,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,electricians4 ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,electricians3 ,,pr(essors ,,tyndall1 ,,:eat/one1 ,,& ,,morse4 ,,fir/ ,,s]ies4 ,,by ,,william ,t4 ,,jeans4 8,! electric telegraph is ! mo/ preci\s gift :i* ,sci5ce has giv5 to civilisation40--,,sir ,d4 ,,brew/]4 ,,london3 ,,:ittak] ,,co41 #b1 ,,:ite ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,george ,,bell ,,sons1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 #ahhg4 ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4 ,use ( lives ( electricians--,_w-wide di/ribution ( electricians--,em95t au?orities on biographical /udies ,pages ix-xvi ,,pr(essor ,,tyndall4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,position z a sci5ti/--,orig9 & e>ly c>e]--,"w on ,ordnance ,survey1 & z a tea*]--,/ud5t life at ,m>burg-- ,s5se ( duty & e>ly fri5d%ips ,pages #a-bj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,subjects ( /udy 9 ,g]many--,discov]y ( diamagnetism-- ,inve/igation ( x--,sci5tific acqua9tances--,e>ly connection ) ,royal ,in/itution--,slaty cleavage--,glaci] ph5om5a expla9$ ,pages #ba-da ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,rese>*es on ,radiant ,heat--,aque\s vap\r & new glacial !ory--,caloresc5ce--,=mation ( cl\ds--,g]m !ory--,smoke respirator--,exp]im5ts on s\nd & its production by heat ,pages #db-ei ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,alp9e travels--,asc5t ( ,monte ,rosa1 ,mont ,blanc1 ,weis%orn1 ,col-du-,gant1 & ,piz ,mort]at*--,visit to ,vesuvius--,an ,am]ican's impressions--,visit to ,am]ica--,exploration ( ,niag>a ,falls--,presid5tal address to ,briti% ,association ,pages #fj-hc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,*anges at ,royal ,in/itution--,developm5t ( electricity expla9$--,exp]im5tal illu/rations & anecdotes--,rem9isc5ces ( ,?omas ,c>lyle--,sci5tific advis] to ! ,tr9ity ,h\se ,pages #hd-ajd ,,pr(essor ,,:eat/one4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,=eca/s ( ! telegraph--,e>ly descriptions & hi/ory ( x--,bir? & e>ly a*ievem5ts ( ,:eat/one--,en*ant$ lyre or fir/ telephone--,exp]im5ts 9 audition--,inv5tion ( conc]t9a--,velocity ( electricity measur$--,spectrum analysis--,lightn+ conductors ,pages #aje-acb ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,orig9 ( telegraph--,e>ly evid5ces ( ,:eat/one's-- ,work+ ( fir/ ne$le telegraph--,dispute ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,cooke z to priority ( inv5tion--,:eat/one's v9dication --,8 electro-magnetic telegraph1 magneto-electric ma*9e1 electric clock1 pr9t+ telegraph1 *ronoscope1 me?od ( measur+ electricity1 & improv$ ne$le telegraphs ,pages #acc-agb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,fir/ uses ( telegraph--,means ( arre/+ crim9als-- ,e>ly *>ges = telegraph+--,=mation ( ,electric ,telegraph ,company--,:eat/one's magneto-electric explod]-- ,8 e>ly exp]im5ts ) subm>9e cables--,cable f ,dov] to ,calais--,f>aday on ,:eat/one's ,a4,b4,c4 telegraph in/rum5t--,8 automatic in/rum5ts ,pages #agc-bjc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,orig9 ( ,dynamo--,inv5tion ( /]eoscope--,improvem5t by ,sir ,d4 ,brew/]--,illu/ration ( e>?'s rotatory motion--,:eat/one's cryptograph--,8 m9or inv5tions-- ,hon\rs conf]r$ on him--,8 dea? ,pages #bjd-bcj ,,pr(essor ,,morse4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,bir? & education--,div]t$ f electricity to art-- ,lab\rs z an arti/ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ,pages #bca-bda ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,travels to /udy art--,fir/ conception ( ,record+ ,telegraph--,exp]im5ts ) x 9 ,new ,york--,inv5tion ( ,relay--,8 pov]ty & disappo9tm5ts--,8 orig9ality disput$--,fir/ exhibitions ( 8 app>atus-- ,descriptions ( x--,=eign pat5ts--,introduction ( photography--,congress ask$ to try 8 telegraph-- ,appropriation grant$--,exp]im5tal l9e made & op5$ ,pages #bdb-bgh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,morse ,telegraph (f]$ to ,gov]nm5t & decl9$--,rapid ext5sion ( x by ,companies--,det]m9ation ( longitude2 ,morse transmitt] & s\nd]--,fir/ ,atlantic ,cable ,pages #bgi-cja ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,rew>ds ( inv5tors--,morse pat5ts v9dicat$--,rival inv5tions--,pione]s ( practical telegraphy--,hon\rs & emolum5ts ( ,morse--,/atue 9 ,new ,york--,la/ days--,dea? ,pages #cjb-cbb ,,introduction4 ,al?\gh ?is "w is ! fir/ ( its k9d relat+ to electricians1 its design is nei!r novel nor t5tative4 ,its object is n only to give a popul> acc\nt ( ! mo/ memorable a*ievem5ts ( ^? m5 :o h succe$$ 9 evolv+ ! laws ( electricity1 b to convey to unsci5tific read]s "s k ( ! nature ( ^? laws1 & ! means by :i* !y h be5 appli$ to ! purposes ( man4 ,9 "s s5ses electrical sci5ce & its practical applications might be describ$ z ! creation ( ! pres5t c5tury2 & ! au?or has be5 enc\rag$ to adopt ?is me?od ( giv+ a popul> acc\nt ( ! great & useful "w t our electricians h done by ! success ( a simil> "w deal+1 9 l mann]1 ) ! m5 & ! inv5tions t h multipli$ & *eap5$ ! production & use ( ! mo/ useful ( metals4#a ,an em95t review] ( t "w ju/ly obs]v$ t 8our inv5tors might well boa/ t ) a piece ( /eel & ! rec5t developm5ts ( ! magnetic =ce--s f> at lea/ z manufactures & comm]ce are conc]n$--!y h revolutionis$ ! _w40 ,x is ?is revolution & ! m5 :o h effect$ x1 t ?is "w proposes to give an acc\nt (1 hop+ to realise ! tru? ( ,tacitus' obs]vation1 t 8! age :i* is mo/ f]tile 9 bright examples is ! be/ qualifi$ to make a fair e/imate ( !m40 ,( books on electricity !re is already abundance4 ,!y h be5 p\r$ f ! press 9 ye>ly increas+ numb]s4 ,dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation ! laws ( electricity h be5 expla9$ 9 e v>iety ( =m--9 ! rigid demon/rations ( ! geometrician1 9 ! ab/ract symbolism ( ! ma!matician1 9 ! te*nical language ( num]\s text-books1 & 9 ! exp]im5tal illu/rations ( popul> lectur]s4 ,b to ! ord9>y read] ! !orems ( ! ma!matician are writt5 9 an unkn[n tongue2 & m elem5t>y books on electricity1 to be made int]e/+ to ! popul> m9d1 w\ld h to be writt5 9 8t language :i* c give a s\l to ! objects ( s5se1 & a body to ! ab/ractions ( ma!matics40 ,add to ?is ! fact t1 z ,pr(4 ,c4 ,a4 ,"y puts x1 8s9ce #ahdh all ?+s h become new 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,!re is a new ma!matics & a new a/ronomy1 a new *emi/ry & a new electricity1 a new geology & a new biology4 ,great voices h spok51 & h trans=m$ ! _w ( ?\ght & rese>* z mu* z ! mat]ial products ( sci5ce h alt]$ ! aspects ( ext]nal life4 ,! telegraph & dynamo-ma*9e h n m *ang$ ! conditions ( bus9ess & indu/ry ?an ! speculations ( ,d>w9 & ,helmholtz & _! compe]s h affect$ ^? ( philosophy & sci5ce40 ,! conque/ ( ^! fre% fields ( k has be5 almo/ ! life's "w ( pr(essional sci5ti/s2 & is t :i* 0 said ( ! pa/ to cont9ue true ( ! future1 t ideas :i* 9 "o g5]ation are ^? ( ! le>n$ few1 9 ! next become ^? ( ! educat$ & middle class1 & 9 ! ?ird ^? ( ! g5]al public8 ,ev5 if no "w 7 necess>y to indicate ! advances made 9 electrical k1 biographies ( ! electricians w\ld /ill be a desid]atum4 ,c>lyle has said ( art 9 g5]al t biography is almo/ ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,9 ! lit]ature ( electricity1 x has hi!rto be5 ! "o ?+ lack+4 ,! subject is n de/itute ( hi/oric z well z sci5tific int]e/2 & h5ce x is possible t ! g5]al read] may be l$ to reg>d x f ,t]5ce's po9t ( view t 8:atsoev] conc]ns mank9d conc]ns me40 ,x is possible1 too1 t a record ( ! a*ievem5ts :i* h br\ght electricity to its pres5t /ate ( utility1 may imp>t a reflex int]e/ to t sci5ce4 8,art is art10 says ,c>lyle1 8yet man also is man4 ,_h ! ,transfiguration ( ,raphael be5 pa9t$ )\t human h&2 _h x gr[n m]ely on ! canvas1 say by atmosph]ic influ5ces1 z li*5 pictures d on rocks--x 7 a gr& picture d\btless2 yet no?+ l s gr& z ! picture :i* on op5+ our eyes we ev]y:]e 9 heav5 & e>? see pa9t$1 & ev]y:]e pass ov] ) indiff]5ce1--because ! ,pa9t] 0 n ,man4 ,?9k ( ?is2 mu* lies 9 x4 ,! ,vatican is great2 yet poor to ,*imborazo or ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe2 its dome is b ! fooli% *ip ( an egg-%ell1 comp>$ ) t />-frett$ dome :]e ,arcturus & ,orion glance = ev]2 :i* latt] not)/&+ :o looks at8 ,! biographic int]e/ is want+3 no ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 ,he :o built t #8,temple ( ,imm5sity2' !re=e d we1 pitiful ,littl5esses z we are1 turn r to wond] & to wor%ip 9 ! little toy-box ( a ,temple built by our l40 ,n[ x has be5 well obs]v$ t sci5ce is to ! pres5t age :at art 0 to ! middle ages2 & su* be+ ! case1 may n a simil> int]e/ to t describ$ by ,c>lyle atta* to ! m>vell\s ?+s done by means ( electricity8 ,a great deal is said ab\t electricity1 b v little ab\t ! m5 :o made x subject to ! w ( man1 :o conv]t$ x into 8! pulse ( spee*0 :i* annihilates "t & space1 & :o made x 8! greate/ bless+ t sci5ce has giv5 to civilisation40 ,( !m x has (t5 be5 said t 8_! l9e has gone out ?r\gh all ! e>?1 & _! words to ! end ( ! _w10 b ( _! lives n mu* has be5 communicat$ to ! g5]al public 9 a popul> =m4 ,! m5 :o h made electricity ! h&maid ( indu/ry are ne>ly z widespread z ! subtle =ce ) :i* !y h _h to deal4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 ! bir?-place ( ! mon>* ( mod]n ma*9]y--! /eam-eng9e1--& also ( ! lead+ inv5tions 9 metallurgy :i* supply ! framework ( all our manufactur+ ma*9]y2 b ! pione]s & eng9e]s ( electricity h be5 ( diff]5t nations & tongues4 ,9 ! infancy ( ! sci5ce no c\ntry produc$ m electricians ?an ,g]many2 9 ! discov]y & exposition ( its subtle/ laws1 z well z 9 _! application to useful purposes1 no c\ntry has done m ?an ,engl&2 :ile 9 ! mo/ novel & mo/ ext5sive use ( electrical appliances = indu/rial purposes ! ,new ,_w may be said to h out/ripp$ ! ,old4 ,b small] c\ntries h also made spl5did contributions to ! g5]al /ore ( k4 ,volta1 ! fir/ philosoph] :o f 8 y\? devot$ himself to ! /udy ( electricity1 & :o has giv5 8 "n to "o dep>tm5t ( x1 0 an ,italian2 s 0 ,galvani1 :o discov]$ t a frog 0 ! mo/ s5sitive electromet]1 & ^: "n became a synonym = electricity4 ,o]/$1 :o made himself fam\s by ! discov]y ( ! mutual action ( magnets & electrical conductors1 0 a ,dane2 :ile ,ampre1 :om "s writ]s h call$ 8! ,newton ( electricity10 & ,arago1 :o discov]$ ! developm5t ( magnetism by rotation1 7 ,fr5*m54 ,mo/ ( ^! pione]s h already tak5 _! place 9 ! ,temple ( ,sci5ce2 & ?is "w n be+ int5d$ to g ov] beat5 gr\nd1 x 0 expect$1 at ! outset1 to comprise 9 "o volume suffici5t biographies to illu/rate ! m rec5t progress ( electrical sci5ce & its applications to indu/rial purposes2 b ! m ! writ] inve/igat$ ! subject1 ! m x grew1 n only 9 magnitude1 b 9 magnetic attractiv5ess4 ,he f\nd t to give a complete acc\nt ( ! revolution effect$ by means ( electricity w\ld require biographies ( ! ?ree classes ( m51--sci5tific1 eng9e]+1 & comm]cial--t _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 br++ electricity to its pres5t /ate ( usefulness2 :ile to d ju/ice to ^! m5 w\ld require su* a v>i$ picture ( _! lives z w\ld illu/rate _! m>vell\s v]satility1 or _! multif>i\s works1 ?us %[+ t !y 7 among ! ornam5ts z well z ! b5efactors ( _! race4 ,he 0 enc\rag$ to beg9 ?is "w by ! success ( 8 previ\s ef=t1 & he 0 enc\rag$ to cont9ue x beyond ! limit orig9ally int5d$ by exp]i5c+ a feel+ ( pleasure ak9 to t :i* l$ ,plut>* to say 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w1 t :5 he fir/ appli$ himself to ! writ+ ( anci5t lives x 0 = ! sake ( o!rs1 b he pursu$ t /udy = 8 own sake3 = x 0 l liv+ & conv]s+ ) ^! illu/ri\s m51 :5 he consid]$ h[ great & wond]ful !y 74 ,m rec5tly ,"l ,bacon said he 8c\ld n b wond] t our own times h s little value = :at !y enjoy1 z n m frequ5tly to write ! lives ( em95t m52 = ?\gh k+s1 pr9ces1 & great p]sonages are few1 yet !re are _m excell5t m5 :o des]ve bett] ?an vague reports & b>r5 eulogies40 ,nor is !re any lack ( au?ority z to ! value ( our subject 9 ! e/imation ( contempor>y s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,an em95t ,greek s*ol> 7,dr4 ,lu%+ton7 9 address+ ! /ud5ts ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity z _! ,"l ,rector 9 #ahhe1 obs]v$ t 8! hope ( add+ some?+ m to ! /ore ( accompli%$ good to mank9d *e]$ & upheld _m d>+ pione]s ( sci5ce1 ^: v5]at$ names1 n[ become h\sehold words1 are l9k$ toge!r = ev] 9 ! hi/ory ( human progress1 kn[n & hon\r$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole civilis$ _w4 ,yet :o 9 ! age ( ,watt1 ev5 9 ! bolde/ flights ( presag+ imag9ation1 c\ld h =etold su* wondr\s conque/s ov] space & "t z ! spectroscope1 ! electric telegraph1 & ! telephone h reveal$80 ,! object ( ?is "w is to give "s acc\nt ( 8su* wondr\s conque/s40 ,! guid+ pr9ciple 9 its compilation has be5 ! maxim ( ,goe!1 t ! ma9 object ( biography is to exhibit man 9 relation to ! features ( 8 "t2 & n z ,dumas1 on ! o!r h&1 s>ca/ically put x1 8to trace ea* man's inn]mo/ life1 asc]ta9 :e!r he 0 born on a calc>e\s or a granite soil1 le>n :e!r 8 ance/ors & himself h drunk w9e1 cid]1 or be]1 or eat5 meat1 fi%1 or vegetables--nay1 to p5etrate ! meane/ details ( 8 exi/5ce1 to desc5d f ! heights ( criticism & f a sci5tific sy/em to ! gratification ( a paltry curiosity40 ,?is volume op5s ) an acc\nt ( ! lab\rs ( ! physici/ :o made a special /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( magnetism1 electricity1 & co-relative =ces2 & 9 ! c\rse ( x occasion is tak5 to expla9 c]ta9 elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ^! =ces4 ,x !n proce$s to give1 9 ! life ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 an acc\nt ( "s ( ! me?ods by :i* su* sci5tific pr9ciples 7 made s]viceable to man2 & x concludes ) an acc\nt ( ! man :o made x ! lab\r ( 8 life to produce a telegraphic app>atus & alphabet :i* h f\nd univ]sal fav\r4 ,te*nical language has be5 avoid$ z f> z possible1 & yet x is hop$ t ! descriptions giv5 ( electrical laws & me*anism w convey sub/antially correct impressions1 )\t ent]+ into elaborate details or /ra9+ aft] sci5tific exactness4 ,:ile x may ?us become a means ( imp>t+ to unsci5tific read]s "s k ( ! hi/ory ( electrical sci5ce & eng9e]+1 x is hop$ t ! n>rative w be f\nd suffici5tly in/ructive to po9t a moral to t wid] class ( read]s :o take a sympa!tic int]e/ 9 ! /ruggles & a*ievem5ts ( ^? unobtrusive b b5efic5t m51 8:o1 dep>t+1 leave beh9d !m foot-pr9ts on ! s&s ( "t40 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,creators ( ! ,age ( ,/eel4 ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,electricians4 ,,pr(essor ,,tyndall4 ,,*apt] ,i4 8,preci\s is ! new light ( k :i* our ,tea*] conqu]s = u2 yet small to ! new light ( ,love :i* also we d]ive f him3 ! mo/ important elem5t ( any man's p]=mance is ! ,life he has accompli%$40--,,c>lyle4 ,! position ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 ! _w ( sci5ce is some:at unique4 ,he is "o ( our mo/ popul> tea*]s ( physical sci5ce2 he is "o ( our mo/ successful exp]im5tali/s2 & he is "o ( our mo/ attractive writ]s4 ,by 8 discov]ies he has l>gely ext5d$ our k ( ! laws ( ,nature2 by 8 tea*+ & writ+s he has probably done m ?an any o!r man 9 ,engl& to k9dle a love ( sci5ce among ! masses2 & by 8 life he has set an example to /ud5ts ( sci5ce :i* _c be too widely kn[n or appreciat$4 ,!re are m5 :o h made great] & m useful discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 b few h made m int]e/+ discov]ies4 ,!re are m5 ^: a*ievem5ts h be5 m highly e/eem$ by ! devotees ( pure sci5ce1 b r>ely has a sci5tific man be5 m popul> outside ! sci5tific _w4 ,!re are m5 ^: culture has be5 broad] & deep]1 b :o h nev]!less lack$ 8 facility ( exposition & gracefulness ( diction4 ,! goddess ( ,sci5ce1 :i* (ttimes 0 pres5t$ to ! public ) ! repulsive sev]ity ( a skeleton1 he has clo!d ) fle% & blood1 mak+ h] c\nt5ance appe> radiant ) ! gl[ ( poesy1 & susceptible ev5 to a t\* ( human sympa?y2 :ile among/ sci5tific contempor>ies1 ?\gh he does n rank z "o ( ^? creative m9ds t m>k an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( physical philosophy1 he may yet be said to h 8built _m a /one into ! great fabric ( sci5ce1 :i* gives x an ev]-broad] support & an ev]-gr[+ height )\t its appe>+ to a fre% obs]v] z a special & di/9ctive "w due to ! sole ex]tion ( any "o sci5tific man40 ,he comm5c$ 8 sci5tific c>e] at ! "t :5 ,sir ,william ,grove began to elaborate t !ory ( ! co-relation ( ! physical sci5ces :i* ,newton suspect$ & ,f>aday elucidat$2 namely1 8t ! v>i\s affections ( matt]1 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical aff9ity1 & motion are all correlative or h a reciprocal dep5d5ce3 t nei!r1 tak5 ab/ract$ly1 c be said to be ! ess5tial or proximate cause ( ! o!rs1 b t ei!r may1 z a =ce1 produce ! o!rs2 ?us heat may m$iately produce electricity1 electricity may produce heat2 & s ( ! re/40 ,pr(essor ,tyndall has ext5d$ or simplifi$ our k ( ^! =ces4 ,inde$ he may be said to h reveal$ "s hidd5 l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( causation4 ,he has ext5d$ & consolidat$ our k ( magnetism2 z an explor] & discov]] 9 ! doma9 ( radiant heat he /&s almo/ alone2 & z a lectur] & exp]im5tali/ he has probably done m ?an any o!r man to popul>ise ! sci5ce ( electricity4 ,!re is a gr[+ t5d5cy 9 ! pres5t day to appreciate p]sonal a*ievem5t m highly ?an anci5t l9eage2 & x is becom+ m a matt] ( boa/ 9 ! intellectual _w to say t an em95t man 0 self-made ?an to say he 0 ( noble bir?4 ,! subject ( ?is memoir c boa/ bo? ( high desc5t & ( l[ly bir?4 8,i am di/antly connect$10 he says1 8) "o ,william ,tyndale1 :o 0 ra% en\gh to boa/1 & to make good 8 boa/1 t he w\ld place an op5 ,bible )9 rea* ( e pl\ghboy 9 ,engl&4 ,8 fir/ rew>d 0 exile1 & !n a subt]ranean cell 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,vilvord54 ,x 0 a cold cell1 & he humbly1 b va9ly1 pray$ = 8 coat to cov] him & = 8 books to occupy him4 ,9 due "t he 0 tak5 f ! cell & set upright aga9/ a po/4 ,r\nd neck & po/ 0 plac$ a *a91 :i* be+ cunn+ly twi/$1 ! life 0 squeez$ out ( him4 ,a bonfire 0 made ( 8 body aft]w>ds40 ,x is said t ! m>tyr ,tyndale 0 desc5d$ f ! anci5t b>ons ( ,tyndale 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 ^: title ev5tually pass$ into ! family ( ! ,p]cies1 & t ! said ance/ors1 leav+ ! nor? dur+ ! w> ( ! ,roses1 aft]w>ds s\ght & f\nd refuge 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,( "o ( ^! refugees ! m>tyr ( ,vilvord5 0 ! great-gr&son1 & 01 x is believ$1 born 9 #adhd4 ,bo? family tradition & docum5ts %[ t "s memb]s ( ! ,tyndale family1 :o 7 clo? manufactur]s1 migrat$ f ,gl\ce/]%ire to ! c\nty ( ,wex=d 9 ,irel& ab\t two c5turies ago4 ,"o ,william ,tyndale l&$ on ! coa/ ( ,irel& 9 #afgj1 & 8 desc5dants 9 lat] ye>s became scatt]$ ov] ,wex=d1 ,wat]=d1 & ,c>l[4 ,_! =tunes v>i$2 b = our purpose x is suffici5t to "k t ! gr&fa!r ( ! ,pr(essor _h a small e/ate 9 ,wex=d2 & t on remov+ !nce to ! village ( ,leighl9 ,bridge on ! banks ( ! ,b>r[1 c\nty ,c>l[1 he cont9u$ to prosp] until he got into easy circum/ances4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! :ole race ( ,tyndale1 f ! ,m>tyr d[n to ! ,pr(essor1 intellectual indep5d5ce appe>s to h be5 pref]r$ to worldly indep5d5ce1 & x 0 ! ex]cise ( ?is trait t co/ ! ,pr(essor ! small patrimony :i* 8 gr&fa!r _h acquir$4 ,a high s5se ( rectitude & a b5evol5t disposition are n incompatible ) excessive susceptibility to opposition2 & h5ce p]sons ( high pr9ciples sometimes /& l adamant on po9ts t to worldly m9ds appe> too trifl+ ev5 = controv]sy1 mu* less = self-sacrifice4 ,?\gh ! op9ions ( ! ,tyndales may h diff]$1 ! lead+ pr9ciples t gov]n$ _! conduct appe> to h be5 ma9ta9$ ) rem>kable consi/5cy & self-d5ial4 ,john ,tyndale1 ! fa!r ( ! ,pr(essor1 diff]$ 9 op9ion ) 8 own fa!r1 ,william ,tyndale ( ,leighl9 ,bridge1 on "s po9t t has long s9ce be5 =gott51 b 9 consequ5ce ( t diff]5ce ,william revok$ 8 w 9 fav\r ( 8 fir/-born son1 ,john1 & left 8 prop]ty to two sons ( a second m>riage4 ,leighl9 ,bridge1 :]e ,john ,tyndall 0 born 9 humble circum/ances 9 #ahbj1 0 a ?riv+ t[n ( #b1jjj inhabitants1 =ty-six miles s\?-we/ ( ,dubl94 ,x 0 !n ! entrepot :]e ! great s\!rn road f ,dubl9 to ,wat]=d & ,cork cross$ ! ,b>r[1 & x has consequ5tly be5 decl9+ ev] s9ce ! developm5t ( ! railway sy/em div]t$ ! traffic4 ,x 0 n de/itute ( hi/orical associations1 :i* to ! ,iri% m9d 7 ( an excit+ "*4 ,nor 0 ! c\ntry de/itute ( natural attractions4 ,:5 ,tyndall 0 a y\? its g5]al aspect 0 describ$ z s(t & agreeable1 ) little ( =cible or impos+ sc5]y1 yet free f ^? h>% features :i* s frequ5tly m> ! effect ( ,iri% l&scape4 ,9 "s p>ts x s closely resembl$ ! 8*ampaign1 ornate1 & agreeable di/ricts ( c5tral ,engl&10 t x 0 said con/antly to rem9d an ,engli% travell] pass+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( ! 8equable1 grateful sc5]y1 ! calm & s(t-fac$ prett9ess ( t]ritorial view to :i* 8 m9d _h be5 accu/om$40 ,yet to ! ord9>y ,engli% read] its lonel9ess w\ld appe> to h little t 0 likely to fire ! op5+ m9d ( ! ,apo/le ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,x ne$ n1 h[ev]1 appe> an inauspici\s bir?place to ^? :o believe t x is no m]e accid5t t has made great en?usia/s g5]ally proce$ f lonely or /]ile c\ntries4 ,let u !re=e look a little m into ?is home f :i* s mu* light 0 to be reflect$ 9 aft] ye>s by its !n y\nge/ inhabitant4 ,! ,pr(essor's fa!r1 be+ left dep5d5t on 8 own res\rces1 e>ly jo9$ ! ,iri% ,con/abul>y =ce & rema9$ 9 x = sev]al ye>s4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z a man ( exceptional ability & unsw]v+ integrity1 & 0 respect$ by all :o knew him4 ,a /urdy politician & a zeal\s ,orangeman1 he pres]v$ z a preci\s relic a bit ( flag :i* 0 said to h flutt]$ at ! ,battle ( ! ,boyne4 ,9 su* a man ,prote/antism 0 no m]e h]$it>y fai?4 ,x 0 evolv$ f 8 own inn] consci\sness1 & 0 "p ( 8 intellectual be+4 ,8 e>ne/ & capaci\s m9d _h ma/]$ ! works ( ,tillotson1 ,j]emy ,taylor1 ,*ill+wor?1 & o!r writ]s :o 7 n only ! pill>s ( ! ,prote/ant fai?1 b /ill rema9 unsurpass$ z ma/]s ( ,engli% prose4 ,9 our own day m5 ( respectable !ological atta9m5ts are cont5t to reflect1 9 lun>-l sc9tillations1 ! intellectual spl5d\r1 ! massive diction1 ! ri* & gl[+ p]iods t adorn _! pages2 & no bett] evid5ce c\ld be giv5 ( ! f9e intellig5ce ( ,john ,tyndall1 ( ,leighl9 ,bridge1 ?an to say t 8 delight 0 9 ! works ( ^! great m54 ,x is ! fa%ion n[adays = critics ( ! 8newspap]0 s*ool to sne] at _! 8pomp\s gr&eur10 b x is ^? liv+ writ]s :o 9 elevation ( ?\ght & graces ( /yle %[ ! greate/ aff9ity to !m t are ! mo/ popul>4 ,x 0 ) su* works t ,john ,tyndall1 pre1 s\ght to imbue ! m9d ( 8 only surviv+ son2 & ! subtle ?\ghts & inspir+ s5tim5ts :i* he ga!r$ f su* classic gr\nd mu/ h _h an invigorat+ effect on 8 son's susceptible m9d4 ,besides 8 e>ly famili>ity ) ! works ( ^! p[]ful ?9k]s1 x is said t he soon knew ! ,bible almo/ by he>t4 ,?is species ( intellectual discipl9e has sometimes be5 po9t$ to z pres5t+ a /range contra/ ) 8 excursions 9 lat] life into ^? regions ( natural philosophy :i* h sometimes be5 reg>d$ z antagoni/ic to !ology4 ,b x is m ?an probable t ?is e>ly tra9+ did mu* to model & *a/5 ! ri*1 transp>5t1 simple language 9 :i* he has s beautifully exp\nd$ ! laws ( ,nature4 ,!re is high au?ority = say+ t he c\ld h _h no bett] model4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 aft] review+ ! :ole c\rse ( anci5t lit]ature = 8images reflect$ by ! ext]nal _w on ! imag9ation10 says t 8z descriptions ( nature ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are a fai?ful reflection ( ! "* ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y 7 compos$1 ( ! alt]nations ( b>r5ness & fruitfulness1 & ( ! ,alp9e =e/s by :i* ! l& ( ,pale/9e 0 *>act]is$4 ,! epic or hi/orical n>ratives are m>k$ by a graceful simplicity1 almo/ m unadorn$ ?an ^? ( ,h]odotus1 & mo/ true to nature4 ,_! lyrical poetry is m adorn$1 & develops a ri* & animat$ conception ( ! life ( nature4 ,x might almo/ be said t "o s+le psalm 7! #ajd?7 repres5ts ! image ( ! :ole cosmos4444 ,! meteorological processes :i* take place 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! =mation & solution ( vap\r1 accord+ to ! *ang+ direction ( ! w9d1 ! play ( its col\rs1 ! g5]ation ( hail1 & ! roll+ ?und] are describ$ ) individualis+ accuracy1 & _m que/ions are prop\nd$ :i* we 9 our pres5t /ate ( physical k may inde$ be able to express "u m sci5tific def9itions1 b sc>cely to answ] satisfactorily40 ,mo/ ( our great writ]s h ackn[l$g$ t ! lit]ature t fir/ made a la/+ impression on _! m9d mat]ially influ5c$ _! /yle ( writ+1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall w be f\nd a good deal ( ! beautiful simplicity & poetic feel+ :i* ab\nd 9 ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,! orig9 ( 8 love ( nature is a problem t has ex]cis$ 8 own m9d4 8,i h sometimes tri$10 he says1 8to trace ! g5esis ( ! int]e/ :i* ,i take 9 f9e sc5]y4 ,x _c be :olly due to my e>ly associations2 = z a boy ,i lov$ nature1 & h5ce to acc\nt = t love ( nature ,i mu/ fall back ^u some?+ e>li] ?an my own bir?4 ,! =gott5 associations ( a =egone ance/ry are probably ! mo/ pot5t elem5ts 9 ! feel+40 ,he !n accepts z exce$+ly likely ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s idea t ! m5tal habits & pleasurable activities ( prec$+ g5]ations _h desc5d$ ) consid]able =ce to him4 ,he has1 inde$1 repeat$ly support$ ! view t intellectual "* is l>gely =m$ f ance/ral peculi>ities2 & if t be s1 he may surely be said to h reproduc$ "s ( ! high] m5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! ,iri% race ) m>vell\s exactness4 8,9 ! ,celtic g5ius10 says ,mi*elet1 8!re is a feel+ repugnant to my/icism1 & :i* h>d5s itself aga9/ ! mild & w9n+ ^w1 refus+ to lose itself 9 ! bosom ( ! moral ,god4 ,! g5ius ( ! ,celts is p[]fully urg$ t[>ds ! mat]ial & natural2 & ?is pron5ess to ! mat]ial has h9d]$ !m f easily acc$+ to laws f\nd$ on an ab/ract notion4444 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,/4 ,columbanus said3 #8,! ,iri% are bett] a/ronom]s ?an ! ,romans4' ,x 0 a disciple ( 81 also an ,iri%man1 ,virgil1 ,bi%op ( ,saltzburg1 :o fir/ affirm$ ! rotundity ( ! e>? & ! exi/5ce ( ! ,antipodes4 ,all ! sci5ces 7 at ?is p]iod cultivat$ ) mu* r5[n 9 ! ,scot* & ,iri% mona/]ies40 ,^! *>act]i/ics appe> to pr$om9ate 9 ! ,iri% intellect at ! pres5t day4 ,physical sci5ce1 :i* is ! glory ( our age1 owes mu* to ,irel&4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 "o ( ! mo/ v]satile & brilliant ( natural philosoph]s1 0 born 9 ,irel&2 s 0 ,george ,gabriel ,/okes1 "o ( ,newton's wor?ie/ successors 9 ! ,lucasian *air ( ma!matics at ,cambridge z well z ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society2 ,h5ry ,smi?1 ! greate/ ma!matician ( 8 "t at ,ox=d1 :o di$ 9 #ahhc1 0 an ,iri%man2 ,sir ,william ,r[an ,hamilton1 ! ,a/ronom]-,royal = ,irel&1 0 also "o ( ,irel&'s mo/ precoci\s sons2 & 9 su* a con/ellation ( ,iri% g5ius ,pr(essor ,tyndall excels z a popul> expositor ( ! laws ( nature4 ,at ! age ( sev5 he began to %[ 8 natural ta/e = ! works ( nature1 & 8 fa!r gave him gl[+ acc\nts ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ,newton z 8,t sun ( sci5ce1 ^: m]idian ray ,k9dl$ ! gloom ( nature into day40 ,a good education 0 ! only patrimony :i* 8 fa!r c\ld be/[ ^u him4 ,he 0 !re=e s5t to ! be/ s*ool )9 rea*1 & rema9$ at x till 8 n9ete5? ye>4 ,9 8 e>li] s*ooldays he pref]r$ physical to m5tal ex]cises1 & ?us became exp]t 9 runn+1 swimm+1 climb+1 & o!r sports4 ,! bran* ( /udy 9 :i* he excell$ 0 ma!matics4 ,"u ! tuition ( a good tea*] 9 an ,iri% national s*ool1 he acquir$ a k ( elem5t>y algebra1 geometry1 trigonometry1 & conic sections4 ,8 fav\rite 8ari?metic0 0 ! treatise ( ,pr(essor ,?omson1 ! fa!r ( ,sir ,william ,?omson1 :o 9 lat] ye>s became "o ( 8 mo/ brilliant contempor>ies4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 he %[$ exceptional facility 9 solv+ geometrical problems1 & on 8 way home f s*ool1 9 company ) 8 tea*]1 he w\ld "w out demon/rations on ! sn[ 9 w9t]4 ,b ev5 t accessory he became able to disp5se )2 = he c\ld s cle>ly pres5t ! relations ( space to 8 m9d )\t ! aid ( diagrams1 t he 0 able to draw m5tally ! l9es illu/rat+ ! solution ( complex problems & to pres]ve ?is m5tal image s di/9ctly t he c\ld reason ^u x z correctly z on ! diagrams drawn ^u pap] requir$ by ord9>y /ud5ts4 ,:5 he came to solid geometry he 0 able by means ( ?is p[] ( m5tal repres5tation to disp5se ) models1 :i* to o!r /ud5ts 7 indisp5sable4 ,8 p[]s ( reason+ 7 n conf9$ to ma!matics4 ,9 8 y\? he 0 accu/om$ to debate ) 8 fa!r ! po9ts ( doctr9e t divide ! ,prote/ant f ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 reason+ high 8( ,provid5ce1 =e-k1 w1 & fate40 ,sometimes ! son took ! ,prote/ant side & at o!r times ! ,romi% side2 & 9 ei!r case he %[$ mu* dialectical skill & !ological k4 ,he also took m ?an ord9>y int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( ,engli% gramm>1 :i* he has describ$ z be+ to 8 y\?ful m9d a discipl9e ( ! highe/ value & a s\rce ( unfail+ delight4 ,leav+ s*ool 9 ,april1 #ahci1 he jo9$ a division ( ! ,ordnance ,survey !n /ation$ 9 t di/rict1 "u ! comm& ( ,lieut4 ,geo4 ,wynne1 ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 :o aft]w>ds became an intimate fri5d ( 81 & to :om he has frequ5tly express$ 8 obligation = acts ( k9dness t promot$ 8 welf>e 9 aft] life4 ,ab\t t "t a good deal ( a/oni%m5t 0 publicly express$ at ! ma!matical p[]s ( "o ( ! _m boys employ$ 9 calculations on ! ,ordnance ,survey2 8 "n 0 ,alex&] ,gw91 a native ( ,d]ry1 & x 0 report$ t at ! age ( eight ye>s he _h got by rote ! fractional log>i?ms f #a to #a1jjj1 :i* he c\ld repeat 9 regul> rotation1 or o!rwise4 ,8 rapidity & correctness 9 calculat+ trigonometrical di/ances1 triangles1 c41 7 extraord9>y3 he c\ld make a return1 9 acres1 roods1 & p]*es1 9 less ?an "o m9ute ( any quantity ( l&1 on receiv+ ! surveyor's *a9$ di/ances2 a calculation :i* ! greate/ ari?metician w\ld take ne>ly an h\r to d1 & w\ld n be s sure ( accuracy at ! end ( t "t4 ,! int5tion ( "y ,tyndall 0 to become a civil eng9e]1 :i* !n appe>$ a mo/ attractive pr(ession to him4 ,z a prelim9>y qualification he det]m9$ to ma/] all ! op]ations ( ! surveyors4 ,draftsm5 be+ ! be/ paid1 he work$ z a draftsman1 b appli$ himself s well to le>n+ ! :ole bus9ess t he soon became able to d ! "w ( ! computor1 ! surveyor1 & ! trigonometrical obs]v]4 ,he !n ask$ to be all[$ to g on field-"w1 & 8 desire 0 grant$4 ,9 #ahda1 :ile he 0 /ation$ at ,cork1 a circum/ance occurr$ :i* may be describ$ z ! turn+ po9t 9 8 c>e]4 ,he work$ at mapp+ 9 company ) a g5tleman1 :o1 assum+ a pat]nal int]e/ 9 him1 "o day1 ask$ ! "y & promis+ surveyor h[ he employ$ 8 leisure h\rs4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! acc\nt giv51 ! g5tleman said to him3 8,y h five h\rs a day at y\r disposal1 & ?is "t ought to be devot$ to /udy4 ,_h ,i1 :5 ,i 0 y\r age1 _h a fri5d to advise me z ,i n[ advise y1 in/ead ( be+ 9 my pres5t subord9ate position1 ,i %\ld be ! equal ( ! director ( ! ,survey40 ,pregnant words6 ,next morn+ "y ,tyndall 0 at 8 books by five o'clock1 & ! /udi\s habits !n comm5c$ he cont9u$ = twelve ye>s4 ,next ye> he 0 9 ,pre/on1 & !re becom+ a memb] ( ! ,pre/on ,me*anics' ,in/itute he att5d$ its lectures & made use ( its libr>y4 ,"o exp]im5t :i* he saw !re he nev] =got4 ,9 a lecture on respiration1 ,surgeon ,cortess %[$ ! *anges produc$ by ! passage ( air ?r\gh ! lungs1 & 9 ord] to illu/rate ! fact t :at w5t 9 z free oxyg5 came out 9 c>bonic acid1 he =c$ 8 brea? ?r\gh lime wat] 9 a flask by means ( a glass tube dipp$ into x2 ! c>bonic acid f ! lungs conv]t$ ! dissolv$ lime into c>bonate ( lime1 :i* be+ practically insoluble 0 precipitat$4 ,all ?is1 he says1 0 pr$ict$ be=eh& by ! lectur]1 8b ! delight ) :i* ,i saw ?is pr$iction fulfill$ by ! conv]sion ( ! limpid lime-wat] into a turbid mixture ( *alk & wat] rema9s ) me z a memory to ! pres5t h\r0 7#ahhd47 ,8 dilig5ce 9 /udy he 0 soon able to turn to good acc\nt4 ,on "o occasion !re 0 a de>? ( m5 capable ( mak+ trigonometrical obs]vations :5 su* obs]vations 7 requir$4 ,tyndall (f]$ 8 s]vices 9 t dep>tm5t2 b ! (f] 0 n readily accept$4 ,8 sup]iors hesitat$ to intru/ him ) a !odolite on acc\nt ( 8 inexp]i5ce 9 "w ( t description3 & inde$ !re 7 bets made aga9/ 8 *ances ( success4 ,h[ev]1 be+ all[$ to try 8 h& at x1 he at once took 8 !odolite into an op5 field1 :]e he exam9$ all its p>ts1 & /udi$ _! uses4 ,he !n made ! trigonometrical obs]vations prescrib$ to him1 & :5 !y 7 comp>$ ) ! measurem5t previ\sly made on a l>g] scale1 8 "w 0 pron\nc$ to h be5 successfully done4 ,:5 he quitt$ ! ,ordnance ,survey 9 #ahdc he _h practically ma/]$ all its op]ations4 ,! pay ^u ! ,ordnance ,survey1 h[ev]1 0 v small1 b hav+ ult]ior objects 9 view1 he consid]$ ! in/ruction receiv$ z "s set-(f to ! smallness ( ! pay4 ,9 ord] to 8prev5t "s "y m5 f consid]+ _! fate specially h>d1 or f be+ daunt$1 because f a v l[ level !y _h to climb a v /eep hill10 he has /at$ t on quitt+ ! ,ordnance ,survey 9 #ahdc1 8 sal>y 0 a little "u tw5ty %ill+s a week1 add+1 8,i h (t5 wond]$ s9ce at ! am\nt ( g5u9e happ9ess :i* a "y fell[1 ( regul> habits1 n c>+ = ei!r pipe or mug1 may extract ev5 f pay l t40 ,9 #ahdd affairs 9 ?is c\ntry did n look v tempt+ to him1 & he !re=e resolv$ to g to ,am]ica1 :i!r "s relatives _h emigrat$ e>ly 9 ! c5tury4 ,he _h actually made prep>ations = go+ !re be=e "s ( 8 fri5ds succe$$ 9 dissuad+ him f x4 ,a sudd5 outbur/ ( activity 9 railway con/ruction at ! same "t op5$ up a bright] prospect at home4 ,aft] a pause1 he says1 !re came ! mad "t ( ! railway mania1 :5 he 0 able to turn to acc\nt ! k he _h ga9$ ^u ! ,ordnance ,survey2 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ,*e%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 ,durham1 & ,york%ire especially1 he 0 9 ! ?ick ( ! fray4 ,z a workman at t p]iod he has be5 highly spok5 ( by 8 contempor>ies4 ,"o ( !m has /at$ t 8,extreme caution & accuracy1 toge!r ) dauntless p]sev]ance "u difficulties1 *>act]is$ ! p]=mance ( e piece ( "w he took 9 h&4 ,habitually1 inde$1 he pu%$ v]ification beyond ! limits ( all ord9>y prud5ce1 &1 on return+ f a h>d day's "w1 he has be5 kn[n to retrace 8 /eps = miles 9 ord] to assure himself ( ! security ( "s #8b5* m>k1' ^u ^: p]man5ce ! accuracy ( 8 levels dep5d$4 ,previ\s to "o ( ^? unpo/ponable ?irtie?s ( ,novemb]1 :5 all railway plans & sections _h to be deposit$ at ! ,bo>d ( ,works1 a s]ies ( levels _h to be complet$ ne> ,keighley 9 ,york%ire1 & ,man*e/] rea*$ be=e midnight4 ,! wea!r 0 /ormy beyond description2 levell+ /aves snapp$ 9 twa9 be=e ! viol5t gu/s ( w9d2 & level & levell] 7 9 con/ant p]il ( be+ ov]turn$ by ! =ce ( ! hurricane4 ,assi/ants grumbl$ #8,impossible1' & 7 only %am$ into submissive p]si/5ce by t /]n resolution :i*1 be=e nightfall1 triumph$ ov] all ob/acles40 ,( ^! /irr+ sc5es ! ,pr(essor has giv5 a graphic acc\nt4 ,he says3--8,x 0 a "t ( t]rible toil4 ,! day's "w 9 ! field usually began & end$ ) ! day's light1 :ile frequ5tly 9 ! (fice1 & m especially z ! awful #cj? ( ,novemb]--! late/ date at :i* plans & sections ( project$ l9es c\ld be deposit$ at ! ,bo>d ( ,trade--drew ne>1 !re 0 little diff]5ce betwe5 day & night1 e h\r ( ! tw5ty-f\r be+ absorb$ 9 ! "w ( prep>ation4 ,/rong m5 7 brok5 d[n by ! /ra9 & lab\r ( t ardu\s "t4 ,_m pu%$ ?r\gh1 & are /ill among u 9 robu/ vig\r2 b "s collaps$1 :ile o!rs retir$ ) l>ge =tunes1 b ) intellects s %att]$ t1 in/ead ( tak+ _! places 9 ! front rank ( ,engli% /atesm51 z _! abilities entitl$ !m to d1 !y s\ght re/ = _! bra9s 9 ! quiet lives ( c\ntry g5tlem54 ,9 my own mode/ sph]e ,i well rememb] ! refre%m5t ,i occasionally d]iv$ f five m9utes' sleep on a deal table1 ) ,babbage & ,callet's ,log>i?ms "u my head = a pill[4 ,on a c]ta9 day1 "u grave p5alties1 c]ta9 levels _h to be f9i%$1 & ?is p>ticul> day 0 "o ( agony to me4 ,! atmosph]e seem$ fill$ ) mock+ demons1 laugh+ at ! vanity ( my ef=ts to get ! "w done4 ,my levell+ /aves 7 snapp$1 & my !odolite 0 ov]?r[n by ! /orm4 ,:5 ?+s are at _! wor/ a k9d ( ang] (t5 takes ! place ( fe>4 ,x 0 s 9 ! pres5t in/ance2 ,i pu%$ dogg$ly on1 & j at nightfall1 :5 b>ely able to read ! figures on my levell+ /aff1 ,i plant$ my la/ #8b5*m>k' on a tomb/one 9 ,hawor? ,*ur*y>d4 ,close at h& 0 ! vic>age ( ,mr4 ,bront1 :]e ! g5ius 0 nurs$ :i* soon aft]w>ds bur/ =? & a/oni%$ ! _w4 ,x 0 a "t ( mad unre/--( d[nright money mania4 ,9 private resid5ces & public halls1 9 ,london reception rooms1 9 hotels & ! /ables ( hotels1 among gipsies & co/]mong]s1 no?+ 0 spok5 ( b ! /ate ( ! %>e m>ket1 ! prospects ( project$ l9es1 ! good =tune ( ! o/l] or potboy :o by a lucky /roke ( bus9ess _h cle>$ #aj1jjj4 ,high & l[1 ri* & poor1 jo9$ 9 ! reckless game4 ,dur+ my pr(essional connection ) railways ,i endur$ ?ree weeks' mis]y4 ,x 0 n defeat$ ambition2 x 0 n a reject$ suit2 x 0 n ! h>d%ip endur$ 9 ei!r (fice or field2 b x 0 ! possession ( c]ta9 %>es pur*as$ 9 "o ( ! l9es !n afloat4 ,! %>e li/ ( ! day prov$ ! w9d+-%eet ( my peace ( m9d4 ,i 0 haunt$ by ! ,/ock ,ex*ange4 ,i became at la/ s savage ) myself t ,i w5t to my brok]s & put away1 )\t ga9 or loss1 ! %>es z an accurs$ ?+40 ,:5 9 ,halifax 9 #ahde he att5d$ a lecture :i* 0 deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,george ,dawson1 & :i* appe>$ to make a la/+ impression on 8 m9d4 ,t popul> lectur] !n def9$ duty z a debt ow$2 & ) ref]5ce to ! ,*>ti/ doctr9e ( 8levell+0 !n 9 vogue1 he said3 ,suppos+ two m5 to be equal at night1 & t "o rises at six :ile ! o!r sleeps till n9e1 :at becomes ( ! gospel ( levell+ !n8 ,! ,pr(essor reg>d$ ^! z ! words ( ,nature1 & !re 01 accord+ to 8 impression1 8a k9dl+ vig\r 9 ! lectur]'s words t mu/ h /r5g!n$ ! s5se ( duty 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o he>d him40 ,x 0 :ile work+ 9 ,york%ire ab\t t "t t he fir/ met ,mr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,hir/1 !n an articl$ pupil1 :o became "o ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 & :o aft]w>ds became ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,at t "t1 too1 ,sir ,john ,hawk%aw1 :o aft]w>ds 0 ,pr(4 ,tyndall's successor z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 0 *ief eng9e] on ! ,man*e/] & ,le$s ,railway1 & x 0 9 8 ,man*e/] (fice t ,tyndall sp5t ! la/ days ( 8 railway life4 ,a calm foll[$ ! /orm ( competition j describ$2 "w became sc>ce1 & ! prospects ( eng9e]s 7 once m ov]ca/4 ,9 ^! circum/ances he accept$1 9 #ahdg1 an appo9tm5t z a tea*] 9 ,que5swood ,college1 ,hamp%ire4 ,! well-kn[n ,sociali/ re=m]1 ,rob]t ,ow51 & 8 disciples built t college--a f9e edifice occupy+ a heal?y position--& call$ x ,h>mony ,hall1 z x 0 meant to inaugurate ! mill5nium2 ! lett]s 8,c4 ( ,m0 7comm5cem5t ( mill5nium7 be+ ins]t$ 9 fl9t 9 ! brickwork ( ! h\se4 ,ar\nd ?is college 7 l>ge f>ms1 :]e lessons 7 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,tyndall to ! m advanc$ /ud5ts on ! subjects :i* he _h ma/]$ 9 8 previ\s lab\rs4 ,) tea*+ he comb9$ self-improvem5t4 ,! *emical laboratory 0 "u ! *>ge ( ,dr4 ,frankl&1 ) :om he soon became fri5dly4 ,9 ord] to sp5d "p ( 8 "t 9 /udy 9 ! *emical laboratory1 ,tyndall rel9qui%$ "p ( 8 sal>y1 & !re he laid ! f\ndations ( t k ( physical sci5ce :i* 0 de/9$ aft]w>d to be 8 own passport to fame & to af=d delight to _m ?\s&s ( 8 fell[m54 ,he 0 also v successful z a tea*] 9 ,que5swood ,college4 ,he is said to h ex]cis$ a k9d ( magnetic influ5ce ov] 8 /ud5ts1 & su* 0 _! fai? 9 him t :5 any di/urbances arose among !m he 0 inv>iably call$ ^u to settle !m1 & he did s m]ely by ! p[] ( moral influ5ce & =ce ( "*4 ,z to 8 impressions ( life at ,que5swood1 ! ,pr(essor says3-- 8,s*emes l ,h>mony ,hall look admirable ^u pap]2 b1 inasmu* z !y are =m$ ) ref]5ce to an ideal humanity1 !y g to pieces :5 br\ght into collision ) ! real "o4 ,at ,que5swood1 ,i le>n$1 by practical exp]i5ce1 t two factors w5t to ! =mation ( a tea*]4 ,9 reg>d to k he mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ma/] ( 8 "w4 ,b k is n all4 ,!re might be k )\t p[]--! ability to in=m )\t ! ability to /imulate4 ,bo? g toge!r 9 ! true tea*]4 ,a p[] ( "* mu/ und]lie & en=ce ! "w ( ! intellect4 ,!re 7 m5 :o c\ld s r\se & en]gise _! pupils--s call =? _! /r5g? & ! pleasure ( its ex]cise--z to make ! h>de/ "w agreeable4 ,)\t ?is p[] x is que/ionable :e!r ! tea*] c\ld ev] really enjoy 8 vocation--) x1 ,i d n "k a high]1 nobl]1 & m bless$ call+ ?an t ( ! man :o1 scorn+ ! cramm+ s preval5t 9 our day1 conv]ts ! k he imp>ts into a lev]1 to lift1 ex]cise1 & /r5g!n ! gr[+ m9ds committ$ to 8 c>e40 ,aft] pursu+ _! sci5tific /udies toge!r = "s "t1 bo? ,tyndall & ,frankl& began to ?9k ( ext5d+ ! range ( _! sci5tific culture4 ,b t c\ld n !n be done 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahde a man c\ld n easily get fir/-class in/ruction 9 practical *emi/ry & ! o!r physical sci5ces t 7 !n mak+ great /rides =w>d4 ,betwe5 #ahdj & #ahej ,g]many assum$ ! lead 9 ^! sci5ces4 ,9 t c\ntry sci5ce !n organis$ itself on a va/ scale1 & f t "t to ?is x has be5 gr[+ !re at a mo/ extraord9>y rate2 inde$1 ,pr(4 ,huxley decl>$ 9 #ahhd t 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w !re has nev] be5 su* a trem5d\s am\nt ( organis$ en]gy be/[$ 9 ! developm5t ( physical sci5ce z 9 ,g]many4 8,at ! "t "h ref]r$ to10 says ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 8,i _h em]g$ f "s ye>s ( h>d lab\r ! =tunate possessor ( two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,by sell+ my s]vices 9 ! de>e/ m>ket dur+ ! railway madness ! sum might1 )\t di%on\r1 h be5 made a l>ge "o2 b ,i respect$ ties :i* exi/$ prior to ! "t :5 (f]s became lavi% & temptation /rong4 ,i did n put my money 9 a napk91 b *]i%$ ! design ( sp5d+ x 9 /udy at a ,g]man univ]sity4 ,i _h he>d ( ,g]man sci5ce1 :ile ,c>lyle's ref]5ces to ,g]man philosophy & lit]ature caus$ me to reg>d !m z a k9d ( revelation f ! gods4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! autumn ( #ahdh1 ,frankl& & ,i />t$ = ! l& ( univ]sities1 z ,g]many is (t5 call$4 ,!y are s[n broadca/ ov] ! c\ntry1 & c ju/ly claim to be ! s\rce ( an important portion ( ,g]many's pres5t greatness4 8,our place ( /udy 0 ! t[n ( ,m>burg1 9 ,hesse-,cassel1 & a v picturesque t[n ,m>burg is4 ,x clamb]s pleasantly up ! hillsides1 & falls z pleasantly t[>ds ! ,lahn4 ,on a ,may day1 :5 ! or*>ds are 9 blossom1 & ! *e/nuts clo!d ) _! heavy foliage1 ,m>burg is truly lovely4 ,x is ! same t[n 9 :i* my great namesake1 :5 ev5 poor] ?an myself1 publi%$ 8 translation ( ! ,bible4 ,i lodg$ 9 ! pla9e/ mann] 9 a /reet :i* p]haps bore an appropriate "n :ile ,i dwelt !re4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,ketz]ba*--! h]etics' brook--f a little hi/orical rivulet runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,i wi%$ to keep myself clean & h>dy1 s ,i pur*as$ a cask & _h x cut 9 two by a c>p5t]4 ,t cask1 fill$ ) spr+-wat] ov] night1 0 plac$ 9 my small b$room1 & nev] dur+ ! ye>s t ,i sp5t !re1 9 w9t] or 9 summ]1 did ! clock ( ! beautiful ,elizabe!kir*e1 :i* 0 close at h&1 f9i% /rik+ ! h\r ( six 9 ! morn+ be=e ,i 0 9 my tub4 ,= a good portion ( ! "t ,i rose an h\r & a-half e>li] ?an ?is1 work+ by lamp-light at ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus :5 ! _w 0 slumb]+ ar\nd me4 ,i risk$ ?is brea* ( my pursuits & ?is exp5diture ( my "t & money1 n because ,i _h any def9ite prospect ( mat]ial pr(it 9 view1 b because ,i ?\ght ! cultivation ( ! intellect important2 because1 moreov]1 ,i lov$ my "w1 & ent]ta9$ a sure & c]ta9 hope t arm$ ) k "o c successfully fight "o's way ?r\gh ! _w4 ,i ought n to omit "o additional motive by :i* ,i 0 upheld at ! "t "h ref]r$ to--t 0 ! s5se ( duty4 ,e "y man ( high aims mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h a spice ( ?is pr9ciple )9 him4 ,!re are sure to be h\rs 9 8 life :5 8 outlook w be d>k1 8 "w difficult1 & 8 intellectual future unc]ta94 ,ov] su* p]iods1 :5 ! /imulus ( success is abs5t1 he mu/ be c>ri$ by 8 s5se ( duty4 ,x may n be s quick an inc5tive z glory1 b x is a nobl] "o1 & gives a tone to "* :i* glory _c imp>t4 ,t unfl9*+ devotion to "w1 )\t :i* no real em95ce 9 sci5ce is n[ atta9able1 implies ! writ+ at c]ta9 times ( /]n resolve ^u ! /ud5t's "*3 #8,i "w n because ,i l "w1 b because ,i ought to "w4' ,at ,m>burg my /udy 0 w>m$ by a l>ge /ove4 ,at fir/ ,i miss$ ! gleam & sp>kle f flame & emb]1 b ,i soon became accu/om$ to ! obscure heat4 ,at six 9 ! morn+ a small mil*-brod & a cup ( tea 7 tak5 to me4 ,! d9n] h\r 0 "o1 & = ! fir/ ye> or s ,i d9$ at an hotel4 ,9 ^? days liv+ 0 *eap 9 ,m>burg4 ,d9n] consi/$ ( sev]al c\rses1 roa/ & boil$1 & f9i%$ up ) sweets & dess]t4 ,! co/ 0 a p\nd a mon?1 or ab\t eightp5ce p] d9n]4 ,i usually limit$ myself to "o c\rse1 us+ ev5 t 9 mod]ation1 be+ conv9c$ t eat+ too mu* 0 q z s9ful1 & almo/ z ru9\s1 z dr9k+ too mu*4 ,by att5d+ to su* ?+s ,i 0 able to "w )\t we>9ess = sixte5 h\rs a day4 ,my go+ to ,g]many _h be5 oppos$ by "s ( my fri5ds z quixotic1 & my life !re might1 p]haps1 be n unfairly ?us describ$4 ,i did n "w = money2 ,i 0 n ev5 spurr$ by #8! la/ infirmity ( noble m9ds4' ,i _h be5 read+ ,fi*te1 & ,em]son1 & ,c>lyle1 & _h be5 infect$ by ! _s ( ^! great m51 ! ,alpha & ,omega ( ^: tea*+ 0 loyalty to duty4 ,high] k & great] /r5g? 7 )9 rea* ( ! man :o unfl9*+ly enact$ 8 be/ insight40 ,ev5 a /atue 0 capable ( impress+ ?is tru? ^u him4 ,b x 0 ! /atue ( ! man :o said ( 8 own features3 8,?is is ! face ( a man :o has /ruggl$ en]getically0--! man ( ^: portrait ,c>lyle says3 8,read]1 to !e ?yself1 ev5 n[1 he has "o c\nsel to give1 ! secret ( 8 :ole poetic al*emy4 ,?9k ( liv+6 ,?y life1 7 ?\ ! pitifulle/ ( all ! sons ( e>?1 is no idle dream1 b a solemn reality4 ,x is ?y own2 x is all ?\ ha/ to front et]nity )4 ,"w1 !n1 ev5 z he has done & does--,,l ,a ,,/>1 ,,unha/+ ,,yet ,,unre/+40 ,equally impressive 0 ! effect produc$ on ,pr(essor ,tyndall by ev5 ! sight ( ! =m ( su* a man4 ,f9d+ himself "o f9e summ] ev5+ /&+ beside a /atue ( ,goe! 9 a ,g]man city1 ! contemplation ( ?is "w ( art1 :i* he consid]$ ! mo/ suitable memorial = a great man1 excit$ a motive =ce )9 8 m9d1 :i* he ?\ght no purely mat]ial influ5ce c\ld g5]ate4 8,!re 0 !n10 he says1 8lab\r be=e me ( ! mo/ ardu\s k9d4 ,!re 7 =midable practical difficulties to be ov]come1 & v small means :]e) to ov]come !m2 & yet ,i felt t no mat]ial means c\ld1 z reg>ds ! task ,i _h und]tak51 plant )9 me a resolve comp>able ) t :i* ! contemplation ( ?is /atue ( ,goe! 0 able to ar\se40 ,f 8 y\? ,tyndall appe>$ to h a rem>kable p[]1 n only ( attract+ fri5ds1 b ( reta9+ !m4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* he e>ly became acqua9t$ ) 8 life-long fri5ds1 ,g5]al ,wynne & ,pr(essor ,hir/1 h already be5 m5tion$4 ,hir/ 0 sc>cely sixte5 ye>s ( age :5 he became acqua9t$ ) ,tyndall1 :o 0 t5 ye>s old]4 ,?\gh !y /ood 9 ! relation ( pupil & tea*]1 _! intimacy rip5$ into an endur+ fri5d%ip :i* sep>ation height5$ r ?an dissolv$4 ,an incid5t t occurr$ :ile ,tyndall 0 /udy+ at ,m>burg af=ds hon\rable evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,! dea? ( a relative 9 #ahdi made ,hir/ ! possessor ( a small patrimony1 :i* he det]m9$ to divide betwe5 himself & 8 =m] tea*]4 ,he accord+ly press$ ,pr(essor ,tyndall to accept "o half ( 8 small =tune1 b mu* to 8 disappo9tm5t ,tyndall w\ld h none ( x4 ,entreaties to accept x = fri5d%ip's sake 7 unavail+1 b fri5d%ip1 l necessity1 c inv5t /range means = atta9+ its end4 ,hir/ took c\nsel ) a ,g]man bank] z to a way ( convey+ ! money to 8 fri5d1 & soon a device 0 c>ri$ out1 by means ( :i* ! devotee ( sci5ce _h to sacrifice 8 self-d5ial on ! alt> ( fri5d%ip4 ,:ile at "w "o morn+ 9 8 lodg+s 9 ,m>burg ! po/man br\ght him a heavy roll closely pack$ & seal$1 :i*1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 conta9$ all sorts ( ,g]man co9s am\nt+ to #bjl4 /]l+1 a consid]able gratuity = a /ud5t to receive 9 ^? days4 ,he _h no alt]native b to accept x4 ,on a subsequ5t occasion :5 ,tyndall left ,m>burg to visit ,engl& ano!r fri5d ( 8 y\?1 ,g5]al ,wynne1 (f]$ to repl5i% 8 ex*equ]1 :i* he fe>$ mu/ be ne>ly empty1 b ! (f] 0 decl9$ ) assurances t su* g5]\s assi/ance 0 unnecess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 8,no man ev] yet made great discov]ies 9 ,sci5ce :o 0 n impell$ by an ab/ract$ love40--,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,at ! "t :5 ,pr(essor ,tyndall 0 /udy+ at ,m>burg ,univ]sity1 ! pr9cipal figure !re 0 ,buns51 :o _h be5 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 #ahch4 ,he 0 a pr(\nd *emi/1 & 8 fame z a lectur] 0 s em95t z to attract _m =eign /ud5ts4 ,a prolific discov]]1 & peculi>ly happy 9 8 mann] ( demon/rat+ 8 sci5tific tea*+1 he soon fasc9at$ ! ard5t m9ds ( ! two /ud5ts f ,que5swood4 ,= two ye>s ,tyndall att5d$ 8 *emical lectures4 ,inde$ he le>n$ ,g]man *iefly by li/5+ to ,buns54 ,he has himself /at$ t ,buns5 treat$ him l a bro!r1 giv+ 8 "t1 space1 & appliances1 = ! b5efit ( 8 /udies4 ,! subject :i* mo/ attract$ ,tyndall's att5tion 0 electro-*emi/ry1 ^u :i* ,buns5 deliv]$ an admirable c\rse ( lectures 9 #ahdh4 ,! :ole pr9ciple ( ! voltaic pile 0 ?us expla9$ to him 9 a ma/]ful mann]4 ,he also made himself acqua9t$ ) *emical analyses1 bo? quantitative & qualitative4 ,he display$ no less zeal 9 ! /udy ( ma!matics4 ,= a consid]able p]iod he got private lessons f ,pr(essor ,/egmann1 "u ^: tuition he work$ ?r\gh analytical geometry ( two & ?ree dim5sions1 ! ,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus1 & "p ( ! ,calculus ( ,v>iations4 ,8 fir/ sci5tific pap] 0 a ma!matical essay on screw surfaces1 respect+ :i* he says3--8,pr(essor ,/egmann gave me ! subject ( my diss]tation :5 ,i took my degree3 its title 9 ,engli% 01 #8,on a ,screw ,surface ) ,incl9$ ,g5]atrix1 & on ! ,conditions ( ,equilibrium on su* ,surfaces4' ,i resolv$ t if ,i c\ld n1 )\t ! slighte/ aid accompli% ! "w f beg9n+ to end x %\ld n be accompli%$ at all4 ,w&]+ among ! p9e wood & pond]+ ! subject1 ,i became m & m ma/] ( x2 & :5 my diss]tation 0 h&$ 9 to ! ,philosophical ,faculty x did n conta9 a ?\ght t 0 n my own40 ,b ! man ^: acqua9tance at ,m>burg appe>$ to ex]cise mo/ influ5ce ov] 8 c>e] 0 ,dr4 ,knoblau*1 :o _h j come ?i!r f ,b]l9 z extraord9>y ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 & :o _h already di/+ui%$ himself by 8 rese>*es 9 radiant heat4 ,he illu/rat$ 8 lectures ) a *oice collection ( app>atus br\ght f ,b]l92 & he n only sugge/$ to ,tyndall an exhau/ive s]ies ( exp]im5ts be>+ on a newly-discov]$ pr9ciple ( physics1 b suppli$ him ) ! necess>y app>atus1 & plac$ 8 own cab9et at 8 disposal = t purpose4 ,! subject ( inve/igation 0 diamagnetism4 ,f>aday's discov]ies & exp]im5ts 9 magnetism 7 !n attract+ ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w4 ,he _h %[n 9 #ahcj t by mov+ a magnet )9 ! holl[ ( a coil ( copp] wire an electrical curr5t 0 produc$ 9 ! wire4 ,?is 0 a />tl+ & pregnant discov]y4 ,tak+ six hundr$ feet ( insulat$ copp] wire & w9d+ x into a l>ge v]tical coil1 he arrang$ ! two ends ( ! wire into a small coil a little di/ance away f ! l>ge coil1 & imm$iately above ?is small coil he susp5d$ a balanc$ compass ne$le by a silk ?read4 ,!n1 on dropp+ a b> magnet1 or piece ( iron magnetis$1 into ! l>ge coil1 ! ne$le1 :i* 0 po9t+ t[>ds ! ,nor? ,pole1 in/antly swung r\nd1 evid5tly impell$ by magnetic =ce2 :51 aga91 ! b> magnet 0 rais$ out ( ! holl[ ( ! l>ge coil1 ! ne$le mov$ r\nd 9 ! opposite direction2 :ile x rema9$ motionless s long z ! b> magnet 0 at re/ ei!r inside or outside ! coil4 ,x ?us appe>$ t an electrical curr5t c\ld be produc$ by ! movem5t ( ! b> magnet--by dropp+ x into ! coil or tak+ x out2 & ! curr5t s produc$ he call$ an induc$ curr5t4 ,?is op]ation is call$ magneto-electric induction4 ,9 #ahde ,f>aday greatly ext5d$ 8 magnetic discov]ies4 ,he n only e/abli%$ ! magnetic condition ( all matt] by %[+ t e kn[n body or ?+ c\ld be influ5c$ by magnetism1 b he discov]$ a new prop]ty ( magnetism1 :i* he call$ diamagnetism4 ,?is 0 consid]$ 8 greate/ discov]y4 ,by susp5d+ bodies ( an elongat$ =m betwe5 ! ends or poles ( p[]ful magnets1 he f\nd t e sub/ance 0 attract$ or repell$ f ! magnetic poles2 & he divid$ all bodies into two great classes1 call$ magnetic & diamagnetic4 ,! way 9 :i* a piece ( iron is attract$ by ! poles or ends ( a horse%oe magnet is a famili> illu/ration ( ! action ( magnetic bodies1 & ! position t su* bodies assume1 po9t+ 9 a l9e f "o pole to ! o!r1 he t]m$ axial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 diamagnetic bodies 7 ^? :i*1 :5 freely susp5d$ )9 ! influ5ce ( ! magnet1 assum$ a position at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! poles ( a magnet1 or to ! magnetic m]idian2 9 o!r words1 magnetic bodies po9t$ axially f pole to pole1 or nor? & s\?2 :ile diamagnetic bodies po9t$ ea/ & we/1 or 9 an equatorial direction4 ,bismu? is a conspicu\s example ( diamagnetic sub/ances4 ,sci5tific curiosity soon became excit$ z to ! exact nature ( ! diamagnetic =ce 9 relation to cry/als1 "s ( :i* behav$ 9 a my/]i\s mann] betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet4 ,pr(essor ,plck]1 ( ,bonn1 discov]$ t "s cry/als =m$ ( diamagnetic sub/ances 7 n subject to ! diamagnetic =ce2 & to acc\nt = ?is he attribut$ to cry/als an optical axis1 ^u :i* ! poles ( a magnet ex]cis$ a peculi> =ce4 ,plck] br\ght ?is !ory be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdh1 & call$ x a new magnetic action4 ,at ! close ( ! same ye>1 ,f>aday told ! ,royal ,society t he _h (t5 be5 emb>rass$ by ! anomal\s magnetic results giv5 by small cyl9d]s ( bismu?1 & aft] inve/igation he ref]r$ ^! effects to ! cry/all9e condition ( ! bismu?4 ,9 conclud+ 8 lecture on ?is subject1 ,f>aday said3--8,h[ rapidly ! k ( molecul> =ces gr[s ^u u1 & h[ /rik+ly e inve/igation t5ds to develop m & m _! importance1 & _! extreme attraction z an object ( /udy4 ,a few ye>s ago1 magnetism 0 to u an occult p[] affect+ only a few bodies3 n[ x is f\nd to influ5ce all bodies1 & to possess ! mo/ intimate relations ) electricity1 heat1 *emical action1 light1 cry/allisation1 &1 ?r\gh x1 ) ! =ces conc]n$ 9 cohesion40 ,he ?\ght !re 0 9 cry/als a directive impell+ =ce di/9ct f ! magnetic & diamagnetic =ce4 ,frequ5t conv]sations on ?is subject took place betwe5 ,knoblau* & ,tyndall 9 ,g]many dur+ #ahdi4 ,knoblau* sugge/$ t ,tyndall %\ld repeat ! exp]im5ts ( ,plck] & ,f>aday2 & z ?is op]ation 0 proce$+ !y agre$ to make a jo9t inquiry into ! deportm5t ( cry/als "u ! diamagnetic =ce4 ,!y lab\r$ long at ! problem be=e atta9+ any enc\rag+ success4 ,!y exam9$ ! optical prop]ties ( cry/als z well z made magnetic exp]im5ts ) !m1 a great _m exp]im5ts be+ made )\t discov]+ any new fact4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 !y f\nd t v>i\s cry/als did n act 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples enunciat$ by ,plck]1 & ! m !y work$ at ! subject ! m cle>ly x appe>$ t ! deportm5t ( c]ta9 bodies "u ! influ5ce ( magnetism 0 due1 n to ! pres5ce ( "s =ce previ\sly unkn[n1 b to ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ! sub/ance "u inve/igation1 or z ,tyndall put x1 to peculi>ities ( mat]ial aggregation4 ,= example1 he %[$ t :ile a b> ( iron attract$ by a magnet sets itself 9 a l9e f pole to pole1 an iron b> made ( an aggregate ( small b>s sets itself 9 ! opposite direction4 ,tyndall %[$ t ! cause ( ! latt] b> assum+ an equatorial position 0 simply its me*anical /ructure1 ! small plates compos+ ! 8aggregat$0 b> sett+ f pole to pole4 ,he f\nd t ! same law regulat$ ! magnetic deportm5t ( cry/als1 ^: me*anism or /ructure1 h[ev]1 0 g5]ally less evid5t4 ,9 #ahdi em95t natural philosoph]s 7 /udy+ ?is subject 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 & x 0 expect$ t ! inve/igation ( diamagnetic ph5om5a w\ld rapidly ?r[ "s new light ^u ! molecul> =ces :i* det]m9e ! conditions ( ! mat]ial creation4 ,9 allusion to ?is expectation1 ,tyndall said 9 #ahej1 t z nature acts by g5]al laws1 to :i* ! t]ms great & small are unkn[n1 x _c be d\bt$ t ! modifications ( magnetic =ce1 exhibit$ by bits ( copp]as & sug> 9 ! magnetic field1 display !mselves on a l>ge scale 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? itself1 & z a lump ( /ratifi$ grit1 ?\gh a magnetic mat]ial1 c\ld be made1 on acc\nt ( its planes ( /ratification1 to act z if x 7 diamagnetic1 he sugge/$ t ?is elem5t might h "s influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! v>y+ position ( ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?--a subject :i* /ill p]plexes ! sci5tific _w4 ,n only has ! nor? magnetic pole gradually be5 *ang+ its position1 z %[n by ! records ( ?ree c5turies1 b1 accord+ to ,b>l[1 e place has a magnetic pole & equator ( its own2 & accord+ to ,f>aday ! e>? is a great magnet1 ^: p[]1 z e/imat$ by ,gauss1 is equal to t :i* w\ld be conf]r$ if e cubic y>d ( x conta9$ six "o-p\nd magnets2 ! sum ( ! =ce be+ ?us equal to #h1dfd1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj su* magnets4 8,! disposition ( ?is magnetic =ce is n regul>10 said ,f>aday1 8nor are !re any po9ts on ! surface :i* c be prop]ly call$ poles3 /ill ! regions ( pol>ity are 9 high nor? & s\? latitudes2 & ^! are connect$ by l9es ( magnetic =ce 7be+ ! l9es ( direction71 :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 rise out ( ! e>? 9 "o 7magnetic7 hemisph]e1 & pass+ 9 v>i\s directions ov] ! equatorial regions into ! o!r hemisph]e1 !re ent] into ! e>? to complete ! kn[n circuit ( p[]40 ,x 0 9 connection ) 8 inve/igations on ?is subject t ,pr(4 ,tyndall fir/ saw ,pr(4 ,f>aday4 ,return+ f ,m>burg 9 #ahej1 he call$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution & s5t 9 8 c>d1 toge!r ) a copy ( a pap] he _h prep>$1 giv+ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts on magne-cry/allic action4 ,pr(4 ,f>aday conv]s$ ) him = half-an-h\r1 & be+ !n on ! po9t ( publi%+ "o ( 8 pap]s on magne-cry/allic action1 he app5d$ to x a flatt]+ ref]5ce to ! notes :i* ,tyndall _h plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,tyndall w5t back to ,g]many1 :]e he work$ = ano!r ye>4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahea he w5t to ,b]l91 :]e1 he says1 ,pr(4 ,magnus _h made 8 "n fam\s by physical rese>*es ( all k9ds4 8,on ,april #bh?1 #ahea1 ,i fir/ saw ?is ,pr(essor on 8 own door/ep 9 ,b]l94 ,8 aspect won my imm$iate reg>d1 :i* 0 /r5g!n$ to affection by our subsequ5t int]c\rse4 ,he gave me a work+ place 9 8 laboratory1 & x 0 !re ,i c>ri$ out my inve/igations on diamagnetism & magnecry/allic action publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,septemb]1 #ahea4 ,among ! o!r em95t sci5tific m5 :om ,i met at ,b]l9 0 ,ehr5b]g1 ) :om ,i _h v>i\s conv]sations on microscopic organisms4 ,i also made ! acqua9tance ( ,riess1 ! =emo/ expon5t ( frictional electricity1 :o m ?an once oppos$ to ,f>aday's radicalism 8 own cons]vatism z reg>d$ electric !ory4 ,du ,bois-,reymond 0 !re at ! "t1 full ( p[]1 bo? physical & m5tal4 ,8 fame _h be5 ev]y:]e nois$ abroad 9 connection ) 8 rese>*es on animal electricity4 ,du ,bois-,reymond became p]petual secret>y to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,b]l94 ,f ,pr(essor ,magnus1 & f ,clausius1 ,wi$emann1 & ,pogg5dorff1 ,i receiv$ e m>k ( k9dness1 & =m$ ) "s ( !m endur+ fri5d%ips4 ,helmholtz 0 at ?is "t 9 ,knigsb]g4 ,he _h writt5 8 r5[n$ essay on ! 8,cons]vation ( ,en]gy10 :i* ,i aft]w>d translat$4 ,helmholtz _h1 too1 j f9i%$ 8 exp]im5ts on ! velocity ( n]v\s transmission1 prov+ ?is velocity1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 reg>d$ z in/antane\s1 or1 at all ev5ts1 z equal to t ( electricity1 to be1 9 ! n]ves ( ! frog1 only #ic ft4 a second1 or ab\t "o-twelf? ( ! velocity ( s\nd 9 air ( ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,9 8 own h\se ,i _h ! hon\r ( an int]view ) ,humboldt4 ,he ralli$ me on hav+ contract$ ! habit ( smok+ 9 ,g]many1 8 k on ?is head be+ d]iv$ f my little pap] on a wat]-jet1 :]e ! noise produc$ by ! rupture ( a film betwe5 ! wet lips ( a smok] is ref]r$ to4 ,he gave me v>i\s messages to ,f>aday1 decl>+ 8 belief t he 7,f>aday7 _h ref]r$ ! annual & diurnal v>iation ( ! decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le to _! true cause--! v>iation ( ! magnetic condition ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,i 0 int]e/$ to le>n f ,humboldt himself t1 ?\gh s l>ge a portion ( 8 life _h be5 sp5t 9 ,france1 he nev] publi%$ a ,fr5* essay )\t hav+ x fir/ revis$ by a ,fr5*man4 ,9 ^? days ,i n unfrequ5tly f\nd x necess>y to subject myself to a process :i* ,i call$ depol>isation4 ,my bra91 int5t on its subjects1 us$ to acquire a set1 resembl+ ! rigid pol>ity ( a /eel magnet4 ,x lo/ ! pliancy ne$ful = free conv]sation1 & to recov] ?is ,i us$ to walk occasionally to ,*>lott5burg or else:]e4 ,f my exp]i5ces at t "t ,i d]iv$ ! notion t h>d ?9k+ & fleet talk+ d n run toge!r40 ,pr(4 ,tyndall 0 exceptionally =tunate 9 gett+ s easily & s e>ly into ! fri5d%ip ( su* em95t m5 ( sci5ce4 ,9 ^? days to =m su* em95t acqua9tances 0 no small a*ievem5t = a "y ,iri%man2 b on ! o!r h&1 he _h fully e>n$ ?is di/9ction by ! vig\r & orig9ality ) :i* he attack$ ! late/ & mo/ p]plex+ problem ( t "t4 ,dur+ ! five ye>s t _h elaps$ s9ce ,f>aday discov]$ diamagnetism1 ! subject _h be5 inve/igat$ by ! greate/ sci5ti/s 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 & no "o _h done s mu* to elucidate x z ,pr(4 ,tyndall4 ,9 ord] to ma/] t subject he began 9 ,novemb]1 #ahej1 an inve/igation ( ! laws ( magnetic attractions4 ,! laws ( magnetic action at di/ances 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! ?ickness ( ! magnet vani%es1 _h long be5 kn[n1 b ! laws ( magnetic action at %ort di/ances1 :]e ! ?ickness ( ! magnet comes fully into play1 _h n previ\sly be5 subject$ to reliable exp]im5ts1 & 7 !re=e at t "t a p]plex+ matt] ( speculation4 ,t desid]atum he n[ suppli$4 ,he f\nd1 among o!r ?+s1 t ! mutual attraction ( a magnet & a sph]e ( s(t iron1 :5 bo? are sep>at$ by a small fix$ di/ance1 is directly proportional to ! squ>e ( ! /r5g? ( ! magnet1 & t ! mutual attraction ( a magnet ( con/ant /r5g? & a sph]e ( s(t iron is inv]sely proportional to ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,next ye> 7#ahea7 he publi%$ ! results ( fur!r inve/igations into ! relations betwe5 magnetism & diamagnetism4 ,he f\nd t ! laws :i* gov]n magnetism & diamagnetism are id5tical1 t ! sup]ior attraction or repulsion ( a mass 9 any p>ticul> direction is due to ! direction 9 :i* ! mat]ial p>ticles are arrang$ mo/ closely toge!r1 t ! =ces ex]t$ are attractive or repulsive accord+ z ! p>ticles are magnetic or diamagnetic1 & t ?is law is applicable to matt] 9 g5]al4 ,a pap] on 8,! ,pol>ity ( ,bismu?10 :i* might be reg>d$ z a tempor>y in/alm5t ( 8 diamagnetic rese>*es1 end$ ) ! rem>k t dur+ ?is inquiry he _h *ang$ 8 m9d too (t5 to be ov]-confid5t n[ 9 ! conclusion at :i* he _h arriv$4 ,"p ( ! "t he 0 a he>ty subscrib] to ! op9ion ( ,f>aday t !re exi/$ no pro( ( diamagnetic pol>ity2 & if1 he said1 8,i n[ diff] f t great man1 x is ) an hone/ wi% to be set "r1 if ?r\gh any unconsci\s bias ( my own ,i h be5 l$ ei!r into errors ( reason+ or mis-/atem5ts ( fact40 ,! !ory ( diamagnetism 0 /ill an apple ( discord 9 ! sci5tific _w2 & al?\gh ,pr(4 ,tyndall us$ ! language ( def]5ce r ?an ( d\bt1 he did n all[ ! subject to rema9 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty4 ,he cont9u$ 8 rese>*es 9 ,b]l91 9 ! private laboratory ( ,pr(4 ,magnus1 :o af=d$ him e possible facility = c>ry+ on exp]im5ts1 & took a lively int]e/ 9 ! inve/igation4 ,! result 0 ! confirmation ( 8 previ\s impression t ! action ( cry/als )9 ! range ( a magnet's influ5ce 7te*nically call$ ! 8magnetic field07 0 due to peculi>ities ( molecul> arrangem5t4 ,he f\nd1 = example1 t a cry/al ( c>bonate ( iron1 :i*1 :5 susp5d$ 9 ! magnetic field1 %[$ a c]ta9 deportm5t1 c\ld be p\nd$ into ! f9e/ du/1 & ! p>ticles c\ld be s put toge!r aga9 t ! mass w\ld exhibit ! same deportm5t z be=e4 ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :o _h he>d ( ,tyndall 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahea1 aft]w>ds invit$ him to give a ,friday ev5+ lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 8,i w5t10 he says1 8n )\t fe> & trembl+1 = ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 to me a k9d ( dragon's d51 :]e tact & /r5g? w\ld be necess>y to save me f de/ruction40 ,! lecture1 :i* 0 deliv]$ on ,febru>y #aa?1 #ahec1 0 8,on ! ,influ5ce ( ,mat]ial ,aggregation ^u ! ,manife/ations ( ,=ce10 & x gave a beautiful & simple exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( magnetic & diamagnetic action discov]$ by himself1 ! *ief be+ t ! l9e ( greate/ d5sity is t ( /ronge/ magnetic p[]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 lecture he po9t$ out t any?+ :i* increases d5sity increases magnetic p[]2 & ^u t pr9ciple he cont5d$ t ! local action ( ! sun ^u ! e>?'s cru/ mu/ influ5ce 9 "s degree ! diurnal range ( ! magnetic ne$le1 :i* ,f>aday1 on ! o!r h&1 attribut$ to ! modification ( our atmosph]e by ! sun's rays4 ,:ile ?us endeav\r+ to upset ,f>aday's !ory1 he conclud$ by say+3 8,?is ev5+'s disc\rse is1 9 "s measure1 connect$ ) ?is locality1 & ?9k+ ?us1 ,i am l$ to inquire :]e9 ! true value ( a sci5tific discov]y consi/s8 ,n 9 its imm$iate results alone1 b 9 ! prospect :i* x op5s to intellectual activity1 9 ! hopes :i* x excites1 9 ! vig\r :i* x awak5s4 ,! discov]y :i* l$ to ! results br\ght be=e y to-night 0 ( ?is "*4 ,t magnet 0 ! physical bir?place ( ^! results2 & if !y possess any value !y are to be reg>d$ z ! return+ crumbs ( t bread :i* 9 #ahdf 0 ca/ s lib]ally ^u ! wat]s4 ,i rejoice 9 ! opportunity "h af=d$ me ( (f]+ my tribute to ! greate/ work] ( ! age1 & ( lay+ "s ( ! blossoms ( t prolific tree :i* he plant$ at ! feet ( ! great discov]] ( diamagnetism40 ,at ! conclusion ( ! lecture ,f>aday quitt$ 8 usual seat1 & cross+ ! !atre to ! corn] :]e ! lectur] /ood1 cordially %ook him by ! h& & congratulat$ him on 8 success4 ,a second lecture 0 deliv]$ by him on ,june #crd1 #ahec1 8,on "s ( ! ,eruptive ,ph5om5a ( ,icel&10 & a mon? lat] he 0 unanim\sly elect$ ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,"s ye>s previ\sly he _h read 9 a s]ial publication an acc\nt ( ,davy's exp]im5ts on radiant heat at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & he rememb]$ ev] aft] ! long+ !n excit$ 9 him to be able to d some?+ ( ! same k9d4 ,n[ he 0 to occupy a position 9 :i* he %\ld use1 9 8 own lectures1 ! same app>atus ( :i* illu/rations 7 giv5 9 ! magaz9e article t _h fir$ 8 y\?ful ambition4 ,to t position he 0 promot$ on ! recomm5dation ( ,f>aday1 & respect+ 8 appo9tm5t he himself said3 8,i 0 tempt$ at ! "t to g else:]e1 b a /rong attraction drew me "h4 ,x 0 8 7,f>aday's7 fri5d%ip t caus$ me to value my position "h m highly ?an any o!r40 ,:ile ! controv]sy respect+ magnetic & diamagnetic hypo!ses 0 /ill rag+1 ,f>aday deliv]$ a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution e>ly 9 #ahee ) ! express object ( caution+ ! inve/igators ( sci5tific tru?s aga9/ plac+ too mu* confid5ce on any hypo!sis4 ,he /at$ t e ye> ( increas$ exp]i5ce _h taught him m & m to di/ru/ ! !ories he _h once adh]$ to2 & 8 pres5t impression ) reg>d to exi/+ ,magnetic & ,electrical hypo!ses 01 t !y 7 v unsatisfactory1 & t ! prop\nd]s ( !m _h be5 foll[+ 9 a wrong track4 ,z an in/ance ( ! ob/acles :i* errone\s hypo!ses ?r[ 9 ! way ( sci5tific discov]y1 he m5tion$ ! unsuccessful attempts t _h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry to educe magnetism f electricity1 until ,o]/$ %[$ ! simple way4 ,he said t ! id5tity ( magnetism & electricity _h be5 /rongly impress$ ^u ! m9ds ( all3 :5 he came to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 z an assi/ant 9 ! laboratory1 he saw ,davy1 ,wolla/on1 & ,"y try+ by e way t sugge/$ itself to !m to produce magnetic effects f an electric curr5t2 b1 hav+ _! m9ds div]t$ f ! true c\rse by _! exi/+ hypo!ses1 x did n occur to !m to solve ! po9t by hold+ a wire1 ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t 0 pass+1 ov] a susp5d$ magnetic ne$le--! exp]im5t by :i* ,o]/$ aft]w>ds prov$1 by ! deflection ( ! ne$le1 ! magnetic prop]ty ( an electric curr5t4 ,su* cautions1 h[ev]1 did n det] ,pr(essor ,tyndall f def5d+ ! position he _h tak5 up ) reg>d to magnetism & diamagnetism4 ,he /ill ma9ta9$ t ! influ5ce ( /ructure 0 supremely important1--t "u ! influ5ce ( magnetism or electricity a normal diamagnetic b> always exhibits a deportm5t precisely anti!tical to t ( a normal magnetic b>2 b t1 by tak+ advantage ( /ructure1 x is possible to get diamagnetic b>s :i* exhibit precisely ! same deportm5t z normal magnetic ones1 & magnetic b>s :i* exhibit a deportm5t precisely simil> to normal diamagnetic ones4 ,he %[$ num]\s exp]im5ts be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 support ( 8 cont5tion t ! diamagnetic =ce is a pol> "o1 ) a direction opposite to t ( ! =ce 9 ord9>y magnetic bodies4 ,pr(essor ,william ,?omson1 :o witness$ ! exp]im5ts1 c]tifi$ ! success ( e "o ( !m2 & /at$ t ,pr(essor ,tyndall's discov]ies 9 ?is doma9 ( sci5ce _h cle>$ away a mass ( rubbi% & set ?+s 9 _! true light1 add+ t 9 _m cases he _h repeat$ & v>i$ ,tyndall's exp]im5ts1 & _h f\nd !m to be true4 ,9 #ahee he deliv]$ ! ,bak]ian lecture1 9 :i* he gave an elaborate acc\nt ( 8 late/ rese>*es respect+ ! ph5om5a ( diamagnetism4 ,he 0 n[ firmly conv9c$1 he said1 t ! =ce t repell$ a body 0 simil> 9 "* to t :i* attract$ a body2 9 o!r words1 t diamagnetic bodies possess ! same k9d ( pol>ity1 b 9 ! opposite direction to t ( magnetic bodies4 ,b ! oppon5ts ( diamagnetic pol>ity1 :o 7 n yet satisfi$ by ! evid5ce he adduc$1 said t 8 exp]im5ts 7 made ) electrical conductors 9 :i* induc$ curr5ts c\ld be =m$ t might acc\nt = ! attractions & repulsions4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall ?\ght x w\ld t5d to settle ! "q if he 7 to use a new k9d ( app>atus t w\ld obviate t objection4 ,he !re=e wrote to ,pr(essor ,web]1 ( ,gtt+51 :om ,pr(essor ,william ,?omson describ$ at ! "t z ! mo/ pr(\nd & accurate ( all exp]im5t]s1 ask+ him to devise m delicate & p[]ful means ?an _h hi!rto be5 us$ 9 exp]im5tal te/s4 ,web] n only devis$ a greatly improv$ app>atus1 b _h x con/ruct$ "u 8 own sup]9t5d5ce at ,leipsig4#b ,) ?is app>atus ,pr(essor ,tyndall 0 able to satisfy ! sev]e/ conditions propos$ by ^? :o discr$it$ ! results ( previ\s exp]im5ts4 ,he !n sil5c$ d\bt by demon/rat+ t magnetism & diamagnetism /&1 9 respect ( pol>ity1 on ! same foot+1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! "o pol>ity is ! inv]sion ( ! o!r4 ,?is diamagnetic pol>ity1 previ\sly e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( bismu?1 he %[$ to exi/ 9 slate1 m>ble1 calcsp>1 sulphur1 c4 ,he also e/abli%$ ! pol>ity ( liquids1 magnetic & diamagnetic4 ,at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,febru>y1 #ahef1 he %[$ t prisms ( ! same heavy glass z t ) :i* ,f>aday discov]$ ! diamagnetic =ce1 behav$ "u ! magnet 9 ! same way z bismu?2 & ?is evid5ce 0 admitt$ to be conclusive by ! oppon5ts ( diamagnetic pol>ity4 ,! controv]sy !reaft] subsid$4 ,8 *ief pap]s record+ 8 mo/ important inve/igations 9 connection ) diamagnetism 7 aft]w>ds collect$ into a volume entitl$ ,rese>*es on ,diamagnetism & ,magnecry/allic ,action4 ,9 #ahee ,pr(essor ,tyndall 0 appo9t$ ,exam9] "u ! ,c\ncil = ,milit>y ,education1 & an incid5t :i* occurr$ %ortly aft]w>ds illu/rat$ ! confid5tial relations into :i* 8 intimacy ) ,f>aday _h rip5$1 z well z ! indep5d5ce ( "* :i* di/+ui%$ bo?4 ,be+ /rongly impress$ ) ! advantage ( increas+ ! k ( physical sci5ce giv5 to artill]y (fic]s & eng9e]s1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall advocat$ a m lib]al recognition ( sci5tific atta9m5ts 9 _! exam9ations4 ,at t "t a committee ( ! ,briti% ,association 0 endeav\r+ to get ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to recognise ! claims ( sci5ce2 & 9 reply to inquiries made by t committee z to ! exp$i5cy ( (f]+ inducem5ts = ! acquisition ( sci5ce & ( (f]+ ord]s & decorations z rew>ds = pr(ici5cy1 ,pr(essor ,f>aday said3 8,i _c say t ,i h n valu$ su* di/9ctions2 on ! contr>y1 ,i e/eem !m v highly2 b ,i don't ?9k ,i h ev] work$ =1 or s\ght aft]1 !m40 ,"l ,h>r[by1 9 8 address z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 said t ! ,/ate _h till rec5tly done absolutely no?+ = ! promotion ( sci5ce2 & x 0 rem>k$ z a /range circum/ance t ?\gh !re 7 !n 9 ! ,cab9et ! ,presid5t & ,presid5t-elect ( ! ,briti% ,association1 x 0 consid]$ too haz>d\s to apply to ! ,gov]nm5t = money = sci5tific purposes4 ,:ile ?is neglect ( sci5ce 0 be+ freely discuss$ a numb] ( well-in/ruct$ "y m5 7 s5t f ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 to compete at ! ,woolwi* exam9ations 9 #ahef = appo9tm5ts 9 ! artill]y & eng9e]s1 & _! sci5tific k appe>$ s cr$itable t ,pr(essor ,tyndall ?\ght x unnecess>y to say any?+ ab\t x4 ,8 colleagues1 on ! o!r h&1 s5t 9 z usual brief reports ) _! returns call+ att5tion to ! *ief features ( ! exam9ation1 & a lead] 9 ! ,times po9t$ out t ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! exam9]s 0 t1 bo? 9 ma!matics & classics1 ! c&idates %[$ a m>k$ improvem5t1 b t on o!r po9ts !y broke d[n4 ,?is appe>$ to ,pr(essor ,tyndall an unju/ reflection ^u _! sci5tific atta9m5ts1 :i* 7 ?us ignor$4 ,he accord+ly wrote to ! ,times simply /at+ t 89 ju/ice to ! c&idates = commissions 9 ! artill]y & eng9e]s exam9$ by me 9 natural philosophy & *emi/ry1 y w p]haps p]mit me to /ate t ! g5]al level ( ! answ]s 9 ! la/ exam9ation 0 mu* high] ?an t atta9$ 9 ! fir/2 _m ( ! pap]s return$ to me gave evid5ce ( r>e ability1 & if dur+ _! future c>e] ! au?ors ( ^! pap]s cont9ue to cultivate ! p[]s :i* !y h %[n !mselves to possess1 !y w1 ,i d\bt n1 ju/ify by _! de$s ! high op9ion ent]ta9$ ( !m40 ,?is mode/ /atem5t1 int5d$ to put ! /ud5ts "r1 put himself wrong4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w> promptly in=m$ him t an exam9] appo9t$ by ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief _h no "r to appe> 9 ! public pap]s z ,pr(essor ,tyndall _h done )\t ! sanction ( ! ,w> ,(fice4 ,to ?is repro( he at once wrote a firm b respectful reply1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he submitt$ to ,f>aday be=e despat*+ x4 ,f>aday po9t$ out t ! consequ5ce ( s5d+ su* a reply w\ld be dismissal4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall said he knew t1 b he w\ld n sil5tly accept ! repro( ( ! ,w> ,(fice4 8,!n s5d ! reply10 said ,f>aday2 & x 0 s5t4 ,h5ce=? ,pr(essor ,tyndall 0 9 daily expectation ( receiv+ 8 dis*>ge4 ,aft] a delay1 ! l5g? ( :i* surpris$ him1 he receiv$ a reply1 ! cont5ts ( :i* /ill m surpris$ him4 ,8 explanation 0 8deem$ p]fectly satisfactory0 by ! ,secret>y = ,w>1 & he !re=e cont9u$ = _m ye>s aft]w>ds 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,c\ncil = ,milit>y ,education4 ,"o ( ! next subjects t occupi$ 8 att5tion 0 ! cleavage ( slate rocks4 ,x is a "q ( great importance 9 connection ) geological problems1 & hi!rto only speculative solutions _h be5 (f]$ ( :at appe>$ to be "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s b gr&e/ op]ations ( nature4 ,= tw5ty ye>s previ\sly geologi/s 7 mo/ly cont5t to accept on tru/ ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 t cry/all9e =ces _h re>rang$ :ole m\nta9 masses s z to produce a beautiful cry/all9e cleavage4 ,9 #ahed ,pr(essor ,tyndall visit$ ! qu>ries ( ,cumb]l& & ,nor? ,wales1 :]e ! "q ( cleavage came prom95tly be=e him4 ,:5 at ,p5rhyn ,qu>ry he 0 told t ! planes ( cleavage 7 ! planes ( /ratification lift$ up by "s convulsion into an almo/ v]tical position4 ,b a little obs]vation satisfi$ him t ?is view 0 ess5tially incorrect2 = 9 c]ta9 masses ( slate 9 :i* ! /rata 7 di/9ctly m>k$1 ! planes ( cleavage 7 at a high angle to ! planes ( /ratification4 ,a little exp]im5t1 he said1 demon/rat$ t ! cleavage ( slate 0 no m a cry/all9e cleavage ?an t ( a hayrick4 ,an elaborate exam9ation ( all ! conditions ( ! ph5om5a l$ him to ! conclusion t cleavage 0 ! result ( pressure1 & t ?is effect ( pressure 0 n conf9$ to slates4 ,9 a lecture deliv]$ 9 #ahef he /at$ t = ! previ\s twelve mon?s ! subject _h pres5t$ itself to him almo/ daily "u "o aspect or ano!r4 8,i h nev]10 he said1 8eat5 a biscuit dur+ ?is p]iod 9 :i* an intellectual joy has n be5 sup]add$ to ! m s5sual pleasure1 = ,i h rem>k$ 9 all su* cases cleavage develop$ 9 ! mass by ! roll+-p9 ( ! pa/rycook or confection]4 ,i h only to break ^! cakes & to look at ! fracture to see ! lam9at$ /ructure ( ! mass40 ,he exhibit$ "s puff-pa/e bak$ "u 8 own sup]9t5d5ce1 & expla9$ t :ile ! cleavage ( our hills 0 accid5tal1 9 ! pa/ry x 0 int5tional4 ,among ^? :o he>d ! lecture ^u slaty cleavage 0 8 fri5d ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o sugge/$ t probably ! pr9ciples !n enunciat$ might acc\nt = ! /ructure ( glaci]s1 ano!r subject t _h long p]plex$ sci5tific obs]v]s4 ,! greate/ au?ority on glaci]s at t "t 0 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes1 ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 :o 9 #ahdb decl>$ t a 8glaci] is an imp]fect fluid or visc\s body1 :i* is urg$ d[n slopes ( a c]ta9 incl9ation by ! mutual pressure ( its p>ts10 & :o detect$ 9 glaci]s a ve9$ /ructure :i* he expla9$ z fissures produc$ by p>ticles ( ice 9 motion slid+ pa/ ea* o!r1 leav+ ! fissures to be fill$ ) wat] & to be froz5 9 w9t]4 ,on exam9+ ! publi%$ obs]vations ( ,=bes1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall 0 /ruck ) ! probable accuracy ( ,pr(essor ,huxley's sugge/ion1 & 9 ord] to exam9e ! matt] m ?or\ghly1 ! two advocates ( ! cleavage !ory arrang$ to visit toge!r ! glaci]s ( ,gr9delwald1 ! ,a>1 & ! ,rhone4 ,?is p]sonal inve/igation & subsequ5t reflection confirm$ ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 8 views4 ,he f\nd t glaci]s 7 =m$ by ! prop]ty ( ice :i* ,f>aday call$ regelation2 t is1 ! freez+ toge!r ( two pieces ( ice by simple contact & slight pressure4 ,x is ! same prop]ty t enables boys to make sn[balls & sn[ m5 :5 ! sn[ is beg9n+ to melt1 or :5 ! w>m? ( ! h& raises its temp]ature to ! po9t at :i* regelation takes place4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall f\nd t :5 two conflu5t glaci]s unit$ to =m a s+le trunk1 _! mutual pressure develop$ ! ve9$ /ructure 9 a /rik+ degree along _! l9e ( junction4 ,9 8 lectures on ! subject at ! ,royal ,in/itution he +5i\sly illu/rat$ ! processes ( ,nature :i* make & unmake ! glaci]4 ,to %[ t ice only becomes compress$ into a solid mass at a temp]ature ne> t ( freez+ wat]1 he cool$ a mass ( ice by expos+ x to ! action ( ! colde/ freez+ mixture !n kn[n4 ,he !n cru%$ ?is cool$ mass ( ice into fragm5ts1 & appli$ pressure to ! fragm5ts = ! purpose ( mak+ !m coh]e1 b !y did n %[ ! slighte/ cohesiv5ess4 ,v diff]5t 0 _! action :5 _! temp]ature 0 rais$ to ! freez+ po9t4 ,:5 plac$ 9 a wood5 cup & press$ by a holl[ wood5 die a size small] ?an ! cup1 ! pieces ( ice became unit$ into a compact cup ( ne>ly transp>5t ice4 ,glaci]s1 he cont5d$1 7 =m$ by a simil> op]ation4 ,z p>ticles ( sn[ or ice desc5d ! m\nta9 side1 ! pressure becomes suffici5tly great to compress ! p>ticles into a mass ( solid ice1 :i* ev5tually assumes ! magnitude ( a beautiful glaci]4 ,he obs]v$ t 9 ! laboratory ( ,nature x 0 exactly at ! places :]e squeez+ took place t ! cleavage ( ! ice 0 mo/ highly develop$4 ,9 fact1 he said1 ! association ( pressure & lam9ation 0 f> m di/9ct 9 ! case ( ! glaci] ?an 9 ! case ( ! slate rock1 & z x 0 n[ kn[n t pressure caus$ ! lam9ation ( slate rock1 he cont5d$ t x 0 ! same cause t produc$ l effects 9 glaci]s4 ,9 a lecture deliv]$ e>ly 9 #aheh1 he gave an acc\nt ( "s beautiful ph5om5a ( ! glaci]4 ,9 ! prec$+ ,septemb] & ,octob] he exam9$ ! effect ( s5d+ a beam ( radiant heat ?r\gh a mass ( ice4 ,:5 sunbeams cond5s$ by a l5s 7 s5t ?r\gh slabs ( ice1 ! pa? ( ! beam 0 in/antly /udd$ ) lu/r\s spots l brilliant />s1 & 8ar\nd ea* ! ice 0 s liquefi$ z to =m a beautiful fl[]-%ap$ figure1 possess+ six petals4 ,f ?is numb] !re 0 no deviation4 ,at fir/ ! edges ( ! liquid leaves 7 cle>ly def9$3 b a cont9uance ( ! action usually caus$ ! edges to become s]rat$ l ^? ( f]ns4 ,:5 ! ice 0 caus$ to move across ! beam1 or ! rev]se1 ! sudd5 g5]ation & cr[d+ toge!r ( ^! liquid fl[]s1 ) _! c5tral spots %9+ ) m ?an metallic brilliancy1 0 exce$+ly beautiful40 ,by means ( ! electric light & a piece ( ice prep>$ = ! purpose he 0 able to exhibit ^! lovely ice-fl[]s to a delight$ audi5ce at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aheg & #aheh ,pr(essor ,tyndall cont9u$ 8 obs]vations ( glaci] ph5om5a amid ! solitude ( ! ,alps4 ,9 ! summ] ( ! latt] ye> he betook himself to ! m\nta9s ) ! view ( settl+ once = all 8! rival claims ( ! only two !ories1 :i* !n des]v$ s]i\s att5tion1 namely1 ^? ( pressure & ( /ratification40 ,aga9 8 =m] views 7 completely confirm$4 ,x is difficult1 he said1 to convey 9 words ! =ce ( ! evid5ce :i* ! glaci] ( ,gr9delwald pres5ts to ! m9d ( ! obs]v] :o sees x2 x look$ l a gr& laboratory exp]im5t made by ,nature h]self ) special ref]5ce to ! po9t 9 "q4 ,! squeez+ ( ! mass1 its yield+ to ! =ce br\ght to be> ^u x1 its wr9kl+ & scal+ (f1 & ! appe>ance ( ! ve9s at ! exact po9t :]e ! pressure began to manife/ itself1 left no d\bt on 8 m9d t pressure & /ructure /ood to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,! conclusions at :i* he arriv$ z to ! /ructure & movem5t ( glaci]s br\ght him into collision ) ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ^: views1 enunciat$ fifte5 ye>s previ\sly1 7 !n widely accept$ z ! mo/ sci5tific exposition ( ! subject4 ,=bes seem$ r s5sitive ab\t 8 own !ory1 & compla9$ t he _h to "s ext5t be5 misrepres5t$4 ,b 9 ! conflict ( op9ions ,pr(essor ,tyndall inv>iably ref]r$ to ,pr(essor ,=bes's lab\rs 9 connection ) ! subject 9 ! mo/ appreciative & complim5t>y language4 ,= in/ance1 9 #aheh he said he w\ld n cont5t himself ) say+ t ! book ( ,pr(essor ,=bes 0 ! be/ t _h be5 writt5 ^u ! subject2 8! qualities ( m9d1 & ! physical culture inve/$ 9 t excell5t "w1 7 su* z to make x1 9 ! e/imation ( ! physical inve/igator at lea/1 outweigh all o!r books ^u ! subject tak5 toge!r40 ,t is m g5]\s language ?an ,pr(essor ,=bes ev] us$ respect+ ,pr(essor ,tyndall4 ,9 #ahfe1 aft] ! heat ( controv]sy _h be5 dissipat$1 ,=bes wrote t 8,dr4 ,tyndall's s-call$ pro(s t x is ?r\gh #8fracture & regelation' t a glaci] m\lds itself to its b$ are to my m9d no pro(s at all20 & t he reg>d$ ,mr4 ,hopk9s's ma!matical demon/rations ab\t glaci]s z 8irrelevant ma!matical ex]citations40 ,nev]!less1 ,pr(essor ,tait1 ! fri5d & sci5tific biograph] ( ,=bes1 said 9 #ahgc3 8,to say t ,=bes ?or\ghly expla9$ ! behavi\r ( glaci]s w\ld be an exagg]ation2 b he mu/ be all[$ ! great cr$it ( be+ ! ,cop]nicus or ,kepl] ( ?is sci5ce40 ,z ! subject /ill cont9ues to ex]cise ! intellect ( ! sci5tific explor]s ( ! ,alps1 suffice x = ! pres5t to say t if "t ratifies ! position :i* ,pr(essor ,tait has assign$ to ,pr(essor ,=bes1 8 greate/ & bolde/ successor 9 ! same field may be describ$ z ! ,newton ( glaci] ph5om5a4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,! =ce ( diamagnetism is va/ly feebl] ?an t ( ord9>y magnetism4 ,accord+ to ,web]1 ! magnetism ( a ?9 b> ( iron exce$s ! diamagnetism ( an equal mass ( bismu? ab\t two & a-half million times4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 8,e secret :i* is disclos$1 e discov]y :i* is made1 e new ef=t :i* is br\ght to view1 s]ves to conv9ce u ( numb]less m :i* rema9 conceal$1 & :i* we _h be=e no suspicion (4444 ,k is n our prop] happ9ess4 ,:oev] w 9 ! lea/ att5d to ! ?+ w see t x is ! ga9+1 n ! hav+ ( x1 :i* is ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! m9d40--,,bi%op ,,butl]4 ,next1 probably1 to magnetism & electricity1 ! sci5tific inve/igation ( ! laws ( heat has yield$ ! mo/ fruitful & ! mo/ curi\s results4 ,! sci5ce ( heat made ! greate/ progress ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & ,pr(essor ,tyndall 0 "o ( its mo/ successful inve/igators4 ,be+ a =ce co-relat$ to electricity1 x is sc>cely rem>kable t ! same natural philosoph] %\ld reveal to u n a few ( ^! sil5t op]ations ( magnetism & heat t previ\sly 7 unobs]v$ or 7 reg>d$ z my/]ies4 ,:51 9 #ahei1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! absorption ( radiant heat by gases & vap\rs1 !re 0 consid]able div]sity ( op9ion z to ! effect ( ! atmosph]e on radiant heat2 & great skill & pati5ce 7 requir$ 9 devis+ exp]im5ts1 & 9 detect+ & elim9at+ ! v>i\s s\rces ( error4 ,till !n x 0 ?\ght t ! subject 0 outside ! realm ( exp]im5t1 b ,pr(essor ,tyndall soon demon/rat$ t heat 9 gases & vap\rs 0 subject to v>i\s laws :i* _h mo/ important effects 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,9 8 fir/ memoir he e/abli%$ n only ! exi/5ce ( absorption & radiation 9 gases1 b t ! diff]5ces ( absorption & radiation 7 z great among gases z among liquids & solids4 ,he %[$ t ! elem5t>y gases1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 z well z air fre$ f moi/ure & c>bonic acid1 exam9$ 9 a l5g? ( f\r feet1 absorb ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( heat radiat$ f lamp-black at #bab1 ! slighte/ impurity 9 ! gas1 h[ev]1 alt]+ ! rate ( absorption4 ,) comp\nd gases & vap\rs v diff]5t results 7 obta9$4 ,ab\t tw5ty gases & vap\rs 7 exam9$1 & x 0 f\nd t :ile ! elem5t>y gases already nam$ gave ! feeble/ action1 olephiant gas %[$ ! mo/ en]getic action1 absorb+ #ha p] c5t4 ,he also made ! important discov]y t by arrang+ ! v>i\s gases 9 ord] accord+ to _! p[]1 fir/ ( radiat+ heat & !n ( absorb+ radiant heat1 ! ord] 0 ! same 9 bo? cases2 9 %ort1 ! ord] ( radiation 0 exactly t ( absorption4 ,9 8 second memoir he introduc$ a new & rem>kable me?od ( det]m9+ absorption & radiation4 ,?is me?od he call$ 8dynamic radiation40 ,disp5s+ ) ! use ( any extrane\s s\rce ( heat1 he obta9$ 8 results by ! heat or cold produc$ by ! cond5sation or r>efication ( ! gases4 ,j z a ball /rik+ a t>get is heat$ by collision1 s he heat$ gas conta9$ 9 "o "p ( a tube by ! collision ( its p>ticles aga9/ ! surface ( ano!r "p into :i* !y ru%$ to fill a vacuum4 ,he f\nd1 he said1 by /rict exp]im5ts t ! dynamic radiation ( an am\nt ( boracic e!r vap\r1 possess+ a t5sion ( only "o #a1jab1ejj1jjj? ( an atmosph]e1 0 easily measurable4 ,8 rese>*es on ! relation ( radiant heat to aque\s vap\r1 publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 7 ! mo/ int]e/+ & useful4 ,su* 7 ! difficulties connect$ ) ! inve/igation ( ?is "p ( ! subject t ,pr(essor ,tyndall & 8 old fri5d ,pr(essor ,magnus1 ( ,b]l91 arriv$ at & long ma9ta9$ opposite conclusions z to ! absorption ( radiant heat by ! air & ! influ5ce ( aque\s vap\r4 ,e>ly 9 8 rese>*es ,pr(essor ,tyndall reg>d$ ! action ( ! atmosph]e z a p>ticul> "p ( 8 inquiry1 &1 accord+ly1 8 ?ird memoir 0 specially devot$ to ! radiation ( aque\s vap\r4 ,! conclusion he came to 0 t ! aque\s vap\r 9 our atmosph]e int]cept$ or absorb$ eighty times m heat ?an ! air1 & z !re 0 only "o atom ( aque\s vap\r = e #bjj ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 compos+ ! air1 x appe>$ t "o atom ( ! =m] absorb$ #af1jjj times m ?an "o atom ( oxyg5 or nitrog54 ,?is />tl+ conclusion he v]ifi$ by a sy/em ( *ecks & c\nt]-*ecks :i* 7 consid]$ z decisive4 ,! applications ( ?is discov]y 7 manifold & important4 ,! aque\s vap\r :i* absorb$ s mu* heat he lik5$ to a blanket :i* is m necess>y to ! vegetable life ( ,engl& ?an clo?+ is to man4 8,remove = a s+le summ] night10 he said1 8! aque\s vap\r f ! air :i* ov]spreads ?is c\ntry1 & y w\ld assur$ly de/roy e plant capable ( be+ de/roy$ by a freez+ temp]ature4 ,! w>m? ( our fields & g>d5s w\ld p\r itself unrequit$ into space1 & ! sun w\ld rise ^u an isl& held fa/ 9 ! iron grip ( fro/40 ,! aque\s vap\r con/itutes a local dam1 :i* deep5s ! temp]ature at ! e>?'s surface1 b :i* f9ally ov]fl[s & gives to space all t we receive f ! sun4 ,?is discov]y pres5t$ an explanation ( "s ph5om5a1 :i* hi!rto _h be5 imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,x 0 evid5tly ! abs5ce ( ?is aque\s scre5 :i* made ! w9t]s 9 ,c5tral ,asia almo/ un5durable2 & x %[$ h[ ! burn+ heat ( ! ,sah>a dur+ ! day 0 foll[$ by int5se cold at night4 ,be=e ,pr(essor ,tyndall _h publi%$ all 8 obs]vations on ! relations betwe5 radiant heat & aque\s vap\r1 8 fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,frankl&1 reg>d$ !m z suffici5t to acc\nt = ! glacial era1 & ! action ( glaci]s ov] ! entire globe4 ,dur+ a visit to ,norway 9 #ahfc ,frankl& consid]$ ! subject afre%1 & came to ! conclusion t ! *ief cause ( ! ph5om5a ( ! glacial epo* 0 a high] temp]ature ( ! ocean ?an prevails at pres5t4 ,! critics ( ! day po9t$ out t su* a view dep5d$ ^u ! accuracy ( ! assumption t our e>? _h gradually cool$ d[n f an orig9ally inc&esc5t /ate2 & x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ by natural philosoph]s t ! e>? has cool$ d[n f a /ate ( liquid heat4 ,9 t case ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 :5 cool+ d[n f ! boil+ po9t1 w\ld be at a high] temp]ature ?an ! pres5t2 & ,pr(essor ,frankl& ma9ta9$ t x 0 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! cool+ process t ! glacial epo* occurr$4 ,! great natural glacial app>atus he divid$ into ?ree p>ts--! evaporator1 ! cond5s]1 & ! receiv]4 ,! cool+ ocean 0 ! evaporator2 ! m\nta9s 7 ! icebe>]s or receiv]s2 :ile ! dry air :i* p]mitt$ ! heat f ! vap\r to radiate into space1 act$ z ! cond5s]4 ,he made num]\s exp]im5ts to %[ t "u ^! conditions ! l& w\ld cool m rapidly ?an ! sea2 & he ma9ta9$ t 9 ! glacial epo* ! 8rays ( heat /ream$ into space f ! ice-be>+ surfaces ) comp>atively little int]ruption1 :il/ ! radiation f ! sea 0 z effectually ret>d$ z if ! latt] _h be5 protect$ ) a ?ick envelope ( non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,?us1 :il/ ! ocean reta9$ a temp]ature consid]ably high] ?an at pres5t1 ! icebe>]s _h und]gone a consid]ably great] refrig]ation40 ,he calculat$ t an increase ( #bj 9 ! temp]ature ( ! coa/ ( ,norway w\ld d\ble ! evaporation f a giv5 surface1 & su* an increas$ evaporation1 accompani$ ( c\rse by a correspond+ precipitation1 8w\ld suffice to supply ! high] portions ( ! l& ) t gigantic ice-burd5 :i* gr\nd d[n ! m\nta9 slopes dur+ ! glacial epo*40 ,su* a view did n require ! assumption ( any natural convulsion or cata/rophe2 on ! contr>y x acc\nt$ = ! glacial epo* by ! evolution ( !rmal conditions1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is n[ g5]ally admitt$4#c ,9 8 f\r? memoir1 publi%$ 9 #ahfd1 8,on ! ,radiation & ,absorption ( ,heat by ,gase\s & ,liquid ,matt]10 ,pr(essor ,tyndall %[$ t g5]ally ! absorption ( non-lum9\s radiant heat by vap\rs 0 ! same z t ( ! liquids f :i* ! vap\rs 7 produc$4 ,8 fif? memoir1 entitl$ 8,contributions to ,molecul> ,physics10 0 made ! ,bak]ian lecture = t ye>4 ,9 x he d$uc$ f num]\s exp]im5ts ! rem>kable law t ! opacity ( a sub/ance ) respect to radiant heat f a s\rce ( comp>atively l[ temp]ature increases ) ! *emical complexity ( its molecule4 ,he exam9$ ! effects ( temp]ature on ! transmission ( radiant heat1 ! radiation f flames ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ! influ5ce ( vibrat+ p]iods on ! absorption ( radiant heat4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahfd1 ! ,royal ,society pres5t$ him ) ! ,rum=d m$al = 8 rese>*es on ! absorption & radiation ( heat by gases & vap\rs2 & ,g5]al ,sab9e1 9 mak+ ! pres5tation1 said su* _h be5 ! fate ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall t ea* la/ a*ievem5t might almo/ be said to h dimm$ ! lu/re ( ^? :i* prec$$ x4 ,curi\sly en\gh 8 v next a*ievem5ts !reaft] did dim ! lu/re ( ^? publi%$ prior to ! pres5tation ( ! ,rum=d ,m$al4 ,x 0 ! discov]y ( a means ( sep>at+ light f heat4 ,melloni _h previ\sly discov]$ a comb9ation ( scre5s by :i* radiant heat c\ld be arre/$ or sep>at$ f light1 an op]ation :i* is effect$ on a va/ scale by ! moon :5 x reflects ! light ( ! sun4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall effect$ ! conv]se op]ation4 ,he discov]$ t a solution ( iod9e 9 bisulphide ( c>bon entirely int]cept$ ! light ( ! mo/ brilliant flames4 ,a holl[ prism fill$ ) t opaque liquid & plac$ 9 ! pa? ( ! beam f an electric lamp1 completely int]cept$ ! light1 b transmitt$ ! heat unimpair$4 ,9 ?is way he succe$$ 9 sep>at+ ) m>vell\s %>pness ! invisible f ! visible radiations ( ! lime light1 ! electric light1 & ! sun4 ,he n only produc$ combu/ion1 fusion1 & inc&esc5ce by invisible radiation1 b he prov$ t 9 ! case ( ! electric light ! invisible rays are no less ?an eight times z p[]ful z ! visible radiations4 ,he obta9$ all ! col\rs ( ! sol> spectrum f a plat9um foil rais$ to inc&esc5ce at ! invisible focus2 & ?is r5d]+ ( a refractory body inc&esc5t by invisible rays he call$ caloresc5ce4 ,9 connection ) ^! inve/igations he p]=m$ a d>+ exp]im5t4 ,kn[+ t a lay] ( iod9e plac$ be=e ! eye int]cept$ ! light1 he det]m9$ to place 8 own eye 9 ! focus ( /rong invisible rays4 ,he knew t if 9 do+ s ! d>k rays 7 absorb$ 9 a high degree by ! hum\rs ( ! eye1 ! album5 ( ! hum\rs might coagulate2 & on ! o!r h&1 if !re 0 no high absorption1 ! rays might /rike ^u ! ret9a ) a =ce suffici5t to de/roy x4 ,:5 he fir/ br\ght 8 eye1 undef5d$1 ne> ! d>k focus1 ! heat on ! p>ts surr\nd+ ! pupil 0 too int5se to be endur$4 ,he !re=e made an ap]ture 9 a plate ( metal1 & plac+ 8 eye beh9d ?is ap]ture1 he gradually approa*$ ! po9t ( conv]g5ce ( ! invisible rays4 ,fir/ ! pupil & next ! ret9a 7 plac$ 9 ! focus )\t any s5sible damage4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds a %eet ( plat9um foil plac$ 9 ! position :i* ! ret9a _h occupi$ became r$-hot4 ,9 a subsequ5t memoir he dealt ) ! influ5ce ( col\r & me*anical condition ^u radiant heat1 demon/rat+ t :ite bodies are f> m pot5t absorb]s ( radiant heat ?an black ones4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?irte5 ye>s ( 8 rese>*es 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution he produc$ ?irte5 pap]s1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,conspicu\s among ^! 7 8 pap]s on ! radiation & absorption ( heat1 & 8 rese>*es on t subject h g5]ally be5 admitt$ to be ( ! mo/ ?or\gh & orig9al "*4 ,a lucid epitome ( ! *ief results he obta9$ 0 giv5 9 ! ,r$e lecture :i* he deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge 9 #ahfe1 :5 ! ,univ]sity conf]r$ on him ! honor>y degree ( ,,ll4,d4 ,9 #ahfc he publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( "o ( 8 mo/ popul> books1 ,heat ,consid]$ z a ,mode ( ,motion--a book :i* an em95t electrician has recomm5d$ /ud5ts ( electricity to ma/]2 9 #ahfg he publi%$ a volume ( lectures on 8,s\nd02 & 9 #ahfi-gd he publi%$ 8 lectures on 8,light40 ,^! works h gone ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! int]e/ ) :i* he c inve/ su* impalpable subjects1 x is wor? rem>k+ t a ,*9ese (ficial1 nam$ ,hsii-*ung-hu1 0 s pleas$ ) ! book on ,s\nd t he _h x translat$ into ! ,*9ese language & pr9t$ at ,%anghai1 9 ord] t 8 c\ntrym5 might p>ticipate 9 ! pleasure & in/ruction :i* he _h d]iv$ f x4 ,x 0 publi%$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 & sold at #as4 #f;d4 a copy4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s f #ahei to #ahfi1 says ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 8rese>*es on radiant heat 9 its relations to ! gase\s =m ( matt] occupi$ my cont9ual att5tion40 ,b t[>ds ! close ( t p]iod 8 ma9 inquiry1 z x ext5d$ into space1 began to spread out into v>i\s bran*es4 ,9 #ahff he ent]$ ^u an exam9ation ( ! *emical action ( light ^u vap\rs1 & ! action ( heat ( high refrangibility z an explor] ( ! molecul> condition ( matt]4 8,9 ?is inve/igation "o ob/acle to be ov]come 0 ! pres5ce ( ! float+ matt] 9 ! air4 ,! processes = ! removal ( ^! p>ticles became ! occasion ( an indep5d5t rese>*1 bran*+ out into v>i\s *annels3 on ! "o h&1 x dealt ) ! practical problem ( ! pres]vation ( life among firem5 expos$ to heat$ smoke2 &1 on ! o!r1 x approa*$ ! recondite "q ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,he subject$ ! comp\nd vap\rs ( v>i\s sub/ances to ! action ( a conc5trat$ beam ( light4 ,! vap\rs 7 decompos$1 & non-volatile products 7 =m$4 ,! decompositions always began ) a blue cl\d1 :i* dis*>g$ p]fectly pol>is$ light at "r angles to ! beam4 ,?is sugge/$ to him ! orig9 ( ! blue col\r ( ! sky2 & z x %[$ ! extraord9>y am\nt ( light t may be scatt]$ by cl\dy matt] ( extreme t5uity1 he consid]$ t x might be reg>d$ z a sugge/ion t[>ds expla9+ ! nature ( a comet's tail40 ,regions ( cl\d & smoke are prov]bial z symbols ( ! negation ( human int]e/2 b ,pr(essor ,tyndall imp>t$ new beauties to ! "o & depriv$ ! o!r ( its t]rors4 ,he said to ! *aotic vap\rs 8,light10 & t :i* 0 )\t =m & void in/antly assum$ ! lovelie/ =ms t ,nature kn[s4 ,incr$ible z ?is language may appe> to "s1 x is no m]e ,ori5tal hyp]bole4 ,he made ! light f an electric lamp to pass ?r\gh a great glass tube conta9+ transp>5t1 invisible vap\rs1 & ! action ( ! light at once comm5c+ *emical decomposition1 v>i\s cl\d =ms resembl+ organic /ructures 7 se5 9 ! tube4 ,! foll[+ is ! beautiful description he gave to ! ,royal ,society ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by hydriodic acid3-- 8,! cl\d ext5d$ = ab\t eighte5 in*es along ! tube1 & gradually %ift$ its position f ! end ne>e/ ! lamp to ! mo/ di/ant end4 ,! portion quitt$ by ! cl\d prop] 0 fill$ by an amorph\s haze1 ! decomposition1 :i* 0 progress+ l[] d[n1 be+ "h app>5tly complete4 ,a spectral cone turn$ its apex t[>ds ! di/ant end ( ! tube1 & f its circul> base filmy drap]y seem$ to fall4 ,plac$ on ! base ( ! cone 0 an exquisite vase1 f ! int]ior ( :i* sprang ano!r vase ( simil> %ape2 ov] ! edges ( ^! vases fell ! fa9te/ cl\ds1 resembl+ spectral %eets ( liquid4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! upp] vase a /raight cord ( cl\d pass$ = "s di/ance along ! axis ( ! exp]im5tal tube1 & at ea* end ( ?is cord two involv$ & highly iridesc5t vortices 7 g5]at$4 ,! frontal portion ( ! cl\d :i* ! cord p5etrat$ assum$ 9 succession ! =m ( roses1 tulips1 & sunfl[]s4 ,x also pass$ ?r\gh ! appe>ance ( a s]ies ( beautifully-%ap$ bottles plac$ "o )9 ! o!r4 ,once x pres5t$ ! %ape ( a fi%1 ) eyes1 gills1 & feel]s40 ,9 #ahfi x 0 /at$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association t ,m4 ,morr51 :ile liv+ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 _h succe$$ 9 produc+ simil> results by ! use ( sunlight in/ead ( ! electric light4 ,= a long "t dur+ 8 rese>*es on ! decomposition ( vap\rs he 0 tr\bl$ by ! pres5ce ( float+ matt] reveal$ by a p[]ful cond5s$ beam ( light1 & he tri$ num]\s exp$i5ts = ! purpose ( int]cept+ ?is matt]4 ,at la/ he succe$$4 ,by caus+ ! air int5d$ = exp]im5tal purposes to pass ov] ! tip ( a _s-lamp flame1 ! float+ matt] disappe>$4 ,he !re=e conclud$ t x 0 organic matt]1 :i* _h be5 burn$ out by ! flame4 ,?is discov]y took place on ,octob] #e?1 #ahfh4 ,till !n he reg>d$ ! du/ ( our air z = ! mo/ "p inorganic & noncombu/ible4 ,?is l$ him on to ! inve/igation ( ! g]m !ory4 ,on ! "o h& he add$ pro( to pro(1 & exp]im5t to exp]im5t1 to %[ t :5 a consum+ heat 0 appli$ to air its organic matt] disappe>$2 & on ! o!r h& he ma9ta9$ t z surely z a fig comes f a fig1 a grape f a grape1 & a ?orn f a ?orn1 s surely does ! typhoid virus or se$1 :5 plant$ or scatt]$ ab\t among p1 increase & multiply into typhoid fev]1 sc>lat9a virus into sc>lat9a1 & small-pox virus into small-pox4 ,^! conclusions =m$ ! subject ( a fam\s lecture on 8,du/ & ,disease10 deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution on ,janu>y #ba/1 #ahgj4 ,among 8 audi5ce 7 "s ( ! =emo/ m5 ( ! day1 su* z ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,glad/one1 !n ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,e>l ,granville1 ,dean ,/anley1 ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se]1 ,sir ,h5ry ,holl&1 & ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,! views :i* ,pr(essor ,tyndall !n put =? 7 receiv$ ) m>k$ disfav\r among ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,ev5 sci5tific m5 did n hesitate to p\r ridicule ^u ! g]m !ory4 ,= example1 ,pr(essor ,bloxam1 ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,artill]y ,/udies1 sugge/$ 9 "o ( 8 lectures t ! ,committee on ,explosives %\ld ab&on gun cotton1 & collect+ ! g]ms ( small-pox & simil> malignant diseases 9 cotton or o!r du/-collect+ sub/ances1 %\ld load %ells ) !m1 & we %\ld !n he> ( ! enemy be+ dislodg$ f 8 position by a volley ( typhus or a few r\nds ( ,asiatic *ol]a4 ,l mo/ tru?s1 ! g]m !ory surviv$ ! ridicule ( its oppon5ts4 ,! lab\rs ( ,pa/eur 9 relation to ! g]m !ory always appe>$ to comm& ,pr(essor ,tyndall's admiration4 ,a l>ge "p ( 8 lecture on 8,du/ & ,disease0 consi/$ ( an acc\nt ( ! successful way 9 :i* ,pa/eur dealt ) ! epidemic among silkworms 9 ,france4 ,writ+ 9 ,april1 #ahgj1 ! ,pr(essor said3 8,!re is m solid sci5ce 9 "o pap] ( ,pa/eur ?an 9 all ! volumes & essays t h be5 writt5 aga9/ him4 ,s*ro$] & ,pa/eur h demon/rat$ t air filt]$ ?r\gh cotton-wool is depriv$ :olly1 or 9 "p1 ( its p[] to produce animalcul> life4 ,:y8 ,an exp]im5t ) a beam ( light answ]s ! "q2 = :ile x proves our ord9>y air to be *>g$ ) float+ matt]1 ! beam pron\nces air1 :i* has be5 c>efully filt]$ ?r\gh cotton-wool1 to be visibly pure2 !re are no g]ms afloat 9 x2 h5ce x is impossible z a g5]ator ( life4 ,aga91 ,pa/eur prep>$ tw5ty-"o flasks1 ea* conta9+ a decoction ( yea/1 :i* he boil$ 9 ord] to de/roy :atev] g]ms x might conta94 ,:ile ! space above ! liquid 0 fill$ ) pure /eam he seal$ ! necks ( 8 flasks ) a bl[-pipe4 ,he op5$ t5 ( !m 9 ! damp1 /ill caves ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 & elev5 ( !m 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! same e/abli%m5t4 ,( ! =m] only "o %[$ signs ( life subsequ5tly4 ,9 n9e out ( ! t5 flasks no organisms ( any k9d 7 develop$4 ,9 all ! o!rs organisms spe$ily appe>$4 ,pa/eur ascrib$ ?is unexpect$ result to ! subsid5ce ( ! g]ms 9 ! motionless air ( ! caves4 ,is ?is surmise correct8 ,! beam ( light enables u to answ] ?is "q4 ,i h _h a *amb] con/ruct$1 ! l[] half ( :i* is ( wood1 & ! upp] half ( glass4 ,on ! #f? ,febru>y ?is *amb] 0 clos$1 & e crevice t c\ld admit du/ or cause a di/urbance ( ! air 0 c>efully /opp$4 ,! electric beam :5 s5t ?r\gh ! glass %[$ ! air at ! outside to be load$ ) float+ matt]4 ,! *amb] 0 exam9$ almo/ daily1 & a gradual dim9ution ( ! float+ matt] 0 obs]v$4 ,at ! end ( ! week ! *amb] 0 optically empty4 ,! float+ matt]s1 g]ms includ$1 _h :olly subsid$1 & ! air held no?+ 9 susp5sion4 ,"h aga9 ! ocul> demon/ration furni%$ by ! lum9\s beam goes h& 9 h& ) ! exp]im5tal result ( ,pa/eur40 ,pr(essor ,tyndall did n1 h[ev]1 adopt ! g]m !ory on ! au?ority ( ,pa/eur4 ,he n only discov]$ x = himself1 b demon/rat$ its accuracy by innum]able exp]im5ts1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he made use ( #aj1jjj vessels4 ,to him1 too1 sci5ce owes ! use ( ! electric beam z an explor] ( g]m p>ticles :i* c\ld n o!rwise be made visible by ! be/ optical aids4 ,! mo/ exquisitely m9ute p>ticles1 :i* c\ld n be detect$ by ! mo/ p[]ful glasses1 h be5 reveal$ 9 ! air by ! electric beam4 ,= "s "t he c>ri$ on a controv]sy ) "s d\ghty *ampions ( ! old !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation2 b z ! evid5ces 9 fav\r ( ! g]m !ory increas$1 ! antagonism to x dim9i%$4 ,"o practical evid5ce1 n only ( ! reality1 b ( ! utility ( ! g]m !ory1 0 ,pa/eur's discov]y ( ! nature ( ! organisms 9 yea/ t produc$ 8be] disease20 & :5 ,pa/eur visit$ ,engl&1 aft] t discov]y1 & expla9$ ! cause ( be] turn+ s\r1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall aft]w>ds visit$ "s ( ! mo/ prom95t brew]ies 9 ,london to make inquiries on ! subject4 ,he 0 extremely surpris$ at ! paucity ( k possess$ by ! brew]s1 al?\gh !y _h ov] & ov] aga9 incurr$ disa/r\s losses 9 consequ5ce ( _! lack ( k4 ,he said t :5 ! brew]s f\nd _! be] becom+ bad !y us$ to ex*ange _! yea/ among !mselves1 & ?us get on ) _! losses1 :5 five m9utes' exam9ation ) ! microscope w\ld h prev5t$ ?is wa/e & loss2 = x w\ld h %[n !m ! m9ute organisms :i* spoil$ ! be]4 ,9 connection ) 8 rese>*es on ! g]m !ory1 he produc$ a useful inv5tion :i* _h a philan?ropic r ?an a comm]cial object4 ,to ! title ( inv5tor he nev] made any claim2 on ! contr>y1 he repeat$ly express$ 8 view ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 a sci5tific discov]] & a me*anical inv5tor2 cont5d+ t :ile ! practical man is n usually ! man to make ! necess>y antec$5t discov]ies1 ! cases are r>e 9 :i* ! discov]] 9 sci5ce kn[s h[ to turn 8 lab\rs to practical acc\nt4 ,nev]!less sci5tific reflection enabl$ him to devise a =m ( respirator :i* protects firem5 f ! /ifl+ effects ( d5se smoke4 ,8 att5tion _h repeat$ly be5 direct$ to ! risks t firem5 enc\nt]$ :5 9 conflict ) smoke & flame1 & he _h be5 told t smoke 0 a great] enemy to !m ?an flame4 ,he !re=e endeav\r$ to f9d a means ( protect+ !m f suffocation4 ,fir/ he tri$ a respirator made ( cotton-wool1 b t 0 insuffici5t2 s to ! cotton-wool he add$ glyc]9e2 & ?\gh ?is 0 an improvem5t1 /ill x only enabl$ !m to rema9 9 d5se smoke = ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,he next add$ *>coal & ?is greatly increas$ ! utility ( ! respirator1 :i* :5 complete 0 compos$ ( a lay] ( cotton-wool moi/5$ ) glyc]9e1 next a ?9 lay] ( dry wool1 !n a lay] ( *>coal fragm5ts1 succe$$ by ano!r ?9 lay] ( dry cotton-wool & a lay] ( fragm5ts ( cau/ic lime4 ,^! 7 inclos$ 9 a wire gauze cov]4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts ) ?is respirator 7 made 9 a small cell>-l *amb] ) /one floor+ & /one walls 9 ! basem5t ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,a fire ( res9\s p9e-wood 0 light$1 & 0 s cov]$ ov] z to g5]ate d5se smoke in/ead ( flames4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall & 8 assi/ant1 hav+ ea* put on "o ( ! new respirators1 & suitable glasses to protect _! eyes1 7 able to rema9 = half an h\r or long] 9 t ap>tm5t full ( smoke s d5se & pung5t t he believ$ a s+le inhalation ?r\gh ! undef5d$ m\? w\ld h be5 p]fectly un5durable4 ,capta9 ,%aw1 ! *ief (fic] ( ! ,metropolitan ,fire ,brigade1 on be+ ask$ :e!r su* a respirator w\ld be ( use to him1 repli$ t x w\ld be mo/ valuable2 b he _h made himself acqua9t$ ) e contrivance ( ! k9d 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 & _h f\nd none ( !m ( any practical use4 ,h[ev]1 at ! reque/ ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 ! ,capta9 & "s ( 8 m5 w5t to ! ,royal ,in/itution to te/ ! new inv5tion4 ,! small room 0 aga9 fill$ ) d5se smoke1 ?ree m5 w5t successively into x1 & rema9$ !re z long z _! ,capta9 desir$4 ,on com+ out !y decl>$ t ) ! respirators !y _h n felt ! lea/ discom=t1 & t !y c\ld h rema9$ all day 9 ! smoke4 ,capta9 ,%aw himself !n te/$ x ) ! same result1 & he aft]w>ds /at$ t ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 ! k9de/ possible mann]1 at once plac$ 8 inv5tion at ! s]vice ( ! ,fire ,brigade4 ,9 #ahgj he accompani$ ! eclipse exp$ition to ,oran1 & hav+ be5 disappo9t$ 9 ! special object ( 8 j\rney1 he det]m9$ 9 return+ to inve/igate ! causes ( ! v>y+ t9ts pres5t$ by sea-wat]4 ,on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 ,urg5t1 betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,spi!ad1 he fill$ n9ete5 bottles ) sea-wat]1 & aft]w>ds exam9$ !m by ! electric light4 ,?is exam9ation %[$ t ! yell[i% wat] ( ! coa/ & h>b\rs conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( p>ticles1 t 9 ! gre5 wat] ! p>ticles 7 f9] & less abundant1 & t ! blue wat] ( ! deep 0 comp>atively cle> ( !m4 ,! explanation he gave ( ! col\rs ( ! ocean1 9 a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 0 t :5 a beam ( light ent]$ ! sea ! heat-rays 7 absorb$ at ! surface1 ! r$ rays by a v sup]ficial lay] ( wat]1 ! gre5 rays next1 & ultimately ! blue rays2 b :5 ! light enc\nt]$ p>ticles 9 ! wat] ! gre5 rays w\ld be reflect$ by !m4 ,if !re 7 no p>ticles1 ! gre5 rays w\ld cont9ue _! c\rse till !y 7 :olly qu5*$1 & ?us wat] ( m ?an ord9>y dep? & purity w\ld appe> z black z ink4 ,9 lat] ye>s he made "s practical additions to our k ( s\nd4 ,8 advice _h repeat$ly be5 ask$ z to ! laws :i* affect$ ! di/ribution ( s\nd v>i\sly 9 diff]5t build+s--a subject ^u :i* volumes _h be5 writt51 b :i* 0 /ill imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! unexpect$ circum/ances t affect$ ! transmission ( s\nd1 he sometimes relat$ :at occurr$ to himself 9 ! ,s5ate ,h\se ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity :5 he deliv]$ ! ,r$e lecture 9 #ahfe4 ,on go+ to ! ,s5ate ,h\se to te/ its ac\/ic qualities1 he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t f ! usual place ( speak+ 8 words c\ld n be he>d at all by a fri5d :om he _h plac$ at ! extreme end ( ! hall z 8 auditory4 ,he f\nd t ! rev]b]ation f ! floor & walls foll[$ ! direct s\nd ( 8 voice 9 su* a way z to de/roy ! cle>ness ( ! words z !y 7 utt]$4 ,dismay$ at ?is effect1 he made up 8 m9d t 9 respect ( audibl5ess 8 lecture 0 doom$ to be a failure4 ,b ! rev]se 0 ! case4 ,! lecture 0 9 e respect a great success4 ,an ov]fl[+ audi5ce fill$ ! hall1 & li/5$ to him ) rapt att5tion4 ,dur+ ! h\r & a half t he spoke e syllable 0 he>d by ! mo/ di/ant he>]2 & he attribut$ ?is unexpect$ result to ! pres5ce ( ! audi5ce1 :i*1 he said1 qu5*$ ! prejudicial effect ( ! rev]b]ation ( 8 voice produc$ by ! sides & bottom ( ! room4 ,aft] t exp]i5ce1 he advocat$ ! mak+ ( diff]5t exp]im5ts ) ! view ( ext5d+ ! practical k ( ac\/ics4 ,to t k he himself became a valuable contributor4 ,9 #ahgc he conduct$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) a view to det]m9e ! prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e z a vehicle ( s\nd4 ,navigators _h (t5 be5 at a loss to und]/& h[ x 0 t ! mo/ p[]ful fog-signals--su* z gongs1 :i/les1 & guns--7 sometimes easily he>d at a great di/ance on ra9y days1 & 7 inaudible at comp>atively %ort di/ances on f9e days4 ,ev5 )9 a few m9utes ! ac\/ic prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e sometimes und]w5t rem>kable v>iations4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall's exp]im5ts l$ him to ! conclusion t ! aque\s vap\r rais$ by ! sun1 ?\gh (t5 invisible1 produc$ a cl\d :i* =m$ z imp]vi\s a b>ri] to ! waves ( s\nd z a d5se black cl\d does to ! waves ( light4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] 9 a vapor\s =m be+ ! real enemy to ! transmission ( s\nd ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 x 0 easy to und]/& its frequ5t occurr5ce on days app>5tly cle> & bright4 ,?is 0 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,he also furni%$ an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! corelation ( heat & s\nd4 ,not)/&+ ! elaborate data ^u :i* he _h f\nd$ 8 conclusions z to ! int]action ( radiant heat on vap\rs1 "s ,cont95tal physici/s que/ion$ _! accuracy1 & accord+ly ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 lat] ye>s resum$ ! inquiry & obta9$ "s rem>kable results4 ,he _h previ\sly %[n t heat w pass )\t any loss ?r\gh a long glass tube fill$ ) nitrog5 or air1 & clos$ up at ! ends by l5ses ( cry/al2 b if ! same tube is fill$ ) c>bonic acid or ! vap\r ( e!r ! heat1 in/ead ( be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh x1 is almo/ entirely int]cept$4 ,9 #ahhj ,mr4 ,graham ,bell %[$ him t musical s\nds 7 produc$ by a beam ( light /rik+ ^u ?9 discs ( matt]2 & ,pr(essor ,tyndall at once discov]$ ! secret ( ?is surpris+ effect4 ,he said t be=e mak+ an exp]im5t he pictur$ 9 8 m9d a highly-absorb5t vap\r expos$ to ! %ocks ( an int]mitt5t beam sudd5ly exp&+ at ! mom5t ( exposure1 & z sudd5ly contract+ :5 ! beam 0 int]cept$2 & ?us pulses ( an amplitude probably f> great] ?an ^? obta9able ) solids w\ld be produc$1 & w\ld be suffici5t to give =? musical s\nds4 ,he soon prov$ ?is surmise to be correct4 ,he fill$ a glass tube or bulb ) absorb5t gas or vap\r1 & betwe5 x & ! limelight he plac$ a r\nd piece ( c>dbo>d ) equi-di/ant holes 9 x2 !n by plac+ ! bulb 9 su* a position t :5 ! light pass$ ?r\gh ! holes x imp+$ ^u ! glass bulb1 & by caus+ ! c>dbo>d to revolve1 ! action ( ! beam became int]mitt5t1 z x only rea*$ ! vap\r :5 "o ( ! holes 9 ! revolv+ c>dbo>d came 9 front ( ! bulb4 ,by ?is contrivance a s]ies ( calorific %ocks 7 produc$ t gave s\nd vibrations ( surpris+ int5sity4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! bulbs 7 fill$ ) gases or vap\rs1 su* z nitrog5 or air1 t transmitt$ ! heat1 no s\nds 7 produc$4 ,he tri$ ! s\nd+ p[] ( t5 gases & eighty vap\rs1 & f\nd t ! s\nds produc$ by *loride ( me?yl 7 ! l\de/2 & t1 convey$ to ! e> by a tube ( indi>ubb]1 !y seem$ z l\d z ! peal ( an organ4 ,he also f\nd t 9 respect ( int5sity ! ord] ( ! s\nd 9 gases 0 ! same z ! ord] ( _! absorption ( radiant heat4 ,^! m>vell\s results he describ$ 9 8 ,bak]ian lecture = #ahha1 8,on ! ,action ( ,free ,molecules on ,radiant ,heat & its ,conv]sion !reby into ,s\nd40 ,,footnotes3 #c ,?is glaci] !ory is all ! m des]v+ ( prom95ce s9ce ! publication 9 #ahhf ( ,lieut5ant ,greely's discov]y ( lakes1 riv]s1 & valleys ri* 9 vegetation & animal life 9 ! int]ior ( ,gr9nell ,l& at po9ts ! f>!/ nor? ev] rea*$ by explor]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 8,undaunt$ he hies him ,o'er ice-cov]$ wild1 ,:]e leaf nev] budd$1 ,nor spr+ ev] smil$2 ,& b5ea? him an ocean ( mi/1 :]e 8 eye ,no long] ! dwell+s ( man c espy40 --,,s*ill]4 ,z a travell] 9 se>* ( ,nature's gr&e/ works1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall occupies a =emo/ place = 8 adv5tures 9 ,alp9e regions previ\sly reg>d$ z unapproa*able1 z well z = 8 descriptions ( ! views pres5t$ & ! s5tim5ts inspir$ by ^? peaks ( ev]la/+ sn[4 ,! n>rative ( 8 a*ievem5ts z an ,alp9e travell] fills a l>g] volume ?an ?is "o4 ,two or ?ree specim5s mu/ !re=e suffice "h4 ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt he gave 9 a lett] to ,f>aday 9 ,augu/1 #aheh1 ( 8 asc5t ( ,monte ,rosa1 :i* 0 !n consid]$ mu* m difficult to climb ?an ,mont ,blanc3-- 8,i rea*$ ?is m\nta9 wild ! day be=e ye/]day4 ,soon aft] my arrival x comm5c$ sn[+1 & ye/]day morn+ ! m\nta9s 7 all cov]$ by a deep lay]4 ,x heap$ itself up aga9/ ! w9d[s ( ?is room1 obscur+ half ! light4 ,to-day ! sun %9es1 & ,i hope he w soon bani% ! sn[1 = ! sn[ is a great traitor on ! glaci]1 & (t5 cov]s smoo? *asms :i* x w\ld n be at all com=table to get into4 ,i am "h 9 a lonely h\se1 ! only travell]4 ,if y ca/ y\r eye on a map ( ,switz]l& y w f9d ! valley ( ,saas n f> f ,visp4 ,high up ?is valley1 & ?ree h\rs above ,saas itself1 is ! ,di/il ,alp1 & on ?is ,alp ,i n[ reside4 ,close beside ! h\se a _m-arm$ m\nta9 torr5t ru%es1 & a little way d[n a huge glaci]1 com+ d[n "o ( ! side valleys1 ?r[s itself across ! torr5t1 dams x up1 & =ms ! s-call$ #8,matm>k ,see4' ,look+ out ( ano!r w9d[ ,i h be=e me an imm5se /one1 ! un%ipp$ c>go ( a glaci]1 & weigh+ at lea/ #a1jjj tons4 ,x is ! l>ge/ b\ld] ,i h ev] se52 x is compos$ ( s]p5t9e1 & measures #baf1jjj cubic feet4 ,previ\s to com+ "h ,i sp5t t5 days at ! ,riffel ,hotel1 above ,z]matt1 & explor$ almo/ ! :ole ( t glaci] region4 ,"o morn+ ! c&le ( my guide gleam$ into my room at ?ree o'clock1 & he ann\nc$ to me t ! wea!r 0 good4 ,i rose1 & at f\r o'clock 0 on my way to ! summit ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,my guide _h nev] be5 !re1 b he _h "s g5]al directions f a bro!r guide1 & we hop$ to be able to f9d our way to ! top4 ,we fir/ rea*$ ! ridge above ! ,riffel1 !n dropp$ d[n ^u ! ,grn] glaci]1 cross$ x1 rea*$ ! base ( ! m\nta91 !n up a boss ( rock1 ov] :i* ! glaci] ( =m] days _h fl[$ & left its m>k beh9d4 ,!n up a slope ( ice to ! base ( a precipice ( br[n crags3 r\nd ?is we worm$ till we f\nd a place :]e we c\ld assail x & get to ! top4 ,!n up ! slopes & r\nd ! huge bosses ( ! m\nta91 avoid+ ! rift$ portions1 & go+ zigzag up ! /eep] incl9ations4 ,= "s h\rs ?is 0 m]e *ild's play to a m\nta9e]--no m ?an an agreeable walk on a sunny morn+ r\nd ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s4 ,b at l5g? ! m\nta9 contract$ h] sn[y %\ld]s to :at ,g]mans call a kamus--a comb1 sugge/$1 ,i %\ld say1 by ! too!d edges :i* "s m\nta9 ridges exhibit1 b n[ appli$ to any m\nta9 edge1 :e!r ( rock or sn[4 ,well1 ! m\nta9 =m$ su* an edge4 ,on t side ( ! edge :i* turns t[>d ! ,lyskamm !re 0 a v t]rible precipice1 lead+ /raight d[n to ! torn & fissur$ nv ( ! ,monte ,rosa glaci]s4 ,on ! o!r side ! slope 0 less /eep1 b exce$+ly p]il\s-look+1 & int]sect$ "h & !re by precipices4 ,our way lay along ! l$ge1 & we fac$ x ) /eady caution & delib]ation4 ,! w9d _h s act$ ^u ! sn[ z to fold x ov]1 =m+ a k9d ( cornice1 :i* ov]hung ! fir/ precipice to :i* ,i h allud$4 ,our attack = "s "t 0 ^u ?is cornice4 ,! incessant admonition ( my guide 0 to fix my /aff securely into ! sn[ at ea* /ep1 ! necessity ( :i* ,i _h already le>n$4 ,once1 h[ev]1 :ile do+ ?is1 my /aff w5t "r ?r\gh ! cornice1 & ,i c\ld see ?r\gh ! hole t ,i _h made into ! t]rible gulf bel[4 ,! morn+ 0 cle> :5 we />t$1 & we saw ! fir/ sunbeams z !y lit ! p9nacles ( ,monte ,rosa1 & caus$ ! surr\nd+ sn[ summits to flu% up4 ,! m\nta9 rema9$ cle> = "s h\rs1 b ,i n[ look$ upw>ds & saw a d5se mass ( cl\d /uck aga9/ ! summit4 ,%e da%$ x gallantly away1 l a m\nta9 que52 b h] triumph 0 %ort4 ,dusky masses aga9 assail$ h]1 & %e c\ld n %ake !m (f4 ,!y /ret*$ d[n t[>ds u1 & n[ ! ice valley b5ea? u comm5c$ to see! l a boil+ cauldron1 & to s5d up vap\r masses to meet ^? desc5d+ f ! summit4 ,we 7 soon 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 & ! d>kness ?ick5$2 sometimes1 z if by magic1 ! cl\ds p>tially cle>$ away1 & ?r\gh ! ?9 pale residue ! sunbeams p5etrat$1 light+ up ! glaci] ) a sup]natural gl>e4 ,b ^! p>tial illum9ations became r>] z we asc5d$4 ,we f9ally rea*$ ! wea!r$ rocks :i* =m ! cre/ ( ! m\nta91 & ?r\gh ^! we n[ clamb]$ up cliffs & d[n cliffs1 walk+ erect along edges ( granite ) t]rible dep?s at ea* side1 squeez+ ourselves ?r\gh fissures1 & ?us jump+1 sw++1 squeez+1 & climb+1 we rea*$ ! highe/ peak ( ,monte ,rosa4 8,sn[ _h comm5c$ to fall be=e we rea*$ ! top1 & x n[ ?ick5$ d>kly4 ,i boil$ wat]1 & f\nd ! temp]ature #ahdib ,fahr4 ,b ! sn[ 0 wond]ful sn[4 ,x 0 all fl[]--! mo/ lovely t ev] eye gaz$ ^u4 ,!re1 high up 9 ! atmosph]e1 ?is symmetry ( =m manife/$ itself & built up ^! exquisite blossoms ( ! fro/4 ,!re 0 no deviation f ! six-leav$ type1 b any numb] ( v>iations4 ,i %\ld h>dly h ex*ang$ ?is d>k sn[fall = ! be/ view ! m\nta9 c\ld af=d me4 ,/ill1 our position 0 an anxi\s "o4 ,we c\ld only see a few y>ds 9 advance ( u1 & we fe>$ ! loss ( our track4 ,we retreat$1 & f\nd ! comb m awkw>d to desc5d ?an to asc5d4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact ( my be+ "h to tell all ab\t x proves t we did our "w successfully4 ,& n[ ,i h a secret to tell reg>d+ ,monte ,rosa4 ,i _h no view dur+ ! above asc5t1 b precisely a week aft]w>ds ! wea!r 0 glori\s beyond description4 ,i _h l5t my guide to a p>ty ( g5tlem51 s ,i /rapp$ half a bottle ( tea & a ham s&wi* on my back1 left my coat & neckclo? beh9d me1 & 9 my %irt sleeves climb$ up ,monte ,rosa alone40 ,! latt] act has be5 describ$ z a feat ( d>+ nev] he>d ( be=e4 ,betwe5 #ahef & #ahfb he asc5d$ ,mont ,blanc ?ree times4 ,"o asc5t1 made 9 #ahei1 0 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ into effect a proposal he _h made to ! ,royal ,society "s mon?s previ\sly to place suitable !rmomet]s at diff]5t /ations betwe5 ! top & ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,on t occasion he 0 accompani$ by 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,frankl91 ! notable guide ,balmat1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,wills1 & sev]al port]s4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall aft]w>ds gave a graphic acc\nt ( ! asc5t to ! ,briti% ,association at ,le$s1 :5 he spoke 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by ,balmat4 ,mr4 ,wills says he made ! ,le$s ,t[n ,hall r+ ) well-des]v$ applause z he rec\nt$ to ! fir/ savants 9 ,europe ! dang]s ,balmat _h und]gone1 & ! c\rage & dis9t]e/$ness he display$4 ,! asc5t 0 made late 9 ,septemb] 9 fe>ful wea!r1 & 9 ord] to cut a hole f\r feet deep 9 ! solid glaci]1 ,balmat us$ 8 h&s = %ovell+ out ! ice & sn[1 till bo? h&s 7 soon f\nd to be badly fro/-bitt5 & q black4 ,:5 ! circulation began to return1 aft] half-an-h\r's rubb+ & beat+1 he suff]$ great agony2 & ?\gh he 0 = "s "t 9 dang] ( los+ 8 h&s1 he said he c\ld h endur$ ev5 t calamity 9 ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahfa1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! top ( ! ,weis%orn1 a m\nta9 #ad1hjj feet high1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! noble/ peak 9 ! ,alps4 ,p at ! base describ$ him & 8 two guides z appe>+ l flies ^u ! summit4 8,i nev]10 he said aft]w>ds1 8witness$ a sc5e t affect$ me l ?is "o4 ,i op5$ my note-book to make a few obs]vations1 b soon rel9qui%$ ! attempt4 ,!re 0 some?+ incongru\s1 if n pr(ane1 9 all[+ ! sci5tific faculty to int]f]e :]e sil5t wor%ip seem$ ! #8reasonable s]vice4'0 ,9 l mann] ,pr9cipal ,=bes1 :o prec$$ b did n equal ,pr(essor ,tyndall z an ,alp9e travell]1 said t 8! se$s ( a poetic temp]am5t usually g]m9ate amid/ m\nta9 sc5]y1 & we envy n ! man1 "y or old1 to :om ! dead sil5ce ( seque/]$ nature does n br+ an irresi/ible s5se ( awe--an exp]i5ce :i* a picturesque writ] has ?us express$3 ,x seems impi\s to laugh s ne> ,heav510 ,h5ce probably ! words ( ,byron3-- 8,!re /irs ! feel+ inf9ite1 s felt ,9 solitude1 :5 we are lea/ alone2 ,a tru?1 :i* ?r\gh our be+ !n do? melt1 ,& purifies f self3 x is a tone1 ,! s\l & s\rce ( music1 :i* makes kn[n ,et]nal h>mony1 & %$s a *>m1 ,l to ! fabl$ ,cy!rea's zone1 ,b9d+ all ?+s ) beauty2--'tw\ld dis>m ,! spectre ,dea?1 _h he sub/antial p[] to h>m40 ,pr(essor ,tyndall translat$ su* s5tim5ts into actions4 ,at ! "t :5 he began to asc5d ! highe/ ( ^? ,alp9e peaks1 accid5ts ( ! mo/ pa9ful description 7 frequ5tly report$ z occurr+ to travell]s1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( t m intimate k ( ! r\tes & me?ods ( travell+ :i* has s9ce be5 acquir$ by exp]i5ce or reveal$ by sci5ce--k :i* he himself r5d]$ g5]\s & valuable aid 9 acquir+ & diffus+4 ,= in/ance1 :ile he 0 at ,breuil on ,augu/ #ah?1 #ahfj1 intellig5ce rea*$ him t ?ree ,engli%m5 & a guide _h p]i%$ on ! ,col-du-,gant4 ,! m he he>d ( ! sad occurr5ce1 he said1 ! /rong] became 8 desire to visit ! sc5e ( x4 ,he accord+ly w5t to ,cormayeur on ! #bbnd1 & call$ on ! resid5t ,fr5* pa/or1 ,m4 ,curie1 :o _h visit$ ! place & made a sket* ( x4 ,accept+ ?is g5tleman's (f] to accompany him1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall rea*$ ! ,pavilion e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,?ursday1 ! #bd?4 8,wi%+10 says ! ,pr(essor1 8to make myself acqua9t$ ) e in* ( ! gr\nd ov] :i*1 f ! comm5cem5t ( _! glissade1 ! un=tunate m5 _h pass$1 ,i walk$ /raight up f ! ,pavilion to ! base ( ! rocky c\loir along :i* !y _h be5 precipitat$4 ,?is c\loir 0 describ$ z be+ s dang]\s t a *amois hunt] _h decl9$ asc5d+ x "s days be=e2 b ,i secur$ at ,cormayeur ! s]vice ( an intrepid man :o _h once made ! asc5t1 & :om x 0 n[ my int5tion to foll[4 ,we comm5c$ our climb at ! v bottom ( ! rocks1 :ile ! pa/or made a dt\r & jo9$ u on ! spot :]e ! body ( ! guide _h be5 f\nd4 ,f ?is po9t upw>d1 ,m4 ,curie %>$ ! dang]s ( ! asc5t--/rongly1 ,i confess1 aga9/ my w--until we rea*$ ! place :]e ! rocks end$ & ! fatal sn[ slope comm5c$4 ,"h we p>t$ company1 he deem+ x m prud5t to resort to a /ony arte to ! "r ?an to tru/ himself ^u ! sn[4 ,i 0 urg$ by ,m4 ,curie to cont5t myself ) an inspection ( ! place1 b no inspection1 h[ev] close1 c\ld h giv5 ! in=mation ,i desir$4 ,i ask$ my guide :e!r he fe>$ ! slope1 & 8 reply be+ negative1 we ent]$ ^u ! sn[1 & asc5d$ x along ! c\rse ( ! fatal glissade1 ! traces ( :i* _h n be5 entirely oblit]at$4 ,among ! rocks bel[ we _h frequ5t & (t5 melan*oly occasion to assure ourselves t we 7 on ! prop] track4444 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ?is fatal track1 ,i made myself acqua9t$ ) its true "*1 & z ,i /ood ^u ! summit ( ! incl9e & scann$ ! gr\nd ov] :i* ,i _h pass$ a feel+ ( augm5t$ sadness took possession ( me4 ,!re 0 no suffici5t reason = ?is t]rible cata/rophe4 ,) ord9>y precaution ! glissade might 9 ! fir/ in/ance h be5 avoid$1 & ) av]age capacity to cope ) su* an accid5t ! motion might1 ,i am p]suad$1 h be5 arre/$ aft] x comm5c$40 ,he conclud$ a long lett] to ! ,times1 f :i* ! =ego+ extract is tak51 by say+ t ! guides ( ,*am\ni ought to reg>d ?is t]rible disa/] z a /a9 ^u _! ord] :i* x w\ld require ye>s ( s]vices fai?fully & wisely r5d]$ to wipe away4 ,x is mu* easi] to c5sure ?an to set a good example1 & f t po9t ( view ,pr(essor ,tyndall 0 blam$ at ! "t = be+ s sev]e 9 8 /rictures4 ,ere long1 h[ev]1 an opportunity occurr$ :i* put 8 own res\rces to ! sev]e/ te/4 ,:ile /ay+ at ,pontres9a 9 #ahfd1 he1 along ) ,mr4 ,hut*9son & ,mr4 ,lee-,w>n]1 ( ,rugby1 asc5d$ ! ,piz ,mort]at*1 a v noble m\nta91 :i* 0 ?\ght safe & easy to asc5d4 ,! top 0 rea*$ )\t any exceptional difficulty2 b 9 desc5d+ !y came to a broad c\loir fill$ ) sn[1 :i*1 hav+ be5 melt$ & refroz51 appe>$ l a slop+ wall ( ice4 ,! p>ty 7 ti$ toge!r1 ) "o guide nam$ ,j5ni 9 front1 & ano!r nam$ ,walt] 9 ! re>4 ,j5ni cut /eps 9 ! ice1 & !n rea*$ sn[1 :i* he expect$ w\ld give !m a foot+4 ,z he l$ ! p>ty he said1 8,keep c>efully 9 ! /eps1 g5tlem52 a false /ep "h might deta* an avalan*e40 ,! ^w 0 sc>cely utt]$1 says ! ,pr(essor1 ^: acc\nt has be5 corroborat$ by 8 companions1 8:5 ,i he>d ! s\nd ( a fall beh9d me1 !n a ru%1 & 9 a mom5t my two fri5ds & _! guide1 all app>5tly entangl$ toge!r1 :irl$ pa/ me4 ,i sudd5ly plant$ myself to resi/ _! %ock1 b 9 an in/ant ,i 0 9 _! wake1 = _! impetus 0 irresi/ible4 ,a mom5t aft]w>ds ,j5ni 0 :irl$ away1 & ?us1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 all five ( u f\nd ourselves rid+ d[nw>ds ) uncontrollable spe$ on ! back ( an avalan*e :i* a s+le slip _h orig9at$4 8,previ\s to /epp+ on ! slope1 ,i _h1 accord+ to habit1 made cle> to my m9d :at 0 to be done 9 case ( mi%ap2 & accord+ly1 :5 ov]?r[n1 ,i turn$ promptly on my face1 & drove my bton ?r\gh ! mov+ sn[1 & into ! ice und]nea?4 ,no "t1 h[ev]1 0 all[$ = ! break's action2 = ,i _h held x firmly ?us = a few seconds only :5 ,i came into collision ) "s ob/acle & 0 rudely toss$ ?r\gh ! air1 ,j5ni at ! same "t be+ %ot d[n ^u me4 ,bo? ( u "h lo/ our btons4 ,we _h be5 c>ri$ ov] a crevasse1 _h hit its l[] edge1 &1 in/ead ( dropp+ into x1 7 pit*$ by our great velocity f> beyond x4 ,i 0 q bewild]$ = a mom5t1 b imm$iately right$ myself1 & c\ld see ! m5 9 front ( me half buri$ 9 ! sn[1 & jolt$ f side to side by ! ruts among :i* we 7 pass+4 ,sudd5ly ,i saw !m tumbl$ ov] by a lur* ( ! avalan*e1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds f\nd myself imitat+ _! motion4 ,?is 0 caus$ by a second crevasse4 ,j5ni knew ( its exi/5ce & plung$1 he told me1 "r into x--a brave act1 b = ! "t unavail+4 ,by jump+ into ! *asm he ?\ght a /ra9 might be put ^u ! rope suffici5t to *eck ! motion4 ,b ?\gh ov] ?irte5 /one 9 weight1 he 0 viol5tly j]k$ out ( ! fissure1 & almo/ squeez$ to dea? by ! pressure ( ! rope4 8,a long slope 0 be=e u :i* l$ directly d[nw>ds to a br[ :]e ! glaci] fell precipit\sly4 ,at ! base ( ! declivity ice 0 cut by a s]ies ( pr(\nd *asms1 t[>ds :i* we 7 rapidly borne4 ,! ?ree =emo/ m5 rode ^u ! =ehead ( ! avalan*e1 & 7 at times almo/ :olly imm]s$ 9 ! sn[2 b ! mov+ lay] 0 ?9n] beh9d1 & ,j5ni rose incessantly & ) desp]ate en]gy drove 8 feet into ! firm] sub/ance b5ea?4 ,8 voice1 %\t+ #8,halt6 ,h]r ,jesus1 halt6' 0 ! only "o he>d dur+ ! desc5t4 ,a k9d ( cond5s$ memory1 su* z t describ$ by p :o h n>r[ly escap$ dr[n+1 took possession ( me1 & my p[] ( reason+ rema9$ intact4 ,i ?\ght ( ,b5n5 on ! ,haut de ,cry1 & mutt]$1 #8,x is n[ my turn4' ,!n ,i coolly scann$ ! m5 9 front ( me1 & reflect$ t1 if _! vis viva 0 ! only ?+ to be neutralis$1 ,j5ni & myself c\ld /op !m2 b to arre/ bo? !m & ! mass ( sn[ 9 :i* !y 7 caught 0 hopeless4 ,i exp]i5c$ no intol]able dread4 ,9 fact ! />t 0 too sudd5 & ! excitem5t ( ! ru% too great to p]mit ( ! developm5t ( t]ror4 8,look+ 9 advance1 ,i notic$ t ! slope = a %ort di/ance became less /eep & !n fell z be=e4 #8,n[ or nev] we mu/ be br\ght to re/4' ,! spe$ visibly slack5$1 & ,i ?\ght we 7 sav$4 ,b ! mom5tum _h be5 too great2 ! avalan*e cross$ ! br[ & 9 "p rega9$ its motion4 ,"h ,hut*9son ?rew 8 arm r\nd 8 fri5d1 all hope be+ ext+ui%$1 :ile ,i grasp$ my belt & /ruggl$ to free myself4 ,f9d+ ?is difficult1 f ! toss+1 ,i sull5ly resum$ ! /ra9 ^u ! rope4 ,de/9y _h s relat$ ! d[nw>d impetus to ,j5ni's pull z to give ! latt] a slight advantage1 & ! :ole "q 0 :e!r ! oppos+ =ce w\ld h suffici5t "t to act4 ,?is 0 also arrang$ 9 our fav\r1 = we came to re/ s ne> ! br[ t two or ?ree seconds ( our av]age motion ( desc5t mu/ h c>ri$ u ov]4 ,_h ?is occurr$1 we %\ld h fall5 into ! *asm1 & be5 cov]$ up by ! tail ( ! avalan*e4 ,hut*9son em]g$ f ! sn[ ) 8 =ehead ble$+1 b ! w\nd 0 sup]ficial2 ,j5ni _h a bit ( fle% remov$ f 8 h& by collision aga9/ a /one2 ! pressure ( ! rope _h left black welts on my arms2 & we all exp]i5c$ a t+l+ s5sation ov] ! h&s1 l t produc$ by incipi5t fro/-bite1 :i* cont9u$ = sev]al days4 ,?is 0 all40 ,ano!r incid5t :i* illu/rates ! nature & v>iety ( 8 exp]i5ce z a travell] he has himself describ$ z prompt$ m by ! in/9cts ( ! m\nta9e] ?an by ! curiosity ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,9 #ahfh he visit$ ,vesuvius2 & if he did n collect in=mation ( mu* sci5tific value1 he saw a good deal t 0 v int]e/+4 ,he said he 0 mo/ /ruck ) ! condition ( ! c\ntry all r\nd ,naples2 x 0 s see?+1 & smok+1 & hot1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( va/ subt]ranean fires4 ,x 0 ! same at ,vesuvius1 :]e 9 "o place at ! entrance to a gall]y 9 ! side ( ! m\nta91 he f\nd a little boy q nak$1 :o volunte]$ to ent] ! gall]y & cook an egg :i* he held 9 8 h&4 ,bo? ! ,pr(essor & 8 companion 7,sir ,john ,lubbock7 det]m9$ to explore ! gall]y4 ,on do+ s !y f\nd at ! end ( x a hot salt spr+1 :]e !y cook$ ! egg4 ,! guide told !m ( a hott] gall]y adjo9+1 :i* !y also explor$2 & a hott] "o /ill be+ po9t$ out1 !y likewise tri$ x & f\nd x v hot inde$4 ,!y also visit$ ! grotto ,del ,cano1 :]e ! floor 0 cov]$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 a broad /ream ( :i* fl[$ out ( ! m\? ( ! cav]n4 ,!re he p]=m$ :at he call$ "s ( ! common] ,royal ,in/itution exp]im5ts = ! b5efit ( ! natives4 ,he collect$ "s ( ! heavy gas 9 8 hat1 c>ri$ x to a di/ance1 & !n put out light$ mat*es by p\r+ ! heavy gas ov] !m4 ,a little dog be+ kept ne> ! cave = ! purpose ( %[+ visitors h[ easily ! gas c\ld half *oke x1 he prote/$ aga9/ ! cruelty ( t exp]im5t4 ,at ,pompeii1 he came to ! conclusion t ! a%es :i* burn$ x c\ld n h be5 ( v high temp]ature :5 !y fell1 hav+ be5 mu* *ill$ by _! previ\s passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,among ! evid5ces ( ?is 0 ! fact t a f\nta9 ( pure lead1 :i* 0 uncov]$ dur+ ! excavations1 0 un9jur$4 ,! analysis ( a piece :i* he took away ) him %[$ t ! temp]ature ( ! a%es 9 :i* x 0 engulf$1 0 l[] ?an ! melt+ po9t ( lead4 ,9 asc5d+ ,vesuvius !y cross$ a ridge :i* =m$ ! anci5t crat] ( ! m\nta92 o!rs _h be5 ?r[n up s9ce1 ! late/ be+ #cjj feet high] ?an ! anci5t "o4 ,vesuvius1 he said1 0 n9ete5 feet high] 9 #ahfh ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e 9 human hi/ory4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! smok+ c5tres ( eruption1 !y li/5$ to ! noises 9 ! m\nta9 b5ea?1 & saw ?ree dis*>ges ( r$-hot /ones f ! crat]4 ,! w9d 0 s /rong t "o gu/ blew d[n ,sir ,john ,lubbock on 8 face4 ,on ano!r occasion :5 !y asc5d$ ! m\nta91 !y 7 fav\r$ ) a /rong w9d1 & go+ fur!r ?an ! guide w\ld lead !m1 !y w5t to ! edge ( ! pr9cipal crat]1 & look$ d[n into ! great c5tral hole ( ! volcano itself1 :]e !y saw little b smoke & a lurid gl>e4 ,sometimes !y 7 envelop$ 9 smoke & sulphur\s acid gas1 b !y avoid$ any risk f x by keep+ well to w9dw>d4 ,z to ! dispute among geologi/s on ! "q :e!r ! cones on ! top ( ,vesuvius 7 made by eruption or upheaval1 he came to ! same conclusion z ,lyell1 t !y 7 crat]s ( eruption4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds e/imat$ t dur+ ! eruption :i* 0 9 progress at ! "t ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall's visit1 ,m\nt ,vesuvius emitt$ ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( lava4 ,8 travels & explorations 9 ano!r "p ( ! _w :]e ,nature displays h] op]ations on a gr& scale1 & :]e p]sonal a*ievem5t is ! only recognis$ title to fame1 7 /ill m memorable4 ,:5 9 ,june1 #ahea1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall came back f ,g]many to ,engl&1 he met on 8 way to ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ipswi* 8a man :o has s9ce made 8 m>k ^u ! intellect ( 8 "t10 & to :om he 0 ev] aft]w>ds atta*$ by ! /rong law ( m5tal aff9ity4 ,?is 0 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 & bo? ! "y sci5ti/s be+ !n on ! look out = "w1 !y det]m9$ to apply = ! vacant *airs ( natural hi/ory & physics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 b _! applications 7 decl9$4 ,f>aday1 :o 0 ,tyndall's philosoph] & fri5d 9 ! matt]1 wrote a lett] urg+ him to apply = ! ,toronto appo9tm5t2 b happily = bo? ( !m & = ! glory ( ,briti% sci5ce1 ,toronto w\ld n h !m1 & ,engl& c\ld n sp>e !m4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] t ,pr(essor ,tyndall visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5ce 8 reputation z a sci5tific lectur] _h prec$$ him4 ,no p are s quick 9 _! obs]vations ( m5 & mann]s z ! ,am]icans1 & x may !re=e be opportune "h to give an ,am]ican's impressions ( ! man to :om t p gave an en?usia/ic reception 9 #ahgb4 ,mr4 ,george ,ripley gave ! foll[+ description ( him3-- 8,pr(essor ,tyndall has all ! ard\r ( a re=m]1 )\t any t5d5cy to vague & ra% speculations4 ,recognis+ :atev] is valuable 9 ! rese>*es ( a =m] age1 he ext5ds a graci\s hospitality to new sugge/ions4 ,) a noble pride 9 8 fav\rite bran*es ( inquiry1 he is n re/rict$ to an exclusive range ( rese>*1 b ext5ds 8 intellectual vision ov] a wide field ( obs]vation4 ,! ,engli%1 z a rule1 are incl9$ to be suspici\s ( a man :o v5tures beyond a special walk 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,!y h b little sympa?y ) ! ca?olic ta/e :i* embraces a v>iety ( objects1 & is equally at home 9 ! rese>*es ( sci5ce1 ! speculations ( philosophy1 ! delights ( poetry1 & ! graces ( elegant lit]ature4 ,b a s+le exception to ?is trait is pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,tyndall4 ,8 m9d is s+ul>ly compreh5sive 9 its t5d5cies1 & betrays a v]satility ( aptitude & a rea* ( cultivation1 :i* are r>ely f\nd 9 unison ) conspicu\s em95ce 9 purely sci5tific pursuits4 ,9 8 own special doma9 8 reputation is fix$4 ,8 expositions ( ! !ory ( heat & light & s\nd1 & ( "s ( ! m int]e/+ ,alp9e ph5om5a1 are ackn[l$g$ to be ma/]pieces ( popul> /atem5t1 to :i* few p>allels c be f\nd 9 ! records ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,b1 9 addition to ?is1 he possesses a r>e p[] ( eloqu5ce & manifold atta9m5ts 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( le>n+4 ,i d n "k t he has ev] writt5 poetry1 b he is c]ta9ly a poet 9 ! fire ( 8 imag9ation & 9 8 love = all ! =ms ( natural beauty4 ,nor has he disda9$ to make himself famili> ) ! lead+ metaphysical !ories ( ! pa/ age1 9 spite ( ! disrepute & comp>ative obscurity into :i* sci5ce has be5 ?r[n by ! brilliant a*ievem5ts ( physical rese>*4 ,i notic$ ) pleasure 9 8 conv]sation 8 allusions to ,fi*te1 ,goe!1 ,r4 ,w4 ,em]son1 ,h5ry ,he9e1 & o!r sup]ior lights ( ! lit]>y _w1 %[+ an appreciation ( _! writ+s :i* c\ld only h be5 ! fruit ( famili> p]sonal /udies4 ,besides ! impression produc$ on a /rang] by 8 g5ius & le>n+1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to say t ,i h met ) few m5 ( m attractive mann]s4 ,8 m5tal activity gives an air ( int5sity to 8 expression1 ?\gh )\t a trace ( vehem5ce1 or an eag] passion = utt]ance4 ,9 8 movem5ts he is s+ul>ly al]t1 glid+ ?r\gh ! /reets ) ! rapidity & noiselessness ( an arr[1 pay+ little att5tion to ext]nal objects2 &1 if y are 8 companion1 requir+ on y\r "p a nimble /ep & a wat*ful eye n to lose sight ( him4 ,?\gh ov]fl[+ ) ?\ght1 :i* /reams f 8 bra9 z f a capaci\s res]voir :ile 8 words #8trip ar\nd z airy s]vitors1' he is "o ( ! be/ ( li/5]s1 nev] assum+ an undue %>e ( ! talk1 & l5d+ an att5tive & pati5t e> to ! common curr5cy ( conv]sation1 )\t dem&+ ( m5 ! language ( ! gods4 ,! s+ul> k9dness ( 8 be>+1 ,i am sure1 mu/ proce$ f a k9d & g5]\s he>t4 ,) no pret5ce ( sympa?y1 & no uncall$ = demon/rations ( int]e/1 8 "n w c]ta9ly be set d[n by ! record+ angel z "o :o loves 8 fell[ m540 ,su* 0 ! man :o _h n[ come among/ ! ,am]icans to enjoy _! hospitality & to enlight5 !m on ! subject ( light4 ,he deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures at ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & ,wa%+ton4 ,at ,bo/on1 he said he w\ld long gratefully rememb] 8 reception on ! occasion ( 8 fir/ lecture !re1 & t if he 0 treat$ 9 ! same mann] else:]e he w\ld return to ! old c\ntry full ( gratitude4 ,o!r places tri$ to outdo ,bo/on 9 ! cordiality ( _! reception4 ,! halls 9 :i* he lectur$ 7 cr[d$ by audi5ces describ$ z di/+ui%$ = _! appreciation ( le>n+ & _! en?usiasm 9 ! pres5ce ( 8! great tea*]40 ,8 lectures 7 report$ v]batim ) illu/rations 9 ! daily newspap]s2 & ! ,new ,york ,tribune publi%$ a *eap repr9t ( !m ( :i* ov] #cjj1jjj 7 sold4 ,:ile 9 ,am]ica he did n miss an opportunity n only ( inspect+ b ( explor+ its gr&e/ cat>act4 ,) him ! ro> ( ! wat]fall 0 e>ly a subject ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahea he %[$ by "s simple exp]im5ts t wat] fall+ = a c]ta9 di/ance into ano!r vessel ( wat] w\ld produce nei!r air-bubbles nor s\nd2 b t1 z soon z ! di/ance is s increas$ t ! end ( ! column becomes brok5 into drops1 bo? air-bubbles & s\nds1 v>y+ f ! hum ( ! ripple to ! ro> ( ! cat>act & ( ! break]1 7 produc$4 ,ab\t ! same "t he publi%$ a pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ! purpose ( %[+ t 9 wat]falls s\nd 0 produc$ by ! bur/+ ( ! bubbles1 & he !re9 /at$ t 87 ,niag>a cont9u\s & )\t lat]al vibration1 x w\ld be z sil5t z a cat>act ( ice4 ,x is possible1 ,i believe1 to get beh9d ! desc5d+ wat] at "o place2 & if ! att5tion ( travell]s 7 direct$ to ! subject1 ! mass might p]haps be se5 ?r\gh4 ,= 9 all probability x also has its #8contract$ sections2' aft] pass+ :i* x is brok5 into deta*$ masses1 :i*1 plung+ successively ^u ! air-bladd]s =m$ by _! precursors1 sudd5ly lib]ate _! cont5ts1 & ?us create ! ?und] ( ! wat]fall40 ,on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #ahgb1 he visit$ ,niag>a1 & n only got beh9d ! desc5d+ wat]1 b 8saw ?r\gh0 x1 & aft]w>ds graphically describ$ x4 ,he /ates t 8! season0 be+ !n ov]1 ! sc5e 0 "o ( weird lonel9ess & beauty4 ,on rea*+ ! village he at once proce$$ to ! nor!rn end ( ! ,am]ican ,fall4 ,aft] d9n] he1 accompani$ by a fri5d1 cross$ to ,goat ,isl& & w5t to ! s\!rn end ( ! ,am]ican ,fall4 8,! riv] is "h /udd$ ) small isl&s4 ,cross+ a wood5 bridge to ,luna ,isl&1 & clasp+ a tree :i* gr[s ne> its edge1 ,i look$ long at ! cat>act :i* "h %oots d[n ! precipice l an avalan*e ( foam4 ,x grew 9 p[d] & beauty z ,i gaz$ ^u x4 ,! *annel1 spann$ by ! wood5 bridge1 0 deep1 & ! riv] !re d\bl$ ov] ! edge ( ! precipice1 l ! swell ( a muscle1 unbrok54 ,! l$ge "h ov]hangs1 ! wat] be+ p\r$ out f> beyond ! base ( ! precipice4 ,a space1 call$ ! ,cave ( ! ,w9ds1 is ?us inclos$ betwe5 ! wall ( rock & ! cat>act4 8,at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,horse%oe is a promontory1 =m$ by ! d\bl+ back ( ! gorge1 excavat$ by ! cat>act1 & into :i* x plunges4 ,on ! promontory /&s a /one build+ call$ ! ,t]rap9 ,t[]1 ! door ( :i* _h be5 nail$ up because ( ! decay ( ! /aircase )9 x4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,t[ns5d1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ,goat ,isl&1 ! door 0 op5$ to me4 ,f ?is t[]1 at all h\rs ( ! day1 & at "s h\rs ( ! night1 ,i wat*$ & li/5$ to ! ,horse%oe ,fall4 ,! riv] "h is evid5tly mu* deep] ?an ! ,am]ican bran*2 & in/ead ( bur/+ into foam :]e x quits ! l$ge1 x b5ds solidly ov] & falls 9 a cont9u\s lay] ( ! mo/ vivid gre54 ,! t9t is n uni=m b v>i$2 long /ripes ( deep] hue alt]nat+ ) b&s ( bright] col\r4 ,close to ! l$ge ov] :i* ! wat] falls1 foam is g5]at$1 ! light fall+ ^u :i* & fla%+ back f x is %ift$ 9 its passage to & fro1 & *ang$ f :ite to em]ald gre54 ,heaps ( sup]ficial foam are also =m$ at int]vals along ! l$ge1 & imm$iately drawn d[n 9 long :ite /ri4 ,l[] d[n1 ! surface1 %ak5 by ! reaction f bel[1 incessantly ru/les into :it5ess4 ,! desc5t f9ally resolves itself into a rhy?m1 ! wat] rea*+ ! bottom ( ! fall 9 p]iodic gu%es4 ,nor is ! spray uni=mly diffus$ ?r\gh ! air1 b is waft$ ?r\gh x 9 successive veils ( gauze-l texture4 ,f all ?is x is evid5t t beauty is n abs5t f ! ,horse%oe ,fall1 b maje/y is its *ief attribute4 ,! plunge ( ! wat] is n wild1 b delib]ate1 va/1 & fasc9at+40 ,on ! fir/ ev5+ ( 8 visit ! guide to ! ,cave ( ! ,w9ds1 a /rong-look+ & pleasant man1 told him t he once succe$$ 9 gett+ almo/ "u ! gre5 wat] ( ! ,horse%oe ,fall4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall ask$ :e!r ! guide c\ld lead him to t spot to-morr[4 ,su* a cool "q com+ f a sl5d] & ref9$-look+ man seem$ to non-plus ! guide2 b on be+ assur$ t :]e he w\ld lead ! ,pr(essor w\ld endeav\r to foll[1 ! guide1 ) a smile1 said 8,v well1 ,i %all be ready = y to-morr[40 ,!y met accord+ to agreem5t on ! morr[4 ,fir/ ! ,pr(essor _h to *ange 8 clo!s draw+ on two pairs ( wooll5 pantaloons1 ?ree wooll5 jackets1 two pairs ( socks1 & a pair ( felt %oes1 :i* supply ( wooll5s ! guide said w\ld pres]ve him f cold4 ,ov] all 0 put a suit ( oil-clo?1 & ! ,pr(essor 0 advis$ to c>ry a pit*=k z 8 /aff4 ,x 0 decid$ to take ! ,horse%oe fir/ z be+ ! mo/ difficult ( access4 ,desc5d+ ! /airs !y comm5c$ to cross ! huge b\ld]s :i* cov] ! base ( ! fir/ portion ( ! cat>act1 & among :i* ! wat] p\rs 9 torr5ts4 ,!y got along )\t difficulty till !y came to a =midable curr5t1 & ! guide on rea*+ ! quiete/ "p ( x1 told ! ,pr(essor t ?is 0 _! greate/ difficulty2 8if we c cross "h10 he said1 8we %all get f> t[>ds ! ,horse%oe40 ,! guide ent]$ ! torr5t fir/1 & 0 soon up to ! wai/ 9 wat]4 ,he _h to wade 8 way among unse5 b\ld]s :i* increas$ ! viol5ce ( ! curr5t4 ,on rea*+ ! %all[] wat] on ! o!r side1 he /ret*$ 8 arm across to ! ,pr(essor & ask$ him to foll[4 8,i look$10 says ! undaunt$ travell]1 8d[n ! torr5t z x ru%$ to ! riv] bel[1 :i* 0 see?+ ) ! tumult ( ! cat>act4 ,i ent]$ ! wat]4 ,z x rose ar\nd me1 ,i s\ght to split ! torr5t by pres5t+ a side to x2 b ! insecurity ( ! foot+ enabl$ x to grasp ! lo9s1 twi/ me fairly r\nd1 & br+ its impetus to be> ^u ! back4 ,fur!r /ruggle 0 impossible1 & feel+ my balance hopelessly gone1 ,i turn$1 flung myself t[>ds ! bank ,i _h j quitt$1 & 0 in/antly swept into ! %all[] wat]40 ,! oil-clo? cov]+1 :i* 0 too l>ge = him1 0 n[ fill$ ) wat]1 & not)/&+ ?is incumbrance1 ! guide urg$ him to try aga94 ,aft] "s hesitation he det]m9$ to d s4 ,aga9 he ent]$ ! wat]1 aga9 ! torr5t rose1 aga9 he wav]$2 b in/ruct$ by ! exp]i5ce ( 8 fir/ misadv5ture1 he s adju/$ himself aga9/ ! /ream t he 0 able to rema9 upright4 ,at l5g? !y 7 able to clasp h&s1 & on ?us rea*+ ! o!r side he 0 told t no travell] _h ev] be5 !re be=e4 ,soon aft]w>ds he 0 aga9 tak5 (f 8 feet ?r\gh tru/+ to a piece ( trea*]\s drift1 b a protrud+ rock enabl$ him to rega9 8 balance4 ,z !y clamb]$ ov] ! b\ld]s ! weight ( ! ?ick spray n[ & !n caus$ !m to /agg]4 ,among su* volumes ( spray no?+ c\ld be se54 8,we 710 he says1 89 ! mid/ ( bewild]+ tumult1 la%$ by ! wat] :i* s\nd$ at times l ! crack+ ( innum]able :ips4 ,und]nea? ?is 0 ! deep resonant ro> ( ! cat>act4 ,i tri$ to %ield my eyes ) my h&s & look upw>ds2 b ! def5ce 0 useless4 ,my guide cont9u$ to move on1 b at a c]ta9 place he halt$1 & desir$ me to take %elt] 9 8 lee & obs]ve ! cat>act4 ,on look+ upw>ds ov] ! guide's %\ld] ,i c\ld see ! wat] b5d+ ov] ! l$ge1 :ile ! ,t]rap9 ,t[] loom$ fitfully ?r\gh ! int]mitt5t spray gu/s4 ,we 7 "r "u ! t[]4 ,a little f>!r on ! cat>act1 aft] its fir/ plunge1 hit a protub]ance "s way d[n1 & flew f x 9 a prodigi\s bur/ ( spray2 ?r\gh ?is we /agg]$4 ,we r\nd$ ! promontory on :i* ! ,t]rap9 ,t[] /&s1 & pu%$1 amid/ ! wilde/ commotion1 along ! arm ( ! ,horse%oe until ! b\ld]s fail$ u & ! cat>act fell into ! pr(\nd gorge ( ! ,niag>a ,riv]4 ,"h my guide %elt]$ me aga91 & desir$ me to look up4 ,i did s1 & c\ld see z be=e ! gre5 gleam ( ! mighty curve sweep+ ov] ! upp] l$ge1 & ! fitful plunge ( ! wat] z ! spray betwe5 u & x alt]nately ga!r$ & disappe>$4 ,my companion knew no m ( me ?an t ,i enjoy$ ! wildness2 b z ,i b5t 9 ! %elt] ( 8 l>ge frame1 he said3 #8,i %\ld l to see y attempt+ to describe all ?is4' ,he rightly ?\ght x indescribable40 ,_! egress 0 ne>ly z adv5tur\s z _! entrance4 ,!y _h ano!r /ruggle ) ! torr5t :i* prov$ su* a =midable b>ri] 9 ent]+1 b !y succe$$ 9 cross+ x )\t s]i\s mi%ap4 ,he next endeav\r$ to see ! fall f ! riv] bel[ x2 b on rea*+ ! base ( ! ,horse%oe he f\nd ! wat] s viol5t1 & ! rock & b\ld]s s =midable1 t aft] a fi]ce /ruggle ! attempt to g fur!r _h to be rel9qui%$4 ,he !re=e return$ along ! base ( ! ,am]ican ,fall4 8,se5 f bel[10 says ! ,pr(essor1 8! ,am]ican ,fall is c]ta9ly exquisitely beautiful1 b x is a m]e fr+e ( adornm5t to its nobl] neighb\r1 ! ,horse%oe4 ,at times we took to ! riv]1 f ! c5tre ( :i* ! ,horse%oe ,fall appe>$ especially magnific5t4 ,a /reak ( cl\d across ! neck ( ,mont ,blanc c d\ble its app>5t height1 s "h ! gre5 summit ( ! cat>act1 %9+ above ! smoke ( spray1 appe>$ lift$ to an extraord9>y elevation40#d ,9 8 ,am]ican lectures he nev] appe>$ to miss an opportunity ( tell+ 8 audi5ce t ! pursuit ( sci5tific tru? %\ld be conduct$ reg>dless ( monet>y consid]ations1 & t ! m5 :o _h made ! great discov]ies 9 sci5ce t _h s enri*$ ! _w 7 n actuat$ by ! love ( money4 ,at ,new ,york he said ! pres5ce !re = six inclem5t nights ( an audi5ce1 embody+ to a great ext5t ! m5tal =ce & ref9em5t ( ! city1 %[$ _! sympa?y ) sci5tific pursuits4 8,t sci5tific discov]y may put n only doll>s into ! pockets ( individuals b millions into ! ex*equ]s ( nations ! hi/ory ( sci5ce amply proves1 b ! hope ( its do+ s is n ! motive p[] ( ! inve/igator4 ,x nev] c\ld be ! motive p[]4444 ,y h ask$ me to give ^! lectures1 & ,i _c turn !m to bett] acc\nt ?an by ask+ y to rememb] t ! lectur] is usually ! di/ributor ( intellectual weal? amass$ by bett] m54 ,x is n z lectur]s b z discov]]s t y ought to employ y\r highe/ m54 ,keep y\r sympa!tic eye ^u ! orig9ator ( k4 ,give him ! fre$om necess>y = 8 rese>*es2 above all ?+s avoid+ t "q :i* ignorance s (t5 addresses to g5ius--,:at is ! use ( y\r "w8 ,let him make tru? 8 object1 h[ev] impracticable = ! "t be+ t tru? may appe>4 ,if y ca/ y\r bread ?us ^u ! wat]s1 !n be assur$ x w return to y ?\gh x may be aft] _m days40 ,9 #ahgc 8 advice appe>$ to be l se$ s[n 9 good gr\nd1 = imm$iately aft] 8 visit sev]al munific5t gifts 7 made by private individuals = ! promotion ( sci5ce4 ,8 example 0 also z wor?y z 8 tea*+4 ,! pr(its ( 8 lectures1 am\nt+ to ne>ly #c1jjjl41 he gave z a contribution t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a fund = ! advancem5t ( !oretic sci5ce & ! promotion ( orig9al rese>*1 especially 9 ! dep>tm5t ( physics4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! int]e/ ( ! fund 0 to be appli$ to assi/+ & support+ two ,am]ican /ud5ts ) a decid$ tal5t = physics2 s t !y might ?us be able to sp5d at a ,g]man univ]sity at lea/ f\r ye>s1 ( :i* ?ree %\ld be devot$ to ! acquisition ( k & ! f\r? to orig9al inve/igation4 ,"s difficulty be+ exp]i5c$ by ! tru/ees 9 select+ suitable p]sons1 !y repres5t$ to ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 aft] "s ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 t ! object aim$ at by him w\ld probably be bett] accompli%$ by plac+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! fund 9 ! h&s ( "s "o or m educational in/itutions1 :]e numb]s ( "y m5 7 always on trial1 & :]e suitable subjects = 8 b5efaction w\ld probably be m easily f\nd4 ,9 #ahhe ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 act+ on ?is advice1 divid$ ! money1 :i* _h increas$ f #ac1jjj to #cb1jjj1 into ?ree equal p>ts1 & gave "o "p to ,columbia ,college1 "o to ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & "o to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,on ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgc1 he 0 ent]ta9$ at a f>ewell banquet at ,new ,york 89 ! great hall ( ! f9e/ re/aurant 9 ! _w40 ,on t occasion he /at$ ) reg>d to ! "w done & ! reception ( t "w dur+ 8 visit to ,am]ica1 t no?+ c\ld be add$ to 8 cup ( satisfaction2 8 only drawback relat$ to ! "w undone2 = he c>ri$ home ) him ! consci\sness ( hav+ be5 unable to respond to ! invitations ( ! great cities ( ! we/2 b ! "* ( 8 lectures1 ! weight ( in/rum5tal appliances :i* !y involv$1 & ! fact t e lecture requir$ two days' possession ( ! hall--a day ( prep>ation & a day ( deliv]y--entail$ heavy loss ( "t & ev5 sev]e lab\r4 ,he !n return$ to ,engl&1 :]e he f\nd _m fri5ds ready to welcome him4 ,next ye> 7#ahgd7 he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & ! address :i* he deliv]$ at ! annual meet+1 held t ye> 9 ,belfa/1 caus$ "s s5sation among 8! or?odox40 ,= ?is he 0 n unprep>$4 ,he admitt$ t he _h t\*$ on debateable que/ions1 & gone ov] dang]\s gr\nd--& ?is p>tly ) ! view ( tell+ ! _w t z reg>ds religi\s !ories1 s*emes1 & sy/ems :i* embrace notions ( cosmogony1 sci5ce claims unre/rict$ "r ( se>*4 ,! address 0 condemn$ by ! unsci5tific z veil$ mat]ialism1 & a flood ( s]mons & pamphlets 7 publi%$ to expose its 8h]esies40 ,"o writ] w5t s f> z to publi% 8an inquiry ( ! ,home ,secret>y z to :e!r ,pr(essor ,tyndall _h n subject$ himself to ! p5alty ( p]sons express+ blasphem\s op9ions40 ,x seem$ to be g5]ally =gott5 t ,pr(essor ,tyndall _h /at$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfh t ! utmo/ ! mat]iali/ 8c affirm is ! association ( two classes ( ph5om5a1 ( ^: real bond ( union he is 9 absolute ignorance4 ,! problem ( ! connection ( body & s\l is z insoluble 9 its mod]n =m z x 0 9 ! pre-sci5tific ages4 ,if y ask him :5ce is ?is #8matt]1' :o or :at divid$ x into molecules1 he has no answ]4 ,sci5ce also is mute 9 reply to ^! que/ions4 ,b if ! mat]iali/ is conf\nd$ & sci5ce r5d]$ dumb1 :o else is entitl$ to answ]8 ,to :om has ! secret be5 reveal$8 ,let u l[] our heads & ackn[l$ge our ignorance "o & all40 ,9 #ahgd he desir$ to set =? equally 8! inexorable advance ( man's und]/&+ 9 ! pa? ( k1 & ! unqu5*able claims ( 8 emotional nature1 :i* ! und]/&+ c nev] satisfy4 ,& if1 /ill unsatisfi$1 ! human m9d1 ) ! ye>n+ ( a pilgrim = 8 di/ant home1 w turn to ! my/]y f :i* x has em]g$1 seek+ s to fa%ion x z to give unity to ?\ght & fai?--s long z ?is is done1 n only )\t intol]ance or bigotry ( any k9d1 b ) ! enlight5$ recognition t ultimate fixity ( conception is "h unatta9able1 & t ea* succe$+ age mu/ be held free to fa%ion ! my/]y 9 accordance ) its own ne$s--!n1 9 opposition to all ! re/rictions ( ,mat]ialism1 ,i w\ld affirm ?is to be a field = ! noble/ ex]cise ( :at1 9 contra/ ) ! kn[+ faculties1 may be call$ ! creative faculties ( man40 ,next ye>1 9 introduc+ ,sir ,john ,hawk%aw z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall said 8 successor w\ld /e] ! ,association ?r\gh calm wat]1 :i* w\ld be refre%+ aft] ! tempe/u\s wea!r :i* 8ra%] navigators _h ?\ght x _! duty to enc\nt] r ?an to avoid40 ,c>lyle says we p>don g5ial wea!r = its *anges1 b ! /eadie/ climate ( all is t ( ,gre5l&4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,= ! descriptions ( ! ,falls ( ,niag>a & ( ! adv5ture on ! ,piz ,mort]at* we are indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 :o readily grant$ p]mission to quote !m f 8 copyright works4 ,,*apt] ,v4 8,!re is some?+ 9 ! contemplation ( g5]al laws :i* p[]fully p]suades u to m]ge individual feel+1 & to commit ourselves unres]v$ly to _! disposal2 :ile ! obs]vation ( ! calm1 en]getic regul>ity ( nature1 ! imm5se scale ( h] op]ations1 & ! c]ta9ty ) :i* h] ends are atta9$1 t5ds irresi/ibly to tranquillise & reassure ! m9d1 & r5d] x less accessible to rep9+1 selfi%1 & turbul5t emotions40--,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,h]s*el4 ,! ,royal ,in/itution1 ! sc5e ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall's lab\rs1 is situat$ 9 ,albem>le ,/reet1 ,london1 & 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahjj by ,c\nt ,rum=d4 ,george ,,iii41 appreciat+ ! importance ( 8=m+ a public in/itution = diffus+ k & facilitat+ ! g5]al introduction ( useful me*anical inv5tions & improvem5ts1 & = tea*+ by c\rses ( philosophical lectures & exp]im5ts ! application ( sci5ce to ! common purposes ( life10 grant$ x a *>t] ( incorporation 9 ! =tie? ye> ( 8 reign2 & 9 #ahaj ! objects ( ! ,in/itution 7 ext5d$ to ! prosecution ( *emical sci5ce & ! discov]y ( new facts 9 physical sci5ce1 z well z ! diffusion ( useful k4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 :ile ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 0 f\nd$ by an ,am]ican1 ! great ,smi?sonian ,in/itute 9 ,wa%+ton 0 f\nd$ by an ,engli%man4 ,z 9 mo/ in/itutions f\nd$ by private ent]prise1 ! fir/ arrangem5ts made 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution 7 on a humble scale4 ,! build+ select$ = a *emical laboratory 0 orig9ally a blacksmi?'s %op ) a =ge & bell[s2 & ! physical laboratory rema9$ 9 its orig9al /ate = ne>ly sev5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod x 0 ! sc5e ( ! great discov]ies ( ,davy1 ,f>aday1 & ,tyndall1 includ+ ! laws ( electro-*emical decomposition1 ! decomposition ( ! fix$ alkalies1 ! inve/igation ( ! nature ( *lor9e1 ! philosophy ( flame1 ! cond5sability ( _m gases1 ! sci5ce ( magneto-electricity1 ! tw(old magnetism ( matt]1 compreh5d+ all kn[n sub/ances1 ! magnetism ( gases1 ! relation ( magnetism & light1 ! physical effects ( pressure on diamagnetic action1 ! absorption & radiation ( heat by gases & vap\rs1 ! transp>5cy ( our atmosph]e1 & ! opacity ( its aque\s vap\r to radiant heat4 ,a place hall[$ by s _m sci5tific a*ievem5ts ,pr(essor ,tyndall desir$ to pres]ve1 not)/&+ t1 ow+ to ! progress made 9 o!r sci5tific in/itutions1 its reputation _h *ang$ f t ( ! be/ to t ( ! wor/ 9 ,london2 b :5 he saw t a trans=mation ( ! sc5e 0 inevitable he did :at he c\ld to promote x4 ,accord+ly new laboratories 7 built 9 #ahgb4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is ev5t1 ,mr4 ,spottiswoode said 9 #ahgc1 :5 he 0 treasur] to ! ,in/itution1 t 8! "o act ( wisdom1 among ! _m ab]rations ( an ecc5tric memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 sav$ ,f>aday to u1 & !reby1 z seems probable1 our ,in/itution to ! c\ntry4 ,! lib]ality ( a ,hebrew toy-deal]#e 9 ! ea/ ( ,london1 has made ! rebuild+ ( our laboratories possible4 ,x is said t ,mr4 ,full]1 ! feebl5ess ( ^: con/itution d5i$ him at all times & places ! re/ necess>y = heal?1 c\ld always f9d repose & ev5 quiet slumb] amid ! murmur+ lectures ( ! ,royal ,in/itution2 & t 9 gratitude = ! peaceful h\rs ?us snat*$ f an o!rwise re/less life1 he bequea!d to u 8 magnific5t legacy ( #aj1jjj40 ,on 8 return f ,am]ica 9 #ahgc1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,in/itution ! new philosophical app>atus t he _h us$ 9 8 lectures 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x 0 !reupon resolv$ to pres5t ! w>me/ congratulations ( ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 8to _! ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy ^u 8 safe arrival 9 ,engl& f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 :i*1 ^u ! invitation ( ! mo/ em95t sci5tific m5 ( ,am]ica1 he has be5 rec5tly deliv]+ a s]ies ( lectures unexampl$ = ! int]e/ !y h creat$ 9 t c\ntry1 & ! l>ge & di/+ui%$ audi5ces :o h be5 attract$ to !m4 ,! memb]s rejoice & welcome him on 8 return to :at !y are pr\d to be able to designate z 8 own sci5tific home1 ) satisfaction & delight1 & wi% him all cont9u$ heal? & prosp]ity4 ,!y also ?ank him = 8 lib]al gift to ! ,in/itution ( ! spl5did & ext5sive app>atus employ$ by him 9 8 lectures 9 ,am]ica1 & congratulate him on ! g5]\s _s & ! love ( sci5ce :i* has l$ him to appropriate ! pr(its ( 8 lectures 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! e/abli%m5t ( a fund to assi/ ! sci5tific /udies ( "y ,am]icans40 ,ano!r evid5ce ( ! respect ent]ta9$ = him 0 giv5 on ! occasion ( 8 m>riage1 9 #ahgf1 to ,lady ,l\isa ,*>lotte1 elde/ daught] ( ,"l & ,lady ,claude ,hamilton4 ,! c]emony 0 p]=m$ by ,dean ,/anley 9 ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 & 9 commemoration ( ! ev5t a silv] salv] ) #cjj gu9eas 0 pres5t$ to ,pr(essor ,tyndall by ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ! subscriptions be+ limit$ to "o gu9ea ea*4 ,pr(essor ,a4 de la ,rue /at$ 9 #ahdc1 be=e ,pr(essor ,tyndall _h begun 8 sci5tific /udies1 t ! /udy ( electricity 0 always a fav\rite & popul> /udy 9 ,engl&1 & z evid5ce ( t obs]vation he add$ t ,pr(essor ,f>aday _h deliv]$ 9 ,london lectures on electricity at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 to :i* resort$ 9 cr[ds n only m5 ( ! _w & elegant ladies1 :o came 9 great numb]s to admire ! graces & enjoy ! *>m :i* ! amiable pr(essor s well knew h[ to diffuse ov] 8 tea*+1 b also savants :o always f\nd some?+ new to acquire f ! int]e/+ views ( ! le>n$ philosoph]4 ,^! words might ) equal propriety be appli$ to ! lectures ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall4 ,dur+ 8 reign ! ,royal ,in/itution made m>k$ progress 9 popul>ity & usefulness4 ,accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 ! ma9 object ( its exi/5ce is t ( a s*ool ( rese>* & discov]y2 & dur+ ! :ole "t he has be5 !re no manag] or memb] ( ! ,in/itution ev] int]f]$ ) 8 rese>*es1 ?\gh a bye-law gave !m p[] to d s4 ,! sali5t features ( 8 rese>*es h already be5 describ$2 b only ^? :o h _h ! privilege ( he>+ ! ,pr(essor's own descriptions1 & se5 8 simple & beautiful exp]im5ts illu/rat+ ! subtle laws ( matt]1 c adequately appreciate ! *>m ) :i* he inve/s sci5tific subjects4 ,x is n an unusual occurr5ce = ! !atre to be full ( p ne>ly an h\r be=e ! lecture beg9s1 & :e!r address+ an audi5ce ( "y or old p1 he rivets att5tion by 8 easy1 lucid1 & fasc9at+ exposition & illu/rations ( ! sci5ce ( electricity1 heat1 light1 & s\nd4 ,z a specim5 ( ! descriptive p[] ) :i* he c imp>t int]e/ to a subject g5]ally reg>d$ z unattractive1 take ! foll[+ exposition ( ! developm5t ( electricity3--8,volta f\nd t by plac+ diff]5t metals 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 & sep>at+ e two pairs ( metals by :at he call$ a #8moi/ conductor1' he obta9$ ! developm5t ( electricity4 ,he imag9$ t ! s\rce ( p[] 0 simply ! contact ( ! two metals t he employ$2 he reg>d$ ! moi/ conductor z a neutral body2 & 8 !ory 0 call$1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is view1 ! #8contact !ory4' ,he 0 p]fectly correct 9 affirm+ t ! contact ( diff]5t metals produces electricity2 "o ( ! metals 9 contact be+ positive1 & ! o!r be+ negative4 ,! voltaic curr5t 0 capable ( produc+ light & heat2 b light & heat require ! exp5diture ( p[] to produce !m2 & x 0 %[n by ,roget t if ,volta's conception 7 correct1 x w\ld be tantam\nt to ! production ( a p]petual motion2 if ! simple contact ( metals produc$ an unfail+ s\rce ( electricity1 x w\ld be ! creation ( p[] out ( no?+4 ,"h ,volta fail$4 ,aft]w>d he devis$ an in/rum5t :i* %[$ ! conv]sion ( me*anical p[] into electricity1 & ?us into heat & light4 ,t in/rum5t he call$ ! electrophorus1 & x furni%es p]haps ! simple/ means ( %[+ ! conv]sion ( me*anical p[] into electricity1 & !nce into heat & light4 ,volta himself 0 n aw>e ( ! doctr9es :i* we n[ apply to 8 discov]ies4 ,i w g ?r\gh ! =m ( ,volta's exp]im5t4 ,i h "h a piece ( vulcanis$ indi>ubb]1 & ,i w\ld fir/ rem>k t :5 ,i place a %eet ( t9 ) an insulat+ h&le ^u ! table & lift x1 ,i simply ov]come ! gravity ( ! t92 b if1 aft] hav+ :isk$ a %eet ( vulcanis$ indi>ubb] ) a fox's bru%1 ,i place ! plate ^u x1 ,i f9d t on lift+ x some?+ m ?an ! weight ( ! plate is to be ov]come4 ,t plate n[ is 9 a diff]5t condition f its =m] "o4 ,x is n[ electrifi$1 & if ,i br+ my knuckle ne> x ,i receive an electric sp>k4 ,:at ,i want to make cle> is ?is3 t !re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! exp5diture ( an extra am\nt ( me*anical =ce 9 ord] to lift ! %eet ( t92 t1 by ! lift+ ( ! t91 y lib]ate electricity ^u its surface2 & t !n1 if y br+ y\r knuckle ne> x1 y receive an electric sp>k4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 fir/ ( all1 an exp5diture ( me*anical p[] 9 lift+ ! %eet ( t92 !n an int]m$iate /age :5 ! t9 is electrifi$2 & f9ally1 ! passage ?r\gh t electric /age into heat4 ,s t y h me*anical p[]1 electricity1 & heat2 me*anical p[] & heat be+ ! two extremes ( ! circuit4 8,:5 y h electricity develop$1 ! connection ( heat & light is necess>ily accompani$ by resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electricity4 ,! action ( lightn+ conductors1 = example1 is entirely dep5d5t ^u t fact4 ,! *imneys t ! conductors protect (f] resi/ance to ! passage ( ! dis*>ge1 & !re=e w\ld be de/roy$ by t dis*>ge2 b ! conductor (f]+ small resi/ance1 ! curr5t passes ?r\gh x )\t any disruptive action4 8,i w expla9 ! pr9ciples ( an ord9>y ,grove's batt]y1 9 ord] to give a bett] idea ( :at int]nal & ext]nal resi/ances !re are 9 ! curr5t4 ,9 a ,grove's batt]y !re are two metals1 z9c & plat9um4 ,!y are 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,!re are also two liquids1 nitric acid & dilute sulphuric acid4 ,if ,i connect by a wire "o end or pole ( ! batt]y ) ! o!r1 ,i1 be+ close at h&1 c see a small sp>k4 ,!re is n[ fl[+ ?r\gh t connect+ wire :at we call an electric curr5t1 :i* passes f "o end ( ! batt]y ?r\gh ! wire to ! o!r end4 ,:5 !re is v little resi/ance (f]$ to ! passage ( ! curr5t1 !re is no s5sible heat develop$2 b if ,i sev] ! wire 9 ! middle & unite ! ends by a ?9 plat9um wire1 ! ?9 plat9um wire introduc$ into ! circuit is fir/ rais$ to inc&esc5ce & !n fus$4 ,x is because ( ! resi/ance t x (f]s t we see ! inc&esc5ce ( ! wire4 8,! s\rce ( p[] 9 ?is batt]y is ! combu/ion1 = x is to all int5ts & purposes combu/ion ( ! metal z9c4 ,:5 we connect ! two poles ( t batt]y by a ?ick wire we h no s5sible ext]nal heat produc$4 ,! heat due to ! combu/ion ( ! z9c is lib]at$ :olly 9 ! cells ( ! batt]y itself4 ,t quantity ( heat1 z is v well kn[n1 is ! am\nt develop$ by ! solution or oxidation ( z9c 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,suppos+ t we all[$ ! curr5t to pass ?r\gh ! ?ick wire until a c]ta9 def9ite weight ( z9c 0 dissolv$ 9 ! batt]y1 t w\ld produce 9 ! cells ( ! batt]y a p]fectly def9ite am\nt ( heat4 ,let u comp>e t am\nt ( heat ) ! am\nt produc$ 9 ! batt]y :5 we introduce ! ?9 plat9um wire4 ,9 ! "o case we h no ext]nal heat1 & 9 ! o!r we h4 ,! great law :i* regulates ^! transactions is ?is3 t ! sum ( ! int]nal & ! ext]nal heats is a con/ant quantity2 s t :5 ! plat9um wire 0 ignit$ we _h less heat develop$ 9 ! batt]y ?an be=e4 ,! z9c 9 ! batt]y is burn$ z fuel ^u a he>?2 ! heat1 h[ev]1 be+ develop$ ei!r ^u ! he>? itself or at any di/ance f x4 8,z a prim>y s\rce ( electricity "h is ! combu/ion ( a metal1 ! voltaic batt]y is n an economical s\rce ( p[] = produc+ electric light4 ,_h x be5 s we %\ld h employ$ ! electric light long be=e ! pres5t "t4 ,davy1 sev5ty ye>s ago1 made mo/ important exp]im5ts ^u ! light & heat ( ! voltaic circuit1 b ! reason :y x 0 n appli$ previ\sly is simply t z9c is an exce$+ly exp5sive fuel4 ,t /opp$ ! economical application ( ! electric light to ! purposes ( public light+4 8,if we burnt ! z9c 9 ! op5 air in/ead ( 9 ! batt]y !re w\ld be a consid]able am\nt ( heat & light produc$4 ,to burn x 9 ! acid fluid ( ! batt]y1 aft]w>ds conv]t+ x into heat & light1 is only ano!r mode ( burn+ x3 bo? are due to ! same combu/ion4 8,9 ! ye> #ahbj ,arago discov]$ t :5 he c>ri$ an electric curr5t p>allel to a magnetic ne$le1 he deflect$ ! ne$le to ! "r or to ! left1 z ! case may be4 ,soon aft]w>ds "o ( ! greate/ g5iuses t ev] liv$1 ,ampre1 )9 eight or t5 days ( ! description ( ,,oer/$'s discov]y be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is1 enri*$ ?is field by a sudd5 bur/ ( new discov]ies & exp]im5ts4 ,to ,ampre we are indebt$ = our k ( ! action ( electric curr5ts "o ^u ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 if ,i susp5d two flat coils 9 ! pres5ce ( ea* o!r1 x is easy to s5d an electric curr5t 9 ! same direction ?r\gh bo?4 ,! consequ5ce ( t w\ld be an imm$iate attraction ( ! two coils = ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld be also easy to s5d curr5ts 9 opposite directions1 & ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( t w\ld be repulsion4 ,if1 hav+ s5t an electric curr5t ?r\gh "o ( ^! coils1 a magnet is br\ght to be> ^u x1 ! coil & ! magnet int]act almo/ l two magnets4 ,! great law e/abli%$ by ,ampre 0 t curr5ts fl[+ 9 ! same direction attract ea* o!r1 :il/ curr5ts fl[+ 9 opposite directions repel ea* o!r4 ,to %[ ! int]action ( magnets & curr5ts1 & to illu/rate ! simulation1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 ( magnetism by electricity1 ,ampre1 by an extremely +5i\s device1 susp5d$ spiral wires1 & prov$ t :5 an electric curr5t is s5t ?r\gh su* a wire1 x behaves1 to all int5ts & purposes1 l a magnet2 x w set l a magnetic ne$le 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,x 0 ,ampre :o fir/ ( all e/abli%$ ! int]action ( electric curr5ts among/ !mselves1 & also betwe5 electric curr5ts & magnets4 8,arago 0 engag$ at ! same "t 9 jo9t "w ) ,ampre4 ,p]haps "o or two fur!r illu/rations might be giv54 ,"h we h a piece ( copp] wire4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t !re is no action :atev] ( t wire ^u iron fil+s2 ! copp] wire has no magnetic p[] :atev]4 ,b ,i s5d :at = want ( a bett] "n1 we call an electric curr5t1 ?r\gh ! wire1 & !n ! iron fil+s cr[d r\nd ! wire4 ,if ,i break ! circuit1 ! magic entirely disappe>s4 ,?is is "o ( ! effects t enables u to see t a curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,arago1 :o notic$ ?is1 w5t fur!r & %[$ t1 :5 y coil a wire r\nd a piece ( iron1 ! piece ( iron is r5d]$ /rongly magnetic by ! passage ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z an exp]im5tali/ t ,pr(essor ,tyndall excels1 especially 9 illu/rat+ by exp]im5ts ! effects ( electricity & magnetism4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to %[ publicly ! elongation ( a solid b> ( iron by magnetis+ x4 ,he _h a small mirror s connect$ ) ! end ( a b> ( iron two feet long t x reflect$ a long beam ( light on a scre51 & ! beam mov$ on ! scre5 z ! b> ( iron 0 l5g!n$ or %ort5$4 ,:5 ! iron 0 magnetis$ by electricity f a batt]y ! mirror %[$ a l5g!n+ movem5t on ! scre52 & he expla9$ t ! b> be+ compos$ ( irregul> cry/all9e granules1 ! magnetism t5d$ to set ! longe/ dim5sions ( ! granules l5g?wise1 or p>allel to ! fl[ ( ! curr5t4 ,mr4 ,j\le :o discov]$ ?is l5g!n+ effect ( magnetism1 f\nd t a b> ( s(t iron 0 by ?is means ext5d$ "o #gbj1jjj? ( its l5g?2 & 9 lat] ye>s ,pr(essor ,hughes demon/rat$ ! me*anical !ory ( magnetism1 :i*1 l ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 attributes su* ph5om5a to a simple me*anical motion ( ! molecules ( matt]4 ,num]\s rese>*es & exp]im5ts l$ him to ! conclusion t ea* molecule ( a piece ( iron1 z well z ! atoms ( all matt]1 solid1 liquid1 & gase\s1 is a sep>ate & indep5d5t magnet1 t ea* molecule c be rotat$ ^u its axis by magnetism & electricity1 & t ! inh]5t pol>ity or magnetism ( ea* molecule is a con/ant quantity l gravity4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall also exhibit$1 bo? at ! ,royal ,in/itution & at ! ,royal ,society1 ,f>aday's m>vell\s exp]im5t %[+ ! magnetisation ( light1 :i* he describ$ z ,f>aday's ?ird great discov]y1 & comp>$ 8to ! ,weis%orn among m\nta9s--high1 beautiful1 & alone40 ,9 a d>k room a ray ( light f a lamp pass$ betwe5 ! poles ( a l>ge horse-%oe1 & appe>$ z a spot ( light on a scre54 ,:5 by connect+ a batt]y ) ! horse-%oe1 ! latt] became p[]fully magnetic1 ! spot ( light 0 in/antly mov$ on ! scre51 be+ visibly deflect$ by ! magnetism ( ! horse-%oe4 ,to illu/rate ! velocity ( ! electric curr5t he %[$ t a sp>k s5t ?r\gh a copp] wire :i* pass$ ?r\gh "s gunp[d]1 did n ignite ! gunp[d]1 because x _h n "t2 b :5 a wet /r+--a sl[] conductor--0 sub/itut$ = ! copp] wire1 ! passage ( ! curr5t 0 ret>d$ & ! p[d] ignit$4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( an accid5tal "* he frequ5tly n>rat$4 ,:ile lectur+ to an audi5ce ( "y & old p at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 he caus$ fifte5 ,leyd5 j>s to be *>g$ ) electricity1 & by "s awkw>dness 8 %\ld] t\*$ ! conductor lead+ f ! j>s4 8,i am extremely s5sitive to electricity10 he said1 8yet a *>ge f su* a p[]ful batt]y z fifte5 j>s seem$ to h no disa/r\s effect ^u me4 ,i /ood p]fectly /ill1 wond]+ t ,i did n feel x2 b ,i knew some?+ _h occurr$2 & aft] /&+ = a mom5t or two ,i seem$ to op5 my eyes1 :i* probably 7 op5 all ! "t4 ,i saw a confus$ mass ( app>atus ab\t me4 ,i felt x necess>y to reassure ! p be=e me1 s ,i said3 #8,ov] & ov] aga9 ,i h want$ t batt]y to be dis*>g$ into me1 & n[ ,i h _h x4' ,al?\gh ,i appe>$ unaffect$1 really ! optic n]ve 9 me 0 s affect$ t ,i saw my arm sev]$ f my body4 ,i soon1 h[ev]1 recov]$ prop] sight1 & saw t ,i 0 all "r40 ,! explanation giv5 = 8 intellect be+ ?us cle> :ile 8 vision 0 di/ort$1 is t ! electric curr5t mov$ ) mu* great] rapidity ?an ! n]v\s ag5cy by :i* ! consci\sness ( pa9 is excit$4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,bois-,reymond1 ! latt] moves at ! rate ( n9ety-eight feet p] second1 :ile1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 electricity moves 9 a copp] wire at ! rate ( #bhh1jjj miles p] second4 ,h5ce x is probable t dea? by electricity or lightn+ is pa9less4 ,9 a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ to a juv5ile audi5ce 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhd1 he gave a fre% illu/ration ( ! ease ) :i* electricity c be g5]at$ 9 a r unusual way4 ,x is /at$ 9 text-books on electricity t if a man c\ld be susp5d$ betwe5 ! poles ( a common magnet1 he w\ld po9t equatorially1 because all ! sub/ances ( :i* he is made are diamagnetic4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 h[ev]1 %[$ h[ easily 8 body c\ld be made to act ! "p ( a magnet4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( 8 audi5ce1 a man repeat$ly /ruck ! back ( ! ,pr(essor's coat ) a piece ( catsk91 & 9 a m9ute or two suffici5t electricity 0 g5]at$ to make 8 h&1 held out 9 front ( him1 magnetic & capable ( attract+ to x diff]5t objects1 j z a small magnet attracts bits ( iron ne> x4 ,he /at$ t ?is exp]im5t _h nev]1 s f> z he knew1 be5 p]=m$ be=e4 ,9 o!r lectures he illu/rat$ ! resi/ance ( a telegraph cable to ! transmission ( ! electric curr5t ov] a l5g? ( #ad1jjj miles1 by introduc+ into ! pa? ( ! curr5t gaps conta9+ feebly conduct+ liquids1 s di/ribut$ z to repres5t int]vals equal to ^? 9 telegraph+ betwe5 ,gibralt>1 ,malta1 ,suez1 ,ad51 ,bombay1 ,calcutta1 ,rangoon1 ,s+apore1 ,java1 & ,au/ralia4 ,connect$ ) ^! gaps 7 mirrors :i* ca/ t5 dots ( light on a l>ge scre51 be+ "o = ea* gap or /ation2 :5 ! electric curr5t 0 s5t ?r\gh ! m9iature cable1 x s deflect$ a ne$le atta*$ to ea* mirror z to cause dot aft] dot to />t aside ^u ! scre54 ,! int]val betwe5 ! movem5t ( ea* dot ( light exactly repres5t$ ! "t :i* ! electric curr5t w\ld require to rea* ! sev]al /ations nam$ 9 ! work+ ( a real cable4 ,he ?us /rik+ly illu/rat$ ! fact t ! resi/ance ( a cable dep5ds 9 "s degree ^u its l5g?1 & visibly %[$ ! "t consum$ 9 ov]com+ t resi/ance4 ,to %[ ! diff]5t resi/ances ( diff]5t metals & h[ resi/ance produces heat1 he took pieces ( plat9um & silv]1 & arrang+ !m alt]nately 9 a long l9e1 s5t an electric curr5t ?r\gh !m4 ,!reupon ea* piece ( plat9um1 be+ a metal ( great resi/+ p[]1 gl[$ ) a brilliant r$ heat1 :ile ! int]v5+ pieces ( silv]1 be+ good conductors1 7 invisible4 ,9 #ahgh he 0 exhibit+ & expla9+ to a ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ! electrical effects produc$ 9 work+ by h& a dynamo ma*9e1 :5 ,"l ,l9dsay ask$1 z 8an elem5t>y "q10 :at 0 ! s\rce ( ! me*anical p[] by :i* he 0 able to turn ! :eel ( ! dynamo4 ,! ,pr(essor expla9$ t x 0 simply ! combu/ion ( ! fat & tissues ( 8 muscle4 8,!n w y expla910 said ,"l ,l9dsay1 8h[ x is t z ! temp]ature ( y\r muscle & y\r blood is only #ajj1 y get x up to fuse a wire :i* w\ld require a temp]ature ( #c1ejj40 ,to t ! ,pr(essor repli$3 8,i w\ld give all t ,i possess to be able fully to answ] t "q2 b ?is mu* is absolutely c]ta91 t all ! heat develop$ 9 t dynamo1 am\nt+ to betwe5 #c1jjj & #d1jjj ,fahr41 is c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ! combu/ion ( my muscle4 ,x is no?+ m my/]i\s ?an ! combu/ion ( z9c 9 ! voltaic batt]y40 ,! facility ) :i* he extemporises illu/rations to make sci5ce ent]ta9+ appe>s f ! foll[+ incid5t4 8,on "o occasion10 he says1 8,i paid a visit to a l>ge s*ool 9 ! c\ntry1 & 0 ask$ by ! pr9cipal to give a lesson to "o ( ! classes4 ,i agre$ to d s provid$ he w\ld let me h ! y\nge/ boys 9 8 s*ool4 ,to ?is he will+ly ass5t$2 & aft] ca/+ ab\t 9 my m9d z to :at c\ld be said to ! little fell[s1 ,i w5t to a village h>d by & b\ght a quantity ( sug>-c&y4 ,?is 0 my only tea*+ app>atus4 ,:5 ! "t = assembl+ ! class _h arriv$ ,i began by describ+ ! way 9 :i* sug>-c&y & o!r artificial cry/als 7 =m$1 & tri$ to place vividly be=e _! "y m9ds ! ar*itectural process by :i* ! cry/als 7 built up4 ,!y li/5$ to me ) ! mo/ eag] int]e/4 ,i exam9$ ! cry/al be=e !m1 & :5 !y f\nd t 9 a c]ta9 direction x c\ld be split into ?9 lam9 ) %9+ surfaces ( cleavage1 _! joy 0 at its height4 ,!y _h no notion t ! ?+ !y _h be5 crun*+ & suck+ all _! lives embrac$ s _m hidd5 po9ts ( beauty40 ,t incid5t occurr$ _m ye>s ago2 & z illu/rat+ 8 own p]5nial admiration ( ! ph5om5a ( cry/allisation ano!r incid5t may be add$ t occurr$ 9 a lecture deliv]$ 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 #ahee4 ,he 0 exhibit+ ! effect ( apply+ an electric curr5t by means ( two wires to acetate ( lead--v9eg> & lead4 ,! mixture becom+ decompos$1 ! atoms ( wat] appe>$1 :5 magnifi$ & reflect$ on a l>ge scre51 z beautiful r+s mov+ up & d[n ! "o wire1 :ile ! atoms ( lead on ! o!r wire =m$ !mselves by cry/all9e action into pretty f]n-l leaves & plants ( all %apes & sizes4 8,is n t beautiful80 said ! ,pr(essor2 8,i h se5 x done a hundr$ times1 b ,i c nev] see x )\t wond]40 ,pr(essor ,tyndall has se5 ! triumph ( sev]al sci5tific pr9ciples ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ & =emo/ advocates4 ,?us 9 #ahhd he said3 8,) reg>d to ! !ory ( evolution1 ,i _c help not+ ! wide tol]ation :i* has be5 infus$ into ! public m9d s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species 9 #aheh4 ,well d ,i rememb] ! cry ( angui% & dete/ation ) :i* ! views ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 7 assail$ :5 !y 7 fir/ enunciat$4 ,to "o example ( ?is ,i w "h ref]4 ,!re 0 a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ox=d 9 #ahfj1 :5 ! subject ( ! orig9 ( species 0 discuss$ by ! late ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce4 ,i 0 at a di/ance f ! plat=m1 my neighb\rs be+ = ! mo/ "p cl]gym54 ,! vehem5ce ) :i* ! ,bi%op's p[]ful s>casm 0 *e]$ 0 extraord9>y2 & kn[+ full well t he w\ld be effectually answ]$ by a fri5d ( m9e1 ,i 0 n able to =eca/ ! consequ5ces4 ,b :atev] ^! might be ,i 0 det]m9$ to %>e !m2 s ,i gradually edg$ my way ?r\gh ! cr[d1 ov]turn+ 9 my passage a seat on :i* _m p 7 /&+1 till ,i got close to my fri5ds1 :o1 ,i fe>$1 incurr$ "s risk ( a physical maul+4 ,b ! discussion pass$ away )\t viol5ce1 & 9 virtue ( t pla/icity ) :i* ! human m9d 9 ! long run takes ! /amp ( tru?1 ^? :o 7 !n s p]turb$ 9 _s are n[ ready to admit1 n only t ! orig9 ( species did !m no p>ticul> h>m1 b t !y are q prep>$ to accept its doctr9e40 ,on ! occasion 9 "q ! ,bi%op ( ,ox=d /at$ t ! greate/ names 9 sci5ce 7 !n oppos$ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 :i* 0 *iefly def5d$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley & ,dr4 ,hook]4 ,9 l mann] ,pr(essor ,tyndall 0 able to say 9 #ahhe t ! g]m !ory ( infecti\s diseases _h gr[n l a mu/>d tree 9 8 "t4 8,i rememb]10 he said1 8! "t :5 x 0 ref]r$ to z an extravagant absurdity1 b f>-see+ m5 saw its f9al triumph4 ,n[ ,i suppose !re is h>dly a sci5tific physician 9 ,europe t does n hold ! g]m !ory ( disease4 ,9 #ahgc cases came be=e me ( m5 suff]+ f int]mitt5t or relaps+ fev]1 & ,i long$ to exam9e _! blood2 = x is a small spiral-look+ organism 9 ! blood t is ! cause ( relaps+ fev]4 ,9 #ahgf ,pr(essor ,cohn1 ( ,breslau1 0 9 ?is c\ntry1 & he h&$ me a memoir t m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject ) :i* x dealt4 ,x 0 call$ 9 ,engl& ! wool sort]'s disease1 or spl5ic fev]4 ,x 0 sometimes also call$ ,sib]ian plague4 ,! pap] _h be5 drawn up f 8 own exp]im5ts & obs]vations by a p]fectly unkn[n physician1 :o held a small appo9tm5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,breslau4 ,! inve/igation impress$ me z ma/]ly 9 execution & z pregnant 9 result4 ,! writ] foll[$ ) ! mo/ unwe>y+ pati5ce & ! mo/ consummate skill1 ! life hi/ory ( bacillus an?racis1 :i* is ! contagium ( spl5ic fev]4 ,i said at ! "t ?is "y man w soon f9d himself 9 a high] position1 & next "t ,i he>d ( him he 0 at ! head ( ! ,imp]ial ,sanit>y ,in/itution ( ,b]l94 ,t "y man 0 ,dr4 ,ko*1 :o succe$$ 9 detect+ ! liv+ organism & 9 prov+ x to be beyond all d\bt ! v]itable cause ( ! disease4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i paid a visit to a laboratory 9 ,p>is :]e ,i 0 %[n by ,pa/eur himself1 :o v]ifi$ ,dr4 ,ko*'s results z to ! p>asitic orig9 ( spl5ic fev]1 ?is =midable bacillus an?racis1 & x 0 curi\s to reflect h[ a ?+ s truly mean & contemptible %\ld h su* p[] ov] ! lives ( brutes & m540 ,a report publi%$ 9 #ahhf ( exam9ations made by ,dr4 ,miquel ( ! bact]ial condition ( ! air at ,p>is & ,m\nts\ris disclos$ "s rem>kable facts4 ,he /at$ t 9 ! ,rue de ,rivoli ! av]age numb] ( bact]ia 9 a cubic metre ( air dur+ ! ye> #ahha 0 #f1bie1 :il/ 9 #ahhd ! av]age numb] 0 only #a1hcj--;a dim9ution :i* he attribut$ to ! bett] dra9+ & scav5g+ ( ! city4 ,9 ! same p]iod ! dea?s f zymotic disease 9 ,p>is %[$ a decrease ( #bg p] c5t4 ,! air ov] ! ,atlantic ,ocean & on ! top ( high m\nta9s %[$ only "o to six bact]ia p] cubic metre4 ,su* inve/igations are n[ recognis$ z a special dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,"s rem9isc5ces :i* ,pr(essor ,tyndall gave 9 #ahhj ( ,?omas ,c>lyle %[$ 8 sympa!tic appreciation ( lit]>y z well z sci5tific excell5ce4 ,he exhibit$ ! 8sage ( ,*elsea0 9 a m fav\rable light ?an "s ( 8 lit]>y fri5ds h done4 8,x has be5 said t 9 respect to sci5ce ,mr4 ,c>lyle 0 n only incuri\s b ho/ile4 ,?is does n tally ) my exp]i5ce10 says ,pr(essor ,tyndall4 8,dur+ ! lifetime ( 8 wife & aft]w>ds ,i frequ5tly saw him1 & z long z 8 p[]s cont9u$ unimpair$ ,i d n rememb] a s+le visit 9 :i* he fail$ to make inquiries bo? reg>d+ my own "w & ! g5]al "w ( sci5ce4 ,9 physical subjects ,i nev] enc\nt]$ a man ( /rong] grasp & deep] p5etration ?an 84 ,dur+ my expositions1 :5 ^! 7 cle>1 he 0 always 9 advance ( me1 anticipat+ & enunciat+ :at ,i 0 ab\t to say4 ,he n unfrequ5tly call$ to see me 9 ,albem>le ,/reet1 & on su* occasions ,i usually describ$ to him :at ,i 0 do+ !re4 ,:5 ,i 0 engag$ on ! #8*im]a' ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ,i took him into my w>m room1 & expla9$ to him ! "p play$ by ! float+ matt] 9 ! air 9 ! ph5om5a ( putrefaction & infection4 ,he 0 pr(\ndly int]e/$1 & z docile z a *ild4 8,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n always 8 attitude4 ,he sometimes laid d[n ! law 9 matt]s :]e special /udy r5d]$ my k m accurate ?an 81 & _h 9 consequ5ce to be> my diss5t4 ,all[ me to cite an illu/ration4 ,9 #ahff ,i accompani$ him to ,m5tone1 & by desire ( 8 g5]\s ho/ess /ay$ ) him two or ?ree days4 ,"o ev5+ :ile return+ f a drive ! gl[ ( sunset on sea & m\nta9 sugge/$ a "q reg>d+ ! light4 ,he /at$ 8 view ) decision1 :ile ,i unfl9*+ly demurr$4 ,he became dogmatic 7#8arrogant' is a ^w :i* c only be appli$ to ,c>lyle by ^? :o nev] felt 8 influ5ce7 & invok$ 8 old tea*]s1 ,playfair & ,leslie1 9 support ( 8 view4 ,i 0 /ubborn1 & repli$ t ?\gh ^! 7 names m]it+ all hon\r1 !y 7 n au?orities reg>d+ ! matt] 9 h&4 ,9 %ort1 ,i flatly & firmly oppos$ him2 & x 0 n = ! fir/ "t4 ,he laps$ into sil5ce1 & we drove home4 ,i w5t ) him to 8 room4 ,z he drew (f 8 coat he look$ at me mildly & e>ne/ly1 & po9t+ to an arm-*air1 said 9 8 ri* ,scot* acc5t1 #8,i did n want to contradict y2 sit d[n !re & tell me all ab\t x4' ,i sat d[n1 & beg9n+ ) ! alphabet ( ! "q1 c>ri$ x z f> z my k rea*$4 ,= m ?an an h\r he li/5$ to me1 n only ) unruffl$ pati5ce1 b ) g5u9e int]e/4 ,8 que/ions 7 always p]t95t1 & 8 rem>ks (t5 pr(\nd4 ,i don't "k :at ,c>lyle's aptitude 9 ! natural hi/ory ( sci5ce might h be51 b 9 reg>d to physics ! contra/ betwe5 him & ,goe! 0 /rik+ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,8 op9ions _h = ! mo/ "p tak5 _! f9al set be=e ! !ory ( man's desc5t 0 enunciat$1 or r br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( true causes1 by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,= a "t he abhorr$ ! !ory z t5d+ to weak5 t e?ical elem5t 9 man :i*1 9 ,c>lyle's e/imation z 9 t ( o!rs1 transc5ds all sci5ce 9 importance4 ,b a s(t5+1 if n a mat]ial1 *ange ( 8 views 0 to be notic$ lat] on4 ,to my own k he approv$ cordially ( c]ta9 writ+s 9 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's views 7 vigor\sly advocat$1 :ile a p]sonal int]view ) ! great naturali/ caus$ him to say aft]w>ds t ,*>les ,d>w9 0 a mo/ *>m+ man40 ,( ,c>lyle's own disposition1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall gives a m g5]\s e/imate ?an ! public h be5 l$ to =m s9ce 8 dea?4 8,kn[+10 he says1 8! dep? ( ,c>lyle's t5d]ness1 ,i %\ld almo/ feel x to be ba?os to cite ! cases kn[n to me :i* illu/rat$ x4 ,i call to m9d 8 behavi\r t[>ds "s bl9d s+]s 9 ! /reets ( ,m>seilles1 & ! int]e/ he took 9 ! hi/ory ( a little boy1 :om1 dur+ my mom5t>y sep>ation f him1 he _h f\nd ly+ 9 ! %ade ( a tree1 & ov] ^: limbs p>alysis 0 sl[ly creep+4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( radiance 9 ! sorr[ depict$ 9 ! old man's face1 z he li/5$ to ! tale & probably look$ to woes beyond4 ,! self-same radiance ,i saw = ! la/ "t z he lay ^u 8 s(a1 & = "s m9utes rais$ 8 head ^u my %\ld] a few weeks be=e 8 dea?40 ,pr(essor ,tyndall succe$$ ,f>aday n only z ,pr(essor ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 b also z ,sci5tific ,advis] to ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 a position :i* he also reg>d$ z "o ( hon\r on acc\nt ( its associations ) 8 di/+ui%$ pr$ecessor4 ,he has /at$ t1 8,:51 9 #ahcf1 ,pr(essor ,f>aday accept$ ! po/ ( ,sci5tific ,advis] to ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 he 0 c>eful to tell ! ,deputy ,ma/] t he did n d s = hire4 #8,9 consequ5ce1' he says1 #8( ! goodwill & confid5ce ( all ar\nd me1 ,i c at any mom5t conv]t my "t into money4' ,9 my little book on ,f>aday1 publi%$ 9 #ahfh1 ,i h /at$ t he _h b to w x to raise 8 income 9 #ahcb to #e1jjjl4 a ye>4 ,9 #ahcf ! sum might h be5 d\bl$4 ,yet ?is son ( a blacksmi?1 ?is j\rneyman bookb9d]1 ) 8 pr\d & s5sitive s\l1 reject+ ! spl5did opportunities op5 to him--refus+ ev5 to ?9k !m spl5did 9 pres5ce ( 8 high] aims--*e]fully accept$ f ! ,tr9ity ,h\se a pittance ( #bjjl4 a ye>4 ,& :51 9 #ahff1 8 m9d1 worn d[n 9 ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry & ( mank9d1 0 no long] able to deal ) ligh?\se "w1 ,i accept$ 8 position1 on t]ms n less indep5d5t ?an 8 own4 ,i _h no ne$ to play ! "p ( a c&idate4 ,! late able & en]getic ,deputy ,ma/] ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,arr[1 came to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :]e1 9 c\rte\s & inde$ apologetic t]ms1 he ask$ me to accept ! po/4 ,i say apologetic1 because1 inasmu* z x 0 desir$ to cont9ue ,f>aday's sal>y to ! end ( 8 life1 #ajjl4 a ye> 0 all t c\ld = ! mom5t be (f]$ to me4 ,i set ! m9d ( ! ,deputy ,ma/] at re/ by express+ my will+ness1 = ! sake ( my illu/ri\s fri5d1 to d ! "w = no sal>y at all4 ,9 due "t ! l>g] income became m9e1 & lat] on1 ! scope ( my duties be+ ext5d$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 my sal>y 0 rais$ f #bjjl4 to #djjl4 a ye>4 ,) ?is ,i 0 entirely cont5t4 ,/ill1 ! *ances op5 to a man ( my reputation 9 physical sci5ce h n dim9i%$ s9ce ,f>aday's "t2 on ! contr>y1 !y h indef9itely increas$4 ,no p]son ( und]/&+ 9 su* matt]s w d\bt me :5 ,i say t _h ,i gone 9 = consultations & exp]im5ts on comm]cial & te*nical matt]s1 ,i c\ld ) ease h conv]t$ e hundr$ r5d]$ to me by ! ,tr9ity ,h\se & ,bo>d ( ,trade into a ?\s&4 ,& if ,i *ose ! less] sum in/ead ( its t5fold multiple1 x 0 because ,i deem$ its s\rce to be "o ( peculi> hon\r1 & ! "w x involv$ a "w ( peculi> b5efic5ce40 ,! ,eld] ,bre?r5 ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se h control ( ! ligh?\ses1 light%ips1 beacons1 & buoys ar\nd ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 & "s diff]5ce t arose z to a new inv5tion = ligh?\se illum9ation l$ to ! retirem5t ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall f ! position ( ,sci5tific ,advis] to t body 9 ,may1 #ahhc4 ,! incid5t gave rise to an animat$1 n to say acrimoni\s1 correspond5ce 9 ! press1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! ,pr(essor /at$ t1 8! head & front ( my (f5d+ 0 my ef=t to protect f (ficial ext9ction an able & m]itori\s man1 :o _h ! mis=tune to raise a rival at ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 & to ruffle ! dignity ( ! g5tlem5 ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,/ruggl+ s+le-h&$1 rely+ solely on 8 own indu/ry & tal5ts1 & ) no public funds to fall back ^u at pleasure1 ,mr4 ,john ,wigham1 to :om ,i ref]1 dur+ ! brief p]iod ( 8 p]mitt$ activity1 _h made advances 9 ! art ( ligh?\se illum9ation :i* plac$ him f> ahead ( all competitors4 ,?is man ,i did my be/ to protect f ! effects ( pr(essional jeal\sy & bureaucratic irritation4 ,x 0 my e>ne/ desire to utilise ,mr4 ,wigham's g5ius = ! public good4 ,x 0 ! object ( (ficials :om he _h (f5d$ to ext+ui% him4 ,!y did :at !y c\ld to we>y him & worry him & take ! he>t ( ent]prise out ( him1 & !y c]ta9ly succe$$ 9 *eck+ ! developm5t ( 8 sy/em ( ligh?\se illum9ation4 ,_h x n be5 = an opposition :i*1 consid]+ ! int]e/s at /ake1 seem$ to me at times crim9al1 t sy/em w\ld assur$ly be f> m advanc$ ?an x n[ is4 ,8 rival 0 enc\rag$ to pu% =w>d1 :ile he 0 held back4 ,! bolde/ attempt made aga9/ ,mr4 ,wigham 0 ! appropriation ( 8 inv5tion ( sup]pos$ l5ses = ! new ,eddy/one ligh?\se4 ,?is high-h&$ proce$+ w\ld h provok$ litigation1 _h n ! ,eld] ,bre?r51 rev]t+ to _! m g5]\s in/9cts1 lately tak5 a m reasonable c\rse ?an t :i* !y 7 at "o "t advis$ to pursue4 ,a comp5sation ( #b1ejjl4 0 (f]$ to ,mr4 ,wigham1 & ev5tually accept$ by him40 ,x ?us appe>s t ! indep5d5ce ( m9d & *ivalr\s def5ce ( sci5tific m]it :i* *>act]is$ 8 e>ly c>e] 7 display$ ) undim9i%$ vig\r & self-d5ial 9 lat] ye>s1 :5 ! mell[+ influ5ces ( age & ! sun%9e ( popul>ity w\ld h induc$ m9ds ( a m flexible fibre to yield complac5tly to self-int]e/ & p[]4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,davis1 aft] pay+ 8 composition ( sixty gu9eas z a memb] ( ! ,in/itution & ?ree annual donations ( tw5ty gu9eas = ! promotion ( rese>*1 at 8 dea? 9 #ahgj bequea!d #b1jjj = ! same purpose4 ,8 deafness prev5t$ him d]iv+ any b5efit f ! lectures4 ,,pr(essor ,,:eat/one4 ,,*apt] ,i4 8,tal5t may foll[ & improve2 emulation & indu/ry may poli% & ref9e2 b g5ius alone c break ^? b>ri]s t re/ra9 ! ?rong ( mank9d 9 ! common track ( life40--,,roscoe4 ,! say+ is z old z ,lucretius t "t by degrees sugge/s e discov]y1 & skill evolves x into ! regions ( light & celebrity2 ?us 9 ! v>i\s arts we see diff]5t inv5tions proce$ f diff]5t m9ds1 until !y rea* ! highe/ po9t ( excell5ce4 ,! electric telegraph is sometimes m5tion$ z "o ( ! late/ illu/rations ( ?is !ory ( evolution4 ,"o ( its fir/ inv5tors1 ,/e9heil1 def9$ telegraphic communication1 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 z ! me?od employ$ by "o individual to r5d] himself intelligible to o!rs2 & reg>d+ x 9 t light z synonym\s ) int]c\rse1 decl>$ t x 0 no human discov]y1 b "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful gifts ( nature4 ,9 man1 he said1 ?is gift ( nature has atta9$ an a/oni%+ developm5t 9 ! =m ( spee* & writ+2 & z writ+ r$eems ! pass+ s\nds f fleet+ "t1 s 9 l mann] are ! remote/ di/ances to be annihilat$ & ?\ghts to be int]*ang$ ) ^? f> away2 8! means ( accompli%+ ?is d n lie directly )9 our rea*1 b by pati5t obs]vance ( ! p[]s & ! ph5om5a ( nature1 we r5d] ^! subs]vi5t to u & make !m ! be>]s ( our ?\ghts2 & x is ?is task :i* 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w is t]m$ telegraphic communication40 ,su* 0 ! philosophic view ( ! nature ( ! electric telegraph prop\nd$ by ,/e9heil 9 #ahch :5 x 0 9 nonage1 & lat] writ]s h n hesitat$ to say t ! idea ( us+ ! transmission ( electricity to communicate signals is s obvi\s z h>dly to des]ve ! "n ( an inv5tion4 ,b ! fact is t ?is 8idea0 0 9 exi/5ce = two c5turies be=e x c\ld be turn$ to good acc\nt1 because ! "o ?+ want+ 9 ord] to utilise x 0 an inv5tion4 ,9 #afag1 ,/rada1 9 "o ( 8 prolusions publi%$ at ,rome1 m5tion$ ! possibility ( "o fri5d communicat+ ) ano!r at a great di/ance by means ( a load/one s influ5c+ a ne$le on a dial conta9+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet z to make x po9t to ! lett]s int5d$ to =m ! communication4 ,! same idea 0 record$ 9 #affi by ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 :o /at$ t ?is conceit 0 widespread ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & t cr$ul\s & vulg> auditors readily believ$ x1 :ile ! m judici\s & di/9ctive heads did n altoge!r reject x4 8,! conceit10 he said1 8is excell5t1 & if ! effect w\ld foll[1 some:at div9e3 x is pret5d$ t f ! sympa?y ( two ne$les t\*$ ) ! same load/one & plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( two r+s ) lett]s describ$ r\nd ab\t !m1 "o fri5d keep+ "o & ano!r ! o!r1 & agree+ ^u ! h\r :]e9 !y w communicate1 at :at di/ance ( place soev]1 :5 "o ne$le %all be remov$ unto ano!r lett]1 ! o!r1 by wond]ful sympa?y1 w move unto ! same40 ,dr4 ,johnson1 9 8 ,life ( ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 says t 8he appe>s inde$ to h be5 will+ to pay lab\r = tru?4 ,hav+ he>d a fly+ rum\r ( sympa!tic ne$les1 by :i*1 susp5d$ ov] a circul> alphabet1 di/ant fri5ds or lov]s might correspond1 he procur$ two su* alphabets to be made1 t\*$ 8 ne$les ) ! same magnet1 & plac$ !m ^u prop] sp9dles2 ! result 0 t :5 he mov$ "o ( 8 ne$les1 ! o!r1 in/ead ( tak+ by sympa?y ! same direction1 #8/ood l ! pill>s ( ,h]cules4' ,t x cont9u$ motionless w be easily believ$2 & mo/ m5 w\ld h be5 cont5t to believe x )\t ! lab\r ( s hopeless an exp]im5t40 ,! preval5ce ( ?is 8idea0 on ! ,cont95t is %[n by ! foll[+ passage :i* appe>$ 9 a book ( ,ma!matical ,recreations by ,s*w5t]1 publi%$ 9 #affj3 8,if ,claudius 7 at ,p>is & ,johannes at ,rome1 & "o wi%$ to convey "s in=mation to ! o!r1 ea* mu/ be provid$ ) a magnetic ne$le s /rongly t\*$ ) ! magnet t x may be able to move ! o!r f ,rome to ,p>is4 ,n[ suppose t ,johannes & ,claudius _h ea* a compass divid$ into an alphabet accord+ to ! numb] ( lett]s1 & always communicat+ ) ea* o!r at six o'clock 9 ! ev5+2 !n 7aft] ! ne$le _h turn$ r\nd ?ree & a half times f ! sign :i* ,claudius _h giv5 to ,johannes71 if ,claudius wi%$ to say to ,johannes--#8,come to me1' he might make 8 ne$le /& /ill1 or move x till x came to c1 !n to o1 !n to m1 & s =?4 ,if n[ ! ne$le ( ,johannes' compass mov$ at ! same "t to ! same lett]s1 he c\ld easily write d[n ! words ( ,claudius & und]/& 8 mean+4 ,?is is a pretty inv5tion2 b ,i d n believe a magnet ( su* p[] c\ld be f\nd 9 ! _w40 ,addison1 9 ! ,spectator ( #agaa1 call$ att5tion to ! 8idea0 ( ,/rada1 & l ,dr4 ,johnson spoke ( x z a *im]a4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! two greate/ intellects 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! =m] adorn+ its op5+ & ! latt] its clos+ ye>s1 treat$ ) supreme contempt ! 8idea0 t intellig5ce c\ld be communicat$ to a di/ance by magnetis$ ne$les po9t+ to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet on a dial4 ,yet 9 ! next c5tury ?is 8idea0 became an accompli%$ fact1 & ,*>les ,:eat/one did m ?an any o!r man to make x an e day occurr5ce4 ,h5ce 8 "n 9 ,engl& has be5 mo/ prom95tly associat$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! electric telegraph4 ,_m able m5 _h tri$ to solve ! problem be=e him1 b _h n succe$$4 ,yet t :i* our wise/ =efa!rs reg>d$ z *im]ical1 & sci5ti/s ( diff]5t nations lab\r$ = 9 va91 we are n[ told 0 s obvi\s & simple z sc>cely to des]ve ! "n ( an inv5tion4 ,! electric telegraph claims a long p$igree4 ,"o ( ! fir/ attempts to transmit signals ?r\gh a wire by means ( electricity 0 made 9 #agbg by ,/eph5 ,gray1 a p5sion] ( ! ,*>t]h\se4 ,he connect$ a glass tube ) ! end ( a wire #gjj feet long1 & by rubb+ ! tube ! wire became s electrifi$ z to attract light bodies at ! o!r end4 ,he also discov]$ t a wire loop %\ld n be us$ to fa/5 up 8 conductor1 because su* a loop n be+ an insulator ! electricity escapes ?r\gh x4 ,8 obs]vations 7 writt5 d[n by ! ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society ! day be=e 8 dea?4 ,he /at$ t 8!re may be f\nd a way to collect a great] quantity ( electrical fire1 & consequ5tly to increase ! =ce ( t p[]1 :i* by sev]al ( ^! exp]im5ts seems to be ( ! same nature ) t ( ?und] & lightn+40 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 made a few ye>s aft]w>ds by ,w9kl] ( ,leipsig1 ,lemonni] ( ,p>is1 & ,watson 9 ,london1 ,frankl9 at ,philadelphia1 & ,de ,luc at ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,9 #agec a def9ite s*eme ( telegraphic communication 0 publi%$4 ,9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e = ,febru>y appe>$ a lett] f a ,r5frew correspond5t1 :o sign$ himself ,c4 ,m41 on 8,an ,exp$iti\s ,me?od ( ,convey+ ,intellig5ce40 ,?is writ] said3 8,let a set ( wires equal 9 numb] to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet be ext5d$ horizontally betwe5 two giv5 places2 at ! end ( ^! wires let balls be susp5d$ aga9/ a glass %eet1 & ! wires /rik+ ! glass1 ^! balls w\ld drop ^u an alphabet arrang$ ^u ! table1 & ?us by a spell+ me?od1 communication c\ld be made ( words40 ,9 a book publi%$ 9 #agib1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 :o travell$ 9 ,france 9 #aghg1 /at$ t 8a v +5i\s & inv5tive me*anic10 ,m4 ,lomond1 _h made a rem>kable discov]y 9 electricity3 8,y write two or ?ree words on a pap]2 he takes x ) him into a room & turns a ma*9e inclos$ 9 a cyl9drical case1 at ! top ( :i* is an electromet]1 a small f9e pi? ball2 a wire connects ) a simil> cyl9d] & electromet] 9 a di/ant ap>tm5t2 & 8 wife by rem>k+ ! correspond+ motions ( ! ball1 writes d[n ! words !y indicate2 f :i* x appe>s t he has =m$ an alphabet ( motions4 ,z ! l5g? ( ! wire makes no diff]5ce 9 ! effect1 a correspond5ce might be c>ri$ on at any di/ance4 ,:atev] ! use may be1 ! inv5tion is beautiful40 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! lett] ( ,c4,m4 9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e1 ,le ,sage ( ,g5eva endeav\r$ to "w a telegraph by means ( tw5ty-f\r wires ) a pair ( pi? balls atta*$ to ea*1 ?us repres5t+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,by ! use ( frictional electricity any ( ! balls at "o end ( ! wire c\ld be mov$ by ! op]ator at ! o!r end1 b x 0 f\nd difficult to get ! balls aft] be+ electrifi$ to resume _! respective places4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 & also to produce ! requisite numb] ( signals ) few] wires1 exp]im5ts 7 aft]w>ds made by diff]5t m5 on ! ,cont95t1 & notably by ,ronalds 9 ,engl&4 ,?is exp]im5t] erect$ a wire eight miles long 9 8 g>d5 at ,hamm]smi?1 & lab\r$ = sev5 ye>s to solve ! problem ( telegraphy ) frictional electricity4 ,he us$ a dial conta9+ lett]s & figures1 & ! collaps+ or div]g+ ( a pi? ball 0 to correspond ) ! desir$ lett]4 ,he (f]$ ?is telegraph to ! ,gov]nm5t1 :o in=m$ him 9 reply1 t 8telegraphs ( any k9d are n[ :olly useless1 & no o!r ?an ! "o n[ 9 use w be adopt$40 ,9 a book :i* he wrote 9 #ahbc he describ$ a complete sy/em ( telegraph1 & express$ ! hope t he w\ld see ! day :5 ! ,k+ at ,brighton w\ld be able to communicate by telegraph ) 8 m9i/]s 9 ,london4 ,bo? 8 plan & 8 book 7 neglect$1 b 8 wi%es = ! success ( ! telegraph 7 abundantly fulfill$4 ,9 #ahgd ,mr4 ,glad/one conf]r$ on him ! hon\r ( knigh?ood 9 recognition ( 8 e>ly ef=ts 9 connection ) ! telegraph4 ,he di$ %ortly aft]w>ds at ! patri>*al age ( n9ety-"o4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,voltaic pile1 describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 gave a fre% impulse to electricians1 & ev5tually suppli$ ! requisite k9d ( electricity = work+ a practical telegraph4 ,s great 0 ! s5sation excit$ among ! le>n$ by ! discov]y ( ! ,voltaic pile1 t 9 #ahja ,napoleon call$ ,volta f ,pavia to ,p>is1 & att5d$ a meet+ ( ! ,in/itute to he> ! !ory ( ! pile expla9$ by its discov]]4 ,!re & !n ,napoleon caus$ a gold m$al to be vot$ to ,volta1 & aft]w>ds gave him a valuable pres5t ( money4 ,inde$ x is said t ! pile excit$ ! en?usiasm ( ,napoleon m ?an any o!r sci5tific discov]y4 ,volta 0 made a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute 9 #ahjb1 & 9 ! same ye> 0 born ! man ^: "n 0 de/9$ to be = ev] associat$ ) "o ( ! mo/ useful applications ( ,voltaic electricity--! electric telegraph4 ,*>les ,:eat/one 0 born at ,gl\ce/] 9 ,febru>y #ahjb4 ,8 fa!r 0 a music-sell] 9 t t[n2 & on remov+ aft]w>ds to ,london he became a tea*] ( ! flute1 & 0 accu/om$ to boa/ t he _h be5 engag$ 9 connection ) ! musical education ( ! ,pr9cess ,*>lotte4 ,8 son1 ,*>les1 0 educat$ at a private s*ool 9 8 native city4 ,x is said t he e>ly %[$ an aptitude = ma!matics & physics2 b n mu* is kn[n ( 8 y\?ful c>e]4 ,on 8 removal to ,london he became a manufactur] ( musical in/rum5ts1 ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( :i* =m$ ) him ! subject ( pr(\nd /udies4 ,8 practical +5uity 0 display$ 9 ! application ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples he discov]$ to new purposes1 to ! con/ruction ( philosophical toys & ! improvem5t ( musical in/rum5ts4 8,9 #ahbc10 says a fri5d ( 8 :o wrote a notice ( him 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 8at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 we f9d him 9 conjunction ) 8 bro!r1 long s9ce deceas$1 engag$ 9 ! manufacture & sale ( musical in/rum5ts 9 ,london40 ,b !re is unque/ionable evid5ce ( 8 hav+ obta9$ di/9ction 9 ,london by 8 +5uity at ! age ( n9ete54 ,( 8 fir/ notable a*ievem5t 9 ,london ! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt 0 giv5 9 ,septemb]1 #ahba1 9 ! lead+ lit]>y j\rnal ( t "t3 8,we h be5 mu* gratifi$10 said ! writ]1 8) an exhibition 9 ,pall ,mall ( an in/rum5t "u ! d5om9ation ( ! en*ant$ lyre1 ! inv5tion ( a ,mr4 ,:eat/one4 ,! exhibition room pres5ts a "w ( h&some con/ruction 9 ! =m ( an anci5t lyre susp5d$ f ! ceil+4 ,its horns t]m9ate 9 m\?s resembl+ bugles4 ,its c5tre is cov]$ on bo? sides ) plates ( a bright metallic lu/re1 & !re is an ornam5t$ keyhole1 l t ( a timepiece1 :i* admits ( its be+ w\nd up1 b :i* is evid5tly a m]e ruse1 z ! in/rum5t c]ta9ly does n utt] melodi\s s\nds 9 consequ5ce ( t op]ation4 ,r\nd x !re is a slight hoop-rail1 p]haps five feet 9 diamet]1 :i* is support$ by equally slight fixtures 9 ! floor4 ,! inv5tor disclaims me*anism altoge!r 7?\gh he w9ds up ! ma*9e7 & ass]ts t ! p]=mance ( ! en*ant$ lyre is entirely ! result ( a new comb9ation ( p[]s4 ,be t z x may1 its execution is bo? brilliant & beautiful4 ,! music seems to proce$ f x2 ! tones are v sweet2 ! expression s(t or p[]ful1 & ! :ole really *>m+4 ,we li/5$ to ,/eibelt's battle-piece ) unfeign$ pleasure1 & 7 equally delight$ ) sev]al o!r compositions ( simple melody & ( m difficult h>mony4 ,mr4 ,:eat/one pr(esses to be able to give a conc]t1 produc+ by ! same means an imitation ( v>i\s w9d & /r+$ in/rum5ts2 ! lov]s ( music w h a treat 9 he>+ ! en*ant$ lyre g ?r\gh a half h\r's ent]ta9m5t40 ,ano!r contempor>y acc\nt is m presci5t1 if n amus+4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahba1 x 0 report$ 9 ! ,repository ( ,arts t 8,"u ! appellation ( ! en*ant$ lyre ,mr4 ,:eat/one has op5$ an exhibition at 8 music %op 9 ,pall ,mall1 :i* has excit$ consid]able s5sation among ! vot>ies ( ! art4 ,! =m ( a lyre ( l>ge dim5sions is susp5d$ f ! ceil+ app>5tly by a cord ( ! ?ickness ( a goose-quill4 ,! lyre has no /r+s or wires1 b ^! are repres5t$ by a set ( metal or /eel rods1 & x is surr\nd$ by a small f5ce4 ,! company be+ assembl$1 ,mr4 ,:eat/one applies a key to a small ap]ture1 & gives a few turns repres5tative ( ! act ( w9d+ up1 & music is in/antly he>d1 & app>5tly f ! belly ( ! lyre4 ,! sceptical he invites to /oop "u ! f5ce1 & hold _! e>s close to ! belly ( ! lyre2 & !y1 includ+ ourselves1 are compell$ to admit t ! s\nd appe>s to be )9 ! in/rum5t2 b :ile mak+ ?is admission1 ! att5tive auditor is in/antly conv9c$ t ! music is n ! effect ( me*anism 7a fact inde$ :i* ,mr4 ,:eat/one n only conc$es1 b op5ly av[s1 ev5 9 8 notice74 ,x is q obvi\s t ! music is produc$ by a skilful play]1 or p]haps two1 ^u "o or m in/rum5ts4 ,! music seems to proce$ f a comb9ation ( h>p1 pian(orte1 & dulcim]2 x c]ta9ly at times p>takes ( ! "* ( ^! ?ree in/rum5ts2 & 9 po9t ( tone1 ! diff]5ce sometimes is consid]ably 9 fav\r ( ! lyre2 ! piano & =te appe> m m>k$1 ! cresc5do is extremely effective1 & ! =te 9 ! l[] notes is inconceivably p[]ful 9 vibration4 ,! p]=mance la/s an h\r3 v>i\s pieces ( difficult execution are play$ ) precision1 rapidity1 & prop] expression40 8,x is evid5t t "s ac\/ical illusion1 effect$ ?r\gh a secret *annel ( "s sort or o!r1 is ! cause ( our he>+ ! s\nd 9 ! belly ( ! lyre4444 ,h[ !n is s\nd ?us conduct$ s z to deceive completely our s5se ( he>+8 ,?is seems to be ! only "q t c sugge/ itself on witness+ ?is s+ul> exp]im5t2 x is a secret ^u :i* ,mr4 ,:eat/one re/s ! int]e/ & m]it ( ?is inv5tion2 & to ?is "q1 no "o1 z f> z we c le>n1 has yet be5 able to return an answ] t c\ld solve e difficulty4 ,x is really a v +5i\s inv5tion1 :i* ! proprietor z yet wi%es to keep a secret4 ,x may be prop] to add t ,mr4 ,:eat/one repres5ts ! pres5t exhibition to be an application ( a g5]al pr9ciple = conduct+ s\nd1 :i* pr9ciple he pr(esses himself to be capable ( c>ry+ to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,accord+ to 8 /atem5t1 x is equally applicable to w9d in/rum5ts2 & ! same means by :i* ! s\nd is conduct$ into ! lyre w1 :5 employ$ on a l>g] scale1 enable him to convey 9 a simil> mann] ! comb9$ /ra9s ( a :ole or*e/ra4 ,?is promis$ ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( conduct+ musical s\nds f "o place to ano!r gives rise to "s curi\s reflections on ! progress :i* our age is con/antly mak+ 9 discov]ies & contrivances ( e description4 ,:o kn[s b by ?is means ! music ( an op]a p]=m$ at ! ,k+'s ,!atre may ere long be simultane\sly enjoy$ at ,hanov] ,squ>e ,rooms1 ! ,city ( ,london ,tav]n1 & ev5 at ! ,horns ,tav]n at ,k5n+ton1 ! s\nd travell+1 l gas1 ?r\gh snug conductors1 f ! ma9 laboratory ( h>mony 9 ! ,haym>ket to di/ant p>ts ( ! metropolis2 ) ?is advantage1 t 9 its progress x is n subject to any dim9ution8 ,:at a prospect = ! art1 to h music #8laid on' at probably "o-t5? ! exp5se ( :at we c get x ourselves6 ,& if music be capable ( be+ ?us conduct$1 p]haps words ( spee* may be susceptible ( ! same means ( propagation4 ,! eloqu5ce ( c\nsel1 ! debates 9 ,p>liam5t1 in/ead ( be+ read ! next day only--,b we really %all lose ourselves 9 ! pursuit ( ?is curi\s subject40 ,x has be5 said t ! dea? ( my/]y is ! grave ( int]e/4 ,nev]!less1 ,*>les ,:eat/one did n keep secret ! means by :i* ?is my/]i\s music 0 produc$4 ,9 #ahbc he contribut$ a pap] to ,?omson's ,annals ( ,philosophy 9 :i* he describ$ ! rem>kably simple & orig9al exp]im5ts t l$ him to ! inv5tion ( ?is app>atus1 & expla9$ h[ molecul> vibrations produc$ s\nd4 ,) ref]5ce to phonic vibrations 9 l9e> conductors he said3 8,9 my fir/ exp]im5ts on ?is subject ,i plac$ a tun+-=k at ! extremity ( a glass or metallic rod five feet 9 l5g? communicat+ ) a s\nd+-bo>d4 ,! s\nd 0 he>d z in/antly z :5 ! =k 0 9 imm$iate contact1 & x imm$iately ceas$ :5 ! rod 0 remov$ f ! s\nd+-bo>d or ! =k f ! rod4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t vibrations inaudible 9 _! transmission1 be+ multipli$ by meet+ ) a sonor\s body1 become v s5sibly he>d4 ,pursu+ my inve/igations on ?is subject1 ,i discov]$ means ( transmitt+1 ?r\gh rods ( mu* great] l5g?1 & ( v inconsid]able ?ickness1 ! s\nds ( all musical in/rum5ts dep5d5t on ! vibrations ( solid bodies & ( _m descriptions ( w9d in/rum5ts4 ,"o ( ! practical applications ( ?is discov]y has be5 exhibit$ 9 ,london = ab\t two ye>s "u ! appellation ( ! #8,en*ant$ ,lyre4' ,s p]fect 0 ! illusion 9 ?is in/ance f ! int5se vibratory /ate ( ! reciprocat+ in/rum5t & f ! int]ception ( ! s\nds ( ! di/ant excit+ "o1 t x 0 univ]sally imag9$ to be "o ( ! highe/ ef=ts ( +5uity 9 musical me*anism40 ,x is a notewor?y evid5ce ( ! int]e/ evok$ by ?is article t x 0 reproduc$ 9 ! lead+ ,fr5* & ,g]man publications ( t ye>4 ,?is 8,en*ant$ ,lyre0 has s9ce be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,preece z ! fir/ telephone4 ,x 0 exhibit$1 he says1 8to delight$ cr[ds at ! ,adelaide ,gall]y2 x 0 (t5 us$ by ,pr(4 ,f>aday1 & has frequ5tly s9ce be5 produc$ by ,pr(4 ,tyndall at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,a l>ge special box 0 plac$ 9 "o ( ! cell>s ( ! ,in/itution1 & a light rod ( deal re/$ ^u x4 ,no s\nd 0 he>d 9 ! !atre until a light tray or o!r s\nd+-box 0 plac$ on ! rod1 :]eupon its music peal$ =? ov] ! :ole place4 ,! vibrations ( ! musical box1 ) all _! complexity & beauty1 are imp>t$ to ! rod ( wood & are !nce giv5 up to ! s\nd+-box4 ,! s\nd+-box impresses !m ^u ! air1 & ! air conveys !m to ! e>1 :5ce !y are transmitt$ to ! bra91 imp>t+ ^? agreeable s5sations call$ music40 ,:eat/one's inv5tion ( ! ,en*ant$ ,lyre or ! 8fir/ telephone0 0 no accid5tal discov]y or lucky idea3 x 0 ! result ( a pr(\nd & orig9al inve/igation ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( s\nd4 ,he discov]$ & demon/rat$ by num]\s exp]im5ts t s\nd 0 produc$ by ! vibrations ( ! atmosph]e2 & 9 #ahbc :5 he ann\nc$ = ! fir/ "t t 8! l\dness ( s\nd is dep5d5t on ! excursions ( ! vibrations1 volume or fulness ( s\nd on ! numb] ( ! coexcit+ p>ticles put 9 motion10 he /at$ t he _h j se5 ,fresnel's pap]1 9 :i* ! same conclusions 7 arriv$ at ) respect to light z he 7,:eat/one7 _h prov$ ) respect to s\nd4 ,he add$ t 8! important discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,?os4 ,"y h rec5tly re-e/abli%$ ! vibratory !ory ( light1 & new facts are e day augm5t+ its probability4 ,! new views 9 ac\/ical sci5ce :i* ,i h op5$ w1 ,i presume1 give additional confirmation to ! op9ions ( ^! em95t philosoph]s40 ,prophetic words6 ,! analogy betwe5 s\nd & light z results ( wave-motions 9 air or e!r is n[ "p ( ! alphabet ( sci5ce4 ,*>les ,:eat/one made an indep5d5t discov]y ( ! pr9ciples ( s\nd2 b 9 ?is he 0 p>tly anticipat$ by ,"y4 ,nor 0 he alone 9 ! orig9al & practical exp]im5ts by :i* he demon/rat$ _! accuracy4 ,at ! "t he made ^! exp]im5ts 7he 0 !n only tw5ty ye>s old71 he ?\ght he 0 ! fir/ :o _h indicat$ ! ph5om5a ( s\nd 9 t way2 b ,pr(essor ,o]/ead1 ( ,cop5hag51 on see+ him p]=m ^! exp]im5ts1 in=m$ him ( "s simil> ones he _h previ\sly made4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ye> #ahbg he inv5t$ a small in/rum5t consi/+ ( a /eel rod on ! top ( :i* a glass silv]$ bead 0 plac$4 ,by conc5trat+ on x an int5se light & mak+ ! rod to vibrate1 beautiful =ms 7 creat$4 ,9 ?is respect ?is philosophical toy resembl$ ! ,kaleidoscope :i* ,brew/] inv5t$2 & x 0 !re=e call$ ! kaleidophone4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no simil>ity betwe5 ! con/ruction or mode ( action ( ! two in/rum5ts4 ,9 #ahbh he devis$ ! t]psiphone :i* made music by ! reciprocal vibrations ( columns ( air4 ,9 #ahcc he contribut$ to ! ,royal ,society a pap] on ac\/ic or ,*ladni figures1 s call$ because ,*ladni 9 #aghg %[$ t by /rew+ s& on vibrat+ surfaces1 & !n ?r[+ ! p>ticles into vibration by means ( a viol9 b[1 beautiful & v>i$ symmetrical figures c\ld be produc$4 ,:eat/one %[$ t all ! figures ( vibrat+ surfaces result f v simple modes ( vibration1 oscillat+ iso*ron\sly1 & sup]pos$ ^u ea* o!r1 ! figures v>y+ ) ! compon5t modes ( vibration1 ! numb] ( ! sup]positions1 & ! angles at :i* !y are sup]pos$4 ,z indicat+ ! v>iety ( subjects t engag$ 8 att5tion ab\t ! same "t1 a fact record$ by a fri5d may be quot$ "h4 ,at "o p]iod ,:eat/one's att5tion 0 = a "t direct$ to problems ( m5tal philosophy1 & especially to ! quasi-me*anical solution ( !m :i* 0 hop$ = by ! foll[]s ( ,gall & ,spurzheim2 he 0 an active memb] ( ! ,london ,phr5ological ,society1 !n presid$ ov] by ,dr4 ,elliotson1 & 9 ,janu>y #ahcb he read a pap] at "o ( ! meet+s on dream+ & somnambulism1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ext5so 9 ! ,lancet ( t date4 ,?is pap] is rem>kable l all 8 writ+s = ! extreme cle>ness ) :i* kn[n facts are /at$ & ! d$uctions bas$ ^u !m4 ,ano!r subject :i* occupi$ 8 att5tion = "s ye>s 0 ! con/ruction ( speak+-ma*9es1 ^u :i* he made c]ta9 improvem5ts1 & ( :i* he wrote a %ort & int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,he decl>$ 9 #ahcg t ! advantages :i* w\ld result f ! completion ( a speak+-ma*9e r5d]$ ! subject wor?y ( ! att5tion ( philosoph]s & me*anicians2 & he endors$ a rem>k ( ,sir ,d4 ,brew/] t be=e ano!r c5tury 0 complete a talk+ & s++ ma*9e w\ld d\btless be numb]$ among ! conque/s ( sci5ce4 ,9 a pap] :i* he communicat$ to ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 #ahca 8,on ! ,transmission ( ,musical ,s\nds ?r\gh solid ,l9e> conductors & on _! subsequ5t ,reciprocation10 he gave an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts t evolv$ a pr9ciple n[ f\nd to be next 9 importance to t ( ! telegraph4 ,he said3 8,i believe t previ\s to ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i comm5c$ 9 #ahbj1 none _h be5 made on ! transmission ( ! modulat$ s\nds ( musical in/rum5ts1 nor _h x be5 %[n t sonor\s undulations1 propagat$ ?r\gh solid l9e> conductors ( consid]able l5g?1 7 capable ( excit+ 9 surfaces ) :i* !y 7 9 connection a quantity ( vibratory motion suffici5t to be p[]fully audible :5 communicat$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d :i* ,i made 7 publicly exhibit$ 9 #ahba2 & on ,june #cj?1 #ahbc1 a pap] ( m9e 0 read by ,m4 ,arago at ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 9 :i* ,i m5tion$ ^! exp]im5ts1 & a v>iety ( o!rs relat+ to ! passage ( s\nd ?r\gh rectil9e> & b5t conductors4 ,i propose 9 ! pres5t in/ance to give a m complete detail ( ^! exp]im5ts40 ,he !n proce$s to give an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts he _h made dur+ ! int]v5+ t5 ye>s1 & concludes by say+3 8,z ! velocity ( s\nd is mu* great] 9 solid sub/ances ?an 9 air1 x is n improbable t ! transmission ( s\nd ?r\gh solid conductors1 & its subsequ5t reciprocation1 may h]eaft] be appli$ to _m useful purposes4 ,s\nd travels ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #a1adb feet 9 a second ( "t1 b x is communicat$ ?r\gh iron1 wire1 glass1 or wood ) a velocity ( ab\t #ah1jjj feet p] second1 s t x w\ld travel a di/ance ( #bjj miles 9 less ?an a m9ute4444 ,%\ld any conduct+ sub/ance be r5d]$ p]fectly equal 9 d5sity s z to all[ ! undulations to proce$ ) uni=m velocity )\t any int]f]5ce1 x w\ld be easy to transmit s\nds ?r\gh su* conductors f ,ab]de5 to ,london1 z x is n[ to communicate f "o *amb] to ano!r4 ,! transmission to di/ant places ( a multiplication ( musical p]=mances are objects ( f> less importance ?an ! conveyance ( ! articulations ( spee*4 ,i h f\nd by exp]im5t t all ^! articulations1 z well z ! musical inflections ( ! voice1 may be p]fectly1 ?\gh feebly1 transmitt$ to any ( ! previ\sly describ$ reciprocat+ in/rum5ts1 by connect+ ! conductor ei!r imm$iately ) "s "p ( ! neck or head contigu\s to ! l>ynx1 or ) a s\nd+-bo>d1 to :i* ! m\? ( ! s+] or speak] is closely appli$40 ,ne>ly half a c5tury elaps$ be=e ^! obs]vations f\nd _! full application 9 ! telephone & microphone4 ,x may be "h not$ t 9 a pap] on exp]im5ts 9 audition publi%$ 9 #ahbg ,:eat/one said3 8,! great int5sity ) :i* s\nd is transmitt$ by solid rods at ! same "t t its diffusion is prev5t$1 af=ds a ready means ( augm5t+ ! l\dness ( ext]nal s\nds & ( con/ruct+ an in/rum5t :i*1 f its r5d]+ audible ! weake/ s\nds1 may ) propriety be nam$ ! microphone40 ,x is said t t 0 ! fir/ "t ! ^w microphone 0 ev] us$2 & x 0 ! "n giv5 9 #ahgh to an in/rum5t :i* has s9ce come into g5]al use z ! complem5t ( ! telephone1 ! microphone be+ ! be/ adapt$ = s5d+ spok5 messages by electric wire1 & ! telephone ! be/ = receiv+ !m4 ,concurr5tly ) ^! sci5tific /udies1 8 practical p[]s z an inv5tor 7 be+ advantage\sly ex]cis$ 9 ! improvem5t ( musical in/rum5ts1 old & new4 ,9 a communication to ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,febru>y1 #ahbh1 he gave an acc\nt ( a ,javanese musical in/rum5t call$ ! ,gnd]1 :i* 0 br\ght to ,engl& by ! late ,sir ,s4 ,raffles1 & 9 :i* 8! resonances ( unisonant columns ( air0 7 us$ to augm5t ! s\nds ( ! vibrations ( metallic plates4 ,a holl[ bamboo ( a c]ta9 l5g? 0 plac$ p]p5dicul>ly "u ea* metallic plate :i*1 be+ /ruck & made to vibrate1 produc$ a deep1 ri* tone by ! resonance ( ! column ( air )9 ! bamboo4 ,he !n /at$ t1 ?\gh o!r rude ,asiatic & ,african in/rum5ts made use ( ! same pr9ciple1 he did n "k ( its be+ us$ 9 any ,european in/rum5t2 & he !re=e promis$ to publi% soon an acc\nt ( sev]al me?ods :i* he _h devis$ = utilis+ ! resonance ( columns ( air4 ,ab\t two mon?s aft]w>ds 8 att5tion 0 call$ to a newly-inv5t$ ,g]man in/rum5t :i* made use ( t pr9ciple4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,mund ,h>monica2 &1 z ! "n implies1 music 0 produc$ 9 x by plac+ ! m\? ov] "s small metallic tongues or spr+s & bl[+ ^u !m s z to cause !m to vibrate2 8^! vibrations produc$ s _m impulses ^u ! curr5t ( air & ?us caus$ s\nd40 ,?is in/rum5t is n[ be/ kn[n z a *ild's toy4 ,x 0 soon improv$ 9 ,g]many into a primitive k9d ( accordion1 9 :i* keys 7 plac$ ov] ! metallic tongues1 & ! requisite curr5t ( air to vibrate !m :5 ! keys 7 op5$ 0 produc$ by compress+ a k9d ( bell[s1 :i* =m$ ! body ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ simple =m ( w9d in/rum5t2 & ,*>les ,:eat/one soon increas$ its range & facilitat$ its manipulation4 ,8 improvem5ts consi/$ 9 ! employm5t ( two p>allel r[s ( f+] /uds or keys on ea* end1 & 9 s plac+ !m ) respect to _! di/ances & positions z t !y might1 s+ly1 be progressively & alt]nately t\*$ or press$ d[n by ! fir/ or second f+]s ( ea* h& )\t ! f+]s int]f]+ ) ! adjac5t /uds1 & yet be plac$ s ne> toge!r z t any two adjac5t /uds might be simultane\sly press$ d[n :5 requir$ by ! same f+]2 ! peculi>ity & novelty ( ?is arrangem5t consi/$ 9 ?is1 t :]eas 9 ! ord9>y key$ w9d musical in/rum5t !n 9 use ! f+]+ 0 effect$ by a motion sideways ( ! h&s & f+]s1 9 ! new arrangem5t t mode ( f+]+ 0 r5d]$ entirely inapplicable3 & he made available a motion n previ\sly employ$1 namely1 ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ motions ( ! f+]s4 ,by ?is me?od ( arrang+ ! /uds he 0 able to br+ ! keys mu* ne>] toge!r ?an _h be5 done previ\sly1 & ! in/rum5t 0 made m portable4 ,he also introduc$ two additional r[s ( f+] /uds on ea* end ( ! in/rum5t = ! purpose ( introduc+ semitones :5 requir$4 ,9 o!r words1 he inv5t$ ! conc]t9a1 ! fir/ pat5t = :i* 0 dat$ ,june #ai?1 #ahbi1 "u ! title ( improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( w9d-musical in/rum5ts4 ,! accordion1 7said to h be5 inv5t$ at ,vi5na by ,damian 9 #ahbi17 is describ$ by ! be/ musical au?orities z little m ?an a toy 9 comp>ison ) ! conc]t9a4 ,inde$1 ! conc]t9a is "o ( ! few musical in/rum5ts di/+ui%$ = sweetness & compass1 t is kn[n to be ! exclusive inv5tion ( "o man4 ,music int5d$ = ! oboe1 flute1 & viol91 c be play$ on x2 :ile ! only o!r in/rum5ts ^u :i* music writt5 = ! conc]t9a c be play$1 are ! organ & h>monium4 ,no?+1 says ,dr4 ,grove1 b ! la/-nam$ in/rum5ts c produce at once ! ext5d$ h>monies1 ! so/5uto & ! /accato comb9$1 ( :i* ! conc]t9a is capable4 ,! orig9 ( ! organ is lo/ 9 ! my?s ( antiquity1 & x has be5 ! subject ( improvem5ts dur+ ! la/ #ejj ye>s4 ,! h>monium is an evolution ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & has be5 br\ght to its pres5t /ate by ! comb9$ improvem5ts ( sev]al musical m51 includ+ ,*>les ,:eat/one4 ,b ( ! conc]t9a he 0 ! sole inv5tor2 & if x be true t ! unkn[n man 7or r m57 :o inv5t$ ! fiddle 0 a great] g5ius ?an ! inv5tor ( ! /eam-eng9e1 surely ! inv5tion ( ! conc]t9a 0 no mean a*ievem5t4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 n an in/ant a*ievem5t4 ,its p]fection appe>$ to be a "w ( "t2 = 9 #ahdd he took out ano!r pat5t = improvem5ts1 consi/+ ( 7#a7 ! arrangem5t ( ! t\*es or f+]-/ops :i* regulate ! op5+ ( ! v>i\s valves cov]+ ! ap]tures 9 :i* ! spr+s or tongues vibrate2 7#b7 a mode ( obta9+ a diff]5t degree ( l\dness = ea* side ( ! conc]t9a indep5d5tly by apply+ a p>tition to divide ! bell[s into two p>ts2 7#c7 a mode ( arrang+ & con/ruct+ ! cavities 9 :i* ! tongues or spirals are plac$1 by :i* a bass conc]t9a may be made ( m portable dim5sions ?an by ! mode ( arrangem5t usually adopt$ 9 ! treble conc]t9a2 7#d7 a mode ( con/ruct+ conc]t9as :]eby ! same tone or spr+ is made to s\nd :e!r ! w9d be driv5 into or out ( ! bell[s1 namely1 by means ( a d\ble passage valve appli$ to ea* tongue sep>ately2 7#e7 a mode ( v>y+ at pleasure ! pit* ( ! conc]t9a by app>atus capable ( alt]+ ! effective l5g? ( its tongues or spr+s2 7#f7 an arrangem5t ( ! lev] or support ( ! key or app>atus = admitt+ ! w9d to act ^u ! tongue ( ! conc]t9a2 7#g7 a mode ( apply+ app>atus to /+ a tongue or spr+ into vibration 9 addition to ! w9d on t tongue2 & 7#h7 ( modify+ or ameliorat+ ! tone ( a freely vibrat+ tongue or spr+ by means ( ! resonance ( a column ( air 9 a tube tun$ 9 unison ) x1 ! tube be+ s plac$ t ! free air %all int]v5e betwe5 its op5 end & ! tongue or spr+4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject1 x %\ld be add$ t he made important improvem5ts 9 ! h>monium :5 x might be said to be 9 its infancy4 ,)\t go+ into details1 suffice x to say t at ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea he exhibit$ ! portable h>monium1 :i* ! jury on musical in/rum5ts describ$ z q orig9al 9 all its me*anical p>ts4 ,x _h a compass ( five octaves1 & al?\gh ! keybo>d 0 ( ! same ext5t z 9 ! l>g] h>moniums1 ! in/rum5t c\ld be in/antly fold$ up s z to occupy less ?an half its height & l5g?4 ,! jury1 9 aw>d+ ! inv5tor a prize m$al1 said ! portable h>monium 0 peculi>ly con/ruct$ = produc+ expression1 & might ei!r be us$ by itself = ! p]=mance ( music writt5 = ! organ or h>monium1 or = tak+ viol91 flute1 or violoncello solos or p>ts--its capabilities ( expression giv+ x great advantages 9 imitat+ ^! in/rum5ts4 ,9 #ahcd he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,exp]im5tal ,physics 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london2 & z su* he deliv]$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> a c\rse ( eight lectures on ,s\nd2 b :ile reta9+ ! pr(essor%ip1 he soon discont9u$ lectur+ because ( 8 inv9cible di/ru/ ( 8 own p[]s z a speak]4 ,ab\t ! same "t he gave to ! _w :at1 9 ord] ( "t1 might be describ$ z ! fir/ fruits ( 8 /udies 9 electricity1 & :at1 9 po9t ( orig9ality1 _m electricians h describ$ z 8 mo/ brilliant discov]y4 ,9 #ahca ,pr(essor ,f>aday told ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ! me?od by :i* ! sil5t philosoph] propos$ to asc]ta9 ! velocity ( ! electric sp>k2 & 9 #ahcd he himself contribut$ to ! ,philosophical ,transactions 8,an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts to measure ! velocity ( electricity & ! duration ( ! electric light40 ,x has be5 repeat$ly said t ?is "o exp]im5t 0 en\gh to r5d] 8 "n immortal 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,! velocity ( electricity is s great t x 0 believ$ !re 0 no means on e>? capable ( measur+ x4 ,?is desid]atum ,pr(essor ,:eat/one suppli$4 ,he devis$ means by :i* a small mirror 0 made to revolve at ! imm5sely rapid rate ( #hjj times 9 a second1 & 9 front ( x plac$ half a mile ( insulat$ copp] wire1 on ! ends & 9 ! middle ( :i* 7 fix$ brass balls int5d$ to int]rupt a curr5t ( electricity s5t ?r\gh ! wire4 ,on connect+ ! ends ( ! wire ) a ,leyd5 j>1 he saw ?ree sp>ks--"o 0 at ea* end z ! electricity left ! j>1 ! o!r 0 at ! brass balls 9 ! middle ( ! wire4 ,! "o end ( ! wire 0 connect$ ) ! inn] coat+ ( ! j> *>g$ ) positive electricity1 :ile ! o!r end ( ! wire 0 atta*$ to ! out] coat+1 :i* _h negative electricity1 s t at ! mom5t ( contact ! electricity pass$ f ea* end ( ! wire 9 ord] to f9d an equilibrium4 ,! middle ( ! wire1 h[ev]1 0 cut1 & _h a small brass ball at ea* end1 di/ant "o-t5? ( an in*2 & :5 ! two curr5ts ( electricity rea*$ t int]ruption ! middle sp>k 0 produc$4 ,^! sp>ks 7 reflect$ by ! rapidly revolv+ mirror2 & he _h ! wire s arrang$ t if ! ?ree sp>ks 7 simultane\s1 ! mirror w\ld %[ !m 9 p>allel /raight l9es4 ,b !y evid5tly 7 n simultane\s1 = ! middle "o appe>$ a little lat] ?an ! o!r two2 ! revolv+ mirror _h 9 ! int]val mov$ r\nd a m9ute di/ance1 ?us %[+ ! reflection ( ! middle sp>k beh9d ! o!rs4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! sp>ks 0 f\nd to be ! "o million? "p ( a second1 & _! appe>ance on ! mirror1 z x revolv$1 suppli$ data z to ! rate at :i* ! curr5t mov$1 f :i* x 0 easily calculat$ t ! velocity ( electricity is #bhh1jjj miles a second4 ,?us1 x 0 said1 he =c$ ! lightn+ to tell h[ fa/ x 0 go+4 ,?is exp]im5t1 :i* 0 orig9ally made 9 8 lecture-room at ,k+'s ,college1 & ) ! result ( :i* he 0 mu* delight$1 in/antly spread 8 "n ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w z ! discov]] ( "o ( ,nature's greate/ secrets4#f ,! orig9al app>atus us$ = t purpose 0 also us$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 #ahef1 to illu/rate ! in/antane\s duration ( a sp>k4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! duration ( a sp>k does n exce$ ! tw5ty-fif? ?\s&? "p ( a second2 x 0 expla9$ t a cannon ball1 if illum9at$ 9 its flight by a fla% ( lightn+1 w\ld1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mom5t>y duration ( ! light1 appe> to be /ation>y2 & t ev5 ! w+s ( an insect mov+ #aj1jjj times 9 a second w\ld seem at re/4 ,) reg>d to ! sci5tific value ( ! revolv+ mirror1 ,m4 ,dumas said 9 #ahge3 8,?is admirable me?od enabl$ ,arago to trace ) a c]ta9 h& ! plan ( a fundam5tal exp]im5t :i* %\ld decide :e!r light is a body emanat+ f ! sun & />s1 or ! undulat+ movem5t excit$ by !m4 ,execut$ by ! accompli%$ exp]im5tali/1 x prov$ t ! !ory ( emission 0 wrong4 ,?is me?od has !n furni%$ to ! philosophy ( ! sci5ces ! c]ta9 basis on :i* re/ our ideas ( ! nature ( =ce1 & especially t ( light4 ,by means ( ?is or "s o!r analog\s artifice1 we c ev5 measure ! spe$ ( light by exp]im5ts purely t]re/rial1 :i*1 pursu$ by an able physici/1 h guid$ ! measure ( di/ance betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun40 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one himself sugge/$ t ! velocity ( light might be measur$ 9 ! same way z electricity4 ,9 ,july1 #ahce1 he told ! ,royal ,society t he propos$ to ext5d 8 exp]im5ts on ! velocity ( electricity to measure ! velocity ( light 9 its passage ?r\gh a limit$ portion ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e4 ,x may be add$ t ! complete solution ( ! velocity ( light by ! revolv+ mirror1 al?\gh ! subject ( elaborate exp]im5ts by ,arago1 0 facilitat$ by "s improvem5ts made 9 ! app>atus by lat] exp]im5t]s4 ,! mirror has be5 us$ 9 diff]5t ways = ! measurem5t ( light4 ,9 #ahej1 ,arago gave a description ( 8 attempts to det]m9e its velocity1 b fail+ eyesight prev5t$ him c>ry+ out 8 full design4 ,! subject 01 h[ev]1 tak5 up by ,m4 ,fizeau & ,m4 ,f\cault1 :o employ$ /eam p[] in/ead ( clockwork to give motion to ! mirror4 ,by ,f\cault's me?od a beam ( light 0 reflect$ f a revolv+ mirror to a fix$ concave mirror1 & be=e x 0 reflect$ back aga9 ! revolv+ mirror _h mov$ a suffici5t space to enable him to compute !refrom ! velocity ( light4 ,fizeau's me?od 0 simpl]4 ,he made a too!d :eel revolve ) great rapidity1 :ile a beam ( light pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! op5 spaces betwe5 ! tee?1 & fell ^u a reflect+ mirror at a consid]able di/ance away4 ,if ! :eel 7 at re/1 ! beam w\ld be reflect$ back ?r\gh ! same space by :i* x _h ent]$2 b ! :eel be+ 9 rapid motion1 ! reflect$ beam w\ld ei!r fall on ! next too? :i* w\ld prev5t x pass+ ?r\gh1 or if ! motion 7 increas$1 x w\ld get ?r\gh ! next op5+4 ,a v>iety ( te/s l ^! has giv5 ! velocity ( light z ab\t #ahg1jjj miles p] second4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one also r5d]$ memorable s]vice 9 connection ) ! developm5t ( spectrum analysis4 ,9 a pap] :i* he communicat$ to ! ,dubl9 meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahce1 on 8,! ,prismatic ,analysis ( ,electric ,light10 he exp\nd$ a discov]y :i* has s9ce l$ to useful results4 ,mo/ metals1 su* z iron1 copp]1 & plat9um1 :5 expos$ to ! gas flame1 imp>t no col\r2 = t purpose !y mu/ be subject$ to a high] temp]ature2 & ,pr(essor ,:eat/one f\nd t ! be/ way ( atta9+ ! requisite temp]ature 0 by ! use ( ! electric sp>k4 ,he f\nd t a s+le electric dis*>ge pass$ ?r\gh a gold wire at once dissipat$ ! metal into vap\r4 ,he also %[$ t by look+ ?r\gh a prism at ! sp>k proce$+ f two metallic poles1 ! spectra se5 conta9$ bright l9es :i* diff]$ accord+ to ! k9d ( metal employ$4 8,^! diff]5ces10 he said1 8are s obvi\s t any "o metal may in/antly be di/+ui%$ f o!rs by ! appe>ance ( its sp>k1 & we h "h a mode ( discrim9at+ metallic bodies m ready ?an *emical exam9ation1 & :i* may h]eaft] be employ$ = useful purposes40 ,h(mann has well said t 8)9 ?is fact a new mode ( di/+ui%+ bodies f ea* o!r lay fold$1 l ! tree )9 ! se$1 await+ evolution4 ,! new l9e ( rese>* ?us op5$ by ,:eat/one ) ref]5ce to bright l9es produc$ by electric dis*>ges1 0 pursu$ 9 a v>iety ( directions by sev]al obs]v]s4 ,f\cault 7#ahdi71 ,masson 7#ahea-ee71 ,ang/rm 7#ahec71 ,alt] 7#ahed-ee71 ,sec*i 7#ahee71 ,plck> 7#aheh-ei71 ,buns5 & ,kir*h(f 7#ahfj71 7 successively engag$ 9 ?is inquiry4 ,x w\ld exce$ ! limits ( ?is sket* to m9utely describe ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! spectra ( ! kn[n metals1 or to dwell on ! inf9itely m9ute quantities ( sub/ances f\nd to be capable ( produc+ ! effect4 ,! extreme delicacy ( ! new process is n[ a famili> fact2 & x is equally well kn[n t 9 us+ ?is me?od1 ! pres5ce ( "o metal sc>cely int]f]es ) t ( ano!r4 ,x w\ld be out ( place "h to d m ?an simply m5tion ! a/ronomical applications ( spectrum analysis2 su* z1 = example1 ! det]m9ation by its means ( ! composition ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 9 :i* ,m4 ,kir*h(f has prov$1 ) a degree ( probability approa*+ to c]ta9ty1 ! pres5ce ( sev]al metals well kn[n on ?is e>?2 among/ o!rs potassium1 sodium1 calcium1 iron1 nickel1 *romium1 c40 ,?is delicate te/ has made x possible to detect ! pres5ce ( ! two hundr$ million? "p ( a gra9 79 weight7 ( sodium1 :ile by reveal+ bright l9es n ref]able to any kn[n body x has be5 ! means ( discov]+ five new metals--csium & rubidium by ,pr(essor ,buns5 9 #ahfj1 ?allium by ,mr4 ,crookes 9 #ahfa1 indium by ,pr(essors ,ri*t] & ,rei* 9 #ahfd1 & gallium by ,m4 ,lecoq 9 #ahge4 ,! ye> #ahcf 0 di/+ui%$ 9 ! hi/ory ( electricity by ! discov]y ( ! con/ant batt]y ( ,pr(essor ,daniell4 ,e>ly 9 t ye> ,pr(essor ,daniell1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ann\nc$ 9 a lett] to ,f>aday1 t he _h be5 l$ to ! con/ruction ( a voltaic arrangem5t :i* furni%$ a con/ant curr5t ( electricity = any l5g? ( "t1 & _h ?us be5 able to remove "o ( ! greate/ difficulties :i* _h hi!rto ob/ruct$ ^? :o _h endeav\r$ to measure & comp>e diff]5t voltaic ph5om5a4 ,?is con/ant batt]y1 :i* he improv$ 9 ! spr+ ( ! same ye>1 is /ill 9 g5]al use4 ,9 x ! z9c is plac$ 9 a semi-saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( z9c1 & ! copp] 9 a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 ! two solutions be+ sep>at$ by a por\s e>!nw>e p>tition4 ,?is batt]y furni%es a con/ant supply ( electricity = weeks toge!r4 ,e>ly 9 #ahcg ,pr(essor ,:eat/one publicly call$ att5tion to ! capability ( ! !rmo-electric pile z a s\rce ( electricity4 ,seebeck ( ,b]l9 discov]$ 9 #ahbb t :5 diff]5t metals are sold]$ toge!r & _! junction heat$1 a curr5t ( electricity is g5]at$2 & ,nobili & ,melloni contriv$ on t pr9ciple ! !rmo-multipli]1 an app>atus :i* indicates ! effects ( heat by ! deflections ( a ne$le on a scale1 l a !rmomet]1 ! ne$le be+ mov$ by ! electricity produc$ by ! heat4 ,b ?is means ( produc+ electricity 0 bett] kn[n = its delicacy ?an = its /r5g? till ,pr(essor ,:eat/one made "s exp]im5ts--probably ! fir/ made 9 ,engl&--= ! purpose ( %[+ h[ ! !rmo-electric pile c\ld be utilis$ z a s\rce ( electricity4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts he /at$ t 8! ,cav4 ,ant9ori1 director ( ! ,museum at ,flor5ce1 hav+ he>d t ,pr(essor ,l9>i1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,si5a1 _h succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! electric sp>k f ! torp$o by means ( an electro-dynamic helix & a tempor>y magnet1 conceiv$ t a sp>k might be obta9$ by apply+ ! same means to a !rmo-electric pile4 ,appeal+ to exp]im5ts1 8 anticipations 7 fully realis$4 ,no acc\nt ( ! orig9al inve/igations ( ,ant9ori _h rea*$ ,engl& 9 ,april1 #ahcg2 b ,pr(essor ,l9>i1 to :om he e>ly communicat$ ! results1 publi%$ c]ta9 exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( 8 own on ! subject 9 ,l',indicatore ,sanese = ,decemb] #ac1 #ahcf40 ,! int]e/+ nature ( ^! exp]im5ts induc$ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one to attempt to v]ify ! pr9cipal results4 ,= t purpose he us$ a !rmo-electric pile consi/+ ( #cc elem5ts ( bismu? & antimony =m$ into a cyl9drical bundle ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & #a 9 l5g?4 ,! poles ( ?is pile 7 connect$ by means ( two ?ick wires ) a spiral ( copp] ribbon #ej feet 9 l5g? & #a in* broad1 ! coils be+ well insulat$ by br[n pap] & silk4 ,"o face ( ! pile 0 heat$ by means ( a r$-hot iron br\ght )9 a %ort di/ance ( x1 & ! o!r face 0 kept cool by contact ) ice4 ,two %ort wires =m$ ! communication betwe5 ! poles ( ! pile & ! spiral1 & ! contact 0 brok51 :5 requir$1 9 a cup ( m]cury 7a non-conductor7 betwe5 "o extremity ( ! spiral & "o ( ^! wires4 ,:5ev] contact 0 ?us brok5 a small b di/9ct sp>k 0 se54 ,he add$ t ,pr(essors ,daniell1 ,h5ry1 & ,ba*e assi/$ 9 ! exp]im5ts1 & 7 all equally satisfi$ ( ! reality ( ! appe>ance4 ,at ano!r trial ! sp>k 0 obta9$ f ! same spiral connect$ ) a small pile ( fifty elem5ts1 on :i* occasion ,dr4 ,f>aday & ,pr(essor ,johnson 7 pres5t1 & v]ifi$ ! fact4 ,by connect+ two su* piles toge!r1 s t simil> poles ( ea* 7 connect$ ) ! same wire1 ! sp>k 0 se5 /ill bright]4 ,he conclud$ by /at+ t su* exp]im5ts suppli$ a l9k t 0 want+ 9 ! *a9 ( exp]im5tal evid5ce t5d+ to prove t electricity1 f s\rces h[ev] v>i$1 is simil> 9 its nature & 9 its effects2 & t ! effect ?us obta9$ f ! electric curr5t orig9at+ 9 ! !rmo-electric pile might no d\bt be easily exalt$ by ^? :o _h ! requisite app>atus at _! disposal1 till x equall$ ! effect ( an ord9>y voltaic pile4 ,z ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 n accu/om$ to write articles or to deliv] lectures1 x is n an easy matt] to measure ! ext5t ( 8 k at any p>ticul> "t2 b "o m incid5t may be m5tion$ z indicat+ ! range ( 8 /udies on electricity ab\t ?is "t4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahce ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris wrote sev]al articles 9 ! ,nautical ,magaz9e on ! utility ( fix+ lightn+ conductors 9 %ips4 ,x 0 a popul> impression !n t po9t$ metal rods attract$ lightn+4 ,sn[ ,h>ris cont5d$1 on ! contr>y1 t damage to %ips occurr$ n :]e good conductors 71 b :]e !y 7 n1 & t su* conductors c\ld no m attract lightn+ ?an a wat]c\rse c\ld be said to attract wat]1 :i* necess>ily fl[$ ?r\gh x at ! "t ( heavy ra9s4 ,he aft]w>ds prep>$ a li/ ( #bbj %ips ( ! ,briti% ,navy :i* 7 /ruck & damag$ by lightn+ betwe5 #agib & #ahdf4 ,9 ,june1 #ahci1 a committee ( ! ,admiralty consult$ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,pr(essor ,f>aday z to ! safety ( ! cont9u\s conductors advocat$ by ,sn[ ,h>ris4 ,to t committee ,pr(essor ,:eat/one /at$ t 8x has be5 prov$ beyond all d\bt t electricity foll[s ! be/ conduct+ pa? :i* is op5 to x2 & t :5 x f9ds a metallic road suffici5t to conduct x completely1 x nev] flies to surr\nd+ bodies greatly inf]ior 9 conduct+ p[]4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 de ,romas1 made 9 ,france1 ) ! electrical kite1 imm$iately aft] ,frankl9's fir/ attempt1 might satisfy ! mo/ timid 9 ?is respect4 ,imag9e1 writes he to ! ,abb ,nollet1 #8t y see %eets ( fire n9e or t5 feet long & an in* broad1 :i* made z mu* or m noise ?an reports ( a pi/ol4 ,9 less ?an an h\r ,i _h c]ta9ly ?irty %eets ( ^! dim5sions1 )\t c\nt+ a ?\s& o!rs ( sev5 feet & "u4 ,b :at gives me ! greate/ satisfaction 9 ?is new spectacle is t ! l>ge/ %eets 7 spontane\s1 & not)/&+ ! abundance ( fire :i* =m$ !m1 !y con/antly foll[$ ! ne>e/ conduct+ body4 ,?is con/ancy gave me s mu* security t ,i did n fe> to excite ?is fire ) my dis*>g]1 ev5 :5 ! /orm 0 viol5t2 & :5 ! glass bran*es ( ! in/rum5t 7 only two feet long ,i conduct$ :]ev] ,i pleas$1 )\t feel+ ! smalle/ %ock 9 my h&1 %eets ( fire six or sev5 feet long1 ) ! same facility z ^? ( only six or sev5 in*es4' ,! wire ( ! kite 0 insulat$1 & ! sp>ks 7 drawn by a metallic conductor held 9 ! h& by means ( an insulat+ h&le1 & communicat+ ) ! gr\nd by a *a94 ,! human body is kn[n n to be "o ( ! wor/ conductors2 yet1 because x 0 two feet fur!r ?an a f> m p]fect "o1 x receiv$ none ( ! dis*>ge1 ev5 ?\gh ! conduct+ pa? 7 an int]rupt$ "o4 ,! ph5om5on to :i* ! "n ( lat]al explosion has be5 g5]ally giv5 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,h5ly1 m ?an half a c5tury ago1 & has be5 subsequ5tly exp]im5t$ ^u by ,prie/ly1 ,cavallo1 & m rec5tly by ,biot40 ,! committee atta*$ ! greate/ weight to ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 :i* ,f>aday support$1 & :i* 0 ev5tually adopt$4 ,exp]im5t & exp]i5ce confirm$ its accuracy4 ,at ! "t :5 he _h atta9$ su* a recognis$ position z an electrician he 0 mak+ progress 9 ano!r field ( electrical /udy 9 :i* he 0 de/9$ to ga9 /ill great] em95ce & to obta9 m ext5sive & p]man5t results4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,! accuracy ( ,:eat/one's exp]im5t has be5 g5]ally accept$2 b1 z ,f>aday said 9 #ahch1 8! velocity ( dis*>ge ?r\gh ! same wire may be greatly v>i$ by circum/ances4444 ,if ! two ends ( ! wire 9 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's exp]im5t 7 imm$iately connect$ ) two l>ge insulat$ metallic surfaces expos$ to ! air 444 !n ! middle sp>k w\ld be m ret>d$2 & if ^! two plates 7 ! inn] & out] coat+ ( a l>ge j>1 or a ,leyd5 batt]y1 !n ! ret>dation ( t sp>k w\ld be /ill great]40 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 8,!re is a c]ta9 m$dlesome _s :i*1 9 ! g>b ( le>n$ rese>*1 goes pry+ ab\t ! traces ( hi/ory1 ca/+ d[n its monum5ts1 & maim+ & mutilat+ its faire/ trophies4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to v9dicate great names f su* p]nici\s erudition4 ,x defeats "o ( ! mo/ salut>y purposes ( hi/ory1 t ( furni%+ examples ( :at human g5ius & laudable ent]prise may accompli%4 ,= ?is reason "s pa9s h be5 tak5 to trace ! rise & progress ( ?is gr& idea 79 ! m9d ( ,columbus72 to %[ t x 0 ! conception ( 8 g5ius1 quick5$ by ! impulse ( 8 age1 & aid$ by ^? scatt]$ gleams ( k1 :i* fell ineffectually ^u ord9>y m9ds40--,,wa%+ton ,,irv+4 ,9 all ! inv5tions & discov]ies previ\sly describ$ z made by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 8 orig9ality has nev] be5 s]i\sly *all5g$1 b :5 we turn to 8 greate/ "w we ent] ^u conte/$ gr\nd4 ,! conte/s t ev] arise z to ! orig9 ( great inv5tions af=d evid5ce ( _! greatness2 =1 z ,aes*ylus says1 he :o is n envi$ is n wor?y ( admiration4 8,9 #adce10 says ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 8a law suit 0 c>ri$ on at ,/rasburg betwe5 "o ,john ,gutt5b]g1 a g5tleman ( ,m5tz1 celebrat$ = me*anical +5uity1 & ,drizehn1 a burgh] ( ! city1 :o 0 8 p>tn] 9 a copy+ press4 ,no litigation c\ld seem m base & me*anical to ! b>b>\s ,b>ons ( ,suabia & ,alsace2 b ! copy+ ma*9e 0 ! pr9t+ press :i* has *ang$ ! condition ( mank9d40 ,9 l mann] x fell to ! lot ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one :5 he _h complet$ 8 mo/ useful inv5tion to h 8 orig9ality disput$ by 8 own p>tn] 9 bus9ess1 ,mr4 ,william ,fo!rgill ,cooke4 ,!re are five me*anical inv5tions t h conf]r$ incalculable b5efit on ! indu/rial _w 9 mod]n times--! pr9t+ press1 ! /eam eng9e1 ! electric telegraph1 ! dynamo1 & ! ,bessem] process ( /eel mak+4 ,! orig9ality ( e "o ( ^! has be5 ei!r divid$ or disput$1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! ,bessem] process1 :i* is !re=e ! only "o t is univ]sally kn[n by ! inv5tor's "n4 ,9 ! case ( ! electric telegraph ! orig9ality or priority ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 disput$ n only at home b abroad4 ,h5ce writ]s on ! subject are accu/om$ to say t ! telegraph 0 inv5t$ indep5d5tly & almo/ simultane\sly by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 ( ,london1 ,pr(essor ,morse1 ( ,new ,york1 & ,pr(essor ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*4 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> #ahcg4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ! voltaic pile1 ,o]/$ discov]$ 9 #ahai t if a ne$le 7 plac$ p>allel to a conduct+ wire1 an electric curr5t f a voltaic batt]y appli$ to ! wire w\ld cause ! deflection ( ! ne$le to a position at "r angles to ! wire or across ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,ampre propos$ to make an electric telegraph by utilis+ ?is prop]ty ( a compass ne$le1 & he design$ an app>atus to :i* tw5ty-five wires 7 atta*$2 & by t\*+ keys :i* correspond$ to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ne$les atta*$ to ! o!r ends ( ! wires 7 set 9 motion by ! action ( an electric curr5t4 ,x 0 ?is incipi5t & v imp]fect design t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one br\ght to p]fection by a s]ies ( inv5tions & discov]ies ext5d+ ov] a numb] ( ye>s4 ,8 own acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( 8 telegraph is c&id & int]e/+4 8,:51 9 #ahbc10 he says1 8,i made my important discov]y t s\nds ( all k9ds might be transmitt$ p]fectly & p[]fully ?r\gh solid wires & reproduc$ 9 di/ant places1 ,i ?\ght ,i _h ! mo/ effici5t & economical means ( e/abli%+ telegraphic 7or r telephonic7 communication betwe5 two remote po9ts t c\ld be ?\ght (4 ,my ideas respect+ e/abli%+ a communication ( ?is k9d betwe5 ,london & ,ed9burgh y w f9d 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution = #ahbh4 ,exp]im5ts on a l>g] scale1 h[ev]1 %[$ me t ! velocity ( s\nd 0 n suffici5t to ov]come ! resi/ance & enable x to be transmitt$ effici5tly ?r\gh long l5g?s ( wire4 ,i !n turn$ my att5tion to ! employm5t ( electricity z ! communicat+ ag5t2 ! exp]im5ts ( ,ronalds & o!rs fail$ to produce any impression on ! sci5tific _w2 ?is want ( confid5ce result$ f ! imp]fect k !n possess$ ( ! velocity & o!r prop]ties ( electricity2 "s philosoph]s made out a few miles p] second2 o!rs consid]$ x to be inf9ite2 if ! =m] 7 true1 !re w\ld n be mu* room = hope2 b if ! velocity c\ld be prov$ to be v great !re w\ld be enc\ragem5t to proce$4 ,i und]took ! inquiry1 & ) ! result ! :ole sci5tific _w is acqua9t$4 ,at ! same "t ,i asc]ta9$ t magnetic ne$les might be deflect$1 wat] decompos$1 induction sp>ks produc$1 c41 ?r\gh great] l5g?s ( wire ?an _h yet be5 exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,i repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts ) sev]al miles ( insulat$ wire1 & ! results 7 witness$ by ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,i asc]ta9$ exp]im5tally 7:i* _h nev] be5 done be=e7 _m ( ! conditions necess>y = ! production ( ! v>i\s magnetic1 me*anical1 & *emical effects 9 v long circuits2 & ,i devis$ a v>iety ( in/rum5ts by :i* telegraphic communication %\ld be realis$ on ^! pr9ciples4 8,"s "t be=e ,mr4 ,cooke introduc$ himself to me ,i consid]$ my exp]im5ts to be suffici5tly matur$ to enable me to und]take "s important practical results4 ,i in=m$ ,mr4 ,fox1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 ( my expectations1 & told him ( my will+ness to sup]9t5d ! e/abli%m5t ( an electric telegraph on t railway4 ,i _h also made arrangem5ts = try+ an exp]im5t across ! ,?ames4 ,mr4 ,end]by k9dly und]took to prep>e ! insulat+ rope conta9+ ! wires & to obta9 p]mission f ,mr4 ,walk] to c>ry ! o!r t]m9ation to 8 %ot t[]4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts _h be5 made ) ! rope1 & ! p]mission grant$1 ,i rel9qui%$ ! exp]im5t1 because aft] my connection ) ,mr4 ,cooke x 0 necess>y to div]t ! funds ,i _h de/9$ = ?is purpose to o!r uses4 ,:at ,i h /at$ above is suffici5t to %[ t ,i _h paid great att5tion to ! subject ( telegraphic communication by means ( electricity1 & _h made important practical advances long be=e ,i _h any acqua9tance ) or ev] he>d ( ,mr4 ,cooke40 ,on read+ ?is acc\nt two que/ions arise3 fir/1 :e!r ! ,:eat/one telegraph 0 ! fir/ ( its k9d2 &1 secondly1 :e!r !re is any corroborative evid5ce ( ! e>ly lab\rs ( its inv5tor4 ,^! two que/ions at ! "t became int]l9k$ 9 a s+ul> way4 ,9 #ahcc ! celebrat$ sci5ti/s1 ,gauss & ,web]1 plac$ a l9e ( wire f ! ,obs]vatory ( ,gtt+5 ,univ]sity to a build+ a mile di/ant1 & by s5d+ magneto-electric curr5ts ?r\gh t wire !y communicat$ intelligible signals2 b z ! ne$le !y us$ weigh$ ne>ly a hundr$weight !y saw t _! app>atus ne$$ mu* improvem5t be=e x w\ld be ( practical utility4 ,be+ o!rwise engag$ !mselves1 !y invit$ ,pr(essor ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 to con/ruct an improv$ electric telegraph2 & ,/e9heil1 aft] mu* lab\r1 succe$$ 9 produc+ an app>atus capable ( transmitt+ signals1 b x 0 too ref9$ = practical work+ ) ! means !n available4 ,8 in/rum5t = receiv+ & record+ ! signals consi/$ ( two ne$les1 "o ( :i* 0 to be mov$ by a positive & ! o!r by a negative curr5t1 bo? curr5ts be+ s5t ?r\gh "o wire4 ,connect$ ) ea* ne$le 0 a small res]voir ( ink & a p51 :i*1 on be+ depress$ by ! motion ( ! ne$le1 m>k$ a l9e ^u a /rip ( pap] t 0 drawn along by means ( clockwork4 ,at fir/ he us$ a second wire = ! return circuit1 b 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts he discov]$ t ! e>? 0 ! be/ receiv] ( ! return curr5t1 & accord+ly disp5s$ ) ! second wire4 ,n[1 /range to say1 ! exp]im5ts connect$ ) ?is telegraph ( ,/e9heil's became indirectly a circum/antial witness ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's lab\rs be=e ev] he saw ,mr4 ,cooke4 ,! numb] ( ! ,magaz9e ( ,popul> ,sci5ce publi%$ on ,m>* #a/1 #ahcg1 conta9$ 8an acc\nt ( "s new exp]im5ts 9 electro-magnetism40 ,x 0 a description ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,gauss at ,gtt+51 communicat$ to ! ,muni* ,academy ( ,sci5ces by ,pr(4 ,/e9heil1 :o1 9 conclud+1 /at$ t he himself 8_h fitt$ up a telegraph simil> 9 pr9ciple to t :i* connect$ ! ,obs]vatory & ! ,cab9et ( ,natural ,philosophy at ,gtt+54 ,signals made 9 ! room appropriat$ to ! magnetic obs]vations 7 transmitt$ to ano!r dep>tm5t at a consid]able di/ance1 :5ce ! answ]s 7 return$ to ! fir/ room4 ,he _h arrang$ ?is app>atus = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! peculi>ities & ! practicability ( ,pr(essor ,gauss's contrivance1 hop+ by ^! means to draw att5tion to x1 & to induce p]sons to employ x = connect+ /ations f> m di/ant ?an any to :i* x has yet be5 appli$40 ,to t 0 add$ ! foll[+3 8,,note ,,by ,,editor3 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,june la/ ye> 7#ahcf71 9 a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one repeat$ 8 exp]im5ts on ! velocity ( electricity1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahcd1 b ) an insulat$ circuit ( copp] wire1 ! l5g? ( :i* 0 n[ increas$ to ne>ly f\r miles2 ! ?ickness ( ! wire 0 #a_/af? ( an in*4 ,:5 ma*9e electricity 0 employ$1 an electromet] plac$ on any po9t ( ! circuit div]g$1 & :]ev] ! cont9uity ( ! circuit 0 brok51 v bright sp>ks 7 visible4 ,) a voltaic1 or ) a magneto-electric ma*9e1 wat] 0 decompos$1 ! ne$le ( a galvanomet] deflect$1 c41 9 ! middle ( ! circuit4 ,b1 :i* has a m direct ref]5ce to ! subject ( our e/eem$ correspond5t's communication f ,muni*1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one gave a sket* ( ! means by :i* he proposes to conv]t 8 app>atus into an electric telegraph1 :i*1 by ! aid ( a few f+]-/ops1 w in/antane\sly & di/9ctly convey communications betwe5 ! mo/ di/ant po9ts4 ,^! exp]im5ts are1 we und]/&1 /ill 9 progress1 & ! app>atus1 z x is at pres5t con/ruct$1 is capable ( convey+ ?irty simple signals1 :i*1 comb9$ 9 v>i\s mann]s1 w be fully suffici5t = ! purposes ( telegraphic communication40 ,^! words mu/ h be5 9 type1 & mo/ probably 7 pr9t$ be=e ! day on :i* ,mr4 ,cooke said he fir/ saw ,pr(essor ,:eat/one2 & !y 7 c]ta9ly pr9t$ be=e ! date fix$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one z ! "t ( ,mr4 ,cooke's introduction to him4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one says3 8,i believe x 0 on ! fir/ day ( ,m>*1 #ahcg1 t ,mr4 ,cooke introduc$ himself to me4 ,he told me t he _h appli$ to ,dr4 ,f>aday & ,dr4 ,roget = "s in=mation relative to ! subject on :i* he 0 engag$1 & t !y _h ref]r$ him to me4 ,he gave me no clue z to ! purpose he _h 9 h&4 ,i repli$ t he 0 welcome to all ! in=mation ,i c\ld give him1 & t ! exp]im5ts ,i _h be5 mak+ = "s "t relative to employ+ electric curr5ts = ! purpose ( telegraphic communication w\ld enable me to give him mu* ( ! in=mation he requir$4 ,at our next int]view %ortly aft]1 he told me he 0 work+ at an electric telegraph1 & t ! que/ions he _h previ\sly put to me relat$ to ?is subject4 ,aft] t ,i %[$ him "s ( my app>atus1 & expla9$ my proposals4 ,mr4 ,cooke %[$ me "s ( 8 draw+s & models4 ,i at once told him x c\ld n act z a telegraph1 & to conv9ce him ( ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion ,i invit$ him to ,k+'s ,college to see ! repetition ( my exp]im5ts4 ,he came1 & aft] see+ a v>iety ( voltaic magnets1 :i* ev5 ) p[]ful batt]ies exhibit$ only slight adhesive attraction1 he express$ 8 disappo9tm5t 9 ^! words :i* ,i well rememb]3 #8,"h is two ye>s' lab\r wa/$4' 8,) reg>d to ,mr4 ,cooke's inv5tion1 s f> f its be+ practically useful1 he has nev]1 dur+ my :ole acqua9tance ) him1 %[n x to me 9 action1 ev5 9 a %ort circuit4 ,mr4 ,cooke's int5tion 01 z he told me 9 ! e>ly /age ( our acqua9tance1 to take out a pat5t = 8 inv5tion4 ,m9e 01 :5 ,i _h f9i%$ my exp]im5ts1 to publi% ! results1 & !n to all[ any p]son to c>ry !m into effect4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,cooke f\nd t 8 in/rum5t 0 inapplicable to ! purpose propos$1 & t my rese>*es 7 m likely to be practically useful1 he propos$ a p>tn]%ip1 & t we %\ld take out a jo9t pat5t4 ,! proposal did n proce$ f me1 & ! sole reason ( my acquiesc+ 9 ! arrangem5t 0 t ,mr4 ,cooke appe>$ to me to possess ! zeal1 ability1 & p]sev]ance necess>y to make ! ?+ successful z a comm]cial ent]prise4 ,i felt confid5t ( ov]com+ myself all ! sci5tific & me*anical difficulties ( ! subject1 b nei!r my occupations nor my incl9ation qualifi$ me = ! "p ,mr4 ,cooke promis$ to p]=m4 ,he said he 0 n want+ a sci5tific reputation1 8 sole object be+ to make money by x4 8,! magnetic ne$le telegraph1 z x appe>s 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate 9 ! lecture room ( ! college1 is to all int5ts & purposes entirely & exclusively my own inv5tion4 ,! orig9al sugge/ion ( ,ampre 7t a telegraph %\ld be con/ruct$ by utilis+ ! t5d5cy ( ! magnetic ne$le always to place itself at "r angles to an adjo9+ wire ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t pass$7 0 all t ,i borr[$ 9 x4 ,! mo/ important po9t 0 my application ( ! !ory ( ,ohm to telegraphic circuits1 :i* enabl$ me to asc]ta9 ! be/ proportions betwe5 ! l5g?1 ?ickness1 & circumf]5ce ( ! multiply+ coils & ! o!r resi/ances 9 ! circuit1 & to det]m9e ! numb] & size ( ! elem5ts ( a batt]y to produce ! maximum effect4 ,) ?is law & its applications none ( ! p]sons :o _h be=e occupi$ !mselves ) exp]im5ts relat+ to electric telegraphs1 _h be5 acqua9t$40 ,x may "h be expla9$ t ,ohm 0 ano!r em95t electrician1 ^: immortal discov]y 0 at fir/ consign$ to neglect4 ,8 "w1 exp\nd+ ! pr9ciple n[ kn[n z ,ohm's law1 0 publi%$ at ,b]l9 9 #ahbg2 b 0 n translat$ into ,engli% till #ahda4 ,x is said t = ! fir/ t5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( 8 "w1 only "o cont95tal au?or admitt$ or confirm$ 8 views1 b betwe5 #ahcf & #ahda1 sci5tific m5 began to appreciate ! value ( 8 rese>*es4 ,:eat/one 0 "o ( !m4 ,9 #ahda ,ohm 0 pres5t$ ) ! ,copley gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,society1 :5 ! ,presid5t said3 8,ohm has %[n t ! usual vague di/9ctions ( int5sity & quantity h no f\ndation1 & t all ! explanations d]iv$ f ^! consid]ations 7 p]fectly errone\s4 ,he has demon/rat$ bo? !oretically & exp]im5tally t ! action ( a circuit is equal to ! sum ( ! electromotive =ce 7,e4 ,m4 ,f47 divid$ by ! sum ( ! resi/ances1 & t :atev] ! nature ( ! curr5t1 :e!r voltaic or !rmo-electric1 if ?is quoti5t be equal1 ! effect is ! same40 ,mr4 ,george ,cruik%ank aft]w>ds publi%$ a /atem5t confirm+ ! claims ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one4 ,he said t hav+ be5 a fri5d ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 he wi%$ to /ate t 8! discov]y ( ! telegraph arose f ! circum/ance t :5 fir/ appo9t$ lectur] at ,k+'s ,college1 he _h sev5 miles ( wire 9 ! l[] "p ( ! build+ :i* abuts ^u ! riv] ,?ames1 = ! purpose ( measur+ ! spe$ ( lightn+ or ! electric curr5t4 ,^u "o occasion :5 expla9+ 8 exp]im5ts to me1 he said3 #8,i int5d "o day to lay "s ( ?is wire across ! b$ ( ! ,?ames & to c>ry x up to ! ,%ot ,t[] on ! o!r side1 & s to make signals4' ,?is 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ idea or sugge/ion ( a subm>9e telegraph4 ,we are also indebt$ to him = ! electric bell1 = long be=e ! telegraph came be=e ! public1 9 expla9+ ! ma*9e to me1 he said t z x 0 possible t "o p>ty might be asleep at "o end ( ! wire1 he _h s arrang$ ! work+ t ! fir/ t\* %\ld r+ ! bell at ! o!r end1 ev5 if ?\s&s ( miles ap>t4 ,?is1 x w be admitt$1 is an important "p ( ! discov]y40 ,next to ! me*anism by :i* electric signals are made intelligible1 "o ( ! mo/ important inv5tions is t by :i* an electric curr5t is enabl$ to r5ew its /r5g? z x goes along a great l5g? ( wire4 ,! app>atus us$ = ?is purpose is call$ a relay1 & ! fir/ man to publi% an acc\nt ( x 0 ,pr(4 ,:eat/one4 ,its me*anism is delicate & sometimes complex1 b its pr9ciple c be easily und]/ood4 ,mo/ p und]/& t :5 a railway tra9 has run a great di/ance1 ! eng9e requires to take 9 wat] or coal1 & = t purpose x sometimes moves on to a sid+ 9 connection ) :i* !re is a con/ant supply ( wat] or coal4 ,9 l mann]1 on long telegraphic l9es electric batt]ies are kept 9 read9ess at c]ta9 di/ances2 b if !y 7 connect$ ) ! ma9 l9e x is obvi\s t _! cont5ts w\ld be uselessly dissipat$4 ,!y are !re=e kept 9 a k9d ( sid+1 & are only tempor>ily connect$ ) ! ma9 l9e = ! purpose ( repl5i%+ a pass+ curr5t4 ,9 ! case ( a railway ! s]vice ( a po9tsman is (t5 ne$$ to connect & disconnect a sid+2 b 9 ! case ( ! telegraph ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! repl5i%+ batt]y & ! ma9 l9e is made self act+4 ,?is is effect$ by ! use ( t prop]ty ( electricity :i* causes an electrifi$ wire to attract to x an adjac5t piece ( wire or iron4 ,9 ! relay a ne$le or lev] is s adju/$ t :5 a feeble curr5t comes along ! ma9 l9e1 x attracts ! ne$le ( ! relay l9e1 & by means ( ?is connection a fre% curr5t f ! local batt]y fl[s on to ! l9e1 & does ! "w :i* ! orig9al curr5t _h become too feeble to accompli%4 ,?is inv5tion 0 embodi$ 9 ! fir/ pat5t ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one2 & ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 ( ,new ,york1 has sworn to ! fact t :5 he 0 9 ,london1 9 #ahcg1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one %[$ him 9 ,k+'s ,college1 e>ly 9 ,april1 8 me?od ( br++ into action a second galvanic curr5t by means ( ! deflection ( a ne$le4 ,pr(essor ,ba*e 0 also pres5t4 ,! fir/ pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 ,june1 #ahcg1 9 ! jo9t names ( ,cooke & ,:eat/one4 ,_! telegraph _h five wires & five ne$les4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple ( _! signall+ app>atus 0 t a curr5t ( electricity on pass+ along a wire deflect$ ! magnet or ne$le4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one c&idly ackn[l$g$ t he 0 n ! discov]] ( t pr9ciple2 b x 0 he :o discov]$ ! practical basis ^u :i* ! wires & magnets %\ld be adju/$ s z to produce ! desir$ effects4 ,he arrang$ 9 a r[ five ne$les l ^? 9 a m>9]'s compass2 & :5 a curr5t ( electricity 0 s5t along "o ( ! wires ! ne$le atta*$ to x c\ld be deflect$ to ! "r or left at ! w ( ! s5d]4 ,9 ! orig9al =m ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t ! ne$le 0 work$ or deflect$ ^u ! face ( a dial1 ^u :i* ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 7 s arrang$ t any lett] c\ld be indicat$ at w by ! s5d] mak+ two ( ! deflect$ ne$les conv]ge t[>ds ! desir$ lett]4 ,any p]son c\ld manipulate ?is in/rum5t1 z !re 0 no secrecy or code involv$ 9 its signals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,face ,,( ,,:eat/one',s ,,fir/ ,,telegraph ,,in/rum5t4 ,a glance at ! illu/ration w %[ ! simplicity ( ?is app>atus4 ,! objection to x 0 t x requir$ five wires to transmit ! signals & a six? wire to br+ back ! electricity aft] x _h done its "w4 ,b ! only o!r electric telegraph !n ann\nc$ 9 ,engl& requir$ tw5ty-six wires2 & x is 9 comp>ison ) previ\s ef=ts t ! fir/ ,:eat/one in/rum5t %\ld be judg$4 ,x is a curi\s fact t j fifty ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( ?is in/rum5t ) six wires1 a new sy/em ( telegraph+ 0 tri$ by :i* six messages c\ld be s5t almo/ simultane\sly on "o wire1 ei!r all 9 "o direction1 or "p ( !m 9 "o direction & ! rema9d] 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! fir/ electric telegraph design$ by ,:eat/one 0 laid d[n on ! ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway betwe5 ,eu/on ,squ>e & ,camd5 ,t[n ,/ations1 a di/ance ( a mile & a half4 ,x 0 fir/ work$ on ! ev5+ ( ,july #be?1 #ahcg1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! bir?day ( ! electric telegraph 9 ,engl&4 ,let u see h[ & :]e x came to pass4 ,late 9 ! ev5+1 9 a d+y little room ne> ! book+ (fice at ,eu/on ,squ>e1 by ! light ( a fl>+ dip c&le1 :i* only illum9at$ ! surr\nd+ d>kness1 sat ! inv5tor ) a beat+ pulse & a he>t full ( hope4 ,9 an equally small room at ,camd5 ,t[n ,/ation1 :]e ! wires t]m9at$1 sat ,mr4 ,cooke1 8 co-p>tn]1 & among o!rs two witnesses well kn[n to fame1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,fox & ,mr4 ,/eph5son4 ,^! g5tlem5 li/5$ to ! fir/ ^w spell$ by t trembl+ tongue ( /eel1 :i* w only cease to speak ) ! ext9ction ( man himself4 ,mr4 ,cooke1 9 8 turn t\*$ ! keys & return$ ! answ]4 8,nev]10 said ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 8did ,i feel su* a tumultu\s s5sation be=e1 z :5 all alone 9 ! /ill room ,i he>d ! ne$les click1 & z ,i spell$ ! words ,i felt all ! magnitude ( ! inv5tion n[ prov$ to be practicable beyond cavil or dispute40 ,nev]!less ! public treat$ x ) indiff]5ce2 ! directors ( ! railway soon gave x notice to quit1 & "o ( !m ev5 d5\nc$ x z 8a new-fangl$ ?+40 ,! next l9e ( telegraph 0 made on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,9 ,july1 #ahci1 a l9e ( wires 0 laid f ,padd+ton to ,we/ ,drayton1 a di/ance ( ?irte5 miles4 ,an arrangem5t _h be5 made betwe5 ! ,railway ,company & ,messrs4 ,cooke & ,:eat/one to ! effect t )9 a c]ta9 numb] ( mon?s aft] ! telegraph _h be5 laid & effici5tly work$ betwe5 ^! two places1 ! ,railway ,company might call on ! pat5tees to give !m a lic5se = ! :ole ( ! l9e1 & ! ,railway ,company _h ! p[] to con/ruct a telegraph all ! way f ,bri/ol to ,london = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s2 b ! "w n be+ done )9 ! prescrib$ "t1 ! agreem5t became void1 & = "s "t ! telegraph did n ext5d beyond ,sl\gh--a di/ance ( sev5te5 miles4 ,f ! fir/ ! l9e to ,we/ ,drayton work$ satisfactorily4 ,= ! purpose ( te/+ :e!r x c\ld be reli$ on1 x 0 us$ = ne>ly two mon?s to communicate to ,padd+ton ! mom5t ( ! pass+ ( ! tra9s at ,we/ ,drayton & ,hanwell1 & x 0 f\nd to answ] admirably4 ,! co/ ( mak+ t l9e 0 f #bej to #cjj a mile1 includ+ ! *>ge = /ation in/rum5ts4 ,at fir/ ! wires plac$ 9 a tube 7 put und]gr\nd1 b x 0 soon f\nd bett] to h !m above gr\nd1 :]e !y 7 less liable to injury f wet4 ,e>ly 9 #ahdj ,pr(essor ,:eat/one claim$ z ! result ( exp]i5ce t ?irty signals c\ld be conv5i5tly made 9 a m9ute by ?is telegraph1 & at ! same "t he /at$ t 8hav+ lately occupi$ myself 9 c>ry+ into effect num]\s improvem5ts :i* _h sugge/$ !mselves to me1 ,i h1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,cooke1 :o has turn$ 8 att5tion greatly to ! same subject1 obta9$ a new pat5t = a telegraph :i* ,i ?9k w pres5t v great advantages ov] ! pres5t "o4 ,x c be appli$ )\t entail+ any additional exp5se by simply sub/itut+ new in/rum5ts = ! old ones4 ,?is new in/rum5t requires only a s+le pair ( wires to effect all t ! pres5t "o does ) five2 s t ?ree indep5d5t telegraphs may be imm$iately plac$ on ! l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n4 ,x pres5ts 9 ! same place all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet accord+ to ! ord] ( succession1 & ! app>atus is s extremely simple t any p]son1 )\t any previ\s acqua9tance ) x1 c s5d a communication & read ! answ]40 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one made ! above /atem5t1 he also expla9$ t ,mr4 ,cooke _h devis$ an app>atus :]eby a bell work$ by "o wire c\ld be rung at ! o!r end ( ! wire by ! s5d]1 9 ord] to draw ! att5tion ( ! receiv] to ! message ab\t to be s5t4 ,he add$ t ,mr4 ,cooke _h p>ticul>ly direct$ 8 att5tion to an arrangem5t by means ( :i* communications c\ld be made f int]m$iate p>ts ( ! l9e :]e !re 7 no fix$ /ations4 ,= t purpose po/s 7 plac$ at e qu>t] ( a mile along ! l9e f :i* ! gu>d ( a tra9 might1 if necess>y1 s5d a message to a /ation 9 ei!r direction by means ( a portable in/rum5t :i* he 0 to c>ry ) him4 ,x 0 9 ! same ye>1 aft] ^! /atem5ts 7 made1 t ,mr4 ,cooke began 8 s]ies ( compla9ts aga9/ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 :om he accus$ ( claim+ ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph z 8 exclusive "w1 & ( omitt+ all m5tion ( 8 7,mr4 ,cooke's7 "n 9 connection ) x4 ,mr4 ,cooke n[ 7#ahdj7 ma9ta9$ t he himself _h inv5t$ ! fir/ telegraph1 & !reupon a w> ( words arose z to ! respective p>ts play$ by ! pat5tees 9 ! jo9t und]tak+4 ,! controv]sy ?us rais$ betwe5 ! two p>tn]s1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to produce an in/ant rupture1 :i* might h injur$ ! progress ( ! telegraph1 0 submitt$ to ! decision ( ,sir ,m4 ,isamb>d ,brunel1 eng9e] ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 & ,pr(essor ,daniell1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ! "o a fri5d ( ,mr4 ,cooke & ! o!r a fri5d ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 & on ,april #bg?1 #ahda1 ^! two g5tlem5 drew up ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,9 ,m>*1 #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,cooke1 :ile engag$ at ,heidelb]g 9 sci5tific pursuits1 witness$1 = ! fir/ "t1 "o ( ^? well-kn[n exp]im5ts ) electricity consid]$ z a possible means ( communicat+ intellig5ce :i* h be5 tri$ & exhibit$ f "t to "t dur+ _m ye>s by v>i\s philosoph]s4 ,/ruck ) ! va/ importance ( an in/antane\s mode ( communication to ! railways !n ext5d+ !mselves ov] ,great ,brita9 z well z to ,gov]nm5t & g5]al purposes1 & impress$ ) ! /rong conviction t s great an object might be practically atta9$ by means ( electricity1 ,mr4 ,cooke imm$iately direct$ 8 att5tion to ! adaptation ( electricity to a practical sy/em ( telegraph+1 & giv+ up ! pr(ession 9 :i* he 0 engag$1 he f t h\r devot$ himself exclusively to ! realisation ( t object4 ,he came to ,engl& 9 ,april1 #ahcf1 to p]fect 8 plans & in/rum5ts4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahcg1 :ile engag$ 9 complet+ a set ( in/rum5ts = ! int5d$ exp]im5tal application ( 8 telegraph to ! tunnel ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 he became acqua9t$1 ?r\gh ! introduction ( ,dr4 ,roget1 ) ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 :o _h = sev]al ye>s giv5 mu* att5tion to ! subject ( transmitt+ intellig5ce by electricity1 & _h made sev]al discov]ies ( ! highe/ importance connect$ ) ?is subject4 ,among ^! 7 8 well-kn[n det]m9ation ( ! velocity ( electricity :5 pass+ ?r\gh a metal wire2 8 exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! deflection ( magnetic ne$les1 ! decomposition ( wat]1 & o!r voltaic & magneto-electric effects 7 produc$ ?r\gh great] l5g?s ( wire ?an _h ev] be=e be5 exp]im5t$ ^u2 & 8 orig9al me?od ( conv]t+ a few wires into a consid]able numb] ( circuits1 s t !y might transmit ! greate/ numb] ( signals t c be transmitt$ by a giv5 numb] ( wires by ! deflection ( magnetic ne$les4 8,9 ,may1 #ahcg1 ,messrs4 ,cooke & ,:eat/one took out a jo9t ,engli% pat5t on a foot+ ( equality = _! exi/+ inv5tions4 ,! t]ms ( _! p>tn]%ip1 :i* 7 m exactly def9$ & confirm$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcg1 by a p>tn]%ip de$1 ve/$ 9 ,mr4 ,cooke z ! orig9ator ( ! und]tak+ ! exclusive managem5t ( ! inv5tion 9 ,great ,brita91 ,irel&1 & ! ,colonies1 ) ! exclusive eng9e]+ dep>tm5t1 z betwe5 !mselves1 & all ! b5efits aris+ f ! lay+ d[n ( ! l9es & ! manufacture ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,z p>tn]s /&+ on a p]fect equality1 ,messrs4 ,cooke & ,:eat/one 7 to divide equally all proce$s aris+ f ! grant+ ( lic5ses or f ! sale ( pat5t rights1 a p]c5tage be+ fir/ payable to ,mr4 ,cooke z manag]4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one reta9$ an equal voice ) ,mr4 ,cooke 9 select+ & modify+ ! =ms ( ! telegraphic in/rum5ts1 & bo? p>ties pl$g$ !mselves to imp>t to ea* o!r = _! equal & mutual b5efit all improvem5ts ( :atev] k9d :i* !y might become possess$ ( connect$ ) ! giv+ ( signals or ! s5d+ ( al>ms by means ( electricity4 ,s9ce ! =mation ( ! p>tn]%ip ! und]tak+ has rapidly progress$ "u ! con/ant & equally successful ex]tions ( ! p>ties 9 _! di/9ct dep>tm5ts1 till x has atta9$ ! "* ( a simple & practical sy/em work$ out sci5tifically on ! sure basis ( actual exp]i5ce4 8,:ile ,mr4 ,cooke is entitl$ to /& alone z ! g5tleman to :om ?is c\ntry is indebt$ = hav+ practically introduc$ & c>ri$ out ! electric telegraph z a useful und]tak+1 promis+ to be a "w ( national importance2 & ,pr(essor ,:eat/one is ackn[l$g$ z ! sci5tific man ^: pr(\nd & successful rese>*es _h already prep>$ ! public to receive x z a project capable ( practical application2 x is to ! unit$ lab\rs ( two g5tlem5 s well qualifi$ = mutual assi/ance t we mu/ attribute ! rapid progress :i* ?is important inv5tion has made dur+ ! five ye>s t !y h be5 associat$40 ,= a "t ! rivalry or jeal\sy seem$ at re/4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,cooke & ,pr(essor ,:eat/one concurr$ 9 ! above /atem5t1 & ,mr4 ,cooke gave prom95ce to ! portions ( x mo/ fav\rable to him1 claim+ t su* passages =m$ ! aw>d ( an arbitration t result$ 9 8 fav\r4 ,b ,pr(essor ,daniell 9 #ahdc expla9$ t ?is docum5t 0 n an 8aw>d0 ( ! arbitrators1 = ! arbitration 0 n proce$$ )4 ,! arbitrators1 consid]+ ! pecuni>y int]e/s at /ake & ! relative position ( ! p>ties1 7 ( op9ion1 he said1 t )\t ent]+ into ! evid5ce ( ! orig9ality ( ! inv5tion on ei!r side1 a /atem5t ( facts might be drawn up1 ( ! pr9cipal ( :i* !re appe>$ to be no ess5tial discrepancy 9 ! /atem5t ( ei!r p>ty1 & t !y might ?us amicably settle ! un=tunate misund]/&+ t _h occurr$4 ,he add$ t ) a view to promote su* an amicable settlem5t ! arbitrators insi/$1 z a prelim9>y /ep1 ^u ! )drawal & de/ruction ( #ajjj copies ( an ex p>te /atem5t ( evid5ce propos$ to be br\ght =w>d1 & ( a mo/ intemp]ate address prep>$ by ,mr4 ,cooke's solicitor4 ,! lull produc$ by t docum5t 0 only tempor>y4 ,:5 any?+ 0 publi%$ mak+ fav\rable m5tion ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's orig9ality z ! inv5tor ( ! telegraph1 ,mr4 ,cooke or 8 p>tisans op5ly accus$ ! ,pr(essor ( tamp]+ ) ! press1 & ,mr4 ,cooke himself 0 n above publi%+ prote/ations = ! purpose ( %[+ 8 8own surpris+ =be>ance10 z well z ! 8egotism10 8humiliation10 & 8p]sev]+ly repeat$ misrepres5tations0 ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one6 ,9 lat] ye>s ,mr4 ,cooke or 8 fri5ds p>ad$ be=e ! public an article 9 8 fav\r t appe>$ 9 a qu>t]ly review s9ce deceas$4 ,t article 0 repres5t$ z hav+ be5 writt5 by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 & z giv+ a correct acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! telegraph4 ,x /at$ t ,mr4 ,cooke _h previ\sly held a commission 9 ! ,indian ,army1 8& hav+ return$ f ,india on leave ( abs5ce & on acc\nt ( ill heal?1 he aft]w>ds resign$ 8 commission & w5t to ,heidelb]g to /udy anatomy4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahcf1 ,pr(essor ,mncke ( ,heidelb]g exhibit$ an electro-telegraphic exp]im5t 9 :i* electric curr5ts1 pass+ along a conduct+ wire1 convey$ signals to a di/ant /ation by ! deflection ( ! magnetic ne$le inclos$ 9 ,s*weigg]'s galvanomet] or multipli]4 ,! curr5ts 7 produc$ by a voltaic batt]y plac$ at ea* end ( ! wire1 & ! app>atus 0 work$ by mov+ ! ends ( ! wires backw>d & =w>d betwe5 ! batt]y & ! galvanomet]4 ,mr4 ,cooke 0 s /ruck ) ?is exp]im5t t he imm$iately resolv$ to apply x to purposes ( high] utility ?an ! illu/ration ( a lecture1 & he ab&on$ 8 anatomical pursuits & appli$ 8 :ole en]gies to ! inv5tion ( an electric telegraph4 ,)9 ?ree weeks1 9 ,april1 #ahcf1 he made 8 fir/ electric telegraph1 p>tly at ,heidelb]g1 & p>tly at ,frank=t4 ,x 0 ( ! galvanomet] =m consi/+ ( six wires1 =m+ ?ree metallic circuits1 & influ5c+ ?ree ne$les4 ,by ! comb9ation ( ^!1 he obta9$ an alphabet ( tw5ty-six signals4 ,mr4 ,cooke soon aft]w>ds made ano!r electric telegraph ( a diff]5t con/ruction4 ,he _h inv5t$ ! detector1 = discov]+ ! locality ( injuries done to ! wires1 ! reciprocal communicator1 & ! al>m4 ,all ?is 0 done 9 ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april1 #ahcf2 & 9 ,june & ,july ( ! same ye> he record$ ! details ( 8 sy/em 9 a manuscript pamphlet f :i* x 0 obvi\s t 9 ,july1 #ahcf1 he _h wr\ght out 8 practical sy/em f ! m9ute/ (ficial details up to ! records & ext5d$ ramifications ( an important political & comm]cial eng9e40 ,! article goes on to say t :5 8 telegraphic app>atus 0 complet$1 he %[$ x 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcf1 to ,mr4 ,f>aday1 & aft]w>ds submitt$ x & 8 pamphlet 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcg1 to ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway ,company1 ) :om he made a conditional arrangem5t1 ) ! view ( us+ x on ! long tunnel at ,liv]pool4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahcg1 :5 he 0 ab\t to apply = a pat5t he consult$ ,mr4 ,f>aday & ,dr4 ,roget on ! con/ruction ( ! electro-magnet employ$ 9 a "p ( 8 app>atus1 & ! la/ ( ^! g5tlem5 advis$ him to consult ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 to :om he w5t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,cooke's acc\nt1 on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y1 #ahcg4 ,n[ ! article conta9+ ^! /atem5ts 0 d\btless attribut$ to ,sir ,david ,brew/] 9 ! hope t 8 "n w\ld be accept$ z a gu>antee ( its accuracy4 ,=tunately = all conc]n$1 h[ev]1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] _h previ\sly plac$ on record 8 op9ion on ?is "q ( ! telegraph 9 a mann] t put x beyond d\bt4 ,ask$ by a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #ahea :e!r ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 ! und\bt$ inv5tor ( ! electric telegraph1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] repli$3 8,und\bt$ly he is40 ,fur!r ask$ :e!r !re 0 n a ,sw$e :o _h paid great att5tion to ! subject1 ,sir ,david said ,o]/$ 0 ! discov]] ( electromagnetism1 b _h t n be5 discov]$ at all1 ord9>y magnetism 0 q capable ( be+ ! mov+ p[] 9 ! electric telegraph4 ,he add$ t if electromagnetism _h be5 ! only means ( work+ a telegraph1 !n ! m]it1 n ( ! telegraph1 b ( :at 0 necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! telegraph1 w\ld h belong$ to ,pr(essor ,o]/$4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! same ,committee press$ ,sir ,i4 ,k4 ,brunel to say :om he consid]$ ! inv5tor ( ! telegraph1 he repli$3 8,messrs ,cooke & ,:eat/one d]ive a l>ge sum ( money f ! electric telegraph2 b ,i believe y w f9d fifty p :o w say t !y inv5t$ x also3 ,i suppose x w\ld be difficult to trace ! orig9al inv5tor ( any?+40 ,x has nev] be5 d5i$1 ?\gh (t5 ov]look$1 t ,mr4 ,cooke obta9$ 8 fir/ idea ( a telegraph f ,pr(essor ,mncke ( ,heidelb]g--a circum/ance :i* detracts f its orig9ality4 ,b ! matt] did n re/ !re4 ,:5 ,mr4 7!n ,sir7 ,w4 ,f4 ,cooke di$ 9 #ahgi1 ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k publi%$ ! portion ( 8 private correspond5ce :i* relat$ to 8 fir/ connection ) ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 & al?\gh ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k endeav\r$ to put ev]y?+ 9 ! light mo/ fav\rable to ,mr4 ,cooke1 ! lett]s ( ! latt] 9 ess5tial po9ts confirm ! case ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one4 ,= example1 aft] writ+ num]\s lett]s to 8 "m expla9+ t he 0 busy try+ to make a telegraph1 ,mr4 ,cooke wrote on ,febru>y #bg?1 #ahcg3 8,dissatisfi$ ) ! results obta9$1 ,i ?is morn+ obta9$ ,dr4 ,roget's op9ion1 :i* 0 fav\rable b unc]ta92 next ,dr4 ,f>aday's1 :o1 ?\gh speak+ positively z to ! g5]al results =m]ly1 hesitat$ to give an op9ion z to ! galvanic fluid action on a voltaic magnet at a great di/ance :5 ! "q 0 put to him 9 t %ape4 ,i next tri$ ,cl>k1 a practical me*anician1 :o spoke positively 9 fav\r ( my views1 yet ,i felt less satisfi$ ?an ev]1 & call$ ^u a ,mr4 ,:eat/one1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,london ,univ]sity1 & repeat$ my inquiries4 ,imag9e my satisfaction at he>+ f him t he _h f\r miles ( wire 9 read9ess1 & imag9e my dismay on he>+ aft]w>ds t he _h be5 employ$ = mon?s 9 ! con/ruction ( a telegraph1 & _h actually inv5t$ two or ?ree ) ! view ( br++ !m into practical use4 ,we _h a long conf]5ce1 & ,i am to see 8 arrangem5t ( wire to-morr[ morn+1 c4444 ,! sci5tific m5 "k little or no?+ absolute on ! subject4 ,:eat/one is ! only man ne> ! m>k40 ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k acc\nts = ! notice ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's exp]im5ts 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,popul> ,sci5ce = ,m>*1 #ahcg1 by say+ t x 0 8evid5tly ins]t$ aft] ! rema9d] ( ! articles _h be5 complet$1 & set 9 type10 & t ,:eat/one suppli$ ! in=mation aft] ,mr4 ,cooke's visit to him--a gratuit\s ass]tion :i* is n support$ by any positive evid5ce4 ,!n1 aga91 ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k1 an em95t au?ority ^u ! laws ( electricity1 says1 conc]n+ ,mr4 ,cooke's propos$ telegraph1 t 8^u ! :ole ! in/rum5t1 ! result ( su* long cogitation & exp]im5t1 is disappo9t+1 & "o is n surpris$ at ,:eat/one1 ) 8 exquisite me*anical appreciation1 criticis+ x z sev]ely z he did40 ,moreov]1 he admits t ! fir/ telegraph in/rum5t us$ betwe5 ,camd5 ,t[n & ,eu/on 0 ,:eat/one's4 ,n less emphatic or explicit 0 ! /atem5t ( ! case giv5 by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one himself1 & moreov] x conta9$ "s passages ( biographical int]e/4 ,address+ ,mr4 ,cooke1 he said3 8,y /ate t y alone _h succe$$ 9 r$uc+ to practical usefulness ! electric telegraph at ! "t y s\ght my assi/ance4 ,?is ,i :olly d5y4 ,y\r in/rum5t _h nev] be5 practically appli$1 & 0 incapable ( be+ s4 ,m9e 7 all f\nd$ on pr9ciples :i* ,i _h previ\sly prov$ by decisive exp]im5ts w\ld produce ! requir$ effects at great di/ances4 ,y\r /atem5t t ,i employ$ myself at y\r reque/ 9 p]fect+ y\r inv5tion 9 detail is equally errone\s4 ,my "t1 s f> z x 0 devot$ to telegraphic rese>*es1 0 exclusively occupi$ 9 p]fect+ my own in/rum5t1 :i* _h no?+ 9 common ) y\rs1 & 9 :i* ,i 0 n only kn[n to be engag$ by all my sci5tific fri5ds1 b :i* 0 ev5 ann\nc$ 9 public pr9t be=e ,i knew ( y\r exi/5ce4 ,i conf9$ myself to c>ry+ out "o ( my own inv5tions = two reasons3 ,fir/1 because my exp]im5ts l$ me to believe t ! motions ( a ne$le c\ld be produc$ at di/ances at :i* no effects ( electro-magnetic attraction c\ld be obta9$2 &1 secondly1 ,i did n wi% to int]f]e ) y4 ,) reg>d to ! subsequ5t developm5t ( my fir/ telegraph1 ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( :i* are ! =mation ( num]\s circuits f a few wires & ! indication ( *>act]s by ! conv]g5ce ( ne$les1 ,i am indebt$ to no p]son :atev]2 x is 9 all its p>ts entirely & exclusively my own4 ,! modifications y introduc$ )\t consult+ me 9 ! in/rum5ts = ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway alt]$ ! simplicity & elegance ( ! arrangem5t )\t ! slighte/ advantage1 & ,i c]ta9ly %\ld n recognise !m 9 any publi%$ description40 8,! circum/ances "u :i* y\r "n 0 all[$ to take ! lead 9 ! titles ( ! ,briti% pat5ts h escap$ y\r memory4 ,i w endeav\r to recall !m to y4 ,:5 y fir/ propos$ p>tn]%ip1 y "k h[ /rongly ,i oppos$ x1 & on :at gr\nds4 ,i said ,i 0 p]fectly confid5t ( be+ able to c>ry out my views to ! end ,i anticipat$1 t ,i fully int5d$ do+ s1 & publi%+ ! results1 !n all[+ any p]son to c>ry !m into practical effect4 ,i told y t1 :ile ,i admir$ ! +5uity ( y\r contrivance ,i deem$ x inapplicable to ! purpose propos$1 & ,i urg$ t 9 t case ! association ( my "n ) t ( o!rs w\ld dim9i% ! cr$it ,i %\ld obta9 by sep>ately publi%+ ! result ( my rese>*es4 ,y repli$ t y 7 n seek+ sci5tific reputation1 & !re=e no diff]5ce c\ld arise betwe5 u on t acc\nt1 & t y\r sole object 0 to c>ry ! project into pr(itable execution4 ,a pat5t 0 arrang$ to be tak5 out 9 our jo9t names :i* %\ld include our two sep>ate in/rum5ts4 ,:5 we met to settle ! prelim9>ies = ! ,engli% pat5t ,i 0 mu* surpris$ to f9d y\r "n ins]t$ fir/1 consid]+ t1 z we put ourselves on an equality by ea* contribut+ an inv5tion1 to put my well-kn[n "n aft] y\rs1 !n totally unkn[n1 might be con/ru$ into an admission ( ! sup]iority ( y\r %>e4 ,y urg$ t y\r pecuni>y obligations 7 ! great]1 & t z ,i int5d$ to leave negotiations ) y1 y\r au?ority might be less respect$ if y\r "n appe>$ second1 & t y\r inv5tion 0 ! m valuable--an assumption ,i did n admit1 & ! ev5t prov$ ,i 0 "r4 ,b we agre$ t 9 subsequ5t pat5ts ! ord] %\ld alt]nate4 ,"s "t aft] we met to settle ! ,scot* pat5t draft1 = :i* y _h prep>$ ! decl>ation4 ,i 0 aga9 surpris$ to f9d ! same ord] ( prec$5ce repeat$1 & ,i object$ to x z contr>y to our previ\s und]/&+4 ,y said x _h be5 done )\t y\r k1 b object$ to ! alt]ation on ! gr\nd ( delay4 ,aft] discussion we made a new arrangem5t1 t on my all[+ y\r "n to /& on ! ,briti% pat5ts1 m9e %\ld take ! lead 9 all =eign ones4 ,x 0 resolv$ aft]w>ds t an ,am]ican pat5t %\ld be obta9$1 & :5 ,i att5d$ to sign ! prelim9>y pap]s1 ,i f\nd t aga91 )\t any notice to me1 my "n 0 made to foll[ y\rs4 ,i refus$ to sign ! pap]s1 & y !n cons5t$ to keep y\r ^w4 ,! only reason y alleg$ 0 t y\r au?ority z manag] w\ld be dim9i%$ if y appe>$ z second p>tn]4 8,:5 ,i _h atta9$ "s complete results1 ,i invit$ y to ! ,college to see !m1 & be=e describ+ or %[+ ! new exp]im5ts & in/rum5ts1 ,i propos$ conditions3 ,t hav+1 at my own exp5se1 und]tak5 a s]ies ( inve/igations :i* l$ to important consequ5ces greatly increas+ ! pecuni>y value ( ! pat5ts1 & hav+ inv5t$ new in/rum5ts :i*1 besides be+ applicable to all ! purposes = :i* ! exi/+ arrangem5ts c\ld be appli$1 might also be pr(itably appli$ to o!r purposes to :i* ! previ\s in/rum5ts 7 n at all adapt$1 ,i requir$ z a comp5sation t ,i %\ld reta9 ! exclusive "r ( manufactur+ !m & all in/rum5ts ,i %\ld con/ruct involv+ ! same pr9ciples1 & also ! privilege ( employ+ !m exclusively = dome/ic & (ficial purposes4 ,to ^! conditions y ass5t$1 & aft]w>ds ,i %[$ y ! complet$ in/rum5ts1 & read to y a li/ ( ! fur!r exp]im5ts4 ,y confirm$ y\r ass5t4 ,on ?is occasion y brea!d n a ^w respect+ ! claim s9ce put =w>d to be consid]$ ! jo9t inv5tor ( my new in/rum5ts4 8,y ask me to ackn[l$ge t #8,i1 hav+ c]ta9 improvem5ts on our jo9t inv5tion 9 progress dep5d+ fundam5tally ^u pr9ciples fir/ discov]$ & appli$ by y1 _h ask$ z a fav\r1' c4 ,x is unju/ to urge su* an ackn[l$gm5t ^u me1 & ,i /ate pla9ly t no?+ %all compel me to make x4 ,my in/rum5ts are orig9al comb9ations involv+ a great numb] ( po9ts entirely new4 ,) equal ju/ice ,mr4 ,ronalds might call ^u me to decl>e t he is ! jo9t inv5tor1 because1 l him1 ,i use a revolv+ dial ) lett]s--or ,pr(essor ,/e9heil compla9 ( my suppress+ 8 "n because1 9 "o ( my mo/ rec5t important modifications ,i employ1 z he has done1 ! magneto-electric ma*9e--z y to put =? t claim1 because 9 "s ( my new in/rum5ts ,i h employ$ magneto-electric attraction1 :i* y _h done be=e me 9 y\r in/rum5t2 or ) ! same reason might ,mr4 ,morse call ^u me to proclaim him to be jo9t inv5tor because he1 indep5d5tly ( y1 has employ$ an electro-magnet to move ma*9]y int5d$ = a telegraph4 ,"o ( y\r compla9ts is1 t 9 ! notices ( my exp]im5ts 9 ,belgium ! employm5t ( two wires = an electric telegraph 0 n specifically m5tion$ z a discov]y ( y\rs4 ,su* a claim on y\r "p has no f\ndation1 =1 )\t go+ fur!r back1 ,ronalds' two telegraphs--two telegraphs on diff]5t pr9ciples1 :i* ,i myself propos$ be=e ,i knew y1--& ,/e9heil's telegraph1 ) :i* ,i 0 acqua9t$ be=e y\rs1 _h two wires4 ,y =get t x is my electric telegraph1 & n y\rs1 t is 9 daily use4 ,&1 la/ly1 y =get t1 _h x n be5 = my exclusive att5tion to x s9ce ,i fir/ conceiv$ ! idea1 a practical telegraph might /ill h rema9$ an unaccompli%$ purpose4 8,d n1 h[ev]1 misund]/& me4 ,f> be x f me to und]rate y\r ex]tions2 !y h be5 v great1 & absolutely indisp5sable to ! success ( our jo9t und]tak+4 ,)\t y\r zeal & p]sev]ance & practical skill1 :at has be5 done w\ld n h be5 s readily effect$2 b on ! o!r h&1 ,i may say1 t _h y ent]$ ! field )\t me1 y\r zeal1 p]sev]ance1 & money w\ld h be5 ?r[n away40 ,8 subsequ5t z well z 8 previ\s inv5tions af=d ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( 8 orig9ality4 ,8 inv5tions 7 n m di/+ui%$ = +5uity ?an = p]man5t usefulness1 & !y _h ?is unusual *>act]i/ic1 t ne>ly e "o ( !m became ! p>5t ( a consid]able (fspr+4 ,^! =m 8 mo/ endur+ monum5t1 & a simple record ( !m =ms 8 be/ v9dication4 ,9 #ahdj he produc$ ?ree inv5tions at "o bir?--8 dial telegraph1 8 pr9t+ telegraph1 & 8 electric clock4 ,ea* ( ^! in/rum5ts 0 work$ by utilis+ "o ( ! great discov]ies previ\sly made 9 electro-magnetism4 ,x 0 kn[n t :5 an electric curr5t is s5t ?r\gh a wire coil$ r\nd a piece ( s(t iron1 ! iron becomes a magnet4 ,if ! curr5t is /opp$ = a mom5t1 ! iron in/antly ceases to act z a magnet4 ,:5 ! piece ( iron is magnetic1 x w attract ano!r piece ( iron1 & z ! attraction ceases z soon z ! curr5t ceases1 ! iron c !n by means ( a spr+ be made to resume its orig9al position4 ,?us by frequ5tly int]rupt+ an electric curr5t1 a piece ( iron held 9 its place by a small spr+ c be made to move to & fro z (t5 z x is attract$4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one inv5t$ a me?od ( regulat+ ! application ( ! curr5t to su* a magnet1 & ( conv]t+ ! to-&-fro motion ( ! iron into symbols4 ,! piece ( me*anism t regulat$ ! curr5t 0 a :eel call$ a commutator or communicator2 ar\nd its circumf]5ce 7 tw5ty-f\r tee?2 & ea* too? 0 made to act z a conductor ( electricity 9 ?is way3 ,"u ! tee? ( ! communicator !re 0 a metallic circle :i* 0 connect$ ) ! telegraph wire2 & 9 ?is metallic circle tw5ty-f\r pieces ( wood 7 ins]t$ at equal di/ances ap>t2 s t ! tee? ( ! communicator1 :i* 0 connect$ by wire ) ! batt]y1 at "o mom5t t\*$ ! conduct+ metal ( ! circle und]nea? x1 & ?us imp>t$ a curr5t to ! telegraph wire1 :ile at ! next turn a pace r\nd !y re/$ on ! non-conduct+ wood1 by :i* ! curr5t 0 prev5t$ f pass+ f ! communicator :eel to ! telegraph wire4 ,9 a complete revolution ( su* a :eel ! curr5t w\ld be tw5ty-f\r times e/abli%$ & z (t5 int]rupt$2 & ea* ( ^! tw5ty-f\r alt]nations 0 made to indicate a lett] ( ! alphabet at ! o!r end ( ! wire by means ( a piece ( me*anism l a clock4 ,:5 ! curr5t pass$ along ! wire1 x electrifi$ a magnet1 :i* !n drew t[>ds x an armature 7a piece ( iron74 ,! movem5t ( ?is armature 7=w>d by electricity & backw>d aga9 by a spr+7 act$ l a p5dulum 9 mov+ a :eel1 :i* 9 turn mov$ a h& on a dial conta9+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,j z at ea* movem5t ( ! p5dulum ( a clock1 a :eel moves "o too? =w>d2 s at ea* movem5t ( ! armature by an electric curr5t1 a tw5ty-f\r too!d :eel 0 mov$ "o too? =w>d1 & at ea* su* movem5t ! h& on ! dial mov$ f "o lett] ( ! alphabet to ! next "o4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! indicator h& /ood at ,a & x 0 desir$ to transmit ,e1 ?is w\ld be done by mov+ ! communicator :eel f\r tee? onw>d2 9 do+ t f\r successive curr5ts w\ld be transmitt$ to ! indicator1 ! h& ( :i* w\ld consequ5tly move ov] ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & !n rea* ,e1 :]e a pause w\ld indicate t ?is 0 ! lett] int5d$ to be read4 ,?is 0 call$ ,:eat/one's electro-magnetic telegraph1 because x 0 work$ by an electric curr5t f a batt]y electrify+ a magnet4 ,9 #ahda he inv5t$ a ma*9e 9 :i* magnets produc$ electricity suffici5t to "w ! telegraph4 ,h5ce x 0 call$ a magneto-electric ma*9e1 & ! telegraph work$ by x 0 call$ a magneto-electric telegraph4 ,9 #ahdj he expla9$ t magneto-electricity 0 ( mom5t>y duration z contra/$ ) ! cont9u\s action ( electro-magnetism4 ,! magneto-electric ma*9e !n 9 use consi/$ ( a coil or coils ( insulat$ wire be+ made to revolve 9 ! vic9ity ( a magnet1 or ! magnet revolv+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! insulat$ coils ( wire1 & ?is app>atus only produc$ a s]ies ( %ocks1 or in/antane\s z comp>$ ) cont9u\s curr5ts4 ,8 new inv5tion comb9$ sev]al ( ^! ma*9es into "o by s unit+ _! coils z to =m "o cont9u\s circuit1 !reby produc+ ! same effect z a p]fectly cont9u\s curr5t4 ,he said ?is magneto-electric ma*9e c\ld be us$ = _m purposes = :i* a voltaic batt]y _h be5 employ$4 ,! pat5t = x 0 tak5 out 9 8 own "n4 ,mean:ile ano!r competitor _h begun to *all5ge 8 orig9ality4 ,on ,novemb] #bf1 #ahdj1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one read a pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society describ+ 8 electro-magnetic telegraph clock z 8 own inv5tion4 ,he also %[$ ! clock 9 action 9 ! libr>y4 ,9 ,janu>y foll[+ he receiv$ notice f a ,mr4 ,b>wise1 ( ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane1 t he claim$ to be ! inv5tor ( ! clock1 & %ortly aft]w>d x 0 /at$ 9 plac>ds t ,messrs4 ,b>wise & ,ba9 7 ! jo9t inv5tors4 ,at fir/ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one took little notice ( ! attacks ?us made ^u 8 orig9ality1 b 9 ,june1 #ahdb1 he 0 directly *>g$ by ,mr4 ,ba9 9 ! public press ) appropriat+ 8 inv5tions4 ,9 reply to t accusation1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one /at$ t ,alex&] ,ba9 0 a work+ me*anic :o _h be5 employ$ by him betwe5 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,decemb]1 #ahdj2 & to ! allegation t ,ba9 communicat$ ! inv5tion ( ! clock to him 9 ,augu/1 #ahdj1 he answ]$ t !re 0 no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 8 telegraph clock & "o ( ! =ms ( 8 electro-magnetic telegraph1 :i* he _h pat5t$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahdj2 t ! =m] 0 "o ( ! num]\s & obvi\s applications :i* he _h made ( ! pr9ciple ( ! telegraph1 & t x only requir$ ! idea ( telegraph+ "t to pres5t itself & any workman ( ord9>y skill c\ld put x 9 practice--9 telegraph+ messages ! :eel = mak+ & break+ ! circuit 0 turn$ r\nd by ! f+] ( ! op]ator1 :ile 9 telegraph+ "t x 0 c>ri$ r\nd by ! arbor ( a clock4 ,he also /at$ t1 long be=e ! date specifi$1 he m5tion$ to _m ( 8 fri5ds h[ ! pr9ciple ( 8 telegraph c\ld be appli$ 8to enable ! "t ( a s+le clock to be %[n simultane\sly 9 all ! rooms ( a h\se1 or 9 all ! h\ses ( a t[n connect$ toge!r by wires40 ,! accuracy ( ^! /atem5ts 0 v]ifi$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,mill]1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 & by ,mr4 ,john ,m>t91 ! em95t arti/4 ,! latt] /at$ t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one expla9$ to him 9 ,may1 #ahdj1 8 propos$ application ( 8 electric telegraph = ! purpose ( %[+ ! "t ( a di/ant clock simultane\sly 9 z _m places z might be requir$4 ,mr4 ,m>t91 on he>+ ! explanation1 said to him1 8,y propose to lay on "t ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,london z we n[ lay on wat]40 ,mr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,w>d1 a =m] /ud5t ( ,k+'s ,college1 /at$ t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one expla9$ ! matt] to him on ,june #bj1 #ahdj4 ,:ile wat*+ ! motions ( ! dial telegraph z he turn$ ! :eel t made & broke ! circuit1 ,mr4 ,w>d rem>k$ t if x 7 turn$ r\nd at a uni=m rate1 ! signals ( ! telegraph w\ld indicate "t1 to :i* ,pr(essor ,:eat/one repli$3 8,( c\rse !y w\ld1 & ,i h arrang$ a modification ( ! telegraphic app>atus by :i* "o clock may be made to %[ "t 9 a great _m places simultane\sly20 & ! ,pr(essor %[$ him draw+s ( an app>atus = t purpose1 9 :i* ! mak+ & break+ ( ! circuit by ! alt]nate motion ( ! p5dulum ( a clock1 w\ld produce iso*ron\s signals on any numb] ( dials1 provid$ !y 7 connect$ by wire4 ,! electric clock 9 "q has be5 repeat$ly tri$1 b has n answ]$ expectations4 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ba9 also accus$ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one ( appropriat+ 8 pr9t+ telegraph4 ,he said he communicat$ ! inv5tion ( ! electric clock1 toge!r ) t ( ! electro-magnetic pr9t+ telegraph1 to ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 9 ,augu/1 #ahdj1 be=e ev] ,pr(essor ,:eat/one did any?+ 9 ! matt]4 ,to t ! ,pr(essor repli$ t ! pr9t+ app>atus 0 m]ely an addition to ! electro-magnetic telegraph1 ( :i* he 0 und\bt$ly ! inv5tor4 ,z to ! way 9 :i* ?is telegraph pr9t$ ! lett]s1 he expla9$ t = ! pap] disc 7or dial7 ( ! telegraph1 on ! circumf]5ce ( :i* ! lett]s 7 pr9t$1 he sub/itut$ a ?9 disc ( brass1 cut f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre s z to =m tw5ty-f\r radiat+ arms on ! extremities ( :i* types 7 fix$4 ,?is type-:eel c\ld be br\ght to any desir$ position by turn+ ! commutator :eel4 ,! additional p>ts consi/$ ( a me*anism :i*1 :5 mov$ by an electro-magnet caus$ a hamm] to /rike ! desir$ type--br\ght opposite to x--aga9/ a cyl9d]1 r\nd :i* 7 roll$ sev]al %eets ( ?9 :ite pap] along ) ! alt]nate black5$ pap] us$ 9 manifold writ+4 ,by ?is means he obta9$ at once sev]al di/9ct pr9t$ copies ( ! message transmitt$4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! plan 0 begun & c>ri$ out solely by himself2 & ,mr4 ,edw>d ,c[p] /at$1 z corroborative evid5ce1 t on ,june #aj1 #ahdj1 he s5t a note to ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 7:o _h previ\sly told him ( ! contrivance by :i* 8 telegraph c\ld be made to pr9t71 giv+ him in=mation1 :i* he _h ask$ =1 respect+ ! mode ( prep>+ manifold writ+ pap]1 & ! be/ =m ( type = pr9t+ on x4 ,x 0 also at ! beg9n+ ( #ahdj t he inv5t$ ! 8*ronoscope10 an in/rum5t = measur+ ! duration ( small int]vals ( "t4 ,x 0 us$ = measur+ ! velocity ( projectiles1 & consi/$ ( a clock movem5t set free at ! mom5t a ball 0 dis*>g$ f a gun1 & /opp$ :5 ! ball rea*$ ! t>get4 ,= ?is purpose a wire 9 an electric circuit at ! gun's m\? 0 brok5 at ! in/ant ! ball pass$ out ( ! gun2 & ! circuit 0 complet$ :5 ! ball rea*$ ! t>get1 ! circuit act+ on ! clock movem5t by means ( an electro-magnet4 ,x 0 publicly /at$ 9 #ahda by indep5d5t witnesses t ! *ronoscope 0 capable ( indicat+ ! "o #gcjj? "p ( a second2 & ! inv5tor himself /at$ 9 #ahde t ) x ! law ( accel]at$ velocities _h be5 obta9$ ) ma!matical rig\r1 t ) x he c\ld measure ! fall ( a ball f ! height ( an in*1 & t by diff]5t arrangem5ts :i* he _h adopt$ to r5d] ! in/rum5t applicable to diff]5t s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 he int5d$ to employ x = measur+ ! velocity ( s\nd ?r\gh air1 wat]1 & masses ( rock1 ) an approximation t _h nev] be5 obta9$ be=e4 ,9 #ahdc he br\ght be=e ! ,royal ,society sev]al me?ods ( measur+ ! =ce ( an electric curr5t1 & ! pap] he !n read1 & ! me?ods he describ$1 7 = _m ye>s unrivall$ bo? = simplicity & +5uity4 ,speak+ ( electricity z an en]getic s\rce ( light1 ( heat1 ( *emical action1 & ( me*anical p[]--presci5t words 9 ^? days--he said x 0 only necess>y to "k ! conditions "u :i* its v>i\s effects may be mo/ economically & en]getically manife/$ to enable u to det]m9e :e!r ! high expectations =m$ 9 _m qu>t]s ( "s ( its daily increas+ practical applications are f\nd$ on reasonable hope or on fallaci\s conjecture4 ,he consid]$ t !y _h ample !ory1 b n en\gh ( exp]im5t to supply1 except 9 a few cases1 ! num]ical value ( ! con/ants :i* ent] into v>i\s voltaic circuits2 & )\t t k accurate conclusions c\ld n be arriv$ at4 ,he expla9$ t electro-motive =ce 7,e4,m4,f47 meant ! cause :i* 9 a clos$ circuit orig9at$ an electric curr5t2 t by resi/ance 0 signifi$ ! ob/acle oppos$ to ! passage ( ! electric curr5t by ! bodies ?r\gh :i* x pass$2 & t resi/ance 0 ! inv]se ( :at is usually call$ _! conduct+ p[]4 ,! pr9ciple ( 8 me?ods 0 ! use ( v>iable in/ead ( con/ant resi/ances1 br++ !reby ! curr5ts comp>$ to equality1 & inf]r+ f ! am\nt ( ! resi/ances measur$ out betwe5 two deviations ( ! ne$le ! electro-motive =ce & ! resi/ances ( a circuit1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> conditions ( ! exp]im5t4 ,if a ne$le be connect$ ) two coils ( wire1 & if a curr5t be s5t ?r\gh "o coil1 ! ne$le w be deflect$ to "o side4 ,if at ! same "t a curr5t ( ! same /r5g? be s5t ?r\gh ! o!r coil1 ! curr5ts w neutralize ea* o!r & ! ne$le w rema9 at re/4 ,?is is :at is call$ a diff]5tial galvanomet]1 & :5 two curr5ts ( diff]5t /r5g? are s5t ?r\gh x simultane\sly ! ne$le is only affect$ by _! diff]5ce4 ,"o =m 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,:eat/one us$ ?is pr9ciple has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n z 8! ,:eat/one bridge40 ,x is a me?od by :i* pieces ( wire ( kn[n resi/ance are int]pos$ 9 a circuit until ! curr5t 9 ! wire to be te/$ c\nt]-balances t ( ! wire us$ z a /&>d ( resi/ance2 :5 t happ5s ! ne$le indicator /&s /ill1 ! wire to be te/$ be+ n[ ( ! same resi/ance z t ( ! kn[n /&>d4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one p]ceiv$ t x 0 ( ! highe/ importance to h a correct /&>d ( resi/ance1 & "o t c\ld be easily reproduc$ = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 ,he !re=e adopt$ z a unit ( resi/ance a copp] wire "o foot 9 l5g?1 #ajj gra9s 9 weight1 & #jga ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,he 0 ! fir/ man :o made a unit ( resi/ance1 & :o introduc$ into electrical sci5ce ! "n ( a unit & multiples ( a unit2 & :51 ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft]w>d1 ! ,briti% ,association appo9t$ a committee on electrical /&>ds1 _! reports describ+ ab\t a doz5 /&>ds1 paid a tribute to ! orig9ality ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one z ! introduc] ( ! fir/ unit4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ to use ! me?od ( measur+ electrical curr5ts or ! resi/ance ( wires1 s9ce kn[n z ! ,:eat/one ,bridge4 ,9 a note app5d$ to 8 pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahdc he /at$ t ,mr4 ,*ri/ie _h describ$ ! same pr9ciple 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahcc1 & add$ t 8to ,mr4 ,*ri/ie mu/ !re=e be attribut$ ! fir/ idea ( ?is useful & accurate me?od ( measur+ resi/ances40 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 :o 0 connect$ ) ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy at ,woolwi*1 said 9 8 pap] t ! arrangem5t he propos$ possess$ _m advantages2 x af=d$ a v accurate measure ( ! diff]5ce ( int5sities ( two electric curr5ts1 :e!r !y 7 f ! same s\rce & 7 m]ely modifi$ by circum/ances1 or _h diff]5t s\rces2 & x af=d$ likewise a v accurate measure ( ! conduct+ p[]s ( diff]5t sub/ances4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie did n1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 draw+ att5tion to ?is me?od1 & x lay unhe$$ till ,pr(essor ,:eat/one reviv$ x & exp\nd$ x ) mat*less cle>ness4 ,he at ! same "t devis$ an in/rum5t call$ ! ,rheo/at1 9 :i* a highly resi/+ wire 0 s w\nd r\nd ! surface ( a cyl9d] t any l5g? ( x c\ld be connect$ ) a circuit by m]ely turn+ r\nd ! h&le ( ! cyl9d] till ! ne$le or galvanomet] connect$ ) x %[$ t ! resi/ance ( ! wire on ! cyl9d] 0 equal to t ( ! wire to be te/$4 ,z ! resi/ance ( ! wire on ! cyl9d] 0 accurately kn[n be=eh&1 ! l5g? ( x requir$ to c\nt]balance ! resi/ance ( ! wire 9 c\rse ( be+ te/$ became ! measure ( ! latt]4 ,! wire on ! cyl9d] may be comp>$ to a w9d+ measur+ l9e2 only be+ ( high resi/+ p[]1 a %ort l5g? ( x suffices to measure a long wire ( l[ resi/ance4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one told ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahdc t he _h employ$ ! ,rheo/at & diff]5tial resi/ance measur] 7! ,:eat/one ,bridge7 = sev]al ye>s previ\sly = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! nature ( electrical curr5ts--a /atem5t :i* _h receiv$ a s+ul>ly g5]\s corroboration2 = 9 #ahdj ,pr(essor ,jacobi told ! ,briti% ,association meet+ 9 ,glasg[ t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one _h %[n him 9 ,london an in/rum5t = regulat+ a galvanic curr5t1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to "o t he _h laid be=e ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ! beg9n+ ( t ye>4 ,pr(essor ,jacobi1 9 /at+ t x 0 q impossible t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one c\ld h _h any k ( 8 simil> in/rum5t1 said he mu/ add t :ile he _h only us$ 8 in/rum5t = regulat+ ! =ce ( curr5ts1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one _h f\nd$ ^u x a new me?od ( measur+ ^? curr5ts & ( det]m9+ ! diff]5t elem5ts ( !m4 ,! ,royal ,society1 :i* 9 #ahdj _h pres5t$ him ) a royal m$al 8= ! +5i\s me?od by :i* he _h solv$ ! difficult "q ( b9ocul> vision10 pres5t$ him ) ano!r m$al 9 #ahdc1 :5 ! ,presid5t1 ! ,m>quis ( ,nor?ampton1 said3 8,i n[ pres5t y ) ?is m$al1 "o ( ^? intru/$ to ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society by ,h] ,mo/ ,graci\s ,maje/y1 = y\r pap] entitl$1 #8,an acc\nt ( sev]al new ,in/rum5ts & ,processes = det]m9+ ! ,con/ants ( ! ,voltaic ,circuit4' ,?is is n ! fir/ "t t ,i h _h ! pleas+ task ( ackn[l$g+ on ! "p ( ! ,royal ,society ! great +5uity z well z k t y br+ to ! increase ( sci5ce4 ,y n only add to our /ore ( k1 b y give to o!rs ! means ( do+ s too4 ,y n only set ! example ( sci5tific pursuit1 b y also facilitate x 9 ^? :o may become at once y\r foll[]s & y\r rivals4 ,9 ! p>ticul> case be=e u y h introduc$ accuracy :]e ev5 r\gh num]ical data 7 almo/ :olly want+4 ,! improvem5t ( su* facilities 9 any bran* ( sci5ce c h>dly be ov]/at$40 ,9 #ahde a pat5t 0 tak5 out = a new =m ( ne$le telegraph1 respect+ ! orig9 ( :i* ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k relates ! foll[+ incid5t z told to him by ,mr4 ,gre5] "s fifte5 ye>s aft] x occurr$4 ,a v high tide :i* occurr$ 9 #ahda caus$ an inundation ( ! ,blackwall ,railway1 & injur$ ! pip+ 9 :i* 7 inclos$ ! sev5 or eight wires !n 9 use--!y 7 !n us+ a wire to ea* /ation2 s t only "o wire or two c\ld be work$4 ,mr4 ,cooke1 :o 0 ! practical eng9e] ( ! telegraph1 0 mu* conc]n$ le/ "s accid5t might happ5 ?r\gh ! failure ( ! telegraph1 :]eby !y w\ld1 he fe>$1 be unable to communicate ) ! int]m$iate /ations f ! ,blackwall end ( ! l9e4 ,9 view ( ?is cont+5cy ,mr4 ,gre5] & ano!r cl]k arrang$ a code ( signals :i* c\ld be work$ on "o wire by simply deflect+ ! ne$le alt]nately1 once1 twice1 or ?rice1 to ! "r or left2 & 9 ?is way !y manag$ to c>ry on communications respect+ _! d9n]s & o!r private matt]s4 8,mr4 ,cooke1 on be+ in=m$ t x 0 /ill possible to telegraph1 gladly avail$ himself ( ! new means ( communication by "o wire1 & f t mom5t our well-kn[n s+le & d\ble-ne$le in/rum5t 0 practically inv5t$4 ,if ^! /atem5ts be accurate ! fir/ idea ( ! d\ble-ne$le telegraph did n orig9ate ei!r ) ,:eat/one or ,cooke1 b 0 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,gre5] & 8 p>tn]1 :o 0 at ?is "t engag$ ) him on ! ,blackwall telegraph40 ,9 ! popul> acc\nts ( great discov]ies or inv5tions x is g5]ally ! fall+ ( an apple t is said to sugge/ to a ,newton ! law ( gravitation1 or x is ! boil+ ( a tea-kettle t sugge/s to a ,watt ! me*anism ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,?is has become ! or?odox way ( acc\nt+ = ! triumphs ( m9d ov] matt] 9 ord] to make !m acceptable to intellectual m$iocrity4 ,inde$1 ! ,abb ,raynal says t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 a g5ius & "o ( common capacity is t ! =m] anticipates & explores :at ! latt] accid5tally hits ^u4 ,b1 he adds1 8ev5 ! man ( g5ius himself m frequ5tly employs ! advantages t *ance pres5ts to him2 x is ! lapid>y t gives value to ! diamond :i* ! peasant has dug up )\t kn[+ its wor?40 ,n[ x is a curi\s fact t :ile ! ne$le telegraph 0 "o ( ! few telegraphic inv5tions ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one t 0 undisput$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 ! prec$+ acc\nt ( its orig9 0 nev] publicly m5tion$ till aft] 8 dea?4 ,facts1 h[ev]1 are aga9/ its accuracy4 ,! high tide ref]r$ to 9 ! /ory occurr$ on ,novemb] #ah?1 #ahda1 aft] ! five-ne$le telegraph _h be5 9 op]ation on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway m ?an two ye>s2 & a few weeks' exp]i5ce ( its work+ enabl$ a cl]k ( ord9>y intellig5ce to tell ! lett]s transmitt$ by ! movem5t ( ! ne$les1 ev5 if ! pr9t$ lett]s on ! dial to :i* ! ne$les po9t$ 7 cov]$ ov] or oblit]at$4 ,a m9ute's exam9ation ( ! five-ne$le in/rum5t %[s t a diff]5t comb9ation ( movem5ts is requir$ to repres5t ea* lett]1 & if ^! comb9ations be le>n$ by a few weeks' practice1 or be writt5 d[n on pap]1 !y con/itute a complete alphabet ( signs4 ,& t alphabet ( signs :i* ! five-ne$le in/rum5t fir/ taught c\ld obvi\sly be produc$ by a s+le ne$le4 ,?us on ! five-ne$le in/rum5t ,a is repres5t$ by ! movem5t ( ! fir/ ne$le to ! "r1 & ! f\r? f x to ! left2 b x w\ld also be repres5t$ by ! movem5t ( "o ne$le fir/ to ! "r & !n f\r times to ! left4 ,9 l mann] ,b is repres5t$ on ! five-ne$le in/rum5t by ! fir/ ne$le mov+ to ! "r & ! ?ird f x to ! left4 ,by means ( a s+le ne$le x c\ld be repres5t$ by "o movem5t to ! "r & ?ree to ! left2 & s on ) ! o!r lett]s4 ,exp]i5ce has sugge/$ t ! alphabet c\ld be repres5t$ by few] movem5ts ?an ^? practically exhibit$ by ! five-ne$le in/rum5t2 b x is obvi\s t a few weeks' work+ ( ! five-ne$le in/rum5t--& n a flood 9 ! ,?ames--0 suffici5t to %[ t ! movem5ts ( ne$les1 )\t a dial or a pr9t$ alphabet1 c\ld be made to convey intellig5ce4 ,?is is no m]e speculation4 ,m ?an ?is 0 9 actual op]ation on ! ,blackwall ,railway2 = 9 a contemporane\s acc\nt x is /at$ t ! wires run all along ! l9e inclos$ 9 a metal tube1 & ! arrangem5t is su* t :5ev] a p>ticul> index deviates to ! "r or left at ! ,m9ories ,/ation1 an index deviates to ! "r or left at all ! o!r /ations at ! same in/ant4 8,if !n10 says ! contempor>y writ]1 8a preconc]t$ alphabet1 or key1 or diction>y1 or table ( signals be agre$ on1 ! relative positions ( two or m index-h&s w s]ve to convey a message4 ,by ! side ( ! telegraphic case a l>ge *>t is hung up1 conta9+ ab\t a hundr$ s5t5ces1 in/ructions or que/ions1 ea* ( :i* is symboll$ by a p>ticul> position ( two or ?ree index h&s4 ,?us "o position1 capable ( be+ effect$ by two movem5ts ( ! h&les1 implies1 #8,w ! next tra9 wait = ! next /eam-boat8' ,ano!r implies1 #8,w ! /eam-boat wait = ! next tra98' ,& o!rs3 #8,h[ _m pass5g]s8' #8,h[ _m c>riages8' & v>i\s inquiries & directions relat+ to ! eng9es1 ! ropes1 ! telegraphs1 & ! /eam-boats :i* />t f & arrive at ,blackwall40 ,! writ] add$ t by employ+ ! comb9$ simultane\s motion ( ?ree or f\r ne$les1 ! five-wire telegraph w\ld af=d ne>ly #bjj signals1 besides ^? appropriat$ to ! alphabetic *>act]s4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! idea ( mak+ ! deviations ( a ne$le repres5t messages or lett]s 0 n only obvi\s b 9 daily use4 ,yet ! errone\s traditions t already envelop ! infancy ( ?is telegraph d n end "h4 ,! contemporane\s acc\nt j quot$ concludes ) ! rem>k t a telegraph l t us$ on ! ,blackwall ,railway & ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 if consi/+ m]ely ( ?ree ne$les & giv+ only twelve signs1 has a p[] ( comb9ation fully equal to ! semaphore !n 9 use2 & 9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 repres5t$ by p]sons ( au?ority 9 ! telegraph _w t ! d\ble-ne$le in/rum5t =m$ ! transition /age f five ne$les to "o4 ,h5ce ! s+le-ne$le in/rum5t has g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z a gradual improvem5t ( ! p>5t in/rum5t ( five ne$les4 ,b ! fact is t bo? ! s+le & d\ble-ne$le in/rum5t 7 m9utely describ$ 9 "o & ! same pat5t tak5 out 9 #ahde4 ,9 t description1 :i* w\ld fill a *apt] ( ?is book1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 m c>eful to expla9 ! advantages ( ! s+le ?an ( ! d\ble-ne$le in/rum5t4 ,he expressly disclaim$ any int5tion to lay d[n a p>ticul> signification to ! signals by :i* ! alphabet c\ld be repres5t$2 he m]ely gave illu/rations to %[ h[ easily a suffici5t v>iety ( signals c\ld be obta9$4 ,at ! same "t he gave an alphabet ( signs suitable = a s+le-ne$le in/rum5t1 & al?\gh exp]i5ce has sugge/$ a m conv5i5t comb9ation ( signals1 x is on record t )9 a ye> or two aft] ! pat5t = ! s+le & d\ble-ne$le telegraphs 0 tak5 out1 ! s+le-ne$le in/rum5t 0 tri$ on "s ( ! railway l9es1 & ! alphabet ( signals us$ 0 t :i* ! five ne$le in/rum5t sugge/$1 ) slight modifications4 ,! s+le ne$le1 h[ev]1 0 consid]$ defici5t 9 rapidity2 & consequ5tly to obta9 great] spe$ ! d\ble-ne$le in/rum5t 0 pref]r$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ l9es to adopt x 0 ! ,s\? ,we/]n2 x soon came to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ rapid means ( telegraph+2 & h5ce x came into g5]al use4 ,x ma9ta9$ its supremacy 9 ,engl& till m exp$iti\s in/rum5ts 7 inv5t$1 & !n x 0 gradually sup]s$$ by ! s+le-ne$le in/rum5t1 :i* 0 f\nd to be m accurate & economical4 ,n[ ! s+le-ne$le in/rum5t may be se5 at mo/ railway /ations & rural po/ (fices 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! ne$le :5 mov$ by a curr5t to ! "r h& or ! left1 /rikes aga9/ a project+ p9 plac$ on ea* side to arre/ its motion2 ! s5d] by mov+ a h&le c deflect ! ne$le at w ei!r to ! "r or ! left2 "o deflection to ! left & "o to ! "r repres5ts ,a2 "o to ! "r & ?ree to ! left ,b2 "o to ! "r1 "o to ! left1 ano!r "o to ! "r & ano!r to ! left ,c2 "o to ! "r & two to ! left ,d2 & s on4 ,none ( ! tw5ty-f\r lett]s ( ! alphabet has m ?an f\r deflections4 ,:ile ,e has "o to ! left1 ,i has two1 ,s ?ree1 & ,h f\r4 ,t has "o to ! "r1 ,m two1 ,o ?ree1 & ,*4 f\r4 ,x 0 calculat$ t ab\t #ae1jjj ( ^! in/rum5ts 7 9 use 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahhe4 ,mean:ile ano!r improvem5t ( a p]man5t nature _h tak5 place4 ,! use ( ! e>? in/ead ( a special wire z ! return circuit 0 fir/ adopt$ 9 ,engl& on ! ,blackwall ,railway telegraph 9 #ahda1 & on ! ,man*e/] & ,le$s l9e 9 #ahdc4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is improvem5t is curi\s4 ,9 #ahch ,pr(essor ,/e9heil us$ ! e>? to complete ! circuit ( an electric telegraph :i* he e/abli%$ at ,muni*1 & he has g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z ! fir/ electrician :o purposely did s4 ,b ,william ,watson discov]$ ! same ?+ 9 #agdg4 ,he erect$ a wire fully two miles long ov] ,%oot]'s ,hill1 support+ x ^u rods ( wood4 ,:5 electricity 0 communicat$ to ! wire at "o end1 ! %ock at ! o!r end appe>$ to be in/antane\s1 & ! electricity 0 !n communicat$ to ! e>? by means ( a rod ( iron4 ,x is also on record t 9 #agef ,k5n]sley1 ( ,bo/on1 sugge/$ to ! celebrat$ ,frankl9 t 8z wat] is a conductor z well z metals1 x is to be consid]$ :e!r a riv] or a lake1 or sea may n be made "p ( ! circuit ?r\gh :i* ! electric fire passes in/ead ( a circuit all ( wire40 ,?is exp$i5t1 ?\gh n[ consid]$ ess5tial to ! successful work+ ( a telegraph1 0 n practically adopt$ till ne>ly a c5tury aft]w>ds1 :5 x 0 f\nd t z soon z ! electricity _h done its "w ! be/ ?+ to d ) x 0 to convey x into ! e>?1 = j z ! fl[ ( riv]s is accel]at$ by _! wat]s fall+ into ! sea1 s electric conduction is greatly improv$ by e/abli%+ a good connection betwe5 ! end ( a telegraph wire & ! e>?4 ,?us x 0 f\nd 9 #ahda t by lead+ ! electricity to ! e>?1 aft] x _h done its "w at ! telegraphic app>atus1 ! wire :i* _h be5 previ\sly us$ to br+ x back1 or to complete ! circuit1 c\ld be disp5s$ )1 t by ! e>? ?us absorb+ ! electricity its transmission along ! wire 0 greatly facilitat$1 & t x c\ld be transmitt$ to a great] di/ance & ?r\gh a small] wire4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 8,9 conduct+ ! petty affairs ( life1 common s5se is c]ta9ly a m useful quality ?an g5ius itself4 ,g5ius1 inde$1 or t f9e en?usiasm :i* c>ries ! m9d into its highe/ sph]e1 is clogg$ & imp$$ 9 its asc5t by ! ord9>y occupations ( ! _w1 & seldom rega9s its natural lib]ty & pri/9e vig\r except 9 solitude4 ,m9ds anxi\s to rea* ! regions ( philosophy & sci5ce h inde$ no o!r means ( rescu+ !mselves f ! burd5 & ?raldom ( worldly affairs40--,,zimm]man4 ,! inv5tion ( electrical app>atus _h rea*$ a /age ( progress 9 #ahda suffici5tly advanc$ to make ! telegraph a practical success4 ,:at 0 next want$ 0 ! g5]al adoption ( ! telegraph by ! public1 & ?is 0 ! task :i* ex]cis$ ! bus9ess en]gy ( ,mr4 ,cooke4 ,x 0 =tunate t ! dispute betwe5 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,mr4 ,cooke z to ! orig9 ( ! telegraph did n int]f]e ) _! ef=ts to promote its ext5sion4 ,l mo/ new inv5tions1 x _h to fight its way at fir/4 ,9 #ahda ,mr4 ,cooke wrote a small book on ,telegraphic ,railways2 or ! ,s+le ,way1 9 :i* he cont5d$ t ! :ole sy/em ( d\ble way1 "t tables1 & signals ( railways 0 a va9 attempt to atta9 indirectly & v imp]fectly1 at any co/1 t safety f collision :i* w\ld be p]fectly & *eaply conf]r$ by ! electric telegraph4 ,x 0 well kn[n1 he said1 t on ! ,blackwall ,railway 8! c>riages on ea* l9e are mov$ by :at is call$ #8a tail rope1' to :i* !y are atta*$ & :i* is almo/ incessantly be+ drawn along ! l9e to be w\nd up on a drum at "o t]m9us or ! o!r1 by ! alt]nate action ( ! /ation>y eng9es4 ,x is consequ5tly necess>y t be=e ! eng9eman applies ! p[] ( 8 eng9e to ! rope = ! purpose ( giv+ motion to a tra91 he %\ld receive a specific intimation f e o!r /ation t its c>riage is atta*$ to ! rope ready to />t2 o!rwise an indep5d5t & uncontroll$ motive p[] act+ f ! t]m9us w\ld frequ5tly cause dreadful collisions among c>riages plac$ at /ations s ne>ly adjac5t z ^? ( ,%adwell1 ,/epney1 ,limeh\se1 ! ,we/ ,india ,docks1 & ,popl>40 ,b su* a matt] ( fact illu/ration 0 n en\gh = ,mr4 ,cooke to give2 s aft] dilat+ on ! good ! telegraph 0 likely to d z ! h&maid ( ! railway1 he conclud$ by say+ t 8z ! basis ( an ess5tially new sy/em ( railway communication1 at once safe1 economical1 & effici5t1 ! electric telegraph may diffuse its bless+s ( rapid int]c\rse to di/ricts :i* c\ld nev] o!rwise enjoy !m4 ,x may increase ! rev5ues ( ! greate/ l9es by add+ to !m fre% s\rces ( lat]al traffic2 x may p]man5tly raise ! price ( %>es by op5+ important l9es n[ de/itute ( ! means ( completion2 & r$uce indef9itely ! exp5se ( travell+ on l9es yet to be made4 ,above all x may accompli% ! o!rwise sc>cely atta9able union by railway betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & p]haps realise ! patriotic aspirations ( ^? :o see 9 an ext5d$ sy/em ( railways employ+ h] population & develop+ h] res\rces1 a re/oration ( tranquillity to ,irel&40 ,no wond] t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one appreciat$ ,mr4 ,cooke's 8zeal & p]sev]ance10 n to speak ( 8 imag9ation4 ,b all ^! 7 insuffici5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! ye> #ahdb a prom95t adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,railway ,times invit$ ! att5tion ( railway companies1 eng9e]s1 & o!r p>ties requir+ a c]ta9 & in/antane\s mode ( communicat+ intellig5ce betwe5 di/ant po9ts1 to ,messrs4 ,cooke & ,:eat/one's electric telegraph1 an inv5tion :i*1 8besides its sup]iority = g5]al telegraphic purposes1 9 po9t ( exp$ition1 secrecy1 night action1 & prelim9>y w>n+1 is peculi>ly adapt$ to ! use ( railways10 & 8is also well adapt$ = m9es1 coal pits1 docks1 c40 ,at ! same "t ! g5]al public 7 be+ invit$ to witness its p]=mances z ! late/ & greate/ s5sation 9 ,london4 ,"o ann\ncem5t issu$ 9 #ahdb /at$ t 8"u ! special patronage ( ,h] ,maje/y & ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 ! public are respectfully in=m$ t ?is int]e/+ & extraord9>y app>atus1 by :i* upw>ds ( fifty signals c be transmitt$ #bhj1jjj miles 9 "o m9ute1 may be se5 9 op]ation daily 7,sundays except$7 f #i ,a4,m4 till #h ,p4,m4 at ! telegraph (fice1 ,padd+ton1 & telegraph cottage1 ,sl\gh4 ,admission #as40 ,^? :o 7 among ! fir/ to respond to ?is tempt+ invitation mu/ h m>vell$ at ! littl5ess ( ! app>atus capable ( do+ su* wond]ful "w4 ,x 0 inclos$ 9 a mahogany case a little l>g] ?an a hat-box1 :i* /ood ^u a table2 x 0 work$ by press+ small brass keys1 simil> to ^? on a key$ bugle1 & spectators 7 in=m$ t ^! keys act+1 by means ( electric p[]1 ^u v>i\s h&s plac$ ^u a dial plate at ! o!r end ( ! l9e made !m po9t n only to ea* lett] ( ! alphabet z ea* key 0 /ruck or press$1 b :5 desir$ to num]als & to po9ts ( punctuation1 su* z a comma1 colon1 c4 ,:5 any mi/ake 0 made 9 transmitt+ a message1 & a c]ta9 key 0 /ruck 9 consequ5ce1 x made ! h& po9t to an ,x1 :i* indicat$ t an 8erasure0 0 int5d$4 ,ere long its utility 0 %[n to be great] ?an its novelty4 ,z x cont9u$ 9 good work+ ord]1 ev5ts occurr$ :i* demon/rat$ its value4 ,= in/ance1 x transmitt$ ! foll[+ messages :i* effect$ results t excit$ public int]e/ at ! "t3-- ,eton ,montem1 ,augu/ #bh?1 #ahdd4--,! ,commission]s ( ,police h issu$ ord]s t sev]al (fic]s ( ! detective =ce %all be /ation$ at ,padd+ton to wat* ! movem5ts ( suspici\s p]sons go+ by ! d[n-tra91 & give notice by ! electric telegraph to ! ,sl\gh /ation ( ! numb] ( su* suspect$ p]sons & dress1 _! names if kn[n1 also ! c>riages 9 :i* !y are4 ,padd+ton1 #aj4bj ,a4,m4--,mail tra9 j />t$4 ,x conta9s ?ree ?ieves1 nam$ ,sp>r[1 ,burrell1 & ,spurgeon1 9 ! fir/ comp>tm5t ( ! f\r? fir/-class c>riage4 ,sl\gh1 #aj4dh ,a4,m4--,mail tra9 arriv$4 ,! (fic]s h caution$ ! ?ree ?ieves4 ,padd+ton1 #aj4ej ,a4,m4--,special tra9 j left4 ,x conta9$ two ?ieves3 "o nam$ ,oliv] ,m>t91 :o is dress$ 9 black1 crape on 8 hat4 ,! o!r1 nam$ ,fiddl] ,dick1 9 black tr\s]s & light bl\se4 ,bo? 9 ! ?ird comp>tm5t ( ! fir/ second-class c>riage4 ,sl\gh1 #aa4af ,a4,m4--,special tra9 arriv$4 ,(fic]s h tak5 ! two ?ieves into cu/ody1 a lady hav+ lo/ h] bag conta9+ a purse ) two sov]eigns & "s silv] 9 x2 "o ( ! sov]eigns 0 sworn to by ! lady z hav+ be5 h] prop]ty4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,fiddl] ,dick's wat*-fob4 ,sl\gh1 #aa4ea ,a4,m4--,sev]al ( ! suspect$ p]sons :o came by ! v>i\s d[n tra9s are lurk+ ab\t ,sl\gh1 utt]+ bitt] invectives aga9/ ! telegraph4 ,n "o ( ^? caution$ has v5tur$ to proce$ to ! ,montem4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds report$ t :5 ! tra9 arriv$ at ,sl\gh a policeman1 op5+ ! door ( ! c>riage describ$ 9 ! telegram1 ask$ if any pass5g] _h miss$ any?+4 ,on se>* be+ made by ! a/oni%$ pass5g]s1 "o ( !m1 ! lady1 exclaim$ t h] purse 0 gone4 8,!n y are want$1 ,fiddl] ,dick10 said ! con/able to ! ?ief1 :o appe>$ ?und]/ruck at ! sup]natural discov]y4 ,fiddl] ,dick surr5d]$ himself1 & deliv]$ up ! /ol5 money4 ,x 0 said t aft] t ! light-f+]$ g5try avoid$ 8! wire40 ,ano!r plac>d :i* 0 di/ribut$ all ov] ,london in=m$ ! public t 8! telegraph1 ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 may be se5 9 con/ant op]ation daily1 ,sundays except$2 by ?is p[]ful ag5cy murd]]s h be5 appreh5d$1 ?ieves detect$1 &1 la/ly 7:i* is ( no little importance71 ! timely assi/ance ( m$ical m5 has be5 procur$ 9 cases :i* w\ld o!rwise h prov$ fatal40 ,yet some?+ m ?an s5sational plac>ds 0 necess>y to impress ^u ! public m9d ! utility ( ! telegraph4 8,! g5ius ( ! ,engli% p10 says ,smollett1 8is p]haps incompatible ) a /ate ( p]fect tranquillity3 if x is n ruffl$ by =eign provocations or agitat$ by unpopul> measures ( dome/ic adm9i/ration1 x w und]go f]m5tations f ! turbul5t +r$i5ts inh]5t 9 its own con/itution3 tumults are excit$ & faction k9dl$ into rage by incid5ts ( ! mo/ frivol\s nature40 ,he goes on to say t 9 #agec ! metropolis ( ,engl& 0 divid$ & discompos$ 9 a surpris+ mann] by a dispute 9 itself ( s little consequ5ce to ! community t x did n des]ve a place 9 a g5]al hi/ory if x did n s]ve to convey a *>act]i/ic idea ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,9 l mann] an incid5t occurr$ 9 #ahde :i* w\ld n des]ve a place "h1 if x _h n be5 ! means ( direct+ public att5tion to ! value ( ! telegraph4 ,:5 ! fir/ telegraph 0 />t$ 9 #ahcg1 ,engl& 0 absorb$ 9 ! turmoil ( a g5]al election2 & all ! ef=ts made = ! next eight ye>s to excite public int]e/ 9 its fav\r 7 ( little avail1 till on ! ev5+ ( ,janu>y #bnd1 #ahde1 x play$ a notable "p 9 effect+ ! appreh5sion ( a notori\s murd]]4 ,betwe5 six & sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ( t day1 a woman nam$ ,s>ah ,h>t 0 murd]$ at ,salt ,hill1 & a man 0 se5 hurry+ f h] h\se 9 a way t ar\s$ suspicion4 ,! police asc]ta9$ t ! murd]$ woman 0 kept by a ,quak] nam$ ,john ,tawell1 liv+ at ,b]khamp/ead1 :o 0 9 com=table circum/ances & respect$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,he answ]$ ! description ( ! man se5 ne> ! sc5e ( ! murd]1 & 0 believ$ to h hurri$ to ,sl\gh ,/ation & tak5 ! tra9 !nce to ,padd+ton4 ,! police accord+ly telegraph$ to ,padd+ton z foll[s3 8,a murd] has j be5 committ$ at ,salt ,hill1 & ! suspect$ murd]] 0 se5 to take a fir/-class ticket = ,london by ! tra9 :i* left ,sl\gh at #g;h4 #dbm4 ,p4,m4 ,he is 9 ! g>b ( a ,quak] ) a br[n coat on1 :i* rea*es ne>ly d[n to 8 feet2 he is 9 ! la/ comp>tm5t ( ! second fir/-class c>riage40 ,! di/ance f ,sl\gh to ,padd+ton be+ only sev5te5 miles1 !re 0 n mu* "t = telegraph+1 & a circum/ance occurr$ :i* is said to h imp]ill$ ! transmission ( ! message4 ,x 0 transmitt$ on "o ( ,:eat/one's five-ne$le in/rum5ts1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds pres]v$ by ! ,po/ ,(fice au?orities on acc\nt ( ! important "p x play$ on ?is occasion4 ,among ! lett]s ( ! alphabet /amp$ on its diamond-%ap$ face1 !re 0 no 8,q20 & :5 ! telegraph cl]k at ,padd+ton saw1 9 ! middle ( ! message1 ! ne$les po9t+ to ! lett]s ,k-w-a he ?\ght !re mu/ be "s mi/ake or fault1 z no ,engli% ^w began ) ^! lett]s4 ,he !re=e ask$ ! cl]k at ,sl\gh to repeat ! ^w1 & aga9 came ! lett]s ,k-w-a4 ,ano!r repetition ?rew no fre% light on ! difficulty2 & x is said t aft] sev]al repetitions a %>p boy sugge/$ t ! s5d] %\ld be all[$ to f9i% ! ^w4 ,?is be+ done ! ^w came ,k-w-a-k-e-r1 :i* ! cl]k recognis$ z mean+ ,quak]4 ,not)/&+ ! delay ?us caus$ by ! abs5ce ( ,q1 ! message 0 deliv]$ 9 "t1 & aft] a %ort int]val ! foll[+ reply to x 0 receiv$3 8,! up tra9 has arriv$1 & ! p]son answ]+ 9 e respect ! description giv5 by telegraph came out ( ! comp>tm5t m5tion$4 ,i po9t$ ! man out to ,s]geant ,williams4 ,! man got into a ,new ,road omnibus1 & ,s]geant ,williams into ! same40 ,on arriv+ at ,padd+ton1 ,tawell endeav\r$ to elude obs]vation1 b unaw>es he 0 wat*$ by ! police z he w5t to a c(fee tav]n 9 ! ,city1 :]e he 0 arre/$ next day by ord] ( ! au?orities4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds tri$ & convict$ ( ! murd]1 :i* 0 effect$ by adm9i/]+ prussic acid4 ,9 a writt5 confession left aft] 8 execution1 ,tawell said he _h made a previ\s unsuccessful attempt at murd]1 z he liv$ 9 p]petual dread ( 8 connection ) ,mrs4 ,h>t becom+ kn[n to 8 wife4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( 8 previ\s life also t5d$ to increase ! public excitem5t4 ,aft] a c>e] ( conceal$ pr(ligacy1 he 0 s5t5c$ to transportation 9 #ahbj = =g]y1 b 9 ,au/ralia 8 intellig5ce & good conduct induc$ ! au?orities to grant him fir/ a ticket ( leave1 & !n emancipation4 ,ev5tually he became successful 9 bus9ess z a *emi/ 9 ,sydney1 & at ! end ( fifte5 ye>s left ,sydney a ri* man4 ,return+ to ,engl&1 he m>ri$ z 8 second wife a ,quak] lady1 :o 0 !reupon expell$ f ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & :o liv$ to see him execut$ = a crime :i* />tl$ ! :ole c\ntry1 & = :i* ! telegraph 0 accr$it$ ) effect+ 8 arre/4 ,ano!r in/ance ( telegraphic spe$ creat$ bo? a/oni%m5t & amusem5t 9 #ahde4 ,9 a contempor>y publication x 0 report$ t 8by ! use ( ! telegraph has be5 accompli%$ ! app>5t p>adox ( s5d+ a message 9 ! ye> #ahde & receiv+ x 9 #ahdd4 ,?us1 directly aft] ! clock _h /ruck twelve on ! night ( ,decemb] #ca1 ! sup]9t5d5t at ,padd+ton signall$ to 8 bro!r at ,sl\gh t he wi%$ him a happy new ye>4 ,an answ] 0 imm$iately return$ sugge/+ t ! wi% 0 premature1 z ! new ye> _h n yet arriv$ at ,sl\gh60 ,9 ,april foll[+ a pass5g]1 :ile proce$+ f ,padd+ton by ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 discov]$ t he _h lo/ 8 purse conta9+ notes & ca% to ! am\nt ( ne>ly #ajjjl4 ,alight+ at ,sl\gh 9 a /ate ( great agitation1 he telegraph$ inquiries to ,padd+ton1 & 0 quickly reliev$ ( 8 load ( di/ress by le>n+ t he _h left 8 purse on ! c\nt] !re1 & t x 0 safe 9 ! h&s ( ! cl]k4 ,9 #ahde1 too1 x 0 ?\ght a telegraphic a*ievem5t wor? proclaim+1 t ! entire report ( a railway meet+ 0 transmitt$ 9 less ?an half an h\r f ,portsm\? to ,london2 & t 9 ! spr+ ( #ahde ! ,que5's ,spee*1 conta9+ #cfjj lett]s1 0 transmitt$ f ,london to ,s\?ampton4 ,?is l9e ( n9ety miles 0 !n ! longe/ 9 ,engl&4 ,prior to t ! old semaphore sy/em 0 work$ betwe5 ,london & ,portsm\?4 ,x consi/$ 9 ! movem5t 9 a preconc]t$ mann] ( elevat$ bo>ds1 fans1 or %utt]s1 9 a way t 0 visible f "o /ation to ano!r1 x be+ agre$ t ea* p>ticul> movem5t %\ld repres5t a lett]1 a ^w1 or a s5t5ce4 ,^! semaphore /ations _h to be on elevat$ spots s z to be visible to ea* o!r2 b z ! wea!r (t5 obscur$ ! view1 ?is means ( communication 0 only available dur+ "o-fif? ( ! ye>4 ,moreov]1 x co/ #c1jjjl4 a ye> to "w x1 & x 0 work$ = ! la/ "t on ,decemb] #ca1 #ahdg4 ,= ! use ( ! new electric telegraph to ,portsm\? ! ,gov]nm5t paid #a1ejjl4 a ye>2 & to pres]ve secrecy !y _h an alphabet ( signals ( _! own1 :i* c\ld only be read & work$ by _! own tru/$ s]vants4 ,z ! l9e 0 also us$ = ! transmission ( public messages1 x may be not$ t ! *>ge = s5d+ a message !n 0 f #cs4 to #is4 to ,s\?ampton1 accord+ to ! numb] ( words4 ,by ?is ,s\? ,we/]n telegraph a game ( *ess 0 play$ 9 ,april1 #ahde1 betwe5 ,mr4 ,/aunton & ,capta9 ,k5n$y at ! ,portsm\? t]m9us1 & ,mr4 ,walk] & ano!r g5tleman at ! ,vauxhall t]m9us4 ,details ( ! game 7 publi%$ 9 ! press1 & x 0 said t 8! electric mess5g]0 _h travell$ #aj1jjj miles 9 c\rse ( ! game4 ,su* 7 ! infant9e a*ievem5ts ( an ag5cy :i* 9 less ?an =ty ye>s 0 to transmit ab\t #bjj million messages p] annum1 & 0 to connect ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,al?\gh ! telegraph made little progress 9 ,engl& dur+ ! five ye>s t foll[$ ! con/ruction ( ! l9e betwe5 ,padd+ton & ,sl\gh1 ! capture ( ,tawell1 ! ,quak] murd]]1 foll[$ by reports ( su* incid5ts z ^? relat$ above1 gave su* an impetus to its ext5sion t eighte5 mon?s aft] t ev5t ne>ly #ajjj miles 7 con/ruct$2 & x 0 ?\ght 9 ^? primitive times wor? record+ t no less ?an #cjj tons ( wire1 & #ejjj loads ( timb] _h be5 us$ 9 telegraph works4 ,! ye> ( #ahdg 0 a "t ( great activity 9 telegraphic con/ruction4 ,x 0 n till !n t ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 on ^: l9e ! fir/ work+ telegraph ev] made 0 tri$1 decisively adopt$ x--j t5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ exp]im5t4 ,9 #ahdg ! ,company consid]$ ! comm]cial advantages ( ! telegraph to be e/abli%$ beyond d\bt1 & !y arrang$ = its con/ruction along _! entire l9e4 ,! ,midl& ,company foll[$ _! example4 ,! ,s\? ,ea/]n ,railway ,company1 :i* adopt$ ! telegraph 9 #ahde1 _h a l9e #acb miles long 9 #ahdf1 & t l9e 0 !n ! longe/ 9 exi/5ce4 ,on ,septemb] #a1 #ahdf1 t railway company ann\nc$ t messages ( tw5ty words w\ld be s5t = ! public on paym5t ( #a;d4 p] mile4 ,! m9imum *>ge 0 #es42 & ! co/ ( s5d+ a message f ,london to ,ramsgate 0 #abs4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,walk]1 :o _h *>ge ( ! l9e1 aft]w>ds /at$ t ! co/ ( telegraph+ 0 fix$ at a ,p>liam5t>y f>e & a half1 because x 0 sugge/$ by 8an au?ority0 t x w\ld n d to make ! telegraph rates too l[1 le/ !y might r$uce ! traffic receipts ( ! ,company by induc+ pass5g]s to use ! wire in/ead ( ! tra9s4 ,t ?is 0 no m]e fancy appe>s f a lett] publi%$ 9 a respectable weekly j\rnal 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdf4 ,! writ] ( t lett] compla9$ t ! directors _h set su* high prices ^u telegraphic communications z w\ld entirely prev5t _! use1 & t !y w\ld ?us by _! covet\sness defeat _! own purpose & int]e/s4 ,five %ill+s = a message ( less ?an tw5ty words to ,tonbridge2 #gs4 #f;d4 to ,maid/one2 #ajs4 #f;d4 to ,cant]bury & ,folke/one2 #aas4 to ,dov]1 & #abs4 #f;d4 to ,ramsgate--:o1 he ask$1 w\ld pay 8su* a price = a few words' conveyance :5 he c s5d a %eet ( foolscap fully writt5 by ! po/ = "o p5ny2 or :5 = ! am\nt !y *>ge he c run !re & back 9 ! ,company's own tra9s1 & see 8 fri5ds or correspond vis vis1 ) a ride into ! b>ga94 ,h[ diff]5t is ?is f ! *>ges on ! ,cont95t6 ,! telegraph on ! ,brussels & ,antw]p l9e is op51 & ! *>ge is #ej c5ts 7ab\t #e;d4740 ,ev5ts 7 already 9 progress :i* 7 de/9$ to provide a rem$y = su* primeval arrangem5ts4 ,on ,octob] #a1 #ahde1 ,mr4 ,cooke 0 introduc$ to ,mr4 ,john ,ric>do1 ,m4,p41 :o 0 s impress$ ) ! value ( ! telegraph t )9 ?ree weeks he accept$ ! t]ms ^u :i* ,mr4 ,cooke (f]$ to sell x4 ,mr4 ,ric>do !n became *airman ( ! newly =m$ ,electric ,telegraph ,company1 :i* obta9$ an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,june1 #ahdf4 ,! ,company hav+ be5 ?us emp[]$ to acquire & "w ! telegraphs1 gave #adj1jjj = ! pat5ts ( ,messrs4 ,:eat/one & ,cooke4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one told "s ( 8 fri5ds t :5 ! fir/ pat5t 0 tak5 out = 8 telegraph he _h n ! means to pay ! co/ ( x1 & h5ce he _h to get ! support ( o!rs4 ,n9e ye>s aft]w>ds :5 ! pat5ts 7 sold = #adj1jjj1 only #cj1jjj ( t sum w5t into 8 pocket1 ?\gh ! orig9al agreem5t 0 t he %\ld be 8on a foot+ ( equality0 ) ,mr4 ,cooke z to p>ticipation 9 pr(its4 ,x 0 ,mr4 ,cooke :o negotiat$ ! sale ( ! pat5ts4 ,f a f9ancial po9t ( view ! ,company at ! outset 0 n prosp]\s1 b "u _! managem5t ! telegraph 0 rapidly ext5d$2 inde$ its ext5sion = a "t appe>$ to exce$ ! public requirem5ts2 & ,mr4 ,ric>do _h to advance money to pull !m ?r\gh _! difficulties4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 #ahdg t !re 7 !n tw5ty l9es ( telegraph 9 ,engl&1 :ile 9 ,scotl&1 :]e 9 #ahda ,sir ,*>les ,fox ord]$ a l9e to be made on ! ,glasg[ & ,c[lairs ,railway1 !re 7 n[ ?ree l9es4 ,! total l5g? ( ! l9es laid 9 #ahdg 0 #a1bej miles2 b z mo/ ( ! l9es _h ?ree or f\r wires ! total l5g? ( wire 9 op]ation 0 #f1jag miles4 ,!re 7 #bec /ations1 & ne>ly #djj in/rum5ts 9 use4 ,9 #ahdi ! ,company complet$ arrangem5ts ) ! ,po/-ma/] ,g5]al & ! diff]5t l9es ( railway = fur!r ext5sions ( telegraphic l9es f _! (fice at ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice1 ,/4 ,m>t9's-le-,gr&1 to mo/ ( ! l>ge t[ns 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 to :i* messages ( tw5ty words c\ld be s5t = #a;d4 p] mile = ! fir/ #ej miles1 d4 = ! second #ej miles1 & d4 = any di/ance beyond #ajj miles4 ,9 c\rse ( _! fir/ five ye>s' op]ations1 ! receipts ( ! ,company increas$ ne>ly fivefold4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahdi1 a message 0 transmitt$ direct f ,london to ,man*e/] = ! fir/ "t4 ,! ,electric ,telegraph ,company endeav\r$ to make telegraphic communication a monopoly by buy+ up e new inv5tion t seem$ likely to enable any o!r ,company to compete ) !m4 ,) ref]5ce to ! inv5tions made = improv+ ! telegraph1 ,mr4 ,ric>do1 ! *airman ( ! ,company1 /at$ "s curi\s facts 9 #ahea4 ,he said1 8,x has happ5$1 n once1 b ,i ?9k tw5ty times1 t a man has br\ght to u an in/rum5t ( great +5uity = sale2 we h tak5 him to a cupbo>d1 & br\ght out "s du/y old models1 & said1 #8,t is y\r inv5tion1 & !re is :eel = :eel g5]ally4' ,nev]!less he has1 9 fact1 inv5t$ x4 ,! ideas ( sev]al m5 are set 9 motion by exactly ! same circum/ances4 ,"o inv5tion 0 br\ght = pur*ase to ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company2 no model 0 br\ght ) x2 !re 0 simply a description ( ! app>atus4 ,x 0 on a pr9ciple :i* 0 receiv$ by electricians z impossible1 & ! m5 ( sci5ce connect$ ) ! ,company decl>$ x to be impossible4 ,nev]!less ! model 0 br\ght2 & x 0 f\nd t ! ?+ 0 practicable aga9/ all rules by :i* hi!rto !y _h be5 guid$ 9 ! matt]4 ,we h b\ght a good _m pat5t$ improvem5ts2 9 mo/ cases !y 7 valueless 9 !mselves2 b 9 comb9ation ) o!rs :i* we h1 !y may be made useful4 ,we h f\nd1 aft] e possible exp]im5t1 t ! orig9al sy/em ( ! ne$les is by f> ! be/ = all practical purposes4 ,!re is n "o inv5tion :i* is n br\ght to ! ,company be=e x is />t$ aga9/ ! ,company1 & we h exp5d$ ne>ly #bjj1jjj 9 buy+ pat5ts & litigat+ !m2 b we f9d1 aft] all1 t ! orig9al pat5t is by f> ! be/ & ! mo/ suitable = practical purposes4 ,!re is "o pat5t ( ,mr4 ,ba9's = :i* we gave #hjjj or #ijjj2 al?\gh x did n q come up to our expectations1 x has prov$ useful 9 comb9ation ) o!r pat5ts40 ,?is te/imony w appe> all ! m rem>kable :5 x is add$ t betwe5 #ahcg & #aheg ab\t =ty diff]5t inv5tors took out pat5ts = telegraphic app>atus1 & t "s ( ^! m5 took out sev]al pat5ts4 ,x is rem>kable1 moreov]1 t f ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! ,company till #aheh1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one did n pat5t any improvem5t ( telegraphic app>atus4 ,x has be5 said t dur+ ^! ye>s he entirely ceas$ to be an inv5tor1 & did n br+ 8 great electrical k & inv5tive faculties into use4 ,b ?is is n /rictly accurate1 = circum/ances _h occurr$ :i* = a "t div]t$ 8 att5tion to ano!r field = ! application ( electricity 9 :i* he became a pione]4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahej ,sir ,*>les ,pasley 0 exp]im5t+ z to ! explosion ( subm>9e m9es1 & be+ acqua9t$ ) ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,pr(essor ,daniell1 he in=m$ !m ( 8 int5tion to use electricity = t purpose1 & s\ght _! advice on ! subject4 ,^! em95t electricians took mu* int]e/ 9 ! proposal1 & "u _! sup]9t5d5ce ! fir/ arrangem5ts = explod+ subm>9e *>ges 7 work$ out 9 ! laboratory ( ,k+'s ,college4 ,act+ on _! advice ,sir ,*>les ,pasley us$ electricity to explode ! *>ges ( gunp[d] t blew up ! wreck ( ! ,royal ,george at ,spi!ad1 :i* he 0 !n engag$ 9 remov+4 ,9 #ahec ,sir ,john ,burgoyne1 ,inspector ,g5]al ( ,=tifications1 reque/$ ,capta9 ,w>d1 ,r4,e41 to c>ry out "s exp]im5ts = det]m9+ ! be/ =m ( voltaic batt]y = milit>y purposes4 ,t (fic] !n made himself fully acqua9t$ ) ! lab\rs ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & o!rs2 & aft]w>ds report$ 9 fav\r ( a small batt]y sev5 in*es long by f\r wide2 b 9 #ahee ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 :o 0 !n a memb] ( ! ,select ,committee on ,ordnance1 advis$ ,sir ,john ,burgoyne to in/itute a fur!r exp]im5tal inquiry into ! relative advantages ( diff]5t s\rces ( electricity4 ,?is inve/igation 0 accord+ly c>ri$ out by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,pr(essor ,abel2 & 9 ! c\rse ( x ,:eat/one inv5t$ ! fir/ effici5t magneto-electric ma*9e = ! explosion ( m9es4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,:eat/one explod]1 & x weigh$ #cb p\nds4 ,9 a report on _! exp]im5ts1 pres5t$ to ! ,secret>y = ,w> 9 #ahfj1 x 0 /at$ t by means ( 8a magneto-electric app>atus simil> to t us$ 9 ! ,*a?am exp]im5ts1 & t]m$ by ,mr4 ,:eat/one ! #8,magnetic ,explod]1' ! ignition at "o "t ( phosphide ( copp] fuzes1 v>y+ 9 numb] f two to tw5ty-five1 is c]ta91 provid$ ^! fuzes are arrang$ 9 ! bran*es ( a divid$ circuit2 to atta9 ?is result x is only necess>y to employ a s+le wire insulat$ by a coat+ ( gutta-p]*a or india-rubb] & simple metallic connections ( ! app>atus & ! *>ge ) ! e>?40 ,!y /at$ t f twelve to tw5ty-five *>ges c\ld be explod$ simultane\sly on l& at a di/ance ( #fjj y>ds f ! app>atus2 b ! numb] ( subm>9e *>ges :i* x c\ld explode at "o "t 0 m limit$4 ,dur+ ! next sev5 ye>s ?is app>atus 0 mu* us$ 9 gunn]y exp]im5ts z well z 9 m9+2 & sev]al modifications ( x 7 devis$ on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahfg-h ,pr(essor ,:eat/one con/ruct$ a m p[]ful modification ( 8 magnetic explod]1 & ,pr(essor ,abel ev] aft]w>ds spoke 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( ! +5uity & indu/ry ) :i* 8 =m] colleague _h work$ out ! solution ( ?is problem4 ,he said t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one br\ght "u ! notice ( ! ,gov]nm5t ! successful lab\rs ( ,du ,moncel1 ,sav>i1 von ,ebn]1 & o!rs on ! applications ( electricity to milit>y purposes2 & if he _h only done t s]vice1 he w\ld h done an important "w4 ,b he did m2 he con/ruct$ ! fir/ practical & ?or\ghly effici5t magneto-electric ma*9e = ! explosion ( m9es4 ,let u n[ pass f subm>9e m9es to subm>9e cables4 ,!re h be5 sev]al claimants to ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ to develop ! idea ( subm>9e telegraphy2 & among !m ,pr(essor ,:eat/one is entitl$ to hon\rable m5tion4 ,"o ( ! fir/ sugge/ions ( a sub-aque\s telegraph 0 made by him4 ,9 #ahdj he 0 giv+ evid5ce be=e a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & aft] he _h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! %ort l9e ( telegraph f ,padd+ton to ,drayton1 !n ! only l9e 9 exi/5ce1 he 0 que/ion$ z to :e!r an electric telegraph c\ld be work$ ov] a di/ance ( #ajj miles4 ,he repli$ 9 ! affirmative4 8,h y tri$ to pass ! l9e ?r\gh wat]80 said ,sir ,john ,gue/4 8,!re w\ld be no difficulty 9 do+ s10 repli$ ,:eat/one2 8b ! exp]im5t has n be5 made40 8,c\ld y communicate f ,dov] to ,calais 9 t way80 8,i ?9k x p]fectly practicable10 repli$ ! en?usia/ic inv5tor4 ,! subject ?us />t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 public 0 n new to ,pr(essor ,:eat/one2 = x aft]w>ds appe>$ f manuscripts 9 8 possession t he _h giv5 mu* consid]ation to x 9 #ahcg4 ,mr4 ,john ,watk9s ,brett1 :o 0 also hon\rably connect$ ) ! initiation ( subm>9e telegraphy1 /at$ 9 #aheg t he 0 ignorant until ?ree or f\r ye>s previ\sly t a l9e across ! ,*annel _h be5 sugge/$ ye>s be=e by t tal5t$ philosoph]1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one2 & he exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution ! orig9al plans ( ,:eat/one drawn 9 #ahdj = an electric telegraph betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais4 ,! cable he !n design$ 0 to be insulat$ by t>r$ y>n & protect$ by iron wire2 & 8 plan ( lay+ d[n & pick+ up 0 also %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! man :o made ! draw+ = ,:eat/one w5t to ,au/ralia 9 #ahda1 & did n return4 ,b !re 7 o!r evid5ces ( its g5u95ess4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one %[$ 8 plans to a numb] ( visitors at ,k+'s ,college1 & a ,brussels pap] records t 9 ! same ye> 7#ahdj7 he repeat$ 8 exp]im5ts at ! ,brussels ,obs]vatory 9 ! pres5ce ( sev]al lit]>y & sci5tific m51 = ! purpose ( %[+ !m ! feasibility ( mak+ a cable betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais4 ,= c>ry+ out 8 plans he design$ ?ree new ma*9es1 & m9utely work$ out ! o!r details ( ! und]tak+4 ,9 a manuscript writt5 9 #ahdj on 8a means ( e/abli%+ an electric cable betwe5 ,engl& & ,france10 he /at$ t ! wire %\ld =m ! core ( a wr\ght l9e well saturat$ ) boil$ t>1 & all ! l9es be made into a rope prep>$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,8 correspond5ce %[s t 8 plan became ! subject ( communications ) p]sons ( au?ority dur+ ! next few ye>s2 & 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #ahdd1 he & ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,llewellyn made exp]im5ts ) subm]g$ insulat$ wires 9 ,swansea ,bay4 ,!y w5t out 9 a boat f :i* !y laid a wire to ,mumblehead ,ligh?\se1 & !y te/$ v>i\s k9ds ( insulation4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 s successful t ,:eat/one return$ to 8 orig9al ,*annel project4 ,8 idea1 says ,mr4 ,r4 ,sab9e1 0 to inclose ! wire1 insulat$ ) wor/$ & m>9e glue1 9 a lead pipe2 & = "s "t he 0 engag$ 9 mak+ inquiries z to ! nature ( ! b$ ( ! ,*annel & ! action ( ! tides1 z well z exp]im5ts ) ! metals he propos$ to use4 ,!re is also evid5ce to %[ t 9 #ahde he propos$ to use gutta p]*a 9 ! manufacture ( 8 propos$ cable4 ,x is said t gutta p]*a 0 fir/ br\ght to ,engl& 9 ! previ\s ye>1 & !re 0 su* a dem& = ! small quantity !n available t he c\ld n get :at he want$ ( x4 ,9 ,june #ahdf1 ! ,times ann\nc$1 9 ref]5ce to a /atem5t made 8"s "t ago t a subm>9e telegraph 0 to be laid d[n across ! ,engli% ,*annel1 by :i* an in/antane\s communication c\ld be made f coa/ to coa/10 t ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 ) a view ( te/+ ! practicability ( ?is und]tak+ _h n[ approv$ ( ! projector's lay+ d[n a subm>9e telegraph across ! h>b\r ( ,portsm\?1 f ! h\se ( ! admiral 9 ! docky>d to ! railway t]m9us at ,gosport4 8,by ?is means !re w be a direct communication f ,london to ! (ficial resid5ce ( ! ,port-,admiral at ,portsm\?1 :]eas at pres5t ! telegraph does n ext5d beyond ! t]m9us at ,gosport1 ! cross+ ( ! h>b\r hav+ be5 hi!rto deem$ an insurm\ntable ob/acle4444 ,9 a few days aft] ! exp]im5t has be5 successfully te/$ at ,portsm\?1 ! subm>9e telegraph w be laid d[n across ! ,/raits ( ,dov] "u ! sanction ( bo? ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts40 ,!re is evid5ce extant to %[ t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 9 ! previ\s ye> 9 communication ) ! ,admiralty on ! subject ( a cable across ! ,*annel4 ,x 0 on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ! same mon? 9 :i* ! above rem>ks 7 publi%$ t ! ,corn ,law ,importation ,bill 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,h\se ( ,lords2 & on ! tw5ty-n9? ! ,duke ( ,well+ton 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords & ,sir ,rob]t ,peel 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ann\nc$ ! resignation ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,*anges ( ,gov]nm5t1 ! fam9e 9 ,irel&1 & ! great comm]cial panic t foll[$ 7 ( m absorb+ int]e/ ?an ! lay+ ( a subm>9e cable4 ,at all ev5ts ! small cable across ,portsm\? ,h>b\r 0 n laid till #ahdg4 ,x 0 !n /at$ t an (f] made to ! ,admiralty to lay d[n a telegraph inclos$ 9 metallic pipes 0 f\nd to be impracticable4 ,! successful cable _h ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y rope :i* 0 coil$ into "o ( ! docky>d boats1 & z ! boat 0 pull$ across ! telegraph rope 0 paid out ov] ! /]n1 an op]ation t occupi$ a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,x work$ satisfactorily4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 9 an agreem5t :i* he made ) ,mr4 ,cooke 9 ,april #ahdc1 res]v$ to himself au?ority to e/abli% 8electric telegraph communication betwe5 ! coa/s ( ,engl& & ,france 444 = 8 own exclusive pr(it40 ,9 a subsequ5t agreem5t dat$ ,octob] #ahde1 ) ref]5ce to ! sale ( 8 pat5ts1 x 0 provid$ t 8,mr4 ,:eat/one w take ! *air ( a committee ( ?ree1 to take *>ge ( ! manufacture ( ! pat5t telegraphic in/rum5ts1 & ! tak+ out & specify+ future pat5ts & matt]s ( ! l nature1 at a sal>y ( #gjjl4 a ye>1 & %all devote to su* objects :at "t he %all ?9k necess>y4 ,x is also und]/ood t a pat5t %all be appli$ = imm$iately to secure ,mr4 ,:eat/one's improvem5ts 9 ! mode ( transmitt+ electricity across ! wat]2 t ,mr4 ,:eat/one %all sup]9t5d ! trial ( 8 plans betwe5 ,gosport & ,portsm\?2 & if ^! exp]im5ts prove successful1 !n 9 ! practical application ( ! improvem5ts to ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a telegraph betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 ! t]ms on :i* su* telegraph is to be held be+ a matt] ( arrangem5t betwe5 ! proprietors ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* pat5ts40 ,b some?+ m ?an ! +5uity ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 ne$$ to c>ry ! project$ cable across ! ,*annel4 ,x requir$ all ! en]gy & en?usiasm ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,brett to make x an accompli%$ fact4 ,he did = ! subm>9e telegraph :at ,mr4 ,cooke did = ,:eat/one's l& telegraph 9 ,engl&1 & he always bore g5]\s te/imony to ! initiatory ef=ts ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one4 ,mr4 ,brett1 :o 0 an inv5tor z well z an entrepr5eur1 9 #ahde (f]$ to ! ,admiralty to connect ,dubl9 ,ca/le by telegraph ) ,d[n+ ,/reet = a sum ( #bj1jjj1 & ! (f] be+ refus$1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to unit+ toge!r ,france & ,engl& by a subm>9e l9e4 ,9 #ahdg ,l\is ,philippe grant$ ! requisite p]mission to l& & "w a cable on ! ,fr5* coa/2 b ! ,briti% public consid]$ ! s*eme too haz>d\s to give x f9ancial support4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he br\ght ! subject be=e ,l\is ,napoleon1 :o 0 fav\rable to x4 ,accord+ly 9 #ahej1 :5 #bjjjl4 7 subscrib$ = ! "w1 a cable 0 made & laid4 ,on ,augu/ #bh?1 #ahej1 ! paddle /eam] ,golia?1 c>ry+ 9 h] c5tre a gigantic drum1 ) ?irty miles ( telegraph wire 9 a cov]+ ( gutta p]*a w\nd r\nd x1 />t$ f ,dov] ab\t t5 o'clock1 ) a crew ( ?irty m5 & provisions = ! day4 ,! track 9 a direct l9e to ,cape ,grisnez _h be5 previ\sly m>k$ by buoys & flags on /aves4 ,z ! /eam] mov$ along t track at ! rate ( f\r miles an h\r1 ! cable 0 cont9u\sly paid out2 lead5 weights affix$ to x at e "o-sixte5? ( a mile sank x to ! bottom2 & ab\t eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ! "w 0 done4 ,tak+ up an elevat$ position at ! ,dov] ,railway1 ,mr4 ,brett 0 able by ! aid ( a glass to di/+ui% ! ligh?\se & cliff at ,cape ,grisnez4 ,! decl9+ sun1 he says1 8enabl$ me to disc]n ! mov+ %ad[ ( ! /eam]'s smoke on ! :ite cliff1 ?us indicat+ h] progress4 ,at l5g? ! %ad[ ceas$ to move4 ,! vessel _h evid5tly come to an an*or4 ,we gave !m half an h\r to convey ! end ( ! wire to %ore1 & atta* ! pr9t+ in/rum5t1 & !n ,i s5t ! fir/ electric message across ! ,*annel3 ?is 0 res]v$ = ,l\is ,napoleon4 ,i 0 aft]w>ds in=m$ t "s ,fr5* soldi]s1 :o saw ! slip ( pr9t$ pap] runn+ f ! little telegraph in/rum5t1 be>+ a message f ,engl&1 inquir$ h[ x c\ld possibly h cross$ ! ,*annel1 & :5 x 0 expla9$ t x 0 ! electricity :i* pass$ along ! wire & p]=m$ ! pr9t+ op]ation1 !y 7 /ill incr$ul\s4 ,aft] sev]al o!r communications1 ! words #8,all well' & #8,good night' 7 pr9t$1 & clos$ ! ev5+4 ,9 attempt+ to resume communication e>ly next morn+1 no response c\ld be obta9$40 ,! cable _h brok54 8,kn[+ ! incr$ulity express$ z to ! success ( ! ent]prise1 & t x 0 important to e/abli% ! fact t telegraphic communication _h tak5 place1 ,i t night s5t a tru/wor?y p]son to ,cape ,grisnez1 to procure ! atte/ation ( all :o _h witness$ ! receipt ( ! messages !re2 & ! docum5t 0 sign$ by "s t5 p]sons1 includ+ an eng9e] ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t :o 0 pres5t to wat* ! proce$+s2 ?is 0 =w>d$ to ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 & a ye> ( grace = ano!r trial 0 grant$40 ,ne> ! rugg$ coa/ ( ,cape ,grisnez ! wire _h be5 cut asund] ab\t #bjj y>ds out to sea2 b ?\gh ( %ort duration ! exp]im5t 0 consid]$ s enc\rag+ t x 0 det]m9$ to lay a mu* /rong] cable next ye>1 & to l& x at a m fav\rable "p ( ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,:5 next ye> came ! public 7 in=m$ 9 ! newspap]s t ! manufacture ( ! subm>9e telegraph cable af=d$ ano!r in/ance 9 :i* rapidity ( execution bord]$ on ! m>vell\s1 = 8?\gh ! telegraph-rope 0 n less ?an tw5ty-f\r miles 9 l5g?1 x 0 complet$ 9 ! %ort space ( ?ree weeks--an und]tak+ :i* manual lab\r c\ld sc>cely effect 9 z _m ye>s40 ,?is cable 0 successfully laid1 & on ,?ursday1 ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahea1 communications pass$ betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais4 ,! connections1 h[ev]1 ) ! l& l9es1 giv+ direct communication betwe5 ,london & ,p>is1 7 n complet$ till ! foll[+ ,novemb]4 ,x 0 rem>k$ at ! "t z a s+ul> co9cid5ce t ! day *os5 = ! op5+ ( ! ,subm>9e ,telegraph 0 t on :i* ! ,duke ( ,well+ton att5d$ 9 p]son to close ! ,h>b\r sessions4 ,x 0 accord+ly resolv$ by ! promot]s t 8 ,grace on leav+ ,dov] by ! two o'clock tra9 = ,london %\ld be salut$ by a gun fir$ by ! transmission ( a curr5t f ,calais4 ,x 0 arrang$ t z ! clock /ruck two at ,calais ! requisite signal 0 to be pass$2 &1 punctual to ! mom5t1 a l\d report rev]b]at$ on ! wat]1 & %ook ! gr\nd ) "s =ce4 ,x 0 !n evid5t t ! curr5t _h fir$ a #bb-p\nd] load$ ) #aj lbs4 ( p[d]1 & ! report _h sc>cely ceas$ ere x 0 tak5 up f ! heights by ! milit>y :o1 z usual1 salut$ ! dep>ture ( ! ,duke ) a r\nd ( artill]y4 ,guns 7 !n fir$ successively on bo? coa/s2 ,calais fir+ ! guns at ,dov]1 & ,dov] return+ ! complim5t to ,calais4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one also did "s useful "w 9 connection ) ! fir/ ,atlantic cables4 ,9 #ahee ,pr(essor ,f>aday 0 expla9+ ! subject ( induction at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :5 x 0 m5tion$ to him t a curr5t 0 obta9$ f a gutta p]*a cov]$ wire1 #cjj miles long1 half an h\r aft] contact ) ! batt]y4 8,i rememb]10 says ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,brett 9 #aheg1 8speak+ to him on ! subject1 & inquir+ if he did n believe t ?is difficulty 0 to be ov]come1 & ,i receiv$ f him e enc\ragem5t to hope x might2 b x at once became necess>y t ?is po9t %\ld be cle>$ up1 or x w\ld be folly to pursue ! subject ( ! union ( ,am]ica ) ?is c\ntry by electricity4 ,i at once e>ne/ly urg$ on ,mr4 ,:iteh\se to take up ?is subject1 & pursue x indep5d5tly ( e o!r exp]im5t1 & a successful result 0 at la/ arriv$ at on #ajjj miles & upw>ds ( a cont9u\s l9e 9 ! subm>9e wires 9 ! sev]al cables1 :5 ly+ 9 ! docks4 ,x did n re/ ^u "o1 b _m ?\s& exp]im5ts40 ,b ^! exp]im5ts did n solve ! problem1 :i* ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( ! greate/ electricians ( ! age4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one conduct$ sev]al s]ies ( exp]im5ts to aid 9 its solution4 ,he %[$ t iron pres5t$ eight times m resi/ance to ! electric curr5t ?an copp] did1 & t diff]5ces 9 ! size & quality ( conductors & insulators affect$ ! transmission ( signals4 ,9 #ahei ! ,bo>d ( ,trade select$ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one z a memb] ( ! committee appo9t$ to inquire into ! subject ( subm>9e cables ) special ref]5ce to ! ,atlantic cable4 ,to t committee he suppli$ an elaborate report :i* w\ld fill fifty pages ( ?is volume1 8,on ! circum/ances :i* influ5ce ! inductive dis*>ge ( subm>9e telegraph cables40 ,he 0 also a memb] ( ! sci5tific committee appo9t$ 9 #ahfd to advise ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company z to ! manufacture1 lay+1 & work+ ( ! cables ( #ahfe & #ahff4 ,9 #ahdh ,"l ,palm]/on made a rem>k ab\t ! telegraph t 0 at ! "t reg>d$ z a je/4 ,he said ! day w\ld come :5 a m9i/]1 if ask$ 9 ,p>liam5t :e!r w> _h brok5 out 9 ,india1 w\ld reply1 8,wait a m9ute1 ,i'll j telegraph to ! ,gov]nor ,g5]al1 & let y "k40 ,at t "t two or ?ree mon?s usually elaps$ betwe5 ! s5d+ ( a message & ! receipt ( an answ] f ,calcutta to ,london2 & h5ce ! rem>k ( ,"l ,palm]/on 0 d]id$ z a joke4 ,b 9 #ahee ! electric telegraph p]=m$ a feat :i* a/oni%$ ! nations ( ,europe4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,m>* ! ,cz> ,ni*olas di$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg at "o o'clock2 & ! same aft]noon ! ,e>l ( ,cl>5don ann\nc$ 8 dea? 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords--! intellig5ce hav+ be5 receiv$ by two diff]5t l9es ( telegraph4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds two diff]5t s*emes 7 promot$ = connect+ ,europe ) ,india by telegraph2 b ?is 0 n successfully accompli%$ till eight ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,?ree ye>s be=e ! ,palm]/onian je/ ( #ahdh became an accompli%$ fact1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one communicat$ to ,"l ,palm]/on ! effects ( a new telegraphic inv5tion :i* seem$ ne>ly z incr$ible z ! idea ( telegraph+ to ,india appe>$ a few ye>s previ\sly4 ,! noble "l 0 at ,ox=d ,univ]sity receiv+ 8 honor>y degree1 & 0 wat*$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,taylor at an ev5+ p>ty z ! ,pr(essor gave him a some:at prolong$ explanation ( 8 new inv5tion = facilitat+ telegraphy4 8,! man ( sci5ce10 says ,sir ,h5ry1 80 sl[1 ! man ( ! _w seem$ att5tive2 ! man ( sci5ce 0 copi\s1 ! man ( ! _w let no?+ escape him2 ! man ( sci5ce unfold$ ! anticipat$ results--ano!r & ano!r1 ! man ( ! _w li/5$ ) all 8 e>s3 & ,i 0 say+ to myself1 #8,8 pati5ce is exempl>y1 b w x la/ = ev]8' :5 ,i he>d ! issue3--#8,god bless my s\l1 y don't say s6 ,i mu/ get y to tell t to ! ,"l ,*ancellor4' ,& ! man ( ! _w took ! man ( sci5ce to ano!r "p ( ! room1 hook$ him on to ,"l ,we/bury1 & b\nd$ away l a horse let loose 9 a pa/ure40 ,if x be true t m5 ( ! _w reg>d$ ) impati5ce ! +5i\s devices ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 v diff]5t 0 ! reception accord$ to !m by ! pr9ce ( mod]n sci5ti/s4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ ye> 7#ai? ,janu>y1 #aheh7 ,pr(essor ,f>aday wrote ! foll[+ lett] to him3 8,:ile ?9k+ ( y\r beautiful telegraphs x occur$ to me t p]haps y w\ld n ?9k ill ( my propos+ to give an acc\nt ( ! magneto-electric telegraph & ! record+ telegraph on a ,friday ev5+ aft] ,ea/]--ab\t ! end ( ,may or ,june4 ,i suppose all w be safe by t "t4 ,i ?9k t by ! electric lamp & a prop] l5s1 we might ?r[ ! image ( ! face on to ! wall1 & s we may illu/rate ! action to ! :ole audi5ce40 ,! propos$ lecture 0 deliv]$ by ,pr(essor ,f>aday 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution on ,june #aa?1 #aheh1 & 8 subject 0 8,:eat/one's electric telegraph 9 relation to sci5ce 7be+ an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! full recognition ( sci5ce z a bran* ( education740 ,t lecture 0 v int]e/+1 n only z indicat+ ! progress made 9 ! telegraph1 b z %[+ 8 high appreciation ( ! inv5tive +5uity :i* _h accel]at$ t progress4 ,s f> f repres5t+ ! telegraph z 8no inv5tion0 he spoke ( x z a s]ies ( inv5tions4 8,x tea*es u to be neglectful ( no?+10 he said2 8n to despise ! small beg9n+s1 = !y prec$e ( necessity all great ?+s 9 ! k ( sci5ce1 ei!r pure or appli$4 ,x tea*es a cont9ual comp>ison ( ! small & great1 & t "u diff]5ces almo/ approa*+ ! inf9ite3 = ! small z (t5 compreh5ds ! great 9 pr9ciple z ! great does ! small40 ,z to ! "w done by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 he said3 8,)\t ref]r+ to :at he _h done previ\sly1 x may be obs]v$ t 9 #ahdj he took out pat5ts = electric telegraphs1 :i* includ$1 among/ o!r ?+s1 ! use ( ! electricity f magnets at ! communicators--! dial face--! /ep-by-/ep motion--& ! electro-magnet at ! indicator4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 #aheh1 he has tak5 out pat5ts = in/rum5ts conta9+ all ^! po9ts2 b ^! in/rum5ts are s alt]$ & v>i$ 9 "* above & beyond ! =m]1 t an untaught p]son c\ld n recognise !m4 ,9 ! fir/ in/rum5ts p[]ful magnets 7 us$1 & keep]s#g ) heavy coils associat$ ) !m4 ,:5 magnetic electricity 0 fir/ discov]$1 ! signs 7 feeble1 & ! m9d ( ! /ud5t 0 l$ to increase ! results by increas+ ! =ce & size ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,:5 ! object 0 to obta9 a curr5t suffici5t to give signals ?r\gh long circuits1 l>ge app>atus 7 employ$1 b ^! involv$ ! inconv5i5ces ( in]tia & mom5tum2 ! keep] 0 n set 9 motion at once1 nor in/antly /opp$2 & if connect$ directly ) ! read+ indexes1 ^! circum/ances caus$ an occasional unc]ta9ty ( action4 ,prep>$ by its previ\s education1 ! m9d c\ld p]ceive ! disadvantages ( ^! influ5ces1 & c\ld proce$ to _! removal4444 ,! alt]nations or successions ( curr5ts produc$ by ! movem5t ( ! keep] at ! communicator1 pass along ! wire to ! indicator at a di/ance2 !re ea* "o = itself conf]s a magnetic condition on a piece ( s(t iron1 & r5d]s x attractive or repulsive ( small p]man5t magnets2 & ^!1 act+ 9 turn on a propelm5t1 cause ! index to pass at w f "o lett] to ano!r on ! dial face4 ,! fir/ electro-magnets1 i4e41 ^? made by ! circulation ( an electric curr5t r\nd a piece ( s(t iron1 7 weak2 !y 7 quickly /r5g!n$1 & x 0 only :5 !y 7 /rong t _! laws & actions c\ld be successfully inve/igat$4 ,b n[ !y are requir$ small1 yet pot5tial2 & x 0 only by pati5t /udy t ,:eat/one 0 able s to ref9e ! little electro-magnets at ! indicator z t !y %all be small en\gh to consi/ ) ! f9e "w !re employ$1 able to d _! appo9t$ "w :5 excit$ 9 contr>y directions by ! brief curr5ts fl[+ f ! orig9al common magnet1 & unobjectionable 9 respect ( any resi/ance !y might (f] to ^! tell-tale curr5ts4 ,^! small transitory electro-magnets attract & repel c]ta9 p]man5t magnetic ne$les1 & ! to-&-fro motion ( ! latt] is communicat$ by a propelm5t to ! index1 be+ !re conv]t$ into a /ep-by-/ep motion4 ,"h ev]y?+ is ( ! f9e/ workman%ip2 ! propelm5t itself requires to be wat*$ by a l5s1 if its action is to be obs]v$2 ! p>ts nev] leave hold ( ea* o!r2 ! holes ( ! axes are jewell$2 ! mov+ p>ts are mo/ c>efully balanc$1 a consequ5ce ( :i* is t agitation ( ! :ole does n di/urb ! p>ts1 & ! telegraph works j z well :5 x is twi/$ ab\t 9 ! h&s1 or plac$ on bo>d a %ip or 9 a railway c>riage1 z :5 fix$ immovably4 ,all ?is delicacy ( arrangem5t & workman%ip is introduc$ advis$ly2 = ! inv5tor consid]s t ref9$ & p]fect workman%ip is m exact 9 its action1 m un*angeable by "t & use1 & m endur+ 9 its exi/5ce1 ?an t :i*1 be+ heavi]1 mu/ be co>s] 9 its workman%ip1 less regul> 9 its action1 & less fitt$ = ! application ( =ce by f9e electric curr5ts4444 ,n[10 add$ ,f>aday1 8!re 0 no *ance 9 ^! developm5ts2--if !re 7 exp]im5ts1 !y 7 direct$ by ! previ\sly acquir$ k2--e "p ( ! inve/igation 0 made & guid$ by ! in/ruct$ m9d4444 ,! beauty ( electricity1 or ( any o!r =ce1 is n t ! p[] is my/]i\s & unexpect$1 b t x is "u law1 & t ! taught intellect c ev5 n[ gov]n x l>gely40 ,! in/rum5t :i* ,f>aday describ$ 9 su* appreciative t]ms has sup]s$$ ! /ep-by-/ep in/rum5t :i* 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahdj4 ,! new in/rum5t1 l ! old "o1 has a dial ) ! lett]s ( ! alphabet r\nd ! edge1 & :5 9 op]ation ! indicat+ h& or f+] po9ts successively to ea* lett] =m+ ! message1 :i* c ?us be read by anyone4 ,! s5d+ in/rum5t also has a dial r\nd :i* are ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & project+ f ea* lett] is a brass key or /ud4 ,! new me*anism inside ?is in/rum5t is s +5i\sly design$ t :5 ! s5d] ( a message turns r\nd a small h&le :i* puts 9 motion ! magneto-electric app>atus s z to g5]ate electric curr5ts1 ! indicat+ f+] on ! receiv+ dial moves r\nd till x is /opp$ at ! desir$ lett]4 ,?is /oppage is effect$ by ! s5d] depress+ ! brass /ud :i* repres5ts ! desir$ lett]4 ,by ?is depression ( any p>ticul> /ud1 ! curr5ts ( electricity are cut (f j :5 ! indicat+ f+] rea*es ! lett] on ! receiv+ dial correspond+ to t ( ! depress$ /ud at ! s5d+ in/rum5t2 & ! indicat+ f+] rema9s at t lett] till ! /ud ( ano!r lett] is depress$1 :]eupon ! indicat+ f+] moves along ! receiv+ dial till x rea*es aga9 ! lett] correspond+ to t ( ! depress$ /ud4 ,no k ( electrical sci5ce or ( me*anics is ne$$ to "w ?is in/rum5t1 ! hidd5 me*anism ( :i* _c be easily describ$ 9 popul> language4 ,surely x is an illu/ration ( ! classic adage t ! highe/ art is to conceal art4 ,! work+ ( ?is in/rum5t excell$ all o!rs 9 simplicity2 & at ! same "t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one inv5t$ "o :i* exce$$ all o!rs 9 rapidity4 ,! =m] became kn[n z ,:eat/one's ,a1 ,b1 ,c in/rum5t1 ! latt] z ,:eat/one's automatic fa/ spe$ pr9t+ in/rum5t4 ,! latt] is s con/ruct$ t ! passage ( ! curr5t is regulat$ by means ( a p]=at$ /rip ( pap]4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( ?ree p>ts--! p]=ator1 ! transmitt]1 & ! receiv]4 ,! p]=ator has keys :i* :5 press$ d[n by an op]ator pun* 9 a /rip ( pap] comb9ations ( holes1 :i* repres5t lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ?us ,a ,b ,c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ,"o p]son work+ a p]=ator c simultane\sly pun* duplicate messages1 b only "o /rip ( p]=at$ pap] c be put into ! transmitt]1 :i* draws x =w>d ) a cont9u\s motion4 ,two small p9s1 "o on ea* side1 are und]nea? ! /rip ( pap]1 & :5ev] "o ( ^! p9s comes to a p]=at$ hole x mom5t>ily rises ?r\gh x1 & imp>ts suffici5t electricity f ! batt]y to ! telegraph wire to move a p5 at ! o!r end ( ! wire1 s z to make a m>k 9 ink on a clean /rip ( pap] pass+ ?r\gh ! receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,! ink m>ks ?us produc$ 9 comb9ations repres5t lett]s ( ! alphabet1 namely1 ,a ,b ,c ,! receiv] is ?us a record+ in/rum5t s exact & s5sitive t x me*anically & rapidly impr9ts on a /rip ( pap] dots1 da%es1 & spaces1 :i*1 9 a s5se1 correspond ) ! holes p]=at$ 9 ! tape pass+ ?r\gh ! transmitt]1 at ! o!r end ( ! wire4 ,:5 ?is app>atus 0 inv5t$ x 0 repres5t$ z capable ( =w>d+ messages at ! rate ( #ejj lett]s p] m9ute1 be+ five times fa/] ?an any o!r sy/em !n 9 use4 ,9 #ahfh ! inv5tor /at$ t al?\gh = rapidity ( transmission 8 automatic in/rum5t _h nev] be5 surpass$1 he did n expect t ! exi/+ in/rum5ts w\ld 9 all cases be giv5 up = x4 ,he believ$ x w\ld be v useful on all 8l9es ( great traffic10 & p>ticul>ly on ^? l9es ov] :i* newspap] intellig5ce is s5t4 ,9 #ahgj ! telegraph l9es ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7 acquir$ by ! ,gov]nm5t--a /ep :i* ,pr(essor ,:eat/one advocat$ z ! be/ means ( *eap5+ messages & ext5d+ ! telegraph to places unapproa*$ by ! ,telegraph ,companies4 ,let u see h[ 8 expectations h be5 realis$4 ,9 #ahgb ,mr4 ,culley1 ! eng9e]-9-*ief ( ! ,telegraphic sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 /at$ t 9 ord] to increase ! numb] ( messages :i* c\ld be s5t ?r\gh ! wires 9 a giv5 "t1 a v l>ge use _h to be made ( ! ,:eat/one automatic in/rum5t1 :i* 0 9 use by ! ,electric ,company be=e ! transf] to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re 7 only f\r circuits !n2 b 9 ! two ye>s foll[+ ! transf] fifte5 circuits 7 suppli$ ) t app>atus4 ,9 addition to ^! automatic circuits = ord9>y bus9ess1 ! ,telegraph ,dep>tm5t _h also fitt$ up ) t sy/em :at !y call$ ! ,we/]n ,news circuit runn+ f ,london to ,bri/ol1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,c>diff1 ,newport1 ,exet]1 & ,plym\?1 ! news be+ !n s5t to all ^! places simultane\sly1 & at ! rate ( fifty to fifty-five words a m9ute4 ,a v great improvem5t _h also be5 effect$1 at consid]able exp5se1 9 ! s+le-ne$le in/rum5t4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( inv5tions _h be5 br\ght be=e ! ,dep>tm5t1 & x might h be5 hop$ t v consid]able advantage to ! public w\ld h aris5 f ! break+ up ( ! monopoly ( ! ,companies & ! private int]e/s :i* almo/ all ! (fic]s _h 9 p]petuat+ ! =m ( "s old in/rum5t4 ,b ,mr4 ,culley _h to report t n 9 any "o in/ance _h any app>atus or sy/em ( signall+ ( practical value be5 laid be=e him4 ,"o sy/em only _h be5 ( su* a nature z c\ld possibly h any value1 & he said t "o w\ld h requir$ fully t5 ye>s to mature be=e x c\ld be br\ght out4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one liv$ to see #adj ( 8 automatic in/rum5ts 9 use4 ,9 #ahgb he appli$ to ! ,judicial ,committee ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil = a prolongation ( 8 pat5t2 & x be+ !n /at$ t he _h receiv$ #ab1jjj 9 #ahgj1 :5 ! transf] ( ! telegraphs took place1 ! ,gov]nm5t agre$ to pay him an additional sum ( #i1bjj 9 six ye>ly in/alm5ts z comp5sation = 8 pat5t rights4 ,9 #ahgi ,mr4 ,preece1 ! electrician to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 said t ! automatic transmitt] 8is an in/rum5t ( great delicacy & great p[]2 x is n[ us$ to an enorm\s ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x is "o t we are improv+ e day4 ,= in/ance1 :ile ab\t ?is "t la/ ye> we 7 able to transmit all our news to ,irel& at ! rate ( #fj words a m9ute1 we are n[ do+ x ) ease at ! rate ( #aej words a m9ute2 & ) ! improvem5ts :i* we h n[ 9 h&1 we %all be able next ye> to transmit ne>ly #bjj words a m9ute40 ,?is expectation 0 realis$4 ,al?\gh exp]i5ce sugge/$ improvem5ts 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! app>atus1 ! lead+ pr9ciples rema9$ ! same4 ,9 #ahhe ,mr4 ,preece gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! successive /ages ( ! progress made3 x 0 capable ( transmitt+ 9 #ahgg1 #hj words p] m9ute2 9 #ahgh1 #ajj2 9 #ahgi1 #acj2 9 #ahhj1 #agj2 9 #ahha1 #aij2 9 #ahhb1 #bjj2 9 #ahhc1 #bej2 9 #ahhd1 #cej2 9 #ahhe1 #dbj4 ,x ?us appe>s t if ?ree m5 7 speak+ at ! same "t1 "o ( ,:eat/one's automatic in/rum5ts c\ld transmit ! ?ree spee*es 9 ! same "t t !y 7 spok51 ! in/rum5t transmitt+ ?ree times z fa/ z "o man c\ld speak4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! fir/ half c5tury ( ! exi/5ce ( ! telegraph1 ! ,:eat/one automatic transmitt] a*iev$ ! great feat ( transmitt+ #a1ejj1jjj words f ,london on ! night :5 ,mr4 ,glad/one expla9$ 8 plan = giv+ self-gov]nm5t to ,irel&1 ,on t occasion 7,april #h1 #ahhf7 "o hundr$ ,:eat/one's p]=ators 7 us$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,telegraph ,(fice 9 ,london to prep>e ! messages4 ,?irty ( ^! p]=ators pun*$ six slips at once1 ?irte5 pun*$ ?ree slips at once1 ?irty-"o pun*$ two slips at once1 & tw5ty-six pun*$ s+le slips4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( words previ\sly transmitt$ 9 "o night 0 #hfj1jjj2 & to give "s idea ( :at #a1ejj1jjj words repres5t1 x may be add$ t if an av]age quick speak] l ,mr4 ,glad/one 7 to speak )\t any /oppage = a week1 night & day1 t w\ld j be ab\t ! numb] ( words t he w\ld utt]1 or t ano!r p]son c\ld read al\d4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,! keep] or armature is ! piece ( iron :i* is plac$ across ! ends or poles ( a horse%oe magnet4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 8,a "n1 ev5 9 ! mo/ comm]cial nation1 is "o ( ! few ?+s :i* _c be b\ght4 ,x is ! free gift ( mank9d1 :i* mu/ be des]v$ be=e x w be grant$1 & is at la/ unwill+ly be/[$4 ,b ?is unwill+ness only increases desire 9 him :o believes 8 m]it suffici5t to ov]come x40--,,dr4 ,,johnson4 ,f ! two prec$+ *apt]s x appe>s t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 n only ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ electric telegraph us$ 9 ,engl&1 b t he at la/ inv5t$ ! mo/ p]fect transmitt] ( telegraphic intellig5ce4 ,he n only nurs$ x f its bir?1 b re>$ x to maturity2 & ! p]iod t elaps$ betwe5 8 fir/ & la/ inv5tion ( telegraphic app>atus 0 exactly tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,b ?is 0 n en\gh = 8 v]satile m9d to accompli%4 ,he _h work$ successfully z an inv5tor = sev5te5 ye>s be=e 8 fir/ telegraph 0 inv5t$1 & he cont9u$ to "w at 8 fav\rite subjects = sev5te5 ye>s aft] 8 la/ great telegraphic inv5tion4 ,hav+ conf9$ our att5tion 9 ! la/ two *apt]s almo/ exclusively to ! progress ( ! telegraph1 x rema9s = u to foll[ ! inv5tor into ! bye-pa?s :i* he n[ & !n delight$ to tread1 z well z to foll[ 8 c\rse dur+ 8 latt] ye>s along ! highway ( electrical sci5ce 9 :i* 8 g5ius appe>$ to f9d its mo/ cong5ial ex]cise4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 electrical rese>*es1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ m5 9 ,engl& to draw att5tion to ! !rmo-electric pile orig9ally con/ruct$ by ,nobili & ,melloni 9 #ahca2 x consi/$ ( a bundle or pile ( small plates ( bismu? & antimony1 :i* :5 heat$ conv]ts heat into electricity4 ,by connect+ ?is pile by coils ( wire ) a galvanomet] 7a movable ne$le7 x becomes a delicate means ( indicat+ m9ute *anges ( temp]ature1 ! electricity g5]at$ by heat mov+ ! ne$le4 ,?is in/rum5t c be affect$ by ! w>m? ( ! h& held sev]al y>ds away f x2 & x is believ$ t )\t x1 z a !rmoscope1 ! important discov]ies respect+ radiant heat made by ,pr(essor ,tyndall & o!rs w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,x has ev5 be5 f\nd possible by means ( ?is s5sitive app>atus to e/imate ! am\nt ( radiant heat emitt$ by insects4 ,9 #ahcg ,pr(essor ,:eat/one pr$ict$ great results f ! !rmo-electric pile z a s\rce ( electricity1 & 9 #ahfe he con/ruct$ a p[]ful !rmo-electric batt]y ( t description4 ,x 0 compos$ ( sixty pairs ( small b>s1 & x 0 /at$ t by its action 8a brilliant sp>k 0 obta9$1 & ab\t half an in* ( f9e plat9um wire :5 int]pos$ 0 rais$ to inc&esc5ce & fus$2 wat] 0 decompos$1 & a p5ny electro-plat$ ) silv] 9 a few seconds2 :il/ an electro-magnet 0 made to lift upw>ds ( a hundr$weight & a half40 ,?is !rmo-electric batt]y may be said to h electrifi$ ! imag9ations ( m5 ( sci5ce1 :o saw visions & dreamt dreams ab\t its future4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 sugge/$ t 8l w9dmills1 !rmo-electric batt]ies might be erect$ all ov] ! c\ntry = ! purpose ( conv]t+ into me*anical =ce1 & ?us into money1 gleams ( sun%9e :i* w\ld be to !m z w9d to ! sails ( a mill40 ,_m o!r attempts h be5 made to con/ruct a !rmo-electric pile capable ( be+ us$ z a g5]ator ( electricity in/ead ( ! voltaic batt]y or ! dynamo2 & al?\gh mu* progress 0 made 9 lat] ye>s1 ! difficulty 9 ! way1 z ,"l ,rayleigh obs]v$ 9 #ahhe1 0 ! too free passage ( heat by ord9>y conduction f ! hot to ! cold junction4 ,h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 hav+ once tak5 9 h& ! production ( electricity by an improv$ me?od1 work$ at ! problem until he solv$ x4 ,! electrical inv5tion t ranks next 9 importance to ! telegraph is ! dynamo ma*9e1 & ?is also he _h a %>e 9 introduc+ & improv+4 ,its fir/ conception has be5 claim$ by diff]5t electricians4 ,on ! #d? ( ,febru>y1 #ahfg1 two pap]s 7 read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 "o by ,sir ,william ,siem5s1 8,on ! conv]sion ( dynamic into electrical =ce )\t ! use ( p]man5t magnetism10 & ! o!r by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 8,on ! augm5tation ( ! p[] ( a magnet by ! reaction !reon ( curr5ts induc$ by ! magnet itself40 ,bo? pap]s describ$ ! same discov]y--! dynamo ma*9e4 ,! in/rum5t describ$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 made ( a /rip ( s(t iron1 ! core1 fifte5 in*es long1 b5t 9 ! =m ( a horse-%oe1 & w\nd r\nd 9 ! direction ( its bread? by #fdj feet ( insulat$ copp] wire 7cov]$ ) silk74 ,! keep] or armature 7! piece ( iron ext5d+ across ! ends ( ! horse %oe magnet7 0 holl[ at two sides = ! reception ( eighty feet ( insulat$ wire coil$ l5g?wise4 ,! two wires be+ connect$ s z to =m a s+le circuit1 & ! armature made to rotate 9 ! opposite direction to t ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 p[]ful electrical effects 7 produc$4 ,! electricity g5]at$ by ?is motion ( ! armature soon made f\r in*es ( plat9um wire r$-hot1 & decompos$ wat]4 ,^! effects 7 ?us expla9$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one3 ,! electro-magnet always reta9s a slight residual magnetism1 s is always 9 ! condition ( a weak p]man5t magnet2 ! motion ( ! armature occasions feeble curr5ts 9 its coils 9 alt]nate directions1 :i*1 br\ght into ! same direction1 pass into ! coil ( ! horse-%oe electro-magnet 9 su* a mann] z to increase ! magnetism ( ! iron core2 ! /r5g? ( ! magnet be+ ?us increas$1 x produces 9 its turn /rong] curr5ts 9 ! coil ( ! armature2 & ?is alt]nate increase goes on until x rea*es a maximum dep5d5t on ! rapidity ( ! motion & ! capacity ( ! magnet4 ,sir ,william ,siem5s1 ^: pap] 0 s5t 9 t5 days be=e ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's1 describ$ a simil> ma*9e1 b t !y 7 indep5d5t discov]ies has nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,x 0 almo/ inevitable1 h[ev]1 t ! "q ( priority %\ld be discuss$4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,sab9e1 :o def5d$ ! rights ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 /at$ 9 #ahgg t ! "t :5 8! idea ( mak+ a ma*9e :i* w\ld "w into itself occurr$ to ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 x is ( c\rse aft] 8 dea? impossible to det]m9e1 unless "s manuscript notes %\ld turn out 9 evid5ce4 ,i am also unable to asc]ta9 :5 ! fir/ exp]im5tal app>atus 0 made & tri$4 ,we mu/ !re=e />t f ! lat] /age1 viz41 ! f9i%$ ma*9e :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,society 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfg40 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to g a few ye>s fur!r back1 & to f9d t ! idea ( produc+ p[]ful electrical effects by me*anical means 0 pres5t 9 ! m9d ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e x 0 ann\nc$ z an accompli%$ fact4 ,e>ly 9 #ahdc he %[$ ,pr(essor ,a4 ,de ,la ,rive 8 new electro-magnetic telegraph2 & 9 publi%+ an acc\nt ( x ! ,fr5* ,pr(essor said t he 7,:eat/one7 8has endeav\r$ to apply ! same pr9ciple to ! production ( a useful me*anical =ce2 b he does n seem to me to h completely succe$$ on ?is po9t2 & ,i am conv9c$ t a long p]iod mu/ yet elapse be=e /eam is 9 ?is respect de?ron$ by electricity40 ,n[ x is a rem>kable fact t at t v "t !re 0 a plan ( a dynamo 9 ,,ms41 :i* un=tunately did n attract att5tion till ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,dr4 ,gloes5]1 pr(essor ( physics at ,lige ,univ]sity1 9 an extant ,,ms4 :i* 0 dat$ #bj? ( ,april1 #ahdb1 & :i* rema9$ 9 ! cu/ody ( public bodies 9 ,belgium f t date1 describ$ electro-magneto oscillat+ & rotatory motors :i* he design$1 & :i* he spoke ( 8z de/9$ to take ! place ( /eam & o!r motors40 ,9 hon\r ( ?is inv5tor1 :o di$ unrew>d$ = 8 presci5ce1 ! ,electrical ,congress at ,p>is admitt$ 8 daught] z _! only lady memb]4 ,h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one did n ann\nce ! practical realisation ( 8 idea till ,febru>y1 #ahfg4 8,! ma*9es !n exhibit$10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,r4 ,sab9e1 87 made = ,pr(essor ,:eat/one by ,mr4 ,/roh 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 #ahff4 ,:5 !y 7 f9i%$1 tri$1 & approv$ (1 !y 7 9 ! usual c\rse ( bus9ess *>g$ = by ,mr4 ,/roh on ! #ab? ( ,septemb]1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,v>ley says 8 ma*9e 7z x 0 exhibit$ at ! ,loan ,collection7 0 complet$ & tri$ at ! end ( ,septemb] or ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 #ahff4 ,sir ,william ,siem5s says t 8 bro!r tri$ 8 fir/ exp]im5tal ma*9e 9 ,decemb]1 #ahff4 ,x is cle> !re=e t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's ma*9es--^? exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,society--7 complet$1 tri$1 & *>g$ =1 be=e ! fir/ exp]im5tal ma*9es ( ,sir ,w4 ,siem5s or ,mr4 ,v>ley 7 f9i%$ or ready = trial4 ,! date :5 ! undef9$ idea ( mak+ any ma*9e fir/ occurr$ to an inv5tor is ( v little comp>ative importance1 unless ! idea be productive ( "s evid5ce ( its exi/5ce1 )\t :i* "o w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be incl9$ to suspect t memory might aft] a lapse ( ye>s be a little trea*]\s4 ,:o _h ! fir/ happy inspiration ( a reaction ma*9e we c sc>cely expect to "k n[4 ,( its fruits we h bett] evid5ce1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! claims ( ! ?ree inv5tors 9 "q /& ?us3 8,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 ! fir/ to complete & try ! reaction ma*9e4 8,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,v>ley 0 ! fir/ to put ! ma*9e (ficially on record 9 a provisional specification1 dat$ #bd? ( ,decemb]1 #ahff1 :i* 0 !re=e n publi%$ till ,july1 #ahfg4 8,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s 0 ! fir/ to call public att5tion to ! ma*9e 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,b]l9 ,academy on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y1 #ahfg40 ,9 su* cases ! date ( publication is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! date ( discov]y2 b :oev] 0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! dynamo1 x is n[ admitt$ t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's ma*9e 0 ! mo/ complete4 ,aft] expla9+ h[ ! rotation ( ! armature g5]at$ curr5ts ( electricity 9 ! magnet1 he /at$ t 8a v rem>kable increase ( all ! effects1 accompani$ by a dim9ution 9 ! resi/ance ( ! ma*9e1 is obs]v$ :5 a cross wire is plac$ s z to div]t a great portion ( ! curr5t f ! electro-magnet4 ,f\r in*es ( plat9um wire1 in/ead ( fla%+ into r$ness & !n disappe>+1 rema9 p]man5tly ignit$2 ! inductorium wire1 :i* be=e gave no sp>k1 n[ gave "o ( a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 & o!r effects 7 simil>ly increas$40 ,/range to say ?is discov]y1 ann\nc$ 9 #ahfg1 lay dormant till #ahhj1 & !n x 0 utilis$ by ,sir ,william ,siem5s s z to obviate ! great fluctuations previ\sly exp]i5c$ 9 electric-arc light+4 ,till !n ! electric light (t5 flick]$ in/ead ( %9+ /eadily1 & ! cause ( its irregul>ity puzzl$ ! electricians4 ,9 #ahhj ,sir ,william ,siem5s gave ,pr(essor ,:eat/one full cr$it = hav+ sugge/$ a rem$y = ?is defect 9 #ahfg4 ,su* an array ( electrical inv5tions & discov]ies 0 surely en\gh = "o man2 b electricity 0 only "o ( ! _m subjects t engag$ 8 att5tion or ex]cis$ 8 +5uity4 ,hav+ trac$ ! progress ( 8 electrical inv5tions ov] a p]iod ( =ty ye>s1 we mu/ n[ collect "s ( ! fruits ( 8 lab\r 9 o!r sci5ces dur+ t p]iod4 ,aft] 8 initial success ) ! electric telegraph 9 #ahcg1 he began to publi% 9 ! foll[+ ye> 8 ,contributions to ! ,physiology ( ,vision1 9 :i* he gave ! results ( exp]im5ts %[+ 8t !re is a seem+ diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( objects :5 se5 ) two eyes1 & :5 only "o eye is employ$2 & t ! mo/ vivid belief 9 ! solidity ( an object ( ?ree dim5sions arises f two p]spective projections ( x be+ simultane\sly pres5t$ to ! m9d40 ,at ! same "t he gave a description ( 8 newly-inv5t$ in/rum5t = illu/rat+ ^! ph5om5a--! /]eoscope1 :i* 0 fir/ ann\nc$ 9 #ahch1 & 0 improv$ 9 c\rse ( ! next f\rte5 ye>s4 ,:5 he describ$ ! /]eoscope to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahch & expla9$ ! sci5tific pr9ciple :i* x illu/rat$1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] said he 0 afraid t ! memb]s c\ld sc>cely judge--f ! v brief & mode/ acc\nt giv5 by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one ( ! pr9ciple & ( ! in/rum5t devis$ = illu/rat+ x--( its extreme beauty & g5]ality4 ,he 7,sir ,david7 consid]$ x "o ( ! mo/ valuable optical pap]s :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to ! ,association4 ,he obs]v$ t :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! law ( visible direction 9 b9ocul> vision1 x expla9$ all ^? ph5om5a ( vision by :i* philosoph]s _h be5 s long p]plex$2 & t vision 9 ?ree dim5sions receiv$ ! mo/ complete explanation f ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's rese>*es4 ,at ! same "t ,sir ,john ,h]s*el *>act]is$ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's discov]y z "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & beautiful = its simplicity 9 ! entire range ( exp]im5tal optics4 ,at ! date ( ! publication ( 8 exp]im5ts on b9ocul> vision1 said ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 ! brilliant photographic discov]ies ( ,talbot1 ,niepce1 & ,dagu]re _h n be5 ann\nc$ to ! _w1 z illu/rat+ ! ph5om5a ( ! /]eoscope4 ,he c\ld !re=e at t "t only employ draw+s made by ! h&s ( ! arti/s4 8,m]e outl9e figures1 or ev5 %ade p]spective draw+s ( simple objects1 did n pres5t mu* difficulty2 b x is evid5tly impossible10 he says1 8= ! mo/ accurate & accompli%$ arti/ to del9eate by ! sole aid ( 8 eye ! two projections necess>y to =m ! /]eoscopic relief ( objects z !y exi/ 9 nature ) _! delicate diff]5ces ( outl9e1 light1 & %ade4 ,:at ! h& ( ! arti/ 0 unable to accompli%1 ! *emical action ( light1 direct$ by ! cam]a1 is enabl$ to effect4 ,x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( #ahci1 ab\t six mon?s aft] ! appe>ance ( my memoir 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 t ! photographic art became kn[n1 & soon aft]1 at my reque/1 ,mr4 ,talbot1 ! inv5tor1 & ,mr4 ,coll5 7"o ( ! fir/ cultivators ( ! art7 oblig+ly prep>$ = me /]eoscopic ,talbotypes ( full-siz$ /atues1 build+s1 & ev5 portraits ( liv+ p]sons4 ,m4 ,quetelet1 to :om ,i communicat$ ?is application & s5t specim5s1 made m5tion ( x 9 ! ,bullet9s ( ! ,brussels ,academy ( ,octob] #ahda4 ,to ,m4 ,fizeau & ,m4 ,claudet ,i 0 indebt$ = ! fir/ dagu]reotypes execut$ = ! /]eoscope40 ,z indicat+ ! relations t cont9u$ to exi/ betwe5 him & ,sir ,david ,brew/] on ! subject ( vision1 x is wor?y ( rem>k t 9 #ahdd ,pr(essor ,:eat/one br\ght be=e ! ,briti% ,association "s s+ul> effects produc$ by c]ta9 col\rs 9 juxtaposition4 ,obs]v+ t a c>pet ( small patt]n 9 gre5 & r$ appe>$ 9 ! gas-light z if all ! p>ts ( ! patt]n 7 9 motion1 he _h sev]al patt]ns work$ 9 v>i\s contra/$ col\rs 9 ord] to v]ify & /udy ! ph5om5a4 ,bo? he & ,sir ,david ,brew/] br\ght to ,york sep>ate communications on ?is subject1 & specim5s ( col\r$ rugwork to illu/rate x2 b on see+ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's specim5s1 ,sir ,david )held bo? 8 pap] & 8 illu/rations1 & simply made a few rem>ks on ,:eat/one's pap]1 /at+ t :5 he came to ,york he did n "k t ! ph5om5a 7 produc$ by any o!r col\rs b r$ & gre51 & t he 0 indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,:eat/one = %[+ him t r$ & blue _h ! same effect4 ,! ,pr(essor acc\nt$ = x by say+ t ! eye reta9$ its s5sibility = v>i\s col\rs dur+ v>i\s l5g?s ( "t4 ,9 ! /]eoscope design$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one mirrors 7 us$ in/ead ( l5ses2 & ?\gh ! effect produc$ by mirrors 0 simil> to t :i* we n[ see by means ( l5ses1 its />tl+ novelty did n excite popul> int]e/4 ,inde$ x 0 only us$ by two or ?ree ,pr(essors to illu/rate optical ph5om5a2 & ) t exception x might be said to h be5 unhon\r$ & unus$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,x 0 ,sir ,david ,brew/] :o propos$ to use l5ses in/ead ( mirrors1 & ?us gave to x ! =m 9 :i* x ev5tually became popul>2 b ev5 !n its popul>ity might be describ$ z ( =eign orig94 ,9 address+ ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdh on ! !ory ( vision1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] said t ! solution ( "s problems t _h long baffl$ opticians 0 greatly facilitat$ by t beautiful in/rum5t1 ! /]eoscope ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one4 ,next ye> ,sir ,david exhibit$ 8 new =m ( ! /]eoscope be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,birm+ham1 & 9 #ahej he exhibit$ x at ,p>is1 & expla9$ x to ,m4 ,duboscq ,soleil1 an optician ( t city1 :o 0 s impress$ ) its advantages t he began to manufacture x1 & to call public att5tion to its p[]s4 ,"o 0 also exhibit$ be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :o appo9t$ a committee to exam9e x4 ,9 #ahdi ,sir ,david ,brew/] (f]$ 8 improvem5t 9 ! /]eoscope gratuit\sly to opticians 9 ,birm+ham & ,london2 b !y did n accept x2 & x 0 only aft] x became an object ( wond] 9 ,france t x began to be appreciat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,at ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea ,m4 ,duboscq ,soleil %[$ a beautiful in/rum5t toge!r ) a f9e set ( b9ocul> dagu]reotypes2 & ano!r in/rum5t by ! same mak] 0 pres5t$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/] to ! ,que54 ,9 ! same ye> "s 7 exhibit$ at "o ( ! soires ( ,"l ,rosse1 :]e !y excit$ mu* int]e/4 ,! att5tion ( ,engli% photograph]s be+ !n direct$ to x1 photographic pictures & portraits began to be execut$ = x 9 abundance4 ,! /]eoscope soon came to be 9 dem&2 x 0 manufactur$ by ,engli% z well z ,fr5* mak]s2 & ?us became a fav\rite ornam5t or sci5tific curiosity4 ,dur+ ! next five ye>s #ejj1jjj /]eoscopes 7 sold4 ,:ile ,sir ,david ,brew/] did s mu* to make ! /]eoscope popul>1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 0 g5]ally accr$it$ ) ! orig9al inv5tion4 ,9 #ahdi ! em95t ,fr5* philosoph]s1 ,,mm4 ,l4 ,f\cault & ,j4 ,regnault1 /at$ 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus t 89 a beautiful inve/igation on ! vision ( objects ( ?ree dim5sions1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one /ates t :5 two visual fields1 or ! correspond+ elem5ts ( ! two ret91 simultane\sly receive impressions f rays ( diff]5t refrangibility1 no p]ception ( mix$ col\rs is produc$4 ,! ass]tion ( ?is able philosoph] be+ oppos$ to ! op9ion ( ! majority ( ^? :o h att5d$ to ! same subject1 we h ?\ght x useful to repeat1 modify1 & ext5d ^! exp]im5ts2 & ! /]eoscope ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one (f]$ a simple means ( dis5tangl+ ^! delicate obs]vations ( all complication capable ( injuri\sly affect+ ! accuracy ( ! physiological results40 ,9 an acc\nt ( x publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahea x 0 truly /at$ t ! ph5om5a ( vision _h engag$ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ acute philosoph]s2 & t ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one _h done m ?an ^? ( any o!r man to expla9 ! result ( s+le vision ) a pair ( eyes :ile "u ! influ5ce ( two impressions2 = 9 8 /]eoscope two images drawn p]spectively ^u plane surfaces1 :5 view$ at ! angle ( reflection appe> to be conv]t$ into a solid body1 & to convey to ! m9d an impression ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,at ! same "t x 0 expla9$ t ,sir ,david ,brew/] modifi$ ! in/rum5t & imitat$ ! me*anical conditions ( ! eye by cutt+ a l5s into halves1 & plac+ ea* half s z to repres5t an eye ) a di/ance ( two & a half in*es betwe5 !m4 ,al?\gh x 0 ?is use ( l5ses t made ! /]eoscope fa%ionable1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one cont9u$ to recomm5d 8 orig9al reflect+ in/rum5t z ! mo/ effici5t =m1 n only = inve/igat+ ! ph5om5a ( b9ocul> vision1 b also = exhibit+ ! greate/ v>iety ( /]eoscopic effects1 8z x admits ( e requir$ adju/m5t1 & pictures ( any size may be plac$ 9 x40 ,b 9 #ahef ! *orus ( unanimity z to ! orig9al inv5tion ( ! /]eoscope 0 brok54 ,detraction !n began4 ,a book1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 t ye>1 n only disput$ ! sci5tific accuracy ( ! pr9ciples ( vision enunciat$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 b endeav\r$ to dive/ him ( all cr$it 9 connection ) ! inv5tion ( ! /]eoscope4 ,:o ev] c\ld h writt5 su* a book8 ,sir ,david ,brew/]6 ,nor did a book suffice4 ,9 #ahfj he read a pap] be=e ! ,photographic ,society ( ,scotl& 8respect+ ! inv5tion ( ! /]eoscope 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & ( b9ocul> draw+s by ,jacopo da ,empoli1 a ,flor5t9e arti/40 ,he /at$ t inquiry into ! hi/ory ( ! /]eoscope %[$ t its fundam5tal pr9ciple 0 kn[n ev5 to ,euclid2 t x 0 di/9ctly describ$ by ,gal5 #aejj ye>s ago2 & t ,bapti/a ,porta _h1 9 #aeii1 giv5 su* a complete draw+ ( ! two sep>ate pictures z se5 by ea* eye1 & ( ! comb9$ picture plac$ betwe5 !m1 t 9 x might be recognis$ n only ! pr9ciple1 b ! con/ruction ( ! /]eoscope4 ,x is notewor?y t ,sir ,david ,brew/] fir/ gave ,pr(essor ,:eat/one ! cr$it ( be+ ! inv5tor ( ! telegraph1 & aft]w>ds ridicul$ 8 claims4 ,z to ! pr9ciple ( ! /]eoscope1 x 0 at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdh t ,sir ,david ,brew/] def9itely disput$ ! !ory ( vision :i* ascribes to exp]i5ce in/ead ( intuition ! correct p]ception ( objects & ( di/ances ) two eyes z well z ) "o4 ,he obs]v$ t an infant obta9$ 8 fir/ glances ( ! ext]nal _w by op5+ on x bo? eyes :i* evid5tly convey$ s+le vision to ! m9d2 & 9 l mann] he cont5d$ t "y animals saw di/ances correctly almo/ at ! in/ant ( _! bir?4 ,! duckl+ ran to ! wat] almo/ z soon z x broke ! %ell2 ! "y boa con/rictor w\ld involve & bite an object pres5t$ to x2 & on ! o!r h& no p]son ev] saw a *ild use su* motions z prov$ x to p]ceive objects at its eye1 to grasp at ! sun or moon or o!r inaccessible objects1 b q ! contr>y4 ,dr4 ,:ewell entirely diss5t$ f ! views ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 :i* 7 n new2 & 9 confirmation ( ,dr4 ,:ewell's cont5tion t exp]i5ce 0 a necess>y guide 9 ! use ( ! s5ses1 a ,bri/ol oculi/ gave sev]al in/ances ( p]sons :o on be+ re/or$ to sight f total bl9dness c\ld n at fir/ =m any idea ( ! di/ances1 or directions1 or %apes ( bodies2 9 "o in/ance ! pati5t1 = a l5g? ( "t1 0 9 ! habit ( %utt+ h] eyes entirely & feel+ ! objects1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! confusion :i* vision gave rise to2 & x 0 only z h] exp]i5ce grew m p]fect t %e saw ) increas+ correctness & pleasure1 until at l5g? h] sight became p]fect4 ,! controv]sy on ?is subject has engag$ ! att5tion ( _m philosoph]s & has n yet be5 settl$4 ,9 lat] ye>s ,helmholtz1 :o pref]r$ ! mirror /]eoscope ( ,:eat/one to ! l5ticul> "o ( ,brew/] on ! gr\nd t ! =m] gave m %>ply-def9$ effects1 /at$ t ! hypo!ses successively =m$ by ! v>i\s support]s ( ! intuitive !ories ( vision 7 q unnecess>y1 z no fact _h be5 discov]$ inconsi/5t ) ! empirical !ory1 :i* supposes no?+ m ?an ! well-kn[n association betwe5 ! impressions we receive & ! conclusions we draw f !m1 accord+ to ! fundam5tal laws ( daily exp]i5ce4 ,9 #ahea ,pr(essor ,:eat/one inv5t$ ! pseudoscope1 an in/rum5t :i* conveys to ! m9d false p]ceptions ( all ext]nal objects1 call$ conv]sions ( relief1 because ! illusive appe>ance _h ! same relation to t ( ! real object z a ca/ to a m\ld or a m\ld to a ca/4 ,?us a *9a vase ornam5t$ ) fl[]s 9 relief %[$ 9 ! pseudoscope a v]tical section ( ! int]ior ) pa9t$ holl[ impressions ( ! fl[]s4 ,9 l mann] a bu/ became a deep holl[ mask4 ,:5 two objects at diff]5t di/ances 7 view$ ?r\gh x1 ! mo/ remote object appe>$ ! ne>e/1 :ile ! ne>e/ became ! mo/ remote4 ,a fl[]+ %rub 9 front ( a h$ge appe>$ 9 ! pseudoscope z beh9d ! h$ge1 & a tree /&+ outside a w9d[ 0 transf]r$ to ! inside ( ! room4 ,?is in/rum5t has be5 useful 9 illu/rat+ m5tal ph5om5a accord+ to ! impressions x produces on obs]v]s4 ,x is f\nd t ) mo/ p]sons ! inv]t$ appe>ance t an object pres5ts :5 se5 ?r\gh ! in/rum5t is alone se5 at fir/2 b aft] ! real =m ( ! object becomes kn[n1 _! visual p]ception is s mu* "u ! control ( _! matt]-(-fact exp]i5ce t !y are unable aga9 to see ! inv]sion ( ! object4 ,) o!r obs]v]s ! real appe>ance ( ! object la/s a %ort] or long] "t1 aft] :i* _! visual impressions pr$om9ate to su* an ext5t t x aga9 appe>s inv]t$4 ,nor did 8 f]tility 9 illu/rat+ visual effects end "h4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,plateau /at$ 9 ! j\rnal ( ! ,belgian ,royal ,academy = #ahea t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one _h communicat$ to him a plan = comb9+ ! pr9ciple ( ! /]eoscope ) t ( ! ,ph5aki/icope1 :]eby figures simply pa9t$ ^u pap] w\ld be se5 bo? 9 relief & 9 motion1 ?us pres5t+ all ! appe>ances ( life4 ,9 #ahea he suppli$ ! sci5tific _w ) a me*anical illu/ration ( ! e>?'s rotatory motion :i* 0 mu* admir$1 & :i* set at re/ "s disput$ po9ts4 ,que/ions _h be5 rais$ at t "t z to ! effect :i* ! rotation ( ! e>? _h ^u bodies :i*1 l ! p5dulum1 oscillat$ f fix$ po9ts2 & ,m4 ,f\cault design$ me*anical means ( %[+ su* effects :i* 7 said to make ! rotation ( ! e>? z evid5t to ! sight z t ( a sp9n+-top4 ,8 orig9al exp]im5t 0 %[n 9 ,p>is to ,m4 ,arago & o!r sci5tific m51 & 0 describ$ z foll[s3--,to ! c5tre ( ! dome ( ! ,pan!on 7#bgb feet high7 a f9e wire 0 atta*$1 f :i* a sph]e ( metal1 f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 0 susp5d$ s z to hang ne> ! floor ( ! build+4 ,?is app>atus 0 put 9 vibration aft] ! mann] ( a p5dulum4 ,"u1 & conc5trical ) x1 0 plac$ a circul> table1 "s tw5ty feet 9 diamet]1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* 0 divid$ into degrees1 m9utes1 c41 & ! divisions 7 numb]$4 ,! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( me*anics %[$ t1 suppos+ ! e>? to h ! diurnal motion ^u its axis :i* expla9s ! ph5om5a ( day & night1 ! plane 9 :i* ! p5dulum vibrat$ w\ld n be affect$ by ?is diurnal motion1 b w\ld ma9ta9 /rictly ! same direction dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 ?is int]val1 h[ev]1 ! table ov] :i* ! p5dulum 0 susp5d$ w\ld cont9ually *ange its position 9 virtue ( ! diurnal motion1 s z to make a complete revolution 9 ab\t #cj;h4 #djm4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! table ?us revolv$1 & ! p5dulum :i* vibrat$ ov] x did n revolve1 a l9e trac$ ^u ! table by a po9t or p5cil project+ f ! bottom ( ! ball w\ld *ange its direction relatively to ! table f m9ute to m9ute1 & f h\r to h\r2 s t :5 pap] 0 spread ^u ! table1 ! p5cil =m$ a sy/em ( l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre ( ! table2 & ! two l9es ?us drawn aft] ! int]val ( "o h\r always =m$ an angle ) ea* o!r ( ab\t elev5 & a half degrees1 be+ ! tw5ty-f\r? "p ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is 0 actually %[n to cr[ds :o daily flock$ to ! ,pan!on to witness ?is rem>kable exp]im5t4 ,! practis$ eye ( a correct obs]v]1 aid$ by a magnify+ glass1 c\ld actually see ! motion :i* ! table _h 9 common ) ! e>? "u ! p5dulum betwe5 two successive vibrations1 x be+ app>5t t ! ball did n return precisely to ! same po9t ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! table aft] two successive vibrations4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ 9 o!r t[ns bo? on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,engl& ) accordant results4 ,x 0 po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s magnetism & o!r s\rces ( error might produce discrepancies2 b ,pr(essor ,:eat/one inv5t$ an app>atus :i* pres5t$ a complete illu/ration n only ( ! g5]al pr9ciple1 b ( ! precise law ( ! s9e ( ! latitude4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! pr9ciple t s long z ! axis ( vibration cont9ues p>allel to itself1 ! arc ( vibration w cont9ue p>allel to itself2 b if ! axis does n cont9ue p>allel1 ! direction ( ! arc ( vibration w deviate4 ,8 app>atus illu/rat$ t pr9ciple4 ,in/ead ( a p5dulum he us$ ! vibrations ( a coil+ spr+1 ! axis ( :i* c\ld be plac$ 9 any requir$ incl9ation or latitude ) respect to a v]tical semicircul> frame :i* revolv$ ab\t its v]tical axis3 ! direction ( ! vibration 0 se5 to *ange 9 a degree proportion$ to ! s9e ( ! latitude or incl9ation4 ,he rem>k$1 ) ref]5ce to ,f\cault's exp]im5t1 t ! difficulty ( ! me*anical inve/igation ( ! subject1 & ! delicacy ( an exp]im5t liable to s _m causes ( error1 _h l$ _m p]sons to d\bt ei!r ! reality ( ! ph5om5a or ! satisfactor9ess ( ! explanation2 & he !re=e suppli$ an exp]im5tal pro( :i* 0 n dep5d5t ^u ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,8 exp]im5tal pro( 0 pron\nc$ ! mo/ complete & satisfactory t _h be5 giv54 ,ano!r subject t attract$ 8 att5tion = ye>s 0 ! art ( writ+ 9 ciph]4 ,:5 he 0 be=e a ,p>liam5t>y ,committee 9 #ahdj he 0 ask$ :e!r ! telegraph 0 n op5 to ! objection t ! (ficials work+ x necess>ily became acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( all ! messages4 ,8 only reply to t objection !n 0 t secret messages c\ld be s5t 9 ciph]4 ,9 lat] ye>s he con/ruct$ a ma*9e = t purpose1 int5d+ to complete ! b5efits ( ! electric telegraph by r5d]+ x possible to transmit telegraphic messages 9 a way t w\ld r5d] _! cont5ts un9telligible to ! (ficials ?r\gh ^: h&s !y pass$4 ,?is ma*9e 0 call$ ! cryptograph1 & x p]iodically *ang$ ! *>act]s repres5t+ ! successive lett]s ( ! writt5 communication1 s t x c\ld n be read except by ! receiv]1 :o1 possess+ a correspond+ ma*9e set 9 ! same way z ! s5d]'s1 c\ld by rev]s+ ! op]ation und]/& ! *>act]s4 ,he /at$ t by ! aid ( ?is in/rum5t an ext5sive secret correspond5ce c\ld be c>ri$ on ) sev]al p]sons1 & a sep>ate ciph] c\ld be employ$ by ea* correspond5t4 ,! ciph] despat*es prep>$ by x 7 un9telligible to any p]son unacqua9t$ ) ! ^w t might be select$ z ! basis ( ! ciph] alphabet1 & ?\gh any p]son might possess "o ( ! in/rum5ts1 he c\ld n translate ! ciph] s long z ! key-^w 0 kept secret4 ,al?\gh ?is in/rum5t has be5 sc>cely kn[n to ! public1 exp]i5ce has prov$ its simplicity & effici5cy2 & x has be5 employ$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & ! ,engli% police4 ,its pr9ciple is easily und]/ood4 ,any ^w 9 :i* ! same lett] does n recur1 may be select$ z ! key-^w4 ,take ! ^w 8sauc]10 & write "u ! sep>ate lett]s ( x1 ! rema9+ lett]s ( ! alphabet consecutively 9 ! foll[+ column> =m3 ,s a u c e r b d f g h i j k l m n o p q t v w x y z ,9 ! ma*9e are two movable spaces1 "o conta9+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 ! usual ord]1 & ! o!r adapt$ to receive 9 juxtaposition ! ciph] lett]s :i*1 ) 8sauc]0 z ! key-^w1 w\ld be ! above lett]s arrang$ 9 a r[1 "o column foll[+ ano!r1 ?us3 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z s b j p y a d k q z u f l t c g m v e h n w r i o x ,a m>vell\s in/ance ( 8 skill 9 deciph]+ cryptographic docum5ts occurr$ 9 #aheh4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ellis relates t a good _m ye>s previ\sly ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum pur*as$ at a high price :at appe>$ to be a v important docum5t 9 ciph]1 occupy+ sev5 folio pages closely fill$ ) num]als4 ,! top ( e page bore ! signature ( ,k+ ,*>les ! ,fir/1 & 0 c\nt]sign$ by ,digbye4 ,= a long "t ,sir ,h5ry ,ellis endeav\r$ to get x deciph]$ = ! purpose ( includ+ x 9 8 s]ies ( lett]s illu/rative ( ! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 b he c\ld n get any "o able to read x4 ,"o ev5+ at ,e>l ,/anhope's he accid5tally m5tion$ t fact to ,"l ,wrottesley1 :o sugge/$ t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's +5uity might be able to unravel ! secret writ+1 & accord+ly ,sir ,h5ry ,ellis at once s5t x to ! ,pr(essor1 reque/+ t he w\ld inve/igate its cont5ts4 ,?is took place on ,june #a/1 #aheh4 ,9 ! docum5t 9 "q ab\t n9ety diff]5t num]als 7 employ$ to repres5t ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & besides ! complexity ( ea* lett] be+ repres5t$ by sev]al di/9ct num]als1 !re 0 no division betwe5 ! diff]5t words1 & ! numb]s repres5t$ n ,engli% 7z 0 at fir/ suppos$7 b ,fr5* words4 ,?is docum5t1 :i* _h baffl$ all o!r exp]ts1 0 int]pret$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one4 ,a copy ( x hav+ be5 s5t two or ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds to ! ,philobiblon ,society1 along ) ! key to ! ciph]1 ! ,society express$ 8_! admiration ( ?is additional in/ance ( t wond]ful faculty ( int]pretation :i* seems to ord9>y m9ds a special intuition n unwor?y ( a great sci5tific discov]] & practical b5efactor ( ! age40 ,among ! subjects t engag$ 8 att5tion bo? at ! beg9n+ & ! close ( 8 electrical /udies 0 ! con/ruction ( self-regi/]+ !rmomet]s4 ,9 #ahdc he inv5t$ a telegraphic !rmomet]1 or r an electro-magneto-meteorological regi/]4 ,x record$ ! indications ( ! b>omet]1 & ! !rmomet]1 & ! psy*romet] e half-h\r1 & pr9t$ ! result 9 figures on a %eet ( pap]4 ,! record+ me*anism 0 a k9d ( clockwork1 :i* 0 capable ( regi/]+ #ajjj obs]vations 9 a week )\t any readju/m5t1 & x c\ld be prep>$ 9 five m9utes = ano!r week's "w4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is p]iodic w9d+ up1 ! in/rum5t c\ld n be left = an indef9ite "t2 & z !re 7 _m situations 9 :i* x 0 desirable to h meteorological indications1 b to :i* access c\ld n be obta9$ = long p]iods1 he devis$ a new telegraphic !rmomet] ^: indications 7 made visible at di/ant /ations )\t ! aid ( clockwork4 ,x consi/$ ( two p>ts2 "o "p1 call$ ! respond]1 conta9$ a metallic !rmomet] consi/+ ( a spiral ribbon ( two dissimil> metals2 ?is respond] 0 connect$ by two telegraph wires ) ! o!r portion ( ! app>atus call$ ! que/ion]1 :i* record$ ! *anges ( temp]ature by ! movem5t ( a h& on a dial r\nd ! edge ( :i* 0 a !rmometric scale4 ,! respond] c\ld be plac$ at ! top ( a high m\nta9 = any l5g? ( "t1 :ile its indications c\ld be read at ! /ation bel[2 x c\ld be plac$ deep d[n 9 ! e>? ^: temp]ature c\ld ?us be asc]ta9$ ov] a long p]iod2 or x might be l[]$ to ! bottom ( ! sea1 & its indications read at int]vals dur+ its desc5t z well z p]iodically at ! bottom1 :]eas previ\s m>9e !rmomet]s requir$ to be rais$ at e fre% obs]vation4 ,9 #ahga ,mr4 ,spottiswoode deliv]$ a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution on 8,"s exp]im5ts on successive pol>isation ( light made by ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one40 ,he expla9$ t ! exp]im5ts !n describ$ 7 made by ,:eat/one "s ye>s previ\sly1 b ! pressure ( o!r avocations delay$ _! publication4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! pol>isation ( light =m$ ! subject ( exp]im5ts tw5ty-five ye>s previ\sly1 = 9 #ahdh ,pr(essor ,:eat/one describ$ to ! ,briti% ,association an app>atus :i* by means ( ! pol>isation ( light indicat$ true sol> "t 9 places :]e a sun-dial w\ld be useless4 ,x 0 call$ ,:eat/one's pol> clock or dial1 & he describ$ sev]al =ms ( x4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate all 8 m9or inv5tions2 b x is wor?y ( obs]vation t f fir/ to la/ !re 0 a rem>kable p]iodicity 9 ! production ( 8 *ief inv5tions4 ,beg9n+ ) 8 magic lyre 9 #ahba1 he inv5t$ ! conc]t9a 9 #ahbi1h & 8 fir/ telegraph 9 #ahcg4 ,betwe5 #ahcg & #ahdc he produc$ eight inv5tions2 & aft] t p]iod 8 next notable inv5tions 7 8 pseudoscope & 8 novel app>atus illu/rat+ ! rotation ( ! e>? 9 #ahea4 ,9 #aheh he produc$ 8 automatic transmitt]1 :i* 0 succe$$ 9 #ahfg by 8 dynamo4 ,x ?us appe>s t a p]iod ( eight ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ea* ( ^! important inv5tions1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! int]val f #ahcg to #ahdc1 :5 he produc$ eight inv5tions4 ,?is p]iodic rip5+ ( 8 f]tile m9d into a ri* h>ve/ ( inv5tions ext5d$ ov] half a c5tury4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be matt] ( surprise1 !re=e1 t :5 dea? put a /op to 8 lab\rs on ! eve ( ano!r cycle1 he left evid5ces ( fre% fruits :i* 7 n yet matur$4 ,8 la/ inv5tion 0 a new record+ in/rum5t = subm>9e cables4 ,x consi/$ ( a globe ( m]cury :i* a slight electrical impulse caus$ to move to & fro 9 a capill>y tube conta9+ acid1 ! movem5ts ( ! globule to ! "r or left by ! delicate curr5t ( a cable repres5t+ telegraphic signs4 ,x 0 said at ! "t to be fifty-eight times m s5sitive ?an any previ\s record]4 8,! catalogue ( ,:eat/one's valuable lab\rs10 says a fri5d ( 81 8is /ill f> f be+ exhau/$3 b x mu/ n[ suffice only to m5tion "s ( 8 unpubli%$ & incomplete rese>*es1 ( :i* _m exi/4 ,at ! e>ly "p ( 8 c>e]1 :5 8 ?\ghts 7 ma9ly direct$ to ,ac\/ics1 he endeav\r$ to inve/igate ! causes ( ! diff]5ces ( #8timbre' or quality ( tone 9 diff]5t musical in/rum5ts1 presum+ x to dep5d on ! nature ( sup]pos$ second>y vibrations1 & ( ! mat]ial by :i* !y are affect$4 ,?is ! writ] frequ5tly1 b 9 va91 urg$ him to complete & publi%2 b su* 0 ! fecundity ( 8 imag9ation t he w\ld frequ5tly "w /eadily = a "t at a giv5 subject1 & !n entirely put x aside 9 pursuit1 x may be1 ( "s m important or m practical idea t _h pres5t$ itself to 8 m9d4 ,a %ort treatise is 9 exi/5ce on ! capabilities ( 8 well-kn[n wave-ma*9e1 9 :i* r[s ( :ite balls1 m\nt$ on rods1 are actuat$ 9 two directions p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r by guides or templets ) suitable curv$ outl9es2 by means ( ?is ma*9e _m comb9ations ( plane & helical waves may be demon/rat$1 & especially ^? relat$ to ! !ory ( pol>is$ light4 8,9 fur!rance ( ?is subject he devis$ a new =m or mode ( geometrical analysis1 to :i* he gave ! title ( ,bif>ial ,algebra1 9 :i* bo? ! magnitude & ! relative position ( l9es on a plane surface are design$ to be repres5t$ by ! introduction ( two new symbols to repres5t positive & negative p]p5dicul> directions4 ,! same pr9ciple has also be5 ext5d$ to ?ree dim5sions1 ) a fur!r proposal ( new symbols1 "u ! "n ( ,trif>ial ,algebra4 ,on ?is subject a brief treatise exi/s 9 manuscript4 8,among ! subjects ( 8 m rec5t b /ill incomplete inve/igations 9 light & electricity1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3--col\rs ( transp>5t & opaque bodies2 col\rs obta9$ by transmission & reflection2 absorption-b&s 9 col\r$ liquids2 spectroscopic exam9ation ( light reflect$ f opaque & di*roic bodies2 electro-motive =ces ( v>i\s comb9ations2 inductive capacities ( v>i\s bodies2 exp]im5ts on electro-capill>ity2 & ! con/ruction ( relays40 8,al?\gh any "o w\ld be *>m$ by 8 able & lucid exposition ( any sci5tific fact or pr9ciple 9 private1 yet 8 attempt to repeat ! same process 9 public inv>iably prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,an anecdote may "h be m5tion$ 9 confirmation ( ?is peculi> idiosyncrasy4 ,:eat/one & ! writ] ( ?is 7 = sev]al ye>s memb]s ( a small private debat+ society compris+ sev]al famili> names 9 sci5ce1 art1 or lit]ature1 t met p]iodically at "o ano!r's h\ses to discuss "s extemporane\s subject1 & e memb] 0 expect$ to speak4 ,:eat/one nev] c\ld be induc$ to op5 8 lips1 ev5 on subjects on :i* he 0 brimful ( in=mation40 ,8 famili> =m1 says ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 0 well kn[n to ! old habitus ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 8,:5ev] ei!r ( 8 fav\rite subjects1 light1 s\nd1 or electricity1 0 "u discussion1 8 little1 active1 n]v\s1 & intellig5t =m 0 pres5t1 eag]ly li/5+ to ! lectur]4 ,he 0 no lectur] himself1 yet no "o 0 m voluble 9 conv]sation4 ,9 expla9+ any object ( 8 own inv5tion1 or any app>atus be=e him1 no "o 0 m apt1 b :5 he appe>$ be=e an audi5ce & became ! focus ( a ?\s& eyes1 all 8 volubility fl$2 & left him )\t a p>ticle ( t peculi> quality :i* enables an individual ) confid5ce to come be=e a critical audi5ce1 su* z is repres5t$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 to develop sci5tific facts or describe app>atus4 ,?is defect prov$ =tunate1 = x 0 ! cause ( ,:eat/one obta9+ ! aid ( ! greate/ lectur] ( ! age2 & ! annals ( t ,in/itution be> record ( _m ,friday ev5+s be+ occupi$ by ,f>aday 9 exp\nd+ ! #8beautiful developm5ts1' z he call$ !m1 ( ,:eat/one4444 ,?\gh he 0 no lectur]1 or prolific writ]1 he 0 an unrivall$ conv]sationali/1 & ^? :o _h ! pleasure ( 8 conv]sation c\ld nev] =get ! lucidity ) :i* he expla9$ 8 app>atus4 ,8 bibliographical k 0 almo/ incr$ible4 ,he seem$ to "k e book t 0 writt5 & e fact record$1 & any "o 9 d\bt _h only to g to ,:eat/one to get :at he want$4 ,! elegance ( ! design ( ev]y?+ ,:eat/one accompli%$ mu/ always ma9ta9 him 9 ! v fir/ rank ( ! wond]ful g5iuses ( ?is wond]ful c5tury40 ,_m hon\rs & di/9ctions 7 conf]r$ on him4 ,he receiv$ ! degrees ( ,d4,c4,l4 & ,,ll4,d4 f ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & he 0 made a correspond+ or honor>y memb] ( all ! pr9cipal sci5tific academies 9 ,europe4 ,( ! ?irty-f\r di/9ctions conf]r$ on him by ,gov]nm5ts1 ,univ]sities1 or le>n$ ,societies1 eight 7 ,g]man1 six ,fr5*1 five ,engli%1 ?ree ,swiss1 two ,scot*1 two ,italian1 two ,am]ican1 besides "o ,iri%1 ,sw$i%1 ,russian1 ,belgian1 ,dut*1 & ,brazilian4 ,mo/ ( 8 hon\rs 7 conf]r$ 9 recognition ( 8 electrical inv5tions4 ,= ^! he 0 knight$ 9 #ahfh2 & bo? be=e & aft] t date he 0 m lavi%ly prais$ abroad ?an at home4 ,9 #ahfg1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,italian ,society ( ,sci5ces1 9 conf]r+ on him ! hon\r ( honor>y memb]%ip1 said t ! applications ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,rotat+ ,mirror 7 s important & s v>i\s t ?is discov]y mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( ^? :i* h mo/ contribut$ 9 ^! latt] times to ! progress ( exp]im5tal physics4 8,! memoir on ! measure ( electric curr5ts & all que/ions :i* relate !reto & to ! laws ( ,ohm has p[]fully contribut$ to spread among physici/s ! k ( ^! facts & ! mode ( measur+ !m ) an accuracy & simplicity :i* be=e we did n possess4 ,all physici/s "k h[ _m rese>*es h s9ce be5 und]tak5 ) ! rheo/at & ) ! s-call$ #8,:eat/one ,bridge1' & h[ usefully ^! in/rum5ts h be5 appli$ to ! measurem5t ( electric curr5ts1 ( ! resi/ance ( circuits1 & ( electro-motive =ces40 ,9 #ahgc ! ,fr5* ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,national ,indu/ry pres5t$ him ) ! great m$al ( ,ampre :i* is aw>d$ e six ye>s = :at is consid]$ ! mo/ important application ( sci5ce to indu/ry4 ,! =m] recipi5ts ( ?is m$al 7 ,h5ri ,/4 ,claire ,deville1 :o introduc$ ! manufacture ( alum9ium2 ,f]d9& ,de ,lesseps1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,suez ,canal2 & ,b\ss+ault1 ! di/+ui%$ agricultural *emi/4 ,( ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one1 ! ,committee ( ,economic ,arts said3 8,:ile 8 kaleidophone has be5 ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 a me?od :i* p]mits s\nd to be /udi$ by ! aid ( ! eye2 :ile 8 rese>*es on ! qualities ( s\nd & on ! production ( v[els1 z well z ! creation ( 8 speak+ ma*9e h realis$ _m po9ts 9 ! !ory ( ! voice2 :ile 8 +5i\s app>atus illu/rat+ ! propagation & ! comb9ation ( waves has facilitat$ ! und]/&+ ( ^! delicate ph5om5a & contribut$ to ?r[ light on ! me*anism ( undulatory motion1 8 num]\s rese>*es on ! application ( electricity1 9 :i* he has %[n bo? pr(\nd sci5ce & a g5ius m>vell\sly inspir$1 occupy a great place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! electric telegraph4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ realis$1 "u conditions really practicable1 ?is admirable means ( communication betwe5 m5 & betwe5 nations1 & we ought n to =get t m ?an once he has come p]sonally among u to prep>e its organisation & promote its success4 ,! unanim\s *oice made by ! ,committee ( ! ,economic ,arts1 & cordially ratifi$ by ! ,c\ncil1 hon\rs our society z mu* z him :o is ! object ( x4 ,we hope to give on ?is occasion a te/imony ( sympa?y ) a nation 9 :i* sci5ce is held 9 su* high e/eem4 ,9 conf]r+ on ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one a rew>d r5d]$ valuable by ^? :o h already receiv$ x1 ! ,c\ncil p]=ms a pure act ( ju/ice1 & acquits1 at lea/ = "s among u1 a debt ( gratitude40 ,= _m ye>s he 0 a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 & on ,june #cj1 #ahgc1 he 0 elect$ a ,=eign ,associate 9 succession to ,b>on ,liebig1 deceas$1 & 8 election to ?is position1 ! highe/ hon\r :i* x 0 9 ! p[] ( t body to be/[ ^u 8a =eign]10 0 almo/ unanim\s4 ,:ile ! highe/ hon\rs t ,sci5ce c\ld be/[ 7 ?us be+ conf]r$ on him1 he 0 seiz$ ) inflammation ( ! *e/1 f :i* he di$ at ,p>is on ,octob] #ai1 #ahge4 ,8 rema9s 7 remov$ to ,london & int]r$ 9 ,k5sal ,gre5 ,cemet]y4 ,prior to ! removal ( 8 body f ,p>is1 a religi\s s]vice 0 held at ! ,anglican *apel1 at :i* a deputation f ! ,academy att5d$1 & ,,mm4 ,dumas & ,tresca deliv]$ addresses4 ,m4 ,dumas said3 8,to r5d] to g5ius ! homage :i* is its due1 )\t reg>d to c\ntry or orig91 is to hon\r "o's self4 ,! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 always sympa?is+ ) ,engli% sci5ce1 did n hesitate1 dur+ ! tr\bl$ "t ( ! w>s ( ! ,empire1 to decree a gr& prix to ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,n[ 9 a "t ( peace x comes to fulfil ) grief a duty ( affection to "o ( 8 noble/ successors1 by ga!r+ r\nd 8 c(f9 to (f] him a la/ homage4 ,a =eign ,associate ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ex]cis+ by a r>e privilege 9 virtue ( t title all ! rights ( its memb]s dur+ 8 life1 we are b\nd to r5d] to 8 mortal rema9s ! same tribute :i* we r5d] to fell[-c\ntrym5 :o are our colleagues4 ,! memory ( ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one w live among u n only = 8 discov]ies & = ! me?ods ( inve/igation ) :i* he has end[$ sci5ce2 b also by ! recollection ( 8 r>e qualities ( he>t1 ! uprightness ( 8 "*1 & ! agreeable *>m ( 8 p]sonal demean\r40 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k1 9 ann\nc+ 8 dea?1 said3 8,if y wi% correctly to e/imate ! magnitude ( a build+1 x is necess>y to place y\rself at a di/ance f x2 x is only !n y c fully realise its real proportions z comp>$ ) its fell[s4 ,s x is ) ! "n ( ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one4 ,i feel t 9 ord] to appreciate h[ great a man he has be5 we mu/ look =w>d _m ye>s--,i mean by t a v great _m ye>s--if we c take our /& 9 imag9ation a ?\s& ye>s h5ce1 ! "n ( ,:eat/one w /ill be well kn[n & highly hon\r$4 ,s f> z we c judge f ! hi/ory ( ! human race & ( ! pa/1 ,i am ( op9ion t1 z long z hi/ory la/s1 ! "n ( ,:eat/one w be associat$ ) t ( ,watt & ,/eph5son z m5 :o1 9 ! era ( ,que5 ,victoria1 7 prom95t 9 ! introduction ( ^? magnific5t ent]prises by :i* ! :ole _w has be5 practically r$uc$ to "o-tw5tie? "p ( its =m] size4 ,our successors w he> 9 _! day ( ! giants ( ! ,victorian era2 !y w he> ( ,watt 9 connection ) ! /eam-eng9e1 & ( ,/eph5son 9 connection ) ! locomotive & railways2 & !y w also he> ( ,:eat/one 9 connection ) ! electric telegraph4 ,we :o are clos] to him1 & "k m ( ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion1 are well aw>e t o!rs are entitl$ to %>e ) him 9 ! fulle/ degree ! hon\r ( ! introduction ( ! electric telegraph2 b hi/ory is writt5 v mu* by sci5tific m51 & ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one 0 himself an em95tly sci5tific man1 & m+l$ s mu* ) sci5tific m51 t ^? :o w be ! record]s ( ! hi/ory ( ! future w1 to a great ext5t1 associate 8 "n alone ) ! practical introduction ( ! electric telegraph40 ,,footnotes3 #h ,! date ( 8 musical inv5tions 7 #ahba1 #ahbi1 #ahcf1 #ahdd1 & #ahea1 giv+ an int]val ( sev5 or eight ye>s betwe5 ea*4 ,,pr(essor ,,morse4 ,,*apt] ,i4 8,! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s ,s5d no su* light ^u ! ways ( m5 ,z "o great de$40--,,t5nyson4 ,! ideas ( sev]al m51 says ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,ric>do1 are set 9 motion by exactly ! same circum/ances2 & m5 :o are 9 ! habit ( putt+ ?+s toge!r v (t5 h ! same ideas at ! same "t4 ,! hi/ory ( electrical inv5tions pres5ts _m illu/rations ( ?is obs]vation2 & at fir/ sight x might appe> z if ! old _w _h1 9 l mann]1 vi$ ) ! new 9 design+ app>atus = apply+ electricity to useful purposes4 ,! /udy ( electrical ph5om5a began 9 ,am]ica ab\t ! same "t z 9 ,europe4 ,! /ory ( ,frankl9's exp]im5ts ) lightn+ has almo/ become a h\sehold tale1 & he is ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! patri>*s ( electrical sci5ce4 ,b 8 /r5g? lay 9 ! application or explication ( electrical ph5om5a r ?an 9 _! initiation1 & 9 t respect subsequ5t ,am]ican electricians may be said to h foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( _! illu/ri\s ance/or4 ,h5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( electricity ,am]ica occupies a unique position4 ,dean ,swift said t inv5tion 0 ! tal5t ( y\?1 & judgm5t ( age2 & c]ta9 x is t ,am]ica's electrical inv5tions h %[n ! boldness & novelty ( y\?1 :ile ,europe might be said to h ga!r$ m ( ! fruits ( judgm5t or exp]i5ce4 ,9 me*anical appliances ! new _w has seem$ to complete ! inv5tions begun 9 ! old _w4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! record+ telegraph1 ! telephone1 & ! electric light4 ,b 9 ano!r class ( inv5tions ,am]ica did little or no?+4 ,x 0 ,europe t suppli$ ! artificial g5]ators ( electricity4 ,! voltaic pile1 ! !rmo-electric pile1 ! ,daniell & ,grove batt]ies1 & ! dynamo ma*9e 7 creations ( ! old _w2 & curi\sly en\gh1 :ile ! great inv5tions made 9 ,am]ica = ! application ( electricity 7 ! "w ( m5 :o _h n pass$ middle age1 ! m5 9 ! old _w :o suppli$ ! means ( g5]at+ electricity did s aft] !y _h pass$ ! m]idian ( life4 ,b if ! inv5tors ( g5]ators _h no rivals 9 ! new _w1 !y 7 f> f be+ exempt f rivalry ne>] home4 ,! inv5tion ( ! dynamo ma*9e1 almo/ simultane\sly z well z indep5d5tly1 by ?ree diff]5t m51 z n>rat$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is pretty well kn[n4 ,nor is ! pile :i* be>s ! "n ( ,volta an exception4 ,9 #agic ,pr(essor ,rob9son1 ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 wrote t electricity c\ld be g5]at$ by us+ a numb] ( pieces ( z9c ( ! size ( a %ill+ made into a r\leau ) z _m real %ill+s4 ,t 0 ! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! pile2 b x 0 n till ,volta1 writ+ f ,como 9 #ahjj1 ann\nc$1 9 a m elaborate mann]1 8 discov]y t z9c & copp] int]laid ) wet pap] or lea!r produc$ electricity1 t public att5tion 0 direct$ to its importance4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ne>ly all ! m5 :o discov]$ g5]ators ( electricity--f ,galvani to ,sir ,william ,?omson1 7 natural philosoph]s1 :o1 z already rem>k$1 made _! discov]ies at an advanc$ p]iod ( life--a fact :i* seems to indicate t electrical g5]ators are "s ( ! *oice/ & ripe/ fruits ( ! /udy ( natural philosophy4 ,! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 says ,sir ,john ,leslie1 0 di/+ui%$ by ! accession ( a new bran* ( electrical sci5ce m brilliant & a/oni%+ ?an ev5 ! p>5t /ock2 & aft] describ+ ! discov]ies ( ,galvani & ,volta1 he says !y des]v$ly comm5c$ a new epo* 9 physical sci5ce & l$ to ! mo/ spl5did & wond]ful discov]ies4 ,! ye> #agia1 :5 ,galvani publi%$ at ,bologna a complete acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts on animal electricity1 9 :i* ! leg ( a frog play$ su* a memorable "p1 may !re=e be describ$ z ! bir?-"t ( mod]n electricity4 ,9 ! same ye> 0 born ! immortal ,f>aday1 ^: rese>*es 9 electricity n only enri*$ sci5ce b sil5c$ ! voice ( envy2 & 9 ! same ye> 0 born ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ^: +5uity & p]sev]ance gave to ! _w "o ( ! mo/ orig9al & useful me?ods ( convey+ intellig5ce by electricity4 ,pr(essor ,daniell1 ^: inv5tion ( ! con/ant batt]y gave a m>k$ impulse to ! progress ( practical electricity1 0 born 9 #agij1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 di$1 :o1 9 ! abs5ce ( artificial g5]ators1 drew 8 supplies ( electricity f ! cl\ds4 ,x has be5 (t5 said t ,frankl9 0 ! ,am]ican :o br\ght electricity f ! cl\ds to ! e>?1 & t ,morse made x subs]vi5t to ! purposes ( man4 ,samuel ,f9ley ,breese ,morse 0 born on ,april #bg1 #agia1 a little ov] a mile f :]e ,frankl9 0 born1 & a little ov] a ye> aft] ,frankl9 di$4 ,frankl9 0 ! y\nge/ son ( ! y\nge/ son = five successive g5]ations1 & he 0 ! fifte5? *ild ( 8 fa!r4 ,b 9 ! ,morse family x 0 g5]ally ! elde/ son :o display$ ability or atta9$ di/9ction4 ,! family 0 ( ,engli% orig91 b _h be5 settl$ 9 ,am]ica a c5tury & a half4 ,an?ony ,morse1 :o 0 born at ,m>lbor\gh 9 ,wilt%ire 9 #afjf1 w5t to ,am]ica 9 #afce4 ,8 son _h t5 *ildr51 ( :om ! elde/1 nam$ ,j$$iah1 0 born 9 #agbf1 & 0 an active public man4 ,! eigh? son ( ! latt]1 also nam$ ,j$$iah1 0 ! fa!r ( ,samuel ,morse4 ,he 0 an em95t div9e & au?or1 ^: atta9m5ts 7 consid]$ ( su* a high ord] t a ,scot* ,univ]sity conf]r$ on him ! degree ( ,d4,d4 ,8 wife 0 also describ$ z a p]son ( unusual ability & dignity1 :o 0 born at ,new ,york 9 a h\se at ! corn] ( ,wall ,/reet & ,hanov] ,/reet1 ne> to :i* ! fir/ telegraph (fice 0 aft]w>ds op5$4 ,!y 7 liv+ at ! foot ( ,bre$s ,hill1 ,*>le/[n1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #agia1 :5 ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse 0 born4 ,he 0 ! elde/ ( elev5 *ildr54 ,9 8 f\r? ye> he 0 s5t to an old dame's s*ool1 & 9 8 sev5? ye> to ! prep>atory s*ool ( ,&ov]1 :]e he is report$ to h /udi$ ) ability & assiduity4 ,l 8 prototype ,frankl91 he !n read ,plut>*'s ,lives1 & ?is "w is said to h giv5 ! fir/ impulse to 8 m9d4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 he wrote a ,life ( ,demo/h5es1 :i* 0 pres]v$ z a memorial ( 8 e>ly p[]s1 & :i* gave *>act]i/ic indications ( ! excell5ce t di/+ui%$ 8 lit]>y "w 9 aft] life4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 he ent]$ ,yale ,college1 :]e he got 8 fir/ lessons 9 electricity4 ,j]emiah ,day1 :o 0 !n ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy1 deliv]$ "s lectures 9 #ahji ^u ! laws ( electricity1 & illu/rat$ !m by exp]im5ts4 ,"o proposition :i* ,day exp\nd$ 0 t if a circuit be int]rupt$ ! electricity w become visible at ! po9t ( int]ruption1 & t :5 x has pass$ x w leave an impression ^u any int]m$iate object4 ,day decl>$ _m ye>s aft]w>d t he rememb]$ "o exp]im5t :i* consi/$ 9 lett+ ! electricity pass ?r\gh a *a9 or ?r\gh any metallic bodies plac$ at small di/ances f ea* o!r1 :]eby ! curr5t 9 a d>k room became visible betwe5 ! l9ks or betwe5 ! metallic bodies4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t he %[$ t if sev]al folds ( pap] 7 plac$ s z to int]rupt a circuit1 !y w\ld be p]=at$ by ! electricity4 ,9 aft] ye>s ,morse describ$ ^! exp]im5ts z ! acorn :i*1 fall+ into fruitful soil1 ev5tually spread its b\ghs f> & wide4 ,ano!r em95t pr(essor at ,yale ,college 0 ,b5jam9 ,silliman1 :o 9 lat] ye>s te/ifi$ t ,morse att5d$ 8 lectures on *emi/ry & galvanism betwe5 #ahjh & #ahaj1 & t ! batt]ies !n 9 use 7 exhibit$ & expla9$ 9 detail4 ,moreov]1 ,morse himself wrote lett]s to 8 p>5ts 9 #ahji express+ mu* gratification at ! *emical lectures he _h he>d at ,yale ,college1 & an e>ne/ desire to get app>atus = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! exp]im5ts at home4 ,9 8 home lett]s he especially m5tion$ ,pr(essor ,day's lectures on electricity z be+ mo/ int]e/+1 & z be+ illu/rat$ by "s v f9e exp]im5ts4 ,^? :o knew ,morse :ile at ,yale ,college1 :]e he took 8 degree 9 #ahaj1 describ$ him z g5tle1 ref9$1 /udi\s1 & en?usia/ic2 & z he appe>$ !n to be 9 love ) ! sci5ce ( electricity1 x is natural to inquire h[ he came to =sake x = s _m ye>s4 ,dr4 ,johnson /ates 9 8 ,life ( ,c[ley t 9 ! w9d[ ( 8 "m's ap>tm5t lay ,sp5s]'s ,fairy ,que51 9 :i* he v e>ly took delight to read till by feel+ ! *>ms ( v]se1 he became1 z he relates1 irrecov]ably a poet4 8,su* are ! accid5ts :i*1 sometimes rememb]$ & p]haps sometimes =gott51 produce t p>ticul> designation ( m9d & prop5sity = "s c]ta9 sci5ce or employm5t1 :i* is commonly call$ g5ius4 ,! true g5ius is a m9d ( l>ge g5]al p[]s1 accid5tally det]m9$ to "s p>ticul> direction4 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ! great pa9t]1 _h ! fir/ fondness = 8 art excit$ by ! p]usal ( ,ri*>dson's treatise40 ,x 0 an accid5tal circum/ance ( a diff]5t k9d t direct$ ! att5tion ( ,samuel ,morse f electricity to art4 ,8 fa!r1 be+ a man ( small means & hav+ a l>ge family1 0 unable to supply ! en?usia/ic /ud5t ) suffici5t funds to complete 8 college c\rse1 & to provide = ! defici5cy1 ,samuel betook himself to pa9t+ ! portraits ( su* ( 8 companions z c\ld af=d to pay him five doll>s1 & x is said t by ?is means he p>tly defray$ ! co/ ( 8 education4 ,a fir/ success1 l a fir/ love1 (t5 =ms ! keynote ( a life2 & s pleas$ 0 "y ,samuel ,morse at ! success ( 8 fir/ arti/ic ef=ts t he soon det]m9$ to make 8 liv+ by art4 ,he accord+ly direct$ all 8 en]gies & res\rces to ! /udy ( art1 & became ! pupil ( a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican arti/1 ,wa%+ton ,all/on1 :o took a great int]e/ 9 him & p]ceiv+ 8 f9e p[]s took him to ,engl& 9 #ahaa4 ,?\gh only a "y man ( tw5ty1 ,morse got introductions to ,copley & ,we/1 :o 9 turn1 introduc$ him to ,wilb]=ce1 ,za*>y ,macaulay1 & o!r notable m54 ,:ile 9 ,london he lodg$ ) ,*>les ,leslie1 :o _h n !n ris5 to fame1 & :o 0 ! son ( ,am]ican p>5ts4 ,:ile 9 ,london 8 patron 0 ,b5jam9 ,we/1 :o 0 himself a native ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ^: e>ly c>e] some:at resembl$ t ( ! "y protg :o n[ made him 8 guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d4 ,we/ n only ent]ta9$ him ) enc\rag+ acc\nts ( h[ he manag$ to climb to ! heights ( fame1 b did all he c\ld to initiate him into 8! philosophy ( 8 art40 ,he cont9u$ 8 /udies 9 ,london f #ahaa to #ahae1 & ?\gh 8 circum/ances 7 humble & unpret5d+1 he regul>ly associat$ ) sev]al ( ! greate/ m5 9 art & lit]ature ( t "t1 & 9 8 lett]s & pursuits gave cle> indications ( a great future4 ,aft] a ye>'s /udy 9 ,london he wrote to 8 "m t 8 passion = art 0 s firmly root$ t no human p[] c\ld de/roy x1 & t ! m he /udi$ x1 ! great] he ?\ght 0 its claim to ! appellation ( div9e4 ,8 en?usiasm 0 n qu5*$ by ei!r p5ury or disappo9tm5t4 ,9 #ahad he 0 induc$ by "s fri5ds to visit ,bri/ol1 9 ! hope ( gett+ "s employm5t t w\ld repl5i% 8 purse1 b he f\nd t empty praise 0 ! only recomp5se t 8 lab\rs c\ld comm&4 ,he accord+ly return$ to ,london1 :]e he 0 enc\rag$ by ! approbation ( su* sev]e judges z ,we/ & ,all/on4 ,hav+ be5 all[$ to witness ,we/ work+ at "s ( 8 hi/oric pictures1 he det]m9$ to design & execute a l>ge pa9t+ ( 8 own1 & select$ z 8 subject ,! ,dy+ ,h]cules4 ,all/on1 :o 0 !n engag$ on 8 ,re/oration ( ! ,dead ,man to ,life1 told him t he _h fir/ modell$ 8 subject 9 clay1 & sugge/$ t ,morse %\ld d likewise4 ,! advice 0 foll[$4 ,a model ( ,h]cules 0 made1 & ,we/1 on accid5tally see+ x1 prais$ its vig\r & f9i%1 rem>k+ to 8 son t x %[$ t a true pa9t] is a sculptor also4 ,! ,society ( ,arts1 ,adelphi1 0 !n (f]+ a gold m$al = ! be/ specim5 ( sculpture1 & ,morse 0 advis$ to f9i% 8 model & s5d x to ! ,society = competition4 ,9 ! few days t rema9$ be=e ! competition began he f9i%$ ! model1 & x succe$$ 9 w9n+ ! prize1 :i* 0 pres5t$ by ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,society4 ,:5 8 picture ( ,! ,dy+ ,h]cules 0 ready he w5t ) x to ,we/1 :o exam9$ x v c>efully4 ,9 aft] ye>s ,morse 0 accu/om$ to tell 8 fri5ds t he _h work$ h>d at ! picture1 & 0 s satisfi$ ) x t he expect$ to receive comm5dation f ,we/4 8,v good1 v good10 said ,we/1 z he h&$ x back1 8g on & f9i% x40 ,some:at tak5 aback1 ,morse1 9 a hesitat+ mann]1 said x 0 f9i%$4 8,oh no1 no10 said ,we/1 8see !re1 & !re1 & !re1 ! f9i% is imp]fect2 !re's mu* "w to be done yet1 g on & f9i% x40 ,morse quickly appreciat$ ! defects po9t$ out by ,we/2 & accord+ly sp5t ano!r week 9 p]fect+ 8 draw+4 ,he !n took x to ,we/ ) a feel+ ( confid5ce t x 0 f9i%$4 ,we/ 0 m pr(use ?an ev] ) 8 praise1 b conclud$ by repeat+ 8 =m] advice1 8,g on & f9i% x40 8,is x n f9i%$80 inquir$ ! almo/ disc\rag$ /ud5t4 8,see10 repli$ ,we/1 8y h n m>k$ t muscle1 nor ! articulation ( ! f+] jo9ts40 ,a few days m 7 sp5t 9 supply+ ! defici5cies po9t$ out by ?is exact+ critic4 ,:5 x 0 aga9 pres5t$ = exam9ation1 ,we/ fir/ prais$ x & !n said1 8,g on & f9i% x1 "y man10 to :i* ! "y man 9 despair repli$1 8,i _c f9i% x40 ,we/1 no d\bt obs]v+ t pati5ce has its limits1 patt$ him on ! %\ld]1 & good-hum\r$ly said3 8,well1 ,i h tri$ y long en\gh2 b y h le>n$ m by ?is draw+ ?an y w\ld h done 9 d\ble ! "t by a doz5 half f9i%$ beg9n+s40 ,he w5t on to expla9 ! importance ( c>eful att5tion to ! mo/ m9ute details1 & to impress on him ! value ( ?or\gh "w z ! secret ( success & fame1 decl>+ t x 0 n num]\s draw+s b ! "* ( "o t made a ?or\gh pa9t]4 ,! picture 9 "q receiv$ mu* praise at ! ,royal ,academy4 ,enc\rag$ by ^! results1 ,morse next pa9t$ a picture ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,jupit] 9 ! case ( ,apollo1 ,m>pessa1 & ,idas1 :i* 0 int5d$ to compete = ! gold m$al & fifty-gu9ea prize (f]$ by ! ,royal ,academy 9 #ahad4 ,b an unt[>d ev5t fru/rat$ ?is design4 ,:5 he left ,am]ica x 0 ) ! int5tion ( be+ away only ?ree ye>s4 ,x 0 n[ 8 f\r? ye> ( abs5ce2 & 8 circum/ances 7 s press+ & 8 means s scanty t he left ,engl& at once1 (f]+ ! picture to ! ,royal ,academy = exhibition ?r\gh ,we/4 ,! ,royal ,academy1 h[ev]1 refus$ to admit x because ! arti/ did n pres5t x p]sonally4 ,we/1 :o _h urg$ ,morse to rema9 9 ,engl&1 & :o 0 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,academy1 aft]w>ds wrote to him t if he _h rema9$ he _h no d\bt t ! picture w\ld h tak5 ! prize4 ,if ^! e>ly ef=ts did n repl5i% ! arti/'s purse1 !y probably enri*$ 8 m9d4 ,fnelon says t 8! m9d ( a great pa9t] teems ) ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( ! h]oes he is to repres5t2 he is c>ri$ back to ! ages 9 :i* !y liv$1 & is pres5t to ! circum/ances !y 7 plac$ 92 b1 ) ?is f]vid en?usiasm1 he possesses also a judgm5t t re/ra9s & regulates x3 s t 8 :ole "w1 h[ev] bold & animat$1 is p]fectly consonant to propriety & tru?40 ,:ile !re=e ,morse 0 zeal\sly prosecut+ an art :i* he 0 de/9$ ev5tually to ab&on = a new & untrodd5 av5ue to fame & =tune1 8 e>ly lab\rs1 by _! reflex action1 may h t5d$ to m\ld ^? moral & intellectual qualities :i* 7 ne$$ to c>ry him ?r\gh ! trials ( aft] ye>s1 & :i* 9 ! end won = him 8h]oic hon\rs40 ,return+ to ,am]ica 9 ! autumn ( #ahae full ( hope 9 8 success z an arti/1 he op5$ rooms 9 ,bo/on :]e he exhibit$ 8 ,judgm5t ( ,jupit] & o!r pictures2 b ?\gh _m visitors came to view x & ! p ( ! t[n treat$ him 9 a hospitable mann]1 no "o made an (f] = ! great picture1--a disappo9tm5t :i* he ke5ly felt4 ,pressure ( circum/ances ?us l$ him to return to 8 fir/ essay--portrait pa9t+1 :i* he practis$ ) "s success 9 ,new ,engl& 9 #ahag4 ,next ye> he w5t to ,*>le/[n :]e 8 uncle ,dr4 ,f9ley resid$1 & :]e he soon obta9$ lucrative employm5t4 ,on ,octob] #a/1 #ahah1 he m>ri$ ,lucretia ,p4 ,walk]1 ( ,concord1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 :o 0 describ$ z ! beauty ( ! t[n4 ,he resid$ 9 ,*>le/[n f\r ye>s4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s 8 reputation z a pa9t] cont9u$ to rise1 b x did n enri* him4 ,9 #ahba-b he 0 engag$ 9 pa9t+ a celebrat$ picture ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives at ,wa%+ton4 ,x measur$ eight feet by n9e feet1 & conta9$ eighty portraits4 ,?\gh %[+ mu* arti/ic m]it1 x 0 n a pecuni>y success4 ,! fir/ pur*as] ( x 0 an ,engli% g5tleman4 ,9 #ahbe ! ,new ,york ,corporation gave him an ord] to pa9t a portrait ( ,g5]al ,lafayette1 t 8vet]an ( lib]ty10 :om ,lam>t9e aft]w>ds pa9t$ 9 words z 8tall 9 /ature1 noble1 pale1 cold 9 aspect ) a res]v$ look1 :i* appe>$ to veil my/]i\s ?\ghts2 ) few ge/ures1 re/ra9$ & c>ess+2 a weak voice )\t acc5t1 m accu/om$ to confid5tial :isp]+s ?an oratorical explosions2 ) a sob]1 /udi$1 & elegant elocution :]e9 memory 0 m conspicu\s ?an inspiration2 he 0 nei!r a /atesman1 nor a soldi]1 nor an orator1 b an hi/orical figure1 )\t w>m?1 )\t col\r1 )\t life1 b n )\t pre/ige2 deta*$ f ! mid/ ( a picture ( ano!r age1 & reappe>+ 9 a new "o40 ,! acqua9tance ( ,morse ) ?is rem>kable man rip5$ into fri5d%ip4 ,?is full-l5g? portrait1 = :i* he 0 to be paid lib]ally1 fill$ him ) joyful anticipations1 b sc>cely _h he begun ! "w :5 he receiv$ news ( 8 wife's dea?4 ,?is 0 a cru%+ bl[ to him2 & al?\gh ! portrait satisfi$ ! ,g5]al1 ! arti/ decl>$ t x 0 f9i%$ "u su* unfav\rable circum/ances t x 0 n a j specim5 ( 8 "w4 ,9 #ahbf he organis$ 9 ,new ,york ! ,national ,academy ( ! ,arts ( ,design--an association ( arti/s :i* prov$ a la/+ success1 & ( :i* he 0 elect$ presid5t 9 #ahbg4 ,at ! ,new ,york ,a!num he deliv]$ ! fir/ c\rse ( lectures 9 ,am]ica on ! f9e arts4 ,:ile ?us assidu\sly pursu+ 8 fav\rite vocation1 8 m9d 0 by no means s absorb$ 9 x z to exclude all o!r subjects4 ,he ev5 tri$ o!r av5ues to =tune4 ,9 #ahag he1 along ) 8 bro!r1 ,sidney1 took out pat5ts = ?ree ma*9es :i* !y _h inv5t$ = ! pump+ ( wat]1 & ^u :i* !y _h be/[$ mu* lab\r 9 ! expectation ( reap+ a pr(itable return4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 succe$4 ,undet]r$ by disappo9tm5t1 he next inv5t$ 9 #ahbc a ma*9e = c>v+ m>ble1 ( :i* he =m$ high hopes :i* aga9 7 doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,bo? z a me*anical inv5tor & z an arti/ ! covet$ prize ( =tune seem$ to elude 8 grasp4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 8,a man may turn :i!r he pleases1 & und]take any?+ :atsoev]1 b he w always return to ! pa? :i* nature has once prescrib$ = him40--,,goe!4 8,x is well t ! beat5 ways ( ! _w get trodd5 into mud3 we are ?us =c$ to seek new pa?s & pick out new l9es ( life40 ,( ?is say+ ! life ( ,pr(essor ,morse af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration1 & we are n[ approa*+ ! "t :5 obs]vation %\ld be tak5 ( ! circum/ances t l$ to 8 leav+ ! beat5 track 9 :i* he _h hi!rto be5 endeav\r+ to atta9 di/9ction & =tune4 ,9 #ahbb he took a resid5ce ne> t ( 8 old college fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,b5jam9 ,silliman1 ^: lectures he _h att5d$ 9 #ahjh-aj1 & ) :om he _h s9ce cont9u$ on v fri5dly t]ms4 ,be+ n[ neighb\rs1 !y 7 9 ! habit ( communicat+ to ea* o!r ! late/ news 9 sci5ce & art4 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 (t5 9 ! laboratory ( ,pr(essor ,silliman1 & !re witness$ ! late/ exp]im5ts 9 electrical sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,silliman has /at$ t at t "t he possess$ ,dr4 ,rob]t ,h>e's 8spl5did galvanic calorimet]10 by means ( :i* he exhibit$ _m int]e/+ & beautiful results4 ,ano!r fri5d 0 ,pr(essor ,james ,f4 ,dana1 ) :om he 0 also on intimate t]ms4 ,pr(essor ,dana 0 accu/om$ to visit ,morse's room1 & to give him acc\nts ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 electricity1 :i* at t "t 0 8 fav\rite !me4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahbf-g ,pr(essor ,morse att5d$ a c\rse ( lectures on electro-magnetism giv5 by ,pr(essor ,dana 9 ! ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 ,9 ^! lectures n only 7 ! late/ discov]ies 9 sci5ce describ$1 b exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ ) app>atus con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,among o!r ?+s ,pr(essor ,dana /at$ t 8a spiral plac$ r\nd a piece ( s(t iron b5t into ! =m ( a horse%oe r5d]s x /rongly & p[]fully magnetic :5 an electric *>ge is pass+ ?r\gh x40 ,?is exp]im5t he illu/rat$2 & :5 9 aft] ye>s ! e>ly k ( ,pr(essor ,morse 9 ref]5ce to electricity 0 *all5g$1 he 0 able to produce ! app>atus !n us$ & to describe ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,dana1 :o di$ 9 #ahbg4 ,b j z ! int]e/ 9 8 old /udy 0 ?us reviv$1 he came )9 sight ( ! position he _h long covet$4 ,he 0 n[ a successful arti/4 ,9 ,new ,york he _h _m em95t fri5ds & weal?y patrons4 ,"w 0 abundant1 & prices 7 increas+4 ,all t appe>$ to him necess>y to 8 cont9u$ success 0 great] pr(ici5cy 9 8 art4 ,9 ord] to ga9 ?is1 he resolv$ to visit ,italy--! l& ( pa9t]s2 & on 8 ann\nc+ 8 int5tion to d s1 a score ( influ5tial fri5ds gave him commissions to pa9t pictures = !m !re4 ,he accord+ly left ,new ,york 9 ,novemb]1 #ahbi1 & proce$$ fir/ to ,engl&1 :]e he visit$ 8 old fri5d ,leslie1 n[ 9 ! sun%9e ( prosp]ity1 & sev]al o!r m5 em95t 9 art & lit]ature4 ,he !n w5t to ,p>is1 & arriv$ 9 ,rome 9 ! latt] "p ( ,febru>y1 #ahcj4 ,aft] sp5d+ a ye> & a half 9 ,italy1 enjoy+ h] art treasures1 he return$ to ,p>is1 :]e he r5ew$ 8 acqua9tance ) ,g5]al ,lafayette1 & ex]t$ himself on behalf ( ! poor ,poles1 ^: suff]+s 7 !n attract+ att5tion4 ,b 8 *ief "w 9 ,p>is 0 a pa9t+ ( ! int]ior ( ! ,l\vre1 :]e9 he copi$ ! mo/ rem>kable pa9t+s on ! walls4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahcb he return$ to ,am]ica1 & 8 voyage back 0 ! turn+ po9t 9 8 c>e]1 ,he sail$ f ,havre = ,new ,york on ,octob] #a1 #ahcb2 & x 0 dur+ t voyage on bo>d ! ,sully t he conceiv$ ! idea ( a record+ telegraph4 ,among ! pass5g]s 0 ,dr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,jackson1 :o 0 previ\sly a /rang] to ,morse1 b :o aft]w>ds claim$ "s %>e 9 ! cr$it ( ! inv5tion--a claim :i* ,pr(essor ,morse repeat$ly & emphatically repudiat$4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( its orig91 ,pr(essor ,morse said3--8,i h a di/9ct recollection ( ! mann]1 ! place1 & ! mom5t :5 ! ?\ght ( mak+ an electric wire ! means ( communicat+ intellig5ce fir/ came into my m9d & 0 utt]$4 ,x 0 at ! table 9 ! cab91 j aft] we _h complet$ ! usual repa/ at mid-day4 ,dr4 ,jackson 0 on "o side ( ! table & ,i ^u ! o!r4 ,we 7 conv]s+ on ! rec5t sci5tific discov]ies 9 electro-magnetism & ! exp]im5ts ( ,ampre ) ! electro-magnet4 ,dr4 ,jackson 0 describ+ ! l5g? ( wire 9 ! coil ( a magnet1 & ! "q 0 ask$ by "o ( ! pass5g]s :e!r ! electricity 0 n ret>d$ by ! l5g? ( ! wire4 ,dr4 ,jackson repli$ 9 ! negative1 /at+ t electricity pass$ simultane\sly ov] any kn[n l5g? ( wire1 & allud$ to ! exp]im5t by :i* ,frankl9 made _m miles 9 circuit to asc]ta9 ! velocity ( electricity1 b c\ld obs]ve no diff]5ce ( "t betwe5 ! t\* at "o extremity & ! sp>k at ! o!r4 ,i !n rem>k$ t ?is be+ s1 if ! pres5ce ( electricity c\ld be made visible 9 any desir$ "p ( ! circuit1 ,i saw no reason :y intellig5ce might n be transmitt$ in/antane\sly by electricity4 ,dr4 ,jackson gave 8 ass5t t x 0 possible4 ,! conv]sation 0 n div]t$ by a rem>k ( m9e f ! details ( ! exp]im5ts ,dr4 ,jackson 0 describ+ = ! purpose ( obta9+ a sp>k f a magnet1 nor 0 ?is ?\ght ( ! telegraph aga9 m5tion$ till ,i introduc$ ! subject ! next day4 ,:ile ,dr4 ,jackson's m9d 0 dur+ ! voyage m occupi$ ) o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 ( geology1 & anatomy1 ! ?\ght :i* ,i _h conceiv$ took firm possession ( my m9d1 & occupi$ ! wakeful h\rs ( ! night2 = ,i us$ to report to ,dr4 ,jackson & ! o!r pass5g]s my progress1 & to ask que/ions 9 reg>d to ! be/ mode ( asc]ta9+ ! pres5ce ( electricity4 ,i _h devis$ a sy/em ( signs & con/ruct$ a species ( type 7:i* ,i drew out 9 my sket*-book7 by :i* to regulate ! passage ( electricity2 b ,i _h n settl$ ! be/ mode ( caus+ ! electricity to m>k4 ,sev]al me?ods sugge/$ !mselves to me1 su* z caus+ a puncture to be made 9 pap] by ! passage ( a sp>k betwe5 two disconnect$ p>ts1 :i* ,i soon disc>d$ z impracticable4 ,i ask$ ,dr4 ,jackson if !re 0 n "s mode ( decomposition :i* c\ld be turn$ to acc\nt4 ,dr4 ,jackson sugge/$ an exp]im5t :i* we agre$ %\ld be tri$ toge!r z soon z possible aft] l&+1 b :i* we nev] made40 ,he pres]v$ ! pocket-book conta9+ 8 fir/ crude plan ( an alphabet ( signs1 :i* became ! basis ( ! ,morse alphabet4 ,s absorb$ did he become 9 8 designs ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! s*eme t sleep =sook him1 & x 0 aft] a few days brood+ ov] x t he exhibit$ & expla9$ 8 designs to 8 companions4 ,z ! voyage came to a close he said to ! ,capta93 8,well1 if y he> ( ! telegraph "o ( ^! days z ! wond] ( ! _w1 rememb] t ! discov]y 0 made on bo>d ! good %ip ,sully0--a rem>k :i* ,capta9 ,pell nev] =got4 ,on l&+ at ,new ,york 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcb1 aft] a voyage :i* la/$ six weeks1 he 0 met by 8 two bro!rs1 ,ri*>d & ,sidney4 ,on ! way to ! h\se ( ,ri*>d ,c4 ,morse1 :o 0 editor ( ! ,new ,york ,obs]v]1 he told bo? 8 bro!rs t dur+ ! voyage he _h conceiv$ an important inv5tion1 :i*1 he decl>$1 w\ld a/oni% ! _w1 & ( ! success ( :i* he 0 p]fectly sangu9e4 ,he told !m t he _h inv5t$ a means ( communicat+ intellig5ce by electricity1 :]eby a message c\ld be writt5 d[n 9 a p]man5t mann] at a di/ance f ! s5d]4 ,he also took f 8 pocket ! sket*-book 9 :i* he _h drawn ! k9d ( *>act]s he int5d$ to make 8 record+ app>atus m>k on pap]1 & he likewise %[$ !m draw+s ( portions ( 8 electro-magnetic ma*9]y4 ,8 bro!rs 7 s impress$ ) 8 e>ne/ness ( purpose t !y all[$ him ! use ( an upp] room 9 a h\se 9 ,new ,york1 :]e he work$1 & cook$1 & slept4 ,he has /at$ himself t sc>cely a day _h pass$ aft] 8 return be=e he comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( 8 inv5tion f ! plans & draw+s made on bo>d ! %ip4 ,at t "t he ?\ght x necess>y to embody ! signs to be record$ or pr9t$ 9 a k9d ( type1 :i* 7 to regulate ! requisite op5+ & clos+ ( ! circuit 9 ord] to m>k or impr9t ! po9ts or signs ^u a /rip ( pap] at ! desir$ int]vals ( "t4 ,h5ce a m\ld ( brass 0 made & a quantity ( type ca/ be=e ! close ( ! ye> #ahcb4 ,! re/ ( ! ma*9]y1 except a s+le cup batt]y1 a few y>ds ( wire1 & a tra9 ( :eels ( a wood5 clock1 :i* he adapt$ to ! s]vice ( unroll+ ! /rip ( pap]1 8,i 0 compell$10 he says1 8f ! necessities ( my pr(ession1 to leave 9 ! condition ( draw+s till ,i f\nd a m p]man5t re/+ place4 ,f ,novemb]1 #ahcb1 till ! summ] ( #ahce1 ,i _h to *ange my resid5ce ?ree times1 & 0 :olly )\t ! pecuni>y means = putt+ toge!r & embody+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( my inv5tion 9 "o :ole40 ,9 #ahce 8 prospects became m auspici\s4 ,he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,arts ( ,design 9 ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 & ?us obta9$ a m commodi\s & m p]man5t resid5ce4 ,he says t :5 he took possession ( 8 new home 9 ! new build+ ( ,new ,york ,city ,univ]sity 9 ,july1 #ahce1 he lo/ n a day 9 collect+ ! p>ts ( 8 app>atus & putt+ into practical =m ! fir/ rude in/rum5t int5d$ to demon/rate ! work+ ( 8 inv5tion4 8,i 0 fav\r$ ) a little leisure f ! unf9i%$ condition ( ! univ]sity build+1 :i* imp$$ ! access ( visitors to my ap>tm5ts = my usual pr(essional duties4 ,) ! aid ( a s+le cup batt]y1 ,i asc]ta9$ z e>ly z #ahcd1 previ\s to my removal to ! univ]sity1 t no visible effect 0 produc$ ^u num]\s salts :i* ,i submitt$ to trial by putt+ !m 9 simple contact ) ! wire *>g$ ) electricity4 ,i succe$$1 h[ev]1 9 #ahcf 9 m>k+ by *emical decomposition :5 ! electricity 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! moi/5$ pap] or clo?1 b ! process 0 att5d$ ) s _m inconv5i5ces t x 0 laid aside = ! mom5t1 n ab&on$1 t ,i might give my att5tion m directly to an electro-magnetic mode ( record+40 ,9 acc\nt+ = ! sl[ness 9 complet+ 8 in/rum5t & ! rud5ess ( ! "o fir/ con/ruct$1 he says3 8,! electro-magnet 0 n an in/rum5t f\nd = sale 9 ! %ops1 z x is to-day2 insulat$ wire 0 n[h]e to be obta9$ except 9 small quantities1 z bonnet wire ( iron b\nd r\nd ) cotton ?read4 ,copp] wire1 :i* 0 n 9 use = t purpose1 0 sold 9 ! %ops by ! p\nd or y>d at high prices & also 9 v limit$ quantities4 ,to =m my electro-magnet1 ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( procur+ f ! blacksmi? a small rod ( iron b5t 9 a horse%oe =m2 ( pur*as+ a few y>ds ( copp] wire1 & ( w9d+ ^u x by h& its cotton ?read insulation be=e ,i c\ld con/ruct ! rude helices ( a magnet4 ,i _h already pur*as$ a *eap wood5 clock1 & adapt$ ! tra9 ( :eels to ! rate ( movem5t requir$ = ! ribbon ( pap]4444 ,at ! "t ( ! con/ruction ( my fir/ in/rum5t ,i _h n conceiv$ ! idea ( ! pres5t key manipulator dep5d5t on ! skill ( ! op]ator1 b ,i presum$ t ! accuracy ( impr9t+ signs c\ld only be secur$ by me*anical arrangem5ts & by automatic process4 ,h5ce ! fir/ conception on bo>d ! %ip ( embody+ ! signs 9 type ma!matically divid$ into po9ts & spaces4 ,h5ce also ! con/ruction ( ! type m\ld1 & ! ca/+ ( ! fir/ type 9 #ahcb40 ,) ! imp]fect app>atus ?us br\ght toge!r1 he 0 able to satisfy himself t ! pap] ribbon c\ld be mov$ at a regul> spe$1 :ile ! requisite motion ( a lev] t mov$ a p5cil made a succession ( m>ks on ! pap]4 ,yet ?\gh he 0 confid5t t 8 inv5tion _h 9 x ! elem5ts ( success1 he want$ to d ) x :at ,b5jam9 ,we/ repeat$ly told him to d ) 8 picture ( ,h]cules--8f9i% x0--be=e exhibit+ x4 ,he 0 consci\s t x 0 9 too rude a =m to be se5 by ! public2 & he has himself record$ t 8 means 7 too limit$ to admit ( 8 con/ruct+ su* a f9i%$ in/rum5t z w\ld insure success if he v5tur$ to invite public att5tion to x4 ,he 0 /ill pa9t+ = 8 liv+2 & 9 ord] to economise bo? 8 means & 8 "t he cont9u$ to "w1 eat1 & sleep 9 ! same room4 ,he pur*as$ 8 provisions 9 small quantities1 & 9 ord] to conceal 8 pov]ty he g5]ally w5t = 8 food 9 ! ev5+ z well z cook$ x = himself4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahcg 8 prospects began to bright54 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( t ye> he succe$$ 9 solv+ ! problem ( work+ 8 app>atus at a great] di/ance ?an he expect$ a s+le curr5t to be effective4 ,he says t 8betwe5 #ahce1 :5 ! fir/ in/rum5t 0 complet$1 & #ahcg ,i _h devis$ a means ( provid+ aga9/ a =e%ad[$ exig5cy :5 ! conductors 7 ext5d$1 n to a few hundr$ feet 9 l5g? 9 a room1 b to /ations _m miles di/ant4 ,i 0 n ignorant ( ! possibility t ! electro-magnet might be s enfeebl$1 :5 *>g$ f a great di/ance1 z to be inop]ative = direct pr9t+4 ,?is possibility 0 a subject ( mu* ?\ght & anxiety long previ\s to ! ye> #ahcf4 ,i _h be=e !n conceiv$ & drawn a plan = obviat+ x2 b ! plan 0 s simple t x sc>cely ne$$ a draw+ to illu/rate x2 a few words suffic$ to make x compreh5d$4 ,if ! magnet1 say at tw5ty miles di/ant1 became s enfeebl$ z to be unable to pr9t directly1 x yet might h p[] suffici5t to close & op5 ano!r circuit ( tw5ty miles fur!r1 & s on till x rea*$ ! requir$ /ation4 ,?is plan 0 (t5 spok5 ( to my fri5ds previ\s to ! ye> #ahcf1 b e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcf1 aft] %[+ ! orig9al in/rum5t 9 op]ation to my fri5d & colleague1 ,pr(essor ,gale1 ,i imp>t$ to him ?is plan ( a relay batt]y & magnet to resolve 8 d\bts reg>d+ ! practicability ( my produc+ magnetic p[] suffici5t to write at a di/ance40 ,9 l mann] ,pr(essor ,gale says3 8,f ,april to ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 ,pr(essor ,morse & myself 7 engag$ toge!r 9 ! "w ( prep>+ magnets1 w9d+ wire1 con/ruct+ batt]ies1 c41 9 ! univ]sity = an exp]im5t on a l>g] b /ill v limit$ scale 9 ! little leisure :i* we ea* _h to sp>e4 ,we 7 bo? at t "t mu* cramp$ = funds4 ,! lab\rs ( ,pr(essor ,morse at ?is p]iod 7 mo/ly direct$ to modifications ( 8 in/rum5t = m>k+1 contriv+ ! be/ modes ( m>k+1 v>y+ ! p5cil or p51 us+ plumbago & ink1 & v>y+ also ! =m ( pap] f a slip to a %eet4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/1 #ahcg1 ! op]ation ( ! in/rum5ts 0 %[n to num]\s visitors at ! univ]sity4 ,x 0 e>ly a "q betwe5 ,pr(essor ,morse & myself :at 0 ! limit ( ! magnetic p[] to move a lev]4 ,i express$ a d\bt :e!r ! lev] c\ld be mov$ by ?is p[] at a di/ance ( tw5ty miles2 & my settl$ conviction 0 t x c\ld n be done ) suffici5t =ce to m>k *>act]s on pap] at a hundr$ miles di/ant4 ,to ?is ,pr(essor ,morse 0 accu/om$ to reply1 #8,if ,i c succe$ 9 work+ a magnet t5 miles1 ,i c g r\nd ! globe4' ,he (t5 said to me3 #8,x matt]s n h[ delicate ! movem5t may be1 if ,i c obta9 x at all1 x is all ,i want4' ,he always express$ 8 confid5ce ( success 9 propagat+ magnetic p[] ?r\gh any di/ance ( electric conductors :i* circum/ances might r5d] desirable4 ,?is plan 0 (t5 expla9$ to me4 ,suppose1 said ,pr(essor ,morse1 t 9 exp]im5t+ on tw5ty miles ( wire1 we %\ld f9d ! p[] ( magnetism s feeble t x w move a lev] ) c]ta9ty b a hairs bread?2 t might be insuffici5t1 x may be1 to write or pr9t1 yet x w\ld be suffici5t to close & break ano!r or second circuit tw5ty miles fur!r on1 & a second circuit c\ld be made 9 ! same mann] to break & close a ?ird circuit tw5ty miles fur!r1 & s on r\nd ! globe4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t ( ! means to be resort$ to 0 %[n to me m 9 detail e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> #ahcg40 ,! plan z expla9$ to ,pr(essor ,gale 0 t ! curr5t on rea*+ ! end ( "o conduct+ wire1 r\nd :i* wire 0 w\nd s z to =m t end into an electro-magnet1 c\ld attract to x an armature 7or movable h&7 ( a contigu\s wire1 & ! h& ?us mov$ be+ connect$ ) a fre% batt]y1 x bo? cont9u$ ! circuit & repl5i%$ ! curr5t4 ,aft] a few weeks ( trial ! use ( metal blocks or types to regulate ! record+ m>ks 0 ab&on$1 & al?\gh ! con/ruction ( ! h&le1 call$ ! manipulator1 = regulat+ ! transmission at int]vals ( suffici5t electricity to produce ! m>ks1 0 a lat] improvem5t1 he ev] aft]w>ds decl>$ t 8 fir/ rude in/rum5t _h ! lead+ features t *>act]is$ ! m p]fect app>atus ( lat] ye>s2 or to use 8 own appropriate words1 8,x lisp$ its fir/ acc5ts & automatically record$ !m 9 ,new ,york4 ,x 0 a feeble *ild inde$1 unga9ly 9 its dress1 /amm]+ 9 its spee*4 ,b ! maladies ( its unfl$g$ infancy 7 ma9ly ! results ( its p>5ts /ruggles aga9/ pov]ty40 ,"h let u pause & see him z o!rs saw him4 ,let u see h[ "s ( 8 own fri5ds view$ 8 lab\rs z an arti/ & inv5tor dur+ ^? times ( adv]sity :i* ! gods are said to view ) complac5cy4 ,"o ( 8 pupils1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,hunt+ton1 :o aft]w>ds became ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 says3 8,! /udio ( ,pr(essor ,morse 0 inde$ a laboratory4 ,vigor\s1 life-l portraits1 poetic & hi/oric gr\ps1 occasionally grew ^u 8 easel2 b !re 7 _m h\rs--yes1 days--:51 absorb$ 9 /udy among galvanic batt]ies & my/]i\s l9es ( wire1 he seem$ to u l an al*emi/ ( ! middle ages 9 se>* ( ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,i c nev] =get ! occasion :5 he call$ 8 pupils toge!r to witness "o ( ! fir/1 if n ! fir/1 successful exp]im5t ) ! electric telegraph4 ,x 0 9 ! w9t] ( #ahce-f4 ,i c see n[ t rude in/rum5t con/ruct$ ) an old /ret*+ frame1 a wood5 clock1 a home-made batt]y1 & ! wire /ret*$ _m times r\nd ! walls ( ! /udio4 ,) eag] int]e/ we ga!r$ ab\t x1 z our ma/] expla9$ its op]ation1 :ile ) a click1 click1 click1 ! p5cil1 by a succession ( dots & l9es1 record$ ! messages 9 ciph]4 ,! idea 0 born1 b we _h little fai?4 ,to u x seem$ a dream ( en?usiasm4 ,we griev$ to see ! sket* ^u ! canvas unt\*$40 ,9 l mann]1 ,mr4 ,william ,cull5 ,bryant1 :o _h become acqua9t$ ) ,morse "s ye>s be=e ! telegraph ent]$ 8 m9d1 says3 8,he 0 !n an arti/1 devot$ to a pr(ession 9 :i* he might h atta9$ high rank _h he n1 =tunately = 8 c\ntry & ! _w1 left x = a pursuit 9 :i* he has ris5 to m peculi> em95ce4 ,ev5 !n 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 8 t5d5cy to me*anical inv5tion 0 conspicu\s4 ,8 m9d1 z ,i rememb]1 0 /rongly impell$ to analyse ! processes ( 8 art--to give to !m a c]ta9 sci5tific precision1 to r$uce !m to fix$ rules1 to ref] effects to cle>ly def9$ causes1 s z to put x 9 ! p[] ( an arti/ to produce !m at pleasure & ) c]ta9ty1 in/ead ( bl9dly grop+ = !m1 & 9 ! end ow+ !m to "s happy accid5t or "s in/9ctive ef=t ( :i* he c\ld give no acc\nt4 ,! m9d ( ,morse 0 an organis+ m9d4 ,he %[$ ?is 9 a rem>kable mann] :5 he br\ght toge!r ! arti/s ( ,new ,york1 !n a little b& mo/ly ( "y m5 ^: pr(ession 0 f> f be+ hon\r$ z x n[ is1 reconcil$ ! disagreem5ts :i* he f\nd exi/+ among !m1 & f\nd$ an association to be manag$ solely by !mselves--! ,academy ( ! ,arts ( ,design1 :i* has s9ce gr[n to su* noble dim5sions1 & :i* has giv5 to ! arti/s a consid]ation 9 ! community f> high] ?an t be=e conc$$ to !m4444 ,x 0 n till #ahce t ,morse f\nd means to demon/rate to ! public ! practicability ( 8 inv5tion by ! telegraph con/ruct$ on an economical scale & set up at ! ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 ,! public1 h[ev]1 /ill seem$ indiff]5t4 ,!re 0 none ( ! l\d applause1 none ( t en?usia/ic reception :i* x n[ seems natural %\ld att5d ! bir? ( s brilliant a discov]y4 ,i confess ,i 0 n )\t my %>e 9 ! g5]al misgiv+1 & al?\gh ! processes employ$ 7 exce$+ly curi\s & highly cr$itable to ! inv5tor1 ,i _h my fe>s t ! new telegraph might prove little m ?an a mo/ +5i\s sci5tific pa/ime easily gett+ out ( ord] 9 consequ5ce ( ! delicacy ( its con/ruction1 n capable ( be+ us$ to advantage = great di/ances1 & = %ort ones only suitable = messages 9 _! mo/ abbreviat$ =m4 ,! inv5tor1 h[ev]1 saw fur!r ?an we all1 & ,i ?9k nev] lo/ c\rage4 ,yet ,i rememb] t "s ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] ?is1 he said to me ) "s disappo9tm5t1 #8,:eat/one 9 ,engl& & ,/e9heil 9 ,bav>ia1 :o h _! electric telegraphs1 are af=d$ ! means ( br++ =w>d _! me?ods1 :ile to my inv5tion ( e>li] date ?an !irs my c\ntry seems to %[ no fav\r4'0 ,an incid5t :i* began 9 #ahce & ext5d$ into #ahcf ?r[s "s light on ! "* & sympa?ies ( ! disappo9t$ inv5tor4 ,9 ,augu/ ( ! latt] ye> he publi%$ a little book entitl$3 ,! ,proscrib$ ,g]man ,/ud5t3 be+ a ,sket* ( "s int]e/+ ,incid5ts 9 ! ,life & melan*oly ,dea? ( ! late ,lewis ,claus+2 to :i* is add$ a treatise on ! ,jesuits3 ! po/hum\s "w ( ,lewis ,claus+4 ,9 ! ,introduction1 ,pr(essor ,morse /at$ t 9 ! autumn ( #ahce a /rang] & =eign] came to 8 h\se & introduc$ himself to him1 apologis+ = 8 int]ruption1 & ask+ :e!r he 0 ! au?or ( a "w on ,=eign ,conspiracy4#i ,on ,pr(essor ,morse reply+ 9 ! affirmative1 ,claus+ ask$ him z a fav\r to p]use a manuscript ) a view to recomm5d+ x to a publi%]4 ,ask$ :y he _h select$ ,morse to pass an op9ion on ! book1 ,claus+ repli$ t 9 8 own c\ntry1 ,heidelb]g1 he _h incurr$ ! enmity ( ! ,jesuits because he did n raise 8 cap :5 ! procession ( ! ,ho/ 0 pass+ 9 ! /reet4 ,9 consequ5ce ( t (f5ce an ecclesia/ic left ! procession & /ruck (f 8 cap 9 a passionate mann]4 ,claus+ aft]w>ds w5t to ! ecclesia/ic's h\se1 & %ot him 9 ! face1 b n fatally4 ,aft] be+ 9 prison await+ s5t5ce = elev5 mon?s1 he escap$ 9 #ahcc1 & s9ce !n ! ,jesuits _h pursu$ him :]ev] he w5t1 9 ,france1 ,brussels1 & ,london1 & n[ 9 ,am]ica4 ,hav+ 9 ! ,we/ met ) ,morse's "w on ,=eign ,conspiracies aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he f\nd out ! au?or1 8=10 he said 8if !re is a man 9 ! _w :o ,i c be sure is n a ,jesuit1 x is ! writ] :o signs himself ,brutus40 ,pr(essor ,morse gives an int]e/+ & sympa!tic acc\nt ( ! way he treat$ ?is poor "y man1 :o call$ on him "o ev5+ at ! ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 b n f9d+ him at home1 wrote a lett] to him 9 :i* he con/ru$ ! mo/ ord9>y circum/ances into plots1 & conclud$ by say+ t he saw daily m & m t no?+ 0 s dang]\s z to be an hone/ man among rogues2 yet he nev] _h done & nev] w\ld d any?+ ( :i* he c\ld h ! remote/ reason to be a%am$4 ,! lett] end$ 8) true admiration = y\r noble "*40 ,! "y man1 an accompli%$ s*ol>1 ag$ tw5ty-five ye>s1 aft]w>ds %ot himself ) a pi/ol :ile walk+ on a public prom5ade4 ,8 "w on ! ,jesuits display$ great rese>* & a consid]able acqua9tance ) ! lit]ature & lit]>y *>act]s ( 8 day4 ,pr(essor ,morse said ( him t 8he conv]s$ 9 ,engli% flu5tly1 ) less =eign acc5t ?an 0 usually met ) 9 =eign]s ( tw5ty ye>s resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry1 & he wrote a cle>1 fair1 & neat h&4 ,9 8 mann]s he 0 retir+ & mode/1 & 9 8 address he _h t peculi> c\rtesy :i* belongs to well-educat$ ,g]mans4 ,he _h a f9e c\nt5ance1 a /eady expression1 ) a rem>kable d>k eye1 :i* fix$ itself /eadily ^u y\rs )\t w9k+1 yet )\t sev]ity2 x 0 mild1 &1 9 ! la/ int]views ) me1 melan*oly4 ,he seem$ p>ticul>ly s5sitive to k9dness1 & :51 9 ! la/ int]view1 ,i urg$ him freely to call ^u me at all times & unburd5 8 bosom ( its tr\bles1 & endeav\r$ to *e] him by sympa?y1 he wept l a *ild40 ,! treatise on ! ,jesuits1 :i* ,pr(essor ,morse publi%$ imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( its au?or1 fill$ ne>ly #bjj small pages1 & x 0 prec$$ by an acc\nt ( its au?or's c>e] f ! p5 ( ! ,pr(essor2 :o ?us %[$ t at ! mo/ try+ p]iod ( 8 life1 :5 absorb$ himself 9 secret c>es & beset by *ill+ pov]ty1 he c\ld freely sp5d 8 "t & money 9 promot+ ! la/ wi%es ( a poor =eign]4 ,9 #ahcg circum/ances occurr$ :i* ha/5$ 8 prep>ations = ! public display ( 8 telegraph4 ,9 ,febru>y ( t ye> ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives resolv$ to in/ruct ! ,secret>y to ! ,treasury to report next session ^u ! propriety ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a copy ( ! circul> mak+ inquiries on ! subject 0 s5t to ,pr(essor ,morse1 :o 9 reply gave a detail$ e/imate ( ! co/ ( 8 telegraph & a hi/ory ( its inv5tion4 ,9 ,april ( ! same ye> x 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! newspap]s t a wond]ful telegraph _h be5 inv5t$ by two ,fr5*m52 & ,pr(essor ,morse & 8 fri5ds took al>m le/ ! inv5tion ( 8 electro-magnetic telegraph _h become kn[n & appropriat$ by o!r h&s4 ,x turn$ out aft]w>ds t ! ann\ncem5t 9 "q ref]r$ to a visual telegraph & 0 ( no importance1 b x _h ! useful effect ( r\s+ ,pr(essor ,morse to m en]getic /eps = ! purpose ( br++ 8 inv5tion cr$itably be=e ! public4 ,he also cons5t$ to a public ann\ncem5t ( ! exi/5ce ( 8 inv5tion 9 ! ,new ,york ,obs]v]1 & f ,april to ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 he & ,pr(essor ,gale 7 busy prep>+ magnets1 w9d+ wire1 & con/ruct+ batt]ies1 ) ! view ( mak+ public exp]im5ts on a l>g] scale4 ,no soon] _h news ( ! successful op]ation ( 8 telegraph1 z exhibit$ privately to 8 fri5ds1 begun to spread ab\t ?an a fre% s\rce ( p]plexity arose f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,dr4 ,jackson1 a *emi/ & geologi/ ( ,bo/on1 n[ came =w>d & publicly claim$ to be a jo9t inv5tor ( ! telegraph1 alleg+ t he _h sugge/$ x to ,pr(essor ,morse on bo>d ! ,sully 9 #ahcb4 ,he said t dur+ ! voyage he _h 8! pleasure ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ,s4,f4,b4 ,morse1 a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican arti/1 :o is v +5i\s 9 me*anical inv5tions4 ,i 0 en?usia/ically describ+ ! v>i\s wond]ful prop]ties ( electricity & electro-magnetism be=e ,pr(essor ,morse1 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 ,mr4 ,fi%]1 & o!rs at ! table aft] d9n] :ile ! company 7 li/5]s1 &1 z x appe>$ to me1 7 some:at incr$ul\s1 = !y knew little or no?+ on ! subject4 ,i m5tion$ among _m o!r ?+s t ,i _h se5 ! electric sp>k pass in/antane\sly1 )\t any appreciable loss ( "t1 f\r hundr$ times r\nd ! great lecture room at ! ,sorbonne4 ,?is evid5tly surpris$ ! company1 & ,i !n ask$ if !y _h n read ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's exp]im5ts 9 :i* he _h caus$ electricity to g a j\rney ( tw5ty miles by means ( a wire /ret*$ up ! ,?ames1 ! wat] be+ a portion ( ! circuit4 ,! answ] 0 f ,pr(essor ,morse t he _h n read x4 ,aft] a %ort discussion z to ! in/antane\s nature ( ! passage1 "o ( ! p>ty1 ,mr4 ,riv]s or ,mr4 ,fi%]1 said x w\ld be well if we c\ld s5d news 9 ! same rapid mann]2 to :i* ,pr(essor ,morse repli$1 #8,:y _c we8' ,i !n proce$$ to in=m ,pr(essor ,morse 9 reply to 8 que/ions1 h[ x might be done4 ,fir/1 ,i obs]v$ t electricity might be made visible 9 any "p ( a circuit by divid+ ! wire1 :5 a sp>k w\ld be se5 at ! int]section4 ,secondly1 t x c\ld be made to p]=ate pap]1 if int]pos$ betwe5 ! disconnect$ wires4 ,?irdly1 t sal9e comp\nds might be decompos$ s z to produce col\rs on pap]4 ,! second & ?ird projects 7 f9ally adopt$ = future trial1 s9ce !y c\ld be made to furni% p]man5t records4444 ,i obs]v$ t x w\ld be easy to devise a me?od ( read+ ! m>k+s4 ,"h ! conv]sation *ang$ = a :ile1 & 0 resum$ by ,pr(essor ,morse next day aft] breakfa/4 ,pr(essor ,morse !n que/ion$ me aga9 on e po9t ( ! inv5tion1 & said he _h be5 ?9k+ mu* ab\t x4 ,) p5cil 9 h&1 he propos$ a me?od ( deciph]+ ! m>k+s1 ! dots & m>ks be+ made regul>ly4 ,?is 0 a subject ( discussion1 & we bo? took "p 9 x1 b ,i ackn[l$ge t ,pr(essor ,morse did mo/ 9 plann+ ! num]ation ( ! m>ks40 ,x is evid5t t ev5 if ! accuracy ( ! above v]sion ( ! conv]sations 0 unque/ionable1 ! in=mation :i* ,dr4 ,jackson pr(ess$ to give to ,pr(essor ,morse 0 sub/antially ! same t ,morse _h le>n$ previ\sly4 ,to ! claim ?us set up by ,dr4 ,jackson ,pr(essor ,morse gave an in/ant & categorical d5ial4 ,he said3 8,! discov]y belongs to me1 & x mu/ ( necessity belong exclusively to "o4 ,if by an exp]im5t :i* we propos$ to try toge!r1 we _h mutually fix$ ^u a successful mode ( convey+ intellig5ce1 !n might we ) "s propriety be t]m$ mutual or jo9t inv5tors2 b z we h nei!r tri$ any exp]im5t toge!r1 nor has ! "o propos$ to be tri$ by ,dr4 ,jackson be5 adopt$ by me1 ,i _c see h[ we c be call$ mutual inv5tors4 ,dr4 ,jackson is n aw>e p]haps t ! mode ,i h c>ri$ into effect1 aft] _m & v>i\s exp]im5ts1 ) ! assi/ance ( my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,gale1 0 nev] m5tion$ ei!r by him or to him4 ,! plan ( m>k+ by my peculi> type1 & ! use :i* ,i make ( ! electro-magnet1 7 entirely orig9al ) me4 ,all ! ma*9]y has be5 elaborat$ )\t a h9t f ,dr4 ,jackson ( any k9d 9 ! remote/ degree4 ,i am ! sole inv5tor4 ,x is to ,pr(essor ,gale t ,i am mo/ ( all indebt$ = sub/antial & effective aid 9 _m ( my exp]im5ts2 b he pref]s no claim ( any k9d40 ,dr4 ,jackson1 on ! #ag? ( ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 admitt$ t ! telegraph he _h sugge/$ w\ld require tw5ty-f\r wires = conductors4 ,pr(essor ,morse repli$ t 8 telegraph 0 adapt$ to ! use ( "o wire1 or a s+le circuit1 a me?od :i* ,dr4 ,jackson _h decl>$ to be impracticable4 ,dr4 ,jackson admitt$ t among ^? :o he>d 8 conv]sations ) ,pr(essor ,morse 0 ,william ,pell1 ! ,capta9 ( ! ,sully1 :o on be+ ask$ to give 8 v]sion ( ! matt] wrote to ! ,pr(essor z foll[s3--8,i am happy to say ,i h a di/9ct remembrance ( y\r sugge/+ z a ?\ght newly occurr$ to y ! possibility ( a telegraphic communication be+ effect$ by electric wires4 ,z ! passage progress$ & y\r idea develop$ itself1 x became frequ5tly a subject ( conv]sation4 ,difficulty aft] difficulty 0 sugge/$ z ob/acles to its op]ation1 :i* y\r +5uity /ill lab\r$ to remove till y\r inv5tion1 pass+ f its fir/ crude /ate ?r\gh diff]5t grades ( improvem5t1 0 9 seem+ matur$ to an available in/rum5t40 ,9 a subsequ5t lett] ,capta9 ,pell said x 0 a matt] ( great a/oni%m5t to him t a fell[-pass5g] on ! ,sully f ,havre 9 ,octob]1 #ahcb1 %\ld attempt to conte/ ) ,pr(essor ,morse ! claim ( hav+ be5 ! inv5tor ( ! electric telegraph2 ! impression re/$ on 8 m9d ) ! fre%ness & =ce ( conviction t ,pr(essor ,morse alone 0 ! orig9ator ( ! inv5tion4 ,o!r witnesses :o 7 on bo>d ! ,sully gave equally emphatic te/imony 9 support ( 8 orig9ality4 ,:5 ! "q ( orig9ality 0 aft]w>ds inve/igat$ 9 a c\rt ( law1 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,woodbury1 aft] exam9+ all ! au?orities on ! subject1 /at$ t f #ahcb =w>d ,pr(essor ,morse 0 entitl$ to ! high cr$it ( mak+ attempts to con/ruct a practical ma*9e = popul> & comm]cial use1 :i* w\ld communicate at a di/ance by electro-magnetism1 & w\ld record quickly & *eaply :at 0 communicat$1 & t among sixty-two competitors to ! discov]y ( ! electric telegraph up to #ahch1 ,pr(essor ,morse alone 9 #ahcg seem$ to h rea*$ ! mo/ p]fect result desirable = public & practical use4 ,:ile rival claims 7 be+ made to ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph1 ,pr(essor ,morse succe$$ 9 secur+ protection by pat5t 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,he _h fil$ 8 caveat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,octob] #f1 #ahcg1 & six mon?s aft]w>ds appli$ = a pat5t1 :i* he obta9$ 9 #ahdj4 ,j be=e tak+ proce$+s to obta9 pat5t rights1 "s fri5ds ( ! "r sort came to 8 assi/ance4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 he %[$ 8 app>atus & expla9$ 8 designs to ,pr(essor ,torrey1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail1 & o!rs2 & _! approbation _h a /imulat+ effect4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail & 8 bro!r1 aft] mak+ a ?or\gh exam9ation ( x1 became s en?usia/ic ab\t its success t !y (f]$ to supply ! impecuni\s inv5tor ) ! means requisite to try exp]im5ts on a l>g] scale4 ,?is ready assi/ance :5 he 0 9 ne$ he nev] ceas$ to praise4 ,_m ye>s aft] 8 telegraph 0 9 univ]sal use1 & :5 he 0 be+ cr[n$ ) ! highe/ hon\rs ( 8 life1 he /at$ t ! inv5tor mu/ seek & employ ! skill$ me*anician 9 8 work%op to put 8 inv5tion into a practical =m1 & = ?is purpose "s pecuni>y means are requir$ z well z me*anical skill4 ,bo? ^! he receiv$ f ,messrs4 ,vail4 ,^! g5tlem5 came to ! help ( 8! unclo!d infant1 & ) _! funds & me*anical skill put x into a condition cr$itable to appe> be=e ! nation40 ,= ?is valuable assi/ance ,pr(essor ,morse assign$ to ,mr4 ,vail "o f\r? %>e 9 ! pat5t2 & !y cont9u$ to "w toge!r ) ! greate/ good w4 ,! fir/ really good ,morse in/rum5t 0 made by ,mr4 ,vail1 assi/$ by 8 fa!r & bro!r1 & _! fir/ exp]im5t 0 made ) ?ree miles ( copp] wire plac$ r\nd a room ( ,vail's factory at ! ,spe$well ironworks1 ,morri/[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 on ,janu>y #f1 #ahch4 ,enc\rag$ by its success1 ! inv5tor & 8 p>tn]s invit$ a numb] ( prom95t citiz5s to witness ! p]=mances ( ! telegraph 9 ! ,geological ,cab9et ( ! ,univ]sity 9 ,wa%+ton ,squ>e1 ,new ,york1 on ,janu>y #bd1 #ahch2 & s mu* int]e/ 0 excit$ by its a*ievem5ts on t occasion t a =tnight lat] ! ,committee ( ,sci5ces & ,arts ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute inspect$ x4 ,z an au?oritative & p]man5t record ( its /age ( developm5t at t "t _! report is in/ructive4 ,!y /at$ t 8! in/rum5t 0 exhibit$ to !m 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,in/itute1 & e opportunity giv5 by ,mr4 ,morse & 8 associate1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail1 to exam9e x c>efully & to judge ( its op]ation4 ,! in/rum5t may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,!re is a galvanic batt]y ( sixty pairs ( plates1 set 9 action by a solution ( sulphate ( copp]4 7#b7 ,! poles ( ?is batt]y c be connect$ at pleasure ) a circuit ( copp] wire1 :i* 9 ! exp]im5ts we witness$ 0 t5 miles 9 l5g?4 ,! great] "p ( ! wire 0 w\nd r\nd two cyl9d]s1 & ! coils insulat$ f "o ano!r by be+ cov]$ ) cotton ?read4 7#c7 ,9 ! middle ( ?is circuit ( wire1--t is1 at :at 0 consid]$ virtually a di/ance ( five miles f ! batt]y1 0 ! regi/]4 ,9 ?is !re is an electro-magnet1 made ( a b> ( s(t iron b5t 9 ! =m ( a horse%oe1 & surr\nd$ by coils ( ! wire :i* =ms ! circuit4 ,! keep] ( ?is magnet is at ! %ort arm ( a b5t lev]1 at ! end ( ! long] arm ( :i* is a f\nta9-p54 ,:5 ! keep] is drawn aga9/ ! magnet1 ! p5 comes 9 contact ) a roll ( pap] w\nd r\nd a cyl9d]1 & makes a m>k ) ink ^u ?is pap]4 ,:ile ! telegraph is 9 op]ation1 ! cyl9d] :i* c>ries ! pap] is made to revolve sl[ly ^u its axis1 by an app>atus l ! kit*5 jack1 & is at ! same "t mov$ =w>d1 s t ! p5 if con/antly 9 contact ) ! pap] w\ld describe a spiral or helix ^u its surface4 7#d7 ,ne> ! batt]y1 at "o ( ! /ations1 !re is an int]ruption 9 ! circuit1 ! ends ( ! sep>at$ wire ent]+ into two cups1 ne> to ea* o!r1 conta9+ m]cury4 ,n[ if a small piece ( b5t wire be introduc$1 ) an end 9 ea* cup1 ! circuit w be complet$1 ! electro-magnet at ! o!r /ation w be set 9 action1 ! keep] w be drawn aga9/ x1 & ! p5 w make a m>k ^u ! revolv+ pap]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! b5t wire is remov$ f ! cups1 ! circuit w be int]rupt$1 ! electro-magnet w in/antly cease to act1 ! keep] w1 by its weight1 rec$e a small di/ance f ! magnet1 ! o!r end ( ! lev] w rise & lift ! p5 f ! pap]1 & ! m>k+ w cease4 7#e7 ,! successive connections & int]ruptions ( ! circuit are execut$ by means ( an +5i\s contrivance = depress+ ! ar* ( copp] wire into ! cups ( m]cury1 & rais+ x out ( !m4 ,?is app>atus c\ld n be describ$ intelligibly )\t a figure2 b its action 0 simple & v satisfactory4 7#f7 ,two sy/ems ( signals 7 exhibit$1 "o repres5t+ numb]s1 ! o!r lett]s4 ,! numb]s consi/ ( no?+ m ?an dots made on ! pap]1 ) suitable spaces int]v5+4 ,?us 444 44 44444 w\ld repres5t #cbe1 & may ei!r indicate ?is numb] itself1 or a ^w 9 a diction>y1 prep>$ = ! purpose1 to :i* ! numb] is atta*$4 ,! alphabetical signals are made up ( comb9ations ( dots & ( l9es ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,!re are sev]al subsidi>y p>ts ( ?is telegraph :i* ! ,committee h n ?\ght x necess>y to m5tion p>ticul>ly4 ,among ^! is ! use ( a second electro-magnet at ! regi/]1 to give w>n+ by ! r++ ( a bell1 & to set 9 motion ! app>atus = turn+ ! cyl9d]4 ,! op]ation ( ! telegraph z exhibit$ to u 0 v satisfactory4 ,! p[] giv5 to ! magnet at ! regi/]1 ?r\gh a l5g? ( wire ( t5 miles1 0 abundantly suffici5t = ! movem5ts requir$ to m>k ! signals4 ,! communication ( ?is p[] 0 in/antane\s4 ,! "t requir$ to make ! signals 0 z %ort1 at lea/1 z t necess>y 9 ! ord9>y telegraphs4 ,x appe>s to ! ,committee !re=e t ! possibility ( us+ telegraphs ^u ?is plan 9 actual practice is n to be d\bt$1 ?\gh difficulties may be anticipat$ :i* c\ld n be te/$ by ! trials made ) ! model4 ,"o ( ^! relates to ! insulation & protection ( ! wires1 :i* are to pass ov] _m miles ( di/ance to =m ! circuits betwe5 ! /ations4 ,mr4 ,morse has propos$ sev]al plans1--! la/ be+ to cov] ! wires ) cotton ?read1 !n v>ni% !m ?ickly ) gum-ela/ic1 & inclose ! :ole 9 lead5 tubes4 ,d\bts h be5 rais$ z to ! di/ance to :i* ! electricity ( an ord9>y batt]y c be made effici5t2 b ! ,committee ?9k t no s]i\s difficulty is to be anticipat$ z to ?is po9t4 ,! exp]im5t ) ! wire w\nd 9 a coil may n inde$ be deem$ conclusive2 b "o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,committee assi/$ 9 an exp]im5t 9 :i* a magnet 0 v s5sibly affect$ by a batt]y ( a s+le pair ?r\gh an insulat$ wire ( two miles & ?ree qu>t]s 9 l5g?1 ( :i* ! folds 7 f\r in*es ap>t2 & :5 a batt]y ( t5 pairs 0 us$ wat] 0 freely decompos$4 ,an exp]im5t is said to h be5 made ) success on ! ,birm+ham & ,man*e/] railroad ?r\gh a circuit ( ?irty miles 9 l5g?4 ,x may be prop] to /ate t ! idea ( us+ electro-magnetism = telegraphic purposes has pres5t$ itself to sev]al diff]5t individuals1 & t x may be difficult to settle among !m ! "q ( orig9ality4 ,! celebrat$ ,gauss has a telegraph ( ?is k9d 9 actual op]ation = communicat+ signals betwe5 ! ,univ]sity at ,gtt+5 & ! magnetic obs]vatory 9 ! vic9ity4 ,mr4 ,:eat/one ( ,london has also be5 = "s "t engag$ 9 exp]im5ts on an electro-magnetic telegraph4 ,b ! plan ( ,pr(essor ,morse is1 s f> z ! ,committee are in=m$1 entirely diff]5t f any ( ^? devis$ by o!r individuals1 all ( :i* act by giv+ diff]5t directions to magnetic ne$les1 & w\ld !re=e require sev]al circuits ( wires betwe5 all ! /ations40 ,a mon? lat] ! ,committee ( ,comm]ce drew up _! report to ,congress4 ,!y /at$ t1 among ! sugge/ions t _h be5 submitt$1 ! electro-magnetic telegraph ( ,pr(essor ,morse 0 pre-em95tly int]e/+ & wond]ful2 & t 9 addition to be+ exam9$ & confid5tly recomm5d$ by ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 x _h be5 exhibit$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to sev]al heads ( dep>tm5ts1 memb]s ( ,congress1 & a va/ numb] ( sci5tific & practical m5 f all p>ts ( ! ,union4 ,all concurr$1 )\t a diss5t+ d\bt1 9 admiration ( ! +5i\s & sci5tific "* ( ! inv5tion1 & appe>$ to be conv9c$ z to 8its great & incalculable practical importance & usefulness to ! c\ntry & ultimately to ! _w40 ,! ,committee also /at$ t ,pr(essor ,morse concurr$ 9 say+ t x w\ld be presumptu\s to calculate or hold out promises z to :at its :ole capacity = usefulness might be 9 ei!r a political1 comm]cial1 or social po9t ( view if ! electrical p[] on :i* its action dep5d$ prov$ ineffici5t ov] long di/ances2 b x 0 obvi\s1 !y ?\ght1 t ! influ5ce ( ! inv5tion among ! p ( su* a widely ext5d$ c\ntry1 w\ld1 9 ! ev5t ( its success1 am\nt to 8a revolution unsurpass$ 9 moral gr&eur by any discov]y t has be5 made 9 ! arts & sci5ces f ! mo/ di/ant p]iod to :i* au!ntic hi/ory ext5ds to ! pres5t day40 ,su* 0 ! language appli$ to ! fir/ exp]im5tal work+ ( ! telegraph ov] t5 miles ( wire2 nor did ! ,committee's fir/ impressions end !re4 ,our famili>ity ) ! telegraph has dive/$ x ( novelty1 b x sugge/$ to !m ?\ghts :i* are /ill impressive & beautiful4 ,!y said t1 8) ! means ( almo/ in/antane\s communication betwe5 ! mo/ di/ant po9ts ( ! c\ntry & simultane\sly betwe5 any giv5 numb] ( int]m$iate po9ts1 :i* ?is inv5tion contemplates1 space = all purposes ( in=mation w be completely annihilat$ betwe5 ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,! citiz5s w be inve/$ ) & w r$uce to daily & famili> use an approa* to ! high attribute ( ubiquity 9 a degree t ! human m9d till rec5tly _h h>dly d>$ to contemplate s]i\sly z belong+ to human ag5cy1 f an in/9ctive feel+ ( religi\s rev]5ce & res]ve ( a p[] ( su* awful gr&eur40 ,! ,committee conclud$ by recomm5d+ ,congress to grant #cj1jjj doll>s = ! mak+ ( an exp]im5t on a mu* l>g] scale1 say #ajj miles4 ,to ,pr(essor ,morse1 :o _h toil$ at ! inv5tion n[ & !n = fully five ye>s amid _m disc\ragem5ts1 ev]y?+ n[ look$ enc\rag+4 8,i see no?+ n[10 he said1 8b an uncl\d$ prospect1 = :i* let u pay to ,him :o %[s x to u ! homage ( grateful & ob$i5t he>ts1 ) mo/ e>ne/ pray]s = grace to use prosp]ity aright40 ,! next /ep ?\ght necess>y to insure ! wide success anticipat$ 0 ! tak+ out ( =eign pat5ts2 & = t purpose ! sangu9e inv5tor & ,mr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,j4 ,smi?1 :o _h become a w>m fri5d ( 81 paid a visit to ,europe4 ,mr4 ,smi? 0 a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & z ,*airman ( ! ,h\se ,committee ( ,comm]ce1 he _h 9 ,april1 #ahch1 recomm5d$ ,congress to grant #cj1jjj doll>s = ! purpose ( te/+ ! telegraph ov] _m miles4 ,9 aft] ye>s ,pr(essor ,morse gave him 8! cr$it ( a j appreciation ( ! new inv5tion & ( ! zeal\s advocacy ( an exp]im5tal essay1 z well z ( indit+ an admirably writt5 report 9 its fav\r :i* 0 sign$ by e memb] ( ! ,committee1 :5 9 #ahch ! telegraph appe>$ 9 ,wa%+ton a suppliant = ! means to adm9i/] its p[]40 ,?is fri5d n[ accompani$ ! inv5tor to ,engl&1 :]e !y appli$ = a pat5t4 ,9 ,engl& ,messrs4 ,:eat/one & ,cooke _h already obta9$ a pat5t = _! ne$le telegraph2 b z ! ,morse telegraph 0 ess5tially diff]5t f !irs1 he unhesitat+ly paid ! usual fees & w5t ?r\gh ! prelim9>y =malities4 ,to 8 dismay1 h[ev]1 he f\nd 8 application object$ to be=e ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 ^: sanction 0 requisite1 on ! gr\nd t 8 telegraph 0 n new4 ,! argum5ts 7 he>d on ! #ab? ( ,july1 #ahch1 :5 ,morse produc$ 8 in/rum5t 9 ord] to %[ ! ,attorney-,g5]al h[ diff]5t x 0 f ! ,engli% telegraph2 b ! ,attorney-,g5]al held t x 0 unnecess>y to exam9e x1 because ! ,london ,me*anics' ,magaz9e = ! previ\s ,febru>y _h publi%$ an article f ,silliman's 7,am]ican7 ,j\rnal = ,octob]1 #ahcg1 giv+ a description ( ! inv5tion4 ,?is publication 0 consid]$ a valid reason = refus+ a pat5t4 ,ano!r he>+ 0 obta9$1 b x only confirm$ ! previ\s decision4 ,:ile 9 ,london on ?is bus9ess ,morse 0 a spectator ( ! coronation ( ,que5 ,victoria 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,9 ,france a bett] reception 0 accord$ to ! inv5tor1 :o n only got a pat5t )\t difficulty1 b 0 load$ ) complim5ts4 ,arago br\ght 8 telegraph be=e ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 :]e ! greate/ m5 ( ! "t1 su* z ,humboldt & ,guy ,lussac1 7 pr(use 9 _! admiration ( x4 ,b to make ! pat5t valid 9 ,france x 0 necess>y t x %\ld be work$ !re )9 two ye>s2 & ?is x 0 f\nd impossible to d4 ,an agreem5t 0 made ) ! ,/4 ,g]ma9 ,railway ,company to erect a l9e ( telegraph ^u _! railroad1 b ! ,gov]nm5t hav+ refus$ _! p]mission1 ! project 0 dropp$4 ,?\gh 8 visit to ,p>is 0 n att5d$ ) ! results he desir$1 an incid5t occurr$ :i* r5d]$ x memorable & l9k$ 8 "n ) ano!r discov]y1 :i* probably enc\rag$ him to p]sev]e ) 8 own4 ,! ,am]ican ,consul introduc$ him to ,m4 ,dagu]re1 :o1 9 conjunction ) ,m4 ,niepce1 _h j discov]$ ! art ( photography1 !n kn[n z 8! new art40 ,! discov]y ( ,dagu]re 0 caus+ a great s5sation1 b 8 me?od 0 kept a secret4 ,! two inv5tors agre$ to %[ _! inv5tions to ea* o!r1 b ,pr(essor ,morse und]took n to disclose ! art ( photography j !n4 ,negotiations 7 go+ on betwe5 ,m4 ,dagu]re & ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t ) ref]5ce to ! publication ( ! process1 & ! result 0 t ,dagu]re agre$ to disclose x 9 consid]ation ( ! ,gov]nm5t pay+ him a p5sion ( #bejl4 a ye> & ,niepce #affl4 a ye> = life4 ,m4 ,arago took a lead+ "p 9 gu>antee+ ! g5u95ess ( ! discov]y4 ,z soon z a bill conf]r+ ! p5sions pass$ ! ,fr5* ,*amb]s1 8! new art0 0 to be made public1 & ,m4 ,dagu]re 9 ,janu>y promis$ to s5d ,pr(essor ,morse a copy ( 8 description z soon z publi%$4 ,x 0 n till ,septemb] t ?is took place1 b ,pr(essor ,morse1 :o _h return$ to ,new ,york 9 ,april1 #ahci1 0 ! fir/ 9 ,am]ica to receive a copy ( ,dagu]re's own acc\nt ( 8 discov]y illu/rat$ ) six diagrams4 ,f ^! draw+s ,pr(essor ,morse 0 able to con/ruct ! fir/ photographic app>atus us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ! fir/ photograph tak5 ) x 0 a view ( ! t[] ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,messiah on ,broadway1 z se5 f a back-w9d[ ( ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 ,! process 0 no soon] publi%$ ?an improvem5ts 7 made 9 x2 & among ! e>lie/ improv]s 9 ,am]ica 7 ,pr(essor ,morse & ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 ,exp]im5ts :i* !y made 9 a /udio erect$ on ! ro( ( ! ,univ]sity result$ 9 ! publication next ye> ( a pap] by ,pr(essor ,drap]1 ,on ! ,process ( ,dagu]reotype1 & its ,application to tak+ ,portraits f ! ,life4 ,?is 0 ! ann\ncem5t ( a great improvem5t4 ,by ! process ( ,dagu]re ! "t ( tak+ a photograph at ,p>is v>i$ f ?ree to ?irty m9utes1 & ! human face c\ld only be photograph$ ) ! eyes %ut4 ,by ,pr(essor ,drap]'s improvem5ts portraits c\ld be tak5 ) ! eyes op51 & in/ead ( an av]age ( fifte5 m9utes1 x c\ld be done 9 "o m9ute or less4 ,pr(essor ,drap] /at$ t 9 portraits tak5 by 8 process 8! eye appe>s beautifully2 ! iris ) %>pness1 & ! :ite dot ( light ^u x ) su* /r5g? & s mu* reality & life z to surprise ^? :o h nev] be=e se5 x4 ,_m are p]suad$ t ! p5cil ( ! pa9t] has be5 secretly employ$ to give ?is f9i%+ t\*40 ,= six mon?s ,pr(essor ,morse act$ z a photograph]1 & 0 ?us enabl$ to repay ! 8great exp5ses0 he _h incurr$ 9 improv+ ! process4 ,he !n ab&on$ photography = telegraphy4 ,x ?us appe>s t ,pr(essor ,morse 0 ! fir/ lectur] on art 9 ,am]ica1 ! fir/ sculptor f ,am]ica :o receiv$ =eign hon\rs1 ! fir/ photograph] 9 ,am]ica1 & ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! record+ telegraph4 ,! "w n[ set be=e him 0 ! introduction ( ! telegraph1 & to accompli% ?is "w o!r five ye>s 7 necess>y4 ,!y 7 five ye>s ( pov]ty & disappo9tm5t1 occasionally bright5$ by transi5t gleams ( success4 ,! petition to ,congress = money to make an exp]im5t ) x on a l>ge scale _h be5 ?r[n aside among ! unf9i%$ bus9ess ( ! session1 & x 0 n till #ahdb t ! matt] 0 aga9 br\ght =w>d4 ,at ! close ( #ahda ! despair+ inv5tor said3 8,i h n a c5t 9 ! _w4 ,i am cru%$ = want ( means1 & means ( s trivial a "*1 too1 t !y :o "k h[ to ask 7:i* ,i d n7 c\ld obta9 9 a few h\rs4 ,"o ye> m has gone = want ( means4 ,i h n[ asc]ta9$ t1 h[ev] unpromis+ 7 ! times la/ session1 if ,i c\ld only h gone to ,wa%+ton1 ,i c\ld h got "s aid to enable me to insure success at ! next session4 ,z x is1 al?\gh ev]y?+ is fav\rable1 al?\gh ,i h no competition & no opposition--on ! contr>y al?\gh e memb] ( ,congress1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 is fav\rable--yet ,i fe> all w fail because ,i am too poor to risk ! trifl+ exp5ses :i* my j\rney & resid5ce 9 ,wa%+ton w occasion me4 ,i w n run 9 debt if ,i lose ! :ole matt]2 s unless ,i h ! means f "s s\rce ,i %all be compell$1 h[ev] reluctantly1 to leave x4 ,no?+ b ! consci\sness t ,i h an inv5tion :i* is to m>k an era 9 human civilisation1 & :i* is to contribute to ! happ9ess ( millions1 w\ld h su/a9$ me ?r\gh s _m & su* l5g!n$ trials ( pati5ce 9 pro( ( x40 ,he ev5 said to "o ( 8 art pupils t he 0 s de/itute ( money t he w\ld be dead next week f />vation2 & on ! pupil giv+ him t5 doll>s & tak+ him to d9n]1 ,morse said t 0 ! fir/ meal he _h _h = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! d>ke/ h\r be=e ! dawn2 = 9 ! mid/ ( 8 gloom & pov]ty he det]m9$ to make "o m exp]im5t4 ,he insulat$ a wire two miles long ) hemp5 ?reads saturat$ ) pit* t> & surr\nd$ ) india-rubb]2 & ?is1 :i* he call$ ! fir/ subm>9e cable ev] made1 0 laid 9 ,new ,york h>b\r betwe5 ,ca/le ,g>d5 & ,gov]nor's ,isl& on ,octob] #ah1 #ahdb4 ,! wire 0 w\nd r\nd a reel & plac$ 9 a boat2 & 9 ! bright moon%9e ! ,pr(essor unw\nd & paid out ! wire :ile ano!r man r[$ ! boat4 ,sev]al signals pass$ ?r\gh ! wire2 b be=e he _h an opportunity ( exhibit+ its op]ation to ^? :om he want$ to conv9ce1 ! wire 0 dragg$ up by ! an*or ( ano!r boat & "p ( x c>ri$ (f by ! sailors4 ,b x 0 n de/roy$ till he _h satisfi$ himself t despat*es c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh x4 ,he r5ew$ ! exp]im5t two mon?s aft]w>ds 9 ! canal at ,wa%+ton ) complete success2 & 9 aft] ye>s he ev] spoke ( ^! exp]im5ts1 especially ! fir/1 z ! bir?time ( subm>9e telegraphy4 ,he receiv$ ! gold m$al ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute = ?is success4 ,enc\rag$ by ! success ( ?is exp]im5t1 he wrote a lett] on ,decemb] #f1 #ahdb1 to ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,g4 ,f]ris1 a memb] ( ! ,h\se ,committee ( ,comm]ce1 giv+ a m9ute acc\nt ( 8 inv5tion1 & ask+ t an appeal might be made ?r\gh ! ,committee to ,congress = a grant to erect an exp]im5tal l9e ( telegraph4 ,mr4 ,f]ris at once took up ! subject1 & a bill 0 drawn up appropriat+ #cj1jjj doll>s = t purpose2 b ere x came be=e ,congress ! inv5tor 0 able to ann\nce ano!r discov]y t /r5g!n$ 8 fai? 9 ! m>vell\s p[] ( ! telegraph4 ,9 a lett] dat$ ,janu>y #ag1 #ahdc1 he said3 8,pr(essor ,fi%] & myself made an important discov]y j be=e we left ,new ,york1 namely1 t sev]al curr5ts ( electricity w pass ^u ! same wire )\t int]f]5ce ei!r 9 ! same direction or 9 opposite directions4 ,! discov]y ,i h at once r$uc$ to practice4 ,! wire = ! two circuits :i* ,i use = my two in/rum5ts 9 ! ,capitol is compos$ ( ?ree in/ead ( f\r ?reads40 ,five weeks aft] t ann\ncem5t ,mr4 ,john ,k5n$y mov$ 9 ,congress to proce$ ) ! bill mak+ ! grant = an exp]im5tal l9e4 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 pres5t 9 ! gall]y li/5+ to a debate :i*1 ?\gh n v auspici\s1 0 n devoid ( hum\r4 ,an abridg$ report ( ! proce$+s on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y1 #ahdc1 /ates t on ! motion ( ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 ( ,m>yl&1 ! ,committee took up ! bill to au?orise a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to be made 9 ord] to te/ ! m]its ( ,morse's ,electro-,magnetic ,telegraph--a bill appropriat+ #cj1jjj doll>s1 to be exp5d$ "u ! direction ( ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al4 ,mr4 ,cave ,johnson said t1 z ! pres5t ,congress _h done mu* to enc\rage sci5ce1 he did n wi% to see ! sci5ce ( mesm]ism neglect$ & ov]look$4 ,he !re=e propos$ t "o-half ! appropriation %\ld be giv5 to ,mr4 ,pisk 7a g5tleman at t "t lectur+ 9 ,wa%+ton on mesm]ism7 to enable him to c>ry on exp]im5ts z well z ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,mr4 ,h\/on ?\ght t ,mill]ism %\ld also be includ$ 9 ! b5efits ( ! appropriation4 ,mr4 ,/anly _h no objection to ! appropriation = mesm]ic exp]im5ts1 provid$ ,mr4 ,cave ,johnson w\ld be ! subject 7,laught]47 ,mr4 ,cave ,johnson retort$ t he w\ld h no objection provid$ ,mr4 ,/anly 0 ! op]ator4 7,mu* laught]47 ,sev]al g5tlem5 hav+ call$ = ! read+ ( ! am5dm5t1 ! ,cl]k read ?us3 8,provid$ t "o half ( ! said sum %all be appropriat$ = try+ mesm]ic exp]im5ts1 "u ! direction ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury40 ,mr4 ,mason1 ris+ to ord]1 cont5d$ t ! am5dm5t 0 n bon fide1 & t su* a proposal 0 calculat$ to injure ! "* ( ! ,h\se4 ,he appeal$ to ! ,*air to rule x out ( ord]2 b ! ,*airman1 decl9+ to judge ( ! motives ( memb]s 9 (f]+ am5dm5ts1 w\ld n und]take to pron\nce x n bon fide4 ,he said objections might be rais$ to x on ! gr\nd t x 0 n suffici5tly analog\s 9 its "* to ! bill "u consid]ation1 b 9 8 op9ion x w\ld require a sci5tific analysis to det]m9e h[ f> ! magnetism ( mesm]ism 0 analog\s to t to be employ$ 9 telegraphs4 7,laught]47 ,! am5dm5t 0 reject$1 & 9 ! end ! bill 0 c>ri$ by a majority ( six votes--#hi to #hc4 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 accu/om$ aft]w>ds to rem>k t a 8*ange ( ?ree votes w\ld h consign$ ! inv5tion to oblivion40 8,i 0 told at ! "t10 he also said1 8by _m p]sonal fri5ds 9 ! ,h\se1 t ! bill f9ally pass$ m out ( def]5ce to my p]sonal /&+ ?an f any j appreciation ( ! importance ( ! inv5tion1 a complim5t :i*1 h[ev] gratify+ to p]sonal pride1 0 fully set (f by p]ceiv+ ! l[ e/imate ( ! result ( my lab\rs4 ,o!r motions disp>ag+ ! inv5tion 7 made1 su* z propos+ to appropriate "p ( ! sum to telegraph to ! moon1 b ! majority ( ,congress did n concur 9 ?is attempt to defeat ! measure by ridicule40 ,9 ! ,s5ate1 h[ev]1 x 0 n hon\r$ ev5 by ridicule4 ,x 0 all[$ to lie unt\*$ till ! la/ night ( ! session4 ,"h also ! ,pr(essor 0 an eag] b despair+ spectator ( ! fate ( 8 project4 ,he sat li/5+ all day--to him a day ( gloom & anxiety1 unreliev$ by a s+le ray ( hope4 ,! session _h to close at midnight1 & at t5 o'clock "o ( ! s5ators advis$ him to g home1 z x 0 useless /ay+ long]--! prospect 0 hopeless4 ,morse ?\ght s too1 & ) a heavy he>t left = 8 hotel1 :]e aft] pay+ 8 bill1 he f\nd t on 8 return to ,new ,york he w\ld h ?irty-sev5 & a half c5ts 9 8 pocket4 ,) ?is capital1 he mu/ aga9 return to 8 bru% & easel1 & "w = fre% means to enable him to appeal to ,congress at a m conv5i5t season4 ,su* 7 ! reflections t p]turb$ 8 m9d1 z1 ov]come ) fatigue1 he retir$ to re/4 ,little did he dream t night t he 0 to be an hi/oric illu/ration ( ,%akespe>e's rem>k t 8our little life is r\nd$ ) a sleep40 ,ris+ at a late h\r next morn+1 he 0 in=m$ :5 at breakfa/ t a lady _h call$ to see him1 & ^u 8 ent]+ ! p>l\r1 he 0 met by ,miss ,annie ,ellswor?1 daught] ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 ,) a radiant smile %e said1 8,i h come to congratulate y1 ,mr4 ,morse10 :o 0 advanc+ to %ake h&s ) h]1 all unconsci\s t %e 0 a mess5g] ( glad tid+s4 8,to congratulate me10 said ! c>e-worn inv5tor1 8= :at80 8,:y1 ^u ! passage ( y\r bill1 to be sure10 %e repli$4 8,surely y mu/ be mi/ak510 said ! ,pr(essor1 :o probably ?\ght ! ann\ncem5t too good to be true2 8,i left at a late h\r & its fate seem$ inevitable40 8,inde$ ,i'm n10 0 ! reply2 8fa!r rema9$ till ! close ( ! session2 & y\r bill 0 ! v la/ t 0 pass$4 ,i begg$ p]mission to convey ! news to y1 & ,i am s glad ,i am ! fir/ to tell y4 ,x 0 pass$ )\t any discussion40 ,z ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts 0 a fri5d :o _h tak5 a w>m int]e/ 9 ! fate ( ! telegraph1 ! ,pr(essor accept$ ?is assurance1 & w>mly press+ ! lady's h&1 express$ unfeign$ delight at ! news4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s fur!r conv]sation1 he said t z a rew>d = be+ ! fir/ be>] ( ! glad tid+s1 %e %\ld be invit$ to s5d ! fir/ message ov] ! fir/ l9e ( telegraph4 ,! promise 0 accept$4 ,he next s\ght p]mission to con/ruct 8 telegraph on ! railroad f ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton4 ,ev5 ?is simple matt] 0 n settl$ )\t "s opposition4 ,happily ,pr(essor ,morse secur$ ! support ( ,mr4 ,latrobe1 :o 0 !n eng9e] to ! ,baltimore & ,ohio railway1 & :o has giv5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 connection ) ! project4 ,he says t :ile 8call+ on ,mr4 ,l\is ,mc,lane1 ! presid5t1 on "s pr(essional matt]1 ,i 0 ask$ 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation :e!r ,i knew any?+ ab\t an electric telegraph :i* ! inv5tor1 :o _h obta9$ an appropriation f ,congress1 want$ to lay d[n on ! ,wa%+ton bran* ( ! road4 ,he said he expect$ ,mr4 ,morse1 ! inv5tor1 to call on him1 :5 he w\ld introduce me to him1 & w\ld be glad if ,i took an opportunity to g ov] ! subject ) him1 & aft]w>ds let him 7,mr4 ,mc,lane7 "k :at ,i ?\ght ab\t x4 ,:ile we 7 yet speak+ ,mr4 ,morse made 8 appe>ance1 & :5 ,mr4 ,mc,lane introduc$ me he ref]r$ to ! fact t1 z ,i _h be5 educat$ at ,we/ ,po9t1 ,i might ! m readily und]/& ! sci5tific be>+ ( ,mr4 ,morse's inv5tion4 ,! presid5t's (fice be+ no place = prolong$ conv]sation1 x 0 agre$ t ,mr4 ,morse %\ld take tea at my dwell+1 :5 we w\ld g ov] ! :ole subject4 ,we met accord+ly1 & x 0 late 9 ! night be=e we p>t$4 ,mr4 ,morse w5t ov] ! hi/ory ( 8 inv5tion f ! beg9n+ ) an int]e/ & en?usiasm t _h surviv$ ! we>y+ toil ( an application to ,congress1 &1 ) ! aid ( diagrams drawn on ! in/ant1 made me ma/] ( ! matt]1 & wrote = me ! telegraphic alphabet :i* is /ill 9 use all ov] ! _w4 ,n a small "p ( :at ,mr4 ,morse said on ?is occasion _h ref]5ce to ! future ( 8 inv5tion1 its influ5ce on communities & individuals1 & ,i rememb] reg>d+ z ! wild speculations ( an active imag9ation :at he prophesi$ 9 ?is connection1 & :i* ,i h liv$ to see m ?an realis$4 ,nor 0 8 conv]sation conf9$ to 8 inv5tion4 ,a di/+ui%$ arti/1 an educat$ g5tleman1 an obs]vant travell]1 x 0 delightful to he> him talk1 & at ?is day ,i recall few m pleasant ev5+s ?an ! only "o ,i pass$ 9 8 company4 8,( c\rse my fir/ visit ! next morn+ 0 to ,mr4 ,mc,lane to make my report4 ,by ?is "t ,i _h become almo/ z en?usia/ic z ,mr4 ,morse himself1 & repeat$ :at _h pass$ betwe5 u4 ,i soon saw t ,mr4 ,mc,lane 0 becom+ z eag] = ! con/ruction ( ! l9e to ,wa%+ton z ,mr4 ,morse c\ld desire4 ,he ent]$ w>mly into ! _s ( ! ?+1 & laugh$ he>tily1 if n incr$ul\sly1 :5 ,i told him t al?\gh he _h be5 ,m9i/] to ,engl&1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 8 "n w\ld be =gott51 :ile t ( ,morse w\ld nev] cease to be rememb]$ ) praise & gratitude4 ,we !n consid]$ ! "q z to ! "r ( ! company to p]mit ! l9e to be laid 9 ! b$ ( ! road--! plan ( con/ruction at t "t be+ to bury 9 a tr5* "s eight or t5 in*es deep a half-in* lead5 tube conta9+ ! wrapp$ wire t 0 to =m ! electric circuit4 ,ab\t ?is !re 01 9 my op9ion1 no d\bt40 ,! ,presid5t accord+ly br\ght ! subject be=e ! mon?ly meet+ ( ! directors held 9 ,april1 #ahdc4 ,j z ! meet+ 0 ab\t to adj\rn1 he said he _h almo/ ov]look$ an application :i* he _h receiv$ f ,pr(essor ,morse = p]mission to lay 8 telegraph l9e on ! railroad f ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton1 & :i* _! *ief eng9e] recomm5d$ z wor?y ( enc\ragem5t4 ,a resolution 0 mov$ & second$1 giv+ 8su* facilities z may be requisite to give ! inv5tion a prop] trial10 provid$ x c\ld be done )\t injury to ! road or emb>rassm5t to ! company4 ,! ,presid5t po9t$ out t ! company res]v$ ! "r ( requir+ ! removal ( ! telegraph at any "t1 & ! resolution appe>$ = a mom5t to comm& ass5t2 b "o ( ! old] directors !n rose & /at$ t1 not)/&+ all ! precautions sugge/$1 he c\ld n z a consci5ti\s man vote = ! resolution )\t "s fur!r exam9ation4 ,he knew t ?is idea ( ,mr4 ,morse1 ?\gh x appe>$ plausible to !ori/s1 dream]s1 & m5 ( sci5ce1 0 reg>d$ by all practical p z de/9$ to c]ta9 failure1 & mu/ consequ5tly result 9 loss & possible ru9 to ,mr4 ,morse4 ,he felt consci5ti\s scruples 9 giv+ a vote :i* w\ld tempt a vision>y en?usia/ to ru9 himself4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,john ,p4 ,k5n$y n[1 z 9 ,congress1 came to ! rescue ( ,mr4 ,morse1 & ! resolution 0 adopt$4 ,! exp]im5tal l9e f ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton 0 at once comm5c$1 & ,pr(essor ,morse 0 appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t ( ! "w ) a sal>y ( #b1ejj doll>s4 ,diff]5t acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( ! progress ( ! "w2 b = au!nticity & importance 8 own acc\nt1 giv5 9 a lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 is /ill ( hi/oric int]e/4 ,on ,augu/ #aj1 #ahdc1 he said1 ) ref]5ce to 8 exp]im5ts ) ! prep>$ wire 9 "o cont9u\s l9e ( #afj miles1 t !y 7 att5d$ ) p]fect success4 8,i _h prep>$ a galvanic batt]y ( #cjj pairs 9 ord] to h ample p[] at comm&1 b1 to my great gratification1 ,i f\nd t #ajj pairs 7 suffici5t to produce all ! effects ,i desir$ ?r\gh ! :ole di/ance ( #afj miles4 ,x may be well to obs]ve t ! #afj miles ( wire are to be divid$ into f\r l5g?s1 ( =ty miles ea*1 =m+ a f\rfold cord f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore4 ,two wires =m a circuit2 ! electricity1 !re=e1 9 produc+ its effect at ,wa%+ton f ,baltimore1 passes f ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton & back aga9 to ,baltimore1 ( c\rse travell+ eighty miles to produce its result4 ,"o hundr$ & sixty miles1 !re=e1 give me an actual di/ance ( eighty miles1 d\ble ! di/ance f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore4 ,! result !n ( my exp]im5ts is1 t a batt]y ( only #ajj pairs at ,wa%+ton w op]ate a telegraph on my plan eighty miles di/ant ) c]ta9ty1 & )\t requir+ any int]m$iate /ation6 ,"s c>eful exp]im5ts on ! decompos+ p[] at v>i\s di/ances 7 made1 f :i* ! law ( propulsion has be5 d$uc$1 v]ify+ ! results ( ,ohm & ^? :i* ,i made 9 ! summ] ( #ahdb4 ,,! ,,practical ,,inf]5ce ,,f ,,?is ,,law ,,is ,,t ,a ,,telegraphic ,,communication ,,on ,,! ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,plan ,,may1 ,,) ,,c]ta9ty1 ,,be ,,e/abli%$ ,,across ,,! ,,atlantic ,,ocean6 ,,/>tl+ ,,z ,,?is ,,may ,,n[ ,,seem1 ,i ,,am ,,confid5t ,,! ,,"t ,,w ,,come ,,:5 ,,?is ,,project ,,w ,,be ,,realis$4 ,! wire is n[ 9 its la/ process ( prep>ation = enclos+ 9 ! lead tube1 :i* w be comm5c$ on ,tuesday ! #ae? ( ,augu/40 ,x ?us appe>s t he _h no soon] begun ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ l& l9e 9 ,am]ica ?an he _h conceiv$ ! greate/ subm>9e a*ievem5t 9 telegraphy4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ au?oritative proposal ( an ,atlantic telegraph4 ,! idea ( enclos+ insulat$ wires 9 pipes 0 tak5 f ! acc\nts publi%$ 9 ,am]ica ( ,:eat/one's fir/ telegraph 9 ,engl&2 b ?is me?od :5 tri$ prov$ unsuccessful1 & 0 at once ab&on$1 ! wires be+ h5ce=? plac$ on poles4 ,ab\t a ye> 0 occupi$ 9 complet+ ! fir/ practical l9e2 & !n ,pr(essor ,morse s5t = ,miss ,ellswor?1 & ask$ h] to supply ! fir/ message4 ,?is %e did1 giv+ ! memorable words3 8,:at ha? ,god wr\ght60 ,! ,pr(essor himself work$ ! transmitt]1 :i* 0 9 ! *amb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt at ,wa%+ton2 ! date 0 ! #bd? ( ,may1 #ahdd2 & ! message 0 receiv$ at ,baltimore 9 ! signs :i* 7 h5ce=? to be kn[n z ! ,morse ,alphabet1 z foll[s3 4-- 4444 4- - 4444 4- - 4444 ,w ,h ,a ,t ,h ,a ,t ,h --4 4 4 -44 4-- 4 44 4 4 ,g ,o ,d ,w ,r ,o 44- --4 4444 - ,u ,g ,h ,t ,an incid5t soon occurr$ :i* br\ght ! telegraph into notoriety4 ,?ree days aft] ! transmission ( ! fir/ message ! ,national ,democratic ,conv5tion1 !n sitt+ 9 ,baltimore1 nom9at$ ,james ,k4 ,polk z presid5t2 & z vice-presid5t ,silas ,wright1 :o 0 at t "t 9 ! ,s5ate at ,wa%+ton4 ,mr4 ,vail s5t ! news ( ! nom9ation by telegraph f ,baltimore to ,pr(essor ,morse1 & he communicat$ x to ,mr4 ,wright1 :o imm$iately decl9$ ! nom9ation4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! messages _h pass$ betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton surpris$ ! ,conv5tion1 :o are said to h be5 s incr$ul\s on ! subject t !y s5t a ,committee to ,wa%+ton to conf] ) ,mr4 ,wright1 & adj\rn$ till ! desir$ confirmation 0 receiv$4 ,! incid5t caus$ a s5sation4 ,! telegraph became ! late/ 8wond]40 ,pr(essor ,morse's long w9t] ( despond5cy & anxi\s /ruggle seem$ n[ to be made glori\s summ]4 ,! hill ( difficulty appe>$ to h be5 surm\nt$4 ,8 inv5tion answ]$ expectations1 & ! exp]im5tal l9e work$ well4 ,n[ 8 buoyancy seem$ to rise to poetic flights2 = 9 ,m>*1 #ahde1 he wrote t :ile travell+ on ! ,rh9e "s ye>s previ\sly he saw on a sundial at ,worms ! motto ,horas non num]o nisi s]5as2 ! beauty ( its s5tim5t appe>$ to him to be s well su/a9$ 9 ! euphony ( its syllables t he plac$ x 9 8 note-book1 & he n[ v5tur$ to exp& x into ! foll[+ /anzas :i* he d$icat$ 8,to my "y fri5d ,a----1 s9c]ely pray+ t ! dial ( h] life may ev] %[ uncl\d$ h\rs40 ,,to ,,miss ,a4 ,g4 ,e4 ,,! ,,sundial4 ,horas non num]o nisi s]5as4 ,i note n ! h\rs except !y be bright4 ,! sun :5 x %9es 9 a cle>1 cl\dless sky ,m>ks ! "t ( my disc 9 figures ( light4 ,if cl\ds ga!r o'er me1 unhe$$ !y fly1 ,i note n ! h\rs except !y be bright4 ,s :5 ,i review all ! sc5es t h pass$ ,betwe5 me & !e1 be !y d>k1 be !y light1 ,i =get :at 0 d>k1 ! light ,i hold fa/1 ,i note n ! h\rs except !y be bright4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,9 #ahcd ,pr(essor ,morse wrote a s]ies ( pap]s :i* 7 aft]w>ds publi%$ z a volume ) ! title ,=eign ,conspiracy aga9/ ! ,lib]ties ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 8,= a man to d b5efit f su* means z he may h & may cause1 is ! mo/ glori\s ( lab\rs40--,,sophocles4 ,! practical work+ ( ! telegraph be+ n[ demon/rat$1 ,pr(essor ,morse may be said to h =sak5 8 fir/ vocation4 ,he aft]w>ds assur$ 8 arti/ fri5ds t 8 leav+ _! ranks co/ him _m a pang1 & t he did n leave !m till he saw !m well e/abli%$ & ent]+ ^u a c>e] ( prosp]ity4 ,he also po9t$ out t 9 ! records ( art !re 7 conspicu\s examples ( m5 =sak+ art to ent] ^u a c>e] ( inv5tion4 ,! ,am]ican ,fulton1 ^: sci5tific /udies l$ to ! introduction ( /eam navigation 0 a pa9t]1 & 8x may n be g5]ally kn[n t ! important inv5tion ( ! p]cussion cap 0 due to ! sci5tific recreations ( ! ,engli% pa9t] ,%aw40 ,9 l mann] ,dagu]re1 :o 9 ,france discov]$ ! art ( photography1 0 an arti/2 & j :5 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 prosecut+ 8 art /udies ) ! greate/ zeal & hope1 x 0 /at$ t 9 e>ly life pa9t+ 0 ! fav\rite amusem5t ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :o 0 div]t$ f art to *emi/ry by ! results ( "s exp]im5ts in/itut$ = ! purpose ( prep>+ col\rs4 ,to su* examples has n[ to be add$ ! inv5tor ( ! record+ telegraph4 ,pr(essor ,morse always claim$ = himself ! cr$it ( be+ ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ telegraph1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 he meant a telegraph 9 ! /rict def9ition ( ! ^w--a means ( record+ intellig5ce at a di/ance4 ,f t po9t ( view he cont5d$ t ! inv5tion ( ,:eat/one & ,cooke 0 a semaphore1 :i* m]ely indicat$ lett]s on a dial by ! movem5t ( ne$les2 & t :ile ! inv5tion ( a telegraph 0 "o ?+1 its practical introduction 0 q ano!r ?+--! "t ( ! inv5tion 0 "o ?+ & ! "t ( its practical introduction ano!r4 8,9 #ahcb10 he said1 9 reply to a *all5ge f ,w4 ,f4 ,cooke1 8,i _h ! idea ( produc+ an automatic record at a di/ance by means ( electricity1 ! idea ( a true telegraph2 & ?is orig9al idea 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ! inv5tion ( ! means = c>ry+ x into effect4 ,?is 0 ! new idea ( #ahcb n[ realis$ 9 ! ,morse telegraph sy/em1 & ! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 deliv]+ ! judgm5t ( ! supreme c\rt1 said !re 0 full & cle> evid5ce t :5 ,morse 0 return+ f ,europe 9 #ahcb he 0 deeply engag$ ^u ?is subject dur+ ! voyage1 & t ! process & means 7 s f> develop$ & arrang$ 9 8 own m9d t he 0 confid5t ( its ultimate success40 ,! inv5tor admitt$ t #ahdd 0 ! date ( ! practical introduction ( ! inv5tion ( #ahcb2 & he did n claim exclusive cr$it = ! inv5tion4 ,he himself /at$ t x r>ely1 if ev]1 happ5$ t any inv5tion 0 s indep5d5t ( all o!rs t a s+le individual c\ld ju/ly appropriate to himself ! entire cr$it ( all its p>ts4 8,x is only10 he said1 8:5 ! nature ( an inv5tion is prop]ly und]/ood t ! ju/ice ( ! ascription ( hon\r to ! individual inv5tor is p]ceiv$4 ,inv5tion is emphatically comb9ation1 an assembl+ or putt+ toge!r ( ?+s kn[n1 :e!r discov]ies or o!r inv5tions1 to produce a new effect1 to create a new art40 ,if t def9ition appe>s to be especially adapt$ to suit 8 own circum/ances1 x is wor?y ( rem>k t simil> def9itions 7 giv5 by ,ari/otle & ,bacon4 ,pr(essor ,morse always felt sure t if he _h only an opportunity ( demon/rat+ ! op]ation ( 8 telegraph1 its utility w\ld be self-evid5t4 ,sad exp]i5ce _h taught him t x 0 n an easy task to conv9ce a money-mak+ p ( ! value ( a m]e "w ( art1--8a ?+ ( beauty20 b h[ diff]5t1 he ?\ght1 w\ld be ! case ) ! electric telegraph1 :i* he believ$ capable ( unit+1 by 8! pulse ( spee*10 ! ,new ,_w ) ! ,old1 :i* seem$ de/9$ to annihilate space1 & to ext5d to peoples f> ap>t "o ( ! greate/ gifts be/[$ by ! ,creator ^u p]sons ne> ea* o!r--an in/antane\s int]*>ge ( ?\ght4 ,_h he n solv$ ! problem :i* ! anci5t ,hebrew prop\nd$ z a sublime impossibility3 8,can/ ?\ s5d lightn+s t !y may g1 & say unto !e1 ,"h we are80 ,yea1 m1--he _h made ! elem5t :i* ,frankl9 _h prov$ to be ak9 to lightn+ n only ! mess5g] b ! record] ( human spee*4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 n en\gh to comm& success4 ,difficulty & disappo9tm5t 7 /ill be=e him4 ,9 ! great trag$y ( s*ylus illu/rat+ ! /ruggle ( m9d aga9/ circum/ances & ! +ratitude ( mank9d to inv5tors1 ,prome!us is repres5t$ z conf]r+ a great bless+ ^u mortals by caus+ bl9d hopes to dwell among !m1 & ?us /opp+ !m f ev] look+ =w>d to _! fate4 ,b high] aspirations impell$ ,morse onw>d 9 8 b5efic5t c>e]4 ,h ye nev] obs]v$1 said ,saur91 t p ( ! f9e/ & mo/ enl>g$ g5iuses h (t5 ! lea/ success ( any p 9 ! _w8 8,?is may appe> at fir/ sight v unacc\ntable1 b a little att5tion w expla9 ! my/]y4 ,a n>r[1 contract$ m9d usually conc5trates itself 9 "o s+le object3 x :olly employs itself 9 =m+ projects ( happ9ess proportion$ to its own capacity1 & z its capacity is extremely %all[1 x easily meets ) ! means ( execut+ !m4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) a man ( sup]ior g5ius1 ^: fruitful fancy =ms notions ( happ9ess gr& & sublime4 ,he inv5ts noble plans1 involunt>ily gives himself up to 8 own *im]as1 & d]ives a pleasure f ^! +5i\s %ad[s1 :i* = a few mom5ts comp5sate = ! want ( sub/ance2 b :5 8 rev]ie is ov]1 he f9ds real be+s inf]ior to ideal ones1 & ?us 8 g5ius s]ves to make him mis]able4 ,a man is mu* to be piti$ :5 ! p5etration ( 8 m9d & ! fruitfulness ( 8 inv5tion furni% him ) ideas ( a delight$ community atta*$ by a fai?ful & delicate appreciation4 ,recall to him ?is _w1 above :i* 8 imag9ation _h j n[ rais$ him2 consid] him among m5 ^: k & fri5d%ip are m]ely sup]ficial1 & y w be conv9c$ t ! art ( inv5t+ is (t5 ! art ( self-torm5t+40 ,ne$ we wond]1 !n1 t aft] ! utility ( ,morse's telegraph 0 fully demon/rat$1 he exp]i5c$ unexpect$ difficulty z to its adoption4 ,8 fir/ idea 0 to atta* x to ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t4 8,my e>lie/ desires10 he said1 87 t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld possess ! control ( su* a p[] z ,i c\ld n b =esee 0 inh]5t 9 ! telegraph4 ,va/ z its pecuni>y value loom$ up 9 ! m9ds ( "s1 9 ! contemplation ( its future ,i 0 nei!r dazzl$ ) its visions ( untold weal?1 nor tempt$ to make an extortionate dem& ^u ! ,gov]nm5t = its possession4 ,n m]ely all my own prop]ty _h be5 exp5d$ on ! inv5tion1 b l>ge sums _h be5 advanc$ by my associates1 & ^! 7 items t ent]$ into ! calculations ( any (f] ( sale40 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 he sugge/$ 9 a lett] to ! ,secret>y t x w\ld be a useful auxili>y to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 & ! ,secret>y support$ ! sugge/ion 9 a lett] to ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se on ,decemb] #f1 #ahcg4 ,two mon?s lat] ! importunate inv5tor repeat$ 8 proposal to ! ,*airman ( ! ,h\se ,committee ( ,comm]ce4 ,aga91 9 #ahdb1 ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,g4 ,f]ris1 writ+ f ! ,committee ( ,comm]ce1 rem>k$ t ! prospects ( pr(it to individual ent]prise 7 s invit+ t 8x is a matt] ( s]i\s consid]ation :e!r ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld n on ?is acc\nt alone seize ! pres5t opportunity ( secur+ to itself ! regulation ( a sy/em :i*1 if monopolis$ by a private company1 might be us$ to ! s]i\s injury ( ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t40 ,:5 negotiat+ ) ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ref]5ce to ! grant = ! exp]im5tal l9e1 ,pr(essor ,morse und]took t1 be=e ent]+ into any arrangem5t = dispos+ ( 8 pat5t rights to any individual or company1 he w\ld (f] x to ! ,gov]nm5t = su* a j & reasonable comp5sation z might be mutually agre$ ^u4 ,accord+ly1 aft] ! con/ruction ( ! exp]im5tal l9e & ! successful demon/ration ( its work+1 he (f]$ ! :ole ( 8 rights to ! ,gov]nm5t = #ajj1jjj doll>s4 ,! only notice ! ,gov]nm5t took ( ?is (f] 0 to reque/ f ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al a report on ! subject4 ,! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al 9 #ahde happ5$ to be ,mr4 ,cave ,johnson1 :o 9 ,congress ridicul$ & oppos$ ! telegraph bill1 & :o n[ _h "u 8 control ! exp]im5tal l9e f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore4 ,! reply he gave to ,pr(essor ,morse's (f] 0 t he 0 n yet satisfi$ t "u any rate ( po/age ! rev5ue ( ! telegraph c\ld be made equal to ! exp5diture4 ,"o half ( ! "t = :i* 8 pat5t grant$ protection _h n[ expir$1 & x 0 !re=e necess>y to use e means to make x a comm]cial success4 ,?is ,pr(essor ,morse did1 b be+ unwill+ to 8%ut ! door0 aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t1 he ins]t$ a proviso 9 e contract he made = ! use ( ! telegraph1 t if ! ,gov]nm5t conclud$ arrangem5ts = ! pur*ase ( x by ! #d? ( ,m>*1 #ahdg1 ! contract %\ld cease4 ,nev]!less ! ,gov]nm5t all[$ ! opportunity to g unhe$$1 & ! ,pr(essor compla9$ n only ( ! disappo9tm5t ?us occasion$1 b ( ! prejudice x creat$ aga9/ him4 ,companies _h be5 =m$ = con/ruct+ l9es f ,baltimore to ,new ,york & f ,new ,york to ,buffalo1 & ! promot]s at ! outset 7 hopeful t ! rev5ue w\ld at lea/ equal ! exp5diture2 b ! conduct ( ! ,gov]nm5t = a "t seem$ to ca/ a blight ^u _! prospects4 ,9 aft] ye>s ,pr(essor ,morse decl>$ t b = ! indomitable en]gy & fai? ( ! fri5ds :o !n support$ him by _! influ5ce & money1 8 telegraph might h be5 ab&on$ z too exp5sive to be practicable4 ,conspicu\s among 8 support]s 0 ,mr4 ,amos ,k5dall1 :o _h =m]ly be5 ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 & :o 0 ! prime mov] 9 =m+ jo9t-/ock companies to con/ruct & "w ! telegraph4 ,on ,april #a/1 #ahde1 ! l9e f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore 0 op5$ = public bus9ess1 ! *>ge be+ a c5t 7or a halfp5ny7 = e f\r *>act]s4 ,! fir/ l9e con/ruct$ aft] ! exp]im5tal "o 0 t ( ! ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company f ,philadelphia to ,norri/[n1 ,pa41 a l5g? ( #ad miles1 :i* 0 op5$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahde2 x 0 cont9u$ to ,=t ,lee 9 ! ,janu>y foll[+1 & complet$ f ,philadelphia to ,baltimore on ,june #e1 #ahdf4 ,once fairly />t$1 ! telegraph 9 ,am]ica made su* rapid /rides z soon eclips$ its progress 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* x _h an e>li] />t4 ,)9 half a doz5 ye>s ab\t ?irty ,companies 7 =m$ to c>ry on ! "w ( telegraphic ext5sion1 & to reap ! pr(its ( an inv5tion :i* ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld n be induc$ to accept4 ,sir ,rob]t ,+lis1 9 8 address z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association meet+ at ,ox=d 9 ,june1 #ahdg1 /at$ t he _h j receiv$ a report pres5t$ to ! ,legislative ,c\ncil & ,assembly ( ,new ,brunswick relat+ to a project = con/ruct+ a railway & a l9e ( telegraph f ,halifax to ,quebec1 ) ref]5ce to :i* he said3 8,di/ance is "t1 & :5 by /eam1 :e!r on wat] or on l&1 p]sonal communication is facilitat$1 & :5 ord]s are convey$ f "o extremity ( ! ,empire to ano!r almo/ l a fla% ( lightn+1 ! facility ( gov]n+ a l>ge ,/ate becomes almo/ equal to ! facility ( gov]n+ ! smalle/4 ,i rememb] read+ _m ye>s ago 9 ! ,scotsman an +5i\s & able article %[+ h[ ,engl& c\ld be gov]n$ z easily z ,attica "u ,p]icles2 & ,i believe ! same conclusion 0 d$uc$ by ,william ,cobbett f ! same illu/ration4 ,! sy/em is daily ext5d+4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica t x 0 fir/ adopt$ on a great scale1 by ,pr(essor ,morse 9 #ahdd2 & x is !re t x is n[ already develop$ mo/ ext5sively4 ,l9es = above #a1cjj miles are 9 action1 & connect ^? ,/ates ) ,h] ,maje/y's ,canadian prov9ces2 & x is 9 a c\rse ( developm5t s rapid t1 9 ! words ( ! ,report ( ,mr4 ,wilk9son to ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,colebrooke1 ! ,gov]nor ( ,new ,brunswick1 no s*$ule ( telegraphic l9es c n[ be reli$ ^u = a mon? 9 succession1 z hundr$s ( miles may be add$ 9 t space ( "t4 ,s easy ( atta9m5t does su* a result appe> to be1 & s lively is ! int]e/ felt 9 its accompli%m5t1 t x is sc>cely d\btful t ! :ole ( ! popul\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w1 )9 two or ?ree ye>s1 be cov]$ ) a network l a spid]'s web1 susp5d+ its pr9cipal ?reads ^u important po9ts1 along ! sea bo>d ( ! ,atlantic on "o side1 & ^u simil> po9ts along ! ,lake ,fronti] on ! o!r4 ,i am indebt$ to ! same ,report = ano!r fact1 :i* ,i ?9k ( equal int]e/3 ,! confid5ce 9 ! effici5cy ( telegraphic communication has n[ become s e/abli%$1 t ! mo/ important comm]cial transactions daily transpire1 by its means1 betwe5 correspond5ts sev]al hundr$ miles ap>t4 ,ocul> evid5ce ( ?is 0 af=d$ by a communication a few m9utes old betwe5 a m]*ant 9 ,toronto & 8 correspond5t 9 ,new ,york1 di/ant ab\t #fcb miles4 ,:5 ! ,hib]nia /eam] arriv$ 9 ,bo/on 9 ,janu>y1 #ahdg1 ) ! news ( ! sc>city 9 ,great ,brita91 ,irel&1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 & ) heavy ord]s = agricultural produce1 ! f>m]s 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york--in=m$ ( ! /ate ( ?+s by ! ,magnetic ,telegraph--7 ?rong+ ! /reets ( ,albany ) innum]able team-loads ( gra9 almo/ z quickly aft] ! arrival ( ! /eam] at ,bo/on z ! news ( t arrival c\ld ord9>ily h rea*$ !m4 ,i may add t1 irrespectively ( all its advantages to ! g5]al community1 ! sy/em appe>s to give already a fair return ( int]e/ to ! individuals or companies :o h inve/$ _! capital 9 its application4 ,i _c ref] to ! ext5t ( ! l9es ( ! electric telegraph 9 ,am]ica )\t an increas$ feel+ ( regret t 9 ,engl& ?is great discov]y has be5 s inadequately adopt$4 ,s f> at lea/ z ! capital is conc]n$1 ! two greate/ ( our railway companies h n1 ,i believe1 yet c>ri$ ! electric telegraph fur!r f ,london ?an to ,wat=d & ,sl\gh40 ,ab\t ! same "t ,pr(essor ,morse /at$ t1 z ! result ( improvem5ts 9 8 telegraph1 ! ,presid5t's entire message on ! subject ( ! w> ) ,mexico 0 transmitt$ ) p]fect accuracy at ! rate ( n9ety-n9e lett]s p] m9ute4 ,8 skilful op]ators 9 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore pr9t$ ^! *>act]s at ! rate ( #ih1 #aja1 #aaa1 & "o ( !m actually pr9t$ #aag lett]s p] m9ute4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t z an exp]t p5man seldom writes legibly m ?an #ajj lett]s p] m9ute1 ! ,morse telegraph !n ab\t equall$ ! mo/ exp$iti\s mode ( record+ ?\ght4 ,betwe5 #ahdd & #ahee ! telegraph 0 us$ = ano!r purpose :i* 0 reg>d$ 9 ! _w ( sci5ce z ( great importance4 ,9 #ahci ,pr(essor ,morse1 :ile 9 ,p>is1 sugge/$ to ,arago t ! telegraph might be us$ = det]m9+ ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 places ) an accuracy previ\sly unatta9able4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t = ! det]m9ation ( longitude 0 made 9 #ahdd at ,baltimore1 & fully realis$ ! expectation ( ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,! ,battle ,monum5t ,squ>e1 ,baltimore1 0 f\nd to be #a m4 #cd sec4 #hfh ea/ ( ! capital at ,wa%+ton1 a diff]5ce ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a second f ! =m] results record$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,almanac4 ,?is may appe> a trifl+ matt] to unsci5tific read]s1 b a %ort explanation w %[ its importance4 ,! latitude ( any place--its di/ance f ! equator nor? or s\?--c be accurately det]m9$ by a/ronomical obs]vation2 b its longitude1 or di/ance ea/ or we/ ( any p>ticul> place agre$ ^u z a m]idional /&>d1 su* z ,gre5wi*1 0 (t5 det]m9$ ) difficulty4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! diurnal rotation ( ! e>? e portion ( its surface is turn$ t[>ds ! sun once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & t noon occurs at places ea/ ( ,gre5wi* e>li] ?an at ,gre5wi*1 & lat] at places we/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! local "t at any p>ticul> place & ,gre5wi* "t is ! longitude ( t place f ,gre5wi*2 b mu* difficulty 0 =m]ly exp]i5c$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! exact "t at bo? places at ! in/ant adopt$ = comp>ison4 ,at sea x 0 =m]ly det]m9$ by elaborate obs]vations ( ! position ( ! moon among ! />s2 & latt]ly bo? on l& & sea x 0 g5]ally done by c>ry+ a good *ronomet] f ! "o place to ! o!r1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! local "t & ! ,gre5wi* "t record$ by ! *ronomet] giv+ ! longitude4 ,b ! exactness ( ?is me?od dep5d$ ^u ! accuracy ( ! *ronomet]1 & ! rapidity ) :i* x c\ld be c>ri$ f "o place to ! o!r4 ,b n[ by means ( ! telegraph1 :5 ! wire is kept cle> = ! purpose1 ! "t at "o place c be in/antane\sly transmitt$ to ano!r place2 & if ! local "t at ea* place is correct1 ! diff]5ce gives ! longitude4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t j ab\t a c5tury be=e ! inv5tion ( ! ,morse telegraph ! m>9e *ronomet] 0 inv5t$ by ,john ,h>rison1 an +5i\s cab9et mak]1 expressly = ! purpose ( det]m9+ longitude at sea2 & he 0 induc$ to d s by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t (f]+ a rew>d ( #bj1jjjl4 #ae1jjjl4 or #aj1jjjl4 = a discov]y :i* might prove successful 9 det]m9+ longitude at sea4 ,n[ ,morse1 )\t any (f] ( rew>d1 inv5t$ 8 telegraph1 & n only sugge/$ its use = det]m9+ longitude on l&1 b himself direct$ ! fir/ exp]im5t betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore to prove its practicability = t purpose4 ,9 #ahdg x 0 ann\nc$ t ! relative longitudes ( ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 & ,wa%+ton _h be5 det]m9$ by means ( ! telegraph1 & x 0 add$ t two important facts1 be=e kn[n !oretically1 7 !n practically demon/rat$1 t a clock 9 ,new ,york c\ld be comp>$ ) ano!r at a di/ance ( #bjj miles q z accurately z two clocks 9 adjo9+ rooms1 & t 8! "t requir$ = ! electric fluid to travel f ,new ,york to ,wa%+ton & back aga91 a di/ance ( #dej miles1 is s small a fraction ( a second t x is inappreciable to ! mo/ practis$ obs]v]40 ,s well 0 ?is me?od appreciat$ t ,lieut5ant ,maury1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 /at$ 9 #ahdi1 t z ! electric telegraph !n ext5d$ ?r\gh all ! ,/ates ( ! ,union1 except p]haps ,arkansas1 ,texas1 & "o o!r fronti]1 8a spl5did field is pres5t$ = do+ ! _w a s]vice by connect+1 = diff]5ce ( longitude ?r\gh means ( magnetic telegraph & clock1 all ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ?is c\ntry ) ! ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton4 ,9 anticipation ( su* ext5sion ( ! wires1 ,i ord]$ an in/rum5t = ! purpose1 & x has rec5tly arriv$4 ,x is int5d$ to det]m9e latitude also--s t by its means & ?is clock ,i hope1 dur+ ! ye>1 to "k pretty accurately ! geographical position ( ,montreal1 ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,new ,orleans1 c41 & _! diff]5ce ( longitude f ,wa%+ton1 q z correctly z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,gre5wi* & ,p>is has be5 e/abli%$ by ! usual me?od & aft] _m ye>s ( obs]vation40 ,! telegraphic me?od 0 fir/ tri$ 9 ,engl& 9 ,may1 #ahec1 :5 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal asc]ta9$ ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 ! obs]vatories ( ,gre5wi* & ,cambridge4 ,on ! ,cont95t ,pr(essor ,encke 9 ! same ye> det]m9$ ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 ,b]l9 & ,frank=t-on-!-,ma92 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,gre5wi* & ,p>is 0 det]m9$ 9 #ahed4 ,9 #ahec1 eight ye>s aft] ! op5+ ( ! fir/ l9e ( telegraph 9 ,am]ica1 !re 7 #be1jjj miles ( wire erect$ at a co/ ( #a1jjj1jjjl41 & x 0 report$ t 9 work+ ^! l9es !re 7 consum$ #gbj tons ( z9c1 wor? #ab1jjjl41 ov] #a1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( nitric acid1 wor? #bd1jjjl41 & #f1jjjl4 wor? ( m]cury 9 a ye>4 ,! mo/ di/ant po9ts !n connect$ by telegraph 7 ! cities ( ,halifax 7,nova ,scotia7 & ,quebec ) ,new ,orleans1 a l5g? ( #b1jjj miles4 ,! di/ance by telegraph betwe5 ,new ,york & ,new ,orleans 0 #c1jjj miles1 & messages f ! "o t[n to ! o!r 7 deliv]$ 9 an h\r4 ,a report publi%$ 9 #ahec1 /at$ t by ! aid ( ! telegraph ! va/ republic ( ,am]ica1 #c1jjj miles long by #c1jjj broad1 c\ld be z easily manag$ & gov]n$ z a s+le city1 & t 8a long exp]i5ce 9 ,am]ica10 ) "s doz5 diff]5t l9es ( telegraph1 e/abli%$ ! fact t ! velocity ( ! electric curr5t 0 ab\t #ae1djj miles p] second4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 transmission betwe5 ,bo/on & ,bangor hav+ be5 exactly measur$1 x 0 f\nd to be ! sixte5-?\s&? "p ( a second1 ! velocity ( ! curr5t be+ at ! rate ( #af1jjj miles p] second1 or ab\t #fjj miles p] second m ?an ! av]age ( o!r exp]im5ts 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 #ahhf x 0 comput$ t on ! telegraph l9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #cj1jjj ,morse s\nd]s 7 9 daily use1 & t ! total consumption ( copp] 9 ! local batt]ies am\nt$ to ab\t #gej1jjj lbs4 p] annum1 :i* co/ #f1cjjl41 toge!r ) #ajj1jjj lbs4 ( z9c :i* co/ #a1bjjl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,a %ort description ( ! ,morse app>atus 9 its improv$ =m may be conv5i5tly giv5 "h4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! transmitt+ key 9 its simple/ %ape4 ,x is evid5t t by m]ely depress+ ! h&le till ! upp] lev] comes 9 contact ) ! l[] b> ( metal at ! po9t ,a1 a curr5t ( electricity w fl[ ?r\gh ! po9t ( contact f ! batt]y wire to ! telegraph wire4 ,9 ord] to break ! contact or circuit1 ! op]ator has simply to desi/ f depress+ ! h&le ( ! upp] lev]1 :i* is in/antly rais$ f contact by ! action ( ! spr+ at ! o!r end4 ,! op]ator c ?us make & break ! circuit at pleasure1 & accord+ to ! frequ5cy & duration ( ! act ( depress+ ! h&le w be ! numb] & l5g? ( ! signs produc$ at ! f> end ( ! telegraph wire4 ,a long & /rong depression ( ! h&le w\ld all[ ! passage ( suffici5t electricity to make a long sign2 & if ! op]ator next made two %ort depressions1 giv+ two %ort signs1 ! ?ree toge!r1 ?us -- - -1 w\ld mean ,d4 ,if ! receiv+ in/rum5t call$ ! ,s\nd] 7 9 use1 in/ead ( ! ,record]1 long & %ort s\nds w\ld be produc$ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( electricity transmitt$1 in/ead ( long & %ort ink m>ks4 ,! ,s\nd] is a simpl] in/rum5t ?an ! ,record]1 & is 9 m g5]al use4 ,! *ief "p ( its op]ation is effect$ by means ( ! relay or local batt]y4 ,a simple illu/ration %[s its ess5tial p>ts4 ,:5 a curr5t ( electricity f ! transmitt] comes along ! telegraph wire1 x ent]s ! electro-magnet ,e ,m1 :i* =ms ! c5tral "p ( ! app>atus1 & :i*1 be+ ?us electrifi$1 attracts to itself ! armature ,c1 j above x4 ,9 ?is way ! moveable lev]1 ,b ,c ,d1 is drawn d[n till its po9t1 ,d1 t\*es ! po9t ( ! l[] screw1 ,l1 :i* is saturat$ ) electricity f ! local batt]y4 ,imm$iately ! end ( ! lev]1 ,d1 t\*es ! po9t ( ! l[] screw1 ,l1 electricity fl[s f ! latt] into ! =m]1 ! quantity ( electricity be+ proportionate to ! l5g? ( ! contact1 or1 to use a m te*nical t]m1 to ! "t t ! local circuit is ?us complete2 b ! in/ant ! curr5t s5t along ! telegraph wire ceases1 ! electro-magnet1 ,e ,m1 becomes p[]less1 ! end ( ! moveable lev]1 ,d1 is drawn1 by ! spr+ ,s1 away f ! l[] screw1 ,l1 & /rikes aga9/ ! high] screw1 ,h1 ?us mak+ a click+ s\nd1 ! l\dness & duration ( :i* are proportionate to ! curr5t ( electricity orig9ally s5t2 b at ! same "t ! orig9al curr5t1 especially on long l9es1 w\ld be q inadequate to affect ! lev] ) ! /r5g? t x acquires f ! local batt]y dur+ its mom5t>y contact ) ! l[] screw1 ,l4 ,! l\d & feeble s\nds comb9$ ) long & %ort int]vals betwe5 !m repres5t lett]s ( ! alphabet1 b x requires a practis$ e> to int]pret !m4 ,9 ! ,record]1 ! arrival ( a curr5t 9 ! electro-magnet & ! consequ5t l[]+ ( ! lev] br+s an ink siphon 9 contact ) a mov+ /rip ( pap] & ?us produces a da%2 & :5 ! curr5t ceases ! lev] is rais$1 ?us )draw+ ! ink siphon f ! pap]2 s t ! da% produc$ is long or %ort 9 proportion to ! curr5t s5t along ! telegraph wire4 ,su* is ! simple b +5i\s app>atus :i*1 by its univ]sal use1 has made ! "n ( ,morse kn[n ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w4 ,its inv5tion1 h[ev]1 0 n ! only telegraphic a*ievem5t ) :i* he 0 connect$4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( 8 fir/ attempt at subm>9e telegraphy2 & 9 lat] ye>s he actively promot$ ! c>ry+ out ( ! greate/ ent]prise ( t description4 ,9 #ahec x 0 /at$1 9 c]ta9 ,am]ican & ,engli% newspap]s1 t a rec5t discov]y _h be5 made 9 telegraph+ :i* might "w z great a revolution 9 ! _w ( lett]s & comm]ce z _h already be5 effect$ by ! orig9al application ( electricity or magnetism to ! purposes ( telegraphic communication4 ,x 0 g5]ally assum$ till !n t !re 0 a limit to ! =ce ( electric curr5ts1 & t !y c\ld n be made /rong en\gh to be s5t across ! ,atlantic4 ,"u t impression x _h be5 propos$ to con/ruct a subm>9e telegraph betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a circuit\s r\te across ! v>i\s /raits & *annels ly+ betwe5 ! int]m$iate isl&s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean1 comm5c+ at ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 proce$+ by ! ,%etl& & ,f>oe ,isl&s to ,icel&1 a di/ance ( #cjj miles1 next l&+ on ! %ores ( ,gre5l& & go+ across l& to ,davis ,/rait1 aft] cross+ :i* x w\ld rea* ! ma9l& ( ,labrador4 ,9 #aheb x 0 ann\nc$ t 8! va/ ent]prise0 ( connect+ ! ,old & ,new ,worlds by ?is r\te _h be5 comm5c$ by s9k+ ! fir/ l9e 9 ,transatlantic wat]s betwe5 ,cape ,lorm5t9e1 ,new ,brunswick1 & ,c>lton ,head on ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&2 & next ye> x 0 pomp\sly ann\nc$ z a new discov]y t ! electric curr5t might be s5t to 8any conceivable di/ance10 & ! newspap]s1 9 publi%+ ! ann\ncem5t1 said x c\ld n any long] be d\bt$ t ! ocean telegraph w\ld be realis$1 & t 8a l9e ( wires w encircle ! :ole e>?1 br++ all p>ts ( x into in/antane\s communication ) ea* o!r4 ,x is impossible = any human =esight to e/imate or pr$ict ev5 ! results ( su* a communication1 & we tru/ t ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 w take up ! matt] ( an oceanic l9e on a scale comm5surate ) its importance1 provid+ su* a numb] ( di/9ct wires enclos$ 9 "o cable z w supply ! necessities ( comm]ce & int]c\rse betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica40 ,e>ly 9 #ahed ,mr4 ,cyrus ,field took an active int]e/ 9 ! project = lay+ a cable 9 mid ocean betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe2 & "o ( ! fir/ ?+s he did 0 to s5d = ,pr(essor ,morse & to consult him z to ! practicability ( telegraph+ su* a long di/ance4 ,! ,pr(essor call$ on ,mr4 ,field & ent]$ into a full exposition ( ! subject1 assur+ him t ! project 0 practicable4 ,next ye> ! ,new ,york1 ,newf\ndl&1 & ,london ,telegraph ,company 0 =m$1 & !y obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,newf\ndl& an act ( incorporation1 a gu>antee ( int]e/ on #ej1jjjl4 ( ! company's bonds1 & a grant ( fifty squ>e miles ( l& on ! isl& ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,canada1 & ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e1 z well z ^? ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 also made sub/antial grants4 ,9 #ahee an attempt 0 made to connect ,/4 ,john's ) ! ma9l&1 b ?is 0 n successfully accompli%$ till #ahef1 & ! l9e 0 !n cont9u$ across ! isl& to ,tr9ity ,bay1 ! ,am]ican t]m9us ( ! ,atlantic telegraph4 ,9 #ahef ,mr4 ,field visit$ ,engl& = ! purpose ( enli/+ ,engli% capitali/s 9 ! ent]prise1 & 8 mission 0 s successful t 9 #aheg ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company 0 =m$4 ,x acquir$ all ! rights & privileges ( ! ,new ,york1 ,newf\ndl&1 & ,london ,company2 & )9 a mon? rais$ a capital ( #cej1jjjl4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t (f]$ to ! company ! use ( ! w> vessel ,agamemnon = ! purpose ( lay+ a cable1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 l mann] (f]$ _! newe/ & f9e/ vessel--! ,niag>a--:i* 0 #gae feet long & #ef feet wide4 ,! ma9 "q at issue 0 :e!r electric signals c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh a cable #b1cjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,at ! close ( #ahef ,pr(essor ,morse1 :o 0 !n reg>d$ z ! greate/ au?ority on ! subject1 calculat$ t t5 words c\ld be transmitt$ 9 a m9ute4 ,9 a report :i* he furni%$ to ! company he expla9$ t gutta-p]*a cov]$ subm>9e wires did n transmit 9 ! same way z simple insulat$ conductors1 t !y _h to be *>g$ l a ,leyd5 j> be=e !y c\ld transmit at all1 & t ! velocity ( transmission 0 consequ5tly mu* sl[] ?an 9 ord9>y conductors4 ,9 ! ,leyd5 j>--a glass vessel cov]$ ) t9foil bo? inside & outside--! electricity1 ent]+ at ! neck1 *>ges ! int]ior metallic coat+1 & at ! same "t induces or g5]ates electricity 9 ! outside coat+1 ! electricity on ! "o side be+ positive1 & on ! o!r side negative4 ,9 a subm>9e cable ! electricity *>g$ into ! wire behaves 9 a mann] simil> to t 9 a ,leyd5 j>2 9 ! "o case ! gutta-p]*a is ! insulator2 9 ! o!r case x is ! glass j>4 ,pr(essor ,morse po9t$ out t z ! opposite electricities attract$ ea* o!r 9 ! wire ( a cable1 ! curr5t 0 ?us ret>d$ 9 its rate ( motion4 ,?is inductive ret>dation 0 dread$ 9 a long cable2 b ,pr(essor ,morse sugge/$ t ! velocity ( ! transmission ( signals along insulat$ subm]g$ wires c\ld be enorm\sly increas$1 f ! rate ( "o signal 9 two seconds to eight 9 "o second1 by mak+ ea* alt]nate signal ) a curr5t ( diff]5t quality1 positive foll[+ negative1 & negative foll[+ positive4 ,9 ,april1 #aheg1 ! ,niag>a came to ,engl&1 :]e ! fir/ ,atlantic cable 0 be+ manufactur$4 ,pr(essor ,morse came too2 & ! day aft] he disemb>k$ at ,graves5d he ent]$ fully into ! prospects & capabilities ( ! cable4 ,he 0 fond ( assur+ ,engli% inquir]s z to ! desire 9 ,am]ica = a cable1 t x 0 ! ambition ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to "k :at 0 done 9 ,engl& be=e x took place2 z an ev5t happ5+ 9 ,london at noon w\ld1 if ! cable 7 laid1 be publi%$ 9 ,new ,york on ! morn+ ( ! same day4 ,b he _h m solid reasons ?an t to give 9 support ( ! und]tak+4 ,he /at$ t he 0 anxi\s to see ! cable 9 active op]ation "u ! ocean because he _h a firm conviction t !n ! *ances ( conflict & ( misund]/&+ betwe5 ,engli%m5 & ,am]icans mu/ be dim9i%$ 9 an incalculable degree4 ,he felt sure t x w\ld be us$ = no ho/ile purpose1 & t :5 ,new ,york w\ld become a suburb ( ,london1 & ,wa%+ton ! we/]n half ( ,we/m9/]1 an ,am]ican w> w\ld be ab\t z likely a ?+ z ,camb]well organis+ an attack ^u ,camd5 ,t[n1 or ,peckham mak+ a raid ^u ,pimlico4 ,all w>s1 he said1 arise 9 ignorance & misund]/&+ ( ! real objects & int]e/s ( ! race by :i* !y are wag$3 to increase ! facilities = an int]*ange ( ideas1 = ! op5+ out ( comm]cial relations1 & = ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 mu/ be to dim9i% ! ne$ ( appeals f reason to =ce2 & a small cable laid quietly at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic at a co/ ( #cej1jjjl4 w\ld d m = ! ma9t5ance ( int]national peace & = ! fur!rance ( national prosp]ity ?an an exp5diture ( #aj1jjj1jjjl4 a ye> on ea* side ( ! ,atlantic 9 ! con/ruction & commission+ ( su* arm$ ,levia?ans z w\ld c>ry & pione] ! electrical rope to its re/+-place4 ,9 report+ ^! words ( ,pr(essor ,morse ! directors ( ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company said ! %>ehold]s w\ld n be unwill+ to receive 8 8op9ion & assurance ^u t po9t z ! fir/ in/alm5t ( _! int]e/40 ,equally complim5t>y 0 ! appreciation !y express$ ( 8 op9ion z to ! feasibility ( ! und]tak+4 ,9 #ahef :5 x 0 det]m9$ to make exp]im5ts on long l5g?s ( telegraph wires = ! purpose ( prov+ t intellig5ce c\ld be transmitt$ = long di/ances1 x 0 propos$ to provide ! requisite l5g? ( cable by jo9+ toge!r ! und]gr\nd l9es ( ! ,engli% & ,iri% ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company1 ext5d+ f ,london to ,dubl9 vi ,dumfries4 ,^! l9es 7 #fjj miles long1 & 7 capable ( =m+ a cont9u\s l5g? ( #e1jjj miles4 ,! directors /at$ t e possible precaution 0 tak5 9 ?is trial to gu>d aga9/ accid5tal causes ( error by ! introduction ( te/ in/rum5ts at ea* available po9t ( junction1 & 8to cr[n ! :ole1 ! vet]an electrician1 ,pr(essor ,morse1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 pres5t at ! op]ations & witness$ ! result40 ,on ! night ( ,octob] #bnd1 8! conclave ( exp]im5t]s0 met at ! (fice ( ! ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company 9 ,old ,broad ,/reet1 ,london1 & made _! exp]im5ts on a circuit ( subt]ranean or subm>9e wires :i* 0 consid]$ to pres5t ! ne>e/ approa* to ! work+ ( a real & cont9u\s subm>9e cable4 ,! arrangem5ts 7 consid]$ p]fectly satisfactory1 & ! result 0 describ$ z an unque/ionable triumph4 ,by means ( "o ( ,morse's ord9>y receiv+ in/rum5ts signals 7 di/9ctly telegraph$ ?r\gh #b1jjj miles ( wire at ! rate ( #baj1 #bda1 & on "o occasion #bgj p] m9ute4 ,elat$ at ! realisation ( 8 anticipations1 ,pr(essor ,morse wrote to ,mr4 ,cyrus ,field1 /at+ t 8!re c\ld be no "q t1 ) a cable conta9+ a s+le conduct+ wire1 ( a size n exce$+ t ?r\gh :i* we work$1 & ) equal insulation1 x w\ld be easy to telegraph f ,irel& to ,newf\ndl& at a spe$ ( at lea/ f eight to t5 words p] m9ute4 ,take x at t5 words 9 a m9ute1 & all[+ t5 words = "n & address1 we c safely calculate ^u ! transmission ( a tw5ty-^w message 9 ?ree m9utes--tw5ty su* messages 9 an h\r1 #dhj 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or #ad1djj words p] day4 ,su* are ! capabilities ( a s+le wire cable fairly & mod]ately comput$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5t to me t by improvem5ts 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! signals !mselves1 aid$ by ! adoption ( a code or sy/em con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( ! be/ nautical code1 we may at lea/ d\ble ! spe$ 9 ! transmission ( our messages4 ,9 "o ^w1 ! d\bts are solv$2 ! difficulties are ov]come2 success is )9 our rea*2 & ! great feat ( ! c5tury mu/ %ortly be accompli%$40 ,! rate ( transmission ?r\gh ! ,atlantic cable 0 ev5tually f t5 to tw5ty words a m9ute1 b great improvem5ts _h to be made be=e ! high] spe$ 0 atta9$4 ,9 ,july1 #aheg1 ! ,niag>a w5t to ,birk5head to take on bo>d "o half ( ! cable :i* _h be5 manufactur$ !re1 & hav+ %ipp$ h] peculi> freight %e proce$$ to ,que5/[n1 :]e %e 0 jo9$ by ! ,agamemnon1 :i* _h %ipp$ ! o!r half ( ! cable 9 ! ,?ames4 ,(f ,que5/[n ! two halves ( ! cable 9 ! %ips 7 unit$ s z to =m a circuit ( #b1ejj miles4 ,:5 *>g$ ) electricity x 0 f\nd t a curr5t fl[$ ?r\gh ! cable4 ,inde$1 a di/9ct message 0 telegraph$ ?r\gh x1 b ! rate ( transmitt+ signals 0 sl[4 ,"o curr5t occupi$ a second & ?ree-qu>t]s 9 pass+ ?r\gh2 b :5 x 0 f\nd t ?ree successive signals c\ld be transmitt$ 9 two seconds1 ! prospect 0 consid]$ satisfactory4 ,! te/s be+ s f> successful1 x 0 at fir/ int5d$ t ! two vessels %\ld proce$ to mid ocean1 :5ce1 hav+ jo9$ toge!r ! two halves ( ! cable1 ea* vessel c\ld proce$ t[>ds ! opposite %ores4 ,at ! la/ h\r1 h[ev]1 x 0 deem$ m prud5t to />t pay+ out f ! ,iri% coa/4 ,accord+ly1 on ,augu/ #d?1 #aheg1 ! two cable %ips1 ea* att5d$ by ?ree small] vessels1 left ,que5/[n1 & arriv$ 9 ,val5cia ,bay on ! foll[+ day4 ,aft] "s inaugural c]emonies1 ! telegraph squadron />t$ to pay out ! cable on ,augu/ #g?4 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 on bo>d ! ,niag>a1 :i* began ! "w ( pay+ out4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! f\r? day 7,augu/ #aa?7 ! cable p>t$1 & ! #cce miles paid out appe>$ to be lo/ at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,9 a lett] describ+ ! accid5t1 ,pr(essor ,morse said t at ! "t x occurr$ 8!re 0 a mod]ately heavy sea1 :i* caus$ ! %ip's /]n to rise sev]al feet & to fall to ! same degree2 :5 ! /]n fell1 ! cable "u its imm5se /ra9 w5t d[n into ! wat] easily & quickly1 b :5 ! /]n 0 lift$ by ! irresi/ible p[] ( ! succe$+ wave ! =ce ex]t$ ^u ! cable "u su* circum/ances w\ld h p>t$ a cable ( f\r times ! /r5g?4 ,h5ce x is no wond] t our cable1 subject$ to su* a trem5d\s & unnatural /ra91 %\ld snap l a pack-?read4 ,x did snap1 & 9 an in/ant ! :ole c\rse & plan ( our future proce$+s 7 necess>ily *ang$4 ,h[ _m visions ( weal?1 ( fame1 & ( pleasure 7 dep5d5t = _! realisation on ! integrity ( t little n]ve ?read1 sp9n+ out l a spid]'s web f ! /]n ( our noble %ip & 79 view ( ! mighty =ce ( /eam & waves & w9ds & me*anism br\ght to be> ^u x7 q z frail4 ,yet ) all its frailties1 no?+ c\ld exce$ ! beauty ( its quiet passage to its ocean b$ f ! mom5t we _h jo9$ x to ! %ore end till ! fatal mi/ake ( n eas+ ! breaks :i* caus$ ! break+ ( x asund]4 ,! effect on %ipbo>d 0 v /rik+4 ,x p>t$ j be=e daylight4 ,all h&s ru%$ to ! deck1 b !re 0 no confusion2 ! telegraph ma*9]y _h /opp$2 ! m5 ga!r$ 9 m\rnful gr\ps1 & _! tones 7 sad & voices z l[ z if a dea? _h occurr$ on bo>d4 ,i believe !re 0 n a man 9 ! %ip :o did n feel really z melan*oly z if a comrade _h be5 lo/ ov]bo>d40 ,on ! vessels return+ to ,plym\? ! *ief electricians connect$ ) ! ent]prise1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,:iteh\se1 ,pr(essor ,morse1 & ,pr(essor ,william ,?omson1 issu$ a report c]tify+ t 8e exp]im5t :i* we h made ^u ! cable1 e te/ to :i* we h subject$ x1 bo? = its insulat+ & conduct+ p[]1 has uni=mly result$ 9 demon/rat+ ! p]fect fitness ( ! cable = its (fice4 ,! treble cov]+ ( gutta-p]*a s entirely provides = ! remote possibility ( an accid5tal flaw occurr+ 9 ! fir/ or second coat1 t all risk ( defective insulation is avoid$40 ,! directors det]m9$ to r5ew ! attempt dur+ a m fav\rable p]iod ( #aheh ) c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! pay+ out ma*9]y & ) a great] l5g? ( cable4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! :ole ( ! cable 0 /or$ at ,keyham ,docks 7,plym\?72 & ! ,briti% & ,am]ican ,gov]nm5ts hav+ aga9 grant$ ! use ( ! same vessels1 x 0 re%ipp$ 9 ! spr+4 ,! vessels fir/ proce$$1 9 ! la/ days ( ,may1 to ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 :]e exp]im5ts 7 made = ?ree days 9 splic+ & pay+ out ! cable1 & bo? ! me*anical & electrical te/s 7 report$ z v promis+4 ,! squadron return$ to ,plym\?1 :5ce !y sail$ aga9 on ,june #aj?1 #aheh4 ,:ile proce$+ to mid ocean1 :]e !y 7 to jo9 ! two halves & !n comm5ce pay+ out1 !y enc\nt]$ a fe>ful gale1 & :5 !y rea*$ ! try/+ place ?ree attempts to lay ! cable prov$ unsuccessful4 ,9 ! fir/ attempt ! cable p>t$ aft] two miles & =ty fa?oms 7 paid out1 9 ! second attempt =ty-two miles & #cjj fa?oms1 & 9 ! ?ird attempt #ade miles & #icj fa?oms 7 paid out4 ,! vessels !n return$ to ,que5/[n to repl5i% _! coal supplies4 ,!y />t$ aga9 on ,july #ab?1 & hav+ jo9$ ! cable ends toge!r on ! #bi?1 9 mid ocean1 ! ,niag>a l&$ at ,tr9ity ,bay1 ,newf\ndl&1 on ,augu/ #e?4 ,! ,agamemnon _h likewise rea*$ ,val5cia1 all well4 ,x 0 f\nd t ?r\gh ! cable ?us laid f %ore to %ore electric signals pass$ at ! same rate z 9 ! te/s made 9 ,engl&2 messages 7 transmitt$ = ne>ly a mon?1 aft] :i* defects 9 insulation gradually increas$4 ,aft] transmitt+ #cff messages x ceas$ 8to speak0 on ,octob] #bj?1 #aheh4 ,9 ! latt] & successful exp$ition ,pr(essor ,morse took no active "p4 ,by t "t ! "w :i* he _h tak5 a =emo/ "p 9 initiat+ _h fall5 into y\ng] & m en]getic h&s1 :ile 8 att5tion 0 div]t$ to ! hon\rs & rew>ds :i* ought to cr[n a well-sp5t life1 & :i* are m cong5ial to a man 9 8 sixty-sev5? ye> ?an ! c>ry+ out ( an ent]prise t he _h pron\nc$ feasible sixte5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,he liv$ to see x made a p]man5t success a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] he _h fir/ sugge/$ x4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 8,he t has improv$ ! virtue or advanc$ ! happ9ess ( "o fell[-creature1 he t has asc]ta9$ a s+le moral proposition1 or add$ "o useful exp]im5t to natural k1 may be cont5t$ ) 8 own p]=mance1 &1 ) respect to mortals l himself1 may dem&1 l ,augu/us1 to be dismiss$ at 8 dep>ture ) applause40--,,dr4 ,,johnson4 ,! fate ( inv5tors has be5 "o ( ! enigmas ( hi/ory4 ,"l ,bacon has prais$ ! ju/ness ( antiquity 9 aw>d+ div9e hon\rs to inv5tors ^: b5efits might ext5d to ! :ole human race1 :ile only h]oic hon\rs 7 aw>d$ to /atesm5 :o b5efit$ only p>ticul> places4 ,b ev5 9 antiquity ! hon\rs paid to inv5tors 7 g5]ally po/hum\s4 ,horace wrote t 8,?\gh liv+ virtue we despise2 ,:5 dead1 we praise x to ! skies40 ,& a lat] ,roman writ] endeav\r$ to expla9 ?is anomal\s treatm5t by /at+ t 8we envy ! liv+ by ^: m]it we ?9k ourselves ov]:elm$1 b we v5]ate dep>t$ m]it because we are edifi$ by x40 ,human nature has n *ang$ mu* s9ce ! ,augu/an age2 b 9 no?+ p]haps has public feel+ 9 our own "t und]gone su* a revolution z 9 respect to inv5tors4 ,"s may ?9k t ?is *ange c be acc\nt$ = by ! greatness ( ! b5efits :i* inv5tors h wr\ght 9 our day4 ,b !re h be5 great inv5tors be=e n[4 8,if "o looks back10 says ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,ric>do1 8to ! times :5 ! mo/ important inv5tions 7 produc$1 x appe>s !y 7 all made )\t ev5 a pat5t1 s f> z we c discov]4 ,= in/ance1 ari?metic1 writ+1 & all ! fir/ great inv5tions1 to :i* we are s habituat$ t we sc>ce ?9k !y h be5 inv5t$ any m ?an ! fl[]s or trees1 yet 7 mighty inv5tions 9 _! "t4 ,pap] 0 inv5t$ 9 ! ye> #abjj1 oil pa9t+ 9 ! ye> #abig1 glass 9 #acaj1 pr9t+ 9 #adcj1 & gunp[d] 9 #adej4 ,all ^! inv5tions1 or v _m ( !m1 7 made by m5 )\t artificial /imulus1 (t5 at ! p]il ( _! lives1 :5 _! rew>d 0 n a monopoly1 b p]haps ! /ake or ! gibbet40 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t mo/ ( ^! 8great inv5tions0 might m accurately be describ$ z ! result ( ! discov]y ( natural laws1 & h5ce !y 7 g5]ally ascrib$ to al*emy or sorc]y2 :]eas 9 our day ! inv5tions t h be5 mo/ b5eficial h be5 ( a me*anical description4 ,!re is sc>cely a ma*9e n[ 9 use t is n an inv5tion ( mod]n times2 & :ile _m ( ! discov]ies1 call$ inv5tions1 ( =m] ages 7 made accid5tally1 :o w\ld ev] ?9k ( say+ t ! complicat$ ma*9]y 9 use n[adays 0 inv5t$ by accid5t8 ,obvi\sly x has be5 ! result ( lab\r1 skill1 & k2 & its effect is to save lab\r & sup]s$e skill4 ,x is probably ! great] ef=t requir$ 9 ! production ( mod]n ma*9]y1 & its obvi\s utility :5 9 op]ation1 t h secur$ = inv5tors an hon\rable place 9 public e/imation1 z well z m adequate remun]ation = _! s]vices4 ,at all ev5ts su* 0 ! case ) ! ,morse telegraph4 ,n t its success 0 unalloy$ ) detraction4 ,aft] its utility 0 fully e/abli%$1 "o company aft] ano!r conte/$ its orig9ality or ! validity ( 8 pat5t rights1 :i* _h consequ5tly to be protect$ by co/ly law suits4 ,! fir/ ( ^! took place at ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky1 9 ,augu/1 #ahdh4 ,! own]s ( ! ,morse sy/em arrang$ to con/ruct a l9e f t t[n to ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee2 & ,h5ry ,o',reilly1 support$ by a company1 con/ruct$ a rival l9e1 & call$ x ! ,p's ,l9e1 :i* !y at fir/ tri$ to "w by a piece ( electrical app>atus t 0 only a modification ( ! ,morse sy/em1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* !y cont5d$ !y 7 ju/ifi$ 9 us+ on ! gr\nd t x did n orig9ate ) ,morse4 ,aft] a pat5t trial ( ! case1 ! c\rt grant$ an injunction aga9/ ! ,o',reilly ,company1 & su/a9$ ! validity ( ! ,morse pat5t4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on appeal1 confirm$ ?is decision 9 ,janu>y1 #ahed4 ,! c\rt held x z e/abli%$ by evid5ce t 8e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahcg ,morse inv5t$ 8 plan = comb9+ two or m electric or galvanic circuits1 ) indep5d5t batt]ies1 = ! purpose ( ov]com+ ! dim9i%$ =ce ( electro-magnetism 9 long circuits1 t !re is reasonable gr\nd = believ+ t he _h s f> complet$ 8 inv5tion t ! :ole process1 comb9ation1 p[]s1 & ma*9]y 7 arrang$ 9 8 m9d1 & t ! delay 9 br++ x out arose f want ( means40 ,! c\rt also held t 8nei!r ! inquiries ,morse made nor ! in=mation or advice he receiv$ f m5 ( sci5ce1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es1 impair 8 "r to ! "* ( an inv5tor4 ,no inv5tion c possibly be made1 consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( diff]5t elem5ts ( p[]1 )\t a ?or\gh k ( ! prop]ties ( ea* ( !m1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y op]ate ^u ea* o!r4 ,a v high degree ( sci5tific k & ! nice/ skill 9 ! me*anic arts are comb9$ 9 ! electro-magnetic telegraph & 7 necess>y to br+ x into successful op]ation4 ,x is ! high praise ( ,pr(essor ,morse t he has be5 able by a new comb9ation ( kn[n p[]s1 ( :i* electro-magnetism is "o1 to discov] a me?od by :i* intelligible m>ks or signs may be pr9t$ at a di/ance40 ,su* 7 ! sort ( complim5ts t ! ,supreme ,c\rt be/[$ ^u ,pr(essor ,morse1 :ile !y amply v9dicat$ ! validity ( 8 pat5ts4 ,ano!r case 0 he>d at ,philadelphia 9 ,septemb]1 #ahea4 ,x 0 an action br\ght by ! ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company1 :o us$ ! ,morse pat5t1 aga9/ ,h5ry ,j4 ,rog]s & o!rs :o work$ a l9e ( telegraph f ,wa%+ton to ,new ,york on ! sy/em ( ,alex&] ,ba94 ,?is +5i\s b unlucky inv5tion1 :i* ,mr4 ,ba9 made 9 #ahdf1 0 repres5t$ z capable ( transmitt+ f #a1jjj to #b1jjj lett]s a m9ute4 ,by means ( a ma*9e1 holes 7 /amp$ 9 a long /rip ( pap]1 & ea* hole or gr\p ( holes repres5t$ a p>ticul> lett]4 ,! pap] 0 coil$ on a wood5 roll]1 f :i* x pass$ to a metal roll]2 ! me*anism 0 s arrang$ t two metallic po9ts und]nea? ! pap] pass$ ?r\gh ! holes z !y mov$ along1 & ?us t\*+ ! metal ( ! roll]1 imp>t$ suffici5t electricity to make a signal at ! di/ant end ( ! wire2 b :5 ! po9ts only t\*$ ! pap] no electricity pass$4 ,?is rapid alt]nation 0 made to indicate signals4 ,9 ! recipi5t app>atus1 :i* m>k$ ! signals at ! di/ant end ( ! connect+ wire1 ! /rip ( pap] us$ 0 fir/ soak$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & !n 9 a solution ( prussiate ( pota%2 two metallic po9ts press$ on t pap]1 & :5 electricity pass$ ?r\gh ^! po9ts1 x discol\r$ ! *emically prep>$ pap] & left a numb] ( d>k spots on x2 b :5 no electricity pass$ no spots 7 produc$4 ,9 ,am]ica x 0 alleg$ t ^? :o us$ ?is app>atus violat$ ,morse's pat5t by =m+ _! alphabet & figures 7?\gh us+ *emicals in/ead ( ink7 9 ! same way t ,morse did--by dots & l9es1 al?\gh ! same dots & l9es did n 9 bo? sy/ems repres5t ! same lett] or figure4 ,! claim ( ,pr(essor ,morse z ! inv5tor ( ! pr9ciple ( ! dot & da% alphabet 0 consequ5tly disput$ by ! def5dants4 ,b ! judges held t !re 0 no "o p]son ^: inv5tion _h be5 spok5 ( by witnesses or ref]r$ to 9 any book z involv+ ! pr9ciple ( ,morse's discov]y b mu/ yield prec$5ce to him1 & t nei!r ,/e9heil1 nor ,cooke & ,:eat/one1 nor ,davy1 nor ,dy]1 nor ,h5ry _h1 :5 ! ,morse inv5tion 0 consummat$ e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahcg1 made a record+ telegraph ( any sort4 ,9 ?is case ! evid5ce fill$ ov] a ?\s& pr9t$ pages2 & 9 o!r trials ! evid5ce fill$ _m hundr$s ( pages4 ,only 9 "o case did a rival inv5tor e/abli% valid claims to orig9ality4 ,?is 0 ,mr4 ,royal ,e4 ,h\se1 ! inv5tor ( ! pr9t+ telegraph1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 #ahea1 :5 x came into use1 z "o ( ! wond]s ( ! age4 ,he inv5t$ a ma*9e :i*1 :5 a message 0 transmitt$ by electric curr5ts ov] a s+le wire1 pr9t$ ! words 9 ,roman lett]s t any p]son c\ld read4 ,= t inv5tion ,h\se appli$ = a pat5t 9 #ahdf1 b 0 refus$ x on ! gr\nd t 8 specification 9 "s po9ts cla%$ ) t ( ,morse4 ,x 0 n till t[>ds ! end ( #ahdh t he got a pat5t :i* dat$ f ,april1 #ahdf4 ,he 0 a self-taught man1 :o 0 conf9$ to 8 dwell+-h\se ) an affection ( ! eyes dur+ mo/ ( ! six ye>s t he _h be5 engag$ 9 con/ruct+ 8 in/rum5t4 ,! s5d+ app>atus = despat*+ messages resembl$ a pianette1 9 :i* ea* key repres5t$ a lett] ( ! alphabet1 & ! s5d] _h simply to press d[n ! key repres5t+ any desir$ lett]1 & ! receiv+ app>atus at ! o!r end ( ! telegraph wire pr9t$ t lett] on a /rip ( pap]4 ,! electric curr5t mov$ a :eel ar\nd ! edge ( :i* 7 ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 type prop]ly ink$2 & :5 ! p>ticul> lett] desir$ came r\nd to ! po9t ne>e/ ! pap] tape1 ! lett] 0 by self-act+ me*anism press$ aga9/ x1 caus+ ! lett] to be pr9t$ on ! tape4 ,x 0 /at$ t #afj lett]s c\ld be transmitt$ & pr9t$ 9 t way 9 a m9ute4 ,! fir/ l9e ( telegraph work$ by ! ,h\se app>atus 0 complet$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahej1 by ! ,bo/on & ,new ,york ,telegraph ,company4 ,proce$+s 7 at once tak5 aga9/ t company by ! own] ( ! ,morse pat5t1 ( :i* ! ,h\se app>atus 0 alleg$ to be an infr+em5t4 ,judge ,woodbury1 aft] he>+ mu* evid5ce & argum5t1 came to ! conclusion t ! two me?ods ( telegraph+ diff]$ z mu* z writ+ diff]$ f pr9t+4 ,he said ! ,morse app>atus 0 less complicat$ & m easily compreh5d$2 x c\ld be readily und]/ood by mo/ me*anics & m5 ( sci5ce2 :ile ! ,h\se ma*9e 0 s mu* m difficult to compreh5d 9 its op]ations t x requir$ days1 if n weeks1 to ma/] x4 ,at ! same "t he decl>$ t ,h\se _h giv5 8lett]s to lightn+10 z well z 8lightn+ to lett]s40 ,:ile he admitt$ t ! pr9ciple ( ! ,h\se telegraph 0 n new1 al?\gh n[ +5i\sly appli$ & work$ by a new p[]1 he gave ,morse e cr$it = orig9ality 9 8 inv5tion1 & decid$ 9 ! end t ! "o 0 n an infr+em5t ( ! o!r4 ,! ,morse alphabet1 ! orig9ality ( :i* 0 practically undisput$1 has n only be5 f\nd univ]sally useful = telegraphic purposes1 b has be5 successfully us$ = signall+ intellig5ce :]e no electric telegraph 0 available4 ,its *>act]s h be5 exhibit$ f ligh?\ses 9 long & %ort fla%es ( electric light to tell ! lonely m>9] 9 ! d>kness ( night ! "n ( ! coa/ he 0 pass+2 :ile 9 l&s :]e ! electric telegraph is unkn[n x has enabl$ a revival ( ! old semaphore sy/em to be work$ ) great advantages4 ,:5 ! ,briti% squadron ent]$ ,burmah 9 ! end ( #ahhe1 communication 0 kept up betwe5 ! diff]5t portions ( ! =ces by means ( ! helio/at & heliograph1 sun-signall+ in/rum5ts1 :i* display$ to di/ant /ations dots or da%es ( light =m+ ! ,morse alphabet4 ,9 ! heliograph ! signall+ 0 effect$ by alt]+ ! angle ( ! mirror :i* reflect$ ! light2 :ile 9 ! helio/at ! requisite fla% 0 transmitt$ by op5+ tempor>ily a %utt]1 :i* :5 %ut obscur$ ! light4 ,! ,morse alphabet ?us enables di/ant /ations to speak by means ( light z well z electricity4 ,at ! "t :5 ! lay+ ( ! ,atlantic cable 0 absorb+ public att5tion1 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 enjoy+ ! fruits ( 8 previ\s lab\rs4 ,rew>ds & hon\rs 7 freely be/[$ on him4 ,dur+ 8 long & (t5 di%e>t5+ /ruggle ) adv]sity1 he 0 n )\t hon\r 9 8 own & 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,9 #ahce he 0 elect$ a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,hi/orical ,in/itute ( ,france2 9 #ahcg he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts ( ,belgium2 9 #ahci he receiv$ ! great silv] m$al ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,indu/ry = 8 inv5tion ( ! telegraph2 9 #ahda he 0 made a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,wa%+ton ,in/itute = ! ,promotion ( ,sci5ce2 9 #ahdb he 0 aw>d$ ! gold m$al ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute = 8 exp]im5ts demon/rat+ subm>9e telegraphy2 9 #ahde he 0 made a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,ar*ological ,society ( ,belgium2 9 #ahdg he 0 made an honor>y ,doctor ( ,laws ( ,yale ,college2 9 #ahdi he 0 elect$ a fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,bo/on1 & s on4 ,:at he want$ dur+ ^! ye>s 0 emolum5t1 & n[ t _h come to him aft] long ye>s ( pati5t expectation4 ,?\gh 8 pat5t 0 n put 9 pr(itable op]ation till #ahdf1 he receiv$ be=e ! date ( its expiration1 #ahed1 a sum ( #ij1hgd doll>s1 & dur+ ! sev5 foll[+ ye>s1 = :i* x 0 r5ew$1 ov] #gj1jjj doll>s4 ,8 fame _h n[ become _w-wide1 & =eign hon\rs 7 be/[$ ^u him by ! *ief ,european sov]eigns4 ,9 ,june1 #ahef1 he visit$ ,engl&1 & 0 delight$ to meet once m ) sev]al ( 8 old arti/ fri5ds3 m5 :o _h befri5d$ him :5 9 humble circum/ances he %[$ a special pleasure 9 meet+ n[1 :5 he _h atta9$ pre-em95t success 9 ano!r vocation4 ,f ,london he proce$$ to ,cop5hag51 :]e ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 ,fr$]ick ,,vii41 pres5t$ him ) ! ,cross ( a ,knight ( ! ,danneborg4 ,he 0 !nce invit$ to ,russia by ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,,ii41 :o s5t 8 c>riage to convey him f ! quay on l&+ to ! ,imp]ial ,palace1 :]e he 0 treat$ z an hon\r$ gue/4 ,!n he w5t to ,b]l91 :]e he aga9 met ! au?or ( ! ,cosmos1 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 :o ent]ta9$ him hospitably1 & pres5t$ him ) a portrait ( himself on ! m>g9 ( :i* he _h writt5 z an inscription ! homage ( 8 high & affectionate e/eem = ,mr4 ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 8^: philosophical & useful lab\rs h r5d]$ 8 "n illu/ri\s 9 two worlds40 ,return+ to ,london 9 ,septemb]1 he 0 next mon? ent]ta9$ at a public banquet 9 ! ,albion ,tav]n on ! same day t he receiv$ ! ann\ncem5t t ! ,emp]or ,napoleon _h made him a ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,at t banquet ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,cooke /at$ t ,pr(essor ,morse /ood alone 9 ,am]ica z ! orig9ator & c>ri] out ( a gr& conception2 b t n cont5t ) giv+ ! b5efit ( 8 conception to 8 own c\ntry & ,canada1 he ?reat5$ to g /ill fur!r1 &1 if ,engli%m5 w\ld n d x1 to c>ry telegraphic communication across ! ,atlantic4 ,dr4 ,o',%aughnessy /at$ at ! banquet t he _h made a j\rney f ,india to ,engl& 9 ord] to introduce into ,india ! sy/em ( telegraph+ :i* _h be5 p]fect$ by ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,x 0 ?is g5tleman :o1 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 erect$ 9 ,april & ,may1 #ahci1 8! fir/ long l9e ( telegraph ev] con/ruct$ 9 any c\ntry0 9 ! vic9ity ( ,calcutta4 ,8 l9e 0 tw5ty-"o miles long1 & includ$ #g1jjj feet ( riv] circuit4 ,9 aft] ye>s he 0 accu/om$ to /ate t x 0 ! exp]im5ts p]=m$ on t l9e :i* remov$ all reasonable d\bts reg>d+ ! practicability ( work+ electric telegraphs ?r\gh enorm\s di/ances1--8a "q !n & = ?ree ye>s lat] disput$ by high au?orities1 & reg>d$ g5]ally ) contemptu\s scepticism40 ,aft] ! exp]im5ts 7 complet$ & publi%$1 ! l9e 0 tak5 d[n4 ,x may !re=e be said ( ,dr4 ,o',%aughnessy t he 0 9 a d\ble s5se ! fa!r ( ,indian telegraphy1 & z su* he receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! ?ree m5 :o 7 ! pione]s 9 practical telegraphy 7 ,morse 9 ,am]ica1 ,:eat/one 9 ,engl&1 & ,o',%aughnessy 9 ,india4 ,9 aft] ages x may be a "q ( biographical int]e/ :e!r ^! ?ree m51 ^: triumphs took place 9 sc5es s f> ap>t1 ev] met toge!r4 ,a simil> "q has be5 ask$ ( ano!r con/ellation ( great m54 8,x is a rem>kable fact10 says ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 89 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy1 t ?ree ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors 7 contempor>ies4 ,galileo 0 ! contempor>y ( ,ty*o dur+ ?irty-sev5 ye>s & ( ,kepl] dur+ fifty-n9e ye>s ( 8 life4 ,galileo 0 born sev5 ye>s be=e ,kepl]1 & surviv$ him ne>ly ! same "t4 ,we h n le>n$ t ! intellectual triumvirate ( ! age enjoy$ any opportunity ( mutual congratulation4 ,:at a privilege x w\ld h be5 to h contra/$ ! ari/ocratic dignity ( ,ty*o ) ! reckless ease ( ,kepl]1 & ! manly & impetu\s mi5 ( ! ,italian sage40 ,x is possible t ?ree or f\r c5turies h5ce simil> speculations may be indulg$ 9 ) respect to ! gr\p ( rem>kable m5 :o made ! electric telegraph a practical success 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x may !re=e be wor? :ile "h to /ate t !re is no record ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,pr(essor ,morse ev] hav+ met p]sonally ei!r = mutual congratulation or recrim9ation4 ,9 sev]al respects !y 7 m5 ( l qualities--mode/1 unselfi%1 p]sev]+1 v]satile1 & +5i\s 9 ev]y?+ except extemporane\s public speak+--a similitude :i* might p]haps be held to acc\nt = ! fact t !re 0 no love lo/ betwe5 !m1 if x be true1 z ,sa9t ,pi]re cont5ds1 t m5 are m atta*$ to ^? qualities t are ! complem5t ( _! own ?an to ^? t are ! c\nt]p>t ( _! own--an obs]vation t w\ld n apply to ! ?ree pr(essors ( a/ronomy4 ,anyh[1 ! abs5ce ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one f ! banquet giv5 to ,pr(essor ,morse 9 ,london 9 #ahef 0 publicly comm5t$ on at ! "t 9 ! lead+ ,engli% j\rnal1 to :i* a memb] ( ! committee wrote1 9 reply1 t 8x 0 int5d$ to pay all hon\r to ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 b to ! regret ( e "o at ! d9n] he 0 unable to att5d3 8 pre-em95t m]its z an electrical eng9e] 7 repeat$ly ackn[l$g$ dur+ ! ev5+1 & always ) ! w>me/ reception by ! :ole company40 ,nev]!less1 9 ! calm p]spective ( hi/ory po/]ity w probably reg>d t opportunity = mutual congratulation z a privilege t ought n to h be5 lo/4 ,pr(essor ,morse said 9 #ahef t x 0 n 9 ,engl& alone t he _h exp]i5c$ unwont$ k9dness1 b 9 e place he _h visit$1--9 ,cop5hag51 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 9 ,b]l91 ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,france1 he _h ev]y:]e receiv$ di/+ui%$ m>ks ( reg>d--& t he 0 unable to recall a s+le unpleasant occurr5ce to m> ! gratify+ impression :i* he c>ri$ ) him to 8 ,transatlantic home4 ,! fir/ =eign hon\r he receiv$ z an ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 inv5tion came f ! ,sultan ( ,turkey1 :o s5t him ! decoration1 set 9 diamonds1 ( ! ,ord] ( ,glory1 & ?is 0 ! fir/ decoration :i* ! ,sultan conf]r$ on an ,am]ican citiz54 ,italy be/[$ on him ! ,cross ( a ,knight ( ,sa9ts ,laz>o & ,mauritio2 ,prussia ! ,gold ,m$al ( ,sci5tific ,m]it 9 a gold snuff-box2 ,spa9 ! ,cross ( ,knight ,comm&] de ,num]o ( ! ,ord] ( ,isabella2 ,au/ria ! ,gold ,m$al ( ,sci5tific ,m]it2 & ,portugal ! ,cross ( a ,knight ( ! ,t[] & ,sword4 ,9 #aheh he aga9 left ,new ,york & w5t to ,p>is1 :]e 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 ent]ta9$ him at a banquet4 ,a movem5t 0 !n set on foot to make him "s recomp5se = ! use ( 8 inv5tion 9 ,europe4 ,at a conf]5ce ( delegates ( t5 lead+ ,gov]nm5ts1 held 9 ,p>is to consid] ! subject1 ,c\nt ,walewski said t ! honor>y di/9ctions :i* sev]al sov]eigns _h conf]r$ on ,pr(essor ,morse _h beyond d\bt be5 appreciat$ by him z valuable m>ks ( high e/eem2 b ^! _h be5 insuffici5t to supply ! place ( ! pecuni>y comp5sation :i* 8 sacrifices & 8 lab\rs seem$ de/9$ to procure him1 & :i* 7 s mu* ! m ju/ly call$ =1 s9ce electro-magnetic telegraph+1--indep5d5tly ( ! imm5se s]vices :i* x r5d]s by ! rapidity ( transmitt+ news & correspond5ce1--also br+s to ! ,gov]nm5ts t h a monopoly ( x pr(its 9 money :i* are already consid]able1 & mu/ cont9ue to increase4 ,) a conviction t !re 0 ju/ice z well z g5]osity 9 acc$+ to ! claim ( ,mr4 ,morse1 :o 0 n[ subject to ! infirmities ( age1 aft] devot+ ! :ole ( 8 small =tune to ! exp]im5ts & voyages necess>y to arrive at ! discov]y & application ( 8 process1 ! ,emp]or's ,gov]nm5t _h solicit$ ! v>i\s ,/ates1 to ^: gratitude ,pr(essor ,morse _h a "r1 to contribute to ! remun]ation due to him4 ,x 0 agre$ t ! diff]5t ,gov]nm5ts %\ld contribute 9 proportion to ! numb] ( in/rum5ts t !y _h 9 use2 & x 0 f\nd t !y _h altoge!r #a1bhd ,morse in/rum5ts 9 op]ation1 ( :i* ,france _h ! highe/ numb]1 namely #dfb4 ,on ,septemb] #a/1 #aheh1 ,c\nt ,walewski address$ to him ! foll[+ lett] f ! ,fr5* ,m9i/ry ( ,=eign ,affairs3--8,i h ! hon\r to ann\nce ) lively satisfaction t a sum ( #djj1jjj francs w be remitt$ to y 9 f\r annuities1 9 ! "n ( ,france1 ,au/ria1 ,belgium1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,pi$mont1 ,russia1 ! ,holy ,see1 ,sw$51 ,tuscany1 & ,turkey1 z an honor>y gratuity1 & z a rew>d1 altoge!r p]sonal1 ( y\r useful lab\rs4 ,no?+ c bett] m>k ?an ?is collective act ( rew>d ! s5tim5t ( public gratitude :i* y\r inv5tion has s ju/ly excit$4 ,! ,emp]or _h already giv5 y a te/imonial ( 8 high e/eem :5 he conf]r$ on y1 m ?an a ye> ago1 ! decoration ( a ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,y w f9d a new m>k ( x 9 ! initiative :i* ,8 ,maje/y wi%$ t 8 ,gov]nm5t %\ld take on ?is occasion1 & ! ann\ncem5t ,i n[ make to y is a brilliant pro( ( ! eag] & sympa!tic response t 8 proposition has met ) f ! ,/ates ,i h j enum]at$40 ,! latt] ye>s ( ! ,pr(essor's life 7 mo/ly sp5t 9 retirem5t at 8 c\ntry resid5ce--a delightful h\se1 ne> ,p\ghkeepsie1 on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,hudson1 :]e he appe>$ to possess ev]y?+ t c\ld promote 8 com=t or gratify 8 ta/e4 ,x 0 an ,italian villa1 call$ ,locu/ ,grove1 surr\nd$ by v picturesque gr\nds conta9+ deep rav9es & l(ty =e/ trees4 ,"h he cultivat$ beautiful g>d5s1 & adorn$ ! spot ) all ! *a/5ess ( an arti/'s ta/e4 ,"h he 0 surr\nd$ by a lively & affectionate family4 ,"h he delight$ to ent]ta9 8 old fri5ds ) acc\nts ( 8 e>ly /ruggles & disappo9tm5ts4 ,"h he 0 plac$ 9 communication ) ! busy _w ( "w & ?\ght by means ( ! ag5cy :i* 8 own g5ius _h creat$--! ,morse telegraph4 ,b "h1 amid ! repose ( ,nature1 he 0 n idle4 ,9 ! sun%9e ( =tune & fame he 0 z sympa!tic & k9d z :5 "u ! *illy bla/s ( adv]sity4 ,he knew well t 8',tis easy to resign a toilsome place ,b n to manage leisure ) a grace2 ,abs5ce ( occupation is n re/1 ,a m9d q vacant is a m9d di/ress'd40 ,mu* ( 8 leisure "t 0 sp5t 9 assi/+ /ruggl+ inv5tors & arti/s1 & 9 do+ works ( *>ity4 ,he purposely devot$ "o-t5? ( 8 income to ,*ri/ian b5evol5ce1 & 9 hon\r ( 8 fa!r he gave #aj1jjj doll>s z an end[m5t = a ,morse lecture%ip on ! relation ( ! ,bible to ! sci5ces4 ,occasionally he 0 drawn f 8 retirem5t to receive "s tribute ( respect f 8 fell[-c\ntrym52 = 9 8 own c\ntry :]e no titles or decorations are conf]r$1 ! sunset ( 8 useful life 0 made radiant by "s exceptional m>ks ( public fav\r4 ,on ! eve ( ! la/ day ( #ahfh he 0 ent]ta9$ at a public banquet 9 ,delmonico's1 ,new ,york1 :5 "s ( ! mo/ em95t m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates paid high tributes to 8 g5ius4 ,9 ! toa/ ( 8,our ,gue/10 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 describ$ z ! man ( sci5ce :o explor$ ! laws ( ,nature1 wre/$ electricity f h] embrace1 & made x a mission>y 9 ! cause ( human progress4 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 z ri* 9 humility z 8 admir]s 7 9 eulogy4 ,he said t1 9 trac+ ! bir? & p$igree ( ! ,am]ican telegraph1 8,am]ican is n ! highe/ t]m ( ! s]ies t connects ! pa/ ) ! pres5t4 ,!re is at lea/ "o high] t]m1--! highe/ ( all1--:i* _c & mu/ n be ignor$4 ,if n a sp>r[ falls to ! gr\nd )\t a def9ite purpose 9 ! plans ( ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 c ! creation ( an in/rum5t s vitally affect+ ! int]e/s ( ! :ole human race h an orig9 less humble ?an ! ,fa!r ( e good & p]fect gift8 ,i am sure ,i h ! sympa?y ( su* an assembly z is "h ga!r$ toge!r1 if 9 all humility1 & 9 ! s9c]ity ( a grateful he>t1 ,i use ! words ( ,inspiration 9 ascrib+ hon\r & praise to ,him to :om fir/ ( all & mo/ ( all x is pre-em95tly due4 #8,n unto u1 n unto u1 b to ,god be all ! glory'--n :at ha? man1 b #8:at ha? ,god wr\ght8'0 ,9 ,april1 #ahgj1 x 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! public press t ! telegraph op]ators ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates int5d$ to raise a memorial ( ! fa!r ( _! craft1 & f all p>ts ( civilis$ ,am]ica subscriptions = t purpose 7 s5t to ! executive committee1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,jas4 ,d4 ,reid 0 ! *airman4 ,:51 six mon?s aft]w>d1 in=mation ( ! movem5t 0 (ficially communicat$ to ! ag$ ,pr(essor1 he repli$3--8,i am a/oni%$ & deeply impress$ ) ! evid5ce ( su* an unexampl$ univ]sality ( k9d & fri5dly feel+ f ^? :om ,i h lov$ to call my *ildr54 ,i "k by e>ly exp]i5ce "s ( _! trials1 & c !re=e sympa?ise ) !m2 & ,i %\ld be false to my convictions if to ^? :o h call$ me ,fa!r1 ,i %\ld be recreant 9 manife/+ my grateful ?anks = _! express$ s5tim5ts ( affection & respect40 ,a bronze /atue ( him on a granite p$e/al 0 erect$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 & 0 unveil$ on ,june #aj?1 #ahga1 9 ! pres5ce ( a va/ multitude1 by ! ,gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts1 ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! v5]able inv5tor 0 born eighty ye>s previ\sly4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a long & eloqu5t address1 ,mr4 ,cull5 ,bryant obs]v$ t x might be said t 8! civilis$ _w is already full ( memorials :i* speak ! m]it ( our fri5d & ! gr&eur & utility ( 8 inv5tion4 ,e telegraphic /ation is su* a memorial2 e message s5t f "o ( ^! /ations to ano!r may be c\nt$ among ! hon\rs paid to 8 "n4 ,e telegraphic wire1 /rung f po/ to po/1 z x hums 9 ! w9d murmurs 8 eulogy4 ,b we are s con/itut$ t we insi/ ^u see+ ! =m ( t br[ b5ea? :i* an active1 re/less1 creative bra9 devis$ ! me*anism t 0 to subdue ! mo/ wayw>d ( ! elem5ts to ! s]vice ( man1 & make x 8 ob$i5t mess5g]4 ,we require to see ! eye t glitt]$ ) a ?\s& l(ty hopes :5 ! great discov]y 0 made1 & ! lips t curl$ ) a smile ( triumph :5 x became c]ta9 t ! lightn+ ( ! cl\ds w\ld become tractable to ! mo/ delicate t\*4 ,we dem& to see ! h& :i* fir/ /rung ! wire by ^: means ! sl5d] curr5ts ( ! electric fluid 7 taught ! alphabet ( e liv+ language--! h& :i* po9t$ !m to ! spot :]e !y 7 to inscribe & leave _! messages4 ,all ?is we h 9 ! /atue :i* has ?is day be5 unveil$ to ! eag] gaze ( ! public1 & 9 :i* ! arti/ has s skilfully & fai?fully fulfill$ 8 task z to satisfy ^? :o are ! h>de/ to please--! mo/ intimate fri5ds ( ! orig9al4 ,on behalf ( ! telegraphic work]s ( ! ,cont95t1 :o h s nobly & affectionately provid$ x1 ,i d n[ pres5t x to ! au?orities ( ! city ( ,new ,york = p]petual & lov+ c>e40 ,9 accept+ x1 ,mayor ,hall said3--8,our ,middle ,/ate city loves to rememb] h[ h] citiz5 ,frankl9 mode/ly pass$ ! portals ( ! temple ( electrical sci5ce2 a s\!rn city h[ h] citiz5 ,:itney develop$ a cotton empire2 a we/]n city h[ h] citiz5 ,mc,cormick pres5t$ to agriculture its greate/ boon2 adjac5t ea/]n cities gratefully recall h[ _! citiz5s ,morton & ,jackson bless$ humanity1 & h[ ,elias ,h[e light5$ ! toil ( ! poor4 ,! g5ius ( ^! ,am]icans *ang$ ! atmosph]e ( social life1 :i* n[ is n 9 any aspect ! same z x 0 to ! eld] g5]ation ( ?is ,union4 ,_! g5ius bless$ food1 raim5t1 & locomotion4 ,b ,new ,york *]i%es m pr\dly & gratefully ! ?\ght t ! g5ius ( h] citiz5 ,morse put all ^! inv5tions into _w-wide s]vice1 & is fa/ br++ toge!r all ! peoples :o 7 disp]s$ at ! ,t[] ( ,babel40 ,! v5]able ,pr(essor also deliv]$ a l5g?y spee*1 dur+ :i* he said t ! subscrib]s _h 8*os5 to imp]sonate 9 my humble effigy an inv5tion :i*1 cradl$ ^u ! ocean1 _h its bir? 9 an ,am]ican %ip4 ,x 0 nurs$ & *]i%$ n s mu* f p]sonal z f patriotic pride4 ,=eca/+ its future1 ev5 at its bir?1 my mo/ p[]ful /imulus to p]sev]ance ?r\gh all ! p]ils & trials ( its e>ly days--& !y 7 nei!r few nor insignificant--0 ! ?\ght t x mu/ inevitably be _w-wide 9 its application1 &1 moreov]1 t x w\ld ev]y:]e be hail$ z a grateful ,am]ican gift to ! nations4 ,x is 9 ?is aspect ( ! pres5t occasion t ,i look ^u y\r proce$+ z int5d$1 n s mu* z homage to an individual z to ! inv5tion #8^: l9es1' f ,am]ica1 #8h gone out ?r\gh all ! e>?1 & _! words to ! end ( ! _w4'444 ,x is b a few days s9ce1 t our v]itable antipodes became telegraphically unit$ to u4 ,we c speak to & receive an answ] 9 a few seconds ( "t f ,hong ,kong 9 ,*9a1 :]e #aj o'clock to-night "h is #aj o'clock 9 ! day !re1 & x is p]haps a debatable "q :e!r _! #aj o'clock is #aj to-day or #aj to-morr[4 ,*9a & ,new ,york are 9 int]locutory communication4 ,we "k ! fact1 b c imag9ation realise x80 ,at a public meet+ held 9 ! ev5+ 9 ! ,academy ( ,music a unique incid5t occurr$4 ,at #i o'clock all ! telegraph wires 9 ,am]ica1 !n measur+ ov] #ahj1jjj miles1 ) #f1jjj /ations1 7 s connect$ toge!r z to be 9 communication ) a s+le ,morse in/rum5t :i* /ood on a table visible to ! l>ge audi5ce pres5t4 ,by means ( ?is in/rum5t ! foll[+ message 0 transmitt$ to all ! /ations3--8,greet+ & ?anks to ! telegraph frat]nity ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/1 on e>? peace1 good w to m540 ,^! words 7 transmitt$ by an exp]t lady op]ator1 & !n ,pr(essor ,morse /epp$ =w>d to ! in/rum5t1 & mov$ ! h&le s z to transmit ! lett]s ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 a proce$+ :i* evok$ en?usia/ic applause4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,orton1 :o presid$1 said3 8,?us ! ,fa!r ( ! ,telegraph bids f>ewell to 8 *ildr540 ,! ,pr(essor aft]w>ds deliv]$ a long address1 rec\nt+ ! *ief ev5ts 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( 8 inv5tion4 ,8 cont9u$ int]e/ & fai? 9 ! telegraph 0 ev9c$ by a *>act]i/ic lett]1 :i* he wrote on ,decemb] #d?1 #ahga1 to ,mr4 ,cyrus ,field1 :o 0 !n att5d+ a ,telegraphic ,conv5tion 9 ,rome4 ,he said3--8,! excitem5t occasion$ by ! visit ( ! ,gr& ,duke ,alexis has b j ceas$1 & ,i h be5 :olly engross$ by ! v>i\s duties connect$ ) 8 pres5ce4 ,i h wi%$ = a few calm mom5ts to put on pap] "s ?\ghts respect+ ! do+s ( ! great ,telegraphic ,conv5tion to :i* y are a delegate4 ,! telegraph has n[ assum$ su* a m>vell\s position 9 human affairs ?r\gh\t ! _w2 its influ5ces are s great & important 9 all ! v>i$ conc]ns ( nations1 t its effici5t protection f injury has become a necessity4 ,x is a p[]ful advocate = univ]sal peace4 ,n t ( itself x c comm& a #8,peace1 be /ill1' to ! angry waves ( human passions1 b t by its rapid int]*ange ( ?\ght & op9ion x gives ! opportunity ( explanations to acts & to laws :i* 9 _! ord9>y word+ (t5 create d\bt & suspicion4 ,7 !re no means ( quick explanation1 x is readily se5 t d\bt & suspicion1 work+ on ! susceptibilities ( ! public m9d1 w\ld eng5d] misconception1 hatr$1 & /rife4 ,h[ important1 !n1 t 9 ! int]c\rse ( nations !re %\ld be ! ready means at h& = prompt correction & explanation6 ,c\ld !re n be pass$ 9 ! great ,int]national ,conv5tion "s resolution to ! effect t 9 :atev] condition1 :e!r ( peace or w> betwe5 nations1 ! telegraph %\ld be deem$ a sacr$ ?+1 to be by common cons5t effectually protect$1 bo? on l& & b5ea? ! wat]s8 ,9 ! int]e/ ( human happ9ess1 ( t #8,peace on e>?' :i*1 9 ann\nc+ ! adv5t ( ! ,savi\r1 ! angels proclaim$1 ) #8good w to m51' ,i hope t ! ,conv5tion w n adj\rn )\t adopt+ a resolution ask+ ( ! nations _! unit$ effective protection to ?is great ag5t ( civilisation4 ,! mode & t]ms ( su* resolution may be safely left to ! intellig5t memb]s ( ! hon\rable & di/+ui%$ ,conv5tion40 ,! read+ ( ?is lett] 9 ! ,conv5tion 0 hail$ ) prolong$ *e]s = ! writ] ( x1 & ! lett] 0 ord]$ to be pr9t$ among ! records ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,! dea? ( 8 bro!r ,sidney1 a few days lat]1 affect$ him v mu*1 & x !n became evid5t t 8 own life 0 ebb+ away4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate he 0 ask$ to unveil a bronze /atue ( ,frankl91 :i* ,capta9 ,alb]t de ,groot _h pres5t$ to ! pr9t]s ( ,new ,york1 & :i* 0 erect$ 9 front ( ! ,city ,hall4 ,?\gh conf9$ to b$ :5 ask$ to unveil ?is /atue1 ! ,pr(essor said he w\ld d x if he _h to be lift$ to ! spot2 & :5 he 0 introduc$ to ! va/ conc\rse ( p pres5t at ! c]emony z 8! di/+ui%$ inv5tor & pride ( our c\ntry10 he /at$ t no "o _h m reason to v5]ate ! "n ( ,frankl9 ?an himself1 & express$ a hope t ,frankl9's illu/ri\s example ( devotion to ! int]e/ ( univ]sal humanity might be ! se$ ( fur!r fruit = ! good ( ! _w4 ,mr4 ,horace ,greeley said t ,pr(essor ,morse seem$ to h be5 rais$ up by ,provid5ce to be ! cont9u] ( ! great "w ( :i* ,frankl9 0 ! beg9n]4 ,8 exposure to ! ke5 breeze bl[+ :5 he unveil$ ! ,frankl9 /atue aggravat$ ! neuralgia 9 8 head1 f :i* he suff]$ int5se pa94 ,he gradually sank1 & di/ract+ pa9 0 foll[$ by /upor4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,adams1 ( ! ,madison ,squ>e ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 ,new ,york1 ( :i* ! ,pr(essor 0 a memb]1 att5d$ him 9 8 illness1 & aft]w>ds gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 la/ days3--8,a %ort "t ago he 0 occupi$ ) o!r fell[-citiz5s 9 acts ( att5tion to a di/+ui%$ repres5tative ( ! ,royal ,h\se ( ,russia4 ,at ! ,holy ,communion ( ?is *ur* next ensu+1 an occasion 9 :i* = dome/ic & p]sonal reasons he felt an extraord9>y int]e/1 at ! close ( ! s]vice he approa*$ me ) m ?an usual w>m? & pressure ( ! h&1 &1 ) a beam+ c\nt5ance1 said3 #8,oh1 ?is is some?+ bett] & great] ?an /&+ be=e pr9ces4' ,8 piety _h ! simplicity ( *ildhood4 ,:5 8 bro!r ,sidney di$ la/ ,*ri/mas1 he began to die also4 ,?r\gh fe> ( excit+ al>m & giv+ di/ress to 8 own h\sehold1 he did n speak s mu* to !m z to "s o!rs1 ( 8 expect$ dep>ture1 b he us$ to say famili>ly to "s ) :om he 0 ready to conv]se ^u ?is subject1 #8,i love to be /udy+ ! ,guide ,book ( ! c\ntry to :i* ,i am go+2 ,i wi% to "k m & m ab\t x4' ,a few days be=e 8 decease1 9 ! privacy ( 8 *amb] ,i spoke to him ( ! great goodness ( ,god to him 9 8 rem>kable life4 #8,yes2 s good1 s good1' 0 ! quick response2 #8& ! be/ "p ( all is yet to come4' ,?\gh sp>$ m ?an eighty ye>s1 he saw none ( ! infirmities ( age1 ei!r ( m9d or body4 ,8 delicate ta/e1 8 love = ! beautiful1 8 fondness = ! f9e arts1 8 s\nd judgm5t1 8 intellectual activities1 8 public _s1 8 int5se int]e/ 9 all t conc]n$ ! welf>e & ! decoration ( ! city1 8 e>ne/ advocacy ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty ?r\gh\t ! _w--all cont9u$ unimpair$ to ! la/4 ,) p]fect heal? & ! full possession ( e faculty1 urbane & c\rte\s to all :o knew him1 !re 0 no infelicity ( temp] or mann] su* z sometimes befalls extreme age4 ,surr\nd$ by a "y family1 he 0 _! g5ial fri5d & companion z well z head1 sympa?is+ 9 all ! simple & innoc5t pleasures t give ! *>ms to home4 ,9 p>ticul> qualities he _h _m equals & sup]iors1 b 9 t r>e comb9ation ( qualities :i*1 l ! h>mony ( col\rs 9 ! f9i%$ picture1 made him :at he 01 he seems to h be5 unrivall$40--,on ! #bnd ( ,april1 #ahgb1 8,he pass$ f sun%9e to ! sunless l&40 ,8 rema9s 7 int]r$ 9 ,gre5wood ,cemet]y ?ree days aft] 8 dea?4 ,! fun]al s]vice 0 held 9 ,madison ,squ>e ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 & ! fun]al 0 att5d$ by repres5tatives ( ! lead+ telegraph companies 9 ,new ,york1 ( ! ,academy ( ,design1 ( ! ,evangelical ,alliance1 ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 ! ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art1 & o!r public bodies4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives a concurr5t resolution 0 pass$ record+ pr(\nd regret at ! dea? ( 8,pr(essor ,morse1 ^: di/+ui%$ & v>i$ abilities h contribut$ m ?an ^? ( any o!r p]son to ! developm5t & progress ( ! practical arts10 & decl>+ t 8 purity ( life1 8 l(t9ess ( sci5tific aim1 & 8 resolute fai? 9 tru?1 r5d]$ x highly prop] t ! ,repres5tatives & ,s5ators %\ld solemnly te/ify to 8 wor? & greatness4 ,mr4 ,wood1 ( ,new ,york city1 be+ ! only memb] !n 9 ! ,h\se :o vot$ 9 #ahdc = ! bill = ! exp]im5tal telegraph l9e1 gave a sket* ( ! measure :i* enabl$ ,pr(essor ,morse to br+ 8 inv5tion to a practical te/4 ,o!r admir]s paid _! tributes ( respect 9 v]ses1 su* z ! foll[+3-- 8,m5 ( e fai? & nation ,honor1 love1 rev]e1 admire ,"o :o s\ght n adulation ,:5 he *a9$ ! electric fire2 8,:o1 disc\rag$ & defeat$1 ,bore x ) a pati5t grace2 ,by no boa/ful pride elat$1 ,:5 he conqu]$ "t & space40 ,,index4 ,a ,ac\/ic figures1 #aag ,alp9e adv5tures ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 #fj ,alps1 accid5ts on1 #fe ,am]ica1 electrical discov]ies 91 #bca2 fir/ l9e ( telegraph 91 #bgc2 telegraph 9 7see ,morse & ,telegraph72 visit ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall to1 #gd ,ampre's electrical discov]ies1 #ia2 propos$ telegraph1 #acd ,aque\s vap\r & radiant heat1 #dd ,arago's electrical discov]ies1 #ia ,atlantic cable1 #aic1 #bgf1 #bib ,automatic telegraph1 ,:eat/one's1 #aii ,b ,ba91 ,alex&]1 inv5tions claim$ by1 #afj1 #ahe1 #cje ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton telegraph1 #bgc ,batt]ies describ$--,volta's1 #hh2 ,grove's1 #hi2 ,daniell's1 #abh ,be] disease1 #ec ,bible descriptions ( nature1 #f ,biographies1 use (1 xi41 xiv4 ,blackwall telegraph1 #afg1 #agc ,brew/]1 ,sir ,david's acc\nt ( fir/ telegraph1 #aej2 on vision1 #baj2 improvem5t ( /]eoscope1 #bab ,bridge1 ,:eat/one1 #afd ,bryant1 ,w4 ,cull51 on ,morse & 8 telegraph1 #beb1 #caf ,c ,cables1 e>lie/1 #ahg1 #bfi1 #bib ,caloresc5ce1 #dg ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 rem9isc5ces (1 #ii ,celtic g5ius & sci5ce1 #g ,*annel cable1 fir/1 #ahg1 #aia ,*>ges = telegraph+1 #aha ,*9a1 telegraph to1 #cag ,cl>k1 ,latim]1 on fir/ ,engli% telegraph1 #aeb2 on ,:eat/one's s+le-ne$le telegraph1 #afg2 on ,:eat/one's works1 #bbi ,clock1 ,:eat/one's electro-magnetic1 #afj ,cl\ds1 exp]im5ts 9 produc+1 #di ,conc]t9a1 inv5tion (1 #abj ,congress1 ,am]ican1 & telegraph1 #bfc1 #bgj ,cooke1 ,w4 ,f41 acc\nt ( 8 fir/ connection ) telegraph1 #aej1 #aeb2 dispute ) ,:eat/one ab\t telegraph1 #acd1 #ach1 #adf2 ef=ts to ext5d telegraph1 #agc2 =mation ( ,electric ,telegraph ,company1 #ahc ,cruik%ank1 ,george1 on fir/ telegraph1 #ada ,cryptograph1 inv5tion (1 #bai ,cry/als1 =mation (1 #if2 magnetic prop]ties (1 #bd ,d ,daniell1 ,pr(essor1 on ,:eat/one's fir/ telegraph1 #adi ,daniell's con/ant batt]y1 #abh ,day1 ,pr(essor ,j41 electrical lectures1 #bcd ,dial telegraphs1 ,:eat/one's1 #aeh1 #aif ,diamagnetism discov]$1 #bc2 inve/igat$ by ,tyndall & o!rs1 #bd1 #bi1 #cc ,dynamic radiation ( heat1 #dc ,dynamo ma*9e1 inv5tion (1 #bjf ,e ,e>? z return circuit1 #aga2 rotatory motion1 #bag ,e>?'s magnetic =ce1 #bf ,electric curr5ts1 measurem5t (1 #ic1 #afc ,electric telegraph4 ,see ,telegraph4 ,electric ,telegraph ,company1 =mation (1 #ahc ,electrical biographies1 use (1 xi4 ,electrical heat & light1 #hi ,electricians1 di/ribution (1 xii41 #bca ,electricity1 production (1 #bb1 #hh1 #ia1 #id1 #bcb2 =ce (1 #afc2 velocity (1 #ic ,ellswor?1 ,miss1 connection ) ,morse telegraph1 #bgb1 #bgg ,en*ant$ lyre1 ,:eat/one's1 #aaa ,evolution1 e>ly days ( ,d>w9ian !ory (1 #ig ,explod]1 ,:eat/one's1 #ahf ,explosion ( m9es by electricity1 #ahe ,f ,f>aday's associations ) ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 #bf1 #cj1 #ajb2 electrical & magnetic discov]ies1 #bc2 lecture on sci5tific !ories1 #cb2 on ,:eat/one's telegraph1 #aih ,=bes1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d41 on glaci]s1 #cg1 #dj ,frankl&1 ,dr41 associat$ ) ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 #ae2 glaci] !ory by1 #de ,g ,gale1 ,pr(essor1 assi/$ ,morse ) telegraph1 #bdi ,gases1 radiation & absorption ( heat by1 #db2 s\nd+ p[] (1 #eh ,gauss & ,web]'s telegraph1 #acf ,g]m !ory1 #ea1 #ih ,g]man sci5ti/s1 #ba1 #bg ,g]many1 sci5ce 91 betwe5 #ahdj & #ahej1 #af2 /ud5t life 91 #ag2 telegraph 91 #acf ,glaci] ph5om5a1 #ch ,h ,h>monium1 ,:eat/one's improvem5ts 91 #abc ,heat1 radiant1 inve/igation (1 #db1 #eh ,h\se1 ,r4 ,e41 pr9t+ telegraph by1 #cjf ,i ,induc$ electricity1 discov]y (1 by ,f>aday1 #bb ,inv5tions1 popul> acc\nts ( orig9 (1 #afg2 ,morse's def9ition (1 #bhj2 public appreciation (1 #bha1 #cjb ,iri% sci5ti/s1 #g ,j ,jackson1 ,dr41 disputes ) ,morse orig9 ( telegraph1 #bdd1 #bef ,k ,kaleidophone1 #aag ,l ,light1 velocity (1 #abe ,lightn+ conductors1 #aca ,longitude det]m9$ by telegraph1 #bhg ,m ,magnetic attraction1 #bh ,magnetic explod]1 #ahf ,magnetisation ( light1 #ic ,magnetism & diamagnetism1 #bc1 #bi2 ( ! e>?1 #bf ,magnetism & electricity1 #bb1 #ia ,magnetism1 me*anical !ory (1 #ic ,magneto-electric ma*9e1 ,:eat/one's1 #aei ,magnets1 int]action (1 #ia2 l5g!n$ by electricity1 #ib ,m>burg1 /ud5t life 91 #ag ,measurem5t ( electric curr5ts1 ,:eat/one's plans =1 #abd1 #afc ,metals1 new1 discov]$ by electric sp>k analysis1 #abg ,microphone1 fir/ use ( ^w1 #aai ,morse alphabet1 uses (1 #cjg ,morse1 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,f4 ,b43 arti/1 h[ he became an1 #bcf2 success z1 #bdc2 :y he ceas$ to be an1 #bgi ,atlantic cable1 connection )1 #bgf1 #bib bir? 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(1 #aaa bridge1 #afd cryptograph1 #bai dea? & fun]al1 #bbh deciph]+ secret docum5t1 #bbj dispute ) ,w4 ,f4 ,cooke ab\t telegraph1 #acd1 #ach1 #adf1 #aec electricity1 fir/ /udies 91 #abc en*ant$ lyre (1 #aaa h>monium improvem5ts1 #abc hon\rs conf]r$ on1 #aff1 #bbf inv5tion ( *ronoscope1 #afb2 conc]t9a1 #abj2 cryptograph1 #bai2 dynamo1 #bjf2 electric clock1 #afj2 en*ant$ lyre1 #aaa2 kaleidophone1 #aag2 magnetic explod]1 #ahf2 magneto-electric ma*9e1 #aei2 pol> clock1 #bbc2 pseudoscope1 #baf2 /]eoscope1 #baj2 telegraph1 #acd 7see ,telegraph72 !rmomet]s1 #bba inv5tions1 p]iodicity (1 #bbc inve/igation ( algebra1 #bbd2 ,*ladni figures1 #aag2 e>?'s motion1 #bag2 m5tal philosophy1 #aag2 musical in/rum5ts1 #abj2 pol>is$ light1 #bbb2 s\nd1 #aaf1 #aah2 subm>9e cables1 #ahg2 subm>9e explosions1 #ahe2 !rmo-electric pile1 #abi1 #bje2 tone1 #bbd2 vision1 #baj inve/igations1 late/ & incomplete1 #bbd lightn+ conductors1 op9ions on1 #aca magnetic explod]1 #ahf measurem5t ( =ce ( electric curr5ts1 #afc orig9ality ( 8 telegraph1 #acd1 #ach1 #add pat5ts (1 #adb1 #aed1 #afj1 #afg1 #aif peculi>ities (1 #bbe ,pr(essor ( ,exp]im5tal ,physics at ,k+'s ,college1 #abc revolv+ mirror1 #abd speak+ ma*9es1 improvem5ts 91 #aag spectrum analysis ( electric light1 #abg subm>9e cables1 e>ly exp]im5ts )1 #ahg telegraph1 diagram ( fir/1 #ada2 hi/ory (1 #add1 #aec2 orig9 (1 #acd1 #ach1 #adb1 #aec telegraphic in/rum5ts1 automatic1 #aii2 dial1 #aeh1 #aif2 ne$le1 #ada1 #ade1 #afg2 pr9t+1 #afa !rmo-electric pile1 #abi1 #bje ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 #h4 #b1 ,,:ite ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,:ittak] ,,& ,,co4',s ,,new ,,publications4 ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,electricians4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,,pr(essors ,,tyndall1 ,,:eat/one1 ,,& ,,morse4 ,,by ,,william ,t4 ,,jeans4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,! fir/ volume ( a s]ies ( ,lives ( ! ,electricians4 ,x w conta9 popul> biographies ( ,pr(essors ,tyndall1 ,:eat/one1 & ,morse1 tell+ incid5tally ! /ory ( ! progress ( ! electric telegraph f its orig9 9 #ahcg to ! pres5t "t4 ,next ye> w be ! jubilee ( ! electric telegraph 9 ,engl&4 8,,! ,,speciali/s' ,,s]ies40 ,,new ,,volume1 ,,j ,,publi%$3-- ,heat4 ,,on ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,heat ,,into ,,"w4 ,a ,practical ,h&book on ,heat-,eng9es4 ,by ,,william ,,&]son1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,) #ee ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 viii-#beb1 #fs4 clo?4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to popul>ize ! doctr9e t1 9 heat-eng9es1 ! "w giv5 out is due to ! conv]sion ( ! molecul> motion ( heat into ! visible motion :i* x is desir$ to produce2 & fur!r to illu/rate1 by num]\s practical examples1 ! applicability ( ! doctr9e ( ,sadi ,c>not to def9+ ! limits )9 :i* improvem5t 9 ! economical work+ ( heat-eng9es is possible4 ,,! ,,telephone ,,& ,,its ,,practical ,,applications4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,j4 ,,mai]1 ,ph4,d4 ,ready %ortly4 8,,! ,,speciali/s' ,,s]ies40 ,a ,new ,s]ies ( ,h&books = ,/ud5ts & ,practical ,eng9e]s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 clo?4 ,illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t ) orig9al & practical ,illu/rations4 ,,n[ ,,ready4 ,electric ,light+4 ,,arc ,,& ,,gl[ ,,lamps4 ,a ,practical ,h&book on ,electric ,light+4 ,by ,,julius ,,mai]1 ,ph4,d41 ,assoc4 ,soc4 ,tel4 ,eng41 etc4 ,) #gh ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 viii-#cgf1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j ,publi%$4 ,! :ole sy/em ( mod]n electric illum9ation is dealt ) 9 ?is volume4 ,x gives a detail$ description ( all ! pr9cipal mod]n g5]ators & lamps1 toge!r ) conductors & ! o!r appliances requir$ 9 electric light in/allations4 ,x conta9s also a full acc\nt ( ! v>i\s ,applications ( ,electric ,light+ up to rec5t date4 8,! au?or has collect$ all ! mo/ rec5t available in=mation conc]n+ ! process ( manufacture1 life1 c41 ( arc & gl[ lamps 9 a v conv5i5t & readable =m4 ,inde$1 we d n "k any "w 9 :i* ! subject is1 on ! :ole1 s fully h&l$40--,! ,eng9e]4 ,electric ,transmission ( ,en]gy4 ,,electric ,,transmission ,,( ,,en]gy1 & its ,trans=mation1 ,subdivision1 & ,di/ribution4 ,a ,practical ,h&book by ,,gisb]t ,,kapp1 ,c4,e41 ,associate ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 c4 ,) #aai ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 xi-#cca1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( ! au?or to pres5t ! sci5tific "p ( ! subject 9 z simple a =m z possible1 giv+ descriptions ( "w actually c>ri$ out4 ,he has endeav\r$ 9 ?is way to place be=e ! read] an unbiass$ report on ! pres5t /ate ( electric transmission ( en]gy4 8,?is is #8a practical h&book' p> excell5ce--a book :i* w be read1 /udi$1 & us$ n by electricians m]ely1 b by mo/ eng9e]s4 ,x conta9s a va/ am\nt ( orig9al matt]1 & x be>s ! signs ( mu* pati5t ?\ght assi/$ by practical exp]i5ce4---- 8,we _c speak too highly ( ?is admirable book1 & we tru/ future editions w foll[ 9 rapid succession40--,electrical ,review4 8,a valuable "w2 writt5 ) reg>d to facts only40--,electrician4 ,gas ,motors4 ,,gas ,,eng9es4 ,_! ,!ory & ,managem5t4 ,by ,,william ,,macgregor4 ,) #g ,plates4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #bde1 #hs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,li/ ( ,cont5ts4 ,introductory--,direct ,work+ ,eng9es )\t ,compression--,gas ,eng9es work+ ) ,compression--,compression ,eng9es ) ,compress+ ,pump--,!ory ( ! ,gas ,eng9e--,relative ,spe$ ( ,combu/ion 9 ,gase\s ,explosive ,mixtures--,witz's ,!oretical ,cycles ( ,gas ,eng9es--,"s fur!r ,!oretical ,data--,cl]k's ,!ory ( ! ,gas ,eng9e--,! ,gas ,eng9e ,indicator-,diagram--,index4 8,mr4 ,macgregor has collect$ a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation on 8 subject ( a k9d :i* may prove valuable to _m read]s4 ,all :o desire to be well in=m$ 9 gas eng9es w be able to get :at !y want f ^! pages40--,eng9e]+4 8,f ! ,abb ,hautefeuille's p[d] ma*9e1 inv5t$ 9 #afgh1 to ! ,maxim ,pat5t ( #ahhc1 is a long record ( progress fully detail$ 9 ,mr4 ,macgregor's useful & int]e/+ book40--,saturday ,review4 8,?is h&book may be safely recomm5d$ to all /ud5ts :o wi% to acquire a ?or\gh practical k ( ! me*anism & !oretical pr9ciples ( ! gas eng9e40--,! ,build+ ,news4 ,electro ,motors4 ,,magneto- ,,& ,,dynamo-,,electric ,,ma*9es4 ,) a ,description ( ,electric ,accumulators4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,,glas] ,,de ,,cew4 ,) #fa ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 xiii-#cja1 #fs4 clo?4 ,9 successive *apt]s ! au?or consid]s electrical units2 ! hi/orical developm5t ( magneto- & dynamo-electric g5]ators2 ma*9es g5]at+ alt]nat+ & direct curr5ts2 ! p>ticul> applicability ( ! v>i\s electric g5]ators2 automatic swit*es & curr5t regulation2 electrical /orage2 ! physical laws be>+ on ! con/ruction ( electric g5]ators2 ! con/ruction ( ! sev]al p>ts ( electric g5]ators2 ! employm5t ( ^! ma*9es 9 produc+ ! electric light2 & = v>i\s o!r purposes4 8,almo/ all ! be/ kn[n ma*9es are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) ! discussion ( c]ta9 !oretical que/ions40--,electrician4 8,w be welcom$ by ^? :o wi%1 )\t /udy+ ! matt] = pr(essional purposes1 to possess a sci5tific k ( mod]n electrical ma*9es40--,engli% ,me*anic4 8,pres5ts 9 cond5s$ =m an epitome ( electrical progress up to rec5t dates40--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,balloon+4 ,,balloon+3 ,a ,concise ,sket* ( its ,hi/ory & ,pr9ciples4 ,f ! be/ s\rces1 ,cont95tal & ,engli%4 ,by ,g4 ,,may4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 vi-#ig1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is deals1 n ) ! possibilities ( aronautics on vague assumption1 b gives in=mation f a practical view ( :at has be5 done1 %[+ ! pres5t position4 ,li/ ( ,cont5ts4 ,introduction--,fir/ ,practical ,exp]im5ts--,res\rces & ,incid5ts--,! ,practical ,application ( ,aronautics--,milit>y ,applications ( ,balloon+--,/e]+ ,p[]--,pres5t ,/ate ( ,balloon+ & ,rec5t ,proposals = ,/e]+ ,balloons--,! ,co/4 8,mr4 ,may gives a cle> idea ( all ! exp]im5ts & improvem5ts 9 aro-navigation f its beg9n+1 & ! v>i\s useful purposes to :i* x has be5 appli$40--,contempor>y ,review4 8,x conf9es itself to ! /atem5t ( facts1 & %\ld fulfil completely ! purpose = :i* x 0 writt540--,! ,graphic4 ,,j ,,publi%$4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,magnetic ,,measurem5ts1 ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,lea/ ,,squ>es4 ,,by ,,francis ,e4 ,,niph]1 ,a4,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is1 & ,presid5t ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,"o ,volume4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,w be ,publi%$ e>ly 9 ,janu>y4 ,"o ,volume1 royal #dto1 ) #ba d\ble & #cj s+le ,plates4 ,,te*nical ,,s*ool ,,& ,,college ,,build+s3 ,,be+ ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,design ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,appli$ ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,build+s1 ,,& ,,_! ,,suitable ,,fitt+s ,,& ,,sanitation1 ,,) ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,te*nical ,,education4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,cookwor?y ,,rob9s1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,in/it4 ( ,brit4 ,ar*itects1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,surveyors1 ,memb] ( ,c\ncil ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 c4 c41 ,memb] ( ! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute = ! ,advancem5t ( ,te*nical ,education4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,introduction4 ,i4 ,our ,briti% & ,=eign ,te*nical ,education4 ,,ii4 ,an ,analysis ( ! ,second ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission]s on ,te*nical ,education4 ,,iii4 ,build+s = ,appli$ ,sci5ce & ,art ,in/ruction4 ,illu/rat$ by ,=eign examples4 ,,iv4 ,build+s = ,appli$ ,sci5ce & ,art ,in/ruction4 ,illu/rat$ by ,engli% examples4 ,v4 ,fitt+s necess>y = ,appli$ ,sci5ce ,in/ruction4 ,,vi4 ,a ,description ( ! v>i\s ,draw+s illu/rat+ ! ,fitt+s requir$ = ,sci5ce ,build+s4 ,,vii4 ,heat+ & ,v5tilation z requir$ = su* ,build+s1 & ,belgian mode ( ,calculation4 ,,viii4 ,special examples ( ,heat+ & ,v5tilation4 ,,ix4 ,build+s = ,second>y ,education g5]ally 7) discussion !reon74 ,x4 ,sanit>y ,sci5ce 9 its relation to ,civil ,ar*itecture 7) discussion !reon74 ,,london3 ,,:ittak] ,,& ,,co41 #b1 ,,:ite ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e1 ,e4,c4 ,! ,*eape/ & ! ,be/ ,(fice ,book1 h&somely b\nd 9 fcap4 #hvo4 ,w be ,publi%$ e>ly 9 ,janu>y4 ,,dod',s ,,pe]age1 ,,b>onetage1 ,,& ,,knightage ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&1 ,,= #ahhg1 ,,includ+ ,,all ,,! ,,titl$ ,,classes4 ,=ty-,sev5? ,ye>4 ,?is diff]s f all o!r ,pe]ages 9--,i4 ,its l[ price4 ,,ii4 ,its enl>g$ ,cont5ts4 ,,iii4 ,its facility ( ref]5ce4 ,clo?1 gilt1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,j ,,publi%$4 ,a ,new ,edition conta9+ all ! rec5t ,p>liam5t>y *anges to ,augu/ #bj?4 ,,dod',s ,,p>liam5t>y ,,companion4 #fj? issue4 #ahhf4 ,second ,edition4 ,neatly b\nd1 gilt edges1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,surtees' ,,society',s ,,publications4 ,new ,volumes4 ,j ,publi%$4 ,,york%ire ,,di>ies ,,& ,,autobiographies ,,9 ,,! #ag? & #ah? ,,c5turies4 ,) ,portraits1 #hvo1 pp4 ii-#agc4 ,clo?4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,memorials ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,ss4 ,,pet] ,,& ,,wilfrid1 ,,ripon4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #hvo1 pp4 xii-#cih4 ,clo?4 #aes4 ,,j ,,publi%$4 ,a ,*eap ,edition ( ,nimrod's ,celebrat$ ,lett]s4 ,,nimrod',s ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,hunt]s4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,horses ,,& ,,_! ,,managem5t4 ,,by ,c4 ,,tongue4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ta/efully b\nd 9 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,practical ,,m]cantile ,,correspond5ce4 ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,lett]s ,,& ,,=ms ,,) ,,explanatory ,,notes1 ,,indicat+ ,,! ,,correct ,,equival5ts ,,9 ,,fr5*1 ,,g]man1 ,,or ,,engli%1 ,,& ,a ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,t]ms4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,l4 ,,simon1 ,,*r4 ,,vogel1 ,,ph4,d41 ,h4 ,p4 ,,skelton1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,wrankmore1 ,,lel& ,,mason1 ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,n[ ,ready1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,,engli%1 ,,) ,,g]man ,,notes4 #cs4 ,,g]man1 ,,) ,,engli% ,,notes4 #cs4 ,,engli%1 ,,) ,,fr5* ,,notes4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,fr5*1 ,,) ,,engli% ,,notes4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,te*nological ,,h&books4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,h4 ,,trueman ,,wood1 ,b4,b4 ,secret>y to ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,te*nical ,manuals = ! use ( ,workm5 & o!rs practically int]e/$ 9 ! ,indu/rial ,arts1 & specially adapt$ = ,c&idates 9 ! ,exam9ations ( ! ,city ,guilds ,in/itute4 ,illu/rat$ & uni=mly pr9t$ 9 small po/ #hvo4 #a4 ,,dye+ ,,& ,,tissue-,,pr9t+4 ,by ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,v4,p4,c4,s4 #es4 #b4 ,,glass ,,manufacture4 ,,introductory ,,essay by ,h4 ,j4 ,,p[ell1 ,b4,a4 7,:itefri>s ,glass ,works72 ,,cr[n ,,& ,,%eet ,,glass1 by ,,h5ry ,,*ance1 ,m4,a4 7,*ance ,bros41 ,birm+ham72 ,,plate ,,glass1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,,h>ris1 ,assoc4 ,memb4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 #cs4 #f;d4 #c4 ,,cotton ,,sp9n+3 ,its ,developm5t1 ,pr9ciples1 & ,practice4 ,by ,r4 ,,m>sd51 ,editor ( ! 8,textile ,manufactur]10 ) an ,app5dix on ,/eam ,eng9es & ,boil]s4 #fs4 #f;d4 #d4 ,,coal-,,t> ,,col\rs1 ,! ,*emi/ry (4 ,) special ref]5ce to _! application to ,dye+1 c4 ,by ,,dr4 ,r4 ,,b5$ik1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,e4 ,,kne*t1 ,ph4,d41 ,head ,ma/] ( ! ,*emi/ry & ,dye+ ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,te*nical ,college1 ,brad=d4 #es4 ,ready1 #b vols41 #hvo1 pp4 #gaa-igj1 clo?1 #a #gs4 ,,te*nological ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,& ,,g]man ,,languages4 ,conta9+ ,words & ,phrases employ$ 9 ,civil & ,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,%ipbuild+ & ,navigation1 ,railway ,con/ruction1 ,me*anics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,*emical ,te*nology1 ,indu/rial ,arts1 ,agriculture1 ,comm]ce1 ,m9+1 ,physics1 ,meteorology1 ,metallurgy1 ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,m9]alogy1 ,botany1 c4 ,9 ,co-op]ation ) ,p4 ,r4 ,b$son1 ,o4 ,br&es1 ,m4 ,brtt1 ,*4 ,a4 ,burgh>dt1 ,?4 ,c>nelly1 ,j4 ,j4 ,hummel1 ,j4 ,g4 ,lunge1 ,j4 ,lro?1 ,g4 ,s*ffl]1 ,w4 ,h4 ,m4 ,w>d1 ,w4 ,c>leton ,williams4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,gu/avus ,,eg]1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool ( ,d>m/adt1 c4 ,vol4 ,i4--,engli%-,g]man4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,g]man-,engli%4 8,a really valuable "w1 :i* treats ! two languages well & exhau/ively1 &1 be/ ( all1 correctly4 ,we c confid5tly recomm5d x to e "o :o has to "w 9 ,engli% & ,g]man te*nical t]ms40--,eng9e]+4 ,j publi%$1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,engli%-,spani%1 9 sup]-royal #hvo1 pp4 #hgc1 b\nd 9 half-morocco1 #a #afs4 ,,te*nological ,,diction>y4 ,,engli%-,,spani% ,,& ,,spani%-,,engli%4 ,conta9+ ,t]ms employ$ 9 ! ,appli$ ,sci5ces1 ,indu/rial ,arts1 ,me*anics1 ,f9e ,arts1 ,metallurgy1 ,ma*9]y1 ,comm]ce1 ,%ip-build+ & ,navigation1 ,civil & ,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,agriculture1 ,railway ,con/ruction1 ,electro-te*nics1 c4 ,,by ,,ne/or ,,ponce ,,de ,,leon4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,engli%-,,spani%4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,spani%-,,engli%4 ,9 ,prep>ation4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?1 pp4 xii-#bjc1 price #es4 ,a ,,bibliography ,,( ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism1 #ahfj to #ahhc4 ,) ,special ,ref]5ces to ,electro-,te*nics4 ,,compil$ ,,by ,g4 ,,may4 ,) an ,index by ,o4 ,,salle1 ,ph4,d4 ,clo?1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ea*2 ! ,two ,p>ts 9 "o ,volume1 #es4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,engli%-,,g]man4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,g]man-,,engli%4 ,,te*nological ,,diction>y ,( ! ,physical1 ,me*anical1 & ,*emical ,sci5ces4 ,by ,f4 ,j4 ,,w]%or51 ,d4,sc4 8,x is wor? hav+1 & by its *eapness 9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody40--,textile ,col\ri/4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,,fod5',s ,,me*anical ,,tables ,= ,smi?s & ,millwrights4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #dg1 #as4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,london3 ,,:ittak] ,,& ,,co41 #b1 ,,:ite ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e1 ,e4,c4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,words & phrases 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores1 l ?is4 ,^? 9 bold are surr\nd$ by equal signs1 l ?is4 ,footnotes 7 r5umb]$ sequ5tially & 7 mov$ to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,obvi\s pr9t+ errors1 su* z backw>ds1 upside d[n1 rev]s$ ord]1 or p>tially pr9t$ lett]s & punctuation1 7 correct$4 ,f9al /ops miss+ at ! end ( s5t5ces & abbreviations 7 add$4 ,words may h multiple spell+ v>iations or inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! text4 ,^! 7 left un*ang$4 ,j>gon1 dialect1 obsolete & alt]native spell+s 7 left un*ang$4 ,spell+ corrections3 ,kei?ly to ,keighley ,leipsic to ,leipsig ,alantic to ,atlantic vice-pres$5t to vice-presid5t pati5t to pat5t ,presid5tal to ,presid5tial