ by ! t]m #8/hetic4' ,x is v necess>y to di/+ui% ! s5se 9 :i* m]ely putt+ some?+ 9 a frame or writ+ x 9 v]se gives x an #8/hetic "*1' f a s5se 9 :i* value is impli$4 ,?is confusion1 toge!r ) o!r confusions1#e has made ! t]m ne>ly useless4 ,! /hetic mode is g5]ally suppos$ to be a peculi> way ( reg>d+ ?+s :i* c be ex]cis$1 :e!r ! result+ exp]i5ces are valuable1 disvaluable or indiff]5t4 ,x is int5d$ to cov] ! exp]i5ce ( ugl9ess z well z t ( beauty1 & also int]m$iate exp]i5ces4 ,:at ,i wi% to ma9ta9 is t !re is no su* mode1 t ! exp]i5ce ( ugl9ess has no?+ 9 common ) t ( beauty1 :i* bo? d n %>e ) innum]able o!r exp]i5ces no "o 7except ,croce2 b ?is qualification is (t5 requir$7 w\ld dream ( call+ /hetic4 ,b a n>r[] s5se ( /hetic is also f\nd 9 :i* x is conf9$ to exp]i5ces ( beauty & does imply value4 ,& ) reg>d to ?is1 :ile admitt+ t su* exp]i5ces c be di/+ui%$1 ,i %all be at pa9s to %[ t !y are closely simil> to _m o!r exp]i5ces1 t !y diff] *iefly 9 ! connections betwe5 _! con/itu5ts1 & t !y are only a fur!r developm5t1 a f9] organisation ( ord9>y exp]i5ces1 & n 9 ! lea/ a new & diff]5t k9d ( ?+4 ,:5 we look at a picture1 or read a poem1 or li/5 to music1 we are n do+ some?+ q unlike :at we 7 do+ on our way to ! ,gall]y or :5 we dress$ 9 ! morn+4 ,! fa%ion 9 :i* ! exp]i5ce is caus$ 9 u is diff]5t1 & z a rule ! exp]i5ce is m complex &1 if we are successful1 m unifi$4 ,b our activity is n ( a fundam5tally diff]5t k9d4 ,to assume t x is1 puts difficulties 9 ! way ( describ+ & expla9+ x1 :i* are unnecess>y & :i* no "o has yet succe$$ 9 ov]com+4 ,! po9t "h rais$1 & p>ticul>ly ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two q diff]5t sets ( *>act]s1 on ! gr\nd ( :i* an exp]i5ce may be describ$ z /hetic or imp]sonal & dis9t]e/$1 w become cle>] at a lat] /age4#f ,a fur!r objection to ! assumption ( a peculi> /hetic attitude is t x makes smoo? ! way = ! idea ( a peculi> /hetic value1 a pure art value4 ,po/ulate a peculi> k9d3 ( exp]i5ce1 /hetic exp]i5ce1 & x is an easy /ep to ! po/ulation ( a peculi> unique value1 diff]5t 9 k9d & cut (f f ! o!r values ( ord9>y exp]i5ces4 8,to appreciate a "w ( art we ne$ br+ ) u no?+ f life1 no k ( its ideas & affairs1 no famili>ity ) its emotions40#g ,s runs a rec5t extreme /atem5t ( ! /hetic ,hypo!sis1 :i* has _h mu* success4 ,to quote ano!r example less dra/ic b also c>ry+ ) x ! implication t /hetic exp]i5ces are sui g5]is1 & _! value n ( ! same k9d z o!r values4 8,its nature is to be n a "p1 nor yet a copy1 ( ! real _w 7z we commonly und]/& t phrase71 b a _w 9 itself indep5d5t1 complete1 autonom\s40#h ,?is view ( ! arts z provid+ a private heav5 = /hetes is1 z w appe> lat]1 a great imp$im5t to ! inve/igation ( _! value4 ,! effects ^u ! g5]al attitudes ( ^? :o accept x uncritically are also (t5 regrettable2 :ile ! effects ^u lit]ature & ! arts h be5 noticeable1 9 a n>r[+ & re/riction ( ! int]e/s active1 9 preci\sness1 artificiality & spuri\s alo(ness4 ,art envisag$ z a my/ic1 ineffable virtue is a close relative ( ! #8/hetic mood'1 & may easily be p]nici\s 9 its effects1 ?r\gh ! habits ( m9d :i*1 z an idea1 x fo/]s1 & to :i*1 z a my/]y1 x appeals4 #a ,hegel's dictum1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 iii1 #edc4 #b ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 transl4 by ,m]$i?1 p4 #ae4 #c ,dr ,bosanquet 0 "o ( ! la/ adh]5ts4 ,see 8 ,?ree ,lectures on /hetics4 #d ,e4g4 ,v]non ,lee1 ,! ,beautiful4 #e ,e4g4 ,any *oice = :i* ! *oos] _c give 8 reasons t5ds 9 ! laboratory to be call$ an #8/hetic *oice4' #f ,cf4 ,*apt]s ,x & ,,xxxii1 & ,imp]sonality1 ,index4 #g ,clive ,bell1 ,art1 p4 #be4 #h ,a4,c4 ,bradley1 ,ox=d ,lectures on ,poetry1 p4 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,language ( ,criticism 4 4 4 4 ,i too h se5 ,my vision ( ! ra9b[ ,aureol$ face ,( h] :om m5 "n ,beauty3 pr\d1 au/]e3 ,div9ely fugitive1 t haunts ! _w4 4 4 4 ,! ,dom9ion ( ,dreams4 ,:atev] ! disadvantages ( mod]n /hetics z a basis = a !ory ( ,criticism1 ! great advance made ^u presci5tific speculation into ! nature ( ,beauty mu/ also be recognis$4 ,t p>alys+ app>ition ,beauty1 ! ineffable1 ultimate1 unanalysable1 simple ,idea1 has at lea/ be5 dismiss$ & ) h] h dep>t$ or w soon dep>t a flock ( equally bogus entities4 ,poetry & inspiration toge!r1 x is true1 /ill dignify respectable qu>t]s ) _! pres5ce4 8,poetry1 l life1 is "o ?+4 4 4 4 ,ess5tially a cont9u\s sub/ance or en]gy1 poetry is hi/orically a connect$ movem5t1 a s]ies ( successive integrat$ manife/ations4 ,ea* poet1 f ,hom] or ! pr$ecessors ( ,hom] to our own day1 has be51 to "s degree & at "s po9t1 ! voice ( ! movem5t & en]gy ( poetry2 9 him1 poetry has = ! mom5t become visible1 audible1 inc>nate2 & 8 extant poems are ! record left ( t p>tial & transitory inc>nation4 4 4 4 ,! progress ( poetry1 ) its va/ p[] & exalt$ function1 is immortal40#i ,a dilig5t se>* w /ill f9d _m o!r ,my/ic ,be+s1 = ! mo/ "p ( a less augu/ nature1 %elt]+ 9 v]bal ?ickets4 ,con/ruction1 ,design1 ,=m1 ,rhy?m1 ,expression 4 4 4 are m (t5 ?an n m]e vacua 9 disc\rse1 = :i* a !ory ( criticism %\ld provide expla9able sub/itutes4 ,:ile curr5t attitudes to language p]si/1 ?is difficulty ( ! l+ui/ic phantom mu/ /ill cont9ue4 ,x has to be recognis$ t all our natural turns ( spee* are mislead+1 especially ^? we use 9 discuss+ works ( art4 ,we become s accu/om$ to !m t ev5 :5 we are aw>e t !y are ellipses1 x is easy to =get ! fact4 ,& x has be5 extremely difficult 9 _m cases to discov] t any ellipsis is pres5t4 ,we are accu/om$ to say t a picture is beautiful1 in/ead ( say+ t x causes an exp]i5ce 9 u :i* is valuable 9 c]ta9 ways4#aj ,! discov]y t ! rem>k1 8,?is is beautiful01 mu/ be turn$ r\nd & exp&$ 9 ?is way be=e x is any?+ b a m]e noise signall+ ! fact t we approve ( ! picture1 0 a great & difficult a*ievem5t4 ,ev5 to-day1 su* is ! insidi\s p[] ( grammatical =ms1 ! belief t !re is su* a quality or attribute1 namely ,beauty1 :i* atta*es to ! ?+s :i* we rightly call beautiful1 is probably inevitable = all reflective p]sons at a c]ta9 /age ( _! m5tal developm5t4 ,ev5 among ^? :o h escap$ f ?is delusion & are well aw>e t we cont9ually talk z ?\gh ?+s possess qualities1 :5 :at we ought to say is t !y cause effects 9 u ( "o k9d or ano!r1 ! fallacy ( #8project+' ! effect & mak+ x a quality ( its cause t5ds to recur4 ,:5 x does s x gives a peculi> obliquity to ?\ght & al?\gh few compet5t p]sons are n[adays s delud$ z actually to hold ! my/ical view t !re is a quality ,beauty :i* inh]es or atta*es to ext]nal objects1 yet ?r\gh\t all ! discussion ( works ( art ! drag ex]cis$ by language t[>ds ?is view c be felt4 ,x p]ceptibly increases ! difficulty ( innum]able problems & we %all h con/antly to all[ = x4 ,su* t]ms z #8con/ruction'1 #8=m'1 #8balance'1 #8composition'1 #8design'1 #8unity'1 #8expression'1 = all ! arts2 z #8dep?'1 #8movem5t'1 #8texture'1 #8solidity'1 9 ! criticism ( pa9t+2 z #8rhy?m'1 #8/ress'1 #8plot'1 #8"*'1 9 lit]>y criticism2 z #8h>mony'1 #8atmosph]e'1 #8developm5t'1 9 music1 are in/ances4 ,all ^! t]ms are curr5tly us$ z ?\gh !y /ood = qualities inh]5t 9 ?+s outside ! m9d1 z a pa9t+1 9 ! s5se ( an assemblage ( pigm5ts1 is und\bt$ly outside ! m9d4 ,ev5 ! difficulty ( discov]+1 9 ! case ( poetry1 :at ?+ o!r ?an pr9t & pap] is !re = ^! alleg$ qualities to belong to1 has n *eck$ ! t5d5cy4 ,b inde$ language has succe$$ until rec5tly 9 hid+ f u almo/ all ! ?+s we talk ab\t4 ,:e!r we are discuss+ music1 poetry1 pa9t+1 sculpture or ar*itecture1 we are =c$ to speak z ?\gh c]ta9 physical objects--vibrations ( /r+s & ( columns ( air1 m>ks pr9t$ on pap]1 canvasses & pigm5ts1 masses ( m>ble1 fabrics ( free/one1 are :at we are talk+ ab\t4 ,& yet ! rem>ks we make z critics d n apply to su* objects b to /ates ( m9d1 to exp]i5ces4 ,a c]ta9 /rang5ess ab\t ?is view is (t5 felt b dim9i%es ) reflection4 ,if anyone says t #8,! ,may ,que5' is s5tim5tal1 x is n difficult to agree t he is ref]r+ to a /ate ( m9d4 ,b if he decl>es t ! masses 9 a ,giotto exactly balance "o ano!r1 ?is is less app>5t1 &1 if he goes on to discuss "t 9 music1 =m 9 visual art1 plot 9 drama1 ! fact t he is all ! :ile talk+ ab\t m5tal happ5+s becomes conceal$4 ,! v]bal app>atus comes betwe5 u & ! ?+s ) :i* we are really deal+4 ,words :i* are useful1 inde$ invaluable1 z h&y /op-gaps & make%ifts 9 conv]sation1 b :i* ne$ elaborate expansions be=e !y c be us$ ) precision1 are treat$ z simply z p's prop] names4 ,s x becomes natural to seek = ! ?+s ^! words appe> to /& =1 & ?us arise innum]able subtle inve/igations1 doom$ ab initio z reg>ds _! ma9 int5t to failure4 ,we mu/ be prep>$ !n to translate1 into phrases p$antic & unc\?1 all ! too simple utt]ances :i* ! conv]sational dec5cies exact4 ,we %all f9d lat]1 9 _! peculi> emotive p[] ! ma9 reason :y1 9 spite ( all mann] ( confusions & inconv5i5ces1 ^! curr5t ways ( speak+ are reta9$4 ,= emotive purposes !y are indisp5sable1 b = cl>ity1 = ! exam9ation ( :at is actually happ5+1 translations are equally a necessity4 ,mo/ critical rem>ks /ate 9 an abbreviat$ =m t an object causes c]ta9 exp]i5ces1 & z a rule ! =m ( ! /atem5t is su* z to sugge/ t ! object has be5 said to possess c]ta9 qualities4 ,b (t5 ! critic goes fur!r & affirms t ! effect 9 8 m9d is due to special p>ticul> features ( ! object4 ,9 ?is case he is po9t+ out some?+ ab\t ! object 9 addition to its effect ^u him1 & ?is full] k9d ( criticism is :at we desire4 ,be=e 8 insight c greatly b5efit1 h[ev]1 a v cle> dem>cation betwe5 ! object1 ) its features1 & 8 exp]i5ce1 :i* is ! effect ( contemplat+ x1 is necess>y4 ,! bulk ( critical lit]ature is un=tunately made up ( examples ( _! confusion4 ,x w be conv5i5t at ?is po9t to introduce two def9itions4 ,9 a full critical /atem5t :i* /ates n only t an exp]i5ce is valuable 9 c]ta9 ways1 b also t x is caus$ by c]ta9 features 9 a contemplat$ object1 ! "p :i* describes ! value ( ! exp]i5ce we %all call ! critical "p4 ,t :i* describes ! object we %all call ! te*nical "p4 ,?us to say t we feel diff]5tly t[>ds wood5 crosses & /one crosses is a te*nical rem>k4 ,& to say t metre is m suit$ to ! t5d] passion ?an is prose w\ld be1 z x /&s1 a te*nical rem>k1 b "h x is evid5t t a critical "p might easily be also pres5t4 ,all rem>ks z to ! ways & means by :i* exp]i5ces arise or are br\ght ab\t are te*nical1 b critical rem>ks are ab\t ! values ( exp]i5ces & ! reasons = reg>d+ !m z valuable1 or n valuable4 ,we %all endeavor 9 :at foll[s to %[ t critical rem>ks are m]ely a bran* ( psy*ological rem>ks1 & t no special e?ical or metaphysical ideas ne$ be introduc$ to expla9 value4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 te*nical & critical rem>ks is ( real importance4 ,confusion "h is responsible = "s mo/ curi\s passages 9 ! hi/ories ( ! arts4 ,a c]ta9 te*nique 9 c]ta9 cases produces admirable results2 ! obvi\s features ( ?is te*nique come to be reg>d$ at fir/ z sure signs ( excell5ce1 & lat] z ! excell5ce itself4 ,= a :ile no?+1 h[ev] admirable1 :i* does n %[ ^! sup]ficial m>ks1 gets fair consid]ation4 ,?omas ,rym]'s d5igration ( ,%akespe>e1 ,dr ,johnson's view ( ,milton's pauses1 ! aft]ma? ( ! triumph ( ,pope1 ar*ai/ic sculpture1 ! ,greek poses 9 ! compositions ( ,david1 ! imitations ( ,czanne1 are fam\s in/ances2 !y c\ld be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,! conv]se case is equally common4 ,an obvi\s te*nical blemi% 9 a special case is recognis$4 ,x may be too _m ,s's 9 a p>ticul> l9e1 or ! irregul>ity & rimelessness ( a #8,p9d>ic' ,ode2 h5ce=? any l9e sup]ficially simil>1 ,! lu/re ( ! long convolvulusses1 any unrhym$ lyric1 is reg>d$ z defective4 ,?is trick ( judg+ ! :ole by ! detail1 in/ead ( ! o!r way ab\t1 ( mi/ak+ ! means = ! end1 ! te*nique = ! value1 is 9 fact mu* ! mo/ successful ( ! sn>es :i* waylay ! critic4 ,only ! tea*] kn[s 7& sometimes he is guilty himself7 h[ great is ! numb] ( read]s :o ?9k1 = example1 t a defective rime--b\gh's h\se1 bu% ?ru%1 blood good--is suffici5t gr\nd = condemn+ a poem 9 ! neglect ( all o!r consid]ations4 ,su* /ickl]s1 l ^? ) a scansion obsession 7due z a rule to ,ex]cises 9 ,lat9 ,v]se71 h little und]/&+ ( poetry4 ,we pay att5tion to ext]nals :5 we d n "k :at else to d ) a poem4 #i ,g4 ,w4 ,mackail1 ,lectures on ,poetry4 ,introduction4 #aj ,we c diagrammatically repres5t ! delusion z foll[s4 ,:at actually occurs is t ,a1 a "w ( art1 causes ,e an effect 9 u1 :i* has ! "* b2 ,a causes ,eb4 ,we speak z ?\gh we p]ceiv$ t ,a has ! quality ,b 7,beauty72 we are p]ceiv+ ,a,b2 & if we are n c>eful we ?9k s too4 ,no "o ( our rec5t revolutions 9 ?\ght is m important ?an ?is progressive r$iscov]y ( :at we are talk+ ab\t4 ,x is be+ inevitably foll[$ by wide *anges 9 our attitudes to ! _w & to fell[-creatures4 ,"o curr5t 9 ?is *ange is t[>ds tol]ance1 ano!r t[>ds scepticism1 a ?ird t[>ds f> m secure f\nd+ ( our motives ( action4 ,! />tl+ philosophical *anges 9 ! g5]al outlook sometimes' pr$ict$ = ,relativity 7or = popul> ideas ab\t x :5 once !y become widespread7 appe> likely1 if !y occur at all1 to be engulf$ by ^! m unobtrusive b m dome/ic *anges4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,communication & ! ,arti/ ,poetry is ! record ( ! be/ & happie/ mom5ts ( ! happie/ & be/ m9ds4--,! ,def5ce ( ,poetry4 ,! two pill>s ^u :i* a !ory ( criticism mu/ re/ are an acc\nt ( value & an acc\nt ( communication4 ,we d n suffici5tly realise h[ great a "p ( our exp]i5ce takes ! =m x does1 because we are social be+s & accu/om$ to communication f infancy4 ,t we acquire _m ( our ways ( ?9k+ & feel+ f p>5ts & o!rs is1 ( c\rse1 a commonplace4 ,b ! effects ( communication g mu* deep] ?an ?is4 ,! v /ructure ( our m9ds l>gely det]m9$ by ! fact t man has be5 engag$ 9 communicat+ = s _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( 8 human developm5t & beyond ev5 t4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! di/9ctive features ( ! m9d are due to its be+ an in/rum5t = communication4 ,an exp]i5ce has to be =m$1 no d\bt1 be=e x is communicat$1 b x takes ! =m x does l>gely because x may h to be communicat$4 ,! emphasis :i* natural selection has put ^u communicative ability is ov]:elm+4 ,!re are v _m problems ( psy*ology1 f ^? ) :i* "s ( ! expon5ts ( ,ge/alt !orie are grappl+ to ^? by :i* psy*o-analy/s are bewild]$1 = :i* ?is neglect$1 ?is almo/ ov]look$ aspect ( ! m9d may provide a key1 b x is pre-em95tly 9 reg>d to ! arts t x is ( s]vice4 ,= ! arts are ! supreme =m ( ! communicative activity4 ,z we %all see1 mo/ ( ! difficult & obscure po9ts ab\t ! /ructures ( ! arts1 = example ! priority ( =mal elem5ts to cont5t1#aa or ! imp]sonality & deta*m5t s mu* /ress$ by /heticians1 become easily intelligible z soon z we consid] !m f ?is angle4 ,b a possible misund]/&+ mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,al?\gh x is z a communicator t x is mo/ pr(itable to consid] ! arti/1 x is by no means true t he commonly looks ^u himself 9 ?is light4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w he is n z a rule delib]ately & consci\sly engag$ 9 a communicative endeav\r4 ,:5 ask$1 he is m likely ?an n to reply t communication is an irrelevant or at be/ a m9or issue1 & t :at he is mak+ is some?+ :i* is beautiful 9 itself1 or satisfy+ to him p]sonally1 or some?+ expressive1 9 a m or less vague s5se1 ( 8 emotions1 or ( himself1 some?+ p]sonal & individual4 ,t o!r p are go+ to /udy x1 & to receive exp]i5ces f x may seem to him a m]ely accid5tal1 iness5tial circum/ance4 ,m mode/ly /ill1 he may say t :5 he works he is m]ely amus+ himself4 ,t ! arti/ is n z a mule consci\sly conc]n$ ) communication1 b ) gett+ ! "w1 ! poem or play or /atue or pa9t+ or :atev] x is1 #8"r'1 app>5tly reg>dless ( its communicative efficacy1 is easily expla9$4 ,to make ! "w #8embody'1 accord )1 & repres5t ! precise exp]i5ce ^u :i* its value dep5ds is 8 major preoccupation1 9 difficult cases an ov]ma/]+ preoccupation1 & ! dissipation ( att5tion :i* w\ld be involv$ if he consid]$ ! communicative side z a sep>ate issue w\ld be fatal 9 mo/ s]i\s "w4 ,he _c /op to consid] h[ ! public or ev5 h[ especially well qualifi$ sections ( ! public may l x or respond to x4 ,he is wise1 !re=e1 to keep all su* consid]ations out ( m9d altoge!r4 ,^? arti/s & poets :o c be suspect$ ( close sep>ate att5tion to ! communicative aspect t5d 7!re are exceptions to ?is1 ( :i* ,%akespe>e might be "o7 to fall into a subord9ate rank4 ,b ?is consci\s neglect ( communication does n 9 ! lea/ dim9i% ! importance ( ! communicative aspect4 ,x w\ld only d s if we 7 prep>$ to admit t only our consci\s activities matt]4 ,! v process ( gett+ ! "w #8"r' has itself1 s f> z ! arti/ is normal1#ab imm5se communicative consequ5ces4 ,ap>t f c]ta9 special cases1 to be discuss$ lat]1 x w1 :5 #8"r'1 h mu* great] communicative p[] ?an x w\ld h _h if #8wrong'4 ,! degree to :i* x accords ) ! relevant exp]i5ce ( ! arti/ is a measure ( ! degree to :i* x w ar\se simil> exp]i5ces 9 o!rs4 ,b m n>r[ly ! reluctance ( ! arti/ to consid] communication z "o ( 8 ma9 aims1 & 8 d5ial t he is at all influ5c$ 9 8' "w by a desire to affect o!r p1 is no evid5ce t communication is n actually 8 pr9cipal object4 ,on a simple view ( psy*ology1 :i* ov]look$ unconsci\s motives1 x w\ld be1 b n on any view ( human behavi\r :i* is 9 ! lea/ adequate4 ,:5 we f9d ! arti/ con/antly /ruggl+ t[>ds imp]sonality1 t[>ds a /ructure = 8 "w :i* excludes 8 private1 ecc5tric1 mom5t>y idiosyncrasies1 & us+ always z its basis ^? elem5ts :i* are mo/ uni=m 9 _! effects ^u impulses2 :5 we f9d private works ( art1 works :i* satisfy ! arti/1#ac b are incompreh5sible to ev]ybody else1 s r>e1 & ! publicity ( ! "w s con/antly & s intimately b\nd up ) its appeal to ! arti/ himself1 x is difficult to believe t efficacy = communication is n a ma9 "p ( ! #8rightness'#ad :i* ! arti/ may suppose to be some?+ q diff]5t4 ,h[ f> desire actually to communicate1 z di/+ui%$ f desire to produce some?+ ) communicative efficacy 7h[ev] disguis$71 is an #8unconsci\s motive' 9 ! arti/ is a "q to :i* we ne$ n haz>d an answ]4 ,d\btless individual arti/s v>y enorm\sly4 ,to "s ! lure ( #8immortality' ( endur+ fame1 ( a p]man5t place 9 ! influ5ces :i* gov]n ! human m9d1 appe>s to be v /rong4 ,to o!rs x is (t5 negligible4 ,! degree to :i* su* notions are av[$ c]ta9ly v>ies ) curr5t social & intellectual fa%ions4 ,at pres5t ! appeal to po/]ity1 ! #8nursl+s ( immortality' attitude to works ( art appe>s to be mu* out ( fav\r4 8,h[ d we "k :at po/]ity w be l8 ,!y may be awful p60 a contempor>y is likely to rem>k1 ?us confus+ ! issue4 ,= ! appeal is n to po/]ity m]ely z liv+ at a c]ta9 date1 b z especially qualifi$ to judge1 a qualification mo/ po/]ities h lack$4 ,:at conc]ns criticism is n ! av[$ or unav[$ motives ( ! arti/1 h[ev] int]e/+ ^! may be to psy*ology1 b ! fact t 8 proc$ure does1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 make ! communicative efficacy ( 8 "w correspond ) 8 own satisfaction & s5se ( its rightness4 ,?is may be due m]ely to 8 normality1 or x may be due to unav[$ motives4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion is ! m plausible4 ,9 any case x is c]ta9 t no m]e c>eful /udy ( communicative possibilities1 toge!r ) any desire to communicate1 h[ev] int5se1 is ev] suffici5t )\t close natural correspond5ce betwe5 ! poet's impulses & possible impulses 9 8 read]4 ,all supremely successful communication involves ?is correspond5ce1 & no plann+ c take its place4 ,nor is ! delib]ate consci\s attempt direct$ to communication s successful z ! unconsci\s indirect me?od4 ,?us ! arti/ is entirely ju/ifi$ 9 8 app>5t neglect ( ! ma9 purpose ( 8 "w4 ,& :5 9 :at foll[s he is allud$ to )\t qualification z be+ prim>ily conc]n$ ) communication1 ! res]vations "h made %\ld be recall$4 ,s9ce ! poet's unconsci\s motives h be5 allud$ to1 x may be well at ?is po9t to make a few additional rem>ks4 ,:atev] psy*o-analy/s may av]1 ! m5tal processes ( ! poet are n a v pr(itable field = inve/igation4 ,!y (f] f> too happy a hunt+-gr\nd = uncontrollable conjecture4 ,mu* t goes to produce a poem is1 ( c\rse1 unconsci\s4 ,v likely ! unconsci\s processes are m important ?an ! consci\s1 b ev5 if we knew f> m ?an we d ab\t h[ ! m9d works1 ! attempt to display ! inn] work+ ( ! arti/'s m9d by ! evid5ce ( 8 "w alone mu/ be subject to ! grave/ dang]s4 ,& to judge by ! publi%$ "w ( ,freud ^u ,leon>do da ,v9ci or ( ,jung ^u ,goe! 7e4g4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,unconsci\s1 p4 #cje71 psy*o-analy/s t5d to be peculi>ly inept z critics4 ,! difficulty is t ne>ly all speculations z to :at w5t on 9 ! arti/'s m9d are unv]ifiable1 ev5 m unv]ifiable ?an ! simil> speculations z to ! dream]'s m9d4 ,! mo/ plausible explanations are apt to dep5d ^u features ^: actual causation is o!rwise4 ,i d n "k :e!r anyone b ,mr ,graves has attempt$ to analyse ,kubla ,khan1 a poem :i* by its mode ( composition & by its subject sugge/s itself z well fitt$ = analysis4 ,! read] acqua9t$ ) curr5t me?ods ( analysis c imag9e ! results ( a ?or\ghgo+ ,freudian onslaught4 ,if he w !n op5 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,book ,,iv at l9e #bbc1 & read onw>ds3 = sixty l9es1 he w enc\nt] ! actual s\rces ( n a few ( ! images & phrases ( ! poem4 ,9 spite (-- ,s\?w>d ?r\gh ,ed5 w5t a ,riv] l>ge1 ,nor *ang$ 8 c\rse1 b ?r\gh ! %aggie hill ,pass'd und]nea? +ulft 4 4 4 9 spite (-- ,rose a fre% ,f\nta91 & ) _m a rill ,wat]d ! ,g>d52 !nce unit$ fell ,d[n ! /eep glade1 & met ! nea!r ,flood 4 4 4 9 spite (-- ,r[l+ on ,ori5t ,pe>l & s&s ( ,gold ,) mazie error "u p5dant %ades ,ran ,nect> 4 4 4 9 spite (-- ,mean:ile murmur+ wat]s fall ,d[n ! slope hills1 disp]/ 4 4 4 8 d\bts may /ill l+] until he rea*es ,nor :]e ,abass9 ,k+s ?ir issue ,gu>d1 ,m\nt ,am>a4 & "o ( ! mo/ cryptic po9ts 9 ,col]idge's poem1 ! ,abyss9ian maid1 s++ ( ,m\nt ,abora1 f9ds its simple explanation4 ,! clos+ l9e ( ! poem p]haps h>dly ne$s ?is k9d ( d]ivation4 ,f "o s\rce or ano!r almo/ all ! matt] ( ,kubla ,khan came to ,col]idge 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is p>ticul> indebt$ness has be5 rem>k$ be=e1 b ,pur*as 8 ,pilgrimage1 ,b>tram's ,travels 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,maurice's ,hi/ory ( ,h9do/an are well-kn[n s\rces1 "s ( !m indicat$ by ,col]idge himself4 ,?is v repres5tative in/ance ( ! unconsci\s work+ ( a poet's m9d may s]ve z a n inapposite w>n+ aga9/ "o k9d at lea/ ( possible applications ( psy*ology 9 criticism4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! arts & _! place 9 ! :ole s*eme ( human affairs h be5 misund]/ood1 by ,critics1 ,morali/s1 ,educators1 /heticians 4 4 4 is some:at difficult to expla94 ,(t5 ^? :o mo/ misund]/ood h be5 p]fect 9 _! ta/e & ability to respond1 ,rusk9 = example4 ,^? :o bo? knew :at to d ) a "w ( art & also und]/ood :at !y 7 do+1 h be5 = ! mo/ "p arti/s & little incl9$ =1 or capable (1 ! r special task ( expla9+4 ,x may h seem$ to !m too obvi\s to ne$ explanation4 ,^? :o h tri$ h z a rule be5 foil$ by language4 ,= ! difficulty :i* has always prev5t$ ! arts f be+ expla9$ z well z #8enjoy$' 7to use an inadequate ^w 9 default ( an adequate7 is language4 8,happy :o c ,appease ?is virtu\s enemy ( man60 ,x 0 p]haps nev] s necess>y z n[ t we %\ld "k :y ! arts are important & avoid inadequate answ]s4 ,x w probably become increas+ly m important 9 ! future4 ,rem>ks su* z ^!1 x is true1 are (t5 utt]$ by en?usia/ic p]sons1 & are apt to be greet$ ) ! same smile z ! ass]tion t ! future ( ,engl& is b\nd up ) ,hunt+4 ,yet _! full sub/antiation w be f\nd to involve issues :i* are n[h]e lightly reg>d$4 ,! arts are our /oreh\se ( record$ values4 ,!y spr+ f & p]petuate h\rs 9 ! lives ( exceptional p1 :5 _! control & comm& ( exp]i5ce is at its highe/1 h\rs :5 ! v>y+ possibilities ( exi/5ce are mo/ cle>ly se5 & ! diff]5t activities :i* may arise are mo/ exquisitely reconcil$1 h\rs :5 habitual n>r[ness ( int]e/s or confus$ bewild]m5t are replac$ by an intricately wr\ght composure4 ,bo? 9 ! g5esis ( a "w ( art1 9 ! creative mom5t1 & 9 its aspect z a vehicle ( communication1 reasons c be f\nd = giv+ to ! arts a v important place 9 ! !ory ( ,value4 ,!y record ! mo/ important judgm5ts we possess z to ! values ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y =m a body ( evid5ce :i*1 = lack ( a s]viceable psy*ology by :i* to int]pret x1 & ?r\gh ! desiccat+ influ5ce ( ab/ract ,e?ics1 has be5 left almo/ unt\*$ by pr(ess$ /ud5ts ( value4 ,an odd omission1 = )\t ! assi/ance ( ! arts we c\ld comp>e v few ( our exp]i5ces1 & )\t su* comp>ison we c\ld h>dly hope to agree z to :i* are to be pref]r$4 ,v simple exp]i5ces--a cold ba? 9 an enamell$ t91 or runn+ = a tra9--may to "s ext5t be comp>$ )\t elaborate vehicles2 & fri5ds exceptionally well acqua9t$ ) "o ano!r may manage "s r\gh comp>isons 9 ord9>y conv]sation4 ,b subtle or recondite exp]i5ces are = mo/ m5 incommunicable & indescribable1 ?\gh social conv5tions or t]ror ( ! lonel9ess ( ! human situation may make u pret5d ! contr>y4 ,9 ! arts we f9d ! record 9 ! only =m 9 :i* ^! ?+s c be record$ ( ! exp]i5ces :i* h seem$ wor? hav+ to ! mo/ s5sitive & discrim9at+ p]sons4 ,?r\gh ! obscure p]ception ( ?is fact ! poet has be5 reg>d$ z a se] & ! arti/ z a prie/1 suff]+ f usurpations4 ,! arts1 if rightly approa*$1 supply ! be/ data available = decid+ :at exp]i5ces are m valuable ?an o!rs4 ,! qualify+ clause is all-important h[ev]4 ,happily !re is no lack ( gl>+ examples to rem9d u ( ! difficulty ( approa*+ !m rightly4 #aa ,see ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 #ab ,?is po9t w be discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 #ac ,aga9 ! normality ( ! arti/ has to be consid]$4 #ad ,z w be se51 ,i am n go+ to id5tify #8beauty' ) #8communicative efficacy'4 ,?is is a trap :i* x is easy to fall into4 ,a numb] ( ! exot]ic foll[]s ( ,croce may be f\nd 9 x1 ?\gh n ,croce himself4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,critics' ,conc]n ) ,value ,:at h9d]s8 ,are y beam-bl9d1 yet to a fault ,9 a neighb\r deft-h&$8 ,are y t li>8 ,& ca/ by consci5ce out1 sp5dsav\r salt8 ,g]>d ,hopk9s4 ,betwe5 ! g5]al inquiry into ! nature ( ! good & ! appreciation ( p>ticul> works ( art1 !re may seem to be a wide gap1 & ! discussion ^u :i* we are ab\t to emb>k may appe> a r\ndab\t way ( approa*+ our subject4 ,morals h (t5 be5 treat$1 especially 9 rec5t times1 z a side-issue = criticism1 f :i* ! special conc]n ( ! critic mu/ be c>efully sep>at$4 ,8 bus9ess1 s x has be5 said1 is ) ! "w ( art 9 itself1 n ) any consequ5ces :i* lie outside x4 ,^! may be left1 x has be5 suppos$1 to o!rs = att5tion1 to ! cl]gy p]haps or to ! police4 ,t ^! au?orities are sadly incompet5t is a m9or disadvantage4 ,_! blund]+s are z a rule s ridicul\s t ! effects are brief4 ,!y (t5 s]ve a useful purpose 9 call+ att5tion to "w :i* might be ov]look$4 ,:at is m s]i\s is t ^! indiscretions1 vulg>ities & absurdities enc\rage ! view t morals h little or no?+ to d ) ! arts1 & ! ev5 m un=tunate op9ion t ! arts h no connection ) morality4 ,! ineptitudes ( c5sors1 _! *oice ( c5sorable objects1 ignoble blasphemy1 su* z t :i* decl>$ ,e/h] ,wat]s an impure book1 displays ( su* intellig5ce z consid]$ ,madame ,bov>y an apology = adult]\s wrong1 innum]able comic1 /upefy+1 enrag+ int]f]5ces fully expla9 ?is attitude1 b !y d n ju/ify x4 ,! common avoidance ( all discussion ( ! wid] social & moral aspects ( ! arts by p ( /eady judgm5t & /rong heads is a mis=tune1 = x leaves ! field free = folly1 & cramps ! scope ( good critics unduly4 ,s loa? h !y be5 to be ?\ght at l>ge ) ! wild asses t !y h virtually %ut !mselves up 9 a paddock4 ,if ! compet5t are to refra9 because ( ! antics ( ! unqualifi$1 an evil & a loss :i* are nei!r tempor>y nor trivial increase cont9ually4 ,x is z ?\gh m$ical m5 7 all to retire because ( ! impud5ce ( quacks4 ,= ! critic is z closely occupi$ ) ! heal? ( ! m9d z ! doctor ) ! heal? ( ! body4 ,9 a diff]5t way1 x is true1 & ) a wid] & subtl] def9ition ( heal?1 by :i* ! heal?ie/ m9d is t capable ( secur+ ! greate/ am\nt ( value4 ,! critic _c possibly avoid us+ "s ideas ab\t value4 ,8 :ole occupation is an application & ex]cise ( 8 ideas on ! subject1 & an avoidance ( moral preoccupations on 8 "p c only be ei!r an abdication or a rejection "u ! title ( #8morality' ( :at he consid]s to be mi/ak5 or di%one/ ideas & me?ods4 ,! t]m has a dubi\s od\r1 x has be5 h&l$ by _m objectionable z well z admirable p1 & we may agree to avoid x4 ,b ! errors exemplifi$ by c5sor%ip exploits are too common1 & misconceptions z to ! nature ( value too easy to fall into & too widespread1 = useful criticism to rema9 )\t a g5]al !ory & an explicit set ( pr9ciples4 ,:at is ne$$ is a def5sible position = ^? :o believe t ! arts are ( value4 ,only a g5]al !ory ( value :i* w %[ ! place & function ( ! arts 9 ! :ole sy/em ( values w provide su* a /ronghold4 ,at ! same "t we ne$ weapons ) :i* to repel & ov]?r[ misconceptions4 ,) ! increase ( population ! problem pres5t$ by ! gulf betwe5 :at is pref]r$ by ! majority & :at is accept$ z excell5t by ! mo/ qualifi$ op9ion has become inf9itely m s]i\s & appe>s likely to become ?reat5+ 9 ! ne> future4 ,= _m reasons /&>ds are mu* m 9 ne$ ( def5ce ?an !y us$ to be4 ,x is p]haps premature to envisage a collapse ( values1 a transvaluation by :i* popul> ta/e replaces tra9$ discrim9ation4 ,yet comm]cialism has done /rang] ?+s3 we h n yet fa?om$ ! m s9i/] pot5tialities ( ! c9ema & ! l\d-speak]1 & !re is "s evid5ce1 unc]ta9 & slight no d\bt1 t su* ?+s z #8be/-sell]s' 7comp>e ,t>zan ) ,%e71 magaz9e v]ses1 mantelpiece pott]y1 ,academy pictures1 ,music ,hall songs1 ,c\nty ,c\ncil build+s1 ,w> ,memorials 4 4 4 are decreas+ 9 m]it4 ,notable exceptions1 9 :i* ! multitude are bett] advis$ ?an ! exp]ts1 ( c\rse occur sometimes1 b n (t54 ,to bridge ! gulf1 to br+ ! level ( popul> appreciation ne>] to ! cons5sus ( be/ qualifi$ op9ion1 & to def5d ?is op9ion aga9/ damag+ attacks 7,tol/oy's is a typical example71 a mu* cle>] acc\nt ?an has yet be5 produc$1 ( :y ?is op9ion is "r1 is ess5tial4 ,^! attacks are dang]\s1 because !y appeal to a natural in/9ct1 hatr$ ( #8sup]ior p]sons'4 ,! exp]t 9-matt]s ( ta/e is 9 an awkw>d position :5 he diff]s f ! majority4 ,he is =c$ to say 9 effect1 8,i am bett] ?an y4 ,my ta/e is m ref9$1 my nature m cultur$1 y w d well to become m l me ?an y are40 ,x is n 8 fault t he has to be s arrogant4 ,he may1 & usually does1 disguise ! fact z f> z possible1 b 8 claim to be he>d z an exp]t dep5ds ^u ! tru? ( ^! assumptions4 ,he ought !n to be ready ) reasons ( a cle> & conv9c+ k9d z to :y 8 pref]5ces are wor? att5tion1 & until ^! reasons are =?com+1 ! accusations t he is a *>latan & a prig are emb>rass+4 ,he may inde$ po9t to ye>s ( preoccupation ) 8 subject1 he may rem>k l ! wiseacre ,long9us1 sixte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 8,! judgm5t ( lit]ature is ! f9al outcome ( mu* endeav\r10 b ) him are _m ,pr(essors to prove t ye>s ( endeav\r may lead to no?+ v rem>kable 9 ! end4 ,to habilitate ! critic1 to def5d accept$ /&>ds aga9/ ,tol/oyan attacks1 to n>r[ ! int]val betwe5 ^! /&>ds & popul> ta/e1 to protect ! arts aga9/ ! crude moralities ( ,puritans & p]v]ts1 a g5]al !ory ( value1 :i* w n leave ! /atem5t 8,?is is good1 t bad10 ei!r vague or arbitr>y1 mu/ be provid$4 ,!re is no alt]native op54 ,nor is x su* an excursus f ! inquiry into ! nature ( ! arts z may be suppos$4 ,= if a well-gr\nd$ !ory ( value is a necessity = criticism1 x is no less true t an und]/&+ ( :at happ5s 9 ! arts is ne$$ = ! !ory4 ,! two problems 8,:at is good80 & 8,:at are ! arts80 reflect light ^u "o ano!r4 ,nei!r 9 fact c be fully answ]$ )\t ! o!r4 ,to ! unravell+ ( ! fir/ we may n[ proce$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,value z an ,ultimate ,idea ,"s lovely glori\s no?+ ,i did see4--,aire & ,angels4 ,x has always be5 f\nd f> m easy to divide exp]i5ces#ae into good & bad1 valuable & ! rev]se1 ?an to discov] :at we are do+ :5 we make ! division4 ,! hi/ory ( op9ions z to :at con/itutes value1 z to :y & :5 any?+ is rightly call$ good1 %[s a bewild]+ v>iety4 ,b 9 mod]n times ! controv]sy n>r[s itself d[n to two que/ions4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is :e!r ! diff]5ce betwe5 exp]i5ces :i* are valuable & ^? :i* are n c be fully describ$ 9 psy*ological t]ms2 :e!r "s additional di/9ctive #8e?ical' or #8moral' idea ( a non-psy*ological nature is or is n requir$4 ,! second "q conc]ns ! exact psy*ological analysis ne$$ 9 ord] to expla9 value if no fur!r #8e?ical' idea is %[n to be necess>y4 ,! fir/ "q w n deta9 u long4 ,x has be5 ably ma9ta9$#af & widely accept$ t :5 we say t an exp]i5ce is good we are simply say+ t x is end[$ ) a c]ta9 e?ical prop]ty or attribute n to be r$uc$ to any psy*ological prop]ties or attributes su* z be+ desir$ or approv$1 & t no fur!r elucidation ( ?is special e?ical prop]ty by way ( analysis is possible4 #8,good' on ?is view is 9 no way a %or?& t]m = "s m explicit acc\nt4 ,! ?+s :i* are good1 x is held1 are j good1 possess a prop]ty :i* c be recognis$ by imm$iate intuition1 & "h1 s9ce good is unanalysable1 ! matt] mu/ re/4 ,all t ! /udy ( value c d is to po9t out ! ?+s :i* possess ?is prop]ty1 classify !m1 & remove c]ta9 confusions betwe5 ends :i* are good 9 !mselves & means :i* are only call$ good1 because !y are in/rum5tal 9 ! atta9m5t ( intr9sically good ends4 ,usually ^? :o ma9ta9 ?is view also hold t ! only ?+s :i* are good = _! own sakes & n m]ely z a means are c]ta9 consci\s exp]i5ces1 = example1 k1 admir+ contemplation ( beauty1 & feel+s ( affection & v5]ation "u "s circum/ances4 ,o!r ?+s1 su* z m\nta9s1 books1 railways1 c\rage\s actions1 are good in/rum5tally because1 & 9 s f> z1 !y cause or make possible /ates ( m9d :i* are valuable intr9sically4 ,?us ! occurr5ce ( /ates ( m9d :i* are recognis$ z good is reg>d$ z an isolat$ fact ( exp]i5ce1 n capable ( be+ acc\nt$ =1 or l9k$ up ) ! re/ ( human peculi>ities z a product ( developm5t 9 ! way made famili> by ! biological sci5ces4 ,! plausibility ( ?is view d]ives pr9cipally f ! metaphysical assumption t !re are prop]ties1 9 ! s5se ( subsi/5t entities1 :i* atta* to exi/5t p>ticul>s1 b :i* might )\t absurdity be suppos$ to atta* to no?+4 ,^! metaphysical entities1 v>i\sly nam$ ,ideas1 ,notions1 ,concepts or ,univ]sals1 may be divid$ into two k9ds1 s5su\s & sup]s5su\s4#ag ,! s5su\s are ^? :i* may be appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 su* z #8r$'1 #8cold'1 #8r\nd'1 #8swift'1 #8pa9ful'1 & ! sup]s5su\s1 ^? appreh5d$ n 9 s5su\s p]ception b o!rwise4 ,logical relations1 #8necessity' or #8impossibility1' & su* ideas z #8will+'1 #8end'1 #8cause'1 & #8be+ ?ree 9 numb]'1 h 9 ?is way be5 suppos$ to be directly appreh5sible by ! m9d4 ,among/ ^! sup]s5su\s ,ideas good is to be f\nd4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl] ?an su* a view1 & to _m p ! subsi/5ce ( su* a prop]ty ( goodness appe>s n surpris+4 ,b to o!rs ! sugge/ion seems m]ely a curi\s survival ( ab/ractionism1 if su* a t]m may be def5d$ by its close p>allel ) ob/ructionism4 ,a bl9d man 9 a d>k room *as+ a black cat :i* is n !re w\ld seem to !m well employ$ 9 comp>ison ) a philosoph] appreh5d+ su* #8,concepts'4 ,:ile ready = conv5i5ce ( disc\rse to talk & ev5 to ?9k z ?\gh ,concepts & ,p>ticul>s 7 sep>able & di/9ct k9ds ( entities1 !y refuse to believe t ! /ructure ( ! _w actually conta9s su* a cleavage4 ,! po9t is p]haps undiscussable1 & is probably unimportant1 except 9 s f> z ! habit ( reg>d+ ! _w z actually s clov5 is a fruitful s\rce ( bogus entities1 usually hypo/atis$ words4 ,! temptation to introduce premature ultimates--,beauty 9 /hetics1 ! ,m9d & its faculties 9 psy*ology1 ,life 9 physiology1 are repres5tative examples--is especially great = believ]s 9 ,ab/ract ,entities4 ,! objection to su* ,ultimates is t !y br+ an inve/igation to a dead end too sudd5ly4 ,an ultimate ,good is1 9 ?is in/ance1 j su* an arbitr>y full /op4 ,x w be agre$ t a less cryptic acc\nt ( good1 if "o c be giv51 :i* is 9 accordance ) v]ifiable facts1 w\ld be pref]able1 ev5 ?\gh no means 7 available = refut+ ! simpl] !ory4 ,uphold]s ( ?is !ory1 h[ev]1 h produc$ c]ta9 argum5ts to %[ t no o!r view ( good is possible1 & ^! mu/ fir/ be briefly exam9$4 ,!y provide1 9 addition1 an excell5t example ( ! misuse ( psy*ological assumptions 9 rese>*1 = al?\gh a psy*ological approa* is (t5 ( ! utmo/ s]vice1 x c also be a s\rce ( obscurantism & ov]-confid5ce4 ,! argum5ts aga9/ any naturali/ic acc\nt dep5d ^u ! alleg$ results ( directly inspect+ :at is be=e our m9ds :5 we judge t any?+ is good4 ,if we sub/itute1 x is ma9ta9$1 any acc\nt ( good :atev] = #8good' 9 ! ass]tion1 #8,?is is good'--= example1 #8,?is is desir$' or #8,?is is approv$'--we c detect t :at is sub/itut$ is diff]5t f #8good'1 & t we are n !n mak+ ! same judgm5t4 ,?is result1 x is claim$1 is confirm$ by ! fact t we c always ask1 8,is :at is desir$1 or :at is approv$1 good80 h[ev] we may elaborate ! acc\nt provid$1 & t ?is is always a g5u9e "q :i* w\ld be impossible 7 ! sub/itut$ acc\nt actually ! analysis ( good4 ,! p]suasiv5ess ( ?is refutation is f\nd to v>y enorm\sly f individual to individual1 = ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ^u :i* x relies diff]4 ,^? :o h accu/om$ !mselves to ! belief t good is a sup]s5su\s simple ,idea readily discov] ! fraudul5t "* ( any (f]$ sub/itute1 :ile ^? :o hold "s psy*ological !ory ( value1 ) equal ease id5tify _! acc\nt ) #8good'4 ,! fur!r "q1 8,:5 & "u :at conditions c judgm5ts be di/+ui%$80 arises1 a "q s difficult to answ] t any argum5t becomes suspect :i* dep5ds ^u assum+ t !y c be infallibly recognis$ z diff]5t4 ,if = any reason we wi% to di/+ui% two judgm5ts1 we c p]suade ourselves1 9 any case 9 :i* !y are diff]5tly =mulat$1 t !y are diff]5t4 ,?us x has be5 ?\ght t #8a exce$s b' & #8a is great] ?an b' are di/+ui%able1 ! fir/ be+ suppos$ to /ate simply t a has ! relation #8exce$s' to b1 :ile ! second is suppos$ to /ate t a has ! relation #8is' to great] :i* aga9 has ! relation #8?an' to b4#ah ,! conclusion to be drawn f ! application ( su* me?ods to ! problem ( ! mean+ ( ,good w\ld seem to be t !y are n compet5t to decide any?+ ab\t x--by no means a valueless result4 ,s9ce no?+ c be conclud$ f a comp>ison ( #8,?is is good' )1 let u say1 #8,?is is s\ght by an impulse belong+ to a dom9ant gr\p'1 let u see :e!r light c be ga9$ by consid]+ analog\s in/ances 9 :i* special di/9ct ideas h = a "t be5 ?\ght indisp5sable only to yield lat] to analysis & sub/itution4 ,! case ( ,beauty is p]haps too closely relat$ to t ( ,good = our purpose4 ,^? :o c p]suade !mselves t ,good is an unique irr$ucible entity might believe ! same ( ,beauty4 ,an episode 9 ! !ory ( ! tides is m in/ructive4 ,x 0 once ?\ght t ! moon mu/ h a peculi> ,aff9ity ) wat]3 ,:5 ! moon is full ! tides are high]4 ,cle>ly ! seas swell 9 sympa?y ) ! increase ( ! moon4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce is full ( my/]i\s unique entities :i* h gradually evaporat$ z explanation advanc$4 ,! /ruggles ( economi/s ) #8utility'1 ( ma!matical philosoph]s ) #8po9ts' & #8in/ants'1 ( biologi/s ) #8entele*ies'1 & ! adv5tures ( psy*o-analy/s ) #8! libido' & #8! collective unconsci\s' are in/ances 9 po9t4 ,at pres5t !oretical psy*ology 9 p>ticul> is l>gely made up ( ! manipulation ( simil> suspects4 ,! ,act ( ,judgm5t1 ! relation ( ,pres5tation1 ,imm$iate ,aw>5ess1 ,direct ,inspection1 ! ,w1 ,feel+1 ,assumption1 ,acceptance1 are only a few ( ! provisional ultimates introduc$ = conv5i5ce ( discussion4 ,"s ( !m may 9 ! end prove to be indisp5sable1 b mean:ile !y are n1 to prud5t p1 m ?an symbolic conv5i5ces2 !ories dep5d5t ^u !m mu/ n be all[$ to %ut (f f inve/igation fields :i* may be fruitful4 #ae ,?r\gh\t ?is discussion #8exp]i5ce' w be us$ 9 a wide s5se to /& = any occurr5ce 9 ! m9d4 ,x is equival5t to #8m5tal /ate1 or process4' ,! t]m has (t5 un=tunate sugge/ions ( passiv5ess & ( consci\sness1 b _m ( ! #8exp]i5ces' "h ref]r$ to w\ld ord9>ily be call$ #8actions' & h p>ts :i* are n consci\s & n accessible to introspection z important z ^? :i* are4 #af ,a *ief advocate ( ?is view is ,dr ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 ^: ,pr9cipia ,e?ica & ,e?ics conta9 brilliant /atem5ts ( ! position4 #ag ,cf4 ,f4 ,br5tano1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,k ( ,"r & ,wrong1 pp4 #ab1 #df4 #ah ,cf4 ,russell1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics1 p4 #ajj4 8,on ?is pr9ciple1 f :i* ,i c see no escape1 t e g5u9e ^w mu/ h "s mean+1 ! is & ?an mu/ =m "p ( #8a is great] ?an b'1 :i* ?us conta9s m ?an two t]ms & a relation4 ,! is seems to /ate t a has to great] ! relation ( ref]5t1 :ile ! ?an /ates simil>ly t b has to great] ! relation ( relatum4 ,b #8a exce$s b' may be held to express solely ! relation ( a to b1 )\t includ+ any ( ! implications ( fur!r relations40 ,on ! introspective comp>ison ( judgm5ts ,! ,mean+ ( ,mean+1 by ,c4 ,k4 ,ogd5 & ! writ]1 may be consult$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,a ,psy*ological ,!ory ( ,value ,h&s t c grasp1 eyes t c dilate1 hair t c rise if x mu/1 ^! ?+s are important n because a high-s\nd+ int]pretation c be put ^u !m1 b because !y are useful4--,m>ianne ,moore4 ,! me?od !n by :i* any attempt to analyse #8good' has be5 condemn$ is itself objectionable1 & yields no s\nd reason :y a purely psy*ological acc\nt ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t exp]i5ces %\ld n be giv54 ,! data = ! inquiry are 9 "p suppli$ by an?ropology4 ,x has become cle> t ! disp>ity among ! /ates ( m9d recognis$ z good by p]sons ( diff]5t races1 habits & civilisations is ov]:elm+4 ,any obs]vant *ild1 x is true1 might discov] 9 ! home circle h[ widely p disagree1 b ! effect ( education is to suppress ^! sci5tific ef=ts4 ,x has ne$$ ! va/ accumulations ( an?ropological evid5ce n[ available to e/abli% ! fact t z ! organisation ( life & affairs alt]s v diff]5t exp]i5ces are p]ceiv$ to be good or bad1 are fav\r$ or condemn$4 ,! ,bakairi ( ,c5tral ,brazil & ! ,tahitians1 among o!rs1 are report$1 = example1 to look ^u eat+ ) ! same feel+s :i* we res]ve = q diff]5t physiological p]=mances1 & to reg>d ! public consumption ( food z a grave brea* ( dec5cy4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w feel+s ( =giv5ess t[>ds enemies1 = example1 are look$ ^u z l[ & ignoble4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* "o p]son values are ?\ght vici\s by ano!r4 ,we mu/ all[1 x is true1 = widespread confusion betwe5 intr9sic & in/rum5tal values1 & = ! difficulty ( id5tify+ exp]i5ces4 ,_m /ates ( m9d 9 o!r p :i* we judge to be bad or indiff]5t are no d\bt unlike :at we imag9e !m to be1 or conta9 elem5ts :i* we ov]look1 s t ) full] k we might discov] !m to be good4 ,9 ?is mann] x may be possible to r$uce ! report$ disp>ity ( value intuitions1 b few p acqua9t$ ) ! v>y+ moral judgm5ts ( mank9d w d\bt t circum/ances & necessities1 pres5t & pa/1 expla9 our approval & disapproval4 ,we />t1 !n1 ) a he>ty scepticism ( all imm$iate intuitions1 & inquire h[ x is t individuals 9 diff]5t conditions1 & at diff]5t /ages ( _! developm5t1 e/eem ?+s s diff]5tly4 ,) ! exception ( "s p>5ts & nursemaids we h lately all be5 agha/ at revelations ( ! value judgm5ts ( infants4 ,_! impulses1 _! desires1 _! pref]5ces1 ! ?+s :i* !y e/eem1 z display$ by ! psy*o-analy/s1 /rike ev5 ^? ^: attitude t[>ds humanity is n ideali/ic ) "s dismay4 ,ev5 :5 ! /ories are duly disc\nt$1 en\gh :i* is v]ifiable rema9s = infans polyp]v]s to pres5t a truly impressive figure dom9at+ all future psy*ological inquiry into value4 ,!re is no ne$ "h to exam9e 9 detail h[ ^! e>ly impulses are div]t$ & disguis$ by social pressures4 ,! r\gh outl9es are famili> ( ! ways 9 :i* by gr[?1 by ! appe>ance ( fre% in/9ctive t5d5cies1 by increase ( k & ( comm& ov] ! _w1 "u ! control ( cu/om1 magical beliefs1 public op9ion1 inculcation & example1 ! primitive new-born animal may be gradually trans=m$ into a bi%op4 ,at e /age 9 ! a/oni%+ metamorphosis1 ! impulses1 desires1 & prop5sities ( ! individual take on a new =m1 or1 x may be1 a fur!r degree ( sy/ematisation4 ,?is sy/ematisation is nev] complete4 ,always "s impulse1 or set ( impulses1 c be f\nd :i* 9 "o way or ano!r int]f]es1 or conflicts1 ) o!rs4 ,x may d s 9 two ways1 directly or indirectly4 ,"s impulses are 9 !mselves psy*ologically incompatible1 "s are incompatible only indirectly1 ?r\gh produc+ contr>y effects 9 ! _w outside4 ,! difficulty "s p h 9 smok+ & writ+ at ! same "t is a typical in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d ( incompatibility2 ! two activities get 9 ea* o!r's way by a psy*ological accid5t z x 74 ,int]f]5ce ( ?is k9d c be ov]come by practice to an unexpect$ degree1 z ! feats ( juggl]s %[2 "s1 h[ev]1 are insurm\ntable2 & ^! incompatibilities are (t51 z we %all see1 ( supreme consequ5ce 9 moral developm5t4 ,indirect incompatibilities aris+ ?r\gh ! consequ5ces ( our acts are m easy to f9d4 ,our :ole exi/5ce is "o long /udy ( !m1 f ! infant's fir/ *oice :e!r he %all use 8 m\? = scream+ or = suck+1 to ! la/ codicil to 8 ,w4 ,^! are simple in/ances1 b ! conduct ( life is ?r\gh\t an attempt to organise impulses s t success is obta9$ = ! great] numb] or mass ( !m1 = ! mo/ important & ! weightie/ set4 ,& "h we come face to face aga9 ) ! problem ( value4 ,h[ %all we decide :i* among ^! are m important ?an3 o!rs1 & h[ %all we di/+ui% diff]5t organisations z yield+ m or less value "o ?an ano!r8 ,at ?is po9t we ne$ to be on our gu>d n to smuggle 9 any peculi> e?ical1 non-psy*ological1 idea "u "s disguise1 "u #8important' or #8fundam5tal'1 = example4 ,among ^? :o reject any metaphysical view ( value x has become usual to def9e value z capacity = satisfy+ feel+ & desire 9 v>i\s intricate ways4#ai ,= ! purpose ( trac+ 9 detail ! v subtle & v>i$ modes 9 :i* p actually value ?+s1 a highly intricate treatm5t is indisp5sable1 b "h a simpl] def9ition w suffice4 ,we may />t f ! fact t impulses may be divid$ into appet5cies & av]sions1 & beg9 by say+ t any?+ is valuable :i* satisfies an appet5cy or #8seek+ aft]4' ,! t]m #8desire' w\ld d z well if we c\ld avoid ! implication ( accompany+ consci\s beliefs z to :at is s\ght & a fur!r re/riction to felt & recognis$ long+s4 ,! t]m #8want' us$ s mu* by economi/s has ! same disadvantages4 ,appet5cies may be1 & = ! mo/ "p are1 unconsci\s1 & to leave out ^? :i* we _c discov] by introspection w\ld involve ext5sive errors4 ,= ! same reason x is wis] n to />t f feel+4 ,appet5cies !n1 r ?an felt appet5cies or desires1 %all be our />t+-po9t4 ,! next /ep is to agree t ap>t f consequ5ces anyone w actually pref] to satisfy a great] numb] ( equal appet5cies r ?an a less4 ,obs]vation ( p's behavi\r1 includ+ our own1 is probably suffici5t to e/abli% ?is agreem5t4 ,if n[ we look to see :at consequ5ces c int]v5e to upset ?is simple pr9ciple1 we %all f9d t only int]f]5ces1 imm$iate or remote1 direct3 or indirect1 ) o!r appet5cies1 ne$ to be consid]$4 ,! only psy*ological re/ra9ts ^u appet5cies are o!r appet5cies4#bj ,we c n[ ext5d our def9ition4 ,any?+ is valuable :i* w satisfy an appet5cy )\t involv+ ! fru/ration ( "s equal or m important appet5cy2 9 o!r words1 ! only reason :i* c be giv5 = n satisfy+ a desire is t m important desires w !reby be ?w>t$4 ,?us morals become purely prud5tial1 & e?ical codes m]ely ! expression ( ! ma/ g5]al s*eme ( exp$i5cy#ba to :i* an individual or a race has atta9$4 ,b we h /ill to say :at #8important' /&s = 9 ?is =mulation4 7,cf4 p4 #ea74 ,!re are c]ta9 evid5t priorities among impulses1 "s ( :i* h be5 /udi$ 9 v>i\s ways by economi/s "u ! head+s ( prim>y wants & second>y wants4 ,"s ne$s or impulses mu/ be satisfi$ 9 ord] t o!rs may be possible4 ,we mu/ eat1 dr9k1 sleep1 brea!1 protect ourselves & c>ry on an imm5se physiological bus9ess z a condition = any fur!r activities4 ,"s ( ^! impulses1 brea?+1 = example1 c be satisfi$ directly1 b mo/ ( !m involve u 9 complicat$ cycles ( in/rum5tal lab\r4 ,man = ! mo/ "p mu/ ex]t himself half 8 life to satisfy ev5 ! primitive ne$s1 & ^! activities1 fail+ o!r means ( rea*+ ! same ends1 %>e _! priority4 ,9 _! turn !y involve z conditions a gr\p ( impulses1 ^: satisfaction becomes only second 9 importance to physiological necessities1 ^?1 namely1 ^u :i* communication & ! ability to co-op]ate dep5d4 ,b ^!1 s9ce man is a social creature1 also become m directly necess>y to 8 well-be+4 ,! v impulses :i* enable him to co-op]ate 9 ga9+ 8 d9n] w\ld !mselves1 if n satisfi$1 wreck by _! m]e fru/ration all 8 activities4 ,?is happ5s all ?r\gh ! hi]>*y4 ,impulses1 ^: ex]cise may h be5 orig9ally only important z means1 & :i* might once h be5 replac$ by q diff]5t sets1 become 9 "t necess>y conditions = innum]able q diff]5t p]=mances4 ,objects1 aga91 orig9ally valu$ because !y satisfy "o ne$1 are f\nd lat] to be also capable ( satisfy+ o!rs4 ,dress1 = example1 appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 magical1 #8life-giv+1' ornam5ts#bb1 b s _m o!r int]e/s d]ive satisfaction f x t controv]sy c /ill arise z to its primitive uses4 ,! in/ances ( priorities giv5 mu/ only be tak5 z examples4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem9d ! read] t = a civilis$ man1 activities orig9ally valuable z means only1 (t5 become s important ?r\gh _! connections ) ! re/ ( 8 activities1 t life )\t !m is reg>d$ z intol]able4 ,?us acts :i* w deb> him f 8 normal relations ) 8 fell[s are (t5 avoid$1 ev5 at ! co/ ( dea?4 ,total cessation ( all activities is pref]r$ to ! dreadful ?w>t+ & privation :i* w\ld ensue4 ,! case ( ! soldi]1 or ( ! consci5ti\s objector1 is ?us no exception to ! pr9ciple4 ,life depriv$ ( all b ! b>e/ physiological necessities1 = example1 prison life1 is = _m p worse ?an non-exi/5ce4 ,^? :o ev5 s incur x 9 def5ce ( "s #8moral ideal' d s because !y are s organis$1 ei!r p]man5tly or tempor>ily1 t only 9 ?is way c _! dom9ant impulses secure satisfaction4 ,! self-reg>d+ impulses =m only a "p ( ! total activities ( social man1 & ! impulse ( ! m>tyr to be> witness at any co/ to :at he reg>ds z tru?1 is only "o extreme in/ance ( ! degree to :i* o!r impulses (t5 assume supremacy4 ,= ano!r reason any priorities m5tion$ mu/ be tak5 only z illu/rations4 ,we d n "k en\gh yet ab\t ! prec$5ces1 ! hi]>*ies1 ! modes ( sy/ematisation1 actual & possible1 9 t unimag9able organisation1 ! m9d1 to say :at ord] 9 any case actually exi/s1 or betwe5 :at ! ord] holds4 ,we only "k t a gr[+ ord] is ! pr9ciple ( ! m9d1 t its function is to co-ord9ate1 & we c detect t 9 "s ( its =ms ! prec$5ce is diff]5t f t 9 o!rs4 ,?is we c\ld d by obs]vation1 by comp>+ ! drunk5 man ) ! sob]1 b f our own exp]i5ce ( our own activity we c g mu* fur!r4 ,we c feel diff]5ces betwe5 cle> coh]5t ?9k+ & confusion or /upidity1 betwe5 free1 controll$ emotional response & dull or clogg$ impassivity1 betwe5 mom5ts :5 we d ) our bodies m delicate & dext]\s ?+s ?an seem possible1 & mom5ts ( clums9ess1 :5 we are #8all ?umbs'1 h no #8balance' or #8tim+'1 & no?+ #8comes (f'4 ,^! diff]5ces are diff]5ces 9 mom5t>y organisation1 diff]5ces 9 prec$5ce betwe5 rival possible sy/ematisations4 ,! m p]man5t & m specifically #8moral' diff]5ces betwe5 individuals gr[ out ( diff]5ces su* z ^! & correspond to simil> prec$5ces betwe5 l>g] sy/ems4 ,! complications possible 9 ! sy/ematisation ( impulses might be illu/rat$ indef9itely4 ,! pla/icity ( special appet5cies & activities v>ies enorm\sly4 ,"s impulses c be div]t$ m easily ?an o!rs4 ,sex has a wid] range ( satisfactions ?an hung]1 = example2 "s are weak] ?an o!rs2 "s 7n ! same necess>ily7 c be suppress$ 9 ! long run ) less difficulty4 ,"s c be modifi$2 "s obey ! #8all or none' rule--!y mu/ ei!r be satisfi$ specifically or completely inhibit$--well-e/abli%$ habits may h ?is peculi>ity4 ,9 judg+ ! importance ( any impulse all ^! consid]ations mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! affiliations ( impulses1 at pres5t (t5 inexplicable1 ne$ especially to be consid]$4 ,)9 ! :ole p>tially sy/ematis$ organisation1 num]\s sub-sy/ems c be f\nd1 & :at w\ld be expect$ to be q trivial impulses are (t5 discov]$ to be important1 because !y belong to p[]ful gr\ps4 ,?us !re are reasonable p]sons :o1 )\t a high poli% on _! %oes1 are almo/ incapacitat$4 ,! importance ( an impulse1 x w be se51 c be def9$ = our purposes z ! ext5t ( ! di/urbance ( o!r impulses 9 ! individual's activities :i* ! ?w>t+ ( ! impulse involves4 ,a vague def9ition1 x is true1 b !re=e suitable to our at pres5t incomplete & hazy k ( h[ impulses are relat$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t no special e?ical idea is introduc$4 ,we c n[ take our next /ep =w>d & inquire into ! relative m]its ( diff]5t sy/ematisations4 ,no individual c live "o m9ute )\t a v intricate &1 s f> z x goes1 v p]fect co-ord9ation ( impulses4 ,x is only :5 we pass f ! activities :i* f second to second ma9ta9 life to ^? :i* f h\r to h\r det]m9e :at k9d ( life x %all be1 t we f9d wide diff]5ces4 ,=tunately = psy*ology we c ea* f9d wide en\gh diff]5ces 9 ourselves f h\r to h\r4 ,mo/ p 9 ! same day are ,bonap>te & ,oblomov by turns4 ,be=e breakfa/ ,diog5es1 aft] d9n] ,petronius or ,bi%op ,u%]4 ,b ?r\gh\t ^! mutations c]ta9 dispositions usually rema9 mu* ! same1 ^? :i* gov]n public behavi\r 9 a limit$ numb] ( affairs v>y+ v greatly f "o society or civilisation to ano!r4 ,e sy/ematisation 9 ! degree to :i* x is /able involves a degree ( sacrifice1 b = "s ! price to be paid 9 opportunities =egone is great] ?an = o!rs4 ,by ! ext5t ( ! loss1 ! range ( impulses ?w>t$ or />v$1 & _! degree ( importance1 ! m]it ( a sy/ematisation is judg$4 ,t organisation :i* is lea/ wa/eful ( human possibilities is1 9 %ort1 ! be/4 ,"s individuals1 hag-ridd5 by _! vices1 or _! virtues1 to a po9t at :i* ! law ( dim9i%+ returns has depriv$ ev5 ^! ( _! appropriate satisfactions1 are /ill unable to reorganise2 !y g ?r\gh life incapacitat$ = mo/ ( its possible enjoym5ts4#bc ,o!rs1 p>alys$ ) _! conflicts1 are unable to d any?+ freely2 :atev] !y attempt "s implicat$ b baffl$ impulse is /ill fitfully & fretfully /irr+4 ,! debau*ee & ! victim ( consci5ce alike h a*iev$ organisations ^: price 9 sacrifice is excessive4 ,bo? _! individual satisfactions1 & ^? = :i* !y are dep5d5t ^u sympa!tic relations ) _! fell[s1 an almo/ equal gr\p1 are unduly re/rict$4 ,^u gr\nds ( prud5ce alone !y h be5 injudici\s1 & !y may be condemn$ )\t any appeal to peculi>ly #8e?ical' /&>ds4 ,! muddle 9 :i* !y are =c$ to live is itself suffici5t gr\nd = reprobation4 ,at ! o!r extreme are ^? =tunate p :o h a*iev$ an ord]$ life1 ^: sy/ems h develop$ cle>+-h\ses by :i* ! v>y+ claims ( diff]5t impulses are adju/$4 ,_! free1 untrammell$ activity ga9s = !m a maximum ( v>i$ satisfactions & involves a m9imum ( suppression & sacrifice4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is s ) reg>d to ^? satisfactions :i* require humane1 sympa!tic1 & fri5dly relations betwe5 individuals4 ,! *>ge ( egoism1 or selfi%ness1 c be br\ght aga9/ a naturali/ic or utilit>ian morality su* z ?is only by ov]look+ ! importance ( ^! satisfactions 9 any well-balanc$ life4 ,unfair or aggressive behavi\r1 & preoccupation ) self-reg>d+ int]e/s to ! exclusion ( due s5sitiv5ess to ! reciprocal claims ( human int]c\rse1 lead to a =m ( organisation :i* deprives ! p]son s organis$ ( :ole ranges ( important values4 ,no m]e loss ( social pleasures is 9 "q1 b a twi/ or re/riction ( impulses1 ^: normal satisfaction is involv$ 9 almo/ all ! greate/ goods ( life4 ,! two s5ses 9 :i* a man may #8take advantage' ( 8 fell[s c be obs]v$ 9 practice to conflict4 ,sw9dl+ & bully+1 :e!r 9 bus9ess matt]s or 9 p]sonal relations1 h _! co/2 :i* ! be/ judges agree to be excessive4 ,& ! great] "p ( ! co/ lies ( 9 ! consequ5ces ( be+ f\nd out1 9 ! loss ( social e/eem & s =?1 b 9 actual sy/ematic disability to atta9 important values4 ,al?\gh ! p]son :o habitually disreg>ds ! claims ( 8 fell[s to fair treatm5t & sympa!tic und]/&+ may be condemn$1 9 mo/ cases1 ^u ! gr\nd ( 8 own actual loss ( values 9 su* behavi\r1 ?is ( c\rse is n ! reason = ! /eps :i* may h to be tak5 aga9/ him4 ,x may v well be ! case t a p]son's own int]e/s are su* t1 if he und]/ood !m1 7 well organis$ 9 o!r words1 he w\ld be a useful & *>m+ memb] ( 8 community2 b1 s long z p are ab\t :o are n well organis$1 communities mu/ protect !mselves4 ,!y c def5d _! action on ! gr\nd t ! g5]al loss ( value :i* w\ld foll[ if !y did n protect !mselves f> outweighs su* losses z are incurr$ by ! p :om !y suppress or deport4 ,to ext5d ?is individual morality to communal affairs is n difficult4 ,probably ! be/ brief /atem5t ^u ! po9t is ! foll[+ note by ,b5?am1 if we int]pret #8happ9ess' 9 8 =mula n z pleasure b z ! satisfaction ( impulses4 ,june #bi1 #ahbg4 #a4 ,con/antly actual end ( action on ! "p ( e individual at ! mom5t ( action1 8 greate/ happ9ess1 accord+ to 8 view ( x at t mom5t4 #b4 ,con/antly prop] end ( action on ! "p ( e individual at ! mom5t ( action1 8 real greate/ happ9ess f t mom5t to ! end ( life4 #c4 ,con/antly prop] end ( action on ! "p ( e individual consid]$ z tru/ee = ! community1 ( :i* he is consid]$ z a memb]1 ! greate/ happ9ess ( t same community1 9 s f> z x dep5ds ^u ! int]e/ :i* =ms ! bond ( union betwe5 its memb]s4#bd ,b communities1 z is well kn[n1 t5d to behave 9 ! same way to p :o are bett] organis$ z well z to p :o are worse organis$ ?an ! /&>d ( ! gr\p4 ,!y deal ) ,socrates or ,bruno z sev]ely z ) ,turp9 or ,bottomley4 ,?us m]e int]f]5ce ) ord9>y activities is n by itself a suffici5t ju/ification = exclud+ f ! gr\p p :o are diff]5t & !re=e nuisances4 ,! precise nature ( ! diff]5ce mu/ be consid]$1 & :e!r & to :at degree x is ! gr\p1 n ! exceptional memb]1 :i* ought to be condemn$4 ,! ext5t to :i* alt]ation is practicable is also relevant1 & ! problem 9 p>ticul> cases becomes v intricate4 ,b ! f9al c\rt ( appeal conc]ns itself 9 su* cases ) que/ions1 n ( ! wi%es ( majorities1 b ( ! actual range & degree ( satisfaction :i* diff]5t possible sy/ematisations ( impulse yield4 ,res5tm5t at int]f]5ce & gratitude = support & assi/ance are to be di/+ui%$ f disapproval & approval4 ,! e/eem & respect accord$ to p]sons ) ! social#be virtues well develop$ is only 9 a small degree due to ! use :i* we f9d we c make ( !m4 ,x is mu* m a s5se t _! lives are ri* & full4 ,:5 any desire is d5i$ = ! sake ( ano!r1 ! approv$ & accept$ activity takes on additional value2 x is covet$ & pursu$ all ! m = :at x has co/4 ,?us ! spectacle ( o!r p enjoy+ bo? activities )\t difficulty1 ?anks to "s n v obvi\s adju/m5t1 is peculi>ly di/ress+1 & su* p are usually reg>d$ z especially deprav$4 ,9 diff]5t circum/ances ?is view may or may n be ju/ifi$4 ,! elem5t ( sacrifice exact$ by any /able sy/em expla9s to a l>ge ext5t ! t5acity ) :i* cu/om is clung to1 ! intol]ance direct$ sea innovations1 ! fanaticism ( conv]ts1 ! hypocrisy ( tea*]s1 & _m o!r lam5table ph5om5a ( ! moral attitudes4 ,h[ev] mu* an individual may privately f9d 8 p]sonality v>y+ f h\r to h\r1 he is compell$ to jo9 9 ma9ta9+ a public facade ( "s rigidity & buttress$ ) e contrivance :i* c be inv5t$4 ,! ,wills ( ,gods1 ! ,consci5ce1 ! ,cate*ism1 ,taboos1 ,imm$iate ,intuitions1 ,p5al ,laws1 ,public ,op9ion1 ,good ,=m1 are all m or less +5i\s & effici5t devices ) ! same aim--to secure ! uni=mity :i* social life requires4 ,by _! means & by ,cu/om1 ,conv5tion1 & ,sup]/ition1 ! und]ly+ basis ( morality1 ! ef=t to atta9 maximum satisfaction ?r\gh coh]5t sy/ematisation1 is a veil$ & disguis$ to an extraord9>y degree4 ,:5ce arise great difficulties & _m disa/]s4 ,x is s necess>y & s difficult to secure a /able & g5]al sy/em ( public behavi\r t any means :atev] are ju/ifiable1 fail+ ! discov]y ( bett]4 ,all societies hi!rto a*iev$1 h[ev]1 involve wa/e & mis]y ( appall+ ext5t4 ,any public code ( behavi\r mu/1 x is g5]ally agre$1 repres5t a crud] & m co/ly sy/ematisation ?an ^? atta9$ to by _m ( ! individuals :o live "u ! code1 a po9t obvi\sly to be rememb]$ 9 connection ) c5sor%ip problems4 ,cu/oms *ange m sl[ly ?an conditions1 & e *ange 9 conditions br+s ) x new possibilities ( sy/ematisation4 ,none ( ! afflictions ( humanity are worse ?an its obsolete moral pr9ciples4 ,consid] ! effects ( ! obsolete virtues ( nationalism "u mod]n conditions1 or ! absurdity ( ! religi\s attitude to bir? control4 ,! pres5t lack ( pla/icity 9 su* ?+s involves a gr[+ dang]4 ,human conditions & possibilities h alt]$ m 9 a hundr$ ye>s ?an !y _h 9 ! previ\s t5 ?\s&1 & ! next fifty may ov]:elm u1 unless we c devise a m adaptable morality4 ,! view t :at we ne$ 9 ?is tempe/u\s turmoil ( *ange is a ,rock to %elt] "u or to cl+ to1 pane ?an an effici5t a]oplane 9 :i* to ride x1 is compreh5sible b mi/ak54 ,to gu>d aga9/ a possible misund]/&+ x may be add$ t ! organisation & sy/ematisation ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+ 9 ?is *apt] are n prim>ily an affair ( consci\s plann+ or arrangem5t1 z ?is is und]/ood1 = example1 by a great bus9ess h\se or by a railway4 7,cf4 p4 #bjb47 ,we pass z a rule f a *aotic to a bett] organis$ /ate by ways :i* we "k no?+ ab\t4 ,typically ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( o!r m9ds4 ,lit]ature & ! arts are ! *ief means by :i* ^! influ5ces are diffus$4 ,x %\ld be unnecess>y to insi/ ^u ! degree to :i* high civilisation1 9 o!r words1 free1 v>i$ & unwa/eful life1 dep5ds ^u !m 9 a num]\s society4 #ai ,e4g41 8,! value ( ! object is its capacity ( becom+ ! object ( feel+ & desire ?r\gh actualisation ( dispositional t5d5cies by acts ( presumption1 judgm5t1 & assumption40 ,urban1 ,valuation1 p4 #ec4 #bj ,or1 ( c\rse1 av]sions4 ,9 :at foll[s we %all take no fur!r note ( av]sions4 ,to d s w\ld introduce iness5tial complications4 ,! omission 9 no way affects ! argum5t1 s9ce = our pres5t purposes !y may be c\nt$ 9 ) appet5cies4 #ba ,?is view pla9ly has close connections ) ,utilit>ianism4 ,9 fact if ,b5?am's editor is to be tru/$ 9 8 int]pretation ( 8 ma/]'s doctr9e1 x w\ld be :at ,b5?am int5d$ to tea*4 8,! t]m ne>e/ to be+ synonym\s ) pleasure is volition3 :at x pleases a man to d is simply :at he wills to d4 4 4 4 ,:at a man wills to d1 or :at he pleases to d1 may be f> f giv+ him enjoym5t2 yet %all we say t 9 do+ x1 he is n foll[+ 8 own pleasure8 44 4 ,a native ( ,japan1 :5 he is (f5d$1 /abs himself to prove ! int5sity ( 8 feel+s4 ,x is difficult to prove enjoym5t 9 ?is case3 yet ! man obey$ 8 impulses40 ,john ,hill ,burton1 ,j]emy ,b5?am's ,works1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bb4 #bb ,cf4 ,w4 ,j4 ,p]ry1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,magic & ,religion1 p4 #ae4 #bc ,bo? #8enjoym5t' & #8satisfaction' are unsuitable t]ms 9 ?is connection4 ,an un=tunate l+ui/ic gap mu/ be recognis$4 ,! full ex]cise ( an activity is commonly its own #8satisfaction'1 &1 z we %all see lat]1 :at pleasure may accompany x is d]ivative & incid5tal4 8,beatitudo non e/ virtutis premium1 s$ ipsa virtus40 #bd ,works1 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #efj4 #be ,n necess>ily #8social work]s4' ,only p]sonal communication c %[ :o h ! virtues "h ref]r$ to4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,art & ,morals ,com1 no m1 ,?is is me] moral babble1 & direct ,aga9/ ! canon laws ( our f\ndation4--,comus4 ,f ?is excursus let u return to our prop] task1 ! attempt to outl9e a morality :i* w *ange its values z circum/ances alt]1 a morality free f occultism1 absolutes & arbitr>9ess1 a morality :i* w expla91 z no morality has yet expla9$1 ! place & value ( ! arts 9 human affairs4 ,:at is good or valuable1 we h said1 is ! ex]cise ( impulses & ! satisfaction ( _! appet5cies4 ,:5 we say t any?+ is good we mean t x satisfies1 & by a good exp]i5ce we mean "o 9 :i* ! impulses :i* make x are fulfill$ & successful1 add+ z ! necess>y qualification t _! ex]cise & satisfaction %all n int]f]e 9 any way ) m important impulses4 ,importance we h se5 to be a complicat$ matt]1 & :i* impulses are by an ext5sive inquiry into :at actually happ5s4 ,! problem ( morality !n1 ! problem ( h[ we are to obta9 ! greate/ possible value f life1 becomes a problem ( organisation1 bo? 9 ! individual life & 9 ! adju/m5t ( individual lives to "o ano!r1 & is deliv]$ f all non-psy*ological ideas1 f absolute goods & imm$iate convictions1 :i* incid5tally help greatly to give unnecess>y /iffness & fixity to obsolesc5t codes4 ,)\t sy/em1 ne$less to say1 value vani%es1 s9ce 9 a /ate ( *aos important & trivial impulses alike are fru/rat$4 ,a m9or problem may occur "h to ! read]4 ,x conc]ns ! *oice betwe5 a #8cr[d$ h\r' & an age )\t a "n1 & ! place ( ! "t factor 9 valuation4 ,!re are _m v valuable /ates :i* _c la/ v long 9 ! nature ( ! case1 & "s ( ^! seem to h disabl+ consequ5ces4 ,b1 to take m]ely ! mo/ int]e/+ in/ance1 if we knew m ab\t ! n]v\s con/itution ( g5ius we might discov] t ! in/ability f :i* s _m p suff] :o are at times be/ able to actualise ! possibilities ( life is m]ely a consequ5ce ( _! pla/icity2 n 9 ! lea/ a price :i* !y pay = su* #8high mom5ts1' b r a result 9 sy/ems ( great delicacy ( we> & te> at l[] levels ( adju/m5t4 ,x is g5]ally ^? :o h ! lea/ ref9$ views ( value :o mo/ readily believe t highly valuable h\rs mu/ be paid = aft]w>ds4 ,_! conception ( a #8hectic "t' z ! summit ( human possibilities expla9s ! op9ion4 ,= ^? :o f9d t ! mo/ valuable exp]i5ces are ^? :i* are also mo/ fruitful ( fur!r valuable exp]i5ces no problem arises4 ,to ! qu]y :e!r !y pref] a long life to a joy\s "o1 !y w reply t !y f9d v satisfactory a life :i* is bo?4 ,! mo/ valuable /ates ( m9d !n are ^? :i* involve ! wide/ & mo/ compreh5sive co-ord9ation ( activities & ! lea/ curtailm5t1 conflict1 />vation & re/riction4 ,/ates ( m9d 9 g5]al are valuable 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y t5d to r$uce wa/e & fru/ration4 ,we mu/ be c>eful 9 consid]+ ?is =mulation to rememb] h[ v>i$ human activities are & avoid1 = example1 undue admiration = practical effici5t p]sons ^: emotional life is suppress$4 ,b1 ?anks to ! psy*o-analy/s1 we are h>dly likely at ! mom5t to ov]look ! consequ5ces ( suppressions4 ,x is pla9 t no "o sy/ematisation c claim a supreme position4 ,m5 are naturally diff]5t & 9 any society specialisation is inevitable4 ,!re are evid5tly a great numb] ( good sy/ematisations & :at is good = "o p]son w n be good = ano!r4 ,a sailor1 a doctor1 a ma!matician & a poet c h>dly h ! same organisation ?r\gh\t4 ,) diff]5t conditions diff]5t values necess>ily arise4 ,d\btless conditions may be1 & too (t5 are1 su* t no life ( high value is possible4 ,) a naturali/ic morality ! reasons = alt]+ !m & ! way to d s bo? become cle>]4 ,b ev5 ) our pres5t res\rces & comm& ov] nature1 x is univ]sally agre$ t intellig5ce & goodwill c\ld contrive t no man %\ld be s situat$ z to be depriv$ ( all ! g5]ally accessible values4 ,! cle>+ away f moral que/ions ( all e?ical lumb] & sup]/iti\s int]polations is a /ep long ov]due 9 ?is und]tak+4 ,b until x has be5 c>ri$ fur!r1 s x is (t5 ?\ght1 to be busi$ ) su* app>5tly #8unpractical' activities z art or criticism is to behave too mu* l a pass5g] on a %ort-h&$ %ip4 ,?is is true en\gh d\btless ( "s :o s busy !mselves4 ,b x is n true t criticism is a luxury trade4 ,! re>-gu>d ( society _c be extricat$ until ! vangu>d has gone fur!r4 ,goodwill & intellig5ce are /ill too little available4 ,! critic1 we h said1 is z mu* conc]n$ ) ! heal? ( ! m9d z any doctor ) ! heal? ( ! body4 ,to set up z a critic is to set up z a judge ( values4 ,:at are ! o!r qualifications requir$ we %all see lat]4 ,= ! arts are inevitably & q ap>t f any int5tions ( ! arti/ an appraisal ( exi/5ce4 ,mat!w ,arnold :5 he said t poetry is a criticism ( life 0 say+ some?+ s obvi\s t x is con/antly ov]look$4 ,! arti/ is conc]n$ ) ! record & p]petuation ( ! exp]i5ces :i* seem to him mo/ wor? hav+4 ,= reasons :i* we %all consid] 9 ,*apt] ,,xxii1 he is also ! man :o is mo/ likely to h exp]i5ces ( value to record4 ,he is ! po9t at :i* ! gr[? ( ! m9d %[s itself4 ,8 exp]i5ces ^? at lea/ :i* give value to 8 "w1 repres5t conciliations ( impulses :i* 9 mo/ m9ds are /ill confus$1 int]trammell$ & conflict+4 ,8 "w is ! ord]+ ( :at 9 mo/ m9ds is disord]$4 ,t 8 failures to br+ ord] out ( *aos are (t5 m conspicu\s ?an ^? ( o!r m5 is due 9 "p at lea/ to 8 great] audacity2 x is a p5alty ( ambition & a consequ5ce ( 8 great] pla/icity4 ,b :5 he succe$s1 ! value ( :at he has accompli%$ is f\nd always 9 a m p]fect organisation :i* makes m ( ! possibilities ( response & activity available4 ,:at value is & :i* exp]i5ces are mo/ valuable w nev] be und]/ood s long z we ?9k 9 t]ms ( ^? l>ge ab/ractions1 ! virtues & ! vices4 8,y d inv]t ! cov5ants ( h] tru/10 said ,comus1 t disreputable advocate ( ,utilit>ianism1 to ! ,lady1 t enemy ( ,nature4 ,in/ead ( recognis+ t value lies 9 ! #8m9ute p>ticul>s' ( response & attitude1 we h tri$ to f9d x 9 con=mity to ab/ract prescriptions & g5]al rules ( conduct4 ,! arti/ is an exp]t 9 ! #8m9ute p>ticul>s' & qua arti/ pays little or no att5tion to g5]alisations :i* he f9ds 9 actual3 practice are too crude to discrim9ate betwe5 :at is valuable & ! rev]se4 ,= ?is reason ! morali/ has always t5d$ to di/ru/ or to ignore him4 ,yet s9ce ! f9e conduct ( life spr+s only f f9e ord]+ ( responses f> too subtle to be t\*$ by any g5]al e?ical maxims1 ?is neglect ( art by ! morali/ has be5 tantam\nt to a disqualification4 ,! basis ( morality1 z ,%elley insi/$1 is laid n by prea*]s b by poets4 ,bad ta/e & crude responses are n m]e flaws 9 an o!rwise admirable p]son4 ,!y are actually a root evil f :i* o!r defects foll[4 ,no life c be excell5t 9 :i* ! elem5t>y responses are disorganis$ & confus$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,actual & ,possible ,misappreh5sions ,:o ,sai? t8 ,x is n writt5 s on high6--,ca94 ,e true view1 p]haps1 has its crude analogues1 due sometimes to a confus$ p]ception ( ! real /ate ( affairs1 sometimes to faulty /atem5t4 ,(t5 ^! clumsy or mi/ak5 (f%oots are responsible = ! difficulty ) :i* ! true view ga9s acceptance4 ,l %ad[s1 reflections1 or e*oes1 !y obscure & baffle appreh5sion4 ,n[h]e are !y m inconv5i5t ?an 9 ! problem ( ! moral function ( art4 ,a consid]ation ( "s in/ances w help to make cle>] :at has be5 said1 to di/+ui% ! view recomm5d$ f its disreputable relatives & to remove possible misappreh5sions4 ,allusion has sev]al times be5 made to ,tol/oy1 & no?+ 9 ! rec5t hi/ory ( /hetic op9ion is s rem>kable z ! onslaught made by t great arti/ aga9/ all ! arts4 ,no bett] example c\ld be f\nd ( h[ n to introduce moral preoccupations into ! judgm5t ( values4 ,bl9d$ by ! light ( a ret>d$ conv]sion1 kn[+1 z an arti/1 ! extreme importance ( ! arts1 b =gett+ 9 ! fi]c5ess ( 8 new convictions all ! exp]i5ce t _h 9 e>li] ye>s made up 8 own creations1 he flung himself1 a ,pr9ciple 9 ea* h&1 ^u ! :ole ho/ ( ,european ma/]pieces & left z he believ$ h>dly a survivor /&+4 ,he beg9s by emphasis+ ! enorm\s output ( en]gy :i* is devot$ to ,art 9 civilis$ c\ntries4 ,he !n v rightly ass]ts t x is ( great importance to "k :at ?is activity is ab\t2 & he devotes ?irty pages to ! v>i\s def9itions :i* h be5 attempt$ ( ,art & ,beauty4 ,he concludes1 aft] ransack+ ! some:at uncritical compilations ( ,s*asl] & ,knight1 t /hetics h be5 hi!rto an idle amalgam ( rev]ie & phantasy1 f :i* no def9ition ( ,art em]ges4 ,p>tly he traces ?is result to ! use 9 /hetics ( notions ( beauty2 p>tly to an anxiety 9 ! critics to ju/ify ! exi/5t =ms ( ,art4 ,!y are1 he insi/s1 less conc]n$ to discov] :at ,art is1 ?an to %[ t ^? ?+s :i* are curr5tly t]m$ ,art mu/ 9 fact be ,art4 ,to ^! sections ( ,:at is ,art8 ass5t may be accord$4 ,he !n sets out 8 own def9ition4 8,to evoke 9 oneself a s5sation :i* "o has exp]i5c$ be=e1 & hav+ evok$ x 9 oneself1 to communicate ?is s5sation 9 su* a way t o!rs may exp]i5ce ! same s5sation 4 4 4 s t o!r m5 are infect$ by ^! s5sations & pass ?r\gh !m2 9 ?is does ! activity ( ,art consi/40#bf ,s f> excell5t2 if we translate #8s5sation'1 ! curr5t /hetico-psy*ological j>gon ( ! art s*ools 9 ,tol/oy's day1 by "s m g5]al t]m su* z exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is is only a fir/ /age ( ! def9ition2 !re are additions to be made4 ,any ,art :i* is infective1 z he uses t ^w 9 ! quotation above1 is pure ,art z oppos$ to mod]n or adult]at$ ,art2 b 9 decid+ ! full value ( any "w ( ,art we h to consid] ! nature ( its cont5ts1 ! nature1 t is1 ( ! exp]i5ces communicat$4 ,! value ( art cont5ts is judg$1 accord+ to ,tol/oy1 by ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! age4 ,= ,tol/oy ! religi\s consci\sness is ! high] compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( life1 & ?is1 accord+ to him1 is ! univ]sal union ( m5 ) ,god & ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 ,tol/oy applies 8 crit]ion to ! judgm5t ( p>ticul> works ( art1 he is able to d$uce /rik+ results3 8,*ri/ian ,art1 t is1 ! ,art ( our "t1 mu/ be ca?olic 9 ! direct s5se ( t ^w--t is1 univ]sal--& s mu/ unite all m54 ,!re are b two k9ds ( s5sations :i* unite all m5--! s5sations :i* arise f ! recognition ( man's filial relation to ,god & ( ! bro!rhood ( m51 & ! simple/ vital s5sations :i* are accessible to all m5 )\t exception1 su* z ! s5sations ( joy1 meekness ( _s1 alacrity1 calm1 etc4 ,x is only ^! two k9ds ( s5sations t =m ! subject ( ! ,art ( our "t1 :i* is good accord+ to its cont5ts40 ,tol/oy 9 fact d5i$ ! value ( all human endeav\rs except ^? :i* t5d directly to ! union ( m54 ,x may be suspect$ t 8 religi\s en?usiasm 0 due to 8 belief t ,religion _h ?is t5d5cy4 ,he di/+ui%$1 x w be rememb]$1 v %>ply betwe5 ,religion & religions2 a di/9ction ) :i* _m besides ,tol/oy h consol$ !mselves4 ,b 8 ess5tial aim1 8 s+le value1 0 ! union ( m54 ,all o!r ?+s are ( value only 9 s f> z !y t5d to promote ?is1 & art %>es ! g5]al subord9ation4 ,ev5 a joke1 = ,tol/oy1 is only a joke s long z all m5 may %>e 9 x1 a truly revolution>y am5dm5t4 ,! %>+ is m important ?an ! m]rim5t4 ,on ^! pr9ciples he surveys ,european ,art & ,lit]ature4 ,) magnific5t defiance ( accept$ values1 & ! h>dness ( he>t ( a supreme doctr9aire1 "o aft] ano!r ( ! unassailables is toppl$ f its em95ce4 ,%akespe>e1 ,dante1 ,goe!1 etc41 are reject$2 ,wagn] 9 especial is ! object ( a critical t\r de =ce4 ,9 _! place are set ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities1 ,! ,*imes1 ,adam ,b$e1 ,les ,mis]ables 7almo/ ! only ?+ 9 ,fr5* lit]ature ( :i* ,tol/oy c\ld approve71 & ,uncle ,tom's ,cab94#bg ,all art :i* does n directly urge ! union ( m51 or ^: appeal is suspect$ to be limit$ to cultur$ & ari/ocratic circles1 is condemn$4 8,all :o are n h& 9 h& ) me are aga9/ me10 ?\ght ,tol/oy1 "u ! urg5cy ( 8 s5se ( human mis]y4 ,any div]sion ( art f a s+le n>r[ *annel seem$ to him an irrep>able wa/e4 ,rememb]+ no d\bt h[ deeply he _h be5 affect$ & influ5c$ 9 ! pa/ by ! ?+s :i* he n[ deplor$1 he came 9 ! end to assign unlimit$ p[]s to art :5 rightly direct$4 ,b1 if we ?9k ( ! o!r ?+s :i* he also invok$ to ! same end1 !re is a r+ ( despair 9 8 f9al cry3 8,art mu/ remove viol5ce1 only ,art c d ?is40 ,we may comp>e ) ?is a fam\s utt]ance ( ano!r ari/ocrat1 equally a supreme arti/1 equally 9 rebellion aga9/ ! :ole fabric ( conv5tional civilisation1 ^: 8passion = re=m+ ! _w0 0 n less ?an ,tol/oy's1 b :o diff]$ f him 9 ! possession ( a wid] & m complete s5se ( values & a m9d n riv5 & di/ort$ by a late conv]sion4 8,! :ole objection ( ! immorality ( poetry re/s ^u a misconception ( ! mann] 9 :i* poetry acts to produce ! moral improvem5t ( man4 ,e?ical sci5ce arranges ! elem5ts :i* poetry has creat$1 & prop\nds s*emes & proposes examples ( civil & dome/ic life3 nor is x = want ( admirable doctr9es t m5 hate1 & despise1 & c5sure1 & deceive & subjugate "o ano!r4 8,b poetry acts 9 a div9] mann]4 ,x awak5s & enl>ges ! m9d itself by r5d]+ x ! receptacle ( a ?\s& unappreh5d$ comb9ations ( ?\ght4 ,:atev] /r5g!ns & purifies ! affections1 enl>ges ! imag9ation1 & adds _s to s5se1 is useful4 ,x exce$s all imag9ation to conceive :at w\ld h be5 ! moral condition ( ! _w if nei!r ,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio1 ,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,cald]on1 ,"l ,bacon1 nor ,milton1 _h ev] exi/$40 ,x is curi\s h[ ! ins]tion ( p>ticul> names "h seems to weak5 ! argum5t4 ,! _w1 we feel fairly c]ta91 w\ld be on ! :ole mu* ! same ev5 if !re _h be5 no ,boccaccio & no ,"l ,bacon4 ,?+s w\ld n be v diff]5t1 "s p w ?9k1 ev5 if none ( ^! au?ors _h ev] be/irr$ !mselves to write4 ,%akespe>e1 z s (t51 w\ld p]haps be c\nt$ an exception4 ,b ?is s5se t !re are1 aft] all1 v few poets :o individually make mu* diff]5ce is n 9 ! lea/ an objection to ,%elley's ma9 !sis4 ,we c\ld bale a va/ am\nt ( wat] out ( ! sea )\t mak+ any app>5t diff]5ce to x1 b ?is w\ld n prove t x does n consi/ ( wat]4 ,ev5 if ! removal ( ! influ5ce ( all ! poets ^: names we "k made no appreciable diff]5ce 9 human affairs1 x w\ld /ill be true t ! enl>gem5t ( ! m9d1 ! wid5+ ( ! sph]e ( human s5sibility1 is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh poetry4 ,a too n>r[ view ( values1 or a too simple conception ( morality is usually ! cause ( ^! misund]/&+s ( ! arts4 ,! agelong controv]sy z to :e!r ! bus9ess ( poetry is to please or to in/ruct %[s ?is well4 8,poets wi% ei!r to in/ruct or to delight or to comb9e solid & useful ) ! agreeable40 8,x is only = ! purpose ( be+ useful t ,poetry ought to be agreeable2 pleasure is only a means :i* %e uses = ! end ( pr(it40 ,s ?\ght ,boileau & ,rap94 ,dryd51 mode/ & p5etrat+ 9 8 fa%ion1 0 8satisfi$ if x cause delight3 = delight is ! *ief1 if n ! only1 end ( poetry3 in/ruction c be admitt$ b 9 ! second place2 = poesy only in/ructs z x delights40 ,b he does n fur!r specify ! nature ( ! delight or ! in/ruction1 an omission 9 :i* mo/ critics except ,%elley agree4 ,our view on ! po9t entirely dep5ds ^u ?is4 ,if we set ! sug>coat$-pill view aside z b5ea? s]i\s consid]ation1 !re /ill rema9s a problem4 ,a review] ( ! rec5t p]=mance ( ! ,c5ci w /ate x excell5tly = u4 8,x _h be5 bett] _h ,%elley's ,c5ci rema9$ = ev] bann$4 ,x repres5ts ?ree h\rs ( unreliev$1 agonis+ mis]y4 4 4 4 ,:at excuse is !re = ! depict+ ( horrors su* z ^!8 ,!re mu/ be "s1 = a h\se pack$ ) lit]>y celebrities fi]cely applaud$4 ,if ! function ( ! !atre is to amuse1 !n 9 ! pres5tation ( ! ,c5ci x has miss$ its aim4 ,if x is to in/ruct1 :at moral c be po9t$ = ! bett] conduct ( our lives by a trag$y su* z ?is8 ,if ,art be ! answ]1 !n ,art may well be sacrific$40 ,no d\bt ! lit]>y celebrities1 ) _! applause1 7 to blame1 9 "p1 = ?is4 ,our relic ( ! ,age ( ,good ,s5se made a j reaction4 ,he accurately regi/]$ ! effect to :i* bad act+ & inept production#bh gave rise4 ,b x is ) 8 argum5t n ) 8 reaction t we are conc]n$4 ,! celebrities1 if !y _h n be5 too busy giv+ v5t 7?\gh 9 a mi/ak5 =m7 to _! loyalty to ! memory ( ,%elley1 & to _! s5se ( triumph ov] ! ,c5sor1 might h told him t nei!r amusem5t nor in/ruction is :at ! judici\s seek f ,trag$y1 & ref]r$ him to ,ari/otle4 ,nei!r t]m1 unless we wr5* x "r out ( its usual sett+1 is appropriate to ! great] =ms ( art4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* !y occasion are too full1 too v>i$1 too :ole1 too subtly balanc$ ^u oppos+ impulses1 :e!r ( pity & t]ror or ( joy & despair1 to be s easily describ$4 ,trag$y-- b5ea? ^: sable ro( ,( b\ghs z if = fe/al purpose deck$ ,) unrejoic+ b]ries--gho/ly %apes ,may meet at noontide2 ,fe> & ,trembl+ ,hope1 ,sil5ce & ,=esight1 ,dea? ! ,skeleton ,& ,"t ! ,%ad[1 is /ill ! =m "u :i* ! m9d may mo/ cle>ly & freely contemplate ! human situation1 its issues uncl\d$1 its possibilities reveal$4 ,to ?is its value is due & ! supreme position among ! arts :i* x has occupi$ 9 hi/orical times & /ill occupies2 :at w happ5 9 ! future we c only conjecture4 ,trag$y is too great an ex]cise ( ! _s to be class$ among amusem5ts or ev5 delights1 or to be reg>d$ z a vehicle = ! inculcation ( su* crude valuations z may be codifi$ 9 a moral4 ,b ! full] discussion ( ,trag$y we mu/ def]4 ,^! rem>ks seem$ necess>y 9 ord] to avoid ! impression1 :i* our !ory ( value might h giv51 t ! arts are m]ely conc]n$ ) happy solutions & +5i\s reconciliations ( div]se gratifications1 8a box :]e sweets compact$ lie40 ,x is n s4 ,only a crude psy*ology1 z we %all see1 w\ld id5tify ! satisfaction ( an impulse ) a pleasure4 ,no h$onic !ory ( value w fit ! facts ov] ev5 a small "p ( ! field1 s9ce x mu/ take :at is a concomitant m]ely ( a phase 9 ! process ( satisfaction z ! ma9spr+ ( ! :ole4 ,pleasure1 h[ev]1 has its place 9 ! :ole acc\nt ( values1 & an important place1 z we %all see lat]4 ,b x mu/ n be all[$ to encroa* on gr\nd to :i* x has no "r4 #bf ,:at is ,art8 ,section ,v4 #bg ,:at is ,art8 ,section ,,xvi4 #bh 8,?is /ory ( ! ,c5ci is inde$ em95tly fe>ful & mon/r\s3 any?+ l a dry exhibition ( x on ! /age w\ld be insupportable4 ,! p]son :o w\ld treat su* a subject mu/ increase ! ideal1 & dim9i% ! actual horror ( ! ev5ts40 ,f ,%elley's preface4 ,! produc]s1 h[ev]1 7 ( ! contr>y op9ion4 ,,*apt] ,x ,poetry = ,poetry's ,sake ,on passe plus facilem5t d'un extrme un autre que d'une nuance une autre nuance4 ,attirance de la ,mort4 ,ano!r possible misappreh5sion :i* _c be left unm5tion$ arises 9 connection ) ! doctr9e #8,art = ,art's sake'1 a doctr9e def9itely & detrim5tally dat$2 x conc]ns ! place ( :at are call$ ult]ior effects 9 ! valu+ ( a "w ( art4 ,x has be5 v fa%ionable to turn up ! nose at any attempt to apply1 z x is said1 #8ext]nal canons' to art4 ,b x may be recall$ t ( all ! great critical doctr9es1 ! #8moral'1 !ory ( art 7x w\ld be bett] to call x ! #8,ord9>y values' !ory7 has ! mo/ great m9ds beh9d x4 ,until ,:i/l] came to />t ! critical movem5ts ( ! la/ half-c5tury1 few poets1 arti/s or critics _h ev] d\bt$ t ! value ( art exp]i5ces 0 to be judg$ z o!r values are4 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,horace1 ,dante1 ,sp5s]1 ,milton1 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ,col]idge1 ,%elley1 ,mat!w ,arnold & ,pat]1 to "n only ! mo/ prom95t1 all ) v>y+ degrees ( ref9em5t1 held ! same view4#bi ,! la/ is a some:at unexpect$ adh]5t4 8,giv5 ! conditions ,i h tri$ to expla9 z con/itut+ good art1 !n if x be devot$ fur!r to ! increase ( m5's happ9ess1 to ! r$emption ( ! oppress$1 or to ! enl>gem5t ( our sympa?ies ) ea* o!r1 or to su* pres5tm5t ( new & old tru? ab\t ourselves & our relation to ! _w z may =tify u 9 our soj\rn "h 4 4 4 x w also be great art2 if1 ov] & above ^? qualities :i* ,i h summ$ up 4 4 4 x has some?+ ( ! s\l ( humanity 9 x1 & f9ds its logical1 its ar*itectural place1 9 ! great /ructure ( human life40#cj ,no bett] brief emotive acc\nt ( ! conditions "u :i* an exp]i5ce has value c\ld be desir$4 ,aga9/ all ^! weighty op9ions1 ! view--support$ l>gely by a di/9ction betwe5 ,=m & ,cont5t1 ,subject & ,h&l+1 :i* w be exam9$ else:]e1#ca & rely+ ^u ! doctr9e ( intr9sic1 sup]s5sible1 ultimate ,goods discuss$ above--t ! values ( art are unique1 or capable ( be+ consid]$ 9 isolation f all o!rs1 has held sway = "s ?irty ye>s 9 _m mo/ reputable qu>t]s4 ,! reasons = ?is attempt$ sev]ance h already be5 t\*$ ^u2 !y are ( all sorts4 ,p>tly x may be due to ! influ5ce ( ,:i/l] & ,pat]1 & ( ^? /ill m influ5tial disciples :o spread _! doctr9es4 ,p>tly x may be due to a mass$ reaction aga9/ ,rusk94 ,p>tly aga9 we may suspect ! influ5ce1 r sudd5ly enc\nt]$1 ( ,cont95tal & ,g]man /hetics ^u ! ,engli% m9d4 ,almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( sci5tific /hetics1 ! insi/5ce on ! /hetic exp]i5ce z an exp]i5ce1 peculi>1 complete1 & capable ( be+ /udi$ 9 isolation1 has receiv$ prom95ce4 ,(t5 x is no m ?an an ext5sion into ?is consid]+1 :5ev] possible1 "o ?+ at a "t4 ,:5 critics 9 ,engl&1 n v long ago1 he>d t !re 0 some?+ connect$ ) art & poetry--namely1 ! /hetic exp]i5ce--:i* c\ld be consid]$ & exam9$ 9 isolation by ! me?ods ( introspection1 !y n unnaturally leapt to ! conclusion t its value also c\ld be isolat$ & describ$ )\t ref]5ce to o!r ?+s4 ,9 "s h&s ! fur!r conclusions drawn 7 too que] to outlive _! h\r ( fa%ion4 ,!y am\nt$ (t5 to ! po/ulation ( a #8specific ?rill' yield$ by works ( art & no?+ else1 unlike & unconnect$ ) all o!r exp]i5ces4 8,no que]]10 x 0 said1 8?an any?+ else 9 ?is incr$ibly que] univ]se40#cb ,b ! que]ness ( ! univ]se is ( a diff]5t & a m int]e/+ sort4 ,x may be a curiosity %op b x n[h]e seems to be a *aos4 ,= our pres5t purposes we ne$ only consid] ! view z x is put =w>d by its able/ expon5t1 a critic :o by 8 own explanations ( ?is =mula goes v f> t[>ds meet+ ! objection we urge4 8,:at !n does ! =mula #8,poetry = ,poetry's sake' tell u ab\t ?is exp]i5ce8 ,x says1 z ,i und]/& x1 ^! ?+s4 ,fir/1 ?is exp]i5ce is an end 9 itself1 is wor? hav+ on ifs own acc\nt1 has an intr9sic value4 ,next1 its poetic value is ?is intr9sic wor? alone4 ,poetry may h also h an ult]ior value z a means to culture or religion2 because x conveys in/ruction or s(t5s ! passions1 or fur!rs a good cause2 because x br+s ! poet fame1 or money1 or a quiet consci5ce4 ,s mu* ! bett]3 let x be valu$ = ^! reasons too4 ,b its ult]ior wor? nei!r is nor c directly det]m9e its poetic wor? z a satisfy+ imag9ative exp]i5ce2 & ?is is to be judg$ entirely f )94 4 4 4 ,! consid]ation ( ult]ior ends :e!r by ! poet 9 ! act ( compos+ or by ! read] 9 ! act ( exp]i5c+1 t5ds to l[] poetic value4 ,x does s because x t5ds to *ange ! nature ( poetry by tak+ x out ( its own atmosph]e4 ,= its nature is to be n a "p1 nor yet a copy ( ! real _w 7z we commonly und]/& t phrase7 b to be a _w by itself1 indep5d5t1 complete1 autonom\s#cc40 ,!re seem f\r po9ts well wor? close consid]ation "h4 ,! fir/ is t ! ?+s m5tion$ z possible ult]ior values 9 ,dr ,bradley's li/--culture1 religion1 in/ruction1 s(t5+ ( ! passions1 fur!rance ( good causes1 ! poet's fame1 or money1 or quiet consci5ce--^! ?+s are pla9ly ^u q diff]5t levels4 ,he says ( all ( !m t !y _c possibly det]m9e ! poetic wor? ( an /hetic exp]i5ce2 t :e!r or no any poetic exp]i5ce is poetically valuable _c dep5d ^u any ( ^! ult]ior values4 ,b x is c]ta9 t "s ( ^! /& 9 a q diff]5t relation to ! poetic exp]i5ce ?an d o!rs4 ,culture1 religion1 in/ruction 9 "s special s5ses1 s(t5+ ( ! passions1 & ! fur!rance ( good causes may be directly conc]n$ 9 our judgm5ts ( ! poetic values ( exp]i5ces4 ,o!rwise1 z we %all see1 ! ^w #8poetic' becomes a useless s\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! poet's fame1 8 rew>d1 or 8 consci5ce1 seem pla9ly to be irrelevant4 ,t is ! fir/ po9t4 ,! second po9t is t :at ,dr ,bradley says z to ! imag9ative exp]i5ce--t x is to be judg$ entirely f )9--is mislead+4 ,9 mo/ cases we d n judge x f )94 ,our judgm5t z to its value is no "p ( x4 ,9 r>e in/ances su* a judgm5t may be "p ( x1 b ?is is exceptional4 ,z a rule we h to come out ( x 9 ord] to judge x1 & we judge x by memory or by o!r residual effects :i* we le>n to be good indices to its value4 ,if by judg+ x 9 ! exp]i5ce we mean m]ely :ile ^! residual effects are fre%1 we may agree4 ,9 s judg+ x1 h[ev]1 x's 8place 9 ! great /ructure ( human life0 _c possibly be ignor$4 ,! value :i* x has is dep5d5t ^u ?is1 & we _c judge t value )\t tak+ ?is place1 & ) x innum]able ult]ior wor?s1 into acc\nt4 ,x is n t we %all evaluate x wrongly if we neglect !m1 b t evaluation is j ?is tak+ acc\nt ( ev]y?+1 & ( ! way ?+s hang toge!r4 ,! ?ird po9t arises ) reg>d to ,dr ,bradley's ?ird position1 t ! consid]ation ( ult]ior ends1 :e!r by ! poet 9 ! act ( compos+1 or by ! read] 9 ! act ( exp]i5c+1 t5ds to l[] poetic value4 ,"h all dep5ds ^u :i* are ! ult]ior ends 9 "q1 & :at ! k9d ( poetry4 ,x w n be d5i$ t = "s k9ds ( poetry ! intrusion ( c]ta9 ult]ior ends may1 & (t5 does1 l[] _! value2 b !re seem pla9ly to be o!r k9ds ( poetry 9 :i* its value z poetry def9itely & directly dep5ds ^u ! ult]ior ends involv$4 ,consid] ! ,psalms1 ,isaiah1 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,dante1 ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,rabelais1 any really univ]sal satire1 ,swift1 ,voltaire1 ,byron4 ,9 all ^! cases ! consid]ation ( ult]ior ends has be5 c]ta9ly ess5tial to ! act ( compos+4 ,t ne$s no argu+2 b1 equally1 ?is consid]ation ( ! ult]ior ends involv$ is inevitable to ! read]4 ,dr ,bradley puts ?is ?ird position =w>d 9 a t5tative =m2 he says t ! ult]ior t5ds to l[] poetic value1 an important res]vation1 b x w\ld be bett] to di/+ui% two k9ds ( poetry1 "o to :i* 8 doctr9e applies & "o to :i* x does n4 ,z illu/rations ( ! cases 9 :i* 8 doctr9e does apply1 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9] & ,h>tleap ,well may be m5tion$4 ,"h 9 bo? cases ! exp]i5ces are ( a k9d into :i* no ult]ior ends ent] 9 any important degree4 ,?us :5 ,col]idge & ,wordswor? introduce moral consid]ations1 ! effect is und5iably "o ( intrusion4 ,z ,mrs ,meynell comically rem>ks1 8,! ,anci5t ,m>9] (f5ds ^u a delib]ate plan4 ,x d5ies ! natural function ( obs]vation :5 x inv5ts sanctions = ! protection ( a wild bird's life1 & = ! puni%m5t ( its slaught]4 ,col]idge int5ds to en=ce a lesson by tell+ u t #bjj m>9]s di$ ( ?ir/ because !y _h--) ! sup]/ition p>donable 9 _! /ate ( education--suppos$ an albatross to be ! br+] ( foggy wea!r1 & _h approv$ its slaught]1 z almo/ all m5 implicitly approve ! daily slaught] ( innoc5t bea/ & bird40 ,b ?is *>ge aga9/ ,col]idge is only reasonable if we make ( ?is ult]ior end1 ?is #8lesson' aga9/ cruelty to animals1 a vital "p ( ! poem4 ,mrs ,meynell1 we may ?9k1 takes ,col]idge's moral too s]i\sly4 ,x may be ?is possibility :i* ,col]idge _h 9 m9d :5 he said1 long aft]w>ds1 t ,! ,anci5t ,m>9] did n conta9 en\gh ( ! moral4 ,z ! poem /&s1 x is ( a k9d into :i* ult]ior ends d n ent]4 ,if we are to take ?is ali5 elem5t1 ?is lesson1 into acc\nt 9 our judgm5t1 we %all h delib]ately to misread ! poem1 ) ,mrs ,meynell4 ,! same consid]ations apply to ,h>tleap ,well2 & s f> z ,dr ,bradley is m]ely en=c+ ?is po9t1 we may agree2 b he fails to notice--x is only fair to say t few critics seem ev] to notice x--t poetry is ( m ?an "o k9d1 & t ! diff]5t k9ds are to be judg$ by diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,!re is a k9d ( poetry into ! judgm5t ( :i* ult]ior ends directly & ess5tially ent]2 a k9d "p ( ^: value is directly d]ivable f ! value ( ! ends ) :i* x is associat$4 ,!re are o!r k9ds1 into :i* ult]ior ends d n ent] 9 any degree1 & !re are yet o!r k9ds ^: value may be l[]$ by ! intrusion ( ends relatively trivial 9 value4 ,dr ,bradley is misl$ by ! usual delusion t !re is 9 ?is respect only "o k9d ( poetry1 into say+ f> m ?an ! facts ( poetic exp]i5ce w ju/ify4 ,! f\r? po9t is ( m g5]al importance p]haps ?an ^! ?ree4 ,x is 9 fact ! real po9t ( disagreem5t betwe5 ! view we are uphold+ & ! doctr9e :i* ,dr ,bradley1 toge!r ) ! va/ majority ( mod]n critics1 wi%es to ma9ta94 ,x is /at$ 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph :i* ,i h quot$4 ,he says ( poetry t 8its nature is to be1 n a "p nor yet a copy ( ! real _w1 z we commonly und]/& t phrase1 b to be a _w by itself1 indep5d5t1 complete1 autonom\s4 ,to possess x fully1 y mu/ ent] t _w1 con=m to its laws1 & ignore1 = ! "t be+1 ! beliefs1 aims1 & p>ticul> conditions :i* belong to y 9 ! o!r _w ( reality40 ,?is doctr9e insi/s3 ^u a sev]ance betwe5 poetry & :at1 9 opposition1 may be call$ life2 a complete sev]ance1 all[+ h[ev]1 z ,dr ,bradley goes on to insi/--an #8und]gr\nd' connection4 ,b ?is #8und]gr\nd' connection is all-important4 ,:atev] !re is 9 ! poetic exp]i5ce has come ?r\gh x4 ,! _w ( poetry has 9 no s5se any diff]5t reality f ! re/ ( ! _w & x has no special laws & no o!r-worldly peculi>ities4 ,x is made up ( exp]i5ces ( exactly ! same k9ds z ^? t come to u 9 o!r ways4 ,e poem h[ev] is a /rictly limit$ piece ( exp]i5ce1 a piece :i* breaks up m or less easily if ali5 elem5ts intrude4 ,x is m highly & m delicately organis$ ?an ord9>y exp]i5ces ( ! /reet or ( ! hillside2 x is fragile4 ,fur!r x is communicable4 ,x may be exp]i5c$ by _m diff]5t m9ds ) only slight v>iations4 ,t ?is %\ld be possible is "o ( ! conditions ( its organisation4 ,x diff]s f _m o!r exp]i5ces1 ^: value is v simil>1 9 ?is v communicability4 ,= ^! reasons :5 we exp]i5ce x1 or attempt to1 we mu/ pres]ve x f contam9ation1 f ! irruptions ( p]sonal p>ticul>ities4 ,we mu/ keep ! poem undi/urb$ by ^! or we fail to read x & h "s o!r exp]i5ce in/ead4 ,= ^! reasons we e/abli% a sev]ance1 we draw a b\nd>y betwe5 ! poem & :at is n ! poem 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is is no sev]ance betwe5 unlike ?+s b betwe5 diff]5t sy/ems ( ! same activities4 ,! gulf betwe5 !m is no great] ?an t betwe5 ! impulses :i* direct ! p5 & ^? :i* conduct ! pipe ( a man :o is smok+ & writ+ at once1 & ! #8disassociation' or sev]ance ( ! poetic exp]i5ce is m]ely a free+ ( x f extrane\s +r$i5ts & influ5ces4 ,! my? ( a #8transmutation' or #8poetisation' ( exp]i5ce & t o!r my? ( ! #8contemplative' or #8/hetic' attitude1 are 9 "p due to talk+ ab\t ,poetry & ! #8poetic' in/ead ( ?9k+ ab\t ! concrete exp]i5ces :i* are poems4 ,! sep>ation ( poetic exp]i5ce f its place 9 life & its ult]ior wor?s1 involves a def9ite lop-sid$ness1 n>r[ness1 & incomplet5ess 9 ^? :o prea* x s9c]ely4 ,no "o1 ( c\rse1 w\ld br+ su* *>ges aga9/ ! au?or ( ,%akespe>ean ,trag$y2 8 is t welcome & n unfamili> case ( ! critic ^: practice is a refutation ( 8 pr9ciples4 ,:5 g5u9ely held ! view leads to an attempt$ splitt+ up ( ! exp]i5c+ read] into a numb] ( di/9ct faculties or dep>tm5ts :i* h no real exi/5ce4 ,x is impossible to divide a read] into s _m m5--an /hetic man1 a moral man1 a practical man1 a political man1 an intellectual man1 & s on4 ,x _c be done4 ,9 any g5u9e exp]i5ce all ^! elem5ts inevitably ent]4 ,b if x c\ld be done1 z _m critics pret5d1 ! result w\ld be fatal to ! :ol5ess & sanction ( ! critical judgm5t4 ,we _c e4g4 read ,%elley adequately :ile believ+ t all 8 views are moon%9e--read ,prome!us ,unb\nd :ile hold+ t #8! p]fectibility ( man is an undesirable ideal' & t #8hangm5 are excell5t ?+s4' ,to say t !re is a purely /hetic or poetic approa* to1 let u say1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 by :i* no consid]ation ( ! int5tion or ult]ior end ( ! poem ent]s1 w\ld appe> to be m]ely m5tal timidity1 ! %r9k+ rem>k ( a p]son :o f9ds ess5tial lit]ature too mu* = him4 ,into an adequate read+ ( ! great] k9ds ( poetry ev]y?+ n private & peculi> to ! individual read] mu/ come 94 ,! read] mu/ be requir$ to we> no bl9k]s1 to ov]look no?+ :i* is relevant1 to %ut (f no "p ( himself f p>ticipation4 ,if he attempts to assume ! peculi> attitude ( disreg>d+ all b "s hypo!tically-nam$ /hetic elem5ts1 he jo9s ,h5ry ,james' ,osmond 9 8 t[]1 he jo9s ,blake's ,k+s & ,prie/s 9 _! ,high ,ca/les & ,spires4 #bi ,x is true t 9 me*anics "o might draw up a =midable li/ ( names & say 8,oppos$ to all ^! appe>$ a c]ta9 ,e9/e901 b ! cases are n p>allel4 ,a sci5tific advance is diff]5t f a *ange ( fa%ion1 & no new facts nor any new hypo!sis--no ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t1 nor any wid5$ purview--l$ up to ! sep>ate value !ory ( art4 ,al?\gh hi/orians ( /hetics are sometimes pleas$ to pres5t _! facts z ?\gh !y repres5t$ a progress f crud] to m ref9$ op9ion1 f ignorance to wisdom1 !re is no s\nd basis = ! proc$ure4 ,ari/otle 0 at lea/ z cle>ly & fully aw>e ( ! relevant facts & z adequate 9 8 explanations z any lat] inquir]s4 /hetics 9 fact has h>dly yet rea*$ ! sci5tific /age1 9 :i* succe$+ inve/igators c />t :]e _! pr$ecessors left (f4 #cj ,an ,essay on ,/yle4 ,! f9al p>agraph4 #ca ,see ,*apt]s ,,xvi1 ,,xviii & ,,xxxi4 #cb ,clive ,bell1 ,art1 p4 #di4 #cc ,a4 ,c4 ,bradley1 ,ox=d ,lectures on ,poetry1 p4 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,a ,sket* = a ,psy*ology 8,wot's wot80 repeat$ "o ( ! buccane]s 9 a deep gr[l4 8,ah1 he'd be a lucky "o z kn[$ t60--,treasure ,isl&4 ,m4 ,jules ,roma9s rec5tly obs]v$#cd t psy*ology hi!rto has m]ely contriv$ to say labori\sly & obscurely1 & ) less precision1 :at we all "k )\t its aid already4 ,?is is regrettably difficult to d5y2 any p>ticul> rem>k ( a psy*ologi/1 if true1 is unlikely to be />tl+4 ,b at c]ta9 po9ts new light has none ! less crept 94 ,incoh]5ces & flaws h be5 f\nd 9 ! common-s5se picture1 adumbration r1 ( ! m9d2 connections betwe5 bits ( our behavi\r1 :i* common-s5se _h miss$1 h be5 not$2 &1 /ill m important1 a g5]al outl9e ( ! k9d ( ?+ a m9d is has begun to take %ape4 ,! next age b two1 if an oncom+ ,age ( ,relativity is to be foll[$ z ,mr ,haldane supposes#ce by an ,age ( ,biology1 w be introduc$ by a recognition on ! "p ( _m m9ds ( _! own nature1 a recognition :i* is c]ta9 to *ange _! behavi\r & _! outlook consid]ably4 ,we are /ill f> remov$ f su* an age4 ,none ! less en\gh is kn[n = an analysis ( ! m5tal ev5ts :i* make up ! read+ ( a poem to be attempt$4 ,& su* an analysis is a prim>y necessity = criticism4 ,! psy*ological di/9ctions :i* h hi!rto s]v$ ! critic are too few & 8 use ( !m 9 mo/ cases too unsy/ematic1 too vague1 & too unc]ta91 = 8 insight to yield its full advantages4 ,! view put =w>d "h is 9 _m respects het]odox1 a disadvantage 9 a sket*4 ,b s _m difficulties att5d any exposition ( psy*ology1 h[ev] or?odox & h[ev] full1 t ! dang]s ( misund]/&+ are outweigh$ by ! advantages ( a fre% po9t ( view4 ,x is ! g5]al outl9e & 9 p>ticul> ! insi/5ce ^u an acc\nt ( k 9 t]ms m]ely ( ! causation ( our ?\ghts :i* is contr>y to receiv$ op9ion4 ,! detail ( ! analysis ( poetic exp]i5ce1 ! acc\nt ( imag]y1 ( emotion1 ( pleasure1 ( incipi5t action & s =?1 al?\gh1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no simil> analysis has be=e be5 explicitly set out1 may be tak5 z comp>atively or?odox4 ,= our imm$iate purpose1 = a cle>] und]/&+ ( values & = ! avoidance ( unnecess>y confusions 9 criticism1 x is necess>y to break away f ! set ( ideas by :i* popul> & academic psy*ology alike attempt to describe ! m9d4 ,we naturally t5d to conceive x z a ?+ ( a peculi> spiritual k9d1 fairly3 p]si/5t ?\gh v>iable1 end[$ ) attributes1 ?ree 9 numb]1 its capacities namely = kn[+1 will+ & feel+1 ?ree irr$ucible modes ( be+ aw>e ( or conc]n$ ) objects4 ,a viol5t %ock to ?is entity comes :5 we are =c$ by a clos] exam9ation ( ! facts to conceive x z do+ all ^! ?ree unconsci\sly z well z consci\sly4 ,an unconsci\s m9d is a fairly evid5t fiction1 useful ?\gh x may be1 & go+s on 9 ! n]v\s sy/em are readily accept$ z a satisfactory sub/itute4 ,f ?is to ! recognition ( ! consci\s m9d z a simil> fiction is no great /ep1 al?\gh "o :i* _m p f9d difficult4 ,"s ( ?is difficulty is due to habit4 ,x we>s (f z we notice h[ _m ( ! ?+s :i* we believ$ true ( ! fiction c be /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! less fictiti\s sub/itute4 ,b mu* ( ! difficulty is emotive1 non-intellectual1 m specifically religi\s1 9 orig94#cf ,x is due to desire1 to fe>1 or to exaltation z ! case may be1 to emotion masqu]ad+ z ?\ght1 & is a difficulty n s easily remov$4 ,t ! m9d is ! n]v\s sy/em1 or r a "p ( its activity1 has long be5 evid5t1 al?\gh ! preval5ce among psy*ologi/s ( p]sons ) philosophic antec$5ts has delay$ ! recognition ( ! fact 9 an extraord9>y fa%ion4 ,) e advance ( neurology--& a decid$ advance "h 0 p]haps ! only good legacy left by ! ,w>#cg--! evid5ce becomes m ov]:elm+4 ,x is true t z our k ( ! n]v\s sy/em /&s at pres5t mu* ( ! detail ( ! id5tification is imp5etrably obscure1 & ! acc\nt :i* we give mu/ frankly be admitt$ to be only a degree less fictiti\s ?an "o 9 t]ms ( spiritual happ5+s4 ,b ! k9d ( acc\nt :i* is likely to be sub/antiat$ by future rese>* has become cle>1 l>gely ?r\gh ! "w ( ,behavi\ri/s & ,psy*o-analy/s1 ! assumptions & results ( bo? ne$+ to be correct$ h[ev] 9 ways :i* ! rec5t exp]im5tal & !oretical inve/igations ( ! #8,ge/alt' ,s*ool are indicat+4 ,! view t we are our bodies1 m especially our n]v\s sy/ems1 m especially /ill ! high] or m c5tral co-ord9at+ p>ts ( x1 & t ! m9d is a sy/em ( impulses %\ld n be describ$ z ,mat]ialism4 ,x might equally well be call$ ,idealism4 ,nei!r t]m 9 ?is connection has any sci5tific1 any /rictly symbolic mean+ or ref]5ce4 ,nei!r /&s = any sep>able1 obs]vable gr\p ( ?+s1 or "* 9 ?+s4 ,ea* is prim>ily an emotive t]m us$ to incite or support c]ta9 emotional attitudes4 ,l all t]ms us$ 9 ! va9 attempt 7va9 because ! "q is nons5sical7 to say :at ?+s are1 in/ead ( to say h[ !y behave1 !y /ate no?+4 ,l all su* t]ms !y *ange 9 diff]5t h&s f bann]s to bludgeons1 be+ ea* = "s p an emotive ag5t r\nd :i* attitudes1 aspirations1 values are ralli$1 & = o!r p a weapon ( (f5ce by :i* p]sons suppos$ adv]se to ^! attitudes1 aspirations & values may1 x is hop$1 be discomfit$4 ,t ! ,mat]iali/ & ! ,ideali/ believe !mselves to be hold+ views :i* are incompatible ) "o ano!r is b an in/ance ( a v widespread confusion betwe5 sci5tific /atem5t & emotive appeal1 ) :i* we %all 9 lat] *apt]s be mu* conc]n$4 ,! ,m9d-,body problem is /rictly speak+ no problem2 x is an imbroglio due to failure to settle a real problem1 namely1 z to :5 we are mak+ a /atem5t & :5 m]ely incit+ an attitude4 ,a problem simpl] "h ?an 9 _m cases1 s9ce ! alleg$ /atem5t is ( an impossible =m#ch1 b complicat$ on bo? sides ( ! controv]sy by misund]/&+ ( ! attitudes :i* ! o!r side is conc]n$ to ma9ta94 ,= if m5tal ev5ts are recognis$ z id5tical ) c]ta9 neural ev5ts1 nei!r ! attitudes :i* ensue t[>ds !m nor ! attitudes !y !mselves w w>rantably take up1 are *ang$ s mu* z ei!r ,ideali/s or ,mat]iali/s h commonly suppos$4 ,to call any?+ m5tal or spiritual1 z oppos$ to mat]ial1 or to call any?+ mat]ial z oppos$ to m5tal1 is only to po9t out a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds4 ,! diff]5ces :i* c actually be detect$ betwe5 a m5tal ev5t1 su* z a too?a*e1 & a non-m5tal ev5t1 su* z a sunspot1 rema9 :5 we h id5tifi$ ! m5tal ev5t ) a neural *ange4 ,s recognis$1 x loses none ( its obs]vable peculi>ities1 only c]ta9 alleg$ un/atable & ineffable attributes are remov$4 ,x rema9s unlike any ev5t :i* is n m5tal2 x is z unp>allel$ z be=e4 ,x reta9s its privileges z ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ev5ts1 & our relations to "o ano!r & to ! _w rema9 ess5tially z !y 7 be=e ! recognition4 ,! extreme ec/asies ( ! my/ic1 l ! attitudes ( ! eng9e] t[>ds a successful contrivance1 rema9 j z mu* & j z little appropriate ) reg>d to ! humble/ or ! pr\de/ ( our acts4 ,?us ! id5tification ( ! m9d ) a "p ( ! work+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ne$ involve1 !ology ap>t1 no di/urbance ( anyone's attitude to ! _w1 8 fell[-m51 or to himself4 ,!ology1 h[ev]1 is /ill m implicit 9 curr5t attitudes ?an traditional sceptics suspect4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is ! means by :i* /imuli f ! environm5t1 or f )9 ! body1 result 9 appropriate behavi\r4 ,all m5tal ev5ts occur 9 ! c\rse ( processes ( adaptation1 some:]e betwe5 a /imulus & a response4 ,?us e m5tal ev5t has an orig9 9 /imulation1 a "*1 & consequ5ces1 9 action or adju/m5t = action4 ,its "* is sometimes accessible to introspection4 ,:at x feels l1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* x feels or is felt at all1 is consci\sness1 b 9 _m cases no?+ is felt1 ! m5tal ev5t is unconsci\s4 ,:y "s ev5ts are consci\s b n o!rs is at pres5t a my/]y2 no "o has yet succe$$ 9 br++ ! v>i\s h9ts :i* neurology may (f] into connection ) "o ano!r4 ,9 "s important respects consci\s & unconsci\s m5tal ev5ts mu/ diff]1 b :at ^! are no "o c z yet safely conjecture4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are _m respects 9 :i* !y are simil>1 & ^! are ! respects :i* are at pres5t mo/ op5 to inve/igation4 ,! process 9 ! c\rse ( :i* a m5tal ev5t may occur1 a process app>5tly beg9n+ 9 a /imulus & end+ 9 an act1 is :at we h call$ an impulse4 ,9 actual exp]i5ce s+le impulses ( c\rse nev] occur4 ,ev5 ! simple/ human reflexes are v intricate bundles ( mutually dep5d5t impulses1 & 9 any actual human behavi\r ! numb] ( simultane\s & connect$ impulses occurr+ is beyond e/imation4 ,! simple impulse 9 fact is a limit1 & ! only impulses psy*ology is conc]n$ ) are complex4 ,x is (t5 conv5i5t to speak z ?\gh simple impulses 7 9 "q1 z :5 we speak ( an impulse ( hung]1 or an impulse to laugh1 b we mu/ n =get h[ intricate all our activities are4 ,to take ! /imulus z a />t+-po9t is 9 "s ways mislead+4 ,( ! possible /imuli :i* we might at any mom5t receive1 only a few actually take effect4 ,:i* are receiv$ & :i* impulses ensue dep5ds ^u :i* ( our int]e/s is active1 ^u ! g5]al set1 t is1 ( our activities4 ,?is is condition$ 9 a l>ge degree by ! /ate1 ( satisfaction or unre/1 ( ! recurr5t & p]si/5t ne$s ( ! body4 ,:5 hungry & :5 replete we respond diff]5tly to ! /imulus ( a smell ( cook+4 ,a *ange 9 ! w9d unnotic$ by ! pass5g]s causes ! capta9 to r$uce sail4 ,social ne$s 9 ?is respect are (t5 z important z individual4 ,?us "s p walk+ 9 a ,gall]y ) fri5ds be=e :om !y wi% to %9e w actually receive f> m /imulus f ! pictures ?an !y w\ld if by !mselves4 ,a /imulus !n mu/ n be conceiv$ z an ali5 intrud] :i* ?ru/s itself ^u u &1 aft] worm+ a devi\s way ?r\gh our organism z ?r\gh a piece ( *eese1 em]ges at ! o!r end z an act4 ,/imuli are only receiv$ if !y s]ve "s ne$ ( ! organism & ! =m :i* ! response to !m takes dep5ds only 9 "p ^u ! nature ( ! /imulus1 & mu* m ^u :at ! organism #8wants'1 i4e4 ! /ate ( equilibrium ( its multif>i\s activities4 ,?us exp]i5ce has two s\rces :i* 9 diff]5t cases h v diff]5t importance4 ,s f> z we are ?9k+ ab\t or ref]r+ to c]ta9 def9ite ?+s our behavi\r 9 all probability w only be appropriate 7i4e4 our ?\ghts true7 9 s f> z x is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! pres5t & pa/ /imuli we h receiv$ f ^? ?+s & ?+s l !m4 ,s f> z we are satisfy+ our ne$s & desires a mu* less /rict connection betwe5 /imulus & response is suffici5t4 ,a baby h[ls at fir/ 9 mu* ! same way1 :atev] ! cause ( 8 unre/1 & old] p]sons behave n unlike him4 ,any occasion may be suffici5t = tak+ ex]cise1 or = a qu>rel1 = fall+ 9 love or hav+ a dr9k4 ,to ?is p>tial indep5d5ce ( behavi\r 7f /imulus7 is due ! sometimes di/ress+ fact t views1 op9ions & beliefs v>y s mu* ) our diff]+ moods4 ,su* v>iation %[s t ! view1 belief or op9ion is n a purely intellectual product1 is n due to ?9k+ 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 ( response t is gov]n$ by /imuli1 pres5t or pa/1 b is an attitude adopt$ to satisfy "s desire1 tempor>y or la/+4 ,?\ght 9 ! /ricte/ s5se v>ies only ) evid5ce3 b attitudes & feel+s *ange = all mann] ( reasons4 ,! ?reefold division betwe5 ! causes1 "* & consequ5ces ( a m5tal ev5t1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 corresponds1 ) c]ta9 qualifications1 to ! usual division 9 traditional psy*ology ( ?\ght 7or cognition71 feel+1 & w 7or conation74 ,to be cognisant ( any?+1 to "k x1 is to be influ5c$ by x2 to desire1 to seek1 to w any?+ is to act t[>ds x4 ,9 betwe5 ^! two are ! consci\s accompanim5ts1 if any1 ( ! :ole process4 ,^! la/1 ! consci\s *>act]s ( ! m5tal ev5t1 include evid5tly bo? s5sations & feel+s4 7,cf4 ,*apt] ,,xvl1 pp4 #abe-abh47 ,! correspond5ce is n by any means simple4 ,_m ?+s are includ$ "u kn[+1 = example1 :i* on ?is recon/ruction ( psy*ology w\ld h to be c\nt$ z will+4#ci ,expectation1 usually describ$ z a cognitive attitude1 becomes a peculi> =m ( action1 gett+ ready1 namely1 to receive c]ta9 k9ds ( /imuli r ?an o!rs4 ,! opposite case is equally common4 ,hung]1 a typical desire on ! usual acc\nt1 w\ld become k1 giv+ u1 :5 g5u9e hung]1 obscure aw>5ess ( a lack ( n\ri%m5t1 :5 habit-hung]1 aw>5ess ( a c]ta9 phase 9 a cyclic visc]al process4 ,^! illu/rations br+ out cle>ly :at is ev]y:]e recognis$1 t ! cu/om>y cognition-feel+-conation classification ( m5tal go+s on is n a pigeon-hol+ ( exclusive processes4 ,e m5tal ev5t has1 9 v>y+ degrees1 all ?ree *>act]i/ics4 ,?us expectation z a prep>ation = c]ta9 /imuli may l[] ! ?re%old = !m1 & sometimes makes _! reception m & sometimes less discrim9at+2 hung] also is *>act]i/ically accompani$ by a se>* = food4 ,! advantage ( sub/itut+ ! causation1 ! "* & ! consequ5ces ( a m5tal ev5t z its fundam5tal aspects 9 place ( its kn[+1 feel+1 & will+ aspects is t in/ead ( a trio ( incompreh5sible ultimates we h a set ( aspects :i* n only m5tal ev5ts b all ev5ts %>e4 ,we h1 ( c\rse1 to introduce qualifications4 ,/imuli1 z we h m5tion$ above1 are n ! only causes ( m5tal ev5ts4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is specialis$ to receive impressions ?r\gh ! organs ( s5se1 b its /ate at any mom5t is also det]m9$ by a ho/ ( o!r factors4 ,! condition ( ! blood & ! position ( ! head are typical in/ances4 ,only t "p ( ! cause ( a m5tal ev5t :i* takes effect ?r\gh incom+ 7s5sory7 impulses or ?r\gh effects ( pa/ s5sory impulses c be said to be !reby kn[n4 ,! res]vation no d\bt involves complications4 ,b any plausible acc\nt ( :at k is & h[ x happ5s is b\nd to be complicat$4 ,simil>ly1 n all ! effects ( a m5tal ev5t are to be c\nt$ z :at t ev5t wills or seeks aft]2 apoplectic /rokes1 = example1 c be rul$ out4 ,only ^? movem5ts :i* ! n]v\s sy/em is specialis$ to incite1 :i* take place ?r\gh motor impulses1 %\ld be includ$4 ,on all o!r acc\nts ! relation betwe5 an aw>5ess & :at x is aw>e ( is a my/]y4 ,we c "n ! relation z we please1 appreh5sion1 pres5tation1 cognition or k1 b !re we h to leave ! matt]4 ,on ?is acc\nt we make use ( ! fact t an aw>5ess1 say ( a v>iety ( black m>ks on ?is page1 is caus$ 9 a c]ta9 peculi> way1 namely ?r\gh impressions on a "p ( ! bra9 7! ret9a7 & v>i\s complicat$ connect$ go+s on 9 o!r p>ts ( ! bra94 ,to say t ! m5tal 7neural7 ev5t s caus$ is aw>e ( ! black m>ks is to say t x is caus$ by !m1 & "h #8aw>e (' #8caus$ by'4 ,! two /atem5ts are m]ely alt]native =mulations4 ,9 ext5d+ ?is acc\nt to m complicat$ situations :]e we "k or1 less ambigu\sly1 ref] to ?+s :i* are pa/ or future we h to make use ( ! fact t impressions are commonly signs1 h effects :i* dep5d n on !mselves alone b ^u ! o!r impressions :i* h co-op]at$ ) !m 9 ! pa/4 ,a sign#dj is some?+ :i* has once be5 a memb] ( a context or configuration t work$ 9 ! m9d z a :ole4 ,:5 x reappe>s its effects are z ?\gh ! re/ ( ! context 7 pres5t4 ,9 analys+ complex ev5ts ( ref]r+ we h to break !m up artificially into ! simpl] sign-situations out ( :i* !y arise2 n =gett+ mean:ile h[ int]dep5d5t ! p>ts ( any int]pretation ( a complex sign are4 ,! detail ( ?is proc$ure is mo/ easily /udi$ 9 connection ) ! use ( words4 ,we %all deal ) x !re=e 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi1 :]e ! read+ ( a poem is discuss$4 ,"h only ! g5]al pr9ciple matt]s t to "k any?+ is to be influ5c$ by x1 directly :5 we s5se x1 indirectly :5 ! effects ( pa/ conjunctions ( impressions come into play4 ,m w be add$ lat]1 9 connection ) ! process ( read+1 ab\t ! receptive1 ! k aspect ( m5tal ev5ts4 ,! o!r two aspects ne$ less explanation4 ,!y are also m g5]ally important = ! und]/&+ ( poetic1 musical & o!r exp]i5ces4 ,= a !ory ( k is ne$$ only at "o po9t1 ! po9t at :i* we wi% to decide :e!r a poem1 = example1 is true1 or reveals reality1 & if s 9 :at s5se2 admitt$ly a v important "q4 ,:]eas a !ory ( feel+1 ( emotion1 ( attitudes & desires1 ( ! affective-volitional aspect ( m5tal activity1 is requir$ at all po9ts ( our analysis4 #cd ,eyeless ,sight1 p4 #bb4 #ce ,d$alus1 or ,sci5ce & ! ,future1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,haldane4 #cf ,comp>e ,*apt] ,,xxxiv :]e ! ways 9 :i* emotive factors int]f]e ) ?\ght are consid]$4 #cg ,cf4 ,piron1 ,?\ght & ! ,bra91 ,*apt] ,i4 #ch ,_m app>5t que/ions :i* beg9 ) ! words #8,:at' & #8,:y' are n que/ions at all1 b reque/s = emotive ,satisfaction4 #ci #8,will+' is a bad ^w2 ,i w\ld use conation ?r\gh\t 7 x n s likely to increase unnecess>ily ! difficulty :i* ?is *apt] w unavoidably pres5t to read]s :o are n famili> ) psy*ological j>gon4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to ?9k ( will+ 7desir+1 /riv+ t[>ds1 try+7 z an unconsci\s z mu* z a consci\s process4 #dj ,?is topic is discuss$ at l5g? 9 ,! ,mean+ ( ,mean+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,pleasure ,! poor b5efit ( a bewit*+ m9ute4--,! ,rev5g]'s ,trag$y4 ,s5sation1 imag]y1 feel+1 emotion1 toge!r ) pleasure1 unpleasure & pa9 are names = ! consci\s *>act]i/ics ( impulses3 ,h[ !y may be/ be sort$ out is a problem ^: difficulty is mu* aggravat$ by ! %ortcom+s ( language at ?is po9t4 ,we speak1 = in/ance1 ( pleasures & pa9s 9 ! same fa%ion1 z ?\gh !y 7 ( ! same ord]1 b1 /rictly1 al?\gh pa9s z s+le self-suffic+ modifications ( consci\sness are easily en\gh obta9able1 pleasures by !mselves d n seem to occur4 ,pleasure seems to be a way 9 :i* some?+ happ5s1 r ?an an indep5d5t happ5+ :i* c occur by itself 9 a m9d4 ,we h1 n pleasures1 b exp]i5ces ( "o k9d or ano!r1 visual1 auditory1 organic1 motor1 & s =?1 :i* are pleasant4 ,simil>ly we h exp]i5ces :i* are unpleasant4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we call !m pa9ful we give rise to an ambiguity4 ,we may be say+ t !y are unpleasant or we may be say+ t !y are accompani$ by pa9s1 :i* is a diff]5t matt]4 ,! use ( ! t]m pleasure1 z ?\gh l pa9 x 0 itself a complete exp]i5ce1 in/ead ( be+ some?+ :i* atta*es to or foll[s along ) or aft] o!r exp]i5ces1 has l$ to a numb] ( confusions2 especially 9 ^? critical !ses1 to :i* objection has already be5 tak5 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 :i* id5tify value ) pleasure4 ,! tw5ty or m di/9ct k9ds ( s5sations1 into :i* mod]n psy*ology has elaborat$ ! old five s5ses1 c be obs]v$ to diff] v widely 9 ! degree to :i* !y are susceptible ( & accompani$ by pleasantness & unpleasantness4 ,! high] s5ses1 sight & he>+1 9 mo/ p]sons seem to yield s5sations :i* v>y mu* less f neutrality or indiff]5ce ?an ! o!rs4 ,we mu/ be c>eful to und]/& ?is diff]5ce correctly h[ev]4 ,an arrangem5t ( col\rs & %apes1 a sequ5ce ( notes or a musical phrase may1 ( c\rse1 9 suitable p1 be z int5sely ton$1 pleasantly or unpleasantly1 z any organic or ta/e s5sations1 = example4 ,b ev5 ?is is n usual4 ,! "r exp]im5t is to comp>e a s+le col\r1 say1 or a s+le note1 ) su* a s5sation z a uni=m t\* or temp]ature gives rise to1 a ba? = example1 or ) a simple uni=m ta/e or smell1 or ) hung]1 or nausea4 ,fair comp>ison is difficult1 equival5t levels ( simplicity & uni=mity be+ impossible to discov]1 b few w d\bt t ! degree ( pleasure-unpleasure ar\s$ by ta/es1 = example1 f> exce$s t :i* auditory or visual s5sations excite by !mselves4 ,we mu/ ( c\rse be c>eful "h to avoid confus+ ! intr9sic pleasure-unpleasure ( ! s5sations ) t :i* arises ?r\gh memory1 ?r\gh ! effects ( o!r s5sations1 pleasant or unpleasant1 :i* may h accompani$ !m 9 ! pa/1 & ?r\gh expectations agreeable or disagreeable4 ,to speak ( ! intr9sic pleasure-unpleasure ( a s5sation is p]haps mislead+4 ,! pleasantness ( a s5sation z we "k is a highly v>iable ?+4 ,x may alt] completely :ile ! /rictly s5sory *>act]i/ics ( ! s5sation rema9 z be=e4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! same smell ( liquor1 be=e & aft] an alcoholic excess is a /rik+ example4 ,a s\nd :i* is pleasant = a :ile may become v unpleasant if x cont9ues & does n lapse f consci\sness4 ,& yet indisputably x may rema9 qua s5sation ! same4 ,a s\nd-s5sation may rema9 un*ang$ 9 tone1 volume & int5sity yet v>y widely 9 pleasure-unpleasure4 ,?is diff]5ce is important4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief reasons :i* h caus$ feel+ 7pleasure-unpleasure7 to be di/+ui%$ f s5sation z altoge!r ( a diff]5t nature4 ,tone1 volume & int5sity are features 9 ! s\nd closely dep5d5t ^u ! /imulus1 pleasantness is dep5d5t n on ext]nal /imulus b ^u factors1 v obscure at pres5t1 9 u4 ,all "h is conjecture4 ,! close connection ( /imulus ) s5sation we "k because x happ5s to be comp>atively accessible to exp]im5t4 ,& introspection ( s5sations ( ext]nal orig9 is = t reason mu* m easy ?an introspection ( mo/ visc]al or organic s5sations4 ,we c practise x freely & repeat x & s control our results4 ,to a less] ext5t ^? s5sations ( int]nal orig9 :i* we c 9 "p consci\sly control1 ^? due to volunt>y movem5ts1 %>e ?is d\ble accessibility4 ,b all ! re/ ( ! multif>i\s consci\s go+s on 9 ! n]v\s sy/em rema9 obscure4 ,"o broad fact1 h[ev]1 is important4 ,! effects 9 ! body ( almo/ all /imuli ( :atev] nature are extraord9>ily num]\s & v>i$4 8,y _c %[ ! obs]v] a wall-pap] patt]n )\t by t v fact di/urb+ 8 respiration & circulation40#da ,& no man kn[s :at o!r di/urbances d n jo9 94 ,! :ole body res\nds 9 :at w\ld seem to be a fairly sy/ematic way4 ,:e!r ! outp\r+ ( ?is tide ( di/urbance makes up a "p (1 gives a tone to consci\sness1 or :e!r only ! incom+ reports ( ! results c be consci\s is a "q ^u :i* no conclusive evid5ce w\ld seem to be yet available4 ,! incom+ reports ( "s at lea/ ( ^! di/urbances c]ta9ly c become consci\s4 ,a lump 9 ! ?roat1 a ye>n+ ( ! b[els1 horripilation1 brea?lessness1 ^! are _! co>s] & m obvi\s =ms4 ,usually1 !y are less sali5t & fuse ) ! :ole mass ( int]nal s5sations to =m ! cne/hesia1 ! :ole bodily consci\sness1 t++ x1 alt]+ its g5]al "* 9 "s "o ( p]haps a ?\s& diff]5t ways4 ,x has be5 mu* disput$ :e!r pleasure-unpleasure is a quality ( g5]al bodily or organic consci\sness1 ( "s "p ( x p]haps1 or :e!r x is some?+ q diff]5t f any quality ( any s5sation or set ( s5sations4 ,z we h se51 x is n a quality ( an auditory s5sation 9 ! s5se 9 :i* its l\dness1 = in/ance1 is a quality4 ,!re seem to be simil> objections to mak+ x a quality ( any s5sation ( any k9d4 ,a s5sation is :at an impulse at a c]ta9 /age 9 its developm5t feels l1 & its s5sory qualities are *>act]s#db ( ! impulse at t /age4 ,! pleasure-unpleasure atta*+ to ! impulse may be no "* ( ! impulse itself1 b ( its fate1 its success or failure 9 re/or+ equilibrium to ! sy/em to :i* x belongs4 ,?is is p]haps z good a guess at :at pleasure & unpleasure are z c yet be made1 pleasure be+ successful activity ( "s k9d1 n necess>ily ( a biologically useful k9d1 & unpleasure be+ fru/rat$1 *aotic1 mal-successful activity4 ,we %all consid] ?is !ory aga9 at a lat] /age 7cf4 ,*apt] ,,xxiv74 ,! po9t to be made "h is t pleasure & unpleasure are complicat$ matt]s aris+ 9 ! c\rse ( activities :i* are direct$ to o!r ends4 ,! old controv]sies z to :e!r pleasure is ! goal ( all /riv+ or :e!r avoidance ( unpleasure ! />t+-po9t1 are ?us escap$4 ,z ,ribot po9t$ out#dc ! exclusive que/ ( pleasure = itself1 plaisir-passion1 is a morbid =m ( activity & self-de/ructive4 ,pleasure on ?is view is orig9ally an effect signify+ t c]ta9 positive or negative t5d5cies h in/9ctively atta9$ _! aim & are satisfi$4 ,lat] ?r\gh exp]i5ce x becomes a cause4 ,in/ruct$ by exp]i5ce man & animal alike place !mselves 9 circum/ances :i* w ar\se desire & s ?r\gh satisfaction lead to pleasure4 ,! g\rmet1 ! lib]t9e1 ! /hete1 ! my/ic d s alike4 ,b :5 ! pleasure :i* is ! result ( satisfy+ ! t5d5cy becomes ! end pursu$ r ?an ! satisfy+ ( ! t5d5cy itself1 !n an #8inv]sion ( ! psy*ological me*anism' comes ab\t4 ,9 ! "o case ! activity is propagat$ f bel[ upw>ds1 9 ! o!r f above d[nw>ds1 f ! bra9 to ! organic functions4 ,! result is (t5 an exhau/ion ( ! t5d5cy1 #8disillusionm5t' & ! blas1 _w-we>i$ attitude4 ,! evil results1 z ,ribot rem>ks1 are l>gely conf9$ to ^? individuals 9 :om ! que/ = pleasure has ! =ce ( an obsession4 ,b on ! view ( pleasure :i* we h indicat$ above1 x is cle> t all ^? doctr9es1 v common 9 critical lit]ature1 :i* set up pleasure z ! goal ( activity1 are mi/ak54 ,e activity has its own specific goal4 ,pleasure v probably ensues 9 mo/ cases :5 ?is goal is rea*$1 b t is a diff]5t matt]4 ,to read a poem = ! sake ( ! pleasure :i* w ensue if x is successfully read is to approa* x 9 an inadequate attitude4 ,obvi\sly x is ! poem 9 :i* we %\ld be int]e/$1 n 9 a by-product ( hav+ manag$ successfully to read x4 ,! ori5tation ( att5tion is wrong if we put ! pleasure 9 ! =efront4 ,su* a mi/ake is p]haps n common among in/ruct$ p]sons1 b to judge by _m rem>ks :i* appe> 9 reviews & dramatic notices ! p]c5tage ( in/ruct$ p]sons among review]s & !atre-go]s does n seem high4 ,?is error1 a legacy 9 "p f ! criticism ( an age :i* _h a /ill poor] psy*ological vocabul>y#dd ?an ,our own1 is "o reason :y ,trag$y1 = example1 is s (t5 misapproa*$4 ,x is no less absurd to suppose t a compet5t read] sits d[n to read = ! sake ( pleasure1 ?an to suppose t a ma!matician sets out to solve an equation ) a view to ! pleasure its solution w af=d him4 ,! pleasure 9 bo? cases may1 ( c\rse1 be v great4 ,b ! pleasure1 h[ev] great x may be1 is no m ! aim ( ! activity 9 ! c\rse ( :i* x arises1 ?an1 = example1 ! noise made by a motor-cycle--useful ?\gh x is z an indication ( ! way ! ma*9e is runn+--is ! reason 9 ! normal case = its hav+ be5 />t$4 ,?is v common mi/ake not$1 ! significance ( pleasure & unpleasure may be insi/$ ^u )\t misgiv+4 ,!y are our mo/ delicate signs ( h[ our activities are ?riv+4 ,b s9ce ev5 ! mo/ int5se delight may indicate only a local success & ! activity be g5]ally detrim5tal1 !y are signs :i* ne$ a v w>y int]pretation4 #da ,tit*5]1 ,text-book ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #bdh4 #db ,into conjectures z to :at ^! are1 x seems z yet n pr(itable to ent]4 #dc ,problmes de ,psy*ologie affective1 pp4 #ada-add4 #dd ,x is probable t ,wordswor? & c]ta9 t ,col]idge if writ+ to-day w\ld use q o!r t]ms 9 place ( pleasure = describ+ poetic values4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,emotion & ! ,cne/hesia ,!y are ! sil5t griefs t cut ! he>t-/r+s4 ,! ,brok5 ,he>t4 ,9 allud+ to ! cne/hesia we came v ne> to giv+ an acc\nt ( emotion z an +r$i5t ( consci\sness4 ,/imulat+ situations give rise to widespread ord]$ rep]cussions ?r\gh\t ! body1 felt z cle>ly m>k$ col\r+s ( consci\sness4 ,^! patt]ns 9 organic response are fe>1 grief1 joy1 ang] & ! o!r emotional /ates4 ,!y arise = ! mo/ "p :5 p]man5t or p]iodical t5d5cies ( ! individual are sudd5ly ei!r facilitat$ or fru/rat$4 ,?us !y dep5d f> less ^u ! nature ( ! ext]nal /imulus ?an ^u ! g5]al int]nal circum/ances ( ! individual's life at ! "t ! /imulus occurs4 ,^! emotional /ates1 ) pleasure & unpleasure1 are cu/om>ily di/+ui%$ "u ! head ( feel+#de f s5sations1 :i* are1 z we h se51 v closely dep5d5t = _! "* ^u _! /imulus4 ,?us s5sations are rank$ toge!r z cognitive elem5ts1 conc]n$1 t is1 ) our k ( ?+s r ?an ) our attitude or behavi\r t[>ds !m1 or our emotion ab\t !m4 ,pleasure1 h[ev]1 & emotion h1 on our view1 also a cognitive aspect4 ,!y give u k2 9 ! case ( pleasure1 ( h[ our activities are go+ on1 successfully or o!rwise2 9 ! case ( emotion1 k prim>ily ( our attitudes4 ,b emotion may give u fur!r k4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t p]sons ) exceptional col\r s5se app>5tly judge mo/ accurately :e!r two col\rs are ! same1 = example1 or :e!r !y h or h n "s def9ite h>monic relation to "o ano!r1 n by att5tive optical comp>ison or exam9ation1 b by ! g5]al emotional or organic reaction :i* ! col\rs evoke :5 simply glanc$ at4 ,?is is an indirect way ( becom+ aw>e ( ! specific nature ( ! ext]nal _w1 b none ! less a v valuable way4 ,a simil> me?od is probably involv$ 9 ^? app>5tly imm$iate judgm5ts ( ! moral "* ( p]sons met ) = ! fir/ "t :i* _m p make s readily & successfully4 ,!y may be q unable to m5tion any def9ite feature ( ! p]son ^u :i* _! judgm5t c\ld be bas$4 ,x is none ! less (t5 extraord9>ily j & discrim9at+4 ,! rem>kable s5sitiv5ess to its "m's expression :i* ! infant %[s is a /rik+ example4 ,! "p play$ by ?is k9d ( judgm5t 9 all /hetic appreciation ne$ n be insi/$ ^u4 ,x is notable t arti/s are (t5 pre-em95tly adepts at su* judgm5ts4 ,! topic is usually discuss$ "u ! wide & vague head+ ( intuition2 a rubric :i* completely obscures & befogs ! issues4 ,= su* judgm5ts are n a simpl] & m direct way ( tak+ cognisance ( ?+s1 b a m indirect & m complex way4 ,x is n !reby %[n to be a less primitive process4 ,on ! contr>y1 simplifi$ ways ( ?9k+ are commonly advanc$ products4 ,! #8intuitive' p]son uses 8 cne/hesia z a *emi/ uses 8 reag5ts or a physiologi/ 8 galvanomet]4 ,z f> z ! s5sations :i* ! col\r /imuli excite c be optically discrim9at$1 no diff]5ce is p]ceptible4 ,b an actual yet s5sorily imp]ceptible diff]5ce becomes app>5t ?r\gh ! diff]5ce 9 organic reaction4 ,! process is m]ely "o ( add+ fur!r & m delicate signs to ! situation1 x is analog\s to atta*+ a record+ lev] to a b>ograph4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 s5sitive or #8intuitive' & m #8rational' & obtuse individuals may be ( two k9ds4 ,x may be t ! s5sitive p]son's organic response is m delicate4 ,?is is a difficult matt] to decide4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! *ief diff]5ce 7a d]ivative diff]5ce v likely7 lies 9 ! fact t ! obtuse p]son has n le>n$ to int]pret ! *anges 9 8 g5]al bodily consci\sness 9 any sy/ematic fa%ion4 ,! *anges may occur & occur sy/ematically1 b !y mean no?+ def9ite to him4 ,?is k9d ( int]v5tion ( organic s5sation 9 p]ception plays a "p 9 all ! arts4 ,mu* neglect$1 x is probably ( v great importance4 ,:at "h ne$s to be notic$ is t x is n a mode ( ga9+ k :i* diff]s 9 any ess5tial way f o!r modes4 ,no unique & peculi> relation ( #8feel+' t[>ds ?+s ne$s to be introduc$ to expla9 x1 any m ?an a unique & peculi> mode ( #8cognitively appreh5d+' !m ne$s to be introduc$ to expla9 ord9>y kn[+4 ,9 bo? in/ances _! causes1 :i* h to be assum$ 9 any case1 w suffice4 ,:5 we s5se some?+ our s5sation is caus$ by :at we s5se4 ,:5 we ref] to some?+ abs5t1 a pres5t s5sation simil> to s5sations :i* 9 ! pa/ h be5 co9cid5t ) x1 is !reby a sign = x1 & s on1 ?r\gh m & m intricate mnemic sign-situations4 ,"h a pres5t col\r s5sation gives rise to an organic response :i* has 9 ! pa/ accompani$ a def9ite col\r2 ! response becomes !n a sign ( t col\r :i* ! s5sitive & discrim9at+ p]son tru/s1 al?\gh he is optically unable to make sure :e!r t col\r is pres5t or m]ely "o v l x4 ,o!r cases diff] f ?is 9 complexity b n 9 pr9ciple4 ,if x is object$ t ?is acc\nt ( ref]r+ or ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( causes gives u at be/ b a v indirect way ( kn[+1 ! reply is t ! preval5ce ( error is itself a /rong argum5t aga9/ a too direct !ory ( k4 ,9 popul> p>lance ! t]m #8emotion' /&s = ^? happ5+s 9 m9ds :i* accompany su* exhibitions ( unusual excitem5t z weep+1 %\t+1 blu%+1 trembl+1 & s on4 ,b 9 ! usage ( mo/ critics x has tak5 an ext5d$ s5se1 !reby suff]+ q ne$lessly 9 its usefulness4 ,= !m x /&s = any notewor?y #8go+s on' 9 ! m9d almo/ reg>dless ( _! nature4 ,! true & pr(\nd emotions1 z spok5 ( by critics1 are (t5 lack+ 9 all ! *>act]i/ics :i* gov]n ! m ref9$ l+ui/ic usage ( common p1 &1 z x happ5s1 ( psy*ologi/s also1 = :at may p]haps be reg>d$ n[ z ! /&>d usage 9 psy*ology1 sets out f ! v same bodily *anges accompany+ exp]i5ce z 7 not$ above4 ,two ma9 features *>act]ise e emotional exp]i5ce4 ,"o ( ^! is a diffus$ reaction 9 ! organs ( ! body br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! sympa!tic sy/ems4 ,! o!r is a t5d5cy to action ( "s def9ite k9d or gr\p ( k9ds4 ,^! ext5sive *anges 9 ! visc]al & vascul> sy/ems1 *>act]i/ically 9 respiration & 9 gl&ul> secretion1 commonly take place 9 response to situations :i* call "s in/9ctive t5d5cy into play4 ,z a result ( all ^! *anges a tide ( s5sations ( int]nal bodily orig9 comes into consci\sness4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ^! s5sations make up at lea/ ! ma9 "p ( ! peculi> consci\sness ( an emotion4 ,:e!r !y are necess>y to x or n is disput$4 ,x may p]haps be sugge/$ t insuffici5t att5tion has be5 paid 9 ! !ory ( emotion to images ( su* s5sations4 ,! fact t fe>1 = example1 may be felt 9 ! abs5ce ( any detectable bodily *anges ( ! k9d describ$ 7a disput$ fact7 may be expla9$ by suppos+ images ( ^! s5sations to be tak+ _! place4 ,^! s5sations1 or images ( !m1 are !n a ma9 +r$i5t ( an emotional exp]i5ce & acc\nt = its peculi> #8col\r' or tone1 = ! volum9\sness & massiv5ess z well z = ! extreme acut5ess ( emotions4 ,b ( equal or great] importance are ! *anges 9 consci\sness due to reactions 9 ! n]v\s sy/ems :i* control movem5t1 gov]n+ muscul> response to ! /imulat+ situation4 ,^! range1 9 ! case ( fe>1 f ! awak5+ ( a simple t5d5cy1 an impulse to run away or hide "u ! table1 to su* elaborate readju/m5ts z we make :5 we prep>e to c\nt] a ?reat aga9/ "s fav\rite op9ion4 ,z a rule a process ( extraord9>y complexity takes place betwe5 p]ceiv+ ! situation & f9d+ a mode ( meet+ x4 ,?is complicat$ process contributes ! re/ ( its peculi> flav\r to an emotional exp]i5ce4 ,a m detail$ discussion f ! same angle ( ! po9ts rais$ 9 ?is & ! surr\nd+ *apt]s w be f\nd 9 ,! ,mean+ ( ,psy*ology 7#aibf7 by ,c4 ,k4 ,ogd51 :]e ! au?or's view ( m5tal activity is elaborat$4 #de ,! fa%ion 9 :i* ! t]m #8feel+' %ifts ab\t 9 psy*ology is notori\s z a s\rce ( confusion4 ,x w\ld be conv5i5t if x c\ld be kept = pleasure-unpleasure1 & us$ no long] z a synonym = #8emotion'1 s9ce emotions c mu* m easily be reg>d$ z built up f organic s5sations4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,memory ,)9 ! surface ( ,"t's fleet+ riv] ,its wr9kl$ image lies1 z !n x lay ,immovably unquiet1 & = ev] ,x trembles1 b x _c pass away6 ,%elley1 ,ode to ,lib]ty4 ,s f> we h allud$ only casually to memory1 to t app>5t revival ( pa/ exp]i5ce to :i* ! ri*ness & complexity ( exp]i5ce is due4 ,e /imulus :i* is ev] receiv$ leaves beh9d x1 s x is said1 an impr9t1 a trace capable ( be+ reviv$ lat] & ( contribut+ its quota to consci\sness & to behavi\r4 ,to ^! effects ( pa/ exp]i5ce ! sy/ematic1 ! organis$ "* ( our behavi\r is due2 ! fact t !y int]v5e is ! explanation ( our ability to le>n by exp]i5ce4 ,x is a way peculi> to liv+ tissue by :i* ! pa/ influ5ces our pres5t behavi\r across1 z x might appe>1 a gulf ( "t4 ,h[ we %\ld conceive ?is influ5ce is p]haps ! mo/ puzzl+ po9t 9 psy*ology4 ,! old !ory ( a k9d ( ,som]set ,h\se ( pa/ impressions has giv5 place to an acc\nt 9 t]ms ( facilitations ( neural pa?s1 l[]$ resi/ances 9 synapses1 & s =?4 ,x 0 natural t z ! broad outl9es ( neural activity came to be kn[n1 psy*ologi/s %\ld attempt to make use ( !m4 ,b on close exam9ation x is cle> t _! int]pretations 7 f> too crude4 ,fix$ #8pa?s'1 "o = e item ( exp]i5ce :i* has ev] tak5 place1 & o!rs = e k9d ( connection into :i* ! items come1 h[ev] multitud9\s we make !m1 no long] expla9 :at c be obs]v$ 9 behavi\r & exp]i5ce4 ,z ,von ,kries &1 m rec5tly1 ,k(fka h insi/$1 ! fact1 = example1 t we recognise ?+s 9 cases :]e x is c]ta9 t q diff]5t pa?s mu/ be involv$1 is fatal to ! s*eme4 ,& m]e multiplication ( ! entities invok$ leads to no solution4 ,semon ev5 goes s f> z to say t :5 we li/5 to a song = ! hundr$? "t we he> n only ! s+] b a *orus ( n9e & n9ety mnemic voices4 ,?is coroll>y by itself is almo/ a refutation ( 8 !ory4 ,we h to escape f ! crude assumption t ! only way 9 :i* :at is pa/ c be repeat$ is by records be+ kept4 ,! old associationi/s suppos$ ! records to be writ small inside sep>ate cells4 ,! m mod]n view 0 t !y 7 scor$ l>ge ?r\gh a deep5+ ( ! *annels ( conduction4 ,nei!r view is adequate4 ,imag9e an en]gy sy/em ( prodigi\s complexity & extreme delicacy ( organisation :i* has an indef9itely l>ge numb] ( /able poises4 ,imag9e x ?r[n f "o poise to ano!r ) great facility1 ea* poise be+ ! resultant ( all ! en]gies ( ! sy/em4 ,suppose n[ t ! p>tial return ( a situation :i* has =m]ly caus$ x to assume a /able poise1 ?r[s x into an un/able condition1 f :i* x mo/ easily returns to equilibrium by reassum+ ! =m] poise4 ,su* a sy/em w\ld exhibit ! ph5om5a ( memory2 b x w\ld keep no records ?\gh appe>+ to d s4 ,! appe>ance w\ld be due m]ely to ! extreme accuracy & s5sitiv5ess ( ! sy/em & ! delicacy ( its balances4 ,its /ate on ! lat] occasion w\ld appe> to be a revival ( its /ate on ! =m]1 b ?is w\ld n be ! case any m ?an a cumulus cl\d ?is ev5+ is a revival ( ^? :i* decorat$ ! heav5s la/ ye>4 ,?is imag9>y con/ruction c be made m concrete by imag9+ a solid ) a l>ge numb] ( facets ^u any "o ( :i* x c re/4 ,if we try to balance x ^u "o ( its coigns or ridges x settles d[n ^u ! ne>e/ facet4 ,9 ! case ( ! neural sy/em we are try+ to sugge/ ea* /able poise has be5 det]m9$ by a def9ite set1 or bett]1 context ( conditions4 ,memb]%ip ( ?is context is :at corresponds to ne>ness to a facet4 ,! p>tial return ( ! context causes ! sy/em to behave z ?\gh conditions 7 pres5t :i* are n1 & ?is is :at is ess5tial 9 memory4 ,t ?is sugge/ion 9 ! =m "h pres5t$ is unsatisfactory & incomplete is evid5t4 ,x is wildly conjectural no d\bt1 b s are ! ,ar*ival & ,pa?way ,!ories4 ,yet x does avoid ! *ief defici5cies ( ^? !ories1 x does sugge/ :y only "s conjunctions ( exp]i5ces become #8associat$'1 ^? namely :i* yield a /able poise4 ,& x sugge/s :y a ?+ %\ld be recognis$ z ! same ?\gh appe>+ 9 c\ntless diff]5t aspects2 e "t x appe>s diff]5t conditions occur :i*1 none ! less1 lead to "o & ! same /able poise1 z ! polyh$ron we imag9$ may settle d[n on "o & ! same facet f all ! surr\nd+ ridges4 ,"o ( ! collat]al advantages ( su* a view is t x removes "s ( ! temptations to rev]t to animism f :i* psy*ologi/s1 & especially lit]>y psy*ologi/s1 suff]4 ,dissatisfaction ) curr5t hypo!ses z to ! me*anism ( reflex arcs is a ma9 cause = ! sci5tifically desp]ate belief 9 ! s\l4 ,& ap>t f ?is1 ! special emotive factors :i* di/urb judgm5t on ?is po9t are less obtrusive :5 ?is acc\nt is sub/itut$ = ! usual /ory ( ! condition$ reflex1 t sacrilegi\s contrivance ( ! me*ani/s4 ,!re is no k9d ( m5tal activity 9 :i* memory does n int]v5e4 ,we are mo/ famili> ) x 9 ! case ( images1 ^? fugitive elusive copies ( s5sations ) :i* psy*ology has be5 hi!rto s mu*1 p]haps too mu*1 conc]n$4 ,visual images are ! be/ kn[n ( !m1 b x is important to recognise t e k9d ( s5sation may h its correspond+ image4 ,visc]al1 k9/hetic1 !rmal images c ) a little practice be produc$1 ev5 by p :o h nev] notic$ _! occurr5ce4 ,b individual diff]5ces z reg>ds imag]y are enorm\s1 m 9 ! degree to :i* images become consci\s1 h[ev]1 ?an 9 _! actual pres5ce or abs5ce on ! ne$ful occasion4 ,^? p :o1 by _! own report1 are devoid ( images1 none ! less behave 9 a way :i* makes x c]ta9 t ! same processes are at "w 9 !m z 9 produc]s ( ! mo/ flamboyant images4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,attitudes ,my ,s5ces want _! outw>d motion ,:i* n[ )9 ,reason do? w91 ,r$\bl$ by h] secret notion4--,john ,hosk9s4 ,! int]v5tions ( memory are n conf9$ to s5sation & emotion4 ,!y are ( equal importance 9 our active behavi\r4 ,! acquisition ( any muscul> accompli%m5t1 danc+ or billi>ds1 = example1 %[s ?is cle>ly4 ,:at we h already done 9 ! pa/ controls :at we %all d 9 ! future4 ,if ! p]ception ( an object & ! recognition t x is a tree1 = example1 involve a poise 9 ! s5sory sy/em conc]n$1 a c]ta9 complet5ess or #8closure1' to use ! t]m employ$ by ,kohl]1 s an act1 z oppos$ to a r&om movem5t1 involves a simil> poise 9 a motor sy/em4 ,b s5sory & motor sy/ems are n indep5d5t2 !y "w toge!r2 e p]ception probably includes a response 9 ! =m ( incipi5t action4 ,we con/antly ov]look ! ext5t to :i* all ! :ile we are mak+ prelim9>y adju/m5ts1 gett+ ready to act 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,read+ ,capta9 ,slocum's acc\nt ( ! c5tip$e :i* bit him on ! head :5 alone 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic1 ! writ] has be5 caus$ to leap "r out ( 8 *air by a leaf :i* fell ^u 8 face f a tree4 ,only occasionally does "s su* accid5t %[ h[ ext5sive are ! motor adju/m5ts made 9 :at appe> to be ! mo/ unmuscul> occupations4 ,?is incipi5t activity /&s to ov]t action mu* z an image /&s to a s5sation4 ,b su* #8imag9al' activity is1 by its v nature1 extraord9>ily h>d to detect or to exp]im5t ^u4 ,psy*ology has only dealt ) fr+es ( ! m9d hi!rto & ! mo/ accessible fr+e is on ! side ( s5sation4 ,we h !re=e to build up our conjectures z to ! re/ ( m5tal happ5+s by analogy ) ! p]haps n entirely repres5tative specim5s :i* s5sation supplies4 ,?is limitation has l$ ! majority ( psy*ologi/s to see 9 imag9al movem5t no m ?an images ( ! s5sations f muscle1 jo9t1 & t5don1 :i* w\ld arise if ! movem5t 7 actually made4 ,x is c]ta9 t be=e any action takes place a prelim9>y organisation mu/ occur :i* ensures t ! p>ts d n get 9 "o ano!r's way4 ,x appe>s to ! writ] t ^! prelim9>ies 9 8 case make up "p ( consci\sness1 b !re is a heavy weight ( au?ority aga9/ him4 ,! po9t is no d\bt exceptionally h>d to det]m9e4 ,9 any case1 :e!r ! consci\sness ( activity is due to s5sations & images ( movem5ts alone1 or :e!r ! outgo+ "p ( ! impulse & its prep>atory organisation help to make up consci\sness1 !re is no d\bt ab\t ! importance ( incipi5t & imag9al movem5t 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! "w done by ,lipps1 ,groos & o!rs on e9fhlung1 or empa?y1 h[ev] we may pref] to re/ate _! results1 %[s t :5 we p]ceive spatial or musical =m we commonly accompany our p]ception ) closely connect$ motor activity4 ,we _c leave ?is activity out ( our acc\nt ( :at happ5s 9 ! exp]i5ces ( ! arts1 al?\gh we may ?9k t ^? :o h built ^u ?is fact :at !y h put =w>d z a complete /hetic--,v]non ,lee1 = example--h be5 f> f cle> z to :at que/ions !y 7 answ]+4 ,! ext5t to :i* any activity is consci\s seems to dep5d v l>gely ^u h[ complex & h[ novel x is4 ,! primitive & 9 a s5se natural outcome ( /imulus is action2 ! m simple ! situation ) :i* ! m9d is engag$1 ! clos] is ! connection betwe5 ! /imulus & "s ov]t response 9 action1 & 9 g5]al ! less ri* & full is ! consci\sness att5dant4 ,a man walk+ ov] unev5 gr\nd1 = example1 makes )\t reflection or emotion a cont9u\s adju/m5t ( 8 /eps to 8 foot+2 b let ! gr\nd become precipit\s &1 unless he is us$ to su* places1 bo? reflection & emotion w appe>4 ,! increas$ complexity ( ! situation & ! great] delicacy & appropriat5ess ( ! movem5ts requir$ = conv5i5ce & safety1 call =? f> m complicat$ go+s on 9 ! m9d4 ,besides 8 p]ception ( ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 ! ?\ght may occur t a false move w\ld be p]il\s & difficult to retrieve4 ,?is1 :5 accompani$ by emotion1 is call$ a #8realisation' ( 8 situation4 ,! adju/m5t to "o ano!r ( v>i$ impulses--to g =w>d c>efully1 to lie d[n & grasp some?+ ) ! h&s1 to g back1 & s =?--& _! co-ord9ation into useful behavi\r alt]s ! :ole "* ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,mo/ behavi\r is a reconciliation betwe5 ! v>i\s acts :i* w\ld satisfy ! diff]5t impulses :i* comb9e to produce x2 & ! ri*ness & int]e/ ( ! feel ( x 9 consci\sness dep5ds ^u ! v>iety ( ! impulses engag$4 ,any famili> activity1 :5 set 9 diff]5t conditions s t ! impulses :i* make x up h to adju/ !mselves to fre% /reams ( impulses due to ! new conditions1 is likely to take on increas$ ri*ness & fullness 9 consci\sness4 ,?is g5]al fact is ( great importance = ! arts1 p>ticul>ly = poetry1 pa9t+ & sculpture1 ! repres5tative or mimetic arts4 ,= 9 ^! a totally new sett+ = :at may be famili> elem5ts is ess5tially involv$4 ,in/ead ( see+ a tree we see some?+ 9 a picture :i* may h simil> effects ^u u b is n a tree4 ,! tree impulses :i* are ar\s$ h to adju/ !mselves to _! new sett+ ( o!r impulses due to our aw>5ess t x is a picture :i* we are look+ at4 ,?us an opportunity arises = ^? impulses to def9e !mselves 9 a way 9 :i* !y ord9>ily d n4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is only ! mo/ obvi\s & simple in/ance ( ! way 9 :i*1 ?anks to ! unusual circum/ances 9 :i* ?+s depict$1 or 9 lit]ature describ$1 come be=e u1 ! exp]i5ces t result are modifi$4 ,to take ano!r obvi\s example1 ! description or ! !atrical pres5tation ( a murd] has a diff]5t effect ^u u f t :i* w\ld be produc$ by mo/ actual murd]s if !y took place be=e u4 ,^! consid]ations1 ( va/ importance 9 ! discussion ( arti/ic =m1 w occupy u lat] 7pp4 #ade1 #bcg74 ,"h x is suffici5t to po9t out t ^! diff]5ces betwe5 ord9>y exp]i5ces & ^? due to works ( art are only special cases ( ! g5]al diff]5ce betwe5 exp]i5ces made up ( a less & ( a great] numb] ( impulses :i* h to be br\ght into co-ord9ation ) "o ano!r4 ,! be>+ ( ?is po9t ^u ! problem ( ! /hetic mode ) its deta*m5t1 imp]sonality1 etc41 discuss$ 9 ! second *apt]1 w be app>5t4 7,comp>e ,*apt] ,,xxxii1 p4 #bdi47 ,! result ( ! co-ord9ation ( a great numb] ( impulses ( diff]5t k9ds is v (t5 t no ov]t action takes place4 ,!re is a dang] "h ( suppos+ t no action :atev] results or t !re is some?+ incomplete or imp]fect ab\t su* a /ate ( affairs4 ,b imag9al action & incipi5t action :i* does n g s f> z actual muscul> movem5t are m important ?an ,ov]t action 9 ! well-develop$ human be+4 ,inde$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellig5t or ref9$1 & ! /upid or crass p]son is a diff]5ce 9 ! ext5t to :i* ov]t action c be replac$ by incipi5t & imag9al action4 ,an intellig5t man c #8see h[ a ?+ works' :5 a less intellig5t man has to #8f9d out by try+'4 ,simil>ly ) su* responses z are ar\s$ by a "w ( art4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 #8und]/&+' x & fail+ to d s is1 9 mo/ cases1 a diff]5ce betwe5 be+ able to make ! requir$ responses 9 an imag9al or incipi5t degree1 adju/+ !m to "o ano!r at t /age1 & be+ unable to produce !m or adju/ !m except ov]tly & at _! fulle/ developm5t4 ,?\gh ! k9ds ( activity involv$ are diff]5t1 ! analogy ) ! case ( ! ma!matician is n mislead+4 ,! fact t he w n make half s _m m>ks on pap] z a s*oolboy does n %[ t he is any less active4 ,8 activity takes place at an e>li] /age 9 :i* 8 responses are m]ely incipi5t or imag9al4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! abs5ce ( any ov]t movem5ts or ext]nal signs ( emotion 9 an exp]i5c$ read] ( poetry1 or conc]t-go]1 comp>$ to ! evid5t di/urbances :i* are sometimes to be se5 9 ! novice1 is no indication ( any lack ( int]nal activity4 ,! response requir$ 9 _m cases by works ( art is ( a k9d :i* c only be obta9$ 9 an incipi5t or imag9al /age4 ,practical consid]ations (t5 prev5t _! be+ work$ out 9 ov]t =m1 & ?is is1 z a rule1 n 9 ! lea/ to be regrett$4 ,= ^! responses are commonly ( ! nature ( solutions to problems1 n ( intellectual rese>*1 b ( emotional accommodation & adju/m5t1 & c usually be be/ a*iev$ :ile ! diff]5t impulses :i* h to be reconcil$ are /ill 9 an incipi5t or imag9al /age1 & be=e ! matt] has become fur!r complicat$ by ! irrelevant accid5ts :i* att5d ov]t responses4 ,^! imag9al & incipi5t activities or t5d5cies to action1 ,i %all call attitudes4 ,:5 we realise h[ _m & h[ diff]5t may be ! t5d5cies awak5$ by a situation1 & :at scope !re is = conflict1 suppression & int]play--all contribut+ some?+ to our exp]i5ce--x w n appe> surpris+ t ! classification & analysis ( attitudes is n yet f> advanc$4 ,a ?\s& t5d5cies to actions1 :i* d n ov]tly take place1 may well occur 9 complicat$ adju/m5ts4 ,= ^! :at evid5ce !re is mu/ be indirect4 ,9 fact1 ! only attitudes :i* are capable ( cle> & explicit analysis are ^? 9 :i* "s simple mode ( obs]vable behavi\r gives ! clue to :at has be5 tak+ place1 & ev5 "h only a "p ( ! reaction is op5 to ?is k9d ( exam9ation4 ,among ! exp]i5ces :i* are by ! nature ( ! case hidd5 f obs]vation are f\nd almo/ all ^? ) :i* criticism is conc]n$4 ,! outw>d aspect & behavi\r ( a man read+ ,! ,prioresses' ,tale & ,! ,mill]'s ,tale may well be indi/+ui%able4 ,b ?is %\ld n lead u to ov]look h[ great a "p 9 ! :ole exp]i5ce is tak5 by attitudes4 ,_m exp]i5ces :i*1 if exam9$ by introspection = _! actual cont5t ( s5sation & imag]y1 diff] v little1 are totally div]se 9 ! k9d & degree ( implicit activity pres5t4 ,?is aspect ( exp]i5ces z fill$ ) incipi5t prompt+s1 lightly /imulat$ t5d5cies to acts ( "o k9d or ano!r1 fa9t prelim9>y prep>ations = do+ ?is or t1 has be5 con/antly ov]look$ 9 criticism4 ,yet x is 9 t]ms ( attitudes1 ! resolution1 int]-inanimation1 & balanc+ ( impulses--,ari/otle's def9ition ( ,trag$y#df is an in/ance--t all ! mo/ valuable effects ( poetry mu/ be describ$4 #df 8,trag$y is an imitation ( an action444 effect+ ?r\gh ,pity & ,t]ror ! correction & ref9em5t 77 ( su* passions40 ,poetics1 ,,vi4 ,cf4 p4 #bdg1 infra4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,! ,analysis ( a ,poem ,t\tes *oses sont dites dj1 mais comme p]sonne n'c\te il faut t\j\rs recomm5c]4--,&r ,gide4 ,! qualifications ( a good critic are ?ree4 ,he mu/ be an adept at exp]i5c+1 )\t ecc5tricities1 ! /ate ( m9d relevant to ! "w ( art he is judg+4 ,secondly1 he mu/ be able to di/+ui% exp]i5ces f "o ano!r z reg>ds _! less sup]ficial features4 ,?irdly1 he mu/ be a s\nd judge ( values4 ,^u all ^! matt]s psy*ology1 ev5 9 its pres5t conjectural /ate1 has a direct be>+4 ,! critic is1 ?r\gh\t1 judg+ ( exp]i5ces1 ( /ates ( m9d2 b too (t5 he is ne$lessly ignorant ( ! g5]al psy*ological =m ( ! exp]i5ces ) :i* he is conc]n$4 ,he has no cle> ideas z to ! elem5ts pres5t or z to _! relative importance4 ,?us1 an outl9e or s*ema ( ! m5tal ev5ts :i* make up ! exp]i5ce ( #8look+ at' a picture or #8read+' a poem1 c be ( great assi/ance4 ,at ! v lea/ an und]/&+ ( ! probable /ructures ( ^! exp]i5ces c remove c]ta9 misconceptions :i* t5d to make ! op9ions ( individuals ( less s]vice to o!r individuals ?an ne$ be4 ,two in/ances w %[ ?is4 ,!re are c]ta9 broad features 9 :i* all agree a poem ( ,sw9burne is unlike a poem ( ,h>dy4 ,! use ( words by ! two poets is diff]5t4 ,_! me?ods are dissimil>1 & ! prop] approa* = a read] diff]s correspond+ly4 ,an attempt to read !m 9 ! same way is unfair to "o ( ! poets1 or to bo?1 & leads inevitably to defects 9 criticism :i* a little reflection w\ld remove4 ,x is absurd to read ,pope z ?\gh he 7 ,%elley1 b ! ess5tial diff]5ces _c be cle>ly m>k$ out unless su* an outl9e ( ! g5]al =m ( a poetic exp]i5ce1 z is "h attempt$1 has be5 provid$4 ,! psy*ological means employ$ by ^! poets are demon/rably diff]5t4 ,:e!r ! effects are also dissimil> is a fur!r "q = :i* ! same k9d ( analysis is equally requir$4 ,?is sep>ation inside ! poetic exp]i5ce ( c]ta9 p>ts :i* are means f c]ta9 o!r p>ts :i* are ! ends ^u :i* ! poetic value ( ! exp]i5ce dep5ds1 leads up to our o!r in/ance4 ,x is unque/ionable t ! actual exp]i5ces1 :i* ev5 good critics und]go :5 read+1 z we say1 ! same poem1 diff] v widely4 ,9 spite ( c]ta9 conv5tions1 :i* endeav\r to conceal ^! inevitable discrepancies = social purposes1 !re c be no d\bt t ! exp]i5ces ( read]s 9 connection ) p>ticul> poems are r>ely simil>4 ,?is is unavoidable4 ,"s diff]5ces are1 h[ev]1 mu* m important ?an o!rs4 ,provid$ ! ends1 9 :i* ! value ( ! poem lies1 are atta9$1 diff]5ces 9 ! means ne$ n prev5t critics f agreem5t or f mutual s]vice4 ,^? discrepancies alone are fatal :i* affect ! fundam5tal features ( exp]i5ces1 ! features ^u :i* _! value dep5ds4 ,b en\gh is n[ kn[n ( ! ways 9 :i* m9ds "w = sup]ficial & fundam5tal p>ts ( exp]i5ces to be di/+ui%$4 ,"o ( ! greate/ liv+ critics praises ! l9e3 ,! fr+$ curta9 ( ?9e eyes advance1 = ! #8ravi%+ beauty' ( ! visual images excit$4 ,?is common mi/ake ( exagg]at+ p]sonal accid5ts 9 ! means by :i* a poem atta9s its end into ! *ief value ( ! poem is due to excessive tru/ 9 ! commonplaces#dg ( psy*ology4 ,illu/ration3 ,arcadia1 ,night1 a ,cl\d1 ,pan1 & ! ,moon ,9 ! analysis ( ! exp]i5ce ( read+ a poem1 a diagram1 or hi]oglyph1 is conv5i5t1 provid$ t its limitations are cle>ly recognis$4 ,! spatial relations ( ! p>ts ( ! diagram1 = in/ance1 are n int5d$ to /& = spatial relations betwe5 p>ts ( :at is repres5t$2 x is n a picture ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,nor are temporal relations int5d$4 ,spatial metaphors1 :e!r drawn z diagrams or m]ely imag9$1 are dang]s only to ! unw>y4 ,! ess5tial s]vice :i* pictures c give 9 ab/ract matt]s1 namely1 ! simultane\s & compact repres5tation ( /ates ( affairs :i* o!rwise t5d to rema9 indi/9ct & confus$1 is wor? ! slight risk ( misund]/&+ :i* !y entail4 ,we may beg9 !n ) a diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! ev5ts :i* take place :5 we read a poem4 ,o!r lit]>y exp]i5ces w only diff] f ?is 9 _! great] simplicity4 ,! eye is depict$ z read+ a succession ( pr9t$ words4 ,z a result !re foll[s a /ream ( reaction 9 :i* six di/9ct k9ds ( ev5ts may be di/+ui%$4 ,i ,! visual s5sations ( ! pr9t$ words4 ,,ii ,images v closely associat$ ) ^! s5sations4 ,,iii ,images relatively free4 ,,iv ,ref]5ces to1 or #8?9k+s (1' v>i\s ?+s4 ,v ,emotions4 ,,vi ,affective-volitional attitudes4 ,ea* ( ^! k9ds ( occurr5ces requires "s brief description & explanation4 ,^u ! visual s5sations ( ! pr9t$ words all ! re/ dep5ds 79 ! case ( a read] n previ\sly acqua9t$ ) ! poem72 b ) mo/ read]s !y h 9 !mselves no great importance4 ,! individual %apes ( ! lett]s1 _! size & spac+1 h only a m9or effect ^u ! :ole reaction4 ,no d\bt read]s diff] greatly 9 ?is respect2 ) "s1 famili>ity plays a great "p4 ,!y f9d x unpleasant & di/urb+ to read a poem 9 any b ! edition 9 :i* !y fir/ became acqua9t$ ) x4 ,b ! majority ( read]s are less exig5t4 ,provid$ t ! pr9t is cle> & legible1 & all[s ! habitual eye-movem5ts ( read+ to be easily p]=m$1 ! full response arises equally well f widely diff]+ s5sations4 ,^? = :om ?is is true h1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( economic organisation1 a decid$ advantage ov] ! m fa/idi\s4 ,?is does n %[ t good pr9t+ is a negligible consid]ation2 & ! prim>y place ( calligraphy 9 ! ,*9ese arts is an indication to ! contr>y4 ,x %[s m]ely t pr9t+ belongs to ano!r bran* ( ! arts4 ,9 ! poetic exp]i5ce words take effect ?r\gh _! associat$ images1 & ?r\gh :at we are1 z a rule1 cont5t to call _! mean+4 ,:at mean+ is & h[ x ent]s into ! exp]i5ce we %all consid]4 ,ti$ ,images4--,visual s5sations ( words d n commonly occur by !mselves4 ,!y h c]ta9 regul> companions s closely ti$ to !m z to be only ) difficulty disconnect$4 ,! *ief ( ^! are ! auditory image--! s\nd ( ! words 9 ! m9d's e>--& ! image ( articulation--! feel 9 ! lips1 m\?1 & ?roat1 ( :at ! words w\ld be l to speak4 ,auditory images ( words are among ! mo/ obvi\s ( m5tal happ5+s4 ,any l9e ( v]se or prose sl[ly read1 w1 = mo/ p1 s\nd mutely 9 ! imag9ation some:at z x w\ld if read al\d4 ,b ! degree ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! image-s\nds1 & ! actual s\nds t ! read] w\ld produce1 v>ies enorm\sly4 ,_m p are able to imag9e ^w-s\nds ) great] delicacy & discrim9ation ?an !y c utt] !m4 ,b ! rev]se case is also f\nd4 ,:at importance !n is to be atta*$ to cle>1 ri* & delicate s\nd imag]y 9 sil5t read+8 ,h[ f> mu/ p :o diff] 9 _! capacity to produce su* images diff] 9 _! total reactions to poems8 ,& :at are ! advantages ( read+ al\d8 ,"h we rea* "o ( ! practical problems ( criticism = :i* ?is analysis is requir$4 ,a discussion is be/ po/pon$ until ! :ole analysis has be5 giv54 ,! pr9cipal confusion :i* prev5ts a cle> und]/&+ ( ! po9t at issue does1 h[ev]1 conc]n images & may be dealt ) "h4 ,x is ( great importance 9 connection ) ! topic ( ! foll[+ section4 ,! s5sory qualities ( images1 _! vivacity1 cle>ness1 fullness ( detail & s on1 d n be> any con/ant relation to _! effects4 ,images diff]+ 9 ^! respects may h closely simil> consequ5ces4 ,too mu* importance has always be5 atta*$ to ! s5sory qualities ( images4 ,:at gives an image efficacy is less its vividness z an image ?an its "* z a m5tal ev5t peculi>ly connect$ ) s5sation4 ,lissette way :i* no "o yet kn[s h[ to expla91 a relict ( s5sation & our intellectual & emotional response to x dep5ds f> m ^u its be+1 ?r\gh ?is fact1 a repres5tative ( a s5sation1 ?an ^u its s5sory resemblance to "o4 ,an image may lose almo/ all its s5sory nature to ! po9t ( becom+ sc>cely an image at all1 a m]e skeleton1 & yet repres5t a s5sation q z adequately z if x 7 fl>+ ) halluc9atory vividity4 ,9 o!r words1 :at matt]s is n ! s5sory resemblance ( an image to ! s5sation :i* is its prototype1 b "s o!r relation1 at pres5t hidd5 f u 9 ! jungles ( neurology4 7,cf4 ,*apt] ,,xiv47 ,c>e !n %\ld be tak5 to avoid ! natural t5d5cy to suppose t ! m cle> & vivid an image ! great] w be its efficacy4 ,!re are tru/wor?y p :o1 accord+ to _! acc\nts1 nev] exp]i5ce any imag]y at all4 ,if c]ta9 views commonly express$ ab\t ! arts are true1 by :i* vivid imag]y is an all-important "p ( ! exp]i5ce1 !n ^! p are incapable ( art exp]i5ces1 a conclusion :i* is contr>y to ! facts4 ,! views 9 "q are ov]look+ ! fact t some?+ takes ! place ( vivid images 9 ^! p1 & t1 provid$ ! image-sub/itute is efficaci\s1 _! lack ( mimetic imag]y is ( no consequ5ce4 ,! efficacy requir$ mu/1 ( c\rse1 include control ov] emotional z well z intellectual reactions4 ,ne$less p]haps to add t ) p]sons ( ! image-produc+ types an increase 9 delicacy & vivacity 9 _! imag]y w probably be accompani$ by increas$ subtlety 9 effects4 ,?us x is n surpris+ t c]ta9 great poets & critics h be5 rem>kable = ! vig\r ( _! imag]y1 & dep5d5t ^u x4 ,no "o w\ld d5y ! usefulness ( imag]y to "s p2 ! mi/ake is to suppose t x is indisp5sable to all4 ,articulatory imag]y is less noticeable2 yet ! quality ( sil5t spee* is p]haps ev5 m dep5d5t ^u ^! images ?an ^u s\nd-images4 ,collocations ( syllables :i* are awkw>d or unpleasant to utt] are r>ely delightful to ! e>4 ,z a rule ! two sets ( images are s intimately connect$ t x is difficult to decide :i* is ! (f5d]4 ,9 #8,heav51 :i* man's g5]ation draws1' ! s\nd d\btless is z h>% z ! movem5ts requir$ are cramp+ to ! lips4 ,! ext5t to :i* int]f]5ce ) "o set ( images w *ange ! o!r may be well se5 by a simple exp]im5t4 ,mo/ p1 if !y attempt a sil5t recitation :ile op5+ ! m\? to its fulle/ /ret* or hold+ ! tongue firmly betwe5 ! tee?1 w notice curi\s trans=mations 9 ! auditory images4 ,h[ ! exp]im5t %\ld be int]pret$ is unc]ta91 b x is ( use 9 mak+ ! pres5ce ( bo? k9ds ( v]bal imag]y evid5t to ^? :o may h ov]look$ !m hi!rto4 ,images ( articulation %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be confus$ ) ^? m9imal actual movem5ts :i* = "s p 7= all1 z behavi\ri/s ma9ta97 accompany ! sil5t rehe>s+ ( words4 ,^! two =ms ( ti$ imag]y might also be call$ v]bal images1 & supply ! elem5ts ( :at is call$ ! #8=mal /ructure' ( poetry4 ,!y diff] f ^? to :i* we n[ proce$ 9 be+ images ( words1 n ( ?+s words /& =1 & 9 _! v close connection ) ! visual s5sations ( pr9t$ words4 ,free ,imag]y4--,free images1 or r "o =m ( ^!1 visual images1 pictures 9 ! m9d's eye1 occupy a prom95t place 9 ! lit]ature ( criticism1 to ! neglect some:at ( o!r =ms ( imag]y1 s9ce1 z 0 rem>k$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 = e possible k9d ( s5sation !re is a correspond+ possible image4 ,! assumption1 natural be=e inve/igation1 t all att5tive & s5sitive read]s w exp]i5ce ! same images1 vitiates mo/ ( ! hi/orical discussions f t ( ,long9us to t ( ,less+4 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t day1 :5 !re is no excuse = su* ignorance1 ! mi/ake /ill ?rives1 & an altoge!r too crude1 too ha/y1 & too sup]ficial =m ( criticism is all[$ to pass un*all5g$4 ,x _c be too cle>ly recognis$ t individuals diff] n only 9 ! type ( imag]y :i* !y employ1 b /ill m 9 ! p>ticul> images :i* !y produce4 ,9 _! :ole reactions to a poem1 or to a s+le l9e ( x1 _! free images are ! po9t at :i* two read+s are mo/ likely to diff]1 & ! fact t !y diff] may v well be q immat]ial4 ,fifty diff]5t read]s w exp]i5ce n "o common picture b fifty diff]5t pictures4 ,if ! value ( ! poem d]iv$ f ! value qua picture ( ! visual image excit$ !n criticism might well despair4 ,^? :o w\ld /ress ?is "p ( ! poetic reaction c h b crude views on pictures4 ,b if ! value ( ! visual image 9 ! exp]i5ce is n pictorial1 if ! image is n to be judg$ z a picture1 h[ is x to be judg$8 ,x is improbable t ! _m critics1 "s ( !m peculi>ly well qualifi$ 9 ! visual arts1 :o h insi/$ ^u ! importance ( imag]y1 h be5 entirely wa/+ _! "t4 ,x ought to be possible to give an acc\nt ( ! place ( free imag]y 9 ! :ole poetic exp]i5ce :i* w expla9 ?is insi/5ce4 ,:at is requir$ w be f\nd if we turn our att5tion f ! s5sory qualities ( ! imag]y to ! m fundam5tal qualities ^u :i* its efficacy 9 modify+ ! re/ ( ! exp]i5ce dep5ds4 ,x has be5 urg$ above t images :i* are diff]5t 9 _! s5sory qualities may h ! same effects4 ,if ?is 7 n ! case ! abs5ce ( gl>+ diff]5ces betwe5 p ( diff]5t image-types w\ld be a/oni%+4 ,b s9ce images may repres5t s5sations )\t resembl+ !m1 & repres5t !m 9 ! s5se ( replac+ !m1 z f> z effects 9 direct+ ?\ght & ar\s+ emotion g1 diff]5ces 9 _! mimetic capacity become ( m9or importance4 ,z we h se51 x is natural = ^? ^: imag]y is vivid1 to suppose t vivacity & cle>ness g toge!r ) p[] ov] ?\ght & feel+4 ,x is ! p[] ( an image ov] ^! t is z a rule be+ prais$ :5 an intellig5t & s5sitive critic appe>s m]ely to be prais+ ! picture float+ be=e 8 m9d's eye4 ,to judge ! image z a picture is judg$1 w\ld1 z we h se51 be absurd2 & :at is s\ght 9 poetry by ^? pa9t]s & o!rs ^: int]e/ 9 ! _w is prim>ily visual is n pictures b records ( obs]vation1 or /imuli ( emotion4 ,?us1 provid$ ! images 7or image-sub/itutes = ! imageless7 h ! due effects1 defici5cies 9 _! s5sory aspect d n matt]4 ,b ! proviso is important4 ,9 all =ms ( imag]y s5sory defici5cies are = _m p signs & accompanim5ts ( defective efficacy1 & ! habit ( read+ s z to all[ ! fulle/ developm5t to imag]y 9 its s5sory aspect is likely to enc\rage ! full developm5t ( ?is m ess5tial feature1 its efficacy1 if ! freaks & accid5ts ( ! s5sory side are n tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,"s exceptions to ?is g5]al recomm5dation w occur to ! read]4 ,in/ances 9 pl5ty may be f\nd 9 :i* a full developm5t ( ! s5sory aspect ( images is damag+ to _! effects4 ,m]$i? is a ma/] ( ?is peculi> k9d ( imag]y3-- ,?us pite\sly ,love clos$ :at he begat ,! union ( ?is ev] div]se pair6 ,^! two 7 rapid falcons 9 a sn>e1 ,condemn$ to d ! flitt+ ( ! bat4 ,! emotional z well z ! intellectual effects ( ! v>i\s images "h sugge/$ are mu* impair$ if we produce !m vividly & di/9ctly4 ,impulses1 & ,ref]5ces4--,we h n[ to consid] ^? m fundam5tal effects ^u :i* /ress has be5 laid above z ! true places ( ! values ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,x w be well at ?is po9t to reconsult ! diagram4 ,! v]tical l9es :i* run caprici\sly d[nw>ds f ! visual s5sations ( ! words1 ?r\gh _! ti$ imag]y & onw>d to ! bottom ( ! diagram1 are int5d$ to repres5t1 s*ematically1 /reams ( impulses fl[+ ?r\gh 9 ! m9d4 ,!y />t 9 ! visual s5sations1 b ! depiction ( ! ti$ imag]y is int5d$ to %[ h[ mu* ( _! fur!r c\rse is due to x4 ,! plac+ ( ! free imag]y 9 ! ?ird division is int5d$ to sugge/ t :ile "s free images may arise f visual words alone1 !y take _! "* 9 a l>ge "p z a consequ5ce ( ! ti$ imag]y4 ,?us ! great importance ( ! ti$ imag]y1 ( ! =mal elem5ts1 is emphasis$ 9 ! diagram4 ,^! impulses are ! weft ( ! exp]i5ce1 ! w>p be+ ! pre-exi/+ sy/ematic /ructure ( ! m9d1 t organis$ sy/em ( possible impulses4 ,! metaphor is ( c\rse inexact1 s9ce weft & w>p "h are n indep5d5t4 ,:]e ^! impulses run1 & h[ !y develop1 dep5ds entirely ^u ! condition ( ! m9d1 & ?is dep5ds ^u ! impulses :i* h previ\sly be5 active 9 x4 ,x w be se5 !n t impulses--_! direction1 _! /r5g?1 h[ !y modify "o ano!r--are ! ess5tial & fundam5tal ?+s 9 any exp]i5ce4 ,all else1 :e!r intellectual or emotional1 arises z a consequ5ce ( _! activity4 ,! ?9 trickle ( /imulation :i* comes 9 ?r\gh ! eye f9ds an imm5se hi]>*y ( sy/ems ( t5d5cies pois$ 9 ! mo/ delicate /ability4 ,x is /rong en\gh & rightly en\gh direct$ to di/urb "s ( ^! )\t assi/ance4 ,! lit]al s5se ( a ^w c be grasp$ on ! prompt+ ( ! m]e sight ( x1 )\t he>+ x or m5tally pron\nc+ x4 ,b ! effects ( ?is /imulation are imm5sely increas$ & wid5$ :5 x is re9=c$ by fre% /imulation f ti$ images1 & x is ?r\gh ^! t mo/ ( ! emotional effects are produc$4 ,z ! agitation proce$s new re9=cem5t comes ) e fre% sy/em :i* is excit$4 ,?us1 ! p>adoxical fact t s trifl+ an irritation z ! sight ( m>ks on pap] is able to ar\se ! :ole en]gies ( ! m9d becomes explicable4 ,to turn n[ to ref]5ces1 ! only m5tal happ5+s :i* are z closely connect$ ) visual words z _! ti$ images are ^? my/]i\s ev5ts :i* are usually call$ ?\ghts4 ,?us ! arr[ symbol 9 ! hi]oglyph %\ld p]haps prop]ly be plac$ ne> ! visual impression ( ! ^w4 ,! m]e sight ( any famili> ^w is normally foll[$ by a ?\ght ( :atev] ! ^w may /& =4 ,?is ?\ght is sometimes said to be ! #8mean+'1 ! lit]al or prose #8mean+' ( ! ^w4 ,x is wise1 h[ev]1 to avoid ! use ( #8mean+' z a symbol altoge!r4 ,! t]ms #8?\ght' & #8idea' are less subtle 9 _! ambiguities1 & :5 def9$ may p]haps be us$ )\t confusion4 ,:at is ess5tial 9 ?\ght is its direction or ref]5ce to ?+s4 ,:at is ?is direction or ref]5ce8 ,h[ does a ?\ght come to be #8(' "o ?+ r ?an ano!r8 ,:at is ! l9k betwe5 a ?\ght & :at x is #8('8 ,! outl9e ( "o answ] to ^! que/ions has be5 sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,a fur!r acc\nt mu/ "h be attempt$4 ,)\t a fairly cle>1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 incomplete view1 x is impossible to avoid confusion & obscurity 9 discuss+ su* topics z tru? 9 art1 ! intellect-v]sus-emotion imbroglio1 ! scope ( sci5ce1 ! nature ( religion & _m o!rs ) :i* criticism mu/ deal4 ,! facts ^u :i* speculations z to ! relations betwe5 ?\ghts & ! ?+s :i* !y are #8(' h be5 bas$1 h z a rule be5 tak5 f introspection4 ,b ! facts :i* introspection yields are notori\sly unc]ta91 & ! special position ( ! obs]v] may well preclude success4 ,introspection is compet5t1 9 "s cases1 to discov] ! relations betwe5 ev5ts :i* take place )9 ! m9d1 b _c by itself give in=mation z to ! relations ( ^! ev5ts ) ! ext]nal _w1 & x is precisely ?is :i* we are inquir+ into :5 we ask1 ,:at connection is !re betwe5 a ?\ght & t :i* x is a ?\ght (8 ,= an answ] to ?is "q we mu/ look fur!r4 ,!re is no d\bt t causal relations hold betwe5 ev5ts 9 ! m9d & ev5ts outside x4 ,sometimes ^! relations are fairly simple4 ,! /rik+ ( a clock is ! cause ( our ?9k+ ( its /rik+4 ,9 su* a case ! ext]nal ?+ is l9k$ ) ! ?\ght #8(' x 9 a fairly direct fa%ion1 & ! view "h tak5 is t to be a ?\ght #8(' ! /rik+ is to be m]ely a ?\ght caus$ 9 ?is fa%ion by ! /rik+4 ,a ?\ght ( ! /rik+ is no?+ else & no?+ m ?an a ?\ght caus$ by x4 ,b mo/ ?\ghts are #8(' ?+s :i* are n pres5t & n produc+ direct effects 9 ! m9d4 ,?is is s :5 we read4 ,:at is directly affect+ ! m9d is words on pap]1 b ! ?\ghts ar\s$ are n ?\ghts #8(' ! words1 b ( o!r ?+s :i* ! words /& =4 ,h[1 !n1 c a causal !ory ( ?9k+ expla9 ! relation betwe5 ^! remote ?+s & ! ?\ghts :i* are #8(' !m8 ,to answ] ?is we mu/ look at ! way 9 :i* we le>n :at words /& =4 ,)\t a process ( le>n+ we %\ld only ?9k ( ! words4 ,! process ( le>n+ to use words is n difficult to analyse4 ,on a numb] ( occasions ! ^w is he>d 9 connection ) objects ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,lat] ! ^w is he>d 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* object4 ,9 accordance ) "o ( ! few fundam5tal laws kn[n ab\t m5tal process1 some?+ !n happ5s 9 ! m9d :i* is l :at w\ld happ5 if su* an object 7 actually pres5t & engag+ ! att5tion4 ,! ^w has become a sign ( an object ( t k9d4 ,! ^w :i* =m]ly 0 a "p ( ! cause ( a c]ta9 effect 9 ! m9d is n[ foll[$ by a simil> effect 9 ! abs5ce ( ! re/ ( ! previ\s cause1 namely1 an object ( ! k9d 9 "q4 ,?is k9d ( causation appe>s to be peculi> to liv+ tissue4 ,! relation n[ betwe5 ! ?\ght & :at x is #8(' is m indirect1 ! ?\ght is #8(' some?+ :i* =m]ly 0 "p cause1 toge!r ) ! sign1 ( simil> ?\ghts4 ,x is #8(' ! miss+ "p ( ! sign1 or m /rictly #8(' any?+ :i* w\ld complete ! sign z a cause4 ,?\ghts by ?is acc\nt are g5]al1 !y are ( any?+ l su* & su* ?+s1 except :5 ! object ?\ght ( & ! ?\ght are connect$ by direct causal relations1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we ?9k ( a ^w we are he>+4 ,only :5 ^! direct relations hold c we succe$ 9 ?9k+ simply ( #8,t'4 ,we h to ?9k in/ead ( #8some?+ ( a k9d'4 ,by v>i\s means1 h[ev]1 we c contrive t !re %all only be "o ?+ ( ! k9d1 & s ! ne$ = p>ticul>ity 9 our ?\ghts is satisfi$4 ,! commone/ way 9 :i* we d ?is is by ?\ghts :i* make ! k9d spatial & temporal4 ,a ?\ght ( #8mosquito' becomes a ?\ght ( #8mosquito !re n[' by comb9+ a ?\ght ( #8?+ ( mosquito k9d' ) a ?\ght ( #8?+ ( !re k9d' & a ?\ght ( #8?+ ( n[ k9d'4 ,! awkw>dness ( ^! phrases1 x may be m5tion$1 is irrelevant4 ,comb9$ ?\ghts ( ?is sort1 we may notice1 are capable ( tru? & falsity1 :]eas a simple ?\ght--( #8:atev] is n[' = in/ance--c only be true4 ,:e!r a ?\ght is true or false dep5ds simply ^u :e!r !re is any?+ ( ! k9d ref]r$ to1 & !re mu/ be some?+ n[4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t !re mu/ be any?+ !re always4 ,& mo/ probably no mosquito is :]e we ?\ght x 0 !n4 ,! natural g5]ality & vagu5ess ( all ref]5ce :i* is n made specific by ! aid ( space & "t is ( great importance = ! und]/&+ ( ! s5ses 9 :i* poetry may be said to be true4 7,cf4 ,*apt] ,,xxxv47 ,9 ! read+ ( poetry ! ?\ght due simply to ! words1 _! s5se x may be call$1 comes fir/2 b o!r ?\ghts are n ( less importance4 ,^! may be due to ! auditory v]bal imag]y1 & we h onomatopia1#dh b ?is is r>ely indep5d5t ( ! s5se4 ,m important are ! fur!r ?\ghts caus$ by ! s5se1 ! network ( int]pretation & conjecture :i* arises !refrom1 ) its opportunities = ab]rations & misund]/&+4 ,poems1 h[ev]1 diff] fundam5tally 9 ! ext5t to :i* su* fur!r int]pretation is necess>y4 ,! m]e s5se )\t any fur!r reflection is v (t5 suffici5t ?\ght1 9 ,sw9burne1 = in/ance1 = ! full response-- ,!re gl[+ gho/s ( fl[]s ,draw d[n1 draw nigh2 ,& w+s ( swift sp5t h\rs ,take flight & fly2 ,%e sees by =mless gleams ,%e he>s across cold /reams ,dead m\?s ( _m dreams t s+ & sigh4 ,little beyond vague ?\ghts ( ! ?+s ! words /& = is "h requir$4 ,!y d n h to be br\ght into intelligible connection ) "o ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h>dy w\ld r>ely rea* 8 full effect ?r\gh s\nd & s5se alone-- #8,:o's 9 ! next room8--:o8 ,i seem$ to see ,somebody 9 ! dawn+ pass+ ?r\gh ,unkn[n to me4' #8,nay3 y saw n\ght4 ,he pass$ invisibly'4 ,betwe5 ^! & ev5 m extreme cases1 e degree ( v>iation 9 ! relative importance ( s\nd1 s5se1 & fur!r int]pretation1 betwe5 =m & cont5t 9 %ort1 c be f\nd4 ,a temptation to :i* few d n succumb is to suppose t !re is "s #8prop] relation' = ^! diff]5t p>ts ( ! exp]i5ce1 s t a poem ^: p>ts are 9 ?is relation mu/ !reby be a great] or bett] poem ?an ano!r ^: p>ts are diff]5tly dispos$4 ,?is is ano!r in/ance ( ! commone/ ( critical mi/akes1 ! confusion ( means ) ends1 ( te*nique ) value4 ,!re is no m a #8prop] place' = s\nd or = s5se 9 poetry ?an !re is "o & only "o #8prop] %ape' = an animal4 ,a dog is n a defective k9d ( cat1 nor is ,sw9burne a defective k9d ( ,h>dy4 ,b ?is sort ( criticism is extraord9>ily preval5t4 ,! objection to ,sw9burne on ! gr\nd ( a lack ( ?\ght is a popul> specim54 ,)9 c]ta9 types1 ne$less to say1 "s /ructures are m likely to be successful ?an o!rs4 ,giv5 "s def9ite k9d ( effect z ! goal1 or "s def9ite /ructure already be+ us$1 a good deal c ( c\rse be said z to ! mo/ probable means1 or z to :at may or may n be add$4 ,lyric _c disp5se ) ti$ imag]y1 x is cle>1 nor c we neglect ! "* ( ?is imag]y 9 read+ x4 ,a prose composition has to be long] ?an a lyric to produce an equal def9it5ess ( develop$ effect4 ,poems 9 :i* !re is mu* turmoil ( emotion are likely to be /rongly rhy?mical & to be 9 metre1 z we %all see :5 we come to discuss rhy?m & metre4 ,drama c h>dly disp5se ) a great deal ( conjecture & fur!r int]pretation :i* 9 mo/ =ms ( ! novel is replac$ by analysis & explanation1 & 9 n>rative poetry is commonly omitt$ altoge!r2 & s on4 ,b no g5]al prescription t 9 great poetry !re mu/ always be ?is or t1--deep ?\ght1 sup]b s\nd or vivid imag]y--is m ?an a piece ( ignorant dogmatism4 ,poetry may be almo/ devoid ev5 ( m]e s5se1 let alone ?\ght1 or almo/ )\t s5sory 7or =mal7 /ructure1 & yet rea* ! po9t ?an :i* no poem goes fur!r4 ,! second case1 h[ev]1 is v r>e4 ,almo/ always1 :at seems /ructureless proves to h /ill a loose & t5u\s 7x may be an int]mitt5t7 /ructure4 ,b we c = example %ift ! words ab\t v (t5 9 ,walt ,:itman )\t loss1 ev5 :5 he is almo/ at 8 be/4 ,x is difficult to repres5t diagrammatically :at takes place 9 ?\ght 9 any satisfactory fa%ion4 ,! impulse com+ 9 f ! visual /imulus ( ! pr9t$ ^w mu/ be imag9$ z rea*+ "s sy/em 9 ! bra9 9 :i* effects take place n due m]ely to ?is pres5t /imulus1 b also to pa/ occasions on :i* x has be5 comb9$ ) o!r /imulations4 ,^! effects are ?\ghts2 & !y 9 _! gr\p+s act z signs = yet o!r ?\ghts4 ,! little arr[s are int5d$ to symbolise ^! ref]5ces to ?+s outside ! m9d4 ,emotions1 & ,attitudes4 ,feel+ or emotion is n1 we h insi/$ above1 ano!r & a rival mode ( appreh5d+ nature4 ,s f> z a feel+ or an emotion does ref] to any?+1 x ref]s 9 ! way describ$1 ?r\gh its orig94 ,feel+s1 9 fact1 are commonly signs1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^? :o #8see' ?+s by intuition1 or #8feel' !m1 & ^? :o reason !m out1 is commonly only a diff]5ce betwe5 us]s ( signs & us]s ( symbols4 ,bo? signs & symbols are means by :i* our pa/ exp]i5ce assi/s our pres5t responses4 ,! advantages ( symbols1 due to ! ease ) :i* !y are controll$ & communicat$1 _! public nature1 z x 71 are obvi\s4 ,_! disadvantages z comp>$ ) su* relatively private signs z emotions or organic s5sations are p]haps less evid5t4 ,words1 :5 us$ symbolically or sci5tifically1 n figuratively & emotively1 are only capable ( direct+ ?\ght to a comp>atively few features ( ! m common situations4 ,b feel+ is sometimes a m subtle way ( ref]r+1 m dang]\s also1 because m difficult to corroborate & to control1 & m liable to confusion4 ,!re is no inh]5t sup]iority1 h[ev]1 9 feel+ z oppos$ to ?\ght1 !re is m]ely a diff]5ce 9 applicability2 nor is !re any opposition or cla% betwe5 !m except = ^? :o are mi/ak5 ei!r 9 _! ?9k+ or 9 _! feel+1 or 9 bo?4 ,h[ su* mi/akes arise w be discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,z reg>ds emotions & attitudes little ne$ be add$ to :at has already be5 said4 ,emotions are prim>ily signs ( attitudes & owe _! great prom95ce 9 ! !ory ( art to ?is4 ,= x is ! attitudes evok$ :i* are ! all-important "p ( any exp]i5ce4 ,^u ! texture & =m ( ! attitudes involv$ its value dep5ds4 ,x is n ! int5sity ( ! consci\s exp]i5ce1 its ?rill1 its pleasure or its poignancy :i* gives x value1 b ! organisation ( its impulses = fre$om & fullness ( life4 ,!re are pl5ty ( ec/atic in/ants :i* are valueless2 ! "* ( consci\sness at any mom5t is no c]ta9 sign ( ! excell5ce ( ! impulses f :i* x arises4 ,x is ! mo/ conv5i5t sign t is available1 b x is v ambigu\s & may be v mislead+4 ,a m reliable b less accessible set ( signs c be f\nd 9 ! read9ess = ?is or t k9d ( behavi\r 9 :i* we f9d ourselves aft] ! exp]i5ce4 ,too great insi/5ce ^u ! quality ( ! mom5t>y consci\sness :i* ! arts occasion has 9 rec5t times be5 a preval5t critical blund]4 ,! ,epilogue to ,pat]'s ,r5aissance is ! locus classicus4 ,! aft]-effects1 ! p]man5t modifications 9 ! /ructure ( ! m9d1 :i* works ( art c produce1 h be5 ov]look$4 ,no "o is ev] q ! same aga9 aft] any exp]i5ce1 8 possibilities h alt]$ 9 "s degree4 ,& among all ! ag5ts by :i* 8! wid5+ ( ! sph]e ( human s5sibility0 may be br\ght ab\t1 ! arts are ! mo/ p[]ful1 s9ce x is ?r\gh !m t m5 may mo/ co-op]ate & 9 ^! exp]i5ces t ! m9d mo/ easily & ) lea/ int]f]5ce organises itself4 #dg ,! description ( images belongs to ! fir/ /eps 9 psy*ology1 & x is (t5 possible to judge ! rank & /&+ ( a psy*ologi/ by ! degree ( importance :i* he atta*es to _! peculi>ities4 ,on !oretical gr\nds x seems probable t !y are luxury products 7cf4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,mean+1 pp4 #adh-aea7 peculi>ly connect$ ) ! reproduction ( emotion4 ,= a discussion ( "s exp]im5tal inve/igations into _! utility1 ,spe>man1 ,! ,nature ( ,intellig5ce1 ,*4 ,,xii1 may be consult$4 #dh ,two k9ds ( onomatopia %\ld be di/+ui%$4 ,9 "o ! s\nd ( ! words 7actual or imag9al7 is l "s natural s\nd 7! buzz+ ( bees1 gallop+ horses1 & s =?74 ,9 ! o!r x is n l any su* s\nd b su* z m]ely to call up free auditory images ( ! s\nds 9 "q4 ,! second case is by f> ! m common4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,rhy?m & ,metre 4 4 4 :5 x approa*es ) a div9e hopp+4 ,! ,joyful ,wisdom4 ,rhy?m & its specialis$ =m1 metre1 dep5d ^u repetition1 & expectancy4 ,equally :]e :at is expect$ recurs & :]e x fails1 all rhy?mical & metrical effects spr+ f anticipation4 ,z a rule ?is anticipation is unconsci\s4 ,sequ5ces ( syllables bo? z s\nds & z images ( spee*-movem5ts leave ! m9d ready = c]ta9 fur!r sequ5ces r ?an = o!rs4 ,our mom5t>y organisation is adapt$ to "o range ( possible /imuli r ?an to ano!r4 ,j z ! eye read+ pr9t unconsci\sly expects ! spell+ to be z usual1 & ! f\nt ( type to rema9 ! same1 s ! m9d aft] read+ a l9e or two ( v]se1 or half a s5t5ce ( prose1 prep>es itself ahead = any "o ( a numb] ( possible sequ5ces1 at ! same "t negatively incapacitat+ itself = o!rs4 ,! effect produc$ by :at actually foll[s dep5ds v closely ^u ?is unconsci\s prep>ation & consi/s l>gely ( ! fur!r twi/ :i* x gives to expectancy4 ,x is 9 t]ms ( ! v>iation 9 ^! twi/s t rhy?m is to be describ$4 ,bo? prose & v]se v>y imm5sely 9 ! ext5t to :i* !y excite ?is #8gett+ ready' process1 & 9 ! n>r[ness ( ! anticipation :i* is =m$1 ,prose on ! :ole1 ) ! r>e exceptions ( a ,l&or1 a ,de ,qu9cey1 or a ,rusk91 is accompani$ by a v mu* vagu] & m indet]m9ate expectancy ?an v]se4 ,9 su* prose z ?is page1 = example1 little m ?an a prep>$ness = fur!r words n all exactly alike 9 s\nd & ) ab/ract polysyllables prepond]at+ is all t arises4 ,9 %ort1 ! s5sory or =mal effect ( words has v little play 9 ! lit]ature ( analysis & exposition4 ,b z' soon z prose becomes m emotive ?an sci5tific1 ! =mal side becomes prom95t4 ,let u take ,l&or's description#di ( a lioness suckl+ h] "y-- ,on p]ceiv+ ! c\ntryman1 %e drew up h] feet g5tly1 & squ>$ h] m\?1 & r\nd$ h] eyes1 slumb]\s ) cont5t2 & !y look$1 he said1 l sea-grottoes1 obscurely gre51 int]m9ably deep1 at once awak5+ fe> & /ill+ & suppress+ x4 ,aft] #8obscurely gre5' w\ld x be possible 7q ap>t f s5se7 to h #8deeply d>k' or #8imp5etrably gloomy'8 ,:y1 ap>t f s5se1 c s few ( ! syllables be *ang$ 9 v[el s\nd1 9 emphasis1 9 duration or o!rwise1 )\t disa/] to ! total effect8 ,z ) all su* que/ions ab\t s5sory =m & its effects1 only an incomplete answ] c be giv54 ,! expectancy caus$ by :at has gone be=e1 a ?+ :i* mu/ be ?\ght ( z a v complex tide ( neural sett+s1 l[]+ ! ?re%old = "s k9ds ( /imuli & rais+ x = o!rs1 & ! "* ( ! /imulus :i* does actually come1 bo? play _! "p4 ,ev5 ! mo/ highly organis$ lyrical or #8polyphonic' prose raises z x advances only a v ambigu\s expectation4 ,until ! f9al words ( ! passage1 !re are always a great numb] ( diff]5t sequ5ces :i* w\ld equally well fit 91 :i* w\ld satisfy ! expectancy s f> z t is m]ely due to habit1 to ! r\t9e ( s5sory /imulation4 ,:at is expect$ 9 fact is n ?is s\nd or t s\nd1 n ev5 ?is k9d ( s\nd or t k9d ( s\nd1 b "s "o ( a c]ta9 ?\s& k9ds ( s\nds4 ,x is mu* m a negative ?+ ?an a positive4 ,z 9 ! case ( _m social conv5tions x is easi] to say :at disqualifies ?an to say :at is requir$4 ,into ?is v indet]m9ate expectancy ! new elem5t comes ) its own range ( possible effects4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no su* ?+ z ! effect ( a ^w or a s\nd4 ,!re is no "o effect :i* belongs to x4 ,words h no intr9sic lit]>y *>act]s4 ,none are ei!r ugly or beautiful1 intr9sically displeas+ or delightful4 ,e ^w has in/ead a range ( possible effects1 v>y+ ) ! conditions into :i* x is receiv$4 ,all t we c say z to ! sort+ out ( words1 :e!r into ! #8comb$' & #8slipp]y'1 ! #8%aggy' & #8rumpl$' z ) ,dante1 or 9 any o!r mann]1 is t "s1 ?r\gh long use1 h n>r[] ranges ?an o!rs & require m extraord9>y conditions if !y are to *ange _! #8"*'4 ,:at effect ! ^w has is a compromise betwe5 "s "o ( its possible effects & ! special conditions into :i* x comes4 ,?us 9 ,%akespe>e h>dly any ^w ev] looks odd until we consid] x2 :]eas ev5 9 ,keats ! #8cold mu%rooms' 9 ! ,satyrs' ,song give ! m9d a %ock ( a/oni%m5t1 an a/oni%m5t :i* is full ( delight1 b none ! less is a %ock4 ,b ) ?is example we h brok5 d[n ! limitation to ! m]e s\nd1 to ! /rictly =mal or s5sory aspect ( ^w sequ5ces1 & 9 fact ! limitation is useless4 ,= ! effect ( a ^w z s\nd _c be sep>at$ f its contemporane\s o!r effects4 ,!y become inextricably m+l$ at once4 ,! s\nd gets its "* by compromise ) :at is go+ on already4 ,! prec$+ agitation ( ! m9d selects f a range ( possible *>act]s :i* ! ^w might pres5t1 t "o :i* be/ suits ) :at is happ5+4 ,!re are no gloomy & no gay v[els or syllables1 & ! army ( critics :o h attempt$ to analyse ! effects ( passages into v[el & consonantal collocations h1 9 fact1 be5 m]ely amus+ !mselves4 ,! way 9 :i* ! s\nd ( a ^w is tak5 v>ies ) ! emotion already 9 be+4 ,b1 fur!r1 x v>ies ) ! s5se4 ,= ! anticipation ( ! s\nd due to habit1 to ! r\t9e ( s5sation1 is m]ely a "p ( ! g5]al expectancy4 ,grammatical regul>ities1 ! necessity = complet+ ! ?\ght1 ! read]'s /ate ( conjecture z to :at is be+ said1 8 appreh5sion 9 dramatic lit]ature ( ! action1 ( ! int5tion1 situation1 /ate ( m9d g5]ally1 ( ! speak]1 all ^! & _m o!r ?+s int]v5e4 ,! way ! s\nd is tak5 is mu* less det]m9$ by ! s\nd itself ?an by ! conditions into :i* x ent]s4 ,all ^! anticipations =m a v closely wov5 network & ! ^w :i* c satisfy !m all simultane\sly may well seem triumphant4 ,b we %\ld n attribute to ! s\nd alone virtues :i* involve s _m o!r factors4 ,to say ?is is n 9 ! lea/ to belittle ! importance ( ! s\nd2 9 mo/ cases x is ! key to ! effects ( poetry4 ,?is texture ( expectations1 satisfactions1 disappo9tm5ts1 surprisals1 :i* ! sequ5ce ( syllables br+s ab\t1 is rhy?m4 ,& ! s\nd ( words comes to its full p[] only ?r\gh rhy?m4 ,evid5tly !re c be no surprise & no disappo9tm5t unless !re is expectation & mo/ rhy?ms p]haps are made up z mu* ( disappo9tm5ts & po/ponem5ts & surprises & betrayals z ( simple1 /raight=w>d satisfactions4 ,h5ce ! rapidity ) :i* too simple rhy?ms1 ^? :i* are too easily #8se5 ?r\gh'1 gr[ cloy+ or insipid unless hypnoidal /ates int]v5e1 z ) mu* primitive music & danc+ & (t5 ) metre4 ,! same def9ition ( rhy?m may be ext5d$ to ! pla/ic arts & to ar*itecture4 ,temporal sequ5ce is n /rictly necess>y = rhy?m1 ?\gh 9 ! va/ majority ( cases x is involv$4 ,! att5tion usually passes successively f "o complex to ano!r1 ! expectations1 ! read9ess to p]ceive ?is r ?an t1 ar\s$ by ! "o be+ ei!r satisfi$ or surpris$ by ! o!r4 ,surprise plays an equally important "p "h2 & ! diff]5ce 9 detail betwe5 a surpris+ & delightful v>iation & "o :i* m]ely irritates & breaks d[n ! rhy?m1 z we say1 is "h1 z else:]e1 a matt] ( ! comb9ation & resolution ( impulses too subtle = our pres5t means ( inve/igation4 ,all dep5ds ^u :e!r :at comes c be an +r$i5t 9 ! fur!r response1 or :e!r ! m9d mu/1 z x 71 />t anew2 9 m ord9>y language1 ^u :e!r !re is any #8connection' betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! :ole4 ,b ! rhy?mic elem5ts 9 a picture or a build+ may be n successive b simultane\s4 ,a quick read] :o sees a ^w z a :ole commonly ov]looks mispr9ts because ! g5]al =m ( ! ^w is su* t he is only able at t in/ant to p]ceive "o p>ticul> lett] 9 a p>ticul> place & s ov]looks :at is discrepant4 ,! p>ts ( a visual field ex]t :at am\nts to a simultane\s influ5ce ov] "o ano!r4 ,m /rictly :at is discrepant does n get ?r\gh to m c5tral regions4 ,simil>ly1 ) ^? f> m intricate :oles1 made up ( all k9ds ( imag]y & incipi5t action ( :i* works ( art consi/4 ,! p>ts ( a gr[+ response mutually modify "o ano!r & ?is is all t is requir$ = rhy?m to be possible4 ,we may turn n[ to t m complex &1 m specialis$ =m ( temporal rhy?mic sequ5ce :i* is kn[n z metre4 ,?is is ! means by :i* words may be made to influ5ce "o ano!r to ! greate/ possible ext5t4 ,9 metrical read+ ! n>r[ness & def9it5ess ( expectancy1 z mu* unconsci\s z ev] 9 mo/ cases1 is v greatly increas$1 rea*+ 9 "s cases1 if rime also is us$1 almo/ exact precision4 ,fur!rmore1 :at is anticipat$ becomes ?r\gh ! regul>ity ( ! "t int]vals 9 metre virtually dat$4 ,?is is no m]e matt] ( m or less p]fect correspond5ce ) ! beat+ ( "s int]nal metronome4 ,! :ole conception ( metre z #8uni=mity 9 v>iety'1 a k9d ( m5tal drill 9 :i* words1 ^? erratic & v>i$ ?+s1 d _! be/ to behave z ?\gh !y 7 all ! same1 ) c]ta9 concessions1 lic5ces & equival5ces all[$1 %\ld n[adays be obsolete4 ,x is a survivor :i* is /ill able to d a great deal ( h>m to ! un9itiat$1 h[ev]1 & al?\gh x has be5 knock$ on ! head vigor\sly en\gh by ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury & o!rs1 x is z difficult to kill z ,pun*4 ,mo/ treatises on ! subject1 ) _! talk ( feet & ( /resses1 un=tunately t5d to enc\rage x1 h[ev] little ?is may be ! aim ( ! au?ors4 ,z ) rhy?m s ) metre1 we mu/ n ?9k ( x z 9 ! words !mselves or 9 ! ?ump+ ( ! drum4 ,x is n 9 ! /imulation1 x is 9 our response4 ,metre adds to all ! v>i\sly fat$ expectancies :i* make up rhy?m a def9ite temporal patt]n & its effect is n due to our p]ceiv+ a patt]n 9 some?+ outside u1 b to our becom+ patt]n$ ourselves4 ,) e beat ( ! metre a tide ( anticipation 9 u turns & sw+s1 sett+ up z x does s extraord9>ily ext5sive sympa!tic rev]b]ations4 ,we %all nev] und]/& metre s long z we ask1 #8,:y does3 temporal patt]n s excite u'8 & fail to realise t ! patt]n itself is a va/ cyclic agitation spread+ all ov] ! body1 a tide ( excitem5t p\r+ ?r\gh ! *annels ( ! m9d4 ,! notion t !re is any virtue 9 regul>ity or 9 v>iety1 or 9 any o!r =mal feature1 ap>t f its effects ^u u1 mu/ be disc>d$ be=e any metrical problem c be und]/ood4 ,! regul>ity to :i* metre t5ds acts ?r\gh ! def9it5ess ( ! anticipations :i* are !reby ar\s$4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! t x gets su* a hold ^u ! m9d4 ,once aga91 "h too1 ! failure ( our expectations is (t5 m important ?an success4 ,v]se 9 :i* we con/antly get exactly :at we are ready = & no m1 in/ead ( some?+ :i* we c & mu/ take up & incorporate z ano!r /age 9 a total develop+ response is m]ely toilsome & t$i\s4 ,9 prose1 ! influ5ce ( pa/ words ext5ds only a little way ahead4 ,9 v]se1 especially :5 /anza-=m & rime co-op]ate to give a l>g] unit ?an ! l9e1 x may ext5d f> ahead4 ,x is ?is knitt+ toge!r ( ! p>ts ( ! poem :i* expla9s ! mnemonic p[] ( v]se1 ! fir/ ( ! sugge/ions z to ! orig9 ( metre to be f\nd 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,*apt] ( ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 t lumb]-room ( neglect$ wisdom :i* conta9s m h9ts t[>ds a !ory ( poetry ?an all ! re/ ev] writt5 ^u ! subject4 ,we d great viol5ce to ! facts if we suppose ! expectations excit$ z we read v]se to be conc]n$ only ) ! /ress1 emphasis1 l5g?1 foot /ructure & s =? ( ! syllables :i* foll[4 ,ev5 9 ?is respect ! cu/om ( m>k+ syllables 9 two degrees only1 long & %ort1 light & full1 etc41 is inadequate1 al?\gh d\btless =c$ ^u metri/s by practical consid]ations4 ,! m9d 9 ! poetic exp]i5ce responds to subtl] niceties ?an ^!4 ,:5 n 9 t exp]i5ce b coldly consid]+ _! sev]al qualities z s\nds by ! e> alone1 x may well f9d two degrees all t are necess>y4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xiii we saw an analog\s situation aris+ 9 ! case ( ! discrim9ation ( col\rs4 ,! obvi\s comp>ison ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at ev5 musical notation c record 9 music & ! play]'s int]pretation c usefully be made "h4 ,a m s]i\s omission is ! neglect by ! majority ( metri/s ( ! pit* relations ( syllables4 ,! read+ ( poetry is ( c\rse n a monoton\s & subdu$ =m ( s++4 ,!re is no "q ( def9ite pit*es at :i* ! syllables mu/ be tak51 nor p]haps ( def9ite h>monic relations betwe5 diff]5t s\nds4 ,b t a rise & fall ( pit* is involv$ 9 metre & is z mu* "p ( ! poet's te*nique z any o!r feature ( v]se1 z mu* "u 8 control also1 is indisputable4 ,anyone :o is n cle> ^u ?is po9t may comp>e z a /rik+ in/ance ,milton's ,hymn on ! ,morn+ ( ,*ri/'s ,nativity ) ,coll9s' ,ode to ,simplicity & bo? ) ! second ,*orus ( ,hellas discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,due all[ances made = ! natural peculi>ities ( diff]5t read]s1 ! s*eme ( pit* relations1 9 _! contexts1 ( ,t on ! bitt] cross ,mu/ r$eem our loss2 & ( ,b com'/ a dec5t maid1 ,9 ,attic robe array'1 are cle>ly diff]5t4 ,!re is no?+ arbitr>y or out ( ! poet's control 9 ?is1 z !re is no?+ arbitr>y or out ( 8 control 9 ! way 9 :i* an adequate read] w /ress p>ticul> syllables4 ,he br+s bo? ab\t by ! same means1 ! modification ( ! read]'s impulses by :at has gone be=e4 ,x is true t "s words resi/ emphasis f> m ?an p]haps any resi/ *ange ( pit*1 yet ?is diff]5ce is m]ely "o ( degree4 ,x is z natural to l[] ! pit* 9 read+ ! ^w #8loss' z x is to emphasise x z comp>$ ) #8our' 9 ! same context4 ,"h aga9 we see h[ impossible x is to consid] rhy?m or metre z ?\gh x 7 purely an affair ( ! s5sory aspect ( syllables & c\ld be dissociat$ f _! s5se & f ! emotional effects :i* come ab\t ?r\gh _! s5se4 ,"o pr9ciple may1 h[ev]1 be haz>d$4 ,z 9 ! case ( pa9t+ ! m direct means are pref]able to ! less direct 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii71 s 9 poetry4 ,:at c be done by s\nd %\ld n be done o!rwise or 9 violation ( ! natural effects ( s\nd4 ,violations ( ! natural emphases & tones ( spee* br\ght ab\t = ! sake ( ! fur!r effects due to ?\ght & feel+ are p]il\s1 ?\gh1 on occasion1 !y may be valuable devices4 ,! use ( italics 9 ,ca9 to /raight5 out ! blank v]se is z gl>+ an in/ance z any4 ,b m lib]ties are ju/ifi$ 9 dramatic writ+ ?an else:]e1 & poetry is full ( exceptions to su* pr9ciples4#ej ,we mu/ n =get t ,milton did n disda9 to use special spell+1 #8mee'1 = example1 9 place ( #8me'1 9 ord] to sugge/ additional emphasis :5 he fe>$ t ! read] might be c>eless4 ,s f> we h be5 conc]n$ ) metre only z a specialis$ =m ( rhy?m1 giv+ an increas$ int]connection betwe5 words ?r\gh an increas$ control ( anticipation4 ,b x has o!r1 9 "s cases ev5 m important p[]s4 ,its use z an hypnotic ag5t is probably v anci5t4 ,col]idge once aga9 drops 8 incid5tal rem>k1 j beside yet extremely close to ! po9t4 8,x t5ds to increase ! vivacity & susceptibility bo? ( ! g5]al feel+s & ( ! att5tion4 ,?is effect x produces by ! cont9u$ excitem5t ( surprise1 & by ! quick reciprocations ( curiosity /ill gratifi$ & /ill re-excit$1 :i* are too slight inde$ to be at any mom5t objects ( di/9ct consci\sness1 yet become consid]able 9 _! aggregate influ5ce4 ,z a m$icat$ atmosph]e1 or z w9e dur+ animat$ conv]sation1 !y act p[]fully1 ?\gh !mselves unnotic$40 7,biographia ,lit]>ia1 ,*ap4 ,,xviii47 ,mr ,yeats1 :5 he speaks ( ! function ( metre be+ to 8lull ! m9d into a wak+ trance0 is describ+ ! same effect1 h[ev] /range 8 conception ( ?is trance may be4 ,t c]ta9 metres1 or r t a c]ta9 h&l+ ( metre %\ld produce 9 a slight degree a hypnoidal /ate is n surpris+4 ,b x does s n z ,col]idge sugge/s1 ?r\gh ! surprise elem5t 9 metrical effects1 b ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( surprise1 ?r\gh ! lull+ effects m ?an ?r\gh ! awak5+4 ,_m ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic symptoms ( incipi5t hypnosis are pres5t 9 a slight degree4 ,among ^! susceptibility & vivacity ( emotion1 sugge/ibility1 limitations ( ! field ( att5tion1 m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! incid5ce ( belief-feel+s closely analog\s to ^? :i* alcohol & nitr\s oxide c induce1 & "s degree ( hyp]/hesia 7increas$ p[] ( discrim9at+ s5sations7 may be not$4 ,we ne$ n boggle at ! ^w #8hypnosis'4 ,x is suffici5t to say1 borr[+ a phrase f ,m4 ,jules ,roma9s1 t !re is a *ange 9 ! regime ( consci\sness1 :i* is directly due to ! metre1 & t to ?is regime ! above-m5tion$ *>act]i/ics atta*4 ,z reg>ds ! hyp]/hesia1 !re may be sev]al ways ( int]pret+ :at c be obs]v$4 ,all t matt]s "h is t syllables1 :i* 9 prose or 9 v]s libres s\nd ?91 t9ny & flat1 (t5 ga9 an a/oni%+ sonority & fullness ev5 9 v]se :i* seems to possess no v subtle metrical /ructure4 ,metre has ano!r mode ( action n hi!rto m5tion$4 ,!re c be little d\bt t hi/orically x has be5 closely associat$ ) danc+1 & t ! connections ( ! two /ill hold4 ,?is is true at lea/ ( "s #8measures'4 ,ei!r motor images1 images ( ! s5sations ( danc+1 or1 m probably1 imag9al & incipi5t movem5ts foll[ ! syllables & make up _! #8movem5t'4 ,a place = ^! accompanim5ts %\ld be f\nd 9 ! diagram 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,once ! metre has begun to #8cat* on' !y are almo/ z closely b\nd up ) ! sequ5ce ( ! words z ! ti$ #8v]bal' images !mselves4 ,! ext5sion ( ?is #8movem5t' ( ! v]se f dance =ms to m g5]al movem5ts is natural & inevitable4 ,t !re is a v close connection betwe5 ! s5se & ! metrical movem5t ( ,& n[ ! num]\s trampl+s quiv] lightly ,along a huge cl\d's ridge2 & n[ ) sprightly ,:eel d[nw>d come !y into fre%] skies1 _c be d\bt$ :atev] we may ?9k ( ! rime4 ,x is n less cle> 9 ,:]e beyond ! extreme sea wall1 & betwe5 ! remote sea gates1 ,wa/e wat] wa%es1 & tall %ips f\nd]1 & deep dea? waits1 or 9 ,ran on embattell'd ,armies clad 9 ,iron1 ?an x is 9 ,we sweetly curtsi$ ea* to ea* ,& deftly danc$ a s>ab&4 ,nor is x always ! case t ! movem5t takes its cue f ! s5se4 ,x is (t5 a comm5t>y on ! s5se & sometimes may qualify x1 z :5 ! resi/less /r5g? ( ,coriolanus 9 battle is giv5 an appe>ance ( dreadful ease by ! leisurel9ess ( ! description1 ,dea?1 t d>k _s1 9's n]vy arm do? lie ,:i* be+ advanc'd decl9es1 & !n m5 die4 ,movem5t 9 poetry des]ves at lea/ z mu* /udy z onomatopia4 ,?is acc\nt1 ( c\rse1 by no means cov]s all ! ways by :i* metre takes effect 9 poetry4 ,! fact t we appropriately use su* words z #8lull+'1 #8/irr+'1 #8solemn'1 #8p5sive'1 #8gay' 9 describ+ metres is an indication ( _! p[] m directly to control emotion4 ,b ! m g5]al effects are m important4 ,?r\gh its v appe>ance ( artificiality metre produces 9 ! highe/ degree ! #8frame' effect1 isolat+ ! poetic exp]i5ce f ! accid5ts & irrelevancies ( ev]yday exi/5ce4 ,we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,x h[ necess>y ?is isolation is & h[ easily x may be mi/ak5 = a diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,mu* :i* 9 prose w\ld be too p]sonal or too insi/5t1 :i* might awak5 irrelevant conjectures or might #8ov]/ep itself' is manag$ )\t disa/] 9 v]se4 ,!re are1 x is true1 equival5t res\rces 9 prose--irony1 = example1 v frequ5tly has ?is effect--b _! scope is f> m limit$4 ,metre = ! mo/ difficult & mo/ delicate utt]ances is ! all b inevitable means4 #di ,works1 ,,ii1 #aga4 #ej ,x is wor? rem>k+ t any application ( critical pr9ciples mu/ be indirect4 ,!y are n any ! less useful because ?is is s4 ,misund]/&+ on ?is po9t has (t5 l$ arti/s to accuse critics ( wi%+ to make art a matt] ( rules1 & _! objection to any su* attempt is entirely ju/ifi$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,on ,look+ at a ,picture ,hiv$ 9 our bosoms l ! bag o' ! bee1 ,?9k'/ ?\ ! honey ) ^? objects grew8 ,don ,juan4 ,! diagram & acc\nt giv5 ( ! processes :i* make up ! read+ ( a poem may be easily modifi$ to repres5t :at happ5s :5 we look at a picture1 a /atue or build+1 or li/5 to a piece ( music4 ,! necess>y *anges are fairly obvi\s1 & x w only be necess>y "h to indicate !m briefly4 ,ne$less to say ! importance to ! :ole response ( diff]5t k9ds ( elem5ts v>ies enorm\sly f art to art2 s mu* s z to expla9 )\t difficulty ! op9ion s (t5 held by p]sons int]e/$ prim>ily 9 "o ( ! arts--t ! o!rs 7or "s ( !m7 are entirely diff]5t 9 nature4 ,?us pa9t]s (t5 av] t poetry is s diff]5t1 s indirect1 s second-h& 9 ! way 9 :i* x produces its results1 z h>dly to des]ve ! "n ( an art at all4 ,b1 z we %all see1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 sep>ate arts are sometimes no great] ?an diff]5ces to be f\nd 9 ea* ( !m2 & close analogies c be discov]$ by c>eful analysis betwe5 all ( !m4 ,^! analogies inde$ are among ! mo/ int]e/+ features :i* su* scrut9y z we are "h attempt+ c make cle>4 ,= an und]/&+ ( ! problems ( "o art is (t5 ( great s]vice 9 avoid+ misconceptions 9 ano!r4 ,! place ( repres5tation 9 pa9t+1 = example1 is greatly elucidat$ by a s\nd compreh5sion ( ! place ( ref]5ce or ?\ght 9 poetry1 j z a crude view on ?is latt] po9t is likely to involve un=tunate mi/akes ^u ! fir/4 ,simil>ly a too n>r[ view ( music :i* w\ld limit x to an affair m]ely ( ! appreciation ( ! pit* & "t relations ( notes may be correct$ mo/ easily by a comp>ison ) ! ph5om5a ( col\r 9 ! pla/ic arts4 ,comp>ison ( ! arts is1 9 fact1 f> ! be/ means by :i* an und]/&+ ( ! me?ods & res\rces ( any "o ( !m c be atta9$4 ,we mu/ be c>eful ( c\rse n to comp>e ! wrong features ( two arts & n to f9d m]ely fanciful or insecurely gr\nd$ analogies4 ,! dang]s bo? ( too close assimilation & too wide sep>ation ( ! /ructures ( diff]5t arts are well illu/rat$ 9 criticism1 bo? be=e & s9ce ! days ( ,less+4 ,only a ?or\gh psy*ological analysis w all[ !m to be avoid$1 & ^? ^: exp]i5ce leads !m to d\bt :e!r analogies are ( s]vice1 may be ask$ :e!r _! objection is n direct$ m]ely to attempts to comp>e diff]5t arts )\t a suffici5t analysis4 ,) su* an analysis1 comp>ison & ! elaboration ( analogies involve no attempt to make "o art legislate = ano!r1 no attempt to blur _! diff]5ces or to de/roy _! autonomy4 ,9 analys+ ! exp]i5ces ( ! visual arts ! fir/ ess5tial is to avoid ! ^w #8see'1 a t]m :i* is trea*]\s 9 its ambiguity4 ,if we say t we see a picture we may mean ei!r t we see ! pigm5t-cov]$ surface1 or t we see ! image on ! ret9a ca/ by ?is surface1 or t we see c]ta9 planes or volumes 9 :at is call$ ! #8picture-space'4 ,^! s5ses are completely di/9ct4 ,9 ! fir/ case we are speak+ ( ! s\rce ( ! /imulus1 9 ! second ( ! imm$iate effect ( ! /imulus on ! ret9a1 9 ! ?ird we are ref]r+ to a complex response made up ( p]ceiv+s & imag9+s due to ! int]v5tion ( m5tal /ructures left beh9d by pa/ exp]i5ce1 & excit$ by ! /imulus4 ,! fir/ case we may leave out ( acc\nt z a matt] ( purely te*nical int]e/4 ,! degree ( simil>ity hold+ betwe5 ! second & ?ird1 betwe5 ! fir/ effect ( ! /imulus & ! :ole visual response1 w ( c\rse v>y greatly 9 diff]5t cases4 ,a p]fectly flat1 meticul\sly detail$ depiction ( conv5tionally conceiv$ objects1 su* z is s (t5 prais$ 9 ! ,academy = its #8f9i%'1 may be v ne>ly ! same f its fir/ impression on ! ret9a to ! la/ ef=t :i* vision c make ^u x4 ,at ! o!r extreme a ,czanne1 = example1 :i* to ! eye ( a p]son q unfamili> ) su* a mann] ( pa9t+ may at fir/ seem only a field or area ( v>i$ light1 may1 z ! response develops1 ?r\gh repeat$ glances1 become fir/ an assemblage ( blots & pat*es ( col\r1 & !n1 z ^! rec$e & advance1 tilt & spread relatively to "o ano!r & become articulat$1 a sy/em ( volumes4 ,f9ally1 z ! di/ances & /resses ( _! volumes become m def9itely imag9$1 x becomes an organisation ( ! entire #8picture-space' into a ?ree-dim5sional :ole ) ! *>act]s ( ! solid masses :i* appe> 9 x1 _! weights1 textures1 t5sions & :at n1 v def9itely1 z x seems1 giv54 ,) famili>ity ! response is ( c\rse %ort5$4 ,its f9al visual /age is rea*$ mu* soon]1 & ! /ages outl9$ above become1 ?r\gh ?is telescop+1 too fleet+ to be notic$4 ,none ! less ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ ret9al impression & ! complete visual response rema9s4 ,! ret9al impression1 ! sign1 t is1 = ! response1 conta9s actually b a small "p ( ! :ole f9al product1 an all-important "p x is true1 ! se$ 9 fact f :i* ! :ole response gr[s4 ,! additions made 9 ! c\rse ( ! response are ( sev]al k9ds4 ,!y may1 p]haps1 = our pres5t purposes be spok5 ( )\t misund]/&+ z images1 or image-sub/itutes 7see ,*apt] ,,xvi74 ,! eye1 z is well kn[n1 is peculi> among our s5se organs 9 t ! receptor1 ! ret9a1 is a "p ( ! bra91 in/ead ( be+ a sep>ate ?+ connect$ ) ! bra9 m or less remotely by a p]iph]al n]ve4 ,moreov] !re are c]ta9 connections lead+ f o!r p>ts ( ! bra9 outw>ds to ! ret9a z well z connections lead+ inw>ds4 ,?us !re is "s gr\nd = suppos+ t ?r\gh ^! outgo+ connections actual ret9al effects may accompany "s visual images1 :i* w\ld !reby become mu* m l actual s5sations ?an is ! case ) ! o!r s5ses4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! process :]eby an impression :i*1 if int]pret$ 9 "o way 7e4g4 by a p]son measur+ ! pigm5t$ areas ( a canvas71 is correctly c\nt$ z a sign ( a flat col\r$ surface1 becomes1 :5 diff]5tly int]pret$1 an intricately divid$ ?ree-dim5sional space--?is process is "o ( ! int]v5tion ( images ( sev]al k9ds4 ,! ord] ( ^! int]v5tions probably v>ies f case to case4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important ( ! images :i* come 9 to give dep?1 volume1 solidity to ! p>tly imag9$ & p>tly p]ceiv$ #8picture-space' are ^? :i* are relicts ( eye movem5ts1 k9/hetic images ( ! conv]g5ce ( ! eyes & accommodation ( ! l5ses accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! object contemplat$4 ,:51 z x seems1 we look pa/ an object 9 a picture to "s m di/ant object1 seem+ 9 s do+ to *ange ! focus ( our eyes1 we d n z a rule actually make any *ange4 ,b c]ta9ly we feel z ?\gh we 7 focuss+ diff]5tly & z ?\gh ! conv]g5ce 7 diff]5t4 ,?is felt diff]5ce :i* ma9ly gives ! s5se ( great] di/ance is due to k9/hetic imag]y4 ,correspond+ly ! p>ts ( ! #8picture-space' ^u :i* we seem to be focuss+1 ^u :i* we are imag9ally focuss+1 become def9ite & di/9ct1 & p>ts mu* ne>] or mu* m di/ant become to "s ext5t blurr$ & diffus$4 ,?is effect is probably due to visual images1 simulat+ ! s5sations :i* w\ld normally ensue 7 we actually mak+ a *ange ( focus4 ,! degree to :i* ^! la/ effects occur appe>s to diff] v greatly f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,insuffici5t att5tion to ! great v>iation 9 ! means by :i* ^! images are involv$ by ! pa9t+ is responsible = mu* bad criticism4 ,?us arti/s c commonly be f\nd :o are q unable1 :5 look+ at pa9t+s3 9 :i* ! means employ$ are unlike _! own1 to appreh5d =ms ov] :i* less specialis$ p]sons f9d no difficulty4 ,9 g5]al mo/ visitors to ,gall]ies pay too little att5tion to ! fact t few pictures c be in/antane\sly appreh5d$1 t ev5 t5 m9utes' /udy is q inadequate 9 ! case ( unfamili> k9ds ( "w1 & t ! capacity = #8see+' pictures 79 s5se ?ree71 an indisp5sable b m]ely an initial /ep to appreciat+ !m1 is some?+ :i* has to be acquir$4 ,x is naturally ( great assi/ance if _m works by ! same pa9t] or ( ! same ,s*ool c be se5 toge!r1 = !n ! ess5tial me?ods employ$ become cle>]4 ,9 a g5]al collection x is difficult n to look at too great a v>iety ( pictures1 & a confusion results1 p]haps unnotic$1 :i* is a s]i\s ob/acle to ! coh]5t build+ up ( any "o picture4 ,! fa%ion 9 :i* mo/ ,old ,ma/]s are hidd5 away "u grime & glass & ! ef=ts :i* are necess>y 9 ord] to recon/ruct !m are additional ob/acles4 ,! neglect ( ^! obvi\s facts is ! *ief explanation ( ! l[ level ( appreciation & criticism f :i* ! art ( pa9t+ at pres5t suff]s4 ,foll[+ ^u ! visual images are a sw>m ( o!rs v>y+ f picture to picture3 tactile images giv+ ! appe>ance ( texture to surfaces1 muscul> images giv+ h>dness1 /iffness1 s(tness1 flexibility & s on to ! volumes imag9$--! lightness & insub/antiality ( musl91 ! solidity & fixity ( rock be+ matt]s ( ! int]v5tion ( images due orig9ally to ! s5sations we h receiv$ 9 ! pa/ f ^! mat]ials4 ,?is muscul> imag]y is ( c\rse call$ up 9 diff]+ ways 9 diff]5t cases4 ,prim>ily x is due to ! imitation by ! arti/ ( subtleties 9 ! light giv5 (f by ! mat]ials1 or *>act]i/ic peculi>ities 9 _! =m1 b !re are1 z we %all see1 m indirect b also less /able1 less reliable & less efficaci\s ways by :i* !y may be evok$4 ,! same applies to ! o!r images1 !rmal1 olfactory1 auditory & ! re/1 :i* may be involv$ 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,!re is a direct & an indirect way 9 :i* !y c be evok$4 ,!y may spr+ up at ! visual appeal or !y may only respond at a lat] /age z a result ( r\ndab\t tra9s ( ?9k+4 ,?us a silk sc>f may look s(t & light2 or we may imag9e x z light1 x look+ all ! :ile iron-h>d & heavy1 because we "k t x is a sc>f & t sc>ves are s(t & light4 ,! two me?ods are v diff]5t4 ,! second is a rev]sal ( ! natural ord] ( p]ception & = ?is reason ! condemnation s (t5 he>d f pa9t]s1 ( ! lit]>y or #8detective' approa* to pictures1 ( :i* ?is w\ld be a repres5tative specim51 is well m]it$4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% cases 9 :i* !re is ?is rev]sal f ^? 9 :i* x does n occur1 ^? namely 9 :i* by a process ( inf]5ce we arrive at conclusions ab\t ! repres5t$ objects :i* c\ld n possibly be directly giv54 ,b ?is "q may be def]r$ until we come to discuss repres5tation4 ,hi!rto 9 consid]+ ! gr[? ( ! ?ree-dim5sional imag9$ picture-space we h n explicitly m5tion$ ! "p play$ by col\r nor ! equally important effect ( ?is gr[? 9 modify+ ! orig9al col\rs ( ! fir/ ret9al impression4 ,b n only may col\r be ! *ief factor det]m9+ =m1 i4e4 ! ?ree-dim5sional organisation ( space1 b x is itself mo/ vitally modifi$ by =m4 ,col\rs z signs1 t is to say ev5 at ! mo/ optical & lea/ elaborat$ /age1 h c]ta9 v m>k$ spatial *>act]s ( _! own4 ,r$1 = example1 seems to advance t[>ds ! eye & to swell out ( its b\nd>ies1 :ile blue seems to retreat & to )draw into itself#ea4 ,degree ( saturation may also give recession 9 obvi\s & 9 m recondite ways4 ,pure col\rs 9 ! =egr\nd & grey$ col\rs 9 ! backgr\nd are a simple example4 ,simil>ly opposition ( col\rs is "o ( ! ma9 means by :i* ! /resses & /ra9s ( volumes may be sugge/$4 ,^! *>act]s ( col\rs1 especially :5 !y re9=ce & co-op]ate ) "o ano!r1 may be made to play a v important "p 9 det]m9+ ! way 9 :i* ! picture-space is con/ruct$ :5 we look at a picture4 ,equally important are ! less direct effects ^u our picture-space imag9+ ( ! emotional or organic responses :i* we make to diff]5t col\rs4 ,individuals v>y greatly 9 ! ext5t to :i* !y notice & c reflectively di/+ui% ^! responses1 & probably also 9 ! degree to :i* !y actually make diff]5t responses4 ,to p]sons s5sitive 9 ?is respect1 ! col\rs excite ea* a di/9ct1 well-m>k$ emotion 7& attitude7 capable ( be+ cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f o!rs4 ,! sad pov]ty & vagu5ess ( ! col\r vocabul>y1 h[ev]1 misleads _m p ) reg>d to ^!4 ,ea* ( ! #8puces'1 #8mauves'1 #8mag5tas' etc4 has to cov] numb]s ( di/+ui%able col\rs1 (t5 ) /rik+ly diff]5t effects ^u u4 ,?us p :o are cont5t to say t p9k is _! fav\rite col\r1 or t gre5 always suits !m1 are ei!r q undiscrim9at+ 9 _! attitude t[>ds col\r or little att5tive to ! actual effects produc$ ^u !m4 ,a simil> obtus5ess or ins9c]ity is evid5c$ :5 x is ma9ta9$1 z is (t5 done1 t p9k & gre5 d n g toge!r4 ,"s p9ks & "s gre5s d n1 b "s d1 & ! te/ ( a col\ri/ is j 8 ability to feel :i* are :i*4 ,few if any1 9 fact1 ( ! col\r relations ) :i* ! pa9t] is conc]n$ c be /at$ ) ! aid ( su* g5]al t]ms--#8r$'1 #8br[n'1 #8yell['1 #8grey'1 #8primrose'1 etc4--z are at pres5t available4 ,ea* ( ^! /&s = a numb] ( diff]5t col\rs ^: relations to a giv5 col\r w commonly be diff]5t4 ,tak+ #8col\r' 9 ?is s5se to /& = specific col\rs1 n = classes or ranges ( v>y+ hues1 sets ( col\rs1 :]e 9 c]ta9 spatial proportions & 9 c]ta9 relations ( saturation1 brightness & lum9osity relatively to "o ano!r1 excite responses ( emotion & attitude ) m>k$ individual *>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 9 fact1 h h>monic relations1 al?\gh ! physical laws gov]n+ ^! relations are at pres5t unkn[n1 & ! relations !mselves only imp]fectly asc]ta9$4 ,= e col\r ano!r c be f\nd su* t ! comb9$ response to ! two w be ( a recognisable k9d1 ^: peculi>ities are due probably to ! compatibility ) "o ano!r ( ! impulses set up by ea*4 ,?is compatibility v>ies 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,! result is t = e col\r a set ( o!r col\rs is discov]able su* t ! response to ea* ( !m is compatible ) ! response to ! tonic col\r 9 a def9ite way4#eb ,a s5sitive col\ri/ feels ^! compatibilities z giv+ to ^! comb9ations ( col\rs a def9ite "*1 :i* no o!r comb9ations possess4 ,simil>ly relations ( incompatibility betwe5 col\rs c also be felt su* t _! comb9ation yields no ord]$ response b m]ely a cla% & confusion ( responses4 ,col\rs :i* j fail to be complem5t>y are a typical example4 ,simil>ly ! prim>y col\rs 9 comb9ation are (f5sive2 %\ld ?is precise k9d ( (f5siv5ess be "p ( ! arti/'s purpose1 he w1 ( c\rse1 make use ( !m4 ,! fact t roses1 sunsets1 & s =? are s (t5 f\nd to pres5t h>moni\s comb9ations ( col\r may appe> a little puzzl+ by ?is acc\nt4 ,b ! va/ range ( close gradations1 :i* a rose petal1 = example1 pres5ts1 supplies ! explanation4 ,out ( all ^! ! eye picks t gradation :i* be/ accords ) ! o!r col\rs *os54 ,!re is usually "s set ( col\rs 9 "s h>moni\s relation to "o ano!r to be select$ out ( ! multitud9\s gradations :i* natural objects 9 mo/ light+s pres5t2 & !re are evid5t reasons :y ! eye ( a s5sitive p]son %\ld1 :5 x c1 pick out ^? gradations :i* be/ accord4 ,! great range ( diff]5t possible selections is1 h[ev]1 ( importance4 ,x expla9s ! fact t we see su* diff]5t col\rs = in/ance :5 gloomy & :5 gay1 & ?us h[ ! actual selection made by an arti/ may reveal ! k9d & direction ( ! impulses :i* are active 9 him at ! mom5t ( selection4 ,ne$less to say 9 ! abs5ce ( a cle> nom5clature & /&>disation ( col\rs ! task ( describ+ & record+ col\r relations is ( great difficulty1 b ! unanimity ( compet5t1 t is1 s5sitive p]sons z to :i* col\rs are relat$ 9 specific ways to :i*1 is too great to be disreg>d$4 ,x is z great z ! unanimity among musicians z to ! h>monic relations ( notes to "o ano!r4 ,! great diff]5ces betwe5 ! two cases are n likely to be ov]look$4 ,! pres5ce ( physical laws 9 _m cases connect+ notes h>monically relat$ & ! abs5ce ( simil> kn[n physical laws connect+ col\rs is a gl>+ diff]5ce4 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t ^! physical laws are1 z x 71 an extra-musical piece ( k4 ,:at matt]s to ! musician is n ! physical connections betwe5 notes b ! compatibilities & incompatibilities 9 ! responses ( emotion & attitude :i* !y excite4 ,! musical relations betwe5 ! notes w\ld be ! same ev5 ?\gh ! physical relations betwe5 ! /imuli :i* ar\se !m 7 q diff]5t4 ,naturally en\gh ! analogy ) ! h>monic relations ( music has be5 ! *ief guide to ^? :o h sy/ematically inve/igat$ col\r relations4 ,:atev] may be ! precise limits to :i* x may pr(itably be c>ri$1 = anyone :o wi%es to =m a g5]al conception ( ! emotional effects ( col\rs 9 comb9ation x is ( v great value4 ,col\r is ( c\rse prim>ily ! cause & controll+ factor ( emotional response to pa9t+1 b1 z we h said1 x may1 & commonly does1 help to det]m9e =m4 ,p>ts ( a picture :i* are ?r\gh _! col\r out ( all emotional connection ) ! re/ ( ! picture1 t5d1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to fall out ( ! picture altoge!r1 appe>+ z pat*es accid5tally adh]+ to ! surface or z gaps ?r\gh :i* some?+ else irrelevant is se54 ,?is is ! extreme in/ance1 b ! influ5ce ( col\r ^u =m ?r\gh ! emotional relations ( col\rs to "o ano!r is all-p]vad+ ,sometimes col\r /r5g!ns & solidifies ! /ructure1 sometimes x fights aga9/ x1 sometimes x turns into a comm5t>y1 z x 71 ! col\r response modify+ ! =m response & vice v]sa4 ,! great complexity ( ! col\r & =m int]actions ne$s no insi/5ce4 ,!y are s v>i\s t no rule c possibly be laid d[n z to a "r relation = all cases4 ,all dep5ds ^u :at ! :ole response :i* ! pa9t] is seek+ to record may be4 ,z ) attempts to def9e a univ]sal prop] relation ( rhy?m to ?\ght 9 poetry 7e4g4 ! ass]tion t rhy?m %\ld e*o or correspond to ?\ght1 etc471 s ) g5]al rem>ks z to h[ =m & col\r %\ld be relat$4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! purpose1 ! total response to :i* bo? =m & col\r are m]ely means4 ,mi/akes betwe5 means & ends1 glorify+ p>ticul> te*niques into inexplicable virtues are at lea/ z common 9 ! criticism ( pa9t+ z ) any o!r ( ! arts4 ,"o o!r aspect ( ! picture-space ne$s consid]ation4 ,x is n necess>ily a fix$ & /atic con/ruction1 b may 9 sev]al ways conta9 elem5ts ( movem5t4 ,"s ( ^! may be eye movem5ts1 or k9/hetic images ( eye movem5ts4 ,z ! eye w&]s imag9ally f po9t to po9t ! relations betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! picture-space *ange2 ?us an effect ( movem5t is induc$4 ,equally important are ! fusions ( successive visual images :i* may be sugge/$ by draw+4 ,z we wat*1 = example1 an arm be+ flex$1 ! eye receives a s]ies ( successive & *ang+ ret9al impressions4 ,c]ta9 comb9ations ( ^!1 :i* repres5t n ! position & =m ( ! arm at any in/ant1 b a compromise or fusion ( diff]5t positions & =ms1 h an easily explicable capacity to repres5t ! :ole s]ies1 & ?us to repres5t movem5t4 ,! use ( su* fus$ images 9 draw+ may easily be mi/ak5 = di/ortion1 b :5 prop]ly int]pret$ x may yield normal =ms 9 movem5t4 ,_m o!r means by :i* movem5t is giv5 9 ,pa9t+ might be m5tion$4 ,"o means by :i* col\r1 may sugge/ x1 = example1 is well indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ description by ,signac ( ,muley-abd-er ,rahman ent\r de sa g>de3 8la tumulte e/ traduit p> l'accord presque dissonant du gr& p>asol v]t sur le bleu du ciel1 surexcit dj p> l'orang des murailles#ec04 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t ! response made to ! picture-space v>ies enorm\sly accord+ to :e!r ! =ms 9 x are se5 z 9 re/ or 9 movem5t4 ,s f> we h m]ely discuss$ :at may be describ$ z ! s5sory elem5ts 9 ! picture1 & ! responses 9 emotion & attitude due to ^! elem5ts4 ,b 9 mo/ pa9t+ !re are fur!r elem5ts ess5tially involv$4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t all fur!r elem5ts are irrelevant1 at lea/ to appreciation2 & z a reaction to common views t seem to ov]look ! s5sory elem5ts altoge!r ! doctr9e is compreh5sible & p]haps n )\t value4 ,= too _m p d look at pictures prim>ily ) int5t to discov] :at !y are #8('1 :at !y repres5t1 )\t all[+ ! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! picture1 its s5sory /imulation ?r\gh col\r & =m1 to take effect4 ,b ! reaction goes too f> :5 x d5ies ! relevance ( ! repres5tative elem5ts 9 all cases4 ,x may be freely grant$ t !re are great pictures 9 :i* no?+ is repres5t$1 & great pictures 9 :i* :at is repres5t$ is trivial & may be disreg>d$4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t !re are great pictures 9 :i* ! contribution to ! :ole response made ?r\gh repres5tation is n less ?an t made m directly ?r\gh =m & col\r4 ,to ^? :o c accept ! g5]al psy*ological /&po9t already outl9$1 or inde$ any mod]n acc\nt ( ! work+ ( ! m9d1 ! ass]tion t !re is no reason :y repres5tative & =mal factors 9 an exp]i5ce %\ld conflict1 b mu* reason :y !y %\ld co-op]ate1 w ne$ no discussion4 ,! psy*ology ( #8unique /hetic emotions' & #8pure art values' ^u :i* ! contr>y view relies is m]ely a caprice ( ! fancy4 ,! place ( repres5tation 9 ! "w o diff]5t ma/]s v>ies enorm\sly & x is n true t ! value ( _! works v>ies correspond+ly4 ,f ,raphael & ,picasso at "o extreme to ,rembr&t1 ,goya & ,hog>? at ! o!r1 ,rub5s1 ,delacroix & ,giotto occupy+ an int]m$iate position1 all degrees ( p>ticipation betwe5 non-repres5tative =m & repres5t$ subject 9 ! build+ up ( ! :ole response c be f\nd4 ,we may p]haps haz>d1 = reasons indicat$ already1 z a pr9ciple admitt+ ( exception1 t :at c be done by s5sory means %\ld n be done indirectly ?r\gh repres5tation4 ,b to say m ?an ?is is to give yet ano!r in/ance ( ! commone/ ( critical mi/akes3 ! exaltation ( a me?od into an end4 ,repres5tation 9 pa9t+ corresponds to ?\ght 9 poetry4 ,! same battles ov] ! ,intellect-,emotion imbroglio rage 9 bo? fields4 ,! views rec5tly s fa%ionable t repres5tation has no place 9 art & t treatm5t n subject is :at matt]s 9 poetry spr+ ultimately f ! same mi/akes z to ! relation ( ?9k+ to feel+1 f an inadequate psy*ology :i* w\ld set up "o z inimical to ! o!r4 ,re9=c$ z !y are by ! illusion1 support$ by language1 t ,beauty is a quality ( ?+s1 n a "* ( our response to !m1 & ?us t all beautiful ?+s z %>+ ?is ,beauty mu/ be alike1 ! confusion :i* su* views promote is a ma9 cause ( ! difficulty :i* is felt s widely 9 appreciat+ bo? ! arts & poetry4 ,!y give an air ( an esot]ic my/]y to :at is1 if x c be done at all1 ! simple/ & mo/ natural ( proce$+s4 ,! fundam5tal features ( ! exp]i5ces ( read+ poetry & ( appreciat+ pictures1 ! features ^u :i* _! value dep5ds1 are alike4 ,! means by :i* !y are br\ght ab\t are unlike1 b closely analog\s critical & te*nical problems arise1 z we h se51 = ea*4 ,! misappreh5sions to :i* ?\ght is liable recur 9 all ! fields 9 :i* x is ex]cis$1 & ! fact t x is sometimes m easy to detect a mi/ake 9 "o field ?an 9 ano!r is a /rong argum5t = comp>+ su* closely alli$ subjects4 #ea ,?is "* ( blue is ! basis ( ! doctr9e ( ,reynolds1 t blue is unsuitable 9 =egr\nds1 :i* l$ ,ga9sbor\gh1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n /ory1 to pa9t ,! ,blue ,boy4 #eb ,?is acc\nt ( h>mony also applies to music4 ,few mod]n au?orities are cont5t to reg>d h>mony z an affair m]ely ( ! physical relation%ips ( notes4 #ec ,d',eugne ,delacroix au ,no-,impressionisme1 p4 #ci4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,sculpture & ! ,con/ruction ( ,=m ,?us m5 =got ,t ,all ,deities reside 9 ! ,human brea/4 ,! ,m>riage ( ,heav5 & ,hell4 ,! initial signs f :i* ! "w ( art is built up psy*ologically 9 ! case ( sculpture diff] 9 sev]al respects f ! initial signs ( pa9t+4 ,!re are ( c\rse =ms ( sculpture = :i* ! diff]5ce is slight4 ,"s bas-reliefs1 = example1 c be consid]$ z ess5tially draw+s1 & sculpture plac$ z a decorative detail 9 ar*itecture s t x c only be view$ f "o angle has necess>ily to be int]pret$ 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,simil>ly "s primitive sculpture 9 :i* only "o aspect is repres5t$ may be consid]$ z cov]$ by :at has be5 said ab\t pa9t+1 al?\gh ! fact t ! relief & ! relation ( volumes is m completely giv5 & less suppli$ by imag9ative ef=t is ( "s consequ5ce4 ,fur!r1 ! *anges1 slight ?\gh !y may be1 :i* accompany slight movem5ts ( ! contemplator h _! effect4 ,8 total attitude is alt]$ 9 a way :i* may or may n be important accord+ to circum/ances4 ,) sculpture 9 :i* a numb] 7f\r = example7 ( aspects are fully treat$ )\t any attempt to fill 9 ! int]m$iate connect+ aspects1 ! :ole /ate ( affairs is *ang$1 s9ce !re arises ! int]pretative task ( unit+ ^! aspects into a :ole4 ,?is connection ( a numb] ( aspects into a :ole may be made 9 v>y+ ways4 ,! signs may receive a visual int]pretation & ! =m be ma9ly built up ( visual images comb9$ 9 sequ5ces or fus$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an unsatisfactory me?od4 ,x t5ds to leave out or blur too _m ( ! possible responses to ! /atue & !re is usually some?+ un/able ab\t su* syn!ses4 ,! =m s con/ruct$ is insub/antial & incomplete4 ,?us ^? sculptors ^: "w prim>ily asks = su* a visual int]pretation are commonly felt to be lack+ 9 :at is call$ a #8s5se ( =m'4 ,! reasons = ?is are to be f\nd 9 ! nature ( visual imag]y & 9 ! necess>ily limit$ "* ( our purely visual aw>5ess ( space4 ,b ! connection may be made1 n ?r\gh visual comb9ation1 b ?r\gh comb9ation ( ! v>i\s muscul> images :]eby we feel1 or imag9atively con/ruct ! t5sions1 weights1 /resses1 etc4 ( physical objects4 ,ea* sequ5ce ( visual impressions z we look at ! /atue f v>y+ /&po9ts calls up a gr\p ( ^! muscul> images1 & ^! images are capable ( mu* m subtle & /able comb9ations ?an ! correspond+ visual images4 ,?us two visual images :i* are incompatible ) "o ano!r may be ea* accompani$ by muscul> images 7feel+s ( /ress1 t5sion1 etc47 :i* are p]fectly compatible & unite to =m a coh]5t :ole free f conflict4 ,by ?is means we may realise ! solidity ( =ms f> m p]fectly ?an if we rely ^u visual res\rces alone1 & s9ce x is ma9ly ?r\gh ! "* ( ! /atue z a solid t ! sculptor works1 ?is muscul> int]pretation has1 z a rule1 obvi\s & ov]:elm+ advantages4 ,none ! less a place rema9s = sculpture ^: prim>y int]pretation is 9 visual t]ms4 ,look+ at any ( ! m rec5t "w ( ,ep/e91 = example1 a feel+ ( quick & active intellig5ce on ! "p ( ! contemplator arises1 & ?is s5se ( 8 own activity is ! s\rce ( mu* t foll[s 9 8 response4 ,by contra/ a "w ( ,rod9 seems to be n s mu* excit+ activity 9 him z active itself4 ,! correlation ( visual aspects1 9 o!r words1 is a consci\s process comp>$ ) ! automatic correlation ( muscul> image responses4 ,! fir/ we seem to be do+ ourselves1 ! second seems to be some?+ :i* belongs to ! /atue4 ,?is diff]5ce z we h describ$ x is ( c\rse a te*nical diff]5ce & by itself involves no?+ z to ! value ( ! diff]5t works conc]n$4 ,a simil> diff]5ce may be f\nd 9 ! appreh5sion ( =m 9 pa9t+4 ,^! two modes are n z sep>ate z our acc\nt w\ld sugge/2 nei!r occurs 9 purity4 ,_! int]action is fur!r complicat$ ?r\gh ! highly repres5tational "* ( mo/ sculpture1 & ?r\gh ! int]l9k+ ( diff]5t int]pretations due to ! congru5ces & incompatibilities ( ! emotional responses to :i* !y give rise4 ,) sculpture p]haps m ?an ) any o!r ( ! pla/ic arts we are 9 dang] ( ov]look+ ! "w ( ! contemplator's imag9ation 9 fill+ out & int]pret+ ! sign4 ,:at we transport f ,egypt to ,london is m]ely a set ( signs1 f :i* a suitable int]pret] sett+ ab\t x rightly c produce a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d4 ,x is ?is /ate ( m9d :i* matt]s & :i* gives its value to ! /atue4 ,b s obscure to ord9>y introspection are ! processes ( ! int]pretation t we t5d to ?9k t none occur4 ,t we int]pret a picture or a poem is obvi\s ^u v little reflection4 ,t we int]pret a mass ( m>ble is less obvi\s4 ,! hi/orical accid5t t speculation ^u ,beauty l>gely develop$ 9 connection ) sculpture is responsible 9 great degree = ! fixity ( ! op9ion t ,beauty is some?+ inh]5t 9 physical objects1 n a "* ( "s ( our responses to objects4 ,f c]ta9 visual signs1 !n1 ! contemplator con/ructs1 muscul>ly z well z visually1 ! spatial =m ( ! /atue4 ,we h se5 t ! picture-space is a con/ruction1 simil>ly ! /atue-space is a con/ruction1 & ! proportions & relations ( ! volumes :i* 9 ?is /atue-space make up ! /atue are by no means necess>ily ! same z ^? ( ! mass ( m>ble f :i* we receive our signs4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sci5tific exam9ation ( ! /atue & ! imag9ative contemplation ( x d n yield ! same spatial results4 ,?us ! process ( measur+#ed /atues ) a view to discov]+ a num]ical =mula = ,beauty is little likely to be fruitful4 ,& ! "w ( ^?1 su* z ,hav>d ,?omas1 :o h attempt$ to use ?is me?od1 %[ ! features :i* we %\ld expect4 ,_! m]its d]ive f factors outside ! range ( ! !ory4 ,! psy*ological processes involv$ 9 ! con/ruction ( space are too subtle1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! actual configuration ( ! m>ble & ! configuration ( ! /atue 9 ! /atue-space are br\ght ab\t 9 too _m ways = any correlation to be e/abli%$4 ,among ! factors :i* int]v5e 9 ! build+ up ( ! imag9ative =m ! mo/ obvi\s are ! light+1 & ! mat]ial4 ,) *ange ( light+1 *ange ( =m foll[s at once ?r\gh *ange 9 ! visual signs1 & s9ce /one is (t5 a transluc5t n an opaque mat]ial1 light+ is by no means su* a simple matt] z is sometimes suppos$4 ,m is involv$ ?an ! avoidance ( di/ract+ ca/ %ad[s & ! disposal ( ! brighte/ illum9ation ^u ! "r portions ( ! /atue4 ,! g5]al aim %\ld obvi\sly be to reproduce ! light+ = :i* ! sculptor design$ 8 "w1 an aim :i* requires v s5sitive & full appreciation = its success4 ,an aim1 moreov]1 :i* 9 ! case ( works transport$ f ,nor? to ,s\? & vice v]sa is sometimes impossible ( realisation4 ,! int]pretation ( =m is an extraord9>ily complex affair4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! asymmetricality ( space z we con/ruct x mu/ be not$4 ,up & d[n h di/9ct *>act]s :i* diff] f ^? ( "r & left1 :i* diff] aga9 f ^? ( away & t[>ds u4 ,a measur$ v]tical di/ance does n seem to u ! same z an equal horizontal di/ance4 ,nor does a equal di/ance away f u seem equal to ei!r4 ,^! effects are modifi$ aga91 sometimes re9=c$1 sometimes r$uc$1 by effects due to q a diff]5t s\rce1 to ! relative ease or difficulty ) :i* ! eye foll[s c]ta9 l9es4 ,! great] & less compatibility ( c]ta9 eye movem5ts ) o!rs is ! cause ( mu* ( :at is confus$ly call$ ,rhy?m 9 ! pla/ic arts4 ,aft] c]ta9 l9es we expect o!rs1 & ! success or failure ( our expectation modifies our response4 ,unexpect$ness1 ( c\rse1 is an obvi\s te*nical res\rce = ! arti/4 ,! int]v5tion "h ( ! repres5tational factor _c be ov]look$4 ,an eye movem5t :i* enc\nt]s difficulty = any ( a numb] ( possible reasons1 among :i* s-call$ rhy?mical factors des]ve special notice1 is int]pret$ z /&+ = a great] di/ance ?an an equal b m easy movem5t4 ,?is is only a r\gh rule1 = yet o!r psy*ological factors may come 9 to nullify or ev5 rev]se ! effect2 = example1 an explicit recognition ( ! difficulty4 ,yet ano!r det]m9+ condition 9 our e/imation ( int]vals ( space is ! uni=mity ( _! fill+4 ,?us a l9e "o in* long hat*$ across w g5]ally seem long] ?an an equal l9e unhat*$1 & a modulat$ surface seem l>g] ?an a smoo? "o4 ,^! in/ances ( ! psy*ological factors :i* help to make ! imag9atively con/ruct$ /atue-space diff]5t f ! actual space occupi$ by ! m>ble w be en\gh to %[ h[ intricate is ! int]pretation by :i* we take ev5 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! appreciation ( a /atue4 ,our full response ( attitude & emotion is entirely dep5d5t ^u h[ we p]=m ! initial op]ations4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible to make ^! int]pretations sep>ately1 consci\sly & delib]ately4 ,neural arrangem5ts ov] :i* we h little or no direct control p]=m !m = u4 ,?anks to _! complexity ! resultant effect1 ! imag9$ =m ( ! /atue1 w v>y greatly f individual to individual & 9 ! same individual f "t to "t4 ,x might be ?\ght !re=e t ! hope t a /atue w be a vehicle ( ! same exp]i5ce = _m diff]5t individuals is va94 ,c]ta9 simplifications1 h[ev]1 save ! situation4 ,=m1 we h se51 is1 ?r\gh our selection among ! possible signs pres5t1 )9 c]ta9 limits :at we l to make x4 ,z x v>ies1 s d our fur!r or deep] responses ( feel+ & attitude v>y4 ,b j z !re are congru5ces & compatibilities among ! responses we make1 9 ! case ( col\r1 :i* t5d1 giv5 c]ta9 col\rs1 to make u pick out ( a range ( possible col\rs "o :i* w give u a congru5t 7or h>moni\s7 response1 s x is ) =m4 ,out ( ! multitude ( diff]5t =ms :i* we might con/ruct by /ress+ c]ta9 ( ! signs r ?an o!rs1 ! fix+ ev5 tempor>ily ( a "p ( ! =m t5ds to bias u t[>ds s int]pret+ ! re/ z to yield responses accordant ) ^? already active4 ,h5ce a great r$uction ( ! disp>ity ( ! int]pretations :i* arise1 h5ce also ! dang] ( an initial misappreh5sion :i* p]v]ts ! re/ ( ! int]pretation4 ,?is ,*apt]1 l ! la/1 is int5d$ z an indication1 m]ely1 ( ! ways 9 :i* a psy*ological analysis may assi/ ! critic & help to remove misconceptions4 ,! usual practice ( allud+ to ,=m z ?\gh x 7 a simple unanalysable virtue ( objects--a proc$ure mo/ disc\rag+ to ^? :o l to "k :at !y are do+1 & ?us v detrim5tal to g5]al appreciation--w lapse :5 a bett] und]/&+ ( ! situation becomes g5]al4 ,none ! less !re are c]ta9 v puzzl+ facts z to ! effects ( =ms :5 appreh5d$ :i* 9 "p expla9 ?is way ( talk+4 ,^! are p]haps be/ consid]$ 9 connection ) ,music1 ! mo/ purely =mal ( ! arts4 #ed ,?is rem>k applies equally /rongly to ! attempts :i* are f "t to "t made to f9d =mul = ! proportions ( build+s4 ,no "o ) an adequate idea ( ! complexity ( ! factors :i* det]m9e our responses is likely to atta* great importance to ^! inve/igations1 int]e/+ ?\gh !y are4 ,! int]pretation ( ! results is n )9 sight ( ev5 ! mo/ optimi/ic ( psy*ologi/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,! ,impasse ( ,musical ,!ory ,w tw5ty *apt]s r5d] pla9 ,^? lonely lights t /ill rema9 ,j break+ ov] l& & ma98 ,= fairly obvi\s reasons ! psy*ology ( ,music is (t5 reg>d$ z m backw>d ?an t ( ! o!r arts1 & ! impasse :i* has "h be5 rea*$ m baffl+ & m exasp]at+4 ,b su* advance z has be5 possible 9 ! !ory ( ! o!r arts has be5 ma9ly conc]n$ ) !m z repres5tational or z s]viceable4 ,= poetry1 = pa9t+1 = ar*itecture !re /ill rema9 problems z p]plex+ z any :i* c be rais$ ab\t music4 ,= example1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad blank v]se 9 its =mal aspect1 betwe5 delightful & di/ress+ allit]ation1 betwe5 euphony & cacophony1 betwe5 metrical triumph & metrical failure8 ,or 9 ! case ( ,pa9t+1 :y d c]ta9 =ms excite su* m>k$ responses ( emotion & attitude & o!rs1 s v l !m geometrically1 excite none or produce m]ely confusion8 ,:y h col\rs _! specific responses & h[ is x t _! comb9ations h su* subtle & yet def9ite effects8 ,or :at is ! reason t spaces & volumes 9 ,ar*itecture affect u z !y d8 ,^! que/ions are at pres5t z mu* )\t answ]s z any t we c raise ab\t ,music2 b ! fact t 9 ^! arts o!r que/ions arise :i* c 9 "p be answ]$1 :]eas 9 ,music que/ions ab\t ! effects ( =m ov]:elm+ly prepond]ate1 has 9 "p obscur$ ! situation4 ,o!r effects are ( c\rse also involv$2 9 programme music some?+ analog\s to repres5tation 9 pa9t+2 9 op]a & mu* o!r music1 dramatic action2 & s =?4 ,b ^! effects1 al?\gh (t5 contribut+ to ! total value1 are pla9ly subord9ate 9 music to its m direct influ5ce z s\nd alone4 ,! difficulties :i* !y raise h su* close analogies 9 pa9t+ & poetry t a sep>ate discussion may be omitt$4 ,! problem ( #8pure =m' arises1 h[ev]1 ) peculi> insi/5ce 9 music4 ,m ?an =ty ye>s ago ,gurney summ$ up ! /ate ( musical !ory z foll[s3 8,:5 we come to actual =ms1 & to ! />tl+ diff]5ces ( m]it :i* ! v simple/ kn[n to u pres5t1 ! musical faculty defies all explanation ( its action & its judgem5ts4 ,! only conceivable explanation inde$ w\ld be an analogy1 & we "k n :]e to look = x#ee04 ,& ! "w done s9ce has add$ rem>kably little4 ,z he s admirably insi/$1 ev5 ?\gh we conf9e ourselves to ! responses ( "o individual1 all g5]al explanations ( ! musical effect apply equally to ! ineffective1 to ! di/ress+ & ! delightful1 to ! admirable & ! atroci\s alike4 ,b ! same is true ( all attempts to expla9 ! effects ^u u ( any =ms :i* nei!r repres5t some?+ nor are 9 obvi\s ways s]viceable4 ,:e!r !y are =ms se5 or he>d1 :e!r !y are made up ( notes or ( movem5ts1 ( int]vals ( "t or ( images ( spee*1 ! same is true ( !m all4 ,:atev] effects _c be trac$ to "s practical use we might make ( !m 7z we use a plate to eat f or a h\se to live 971 or to "s int]f]5ce ) or ?reat aga9/ ! ways 9 :i* we might act1 or to "s object practically int]e/+ to u1 :i* !y repres5t--all su* effects are necess>ily v difficult to expla94 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! lea/ my/]i\s1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! difficulty ( expla9+ !m4 ,! facts requir$ happ5 to be beyond our pres5t p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,!y belong to a bran* ( psy*ology = :i* we h z yet no me?ods ( inve/igation4 ,x seems likely t we %all h to wait a long :ile1 & t v great advances mu/ fir/ be made 9 neurology be=e ^! problems c pr(itably be attack$4 ,b h[ev] regrettable ?is may be1 !re is no ju/ification :atev] = ! inv5tion ( unique faculties & ultimate1 analysable1 indef9able entities4 ,to say t a ?+ is unanalysable may be to ass]t ei!r t x is simple or t we d n "k yet h[ to analyse x4 ,musical effects1 l ! effects ( =ms 9 g5]al1 are inexplicable 9 ! second s5se only4 ,to pret5d t !y are inexplicable 9 ! fir/ s5se is m]e my/]y-mong]+4 ,to take two p>allel cases1 trade booms & f9e wea!r 7 until rec5tly inexplicable1 & are d\btless /ill 9 _m respects difficult to acc\nt =4 ,b no "o w\ld pret5d t ^! bless+s require u to assume unique sui g5]is t5d5cies 9 economic or meteorological affairs4 ,b ! practice ( describ+ ! #8musical faculty' & ! =mal effects ( ! arts 9 g5]al z sui g5]is has ano!r cause 9 addition to intellectual bewild]m5t4 ,_m p ?9k t to say t a m5tal activity is unique1 or sui g5]is1 9 "s way gives x a m exalt$ /&+ ?an if x 7 recognis$ z m]ely too complicat$ or too inaccessible to exp]im5t to be at pres5t expla9$4 ,9 "p ?is is a relic ( ! old op9ion t explanation is itself d]ogatory1 an op9ion :i* only ^? :o are1 9 ?is respect1 un$ucat$1 /ill ent]ta94 ,p>tly also ?is pref]5ce = #8unique' ?+s is due to confusion ) ! s5se 9 :i* ,/ ,paul's may be said to be unique4 ,b ! exp]i5ce ( #8see+ />s' aft] a bang on ! nose is j z #8unique' z any act ( musical appreciation & %>es any exalt$ quality :i* su* uniqu5ess may be suppos$ to conf]4 ,e elem5t 9 a =m1 :e!r x be a musical =m or any o!r1 is capable ( excit+ a v intricate & widespread response4 ,usually ! response is ( a m9imal ord] & escapes introspection4 ,?us a s+le note or a uni=m col\r has = mo/ p h>dly any obs]vable effect beyond its s5sory *>act]i/ics4 ,:5 x occurs along ) o!r elem5ts ! =m :i* !y toge!r make up may h /rik+ consequ5ces 9 emotion & attitude4 ,if we reg>d ?is z an affair ( m]e summation ( effects x may seem impossible t ! effect ( ! =m c be ! result ( ! effects ( ! elem5ts1 & ?us x is natural & easy to inv5t ultimate prop]ties ( #8=ms' by way ( pseudo-explanation4 ,b a little m psy*ological insight makes ^! inv5tions appe> q unnecess>y4 ,! effects ( happ5+s 9 ! m9d r>ely add !mselves up4 ,our m int5se exp]i5ces are n built up ( less int5se exp]i5ces z a wall is built up ( bricks4 ,! metaphor ( addition is utt]ly mislead+4 ,t ( ! resolution ( =ces w\ld be bett]1 b ev5 ?is does n adequately repres5t ! behavi\r ( ! m9d4 ,! sep>ate responses :i* ea* elem5t 9 isolation w\ld t5d to excite are s connect$ ) "o ano!r t _! comb9ation is1 = our pres5t k1 incalculable 9 its effects4 ,two /imuli :i*1 :5 sep>at$ by "o int]val ( "t or space1 w\ld m]ely cancel "o ano!r1 ) ano!r int]val produce an effect :i* is f> beyond any?+ :i* ei!r alone c\ld produce4 ,& ! comb9$ response :5 !y are suitably arrang$ may be ( q ano!r k9d ?an t ( ei!r4 ,we may1 if we l1 ?9k ( ! effects ( impulses at v>i\s int]vals ( "t ^u a p5dulum1 b ?is metaphor is1 z we h sugge/$1 insuffici5t4 ,x is ov] simple4 ,! intricacies ( *emical reactions come ne>] to be+ :at we ne$4 ,! great quantities ( lat5t en]gy :i* may be releas$ by q slight *anges 9 conditions sugge/ bett] :at happ5s :5 /imuli are comb9$4 ,b ev5 ?is metaphor incompletely repres5ts ! complexity ( ! int]actions 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is only by conjecture t its work+ c z yet be div9$4 ,:at is c]ta9 is *at x is ! mo/ complex & ! mo/ s5sitive ?+ ( :i* we "k4 ,! unpr$icable & miracul\s diff]5ces1 !n1 9 ! total responses :i* slight *anges 9 ! arrangem5t ( /imuli produce1 c be fully acc\nt$ = 9 t]ms ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 & ! my/]ies ( #8=ms' are m]ely a consequ5ce ( our pres5t ignorance ( ! detail ( its action4 ,we h spok5 above ( ! #8elem5ts' ( a =m1 b 9 fact we d n yet "k :i* ^! are4 ,any musical s\nd1 = example1 is pla9ly complex1 ?\gh h[ complex x is f ! po9t ( view ( its musical effects is /ill v unc]ta94 ,x has pit*1 x has timbre1 ! *>act]s :i* *ange z x is play$ ^u "o k9d ( in/rum5t or ano!r1 ! *>act]s :i* are sometimes call$ its col\r4 ,its effects also v>y ) its l\dness & ) its volume4 ,x may be f> m complex /ill4 ,its relations aga9 to o!r musical s\nds may be ( at lea/ ?ree k9ds3 pit* relations1 h>monic relations & temporal relations1 complicat$1 all ( !m1 9 ! utmo/ degree by ,rhy?m4 ,possibly o!r relations /ill are involv$4 ,!re w\ld be no advantage "h 9 ent]+ into ! detail ( ! analysis ( ^! qualities & relations4 ,! "o po9t ( importance = our pres5t purpose is ! imm5se scope = ! resolution1 int]9animation1 conflict & equilibrium ( impulses op5$ up by ?is extraord9>y complexity ( musical s\nds & ( _! possible arrangem5t4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ surpris+ t s few inv>iable correspond5ces betwe5 /imuli & total responses h z yet be5 discov]$4 ,! same /ate ( affairs recurs :]ev] =ms by !mselves1 dissociat$ f all practical uses & f all repres5tation produce imm$iate effects ^u ! m9d4 ,9 pa9t+1 9 sculpture1 9 ar*itecture & 9 poetry1 we ne$ equally to be on our gu>d aga9/ ^? :o w\ld attribute peculi>1 unique & my/ic virtues to =ms 9 !mselves4 ,9 e case _! effect is due to ! int]play 7n ! addition7 ( ! effects :i* _! elem5ts excite4 ,especially we d well to bew>e ( empty speculations ^u #8necess>y & inevitable relations' z ! s\rce ( ! effect4 ,( c\rse 9 a giv5 case a c]ta9 relation1 a c]ta9 arrangem5t1 may be necess>y1 9 ! s5se t ! elem5ts if diff]5tly dispos$ w\ld h a q diff]5t comb9$ effect4 ,b ?is is n ! s5se 9 :i* necessity is usually claim$4 ,x is necessity1 9 ! metaphysical s5se1 "s "h utt]ly obscure k9d ( #8logical necessity' :i* is ! fav\rite toy ( a numb] ( art critics4 ,to ^? :o h "s famili>ity bo? ) ,logic & ) ,psy*ology ! regul> appe>ance ( ! t]m #8logical' 9 describ+ ^! relations is ! cle>e/ indication t no?+ def9ite or adequately consid]$ is be+ said4 ,! fact t1 giv5 c]ta9 elem5ts arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 a c]ta9 fur!r elem5t c usually be introduc$ 9 "o way & "o way only if a c]ta9 total effect is to be produc$1 does1 x is true1 give a c]ta9 #8inevitability' to ! arti/'s "w4 ,b :at ! effect is & :e!r ! effect is wor? :ile h /ill to be consid]$1 & ?is inevitability has no?+ to d ) a priori rightness & is a matt] simply ( cause & effect4 ,! salt requir$ to make a s\p palatable is #8logically necessitat$' 9 ?is s5se z mu* z any relation 9 a picture4 ,! value lies n 9 ! appreh5sion1 consci\s or subconsci\s1 ( ! rightness ( ! relations1 b 9 ! total m5tal effect :i*1 s9ce !y are "r 7i4e4 s9ce !y "w71 !y produce4 #ee ,! ,p[] ( ,s\nd1 p4 #agf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,a ,!ory ( ,communication ,= surely once1 !y feel1 we 7 ,p>ts ( a s+le cont95t4 ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,artificial my/]ies are z preval5t 9 unreflect+ & ev5 9 elaborately excogitat$ op9ion ^u communication z else:]e4 ,on ! "o h& are "s :o def9e communication z ! actual transf]5ce ( exp]i5ces 9 ! /ricte/ possible s5se ( transf]5ce--! s5se 9 :i* a p5ny c be transf]r$ f "o pocket to ano!r--& are l$ to mo/ fanta/ic hypo!ses4 ,blake seems sometimes to h believ$ t "o s+le1 ! same1 id5tical /ate ( m9d1 imag9$ z a be+ or p[]1 c occupy n[ "o m9d1 n[ ano!r1 or _m m9ds at once4 ,o!r ?9k]s1 9 less picturesque mann]s1 h fall5 back ^u no less transc5d5tal consid]ations z necessities 9 ! explanation ( communication4 ,we mu/ suppose1 x is alleg$1 t human m9ds are wid] ?an we ord9>ily believe1 t p>ts ( "o m9d may pass ov] to become p>ts ( ano!r1 t m9ds int]p5etrate & int]m+le1 or ev5 t p>ticul> m9ds are m]ely an illusory appe>ance & ! und]ly+ reality "o m9d ^: facets or aspects are _m4 ,9 ?is way x is easy to ent] ! maze4 ,probably "s w&]+s 9 x are unavoidable = all speculative p]sons at "s p]iod ( _! m5tal developm5t4 ,! only escape f x is by ! orig9al entrance4 ,= communication def9$ z /rict transf]5ce ( or p>ticipation 9 id5tical exp]i5ces does n occur4 ,?is is n a he>t-break+ conclusion4 ,no g5]al !ory1 9 fact1 z to ! nature or conditions ( exp]i5ces c affect _! value4 ,= value is prior to all explanations4 ,if actual transf]5ce & p>ticipation did occur we %\ld ( c\rse be compell$ to adopt a transc5d5tal !ory4 ,x does n occur#ef & no argum5ts :i* assume x h ! lea/ weight4 ,all t occurs is t1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 sep>ate m9ds h closely simil> exp]i5ces4 ,^? :o are unable to accept ?is view reject x n on gr\nds ( evid5ce1 n ?r\gh ! ways 9 :i* ! _w influ5ces !m1 b on gr\nds ( desire1 due to ! influ5ce ( ! contr>y op9ion on _! attitudes to _! fell[s4 ,at mom5ts anyone may wi% x o!rwise2 sev]ance seems a deprivation2 caught 9 a mom5t ( maladju/m5t we feel t our ess5tial insul>ity is a blight & a defect1 & to accept ! facts & ^u !m to f\nd a new & m p]fect adju/m5t is = all s5sitive p 9 "s situations difficult4 ,b ! true belief does n1 & p]haps no true belief c1 really deprive anyone ( any values4 ,sad cases ( bad sy/ematisations !re d\btless are1 = :i* no readju/m5t is possible4 ,a false belief may become an indisp5sable condition = ! mo/ important activities ( individuals :o )\t x break d[n into confusion4 ,s x is ) _m religi\s beliefs2 & 9 say+ t ! removal ( su* beliefs ne$ involve no loss1 & may involve great ga9s 9 values1 we d n say t !re are n c]ta9 individuals ^: values w be de/roy$ 9 ! process4 ,we say only t adaptable p w f9d t mo/ ( _! values c be reta9$ aft] reject+ _! errors1 t comp5sations & equival5ts = _! losses are available1 & t :ole sets ( fre% values become op5 to !m ?r\gh _! bett] adju/m5t to ! actual _w 9 :i* !y live4 ,?is is ! ju/ification = ! op9ion :i* has s (t5 be5 held1 t k is ! greate/ ( all goods4 ,! op9ion appe>s to be w>rant$4 ,k is1 we are sl[ly f9d+ out1 an indisp5sable condition = ! atta9m5t ( ! wide/1 mo/ /able1 & mo/ important values4 ,we />t !n f ! natural isolation & sev]ance ( m9ds4 ,_! exp]i5ces at ! be/1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 c be b simil>4 ,communication1 we %all say1 takes place :5 "o m9d s acts ^u its environm5t t ano!r m9d is influ5c$1 & 9 t o!r m9d an exp]i5ce occurs :i* is l ! exp]i5ce 9 ! fir/ m9d1 & is caus$ 9 "p by t exp]i5ce4 ,communication is evid5tly a complicat$ affair1 & capable ( degrees at lea/ 9 two respects4 ,! two exp]i5ces may be m or less simil>1 & ! second may be m or less dep5d5t ^u ! fir/4 ,if ,a & ,b are walk+ 9 ! /reet toge!r & ,a t\*es ,b & says1 8,!re is ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice10 ,b's exp]i5ce :ile he contemplates ! dignit>y is only adv5titi\sly dep5d5t ^u ,a's exp]i5ce4 ,b if ,a1 hav+ met ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice1 describes him to a fri5d aft]w>ds 9 a qu>ry at ,portl&1 = example1 8 fri5d's exp]i5ce w dep5d v l>gely ^u ! p>ticul> judges he may himself h enc\nt]$1 & = ! re/ w d]ive its special features f ,a's description4 ,unless ,a has rem>kable gifts ( description & ,b extraord9>ily s5sitive & discrim9at+ receptive ability1 _! two exp]i5ces w tally at be/ b r\ghly4 ,!y may completely fail to tally )\t ei!r be+ cle>ly aw>e ( ! fact4 ,9 g5]al1 long & v>i$ acqua9tance%ip1 close famili>ity1 lives ^: circum/ances h (t5 correspond$1 9 %ort an exceptional fund ( common exp]i5ce is ne$$1 if p1 9 ! abs5ce ( special communicative gifts1 active & receptive1 are to communicate1 & ev5 ) ^! gifts ! success ( ! communication 9 difficult cases dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* pa/ simil>ities 9 exp]i5ce c be made use (4 ,)\t su* simil>ities communication is impossible4 ,difficult cases are ^? 9 :i* ! speak] mu/ himself supply & control a l>ge "p ( ! causes ( ! li/5]'s exp]i5ce2 9 :i* correspond+ly ! li/5] has to /ruggle aga9/ ! intrusions ( elem5ts f 8 own pa/ exp]i5ce :i* are irrelevant4 ,:5 ,a c po9t & ,b gaze1 ! matt] is sometimes easy2 al?\gh1 z is well kn[n1 a complex object1 = example a l&scape1 :]e _m diff]5t selections are possible correspond+ to diff]5t emphases ( int]e/1 _c be dealt ) 9 s simple a mann]4 ,less complex ?+s 9 :i* ! int]e/+ feature is m sali5t1 = example1 a g5tleman asleep 9 ,*ur*1 may be m]ely indicat$ ) m confid5ce ( communication1 al?\gh "h aga9 "o p]son may feel indignation & ano!r amusem5t at ! sight4 ,9 difficult cases ! vehicle ( communication mu/ inevitably be complex4 ,! effect ( a ^w v>ies ) ! o!r words among :i* x is plac$4 ,:at w\ld be highly ambigu\s by itself becomes def9ite 9 a suitable context4 ,s x is ?r\gh\t2 ! effect ( any elem5t dep5ds ^u ! o!r elem5ts pres5t ) x4 ,ev5 9 su* %all[ communication z is involv$ 9 m]ely mak+ out ! lett]s 9 a h&writ+ ?is pr9ciple is all-important1 & 9 ! deepe/ =ms ( communication ! same pr9ciple holds good4 ,to ?is is due ! sup]iority ( v]se to prose = ! mo/ difficult & deepe/ communications1 poetry be+ by f> ! m complex vehicle4 ,a simil> in/ance is ! increas$ ambiguity ( a mono*romatic reproduction z comp>$ ) ! orig9al pa9t+4 ,:at difficulty ( communication dep5ds ^u we h already consid]$4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) ! difficulty ( ! matt] communicat$1 al?\gh ! two are (t5 connect$4 ,"s v difficult calculations1 = example1 c be communicat$ ) ease4 ,dep? ( communication likewise is n necess>ily connect$ ) difficulty4 ,x is a "n = ! degree ( complet5ess 9 ! response requir$4 ,a glance at ! diagram on p4 #aaf w make ?is use ( ! t]m cle>4 ,communications involv+ attitudes are deep] ?an ^? 9 :i* ref]5ces alone are conc]n$4 ,ab/ract & analytic prose1 9 fact1 dep5ds = its success ^u ! %all[ness ( its draught4 ,x mu/ avoid any /irr+ ( ! emotions le/ its requir$ di/9ctions become obscur$4 #ef ,! v /range & important ph5om5a ( app>5t telepa?y1 & ! feats ( "s #8psy*ometri/s' & #8clairvoyants'1 al?\gh !y may call = a great ext5sion ( our ideas z to h[ m9ds influ5ce "o ano!r1 d n require any su* desp]ate devices z transf]5ce (1 or p>ticipation 91 id5tical exp]i5ces4 ,if !y did1 ! possibility ( inve/igat+ !m by ! only te*nique ) :i* any?+ has ev] be5 successfully inve/igat$ w\ld be remote4 ,on any #8id5tity' or #8p>ticipation' !ory1 communication becomes an ineffable & irremovable my/]y4 ,!re may1 ( c\rse1 be any numb] ( /range ev5ts occurr+ ab\t :i* we _c "k1 b to discuss su* ev5ts is unpr(itable4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,! ,availability ( ! ,poet's ,exp]i5ce ,t he is ! wise/1 ! happie/ & ! be/1 inasmu* z he is a poet1 is equally incontrov]tible2 ! greate/ poets h be5 m5 ( ! mo/ spotless virtue1 ( ! mo/ consummate prud5ce1 &1 if we w\ld look into ! int]ior ( _! lives1 ! mo/ =tunate ( m54--,! ,def5ce ( ,poetry4 ,! special communicative gifts1 ei!r active or passive1 :i* h be5 allud$ to1 are no peculi> irr$ucible abilities4 ,!y c be describ$ 9 t]ms ( activities already m5tion$4 ,! use ( pa/ simil>ities 9 exp]i5ce & ! control ( ^! elem5ts ?r\gh ! dep5d5ce ( _! effects ^u "o ano!r1 make up ! speak]'s1 ! active communicator's gift4 ,discrim9ation1 sugge/ibility1 free & cle> resuscitation ( elem5ts ( pa/ exp]i5ce dis5tangl$ f "o ano!r1 & control ( irrelevant p]sonal details & accid5ts1 make up ! recipi5t's gift4 ,we may n[ consid] ^! m closely4 ,c]ta9 fav\rable & unfav\rable special circum/ances 9 ! temp]am5ts or *>act]s ( ! p]sons conc]n$ may be set aside4 ,?us c\rage or audacity1 ent]prise1 goodwill1 abs5ce ( undue pride or conceit1 hone/y1 human5ess1 humility 9 its f9e/ s5se1 hum\r1 tol]ance1 good heal?1 & ! ,confucian *>act]i/ics ( ! #8sup]ior man' are fav\rable g5]al conditions = communication4 ,b we w assume !m pres5t 9 suffici5t degree & pass on to ! less evid5t because m fundam5tal conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place all ^? :i* we h enum]at$ z desirable 9 ! recipi5t are also necess>y 9 ! arti/4 ,he is pre-em95tly accessible to ext]nal influ5ces & discrim9at+ ) reg>d to !m4 ,he is di/+ui%$ fur!r by ! fre$om 9 :i* all ^! impressions are held 9 susp5sion1 & by ! ease ) :i* !y =m new relations betwe5 !mselves4 ,! greate/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! arti/ or poet & ! ord9>y p]son is f\nd1 z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 9 ! range1 delicacy1 & fre$om ( ! connections he is able to make betwe5 diff]5t elem5ts ( 8 exp]i5ce4 8,all ! images ( nature 7 /ill pres5t to him10 says ,dryd51 ) felicity1 ( ,%akespe>e1 8& he drew !m n labori\sly b luckily40 ,x is ?is available possession ( ! pa/ :i* is ! fir/ *>act]i/ic ( ! adept 9 communication1 ( ! poet or ! arti/4 ,availability1 n m]e possession1 h[ev]1 is :at is ess5tial4 ,_m p are end[$ ) memories ( m>ble ^u :i* "t c d little to efface ev5 ! slighte/ m>k1 b !y b5efit little f _! end[m5t4 ,a m]ely repetitive ret5tion is r a disability ?an an asset 9 communication1 s9ce x makes ! sep>ation ( ! private & irrelevant f ! ess5tial s difficult4 ,p]sons to :om ! pa/ comes back z a :ole are likely to be f\nd 9 an asylum4 ,:at is 9 "q "h is n memory1 9 ! /rict] s5se 9 :i* pa/ exp]i5ce is dat$ & plac$1 b free reproduction4 ,to be able to revive an exp]i5ce is n to rememb] :5 & :]e & h[ x occurr$1 b m]ely to h t peculi> /ate ( m9d available4 ,:y "s exp]i5ces are available & o!rs n is un=tunately /ill a matt] = conjecture m]ely4 ,! difficulty ^u mo/ acc\nts1 ,semon's = example1 is to expla9 :y all our pa/ exp]i5ce is n be+ reviv$ all ! "t4 ,b "s plausible conjectures are n difficult to make1 & ! abs5ce ( cle> evid5ce or conclusive pro( %\ld n prev5t our mak+ !m if !y are recognis$ = conjectures4 ,h[ f> an exp]i5ce is revivable w\ld seem to dep5d 9 ! fir/ place ^u ! int]e/s1 ! impulses1 active 9 ! exp]i5ce4 ,unless simil> int]e/s recur its revival w\ld seem to be difficult4 ,! orig9al exp]i5ce is built ^u a numb] ( impulses2 x came ab\t only ?r\gh ^! impulses4 ,we may ev5 say t x is ^? impulses4 ,! fir/ condition = its revival is ! occurr5ce ( impulses simil> to "s ( ^!4 ,! pati5t 9 ! asylum occupi$ 9 reliv+ ! same piece ( exp]i5ce indef9itely does s 7if he does7 because he is limit$ v /rictly 9 ! range ( 8 possible impulses1 o!r impulses n be+ all[$ to int]v5e4 ,h5ce ! complet5ess ) :i* he is said to recon/ruct ! pa/4 ,mo/ revival is di/ort$ because only "s ( ! orig9al impulses are repeat$1 new impulses be+-involv$ & a compromise result+4 ,! impulses implicat$ 9 exp]i5ces may be _m & v>i$ or few & alike4 ,an exp]i5ce :i* has a v simple impulse /ructure w1 we may suppose1 t5d to come back only :5 ^! impulses are aga9 relatively dom9ant4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal x w h less *ance ( revival ?an an exp]i5ce ) a m complex /ructure4 ,recall+ ! illu/ration us$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv1 ! broad] ! facet ! m num]\s are ! positions f :i* ! polyh$ron w settle d[n on t facet4 ,x is a fir/ pr9ciple ( psy*ology t ! p>tial return only ( a situation may re9/ate ! :ole1 & s9ce mo/ impulses h belong$ 9 ! pa/ to _m v>i$ :oles !re mu/ evid5tly be mu* rivalry z to :i* :oles d actually recur4 ,:at seems to decide ! dispute m ?an any?+ else is ! "* ( ! orig9al connections betwe5 ! p>ts4 ,z has rec5tly be5 emphasis$ by ! expon5ts ( ,ge/alt-psy*ologie1 m]e orig9al contiguity or simultaneity is comp>atively p[]less to control revival4 ,comp>e ! le>n+ ( a geometric !orem by he>t ) und]/&+ x1 or ev5 a brief /udy ( "s build+ ) m]e daily famili>ity4 ,:at !n is ! diff]5ce betwe5 und]/&+ a situation & ! m usual reactions to x8 ,x is a diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( organisation ( ! impulses :i* x ar\ses4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a sy/ematis$ complex response1 or ord]$ sequ5ce ( responses1 & a welt] ( responses4 ,we mu/ n take #8und]/&+' 9 too specialis$ a s5se "h1 or we %all ov]look ! imm5se importance ( ?is diff]5ce 9 det]m9+ revival4 ,we are accu/om$ to make an artificial di/9ction betwe5 intellectual or !oretical & non-intellectual or emotional m5tal activities4 ,to und]/& a situation 9 ! s5se "h int5d$ is n necess>ily to reflect ^u x1 to inquire into its pr9ciples & consci\sly di/+ui% its *>act]s1 b to respond to x z a :ole1 9 a coh]5t way :i* all[s its p>ts _! due %>e & _! prop] indep5d5ce 9 ! response4 ,exp]i5ce :i* has ?is organis$ "*1 x is reasonable to suppose1 has m *ance ( revival1 is m available z a :ole & 9 p>ts1 ?an m confus$ exp]i5ce4 ,contra/ ! behavi\r ( ! sleepy & ! fully awake1 ( ! normal man ) ! lightly & ! m deeply an/hetis$ pati5t1 ( ! />v$ or fev]$ ) ! heal?y4 ,to describe ^! diff]5ces 9 neural pot5cy1 & to m>k ! degree ( physiological effici5cy1 ,dr ,head has rec5tly#eg sugge/$ ! t]m vigilance1 a useful addition to our symbolic ma*9]y4 ,9 a high /ate ( vigilance ! n]v\s sy/em reacts to /imuli ) highly adapt$1 discrim9at+1 & ord]$ responses2 9 a l[]$ /ate ( vigilance ! responses are less discrim9at+1 less delicately adapt$4 ,:e!r we are consid]+ ! dec]ebrate prep>ation or ! intact poet1 ! simple/ automatisms or ! mo/ highly consci\s acts1 :at happ5s 9 a giv5 /imulus situation v>ies ) ! vigilance ( ! appropriate portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! po9t z reg>ds revival c be put conv5i5tly by say+ t exp]i5ces ( high vigilance are ! mo/ likely to be available4 ,! degree ( vigilance ( ! individual at ! mom5t at :i* revival is attempt$ is1 ( c\rse1 equally b m evid5tly an important factor4 ,! answ] !n1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! problem ( h[ ! poet's exp]i5ce is m ?an usually available to him is t x is1 z he und]goes x1 m ?an usually organis$ ?r\gh 8 m ?an usual vigilance4 ,connections become e/abli%$ = him :i* 9 ! ord9>y m9d1 mu* m rigid & exclusive 9 its play ( impulses1 are nev] effect$1 & x is ?r\gh ^! orig9al connections t s mu* m ( 8 pa/ comes to be freely revivable = him at ne$4 ,! same explanation may be put 9 ano!r way4 ,9 ord] to keep any /ead9ess & cl>ity 9 8 attitudes ! ord9>y man is "u ! necessity on mo/ occasions ( suppress+ ! great] "p ( ! impulses :i* ! situation might ar\se4 ,he is incapable ( organis+ !m2 !re=e !y h to be left out4 ,9 ! same situation ! arti/ is able to admit f> m )\t confusion4 ,h5ce ! fact t 8 resultant behavi\r is apt to cause dismay1 irritation or envy1 or to seem incompreh5sible4 ,! :eel+ ( ! pigeons 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e may seem to h no relation to ! col\r ( ! wat] 9 ! bas9s1 or to ! tones ( a speak]'s voice or to ! drift ( 8 rem>ks4 ,a n>r[ field ( /imulation is all t we c manage1 & we ov]look ! re/4 ,b ! arti/ does n1 & :5 he ne$s x1 he has x at 8 disposal4 ,! dang]s to :i* he is expos$1 ! app>5t inconsequ5ce1 ! difficulty on _m occasions ( co-op]at+ ) him1 ( rely+ ^u him1 ( pr$ict+ :at he w d1 are evid5t & (t5 expatiat$ ^u4 ,8 sup]ficial resemblance to p]sons :o are m]ely m5tal *aoses1 unorganis$1 )\t selective ability & ( weak & diffus$ att5tion1 is likewise cle>4 ,ess5tially he is ! opposite ( ^!4 #eg ,h5ry ,head1 #8,! ,conception ( ,n]v\s & ,m5tal ,en]gy' 9 ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,oct4 #aibc1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #abf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,tol/oy's ,infection ,!ory ,beauty is no quality 9 ?+s !mselves2 x exi/s m]ely 9 ! m9d :i* contemplates !m4--,hume4 ,x is /range t speculations ^u ! arts %\ld s r>ely h begun f ! mo/ obvi\s fact ab\t !m4 ,mr ,rog] ,fry1 9 8 int]e/+ ,retrospect1 records ! %ock ) :i* ,tol/oy's insi/5ce ^u communication /ruck contempor>y /ud5ts 9 ,engl&4 8,:at rema9$ ( imm5se importance 0 ! idea t a "w ( art 0 n ! record ( beauty already exi/5t else:]e1 b ! expression ( an emotion felt by ! arti/ & convey$ to ! spectator40#eh ,x w be useful to exam9e ,tol/oy's acc\nt4 ,he =mulates 8 !ory#ei z foll[s3 8,art becomes m or less infecti\s 9 consequ5ce ( ?ree conditions3 7i7 ,9 consequ5ce ( a great] or less] peculi>ity ( ! s5sation convey$4 7ii7 ,9 consequ5ce ( a great] or less] cle>ness ( ! transmission ( ?is s5sation4 7iii7 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! s9c]ity ( ! arti/1 t is1 ( ! great] or less] =ce ) :i* ! arti/ himself exp]i5ces ! s5sation :i* he is convey+40 ,he adds1 9 curi\s contradiction to 8 o!r view :i* we h already discuss$1 8,n only is ! infecti\sness a c]ta9 sign ( art1 b ! degree ( ! infection is ! only /&>d ( ! value ( art40 ,?is contradiction we may p]haps remove or at lea/ mitigate if we notice t #8degree ( infection' is a highly ambigu\s phrase4 ,x may be equival5t to-- 7i7 ! numb] ( p]sons :o may be infect$1 7ii7 ! complet5ess ) :i* ! exp]i5ce is reproduc$ 9 !m4 ,^! are ! two mo/ relevant s5ses "h1 & bo? are involv$ 9 ,tol/oy's exposition4 ,! fir/ w\ld br+ ?is view into connection ) 8 doctr9e t only s f> z art is accessible to all m5 is x valuable4 ,! second1 h[ev]1 _c be reconcil$ ) t view1 b t he held x _c be d\bt$4 8,! m ! s5sation to be convey$ is special10 he goes on1 8! m /rongly does x act ^u ! receiv]2 ! m special ! condition ( ! m9d is1 to :i* ! read] is transf]r$1 ! m will+ly & ! m p[]fully does he bl5d ) x40 ,?is is pla9ly untrue4 ,:at ,tol/oy w\ld h said ) m reflection is t "s special exp]i5ces are int]e/+ & owe _! attraction p>tly to _! /rang5ess1 _! unusual "*4 ,b _m unusual & special exp]i5ces are unattractive & repell5t4 ,dyspeptics1 amateurs ( psy*o-analysis1 fi%]m51 & golf]s1 h v (t5 mo/ rem>kable ?+s to rec\nt4 ,we %un hav+ to li/5 precisely because !y are s special4 ,fur!r1 _m exp]i5ces by _! v oddness are incommunicable4 ,only s f> z common int]e/s are ar\s$ does ! ease & complet5ess ( transmission dep5d ^u ! r>ity & /rang5ess ( ! exp]i5ce communicat$4 ,) ?is proviso ,tol/oy's rem>k is obvi\sly ju/ifi$4 ,t he %\ld h /ress$ x is an indication ( 8 s9c]ity & c&\r4 ,s mu* ( 8 doctr9e is a simple d5ial t special exp]i5ces are a fit subject = art4 ,a division betwe5 exp]i5ces :i* ?\gh special are yet 9 ! ma9 pa? ( humanity & accessible to all m5 if !y are suffici5tly f9ely develop$ 9 normal directions1 & ^? o!r special exp]i5ces :i* are due to abnormality1 disease1 or ecc5tric & erratic specialisation1 is :at he w\ld h add$ if 8 att5tion _h be5 drawn to ! po9t4 ,he w\ld h enjoy$ classify+ ! fa%ionables & intellectuals1 ! etiolate cultur$ classes1 among ! insane4 ,! second condition ( infecti\sness1 ! great] or less cle>ness ( ! transmission ( ! s5sation1 is m important4 ,h[ to obta9 cle> transmission is precisely ! problem ( communication4 ,we h se5 t x is a matt] ( ! availability ( common exp]i5ces1 ! elicitation ( ^! by a suitable vehicle1 & ! control & extrusion ( irrelevant elem5ts1 s f> z !y arise1 ?r\gh ! complexity ( ! vehicle4 ,! ?ird condition1 ! s9c]ity ( ! arti/1 is m obscure4 ,tol/oy's own elucidation c>ries u b a little way4 ,:at is ?is =ce ) :i* an exp]i5ce occurs8 ,c]ta9ly exp]i5ces may be ( ! utmo/ int5sity )\t !reby be+ any m easy to convey4 ,a lightn+ fla%1 = example1 :i* j misses "o ^u a summit1 is mu* m difficult to describe ?an ! same fla% se5 f ! valley4 ,tol/oy1 h[ev]1 is speak+ ( ! exp]i5ce z evok$ by ! arti/ 9 ! c\rse ( communication1 ( ! 8emotion1 k9dr$ to t :i* 0 be=e ! subject ( contemplation01 :i* !n 8is gradually produc$ & does itself exi/ 9 ! m9d01 to quote ,wordswor?'s celebrat$ acc\nt ( ! s\rce ( poetry4 ,he is speak+ ( ! fullness1 /ead9ess & cle>ness ) :i* ! exp]i5ce to be communicat$ develops 9 ! m9d ( ! communicator at ! mom5t ( expression4 ,inru%es ( emotion1 accompani$ by scraps & odd bits ( imag]y1 ?\ght & incipi5t activity1 are n uncommon1 & ! process ( jott+ d[n :at comes to m9d at ! mom5t is all t ! w\ld-be poet c a*ieve4 ,r\nd him mu* embryo1 mu* abortion lay1 ,mu* future ode & abdicat$ play3 ,nons5se precipitate l runn+ lead1 ,:i* slipp$ ?r\gh cracks & zigzags ( ! head4 ,oppos$ to him is ! poet :o 8describ$ 9 ideal p]fection1 br+s ! :ole s\l ( man into activity4 4 4 40 ,8 is 8a m ?an usual /ate ( emotion1 ) m ?an usual ord]2 judgm5t ev] awake1 & /eady self-possession1 ) en?usiasm & feel+ pr(\nd or vehem5t#fj40 ,z s (t51 ,col]idge drops ! invaluable h9t almo/ inadv]t5tly4 ,! :ol5ess ( ! m9d 9 ! creative mom5t is ! ess5tial consid]ation1 ! free p>ticipation 9 ! evocation ( ! exp]i5ce ( all ! impulses1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 relevant to x1 )\t suppressions or re/rictions4 ,z we h se51 ?is complet5ess or :ol5ess is ! r>e/ & ! mo/ difficult condition requir$ = supreme communicative ability4 ,h[ x works we h also se51 & if ?is is1 z d\btless x mu/ be1 :at ,tol/oy meant by s9c]ity1 h[ev] que] "s ( 8 te/s = x 71 we h f\nd yet ano!r indication ( h[ great 8 contribution to critical !ory1 "u happi] circum/ances1 might h be54 #eh ,vision & ,design1 p4 #aid4 #ei ,:at is ,art1 ,sect4 ,,xv4 #fj ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 ,vol4 #aa1 ,*4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,! ,normality ( ! ,arti/ ,prose is an un9t]rupt$1 polite w>f>e ) poetry 4 4 4 e ab/raction wants to h a jibe at poetry & wi%es to be utt]$ ) a mock+ voice4--,! ,joyful ,wisdom4 ,if ! availability ( 8 pa/ exp]i5ce is ! fir/ *>act]i/ic ( ! poet1 ! second is :at we may provisionally call 8 normality4 ,s f> z 8 exp]i5ce does n tally ) t ( ^? ) :om he communicates1 !re w be failure4 ,b bo? ! s5se 9 :i* x mu/ tally & ! s5se 9 :i* ! arti/ is normal ne$ to be c>efully consid]$4 ,)9 racial#fa b\nd>ies1 & p]haps )9 ! limits ( c]ta9 v g5]al types1#fb _m impulses are common to all m54 ,_! /imuli & ! c\rses :i* !y take seem to be uni=m4 ,at ! same "t !re are _m o!r impulses :i* are n uni=m4 ,x is difficult to give in/ances1 s9ce !re are s few names = impulses1 b s\nds are fairly uni=m :ile words us$ 9 isolation are fairly ambigu\s /imuli4 ,impulses c\ld1 if we knew en\gh1 be arrang$ 9 an ord] ( g5]al uni=mity or /ability4 ,"s impulses rema9 ! same1 tak+ ! same c\rse on ! same occasions1 f age to age1 f prehi/oric times until to-day4 ,"s *ange z fa%ions *ange4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes are ! va/ majority2 nei!r1 :5 ! n]v\s sy/em is vigilant1 v fix$ nor v erratic2 set (f by a giv5 /imulus & tak+ ! c\rse !y d because o!r impulses are also active or h j be5 active4 ,= successful communication a numb] ( impulses ) _! effective /imuli mu/ be common to ! communicators1 & fur!r ! g5]al ways 9 :i* impulses modify "o ano!r mu/ be %>$4 ,we evid5tly _c expect t _m total situations & responses w h be5 common1 & x is n necess>y t !y %\ld be4 ,)9 limits ! disp>ities c be ov]come by :at is call$ imag9ation4 ,!re is no?+ peculi>ly my/]i\s ab\t imag9ation4 ,x is no m m>vell\s ?an any o!r ( ! ways ( ! m9d4 ,yet x has s (t5 be5 treat$ z an arcanum t we naturally approa* x ) caution4 ,x is desirable at lea/ to avoid "p ( ! fate :i* befell ,col]idge1#fc & our acc\nt w be devoid ( !ological implications4 ,giv5 "s impulses active o!rs are !reby ar\s$ 9 ! abs5ce ( :at w\ld o!rwise be _! necess>y /imuli4 ,su* impulses ,i call imag9ative1 :e!r images occur or n1 = image-production is n at all ess5tially involv$ 9 :at ! critic is int]e/$ 9 z imag9ation4 ,:i* o!r impulses are br\ght 9 is 9 "p det]m9$ by :i* 7 co-op]ative toge!r orig9ally :5 all ! impulses _h _! own /imuli1 t is to say1 9 ! non-imag9>y exp]i5ces f :i* ! imag9>y exp]i5ce d]ives4 ,9 s f> z ?is factor comes 9 ! imag9ation may be said to be repetitive4 ,! imag9ation we are conc]n$ ) may be call$ =mative#fd by way ( di/9ction4 ,= pres5t circum/ances are at lea/ z important4 ,rememb] 9 a *ang$ mood a sc5e :i* took place "u a /rong emotion4 ,h[ alt]$ is its e aspect6 ,! selection ( ! impulses :i* take effect is *ang$2 ! impulses are di/ort$1 !y run 9 diff]5t c\rses4 ,! imag9ative con/ruction is always at lea/ z mu* det]m9$ by :at is go+ on 9 ! pres5t z by :at w5t on 9 ! pa/1 pa/s r1 :5ce x spr+s4 ,_m ( ! mo/ curi\s features ( ! arts1 ! limitation ( _! numb]1 _! =mal *>act]i/ics & ! conditions ( imp]sonality1 deta*m5t & s =?1 :i* h giv5 rise to mu* confus$ discussion ( ! #8/hetic' /ate = example1 are expla9$ by ?is fact4 ,9 difficult communication ! arti/ mu/ f9d "s means ( s controll+ a "p ( ! recipi5t's exp]i5ce t ! imag9ative developm5t w be gov]n$ by ?is "p & n left to ! accid5ts ( repetition :i* w diff] naturally f individual to individual4 ,z a basis = e art1 !re=e1 w be f\nd a type ( impulse :i* is extraord9>ily uni=m1 :i* fixes ! framework1 z x 71 )9 :i* ! re/ ( ! response develops4 ,^! are among ! mo/ uni=m impulses1 among ^? :i* come ne>e/ to hav+ a "o-"o correlation ) _! /imuli1 ( all ^? :i* we exp]i5ce4 ,9 poetry1 rhy?m metre & tune or cad5ce2 9 music1 rhy?m pit* timbre & tune2 9 pa9t+1 =m & col\r2 9 sculpture1 volume & /ress2 9 all ! arts1 :at are usually call$ ! =mal elem5ts are ! /imuli1 simple or complex1 :i* c be mo/ dep5d$ ^u to produce uni=m responses4 ,x is true t ^! responses are n s uni=m z ! reflexes1 z sneez+ or bl9k+ = example4 ,b ev5 ^! are to a consid]able ext5t subject to int]f]5ce & modification by impulses ( high] levels4 ,:at communication requires is responses :i* are uni=m1 suffici5tly v>i$1 & capable ( be+ set (f by /imuli :i* are physically manageable4 ,^! ?ree requisites expla9 :y ! numb] ( ! arts is limit$ & :y =mal elem5ts h su* importance4 ,!y are ! skeleton or scaffold+ ^u or )9 :i* ! fur!r impulses involv$ 9 ! communication are support$4 ,!y supply ! pres5t dep5dable "p ( ! exp]i5ce by :i* ! re/1 ! m erratic1 ambigu\s "p ( ! imag9ative developm5t1 is controll$4 ,by !mselves 7al?\gh !re has be5 a natural t5d5cy 9 criticism to ma9ta9 ! contr>y op9ion7 !y are (t5 q inadequate4 ,z we h se51 diff]5ces ( all degrees1 bo? betwe5 & )9 ! arts1 exi/4 ,! fa%ion 9 :i* ! poet's impulses mu/ tally ) ^? ( 8 read]s1 w n[ be mod]ately cle>4 ,! poet is 9 ! lea/ fav\rable position1 p]haps1 among ! arti/s1 b z a comp5sation ! range & fullness ( ! communications op5 to him is1 if he c ov]come ! difficulties1 v great4 ,b evid5tly ! lea/ ecc5tricity on 8 "p1 ei!r 9 ! responses :i* he makes to rhy?ms & v]bal tunes1 or 9 ! ways 9 :i* ^! gov]n & modify 8 fur!r responses or are modifi$ by !m1 w be disa/r\s4 ,x is ! same = all ! arts4 ,a defective or ecc5tric col\r s5sibility1 a common defect z is well kn[n1 may play havoc ) an arti/'s "w1 qua communication1 )\t necess>ily involv+ any defici5cy ( value 9 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,x is !oretically possible = an individual to develop 9 himself /ates ( m9d ( v high value & yet to be s unusual 9 8 own s5sibility z to seem ridicul\s or be incompreh5sible to o!rs4 ,! "q !n arises z to :i* is 9 ! "r1 ! arti/ or 8 uncompreh5d+ critics4 ,?is frequ5t dilemma rais$ alike by great innovat+ arti/s & by n9compoops br+s u back to ! problem ( normality4 ,to be normal is to be a /&>d1 b n1 z ?+s are & are likely to rema91 an av]age2 & to inquire into ! *>act]s ( ! norm or to ask :o are normal is to raise a "q z to value4 ,! arti/ dep>ts f ! av]age1 b s d o!r p4 ,8 dep>ture1 h[ev]1 is "o ( ! reasons :y we att5d to 8 "w2 o!r p's dep>tures may be reasons :y we %\ld n4 ,:at are ! ma9 diff]5ces :i* decide :e!r a dep>ture is a m]it or a defect8 ,! !ory ( value outl9$ above indicates "s ( ^! diff]5ces4 ,if ! arti/'s organisation is su* z to all[ him a full] life ?an ! av]age1 ) less unnecess>y int]f]5ce betwe5 its compon5t impulses1 !n pla9ly we %\ld d well to be m l him1 if we c & z f> z we c4 ,b ! qualification1 if we c1 has f>-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,politically x might be bett] = ! community to be organis$ on ! model ( ant & bee communities1 b1 s9ce x _c1 ! "q :e!r we %\ld try to make x s does n arise4 ,simil>ly1 if ! arti/'s organisation#fe is s ecc5tric z to make g5]al approximation to x impossible1 or if a g5]al approximation w\ld involve 7p be+ :at !y are7 great] losses ?an ga9s1 !n h[ev] admirable x may be 9 itself1 we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 neglect+ x4 ,! case1 if x inde$ occurs1 is exceptional b in/ructive !oretically4 ,:at is excell5t & :at is to be imitat$ are n necess>ily ! same4 ,b x is int]e/+ to note t m5talities to :i* ! usual & ord9>y man is n capable ( approximat+ )\t loss c almo/ always be %[n to be defective1 & t ! defects !mselves are ! b>ri] to approximation4 ,c]ta9 my/ical poets are p]haps z good an example ( ?is z any4 ,h[ev] admirable ! exp]i5ce ( a ,boehme or a ,blake1 ( a ,nietzs*e or ( ! ,apocalyp/1 ! features :i* prev5t g5]al p>ticipation 9 x1 ! b>ri]s to communication1 are n ! features ^u :i* its value *iefly dep5ds4 ,x is ! in*oate "p ( ,blake's p]sonality :i* makes him incompreh5sible1 n ! p>ts :i* 7 bett] organis$ ?an ^? ( e "o else4 ,! explanation ( ! r>ity ( admirable ?\gh utt]ly ecc5tric exp]i5ce is n difficult4 ,! metaphorical rem>k t we are all bran*es ( ! same tree is its mo/ comp5di\s =m4 ,s mu* mu/ be alike 9 ! nature ( all m51 _! situation 9 ! _w s mu* ! same1 & organisation build+ ^u ?is basis mu/ dep5d ^u su* simil> processes1 t v>iation bo? wide & successful is mo/ unlikely4 ,t we are apt to exagg]ate ! diff]5ces betwe5 m5 is well kn[n4 ,if we consid] :at is usually call$ m9d1 alone1 we may well suppose t m9ds may diff] toto clo1 b if we look m c>efully1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! :ole man1 includ+ 8 sp9al reflexes = example1 see+ 8 m9d z b ! mo/ delicate & mo/ advanc$ "p ( 8 total organisation1 we %all n be tempt$ to ?9k him s div]se4 ,p ( c\rse d seem extraord9>ily diff]5t 9 ! ways 9 :i* !y ?9k & feel4 ,b we are specialis$ to detect ^! diff]5ces4 ,fur!r1 we t5d con/antly to ov]look diff]5ces 9 situation :i* w\ld expla9 diff]5ces 9 behavi\r4 ,we assume to a ridicul\s ext5t t :at is /imulat+ u w /imulate o!rs 9 ! same way1 =gett+ t :at w happ5 dep5ds ^u :at has happ5$ be=e & ^u :at is already happ5+ )91 ab\t :i* we c usually "k little4 ,! ways !n 9 :i* ! arti/ w diff] f ! av]age w z a rule presuppose an imm5se degree ( simil>ity4 ,!y w be fur!r developm5ts ( organisations already well advanc$ 9 ! majority4 ,8 v>iations w be conf9$ to ! newe/1 ! mo/ pla/ic1 ! lea/ fix$ "p ( ! m9d1 ! p>ts = :i* reorganisation is mo/ easy4 ,?us 8 diff]5ces are f> less s]i\s ob/acles to communication ?an1 %all we say1 su* diff]5ces z divide ! hypo*ondriac f ! heal?y4 ,&1 fur!r1 s f> z !y require reorganisation !re w commonly be good reasons :y ?is %\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,we %\ld n =get t f9] organisation is ! mo/ successful way ( reliev+ /ra91 a fact ( relevance 9 ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! new response w be m advantage\s ?an ! old1 m successful 9 satisfy+ v>i$ appet5cies4 ,b ! advantages may be localis$ or g5]al1 m9or z well z major4 ,! arti/ /&s at ! p>t+ ( a multitude ( ways4 ,8 advance may be & (t5 is 9 a direction :i* if foll[$ up w\ld be g5]ally disadvantage\s al?\gh = ! mom5t x leads to an increase ( value4 ,! metaphor is ( c\rse insuffici5t4 ,we c improve x by sub/itut+ a manifold ( _m dim5sions = ! cross-roads4 ,:i* way is ! m9d to gr[ & :i* ways are compatible ) :i* is ! "q4 ,!re are speciali/ & univ]sal poets1 & ! speciali/ may be develop+ 9 a mann] ei!r consi/5t or inconsi/5t#ff ) g5]al developm5t1 a consid]ation ( extreme importance 9 judg+ ! value ( 8 "w4 ,its be>+ ^u ! p]man5ce ( 8 "w w be discuss$ lat]4 ,at any mom5t1 9 any situation1 a v>iety ( attitudes is possible4 ,:i* is ! be/ is decid$ n only by ! impulses :i* ga9 organis$ satisfaction 9 ! attitude b also by ! effect ( ! attitude ^u ! re/ ( ! organisation ( ! individual4 ,we %\ld h to consid] ! :ole sy/em & all ! possibilities ( all probable situations :i* might arise if we 7 to be sure t any "o attitude is ! be/4 ,s9ce we _c d ?is1 b c only note ! mo/ obvi\s objections to "s1 we h to be cont5t if we c avoid ^? attitudes :i* are mo/ evid5tly wa/eful4 ,= ! normality ( ! poet is to be e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( wa/e4 ,mo/ human attitudes are wa/eful1 "s to a %ock+ degree4 ,! m9d :i* is1 s f> z c be se51 lea/ wa/eful1 we take z a norm or /&>d1 &1 if possible1 we develop 9 our degree simil> exp]i5ces4 ,! tak+ ( ! norm is = ! mo/ "p done unconsci\sly by m]e pref]5ce1 by ! %ock ( delight :i* foll[s ! release ( /ifl$ impulse into organis$ fre$om4 ,(t5 ! *oice is mi/ak51 ! advantage :i* leads to pref]5ce is too localis$1 involves losses 9 ! end1 losses r\nd ! next corn] z x 74 ,little by little exp]i5ce corrects su* illusory pref]5ce1 n ?r\gh reflection--almo/ all critical *oices are irreflective1 spontane\s1 z "s say--b ?r\gh unconsci\s reorganisation ( impulses4 ,we r>ely *ange our ta/es1 we r f9d !m *ang$4 ,we return to ! poems :i* made u weep te>s ( delight :5 we 7 "y & f9d !m du/y rhetoric4 ,) a t5d] hurt inside we wond] :at has happ5$4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 exp]i5ce corrects no?+4 ,!re may be no?+ :i* ne$s correct+1 or too mu*4 ,! localis$ advantage1 ! sweet a*+ ?rill ( ! ,boosey ,ballad-- ,i h a rose1 a :ite1 :ite rose1 ',twas giv5 me long ago1 ,:5 ! w9ds _h fall5 to sil5ce1 ,& ! />s 7 dim & l[4 ,x lies 9 an old book fad$1 ,betwe5 ! pages :ite1 ,b ! ages _c dim ! dream ,x br+s to me to-night6 ,! localis$ advantage may be irresi/ible 9 its appeal2 ! p]sonality w n surr5d] x1 no matt] :at1 ( great] wor? is =gone = its sake1 or :at possibilities pass+ by are lo/1 unglimps$ 9 ! en?ralm5t4 #fa ,! degree ( racial diff]5ce is peculi>ly difficult to e/imate4 ,9 view ( ! ext5t ( mixture :i* has tak5 place x may be ( great importance 9 consid]+ ev5 ! art ( "o culture or tradition alone4 ,cf4 ,f4 ,g4 ,crook%ank1 ,! ,mongol 9 our ,mid/4 #fb ,^! types if !y mu/ be admitt$1 h n yet be5 describ$ satisfactorily4 ,! defects ( su* attempts z ^? ( ,jung1 = example1 are %[n by ! fact t individuals *ange s readily & s freely f #8type' to #8type'1 be+ extrov]t "o h\r & introv]t ! next1 rationali/ & intuitive f mom5t to mom5t4 ,?is is ( c\rse d5i$ by ! ,zuri* ,s*ool b n by ! majority ( obs]v]s4 ,to po9t x out is n to ov]look mu* t is valuable 9 ^! di/9ctions4 ,a satisfactory classification w\ld d\btless be v complex1 & p]haps ( ! =m3 ,an individual ( ,type ,a is extrov]t "u ^! conditions1 introv]t "u ^?1 etc4 #fc ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 ,*4 ,,xiii4 8,! prim>y ,,imag9ation ,i hold to be ! liv+ ,p[] & prime ,ag5t ( all human p]ception1 & z a repetition 9 ! f9ite m9d ( ! et]nal act ( creation 9 ! inf9ite ,i ,,am40 ,! lum9\s h9ts dropp$ by ,col]idge 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?is s5t5ce w\ld seem to h dazzl$ succe$+ speculators4 ,h[ o!rwise expla9 :y !y h be5 ov]look$4 #fd ,col]idge's di/9ction betwe5 ,,imag9ation & ,fancy 0 9 "p ! same z ?is4 ,b he introduc$ value consid]ations also1 ,imag9ation be+ su* comb9ation or fusion ( m5tal elem5ts z result$ 9 c]ta9 valuable /ates ( m9d1 & ,fancy be+ a m]e trivial play+ ) ^! elem5ts4 ,! discussion ( ?is di/9ction w be po/pon$ to ,*apt] ,,xxxii1 :]e ! diff]5t uses ( ! t]m #8imag9ation' are sep>at$4 #fe ,x is useful 9 ?is discussion to di/+ui% betwe5 ! arti/'s p]sonality z involv$ 9 8 "w & su* o!r p>ts ( x z are n involv$4 ,) ^! la/ we are n "h conc]n$4 #ff ,a weakness ( ! mod]n ,iri% s*ool 7ev5 at its be/1 9 ,mr ,yeats7 or ( ! exquisite poetry ( ,mr ,de la ,m>e1 may be t its s5sibility is a developm5t out ( ! ma9 track4 ,x is ?is :i* seems to make x m9or poetry 9 a s5se 9 :i* ,mr ,h>dy's be/ "w or ,mr ,eliot's ,! ,wa/e ,l& is major poetry4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,badness 9 ,poetry ,il faut dissip] un mal5t5du3 n\s sommes p\rris d'art6 ,le ,corbusi]-,saugni]4 ,! !ory ( badness 9 poetry has nev] receiv$ ! /udy :i* x des]ves1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its difficulty4 ,= ) bad art ev5 m ?an ) good unless we are c>eful to di/+ui% ! communicative f ! value aspects1 ev5 :5 ^! are connect$1 we %all f9d ! issues obscur$4 ,sometimes art is bad because communication is defective1 ! vehicle inop]ative2 sometimes because ! exp]i5ce communicat$ is wor?less2 sometimes = bo? reasons4 ,x w\ld p]haps be be/ to re/rict ! t]m bad art to cases 9 :i* g5u9e communication does to a consid]able degree take place1 :at is communicat$ be+ wor?less1 & to call ! o!r cases defective art4 ,b ?is is n ! usual practice ( critics1 any "w :i* produces an exp]i5ce displeas+ to ! critic be+ commonly call$ bad1 :e!r or n ?is exp]i5ce is l t responsible = ! "w4 ,let u beg9 by consid]+ an in/ance ( defective communication2 *oos+ an example 9 :i* x is likely t ! orig9al exp]i5ce _h "s value4 ,,! ,,pool ,are y alive8 ,i t\* y4 ,y quiv] l a sea-fi%4 ,i cov] y ) my net4 ,:at are y--b&$ "o8 ,i take a complete "w to avoid possible unfairness4 ,"h we h ! :ole ( ! l9k :i* is to m$iate betwe5 ! exp]i5ces ( ! au?or & ( ! read]4 ,ari/otle1 9 a diff]5t connection1 x is true1 & = diff]5t reasons1 affirm$ t a "w ( art mu/ possess a c]ta9 magnitude1 & we c adapt 8 rem>k "h4 ,n ! brevity only ( ! vehicle1 b its simplicity1 makes x ineffective4 ,! sacrifice ( metre 9 free v]se ne$s1 9 almo/ all cases1 to be comp5sat$ by l5g?4 ,! loss ( s mu* ( ! =mal /ructure leads o!rwise to t5u\sness & ambiguity4 ,ev5 :51 z "h1 ! orig9al exp]i5ce is presumably slight1 t5u\s & fleet+1 ! m]e correspond5ce ( matt] to =m is insuffici5t4 ,! exp]i5ce evok$ 9 ! read] is n suffici5tly specific4 ,a poet may1 x is true1 make an unlimit$ dem& ^u 8 read]1 & ! greate/ poets make ! greate/ claim1 b ! dem& made mu/ be proportional to ! poet's own contribution4 ,! read] "h supplies too mu* ( ! poem4 ,_h ! poet said only1 8,i w5t & pok$ ab\t = rockl+s & caught ! pool itself01 ! read]1 :o conv]ts :at is pr9t$ above into a poem1 w\ld /ill h be5 able to con/ruct an exp]i5ce ( equal value2 = :at results is almo/ indep5d5t ( ! au?or4 ,to pass to a case 9 :i* communication is successful1 :]e ! objection lies to :at is communicat$3 ,aft] ! fi]ce midsumm] all ablaze ,has burn$ itself to a%es & expires ,9 ! int5sity ( its own fires1 ,!n come ! mell[1 mild1 ,/ ,m>t9 days ,cr[n$ ) ! calm ( peace1 b sad ) haze4 ,s aft] ,love has l$ u1 till he tires ,( 8 own ?roes & torm5ts1 & desires1 ,comes l>ge-ey$ ,fri5d%ip3 ) a re/ful gaze ,he beckons u to foll[1 & across ,cool1 v]dant vales we w&] free f c>e4 ,is x a t\* ( fro/ lies 9 ! air8 ,:y are we haunt$ ) a s5se ( loss8 ,we d n wi% ! pa9 back1 or ! heat2 ,& yet1 & yet1 ^! days are incomplete4 ,z to ! success ( ! communication !re c be no "q4 ,bo? ! popul>ity ( ! au?or1 ,ella ,:eel] ,wilcox1 ( ^: "w ?is is a fav\rable specim51 & records ( ! response made by well-educat$ p]sons1 :o read x )\t be+ aw>e ( ! au?or%ip1 leave ?is beyond d\bt4 ,x reproduces ! /ate ( m9d ( ! writ] v exactly4 ,) a v num]\s class ( read]s pleasure & admiration ensue4 ,! explanation is1 probably1 9 ! soo?+ effect ( align+ ! v active ,love-,fri5d%ip gr\ps ( impulses ) s settl$ yet ri* a gr\p z ! ,summ]-,autumn simile br+s 94 ,! m9d f9ds = a mom5t an attitude 9 :i* to contemplate a pair ( situations 7,love & ,fri5d%ip7 toge!r1 situations :i* are = _m m9ds p>ticul>ly difficult to see toge!r4 ,! heavy regul> rhy?m1 ! dead /amp ( ! rimes1 ! obvi\sness ( ! descriptions 7#8mell[1 mild1 ,/ ,m>t9'2 #8cool v]dant vales'7 _! allit]ation1 ! trit5ess ( ! close1 all ^! acc5tuate ! impression ( conclusiv5ess4 ,! re/less _s is appeas$1 "o ( its *ief problems is made to seem z if1 reg>d$ f a l(ty1 all-embrac+ /&po9t1 x is no problem b a process ( nature4 ,?is reconciliation1 ?is appeasem5t1 is common to mu* good & to mu* bad poetry alike4 ,b ! value ( x dep5ds ^u ! level ( organisation at :i* x takes place1 ^u :e!r ! reconcil$ impulses are adequate or inadequate4 ,9 ?is case ^? :o h adequate impulses z reg>ds any ( ! f\r ma9 sy/ems involv$1 ,summ]1 ,autumn1 ,love1 ,fri5d%ip1 are n appeas$4 ,only = ^? :o make c]ta9 conv5tional1 /]eotyp$ maladju/m5ts in/ead1 does ! magic "w4 ,! nature & s\rce ( ^! /ock conv5tional attitudes is ( great int]e/4 ,sugge/ion is v l>gely responsible = !m4 ,! normal *ild "u ! age ( t5 is probably free f !m1 or at lea/ ) him !y h no fixity or privileg$ /&+4 ,b z g5]al reflection develops ! place ( ! free direct play ( exp]i5ce is tak5 by ! delib]ate organisation ( attitudes1 a clumsy & crude sub/itute4 #8,ideas'1 z !y are commonly call$1 arise4 ,a boy's #8,idea' ( ,fri5d%ip or ( ,summ] or ( 8 ,c\ntry is n1 ?\gh ! "n w\ld seem to imply x1 prim>ily an intellectual affair4 ,x is r an attitude1 or set ( attitudes1 ( t5d5cies to act 9 c]ta9 fa%ions r ?an o!rs4 ,n[ reflection1 unless v prolong$ & v ardu\s1 t5ds to fix ! attitude by mak+ u dwell 9 x1 by remov+ u f exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! developm5t ( any attitude !re are /ages1 po9ts ( re/1 ( relatively great] /ability4 ,^!1 z we dwell 9 !m1 become m & m difficult to pass1 & x is n surpris+ t mo/ p rema9 all _! lives 9 v>i\s halfway h\ses4 ,^! /ages or levels ( emotional adju/m5t seem1 = ! mo/ "p1 to be fix$ n by any special suitability to circum/ances1 c]ta9ly n to pres5t circum/ances1 b mu* m by social sugge/ion & by accid5ts :i* )draw u f actual exp]i5ce1 ! "o =ce :i* might pu% u fur!r4 ,at pres5t bad lit]ature1 bad art1 ! c9ema1 etc41 are an influ5ce ( ! fir/ importance 9 fix+ immature & actually inapplicable attitudes to mo/ ?+s4 ,ev5 ! decision z to :at con/itutes a pretty girl or a h&some "y man1 an affair app>5tly natural & p]sonal en\gh1 is l>gely det]m9$ by magaz9e cov]s & movie />s4 ,! q common op9ion t ! arts h aft] all v little effect ^u ! community %[s only t too little att5tion is be+ paid to ! effects ( bad art4 ,! losses incurr$ by ^! artificial fixations ( attitudes are evid5t4 ,?r\gh !m ! av]age adult is worse1 n bett] adju/$ to ! possibilities ( 8 exi/5ce ?an ! *ild4 ,he is ev5 9 ! mo/ important ?+s functionally unable to face facts3 d :at he w he is only able to face fictions1 fictions project$ by 8 own /ock responses4 ,aga9/ ^! /ock responses ! arti/'s int]nal & ext]nal conflicts are f\ght1 & ) !m ! popul> writ]'s triumphs are made4 ,any comb9ation ( ^! g5]al ,ideas1 hit at ! "r level or halt+ po9t ( developm5t1 is1 if suitably adv]tis$1 c]ta9 ( success4 ,be/-sell]s 9 all ! arts1 exemplify+ z !y d ! mo/ g5]al levels ( attitude developm5t1 are wor?y ( v close /udy4 ,no !ory ( criticism is satisfactory :i* is n able to expla9 _! wide appeal & to give cle> reasons :y ^? :o disda9 !m are n necess>ily snobs4 ,! critic & ! ,sales ,manag] are n ord9>ily reg>d$ z ( ! same craft1 nor are ! poet & ! adv]tis+ ag5t4 ,x is true t "s s]i\s arti/s are occasionally tempt$ into po/] design+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r _! "w pays4 ,b ! writt5 appeals :i* h ! s\nde/ f9ancial prospects z e/imat$ by ! mo/ able ,am]ican adv]tis]s are su* t no critic c safely ignore !m4 ,= !y d und\bt$ly repres5t ! lit]>y ideals pres5t & future ( ! p to :om !y are address$4#fg ,!y are te/$ 9 a way :i* few o!r =ms ( lit]ature are te/$1 _! effects are wat*$ by adepts ^: livelihood dep5ds ^u ! accuracy ( _! judgm5t1 & !y are among ! be/ indices available ( :at is happ5+ to ta/e4 ,criticism w ju/ify itself z an appli$1 sci5ce :5 x is able to indicate h[ an adv]tisem5t may be pr(itable )\t necess>ily be+ crass4 ,we %all see lat] "u :at conditions popul>ity & possible high value are compatible4 ,! /ronge/ objection to1 let u say1 ! sonnet we h quot$1 is t a p]son :o enjoys x1 ?r\gh ! v organisation ( 8 responses :i* enables him to enjoy x1 is deb>r$ f appreciat+ _m ?+s :i*1 if he c\ld appreciate !m1 he w\ld pref]4 ,we mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 =get ^? v>iations 9 psy*ological effici5cy discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxii z degrees ( vigilance4 ,ev5 a good critic at a suffici5tly l[ ebb ( neural pot5cy might mi/ake su* a sonnet = "o ( ,%akespe>e's or ) m ease = "o ( ,rossetti's4 ,b :5 vigilance 0 re/or$ he w\ld see1 or at lea/ feel1 ! diff]5ces4 ,! po9t is t a read] :o1 at a high degree ( vigilance1 ?or\ghly ent]s into & enjoys ?is class ( v]se1 is necess>ily s organis$ t he w fail to respond to poetry4 ,"t & mu* v>i$ exp]i5ce might *ange him suffici5tly1 b by !n he w\ld no long] be able to enjoy su* v]se1 he w\ld no long] be ! same p]son4 ,a g5]al /atem5t su* z ?is ab\t ! incompatibility ( inexpressibly complex adju/m5ts mu/ naturally be incapable ( /rict pro(4 ,individuals ) alt]nat+ p]sonalities & subject to fugues w\ld h to be consid]$4 ,s w\ld ! ph5om5a ( #8mutations ( regime' unaccompani$ by *ange ( vigilance if su* occur4 ,none ! less v mu* evid5ce sub/antiates ! /atem5t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( all ^? :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! /ages 9 ! developm5t ( attitudes presuppos$ by great poetry is probably conclusive4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! intricacies ( ! n]v\s sy/em %\ld be capable ( gett+ r\nd ?is objection1 !re rema9 suffici5t o!r reasons :y indulg5ce 9 v]se ( ?is "* %\ld be condemn$4 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] t ! value ( ! exp]i5ce :i* results f x is small4 ,on a pleasure !ory ( value !re might well be d\bt1 s9ce ^? :o d enjoy x c]ta9ly appe> to enjoy x 9 a high degree4 ,b on ! !ory "h ma9ta9$1 ! fact t ^? :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( enjoy+ ! ,poems ( ,passion to t ( enjoy+ ! bulk ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,gold5 ,treasury1 = example1 d n return1 settles ! matt]4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 ( c\rse1 ! conditions :i* h to be satisfi$ be=e ?is te/ is conclusive4 ,t a man :o has pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( dr9k+ no?+ b be] to ! /age ( dr9k+ no?+ b br&y r>ely returns1 does n prove t br&y is ! bett] dr9k4 ,x m]ely proves t x is ! m effici5t intoxicant4 ,we h to ask 9 apply+ ! te/ :at ! responses 9 "q are1 & 9 ! case ( poetry !y are s v>i$1 s repres5tative ( all ! activities ( life1 t actual univ]sal pref]5ce on ! "p ( ^? :o h tri$ bo? k9ds fairly is ! same 7on our view7 z sup]iority 9 value ( ! "o ov] ! o!r4 ,keats1 by univ]sal qualifi$ op9ion1 is a m effici5t poet ?an ,wilcox1 & t is ! same ?+ z say+ t 8 works are m valuable4 #fg ,a specim53 8,! ?\ghtful man1 ! man on bus9ess b5t1 w5ds 8 way to ,wembley ) def9ite purpose4 ,he seeke? k1 desire? increase ( comm]ce or wille? to /udy new epo*-mak+ inv5tions40--,(ficial ,adv]tisem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,judgm5t & ,div]g5t ,read+s ,! ,prime ,m9i/]--,! misund]/&+--9 s f> z x is a misund]/&+--is purely a misund]/&+4 4 4 4 ,! ,lead] ( ! ,opposition--,) ! utmo/ goodwill on ?is side1 ,i f9d myself ) f> less grasp ( ! :ole subject ?an ,i _h4 4 4 4--,! ,times1 #h? ,july #aibd4 ,ambiguity 9 a poem1 z ) any o!r communication1 may be ! fault ( ! poet or ( ! read]4 ,! ambiguities due to erratic read+ are z important = criticism z o!rs1 & practically m tr\blesome4 ,!re are /rong social inc5tives = ov]look+ !m4 ,talk+ to "o ano!r we assume1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 l ! m]e/ simpletons1 t our read+s agree1 & t :5 we diff] 9 our op9ions x is some?+ else1 n our exp]i5ces b our judgm5ts ab\t !m :i* are at v>iance4 ,mo/ discussion ab\t works ( art is wa/e ( "t z communication = ?is reason4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 h great value z a means by :i* p may sev]ally develop _! own reactions4 ,^! assumptions :i* s d5sely obscure ! issue raise innum]able practical difficulties bo? = criticism & = ! con/ruction ( a !ory ( criticism4 ,x is well wor? :ile to analyse typical situations a little fur!r4 ,! clos+ l9es ( ! ,fif? ,sonnet ( ,wordswor?'s ,riv] ,duddon s]ies w af=d a conv5i5t in/ance3-- ,sole li/5]1 ,duddon6 to ! breeze t play$ ,) ?y cle> voice1 ,i caught ! fitful s\nd ,waft$ o'er sull5 moss & craggy m\nd1 ,unfruitful solitudes t seem$ to upbraid ,! sun 9 heav56--b n[1 to =m a %ade ,= !e1 gre5 ald]s h toge!r w\nd ,_! foliage2 a%es flung _! arms ar\nd2 ,& bir* trees ris5 9 silv] colonnade4 ,& ?\ ha/ also tempt$ "h to rise1 ,mid %elt]+ p9es1 ?is cottage rude & grey2 ,^: ruddy *ildr51 by ! "m's eyes ,c>elessly wat*$1 sport ?r\gh ! summ] day1 ,?y pleas$ associates--light z endless ,may ,on infant bosoms lonely nature lies4 ,two read]s :o f\nd !mselves1 z !y ?\ght1 9 entire agreem5t z to ! excell5ce ( ?is sonnet1 & especially z to ! beauty ( its close1 7 surpris$ %ortly aft]w>ds to discov] t !y _h be5 read+ q diff]5t poems4 ,by ! "o ! la/ s5t5ce 0 int]pret$ z say+ t ! gloom ( lonely nature1 ( sull5 moss & craggy gr\nd1 h[ev] x might seem lat] on 9 life1 _h no oppressive effect ^u ! *ildr54 ,by ! o!r x 0 read z say+ t h[ev] b>r5 & gloomy might be ! sc5e1 actually lonely nature !re 9 itself _h no su* "*1 b 01 z x 71 float+ 8light z endless ,may on infant bosoms04 ,! two read+s1 by ?r[+ _! effect back ^u :at _h prec$$ & 9 addition completely alt]+ ! rhy?m ( ! close1 produc$ :at x is no exagg]ation to describe z two diff]5t poems4 ,nei!r w\ld be un*>act]i/ic ( ,wordswor?1 al?\gh d\btless ! fir/ read+ is ! "o to be accept$4 ,?is exemplifies :at is p]haps ! r>e/ case1#fh t 9 :i* agreem5t z to value cov]s an actual grave diff]5ce 9 ! exp]i5ces valu$4 ,m usually !re is "s g5u9e s\rce = ! agreem5t1 to be f\nd 9 "s common "* ( ! exp]i5ces4 ,:at ?is common "* is may be difficult to discov]4 ,x may be m]ely ! rhy?m1 or ! cad5ce ( "s phrase1 or ! =m ( a sequ5ce ( ref]5ces4 ,b sometimes1 if x is a m obvi\s "p1 su* z a description or metaphor1 a discussion betwe5 critical read]s1 :o are aw>e t _! exp]i5ces diff]1 w br+ x to light4 ,ano!r common case is exemplifi$ by "s fam\s discussions ( ,hamlet4 ,x is curi\s t p ) su* diff]5t conceptions ( ! "* ( ,hamlet himself & ( ! action ( ! play1 h be5 able to agree none ! less z to its value z a :ole1 ap>t1 ( c\rse1 f its incid5tal values4 ,mu* has to be disc\nt$ 9 e/imat+ ?is agreem5t4 ,on "s int]pretations praise ( ! play z a :ole is c]ta9ly ins9c]e4 ,on ! int]pretation :i* makes ,claudius ! h]o1 ^: tragic frailty lies 9 ! fact t 8 long-suff]+ pati5ce ) ! baseless suspicions ( ! crazy nuisance ,hamlet breaks d[n 9 ! end & br+s ! noble mon>* to disa/]1 !re w\ld be little beyond ! playwright's subtlety :i* c\ld hone/ly be comm5d$4 ,b ) all all[ances x seems c]ta9 t widely diff]5t int]pretations h seem$ to good critics to result 9 ! same peculi> high value ( trag$y4 ,! explanation is t tragic value is a g5]al n a specific "* ( responses4 ,j z a collision betwe5 motorc>s & a collision betwe5 %ips are equally collisions1 s ! impulses ^: equilibrium produces ! ca?>sis ( trag$y may be v v>i$1 provid$ t _! relations to "o ano!r are correct4 ,v _m ( ! values ( ! arts are ( ?is g5]al k9d4 ,besides ! exp]i5ces :i* result f ! build+ up ( connect$ attitudes1 !re are ^? produc$ by ! break+ d[n ( "s attitude :i* is a clog & a b> to o!r activities4 ,f ,blake's 8,truly1 my ,satan1 ?\ art b a dunce01#fi to ,voltaire's 8,bon pre de famille e/ capable de t\t01 su* works c be f\nd 9 all degrees4 ,x matt]s little :at ! detail ( ! impulses :i* make up ! ob/ruct+ attitude = diff]5t p 9 ea* case may be4 ,?is (t5 v>ies1 b :5 ! attitude collapses ! effect c be agre$ ^u4 ,! great ma/]s ( irony--,rabelais & ! ,flaub]t ( ,b\v>d et ,pcu*et--are ! *ief expon5ts ( ?is k9d ( exorcism4 #fh ,= ano!r in/ance see ,br[n+1 ,p>t+ at ,morn+4 #fi ,! ,keys ( ! ,gates3 ,to ! ,accus] :o is ! ,god ( ?is ,_w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,levels ( ,response & ! ,wid? ( ,appeal ,l'art n'e/ pas *ose populaire1 encore mo9s #8p\le de luxe'4 4 4 4 ,l'art e/ d'ess5ce hauta9e4--,le ,corbusi]-,saugni]4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! cases 9 :i* app>5t agreem5t disguises real diff]5ces1 t 9 :i* a "w occasions valuable responses ( ! same k9d at a numb] ( diff]5t levels4 ,macbe? is z good an example z any4 ,its v wide popul>ity is due to ! fact t crude responses to its situations integrate ) "o ano!r1 n s well z m ref9$ responses1 b /ill 9 some?+ ( ! same fa%ion4 ,at "o end ( ! scale x is a highly successful1 easily appreh5d$1 two-col\r melodrama1 at ! o!r a peculi>ly enigmatic & subtle trag$y1 & 9 betwe5 !re are v>i\s /ages :i* give fairly satisfactory results4 ,?us p ( v diff]5t capacities = discrim9ation & ) _! attitudes develop$ 9 v diff]5t degrees c jo9 9 admir+ x4 ,?is possibility ( be+ enjoy$ at _m levels#gj is a recognis$ *>act]i/ic ( ,elizabe?an ,drama4 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 ! ,ballads1 are o!r in/ances4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 su* ?+s &1 = example1 ! "w ( ,donne1 ,milton1 ,blake1 ,l&or1 ,/5dhal1 ,h5ry ,james1 ,baudelaire raise "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( critical problems4 ,!re is a common op9ion1 sometimes v /rongly held1 t a "w :i* appeals to all k9ds & all degrees ( m5 is !reby prov$ to be great]1 m valuable1 ?an "o :i* appeals only to "s4 ,!re may be a confusion 9 ?is op9ion4 ,! sum ( value yield$1 s9ce m5 actually are ( diff]5t degrees1 ! social value t is to say ( su* "w1 w naturally be great]4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! maximum value = ! read] ( ! highe/ level ne$ be great]4 ,! common belief t x is necess>ily great]1 t ! "w ( wide appeal mu/ be 9 itself a m admirable ?+ ?an "w :i* appeals only to ^? :o discrim9ate f9ely1 is due to ! assumption t x appeals ev]y:]e = ! same reasons & ?us is %[n to t\* some?+ ess5tial & fundam5tal 9 human nature4 ,b no "o 9 a position to judge1 :o has1 = example1 "s exp]i5ce ( ! tea*+ ( ,engli%1 w ma9ta9 t ,%akespe>e's appeal1 to take ! *ief in/ance1 is homog5e\s4 ,diff]5t p read & g to see ! same play = utt]ly diff]5t reasons4 ,:]e two p applaud we t5d to assume1 9 spite ( our bett] k1 t _! exp]i5ces h be5 ! same3 ! exp]i5ce ( ! fir/ w\ld (t5 be nause\s to ! second1 if by accid5t !y 7 ex*ang$1 & ! fir/ w\ld be left helpless1 lo/ & bewild]$4 ,on ?is false assumption x is easy to build up a =midable !ory ab\t art's conc]n ) ! basic elem5ts ( human nature & to arraign mod]n art = sup]ficiality4 ,b !re h always be5 ^! two k9ds1 "w ) ! wide1 & "w ) only ! special appeal4 ,:at actually are ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m8 ,! "o1 ! art :i* keeps ! *ild f play & ! old man f 8 *imney-corn]1 evid5tly builds up its attitudes ) ! simple/1 mo/ aborig9al impulses1 & x h&les !m s t ! undevelop$ m9d c weave !m into "s sort ( satisfy+ fabric :ile ! m mature m9d1 qualify+ & complicat+ !m until !y p]haps lose all lik5ess to _! e>li] =m1 /ill f9ds !m s]ve its ne$s4 ,! o!r is built up f impulses :i*1 except 9 a p]sonality capable ( v nice adju/m5ts1 d n unite 9 any valuable way1 & (t5 ! impulses !mselves are ( a k9d ( :i* only a highly develop$ m9d or "o ) special exp]i5ce is capable4 ,?is la/ po9t1 h[ev]1 is sep>able1 & raises a "q :i* w be discuss$ lat]4 ,pla9ly ea* ( ! two me?ods has its advantages4 ,! poet ( wide appeal1 x is tempt+ to suppose1 has an advantage 9 t ! impulses involv$ are g5]al1 h be5 int]e/$ all ?r\gh life & are v repres5tative ( exp]i5ce4 ,& he has ! fur!r advantage p]haps ( avoid+ a c]ta9 dang]\s f9ality4 ,impulses :i* adju/ !mselves at s _m levels may g on do+ s p]haps indef9itely4 ,!re may be some?+ 9 ! sugge/ion t ,%akespe>e wrote bett] ?an he knew4 ,c]ta9ly x is a s]i\s *>ge aga9/ mu* ( ,h5ry ,james1 = example1 t :5 ! read] has once successfully read x !re is no?+ fur!r :i* he c d4 ,he c only repeat 8 read+4 ,!re is (t5 a po9t at :i* ! p>ts ( ! exp]i5ce click toge!r1 ! requir$ attitude is a*iev$1 & no fur!r developm5t is possible4 ,toge!r ) ?is goes ! s5se 9 ! read] t all _h to be j z x is & n o!rwise1 :]eas ) mu* ( ,%akespe>e we feel t any?+ might h be5 diff]5t & ! result ! same4 8,n labori\sly b luckily40 ,b ?is is only sometimes true ( ! sophi/icat$ poet :o makes no appeal bel[ a c]ta9 level4 ,x is n true ( ,pope1 = example1 or ( ,walt ,:itman1 to *oose two unlike au?ors :o at _! be/ are n g5]ally appreciat$4 ,& z a c\nt]balanc+ advantage = su* poets _! great] fre$om mu/ be notic$4 ,p]haps ! *ief reason = ! decl9e ( drama 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7social factors ap>t7 0 ! exhau/ion ( ! be/ !mes :i* c\ld be us$ 9 ord] to appeal at all levels4 ,drama1 to secure audi5ces l>ge en\gh to be enc\rag+1 mu/ make a wide-spread appeal2 b ! limitations :i* ?is condition imposes ^u action are v /rict4 ,!re are no simil> re/rictions = lyric poetry1 & x is significant t ! greate/ lyrics h s (t5 a high-level appeal only4 ,! ,mad ,song ( ,blake1 ,! ,phnix & ! ,turtle1 ,! ,hymn ( ,pan1 mo/ great sonnets1 are in/ances 9 po9t4 ,!re is1 too1 no good reason :y impulses :i* only beg9 to make up valuable attitudes 9 highly organis$ & discrim9at+ m9ds %\ld lead to attitudes less valuable or m fragile1 m fix$ & f9al ?an o!rs4 ,we mu/ n all[ ! unique in/ance ( ,%akespe>e to weigh too heavily2 aft] all1 ,k+ ,le>1 ! mo/ inexhau/ible ( 8 works1 is n a ?+ :i* has great popul> appeal4 #gj ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 di/+ui% art ( ?is k9d f ! ,*ri/mas p>ty or magaz9e k9d ( production1 9 :i* ! au?or provides some?+ 7diff]5t & 9 a diff]5t place7 = ev]ybody4 ,! works ( ,dick5s might be cit$ z examples4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,! ,allusiv5ess ( ,mod]n ,poetry ,tehee6 ,tehee6 ,o sweet delight6 ,he tickles ?is age :o c ,call ,tullia's ape a m>mosyte1 ,& ,l$a's goose a swan6 ,anon4 ,we h di/+ui%$ betwe5 impulses :i* are involv$ at all /ages ( developm5t1 _! c\rse & fate naturally v>y+ ) ! /age1 & ^? :i* d n g (f at all except 9 develop$ m9ds4 ,! responses ( ! non-ma!matical & ! ma!matical m9d to a =mula illu/rate ! diff]5ce4 ,x is ! use ( responses n available )\t special exp]i5ce1 :i* m ?an any?+ else n>r[s ! range ( ! arti/'s communication & creates ! gulf betwe5 exp]t & popul> ta/e4 ,9 ! second *orus ( ,hellas 9 ! middle ( ! second /anza ! rhy?m1 tune1 & h&l+1 ?\gh n ! metre1 become sudd5ly un*>act]i/ic ( ,%elley4 ,a fullness ( tone1 a que]1 g5tle cad5ce1 & a leisurely ease ( movem5t belong to ! fif? & foll[+ l9es3 ,a mortal %ape to him ,0 l ! vap\r dim ,:i* ! ori5t planet animates ) light4 ,hell1 s91 & slav]y1 came1 ,l bloodh\nds mild & tame1 ,nor prey$ until _! ,"l _h tak5 flight4 ,& ?is tone & movem5t are 9 cle> contra/ ) ! fev]1 ! impetuosity1 ! %rillness & rapidity ( ! fir/ /anza1 or ( ! clos+ l9es ( ! second3 ,! moon ( ,mahomet ,arose1 & x %all set3 ,:ile1 blazon$ z on heav5's immortal noon1 ,! ,cross leads g5]ations on4 ,! diff]5ce is difficult to describe except p]haps3 by ! aid ( a musical notation4 ,x is l ! diff]5ce betwe5 two voices1 & 9 spite ( ! highly *>act]i/ic matt]#ga ( ! l9es1 ! read] feels t n ,%elley b "s o!r poet is speak+4 ,:at ,%elley is do+ becomes unmi/akable 9 ! ?ird & la/ /anza4 ,! correspond+ l9es1 aga9 9 cle> contra/ ) ! l9es surr\nd+ !m1 h ! same /range modulation3 ,s fleet1 s fa9t1 s fair1 ,! ,p[]s ( ,e>? & ,air ,fl$ f ! fold+-/> ( ,be?lehem4 ,apollo1 ,pan & ,love1 ,& ev5 ,olympian ,jove1 ,grew weak1 = kill+ ,tru? _h gl>$ on !m4 ,9 a mann] m famili> p]haps 9 music ?an 9 poetry ,%elley is e*o+ ano!r poem1 borr[+1 z x 71 ,milton's voice ?\gh n 8 words1 mak+ 9 fact a musical quotation1 a poetical allusion ( an exquisite felicity4 ,b by s do+ he is necess>ily re/rict+ ! numb] ( ! read]s :o w fully appreciate him4 ,su* allusions are a normal & regul> "p ( ! res\rces ( all poets :o belong to ! lit]>y tradition1 t is to say1 ( ! va/ majority ( poets 9 mod]n times4 ,!y are n (t5 s unobtrusive & ! place :i* !y are giv5 9 ! /ructure ( ! poem v>ies4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 a failure on ! "p ( ! read] has no important consequ5ces4 ,"o famili> ) ! ,hymn on ! ,morn+ ( ,*ri/'s ,nativity w respond m fully & ) a deep] s5se ( ! situation2 b a read] unfamili> ) x is n depriv$ ( any major "p ( ! poem4 ,9 o!r cases ! loss is m s]i\s4 ,ano!r in/ance f ,%elley w illu/rate ?is1 & x is int]e/+ = its own sake4 ,! ,%ape :i* guides ! ,*>iot 9 ! ,triumph ( ,life is describ$ & id5tifi$ = ! read] 9 a l>ge degree ?r\gh ano!r ,miltonic quotation or allusion3 ,a ,%ape ,s sate )91 z "o :om ye>s de=m1 ,b5ea? a dusky hood & d\ble cape1 ,cr\*+ )9 ! %ad[ ( a tomb1 ,& o'er :at seem$ ! head a cl\d-l crape ,0 b5t4 ,%elley1 x is kn[n1 cry/allis$ mu* ( 8 philosophy 9 ! s5t5ce3 #8,dea? is ! veil :i* ^? :o live call life'1 & ! ref]5ce#gb "h to ! gu>dian ( ,hell ,gate1 ,:at seem'd 8 head ,! lik5ess ( a ,k+ly ,cr[n _h on1 is n accid5tal or unimportant = ! und]/&+ ( ! poem4 ,"s c>e is ne$$ 9 consid]+ ! problem ( allusions4 ,!re may be wor?y & unwor?y motives beh9d _! employm5t ad _! enjoym5t4 ,!re are "s to :om a famili>ity ) lit]ature occasions a s5se ( sup]iority ov] o!rs :i* is trivial & mean4 ,! pleasure ( recognition1 proportional z x is to ! difficulty or unobtrusiv5ess ( ! allusion is a ?+ ( slight value1 n to be confus$ ) lit]>y or poetic values4 ,x is p]fectly possible = a read]1 famili> ) ! ,nativity ,hymn1 = example1 to receive all t ,%elley int5d$ )\t ev] notic+ ! allusion1 )\t1 t is to say1 any recognition4 ,b ! erudite (t5 =get t ?is happ5s4 ,to turn ! capacity ( recognis+ recondite ref]5ces into a %ibbole? by :i* culture may be e/imat$ is a p]v]sion to :i* s*ol>ly p]sons are too mu* addict$4 ,! po9t is wor? m5tion+1 s9ce ?is snobbi%ness1 p]colat+ d[n 7or1 if ! metaphor be pref]r$1 by rep]cussion7 is responsible = mu* ins9c]ity & timidity1 = wrong attitudes ( _m k9ds t[>ds lit]ature1 = irritation & oppression develop+ into di/a/e & neglect ( poetry4 ,allusion is a trap = ! writ] almo/ z effective z = ! academic critic4 ,x invites ins9c]ity4 ,x may enc\rage & disguise laz9ess4 ,:5 x becomes a habit x is a disease4 ,b ^! dang]s =m no gr\nd = d5y+ to allusion1 & ! simil> res\rces ( :i* x is typical1 a fit & ju/ifiable place 9 poetry4 ,allusion is ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! ways 9 :i* poetry takes into its s]vice elem5ts & =ms ( exp]i5ce :i* are n inevitable to life b ne$ to be specially acquir$4 ,& ! difficulty :i* x raises is m]ely a special in/ance ( a g5]al communicative difficulty :i* w probably increase = ! poetry ( ! future4 ,all ! ?\ght & feel+ ( rec5t man goes on 9 t]ms ( exp]i5ce :i* is mu* m likely to be special & peculi> to ! individual1 ?an1 let u say1 ! exp]i5ce ( m$ieval man4 ,! survival ( m$ieval man on su* a va/ scale among u %\ld n mislead 9 ?is matt]4 ,! p :o are mo/ ke5ly & v>i\sly int]e/$1 t is to say1 ! p ^: lives are mo/ valuable on our !ory ( value1 ! p = :om ! poet writes & by 8 appeal to :om he is judg$1 inevitably build up _! m9ds ) f> m v>i$ elem5ts ?an has ev] be5 ! case be=e4 ,& ! poet1 9 s f> z he is equal to 8 opportunities1 does ! same4 ,x is h>d1 &1 9 fact1 impossible1 to d5y him 8 natural & necess>y res\rces on ! gr\nd t a majority ( 8 read]s w n und]/&4 ,?is is n 8 fault b ! fault ( ! social /ructure4 ,giv5 pres5t conditions & future developm5ts 9 ! directions indicat$ by ! *anges ( ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s1 x is extremely probable t poets w become n less b m allusive1 t _! "w w dep5d m & m n only ^u o!r poetry b ^u all mann] ( special fields ( famili>ity4#gc ,_m ( ! f9e/ & mo/ widely significant exp]i5ces1 & ^? !re=e mo/ suitable = poetry1 come n[adays1 = example1 ?r\gh read+ pieces ( advanc$ rese>*4 ,!re is no?+ new 9 ?is1 ( c\rse1 no?+ t 0 n happ5+ :5 ,donne wrote4 ,! difficulty spr+s f ! fact t rese>* is s mu* fur!r ahead ?an x us$ to be4 #ga ,cf4 ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 ,act #a3 #8! air ar\nd !m looks radiant z ! air ar\nd a />'2 also ,triumph ( ,life3 #8z veil by veil ! sil5t spl5d\r drops ,f ,lucif]'4 #gb ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 l9e #fgb4 #gc ,a v int]e/+ contempor>y example 9 connection ) :i* ! problem arises p]haps m acutely ?an ev] be=e is ,mr ,eliot's ,! ,wa/e ,l& already m5tion$4 ,! impati5ce ( s _m critics & ! fact t !y h compla9$ ( ! pres5ce & necessity ( notes well illu/rates ! confusion :i* prevails ^u ?is "q4 ,a m reasonable compla9t w\ld h be5 t ,mr ,eliot did n provide a l>g] app>atus ( elucidation4 7,see ,app5dix74 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,p]man5ce z a ,crit]ion ,:]e) be+ cr[n'd1 ,crook$ eclipses 'ga9/ 8 glory fight4 ,%akespe>e1 ,sonnet ,,lx4 ,! p]man5ce ( poetry is a subject closely connect$ ) ! =ego+4 ,j z !re is a prejudice 9 fav\r ( "w ) a wide popul> appeal1 s !re is ano!r 9 fav\r ( "w :i* la/s1 :i* has 8/ood ! v]dict ( ! c5turies01 or is ?\ght likely to /& x4 ,bo? are 9 "p due to critical timidity2 if we _c decide ourselves1 let u at lea/ c\nt h&s & g ) ! majority4 ,b circum/ances :i* h no?+ to d ) value sometimes det]m9e survival1 & "w :i* is ( great value mu/ (t5 p]i% = t v reason4 ,x nev] gets pr9t$1 none w look at x or li/5 to x4 ,& immortality (t5 atta*es itself to ! bad z firmly z to ! good4 ,few ?+s are worse ?an ,hiawa?a or ,! ,black ,cat1 ,lorna ,doone or ,le ,crime de ,silve/re ,bonn>d1 & "s ( ! greate/ fav\rites#gd ( ! an?ologies figure !re ?r\gh _! #8bad em95ce'4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 reasons = connect+ p]si/5ce ( appeal ) a c]ta9 type ( /ructure1 &1 :i* is m int]e/+1 in/ant fame ) a failure to appeal to subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,"w :i* relies ^u ready-made attitudes1 )\t be+ able to recon/itute simil> attitudes :5 !y are n already exi/5t1 w (t5 make an appeal to "o g5]ation :i* is a my/]y to ! g5]ations ) diff]5t attitudes :i* foll[4 ,b ?is disadvantage f ! po9t ( view ( p]man5ce ( communication does n necess>ily involve any lack ( value = ^? to :om ! exp]i5ces are accessible4 ,v (t51 ( c\rse1 x w accompany l[ value2 b ?is ne$ n be s4 ,! p]man5ce ( "s art has (t5 be5 an excuse = fanta/ic hypo!ses4 ,su* art has be5 ?\ght to embody immortal ess5ces1 to reveal special k9ds ( #8et]nal' tru?s4 ,b su* debilitat+ speculations "h no less ?an else:]e %\ld be avoid$4 ,^? are n ! t]ms 9 :i* ! matt] may be/ be discuss$4 ,! uni=mity ( ! impulses f :i* ! "w ( art />ts is a suffici5t explanation ( its p]man5ce4 ,:]e ! impulses involv$ are only accid5tally t\*$ (f ?r\gh be+ tempor>ily 9 a height5$ /ate ( excitability1 we may reasonably expect t !re w be little p]man5ce4 ,z a cat*word w "w "o ye> l magic1 s9ce c]ta9 attitudes are = social reasons ready pois$ on a hair-trigg] adju/m5t1 & ! next ye> be inop]ative & incompreh5sible1 s1 on a l>g] scale & 9 less /rik+ degree1 m5's special social circum/ances (t5 provide opportunities = works ( art :i* at o!r times are q inadequate /imuli4 ,!re are fa%ions 9 ! mo/ important ?+s z 9 ! lea/1 b = ! arti/ to pr(it by !m is usually to =go p]man5ce4 ,! great] ! ease ( communication "u su* conditions ! great] ! dang] ( obsolesc5ce4 ,f> m ( ! great art ( ! pa/ is actually obsolete ?an c]ta9 critics pret5d1 :o =get :at a special app>atus ( erudition !y !mselves br+ to _! criticism4 ,! ,div9a ,comm$ia is a repres5tative example4 ,x is true t = adequately equipp$ read]s :o c imag9atively reproduce ! _w outlook ( ,aqu9as1 & c]ta9 attitudes to woman & to *a/ity1 :i* are ev5 m inaccessible1 !re is no obsolesc5ce4 ,b ?is is true ( ! mo/ =gott5 poems4 ,actual obsolesc5ce is n 9 g5]al a sign ( l[ value1 b m]ely ( ! use ( special circum/ances = communication4 ,t a "w reflects1 summ>ises & is p5etrat$ by its age & p]iod is n a gr\nd = assign+ x a l[ value1 & yet ?is saturation m ?an any?+ else limits ! duration ( its appeal4 ,only s f> z a "w avoids ! cat*word type 9 its me?od1 & relies ^u elem5ts likely to rema9 /able1 =mal elem5ts = example1 c x escape ! t\* ( "t4 ,t ,dante is neglect$ is due only indirectly to 8 pres5t-day obscurity2 he is /ill z accessible z ev] ?r\gh 8 =mal side4 ,x is ! lab\r requir$ f read]s :o are n cont5t ) a p>tial approa* :i* expla9s :y he is s little read ev5 by ! s*ol>ly4 ,:at c be translat$ 93 him1 ! cont5t1 is precisely :at is ( lea/ pres5t & future int]e/1 & at ! same "t mo/ difficult to und]/&4 #gd ,e4g4 #8,:5 lovely woman /oops to folly1' ,h]aclitus1 ,! ,mill]s ,daught]1 ,alex&] ,selkirk1 & 7its be/ kn[n p>ts at lea/7 ,! ,skyl>k4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,! ,def9ition ( a ,poem ,m5 take ! words !y f9d 9 use among _! neighb\rs1 & t !y may n seem ignorant :at !y /& = use !m confid5tly )\t mu* tr\bl+ _! heads ab\t a c]ta9 fix$ mean+4 4 4 4 x be+ all "o to draw ^! m5 out ( _! mi/akes1 :o h no settl$ notions1 z to dispossess a ,vagrant ( 8 habitation1 :o has no settl$ abode4 ,?is ,i guess to be s2 & e "o may obs]ve 9 himself or o!rs :e!r x be s or n4 ,locke4 ,x may be useful to collect "h "s ( ! results ( ! =ego+ sections & consid] !m f ! po9t ( view ( ! practis+ critic4 ,! mo/ sali5t p]haps is ! desirability ( di/+ui%+ cle>ly betwe5 ! communicative & ! value aspects ( a "w ( art4 ,we may praise or condemn a "w on ei!r gr\nd or ^u bo?1 b if x fails entirely z a vehicle ( communication we are1 to say ! lea/1 n well plac$ = d5y+ its value4 ,b1 x may be said1 x w !n h no value = u & its value or disvalue = u is all t we z critics pret5d or %\ld pret5d to judge4 ,to make su* a reply1 h[ev]1 is to abdicate z a critic4 ,at ! lea/ a critic is conc]n$ ) ! value ( ?+s = himself & = p l him4 ,o!rwise 8 criticism is m]e autobiography4 ,& any critic wor? att5tion makes a fur!r claim1 a claim to sanity4 ,8 judgm5t is only ( g5]al int]e/ 9 s f> z x is repres5tative & reflects :at happ5s 9 a m9d ( a c]ta9 k9d1 develop$ 9 a c]ta9 fa%ion4 ,! s]vices ( bad critics are sometimes n less ?an ^? ( good critics1 b t is only because we c div9e f _! responses :at o!r p's responses are likely to be4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 /&>d or normal criticism & erratic or ecc5tric criticism4 ,z critics ,lamb or ,col]idge are v f> f normal2 none ! less !y are ( extraord9>y f]tility 9 sugge/ion4 ,_! responses are (t5 erratic ev5 :5 ( mo/ revelatory "*4 ,9 su* cases we d n take !m z /&>ds to :i* we endeav\r to approximate1 we d n attempt to see eye to eye ) !m4 ,in/ead we use !m z means by :i* to make q diff]5t approa*es ourselves to ! works :i* !y h *>act]i/ically b ecc5trically int]pret$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a p]sonal or idiosyncratic judgm5t & a normative is sometimes ov]look$4 ,a critic %\ld (t5 be 9 a position to say1 8,i don't l ?is b ,i "k x is good01 or 8,i l ?is & condemn x01 or 8,?is is ! effect :i* x produces ^u me1 & ?is q diff]5t effect is ! "o x %\ld produce40 ,= obvi\s reasons he r>ely makes any su* /atem5ts4 ,b _m p w\ld reg>d praise ( a "w :i* is actually dislik$ by ! prais] z immoral4 ,?is is a confusion ( ideas4 ,any hone/ read] kn[s fairly well ! po9ts at :i* 8 s5sibility is di/ort$1 at :i* he fails z a normal critic & 9 :at ways4 ,x is 8 duty to take ^! into consid]ation 9 pass+ judgm5t ^u ! value ( a "w4 ,8 rank z a critic dep5ds at lea/ z mu* ^u 8 ability to disc\nt ^! p]sonal peculi>ities z ^u any hypo!tical impeccability ( 8 actual responses4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ^? cases 9 :i* ! vehicle is suffici5tly adequate & ! critic suffici5tly repres5tative & c>eful = ! response to be a good index ( ! value ( ! poem4 ,b ^! cases are comp>atively r>e4 ,! sup]/ition :i* any language n intol]ably prolix & unc\? enc\rages t !re is some?+ actual1 ! poem1 :i* all read]s h access to & ^u :i* !y pass judgm5t1 misleads u4 ,we naturally talk ab\t poems 7& pictures1 etc47 9 a way :i* makes x impossible = anybody to discov] :at x is we are talk+ ab\t4 ,mo/ critical discussion1 9 o!r words1 is prim>ily emotive ) only a v loose & f\rfold equivocal ref]5ce4 ,we may be talk+ ab\t ! arti/'s exp]i5ce1 su* ( x z is relevant ,,( ab\t ,! exp]i5ce ( a qualifi$ read] :o made no mi/akes1 or ab\t an ideal & p]fect read]'s possible exp]i5ce1 or ab\t our own actual exp]i5ce4 ,all f\r 9 mo/ cases w be qualitatively diff]5t4 ,communication is p]haps nev] p]fect1 s ! fir/ & ! la/ w diff]4 ,! second & ?ird diff] also1 f ! o!rs & f "o ano!r1 ! ?ird be+ :at we ought unre/rict$ly to exp]i5ce1 or ! be/ exp]i5ce we c\ld possibly und]go1 :]eas ! second is m]ely :at we ought to exp]i5ce z ?+s are1 or ! be/ exp]i5ce t we c expect4 ,:i* ( ^! possible def9itions ( a poem %all we adopt8 ,! "q is "o ( conv5i5ce m]ely2 b x is by no means easy to decide4 ,! mo/ usual practice is to mean by ! poem ei!r ! fir/ or ! la/2 or1 by =gett+ :at communication is1 to mean bo? confus$ly toge!r4 ,! la/ involves ! p]sonal judgm5t to :i* exception 0 tak5 on ! previ\s page1 & has ! fur!r disadvantage t !re w\ld be = e sonnet z _m poems z read]s4 ,a & ,b1 discuss+ ,we/m9/] ,bridge z !y ?\ght1 w\ld unwitt+ly be discuss+ two diff]5t ?+s4 ,= "s purposes1 = ! dis5tanglem5t ( "s misund]/&+s1 x is conv5i5t to def9e a poem tempor>ily 9 ?is mann]4 ,to def9e ! poem z ! arti/'s exp]i5ce is a bett] solution4 ,b x w n d z x /&s s9ce nobody b ! arti/ has t exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ be m +5i\s4 ,we _c take any s+le exp]i5ce z ! poem2 we mu/ h a class ( m or less simil> exp]i5ces in/ead4 ,let u mean by ,we/m9/] ,bridge n ! actual exp]i5ce :i* l$ ,wordswor? on a c]ta9 morn+ ab\t a c5tury ago to write :at he did1 b ! class compos$ ( all actual exp]i5ces1 occasion$ by ! words1 :i* d n diff] )9 c]ta9 limits f t exp]i5ce4 ,!n anyone :o has _h "o ( ! exp]i5ces compris$ 9 ! class c be said to h read ! poem4 ,! p]missible ranges ( v>iation 9 ! class ne$ 7( c\rse7 v c>eful scrut9y4 ,to "w !m out fully & draw up a neat =mal def9ition ( a poem w\ld be an amus+ & useful occupation = any lit]>y logician ) a k ( psy*ology4 ,! exp]i5ces mu/ evid5tly include ! read+ ( ! words ) fairly close correspond5ce 9 rhy?m & tune4 ,pit* diff]5ce w\ld n matt]1 provid$ t pit* relations 7 pres]v$4 ,imag]y might be all[$ to v>y indef9itely 9 its s5sory aspect b w\ld be n>r[ly re/rict$ o!rwise4 ,if ! read] w run ov] ! diagram ( a poetic exp]i5ce giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi & consid] 9 :at respects 8 & 8 fri5ds' exp]i5ces mu/ agree if !y are to be able to ref] to !m indiff]5tly z ?\gh !y 7 "o & ! same )\t confusion or misund]/&+1 he w see :at k9d ( ?+ a detail$ def9ition ( a poem w\ld be4 ,?is1 al?\gh x may seem odd & complicat$1 is by f> ! mo/ conv5i5t1 9 fact x is ! only workable way ( def9+ a poem2 namely1 z a class ( exp]i5ces :i* d n diff] 9 any "* m ?an a c]ta9 am\nt1 v>y+ = ea* "*1 f a /&>d exp]i5ce4 ,we may take z ?is /&>d exp]i5ce ! relevant exp]i5ce ( ! poet :5 contemplat+ ! complet$ composition#ge4 ,anyone ^: exp]i5ce approximates 9 ?is degree to ! /&>d exp]i5ce w be able to judge ! poem & 8 rem>ks ab\t x w be ab\t "s exp]i5ce :i* is includ$ 9 ! class4 ,?us we h :at we want1 a s5se1 namely1 9 :i* a critic c be said to h n read ! poem or to h misread x4 ,9 ?is s5se unrecognis$ failures are extremely common4 ,! ju/ification = ?is outbreak ( p$antry1 z x may appe>1 is t x br+s into prom95ce "o ( ! reasons = ! backw>dness ( critical !ory4 ,if ! def9ition ( a poem is a matt] ( s mu* difficulty & complexity1 ! discussion ( ! pr9ciples by :i* poetry %\ld be judg$ may be expect$ to be confus$4 ,critics h z yet h>dly begun to ask !mselves :at !y are do+ or "u :at conditions !y "w4 ,x is true t a recognition ( ! critic's pr$icam5t ne$ n be explicit 9 ord] to be effective1 b few ) mu* exp]i5ce ( lit]>y debate w und]e/imate ! ext5t to :i* x is disreg>d$ or ! consequ5ces :i* ensue f ?is neglect4 ,! discussions 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s are int5d$ z no m ?an examples ( ! problems :i* an explicit recognition ( ! situation w admit & ( ! ways 9 :i* !y w be solv$4 #ge ,difficulties ev5 "h arise1 e4g4 ! poet may be dissatisfi$ )\t reason4 ,col]idge ?\ght ,kubla ,khan m]ely #8a psy*ological curiosity' )\t poetic m]its1 & may h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 "s degree4 ,if he 0 n1 x is 8 dream exp]i5ce :i* we %\ld presumably h to take z our /&>d4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,art1 ,play1 & ,civilisation ,l'heure e/ la con/ruction1 pas au bad9age4 ,le ,corbu/]-,saugni]4 ,! value ( ! exp]i5ces :i* we ,seek f ! arts does n lie1 s we h insi/$1 9 ! exquisit5ess ( ! mom5t ( consci\sness2 a set ( isolat$ ec/asies is n a suffici5t explanation4 ,its inadequacy is additional evid5ce t ! !ories ( value & ( ! m9d ^u :i* x re/s are defective4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] :at wid] explanations are made possible by ! !ory ( value & ! outl9e acc\nt ( m5tal activity & ( communication above indicat$4 ,! gr\nd1 9 "p at lea/1 is cle>$4 ,:at n[ c be said z to :y ! arts are important & :y good ta/e & s\nd criticism are n m]e luxuries1 trivial excresc5ces graft$ ^u an indep5d5t civilisation8 ,a numb] ( acc\nts ( v>y+ adequacy ea* 9 "s degree int]e/+ b ne$+ c>eful int]pretation h be5 put =w>d4 ,! arts communicate exp]i5ces1 x has be5 said1 & make /ates ( m9d accessible to ! _m :i* o!rwise w\ld be only possible to few4 ,to ?is x might be add$ t ! arts are also a means by :i* exp]i5ces arise 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ :i* w\ld nev] o!rwise come ab\t4 ,bo? z an occasion = a collect$ness & conc5tration difficult to atta9 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( life1 & z ! means by :i* human ef=t may acquire a cont9uity analog\s to b m subtle ?an ! cont9uity ( sci5ce1 ! /udy & practice ( ! arts c give imm5sely increas$ p[] to ! arti/1 pres]v+ him f t diffusion ( 8 en]gies :i* is p]haps 8 greate/ dang]4 ,all ?is is true1 b x does n g to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,aga9 ! educational aspect ( ! arts is con/antly be+ /ress$1 sometimes 9 a mann] :i* does !m diss]vice4 #8,message' hunt+--! type ( int]e/ :i* discov]s 9 ,macbe? ! moral t #8,hone/y is ! be/ policy'2 9 ,o!llo a recomm5dation to #8,look be=e y leap'1 9 ,hamlet p]haps a pro( t #8,procra/9ation is ! ,?ief ( ,"t'1 or 9 ,k+ ,le> an indication t #8,y\r s9s w f9d y out#gf'1 9 ,%elley an exhortation to ,idealism1 9 ,br[n+ com=t = ! disc\rag$ & assurances z to a future life2 b 9 ,donne or ,keats no #8message'--?is mode ( int]pret+ ! phrase #8a criticism ( life'1 ?\gh to a m9ute degree on ! "r l9es1 is probably m damag+ ?an ^? entirely erratic !ories1 ( :i* #8,art = ,art's sake' is an example1 ) :i* we h be5 m conc]n$4 ,none ! less b 9 subtl] ways ! educational influ5ce ( ! arts is all-p]vasive4 ,we mu/ n ov]look bad art 9 e/imat+ x4 8,i %\ld be said to insi/ absurdly on ! p[] ( my own confrat]nity0 wrote a noveli/ ( ! #ai? c5tury 8if ,i 7 to decl>e t ! bulk ( ! "y p 9 ! upp] & middle classes receive _! moral tea*+ *iefly f ! novels t !y read4 ,mo!rs w\ld no d\bt ?9k ( _! own sweet tea*+2 fa!rs ( ! examples :i* !y set2 & s*oolma/]s ( ! excell5ce ( _! in/ructions4 ,happy is ! c\ntry :i* has su* mo!rs1 fa!rs & s*oolma/]s6 ,b ! noveli/ creeps 9 clos] ?an ! fa!r1 clos] ?an ! s*oolma/]1 clos] almo/ ?an ! "m4 ,he is ! *os5 guide1 ! tutor :om ! "y pupil *ooses = h]self4 ,%e retires ) him1 suspect+ no lesson 4 4 4 & !re %e is taught h[ %e %all le>n to love2 h[ %e %all receive ! lov] :5 he comes2 h[ f> %e %\ld advance to meet ! joy2 :y %e %\ld be retic5t & n ?r[ h]self at once into ?is new delight40 ,! influ5ce is also ex]t$ 9 m indirect ways4 ,!re ne$ be1 we mu/ rememb]1 no disc]nible connection or resemblance :atev] betwe5 ! exp]i5ce due to ! "w ( art & ! lat] behavi\r & exp]i5ce :i* is modifi$ ?r\gh x4 ,)\t su* resemblance ! influ5ce may easily be ov]look$ or d5i$1 b n by anyone :o has a suffici5t conception ( ! ways 9 :i* attitudes develop4 ,no "o :o has repeat$ly liv$ ?r\gh exp]i5ces at ! level ( discrim9ation & co-ord9ation presuppos$ by ! great] writ]s1 c ev]1 :5 fully #8vigilant'1 be cont5t$ ) ord9>y crudities ?\gh a t\* ( liv] may ( c\rse susp5d ^! sup]ior responses4 ,& conv]sely1 ke5 & vigilant enjoym5t ( ,miss ,dell1 ,mr ,burr\ghs1 ,mrs ,wilcox or ,mr ,hut*9son1 :5 unt\*$ by d\bts or ! joys ( ironic contemplation1 is likely to h z a consequ5ce n only an acceptance ( ! m$iocre 9 ord9>y life1 b a blurr+ & confusion ( impulses & a v widespread loss ( value4 ,^! rem>ks apply ev5 m evid5tly to ! ,c9ema4 ,p d n mu* imitate :at !y see ^u ! scre5 or :at !y read ( 9 be/-sell]s4 ,x w\ld matt] little if !y did4 ,su* effects w\ld %[ !mselves cle>ly & ! evil w\ld be ( a manageable k9d4 ,!y t5d in/ead to develop /ock attitudes & /]eotyp$ ideas1 ! attitudes & ideas ( produc]s3 attitudes & ideas :i* c be #8put across' quickly ?r\gh a m$ium t l5ds itself to crude r ?an to s5sitive h&l+4 ,ev5 a good dramati/'s "w w t5d to be co>s] ?an t ( a noveli/ ( equal ability4 ,he has to make 8 effects m quickly & 9 a m obvi\s way4 ,! ,c9ema suff]s /ill m ?an ! /age f ?is disability4 ,x has its comp5sat+ advantages 9 ! great] dem&s :i* x makes ( ! audi5ce1 b hi!rto v few produc]s h be5 able to turn !m to acc\nt4 ,?us ! ideas & attitudes ) :i* ! #8movie fan' becomes famili> t5d to be peculi>ly clumsy & inapplicable to life4 ,o!r causes1 connect$ ) ! m5tality ( produc]s1 increase ! effect4 ,! dang] lies n 9 ! fact t s*ool-girls are sometimes incit$ to poke revolv]s at taxim51 b 9 mu* subtl] & m ins9uat+ influ5ces4 ,mo/ films inde$ are mu* m suit$ to *ildr5 ?an to adults1 & x is ! adults :o really suff] f !m4 ,no "o c int5sely & :ole-he>t$ly enjoy & ent] into exp]i5ces ^: fabric is z crude z t ( ! av]age sup]-film )\t a disorganisation :i* has its effects 9 ev]yday life4 ,! ext5t to :i* second-h& exp]i5ce ( a crass & in*oate type is replac+ ord9>y life (f]s a ?reat :i* has n yet be5 realis$4 ,if a false !ory ( ! sev]ance & disconnection betwe5 #8/hetic' & ord9>y exp]i5ce has prev5t$ ! value ( ! arts f be+ und]/ood1 x has also pres]v$ _! dang]s f recognition4 ,^? :o h attempt$ to f9d a place 9 ! :ole /ructure ( life = ! arts h (t5 made use ( ! conception ( ,play2 & ,groos & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] are fam\s expon5ts ( ! !ory4 ,z ) s _m o!r /hetic ,doctr9es ! op9ion t ,art is a =m ( ,play may indicate ei!r a v %all[ or a v p5etrat+ view4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! conception ( ,play :i* is ent]ta9$4 ,orig9ally ! view arose 9 connection ) survival values4 ,art1 x 0 ?\ght1 _h little practical value ( ! obvi\s k9ds1 s "s indirect means mu/ be f\nd by :i* x c\ld be ?\ght to be ( s]vice4 ,p]haps1 l play1 x 0 a means ( h>mlessly exp5d+ sup]flu\s en]gy4 ,a m useful contribution 0 made :5 ! problem ( ! value ( play itself 0 s]i\sly attack$4 ,! imm5se practical utility ( mo/ =ms ( play !n became evid5t4 ,*>act]i/ically play is ! prep>atory organisation & developm5t ( impulses4 ,x may easily become too n>r[ly specialis$1 & ! impulses active may be su* z nev] to receive #8s]i\s' ex]cise4 ,none ! less ) our pres5t und]/&+ ( ! amaz+ly recondite int]actions betwe5 :at appe> to be totally diff]5t activities ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! importance ( play is n likely to ne$ mu* insi/5ce4 ,!re are _m human activities :i*1 =tunately or un=tunately z ! case may be1 are no long] requir$ ( or possible to civilis$ man4 ,yet _! total discont9uance may lead to grave di/urbances4 ,= "s ( ^! play s]ves z an opportunity4 ,! view t art provides 9 "s cases an analog\s outlet ?r\gh vic>i\s exp]i5ce has naturally be5 put =w>d1 notably by ,mr ,havelock ,ellis4 8,we h lo/ ! orgy1 b 9 its place we h art#gg40 ,if we d n ext5d ! #8sublimation' !ory too f> or try to br+ "u ?is ,safety-valve head+ "w ) :i* x has no conc]n1 x may be grant$ t 9 "s cases ! explanation is 9 place4 ,b ! temptation to ext5d x1 & s to misconceive ! :ole matt]1 is great4 ,! objection to ! ,play ,!ory1 unless v c>efully /at$1 lies 9 its sugge/ion t ! exp]i5ces ( ,art are 9 "s way incomplete1 t !y are sub/itutes1 meagre copies ( ! real ?+1 well en\gh = ^? :o _c obta9 bett]4 8,! moralis+ =ce ( ,art lies1 n 9 its capacity to pres5t a timid imitation ( our exp]i5ces1 b 9 its p[] to g beyond our exp]i5ce1 satisfy+ & h>monis+ ! unfulfill$ activities ( our nature40#gh ,! ,copy ,view1 ) ! anti!sis betwe5 ,life & ,lit]ature :i* s (t5 accompanies x1 is a deva/at+ misconception4 ,c\pl$ ) ! sugge/ion involv$ by ! ^w #8,play1' t su* ?+s are = ! "y r ?an = ! mature1 & t ,art is some?+ "o gr[s out (1 x has a l>ge %>e ( ! responsibility = ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,arts & ( ,criticism4 ,its only rival 9 obscur+ ! issues is its close c\s9 ! ,amusem5t or ,relaxation ,!ory4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* ! arts (f] are n obta9able1 or b r>ely1 else:]e4 ,w\ld t !y 76 ,!y are n incomplete2 !y might bett] be describ$ z ord9>y exp]i5ces complet$4 ,!y are n su* t ! mo/ adequately equipp$ p]son c disp5se ) !m & suff] no loss1 & ?is loss is n mom5t>y1 b recurr5t & p]man5t2 ! be/ equipp$ are precisely ! p :o mo/ value ^! exp]i5ces4 ,nor is ,art1 z by way ( coroll>y is sometimes ma9ta9$1 a ?+ :i* _h its' function 9 ! y\? ( ! _w1 b ) ! developm5t ( ,sci5ce becomes obsolete4 ,x may v possibly decl9e & ev5 disappe>1 b if x does a biological calamity ( ! fir/ ord] w h occurr$4 ,nor aga9 is x some?+ :i* may be po/pon$ :ile premill5nial man grapples ) m imm$iate problems4 ,! rais+ ( ! /&>d ( response is z imm$iate a problem z any1 & ! arts are ! *ief in/rum5t by :i* x may be rais$ or l[]$4 ,hi!rto we h be5 conc]n$ *iefly ) m or less specific effects ( ! exp]i5ces ( ! arts1 ) ! effects1 ^u s+le def9ite gr\ps or sy/ems ( impulses1 ( _! ex]cise 9 ^! exp]i5ces4 ,! ,play ,!ory t5ds to limit u to ^! consequ5ces4 ,important ?\gh !y are1 we mu/ n ov]look ! m g5]al effects :i* any well-organis$ exp]i5ce produces4 ,!y may 9 c]ta9 cases be extraord9>ily widespread4 ,su* an app>5tly irrelevant te/ z ! ability to /& ^u "o foot )\t un/ead9ess has rec5tly be5 employ$1 by ,mr ,burt1 z an index to m5tal & especially to emotional organisation4 ,all our activities react ^u "o ano!r to a prodigi\s ext5t 9 ways :i* we c only z yet conjecture4 ,f9] adju/m5t1 cle>] & m delicate accommodation or reconciliation ( impulses 9 any "o field t5ds to promote x 9 o!rs4 ,a /ep 9 ma!matical accompli%m5t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 facilitates ! acquisition ( a new turn 9 ski-+4 ,o!r ?+s are r>ely equal x %\ld p]haps be rem>k$4 ,if ?is is true ev5 ( su* special n>r[ly re/rict$ impulses z are involv$ 9 a sci5tific te*nique1 x is f> m evid5t :5 ! major1 ! mo/ widespread sy/ems1 ^? active 9 our responses to human be+s & to ! exig5ces ( exi/5ce1 are engag$4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t removal ( confusion 9 "o sph]e ( activity t5ds to be fav\rable to its removal else:]e4 ,! ease ) :i* a tra9$ m9d approa*es a new subject is ! pla9e/ example1 b equally a p]son ^: ord9>y emotional exp]i5ce is cle>1 controll$ & coh]5t1 is ! lea/ likely to be ?r[n into confusion by an unhe>d-( pr$icam5t4 ,complications sometimes obscure ?is effect3 a ma!matician approa*+ psy*ology may attempt to apply me?ods :i* are inappropriate1 & ! sane/ p may prove /upid 9 _! deal+s ) individuals ( o!r races4 ,! speciali/1 ei!r intellectual or moral1 :o is helpless outside 8 own n>r[ field is a famili> figure 9 inf]ior com$y4 ,b :at w\ld h to be %[n be=e ! pr9ciple is invalidat$ is t1 grant$ equal specialisation1 ! successful speciali/ is n bett] fitt$ = life 9 g5]al ?an 8 unsuccessful confrre4 ,few p1 h[ev]1 w dispute ! ass]tion t transf]5ce ( ability frequ5tly occurs al?\gh ! mode by :i* x comes ab\t may be obscure4 ,:5 v widespread & v fundam5tal impulses are implicat$1 :]e attitudes con/antly tak5 up 9 ord9>y life are ar\s$1 ?is transf]5ce effect may be v m>k$4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! feel+ ( fre$om1 ( relief1 ( increas$ compet5ce & sanity1 t foll[s any read+ 9 :i* m ?an usual ord] & coh]5ce has be5 giv5 to our responses4 ,we seem to feel t our comm& ( life1 our insight into x & our discrim9ation ( its possibilities1 is enhanc$1 ev5 = situations hav+ little or no?+ to d ) ! subject ( ! read+4 ,x may be a *apt] ( ,g/a ,b]l+ or ( ,! ,,abc ( ,atoms1 ! close ( ! ,vanity ( ,human ,wi%es1 or ! op5+ ( ,h>ry ,ri*mond2 :atev] ! diff]5ces ! refre%m5t is ! same4 ,& conv]sely ev]ybody kn[s ! dim9ution ( en]gy1 ! bafflem5t1 ! s5se ( helplessness1 :i* an ill-writt51 crude1 or muddl$ book1 or a badly act$ play1 w produce1 unless ! critical task ( diagnosis is able to re/ore equanimity & composure4 ,nei!r ! subject nor ! clos5ess ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! exp]i5ce & ! read]'s own situation has any be>+ ^u ^! effects4 ,b inde$1 to anyone :o realises :at k9d ( a ?+ an exp]i5ce is1 & ?r\gh :at means x comes ab\t1 ! old anti!sis betwe5 subject & treatm5t ceases to be ( int]e/ 7cf4 ,*apt] ,,xvi74 ,!y are n sep>able or di/9ct ?+s & ! division is ( no s]vice4 ,9 ?is case ! effects we are consid]+ dep5d only ^u ! k9d & degree ( organisation :i* is giv5 to ! exp]i5ces4 ,if x is at ! level ( our own be/ attempts or above x 7b n s f> above z to be out ( rea*7 we are refre%$4 ,b if our own organisation is brok5 d[n1 =c$ to a crud]1 a m wa/eful level1 we are depress$ & tempor>ily incapacitat$1 n only locally b g5]ally4 ,x is :5 :at we are (f]$1 & inveigl$ into accept+1 is only slightly inf]ior to our own develop$ capacity1 s t x is no easy matt] to see :at is wrong1 t ! effect is greate/4 ,/uff ( an evid5t & extreme badness is exhil>at+ r ?an depress+ :5 tak5 f a discrim9at+ /&po9t2 & !re ne$ be no?+ snobbi% or self-congratulatory 9 su* read+4 ,:at is really discompos+ & damag+ to ! critical read] is ! m$iocre1 ! "w :i* falls j bel[ 8 own /&>ds ( response4 ,h5ce ! rage :i* "s feel at ! productions ( ,sir ,james ,b>rie1 ,mr ,locke1 or ,sir ,hall ,ca9e1 a rage :i* "w comp>atively devoid ( m]its fails to excite4 ,^! effects are n m]ely mom5t>y or evanesc5t2 if we w\ld und]/& ! place ( ! arts 9 civilisation we mu/ consid] !m m closely4 ,an improvem5t ( response is ! only b5efit :i* anyone c receive1 & ! degradation1 ! l[]+ ( a response1 is ! only calamity4 ,:5 we take into acc\nt n m]ely ! impulses actually conc]n$ 9 ! exp]i5ce b all ! alli$ gr\ps :i* ?rive or suff] ) x1 & all ! f>-rea*+ effects ( success or failure ^u activities :i* may seem to be indep5d5t1 ! fact t "s p feel s ke5ly ab\t ! arts is no long] surpris+4 ,und]e/imation ( ! importance ( ! arts is ne>ly always due to ignorance ( ! work+s ( ! m9d4 ,exp]i5ces su* z ^!1 into :i* we will+ly & :ole-he>t$ly ent]1 or into :i* we may be entic$ & inveigl$1 pres5t peculi> opportunities = betrayal4 ,!y are ! mo/ =mative ( exp]i5ces1 because 9 !m ! developm5t & sy/ematisation ( our impulses goes to ! fur!/ l5g?s4 ,9 ord9>y life a ?\s& consid]ations prohibit = mo/ ( u any complete work+ out ( our response2 ! range & complexity ( ! impulse-sy/ems involv$ is less2 ! ne$ = action1 ! comp>ative unc]ta9ty & vagu5ess ( ! situation1 ! intrusion ( accid5tal irrelevancies1 inconv5i5t temporal spac+--! action be+ too sl[ or too fa/--all ^! obscure ! issue & prev5t ! full developm5t ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,we h to jump to "s r\gh & ready solution4 ,b 9 ! #8imag9ative exp]i5ce' ^! ob/acles are remov$4 ,?us :at happ5s "h1 :at precise /resses1 prepond]ances1 conflicts1 resolutions & int]9animations1 :at remote relation%ips betwe5 diff]5t sy/ems ( impulses arise1 :at be=e unappreh5d$ & inexecutable connections are e/abli%$1 is a matt] :i*1 we see cle>ly1 may modify all ! re/ ( life4 ,z a *emi/'s balance to a groc]'s scales1 s is ! m9d 9 ! imag9ative mom5t to ! m9d engag$ 9 ord9>y int]c\rse or practical affairs4 ,! comp>ison w be> press+4 ,! results1 = good or evil1 ( ! untrammell$ response are n lo/ to u 9 our usual traffick+4 #gf ,ev5 ,col]idge 0 n exempt f ?is fail+4 ,cf4 8 comm5ts on ,glo/]4 #gg ,essay on ,casanova1 9 ,affirmations1 p4 #aae4 #gh ,affirmations1 p4 #aae4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,! ,imag9ation ,reason1 9 itself conf\nd$1 ,saw division gr[ toge!r2 ,to !mselves yet ei!r nei!r1 ,simple 7 s well comp\nd$4 ,! ,phnix & ! ,turtle4 ,at lea/ six di/9ct s5ses ( ! ^w #8imag9ation' are /ill curr5t 9 critical discussion4 ,x is conv5i5t to sep>ate !m be=e pass+ on to consid] ! "o :i* is mo/ important4 7i7 ,! production ( vivid images1 usually visual images1 already suffici5tly discuss$1 is ! commone/ & ! lea/ int]e/+ ?+ :i* is ref]r$ to by imag9ation4 7ii7 ,! use ( figurative language is frequ5tly all t is meant4 ,p :o naturally employ metaphor & simile1 especially :5 x is ( an unusual k9d1 are said to h imag9ation4 ,?is may or may n be accompani$ by imag9ation 9 ! o!r s5ses4 ,x %\ld n be ov]look$ t metaphor & simile--! two may be consid]$ toge!r--h a great v>iety ( functions 9 spee*4 ,a metaphor may be illu/rative or diagrammatical1 provid+ a concrete in/ance ( a relation :i* w\ld o!rwise h to be /at$ 9 ab/ract t]ms4 ,?is is ! mo/ common sci5tific or prose use ( metaphor4 ,x is r>e 9 emotive language & 9 poetry2 ,%elley's 8,dome ( _m-col\r$ glass0 is almo/ ! only example :i* spr+s to m9d4 ,m usually ! elucidation is a m]e pret5ce2 "s attitude ( ! speak] to 8 subject or to 8 audi5ce is us+ ! metaphor z a means ( expression4 8,! fre$om ( my writ+s has inde$ provok$ an implacable tribe0 said ,gibbon1 8b z ,i 0 safe f ! /+s1 ,i 0 soon accu/om$ to ! buzz+ ( ! hornets04 ,b metaphor has yet fur!r uses4 ,x is ! supreme ag5t by :i* disp>ate & hi!rto unconnect$ ?+s are br\ght toge!r 9 poetry = ! sake ( ! effects ^u attitude & impulse :i* spr+ f _! collocation & f ! comb9ations :i* ! m9d !n e/abli%es betwe5 !m4 ,!re are few metaphors ^: effect1 if c>efully exam9$1 c be trac$ to ! logical relations involv$4 ,metaphor is a semi-surreptiti\s me?od by :i* a great] v>iety ( elem5ts c be wr\ght into ! fabric ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,n t !re is any virtue 9 v>iety by itself1 ?\gh ! li/ ( critics :o seem to h ?\ght s w\ld be l5g?y2 a page ( ! diction>y c %[ m v>iety ?an any page ( poetry4 ,b :at is ne$$ = ! :ol5ess ( an exp]i5ce is n always naturally pres5t1 & metaphor supplies an excuse by :i* :at is ne$$ may be smuggl$ 94 ,?is is an in/ance ( a v /range ph5om5on con/antly appe>+ 9 ! arts4 ,:at is mo/ ess5tial (t5 seems to be done z x 7 inadv]t5tly1 to be a by-product1 an accid5tal concomitant4 ,^? :o look only to ! o/5sible purposes = ! explanation ( ! effects1 :o make prose analyses ( poems1 mu/ inevitably f9d !m a my/]y4 ,b :y ov]t & evid5t int5tion %\ld s (t5 de/roy ! effect is c]ta9ly a difficult problem4 7iii7 ,a n>r[] s5se is t 9 :i* sympa!tic reproduc+ ( o!r p's /ates ( m9d1 p>ticul>ly _! emotional /ates1 is :at is meant4 8,y hav5't en\gh imag9ation10 ! dramati/ says to ! critic :o ?9ks t 8 p]sons behave unnaturally4 ,?is k9d ( imag9ation is pla9ly a necessity = communication1 & is cov]$ by :at has already be5 said 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,x has no necess>y connection ) s5ses ( imag9ation :i* imply value4 ,bad plays to be successful require x z mu* z good4 7iv7 ,inv5tiv5ess1 ! br++ toge!r ( elem5ts :i* are n ord9>ily connect$1 is ano!r s5se4 ,accord+ to ?is ,edison is said to h possess$ imag9ation1 & any fanta/ic romance w %[ x 9 excelsis4 ,al?\gh ?is comes ne>] to a s5se 9 :i* value is impli$1 x is /ill too g5]al4 ,! lunatic w beat any ( u at comb9+ odd ideas3 ,dr ,cook out/rips ,pe>y1 & ,bottomley out%9es ,sir ,john ,bradbury4 7v7 ,next we h t k9d ( relevant connection ( ?+s ord9>ily ?\ght ( z disp>ate :i* is exemplifi$ 9 sci5tific imag9ation4 ,?is is an ord]+ ( exp]i5ce 9 def9ite ways & = a def9ite end or purpose1 n necess>ily delib]ate & consci\s1 b limit$ to a giv5 field ( ph5om5a4 ,! te*nical triumphs ( ! arts are in/ances ( ?is k9d ( imag9ation4 ,z ) all ord]+1 value consid]ations are v likely to be impli$1 b ! value may be limit$ or conditional4 7vi7 ,f9ally we come to ! s5se ( imag9ation ) :i* we are "h mo/ conc]n$4 ,! orig9al =mulation#gi 0 ,col]idge's greate/ contribution to critical !ory1 & except 9 ! way ( int]pretation1 x is h>d to add any?+ to :at he has said1 ?\gh1 z we h already not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv1 "s ?+s might be tak5 away f x ) advantage4 8,t syn!tic & magical p[]1 to :i* we h exclusively appropriat$ ! "n ( imag9ation 4 4 4 reveals itself 9 ! balance or reconciliation ( opposite or discordant qualities 4 4 4 ! s5se ( novelty & fre%ness1 ) old & famili> objects2 a m ?an usual /ate ( emotion1 ) m ?an usual ord]2 judgem5t ev] awake & /eady self-possession ) en?usiasm & feel+ pr(\nd or vehem5t40 8,! s5se ( musical delight 4 4 4 ) ! p[] ( r$uc+ multitude into unity ( effect1 & modify+ a s]ies ( ?\ghts by "s "o pr$om9ant ?\ght or feel+#hj0 ^! are gifts ( ! imag9ation4 ,x 0 natural1 we %all %ortly see :y1 = ,col]idge to c>ry 8 fur!r speculations ^u ,imag9ation into ! realms ( ,transc5d5talism1 b sett+ ?is aside1 !re is en\gh 9 ?is description & 9 ! _m applications & elucidations scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,biographia & ! ,lectures to ju/ify ,col]idge's claim to h put 8 f+] m ne>ly ?an anyone else ^u ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( poetic z ( all valuable exp]i5ce4 ,9 describ+ ! poet we laid /ress ^u ! availability ( 8 exp]i5ce1 ^u ! wid? ( ! field ( /imulation :i* he c accept1 & ! complet5ess ( ! response :i* he c make4 ,comp>$ ) him ! ord9>y man suppresses n9e-t5?s ( 8 impulses1 because he is incapable ( manag+ !m )\t confusion4 ,he goes ab\t 9 bl9k]s because :at he w\ld o!rwise see w\ld upset him4 ,b ! poet ?r\gh 8 sup]ior p[] ( ord]+ exp]i5ce is fre$ f ?is necessity4 ,impulses :i* commonly int]f]e ) "o ano!r & are conflict+1 indep5d5t1 & mutually di/ractive1 9 him comb9e into a /able poise4 ,he selects1 ( c\rse1 b ! range ( suppression :i* is necess>y = him is dim9i%$1 & = ?is v reason su* suppressions z he makes are m rigor\sly c>ri$ out4 ,h5ce ! curi\s local call\sness ( ! arti/ :i* s (t5 /rikes ! obs]v]4 ,b ^! impulses active 9 ! arti/ become mutually modifi$ & !reby ord]$ to an ext5t :i* only occurs 9 ! ord9>y man at r>e mom5ts1 "u ! %ock (1 = example1 a great b]eavem5t or an undreamt-( happ9ess2 at in/ants :5 ! 8film ( famili>ity & selfi% solicitude01 :i* commonly hides n9e-t5?s ( life f him1 seems to be lift$ & he feels /rangely alive & aw>e ( ! actuality ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ^! mom5ts 8 myriad inhibitions are weak5$2 8 responses1 canalis$--to use an inappropriate metaphor--by r\t9e & by practical b re/rict$ conv5i5ce1 break loose & make up a new ord] ) "o ano!r2 he feels z ?\gh ev]y?+ 7 beg9n+ anew4 ,b = mo/ m5 aft] _! e>ly ye>s su* exp]i5ces are infrequ5t2 a "t comes :5 !y are incapable ( !m unaid$1 & !y receive !m only ?r\gh ! arts4 ,= great art has ?is effect1 & owes !reto its supreme place 9 human life4 ,! poet makes unconsci\sly a selection :i* outwits ! =ce ( habit2 ! impulses he awak5s are fre$1 ?r\gh ! v means by :i* !y are ar\s$1 f ! inhibitions t ord9>y circum/ances enc\rage2 ! irrelevant & ! extrane\s is exclud$2 & ^u ! result+ simplifi$ b wid5$ field ( impulses he imposes an ord] :i* _! great] pla/icity all[s !m to accept4 ,almo/ always too ! *ief "p ( 8 "w is done ?r\gh ^? impulses :i* we h se5 to be mo/ uni=m & regul>1 ^? :i* are ar\s$ by :at are call$ ! #8=mal elem5ts'4 ,!y are also ! mo/ primitive1 & = t reason commonly among ^? :i* are mo/ inhibit$1 mo/ curtail$ & subord9at$ to sup]impos$ purposes4 ,we r>ely let a col\r affect u purely z a col\r1 we use x z a sign by :i* we recognise "s col\r$ object4 ,?us our responses to col\rs 9 !mselves become s abbreviat$ t _m p come to ?9k t ! pigm5ts pa9t]s use are 9 "s way m col\rful ?an ,nature4 ,:at happ5s is t inhibitions are releas$1 & at ! same "t mutual int]actions betwe5 impulses take place :i* only sunsets seem to evoke 9 ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,we h se5 9 discuss+ communication "o reason = ! pre-em95ce ( #8=mal elem5ts' 9 art1 ! uni=mity ( ! responses :i* !y c be dep5d$ ^u to produce4 ,9 _! primitiv5ess we f9d ano!r4 ,! s5se t ! accid5tal & adv5titi\s aspect ( life has rec$$1 t we are beg9n+ aga91 t our contact ) actuality is increas$1 is l>gely due to ?is re/oration ( _! full natural p[]s to s5sations4 ,b ?is re/oration is n en\gh2 m]ely look+ at a l&scape 9 a mirror1 or /&+ on "o's head w d x4 ,:at is mu* m ess5tial is ! increas$ organisation1 ! height5$ p[] ( comb9+ all ! sev]al effects ( =mal elem5ts into a s+le response1 :i* ! poet be/[s4 ,to po9t out t 8! s5se ( musical delight is a gift ( ! imag9ation0 0' "o ( ,col]idge's mo/ brilliant feats4 ,x is 9 su* resolution ( a welt] ( disconnect$ impulses into a s+le ord]$ response t 9 all ! arts imag9ation is mo/ %[n1 b = ! reason t "h its op]ation is mo/ intricate & mo/ inaccessible to obs]vation1 we %all /udy x m pr(itably 9 its o!r manife/ations4 ,we h sugge/$1 b only by accid5t1 t imag9ation *>act]i/ically produces effects simil> to ^? :i* accompany great & sudd5 crises 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?is w\ld be mislead+4 ,:at is true is t ^? imag9ative syn!ses :i* mo/ ne>ly approa* to ^! climaxes1 ,trag$y = example1 are ! mo/ easy to analyse4 ,:at cle>] in/ance ( ! 8balance or reconciliation ( opposite & discordant qualities0 c be f\nd ?an ,trag$y4 ,pity1 ! impulse to approa*1 & ,t]ror1 ! impulse to retreat1 are br\ght 9 ,trag$y to a reconciliation :i* !y f9d n[h]e else1 & ) !m :o kn[s :at o!r alli$ gr\ps ( equally discordant impulses4 ,_! union 9 an ord]$ s+le response is ! ca?>sis by :i* ,trag$y is recognis$1 :e!r ,ari/otle meant any?+ ( ?is k9d or n4 ,?is is ! explanation ( t s5se ( release1 ( repose 9 ! mid/ ( /ress1 ( balance & composure1 giv5 by ,trag$y1 = !re is no o!r way 9 :i* su* impulses1 once awak5$1 c be set at re/ )\t suppression4 ,x is ess5tial to recognise t 9 ! full tragic exp]i5ce !re is no suppression4 ,! m9d does n %y away f any?+1 x does n protect itself ) any illusion1 x /&s uncom=t$1 un9timidat$1 alone & self-reliant4 ,! te/ ( its success is :e!r x c face :at is be=e x & respond to x )\t any ( ! innum]able subt]fuges by :i* x ord9>ily dodges ! full developm5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,suppressions & sublimations alike are devices by :i* we endeav\r to avoid issues :i* might bewild] u4 ,! ess5ce ( ,trag$y is t x =ces u to live = a mom5t )\t !m4 ,:5 we succe$ we f9d1 z usual1 t !re is no difficulty2 ! difficulty came f ! suppressions & sublimations4 ,! joy :i* is s /rangely ! he>t ( ! exp]i5ce is n an indication t #8all's "r ) ! _w' or t #8some:]e1 someh[1 !re is ,ju/ice'2 x is an indication t all is "r "h & n[ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,because ,trag$y is ! exp]i5ce :i* mo/ invites ^! subt]fuges1 x is ! greate/ & ! r>e/ ?+ 9 lit]ature1 = ! va/ majority ( works :i* pass by t "n are ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,trag$y is only possible to a m9d :i* is = ! mom5t agno/ic or ,mani*ean4 ,! lea/ t\* ( any !ology :i* has a comp5sat+ ,heav5 to (f] ! tragic h]o is fatal4 ,t is :y ,romeo & ,juliet is n a ,trag$y 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,k+ ,le> is4 ,b !re is m 9 ,trag$y ?an unmitigat$ exp]i5ce4 ,besides ,t]ror !re is ,pity1 & if !re is sub/itut$ = ei!r some?+ a little diff]5t--,horror or ,dread1 say1 = ,t]ror2 ,regret or ,%ame = ,pity2 or t k9d ( ,pity :i* yields ! adjective #8,pitiable' 9 place ( t :i* yields #8,pite\s'--! :ole effect is alt]$4 ,x is ! relation betwe5 ! two sets ( impulses1 ,pity & ,t]ror1 :i* gives its specific "* to ,trag$y1 & f t relation ! peculi> poise ( ! ,tragic exp]i5ce spr+s4 ,! metaphor ( a balance or poise w be> consid]ation4 ,= ,pity & ,t]ror are opposites 9 a s5se 9 :i* ,pity & ,dread are n4 ,dread or ,horror are ne>] ?an ,t]ror to ,pity1 = !y conta9 attraction z well z repulsion4 ,z 9 col\r1 tones j n 9 h>monic relation are peculi>ly unmanageable & j>r+1 s x is ) ^! m easily describable responses4 ,! extraord9>ily /able exp]i5ce ( ,trag$y1 :i* is capable ( admitt+ almo/ any o!r impulses s long z ! relation ( ! ma9 compon5ts is exactly "r1 *anges at once if ^! are alt]$4 ,ev5 if x keeps its coh]5ce x becomes at once a f> n>r[]1 m limit$1 & exclusive ?+1 a mu* m p>tial1 re/rict$ & specialis$ response4 ,trag$y is p]haps ! mo/ g5]al1 all-accept+1 all-ord]+ exp]i5ce kn[n4 ,x c take any?+ into its organisation1 modify+ x s t x f9ds a place4 ,x is invuln]able2 !re is no?+ :i* does n pres5t to ! tragic attitude :5 fully develop$ a fitt+ aspect & only a fitt+ aspect4 ,its sole rivals 9 ?is respect are ! attitudes ( ,fal/aff & ( ! ,voltaire ( ,c&ide4 ,b pseudo-trag$y--! great] "p ( ,greek ,trag$y z well z almo/ all ,elizabe?an ,trag$y outside ,%akespe>e's six ma/]pieces comes "u ?is head--is "o ( ! mo/ fragile & prec>i\s ( attitudes4 ,p>ody easily ov]?r[s x1 ! ironic addition p>alyses x2 ev5 a m$iocre joke may make x look lopsid$ & extravagant4 ,?is balanc$ poise1 /able ?r\gh its p[] ( inclusion1 n ?r\gh ! =ce ( its exclusions1 is n peculi> to ,trag$y4 ,x is a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( all ! mo/ valuable exp]i5ces ( ! arts4 ,x c be giv5 by a c>pet or a pot or by a ge/ure z unmi/akably z by ! ,p>!non1 x may come ab\t ?r\gh an epigram z cle>ly z ?r\gh a ,sonata4 ,we mu/ resi/ ! temptation to analyse its cause into sets ( oppos$ *>act]s 9 ! object4 ,z a rule no su* analysis c be made4 ,! balance is n 9 ! /ructure ( ! /imulat+ object1 x is 9 ! response4 ,by rememb]+ ?is we escape ! dang] ( suppos+ t we h f\nd a =mula = ,beauty4 ,al?\gh = mo/ p ^! exp]i5ces are infrequ5t ap>t f ! arts1 almo/ any occasion may give rise to !m4 ,! mo/ important g5]al condition is m5tal heal?1 a high /ate ( #8vigilance'2 ! next is ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( su* exp]i5ces 9 ! rec5t pa/4 ,none ( ! effects ( art is m transf]able ?an ?is balance or equilibrium4 ,despite all diff]5ces 9 ! impulses conc]n$1 a c]ta9 g5]al simil>ity c be obs]v$ 9 all ^! cases ( supremely f9e & complete organisation4 ,x is ?is simil>ity :i* has l$ to ! leg5ds ( ! #8/hetic /ate'1 ! #8/hetic emotion' & ! s+le quality ,beauty1 ! same 9 all its manife/ations4 ,we _h occasion 9 ,*apt] ,,ii to sugge/ t ! *>act]i/ics by :i* /hetic exp]i5ce is usually def9$--t imp]sonality1 dis9t]e/$ness & deta*m5t s mu* /ress$ & s little discuss$ by /heticians--are really two sets ( q diff]5t *>act]s4 ,"o set we h se5 7,*apt]s ,x & ,,xxiv7 to be m]ely conditions ( communication hav+ no?+ ess5tially to d ) value1 conditions involv$ 9 valueless & valuable communications alike4 ,we h sugge/$ above1 h[ev]1 t ?is k9d ( deta*m5t & sev]ance f ord9>y circum/ances & accid5tal p]sonal int]e/s may be ( special s]vice 9 ^! supremely valuable#ha communications1 s9ce x makes ! break+ d[n ( inhibitions m easy4 ,?is same facilitation ( response is also1 x %\ld be add$1 ! explanation ( ! peculi>ly p]nici\s effect ( bad b compet5t art4 ,we may n[ turn to consid] t o!r set ( *>act]s :i* h be5 confus$ ) ^! communicative conditions1 & :i* may ju/ifiably be tak5 z def9+ a special field = ^? int]e/$ 9 ! values ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* impulses may be organis$2 by exclusion & by inclusion1 by syn!sis & by elim9ation4 ,al?\gh e coh]5t /ate ( m9d dep5ds ^u bo?1 x is p]missible to contra/ exp]i5ces :i* w9 /ability & ord] ?r\gh a n>r[+ ( ! response ) ^? :i* wid5 x4 ,a v great deal ( poetry & art is cont5t ) ! full1 ord]$ developm5t ( comp>atively special & limit$ exp]i5ces1 ) a def9ite emotion1 = example1 ,sorr[1 ,joy1 ,pride1 or a def9ite attitude1 ,love1 ,indignation1 ,admiration1 ,hope1 or ) a specific mood1 ,melan*oly1 ,optimism or ,long+4 ,& su* art has its own value & its place 9 human affairs4 ,no "o w qu>rel ) #8,break1 break1 break1' or ) ! ,corona* or ) ,rose ,aylm] or ) ,love's ,philosophy1#hb al?\gh cle>ly !y are limit$ & exclusive4 ,b !y are n ! greate/ k9d ( poetry2 we d n expect f !m :at we f9d 9 ! ,ode to ! ,night+ale1 9 ,pr\d ,maisie1 9 ,sir ,patrick ,sp5s1 9 ,! ,def9ition ( ,love or 9 ! ,nocturnall ^u ,s4 ,lucie's ,day4 ,! /ructures ( ^! two k9ds ( exp]i5ces are diff]5t1 & ! diff]5ce is n "o ( subject b ( ! relations int] se ( ! sev]al impulses active 9 ! exp]i5ce4 ,a poem ( ! fir/ gr\p is built out ( sets ( impulses :i* run p>allel1 :i* h ! same direction4 ,9 a poem ( ! second gr\p ! mo/ obvi\s feature is ! extraord9>ily het]og5eity ( ! di/+ui%able impulses4 ,b !y are m ?an het]og5e\s1 !y are oppos$4 ,!y are su* t 9 ord9>y1 non-poetic1 non-imag9ative exp]i5ce1 "o or o!r set w\ld be suppress$ to give z x might appe> fre] developm5t to ! o!rs4 ,! diff]5ce comes out cle>ly if we consid] h[ comp>atively un/able poems ( ! fir/ k9d are4 ,!y w n be> an ironical contemplation4 ,we h only to read ,! ,w> ,song ( ,d9as ,vawr 9 close conjunction ) ! ,corona*1 or to rememb] t un=tunate phrase #8,^? lips1 ,o slipp]y blisses'6 f ,endymion1 :ile read+ ,love's ,philosophy1 to notice ?is4 ,irony 9 ?is s5se consi/s 9 ! br++ 9 ( ! opposite1 ! complem5t>y impulses2 t is :y poetry :i* is expos$ to x is n ( ! highe/ ord]1 & :y irony itself is s con/antly a *>act]i/ic ( poetry :i* is4 ,^! oppos$ impulses f ! resolution ( :i* su* exp]i5ces spr+ _c usually be analys$4 ,:51 z is mo/ (t5 ! case1 !y are ar\s$ ?r\gh =mal means1 x is evid5tly impossible to d s4 ,b sometimes1 z 9 ! above cit$ cases1 !y c1 & ?r\gh ?is accid5t lit]>y criticism is able to g a /ep fur!r ?an ! criticism ( ! o!r arts4 ,we c only conjecture dimly :at diff]5ce holds betwe5 a balance & reconciliation ( impulses & a m]e rivalry or conflict4 ,"o diff]5ce is t a balance su/a9s "o /ate ( m9d1 b a conflict two alt]nat+ /ates4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n take u v f>4 ,! *ief misconception :i* prev5ts progress "h is ! swit*bo>d view ( ! m9d4 ,:at conception %\ld be put 9 its place is /ill d\btful1 b we h already 7,*apt]s ,,xiv & ,,xx7 discuss$ ! reasons :i* make a m adequate conception imp]ative4 ,! re/ ( ! difficulty is due m]ely to ignorance2 we d n yet "k en\gh ab\t ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,) ?is prelim9>y disav[al ( undue c]ta9ty we may proce$4 ,! equilibrium#hc ( oppos$ impulses1 :i* we suspect to be ! gr\nd-plan ( ! mo/ valuable /hetic responses1 br+s into play f> m ( our p]sonality ?an is possible 9 exp]i5ces ( a m def9$ emotion4 ,we cease to be ori5tat$ 9 "o def9ite direction2 m facets ( ! m9d are expos$ &1 :at is ! same ?+1 m aspects ( ?+s are able to affect u4 ,to respond1 n ?r\gh "o n>r[ *annel ( int]e/1 b simultane\sly & coh]5tly ?r\gh _m1 is to be dis9t]e/$ 9 ! only s5se ( ! ^w :i* conc]ns u "h4 ,a /ate ( m9d :i* is n dis9t]e/$ is "o :i* sees ?+s only f "o /&po9t or "u "o aspect4 ,at ! same "t s9ce m ( our p]sonality is engag$ ! indep5d5ce & individuality ( o!r ?+s becomes great]4 ,we seem to see #8all r\nd' !m1 to see !m z !y really are2 we see !m ap>t f any "o p>ticul> int]e/ :i* !y may h = u4 ,( c\rse )\t "s int]e/ we %\ld n see !m at all1 b ! less any "o p>ticul> int]e/ is indisp5sable1 ! m deta*$ our attitude becomes4 ,& to say t we are imp]sonal is m]ely a curi\s way ( say+ t our p]sonality is m completely involv$4 ,^! *>act]s ( /hetic exp]i5ces c ?us be %[n to be v natural consequ5ces ( ! div]sity1 ( _! compon5ts4 ,b t s _m diff]5t impulses %\ld ent] 9 is only :at may be expect$ 9 an exp]i5ce ^: gr\nd-plan is a balance ( opposites4 ,= e impulse :i* does n complete itself 9 isolation t5ds to br+ 9 alli$ sy/ems4 ,! /ate ( irresolution %[s ?is cle>ly4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 any su* welt] ( vacillat+ impulses & ! /ates ( composure we are consid]+ may well be a matt] ( m$iat+ relations betwe5 ! support+ sy/ems br\ght 9 f ei!r side4 ,"o ?+ only p]haps is c]ta92 :at happ5s is ! exact opposite to a deadlock1 = comp>$ to ! exp]i5ce ( great poetry e o!r /ate ( m9d is "o ( bafflem5t4 ,! consci\sness :i* arises 9 ^! mom5ts ( complet$ be+ l5ds itself inevitably to transc5d5tal descriptions4 8,?is ,ex/asie do? unp]plex01 we seem to see ?+s z !y really are1 & because we are fre$ f ! bewild]m5t :i* our own maladju/m5t br+s ) x1 ,! heavy & ! we>y weight ,( all ?is un9telligible _w ,is light5$4 ,wordswor?'s ,pan!i/ic int]pretation ( ! imag9ative exp]i5ce 9 ,t9t]n ,abbey#hd is "o :i* 9 v>y+ =ms has be5 giv5 by _m poets & critics4 ,! reconciliation ( x ) ! acc\nt "h pres5t$ raises a po9t ( extreme importance1 ! dem>cation ( ! two ma9 uses ( language4 #gi ,col]idge's debt "h to ,s*ell+ has be5 ov]-e/imat$4 ,su* borr[+s z he made 7 m hamp]+ to him ?an helpful4 #hj ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ab1 #ad4 #ha ,x may p]haps be desirable to po9t out t ?is description ( ! effects ( art foll[s f ! !ory ( value outl9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,!y are ! mo/ valuable exp]i5ces because !y are ! lea/ wa/eful4 ,?us ! place assign$ to !m is n a m]e p]sonal expression ( pref]5ce4 #hb ,may ,i assume t ref]5ces "h w n di/ress ! read]8 ,t5nyson1 ,scott1 ,l&or1 ,%elley1 ,keats1 ,scott1 ,anon2 ,m>vell1 ,donne1 ,peacock4 ,i am anxi\s to facilitate ! actual detail$ comp>ison ( ^! poems4 #hc ,?is topic is discuss$ f a slightly diff]5t angle 9 ,! ,f\ndations ( /hetics 7,all5 & ,unw91 #aibb74 #hd ,i w quote ! famili> passage = ! read]'s conv5i5ce3 ,i h felt ,a pres5ce t di/urbs me ) ! joy ,( elevat$ ?\ghts3 a s5se sublime ,( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$1 ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man3 ,a motion & a _s t impels ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all objects ( all ?\ght ,& rolls ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,n itself an in/ance ( imag9ative utt]ance1 al?\gh "s in/ances c be f\nd 9 ! poem4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,tru? & ,revelation ,!ories ,oh nev] rudely w ,i blame 8 fai? ,9 ! might ( />s & angels6 ',tis n m]ely ,! human be+'s pride t peoples space ,) life & my/ical pr$om9ance2 ,s9ce likewise = ! /rick5 he>t ( ,love ,?is visible nature1 & ?is common _w ,is all too n>r[ 4 4 4 4 ,col]idge1 ,piccolom9i4 ,k1 x is recognis$1 is good1 & s9ce ! exp]i5ces :i* we h be5 discuss+ may readily be suppos$ to give k1 !re is a /rong tradition 9 criticism :i* seeks to d]ive _! value f ! wor? ( k4 ,b n all k is equally valuable3 ! k9d ( in=mation :i* we c acquire indef9itely by /eady p]usal ( ,:itak] or ( an ,encyclopdia is ( negligible value4 ,!re=e a special k9d ( k has be5 alleg$4 ,! problem :i* ensues is = _m p ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( critical !ory4 ,t s _m capital-lett] words--su* z ,real1 ,ideal1 ,ess5tial1 ,necess>y1 ,ultimate1 ,absolute1 ,fundam5tal1 ,pr(\nd1 & _m o!rs--t5d to appe> 9 ,tru? doctr9es is evid5ce ( ! int]e/4 ,?is heavy artill]y is m ?an any?+ else a mode ( emphasis1 analog\s to italics1 und]l9+ & solemn tones ( utt]ance4 ,x s]ves to impress ^u ! read] t he w\ld d well to become s]i\s & att5tive1 & l all su* devices x t5ds to lose its effect unless cunn+ly employ$4 ,we may mo/ conv5i5tly beg9 by consid]+ a range ( repres5tative doctr9es *os5 f ! writ+s ( fam\s critics ) a view to illu/rat+ *iefly _! diff]5ces4 ,"s1 x is true1 w h>dly repay inve/igation4 ,x is f> too easy to write1 ) ,c>lyle 8,all real art is ! disimprisonm5t ( ! s\l ( fact#he0 or 8,! inf9ite is made to bl5d itself ) ! f9ite2 to /& visible1 &1 z x 71 atta9able !re4 ,( ?is sort are all true works ( art2 9 ?is 7if we "k a "w ( art f ! daub ( artifice7 we disc]n et]nity look+ ?r\gh "t1 ! ,god-l r5d]$ visible#hf04 ,all ! difficulty beg9s :5 ?is has be5 writt51 & :at has be5 said is ( no assi/ance t[>ds its elucidation4 ,nor is ,pat]1 = all 8 praise ( cl>ity & accuracy1 ( mu* bett] quality4 8,tru?6 !re c be no m]it1 no craft at all1 )\t t4 ,&1 fur!r1 all beauty is 9 ! long run only f95ess ( tru? or :at we call expression1 ! f9] accommodation ( spee* to t vision )90#hg4 ,x w\ld p]haps be difficult1 outside ,croce1#hh to f9d a m unmi/akable confusion betwe5 value & communicative efficacy4 ,b ! ,essay is a v]itable museum ( critical blund]s4 ,! extracts :i* foll[ are arrang$ approximately 9 ord] ( obscurity4 ,!y rise f ! mo/ matt] ( fact to ! mo/ my/ical uses ( tru?-notions 9 criticism4 ,all might be tak5 z glosses ^u ! phrase #8,tru? to ,nature'2 !y s]ve to %[ :at diff]5t ?+s may be meant by :at is app>5tly simple language4 ,we may beg9 ) ,ari/otle4 ,he makes ?ree rem>ks :i* be> ^u ! matt]4 ,! fir/ is 9 connection ) ! anti!sis betwe5 ,trag$y & ,hi/ory4 8,poetry is a m philosophical & a m s]i\s ?+ ?an ,hi/ory3 = ,poetry is *iefly conv]sant ab\t g5]al 7univ]sal7 tru?1 ,hi/ory ab\t p>ticul>4 ,9 :at mann]1 = example1 any p]son ( a c]ta9 "* w\ld speak or act1 probably or necess>ily--?is is univ]sal2 & ?is is ! object ( ,poetry4 ,b :at ,alcibiades did1 or :at happ5$ to him--?is is p>ticul> tru?40 7,poetics1 ,,ix74 ,8 second rem>k is made 9 connection ) ! requisites ( ,tragic ,"*3-- 8,! ?ird requisite 79 addition to goodness 9 a special s5se1 appropriat5ess1 & consi/5cy7 ( ,"* is t x h v]isimilitude#hi04 7,poetics1 ,,xv74 ,ari/otle's ?ird obs]vation is 9 ! same *apt]3-- 8,! poet :5 he imitates passionate or indol5t m5 & su*1 %\ld pres]ve ! type & yet ennoble x#ij04 ,wordswor?'s int]pretation c>ries u a def9ite /age ne>] to ! my/ical3-- 8,ari/otle1 ,i h be5 told1 has said t poetry is ! mo/ philosophic ( all writ+4 ,x is s4 ,its object is tru?--n individual & local1 b g5]al & op]ative4 ,n /&+ ^u ext]nal te/imony1 b c>ri$ alive into ! he>t by passion3 tru? :i* is its own te/imony2 :i* gives compet5ce & confid5ce to ! tribunal to :i* x appeals1 & receives !m f ! same tribunal#ia04 ,wordswor? rema9s /ill on ! hi!r side ( ! gap1 z does ,goe! 9 sugge/+ t 8,! beautiful is ! manife/ation ( secret laws ( nature :i*1 b = ?is disclosure1 _h be5 = ev] conceal$ f u#ib04 ,b ,col]idge1 f :om ,wordswor? probably he>d ab\t ,ari/otle1 takes ! /ep into my/icism unhesitat+ly3-- 8,if ! arti/ copies ! m]e nature1 ! natura naturata1 :at idle rivalry6--if he proce$s only f a giv5 =m :i* is suppos$ to answ] to ! notion ( beauty--:at an empt9ess1 :at an unreality1 !re always is 9 8 productions4 ,believe me1 y mu/ ma/] ! ess5ce1 ! natura naturans1 :i* presupposes a bond betwe5 nature 9 ! high] s5se & ! s\l ( man#ic04 ,b ,col]idge held _m my/ical views1 n always easy to reconcile ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! same ,essay he cont9ues3-- 8,9 ! objects ( nature are pres5t$ z 9 a mirror all ! possible elem5ts1 /eps & processes ( intellect antec$5t to consci\sness1 & !re=e to ! full developm5t ( ! intellig5tial act2 & man's m9d is ! v focus ( all ! rays ( intellect :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! images ( nature4 ,n[ s to place ^! images1 totalis$ & fitt$ to ! limits ( ! human m9d1 z to elicit f & to sup]9duce ^u ! =ms !mselves ! moral reflections to :i* !y approximate1 to make ! ext]nal int]nal1 ! int]nal ext]nal1 to make nature ?\ght & ?\ght nature--?is is ! my/]y ( g5ius 9 ! ,f9e ,arts40 ,ev5 :5 ,col]idge is mo/ #8! ,god-intoxicat$ man' 8 rem>ks to a c>eful read] sugge/ t if !y c\ld be decod$1 z x 71 !y w\ld provide at ! lea/ a basis = int]e/+ speculation4 ,_m adumbrations ( ?is my/ical view might be quot$4 8,!re is a communication betwe5 my/]y & my/]y1 betwe5 ! unkn[n s\l & ! unkn[n reality2 at "o p>ticul> po9t 9 ! texture ( life ! hidd5 tru? seems to break ?r\gh ! veil01 writes ,mr ,middleton ,murry 9 an ,essay#id :i* z an emotive utt]ance disguis$ to resemble an argum5t is ( int]e/4 ,h[ ?is feel+ ( insight arises we h se5 9 ! =ego+ *apt]2 ! s5se ( imm$iate revelation ( :i* he treats z 8! prim>y /uff out ( :i* lit]ature is creat$0 is c]ta9ly *>act]i/ic ( ! great] k9ds ( art4 ,& !re mu/ be few :o h n by "o arrangem5t or ano!r contriv$ f ^! vision>y mom5ts a philosophy :i*1 = a "t1 has seem$ to !m un%akable because = a "t emotionally satisfy+4 ,b emotional satisfaction ga9$ at ! co/ ( intellectual bondage is un/able4 ,:5 x does n induce a p>tial /upor x breaks d[n4 ,! freely inquir+ m9d has a fatal way ( ov]?r[+ all imm$iate & my/ical intuitions :i*1 in/ead ( be+ duly subord9ate1 insi/ on giv+ x ord]s4 ,= ! inquir+ m9d is simply ! human be+'s way ( f9d+ a place & function = all its exp]i5ces & activities1 a place & function compatible ) ! re/ ( its exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ! my/ical insight is und]/ood1 & its claims fitly direct$1 al?\gh x may seem to ^? :o /ill misund]/& x to h lo/ all ! attributes = :i* !y h s\ght to reta9 x1 & to be no long] ei!r my/ical or an insight1 x does n lose b ga9s 9 value4 ,b ?is fur!r adju/m5t is (t5 v difficult to make4 ,^! ,revelation ,doctr9es1 :5 we "k :at !y are really ab\t1 come ne>]1 we %all see1 to supply+ an explanation ( ! value ( ! arts ?an any ( ! o!r traditional acc\nts4 ,b ! process ( translation is no easy matt]4 ,!y are n :at !y seem1 ^! utt]ances app>5tly ab\t ,tru?4 ,9 int]pret+ !m we %all f9d ourselves =c$ to consid] language f an angle & ) a clos5ess :i* are n usual1 & to d s1 c]ta9 v p[]ful resi/ances & deeply +ra9$ habits ( ! m9d h fir/ to be brok5 d[n4 #he ,%oot+ ,niag>a4 #hf ,s>tor ,res>tus4 #hg ,essay on ,/yle4 #hh ,a discussion ( ,croce's doctr9es might seem advisable at "s po9t4 ,b all t is /rictly necess>y has already be5 said 9 ,! ,f\ndations ( /hetics4 ,x may be repeat$ "h 9 ! vigor\s t]ms ( ,giovanni ,pap9i 7,f\r & ,tw5ty ,m9ds73 8,if y disreg>d critical trivialities & didactic accessories1 ! entire /hetic sy/em ( ,croce am\nts m]ely to a hunt = pseudonyms ( ! ^w #8art'1 & may inde$ be /at$ briefly & accurately 9 ?is =mula3 art intuition expression feel+ imag9ation fancy lyricism beauty4 ,& y mu/ be c>eful n to take ^! words ) ! %ad+s & di/9ctions :i* !y h 9 ord9>y or sci5tific language4 ,n a bit ( x4 ,e ^w is m]ely a diff]5t s]ies ( syllables signify+ absolutely & completely ! same ?+40 ,:5 y are n c>eful ! amalgam ( confusions & contradictions :i* ensues is v rem>kable4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ,croce's appeal has be5 exclusively to ^? unfamili> ) ! subject1 to ! man ( lett]s & ! dilettante4 ,he has be5 ignor$ by s]i\s /ud5ts ( ! m9d4 ,h[ _m ( ^? = example :o h be5 impress$ by 8 dicta z to expression & language h be5 aw>e ( h[ ! problem has be5 discuss$ be=e1 or h ev] he>d ( ! #8imageless ?\ght' controv]sy8 ,^u ! ways 9 :i* ,croce's /rategy has inveigl$ ! guileless into suppos+ him to be say+ some?+1 ,pap9i is excell5t4 #8,! ,b>abbas ( art1 ! ,?ug ( philosophy1 ! ,apa*e ( culture'--,pap9i s describes himself--has "h r5d]$ a notable s]vice to ^? :o h be5 depress$ by ! vogue ( #8,expressionism'4 #hi 4 ,?is ^w is v>i\sly translat$ #8resemblance' 7,tw9+71 & #8tru? to life'8 7,but*]74 ,its usual mean+ 9 ! ,poetics is #8! quality ( be+ l ourselves'1 #8av]age humanity'4 #ij ,cf4 ,ea/lake1 ,lit]ature ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 8,! elephant ) 8 objectionable legs & inexpressive hide may /ill be suppos$ to be a v normal specim5 & may accord+ly be a fit object = arti/ic imitation40 #ia ,preface to ,lyrical ,ballads4 #ib ,comp>e ,?omas ,rym]1 ,a ,%ort ,view ( ,trag$y4 8,a little prep>ation & =eca/ might d well n[ & !n4 ,= 8 ,desdemona's ,m>riage1 he might h help$ out ! probability by figur+ h[ t "s way or o!r a ,blackamoor woman _h be5 h] nurse & suckl$ h]2 or t once ^u a "t "s ,virtuoso _h transfus$ into h] ve9s ! ,blood ( a ,black ,%eep40 ,we may take x su* are n ! secret laws ( nature to :i* ,goe! 0 allud+4 #ic ,on ,poesy or ,art4 #id #8,lit]ature & ,religion' 9 ,! ,necessity ( ,art1 publi%$ by ,! ,/ud5t ,*ri/ian ,movem5t1 p4 #aee4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,! ,two ,uses ( ,language ,! intelligible =ms ( anci5t poets ,! fair humanities ( old religion 4 4 4 ,!y live no long] 9 ! fai? ( reason3 ,b /ill ! he>t do? ne$ a language1 /ill ,do? ! old in/9ct br+ back ! old names4 ,col]idge1 ,piccolom9i4 ,!re are two totally di/9ct uses ( language4 ,b because ! !ory ( language is ! mo/ neglect$ ( all /udies !y are 9 fact h>dly ev] di/+ui%$4 ,yet bo? = ! !ory ( poetry & = ! n>r[] aim ( und]/&+ mu* :i* is said ab\t poetry a cle> compreh5sion ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! uses is indisp5sable4 ,= ?is we mu/ look some:at closely at ! m5tal processes :i* accompany !m4 ,x is un=tunate b n surpris+ t mo/ ( ! psy*ological t]ms :i* we naturally employ t5d to blur ! di/9ction4 #8,k'1 #8belief'1 #8ass]tion'1 #8?\ght'1 & #8und]/&+'1 =1 example1 z ord9>ily us$1 are ambigu\s 9 a fa%ion :i* disguises & obscures ! po9t :i* mu/ be br\ght out4 ,!y record di/9ctions :i* are oblique to ! di/9ctions requir$1 !y are cross-cuts ( analysis made 9 ! wrong place & 9 ! wrong direction1 useful en\gh = "s purposes no d\bt1 b = ?is pres5t purpose v confus+4 ,we %all d well to put !m out ( m9d = a :ile if possible4 ,! *ief dep>ture made f curr5t conceptions 9 ! sket* ( ! m9d giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xi lay 9 ! sub/itution ( ! causes1 ! *>act]s & ! consequ5ces ( a m5tal ev5t1 = its aspects z ?\ght1 feel+ & w4 ,?is treatm5t 0 introduc$ ) a view to ! analysis :i* n[ occupies u4 ,among ! causes ( mo/ m5tal ev5ts1 we urg$1 two sets may be di/+ui%$4 ,on ! "o h& !re are ! pres5t /imuli rea*+ ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5sory n]ves1 &1 9 co-op]ation ) ^!1 ! effects ( pa/ /imuli associat$ ) !m4 ,on ! o!r h& is a set ( q diff]5t factors1 ! /ate ( ! organism1 its ne$s1 its read9ess to respond to ?is or t k9d ( /imulus4 ,! impulses :i* arise take _! "* & _! c\rse f ! int]action ( ^! two sets4 ,we mu/ keep !m cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,! relative importance ( ! two sets ( factors v>ies enorm\sly4 ,a suffici5tly hungry man w eat almo/ any?+ :i* c be *ew$ or swall[$4 ,! nature ( ! sub/ance1 )9 ^! limits1 has v little effect ^u 8 behavi\r4 ,a replete p]son1 by contra/1 w only eat su* ?+s z he expects w ta/e pleasant1 or reg>ds z possess+ def9ite b5eficial prop]ties1 = example1 m$ic9es4 ,8 behavi\r1 9 o!r words1 dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! "* ( 8 optical or olfactory /imulation4 ,s f> z an impulse owes its "* to its /imulus 7or to su* effects ( pa/ accompany+ or connect$ /imuli z are reviv$7 s f> is x a ref]5ce1 to use ! t]m :i* we introduc$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi1 to /& = ! prop]ty ( m5tal ev5ts :i* we sub/itute = ?\ght or cognition4#ie ,x is pla9 t ! indep5d5t int]nal conditions ( ! organism usually int]v5e to di/ort ref]5ce 9 "s degree4 ,b v _m ( our ne$s c only be satisfi$ if ! impulses are left undi/ort$4 ,bitt] exp]i5ce has taught u to leave "s ( !m alone1 to let !m reflect or correspond ) ext]nal /ates ( affairs z mu* z !y c1 undi/urb$ z f> z possible by int]nal /ates ( affairs1 our ne$s & desires4 ,9 all our behavi\r c be di/+ui%$ /imuli we receive1 & ! ways 9 :i* we use !m4 ,:at we receive may be any k9d ( /imulus1 b only :5 ! reaction we make to x tallies ) its nature & v>ies ) x 9 quasi-indep5d5ce ( ! uses we make ( x does ref]5ce occur4 ,^? to :om visual images are ( s]vice 9 consid]+ complex matt]s may f9d x conv5i5t at ?is po9t to imag9e a circle or sph]e con/antly bomb>d$ by m9ute p>ticles 7/imuli74 ,)9 ! sph]e may be pictur$ complex me*anisms cont9ually *ang+ = reasons hav+ no?+ to d ) ! ext]nal /imuli4 ,^! me*anisms by op5+ little gateways select :i* ( ! /imuli %all be all[$ to come 9 & take effect4 ,s f> z ! subsequ5t convulsions are due to ! nature ( ! impacts & to l+]+ effects ( impacts :i* h accompani$ simil> impacts 9 ! pa/1 ! convulsions are ref]5tial4 ,s f> z !y are due to ! indep5d5t motions ( ! int]nal me*anisms !mselves1 ref]5ce fails4 ,?is diagrammatic image may possibly be ( conv5i5ce to "s4 ,by ^? :o di/ru/ su* ?+s x may ) advantage be disreg>d$4 ,x is n introduc$ z a contribution to neurology1 & is 9 no way a gr\nd = ! au?or's view4 ,! ext5t to :i* ref]5ce is int]f]$ ) by ne$s & desires is und]e/imat$ ev5 by ^? :o1 n hav+ yet =gott5 ! ev5ts ( #aiad-aiah1 are mo/ sceptical z to ! indep5d5ce ( op9ions & desires4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ord9>y & famili> objects are p]ceiv$ z x pleases u to p]ceive !m r ?an z !y are1 :5ev] error does n directly deprive u ( advantages4 ,x is almo/ impossible = anyone to secure a correct impression ( 8 own p]sonal appe>ance or ( ! features ( anyone 9 :om he is p]sonally int]e/$4 ,nor is x p]haps (t5 desirable t he %\ld4 ,= ! dem>cation ( ! fields :]e impulse %\ld be z completely z possible dep5d5t ^u & correspond5t ) ext]nal situation1 ^? 9 :i* ref]5ce %\ld take prior place f ^? 9 :i* x may be subord9at$ to appet5cies ) advantage1 is n a simple matt]4 ,on _m views ( ! good & ( :at %\ld be1 !mselves results ( subord9at+ ref]5ce to emotional satisfactions1 !re c\ld be no "q4 ,tru?1 x w\ld be said1 has claims prior to all o!r consid]ations4 ,love n gr\nd$ ^u k w\ld be describ$ z wor?less4 ,we ought n to admire :at is n beautiful & if our mi/ress be n really beautiful :5 imp>tially consid]$ we ought1 s ! doctr9e runs1 to admire h]1 if at all1 = o!r reasons4 ,! *ief po9ts ( int]e/ ab\t su* views are ! confusions :i* make !m plausible4 ,beauty z an int]nal quality ( ?+s is usually involv$1 z well z ,good ! unanalysable ,idea4 ,bo? are special twi/s giv5 to "s ( our impulses by habits d]iv+ ultimately f desires4 ,!y l+] 9 our m9ds because to ?9k ( a ?+ z ,good or ,beautiful gives m imm$iate emotional satisfaction ?an to ref] to x z satisfy+ our impulses 9 "o special fa%ion 7cf4 ,*apt] ,,vii7 or ano!r 7cf4 ,*apt] ,,xxxii74 ,to ?9k ab\t ,good or ,beauty is n necess>ily to ref] to any?+4 ,= ! t]m #8?9k+' cov]s m5tal op]ations 9 :i* ! impulses are s completely gov]n$ by int]nal factors & s out ( control ( /imulus t no ref]5ce occurs4 ,mo/ #8?9k+ (' includes ref]5ce 9 "s degree1 ( c\rse1 b n all1 & simil>ly mu* ref]5ce w\ld n commonly be describ$ z ?9k+4 ,:5 we drop some?+ :i* is too hot to hold we w\ld n usually be said to h done s ?r\gh ?9k+4 ,! two t]ms ov]lap1 & _! def9itions1 if !re be a def9ition ( #8?9k+' z commonly us$1 are ( diff]5t types4 ,?is is :y #8,?\ght' 0 on an e>li] page describ$ z m>k+ an oblique di/9ction4 ,to return1 ! claims ( ref]5ce are by no means easy to adju/ ) o!r claims4 ,an imm5se ext5sion ( our p[]s ( ref]r+ has rec5tly be5 made4 ,) amaz+ swiftness ,sci5ce has op5$ out field aft] field ( possible ref]5ce4 ,sci5ce is simply ! organisation ( ref]5ces ) a view solely to ! conv5i5ce & facilitation ( ref]5ce4 ,x has advanc$ ma9ly because o!r claims1 typically ! claims ( our religi\s desires1 h be5 set aside4 ,= x is no accid5t t ,sci5ce & ,religion conflict4 ,!y are diff]5t pr9ciples ^u :i* impulses may be organis$1 & ! m closely !y are exam9$ ! m inevitable is ! incompatibility se5 to be4 ,any s-call$ reconciliation :i* is ev] effect$ w involve be/[+ ! "n ,religion ^u some?+ utt]ly diff]5t f any ( ! sy/ematisations ( impulses :i* x n[ d5otes1 = ! reason t ! belief elem5ts pres5t w\ld h a diff]5t "*4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to r$uce ,sci5ce to a position ( subjection to "s in/9ct or emotion or desire1 to curiosity = example4 ,a special passion = k = its own sake has ev5 be5 inv5t$4 ,b 9 fact all ! passions & all ! in/9cts1 all human ne$s & desires may on occasion supply ! motive =ce = ,sci5ce4 ,!re is no human activity :i* may n on occasion require undi/ort$ ref]5ce4 ,! ess5tial po9t1 h[ev]1 is t ,sci5ce is autonom\s4 ,! impulses develop$ 9 x are modifi$ only by "o ano!r1 ) a view to ! greate/ possible complet5ess & sy/ematisation1 & = ! facilitation ( fur!r ref]5ces4 ,s f> z o!r consid]ations di/ort !m !y are n yet ,sci5ce or h fall5 out ( x4 ,to decl>e ,sci5ce autonom\s is v diff]5t f subord9at+ all our activities to x4 ,x is m]ely to ass]t t s f> z any body ( ref]5ces is undi/ort$ x belongs to ,sci5ce4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ to ass]t t no ref]5ces may be di/ort$ if advantage c !reby be ga9$4 ,& j z !re are innum]able human activities :i* require undi/ort$ ref]5ces if !y are to be satisfi$1 s !re are innum]able o!r human activities n less important :i* equally require di/ort$ ref]5ces or1 m pla9ly1 fictions4 ,! use ( fictions1 ! imag9ative use ( !m r1 is n a way ( hoodw9k+ ourselves4 ,x is n a process ( pret5d+ to ourselves t ?+s are n z !y are4 ,x is p]fectly compatible ) ! fulle/ & grimme/ recognition ( ! exact /ate ( affairs on all occasions4 ,x is no make-believe4 ,b s awkw>dly h our ref]5ces & our attitudes become entangl$ t su* pa!tic spectacles z ,mr ,yeats try+ desp]ately to believe 9 fairies or ,mr ,lawr5ce impugn+ ! validity ( sol> physics1 are all too common4 ,to be =c$ by desire into any unw>rantable belief is a calamity4 ,! /ate :i* ensues is (t5 extraord9>ily damag+ to ! m9d4 ,b ?is common misuse ( fictions %\ld n bl9d u to _! imm5se s]vices provid$ we d n take !m = :at !y are n1 degrad+ ! *ief means by :i* our attitudes to actual life may be adju/$ into ! mat]ial ( a long-drawn delirium#if4 ,if we knew en\gh x might be possible t all necess>y attitudes c\ld be obta9$ ?r\gh sci5tific ref]5ces alone4 ,s9ce we d n "k v mu* yet1 we c leave ?is v remote possibility1 once recognis$1 alone4 ,fictions :e!r ar\s$ by /atem5ts or by analog\s ?+s 9 o!r arts may be us$ 9 _m ways4 ,!y may be us$1 = example1 to deceive4 ,b ?is is n a *>act]i/ic use 9 poetry4 ,! di/9ction :i* ne$s to be kept cle> does n set up fictions 9 opposition to v]ifiable tru?s 9 ! sci5tific s5se4 ,a /atem5t may be us$ = ! sake ( ! ref]5ce1 true or false1 :i* x causes4 ,?is is ! sci5tific use ( language4 ,b x may also be us$ = ! sake ( ! effects 9 emotion & attitude produc$ by ! ref]5ce x occasions4 ,?is is ! emotive use ( language4 ,! di/9ction once cle>ly grasp$ is simple4 ,we may ei!r use words = ! sake ( ! ref]5ces !y promote1 or we may use !m = ! sake ( ! attitudes & emotions :i* ensue4 ,_m arrangem5ts ( words evoke attitudes )\t any ref]5ce be+ requir$ en r\te4 ,!y-op]ate l musical phrases4 ,b usually ref]5ces are involv$ z conditions =1 or /ages 91 ! ensu+ developm5t ( attitudes1 yet x is /ill ! attitudes n ! ref]5ces :i* are important4 ,x matt]s n at all 9 su* cases :e!r ! ref]5ces are true or false4 ,_! sole function is to br+ ab\t & support ! attitudes :i* are ! fur!r response4 ,! que/ion+1 v]ificatory way ( h&l+ !m is irrelevant1 & 9 a compet5t read] x is n all[$ to int]f]e4 8,bett] a plausible impossibility ?an an improbable possibility0 said ,ari/otle v wisely2 !re is less dang] ( an inappropriate reaction4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! m5tal processes involv$ 9 ! two cases are v great1 ?\gh easily ov]look$4 ,consid] :at failure = ea* use am\nts to4 ,= sci5tific language a diff]5ce 9 ! ref]5ces is itself failure3 ! end has n be5 atta9$4 ,b = emotive language ! wide/ diff]5ces 9 ref]5ce are ( no importance if ! fur!r effects 9 attitude & emotion are ( ! requir$ k9d4 ,fur!r1 9 ! sci5tific use ( language n only mu/ ! ref]5ces be correct = success1 b ! connections & relations ( ref]5ces to "o ano!r mu/ be ( ! k9d :i* we call logical4 ,!y mu/ n get 9 "o ano!r's way1 & mu/ be s organis$ z n to imp$e fur!r ref]5ce4 ,b = emotive purposes logical arrangem5t is n necess>y4 ,x may be & (t5 is an ob/acle4 ,= :at matt]s is t ! s]ies ( attitudes due to ! ref]5ces %\ld h _! own prop] organisation1 _! own emotional int]connection1 & ?is (t5 has no dep5d5ce ^u ! logical relations ( su* ref]5ces z may be conc]n$ 9 br++ ! attitudes into be+4 ,a few notes ( ! *ief uses ( ! ^w #8,tru?' 9 ,criticism may help to prev5t misund]/&+3-- #a4 ,! sci5tific s5se t1 namely1 9 :i* ref]5ces1 & d]ivatively /atem5ts symbolis+ ref]5ces1 are true1 ne$ n delay u4 ,a ref]5ce is true :5 ! ?+s to :i* x ref]s are actually toge!r 9 ! way 9 :i* x ref]s to !m4 ,o!rwise x is false4 ,?is s5se is "o v little involv$ by any ( ! arts4 ,= ! avoidance ( confusions x w\ld be well if ! t]m #8true' c\ld be res]v$ = ?is use4 ,9 purely sci5tific disc\rse x c\ld & %\ld be1 b su* disc\rse is uncommon4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! emotive p[] :i* atta*es to ! ^w is f> too great = x to be ab&on$ 9 g5]al discussion2 ! temptation to a speak] :o ne$s to /ir c]ta9 emotions & evoke c]ta9 attitudes ( approval & acceptance is ov]:elm+4 ,no matt] h[ v>i\s ! s5ses 9 :i* x may be us$1 & ev5 :5 x is be+ us$ 9 no s5se :atev]1 its effects 9 promot+ attitudes w /ill make x indisp5sable2 p w /ill cont9ue to use ! ^w ) ! same promiscuity z ev]4 #b4 ,! mo/ usual o!r s5se is t ( acceptability4 ,! #8,tru?' ( ,rob9son ,crusoe is ! acceptability ( ! ?+s we are told1 _! acceptability 9 ! int]e/s ( ! effects ( ! n>rative1 n _! correspond5ce ) any actual facts involv+ ,alex&] ,selkirk or ano!r4 ,simil>ly ! falsity ( happy end+s to ,le> or to ,don ,quixote1 is _! failure to be acceptable to ^? :o h fully respond$ to ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t #8,tru?' is equival5t to #8int]nal necessity' or rightness4 ,t is #8true' or #8int]nally necess>y' :i* completes or accords ) ! re/ ( ! exp]i5ce1 :i* co-op]ates to ar\se our ord]$ response1 :e!r ! response ( ,beauty or ano!r4 8,:at ! ,imag9ation seizes z ,beauty mu/ be ,tru?01 said ,keats1 us+ ?is s5se ( #8,tru?'1 ?\gh n )\t confusion4 ,sometimes x is held t :atev] is r$undant or otiose1 :atev] is n requir$1 al?\gh n ob/ructive or disruptive1 is also false4 8,surplusage60 said ,pat]1 8! arti/ w dread t1 z ! runn] on 8 muscles#ig0 himself p]haps 9 ?is in/ance sweat+ 8 s5t5ce d[n too f9ely4 ,b ?is is to make excessive dem&s ^u ! arti/4 ,x is to apply ! axe ( retr5*m5t 9 ! wrong place4 ,sup]abundance is a common *>act]i/ic ( great art1 mu* less dang]\s ?an ! preci\sness t too contriv$ an economy t5ds to produce4 ,! ess5tial po9t is :e!r :at is unnecess>y int]f]es or n ) ! re/ ( ! response4 ,if x does n1 ! :ole ?+ is all ! bett] probably = ! extra solidity :i* x !reby ga9s4 ,?is int]nal acceptability or #8conv9c+ness' ne$s to be contra/$ ) o!r acceptabilities4 ,?omas ,rym]1 = example1 refus$ to accept ,iago = ext]nal reasons3 8,to ent]ta9 ! audi5ce ) some?+ new & surpris+ aga9/ common s5se & nature1 he w\ld pass ^u u a close1 dissembl+ rascal1 in/ead ( an op5-he>t$1 frank1 pla9-deal+ ,s\ldi]1 a "* con/antly born by !m = "s ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! ,_w40 8,! tru? is0 he obs]ves 8?is au?ors head 0 full ( villa9\s1 unnatural images0#ih4 ,he is rememb]+ no d\bt ,ari/otle's rem>k t 8! arti/ mu/ pres]ve ! type & yet ennoble x01 b int]pret+ x 9 8 own way4 ,= him ! type is fix$ simply by conv5tion & 8 acceptances take no note ( int]nal necessities b are gov]n$ m]ely by accordance ) ext]nal canons4 ,8 is an extreme case1 b to avoid 8 error 9 subtl] matt]s is 9 fact sometimes ! h>de/ "p ( ! critic's und]tak+4 ,b :e!r our conception ( ! type is d]iv$ 9 "s su* absurd way1 or tak51 = example1 z f a h&book ( zoology1 is ( slight consequ5ce4 ,x is ! tak+ ( any ext]nal canon :i* is critically dang]\s4 ,:5 9 ! same connection ,rym] objects t !re nev] 0 a ,moori% ,g5]al 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,v5etian ,republic1 he is apply+ ano!r ext]nal canon1 t ( hi/oric fact4 ,?is mi/ake is less insidi\s1 b ,rusk9 us$ to be p>ticul>ly fond ( ! analog\s mi/ake 9 connection ) ! #8tru?' ( draw+4 #c4 ,tru? may be equival5t to ,s9c]ity4 ,?is "* ( ! arti/'s "w we h already t\*$ ^u briefly 9 connection ) ,tol/oy's !ory ( communication 7,*apt] ,,xxiii74 ,x may p]haps be mo/ easily def9$ f ! critic's po9t ( view negatively1 z ! abs5ce ( any app>5t attempt on ! "p ( ! arti/ to "w effects ^u ! read] :i* d n "w = himself4 ,too simple def9itions mu/ be avoid$4 ,x is well kn[n t ,burns 9 writ+ #8,ae fond kiss' 0 only too anxi\s to escape ,nancy's 7,mrs ,maclehose's7 att5tions1 & simil> in/ances c\ld be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,absurdly naive views ^u ! matt]#ii exemplifi$ by ! op9ion t ,bottomley mu/ h believ$ himself to be inspir$ or he w\ld n h mov$ 8 audi5ces1 are f> too common4 ,at ! level at :i* ,bottomley h>angu$ any k9d ( exaltation 9 ! orator1 :e!r due to pride or to *ampagne1 w\ld make 8 /uff effective4 ,b at ,burns' level a v diff]5t situation arises4 ,"h 8 probity & s9c]ity z an arti/ are involv$2 ext]nal circum/ances are irrelevant1 b !re is p]haps int]nal evid5ce 9 ! poem ( a flaw 9 its creat+ impulse4 ,comp>e z a closely simil> poem 9 :i* !re is no flaw1 ,byron's #8,:5 we two p>t$'4 #ie ,! read] :o is a psy*ologi/ w notice _m po9ts 9 ?is /atem5t at :i* elaboration & qualifications are requir$4 ,= example1 :5 we are #8introspect+' factors normally belong+ to ! second set may ent] ! fir/4 ,b he w be able1 if he grasps ! g5]al !ory1 to supply ^! complications himself4 ,i did n wi% to burd5 ! text ) unnecess>y intricacies4 #if ,revelation ,doctr9es :5 once giv5 a foo?old t5d to int]f]e ev]y:]e4 ,!y s]ve z a k9d ( omnipot5t major premise ju/ify+ any & e conclusion4 ,a specim53 8,s9ce ! function ( ,art is to pi]ce ?r\gh to ! ,real ,_w1 !n x foll[s t ! arti/ _c be too def9ite 9 8 outl9es1 & t good draw+ is ! f\ndation ( all good art40--,*>les ,g>dn]1 ,vision & ,ve/ure1 p4 #ed4 #ig ,essay on ,/yle1 p4 #ai4 #ii ,%ort ,view ( ,trag$y4 #ii ,cf4 ,a4 ,clutton-,brock1 ,! ,times1 #aa? ,july #aibb1 p4 #ac4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,poetry & ,beliefs ,:at ,i see v well is ! wide-spread1 inf9ite h>m ( putt+ fancy = k 7to speak l ,socrates71 or r ( liv+ by *oice 9 a twilight ( ! m9d :]e fancy & k are indisc]nible4--,euripides ! ,rationali/4 ,x is evid5t t ! bulk ( poetry consi/s ( /atem5ts :i* only ! v fooli% w\ld ?9k ( attempt+ to v]ify4 ,!y are n ! k9d ( ?+s :i* c be v]ifi$4 ,if we recall :at 0 said 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi z to ! natural g5]ality or vagu5ess ( ref]5ce we %all see ano!r reason :y ref]5ces z !y occur 9 poetry are r>ely susceptible ( sci5tific tru? or falsity4 ,only ref]5ces :i* are br\ght into c]ta9 highly complex & v special comb9ations1 s z to correspond to ! ways 9 :i* ?+s actually hang toge!r1 c be ei!r true or false1 & mo/ ref]5ces 9 poetry are n knit toge!r 9 ?is way4 ,b ev5 :5 !y are1 on exam9ation1 frankly false1 ?is is no defect4 ,unless1 inde$1 ! obvi\sness ( ! falsity =ces ! read] to reactions :i* are incongru5t or di/urb+ to ! poem4 ,& equally1 a po9t m (t5 misund]/ood1 _! tru?1 :5 !y are true1 is no m]it#ajj4 ,! p :o say #8,h[ ,true6' at int]vals :ile read+ ,%akespe>e are misus+ 8 "w1 &1 comp>atively speak+1 wa/+ _! "t4 ,= all t matt]s 9 ei!r case is acceptance1 t is to say1 ! initiation & developm5t ( ! fur!r response4 ,poetry af=ds ! cle>e/ examples ( ?is subord9ation ( ref]5ce to attitude4 ,x is ! supreme =m ( emotive language4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t orig9ally all language 0 emotive2 its sci5tific use is a lat] developm5t1 & mo/ language is /ill emotive4 ,yet ! late developm5t has come to seem ! natural & ! normal use1 l>gely because ! only p :o h reflect$ ^u language 7 at ! mom5t ( reflection us+ x sci5tifically4 ,! emotions & attitudes result+ f a /atem5t us$ emotively ne$ n be direct$ t[>ds any?+ to :i* ! /atem5t ref]s4 ,?is is cle>ly evid5t 9 dramatic poetry1 b mu* m poetry ?an is usually suppos$ is dramatic 9 /ructure4 ,z a rule a /atem5t 9 poetry ar\ses attitudes mu* m wide & g5]al 9 direction ?an ! ref]5ces ( ! /atem5t4 ,neglect ( ?is fact makes mo/ v]bal analysis ( poetry irrelevant4 ,& ! same is true ( ^? critical b emotive utt]ances ab\t poetry :i* gave rise to ?is discussion4 ,no "o1 x is pla91 c read poetry successfully )\t1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 obs]v+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two uses ( words4 ,t does n ne$ to be insi/$ ^u4 ,b fur!r no "o c und]/& su* utt]ances ab\t poetry z t quot$ f ,dr ,mackail 9 our ?ird *apt]1 or ,dr ,bradley's cry t 8,poetry is a _s01 or ,%elley's t 8,a poem is ! v image ( life express$ 9 its et]nal tru?01 or ! passages quot$ above f ,col]idge1 )\t di/+ui%+ ! mak+ ( a /atem5t f ! incitem5t or expression ( an attitude4 ,b too mu* inf]ior poetry has be5 p\r$ out z criticism1 too mu* sack & too little bread2 confusion betwe5 ! two activities1 on ! "p ( writ]s & read]s alike1 is :at is prim>ily responsible = ! backw>dness ( critical /udies4 ,:at o!r /ultifications ( human endeav\r x is also responsible = we ne$ n l+] "h to po9t out4 ,! sep>ation ( prose f poetry1 if we may s p>aphrase ! di/9ction1 is no m]e academic activity4 ,!re is h>dly a problem outside ma!matics :i* is n complicat$ by its neglect1 & h>dly any emotional response :i* is n crippl$ by irrelevant intrusions4 ,no revolution 9 human affairs w\ld be great] ?an t :i* a wide-spread obs]vance ( ?is di/9ction w\ld br+ ab\t4 ,"o p]v]sion 9 especial ne$s to be notic$4 ,x is con/antly pres5t 9 critical discussion1 & is 9 fact responsible = ,revelation ,doctr9es4 ,_m attitudes1 :i* arise )\t dep5d5ce ^u any ref]5ce1 m]ely by ! int]play & resolution ( impulses o!rwise awak5$1 c be mom5t>ily enc\rag$ by suitable beliefs held z sci5tific beliefs are held4 ,s f> z ?is enc\ragem5t is conc]n$1 ! tru? or falsity ( ^! beliefs does n matt]1 ! imm$iate effect is ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,:5 ! attitude is important1 ! temptation to base x ^u "s ref]5ce :i* is treat$ z e/abli%$ sci5tific tru?s are treat$ is v great1 & ! poet ?us easily comes to invite ! de/ruction ( 8 "w2 ,wordswor? puts =w>d 8 ,pan!ism1 & o!r p doctr9es ( ,inspiration1 ,idealism & ,revelation4 ,! effect is tw(old2 an appe>ance ( security & /ability is giv5 to ! attitude1 :i* ?us seems to be ju/ifi$2 & at ! same "t x is no long] s necess>y to su/a9 ?is attitude by ! m difficult means peculi> to ! arts1 or to pay full att5tion to =m4 ,! read] c be reli$ ^u to d m ?an 8 %>e4 ,t nei!r effect is desirable is easily se54 ,! attitude = ! sake ( :i* ! belief is introduc$ is !reby made n m b less /able4 ,remove ! belief1 once x has affect$ ! attitude2 ! attitude collapses4 ,x may lat] be re/or$ by m appropriate means1 b t is ano!r matt]4 ,& all su* beliefs are v likely to be remov$2 _! logical connections ) o!r beliefs sci5tifically ent]ta9$ are1 to say ! lea/1 %aky4 ,9 ! second place ^! attitudes1 produc$ n by ! appropriate means b1 z x 7 by a %ort cut1 ?r\gh beliefs1 are r>ely s heal?y1 s vigor\s & full ( life z ! o!rs4 ,unlike attitudes normally produc$ !y usually require an increas$ /imulus e "t t !y are re9/at$4 ,! belief has to gr[ m & m f]v5t1 m & m conv9c$1 9 ord] to produce ! same attitude4 ,! believ] has to pass f "o p>oxysm ( conviction to ano!r1 endur+ ea* "t a great] /ra94 ,?is sub/itution ( an intellectual =mula = ! poem or "w ( art is ( c\rse mo/ easily obs]v$ 9 ! case ( religion1 :]e ! temptation is greate/4 ,9 place ( an exp]i5ce1 :i* is a direct response to a c]ta9 selection ( ! possibilities ( /imulation1 we h a highly indirect response1 made1 n to ! actual influ5ces ( ! _w ^u u1 b to a special k9d ( belief z to "s p>ticul> /ate ( affairs4#aja ,!re is a suppress$ conditional clause implicit 9 all poetry4 ,if ?+s 7 su* & su* !n 4 4 4 & s ! response develops4 ,! amplitude & f95ess ( ! response1 its sanction & au?ority1 9 o!r words1 dep5d ^u ?is fre$om f actual ass]tion 9 all cases 9 :i* ! belief is que/ionable on any gr\nd :atsoev]4 ,= any su* ass]tion involves suppressions1 ( indef9ite ext5t1 :i* may be fatal to ! :ol5ess1 ! integrity ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,& ! ass]tion is almo/ always unnecess>y2 if we look closely we f9d t ! greate/ poets1 z poets1 ?\gh frequ5tly n z critics1 refra9 f ass]tion4 ,b x is easy1 by :at seems only a slight *ange ( approa*1 to make ! initial /ep an act ( fai?1 & to make ! :ole response dep5d5t ^u a belief z to a matt] ( fact4 ,ev5 :5 ! belief is true1 ! damage done to ! :ole exp]i5ce may be great1 9 ! case ( a p]son ^: reasons = ?is belief are inadequate1 = example1 & ! increas$ tempor>y vivacity :i* is ! cause ( p]v]sion is no suffici5t comp5sation4 ,z a conv5i5t example x may be p]missible to ref] to ! ,poet ,laureate's an?ology1 ,! ,_s ( ,man1 & ,i h ! less hesitation s9ce ! passages !re ga!r$ toge!r are *os5 ) su* un]r+ ta/e & discrim9ation4 ,b to turn !m into a /atem5t ( a philosophy is v noticeably to degrade !m & to re/rict & dim9i% _! value4 ,! use ( v]se quotations z *apt] head+s is op5 to ! same objection4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* ensue may seem v simil> to ! exp]i5ces ( free read+2 !y feel simil>2 b all ! signs :i* c be mo/ tru/$1 aft]-effects = example1 %[ !m to be diff]5t4 ,! va/ diff]5ces 9 ! means by :i* !y are br\ght ab\t is also good gr\nd = suppos+ !m to be dissimil>1 b ?is diff]5ce is obscur$ ?r\gh ! ambiguities ( ! t]m #8belief'4 ,!re are few t]ms :i* are m tr\blesome 9 psy*ology ?an belief1 =midable ?\gh ?is *>ge may seem4 ,! s5se 9 :i* we believe a sci5tific proposition is n ! s5se 9 :i* we believe emotive utt]ances1 :e!r !y are political #8,we w n %ea! ! sword'1 or critical #8,! progress ( poetry is immortal'1 or poetic4 ,bo? s5ses ( belief are complicat$ & difficult1 to def9e4 ,yet we commonly appe> to assume t !y are ! same or t !y diff] only 9 ! k9d & degree ( evid5ce available4 ,sci5tific belief we may p]haps def9e z read9ess to act z ?\gh ! ref]5ce symbolis$ by ! proposition :i* is believ$ 7 true4 ,read9ess to act 9 all circum/ances & 9 all connections into :i* x c ent]4 ,?is r\gh def9ition w\ld1 ( c\rse1 ne$ elaborat+ to be complete1 b = our pres5t purposes x may suffice4 ,! o!r elem5t usually includ$ 9 a def9ition ( belief1 namely a feel+ or emotion ( acceptance1 ! #8,?is is soo?1 accept x6' feel+1 is (t5 abs5t 9 sci5tific belief & is n ess5tial4 ,emotive belief is v diff]5t4 ,read9ess to act z ?\gh "s ref]5ces 7 true is (t5 involv$1 b ! connections & circum/ances 9 :i* ?is read9ess rema9s are n>r[ly re/rict$4 ,simil>ly ! ext5t ( ! action is ord9>ily limit$4 ,consid] ! acceptances involv$ 9 ! und]/&+ ( a play1 = example4 ,!y =m a sy/em any elem5t ( :i* is believ$ :ile ! re/ are believ$ & s long z ! acceptance ( ! :ole gr[+ sy/em leads to successful response4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 are ( ! =m #8,giv5 ?is !n t w\ld foll['1 g5]al beliefs1 t is to say1 ( ! k9d :i* l$ ,ari/otle1 9 ! passage quot$ above1 to describe ,poetry z a m philosophical ?+ ?an hi/ory because *iefly conv]sant ( univ]sal tru?4 ,b if we look closely into mo/ in/ances ( su* beliefs we see t !y are ent]ta9$ only 9 ! special circum/ances ( ! poetic exp]i5ce4 ,!y are held z conditions = fur!r effects1 our attitudes & emotional responses1 & n z we hold beliefs 9 laws ( nature1 :i* we expect to f9d v]ifi$ on all occasions4 ,if dramatic necessities 7 actually sci5tific laws we %\ld "k mu* m psy*ology ?an any reasonable p]son pret5ds t we d4 ,t ^! beliefs z to 8h[ any p]son ( a c]ta9 "* w\ld speak or act1 probably or necess>ily01 ^u :i* s mu* drama seems to dep5d1 are n sci5tific1 b are held only = ! sake ( _! dramatic effect1 is %[n cle>ly by ! ease ) :i* we ab&on !m if ! advantage lies ! o!r way4 ,! m$ical impossibility ( ,desdemona's la/ spee* is p]haps z good an example z any4 ,! bulk ( ! beliefs involv$ 9 ! arts are ( ?is k9d1 provisional acceptances1 hold+ only 9 special circum/ances 79 ! /ate ( m9d :i* is ! poem or "w ( art7 acceptances made = ! sake ( ! #8imag9ative exp]i5ce' :i* !y make possible4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! emotive beliefs & sci5tific beliefs is n "o ( degree b ( k9d4 ,z feel+s !y are v simil>1 b z attitudes _! diff]5ce 9 /ructure has widespread consequ5ces4 ,!re rema9s to be discuss$ ano!r set ( emotive effects :i* may also be call$ beliefs4 ,in/ead ( occurr+ "p way 91 or at ! beg9n+ ( a response1 !y come z a rule at ! end1 & ?us are less likely to be confus$ ) sci5tific beliefs4 ,v (t5 ! :ole /ate ( m9d 9 :i* we are left by a poem1 or by music1 or1 m r>ely p]haps1 by o!r =ms ( art1 is ( a k9d :i* x is natural to describe z a belief4 ,:5 all provisional acceptances h laps$1 :5 ! s+le ref]5ces & _! connections :i* may h l$ up to ! f9al response are =gott51 we may /ill h an attitude & an emotion :i* has to introspection all ! *>act]s ( a belief4 ,?is belief1 :i* is a consequ5ce n a cause ( ! exp]i5ce1 is ! *ief s\rce ( ! confusion ^u :i* ,revelation ,doctr9es dep5d4 ,if we ask :at 9 su* cases x is :i* is believ$1 we are likely to receive1 & to (f]1 answ]s bo? v>i$ & vague4 ,= /rong belief-feel+s1 z is well kn[n & z is %[n by c]ta9 doses ( alcohol or ha%i%1 & pre-em95tly ( nitr\s oxide1 w readily atta* !mselves to almo/ any ref]5ce1 di/ort+ x to suit _! purpose4 ,few p )\t exp]i5ce ( ! nitr\s-oxide revelation h any conception ( _! capacity = believ+ or ( ! ext5t to :i* belief-feel+s & attitudes are p>asitic4 ,?us :51 ?r\gh read+ ,adonais1 = example1 we are left 9 a /rong emotional attitude :i* feels l belief1 x is only too easy to ?9k t we are believ+ 9 immortality or survival1 or 9 some?+ else capable ( /atem5t1 & fatally easy also to attribute ! value ( ! poem to ! alleg$ effect1 or conv]sely to regret t x %\ld dep5d ^u su* a sci5tifically d\btful conclusion4 ,sci5tific beliefs1 z oppos$ to ^! emotive beliefs1 are beliefs #8t s & s'4 ,!y c be /at$ ) great] or less precision1 z ! case may be1 b always 9 "s =m4 ,x is = "s p difficult to admit beliefs :i* are objectless1 :i* are n ab\t any?+ or 9 any?+2 beliefs :i* _c be /at$4 ,yet mo/ ( ! beliefs ( *ildr5 & primitive peoples1 & ( ! unsci5tific g5]ally seem to be ( ?is k9d4 ,_! p>asitic nature helps to confuse ! issue4 ,:at we h to di/+ui% are beliefs :i* are gr\nd$ 9 fact1 i4e41 are due to ref]5ce1 & beliefs :i* are due to o!r causes1 & m]ely atta* !mselves to su* ref]5ces z w support !m4 ,t an objectless belief is a ridicul\s or an incomplete ?+ is a prejudice d]iv+ only f confusion4 ,su* beliefs h1 ( c\rse1 no place 9 sci5ce1 b 9 !mselves !y are (t5 ( ! utmo/ value4 ,provid$ always t !y d n furni% !mselves ) illicit objects4 ,x is ! objectless belief :i* is masqu]ad+ z a belief 9 ?is or t1 :i* is ridicul\s2 m (t5 ?an n x is also a s]i\s nuisance4 ,:5 !y are kept f tamp]+ ) ! developm5t ( ref]5ce su* emotional attitudes may be1 z revelation doctr9es 9 su* /range =ms ma9ta91 among ! mo/ important & valuable effects :i* ! arts c produce4 ,x is (t5 held t rec5t g5]ations suff] m f n]v\s /ra9 ?an "s at lea/ ( _! pr$ecessors1 & _m reasons = ?is h be5 sugge/$4 ,c]ta9ly ! types ( n]v\s disease mo/ preval5t seem to h *ang$4 ,an explanation n suffici5tly notic$ p]haps is ! break-d[n ( traditional acc\nts ( ! univ]se1 & ! /ra9 impos$ by ! va9 attempt to ori5t ! m9d by belief ( ! sci5tific k9d alone4 ,9 ! pre-sci5tific era1 ! dev\t adh]5t to ! ,ca?olic acc\nt ( ! _w1 = example1 f\nd a suffici5t basis = ne>ly all 8 ma9 attitudes 9 :at he took to be sci5tific tru?4 ,x w\ld be fair] to say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 asc]ta9$ fact & acceptable fiction did n obtrude itself = him4 ,to-day ?is is *ang$1 & if he believes su* an acc\nt1 he does n d s1 if intellig5t1 )\t consid]able difficulty or )\t a fairly p]si/5t /ra94 ,! complete sceptic1 ( c\rse1 is a new ph5om5on1 diss5t]s 9 ! pa/ hav+ commonly disbeliev$ only because !y held a diff]5t belief ( ! same k9d4 ,^! topics h1 x is true1 be5 t\*$ ^u by psy*o-analy/s1 b n ) a v cle> und]/&+ ( ! situation4 ,! ,vi5na ,s*ool w\ld m]ely h u away ) antiquat$ lumb]2 ! ,zuri* ,s*ool w\ld h& u a new outfit ( sup]/itions4 ,actually :at is ne$$ is a habit ( m9d :i* all[s bo? ref]5ce & ! developm5t ( attitudes _! prop] indep5d5ce4 ,?is habit ( m9d is n to be atta9$ at once1 or = mo/ p ) ease4 ,we try desp]ately to support our attitudes ) beliefs z to facts1 v]ifi$ or accept$ z sci5tifically e/abli%$1 & by s do+ we weak5 our own emotional backbone4 ,= ! ju/ification ( any attitude p] se is its success = ! ne$s ( ! be+4 ,x is n ju/ifi$ by ! s\ndness ( ! views :i* may seem to be1 & 9 pa?ological cases are1 its gr\nd & causes4 ,! s\rce ( our attitudes %\ld be 9 exp]i5ce itself2 comp>e ,:itman's praise ( ! c[ :i* does n worry ab\t its s\l4 ,op9ion z to matt]s ( fact1 k1 belief1 are n necess>ily involv$ 9 any ( our attitudes to ! _w 9 g5]al1 or to p>ticul> phases ( x4 ,if we br+ !m 91 if1 by a psy*ological p]v]sion only too easy to fall into1 we make !m ! basis ( our adju/m5t1 we run extreme risks ( lat] disorganisation else:]e4 ,_m p f9d great difficulty 9 accept+ or ev5 9 und]/&+ ?is position4 ,!y are s accu/om$ to reg>d+ #8recognis$ facts' z ! natural basis ( attitudes1 t !y _c conceive h[ anyone c be o!rwise organis$4 ,! h>d-head$ positivi/ & ! conv9c$ adh]5t ( a religion f opposite sides enc\nt] ! same difficulty4 ,! fir/ at ! be/ suff]s f an insuffici5t mat]ial = ! developm5t ( 8 attitudes2 ! second f intellectual bondage & unconsci\s ins9c]ity4 ,! "o />ves himself2 ! o!r is l ! little pig 9 ! fable :o *ose to h 8 h\se built ( cabbages & ate x1 & s ! grim wolf ) privy paw dev\r$ him4 ,= cle> & imp>tial aw>5ess ( ! nature ( ! _w 9 :i* we live & ! developm5t ( attitudes :i* w enable u to live 9 x f9ely are bo? necessities1 & nei!r c be subord9at$ to ! o!r4 ,!y are almo/ indep5d5t1 su* connections z exi/ 9 well-organis$ individuals be+ adv5titi\s4 ,^? :o f9d ?is a h>d say+ may be invit$ to consid] ! effect ^u !m ( ^? works ( art :i* mo/ unmi/akably attune !m to exi/5ce4 ,! c5tral exp]i5ce ( ,trag$y & its *ief value is an attitude indisp5sable = a fully develop$ life4 ,b 9 ! read+ ( ,k+ ,le> :at facts v]ifiable by sci5ce1 or accept$ & believ$ 9 z we accept & believe 9 asc]ta9$ facts1 are relevant8 ,none :atev]4 ,/ill m cle>ly 9 ! exp]i5ces ( "s music1 ( "s ar*itecture & ( "s ab/ract design1 attitudes are evok$ & develop$ :i* are unque/ionably indep5d5t ( all beliefs z to fact1 & ^! are exceptional only 9 be+ protect$ by accid5t f ! mo/ insidi\s p]v]sion to :i* ! m9d is liable4 ,= ! int]m+l+ ( k & belief is inde$ a p]v]sion1 ?r\gh :i* bo? activities suff] degradation4 ,^! objectless beliefs1 :i* ?\gh m]ely attitudes seem to be k1 are n difficult to expla94 ,"s sy/em ( impulses n ord9>ily 9 adju/m5t )9 itself or adju/$ to ! _w f9ds some?+ :i* ord]s x or gives x fit ex]cise4 ,!n foll[s ! peculi> s5se ( ease1 ( re/fulness1 ( free1 unimp$$ activity1 & ! feel+ ( acceptance1 ( some?+ m positive ?an acquiesc5ce4 ,?is feel+ is ! reason :y su* /ates may be call$ beliefs4 ,!y %>e ?is feel+ )1 = example1 ! /ate :i* foll[s ! conclusive answ]+ ( a "q4 ,mo/ attitude-adju/m5ts :i* are successful possess x 9 "s degree1 b ^? :i* are v regul> & famili>1 su* z sitt+ d[n to meat or /ret*+ out 9 b$1 naturally t5d to lose x4 ,b :5 ! requir$ attitude has be5 long ne$$1 :]e its com+ is un=ese5 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is br\ght ab\t complicat$ & inexplicable1 :]e we "k no m ?an t =m]ly we 7 unready & t n[ we are ready = life 9 "s p>ticul> phase1 ! feel+ :i* results may be int5se4 ,su* are ! occasions ^u :i* ! arts seem to lift away ! burd5 ( exi/5ce1 & we seem ourselves to be look+ into ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,to be see+ :atev] x is z x really is1 to be cle>$ 9 vision & to be recipi5ts ( a revelation4 ,we h consid]$ already ! detail ( ^! /ates ( consci\sness & _! conjectural impulse basis4 ,we c n[ take ?is feel+ ( a reveal$ significance1 ?is attitude ( read9ess1 acceptance & und]/&+1 :i* has l$ to s _m ,revelation ,doctr9es1 n z actually imply+ k1 b = :at x is--! consci\s accompanim5t ( our successful adju/m5t to life4 ,b x is1 we mu/ admit1 no c]ta9 sign by itself t our adju/m5t is adequate or admirable4 ,ev5 ! mo/ firm adh]5ts to ,revelation ,doctr9es admit t !re are bogus revelations1 & on our acc\nt x is equally important to di/+ui% betwe5 #8feel+s ( significance' :i* indicate t all is well & ^? :i* d n4 ,9 a s5se all indicate t some?+ is go+ well1 o!rwise !re w\ld be no acceptance1 no belief b rejection4 ,! real "q is #8,:at is x8' ,?us aft] ! que] re%uffl+ ( inhibitions & releases :i* foll[s ! tak+ ( a dose ( alcohol1 = example1 ! s5se ( revelation is apt to occur ) unusual au?ority4 ,d\btless ?is feel+ ( significance is a sign t z ! organism is = ! mom5t1 its affairs are = ! mom5t ?riv+4 ,b :5 ! mom5t>y special condition ( ! sy/em has giv5 place to ! m usual1 m /able & m g5]ally advantage\s adju/m5t1 ! au?ority ( ! vision falls away f x2 we f9d t :at we 7 do+ is by no means s wond]ful or s desirable z we ?\ght & t our belief 0 nons5sical4 ,s x is less noticeably ) _m mom5ts 9 :i* ! _w seems to be %[+ its real face to u4 ,! *ief difficulty ( all ,revelation ,doctr9es has always be5 to discov] :at x is :i* is reveal$4 ,if ^! /ates ( m9d are k x %\ld be possible to /ate :at x is t !y "k4 ,x is (t5 easy en\gh to f9d some?+ :i* we c suppose to be :at we "k4 ,belief feel+s1 we h se51 are p>asitic1 & w atta* !mselves to all k9ds ( ho/s4 ,9 lit]ature x is especially easy to f9d ho/s4 ,b 9 music1 9 ! non-repres5tative arts ( design1 9 ar*itecture or c]amics1 = example1 ! task ( f9d+ some?+ to believe1 or to believe 91 is n s easy4 ,yet ! #8feel+ ( significance' is z common#ajb 9 ^! o!r arts z 9 lit]ature4 ,d5ial ( ?is is usually pro( only ( an int]e/ limit$ to lit]ature4 ,?is difficulty has usually be5 met by ass]t+ t ! alleg$ k giv5 9 ! revelation is non-intellectual4 ,x refuses to be rationalis$1 x is said4 ,well & good2 b if s :y call x k8 ,ei!r x is capable ( corroborat+ or ( conflict+ ) ! o!r ?+s we usually call k1 su* z ! laws ( !rmodynamics1 capable ( be+ /at$ & br\ght into connection ) :at else we "k2 or x is n k1 n capable ( be+ /at$4 ,we _c h x bo? ways1 & no sne]s at ! limitations ( logic1 ! commone/ ( ! res\rces ( ! confus$1 am5d ! dilemma4 ,9 fact x resembles k only 9 be+ an attitude & a feel+ v simil> to "s attitudes & feel+s :i* may & (t5 d accompany k4 ,b #8,k' is an imm5sely pot5t emotive ^w eng5d]+ rev]5ce t[>ds any /ate ( m9d to :i* x is appli$4 ,& ^! #8feel+s ( significance' are ^? among our /ates ( m9d :i* mo/ des]ve to be rev]$4 ,t !y %\ld be s ob/9ately describ$ z k ev5 by ^? :o mo/ c>efully remove f !m all ! *>act]i/ics ( k is n surpris+4 ,traditionally :at is said to be kn[n ?us my/ically ?r\gh ! arts is ,beauty1 a remote & div9e entity n o!rwise to be appreh5d$1 "o ( ! ,et]nal ,absolute ,values4 ,& ?is is d\btless emotively a way ( talk+ :i* is effective = a :ile4 ,:5 its p[] abates1 z ! p[] ( su* utt]ances w1 !re are sev]al developm5ts :i* may easily be us$ to revive x4 8,beauty is et]nal1 & we may say t x is already manife/ z a heav5ly ?+--! beauty ( ,nature is inde$ an e>ne/ to u ( ! ultimate goodness :i* lies beh9d ! app>5t cruelty & moral confusion ( organic life4 4 4 4 ,yet we feel t ^! ?ree are ultimately "o1 & human spee* be>s con/ant witness to ! univ]sal conviction t ,goodness is beautiful1 t ,beauty is good1 t ,tru? is ,beauty4 ,we c h>dly avoid ! use ( ! ^w #8tr9ity'1 & if we are !i/s at all we _c b say t !y are "o1 because !y are ! manife/ation ( "o ,god4 ,if we are n !i/s !re is no explanation40#ajc ,human spee* is inde$ ! witness1 & to :at else does x n witness8 ,x w\ld be /range if 9 a matt] ( su* mom5t z ?is ! greate/ ( all emotive words did n come into play4 8,9 religion we believe t ,god is ,beauty & ,life1 t ,god is ,tru? & ,light1 t ,god is ,goodness & ,love1 & t because he is all ^! !y are all "o1 & ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity & ,unity 9 ,tr9ity is to be wor%ipp$40#ajd ,no "o :o c int]pret emotive language1 :o c avoid ! temptation to illicit belief s con/antly pres5t$ by x ne$ f9d su* utt]ances #8mean+less4' ,b ! wrong approa* is easy & f> too (t5 press+ly invit$ by ! speak]s1 lab\r+ !mselves "u misconceptions4 ,to excite a s]i\s & rev]5t attitude is "o ?+4 ,to set =? an explanation is ano!r4 ,to confuse ! two & mi/ake ! incitem5t ( an attitude = a /atem5t ( fact is a practice :i* %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,= intellectual di%one/y is an evil :i* is ! m dang]\s ! m x is h$g$ ab\t ) emotional sanctities4 ,& aft] all !re is ano!r explanation1 :i* w\ld long ago h be5 quietly e/abli%$ to ! _w's great good _h m5 be5 less ready to sacrifice ! integrity ( _! ?\ght & feel+ = ! sake ( a local & limit$ advantage4 ,! la/ movem5t ( ?is ma*9e to ?9k ) is n[ complet$4 ,i am too well acqua9t$ ) x1 & h sp5t too _m h\rs putt+ x toge!r to suppose t x c be work$ equally well by e read]4 ,half ^! h\rs h 9 fact be5 sp5t 9 simplify+ its /ructure1 9 tak+ out res]vations & qualifications1 ref]5ces to o!r views1 controv]sial matt]1 & sup]num]>y di/9ctions4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 x w\ld be a bett] book ) ^! left 91 b ,i wi%$ to make x manageable by ^? :o _h n sp5t a q disproportionate am\nt ( en]gy 9 reflection ^u ab/ract matt]s4 ,& if to "s read]s p>ts ( x appe> unnecess>y--ei!r irrelevant1 9 ! "o case2 or ov]-obvi\s 9 ! o!r--,i h no?+ to add :i* w\ld make !m *ange _! op9ion4 ,! fir/ ,i c only ask to look aga91 ) ! hope t a connection :i* has be5 miss$ w be notic$4 ,! second1 ,i w\ld rem9d t ,i write 9 an age :51 9 ! majority ( social circles1 to be s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 art is to be ?\ght an oddity4 #ajj ,no m]it1 t is1 9 ?is connection4 ,!re may be "s exceptions to ?is1 cases 9 :i* ! explicit recognition ( ! tru? ( a /atem5t z oppos$ to ! simple acceptance ( x1 is necess>y to ! full developm5t ( ! fur!r response4 ,b ,i believe t su* cases w on c>eful exam9ation be f\nd to be v r>e ) compet5t read]s4 ,individual diff]5ces1 correspond+ to ! diff]5t degrees to :i* individuals h _! belief feel+s1 _! ref]5ces1 & _! attitudes entangl$1 are to be expect$4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 an imm5se numb] ( sci5tific beliefs pres5t among ! conditions ( e attitude4 ,b s9ce acceptances w\ld d equally well 9 _! place !y are n necess>y to x4 #aja ,9 view ( a possible misund]/&+ at ?is po9t1 comp>e ,*apt] ,x1 especially ! f9al p>agraph4 ,if a belief 9 ,retributive ,ju/ice1 = example1 is fatal to ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 s 9 ano!r way is ! belief t ! ,mill5nium is at h&4 ,to /e] an unp]plex$ pa? betwe5 ^! opposite dang]s is extremely difficult4 ,! di/9ctions requir$ are p]haps bett] left to ! read]'s reflection ?an lab\r$ fur!r 9 ! faulty t]m9ology :i* alone at pres5t is available4 #ajb ,cf4 ,gurney1 ,! ,p[] ( ,s\nd1 p4 #abf4 8,a spl5did melodic phrase seems cont9ually n l an object ( s5se1 b l an affirmation2 n s mu* prompt+ admir+ ejaculation z compell+ passionate ass5t40 ,8 explanation1 ?r\gh association ) spee*1 seems to me inadequate4 ,he adds t ! use ( t]ms su* z 8expressiv5ess & significance1 z oppos$ to mean+lessness & triviality1 may be all[$1 )\t ! implication ( any ref]5ce to transc5d5tal views :i* "o may fail to und]/&1 or !ories ( int]pretation :i* "o may entirely repudiate40 #ajc ,p]cy ,de>m]1 ,! ,necessity ( ,art1 p4 #ahj4 #ajd ,a4,w4 ,poll>d1 ibidem1 p4 #ace4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,on ,value ,a fri5dly review]1 ,mr4 ,conrad ,aik51 compla9s t my !ory ( value is n suffici5tly relativi/ic1 t x inevitably involves ! surreptiti\s re-entrance ( ! #8absolute' value :i* we _h be5 at su* pa9s to exclude4 ,except = ! ^w #8surreptiti\s' & ! sugge/ion t ! #8absolute' value we arrive at is ! same ?+ z ! ultimate idea discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 ,i agree to ?is4 ,! purpose ( ! !ory is j to enable u to comp>e diff]5t exp]i5ces 9 respect ( _! value2 & _! value1 ,i sugge/1 is a quantitative matt]4 ,to put x briefly ! be/ life is t 9 :i* z mu* z possible ( our possible p]sonality is engag$4 ,& ( two p]sonalities t "o is ! bett] 9 :i* !re is m :i* c be engag$ )\t confusion4 ,we all "k p ( unusually wide & v>i$ possibilities :o pay = _! wid? 9 disord]1 & we "k o!rs :o pay = _! ord] by n>r[ness4 ,:at ! !ory attempts to provide is a sy/em ( measurem5t by :i* we c comp>e n only diff]5t exp]i5ces belong+ to ! same p]sonality b diff]5t p]sonalities4 ,we d n yet "k h[ to make ! measurem5ts requir$4 ,we h to use ! r\ghe/ k9ds ( e/imates & v indirect indications4 ,b to "k at lea/ :at w\ld h to be measur$ if we 7 to rea* precision & h[ to make ! comp>ison is a /ep t[>ds ! goal4 ,! p>allel1 ?\gh ,i am n fond ( x1 betwe5 ! new absolutism :i* ,relativity has rea*$ & ?is quantitative way ( comp>+ ! exp]i5ces & pref]5ces ( individuals may p]haps be helpful4 ,b :]eas ! physici/ has measurem5ts to "w f1 ! psy*ologi/ z yet has none4 ,& fur!r1 x is likely t modes ( m5tal organisation :i* are at pres5t impossible or dang]\sly un/able may become possible & ev5 easy 9 ! future ) *anges 9 social /ructure & mat]ial conditions4 ,?is la/ consid]ation might give any critic a nightm>e4 ,no?+ less ?an our :ole s5se ( man's hi/ory & de/9y is involv$ 9 our f9al decision z to value4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,t4 ,s4 ,,eliot ,we too readily =get t1 unless some?+ is v wrong ) our civilisation1 we %\ld be produc+ ?ree equal poets at lea/ = e poet ( high rank 9 our great-great-gr&fa!rs' day4 ,some?+ mu/ inde$ be wrong2 & s9ce ,mr4 ,eliot is "o ( ! v few poets t curr5t conditions h n ov]come1 ! difficulties :i* he has fac$1 & ! cognate difficulties :i* 8 read]s enc\nt]1 repay /udy4 ,mr4 ,eliot's poetry has occasion$ an unusual am\nt ( irritat$ or en?usia/ic bewild]m5t4 ,! bewild]m5t has sev]al s\rces4 ,! mo/ =midable is ! unobtrusiv5ess1 9 "s cases ! abs5ce1 ( any coh]5t intellectual ?read ^u :i* ! items ( ! poem are /rung4 ,a read] ( #8,g]ontion1' ( #8,preludes1' or ( #8,! ,wa/e ,l&1' may1 if he w1 aft] repeat$ read+s1 introduce su* a ?read4 ,ano!r read] aft] mu* ef=t may fail to contrive "o4 ,b 9 ei!r case en]gy w h be5 misappli$4 ,= ! items are unit$ by ! accord1 contra/1 & int]action ( _! emotional effects1 n by an intellectual s*eme t analysis mu/ "w out4 ,! value lies 9 ! unifi$ response :i* ?is int]action creates 9 ! "r read]4 ,! only intellectual activity requir$ takes place 9 ! realisation ( ! sep>ate items4 ,we c1 ( c\rse1 make a #8rationalisation' ( ! :ole exp]i5ce1 z we c ( any exp]i5ce4 ,if we d1 we are add+ some?+ :i* does n belong to ! poem4 ,su* a logical s*eme is1 at be/1 a scaffold+ t vani%es :5 ! poem is con/ruct$4 ,b we h s built into our n]v\s sy/ems a dem& = intellectual coh]5ce1 ev5 9 poetry1 t we f9d a difficulty 9 do+ )\t x4 ,?is po9t may be misund]/ood1 = ! *>ge mo/ usually br\ght aga9/ ,mr4 ,eliot's poetry is t x is ov]9tellectualis$4 ,"o reason = ?is is 8 use ( allusion4 ,a read] :o 9 "o %ort poem picks up allusions to ,! ,asp]n ,pap]s1 ,o!llo1 #8,a ,toccata ( ,galuppi's1' ,m>/on1 ,! ,phnix & ! ,turtle1 ,antony & ,cleopatra 7twice71 #8,! ,extasie1' ,macbe?1 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 & ,rusk91 feels t 8 wits are be+ unusually well ex]cis$4 ,he may easily leap to ! conclusion t ! basis ( ! poem is 9 wit also4 ,b ?is w\ld be a mi/ake4 ,^! ?+s come 91 n t ! read] may be +5i\s or admire ! writ]'s erudition 7?is la/ accusation has tempt$ sev]al critics to disgrace !mselves71 b = ! sake ( ! emotional aura :i* !y br+ & ! attitudes !y incite4 ,allusion 9 ,mr4 ,eliot's h&s is a te*nical device = compression4 #8,! ,wa/e ,l&' is ! equival5t 9 cont5t to an epic4 ,)\t ?is device twelve books w\ld h be5 ne$$4 ,b ^! allusions & ! notes 9 :i* "s ( !m are elucidat$ h made _m a petulant read] turn d[n 8 ?umb at once4 ,su* a read] has n begun to und]/& :at x is all ab\t4 ,?is objection is connect$ ) ano!r1 t ( obscurity4 ,to quote a rec5t pron\ncem5t ^u #8,! ,wa/e ,l&' f ,mr4 ,middleton ,murry3 #8,! read] is compell$1 9 ! m]e ef=t to und]/&1 to adopt an attitude ( intellectual suspicion1 :i* makes impossible ! communication ( feel+4 ,! "w (f5ds aga9/ ! mo/ elem5t>y canon ( good writ+3 t ! imm$iate effect %\ld be unambigu\s4' ,consid] fir/ ?is canon4 ,:at w\ld happ51 if we press$ x1 to ,%akespe>e's greate/ sonnets or to ,hamlet8 ,! tru? is t v mu* ( ! be/ poetry is necess>ily ambigu\s 9 its imm$iate effect4 ,ev5 ! mo/ c>eful & responsive read] mu/ r]ead & d h>d "w be=e ! poem =ms itself cle>ly & unambigu\sly 9 8 m9d4 ,an orig9al poem1 z mu* z a new bran* ( ma!matics1 compels ! m9d :i* receives x to gr[1 & ?is takes "t4 ,anyone :o ^u reflection ass]ts ! contr>y = 8 own case mu/ be ei!r a demigod or di%one/2 probably ,mr4 ,murray 0 9 ha/e4 ,8 rem>ks %[ t he has fail$ 9 8 attempt to read ! poem1 & !y reveal1 9 "p1 ! reason = 8 failure--namely1 8 own ov]9tellectual approa*4 ,to read x successfully he w\ld h to discont9ue 8 pres5t self-my/ifications4 ,! critical "q 9 all cases is :e!r ! poem is wor? ! tr\ble x entails4 ,= #8,! ,wa/e ,l&' ?is is consid]able4 ,!re is ,miss ,we/on's ,f ,ritual to ,romance to read1 & its #8a/ral' trimm+s to be disc>d$--!y h no?+ to d ) ,mr4 ,eliot's poem4 ,!re is ,canto xxvi ( ! ,purgatorio to be /udi$--! relevance ( ! close ( t canto to ! :ole ( ,mr4 ,eliot's "w mu/ be insi/$ ^u4 ,x illum9ates 8 p]si/5t conc]n ) sex1 ! problem ( our g5]ation1 z religion 0 ! problem ( ! la/4 ,!re is ! c5tral position ( ,tiresias 9 ! poem to be puzzl$ out--! cryptic =m ( ! note :i* ,mr4 ,eliot writes on ?is po9t is j a little tiresome4 ,x is a way ( und]l9+ ! fact t ! poem is conc]n$ ) _m aspects ( ! "o fact ( sex1 a h9t t is p]haps nei!r indisp5sable nor entirely successful4 ,:5 all ?is has be5 done by ! read]1 :5 ! mat]ials ) :i* ! words are to clo! !mselves h be5 collect$1 ! poem /ill rema9s to be read4 ,& x is easy to fail 9 ?is und]tak+4 ,an #8attitude ( intellectual suspicion' mu/ c]ta9ly be ab&on$4 ,b ?is is n difficult to ^? :o /ill "k h[ to give _! feel+s prec$5ce to _! ?\ghts1 :o c accept & unify an exp]i5ce )\t try+ to cat* x 9 an intellectual net or to squeeze out a doctr9e4 ,"o =m ( ?is attempt mu/ be m5tion$4 ,"s1 misl$ no d\bt by its orig9 9 a ,my/]y1 h endeav\r$ to give ! poem a symbolical read+4 ,b its symbols are n my/ical1 b emotional4 ,!y /&1 t is1 n = ineffable objects1 b = normal human exp]i5ce4 ,! poem1 9 fact1 is radically naturali/ic2 only its compression makes x appe> o!rwise4 ,& 9 ?is x probably comes ne>] to ! orig9al ,my/]y :i* x p]petuates ?an transc5d5talism does4 ,if x 7 desir$ to label 9 ?ree words ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ,mr4 ,eliot's te*nique1 ?is might be done by call+ 8 poetry a music ( ideas4 ,! ideas are ( all k9ds1 ab/ract & concrete1 g5]al & p>ticul>1 &1 l ! musician's phrases1 !y are arrang$1 n t !y may tell u some?+1 b t _! effects 9 u may comb9e into a coh]5t :ole ( feel+ & attitude & produce a peculi> lib]ation ( ! w4 ,!y are !re to be respond$ to1 n to be pond]$ or work$ out4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a me?od us$ int]mitt5tly 9 v mu* poetry1 & only an acc5tuation & isolation ( "o ( its normal res\rces4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,mr4 ,eliot's lat]1 m puzzl+1 "w is 8 delib]ate & almo/ exclusive employm5t ( x4 ,9 ! e>li] poems ?is logical fre$om appe>s only occasionally4 ,9 #8,! ,love ,song ( ,j4 ,alfr$ ,prufrock1' = example1 !re is a pat* at ! beg9n+ & ano!r at ! end1 b ! re/ ( ! poem is q /raight=w>d4 ,9 #8,g]ontion1' ! fir/ long poem 9 ?is mann]1 ! air ( monologue1 ( a /ream ( associations1 is a k9d ( disguise1 & ! la/ two l9es1 ,t5ants ( ! h\se1 ,?\ghts ( a dry bra9 9 a dry season1 are almo/ an excuse4 ,! close ( #8,a ,cook+ ,egg' is p]haps ! passage 9 :i* ! te*nique %[s itself mo/ cle>ly4 ,! read] :o appreciates ! emotional relevance ( ! title has ! key to ! lat] poems 9 8 h&4 ,i take ,pipit to be ! retir$ nurse ( ! h]o ( ! poem1 & ,views ( ! ,ox=d ,colleges to be !1 /ill treasur$1 pres5t :i* he s5t h] :5 he w5t up to ! ,univ]sity4 ,! middle section ( ! poem ,i read z a specim5 ( ! r )]$ pleasantry 9 :i* contempor>y culture has culm9at$ & beyond :i* x f9ds mu* difficulty 9 pass+4 ,! f9al section gives ! contra/ :i* is press$ home by ! title4 ,ev5 ! mo/ mature egg 0 new laid once4 ,! only o!r title ( equal significance t ,i c recall is ,mrs4 ,:>ton's ,! ,age ( ,innoc5ce1 :i* might well be /udi$ 9 ?is connection4 #8,! ,wa/e ,l&' & #8,! ,holl[ ,m5' 7! mo/ beautiful ( ,mr4 ,eliot's poems1 & 9 ! la/ section a new developm5t7 are purely a #8music ( ideas1' & ! pret5ce ( a cont9u\s ?read ( associations is dropp$4 ,h[ ?is te*nique l5ds itself to misund]/&+s we h se54 ,b _m read]s :o h fail$ 9 ! end to escape bewild]m5t h begun by f9d+ on almo/ e l9e t ,mr4 ,eliot has writt5--if we except c]ta9 y\?ful poems on ,am]ican topics--t p]sonal /amp :i* is ! h>de/ ?+ = ! craftsman to imitate & p]haps ! mo/ c]ta9 sign t ! exp]i5ce1 good or bad1 r5d]$ 9 ! poem is au!ntic4 ,only ^? un=tunate p]sons :o are incapable ( read+ poetry c resi/ ,mr4 ,eliot's rhy?ms4 ,! poem z a :ole may elude u :ile e fragm5t1 z a fragm5t1 comes victori\sly home4 ,x is difficult to believe t ?is is ,mr4 ,eliot's fault r ?an 8 read]'s1 because a p>allel case ( a poet :o s con/antly a*ieves ! h>de/ "p ( 8 task & yet fails 9 ! easi] is n to be f\nd4 ,x is mu* m likely t we h be5 try+ to put ! fragm5ts toge!r on a wrong pr9ciple4 ,ano!r d\bt has be5 express$4 ,mr4 ,eliot repeats himself 9 two ways4 ,! night+ale1 ,cleopatra's b>ge1 ! rats1 & ! smoky c&le-end1 recur & recur4 ,is ?is a sign ( a pov]ty ( inspiration8 ,a m plausible explanation is t ?is repetition is 9 "p a consequ5ce ( ! te*nique above describ$1 & 9 "p some?+ :i* _m writ]s :o are n accus$ ( pov]ty also %[4 ,%elley1 ) 8 riv]s1 t[]s1 & />s1 ,conrad1 ,h>dy1 ,walt ,:itman1 & ,do/oevski spr+ to m9d4 ,:5 a writ] has f\nd a !me or image :i* fixes a po9t ( relative /ability 9 ! drift ( exp]i5ce1 x is n to be expect$ t he w avoid x4 ,su* !mes are a means ( ori5tation4 ,& x is q true t ! c5tral process 9 all ,mr4 ,eliot's be/ poems is ! same2 ! conjunction ( feel+s :i*1 ?\gh sup]ficially oppos$1--z squalor1 = example1 is oppos$ to gr&eur1--yet t5d z !y develop to *ange places & ev5 to unite4 ,if !y d n develop f> en\gh ! int5tion ( ! poet is miss$4 ,mr4 ,eliot is nei!r sigh+ aft] vani%$ glories nor hold+ contempor>y exp]i5ce up to scorn4 ,bo? bitt]ness & desolation are sup]ficial aspects ( 8 poetry4 ,!re are ^? :o ?9k t he m]ely takes 8 read]s into ! ,wa/e ,l& & leaves !m !re1 t 9 8 la/ poem he confesses 8 impot5ce to release ! heal+ wat]s4 ,! reply is t "s read]s f9d 9 8 poetry n only a cle>]1 full] realisation ( _! plight1 ! plight ( a :ole g5]ation1 ?an !y f9d else:]e1 b also ?r\gh ! v en]gies set free 9 t realisation a return ( ! sav+ passion4