,e ,boy's ,me*anical ,libr>y ,illu/ration ,,automobiles ,,e ,,boy',s ,,me*anical ,,libr>y ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,z]be1 ,m4,e4 ,price1 p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 ,net4 ,po/age extra4 ,,automobiles ,?is is a subject 9 :i* e boy is int]e/$4 ,:ile few me*anics h ! opportunity to actually build an automobile1 x is ! k1 :i* he mu/ acquire ab\t e p>ticul> device us$1 t enables him to repair & put su* ma*9es 9 ord]4 ,! aim ( ?is book is to make ! boy acqua9t$ ) ea* elem5t1 s t he may und]/& :y x is made 9 t special way1 & :at ! advantages & disadvantages are ( ! diff]5t types4 ,to t end ea* /ructure is %[n 9 detail z mu* z possible1 & ! p>ts sep>at$ s z to give a cle> insight ( ! diff]5t functions1 all ( :i* are expla9$ by orig9al draw+s specially prep>$ to aid ! read]4 ,,motors ,to ! boy :o wants to "k ! !ory & ! practical work+ ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( motors1 told 9 language :i* he c und]/&1 & illu/rat$ ) cle> & explicit draw+s1 ?is volume w be appreciat$4 ,x sets =? ! gr\ndwork on :i* p[] is bas$1 & includes /eam g5]ators1 & eng9es1 z well z w9d & wat] motors1 & ?or\ghly describes ! ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9e4 ,x has special *apt]s on ,c>buret]s1 ,ignition1 & ,electrical sy/ems us$1 & p>ticul>ly po9ts out ! p>ts & fitt+s requir$ ) all devices ne$$ 9 eng9ry4 ,x expla9s ! value ( comp\nd+1 cond5s+1 pre-heat+ & expansion1 toge!r ) ! me?ods us$ to calculate & transmit p[]4 ,num]\s orig9al illu/rations4 ,,a]oplanes ,?is "w is n int5d$ to set =? ! exploits ( aviators nor to give a hi/ory ( ! ,art4 ,x is a book ( in/ructions int5d$ to po9t out ! !ories ( fly+1 z giv5 by ! pione]s1 ! practical application ( p[] to ! v>i\s fly+ /ructures2 h[ !y are built2 ! diff]5t me?ods ( controll+ !m2 ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! types n[ 9 use2 & sugge/ions z to ! directions 9 :i* improvem5ts are requir$4 ,x di/9ctly po9ts out :]e9 me*anical flight diff]s f bird flight1 & :at are ! relations ( %ape1 =m1 size & weight4 ,x treats ( kites1 glid]s & model a]oplanes1 & has an int]e/+ *apt] on ! a]oplane & its uses 9 ! great w>4 ,all ! illu/rations h be5 specially prep>$ = ! "w4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration3 ,ov]view ( c> p>ts ,e ,boy's ,me*anical ,libr>y ,,automobiles ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,z]be1 ,m4,e4 ,au?or ( ,motors--,a]oplanes ,,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,cupples ,,leon ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiae1 ,,by ,,cupples ,,leon ,,company ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introductory #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,automobile ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,developm5t #e-ab ,developm5t ( ! ,indu/ry4 ,! ,fir/ ,pat5t4 ,newton's c>4 ,watt's ,inv5tion4 ,traction4 ,pu% legs4 ,p[]4 ,spr+s4 ,wat] ,tube ,boil]4 ,! ,fir/ ,diff]5tial4 ,! ,fir/ ,gas ,motor ,c>4 ,gasol9e ,c>4 ,fla% ,boil] ,sy/em4 ,! ,c>buret]4 ,improv$ ,/ructures4 ,! ,ord] ( ,developm5t4 ,spe$ vs4 ,p[]4 ,light] ,vehicles4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,frame ,,& ,,its ,,accessories #ac-bc ,! ,frame4 ,*annel-b> ,frames4 ,h[ ! ,frame is susp5d$4 ,=e & aft ,motion4 ,lat]al ,motion4 ,cantilev] ,spr+4 ,%ock ,absorb]s4 ,! ,axle4 ,live ,axles4 ,dead ,axles4 ,semi-,float+ ,axle4 ,full ,float+ ,axle4 ,:eels4 ,flexibility4 ,l>ge vs4 ,small ,:eels4 ,m9imiz+ ,%ocks4 ,resili5cy4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,tires1 ,,tubes ,,& ,,rims #bd-cf ,tires4 ,solid ,tires4 ,cu%ion ,tires4 ,pneumatic ,tires4 ,s+le ,tubes4 ,d\ble ,tubes4 ,! ,out] ,tube4 ,! ,inn] ,tube4 ,advantage ( ,d\ble ,tube4 ,putt+ on & ,tak+ (f ,d\ble ,tubes4 ,damage to ,tires4 ,repair to ,tires4 ,vulcaniz+4 ,oil z an enemy ( ,tires4 ,non-skidd+ ,tires4 ,tires = ,city ,use4 ,side slipp+4 ,faulty ,al9em5t4 ,brok5 ,fabric4 ,bruises4 ,"u ,inflation4 ,/ret*$ ,tires4 ,bli/]$ ,tires4 ,rim ,cutt+4 ,inflation ,pressures4 ,expansion ( ,heat$ ,air4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,/e]+ ,,ge> ,,& ,,brakes #cg-de ,! ,/e]+ ,column4 ,motor ,control4 ,?rottle ,movem5t4 ,/e]+ ,:eel ,type4 ,/e]+ ,ge>4 ,front ,axle4 ,runn+ ,brake4 ,d\ble-act+ ,contract+ ,brake4 ,contract+ ,brake4 ,equaliz]s4 ,! ,em]g5cy ,brake4 ,comb9$ ,s]vice & ,em]g5cy ,brake4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,diff]5tial #df-ed ,! ,mean+ ( ,diff]5tial4 ,equaliz+ ,b>4 ,unequal ,resi/ance4 ,balanc$ ,equaliz] ,b>4 ,transmission ,:eel4 ,action ( ,transmission ,ge>+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,drive #ee-fa ,p[] ,transmitt$ to ,:eels ?r\gh ,spr+s4 ,illu/rat+ p[] transmission4 ,torsion ,rod4 ,! ,torque ,tube4 ,radius ,rod4 ,*a9 ,drive4 ,jack ,%aft4 ,objections to ,*a9s4 ,%aft ,drive4 ,tra9 ( ,%aft+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,clut*es #fb-fh ,clut* ,requirem5ts1 ,frictional ,contact4 ,cone ,clut*4 ,compression ,spr+ 9 ,clut*es4 ,! ,multiple ,disk ,clut*4 ,its ,con/ruction4 ,disadvantages ( ,multiple-,disk ,clut*es4 ,c>e ( ,multiple ,disk ,clut*4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,transmission1 ,,or ,,*ange ,,spe$ ,,ge>s #fi-hi ,transmission ,lev]age4 ,economy ( ,transmission ,ge>+4 ,types ( ,transmission4 ,! ,progressive4 ,l[ ,ge>4 ,int]m$iate ,ge>4 ,high ,ge>4 ,rev]se4 ,selective ,type4 ,l[ ,ge>4 ,int]m$iate ,ge>4 ,high ,ge>4 ,rev]se ,ge>4 ,control ,lev] = ,progressive ,transmission4 ,op]ation ( ! ,selective ,ge>4 ,selector ,b>s4 ,%ift+ ,lev]4 ,spe$ ,selectors4 #c-spe$ ,selectors4 #d-,spe$ ,selectors4 ,an approv$ ,type ( ,selector4 ,controll+ ! ,selector4 ,us+ ! ,clut* & ,selector4 ,planet>y ,transmission4 ,frictional ,transmission4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,motor #ij-ajh ,value ( ,fuel ,utiliz$4 ,! ,wa/e4 ,wat] ,absorption4 ,eng9e ,types4 ,! ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,! ,two-,cycle4 ,compression4 ,economy ( ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,valve ,movem5ts4 ,! ,ignition po9t 9 ! ,cycle4 ,! ,fly-:eel4 ,impulses 9 ,f\r-,cycle ,eng9e4 ,! ,cyl9d] ,case1 & ,connections4 ,pi/on & ,crank ,con/ruction4 ,calculat+ ! ,effici5cy4 ,pressures 9 ,explosions4 ,expansion ,l9e4 ,mean ,effective ,pressure4 ,! ,two-cycle ,eng9e4 ,foot ,p\nds4 ,"w or ,en]gy4 ,cycle ( ,op]ation4 ,! ,crank ,%aft4 ,special ,metal4 ,eng9e ,tr\bles4 ,difficulties po9t$ out4 ,/>t+ ! ,eng9e4 ,c>buret]4 ,l[ ,compression4 ,mixtures4 ,sp>k ,plugs4 ,! ,wea!r4 ,dra9age4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,cool+ ,,sy/ems #aji-aag ,air ,cool+4 ,air-,cool+ ,devices4 ,wat] ,cool+4 ,gravity ,sy/em4 ,locat+ ! ,res]voir4 ,=ce ,sy/em ( ,cool+4 ,! ,radiator ,connections4 ,radiators4 ,con/ruction ( ,radiator4 ,op]ation ( ,radiator4 ,! ,pump4 ,pump ,con/ruction4 ,action ( ,pump4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,c>buret]s #aah-acb ,c>buret$ ,air4 ,composition ( ,gasol9e4 ,gasol9e ,expansion4 ,requirem5ts ( a ,c>buret]4 ,evaporation4 ,air ,saturation4 ,air ,contact ) ,gasol9e4 ,in/antane\s ,combu/ion4 ,compression4 ,compression z a ,mix+ ,means4 ,c>buret] ,types4 ,! ,spray+ ,c>buret]4 ,dissect+ ! ,c>buret]4 ,! ,mix+ ,*amb]4 ,! ,float ,*amb]4 ,! ,v5turi ,tube4 ,! ,inlet ,valve4 ,! ,?rottle ,valve4 ,! ,second>y ,air ,supply4 ,automatic ,admission ( ,second>y ,air4 ,c>buret] ,adju/m5ts4 ,special ,po9ts ,conc]n+ ,c>buret]s4 ,?9 ,mixtures4 ,spe$s & ,mixtures4 ,surface ,c>buret]4 ,! ,float4 ,! ,oil ,inlet4 ,secur+ ,surface = air ,contact4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ignition ,,sy/ems #acc-aeh ,see+ ! ,effect ( ,electricity4 ,action ( a curr5t4 ,amp]es & ,volts4 ,conductivity4 ,resi/ance4 ,g5]at+ ,electricity4 ,magnetic ,field4 ,armature4 ,batt]ies4 ,metallic ,c\ples4 ,:at ,det]m9es ,voltage4 ,controll+ ,amp]age4 ,dry ,batt]ies4 ,cell ,con/ruction4 ,connect+ up ,cells4 ,! ,s]ies ,connection4 ,! ,p>allel ,connection4 ,s]ies-,multiple ,connection4 ,/orage ,batt]ies4 ,! ,sp>k+ ,me?ods4 ,air ,resi/ance4 ,make & ,break ,sp>k4 ,! ,high ,t5sion ,sy/em4 ,! ,sp>k ,plug4 ,h[ ,produc$4 ,! ,magneto4 ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,dynamo & ,magneto4 ,advantages ( ,magneto4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,magnetos4 ,prim>y & ,second>y4 ,ignit]s4 ,high ,t5sion ,coils1 ,inductance4 ,con/ruct+ a coil4 ,a ,simple ,high ,t5sion ,sp>k+ ,sy/em4 ,cond5s]4 ,int]rupt]4 ,arrangem5t ( a high ,t5sion ,sy/em4 ,! ,high ,t5sion ,connections4 ,! ,second>y ,coil4 ,op]ation ( ,sy/em4 ,! ,sp>k ,gap4 ,function ( ! ,int]rupt]4 ,vibratory ,coils4 ,op]ation ( ,vibratory ,coil4 ,surg+ ,movem5t ( ,curr5t4 ,tim+ ,device4 ,contact ,mak]s4 ,! ,contact ,break]4 ,sp>k+ ,plugs4 ,te/+ ,plugs4 ,%ort ,circuit+ ,faults4 ,%ort ,circuit+ ( ,second>y ,wires4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,automobile ,,accessories #aei-afh ,self ,/>t+4 ,simple ,type ( ,/>t]4 ,! ,di/ribut]4 ,light+4 ,c> ,signals4 ,spe$ ,signals4 ,muffl]s4 ,exhau/4 ,con/ruction ( ,muffl]4 ,ball & ,roll] ,be>+4 ,race ways4 ,! ,?ree-po9t ,contact4 ,wrong ,con/ructions4 ,roll] ,be>+s4 ,=m ( ,roll] ,be>+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,runn+ ,,an ,,automobile #afi-agi ,runn+ ,close to ! ,curb4 ,! ,middle ( ! ,road4 ,community ,regulations4 ,approa*+ ,c> ,track4 ,coa/+4 ,signs ( ! ,road4 ,op]at+ ! ,control4 ,! ,crucial ,po9t4 ,clut* ,p$al & ,sp>k control4 ,neutral ,position ( ,transmission ,lev]4 ,?r[+ 9 ,ge>4 ,9 ,rev]s+4 ,quick ,/ops4 ,ease 9 ,manipulat+ ,progressive ,sy/em4 ,wir+ = ,light+ ,sy/em4 ,wir+ up = ,ignition4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,fuel ,,& ,,lubricants #ahj-aij ,an ,exp]im5t ) ,gasol9e4 ,air ,necess>y = ,explosion4 ,mak+ an ,explosive ,mixture4 ,gunp[d]4 ,fill$ ,tank n ,explosive4 ,:y ,gasol9e w n ,burn ,)9 a clos$ ,tank4 ,fill+ ,tanks hav+ ,dri$ out ,gasol9e4 ,to ,ext+ui% ,gasol9e ,fires4 ,ammonia z an ,ext+ui%]4 ,leaks4 ,lubricants4 ,viscosity4 ,c>bonization4 ,acid 9 ,lubricants4 ,composition ( ,lubricants4 ,grease4 ,graphite4 ,! ,te/ = ,cyl9d] ,lubricants4 ,fire ,te/4 ,lubricat+ ,sy/ems4 ,pressure ,me?od4 ,! ,precision ,sy/em4 ,comb9$ ,=ce1 ,fe$1 & ,spla% ,sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,c> #aia-bjj ,regul> ,inspection a good ,habit4 ,! ,brake ,%oe4 ,famili>ity ) ,work+ ,p>ts4 ,! ,eng9e4 ,connect+ ,rods4 ,valves4 ,cam ,%aft4 ,! ,cle>ance4 ,clut*es4 ,! ,clut* ,lea!r4 ,rivets 9 ! ,lea!r4 ,transmission ,sy/em4 ,! ,diff]5tial4 ,univ]sal ,jo9ts4 ,/e]+ ,ge>4 ,worm & ,worm ,:eel4 ,batt]ies4 ,! ,vibrator4 ,! ,electrolyte4 ,contact ,po9ts4 ,! ,magneto4 ,magneto ,impulses4 ,tim+ ! ,magneto4 ,! ,c>buret]4 ,wrong ,adju/m5t4 ,wea!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,electric ,,vehicles #bja-bad ,requirem5ts4 ,gasol9e-electric ,trucks4 ,! ,curr5t ,us$4 ,me*anically-produc$ ,electricity4 ,curr5t f ,batt]ies4 ,prim>y ,batt]y4 ,second>y or ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,rev]sal ( ,curr5t4 ,*>g+4 ,"t requir$1 & ,curr5t4 ,tr\bles 9 ,use4 ,ov]*>g+4 ,! ,circuit+4 ,economy 9 ,use ( ,curr5t4 ,s]ies & ,p>allel4 ,! ,connections4 ,! ,controll]4 ,! ,g5]al ,equipm5t4 ,accessories4 ,seat+ ,arrangem5t4 ,! ,transmission4 ,brakes4 ,,gloss>y #bae ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,views ( ,pla9 ,frame #ac #b4 ,qu>t] ,elliptic #ad #b;a4 ,half ,elliptic #ae #c4 ,?ree-qu>t] ,elliptic #ae #d4 ,full ,elliptic #af #d;a4 ,cantilev] ,spr+ #ag #e4 ,=e & ,aft ,motion #ag #f4 ,lat]al ,motion #ah #g4 ,float+ ,axle #bj #h4 ,semi-float+ ,axle #bj #i4 ,cross+ ,depression #bb #aj4 ,/rik+ ,ob/ruction #bb #aa4 ,solid ,tire #bd #ab4 ,s+le ,tube #be #ac4 ,d\ble ,tube #bf #ad4 ,illu/rat+ ,tire-remov+ ,tool #bg #ae4 ,vulcaniz] #bi #af4 ,turn+ ,action on ,front ,:eel #ca #ag4 ,illu/rat+ ! ,/ra9 on ,fabric #cc #ah4 ,illu/rat+ ! ,/ra9 on ,fabric #cc #ai4 ,effect ( ,flat ,tire #cd #bj4 ,/e]+ ,:eel #ch #ba4 ,/e]+ ,ge> #ci #bb4 ,type ( ,front ,axle #dj #bc4 ,contract+ ,brake #da #bd4 ,exp&+ ,brake #da #be4 ,contract ,me*anism #dc #bf4 ,equaliz] ,b> #dd #bg4 ,re> ,axle4 ,s]vice & ,em]g5cy ,brake #de #bh4 ,equaliz+ ,me*anism #dg #bi4 ,resi/ance 9 ,equalization #dg #cj4 ,equaliz] & ,diff]5tial ,movem5ts #dh #ca4 ,diff]5tial 9 ,h\s+ #ej #cb4 ,section ( ,diff]5tial #ea #cc4 ,side ,view ( ,diff]5tial ,:eel #ea #cd4 ,top ,view ( ,diff]5tial ,:eel #eb #cd;a4 ,diff]5tial ,ge>s #ec #ce4 ,radius ,rods #ef #cf4 ,torque ,tube #eg #cg4 ,*a9 ,drive #eh #ch4 ,%aft ,drive #fj #ci4 ,/raight ,l9e ,drive #fj #dj4 ,cone ,clut* #fc #da4 ,multiple ,disk ,clut* #fe #db4 ,progressive ,transmission4 ,l[ #gj #dc4 ,neutral ,position #ga #dd4 ,int]m$iate #gb #de4 ,high #gc #df4 ,rev]se #ge #dg4 ,selective ,transmission4 ,l[ ,ge> #gg #dh4 ,int]m$iate #gh #di4 ,high #gi #ej4 ,rev]se #hj #ea4 ,progressive ,control ,me*anism #ha #eb4 ,selective ,control ,me*anism #hc #ec4 #c-,spe$ #he #ed4 #c-,spe$ #he #ee4 #c-,spe$ #he #ef4 #d-,spe$ #he #eg4 #d-,spe$ #he #eh4 #d-,spe$ #he #ei4 #d-,spe$ #he #fj4 ,control-,lev] ,bracket #hf #fa4 ,planet>y ,transmission #hh #fb4 ,frictional ,transmission #hi #fc4 ,fir+ ,position #id #fd4 ,return ,fir/ ,cycle #id #fe4 ,draw+ 9 ,*>ge #if #ff4 ,compression #if #fg4 ,automatic ,inlet ,valve #ih #fh4 ,calculat+ ,effici5cy #ajj #fi4 ,two-,cycle ,expansion ,position #ajb #gj4 ,exhau/+ #ajc #ga4 ,compression #ajc #gb4 ,crank ,%aft #ajd #gb;a4 ,increas+ ,cool+ ,area #aaj #gc4 ,movem5t ( ,heat$ ,wat] #aaa #gd4 ,cool+ ,sy/em #aab #ge4 ,radiator ,type #aad #gf4 ,side ,view ( ,pump #aaf #gg4 ,section #aaf #gh4 ,c>buret] ,float & ,ne$le #abc #gi4 ,c>buret] ,inlet ,valve #abd #hj4 ,c>buret] ,dis*>ge ,port #abe #ha4 ,c>buret] ,second>y ,air ,inlet #abg #hb4 ,complete ,c>buret] #abh #hc4 ,surface ,c>buret] #aca #hd4 ,s]ies ,wir+ #acg #he4 ,p>allel ,wir+ #ach #hf4 ,multiple ,wir+ #aci #hg4 ,dynamo ,connection #adb #hh4 ,magneto #adb #hi4 ,induction ,coil #adf #ij4 ,high ,t5sion ,circuit #adg #ia4 ,high ,t5sion ,connections #adi #ib4 ,vibratory ,coil #aeb #ic4 ,contact ,mak] #aed #id4 ,contact ,break] #aee #ie4 ,/>t+ ,me*anism #afj #if4 ,muffl] #afd #ig4 #c-,po9t ,roll]-,be>+ #afe #ih4 ,wrong ,be>+ #afe #ii4 ,improp] ,al9em5t #aff #ajj4 ,correct ,raceways #aff #aja4 ,cage = ,roll] ,be>+ #afg #ajb4 ,roll] ,be>+ #afh #ajc4 ,caution ,signs #aga #ajd4 ,wir+ = ,light+ ,circuit #age #aje4 ,ignition ,wir+ #agg #ajf4 ,lubricat+ ,sy/em #ahi ,,introductory ,! build+ & developm5t ( auto vehicles =m "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pages 9 ! hi/ory ( manufactures4 ,! subject ne>e/ ! boy is ! motorcycle1 :i* is a direct developm5t ( ! bicycle4 ,f ?is to ! l>g] p[] vehicles is b ano!r /ep1 s t 9 sett+ =? ! /ructures involv$ ! aim %\ld be to %[ h[ "o =m ( device grew out ( ! prec$+ "o1 & h[ ea* /ructure foll[+ 9 ! tra91 became desirable & necess>y4 ,x w\ld be impossible 9 a limit$ "w ( ?is k9d to %[ ! v>i\s modifications ( all ! elem5ts :i* make up a complete /ructure4 ,:5 ^! vehicles 7 fir/ br\ght out1 ! me*anism 0 exce$+ly simple1 be+1 9 reality1 no?+ m ?an ! hit*+ up ( "s =m ( motive p[] ) runn+ ge>s4 ,b n[ all t is *ang$4 ,! old type /e]+ me*anism 0 imp]fect2 ! atta*m5t ( ! :eels to ! axles _h to be modifi$2 ! :eels !mselves entirely revolutioniz$2 spe$ *ang+ & rev]s+ especially adapt$ = quick & positive "w2 & ev5 ! easy />t+ ( ! motor _h to be provid$ =4 ,! entire equipm5t requir$ a multiplicity ( new devices1 su* z signal+ app>atus1 light+ sy/ems1 safety appliances1 means to prev5t skidd+1 w9d %ields1 a reorganization ( body & seat+ arrangem5t1 & a recon/ruction ( ! spr+s & _! atta*m5t to ! *assis4 ,! electrical "p has made z rapid /rides1 & 9 ! developm5t ! sp>k+ me*anism has approa*$ p]fection1 & br\ght into exi/5ce a wond]ful v>iety ( sy/ems1 s t ea* cycle ( improvem5ts has made !m m effici5t1 b simpl] to con/ruct1 und]/& & use4 ,x is a r>e ?+ to-day to see any ( ! p[] ma*9es dragg$ home by horse p[]4 ,n _m ye>s ago ?is 0 a common sight4 ,! size1 %ape1 & mat]ials us$1 h be5 und]/ood by sci5tific analysis & /udy1 s t breakage1 "u ord9>y uses1 is n at all a common ?+4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is book to %[ 9 z simple a mann] z possible h[ ?is wond]ful trans=mation has be5 br\ght ab\t1 & to furni% "o or m types ( ea* elem5t1 prop]ly con/ruct$ & arrang$1 s t ! boy may und]/& h[ ea* "p is built1 & ! p>ticul> reasons = ! /ructures4 ,9 no bran* ( manufactures c be f\nd su* a v>iety ( te*nical designations z h gr[n out ( ?is indu/ry4 ,by virtue ( necessity1 _m ( ^! names h be5 co9$ to suit ! conditions4 ,?is k is imp>t$ 9 ^! pages1 :i* conta9s a complete gloss>y ( e t]m us$ 9 ! art4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,automobiles ,,*apt] ,i ,,automobile ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,developm5t ,x is g5]ally believ$ t automobiles orig9at$ )9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ?is idea hav+ ga9$ curr5cy because1 until )9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 no practical ma*9es 7 put on ! m>ket4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,indu/ry4--,! developm5t ( ! indu/ry has be5 a peculi> "o1 9 "s respects4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #abge1 ,rog] ,bacon speculat$ on ! possibilities ( us+ /eam1 or "s o!r =m ( motive p[] on wagons1 = propell+ !m4 ,?is is rem>kable1 :5 x is und]/ood t ! /eam eng9e1 z con/ruct$ by ,watt1 0 n inv5t$ until ab\t #aghj4 ,prior to ,watt1 /eam eng9es 7 9 op]ation1 ! valves ( :i* 7 manually op]at$4 ,watt's en]gies 7 direct$ to mak+ ! valves "w automatically1 & 9 economiz+ ! use ( /eam4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pat5t4--,9 #afai1 two ,engli%m51 ,ramsey & ,wildgoose1 secur$ a pat5t = 8draw+ c>ts )\t horses10 & ev5 be=e t "t inv5tors 9 ,g]many _h made vehicles :i* 7 propell$ by p[]ful spr+s4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s devices 7 con/ruct$ to move wagons by means ( ! w9d4 ,,newton',s ,,c>4--,9 #agjj ,sir ,isaac ,newton inv5t$ a /eam c>1 9 :i* he us$ ,h]o's /eam eng9e1 & ,n4 ,j4 ,cuguet1 a ,fr5*man1 inv5t$ a /eam c> :i* _h "s rem>kable prop]ties4 ,,watt',s ,,inv5tion4--,lat] ,watt inv5t$1 & 0 grant$ a pat5t1 9 #aghd1 = a /eam vehicle1 & twelve ye>s !reaft]1 ! fir/ ,am]ican pat5t 0 issu$ to ,w4 ,read1 ( ,massa*usetts1 = a /eam-driv5 automobile4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by ,sym+ton1 ab\t ! same "t1 toge!r ) ,trevi?ick1 9 #ahjb1 ,evans 9 #ahje1 & ,griffi? 9 #ahba4 ,:ile num]\s o!rs contribut$ to ! art1 ! =ego+ 7 ! pione]s4 ,evans has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ to build a comb9$ boat & wagon2 & ,griffi? 0 ! orig9ator ( ! body type :i* _h cab9s or ap>tm5ts = ! use ( travel]s4 ,,traction4--,/eam eng9es 7 9 a fairly p]fect$ condition two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & x has be5 consid]$ rem>kable t = ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s no practical road device 0 br\ght out4 ,! reason = ?is 0 n due to eng9e faults1 b attributable to o!r ?+s :i* 7 n und]/ood at ! "t4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! "q ( traction4 ,,pu% ,,legs4--,x 0 believ$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! art1 t "s o!r means %\ld be adopt$ = apply+ ! p[]1 r ?an to ex]t x on ! :eels2 b z late z #ahbd ,gordon secur$ a pat5t = an improv$ =m ( 8pu% legs10 :i* /epp$ along & ?us propell$ ! vehicle4 ,?is =m ( propulsion has be5 reviv$1 9 a measure1 by ! s-call$ 8cat]pill> tractors10 9 :i* ! :eels are provid$ ) feet1 :i* /ep along1 & are ?us specially adapt$ = heavy trucks on s(t roads or on cross c\ntry travel4 ,,p[]4--,"o o!r difficulty 0 9 ! con/ruction ( ! boil]4 ,:at is n[ und]/ood z ! wat] tube boil] 0 !n unkn[n1 h5ce !y 7 made 9 su* a mann] t a l>ge body ( wat] _h to be c>ri$ 9 ! boil]1 & ?is meant great weight to be transport$4 ,,spr+s4--,prior to ! attempt$ introduction ( /eam1 vehicles _h spr+s1 & ! great problem !n appe>$ to f9d a type ( vehicle :i* w\ld p]mit ! transf] ( ! p[] f ! eng9e to ! :eels1 s9ce ! spr+s *ange ! relative positions ( ! eng9e & axle4 ,,wat] ,,tube ,,boil]4--,f #ahbj to #ahdj 0 ! great p]iod ( boil] developm5t4 ,! wat] tube type provid$ a means :]eby consid]ably less ?an "o-half ( ! wat] 0 requir$ 9 ! boil] itself2 & 9 #ahcb a motor drawn vehicle1 hav+ spr+s arrang$ = c>ry+ ! entire load1 0 devis$ by ,dr4 ,*ur*1 ( ,birm+ham1 ,engl&4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,diff]5tial4--,hills1 9 #ahdj1 made ! fir/ diff]5tial4 ,be=e t "t ! p[] 0 appli$ to a s+le :eel1 b 9 t ye> ,dietz inv5t$ a =m ( rubb] tire4 ,?is1 & ! diff]5tial1 made :eels ! tractors = all "t4 ,b n[ a new era 0 u%]$ 94 ,x 0 n a p]iod ( active "w 9 ! developm5t ( motor-driv5 wagons1 b ! possibilities ( us+ o!r ?an /eam-driv5 vehicles 0 felt4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,gas ,,motor ,,c>4--,9 ,france1 ,l5oir 0 ! fir/ to devise a gas motor c>4 ,compress$ gas 0 us$2 & ,ravel1 9 #ahgj1 also produc$ a gas-driv5 ma*9e4 ,z e>ly z #ahfb ,g>dn] us$ a gas motor f$ ) c>buret$ air in/ead ( gas1 b ! weight ( ! eng9e 0 aga9/ all attempts 9 t direction4 ,,gasol9e ,,c>4--,m>kus1 ( ,vi5na1 built a gasol9e c> 9 #ahgg1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ,levassor1 ! eng9e] ( ,panh>d & ,levassor1 9 ,france1 :o us$ ,daiml]'s inv5tion 9 ! developm5t ( _! c>4 ,gottlieb ,daiml]1 ! fa!r ( ! automobile indu/ry1 produc$ ! fir/ practical gasol9e motor1 8 inv5tion be+ bas$ on ! f\r-cycle type ( eng9e4 ,! inv5tion ( ! gasol9e1 or ! ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9e z x is call$1 0 ! fir/ great advance4 ,! weight ( ! fuel 0 s small1 comp>$ ) ! p[] produc$1 t x revolutioniz$ ! art4 ,& n[ began t s]ies ( developm5ts :i* embrac$ e "p ( ! vehicle f ! :eels to ! top4 ,at fir/ ! improvem5ts 7 sl[ly effect$1 & _m ( !m 7 mo/ unsatisfactory4 ,,fla% ,,boil] ,,sy/em4--,! fla% sy/em ( us+ wat] 9 boil]s1 inv5t$ by ,s]pollet 9 ,france1 = a long "t kept ev5 pace ) gasol9e c>s1 9 economy1 & 9 ease ( managem5t2 b n[ t sy/em has be5 entirely driv5 out1 & gasol9e tak5 its place4 ,?is1 9 "t1 mu/ make way = a /ill *eap] fuel1 & "o m easily h&l$1 ei!r ?r\gh ! crude oil itself1 or f "s *eap d]ivative ( x2 or1 possibly1 a _s di/illation1 9 ! =m ( alcohol1 :i* w take ! place ( ! high-pric$ article n[ s univ]sally us$4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( improvem5ts has be5 to br+ =? a multiplicity ( devices1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! direction ( m readily assimulat+ & us+ ! hydro-c>bon fuels4 ,! ef=ts ( inv5tors w n[ be 9 ! direction ( elim9at+ _m ( !m4 ,,! ,,c>buret]4--,h]et(ore ! c>buret] has be5 reg>d$ z an ess5tial elem5t 9 e sy/em4 ,:at a _w1 or1 r1 worlds ( tr\bles1 hung ab\t ! c>buret]4 ,x 01 & is1 delicate1 susceptible ( ! mo/ m9ute adju/m5t1 & 9 times pa/1 be=e x _h rea*$ ! pres5t p]fect$ =m1 0 ! bane ( e motori/4 ,a fuel1 ignitable at a v l[ temp]ature1 or capable ( ready volatilization1 has be5 consid]$ absolutely necess>y to successful op]ation4 ,su* is n ! case n[4 ,,improv$ ,,/ructure4--,! delicate p>ts ( ! op]ative me*anism are be+ replac$ by /rong1 non-breakable =ms1 all ( :i* t5d to make a m p]fect ma*9e1 & ?is1 9 turn1 insures a great] dem& = vehicles4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,developm5t4--,9 und]tak+ any "w requir+ me*anical skill1 & 9 :i* ! action ( cop]ative elem5ts is necess>y1 ! uses mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 a vehicle1 ! fir/ elem5t is ! weight to be c>ri$2 !n ! /r5g? ( ! frame & :eels necess>y to ma9ta9 ! load4 ,next %\ld foll[1 9 ord]1 ! p[] ne$$1 & ?is entails a consid]ation ( ! spe$ elem5t4 ,^! features are comp>atively simple ) a motorcycle2 b !y are m complex ) ! automobile type1 p>ticul>ly z to ! /ructure ( ! frame & ! ge>+ & :eels :i* are to be op]at$ by ! motor4 ,,spe$ ,,vs4 ,,p[]4--,?us1 a motor ex]t+ tw5ty horse p[] may run ! vehicle at a maximum ( tw5ty miles an h\r1 & c>ry a load ( fifte5 hundr$ p\nds2 or x may h a maximum spe$ ( eight miles an h\r1 & c>ry ?ree ?\s& p\nds ) equal safety4 ,x w ?us be se5 t spe$ is j z important z p[]1 9 consid]+ utility4 ,,light] ,,vehicles4--,! t5d5cy ( ! day is t[>d light] vehicles1 br\ght ab\t1 9 a l>ge measure1 by improv$ mat]ials 9 e direction4 ,x is no long] urg$ t heavy1 pond]\s ma*9es are requir$ to furni% /able & durable vehicles4 ,no?+ c /op or ret>d ?is great indu/ry4 ,x is attractive to m5 & fasc9at+ to boys4 ,to acquire a k ( its 8my/]ies10 %\ld be a "p ( ! education ( e "y man4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,frame1 ,,& ,,its ,,accessories ,"u ?is title %\ld be includ$ ! frame1 axles1 spr+s1 :eels1 /e]+ ge> & brakes4 ,f ! beg9n+ x 0 recogniz$ t ! diff]5t /ra9s & /resses set up by ! pass+ ( ! :eels ov] unev5 gr\nd & by ! motor & driv+ me*anism1 mu/ be tak5 c>e ( be=e rea*+ ! body ( ! automobile1 :i* o!rwise w\ld soon g to pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,views ( ,pla9 ,frame4 ,,! ,,frame4--,!re=e1 n only spr+s _h to be int]pos$ betwe5 ! body & ! :eel axles1 b also a sub/ructure = ! body1 call$ ! frame1 :i* mu/ be rigid en\gh to prev5t any de/ructive /ra9s f rea*+ ! body4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,a %[s a top view ( a frame made up ( *annel b>s & ,b %[s a side view to illu/rate h[ ! torsion or twi/ takes place4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! frame ?us made is n design$ to l5d itself to ! entire inequalities ( ! road1 z ! spr+s are int]pos$ = t purpose4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! con/ruction & use ( tubul> frames1 z fir/ employ$ 9 bicycles1 prov$ too exp5sive = assembl+1 :5 us$ 9 automobiles4 ,! tubul> =m ( con/ruction 0 v soon displac$ by frames consi/+ ( metal p>ts bolt$ or rivet$ toge!r4 ,! ma9 or side memb]s are n[ usually made ( *annel /eel :i* gives great rigidity & /r5g?1 comp>$ ) its weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,qu>t] ,elliptic4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,frame ,,is ,,susp5d$4--,! important feature is to m\nt ?is frame on ! axle4 ,! frame1 c>ry+ a body & all ! load ( ! vehicle1 has to p]mit ?ree di/9ct movem5ts4 ,fir/4 ,t due to ! inequalities ( ! road1 :i* produces a torsional twi/4 ,second4 ,a lat]al sw+1 caus$ by travel+ alongside a hill1 or due to c5trifugal =ce :5 mak+ a turn rapidly4 ,?ird4 ,a =e & aft movem5t1 z :5 travel+ ov] undulat+ surfaces1 or 9 sudd5ly /opp+ & />t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b;a4 ,half ,elliptic4 ,= ^! reasons spr+s mu/ be made to comp5sate = su* motions1 & to absorb ! j> z mu* z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,?ree-qu>t] ,elliptic4 ,,! ,,spr+s4--,_m =ms ( spr+ m\nt+s h be5 devis$1 b ! foll[+ illu/rations %[ ! types :i* set =? ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,outside ( coil$ spr+s :i* are us$ 9 "s =ms ( deliv]y c>s1 ! /&>d spr+s are leaf spr+s1 built up f a numb] ( /eel leaves4 ,!re are f\r di/9ct =ms ( spr+s us$1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! qu>t] elliptic1 us$ on ,=d1 & simil> c>s1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 #b4 ,! half elliptic1 ,fig4 #b;a1 :i* is ! mo/ widely-us$ =m4 ,^! spr+s are usually atta*$ ) _! front end directly to ! frame1 & ) ! re> end by means ( a %ackle2 ! c5t] is fa/5$ by spr+ clips to ! axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,full ,elliptic4 ,:]e a di/ance rod is us$1 z on ! re> axle1 bo? ends are atta*$ by %ackles4 #c4 ,! ?ree qu>t] elliptic1 ,fig4 #c1 always us$ z a susp5sion = ! re> axle4 ,?is =m gives m flexibility ?an a half elliptic1 & is /ill /iff] s f> z side motion is conc]n$1 ?an ! foll[+ type4 #d4 ,! full elliptic1 ,fig4 #d1 0 =m]ly us$ mu* m ?an at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re are also 9 use spr+s compris+ a comb9ation ( half elliptic1 or ?ree qu>t] elliptic1 on ea* axle1 9 :i* ! front end is %ackl$ to ! frame1 & ! re> ends connect$ by %ackles to ano!r half elliptic spr+1 ! c5t] ( :i* is fa/5$ to ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d;a4 ,cantilev] ,spr+4 ,=e & ,aft ,motion4 ,provision mu/ be made1 9 all cases1 = ! =e & aft movem5t ( ! c> body :i* takes place 9 /opp+ or />t+1 &1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! :eels /rike an ob/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,=e & ,aft ,motion4 ,flues4 ,fig4 #e %[s a side view ( a c>1 9 :i* ! dott$ l9es indicate ! position ( ! body1 relative to ! normal1 :5 ! :eels /rike an ob/acle4 ,lat]al ,motion4 ,9 l mann] :5 ! c> sw+s ar\nd a corn]1 or is travel+ along a hill-side1 ! spr+s mu/ hold ! body f sw++ too f>4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates1 by means ( ! dott$ l9es1 ! side movem5t4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! spr+s h a duty to p]=m 9 addition to t ( m]ely giv+ flexibility to ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,lat]al ,motion4 ,,cantilev] ,,spr+4--,a special =m ( half elliptic spr+s1 lately develop$1 & ( increas+ use1 is ! cantilev] spr+1 :]e ! axle is atta*$ to "o end1 ! c5t] ( ! spr+ be+ pivot$ to ! frame1 & ! o!r end %ackl$ to or slid+ 9 ! frame4 ,,%ock ,,absorb]s4--,%ock absorb]s are me*anical means plac$ betwe5 ! frame & ! axles = ! purpose ( damp5+ ! sudd5 recoil ( ! spr+s aft] be+ compress$1 :5 meet+ a road ob/acle4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* a device ! recoil is likely to sudd5ly ?r[ up ! frame1 body & pass5g]s1 or produce an unpleasant %ock4 ,orig9ally1 simple lea!r /raps 7 us$1 rea*+ f ! body to ! axle1 :i* only limit$1 b did n damp5 or gradually absorb ! %ock4 ,n[ diff]5t =ms ( frictional resi/+ toggle-lev]s are us$1 :i* n only absorb ! %ocks1 b also prev5t ! bump+ ( ! axle aga9/ ! frame1 & elim9ate break+ ( spr+s4 ,,! ,,axle4--,axles are ( two k9ds1 g5]ally designat$ z 8live10 :5 !y turn ! :eels2 & 8dead0 :5 !y d n turn ! :eels1 b simply support ! weight ( ! frame & ( ! body4 ,dead axles are us$ ) d\ble *a9 drive1 z1 9 t case1 ! sprocket :eels are atta*$ directly to ! sides ( ! :eels & ! :eels turn on ! /uds1 or ends ( ! dead axle4 ,,live ,,axles4--#a4 ,pla9 live axles orig9ally consi/$ ( a %aft )\t diff]5tial ge>+1 hav+ "o :eel fa/ on x1 ! o!r turn+4 ,mod]n con/ruction %[s two axle %afts 9 a h\s+1 ! weight ( ! c>1 & ! too? pressure ( ! diff]5tial be+ c>ri$ by ! axle %afts4 #b4 ,semi-float+ axles h ! weight ( ! c> c>ri$ by ! axle %afts1 :]eas ! too? pressure ( ! diff]5tial is support$ by ! h\s+1 & only ! turn+ effect or torsion is transmitt$ by ! axle %afts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,float+ ,axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,semi-float+ ,axle4 #c4 ,full float+ axles c>ry ! full weight ( ! c>1 & ! diff]5tial bevel ge> tee? pressure ) ! h\s+1 s t ! axle %afts c>ry no load b only ! torsional /ress4 ,bo? full & semi-float+ con/ructions are appli$ to re> axles only4 ,! front :eels are n[ univ]sally appli$ to knuckles1 :i* sw+ on v]tical pivot p9s at ! ends ( ! dead axles4 ,,:eels4--,:eels are n[ 9 a transition /ate4 ,! ultimate :eel has n yet appe>$2 b :atev] its =m or con/ruction1 c]ta9 ?+s are ess5tial4 ,,flexibility4--,9 ! ord9>y wagon or c>riage :eel1 !re is b little1 if any1 flexibility2 b 9 automobiles1 :]e spe$ is a consid]ation1 ela/icity1 ei!r 9 ! rim1 or 9 "s o!r "p ( ! :eel1 is necess>y4 ,"o ( ! reasons = ?is is1 t on acc\nt ( tire exp5se1 motor :eels are small] ?an c>riage :eels4 ,mak+ !m small]1 h[ev]1 produces c]ta9 disadvantages4 ,"o is t 9 go+ ov] ! inequalities ( ! road1 ! axle on ! small :eel has a great] v]tical movem5t ?an on a l>ge :eel1 & ! j> on /rik+ an ob/ruction is m pron\nc$1 also4 ,^! disadvantages1 h[ev]1 are m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! ela/icity ( ! inv5tion4 ,,l>ge ,,vs4 ,,small ,,:eels4--,fig4 #i %[s a l>ge :eel ,a1 pass+ ov] a depression ,b4 ,! l>ge arc ( ! :eel does n p]mit ! rim to g to ! bottom4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! small :eel ,c goes to ! bottom ( ! depression1 & ! v]tical di/ance :i* ! axle ( ?is :eel mu/ travel1 is ?ree times z f> z 9 ! case ( ! :eel ,a4 ,9 ,fig4 #aj1 :]e ! l>ge :eel /rikes an ob/ruction ,d1 ! angle ( its upw>d movem5t1 z designat$ by ! l9e ,e1 is mu* less ?an ! impact =ce ( ! small :eel1 z %[n by ! great] slope or incl9e ( ! l9e ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,cross+ ,depression4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,/rik+ ,ob/ruction4 ,,m9imiz+ ,,%ocks4--,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t if "p ( ?is %ock c be tak5 up by ! tire1 ! diff]5ce due to ! small] diamet] ( ! :eel1 w n be s app>5t4 ,! ?ickness1 or wid?s ( ! tires also m9imizes ! impact & di/ribute ! j>s :ile runn+1 s t ) ^! advantages a small :eel has be5 f\nd to be m practical ?an a l>ge "o4 ,,resili5cy4--,mo/ :eels are n[ made ) wood5 spokes1 secur$ by means ( a pair ( metal-flang$ hub plates1 bolt$ toge!r s z to clamp ! radiat+ spokes1 b wire :eels are n[ com+ m into favor1 :]eas ca/ or press$ solid /eel :eels are us$ on "s heavy trucks4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,tires1 ,,tubes1 ,,& ,,rims ,,tires4--,?ree k9ds ( tires are n[ us$1 namely3 ,solid1 cu%ion1 & pneumatic4 ,^! =ms all use rubb]1 or "s comp\nd ) ! qualities & *>act]i/ics ( rubb]1 s z to af=d a good tractive surface1 z well z resili5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,solid ,tire4 ,! solid tires are us$ on heavy trucks1 :]e weight & n spe$ mu/ be provid$ =4 ,cu%ion tires are sometimes employ$ on c>s & trucks ( m$ium weight4 ,pneumatic tires1 9 :i* air is us$1 are univ]sally us$ 9 automobiles = all o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,s+le ,tube4 ,! air is conf9$ 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 by :at is kn[n z ! 8s+le tube40 7,fig4 #ab47 ,second1 by ! 8d\ble10 or inn] tube sy/em4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,! s+le tube is well adapt$ = light vehicles1 or :]e great spe$ or weight are n consid]$1 & ?is type is n[ conf9$ to bicycles4 ,b x has c]ta9 disadvantages1 namely3 ,t ( creep+1 due to ! impossibility ( prop]ly secur+ x to ! rim ( ! :eel4 ,s& & grit are also liable to creep 9 betwe5 ! tire & rim1 & we> ! mat]ial1 !reby ru9+ x4 ,! out] cas+1 or %oe1 is split on its inn] side1 & usually provid$ ) an annul> flange on ea* side ( ! split1 :i* re/s aga9/ ! rim ( ! :eel1 & is adapt$ to receive a rim :i* securely fa/5s ! annul> flange ( ! %oe1 to ! rim ( ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,d\ble ,tube4 ,v>i\s ways are provid$ = hold+ ! %oe to ! rim ( ! :eel2 b 9 ! diff]5t types %[n by ! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #ac & #ad1 ! %oe has a flange :i* is held )9 *annels on ! rim1 or by "s =m ( fa/5+ device4 ,! inn] tube is usually ( ?9 ela/ic rubb]1 s made t :5 prop]ly inflat$ x w fit ! out] tube or cas+4 ,! out] "p1 :i* c be made ( a diff]5t rubb] comp\nd1 & is bett] adapt$ to /& we>1 :]eas1 ! inn] tube1 :i* is made ( ! be/1 & m co/ly mat]ial is protect$4 ,,advantage ,,( ,,d\ble ,,tube4--,! great advantage ( ! d\ble tube is due to ! positive means ( fa/5+ x to ! rim ( ! :eel1 s z to prev5t creep+4 ,9 ! s+le tire con/ruction ! latt] is liable to roll out ( its b$ :]e quick turns are made1 b ) ! d\ble tube ?is is n possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/rat+ ,tire-remov+ ,tool4 ,,putt+ ,,on ,,& ,,tak+ ,,(f ,,d\ble ,,tubes4--,to d ?is prop]ly ) cl9*] tires is q an art4 ,a pair ( blunt1 r\nd-end$ lev]s is be/ = ! purpose4 ,! practice is to use cold *isels1 screw driv]s & l %>p or po9t$ tools4 ,?is is bad practice4 ,a pair ( lev]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 c be made by any "o1 & y may be sure t _! use w n be liable to jag a hole 9 ! inn] tube dur+ ! removal process4 ,:5 ! inn] tube is put into ! out] cas+1 or tire1 z x is call$1 p[d]$ talcum %\ld be lib]ally appli$1 to ! tube & also plac$ )9 ! cas+4 ,! tube is !n put 9 & c>efully di/ribut$ & /raight5$ out be=e ! cl9*]s are put on4 ,a little air bl[n into ! tube w prev5t x f be+ p9*$ "u ! flanges ( ! cas+4 ,! sp>e tubes %\ld be inclos$ 9 a receptacle ( "s k9d :i* w exclude light1 & protect !m f heat4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! quick deta*able rims ( diff]5t =ms ^! tr\bles h happily disappe>$ 9 ! mod]n automobile4 ,,damages ,,to ,,tires4--,_m ?+s mu/ be provid$ = 9 ! matt] ( tire keep4 ,! ?+ mo/ necess>y to gu>d aga9/ is punctures1 caus$ ei!r by %>p /ones1 or nails4 ,:5 a cas+ has a heavy protective tread ! inn] tube may n be effect$1 b x frequ5tly happ5s t ! out] cas+ is slitt$ = "s di/ance1 & ! great pressure =ces ! ?9 wall ( ! inn] tube into ! slitt$ op5+1 & x is ?us ruptur$1 n on acc\nt ( its be+ punctur$1 b because ! out] tire did n af=d protection aga9/ ! pressure4 ,,repairs ,,to ,,tires4--,x is n a difficult job to repair tires1 & ! app>atus = do+ x is v simple4 ,rubb]1 9 its natural /ate1 is a :ite1 ?ick1 milky juice1 :i* aft] sev]al heat+ & ref9+ processes becomes d>k & /icky4 ,,vulcaniz+4--,:5 9 ?is condition & prop]ly mix$ ) sulphur1 x may be vulcaniz$1 :i* de/roys ! /ick9ess1 & makes x firm & ela/ic4 ,vulcaniz+ is a k9d ( bak+ process1 ! maximum heat be+ ab\t #bge degrees1 b g5]ally less4 ,! "t requir$ is f #ab to #ae m9utes1 dep5d5t on ! ?ickness ( ! mass to be vulcaniz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,vulcaniz]4 ,:5 ! torn or cut portion ( ! tube or tire is c>efully clean$1 x is fill$ ) ! pla/ic rubb]1 & ! heat] is appli$4 ,! heat]1 "o =m ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 is m]ely a %ell ) a heat] connection1 & ?is be+ p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 g5]ates /eam1 ! temp]ature ( ! %ell be+1 ( c\rse1 dep5d5t on ! pressure ( ! /eam develop$4 ,to repair ! inn] tube1 x %\ld be fir/ rubb$ ) s& pap]1 & liquid rubb] cem5t appli$4 ,:5 ?is becomes tacky apply ! pat* & dry4 ,x is !n ready to be vulcaniz$4 ,,oil ,,z ,,an ,,enemy ,,( ,,tires4--,all lit]ature on ! subject ( tires give w>n+s z to ! insidi\s "* ( oil1 :i* det]iorates ! rubb]4 ,mo/ manufactur]s n[ make an oil pro( quality1 b ! *eap] grades are n to be dep5d$ on4 ,! action ( oil %[s itself 9 sev]al ways1 b pr9cipally because x dissolves ! rubb]4 ,,non-,,skidd+ ,,tires4--,v>i\s means are provid$ 9 ! %ape ( tire treads to prev5t skidd+1 ! mo/ important be+ vacuum cups1 ! h]r+-bone =mation1 & v>i\s ribb$ or ridg$ surfaces4 ,nev]!less1 = smoo? asphalt pavem5ts1 *a9s or simil> sub/itutes are f\nd mo/ satisfactory4 ,sudd5 application ( ! brakes1 or ! slid+ ( :eels on hillsides or ! skidd+ ( ! c> 9 mak+ %ort turns at too great spe$s1 are ! mo/ de/ructive ?+s = tires1 h[ev] good !y may be4 ,,tires ,,= ,,city ,,use4--,a tire :i* may be ( good s]vice = c\ntry roads1 might n be available = city "w4 ,! t5d5cy ( _m driv]s is to hug ! curb too closely1 & ! result is a we> on ! side1 :i* is its weake/ po9t4 ,x is l ! side ( a %oe1 ! upp] ( :i* c be readily worn ?r\gh1 :]eas ! sole w /& h>d usage4 ,9 c\ntry use ! great dang] is 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 :]e ! :eels mu/ pass ov] or along froz5 ruts4 ,!re ! same difficulties ( side we> are liable to de/roy ! be/ mat]ial4 ,,side ,,slipp+4--,! same rem>ks apply to ! weakness ( tires due to side slipp+4 ,! fib]s ( ! fabric are ruptur$ at ! weak po9t & ! lea/ ext]nal abrasion assi/s 9 de/roy+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,turn+ ,action on ,front ,:eel4 ,,faulty ,,al9em5t4--,ano!r cause ( ruptur$ tires is attributable to improp] al9em5t ( :eels1 due to ! :eel be+ n exactly true1 ?r\gh a b5t axle1 or improp] adju/m5t4 ,?is is m frequ5tly ! case ) front ?an ) re> :eels4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t :ile ! re> :eels h ! traction appli$ to !m1 ! front :eels1 fix$ z !y are1 to ! %ort turn+ knuckles1 are affect$ by a movem5t diagonally across ! tire1 at e turn :i* is made4 ,?is is %[n by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #af4 ,! movem5t ( ! c> is 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ,a1 consequ5tly1 :5 ! :eels are turn$1 ! mom5tum ( its =w>d end is 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s ,b ,b4 ,:5 ! turn is to ! "r1 ! /ra9 is on ! inside ( "o tire & on ! outside ( ! o!r1 & :5 ! movem5t is to ! left ! conditions are rev]s$ 9 ! /ress1 & ?is expla9s :y ! tires ( front :eels are s liable to yield1 9 all cases :]e turns are made at high spe$s4 ,,brok5 ,,fabric4--,! fabric ( a tire may be ruptur$ )\t giv+ any indications on its out] side4 ,:5 !re is a /rong impact =ce1 l a transv]se ridge1 :i* w =ce 9 ! tire1 sev]al ?+s occur4 ,fir/1 ! body ( ! tire is flatt5$ out s t x has a bulg+ *eek on ea* side2 &1 second1 a /ra9 is produc$ on ! longitud9al fib]s4 ,,bruises4--,! result ( su* a sev]e bruise is to cause a break1 n transv]sely1 or longitud9ally1 b usually1 obliquely1 = ! foll[+ reason4 ,! fabric has "o set ( its ?reads runn+ across ! tire1 & ! o!r set ar\nd ! p]imet]4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! fabric usually prev5ts a /raight break 9 ei!r direction1 & ! weake/ "p ( ! fabric is across ! diagonal direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/rat+ ! ,/ra9 on ,fabric4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,try ! exp]im5t ) a h&k]*ief1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag by /ret*+ x 9 ! direction ( ! ?reads2 & !n look at ,fig4 #ah1 9 :i* case ! t5sion is diagonally1 or across ! corn]s4 ,?is w be suffici5t1 probably1 to sugge/ to y\r m9d ! reason = ! break on diagonal l9es4 ,! rubb] mat]ial is n suffici5t to prev5t ! /ret* :i* ! fabric p]mits1 h5ce ! break foll[s4 ,,"u ,,inflation4--,to p]mit a :eel to run flat causes a tire to /ret* m on ! tread ?an along ! cl9* l9e4 ,,/ret*$ ,,tires4--,a good illu/ration ( ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 :]e ! tread is a succession ( irregul> wavy surfaces1 :]eas ! sides rema9 r\nd & full4 ,_m attribute ?is to poor or defective tires4 ,! be/ tire 9 ! m>ket w %[ symptoms ( ?is k9d1 if all[$ to run :5 deflat$4 ,9 su* cases ! flatness produces a cont9ual p\*+ out ( ! sides1 :i* foll[ ! :eel ar\nd1 & t5d to produce a creep+ ( ! fabric4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,effect ( ,flat-,tire4 ,9 "t ! rubb] works away1 or along on ! fabric1 until x becomes /ret*$ at ! tread1 & all ! pressure 9 ! tire w n aga9 re/ore x to ! prop] condition4 ,,bli/]$ ,,tires4--,a bli/] is a pla9 case ( ! rubb] be+ sep>at$ f ! fabric4 ,at fir/ ! injury may be a small cut d[n to ! fabric1 :i*1 aft] be+ neglect$ = a "t1 p]mits s& to ent]1 & a gr9d+ takes place1 ea* movem5t ( ! p>ts caus+ a fur!r sep>ation1 & pressure exp&s ! rubb]1 until1 f9ally1 x bulges out & gives an unsightly appe>ance1 z well z />ts ! tire on its road to de/ruction4 ,su* defects c be cur$1 if tak5 9 "t1 z _m comp\nds are on ! m>ket = ?is purpose4 ,,rim ,,cutt+4--,?is is caus$ by s& or %>p p>ticles be+ =c$ 9 betwe5 ! tire & edges ( ! rim1 :i* causes a we>+ out at ! contact po9ts4 ,insuffici5t air is ano!r cause4 ,! tires flatt5 & are !n cut by ! metal4 ,frequ5tly ! tire is too small = ! rim1 & ?is is always bad = x4 ,heavy loads w cause cutt+1 because ! tire w be flatt5$ out1 al?\gh inflat$ to ! prop] t5sion4 ,x is good practice to turn a tire1 :5 "o side we>s m ?an ! o!r4 ,?is we>+ on "o edge excessively1 %[s "s defect 9 ! :eel al9em5t1 :i* ne$s correct+4 ,possibly ! :eels may n be p>allel4 ,?is is a frequ5t tr\ble ) front :eels1 on acc\nt ( ! b5d+ ( ! arm :i* runs f ! knuckle4 ,,inflation ,,pressures4--,manufactur]s ( tires furni% data ) respect to ! prop] pressures = _! products1 & ^! v>y some:at1 & x is wise to obs]ve ! pressures :i* !y indicate = ! diff]5t sizes4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,heat$ ,,air4--,!re is ano!r cause ( tire expansion1 n g5]ally consid]$1 :i* is due to ! expansion ( heat$ air4 ,x is n infrequ5tly ! case t a tire w1 9 runn+1 heat up fifty or sixty degrees1 :i* means an expansion ( "o-eigh? ! volume ( air )9 ! tube4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is any weakness 9 ! walls ( ! tire1 a bl[\t foll[s4 ,z ?is heat+ is liable to take place to a great] ext5t 9 ! summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 x is obvi\s t x is bett] to "u inflate dur+ t p]iod1 ?an to h an ov] pressure1 p>ticul>ly ) old1 or consid]ably worn1 or injur$ tires4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,/e]+ ,,ge> ,,& ,,brakes ,,! ,,/e]+ ,,column4--,?is is a v important me*anical elem5t ( ! c>4 ,its direct useful functions are to c>ry or hold ! me*anism = /e]+ ! ma*9e1 & = ! motor control1 controll+ ! air supply = ! fuel1 z well z = regulat+ ! sp>k+ me*anism4 ,,motor ,,control4--,"s ma*9es are provid$ ) a foot lev] me*anism 7accel]ator7 z well z ! ?rottle lev] on ! /e]+ :eel4 ,?is is advantage\s1 because 9 mov+ ?r\gh cr[d$ /reets1 :]e frequ5t & quick *anges are necess>y1 ! foot is ! mo/ conv5i5t = controll+ purposes4 ,,?rottle ,,movem5t4--,a d[nw>d pressure ( ! foot op5s ! ?rottle1 & a spr+ returns x to its normal position4 ,! foot ?rottle is also conv5i5t :5 %ift+ ! transmission ge>1 z bo? h&s are o!rwise engag$1 "o to op]ate ! ge>-%ift+ lev]s1 & ! o!r = /e]+4 ,! h& ?rottle on ! /e]+ :eel1 h[ev]1 is mo/ conv5i5t = long runs1 :5 little *ange is requir$1 & x c !n be set s z to avoid ! use ( ! foot lev]4 ,! lev]s are s arrang$ t !y d n entirely close ! ?rottle1 b1 :5 fully ?r[n to a clos$ position1 w /ill provide a suffici5t op5+ to keep ! eng9e runn+ light4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,/e]+ ,:eel4 ,,/e]+ ,,:eel ,,type4--,! draw+1 ,fig4 #bj1 %[s a type ( /e]+ :eel1 :i* has a segm5t ,a4 ,! long lev] ,b is = ?rottl+ purposes1 z above describ$1 & ! %ort lev] ,c = op]at+ ! sp>k+ device4 ,^! lev]s are diff]5tly dispos$ & arrang$ on ! :eel1 or on ! column support+ ! :eel %aft1 b ! illu/ration is suffici5t to %[ ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction1 & we are int]e/$ only 9 ! types & n 9 ! modifications :i* are available1 & are con/antly be+ made to meet c]ta9 conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,/e]+ ,ge>4 ,,/e]+ ,,ge>4--,fig4 #ba %[s an approv$ =m ( con/ruction = ! ge>1 :i* conv]ts ! rotat+ motion to a direct l9e movem5t4 ,9 ?is ! holl[ support+ column ,a1 is firmly fix$ to a base ,b4 ,! %aft ,c :i* passes ?r\gh ! column1 has a worm ,d at its l[] end1 & is j\rnal$ 9 a base ,e1 :i* c>ries a cross %aft ,f1 9 :i* is m\nt$ ! worm :eel ,g4 ,"o end ( ! %aft ,f has an arm ,h = mov+ ! arms ( ! :eel knuckles4 ,)9 ! tubul> %aft ,c1 is a tubul> %aft ,i1 = ! ?rottle lev] to op]ate1 ! l[] end ( :i* has an arm ,j1 & )9 ! %aft ,i1 is a %aft ,k = ! sp>k+ lev]1 ! l[] end hav+ an arm ,l4 ,9 ! be/ c>s all ^! p>ts are made adju/able1 s z to provide = we>4 ,9 exam9+ or select+ a c>1 ?is is "o ( ! po9ts to note4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,type ( ,front ,axle4 ,,front ,,axle4--,fig4 #bb %[s a common =m ( front axle1 ) knuckles & cross connect+ rod ,a1 ! latt] provid+ means1 by ! nuts ,b ,c1 = al9e+ ! :eels4 ,,! ,,brakes4--,^! are made 9 two types1 "o :i* is usually 9 ! =m ( a contract+ b&1 & ! o!r :i* exp&s4 ,all c>s are n[ equipp$ ) two brak+ sy/ems1 "o be+ ! s]vice1 or runn+ brake1 & ! o!r ! em]g5cy brake4 ,^! brakes are all ( ! drum type1 & are ei!r exp&+1 or contract+ b&s tight5+ aga9/ ! drums4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,contract+ ,brake4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,exp&+ ,brake4 ,,runn+ ,,brake4--,! runn+ brake is op]at$ by ! foot p$al1 :]eas ! em]g5cy brake is g5]ally connect$ up ) ! lev] at ! side ( ! seat4 ,! foot p$al is on "s c>s connect$ ) ! clut* 9 su* a way t :5 p$al is press$ to set ! brake1 ! clut* is releas$4 ,?is prev5ts an inexp]i5c$ or confus$ driv] f apply+ ! brake :5 he =gets to release ! clut*4 ,,d\ble-,,act+ ,,contract+ ,,brake4--,fig4 #bc %[s ! mann] 9 :i* a d\ble-act+ contract+ brake op]ates4 ,z ! b& ,a1 has a t5sion on ea* end1 :5 ! rod ,b1 is drawn =w>dly1 x is immat]ial :i* way ! brake drum ,c travels4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd ! drum ,c has a pair ( oppositely-dispos$ %oes ,d1 :i* are held 9 su* a position t !y are n revoluble1 & may be mov$ outw>dly by ! lev] ,e & l9ks ,f4 ,^! figures1 ( c\rse1 %[ m]ely ! simple =ms ( ! two types1 & d n g into ! ref9em5ts ( con/ruction :i* make !m s effective 9 s]vice4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! p[] ex]t$ ?r\gh ei!r type ( brake1 dep5ds on ! lev]age af=d$ by ! relative l5g?s ( ! limbs ( ! bell-crank lev] ,e1 to ea* o!r4 ,,contract+ ,,brake4--,fig4 #be %[s a well-kn[n type ( contraction brake1 9 :i* ! cyl9d] ,a1 has !reon two brake b&s ,b ,c1 h+$ toge!r at _! re> ends4 ,at _! front ends !y are connect$ ) a bell-crank lev] ,d1 ! =w>d movem5t ( ! upp] end ( ! lev] be+ su* z to cause ! b&s to p9* ! drum ,a4 ,a contractile spr+ ,e draws back ! lev] :5 ! foot releases ! p$al1 & ! l9k ,f1 betwe5 ! bell-crank lev] & ! upp] b& ,c1 has a turnbuckle arrangem5t to provide = tak+ up 9 case ( we>4 ,! brake b&s h means = automatically hold+ !m cle> ( ! :eels :5 n 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,contract ,me*anism4 ,,equaliz]s4--,sometimes ! brake is plac$ on ! propell] %aft2 b :5 "o ( ! brakes is plac$ on ea* :eel1 an equaliz+ b>1 or o!r means1 mu/ be us$4 ,"o =m ( ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 9 :i* ,a is ! b>1 ,b ! rod :i* goes to ! brake lev]1 & ,c ,c1 ! rods t run back to ! brakes on ! :eels4 ,naturally1 ! equaliz] w n act ) ! same effect on bo? :eels1 unless !y are 9 ! same condition4 ,frequ5tly "o ( ! brake cyl9d]s w be dry & ! o!r coat$ ) grease1 or accumulate moi/ure f "s s\rce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a necess>y "p ( inspection & c>e to keep !m 9 s]viceable condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,equaliz] ,b>4 ,,! ,,em]g5cy ,,brake4--,! em]g5cy brake has a pawl :i* acts 9 ! tee? ( a segm5t alongside ( ! lev]1 s x may be held 9 any position to :i* ! lev] may be ?r[n4 ,?is lev] has no provision :]eby ! clut* is dis5gag$ :5 ! brake is appli$1 = ! reason t %\ld x become necess>y to /op a c> go+ up hill1 & :5 ! em]g5cy brake is requir$1 ! brakes w\ld h to be releas$ be=e ! clut* c\ld be ?r[n 91 s t ! c> w\ld be likely to />t d[n hill be=e ?is c\ld be done4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! em]g5cy brake has no connection ) ! clut*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,re> axle4 ,s]vice & ,em]g5cy ,brake4 ,,comb9$ ,,s]vice ,,& ,,em]g5cy ,,brake4--,fig4 #bg repres5ts a /&>d type ( s]vice & em]g5cy brake1 ea* ( ! int]nal exp&+ type4 ,z bo? are inclos$ 9 a drum !y are absolutely free f dirt & du/1 & ! con/ruction %[n elim9ates rattl+ ( ! p>ts4 ,! :eel be>+ is also repres5t$ by ! annul> ball-be>+ type ( con/ruction1 9 :i* ! balls are unusually l>ge1 & !re=e1 capable ( tak+ great weight & high spe$ )\t undue we>4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,diff]5tial ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,diff]5tial4--,?is is a t]m us$ to designate ! diff]5ce 9 ! turn+ movem5t ( two :eels on opposite ends ( an axle4 ,= v>i\s reasons !y d n turn at ! same rate ( spe$1 p>ticul>ly 9 turn+ corn]s1 :]e ! out] :eel mu/ travel a great] di/ance ?an ! inn] :eel4 ,if bo? :eels are fix$ to ! %aft ! latt] w\ld be submitt$ to a torque1 or "o ( ! :eels w\ld slip1 & ?us be de/ructive ( tires4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "o :eel %\ld be loose1 !n1 z p[] is appli$ to ! %aft1 ! tractive action w\ld be on "o :eel only1 & ?is w\ld be bad practice1 & frequ5tly cause ! :eel to slip1 & ?us unduly increase ! we> ( ! tire4 ,! diff]5tial is made up ( a sy/em ( ge>s1 :i* are s arrang$ t "o :eel may turn indep5d5tly ( ! o!r1 & at ! same "t ! effective driv+ p[] is utiliz$ by ea*4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ?is me*anism h be5 develop$4 ,:ile ! diff]5tial is an exce$+ly simple piece ( me*anism1 x is n su* an easy matt] to describe its op]ation1 s t ! pr9ciple w be expla9$ by a s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,,equaliz] ,,b>4--,exam9e ,fig4 #bh4 ,let ,a be an equaliz] b>1 m\nt$ on ! end ( a ?ru/ b> ,b1 by a pivot ,c1 s ! ends w sw+ back & =? freely4 ,a horizontal b> ,d is h+$ at ea* end ( ! equaliz]1 :i* b>s project =w>dly p>allel ) ea* o!r & ^! are provid$ ) "r-angl$ b5ds ,e ,e1 simply = conv5i5ce 9 describ+ ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,equaliz+ ,me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,resi/ance 9 ,equalization4 ,:ile diff]5tial ge>s are v simple /ructurally1 x is n an easy matt] to expla9 ! pr9ciple on :i* a fa/] motion is transmitt$ to "o :eel ?an ano!r1 & "u conditions :]e ! spe$ is con/antly *ang+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,equaliz] & ,diff]5tial ,movem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,fig4 #cj1 a cord ,a1 ov] a pulley ,b1 has weights ,c1 ,d1 at its ends4 ,if ! pivot or fulcrum ,e1 ( ! :eel1 is /ation>y1 z 9 sket* #a1 & ! :eel is turn$1 say a qu>t] ( ! way ar\nd1 "o weight w move d[n bel[ ! l9e ,x ! same di/ance t ! o!r weight moves above x1 z %[n 9 #b4 ,?us f> we h an equaliz]1 pure & simple4 ,b a diff]5tial requires some?+ m4 ,x is necess>y1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 = ! weight ,d to move a great] di/ance 9 ! same "t ?an ,c1 or ! rev]se4 ,or1 z sometimes happ5s1 "o ( ! weights1 z = in/ance1 9 #c1 rema9s fix$ :ile ! o!r moves4 ,9 ?is case1 ) ! pivot p9 ,e fix$1 su* a ?+ w\ld be impossible1 h5ce1 9 ord] to make su* a relative movem5t betwe5 ! two weights1 ! p9 mu/ move1 & ?is motion is %[n 9 #c1 :]e x moves d[n f ! l9e ,f4 ,t movem5t1 or *ange ( position ( ! pivot ,e1 is :at takes place 9 ! small int]m$iate ge>s 9 a tra9 ( diff]5tial ge>+4 ,,transmission ,,:eel4--,9 ,fig4 #cb is %[n a section ( ! diff]5tial h\s+1 #a1 9 :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 all ref9em5ts ( con/ruction are elim9at$4 ,?is %[s ! divid$ axle %afts #e1 #f4 ,9 ,fig4 #cc is %[n a side view ( ! same h\s+4 ,?is may be connect$ ) ! motor %aft by means ( bevel ge>s1 or driv5 by a sprocket *a94 ,9 ei!r case ! h\s+ #a is ! sub/itute = ! ?ru/ b> ,b1 9 ,fig4 #bh1 & ! bevel p9ions #b1 :i* are m\nt$ )9 ! :eel #a1 repres5t ! equaliz] b> ( t figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,diff]5tial 9 ,h\s+4 ,! ge>s :i* make up ! tra9 are usually put into a suitable cas+1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ca1 :i* gives a good example ( ! con/ruction4 ,! h\s+ ,a is fix$ to ! side ( a l>ge bevel ge> ,b1 ?is ge> be+ design$ to receive p[] f ! motor ?r\gh a bevel p9ion ,c4 ,"o "p ( ! axle ,d passes ?r\gh ! ge> ,b1 & is fix$ to a bevel ge> ,e )9 ! h\s+1 & ! o!r "p ( ! axle ,f passes ?r\gh ! h\s+ & is fix$ to a bevel ge> ,g1 ! same size z ge> ,e4 ,int]m$iate ! two ge>s is a pair ( bevel p9ions ,h1 ,h1 & ^! latt] are m\nt$ on pivots ,i1 ,i1 project+ inw>dly f ! h\s+4 ,! fact t ! p9ions are atta*$ to h\s+ has ! effect ( complicat+ ! matt]1 s t x may be well to %[ ! relative arrangem5t ( ! ge>s )\t ! h\s+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,section ( ,diff]5tial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,side ,view ( ,diff]5tial ,:eel4 ,9 ,fig4 #cd we h add$ to ,fig4 #cc1 two bevel ge>s #c1 #d1 :i* are m\nt$ on ! axles #e1 #f1 ^! repres5t+ ! re> drive axles ( ! c>4 ,,action ,,( ,,transmission ,,ge>+4--,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ! axles abut ea* o!r1 )9 ! hub ( ! l>ge ge> #a1 )9 :i* !y are j\rnal$4 ,we might1 !re=e1 call ^! p9ions ! c\nt]p>ts ( ! b>s ,e ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,top ,view ( ,diff]5tial ,:eel4 ,z long z ! resi/ance to ! turn+ movem5ts ( ! p9ions #c1 #d is ! same1 ! h\s+ ?r\gh p9ions #b1 #b1 w simply c>ry ! bevel ge>s #c1 #d ar\nd ) x1 )\t turn+ !m1 j ! same z ! equaliz] b> ,b 0 mov$ =w>d )\t ei!r end sw++ back or =?2 b ! mom5t ! :eel ( ! %aft #e1 = in/ance1 is compell$ to travel at a high] rate ( spe$1 or ! :eel on %aft #f meets ) a great] resi/ance1 ! small equaliz+ ge>s #b w turn1 & ! revoluble motion ( ! h\s+ #a1 :ile transmitt+ ! p[]1 & also c>ry+ ! ge>s1 w act1 9 effect1 ! same z ! pu% b> %[n 9 ! previ\s illu/ration4 ,l ! equaliz+ b>1 ! effect is to turn "o :eel1 say #c1 ) less1 & ! o!r :eel #d ) m ?an ! normal p[] or spe$4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! pr9ciple on :i* all diff]5tial automobile ge>+ is bas$1 t is1 t bo? :eels receive half ( ! driv+ p[] ev5 if "o :eel %\ld turn fa/]1 z %[n at ,fig4 #bi1 :i* is ! case :5 turn+ a corn]4 ,?is is :at causes ! p[] to drive bo? :eels at all times1 :e!r go+ /raight or on a turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd;a4 ,diff]5tial ,ge>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o :eel gets on slipp]y gr\nd1 !n ,a1 ,fig4 #bi1 w move =w>d1 )\t pull+ on ! l[] end4 ,z ! lev] ,a has ! same action z ! p9ion 9 a diff]5tial1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd;a1 x w be se5 t if ! p9ion c5t] is mov$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 & if ! :eel ,w#a slips1 ! p9ion w simply roll on ! bevel ge> ,g#b )\t driv+ x on ! :eel ,w#b4 ,?is is ! disagreeable *>act]i/ic ( a diff]5tial1 t makes "o :eel sp9 :5 x t\*es a slipp]y spot on ! road1 & /alls ! c>1 because ! o!r :eels _c get any driv+ p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,drive ,! t]m us$ to designate ! transmission ( p[] f ! eng9e to ! :eels1 is call$ ! drive4 ,9 ne>ly all c>s ! eng9e %aft runs =e & aft1 & consequ5tly is at "r angles to ! axles4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 necessitates "s sort ( ge>+ betwe5 ! eng9e %aft & axle4 ,?is *ange is made 9 ! bevel ge> drive h]eaft] expla9$4 ,z ! eng9e is m\nt$ on ! frame ( ! c>1 :i* re/s on spr+s1 & ! axle is bel[ ! spr+s1 x is obvi\s t ! drive mu/ be transmitt$ betwe5 two p>ts :i* h a relative up & d[n movem5t4 ,?is necessitates sev]al ?+s1 /ructurally1 :i* %\ld be consid]$4 ,fir/4 ,a flexible jo9t mu/ be int]pos$ 9 ! sy/em1 :]e a %aft is us$ to transmit ! p[]4 ,second4 ,torsion rods are necess>y to prev5t ! h\s+ or cas+ ( ! re> axle f turn+1 due to reaction ( ! driv+ bevel ge>4 ,?ird4 ,a rod1 or rods1 are requir$ to prev5t a =e & aft movem5t ( ! re> axle4 ,! rods run f ! ends ( ! re> axle h\s+ to "s conv5i5t po9t on ! frame4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,p[] ,,transmission4--,= conv5i5ce1 ^! me*anical elem5ts are illu/rat$ on a frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,radius ,rods4 ,fig4 #ce %[s a frame :i* has its re> axle provid$ ) a pair ( radius rods ,a ,a4 ,^! h _! re> ends atta*$1 9 any suitable mann]1 to ! axle h\s+1 ne> ! spr+s & ! =w>d ends are br\ght =w>d & pivot$ to ! cross beam ,b4 ,,torsion ,,rod4--,^! rods ?us take c>e ( any undue /ra9 :i* takes place by ! :eel /rik+ ob/ructions4 ,c repres5ts ! torsion rod :i* has its re> end firmly secur$ to ! h\s+ ,d1 & its =w>d end to ! cross piece ,e4 ,?is prev5ts ! h\s+ f turn+1 & also s]ves to provide aga9/ any undue ?ru/ ( ! driv+ bevel4 ,"s c>s disp5se ) ! torsion rod1 by incas+ ! %aft 9 a torsion tube4 ,su* a =m ( con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! torque tube ,a1 z x is call$1 is rigidly secur$ to ! h\s+ ,b1 ( ! re> axle1 ! =w>d end be+ pivot$ to a cross piece ,c ( ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,torque ,tube4 ,! radius rods ,d ,d1 h _! =w>d ends atta*$ to a sleeve ,e1 locat$ ne> ! =w>d end ( ! torque tube ,a1 & ! re> ends are secur$ to ! axle h\s+ ,f at ! spr+ seats4 ,"s manufactur]s avoid ! use ( ^! radius rods by su* a con/ruction 9 ! spr+s z w prev5t any =w>d & re>w>d movem5t ( ! axle4 ,,*a9 ,,drive4--,! *a9 drive ma*9es require ! radius rods1 or "s o!r means to c\nt]act ! movem5t ( ! axle :5 x meets an ob/ruction1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! *a9 transmits ! p[] to ! diff]5tial on ! :eel %aft4 ,,jack%aft4--,) ! d\ble *a9 drive no diff]5tial is us$ on ! axle1 b1 in/ead !re(1 x is plac$ on ! jack%aft :i* c>ries ! small driv+ sprocket :eels4 ,! *a9 transmits ! p[] direct to ea* :eel1 & a radius rod is necess>y to hold ! %aft ( ! drive sprocket :eel ! prop] di/ance f ! re> axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,*a9 ,drive4 ,su* an arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 9 :i* ! drive1 or jack%aft ,a is m\nt$ transv]sely across ! v]tically-movable frame ,b1 & ! torque b> ,c1 !re=e1 s]ves z ! means = keep+ ! jack%aft & ! axle ,d ! prop] di/ance ap>t1 & x is also arrang$ to s]ve z a radius rod to prev5t any undue t5sion on ! *a9 :5 a :eel /rikes an ob/ruction4 ,! :eels ( su* a truck turn freely on ! axle /ubs ( a dead axle4 ,,objections ,,to ,,*a9s4--,few pleasure c>s are n[ equipp$ 9 ?is mann]1 z ! %aft drive is m desirable = sev]al reasons3 ,! use ( *a9s is always objectionable1 z ! effici5cy decreases ) we> quick] ?an ! %aft drive1 & requires ! jack%aft1 sprocket *a9s & sprocket :eels1 besides ! noise & excessive we>1 by /ret*+ ( *a9s1 :i* are always inh]5t 9 ! use ( *a9s4 ,x is impossible to prev5t dirt1 s& & grit f adh]+ to ! *a9s1 unless !y are inclos$1 a ?+ :i* is difficult & exp5sive4 ,if !y are n s protect$ ! lubricant only s]ves to cat* ! grit & reta9 x1 s t :5 x is c>ri$ ar\nd by ! *a91 ! :eel & *a9 are bo? worn out4 ,ano!r difficulty 9 ! use ( *a9s is due to ! inability to keep !m at a prop] t5sion at all times4 ,all *a9s w /ret* 9 use1 consequ5tly ! t5sion w *ange1 & :5 we> takes place1 ! di/ance ( ! c5t]s ( driv+ & driv5 sprockets has to be adju/$1 call+ aga9 = ano!r me*anical complication4 ,,%aft ,,drive4--,! %aft ( ! eng9e1 be+ on ! frame1 has a v]tical movem5t1 & ! axle1 to :i* p[] is to be transmitt$1 is bel[4 ,! eng9e mu/ be m\nt$ s ! %aft incl9es1 or1 be plac$ l[ en\gh1 s t x w be on a direct l9e ) ! re> %aft4 ,9 ei!r case "s flexible means mu/ be provid$ betwe5 ! eng9e %aft & axle on acc\nt ( ! relative v]tical motion betwe5 eng9e & re> axle4 ,! /raight l9e drive is mo/ desirable1 9 e way1 z ! full p[] ( ! eng9e is available1 & ?is is usually arrang$ = by l[]+ ! eng9e b$ suffici5tly s t ! %aft w po9t /raight to ! axle :5 ! c> is load$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,%aft ,drive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,/raight ,l9e ,drive4 ,,tra9 ,,( ,,%aft+4--,sev]al l5g?s ( %aft+ are (t5 int]pos$ betwe5 ! eng9e %aft & axle1 & "s c>s h two univ]sal jo9ts 9 ! %aft l9e1 "o m\nt$ =w>d ( ! transmission case & ! o!r to ! re> ( x4 ,or1 m frequ5tly1 "o 9 ! re> ( ! transmission & "o 9 front ( ! re> axle4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to be ! mo/ g5]al practice to h a s+le univ]sal jo9t directly beh9d ! ge> case1 & ! %aft =w>d ( ! case only slightly incl9$4 ,figs4 #ch & #ci1 %[ ! two types1 ! =m] be+ ! /raight l9e drive1 & ! latt] a =m ( con/ruction :]e ! two univ]sal jo9ts make ! drive ?r\gh a l9e :i* m9imizes ! angles z mu* z possible betwe5 ! %afts4 ,figs4 #ch & #ci are n int5d$ to %[ all ! elem5ts 9 ! tra9 ( %aft+1 su* z jo9ts & connections1 b is m]ely design$ to illu/rate ! disposition ( ! drive %aft+ relative to ! eng9e & re> axle4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,clut*es ,clut*es are ess5tial 9 all gasol9e c>s1 = ! reason t ! driv+ p[] ( ! motor mu/ be frequ5tly disconnect$ f ! runn+ ge>4 ,^! devices are design$ to transmit motion f ! eng9e to ! transmission %aft1 s t :5 ! clut* is engag$ ! transmission %aft w turn ) ! eng9e %aft4 ,,clut* ,,requirem5ts4--,! fir/ requisite ( a clut* is its ability to firmly hold ! two %afts toge!r2 ! second is1 t x may be engag$ gradually1 & n sudd5ly2 ?ird1 t x mu/ disconnect in/antane\sly2 &1 f\r?1 t ! =ce requir$ to hold ! two p>ts ( ! clut* toge!r mu/ n produce an end ?ru/ on ei!r %aft4 ,^! requirem5ts mu/ be met by a condition t ! act ( engag+ ! clut* w n necessitate a long movem5t ( ! foot p$al :i* sets ! clut*4 ,o!r consid]ations mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 also1 & t is facility = exam9+ & repair+1 easy removal ( worn or brok5 p>ts1 & capability ( adju/m5t z ! contact surfaces we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,cone ,clut*4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t !re are _m elem5ts necess>y to provide a satisfactory clut*1 well adapt$ = all purposes1 & all ^! factors mu/ be consid]$ & und]/ood by ! boy :o w\ld be well in=m$4 ,,frictional ,,contact4--,9 any =m ( automobile clut*es1 !re mu/ be a frictional contact1 :i* means we>1 :atev] may be ! "* ( ! mat]ial employ$ = ! surfaces :i* are 9 engagem5t4 ,z a result1 clut*es are n[ made :i* w p]mit ! use ( oil4 ,o!rs disp5se ) x entirely4 ,ea* type has its advantages4 ,! cone clut*es usually d n use a lubricant4 ,?is is describ$ 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,cone ,,clut*4--,9 ! draw+ ,a repres5ts ! eng9e %aft1 :i* has a fly :eel ,b1 & ,c is ! transmission %aft4 ,! eng9e %aft has a %ort project+ /em ,d1 :i* abuts ! end ( ! transmission %aft ,c4 ,a holl[ hub ,e is loosely j\rnal$ on ! /em ,d1 & is ( suffici5t l5g? to ext5d ov] & h a be>+ on ! transmission %aft ,c1 ?is latt] be+ squ>$ s x w turn ) ! hub1 or x may be provid$ ) a fea!r to "w 9 a suitable groove 9 ! hub1 s t bo? w turn toge!r1 :ile p]mitt+ ! hub to move longitud9ally4 ,! inn] end ( ! hub ,e has a web ,f1 ) a conical be>+ surface ,g1 :i* engages ) an int]nal cone on ! fly :eel4 ,,compression ,,spr+ ,,9 ,,clut*es4--,)9 ! holl[ hub ,e is a compression spr+ ,h1 "o end ( :i* re/s aga9/ ! inn] end ( ! hub1 & ! out] end contacts aga9/ a coll> ,i1 :i* coll> is screw$ on ! ?read$ end ( ! /em ,d1 & by means ( :i* ! pressure ( ! spr+ may be regulat$ f "t to "t4 ,! normal action ( ! spr+ is to ?r[ ! cone surface ,g1 into engagem5t1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 & :5 ! foot presses d[n ! p$al ,j1 ! hub is mov$ back aga9/ ! t5sion ( ! spr+1 & ! clut* releas$4 ,x is obvi\s t if oil %\ld f9d its way betwe5 ! cone surfaces ! grip w\ld be mat]ially less5$1 & dep5d+ ^u ! k9d ( mat]ials us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,multiple ,disk ,clut*4 ,,! ,,multiple ,,disk ,,clut*4--,a type ( clut* :i* uses oil is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,! prom95t feature ( ! multiple disk is ! l>ge area ( contact surfaces available1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! comp>ative fre$om f we>1 ow+ to ! lubricat+ mat]ial1 makes x a favorite /ructure1 especially on acc\nt ( its gradual engagem5t :i* is n easily obta9able ) a cone clut*4 ,9 ! draw+1 ! transmission %aft ,a has its ends r$uc$ to receive !reon a set ( disks ,b4 ,! %aft is ribb$ along ! surface :]e ! disks are locat$1 & ! disks ,b h cut-out portions ,c1 = ! ribs1 s t1 :ile ! disks mu/ turn ) ! %aft1 !y are free to move longitud9ally4 ,! end ( ! eng9e %aft ,d1 has a tubul> h\s+ ,e1 to receive ! end ( ! transmission %aft ,a4 ,! inn] end ( ?is h\s+ embraces ! flange ,f1 ( a cyl9drical %ell ,g1 ?is %ell hav+ )9 a s]ies ( disks ,h1 secur$ to ! %ell s !y w slide longitud9ally1 b turn !re)1 & ^! disks alt]nate ) ! disks on ! transmission %aft4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! flange ,f1 ( ! %ell ,g1 has a tongue ,i1 :i* slides )9 a groove ,j 9 ! h\s+1 s t ! %ell ,g1 :ile turn+ ) ! %aft ,d1 may be mov$ longitud9ally on ! %aft ,a1 a limit$ di/ance4 ,! end ( ! %aft ,a1 has a coll> ,k1 & betwe5 ?is coll> & ! end ( ! flange ,f1 is an expansion spr+ ,l1 s t ! normal action ( ! spr+ is to pu% ! web ( ! %ell ,g1 t[>d ! disk head ,m1 & ?us =ce all ! disks toge!r & produce ! friction ( a v l>ge surface4 ,9 ord] to release ! clut*1 x is necess>y to draw back ! %ell ,g4 ,! me*anical action is m]ely %[n1 n ! exact /ructural arrangem5t4 ,an annul> flange ,n is =m$ on ! head ( ! %ell1 & a pair ( hook-%ap$ b>s ,o1 pass ?r\gh ! wall ( ! case1 _! out] ends be+ actuat$ by ! foot p$al1 9 any conv5i5t mann]4 ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,multiple-,,disk ,,clut*es4--,^! clut*es h also _! weaknesses4 ,sometimes !y w grip too quickly1 if ! lubricat+ oil is too ?91 or if !re is n en\gh ( x2 or1 if x becomes v ?ick & gummy1 ! disks w n free !mselves quickly1 & ! clut* w drag4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,multiple-,,disks4--,:5 su* is ! case1 x is bett] to take out all ! lubricant1 & ?or\ghly clean (f ! disks1 & put 9 a fre% supply4 ,if ! case is kept prop]ly clos$1 s t ! oils w n be wa/$1 & no du/ c ent]1 a light1 ?9 oil1 w la/ = a long "t4 ,:5 ! clut* slips1 x is due to we>1 or to insuffici5t spr+ pressure1 & a new adju/m5t is necess>y2 & x is frequ5tly ! case t ! rod betwe5 ! clut* & p$al mu/ be tak5 up1 ?is be+ ! case1 usually1 :]e !re is any we> 9 ! clut* itself4 ,! disks are1 usually1 :olly ( metal4 ,among o!r mat]ials1 cork is us$ to face friction surfaces ( diff]5t clut* designs1 & a v>iety ( mat]ials are con/antly add$ to ! li/1 :i* h good we>+ qualities4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,transmission1 ,,or ,,*ange ,,spe$ ,,ge>s ,ow+ to ! peculi> "* ( ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9es1 !re is always a c]ta9 spe$ at :i* x w "w m satisfactorily1 & ) great] economy4 ,9 ?is respect x is unlike ! /eam eng9e1 :i* has a mu* wid] range ( effectiv5ess4 ,s9ce all c>s n[ use int]nal combu/ion motors1 & ?rottl+ is unsatisfactory1 z a means ( controll+ ! eng9e1 or *ang+ ! spe$ & p[]1 s z to use x economically1 a me*anical spe$ *ange sy/em is ess5tial4 ,?is conta9s c]ta9 ge>s1 :i* are design$ to *ange ! spe$ ( ! transmission %aft relative to ! eng9e %aft4 ,,transmission ,,lev]age4--,x is simply us+ lev]age 9 ord] to produce a m effective pull1 or to atta9 great] spe$1 f a %aft :i* runs at a c]ta9 numb] ( revolutions4 ,if we h a motor ) a %aft spe$ (1 say1 #hjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & an axle ) a spe$ ( #djj revolutions1 ! ratio w\ld be #b to #a4 ,n[1 to spe$ up ! ma*9e1 s t ! axle w turn #hjj revolutions1 w\ld require an eng9e spe$ ( #afjj1 :i* might be impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,progressive ,transmission4 ,l[4 ,,economy ,,( ,,transmission ,,ge>+4--,f an economical /&po9t1 also1 x w\ld be undesirable1 ev5 ?\gh ! eng9e %\ld be able to make ! spe$4 ,ow+ to ! explosion impulses ( ! gasol9e motor1 a heavy fly :eel is necess>y on ! eng9e %aft1 9 ord] to /ore up p[] by mom5tum1 & also to give a uni=m spe$4 ,9 hill climb+1 or 9 c>ry+ heavy loads1 ! transmission %aft mu/ h its spe$ cut d[n1 :ile p]mitt+ ! eng9e to run at full or normal spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,neutral ,position4 ,! transmission ge>+ is1 !re=e1 ! mo/ satisfactory solution ( ! problem1 because *ang+ ! eng9e spe$ de/roys its effectiv5ess1 & we %all1 !re=e1 consid] "s ( ! types = t purpose4 ,!re are two di/9ct sy/ems ( transmission1 namely3 ,! ,positive1 & ! ,frictional4 ,( ! positive sy/em we h ! planet>y & ! slid+ ge> types4 ,! slid+ ge> type has two me?ods ( control1 "o kn[n z ! progressive1 & ! o!r ! selective4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,transmission4--,! progressive1 selective & planet>y types1 are entirely diff]5t f ! frictional sy/em1 = ! reason t !y effect ! *anges by /ep movem5ts1 ! spe$s be+ produc$ at c]ta9 ratios1 :]eas ! frictional me?od has indef9ite & inf9ite ratios4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,int]m$iate4 ,! foll[+ diagrams w cle>ly br+ out ! di/9ctive features ( ea*4 ,fig4 #db %[s a %aft ,a1 :i* d]ives p[] f ! eng9e1 hav+ 9 l9e ) x a %aft ,b1 :i* connects ) ! driv5 %aft4 ,! %aft ,b is squ>$1 b x has a r\nd end ,c1 :i* is socket$ axially )9 ! head ( ! %aft ,a4 ,,! ,,progressive4--,! head ,d has a small p9ion ,e1 & on its side is provid$ ) project+ tee? ,f4 ,! loosely-revolv+ squ>$ %aft ,b has !reon a pair ( spur ge> ,g ,h1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r a trifle m ?an ! wid? ( ea* ge>1 & !y are unit$ by an int]m$iate hub s !y turn 9 unison4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,high4 ,bel[ ! %aft ,b1 & p>allel !re)1 is a %aft ,j1 :i* c>ries a spur ge> ,k1 t is con/antly 9 me% ) ! p9ion ,e4 ,to ! "r is a small] ge> ,l1 :i* is ! same diamet] z ! ge> ,g1 ) :i* x is adapt$ to me%2 & a small ge> ,m1 ab\t "o-?ird ! diamet] ( ! ge> ,h1 is also m\nt$ on ! "r-h& end ( ! %aft1 :i* me%es ) ! ge> ,h1 :5 ! latt] is mov$ to ! "r on its %aft ,b4 ,beh9d ! two ge>s ,h1 ,m1 is a %aft ,n1 p>allel ) %aft ,j1 :i* is s m\nt$ t x has a longitud9al movem5t1 & ?is c>ries a broad-fac$ p9ion ,o1 s t x is wide en\gh to engage ) bo? ( ! ge>s ,h1 ,m1 :5 !y are n 9 l9e1 or 9 engagem5t ) ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is latt] %aft ,n1 is mov$ longitud9ally by means ( ! rev]s+ lev] ,p4 ,?is lev]1 toge!r ) ! ge>-%ift+ lev]1 h]eaft] expla9$1 are m]ely indicat$ 9 _! pres5t mann]1 9 ord] to %[1 diagrammatically1 h[ ! ge>s are %ift$4 ,,l[ ,,ge>4--,! ge>-%ift+ lev] ,q1 9 ,fig4 #db1 9 ?is in/ance1 %[s ! l>ge ge> ,h1 mov$ into me% ) ! ge> ,m1 s t p[] is transmitt$ f ! eng9e %aft ,a1 ?r\gh ge>s ,e1 ,k1 %aft ,j1 & ge>s ,m1 ,h1 to ! driv5 %aft ,b4 ,9 exam9+ ,fig4 #dc1 x w be se5 t ! %ift+ lev] ,i1 has mov$ ! ge>s ,g1 ,h1 s !y are int]m$iate to ! ge>s ,l1 ,m4 ,! me*anism is n[ at :at is call$ ! neutral position1 :i* means t ! eng9e drives only ! %aft ,a1 & ! %aft ,j1 ?r\gh ! ge>s ,e1 ,k4 ,,int]m$iate ,,ge>4--,n[1 :5 ! lev] is mov$ ov] ano!r /ep1 z 9 ,fig4 #dd1 ! ge>s ,g ,l me% toge!r1 & motion is transmitt$ f ! ge> ,e1 to ge> ,k1 ?r\gh %aft ,j1 & ge>s ,l ,g1 to ! %aft ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,rev]se4 ,?is is call$ ! int]m$iate1 :i* 9 ?is size ge>s1 drives ! %aft at half ! eng9e spe$1 or half ( ! spe$ ( %aft ,a1 = ! reason t ge>s ,g ,l1 are ( ! same diamet]1 & ge>s ,e & ,k are 9 ! ratio ( #a to #b4 ,,high ,,ge>4--,:5 ! lev] is %ift$ ano!r not*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 ! cr[n tee? ,f ,g1 ( ! respective ge>s ,e ,g1 engage1 & ! two %afts ,a ,b1 are lock$ toge!r1 ?us turn+ ! two %afts 9 unison4 ,?is is call$ direct drive1 9 :i* case ! %aft ,b1 turns ) ! eng9e4 ,,rev]s+4--,:5 ! c> is n runn+ ! ge>s ,g ,h are always 9 a neutral position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 & 9 ord] to rev]se %aft ,b1 ! lev] ,p1 is drawn back1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 s t ! small ge> ,o1 w engage ) ! l>ge & ! small ge>s ,h ,m1 respectively4 ,! result is1 ge> ,h1 is rev]s$1 & ?is rev]sal c take place only :5 ! two ge>s ,g ,h are 9 a neutral position4 ,! t]m progressive takes its "n f ! motion ( ! control lev] involv$ 9 *ang+ ! ge>s4 ,x proce$s regul>ly f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,,selective ,,type4--,! second me?od1 ! selective1 enables ! op]ator to select any spe$ at w1 & 9 do+ s1 x is n necess>y to g ?r\gh ! o!r spe$s to rea* ! high or ! l[1 z is ! case ) ! progressive4 ,:]e !re are only ?ree spe$s =w>d1 & "o 9 rev]s+1 ?is is n s mat]ial1 b z ! bett] class c>s h f\r spe$s =w>d1 x means t 9 ord] to rea* high ! ge> 9 a progressive sy/em mu/ g ?r\gh two int]m$iate spe$s4 ,! %aft ,b1 ,fig4 #dg1 :i* connects ) ! eng9e ?r\gh a clut*1 has its end j\rnal$ 9 a driv5 %aft ,a1 & a ge> ,c is fix$ to ! %aft ,b1 & provid$ ) a recess$ side4 ,?is has int]nal tee? to receive ! tee? ( a slid+ ge> ,d4 ,ano!r1 small]1 slid+ ge> ,e is also on ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,selective ,transmission4 ,l[ ,ge>4 ,bel[ ! %afts ,a ,b is a %aft ,f1 :i* c>ries a ge> ,g1 ab\t half ! diamet] ( ! ge> ,c1 ) :i* x is con/antly 9 engagem5t4 ,?is %aft1 fur!r1 has a ge> ,i1 ! same diamet] z ! ge> ,d1 ) :i* x me%es1 & ! %aft also c>ries a ge> ,k1 small] ?an ge> ,j4 ,beh9d ! ge> ,k is an idl] p9ion ,l1 9 su* position t x may be slid into contact ) ,k1 & ! ge> ,e1 on %aft ,b1 is also adapt$ to be me%$ ) ! p9ion ,l by slid+ contact4 ,all ! ge>s ,g ,i ,j ,k are key$ to ! %aft ,f1 & only ! ge>s ,d ,e & ,l are capable ( be+ %ift$4 ,,l[ ,,ge>4--,fig4 #dg %[s ! ge>s ,e ,j 9 engagem5t1 & ! motion is1 !re=e1 transmitt$ f ! %aft ,b1 ?r\gh ge>s ,e ,j & ge> ,g to ,c1 !reby giv+ a sl[ spe$ to ! driv5 %aft ,a4 ,?is is call$ l[ ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,int]m$iate4 ,,int]m$iate ,,ge>4--,to *ange into ! int]m$iate1 ! ge> ,d1 engages ) ,i1 ,fig4 #dh1 s t bo? %afts ,b ,f run at ! same spe$1 b 9 opposite directions1 s9ce ^! two ge>s are ( ! same diamet]4 ,! selective me*anism1 z h]e9aft] expla9$1 %[s h[ ?is may be done s t ! ge> ,e1 w also be ?r[n out ( engagem5t ) ,j at ! same "t4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t :ile ! ge>s ,e ,j turn ! %aft ,f 9 a direction opposite ! %aft ,b1 ! %aft ,a is aga9 rev]s$ by ! ge>s ,g ,c1 s t bo? %afts ,a ,b1 turn 9 ! same direction1 b ! %aft ,a1 n[ turns at j half ! spe$ ( %aft ,b1 because ! ge> ,g is only half ! diamet] ( ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,high4 ,,high ,,ge>4--,! direct drive1 ,fig4 #di1 is arrang$ by connect+ ! two %afts ,a ,b toge!r1 & ?is is done by means ( ! tee? ( ! :eel ,d1 engag+ ) ! int]nal tee? ( ! ge> ,c1 s t %aft ,a turns ) ! eng9e4 ,,rev]se ,,ge>4--,! rev]s+ engagem5t is br\ght ab\t by putt+ ! ge>s ,k ,l ,e into me% ) ea* o!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #ej1 ?us mak+ ! transmission f %aft ,b1 ?r\gh ge>s ,e ,l & ,k1 %aft ,f1 & back to ,a1 ?r\gh ge>s ,g ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,rev]se4 ,a f\r-spe$ selection transmission uses f\r1 in/ead ( ?ree1 ge>s on ! driv+ %aft1 )\t 9 any way *ang+ ! pr9ciples above outl9$4 ,,control ,,lev] ,,= ,,progressive ,,transmission4--,a c>eful /udy ( ! foll[+ me*anism1 tak5 9 connection ) ! accompany+ sket* ( ! *ange spe$ ge>1 & ! relations ( ! sev]al elem5ts1 w expla9 ! me?od n[ g5]ally employ$ 9 ! use ( ! progressive type4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ea1 %[s ! eng9e #a1 ) its %aft #b1 connect$ directly ) ! %aft ,a ( ! transmission ge>+4 ,int]m$iate ! ge> box & ! eng9e #a1 is a clut* #d1 ) :i* ! foot p$al #e is connect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,progressive ,control ,me*anism4 ,! ge> box has !reon a =e & aft slid+ b> #f1 ! =w>d end ( :i* projects ?r\gh ! case & is pivotally connect$ ) ! *ange spe$ lev] #g4 ,! lev] has a quadrant #h1 alongside1 ) f\r not*es !re91 = ! l[1 int]m$iate1 & high & also = ! neutral positions ( ! lev]4 ,! slid+ b> #f1 has an arm1 ! =k ( :i* spans ! hub ,i ( ! ge>s ,g ,h1 s !y may be c>ri$ 9 ei!r direction :5 ! spe$ lev] sw+s to & fro4 ,! rev]s+ lev] #aj may be connect$ up ) a b>1 simil> to #f1 b = conv5i5ce h]e91 we employ a v]tical lev] ,r1 pivot$ to a cross rock-%aft ,s4 ,! l[] end ( ?is lev] has a =k ,t to engage ! coll> ( ! %aft ,n ( ! idl] p9ion4 ,! upp] end ( ! lev] is connect$ ) ! rev]s+ lev] #aj by a l9k ,u4 ,! quadrant1 alongside ! rev]s+ lev]1 has two not*es1 z %[n1 "o be+ design$ to hold ! lev] 9 a cut-out position1 :]eas ! o!r not* is to hold ! lev] #aj :5 ! runn+ ge> is 9 action4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,progressive ,,ge>4--,! relative arrangem5t ( ! p>ts gives a compreh5sive idea ( ! me*anical ideas involv$1 & by ref]r+ to ! description & illu/rations ( ! ge>s1 x w be se5 h[ ! *ange lev] #g1 9 mov+ back "o not*1 f its neutral position1 w ?r[ ! ge> ,g into me% ) ,l1 & ano!r movem5t ( ! lev] to ! next not*1 w cause ! cr[n tee? on ,g1 to engage ) ! tee? on ge> ,e1 & ?us effect a high ge> connection4 ,,! ,,selector ,,me*anism4--,?is is m or less confus+ to ! novice1 & ! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,fig4 #eb1 %[s a p]spective view1 9 :i* "s ( ! p>ts are drawn out ( proportion1 m]ely = ! sake ( cle>ness4 ,! aim is to %[ pr9ciples & n details ( exact me*anical con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,selective ,control ,me*anism4 ,,selector ,,b>s4--,! two selector b>s ,a ,b1 are m\nt$ 9 guide ways s !y move longitud9ally alongside ea* o!r a limit$ di/ance4 ,ea* b> has an arm1 z at ,c ,d1 ! end ( ea* hav+ a curv$ f+] ,e to engage ! annul> grooves on ! hubs ( ! %ift+ ge>s4 ,above ^! b>s1 & at "r angles !reto1 is a rock-%aft ,f1 m\nt$ 9 be>+s ,g ,g1 s t x is longitud9ally-movable a limit$ di/ance1 to %ift ! selector lev] ,h f "o b> ,a to ! o!r b> ,b4 ,,%ift+ ,,lev]4--,! selector ,i has two =e & aft slots ,j ,k1 ^! slots be+ ( su* wid? t ! ge> %ift+ lev] ,l c travel !re9 back & =?4 ,midway betwe5 ! ends ( ! b> ! int]m$iate wall ( ! selector plate has a cut-out portion z at ,m1 s ! lev] may pass ?r\gh4 ,?is op5+1 or gate-way1 is 9 su* a position1 relative to ! cross lots ,n ,o1 ( ! b>s ,a ,b1 t :5 ! lev] is 9 l9e ) ! gate-way1 ! slots ,n ,o are also 9 l9e1 & 9 a neutral position1 s t :5 a lat]al motion is imp>t$ to ! lev] ,l1 & ! rock-%aft ,f is mov$ longitud9ally1 ! selector lev] ,h w !n engage ) ! o!r b>4 ,,spe$ ,,selectors4--,! selector ,i1 9 ,fig4 #eb1 :ile made sub/antially ! same 9 all c>s1 has a diff]5t ord] ( lev] movem5t4 ,ea* manufactur] has 8 own pref]5tial type4 ,9 "s cases ! lev] mu/ be ?r[n =w>d 9 ord] to rev]se1 & 9 o!rs x is drawn back4 ,9 c]ta9 c>s ! lev] is mov$ =w>dly to ?r[ ! ge>s into fir/1 or l[1 :ile a numb] ( mak]s insi/ t ! fir/ movem5t %\ld be to ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,types ( ,spe$ ,selectors4 ,fig4 #ec4 #c-,spe$4 ,fig4 #ed4 #c-,spe$4 ,fig4 #ee4 #c-,spe$4 ,fig4 #ef4 #d-,spe$4 ,fig4 #eg4 #d-,spe$4 ,fig4 #eh4 #d-,spe$4 ,fig4 #ei4 #d-,spe$4 ,?is is1 really1 an immat]ial matt]1 s long z !re is no /&>d1 & ea* claims "s di/9ctive feature ( value = 8 p>ticul> *oice4 #c-,,spe$ ,,selectors4--,figs4 #ec1 #ed & #ee %[ ! #c-spe$ selectors1 9 ea* ( :i* ! rev]se is br\ght ab\t by mov+ ! lev] to ! =w>d end ( ! selector4 ,9 ,figs4 #ec & #ed ! lev] slot1 = rev]s+1 is 9 ! inside1 :]eas 9 #ee x is 9 ! outside slot4 ,! =m #ec also has1 9 c]ta9 makes1 ! rev]se at ! re> end ( ! selector4 #d-,,spe$ ,,selectors4--,! greate/ v>iety is f\nd 9 ! #d-spe$ types1 repres5t$ by ,figs4 #ef1 #eg1 #eh & #ei1 ! almo/ univ]sal plan be+ to place ! rev]se 9 ! s+le side slot1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,control-,lev] ,bracket4 ,"o ( ! mo/ practicable & easily op]at$ selectors is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 :i* is us$ on ! ,jeff]y c>4 ,,controll+ ,,! ,,selector4--,x w be se51 on exam9ation ( ! selector1 t if1 9 />t+1 ! lev] is at its neutral position1 z x %\ld be1 & x is mov$ inw>dly ! di/ance ( ab\t an in*1 x w be 9 position :]e x c be mov$ =w>d to ! fir/ spe$ position4 ,! clut* ( ! c> may !n be dis5gag$ g5tly1 by press+ ! foot d[n sl[ly1 & at ! same "t press+ ! accel]ator ) ! "r foot1 s z to increase ! spe$ ( ! motor suffici5tly to take c>e ( ! load4 ,aft] ! clut* engages & ! c> has travel$ ab\t t5 feet1 pressure on ! accel]ator is releas$1 & ! clut* p$al pull$ d[n quickly1 & ! lev] is !n pull$ /raight back to ! second spe$4 ,,us+ ,,! ,,clut* ,,& ,,selector4--,= ! ?ird & f\r? spe$s ! same c\rse is foll[$4 ,if1 9 hill climb+1 or 9 go+ ?r\gh a heavy /ret* ( mud or s&1 l[] spe$ is requir$1 ! clut* is ?r[n out1 &1 if travel+ on f\r? spe$1 ! control lev] is quickly pull$ to ! re> end ( ! slot1 & !n ! clut* ?r[n 94 ,if x is on ?ird spe$1 ! clut* is dis5gag$1 ! control lev] pu%$ =w>d1 at ! same "t press+ x inw>dly s x w pass ?r\gh ! gate1 & !n pull+ x back to ! second spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,planet>y ,transmission4 ,,planet>y ,,transmission4--,fig4 #fa %[s ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! planet>y transmission4 ,! disk ,a1 c>ries f\r small planet ge>s ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 ! hub ,c ( :i* is atta*$ to ! transmission %aft4 ,^! f\r planet :eels me% ) & travel ar\nd a c5tral ge> ,c1 ( ! same diamet] ?is ge> be+ atta*$ to ! eng9e %aft ,d4 ,e is a loosely-revolv+ drum1 ) int]nal tee?1 to me% ) ! planet :eels ,b4 ,! drum ,e1 & ! disk or planet :eel c>ri] ,a1 are provid$ ) brak+ me*anism s t ei!r may be sl[$ d[n or entirely /opp$4 ,= sl[ spe$ ,e is /ation>y2 = high spe$ ,a & ,e revolve ) ! ge> ,c2 & = rev]s+ ,a is lock$ by means ( ! brake4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,frictional ,transmission4 ,,frictional ,,transmission4--,a s+le illu/ration w suffice to %[ ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ,frictional transmission4 ,fig4 #fb repres5ts a driv5 %aft ,a1 :i* receives its p[] f ! eng9e1 & on :i* is m\nt$ a friction :eel ,b1 t is adapt$ to travel along on ! %aft 9 front ( a friction disk ,c1 secur$ to ! transmission %aft ,d4 ,! %aft ,a has a spl9e ,e1 & means are provid$ at ! end ( ! :eel ,b to draw x back & =? on ! %aft1 ! slighte/ movem5t t[>d ! c5t] ( ! friction disk ,c s]v+ to increase ! spe$ ( ! driv5 %aft ,d4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,motor ,?is is a subject s va/ & compreh5sive1 t x w require mo/ c>eful ?\ght & att5tion 9 ord] to get a work+ idea ( ! pr9ciple4 ,! greate/ ref9em5ts are resort$ to 9 ! build+ & h&l+ ( eng9es1 & m att5tion is be/[$ on ?is "p ( ! automobile ?an on any o!r feature = ! foll[+ reason3 ,,value ,,( ,,fuel ,,utiliz$4--,n m ?an eighte5 p] c5t4 ( ! value ( ! fuel is actually utiliz$4 ,! re/ is wa/e4 ,a gasol9e eng9e is a heat motor1--t is1 x d]ives its p[] f ! expansion ( ! fuel1 & ?is expansion is produc$ by ! heat4 ,n[ ! loss ref]r$ to comes ab\t 9 ?is way3 ,ab\t #eb p] c5t4 ( ! loss is tak5 up by ! wat] :i* surr\nds ! eng9e cyl9d]s2 f sixte5 to sev5te5 p] c5t4 escapes at ! exhau/2 & fifte5 p] c5t4 loss is due to conduction & radiation4 ,,! ,,wa/e4--,! great wa/e1 !re=e1 lies 9 ! cool+ means1 :i* mu/ be employ$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ignit$ gases rea*es fully #bbjj degrees1 :i* is ov] t5 times ! temp]ature requir$ to conv]t wat] into /eam4 ,wat] absorbs m heat ?an any o!r sub/ance1 s t ?is quality is utiliz$2 b ! wat]1 if n kept 9 motion1 :5 appli$ to su* a highly-heat$ surface z an eng9e cyl9d]1 w\ld be conv]t$ into sup]heat$ /eam1 & w\ld !n be ( no fur!r value4 ,,wat] ,,absorption4--,?is necessitates a con/ant & int]mitt+ motion1 s t ! m rapidly ! wat] moves1 ! less x w become heat$4 ,at ! same "t1 means mu/ be provid$ to cool ! wat] 9 its circuit back to ! eng9e1 & ! mo/ effici5t means to accompli% ?is is to provide a radiator at ! =w>d end ( ! ma*9e4 ,! circulat+ sy/em1 toge!r ) ! radiator1 w be describ$ "u _! prop] head+s4 ,,eng9e ,,types4--,!re are two di/9ct types ( eng9e1 "o call$ ! two-cycle1 & ! o!r ! f\r-cycle4 ,cycle has ref]5ce to a p]iod or turn1 9 :i* c]ta9 me*anical op]ations are complet$ 9 regul> ord] s to =m a succession ( ev5ts4 ,,! ,,f\r-,,cycle ,,eng9e4--,^! ev5ts 9 a f\r-cycle eng9e require ! crank to make two complete turns1 ! ord] be+ z foll[s3 ,/>t+ ) ! explosion ( ! *>ge1 ! fir/ elem5t 9 ! cycle1 is ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on 7expansion72 second1 ! return ( ! pi/on to ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] 7exhau/72 ?ird1 ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on1 on its second revolution1 & ! draw+ 9 ( a fre% *>ge ( fuel 7suction72 & f\r?1 ! return /roke :i* compresses ! fuel = driv+ ! pi/on d[n ! next /roke 7compression74 ,,! ,,two-,,cycle4--,! two-cycle eng9e1 at ! explosion1 s5ds ! pi/on d[nw>dly1 & z ! crank case & cyl9d] are connect$ up toge!r s z to =m an air tight receptacle1 )9 :i* ! crank & %aft turn1 ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on compresses all ! gas :i* has be5 previ\sly drawn into ! crank case4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! extreme limit ( its d[nw>d movem5t1 x uncov]s a port 9 ! side wall ( ! cyl9d]1 s z to af=d an outlet = ! gases ( combu/ion1 & imm$iately !reaft] ! pi/on also uncov]s a duct t leads f ! crank case1 s t ! previ\sly compress$ gases1 z /at$1 ru% 91 & ?is inw>d movem5t ( ! fre% gas1 also facilitates ! movem5t ( ! burnt gases at ! opposite side4 ,,compression4--,:5 ! pi/on />ts on its return /roke1 or upw>d movem5t1 x compresses ! *>ge ?us receiv$1 & :5 ! pi/on ne>s ! upp] end ( its /roke ! sp>k+ me*anism aga9 explodes x1 s t ! cycle is =m$ by ! two op]ations1 p]=m$ by a s+le turn ( ! crank %aft4 ,?is latt] type ( eng9e is n us$ to a great ext5t4 ,x has ! advantage t no valves are us$1 except ! "o at ! inlet ( ! gas to ! crank case1 & no /ems1 pu% rods1 cam %afts1 or spr+s are requir$ to control ! movem5ts ( ! fre% & burnt gases4 ,aside f t su* eng9es weigh consid]ably less ?an ! f\r cycle type4 ,,economy ,,( ,,f\r-,,cycle ,,eng9e4--,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r cycle is m economical1 because !re is m "t = ! admission ( ! fuel1 & = exhau/+ ! gases4 ,fur!rmore1 x is obvi\s t 9 a two cycle eng9e m or less ( ! fre% fuel gas is mix$ ) & is dis*>g$ f ! cyl9d] ) ! burnt gases4 ,z ! dis*>ge ( ! burnt gases & ! admission ( a fre% *>ge1 is practically simultane\s1 ! op5+ ( ! dis*>ge is plac$ 9 ! cyl9d] at su* a po9t t ! pressure ( ! gases _c be utiliz$ = ! full d[nw>d /roke1 z is ! case ) ! f\r cycle type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f\r-,,cycle ,,eng9e ,fig4 #fc4 ,fir+ ,position4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,return ,fir/ ,cycle4 ,,valve ,,movem5ts4--,be=e proce$+ to expla9 ! eng9e 9 detail1 ! diff]5t valve movem5ts ( a f\r cycle cyl9d] are %[n1 & ?is w be ( s]vice 9 expla9+ ! diff]5t p>ts z !y are ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( eng9es1 z w be m p>ticul>ly po9t$ out h]e9aft]1 ! inlet & exhau/ valves are usually op]at$ by me*anical means1 b c]ta9 eng9es are s con/ruct$ t ! inlet valve is automatic 9 its op]ation1 & ! exhau/ valve only is actuat$ me*anically4 ,9 ! draw+s1 ,figs4 #fc to #ff1 inclusive1 bo? valves are op]at$ f cams on a second>y %aft1 & 9 ! fir/ ( ^! f\r figures ! crank has j turn$ ! po9t :]e ! pi/on is at its highe/ limit1 & is ab\t to desc5d4 ,bo? valves ,a ,b are clos$1 & ! sp>k fires ! *>ge1 driv+ d[n ! pi/on to its l[e/ limit4 ,9 ,fig4 #fd ! crank is %[n ab\t to move ! pi/on upw>dly1 & j z x turns ! dead c5t] ! cam ,c1 on ! second>y %aft1 unseats ! valve ,b1 ?r\gh ! /em ,d4 ,z ! pi/on moves upw>dly1 ! burnt gases are =c$ out pa/ ! valve ,b4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! highe/ po9t 9 its fir/ revolution1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe1 ! /em ,d drops (f ! cam ,c1 ?us clos+ ! dis*>ge1 & imm$iately ! valve ,a is op5$ by ! cam ,e mov+ ! valve /em ,f upw>dly1 & z ! pi/on n[ desc5ds1 fuel is n[ drawn 9 until ! pi/on rea*es its l[e/ po9t4 ,9 ,fig4 #ff ! crank is turn+ ! dead c5t]1 & is ab\t to move upw>dly1 & ! cams ,g ,e are n[ bo? 9 su* position t ! valves ,a ,b are clos$1 & :5 ! pi/on moves up aga91 to complete ! second revolution1 ! fuel gas )9 ! cyl9d] is compress$1 & ready to be fir$ ! mom5t ! crank rea*es ! position1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,draw+ 9 ,*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,compression4 ,,! ,,ignition ,,po9t ,,9 ,,! ,,cycle4--,9 practice1 ! fir+ takes place be=e ! crank has made ! turn pa/ ! dead c5t]1 & ?is is call$ pre-ignition1 :5 ! sp>k is advanc$ too f> to ! left4 ,! ignition %\ld take place slightly be=e ! crank turns1 because x takes a small int]val ( "t = ! *>ge to burn ! gases1 & dur+ ?is "t ! crank w h pass$ ! dead c5t]1 & />t$ on its way d[nw>dly4 ,f ! diagrams x w be obs]v$ t two ( ! /rokes1 namely ! fir/ & ! ?ird1 are d[nw>d1 & ! second & f\r? are upw>d1 & t ! d[nw>d /rokes take place dur+ ! admission & impulse1 & ! compression & exhau/ :ile ! pi/on moves upw>dly4 ,,! ,,fly-,,:eel4--,z ! impulse 9 ?is type c take place only at ea* second revolution1 x is obvi\s t "s means mu/ be provid$ to keep ! %aft mov+ dur+ ! two turns1 & = ?is purpose ! fly-:eel is utiliz$4 ,practice has f\nd ! multi-cyl9d] type ! mo/ valuable1 9 connection ) ! fly-:eel1 z 9 employ+ two or m cyl9d]s 9 l9e1 a small] fly :eel w be suffici5t4 ,,impulses ,,9 #d-;,,cyl9d] ,,eng9e4--,9 su* a case ! f\r cyl9d]s are arrang$ s ! impulse w be at f\r diff]5t po9ts ( ! %aft1 & we may assume t ! f\r cyl9d]s 9 ,figs4 #fc1 #fd1 #fe & #ff1 %[ ! relative positions ( ! f\r pi/ons 9 a f\r cyl9d] eng9e4 ,,! ,,cyl9d] ,,case1 ,,& ,,connections4--,a cross section ( a case & ! relative positions ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! cyl9d] ,a is provid$ ) a wat] jacket ,b1 s z to =m a space ,c ar\nd ! cyl9d] :i* has an inlet pipe ,d at ! bottom1 & an outlet pipe ,e at ! upp] end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,automatic ,inlet ,valve4 ,! inlet valve ,f is 9 ! head ( ! cyl9d]1 & x is held aga9/ its seat by a t5sion spr+ ,g4 ,! exhau/ valve ,h is plac$ 9 a lat]al ext5sion ( ! cyl9d]1 9 su* a position t x is directly above ! second>y %aft ,i runn+ ?r\gh ! crank case4 ,! /em ,j ( ! valve1 is actuat$ by a cam ,k on ! second>y %aft1 & x is1 pref]ably1 made 9 two p>ts1 ! upp] be+ s arrang$ t x has a limit$ longitud9al movem5t indep5d5tly ( ! l[] "p1 & a spr+ is arrang$ s z to provide = longitud9al ?ru/ 9 ei!r direction4 ,! crank %aft ,m has alongside ! crank1 a ge> :eel ,n1 :i* me%es ) a ge> ,o on ! second>y %aft ,i1 ?is latt] ge> be+ twice ! diamet] ( ! ge> ,n4 ,,pi/on ,,& ,,crank ,,con/ruction4--,! pi/on is holl[1 & ! crank is locat$ z close to ! head z possible4 ,?is has two or m circumf]5tial grooves1 to receive pack+ r+s4 ,! r+s are made ( v h>d /eel1 & are turn$ up slightly l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 & !n cut across diagonally1 s !y may be sprung into place1 & :5 9 position !y w be> aga9/ ! inside ( ! cyl9d]1 & ?us s]ve to prev5t ! passage ( ! gases4 ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,effici5cy4--,! great problem ) e beg9n] is to "k some?+ ( ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 & h[ x is det]m9$4 ,consid]+ t ! boy kn[s no?+ ( ! t]ms us$ to designate ! /ep we %all try to make ! foll[+ description z free f te*nicalities z possible4 ,9 ,fig4 #fh a cyl9d] is repres5t$1 conta9+ a pi/on ,a4 ,b ,c indicate ! limits ( ! /roke1 & = conv5i5ce ?is space is provid$ ) elev5 m>ks to repres5t ! pressure ( ! ignit$ gases at v>i\s portions ( ! travel ( ! pi/on4 ,,pressure ,,9 ,,explosion4--,:5 ! explosion takes place1 at ,b1 ! pressure w be1 approximately1 #bcj p\nds p] squ>e in* ( ! pi/on4 ,:5 x moves to ! next m>k ! pressure has decreas$ to #bbj p\nds1 at ! next m>k x is #bjj1 & s on1 until1 at ! end ( ! /roke1 opposite ,c1 ! pressure is only #dj p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,calculat+ ,effici5cy4 ,,expansion ,,l9e4--,^! figures repres5t ! expansion l9e4 ,x is n[ necess>y to get ! mean effective pressure1 :i* means t we mu/ "k :at ! av]age pressure ( ! gas is 9 ea* squ>e in* f ,b to ,c4 ,,mean ,,effective ,,pressure4--,?is is obta9$ by add+ toge!r ! figures giv5 9 ! sket*1 & ! result is1 #aecj4 ,z elev5 pressures 7 requir$ to produce ?is sum1 x %\ld be divid$ by t numb]1 mak+ ! result #adh1 avoid+ fractions1 z we %all d 9 all ! calculations4 ,! figures repres5t t ! mean effective pressure ( ! gases on ! pi/on is #adh p\nds4 ,if ?is is multipli$ by ! area ( ! pi/on1 & ?is result by ! /roke 9 feet & ! numb] ( p[] /rokes p] m9ute1 we get :at is call$ foot p\nds4 ,,foot ,,p\nds4--,assum+ t ! diamet] ( ! pi/on is #e in*es1 :i*1 figure1 if multipli$ by #c4adaf1 w give its area z a little ov] #ae-a_/b squ>e in*es4 ,let u assume ! crank is #d in*es4 ,?is w give a p[] /roke ( #h in*es4 ,to f9d out h[ _m p[] /rokes !re are 9 a m9ute1 we mu/ "k ! revolutions1 & ?is be+ tak5 at #hjj1 & a p[] /roke at only e o!r revolution1 w\ld mean t we h #djj impulses1 & ea* impulse travel$ #h in*es1 #cbjj4 ,?is repres5ts in*es1 :i* mu/ be conv]t$ into feet1 s t we h #bff feet ( p[] /rokes p] m9ute4 ,fir/ multiply ! mean effective pressure on ! cyl9d]1 t is #adh #ae-a_/b1 :i* equals #bbid4 ,!n1 #bbid #bff1 equals #faj1bjd4 ,?is product repres5ts foot p\nds4 ,,"w ,,or ,,en]gy4--,a foot p\nd is ! am\nt ( "w or en]gy exp5d$ 9 rais+ a weight ( "o p\nd1 ?r\gh a di/ance ( "o foot4 ,if #eej p\nds %\ld be rais$ "o foot 9 "o second ( "t x w\ld repres5t "o horse p[] ( "w accompli%$4 ,if #eej p\nds %\ld be rais$ "o foot 9 "o m9ute ( "t x w\ld be equal to #eej #fj #cc1jjj foot p\nds1 & ?is w\ld mean "o horse p[]1 or ! "w done 9 "o m9ute ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,two-cycle ,expansion ,position4 ,9 our above calculation we h det]m9$ h[ _m foot p\nds we _h 9 a m9ute ( "t1 s t if we divide ! foot p\nds #faj1bjd1 by #cc1jjj1 we %all get z a result1 a little ov] #ah-a_/b horse p[]4 ,,! ,,two-,,cycle ,,eng9e4--,! longitud9al %ell ,a1 ,fig4 #fi1 is sep>ate f ! crank case ,b1 ! latt] be+ secur$ to ! =m] by flanges & bolts1 z at ,c4 ,! pi/on ,d is ( su* l5g? t :5 x rea*es ! limit ( its compression /roke1 z %[n 9 ?is figure1 x cov]s bo? ! supply port ,e & ! dis*>ge port ,f4 ,9 its outw>d /roke ! upp] end cle>s bo? ( ^! ports z 9 ,fig4 #ga1 ! dis*>ge port ,f be+ ! fir/ to op51 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,exhau/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,compression4 ,,cycle ,,( ,,op]ations4--,! cycle ( op]ation is z foll[s3 ,! inw>d /roke1 :i* is 9 ! direction ( ! head ( ! cyl9d]1 draws 9 ! gase\s fuel ?r\gh ! valve ,g1 & at its outw>d /roke ! gas 9 ! crank case ,b is compress$1 & ! mom5t ! end ( ! pi/on passes ! inlet port ,e1 ! gas passes ?r\gh ! duct ,h into ! cyl9d] above ! pi/on4 ,! burnt gases )9 ! cyl9d] pass out ! dis*>ge port ,f1 facilitat$1 9 a measure1 by ! compress$ infl[+ gas4 ,:5 ! pi/on aga9 returns1 & passes ! dis*>ge port1 ! gas is trapp$1 & is compress$ dur+ ! inw>d /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,,! ,,crank ,,%aft4--,! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! eng9e is ! crank %aft4 ,x is usually made ( a s+le /eel =g+1 & out ( ?is are turn$ up ! crank wri/s1 ! crank arms1 & ! be>+s :i* are plac$ int]m$iate ! diff]5t cranks4 ,x is made extremely l>ge to provide = any /ra9 due to ! fuel explosions1 & x is ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! eng9e to turn out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,crank ,%aft4 ,,special ,,metals4--,special metals are us$ by v>i\s manufactur]s1 & ! sizes & /ructural %apes are n[ s well und]/ood t few ( !m break1 al?\gh 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! eng9e ?is 0 ! weak & tr\blesome "p ( ! c>4 ,improp] al9+1 9 ! case1 & poor or faulty be>+s1 7 responsible = _m accid5ts1 & n[ means h be5 f\nd to ov]come mo/ ( ^! objections4 ,,eng9e ,,tr\bles4--,:5 we come to consid] ! eng9e tr\bles1 s-call$1 we %all f9d !re are legions ( !m4 ,9 ^! days _m ( ! tr\bles are easy to rem$y1 b to rem$y !m means t ! causes ( tr\bles %\ld be und]/ood4 ,a physician _c prescribe = a disease until he has made a diagnosis4 ,sometimes ! difficulty w be recogniz$ by ! symptoms1 & is easily adju/$4 ,b suppose ! fir+ is all "r1 & ! eng9e fails to pick up1 & seems to be dy+ out1 x may be attributable to sev]al causes1 ei!r "o ( :i* w\ld acc\nt = x4 ,,difficulties ,,po9t$ ,,out4--,if ! eng9e seems to run d[n1 & fails to pick up quickly1 x may be due to wat] 9 ! c>buret]1 or to a weak batt]y1 or to leaks 9 ! wat] jacket t w admit wat] into ! compression *amb]1 or ! tr\ble may be faulty compression4 ,o!r ?+s %\ld be look$ up3 ,! pump may be out ( ord]1 ! connections loose1 & ?us p]mit wa/e ?r\gh ! leaks1 or !re may be a /oppage some:]e 9 ! wat] circulation1 or ! wat] may be exhau/$1 or ! gasol9e too l[ or too poor = ! k9d ( c>buret] :i* y h4 ,if any?+ is due to ! eng9e itself1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 x is due to poor compression4 ,! eng9e is too (t5 blam$ = faults :i* belong else:]e4 ,nev]!less1 x is well c>efully to exam9e ! be>+s1 to look ov] ! clut*1 & ! be>+s 9 ! l9e lead+ to ! drive %aft4 ,,/>t+ ,,! ,,eng9e4--,9 />t+1 "s eng9es give a great deal ( tr\ble1 usually due to wrong adju/m5t ( ! sp>k+ device4 ,?is %\ld n be advanc$ too mu*4 ,if ! tr\ble is n at t po9t1 x may arise f too weak a suction1 or an ob/ruction 9 ! c>buret] itself4 ,,c>buret]4--,at sl[ turn+ spe$ ( ! eng9e1 ! c>buret] is v sluggi%1 because x mu/ be />t$ up f a condition ( repose1 & unless !re is ! be/ ( compression1 ! suction w n be suffici5t to dislodge or move ! slighte/ imp$im5t :i* may be 9 ! way4 ,,l[ ,,compression4--,l[ compression arises f num]\s causes4 ,a c>elessly screw$ sp>k+ plug2 defective or p>tly bl[n out gasket 9 ! cyl9d] head2 loose1 or p>tly op5 compression cock2 a /ick+ valve2 a ru/$1 or defective inlet valve2 leak 9 ! combu/ion *amb]2 or a worn or scrat*$ cyl9d]4 ,:5ev] x is possible1 ! eng9e %\ld be exam9$ to obs]ve ! condition ( ! pi/on r+s4 ,sometimes ! r+s w break into small pieces1 & ^! p>ts w we> ! mo/ p]ceptible creases 9 ! cyl9d] walls4 ,:5 su* is ! case !y w h to be tak5 out & lapp$4 ,,mixtures4--,too ri* a mixture has ! effect1 9 _m cases1 ( caus+ a deposit ( c>bon :i* is bad = ! eng9e4 ,x coats ! walls ( ! cyl9d]s1 & is h>d to remove4 ,! application ( petroleum & alcohol1 if all[$ to rema9 9 ! cyl9d] = "s h\rs1 w aid 9 tak+ x out1 b remov+ ! cyl9d] & scrap+ is ! only safe me?od4 ,! usual way to te/ ! cyl9d]s to see :e!r ei!r misses fire1 is to cut out all ( ! sp>k plugs except "o1 & !n te/ t1 & s ) all ! o!rs 9 succession1 & 9 ?is way ! location ( ! tr\ble w be discov]$4 ,,sp>k ,,plugs4--,x is also ! case t c>bon deposits on ! plug po9ts w become heat$ up to su* a po9t t pre-ignition w take place4 ,ov]-heat$ cyl9d]s may cause ?is1 & 9 c]ta9 cases1 :]e ! rotor arm we>s1 at ! contact po9t1 x leaves a trail ( metallic p>ticles ov] :i* ! curr5t w travel4 ,,! ,,wea!r4--,cold wea!r is (t5 a s]i\s *eck to ! />t+ ( an eng9e1 ! wat] jacket1 or "s ( ! pip+ may be froz51 or ! lubricat+ oil may become too ?ick to r5d] prop] s]vice4 ,,dra9age4--,a c>eful op]ator w see to x t :5 ! c> is left all ! wat] w be dra9$ f ! pipes & ! wat] jacket & pump1 & ! p>ts c be dri$ out by runn+ ! eng9e = a m9ute or s1 dur+ ! "t ( dra9+1 s z to heat up ! p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,cool+ ,,sy/ems ,prop] cool+ is a necess>y feature ( all gasol9e motors1 o!rwise ! int5se heat ( ! burn+ fuel w\ld exp& ! pi/ons to su* an ext5t z to prev5t _! free motion 9 ! cyl9d]s1 z well z de/roy ! sp>k plugs1 injure ! spr+s1 & make lubrication a difficult matt]1 if n impossible1 by burn+ up ! oil4 ,,air ,,cool+4--,cool+ 0 orig9ally obta9$ by us+ air1 :i* 0 bl[n aga9/ ! cyl9d]s2 b ?is 0 n g5]ally develop$ to a satisfactory degree except = small motors4 ,air does n take up heat readily1 :]eas wat] is ! greate/ absorb5t kn[n1 & 9 ! prim>y /ages ( ! art wat] 0 object$ to on acc\nt ( its weight1 & = ! fur!r reason t ! jacket+ ( ! eng9e 0 consid]$ a ne$less exp5se4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n devices to increase ! cool+ capacity ) air cool+1 & n[ l>gely us$ 9 motorcycles1 is to provide ! cyl9d]s ) a plurality ( ?9 broad ribs1 annul>ly-dispos$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb;a4 ,increas+ ,cool+ ,area4 ,,air-,,cool+ ,,devices4--,a highly-heat$ metallic surface actually repels su* a subtile fluid z air1 h5ce x is necess>y to supply ! cyl9d]s ) a bla/ ( air1 & also provide a great] cool+ area1 s t if ! ribs !mselves c be cool$1 ! temp]ature w be decreas$ 9 proportion to ! enl>g$ surface ?us provid$4 ,9 us+ wat] ?is artifice is n necess>y1 because x w absorb heat in/antly along ! surface 9 contact ) ! metal1 & quickly *ange ! heat$ p>ticles 9 favor ( ! cool] portions4 ,,wat] ,,cool+4--,:ile heat w cause a circulation ( wat] 9 a def9ite direction1 = ! =ego+ reason1 x has be5 f\nd t1 9 practice1 x is m practical to keep up ! movem5t by me*anical means4 ,?is is done by a pump plac$ 9 ! l9e ( ! circulat+ pipe1 & usually s arrang$ t ! cold1 or colde/1 wat] is =c$ into ! circulat+ area ar\nd ! cyl9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,movem5t ( ,heat$ ,wat]4 ,,gravity ,,sy/em4--,! natural circulation is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! well kn[n law1 t heat$ wat] w fl[ upw>dly1 h5ce1 if a cyl9d]1 su* z ,a1 ,fig4 #gc1 :i* has a wat] jacket ar\nd x1 has its l[] end connect$ by a pipe ,b1 f ! bottom ( a wat] res]voir ,c1 & ! upp] end ( ! jacket is provid$ ) a pipe connection ,d1 ) ! upp] "p ( ! res]voir1 ! wat] w fl[ f ! bottom ( ! res]voir to ! jacket1 & f ! top ( ! jacket to ! res]voir1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s4 ,,locat+ ,,! ,,res]voir4--,?is fl[ w\ld be mat]ially increas$ if ! res]voir %\ld be locat$ a consid]able di/ance above ! jacket4 ,b 9 an automobile x w\ld be difficult to use an elevat$ res]voir1 &1 fur!rmore1 z means mu/ be provid$ to cool ! wat]1 su* disposition ( ! res]voir w\ld be /ill m impracticable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,cool+ ,sy/em4 ,! area =w>d ( ! eng9e is ! mo/ available space = plac+ ! wat] tank1 &1 especially = ! reasons t ! radiator itself may be utiliz$ = inclos+ ! eng9e hood1 & because ! air1 :i* is only p>tially heat$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! radiator1 s]ves to keep ! space )9 ! hood reasonably cool4 ,,=ce ,,sy/em ,,( ,,cool+4--,"u ! circum/ances ! wat] %\ld be caus$ to circulate by me*anical means1 :i*1 :ile x adds ano!r op]ative elem5t to ! ma*9]y1 is nev]!less s mu* m effective t x is wor? ! c>e1 att5tion & exp5se :i* are involv$4 ,,! ,,radiator ,,connection4--,9 ,fig4 #gd a radiator1 eng9e & circulat+ sy/em are connect$ toge!r to %[ ! relative arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s elem5ts1 9 :i* ! pump ,a is plac$ 9 ! pipe l9e ,b runn+ f ! l[] end ( ! radiator ,c to ! manifold ,d at ! l[] end ( ! wat] jacket ( ! eng9e4 ,! upp] end ( ! radiator is connect$ by a pipe ,e ) ! top ( ! jacket1 & ! pipes are ?us s dispos$ z to be free ( ! o!r me*anism1 & are all conta9$ )9 ! hood ( ! eng9e4 ,a fan ,f1 suitably ge>$ to ! crane %aft ( ! eng9e1 provides a means = induc+ an air curr5t ?r\gh ! radiator :5ev] ! eng9e is runn+4 ,,radiators4--,mu* "t & money has be5 sp5t 9 develop+ a simple & effici5t type ( radiator4 ,z1 ( necessity1 x mu/ be made up ( a multiplicity ( p>ts1 leakage is apt to occur1 & :ile 9 ! pa/ mo/ ( ! con/ructions dep5d$ on sold]+ toge!r ! v>i\s portions1 x w be se5 h[ insecure su* a sy/em ( con/ruction mu/ be necess>ily4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,radiator4--,9 ,fig4 #ge1 is %[n a front & a sectional view ( portion ( a simple type1 :i* is made up ( squ>e tubes ,a1 _! ends be+ fitt$ into squ>e holes =m$ ?r\gh front & re> plates ,b ,c1 & ! tubes are s arrang$ t !re are small spaces ,d betwe5 ! tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,radiator ,type4 ,:5 wat] ent]s ?r\gh ! inlet tube ,e1 x fills ! spaces1 & be+ cool$ moves d[nw>dly1 :ile ! air ru%+ ?r\gh ! op5-end$ tubes1 cools d[n ! wat] ov] ! l>ge area ?us af=d$4 ,all radiators employ sub/antially ! same con/ruction1 ! illu/ration giv5 be+ m]ely to %[ ! pr9ciple ( ! device4 ,a dra9 cock ,g1 ,fig4 #gd %\ld be plac$ 9 ! sy/em bel[ ! radiator1 9 ! pipe l9e ,b1 s t wat] c be dra9$ (f f all ! pipes1 to prev5t liability ( freez+4 ,! diagram %[s ! fan %aft connect$ & run by a belt ,h4 ,?is is n ! be/ con/ruction1 z x is n a positive drive4 ,mo/ c>s are provid$ ) ge>+ = ?is purpose4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,radiator4--,! wat] is ?us c>ri$ f ! bottom ( ! radiator to ! wat] jacket space1 & f ! upp] end ( ! jacket$ area to ! top ( ! radiator1 & us$ ov] aga94 ,m or less ( ! wat] is lo/ by evaporation1 s m mu/ be add$ f "t to "t1 & ! radiator %\ld be kept z full z possible to get ! be/ results4 ,if ! wat] level falls too f> bel[ ! return pipe at ! top ( ! radiator1 ! area ( ! heat+ surface & ! decreas$ quantity ( wat] expos$ to ! cool+ surface1 are likely to cause undue heat+1 or vaporization4 ,,! ,,pump4--,a v>iety ( pumps are us$1 b !y are g5]ally bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! turb9e impell+ sy/em1 or on c5trifugal action4 ,a type :i* utilizes bo? ^! pr9ciples is %[n 9 ,figs4 #gf & #gg1 9 :i* ! =m] is a cross v]tical section ( #gg along l9e #a1 & ! latt] is a c5tral v]tical section on l9e #b ( ,fig4 #gf4 ,! device comprises a cyl9drical %ell ,a1 ) an inlet ,b1 at "o edge ne> ! front wall1 & an outlet ,c at ! upp] edge ne> ! re> wall4 ,,pump ,,con/ruction4--,)9 is a revoluble tubul> hub ,d1 ) "o end ,e project+1 to :i* p[] is appli$4 ,a disk p>tition ,g is secur$ to ?is hub1 midway betwe5 its ends1 & on ea* side ( ! p>tition is a pair ( oppositely-project+ convolute blades1 ^? on ! inlet side1 indicat$ by ,h1 & ! ones 9 ! dis*>ge side by ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,side ,view ( ,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,section4 ,x w be notic$ t ! blades ,h on ! intake side are s dispos$ t _! concave surfaces are on ! advance sides :ile ^? 9 ! dis*>ge end ( ! %ell h _! convex faces 9 ! retreat+ side4 ,,action ,,( ,,pump4--,! hub has inlet ports ,j bel[ ea* blade1 & dis*>ge ports ,k betwe5 ea* ( ! blades ,i4 ,:5 rotat+ ! po9ts ( ! blades ,h cat* ! wat] at ! inlet & drive x inw>dly ?r\gh ! ports ,j1 f :i* x passes ?r\gh ! hub to ! ports ,k1 & is !n viol5tly ?r[n by c5trifugal motion1 & by ! action ( ! blades ,i to ! dis*>ge op5+ ,c4 ,%\ld ! pump cease work+ !re is always a free passage way = ! natural circulation ( wat] ?r\gh ! pump4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,c>buret]s ,9 consid]+ c>buret]s x w\ld be well to h an und]/&+ ( :at is meant by ?is t]m4 ,x is ! practice to call ! vaporiz$ fuel f ! c>buret]1 a gas2 b ?is is a misnom]4 ,x is n a gas1 b a vapor1 be+ m]ely air :i* is *>g$ ) small p>ticles ( gasol9e4 ,,c>buret$ ,,air4--,x has be5 frequ5tly t]m$ also a c>buret$ fuel4 ,?is is a wrong t]m4 ,:at is meant is c>buret$ air1 because ! air c>ries ! fuel ) x1 & is impregnat$ ) a c>bon *>ge4 ,,composition ,,( ,,gasol9e4--,gasol9e conta9s1 approximately1 #hb p] c5t4 c>bon1 & #ae p] c5t4 ( hydrog54 ,?is mixture ( ! two fuel elem5ts requires ab\t two p>ts ( oxyg5 to "o "p ( ! gasol9e1 b z common air is only "o-fif? oxyg5 & f\r-fif?s nitrog51 :i* does n aid 9 combu/ion1 x is necess>y to supply five times ! am\nt ( air1 :i* w\ld mean at lea/ fifte5 p>ts ( air to "o ( ! gasol9e4 ,9 speak+ ( p>ts x mu/ n be und]/ood1 t ref]5ce is made to p>ts 9 a liquid =m1 b x is necess>y = ! gasol9e to be put into ! =m ( a gas1 & ?is gas becomes ! measure f :i* we det]m9e ! p>ts4 ,,gasol9e ,,expansion4--,if a cubic in* ( gasol9e is conv]t$ into a gas1 x w occupy a space equal to ab\t "o cubic foot1 :i* means t x n[ has a volume1 or bulk ( #agbh cubic in*es4 ,n[1 = e #agbh in*es1 !re mu/ be ab\t #cj1jjj cubic in*es ( air1 9 ord] to make a combu/ible fuel out ( ! mixture4 ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,a ,,c>buret]4--,a c>buret] is design$ to d sev]al well-def9$ ?+s3 ,fir/2 x mu/ be able to comm9ute1 or break up ! liquid fuel into inf9itesimally small p>ticles4 ,second2 x mu/ be able to prop]ly m+le ! vapor ?us produc$4 ,?ird2 x %\ld be s con/ruct$ t x w automatically *eck ! infl[ ( gasol9e1 & prev5t flood+1 or wa/e ( ! fuel4 ,,evaporation4--,all liquids h ! prop]ty kn[n z vaporization1 & w *ange _! =m into a gase\s /ate at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,all solids w vaporize1 if suffici5t heat is appli$4 ,b at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 ) :i* we h to deal1 9 consid]+ ! use ( c>buret]s1 air is ! factor :i* facilitates ! process4 ,,air ,,saturation4--,gasol9e1 conf9$ 9 a vessel1 w vaporize up to a po9t :]e x completely saturates ! air conta9$ !re91 & !n ceases4 ,if all[$ to /& 9 ! op5 air1 x w1 9 "t1 entirely evaporate4 ,?is is true ( wat]1 also4 ,x is well1 9 ?is connection1 to obs]ve ano!r ?+4 ,if ! same quantity ( liquid is plac$ 9 two sep>ate vessels1 "o v tall1 ) a small surface ( air 9 contact ) ! two surfaces1 & ! o!r vessel v %all[1 s x has a l>ge surface 9 contact ) air1 ! latt] w produce ! mo/ spe$y evaporation4 ,?is %[s t contact ) air is ! factor ( ! greate/ importance 9 mak+ a vapor4 ,,air ,,contact ,,) ,,gasol9e4--,! (fice ( a c>buret] is to provide ! prop] am\nt ( air to ! liquid fuel1--t is1 up to t po9t :]e x c be utiliz$ z a fuel to ! be/ advantage4 ,if a drop ( gasol9e1 9 "o case is brok5 up into five hundr$ t9y p>ticles1 & 9 ! o!r case into "o ?\s&1 x is obvi\s t 9 ! latt] case ! air comes into contact ) d\ble ! surface ( ! liquid ?an 9 ! =m] case1 h5ce w be s mu* m effici5t1 = ! foll[+ reason3 ,p]fect combu/ion is ! desir$ object 9 ! eng9e cyl9d]4 ,! m ne>ly ! vapor approa*es an impalpable gas ! quick] w x ignite4 ,fur!rmore1 ! m intimate ! air & ! vapor are mix$ ! bett] w be ! explosion or combu/ion4 ,,compression4--,! compression ( ! c>buret$ air 9 ! eng9e cyl9d] p]=ms c]ta9 v important ?+s3 ,:5 any gas is compress$ ! temp]ature is increas$1 ! !ory be+ t at ea* compression to "o-half its volume1 ! temp]ature is increas$ d\ble its =m] heat4 ,if1 !re=e1 compression 9 a cyl9d] rea*es1 say1 #ij p\nds1 ! heat set up is suffici5t to in/antane\sly break up ! small globules ( gasol9e1 & at ! same "t produce a m intimate unity1 :i* t5ds to make a m effici5t mixture ?an w\ld be possible )\t ! compression4 ,,compression ,,z ,a ,,mix+ ,,means4--,x w also be und]/ood1 t compression p]mits ! br++ toge!r ( a mu* l>g] am\nt ( fuel at ea* *>ge ?an w\ld be possible )\t x1 s t ! two factors1 namely1 ! volatiliz+ action ( ! air1 ! mix+ ( ! air & vapor1 & ! compression1 all s]ve to mix toge!r ! elem5ts :i* w produce an explosion :5 ! prop] heat is f9ally appli$4 ,,c>buret] ,,types4--,!re are two di/9ct types ( c>buret]s1 "o 9 :i* ! gasol9e is =c$ out ?r\gh a v f9e nozzle1 & at ! eject+ po9t is mix$ ) a curr5t ( air :i* passes to ! eng9e cyl9d]s1 & ?is is designat$ z ! spray+ device4 ,! o!r =m ( con/ruction dep5ds = c>buret+ ! air on expos+ a l>ge body ( ! gasol9e to a pass+ bla/ ( air1 & is call$ ! surface type4 ,,! ,,spray+ ,,c>buret]4--,z mo/ c>s n[ use ! spray+ sy/em1 t type w be consid]$ fir/4 ,!re is no special =m ( nozzle requir$ to eject ! fuel1 & ! di/9ctive features ( ! v>i\s designs has be5 to produce positive & regul> fe$ & to assure ! prop] mixture at all times dur+ ! op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,,dissect+ ,,! ,,c>buret]4--,= ! purpose ( mak+ ea* p>ticul> "p ( a c>buret] cle> & di/9ct1 let u build up "o1 s t special att5tion may be direct$ to ! v>i\s op]ative elem5ts4 ,a cor$ cyl9drical ca/+ ,a1 ,fig4 #gh1 is provid$1 :i* has a l>ge op5+ 9 its l[] end t is clos$ by a plug ,b4 ,?is plug has an upw>dly-ext5d+ tubul> projection ,b4 ,! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] has a cap ,c1 op5 c5trally1 & hav+ an op5+ =m$ by a d[nw>dly-project+ tube ,d1 & ?is has a contract$ ?roat z at ,e4 ,,! ,,mix+ ,,*amb]4--,! ext]ior ( ! d[nw>dly-project+ cap tube1 is turn$ up true1 & fits into ! tubul> ext5sion ,b4 ,! p>ticul> feature ( ?is sket* is to %[ ! adju/m5t ( ! ne$le valve :i* admits ! gasol9e1 & ! relative position ( ! float4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,c>buret] ,float & ,ne$le4 ,,! ,,float ,,*amb]4--,! circul>ly-=m$ *amb] ,g1 )9 :i* ! float op]ates1 conta9s ! liquid fuel4 ,! inn] end ( ! plug ,b has a cross duct ,i1 & c5trally is an upw>dly-project+ tubul> ext5sion ,j1 ! bore be+ fl>+1 z %[n1 & 9 ?is ! ne$le valve ,k re/s & is made adju/able at its upp] ?read$ end4 ,:5 ! ne$le valve is rais$1 gasol9e fl[s ?r\gh ! duct ,i upw>dly pa/ ! fl>+ orifice1 9 ,j1 & air is p]mitt$ to fl[ 9 ?r\gh ! op5+s ,i ar\nd ! c5tral tube ,j1 s t ! air & gasol9e meet above ! upp] end ( ! tube4 ,,! ,,v5turi ,,tube4--,! inw>dly-project+ "p ,e con/itutes :at is call$ a v5turi tube1 ! upw>dly-ru%+ air betwe5 ! contract$ op5+ =m$ ar\nd ! tube at ?is po9t be+ su* t :5 ! two fluids meet & spread out 9 ! enl>g$ op5+ above1 ! p>ticles ( gasol9e are n only brok5 up m9utely1 b are intimately mix$ ) ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,c>buret] ,inlet ,valve4 ,,! ,,inlet ,,valve4--,n[ if ?is *amb] ,g has at "o side an ext5sion1 l ,l1 ,fig4 #gi1 means may be provid$ = add+ a valve to be controll$ by ! float4 ,)9 ! ext5sion is an upw>dly-mov+ ne$le valve ,m1 :i* is design$ to close ! duct :i* leads f ! gasol9e supply4 ,betwe5 ! valve & ! float is ! fulcrum ,o1 ( a lev] ,n1 ! %ort end ( :i* engages ) ! upp] end ( ! valve & ! long end re/s on ! float ,h1 z %[n4 ,! movem5t ( ! float above ! pr$et]m9$ po9t has ! effect ( seat+ ! ne$le valve ,m1 ?us cutt+ (f ! infl[ ( gasol9e until t 9 ! *amb] ,g is drawn out s t ! float desc5ds & aga9 admits a fre% supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,c>buret] ,dis*>ge ,port4 ,?us f> we h ! fuel oil control1 toge!r ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! prim>y air supply is introduc$4 ,we %all n[ g a /ep fur!r1 & illu/rate ! mix+ *amb]1 dis*>ge & ?rottle4 ,,! ,,?rottle ,,valve4--,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #hj x w be se5 t directly above ! v5turi tube describ$1 is a space ,o4 ,?is is ! mix+ *amb]1 :i* has an outlet ,p to ! left1 :i* connects ) ! eng9e cyl9d]s4 ,)9 ?is tube is a ?rottle valve ,q1 op]at$ by ! ?rottle lev] on ! /e]+ :eel ( ! c>4 ,x is simply a disk :i* fits into ! int]ior ( ! conduit & is adapt$ to be turn$ by a /em ,r1 on :i* x is m\nt$4 ,:ile ! l[] inlets ,k are design$ to supply ! prim>y air = c>buretion1 x is f\nd necess>y to admit a second>y supply1 & ?is %\ld be tak5 into ! mix+ *amb] directly in/ead ( pass+ ! tube :i* conveys ! oil4 ,,! ,,second>y ,,air ,,supply4--,! p>ticul> reasons = ?us admitt+ ! air may be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! eng9e draws 9 a supply ( c>buret$ air1 m or less ( a vacuum is br\ght ab\t 9 ! mix+ *amb] ,o4 ,! fa/] ! eng9e runs ! ri*] w ! mixture become1 because ! additional suction draws 9 an increas+ quantity ( gasol9e1 b ! ?roat ( ! tube does n *ange1 & ! requisite1 proportionate quantity ( air does n foll[1 s t ! mixture has too mu* fuel = ! air4 ,,automatic ,,admission ,,( ,,second>y ,,air4--,if ! eng9e %\ld be spe$$ up s twice ! am\nt ( oil is drawn into ! mix+ *amb]1 ! additional suction w n1 at ! same "t1 draw 9 twice ! am\nt ( air4 ,?is necessitates a provision :]eby ! second>y air %all be admitt$ automatically only at times :5 ! suction exce$s ! normal requirem5t1 or to prev5t too ri* a mixture1 :i* is expla9$ by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,c>buret] ,second>y ,air ,inlet4 ,! ext5sion ,s1 on ! "r side ( ! %ell1 has an op5+ ,t1 ) a seat to receive a weight$ valve1 l a ball ,u1 pref]ably re9=c$ by a spr+ ,v1 :i* is capable ( hav+ its pressure on ! seat regulat$ by an adju/+ screw ,w4 ,x w be obvi\s1 !re=e1 t dur+ ! normal action ( ! eng9e suction1 no air w ent] ! duct ,t2 b :5 an undue vacuum exi/s 9 ! *amb] ,o1 ! ball valve ,u is rais$1 & additional air is suppli$ to ! c>buret$ air )9 ! *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,complete ,c>buret]4 ,,c>buret] ,,adju/m5t4--,ea* ( ^! f\r elem5ts has "s p>ticul> me?od ( adju/m5t1 z w be m p>ticul>ly notic$ 9 ! completely assembl$ c>buret]1 made up ( ! =ego+ illu/rations1 9 :i* ! details are ref9$ & %[n z actually made 9 "o ( ! well kn[n types ( c>buret]s4 ,fig4 #hb %[s ! diff]5t p>ts arrang$ 9 a practical mann]1 9 :i* ! regulat+ arm = controll+ ! ?rottle1 z well z ! second>y air supply & ! gasol9e inlets are capable ( be+ adju/$ by special means4 ,,special ,,po9ts ,,conc]n+ ,,c>buret]s4--,a ri* mixture is undesirable1 except 9 ! case ( heavy loads & at sl[ spe$1 = v>i\s reasons4 ,x does n burn quickly1 or explode z readily z a lean "o1 & ow+ to ! sl[ combu/ion ! temp]ature 9 ! eng9e cyl9d] rema9s high to ! end ( ! /roke4 ,,?9 ,,mixtures4--,on ! o!r h&1 a ?9 mixture w compress bett] & burn ) great] facility1 & at ! same "t heat ! cyl9d] less ?an ! ri* mixture1 to say no?+ ( ! sav+ 9 fuel4 ,x has long be5 recogniz$ t a c>buret] w n act uni=mly ) all eng9es4 ,"s h bett] compression ?an o!rs1 & "s h m effici5t sp>k+ means4 ,?is has a be>+ on ! "* ( ! fuel deliv]$ to ! cyl9d]s4 ,,spe$s ,,& ,,mixtures4--,!re is also a wide diff]5ce 9 ! p]=mances ( eng9es at high & at l[ spe$s1 z to ! quality ( ! mixtures requir$1 s x w be se5 t a c>buret] :i* is capable ( be+ controll$ = all em]g5cies1 is ! "o to select4 ,above all1 ! /ructure %\ld be su* t ! valves c be easily tak5 out = inspection & repairs4 ,x is impossible to prev5t grit f f9d+ its way into ! gasol9e1 & x is a/oni%+ h[ ! smalle/ piece ( fib]1 f9d+ a lodgm5t 9 a valve1 w dis>range ! entire p[] sy/em4 ,,surface ,,c>buret]4--,^! devices dep5d on pres5t+ z l>ge an area ( gasol9e z possible1 & !n conduct+ ! air fl[ ov] ! surface s z to take up ! volatile hydro-c>bon4 ,,! ,,float4--,su* devices also require a float to regulate ! infl[ ( fuel1 & ! di/9ctive feature ( con/ruction dep5ds on increas+ or decreas+ ! area s expos$ to ! mov+ air column4 ,fig4 #hc %[s a well-kn[n type ( ?is "* :i* is a comb9ation spray & surface c>buret]4 ,a ,u-%ap$ tube ,a1 ) ! air inlet at ,b1 & dis*>ge at ,c1 has a butt]fly valve ,d 9 its latt] end4 ,bel[ ! ,u-%ap$ b5d1 is a res]voir ,e to conta9 a float ,f1 v]tically-movable ar\nd a c5tral /em ,g :i* is "p ( & projects d[n f ! ,u-%ap$ tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,surface ,c>buret]4 ,?r\gh ?is /em ,g is a duct ,h1 ! l[] end ( :i* communicates ) ! gasol9e res]voir1 or float *amb]1 & ! upp] end has a small orifice lead+ to ! ,u-%ap$ tube4 ,a valve /em ,i is adapt$ to regulate ! infl[ ( gasol9e ?r\gh ! duct4 ,,! ,,gasol9e ,,inlet4--,at "o side ( ! res]voir is an ext5sion ,j1 )9 :i* is a v]tically dispos$ ne$le valve ,k1 seat$ 9 ! duct ,i1 by way ( :i* gasol9e is admitt$4 ,a lev] ,m1 pivot$ at ,n1 has "o end atta*$ to ! float ,f1 & ! o!r end is 9 engagem5t ) ! ne$le valve ,k4 ,! float is s arrang$ z to p]mit ! gasol9e to fl[ up into ! ,u-%ap$ tube ,a1 & =m a small pool ( ! fuel be=e x closes ! ne$le valve ,k4 ,,secur+ ,,surface ,,= ,,air ,,contact4--,directly above ! oil inlet duct ,h1 ! ,u-%ap$ tube is contract$ by a d[nw>dly-project+ wall ,p1 ! object be+ to compel all ! pass+ air to intimately come into contact ) ! gasol9e pool1 & ?us take up z mu* vapor z possible4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! suction ( ! eng9e does n draw up ! gasol9e f ! res]voir1 b all ! en]gy is exp5d$ 9 mov+ air ?r\gh ! tube1 & pa/ ! contract$ ?roat4 ,9 />t+ ! eng9e ! float is mom5t>ily depress$ by ! p9 ,q1 & a dra9 duct ,r is provid$ to prev5t flood+ ( ! tube ,a4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,ignition ,,sy/ems ,! univ]sal use ( electricity z a means ( ignit+ ! fuel 9 gasol9e motors1 makes x necess>y t ! novice %\ld "k some?+ ( ! fundam5tals ( ! sci5ce4 ,,see+ ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,electricity4--,:ile x is impossible to see a curr5t1 !re are c]ta9 me*anical devices :i* enables x to be se5 by ! effects produc$ on !m4 ,"o ( ^! devices is ! armature :i*1 if plac$ across ! poles ( a horse%oe magnet1 w adh]e to ! magnet1 by means ( its magnetic pull4 ,ano!r exhibition is ! sp>k caus$ by sep>at+ ! contact po9t ( a conductor ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is fl[+1 caus+ a sp>k4 ,,action ,,( ,a ,,curr5t4--,! curr5t fl[+ ov] a wire acts sub/antially ! same z wat] fl[+ ?r\gh a pipe1 t is1 ! quantity is dep5d5t on ! size ( ! wire1 j z 9 wat] :]e ! diamet] ( ! pipe det]m9es ! fl[4 ,,amp]es ,,& ,,volts4--,wat] may fl[ sluggi%ly ?r\gh a pipe1 or be =c$ ?r\gh ) great viol5ce4 ,s ) an electric curr5t4 ,pressure1 !re=e1 expresses ! second simil>ity 9 ! two m$iums4 ,! quantity ( fl[ 9 an electric curr5t is call$ amp]es & ! pressure is designat$ z volts4 ,,conductivity4--,all metals conduct a curr5t ) great] or less facility4 ,silv] is ! be/ conductor1 foll[$ by copp]4 ,g]man silv] (f]s a great resi/ance1 & _m alloys (f] great] or less opposition to ! fl[4 ,,resi/ance4--,! l5g? ( a wire also s]ves to *eck ! fl[1 & ?is may be ov]come by enl>g+ ! size ( ! wire1 or by increas+ ! pressure1 or voltage4 ,,g5]at+ ,,electricity4--,a curr5t may be g5]at$ by a dynamo1 or by means ( cells4 ,! dynamo d]ives its motion f an eng9e1 :i* turns1 :at is call$1 ! armature pa/ a numb] ( magnets1 call$ ! field4 ,! armature conta9s a s]ies ( wire wrapp+s1 ext5d+ ar\nd f end to end1 & ! field is compos$ ( metallic heads1 ea* c>ry+ a coil4 ,,magnetic ,,field4--,:5 ^! coils h a curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh !m ! heads become magnetiz$1 & h :at is call$ a magnetic field surr\nd+ !m & ext5d+ out "s di/ance1 & ! armature coils pass ?r\gh ^! magnetic fields4 ,z ^! wires cut ! l9es ( =ce 9 ! magnetic fields1 a curr5t is set up 9 ! armature1 & z ! armature w9d+s are connect$ up ) ! lead & ! return wires :i* transmit ! curr5t1 x w be se5 t ! /r5g?1 or pressure ( ! curr5t dep5ds on ! spe$ ( ! armature movem5t4 ,,batt]ies4--,! o!r me?od ( g5]at+ a curr5t is to use a j> ( electrolyte1 a liquid :i* may be ei!r an acid or a salt solution4 ,if c]ta9 metals :i* are opposite to ea* o!r1 are plac$ 9 ?is solution1 a *emical action takes place1 :i* results 9 produc+ curr5t1 & ?is may be %[n by connect+ toge!r ! two metals by a wire outside ( ! j>4 ,,metallic ,,c\ples4--,)9 ! j> ! solution s]ves z ! conductor betwe5 ! two metals4 ,copp] & z9c are two good metal c\ples1 9 :i* z9c is ! positive1 & copp] ! negative4 ,z z9c is readily eat5 away by ! action ( ! electrolyte1 c>bon is us$ in/ead4 ,,:at ,,det]m9es ,,voltage4--,ea* cell ) ! two metals1 w furni% approximately two volts4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! cell conta9s a p9t or a gallon ( liquid1 or :at ! size ( ! plates may be4 ,9 any ev5t ! pressure w n be great] ?an two volts4 ,,controll+ ,,amp]age4--,b ! metal plates may be made v l>ge1 or h a great surface 9 ea* cell4 ,! great] ! surface ! great] ! amp]age1 s t :ile ea* cell has only two volts1 x may h a v small amp]age1 or x may h two1 five1 t51 or ev5 m amp]es fl[+ !refrom4 ,,dry ,,batt]ies4--,in/ead ( us+ cells ) liquid 9 !m1 z ! electrolyte1 a dry cell is made :i* acts effici5tly4 ,?is is usually made 9 ! =m ( a z9c cup1 )9 :i* is c5trally held a c>bon rod1 & ! space ar\nd ! rod is fill$ ) gr\nd c>bon & dioxide ( manganese1 & moi/5$ ) sal ammoniac4 ,,cell ,,con/ruction4--,! z9c cell & ! c>bon h upw>dly-project+ po/s to :i* ! wires are atta*$1 & :5 ?us made ! top ( ! cup is clos$ ) pit*1 or "s suitable prep>ation to prev5t evaporation & to reta9 ! sub/ances )91 & ! :ole is !n inclos$ 9 a jacket1 usually ( pa/ebo>d4 ,usually ^! cells give "o & a half volts1 & are v durable4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a v l[ voltage1 & x is necess>y1 = ?is reason1 to use at lea/ a half doz51 to op]ate ! coil us$ 9 an ignition sy/em4 ,,connect+ ,,up ,,cells4--,if we h a numb] ( cells !y c be connect$ ) ea* o!r s z to get an additional voltage z well z great] amp]age4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ be und]/ood 9 a def9ite way4 ,suppos+ we h six cells1 ea* ) an output ( #a-a_/b volts1 & an amp]e fl[ ( #be 9 ea*4 ,multiply+ #be by #i makes #bbe watts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,s]ies ,wir+4 ,we may connect up ! six cells 9 su* a way t we c get ,fir/3 #i volts1 & #be amp]es1 equal to #bbe watts1 or1 ,second3 #a-a_/b volts & #aej amp]es1 equal to #bbe watts1 or1 ,?ird3 #d-a_/b volts & #ej amp]es1 also equal to #bbe watts4 ,9 ei!r case1 y w see we h #bbe watts4 ,^! ?ree w9d+s are designat$ z s]ies1 p>allel1 & s]ies multiple4 ,,! ,,s]ies ,,connection4--,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #hd1 %[s ! s]ies w9d+4 ,"h ! positive wire ,b is connect$ ) ! c>bon pole ,c1 & ! wire ,d1 wir$ up ) ! z9c pole1 ,e1 ! connections be+ made directly ?r\gh ea* cell1 to ! outlet wire ,f4 ,n[1 z we h six cells1 ! comb9$ voltage is #a-a_/b #f #i volts4 ,z1 h[ev]1 all ! cells n[ act z "o cell1 ! amp]age is j ! same z ( "o cell1 namely1 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,p>allel ,wir+4 ,,! ,,p>allel ,,connection4--,fig4 #he %[s ! p>allel connection4 ,"h all ! c>bon t]m9als ,a are connect$ toge!r 9 s]ies by a wire ,b1 & all ! z9c t]m9als ,c by a wire ,d4 ,9 ?is me?od ! voltage ( ! batt]y is ! same z t ( a s+le cell1 b ! amp]age is ! same z t ( a s+le cell multipli$ by ! numb] ( cells1 namely1 #be amp]es #f4 ,,s]ies ,,multiple ,,connection4--,! s]ies multiple1 ,fig4 #hf1 is s arrang$ z to =m two di/9ct batt]ies1 #a & #b4 ,ea* batt]y is connect$ up 9 s]ies1 by means ( ! wires ,a1 :i* jo9 ! c>bon & z9c4 ,9 ?is way we h at "o end a pair ( c>bon t]m9als :i* are jo9$ by a wire ,b1 & at ! o!r end a pair ( z9c t]m9als1 jo9$ by a wire ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,multiple ,wir+4 ,if1 n[1 ^! two wires ,b ,c are put into circuit ) ea* o!r1 z illu/rat$ by ! wires ,d1 we %all h a =m ( batt]y :i* w h ! voltage equal to ! voltage ( "o cell multipli$ by ! cells 9 ei!r batt]y #a or #b4 ,?is is #a-a_/b volts #c1 equal to #d-a_/b4 ,! amp]age1 on ! o!r h&1 is f\nd by t ( "o cell multipli$ by ! numb] ( batt]ies4 ,?is is #be amp]es #b1 equal to #ej4 ,?is1 if well und]/ood1 w enable ! us]1 = in/ance1 to /r5g!n a batt]y1 :]e x is weak1 by connect+ x up 9 s]ies multiple1 in/ead ( 9 p>allel4 ,naturally1 ! cells 9 ! s]ies %\ld be ( equal /r5g? & %\ld be frequ5tly te/$1 to f9d :]e ! weakness is4 ,if ! comb9$ amp]age is bel[ ! m9imum1 consid]+ ! "t x has be5 9 use1 x is possible ! cause is due to a weak cell1 :i* takes f o!rs1 in/ead ( giv+4 ,?is %\ld be replac$4 ,,/orage ,,batt]ies4--,! matt] p]ta9+ to ^! batt]ies is fully set =? 9 connection ) ,electric vehicles1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,prim>y z well z /orage batt]ies may be us$ = ignition purposes1 ! object be+ to obta9 a =m ( batt]y :i* %all h a con/ant & reliable output1 & give a reasonable s]vice 9 po9t ( "t4 ,,! ,,sp>k+ ,,me?ods4--,automobiles are equipp$ ) ei!r ! l[ or ! high t5sion sy/em4 ,any circuit hav+ a small voltage is t]m$ l[ t5sion1 to di/+ui% x f a high t5sion1 or high voltage4 ,:5 a curr5t passes along a conductor1 no visible effect is produc$1 unless ! voltage %\ld be too great = ! c>ry+ wire4 ,9 t case x w heat ! conductor to r$ness & ?us enable ! eye to see x4 ,! heat is ?us caus$ by resi/ance4 ,,air ,,resi/ance4--,air has resi/ance1 ! same z all o!r sub/ances4 ,x is1 9 fact an absolute non-conductor1 s t ) an ord9>y curr5t1 su* z is us$ = electric light+1 ! sep>at$ ends ( a conductor may be plac$ v close toge!r & ! curr5t w\ld n leap across4 ,,make ,,& ,,break ,,sp>k4--,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ) ! weake/ curr5t1 if ! two ends are br\ght into contact1 & !n sep>at$1 a sp>k w foll[1 due to ! fl[ ( ! curr5t :i* is int]rupt$ at ! break+ ( ! contact1 & ! ef=t ( ! curr5t to keep on fl[+ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,?is is call$ ! l[ t5sion sy/em1 or ! make & break me?od ( ignition1 :]e ! act ( break+ ! circuit produces ! sp>k & ignites ! *>ge4 ,! high t5sion sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5ds on produc+ a curr5t ( suffici5t pressure to be able to make ! curr5t leap across ! small gap :i* is =m$ betwe5 ! ends ( ! conductor4 ,,! ,,sp>k ,,plug4--,! me*anical device ) ! sep>at$ conductor ends1 :]e ! sp>k is produc$1 is call$ ! sp>k plug1 & mu/ be locat$ )9 ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,! gap is betwe5 ! sep>at$ ends ( ! conductor )9 ! plug1 is usually ab\t "o ?irty-second ( an in*4 ,,h[ ,,produc$4--,! l[ t5sion may be produc$ ei!r by a prim>y or a /orage batt]y1 or by a magneto design$ = ! purpose4 ,?is requires "s consid]ation ( ! mean+ & con/ruction ( a magneto4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,dynamo ,connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,magneto4 ,,! ,,magneto4--,?is device is simply a dynamo1 /ructurally1 b x diff]s 9 ?is respect3 ,:at is call$ ! field1 or ! cores ar\nd :i* ! wires ( ! field are w\nd1 are made ( p]man5t magnets4 ,! ord9>y dynamo has m]ely s(t iron1 :i* is demagnetiz$ z soon z ! curr5t ceases to fl[ 9 ! field w9d+s4 ,! p]man5t magnet cores are made ( h>d5$ /eel1 ! same z is done ) horse %oe magnets1 & o!rs ( t class1 :]eby !y are enabl$ to reta9 ! magnetic *>ge4 ,a dynamo mu/ h its fields en]giz$4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,dynamo ,,& ,,magneto4--,fig4 #hg w give an idea ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,9 ! dynamo ! pole pieces ,a ( ! field h ! ends ( _! w9d+s ,b connect$ to ! bru%es ,c1 & ! circuit wires ,d = ! electric lights are connect$ ) ! bru%es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! magneto ) its field #a ( a p]man5t magnet1 ! armature #b is 9 a p]man5t magnetic field1 s t ! curr5t c be tak5 directly f ! bru%es #c by ! wires #d1 z 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,magneto4--,ow+ to ! p]man5t magnetiz$ "* ( ! field1 x op]ates m satisfactory = ignition purposes on an automobile ?an a regul> type ( dynamo4 ,! dynamo %\ld be driv5 at a regul> spe$1 :]eas ! magneto c be driv5 at any spe$1 z x is n self regulat+1 l ! magneto4 ,h[ev]1 dynamos are us$ = ! purpose1 b 9 t case !y are provid$ ) me*anical means = giv+ !m a regul> motion4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,magnetos4--,!re are two g5]al types ( magnetos2 fir/ ^? :i* h rotat+ armature2 & second1 ^? ) /ation>y armatures & revolv+ inductors4 ,! high t5sion type is provid$ ) a self-conta9$ coil1 or x may h a high t5sion coil sep>ate f ! magneto4 ,! l[ t5sion magneto has an armature ( fairly ?ick wire1 "o end ( ! wire be+ gr\nd$ to ! armature core & ! o!r connect$ ) a t]m9al :i* is insulat$ f ! magneto4 ,f ^! two po9ts ! curr5t is di/ribut$4 ,9 ! high t5sion magneto two coils are necess>y1 "o call$ ! prim>y1 & ! o!r ! second>y4 ,! prim>y g5]ates a l[ pressure curr5t1 & ! second>y a high t5sion1 & ! sp>k is produc$ by ! latt]4 ,,ignit]s4--,9 ! l[ t5sion sy/em an ignit] mu/ be plac$ 9 ! head ( ! eng9e cyl9d] :i* w me*anically make & break ! circuit2 b 9 ! high t5sion device a sp>k plug is available1 ! po9ts ( :i* are /ation>y & 9 close contact ) ea* o!r4 ,= ! =ego+ reasons1 !re=e1 :ile ! l[ t5sion is v simple s f> z ! wir+ is conc]n$1 ! me*anical devices necess>y to make & break1 are some:at difficult & complicat$4 ,! high t5sion wir+ is mu* m complex1 b x has ! advantage t no me*anism is necess>y 9 ! eng9e except ! sp>k plug4 ,,high ,,t5sion ,,coils4--,be=e proce$+ to an explanation ( ! sy/ems ref]r$ to1 we %all expla9 ! action & op]ation ( ! high t5sion coils4 ,^! coils dep5d = _! action on :at is call$ inductance4 ,suppose two wires lie side by side1 b n t\*+ ea* o!r1 & a curr5t ( electricity is s5t ?r\gh "o ( ^! wires1 :i* we w call ! prim>y1 ! o!r1 call$ ! second>y1 w take a curr5t f ! prim>y4 ,if ! wires are ! same size1 & ( ! same mat]ial1 ! curr5t 9 ! two wires w be ( sub/antially ! same pot5tiality4 ,by ?is is meant t !y w h ! same amp]age & voltage4 ,,inductance4--,b assum+ t ! prim>y wire is l>g] ?an ! second>y1 !n ! curr5t c>ri$ by inductance across ! space betwe5 ! two wires w be *ang$ 9 ! second>y s t x has a l>g] voltage1 b a correspond+ly l[] amp]age4 ,?is is :at high t5sion means4 ,! conv5i5t way to arrange ^! wires p>allel ) ea* o!r1 is to w9d ! two diff]5t size wires on ! same core1 9 :i* ! co>se wire1 :i* =ms ! prim>y1 is fir/ w\nd ar\nd ! core1 & on ?is is w\nd ! f9e wire4 ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,coil4--,su* a coil is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #hi1 9 :i* ! core ,a is a h>d rubb] or fib] tube1 ) disk ends ,b ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! prim>y wire ,c is l>ge 9 cross section1 & c>efully insulat$4 ,! opposite ends are br\ght out ?r\gh ! disk heads1 & run to ! g5]ator1 t is1 ! batt]y or dynamo4 ,! f9e wire ,d1 :i* con/itutes ! second>y w9d+1 is also ( insulat$ wire1 wrapp$ ov] ! prim>y1 & its ends are connect$ up ) ! sp>k+ me*anism1 z w be m fully expla9$ h]e9aft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,induction ,coil4 ,a ,,simple ,,high ,,t5sion ,,sp>k+ ,,sy/em4--,) su* a coil1 ( prop] size1 & adapt$ to receive ! requir$ curr5t1 sev]al ?+s are necess>y 9 ord] to produce a sp>k+ effect4 ,,cond5s]4--,"o ( ^! is a cond5s]1 :i*1 :ile a sp>k c be produc$ )\t x1 is nev]!less an important elem5t4 ,! (fice ( a cond5s] is to absorb a c]ta9 am\nt ( curr5t4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! draw+ ap>t ( ! po9ts 9 a conductor1 produc$ a sp>k4 ,n[ 9 ! second>y curr5t1 ( ! high t5sion sy/em1 is an int]rupt]1 a me*anism t makes & breaks ! circuit cont9u\sly4 ,,int]rupt]4--,:5ev] ! int]rupt] op5s ! circuit1 ! cond5s] absorbs ! surg+ curr5t produc$ by ! break1 s t x acts l a /orage batt]y 9 ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,high ,t5sion ,circuit4 ,! int]rupt] may be made some?+ l ! me*anism ( an electric bell1 9 :i* ! curr5t is int]rupt$ z ! clapp] moves back & =?4 ,by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ij a compreh5sive idea may be obta9$ ( a high t5sion sy/em = ignit+ ! compress$ fuel 9 a gasol9e eng9e4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,a ,,high ,,t5sion ,,sy/em4--,! dynamo ,a1 or ! batt]y1 z ! case may be1 is connect$ up ) ! prim>y coil ,b1 by means ( ! circuit wires ,c4 ,! second>y coil ,d1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 w\nd ar\nd ! prim>y ,b1 9 practice1 has "o ( its t]m9als ,e ext5d+ to :at we %all call ! sp>k plug ,f4 ,! o!r t]m9al ,g1 ( ! second>y coil1 also ext5ds to ! sp>k plug ,f1 !re be+1 ( c\rse1 a gap betwe5 ! two ends ( ^! wires 9 ! sp>k plug4 ,n[1 close up to ! second>y1 ,d1 is a cond5s] ,h1 ! t]m9als ( :i* are connect$ up ) ! two wires ,e ,g1 & betwe5 ! cond5s] & ! sp>k plug ,f1 is ! int]rupt] ,i4 ,,! ,,high ,,t5sion ,,connections4--,) ?is und]/&+ ( ! action ( ! magneto1 ! accompany+ sket* ( a high t5sion sy/em w be und]/ood4 ,! magneto ,a1 ,fig4 #ia1 has on its armature %aft ,b1 two di/ribut] r+s ,c ,d1 :i* =m ! t]m9als = ! two wires ,e ,f1 :i* run out f ! armature w9d+4 ,c is connect$ by metallic contact ) ?is %aft1 & ,d insulat$ !refrom4 ,also1 alongside ( ! r+ ,d1 is ! int]rupt] :eel ,g :i* engages ! f+] ,h1 & ?us int]rupts ! circuit4 ,above ! armature %aft1 & p>allel !re)1 is a %aft ,i1 turn$ at half ! armature %aft by means ( ! two ge> :eels ,j ,k4 ,on ! end ( ?is %aft is a f+] ,j1 revoluble !re)1 & ?is engages successively ) f\r contact plates ,k1 ea* plate be+ connect$ ) a sp>k plug 9 ! eng9e1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t !re are f\r cyl9d]s 9 ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,high ,t5sion ,connections4 ,! r+ ,c has its contact f+] connect$ by a wire ,l ) "o end ( a prim>y coil ,m1 :ile ! o!r t]m9al has a wire ,n :i* goes to "o t]m9al ( ! int]rupt] ,g4 ,! o!r outlet ( ! int]rupt] is connect$ up ) ! contact f+] ( ! o!r collector r+ ,d4 ,?is contact f+] also has a wire connection ,p ) "o t]m9al ( a cond5s] ,q1 ! o!r end ( ! cond5s] be+ connect$ ) ! wire ,n1 runn+ f ! prim>y coil ,m4 ,,! ,,second>y ,,coil4--,! second>y1 or high t5sion coil ,r1 has "o end gr\nd$1 :i* means t x is connect$ up ) ! metal ( ! eng9e1 & ! o!r t]m9al is connect$ by a wire ,t1 ) ! f+] ,j on ! di/ribut] disk4 ,9 op]ation1 we w assume t ! curr5t leaves ! armature ov] ! wire ,e2 x has two pa?s1 "o ?r\gh r+ ,d1 wire ,o1 & int]rupt] ,g1 back to ! o!r wire ,f ( ! armature2 or1 aft] pass+ ! r+ ,d x may pass ov] ,o1 to ! int]rupt]1 !n ?r\gh wire ,n1 prim>y coil ,m1 & wire ,l1 back to ! armature4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,sy/em4--,! revoluble disk ( ! int]rupt] ,g is s arrang$ t :5 ! armature has ! greate/ curr5t int5sity x is op5$ by its turn+ movem5t1 s t ! curr5t is compell$ to take ! la/ nam$ c\rse ?r\gh ! prim>y coil ,m1 & at ! same "t a c]ta9 portion ( ! curr5t is absorb$ by ! cond5s] ,q4 ,?is int5se *>ge ( ! curr5t 9 ! prim>y induces a high t5sion curr5t 9 ! second>y coil ,r1 & ! result is t ! curr5t f ! second>y goes ?r\gh ! wire ,t to ! f+] ,j1 & f ! f+] ,j to ! contact plate ,k1 & to ! p>ticul> sp>k plug :i* happ5s to be connect$ up by "o ( ! wires ,u ) t plate4 ,,! ,,sp>k ,,gap4--,! curr5t 9 leap+ ov] ! gap made by ! sp>k plug1 goes ?r\gh ! eng9e metal to ! o!r end ( ! second>y coil ,r1 at ! place indicat$ by ,s4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! coils ,m ,r are 9 a sep>ate box1 & usually plac$ 9 a conv5i5t position 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! diagram illu/rat+ ! =ego+1 is design$ m]ely to %[ 9 a simple mann]1 h[ ! diff]5t me*anical & electrical p>ts are connect$ up toge!r4 ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,int]rupt]4--,! int]rupt] ,g1 :ile plac$ 9 ! prim>y circuit1 necess>ily controls n only ! prim>y1 b also ! second>y circuit4 ,x %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! di/ribut] to :i* ! wire ,t runs f ! second>y coil4 ,! (fice ( ! int]rupt] is to break ! prim>y circuit ( ! magneto at a "t :5 a sp>k is requir$1 & ! duty ( ! di/ribut] is to h its f+] ,j 9 su* a position at t p>ticul> "t z to make ! connection 9 ! second>y circuit ) ! p>ticul> sp>k plug :i* requires a sp>k4 ,,vibratory ,,coils4--,! second>y coil may be s con/ruct$ t x w give only a s+le sp>k at ea* impulse1 or a plurality ( !m1 & _m argue t ! latt] is m effici5t = t reason4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,vibratory ,coil4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ib w %[ h[ ?is type ( second>y is made & op]at$4 ,! induction coil has a core ,a ( s(t iron1 & at "o end is an armature ,b1 m\nt$ on ! end ( a spr+ f+] ,c1 ?is f+] be+ atta*$ to a b9d+ po/ ,d4 ,! spr+ ,c holds ! armature ,b normally out ( contact ) ! end ( ! core ,a1 & 9 contact ) ! end ( an adju/+ screw ,e :i* screws ?r\gh a po/ ,f4 ,! prim>y coil has "o ( its ends connect$ up ) ! b9d+ po/ ,d1 by a wire ,g2 & ! o!r t]m9al ( ! prim>y1 has a wire ,h :i* goes to ! batt]y ,i1 & f ! batt]y to ! po/ ,f1 ?r\gh wire ,j4 ,a cond5s] ,k is plac$ int]m$iate ! two wires ,g ,j1 by ! connections ,l ,m4 ,! wire ,h has a swit* ,n 9 its l9e1 z %[n1 & ! second>y coil ,o is w\nd ar\nd ! prim>y 9 ! usual mann]4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,vibratory ,,coil4--,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! swit* ,n is clos$ ! curr5t f ! batt]y goes ?r\gh ! prim>y coil1 wire ,g1 spr+ f+] ,c1 & wire ,j back to ! batt]y :i* orig9at$ ! en]gy4 ,! result ( ?is curr5t is to magnetize ! core ,a1 & ?us draw ! armature ,b away f ! adju/+ screw ,e1 !reby break+ ! prim>y circuit1 :i* demagnetizes ! core1 & ! spr+ f+] returns & aga9 e/abli%es a circuit4 ,?is action ( ! vibrat+ armature is exactly simil> to ! electric bell1 b !re is "o important addition1 & t is ! cond5s] ,k :i* is add$ to ! famili> me*anism1 & ! uses ( :i* %\ld be expla9$ 9 connection ) ?is app>atus4 ,,surg+ ,,movem5t ,,( ,,curr5t4--,:5ev] a prim>y curr5t is brok51 a surg+ effect takes place4 ,:5 ! break occurs ! /r5g? ( ! field or =ce 9 ! armature w9d+ rapidly decreases1 & :5 ! connection is aga9 made ?is =ce rapidly increases4 ,?is objection ( ! curr5t to con/antly *ange its curr5t /r5g?1 produces :at is call$ self inductance4 ,,tim+ ,,device4--,! curr5t 9 ! second>y1 :i* makes ! sp>k1 at ! "t ! break occurs1 dep5ds = its /r5g? on ! rapidity ) :i* ! /r5g? ( ! prim>y goes d[n1 s t a tim+ device is us$ on a pla9 or ord9>y coil to effect ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,contact ,mak]4 ,9 ! vibratory coil1 h[ev]1 ! object is to make ! break ) exce$+ rapidity s !re w be a s]ies ( sp>ks1 in/ead ( only a s+le "o at ea* break4 ,,contact ,,mak]s4--,?is device is design$ to af=d a means :]eby a circuit is clos$1 & brok5 only at ! "t a sp>k is made4 ,a type ( ?is device is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,x is simply a case ,a1 usually atta*$ to ! ge> box ( an eng9e1 :i* s]ves z ! j\rnal be>+ = a %aft ,b1 :i* ent]s at "o side1 & drives a cam ,c4 ,)9 ! case is a spr+ f+] ,d1 atta*$ to a b9d+ po/ ,e1 & ! free end ( ! spr+ has an ,a-%ap$ contact po9t ,f :i* is design$ to ent] ! ,v-%ap$ not* ( ! cam1 z ! latt] turns4 ,to prev5t ! ,a-%ap$ projection f com+ into contact ) ! cam :5 ! ,v-%ap$ portion is opposite1 an adju/able screw ,g is provid$1 :i* screws ?r\gh a bu%+ ( insulat+ mat]ial secur$ to ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,contact ,break]4 ,! curr5t is ?r\gh ! adju/+ screw1 spr+ f+] ,d1 & b9d+ po/ ,e4 ,by ?is con/ruction ! circuit is brok5 dur+ ! entire revolution ( ! cam1 except :5 ! not* 9 ! cam appe>s at ! ,a-%ap$ contact po9t4 ,,! ,,contact ,,break]4--,comp>e ?is ) ! contact break] %[n 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,! case is also provid$ to receive ! end ( a j\rnal ,a1 :i* rotates a cam4 ,9 ?is case ! cam ,b has an ,a-%ap$ projection ,c4 ,?is projection comes into contact only mom5t>ily ) ! anti-friction :eel ,d on "o end ( a lev] ,e1 :i* is pivot$ midway betwe5 its ends to ! case4 ,! free end ( ! lev] is normally held out ( contact ) a t]m9al ,f1 by means ( a spr+ ,g4 ,! t]m9al is insulat$ f ! case4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! circuit is clos$ at all times except dur+ t %ort p]iod :5 ! po9t ,c is 9 contact ) ! :eel ,d4 ,,sp>k+ ,,plugs4--,mu* ( ! difficulty ( satisfactory runn+ is due to ! sp>k+ plug :i* conta9s ! small po9ts1 on :i* ev]y?+ 9 ! p[] sy/em dep5ds4 ,! int5se heat g5]at$ at t po9t by ! second>y coil t5ds to de/roy !m1 s t ! po9ts %\ld be l>g] :5 us$ ) a magneto1 & !y %\ld be clos] toge!r ?an if us$ :olly ) a batt]y4 ,,te/+ ,,plugs4--,?is is a simple matt]1 & 9 s-call$ eng9e tr\bles1 ?is is g5]ally ! fir/ ?+ consid]$4 ,x %\ld be unscrew$ & laid on ! cyl9d] s x is 9 metallic contact4 ,! "* ( ! sp>k exhibit$1 :5 ! eng9e is crank$1 w %[ :e!r or n ! fault is due to ! plug or to ! electrical s\rce4 ,if no sp>k is obta9$ !n ! electrical sy/em mu/ be exam9$4 ,comm5ce at ! batt]y4 ,:5 ! eng9e is on ! sp>k+ po9t & ! prim>y swit* clos$1 ! t]m9als ( ! suspect$ wires may be t\*$ by a te/ wire & if a curr5t !n fl[s x w indicate a break at t po9t4 ,,%ort ,,circuit+ ,,faults4--,a %ort circuit is "o :]e ! pa? ( ! curr5t is f ! lead to ! return wire at "s po9t betwe5 ! batt]y1 or s\rce ( electrical en]gy1 & ! coil or o!r me*anism :i* is to be op]at$ by ! electricity4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! fir/ ?+ is to exam9e ! conductors & asc]ta9 :e!r ! insulation is intact4 ,sometimes ! insulation becomes worn or fray$1 & x is n infrequ5t = ! ends ( ! wire1 :]e atta*$ to ! b9d+ po/ to spread out1 :]e ! conductor is made up ( a lot ( small wires1 & "s ( !m t\* ! metal alongside ( ! b9d+ po/4 ,,%ort ,,circuit+ ,,( ,,second>y ,,wires4--,! second>y wires (t5 cause %ort circuit+ by ly+ too close to ! metal ( ! eng9e or case4 ,great c>e %\ld be obs]v$ to use ! be/ insulat$ wire1 & to see t !y are free f dang]\s contact4 ,/r&$ cables are bett] = all wir+ purposes1 z vibration w n affect ! screws :i* hold !m at ! contacts4 ,a solid wire w cause a con/ant j>1 & affect all connections4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,automobile ,,accessories ,self-/>t+ devices are ! late/ p]man5t addition to a p]fect c> equipm5t4 ,two g5]al types are be+ made1 "o purely me*anical 9 its "*1 & ! o!r op]at$ by ! eng9e itself4 ,! me*anical devices usually h "s connection ) ! =w>dly-project+ end ( ! crank %aft1 :]e ! pres5t crank+ %aft is locat$1 & "s ( ! inv5tions 9 ?is respect h an arrangem5t :]eby ! driv] is able manually to op]ate ! />t] f 8 seat4 ,! actual "w ( turn+ ! %aft is n[ p]=m$ by compress$ air :i* actuates me*anism t gives f "o to two turns to ! %aft1 suffici5t to ignite ! fuel 9 sev]al ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,,simple ,,type ,,( ,,/>t]4--,! simple/ type ( />t] is t :i* utilizes ! cyl9d]s !mselves to give ! initial turns4 ,to illu/rate ! matt] we h giv5 "s sket*es ( ! eng9e cycle1 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,! f\r positions ( ! pi/on 9 a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e are s plac$ t ! sp>k _c ignite ! *>ge 9 ei!r cyl9d]4 ,cyl9d]s #a & #b are desc5d+1 & #c & #d are asc5d+4 ,! *>ge 9 #d is p>tially compress$1 b x mu/ rea* ! position indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es ,a be=e x c be ignit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,/>t+ ,me*anism4 ,! sp>k+ me*anism 0 cut (f be=e ! cyl9d] #a rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 at ! previ\s /opp+ ( ! c>1 s t x /ill has an unexplod$ *>ge2 & pi/on #c is n[ dis*>g+ ! gas f t cyl9d]4 ,z ! eng9e is n[ at re/1 ! problem is to supply a *>ge to cyl9d] #a1 or a pressure ( suffici5t /r5g? to turn ! eng9e %aft s t ! pi/on 9 #a w be br\ght up to ! explosion l9e ,a4 ,x is accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,"o or m ( ! eng9e cyl9d]s is connect$ up by a small pipe ) a /orage tank1 locat$ at any conv5i5t po9t1 s t at ea* explosion a portion ( ! *>ge 9 ! cyl9d]s goes into ! tank1 :]e x is held by a *eck valve4 ,,! ,,di/ribut]4--,?is tank is connect$ ) a di/ribut]1 :i* controls ! pressure fl[ to ! diff]5t cyl9d]s4 ,9 ,fig4 #ia ! di/ribut] w\ld s5d ?is pressure to cyl9d] ,no4 #a4 ,! op5+ ( a valve readily accompli%es ?is1 & if ! *>ge 9 ,no4 #d %\ld n explode1 ! next 9 ord] to get ! compress$ gas f ! tank1 w\ld be cyl9d] #d1 :i* w\ld br+ cyl9d] #c into position = fir+4 ,z soon z ignition takes place1 ! driv] m]ely %uts (f ! valve1 & no fur!r att5tion is requir$ to op]ate x4 ,,light+4--,mo/ c>s dep5d = illum9ation on ! use ( compress$ gas usually1 "s =m ( acetyl5e1 :i* makes a brilliant light1 & is n exp5sive4 ,! be/ c>s1 h[ev]1 are also equipp$ ) electricity1 "s dep5d+ on /orage batt]ies1 & o!rs on curr5t g5]at$ on ! c> itself4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ei!r sy/em t requires any special explanation1 nor are !y difficult to c>e = & op]ate4 ,,signal+4--,x has be5 ! cu/om = driv]s1 9 approa*+ corn]s1 or /reet int]sections1 to hold out ! "r h& z a sign t a turn is to be made to ! "r1 or ! left h& = a turn 9 ! o!r direction4 ,,c> ,,signals4--,num]\s devices are n[ on ! m>ket design$ to be locat$ bo? 9 front & 9 re> ( ! vehicle1 :i* are int5d$ to indicate direction1 z well z to imp>t o!r in=mation4 ,^! signals are "u control ( ! driv]1 & h signs on !m :i* indicate 8/op10 8"r10 8left10 or o!r words :i* conspicu\sly display ! int5tion ( ! driv]4 ,all ma*9es h signal+ horns ( "s "*1 op]at$1 usually1 by "s me*anical arrangem5t connect$ ) ! ge>+ or by compress$ air1 & o!rs are connect$ up ) ! eng9e exhau/4 ,*ime :i/les are s op]at$4 ,,spe$ ,,signals4--,o!r inv5tions are design$ to indicate1 by automatic me*anism1 ! spe$ ( ! c>1 9 :i* color displays ! relative spe$4 ,?us1 a c> go+ at ! normal spe$1 say #aj miles p] h\r1 w\ld %[ a :ite light2 f #aj to #ae miles1 blue2 f #ae to #bj miles1 gre52 & above t spe$1 r$4 ,! =ego+ colors & spe$s are arbitr>ily select$1 m]ely to %[ ! ideas involv$4 ,! device 9 "q has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! regul> spe$ regi/]+ me*anism ( ! c>1 b is design$ to %[ p$e/rians & police (ficials ! actual runn+ spe$ at a glance4 ,,muffl]s4--,!re is really no excuse = noisy automobiles4 ,muffl]s are n[ made :i* absolutely elim9ate all noise f ! exhau/4 ,! great difficulty 9 ! pa/ has be5 to make !m suffici5tly l>ge = ! eng9e4 ,if too small !y d n take c>e ( ! exhau/ prop]ly1 & !y also s]ve to *eck ! fl[ ( ! exhau/ gases f ! eng9e1 & ?us greatly decrease ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,,exhau/4--,all rac+ eng9es are made )\t exhau/s1 s !re w be no?+ to ret>d ! fl[ ( ! exhau/4 ,! function ( ! muffl] is to receive ! exhau/ gas & p]mit x to exp& z ne>ly z possible d[n to atmosph]ic pressure be=e deliv]+ x to ! air4 ,fig4 #if %[s ! simple/ =m 9 :i* x c be made4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,muffl]4--,! inn] pipe ,a1 f ! eng9e exhau/1 passes axially ?r\gh a cyl9d] ,b1 ! pipe1 h[ev]1 be+ clos$ at its inn] end :]e x is atta*$ to ! head ,c4 ,num]\s small holes ,d are =m$ ?r\gh ?is pipe = ! escape ( ! burnt gases4 ,)9 ! cyl9d] ,b is a small] cyl9d] ,e1 surr\nd+ ! inn] tube4 ,?is has "o end atta*$ to ! head ,c1 & its o!r end is op5 s z to provide a passage way ,f f ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! dis*>ge ports are at ,g1 ?r\gh ! head ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,muffl]4 ,almo/ any design ( muffl] is s]viceable1 if x has suffici5t area4 ,h[ev] l>ge x may be x is always advisable to h a valve 9 ! pipe ,a f ! eng9e manifold1 s ! muffl] c be cut out go+ up /eep hills4 ,,ball ,,& ,,roll] ,,be>+s4--,all runn+ ge>s are provid$ ) ei!r ball1 or roll] be>+s4 ,= heavy vehicles roll] be>+s are mo/ s]viceable1 b = light vehicles & = spe$ mo/ manufactur]s pref] ball-be>+s4 ,,race ,,ways4--,! object 9 ! use ( balls1 is to provide two1 ?ree1 or f\r po9ts ( contact1 :i* %\ld be s arrang$ z to h ! pa?s ( ! be>+s ( equal l5g?s1 z ne>ly z possible1 & ?us prev5t ! balls f we>+ by creep+ along ! contact walls1 & also !reby we>+ ! pa?s on :i* !y travel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 #c-,po9t ,roll] ,be>+4 ,,! ,,?ree-,,po9t ,,contact4--,to und]/& ! full importance ( ?is1 exam9e ,fig4 #ig1 9 :i* ,a is ! roll]1 or %aft1 & ,b ! hub hav+ ! raceway ,c design$ to hold ! balls ,d1 & gives two po9ts ( contact1 ! ?ird po9t be+ ! %aft ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,wrong ,be>+4 ,comp>e ! =ego+ figure ) ! illu/ration giv5 9 ,fig4 #ih1 :]e ! contact po9ts ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 repres5t ! ?ree be>+ circles1 :i* diff] 9 _! circumf]5ce1 & x is obvi\s t a ball 9 travel+ ar\nd mu/ slip some:]e on "o or m ( ! pa?s ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,improp] ,al9em5t4 ,,wrong ,,con/ruction4--,ano!r sample ( wrong con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii4 ,9 ?is diagram ! ?ree be>+ po9ts ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 also repres5t circles ( diff]5t diamet]s1 :i* are sure to we> grooves 9 ! ?ree pa?s made by ! balls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,correct ,raceways4 ,! mo/ ideal =m ( be>+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajj1 :i* repres5ts ! f\r-po9t contact1 & ?is also provides aga9/ longitud9al ?ru/ ( ! %aft or axle4 ,,roll] ,,be>+s4--,?is type ( be>+ is ideal because ( ! l>ge surface :i* is available4 ,! difficulty is to keep ! roll]s p>allel1 ) ! %aft4 ,fur!rmore1 !y %\ld n roll 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,to obviate ?is ! roll]s are put into a cage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,cage = ,roll] ,be>+4 ,,=m ,,( ,,roll] ,,be>+4--,fig4 #aja %[s a side & a cross section ( a set ( roll]s held )9 a cage =m$ ( two end r+s ,a ,a1 ea* roll] ,b hav+ at its end a r$uc$ be>+ ,c1 & int]m$iate ! roll]s are tie rods ,d1 :i* keep ! r+s 9 prop] relation to ea* o!r1 & also prev5t !m f al9+ !mselves diagonally along ! %aft1 or aga9/ ! be>+ )9 ! box+4 ,to provide means = utiliz+ roll] be>+s s !y w take up end ?ru/1 tap] roll]s are employ$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,roll] ,be>+4 ,! %aft1 or axle1 ,a1 has two runways1 ,b1 ,c1 :i* are conically-=m$1 & incl9$ t[>d ea* o!r4 ,! roll]s ,d are tap]+1 & h _! small ends po9t$ t[>ds ea* o!r s t ! out] ends ( ! be>+ surfaces ,e ( ! hub are at a consid]able angle to ! axis ( ! %aft4 ,^! roll]s are also m\nt$ 9 cages :i* turn ar\nd ! %aft4 ,?is /ructure1 9 a modifi$ =m1 is l>gely us$ 9 automobile con/ruction4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,runn+ ,,an ,,automobile ,don't look to de "r1 don't look to de left2 ,b keep 9 de middle ob de road4 ,?is c\plet =m$ "p ( an old song long be=e ! automobile 0 kn[n4 ,x s]ves z a text = "s advice 9 runn+ a ma*9e4 ,:5 a novice takes out a c> = ! fir/ "t he feels pretty safe 9 ! block int]m$iate ! cross+s1 & x is only :5 he comes to ! int]sect+ /reets t he beg9s to feel t some?+ mu/ be done ) ! signal or ! lev]s1 or bo?4 ,,runn+ ,,close ,,to ,,! ,,curb4--,if he runs ne> ! curb he w f9d x necess>y to g v close up to ! corn] be=e he is able to notice an approa* ( a vehicle f ! "r4 ,if he ne>s ! corn] runn+ ne> ! middle ( ! road1 x w n be necess>y = him to keep su* a %>p wat* = ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a vehicle1 :i* gives ! novice su* a fright4 ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,road4--,= ?is reason1 !re=e1 ! homely advice above1 is v appropriate4 ,:5 9 ! middle ( ! road1 ! look+ to ! "r1 or to ! left is a matt] :i* is unnecess>y4 ,9 e community c]ta9 local regulations are e/abli%$1 :i* %\ld be le>n$1 b !re are well kn[n rules1 :i* h gr[n into well recogniz$ laws ev]y:]e1 & if !y are once und]/ood1 w apply :]ev] y happ5 to be4 ,,community ,,regulations4--,! fir/ ( ^! is to keep to ! "r 9 pass+ a vehicle :i* is approa*+ y4 ,! second is1 to pass to ! left ( a vehicle :i* is go+ 9 ! same direction4 ,?ird1 9 mak+ a turn at ! int]section ( /reets make a loop :i* w c>ry y beyond ! f>!r side ( ! /reet1 & d n try to turn )9 ! limits ( ! cross+1 or ! corn]s ( ! /reet curbs4 ,f\r?1 betwe5 /reet int]sections1 d n try to make a turn until y h exam9$ ! /reet beh9d y1 & nev] attempt to make a long diagonal cut :5 ! turn is be+ made4 ,,approa*+ ,,c> ,,tracks4--,9 approa*+ c> tracks d s on ! pr9ciple t a tra9 is com+1 & act accord+ly4 ,don't take any?+ = grant$4 ,?is applies :5 !re are any ob/ructions ei!r way along ! track = sev]al hundr$ feet f ! roadway on :i* y are travel+4 ,,coa/+4--,x is a mi/ake to coa/ d[n hill ) ! brakes set = controll+ ! c>4 ,in/ead1 cut out ! ignition1 select a ge> be/ suit$ = ! grade ( ! hill1 & run ! ma*9e d[n "u compression2 t is to say1 aga9/ ! eng9e4 ,if ! grade is v /eep select l[ ge>1 & 9 t way y h a v /rong lev]age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,caution ,signs4 ,?is saves an imm5se am\nt ( we> on ! brakes1 & if ! grade is extraord9>ily /eep ! brakes may be us$ to ren=ce ! compression4 ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,road4--,! ,am]ican ,motor ,league has adopt$ a s]ies ( caution signs %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 :i* are expla9$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,approa* to a /eep desc5t4 #b4 ,approa*+ railroad cross+4 #c4 ,bran* road to ! "r4 #d4 ,bran* road to ! left4 #e4 ,cross roads4 #f4 ,dit* or abrupt depression 9 ! road4 #g4 ,approa* to a hummock4 #h4 ,city1 village1 or collection ( inhabit$ dwell+s4 ,^! signs are plac$ f #ajj to #cjj y>ds f ! po9ts to :i* !y ref]4 ,,op]at+ ,,! ,,control4--,all c>s h practically ! same arrangem5t ( p$als = controll+ ! c> ) ! feet4 ,?is ref]s1 ( c\rse1 to ! clut*1 brake1 & ?rottle p$als4 ,9 cities1 runn+ ?r\gh cr[d$ /reets1 ! foot ?rottle %\ld be us$1 s z to keep bo? h&s free2 b 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 :]e *ange is n requir$ s frequ5tly1 ?is control is usually by h&4 ,,! ,,crucial ,,po9t4--,! crucial po9t ( e le>n]1 is />t+ ! ma*9e4 ,! fir/ duty is to note t ! transmission lev] is at ! neutral po9t1 & t ! em]g5cy brake is set4 ,! sp>k control lev] is !n set at ! prop] po9t1 & ! eng9e crank$1 if x has no self />t+ me*anism4 ,,clut* ,,p$al ,,& ,,sp>k ,,control4--,n[1 be=e t\*+ ! clut* p$al1 adju/ ! sp>k control lev] until ! eng9e has pick$ up its spe$ prop]ly4 ,!n depress ! clut* p$al s z to dis5gage ! clut*1 & release ! em]g5cy brake4 ,leav+ ! clut* /ill dis5gag$ move ! transmission lev] to l[ ge>1 &1 ) ! "r foot1 press d[n ! ?rottle p$al1 if !re is any slack+ 9 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,! clut* p$al may n[ be sl[ly all[$ to raise by ! foot until x gradually takes hold4 ,x is at ?is po9t :]e ! beg9n] mu/ take ! utmo/ c>e4 ,inv>iably1 he w d ?is too quickly4 ,aft] sev]al trials he w le>n to d x delib]ately1 s z to avoid ! j]k caus$ by a sudd5 grip4 ,,neutral ,,position ,,( ,,transmission ,,lev]4--,! mom5t ! c> /ops1 rea* = ! transmission lev]1 & put x into its neutral position4 ,?is %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,aft] ! c> />ts1 & x is app>5t t ! eng9e is runn+ /rong1 depress ! clut* p$al ) ! left foot1 & quickly *ange ! transmission lev] to ! next spe$1 & ! clut* is !n aga9 delib]ately ?r[n 94 ,,?r[+ ,,9 ,,ge>s4--,!re is an art 9 ?r[+ 9 ! ge>s :i* exp]i5ce w enable a driv] to d )\t gr9d+4 ,to *ange f int]m$iate to high1 obs]ve ! same ord]1--t is1 release ! clut*1 !n *ange ! transmission lev]1 & aga9 sl[ly br+ ! clut* into op]ation4 ,,9 ,,rev]s+4--,= rev]s+1 wait until ! c> /ops4 ,!n cut out1 or release ! clut*4 ,! brakes mu/ be releas$1 ! transmission lev] mov$ to a rev]se position1 & ! clut* !n ?r[n 9 gradually4 ,,quick ,,/ops4--,quick /ops are sometimes necess>y4 ,?is is done by press+ d[n ! clut* & brake p$als1 ) ! feet1 & sett+ ! em]g5cy brake at ! same "t4 ,= ord9>y /ops1 close ! ?rottle1 s z to all[ ! eng9e to r$uce ! spe$ on its compression1 !n ?r[ out ! clut* ) ! left foot1 & foll[ ?is up by press+ ! brake p$al ) ! "r foot1 s z to gradually br+ ! c> to a /op4 ,!n put ! transmission lev] to its neutral position4 ,,ease ,,9 ,,manipulat+ ,,progressive ,,sy/em4--,( ! two types1 ! progressive sy/em ( transmission is ! easie/ to ma/]1 z ! novice frequ5tly f9ds x difficult to quickly grasp ! position & movem5t ( ! lev]4 ,he has s _m ?+s to le>n ab\t at ! />t4 ,! progressive type is easy to ma/] z x ne$s to be mov$ 9 "o direction only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,wir+ = ,light+ ,circuit4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ! aim %\ld be to make ! two ge>s engage ea* o!r at z ne>ly ! same spe$ z possible4 ,if ! le>n] w rememb] t ! object ( tempor>ily ?r[+ out ! clut*1 is to all[ ! clut* %aft to sl[ d[n1 & !n move ! transmission lev] aft]w>ds1 he w be able1 aft] sev]al trials1 to cat* !m at a po9t :]e !y w easily engage ea* o!r )\t any noise4 ,?is applies to ! selection type1 also4 ,x has be5 /at$ t a locomotive eng9e] becomes s us$ to ! feel ( 8 eng9e t he c s5se a wrong action ( any "p ( ! imm5se me*anism "u 8 control4 ,!re is a vibratory in/9ct1 if we may s t]m x1 t affects ! driv]1 :i* does n ext5d to ! p]son seat$ at 8 side4 ,x is s p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( an automobile driv]4 ,! /e]+ :eel is a sort ( ant5n1 :i* imp>ts a vibratory intellig5ce to him1 t _c be grasp$ or und]/ood by o!rs 9 ! c>4 ,at fir/ ! matt] ( driv+ is a feel+ ( int5sity 9 do+ c]ta9 ?+s1 & 9 try+ to anticipate ! conditions4 ,?is /ate ( m9d cont9ues until driv+ becomes a reflex action4 ,! ?rottle1 or ! p$als are in/9ctively mov$2 ! ?r[+ 9 ( a ge> is proce$$ ) 9 an easy1 natural fa%ion1 & ! />t+ movem5t is br\ght ab\t )\t a p]ceptible j]k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,ignition ,wir+4 ,,wir+ ,,= ,,light+4--,= ! purpose ( giv+ a compreh5sive idea ( ! me?od us$ 9 wir+ up ! light+ app>atus ( a c>1 a full page diagram is giv51 ,fig4 #ajd1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! mo/ approv$ =m4 ,?is %[s two ma9 head lamps1 a re> lamp1 two side lamps1 & a da% lamp4 ,! sy/em is equally well adapt$ = batt]y or dynamo g5]ation1 & by ! aid ( ! sket* all ! circuits c be readily trac$ out on a ma*9e1 or an initial in/allation put 94 ,,wir+ ,,up ,,= ,,ignition4--,z an important "p 9 ! c>e ( a c> dep5ds on kn[+ ! correct leads ( all wires 9 ! ignition sy/em1 a pla9 diagram is pres5t$1 ,fig4 #aje1 :i*1 if c>efully /udi$1 w s]ve z a guide = ?is type ( ignition4 ,! eng9e %[s two indep5d5t batt]ies z ! s\rce ( electrical p[] = />t+1 & a motor-g5]ator = runn+ s]vice4 ,! motor g5]ator trans=ms ! direct curr5t ( ! batt]ies into ! alt]nat+ curr5t necess>y = ignition1 :i* latt] is rais$ to a high t5sion 9 ! ord9>y way1 z h]et(ore expla9$4 ,! sizes ( ! two sets ( wires are also indicat$1 & ! swit* %[s h[ connection is made :5 ! />t] swit* is ?r[n 94 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,fuel ,,& ,,lubricants ,!re is great] misconception & real ignorance ab\t gasol9e ?an conc]n+ any o!r subject or mat]ial connect$ ) automobiles4 ,! explosive nature ( gasol9e seems to act ! same z gunp[d]1 :]eas1 9 fact1 x is entirely diff]5t4 ,k on ?is important subject is lack+1 because n en\gh c>e & /udy has be5 be/[$ on x to br+ out ! prop] in=mation4 ,mo/ p "k t 9 ord] to explode gasol9e 9 an eng9e1 air is requir$2 b few ( !m /op to consid] t air is also ! important ?+ necess>y to burn gasol9e 9 ! op5 air4 ,,an ,,exp]im5t ,,) ,,gasol9e4--,exp]im5ts h be5 made ) gasol9e :i* %[ bett] ?an any?+ else :]e ! dang] lies1 & :at %\ld be avoid$4 ,a c1 p>tly fill$ ) gasol9e1 0 p]mitt$ to /& = a few m9utes1 until "s ( ! gasol9e 0 all[$ to evaporate4 ,! escap+ vapor ( c\rse readily ignit$ & burn$1 b no explosion foll[$4 ,x burn$1 b ! blaze 0 at ! top only4 ,! gasol9e 9 ! c did n burn2 only ! vapor :i* 0 collect+ & escap+ at ! top4 ,gasol9e 0 next put into a half p9t cream bottle1 s t x 0 half full4 ,! op5+ ( su* a bottle is ne>ly z l>ge diametrically z ! bottle itself4 ,aft] all[$ to /& s z to p]mit evaporation to take place1 a light$ mat* 0 ?ru/ d[n into ! gasol9e4 ,:ile ! vapor at ! top burn$1 ! gasol9e ext+ui%$ ! mat*1 ! reason be+ t !re 0 n en\gh oxyg5 )9 ! bottle at ! region ( ! surface ( ! gasol9e to make an explosive mixture1 & !re 0 n an explosive mixture =m$ until ! vapor _h issu$ f ! m\? ( ! bottle1 & came into contact ) ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,,air ,,necess>y ,,= ,,explosion4--,! fact is1 ! hydro-c>bon 9 ! gasol9e ne$s air to support combu/ion1 & x mu/ h at lea/ ?ree p>ts ( oxyg5 7:i* means fifte5 p>ts ( air71 to "o "p ( c>bon1 be=e x c be ignit$4 ,air1 = ?is purpose1 _c by any possibility1 f9d its way d[n into ! bottle1 h5ce x w be se5 t no dang] ne$ be anticipat$ f ?is s\rce4 ,! inexp]i5c$1 h[ev]1 w tell y1 t he kn[s x w explode1 because he has _h "s exp]i5ce ( t k9d4 ,let u expla9 :at happ5$ 9 ^! explosions1 & !n ! diff]5ce 9 ! conditions w be und]/ood4 ,,mak+ ,,an ,,explosive ,,mixture4--,! same bottle us$ ) ! previ\s exp]im5t 0 !n tak51 & ! same am\nt ( gasol9e put into x4 ,air 0 !n fann$ into x1 & a mat* appli$4 ,an explosion foll[$1 because en\gh air has be5 admitt$ to make an inflammable gas4 ,if ! m\? ( ! bottle is l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! products ( combu/ion to pass out1 no h>m results2 b if ! op5+ ( ! bottle is too small1 !n ! exp&+ gases w %att] ! bottle4 ,,gunp[d]4--,gunp[d] acts diff]5tly1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,en\gh oxyg5 is comp\nd$ ) ! gunp[d] to support combu/ion1 & :5 a suffici5t heat is appli$ x requires no outside air to cause combu/ion4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( gunp[d] is a fuel2 s ) gasol9e4 ,e fuel requires oxyg5 be=e x w burn4 ,,fill$ ,,tank ,,n ,,explosive4--,if a tank is entirely fill$ ) gasol9e1 x _c explode4 ,x may leak1 & ! escap+ gasol9e is ?us br\ght into contact ) suffici5t air to arate x4 ,:5 ?is burns x develops a heat2 ?is 9 turn increases ! temp]ature ( ! gasol9e & increases ! rate ( evaporation1 s t x n[ beg9s to issue =? 9 great] volume1 ?us add+ to ! int5sity ( ! flame2 & z ! evaporation increases1 x rea*es a po9t :]e ! tank op5+s are n l>ge en\gh to p]mit x to escape fa/ en\gh1 & an explosion foll[s4 ,,:y ,,gasol9e ,,w ,,n ,,burn ,,)9 ,a ,,clos$ ,,tank4--,n[ ?is explosion is attribut$ to ! burn+ ( ! gasol9e )9 ! tank4 ,su* is n ! case1 = ! reasons /at$4 ,x w be f\nd t ! difficulty lies 9 all[+ ! tank to become fill$ ) an explosive gas1 & x is br\ght ab\t 9 ?is way3 ,if all ! gasol9e is drawn f a tank1 ! sides ( ! tank w reta9 en\gh gasol9e to =m a heavy vapor ( hydro-c>bon gases4 ,?is gas is heavi] ?an air1 &1 l wat]1 w rema9 9 ! bottom4 ,soon] or lat] "s ( ! gas w pass out1 p>ticul>ly ! light] portions1 & air w int]m+le ) ! gas1 & x is !n 9 a ripe condition = an explosion4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! fir/ duty is to see t !re are no leaks1 & :5 discov]$1 to repair imm$iately4 ,,fill+ ,,tanks ,,hav+ ,,dri$ ,,out ,,gasol9e4--,! second1 & m important c>e1 is1 to be sure & n attempt to fill a tank :i* has be5 all[$ to run dry1 )\t fir/ bl[+ out ! vapor1 if !re is any dang] f lights4 ,if !re is /ill oil 9 ! tank :5 y refill1 !re is no dang] f explosions1 because ! vapor )9 is too heavy1 & requires too mu* air to explode4 ,,to ,,ext+ui% ,,gasol9e ,,fires4--,:5 a fire actually takes place 9 a gasol9e tank1 d n use wat] 9 try+ to ext+ui% x4 ,dry s&1 or a wool5 blanket w be f> m s]viceable4 ,! latt] %\ld n be appli$ haphaz>d1 z s _m d 9 ! excitem5t ( ! mom5t4 ,try & rememb] :at x is t ! blanket is us$ =4 ,! object is to try & prev5t air f rea*+ ! flame1 h5ce ! ef=t %\ld be to s arrange ! blanket t air _c rea* ! burn+ "p4 ,,ammonia ,,z ,,an ,,ext+ui%]4--,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to place ! blanket ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ! tank1 or bel[ ! flame itself1 s z to prev5t air f ru%+ up into ! burn+ zone4 ,! air com+ 9 f above w soon be inadequate to arate ! flame1 & x w be smo!r$4 ,a bottle ( ammonia1 & "o %\ld always be kept h&y1 is ! be/1 9 ! abs5ce ( regul> ext+ui%]s1 to kill ! flame4 ,! lesson le>n$ f ! exp]im5ts %[1 t a l>ge am\nt ( air is necess>y to make an explosive comp\nd4 ,,leaks4--,leaks 9 tanks c be repair$ tempor>ily1 ) tire cem5t1 & pat*es1 b z gasol9e affects ! rubb] x %\ld be prop]ly sold]$ up at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,wat] 9 gasol9e is ! mo/ s]i\s tr\ble4 ,all fuel ( ?is k9d %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh *amois lea!r4 ,?is w effectually prev5t wat] f gett+ 94 ,,lubricants4--,a necess>y elem5t 9 gasol9e eng9es1 is a lubricant4 ,?is is z ess5tial z ! fuel itself4 ,! object is to remove friction betwe5 ! mov+ p>ts4 ,cyl9d]s ( eng9es are heat$ to high temp]atures1 & ?is makes we> betwe5 ! p>ts n lubricat$ a mo/ s]i\s "o4 ,:ile ord9>y gasol9e w\ld be a good lubricant = "s uses1 x w\ld be ( no avail 9 ! cyl9d]s ( an explosion eng9e1 = two reasons3 ,fir/1 x has b little viscosity1--t is1 x has no body :i* holds toge!r s z to produce a film on ! surface ( ! contact+ metals4 ,,viscosity4--,! film produc$ by gasol9e1 = in/ance1 is v ?91 b t ( ca/or oil is v ?ick4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 has great] viscosity4 ,!n aga91 gasol9e1 is readily affect$ by temp]ature4 ,if x ignites readily1 & ?us loses its "* z a lubricant1 x c be ( no s]vice4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! lubricant %\ld n be affect$ or *ang$ 9 its "* at a l[ heat4 ,,c>bonization4--,"s oils :5 subject$ to heat1 or :5 expos$ to air1 w become /icky or gummy4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ?+s possible 9 a gas eng9e cyl9d]1 because a deposit is =m$ :i* causes c>bonization ?r\gh ! cont9u$ application ( heat1 result+ 9 ! scrat*+ ( ! cyl9d] by break+ ! pack+ r+s4 ,,acid ,,9 ,,lubricants4--,9 ! e>ly production ( lubricants1 acid 0 "o ( ! elem5ts 9 oils n c>efully gu>d$ aga9/2 & ev5 n[1 ) all ! skill ( ! manufactur]1 a small p]c5tage w be f\nd 9 mo/ products4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is produces corrosion1 or pitt+ ( ! work+ p>ts4 ,?is1 & ! pres5ce ( =eign matt]1 w condemn any oil = cyl9d] purposes4 ,,composition ,,( ,,lubricants4--,lubricants are compos$ ( ei!r animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al matt]1 & !y may be liquids or solids1 or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,( ! latt]1 graphite is ! be/ & mo/ widely kn[n4 ,x is "o =m ( c>bon1 & is us$ 9 a f9ely-divid$ /ate1 ei!r dry1 or mix$ ) a good lubricat+ oil4 ,soap/one is also frequ5tly employ$ & g5]ally ) a liquid lubricant4 ,,grease4--,grease1 usually ( animal orig91 us$ 9 connection ) graphite1 makes by f> ! be/ lubricant = be>+s1 & = simil> purposes1 z x c be readily reta9$ 9 ! be>+s4 ,,graphite4--,on ! o!r h&1 graphite1 if introduc$ 9 a cyl9d] ) a good liquid lubricant1 w1 9 "t1 fill up ! pores ( ! metal1 & ?us produce a good surface1 & x also protects ! cyl9d]s f c>boniz+1 & prev5ts ! pi/ons f 8,freez+0 z x is call$ :5 x is caus$ to /ick toge!r by ! heat4 ,,! ,,te/ ,,( ,,cyl9d] ,,lubricants4--,= cyl9d]s ! lubricant %\ld h a fla% po9t ( at lea/ #cge1 & a fire te/ ( #dcj degrees1 ,fahr5heit4 ,fla%po9t has ref]5ce to ! temp]ature at :i* x w give (f inflammable vapor4 ,fire te/ has ref]5ce to ! temp]ature at :i* ! oil w actually ignite & burn4 ,any oil1 9 burn+1 w deposit m or less c>bon1 because be+ a fuel1 x mu/ h c>bon4 ,z m9]al oils w /& high] temp]atures be=e ignit+1 ?an animal or vegetable oils !y are be/ suit$ = cyl9d]s4 ,,lubricat+ ,,sy/ems4--,v>i\s sy/ems are employ$ 9 automobiles4 ,! spla% sy/em has ! advantage ( simplicity s9ce ! cyl9d]s1 z well z ! be>+s1 are provid$ ) a modicum ( oil at e revolution ( ! crank1 ! latt]1 or ! connect+ rods1 be+ adapt$ to /rike ! pool ( oil 9 ! bottom ( ! *amb]4 ,! cyl9d] walls d n get ! greate/ b5efit f ?is me?od ( di/ribut+ ! lubricant1 z ! spla% is at ! po9t :5 ! pi/on rea*es ! l[e/ turn1 s ! lubrication on ! cyl9d] is effectual only s f> z ! pi/on is able to draw x up or entra9 x 9 its upw>d movem5t4 ,,pressure ,,me?od4--,supplem5t+ ! spla%1 & frequ5tly us$ z ! sole mean is ! plan adopt$ by _m1 & kn[n z ! pressure sy/em1 :i* n only lubricates ! be>+s & cyl9d]s1 b also ! o!r me*anism 9 ! c>1 is ! use ( pressure1 :i* may be ex]t$ by gravity1 or by ! use ( h& pumps4 ,"s employ ! exhau/ ( ! eng9e to draw up ! oil4 ,?is requires ducts lead+ to all ! p>ts :i* are adapt$ to take a liquid lubricant4 ,,! ,,precision ,,sy/em4--,! mo/ positive me?od is t :i* has a pump connect$ ) ! eng9e1 :i* =ces ! oil to all ! be>+s at ea* turn ( ! eng9e1 & = t reason is call$ ! precision sy/em4 ,x has ! advantage t e be>+ mu/ get a c]ta9 portion ( ! lubricant1 & z arrangem5t is made to cat* & return ! unus$ oil1 x is also economical 9 use1 al?\gh m exp5sive to apply4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,lubricat+ ,sy/em4 ,,comb9$ ,,=ce ,,fe$ ,,& ,,spla% ,,sy/em4--,9 ,fig4 #ajf is illu/rat$ "o ( ! late/ improv$ sy/ems1 9 :i* !re is utiliz$ an int]nal =ce fe$ & a con/ant level spla% sy/em4 ,9 ?is equipm5t a res]voir "u ! crank case conta9s ! supply ( oil4 ,f ! res]voir ! lubricant is pump$ ?r\gh a tube ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( ! crank case1 ) lat]al connections lead+ directly to ea* ma9 be>+ & to ea* cam %aft be>+4 ,any surplus to ! be>+s drips into small pans directly "u ! connect+ rods4 ,an op5 end tube projects f ! connect+ rod1 & leads to ! connect+ rod be>+4 ,at ea* revolution ( ! crank %aft ?is tube dips into ! pan & =ces suffici5t oil directly to ! connect+ rod be>+ = lubrication4 ,!re is a con/ant circulation ( oil directly to & ?r\gh e be>+ 9 ! motor1 by means ( a pump driv5 f ! cam %aft4 ,! oil pressure gauge on ! da%1 & ! gauge on ! crank case1 w in/antly tell :at is go+ on4 ,?is is a v economical sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,c> ,_m p h an impression t z long z a c> runs all "r no c>e %\ld be giv5 to x4 ,x is = ?is v reason we urge t a c>eful inspection %\ld be made at regul> int]vals4 ,! matt] ( go+ ov] ! v>i\s p>ts1 & exam9+ ! op]ative elem5ts1 %\ld be made a habit4 ,become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! me*anism4 ,,regul> ,,inspection ,a ,,good ,,habit4--,?is is z mu* a duty1 z to keep ! p>ts well oil$1 or to supply x ) wat] at prop] int]vals4 ,9 ! pres5t high /ate ( ! art p]ta9+ to ! manufacture ( automobiles1 ! diff]5t p>ts are s made z to /& a great deal ( we> & h>d usage1 s t be=e !y %[ any signs ( giv+ away1 !y w be worn d[n to ! dang] po9t4 ,,! ,,brake ,,%oe4--,z an illu/ration1 take ! brake %oe4 ,?is may "w satisfactorily & effici5tly = a long "t1 & y flatt] y\rself t y h a p]fect c> 9 ?is respect4 ,! next day x gives out1 & x is sure to be at ! mo/ critical mom5t4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( all breakd[ns4 ,if an exam9ation _h be5 made a day or a week be=e1 x w\ld h %[n ! worn condition1 & p]mitt$ repair at t "t :5 !re 0 ample opportunity4 ,,famili>ity ,,) ,,work+ ,,p>ts4--,s ) e o!r "p ( ! c>4 ,! fact t x is work+ well %\ld enc\rage y to exam9e ! diff]5t p>ts to f9d ! loose or worn elem5ts4 ,x w tea* y ! weak spots4 ,famili>ity ) a c> is an important elem5t1 & is ! mo/ effici5t tra9+ practice1 especially = "o :o wi%es to acquire in=mation & practical k on ?is subject4 ,,! ,,eng9e4--,!re is no?+ s vital z ! eng9e4 ,sev]al h\rs giv5 ea* mon?1 or ev5 an h\r or two a week to ov]haul+ x1 w amply repay y4 ,! prop] way is to d ?is inspection & ov]haul+ 9 a sy/ematic way4 ,"o day "o "p c be exam9$1 & ! next day ano!r "p made ! subject ( inve/igation4 ,,connect+ ,,rods4--,a loose bolt 9 "o ( ! connect+ rods1 :ile x may run along = a week or two1 & cause no damage1 is sure to cause tr\ble unless arre/$4 ,! mom5t ! connection ( a wire beg9s to loos51 x w nev] /op until x has sev]$ ! connection entirely4 ,9 tak+ ap>t an eng9e e "p %\ld be clean$ z x is remov$1 tak+ ! utmo/ c>e ( ea* p91 bolt1 or nut4 ,! walls ( ! cyl9d]s %\ld be exam9$1 ! pi/on r+s te/$ & note :e!r !y are worn4 ,,valves4--,!n ! valves ne$ te/+ sep>ately1 & regr\nd if !re is ! lea/ indication ( undue we> on "o side m ?an on ! o!r1 or if !re is ! lea/ c>bon coat+ app>5t4 ,! be/ prep>ation = gr9d+ !m is a v f9e em]y1 mix$ ) a heavy lubricant1 to :i* %\ld be add$ a small am\nt ( k]os5e4 ,,cam-,,%aft4--,:5 ! cam-%aft is remov$1 note ! m>ks1 to see :]e !y regi/] ) ! m>ks on ! cam %aft ge>s4 ,famili>ize y\rself ) ^! details4 ,,! ,,cle>ance4--,p>ticul>ly exam9e ! cle>ance betwe5 ! valve /em & plung] rod4 ,if ! cle>ance is too great1 ! exhau/ valve w op5 too late4 ,a small cle>ance is necess>y to all[ = ! expansion ( ! valve /em4 ,,clut*es4--,"s clut*es are s arrang$ t !y may be remov$ z a :ole2 9 o!rs ! sep>ate p>ts may be tak5 out4 ,if ! latt] appe>s worn1 replace x at once4 ,d n wait until necessity compels y4 ,lea!r = ?is purpose %\ld always be kept on h&1 & ! old lea!rs us$ z patt]ns = cutt+ ! new4 ,,! ,,clut* ,,lea!r4--,:5 ! lea!r we>s d[n s ! rivet heads are 9 contact ) ! metal surface1 !y %\ld be tak5 out1 & ! lea!r c\nt]sunk1 s t ! new rivets w be deep en\gh to cle> contact4 ,?is is some?+ :i*1 at ! "t y are exam9+ ! c>1 has n yet giv5 any tr\ble1 b ! next day1 if n att5d$ to1 ! clut* may refuse to release itself quickly1 & y are apt to wond] :at ! tr\ble may be4 ,,rivets ,,9 ,,! ,,lea!r4--,keep ! rivet heads free ( metallic contact4 ,?is1 & c>e 9 putt+ on ! lea!r ev5ly w make a clut* t is sure to give y effici5t s]vice4 ,if x does n grip quickly aft] ! foot releases x1 ! spr+ is n at prop] t5sion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! spr+ %\ld n be too /rong1 & to pu% back ! foot ) too great =ce1 because ?is w set ! clut*1 & give ! c> an unpleasant j]k4 ,,transmission ,,sy/em4--,! transmission sy/em %\ld be exam9$ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,! ma9 ?+ is to note ! ball be>+s1 & to remove old grease :i* has accumulat$ !re4 ,all ball be>+s1 h[ev] made1 & appli$1 h m or less ( a gr9d+ effect4 ,z a result1 small p>ticles ( iron are cut (f f ! contact surfaces1 :i* is indicat$ by ! fact t ! grease is discolor$1 or black5$4 ,! grease :i* is all[$ to rema9 9 ! case = a long "t has ^! small p>ticles 9 contact ) ! balls & runways1 & is sure to we> m ?an new grease4 ,plumbago 9 ! grease w be ( great s]vice 9 aid+ to coat ! balls ) a good surface4 ,^! rem>ks z to ! removal ( old grease is desirable :]ev] ball be>+s are employ$4 ,! ge>s 9 ! case %\ld also be exam9$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! edges are *ipp$1 or :at ! we>+ action is4 ,,! ,,diff]5tial4--,?is also requires c>e1 b c>elessness 9 lubrication is ! only feature lack+ 9 s _m c>s1 & x is ! mo/ frequ5t %ortcom+ ) ! novice4 ,! diff]5tial seems to be ! "o "p ( a c> :i*1 9 8 e/imation1 requires no att5tion4 ,if !re is any play betwe5 ! p9ions & ! /uds1 x %\ld be promptly tak5 up4 ,?is c be done1 usually1 by ins]t+ wa%]s ( prop] ?ickness beh9d ! ge>s1 9 cases :]e no provision has be5 made = adju/m5t4 ,,univ]sal ,,jo9ts4--,! we>+ po9ts ( ! univ]sal are 9 ! p9s4 ,^! are susceptible ( a great deal ( we>+ d[n be=e ! facts w make !mselves kn[n 9 ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e1 h5ce ! necessity ( exam9+ ?is "p :5 y are on an inspect+ t\r4 ,,/e]+ ,,ge>4--,! /e]+ ge> %\ld be tak5 ap>t1 & e work+ portion clean$4 ,! ball-be>+s may be worn1 or ! jo9t out ( adju/m5t1 to :i* ! /iffness ( ! turn+ movem5t is likely due4 ,,worm ,,& ,,worm ,,:eel4--,:5 we> beg9s betwe5 ! worm & worm :eel1 !re is a loos5ess app>5t1 s t ! /e]+ :eel mu/1 sometimes make a consid]able "p ( a turn be=e ! effect w be app>5t on ! :eels4 ,?is %\ld be tak5 up s ! :eels w be 9 full me%4 ,! rod f ! sector lev] to ! p$al %\ld be tak5 (f & exam9$1 to see :e!r or n x is b5t1 & prop]ly adju/$ z to l5g?4 ,,batt]ies4--,^! ne$ inspection & att5tion m frequ5tly ?an any o!r "p ( ! me*anism4 ,x is (t5 ! case t a batt]y1 p>ticul>ly /orage batt]ies1 w %[ /rong amp]age1 & sudd5ly give out entirely4 ,,! ,,vibrator4--,:5 su* is ! case x may be attributable to ! contact po9t ( ! vibrator hav+ too heavy an adju/m5t1 & z a result1 x w be less responsive1 or be sl[ 9 its action4 ,?is causes corrosion ( ! contact po9ts4 ,9 action ! vibrator %\ld give a high-pit*$ buzz+ s\nd1 :i* produces a hott] sp>k1 & also pres]ves ! life ( ! batt]y4 ,,! ,,electrolyte4--,! electrolyte 9 ! /orage batt]y may ne$ refill+4 ,! old liquid %\ld be remov$1 ! case ?or\ghly wa%$ out ) di/ill$ wat]1 & refill$1 us+ ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( ! old liquid1 & ! residue s(t fre% wat]4 ,replace buckl$ or injur$ grids ) new ones4 ,if a plate has a consid]able portion ( ! m9im1 or lead1 brok5 or remov$1 x is always well to take x out & put 9 a new "o z ! grid 9 su* a case has a r$uc$ surface4 ,,contact ,,po9ts4--,exam9e all contact po9ts1 & cle> ! air v5ts & t]m9als1 & p>ticul>ly note h[ ! wires are arrang$ )9 ! case1 s !y w n be subject$ to vibration & ?us affect ! t]m9als4 ,! utmo/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to l9e up ! valves s !y act at ! prop] "t 9 ! revolution ( ! crank %aft4 ,usually ! inlet valve plung] has a lock-nut adju/m5t1 s t x may be set at ! prop] po9t4 ,! po9ts are indicat$ on ! fly :eel & eng9e base1 & :5 !y co9cide )1 say cyl9d] ,no4 #a1 :i* is usually tak5 z ! guide1 ! contact mu/ be made betwe5 ! valve-/em & plung]4 ,if y f9d t ! contact takes place be=e ! two po9ts are opposite ea* o!r1 ! valves op5 too e>ly4 ,,! ,,magneto4--,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! magneto & ! batt]y sy/em1 z appli$ on c>s1 is 9 ! me?od ( obta9+ ! prim>y curr5t4 ,! magneto disp5ses ) ! batt]y cells1 ! coil1 ! commutator1 or contact break]1 :i* mu/ be us$ ) ! batt]y1 & ! swit*+ plug4 ,in/ead ( ! =ego+ elem5ts h[ev]1 ! magneto requires a contact break]1 & a cond5s]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mu* m simple to exam9e & keep 9 ord]1 ?an a batt]y outfit4 ,! magneto1 ow+ to ! fact t x always has )9 itself ! means to g5]ate a curr5t1 & does n deplete itself1 is f> pref]able to a batt]y4 ,ow+ to ! high t5sion "* ( mo/ magnetos1 ! sp>k is also mu* hott]1 & = t reason ! ignition is m positive4 ,,magneto ,,impulses4--,z ! magneto gives out impulses ( c]ta9 int5sity at ea* revolution1 :i* impulses are design$ to actuate ! sp>k+ me*anism at c]ta9 def9ite p]iods1 x is obvi\s t ! contact break] mu/ be prop]ly set4 ,,tim+ ,,! ,,magneto4--,?is is :at is call$ tim+ ! magneto1 & x is "o ( ! ?+s necess>y to obs]ve1 & to be able to adju/1 if x is f\nd t1 = any reason1 ! disk1 or ! :eel ( ! contact break] has turn$ on ! %aft1 z w sometimes be ! case4 ,all me*anism ( ?is k9d %\ld be 8spott$10 t is1 h pun* m>ks on ! disk & %aft s t x c always be put back to ! prop] op]ative position1 or ne>ly s1 & ?us save ! "t & labor requir$ = retim+4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x may be said t ! magneto is "o ( ! me*anical elem5ts1 :i* ne$s less c>e & att5tion ?an any o!r "p ( ! c>1 & x is safe to exam9e & g ?r\gh e o!r "p ( ! ma*9]y be=e attempt+ to tamp] ) ! magneto4 ,,! ,,c>buret]4--,9 ! pa/ c>buret]s h _h a bad reputation1 probably1 des]v$ly s4 ,! great difficulty ) mo/ ( !m has be5 9 ! floats1 & ! float connections ) ! inlets4 ,?is1 & ! fact t small p>ticles1 :i* someh[ get into ! oil1 & block ! fl[ at ! ne$le po9t1 & ! pres5ce ( wat]1 are ! s]i\s tr\bles4 ,"o c be rem$i$ only by a ?or\gh ov]haul+1 & ! o!r by us+ special c>e 9 fill+ ! tank ) fuel4 ,! float *amb] %\ld be kept clean1 z well z ! ducts & valve controll+ ! fl[4 ,sometimes a small fib] w be lodg$ some:]e 9 ! pipes1 & ?is w cat* small p>ticles1 & tempor>ily arre/ !m4 ,! accumulat$ mass :5 dislodg$ blocks ! valve1 & ! my/]y seems inexpla9able4 ,wrong adju/m5t 9 a c>buret] manife/s itself 9 ?ree ways3 ,if ! smoke is black1 & ! flame is r$1 ! mixture is too ri*2 a yell[ flame indicates a lean mixture2 & a blue flame & cle> exhau/ %[s t x is prop]ly set4 ,if an explosion takes place 9 ! muffl]1 x is an indication t gasol9e1 or ! vapor1 has be5 c>ri$ ov]2 & :ite smoke dis*>g+ f x %[s t !re is too mu* lubricat+ mat]ial go+ into ! cyl9d]s4 ,wea!r w affect mixtures1 & m air is g5]ally requir$ on a hot day ?an dur+ damp wea!r4 ,?is expla9s :y a ma*9e w run )\t tr\ble ) a c]ta9 adju/m5t "o day1 & be v unsatisfactory ! next4 ,^! ?+s %\ld be obs]v$ & m5tally not$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,electric ,,vehicles ,! con/ruction ( electrically-equipp$ c>s is "o :i* requires pages ( explanations & illu/rations to d x ju/ice4 ,! scope ( ! pres5t "w 0 orig9ally int5d$ to cov] only gasol9e-driv5 c>s1 s t ?is *apt]1 :i* 9 a measure only sets =? ! mann] 9 :i* su* automobiles are built1 w m p>ticul>ly po9t out ! me*anism :i* p]ta9s to ! op]ation1 & ! c>e ne$$ to ma9ta9 !m4 ,x is a long & difficult /udy to und]/& ! electrical details necess>y to build1 repair1 or ma9ta9 electric c>s1 b x is "p ( ! g5]al me*anic's duty to und]/& :]e ! tr\bles lie1 :5 ! me*anism fails to respond1 & mo/ ( ! electrical devices are n[ s made t ! ord9>y me*anic is able to make repairs1 ev5 ?\gh he may n h a te*nical k ( electricity4 ,)9 ! pa/ five ye>s ?is type ( automobile has be5 improv$ to su* an ext5t t x is /eadily ga9+ gr\nd1 & _! use gr[+ to su* a degree t x may soon become a great rival ( ! gasol9e c>1 especially = pleasure purposes4 ,!re nev] has be5 any "q z to ! value ( electric motors = traction s]vice4 ,:]ev] a curr5t ( electricity c be di/ribut$ & transmitt$ to a motor1 x is ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( mov+ vehicles1 z has be5 %[n 9 /reet railways4 ,,requirem5ts4--,b on individual c>s1 incapable ( gett+ curr5t f a sy/em ( wir+1 ! matt] pres5ts an entirely diff]5t aspect1 & br+s =? new problems1 h5ce /orage batt]ies mu/ be resort$ to1 & ?is involves ! consid]ation ( _m elem5ts t may be ignor$ ) ! usual traction sy/em4 ,inv5tors h vi$ ) ea* o!r to produce a type ( batt]y t w\ld possess at lea/ ?ree p>ticul> features ( excell5ce1 :i* may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,fir/4 ,exce$+ lightness1 proportion$ to ! en]gy ex]t$1 & compactness ( /ructure4 ,second4 ,a =m ( grid :i* w hold ! matt]1 or active mat]ial1 )9 x1 & prev5t x f dis9tegrat+ or fall+ out ( ! recesses into :i* x is press$4 ,?ird4 ,to add to ! life ( ! batt]y1 or to ! individual grids1 or plates1 :i* means ! discov]y ( new mat]ial1 available to receive & accumulate ! electric *>ge4 ,,gasol9e-,,electric ,,trucks4--,( late "s progress has be5 made 9 con/ruct+ a type ( electrics 9 :i* a gasol9e eng9e is us$1 t is connect$ up ) an electric g5]ator4 ,! latt] is us$ to *>ge a /orage batt]y also m\nt$ on ! truck1 & ! /orage batt]y supplies ! motor4 ,! gasol9e eng9e be+ connect$ ) ! electric g5]ator is con/antly 9 condition to *>ge ! /orage batt]y & may be set 9 motion1 :5ev] ! *>ge 9 ! /orage batt]y falls bel[ a c]ta9 electro motive =ce4 ,at o!r times ! motor is at re/4 ,9 ?is type ! electric motor is connect$ ) ! axle ( ! vehicle1 s t x is always ready = s]vice :e!r ! gasol9e motor is runn+ or n4 ,9 ! ord9>y gasol9e automobile x is ess5tial t ! motor mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 s]vice at all times1 s t any d]angem5t 9 t "p ( ! sy/em1 :i* includes ! me*anism int]m$iate ! motor & axle1 or ! electrical devices1 or ! c>buret]1 means a dead c>4 ,x is urg$ t by comb9+ ! two sy/ems a mu* wid] range ( usefulness w be obta9$1 & practice %[s su* to be ! case4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 "s defects1 "o ( :i* is ! great weight necess>y to ma9ta9 ! entire tra9 ( me*anism ?us describ$4 ,! o!r disadvantage is ! great fir/ co/1 al?\gh x is ma9ta9$ t ! decreas$ co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! c>s1 :ile 9 use1 is suffici5t to w>rant an increas$ co/ 9 ! sell+ price ( ! ma*9es4 ,x is und5iably true t su* me*anism means additional c>e1 & is liable to add to ! complications necess>y to op]ate ! sy/em1 & x is obvi\s t ^! consid]ations w prev5t ! use ( ?is type 9 all small vehicles1 :]eas x may be mo/ s]viceable & available 9 heavy trucks = transport+ m]*&ise4 ,,! ,,curr5t ,,us$4--,/orage batt]ies are *>g$ ) & use a direct curr5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a direct & an alt]nat+ curr5t is1 t 9 ! fir/ ! curr5t fl[s cont9u\sly ov] a wire 9 "o direction1 :]eas 9 ! latt] x *anges its direction1 go+1 = an in/ant1 f ! nor? pole to ! s\? pole1 & ! next in/ant f ! s\? pole to ! nor? pole1 & = ?is reason x is said to alt]nate4 ,,me*anically-,,produc$ ,,electricity4--,! alt]nat+ me?od is ! natural =m ( fl[ 9 a curr5t d]iv$ f me*anism1 z1 = in/ance1 by means ( a rotat+ armature4 ,! electricity1 9 ?is case1 is produc$ by a metallic body mov+ ?r\gh a magnetic field1 & z x passes ?r\gh x takes up a c]ta9 electric impulse 9 "o direction :5 ! body approa*es ! field1 & in/antly rev]ses & fl[s 9 ! opposite direction z ! body rec$es f ! magnet1 or field4 ,to conv]t ?is alt]nat+ phase into :at is call$ a direct curr5t1 c]ta9 dynamos are provid$ ) a commutator1 & ! function ( ?is commutator1 :i* has two oppositely-dispos$ f+]s contact+ !re)1 is to s div]t ! alt]nat+ impulses t !y w g ov] ! wire 9 "o direction only4 ,,curr5t ,,f ,,batt]ies4--,curr5ts d]iv$ f batt]ies d n h ! alt]nat+ fl[4 ,in/ead1 ! movem5t is 9 "o direction only1 & x is 9 connection ) ?is me?od ( produc+ electricity t ! t]ms positive & negative are f\nd conv5i5t 9 describ+ ! curr5t1 & ! action ( ! me*anism op]at$ by x4 ,,prim>y ,,batt]y4--,! prim>y batt]y is "o :i* g5]ates an electric curr5t4 ,x comprises "o or m pairs ( plates1 ( :i* z9c & copp] are examples1 al?\gh o!r c\ples are f\nd to be equally s]viceable4 ,two metals1 or mat]ials1 su* z c>bon & z9c1 are select$1 :i* are t]m$ electrical opposites1 or :i* are positive-negative to ea* o!r1 & :5 su* c\ples are imm]s$ 9 an electrolyte a curr5t w be set up betwe5 ! two plates1 if a wire is atta*$ to ea* plate1 & ! out] ends ( ^! wires br\ght toge!r1 a cont9u\s curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! electrolyte is a solution ( wat]1 ) a small am\nt ( sulphuric acid4 ,num]\s acid solutions are made1 & salt1 or sal9e solutions are also frequ5tly employ$4 ,,second>y1 ,,or ,,/orage ,,batt]ies4--,^! are also call$ ,accumulators1 because !y are s con/ruct$ t !y w accumulate a c]ta9 *>ge4 ,! t]m ,second>y is us$ to indicate ! idea t !y receive _! *>ge f an outside s\rce1 9 di/9ction f a ,prim>y1 :i* g5]ates its own curr5t4 ,aft] ! second>y is once *>g$ x !n beg9s to "w on its own acc\nt1 ! same z a prim>y batt]y4 ,,rev]sal ,,( ,,curr5ts4--,:5 a /orage batt]y is be+ *>g$ f an outside s\rce ( electricity1 ! curr5t fl[s )9 ! batt]y 9 "o direction2 b ! mom5t ! outside s\rce is discont9u$1 & ! batt]y itself is connect$ up ) me*anism1 x becomes a s\rce ( en]gy1 b ! curr5t output is 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! =ego+ sugge/ions & features ( explanation are ?\ght to be desirable1 9 view ( ! foll[+ /atem5ts :i* p]ta9 to ! op]ation ( ma*9es ( ?is type4 ,,*>g+4--,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s 9 ! c>e & h&l+ ( ma*9es ( ?is "*1 is ! *>g+ ( ! batt]ies4 ,! utmo/ caution mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t d]angem5t ( ! batt]ies4 ,?us1 to connect ! positive pole ( ! *>g+ g5]ator ) ! negative pole ( ! /orage batt]y w\ld rev]se ! curr5t & quickly de/roy ! plates4 ,,"t ,,requir$1 ,,& ,,curr5t4--,x requires "t to *>ge a batt]y1 usually f tw5ty to ?irty h\rs4 ,! usual *>g+ rate is ab\t fifty amp]es = a cell ) a capacity ( =ty amp]e h\rs1 & ! voltage %\ld be some:at high] ?an ! normal voltage output design$ = ! batt]y :5 x is 9 action4 ,,tr\bles ,,9 ,,use4--,! mo/ frequ5t tr\ble 9 ! use ( batt]ies comes f %ort circuit+4 ,?is arises f two causes4 ,! grids ( ! batt]ies are made ( lead1 ca/ 9 ! =m ( flat plates1 hav+ small int]/ices1 or op5+s1 :i* are fill$ ) v>i\s prep>ations1 pr9cipally p]oxide ( lead4 ,o!r types use iron & nickel1 & _m are compos$ ( lead & z9c1 b 9 any case ! object ( ! grid is to receive & hold ! active mat]ial1 & pres5t z l>ge a surface ( ! m9um z possible to ! action ( ! electrolyte4 ,:5 9 use ! lead p>ticles beg9 to dis9tegrate1 m or less1 & fall out ( ! cavities ( ! grid1 dropp+ to ! bottom ( ! cell4 ,9 "t ! mat]ial ?us deposit$ w =m a pa? betwe5 ! two adjo9+ plates1 produc+ :at is call$ a %ort-circuit1 & if ! accumulation is n remov$1 ! plates w be s]i\sly injur$4 ,,ov]*>g+4--,sometimes ! plates are ov]*>g$1 & ! result is !y w buckle1 s t !y t\* ea* o!r1 & a %ort circuit results4 ,^! h9ts are usually suffici5t to indicate :]e ! tr\ble w be f\nd if ! curr5t measur+ in/rum5ts indicate an excessive fl[ ( curr5t4 ,9 su* cases ! fir/ direction to :i* ! exam9] turns is ! batt]y4 ,,! ,,circuit+4--,x has be5 f\nd necess>y1 9 provid+ = ! op]ations ( an electric vehicle1 t ! motor %\ld h a means :]eby ! spe$ & p[] ( its output c be regulat$4 ,?is may seem a v simple matt]1 at fir/ glance1 because1 )\t /opp+ to exam9e ! problem1 & all ! elem5ts involv$1 x w\ld be easy to settle x by simply giv+ ! motor m or less curr5t4 ,to d s w\ld turn ! motor fa/] or sl[]4 ,9 ! gasol9e c> provision is made :]eby1 ?r\gh ! *ange spe$ ge>s1 ! eng9e gets ! b5efit ( ! lev]age1 by r$uc+ ! spe$ ( ! axle1 relative to ! eng9e %aft1 at fir/ spe$1 & ?is enables ! motor to pull ! c> up /eep grades1 or ov] difficult roads1 :i* x w\ld n be able to d if ! relative rotations 7 ! same z at high spe$4 ,,economy ,,9 ,,use ,,( ,,curr5t4--,! same ?+ is necess>y 9 ! op]ation ( ! electric motor4 ,! curr5t mu/ be s arrang$ t at c]ta9 p]iods x w be m effective ?an at o!rs1 & ?is effectiv5ess is g5]ally want$ at times :5 ! axles turn v sl[1 j ! same z ) ! gasol9e c>4 ,?is economizes1 & prev5ts ! wa/e ( curr5t4 ,x is accompli%$ by connect+ up ! cells 9 su* a mann] t !y may give a l>ge voltage & small amp]age1 or a l[ voltage & great amp]age1 & 9 do+ s w n detract f ! effici5cy ( ! batt]y4 ,,s]ies ,,& ,,p>allel4--,! device resort$ to1 :]eby ?is may be accompli%$1 is 9 ! mann] t ! cells are connect$ up ) ea* o!r4 ,9 a g5]al way1 x may be said t ! voltage has ref]5ce to ! =ce1 or pressure ( ! curr5t1 :]eas amp]age is ! quantity :i* fl[s ov] ! wire4 ,ea* cell has a voltage (1 approximately1 "o & a half volts1 & x matt]s n h[ l>ge ! cell may be1 ! voltage is no m4 ,! amp]age1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on ! surface area ( ! plates compris+ ! active ag5ts 9 ! cell1 s t ea* cell has1 say "o & a half volts1 & t51 or tw5ty1 or m amp]es4 ,if a numb] ( su* cells are connect$ up 9 "o way ! output may be repres5t$ 9 high amp]age1 or 9 high voltage4 ,if we h a c]ta9 numb] ( cells1 :i*1 :5 comb9$1 give t5 volts & hundr$ amp]es1 ! result w\ld be #aj #ajj1 equal to #ajjj ,watts4 ,b !y may also be s connect$ toge!r t !y w h an output ( #ajj amp]es & #aj volts1 ! total ( :i* is also #ajjj ,watts4 ,su* a curr5t w\ld be put ?r\gh ! motor "u ord9>y runn+ conditions1 z a high driv+ p[] is n necess>y4 ,b suppose x is desir$ to h a high or /rong driv+ p[]2 !n ! =ce ( all ! volts is requir$1 s t "o hundr$ volts are us$1 & only t5 amp]es4 ,,! ,,connections4--,?is is br\ght ab\t by connect+ up ! cells 9 s]ies1 or1 9 multiple or 9 p>allel4 ,! s]ies connection is :]e ! cells are plac$ 9 a r[1 = in/ance1 & are connect$ toge!r s t ! c>bon plate ( "o cell is jo9$ by a wire ) ! z9c plate ( ! o!r cell2 or ! positive plate ( "o is connect$ ) ! negative plate ( ! o!r1 & s on4 ,9 t case all ! curr5t g5]at$ 9 all ! cells jo9 & fl[ along 9 "o /ream1 f "o end ( ! batt]y to ! o!r4 ,b n[1 all ! positive plates may be connect$ toge!r ) "o wire1 & all ! negative plates may be connect$ toge!r ) ano!r wire1 s t ^! two wires w ?us be p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & ! lead wires :i* g to ! motor are atta*$ to ^! two p>allel wires1 & w\ld repres5t ! p>allel type ( connection4 ,b x is ! mo/ common practice to divide ! cell into two sets1 ea* ( :i* is call$ a unit4 ,ea* unit1 hav+ a c]ta9 numb] ( cells1 c also h !m connect$ up 9 s]ies1 or 9 p>allel1 & ! diff]5t p>allel units may be connect$ up toge!r1 s z to =m a connection :i* is 9 multiple or 9 s]ies multiple4 ,suppose !re are eight units1 ea* ( t5 volts1 ! motor w\ld receive eighty volts4 ,b n[1 if ! cells are 9 p>allel1 or 9 multiple1 z ! case may be1 !n ! pressure at ! motor is equal to t ( a s+le unit1 b ! curr5t fl[ is eight times t ( ! =ego+ example4 ,! object1 !re=e1 is to *ange ! batt]y pressure on ! "o h&1 & to produce ! mo/ effective action on ! o!r h&1 at ! motor1 & to d s make bo? batt]y & motor m effici5t4 ,,! ,,controll]4--,! device :i* p]=ms ?is op]ation1 at ! w ( ! op]ator1 is call$ ! ,controll]1 :i* *anges ! wir+ connection f s]ies to multiple1 or ! rev]se4 ,! ,controll] is1 9 all probability1 ! mo/ complicat$ piece ( me*anism 9 ! entire electric c>4 ,x mu/ make an entire s]ies ( *anges = ea* ( ! diff]5t spe$s1 ( :i* !re are frequ5tly six4 ,! fields ( ! motor are also connect$ 9 s]ies1 or bo? s]ies & multiple1 s z to give a /ill great] effici5cy4 ,by ?is means ! t]m9al po9ts ( ! ,controll] may be turn$1 7#a71 s !y w connect ! batt]ies 9 multiple & ! field w9d+s 9 s]ies2 or1 7#b71 ! batt]ies 9 multiple & ! fields 9 s]ies multiple2 or1 7#c71 ! batt]ies 9 s]ies & ! fields 9 s]ies2 or1 7#d71 ! batt]ies 9 s]ies & ! fields 9 multiple4 ,! figures 9 p>5!ses indicate ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & f\r? spe$s1 respectively1 & 9 su* an arrangem5t two batt]y units are us$1 & also two motors4 ,! same rule z to effici5cy applies ) "o motor1 & two or m batt]y units4 ,! batt]y unit may be ( any desir$ numb] ( cells1 z /at$4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,equipm5t4--,c>s = pleasure purposes are ( diff]5t types1 su* z runab\ts1 road/]s1 victorias1 c\ps1 br\ghams1 & ! l1 provid$ ) batt]ies :i* w p]mit runs ( at lea/ #ajj miles on ea* *>ge4 ,,spe$s4--,! ,controll] w p]mit ( spe$s rang+ f five to ?irty miles an h\r4 ,! numb] ( cells v>y ) diff]5t makes1 f tw5ty to =ty1 & ! numb] ( plates 9 ea* cell av]age ab\t fifte54 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! op]at+ limit is wide en\gh to p]mit consid]able latitude2 b re*>g+ /ations are n[ f\nd ev]y:]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cities1 & 9 ! l>ge t[ns4 ,,accessories4--,a fully-equipp$ electric1 design$ = ! greate/ luxury & com=t1 has two head lamps1 two side1 & a tail lamp1 & "o 9 ! int]ior1 a light+ swit* to control all ! lights1 a v5tilator1 voltammet]1 %aft odomet]1 = %[+ spe$ & di/ance travel$1 complete outfit ( tools1 novelty toilet set & case1 cut glass fl[] vase1 eight day clock & mirrors suitably arrang$ )9 ! body4 ,,seat+ ,,arrangem5t4--,! br\ghams & c\ps are especially arrang$ = com=tably seat+ ! occupants4 ,9 "s ! drive is at ! re> seats1 & ! /e]+ me*anism may be by means ( a :eel1 z 9 gasol9e c>s1 or ?r\gh a lev]4 ,mo/ ,bodies are n[ made ) alum9um panels1 & sa%less qu>t] w9d[s1 ) drop doors1 front & re> w9d[s1 & ra9 vision front w9d[s4 ,,! ,,transmission4--,?is v>ies 9 ! diff]5t types1 & 9 ! makes4 ,*a9s1 bevel1 or worms ge>s1 are employ$1 & 9 "s c>s two ( ^! types are us$1 "s ( ^! devices be+ ! products ( ! highe/ eng9e]+ skill4 ,! re> axles ( ! small] vehicles are g5]ally ( ! semi-float+ type1 usually made ( vanadium /eel1 :ile ! h\s+ is drawn f %eet /eel4 ,= heavi] vehicles ( ! br\gham /yle1 ! re> axles are full-float+ & furni%$ ) extra l>ge annul> ball-be>+s 9 ! hubs4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,words ,,us$ ,,9 ,,text ,,( ,,?is ,,volume 99,abrasive499 ,a mat]ial :i* we>s away ano!r mat]ial4 99,absorb5t499 ,a mat]ial :i* w take up a liquid4 99,accumulate499 ,to br+ toge!r2 to amass2 to collect4 99,acc5tuate499 ,to br+ out cle>ly2 to lay great /ress ^u4 99,accel]ator499 ,me*anism = add+ to ! spe$ or p[]4 99,accessories499 ,! adjuncts to a c>1 n ess5tial to its runn+ b contribut+ to its make up4 99,acetyl5e499 ,a hydro-c>bon gas1 g5]at$ f a c>bide by ! application ( wat]4 99,al9em5t499 ,be+ 9 l9e2 arrang+ 9 prop] place4 99,amp]e499 ,! unit ( curr5t2 ! t]m 9 :i* /r5g? ( ! curr5t is measur$4 ,an amp]e is an electromotive =ce ( "o volt ?r\gh a resi/ance ( "o ohm4 99,annul>499 ,p]ta9+ to or =m$ l a r+4 99,annul>ly-dispos$499 ,runn+ ar\nd2 circul>ly-=m$ on ! outside4 99,anticipate499 ,?9k+ or act+ ahead4 99,ant5nae499 ,a =w>dly-project+ feel]1 or hair-l app5dage4 ,applies to ! wires ( a wireless telegraphy outfit1 :i* are elevat$1 & receive ! high t5sion impulses4 99,anti-friction499 ,a device or means to prev5t ! action ( rubb+ or we>+4 99,armature499 ,a body ( iron or o!r suitable metal1 :i* is 9 ! magnetic field ( a magnet4 99,arbitr>y499 ,/ubborn det]m9ation4 ,do+ a ?+ )\t reg>d to consequ5ces4 99,asphaltum499 ,a combu/ible mixture ( hydroc>bons2 m9]al pit*2 also f\nd 9 c]ta9 crude oil4 99,atmosph]e499 ,! mass or body ( gases surr\nd+ ! e>?4 99,attributable499 ,to ascribe some?+ to a /ate or condition4 99,automatic499 ,s made t x w op]ate )\t any ext]nal aid or me*anism4 99,available499 ,t :i* c be made use (4 99,auxili>y499 ,an aid2 add$ to2 giv+ or furni%+ aid4 99,batt]y499 ,a comb9ation ( two or m cells4 99,be>+499 ,a t]m appli$ to a metal h\s+ 9 :i* a j\rnal or %aft turns4 99,bell-crank499 ,a lev]1 :i* is b5t at "r angles1 & is pivot$ to sw+ at ! po9t ne> ! "r angl$ b5d4 99,b9d+ po/499 ,a /ud or projection1 usually provid$ ) a hole to receive a screw1 & adapt$ to hold a wire4 99,buckl$499 ,specifically b5t or di/ort$ out ( %ape1 b p>ticul>ly appli$ to /orage batt]y plates :i* are b5t4 99,c>buret]499 ,a me*anical device :i* is s arrang$ t x w receive & dis*>ge a c]ta9 proportion ( air1 & mix !re) a quantity ( hydro-c>bon vapor4 99,c>buret$ air499 ,air :i* is *>g$ ) a vapor ( hydro-c>bon gas1 l gasol9e4 99,c>bon499 ,a mat]ial l coke1 gr\nd or cru%$1 & =m$ into /icks or plates by mold+ or compression4 ,x requires a high heat to melt or burn1 & is us$ z electrodes = arc lamps & = batt]y elem5ts4 99,c>bonization499 ,coat$ ) c>bon4 ,turn$ into ! =m ( c>bon4 99,cell499 ,a vessel conta9+ an electrolyte & two elem5ts4 99,c5trifugal499 ,! outw>dly-mov+ =ce f a rotat+ body4 99,*ange-spe$ ge>s499 ,! "p ( an automobile :i* is 9 ! l9e ( ! driv+ %afts1 & design$ to *ange ! spe$ ( ! axle relative to ! spe$ ( ! eng9e %aft4 99,*annel b>s499 ,a b> made ,u-%ap$ 9 cross section4 99,*emical action499 ,a t]m to describe ! *ange br\ght ab\t by unit+ *emicals ( diff]5t k9ds4 99,circuit+499 ,! mann] ( wir+ up an electric device s ! curr5t w p]=m its "w4 99,circumf]5tial499 ,ar\nd ! outside1 99,cle>ance499 ,t space 9 ! head ( an eng9e cyl9d]1 above ! pi/on1 9 :i* ! gas is compress$ previ\s to ignit+ x4 99,clut*499 ,a me*anism :i* is plac$ on ! abutt+ ends ( a pair ( %afts1 & design$ to c\ple or unc\ple ! two %afts toge!r4 99,coop]ation499 ,act+ 9 unison4 ,9 h>mony4 99,combu/ion *amb]499 ,t "p ( a cyl9d] 9 :i* ! gases are ignit$ & exp&$4 99,comm9ut$499 ,f9ely divid$4 ,a p[d]4 99,commutator499 ,a cyl9d] on ! end ( ! armature ( a dynamo or motor1 & provid$ ) a pair ( contact plates = ea* p>ticul> coil 9 ! armature1 9 ord] to *ange ! direction ( ! curr5t4 99,compression499 ,a t]m us$ to designate ! =c+ toge!r ( ! c>buret$ air drawn into ! *amb] ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 99,comp5sate499 ,pay+ = a ?+2 to give ample 9 return4 99,comp\nd$499 ,! unit+ ( elem5ts1 9 su* mann] t !y are *ang$4 ,wat] is a comp\nd4 ,! atmosph]e is m]ely a mixture4 99,compreh5sion499 ,und]/&+4 ,a full k4 99,complex499 ,difficult to und]/&4 ,involv$4 99,cond5s]499 ,a t]m appli$ to ! *ang+ ( gas to a liquid /ate4 ,us$ 9 electrical devices to collect a curr5t 9 high t5sion app>atus4 99,conduit499 ,a *annel1 or an av5ue ?r\gh :i* liquids may be transport$4 99,conically-=m$499 ,made 9 ! %ape ( a cone4 99,conductivity499 ,p]ta9+ to ! quality ( a mat]ial to transmit an electrical wave or impulse4 99,contract$499 ,drawn 92 made small]4 99,control499 ,)9 p[] to h&le4 99,control ,lev]499 ,a b> by ! side ( ! driv]'s seat1 :i* enables him to *eck ! spe$ ( ! c>4 99,contact ,mak]499 ,a device :i* is design$ to keep ! circuit brok5 dur+ ! revolution ( ! %aft1 & to ?r[ x 9 only mom5t>ily at ea* revolution4 99,contact ,break]499 ,a device :i* is design$ to keep ! curr5t e/abli%$ except dur+ a small portion ( ea* revolution4 99,contact ,plates499 ,a s]ies ( plates arrang$ 9 an electric circuit :i* are to be successively ?r[n into ! circuit4 99,con/itu5t499 ,an elem5t2 "o "p ( a comb9ation ( elem5t>y sub/ances4 99,conspicu\sly499 ,prom95t4 ,9 ! =egr\nd4 99,con/itut+499 ,t :i* comprises ! elem5ts 9 a mat]ial4 ,t ( :i* x is made4 99,convolute499 ,a spiral =m ( w9d+1 l a wat* spr+4 99,corrosion499 ,to dis9tegrate4 ,to be eat5 away by acid1 or ! action ( any mat]ial1 or by ! wea!r4 99,c\nt]p>t499 ,! same z2 some?+ l ano!r2 simil> to4 99,c\nt]act499 ,to act 9 a contr>y direction2 adv]sely to4 99,crucial499 ,! te/+ po9t2 a difficult or try+ position4 99,cyl9drical499 ,hav+ ! =m ( a cyl9d]4 ,a b>rel-l %ape or =m4 99,cycle499 ,a p]iod2 a "t dur+ :i* c]ta9 elem5ts op]ate or act4 99,cycle 7,two7499 ,an int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 9 :i* ! gas is drawn 9 & explod$ at ea* revolution ( ! crank %aft4 99,cycle 7,f\r7499 ,an int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 9 :i* ! gas is drawn 9 & explod$ at e o!r revolution ( ! crank %aft4 99,dead ,c5t]499 ,a t]m to designate ! inop]ative po9t ( ! crank4 99,deflect$499 ,driv5 away2 ?r[n (f4 99,depression499 ,a recess2 a sunk5 "p4 99,designat$499 ,nam$2 set =?2 po9t$ out4 99,det]iorate499 ,deplet$2 gr[n worse4 99,deviation499 ,*ang$ f a c]ta9 c\rse4 99,diamet]499 ,! direction across a body4 99,diagonally499 ,any direction :i* is n across a body at "r angles1 nor longitud9al4 99,diagrammatically499 ,a draw+ :i* %[s ! relation & op]ation ( p>ts1 )\t %[+ !m 9 ! correct me*anical /ructural =ms4 99,diagram499 ,a draw+ or sket* :i* %[s ! *>act]i/ics ( a /ructure 9 simple l9es4 99,diagnosis499 ,an exam9ation :i* takes into consid]ation all ! elem5ts :i* make up ! condition4 99,diff]5tial499 ,any me*anism :i* seeks to take c>e ( & utilize ! diff]5ce ( spe$ or p[] 9 ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 a ma*9e4 99,dioxide ( ,manganese499 ,! native /ate ( manganese4 99,dis5gag$499 ,sep>at$ f2 n atta*$4 99,di/illation499 ,! act ( ab/ract+ a sub/ance by vaporization1 & aft]w>ds return+ ! vapor to a liquid =m by means ( a cool temp]ature4 ,! act ( sep>at+ ! m volatile f ! less volatile p>ts ( a sub/ance4 99,dissect+499 ,tak+ ap>t2 view+ ! sep>at$ or diff]5t elem5ts4 99,di/ribution499 ,spread ab\t2 9 electricity1 ! me?od ( direct+ ! curr5t to v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em4 99,di/ill$499 ,a liquid :i* has be5 vaporiz$ & cond5s$ back into a liquid4 99,dynamo499 ,an app>atus1 consi/+ ( field & core magnets1 :i*1 :5 ! core is turn$1 w develop a curr5t ( electricity4 99,effective499 ,produc+ ! be/ results4 99,electrolyte499 ,any mat]ial :i* is capable ( be+ decompos$ by an electric curr5t4 99,elim9ate499 ,to take away f2 to remove2 to take out4 99,elliptical499 ,a =m :i* is 9 ! %ape ( an ellipse4 99,em]g5cy499 ,at ! la/ or critical mom5t4 99,equipp$499 ,built )2 arrang$ ) all ! elem5ts4 99,excessive499 ,too mu*2 m ?an normal4 99,exhau/499 ,! dis*>ge ( ! burnt gas f an int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 99,expansion499 ,! t]m appli$ to ! increases 9 volume by heat ( a gas1 or o!r sub/ance4 99,expansion l9e499 ,! l9e =m$ by ! diff]5t pressures at v>i\s p>ts ( ! pi/on dur+ ! active /roke4 99,explosion499 ,! burn+ & expansive =ce ( a fuel4 99,equaliz]499 ,a me*anical elem5t :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 a mov+ & two or m mov$ p>ts to ev5 up ! =ce ^u ! mov$ p>ts4 99,facility499 ,ease2 eas9ess 9 p]=m+4 99,fasc9ation499 ,attraction2 an irresi/ible or p[]ful influ5ce4 99,field499 ,a t]m us$ to designate ! magnetic influ5ce ( pole pieces :i* surr\nd an armature 9 a dynamo or motor4 99,fire te/499 ,! det]m9ation ( ! po9t at :i* any sub/ance w actually bur/ into flame4 99,fla% sy/em499 ,a me?od ( ignit+ sub/ances4 ,a leap+ sp>k4 99,fla% po9t499 ,! temp]ature at :i* a fuel w fla% b n burn4 99,flexible499 ,yield+2 capable ( be+ di/ort$4 99,float+499 ,a condition 9 :i* a sub/ance w n s9k 9 a liquid4 99,foot p\nds499 ,a unit1 usually det]m9$ by ! numb] ( p\nds rais$ "o foot 9 "o second ( "t4 #eej p\nds rais$ "o foot 9 "o second ( "t1 means #eej foot p\nds4 99,=mation499 ,! act1 or process ( mak+1 by ! comb9ation ( mat]ials4 99,frictional499 ,! rubb+ toge!r ( p>ts4 99,fulcrum499 ,! po9t r\nd :i* a lev] turns4 99,function499 ,any specific p[] ( act+ or op]at+ t belongs to an ag5t4 99,fundam5tal499 ,! fir/4 ,! primitive ord] ( any?+1 or ( any act4 99,gasket499 ,a small int]pos+ sub/ance1 usually s(t] ?an ! unit$ p>ticles1 = ! purpose ( effect+ a tight jo9t4 99,ge> ,box499 ,a case or %ell design$ to hold ! transmission1 or o!r :eels1 9 a piece ( me*anism4 99,ge>-,%ift+499 ,! me*anism = *ang+ ! spe$ ge>s 9 an automobile4 99,globules499 ,small p>ticles ( liquid4 99,gravity499 ,! attraction ( mass = mass2 weight2 ! accel]at+ t5d5cy ( mat]ial to move t[>d ! e>?4 99,graphite499 ,a =m ( c>bon4 ,a natural product especially us$ z a dry lubricant4 99,gr\nd c>bon499 ,usually gas coke4 99,high t5sion499 ,an electric curr5t :i* has an exce$+ly high voltage4 99,h]r+ bone499 ,a t]m appli$ to v>i\s me*anical /ructures4 ,x is prim>ily made up ( a rib f :i* a numb] ( small sp9es bran* out 9 opposite directions4 99,hood499 ,! cov]+ or enclosure at ! =w>d "p ( an automobile1 )9 :i* ! eng9e is plac$4 99,h\s+499 ,any enclosure1 or cov]+4 99,hummock499 ,a ris+1 m or less pron\nc$1 9 ! roadway4 99,hydro-c>bon499 ,usually appli$ to a gas evolv$ f gasol9e4 ,?is sub/ance has f #hj to #hc p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & f #ab to #ae p] c5t4 ( hydrog54 99,hydrog5499 ,"o ( ! lighte/ elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,two-?irds ( wat] is hydrog54 99,idl] p9ion499 ,a small ge>1 usually plac$ s x may be mov$ to be 9 contact ) "o or m ge>s1 b is n directly connect$ up 9 ! l9e ( ! ge>+4 99,ignitable499 ,! t]m appli$ to sub/ances :i* c be br\ght to ! po9t ( burn+ or explod+4 99,immat]ial499 ,n important4 99,imp>t$499 ,giv5 to some?+ else2 transf]r$ ov]4 99,impregnat$499 ,to infuse or saturate ) ano!r sub/ance4 99,impalpable499 ,exce$+ly f9e4 99,impulses499 ,an action :i* is irregul> or at c]ta9 p]iods4 99,imp$im5t499 ,some?+ :i* is 9 ! way4 99,impact499 ,a /rik+ aga9/2 a =ce :i* contacts ) ano!r4 99,incl9e499 ,a declivity2 a slope4 99,induction coil499 ,a core ) two w9d+s !reon1 "o ( co>se & "o ( f9e wire1 s z to *ange a curr5t f a l[ voltage to a high voltage1 & f a high amp]age to a correspond+ly l[ amp]age4 99,+r$i5t499 ,! elem5t 9 a comp\nd4 99,inductor499 ,any "p ( an electrical app>atus :i* acts on ano!r by induction4 99,inflation499 ,! /imulation or ! ar\s+ to unnatural action4 ,! enl>g+ ( a sub/ance4 99,inflammable499 ,any sub/ance :i* w burn is call$ inflammable4 99,int]v5+499 ,betwe52 int]m$iate c]ta9 ?+s1 or p>ts4 99,integral499 ,a "p (2 diff]5t p>ts ( a ma*9e :i* are ( ! same sub/ance4 99,int]section499 ,to divide at a c]ta9 po9t4 ,! cross+ po9t ( "o l9e ov] ano!r4 99,int]rupt]499 ,a piece ( me*anism :i* cuts out an electric curr5t at regul> int]vals4 99,int]pos$499 ,plac$ be=e2 com+ betwe54 99,intimate499 ,v close4 ,ne>ly relat$4 99,insidi\s499 ,an influ5ce1 n ( ! be/4 99,int]nal1 exp&+499 ,ref]r+ to ! condition ( a gas )9 an int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 99,int]nal cone499 ,a clut* :i* has a cone )9 ! :eel1 to receive a "p :i* contacts ) x4 99,int]me%+499 ,! meet+ ( ! tee? ( ge>s4 99,int]mitt5t499 ,hav+ p]iods ( int]mission4 99,int]m+le499 ,mix+4 ,closely unit$4 99,int]nal combu/ion499 ,a burn+ )9 a cyl9d] or *amb]4 99,insulat$499 ,a conductor1 or o!r mat]ial s coat$ z to prev5t a curr5t ( electricity f pass+1 to or f ! same ?r\gh ! sub/ance s plac$ on x4 99,inv>iably499 ,con/ant2 a uni=m condition4 99,j\rnal$499 ,held )9 a be>+ s x may revolve4 99,jump sp>k499 ,a sy/em ( ignit+ ! c>buret$ air 9 an explosion eng9e1 :i* consi/s 9 hav+ a small sep>ation betwe5 ! po9ts 9 a conductor1 & 9 us+ a curr5t ) a suffici5tly high voltage to jump across ! gap ?us made4 99,lapp$499 ,a t]m us$ to designate ! smoo?+ out ( eng9e cyl9d]s or ( any metal too h>d to be h&l$ by ! la!4 99,lat]al499 ,across2 longitud9al1 means l5g?wise1 & lat]al is ! t]m to express ! direction at "r angles to ! longitud9al l9e4 99,lock nut499 ,any device :i* w prev5t ! nut f turn+ loose aft] be+ tight5$4 99,longitud9al499 ,! long way across an article4 99,l[ t5sion499 ,a curr5t :i* has a l[ voltage4 99,lubricant499 ,any sub/ance :i*1 :5 appli$ to mov+ p>ts1 w decrease friction4 99,lubrication499 ,! act ( apply+ a lubricant4 99,magnet499 ,a metallic sub/ance :i* has p[] to attract iron or /eel4 99,magneto499 ,a p]man5t magnet & a revolv+ armature = g5]at+ a curr5t4 99,magnetic pull499 ,! action ex]cis$ by a magnet ( attract+ or repell+4 99,magnetic field499 ,! space or region ne> a magnet or *>g$ wire4 99,make & break499 ,9 ignit+ sy/ems a piece ( me*anism :i* makes & breaks a circuit1 s z to produce a sp>k ea* "t :5 ! wires are sep>at$4 99,manifold499 ,a s]ies ( pip+ on ! eng9e1 s z to br+ all ! inlet or exhau/ pipes toge!r4 99,manually499 ,op]at+ by h&4 99,maximum499 ,! utmo/2 ! greate/ am\nt or sum4 99,me%499 ,fitt+ toge!r1 l ! tee? ( ge> :eels4 99,mean ,effective ,pressure499 ,t pressure 9 ! movem5t ( a cyl9d] :i* repres5ts ! av]age1 z ! pi/on moves f end to end ( its /roke4 99,metallic c\ples499 ,usually two metals ( diff]5t /ructure1 & ( diff]5t pol>ities4 99,m9imize499 ,to belittle2 ! smalle/ am\nt4 99,misconception499 ,a wrong idea2 a mi/ak5 view4 99,misnom]499 ,a false "n2 a wrong appellation4 99,m9utely499 ,v accurate2 correct to ! smalle/ feature4 99,mom5t>ily499 ,= an in/ant only4 99,mom5tum499 ,t quality ( matt] :i* is ! comb9$ en]gy ( mass & spe$4 ,in]tia4 99,multi-cyl9d]499 ,m ?an "o2 sev]al put toge!r4 99,multiple499 ,conta9+ or consi/+ ( m ?an "o4 99,multiple disk499 ,a =m ( clut* :]e !re are a numb] ( disks :i* contact ) "o ano!r4 99,muffl]499 ,a device = sil5c+ ! noise ( ! explosion ( ! eng9e4 99,neutral499 ,nei!r4 99,normal499 ,! usual =m1 mann]1 or condition4 99,obliquely499 ,bran*+ (f f a /raight l9e1 at an angle4 99,ob/ruction499 ,some?+ 9 ! way4 99,op]ation499 ,a process2 an act1 or a mann] ( do+ a ?+4 99,oxyg5499 ,! life giv+ elem5t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,"o-?ird ( wat] is oxyg52 "o-fif? ( ! atmosph]e is oxyg54 99,p>allel499 ,! same di/ance ap>t all along4 99,p$e/rian499 ,a footman2 a walk]4 99,p]ceptible499 ,t :i* c be obs]v$ ) our s5ses4 99,p]imet]499 ,! out] m>g9 ( a :eel2 ! b\nd+ l9e ( any figure ( two dim5sions4 99,p$al499 ,a foot op]at$ lev]4 99,p]man5t magnet499 ,a b> ( /eel1 *>g$ ) magnetism :i* x reta9s indef9itely4 99,p]spective499 ,a view ( an object :i* %[s all ?ree dim5sions f "o side4 99,p9ion499 ,a small too!d :eel4 99,planet>y499 ,a sy/em ( ge>s :]e two or m me% ) & revolve ar\nd a c5tral ge>4 99,plurality499 ,num]\s2 m ?an "o4 99,plumbago499 ,graphite2 a =m ( c>bon2 a lubricant4 99,pot5tiality499 ,! t]m appli$ to ! volts & amp]es 9 an electric curr5t4 99,positive499 ,"o :i* deflects a ne$le to ! left4 99,pre-ignition499 ,:]e ! sp>k ignites ! *>ge be=e ! pi/on beg9s to desc5d1 or ahead ( its prop] "t4 99,precision499 ,a sy/em ( oil+ ! ma*9]y :i* dep5ds on a pump t s5ds 9 a def9ite am\nt ( lubricant at ea* turn ( ! eng9e4 99,pr$et]m9ate499 ,arrang+ be=eh&4 99,pref]5tial499 ,a m satisfactory mann]1 or "t2 e/imat+ "o ?+ above ano!r4 99,prim>y499 ,! fir/4 ,z appli$ to electrical devices x has ref]5ce to a batt]y :i* g5]ates a curr5t 9 contradi/9ction to ! second>y or /orage batt]y4 99,proportionate499 ,! ratio to some?+ else4 ,?is comp>$ ) t4 99,prop]ties499 ,! attributes ( matt]4 99,protective499 ,t :i* %ields2 a cov]+1 or an enclosure4 99,progressive499 ,proce$+ 9 a direct l9e4 99,propell+499 ,mov+2 draw+2 giv+ motive p[]4 99,pneumatic499 ,p]ta9+ to air4 99,pu% leg499 ,an old sy/em ( propell+ me*anism = vehicles4 ,n us$ 9 t mann] n[4 ,! pawl engag+ a lev]1 is ! only =m 9 :i* ! pu% leg is n[ employ$4 99,puncture499 ,a rupture2 a hole2 a te>4 99,quadrant499 ,"o-f\r? ( a circle4 99,radiat+499 ,mov+ out 9 all directions f a common c5t]4 99,radiation499 ,appli$ to ! movem5t ( heat f a body4 99,radiator499 ,a device :i* cools wat]1 by ! application ( air4 99,raceway499 ,a track = ! movem5t & guidance ( anti-friction balls4 99,radius499 ,t l9e f a c5t] to ! circumf]5tial or out] l9e or po9t4 99,rectil9e>499 ,"r2 /raight4 99,recess$499 ,a depression2 a cavity4 99,re9=ce499 ,! t]m appli$ to any means :i* may be employ$ to /r5g!n any "p4 99,requisite499 ,necess>y4 99,regi/]+499 ,to indicate2 also appli$ to me*anism :]e "o "p exactly co9cides ) ano!r "p4 99,resort$499 ,:]e "o device is utiliz$ in/ead ( ano!r4 99,ref9em5t499 ,made bett]2 a m satisfactory =m4 99,retreat+499 ,fall+ back2 "o "p to ! re> ( ano!r4 99,rev]s$499 ,turn$ ab\t2 9 ! opposite direction4 ,inv]s$ means2 upside d[n4 99,resili5cy499 ,t prop]ty ( matt] :i* w yield1 or *ange its =m & return to its orig9al =m4 99,resi/ance499 ,t prop]ty ( all matt] to object to a *ange ( =m2 ! =ce :i* opposes ! movem5t ( a curr5t ?r\gh a conductor4 99,ribb$499 ,hav+ rais$ surfaces1 ( great] or less l5g?4 99,rock %aft499 ,a %aft :i* turns back & =?2 oscillat+4 99,rotatable499 ,turn+1 z a :eel on its axle2 (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! ^w revoluble1 :i* describes ! movem5t ( a body ?r\gh an orbit4 ,! e>? rotates on its axis once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 x revolves ?r\gh space ar\nd ! sun once e ye>4 99,rotor arm499 ,an arm adapt$ to sw+ ?r\gh an arc4 99,saturate499 ,to absorb a liquid or gas to full capacity4 99,second>y499 ,! second place2 appli$ to a batt]y1 x is "o :i* receives & holds a *>ge4 99,sectional499 ,a "p2 a view across ! p>ts4 99,selector499 ,a plate ) not*es 9 x = a lev]1 :i* is mov$ ?r\gh ! op5+s at ! w ( ! op]ator4 99,selector plate499 ,! not*$1 or slott$ plate1 9 :i* ! transmission lev] travels4 99,s]ies499 ,"o foll[+ directly aft] ! o!r2 9 electrical connections1 ! wires atta*$ 9 l9e f positive to negative1 ?r\gh ! diff]5t cells4 99,s]ies multiple499 ,a wir+ sy/em :]e9 ! cells are plac$ 9 two or m gr\ps1 & ! gr\ps connect$ up 9 s]ies4 99,segm5t499 ,a portion ( a disk cut (f by a /raight l9e4 ,di/+ui%$ f a sector :i* is made by two radial l9es runn+ f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce4 99,self />t+499 ,a me*anism on automobiles = />t+ ! eng9e )\t muscul> ef=t4 99,self-inductance499 ,9 electricity1 ! prop]ty ( "o metal to receive an electrical *>ge )\t be+ 9 contact ) ! *>g$ wire4 99,selective499 ,! t]m appli$ to a sy/em ( transmission1 :]eby ! driv] is able to select any spe$ )\t go+ ?r\gh any int]m$iate spe$4 99,s]vice brake499 ,! brake ord9>ily us$ 9 runn+ a c>4 99,semi-float+499 ,an axle 9 :i* ! :eels are secur$ directly to ! axle %afts1 b :]e ! reaction ( ! diff]5tial & bevel ge> drive is support$ by ! axle h\s+4 99,%ackle499 ,a device = re/ra9+ or hold+4 99,simultane\s499 ,at ! same "t2 occurr+ at ! same mom5t4 99,solution499 ,to solve a "q4 ,to dissolve solid matt] 9 a liquid4 99,soap/one499 ,a rock :i* has a /ructure simil> to t ( soap4 99,speculate499 ,to consid] a subject f ! /&po9t ( probabilities4 99,sprocket499 ,a :eel ) tee? 9 x adapt$ to engage ) a *a91 = driv+ purposes4 99,spur ge>499 ,a ge> ) tee? :i* are at "r angles ) ! body ( ! ge>4 99,spl9e499 ,a rib usually along ! side ( a %aft1 to engage 9 a groove 9 ! hub or :eel4 99,sp>k+499 ,! jump+ ( a sp>k f "o conductor to ano!r due to ! high heat develop$ :5 ! curr5t leaps ! gap4 99,sp>k plug499 ,a plug :i* has 9 x two conductors :i* lead to its inn] end1 & h _! ends 9 close proximity1 across :i* ! curr5t leaps4 99,/ructurally499 ,! mann] 9 :i* a device is made ( its v>i\s p>ts4 99,/raight l9e drive499 ,! sy/em ( transmitt+ p[] 9 an automobile1 :i* consi/s 9 employ+ a tra9 ( %aft+ 9 a direct l9e f ! eng9e %aft to ! diff]5tial4 99,/r&$ 7cable7499 ,a conductor1 or wire rope1 made up ( a numb] ( small wire /r&s4 99,/orage batt]y499 ,a conta9]1 or accumulator1 ( electricity1 :i* is design$ to receive a *>ge ( electricity1 & to give x =? z requir$4 99,susceptible499 ,a condition 9 :i* ! tru? is consid]$ probable f a k ( all ! surr\nd+s4 99,sup]heat$499 ,a sub/ance1 su* z /eam1 heat$ above ! normal temp]ature :i* is giv5 to x :5 x is g5]at$4 99,surg+499 ,! t]m appli$ to a high t5sion curr5t1 :i*1 dur+ ! impulses1 appe>s to move back & =?1 z ?\gh x possess$ ela/icity4 99,symptoms499 ,appe>ances2 ! outw>d manife/ations ( a condition4 99,sy/ematic499 ,done 9 regul> ord]4 99,te*nicalities499 ,! sci5tific & ord]ly t]ms & requirem5ts4 99,t5sion499 ,voltage4 ,! =ce ( ! curr5t4 ,also ! p[] appli$ on a spr+1 or ! am\nt ( =ce x w ex]t4 99,t]m9al499 ,! end1 or ! />t+ po9t1 z well z ! la/ or f9al end ( a wire or connection4 99,?read$499 ,! spirally-=m$ ribs on a bolt or 9 a nut4 99,?rottle499 ,! device on an automobile :i* op5s or closes ! dis*>ge port ( a c>buret]4 99,tim+499 ,a device :i* times ! sp>k+ me*anism4 99,tim+ device499 ,! entire me*anism :i* provides = sp>k+ at c]ta9 p]iods4 99,torque499 ,a twi/4 99,torsional499 ,a movem5t ar\nd a %aft4 99,transmission499 ,! me*anism :i* s5ds ! p[] f ! eng9e to ! axles4 99,tubul> h\s+499 ,a cov]+1 or %ield = a %aft su* z a tube1 )9 :i* ! %aft is m\nt$4 99,turnbuckle499 ,a device :i* provides = tight5+ a rod1 wire1 or /rut4 99,undulat+499 ,wave-l2 a regul> motion ( a s9u\s "*4 99,unison499 ,toge!r2 act+ z "o4 99,univ]sal499 ,p]ta9+ to all ?+s4 99,univ]sal jo9t499 ,a jo9t connect+ two %afts s arrang$ t ! %afts may be plac$ at an angle ) ea* o!r4 99,utiliz$499 ,to take advantage (4 ,to use4 99,vacuum499 ,a space f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$4 99,vaporize499 ,*ang+ f a solid or liquid into a gas4 99,v5turi499 ,a =m ( tube :i* is contract$ betwe5 ! ends4 99,v]tical499 ,a direction at "r angles to ! surface ( wat]4 99,vibratory coil499 ,a coil 9 a high t5sion circuit t has a spr+ f+] :i*1 9 vibrat+ to & fro1 cuts ! curr5t 9 & out4 99,viscosity499 ,a glut9\s1 /icky body2 sl[ly fl[+2 oppos$ to mobility2 usually appli$ to ?ick oils4 ,! degree ( cohesion ( a liquid1 usually 9 connection ) oils4 99,volatile499 ,t :i* is easily *ang$ into a gas at ord9>y temp]atures4 99,volts499 ,! measure ( ! t5sion ( a curr5t4 99,vulcaniz+499 ,! process ( treat+ raw rubb] ) sulphur 9 ! pres5ce ( heat4 ,,! ,,motor ,,boys ,,s]ies 7,trade ,m>k1 ,reg4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,(47 ,by ,,cl>5ce ,,"y #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 po/paid4 ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,! ,,motor ,,boys ,! ,motor ,boys or ,*ums ,?r\gh ,?ick & ,?9 ,! ,motor ,boys ,ov]l& or ,a ,lone ,trip = ,fun & ,=tune ,! ,motor ,boys 9 ,mexico4 or ,! ,secret ( ,! ,buri$ ,city ,! ,motor ,boys ,across ! ,pla9s or ,! ,h]mit ( ,lo/ ,lake ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,! ,,motor ,,boys ,,afloat ,! ,motor ,boys ,afloat or ,! ,/irr+ ,cruise ( ! ,d>taway ,! ,motor ,boys on ! ,atlantic or ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,ligh?\se ,! ,motor ,boys 9 ,/range ,wat]s or ,lo/ 9 a ,float+ ,=e/ ,! ,motor ,boys on ! ,pacific or ,! ,"y ,d]elict ,hunt]s ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,! ,,motor ,,boys ,,9 ,,! ,,cl\ds ,! ,motor ,boys 9 ! ,cl\ds or ,a ,trip = ,fame & ,=tune ,! ,motor ,boys ,ov] ! ,rockies or ,a ,my/]y ( ! ,air ,! ,motor ,boys ,ov] ! ,ocean or ,a ,m>vell\s ,rescue 9 ,mid-,air ,! ,motor ,boys on ! ,w+ or ,seek+ ! ,air%ip ,treasure ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,! ,,motor ,,boys ,,aft] ,a ,,=tune ,! ,motor ,boys ,aft] a ,=tune or ,! ,hut on ,snake ,isl& ,! ,motor ,boys on ! ,bord] or ,sixty ,nuggets ( ,gold ,! ,motor ,boys ,"u ! ,sea or ,f ,air%ip to ,subm>9e ,! ,motor ,boys on ,road & ,riv] 7new7 or ,rac+ to ,save a ,life ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,,up-,,to-,,date ,,baseball ,,/ories ,,baseball ,,joe ,,s]ies ,by ,,le/] ,,*adwick ,au?or ( 8,! ,college ,sports ,s]ies0 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 po/paid4 ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,baseball ,,joe ,,( ,,! ,,silv] ,,/>s ,ev] s9ce ! success ( ,mr4 ,*adwick's 8,college ,sports ,s]ies0 we h be5 urg$ to get him to write a s]ies deal+ exclusively ) baseball1 a subject 9 :i* he is unexcell$ by any liv+ ,am]ican au?or or coa*4 ,,baseball ,,joe ,,( ,,! ,,silv] ,,/>s or ,! ,rivals ( ,riv]side ,9 ?is volume1 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies1 ,joe is introduc$ z an ev]yday c\ntry boy :o loves to play baseball & is p>ticul>ly anxi\s to make 8 m>k z a pit*]4 ,he f9ds x almo/ impossible to get on ! local n9e1 b1 aft] a /ruggle1 he succe$s4 ,a spl5did picture ( ! great national game 9 ! small] t[ns ( our c\ntry4 ,,baseball ,,joe ,,on ,,! ,,s*ool ,,n9e or ,pit*+ = ! ,blue ,bann] ,joe's great ambition 0 to g to bo>d+ s*ool & play on ! s*ool team4 ,he got to bo>d+ s*ool b f\nd x h>d] mak+ ! team !re ?an x 0 gett+ on ! n9e at home4 ,he f\ght 8 way along1 & at la/ saw 8 *ance & took x1 & made good4 ,,baseball ,,joe ,,at ,,yale or ,pit*+ = ! ,college ,*ampion%ip ,f a prep>atory s*ool ,baseball ,joe goes to ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,he makes ! fre%man n9e & 9 8 second ye> becomes a v>sity pit*] & pit*es 9 sev]al big games4 ,,baseball ,,joe ,,9 ,,! ,,c5tral ,,league or ,mak+ ,good z a ,pr(essional ,pit*] ,9 ?is volume ! sc5e ( action is %ift$ f ,yale ,college to a baseball league ( our c5tral /ates4 ,baseball ,joe's "w 9 ! box = ,old ,eli _h be5 not$ by "o ( ! manag]s & ,joe gets an (f] he _c resi/4 ,joe accepts ! (f] & makes good4 ,,baseball ,,joe ,,9 ,,! ,,big ,,league or ,a ,"y ,pit*]'s ,h>de/ ,/ruggle ,f ! ,c5tral ,league ,joe is draft$ into ! ,/4 ,l\is ,nationals4 ,at fir/ he has little to d 9 ! pit*]'s box1 b gradually he w9s favor4 ,a cork+ baseball /ory t fans1 bo? "y & old1 w enjoy4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,! ,rac] ,boys ,s]ies by ,,cl>5ce ,,"y ,au?or ( 8,! ,motor ,boys ,s]ies01 8,jack ,rang] ,s]ies01 etc4 etc4 ,f9e clo? b9d+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj;c po/paid4 ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,! ,,rac] ,,boys ,! ann\ncem5t ( a new s]ies ( /ories by ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,"y is always hail$ ) delight by boys & girls ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & we pr$ict an ev5 great] success = ^! new books1 ?an t n[ enjoy$ by ! 8,motor ,boys ,s]ies40 ,! ,rac] ,boys or ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,wreck ,?is1 ! fir/ volume ( ! s]ies1 tells :o ! ,rac] ,boys 7 & h[ !y *anc$ to be out on ! ocean 9 a great /orm4 ,adv5tures foll[ 9 rapid succession 9 a mann] t only ,mr4 ,"y c describe4 ,! ,rac] ,boys ,at ,bo>d+ ,s*ool or ,/riv+ = ! ,*ampion%ip ,:5 ! ,rac] ,boys arriv$ at ! s*ool ev]y?+ 0 at a /&/ill1 & ! /ud5ts lack$ ambition & lead]%ip4 ,! ,rac]s took hold ) a w1 got _! fa!r to aid ! head ( ! s*ool f9ancially1 & !n reorganiz$ ! football team4 ,! ,rac] ,boys ,to ,! ,rescue or ,/irr+ ,days 9 a ,w9t] ,camp ,"h is a /ory fill$ ) ! _s ( good times 9 w9t]--skat+1 ice-boat+ & hunt+4 ,! ,rac] ,boys on ,! ,prairies or ,! ,treasure ( ,gold5 ,peak ,f _! bo>d+ s*ool ! ,rac] ,boys accept an invitation to visit a ran* 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,rac] ,boys on ,gu>d or ,! ,rebellion ( ,riv]view ,hall ,once m ! boys are back at bo>d+ s*ool1 :]e !y h _m frolics1 & ent] m ?an "o a?letic conte/4 ,! ,rac] ,boys ,=g+ ,ahead or ,! ,rivals ( ! ,s*ool ,league ,once m ! ,rac] ,boys g back to ,riv]view ,hall1 to meet _! _m *ums z well z sev]al enemies4 ,a?letics play an important "p 9 ?is volume1 & ! rivalry is ke5 f />t to f9i%4 ,! ,rac] ,boys %[ :at !y c d "u ! mo/ try+ circum/ances4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,doro?y ,,dale ,,s]ies ,by ,,m>g>et ,,p5rose ,au?or ( 8,! ,motor ,girls ,s]ies0 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 po/paid4 ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,doro?y ,,dale',s ,,promise ,,doro?y ,,dale3 ,a ,,girl ,,( ,,to-,,day ,doro?y is ! daught] ( an old ,civil ,w> vet]an :o is runn+ a weekly newspap] 9 a small ,ea/]n t[n4 ,:5 h] fa!r falls sick1 ! girl %[s :at %e c d to support ! family4 ,,doro?y ,,dale ,,at ,,gl5wood ,,s*ool ,m prosp]\s times h come to ! ,dale family1 & ,major ,dale resolves to s5d ,doro?y to a bo>d+ s*ool4 ,,doro?y ,,dale',s ,,great ,,secret ,a spl5did /ory ( "o girl's devotion to ano!r4 ,h[ ,doro?y kept ! secret makes an absorb+ /ory4 ,,doro?y ,,dale ,,& ,,h] ,,*ums ,a /ory ( s*ool life1 & ( /range adv5tures among ! gypsies4 ,,doro?y ,,dale',s ,,que] ,,holidays ,relates ! details ( a my/]y t surr\nd$ ,tanglewood ,p>k4 ,,doro?y ,,dale',s ,,camp+ ,,days ,_m ?+s happ51 f ! "t ,doro?y & h] *ums are met com+ d[n ! hillside on a trea*]\s load ( hay4 ,,doro?y ,,dale',s ,,s*ool ,,rivals ,doro?y & h] *um1 ,tavia1 return to ,gl5wood ,s*ool4 ,a new /ud5t becomes ,doro?y's rival & tr\bles at home add to h] difficulties4 ,,doro?y ,,dale ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,doro?y is invit$ to ,new ,york ,city by h] aunt4 ,?is tale pres5ts a clev] picture ( life 9 ,new ,york z x appe>s to "o :o has nev] be=e visit$ ! ,metropolis4 ,,doro?y ,,dale',s ,,promise ,/range inde$ 0 ! promise & giv5 "u /range circum/ances4 ,only a girl z /rong ( purpose z 0 ,doro?y ,dale w\ld h und]tak5 ! task %e set = h]self4 ,,doro?y ,,dale ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,doro?y's fa!r & h] aunt inh]it$ a valuable tract ( l& 9 ! ,we/4 ,! aunt1 ,doro?y & ,tavia1 made a long j\rney to visit ! place1 :]e !y _h _m adv5tures4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,s]ies ,by ,,m>g>et ,,p5rose ,au?or ( ! highly successful 8,doro?y ,dale ,s]ies0 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #fj c5ts1 po/paid4 ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,! ,,motor ,,girls or ,a ,my/]y ( ! ,road ,:5 ,cora ,kimball got h] t\r+ c> %e did n imag9e s _m adv5tures 7 9 /ore = h]4 ,a tale all wide awake girls w appreciate4 ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,on ,a ,,t\r or ,keep+ a ,/range ,promise ,a great _m ?+s happ5 9 ?is volume4 ,a preci\s heirloom is miss+1 & h[ x 0 trac$ up is told ) absorb+ int]e/4 ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,at ,,look\t ,,bea* or ,9 ,que/ ( ! ,runaways ,!re 0 a great excitem5t :5 ! ,motor ,girls decid$ to g to ,look\t ,bea* = ! summ]4 ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,?r\gh ,,new ,,engl& or ,held by ! ,gypsies ,a /rong /ory & "o :i* w make ?is s]ies m popul> ?an ev]4 ,! girls g on a motor+ trip ?r\gh ,new ,engl&4 ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,on ,,c$> ,,lake or ,! ,h]mit ( ,f]n ,isl& ,h[ ,cora & h] *ums w5t camp+ on ! lake %ore & h[ !y took trips 9 _! motor boat1 are told 9 a way all girls w enjoy4 ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,on ,,! ,,coa/ or ,! ,waif f ! ,sea ,! sc5e is %ift$ to ! sea coa/ :]e ! girls pay a visit4 ,!y h _! motor boat ) !m & g out = _m good times4 ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,on ,,cry/al ,,bay or ,! ,secret ( ! ,r$ ,o> ,m jolly times1 on ! wat] & at a cute little bungal[ on ! %ore ( ! bay4 ,a tale t w int]e/ all girls4 ,,! ,,motor ,,girls ,,on ,,wat]s ,,blue or ,! ,/range ,cruise ( ! ,t>t> ,be=e ! girls />t$ on a long cruise d[n to ! ,we/ ,indies1 !y fell 9 ) a =eign girl & %e in=m$ !m t h] fa!r 0 be+ held a political prison] on "o ( ! isl&s4 ,a /ory t is full ( fun z well z my/]y4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,s]ies ,by ,,alice ,b4 ,,em]son #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #dj c5ts1 po/paid4 ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,mill ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,mill or ,jasp> ,p>loe's ,secret ,tell+ h[ ,ru?1 an orphan girl1 came to live ) h] mis]ly uncle1 & h[ ! girl's sunny disposition melt$ ! old mill]'s he>t4 ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,at ,,bri>wood ,,hall or ,solv+ ! ,campus ,my/]y ,ru? 0 s5t by h] uncle to bo>d+ s*ool4 ,%e made _m fri5ds1 also "o enemy1 :o made mu* tr\ble = h]4 ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,at ,,sn[ ,,camp or ,lo/ 9 ! ,backwoods ,a ?rill+ tale ( adv5tures 9 ! backwoods 9 w9t]1 is told 9 a mann] to int]e/ e girl4 ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,at ,,ligh?\se ,,po9t or ,nita1 ! ,girl ,ca/away ,f bo>d+ s*ool ! sc5e is %ift$ to ! ,atlantic ,coa/1 :]e ,ru? goes = a summ] vacation ) "s *ums4 ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,at ,,silv] ,,ran* or ,s*oolgirls ,among ! ,c[boys ,a /ory ) a we/]n flavor4 ,h[ ! girls came to ! rescue ( ,ba%ful ,ike1 ! c[boy1 is told 9 a way t is mo/ absorb+4 ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,on ,,cliff ,,isl& or ,! ,old ,hunt]'s ,treasure ,box ,ru? & h] fri5ds g to ,cliff ,isl&1 & !re h _m good times dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,at ,,sunrise ,,f>m or ,:at ,became ( ! ,raby ,orphans ,jolly good times at a f>mh\se 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e ,ru? rescues two orphan *ildr5 :o ran away4 ,,ru? ,,field+ ,,& ,,! ,,gypsies or ,! ,miss+ ,pe>l ,necklace ,?is volume tells ( /irr+ adv5tures at a ,gypsy encampm5t1 ( a miss+ heirloom1 & h[ ,ru? has x re/or$ to its own]4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,dave ,,da%away ,,s]ies ,by ,,roy ,,rockwood ,au?or ( ! 8,spe$well ,boys ,s]ies0 & ! 8,great ,m>vel ,s]ies40 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #dj c5ts1 po/paid4 ,nev] 0 !re a m clev] "y aviator ?an ,dave ,da%away4 ,all up-to-date lads w surely wi% to read ab\t him4 ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,dave ,,da%away ,,! ,,"y ,,aviator ,,dave ,,da%away ,,! ,,"y ,,aviator or ,9 ! ,cl\ds = ,fame & ,=tune ,?is initial volume tells h[ ! h]o ran away f 8 mis]ly gu>dian1 fell 9 ) a successful airman1 & became a "y aviator ( note4 ,,dave ,,da%away ,,& ,,8 ,,hydroplane or ,d>+ ,adv5tures ,ov] ! ,great ,lakes ,%[+ h[ ,dave cont9u$ 8 c>e] z a birdman & _h _m adv5tures ov] ! ,great ,lakes1 & h[ he foil$ ! plans ( "s ,canadian smuggl]s4 ,,dave ,,da%away ,,& ,,8 ,,giant ,,air%ip or ,a ,m>vell\s ,trip ,across ! ,atlantic ,h[ ! giant air%ip 0 con/ruct$ & h[ ! d>+ "y aviator & 8 fri5ds made ! haz>d\s j\rney ?r\gh ! cl\ds f ! new _w to ! old1 is told 9 a way to hold ! read] spellb\nd4 ,,dave ,,da%away ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,_w or ,a ,"y ,yankee ,aviator ,among ,_m ,nations ,an absorb+ tale ( a great air flight ar\nd ! _w1 ( adv5tures 9 ,alaska1 ,sib]ia & else:]e4 ,a true to life picture ( :at may be accompli%$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,,dave ,,da%away3 ,,air ,,*ampion or ,wiz>d ,"w 9 ! ,cl\ds ,dave makes sev]al d>+ trips1 & !n ent]s a conte/ = a big prize4 ,an aviation tale ?rill+ 9 ! extreme4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,spe$well ,,boys ,,s]ies ,by ,,roy ,,rockwood ,au?or ( 8,! ,dave ,da%away ,s]ies10 8,great ,m>vel ,s]ies10 etc4 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #dj c5ts1 po/paid4 ,all boys :o love to be on ! g w welcome ! ,spe$well boys4 ,!y are clean cut & loyal lads4 ,illu/ration3 ,book3 ,,! ,,spe$well ,,boys ,,on ,,motor ,,cycles ,,! ,,spe$well ,,boys ,,on ,,motor ,,cycles or ,! ,my/]y ( a ,great ,conflagration ,! lads 7 poor1 b !y did a ri* man a great s]vice & he pres5t$ !m ) _! motor cycles4 ,:at a great fire l$ to is exce$+ly well told4 ,,! ,,spe$well ,,boys ,,& ,,_! ,,rac+ ,,auto or ,a ,run = ! ,gold5 ,cup ,a tale ( automobil+ & ( int5se rivalry on ! road4 ,!re 0 an endurance run & ! boys ent]$ ! conte/4 ,on ! run !y r\nd$ up "s m5 :o 7 want$ by ! law4 ,,! ,,spe$well ,,boys ,,& ,,_! ,,p[] ,,laun* or ,to ! ,rescue ( ! ,ca/aways ,"h is an unusual /ory4 ,!re 0 a wreck1 & ! lads1 9 _! p[] laun*1 set out to ! rescue4 ,a vivid picture ( a great /orm adds to ! int]e/ ( ! tale4 ,,! ,,spe$well ,,boys ,,9 ,a ,,subm>9e or ,! ,lo/ ,treasure ( ,rocky ,cove ,an old sailor kn[s ( a treasure lo/ "u wat] because ( a cliff fall+ into ! sea4 ,! boys get a *ance to g out 9 a subm>9e & !y make a hunt = ! treasure4 ,,! ,,spe$well ,,boys ,,& ,,_! ,,ice ,,rac] or ,! ,p]ils ( a ,great ,blizz>d ,! boys _h an idea = a new sort ( iceboat1 to be run by comb9$ w9d & motor p[]4 ,h[ !y built ! craft1 & :at f9e times !y _h on bo>d ( x1 is well relat$4 ,,cupples ,,leon ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,bold text is surr\nd$ by a/]isks3 99bold994 ,small capitals are *ang$ to all capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up ! p>agraphs4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,punctuation & capitalisation = figures & gloss>y has be5 made consi/5t sil5tly4 ,o!rwise1 except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 appli$ to ! text 7be=e_/aft]73 7,,cont5ts7 444 ,race-ways4 444 444 ,race ways4 444 7p4 #f7 444 he us$ ,h]os /eam 444 444 he us$ ,h]o's /eam 444 7p4 #dc7 444 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 9 444 444 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 9 444 7p4 #ec7 444 disagreeable *>act]i/ics ( a diff]5tial 444 444 disagreeable *>act]i/ic ( a diff]5tial 444 7p4 #bja7 444 :5 ! me*a9sm fails 444 444 :5 ! me*anism fails 444 7p4 #bja7 444 k ( electricty4 444 k ( electricity4 7p4 #bjc7 444 "s proggress has be5 444 444 "s progress has be5 444 7p4 #bjd7 444 fl[s cont9\sly ov] a wire 444 444 fl[s cont9u\sly ov] a wire 444 7p4 #bjf7 444 a cont9\s curr5t 444 444 a cont9u\s curr5t 444 7p4 #bad7 444 made ( vadium /eel1 444 444 made ( vanadium /eel1 444