,,:at ,i ,,believe ,,! ,,to-,,day ,,& ,,to-,,morr[ ,,s]ies ,d,,dalus1 or ,sci5ce & ! ,future ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,haldane ,,ic>us1 or ,! ,future ( ,sci5ce ,by ! ,hon4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,mongol ,,9 ,,our ,,mid/ ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,crook%ank1 ,m4,d4 ,fully ,illu/rat$ ,,wireless ,,possibilities ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,m4 ,l[4 ,) f\r ,diagrams ,,tantalus1 or ,! ,future ( ,man ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] ,,n>cissus1 ,an ,anatomy ( ,clo!s ,by ,g]ald ,he>d4 ,illu/rat$ ,,call9icus1 ,a ,def5ce ( ,*emical ,w>f>e ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,haldane ,,! ,,pass+ ,,( ,,! ,,phantoms ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,patt51 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,i4 ,,quo ,,vadimus8 ,"s ,glimpses ( ! ,future ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,f\rni] d',albe1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,in/4,p4 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,canc] ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,s4 ,wright1 ,m4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,,lysi/rata1 or ,woman & ! ,future ,by ,an?ony ,m4 ,ludovici ,,:at ,i ,,believe ,by ! ,hon4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,hypatia ,by ,dora ,russell 7,! ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,b]tr& ,russell7 ,9 ,prep>ation ,,p]seus1 ( ,dragons ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,scott ,/okes1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,evocation ,,( ,,g5ius ,by ,alan ,port] ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,sex ,by ,rebecca ,we/ ,,aesculapius1 or ,disease & ,! ,man ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,crook%ank1 ,m4,d4 ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,,:at ,i ,,believe ,,by ,,b]tr& ,,russell ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company #fha ,,fif? ,,av5ue ,copyright1 #aibe ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,fir/ ,pr9t+1 ,april1 #aibe ,second ,pr9t+1 ,june1 #aibe ,?ird ,pr9t+1 ,june1 #aibe ,f\r? ,pr9t+1 ,m>*1 #aibf ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,preface ,9 ?is little book1 ,i h tri$ to say :at ,i ?9k ( man's place 9 ! univ]se1 & ( 8 possibilities 9 ! way ( a*iev+ ! good life4 ,9 ,ic>us ,i express$ my fe>s2 9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h express$ my hopes4 ,! inconsi/5cy is only app>5t4 ,except 9 a/ronomy1 mank9d h n a*iev$ ! art ( pr$ict+ ! future2 9 human affairs1 we c see t !re are =ces mak+ = happ9ess1 & =ces mak+ = mis]y4 ,we d n "k :i* w prevail1 b to act wisely we mu/ be aw>e ( bo?4 ,janu>y #a/1 #aibe ,b4 ,r4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i ,,nature ,,& ,,man #a ,,ii ,,! ,,good ,,life #ai ,,iii ,,moral ,,rules #ce ,,iv ,,salvation3 ,,individual ,,& ,,social #ee ,v ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,happ9ess #fe ,,:at ,i ,,believe ,,*apt] ,i ,,nature ,,& ,,man ,man is a "p ( ,nature1 n some?+ contra/$ ) ,nature4 ,8 ?\ghts & 8 bodily movem5ts foll[ ! same laws t describe ! motions ( />s & atoms4 ,! physical _w is l>ge comp>$ ) ,manl>g] ?an x 0 ?\ght to be 9 ,dante's "t1 b n s l>ge z x seem$ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,bo? upw>d & d[nw>d1 bo? 9 ! l>ge & 9 ! small1 sci5ce seems to be rea*+ limits4 ,x is ?\ght t ! univ]se is ( f9ite ext5t 9 space1 & t light c\ld travel r\nd x 9 a few hundr$ millions ( ye>s4 ,x is ?\ght t matt] consi/s ( electrons & protons1 :i* are ( f9ite size1 & ( :i* !re are only a f9ite numb] 9 ! _w4 ,probably _! *anges are n cont9u\s1 z us$ to be ?\ght1 b proce$ by j]ks1 :i* are nev] small] ?an a c]ta9 m9imum j]k4 ,! laws ( ^! *anges c app>5tly be summ$ up 9 a small numb] ( v g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* det]m9e ! pa/ & ! future ( ! _w :5 any small section ( its hi/ory is kn[n4 ,physical sci5ce is ?us approa*+ ! /age :5 x w be complete1 & !re=e un9t]e/+4 ,giv5 ! laws gov]n+ ! motions ( electrons & protons1 ! re/ is m]ely geographya collection ( p>ticul> facts tell+ _! di/ribution ?r\gh\t "s portion ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! total numb] ( facts ( geography requir$ to det]m9e ! _w's hi/ory is probably f9ite2 !oretically1 !y c\ld all be writt5 d[n 9 a big book to be kept at ,som]set ,h\se1 ) a calculat+ ma*9e atta*$1 :i*1 by turn+ a h&le1 w\ld enable ! inquir] to f9d out ! facts at o!r times ?an ^? record$4 ,x is difficult to imag9e any?+ less int]e/+1 or m diff]5t f ! passionate delights ( incomplete discov]y4 ,x is l climb+ a high m\nta9 & f9d+ no?+ at ! top except a re/aurant :]e !y sell g+]-be]1 surr\nd$ by fog b equipp$ ) wireless4 ,p]haps 9 ! "t ( ,ahmes ! multiplication-table 0 excit+4 ,( ?is physical _w1 un9t]e/+ 9 itself1 ,man is a "p4 ,8 body1 l o!r matt]1 is compos$ ( electrons & protons1 :i*1 s f> z we "k1 obey ! same laws z ^? n =m+ "p ( animals or plants4 ,!re are "s :o ma9ta9 t physiology c nev] be r$uc$ to physics1 b _! argum5ts are n v conv9c+ & x seems prud5t to suppose t !y are mi/ak54 ,:at we call our 8?\ghts0 seem to dep5d ^u ! organization ( tracks 9 ! bra9 9 ! same sort ( way 9 :i* j\rneys dep5d ^u roads & railways4 ,! en]gy us$ 9 ?9k+ seems to h a *emical orig92 = in/ance1 a defici5cy ( iod9e w turn a clev] man into an idiot4 ,m5tal ph5om5a seem to be b\nd up ) mat]ial /ructure4 ,if ?is be s1 we _c suppose t a solit>y electron or proton c 8?9k02 we might z well expect a solit>y individual to play a football mat*4 ,we also _c suppose t an individual's ?9k+ survives bodily dea?1 s9ce t de/roys ! organization ( ! bra91 & dissipates ! en]gy :i* utiliz$ ! bra9-tracks4 ,god & immortality1 ! c5tral dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 f9d no support 9 sci5ce4 ,x _c be said t ei!r doctr9e is ess5tial to religion1 s9ce nei!r is f\nd 9 ,buddhism4 7,) reg>d to immortality1 ?is /atem5t 9 an unqualifi$ =m might be mislead+1 b x is correct 9 ! la/ analysis74 ,b we 9 ! ,we/ h come to ?9k ( !m z ! irr$ucible m9imum ( !ology4 ,no d\bt p w cont9ue to ent]ta9 ^! beliefs1 because !y are pleasant1 j z x is pleasant to ?9k ourselves virtu\s & our enemies wick$4 ,b = my "p ,i _c see any gr\nd = ei!r4 ,i d n pret5d to be able to prove t !re is no ,god4 ,i equally _c prove t ,satan is a fiction4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,god may exi/2 s may ! ,gods ( ,olympus1 or ( anci5t ,egypt1 or ( ,babylon4 ,b no "o ( ^! hypo!ses is m probable ?an any o!r3 !y lie outside ! region ( ev5 probable k1 & !re=e !re is no reason to consid] any ( !m4 ,i %all n enl>ge ^u ?is "q1 z ,i h dealt ) x else:]e4,a ,a ,see my ,philosophy ( ,leibniz1 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! "q ( p]sonal immortality /&s on a some:at diff]5t foot+4 ,"h evid5ce ei!r way is possible4 ,p]sons are "p ( ! ev]yday _w ) :i* sci5ce is conc]n$1 & ! conditions :i* det]m9e _! exi/5ce are discov]able4 ,a drop ( wat] is n immortal2 x c be resolv$ into oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,if1 !re=e1 a drop ( wat] 7 to ma9ta9 t x _h a quality ( aque\sness :i* w\ld survive its dissolution1 we %\ld be incl9$ to be sceptical4 ,9 l mann] we "k t ! bra9 is n immortal1 & t ! organiz$ en]gy ( a liv+ body becomes1 z x 71 demobiliz$ at dea?1 & !re=e n available = collective action4 ,all ! evid5ce goes to %[ t :at we reg>d z our m5tal life is b\nd up ) bra9-/ructure & organiz$ bodily en]gy4 ,!re=e x is rational to suppose t m5tal life ceases :5 bodily life ceases4 ,! argum5t is only "o ( probability1 b x is z /rong z ^? ^u :i* mo/ sci5tific conclusions are bas$4 ,!re are v>i\s gr\nds ^u :i* ?is conclusion might be attack$4 ,psy*ical rese>* pr(esses to h actual sci5tific evid5ce ( survival1 & und\bt$ly its proc$ure is1 9 pr9ciple1 sci5tifically correct4 ,evid5ce ( ?is sort might be s ov]:elm+ t no "o ) a sci5tific temp] c\ld reject x4 ,! weight to be atta*$ to ! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! antec$5t probability ( ! hypo!sis ( survival4 ,!re are always diff]5t ways ( acc\nt+ = any set ( ph5om5a1 & ( ^! we %\ld pref] ! "o :i* is antec$5tly lea/ improbable4 ,^? :o already ?9k x likely t we survive dea? w be ready to view ?is !ory z ! be/ explanation ( psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,^?1 :o1 on o!r gr\nds1 reg>d ?is !ory z unplausible w seek = o!r explanations4 ,= my "p1 ,i consid] ! evid5ce s f> adduc$ by psy*ical rese>* 9 fav\r ( survival mu* weak] ?an ! physiological evid5ce on ! o!r side4 ,b ,i fully admit t x might at any mom5t become /rong]1 & 9 t case x w\ld be unsci5tific to disbelieve 9 survival4 ,survival ( bodily dea? is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t matt] f immortality3 x may only mean a po/ponem5t ( psy*ical dea?4 ,x is immortality t m5 desire to believe 94 ,believ]s 9 immortality w object to physiological argum5ts1 su* z ,i h be5 us+1 on ! gr\nd t s\l & body are totally disp>ate1 & t ! s\l is some?+ q o!r ?an its empirical manife/ations ?r\gh our bodily organs4 ,i believe ?is to be a metaphysical sup]/ition4 ,m9d & matt] alike are = c]ta9 purposes conv5i5t t]ms1 b are n ultimate realities4 ,electrons & protons1 l ! s\l1 are logical fictions3 ea* is really a hi/ory1 a s]ies ( ev5ts1 n a s+le p]si/5t entity4 ,9 ! case ( ! s\l1 ?is is obvi\s f ! facts ( gr[?4 ,:oev] consid]s conception1 ge/ation1 & infancy _c s]i\sly believe t ! s\l is an indivisible some?+1 p]fect & complete ?r\gh\t ?is process4 ,x is evid5t t x gr[s l ! body1 & t x d]ives bo? f ! sp]matozoon & f ! ovum1 s t x _c be indivisible4 ,?is is n mat]ialism3 x is m]ely ! recognition t ev]y?+ int]e/+ is a matt] ( organization1 n ( primal sub/ance4 ,metaphysicians h advanc$ innum]able argum5ts to prove t ! s\l mu/ be immortal4 ,!re is "o simple te/ by :i* all ^! argum5ts c be demoli%$4 ,!y all prove equally t ! s\l mu/ p]vade all space4 ,b z we are n s anxi\s to be fat z to live long1 none ( ! metaphysicians 9 "q h ev] notic$ ?is application ( _! reason+s4 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! amaz+ p[] ( desire 9 bl9d+ ev5 v able m5 to fallacies :i* w\ld o!rwise be obvi\s at once4 ,if we 7 n afraid ( dea?1 ,i d n believe t ! idea ( immortality w\ld ev] h aris54 ,fe> is ! basis ( religi\s dogma1 z ( s mu* else 9 human life4 ,fe> ( human be+s1 individually or collectively1 dom9ates mu* ( our social life1 b x is fe> ( nature t gives rise to religion4 ,! anti!sis ( m9d & matt] is1 z we h se51 m or less illusory2 b !re is ano!r anti!sis :i* is m importantt1 namely1 betwe5 ?+s t c be affect$ by our desires & ?+s t _c be s affect$4 ,! l9e betwe5 ! two is nei!r %>p nor immutablez sci5ce advances1 m & m ?+s are br\ght "u human control4 ,nev]!less !re rema9 ?+s def9itely on ! o!r side4 ,among ^! are all ! l>ge facts ( our _w1 ! sort ( facts t are dealt ) by a/ronomy4 ,x is only facts on or ne> ! surface ( ! e>? t we c1 to "s ext5t1 m\ld to suit our desires4 ,& ev5 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 our p[]s are v limit$4 ,above all1 we _c prev5t dea?1 al?\gh we c (t5 delay x4 ,religion is an attempt to ov]come ?is anti!sis4 ,if ! _w is controll$ by ,god1 & ,god c be mov$ by pray]1 we acquire a %>e 9 omnipot5ce4 ,9 =m] days1 miracles happ5$ 9 answ] to pray]2 !y /ill d 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b ,prote/ants h lo/ ?is p[]4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible to disp5se ) miracles1 s9ce ,provid5ce has decre$ t ! op]ation ( natural laws %all produce ! be/ possible results4 ,?us belief 9 ,god /ill s]ves to humanize ! _w ( nature1 & to make m5 feel t physical =ces are really _! allies4 ,9 l mann] immortality removes ! t]ror f dea?4 ,p :o believe t :5 !y die !y w inh]it et]nal bliss may be expect$ to view dea? )\t horror1 ?\gh1 =tunately = m$ical m51 ?is does n inv>iably happ54 ,x does1 h[ev]1 soo! m5's fe>s some:at1 ev5 :5 x _c allay !m :olly4 ,religion1 s9ce x has its s\rce 9 t]ror1 has dignifi$ c]ta9 k9ds ( fe>1 & made p ?9k !m n disgraceful4 ,9 ?is x has done mank9d a great diss]vice3 all fe> is bad1 & ought to be ov]come n by fairy tales1 b by c\rage & rational reflection4 ,i believe t :5 ,i die ,i %all rot1 & no?+ ( my ego w survive4 ,i am n "y1 & ,i love life4 ,b ,i %\ld scorn to %iv] ) t]ror at ! ?\ght ( annihilation4 ,happ9ess is none ! less true happ9ess because x mu/ come to an end1 nor d ?\ght & love lose _! value because !y are n ev]la/+4 ,_m a man has borne himself pr\dly on ! scaffold3 surely ! same pride %\ld tea* u to ?9k truly ab\t man's place 9 ! _w4 ,ev5 if ! op5 w9d[s ( sci5ce at fir/ make u %iv] aft] ! cosy indoor w>m? ( traditional humaniz+ my?s1 9 ! end ! fre% air br+s vig\r1 & ! great spaces h a spl5d\r ( _! own4 ,! philosophy ( nature is "o ?+1 ! philosophy ( value is q ano!r4 ,no?+ b h>m c come ( confus+ !m4 ,:at we ?9k good1 :at we %\ld l1 has no be>+ :atev] ^u :at is1 :i* is ! "q = ! philosophy ( nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c be =bidd5 to value ?is or t on ! gr\nd t ! non-human _w does n value x1 nor c we be compell$ to admire any?+ because x is a 8law ( nature40 ,und\bt$ly we are "p ( nature1 :i* has produc$ our desires1 our hopes & fe>s1 9 accordance ) laws :i* ! physici/ is beg9n+ to discov]4 ,9 ?is s5se we are "p ( nature2 9 ! philosophy ( nature1 we are subord9at$ to nature1 ! outcome ( natural laws1 & _! victims 9 ! long run4 ,! philosophy ( nature mu/ n be unduly t]re/rial2 = x1 ! e>? is m]ely "o ( ! small] planets ( "o ( ! small] />s ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to w>p ! philosophy ( nature 9 ord] to br+ out results t are pleas+ to ! t9y p>asites ( ?is insignificant planet4 ,vitalism z a philosophy1 & evolutionism1 %[1 9 ?is respect1 a lack ( s5se ( proportion & logical relevance4 ,!y reg>d ! facts ( life1 :i* are p]sonally int]e/+ to u1 z hav+ a cosmic significance1 n a significance conf9$ to ! e>?'s surface4 ,optimism & pessimism1 z cosmic philosophies1 %[ ! same nave humanism3 ! great _w1 s f> z we "k x f ! philosophy ( nature1 is nei!r good nor bad1 & is n conc]n$ to make u ei!r happy or unhappy4 ,all su* philosophies spr+ f self-importance1 & are be/ correct$ by a little a/ronomy4 ,b 9 ! philosophy ( value ! situation is rev]s$4 ,nature is only a "p ( :at we c imag9e2 ev]y?+1 real or imag9$1 c be apprais$ by u1 & !re is no outside /&>d to %[ t our valuation is wrong4 ,we are ourselves ! ultimate & irrefutable arbit]s ( value1 & 9 ! _w ( value ,nature is only a "p4 ,?us 9 ?is _w we are great] ?an ,nature4 ,9 ! _w ( values1 ,nature 9 itself is neutral1 nei!r good nor bad1 des]v+ ( nei!r admiration nor c5sure4 ,x is we :o create value1 & our desires :i* conf] value4 ,9 ?is realm we are k+s1 & we debase our k+%ip if we b[ d[n to ,nature4 ,x is = u to det]m9e ! good life1 n = ,naturen ev5 = ,nature p]sonifi$ z ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,good ,,life ,!re h be5 at diff]5t times & among diff]5t p _m v>y+ conceptions ( ! good life4 ,to "s ext5t ! diff]5ces 7 am5able to argum5t2 ?is 0 :5 m5 diff]$ z to ! means to a*ieve a giv5 end4 ,"s ?9k t prison is a good way ( prev5t+ crime2 o!rs hold t education w\ld be bett]4 ,a diff]5ce ( ?is sort c be decid$ by suffici5t evid5ce4 ,b "s diff]5ces _c be te/$ 9 ?is way4 ,tol/oy condemn$ all w>2 o!rs h held ! life ( a soldi] do+ battle = ! "r to be v noble4 ,"h !re 0 probably involv$ a real diff]5ce z to ends4 ,^? :o praise ! soldi] usually consid] ! puni%m5t ( s9n]s a good ?+ 9 itself2 ,tol/oy did n ?9k s4 ,on su* a matt]1 no argum5t is possible4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 prove t my view ( ! good life is "r2 ,i c only /ate my view1 & hope t z _m z possible w agree4 ,my view is ?is3 ,! good life is "o inspir$ by love & guid$ by k4 ,k & love are bo? indef9itely ext5sible2 !re=e1 h[ev] good a life may be1 a bett] life c be imag9$4 ,nei!r love )\t k1 nor k )\t love c produce a good life4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 pe/il5ce appe>$ 9 a c\ntry1 holy m5 advis$ ! population to assemble 9 *ur*es & pray = deliv]ance2 ! result 0 t ! infection spread ) extraord9>y rapidity among ! cr[d$ masses ( supplicants4 ,?is 0 an example ( love )\t k4 ,! late ,w> af=d$ an example ( k )\t love4 ,9 ea* case1 ! result 0 dea? on a l>ge scale4 ,al?\gh bo? love & k are necess>y1 love is 9 a s5se m fundam5tal1 s9ce x w lead intellig5t p to seek k1 9 ord] to f9d out h[ to b5efit ^? :om !y love4 ,b if p are n intellig5t1 !y w be cont5t to believe :at !y h be5 told1 & may d h>m 9 spite ( ! mo/ g5u9e b5evol5ce4 ,m$ic9e af=ds1 p]haps1 ! be/ example ( :at ,i mean4 ,an able physician is m useful to a pati5t ?an ! mo/ devot$ fri5d1 & progress 9 m$ical k does m = ! heal? ( ! community ?an ill-in=m$ philan?ropy4 ,nev]!less1 an elem5t ( b5evol5ce is ess5tial ev5 "h1 if any b ! ri* are to pr(it by sci5tific discov]ies4 ,love is a ^w :i* cov]s a v>iety ( feel+s2 ,i h us$ x purposely1 z ,i wi% to include !m all4 ,love z an emotion:i* is :at ,i am speak+ ab\t1 = love 8on pr9ciple0 does n seem to me g5u9emoves betwe5 two poles3 on ! "o side1 pure delight 9 contemplation2 on ! o!r1 pure b5evol5ce4 ,:]e inanimate objects are conc]n$1 delight alone ent]s 93 we _c feel b5evol5ce t[>ds a l&scape or a sonata4 ,?is type ( enjoym5t is presumably ! s\rce ( art4 ,x is /rong]1 z a rule1 9 v "y *ildr5 ?an 9 adults1 :o are apt to view objects 9 a utilit>ian _s4 ,x plays a l>ge "p 9 our feel+s t[>ds human be+s1 "s ( :om h *>m & "s ! rev]se1 :5 consid]$ simply z objects ( ae/hetic contemplation4 ,! opposite pole ( love is pure b5evol5ce4 ,m5 h sacrific$ _! lives to help+ lep]s 9 su* a case1 ! love !y felt _c h _h any elem5t ( ae/hetic delight4 ,p>5tal affection1 z a rule1 is accompani$ by pleasure 9 ! *ild's appe>ance1 b rema9s /rong :5 ?is elem5t is :olly abs5t4 ,x w\ld seem odd to call a "m's int]e/ 9 a sick *ild 8b5evol5ce10 because we are 9 ! habit ( us+ ?is ^w to describe a pale emotion n9e p>ts humbug4 ,b x is difficult to f9d any o!r ^w to describe ! desire = ano!r p]son's welf>e4 ,x is a fact t a desire ( ?is sort may rea* any degree ( /r5g? 9 ! case ( p>5tal feel+4 ,9 o!r cases x is f> less int5se2 inde$ x w\ld seem likely t all altrui/ic emotion is a sort ( ov]fl[ ( p>5tal feel+1 or sometimes a sublimation ( x4 ,= want ( a bett] ^w1 ,i %all call ?is emotion 8b5evol5ce40 ,b ,i want to make x cle> t ,i am speak+ ( an emotion1 n a pr9ciple1 & t ,i d n include 9 x any feel+ ( sup]iority su* z is sometimes associat$ ) ! ^w4 ,! ^w 8sympa?y0 expresses "p ( :at ,i mean1 b leaves out ! elem5t ( activity t ,i wi% to include4 ,love at its fulle/ is an indissoluble comb9ation ( ! two elem5ts1 delight & well-wi%+4 ,! pleasure ( a p>5t 9 a beautiful & successful *ild comb9es bo? elem5ts2 s does sex-love at its be/4 ,b 9 sex-love b5evol5ce w only exi/ :]e !re is secure possession1 s9ce o!rwise jeal\sy w de/roy x1 :ile p]haps actually increas+ ! delight 9 contemplation4 ,delight )\t well-wi%+ may be cruel2 well-wi%+ )\t delight easily t5ds to become cold & a little sup]ior4 ,a p]son :o wi%es to be lov$ wi%es to be ! object ( a love conta9+ bo? elem5ts1 except 9 cases ( extreme weakness1 su* z infancy & sev]e illness4 ,9 ^! cases b5evol5ce may be all t is desir$4 ,conv]sely1 9 cases ( extreme /r5g? admiration is m desir$ ?an b5evol5ce3 ?is is ! /ate ( m9d ( pot5tates & fam\s beauties4 ,we only desire o!r p's good wi%es 9 proportion z we feel ourselves 9 ne$ ( help or 9 dang] ( h>m f !m4 ,at lea/1 t w\ld seem to be ! biological logic ( ! situation1 b x is n q true to life4 ,we desire affection 9 ord] to escape f ! feel+ ( lonel9ess1 9 ord] to be1 z we say1 8und]/ood40 ,?is is a matt] ( sympa?y1 n m]ely ( b5evol5ce2 ! p]son ^: affection is satisfactory to u mu/ n m]ely wi% u well1 b mu/ "k 9 :at our happ9ess consi/s4 ,b ?is belongs to ! o!r elem5t ( ! good life1 namely k4 ,9 a p]fect _w1 e s5ti5t be+ w\ld be to e o!r ! object ( ! fulle/ love1 comp\nd$ ( delight1 b5evol5ce1 & und]/&+ inextricably bl5d$4 ,x does n foll[ t1 9 ?is actual _w1 we ought to attempt to h su* feel+s t[>ds all ! s5ti5t be+s :om we enc\nt]4 ,!re are _m 9 :om we _c feel delight1 because !y are disgu/+2 if we 7 to d viol5ce to our nature by try+ to see beauties 9 !m1 we %\ld m]ely blunt our susceptibilities to :at we naturally f9d beautiful4 ,n to m5tion human be+s1 !re are fleas & bugs & lice4 ,we %\ld h to be z h>d press$ z ! ,anci5t ,m>9] be=e we c\ld feel delight 9 contemplat+ ^! creatures4 ,"s sa9ts1 x is true1 h call$ !m 8pe>ls ( ,god10 b :at ^! m5 delight$ 9 0 ! opportunity ( display+ _! own sanctity4 ,b5evol5ce is easi] to ext5d widely1 b ev5 b5evol5ce has its limits4 ,if a man wi%$ to m>ry a lady1 we %\ld n ?9k ! bett] ( him = )draw+ if he f\nd t "s "o else also wi%$ to m>ry h]3 we %\ld reg>d ?is z a fair field = competition4 ,yet 8 feel+s t[>ds a rival _c be :olly b5evol5t4 ,i ?9k t 9 all descriptions ( ! good life "h on e>? we mu/ assume a c]ta9 basis ( animal vitality & animal in/9ct2 )\t ?is1 life becomes tame & un9t]e/+4 ,civilization %\ld be some?+ add$ to ?is1 n sub/itut$ = x2 ! ascetic sa9t & ! deta*$ sage fail 9 ?is respect to be complete human be+s4 ,a small numb] ( !m may enri* a community2 b a _w compos$ ( !m w\ld die ( bor$om4 ,^! consid]ations lead to a c]ta9 emphasis on ! elem5t ( delight z an +r$i5t 9 ! be/ love4 ,delight1 9 ?is actual _w1 is unavoidably selective1 & prev5ts u f hav+ ! same feel+s t[>ds all mank9d4 ,:5 conflicts arise betwe5 delight & b5evol5ce1 !y mu/1 z a rule1 be decid$ by a compromise1 n by a complete surr5d] ( ei!r4 ,in/9ct has its rights1 & if we d viol5ce to x beyond a po9t x takes v5geance 9 subtle ways4 ,!re=e 9 aim+ at a good life ! limits ( human possibility mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 we are br\ght back to ! necessity ( k4 ,:5 ,i speak ( k z an +r$i5t ( ! good life1 ,i am n ?9k+ ( e?ical k1 b ( sci5tific k & k ( p>ticul> facts4 ,i d n ?9k !re is1 /rictly speak+1 su* a ?+ z e?ical k4 ,if we desire to a*ieve "s end1 k may %[ u ! means1 & ?is k may loosely pass z e?ical4 ,b ,i d n believe t we c decide :at sort ( conduct is "r or wrong except by ref]5ce to its probable consequ5ces4 ,giv5 an end to be a*iev$1 x is a "q = sci5ce to discov] h[ to a*ieve x4 ,all moral rules mu/ be te/$ by exam9+ :e!r !y t5d to realize ends t we desire4 ,i say ends t we desire1 n ends t we ought to desire4 ,:at we 8ought0 to desire is m]ely :at someone else wi%es u to desire4 ,usually x is :at ! au?orities wi% u to desirep>5ts1 s*oolma/]s1 policem51 & judges4 ,if y say to me 8y ought to d s-&-s10 ! motive p[] ( y\r rem>k lies 9 my desire = y\r approvaltoge!r1 possibly1 ) rew>ds or puni%m5ts atta*$ to y\r approval or disapproval4 ,s9ce all behavi\r spr+s f desire1 x is cle> t e?ical notions c h no importance except z !y influ5c$ desire4 ,!y d ?is ?r\gh ! desire = approval & ! fe> ( disapproval4 ,^! are p[]ful social =ces1 & we %all naturally endeav\r to w9 !m to our side if we wi% to realize any social purpose4 ,:5 ,i say t ! morality ( conduct is to be judg$ by its probable consequ5ces1 ,i mean t ,i desire to see approval giv5 to behavi\r likely to realize social purposes :i* we desire1 & disapproval to opposite behavi\r4 ,at pres5t ?is is n done2 !re are c]ta9 traditional rules accord+ to :i* approval & disapproval are met$ out q reg>dless ( consequ5ces4 ,b ?is is a topic ) :i* we %all deal 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! sup]fluity ( !oretical e?ics is obvi\s 9 simple cases4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t y\r *ild is ill4 ,love makes y wi% to cure x1 & sci5ce tells y h[ to d s4 ,!re is n an int]m$iate /age ( e?ical !ory1 :]e x is demon/rat$ t y\r *ild _h bett] be cur$4 ,y\r act spr+s directly f desire = an end1 toge!r ) k ( means4 ,?is is equally true ( all acts1 :e!r good or bad4 ,! ends diff]1 & ! k is m adequate 9 "s cases ?an 9 o!rs4 ,b !re is no conceivable way ( mak+ p d ?+s !y d n wi% to d4 ,:at is possible is to alt] _! desires by a sy/em ( rew>ds & p5alties1 among :i* social approval & disapproval are n ! lea/ pot5t4 ,! "q = ! legislative morali/ is1 !re=e3 ,h[ %all ?is sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts be arrang$ s z to secure ! maximum ( :at is desir$ by ! legislative au?ority8 ,if ,i say t ! legislative au?ority has bad desires1 ,i mean m]ely t its desires conflict ) ^? ( "s section ( ! community to :i* ,i belong4 ,outside human desires !re is no moral /&>d4 ,?us1 :at di/+ui%es e?ics f sci5ce is n any special k9d ( k1 b m]ely desire4 ,! k requir$ 9 e?ics is exactly l ! k else:]e2 :at is peculi> is t c]ta9 ends are desir$1 & t "r conduct is :at conduces to !m4 ,( c\rse1 if ! def9ition ( "r conduct is to make a wide appeal1 ! ends mu/ be su* z l>ge sections ( mank9d desire4 ,if ,i def9$ "r conduct z t :i* increases my own income1 read]s w\ld disagree4 ,! :ole effectiv5ess ( any e?ical argum5t lies 9 its sci5tific "p1 i4 e4 9 ! pro( t "o k9d ( conduct1 r ?an "s o!r1 is a means to an end :i* is widely desir$4 ,i di/+ui%1 h[ev]1 betwe5 e?ical argum5t & e?ical education4 ,! latt] consi/s 9 /r5g!n+ c]ta9 desires & weak5+ o!rs4 ,?is is q a diff]5t process1 :i* w be sep>ately discuss$ at a lat] /age4 ,we c n[ expla9 m exactly ! purport ( ! def9ition ( ! good life ) :i* ?is *apt] began4 ,:5 ,i said t ! good life consi/s ( love guid$ by k1 ! desire :i* prompt$ me 0 ! desire to live su* a life z f> z possible1 & to see o!rs liv+ x2 & ! logical cont5t ( ! /atem5t is t1 9 a community :]e m5 live 9 ?is way1 m desires w be satisfi$ ?an 9 "o :]e !re is less love or less k4 ,i d n mean t su* a life is 8virtu\s0 or t its opposite is 8s9ful10 = ^! are conceptions :i* seem to me to h no sci5tific ju/ification4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,moral ,,rules ,! practical ne$ ( morals arises f ! conflict ( desires1 :e!r ( diff]5t p or ( ! same p]son at diff]5t times or ev5 at "o "t4 ,a man desires to dr9k1 & also to be fit = 8 "w next morn+4 ,we ?9k him immoral if he adopts ! c\rse :i* gives him ! small] total satisfaction ( desire4 ,we ?9k ill ( p :o are extravagant or reckless1 ev5 if !y injure no "o b !mselves4 ,b5?am suppos$ t ! :ole ( morality c\ld be d]iv$ f 8enlight5$ self-int]e/10 & t a p]son :o always act$ ) a view to 8 own maximum satisfaction 9 ! long run w\ld always act rightly4 ,i _c accept ?is view4 ,tyrants h exi/$ :o d]iv$ exquisite pleasure f wat*+ ! infliction ( torture2 ,i _c praise su* m5 :5 prud5ce l$ !m to sp>e _! victims' lives ) a view to fur!r suff]+s ano!r day4 ,nev]!less1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 prud5ce is a "p ( ! good life4 ,ev5 ,rob9son ,crusoe _h occasion to practise indu/ry1 self-control1 & =esight1 :i* mu/ be reckon$ z moral qualities1 s9ce !y increas$ 8 total satisfaction )\t c\nt]balanc+ injury to o!rs4 ,?is "p ( morals plays a great "p 9 ! tra9+ ( "y *ildr51 :o h little incl9ation to ?9k ( ! future4 ,if x 7 m practis$ 9 lat] life1 ! _w w\ld quickly become a p>adise1 s9ce x w\ld be q suffici5t to prev5t w>s1 :i* are acts ( passion1 n ( reason4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ! importance ( prud5ce1 x is n ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( morals4 ,nor is x ! "p t raises intellectual problems1 s9ce x does n require an appeal to any?+ beyond self-int]e/4 ,! "p ( morality t is n includ$ 9 prud5ce is1 9 ess5ce1 analog\s to law1 or ! rules ( a club4 ,x is a me?od ( enabl+ m5 to live toge!r 9 a community 9 spite ( ! possibility t _! desires may conflict4 ,b "h two v diff]5t me?ods are possible4 ,!re is ! me?od ( ! crim9al law1 :i* aims at a m]ely ext]nal h>mony by atta*+ disagreeable consequ5ces to acts :i* ?w>t o!r m5's desires 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,?is is also ! me?od ( social c5sure3 to be ?\ght ill ( by "o's own society is a =m ( puni%m5t1 to avoid :i* mo/ p avoid be+ kn[n to transgress ! code ( _! set4 ,b !re is ano!r me?od1 m fundam5tal1 & f> m satisfactory :5 x succe$s4 ,?is is to alt] m5's *>act]s & desires 9 su* a way z to m9imize occasions ( conflict by mak+ ! success ( "o man's desires z f> z possible consi/5t ) t ( ano!r's4 ,t is :y love is bett] ?an hate1 because x br+s h>mony in/ead ( conflict into ! desires ( ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,two p betwe5 :om !re is love succe$ or fail toge!r1 b :5 two p hate ea* o!r ! success ( ei!r is ! failure ( ! o!r4 ,if we 7 "r 9 say+ t ! good life is inspir$ by love & guid$ by k1 x is cle> t ! moral code ( any community is n ultimate & self-suffici5t1 b mu/ be exam9$ ) a view to see+ :e!r x is su* z wisdom & b5evol5ce w\ld h decre$4 ,moral codes h n always be5 faultless4 ,! ,aztecs consid]$ x _! pa9ful duty to eat human fle% = fe> ! light ( ! sun %\ld gr[ dim4 ,!y err$ 9 _! sci5ce2 & p]haps !y w\ld h p]ceiv$ ! sci5tific error if !y _h _h any love = ! sacrificial victims4 ,"s tribes imm]se girls 9 ! d>k f ! age ( t5 to ! age ( sev5te51 = fe> ! sun's rays %\ld r5d] !m pregnant4 ,b surely our mod]n codes ( morals conta9 no?+ analog\s to ^! savage practices8 ,surely we only =bid ?+s :i* really are h>mful1 or at any rate s abom9able t no dec5t p]son c\ld def5d !m8 ,i am n s sure4 ,curr5t morality is a curi\s bl5d ( utilit>ianism & sup]/ition1 b ! sup]/iti\s "p has ! /rong] hold1 z is natural1 s9ce sup]/ition is ! orig9 ( moral rules4 ,orig9ally1 c]ta9 acts 7 ?\ght displeas+ to ! gods1 & 7 =bidd5 by law because ! div9e wra? 0 apt to desc5d ^u ! community1 n m]ely ^u ! guilty individuals4 ,h5ce arose ! conception ( s91 z t :i* is displeas+ to ,god4 ,no reason c be assign$ z to :y c]ta9 acts %\ld be ?us displeas+2 x w\ld be v difficult to say1 = in/ance1 :y x 0 displeas+ t ! kid %\ld be see!d 9 its "m's milk4 ,b x 0 kn[n by ,revelation t ?is 0 ! case4 ,sometimes ! ,div9e comm&s h be5 curi\sly int]pret$4 ,= example1 we are told n to "w on ,saturdays1 & ,prote/ants take ?is to mean t we are n to play on ,sundays4 ,b ! same sublime au?ority is attribut$ to ! new prohibition z to ! old4 ,x is evid5t t a man ) a sci5tific outlook on life _c let himself be intimidat$ by texts ( ,scripture or by ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he w n be cont5t to say 8su*-&-su* an act is s9ful1 & t ends ! matt]40 ,he w inquire :e!r x does any h>m1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 ! belief t x is s9ful does h>m4 ,& he w f9d t1 especially 9 :at conc]ns sex1 our curr5t morality conta9s a v great deal ( :i* ! orig9 is purely sup]/iti\s4 ,he w f9d also t ?is sup]/ition1 l t ( ! ,aztecs1 involves ne$less cruelty1 & w\ld be swept away if p 7 actuat$ by k9dly feel+s t[>ds _! neighb\rs4 ,b ! def5d]s ( traditional morality are seldom p ) w>m he>ts1 z may be se5 f ! love ( milit>ism display$ by ,*ur* dignit>ies4 ,"o is tempt$ to ?9k t !y value morals z af=d+ a legitimate outlet = _! desire to inflict pa93 ! s9n] is fair game1 & !re=e away ) tol]ance6 ,let u foll[ an ord9>y human life f conception to ! grave1 & note ! po9ts :]e sup]/iti\s morals inflict prev5table suff]+4 ,i beg9 ) conception1 because "h ! influ5ce ( sup]/ition is p>ticul>ly notewor?y4 ,if ! p>5ts are n m>ri$1 ! *ild has a /igma1 z cle>ly undes]v$ z any?+ c\ld be4 ,if ei!r ( ! p>5ts has v5]eal disease1 ! *ild is likely to inh]it x4 ,if !y already h too _m *ildr5 = ! family income1 !re w be pov]ty1 und]fe$+1 ov]cr[d+1 v likely ince/4 ,yet ! great majority ( morali/s agree t ! p>5ts _h bett] n "k h[ to prev5t ?is mis]y by prev5t+ conception4 ,to please ^! morali/s1 a life ( torture is inflict$ ^u millions ( human be+s :o ought nev] to h exi/$1 m]ely because x is suppos$ t sexual int]c\rse is wick$ unless accompani$ by desire = (fspr+1 b n wick$ :5 ?is desire is pres5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! (fspr+ is humanly c]ta9 to be wret*$4 ,to be kill$ sudd5ly & !n eat51 :i* 0 ! fate ( ! ,aztecs' victims1 is a f> less degree ( suff]+ ?an is inflict$ ^u a *ild born 9 mis]able surr\nd+s & ta9t$ ) v5]eal disease4 ,yet x is ! great] suff]+ :i* is delib]ately inflict$ by ,bi%ops & politicians 9 ! "n ( morality4 ,if !y _h ev5 ! smalle/ sp>k ( love or pity = *ildr5 !y c\ld n adh]e to a moral code involv+ ?is fi5di% cruelty4 ,at bir?1 & 9 e>ly infancy1 ! av]age *ild suff]s m f economic causes ?an f sup]/ition4 ,:5 well-to-d wom5 h *ildr51 !y h ! be/ doctors1 ! be/ nurses1 ! be/ diet1 ! be/ re/1 & ! be/ ex]cise4 ,work+-class wom5 d n enjoy ^! advantages1 & frequ5tly _! *ildr5 die = lack ( !m4 ,a little is done by ! public au?orities 9 ! way ( c>e ( mo!rs1 b v grudg+ly4 ,at a mom5t :5 ! supply ( milk to nurs+ mo!rs is be+ cut d[n to save exp5se1 public au?orities w sp5d va/ sums on pav+ ri* resid5tial di/ricts :]e !re is little traffic4 ,!y mu/ "k t 9 tak+ ?is decision !y are condemn+ a c]ta9 numb] ( work+-class *ildr5 to dea? = ! crime ( pov]ty4 ,yet ! rul+ p>ty are support$ by ! imm5se majority ( m9i/]s ( religion1 :o1 ) ! ,pope at _! head1 h pl$g$ ! va/ =ces ( sup]/ition ?r\gh\t ! _w to ! support ( social inju/ice4 ,9 all /ages ( education ! influ5ce ( sup]/ition is disa/r\s4 ,a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( *ildr5 h ! habit ( ?9k+2 "o ( ! aims ( education is to cure !m ( ?is habit4 ,inconv5i5t que/ions are met ) 8hu%1 hu%0 or ) puni%m5t4 ,collective emotion is us$ to in/il c]ta9 k9ds ( belief1 m p>ticul>ly nationali/ic k9ds4 ,capitali/s1 milit>i/s1 & ecclesia/ics co-op]ate 9 education1 because all dep5d = _! p[] ^u ! preval5ce ( emotionalism & ! r>ity ( critical judgm5t4 ,) ! aid ( human nature1 education succe$s 9 increas+ & int5sify+ ^! prop5sities ( ! av]age man4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* sup]/ition damages education is ?r\gh its influ5ce on ! *oice ( tea*]s4 ,= economic reasons1 a woman-tea*] mu/ n be m>ri$2 = moral reasons1 %e mu/ n h extra-m>ital sexual relations4 ,& yet ev]ybody :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to /udy morbid psy*ology kn[s t prolong$ virg9ity is1 z a rule1 extraord9>ily h>mful to wom51 s h>mful t1 9 a sane society1 x w\ld be sev]ely disc\rag$ 9 tea*]s4 ,! re/rictions impos$ lead m & m to a refusal1 on ! "p ( en]getic & ent]pris+ wom51 to ent] ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,?is is all due to ! l+]+ influ5ce ( sup]/iti\s asceticism4 ,at middle- & upp]-class s*ools ! matt] is ev5 worse4 ,!re are *apel s]vices1 & ! c>e ( morals is 9 ! h&s ( cl]gym54 ,cl]gym51 almo/ necess>ily1 fail 9 two ways z tea*]s ( morals4 ,!y condemn acts :i* d no h>m1 & !y condone acts :i* d great h>m4 ,!y all condemn sexual relations betwe5 unm>ri$ p :o are fond ( ea* o!r b n yet sure t !y wi% to live toge!r all _! lives4 ,mo/ ( !m condemn bir?-control4 ,none ( !m condemn ! brutality ( a husb& :o causes 8 wife to die ( too frequ5t pregnancies4 ,i knew a fa%ionable cl]gyman ^: wife _h n9e *ildr5 9 n9e ye>s4 ,! doctors told him t if %e _h ano!r %e w\ld die4 ,next ye> %e _h ano!r & di$4 ,no "o condemn$ him2 he reta9$ 8 b5efice1 & m>ri$ aga94 ,s long z cl]gym5 cont9ue to condone cruelty & condemn innoc5t pleasure1 !y c only d h>m z gu>dians ( ! morals ( ! "y4 ,ano!r bad effect ( sup]/ition on education is ! abs5ce ( in/ruction ab\t ! facts ( sex4 ,! ma9 physiological facts ought to be taught1 q simply & naturally1 be=e pub]ty1 at a "t :5 !y are n excit+4 ,at pub]ty1 ! elem5ts ( an unsup]/iti\s sexual morality ought to be taught4 ,boys & girls %\ld be taught t no?+ c ju/ify sexual int]c\rse unless !re is mutual incl9ation4 ,?is is contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* holds t1 provid$ ! p>ties are m>ri$ & ! man desires ano!r *ild1 sexual int]c\rse is ju/ifi$ h[ev] great may be ! reluctance ( ! wife4 ,boys & girls %\ld be taught respect = ea* o!r's lib]ty2 !y %\ld be made to feel t no?+ gives "o human be+ rights ov] ano!r1 & t jeal\sy & possessiv5ess kill love4 ,!y %\ld be taught t to br+ ano!r human be+ into ! _w is a v s]i\s matt]1 only to be und]tak5 :5 ! *ild w h a reasonable prospect ( heal?1 good surr\nd+s1 & p>5tal c>e4 ,b !y %\ld also be taught me?ods ( bir?-control1 s z to insure t *ildr5 %all only come :5 !y are want$4 ,f9ally1 !y %\ld be taught ! dang]s ( v5]eal disease1 & ! me?ods ( prev5tion & cure4 ,! increase ( human happ9ess to be expect$ f sex-education on ^! l9es is immeasurable4 ,x %\ld be recogniz$ t1 9 ! abs5ce ( *ildr51 sexual relations are a purely private matt]1 :i* does n conc]n ei!r ! ,/ate or ! neighb\rs4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( sex :i* d n lead to *ildr5 are at pres5t puni%$ by ! crim9al law3 ?is is purely sup]/iti\s1 s9ce ! matt] is "o :i* affects no "o except ! p>ties directly conc]n$4 ,:]e !re are *ildr51 x is a mi/ake to suppose t x is necess>ily to _! int]e/ to make divorce v difficult4 ,habitual drunk5ness1 cruelty1 insanity are gr\nds ^u :i* divorce is necess>y = ! *ildr5's sake q z mu* z = ! sake ( ! wife or husb&4 ,! peculi> importance atta*$1 at pres5t1 to adult]y is q irrational4 ,x is obvi\s t _m =ms ( misconduct are m fatal to m>ri$ happ9ess ?an an occasional infidelity4 ,mascul9e insi/5ce on a *ild a ye>1 :i* is n conv5tionally misconduct or cruelty1 is ! mo/ fatal ( all4 ,moral rules ought n to be su* z to make in/9ctive happ9ess impossible4 ,yet t is an effect ( /rict monogamy1 9 a community :]e ! numb]s ( ! two sexes are v unequal4 ,( c\rse1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! moral rules are infr+$4 ,b :5 ! rules are su* t !y c only be obey$ by greatly dim9i%+ ! happ9ess ( ! community1 & :5 x is bett] !y %\ld be infr+$ ?an obs]v$1 surely x is "t t ! rules 7 *ang$4 ,if ?is is n done1 _m p :o are act+ 9 a way n contr>y to ! public int]e/ are fac$ ) ! undes]v$ alt]native ( hypocrisy or obloquy4 ,! ,*ur* does n m9d hypocrisy1 :i* is a flatt]+ tribute to its p[]2 b else:]e x has come to be recogniz$ z an evil :i* we ought n lightly to inflict4 ,ev5 m h>mful ?an !ological sup]/ition is ! sup]/ition ( nationalism1 ( duty to "o's own ,/ate & to no o!r4 ,b ,i d n propose on ?is occasion to discuss ?is matt]1 beyond po9t+ out t limitation to "o's compatriots is contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( love :i* we recogniz$ z con/itut+ ! good life4 ,x is also1 ( c\rse1 contr>y to enlight5$ self-int]e/1 s9ce an exclusive nationalism does n pay ev5 ! victori\s nations4 ,"o o!r respect 9 :i* our society suff]s f ! !ological conception ( 8s90 is ! treatm5t ( crim9als4 ,! view t crim9als are 8wick$0 & 8des]ve0 puni%m5t is n "o :i* a rational morality c support4 ,und\bt$ly c]ta9 p d ?+s :i* society wi%es to prev5t1 & does "r 9 prev5t+ z f> z possible4 ,we may take murd] z ! pla9e/ case4 ,obvi\sly1 if a community is to hold toge!r & we are to enjoy its pleasures & advantages1 we _c all[ p to kill ea* o!r :5ev] !y feel an impulse to d s4 ,b ?is problem %\ld be treat$ 9 a purely sci5tific _s4 ,we %\ld ask simply3 ,:at is ! be/ me?od ( prev5t+ murd]8 ,( two me?ods :i* are equally effective 9 prev5t+ murd]1 ! "o involv+ lea/ h>m to ! murd]] is to be pref]r$4 ,! h>m to ! murd]] is :olly regrettable1 l ! pa9 ( a surgical op]ation4 ,x may be equally necess>y1 b x is n a subject ( rejoic+4 ,! v9dictive feel+ call$ 8moral indignation0 is m]ely a =m ( cruelty4 ,suff]+ to ! crim9al c nev] be ju/ifi$ by ! notion ( v9dictive puni%m5t4 ,if education comb9$ ) k9dness is equally effective1 x is to be pref]r$2 /ill m is x to be pref]r$ if x is m effective4 ,( c\rse ! prev5tion ( crime & ! puni%m5t ( crime are two diff]5t que/ions2 ! object ( caus+ pa9 to ! crim9al is presumably det]r5t4 ,if prisons 7 s humaniz$ t a prison] got a good education = no?+1 p might commit crimes 9 ord] to qualify = entrance4 ,no d\bt prison mu/ be less pleasant ?an fre$om2 b ! be/ way to secure ?is result is to make fre$om m pleasant ?an x sometimes is at pres5t4 ,i d n wi%1 h[ev]1 to emb>k ^u ! subject ( ,p5al ,re=m4 ,i m]ely wi% to sugge/ t we %\ld treat ! crim9al z we treat a man suff]+ f plague4 ,ea* is a public dang]1 ea* mu/ h 8 lib]ty curtail$ until he has ceas$ to be a dang]4 ,b ! man suff]+ f plague is an object ( sympa?y & commis]ation1 :]eas ! crim9al is an object ( execration4 ,?is is q irrational4 ,& x is because ( ?is diff]5ce ( attitude t our prisons are s mu* less successful 9 cur+ crim9al t5d5cies ?an our hospitals are 9 cur+ disease4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,salvation3 ,,individual ,,& ,,social ,"o ( ! defects ( traditional religion is its individualism1 & ?is defect belongs also to ! morality associat$ ) x4 ,traditionally1 ! religi\s life 01 z x 71 a duologue betwe5 ! s\l & ,god4 ,to obey ! w ( ,god 0 virtue2 & ?is 0 possible = ! individual q reg>dless ( ! /ate ( ! community4 ,prote/ant sects develop$ ! idea ( 8f9d+ salvation01 b x 0 always pres5t 9 ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,?is individualism ( ! sep>ate s\l _h its value at c]ta9 /ages ( hi/ory1 b 9 ! mod]n _w we ne$ r a social ?an an individual conception ( welf>e4 ,i want to consid]1 9 ?is *apt]1 h[ ?is affects our conception ( ! good life4 ,*ri/ianity arose 9 ! ,roman ,empire among populations :olly de/itute ( political p[]1 ^: national ,/ates _h be5 de/roy$ & m]g$ 9 a va/ imp]sonal aggregate4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 ! individuals :o adopt$ ,*ri/ianity c\ld n alt] ! social or political in/itutions "u :i* !y liv$1 al?\gh !y 7 pr(\ndly conv9c$ ( _! badness4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld adopt ! belief t an individual may be p]fect 9 an imp]fect _w1 & t ! good life has no?+ to d ) ?is _w4 ,:at ,i mean may become pla9 by comp>ison ) ,plato's ,republic4 ,:5 ,plato want$ to describe ! good life1 he describ$ a :ole community1 n an individual2 he did s 9 ord] to def9e ju/ice1 :i* is an ess5tially social conception4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to citiz5%ip ( a ,republic1 & political responsibility 0 some?+ :i* he took = grant$4 ,) ! loss ( ,greek fre$om comes ! rise ( ,/oicism1 :i* is l ,*ri/ianity1 & unlike ,plato1 9 hav+ an individuali/ic conception ( ! good life4 ,we1 :o belong to great democracies1 %\ld f9d a m appropriate morality 9 free ,a!ns ?an 9 despotic ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,9 ,india1 :]e ! political circum/ances are v simil> to ^? ( ,judea 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/1 we f9d ,g&hi prea*+ a v simil> morality to ,*ri/'s1 & be+ puni%$ = x by ! *ri/ianiz$ successors ( ,pontius ,pilate4 ,b ! m extreme ,indian nationali/s are n cont5t ) individual salvation3 !y want national salvation4 ,9 ?is !y h tak5 on ! outlook ( ! free democracies ( ! ,we/4 ,i want to sugge/ "s respects 9 :i* ?is outlook1 ow+ to ,*ri/ian influ5ces1 is n yet suffici5tly bold & self-consci\s1 b is /ill hamp]$ by ! belief 9 individual salvation4 ,! good life1 z we conceive x1 dem&s a multitude ( social conditions1 & _c be realiz$ )\t !m4 ,! good life1 we said1 is a life inspir$ by love & guid$ by k4 ,! k requir$ c only exi/ :]e gov]nm5ts or millionaires devote !mselves to its discov]y & diffusion4 ,= example3 ! spread ( canc] is al>m+:at are we to d ab\t x8 ,at ! mom5t1 no "o c answ] ! "q = lack ( k2 & ! k is n likely to em]ge except ?r\gh end[$ rese>*4 ,aga93 k ( sci5ce1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & art ought to be atta9able by all :o desire x2 ?is requires elaborate arrangem5ts on ! "p ( public au?orities1 & is n to be a*iev$ by means ( religi\s conv]sion4 ,!n !re is =eign trade1 )\t :i* half ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 w\ld />ve2 & if we 7 />v+ v few ( u w\ld live ! good life4 ,x is ne$less to multiply examples4 ,! important po9t is t1 9 all t diff]5tiates betwe5 a good life & a bad "o1 ! _w is a unity1 & ! man :o pret5ds to live indep5d5tly is a consci\s or unconsci\s p>asite4 ,! idea ( individual salvation1 ) :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians consol$ !mselves = _! political subjection1 becomes impossible z soon z we escape f a v n>r[ conception ( ! good life4 ,9 ! or?odox ,*ri/ian conception1 ! good life is ! virtu\s life1 & virtue consi/s 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god1 & ! w ( ,god is reveal$ to ea* individual ?r\gh ! voice ( consci5ce4 ,?is :ole conception is t ( m5 subject to an ali5 despotism4 ,! good life involves mu* besides virtueintellig5ce1 = in/ance4 ,& consci5ce is a mo/ fallaci\s guide1 s9ce x consi/s ( vague rem9isc5ces ( precepts he>d 9 e>ly y\?1 s t x is nev] wis] ?an its possessor's nurse or "m4 ,to live a good life 9 ! fulle/ s5se a man mu/ h a good education1 fri5ds1 love1 *ildr5 7if he desires !m71 a suffici5t income to keep him f want & grave anxiety1 good heal?1 & "w :i* is n un9t]e/+4 ,all ^! ?+s1 9 v>y+ degrees1 dep5d ^u ! community1 & are help$ or h9d]$ by political ev5ts4 ,! good life mu/ be liv$ 9 a good society1 & is n fully possible o!rwise4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal defect ( ! ari/ocratic ideal4 ,c]ta9 good ?+s1 su* z art & sci5ce & fri5d%ip1 c fl\ri% v well 9 an ari/ocratic society4 ,!y exi/$ 9 ,greece on a basis ( slav]y2 !y exi/ among ourselves on a basis ( exploitation4 ,b love1 9 ! =m ( sympa?y or b5evol5ce1 _c exi/ freely 9 an ari/ocratic society4 ,! ari/ocrat has to p]suade himself t ! slave or prolet>ian or col\r$ man is ( inf]ior clay1 & t 8 suff]+s d n matt]4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 poli%$ ,engli% g5tlem5 flog ,africans s sev]ely t !y die aft] h\rs ( unspeakable angui%4 ,ev5 if ^! g5tlem5 are well-educat$1 arti/ic1 & admirable conv]sationali/s1 ,i _c admit t !y are liv+ ! good life4 ,human nature imposes "s limitation ( sympa?y1 b n su* a degree z t4 ,9 a democratically-m9d$ society1 only a maniac w\ld behave 9 ?is way4 ,! limitation ( sympa?y involv$ 9 ! ari/ocratic ideal is its condemnation4 ,salvation is an ari/ocratic ideal1 because x is individuali/ic4 ,= ?is reason1 also1 ! idea ( p]sonal salvation1 h[ev] int]pret$ & exp&$1 _c s]ve = ! def9ition ( ! good life4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( salvation is t x results f a cata/rophic *ange1 l ! conv]sion ( ,sa9t ,paul4 ,%elley's poems af=d an illu/ration ( ?is conception appli$ to societies2 ! mom5t comes :5 ev]ybody is conv]t$1 ! 8an>*s0 fly1 & 8! _w's great age beg9s anew04 ,x may be said t a poet is an unimportant p]son1 ^: ideas are ( no consequ5ce4 ,b ,i am p]suad$ t a l>ge proportion ( revolution>y lead]s h _h ideas extremely l ,%elley's4 ,!y h ?\ght t mis]y & cruelty & degradation 7 due to tyrants or prie/s or capitali/s or ,g]mans1 & t if ^! s\rces ( evil 7 ov]?r[n !re w\ld be a g5]al *ange ( he>t & we %\ld all live happy ev] aft]4 ,hold+ ^! beliefs1 !y h be5 will+ to wage a 8w> to end w>04 ,comp>atively =tunate 7 ^? :o suff]$ defeat or dea?2 ^? :o _h ! mis=tune to em]ge victori\s 7 r$uc$ to cynicism & despair by ! failure ( all _! gl[+ hopes4 ,! ultimate s\rce ( ^! hopes 0 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( cata/rophic conv]sion z ! road to salvation4 ,i d n wi% to sugge/ t revolutions are nev] necess>y1 b ,i d wi% to sugge/ t !y are n %ort cuts to ! mill5nium4 ,!re is no %ort cut to ! good life1 :e!r individual or social4 ,to build up ! good life1 we mu/ build up intellig5ce1 self-control1 & sympa?y4 ,?is is a quantitative matt]1 a matt] ( gradual improvem5t1 ( e>ly tra9+1 ( educational exp]im5t4 ,only impati5ce prompts ! belief 9 ! possibility ( sudd5 improvem5t4 ,! gradual improvem5t t is possible1 & ! me?ods by :i* x may be a*iev$1 are a matt] = future sci5ce4 ,b some?+ c be said n[4 ,"s "p ( :at c be said ,i %all try to indicate 9 a f9al *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,happ9ess ,! purpose ( ! morali/ is to improve m5's behavi\r4 ,?is is a laudable ambition1 s9ce _! behavi\r is = ! mo/ "p deplorable4 ,b ,i _c praise ! morali/ ei!r = ! p>ticul> improvem5ts he desires1 or = ! me?ods he adopts = a*iev+ !m4 ,8 o/5sible me?od is moral exhortation2 8 real me?od 7if he is or?odox7 is a sy/em ( economic rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! =m] effects no?+ p]man5t or important2 ! influ5ce ( revivali/s1 f ,savon>ola d[nw>ds1 has always be5 v transitory4 ,! latt]! rew>ds & puni%m5tsh a v consid]able effect4 ,!y cause a man1 = example1 to pref] casual pro/itutes to a quasi-p]man5t mi/ress1 because x is necess>y to adopt ! me?od :i* is mo/ easily conceal$4 ,!y ?us keep up ! numb]s ( a v dang]\s pr(ession1 & secure ! preval5ce ( v5]eal disease4 ,^! are n ! objects desir$ by ! morali/1 & he is too unsci5tific to notice t !y are ! objects :i* he actually a*ieves4 ,is !re any?+ bett] to be sub/itut$ = ?is unsci5tific mixture ( prea*+ & brib]y8 ,i ?9k !re is4 ,m5's actions are h>mful ei!r f ignorance or f bad desires4 8,bad0 desires1 :5 we are speak+ f a social po9t ( view1 may be def9$ z ^? :i* t5d to ?w>t ! desires ( o!rs1 or1 m exactly1 ^? :i* ?w>t m desires ?an !y assi/4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell ^u ! h>mfulness t spr+s f ignorance2 "h1 m k is all t is want$1 s t ! road to improvem5t lies 9 m rese>* & m education4 ,b ! h>mfulness t spr+s f bad desires is a m difficult matt]4 ,9 ! ord9>y man & woman !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( active malevol5ce1 bo? special ill-w direct$ to p>ticul> enemies & g5]al imp]sonal pleasure 9 ! mis=tunes ( o!rs4 ,x is cu/om>y to cov] ?is ov] ) f9e phrases2 ab\t half ( conv5tional morality is a cloak = x4 ,b x mu/ be fac$ if ! morali/s' aim ( improv+ our actions is to be a*iev$4 ,x is %[n 9 a ?\s& ways1 great & small3 9 ! glee ) :i* p repeat & believe sc&al1 9 ! unk9d treatm5t ( crim9als 9 spite ( cle> pro( t bett] treatm5t w\ld h m effect 9 re=m+ !m1 9 ! unbelievable b>b>ity ) :i* all :ite races treat negroes1 & 9 ! gu/o ) :i* old ladies & cl]gym5 po9t$ out ! duty ( milit>y s]vice to "y m5 dur+ ! ,w>4 ,ev5 *ildr5 may be ! objects ( wanton cruelty3 ,david ,copp]field & ,oliv] ,twi/ are by no means imag9>y4 ,?is active malevol5ce is ! wor/ feature ( human nature1 & ! "o :i* x is mo/ necess>y to *ange if ! _w is to gr[ happi]4 ,probably ?is "o cause has m to d ) w> ?an all ! economic & political causes put toge!r4 ,giv5 ?is problem ( prev5t+ malevol5ce1 h[ %all we deal ) x8 ,fir/ let u try to und]/& its causes4 ,^! are1 ,i ?9k1 p>tly social1 p>tly physiological4 ,! _w1 n[ z mu* z at any =m] "t1 is bas$ ^u life-&-dea? competition2 ! "q at issue 9 ! ,w> 0 :e!r ,g]man or ,alli$ *ildr5 %\ld die ( want & />vation4 7,ap>t f malevol5ce on bo? sides1 !re 0 n ! slighte/ reason :y bo? %\ld n survive74 ,mo/ p h 9 ! backgr\nd ( _! m9ds a haunt+ fe> ( ru92 ?is is especially true ( p :o h *ildr54 ,! ri* fe> t ,bol%eviks w confiscate _! inve/m5ts2 ! poor fe> t !y w lose _! job or _! heal?4 ,e "o is engag$ 9 ! frantic pursuit ( 8security01 & imag9es t ?is is to be a*iev$ by keep+ pot5tial enemies 9 subjection4 ,x is 9 mom5ts ( panic t cruelty becomes mo/ wide-spread & mo/ atroci\s4 ,reaction>ies ev]y:]e appeal to fe>3 9 ,engl&1 to fe> ( ,bol%evism2 9 ,france1 to fe> ( ,g]many2 9 ,g]many1 to fe> ( ,france4 ,& ! sole effect ( _! appeals is to increase ! dang] aga9/ :i* !y wi% to be protect$4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be "o ( ! *ief conc]ns ( ! sci5tific morali/ to combat fe>4 ,?is c be done 9 two ways3 by increas+ security1 & by cultivat+ c\rage4 ,i am speak+ ( fe> z an irrational passion1 n ( ! rational prevision ( possible mis=tune4 ,:5 a !atre cat*es fire1 ! rational man =esees disa/] j z cle>ly z ! man /rick5 ) panic1 b he adopts me?ods likely to dim9i% ! disa/]1 :]eas ! man /rick5 ) panic increases x4 ,europe s9ce #aiad has be5 l a panic-/rick5 audi5ce 9 a !atre on fire2 :at is ne$$ is calm1 au?oritative directions z to h[ to escape )\t trampl+ ea* o!r to pieces 9 ! process4 ,! ,victorian age1 = all its humbug1 0 a p]iod ( rapid progress1 because m5 7 dom9at$ by hope r ?an fe>4 ,if we are aga9 to h progress1 we mu/ aga9 be dom9at$ by hope4 ,ev]y?+ t increases ! g5]al security is likely to dim9i% cruelty4 ,?is applies to prev5tion ( w>1 :e!r ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 or o!rwise2 to prev5tion ( de/itution2 to bett] heal? by improvem5t 9 m$ic9e1 hygi5e1 & sanitation2 & to all o!r me?ods ( less5+ ! t]rors t lurk 9 ! abysses ( m5's m9ds & em]ge z nightm>es :5 !y sleep4 ,b no?+ is accompli%$ by an attempt to make a portion ( mank9d secure at ! exp5se ( ano!r portion,fr5*m5 at ! exp5se ( ,g]mans1 capitali/s at ! exp5se ( wage-e>n]s1 :ite m5 at ! exp5se ( yell[ m51 & s on4 ,su* me?ods only increase t]ror 9 ! dom9ant gr\p1 le/ j res5tm5t %\ld lead ! oppress$ to rebel4 ,only ju/ice c give security2 & by 8ju/ice0 ,i mean ! recognition ( ! equal claims ( all human be+s4 ,9 addition to social *anges design$ to br+ security1 !re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r & m direct means ( dim9i%+ fe>1 namely by a regim5 design$ to increase c\rage4 ,ow+ to ! importance ( c\rage 9 battle1 m5 e>ly discov]$ means ( increas+ x by education & dieteat+ human fle%1 = example1 0 suppos$ to be useful4 ,b milit>y c\rage 0 to be ! pr]ogative ( ! rul+ ca/e3 ,sp>tans 7 to h m ?an helots1 ,briti% (fic]s ?an ,indian privates1 m5 ?an wom51 & s on4 ,= c5turies x 0 suppos$ to be ! privilege ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,e increase ( c\rage 9 ! rul+ ca/e 0 us$ to increase ! burd5s on ! oppress$1 & !re=e to increase ! gr\nds = fe> 9 ! oppressors1 & !re=e to leave ! causes ( cruelty undim9i%$4 ,c\rage mu/ be democratiz$ be=e x c make m5 humane4 ,to a great ext5t1 c\rage has already be5 democratiz$ by rec5t ev5ts4 ,! suffragettes %[$ t !y possess$ z mu* c\rage z ! brave/ m52 ?is demon/ration 0 ess5tial 9 w9n+ !m ! vote4 ,! common soldi] 9 ! ,w> ne$$ z mu* c\rage z a ,capta9 or ,lieut5ant1 & mu* m ?an a ,g5]al3 ?is _h mu* to d ) 8 lack ( s]vility aft] demobilization4 ,! ,bol%eviks1 :o proclaim !mselves ! *ampions ( ! prolet>iat1 are n lack+ 9 c\rage1 :atev] else may be said ( !m2 ?is is prov$ by _! pre-revolution>y record4 ,9 ,japan1 :]e =m]ly ! samurai _h a monopoly ( m>tial ard\r1 conscription br\ght ! ne$ ( c\rage ?r\gh\t ! male population4 ,?us among all ! ,great ,p[]s mu* has be5 done dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury to make c\rage no long] an ari/ocratic monopoly3 if ?is 7 n ! case1 ! dang] to democracy w\ld be f> great] ?an x is4 ,b c\rage 9 fight+ is by no means ! only =m1 nor p]haps ev5 ! mo/ important4 ,!re is c\rage 9 fac+ pov]ty1 c\rage 9 fac+ d]ision1 c\rage 9 fac+ ! ho/ility ( "o's own h]d4 ,9 ^!1 ! brave/ soldi]s are (t5 lam5tably defici5t4 ,& above all !re is ! c\rage to ?9k calmly & rationally 9 ! face ( dang]1 & to control ! impulse ( panic fe> or panic rage4 ,^! are c]ta9ly ?+s :i* education c help to give4 ,& ! tea*+ ( e =m ( c\rage is r5d]$ easi] by good heal?1 good physique1 adequate n\ri%m5t1 & free play = fundam5tal vital impulses4 ,p]haps ! physiological s\rces ( c\rage c\ld be discov]$ by comp>+ ! blood ( a cat ) t ( a rabbit4 ,9 all likelihood !re is no limit to :at sci5ce c\ld d 9 ! way ( increas+ c\rage1 by example1 exp]i5ce ( dang]1 an a?letic life1 & a suitable diet4 ,all ^! ?+s our upp]-class boys to a great ext5t enjoy1 b z yet !y are 9 ! ma9 ! pr]ogative ( weal?4 ,! c\rage s f> enc\rag$ 9 ! poor] sections ( ! community is c\rage "u ord]s1 n ! k9d t involves initiative & lead]%ip4 ,:5 ! qualities t n[ conf] lead]%ip h become univ]sal1 !re w no long] be lead]s & foll[]s1 & democracy w h be5 realiz$ at la/4 ,b fe> is n ! only s\rce ( malevol5ce2 envy & disappo9tm5t also h _! %>e4 ,! envy ( cripples & hun*backs is prov]bial z a s\rce ( malignity1 b o!r mis=tunes ?an !irs produce simil> results4 ,a man or woman :o has be5 ?w>t$ sexually is apt to be full ( envy2 ?is g5]ally takes ! =m ( moral condemnation ( ! m =tunate4 ,mu* ( ! driv+ =ce ( revolution>y movem5t is due to envy ( ! ri*4 ,jeal\sy is1 ( c\rse1 a special =m ( envy3 envy ( love4 ,! old (t5 envy ! "y2 :5 !y d1 !y are apt to treat !m cruelly4 ,!re is1 s f> z ,i "k1 no way ( deal+ ) envy except to make ! lives ( ! envi\s happi] & full]1 & to enc\rage 9 y\? ! idea ( collective ent]prises r ?an competition4 ,! wor/ =ms ( envy are 9 ^? :o h n _h a full life 9 ! way ( m>riage1 or *ildr51 or c>e]4 ,su* mis=tunes c\ld 9 mo/ cases be avoid$ by bett] social in/itutions4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be admitt$ t a residuum ( envy is likely to rema94 ,!re are _m in/ances 9 hi/ory ( ,g5]als s jeal\s ( ea* o!r t !y pref]r$ defeat to enhancem5t ( ! o!r's reputation4 ,two politicians ( ! same p>ty1 or two arti/s ( ! same s*ool are almo/ sure to be jeal\s ( "o ano!r4 ,9 su* cases1 !re seems no?+ to be done except to arrange1 z f> z possible1 t ea* competitor %all be unable to injure ! o!r1 & %all only be able to w9 by sup]ior m]it4 ,an arti/'s jeal\sy ( a rival usually does little h>m1 because ! only effective way ( indulg+ x is to pa9t bett] pictures ?an 8 rival's1 s9ce x is n op5 to him to de/roy 8 rival's pictures4 ,:]e envy is unavoidable1 x mu/ be us$ z a /imulus to "o's own ef=ts1 n to ! ?w>t+ ( ! ef=ts ( rivals4 ,! possibilities ( sci5ce 9 ! way ( increas+ human happ9ess are n conf9$ to dim9i%+ ^? aspects ( human nature :i* make = mutual defeat1 & :i* we !re=e call 8bad04 ,!re is probably no limit to :at sci5ce c d 9 ! way ( increas+ positive excell5ce4 ,heal? has already be5 greatly improv$2 9 spite ( ! lam5tations ( ^? :o idealize ! pa/1 we live long] & h few] illnesses ?an any class or nation 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,) a little m application ( ! k we already possess1 we might be mu* heal?i] ?an we are4 ,& future discov]ies are likely to accel]ate ?is process enorm\sly4 ,s f>1 x has be5 physical sci5ce t has _h mo/ effect ^u our lives1 b 9 ! future physiology & psy*ology are likely to be f> m pot5t4 ,:5 we h discov]$ h[ "* dep5ds ^u physiological conditions1 we %all be able1 if we *oose1 to produce f> m ( ! type ( human be+s t we admire4 ,intellig5ce1 arti/ic capacity1 b5evol5ceall ^! ?+s no d\bt c\ld be increas$ by sci5ce4 ,!re seems sc>cely any limit to :at c\ld be done 9 ! way ( produc+ a good _w1 if only m5 w\ld use sci5ce wisely4 ,i h express$ else:]e my fe>s t m5 may n make a wise use ( ! p[] !y d]ive f sci5ce4,b ,at pres5t ,i am conc]n$ ) ! good t m5 c\ld d if !y *ose1 n ) ! "q :e!r !y w *oose r to d h>m4 ,b ,see ,ic>us4 ,!re is a c]ta9 attitude ab\t ! application ( sci5ce to human life ) :i* ,i h "s sympa?y1 ?\gh ,i d n1 9 ! la/ analysis1 agree ) x4 ,x is ! attitude ( ^? :o dread :at is 8unnatural40 ,r\sseau is1 ( c\rse1 ! great protagoni/ ( ?is view 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,asia1 ,lao-,tze has set x =? ev5 m p]suasively1 & #bdjj ye>s soon]4 ,i ?9k !re is a mixture ( tru? & falsehood 9 ! admiration ( 8nature10 :i* x is important to dis5tangle4 ,to beg9 )1 :at is 8natural08 ,r\ghly speak+1 any?+ to :i* ! speak] 0 accu/om$ 9 *ildhood4 ,lao-,tze objects to roads & c>riages & boats1 all ( :i* 7 probably unkn[n 9 ! village :]e he 0 born4 ,r\sseau has got us$ to ^! ?+s1 & does n reg>d !m z aga9/ nature4 ,b he w\ld no d\bt h ?und]$ aga9/ railways if he _h liv$ to see !m4 ,clo!s & cook+ are too anci5t to be d5\nc$ by mo/ ( ! apo/les ( nature1 ?\gh !y all object to new fa%ions 9 ei!r4 ,bir?-control is ?\ght wick$ by p :o tol]ate celibacy1 because ! =m] is a new violation ( nature & ! latt] an anci5t "o4 ,9 all ^! ways ^? :o prea* 8nature0 are inconsi/5t1 & "o is tempt$ to reg>d !m z m]e cons]vatives4 ,nev]!less1 !re is some?+ to be said 9 _! fav\r4 ,take = in/ance vitam9es1 ! discov]y ( :i* has produc$ a revulsion 9 fav\r ( 8natural0 foods4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t vitam9es c be suppli$ by cod-liv] oil & electric light1 :i* are c]ta9ly n "p ( ! 8natural0 diet ( a human be+4 ,?is case illu/rates t1 9 ! abs5ce ( k1 unexpect$ h>m may be done by a new dep>ture f nature2 b :5 ! h>m has come to be und]/ood x c usually be rem$i$ by "s new artificiality4 ,z reg>ds our physical environm5t & our physical means ( gratify+ our desires1 ,i d n ?9k ! doctr9e ( 8nature0 ju/ifies any?+ beyond a c]ta9 exp]im5tal caution 9 ! adoption ( new exp$i5ts4 ,clo!s1 = in/ance1 are contr>y to nature1 & ne$ to be supplem5t$ by ano!r unnatural practice1 namely wa%+1 if !y are n to br+ disease4 ,b ! two practices toge!r make a man heal?i] ?an ! savage :o es*ews bo?4 ,!re is mu* m to be said = 8nature0 9 ! realm ( human desires4 ,to =ce ^u man1 woman1 or *ild a life :i* ?w>ts _! /ronge/ impulses is bo? cruel & dang]\s 9 ?is s5se1 a life accord+ to 8nature0 is to be comm5d$ ) c]ta9 provisos4 ,no?+ c\ld be m artificial ?an an und]gr\nd electric railway1 b no viol5ce is done to a *ild's nature :5 x is tak5 to travel 9 "o2 on ! contr>y1 almo/ all *ildr5 f9d ! exp]i5ce delightful4 ,artificialities :i* gratify ! desires ( ord9>y human be+s are good1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,b !re is no?+ to be said = ways ( life :i* are artificial 9 ! s5se ( be+ impos$ by au?ority or economic necessity4 ,su* ways ( life are1 no d\bt1 to "s ext5t necess>y at pres5t2 ocean travel w\ld become v difficult if !re 7 no /ok]s on /eam]s4 ,b necessities ( ?is k9d are regrettable1 & we ought to look = ways ( avoid+ !m4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w is n a ?+ to compla9 (2 inde$1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 x makes a man happi] ?an complete idl5ess4 ,b ! am\nt & k9d ( "w t mo/ p h to d at pres5t is a grave evil3 especially bad is ! life-long bondage to r\t9e4 ,life %\ld n be too closely regulat$ or too me?odical2 our impulses1 :5 n positively de/ructive or injuri\s to o!rs1 ought if possible to h free play2 !re %\ld be room = adv5ture4 ,human nature we %\ld respect1 because our impulses & desires are ! /uff out ( :i* our happ9ess is to be made4 ,x is no use to give m5 some?+ ab/ractly consid]$ 8good02 we mu/ give !m some?+ desir$ or ne$$ if we are to add to _! happ9ess4 ,sci5ce may le>n 9 "t to m\ld our desires s t !y %all n conflict ) ^? ( o!r p to ! same ext5t z !y d n[2 !n we %all be able to satisfy a l>g] proportion ( our desires ?an at pres5t4 ,9 t s5se1 b 9 t s5se only1 our desires w !n h become 8bett]40 ,a s+le desire is no bett] & no worse1 consid]$ 9 isolation1 ?an any o!r2 b a gr\p ( desires is bett] ?an ano!r gr\p if all ( ! fir/ gr\p c be satisfi$ simultane\sly :ile 9 ! second gr\p "s are inconsi/5t ) o!rs4 ,t is :y love is bett] ?an hatr$4 ,to respect physical nature is fooli%2 physical nature %\ld be /udi$ ) a view to mak+ x s]ve human ends z f> z possible1 b x rema9s e?ically nei!r good nor bad4 ,& :]e physical nature & human nature int]act1 z 9 ! population "q1 !re is no ne$ to fold our h&s 9 passive adoration & accept w>1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e z ! only possible means ( deal+ ) excessive f]tility4 ,! div9es say3 x is wick$1 9 ?is matt]1 to apply sci5ce to ! physical side ( ! problem2 we mu/ 7!y say7 apply morals to ! human side1 & practise ab/95ce4 ,ap>t f ! fact t e "o1 includ+ ! div9es1 kn[s t _! advice w n be tak51 :y %\ld x be wick$ to solve ! population "q by adopt+ physical means = prev5t+ conception8 ,no answ] is =?com+ except "o bas$ ^u antiquat$ dogmas4 ,& cle>ly ! viol5ce to nature advocat$ by ! div9es is at lea/ z great z t involv$ 9 bir?-control4 ,! div9es pref] a viol5ce to human nature :i*1 :5 successfully practis$1 involves unhapp9ess1 envy1 a t5d5cy to p]secution1 (t5 madness4 ,i pref] a 8viol5ce0 to physical nature :i* is ( ! same sort z t involv$ 9 ! /eam eng9e or ev5 9 ! use ( fire4 ,?is in/ance %[s h[ ambigu\s & unc]ta9 is ! application ( ! pr9ciple t we %\ld foll[ 8nature40 ,nature1 ev5 human nature1 w cease m & m to be an absolute datum2 m & m x w become :at sci5tific manipulation has made x4 ,sci5ce c1 if x *ooses1 enable our gr&*ildr5 to live ! good life1 by giv+ !m k1 self-control1 & *>act]s productive ( h>mony r ?an /rife4 ,at pres5t x is tea*+ our *ildr5 to kill ea* o!r1 because _m m5 ( sci5ce are will+ to sacrifice ! future ( mank9d to _! own mom5t>y prosp]ity4 ,b ?is phase w pass :5 m5 h acquir$ ! same dom9ation ov] _! own passions t !y already h ov] ! physical =ces ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,!n at la/ we %all h won our fre$om4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,obvi\s spell+ inaccuracies 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,ar*aic & v>iable spell+ & punctuation h be5 pres]v$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & comp\nd words h be5 pres]v$4