,,call9icus ,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,o!r ,,volumes ,,9 ,,! ,,to-,,day ,,& ,,to-,,morr[ ,,s]ies ,,da$alus1 or ,sci5ce & ! ,future ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,haldane ,,ic>us1 or ,! ,future ( ,sci5ce ,by ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,mongol ,,9 ,,our ,,mid/ ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,crook%ank1 ,m4,d4 ,new light on ,man & ! ,great ,apes4 ,fully ,illu/rat$ ,,wireless ,,possibilities ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,m4 ,l[ ,wireless 9 w>1 crime1 bus9ess1 & pleasure4 ,) #d ,diagrams ,,tantalus1 or ,! ,future ( ,man ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] ,man has /ill ! primitive animal passions4 ,he w de/roy himself1 unless4444 ,,! ,,pass+ ,,( ,,! ,,phantoms ,by ,pr(essor ,patt5 ,exp]im5ts on animals' intellig5ce ?r[ light on ! evolution ( morals 9 m5 & animals4 ,,lysi/rata1 or ,woman & ! ,future ,by ,an?ony ,m4 ,ludovici ,,p]seus1 or ,( ,dragons ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,scott ,/okes1 ,m4,a4 ,,n>cissus1 ,an ,anatomy ( ,clo!s ,by ,g]ald ,he>d ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,,call9icus ,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,,haldane ,sir ,william ,dunn ,read] 9 ,bio*emi/ry1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,au?or ( 8,da$alus or ,sci5ce & ! ,future10 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company #fha ,,fif? ,,ave4 ,copyright1 #aibe ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,all rights ,res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,call9icus ,! public m9d has to a l>ge ext5t react$ aga9/ ! op9ions impress$ on x dur+ ! w> by (ficial propag&a4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 ov]come by c\nt]-propag&a 9 ! ,press & on ! plat=m2 o!rs h be5 dropp$ because !y l$ to effects :i*1 ?\gh admirable dur+ a w>1 7 undesirable 9 peace-"t4 ,b1 z *emical w>f>e w n assume importance until ! outbreak ( ! next s]i\s w>1 & figures on ! programme ( no p>ty1 p /ill ?9k ab\t x z !y 7 told to ?9k by ! newspap]s dur+ ! ,great ,w>4 ,n[1 ,i am to "s ext5t a *emi/1 s ,i c no m be expect$ to be imp>tial 9 my e/imate ( ! value ( *emi/ry ?an a politician or a cl]gyman c be expect$ to give an unbiass$ view ( ! value ( politics or religion4 ,i c only plead t1 unlike ! av]age cl]gyman or politician1 ,i h w>n$ my audi5ce 9 advance1 & %all attempt 7?\gh no d\bt va9ly7 to be imp>tial4 ,a few ( my he>]s hold ! view t1 :ile w> 9 itself is a noble occupation1 ! use ( poison\s gas is an innovation z cruel z x is unsoldi]ly4 ,! majority are probably pacifi/s 9 ! s5se t !y pref] almo/ any peace to almo/ any w>1 support ! ,league ( ,nations or o!r devices = ! prev5tion ( int]national /rife1 & look askance at prep>ations = future w>f>e1 m p>ticul>ly = future *emical w>f>e4 ,if s1 ,i c]ta9ly %>e _! objection to w>1 b ,i d\bt :e!r by object+ to x we are likely to avoid x 9 future1 h[ev] l(ty our motives or dis9t]e/$ our conduct4 ,w> w be prev5t$ only by a sci5tific /udy ( its causes1 su* z has prev5t$ mo/ epidemic diseases4 ,= _m c5turies p _h guess$ t epidemic diseases con/itut$ a puni%m5t = human misconduct ( "s k9d4 ,!y tri$ to prev5t !m by pray] & almsgiv+4 ,*ri/ians gave up wa%+1 ,h9dus lib]at$ rats captur$ dur+ plague-epidemics4 ,religi\s ord]s & prie/s ( ! *ur* gave ! mo/ magnific5t examples ( self-sacrifice 9 times ( pe/il5ce4 ,b t 0 n ! way 9 :i* pe/il5ces c be prev5t$4 ,besides good int5tions1 a special type ( accurate ?9k+ 0 ne$$4 ,we h n yet made a sci5tific /udy ( ! causes ( w>1 &1 until we d1 may expect m w>s4 ,if we are to h m w>s1 ,i pref] t my c\ntry %\ld be on ! w9n+ side4 ,t is :y ,i am speak+ on w>f>e to my fell[-c\ntrym54 ,9 g5]al1 pacifi/s are a v great milit>y advantage to ,brita94 ,on ! outbreak ( w> ! l>ge majority ( !m become int5sely patriotic1 :]eas be=eh& !y lead our own milit>y au?orities & also ^? ( our pot5tial allies & enemies to und]e/imate our /r5g?4 ,?is keeps u out ( "s w>s1 & leads to our %[+ unsuspect$ p[] 9 o!rs4 ,aft] a few ye>s ( w>1 :5 ! orig9ally bellicose politicians l ,"l ,lansd[ne are gett+ tir$1 ex-pacifi/s l ,lloyd ,george & ,pitt h j got into _! /ride4 ,! national /ay+-p[] is ?us greatly increas$4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem>k t future gov]nm5ts w n ent] on w> )\t fir/ p]suad+ ! va/ majority ( ! p ( its ju/ice4 ,?is appe>s to be a relatively simple process "u mod]n conditions4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 h[ev]1 pacifi/s are comb9+ ) ! less compet5t soldi]s 9 an attempt to *eck ! progress ( *emical w>f>e4 ,?is ,i believe to be nei!r 9 our national nor 9 ! int]national int]e/4 ,until #aiae ! soldi]'s bus9ess 0 to pu% or ?r[ pieces ( metal at ! enemy4 ,v>i\s devices _h be5 employ$ = ?r[+ !m fa/ or f>1 & "s ( !m ?rew o!r pieces on arrival at _! de/9ation1 ?anks1 9 ! ma91 to ! g5ius ( ! un=gott5 ,major-,g5]al ,%rapnel4 ,x is true t e>ly 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,a4,d4 ! appropriately nam$ ,syrian ,call9icus _h prolong$ ! life ( ! ,ea/]n ,roman ,empire = ano!r #gej ye>s & sav$ a l>ge "p ( ,*ri/5dom f ,mahomm$an dom9ation by 8 inv5tion ( 8,greek fire10 an inflammable liquid :i* 01 h[ev]1 lat] sup]s$$ by gunp[d]4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! def5d]s ( ,belgrade aga9/ ! ,turks _h hit ^u a simil> device1 "u ! direct inspiration1 x 0 claim$1 ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 b ^! weapons _h fall5 into desuetude1 _! effect be+ l>gely psy*ological4 ,*emical w>f>e _h be5 s f> =ese5 by /atesm5 t 9 #aijg ! signatories ( ! ,hague ,conf]5ce agre$ to r5\nce ! use ( projectiles ! sole object ( :i* 0 ! diffusion ( asphyxiat+ or h>mful gases4 ,!y 7 ?us deb>r$ f us+ la*rymatory gas1 ! mo/ humane weapon ev] inv5t$2 b p]mitt$ to dis*>ge gas f cyl9d]s on ! gr\nd1 an exce$+ly cruel practice4 ,?is regulation 0 well meant1 b ! pa? to ,augu/1 #aiad1 0 pav$ ) good int5tions4 ,9 #aiad none ( ! great p[]s _h made any prep>ation = poison-gas w>f>e1 & x 0 n till ,april #bbnd1 #aiae1 m ?an eight mon?s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! w>1 t ! ,g]mans began its use4 ,dur+ ! w>1 tw5ty-five diff]5t poison\s weapons 7 employ$4 ,( ^! only ?ree are gases at ord9>y temp]atures1 & c be dis*>g$ f cyl9d]s 9 :i* !y are /or$ "u pressure4 ,! rema9d] are liquids :i* gradually evaporate1 yield+ a poison\s vap\r1 or solids :i* are poison\s 9 ! =m ( smoke4 ,^! poison\s sub/ances s f> us$ fall into f\r classes accord+ to _! effect on m54 ,fir/ come gases & vap\rs :i* are poison\s :5 brea!d1 b h no effect on ! sk91 & affect ! eyes or nose only :5 pres5t 9 conc5trations :i* are poison\s to ! lungs4 ,!y c all be kept out by respirators1 & 7 ( milit>y value only aga9/ unprotect$ troops1 or 9 local surprise-action4 ,?is gr\p1 :i* includ$ *lor9e & phosg5e1 are probably almo/ z obsolete z muzzle-load+ cannon4 ,a second gr\p are poison\s only 9 v high conc5trations1 b irritate ! eyes :5 pres5t 9 am\nts s small t "o "p 9 five million may r5d] a man bl9d ) weep+ 9 a few seconds4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 s f> z ,i "k1 t anyone 0 kill$ or ev5 p]man5tly bl9d$ by ^! sub/ances2 b !y _h a great mom5t>y effect4 ,!y c be kept out by respirators1 or ev5 goggles4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( poison\s smokes1 mo/ly ars5ic comp\nds1 7 little develop$ dur+ ! w>4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 weapons ( v great effici5cy1 & x is well kn[n t !y w\ld h be5 us$ by ! ,briti% at any rate on a v ext5sive scale 9 #aiai4;,a ,9 small am\nts1 ^! smokes m]ely make "o sneeze4 ,9 some:at l>g] am\nts !y cause pa9 ( ! mo/ t]rific "* 9 ! head & *e/4 ,! pa9 9 ! head is describ$ z l t caus$ :5 fre% wat] gets into ! nose :5 ba?+1 b inf9itely m sev]e4 ,^! symptoms are accompani$ by ! mo/ appall+ m5tal di/ress & mis]y4 ,"s soldi]s poison$ by ^! sub/ances _h to be prev5t$ f committ+ suicide2 o!rs tempor>ily w5t rav+ mad1 & tri$ to burr[ into ! gr\nd to escape f imag9>y pursu]s4 ,& yet )9 =ty-eight h\rs ! l>ge majority _h recov]$1 & practically none became p]man5t invalids4 ,^! sub/ances1 :5 9 ! =m ( smoke1 w p5etrate any ( ! respirators us$ 9 ! late w>1 ?\gh ! ,briti% box-respirator w\ld /op all b a little ( !m 9 ! conc5trations !n us$4 ,9 future !y w probably be us$ 9 mu* l>g] conc5trations & 9 f9] p>ticles ?an ^? =m$ by ! ,g]man smoke-%ells4 ,x is extraord9>ily difficult to produce a respirator :i* w completely /op v f9e smoke1 = ! foll[+ reason4 ,9 a gas ! molecules 7or ultimate p>ticles7 are mov+ v rapidly1 ) spe$s ( sev]al hundr$ y>ds p] second1 cont9ually collid+ & reb\nd+4 ,a gas molecule1 !re=e1 w probably hit ! sides ( a fairly n>r[ passage ?r\gh :i* x is drawn4 ,b a smoke p>ticle is mov+ at a spe$ measur$ 9 in*es p] second1 & is f> less likely to hit ! wall ( ! respirator1 & be held by its absorb5t surface4 ,if we try to make ! passages ?r\gh :i* air is drawn v n>r[1 z by suck+ 9 our air ?r\gh cotton-wool 7:i* w /op mo/ smokes71 we f9d t we h creat$ an appall+ resi/ance to brea?+4 ,!re is an electrical me?od ( remov+ smoke-p>ticles completely1 b x w\ld probably m ?an d\ble ! weight ( respirators1 & does n appe> to be ei!r wat]-pro( or fool-pro(4 ,a ,! ,am]ican 8,lewisite10 ( :i* s mu* 0 he>d 9 #aiah & #aiai1 is a sub/ance ( ?is class4 ,! f\r? gr\p1 ( bli/]+ gases1 conta9s only "o sub/ance us$ dur+ ! w>1 di*lore?yl sulphide1 or 8mu/>d gas40 ,?is is really a liquid1 ^: vap\r is n only poison\s :5 brea!d1 b bli/]s any "p ( ! sk9 ) :i* x comes into contact ev54 ,to take an example1 a drop ( ! liquid 0 put on a piece ( pap] & left = five m9utes on a man's sleeve4 ,! vap\r p5etrat$ 8 coat & wooll5 %irt1 caus+ a bli/] ! effects ( :i* la/$ six weeks4 ,& yet evaporation is s sl[ t gr\nd contam9at$ by ! liquid may rema9 dang]\s = a week4 ,mu/>d gas caus$ m casualties to ! ,briti% ?an all o!r *emical weapons put toge!r4 ,su* are ! weapons :i* *emi/ry has giv5 u4 ,x is (t5 ask$ :y *emi/s _c produce some?+ :i* w put our foes com=tably to sleep & all[ u to take !m prison]s4 ,! answ] is t su* sub/ances exi/1 b t 9 small am\nts !y are h>mless1 9 l>ge am\nts fatal4 ,x is only ov] a mod]ate range ( conc5trations t _! effect is m]ely /upefy+4 ,"o has only to ?9k ( ! famili> case ( *lor(orm vap\r1 & ! skill requir$ to give nei!r too mu* nor too little4 ,x w\ld be logical to speak ( explosives "u ! head+ ( *emical w>f>e1 b !re is curi\sly little *ance ( explosives becom+ any m effective4 ,we "k fairly well ! maximum am\nt ( en]gy :i* c possibly be got out ( a *emical action1 &1 ?\gh explosives might p]haps be made :i* 7 ab\t twice z de/ructive z our be/ 7or wor/7 to-day1 !y w\ld probably be f> less /able1 & !re=e less safe to _! us]s4 ,( c\rse1 if we c\ld utilize ! =ces :i* we n[ "k to exi/ inside ! atom1 we %\ld h su* capacities = de/ruction t ,i d n "k ( any ag5cy o!r ?an div9e int]v5tion :i* w\ld save humanity f complete & p]emptory annihilation4 ,b ! remot5ess ( ! day :5 we %all use ^! =ces may be/ be judg$ by an analogy4 ,"s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago someone fir/ realiz$ t ! sun1 moon & />s 7 n m]e bodies z l>ge z a plate or a h\se1 b v l>ge1 & mov+ v fa/4 ,x 0 an obvi\s idea t _! motions might be exploit$ 9 "s way4 ,wise m5 obs]v$ !m & hop$1 = example1 to increase ! probability ( success 9 _! own ent]prises by beg9n+ !m :5 ,jupit] 0 9 ! asc5dant4 ,^! attempts 7 unsuccessful1 ?\gh f> m valuable to humanity ?an mo/ ( ! me?ods successfully employ$ = ! same purposes1 su* z fraud1 viol5ce & corruption4 ,!y l$ to a/ronomy1 & s to all mod]n physics4 ,we n[ "k t ! only probable way ( h>ness+ ! k9etic en]gy ( ! heav5ly bodies is to employ tidal p[] to create electric curr5ts4 ,b five ?\s& ye>s ago 8hit*+ "o's wagon to a />0 0 a reasonable project & n a poetic metaphor4 ,! reason we _c d x is a simple matt] ( scale4 ,& ! reason :y we _c utilize subatomic ph5om5a is j ! same4 ,we _c make app>atus small en\gh to dis9tegrate or fuse atomic nuclei1 any m ?an we c make x l>ge en\gh to rea* to ! moon4 ,we c only bomb>d !m ) p>ticles ( :i* p]haps "o 9 a million hit1 :i* is l fir+ keys at a safe-door f a ma*9e-gun a mile away 9 an attempt to op5 x4 ,we d occasionally op5 x1 b ! process is v uneconomical4 ,x may be ask$ :y we _c br+ our ma*9e-gun ne>]1 or improve our aim4 ,to d ?is we %\ld require to con/ruct app>atus on ! same inf9itesimal scale z ! /ructure ( ! *emical atom4 ,n[ we c arrange atoms into v>i\s patt]ns4 ,= example1 we c arrange c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 atoms 9 patt]ns :i* con/itute ! molecules ( sug>1 glyc]9e1 or alcohol at w4 ,?is is call$ *emical syn!sis4 ,we h be5 do+ x by rule-(-?umb me?ods = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & are j beg9n+ to le>n a little ab\t x4 ,b ev5 *emical molecules are mu* too l>ge = our purposes4 ,we c no m ask a *emi/ to build our app>atus ?an expect a !atrical sc5e-pa9t] or a l&scape-g>d5] to d u a m9iature4 ,we "k v little ab\t ! /ructure ( ! atom & almo/ no?+ ab\t h[ to modify x4 ,& ! prospect ( con/ruct+ su* an app>atus seems to me to be s remote t1 :5 "s successor ( m9e is lectur+ to a p>ty sp5d+ a holiday on ! moon1 x w /ill be an unsolv$ 7?\gh n1 ,i ?9k1 an ultimately insoluble7 problem4 ,to see h[ *emical weapons are likely to be us$ 9 future we mu/ /udy _! employm5t 9 ! late w>4 ,la*rymatory gas 0 only once us$ "u ideal conditionsby ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,argonne 9 #aiae4 ,!y captur$ a fairly ext5sive ,fr5* tr5* sy/em & ab\t #b1djj prison]s1 almo/ all unw\nd$1 b tempor>ily bl9d4 ,:5 !y gave ! numb] ( prison]s1 ! ,fr5* au?orities n unnaturally prote/$ t ?is numb] 0 practically equal to ! total ( _! casualties4 ,& ?is 0 q true4 ,! ,fr5* 7 unprotect$4 ,!y 7 delug$ ) %ells giv+ (f a vap\r :i* tempor>ily bl9d$ !m4 ,!y c\ld n ev5 run away4 ,! ,g]mans walk$ across1 remov$ _! rifles1 & =m$ !m up 9 columns :i* m>*$ back1 ea* l$ by a ,g]man 9 goggles4 ,9 ord] to make future w>s humane x w\ld only be necess>y to introduce ! two foll[+ rules3 #a4 ,no goggles or o!r eye protection %all be worn2 #b4 ,no %ells %all be us$ conta9+ any o!r sub/ances save e?yl iodo-acetate 7or o!r la*rymatory comp\nd7 & a small bur/+ *>ge4 ,c]ta9ly x is unlikely t su* rules w ev] be adopt$1 b ,i d cont5d t to =bid ! use ( su* sub/ances is a piece ( s5tim5talism z cruel z x is ridicul\s4 ,gases ( ! fir/ gr\p 7 us$ 9 cl\ds dis*>g$ f cyl9d]s1 sometimes on a front ( sev]al miles4 ,!y probably caus$ at lea/ #bj1jjj casualties among unprotect$ or inadequately protect$ ,briti% troops4 ,at lea/ a qu>t] ( ^! di$1 & t v pa9fully1 9 _m cases aft] a /ruggle = brea? la/+ sev]al days4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( ^? :o did n die almo/ all recov]$ completely1 & ! symptoms ( ! few :o became p]man5t invalids 7 ma9ly n]v\s4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! extreme t]ror & agitation produc$ by ! gass+ ( un$ucat$ p1 ,i reg>d ! type ( w\nd produc$ by ! av]age %ells z1 on ! :ole1 m di/ress+ ?an ! pneumonia caus$ by *lor9e or phosg5e4 ,besides be+ w\nd$1 ,i h be5 buri$ alive1 & on sev]al occasions 9 peacetime ,i h be5 asphyxiat$ to ! po9t ( unconsci\sness4 ,! pa9 & discom=t aris+ f ! o!r exp]i5ces 7 utt]ly negligible comp>$ ) ^? produc$ by a good septic %ell-w\nd4 ,! fir/ ,g]man cl\d-gas attack 0 9 ,april1 #aiae1 ! la/ 9 ,augu/1 #aiaf1 ?\gh ! ,briti% cont9u$ !m until ! end ( t ye>4 ,!y gradually became m & m ineffective z ! effici5cy ( ! respirators us$ on bo? sides increas$4 ,! fir/ few ,g]man attacks 7 v well conduct$1 s f> z ! lib]ation ( ! gas 0 conc]n$1 z !y 7 arrang$ by ,hab]1 an extremely compet5t *emi/1 :o aft]w>ds sup]vis$ _! production ( explosives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,g]man respirators 7 bad to beg9 )2 & lat] on 7 n s good z ! ,briti%4 ,?is 01 app>5tly1 because ! mo/ compet5t physiologi/ 9 ,g]many ) any k ( brea?+ 0 a ,jew4 ,?is fact 0 q well kn[n 9 ,g]man physiological circles1 b app>5tly 8 race prev5t$ ! milit>y au?orities f employ+ him4 ,! result 0 t !y 7 unable to foll[ up _! gas-attacks at all closely1 b _h to wait till ! cl\d _h pass$ (f1 by :i* "t resi/ance 0 aga9 possible4 ,t 0 h[ ! ,g]mans paid = anti-,semitism4 ,x is v probable t x lo/ !m ! w>1 z nev] aga91 n ev5 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 _h !y z complete a gap 9 ! ,franco-,briti% ,we/]n front z dur+ ! fir/ gas-attack 9 ,april1 #aiae4 ,x 01 inde$1 =tunate = ! ,g]mans t ! ,russians 7 /ill m anti-,semitic ?an !mselves4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,russian ,jews volunte]$ = s]vice 9 #aiad4 ,!y 7 mo/ly refus$1 & 9 no case grant$ commissions4 ,!y !n proce$$ to turn _! combative in/9cts into o!r *annels1 to ! no small advantage ( ! ,g]mans4 ,if "o goes to :at is1 p]haps1 ! opposite extreme f ,russia1 "o f9ds ! army ( ! _w's mo/ democratic nation1 ,au/ralia1 comm&$ by a ,jew1 ,mona%1 & notes ) int]e/ t ! ,g]mans reg>d$ ! ,au/ralian troops z1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ =midable1 man = man1 ( all _! oppon5ts4 ,! o!r reason :y ! cl\d-gas attacks 7 indecisive 0 t ! ,g]mans _h relatively few res]ves to put into ! gap !y made4 ,_! res]ves 9 ,april1 #aiae1 7 9 ,pol&4 ,if !y _h tru/$ _! sci5tific m5 !y c\ld c]ta9ly h captur$ ,calais & ,b\logne1 & probably h annihilat$ ! ,briti% ,army4 ,9 addition to cl\ds releas$ f cyl9d]s 9 ! tr5*es1 gas-cyl9d]s 7 fir$ f tr5*-mort>s1 "s hundr$s at a "t1 into ! enemy's l9es1 produc+ a sudd5 & d5se cl\d ( gas be=e ! m5 _h "t to put on _! respirators4 ,b ^! bomb>dm5ts1 ?\gh !y caus$ _m casualties1 7 nev] decisive1 z ! cl\d-attacks w\ld h be51 b = causes :i* we h discuss$4 ,mu/>d gas is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,x 0 nev] us$ to =ce a decision by break+ ! enemy's l9es1 b to cause him casualties & d5y him ! use ( gr\nd4 ,=1 aft] a giv5 area has be5 well spray$ ) di*lore?yl sulphide f bur/+ %ells = "s "t1 x is dea? to occupy x )\t a mask1 & ! vap\r may bli/] ! sk91 :ile anyone t\*+ ! gr\nd w be c]ta9 ( a v s]i\s bli/]4 ,someone plac$ a drop ( ! liquid on ! *air ( ! director ( ! ,briti% *emical w>f>e dep>tm5t4 ,he ate 8 meals (f ! mantelpiece = a mon?4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ?+1 h[ev]1 ab\t mu/>d gas is t1 ?\gh x caus$ #aej1jjj casualties 9 ! ,briti% ,army alone1 less ?an #d1jjj ( ^! 7or #a 9 #dj7 di$1 :ile only ab\t #gjj 7or #a 9 e #bjj7 became p]man5tly unfit4 ,yet ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce has solemnly agre$ t ! signatory p[]s are n to use ?is sub/ance aga9/ "o ano!r1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y w use su* humane weapons z bayonets1 %ells1 & inc5di>y bombs4 ,x is wor? :ile attempt+ to analyse ! reasons = ?is r curi\s decision4 ,fir/1 p]haps1 we mu/ put ! complete & %ameful ignorance ( mo/ ( ! politicians & _m ( ! soldi]s :o took "p 9 ! ,conf]5ce4 ,_! ideas ( gas w>f>e 7 app>5tly drawn f ! descriptions ( ! great ,g]man cl\d-gas attacks ( #aiae1 :i* kill$ at lea/ #a 9 #d ( _! casualties1 & 7 writt5 up on a l>ge scale = recruit+ & political purposes4 ,b x is ! bus9ess ( politicians & soldi]s1 conceivably ev5 ( j\rnali/s1 to "k ! tru? ab\t su* matt]s be=e com+ to decisions1 or ev5 impell+ o!rs to come to decisions ab\t !m4 ,to ?is ignorance1 h[ev]1 !re 0 jo9$ "o ( ! mo/ hide\s =ms ( s5tim5talism :i* has ev] support$ evil ^u e>?! atta*m5t ( ! pr(essional soldi] to cruel & obsolete kill+ ma*9es4 ,i w\ld rem9d y ( ! conduct ( ! ,*evali] ,bay>d1 :om 8 contempor>y soldi]s describ$ z sans peur et sans repro*e4 ,to captur$ knights1 & ev5 b[m51 he 0 ! s\l ( c\rtesy1 b muskete]s or o!r us]s ( gunp[d] :o fell into 8 h&s 7 inv>iably put to dea?4 ,x is wor? rememb]+ t1 until ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 fight+ _h = _m c5turies be5 rem>kably safe = ev]yone :o c\ld af=d a good suit ( arm\r1 :ile ! abom9able arquebus & its desc5dants h sav$ ! remnants ( ,*ri/5dom f ! ,turks1 ,mongols1 & o!r paynims :o _h by ,bay>d's "t successfully ov]:elm$ "o half ( its orig9al ext5t4 ,i rememb] an excell5t example ( ,bay>dism 9 ! w>4 ,a ,turki% airman _h develop$ consid]able flair = %oot+ d[n our obs]vation balloons4 ,a ,briti% (fic] s5t up "o ( ^! latt] ) a l>ge c>go ( gun-cotton1 & blew up ! ,turk 9 "q4 ,= ?is de$ he 0 sev]ely reprim&$ by ! local (fic] comm&+ ,r4,a4,f4 = unsportsmanlike conduct4 ,?is g5tleman1 d\btless1 felt little objection to bomb+1 = example1 ,turki% transport columns1 consi/+ ma9ly ( non-combatants & animals1 incapable ( retaliat+4 7,"o may rem>k t betwe5 w\nds & ?ir/ p]haps #cj1jjj ,turki% transport animals p]i%$ dur+ our f9al victory 9 ,pale/9e47 ,b he object$ to airm5 be+ kill$ except by o!r airm54 ,i1 fight+ 9 ! mud b5ea? !m1 & expos$ to ! bombs ( bo? sides 7,i 0 sev]ely w\nd$ by "o ( our own71 felt diff]5tly4 ,an attempt by ! pr(essional soldi]s to /]eotype ! art ( w> into ! *annels :i* correspond to ! ideas ( #aiad might lead to a future r diff]5t f t :i* ,i %all v5ture to pr$ict1 a future 9 :i* ! milit>y organizations ( ! _w 7 ov]?r[n by ! expon5ts ( "s o!r mode ( ?9k+1 employ+ all ! res\rces ( sci5ce1 & fight+ 8dirty40 ,! oppon5ts ( ! pres5t _w-ord] may1 !re=e1 welcome ,bay>dism 9 _! gov]nm5ts4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,bay>di/s h nobbl$ a curi\s assortm5t ( allies 9 _! s f> successful attempt to prev5t ! humanization ( w>f>e4 ,fir/ are a numb] ( out-&-out pacifi/s1 :o object to all w>1 & app>5tly hope to make x m difficult by re/rict+ ! means ( fight+ all[$4 ,"s1 ( c\rse1 g5u9ely believe t gase\s weapons are m cruel ?an solid ones4 ,^? :o "k ! facts seem to me to be ! victims ( loose-?9k+4 ,) !m are associat$ a gr\p ( s5tim5tali/s :o appe> to me def9itely to be ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees ( our age4 ,^! p1 :o are to be f\nd 9 all political p>ties & mo/ religi\s & irreligi\s sects1 are g5]ally will+ 7aft] a dec5t int]val7 to accept any application ( sci5ce :i* appe>s to !m pr(itable1 or any social in/itution 7su* z w>7 :i* is hall[$ by use & wont4 ,!y salve _! consci5ces = su* behavi\r by attack+1 9 ! "n ( _! god or _! ideals1 e novelty1 :e!r 9 ?\ght or 9 action1 :i* pres5ts any loophole4 ,9 p>ticul> !y are di/+ui%$ by a f]oci\s opposition to1 & contempt =1 any attempt at ! solution ( human problems by hone/ & simple intellectual ef=t4 ,mu/>d gas kills "o man = e =ty x puts out ( action2 %ells kill "o = e ?ree2 b _! god :o compromis$ ) high explosives has n yet f\nd "t to adapt himself to *emical w>f>e4 ,m respectable 9 e way are ! c&id reaction>ies1 l ,"l ,cecil1 :o believe 9 _! he>ts t 9 ab&on+ traditional religion ( ! m$ieval type = sci5tific ?\ght1 man has def9itely *os5 ! wrong pa?1 & :o fight ) _! eyes op5 aga9/ its application4 ,^! p h a case1 & are prep>$ to argue x4 ,!y w\ld hone/ly desire to give up ! gunp[d] ( ,laz>e ,c>not = ! sword ( ,bay>d4 ,b "o _c congratulate !m on _! associates4 ,& beh9d ^! foll[ l %eep ! pr$e/9$ victims ( ! next w>1 ! peoples ( ! civiliz$ nations :o w und]go ! extremity ( suff]+ r ?an ?9k = !mselves4 ,h[ pr(\nd & unreason+ ! objection ( ! milit>y m9d to *emical w>f>e is c be/ be judg$ by "o simple fact4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s ago ! ,briti% regul> army gave up ! in/ruction ( e soldi] 9 def5ce aga9/ ho/ile gas4 ,= "o ?+1 spe$ 9 adju/+ respirators be+ ( m importance ?an elegance1 x did n =m ! basis ( a satisfactory drill1 l ^? curi\s relics ( eighte5? c5tury musketry :i* /ill occupy s mu* ( ! "t ( our recruits4 ,b ! tru? no d\bt 0 t ! (fic]s did n l t sort ( ?+4 ,! *emical & physiological ideas :i* und]lie gas w>f>e require a c]ta9 ef=t to und]/&1 & !y d n arise 9 ! /udy ( a sport1 z is ! case ) ^? und]ly+ %oot+ & motor transport4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! late ,gov]nm5t 0 to re9/ate "s modicum ( anti-gas in/ruction 9 ! normal tra9+ ( ! ,army4 ,b x may be hop$ t ?is p]nici\s & demoraliz+ tea*+ w once m be dropp$ ) ! return to p[] ( "o ( ! g5tlem5's p>ties4 ,p]sonally1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i w\ld g v mu* fur!r ?an ! ,gov]nm5t1 & s]i\sly consid] ! provision ( gas-masks = ! population ( ,london & o!r l>ge t[ns1 & ! in/ruction ( s*ool-*ildr5 9 _! use4 ,if ?is is n done1 !re is at lea/ ! possibility ( a disa/] ( ! v fir/ magnitude at an e>ly /age 9 ! next w>4 ,x is also "o ( ! v few milit>y measures :i* c\ld h>dly be reg>d$ z provocative by ! mo/ ard5t ( =eign milit>i/s or ,briti% pacifi/s4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 h[ev]1 ?is ne$ does n arise1 z ! ,fr5*1 :o alone c\ld bomb ,london1 h v slight facilities = mak+ mu/>d gas4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! attitude ( our milit>i/s to def5ce aga9/ gas ) _! attitude be=e ! w> to a possible ,g]man invasion4 ,! fe> ( ! latt]1 al?\gh ! naval exp]ts always /at$ t x 0 impossible on any s]i\s scale1 _h be5 s impress$ on ! milit>y m9d by ! propag&a ( ! ,national ,s]vice ,league & its l be=e ! w> t1 f #aiad to #aiah hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( troops 7 q unnecess>ily kept 9 ,engl&4 ,!re h[ev]1 ?is v fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 a def5ce aga9/ invasion & a def5ce aga9/ gas4 ,! "o w\ld increase ! importance ( ! pr(essional soldi]3 ! o!r w\ld n4 ,"o does n ne$ to be a v pr(\nd psy*ologi/ to see 9 ?is fact "o reason :y ! milit>y au?orities dropp$ anti-gas tra9+1 & :y ,i1 be+ a bio*emi/ & !re=e a p]son ( ! type :o w\ld become important if gas w> return$1 am advocat+ its ext5sion4 ,z to :i* ( u is ju/ifi$1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t x is m likely to-day t poison\s gas w be us$ aga9/ ,briti% soldi]s or civilians 9 future w>s ?an x 0 9 #aiab t ,brita9 w\ld be invad$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,we h se5 t a case c be made out = gas z a weapon on humanit>ian gr\nds1 bas$ on ! v small proportion ( kill$ to casualties f gas 9 ! w>1 & especially dur+ its la/ ye>4 ,aga9/ ?is may be urg$ ! probability t future rese>* w produce o!r gases or smokes :i*1 z weapons1 w be z cruel z1 or m cruel ?an1 ! *lor9e & phosg5e us$ 9 #aiae & #aiaf4 ,! answ] to ?is is q simple4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds gases or vap\rs4 ,only a limit$ numb] ( *emical sub/ances are appreciably volatile1 & ( _! vap\rs only a small proportion are poison\s4 ,n[ e *emical sub/ance has a def9ite molecul> weight4 ,^? ) a small molecul> weight1 i4e41 ^: molecules are relatively light1 are on ! :ole ! mo/ volatile1 i4e41 g mo/ easily into vap\r4 ,n[ ! l>ge majority ( ! possible volatile *emical sub/ances ( small molecul> weight1 & !re=e relatively simple *emical composition1 are already kn[n4 ,mu/>d gas1 = example1 0 discov]$ & its prop]ties describ$ 9 #ahhf4 ,!re are probably sub/ances ( high molecul> weight ^: d5se vap\rs are ev5 m poison\s ?an mu/>d gas4 ,b ! *>coal ( our respirators has ! prop]ty ( adsorb+ heavy molecules ( vap\r q indep5d5tly ( _! *emical composition4 ,x is1 !re=e1 some:at unlikely1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 impossible1 t any v poison\s vap\r w ev] be f\nd :i* w g ?r\gh a mask imp]meable to mu/>d gas or *lor9e4 ,x is1 to my m9d1 f> m probable t sk9 irritants may be discov]$ :i* are ev5 m unpleasant ?an mu/>d gas4 ,! "q ( smokes is m s]i\s4 ,x 0 ! hope ( ! produc]s ( irritant smokes t !y w\ld p5etrate ! gas-masks 9 suffici5t am\nts to cause sneez+ & =ce _! victims to remove _! masks1 ?us expos+ !mselves to great] conc5trations ( smoke & to poison\s vap\rs lib]at$ along ) ! smoke4 ,?is 0 ! ,g]man view :5 !y introduc$ ! 8,blue ,cross0 %ell 9 ,july1 #aiag4 ,=tunately1 by t "t our def5ce aga9/ gas & smoke 0 extremely good1 & we _h =ese5 ! smoke m5ace & introduc$1 betwe5 ,april & ,june1 #aiag1 a filt] :i* effectively /opp$ x 9 ! conc5trations !n met 9 ! field4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 at all unlikely t conc5trations ( smoke w be produc$ 9 ! future :i* w p5etrate our pres5t masks4 ,if our anti-gas measures are suffici5tly neglect$ ! consequ5ces may1 ( c\rse1 be v s]i\s4 ,x w\ld seem likely t ! *emical weapons ( ! future w n be s v unlike ^? ( ! pa/4 ,! ma9 ef=ts ( ! soldi] :o uses !m w be devot$1 fir/1 to bli/]+ 8 enemy1 secondly1 to tir+ him out by =c+ him to we> a respirator cont9u\sly1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 enorm\sly hamp]s him = do+ any?+ else4 ,9 ! ,great ,w> mu/>d gas & s5sory irritant smokes 7 n us$ z ! pr9cipal weapons ( attack or def5ce1 because ! smokes w\ld n incapacitate ev]yone 9 a giv5 area1 ?\gh !y w\ld make !m keep _! respirators on4 ,mu/>d gas1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld make any area absolutely unt5able by ! def5d]s1 b ! vap\r p]si/$ = s _m days t x c\ld n be occupi$ by ! attack]s ei!r4 ,x 0 ma9ly us$ to produce casualties a few days or weeks be=e an attack on ! units :i* w\ld be def5d+1 & to protect ! flank ( an (f5sive aga9/ c\nt]-attack4 ,?us 9 ,april1 #aiah1 ,arm5tires1 ! orig9al ,nor!rn limit ( ! ,g]man attack 9 ,fl&]s1 0 s heavily %ell$ ) 8mu/>d0 t ! gutt]s 9 ! /reets 7 report$ to be runn+ ) x4 ,! ,g]mans !mselves receiv$ ord]s =bidd+ !m to ent] its ru9s = a =tnight4 ,nev]!less1 mu/>d gas is s adequate a weapon t ! attempt w almo/ c]ta9ly be made to use x n m]ely = mak+ gr\nd unt5able = bo? sides1 b = ga9+ x f ! enemy4 ,= ?is purpose ! foll[+ me?ods sugge/ !mselves4 ,fir/1 attempts might be made to protect troops completely f ! effect ( gas on _! sk9s by encas+ !m 9 airtight ov]alls & gloves4 ,^! 7 us$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( success by ma*9e-gunn]s 9 ! ,great ,w>1 b w\ld h>dly be practicable = attack]s1 :o w\ld1 except p]haps 9 w9t]1 die ( heat-/roke if encas$ 9 su* app>atus4 ,air-tight tanks ) adequate arrangem5ts = filt]+ ! incom+ air are probably m hopeful1 z mu/>d gas w n poison motors z x does m54 7,! motors w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h _! own air-supply1 z x w\ld h>dly be practicable to filt] air 9 ! quantities ne$$ by !m47 ,to support ! tanks & to tackle specially protect$ ma*9e-gunn]s use w probably be made ( immune infantry4 ,"o attack ( gas-poison+1 :e!r by ! lungs or sk91 produces no immunity to a second attack9 fact1 x g5]ally increases ! s5sitivity ( ! victim4 ,if a vap\r is discov]$ aga9/ :i* immunity c be conf]r$1 x w be ! mo/ effective weapon 9 hi/ory z long z its secret is kept4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s p are naturally immune4 ,! ,am]ican ,army au?orities made a sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! susceptibility ( l>ge numb]s ( recruits4 ,!y f\nd t !re 0 a v resi/ant class1 compris+ #bj ( ! :ite m5 tri$1 b no less ?an #hj ( ! negroes4 ,?is z intelligible1 z ! symptoms ( mu/>d gas1 bli/]+1 & sun-burn are v simil>1 & negroes are pretty well immune to sun-burn4 ,x looks !re=e z if1 aft] a slight prelim9>y te/1 x %\ld be possible to obta9 col\r$ troops :o w\ld all be resi/ant to mu/>d gas bli/]+ 9 conc5trations h>mful t[>d mo/ :ite m54 ,en\gh resi/ant :ites are available to (fic] !m4 ,"o sees1 !n1 ! possibility ( w>f>e on some:at ! foll[+ l9es3 ,heavy conc5trations ( artill]y w\ld keep an area say ?irty miles 9 l5g? & t5 9 dep? cont9u\sly spray$ ) mu/>d gas4 ,aft] all[+1 say1 two days = ! developm5t ( bli/]s1 ! gass+ ( ! positions )9 two or ?ree miles ( ! front l9e is discont9u$1 b a long-range bomb>dm5t1 especially ( roads1 goes on4 ,sudd5ly1 beh9d ! usual b>rage ( high explosive %ells appe>s a l9e ( tanks support$ by negroes 9 gas-masks4 ,!y meet ) b little opposition 9 ! area /ill reek+ ( gas1 & occupy ! ho/ile l9es to a dep? ( two or ?ree miles4 ,a c\nt]-attack1 ev5 if successful1 involves conc5tration 9 an area "u gas-bomb>dm5t & enorm\s casualties f bli/]+4 ,! only satisfactory c\nt]-attack w\ld be f ! air4 ,9 ?is way ! side possess+ a big sup]iority ( mu/>d gas %\ld be 9 a position to advance two or ?ree miles a day4 ,?is k9d ( tactics 0 impossible dur+ ! ,great ,w> = a v simple reason4 ,!re 0 n en\gh mu/>d gas4 ,! ,g]mans us$ a q surpris+ly complicat$ process = its manufacture4 ,:5 we decid$ to foll[ _! example1 "o ( our *emi/s 7a ,cambridge man1 ,i am glad to say7 hit on a va/ly *eap] & spe$i] me?od ( manufacture4 ,un=tunately1 our fir/ supplies only arriv$ 9 ! field 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ! k t we 7 at la/ ab\t to develop gas & smoke w>f>e on a l>ge scale _h a good deal to d ) ! acceptance by ! ,g]mans ( ! armi/ice conditions4 ,! reason :y we did n use mu/>d gas e>li] is also simple & r in/ructive4 ,9 #aiae a ,briti% *emi/ propos$ to a ,g5]al :o 0 conc]n$ ) su* que/ions t ! ,briti% %\ld use di*lore?yl sulphide4 8,does x kill80 ask$ ! ,g5]al4 8,no10 he 0 told1 8b x w disable enorm\s numb]s ( ! enemy tempor>ily40 8,t is no good to u10 said ! man ( blood2 8we want some?+ t w kill40 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d h[ completely ! ideas ( ?is wor?y soldi] z to ! object ( w> co9cid$ ) ^? ( ! av]age intellig5t *ild ( five ye>s old4 ,i may rem9d y t ,clausewitz held ! view t ! object ( w> 0 to impose "o's w ^u ! enemy4 ,?is idea w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 too ab/ract1 too complicat$1 or too humanit>ian = ! ,briti% milit>y m9d4 ,at any rate1 x _h its fill ( kill+4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 until ! ,g]mans _h demon/rat$ ^u ! p]sons ( "s t5s ( ?\s&s ( ,briti% soldi]s 7we _h #ad1jjj casualties1 ?\gh ) only #djj dea?s1 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree weeks ( ! mu/>d gas w>7 t !re 0 some?+ to be said = a weapon t 0 n prim>ily design$ to kill1 t we began to use x4 ,x seems1 !n1 t mu/>d gas w\ld enable an army to ga9 gr\nd ) f> less kill$ on ei!r side ?an ! me?ods us$ 9 ! late w>1 & w\ld t5d to e/abli% a w> ( movem5t lead+ to a fairly rapid decision1 z 9 ! campaigns ( ! pa/4 ,x w\ld n mu* upset ! pres5t balance ( p[]1 ,g]many's *emical indu/ry be+ c\nt]pois$ by ,fr5* negro troops4 ,indians may be expect$ to be ne>ly z immune z negroes4 ,& cle>ly1 ! m w> is complicat$1 ! m unimportant become semi-civiliz$ p[]s1 su* z ,turkey & ,russia1 ev5 z allies4 ,! ,turks 7 seldom capable ( organiz+ a comb9$ attack by any numb] great] ?an a battalion1 or a %oot by any?+ l>g] ?an a batt]y4 ,yet small gr\ps ( !m f\ght v well1 & _! individual guns made v good %oot+4 ,b gas-w>f>e dem&s organization1 bo? ( attack & def5ceattack1 because "o tries to keep up a c]ta9 conc5tration ( vap\r ov] a :ole l>ge area r ?an to knock out giv5 gr\ps ( m52 def5ce1 because respirators & discipl9e 9 we>+ !m mu/ be p]fect4 ,i ne$ n say t 9 ! ,great ,w> our milit>y lead]s /rongly deprecat$ ! use ( gas aga9/ ! ,turks1 on ! gr\nd1 ,i believe1 t ! latt] 7 8g5tlem540 ,!y %[$ _! g5tlemanly "* by su* acts z ! kill+ ( #de ( ! prison]s tak5 at ,kut-el-,am>a1 n to m5tion "s millions ( ,greeks & ,arm5ians :o _h ! mis=tune to be ,*ri/ians4 ,b !y nev] us$ gas3 s p]haps !y may h pres]v$ _! quality ( g5tlem5 9 ! eyes ( our ,bay>di/s4 ,i claim1 !n1 t ! use ( mu/>d gas 9 w> on ! l>ge/ possible scale w\ld r5d] x less exp5sive ( life & prop]ty1 %ort]1 & m dep5d5t on bra9s r ?an numb]s4 ,we are (t5 told ! exact opposite1 t x w make x m b>b>\s & indecisive1 & lead to ! wip+ out ( ! population ( :ole cities4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ?is latt] allegation4 ,c a]oplanes d m aga9/ a ho/ile t[n ) gas ?an ) high explosive & inc5di>y bombs8 ,we 7 ?reat5$ ) gas bombs dur+ ! w>1 & c]ta9 ,london ph>maci/s made v l>ge sums by ! sale ( alleg$ anti-gas masks4 ,x c\ld be1 & 01 urg$ at ! "t t z ! c>ry+ ( ^! curi\s objects seem$ to calm ! civilian population 9 a mom5t ( national em]g5cy1 !y s]v$ a useful purpose4 ,! same argum5t has be5 br\ght =w>d on behalf ( amulets & o!r pi\s frauds sold 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,9 ! case ( ! above gas-masks1 !y inspir$ su* fai? 7= !y _h a bett] f9i% ?an ! (ficial patt]n & look$ l "o's idea ( :at a gas-mask ought to be7 t "s ?\s&s 7 s5t out by fond relatives to soldi]s at ! front1 a numb] ( :om 9 consequ5ce p]i%$ mis]ably4 ,0 !re any?+ 9 ! gas-bomb sc>e8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _m o!rwise well-in=m$ p h v errone\s views z to ! poison\sness ( gases4 ,gases are dang]\s 9 ! laboratory or factory if !y kill )\t giv+ w>n+ by od\r & irritation2 b gases ( ?is k9d1 su* z c>bon monoxide & hydrog5 ars5ide1 h to be pres5t1 9 ord] to kill1 9 conc5trations :i* _c practically be produc$ 9 ! op54 ,! insidi\sness ( hydrog5 ars5ide has1 h[ev]1 s al>m$ *emi/s t a tradition p]si/s ( a man hav+ be5 kill$ by a s+le bubble ( x1 :ile !y are s afraid ( smell+ c>bon monoxide t x is g5]ally /at$ to be inodor\s4 ,besides errors due to ?is cause1 !re 7 errors ( ari?metic4 ,9 "o calculation :i* 0 made to %[ h[ easily ,london c\ld be poison$ a decimal po9t w5t a/ray 9 "o place6 ,z ! calculation 0 conc]n$ ) volumes ( gas1 ! result came out z #aj metres cub$ or #a1jjj cubic metres1 9 place ( "o4 ,= ?is reason x appe>$ t t5 a]oplanes c\ld d ! damage :i* w\ld actually h requir$ t5 ?\s&4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! prophets ( disa/] f gas-bombs made no calculation at all4 ,let u try to make a r\gh "o4 ,on ! nights ( ,m>* #aa? to ,m>* #ad?1 #aiah1 j be=e ! great (f5sive ( ,m>* #ba/1 ! ,g]mans fir$ #aej1jjj mu/>d gas %ells into ! villages & valleys ( ! ,cambrai sali5t1 an area ( ab\t tw5ty squ>e miles1 ! same z t ( c5tral ,london4 ,?is caus$ #d1ejj casualties1 ( :om only fifty di$ 7all ( !m because !y took (f _! respirators too soon74 ,! area 0 n evacuat$4 ,9 c5tral ,london1 if ! population _h _h gas-masks1 ! casualties w\ld h be5 p]haps t5 times great]4 ,b we h to comp>e ?is hypo!tical air-raid1 n ) any raid t actually occurr$1 b ) a bomb>dm5t ( #aej1jjj high-explosive %ells or _! equival5t 9 bombs4 ,?is w\ld h>dly h left a h\se 9 c5tral ,london unt\*$1 & ! dead w\ld h be5 numb]$ n 9 hundr$s1 b 9 t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,su* an attack w\ld h requir$ ! visits on repeat$ nights ( some?+ l #a1jjj a]oplanes4 ,su* a numb] is n yet a practical possibility4 ,we are1 p]haps1 incl9$ to und]e/imate ! pot5tialities ( t[n-bomb+ ) high explosive & inc5di>y bombs4 ,9 ,london1 = example1 !re 7 nev] too _m big fires />t$ at any giv5 "t = ! fire-brigades to deal )4 ,an attack by t5 or tw5ty times z _m a]oplanes z ev] bomb$ ,london simultane\sly might well r+ r\nd a giv5 area fairly completely ) wreck$ /reets or burn+ h\ses1 9 :i* case mo/ ( ! build+s & a good proportion ( ! inhabitants w\ld p]i%4 ,9 "o or two air-raids on o!r t[ns x seems probable t ! ,g]mans 7 n f> f out/ripp+ ! capacities ( ! fire-brigades & produc+ v l>ge conflagrations4 ,! reasons :y explosives are m likely to be effective ?an poison on a t[n are z foll[s4 ,h\ses are f> m vuln]able to explosives ?an e>?works1 & d f> m damage to _! occupants 9 collaps+1 besides be+ inflammable4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 !y conta9 f> m refuges :i* are ne>ly gas-pro(4 ,a %ut room on a fir/ or second floor w\ld be ne>ly pro( aga9/ gas releas$ 9 ! neighb\rhood if x _h n got a light$ fire to drag contam9at$ air f outside into x4 ,moreov]1 civilians c\ld1 & w\ld1 rapidly evacuate an area :i* has be5 heavily soak$ ) mu/>d gas1 :]eas soldi]s h to /ay on at ! risk ( _! lives4 ,gas-bombs w\ld c]ta9ly be f> less effective ?an high-explosives on a t[n ^: inhabitants 7 provid$ ) respirators1 probably ev5 if !y 7 unprovid$4 ,b1 s long z ,london is undef5d$ 9 ?is respect1 x con/itutes a /&+ temptation to any p[] desir\s ( mak+ ?is k9d ( exp]im5t4 ,judg+ f exp]i5ce1 !re is no d\bt t a gas or smoke attack f ! air w\ld occasion a fir/-class panic4 ,! introduction ( ea* new *emical weapon produc$ great t]ror1 z did ev5 su* a milit>ily unimportant 7?\gh cruel7 weapon z ! ,flamm5w]f] 7flame-projector74 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly due to ignorance4 ,! ,fr5* ,colonial troops :o 7 caught 9 ! fir/ cl\d-gas attack 7 f> m fright5$ ?an ! ,canadians1 & appe> to h _h f> m casualties1 al?\gh !y mo/ly ran away3 :i* ! ,canadians did n4 ,= ! ,canadians made "s attempts to improvise respirators1 & almo/ any damp fabric w r$uce ! conc5tration ( *lor9e pass+ ?r\gh x to half or less4 ,!y also brea!d less because !y did n run4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a mo/ effici5t respirator aga9/ *lor9e 7?\gh :e!r aga9/ mu/>d gas ,i d n "k7 c be made by knock+ ! bottom (f a bottle1 fill+ x ) loose e>?1 plac+ its neck 9 ! m\?1 & brea?+ ?r\gh x4 ,v great al>m 0 caus$ by ! fir/ mu/>d gas bomb>dm5ts 9 ,france1 z no "o _h ev] se5 any?+ resembl+ ! bli/]s x caus$4 ,b v soon famili>ity br$ contempt1 or ev5 lik+1 = a]oplanes dropp$ %eaves ( pamphlets expla9+ h[ any soldi] tir$ ( ! w> c\ld become a casualty )\t dang] ei!r ( dea? or detection by all[+ e>? contam9at$ ) mu/>d gas to t\* ! sk9 or ! clo?+4 ,a good _m w\nd-/ripes 7 e>n$ by ?is simple & up-to-date me?od1 ?\gh1 z we _h ! sup]iority 9 ! air & ! ,g]man soldi]s 7 bo? m tir$ & m confid+ ?an our own1 ! ,g]man casualties f ?is cause 7 probably /ill great]4 ,b let u tell our civilian population be=e & n aft] !y are attack$ ) bli/]+ gases t ! bli/]s produc$ are consid]ably less dang]\s ?an measles4 ,x 0 pr$ict$ dur+ ! w> t ! survivors ( lung-irritant gases w\ld get consumption1 :ile ^? burn$ by mu/>d gas w\ld develop canc]4 ,?is has n happ5$1 b x is ! sort ( rum\r t easily />ts4 ,=1 aft] all1 our greate/ weapon 9 *emical w>f>e is n gas1 b education1 & education ( all classes4 ,by education ,i mean a process :i* puts p 9 g5]al 9 t\* ) ! ?\ght ( ! abl] m9ds ( _! own & pa/ times1 :e!r 9 lit]ature or art1 9 sci5ce1 ma!matics1 or music4 ,an educat$ man kn[s en\gh ( sci5ce1 = example1 to be able to di/+ui% a gas f a smoke1 or a ,gr9dell-,mat!ws f a ,m>coni1 ev5 if he is n ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ! k9etic !ory ( gases or ! laws gov]n+ radiation ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,educat$ m5 are r r>e4 ,x w be wor? :ile giv+ "s examples ( h[ our un$ucat$ politicians & soldi]s fail$ to adju/ !mselves to ! sci5tific ?\ght ( _! contempor>ies4 ,9 ,april1 #aiae1 a relatively educat$ memb] ( ! ,gov]nm5t got hold ( a physiologi/1 ^: "n ,i suppress z he is a mode/ man4 ,he f\nd a r curi\s /ate ( affairs4 ,on ! ,emd51 a ,g]man cruis] captur$ 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 a ,g]man sailor _h be5 f\nd 9 possession ( a pad ( l9t ) tapes to tie 9 front ( 8 m\?4 ,x did n ev5 cov] 8 nose1 &1 ?\gh x might or might n h be5 ( "s value aga9/ smoke1 x 0 ( none at all aga9/ gas4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a v preval5t belief at t "t1 & may be /ill1 = all t ,i "k1 t ,g]man m5 ( sci5ce 7 va/ly sup]ior to ,briti%4 ,x is p]fectly true t !re are m ( !m1 b ,i ?9k t _! av]age atta9m5ts 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s h be51 if any?+1 slightly bel[ ^? ( our own4 ,s hypnotiz$1 h[ev]1 7 "s ( ! au?orities 9 ?is c\ntry by ?is !ory t x 0 be+ propos$ to issue ^! articles to our troops4 ,aft] po9t+ out _! uselessness1 ! physiologi/ 9 "q 0 ru%$ ov] to ,france 9 a de/roy]1 along ) a *emi/4 ,he id5tifi$ ! gas us$ by ! ,g]mans z *lor9e4 ,on 8 return1 he got a cyl9d] ( t gas1 let "s into an air-tight *amb]1 & devis$ a r\gh respirator :i* w\ld keep mo/ ( x out1 try+ v>i\s possible me?ods on himself4 ,on 8 return to ! ,w> ,(fice1 r %ort ( brea? f ! *lor9e he _h brea!d1 he f\nd to 8 horror t ! appeal to ! wom5 ( ,engl& = home-made respirators _h be5 issu$4 ,_! design 0 app>5tly bas$ on ! captur$ ,g]man "o1 :i* _h v probably be5 made on ! ,emd54 ,z !y 7 q useless1 he secur$ a promise t !y w\ld n be s5t out to ,france4 ,?+s 7 n made easi] by ! op9ion held 9 high milit>y qu>t]s t1 (f5ce be+ m important ?an def5ce1 ! great ?+ 0 to reply to ! ,g]mans by gass+ !m4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is c\ld n be done 9 less ?an five mon?s1 :ile respirators c\ld easily be made 9 a week1 x l$ to delay at a some:at vital mom5t4 ,f9ally e important decision tak5 9 ,engl& _h to pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,"l ,kit*5]1 :o naturally _h n "t to weigh ! argum5ts at all fully4 ,x is n my int5tion to attack ,"l ,kit*5]3 t ! w> c\ld be c>ri$ on at all "u su* a sy/em proves t he 0 a great man4 ,b1 if he _h manag$ to delegate "s ( 8 p[]s1 he w\ld h prov$ himself a great]4 ,z ! result ( all ?is delay1 a great _m ( ! fir/ respirators _h to be made 9 ,france4 ,convalesc5t soldi]s & ! nuns 9 a conv5t on ! ,mont des ,cats 7 conscript$ to make respirators1 :i*1 if inelegant1 7 fairly effici5t4 ,un=tunately1 consignm5ts ( 8,wom5 ( ,engl&0 & o!r home-made respirators 7 cont9ually appe>+ 9 ,france1 & e n[ & !n l$ to a battalion or s be+ wip$ out4 ,i am able to give ^! details1 because at ?is "t ,i1 :o be=e & aft] 0 an hone/ infantry bomb+-(fic]1 made my brief incursion into *emical w>f>e4 ,i arriv$ at ,/4 ,om] f my com=table tr5* z be+ a p]son accu/om$ to poison\s gases 9 civil life4 ,9 a l>ge s*ool !re1 conv]t$ into a hospital1 !re 0 a small glass-front$ room1 l a m9iature gre5h\se1 into :i* kn[n volumes ( *lor9e 7 lib]at$4 ,we _h to comp>e ! effects on ourselves ( v>i\s quantities ) & )\t respirators4 ,x /ung ! eyes & produc$ a t5d5cy to gasp & c\gh :5 brea!d4 ,= ?is reason tra9$ physiologi/s _h to be employ$4 ,an ord9>y soldi] w\ld probably re/ra9 8 t5d5cy to gasp1 c\gh & ?r[ himself ab\t if he 7 work+ a ma*9e-gun 9 a battle1 b c\ld n d s 9 a laboratory exp]im5t ) no?+ to take 8 m9d (f 8 own feel+s4 ,an exp]i5c$ physiologi/ has m self-control4 ,x 0 also necess>y to see if "o c\ld run or "w h>d 9 ! respirators1 s we _h a :eel ( "s k9d to turn by h& 9 ! gas *amb]1 n to m5tion do+ fifty-y>d spr9ts 9 respirators outside4 ,z ea* ( u got suffici5tly affect$ by gas to r5d] 8 lungs unduly irritable1 ano!r w\ld take 8 place4 ,none ( u 0 mu* ! worse = ! gas1 or 9 any real dang]1 z we knew :]e to /op1 b "s _h to g to b$ = a few days1 & ,i 0 v %ort ( brea? & incapable ( runn+ = a mon? or s4 ,?is "w1 :i* 0 ma9ly done by civilians1 0 rew>d$ by ! grant ( ! ,milit>y ,cross to ! brilliant "y (fic] :o us$ to op5 ! door ( ! motor-c> ( ! m$ical ,g5]al :o occasionally visit$ ! exp]im5ts4 ,! soldi]s :o took "p 9 !m c\ld1 h[ev]1 = "s "t be di/+ui%$ by ! peculi> gre5 col\r ( _! brass buttons due to ! action ( ! gas4 ,ev5 :5 arrangem5ts _h be5 made = ! manufacture ( respirators 9 ,engl&1 ! supply sudd5ly dri$ up4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! girls :o made !m 7 work+ z be/ !y c\ld ) raw & ble$+ f+]s1 & ,london 0 be+ sc\r$ = rubb] gloves4 ,someone _h alt]$ ! =mula ( ! mixture 9 :i* ! respirators 7 dipp$ by sub/itut+ = c>bonate ( soda cau/ic soda1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ ! human sk94 ,8 "n1 ne$less to say1 does n appe> 9 ! (ficial hi/ory4 ,su* 7 "s ( ! difficulties :i* we incurr$ 9 our anti-gas "w1 ?r\gh ! ignorance ( highly-plac$ p]sons4 ,z1 h[ev]1 our def5sive 7?\gh n our (f5sive7 measures 7 ultimately bett] ?an ^? ( any o!r nation1 ?+s mu/ h be5 /ill worse else:]e4 ,! success ( our respirators 0 l>gely due to "o man1 ,h>rison1 ^: "n is insuffici5tly kn[n to 8 c\ntrym54 ,he 0 an analytical *emi/1 & au?or ( t admirable & too little read "w ,secret ,rem$ies 7publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association74 ,he enli/$ z a private1 b 0 a ,lieut5ant-,colonel :5 he di$ ( influ5za & ov]work 9 #aiah4 ,naturally ! ignorance ( our private soldi]s 0 ( an ev5 m abysmal "*4 ,9 ! e>ly days !y (t5 remov$ ! respirators f _! faces & ti$ !m ar\nd _! *e/s1 z x 0 !re t !y felt ! effects ( ! gas4 ,aga9 9 #aiag #hj ( ! mu/>d-gas cases vomit$1 :ile ?is symptom 0 r>e 9 #aiah4 ,app>5tly x took five mon?s = ! ,briti% ,army to realize t gas-poison+ did n necess>ily mean poison+ ?r\gh ! /oma*4 ,if1 !n1 9 future w>s we are to avoid gross mismanagem5t 9 high places1 & panic & /upidity among ! masses1 x is ess5tial t ev]yone %\ld le>n a little elem5t>y sci5ce1 t politicians & soldi]s %\ld n be pr\d ( _! ignorance ( x1 t ord9>y m5 & wom5 %\ld n be a%am$ or afraid ( kn[+ some?+ ( ! work+ ( _! own bodies4 ,if we p]si/ 9 ! belief t we c be sav$ by patriotism or social re=ms1 or by milit>y prep>ation ( ! type :i* w\ld h suffic$ 9 =m] /ruggles1 we %all g d[n be=e "s nation ( m reali/ic views4 ,we d n "k :at type ( sci5tific k w be ne$$3 we c be c]ta9 t "s type w be4 ,! ,briti% are a tir$ p3 !y l to re/ 89 brea?less quiet aft] all _! ills10 & to p9 _! fai? to ! promises ( lead]s ^: eyes are fix$ on ! pa/4 ,x has all happ5$ be=e4 8,ganz v]gess5] ,vlk] ,mdigkeit5 ,kann i* ni*t ab?un von me95 ,lid]n1 ,no* weghalt5 von d] ers*rock55 ,seele ,/ummes ,ni$]fall5 f]n] ,/]ne40 78,i _c lift f my eyelids ! we>9ess ( q =gott5 peoples1 nor hold away f my t]rifi$ s\l ! dumb d[nfall ( f> />s407 ,! ,roman & ,spani% ,empires appe> to h p]i%$ l>gely f intellectual torpor4 ,are we to g ! same way8 ,we h got to get ov] our di/a/e = sci5tific ?\ght & sci5tific me?od4 ,to take an example f ! w>1 ! physiologi/s at ! exp]im5tal gr\nd at ,porton1 9 ,hamp%ire1 _h consid]able difficulty 9 work+ ) a good _m soldi]s because ! latt] object$ s /rongly to exp]im5ts on animals1 & did n conceal _! contempt = p :o p]=m$ !m4 ,& yet ^! soldi]s w\ld h _h no hesitation 9 %ell+ ! horses ( ho/ile gun-teams1 & ! va/ majority ( !m 7 9 ! habit ( %oot+ animals = sport4 ,i h nev] kn[n a physiologi/ :o w5t 9 = %oot+ animals3 physiologi/s "k too mu* ( ! processes :i* occur 9 a w\nd$ bea/ or bird t creeps away to die4 ,&1 ?\gh ,i h se5 a good _m sci5tific exp]im5ts on animals1 ,i h nev] se5 "o :i*1 s f> z conc]ns ! pa9 giv51 ,i %\ld object to hav+ p]=m$ on myself4 ,t ?is attitude is n unusual w\ld appe> f ! foll[+ exp]im5t describ$ by ! director ( ! ,porton exp]im5tal gr\nd1 9 :i* he wi%$ to comp>e ! effects ( hydrocyanic 7or prussic7 acid gas on himself & a dog4 ,!y bo? ent]$ a *amb] conta9+ #a "p 9 #b1jjj ( ! gas4 8,9 ord] 7he writes7 t ! exp]im5t might be z fair z possible & t my respiration %\ld be relatively z active z t ( ! dog1 ,i rema9$ /&+1 & took a few /eps f "t to "t :ile ,i 0 9 ! *amb]4 ,9 ab\t ?irty seconds ! dog began to get un/eady1 & 9 fifty-five seconds x dropp$ on ! floor & comm5c$ ! *>act]i/ic di/ress+ respiration :i* h]alds dea? f cyanide poison+4 ,"o m9ute ?irty-five seconds aft] ! comm5cem5t ! animal's body 0 c>ri$ out1 respiration hav+ ceas$ & ! dog be+ app>5tly dead4 ,i !n left ! *amb]4 ,z reg>ds ! result ^u myself1 ! only real effect 0 a mom5t>y gidd9ess :5 ,i turn$ my head quickly4 ,?is la/$ ab\t a ye>1 & !n vani%$4 ,= "s "t x 0 difficult to conc5trate on any?+ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x is h>d to say to :at ext5t ?is 0 due to ! exp]im5t40 ,z ! result ( ?is "w1 hydrocyanic acid 0 giv5 up = use 9 ! field1 z phosg5e is effective at fifty times ?is dilution1 & mu/>d gas at "o ?\s& times4 ,"o ( ! gr\nds giv5 = objection to sci5ce is t sci5ce is responsible = su* horrors z ^? ( ! late w>4 8,y sci5tific m5 7we are told7 nev] ?9k ( ! possible application ( y\r discov]ies4 ,y d n m9d :e!r !y are us$ to kill or to cure4 ,y\r me?od ( ?9k+1 d\btless satisfactory :5 deal+ ) molecules & atoms1 r5d]s y ins5sible to ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,& s y devise ! means ( univ]sal de/ruction1 & sell !m into ! h&s ( unrighte\s & bloody-m9d$ m540 ,i note t ! p :o make ^! rem>ks d n refuse to travel by railway or motor-c>1 to use electric light1 or to read me*anically pr9t$ newspap]s4 ,nor d !y in/all a well 9 _! back-g>d5s to enjoy dr9k+ ! ri*] wat] ( a pre-sci5tific age1 ) its int]e/+ & v>iegat$ fauna4 ,b x is q easy to %[ t ! de/ructive & horrible nature ( mod]n w>f>e is due1 n to ! weapons us$1 b l>gely to ! o!r applications ( sci5ce :i* con/itute ! mat]ial basis ( our civilization4 ,let u imag9e ! ,great ,w> f\ght ) all our means ( transport & prev5tive m$ic9e1 b no weapons m complicat$ ?an swords1 spe>s1 & possibly a few b[s4 ,) few] munitions ! armies c\ld h be5 mobiliz$ ev5 m rapidly1 & m m5 put 9 ! fight+ l9e4 ,! ,g]mans w\ld probably h tri$1 z !y tri$ 9 #aiad1 to br+ ab\t a 8,s*la*t ohne ,morg510 a battle on rev]s$ fronts modell$ on ,cannae4 ,! fight+ w\ld probably h be5 ab\t z sev]e z at ,cannae1 & m5 w\ld h be5 fight+ 9 close ord]1 t5 or tw5ty deep1 along a hundr$-mile front4 ,no d\bt x w\ld h be5 ov] soon]1 b ! losses w\ld probably h be5 j z great4 ,! ,fr5* & ,g]mans w\ld d\btless bo? h gone on fight+ until at lea/ half _! armies _h become casualties1 &1 ) f\r ye>s' fight+ compress$ into z _m weeks1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to t5d m ?an a fraction ( ! w\nd$4 ,! *ief diff]5ce might h be5 t ! ,russians w\ld h be5 victori\s by m]e weight ( numb]s1 & ! ,fr5* defeat$4 ,9 =m] w>s slaught] 0 limit$ by ! fact t l>ge armies c\ld n be f$1 & develop$ epidemic diseases4 ,!y also mov$ v sl[ly4 ,s x took tw5ty-?ree ye>s 7f #agib to #ahae7 to we> d[n ! resi/ance ( ! ,fr5* nation4 ,moreov]1 ! ,great ,w> 0 ! fir/ s9ce ! ,second ,punic ,w> ( ! #crd c5tury ,b4 ,c4 betwe5 two great civiliz$ nations1 ea* fight+ ) all its might4 ,?is fact acc\nts = its f]ocity4 ,mod]n transport & hygi5e made its scale possible2 ! weapons us$ m]ely s]v$ to prolong x4 ,! objection to sci5tific weapons su* z ! gases ( ! late w>1 & su* new devices z may be employ$ 9 ! next1 is ess5tially an objection to ! unkn[n4 ,fight+ ) lances or guns1 "o c calculate1 or ?9ks "o c calculate1 "o's *ances4 ,b ) gas or rays or microbes "o has an altoge!r diff]5t /ate ( affairs4 ,poison\s gas _h a great moral effect1 j because x 0 new1 & incompreh5sible4 ,z long z we p]mit ourselves to be afraid ( ! novel & unkn[n1 !re w be a v great temptation to use novel & unkn[n weapons aga9/ u4 ,n[1 t]ror ( ! unkn[n is ?or\ghly "r & rational s long z we believe t ! pr9ce ( ?is _w is a malignant be+4 ,b x is n ju/ifiable if we believe t ! _w is ! expression ( a p[] fri5dly to our aspirations1 or if we are a!i/s & hold t x is neutral & indiff]5t to human ideals4 ,x w by n[ h become cle> to y t ,i am writ+ some:at p>abolically4 ,:at ,i h said ab\t mu/>d gas might be appli$1 mutatis mut&is1 to mo/ o!r applications ( sci5ce to human life4 ,!y c all1 ,i ?9k1 be abus$1 b none p]haps is always evil2 & _m1 l mu/>d gas1 :5 we h got ov] our fir/ n v rational objection to !m1 turn out to be1 on ! :ole1 good4 ,if x is "r = me to fight my enemy ) a sword1 x is "r = me to fight him ) mu/>d gas3 if ! "o is wrong1 s is ! o!r4 ,b ,i h no sympa?y :atev] = ,mr4 ,fac+-bo?-ways :5 he says t1 ?\gh he is prep>$ on occasion to fight1 he w n use ^! na/y new-fangl$ weapons4 ,( c\rse ,i am n sugge/+ t we %\ld violate or prep>e to violate ! ,wa%+ton ,agreem5t on ?is subject4 ,i d1 h[ev]1 believe t we ought to d5\nce x at ! e>lie/ possible opportunity4 ,su* are ! facts ab\t *emical w>f>e4 ,!y w n be believ$ because a belief 9 !m w\ld d viol5ce to ! s5tim5ts ( mo/ p4 ,!y w n be promulgat$1 z !re is no money to be made out ( !m4 7,*emical manufactur]s make bo? high explosive & mu/>d gas1 & ! =m] m easily47 ,! views :i* ,i h express$ d n coexi/ 9 ! m9d ( any p>ty lead] or newspap] proprietor1 & mu/ !re=e be ^? ( a crank4 ,b until "s /rong] argum5t c be wag$ aga9/ !m ?an t !y are unusual & unpleasant1 !re rema9s ! possibility t !y are true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,punctuation & spell+ inaccuracies 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,ar*aic & v>iable spell+ has be5 pres]v$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & comp\nd words h be5 pres]v$4