,,insect ,,manufactures4 ,,publi%$ ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,education1 ,,appo9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,society ,,= ,,promot+ ,,*ri/ian ,,k4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,! ,,society ,,= ,,promot+ ,,*ri/ian ,,k4 ,,sold ,,at ,,! ,,depository1 ,,great ,,que5 ,,/reet1 ,,l9coln',s ,,inn ,,fields ,,& #d1 ,,royal ,,ex*ange4 #ahdg4 ,,london ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,insect ,,manufactures ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,introduction #c ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,silk ,,by ,,cat]pill>s ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,silk ,,by ,,! ,,silkworm #ca ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,silk ,,by ,,spid]s #ee ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,wax ,,by ,,! ,,hive ,,bee1 ,,! ,,humble ,,bee1 ,,& ,,! ,,:ite ,,wax ,,insect ,,( ,,*9a #gc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,honey ,,by ,,! ,,hive ,,bee #ii ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,co*9eal ,,by ,,! ,,coccus ,,cacti1 ,,or ,,co*9eal ,,insect #aac ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gum ,,lac ,,by ,,! ,,lac ,,insect #acc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,nut ,,galls ,,by ,,! ,,gall ,,insect #adc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,o!r ,,insect ,,productions ,,useful ,,to ,,man #aed ,illu/ration ,,introduction4 ,if we are /ruck ) wond] & admiration at ! progress ( ! arts & manufactures1 & h daily reason to congratulate ourselves on ! skill & +5uity ( our fell[-creatures1 by :i* our com=ts & conv5i5ces are s mu* increas$2 x mu/ also occasionally h cross$ our m9ds1 t "s ( ! mean] creatures1 ?\gh n gift$ ) our reason+ p[]s1 & !re=e n able to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 are yet employ$ 9 _! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 & accord+ to _! sev]al wants1 9 exce$+ly curi\s & useful manufactures1 mo/ly design$ = ! %elt] & pres]vation ( !mselves or _! (fspr+1 b s]v+1 n unfrequ5tly1 a high] purpose1 9 adm9i/]+ to ! wants ( mank9d4 ,9 read+ ! hi/ory1 or 9 wat*+ ! proce$+s ( birds & insects1 h[ _m rem>kable in/ances d we meet ) ( t :i* may be call$ manufacture1 ?\gh p]=m$ )\t h&s6 ,h[ curi\s to wat* 9 ! e>ly spr+ ! proce$+s ( ^? busy basket-mak+ birds1 ! rooks6 ,rude & clumsy z _! ne/s may at fir/ appe>1 x is j ! sort ( workman%ip be/ calculat$ = _! wants4 ,!y d n1 inde$1 *oose ! smoo? & flexible osi]-twigs :i* we %\ld ?9k necess>y = basket-mak+1 b !y contrive by means ( brittle1 dead1 =k$ /icks1 to plait toge!r a /rong bri/l+ out-"w1 )9 :i* !y int]weave a f9] basket-"w ( fibr\s roots1 rude inde$1 b n inelegant or unsuitable4 ,!n1 among birds & insects too1 :at p]sev]+ & indu/ri\s c>p5t]s1 masons1 tailors1 m9]s1 & weav]s may we n f9d4 ,p]haps !re are n _m p]sons :o h wat*$ ! mason-wasps bor+ _! gall]ies 9 brick or s&1 or build+ ! r\nd t[]s :i* s]ve !m z out-works2 nor ! mason-bee1 z %e pla/]s toge!r h] neat mud-wall cottage or cell1 z ! future habitation ( h] "y2 b !re are few p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ! masonry ( ! *imney swall[1 or ( ! h\se-m>t9 twitt]+ on ! eaves4 ,) no o!r tools ?an ^? :i* nature supplies1 h[ clev]ly d ^! creatures %ape & m\ld _! ne/s into ! requir$ =m1 us+ = _! "w a mort> c>efully prep>$ by _! own lab\r & skill1 & j ( ! consi/5cy requir$4 ,few1 aga91 may h _h an opportunity ( see+ c>p5t]-bees bor+ holes 9 po/s or pal+s1 & =m+ _! smoo?ly *isell$ cells1 or ( inspect+ ! p>tition$ gall]ies dug out 9 old timb] by c>p5t]-wasps2 b p]haps _m p]sons h obs]v$ ! colonies ( emmets1 or c>p5t]-ants1 work+ 9 ! trunks ( decay+ oak or will[ trees2 or !y may h li/5$ to t int]e/+ c>p5t]-bird1 ! wood-peck]1 tapp+ & bor+ into trees1 9 pursuit ( insects1 & = ! purpose ( mak+ a ne/+-place = its "y4 ,mo/ ( u "k only by he>say t !re are tailor-birds1 common en\gh 9 ,am]ican or*>ds1 :o sew toge!r broad pieces ( grass to make _! ne/s1 work+ !m ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 z if actually done ) a ne$le2 b almo/ e "o c say f 8 own k1 t !re are weav]-birds1 su* z our common h$ge-sp>r[ & *aff9*1 :o weave a circul> piece ( hairclo? = ! int]ior ( _! ne/s1 ea* hair be+ collect$ & int]wov5 s+ly1 & always b5t s z to lie smoo?ly 9 ! holl[ ( ! ne/4 ,!n :o %all describe all ! wondr\s proce$+s ( t5t-mak+ cat]pill>s1 uphol/]]-bees1 turret-build+ ants1 net-mak+ spid]s1 pap] & c>d-mak+ wasps1 & sp9n+ worms8 ,volumes h be5 writt51 & volumes might /ill be writt5 on ! hi/ory ( ^! creatures4 ,any "o possess+ a g>d51 & tak+ delight !re91 has ample opportunity ( wat*+ ! habits ( birds & insects1 & ( confirm+1 if n ( add+ to1 ! acc\nts giv5 by naturali/s1 ( ! common] species4 ,b we mu/ /ill be indebt$ to ! pati5t obs]vations ( ^? :o h made insects or birds _! especial /udy1 = _m ( ! mo/ curi\s p>ticul>s1 & = all our k ( r>e or =eign species4 ,int]e/+ z is ! :ole subject ( bird & insect manufactures1 !re is "o dep>tm5t 9 :i* we are m conc]n$ ?an ! re/2 namely1 t 9 :i* ! product c be appli$ to our own use1 ei!r 9 ! way ( food or clo?+4 ,n[ ?is dep>tm5t is suppli$ :olly by insects1 no bird1 t we are aw>e (1 produc+ by its own manufactur+ p[]s1 any sub/ance t c be s employ$1 unless1 inde$1 we except ! curi\s edible ne/s ( ! ,java swall[1 :i* h be5 conv]t$ by ! ta/e ( ori5tal epicures into an article ( food4 ,let u !n proce$ to notice su* ( ! insect manufactures z are useful to man1 & trace1 at ! same "t1 ! hi/ory & p]=mances ( ^! small b n insignificant manufactur]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt]flies ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,silk ,,by ,,cat]pill>s ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds4 ,! mo/ important ( all ! insect manufactures is d\btless t ( silk-sp9n+4 ,x seems almo/ pa/ belief t ! magnific5t velvets1 sat9s1 & silks :i* =m s elegant a "p ( female attire1 & :i* are heap$ toge!r 9 su* co/ly pr(usion 9 ! %ops ( ! metropolis1 & 9 ^? ( all consid]able t[ns1 :e!r 9 our own1 or 9 =eign c\ntries--t ^! spl5did fabrics1 toge!r ) all ribbons1 gauzes1 damasks1 or o!r articles compos$ ( silk1 %\ld owe ! raw mat]ial ( :i* !y are =m$ to ! lab\rs ( a race ( little creep+ cat]pill>s1 :i* 9 ?is _! e>ly & imp]fect /ate sp9 = !mselves cocoons1 or cases ( silk1 :]e !y may quietly und]go _! *anges until !y become p]fect w+$ insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cat]pill> ,,susp5d$ ,,by ,,its ,,silk5 ,,?read4 ,! a/oni%+ task ( supply+ silk = ! :ole civiliz$ _w is p]=m$ almo/ )\t exception by ! common silkworm1 or cat]pill> ( ! mulb]ry-tree mo?4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is is ! only silk-produc+ insect4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ! cat]pill>s ( butt]flies & mo?s h ! p[] ( sp9n+ a c]ta9 quantity ( silk5 ?read1 h[ev] small1 & h[ev] inf]ior to t ( ! silkworm1 prop]ly s call$4 ,x is v common 9 g>d5s to see numb]s ( cat]pill>s dangl+ by _! silk5 ?reads f ! "y bran*es ( fruit-trees4 ,9 ?is way !y let !mselves d[n1 or break _! fall if bl[n (f by ! w9d1 or o!rwise %ak5 f _! fav\rite tree4 ,& 9 ! case ( "s cat]pill>s :5 ! insect has complet$ ! t]m ( its exi/5ce & becomes a *rysalis1 x susp5ds itself by silk5 cords to "s fix$ po9t1 :]e x rema9s 9 complete repose1 )\t food1 p]haps = mon?s be=e ! p]fect w+$ insect bur/s =?1 z diff]5t a creature f ! cat]pill> z ! *rysalis is f ei!r1--& yet ^! are b ?ree diff]5t /ates ( exi/5ce ( ! same insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*rysalis ,,susp5d$ ,,by ,,silk5 ,,cords4 ,accord+ to ! p>ticul> species ( cat]pill>1 ! silk w v>y 9 /r5g? & f95ess1 & also 9 col\r1 b seldom w x be f\nd /rong en\gh1 or 9 suffici5t quantity to be ( use to u4 ,! insects !mselves employ x 9 _m ways = _! own safety & %elt]4 ,h[ common x is to f9d "s ( ! leaves ( a lilac-tree made up into little rolls1 or fold$ toge!r at _! edges1 :]e !y /ick s fa/ t x requires "s little =ce to pull !m asund]4 ,?is is ! "w ( a small cat]pill>1 ^: subsi/5ce is f\nd on t tree4 ,a s+le egg has be5 laid on ea* leaf select$ by ! p>5t mo?1 & soon aft] x is hat*$1 ! cat]pill> beg9s roll+ up ! lilac leaf1 & fa/5+ ! edges ) silk4 ,?is is a "w ( "t1 b gradually proce$s z ! cat]pill> increases 9 /r5g?1 until at la/ x is %ut up 9 a gall]y ( its own mak+1 safe f ! attacks ( birds & l>g] insects4 ,! leaves ( v>i\s o!r trees are roll$ 9 a some:at simil> mann]1 z ^? ( ! oak1 ! will[1 & ! rose1 & also ^? ( humbl] plants1 z ! planta91 nettle1 ?i/le1 c4 ,! mode 9 :i* ^! leaf-roll+ cat]pill>s set to "w to =m conv5i5t habitations ( ! leaves ( ! plants on :i* !y fe$1 is well describ$ by ,kirby & ,sp5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,leaf ,,roll$ ,,by ,a ,,cat]pill>4 8,"s ( ^! m]ely connect toge!r ) a few silk5 ?reads sev]al leaves1 s z to =m an irregul> packet1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* ! little h]mit lives4 ,o!rs conf9e !mselves to a s+le leaf1 ( :i* !y simply fold "o "p ov] ! o!r4 ,a ?ird description =m & inhabit a sort ( roll1 by "s species made cyl9drical1 by o!rs conical1 resembl+ ! pap]s 9 :i* groc]s put _! sug>1 & z accurately con/ruct$2 only !re is an op5+ left at ! small] extremity = ! egress ( ! insect 9 case ( ne$4 ,if y 7 to see "o ( ^! rolls1 y w\ld imm$iately ask by :at me*anism x c\ld possibly be made--h[ an insect1 )\t f+]s1 c\ld contrive to b5d a leaf into a roll1 & to keep x 9 t =m until fa/5$ ) ! silk :i* holds x toge!r8 ,! foll[+ is ! op]ation3 ! little cat]pill> fir/ fixes a s]ies ( silk5 cables f "o side ( ! leaf to ! o!r3 %e next pulls at ^! cables ) h] feet2 & :5 %e has =c$ ! sides to approa*1 %e fa/5s !m toge!r ) /rong] ?reads ( silk4 ,if ! insect f9ds t "o ( ! l>g] n]ves ( ! leaf is s /rong z to resi/ h] ef=ts1 %e weak5s x by gnaw+ x "h & !re half ?r\gh4 ,:at eng9e] c\ld act m sagaci\sly8 ,to =m "o ( ! conical or horn-%ap$ rolls1 :i* are n compos$ ( a :ole leaf1 b ( a long triangul> portion cut out ( ! edge1 "s o!r manuvres are requisite4 ,plac+ h]self ^u ! leaf1 ! cat]pill> cuts out ) h] jaws ! piece :i* is to compose h] roll4 ,%e does n1 h[ev]1 entirely deta* x2 x w\ld !n want a base4 ,%e deta*es t "p only :i* is to =m ! cont\r ( ! horn4 ,?is portion is a triangul> /rap1 :i* %e rolls z %e cuts4 ,:5 ! body ( ! horn is f9i%$1 z x is int5d$ to be fix$ ^u ! leaf 9 ne>ly an upright position1 x is necess>y to elevate x4 ,to effect ?is1 %e proce$s z we %\ld ) an incl9$ obelisk4 ,%e atta*es ?reads1 or little cables1 t[>ds ! po9t ( ! pyramid1 & raises x by ! weight ( h] body40 ,o!r l>v =m _! habitations :olly ( silk3 "o t inhabits ! leaves ( pe>-trees =ms a little t5t2 ano!r a sort ( cloak2 ano!r1 z 9 ! case ( ! silkworm1 a complete ball ( silk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5dul\s ,,ne/s ,,( ,,cat]pill>s4 ,among leaf-roll+ cat]pill>s1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s is describ$ by ,bonnet1 9 :i* ! ne/ hangs susp5d$ f ! bran* ( a fruit-tree by a /rong silk5 ?read4 ,x is =m$ ( "o or two leaves neatly fold$ & fa/5$ toge!r ) silk1 & 9 ?is small enclosure sev]al cat]pill>s live h>moni\sly toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf ,,cutt+ ,,cat]pill>4 ,!re is also a v curi\s & beautiful ne/ =m$ by a r>e insect1 :i* has only yet be5 obs]v$ 9 its cat]pill> /ate2 b its proce$+s !re9 are int]e/+ & highly rem>kable4 ,! l5g? ( ! body 9 ?is cat]pill> v>ies f six to eight in*es1 ! ?ickness is half a l9e4 ,! g5]al col\r is blui% gre51 t5d+ to yell[ ab\t ! head2 ! feet are black1 & six 9 numb]4 ,at ! extremity ( ! body are two po9ts project+ sideways4 ,! eyes are visible & prom95t 9 ?is cat]pill>1 & besides ! ant5n !re are two or ?ree pairs ( palpi or feel]s1 :i* p]=m ! (fice ( h&s4 ,?is insect inhabits ! nut-tree1 & cuts out f its leaves a mo/ +5i\s case1 :i* s]ves = its dwell+-place4 ,?is case is ( a s+ul> =m1 be+ an elongat$ cone1 v n>r[ at ! extremity1 & tol]ably wide at ! orifice4 ,x is =m$ ( a /rip ( nut-leaf1 w\nd up 9 a spiral mann]1 b s clev]ly contriv$ t ! /rip is v n>r[ at ! extremity1 & gradually wid5s z ! "w proce$s4 ,?is happ5s f ! gradual progress ( ! "w1 :i* is begun 9 ! e>ly /age ( ! cat]pill>'s exi/5ce1 :5 x does n require a l>ge dwell+-place1 & becomes m & m ext5d$ to suit ! gr[? ( its inmate4 ,:5 x is complet$1 x is r m ?an an in* long1 & two l9es 9 diamet] at ! orifice4 ,! outside ( ! case pres5ts ! upp] surface ( ! leaf 9 :i* ! ind5tations are pres]v$4 ,! dwell+ is a spaci\s "o = ! cat]pill>1 s t x c turn r\nd 9 x ) p]fect ease4 ,! b& ( :i* ! cone is compos$ is tak5 f ! edge ( ! leaf1 :i* ! cat]pill> cuts away 9 proportion z x w9ds x r\nd its own body4 ,:5 "o portion has tak5 ! requir$ =m1 a little m is cut out1 b always 9 a direction p>allel ) ! edge ( ! leaf4 ,:ile ! insect is ?us gradually roll+ itself up 9 a case1 x also fe$s vigor\sly on ! leaf1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 always to sp>e ! b& :i* =ms its habitation4 ,ano!r "p ( ! clev]ness ( ?is insect consi/s 9 ma9ta9+ ?is /rip ( leaf 9 its spiral =m1 :i* w\ld o!rwise naturally unw9d by its own weight1 & flutt] 9 ! w9d z a torn fragm5t4 ,"h x is t silk is aga9 skilfully employ$4 ,! cat]pill> comm5ces mu* z o!r leaf-roll+ insects d1 by fa/5+ a ?read to ! edge ( ! leaf & draw+ x t[>ds ! desir$ po9t4 ,b z ! "w proce$s ! insect g5]ally has ?ree ske9s or b&s ( silk ext5d$ f ! op5+ ( its case to ! leaf4 ,! fir/ is ! %orte/ & ! mo/ direct1 issu+ f ! int]ior ( ! roll2 ! second is fa/5$ to ! middle ( ! la/ spiral1 & ext5ds to ! leaf2 ! ?ird is m ext5sive /ill1 & all ?ree are admirably dispos$ = keep+ ! leaf b5t to ! prop] =m4 ,^! ske9s are compos$ ( a great numb] ( ?reads p>allel ) ea* o!r1 :i* n only s]ve to reta9 ! leaf 9 its spiral =m1 b also s]ve ! cat]pill> z a k9d ( ladd]1 by :i* x m\nts1 & on :i* x re/s :ile cutt+ out fre% portions ( leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf-,,ne/ ,,unw\nd4 ,x sometimes happ5s accid5tally to ?is cat]pill> t ! case becomes deta*$ f ! leaf1 or naturali/s h purposely sev]$ a portion to see :at w\ld be ! result2 b ?is does n greatly di/urb ! insect1 = z long z a s+le ?read ( silk rema9s to hold ! pieces toge!r1 ! cat]pill> is able to repair ! evil4 ,x w unite ! fractur$ portion almo/ imp]ceptibly by means ( silk5 ?reads1 & proce$ ) its case z be=e2 b if ! leaf dry up & )]1 ! insect is !n compell$ to des]t x1 & to select a y\ng] & fre%] leaf = its op]ations4 ,:at is /ill m curi\s1 on ! completion ( ! dwell+1 ! cat]pill> sometimes wi%es to make an excursion to ano!r "p ( ! leaf1 & to take its h\se ) x1 & ?is x accompli%es 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,com+ m ?an ?ree p>ts out ( ! cone1 ! creature makes new ske9s 9 advance ( ! old1 & attempts to pull ! cone =w>d by _! means2 b f9d+ t ?is does n succe$1 x b5ds its body back1 & quickly sev]s ! old ?reads & ! portion ( leaf :i* keeps ! case immovable4 ,x is n[ able to draw ! case onw>ds a c]ta9 di/ance1 aft] :i* x has only to repeat ! op]ation1 & make o!r new ske9s 9 advance ( ^!1 to cont9ue its onw>d j\rney4 ,?us x arrives at ! opposite edge ( ! leaf1 :]e x c>efully adju/s its case to ! "u side1 fa/5+ x ) great +5uity1 & draw+ ! ?reads tight] :]e ! cone is n prop]ly balanc$4 ,9 all ^! cases1 silk is ! useful mat]ial by :i* ! cat]pill> secures its ne/1 & provides = its own safety3 x is also a con/ant res\rce 9 case ( dang]1 or ( accid5t1 z ! foll[+ anecdote w %[4 ,a cat]pill> ( ! goat-mo?1 be+ conf9$ 9 a smoo? glass sug>-bas91 manag$ to crawl up ! slipp]y sides & escape4 ,?is excit$ great surprise 9 ! naturali/ 7,rsel7 :o _h imprison$ ! creature1 & he !re=e took occasion closely to wat* its proce$+s :5 aga9 plac$ 9 a simil> vessel4 ,x 0 ) surprise & admiration t he n[ saw ! cat]pill> con/ruct+ a silk5 ladd] on ! side ( ! glass2 ! natural gum ( ! silk be+ suffici5t to secure x ev5 to t p]fectly smoo? surface4 ,up ?is ladd] ! creature crawl$1 & ?us easily & exp$iti\sly made its escape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,silk5 ,,ladd] ,,spun ,,by ,,! ,,goat-,,mo? ,,cat]pill>4 ,silkworms ab\nd 9 our own c\ntry1 z well z 9 o!rs2 b ! silk !y sp9 is too fragile & scanty to be employ$ = o!r purposes ?an _! own4 ,x is diff]5t ) "s ( ! cat]pill>s ( ,india4 ,al?\gh ! great supply ( silk is !re obta9$1 z ) u1 f ! silkworm ( ! mulb]ry-tree1 yet ! cat]pill>s ( v>i\s mo?s also furni% a consid]able quantity4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! ,tusseh & ,ar9dy silkworms1 bo? natives ( ,b5gal4 ,! fir/ fe$s on ! leaves ( ! jujube tree & ( ! asse51 & is f\nd 9 su* abundance z f "t immemorial to h af=d$ a con/ant supply ( co>se1 d>k-col\r$ silk1 :i* is wov5 into a *eap b v durable clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tusseh ,,silkworm4 ,:5 ! cat]pill>s approa* _! full size !y are too heavy to crawl 9 se>* ( _! food ) ! back upw>ds1 z is usual ) mo/ cat]pill>s1 b trav]se ! small bran*es susp5d$ by ! feet1 z is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoon ,,( ,,! ,,tusseh ,,silkworm4 ,:5 ! cat]pill> is ready to sp9 its cocoon1 x connects by means ( ! silk1 7:i* is always glut9\s :5 newly spun17 two or ?ree new leaves into an out] envelope1 :i* s]ves z a basis to sp9 ! complete cocoon 91 besides ! cocoon be+ susp5d$ f a bran* ( ! tree 9 a wond]ful mann]1 by a ?ick1 /rong1 consolidat$ cord1 spun ( ! same mat]ial by ?is p]sev]+ creature4 ,! cocoon is ( an exact oval %ape1 & v firm 9 texture3 9 x ! animal rema9s dormant1 & p]fectly protect$1 = ab\t n9e mon?s1 namely f ,octob] until ,july2 s t x makes its appe>ance 9 "t = ! cat]pill>s to come into exi/5ce1 :5 ,provid5ce has furni%$ !m ) ! greate/ pl5ty ( prop] food4 ,:5 ! insect is prep>$ to make its escape & be *ang$ into its p]fect /ate1 x dis*>ges f its m\? a l>ge quantity ( liquid1 ) :i* ! upp] end ( ! case is s p]fectly s(t5$ z to enable ! mo? to "w its way out 9 a v %ort "t2 an op]ation :i* is always p]=m$ dur+ ! night4 ,9 _! p]fect /ate ^! insects d n exi/ _m days3 ! female deposits h] eggs 9 ! bran*es ( ! tree %e may be re/+ on1 to :i* !y adh]e firmly by means ( ! glut5 !y are cov]$ ) :5 newly laid4 ,! eggs are :ite1 r\nd1 & compress$1 ) a depression 9 ! c5tre on ea* side4 ,!y hat* 9 f two to f\r weeks1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,! l>v or cat]pill>s acquire _! full size1 :i* is ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?ree 9 circumf]5ce1 9 ab\t six weeks3 !y are ne>ly ! col\r ( ! leaves !y fe$ on1 ) a light yell[i% /ripe on ea* side2 "u ^! /ripes ! middle segm5ts are m>k$ ) an oblong gold-col\r$ speck4 ,! back is also m>k$ ) a few r\nd d>k] col\r$ spots1 f :i* issue a few long1 co>se1 di/9ct hairs1 :ile o!rs ( small] size are scatt]$ ov] ! insect4 ,! ,tusseh silkworm is f\nd 9 su* abundance ov] _m p>ts ( ,b5gal & ! adjo9+ prov9ces1 z to af=d to ! natives a l>ge supply ( ! durable1 co>se1 d>k-col\r$ silk1 already m5tion$1 commonly call$ ,tusseh silk1 :i* is wov5 into a k9d ( clo? call$ ,tusseh doot'hies1 mu* worn by ,brahm9s & o!r sects ( ,h9doos4 ,?is sub/ance w\ld no d\bt be highly useful to ! inhabitants ( _m p>ts ( ,am]ica & ! s\? ( ,europe1 :]e a *eap1 light1 cool1 durable dress1 su* z ?is silk makes1 is mu* want$4 ,millions ( cocoons ( ! ,tusseh silkworm are annually collect$ 9 ! jungle1 & br\ght to ! silk factories ne> ,calcutta4 ,9 o!r p>ts ! p ga!r & transplant !m to ! trees ne> _! own dwell+s1 t !y may wat* ov] ! safety ( ! cat]pill>s1 :i* are v liable to be dev\r$ by cr[s dur+ ! day "t1 & by bats at night4 ,! ,ar9dy silkworm fe$s only on ! leaves ( ! ,palmi ,*ri/i2 x produces s delicate & flossy a silk t x _c be w\nd f ! cocoons2 x is !re=e spun l cotton1 & ! ?read wov5 into a co>se k9d ( :ite clo?1 ( a loose texture1 b s durable t a p]son c sc>cely 9 8 lifetime we> out a g>m5t made ( x4 ,elev5 diff]5t species ( silkworm h be5 enum]at$ z natives ( ,india1 :i* has ?us ! int]nal means ( provid+ ! :ole ( ,europe ) a mat]ial :i* w\ld rival cotton & wooll5 clo?1 & w\ld (t5 be pref]r$ to bo?1 c\ld x be obta9$ at a l[ price4 ,! produce ( ! ,ar9dy silkworm1 :5 s5t to ?is c\ntry 0 mu* admir$1 & "s manufactur]s to :om x 0 %[n seem$ to ?9k t !y _h be5 hi!rto deceiv$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! %awls ( ,india be+ made f ! wool ( a goat1 & t ?is silk1 if s5t home1 c\ld be made into %awls equal to any manufactur$ 9 ,india4 ,_m ( ! l>v ( ! ,european mo?s af=d a v /rong silk1 & x is said1 t a manufacture ( silk f ! cocoons ( ! emp]or mo? 0 at "o "t e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t silk might be collect$ 9 abundance f _m native silkworms 9 ,am]ica4 ,cocoons h be5 describ$ eight in*es long1 made ( grey silk1 :i* ! inhabitants ( ,*ilpanc+o1 ,tixtala1 & o!r places 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 manufacture into /ock+s & h&k]*iefs4 ,humboldt also obs]v$ simil> ne/s 9 ! prov9ces ( ,me*oacan1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,santa ,rosa2 !y 7 ( d5se tissue1 resembl+ ,*9ese pap]1 ( a brilliant :it5ess1 & =m$ ( di/9ct & sep>ate lay]s4 ,! int]ior lay]s1 :i* are ! ?9ne/1 & ( extraord9>y transp>5cy1 7 us$ by ! anci5t ,mexicans z writ+ tablets4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,silk ,,by ,,! ,,silkworm4 ,we n[ come to ! mo/ important ( all silk-sp9n+ insects1 ! common silkworm1 or cat]pill> ( ! mulb]ry-tree mo?4 ,! lab\rs ( ?is insect 7 kn[n & appreciat$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w long be=e we _h tid+s ( its exi/5ce2 s t ! peasantry ( o!r l&s 7 clad 9 raim5t :i* our k+s w\ld h be5 pr\d to we>4 8,:5 silk 0 s sc>ce 9 ?is c\ntry t ,james ! ,fir/1 :ile ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 0 =c$ to beg ( ! ,e>l ( ,m> ! loan ( a pair ( silk /ock+s to appe> 9 be=e ! ,engli% ambassador1 en=c+ 8 reque/ ) ! cog5t appeal1 #8= ye w\ld n1 sure1 t y\r k+ %\ld appe> z a scrub be=e /rang]s2' nay1 long be=e ?is p]iod1 ev5 prior to ! "t t silk 0 valu$ at its weight 9 gold at ,rome1 & ! ,emp]or ,aurelian refus$ 8 empress a robe ( silk because ( its de>ness1 ! ,*9ese peasantry 9 "s ( ! prov9ces1 millions 9 numb]1 7 clo!d ) ?is mat]ial2 & = "s ?\s& ye>s to ! pres5t "t1 x has be5 bo? !re & 9 ,india 7:]e a class ^: occupation 0 to att5d silkworms appe>s to h exi/$ f "t immemorial1 be+ m5tion$ 9 ! olde/ ,sanscrit books17 "o ( ! *ief objects ( cultivation & manufacture4 ,y w admit1 !re=e1 t :5 nature ----,set to "w millions ( sp9n+ worms1 ,t 9 _! gre5 %ops weave ! smoo?-hair$ silk ,to deck h] sons1 %e 0 conf]r+ ^u !m a b5efit sc>cely inf]ior to t consequ5t ^u ! gift ( wool to ! fleecy race1 or a fibr\s r9d to ! flax or hemp plants2 & t mank9d is n "u mu* less obligation to ,pamphila1 :o1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 0 ! discov]] ( ! art ( unw9d+ & weav+ silk1 ?an to ! inv5tors ( ! sp9n+ ( ^? products40 ,illu/ration3 ,,eggs ,,& ,,silkworms ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,age4 ,x is s common an amusem5t ) "y p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry to procure ! eggs ( silkworms1 re> ! insects1 & wat* _! *anges t numb]s are acqua9t$ ) ! gr[?1 habits1 & mann] ( sp9n+ ( ^! int]e/+ creatures4 ,p]haps a %eet ( pap] is giv5 to a little boy or girl1 on :i* are a numb] ( small specks1 no bigg] ?an p9s' heads3 ^! specks1 ! *ild is told1 are silkworms' eggs1 & if he keeps !m dry dur+ w9t]1 & !n places !m 9 a sunny w9d[ 9 spr+1 he w get a numb] ( cat]pill>s f !m4 ,tak+ c>e to d ?is1 ! *ild is delight$ "s f9e morn+ to see a few little d>k col\r$ worms crawl+ ab\t ! pap]1 :ile o!rs are j issu+ f ! eggs4 ,p]haps a difficulty n[ arises ab\t _! food4 ,9 w>m c\ntries ! leaves ( ! mulb]ry-tree are ready = ! insects z soon z !y are hat*$2 b 9 ,engl&1 unless ! eggs are purposely kept back1 by putt+ !m 9 a cold place1 ! cat]pill>s come out be=e ! mulb]ry-tree has put =? its leaves4 ,a few t5d] leaves ( ! lettuce are !re=e spread lightly ov] ! "y cat]pill>s1 & ^u ^! !y m\nt1 & at la/ beg9 to fe$1 aft] se>*+ 9 va9 = _! natural food4 ,b ! worms d n ?rive on ?is diet1 & x is mu* bett] s to manage ! eggs t !y may be hat*$ :5 ! "y leaves ( ! mulb]ry are j op5+4 ,^! =m ! be/ possible food 9 t t5d] /ate1 & 9 ord] to economise x1 ! leaves %\ld be cut 9 small pieces2 because ! cat]pill>s fe$ only on ! edges1 & ?us great "p ( a leaf1 :5 giv5 to !m :ole1 is entirely wa/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ite ,,mulb]ry4 7,morus alba47 ,9 ,italy1 :]e great att5tion is paid to ! cultivation ( ! silkworm1 ! eggs are hat*$ 9 a room heat$ by a /ove1 & ! "y cat]pill>s are !n remov$ on _! mulb]ry-leaves to a cool] ap>tm5t call$ ! nurs]y1 :]e !y are manag$ ) great c>e & skill4 ,wick] %elves are arrang$ 9 ! room at conv5i5t di/ances1 & are l9$ ) pap]1 on :i* ! worms are plac$4 ,c>e is tak5 to place toge!r only su* worms z are hat*$ at ! same "t1 = )\t ?is precaution ! treatm5t1 ) respect to food1 c\ld n be regulat$1 & ! m\lt+s w\ld n take place at ! same "t4 ,great c>e is also tak5 to secure ! worms f rats & mice1 z well z f c]ta9 insect enemies4 ,silkworms are s little dispos$ to w&] away f _! food t op5 trays are suffici5t to secure !m3 b unless great cleanl9ess is obs]v$ 9 _! managem5t1 & frequ5t *ange ( food giv51 a sickly smell is obs]v$1 & ! cat]pill>s langui% & die 9 great numb]s4 ,suppos+ ! "y brood goes on well1 & is prop]ly att5d$ by ! *ild :om we h suppos$ to und]take ! *>ge1 !re w be ab\t five or six days' fe$+1 & !n ! worms w beg9 to sick5 = _! fir/ m\lt1 or ca/+ ! sk94 ,silkworms h f\r ( ^! m\lts1 at ea* ( :i* !y appe> to suff] pa9 or inconv5i5ce2 !y also entirely leave (f eat+ = two or ?ree days4 ,! cat]pill>s at t "t raise ! =e "p ( _! bodies1 & %[ tok5s ( uneas9ess4 ,!y h gr[n rapidly1 & _! sk9s1 n hav+ gr[n 9 proportion1 n[ appe> to press & inconv5i5ce !m2 b aft] two or ?ree days fa/+1 !y become ?9n] & are able gradually to rid !mselves ( _! sk94 ,x is n[ t _! own] may see ! use !y beg9 to make ( _! silk4 ,by wat*+ !m closely he sees ea* cat]pill> ?r[ out a numb] ( v f9e silk5 l9es1 by :i* x fa/5s ! sk9 to "o spot4 ,hav+ done ?is1 x is able to creep out1 )\t dragg+ ! sk9 ab\t aft] x1 z w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! :ole cov]+ ( ! body1 includ+ t ( ! feet1 ( ! jaws & tee?1 is ca/ (f2 b x sometimes happ5s t ! animal _c entirely ca/ its sk91 a portion ( x break+ & rema9+ atta*$ to ! extremity ( ! body4 ,z ! animal increases rapidly 9 size1 ?is portion ( ! old sk9 compresses its body tightly1 caus+ inflammation & mu* suff]+1 :i* usually ends 9 dea?4 ,worms t h newly m\lt$ are readily di/+ui%$ by _! pale col\r1 & ! wr9kl$ appe>ance ( ! new sk94 ,soon aft] m\lt+ !y recov] heal? & vig\r1 & fe$ ) increas$ appetite4 ,to keep !m 9 heal? !y mu/ be f$ ) great regul>ity1 & n cr[d$ toge!r 9 _! trays4 ,9 ! c\rse ( five days ! rapid gr[? ( ! insect causes ! wr9kles to disappe> f ! sk92 x is n[ half an in* 9 l5g?2 a second sickness1 & a second m\lt+1 prep>e x = increase ( gr[?2 x ca/s its sk9 z be=e1 & fe$s )\t int]mission dur+ ano!r five days1 dur+ :i* "t x atta9s a l5g? ( ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,x !n falls sick & m\lts a ?ird "t4 ,x aga9 fe$s dur+ five days1 aft] :i* x ca/s its sk9 = ! f\r? & la/ "t 9 ! cat]pill> /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,progressive ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,silkworm4 ,x is n[ ab\t "o & a half or two in*es 9 l5g?1 & dev\rs its food mo/ voraci\sly1 increas+ rapidly 9 size dur+ t5 days4 ,:5 ! worms are f$ a slight hiss+ noise is he>d simil> to t ( gre5 wood burn+4 ,accord+ to "s writ]s ?is noise proce$s f ! action ( ! jaws1 b o!rs attribute x solely to ! action ( ! feet1 :i* are cont9ually mov+ until ! worms h fa/5$ to _! food1 :5 ! noise ceases4 ,9 a l>ge nurs]y ( silkworms ?is noise s\nds l a s(t %[] ( ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,silkworm ,,on ,,mulb]ry-,,leaf4 ,:5 ! cat]pill> has atta9$ its full gr[?1 x is a v diff]5t creature f ! little black worm :i* fir/ issu$ f ! egg1 be+ f two & a half to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & its body consi/+ ( twelve membran\s r+s1 :i* contract & elongate z ! animal moves4 ,x is furni%$ ) sixte5 legs1 9 pairs3 ?ree pairs 9 front1 "u ! fir/ ?ree r+s1 are cov]$ ) a %elly or scaly sub/ance2 ! o!r five pairs1 call$ hold]s1 are furni%$ ) little hooks1 :i* assi/ ! insect 9 climb+4 ,! head is cov]$ ) a scaly sub/ance simil> to ! cov]+ ( ! =e legs4 ,! m&ibles are ( great /r5g?1 & ind5t$ l ! tee? ( a saw4 ,b5ea? ! jaw are two small op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! insect draws its silk5 l9es4 ,! sub/ance ( :i* ! silk is compos$ is a f9e yell[ transp>5t gum1 secret$ 9 two sl5d] vessels1 8:i* are w\nd1 z x 71 on two sp9dles 9 ! /oma*2 if unfold$1 ^! vessels w\ld be ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?40 ,! insect brea!s by means ( eighte5 holes or spiracles1 di/ribut$ along ! body1 n9e on ea* side4 ,on ea* side ( ! head1 ne> ! m\?1 are sev5 small eyes2 ! two specks high] up on ! head1 :i* are g5]ally mi/ak5 = eyes1 are only p>ts ( ! skull4 ,illu/ration3 ,,full ,,gr[n ,,silkworm4 ,:5 ! silkworm is ready to sp91 x gets ^u ! leaves )\t eat+ !m1 re>s its head z if 9 se>* ( some?+1 or crawls to ! edges ( ! tray & moves sl[ly along2 its r+s draw 91 & its gre5i% col\r *anges to a deep gold5 hue2 its sk9 becomes wr9kl$ ab\t ! neck1 & its body feels l s(t d\gh1 & on tak+ x 9 ! h&1 & look+ ?r\gh x1 ! :ole body has assum$ ! transp>5cy ( a ripe yell[ plum4 ,:5 ?is is obs]v$1 ! own] ( ! insects puts ea* s+ly into a little cone ( :ite pap]1 :i* he p9s to ! wall or else:]e1 s t ! creature may be undi/urb$ at its "w4 ,b 9 ! nurs]ies abroad little bu%es are set up on ! wick] %elves1 & ! insects m\nt !m & =m _! cocoons among ! twigs4 ,suppos+ ! worm to be left to itself on ! tray1 )\t ei!r ( ^! precautions1 x at la/ selects "s corn] or holl[ place :i* w conv5i5tly hold ! cocoon x is ab\t to sp91 & beg9s by ?r[+ out a numb] ( irregul> ?reads1 :i* are int5d$ to support its ne/4 ,^u ^! x =ms1 dur+ ! fir/ day1 a loose /ructure ( floss silk ( an oval %ape1 )9 :i*1 dur+ ! next ?ree days1 x w9ds ! firm1 h>d1 yell[ ball1 rema9+1 ( c\rse1 all ! "t )9 x4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! insect does n greatly *ange ! position ( ! h9d] "p ( its body1 b cont9ues draw+ its ?read f v>i\s po9ts & atta*+ x to o!rs1 s t aft] a "t ! body becomes to a great ext5t enclos$ by ! ?read4 8,! "w is !n cont9u$ f "o ?read to ano!r1 ! silkworm mov+ its head & sp9n+ 9 a zigzag way1 b5d+ ! =e "p ( ! body back to sp9 9 all directions )9 rea*1 & %ift+ ! body only to cov] ) silk ! "p :i* 0 b5ea? x4 ,z ! silkworm sp9s its web by ?us b5d+ ! =e "p ( ! body back1 & moves ! h9d] "p ( ! body 9 su* a way only z to enable x to rea* ! f>!r back ) ! =e "p1 x foll[s t x encloses itself 9 a cocoon mu* %ort] ?an its own body1 = soon aft] ! beg9n+ ! :ole is cont9u$ ) ! body 9 a b5t position4 ,f ! =ego+ acc\nt x appe>s t ) ! mo/ simple in/9ctive pr9ciples all ! ends necess>y are ga9$4 ,if ! silkworm %ift$ its position mu* at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 x c\ld nev] enclose itself 9 a cocoon2 b by its mode ( proce$+1 z above expla9$1 x encloses itself 9 a cocoon :i* only consumes z mu* silk z is necess>y to hold ! *rysalis40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cocoon4 7,a portion ( ! floss silk has be5 remov$47 ,! use ( ! cocoon1 9 ! natural /ate ( ! insect1 is to af=d a w>m ne/1 :]e1 secure f ! inclem5cies ( ! season1 & ! attacks ( enemies1 x may und]go its f9al *anges4 ,! cocoon is made wat]-tight by an int]nal l9+ ( gum1 & ! silk5 ?read ( :i* ! ball is made is also sme>$ ) a simil> gum1 :i* h>d5s 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,girl ,,w9d+ ,,silk4 ,:ile ! worm is sp9n+ its cocoon x takes no food1 & z x is cont9ually emitt+ silk1 its body gradually dim9i%es to less ?an half its orig9al l5g?4 ,:5 its lab\r is complet$ x re/s a:ile1 & !n once m ?r[s (f its sk92 b x is no long] a cat]pill>2 its =m is *ang$ into a *rysalis1 or aurelia1 ) a smoo? br[n sk91 & po9t$ at "o end4 ,a few days aft] ! insect has f9i%$ sp9n+1 ! cocoons w be ready to be unw\nd4 ,our amateur silkworm cultivator !n takes ! cocoons out ( ! pap] cones & sep>ates ! out] floss silk4 ,he !n ?r[s sev]al cocoons into a glass ( wat] slightly w>m1 to make !m m easy to unw9d1 & hav+ f\nd ! ends1 proce$s to w9d ! silk on a reel1 or he gives ! task to a si/]'s g5tl] h&s1 :ile he prep>es a little box ( bran1 9 read9ess to put ! poor expos$ *rysalis ! mom5t x is releas$ f ! cocoon4 ,z ! w9d+ proce$s1 ! cocoons become ?9n] & ?9n] until ! insects )9 are visible4 ,! *rysalis1 ?\gh cov]$ ) a horny sk91 & app>5tly )\t mu* s5sation1 %[s v pla9ly t x is s5sible ( ! r\gh treatm5t x is receiv+1 z ! cocoon is toss$ ab\t 9 ! wat] by ! motion ( ! reel4 ,x rapidly moves ! r+s ( its tail1 :i* is d\btless a sign ( uneas9ess or pa94 ,:5 ne>ly all ! silk is w\nd (f1 !re /ill rema9s a transp>5t film l silv] pap]1 :i* is torn op5 to let out ! *rysalis4 ,! latt] is imm$iately buri$ 9 bran1 :]e x rema9s v quietly = a week or two1 !n *anges into a cream col\r$ mo?1 lays its eggs1 & dies4 ,?is is ! common dome/ic treatm5t :5 silkworms are kept = amusem5t1 b 9 a comm]cial e/abli%m5t su* z ^? ( ,italy1 !y are v diff]5tly treat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,female ,,silkworm ,,mo? ,,& ,,eggs4 ,! cocoons are collect$ 9 l>ge quantities1 sep>at$ & sort$ accord+ to _! quality1 ab\t "o-sixtie? "p be+ sav$ = ! production ( eggs1 aft] :i* ! life ( ! *rysalis is de/roy$ 9 all ! re/4 ,?is is done 9 hot c\ntries by exposure to ! sun2 b 9 m temp]ate climes by artificial heat1 su* z t ( an ov5 aft] ! bread has be5 )drawn4 ,be=e ! cocoons c be reel$ !y mu/ be sep>at$ f ! floss1 :i* is done by op5+ ! floss cov]+ at "o end & pu%+ out ! cocoon4 ,c>e is tak5 9 reel+ to use cocoons ( "o quality1 z diff]5t qualities require a diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! natural gum ( ! cocoons is fir/ s(t5$ 9 w>m wat]1 kept at ! prop] temp]ature1 ei!r by a *>coal fire or by a /eam pipe4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ?is = a few m9utes1 ! reel] 7g5]ally a woman7 g5tly /irs up or bru%es ! cocoons ) a %ort bir* rod1 & to ?is ! loose ?reads ( ! cocoons adh]e1 & are ?us drawn out ( ! wat]3 !y are !n tak5 commonly f\r or five toge!r1 twi/$ ) ! f+]s into "o ?read1 & pass$ ?r\gh a metal loop1 to get rid ( dirt & impurities3 ! ?read !n passes on to ! reel1 :i* is s con/ruct$ z to h a slight lat]al motion1 s t ! ?read ( "o revolution does n ov]lay ! o!r2 = if x did s1 ! ?reads w\ld be glu$ toge!r be=e ! gum _h _h "t to h>d5 by exposure to ! air4 ,! ?reads ( ! f\r or five cocoons are ?us unit$ into "o /rong & smoo? ?read4 ,sometimes z _m z ?irty cocoons are unit$ into "o ?read1 & x is difficult to w9d m4 ,z (t5 z a ?read ( any s+le cocoon breaks or comes to an end1 ! att5dant supplies its place by a new "o1 s t by cont9ually keep+ up ! same numb] ! unit$ ?read may be w\nd to any l5g?3 ^! jo9+s are n made by a knot1 b ! new end is simply laid on ! comp\nd ?read1 to :i* x adh]es by its gum2 & z ! ?reads are f9] ne> _! t]m9ation ?an at ! comm5cem5t1 x is necess>y = ! reel] to add o!r cocoons be=e ! fir/ set is q exhau/$2 s t ! comp\nd ?read may be ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,! filam5ts ( ?ree fre% cocoons1 add$ to two half-w\nd ones1 make a ?read ab\t equal to t f f\r fre% cocoons4 ,! cocoons are n entirely w\nd (f1 b ! husk conta9+ ! *rysalis is us$ toge!r ) ! floss silk "u ! "n ( wa/e4 ,improv$ me?ods ( reel+ h be5 introduc$ on ! cont95t1 b !y are simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! above4 ,elev5 or twelve p\nds ( cocoons yield ab\t "o p\nd ( reel$ silk2 & z f #bdj to #bej cocoons weigh a p\nd1 ! numb] ( cocoons requir$ to produce a p\nd ( silk may be e/imat$ at #b1hag4 ,! l5g? ( filam5t yield$ by a s+le cocoon is #cjj y>ds1 b "s h yield$ z mu* z #fbe y>ds4 ,! reel$ silk is made up into hanks = sale or use4 ,! =m & cont5ts1 z well z quality1 ( ^! hanks1 diff] greatly1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ wood-cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hanks ,,f ,,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,book ,,( ,,silk ,,f ,,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slip ,,f ,,b5gal4 ,we may aptly conclude our acc\nt ( ?is mo/ indu/ri\s silk-manufactur] 9 ! words ( ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,pulle91 ,m4,a41 :o1 s long ago z #ageh1 wrote an ,essay on ! ,culture ( ,silk1 9 :i* ! foll[+ passage occurs3-- 8,!re is sc>ce any?+ among ! v>i\s wond]s :i* ! animal creation af=ds m admirable ?an ! v>iety ( *anges :i* ! silkworm und]goes2 b ! curi\s texture ( t silk5 cov]+ ) :i* x surr\nds itself :5 x becomes a mo?1 & arrives at ! p]fection ( its animal life1 va/ly surpasses :at is made by o!r animals ( ?is class4 ,all ! cat]pill> k9d d inde$ und]go *anges l ^? ( ! silkworm1 & ! beauty ( _m ( !m 9 _! butt]fly /ate greatly exce$s x2 b ! cov]+ :i* !y put on be=e ?is *ange into a fly is poor & mean1 :5 comp>$ to t gold5 tissue 9 :i* ! silkworm wraps itself4 ,!y inde$ come =? 9 v>iety ( col\rs1 _! w+s b$ropp$ ) gold & sc>let1 yet are !y b ! be+s ( a summ]'s day2 bo? _! life & beauty quickly vani%1 & !y leave no remembrance aft] !m2 b ! silkworm leaves beh9d x su* beautiful1 su* b5eficial monum5ts1 z at once record bo? ! wisdom ( _! ,creator1 & ,8 b\nty to man40 ,on ! importance ( ! silk itself1 ,kirby & ,sp5ce h ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- 8,to e/imate ju/ly ! importance ( ?is article1 x is n suffici5t to view x z an app5dage ( luxury unrivall$ = ri*ness1 lu/re1 & beauty1 & )\t :i* c\rts w\ld lose half _! spl5d\r2 we mu/ consid] x :at x actually is1 z ! /aple article ( cultivation 9 _m l>ge prov9ces 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 among/ ! inhabitants ( :i* ! prospect ( a defici5t crop causes z great al>m z a scanty h>ve/ ( gra9 ) u2 &1 aft] giv+ employm5t to t5s ( ?\s&s 9 its fir/ production & transportation1 z furni%+ subsi/5ce to hundr$s ( ?\s&s m 9 its f9al manufacture1 & ?us becom+ "o ( ! mo/ important :eels t give circulation to national weal?40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,geometric ,,spid] ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,silk ,,by ,,spid]s4 ,our hi/ory ( ! silk manufacture among insects w\ld be incomplete )\t a notice ( ! lab\rs ( spid]s4 ,n only d ^! insects produce filmy webs to entrap _! prey1 b !y also sp91 = ! protection ( _! eggs1 a bag n mu* unlike ! cocoon ( ! silkworm4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury a me?od 0 discov]$ ( procur+ silk f ^! spid]s' bags1 & ( mak+ x into sev]al useful articles4 ,! exp]im5ts took place 9 ,france1 & x 0 !re discov]$ t two species ( spid] 9 p>ticul> produc$ /rong & beautiful silk1 capable ( be+ usefully employ$4 ,! /ructure ( ^! insects 0 closely exam9$ by ! celebrat$ naturali/ ,raumur1 & he f\nd t ! silk is spun f five papill1 or small nipples1 plac$ 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! body2 ^! s]ve ! purpose ( s _m wire-draw+ irons1 to m\ld a gummy liquor1 :i* dries z x is drawn out & expos$ to ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9n+ ,,app>atus ,,( ,,! ,,spid]4 7,greatly magnifi$47 ,on press+ ! body ( a spid]1 ! liquor fl[s into ^! nipples1 by apply+ ! f+] aga9/ :i*1 di/9ct ?reads may be drawn out ?r\gh ! num]\s op5+s2 &1 :at is v a/oni%+1 e sep>ate ?read is made up ( innum]able small] ?reads1 s t ,raumur ?\ght himself f> )9 ! limits ( ! tru? :5 he /at$ t ea* ( ! five nipples suppli$ "o ?\s& sep>ate fibres1 9 :i* case ! sl5d] filam5t ( ! spid]'s ne/ mu/ be made up ( five ?\s& fibres4 ,by apply+ ! :ole1 or a "p1 ( ?is app>atus to h] "w1 ! spid] c make ! ?read /\t or f9e at pleasure3 ?us ! webs = entrapp+ flies are v slight & fragile2 b ! ne/ = secur+ ! eggs is mu* /rong]1 to af=d !m %elt] f ! cold4 ,! ?reads are w\nd loosely r\nd ! eggs 9 a %ape simil> to t ( ! silkworm's cocoon4 ,! col\r ( ! silk is g5]ally grey1 becom+ blacki% on exposure to ! air3 sometimes x is pale yell[1 & also ( v f9e quality2 b ?is is ! production ( comp>atively r>e species1 :i* c\ld n be dep5d$ on = ! purposes ( manufacture4 ,a spid]'s ne/ pres]v$ by ! writ] dur+ ! la/ w9t] 0 ( a beautiful yell[1 almo/ approa*+ t ( ! cocoon ( ! silkworm4 ,z spr+ approa*$ x increas$ 9 bulk & became r pal]1 until at la/ a d>k appe>ance 9 ! c5tre betok5$ ! bur/+ ( ! eggs4 ,at ! pres5t "t 7,april #aj?7 n9ety-six small yell[-bodi$ spid]s h come =?1 & are actively engag$ 9 weav+ _! delicate webs across ! glass :i* conta9s !m4 ,a musl9 cov] admits air to ! int]ior1 & ^! m9ute insects appe> p]fectly heal?y al?\gh depriv$ ( _! natural food4 ,"s sug> 0 plac$ 9 ! glass1 b !y d n appe> to h consum$ any ( x1 al?\gh "s ( !m h be5 hat*$ = m ?an a =tnight4 ,f ! appe>ance ( ! ne/1 m ( ^! spid]s yet rema9 to be hat*$4 ,9 ! ,fr5* exp]im5ts1 spid]s' ne/s 9 l>ge quantities 7 collect$ f ! trunks ( trees1 corn]s ( w9d[s & vaults1 & eaves ( h\ses at ! "t above m5tion$1 & f ^! a new k9d ( silk 0 obta9$ by ,m4 ,bon1 :o decl>$ x to be 9 no respect inf]ior to t ( ! silkworm4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds prov$ t he 0 greatly mi/ak5 9 ?is respect2 yet ! spid]s' silk readily took all k9ds ( dyes1 & 0 actually wr\ght into /ock+s & gloves1 specim5s ( :i* 7 pres5t$ by ,m4 ,bon to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,p>is1 & also to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,8 me?od ( prep>+ ! silk 0 z foll[s3-- ,twelve or ?irte5 ounces ( ! bags 7 beat5 ) ! h&1 or by a /ick1 until !y 7 entirely free f du/4 ,!y 7 !n wa%$ 9 w>m wat]1 :i* 0 frequ5tly *ang$1 until x 0 no long] discol\r$ by ! bags4 ,!y 7 next /eep$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 :]e9 soap1 saltpetre1 & gum-arabic _h be5 dissolv$4 ,! :ole 0 !n set to boil ov] a g5tle fire = ?ree h\rs4 ,la/ly1 ! bags 7 r9s$ 9 cle> w>m wat]1 & set out to dry4 ,!y 7 !n fit = ! op]ation ( c>d+1 :i* 0 p]=m$ ) v f9e c>ds1 & ?us silk ( a peculi> a% col\r 0 obta9$1 :i* 0 spun )\t difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]',s ,,ne/ ,,atta*$ ,,to ,a ,,flat ,,surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]',s ,,ne/ ,,laid ,,op54 ,! great ob/acle :i* prev5t$ ! e/abli%m5t ( any consid]able manufacture f ^! spid]s' bags1 0 ! difficulty ( obta9+ !m 9 suffici5t abundance2 b ,m4 ,bon1 :o 0 en?usia/ic respect+ ! value ( 8 discov]y1 fanci$ t he c\ld easily ov]come ?is ob/acle1 & at fir/ 8 ef=ts appe>$ rem>kably successful4 ,he =m$ a l>ge spid] e/abli%m5t1 :i*1 = a "t1 0 v prosp]\s4 ,hav+ ord]$ all ! %ort-legg$ spid]s 7:i* are ! mo/ indu/ri\s sp9n]s7 to be collect$ = him by p]sons employ$ = ! purpose1 he enclos$ !m 9 pap] boxes1 ) p9-holes prick$ 9 !m to admit ! air to ! prison]s4 ,! insects 7 regul>ly f$ ) flies1 & prosp]$ well on _! diet4 ,9 due "t mo/ ( !m laid _! eggs1 & spun _! silk5 bags4 ,m4 ,bon affirm$ t ea* female produc$ f six to sev5 hundr$ eggs1 :]eas ! silkworm mo? lays only ab\t "o hundr$4 ,he also /at$1 t out ( sev5 hundr$ or eight hundr$ "y spid]s :i* he kept1 sc>cely "o di$ 9 a ye>2 :ile ( "o hundr$ silkworms1 n =ty liv$ to =m _! cocoons4 ,^! fav\rable /atem5ts l$ ! ,royal ,academy ( ,p>is to take ! subject into consid]ation1 & ,raumur 0 appo9t$ to inquire into ! m]its ( ! new s*eme4 ,?is c>eful inquir] f\nd _m s]i\s ob/acles 9 ! way ( su* e/abli%m5ts4 ,! fi]c5ess ( spid]s1 & _! prop5sity to de/roy ea* o!r1 7 notic$ z unfitt+ !m to be br$ & re>$ toge!r4 ,on di/ribut+ ab\t five ?\s& spid]s 9 cells1 9 companies ( ab\t fifty or a hundr$1 x 0 f\nd t ! l>g] spid]s quickly kill$ & ate ! small]1 until !re 7 only "o or two occupi]s ( ea* cell4 ,! silk ( ! spid] 0 also f\nd inf]ior 9 lu/re & /r5g? to t ( ! silkworm1 & _h ! disadvantage ( be+ incapable ( w9d+ (f ! ball1 b mu/ necess>ily be c>d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>d5 ,,spid]--7,natural ,size47 ,inde$1 x c\ld require no v great consid]ation to decide1 t spid]s' silk1 :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! silkworm1 0 va/ly inf]ior = manufactur+ purposes1 ?\gh employ$ 9 _m useful & highly +5i\s ways by ! insect itself4 ,a few ( ^! we mu/ n omit to notice4 ,e "o mu/ h se5 ! common g>d5 spid] 7,epeira diadema7 susp5d$ by its silk5 rope1 or =m+ its beautiful web2 b e "o is n aw>e t t silk5 rope is made up ( a multiplicity ( ?reads1 & t :5 ! spid] atta*es ! rope to any object by press+ h] sp9n]et aga9/ x1 %e spreads out ^! ?reads ov] an area ( "s diamet]1 ?us secur+ a mu* great] degree ( /r5g? ?an c\ld be ga9$ by m]ely fix+ h] ?read to "o po9t4 ,?is contrivance may be se5 be/ :5 ! ?reads are atta*$ to a black object4 ,"u ! microscope !y appe> ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]',s ,,me?od ,,( ,,atta*+ ,,h] ,,?read4 ,! uses ( silk 9 ! webs & ne/s ( common spid]s are too obvi\s to be dwelt on1 b !re is a mo/ clev] & surpris+ adaptation ( ! same mat]ial by sev]al =eign species ( spid] :i* mu/ be briefly /at$4 ,9 ! ,ionian isl&s1 & also 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 !re are f\nd c]ta9 spid]s1 commonly kn[n z trap-door spid]s1 :i* make a cyl9drical ne/ 9 ! e>?1 & cov] ! entrance ) a door ( _! own con/ruction1 fram$ ( alt]nate lay]s ( silk & e>?1 & fa/5$ to ! op5+ by a h+e ( /\t silk4 ,^! spid]s also l9e _! ne/s ?r\gh\t ) num]\s lay]s ( silk5 web to ! ?ickness ( /\t c>tridge pap]1 & f9i% x ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,?is beautiful l9+ is yet fur!r /r5g!n$ 9 p>ticul> p>ts1 :]e ! ne/ is likely to be expos$ to dang]4 ,b ! greate/ am\nt ( skill & c>e is be/[$ ^u ! trap-door & its silk5 h+e4 ,?is door is ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 r\gh on ! outside1 n mu* unlike an oy/] %ell1 :i* x also resembles 9 be+ ?ick & /rong ne> ! h+e1 b ?9n] t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,! bread? ( ?is h+e is v>i\s1 b sometimes x is v consid]able1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,x also possesses great ela/ic =ce1 s t on be+ op5$1 x closes aga9 ( itself4 ,?is is pr9cipally accompli%$ by a fold or d\bl+ ( ! web1 at ea* end ( ! h+e1 :i* p]mits ! door to be op5$ ne>ly to a "r angle ) ! ap]ture1 b no f>!r1 unless viol5ce be us$4 ,! "u side ( ! door is p]fectly smoo? & firm1 be+ %ap$ s z to fit accurately1 & yet to (f] no resi/ance :5 pu%$ op5 by ! insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trap-,,door ,,spid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,trap-,,door ,,spid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trap-,,door ,,op5+ ,,by ,a ,,lev]4 ,z might be expect$1 !re are v>ieties 9 ! %ape & size ( ^! ne/s4 ,"s specim5s f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,zante _h ! silk5 lay]s ( ! lid ext5d$ into a sort ( h&le or lev] j above ! h+e1 on press+ :i* 9 ev] s slight a degree ! trap-door op5$4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t ! entrance to su* a ne/ c\ld be effect$ z easily by ! enemies ( ! spid] z by ! spid] itself3 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case2 = repeat$ obs]vation has %[n t ! spid] keeps gu>d at ! entrance1 & actually holds ! door ) h] =e feet & palpi1 :ile ! h9d] feet are ext5d$ d[n ! side ( ! ne/1 & ! m&ibles are ?ru/ into ! opposite side ne> ! door4 ,by ?is means ! insect gets su* p[] z to resi/ ) consid]able =ce ! op5+ ( ! door4 ,if x be ask$ h[ ?is is kn[n1 we are able to ref] to ! exp]im5ts ( c>eful obs]v]s1 :o extract$ a numb] ( ne/s f ! gr\nd1 & op5+ !m at ! l[] end1 look$ up1 & saw ! spid] s occupi$4 ,a sectional view ( ! ne/ w %[ t ! curv$ =m ( ! cov]1 & ! %ape ( ! side walls1 mu/ fav\r ?is me?od ( keep+ ! door %ut4 ,9 "s cases1 small holl[s 7 =m$ r\nd ! int]ior edge ( ! lid1 into :i* ! spid] ?ru/ its feet :5 keep+ gu>d4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 t :5 sev]al ( ^! spid]s enclos$ 9 _! ne/s 7 kept z a matt] ( curiosity 9 a box ( e>?1 & ! doors frequ5tly op5$ to exam9e _! proce$+s1 "o or two ( !m1 z if we>i$ at ^! repeat$ int]ruptions1 effectually clos$ _! doors by weav+ a piece ( silk5 tape/ry1 :i* 0 spread ov] ! int]ior ( ! op5+1 & r\nd$ l ! inside ( a ?imble4 ,?is 0 s /rongly atta*$ to ! door & to ! side walls1 t no op5+ c\ld be made )\t de/roy+ ! ne/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,ne/4 ,x 0 long a matt] ( surprise to ! obs]v] to f9d1 t 9 ! case ( "s ne/s1 & n ( o!rs1 !re 0 a trap-door at ! bottom z well z at ! top ( ! ne/3 ?is 0 at la/ expla9$ by ! foll[+ fact4 ,a spid]'s ne/1 :i* 0 accid5tally brok5 (f 9 be+ extract$ f ! gr\nd1 0 purposely re/or$ to ! e>? 9 a rev]s$ position1 ) ! trap-door d[nw>ds1 & ! brok5 & expos$ "p level ) ! surface4 ,! spid] imm$iately set to "w to make a new door ov] ! brok5 "p1 & f9i%$ x ) z mu* complet5ess z ! o!r4 ,d\btless1 !n1 ^? ne/s :i* 7 provid$ ) two doors 7 su* z _h be5 upset & brok54 ,?is is ! m likely because 9 ,zante1 :]e su* ne/s 7 f\nd1 ! e>? is annually dug up r\nd ! roots ( ! olive tree1 a fav\rite ne/+ place ( ^! trap-door spid]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,) ,,two ,,op5+s4 ,we mu/ n omit to m5tion1 t 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 especially 9 ,p>aguay1 !re is a spid] :i* =ms a sph]ical cocoon = its eggs1 an in* 9 diamet]1 ( a yell[ silk1 :i* ! inhabitants sp9 on acc\nt ( ! p]man5cy ( ! col\r4 ,x mu/ also be obs]v$ t ! silk ( spid]s is useful to ! a/ronom]1 :o employs ! /ronge/ ?read 7! "o1 namely1 :i* supports ! web7 = ! divisions ( ! micromet]4 ,by its ductility1 ?is ?read acquires ab\t a fif? ( its ord9>y l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,wax ,,insect ,,( ,,*9a4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,wax ,,by ,,! ,,hive ,,bee1 ,,! ,,humble ,,bee1 ,,& ,,! ,,:ite ,,wax ,,insect ,,( ,,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grub ,,9 ,,cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,*rysalis ,! mo/ notable insect manufactur]1 aft] ! silkworm1 is ! common hive bee1 :i* is able to produce ?ree di/9ct sub/ances1 honey1 wax1 & silk2 ! fir/ two only be+ useful to mank9d4 ,p]sons :o h nev] se5 bees 9 any o!r ?an _! p]fect /ate1 & are unacqua9t$ ) ! int]nal economy ( ! hive1 w le>n ) surprise t ! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is insect is t ( a small /raight worm1 :i* rapidly increases 9 size until x t\*es ! sides ( ! cell :i* =ms its dwell+-place4 ,x !n coils itself up1 until ! extremities meet & =m a complete r+4 ,:5 x ceases eat+1 ! nurse-bees seal up ! cell1 leav+ ! cat]pill> to sp9 its cocoon 9 safety4 ,! silk5 film 9 :i* ! insect n[ beg9s to wrap itself1 proce$s f a sp9n]1 situat$ 9 ! middle "p ( ! "u lip1 & is compos$ ( two ?reads1 gumm$ toge!r z !y issue f ! two orifices ( ! sp9n]4 ,! cat]pill> is employ$ dur+ ?irty-six h\rs 9 mak+ its cocoon2 ?ree days aft] :i* x becomes a *rysalis4 ,ov] ?is *rysalis1 or r ov] ! cell 9 :i* x is conta9$1 ! nurse-bees brood until ! w>m? ( _! bodies p5etrates1 & assi/s 9 produc+ ! la/ *ange ( ! insect )94 ,! cocoon1 by degrees1 becomes atta*$ to ! int]ior ( ! cell l a l9+1 & ! bee1 hav+ its p>ts gradually unfold$1 beg9s at l5g? to cut its way ?r\gh ! cov] ( ! cell4 ,x is n[ a p]fect bee1 & capable at once ( tak+ its "p 9 ! lab\rs ( ! hive4 ,^! lab\rs *iefly relate to food1 %elt]1 & c>e ( ! "y4 ,9 ! article ( food1 ! bee is a mo/ indu/ri\s collector ( ! sweet juices ( fl[]s1 :i* are conv]t$ into ! lusci\s honey ) :i* %e /ores h] hive4 ,%e also collects poll51 z an +r$i5t 9 ! food ( ! "y1 & a gummy sub/ance call$ propolis1 :i* oozes f ! popl>1 bir*1 & will[1 & :i* %e uses z a sort ( v>ni% & cem5t to ! project+ p>ts ( ! hive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bees ,,ga!r+ ,,honey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,head ,,( ,,bee4 7,magnifi$47 ,= ! purpose ( collect+1 c>ry+ home1 & manufactur+ ^! sev]al products1 ! work+ bee is provid$ ) a complete & beautiful app>atus1 consi/+ ( a proboscis 7almo/ z wond]ful 9 its way z t ( ! elephant71 by :i* %e asc]ta9s ! nature ( food1 & imbibes su* z is adapt$ to h] wants2 a honey bag1 or second /oma*1 :i* is a small transp>5t globe ab\t ! size ( a pea1 :]e %e deposits h] nect>2 a pair ( baskets1 "o 9 ea* h9d leg1 9 :i* %e /ores ! poll5 ( fl[]s1 & ! propolis or gum ( trees2 & la/ly1 9 ! case ( ! wax-mak]s1 f\r pairs ( wax pockets1 or membran\s bags1 conta9$ 9 ! abdom51 :]e by "s unkn[n process wax is secret$ f ! food tak5 into ! /oma*4 ,:at an a/oni%+ provision = ! requirem5ts ( a s+le insect6 ,illu/ration3 ,,h9d ,,leg ,,( ,,work]4 a1 ! haun*2 b1 ! ?igh2 c1 ! tibia1 or pallet1 conta9+ ! basket or cavity2 d1 e1 ! foot4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,wax4 ,! honey-comb ( a bee is a beautiful & highly curi\s object1 & is compos$ ( wax1 a sub/ance :i* man1 ) all 8 skill1 is unable to fabricate4 ,:e!r ! hive be natural or artificial1 ! plan ( its con/ruction is mu* ! same4 ,a numb] ( honey-combs1 *iefly compos$ ( six-sid$ cells1 regul>ly appli$ to ea* o!r's sides1 & arrang$ 9 two lay]s1 are fix$ to ! upp] "p & sides ( ! int]ior ( ! hive4 ,^! combs are arrang$ at a small di/ance f ea* o!r1 & ! cells h _! op5+s into ! spaces betwe5 !m1 :i* are wide en\gh to all[ two bees to pass ea* o!r easily4 ,besides ^! vacancies ! combs are "h & !re pi]c$ ) holes1 :i* s]ve z a means ( communication f "o comb to ano!r1 )\t los+ "t by go+ r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,hive4 ,! cells be+ =m$ ( wax1 a sub/ance secret$ by ! bees 9 no great abundance1 x is important t z little z possible %\ld be consum$4 ,bees1 !re=e1 9 ! =mation ( _! cells h to solve a problem 9 geometry1 namely1 8a quantity ( wax be+ giv51 to =m ( x simil> & equal cells ( a det]m9ate capacity1 b ( ! l>ge/ size 9 proportion to ! quantity ( matt] employ$1 & dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z to occupy 9 ! hive ! lea/ possible space40 ,e "p ( ?is problem is practically solv$ by bees4 ,if _! cells _h be5 cyl9drical1 :i* =m seems be/ adapt$ to ! %ape ( a bee1 !y c\ld n h be5 appli$ to ea* o!r )\t leav+ a numb] ( useless vacant spaces4 ,if ! cells _h be5 squ>e or triangul>1 ?is la/ objection w\ld be remov$2 b a great] quantity ( wax w\ld h be5 requir$1 & ! %ape w\ld h be5 inconv5i5t to a r\nd-bodi$ animal4 ,hexagonal cells are admirably fitt$ to ! =m ( ! insect1 at ! same "t t _! sides apply to ea* o!r )\t ! smalle/ vacant int]vals4 ,ano!r important sav+ 9 mat]ials is ga9$ by mak+ a common base s]ve = two lay]s ( cells4 ,mu* m wax z well z room w\ld h be5 requir$1 _h ! combs consi/$ ( "o lay] only4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! base ( ea* cell is n an exact plane1 b is usually compos$ ( ?ree loz5ge-%ap$ pieces1 plac$ s z to =m a pyramidal concavity4 ,f ?is =m x foll[s t ! base ( a cell on "o side ( ! comb is compos$ ( portions ( ! bases ( ?ree cells on ! o!r4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a great] degree ( /r5g? is obta9$1 & also a m roomy cell1 ) less exp5diture ( wax4 ,?is has be5 cle>ly prov$1 z also t ! angles ( ! base ( ! cell are exactly ^? :i* require ! smalle/ quantity ( wax4 ,x is obvi\s t ^! angles might v>y inf9itely2 b by a v accurate measurem5t ,m>aldi f\nd t ! great angles 7 9 g5]al #aji #bh1 ! small] ones #gj #cb4 ,raumur1 suspect+ t ! object ( *oos+ ^! angles 0 to sp>e wax1 propos$ to ,m4 ,knig1 a skilful geometrician1 to det]m9e by calculation :at ought to be ! angle ( a hexagonal cell ) a pyramidal bottom1 =m$ ( ?ree simil> & equal rhomboid plates1 s t ! lea/ possible matt] might ent] into its con/ruction4 ,aft] an elaborate calculation1 ! geometrician f\nd t ! great angles ( ! rhombs %\ld be #aji #bf1 & ( ! small angles1 #gj #cd1 a surpris+ agreem5t betwe5 ! solution ( ! problem1 & ! actual measurem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,& ,,rev]se ,,view ,,( ,,cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,jo9+ ,,cells4 ,! bees h also ano!r contrivance = sav+ wax4 ,!y =m ! bottoms & sides ( ! cells ( wax n ?ick] ?an writ+ pap]2 b z walls ( ?is ?9ness at ! entrance w\ld be p]petually injur$ by ! go+ 9 & out ( ! work]s1 !y make ! m>g9 at ! op5+ ( ea* cell ?ree or f\r times ?ick] ?an ! walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fe/oon ,,( ,,wax-,,mak]s4 ,x has already be5 said t wax is a secretion naturally =m$ 9 c]ta9 membran\s bags 9 ! body ( ! bee4 ,z ! secretion goes on1 ! wax oozes ?r\gh ! membrane1 & =ms 9 ?9 plates on ! outside4 ,! position adopt$ by ! insects dur+ ?is process is /range & almo/ ridicul\s4 ,_! proce$+s are z foll[s3--,! wax-mak]s1 hav+ tak5 a quantity ( honey or sug> into ! /oma*1 susp5d !mselves to ea* o!r1 ! claws ( ! =e legs ( "o be+ atta*$ to ^? ( ! h9d pair ( ano!r1 until !y =m !mselves into a clu/]1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( fe/oons or g>l&s1 :i* cross ea* o!r 9 all directions1 until !y =m a d5se curta91 & 9 :i* mo/ ( ! bees turn _! back ^u ! obs]v]4 ,9 ?is position ! wax-mak]s rema9 immovable = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! secretion ( wax takes place4 ,at la/ "o ( !m is se5 to deta* itself f ! re/1 & to make its way to ! top ( ! hive1 :]e x turns itself r\nd1 & cle>s a space ( ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x !n seizes "o ( ! plates ( wax ) a p9c]1 =m$ at ! jo9ts ( ! leg1 & draw+ x =w>ds1 "o ( ! =e legs takes x ) its claw & c>ries x to ! m\?4 ,! insect !n proce$s by means ( its m&ibles & its proboscis to r$uce ! plate to a rib& ( wax1 :i* x s(t5s ) a fro?y liquor4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ! proboscis is sometimes flatt5$ l a spatula1 !n l a tr[el1 at o!r times x is l a p5cil1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t4 ,! liquor mix$ ) ! wax gives x a :it5ess & ductility :i* x _h n be=e1 ! object be+ to make x fit = work+ into any %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,proboscis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lay+ ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,cell4 ,! p>cels ( wax ?us prep>$ are appli$ aga9/ ! vault ( ! hive1 ! little build] arrang+ !m 9 ! direction %e wi%es !m to take3 :5 %e has ?us employ$ ! :ole plate t %e _h sep>at$ f h] body1 %e takes a second1 & proce$s 9 ! same mann]4 ,at l5g? %e leaves h] "w1 & is lo/ 9 ! cr[d ( h] companions4 ,ano!r succe$s1 & resumes ! employm5t2 !n a ?ird3 all foll[ ! same plan ( plac+ _! wax2 & if "o by *ance gives x a contr>y direction1 ano!r1 com+ aft]1 sets x "r4 ,! result ( all ^! op]ations is a little wall ( wax1 ) unev5 surfaces1 five or six l9es#a long1 two l9es high1 & half a l9e ?ick1 :i* desc5ds p]p5dicul>ly f ! vault ( ! hive4 ,9 ?is fir/ "w !re is no angle1 nor any trace ( ! figure ( ! cells4 ,x is a simple p>tition1 9 a "r l9e1 )\t any b5d4 ,footnote #a3 ,a l9e is ! twelf? "p ( an in*4 ,! wax-mak]s hav+ ?us laid ! f\ndation ( a comb1 ! nurse-bees come to model & complete ! "w4 ,! =m] are ! lab\r]s1 :o convey ! mat]ials2 ! latt]1 ! arti/s1 :o "w !m up into ! requir$ =m4 ,"o ( ! nurse-bees places h]self horizontally on ! vault ( ! hive1 h] head correspond+ to ! c5tre ( ! wall :i* ! wax-mak]s h left1 & :i* is to =m ! p>tition ( ! comb into two opposite assemblages ( cells2 & rapidly mov+ h] head1 %e m\lds ) h] jaws a cavity :i* is to =m ! base ( "o ( ! cells4 ,:5 %e has work$ "s m9utes %e dep>ts1 & ano!r takes h] place1 deep5+ ! holl[1 & height5+ its sides by heap+ up ! wax to ! "r & left1 by means ( ! tee? & =e feet4 ,m ?an tw5ty bees successively employ !mselves 9 ?is "w4 ,:5 arriv$ at a c]ta9 po9t1 o!r bees beg9 on ! yet unt\*$ & opposite side ( ! mass1 & comm5c+ ! bottom ( two cells1 are 9 turn reliev$ by o!rs4 ,:ile /ill engag$ 9 ?is lab\r ! wax-mak]s return1 & add to ! mass1 increas+ its ext5t e way1 ! nurse-bees aga9 cont9u+ _! op]ations4 ,aft] hav+ work$ ! bottoms ( ! cells ( ! fir/ r[ into _! prop] =ms1 !y poli% !m1 & give !m f9i%1 :ile o!rs beg9 ! outl9e ( a new s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,cells4 ,! cells !mselves1 consi/+ ( six-sid$ tubes1 are next con/ruct$4 ,! bees comm5ce by mak+ ! edges ( ! cavities ( equal height1 s t all ! m>g9s ( ! cells (f] an uni=mly level surface4 ,! sides are height5$ 9 an ord] simil> to t :i* ! insects foll[ 9 f9i%+ ! bottoms ( ! cells2 & ! l5g? ( ^! tubes is s p]fectly proportion$1 t !re is no obs]vable inequality betwe5 !m4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 t ?\gh ! g5]al =m ( ! cell is hexagonal1 or six-sid$1 t ( ^? fir/ begun is an irregul> p5tagon1 ! side next ! top ( ! hive1 & by :i* ! comb is atta*$1 be+ mu* broad] ?an ! re/2 :5ce ! comb is m /rongly unit$ to ! hive ?an if ^! cells 7 ( ! ord9>y %ape4 ,9 giv+ ! prop] =ms to ! bottoms ( ! cells1 ! bees make mu* use ( _! ant5n1 :i* extraord9>y organs !y seem to employ z directors1 by :i* _! o!r in/rum5ts are in/ruct$ to execute a v complex "w4 ,!y d n remove a s+le p>ticle ( wax until ! ant5n h explor$ ! surface t is to be sculptur$4 ,by ! use ( ^! organs1 :i* are flexible1 & readily appli$ to all p>ts1 h[ev] delicate1 !y c p]=m ! functions ( compasses 9 measur+ v m9ute objects1 & c "w 9 ! d>k1 & raise _! wond]ful combs4 ,all ^! proce$+s are conduct$ ) ! utmo/ regul>ity4 ,! orig9al mass ( wax is increas$ 9 a uni=m quantity by ! wax-mak]s1 :o m]ely produce & c>ry ! mat]ials1 b h n ! art ( sculptur+ ! cells4 ,two masses ( wax = combs are nev] begun at ! same "t2 b no soon] are "s r[s ( cells con/ruct$ 9 ! fir/ mass1 :5 two o!r masses1 "o on ea* side ( x1 are e/abli%$ at equal di/ances f x1 & p>allel to x1 & !n aga9 two m ext]ior to ^!4 ,9 a new hive ! bees "w ) su* rapidity1 t 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs !y w sometimes con/ruct a comb tw5ty in*es long by sev5 or eight in*es wide1 & ! hive w be half fill$ 9 five or six days2 s t 9 ! fir/ fifte5 days z mu* wax is made z 9 ! :ole ye> besides4 ,! comm]cial value ( wax is consid]able4 ,a simple way ( prep>+ x = use is z foll[s4 ,:5 ! hive has be5 cle>$ ( honey1 ! wax is put into a wooll5 bag firmly ti$ at ! m\?2 ! bag is plung$ into a pan ( boil+ wat]2 ! pure mat]ial oozes ?r\gh ! clo?1 & swims ^u ! surface2 x is c>efully skimm$ (f1 z long z any cont9ues to rise1 & p\r$ into a %all[ e>!n b[l1 :i* is previ\sly wett$ to prev5t ! wax f adh]+ to its sides4 ,x mu/ be all[$ to cool v gradually1 o!rwise ! cake :i* x =ms w crack4 ,an inf]ior k9d ( wax is made by ^? l>ge bees call$ humble bees1 ^: gay col\rs & boom+ flight make !m s well kn[n 9 our g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,female ,,humble ,,bee4 ,e>ly 9 spr+1 z soon z ! catk9s ( ! will[s are 9 fl[]1 a l>ge solit>y female may be se5 ab\t !m collect+ honey & poll54 ,%e is ! only survivor ( ! =m] ye>'s colony1 & is ! f\ndress ( a new "o4 ,h] fir/ c>e on awak+ f h] w9t]'s sleep is to excavate a holl[ 9 ! e>? = h] ne/1 :i* is (t5 above a foot "u ! surface1 & is ent]$ by a passage or gall]y4 ,:5 complete1 %e l9es x ) s(t leaves1 & !n proce$s to make h] wax5 cells4 ,?is %e does s quickly1#b t %e c build a cell1 fill x ) honey & poll51 deposit "o or two eggs 9 x1 & cov] !m 91 9 little m ?an half an h\r4 ,a numb] ( ^! cells are ?us con/ruct$2 ! eggs are hat*$1 & ! little worms1 increas+ rapidly 9 size1 at la/ sp9 silk5 cocoons1 & und]go ! usual *anges4 ,! work]s are ! mo/ num]\s portion ( ! population1 & h abundant employm5t ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,"o ( _! fir/ c>es is to l9e ! ro( ( _! ne/ ) wax1 to keep x w>m & prev5t wat] f filt]+ ?r\gh4 ,! wax ( ^! insects is n s delicate1 :ite1 firm1 or fusible z t ( ! hive bee1 nor is x appli$ to su* exquisite ar*itecture2 x is br[n & s(t1 b well adapt$ to ! rude works ( _! ne/4 ,x is =m$ 9 wax-pockets simil> to ^? ( ! hive bee1 & is m\ld$ 9 plates to ! %ape ( ! insect's body4 ,unlike ! que5 ( ! hive1 ! f\ndress ( ?is colony secretes wax1 & does s ev5 m abundantly ?an "o ( h] work]s4 ,footnote #b3 ,! rapid =mation ( wax 9 ! case ( humble bees is v rem>kable4 ,hub] conf9$ a numb] ( !m1 & f$ !m dur+ _m days ) poll5 only2 !y produc$ no wax1 con/ruct$ no cells1 & laid no eggs2 b on giv+ !m honey1 wax 0 produc$ 9 a few m9utes1 & ! "w ( ! colony proce$$4 ,! int]ior ( a humble bee's ne/ has none ( ! beauty & regul>ity ( ! hive4 ,in/ead ( a numb] ( v]tical combs ( wax !re is a confus$ & clumsy assemblage ( egg-%ap$ bodies ( dirty-col\r$ wax1 plac$ "o above ! o!r1 =m+ a s]ies ( horizontal combs1 re/+ ^u ea* o!r & connect$ by small pill>s ( wax4 ,^! egg-%ap$ bodies are ( diff]5t sizes2 ^? 9 ! middle be+ ! l>ge/1 closely jo9$ to ea* o!r1 & ea* gr\p connect$ ) ^? next x by slight jo9+s ( wax4 ,^! oval bodies are ! silk5 cocoons spun by ! "y l>v2 "s are clos$ at ! top1 & include inmates2 o!rs1 *iefly 9 ! l[] combs1 are op51 ! "y bees hav+ escap$ f !m4 ,on ! surface ( ! upp] comb are sev]al masses ( wax ( a r\ndi% & irregul> =m1 ab\t an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet] & half an in* deep2 ^! are brood cells1 conta9+ ea* six or sev5 l>ge l>v1 ly+ close toge!r ^u a quantity ( poll5 & honey plac$ !re = ! purpose ( n\ri%+ !m z soon z !y are hat*$4 ,:5 ! food is consum$1 ! work]s make an op5+ 9 ! top ( ! cell & introduce a new supply1 tak+ c>e to seal up ! cells aga94 ,! cells are sometimes split op5 z ! grub increases 9 size1 ^u :i* ! work]s fill up ! cracks ) wax1 z fa/ z !y occur4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 t ^! insects make use ( ! empty cocoons z honey-pots1 fir/ l9+ !m ) wax1 & /r5g!n+ !m r\nd ! edges ) a wax5 r+4 ,"s ne/s conta9 z _m z fifty or sixty ( ^! honey-pots1 conta9+ /ores = daily use1 & :i* are nev] seal$ ov] l ! cells ( ! hive bee1 because all ! colony except "o female dies at ! approa* ( w9t]1 & ?is solit>y female lies 9 a torpid /ate dur+ t season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cells ,,( ,,! ,,humble ,,bee4 ,b bees are n ! only wax-mak]s 9 ! _w4 ,!re is1 9 ,*9a1 an insect call$ ! :ite wax insect1 :i*1 9 its cat]pill> /ate1 deposits a sort ( wax on ! bran*es ( trees4 ,sir ,george ,/aunton tells u t accid5t l$ him to obs]ve "s sw>ms ( uncommon insects busily employ$ ^u ! bran*es ( a %rub1 n at t "t 9 fruit or fl[]1 b ^: leaves & g5]al gr[? some:at resembl$ our privet4 ,^! insects1 n mu* bigg] ?an common flies1 7 ( curi\s /ructure1 hav+ an app5dage to _! bodies1 9 %ape l ! tail fea!rs ( our common f[l4 ,?is1 z well z ! :ole body1 0 ei!r p]fectly :ite1 or cov]$ ) a :ite p[d]1 "s ( :i* 0 left 9 ! track ( ! insect on ! /ems & leaves ( ! %rub4 ,?is 0 ! e>ly /age ( ! insect's life1 & t 9 :i* wax is =m$4 ,! wax is describ$ z be+ a greasy :ite sub/ance :5 fir/ deposit$ on ! leaves & bran*es1 :]e x soon h>d5s into a m compact =m4 ,! insect 9 its p]fect /ate is ( a blacki% *e/nut col\r1 & is furni%$ ) w+s4 ,x deposits its eggs 9 little pellets ab\t ! size ( a gra9 ( millet1 b ^! enl>ge 9 ! spr+1 & be+ atta*$ to ! bran*es1 give to ! %rub exactly ! appe>ance ( be+ load$ ) fruit4 ,ab\t ,midsumm] ^! pellets op5 & disclose ! insects1 :i* soon beg9 to crawl ab\t ! bran*es & deposit wax4 ,x is 9 ! autumnal mon?s t ! ,*9ese scrape ! wax f ! bran*es ( trees1 collect+ x 9 a vessel1 & !n melt+ & /ra9+ x4 ,!y next coagulate x by p\r+ x into a vessel ( cold wat]1 & ?is gives x a pa/y =m1 9 :i* x is easily made into cakes ( ! requir$ size4 ,?is wax is exce$+ly :ite & glossy1 & :5 mix$ ) oil & made into c&les1 x is ev5 sup]ior = t purpose to ! wax made by bees4 ,sir ,g4 ,/aunton says t ! product ( ^! insects n only coagulates into wax1 b w cause oleag9\s sub/ances to coagulate likewise1 s t if "o "p ( ?is wax be dissolv$ 9 ?ree p>ts ( heat$ olive oil1 ! :ole1 :5 cold1 w coagulate into a mass1 possess+ a degree ( firmness ne>ly equal to t ( bees-wax4 ,a ,*9ese writ] /ates t x 0 n until ! dyna/y ( ,yu5 t ! wax made by ^! insects became kn[n 9 ,*9a2 b t z soon z its prop]ties 7 asc]ta9$1 p]sons ( all ranks began to use x1 bo? 9 m$ic9e & dome/ic economy4 ,! m$ic9al qualities ( ! wax 7 mu* extoll$ by ,*9ese physicians1 & a curi\s use ( x is /at$ 9 ,grosi]'s ,*9a1 namely1 t ! ,*9ese orators1 :5 ab\t to speak 9 public & ne$+ assurance1 previ\sly eat an ounce ( ?is wax to prev5t swoon+s4 ,b ap>t f virtues :i* exi/$ *iefly 9 ! fancy ( ! ,*9ese1 ! uses ( ?is sub/ance 9 mak+ c&les1 & = ! ord9>y purposes to :i* bees-wax is appli$1 are highly important4 ,! wax1 x is said1 is c>ri$ to c\rt & res]v$ = ! emp]or1 ! pr9ces1 & *ief m&>9s4 ,! produc+ insects are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! s\?-ea/]n prov9ces ( ,*9a1 z well z 9 ,co*9 ,*9a4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! wax employ$ 9 ,europe1 & ! great] "p ( t consum$ 9 ,am]ica1 is ! produce ( ! common hive bee1 b 9 ! latt] c\ntry ! produce ( wild bees is also ext5sively us$4 ,wax =ms an important bran* ( trade & comm]ce 9 all ^? c\ntries :]e ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion prevails1 be+ ext5sively us$ 9 ! fe/ivals & rites ( t *ur*4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt1 wax to ! value ( eighty-?ree ?\s& p\nds 0 =m]ly annually export$ f ,cuba to ,new ,spa91 :]e ! quantity consum$ 9 ! fe/ivals ( ! *ur* is imm5se1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ villages4 ,! total exports f ,cuba 9 ! ye> #ahjc 7 wor? upw>ds ( #acj1jjjl4 ,illu/ration3 ,hive ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,honey ,,by ,,! ,,hive ,,bee4 ,_m & v>i\s are ! trees1 %rubs1 & plants1 yield+ blossoms ri* 9 honey1 :i* h be5 recomm5d$ to be cultivat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( bee-hives2 & no "o c h wat*$ ! proce$+s ( ! indu/ri\s inhabitants )\t obs]v+ t ! e>ly blossoms ( ! sall[ & ( ! horse-*e/nut seem peculi>ly acceptable1 & lat] 9 ! season ^? ( ! lime2 :ile mignonette1 ?yme1 rosem>y1 lav5d]1 & v>i\s o!r fl[]s1 are assidu\sly visit$ by ^! dilig5t collectors4 ,b ! be/ /ores ( our g>d5s yield a scanty supply comp>$ ) ! treasures ( ! fields1 su* z bean blossoms1 & clov] blossoms4 ,! latt] crop 7especially ! :ite ,dut* clov] call$ honeysuckle7 is s ri* 9 sweet juices1 t :5 !re is pl5ty ( x1 a good supply ( honey is also pretty c]ta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,passion-,,fl[]4 7,passiflora ,crulea47 ,9 autumn1 bees attack fruit aft] birds or snails h remov$ ! out] sk94 ,!y also consume honey-dew1 ! sweet fluid :i* is dropp$ by ! aphis4 ,at ?is season also ! ,passion-fl[] af=ds a seasonable supply ( liquid honey4 ,! fondness ( ! bee = ! honey ( ?is fl[] is ?us notic$ by ,mr4 ,wailes 9 ! ,entomological ,magaz9e4 ,he says1 8,aga9/ ! s\? front ( our h\se1 sev]al plants ( ! ,passiflora ,crulea are tra9$1 :i* cov] x to ! height ( "s tw5ty feet1 or !reab\ts2 &1 f ,july to ,novemb]1 ! con/ant succession ( its beautiful fl[]s attract great numb]s ( ! hive bee1 especially dur+ autumn1 :5 fl[]s productive ( mu* honey are sc>ce4 ,e "o kn[s ! passion-fl[]1 & ne$ h>dly be told t "o s]ies ( ! rays ( ! nect>y closely surr\nds ! /ipes or %aft1 :il/ o!r two are beautifully spread ov] ! horizontal leaves ( ! corolla2 b p]haps few are aw>e t ! tube ( ! calyx conta9s sev]al drops ( pure & delici\s honey4 ,on ! arrival ( ea* bee1 ,i c at once tell :e!r x has be5 a prior visitor or n1 by its mode ( proc$ure4 ,%\ld x be a fir/ visit1 ! little busy creature is = a "t q at a loss2 x1 ( c\rse1 sc5ts ! honey1 b _c discov] ! entrance to ! /oreh\se4 ,conv9c$ t !re is pl5ty ( ! object ( its se>* 9 ! fl[]1 ! bee hurries ov] ! surface 9 all directions1 n[ runn+ its head fa/ betwe5 ! corolla & ! out] d\ble s]ies ( ! rays ( ! nect>y1 n[ entangl+ itself among/ ! beautiful rays !mselves1 & anon m\nt+ ! /ipes1 & ransack+ ! p>ts ( fructification4 ,at l5g?1 aft] a bu/l+ sc5e1 :i* frequ5tly la/s = two or ?ree m9utes1 & :i* ! bee's c]ta9ty t honey is conceal$ some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood prev5ts its quitt+ 9 despair1 sometimes app>5tly by m]e *ance1 at o!rs by runn+ ! sc5t home1 its indefatigable lab\rs are rew>d$4 ,n[1 ) its tongue ins]t$ among/ ! rays surr\nd+ ! %aft1 & pa/ ! project+ rim :i* almo/ closes ! entrance to ! tube ( ! calyx1 x dr9ks its fill1 & flies (f = ! hive1 to deposit its treasure1 & pr(it by exp]i5ce on a future trip4 ,f> diff]5t is ! mann] ( ! bee t has be5 at ! "w be=e2 x wa/es n a mom5t ( ! "t :i* ! approa* ( w9t] r5d]s d\bly valuable1 b at once alights on ! fl[]1 runs to its c5tre1 & plung+ its tongue into ! liquid sweet1 hurries back load$ to ! hive40 ,anci5t writ]s speak ( ! practice ( remov+ bees to fre% pa/ures e autumn1 z common 9 _! times2 & ?is practice is /ill cont9u$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ) great advantage to bee-keep]s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/1 :5 wild fl[]s h almo/ disappe>$1 & g>d5s are fad+1 & clov] is no long] 9 blossom1 x is v desirable to f9d "s fre% pa/urage = ! bees4 ,! autumnal transportation ( bees is approv$ ( 9 ! ea/1 & also 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,european cont95t2 b 9 ,engl& x is seldom adopt$4 ,nev]!less1 x is almo/ univ]sal 9 ,scotl&4 8,ab\t five miles f ,ed9burgh10 says ,dr4 ,bevan1 8at ! foot ( ! ,p5tl& hills /&s ,logan ,h\se1 suppos$ ! =m] resid5ce ( ,sir ,w4 ,wor?y1 celebrat$ by ,allan ,ramsay1 9 8 #8,g5tle ,%eph]d4' ,! h\se is n[ occupi$ by a %eph]d1 :o1 dur+ ,july & ,augu/1 receives ab\t a hundr$ bee-hives f 8 neighb\rs beyond ! hills1 t _! bees may ga!r ! honey f ! luxuriant blossoms ( ! m\nta9 hea!r40 ,?is is only "o in/ance out ( numb]s1 = 9 ?is way our c>eful nor!rn neighb\rs manage to d\ble _! h>ve/ ( honey1 tak+ n unfrequ5tly almo/ ! :ole /ore f _! hives be=e transport+ !m to ! moors1 & reap+ an ample quantity aga9 on _! return 9 ?ree weeks' "t4 ,a writ] on ?is subject regrets t our own moorl&s are n made available to ?is end4 8,! v air10 he says1 8is (t5 r$ol5t ) ! ri* p]fume1 :ile "h & !re a solit>y bee is se5 or he>d1 lab\r+ ) we>i$ w+ among ! inexhau/ible /ores ( nature1 & sc>cely able to rega9 its lonely %iel+ 9 ! di/ant vale4 ,:5 we consid] ! pov]ty ( our m\nta9e]s1 & _! frequ5t want ( occupation1 x is ! m to be lam5t$ t s easy a s\rce ( emolum5t %\ld lie op5 to !m 9 va940 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture we le>n t ,pol& is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ honey-produc+ c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! prov9ces ( ,podolia1 ,ukra9e & ,volhynia 9 p>ticul>1 ! cultivation ( ! honey-bee has long =m$ an object ( national importance2 & ^! bee-g>d5s are n only v num]\s & ext5sive1 b !y are also common 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,!re are cottages 9 ,pol&1 ) v small portions ( l& atta*$ to !m1 on :i* are to be se5 z _m z fifty hives2 :ile !re are f>m]s & l&$ proprietors :o are 9 possession ( f "o hundr$ to t5 ?\s& hives4 ,!re are "s f>m]s :o collect annually m ?an #bjj b>rels ( f9e honey1 ea* b>rel weigh+ f #djj to #ejj lbs41 exclusive ( ! wax4 ,a t5ant is (t5 9 ?is way enabl$ to pay 8 r5t & taxes1 to defray o!r dome/ic exp5ses1 & (t5 to accumulate h&some d[ries = 8 daught]s4 ,! middle ( ,septemb] is ab\t ! "t = ! honey-h>ve/1 or 9-ga!r+ ( ! /ores ( ! hive4 ,^? hives :i* are design$ = w9t] /ock mu/ be set ap>t & weigh$4 ,a common /raw hive :5 empty weighs f five to six p\nds1 an ord9>y sw>m ab\t f\r p\nds1 ! wax ( a full hive two or ?ree p\nds1 ! f>9a 9 ! cells "o p\nd1 mak+ 9 all fifte5 p\nds4 ,a /ock1 !re=e1 to be secure1 mu/ weigh d\ble t am\nt1 t is1 x %\ld n conta9 less ?an fifte5 p\nds ( honey4 ,! bees1 x is true1 may exi/ ?r\gh ! w9t] on a small] quantity ?an ?is1 b ?is w\ld dep5d v mu* on ! nature ( ! season2 :]eas ) fifte5 p\nds !y are consid]$ safe1 s f> z food is conc]n$1 :atev] ! temp]ature may be4 ,^! /ock-hives be+ select$1 ! cultivator n[ proce$s to take ! honey f ! re/ ( ! hives4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( tak+ honey1 kn[n z 8p>tial deprivation10 8suffocation10 & 8driv+40 ,= ! fir/ ( ^!1 hives ( two /ories are mo/ly employ$4 ,imm$iately aft] ! sw>m+ season ano!r /ory1 or box1 is add$1 ei!r above or bel[1 & "o ( ^? fill$ ) honey is tak5 away4 ,if ?is be done e>ly en\gh 9 ! season1 !re w be "t = ! bees to fill ! empty /ory be=e w9t]2 b if x be delay$1 z is sometimes ! case1 until ! beg9n+ or middle ( ,septemb]1 !n ! bees1 hav+ no opportunity ( replac+ :at has be5 tak5 away1 w be />v$ be=e ! w9t] is ov]4 ,?is me?od ( tak+ honey is by no means g5]al1 app>5tly because1 f an error z to ! "t ( p]=m+ ! op]ation1 x has frequ5tly fail$4 ,! second1 or suffocat+ process1 is effect$ by tak+ /rips ( l95 rag1 dipp+ !m 9 melt$ brim/one1 & plac+ !m on a few /icks 9 a holl[ place 9 ! gr\nd3 !n light is set to ! rags1 & ! hive quickly set ov] !m4 ,e hole be+ /opp$ up to prev5t ! escape ( ! sulphur fumes1 ! bees are soon suffocat$1 & ! combs discol\r$4 ,?is cruel & objectionable practice is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ common ( any1 be+ ! lea/ tr\blesome1 ?\gh n ! mo/ economical mode ( gett+ at ! honey4 ,! ?ird1 or driv+ sy/em1 saves ! lives ( ! bees1 by turn+ !m out into a well-/or$ /ock-hive1 & ne$ n give any great am\nt ( additional tr\ble4 ,x is ?us describ$ 9 ! ,naturali/s' ,libr>y3--8,9 ! ev5+1 :5 all are quiet1 turn up ! hive :i* is to be op]at$ ^u1 fix+ x 9 a *air f :i* ! /uff$ bottom has be5 remov$2 place an empty hive above x1 wrap a clo? r\nd ! po9t ( junction1 to prev5t ! bees f com+ out & annoy+ ! op]ator2 !n1 ) a %ort /ick or /one 9 ea* h&1 beat r\nd ! sides1 b g5tly1 = fe> ( loos5+ ! combs4 ,9 five m9utes ! panic-/ruck insects w ha/ily m\nt into ! empty hive1 ) a l\d humm+ noise1 expressive ( _! trepidation4 ,! hives are !n sep>at$2 t conta9+ ! bees is plac$ on its usual p$e/al1 & ! o!r1 conta9+ ! honey1 is c>ri$ (f4 ,! union is next to be effect$4 ,turn up ! /ock-hive :i* is to receive ! addition to its population1--) a bun* ( fea!rs1 or a small wat]+-pan1 su* z is us$ = wat]+ fl[]-b$s1 dr5* !m ) a solution ( ale & sug>1 or wat] & sug> made a little w>m4 ,d ! same to ! expell$ bees2 & !n plac+ ^! la/ ov] ! /ock1 m\? to m\?1 a sm>t rap on ! top ( ! hive w drive !m d[n among ! bees & combs ( ! und]mo/ hive4 ,place ?is la/ on its p$e/al1 & ! op]ation is complet$4 ,! /rong flav\r ( ! solution w prev5t !m f di/+ui%+ betwe5 fri5d & /rang]2 & _! fir/ movem5t aft] recov]+ f _! panic w be to lick ! liquid f "o ano!r's bodies4 ,x w be an advantage1 ?\gh a little additional tr\ble1 to se>* = & de/roy ! que5 ( ! expell$ bees be=e ! union takes place40 ,:5 ! bees h be5 remov$ f ! hives by "o ( ! above processes1 ! op]ation ( extract+ ! honey mu/ comm5ce imm$iately1 :ile ! hive is yet w>m4 ,! w>m? may also be kept up by all[+ x to fl[ 9 a room :]e !re is a fire4 ,! comb %\ld be kept f ! air z mu* z possible1 = :i* purpose "s cultivators make use ( a t9-cov]$ vessel1 pi]c$ ) holes at ! bottom1 & made to fit into ano!r simil> vessel fit to receive ! honey4 ,pieces ( comb1 slic$ horizontally1 are put into ?is cov]$ vessel1 & ! honey filt]s ?r\gh ! bottom1 be+ fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a filt] ( wire-clo? or musl9 plac$ at a little di/ance above ! o!r4 ,?is upp] filt] prev5ts ! vessel f becom+ clogg$ ) p>ticles ( wax1 & increases ! purity ( ! honey4 ,a spigot 9 ! l[] vessel all[s ! honey to pass out into /ore j>s4 ,su* are "s ( ! processes by :i* ! honey & wax ( bees are made available to our use4 ,honey is ( less importance to mank9d s9ce ! discov]y ( sug>2 b x w always rank among ! :olesome & agreeable luxuries ( life2 :ile 9 c\ntries :]e sug> is n s easily obta9$ z x is among ourselves1 x holds a mu* m important position4 ,9 ! ,ukra9e1 "s ( ! peasants h f\r or five hundr$ bee-hives1 & make m pr(it ( _! bees ?an ( _! corn4 ,9 ,spa91 also1 ! numb] ( bee-hives is said to be imm5se1 a s+le p>i% prie/ hav+ be5 kn[n to possess five ?\s&4 ,rock-honey1 f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica1 is ?9 & cle> z wat]1 & is ! produce ( wild bees1 :i* susp5d ?irty or =ty wax5 cells1 resembl+ a bun* ( grapes1 to a rock4 ,gre5 honey1 f\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 & export$ to ,india1 :]e x fet*es a high price1 is ! produce ( a bee mu* e/eem$ 9 t isl&4 ,x produces sweet & fragrant honey1 ( ! consi/5cy ( oil1 & ( a gre5 col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,bee-,,hive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,male ,,co*9eal ,,insect4--7,magnifi$47 ,illu/ration3 ,,female4--,upp] surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,female4--,"u surface4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,co*9eal ,,by ,,! ,,coccus ,,cacti1 ,,or ,,co*9eal ,,insect4 ,! co*9eal insect is extremely valuable 9 comm]ce1 z yield+ a brilliant r$ dye1 & we may ) propriety class x among insect manufactures1 because1 al?\gh its de/ruction is necess>y to obta9 ! col\r+ matt]1 7! actual body ( ! insect =m+ ! dye17 yet ?is beautiful col\r is elaborat$ f ! food on :i* x fe$s1 z honey & wax are elaborat$ by ! bee1 or silk by ! silkworm4 ,we d n f9d1 x is true1 any especial c>e or ef=t on ! "p ( ! insect 9 ! production ( ! co*9eal1 & 9 ?is respect x diff]s f ! examples already giv52 b ! ri* col\r :i* p]vades ! body ( ! insect appe>s to result simply f ! juices ( ! p>ticul> species ( cactus on :i* x fe$s4 ,yet be+ to u ! only means ( obta9+ ! brilliant dye 9 "q1 ! co*9eal insects mu/ be reckon$ highly useful1 ?\gh involunt>y1 manufactur]s4 ,co*9eal insects are v small1 delicate creatures1 rem>kable = ! great diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( ! male & female4 ,! =m] has a sl5d] body1 long ant5n1 & two l>ge w+s2 ! latt] an oval body1 )\t w+s1 & %ort ant5n4 ,! m\? 9 bo? insects consi/s ( a small conical bill & suck]1 adapt$ = fe$+ on ! juices ( vegetables4 ,at fir/1 all ! "y brood1 :e!r male or female1 resemble t9y r$ tortoises1 & are busily engag$ 9 fe$+ on ! /ems & leaves ( plants1 :i* !y pi]ce ) _! %>p beaks s z to d mu* injury4 ,dur+ ?is active p]iod ( _! lives ! insects cont9ue to increase 9 size1 b ! p]iod soon arrives :5 !y und]go a trans=mation4 ,all ! insects fix !mselves firmly to plants or /ems1 & ! male soon appe>s 9 8 new dress z a fly1 :ile ! female m]ely *anges h] sk91 & rema9s fix$ to ! b>k1 :i* %e gradually becomes s ne>ly l1 t x is difficult to di/+ui% h]4 ,%e n[ lays h] eggs1 :i* are v num]\s1 & :i* %e accumulates b5ea? h] body2 b1 at ! same "t1 %e gradually dw9dles 9 size until h] body becomes a m]e pellicle or ?9 membrane enclos+ ! brood4 ,! "m !n dies1 b h] dri$ body rema9s z a sort ( %ell or cocoon = ! protection ( h] "y4 ,:5 ^! are hat*$1 !y soon make _! way f b5ea? ! scaly cov]+1 & comm5ce fe$+ vigor\sly on ! juices ( ! plant4 ,to ! p]sev]+ ex]tions ( a ,fr5* g5tleman1 ,m4 ,?i]ry de ,m5onville1 x 0 ow+ t ! culture ( ! co*9eal became kn[n 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,?is g5tleman left ,port au ,pr9ce1 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 9 ,janu>y #aggg1 ) ! express object ( procur+ "s liv+ co*9eal insects ( ! f9e/ sort f ,mexico1 & br++ !m = propagation 9 ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,india isl&s2 an ent]prise = ! exp5se ( :i* ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t _h allott$ ! sum ( f\r ?\s& livres4 ,ow+ to ! jeal\sy ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 !re 0 great difficulty 9 p5etrat+ z f> z ! co*9eal di/ricts1 & ,m4 ,?i]ry pursu$ a plan to effect 8 object :i* _c be consid]$ ju/ifiable1 s9ce x involv$ a dep>ture f tru?4 ,at fir/ he feign$ ill heal?1 & obta9$ p]mission to use ! ba?s ( ! riv] ,magdal5a2 b1 in/ead ( go+ ?i!r1 he proce$$ z fa/ z possible 9 ! direction ( ! desir$ di/rict1 :]e he 0 successful 9 gett+ "s plants lad5 ) co*9eal1 z a pret5d$ rem$y = g\t4 ,f 8 acc\nt ( ! exp$ition we ga!r ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 ,aft] num]\s fatigues & dang]s he at l5g? saw himself ne> ! end ( 8 j\rney1 & approa*$ ,guaxaca4 ,at a village1 )9 a %ort di/ance ( t place1 he saw1 = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life1 & ) ! utmo/ pleasure1 ! f9e co*9eal fe$+ on ! nopal1 or cactus1 :i* x frequ5ts4 ,he saw a g>d5 full ( nopals1 & n d\bt+ b t !y 7 lad5 ) co*9eal insects1 he sprang f 8 horse1 &1 "u pret5ce ( adju/+ 8 /irrups1 ent]$ into conv]sation ) ! ,indian proprietor ( ! g>d54 ,he ask$ him ) app>5t indiff]5ce :at 0 ! use ( ^? plants1 & 0 answ]$1 t !y 7 = ! cultivation ( grana4 ,feign+ surprise1 de ,m5onville ask$ to be p]mitt$ to see ?is grana1 & he 0 really a/oni%$ :5 ! insect 0 br\ght to him1 = he _h suppos$ x r$1 & x 0 9 fact cov]$ ) a :ite p[d]4 8,my d\bts10 he says1 87 torm5t+1 b ,i sudd5ly ?\ght ( ! exp$i5t ( cru%+ "o ^u :ite pap]1 :5 :at did ,i see8--! true purple ( k+s60 ,full ( delight & anticipation1 ! travell] n[ set =w>d t[>ds ! spot :]e he might hope to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! culture ( ! preci\s insect1 & pur*ase a /ore = transportation4 ,no?+ c\ld be m beautiful ?an ! situation ( ,guaxaca1 capital ( ! prov9ce ( t "n4 ,/&+ 9 ! mid/ ( f]tile & ext5sive pla9s1 at ! foot ( a maje/ic m\nta9 range1 & wat]$ by a f9e & noble riv]1 ?is city is ri*ly suppli$ ) corn & fruits ( all k9ds1 at ! same "t t its environs supply a mo/ fav\rable site = ! culture ( ! co*9eal4 ,! air1 cont9ually refre%$ by ea/]ly breezes 9 ! morn+1 & we/]ly 9 ! ev5+1 is pure & delici\s1 l t ( a ,may morn+4 ,inde$1 our travell] ass]ts1 t = magnific5ce ( site1 beauty ( decoration1 excell5ce ( soil1 f9e temp]ature1 & abundance ( ,european & ,am]ican fruits succe$+ ea* o!r )\t int]mission1 no?+ is want+ to ,guaxaca to make x an en*ant+ spot1 b an active & indu/ri\s p1 to avail !mselves ( its natural advantages4 ,at ,guaxaca de ,m5onville act$ ) caution1 & did n betray any undue anxiety respect+ ! co*9eals4 ,yet he provid$ himself ) *e/s l>ge en\gh = _! conveyance toge!r ) ! plants on :i* !y f$4 ,"u pret5ce ( buy+ fl[]s1 he w5t into a g>d5 :]e !re 0 a beautiful nopal]ie1 & :ile !y 7 mak+ up ! b\quet he _h ord]$1 he took ! opportunity ( obs]v+ ! arrangem5t ( ! nopals4 ,!y 7 plant$ f\r feet ap>t 9 l9es1 ! l9es be+ six feet asund]4 ,! nopal]ie belong$ to a negro1 & x 0 "h t a pur*ase might 9 all probability be effect$4 ,on ano!r occasion1 !re=e1 de ,m5onville took two ,indian s]vants1 ea* be>+ a l>ge hamp]1 & repair$ v e>ly 9 ! morn+ to ! g>d54 ,he left 8 s]vants at ! entrance1 & ent]$ alone4 ,! negro proprietor _h sc>cely ris51 b he came =w>d 9 a frank & agreeable mann]4 ,de ,m5onville !n told him1 t be+ a physician1 he 0 anxi\s to make an o9tm5t ( 8 own inv5tion = ! cure ( g\t1 & = ?is purpose he wi%$ to pur*ase "s bran*es ( nopals lad5 ) co*9eal1 = :i* he 0 will+ to pay :atev] ! own] %\ld dem&1 provid$ he might make 8 own selection ( ! bran*es suitable to 8 purpose4 ,! ,indian will+ly compli$1 & accord+ly ! hamp]s 7 br\ght 91 & eight f9e bran*es1 ea* two feet high & s load$ ) co*9eals z to be q :ite1 7 spe$ily cut1 pack$1 & cov]$ ) clo?s4 ,he !n ask$ him h[ mu* he _h to pay2 ! negro answ]$ t he c\ld n possibly sell !m = less ?an two reals4 ,our travell] fully believ$ him1 & w\ld h pur*as$ !m1 if necess>y1 at a mu* l>g] sum4 ,t ! negro might n ?9k him dissatisfi$ ) ! b>ga91 he gave him a pia/] 7value eight reals71 tell+ him he _h no *ange1 & !re=e he %\ld give him ! re/ to dr9k 8 heal?4 ,! good old negro rubb$ 8 eyes1 ?9k+ he 0 /ill dream+1 & !n load$ de ,m5onville ) ?anks1 :ile ! latt] br\ght 9 8 two ,indians1 gave !m ! hamp]s to c>ry1 & !n set (f z fa/ z possible4 8,my he>t10 he says1 8beat quickly1 = x seem$ to me t ,i _h c>ri$ (f ! gold5 fleece1 b might yet be pursu$ by ! furi\s dragon :o kept gu>d ov] x4 ,all along ! road ,i kept say+1 #8,at la/ !y are 9 my p[]2' & ,i c\ld will+ly h sung = joy if ,i _h n be5 afraid ( be+ he>d4 ,i arriv$ at my inn q out ( brea?1 )\t hav+ met a s+le p]son 9 ! /reets2 x 0 ab\t sunrise2 no "o 0 awake 9 ! h\se1 & ,i crept quietly to my room1 :]e ,i arrang$ my nopals1 ) inexpressible delight1 9 ! caskets ,i _h pur*as$ = t purpose40 ,illu/ration3 ,,co*9eal ,,cactus4 ,aft] innum]able difficulties & dang]s ?is travell] rea*$ ,/4 ,dom+o 9 safety1 b ) only a small "p ( 8 insects liv+4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 he 0 successful 9 re>+ & multiply+ until a fl\ri%+ nopal]ie 0 e/abli%$4 ,he f\nd1 by exp]i5ce1 t five or six species ( cactus opuntia w n\ri% ^! insects1 b t "s are f> m valuable ?an o!rs4 ,he also prov$ t ! col\rs ( ! fl[]s & fruit ( ! plants1 :e!r r$1 violet1 yell[1 or :ite1 did n 9 any way affect ! col\r ( ! co*9eal1 nor indicate ! great] or less aptitude ( ! plant to n\ri% ! insect4 ,! ?orny species 7 less conv5i5t on acc\nt ( ! pa9 & annoyance to ! h&s ( ^? :o manag$ ! nurs]y2 b 9 "s ( ^! ! y\ng] bran*es 7 ne>ly free f prickles4 ,! t]ms nopal]ie = ! nurs]y1 & nopal = ! plant1 are pres]v$ among ! ,fr5* cultivators ( co*9eal1 9 remembrance ( ! ,mexican orig9 ( su* nurs]ies4 ,! enclosure %\ld be secur$ by walls or a quick h$ge2 n f ! fe> t any animal w prey ^u ! plants1 s9ce no l>ge quadrup$ is kn[n to h a ta/e = !m2 b simply to keep out su* z might by accid5t or fe> be driv5 ?r\gh ! gr\nds1 & trample on & de/roy ! crop4 ,an acre1 or an acre & a half ( l&1 :5 plant$ ) nopals1 is suffici5t to keep "o ,indian well employ$ dur+ six mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! plants %\ld be s situat$ z to receive ! full influ5ce ( ! morn+ sun1 :i* is ( great consequ5ce to ! welf>e ( ! co*9eal4 ,e "p ( ! gr\nd %\ld be z neat z a well-kept g>d51 & e injuri\s insect wat*$ = & de/roy$4 ,! spid] alone is p]mitt$ to weave h] nets 9 peace1 & = ?is reason3 %e is ! great enemy ( _m insects :i* injuri\sly affect ! co*9eals1 :ile %e h]self does n t\* "o ( !m4 ,! nopal requires a good soil1 :]e ! dra9age is excell5t4 ,%elt] f ! w9d1 & exposure to ! sun1 are ! two great requisites1 & ) ?is !re mu/ be a tol]ably settl$ climate1 o!rwise ! h>ve/ w be unc]ta94 ,:5 9 a fav\rable situation1 ! nopal requires less c>e & cultivation ?an almo/ any o!r plant3 x w\ld ev5 appe> t ! less x is m$dl$ ) ! bett] x succe$s4 ,z soon z a nurs]y gr\nd is laid out1 clean$1 & dra9$1 plant+ comm5ces1 ! season be+ ! dry p]iod j be=e ! spr+ ra9s4 ,alleys or pa?s are m>k$ out1 =m+ squ>es3 p>allel l9es are drawn across ^! squ>es nor? & s\?4 ,"h ! nopals are plant$ at two feet di/ance f ea* o!r1 be+ clean cutt+s f ! old plant1 & n torn or brok5 f x4 ,! ,indians ( ,guaxaca plant two or ?ree cutt+s 9 ea* hole1 le/ any accid5t %\ld prev5t "o f /rik+4 ,eighte5 mon?s aft]w>ds ! plants w be 9 a /ate to n\ri% ! co*9eal4 ,! s[+ ( co*9eal1 z x is call$1 is p]=m$ at day-break1 ! insects be+ convey$ f ! old plants & atta*$ to ! new4 ,= ?is purpose !y are plac$ 9 little ne/s made by ! natives1 & atta*$ ) ?orns to ! leaves ( ! nopal4 ,"h !y quickly multiply to an a/oni%+ ext5t4 ,a nopal]ie is 9 p]fection six ye>s1 aft] :i* ! insects are tak5 away & ! plants cut d[n4 ,! co*9eal h>ve/ takes place e ye> z soon z ! "y insects beg9 to run ab\t4 ,assembl+ 8 fri5ds1 old & "y1 ! own] ( ! co*9eal gr\nd ent]s x at break ( day ) a cr[d ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 provid$ ) knives six in*es long & two wide1 & also ) di%es & ) baskets4 ,! blade ( ! knife is r\nd$ at ! top1 s z to injure nei!r ! insect nor ! plant2 ?is is pass$ g5tly betwe5 ! sk9 ( ! nopal & ! clu/]s ( co*9eals ) :i* x is cov]$1 caus+ ! latt] to fall into ! di% or basket1 :i* ! left h& holds ready to receive !m4 ,a *ild ( t5 ye>s old may ?us ga!r t5 p\nds ( insects 9 a day1 :i* be+ kill$ & dri$ w yield ab\t ?ree p\nds & a half ( co*9eal4 ,! be/ me?od ( kill+ ! insects is by p\r+ boil+ wat] on !m1 & all[+ x to rema9 "o1 two1 or ?ree m9utes4 ,! wat] is pres]v$1 z x necess>ily has "s ( ! col\r+ matt] ( ! insects2 ! latt] are spread out to dry 9 ! sun & w9d1 be+ turn$ occasionally by h&4 ,t5 p]sons1 x is said1 c ?us prep>e two hundr$ p\nds ( co*9eal 9 two days4 ,su* is ! hi/ory giv5 by de ,m5onville himself1 9 8 volumes entitl$ #8,voyage ,guaxaca4' ,b>on ,humboldt1 describ+ ! managem5t ( co*9eals 9 ?is & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 gives "s additional p>ticul>s4 ,he asc]ta9$ t 9 a cold] climate1 ! col\r ( ! co*9eal is equally f9e1 b ! h>ve/s are m unc]ta94 ,pla9s or valleys are g5]ally m fav\rable to ! rapid increase ( ! co*9eals ?an elevat$ gr\nd1 b su* places also ab\nd 9 insect enemies1 & 9 liz>ds1 rats1 & birds1 :i* dev\r ! crop4 ,great c>e is requir$ 9 cle>+ all ! jo9ts ( ! nopals3 = ?is purpose ,indian wom5 use a squirrel's or a /ag's tail1 & w sit = h\rs cr\*$ ne> a s+le plant4 ,not)/&+ ! high price ( co*9eal1 x is v d\btful :e!r ! trade w\ld answ] 9 any c\ntry :]e lab\r is m valuable4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,guaxaca 7call$ by ,humboldt ,oaxaca71 !y obta9 ?ree h>ve/s ( co*9eal 9 ! ye>1 ! fir/ be+ ! lea/ lucrative1 because ! bodies ( ! insects yield v little col\r+ matt] :5 !y die naturally1 & ?is is ! case at ! fir/ h>ve/1 :5 !y h j br\ght =? _! "y4 ,_m ( ! negro proprietors ( nopal]ies1 especially ^? 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,oaxaca1 h a v anci5t & s+ul> cu/om ( mak+ _! co*9eals emigrate dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,z ! ,spani>d causes 8 flocks ( m]9os to emigrate on ! approa* ( cold1 s d ^! negroes s5d away _! crop dur+ a season :i* might prove fatal to !m4 ,! insects are pack$ 9 hamp]s1 & c>ri$ z quickly z possible1 on ! backs ( negroes1 to a place n9e leagues di/ant f ! t[n1 n s heavily visit$ ) ra94 ,"h !y di/ribute !m on ! nopals1 & keep !m !re till ! mon? ( ,octob]1 :5 !y return ) _! freight1 & replace x 9 ! nopal]ies ( ,oaxaca4 ,! plantations ( co*9eal cultivat$ by ,m4 ,?i]ry1 at ,/4 ,dom+o1 7 s successful t 9 #aghi !re 7 m ?an f\r ?\s& plants 9 a s+le nopal]ie1 & ! produce 0 asc]ta9$ by *emi/s to be q equal to t ( ,mexico2 b at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! political tr\bles ( ,/4 ,dom+o caus$ ! de/ruction ( ! plantations4 ,co*9eal has be5 cultivat$ ) "s success 9 sev]al ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,?us ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,guild+1 writ+ a few ye>s ago to ,dr4 ,hook]1 says1 8,i possess a consid]able nurs]y ( ?is cactus1 inhabit$ by ?\s&s ( ! true ,coccus cacti1 & ,i d n despair ( be+ able to s5d to ! ,society ( ,arts a l>ge quantity ( dri$ insects be=e ! t]m9ation ( ! pres5t ye>40 ,s important 0 ! acquisition ( ?is insect to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 t !y (f]$ a rew>d ( six ?\s& p\nds to any "o :o %\ld introduce x into ,india1 :]e hi!rto ! ,company _h only succe$$ 9 procur+ f ,brazil ! wild k9d produc+ ! sylve/re co*9eal1 :i* is ( inf]ior value4 ,! true co*9eal insect1 & ! cactus on :i* x fe$s1 are said to h be5 ( late ye>s successfully introduc$ into ,spa9 & ! ,fr5* colony ( ,algi]s1 & n[ exi/ 9 ! /ores ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes at ,p>is1 & also 9 ^? ( ,k+ ,leopold at ,cl>emont4 ,/eph5s1 9 8 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 does n omit to notice ! cultivation ( ?is insect1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on ext5sively 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ru9$ city ( ,la ,antigua ,guatimala4 8,em]g+ f ! city10 he says1 8we ent]$ ! op5 pla91 %ut 9 by m\nta9s1 & cultivat$ to _! base ) co*9eal4 ,at ab\t a mile's di/ance we turn$ into ! haci5da ( ,seor ,vidaury4 ,9 ! y>d 7 f\r ox5 gr9d+ sug>-cane1 & beh9d 0 8 nopal or co*9eal plantation1 "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,antigua4 ,! plant is a species ( cactus1 set out 9 r[s l ,indian corn1 &1 at ! "t ,i speak (1 x 0 ab\t f\r feet high4 ,on e leaf 0 p9n$ ) a ?orn a piece ( cane1 9 ! holl[ ( :i* 7 ?irty or =ty insects4 ,^! insects _c move1 b bre$1 & ! "y crawl out & fa/5 ^u ! leaf4 ,:5 !y h once fix$1 !y nev] move2 a light film ga!rs ov] !m1 & z !y fe$1 ! leaves become mildew$ & :ite4 ,at ! end ( ! dry season "s ( ! leaves are cut (f & hung up 9 a /oreh\se = se$1 ! insects are bru%$ (f f ! re/ & dri$1 & are !n s5t to m9i/] to ! luxuries & elegancies ( civiliz$ life1 & enliv5 ) _! bright col\rs ! salons ( ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,/4 ,l\is 9 ,miss\ri4 ,! crop is valuable1 b unc]ta91 z an e>ly ra9 may de/roy x1 & sometimes all ! workm5 are tak5 away = soldi]s at ! mom5t :5 !y are mo/ ne$$ = its culture4 ,! situation 0 ravi%+ly beautiful1 at ! base & "u ! %ade ( ! ,volcano de ,agua1 & ! view 0 b\nd$ on all sides by m\nta9s ( p]petual gre52 ! morn+ air 0 s(t & balmy1 b pure & refre%+4 ,) good gov]nm5t & good laws1 & "o's fri5ds ar\nd1 ,i nev] saw a m beautiful spot on :i* man c\ld desire to pass 8 allott$ "t on e>?40 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,bran* ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,lac4 #b4 ,,small ,,twig ,,lad5 ,,) ,,lac4 #c4 ,,portion ,,( ,,lac 7magnifi$74 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,,lac ,,insect ,,9 ,,its ,,sev]al ,,=ms4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gum ,,lac ,,by ,,! ,,lac ,,insect4 ,ano!r insect ( ! same family z ! co*9eal1 prep>es a sub/ance call$ gum lac1 :i* is us$ z a dye1 & also z a v>ni%4 ,?is is ! lac insect1 7coccus lacca17 f\nd on sev]al k9ds ( trees 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 especially 9 ! uncultivat$ m\nta9s on bo? sides ! ,ganges1 :]e x is produc$ 9 su* abundance1 t 7 ! consumption t5 times great] ?an x is1 ! m>kets might be readily suppli$4 ,s great is ! accumulation ( ^! insects on ! trees :i* !y frequ5t1 t ! bran*es appe> z if cov]$ ) r$ du/1 & _! sap is s mu* exhau/$1 t !y )] & produce no fruit3 ! leaves also drop (f1 or turn to a blacki% hue4 ,! insects fix !mselves s close toge!r1 t x is suppos$ t n m ?an "o 9 six c h room to complete h] cell4 ,x is said !y are transplant$ f place to place by birds1 :i* _c p]* ^u ! bran*es )\t c>ry+ (f a numb] to ! next place !y re/ ^u4 ,! female1 :5 ab\t to lay h] eggs1 becomes completely glu$ to ! bran* by a semi-pellucid liquid1 :i* accumulates r\nd ! body1 & h>d5s by exposure to ! air4 ,?is is ! gum lac1 ! orig9al use ( :i* is to =m a cell = ! "y4 ,:5 ! eggs are laid1 ! p>5t insect becomes a m]e lifeless bag ( an oval %ape1 conta9+ a small quantity ( beautiful r$ liquid4 ,on ?is liquid ! "y insects fe$ z soon z !y come to life2 aft] :i* !y pi]ce ! cell1 & come =? "o by "o4 ,"s small bran*es ( mimosa c9]ea1 ga!r$ :5 ! lac 0 9 a v fre% look+ /ate1 became cov]$ ) myriads ( exce$+ly m9ute animals at ! end ( f\rte5 days4 ,!y issu$ f small holes ov] ! surface ( ! cells1 & :5 s+le ran ab\t pretty briskly2 b 9 g5]al !y 7 s num]\s z to be cr[d$ ov] "o ano!r4 ,! cells !mselves 7 v mu* l amb]2 ! out] portion 0 /rong & resi/+1 b ! p>titions ( ! int]ior 7 ?9n]1 & =m$ irregul> squ>es1 p5tagons1 & hexagons1 hav+ no communication ) ea* o!r4 ,!re are f\r sorts ( lac kn[n 9 comm]ce1 b ^! are only s _m diff]5t prep>ations ( ! same sub/ance4 ,/ick lac is ! lac 9 its natural /ate1 ) mu* ( ! woody p>ts ( ! bran*es adh]+ to x3 ?is is collect$ 9 ! ,ea/ twice a ye>1 ! only tr\ble be+ to break (f ! twigs & bran*es1 & take !m to ! ne>e/ m>ket1 ) ! lac ^u !m2 or1 if de/9$ = exportation1 ! lac is sep>at$ f ! l>g] bran*es = conv5i5ce ( freight4 ,se$ lac is ! second description kn[n 9 comm]ce4 ,?is is a collection ( granules1 obta9$ f ! =m] aft] ! col\r+ matt] has be5 extract$ by wat]1 b ?is is seldom import$1 be+ manufactur$ into %ell lac 9 ,india4 ,lump lac is ! ?ird =m1 be+ m]ely ! granules fur!r purifi$ & made into lumps4 ,la/ly1 !re is %ell lac1 9 :i* ! sub/ance is purifi$ to ! utmo/ by be+ put 9 bags & held ov] a fire until suffici5tly melt$ to pass ?r\gh ! pores ( ! l954 ,! bags are !n press$ & squeez$ at ! same "t t !y are pass$ ov] a smoo? surface ( wood1 ?us deposit+ ! lac 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,! f95ess & purity ( ! lac w ( c\rse dep5d on ! f95ess ( ! bag ?r\gh :i* x is pass$4 ,%ell lac if pure w take fire :5 laid on a hot iron1 & w burn ) a /rong b n disagreeable smell4 ,! heat ( ! %ip's hold is v apt to run ?is commodity into a solid mass1 9 :i* case its value is mu* depreciat$4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( lac are l>gely us$ by ,indians = ornam5tal purposes4 ,( ! lump lac !y make bangles1 or armlets = wom5 ( ! l[] class2 %ell lac be+ employ$ = ! same k9d ( ornam5ts = ! upp] classes1 & also = beads1 *a9s1 necklaces1 & o!r adornm5ts4 ,!y also make a good v>ni% by melt+ ! lac1 col\r+ x ) c9nab> or "s o!r pigm5t1 & mak+ x into /icks l our seal+ wax4 ,! box1 cab9et1 or o!r article ab\t to be v>ni%$1 is made hot by a *>coal fire1 & !n rubb$ ov] ) a /ick ( lac1 ! surface be+ aft]w>ds smoo!d ) a piece ( fold$ planta9 leaf to make x equal4 ,a simil> v>ni% is (t5 us$ on images & ornam5tal figures4 ,! religi\s h\ses ( ! ,indians are (t5 adorn$ ) v ?9 beat5 lead1 col\r$ ) v>i\s v>ni%es made f lac4 ,! leaf ( lead is laid ^u a smoo? heat$ iron :ile ! v>ni% is be+ appli$4 ,lac is also ext5sively us$ z a dye4 ,by p\r+ w>m wat] on /ick lac1 a crimson solution is obta9$1 :i* is ! s\rce ( mu* ( ! value atta*$ to lac4 ,?is col\r+ matt] is extract$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & made into small squ>e cakes = sale2 ^! g by ! names ( lac dye1 lac lake1 or cake lake4 ,:5 brok51 ! cakes are d>k col\r$1 %9+1 smoo? & compact1 & :5 scrap$ or p[d]$ !y pres5t a bright r$ col\r approa*+ c>m9e4 ,! native mode ( dye+ ) ?is sub/ance is describ$ z foll[s4 ,!y take "o gallon ( ! r$ liquid1 & add to x ?ree ounces ( alum4 ,?ree or f\r ounces ( tam>9ds are boil$ 9 a gallon ( wat] & /ra9$4 ,equal p>ts ( ! r$ liquid & ( ! tam>9d wat] are !n mix$ ov] a brisk fire2 & ! pieces ( silk or cotton clo? to be dy$ are dipp$ & wrung alt]nately1 until !y h receiv$ a prop] proportion ( ! dye4 ,to deep5 ! col\r !y increase ! proportion ( ! r$ liquid1 & l5g!n ! "t dur+ :i* ! clo? rema9s imm]s$ 9 x4 ,! col\r is r5d]$ p]man5t by ! use ( b>k 9 ! r9s+ wat]4 ,!re is yet ano!r & a s+ul> employm5t ( lac among ! ,indians4 ,! poli%+ gr9d/ones us$ by ea/]n lapid>ies are compos$ ( a mixture ( ?ree p>ts riv] s& ) "o "p lac3 ^! are mix$ 9 a vessel ov] ! fire1 & !n =m$ into ! %ape ( a gr9d/one2 ! "p ( ! lac be+ m]ely t ( a cem5t to hold ! s& toge!r4 ,9 ?is c\ntry lac is valuable p>tly z a dye1 p>tly z a v>ni%4 ,z a dye x is less beautiful1 b m durable ?an co*9eal4 ,x =ms ! be/ k9ds ( seal+ wax1 & is also us$ 9 ! hat manufacture4 ,) reg>d to its use z a dye+ drug we f9d ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 ! ,entomology ( ,kirby & ,sp5ce4 8,x has be5 employ$ to imp>t a blood r$ or crimson dye to clo? f ! e>lie/ ages1 & 0 kn[n to ! ,phnicians be=e ! "t ( ,moses1 "u ! "n ( ,tola or ,?ola1 to ! ,greeks "u t ( ,coccus1 & to ! ,arabians & ,p]sians "u t ( ,k]mes or ,alk]mes2 :5ce1 z ,beckmann has %[n1 & f ! epi!t v]miculatum giv5 to x 9 ! middle ages1 :5 x 0 asc]ta9$ to be ! produce ( a worm1 h sprung up ! ,lat9 cocc9eus1 ! ,fr5* cramoisi & v]meil1 & our crimson & v]milion4 ,x 0 mo/ probably ) ?is sub/ance t ! curta9s ( ! tab]nacle 7,exodus xxvi47 7 dy$ deep r$1 7:i* ! ^w sc>let1 z our translators h r5d]$ x1 !n impli$1 n ! col\r n[ s call$1 :i* 0 n kn[n 9 ,james ! ,fir/'s reign1 :5 ! ,bible 0 translat$27--x 0 ) ?is t ! ,grecians & ,romans produc$ _! crimson2 & f ! same s\rce 7 d]iv$ ! imp]i%able r$s ( ! ,brussels & ,flemi% s*ools4 ,9 %ort1 previ\s to ! discov]y ( co*9eal1 ?is 0 ! mat]ial univ]sally us$ = dye+ ! mo/ brilliant r$ !n kn[n2 & ?\gh t production ( ! ,new ,_w has1 9 "s respects undes]v$ly1 supplant$ x 9 ,europe1 :]e x is little att5d$ to except by ! peasantry ( ! prov9ces 9 :i* x is f\nd1 x /ill cont9ues to be employ$ 9 great "p ( ,india & ,p]sia4 ,"s o!r insects besides ! co*9eal & lac insects are f\nd to produce dyes4 ,! galls ( a peculi> species ( aphis are us$ 9 ! ,levant1 ,p]sia & ,*9a1 = dye+ silk crimson1 & x is ?\ght t ! galls ( ano!r species ( ?is insect1 common on ! fir trees ( ?is c\ntry1 might be employ$ = a simil> purpose4 ,a species ( mite is employ$ 9 ,gu9ea & ,sur9am z a dye1 & x is sugge/$ t ! beautiful little dazzl+ r$ mite :i* is common "h1 might also yield a valuable t9cture4 ,raumur has ev5 sugge/$ t wat] col\rs ( beautiful t9ts n o!rwise easily atta9able1 might be procur$ by fe$+ ! common clo!s-mo? on diff]5t col\r$ wools4 ,! excrem5t ( ?is insect always reta9s ! col\r ( ! sub/ance =m+ ! food1 & mixes well ) wat] to =m a pigm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nut ,,galls ,,& ,,! ,,gall ,,insect4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,nut ,,galls ,,by ,,! ,,gall ,,insect4 8,no pres5t t insects h made to ! arts is equal 9 utility & univ]sal int]e/1 comes m home to our be/ affections1 or is ! in/rum5t ( produc+ m valuable fruits ( human wisdom & g5ius1 ?an ! gall insect3 ,i mean ! fly t gives bir? to ! gall-nut1 f :i* ink is made4 ,h[ inf9itely are we indebt$ to ?is little creature1 :i* at once enables u to conv]se ) our abs5t fri5ds & connexions1 be _! di/ance f u ev] s great1 & supplies ! means by :i*1 to use ! poet's language1 we c 8----give to airy no?+ ,a local habitation1 & a "n60 enabl+ ! poet1 ! philosoph]1 & ! div9e1 to embody _! ?\ghts = ! amusem5t1 in/ruction1 direction1 & re=mation ( mank9d40#c ,footnote #c3 ,kirby & ,sp5ce4 ,! oak :i* furni%es ?is gall is common ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or1 f ! ,bosphorus to ,syria1 & f ! %ores ( ! ,ar*ipelago to ,p]sia4 ,x is m frequ5tly se5 "u ! =m ( a %rub ?an a tree1 r>ely atta9+ six feet 9 height4 ,its leaves are smoo?1 too!d at ! edges1 ( a cle> gre5 on bo? sides1 & hav+ a v %ort leaf-/alk2 !y fall e ye>1 at ! end ( autumn4 ,! acorn is two or ?ree times long] ?an its cup1 ! latt] is sessile1 slightly d[ny1 & furni%$ ) small scales4 ,! gall is h>d1 woody1 & heavy1 gr[+ out ( ! buds ( "y bran*es1 & acquir+ a diamet] ( f f\r l9es to an in*4 ,x is g5]ally r\nd1 & cov]$ ) knots1 "s ( :i* are po9t$4 ,?is gall-nut is mu* m valuable if ga!r$ be=e x is ripe1 t is to say1 be=e ! insect :i* produc$ x has made its escape4 ,9 ?is /ate x has a blui% appe>ance1 & is unp]=at$2 :]eas ^? f :i* ! insect has dep>t$ are light] 9 col\r & 9 weight1 & are less useful 9 dye+4 ,! ,ori5tals are v c>eful to ga!r 9 ?is crop at ! exact "t :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ to be ! be/1 namely1 t 9 :i* ! excresc5ce has atta9$ its greate/ size & weight4 ,if !re is any delay1 ! insect und]goes its metamorphosis1 pi]ces ! %ell1 & appe>s "u its =m ( a w+$ insect4 ,f ?is "t ! gall-nut no long] d]ives f ! tree ^? juices :i* 7 necess>y = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! insect1 b dries up1 & loses ! great] "p ( ^? qualities :i* make x valuable 9 comm]ce4 ,! ,aga ( ! di/rict takes c>e t ! cultivators trav]se frequ5tly1 at ! "t ( ! h>ve/1 ! hills & m\nta9s :i* are cov]$ ) ?is oak4 ,he has an int]e/ 9 obta9+ galls ( good quality1 because he levies a tax on ! produce4 ,! fir/ ga!r+s are set aside2 !y are kn[n 9 ! ,ea/ "u ! "n ( y]li1 & are call$ 9 comm]ce black galls1 & gre5 galls4 ,^? :i* h escap$ ! fir/ se>*1 & :i* are ga!r$ a little lat]1 are nam$ :ite galls1 & are ( a v inf]ior quality4 ,! galls f ,moss\l & ,tocat1 & 9 g5]al ^? :i* come f ! ea/]n "p ( ,turkey1 are less valu$ ?an ^? f ! neighb\rhood ( ,aleppo1 ( ,smyrna1 ,magnesia1 ,di>bekir1 & all ! int]ior ( ,natolia4 ,! acorns ( ?is oak are ne>ly always neglect$2 be+ left z pa/urage = goats & wild bo>s3 ?is x is ?\ght contributes mu* to r5d] ! oak small & /unt$1 because 9 dev\r+ ! fruit1 ^! animals also consume a "p ( its foliage & "y bran*es4 ,! body ( ! insect :i* produces ! gall-nut1 is ( a fawn col\r1 ) obscure ant5n2 ! abdom5 is %9+ br[n4 ,x is sometimes f\nd 9 its p]fect =m 9 ! int]ior ( ! nut4 ,on ! same oak are frequ5tly f\nd a great numb] ( o!r galls1 :i* are n ga!r$1 because !y are ( no use 9 dye+4 ,"o ( ^! is repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece to ?is *apt]1 & is rem>kable = its l>ge size4 ,x is spongy1 v light1 ( a r$di% br[n col\r1 & cov]$ ) a res9\s matt]4 ,x is also furni%$ ) a circul> range ( tub]cles1 plac$ ne> its greate/ circumf]5ce4 ,?is is produc$ by a diff]5t insect1 call$ by ,olivi] ,diplolepis gall res9os2 a figure ( :i* is also giv5 on ! "r h& side4 ,gall-flies ( v>i\s k9ds attack our oak trees 9 ?is c\ntry1 & also our will[s1 haw?orns1 roses1 c4 ,a few words respect+ ! excresc5ces !y produce1 may !re=e assi/ our ideas ( ! proce$+s ( ! valuable insect describ$ above4 ,v few p]sons are unacqua9t$ ) oak-apples1 or small r\ndi%1 flatt5$ bodies gr[+ on ! leaves ( ! oak4 ,^! are sometimes t+$ ) br[n1 or p9k1 or pale yell[1 s z to appe> n mu* unlike v small apples1 atta*$ to ! leaf4 ,ea* ( ^! curi\s bodies is =m$ by a small fly ( ! same nature z t :i* =ms ! gall-nut4 ,?is insect alights on ! leaf1 pi]ces x ) a v %>p in/rum5t ) :i* %e is provid$ = ?is purpose1 & deposits an egg s m9ute z to be almo/ invisible to ! human eye4 ,! puncture ( ?is insect produces a diseas$ action 9 ! leaf1 s t ! p>ts imm$iately surr\nd+ ! egg swell & h>d5 until ! apple-%ap$ body is produc$4 ,?is is n[ an admirable place ( %elt]1 & a res]voir ( food = ! insect )91 :i* rema9s snugly encas$ until x arrives at its p]fect /ate1 :5 x cuts its way out ?r\gh ! solid sub/ance ( ! gall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf ,,galls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,spangle4 ,?is is only "o out ( _m =ms ( gall t may be f\nd on ! oak1 :]e sometimes ! leaf is atta*$1 sometimes ! catk91 & sometimes ! "y bud4 ,ano!r =m ( t on ! leaf consi/s ( v small circul> discs fix$ to ! "u "p by _! c5tral po9ts4 ,! out] side ( ! disc is r$ & hairy1 ! inn] side smoo?4 ,ea* disc conta9s a s+le insect1 :i* rema9s 9 x long aft] ! leaves h fall5 to ! gr\nd4 ,! common "n ( ?is curi\s excresc5ce is 8oak spangle40 ,illu/ration3 ,,currant ,,galls4 ,/ill m s+ul> is ! gall f\nd 9 ! catk9s ( ! oak4 ,! flies deposit _! eggs 9 ! /alk ( ! /am5-be>+ fl[]s1 :i* 9 consequ5ce become adorn$ ) :at appe> to be /raggl+ bun*es ( currants or bird-*]ries4 ,plac$ at %ort di/ances f ea* o!r on ! ?read-l /em1 ^! excresc5ces s mu* resemble currants 9 size1 %ape1 & mode ( gr[?1 t !y h be5 nam$ 8currant galls40 ,illu/ration3 ,,arti*oke-,,gall4 ,among ! species ( gall to :i* our oaks are subject1 !re are "s :i* gr[ at ! end ( ! twig1 z = in/ance1 t call$ ! arti*oke-gall1 :i* comes ! ne>e/ 9 appe>ance to ! nut-gall ( comm]ce1 s9ce x is1 9 common ) t nut1 an irregul> developm5t1 n ( ! leaf or fl[]1 b ( ! bud4 ,! arti*oke-gall might inde$ be easily mi/ak5 = ! fruit ( ! tree1 by any "o unacqua9t$ ) ! habit ( ! oak4 ,x is a cone-l body1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( leafy scales ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1 b on be+ dissect$ x is f\nd1 l o!r galls1 to conta9 insects 9 v>i\s /ages ( _! gr[?1 accord+ to ! season4 ,9 ! same way1 ! nut-gall1 be+ a disease ( ! bud1 or extremity ( ! "y %oots ( ! oak on :i* x gr[s1 has ! appe>ance common to "s o!r k9ds ( fruit1 & w\ld seem to be ! ord9>y produce ( ! /alk1 did we n f9d t acorns also gr[ on ! same tree4 ,! h>d & brittle texture ( ! gall-nut also1 s diff]5t f ! sub/ance ( our own oak-galls1 w\ld be /ill m likely to deceive1 & inde$ has deceiv$ a highly respectable writ]1 :o decl>es f 8 obs]vation ( ! dri$ galls ( comm]ce1 t ! nut is ! fruit ( a tree1 & n a m]e excresc5ce4#d ,footnote #d3 ,aik94 ,h[ x is t ! diff]5t species ( gall-fly %\ld produce su* v>i$ results1 & :y "o excresc5ce %\ld be ! oak-apple1 ano!r ! spangle1 a ?ird ! arti*oke1 & a f\r? ! nut1 is inde$ a my/]y4 ,b t ^! small insects d really produce ! excresc5ces 9 "q1 is an asc]ta9$ fact1 & a mo/ important "o 9 ! comm]cial _w4 ,nut galls conta9 a l>ge quantity ( ! vegetable pr9ciple call$ tann91 be+ ! a/r+5t prop]ty = :i* oak-b>k is 9 s mu* repute4 ,!y also ab\nd 9 an acid call$ f !nce gallic acid1 :i* is ! important +r$i5t 9 black dyes1 & 9 fix+ & improv+ sev]al o!r col\rs1 z well z 9 ! composition ( ink4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bli/]+ ,,beetle4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,o!r ,,insect ,,productions ,,useful ,,to ,,man4 ,almo/ any article c\ld be bett] sp>$ f ! mat]ia m$ica1 ?an an insect rem$y call$ can?>ides1 or ,spani% flies4 ,?is consi/s ( ! bodies ( small beetles1 9 :i* resides an active bli/]+ pr9ciple ( great importance1 n only z an ext]nal application1 b also sometimes z an int]nal rem$y4 ,! insect *iefly us$ 9 ,europe is ! can?>is vesicatoria1 = ! mo/ "p r>e 9 ,engl&1 b se5 on "s occasions 9 great numb]s1 z 9 ! summ] ( #ahcg 9 ,essex1 ,suffolk1 & ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,o!r insects ( ! same family are employ$ 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,! true bli/]+ beetle has complete w+s & w+ cases2 its body is long & n>r[1 v>y+ 9 size1 b 9 g5]al ab\t n9e l9es long & two or ?ree l9es wide4 ,x is ( a ri* gre5 & gold5 col\r1 v %9+ & delicately t9ctur$1 ) ! ant5n black1 except ! fir/ jo9t4 8,! can?>is is "o ( ^? insects :i* h be5 mo/ anci5tly & mo/ univ]sally kn[n4 ,physicians1 :o 7 ! fir/ natural philosoph]s1 & ! fir/ obs]v]s ( nature1 h made m5tion ( ! can?>ides 9 ! remote/ times4 ,b !y h only consid]$ !m "u t relation :i* 0 mo/ suitable to _! own pr(ession1 & z furni%+ to m$ic9e "o ( its mo/ p[]ful ag5ts4 ,! naturali/1 :o is less anxi\s ab\t becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! m$ic9al virtues ( ! dead1 ?an ) ! peculi> habits ( ! liv+ can?>ides1 is yet v f> f hav+ acquir$ 9 ?is respect ext5sive & satisfactory in=mation4 ,! only species :i* has be5 deem$ to be end[$ ) useful prop]ties1 has caus$ a =getfulness ( all ! o!rs :i* compose ! entire g5us2 & all t we "k 9 g5]al respect+ ^! insects1 is t 9 our ,european climates !y live on plants1 dev\r ! leaves ( c]ta9 trees1 %un ! cold1 appe> at ! comm5cem5t ( spr+1 & disappe> at ! beg9n+ ( autumn4 99 99 99 ,x is m ?an probable t exp]im5ts on insects relatively to _! utility 9 m$ic9e & ! arts1 h be5 too mu* neglect$ 9 g5]al4 ,_! dim9utive size has d\btless caus$ !m to be too mu* despis$4 ,x _c h[ev] be d\bt$1 t !re mu/ be a great numb] ( !m ^: virtues are at lea/ equal to ^? ( ! can?>ides1 & _m o!rs :i* are less acrid & less cau/ic might 9 _m cases be tak5 int]nally1 ) less dang] & a great] *ance ( success40 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is insect is n well kn[n4 ,! female buries h] eggs 9 ! gr\nd2 ! l>v h a s(t body ( a yell[i% :ite col\r2 !y live 9 ! e>?1 & fe$ on v>i\s roots4 ,:5 full gr[n !y *ange into ! nymph /ate 9 ! e>?1 & d n em]ge f x until !y h assum$ ! p]fect insect =m4 ,!y are v abundant 9 ,spa9 & 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 especially 9 ,june1 :5 !y assemble 9 sw>ms4 ,?is is ! "t = ga!r+ !m1 & ! h\r ( sunset or sunrise is *os5 = ! purpose1 z !y are !n 9 a some:at torpid /ate4 ,!y are f\nd ^u a%-trees1 honey-suckles1 lilacs1 rose-trees1 popl>s1 elms1 c41 ! leaves ( :i* !y dev\r1 & :5 ?is food fails !y attack corn & grass1 & d mu* damage4 ,! sw>ms are prec$$ by a ftid od\r resembl+ t ( mice4 ,!y are ga!r$ 9 v>i\s ways2 ! mo/ simple is to spread clo?s "u ! tree ^u :i* a sw>m has settl$1 & !n to %ake !m d[n2 !y are aft]w>ds collect$ ^u a hair sieve1 & held ov] ! vap\r ( boil+ v9eg>1 :i* kills !m2 or ! clo? 9 :i* !y are collect$ may be fold$ loosely up & dipp$ 9 v9eg>1 :i* has ! same effect4 ,ano!r me?od is to boil a quantity ( v9eg> "u ! tree :]e !y are collect$1 & ! asc5d+ vap\r kills !m4 ,! p>ticles emitt$ by ^! insects are s v corrosive t p]sons are liable to be viol5tly affect$ :o attempt to ga!r !m ) b>e h&s dur+ ! heat ( ! day4 ,x is also dang]\s to be "u a tree :]e a sw>m has ga!r$4 ,p]sons :o collect !m %\ld always we> a mask & gloves4 ,aft] ! insects are kill$ !y mu/ be dri$2 ?is is done 9 ! sun or 9 a heat$ room1 ^u tiles cov]$ ) clo? or pap]4 ,!y are mov$ ab\t f "t to "t ) a /ick1 or ) ! h&s furni%$ ) gloves4 ,:5 prop]ly dry !y are s light t fifty weigh sc>cely a dra*m4 ,!y are pack$ 9 boxes or b>rels l9$ ) pap] & p]fectly dry4 ,if damp gets to !m !y contract a dete/able od\r1 & are unfit = use4 ,a portion ( our supply ( can?>ides is f ,a/racan & ,sicily3 b ! greate/ quantity is f ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 ! ,russian insects be+ sup]ior to ^? ( ,sicily & ,france4 ,9 us+ can?>ides !y are r$uc$ to p[d]1 mix$ ) "s fatty sub/ance1 & appli$ 9 ! =m ( a pla/] to ! surface ( ! body3 x beg9s to act imm$iately1 & sep>ates ! out] sk9 f ! d]mis ) great rapidity4 ,a s+ul> employm5t ( insects 9 ! composition ( soap is made 9 "s p>ts ( ,africa4 ,ge(frey ! y\ng] relates1 t be+ at ! village ( ,po/udal1 "s leagues f ,s5egal1 9 se>* ( insects1 "o ( ! negroes :om he _h employ$ 9 ! same pursuit br\ght him a vessel conta9+ an imm5se quantity ( a small species ( c>abus1 & in=m$ him t ?is insect ent]$ into ! composition ( ! soap us$ 9 t c\ntry2 at ! same "t he exhibit$ a ball ( a d>k-col\r$ soap1 ! prop]ties ( :i* are simil> to ! soap us$ 9 ,europe4 ,x appe>s t ! insect ab\nds 9 alkali1 :i* makes x useful = ! purpose 9 "q4 ,! foll[+ figure ( ! soap insect 7,c>abus sapon>ius71 is copi$ f ,m4 ,olivi]'s l>ge "w on insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,soap ,insect ,ano!r useful insect sub/ance is a k9d ( res91 or m prop]ly speak+1 wax1 :i* by adult]ation ) a res9\s sub/ance is made heavi] = ! m>ket4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,coquimbo1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & is ! production ( a cat]pill>1 :i* fe$s on a %rub call$ *ilca1 a species ( origanum4 ,! cat]pill>s are ( a r$ col\r1 & ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y appe> 9 great numb]s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! spr+ on ! bran*es ( ! *ilca1 :]e !y =m _! cells ( a k9d ( s(t wax4 ,9 ^! !y become *ang$ into a small yell[i% mo?1 ) black /ripes ^u ! w+s4 ,! wax is at fir/ v :ite1 by degrees becomes yell[1 & f9ally br[n2 ?is *ange1 & ! bitt] ta/e :i* x acquires1 is suppos$ to be ow+ to ! fogs :i* are v frequ5t 9 ! prov9ces :]e x is f\nd4 ,x is collect$ 9 autumn by ! inhabitants1 :o boil x 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds make x up into little cakes1 9 :i* =m x is br\ght to m>ket4 ,9 ord] to increase its weight1 _m are accu/om$ to mix x ) ! res9 obta9$ f ano!r res9\s %rub1 & 9 ?is /ate great quantities are sold to %ip-ma/]s1 :o use x = pay+ _! vessels4 ,^u ! bran*es ( ! wild rosem>y is also f\nd a :iti% visc\s sub/ance1 9 globules ( ! size ( a hazel-nut1 conta9+ a v limpid oil1 :i* proce$s f ! %rub4 ,^! gl&s s]ve = ! habitation ( a k9d ( cat]pill>1 :i* becomes trans=m$ into a small fly1 ) f\r br[n w+s1 ( ! g5us ,cynips4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! =ego+ details w be suffici5t to %[ t we are indebt$ 9 no small degree to ! lab\rs ( insects = com=t1 conv5i5ce1 & heal?4 ,x becomes u !n to receive n un?ankfully ! b5efits !y conf]1 :ile we view !m z ! ag5ts ( a high] p[]1 "u ^: direction !y "w ) ceaseless activity 9 _! humble sph]e1 & produce results1 n less a/oni%+ 9 !mselves1 ?an valuable & b5eficial to mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f9is ,,london ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,page ,*ang$ f ,*ang$ to #aee3t#aee punctur$1 ) ! ant5n t9ctur$1 ) ! ant5n black1 except black1 except ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,us$ numb]s = footnotes4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4