,illustration3 ,,convenient ,,arrangement ,,for ,,kitchen ,,devices ,,home ,,labor ,,saving ,,devices ,,by ,,rhea ,c4 ,,scott ,,instructor ,,in ,,home ,,demonstration ,,work ,,at ,,george ,,peabody ,,college ,,for ,,teachers4 ,,nashville1 ,,tenn42 ,,formerly ,,assistant ,,state ,,demonstration ,,agent ,,in ,,louisiana4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,mrs4 ,r4 ,e4 ,,gamble ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revised4 ,illustration ,,philadelphia ,,and ,,london ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiah1 ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,company ,electrotyped and ,printed by ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,company ,at the ,washington ,square ,press1 ,philadelphia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,to ,,the ,,women ,,and ,,girls ,,of ,,the ,,farm1 ,,lovers ,,of ,,the ,,fields1 ,,and ,,friends ,,of ,,the ,,flowers1 ,,whose ,,hearts ,,hear ,,the ,,call ,,and ,,whose ,,hands ,,seek ,,the ,,skill ,,to ,,make ,,the ,,rural ,,home ,a ,,place ,,of ,,light1 ,,of ,,health1 ,,of ,,beauty1 ,,this ,,little ,,volume ,,is ,,affectionately ,,dedicated ,,preface ,the point of view from which this manual was written is indicated in the introduction4 ,the aims are to increase efficiency in the farm home and to satisfy the growing demand for useful information in the country schools4 ,this is done by giving suggestions and directions for practical work to be done in the home and at school4 ,throughout the country to-day many rural schools are expressing a desire to add to their present school curricula courses which are practical4 ,the ideal kept in mind during the preparation of this manual has been to supply that need and at the same time to make it possible for any woman to use the book in her own home4 ,the limitations in the size have caused many omissions4 ,it is the intention of the author to enlarge upon this material as the demand increases4 ,ideas and suggestions from other ,states have been dominant throughout1 thus carrying out the true demonstration point of view4 ,,the ,,author4 ,january1 #aiag4 ,,acknowledgments ,acknowledgment and thanks are gratefully given to the following persons for suggestions1 use of material1 and corrections3 ,miss ,ola ,powell1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for making this little volume possible by inspirational suggestions furnished throughout the preparation of the manual and especially for the use of her two models of jelly strainers and illustrations on cheese making4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,b4 ,martin1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for his most valuable suggestions and sympathetic interest during the entire preparation of the material4 ,the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for photographs of roller tray wagon1 water works system1 and ideas obtained from circular letter prepared by ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,creswell and ,miss ,ola ,powell1 of the ,states ,relations ,service1 ,office of ,extension ,work in the ,south4 ,mr4 ,harry ,m4 ,lamon1 ,poultry ,division of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for illustrations of poultry house1 dry mash hopper and chicken coop1 and the use of information in ,farmers' ,bulletin1 ,no4 #egd4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,rawl1 ,chief of the ,dairy ,division1 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry2 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,clain and other specialists in the ,dairy ,division for assistance in taking the pictures and for criticisms and corrections of the material4 ,mr4 ,n4 ,e4 ,d4 ,talcott1 ,state ,agent in ,poultry ,club ,work in ,virginia1 for the use of his dry mash hopper and oat-sprouting rack4 ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,wayland1 ,state ,normal ,school1 ,harrisonburg1 ,va41 for his appropriate dedication4 ,miss ,elizabeth ,c4 ,cleveland1 ,head of the ,english ,department1 ,state ,normal ,school1 ,harrisonburg1 ,va41 for reading and correcting manuscript4 ,mrs4 ,k4 ,c4 ,blythe1 ,leesburg1 ,va41 for permission to use a dish drainer4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,hanson1 ,a4 ,m4 ,college1 ,college ,station1 ,texas1 for his interest and helpful suggestions4 ,miss ,emma ,chandler1 ,state ,agent in ,home ,demonstration ,work1 ,stillwater1 ,okla41 for the use of iceless refrigerator ,no4 #b and directions for making same4 ,mr4 ,thos4 ,h4 ,fullan1 ,alabama ,polytechnic ,institute1 ,auburn1 ,ala41 for the use of his milking stool and suggestions for making the shower bath4 ,mrs4 ,helen ,brown ,wolcott1 ,state ,agent in ,home ,demonstration ,work1 ,lexington1 ,ky41 for ideas for making the dish rack4 ,to 8,the ,country ,gentleman0 for illustrations of cheese making4 ,also others who have contributed to this volume4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #ac-ad ,,chapter ,i ,,kitchen ,,conveniences #ae ,vegetable ,paring ,table1 ,wall ,cabinet for the ,kitchen1 ,ironing ,board1 ,jelly ,strainer1 ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b1 ,dish ,drainer1 ,dish ,rack1 ,coal ,box1 ,wood ,box1 ,fireless ,cooker1 ,home-made ,cook ,stove ,drier4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,dining ,,room ,,conveniences #dc ,roller ,tray ,wagon1 ,sideboard1 ,screen4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,porch ,,equipment #ea ,iceless ,refrigerator1 ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b1 ,umbrella ,stand1 ,blacking ,box1 ,towel ,roller1 ,porch ,swing4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,miscellaneous ,,equipment #fg ,dustless ,mop1 ,folding ,canning ,table1 ,fly ,trap1 ,garbage ,barrel1 ,scrubbing ,chariot1 ,sewing ,screen1 ,shower ,bath1 ,practical ,waterworks ,system4 ,,chapter ,v ,,poultry ,,devices #hd ,poultry ,house1 ,nests1 ,egg ,tester1 ,dry ,mash ,hopper1 ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b1 ,rack for ,oat-,sprouting ,trays1 ,dust ,boxes1 ,drinking ,vessel1 ,chicken ,brooder4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,dairy ,,devices #ii ,butter-making1 ,butter ,worker1 ,milking ,stool1 ,cheese-making ,equipment4 ,,appendix ,fundamentals in ,woodworking1 ,suggested ,list of ,tools1 ,list of ,publications for ,supplementary ,reading4 ,,index #aag ,,illustrations ,,page ,,convenient ,,arrangement ,,for ,,kitchen ,,devices ,frontispiece ,,an ,,exhibit ,,of ,,home-,,made ,,labor ,,saving ,,devices #ad ,,home-,,made ,,driers ,,ready ,,for ,,use #cf ,,assembled ,,material ,,for ,,building ,a ,,fireless ,,cooker #dj ,,roller ,,tray ,,wagon1 ,,including ,,compartment ,,for ,,china ,,and ,a ,,drawer ,,for ,,silver ,,and ,,linen #dd ,,iceless ,,refrigerator #ed ,,sewing ,,screen #gh ,a ,,portable ,,poultry ,,house1 ,,showing ,,the ,,exterior ,,and ,,interior #hd ,,churning ,,operations #ajd ,,drawing ,,the ,,curd #ajh ,,pressing ,,the ,,curd #ajh ,,moulding ,,the ,,cheese #aji ,,necessary ,,equipment ,,used ,,in ,,cheese-,,making #aji ,,introduction ,,by ,,president ,,julian ,a4 ,,burruss ,state ,normal ,school for ,women1 ,harrisonburg1 ,va4 ,no phase of modern social development has received more attention in recent years than that of our rural population4 ,advances have been striking along all lines of country life4 ,it would1 however1 be too much to say that the interests of women and their work in the home have received the attention properly due them4 ,frequently farmers of the highest type will equip their farms with the latest and best implements and machinery for their work and yet will fail to provide their homes with equipment equally as essential and desirable for the work of the women members of their households4 ,women's organizations and the agents of the ,home ,demonstration ,work1 together with other agencies1 have done much to direct attention along this very important line and in many communities labor-saving devices of a most ingenious character have been developed4 ,what is good for one busy housewife is not too good for another1 and it is a good rule to push a good thing along for the benefit of others4 ,with this in view the author has gathered together numerous inventions of home-made devices of a labor-saving and efficiency-increasing kind1 and describes them in this little volume so that all to whom it may come may have the opportunity to make such contrivances1 or modifications of them1 for their own use4 ,in doing this1 the author has not merely had in her mind her own ,state1 but has sought to recognize the viewpoints of women in as many other ,states as possible4 ,the author is peculiarly fitted for the task she has set herself4 ,as ,assistant ,state ,agent for ,home ,demonstration ,work in ,virginia1 under the direction of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 and as supervisor and community worker for a number of years in various rural districts before assuming the duties of her present position1 she has had abundant facilities for becoming familiar with the conditions prevailing in country homes4 ,having maintained sympathetic relationships with country women for many years1 she knows their problems and their needs1 and she is also familiar with the sources from which help may be drawn4 ,there can be no real improvement in social life in the country unless there is leisure time to be devoted to uplifting1 cultural1 and recreational purposes4 ,the only way in which this may be obtained is by means of labor-saving and time-saving appliances4 ,the articles here described are intensely practical and may be readily made in any home at a nominal cost4 ,to make two blades of grass grow where one formerly grew is certainly a very valuable achievement2 but to save muscles and nerves1 and to give time and energy for mental and social and spiritual development1 is far more valuable and desirable4 ,if the information given in this book serves to lighten the burden and shorten the daily drudgery of a single housewife1 its publication will be justified2 and it should find a cordial reception in a multitude of homes4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,exhibit ,,of ,,home-,,made ,,labor ,,saving ,,devices ,,by ,,the ,,canning ,,club ,,at ,,the ,,state ,,normal ,,school1 ,,harrisonburg1 ,,va4 ,,home ,,labor ,,saving ,,devices ,,chapter ,i ,,kitchen ,,conveniences ,,vegetable ,,paring ,,table ,a convenient kitchen table made of poplar and covered with zinc with an opening in the center through which the parings of vegetables or the scraping of dishes may be put into a pail sitting on the lower shelf4 ,this saves soiling the floor and many steps while preparing the vegetables for cooking4 ,it should be remembered that the pail underneath must be removed and the contents emptied into the garbage barrel after each using4 ,it is not a garbage pail and should in no sense be used as such4 ,above the table hooks on which hang many smaller cooking utensils1 such as paring knives1 graters1 spoons1 scissors1 or can openers1 are all arranged to accommodate the housekeeper4 ,,materials3 #ab' poplar4 lb4 #f-penny nails to construct table4 #a piece of sheet zinc1 #ab0 #cj01 to cover the top of table4 ,,dimensions3 ,top3 #a piece #a0 thick #ah0 wide #bf0 long4 ,shelf3 #a piece #a0 thick #aj0 wide #cb0 long4 ,legs3 #d pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #bd0 long4 ,cleats3 #d pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #ad0 long4 ,,directions3 ,after cutting legs1 nail on cleats even with the top edge1 measuring #ad0 for the bottom cleat4 ,measure #b0 from the ends and sides of the top and nail on the legs4 ,measure #g0 from the right-hand end and #i0 from the side and make a hole #h0 in diameter4 ,nail the bottom shelf at an equal distance from the bottom of the legs4 ,illustration ,,wall ,,cabinet ,,for ,,the ,,kitchen 7,,made ,,from ,,dry ,,goods ,,boxes7 ,a comfort to the housewife is a kitchen cabinet1 containing different compartments for spices and such accessories necessary in cooking4 ,it is made of boxes and should be put at some place convenient to the work table so the woman will not have to move to get these things when preparing a meal4 ,it surely fulfils the old adage1 8,a place for everything and everything in its place40 ,,materials3 #a box of the required dimensions to build the body4 #ab salt boxes used as drawers in the compartments4 lb4 #h-penny nails to be used in the construction of the cabinet4 #ab round-head screws to be used as knobs4 ,sandpaper and stain4 ,,dimensions3 ,body3 #a box #d0 deep #ac0 wide #ah0 long4 ,shelves3 #d pieces 0 thick #d0 wide #ab0 long4 ,drawers3 #ab salt boxes1 #d0 #d0 #d04 ,illustration ,illustration ,,directions3 ,remove the sides from the box1 making them the exact length of the inside of the box4 ,draw a line across the bottom and the ends of the box about #b0 from the edge of the sides4 ,nail the sides to the bottom and the ends of the box about #b0 from the edge of the sides1 with outside faces on pencil line4 ,plane and sandpaper the edges until they are smooth4 ,nail the shelves in at equal distances apart to make four compartments of equal size4 ,place three of the salt boxes in each compartment4 ,sandpaper1 stain1 and polish4 ,,ironing ,,board ,this ironing board is a very great step saver4 ,it is always ready and in place4 ,it is fastened to the wall at the most convenient place and adjusted to suit the one who is to use it4 ,when not in use it can be folded up and hinged against the wall out of the way4 ,the leg is hinged to the ironing board and falls into position when the board is lifted4 ,skirts may be easily ironed without changing the position of the leg4 ,,materials3 #h' of pine4 #c #c0 plain steel 7butt7 hinges4 #b doz4 #a0 ,no4 #ab flat-head screws4 #b yds4 of white cotton flannel4 #b yds4 unbleached muslin4 #b pieces of cotton tape4 ,,dimensions3 #a piece #a0 thick #ad0 wide #c' long to be used as top of board4 #a piece #a0 thick #d0 wide #aj0 long to be used as a board strip4 #b pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #d0 long to be fastened to the wall to hold the board in position4 #a piece #a0 thick #d0 wide #ad0 long to be used as a wall strip4 #a piece #a0 thick #d0 wide #d' long to be used as brace for board4 #a piece #a0 thick #d0 wide #h0 long to be used as brace support4 ,,directions3 ,plane the top of the board 7#a0 #ad0 #c'7 on the smoothest side4 ,with a radius of #d0 lay out a semi-circle at the middle of one end of the board as shown in illustration4 ,this may be done with a compass or with a string and pencil4 ,make the other end of the board square with one edge4 ,two feet from each end make a mark on each edge and draw a straight line from each of these marks tangent to the semi-circle4 ,saw along these lines1 smoothing the edges with the plane4 ,fasten the wall strip 7#a0 #d0 #ad07 to this top with #b ,no4 #c 7butt7 hinges4 ,bore #c 0 holes through the board strip 7#a0 #d0 #aj07 and fasten it to the bottom of the top at a distance of #cd0 from the wall strip4 ,the brace 7#a0 #d0 #d'7 is fastened to the board strip with one ,no4 #c 7butt7 hinge4 0 holes are bored through the wall strip and it is fastened at a convenient height to the wall with #c flat-head screws4 ,after boring #c 0 holes through the brace support 7#a0 #d0 #h07 it is screwed to the wall with #c flat-head screws4 ,place this support directly below the wall strip and at such a distance from it to make the board level when the brace is in position4 ,bore #b 0 holes in one of the pieces measuring #a0 #b0 #d01 and one hole through the other piece4 ,fold the board up against the wall and fasten the piece with the two holes to the wall just a little to one side of the board and #b' above the wall strip4 ,the other piece with one hole is fastened to this piece to hold the ironing board in position4 ,illustration ,the covering may be made of cotton flannel or an old blanket4 ,allow #b0 on the sides and the end to be turned under after it has been cut the shape of the board4 ,this must be tacked firmly and smoothly on the board4 ,the ironing sheet may be made of unbleached muslin or an old sheet4 ,this is also cut the shape of the board1 allowing #d0 on the sides and end for the hem4 ,attach pieces of tape to the opposite sides about #aj0 apart to tie the sheet on the board4 ,,jelly ,,strainer ,,no4 #a ,an old chair is generally used to hang the jelly bag over while the juice is dripping4 ,as a substitute the device shown in the following illustration is suggested as being more convenient and sanitary in every way4 ,it not only provides a place for the bag to hang1 but it also has a shelf on which the pan sits to catch the drippings from the bag4 ,the legs are adjustable2 hence it is easily taken apart and kept in a small space4 ,this makes the strainer especially convenient to the ,canning ,club ,agent as she goes her daily rounds teaching the housekeepers the art of jelly-making4 ,it can be easily made at home and at a little cost4 ,,materials3 #c' poplar4 #ab ,no4 #aj screws1 #b01 to fasten the adjustable legs to the shelves4 #h ,no4 #i screws1 #a01 to fasten braces to the top of strainer1 #a yd4 white flannel for the jelly bag4 #a piece of white tape to make loops on bag4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,dimensions3 ,legs3 #d pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #ca0 long4 ,shelves3 #d pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #g0 long to make the upper shelf4 #a piece #a0 thick #ae0 wide #ae0 long for lower shelf4 ,braces3 #d pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #c0 long to be cut into #d equal triangles4 ,,directions3 ,bevel the tops of all #d of the legs at an angle of #de4 ,make the upper shelf of the #d pieces measuring #a0 #a0 #g04 ,measure #b0 from the tops of the #d legs and screw the upper shelf to the legs at these points4 ,a solid piece of wood with a hole in the center may be used in making this shelf4 ,support this upper shelf by screwing the four triangular braces 7#a0 #b0 #c07 in the corners of the shelf4 ,use the #h #a-;inch ,no4 #i screws for this purpose4 ,saw the lower shelf out #a0 on each corner and screw it on the legs at a distance of #i0 from the bottom of the legs4 ,sandpaper but do not stain4 ,take a piece of flannel of the desired size and make the jelly bag in the shape of a triangle4 ,sew a loop of tape at each corner to hang the bag over the posts4 ,,jelly ,,strainer1 ,,no4 #b ,while this jelly strainer is unique and useful in its construction it is not adjustable4 ,it is made of poplar at a minimum cost4 ,around the top edge are arranged little brass hooks4 ,these are put at equal distances apart4 ,at the lower end of the trough two plugs are put1 one above the other1 through which the jelly juice flows out into a pan placed beneath the plugs4 ,illustration ,the jelly bag is made of an oblong piece of flannel with ivory rings sewed around the edges so as to hang the bag on the brass hooks around the top of the frame4 ,,materials3 #d' of poplar4 #d ,no4 #i screws1 #a01 to fasten handles on the sides4 #af ,no4 #aj screws1 #b01 to fasten ends on the sides4 #e ,no4 #aj screws1 #a01 to fasten the sides together at the bottom4 #ad brass cup hooks arranged around the top edges4 #ad white ivory rings to be sewed on jelly bag4 #a yd4 white flannel for jelly bag4 ,,dimensions3 ,sides3 #b pieces #a0 thick #ab0 wide #ae0 long4 ,ends3 #b pieces #a0 thick #ab0 wide #ag0 long4 ,handles3 #b pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #d0 long4 ,plugs3 #b pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #c0 long4 ,,directions3 ,saw the two end pieces according to the illustration4 ,measure #f0 from the bottom of each end and cut them out 0 to fit sides 7#a0 thick7 placing the sides 0 from the outer side of the end pieces4 ,measure equal spaces from each side of the ends and put the handles #a0 from the top edge4 ,bore two holes 0 in diameter near the bottom of the end to fit the plugs4 ,bevel the two sides 7#a0 #ab0 #ae07 at the bottom so as to make a tight and neat joint4 ,screw the end pieces to the sides4 ,screw the brass cup hooks at equal distances apart around the top edge of the strainer4 ,illustration ,,dish ,,drainer ,the work of dish-washing is greatly reduced by the use of a dish drainer4 ,the dishes are carefully washed and arranged in the drainer1 and boiling water poured over them4 ,when they are dry1 they can be put away or allowed to stand with a clean cloth thrown over them until ready to use4 ,this dish drainer resembles a box in shape1 put on legs1 with slats placed inside at equal distances apart1 making the compartments to hold the dishes4 ,the space in front is made a little larger to accommodate the irregular dishes4 ,an experienced housewife will know that glassware and silverware cannot be dried by this method4 ,a hole is made in one corner of the drainer through which the water drains off into a pail which is kept under the corner4 ,,materials3 #af' of white pine4 lb4 of #d-penny nails for nailing slats in box4 lb4 of #h-penny nails for nailing box on the legs4 #d' of sheet zinc to cover the inside of drainer4 #d0 of half-galvanized pipe for drainage tube4 #a drainage pail4 ,sandpaper4 #a can of white paint4 #a can of white enamel4 ,,dimensions3 ,bottom3 #a piece #a0 thick #bd0 wide #bf0 long4 ,sides3 #b pieces #a0 thick #h0 wide #bf0 long4 #b pieces #a0 thick #h0 wide #bd0 long4 ,legs3 #d pieces #a0 thick #d0 wide #cf0 long1 for back legs4 #d pieces #a0 thick #d0 wide #ce0 long1 for front legs4 ,slats3 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #bd0 long4 #f pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #bf0 long4 ,,directions3 ,make a pine box which is #h0 deep and #bd0 #bf0 long4 ,the joints must be laid in white lead in order to make the drainer water tight4 ,nail #b slats 0 thick #a0 wide #bd0 long down flat from the front to the back of the box at the outer edge4 ,these are used as supports for the other crosswise slats and also allow the water to run under the slats4 ,nail #d slats on these supports1 beginning #c0 from the back of the box and making a distance of #c0 between each slat4 ,this will leave a #i0 space in front of the box for the irregular dishes4 ,the front legs are made of the four pieces #a0 thick #d0 wide #ce0 long1 and the back legs are #a0 thick #d0 wide #cf0 deep4 ,this slant provides for the drainage4 ,the drainer should be tipped a little to the corner in which the drain pipe is placed4 ,if zinc is to be used for lining1 it must be done before the slats are put into the box4 ,illustration ,,dish ,,rack ,a rack made of poplar1 with several compartments to accommodate dishes of different sizes4 ,the large platters are put in the largest upright spaces1 the dinner plates being arranged in the middle-sized spaces1 with the smaller plates and saucers in the top spaces4 ,it may be placed at a convenient place in the kitchen or dining room so as to save the housekeeper unnecessary steps4 ,mortise and tenon joints will make a more substantial rack but these are not necessary4 ,the parts may be nailed together4 ,after joining the parts together1 sandpaper1 paint white and enamel4 ,,materials3 #f0 poplar4 #ab ,no4 #f nails to nail on the top4 #de ,no4 #dd box nails for nailing on upright pieces4 #ej ,no4 #af wire brads1 01 for nailing tenons in mortise4 #b ,no4 #i screws1 #a01 to screw the base on the rack4 ,sandpaper for dressing the rack4 #a pt4 white paint4 #a pt4 enamel4 ,,dimensions3 ,top3 #a piece 0 thick #d0 wide #cc0 long4 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #cj0 long4 ,bottom3 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #cj0 long4 #a piece #a0 thick #b0 wide #ab0 long for base4 ,middle3 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #ba0 long4 ,ends3 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #bd0 long4 ,crosspieces3 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #c0 long to be used as top of rack4 #b pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #c0 long to be used as bottom of rack4 ,upright pieces3 #af pieces 0 thick 0 wide #bf0 long to be used as side pieces #h on each side4 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #bj0 long4 ,illustration3 ,dish ,rack ,,directions3 ,mortise the two end pieces 01 to fit tenon4 ,nail the two crosspieces1 measuring 70 #a0 #c07 to them4 ,make 0 mortises on the two top pieces 70 #c0 #c074 ,these mortises are made #c0 from the end and the two pieces nailed to crosspieces4 ,screw on the bottom board 7#a0 #b0 #ab07 with #a0 ,no4 #i screws4 ,mortise the #d top and bottom pieces 70 #a0 #cj07 0 from the top and bottom and nail them lengthwise on the rack4 ,the two middle pieces 70 #a0 #ba07 are mortised and nailed #aa0 from the top edge of the bottom piece4 ,the upright pieces 70 #a0 #bj07 are nailed #i0 from the left side4 ,nail the eight upright pieces 70 0 #bf07 on each side with ,no4 #d box nails4 ,the top piece 70 #d0 #cc07 is nailed on the top of the rack4 ,sandpaper1 paint and enamel4 ,illustration ,,coal ,,box ,the construction of this box is both simple and convenient1 and it requires little space in the room to accommodate it4 ,there are four compartments in it4 ,the back is divided equally to provide places for the kindling and paper2 the front space is used for coal1 and while it makes it more durable to line it with metal1 this is not necessary4 ,there is a narrow opening in the front in which the cleaning materials are kept--polish1 brush1 and stove rags4 ,stain or paint will make the coal box more attractive4 ,,materials3 #bg' of poplar4 #c pairs of #a0 7butt7 hinges4 #bd 0 ,no4 #h screws for hinges4 #b lbs4 #e-penny box nails4 #c screen door handles4 #a iron door button4 #d castors4 #e lbs4 sheet metal4 ,,dimensions3 ,top3 #a piece #a0 thick #a' #i0 wide #b' #a0 long to be used as level top4 ,front3 #a piece #a0 thick #a' #g0 wide #b' #a0 long for the slanting front4 ,bottom3 #a piece #a0 thick #a' #aa0 wide #b' #aj0 long4 ,back3 #a piece #a0 thick #b' #a0 wide #a' #aa0 long to be used as the back of the box4 ,ends3 #b pieces #a0 thick #b' #b0 wide #c' long4 ,partitions3 #a piece #a0 thick #ba0 wide #a' #aa0 long to be used as the partition in the back4 #a piece #a0 thick #b' #b0 wide #a' #aa0 long to be used as the slanting partition in the bottom of the coal box4 ,supports3 #a piece 0 thick 0 wide #a' #aa0 long to be used as a support at the back of the opening in the box to hold door in place4 ,drawer3 #a piece #a0 thick #a' #a0 wide #b' #a0 long for the front of the drawer4 #a piece #a0 thick #e0 wide #a' #aa0 long for the back of the drawer4 #a piece #a0 thick #aj0 wide #a' #aa0 for the top of the drawer4 ,illustration3 ,,directions3 ,measure #a' #i0 from the back of the two end pieces 7#a0 #b' #b0 #c'74 ,cut the corners off from this point to make a slant which will fit the door #a' #g0 long4 ,nail the back 7#a0 #a' #aa0 #b' #a07 to the two end pieces at the straight edge4 ,the bottom piece 7#a0 #a' #aa0 #b' #aj07 is then nailed to the back and sides4 ,cut out a #d0 #a' #aa0 opening in the front piece 7#a0 #a' #aa0 #b' #a07 for the drawer and then nail the front to the sides and bottom4 ,take the piece which has been cut out and hinge it to the opening as shown in the illustration4 ,nail the back and top partitions in this opening before the slanting partition which divides this division from the coal bin is put in4 ,measure #i0 from the back of the coal box and put the straight partition 7#a0 #ba0 #a' #aa07 in by nailing it to the bottom and sides of the coal box4 ,then the slanting partition 7#a0 #b' #b0 #a' #aa07 is nailed to the bottom and front edge of the box as shown in the illustration4 ,cut an opening 7#i0 #a' #aa07 in the top 7#a0 #a' #i0 #b' #a07 and then nail top on the box1 using the piece which is cut out for the door to the opening4 ,hinge this piece on with one pair of #a0 7butt7 hinges4 ,the door support 70 0 #a' #aa07 is nailed on the inside of the back of the box4 ,bevel the piece 7#a0 #a' #g0 #b' #a07 for the slanting door4 ,it must fit each edge as shown in the illustration4 ,hinge this door at the upper edge of the top with one pair of #a0 7butt7 hinges4 ,one screen door handle is put on each opening to lift them4 ,the four castors are placed on the bottom of each corner of the box to make it more easily moved about4 ,stain or paint the coal box4 ,illustration ,a ,,home-,,made ,,cook ,,stove ,,drier ,this apparatus is designed to use on a wood or coal stove1 an oil stove1 or a gas range4 ,it can be easily and inexpensively made at home4 ,,materials3 #ab' of poplar for the frame4 #ad lbs4 black sheet steel1 #bg gauge1 to cover frame4 #i sq4 ft4 galvanized wire cloth about 0 mesh for shelves4 lb4 #d-penny nails4 #a hook and eye to fasten door4 #b prs4 small hinges for the door4 ,,dimensions3 ,frame3 #d pieces #a0 #a0 #bc04 ,sides3 #d pieces #a0 #a0 #ba04 ,front3 #b pieces #a0 #a0 #aa04 ,back3 #b pieces #a0 #a0 #aa04 ,supports3 #f pieces #a0 #b0 #bc04 ,trays3 #ab pieces 0 0 #bj04 #ab pieces 0 0 #aj04 ,,directions3 ,the frame consists of four wooden posts 7#a0 #a0 #bc072 four side pieces 7#a0 #a0 #ba072 two front pieces 7#a0 #a0 #aa072 and two back pieces 7#a0 #a0 #aa074 ,to the posts are lightly nailed on each side six strips 7#a0 #b0 #bc074 ,these pieces serve as supports for the drying racks4 ,the corners are notched out as indicated in the drawing to allow the strips to extend out to the outer wall of the drier4 ,for each side use a sheet of light weight sheet steel 7#bc0 #bc072 for the back a sheet 7#ac0 #bc072 for the top a sheet 7#ac0 #bc074 ,in the top piece an opening about #c0 #aj0 is cut about four inches from the back edge to permit the escape of moist air4 ,it may be found at times that this ventilating opening is too large4 ,then it may be partially closed by placing over it a tin pan or other vessel4 ,for the bottom a sheet #ac0 #bc0 is used4 ,this sheet is thoroughly perforated with holes to admit the warm air4 ,another piece of sheet steel 7,a on the drawing7 7#g0 #ag07 is provided to make the heat spread more evenly4 ,this piece rests on wires above the bottom of the drier4 ,these wires are put through small holes punched in the side sheets 7see ,b on drawing74 ,the door is made of heavier gauge sheet steel 7#ac0 #bc074 ,the legs are made of four pieces of sheet steel bent on an angle as indicated in the drawing4 ,all the sheet steel parts may be tacked on the frame but the door1 which is secured by hinges4 ,the frames of the six trays are made of 0 wood #aj0 wide and #bj0 long4 ,make the bottom of the trays of wire cloth 7#bj0 #aj074 ,this is tacked on the underside of the frame of the trays4 ,by referring to the drawing it will be observed that the bottom tray is shoved back as far as it will go2 the next tray above is pulled as far front as the door will admit2 the next tray is shoved back and so on with each tray shoving one to the back and pulling the other to the front4 ,the object of this arrangement is to allow the heat to pass over and around the ends which causes a more rapid movement of the air current4 ,this is more important in drying than the heat4 ,it may be necessary to shift the trays by putting the top one on the bottom and the bottom one on the top during the drying process so as to dry the products more uniformly4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,home-made driers ready for use4 7,courtesy of ,peabody ,college for ,teachers1 ,nashville1 ,tenn47 ,,wood ,,box 7,,made ,,from ,,dry ,,goods ,,boxes7 ,illustration ,what an unsightly spectacle does a wood pile by the stove1 on the porch1 or in the corner of the room present6 ,it is a place of refuge for all trash1 such as old papers and rags4 ,this not only adds to the untidiness of the room or porch1 but it makes extra work for the already overworked woman4 ,the wood box made of old dry goods boxes should appeal strongly to the home4 ,it can be kept by the stove or on the porch or in some convenient place to be reached1 and to be filled by the man before he goes to his daily work4 ,a lid will not only cover up the contents of the box1 but it will serve as a comfortable seat to be used while preparing the meal4 ,,materials3 #a packing box1 #bd0 deep #bc0 wide #cb0 long4 #a pair #b0 7butt7 hinges with 0 screws to fasten on top4 lb4 #h-penny nails to make box4 ,sandpaper and stain4 ,,dimensions3 ,body3 #a box #bd0 deep #bc0 wide #cb0 long4 ,top3 #a piece 0 thick #ah0 wide #cb0 long4 ,legs3 #d pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #bh0 long4 #d pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #bh0 long4 ,cleats3 #b pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #ae0 long4 ,hinge ,strip3 #a piece 0 thick #c0 wide #bi0 long4 ,,directions3 ,make the legs #d0 longer than the depth of the box after the cover has been removed1 and nail them on the box4 ,make the cover #b0 wider and #b0 longer than the outside length and width of the box4 ,place each cleat about #c0 from the end of the cover and nail on the cover4 ,hinges are put #e0 from each end of the box4 ,sandpaper1 stain and polish4 ,illustration ,,fireless ,,cooker ,there are many advantages in having a fireless cooker in the home4 ,it not only saves time and fuel but keeps the woman from standing over the hot fire1 and there are many foods that are better when cooked at a lower temperature4 ,the principle of the fireless cooker is to retain the heat by boiling the food in a vessel with a tight cover and placing it in the cooker in the same vessel1 thus keeping the heat from escaping4 ,an outside container may be made to accommodate one or more cooking vessels4 ,a cheap but efficient fireless cooker may be made of a tightly built wooden box1 a barrel1 or a tin lard can as shown in the illustration4 ,if the outside container is of wood it must be lined on the inside with asbestos or heavy paper to keep out the air4 ,the nest may be a galvanized or tin bucket of a size which will admit of three inches of packing between the outside container and the nest4 ,the sides and bottom of the nest are covered with asbestos to prevent the scorching or the burning of the packing4 ,the packing must be of some material through which the heat cannot easily escape4 ,cork1 sawdust1 excelsior1 hay1 or shredded newspaper may be used to an advantage4 ,three inches of this packing is put tightly in the bottom of the outside container and around the sides to fill in the space between the outside container and the nest4 ,a four-inch space is left at the top of the fireless cooker in which a cushion made of unbleached cotton or some other material is stuffed with the packing and placed to make the cooker air-tight4 ,cut two circles out of the unbleached cotton and a three-inch straight piece to join the circles together4 ,a hot soapstone1 stove plate or brick is placed in the bottom of the nest before the food vessel is placed in the fireless cooker4 ,the food vessel may be any cooking utensil with a top that will fit in the nest after the soapstone has been put in4 ,cut a circle of tin or cardboard to fit top of inside of cooker with an opening the size of the nest4 ,this gives a good finish to the top of the fireless cooker and preserves the packing4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,assembled material for building a fireless cooker4 #a1 ,outside container2 #b1 paper for lining2 #c1 material for packing2 #d1 inside nest2 #e1 cooker vessel2 #f1 soapstone2 #g1 paste2 #h1 tape2 #i1 cardboard2 #aj muslin for cushion2 #aa1 stain2 #ab1 a finished cooker2 #ac1 top to inside nest ,,materials3 #a lard can #ah0 #bd04 #a lard can #ab0 #ae04 #d lbs4 excelsior4 #a yd4 asbestos4 yd4 unbleached cotton4 #a soapstone4 #a sheet cardboard4 ,,dimensions3 ,outside ,container3 #ah0 #bd04 ,nest3 #ab0 #ae04 ,cooking ,vessel3 #aa0 #ac04 ,,directions3 ,place #c0 of excelsior in the bottom of the outside container 7#ah0 #bd07 and pack it down tightly4 ,cover the bottom and sides of the nest 7#ab0 #ae07 with asbestos4 ,then place nest in the outside container holding it in place while #c0 of packing is put tightly between the outside container and nest4 ,cut the cardboard circle to fit inside of the top of outside container with an opening to fit the top of the nest and put on top to give a good finish and to preserve the packing4 ,make the cushion for the top of the unbleached cotton by cutting two circles with #c0 strip to join them together4 ,then pack the cushion tightly with the same packing4 ,enamel the cooker4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,any convenient box may be used and any can of convenient size1 such as a lard can1 etc4 ,the cans should be wrapped with about #d or #e layers of asbestos paper4 ,the space around the cans should be at least #b inches1 and filled with straw or wood shavings1 etc4 ,the top of the cans should be covered with a pad filled with straw or shavings1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,dining-,,room ,,conveniences ,,roller ,,tray ,,wagon ,an efficient and convenient table placed on casters and wheels and comprising a china closet1 drawer for silverware1 serving table1 and roller tray all in one4 ,this device is invaluable to the housekeeper who does her own work4 ,it saves her many steps in the preparation and the serving of her meals4 ,while she is entertaining at a luncheon1 it takes the place of a maid1 since the refreshments can be prepared1 arranged on the wagon1 and rolled out at the appointed time4 ,the prices of a tea wagon made in wicker or some expensive wood are very high1 but one like the following illustration can be made at a nominal cost1 or it can be made of dry goods boxes for even less4 ,,materials3 #bf' white pine4 #a piece of jack chain ,no4 #ad1 #ah0 long1 to support top4 #a pair #a0 7butt7 hinges to hold top4 #ab ,no4 #e screws1 01 to fasten hinges4 lb4 #e-penny box nails4 #b brass hand bolts to fasten on drawer4 #h ,no4 #aj screws1 #b01 to fasten legs to bottom shelf4 #b furniture casters to put on legs4 #b swivel or baby carriage wheels4 ,,dimensions3 ,top3 #a piece #a0 thick #af0 wide #bf0 long4 ,sides3 #b pieces #a0 thick #e0 wide #cc0 long1 for front and back of body4 ,ends3 #b pieces #a0 thick #e0 wide #ac0 long1 for top of frame4 ,handles3 #b pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #ae0 long4 ,bottom3 #a piece #a0 thick #ac0 wide #bd0 long4 ,legs3 #d pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #cb0 long4 ,ends3 #b pieces #a0 thick #c0 wide #ab0 long1 allowing #a0 on each end for tenon4 ,drawer3 #a piece #a0 thick #a0 wide #bc0 long1 for foundation of drawer4 ,illustration ,cleats3 #b pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #ad0 long1 to support the drawer4 #a piece #a0 thick #b0 wide #bc0 long1 to be used as front to drawer4 #a piece 0 thick #b0 wide #bc0 long1 to be used as back of drawer4 #b pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #ac0 long1 to be used as side of drawer4 #a piece 0 thick #ae0 wide #bc0 long1 to be used as bottom of drawer4 #a piece 0 thick #b0 wide #c0 long1 to be used as partition in drawer4 ,shelf3 #a piece #a0 thick #ae0 wide #bf0 long1 to be used as bottom of shelf4 ,braces3 #b pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #ab0 long1 to support ends of shelf4 ,brackets3 #b pieces #a0 thick #h0 wide #h0 long1 to be used as a support for wheel4 ,illustration3 ,roller tray wagon1 including compartment for china and a drawer for silver and linen ,,directions3 ,take the #b sides 7#a0 #e0 #cc07 and round each end in the shape of a half circle1 boring a #a0 hole in each end of side piece to hold handles 7#a0 #a0 #ae074 ,fit bottom on inside of box and nail it4 ,mortise #c0 from the top of the legs to fit cross pieces1 #a0 #c0 #ab04 ,make a 0 mortise on the legs #i0 from the bottom for the support of the bottom shelf4 ,measure #b0 from the top of the leg to put tenon for the front drawer support4 ,construct the opposite end of the table in the same way4 ,the upper top of table1 showing the lid and handle1 should be fastened to top after the table is made4 ,in making the frame for the drawer1 #b0 deep #ac0 wide #bc0 long1 nail the front and back to the sides4 ,then nail the bottom of the drawer to the inside of this frame with one partition nailed crosswise the center of the drawer4 ,place handles on the front of the drawer about #c0 from each end4 ,screw on the #b pieces placed #i0 from bottom of the leg1 with #b0 ,no4 #aj screws4 ,cut the bottom shelf out #a0 at each corner1 fit to the legs1 and screw4 ,this shelf must be stationary4 ,brackets1 #a0 #h0 #h01 are screwed on at one end of the shelf to be used as supports to which the wheels are fastened4 ,the drawer may be used for silverware and to keep the linen4 ,the side used for silverware should be lined with felt or outing4 ,the table should be well dressed by sandpapering1 staining1 and polishing it4 ,do not varnish it because this does not make so attractive a table as the mission stain4 ,,sideboard 7,,made ,,of ,,dry ,,goods ,,boxes7 ,a unique article made of dry goods boxes1 which may be used in the dining room as a sideboard or in the kitchen as a cupboard4 ,two dry goods boxes are joined together to make the lower section1 one end on each box being removed to be used as shelves in the sideboard4 ,the upper section with its three shelves is made from pieces of other boxes4 ,on two of the shelves brass hooks are arranged at equal distances apart1 on which the cups hang4 ,a groove may be made under the lower shelf and on the top shelf1 in which the small plates and saucers rest4 ,the two drawers1 made according to dimensions and out of pieces of boxes1 can be lined with felt or outing flannel to hold the silverware4 ,attractive curtains may be made of some suitable material and hung in front of the upper section4 ,this is especially an interesting problem for boys in a school to work out4 ,,materials3 #c large boxes for lower and upper sections of sideboard4 #c small boxes to be used for drawers4 #b pairs #a0 7butt7 hinges to fasten doors4 lb4 #f-penny nails to build sideboard4 #b metal knobs to be used on lower doors4 #bd brass cup and saucer hooks4 #b hand bolts to be used on front of drawers4 ,sandpaper and stain4 ,,dimensions3 ,lower ,section3 ,body3 #b boxes #ac0 deep #ab0 wide #bf0 long4 ,shelves3 #b pieces #a0 thick #ab0 wide #bd0 long4 ,cleats3 #d pieces 0 thick 0 wide #ab0 long1 to be used under the shelves4 ,doors3 #d pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #bf0 long1 to be used for upright pieces4 #d pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #h0 long1 to be used as crosspieces4 #b pieces 0 thick #i0 wide #bc0 long1 to be used as panels4 ,legs3 #d pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #cf0 long4 #d pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #cf0 long4 ,illustration ,upper ,section3 ,body3 #a box #e0 deep #ah0 wide #bf0 long4 #b small boxes #e0 deep #ab0 wide #ah0 long4 ,drawer3 #a box #e0 deep #ah0 wide #bd0 long4 ,,directions3 ,boxes which can be most easily converted into the desired sections must be selected4 ,two boxes 7#ac0 #ab0 #bf07 are joined together to form the body of the lower section of the sideboard4 ,remove the ends of the boxes1 to be used as shelves1 using the side of a larger box for the top of this section4 ,the shelves are fastened in by #d cleats 70 0 #ab07 nailed crosswise the partition and the sides of the section4 ,four strips 70 #b0 #cf07 and four strips 70 #b0 #cf07 are taken from the third box to make the legs of the cabinet4 ,the doors are fastened on with hinges1 using two metal knobs in front of the doors to open them4 ,the foundation of the upper section is made of a box 7#e0 deep #ah0 #bf074 ,the three crosspieces used as shelves are made from the two small boxes 7#e0 #ab0 #ah074 ,make the drawer of a box 7#e0 #ah0 #bd071 putting a partition through the center of the box and on the inside if two drawers be desired4 ,place two hand bolts on the front of the drawer4 ,sandpaper1 stain1 and polish the sideboard4 ,illustration ,,screen ,illustration ,a screen is useful in many ways in the home4 ,it adds a great deal to the appearance of a bedroom4 ,by putting it around the bed one may often avoid draughts4 ,in the dining room it is indispensable in the front of a serving table while the meal is going on4 ,the illustration above shows a two-panelled screen which may be easily made in the home1 or it furnishes good material for a woodwork problem to be used in the school4 ,it is made of oak and covered with burlap4 ,by adding to the number of pieces the third panel may be made with ease4 ,,materials3 #c feet of oak4 lb4 #h-penny nails to be used in making frame4 #c #a0 7butt7 hinges1 with screws1 to join panels together4 #a box of brass-headed tacks to fasten burlap to frame4 ,sandpaper and stain4 #c yds4 burlap to cover panels4 ,,dimensions3 ,frame3 #d pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #e' long1 to be used for upright pieces4 #f pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #b' long1 to be used for crosspieces4 ,,directions3 ,measure and saw the pieces according to required dimensions4 ,cut the joints and nail the three crosspieces to the two upright pieces4 ,make the other panel in the same way and join the two together with the three hinges4 ,sandpaper1 stain1 and polish the frame4 ,after it has dried thoroughly1 cover it with the burlap on the outside1 tacking this on with the brass-headed tacks4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,porch ,,equipment ,,iceless ,,refrigerator ,,no4 #a ,country homes without ice houses and too far from town to have access to manufactured ice may have an iceless refrigerator as a good substitute4 ,this convenience comprises a simple wooden frame with a covering of canton flannel1 burlap1 ,indian-head cloth or linen crash made to fit so that little air is admitted into it4 ,wicks made of the same material as the cover are tacked on top of each side of the cover and extend over into the pan of water sitting on top of the frame4 ,this water is taken up by the wicks and carried down on the sides of the cover by capillary attraction when evaporation takes place1 drawing the heat from the inside and lowering the temperature4 ,the more rapid the evaporation1 the lower the temperature4 ,tests have shown that if the refrigerator is kept in a place where the air circulates around it freely1 a temperature of #ej degrees ,fahrenheit may be obtained4 ,,materials3 #dj' of white pine4 #a pair of #a0 7butt7 hinges to fasten the door4 #a #b0 gate hook to close screen door4 lb4 #e-penny nails to build frame4 #c yds4 wire screening to cover frame4 #d sq4 ft4 sheet zinc to make shelves4 #a pt4 white paint4 #a can white enamel4 #a square pan for top of refrigerator4 #a large pan for bottom4 ,sandpaper4 #b cards of snap hooks and eyes to put on cover4 #e yds4 white canton flannel4 ,,dimensions3 ,frame3 #d pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #dh0 long1 for upright pieces4 #af pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #af0 long1 to be used as crosspieces for top1 bottom1 and shelves4 ,door3 #b pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #ci0 long1 for upright pieces4 #b pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #af0 long1 for crosspieces4 ,illustration ,,directions3 ,make the frame #c' high with twelve crosspieces tacked to the four posts1 nailing the first #d strips #i0 from the bottom of the frame1 and the remaining #h strips about #aa0 apart4 ,an #ah0 square frame is made of wood and nailed on top of the posts4 ,the corners of this square are mitered or lapped over and tacked together4 ,use a biscuit pan to fit in top of the square to hold the water4 ,the whole refrigerator should stand in a larger pan which catches the drippings from the cover and keeps away the insects4 ,the screen door is made #ci0 long #af0 wide1 which is joined to the frame with hinges and fastens with a hook4 ,three movable shelves with perforations in them are made of zinc4 ,cover the whole frame with wire screening to protect it from the flies4 ,when the frame is finished it should be painted white and enameled4 ,this will permit of its being washed every day4 ,a covering of white canton flannel is made to fit the screen1 with the smooth side out1 care being taken that the cover comes to the lower edge of the frame4 ,the wicks are made half the width of the sides and tacked on the top edge of each side4 ,these must be long enough to extend #c0 over into the water4 ,strips of canton flannel #b0 wide are tacked all around the sides and the top of the frame1 and the eyes are sewed on these4 ,white tape may be used for this purpose if more convenient4 ,sew one row of hooks on the edge of the covering near the latch and the other just opposite the opening1 with the hem to extend far enough over on each side to cover crack at the edge of door4 ,this permits the door to be opened without unfastening the hooks1 keeping out the warm outside air and at the same time retaining the cool air inside the refrigerator4 ,hook the covering around the top also4 ,place the refrigerator in a shady place where the air will circulate around it freely4 ,keep the wicks in a supply of fresh water in the top pan4 ,the water is taken down the sides by capillary attraction1 and when evaporation takes place the heat is taken from the inside thereby lowering the temperature4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,first ,view ,second ,view ,third ,view ,iceless refrigerator ,,iceless ,,refrigerator ,,no4 #b ,another type of iceless refrigerator which appears more crude can be made at a cost of #a4hj4 ,in this a cotton sack is used for the covering4 ,this refrigerator has proved more satisfactory than one would suppose4 ,the butter and milk from several cows has been kept in a model of this type at ten degrees cooler than the outside air4 ,it might be well to use cotton flannel for the covering instead of ducking because when the cloth is wet evaporation takes place more rapidly4 ,,materials3 #bd' yellow pine4 #e yds4 canton flannel4 #ae #aj-penny nails4 #a ,no4 #b galvanized tub4 ,,dimensions3 ,stem3 #a piece #b0 thick #d0 wide #e' long4 ,shelves3 #b pieces #a0 thick #cb0 wide #cb0 long4 #a piece #a0 thick #bj0 wide #bj0 long4 ,supports3 #b pieces #b0 thick #d0 wide #ah0 long to be used as braces for the foundation4 ,cleats3 #d pieces #b0 thick #d0 wide #cj0 long to support shelves4 ,illustration ,,directions3 ,nail the piece 7#b0 #d0 #ah07 on the side of the stem making it even with the bottom piece4 ,saw a #b0 base out on the side of the stem and nail the other piece measuring #b0 #d0 #ah04 ,measure #be0 from the bottom of the stem and nail on #b cleats to support the shelf4 ,cut space in the center of piece 7#a0 #cb0 #cb07 large enough to fit the stem and nail it to the cleats1 thus making the first shelf4 ,from this point measure #bj0 and nail #b cleats on the stem to support the second shelf 7#a0 #cb0 #cb074 ,measure #ac0 from the top of the stem and nail on shelf 7#a0 #bj0 #bj07 after cutting an opening 7#b0 #d07 in the center of shelf4 ,the curtain is made of #d widths of the canton flannel measuring #ff0 in length with a draw string put at the top and bottom of the curtain4 ,this makes the refrigerator dust and fly proof4 ,,umbrella ,,stand ,a good problem to be used in woodwork classes in the school or to be made by boys in the home4 ,it will be found appropriate and useful in the reception hall or on the porch4 ,it is built of dry goods boxes1 with a five-cent pan used in the bottom to catch the drippings from the umbrellas4 ,,materials3 #a box #i0 deep #ab0 wide #cj0 high4 lb4 eight-penny nails to make the frame4 #a small round tin pan to fit in bottom of the stand4 ,sandpaper and stain4 ,illustration ,,dimensions3 #d pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #cj0 long1 to be used as upright pieces4 #d pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #cj0 long1 to be used as upright pieces4 #f pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #ab0 long1 to be used as crosspieces4 #f pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #aa0 long1 to be used as crosspieces4 ,bottom3 #a piece #ab0 thick #ab0 wide #ab0 long4 ,illustration ,,directions3 ,make three boxes of the six pieces 70 #c0 #ab07 and six pieces 70 #c0 #aa071 putting the bottom1 #ab0 square1 on the bottom box to be used as foundation of the frame4 ,make a hole in this bottom large enough to hold a round tin pan4 ,this hole should be cut before nailing the piece on the bottom of the box4 ,nail the four long pieces 7measuring 0 #b0 #cj07 on the end of the three boxes1 placing the boxes seven inches apart on the frame4 ,nail four pieces 7measuring 0 #b0 #cj07 on the ends of the boxes to extend one-fourth inch over the first four strips which were nailed on the boxes4 ,sandpaper1 stain1 and polish4 ,,blacking ,,box ,a necessary and useful home convenience made of a box1 with a cover made in two sections and joined with hinges4 ,it is a time-saver to the busy housewife who has to go so often in search for blacking and polish before she can get the children ready for school4 ,it serves as a reminder to the busy farmer who is disposed to go to town or to church before giving his shoes a dressing4 ,illustration ,,materials3 #a box4 lb4 six-penny nails to construct box4 #a pair #a0 7butt7 hinges to fasten top4 ,sandpaper and stain4 ,,dimensions3 ,body3 #e0 deep #ac0 wide #ad0 long 7inside measurements74 ,top3 #b pieces 0 thick #h0 wide #f0 long4 ,legs3 #d pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #ac0 long4 #d pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #ac0 long4 ,,directions3 ,remove the cover from box 7#e0 deep #ac0 #ad07 and nail the legs on1 making them seven inches longer than the outside depth of the box4 ,nail one half of the cover on top of box1 allowing it to project evenly all round the edge of the box4 ,fasten the other half of the cover to this half with hinges4 ,sandpaper1 stain1 and polish4 ,illustration ,,towel ,,roller ,a towel roller built so simply that any boy on the farm would take pleasure in working out the problem4 ,it is much easier to keep a clean towel in the right place when the proper place is provided for the towel to be kept4 ,this convenience should be a joy to every tired farmer when he comes in to partake of a meal4 ,again1 the tendency of all children to throw the towels about the place is a great nuisance to the housewife4 ,this rack provides that the towel be sewed together and placed on the roller1 which is then slipped into the groove made to hold it4 ,illustration ,,materials3 #c' of poplar4 lb4 #h-penny nails4 ,sandpaper and stain4 ,,dimensions3 ,foundation3 #a piece 0 thick #e0 wide #bd0 long1 to which the brackets are nailed4 ,brackets3 #b pieces #e0 thick #e0 wide #e0 long4 ,rod3 #a piece #a0 thick #a0 wide #bd0 long4 ,,directions3 ,the brackets are made any desired shape1 with a hole a half-inch in diameter bored in the centre of each piece4 ,a slit is cut in one bracket from the hole to the top for the end of the rod to slip in and out4 ,round the piece 7#a0 #a0 #bd07 for the rod4 ,at each end cut a tenon one inch in diameter4 ,nail the end pieces to the board 70 #e0 #bd074 ,insert the rod into the hole in the one end piece and slip it into the slit at the other end4 ,sandpaper1 stain1 and polish4 ,,porch ,,swing ,an inexpensive mission style swing made of oak with space long enough for two to sit in and broad enough to be used for lounging purposes4 ,a pad made of burlap and stuffed with an old discarded quilt will add to the comfort of the swing4 ,,dimensions3 ,frame3 #d pieces1 0 thick #c0 wide #dc0 long for rails in frame4 #b pieces1 0 thick #c0 wide #bb0 long for ends of frame4 ,posts3 #b pieces1 #a0 thick #b0 wide #ai0 long for front posts4 #d pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #bc0 long for arms and back posts4 ,slats3 #ad pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #ad0 long for back and end slats4 #af pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #bj0 long for slats in seat4 ,cleats3 #b pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #dh0 long4 ,,directions3 ,mortise the end posts for the back and the front1 also arm posts4 ,mortise the back and front and end rails of the frame to fit the end posts4 ,nail and glue them into position4 ,round the edges of the seat slats and nail to cleats on the front and back of the frame4 ,mortise the back and end slats1 fitting them into the rails and frame and fasten with strong glue4 ,use support made of iron and fastened to the seat with screws to give strength to the mortises formed at the arms and front posts4 ,the chains to suspend the swing are fastened to holes made in these iron supports4 ,make the back of the swing first1 then the ends and front1 nailing the seat slats in after the glue has fastened the mortises securely together4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iv ,,miscellaneous ,,equipment ,a ,,dustless ,,mop ,illustration ,a cheap and efficient article for the housewife is a mop made of old stockings and the handle of an old1 discarded broom4 ,this mop may be used successfully for polished and painted floors as well as for unpolished floors4 ,it is made by cutting the straw off of a broom which has worn out4 ,this is cut even with the wires which hold the straw on the handle4 ,cover this part of the broom with an old stocking1 which is tacked to the handle securely by sewing it around two or three times with a double thread4 ,legs of old stockings are cut twelve inches long with these strips cut leaving a band two inches wide to sew to the covering of the broom4 ,sew them round and round the surface in rows about an inch apart1 until the mop has been made the desired thickness4 ,dip the mop into a solution made of one-half a cupful of melted paraffin and one cupful of coal oil4 ,when the mop is not in use1 it must be wrapped up and kept in a paper bag in order to keep it moist4 ,,folding ,,canning ,,table ,the table shown in this illustration is made of poplar and designed especially for the ,canning ,club agent4 ,it folds up and requires little space1 which makes it convenient to take around during the canning season4 ,the top is zinc-lined to make it more durable and sanitary4 ,in the center an opening is made to hold the bucket which catches the parings from the vegetables or fruits4 ,on the left side is an adjustable zinc-lined trough to hold the vegetables or fruits while preparing them for use4 ,this will save many steps in going to and from the basket to get these things4 ,a hole is bored in the trough1 to which is attached a small pipe that allows the water with which the vegetables or fruits have been washed to run off4 ,,materials3 #ah ft4 of poplar4 lb4 ,no4 #e box nails to nail trough on table4 #fj three-penny box nails to nail the zinc on top of table4 #af ,no4 #e screws1 01 to fasten the legs on table4 #b pairs of #b0 7butt7 hinges to hinge legs on table4 #f #c0 gate hooks to hook on legs and trough4 #f lbs4 #bh-;gage zinc to cover the top of table4 #a pail to fit in hole #i0 in diameter4 ,,dimensions3 ,top3 #a piece 0 thick #bd0 wide #dd0 long4 ,bottom3 #a piece 0 thick #aj0 wide #cd0 long1 to be used as bottom shelf4 ,crosspieces3 #b pieces 0 thick #d0 wide #bj0 long1 to be hinged on the top of the table4 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #ae0 long1 to be used as braces for bottom shelf4 ,legs3 #d pieces #a0 thick #a0 wide #bg0 long4 ,braces3 #b pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #b0 long1 to support top piece4 ,trough3 #a piece #f0 thick #e0 wide #bd0 long4 #a piece #f0 thick #f0 wide #bd0 long4 ,hole3 0 thick #i0 wide #i0 long1 for opening in center of table4 ,illustration ,,directions3 ,measure #d inches from each end of the top and fasten the two crosspieces 70 thick #a0 wide #bj0 long7 putting one on each end to brace the top of the table4 ,these crosspieces must also be put at equal distances from the sides of the top4 ,screw the legs on these two pieces1 using the crosspieces 70 #a0 #ae07 as braces for the legs4 ,use two gate hooks on each end of table to support the legs when the table is unfolded4 ,the bottom shelf 70 #aj0 #cd07 is placed crosswise on the braces and #i0 from the bottom of legs4 ,this shelf is not to be stationary1 for it has to be removed when the table is unfolded4 ,bore a hole #i0 in diameter in the center of table to hold the bucket4 ,fasten the trough1 after it has been completed1 on the left side of the table with two gate hooks4 ,cover the top of the table with the zinc1 using the #fj #c-penny nails to tack it on the top4 ,sandpaper1 stain1 and polish the table4 ,illustration ,,fly ,,trap ,this trap as described below is not only good for the house and the back porch1 where so many flies are attracted by the odor of the foods1 but also excellent for use out of doors4 ,it is inexpensive and can be easily made at home4 ,much of the success of the trap depends upon the bait used4 ,there are many kinds of baits recommended1 such as a plate of vinegar with sugar scattered around it1 banana skins1 syrups1 and meat4 ,the bait is placed beneath the cone in a saucer1 which rests on the bottom board of the trap4 ,the flies then enter the cone and are destroyed by smoking before being removed through the hole in the top4 ,if a poisonous bait is used the smoking is not necessary4 ,illustration ,,materials3 #c' of poplar4 #ab #e-penny box nails4 #a small box of #c oz4 tacks4 #a 0 ,no4 #e screw4 #b yds4 of wire netting1 #bd0 wide4 ,,dimensions3 ,top3 #a piece #a0 thick #af0 wide #af0 long4 ,bottom3 #a piece #a0 thick #af0 wide #af0 long4 ,cover3 #a piece 0 thick #a0 wide #b0 long4 ,braces3 #c pieces 0 thick #a0 wide #bd0 long4 ,cone3 #h0 high and #ab0 in diameter at bottom4 ,illustration ,,directions3 ,take one piece 7#a0 #af0 #af07 and find the center1 using a radius of #h0 to make a circle for the bottom of the trap4 ,then use a radius of #f0 to make an opening in the bottom on which the cone fits4 ,an opening of #a0 #b0 is made at some convenient point in the bottom of trap through which the dead flies are removed4 ,take a piece of wood 70 #a0 #b07 and make a cover to fit over this opening4 ,fasten it on the bottom with a screw so that it may be easily turned4 ,make the cone of a piece of wire netting #aj0 wide4 ,it must fit the inside circle in the bottom as shown in the illustration4 ,tack this to the bottom with #c-oz4 tacks4 ,the top of the trap is made just like the bottom using the same radius4 ,cut out #c places in the top and bottom for the braces 70 #a0 #bd07 to fit in4 ,these must extend 0 below the bottom and nailed in place with #e-penny box nails4 ,cover the opening in the top with a piece of wire netting #ac0 in diameter4 ,the whole frame is then covered with the #bd0 wire netting4 ,,garbage ,,barrel ,the problem of the quickest disposal of the kitchen refuse for the housekeeper is one of great consideration4 ,the garbage barrel1 as shown in the illustration1 is a solution for this problem1 in that it is put between rails with a wheel4 ,the garbage may thus be rolled away as many times a day as necessary1 with a minimum amount of effort4 ,a covered receptacle promotes sanitation around the back premises4 ,the size of this convenience varies with the material available for making the device and with the size of the family4 ,illustration ,,materials3 #aj' of oak4 #h #c0 0 carriage bolts4 #a barrel wheel #ad0 in diameter4 ,,dimensions3 ,rails3 #b pieces #a0 thick #f0 wide #bh0 long1 to be used to hold the barrel in place4 ,handles3 #b pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #e0 long4 ,,directions3 ,measure and saw the handles the right dimensions4 ,taper them at one end as shown in the illustration4 ,fasten the rails to the handles with the eight 7#c0 07 bolts1 making the front rail shorter than the back one4 ,the opening between the rails must fit the barrel at the bottom hoop4 ,attach the wheel1 #ad0 in diameter1 to the smaller end of the two handles4 ,,the ,,scrubbing ,,chariot ,a clever little device which consists of a comfortable padded frame which permits the woman to do her scrubbing with more ease and comfort and saves her from taking many unnecessary steps4 ,to the left it has a stand for the soap1 and on the right may be placed a wire hoop to hold the bucket of water while scrubbing4 ,this will be found more useful to the woman who has not access to the more modern conveniences used for scrubbing4 ,illustration ,,materials3 #b' poplar4 #d flat trunk rollers for bottom of chariot4 lb4 #h-penny nails to be used in making frame4 #a box brass-headed tacks to be used in putting padding in bottom of chariot4 #a soap holder4 #a yard burlap to make the padding4 ,,dimensions3 ,bottom3 #a piece 0 thick #aj0 wide #bj0 long4 ,front3 #a piece 0 thick #d0 wide #bj0 long4 ,sides3 #b pieces 0 thick #d0 wide #aj0 long4 ,,directions3 ,nail the sides to the bottom board4 ,fit the front piece to this and nail to the bottom and sides4 ,four flat rollers are screwed on the bottom1 and the frame sandpapered1 stained1 and polished4 ,a cushion made of the burlap and stuffed with excelsior1 a piece of an old comfort1 or cotton1 is tacked in the bottom with the brass-headed tacks4 ,tack the soap stand on the left side of the chariot and an iron hoop to the right1 if so desired4 ,a soap box or cheese box may be used to advantage in making this device if one side is knocked out and the three remaining sides cut down to the height of #e04 ,illustration ,,sewing ,,screen ,an effort to minimize the 8ups and downs0 of the busy woman when she finds a few precious moments to do fancy work or to read4 ,it is an accessible device1 consisting of a light frame1 covered with burlap1 with conveniently arranged pockets and other useful features4 ,it is of a convenient height to be lifted from place to place with a little effort2 or it may be put on casters and rolled around4 ,its position near the tired woman's chair will cause her to feel an eternal warmth toward the designer1 for she will find somewhere on its hooks1 shelf1 or in its pockets the very thing needed when with a sigh of relief she has taken her seat4 ,illustration ,,materials3 #aj' of poplar4 #bb ,no4 #af brads1 01 for nailing joints4 #b pairs of #a0 7butt7 hinges to be used in joining the panels1 fastening the drop shelf to crosspiece1 and adjusting the bracket4 #bj ,no4 #e flat-headed screws1 01 used for hinges4 #b metal handles to put on top of each side of screen4 #d ,no4 #e screws1 01 to put handles on4 #b yds4 burlap to cover the screen4 #a box brass-headed tacks to put burlap on screen4 #ab brass cup hooks to be used on crosspiece4 #a yd4 of creton to make pockets4 ,sandpaper and stain4 ,illustration ,,dimensions3 ,stiles3 #d pieces #a0 #a0 #cj01 to be used as upright pieces to screen4 ,crosspieces3 #d pieces #a0 #a0 #ab01 to be used at the top and bottom of frame4 #b pieces #a0 #a0 #ab01 to be used for pegs to hold spools4 #a piece #a0 #a0 #ab01 to hinge the shelf4 ,illustration3 ,sewing ,screen ,,directions3 ,on the two upright pieces 7#a0 #a0 #cj07 make #d0 mortises to fit the tenons made on the crosspieces1 making the first mortise #a0 from the bottom of the frame and the second mortise #af0 from the first4 ,the third and fourth mortises in the upright piece are made #b0 apart and the third the same distance from the top4 ,the other upright piece to the panel is treated in the same way4 ,on two of these crosspieces there are nailed1 at equal distances apart1 little pegs to hold the spools4 ,cup hooks are fastened on the under side of one crosspiece to hold the bags4 ,make the other panel of the screen in the same way1 only making mortises and tenons for three crosspieces instead of four4 ,the first crosspiece on this panel is put #a0 from the bottom2 the second1 #af0 from the first2 and the third piece #d0 from the second4 ,hinge the drop door on the top edge of the last crosspiece and hinge the bracket to support the drop door in the center of crosspiece4 ,put the handles on each screen with the #d0 ,no4 #e screws4 ,hinge the two panels together and cover the outside of screen with burlap1 using the brass-headed tacks for this purpose4 ,the frame must be sandpapered1 stained1 and polished before the burlap and pockets are put on4 ,the creton pockets are put on the inside of screen about halfway down the panel4 ,a ,,homemade ,,shower ,,bath ,a cheap but convenient arrangement to be used in any home for giving shower baths where the other fixtures are not to be had4 ,this may be used to a greater advantage in country homes where there are many little children4 ,they would find joy in the use of same4 ,,materials3 #a #d-;gallon tin bucket #a medium size zinc tub4 #a nozzle with #f' rubber tubing4 #b pulleys with #a staple4 #a piece of piping #b0 long4 #a clothes pin4 #ab' rope4 #a pint white paint4 #a pint white enamel4 ,,directions3 ,cut a hole in the #d-;gallon water bucket in the center of the bottom4 ,on this opening solder the piece of piping1 #b0 long4 ,attach to the end of this piece of pipe the #f' of rubber tubing with the nozzle on the other end4 ,the sprinkler from a watering can may be substituted for the nozzle if not convenient to get one4 ,tie a piece of rope to the handle of the bucket and run it through a pulley which is fastened to the ceiling with a staple4 ,have another staple put in the wall below the window sash and run the rope through it also4 ,this allows the bucket to be raised or lowered to suit the convenience of the person taking the shower4 ,a hook is placed below the staple in the window joist1 which holds the bucket in place when not in use4 ,the flow of the water is adjusted by the use of a clothes pin operated on the rubber tubing4 ,use a medium size zinc tub to stand in while taking the shower4 ,it makes the whole shower bath more attractive to paint the bucket and tub white and then enamel them4 ,illustration ,,waterworks ,,outfit ,,for ,,the ,,home ,the following illustration shows a simple but cheap arrangement for a practical water system to be used in the farm home4 ,a few minutes pumping each morning by the man of the family will provide a supply of water for the day's use1 or1 where there is no force pump1 the water may be brought in pails until the barrel is filled every day4 ,while not the most satisfactory plan for putting water into the home1 it is far better than having to carry the water from a pump or often from a spring which is a long distance from the house4 ,it is a labor- and time-saving device for the farm woman and enables her to do more efficient work in every way4 ,,materials3 #a force pump4 #ajj' of #a0 galvanized iron pipe for suction4 ,foot valve for suction pipe4 #a piece of rubber hose4 #a tight coupling to bear weight of hose at barrel opening4 #a0 thick boards to build platform4 #a #fj-;gallon water tight barrel4 0 water pipe to connect barrel with faucet4 #a0 faucet4 #a sink 7#ah0 #cj074 #ej' of #a0 lead pipe to be used for ,s-trap4 #ej ft4 #d0 drain pipe4 ,,directions3 ,pump43 ,bore a hole about #b0 below the lid of the barrel4 ,this must be large enough to permit the piece of coupling to fit in it tightly4 ,it is not necessary to use the coupling but it will give a better support to the hose4 ,fasten one end of the hose to the coupling and the other end to the pump4 ,on the opposite side bore a hole with a 0 auger and attach the 0 piece of water pipe to it4 ,shelf3 ,raise the barrel to the platform1 which is made of #a0 boards1 and well braced underneath4 ,this platform is fastened to the house just outside of the kitchen4 ,it must be put higher than the kitchen sink in order to obtain pressure enough to give a steady flow of water4 ,a tight-fitting lid is placed on top of the barrel to keep out the trash and the insects4 ,fasten the faucet to the 0 pipe on the barrel which extends through an opening made in the wall4 ,sink3 ,place the sink1 supported by brackets1 on the inside of the kitchen wall and at a convenient height from the floor for the woman to comfortably use4 ,drainage3 ,fit the ,s-trap to the #d0 drain pipe to carry off the water from the sink4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,v ,,poultry ,,devices ,,poultry ,,house ,a portable house placed on runners is shown in the following cut4 ,it can be easily moved by four men carrying it1 or be drawn by hitching a horse to the ends of the runners4 ,a house of this type has many advantages over the stationary house because it can be moved into the field after the grain is cut1 into the orchard1 and into the different fields where the chickens can get plenty of fresh green food4 ,,materials3 ,use ,size ,no4 of ,length ,board pieces measure ,sills 7runners7 #d0 #f0 #b #ab' #dh' ,joists #b0 #d0 #c #ad' #bh' ,studs and braces #b0 #c0 #ac #ab' #gh' ,rafters #b0 #d0 #c #af' #cb' ---- ,total #ahf' 0 ,matched flooring 7floor and sides7 #cdj' 0 ,sheathing1 surfaced one side #ajj' ,roofing paper1 #a roll4 ,windows1 hardware1 etc4 ,,directions3 ,a good location is the first consideration in the building of a poultry house4 ,select a well drained spot1 facing the southeast and large enough to make comfortable quarters for the chickens4 ,the house is built of any kind of durable and well-seasoned lumber4 ,the kind of material used in making the floor will depend largely on the soil and the money to be spent in the construction of the house4 ,board floors are often used but they are more susceptible to rats4 ,cement floors are more easily cleaned and more sanitary1 and not so expensive in a locality where plenty of gravel is available4 ,a board floor must be raised several inches from the ground as a protection from rats and to allow for runners to be placed underneath the house4 ,illustration3 ,a portable poultry house1 showing the exterior and interior ,roosts are placed on the same level with each other next to the end or back walls and from #f0 to #aj0 above the dropping boards1 which are #b0 from the floor4 ,roosts may be stationary as in the cut1 or they may be fastened by hinges to the walls and raised to clean the dropping board4 ,roost spacing will depend upon the size of the fowls1 but a #aj0 space to each fowl is usually sufficient4 ,they must be put #ae0 apart4 ,nests made #ad0 square are built under the dropping boards around the walls of the house as shown in cut4 ,a #d0 piece of wood is placed on the side1 which drops as a door in front of the nests4 ,windows as shown in the cut are more expensive and not as good as a front made of wood extending about #b' from the bottom4 ,wire screening1 admitting better ventilation and more sunlight1 is tacked over the rest of the opening in the front4 ,a curtain may be made of unbleached muslin and fastened on a pole at the top of the open front1 which may be lowered as a protection in bad weather4 ,make the roof of some water tight material and cover the walls on the inside to protect the fowls from draughts4 ,nests4--,comfortable and convenient quarters must be furnished the sitting hen4 ,the location of the nest must be in a quiet1 dark place to keep the hen from becoming restless4 ,a box fifteen inches square and twelve inches high1 with a narrow strip four to five inches wide at the bottom of the open front of the box1 makes a comfortable nest4 ,barrels or half-barrels or nests made of a piece of sod will also be comfortable quarters for the sitting hen4 ,the nests must be well lined with hay1 straw1 or excelsior4 ,both the nests and the hen must be thoroughly dusted with insect powder before the sitting time comes4 ,hatching and ,rearing4--,there are two methods used in the hatching and rearing of chickens--the natural1 when the chicks are hatched and reared by a hen1 and the artificial1 when they are hatched in incubators and brooded in houses indoors or out-of-doors4 ,the natural method will be found to be more satisfactory when dealing with a small number of chickens4 ,a small number of hens1 if managed with system and care1 will produce a large number of chickens at a very small cost4 ,care must be taken in the selection of the eggs to be used for hatching purposes4 ,select well-formed eggs which are regular in shape and size and which are neither too large nor too small4 ,they should come from healthy hens of one breed and should be smooth and of one color4 ,eggs must be kept in a dry1 cool place and at a temperature of from fifty to sixty degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,the fertility of an egg weakens with age2 so they must be kept only a few days before they are to be set4 ,the number of eggs to be put under each hen will vary with the season1 the size of the hen1 and the size of the eggs2 but it is usually safe to put about thirteen eggs under a hen of average size4 ,egg ,tester4--,test the eggs in a dark room on the seventh and fourteenth days for the removal of infertile eggs4 ,this may be done by a very simple home-made tester made of a pasteboard or wooden box1 with a hole the size of an egg bored in the front1 and an opening in the top through which the smoke is to pass4 ,if a wooden box with a bottom is used1 an opening must be made in front1 with a door so as to put the lamp in4 ,a box without a bottom may be used and simply set right over the lamp4 ,either a lamp1 candle1 or lantern may be used on the inside of the box4 ,holding the egg in front of the box and letting the light shine through it will show the condition of the egg4 ,an infertile egg will be clear1 while a fertile egg has a spider-like center with threads leading out from it4 ,all infertile eggs must be removed4 ,illustration ,poultry is classified as the egg breeds1 the meat breeds1 the general-purpose breeds1 and the ornamental breeds4 ,the egg breeds are small fowls which mature quickly4 ,they are very active1 but not good chickens to be used for setting purposes4 ,they are good layers1 and they lay a great many white-shelled eggs1 for which there is a great demand on some markets4 ,the age of maturity for this breed is from four and one-half to five months4 ,the ,leghorns and the ,minorcas are the principal representatives of this breed4 ,the single-combed white ,leghorn has been the most popular4 ,the meat breeds are large fowls with long necks and heavy coats of feathers2 and they lay a comparatively small number of brown-shelled eggs4 ,they are slow in movement1 with little desire to forage4 ,they make fine mothers1 and for this reason they make good fowls to be used for setting4 ,the ,brahmas1 ,cochins1 and ,langshanks are the principal fowls of this breed4 ,the general-purpose breeds occupy a medium place between the egg and meat breeds as to size1 egg production1 and meat production4 ,for these characteristics they are especially recommended to the farmer who wishes both egg and meat fowls4 ,they lay a number of brown-shelled eggs and they make splendid mothers4 ,the ,plymouth ,rocks1 ,wyandottes1 ,orphingtons1 and ,rhode ,island ,reds are the best varieties of this breed4 ,the ornamental breeds are ornamental both in character and purpose1 and for this reason they are not practical for use on the farm4 ,feeding4--,the farmer has often become discouraged by the elaborate rations which are recommended by poultrymen to be used in feeding the chickens4 ,while some of the by-products of industries1 such as ,linseed ,meal and ,meat ,meal are necessary1 most of the feed used in poultry raising may be raised on the farm4 ,it is well to be familiar with the different values of foods fed to the chickens1 for they like a change in their rations1 and it is necessary that they have it4 ,if the food contains too much fat1 the hens will become too fat1 which will lessen their usefulness as egg producers2 while if the food contains too much protein1 some symptoms of indigestion will result4 ,it is hard to determine the right amount of fat and protein to be fed to the chickens1 for this varies to suit conditions and the purpose for which it is fed4 ,broad ,ration ,food ,available ,protein ,fat #b parts wheat bran 4#bdd 4#ijf #a part wheat middlings 4#abh 4#fjg #a part cornmeal 4#jgi 4#gfd part meat meal 4#jff 4#jcc ----- ----- 4#eag #b4caj ,ratio #a3 #d4d ,narrow ,ration ,food ,available ,protein ,fat #b parts wheat bran 4#bdd 4#ijf #a part wheat mids 4#abh 4#fjg part linseed meal 4#jbi 4#jdh part meat meal 4#jff 4#jcc ----- ----- 4#dfg #a4eid ,ratio #a3 #c4d ,young chicks should be fed a dry or wet feed forty-eight hours after they are hatched4 ,nature has already provided them with yolk of egg1 which must be digested before they are given more food4 ,their first feed must be fine grit or a drink of sour milk4 ,in two hours after the first feeding they may be given dry oat flakes with an egg which has been boiled for an hour1 or a ,johnny cake made of ten parts of cornmeal1 two parts of wheat middlings1 two parts of wheat bran1 mixed with skimmed milk and baked4 ,change this diet after a week to a dry ration--for example1 two parts of cracked wheat1 two parts of oat flakes1 four parts of cracked corn1 one part of rice1 and one part of millet4 ,plenty of green food and sour milk should be fed to them4 ,feed them often1 but in small proportions4 ,let them take plenty of exercise4 ,it is important to keep the hen up and allow the chicks to run out until they are weaned4 ,,dry ,,mash ,,hopper ,,no4 #a ,there are many kinds of dry mash hoppers on the market but it is difficult to find one that is not wasteful4 ,this hopper which is made of poplar is easily made and it has been found to be very successful4 ,it may be built of the desired length and made to hold the required amount of dry mash4 ,the most important detail in the building of this hopper is the slope of the bottom which must be at an angle of forty-five degrees with the wall of the henhouse4 ,it must be built well off the floor with a roost placed for the hens to stand on while they are feeding4 ,this will keep the litter out of the hopper4 ,the wire netting must be of one-quarter inch square mesh which is fastened to the hopper and stretched to the bottom of the trough at its lowest point4 ,,materials3 #ab' poplar4 #a lb4 #f-penny nails4 #af 0 ,no4 #h screws4 #cb ,no4 #aj screws4 #b pairs of #a0 7butt7 hinges4 #a piece of 0 mesh wire4 #b0 #b0 gate hooks4 ,,dimensions3 ,body3 #b pieces #a0 thick #e0 wide #bf0 long1 to be used as the ends of the hopper4 #b pieces #a0 thick #i0 wide #ai0 long1 to be used as the top and the bottom of the hopper4 #a piece #a0 thick #ai0 wide #bf0 long1 to be used as back of the hopper4 #a piece #a0 thick #ai0 wide #ag0 long1 to be used as front of hopper4 ,trough3 #a piece #a0 thick #d0 wide #ai0 long1 to be used as front of trough4 #a piece #a0 thick #e0 wide #ai0 long1 to be used as the lid in the front of trough4 #b pieces #a0 thick #d0 wide #i0 long1 to be used as sides of trough4 ,roost3 #a piece #a0 thick #b0 wide #ba0 long1 to be used as front of the roost4 #b pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #ae0 long1 to be used as sides of roost4 ,,directions3 ,take the two end pieces 7#a0 #e0 #bf07 and cut the tops at an angle of #fj degrees and the bottom of these ends at an angle of #de degrees4 ,nail the bottom piece 7#a0 #i0 #ai07 to these end pieces and then nail on the back 7#a0 #i0 #bf074 ,illustration ,the front piece 7#a0 #ai0 #ag07 is then nailed on the hopper4 ,the two end pieces 7#a0 #d0 #i07 to be used on the trough are cut at an angle of forty-five degrees at one end and nailed on each side of the bottom of the hopper as shown in the illustration4 ,then the front of the trough 7#a0 #d0 #ai07 is nailed to the sides4 ,tack the wire mesh over the opening in the trough and hinge the front piece 7#a0 #e0 #ai07 on the front of the trough with one pair of #a0 7butt7 hinges4 ,the other pair of hinges is used to fasten the top 7#a0 #i0 #ai07 on the hopper4 ,make the roost by nailing the two sides 7#a0 #b0 #ae07 to the front 7#a0 #b0 #ba074 ,fasten this frame on the sides of the hopper with two two-inch gate hooks as shown in illustration4 ,the hopper when completed is fastened to the sides of the wall of the henhouse with thirty-two number ten screws at a convenient height to the chickens4 ,illustration ,,dry ,,mash ,,hopper ,,no4 #b ,this model is constructed very much like the hopper already described with the exception of the four compartments which provide for a balanced ration for the chickens4 ,it is not nailed to the wall but rests on the floor4 ,,materials3 #ab' poplar4 #a lb4 #f-penny nails4 #h 0 ,no4 #h screws4 #a pair of #a0 steel butts4 #a oz4 ,no4 #af wire staples4 #ab0 of ,no4 #d mesh wire #cf0 wide4 ,,dimensions3 ,body3 #b pieces #a0 thick #f0 wide #b' #h0 long to be used as sides of the hopper4 #a piece #a0 thick #f0 wide #af0 long to be used as bottom of the hopper4 #a piece #a0 thick #a' #h0 wide #b' #h0 long to be used as back of hopper4 #b pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #a' #h0 long and #a0 thick #f0 wide #a' #h0 long to be used as the lid of the hopper4 #a piece #a0 thick #a' #h0 wide #b' long to be used as front of hopper4 #c pieces #a0 thick #f0 wide #b' #f0 long to be used as partitions for making the equal compartments in the hopper4 ,trough3 #b pieces #a0 thick #d0 wide #aj0 long to be used as ends of trough4 #b pieces #a0 thick #d0 wide #a' #h0 long to be used as front and back of trough4 #c pieces #a0 thick #d0 wide #d0 long to be used as partitions in the trough1 making four equal compartments4 ,,directions3 ,nail the two end pieces 7#a0 #f0 #b' #h07 to the bottom piece 7#a0 #f0 #af074 ,then nail the back piece 7#a0 #a' #h0 #b' #h07 and the front piece 7#a0 #a' #h0 #b' #d07 to the ends of the hopper4 ,nail the partitions 7#a0 #f0 #b' #f07 to the back and front of the hopper making four equal compartments4 ,the trough is made by nailing the two end pieces 7#a0 #d0 #aj07 to the side of the hopper4 ,nail the front 7#a0 #d0 #a' #h07 and the back 7#a0 #d0 #a' #h07 to the ends of the trough4 ,the partitions 7#a0 #d0 #aj07 are nailed to the front and back of the trough1 making four equal compartments4 ,cover the opening in the front of the trough with #ab0 of ,no4 #d mesh wire #cf0 wide4 ,hinge the two top pieces 7#a0 #b0 #a'h0 and #a0 #f0 #a'h07 together with one pair of #a0 steel 7butt7 hinges4 ,then nail this top piece to the back of the hopper with the narrow strip even with the edge of the top end of the back4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,rack ,,for ,,oat-,,sprouting ,,trays ,the importance of giving poultry green feed throughout the year cannot be over-emphasized4 ,this sprouting tray is very convenient in order that this food be furnished the chickens4 ,it is a simple construction1 made of yellow pine1 and a device that can be made by any farmer at a minimum cost4 ,it is advisable to lay off all the material before beginning to build the rack1 to avoid confusion in the measurements4 ,,materials3 #bc feet of yellow pine4 #bh lbs4 of #bh-;gage galvanized metal to make sprouting trays4 #a lb4 #h-penny nails for building rack4 ,,dimensions3 ,top3 #b pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #b'f0 long4 ,bottom3 #b pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #b'f0 long4 ,corners3 #d pieces #b0 thick #d0 wide #f0 long for upright corners4 ,brace3 #a piece #a0 thick #b0 wide #f'f0 long4 ,cleats3 #ad pieces #a0 thick #b0 wide #b'f0 long1 to hold trays of same proportions4 ,,directions3 ,take #b upright pieces 7#b0 #d0 #f07 and nail to bottom 7#a0 #b0 #b'f074 ,measure a distance of two inches from the top and nail on first cleat 7#a0 #b0 #b'f074 ,cleats are nailed on the back of the frame even with the ends of the upright pieces 7#b0 #d0 #f074 ,nail brace 7#a0 #b0 #f'f07 diagonally from one corner to the other4 ,nail the first cleat #i inches from the bottom edge of the upright piece4 ,all the other cleats must be nailed #h inches apart4 ,in each of the sprouting trays a hole of an inch in diameter is bored to allow the water to drain out from the tray4 ,illustration ,dust ,boxes4--,dust boxes are necessary during the winter months to keep the chickens from wallowing in the dirt1 as this is the method used by them to cleanse themselves4 ,a box four feet by four feet will be large enough to accommodate fifty chickens4 ,fine1 light1 dry dust should be kept in these boxes1 and they should be placed in the sunlight and where they may be easily reached by the chickens4 ,drinking ,vessel4--,should be large enough to hold sufficient water to last twenty-four hours4 ,they must be elevated in some way to keep the dirt from getting into them4 ,a practical drinking vessel is made of a ,mason glass jar4 ,make perforations in the top of the jar with a nail and tack two strips of wood across the top crosswise to raise the jar from the saucer or plate4 ,this allows the water to flow freely from the jar as fast as the chickens can drink it from the saucer1 and the covered jar keeps the drinking water clean4 ,illustration ,brooder4--,a simple and convenient chicken brooder may be made of an old wooden tub which is turned upside down on a platform with the bottom of the tub knocked out1 and a covering placed over the top4 ,this1 with windows cut in the sides of the tub1 gives a better ventilation for the chickens4 ,a door through which the chickens enter is cut in the front4 ,outside of the brooder and on one end of the platform is a simple watering device supplying the chickens with fresh water4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi ,,dairy ,,devices ,,showing ,,use ,,of ,,butter-,,making ,,equipment ,the economic value of farm butter made from the product of a few cows is of much more importance than is commonly supposed4 ,for this reason the fundamental principles underlying the making of good butter should be practised as much by the farm woman1 making butter in small quantities for the market or the consumption in the home1 as by the operator of a large creamery establishment4 ,the quality of butter made on the average farm shows that cleanliness and the proper attention to the simplest details in the making of good butter have been neglected4 ,quality4--,the method used in the handling of milk or cream and in making butter determines its quality4 ,the sanitation of the utensils in which cream or milk is handled and the conditions surrounding it during ripening are of the utmost importance4 ,a common practice among some farm women is to put the milk in shallow1 uncovered pans which are exposed to dust1 flies1 and the odors which frequent the pantry and kitchen4 ,such pans are allowed to stand until the milk clabbers and a thick leathery sheet of cream is formed on the top4 ,good butter cannot be made from milk or cream handled in this manner4 ,a deep1 narrow vessel known as a shot-gun can is recommended for use in ripening cream or milk because it is easily handled1 washed and can be covered4 ,these can be bought at hardware stores or mail order houses4 ,utensils4--,convenient equipment for making butter is essential and very inexpensive4 ,it is customary on many farms to churn the cream in an earthen jar with a wooden dasher and stick4 ,earthenware vessels commonly used are porous and often contain blisters or air bubbles1 all of which will absorb milk4 ,the milk sours in these places and gives the vessels a characteristic bad odor4 ,these churns are hard to clean and heavy to handle and should never be used4 ,a wooden barrel churn is one of the best types to use because it is easily operated1 cleaned1 and handled4 ,churns which contain agitators and gearing of different kinds should not be used4 ,a dairy thermometer1 which can be bought at any local hardware or drug store at a small cost1 is necessary to determine the temperature of the cream4 ,when there are at least four cows milked1 a small cream separator will be a good investment4 ,where a separator cannot be had1 hand skimming is advisable if the cream is properly handled4 ,ripening of ,cream4--,the ripening of milk or cream is the natural souring which takes place under proper conditions and which gives butter its characteristic flavor4 ,the quality of butter depends1 to a large extent1 upon proper ripening4 ,where hand skimming is practised1 set separate milkings in cool1 well-ventilated places and allow to stand from twelve to eighteen hours for the cream to rise4 ,skim the cream off with a cup or large spoon1 put it into a can which is kept in a cool place at a temperature of #ej degrees ,fahrenheit or below4 ,skimmings from the different milkings are cooled to the same temperature before being added to this stock can4 ,the contents of this can must be stirred each time after adding the cream4 ,when sufficient cream for a churning has been secured in this way the contents of the stock can are warmed to a temperature of #eh to #fj degrees ,fahrenheit and in winter #fb degrees ,fahrenheit1 then allowed to stand in a clean1 well-ventilated place for twelve or eighteen hours to ripen4 ,this warming is done by setting the can in a vessel of hot water4 ,frequent stirring is necessary during the ripening period4 ,cream properly ripened has a velvety and glossy appearance1 with a mild but pleasant sour taste4 ,when hand skimming is not practised the churning will have to be done more frequently to prevent the milk from becoming too sour and giving the butter a bad flavor4 ,coloring the ,butter4--,the natural color of butter when the cows can get plenty of nature's food is a soft1 straw yellow4 ,during the winter1 if it is necessary to use dry feed alone1 the butter will lack color which can be supplied by the addition of a harmless coloring matter4 ,the amount of coloring matter necessary to use varies with the season but usually #h to #ab drops of harmless vegetable coloring to every pound of butter will be sufficient in the winter time4 ,this coloring matter may be bought at most drug stores4 ,churning4--,when the cream is ready for churning1 rinse the churn with scalding water to cleanse it thoroughly and to swell the pores in the wood4 ,following this1 cool the churn with cold water to prevent the raising of the temperature of the cream when put into the churn4 ,the cream should be poured through a strainer into the churn to remove lumps or hard white specks of cream which may have dried to the sides of the can4 ,gas will form in the churn during the first few minutes of churning which must be let out by removing the cork at the bottom of the churn4 ,it may be necessary to repeat this operation several times4 ,after the churn has been in operation about #bj minutes1 the cream becomes thick and shortly after1 very small1 mealy granules begin to form4 ,at this point the cream begins to break away from the glass in the top of the churn lid4 ,when this stage is reached1 after every four or five revolutions the lid should be removed and the size of the granules observed4 ,when these have reached the size of large wheat grains1 the churning operation has been completed4 ,at this point the glass in the top appears clear which indicates that the granules slide off instead of sticking to the top4 ,it usually takes at least #be minutes to churn good butter4 ,if it takes longer1 the temperature of the next cream churned should be raised a few degrees4 ,washing the ,butter4--,when churning is completed draw the buttermilk off through a strainer to catch small particles of butter4 ,the butter is washed to remove the buttermilk1 to improve the flavor1 and to keep better4 ,buttermilk is washed out of the butter and not worked out4 ,the temperature of the wash water should be the same as that of the buttermilk and is determined by the use of a thermometer4 ,this temperature depends upon the condition of the butter2 if the butter is too soft the water must be colder1 and vice versa4 ,in washing butter1 water is added and the churn given two or three revolutions so as to turn the butter2 after which the water is drawn off and the process repeated several times until the water drawn off is clear4 ,salting the ,butter4--,the butterworker1 paddles1 and mold or printer are scalded and cooled in the same way as the churn and for the same reasons4 ,the churn is then drawn near the worker and the butter granules removed with paddle or ladle and placed on worker4 ,the hands must never touch butter for sanitary reasons and because they will give the butter a greasy appearance4 ,as soon as the butter is placed on the worker1 one ounce of fine1 clean salt to a pound of butter is sprinkled uniformly over the butter4 ,working the ,butter4--,butter should then be worked well to distribute the salt through it and to expel the excess water4 ,butter is salted to improve the flavor1 to serve the market purposes and to some degree to act as a preservative4 ,in working the butter1 the pile of granules is pressed flat with the lever1 and the flattened mass of butter turned over about #ab or #ad times until the edges of butter1 when broken1 have a granular appearance similar to a broken half-baked potato4 ,too much working destroys the grain and the edges when broken apart will have a slightly stringy appearance1 while too little working gives a streaked or mottled butter4 ,printing and ,wrapping the ,butter4--,the printer is removed from the water as soon as the working has been completed and with both hands it is pressed on the mass of butter until it is packed full4 ,that remaining over the edge is then cut off with a paddle and the print pushed out on a sheet of parchment paper and neatly wrapped4 ,the printing and wrapping of butter cannot be emphasized too strongly1 for a good appearance is fundamental to obtaining good markets for the butter4 ,it is very much easier to get a good market for butter packed neatly in parchment paper than it is for that wrapped in a cloth as is the case in so many country homes4 ,it is very important that a good grade of parchment paper should be used for wrapping butter and this can be bought from firms handling dairy supplies or it may be ordered by mail4 ,the brick-shaped mold is used because prints can be handled with convenience and such prints are a standard on the market4 ,a mold of this kind can be purchased from local hardware stores or mail order houses for from #a4ej to #e4jj4 ,the placing of the wrapped print in a pasteboard box or carton not only protects the butter from the finger prints but also from dust and dirt4 ,these cartons may be bought from any firm handling dairy supplies4 ,butter put up in this manner is convenient to handle1 attractive in appearance1 and is also an advertisement4 ,marketing the ,butter4--,the appearance of the package determines to a large extent the selling price of butter and every effort should be made to make it as neat1 attractive1 and convenient to handle as possible4 ,the ultimate end in the making of farm butter is to supply a delicate food for the family and to obtain a profit from the surplus4 ,to do this1 it is necessary to create a demand by giving satisfaction to your customers4 ,this can be done by putting up butter superior in quality and attractive in appearance4 ,,butter ,,worker ,a very useful appliance1 and easily operated1 making the butter into a close-grained mass without injuring the texture of it4 ,it is made of poplar1 triangular in shape1 with a corrugated roller4 ,this roller fits in a hole made in a piece of metal which is put across the smaller end of the worker4 ,this worker may be operated by putting it on the kitchen table1 or it may be placed on adjustable legs4 ,illustration ,,materials3 #ac' maple for bottom1 sides1 and battens4 #c' #a0 #b0 #e0 for roller4 #aj ,no4 #ad screws1 #c0 to fasten the sides on bottom4 #h ,no4 #ad screws1 #c0 to fasten battens on bottom4 #a piece #bh-;gauge zinc #d0 wide #af0 long1 for front piece4 #h four-penny box nails to fasten zinc across the front4 #a pan #b0 deep #ab0 wide #ad0 long1 to place under worker in small end to catch drippings from butter4 ,wood glue to fasten handle on roller4 ,,dimensions3 ,bottom3 #a piece #a0 thick #cj0 wide in front1 #d0 wide in back #bf0 long4 ,sides3 #b pieces #a0 thick #f0 wide1 #cj0 long4 ,battens3 #a piece #a0 thick #d0 wide #cj0 long4 #a piece 0 thick #b0 wide #b0 long4 ,roller3 #a piece #d0 thick #d0 wide #cf0 long4 ,handle3 #a piece #e0 long4 ,illustration3 ,taking temperature of cream ,illustration3 ,straining the cream into the churn ,illustration3 ,churning operation complete ,illustration3 ,working the butter ,illustration3 ,moulding and packing the butter ,illustration3 ,cleaning up ,,directions3 ,taper the bottom piece at one end1 using a radius of #ca04 ,screw the battens 7#a0 #d0 #cj07 7#a0 #b0 #b07 on the bottom1 making the holes large enough to fit the heads of the screws4 ,taper the two sides and nail them to the bottom4 ,the roller is made #cf0 long and #b0 in diameter1 measuring 0 from the end to round the corners4 ,bore a hole in the end and put the handle on it4 ,put a small metal pin in the end of roller to hold handle in place4 ,tack the piece of zinc across narrow end of the worker1 making a hole in the centre to fit end of roller4 ,sandpaper when completed4 ,illustration3 ,butter ,worker4 ,,milking ,,stool ,a convenient device used in milking1 which not only provides a seat for the one who is milking1 but a platform with a hoop to hold the bucket4 ,the bench is light in weight which makes it easy to handle4 ,when not in use it may be hung on the wall4 ,,materials3 #b' yellow pine4 #a piece of metal1 #a0 wide #ae0 long1 to make hoop to hold bucket4 lb4 #f-penny nails4 ,sandpaper and paint4 ,illustration ,,dimensions3 ,top3 #a piece 0 thick #aj0 wide #ad0 long4 ,brackets3 #d pieces 0 thick #c0 wide #c0 long to support top shelf4 #b pieces 0 thick #b0 wide #c0 long to support shelf which holds bucket4 ,shelf3 #a piece 0 thick #c0 wide #aj0 long to hold bucket4 ,ends3 #b pieces 0 thick #aj0 wide #aa0 long4 ,illustration ,,directions3 ,make the top of the stool1 using the piece 70 #aj0 #ad071 rounding both ends to a radius of #e04 ,make the front and back supports as shown in illustrations #d and #e4 ,make the bucket shelf 70 #c0 #aj07 next1 fastening the two pieces 70 #b0 #c07 to the shelf as supports and then nailing the whole to end of stool4 ,sandpaper the stool and then paint the whole any desired color1 preferably white4 ,,cheese-,,making ,,equipment ,devices used in the process of making cottage1 ,neufchatel1 and cream cheese are given1 accompanied by directions for the use of each of these devices in the making of these cheeses4 ,construction of ,drainer4--,the rack shown in the figure is #ac inches wide1 #ac inches long1 and #aj inches deep4 ,the corner posts extend #a inches above and below the strips at the top and bottom with the tops rounded as shown in the illustration4 ,the bottom slats fit loosely into notches1 hence they may be removed when the draining rack is washed4 ,the materials required are four corner posts #a #a inches2 #ae strips #a #ac inches and #b strips #a #ac inches notched to receive the bottom slats4 ,pine or poplar may be used for the construction of this device4 ,illustration ,construction of ,press4--#c or #d inch poplar boards #ah #ah inches are used for this press4 ,cleats are placed on the back of these boards to keep them from warping4 ,the lower board of this press has a circular groove which has an outlet in one side to allow the whey to drain off4 ,illustration3 ,drawing the curd ,illustration3 ,pressing the curd ,illustration3 ,moulding the cheese ,illustration3 ,necessary equipment used in cheese-making ,cottage ,cheese4--,cottage cheese has been produced from time immemorial upon the farm4 ,ordinarily1 it is made from milk that has been allowed to stand until it thickens by natural souring4 ,it is then skimmed4 ,after skimming1 the rather firm mass of loppered milk is stirred with a large wooden spoon4 ,simultaneously with the gentle breaking of the coagulum the temperature of the mixture of whey and curd is gradually raised to about #ie degrees ,fahrenheit and maintained at that temperature for five minutes4 ,this mixture should be stirred occasionally but not vigorously4 ,too much stirring will cause the mass to drain slowly4 ,after this heating process the mixture of whey and curd is poured into the draining cloth2 usually muslin or cotton sheeting is stretched over the draining rack1 which is especially constructed for this purpose4 ,such a rack as shown in the illustration can be made very easily and at a small cost4 ,thirty pounds of milk per rack may be easily handled4 ,perhaps1 in handling the milk in this quantity1 it would be advisable to make the rack somewhat longer than the one illustrated4 ,a rack rectangular in shape1 #ac inches wide1 #cf inches long and #aj inches deep is sufficient4 ,the draining mixture is left undisturbed for half an hour and then the curd is worked toward the center of the cloth by means of a spoon or ladle4 ,the last of the whey is removed by raising and lowering repeatedly the ends of the draining cloth4 ,after draining the curd in this manner the corner of the cloth is folded over to form a sack and the curd is placed between the heavy boards or press4 ,if more pressure is needed weights may be placed on the top board4 ,when the curd has acquired the consistency desired it is salted to suit the taste1 and usually a small amount of cream is added4 ,the use of the latter1 however1 is entirely optional4 ,the expulsion of the whey by heating hardens the particles of curd1 giving a grainy texture to the mass4 ,neufchatel ,cheese4--,fresh clean milk is required to make a high-grade ,neufchatel cheese4 ,in no case should the milk be over twelve hours old4 ,a slow development of a clean acid flavor is demanded4 ,the addition of a commercial lactic starter in small amounts aids in obtaining curd free from objectionable ferments4 ,too much starter will produce acid too rapidly and give a rough mealy curd4 ,a very satisfactory product may be secured1 if the milk is reasonably clean1 without using any starter4 ,starter4--,the starter is merely soured milk4 ,in making a home-made starter place a clean milk bottle and tumbler in a pan of cold water and bring same to boiling2 remove the bottle1 allow it to cool and then fill it with the freshest1 cleanest milk available4 ,the bottle should now be covered with a sterilized glass tumbler in order to prevent the entrance of dirt4 ,allow the milk to sour at a temperature of about #ge ,f4 7room temperature74 ,two cubic centimeters of active starter for each thirty-pound can of milk will give good results4 ,after adding the starter the milk is vigorously stirred and warmed to a temperature of #hj ,f4 ,rennet is now added at the rate of #cj drops per #ajj pounds of milk4 ,upon a small scale junket tablets may be used for curdling purposes4 ,the mixture1 after being thoroughly stirred1 is left at rest over night at room temperature1 or preferably a little higher4 ,the firm curd is now poured upon the draining rack as with the cottage cheese and allowed to drain for about two hours4 ,toward the end of the draining period the curd is worked toward the center of the cloth by means of a ladle4 ,the cloths containing the curd are now tied together bag fashion and pressed4 ,the hand-made contrivance illustrated may be used1 or merely allow weights to rest on bags of curd over night4 ,the more whey that is removed the better will be the flavor and keeping qualities of the cheese4 ,the curd should drain out and not dry out4 ,mix in the salt to suit the taste by using a butter worker or a pail and potato masher4 ,ordinarily about one ounce of salt to four pounds of curd is sufficient4 ,the cheese is now ready to be run through the food chopper and molded4 ,sometimes it is packed tightly into screw top jars or jelly glasses with tight covers1 but usually the cheese is molded into shape and wrapped in parchment paper1 surrounded by tin foil to exclude the air4 ,such molds may be formed by hand closely enough to exclude the air4 ,butter printers are often used4 ,if the work is done upon a small scale some kind of a hand formed package is probably most economical4 ,cream ,cheese4--,cream cheese is made in practically the same way as ,neufchatel cheese except that the former is made out of cream testing from #f to #h per cent4 fat4 ,more detailed information on the subject of making cheese can be obtained from the bulletins and books suggested for reference reading in the list given in the back of this book4 ,,appendix ,,fundamentals ,,in ,,woodworking ,,note4--,some of the terms used in the text are explained in this chapter4 ,tenon4--,a tenon is a piece of wood shaped like a tongue by dividing the end into three rectangular parts1 cutting the sides away and leaving the middle which is shaped to form a tongue4 ,mortise4--,a mortise is a hollow cut in to receive a corresponding piece of wood4 ,it is made by measuring the required distances on a piece of wood and boring holes4 ,take out these portions of wood with a chisel until the mortise is of the required size4 ,mortise and tenon joints put together in one direction1 as those made in the back of a chair1 are much easier made than those which are joined in two directions1 as in the framework of a stool4 ,mitred ,joint4--,there are many modifications of this joint but the one most used is the one made at an angle of #de degrees4 ,mitred joints are easily made but they have a tendency to shrink1 leaving an opening on the inside of the joint4 ,cleat4--,a piece of wood nailed down to secure something from slipping4 ,the size of a cleat will be determined by the weight which it is to hold4 ,bevel4--,a bevel is a finished edge to a piece of wood4 ,the kind of problem must determine the kind of beveled edge to be made4 ,the blade of the square must be set at the correct angle in making a bevel edge4 ,the most popular bevel is made by setting the bevel square at an angle of #de degrees4 ,bracket or ,brace4--,a supporting piece for a shelf or any other place which needs strengthening4 ,panel4--,any area out of level4 ,it may be sunk below or raised above the general face of the surrounding work4 ,they are set in grooves made the proper depth with a plane4 ,every piece of wood used in panelling must be straight with the face surface of the wood and straight and square with the front edge to make a flat and square panel4 ,groove4--,a groove is a furrow or a long hollow4 ,the depth of the furrow depends on the rail it is to hold4 ,taper4--,a taper is a graduated point4 ,all parts of the surface must have the same amount of taper to make it equally tight at all points when driven into place4 ,draw lines on the end of the wood and across the center at equal distances from the corners and with the surface straight on both sides4 ,care must be taken not to split the corners while making a taper4 ,plugs4--,plugs are pieces of tapered wood used as a stopper1 such as in the illustration of ,jelly ,strainer ,no4 #b4 ,when plugs are to be used1 the holes must be made in the wood before the pieces are put together4 8,penny40--,this term is a corruption of 8pound0 and used in speaking of different kinds of nails4 ,for example1 eight-penny nails means that one thousand of them weigh eight pounds4 ,radius ,bar4--,a bar pivoted at one end1 about which it swings1 and having its other end attached to a piece which it causes to move in a circular arc as in the corrugated roller made to work the butter4 ,finishing4--,there are two things to be considered in finishing woodwork2 the preservation of the wood1 and the artistic finish4 ,three steps are necessary in putting on the finishing touches4 ,first1 the surfaces made smooth by the use of sandpaper2 the second1 staining or varnishing1 and the third1 polishing4 ,sandpaper4--,sandpaper is not expected to do the work of edged tools4 ,tool work must be completed before using sandpaper1 or particles of dust will get into the pores of the wood which will dull the tools while working with them4 ,never sandpaper across the grain of the wood4 ,while dressing flat surfaces1 use a piece of sandpaper put over a block of wood4 ,stains4--,water1 oil1 and alcoholic stains are used for staining woodwork4 ,all have their advantages and disadvantages1 but for general purposes the alcoholic stains are highly recommended1 ,johnson's wood dye being one of the best4 ,a good water stain is made by boiling an extract of logwood1 the size of a walnut1 with four ounces of water4 ,this is applied to the wood while hot1 using a brush or sponge with which to apply it4 ,repeat the application until the desired color is obtained4 ,varnish must be used only when a hard1 transparent finish is desired4 ,polish or ,wax4--,satisfactory results cannot be obtained unless the surface is smooth and well prepared by the use of sandpaper and stain4 ,a cheap recipe for making wax is given as follows3 #a lb4 beeswax4 pt4 alcohol4 #a pt4 turpentine4 ,break up the beeswax and melt it into the consistency of thick cream in a bowl placed in a saucepan of boiling water4 ,remove bowl from the fire1 gradually beating into the wax the turpentine and alcohol4 ,store it away in covered jars and warm slightly when it is to be used4 ,spread a thin layer on a soft woollen cloth and apply it to the surface4 ,,suggested ,,list ,,of ,,tools #a ,stanley 8,bed ,rock0 smooth-plane1 ,no4 #fjc #a4fj #a ,disston's ,crosscut-saw1 ,no4 #i1 #bb0--aj points #a4ae #a ,disston's ,back-saw1 ,no4 #d1 #aj0 4#ie #a ,buck ,bros4 firmer chisel1 #a0 4#ce #a ,buck ,bros4 firmer chisel1 0 4#bj #a ,hammond's ,adze-eye hammer1 ,no4 #c1 #g oz4 4#de #a ,hardened blade try-square1 ,no4 #e1 #f0 4#be #a ,beech ,marking-gage1 ,no4 #fd1 #h0 4#bj #a ,sloyd ,knife1 ,no4 #g1 #b0 blade 4#cj #a ,boxwood rule1 #b'1 #d-;fold 4#ab #a ,barber's ratchet brace1 ,no4 #cc1 #h0 sweep #a4dj #a ,miter-box1 beech1 #ab0 long1 ,no4 #jj 4#cj #d ,brad awls1 handled1 #a01 #a01 #a01 0 4#ae #a ,set ,russell ,jennings ,auger-bits1 #d_/af01 #e_/af01 #f_/af01 #g_/af01 and #h_/af0 #a4dj #a ,quire sandpaper1 ,no4 #jj 4#cj #a ,quire sandpaper1 ,no4 #a 4#cj ---- ,total #i4db ,,note3 ,sufficient equipment for constructing all of these devices may be found in average country homes4 ,the work may be successfully done with fewer tools but this list is given as a suggestion for schools4 ,,list ,,of ,,publications ,,for ,,supplementary ,,reading ,farm ,butter-making1 ,farmers' ,bulletin #eda1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,butter-making on the ,farm1 ,georgia ,state ,college of ,agriculture1 ,athens1 ,ga4 ,butter-making1 ,storrs ,experiment ,station1 ,storrs1 ,conn4 ,cheese-making1 ,wisconsin ,experiment ,station1 ,madison1 ,wis41 ,bulletin #aha4 ,neufchatel ,cheese1 ,bulletin #gh1 ,storrs ,experiment ,station1 ,storrs1 ,conn4 ,cottage or ,dutch ,cheese and ,other ,cheese1 ,oklahoma ,agricultural ,college1 ,stillwater1 ,okla4 ,conveniences for ,handling the ,farm ,cow and ,her ,products1 ,special1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,production and ,care of ,milk and ,cream1 ,special1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agri41 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a ,plan for a ,small ,dairy ,house1 ,farmers' ,bulletin #fhi1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,control of ,chicken ,mites and ,lice1 ,iowa ,state ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ames1 ,iowa4 ,how to ,care for the ,little ,chick1 ,west ,virginia ,university ,agri4 ,exp4 ,station1 ,morgantown1 ,w4 ,va4 ,suggestions on ,poultry ,raising for the ,southern ,farmer1 ,special1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,office of the ,secretary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,oregon ,station ,trap-,nest1 ,oregon ,agricultural ,college1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon4 ,a ,simple ,trap-,nest for ,poultry1 ,farmers' ,bulletin #fhb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,organization of ,boys' and ,girls' ,poultry ,clubs1 ,farmers' ,bulletin #efb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,running ,water for ,farm ,homes1 ,a4 ,m4 ,college1 ,agricultural ,college1 ,miss4 ,domestic ,water ,supply1 ,bulletin #bae by ,v4 ,m4 ,cone1 ,special1 ,colorado ,extension ,service1 ,fort ,collins1 ,colorado4 ,simple ,water ,supplies for the ,farm1 ,extension ,bulletin #ah1 ,university of ,nebraska1 ,lincoln1 ,nebr4 ,,index ,barrel1 garbage1 #gd ,bath1 shower1 #hj ,board1 ironing1 #ai ,box1 blacking1 #fa ,box1 coal1 #ca ,boxes1 dust1 for poultry1 #ig ,box1 wood1 #cg ,brooder1 #ih ,butter-making equipment1 #ii ,cabinet1 wall1 for kitchen1 #ag ,chariot1 scrubbing1 #ge ,cheese-making equipment1 #ajh ,cook stove drier1 #cd ,cooker1 fireless1 #ci ,drainer1 dish1 #bf ,house1 poultry1 #hd ,hopper1 dry mash1 for poultry ,no4 #a1 #hi ,hopper1 dry mash1 for poultry ,no4 #b1 #ib ,mop1 dustless1 #fg ,nests1 poultry1 #he ,publications1 list for supplementary reading1 #aaf ,rack1 cheese1 #ajh ,rack1 dish1 #bh ,rack1 oat-sprouting trays1 #ie ,refrigerator1 iceless1 ,no4 #a1 #ea ,refrigerator1 iceless1 ,no4 #b1 #ee ,roller towel1 #fc ,screen1 house1 #di ,screen1 sewing1 #gg ,sideboard1 #df ,stand1 umbrella1 #eh ,strainer1 jelly1 ,no4 #a1 #ba ,strainer1 jelly1 ,no4 #b1 #bd ,stool1 milking1 #ajf ,swing1 porch1 #fe ,table1 folding canning1 #fh ,table1 vegetable paring1 #ae ,tester1 egg1 #hf ,tools1 suggested list1 #aae ,trap1 fly1 #ga ,vessel1 drinking1 for poultry1 #ig ,wagon1 roller tray1 #dc ,waterworks system1 practical1 #hb ,woodworking1 fundamentals in1 #aab ,worker1 butter1 #ajd ,transcriber's ,note3 ,words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores1 like this4 ,those in bold are surrounded by equal signs1 like this4 ,final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added4 ,the following were changed3 changed #e0 to #e'1 dimensions of iceless refrigerator ,no4 #b added 80 to #ae0 wide #ae0 long added 8down0 to halfway down the panel4 added 8with0 to 8444 outside of screen with burlap 4440 changed 8#a4aj0 to 80 in ,narrow ,ration ,food recipe changed 8#a4aj0 to 80 part meat in ,narrow ,ration ,food recipe