,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,sug> ,illu/ration3 ,ref9$ ,sug> ,%[+ ,=m ( ,cry/als ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,sug> ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,gr[?1 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,by ,,george ,m4 ,,rolph ,illu/ration ,sug> is no?+ m nor less ?an conc5trat$ sun%9e ,,san ,,francisco ,,john ,j4 ,,newbeg9 ,,publi%] #aiag ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,,george ,m4 ,,rolph ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,taylor ,,taylor1 ,,san ,,francisco ,,d$ication3 ,,to ,r4 ,p4 ,,ri!t ,,=eword ,! purpose ( ?is book is to tell 9 simple language 8,some?+ ,ab\t ,sug>40 ,x gives a brief hi/ory ( ! commodity & its production 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & seeks to %[1 = ! in=mation1 especially1 ( ! layman & ! pupil 9 s*ool1 ! v>i\s /eps by :i* sug> f cane & beets is prep>$ = ! consum]4 ,g4 ,m4 ,r4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,"p ,i ,gr[?1 ,manufacture & ,di/ribution ,,:at ,,sug> ,,is #c ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,sug> ,,cane #f ,,soil ,,analysis #h ,,entomology #h ,,pa?ology #i ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,raw ,,sug> #bb ,,extraction #bb ,,purification #be ,,evaporation #bh ,,conc5tration ,,& ,,cry/allization #ca ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,cry/als ,,= ,,! ,,m>ket #cc ,,transportation ,,& ,,deliv]y ,,( ,,raw ,,sug> #cg ,,pol>ization #ci ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,raw ,,sug> #dd ,,wa%+ #ej ,,melt+ #ed ,,defecation #ed ,,bone-,,*> ,,filtration #ei ,,cry/allization #fe ,,p>tial ,,dry+ #fi ,,f9al ,,dry+ ,,( ,,cry/als #fi ,,scre5+ #ga ,,pack+ #gc ,,cube ,,sug> #gg ,,p[d]$ ,,& ,,b> ,,sug> #gi ,,yell[ ,,sug>s #ha ,,me*anical ,,dep>tm5t #hd ,,laboratory #hg ,,co/ ,,( ,,ref9+ #hh ,,%ipp+ ,,dep>tm5t #ia ,,m>ket+ #ic ,,beet ,,sug> #ajj ,,! ,,sug> ,,beet #ajb ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,soil #ajc ,,plant+ #ajd ,,?9n+ #ajf ,,cultivation #ajg ,,h>ve/+ ,,& ,,topp+ #ajg ,,manufacture ,,( ,,beet ,,sug> #aaj ,,transportation ,,& ,,clean+ #aaj ,,extraction ,,( ,,juice1 ,,slic+ ,,& ,,diffusion #aaa ,,purification ,,( ,,juice1 ,,c>bonation ,,& ,,filtration #aab ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,juice #aac ,,sulfitation #aad ,,=mation ,,( ,,gra9 #aae ,,/eff5 ,,process #aae ,,"p ,,ii ,hi/ory ( ! ,indu/ry ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory #aai ,,beet ,,sug> ,,9 ,,europe #abh ,,beet ,,sug> ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #adh ,,t]ritory ,,( ,,hawaii #afc ,,l\isiana #age ,,porto ,,rico #ahb ,,! ,,philipp9es #ahi ,,cuba #bja ,,jamaica #bac ,,b>bados #bbj ,,tr9idad #bbd ,,santo ,,dom+o #bbg ,,guadel\pe ,,& ,,m>t9ique #bcc ,,guadel\pe #bcc ,,m>t9ique #bcd ,,guadel\pe ,,& ,,m>t9ique #bcf ,,mexico #bdc ,,p]u #bdi ,,brazil #bef ,,briti% ,,guiana #bfd ,,arg5t9a #bga ,,=mosa #bgf ,,java #bhc ,,au/ralia #cjb ,,mauritius #cji ,,natal #cag ,,egypt #cbj ,,spa9 #cbd ,,india #ccj ,,conclusion #cch ,,illu/rations ,,"p ,i ,gr[?1 ,manufacture & ,di/ribution ,,ref9$ ,,sug>1 ,,%[+ ,,=m ,,( ,,cry/als ,frontispiece ,,sug> ,,cane1 ,,%[+ ,,eyes ,,or ,,buds ,to face page #d ,,roots ,,( ,,sug> ,,cane #f ,,jungle-,,l ,,vegetation ,,( ,,cane ,,field #g ,,leaf-,,hopp] #aj ,,sug> ,,cane #aa ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation #ab ,,plantation ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,hawaii--,,light-,,color$ ,,foliage ,,is ,,sug> ,,cane #ac ,,/eam ,,pl\gh #ad ,,plant+ ,,cane #ae ,,irrigation ,,dit*1 ,,%[+ ,,tunnel #af ,,irrigation ,,dit* #ag ,,"y ,,sug> ,,cane #ah ,,ripe ,,sug> ,,cane1 ,,%[+ ,,tassels #ai ,,cutt+ ,,cane #bj ,,load+ ,,cane #ba ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,cane ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,mill #bb ,a ,,mod]n ,,mill #bc ,,cane ,,c>ri] ,,& ,,me*anical ,,unload] #bd ,,ano!r ,,type ,,( ,,cane ,,unload] #be ,,twelve-,,roll] ,,mill #bf ,,mod]n ,,cru%+ ,,plant2 ,,two ,,fifte5-,,roll] ,,mills ,,& ,,cru%]s1 ,,capacity #aje ,,tons ,,p] ,,h\r #bg ,,deliv]+ ,,bagasse ,,to ,,fire-,,room #bh ,,g5]al ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,mod]n ,,raw-,,sug> ,,mill #bi ,,filt] ,,presses #cj ,,set ,,( ,,quadruple ,,evaporators #ca ,,vacuum ,,pans #cb ,,c5trifugal ,,ma*9es #cc ,,fill+1 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,sew+ ,,sacks #cd ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,raw ,,sug> ,,leav+ ,,mill #ce ,,/eam] ,,load+ ,,sug> ,,alongside ,,( ,,dock #ch ,,load+ ,,sug> ,,at ,,an ,,outport ,,9 ,,hawaii #ci ,,pol>iscope 79 body ( text7 ,page #dj ,a ,,mod]n ,,ref9]y1 ,,%[+ ,,wat] ,,& ,,rail ,,transportation ,,facilities ,to face page #df ,,plan ,,elevation ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,ref9]y #dg ,,/eam] ,,dis*>g+ ,,raw ,,sug> ,,at ,,ref9]y ,,dock #dh ,,sug> ,,/or$ ,,9 ,,w>eh\se--#be1jjj ,,tons ,,%[n ,,9 ,,?is ,,picture #di ,,cut-,,9 ,,/ation1 ,,%[+ ,,sug> ,,fir/ ,,ent]+ ,,! ,,ref9+ ,,process #ej ,,c5trifugal ,,ma*9e1 ,,motor ,,driv5 #ea ,,bag ,,filt]s1 ,,%[+ ,,bags ,,9 ,,place #ef ,,filt] ,,presses #eg ,,mak+ ,,new ,,bags ,,& ,,l9+ ,,! ,,wa%$ ,,bags #eh ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,empty ,,raw-,,sug> ,,bags #ei ,,*> ,,filt]s #fj ,,*> ,,filt]s1 ,,%[+ ,,outlet ,,pipes #fa ,,top ,,( ,,*> ,,filt]s1 ,,%[+ ,,pipe ,,connections #fb ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,*> ,,dri] #fc ,,int]ior ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,*> ,,dri] #fd ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,*> ,,kilns1 ,,%[+ ,,oil-,,burn+ ,,app>atus #fe ,a ,,ref9]y ,,vacuum ,,pan ,,& ,,pump #ff ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,/eam ,,coils ,,9 ,a ,,vacuum ,,pan #fg ,,ref9]y ,,c5trifugal ,,ma*9es #fh ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,sweat] #fi ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,sweat]1 ,,%[+ ,,/eam ,,coils ,,= ,,heat+ ,,! ,,air #gj ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,sweat] #ga ,,sep>ator1 ,,clos$1 ,,ready ,,= ,,op]ation #gb ,,sep>ators1 ,,"o ,,( ,,:i* ,,is ,,op51 ,,%[+ ,,?ree ,,scre5s ,,= ,,sep>at+ ,,! ,,sug> ,,gra9s #gc ,,fill+1 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,sew+ #ajj-,,p\nd ,,sacks #gd ,,fill+1 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,sew+ #be-,,p\nd ,,sacks #ge ,,fill+ ,,b>rels #gf ,,me?od ,,( ,,h&l+ ,,b>rels #gg ,,cube ,,sug> ,,ma*9e #gh ,,c>ton ,,ma*9e #gi ,,fill+1 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,sew+ #b-,,p\nd1 #e-,,p\nd ,,& #aj-,,p\nd ,,bags #hj ,,laboratory #hf ,,oil-,,burn+ ,,boil] ,,plant #hg ,,inl&-,,wat]way ,,/eam] ,,load+ ,,sug> ,,at ,,ref9]y ,,dock #ib ,,c>-,,float ,,arriv+ ,,at ,,ref9]y ,,dock #ic ,,sug> ,,beet#a #ajj ,,ano!r ,,type ,,( ,,sug> ,,beet #aja ,,pl\gh+ ,,) ,,cat]pill> ,,eng9e #ajb ,,plant+ ,,beet ,,se$ #ajc ,,?9n+ #ajd ,,cultivat+ #aje ,,field ,,( ,,ripe ,,beets #ajf ,,topp+ ,,beets #ajg ,,haul+ ,,beets #ajh ,,deliv]+ ,,beets ,,to ,,! ,,factory ,,by ,,wagon #aji ,,deliv]+ ,,beets ,,to ,,! ,,factory ,,by ,,tra9 #aaj ,,g5]al ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,beet-,,sug> ,,factory1 ,,%[+ ,,filt] ,,presses ,,9 ,,=egr\nd2 ,,pans ,,& ,,evaporators ,,9 ,,re> #aaa ,,diffusion ,,batt]y1 ,,%[+ ,,diffusion ,,cells ,,9 ,,circul> ,,arrangem5t #aab ,,diffusion ,,batt]y1 ,,%[+ ,,diffusion ,,cells ,,9 ,,/raight ,,l9es #aac ,,weigh+1 ,,fill+ ,,& ,,sew+ ,,bags ,,9 ,a ,,beet ,,factory #aad ,,cattle ,,fe$+ ,,on ,,beet ,,pulp #aae ,,! ,,fir/ ,,successful ,,beet-,,sug> ,,factory ,,9 ,,am]ica--,,alv>ado1 ,,cali=nia #aaf ,,"p ,,ii ,hi/ory ( ! ,indu/ry ,a ,,mod]n ,,beet-,,sug> ,,factory #aag ,,*ri/oph] ,,columbus #abd ,,olivi] ,,de ,,s]res #abh ,,&reas ,,m>ggraf #abi ,,franz ,,c>l ,,a*>d #acj ,,fir/ ,,beet-,,sug> ,,factory ,,9 ,,! ,,_w--,,built ,,at ,,cun]n1 ,,silesia1 #ahjb #aca ,,napoleon ,i #acb ,,build+ ,,9 ,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 ,,utah1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,fir/ ,,beet-,,sug> ,,ma*9]y ,,br\ght ,,to ,,! ,,we/ ,,0 ,,in/all$ #aej ,e4 ,h4 ,,dy]1 ,,! ,,fa!r ,,( ,,beet ,,sug> ,,9 ,,am]ica #aea ,,haul+ ,,cane ,,9 ,,! ,,fields1 ,,l\isiana #agh ,,haul+ ,,cane ,,9 ,,! ,,fields1 ,,l\isiana #agi ,,sug> ,,plantation ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,porto ,,rico#b #ahb ,,sug>-,,%ipp+ ,,port1 ,,porto ,,rico #ahc ,,pl\gh+ ,,cane ,,field ,,) ,,/eam ,,pl\gh1 ,,porto ,,rico #ahd ,,unload+ ,,sug> ,,cane ,,at ,a ,,mill1 ,,porto ,,rico #ahe ,,pl\gh+ ,,field ,,be=e ,,plant+ ,,cane1 ,,philipp9es #aij ,,pl\gh+ ,,at ,,la ,,c>lota1 ,,occid5tal ,,negros1 ,,philipp9es #aia ,,haul+ ,,cane1 ,,philipp9es #aib ,,c>abao ,,mill1 ,,philipp9es #aic ,,old-,,/yle ,,sug> ,,mill1 ,,philipp9es1 ,,%[+ ,,poor ,,cru%+ #aid ,,t+uian ,,cane ,,cru%]1 ,,l+ay51 ,,philipp9es #aie ,,old ,,wat]-,,driv5 ,,mill1 ,,isl& ,,( ,,negros1 ,,philipp9es #aif ,,mill ,,driv5 ,,by ,,wat] ,,p[]1 ,,occid5tal ,,negros1 ,,philipp9es #aig ,,native ,,sug> ,,factory1 ,,pampanga ,,prov9ce1 ,,philipp9es #aih ,,int]ior ,,( ,,cam>91 ,,philipp9es #aii ,,luzon ,,sug> ,,ref9]y1 ,,malabon1 ,,rizal1 ,,philipp9es #bjj ,,load+ ,,sug> ,,on ,,lor*as1 ,,philipp9es #bja ,,c5tral ,,factory1 ,,g5]al ,,view1 ,,cuba#c #bjb ,,cuban ,,c5tral1 ,,g5]al ,,view #bjc ,,cane ,,field1 ,,cuba #bjd ,,load+ ,,cane ,,on ,,ox-,,c>ts1 ,,cuba #bje ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,sug> ,,cane1 ,,cuba #bjh ,,self-,,dump+ ,,cane ,,c>1 ,,cuba #bji ,,morel&s ,,sug> ,,mill1 ,,v]e1 ,,jamaica4 ,photo by ,h4 ,h4 ,c\s9s #baf ,,! ,,fleet1 ,,morel&s1 ,,v]e1 ,,jamaica4 ,photo by ,h4 ,h4 ,c\s9s #bag ,,level+ ,a ,,cane ,,field1 ,,p]u #bej ,,level+ ,,gr\nd ,,by ,,/eam1 ,,p]u #bea ,,plant+ ,,cane1 ,,p]u #beb ,,portable ,,bran* ,,l9e ,,( ,,field ,,railway ,,& ,,cane ,,cutt]s1 ,,p]u #bec ,,haul+ ,,cane-,,lad5 ,,c>s ,,) ,,ox-,,team1 ,,p]u #bed ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,cane ,,en ,,r\te ,,to ,,! ,,factory1 ,,p]u #bee ,,sug> ,,plantation ,,betwe5 ,,rio ,,de ,,janeiro ,,& ,s,o ,,paulo1 ,,brazil #bfj ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,cane ,,en ,,r\te ,,to ,,! ,,+5io ,,la ,,m5dieta1 ,,arg5t9a #bgj ,,unload+ ,a ,,c> ,,( ,,cane1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a #bga ,,batt]y ,,( ,,boil]s1 ,,+5io1 ,,la ,,tr9idad1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a #bgb ,,home ,,( ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,a ,,sug> ,,plantation1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a #bgc ,,+5io ,,nueva ,,bavi]a1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a #bgd ,,+5io ,,nueva ,,bavi]a1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a #bge ,,kohekir9 ,,mill1 ,,=mosa #bhj ,,sug> ,,cane ,,affect$ ,,by ,,! ,,s]eh1 ,,java #bif ,,se$l+ ,,canes1 ,,java #big ,,cutt+ ,,cane1 ,,m>oo*y ,,riv]1 ,,s\? ,,que5sl& #cjb ,,c>t+ ,,cane ,,to ,,mill1 ,,+ham ,,di/rict1 ,,nor? ,,que5sl& #cjc ,,isis ,,c5tral ,,mill1 ,,*ild]s1 ,,s\? ,,que5sl& #cjd ,,cane ,,unload]1 ,,mulgrave ,,c5tral ,,sug> ,,mill1 ,,cairns ,,di/rict1 ,,nor? ,,que5sl& #cje ,,sug> ,,mill1 ,,nahan ,,factory1 ,,india #ccj ,,c5trifugal ,,work$ ,,by ,,h&1 ,,india #cca ,,wood5 ,,mill ,,f ,,gorakhpur1 ,,india 79 body ( text7 ,page #ccb ,,boil+ ,,by ,,old ,,me?od1 ,,india ,to face page #ccb ,,furnace ,,& ,,pans ,,= ,,mak+ ,,rab1 ,,india #ccc ,,/one ,,mill1 ,,agra1 ,,india 79 body ( text7 ,page #ccc ,,small ,,locomotive ,,us$ ,,to ,,draw ,,cane-,,c>s1 #b-;,,foot ,,gauge1 ,,india ,to face page #ccd ,,load+ ,,cane ,,c>ri]1 ,,m>h\rah ,,factory1 ,,india #cce ,,wat]-,,driv5 ,,c5trifugals1 ,,m>h\rah ,,factory1 ,,india #ccf ,,*amp>an ,,sug> ,,company1 ,,ltd41 ,,b>rah ,,*akia1 ,,*amp>an1 ,,india #ccg ,,"p ,i ,gr[?1 ,manufacture & ,di/ribution ,,:at ,,sug> ,,is ,among ! _m v>ieties ( sug> ! mo/ important are ! sucroses & ! glucoses4 ,!y =m a natural gr\p ( sub/ances1 *iefly ( vegetable orig94 ,*emically consid]$1 all sug>s are c>bohydrates1 t is to say1 bodies compos$ ( ?ree elem5ts3 c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,sucrose conta9s twelve atoms ( c>bon1 tw5ty-two atoms ( hydrog5 & elev5 atoms ( oxyg54 ,ap>t f sucrose1 :i* is usually cane & beet sug>1 ! v>iety mo/ g5]ally met ) is dextrose--"o ( ! glucoses4 ,x possesses less sweetness ?an sucrose & diff]s f ! latt] 9 *emical composition4 ,z an example3 dextrose is f\nd 9 ! rais9 9 small gra9s4 ,x also occurs 9 o!r fruits & is ! result ( ! inv]sion ( sucrose4 ,glucose ent]s l>gely into ! manufacture ( c&y1 be+ p>ticul>ly necess>y 9 ! prep>ation ( s(t fill+ = creams1 z a c]ta9 am\nt ( x add$ to cane-sug> syrup prev5ts cry/allization4 ,sucrose is d]iv$ f sug> cane1 maple sap1 sorghum & ! sug> beet4 ,x is a solid1 cry/alliz+ 9 ! =m ( monocl9ic prisms1 g5]ally ) hemih$ral faces1 :i* are colorless1 transp>5t1 h a sweet ta/e1 a specific gravity ( #a4f & a melt+ po9t ( ab\t #cbj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,x is soluble 9 ab\t "o-half its weight 9 cold wat]1 & 9 boil+ wat] 9 almo/ all proportions4 ,x is practically insoluble 9 alcohol1 turp5t9e1 e!r1 *lor(orm & simil> fluids4 ,! crop ( #aiad-ae %[$ a _w's production ( #ah1dji1jaf long tons ( sug>1 & 9 ! *apt]s relat+ to ! hi/ory ( sug> w be f\nd a /atem5t sett+ =? ! am\nt produc$ by ea* c\ntry4 ,! total 0 d]iv$ ab\t "o-half f cane & "o-half f beets1 produc$ z foll[s3 ,,cane ,,beet ,total 9 ,am]ica #e1jag1cge #ffj1bcf 0 ,asia #d1bfh1fah 0 ,au/ralia & ,polynesia #cdh1djh 0 ,africa #ebc1ghh 0 ,europe #g1cgfd #g1ehc1bae ---------- --------- #aj1afe1efe #h1bdc1dea ,sug> cane1 describ$ 9 botany z ,sac*>um (fic9>um1 is a giant-/emm$ p]5nial grass t gr[s f eight to tw5ty-f\r feet long4 ,:5 ripe x produces at ! top ( its /alk a l>ge fea!ry plume ( fl[]s ( a gray infloresc5ce call$ ! 8tassel10 :i* is f two to f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( cane1 all ( :i* are reg>d$ z v>ieties ( "o species1 al?\gh "s botani/s h rais$ a few to ! rank ( di/9ct species4 ,! cultivat$ types are di/+ui%$ by ! color ( ! int]nodes1 yell[1 r$1 purple or /rip$1 & by o!r g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,cane--,,%[+ ,,eyes ,,or ,,buds ,! /em ( ! cane is solid1 ) jo9ts at int]vals ( ?ree to six in*es4 ,9 diamet] x ranges f "o to two & a half in*es1 & is unbran*$1 be>+ 9 its upp] "p num]\s long1 n>r[ grass-l leaves1 arrang$ 9 two r[s4 ,! leaves spr+ f l>ge %ea?s ar\nd ! jo9ts1 & h a m or less spread+ blade f ?ree to five feet 9 l5g? & two in*es or m 9 wid?4 ,! pi?1 ( op5 cellul> /ructure1 conta9s ! sug>y juice4 ,! tops1 :i* conta9 b little sug>1 are n cru%$1 b are us$ = se$1 z ! plant g]m9ates f ! eyes1 or buds1 :i* gr[ on ! /em ar\nd ! jo9ts4 ,practically no cultivat$ cane is propagat$ f its se$4 ,! roots t rema9 9 ! gr\nd aft] ! cane is h>ve/$ ?r[ up fre% canes or ratoons = _m seasons1 aft] :i* replant+ is necess>y4 ,hawaiian gr[]s d n c\nt on ratoons = m ?an a few crops1 :]eas 9 ,cuba ?is process c be repeat$ = _m ye>s4 ,z a rule1 sug> cane consi/s ( ab\t eighty-eight p] c5t ( juice & twelve p] c5t ( fib]1 ! juice cont5t v>y+ f "t to "t1 bo? z reg>ds quality & am\nt4 ,! quantity ( ! juice press$ f ! cane det]m9es ! effici5cy ( ! extraction1 :ile quality is ! ma9 factor :5 ! result ( subsequ5t manufacture is "u analysis4 ,x is difficult to arrive at a fair av]age ( ! composition ( ! juice ( ! cane1 z x v>ies 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 on diff]5t plantations 9 ! same c\ntry1 & at diff]5t p]iods 9 any "o ye>4 ,! foll[+ is an approximation3 ,wat] #hj4h p] c5t ,sug> #af4d 0 ,inv]t sug> #a4ih 0 ,organic non-sug> 4#ed 0 ,a% 7m9]al matt]7 4#bh 0 ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,sug> ,,cane ,sug> cane gr[s almo/ exclusively 9 ! tropical belt1 ext5d+ f tw5ty-two degrees nor? to tw5ty-two degrees s\? latitude1 :]e ! ?ree ess5tials = its successful culture1 viz41 f]tile soil1 hot sun%9e & pl5ty ( moi/ure1 are pres5t4 ,x fl\ri%es 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ocean1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,hawaiian gr\p1 9 ,cuba1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ,au/ralia1 ,*9a1 ,india1 along ! %ores ( ! ,*9a sea & ! ,indian ocean1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! l[ latitudes ( ! temp]ate zone x is gr[n ) only fair success4 ,ow+ to peculi> climatic conditions1 sug> cane has be5 rais$ 9 s\!rn ,spa9 = g5]ations1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! prov9ces 9 :i* ! sug> cane is gr[n lie1 r\ghly speak+1 betwe5 ?irty-six degrees & ?irty-eight degrees nor? latitude4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream is no d\bt l>gely responsible = ?is ph5om5on4 ,! quantity ( sug> produc$ 9 ,spa91 h[ev]1 is small1 ! crop ( #aiad-ae am\nt+ to less ?an #hjjj tons4 ,sug> cane ?rives be/ 9 a moi/1 w>m climate1 ) mod]ate int]vals ( dry1 hot wea!r1 & pl5ty ( wat] = irrigation4 ,x requires m>ly soil1 free f sal9e +r$i5ts4 ,z a rule1 x is rais$ on ! l[l&s1 :]e ! temp]ature is highe/ & :]e x is easy to br+ wat] = irrigation4 ,9 ,hawaii x takes eighte5 mon?s to rip51 & 8tassel+0 occurs ab\t ?irty days be=e x is ready to be cut4 ,9 ,l\isiana & ,texas1 because ( ! %ort seasons1 cane is h>ve/$ 9 f n9e to t5 mon?s f ! "t ( spr\t+1 &1 consequ5tly1 be=e x has atta9$ maturity4 ,9 ,cuba x is cut 9 twelve mon?s1 :e!r x is ripe or n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roots ,,( ,,sug> ,,cane ,illu/ration3 ,,jungle-,,l ,,vegetation ,,( ,,cane ,,field ,z ! sci5tific culture & manufacture ( sug> is probably fur!r advanc$ 9 ! ,hawaiian isl&s ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 a description ( ! indu/ry z c>ri$ on !re w s]ve to illu/rate ! int5sive cultivation & sci5tific me?ods ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,hawaiian isl&s are situat$ 9 ! ,pacific ocean1 9 latitude n9ete5 degrees to tw5ty-two degrees nor? & 9 longitude "o hundr$ & fifty-f\r degrees to "o hundr$ & sixty-"o degrees we/1 & are free f ! de/ructive hurricanes ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,!y are ( volcanic =mation &1 z a rule1 _! c5t]s are m\nta9\s1 9 "s in/ances rea*+ an elevation ( ne>ly f\rte5 ?\s& feet4 ,dur+ ! ages1 torr5tial ra9s c>ri$ volcanic a% f ! m\nta9s t[>d ! sea1 ne> :i* x 0 deposit$1 ?us =m+ alluvial areas ( va/ ri*ness ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! isl&s4 ,p>ts ( "s ( ! isl&s are fr+$ ) coral reefs1 b>ri]s t reta9 ! wa%+s f ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ^! l[-ly+ areas ! soil is extraord9>ily f]tile1 & x is on su* gr\nd t ! mo/ g5]\s crops are rais$4 ,! s(t1 w>m trade w9ds t bl[ f ! nor!a/ become lad5 ) moi/ure z !y sweep ov] ! ocean2 :5 !y /rike ! cold m\nta9 peaks ! moi/ure cond5ses imm$iately into copi\s ra9s4 ,! precipitation 9 "s places rea*es ! a/\nd+ total ( ?ree hundr$ in*es p] annum4 ,! ra9 wat] is cons]v$ &1 :5 ne$$1 is c>ri$ to ! v>i\s plantations by imm5se irrigation dit*es4 ,9 ?is tropical region !re is an abundance ( sun%9e1 accompani$ by humid heat1 exactly ! conditions ne$$4 ,x requir$ only man's +5uity to utilize :at nature s lavi%ly provid$4 ,! comm]cial cultivation ( sug> cane 9 ^! isl&s began ab\t #ahej1 :5 a few hundr$ tons ( raw sug> 7 produc$1 b ! me?ods ( husb&ry & manufacture 7 crude4 ,"t & exp]i5ce work$ great *anges1 until 9 #aiad-ae ! crop ( raw sug> total$ #fdf1ddh tons ( #bjjj p\nds ea*4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ ! sug> plant]s h ma9ta9$ 9 ,honolulu an exp]im5tal /ation t is ! m>vel ( ! agricultural _w4 ,! bullet9s issu$ by x are recogniz$ z au?oritative1 & are read ) int]e/ 9 e sug>-produc+ c\ntry4 ,! mo/ important features ( ! "w c>ri$ on at ?is /ation are3 #a4 ,,soil ,,analysis ,skill$ *emi/s exam9e ! soils ( ! v>i\s plantations &1 :5 occasion dem&s1 advise ! plant] :at necess>y elem5t is lack+1 z well z h[ to obta9 & apply x4 ,a few ye>s ago ?is bran* ( ! "w 0 consid]$ highly important4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ! agriculturi/s h be5 dep5d+ m ^u well-def9$ sy/ems ( exp]im5tation4 ,ea* plantation has on its own l&s plots ( gr\nd on :i* diff]5t me?ods ( culture are tri$ & on :i* v>i\s k9ds ( f]tiliz] are us$4 ,exp]im5ts are also made to det]m9e ! exact am\nt ( wat] ne$$ = irrigation4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is paid to se$ cane1 & a numb] ( types ( x are plant$ 9 ord] to obta9 se$ t w produce /alks t gr[ rapidly1 yield a l>ge tonnage p] acre1 conta9 a maximum am\nt ( sug>1 & h a high resi/ant p[] aga9/ disease & insect pe/s4 ,! success att5d+ ?is practical exp]im5tal "w is su* t soil analysis is be+ relegat$ to second place4 #b4 ,,entomology ,a /aff ( tra9$ exp]ts assidu\sly /udy ! insect life & eag]ly wat* = h>mful1 tr\blesome pe/s1 :i* 9 ! pa/ h wr\ght great damage4 ,x is _! duty to f9d ! means ( elim9at+ ^! pe/s1 & ?is !y usually accompli% ?r\gh ! skillful use ( insect p>asites4 #c4 ,,pa?ology ,! pa?ologi/s atta*$ to ! /ation supplem5t ! sci5tific labors ( ! *emi/s & ! entomologi/s by prescrib+ = any disease t may attack ! cane4 ,plant life is subject to z _m ills z ! human family1 & ! "w ( ^! speciali/s 9 re/or+ heal? to ail+ cane is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,to fully illu/rate ! "* & scope ( _! "w1 a p>ticul> in/ance = ea* dep>tm5t may be cit$3 ,a c]ta9 plant] f\nd t ! am\nt ( sug> obta9$ f 8 cane 0 decreas+ ye>ly1 ?\gh he c\ld see no good reason = x4 ,! l& look$ "r2 he pl\gh$ deeply1 h>r[$ well1 kept ! we$s d[n1 gave ! cane pl5ty ( wat]1 c\ld f9d no reason to compla9 ( climatic conditions1 b /ill did n get satisfactory results4 ,f9ally ! head ( ! exp]im5tal /ation 0 consult$ & an agricultural *emi/ 0 s5t to ! plantation4 ,?is *emi/1 aft] c>eful inve/igation1 took samples ( ! soil f v>i\s p>ts ( ! l&2 ^! 7 analyz$ & ! s\rce ( ! tr\ble 0 f\nd to be ! lack ( pota%4 ,j "h x may be expla9$ t :5 ! same crop is tak5 f ! l& _m ye>s 9 succession1 )\t adequate f]tilization1 "s ( ! ess5tial prop]ties ( ! soil become exhau/$4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ^! are lime1 soda1 pota%1 phosphates & nitrog54 ,9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 z has be5 said1 ! l& _h be5 gradually dra9$ ( its pota%4 ,! exp]im5tal /ation recomm5d$ ! plant] to scatt] a c]ta9 f]tiliz] ov] 8 fields4 ,?is advice 0 foll[$ & ! next crop %[$ rem>kable improvem5t1 ! yield ( cane & sug> p] acre be+ great] ?an ev] be=e4 ,at "o "t ! sug> indu/ry ( ! ,hawaiian isl&s 0 ?reat5$ ) annihilation by a little insect call$ ! 8leaf-hopp]40 ,! h>m done by ?is pe/ 0 s enorm\s t "o plantation hav+ an av]age ye>ly crop ( #ai1jjj tons 0 s sev]ely affect$ t ! yield dropp$ f #ai1jjj to #ab1jjj1 & !n to #cjjj tons 9 ?ree successive crops4 ,all ! plantations on ! isl&s suff]$ to a great] or less] ext5t1 & ! entire sug> indu/ry ( ,hawaii 0 jeop>diz$4 ,! hopp]s punctur$ ! /alks & leaves ( ! "y cane1 & 9 ! holes ?us =m$ laid _! eggs by ?\s&s4 ,:5 ! "y hopp]s hat*$ out1 !y f$ on ! juices 9 ! /alk & 9 ! leaves1 ?us de/roy+ ! leaves & depriv+ ! cane ( its protection & pr9cipal means ( absorb+ n\ri%m5t f ! air4 ,z soon z ! leaf-hopp] by its ravages made itself kn[n 9 ! isl&s1 ! entomologi/s 7 consult$1 & !y 7 confront$ ) ! task ( /udy+ ! life & habits ( ! hopp] = ! purpose ( f9d+1 if possible1 "s o!r insects t w\ld attack & ext]m9ate x4 ,x is well kn[n to entomologi/s t e insect pe/ has natural enemies2 ! vital "q 9 ?is case 0--:at 7 ! natural enemies ( ! leaf-hopp] & :]e 7 !y to be f\nd8 ,obvi\sly1 too1 ! problem 0 to discov] insectivor\s enemies t w\ld n !mselves attack ! cane aft] !y _h de/roy$ ! hopp]4 ,aft] c>eful inve/igation x 0 conclud$ t ! leaf-hopp] _h be5 introduc$ 9 ,hawaii 9 new v>ieties ( se$ cane import$ f ,au/ralia1 &1 z ! hopp] 0 n do+ mat]ial damage on ! plantations 9 ,au/ralia1 ! inf]5ce 0 t x mu/ be controll$ !re by its natural enemy4 ,! *ief ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,entomology 0 s5t to ,london4 ,!re 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,briti% ,museum he f\nd a full description ( ! leaf-hopp] & t its native habitat 0 ,que5sl&1 ,au/ralia4 ,on 8 return to ,hawaii1 entomologi/s 7 s5t to ,au/ralia & ! se>* = ! enemy ( ! hopp] began4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf-,,hopp] 7,,greatly ,,magnifi$7 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,cane ,= weeks ! entomologi/s virtually liv$ 9 ! cane fields1 und]go+ extreme privations1 b at la/ _! fai?fulness 0 cr[n$ ) success4 ,sev]al species ( p>asites t kept ! ,que5sl& leaf-hopp] 9 *eck 7 discov]$1 & lat] on m 7 f\nd 9 ! isl&s ( ,fiji4 ,^! t9y creatures z a rule 7 invisible to ! nak$ eye & c\ld only be se5 ) ! aid ( a p[]ful magnify+ glass4 ,all ( ^! insects 7 p>asites ei!r ( ! leaf-hopp] or its eggs4 ,two ( !m 7 p>ticul>ly efficaci\s4 ,"o1 quick] 9 movem5t ?an ! hopp]1 caught x unaw>es & atta*$ itself to ! hopp]'s body mu* 9 ! same way t a mosquito does to a human be+4 ,aft] cat*+ x1 ! p>asite w\ld /+ ! hopp] & lay an egg 9 its body4 ,9 a few days a "y p>asite 0 hat*$ f ! egg1 & s rav5\s 0 ?is "y insect t x dev\r$ ! hopp] 9 a %ort "t & !n s\ght a fre% victim 9 :i* to lay its eggs4 ,! o!r insect 0 ev5 m effective4 ,x lik$ ! hopp]s' eggs & = a long "t f\nd pl5ty 9 ,hawaii to /ay its appetite4 ,z soon z ! leaf-hopp] laid its eggs 9 ! cane1 ?is p>ticul> insect w\ld appe> & lay its eggs 9 ! eggs ( ! leaf-hopp]4 ,:5 ! little enemies hat*$ out1 !y f$ on ! hopp]s' eggs & 9 turn laid _! eggs 9 ! eggs ( ! hopp]4 ,x came to pass t ! hopp]s1 attack$ by ! p>asite on ! "o h& & by ! enemy on ! o!r1 rapidly dw9dl$ 9 numb] until only a few rema9$1 & ^! n en\gh to d mat]ial damage4 ,z ! hopp]s & _! eggs dim9i%$1 s did ! p>asite & ! enemy1 = ! latt] c\ld live on insect food only4 ,h[ ! sci5ti/s collect$ ^! t9y animalcules1 kept !m alive1 transport$ !m ?\s&s ( miles across ! ocean1 br$ !m 9 ,hawaii & sav$ ! ,hawaiian sug> indu/ry1 reads l a romance4 ,! /udy ( entomology is extremely int]e/+ & ! e-day bus9ess man r>ely und]/&s its importance4 ,! f9d+1 bre$+ & di/ribution ( p>asites ( insect pe/s vitally affects ! _w's food supply4 ,! entomological "n ( ! leaf-hopp] family is ,hemipt]a1 & ,dr4 ,%>p1 an au?ority on ! subject1 has said3 8,!re is probably no ord] ( insects t is s directly connect$ ) ! welf>e ( ! human race z ! hemipt]a2 inde$ if any?+ 7 to ext]m9ate ! enemies ( hemipt]a1 we ourselves %\ld probably be />v$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s40 ,x has be5 e/imat$ by compet5t au?ority t ! damage done 9 ! _w ea* ye> by ! hemipt]a1 9 spite ( all _! p>asites1 is cons]vatively #fjj1jjj1jjj4 ,7 x n = ! p>asites1 x w\ld only be a ye> or two at mo/ be=e e gre5 leaf & spe> ( grass w\ld disappe> f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! direct influ5ce ( ! practical application ( ?is sci5ce to ! production ( sug> is readily app>5t4 ,pa?ology is almo/ equally important4 ,9 =m] ye>s :5 cane fail$ to gr[ /rong & /urdy & did n yield mu* sug>1 ! plant] usually attribut$ ! difficulty ei!r to lack ( wat]1 poor soil1 cool wea!r1 too mu* ra9 or insuffici5t cultivation ( ! field by 8 manag]1 :5 9 fact ! tr\ble 0 due to none ( ^! causes4 ,he w\ld p]sonally ov]see ! op]ations ( ! foll[+ ye>1 b ) no bett] results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,illu/ration3 ,,plantation ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,hawaii--,,light-,,color$ ,,foliage ,,is ,,sug> ,,cane ,:5 ! roots ( ! cane became matt$1 /uck toge!r & turn$ black1 :5 a ?ick gum exud$ f ! /alk & leaves1 prev5t+ ! plant f draw+ prop] n\ri%m5t f ! air1 x 0 ?\ght t ^! tr\bles arose f climatic or local conditions1 :ile 9 reality ! plant 0 sick & ne$$ a doctor4 ,today1 "u ! new rgime1 :5ev] ! plant %[s any symptoms ( ill-heal?1 ! pa?ologi/s are call$ 9 to eradicate ! disease by sci5tific treatm5t4 ,insect pe/s & plant diseases are g5]ally br\ght into a c\ntry ?r\gh plant]s s5d+ to o!r cane-rais+ c\ntries = new v>ieties ( cane = se$+ purposes t !y ?9k may produce m sug> ?an _! own4 ,great tr\ble & heavy loss h be5 occasion$ 9 ?is way &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has e/abli%$ a /rict qu>ant9e1 all[+ plant life to be l&$ only aft] rigid exam9ation & :5 x is cle> t no dang] exi/s4 ,ano!r example ( ! "w ( ! entomologi/s may be ( int]e/3 ,dur+ ! visit ( a well-kn[n ,hawaiian to ,mexico _m ye>s ago1 8 att5tion 0 attract$ by a beautiful %rub t he ?\ght w\ld make a spl5did h$ge ar\nd 8 home4 ,x grew ab\t five feet 9 height & its foliage 0 ( a ri* gre51 ) a br[n1 r$ & yell[ fl[]4 ,! slips he br\ght to ,honolulu ?riv$ wond]fully & cutt+s ( ! plant 7 tak5 to ! o!r isl&s = a l purpose4 ,:]ev] plant$ x grew amaz+ly fa/4 ,x quickly spread ov] ! hillsides & became s d5se t cattle c\ld n p5etrate ! ?ickets =m$ by x4 ,x made valueless l>ge areas ( l& t =m]ly _h be5 us$ = ! pa/ur+ ( cattle & plantation /ock1 & r$uc$ ! graz+ area at an al>m+ rate4 ,l& t adjo9$ ! plantations & t 9 ! c\rse ( "t became ne$$ = plantation purposes 0 also ov]-run by x4 ,! curtailm5t ( ! graz+ l&s & ! increas$ co/ ( cle>+ 7 s great t ! entomologi/s 7 f9ally s5t = & ask$ if !y c\ld n eradicate ! tr\ble4 ,aft] a c>eful inve/igation !y w5t to ,mexico1 :5ce ! lantana1 z ! %rub is call$1 _h come4 ,on _! return j\rney !y br\ght back ) !m a fly4 ,! fly laid its eggs 9 ! bud ( ! lantana1 & :5 ! "y flies 7 hat*$ !y f$ ^u ! lantana se$s4 ,! flies multipli$ rapidly & soon made away ) ! se$s1 ?us prev5t+ ! %rub f spread+ any fur!r4 ,:5 x 0 once cle>$ f ! l& or ! plantation x did n reappe>4 ,^! illu/rations demon/rate ! fact t ! culture ( sug> cane involves a con/ant /ruggle betwe5 sci5ce & unre/ra9$ nature4 ,z a rule1 ,hawaiian sug> plantations are locat$ close to ! seacoa/1 betwe5 x & ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! l&s slope g5tly t[>d ! sea1 ?us insur+ good dra9age & easy application ( wat] = irrigation4 ,mo/ ( ! cane is gr[n on l& less ?an five hundr$ feet above sea-level1 al?\gh 9 a few r>e in/ances x is cultivat$ at an elevation z great z ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,p>ts ( ! leew>d side ( ! isl&s1 :]e x is extremely dry & hot1 & :]e ! cane ?rives be/1 dep5d entirely on irrigation1 ! wat] be+ br\ght to ! plantations by dit*es or pump$ f wells4 ,on ! w9dw>d side ( ! isl& ( ,hawaii1 :]e ! ra9fall is abundant1 irrigation is unnecess>y except dur+ v dry p]iods4 ,9 cultivat+1 ! gr\nd is turn$ ) /eam pl\ghs to dep?s up to tw5ty-f\r in*es4 ,^! pl\ghs are op]at$ by p[]ful eng9es t "w 9 pairs1 "o on ea* side ( a field1 usually f "o ?\s& to fifte5 hundr$ feet ap>t4 ,"o eng9e pulls a gang-pl\gh across ! field & ! o!r draws x back4 ,by ?is me?od ! ri* soil is ?or\ghly loos5$ & a wond]ful vegetable gr[? results4 ,ord9>ily 9 ,cali=nia ! f>m] pl\ghs only f f\r to six in*es deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,pl\gh ,illu/ration3 ,,plant+ ,,cane ,aft] ! l&s are pl\gh$ & h>r[$ & all ! we$s turn$ "u1 d\ble m\ld-bo>d pl\ghs are us$ to make ! furr[s 9 :i* ! se$ is plant$4 ,! furr[s are n l ^? made = plant+ potatoes1 b are ab\t five feet ap>t & eighte5 in*es deep1 ea* furr[ & hill be+ symmetrical4 ,!y foll[ ! cont\r ( ! l& s t ! irrigation wat] w fill ! furr[ & rema9 !re until x is absorb$ by ! soil & p5etrates to ! cane roots4 ,at regul> int]vals ( ab\t ?irty-five feet1 lat]al dit*es are cut1 f :i* !re is an entrance into e furr[4 ,^! lat]al dit*es deliv] ! wat] f ! ma9 dit*es to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! fields4 ,! l& is n[ ready = ! se$4 ,mean:ile1 ! h>ve/+ ( ! rip5$ cane 9 o!r fields is go+ on4 ,z ! labor]s cut ! cane1 !y top x1 t is to say1 !y cut (f ab\t twelve in*es ( ! upp] "p ( ! solid /alk4 ,sug> cane resembles bamboo1 9 t x is cyl9drical 9 %ape & divid$ e few in*es into sections by r+s or jo9ts4 ,9 e jo9t !re is a bud or eye1 f :i* a %oot ( cane w spr\t1 if prop]ly plant$ 9 ! gr\nd & wat]$4 ,^! tops1 always cut f untassel$ cane1 conta9 v little sug>4 ,!y are c>ri$ to ! newly prep>$ field & plac$ 9 r[s 9 ! furr[s1 end to end1 l5g?wise1 ! ends ov]lapp+ a trifle 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ blank spaces 9 ! gr[+ cane4 ,!y are !n cov]$1 accord+ to ! season1 ) "o to "o & a half in*es ( e>?1 & ! wat] is turn$ 9 until ! furr[ conta9s f ?ree to f\r in*es ( wat]4 ,betwe5 six & t5 days aft]w>d1 ! little gre5 cane %oots appe> above ! gr\nd4 ,f ?is "t =w>d cont9u\s irrigation & cultivation1 toge!r ) prop] f]tilization1 are requir$ until ! cane matures4 ,plant+ usually beg9s 9 ,m>* & cont9ues until ,septemb]1 sometimes lat]1 & ! cane rip5s "o ye> f ! foll[+ ,decemb]4 ,gr[+ cane %\ld be wat]$ e sev5 days1 & ! am\nt ( wat] us$ = ?is purpose is enorm\s4 ,= example3 a plantation produc+ ?irty-five ?\s& tons ( sug> p] annum ne$s twice z mu* wat] p] day z ! city ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! appe>ance ( gr[+ cane is mu* l t ( ,indian corn4 ,! :ole field area is cov]$ ) a d5se1 jungle-l vegetation ( brilliant gre54 ,! leaves are long & n>r[ & hang 9 graceful curves4 ,! cane gr[s s ?ick t x is almo/ impossible to crawl ?r\gh x1 & s seldom d ! sun's rays p5etrate to ! gr\nd t rapid evaporation ( ! irrigation wat] _c take place1 h5ce ! cane gets ! full b5efit ( ! moi/ure4 ,9 c]ta9 v>ieties ( cane1 ! great weight ( ! juice 9 ! /alks causes !m to b5d1 droop & take fanta/ic %apes4 ,sometimes !y lie on ! gr\nd ) ! ends turn$ upw>d1 & 9 fields :]e ! /alks gr[ to a l5g? ( tw5ty-f\r feet1 ! av]age height ( ! tops above ! gr\nd is n ov] twelve feet4 ,9 o!r k9ds ! /alks /& /raight up to a height ( f eight to f\rte5 feet4 ,! production ( cane p] acre v>ies 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same c\ntry1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! soil1 climatic conditions1 c>e & att5tion1 use ( f]tiliz] & am\nt ( ra9fall or irrigation4 ,9 ,hawaii x ranges f tw5ty to eighty-five tons1 & ! am\nt ( sug> obta9$ p] acre runs f two & "o-half tons to twelve tons1 ! av]age be+ ab\t five tons4 ,broadly speak+1 lack ( a normal am\nt ( cane p] acre1 lack ( sug> 9 ! cane1 or ! preval5ce ( disease1 is prim>ily due to an unsanit>y or unsuitable condition ( ! soil4 ,?is c usually be correct$ by prop] cultural me?ods1 su* z adequate a]ation ( ! soil1 ! turn+ "u ( ! cane tops & leaves1 application ( lime & suitable comb9ations ( f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts4 ,fundam5tally1 cane requires a well-a]at$1 moi/1 alkal9e soil & a f]tiliz] 9 :i* ! nitrog5 cont5t is high & 9 excess ( ! pota% & phosphoric acid4 ,x is f\nd t nitrate ( soda1 :5 appli$ alone or 9 comb9ation ) pota% & phosphoric acid1 produces a v /rong gr[?4 ,! prop] sanitation ( ! soil t5ds to promote ! b5eficial bact]ial action s ess5tial to ! gr[? ( ! cane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,irrigation ,,dit*--,,%[+ ,,tunnel ,illu/ration3 ,,irrigation ,,dit* ,9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y ! cane tassels or fl[]s1 :i* indicates t x has ab\t rea*$ maturity & is ready = cutt+4 ,!nce=w>d v little irrigat+ is done1 z additional wat] appli$ at ?is "t might ret>d rip5+1 :i* w\ld mean a r$uc$ am\nt ( sug> /or$ up 9 ! cane4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :ile ! cane is gr[+ & 9 an unripe /ate1 !re is no disc]nible sucrose or pure sug> 9 x4 ,z ! rip5+ process goes on1 ! cont5t ( ! cane juice is *ang$ by ! action ( ! sun's rays1 & ! am\nt ( sucrose z det]m9$ by pol>iscopic te/ %[s :5 ! "t = h>ve/+ is at h&4 ,nature's op]ation 9 ?us *ang+ glucose or inv]t sug> into sucrose or pure sug> _c be accompli%$ by any human means4 ,! h>ve/+ !n beg9s & cont9ues until ! end ( ,july or ,augu/4 ,usually ! field is set on fire be=e cutt+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great am\nt ( moi/ure or juice 9 ! cane1 ! /alks d n burn1 b ! leaves are ?or\ghly consum$4 ,?is op]ation elim9ates a good deal ( leaf mat]ial t is n only useless1 b :i*1 if s5t to ! mill1 w\ld increase ! co/ ( cru%+1 besides absorb+ a c]ta9 quantity ( ! juice express$ f ! cane4 ,=m]ly m5 /ripp$ ! leaves f ! cane 9 ! fields1 b x 0 a difficult matt] to accompli% su* "w1 & ! co/ 0 heavy4 ,an accid5t *ang$ ! me?od ( do+ ?is "w4 ,a field took fire & x 0 f\nd t :ile all ! leaves 7 consum$1 little or no damage 0 done to ! /alks provid$ !y 7 cut promptly & s5t to ! mill to be cru%$4 ,! practice ( burn+ has s9ce become g5]al1 al?\gh ! advisability ( cont9u+ x is n[ be+ giv5 v c>eful /udy4 ,burn+ elim9ates ! ardu\s labor ( /ripp+1 & no d\bt does away ) _m h>mful insects & fungi1 b at ! same "t x de/roys ! enemies & p>asites ( ^! insects & ?is loss is sev]ely felt4 ,ano!r disadvantage ( burn+ is t ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! cane leaves is lib]at$ & n return$ to ! soil z w\ld be ! case if ! leaves 7 /ripp$ & pl\gh$ "u4 ,9 ! latt] case ! leaves rot rapidly1 add humus to ! soil1 help a]ation1 & improve ! sanit>y condition1 all ( :i* t5ds to increase ! yield ( cane p] acre4 ,f rec5t exp]i5ce x is n improbable t burn+ w be discont9u$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,z soon z ! field is ready1 :e!r burn$ or n1 ! labor]s g 9 to cut ! cane4 ,a long1 heavy knife is us$4 ,! cutt] grasps ! /alk & drives ! knife into x1 sev]+ x j at ! gr\nd4 ,he !n tops x1 t is1 he cuts (f ! upp] "p t conta9s no sug>1 &1 to aid 9 subsequ5t h&l+1 ! long /alks are cut into conv5i5t l5g?s4 ,z ! burn+ de/roys ! eyes or buds1 c]ta9 fields are cut & topp$ = se$ be=e ! burn+ takes place4 ,!re are two g5]al me?ods ( transport+ ! cane to ! mills4 ,"o is by rail & ! o!r by flumes4 ,on ! irrigat$ plantations :]e wat] is nev] ov]pl5tiful1 railroad tracks & locomotives are inv>iably employ$1 :ile on ! non-irrigat$ plantations1 locat$ 9 di/ricts :]e !re are copi\s annual ra9s1 ,v-%ap$ flumes are ext5sively us$4 ,9 "s cases a comb9ation ( bo? sy/ems is adopt$ to advantage4 ,f ! upp] l&s :]e x is difficult to con/ruct railroads1 ! cane is flum$ to a conv5i5t po9t on ! railroad sy/em1 at a l[] elevation1 & deliv]$ into c>s1 :ile ! wat] is conduct$ into dit*es & us$ = irrigat+ ! l[] cane l&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,sug> ,,cane ,illu/ration3 ,,ripe ,,sug> ,,cane--,,%[+ ,,tassels ,9 ! case ( rail transportation1 pa?s "o hundr$ & fifty feet ap>t are cut ?r\gh ! fields s t tempor>y railroad tracks may be laid & c>s run 9 & load$ on ^! tracks4 ,! :ole field is !n cut 9 ! same way & ! "w cont9u$ until ! entire crop is h>ve/$4 ,! load]s foll[ up ! cutt]s4 ,^! m5 lay a /rap on ! gr\nd & pile ! /alks on ! /rap until !y h a bundle ( cane weigh+ f sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,) a dext]ity born ( long practice1 !y sl+ a bundle ^u _! %\ld]s & c>ry x up an incl9$ runway to a railroad c> n ov] sev5ty-five feet away & dump x on ! c>4 ,! cutt+ & load+ are usually done by contract1 at s mu* p] ton1 & x is rem>kable h[ pr(ici5t ! m5 become4 ,:5 flumes are us$ exclusively1 mu* ! same me?ods are adopt$4 ,pa?s are cut ?r\gh ! fields & 9 ^! pa?s are plac$ ! flumes :i*1 l ! tempor>y railroad tracks1 are mov$ f "t to "t z necessity dem&s4 ,! mill is locat$ at ! l[e/ po9t on ! plantation & ! flumes are plac$ s z to insure a good grade f ! cane fields on ! upl&s to ! mill bel[4 ,! flumes are ei!r c>ri$ on l[ tre/les or run along ! gr\nd1 b always at a height :i* enables ! labor]s to ?r[ ! cane into !m conv5i5tly4 ,wat] is turn$ into ! upp] end ( ! flume &1 ru%+ rapidly d[n1 c>ries or floats ! cane to ! mill4 ,cane is flum$ 9 ?is way = di/ances up to sev5 miles at l[ co/ & ) satisfactory results4 ,! c>s :5 load$ 9 ! fields are made up into tra9s & haul$ by locomotives to ! mill1 :i* is g5]ally locat$ ab\t ! c5t] ( ! plantation1 or at a po9t :]e mo/ ( ! cane c be deliv]$ on a d[nw>d grade4 ,ea* c> is c>efully weigh$ on a track scale & ! exact quantity ( its load ( cane is asc]ta9$ & record$4 ,= ye>s pa/ ! plant]s h be5 (f]+ l>ge rew>ds = ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e to cut & load ! cane1 b ! old h& me?od is /ill employ$1 al?\gh "s exp]im5tal load+ ma*9es are meet+ ) m or less success1 b none are 9 common use4 ,! problems involv$ 9 cutt+ cane by ma*9]y seem insurm\ntable1 &1 :ile _m devices h be5 tri$1 n "o has prov$ successful4 ,aft] ! cane is cut ! fir/ "t1 pl\ghs are s5t ?r\gh ! fields & a furr[ is pl\gh$ along ea* side ( ! /ubs ( ! cane :i* are left 9 place4 ,?is pl\gh+ op5s up ! gr\nd1 a]ates ! soil1 & af=ds ! irrigat+ or ra9 wat] a means ( easy access to ! cane roots4 ,! wat] t5d]s foll[ up ! pl\ghs & ! furr[s are fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is gradually absorb$ by ! old cane roots left 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 "t new spr\ts spr+ up f buds on ! old /alks ( ! cane & ano!r gr[? beg9s4 ,! second crop is call$ 8fir/ ratoons0 &1 :5 cultivat$ = a s+le ye> only1 x is designat$ 8%ort ratoons40 ,z a rule x does n yield z mu* sug> z plant cane1 b ! sav+ 9 se$1 9 ! prep>ation ( ! fields & 9 o!r labor frequ5tly makes up = ! r$uc$ am\nt ( sug>4 ,if all[$ to gr[ = two ye>s1 z is g5]ally ! case1 x is call$ 8long ratoons0 & produces proportionately m sug>4 ,9 ! pa/ a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! ,hawaiian crop 0 plant$ ) fre% se$ e ye> & b a small p]c5tage ratoon$4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 ! t5d5cy is to ratoon ! crop z long z ! yield ju/ifies1 :i* 9 _m cases is f ?ree to f\r times4 ,9 ,cuba ! cane :5 once plant$ is ratoon$ = _m ye>s4 ,!re h be5 specific in/ances 9 ,hawaii :]e ratoons t h be5 all[$ to gr[ = two ye>s 7long ratoons7 h %[n a bett] yield ?an ! fir/ plant+4 ,accord+ to ! be/ in=mation1 ?is is due to ! pres5ce ( poison\s matt] 9 ! gr\nd1 turn$ up = ! fir/ "t at ! fir/ plant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,cane ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,cane ,! object ( all ! pl\gh+1 we$+1 cultivat+1 f]tiliz+ & irrigat+1 is to produce a l>ge numb] ( /rong1 /urdy /alks ( cane1 yield+ a maximum am\nt ( sug>4 ,! sug> is conta9$ 9 solution 9 ! sap or juice & ! am\nt c be mat]ially increas$ by due c>e & att5tion4 ,z "s ( ! elem5ts :i* =m ! plant are absorb$ f ! air ?r\gh ! leaves1 favorable climatic conditions are ess5tial to its full gr[? & developm5t4 ,prop] f]tiliz]s mu/ be add$ to ! soil1 & wat] appli$ regul>ly & 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,comm]cial f]tiliz]s are us$ 9 ,hawaii probably to a great] ext5t ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,x is q common = plantations to use half a ton ( f]tiliz] p] acre p] crop1 & at times z mu* z two ?\s& p\nds p] acre4 ,! ye>ly f]tiliz] co/ p] acre w probably av]age tw5ty-five doll>s4 ,z x takes eighte5 mon?s = a crop to mature 9 ,hawaii1 x w readily be se5 t ! plantation area mu/ be at lea/ d\ble t us$ = any "o crop4 ,:ile "o crop is be+ h>ve/$1 ano!r crop is 9 ! gr\nd gr[+4 ,z soon z ! cane is cut1 ! l&s are imm$iately prep>$ = replant+ or ratoon+1 z ! case may be4 ,dur+ c]ta9 p]iods ea* ye>1 usually 9 ,june & ,july1 a visitor on an ,hawaiian plantation c see "o crop gr[+1 "o be+ h>ve/$ & "o be+ plant$4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ! h>ve/+ beg9s 9 ,decemb] & ends 9 ,july or ,augu/4 ,! plant+ beg9s f ,m>* to ,june & usually ends 9 ,septemb]1 accord+ to plantation conditions & :e!r or n ! l& is irrigat$4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,raw ,,sug> ,! details ( ! manufacture ( raw sug> f cane & ( sug> f beet roots diff]1 b !re are sev]al processes common to bo?4 ,! op]ations necess>y = mak+ raw cane sug> are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! extraction ( ! juice4 #b4 ,! purification ( ! juice4 #c4 ,! evaporation ( ! juice to syrup po9t4 #d4 ,! conc5tration & cry/allization ( ! syrup4 #e4 ,! prep>ation ( ! cry/als or gra9s = ! m>ket by sep>at+ !m f ! molasses4 ,e mill has an ext5sive laboratory :]e skill$ *emi/s are con/antly engag$ 9 sampl+ & analyz+ cane1 raw juices1 syrups1 sug>s & molasses4 ,9 fact ! *emical "w is a mo/ important feature 9 ! raw-sug> h\se1 beet-sug> factory or ref9]y4 ,! sup]9t5d5t %\ld be an exp]t *emi/1 z ! prop] recov]y ( ! sug> f ! cane & beet juices is :olly dep5d5t ^u ! te*nical control ( manufactur+ processes4 ,,extraction ,aft] pass+ ! scales1 ! c>s conta9+ ! cane are swit*$ alongside ! c>ri] :i* fe$s ! cane into ! mills4 ,be=e ! cane is unload$1 h[ev]1 samples are tak5 f ea* c> & s5t to ! laboratory1 :]e !y are c>efully analyz$4 ,! am\nt ( sug> pres5t is asc]ta9$1 z well z ! quantity & quality ( ! juice 9 ! cane4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to get a fair av]age sample ( ! cane 9 ?is way1 & !re=e ! effici5cy ( ! mill "w is det]m9$ on ! basis ( an analysis ( ! juice & ! fib] aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! cru%]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,cane ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,mill ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,mill ,! c>ri] j ref]r$ to is a wide slat conveyor1 runn+ alongside ! railroad tracks 9 ! y>ds to a po9t directly ov] ! fir/ set ( cru%]s4 ,! cane is tak5 f ! c>s by a me*anical unload]1 ! arms ( :i* rea* out & ) di/5d$ f+]s pull ! cane /alks (f & l& !m on ! sl[-mov+ c>ri]1 :i* takes !m onw>d & upw>d to ! cru%]4 ,! cru%] consi/s ( two l>ge rolls1 ) imm5se int]lock+1 corrugat$ tee? on ! circumf]5ce ( ea*4 ,^! rolls are set close toge!r1 & ! cane pass+ ?r\gh is brok5 into %ort pieces & matt$ to an ev5 lay]4 ,! juice squeez$ out by ?is prelim9>y cru%+ runs ?r\gh a metal tr\gh into a l>ge receptacle kn[n z ! juice tank4 ,f ! cru%] ! mat ( cane passes to ! mills prop]4 ,^! mills consi/ ( f n9e to eighte5 rolls1 ab\t ?irty-f\r in*es 9 diamet] & sev5ty-eight in*es long1 arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 set 9 ! =m ( an isosceles triangle1 "o above & two bel[1 "o set foll[+ ! o!r 9 a direct l9e4 ,! l[] rolls are p>t$ en\gh to all[ ! express$ juice to fall ?r\gh !m1 :ile ! half-cru%$ cane is c>ri$ ov] by means ( an iron b> call$ ! return]4 ,! faces ( ! rolls are m or less r\gh5$1 or groov$1 s z to draw ! cane ?r\gh & give a bett] cru%+ action4 ,!y are turn$ sl[ly by p[]ful eng9es1 :i* transmit ! p[] to ea* set ( rolls ?r\gh a sy/em ( ge>s4 ,! rolls are =c$ toge!r by hydraulic rams ex]t+ a pressure ( f f\r hundr$ to six hundr$ tons4 ,x is ?is trem5d\s pressure t squeezes ! sug>-be>+ juice out ( ! cane4 ,f ! cru%] ! matt$ cane passes ?r\gh ! fir/ set ( rolls1 :]e a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! rema9+ juice is lib]at$4 ,?is is caught 9 a metal tr\gh &1 aft] pass+ ov] a f9e scre5 to remove ! small pieces ( cane1 runs to ! juice tank4 ,! cane passes ?r\gh ! second set ( rolls1 !nce to ! ?ird set1 & s on to ! end ( ! mill4 ,9 front ( ! la/ set ( rolls1 hot wat] is spray$ on ! cane to s(t5 ! fib] & dilute ! rema9+ juice1 ?us aid+ ! f9al extraction4 ,! add+ ( hot wat] is t]m$ mac]ation4 ,by ! "t ! cane has pass$ ?r\gh ! la/ set ( rolls1 all ! economically recov]able juice is out ( x & deliv]$ into ! juice tank1 ) ! exception ( ! juice & mac]ation wat] f ! la/ set ( rolls1 :i* is always return$ to ! prec$+ set ( rolls = mac]ation purposes4 ,! juice or mac]ation wat] com+ f ! la/ set ( rolls conta9s v little sug>1 & ! object is to secure great] conc5tration by us+ x = d\ble mac]ation in/ead ( add+ t mu* additional wat] :i* w\ld h to be evaporat$ lat] on 9 ! process4 ,9 well-design$1 mod]n mills1 ) cane c>ry+ n ov] twelve p] c5t ( fib]1 m ?an n9ety-eight p] c5t ( ! sug> 9 ! cane is extract$1 ! rema9d] be+ left 9 ! fib]4 ,?is is almo/ p]fection today4 ,:at x w be tomorr[ no "o c say4 ,! fibr\s1 woody "p ( ! cane1 or bagasse z x is call$1 is comp>atively dry z x leaves ! la/ rolls4 ,x is convey$ f ! mills to ! boil] h\se on a wide slat conveyor1 & f$ directly into ! furnaces "u ! boil]s t g5]ate ! /eam = p[] & boil+ purposes4 ,a mod]n raw-sug> mill requires practically no o!r fuel ?an t obta9$ z a by-product f ! cru%+ ( ! cane4 ,! boil] plant is usually ( l>ge capacity1 z a great deal ( /eam is requir$ to drive ! eng9es t run ! cru%]1 ! rolls1 ! electric light+ sy/em1 ! pumps & o!r ma*9]y4 ,besides1 a l>ge am\nt is ne$$ to evaporate ! wat] 9 ! juice & to boil & dry ! sug>4 ,! a%es f ! furnaces are return$ to ! fields z f]tiliz]1 s t v little is lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cane ,,c>ri] ,,& ,,me*anical ,,unload] ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,type ,,( ,,cane ,,unload] ,,purification ,! juice z x comes f ! mills conta9s impurities su* z dirt f ! fields1 small pieces ( cane /alks & o!r =eign matt]1 besides salts1 gum1 wax & album54 ,x is necess>y to remove z _m ( ^! sub/ances z possible1 & ?is is :]e ! *emi/'s "w beg9s4 ,s long z ! juice is conf9$ 9 ! liv+ cells ( ! cane x does n quickly f]m5t1 b :5 lib]at$ x rapidly und]goes su* *ange4 ,!re=e no "t is lo/ 9 arre/+ ?is action4 ,! juice is pump$ to ! top floor ( ! mill & !re a solution ( milk ( lime is add$ 9 suffici5t proportions to neutralize ! acidity4 ,! mixture is !n heat$ 9 clos$ tanks "u pressure to #bae degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! heat causes ! lime to comb9e rapidly ) ! gums & salts 9 ! juice1 & ! album5 to coagulate4 ,! hot juice is !n run into l>ge settl+ tanks1 :]e ! insoluble solids & ! album5 s9k to ! bottom1 c>ry+ ) !m vegetable & o!r matt] susp5d$ 9 ! juice4 ,c]ta9 =eign sub/ances ( light specific gravity float to ! surface 9 ! =m ( scum4 ,aft] settl+ = a "t ! cle> juice is drawn (f & ! scum1 mud & cl\dy liquor left 9 ! tank4 ,z a va/ am\nt ( liquor mu/ be h&l$ e h\r1 x is n practicable to h tank capacity great en\gh to admit ( ! liquor /&+ a suffici5t l5g? ( "t = e p>ticle ( =eign matt] to settle1 s z an adjunct to ! settl+ tank1 filt]s are us$4 ,^! are cyl9drical iron tanks1 pack$ tightly ) ord9>y wood fib]1 kn[n z excelsior4 ,! juice is conduct$ to ^! filt]s1 & z x p]colates ?r\gh ! excelsior1 practically all ( ! rema9+ =eign matt] is caught & reta9$ 9 ! fib]4 ,! cle> juice is !n run to ! receiv+ tanks = ! evaporators & ! mud & scum t rema9 are drawn (f into mud tanks1 :]e m lime is add$ & ! mass /irr$ up4 ,f9ally x is deliv]$ to ! filt] presses1 :]e ! mud & o!r impurities are tak5 out & ! cle> liquor conta9+ sug> is s5t to ! evaporators4 ,ano!r me?od = clean+1 call$ 8precipitation 9 motion10 is to c>efully lime ! juice & !n heat x 9 clos$ vessels & "u suffici5t pressure to c>ry x ?r\gh a pipe to l>ge insulat$ settl+ tanks4 ,^! settl+ tanks1 usually ( %eet /eel1 are made 9 ! =m ( truncat$ cones ) conical bottoms1 ! small diamet] ( ! tank be+ at ! top4 ,susp5d$ 9 ! c5t] is a v]tical cyl9d] some:at less 9 diamet] ?an ! upp] "p ( ! tank4 ,?is cyl9d] ext5ds d[nw>d ab\t eight feet to a po9t opposite ! l>ge/ diamet]1 :i* makes ! area betwe5 ! circumf]5ce ( ! susp5d$ cyl9d] & ! tank at t po9t v mu* great] ?an ! area ( ! cyl9d] itself4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 area is necess>y to ret>d ! fl[ ( ! juice & all[ ! s$im5t1 mud & insoluble solids to be deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,! juice is deliv]$ by a pipe into ! top ( ! cyl9d] :i* projects a few in*es above ! edge ( ! surr\nd+ settl+ tank4 ,x passes sl[ly d[n ! c5tral passageway1 turns at ! bottom1 :]e its spe$ is mat]ially slack5$1 & goes out ?r\gh a pipe l9e connect$ to ! side ( ! tank j bel[ ! upp] edge4 ,!re are sev]al o!r me?ods 9 g5]al use1 b 9 all ( !m ! pr9ciple ( settl+1 ^u :i* ! sep>ation or clean+ dep5ds1 is ! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity betwe5 ! juice & ! dirt4 ,a high & ev5 temp]ature %\ld be ma9ta9$ by prev5t+ radiation1 z l[]+ ! temp]ature w\ld increase ! specific gravity & viscosity ( ! juice )\t increas+ t ( ! dirt 9 equal proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,twelve-,,roll] ,,mill ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,cru%+ ,,plant--,,two ,,fifte5-,,roll] ,,mills ,,& ,,cru%]s4 ,,capacity1 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,five ,,tons ,,p] ,,h\r ,!re are _m diff]5t types ( filt] presses1 b ^? at pres5t 9 g5]al use are long1 oblong ma*9es1 set horizontally on ! floors1 ) lay]s ( corrugat$ iron plates1 cov]$ ) canvas %eets1 betwe5 :i* are holl[ frames s arrang$ t ! juice w pass f ! holl[ frames ?r\gh ! canvas to ! corrugations 9 ! plates4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! presses "u pressure ! s$im5t1 scum & o!r impurities are caught on ! canvas %eets & ! cle> juice passes ?r\gh ! canvas1 d[n ! corrugations & out ?r\gh small holes 9 ! plates controll$ by valves on ! outside ( ! presses1 f :5ce x runs to ! evaporator tanks4 ,! sug> 9 ! mud caught 9 ! holl[ frames is wa%$ out ( ! mud ) wat] & is s5t to ! evaporator1 :ile ! mud itself is f9ally return$ to ! field1 to be us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,! cl>ifi$ juice f ! settl+ tanks1 filt]s or presses1 is light br[n 9 color1 b is ?9 & wat]y1 & mu/ n[ be r$uc$ to syrup po9t4 ,all ! susp5d$ impurities h be5 remov$1 b "s impurities 9 solution & ! orig9al color+ matt] /ill rema94 ,"s ( ^! =eign sub/ances are subsequ5tly elim9at$ dur+ ! process ( cry/allization 9 ! vacuum pans describ$ lat] on4 ,! object to be atta9$ 9 a raw-sug> h\se is ! production ( a sug> conta9+ n9ety-six p] c5t ( sucrose1 & !re is little or no?+ to be ga9$ by c>ry+ ! process ( manufacture beyond ! /age t insures su* result4 ,! f9al extraction ( all ! impurities & ! conv]sion ( ! impure raw into pure :ite granulat$ sug> is ! "w ( ! ref9]1 :i* is dealt ) 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,f ! "t ! juice leaves ! cane until x is cry/alliz$ x is kept at a high temp]ature1 z cold juices or syrups are visc\s & run sl[ly4 ,high temp]atures kill g]ms1 prev5t f]m5tation & exp$ite manipulation4 ,,evaporation ,"u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure at sea-level1 wat] boils at a temp]ature ( #bab degrees ,fahr5heit & sug> juice at a few degrees high]1 accord+ to its d5sity4 ,?is temp]ature if long appli$ to sug> juice w\ld t5d to burn & de/roy ! sug>1 b ! juice c be heat$ to #bej degrees = a %ort "t )\t det]ioration4 ,! cl>ifi$ juice conta9s ab\t eighty-five p] c5t ( wat] & fifte5 p] c5t ( solid matt]4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! wat] mu/ be remov$ by evaporation4 ,to accompli% ?is "u ord9>y atmosph]ic conditions w\ld require heat increas+ f #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 z ! solution increas$ 9 specific gravity above ! /&>d ( pure wat]4 ,?is w\ld require a l>ge am\nt ( fuel1 & ! juice w\ld also be m or less adv]sely affect$ by long ma9t5ance ( comp>atively high temp]ature4 ,to obviate ^! conditions ! juice is boil$ 9 a multiple evaporator1 ! inv5tion ( ,norb]to ,rillieux1 ^: fir/ con/ruction 9 ,new ,orleans 9 #ahdj 0 a d\ble effect horizontal subm]g$ tube app>atus :i* has s9ce und]gone _m *anges & improvem5ts4 ,! !ory ( evaporation 9 vacuo 0 ext5d$ to two or m cells or vacuum bodies1 us+ ! /eam or vapor f ! fir/ to heat ! juice or syrup 9 ! second & s on4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! quadruple effect1 or f\r-cell evaporator1 is mo/ commonly 9 use1 al?\gh sextuple effects are n r>e4 ,! ord9>y practice is z foll[s3 ,! juice ent]s cell ,no4 #a & cov]s ! heat+ tubes1 to :i* is admitt$ suffici5t /eam--g5]ally exhau/ f ! eng9es--to cause ! liquid to boil4 ,! /eam or vapor lib]at$ f ?is fir/ boil+ is conduct$ ?r\gh ! vapor pipe directly into ! heat+ tubes ( cell ,no4 #b1 :ile ! juice f cell ,no4 #a is pass$ into ! second1 or cell ,no4 #b1 & surr\nds ! heat+ surfaces :i* conta9 ! hot vapor giv5 (f f ! same juice 9 cell ,no4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,deliv]+ ,,bagasse ,,to ,,fire-,,room ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,mod]n ,,raw-,,sug> ,,mill ,z !re is little or no pressure above ! liquid 9 ! fir/ cell1 ! juice boils at f #bae degrees to #bbj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,by ma9ta9+ a vacuum ( five in*es 9 ! second cell1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! liquid w boil is r$uc$ to #bjc degrees1 & ! vapor f cell ,no4 #a is hot en\gh to boil ! juice 9 cell ,no4 #b )\t any addition ( heat4 ,! vapor f cell ,no4 #b 9 ! same way ent]s ! heat+ tubes ( cell ,no4 #c1 :ile ! juice ent]+ ?is cell is expos$ to a vacuum ( fifte5 in*es1 :i* r$uces ! boil+ temp]ature to #ahj degrees1 s t ! diff]5ce ( #bc degrees betwe5 ! conditions ( cell ,no4 #b & cell ,no4 #c causes a ?ird boil+ & evaporation )\t any additional /eam be+ add$4 ,a vacuum ( tw5ty-six in*es 9 ! la/ cell1 ,no4 #d1 br+s ! f9al boil+ temp]ature d[n to ab\t #aej degrees4 ,! vapor f ?is la/ cell ent]s a cond5s]1 :]e x is expos$ to a spray ( cold wat]1 is cond5s$ & passes d[n a pipe n less ?an ?irty-f\r feet long1 t]m9at+ 9 a wat] seal1 & call$ ! ,torricellian tube1 aft] ,torricelli1 :o discov]$ t m]cury w\ld rise ?irty in*es 9 a tube :ile wat] w\ld rise ?irty-f\r feet ) a p]fect vacuum4 ,! juice 9 pass+ ?r\gh ^! evaporat+ cells is boil$ to a syrup conta9+ ab\t ?irty-five p] c5t ( wat] & sixty-five p] c5t ( solid matt]4 ,x is pump$ out ( ! f\r? cell into ! receiv+ tank = ! vacuum pan4 ,?is quadruple sy/em ( boil+ only requires ab\t "o-f\r? ! am\nt ( heat t w\ld be necess>y to d ! same "w 9 a s+le vessel4 ,z ! evaporators op]ate cont9u\sly1 a con/ant level ( ! boil+ liquid is ma9ta9$ 9 ea* cell1 ! juice be+ drawn f "o to ! o!r by increas+ vacuum & controll$ or regulat$ by means ( valves4 ,a p[]ful vacuum pump draws ! air & o!r incond5sable gases f ! cond5s] & ma9ta9s ! vacuum1 :i* is appli$ to ! necess>y ext5t 9 ea* cell4 ,! heat+ tubes are connect$ to dra9 pipes1 :i* remove ! cond5s$ vapors4 ,vacuum1 simply & concisely /at$1 is ! abs5ce ( air or gas4 ,x is usually obta9$ by pumps :i* suck ! air or gas out ( clos$ conta9]s or pipes4 ,no d\bt _m ( ! read]s 9 _! y\ng] days h suck$ on ! end ( a bottle & 7 amus$ to f9d ! bottle hang+ on ! end ( ! tongue4 ,x 0 ! vacuum1 or lack ( air 9 ! bottle1 :i* caus$ x to hang ?us4 ,! outside atmosph]ic pressure 7:i* at sea-level is fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e in*7 0 do+ its be/ to ga9 an entrance ?r\gh ! tongue into ! bottle f :i* ! air _h be5 extract$4 ,! pumps simply suck ! air out ( ! conta9]s or pipes & dis*>ge x ?r\gh valves1 9 mu* ! same way t ! air 0 suck$ out ( ! bottle4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 boil+ wat] or juice1 ! vacuum is be+ cont9ually brok5 or r$uc$ by ! lib]ation ( air & gases f ! juice1 /eam & cond5s+ wat]4 ,?is action mu/ be ov]come by ! con/ant "w ( ! vacuum pump4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( vacuum c>ri$ 9 any conta9]1 a small me*anical contrivance1 kn[n z a vacuum gauge1 is us$4 ,?is1 9 its simple/ =m1 is a b[l ( m]cury ) a long glass tube lead+ f x4 ,if ! upp] end ( ! glass tube is atta*$ to ! conta9] f :i* ! air is to be drawn1 ! m]cury 9 ! tube w rise 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( air extract$4 ,:5 an absolute vacuum has be5 =m$1 ! m]cury 9 ! glass w /& at a height ( ?irty in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,filt] ,,presses ,illu/ration3 ,,set ,,( ,,quadruple ,,evaporators ,9 comm]cial op]ations a vacuum great] ?an tw5ty-eight in*es is seldom requir$1 z ?is is suffici5t = all practical purposes4 ,! degree ( vacuum = any conta9] c be v>i$ easily by me*anical manipulation1 s t a vacuum any:]e f "o to tw5ty-eight in*es may be ma9ta9$4 ,,conc5tration ,,& ,,cry/allization ,f ! receiv+ tanks ! syrup is drawn into ! pans by a vacuum rang+ betwe5 tw5ty-five & tw5ty-sev5 in*es4 ,! pans are l>ge ca/-iron or copp] cyl9d]s1 /&+ 9 a v]tical position1 ) dome-l tops & conical bottoms1 almo/ sph]ical 9 %ape4 ,lead+ f ! top is a l>ge pipe ?r\gh :i* ! vapors f ! boil+ are drawn (f & cond5s$4 ,on ! conical bottom is a l>ge valve1 :i* may be op5$ :5 ! boil+ is f9i%$ to all[ ! massecuite 7a ,fr5* t]m mean+ cook$ mass7 to drop out4 ,at regul> int]vals 9 ! height ( ! pan !re is a s]ies ( copp] coils1 connect$ ) a /eam l9e at "o end & a dra9 l9e at ! o!r4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple involv$ 9 boil+ sug> is ! sep>ation ( ! sucrose conta9$ 9 a solution f ! impurities pres5t 9 t solution1 & ?is is accompli%$ by evaporation & conc5tration ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( heat4 ,aft] ! sug> is once =m$ 9 def9ite cry/als ^! cry/als attract & appropriate ! sucrose 9 solution 9 ! process ( build+ up ! cry/al /ructure1 :ile repell+ or exclud+ ! impurities1 s t1 z a consequ5ce1 ! latt] rema9 9 solution4 ,! cry/als ?us =m$ are subsequ5tly remov$ f ! solution by means ( c5trifugal ma*9es4 ,cry/allization1 :e!r 9 a pure or impure solution1 w proce$ to only a c]ta9 ext5t1 & w only p>tially remove ! sucrose f ! solution 9 "o boil+1 ! limit ( cry/allization be+ gov]n$ by ! am\nt & nature ( impurities pres5t4 ,! process ( boil+ is begun by draw+ "s ( ! conc5trat$ juice into ! pan & turn+ /eam into ! coils1 :i* />ts ! boil+4 ,?is is cont9u$ until ! sup]saturation is su* t m9ute cry/als ( sug> =m or 8gra9 out40 ,by prop]ly tim$ admissions ( fre% conc5trat$ juice1 drawn into ! pan by vacuum z be=e1 ! cry/als gr[ 9 size & at la/ ! pan becomes fill$ ) a mass ( sug> cry/als ( regul> %ape & size1 imm]s$ 9 a ?ick 8"m liquor0 conta9+ sug> & ! impurities t 7 n remov$ by ! filt]s or settl+ tanks4 ,! size ( ! gra9 may be v>i$ at w by ! op]ator 9 *>ge1 :o is kn[n z ! sug> boil]4 ,aft] ! gra9s are once =m$1 _! numb] 7if ! sug> boil] is an exp]t7 does n increase1 b ! size does1 z ! orig9al gra9 cont9ually builds up on itself f ! outside4 ,! "q may be ask$1 :y is all ! moi/ure n boil$ out 9 ! pan & ! sug> dropp$ 9 a dry1 cry/alliz$ /ate8 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y su* a c\rse is impracticable2 fir/1 because ! impurities1 :i* mu/ be elim9at$ by cry/allization & :i* are c>ri$ (f 9 ! "m-liquor1 w\ld be boil$ into ! sug> & make x unsalable2 second1 because to aid cry/allization & prev5t scor*+ or burn+ on ! hot /eam coils ! mass mu/ be kept 9 active circulation dur+ ! boil+ process1 or1 long be=e all ! moi/ure c\ld be driv5 (f1 a l>ge "p ( ! cont5ts ( ! pan w\ld be burn$ on ! coils2 & ?ird1 ev5 if x 7 practicable to boil ! cont5ts d[n to a solid /ate1 ! gra9s w\ld /ick to ea* o!r & become "o solid mass1 :i* w\ld h to be remov$ f ! pan ) b>s1 picks or *isels4 ,en\gh moi/ure1 or r liquor1 is left 9 ! mass to enable x to fl[ f ! pan by gravity4 ,?is liquor1 ) ! impurities x c>ries1 is subsequ5tly remov$ f ! sug> by a dry+ or sep>at+ process :i* w be expla9$ lat] on4 ,massecuite is a visc\s1 /icky1 semi-fluid mass ( ! consi/5cy ( half-=m$ ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vacuum ,,pans ,illu/ration3 ,,c5trifugal ,,ma*9es ,! reason sug> 8gra9s0 is because ! wat] 9 ! juice has ! p[] to hold 9 solution only s mu* sug>4 ,z x goes into ! pan1 ! juice is almo/ a saturat$ solution1 & z ! wat] is driv5 (f by evaporation1 ! solids t up to ?is po9t h be5 9 solution mu/ ( necessity cry/allize4 ,:5 ! sug> boil] decides t ! 8/rike10 t is1 ! massecuite conta9$ 9 ! pan at "o boil+1 is satisfactorily gra9$1 he breaks ! vacuum by op5+ a valve on ! top ( ! pan1 ?us all[+ ! air to ent]4 ,he !n op5s ! valve at ! bottom ( ! pan & ! mass drops into a long tank ) a r\nd$ bottom1 call$ ! mix]1 9 :i* a %aft1 equipp$ ) paddles1 is revolv+4 ,! paddles are = ! purpose ( keep+ ! mass agitat$ & 9 an ev5 condition4 ,! agitation prev5ts ! gra9s f dropp+ to ! bottom ( ! tank & =m+ a solid block1 call$ concrete4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,cry/als ,,= ,,! ,,m>ket ,f ! mix] ! massecuite runs ?r\gh sp\ts into ! c5trifugal ma*9es4 ,c5trifugal ma*9es are cyl9drical-%ap$1 p]=at$ brass baskets1 usually =ty in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty-f\r in*es deep1 hung on a c5tral %aft susp5d$ f beams ov]head1 & surr\nd$ by a solid outside curb or cas+4 ,on ! %aft is a pulley1 :i* is driv5 by a belt connect$ ) an eng9e or an electric motor4 ,! inside ( ! basket is l9$ ) a f9e-me%$ brass scre51 :i* reta9s ! gra9s ( sug>1 b all[s ! liquor to escape freely into ! out] cas+4 ,z soon z ! c5trifugal ma*9e is fill$ ) massecuite f ! mix] above1 ! p[] is turn$ on & ! ma*9e beg9s to sp9 ar\nd at an increas+ spe$ until a velocity ( "o ?\s& revolutions p] m9ute is rea*$4 ,! c5trifugal action =ces practically all ! liquor out ?r\gh ! scre5 & leaves 9 ! ma*9e all ! gra9s ( sug> t 7 =m$ 9 ! pan4 ,a little dry /eam is sometimes turn$ 9 to assi/ 9 r$uc+ ! moi/ure 9 ! sug>4 ,! c5trifugal is !n /opp$1 a valve 9 ! bottom is op5$1 & ! ne>ly dry cry/alliz$ raw sug> is dropp$ into b9s4 ,f ! b9s x is drawn (f ?r\gh sp\ts & pack$ 9 sacks conta9+ ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five p\nds ea*4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t raw sug> conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( moi/ure inv]ts or det]iorates m rapidly ?an t ) a l[-moi/ure cont5t4 ,x is app>5t t z moi/ure adds to ! weight1 ! transportation *>ges1 :i* are bas$ on tonnage1 are great] 9 ! case ( wet sug> ?an 9 ! case ( dry4 ,9 _m ( ! mod]n mills1 !re=e1 a fur!r treatm5t is giv5 ! sug> to r$uce loss by inv]sion & less5 freight *>ges4 ,f ! b9s la/ m5tion$ ! sug> is dropp$ into revolv+ drums six feet 9 diamet] & tw5ty-six feet long1 set at an incl9e s t z ! drum revolves ! sug> is c>ri$ r\nd to ! highe/ po9t on ! circumf]5ce ( ! drum & dropp$ to ! l[] side1 at ! same "t travel+ f ! receiv+ to ! dis*>g+ end4 ,! %ape1 motion & incl9$ position ( ! drum cause a p]fect %[] ( sug> 9 ! drum = its entire l5g? & bread?4 ,:ile x is revolv+ a curr5t ( hot1 dry air is drawn ?r\gh ! drum by means ( suction fans1 & z a result ! moi/ure 9 ! sug> is absorb$ by ! air & c>ri$ out ( ! build+4 ,at ?is /age ! product has a good h>d gra9 ( a yell[i%-br[n color2 conta9s f n9ety-six to n9ety-sev5 p] c5t ( pure sug> & ab\t "o-half ( "o p] c5t ( moi/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+1 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,sew+ ,,sacks ,illu/ration3 ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,raw ,,sug> ,,leav+ ,,mill ,f ! end ( ! revolv+ drum ! sug> is drawn (f into sacks hold+ ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five p\nds ea*4 ,^! sacks are sew$ by ma*9]y & put into railroad c>s to be haul$ to ! docks at ! %ipp+ port1 :]e ! c>s are swit*$ "u huge hoi/+ cranes or alongside spe$y conveyors :i* c>ry ! sug> into l>ge seago+ /eam]s especially built = ! trade4 ,"s ( ^! %ips h a c>go capacity ( two hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& sacks1 & !y transport ! sug> to ! buy]s on ! ma9l& 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,new ,york or ,philadelphia1 z ! plant] directs4 ,! liquor ?r[n (f by ! c5trifugals is n lo/2 x is tak5 back to ! pans & reboil$4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done sev]al times & mo/ ( ! sug> extract$1 ! purity is s l[ & ! sug> cont5t s small t x does n pay comm]cially to reboil fur!r1 & ! residue is sold z molasses4 ,x conta9s ab\t ?irty-five p] c5t ( sug> & f twelve to f\rte5 p] c5t ( inv]t sug>1 or glucose1 z x is g5]ally call$4 ,"s ( ! wa/e molasses is mix$ ) fodd] & t5d] cane tops & f$ to cattle & plantation /ock1 ! sug> cont5t prov+ ( great value z a fatt5+ ag5t & en]gy build]4 ,"p ( ! molasses is spray$ on ! bagasse z x leaves ! cru%]s & s]ves1 fir/1 z a fuel "u ! boil]s1 &1 second1 z a f]tiliz+ ag5t 9 ! =m ( a%es aft] x has be5 burn$4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s mu* ( x has be5 %ipp$ 9 tank /eam]s to ! ma9l&1 :]e x is us$ = ! manufacture ( spirits & v9eg>1 & also z ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 prep>$ /ock foods :i* are mu* 9 dem& today4 ,e bag ( sug> %ipp$ f ! plantation is m>k$ to indicate ! plantation f :i* x came4 ,! net weight ( ! sug> 9 ea* bag is record$1 a sample ( ! sug> tak5 & its sucrose cont5t asc]ta9$1 = x is on ! basis ( weight & sucrose cont5t t raw sug> is b\ght & sold4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! process ( manufacture1 *emi/s are vigilantly al]t sampl+1 te/+1 analyz+ & sup]vis+ ! op]ations4 ,records are made ( all analyses1 temp]atures1 purities1 d5sities1 extractions1 etc41 & ! results tabulat$ = future ref]5ce4 ,! av]age co/ 9 ,hawaii ( prep>+ ! fields1 plant+1 irrigat+1 f]tiliz+1 cultivat+ & cutt+ ! cane1 manufactur+ ! sug> & deliv]+ x 9 ! ,new ,york m>ket1 is ab\t #ef4jj p] ton ( two ?\s& p\nds4 ,,transportation ,,& ,,deliv]y ,,( ,,raw ,,sug> ,x has be5 expla9$ t 9 ,hawaii sug> is pack$ 9 "o-hundr$-&-tw5ty-five-p\nd sacks4 ,me?ods & cu/oms v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,cuba x is put up 9 l>ge gunny bags1 ea* hold+ an av]age ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five p\nds4 ,! same cu/om prevails 9 ,porto ,rico4 ,9 ,p]u1 & to a limit$ ext5t 9 ,java1 sacks conta9+ two hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r p\nds are us$4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! sug> 9 ,java1 h[ev]1 is put up 9 bamboo baskets ( native make1 conta9+ f five hundr$ to eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,!y are ab\t ?irty in*es 9 diamet]1 f ?irty-six to =ty-eight in*es high1 & are l9$ ) co>se leaves to prev5t ! sug> f sift+ out betwe5 ! weav+s ( ! bamboo4 ,philipp9e sug> is pack$ 9 leaf-l9$ mats ( t\gh vegetable fib]1 ea* hold+ ab\t sev5ty p\nds4 ,^! v>i\s /yles ( conta9]s necessitate diff]5t me?ods ( h&l+ to & f ! %ips & by ! buy]s1 b ,hawaii w aga9 s]ve z an example ( effici5t1 mod]n practice4 ,outside ( :at is consum$ locally1 all ,hawaiian sug>s are %ipp$ to ! ma9l& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by /eam]s or sail+ vessels to ,san ,francisco1 or by /eam]s to ,new ,york or ,philadelphia1 via ! ,panama canal4 ,z sail+ vessels are rapidly disappe>+ f ! seas s f> z ! sug> trade is conc]n$1 ref]5ce w be made to /eam] traffic only4 ,! /eam]s are specially built = c>ry+ sug>1 hav+ a c>go capacity ( f five ?\s& to ?irte5 ?\s& tons1 & ! be/ load+ & dis*>g+ facilities4 ,:5 load+ 9 ,honolulu1 ! /eam]s usually lie alongside :>ves cov]$ ) imm5se w>eh\ses1 :]e rapid-spe$ conveyors c>ry ! sacks ( sug> to a po9t above ! %ip's hat*es & drop !m into *utes :i* guide !m d[n into ! hold ( ! %ip1 :]e !y are compactly /[$4 ,on ! (f-%ore side ( ! vessel small /eam]s f o!r isl& ports lie alongside & hoi/ ! sacks by means ( /eam w9*es to a po9t ov] ! hat* & deposit !m 9 simil> *utes4 ,:5 /eam]s are load$ f bo? sides 9 ?is mann]1 z mu* z ?ree ?\s& tons1 or =ty-eight ?\s& sacks1 c be load$ 9 n9e h\rs4 ,aft] a vessel is completely load$ & gets h] cle>ance f ! cu/om h\se1 %e dep>ts = ,san ,francisco1 tw5ty-"o hundr$ miles away1 or = ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 via ,panama1 z ! plant] may direct4 ,! voyage end$1 & ! qu>ant9e & heal? regulations compli$ )1 %e proce$s to ! dock ( ! buy]1 usually a sug> ref9]4 ,! ,hawaiian plant] inv>iably sells 8 sug> "u contract prior to arrival ( ! vessel at de/9ation4 ,plant]s 9 o!r c\ntries op]ate diff]5tly4 ,occasionally sug> is sold on ! plantation at an agre$ price1 & ! buy] arranges 8 own transportation4 ,! plant] sometimes %ips 8 sug> unsold & negotiates its sale :ile x is en r\te4 ,if s sold1 x is deliv]$ directly to ! buy] on arrival2 if n1 x mu/ be /or$ 9 a w>eh\se at ! plant]'s exp5se p5d+ sale4 ,! practice ( ! ,hawaiian plant] is to sell 8 sug> to ref9]ies 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,new ,york or ,philadelphia1 "u contracts ext5d+ ov] a t]m ( ye>s4 ,x is agre$ t ! sug> %all be %ipp$ z soon z made & t ! ref9] w receive x imm$iately on arrival1 ! price = ea* c>go be+ t quot$ 9 ! op5 ,new ,york m>ket = n9ety-six-degree c5trifugal sug> on ! day prec$+ its arrival4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam] ,,load+ ,,sug> ,,alongside ,,dock ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,sug> ,,at ,,an ,,outport ,,9 ,,hawaii ,! value ( raw sug>1 l t ( o!r /aples1 is bas$ on supply & dem&1 & ! price fluctuates f day to day accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ref9]s or ! necessities ( ! sell]s4 ,!re are c]ta9 rules or trade conditions gov]n+ all sales1 s t :5 "o man buys & ano!r sells at an agre$ price1 ea* kn[s :at he is b>ga9+ =4 ,= in/ance1 raw sug> is b\ght on ! n9ety-six-degree c5trifugal basis1 t is1 ! price agre$ to be paid is = c5trifugal sug> conta9+ n9ety-six p] c5t ( sucrose4 ,if x conta9s m sucrose1 a high] price is paid2 if x conta9s less1 a l[] price is paid2 all accord+ to an e/abli%$ scale ( additions & d$uctions4 ,!n aga91 ! "t ( paym5t = ! sug> is well und]/ood4 ,x is usually t5 days aft] ! sug> has be5 f9ally dis*>g$ f ! %ip1 z ?is all[s a suffici5t p]iod 9 :i* to det]m9e ! exact weight ( ! sug> & ! p]c5tage ( sucrose x conta9s4 ,an in/rum5t call$ a pol>iscope is inv>iably employ$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( sucrose pres5t & ! results obta9$ f its use are absolutely accurate4 ,a description ( ! op]ation w und\bt$ly prove int]e/+4 ,,pol>ization ,! practical work+ ( ! pol>iscope is bas$ ^u ! prop]ty ( sucrose to rotate a ray ( pol>iz$ light to ! "r4 ,ord9>y light is ! effect on ! eye ( vibrations ( ! e!r4 ,^! vibrations occur 9 all directions1 b by c]ta9 optical devices !y may be conf9$ to a s+le plane1 & light ?us conf9$ is call$ pol>iz$4 ,if rays ( pol>iz$ light pass ?r\gh a lay] ( c]ta9 bodies1 e4 g41 qu>tz1 sug> & _m o!rs1 ! plane 9 :i* ! vibrations occur is rotat$1 & ! pol>iscope has be5 devis$ = ! purpose ( measur+ ! rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization4 ,pol>iz$ light1 z us$ 9 ! pol>iscope1 is obta9$ f ! ,nicol prism or "s developm5t ( x4 ,ord9>y light pass+ ?r\gh cry/als ( c]ta9 bodies1 ( :i* ,icel& sp> is an example1 is split into two rays1 "o ( :i* is kn[n z ! ord9>y & ! o!r z ! extraord9>y ray4 ,a ,nicol prism is made ( two w$ge-%ap$ pieces ( ,icel& sp>1 cem5t$ toge!r ) a film ( ,canada balsam4 ,! accompany+ sket* gives a good idea ( ! arrangem5t ( an ord9>y pol>iscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pol>iscope ,a /rong :ite light1 e1 ent]s ! in/rum5t ?r\gh a l5s at f1 to ! ,nicol prism b1 by :i* x is pol>iz$4 ,! ord9>y ray is disp]s$1 :ile ! extraord9>y or pol>iz$ ray passes /raight ?r\gh & ent]s ! sug> solution conta9$ 9 ! tube c1 :i* has glass ends4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is solution x is giv5 a rot>y motion to ! "r or to ! left1 accord+ z ! sug> 9 ! solution is sucrose or levulose4 ,:5 x em]ges f ! tube conta9+ ! sug> solution1 ! n[ rotat$ pol>iz$ ray enc\nt]s a second ,nicol prism1 ( :i* "o ( ! w$ges is fix$ & ! o!r movable4 ,?is prism is call$ ! analyz]4 ,a po9t]1 controll$ by a ?umb screw1 is atta*$ to x1 & :5 ! correction ( ! pol>iz$ ray's rotation has be5 made ) precision by adju/m5t ( ! w$ges1 ! po9t] w indicate directly & accurately on a scale ! am\nt ( sucrose 9 ! solution "u te/1 because ! pol>iz$ ray 0 rotat$ 9 exact proportion to ! am\nt ( sucrose conta9$ 9 ! solution ?r\gh :i* x pass$4 ,! pol>iscope is made & set s t a /&>d weight ( pure sug> 7,c,h,o71 dissolv$ 9 a /&>d quantity ( pure wat]1 & plac$ 9 a tube ( giv5 l5g?1 w rotate ! ray ( pol>iz$ light 9 pass+ ?r\gh1 to a po9t on ! scale m>k$ "o hundr$ degrees1 ! equival5t ( p] c5t4 ,also1 t by us+ ! same quantity ( wat]1 b tw5ty-five p] c5t1 fifty p] c5t1 or sev5ty-five p] c5t less weight ( sug>1 ! rotation w %[ sev5ty-five degrees1 fifty degrees or tw5ty-five degrees ( pure sug>1 z ! case may be4 ,a sample is drawn f ea* bag ( sug> & all ( ^! g to make up a g5]al av]age sample4 ,! /&>d quantity is c>efully weigh$1 dissolv$ ) ! /&>d am\nt ( wat]1 cl>ifi$1 filt]$ & p\r$ into a tube ) glass ends1 :i* is !n ins]t$ 9 ! pol>iscope betwe5 ! eye ( ! op]ator & a /rong artificial light4 ,:5 ! op]ator mak+ ! te/ applies 8 eye to ! in/rum5t1 he sees a di/9ct %ad[ on a l5s 9 ! l9e ( vision1 "o side be+ light & ! o!r d>k4 ,he !n turns ! ?umb screw :i* adju/s ! analyz] until ! :ole field ( vision is neutral1 :i* indicates t ! rotation ( ! pol>iz$ ray has be5 correct$4 ,! po9t] on ! scale n[ %[s ! exact p]c5tage ( sucrose pres5t 9 ! raw sug>1 n9ety-f\r1 n9ety-five1 n9ety-six degrees1 or :atev] x may be4 ,?is te/ det]m9es ! real value ( ! sug>1 bas$ on ! m>ket quotation = n9ety-six-degree sug>4 ,if ! pol>ization %\ld %[ exactly n9ety-six degrees1 ! price to be paid = ! sug> & ! m>ket quotation w be id5tical4 ,9 mo/ sug>-produc+ c\ntries ! gov]nm5t imposes an import tax on all =eign sug>s1 9 ord] to obta9 rev5ue to defray gov]nm5tal exp5ses & to protect ! dome/ic indu/ry1 if any1 aga9/ competition ) o!r c\ntries 9 :i* co/ ( mat]ials & labor may be l[]4 ,commodities produc$ 9 a c\ntry naturally add to its developm5t & weal?1 & ?is expla9s ! fo/]+ ( ! sug> indu/ry by v>i\s gov]nm5ts4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates duty on =eign sug> is at pres5t #a4bef p] "o hundr$ p\nds ( n9ety-six-degree raw sug>4 ,on acc\nt ( our treaties ) ,cuba1 ! ,cuban plant] is all[$ a d$uction ( tw5ty p] c5t1 &1 !re=e1 pays a duty ( #a4jjdh p] hundr$ p\nds1 :i*1 ow+ to trade conditions1 is ! duty effective today 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sug>s produc$ 9 ! insul> possessions1 ,porto ,rico & ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 are admitt$ free ( duty4 ,9 #ahih1 ! ,hawaiian isl&s1 ?r\gh annexation1 became a "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 consequ5tly no duty is assess$ on sug> or any o!r ,hawaiian product4 ,e vessel com+ into a port ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ be ent]$ at ! cu/om h\se1 :]e a record is kept ( ! port :5ce %e came & ( :at h] c>go consi/s4 ,if f a dome/ic port1 %e is p]mitt$ to dis*>ge h] c>go )\t delay2 if f a =eign "o1 cu/oms (ficials are imm$iately s5t on bo>d to wat* ! c>go z x is dis*>g$ & sup]vise ! tally+1 *eck+ or weigh+1 accord+ to ! class ( m]*&ise4 ,besides be+ weigh$1 sug> is c>efully sampl$ & ! p]c5tage ( sucrose asc]ta9$ by ! pol>iscope1 = ! cu/oms duty is bas$ ^u ! purity ( ! sug>1 all raws te/+ n above sev5ty-five degrees pol>ization pay+ 4#ga c5t p] p\nd & 4#jbf c5t p] p\nd = ea* additional degree4 ,?is is equival5t to #a4bef c5ts p] p\nd = n9ety-six-degree sug>4 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates us$ #d1beg1gad %ort tons ( sug> 9 ! ye> #aiae4 ,x 0 ne>ly all produc$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 c\ntries enjoy+ t>iff concessions1 z foll[s3 ,,%ort ,,tons ,hawaiian isl&s 7,cane7 #egj1cge1 ,u4 ,s4 t]ritory4 ,l\isiana 7,cane7 #bea1gdj1 ,u4 ,s4 t]ritory4 ,dome/ic production 7,beet7 #hfa1efh1 ,u4 ,s4 t]ritory4 0 0 7,maple7 #ag1bdh1 ,u4 ,s4 t]ritory4 ,porto ,rico 7,cane7 #ccf1cdg1 insul> possession4 ,philipp9e isl&s 7,cane7 #acd1fbf1 insul> possession4 ,cuba 7,cane7 #b1jfb1eid1 reciprocity treaty4 ,=eign sug> 7,cane7 #bc1baf1 full duty-pay+4 ---------- #d1beg1gad ,aside f ! small am\nt ( full-duty-pay+ =eign sug> import$1 ! only sug> 9 ! above li/ t paid duty came f ,cuba4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t "u ord9>y conditions an increase 9 ! crops ( any ( ! places m5tion$ w\ld result 9 a surplus ( sug> 9 ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,9 #aiaf1 ) ! beet production ( ,cont95tal ,europe lock$ up by ! w>1 ,cuba's increas$ output has be5 absorb$ by ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,italy & ,greece4 ,/eam]s f ,hawaiian ports1 aft] arriv+ & ent]+ at ! cu/om h\se & pass+ qu>ant9e & heal? (fic]s1 proce$ imm$iately to ref9]y docks to dis*>ge c>go4 ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,raw ,,sug> ,cane-sug> ref9]ies are always locat$ 9 great seaport t[ns = ! reason t1 z practically all cane sug> is gr[n 9 ! tropics1 x mu/ be transport$ by wat] to ! _w's m>kets4 ,! ref9+ op]ation is by no means z simple z may at fir/ appe>4 ,x is ess5tial t ! f9i%$ product be almo/ *emically pure 7#ii4h p] c5t71 & ! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to obta9 a p]fectly :ite color1 z well z a h>d1 lu/r\s gra94 ,! "q naturally arises1 :y d n ! plant]s ( ,hawaii1 ,cuba1 ,java & o!r raw-sug>-produc+ c\ntries c>ry _! process a few /eps fur!r & make a pure :ite sug> z ! ref9]s d8 ,?is has be5 attempt$ _m times1 b has almo/ always be5 f\nd impracticable1 not)/&+ ! fact t !re is no me*anical or *emical reason :y4 ,among ! argum5ts 9 favor ( a ma9l& seaport site1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 #a4 ,! produc+ c5t]s are g5]ally f> di/ant f consum+ m>kets4 ,ref9]ies locat$ 9 ! tropics w\ld be "u unusual exp5se = transport+ & sell+ ! ref9$ article4 #b4 ,a ref9]y 9 ! tropics w\ld be out ( direct & prompt t\* ) ! individual requirem5ts ( ! buy]s4 #c4 ,ref9$ sug> %\ld be mov$ & sold z soon z possible aft] its manufacture1 s !re foll[s ! necessity = adequate dock & rail facilities z means ( quick communication ) ! m>ket4 #d4 ,an abundant supply ( pure1 s(t wat] = ref9+ purposes1 & salt or fre% wat] = cond5s+1 z well z fuel = ! g5]at+ ( /eam1 mu/ be readily available4 ,ano!r mo/ important requisite is skill$ labor1 :i* is m easily obta9$ 9 popul\s seaport cities ?an 9 ! small1 isolat$ t[ns ( ! tropics4 #e4 ,!re are _m commodities us$ 9 ! ref9+ ( sug> & 9 pack+ x = %ipm5t t c be pur*as$ m advantage\sly1 bo? z reg>ds price & promptness ( deliv]y1 9 ! great comm]cial ports ?an 9 ! sug>-gr[+ di/ricts4 ,among ^! are bone-*>1 lime1 acids1 cotton filt]-bags1 burlap1 cotton clo?1 boxes1 b>rels1 c>tons1 iron1 /eel & ma*9]y ( all k9ds4 #f4 ,a sug> ref9]y is op]at$ ! entire twelve mon?s ( ! ye>1 :ile a raw-sug> mill mu/ ( necessity take c>e ( ! crop ( cane 9 ab\t eight mon?s4 ,to ref9e sug> :]e x is gr[n w\ld require ref9+ ma*9]y capable ( h&l+ ! entire output 9 ! eight-mon? p]iod1 & dur+ ! rema9+ f\r mon?s ! plant w\ld rema9 idle4 ,?is w\ld mean a l>g] inve/m5t proportionately ?an t made 9 a ref9]y 9 a consum+ c5t]1 runn+ /eadily ! ye> r\nd4 #g4 ,ref9$ sug> v rapidly absorbs moi/ure1 & :ile 9 transit f ! tropic to ! temp]ate zone x is v apt to become lumpy or cak$1 :i* w\ld involve reprocess+ at great exp5se at ! po9t ( consumption4 ,! unavoidable damage to ! packages 9 load+ & dis*>g+ results 9 heavy exp5se1 z all packages mu/ be deliv]$ to ! buy] 9 fir/-class condition4 ,to avoid h>d5+1 ref9$ sug> %\ld nev] be pil$ v high1 & x is an unsolv$ problem :e!r ref9$ sug> w /& long ocean transportation 9 c>go lots )\t cak+ & damage by break+ ( ! inside cotton sacks4 ,if %ipp$ 9 b>rels1 ! freight rate is proportionately high]4 #h4 ,l>g] capital w\ld also be requir$1 z ref9$ sug> mu/ be c>ri$ on h& & mu/ await ! consum]'s dem&1 :ile raw sug> g5]ally has a prompt & ready m>ket & c be quickly conv]t$ into ca%4 ,) ^! difficulties pres5t+ !mselves to a prospective sug> ref9] 9 a raw-sug>-produc+ c\ntry1 ! %ipp+ ( raw sug> to ref9]ies at great di/ances does n seem at all unreasonable4 ,raw sug>s %[ consid]able v>iance 9 _! compon5t p>ts1 & s x foll[s t "s are less easily ref9$ ?an o!rs4 ,su* diff]5ces are g5]ally due to div]se me?ods ( culture1 am\nt ( f]tiliz] us$1 ! processes ( manufacture & ! effici5cy ( extraction4 ,if ! extraction be high1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! salts 9 ! cane is tak5 up1 & ^! salts prev5t or ret>d ! complete cry/allization ( ! pure sug> 9 ref9+4 ,"o "p ( a% prev5ts sev]al times its own weight ( sug> f cry/alliz+1 h5ce x is readily se5 t raw sug>s ) a l[ a% cont5t are pref]r$ by ref9]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,ref9]y--,,%[+ ,,wat] ,,& ,,rail ,,transportation ,,facilities ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,elevation ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,ref9]y ,sug> ref9+ is ! production ( pure :ite sug> 9 granul> =m1 aft] ! removal ( ! impurities f ! raw product4 ,n9e op]ations are necess>y to br+ ab\t ?is result3 #a4 ,wa%+3 ,removal ( sup]flu\s impurities4 #b4 ,melt+3 ,*ang+ ! solid raw sug> into liquid =m by melt+ ) wat]4 #c4 ,defecation3 ,precipitation ( susp5d$ & insoluble impurities4 #d4 ,bag & ,bone-*> ,filtration3 ,removal ( susp5d$ impurities1 color & soluble impurities4 #e4 ,cry/allization3 ,production ( cry/als by conc5tration4 #f4 ,p>tial ,dry+3 ,purg+ cry/als f syrup 9 c5trifugals4 #g4 ,f9al ,dry+3 ,! driv+ (f ( all rema9+ moi/ure4 #h4 ,sort+ ( ,cry/als3 ,sort+ ( gra9s accord+ to size to meet m>ket dem&s4 #i4 ,pack+3 ,putt+ 9 v>i\s =ms ( conta9]s4 ,a ref9]y consi/s ( a gr\p ( build+s1 ea* ( :i* has be5 con/ruct$ = a special purpose & = conv5i5ce & economy 9 op]ation4 ,!y are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! melt or wa% h\se4 #b4 ,! *> h\se4 #c4 ,! pan h\se4 #d4 ,! pack+ h\se4 #e4 ,! boil] h\se4 #f4 ,! pump & p[] h\se4 ,9 addition !re are (fices1 %ops1 laboratories1 & la/1 b by no means lea/1 v ext5sive w>eh\ses4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+ x w be necess>y to />t ) ! /eam] lad5 ) raw sug> & made fa/ to ! :>f 9 front ( ! w>eh\se t =ms "p ( ! ref9+ plant4 ,! sug> is hoi/$ out ( ! %ips 9 sl+-loads by p[]ful w9*es1 & l&$ on a plat=m on ! dock alongside ! %ip4 ,ea* sl+-load consi/s ( f twelve to tw5ty sacks1 or ! equival5t weight 9 baskets or mats1 z ! case may be4 ,z soon z ! sacks are l&$1 !y are sort$ accord+ to m>k1 put on trucks to be run ov] a scale set 9 ! floor1 & _! gross weight record$4 ,z ! truck leaves ! scale1 ! sampl]s take a sample f ea* sack4 ,?is is done ) a try]1 a long1 holl[ /eel tube1 op5 on "o side & %>p at "o end1 ) a h&le on ! o!r = ! sampl] to grasp :5 =c+ ! try] into ! sack4 ,! individual sample f ea* sack ( ea* diff]5t m>k is deposit$ 9 l>ge clos$ cans until ! c>go is completely dis*>g$1 :5 an av]age sample ( all ! individual samples ( ea* m>k is made up & us$ 9 ! laboratory to det]m9e ! pol>ization or sucrose cont5t ( ! v>i\s lots compris+ ! entire c>go4 ,! value ( ! sug> is fix$ by ?is pol>ization4 ,! weights ( ! v>i\s truck-loads ( sug> pass+ ov] ! scales are total$ & ! weight ( ! sacks1 baskets or mats d$uct$1 giv+ ! net weight ( ! sug>4 ,hawaiian sacks weigh exactly "o p\nd2 ,cuban1 ,javan & ,p]uvian sacks ab\t ?ree & "o-half p\nds4 ,javan baskets weigh f twelve to fifte5 p\nds1 & ,philipp9e mats ab\t f\r p\nds4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! weigh+ & simplify ! calculations1 9 cases :]e ! exact weight ( ! sacks is kn[n1 e truck is made to weigh ! same by asc]ta9+ ! weight ( ! heavie/ & !n putt+ small iron nuts or wa%]s on ! rods ( ! o!r trucks until ea* ( !m exactly c\nt]balances ! heavie/4 ,"o truck is !n plac$ on ! scale & ! scale is br\ght to a p]fect balance1 j z ?\gh !re 7 no truck on x4 ,9 ?is way ! weight ( ! truck is nev] record$1 :i* greatly simplifies ! entire weigh+ op]ation4 ,"o crew ( m5 w dis*>ge f #acjj to #aejj sacks ( sug> p] h\r f ea* hat* ( a /eam]1 or a m9imum ( #gca tons p] day ( n9e h\rs4 ,z ?ree hat*es are usually work$ at ! same "t1 x w be se5 t f #bbjj to #bejj %ort tons are tak5 out e day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam] ,,dis*>g+ ,,raw ,,sug> ,,at ,,ref9]y ,,dock ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,/or$ ,,9 ,,w>eh\se--,,tw5ty-,,five ,,?\s& ,,tons ,,%[n ,,9 ,,?is ,,picture ,f ! scales ! sug> is deposit$ on a depress$ conveyor 9 ! floor & c>ri$ directly into ! melt h\se ( ! ref9]y1 except ! sug> t mu/ ( necessity be /or$ 9 ! w>eh\se = future use1 9 :i* case x is dump$ f ! trucks on pil+ ma*9es t elevate x to any height desir$1 & x is arrang$ neatly & compactly by ! pil+ crew4 ,! :>ves & docks ( a sug> ref9]y are1 z a rule1 sc5es ( unusual activity & int]e/4 ,besides ! l>ge numb] ( m5 engag$ 9 hoi/+1 truck+1 weigh+1 sampl+ & pil+ ! sug>1 !re are ! sailors1 ^: call+ always possesses a c]ta9 fasc9ation = ! l&sman4 ,a motley crew !y are1 bronz$ by w9d & sun1 ga!r$ f all c\ntries & climes4 ,!re is ! simple1 k9dly native ( ,hawaii1 g5tle-ey$1 s(t ( spee* & born ) a love = ! sea2 he prides himself ^u 8 skill 9 swimm+ & div+1 & :5 ! day's "w is done1 ent]ta9s 8 %ipmates by s++ ! pla9tive melodies ( 8 native l&1 accompany+ himself on ! ukulele1 ! /r+$ in/rum5t ( ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,%\ld !re be a numb] ( 8 fell[ isl&]s among ! crew1 ! ev5+'s program is almo/ c]ta9 to be v>i$ by ! native hula hula dance1 :i* g5]ally br+s m>k$ applause f ! onlook]s4 ,presid+ ov] ! galley1 or %ip's kit*51 is ! almond-ey$ ,*9aman1 n[ %orn ( 8 queue2 an excell5t cook :o loves to gamble aft] 8 pots & pans are wa%$ & put away 9 place2 a %rewd game/]1 b scrupul\sly hone/4 ,beside him /&s a fi]ce-look+ ,malay1 sull51 morose & taciturn1 ^: %>p1 :ite tee? c>ry a s9i/] sugge/ion ( ! good old days ( cannibalism4 ,8 neighbor is a ,filip9o1 %ort 9 /ature1 ke5-ey$ & al]t1 :ile 9 ! backgr\nd are "o or two individuals :o f _! appe>ance might be direct desc5dants ( ! buccane]s :o ravag$ ! ,spani% ,ma9 9 ,sir ,h5ry ,morgan's "t4 ,! av]age sailor is fond ( pets1 & "h !re is no lack ( !m1 p>rots & monkeys = ! mo/ "p1 & ! say+s ( ! =m] cle>ly indicate a total abs5ce ( ,sunday-s*ool tra9+4 ,sug> %ips br+ r>e fruits & vegetables f ! tropics1 & ! employs ( ! ref9]y h pl5ty ( opportunities to enjoy su* luxuries z fre% p9eapples1 bananas1 guavas1 papaias1 alligator pe>s1 breadfruit & mangoes4 ,a visit to ! docks ( a sug> ref9]y dur+ ! "t vessels f =eign ports are ly+ !re is well wor? :ile1 al?\gh 9 ^! days ( /eam1 ! picturesque features are n s pron\nc$ z !y 7 be=e ! pass+ ( ! sail+ vessel4 ,,wa%+ ,,removal ,,( ,,sup]ficial ,,impurities ,z a />t+ po9t 9 ! ref9+ process ! melt h\se w be fir/ consid]$4 ,x is s call$ because x is !re t ! raw sug> ent]s ! ref9+ process by be+ melt$ or dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! conveyor1 ^u :i* ! bags 7 deposit$ 9 ! w>eh\se1 deliv]s !m on a plat=m on ! top floor ( ! build+4 ,z !y come to ?is plat=m f ! conveyor1 workm5 ) ke5-edg$ knives seize !m &1 ) a deft1 swift sla%1 cut ! tw9e sew+ at ! top ( ! bag )\t injur+ ! burlap fabric4 ,! bag is !n pull$ (f ! plat=m1 m\? d[nw>d1 s t ! sug> falls out & passes ?r\gh an iron grat+ into a l>ge b9 b5ea?4 ,if ! sug> %\ld happ5 to be cak$ or lumpy1 x is s5t ?r\gh cru%]s & brok5 up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cut-,,9 ,,/ation--,,%[+ ,,sug> ,,fir/ ,,ent]+ ,,! ,,ref9+ ,,process ,illu/ration3 ,,c5trifugal ,,ma*9e--,,motor ,,driv5 ,z a c]ta9 am\nt ( sug> adh]es to ! inside ( ! bags1 !y are wa%$ 9 l>ge revolv+ ma*9es & 9 ?is op]ation ! sug> dissolves 9 ! wat] 7call$ sweet wat]71 f :i* x is extract$ lat]4 ,!y are !n p>tially dri$ 9 c5trifugal ma*9es & hung on hooks on a travel+ *a9 conveyor t passes ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! boil] h\se1 :]e ! wa/e heat ?or\ghly dries !m4 ,9 return+1 ! conveyor passes ?r\gh ! bag room &1 by means ( an automatic device1 ! bags are dropp$ alongside ! pr9t+ presses4 ,"h ! "n ( ! ref9]y1 ! k9d ( sug> & ! net weight !y are to conta9 are pr9t$ ^u !m4 ,^! burlap bags are !n l9$ ) a :ite cotton bag1 aft] :i* !y are made into bundles & s5t to ! pack+ room to be fill$ ) sug>4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! bags f ,hawaii 9 :i* ! raw sug> is receiv$ are put to good use4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n apply to ^? t come f ,cuba or ,java2 !y are too l>ge to s]ve z conta9]s = ! ref9$ product1 & aft] be+ wa%$ & dri$ are sold = :at !y w br+4 ,! :ite cotton bags are made at ! ref9]y1 & a plant turn+ out "o ?\s& tons ( sug> ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs w use tw5ty-five ?\s& y>ds ( cotton %eet+ p] day if all ! output is pack$ 9 "o-hundr$-p\nd bags4 ,! b9 into :i* ! raw sug> is dump$ holds en\gh sug> to keep ! ref9]y suppli$ dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs run1 b ! entire quantity is 8cut 90 dur+ ! day4 ,! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t are t x avoids any delay 9 op]ation due to me*anical tr\bles ) conveyors & because m effici5t "w is accompli%$ dur+ ! daylight h\rs4 ,! employs pref] to "w on ! day %ift &1 :]ev] possible1 night "w is avoid$4 ,f ! bottom ( ! b9 ! sug> falls into a mix+ ma*9e1 call$ ! m+l]4 ,?is is an oblong tank ) a semi-cyl9drical bottom1 ne> :i* is a revolv+ horizontal %aft1 ) arms or paddles atta*$ :i* ?or\ghly /ir & mix ! sug> ) syrup t is add$ at ?is po9t4 ,! reason = us+ syrup in/ead ( wat] is t ! =m]1 be+ a saturat$ sug> solution1 does n melt ! sug> z wat] w\ld4 ,! resultant mixture1 call$ magma1 looks a good deal l a s(t1 br[n mort>4 ,x is1 9 fact1 raw-sug> cry/als swimm+ 9 syrup4 ,?is consi/5cy is ne$$ to all[ ! magma to "w freely 9 ! c5trifugals1 ! next op]ation4 ,mo/ ( ! impurities conta9$ 9 raw sug> are sup]ficial1 t is1 adh]+ to ! outside ( ! gra94 ,!y may be m or less readily remov$ by wa%+ ! surfaces ( ! cry/als ) wat]4 ,f ! m+l] ! magma drops to ! floor bel[ into c5trifugal ma*9es runn+ at ! rate ( #aajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,a 8*>ge0 consi/s ( ab\t n9e hundr$ p\nds ( magma4 ,z ! ma*9e fills1 ! c5trifugal =ce causes ! magma to rise 9 a v]tical wall ar\nd ! inside circumf]5ce ( ! basket1 at ! same "t ?r[+ (f ! syrup t 0 add$ on ! floor above1 & leav+ 9 ! ma*9e ab\t five hundr$ p\nds ( ! raw sug> z x came f ! plantation4 ,wat] is !n spray$ into ! ma*9e "u high pressure1 ?r\gh a nozzle :i* divides x into v f9e p>ticles & ?r[s x aga9/ ! wall ( sug> 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! wat]1 pass+ ?r\gh ! sug> by ! c5trifugal =ce1 wa%es ea* face ( ea* cry/al & c>ries (f ! impurities1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( sug>4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ p] ma*9e 9 ea* fill+ is f "o to two & a half gallons1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality ( ! sug>4 ,?is wat]1 n[ a syrup1 ) ! impurities & sug> x conta9s1 is drawn f ! ma*9e1 "p ( x be+ pump$ to ! floor above to mix ) new raw sug> com+ 94 ,! rema9d] is treat$1 filt]$1 boil$ & made into raw sug>1 :i*1 9 turn1 goes direct to ! melt or ?r\gh ! wa%+ process aga94 ,! result ( ?is wa%+ is t ! purity ( ,hawaiian raw sug> is rais$ f ab\t #ig4b to #ii4b p] c5t1 & !re n[ rema9s b #j4h p] c5t ( impurities to be remov$4 ,! wa%$ sug> is dropp$ f ! c5trifugal basket ?r\gh a l>ge op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! ma*9e ) ! aid ( a me*anical device call$ a dis*>g]1 :i* greatly r$uces ! manual labor4 ,until v rec5tly ! sug> 0 dis*>g$ f ! c5trifugals by h&1 ! m5 digg+ x out ) wood5 paddles 9 a difficult1 labori\s way4 ,"o day1 a few ye>s ago1 a cle>-bra9$1 obs]vant ,am]ican lad work+ 9 a beet-sug> factory1 conceiv$ ! idea t a c5trifugal c\ld be empti$ by me*anical means4 ,he work$ long & assidu\sly ^u ! problem1 & aft] mu* exp]im5t+ & _m trials & disappo9tm5ts 0 grant$ a pat5t by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,full ( hope & confid5ce1 he _h sev]al ma*9es con/ruct$ & took !m to a sug> ref9]1 sure ( be+ favorably receiv$4 ,he met ) rebuff & ridicule4 ,! ref9]y eng9e] 0 too busy ) o!r matt]s to exam9e or give any att5tion to ! appliance4 ,! next man to :om he pres5t$ x 0 ev5 m indiff]5t ?an ! fir/2 he coldly in=m$ ! pat5tee t he _h be5 9 ! sug> bus9ess = ?irty ye>s1 t no su* ma*9e w\ld "w1 & t ! only way to take sug> out ( a c5trifugal 0 by h&4 ,aft] mon?s ( ef=t & repeat$ failures1 he induc$ ! sup]9t5d5t ( a beet-sug> factory to all[ him to in/all & te/ ! device at 8 own exp5se4 ,x 0 ?r[n out aft] a few days' trial1 & ! inv5tor became well-nigh desp]ate1 al?\gh /ill positive z to ! m]its ( 8 dis*>g]4 ,f9ally he succe$$ 9 ga9+ ! e> ( ! manag] ( a l>ge ref9]y1 :o1 aft] li/5+ att5tively to 8 e>ne/ argum5t1 at l5g? became conv9c$ by x4 ,z a result ( ! int]view1 x 0 arrang$ betwe5 !m t ! ma*9es reject$ by ! beet-sug> factory %\ld be in/all$ 9 ! ref9]y & op]at$ = a p]iod ( ?irty days1 "u ! direct sup]vision ( ! inv5tor4 ,! te/ 0 successful 9 e p>ticul> & conclusively prov$ ! effici5cy ( ! dis*>g]4 ,! ref9] 0 gratifi$ because on acc\nt ( ! sav+ 9 "t ! capacity ( ! c5trifugals 0 mat]ially increas$2 ! m5 op]at+ ! c5trifugals 7 hugely pleas$1 z ! ardu\s "w ( empty+ by h& 0 entirely elim9at$1 & ! inv5tor 0 happy1 = he _h v9dicat$ himself4 ,an ord] = a l>ge numb] ( ! ma*9es 0 plac$ at once & e c5trifugal 9 ! ref9]y 0 equipp$ ) "o4 ,today !y are in/all$ 9 ne>ly e ref9]y & factory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 _m raw-sug> plantation mills z well4 ,,melt+ ,,*ang+ ,,! ,,solid ,,raw ,,sug> ,,into ,,liquid ,,=m ,f ! c5trifugals ! wa%$ sug> drops to ! melt] pan on ! floor bel[4 ,?is is a cyl9drical tank 9 ! c5t] ( :i* is a revolv+ v]tical %aft1 to :i* are atta*$ horizontal paddles t s]ve to facilitate ! dissolv+ ( ! sug> ) ! hot wat] t is n[ add$4 ,only en\gh wat] is add$ to br+ ! resultant liquor to a d5sity ( #eh4f p] c5t ( solid matt]4 ,! raw sug> hav+ be5 wa%$ &1 to use a te*nical t]m1 melt$1 leaves ! melt h\se at ?is po9t4 ,,defecation ,,precipitation ,,( ,,susp5d$ ,,& ,,insoluble ,,impurities ,f ! 8melt0 ! liquor is pump$ to ! top floor ( ! *> h\se1 :i* is usually a /ructure ( f twelve to f\rte5 /ories high4 ,! reason = build+ to su* a height is ! advantage ga9$ by utiliz+ ! =ce ( gravity & by ?is means h&l+ ! liquors & bone-*> f floor to floor )\t me*anical aid4 ,! liquor is deliv]$ into a numb] ( cyl9drical tanks equipp$ ) a coil ( pipe ?r\gh :i* /eam is pass$ = heat+ ! liquor1 ea* tank be+ capable ( hold+ #be1jjj p\nds ( liquor4 ,ar\nd ! bottoms ( ! tanks are p]=at$ pipes ?r\gh :i* compress$ air is =c$ to agitate & ?or\ghly mix ! solution4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is air be+ bl[n 91 ^! tanks are call$ bl[-ups4 ,by means ( ! /eam coil ! temp]ature ( ! liquor is kept at #aij degrees1 :i* makes x less visc\s ?an cold liquor1 ?us facilitat+ subsequ5t filtration & ha/5+ ! reaction ( ! lime & acid add$ at ?is po9t4 ,z ! liquor comes into ! bl[-ups x v>ies 9 color f a /raw yell[ to a d>k br[n1 & conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( susp5d$ & insoluble impurities :i* mu/ be remov$4 ,"s ( ^! impurities are pres5t 9 ! raw sug>1 & o!rs1 su* z pieces ( tw9e1 l9t f ! bags1 f9e p>ticles ( leaves f ! ,java baskets & ,philipp9e mats1 are traceable to ! op5+ ( ! conta9]s 9 ! melt h\se4 ,! process ( removal is call$ defecation4 ,9 =m] ye>s ?is 0 accompli%$ by add+ bullocks' blood to ! raw-sug> liquor 9 ! bl[-ups & heat+ ! mixture until ! scum :i* rose to ! surface crack$1 :5 ! solution bel[ 0 f\nd p]fectly cle>1 or1 9 ! language ( ! ref9]y man1 bright4 ,today1 h[ev]1 *emicals are ! defecat+ ag5ts1 ^? mo/ commonly us$ be+ phosphoric acid & lime4 ,phosphoric acid1 neutraliz$ ) lime1 ?r[s d[n a heavy1 floccul5t precipitate :i*1 z x settles1 sweeps ! solution & drags d[n all ! susp5d$ matt]1 gums1 etc41 leav+ ! liquor above cle> & transp>5t4 ,! precipitate mu/ n[ be remov$1 & ?is is accompli%$ by runn+ ! liquor ?r\gh ! bag filt]s on ! floor bel[4 ,^! filt]s are tight iron boxes1 ab\t sixte5 feet long1 six feet wide & sev5 feet high4 ,! top ( ! box is depress$ ab\t eight in*es bel[ ! sides & ends1 ?us =m+ a tank4 ,?is top is p]=at$ ) five hundr$ holes1 "o & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,f ! bottom ( ! iron box is an outlet pipe lead+ into tanks bel[4 ,9 ea* ( ! holes on ! inside top ( ! box is screw$ a s-call$ 8brass bottle10 conical 9 %ape1 to :i* is securely atta*$ a closely-wov5 cotton filt] bag1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es wide & sev5ty in*es long4 ,?is filt] bag is encas$ 9 a heavi] & /rong] cotton %ea?1 or sleeve1 ab\t eight in*es wide1 :i* adds /r5g? & keeps ! tw5ty-f\r-in* bag 9 folds s z to give an effect simil> to t ( a fold$ pap] filt]1 frequ5tly se5 9 drug /ores4 ,ea* bag filt] conta9s five hundr$ ( ^! bags1 susp5d$ v]tically f ! top4 ,be=e any liquor is run on ! filt]s1 ! bags & ! iron box are heat$ by means ( /eam to br+ ! app>atus to a temp]ature ( ab\t #aij degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,?is prev5ts ! *ill+ ( ! sug> liquor by cold bags1 :i* w\ld cause ! bags to become 8block$10 z x is te*nically call$4 ,! liquor f ! bl[-ups1 at #aij degrees temp]ature1 is n[ turn$ into ! depress$ tank on ! top ( ! filt] & fl[s ?r\gh ! p]=ations into ! bags atta*$ on ! inside1 d[n ?r\gh ! bags1 & f9ds an exit ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! filt] into ! tanks bel[4 ,z ! fir/ liquor comes ?r\gh ! bags1 x is a little cl\dy1 b 9 a few m9utes1 z ! pores ( ! bags fill ) ! insoluble sub/ances1 x becomes p]fectly bright1 all ! susp5d$ & insoluble impurities rema9+ 9 ! bags1 toge!r ) ! precipitates drawn ov] f ! bl[-ups4 ,! cl\dy liquor is pump$ to ! top ( ! filt] & cl>ifi$ by be+ run ?r\gh a second "t4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t x is n really ! bag t does ! filt]+1 b ! ?9 lay] ( s$im5t t is deposit$ f ! liquor itself on ! inn] surface ( ! bag4 ,! cotton bags are made 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 & f a fabric especially adapt$ to cat* ! s$im5t & to =m1 9 conjunction ) x1 an excell5t filt]+ m$ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bag ,,filt]s--,,%[+ ,,bags ,,9 ,,place ,illu/ration3 ,,filt] ,,presses ,! liquor1 z x runs into ! tanks1 mu/ be c>efully wat*$1 = sometimes a bag inside ! filt] breaks1 :i* causes cl\dy liquor by all[+ ! precipitates to ga9 entrance into ! cle> liquor4 ,z soon z ?is is notic$1 samples are tak5 f ! outlet ( ea* filt] & ! defective "o f\nd & inve/igat$4 ,:5 a bag is torn1 or develops a hole1 ! liquor runs ?r\gh ! op5+ on ! top ( ! filt] s fa/ t x =ms a little :irlpool1 :i* %[s ! bag t is brok54 ,a wood5 plug is imm$iately driv5 into ! op5+ & t p>ticul> bag cut out4 ,! m5 on ! bag filt]s soon become s exp]t t !y detect brok5 bags & plug !m be=e ! cl\dy liquor gets to ! inspection /ation4 ,x is ess5tial t ! liquor be fre$ f all susp5d$ impurities at ?is /ation be=e ! next /ep is tak51 h5ce great c>e & wat*fulness mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,9 "t ! coat+ ( s$im5t1 gums & precipitates on ! inside ( ! bag becomes s ?ick t ! liquor runs v sl[ly & f9ally /ops4 ,! ref9]y t]m = ?is condition is 8/uck-up40 ,dep5d+ on ! impurities 9 ! orig9al liquor1 ! bag filt]s w cont9ue to filt] ! liquor = f twelve to tw5ty h\rs & sometimes long]4 ,aft] ! bags are 8/uck-up10 ! liquor rema9+ 9 !m is suck$ out by means ( vacuum ?r\gh a small pipe atta*$ to a long rubb] hose & ins]t$ 9 ! bags ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! top ( ! filt]4 ,! liquor ?us suck$ out ( ! 8/uck-up0 bags is s5t to ! bl[-ups & reprocess$ ) new liquor1 ?us beg9n+ its j\rney anew4 ,z soon z ! liquor is suck$ out1 hot wat] is run ?r\gh to r$uce ! sug> cont5ts ( ! filt]4 ,?is wat] is sav$ & ! sug> x takes up is subsequ5tly recov]$4 ,! filt] is !n op5$ by means ( an electric hoi/ travel+ on an ov]head track imm$iately above ! filt]s4 ,*a9s are atta*$ to ! top ( ! filt] & ! hoi/ elevates top1 bags & all1 to a po9t suffici5tly high = ! bags atta*$ to ! top to cle> ! adjo9+ filt]s4 ,! top & bags are !n mov$ along ! track to ! wa%+ /ation4 ,mean:ile ano!r hoi/ has deliv]$ a duplicate top1 ) fre% bags atta*$1 to ! filt]1 :]e x is l[]$ into place4 ,9 ?is way ! filt] is aga9 9 op]ation )9 five m9utes4 ,at ! wa%+ /ation ! bags j tak5 f ! filt] are deta*$ f ! top = wa%+1 & ! top is s5t to a po9t :]e clean bags are aga9 atta*$4 ,x is !n ready to g into ano!r filt]4 ,at ! wa%+ /ation ! dirty bags are pull$ out ( ! %ea?s & turn$ inside out 9 tanks conta9+ wat]1 ?us releas+ a l>ge quantity ( ! impurities4 ,! bags & %ea?s are !n ?r[n into wa%+ ma*9es1 :]e all ! rema9+ impurities & sug> are wa%$ out ( !m4 ,f ! wa%]s ! bags are put into c5trifugal ma*9es1 or ?r\gh p[]ful wr+]s1 & dri$ suffici5tly to p]mit be+ reh&l$4 ,!y are !n re%ea!d & made ready to be atta*$ to ano!r top4 ,! wat] f ! wa%]s conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( sug> & is conduct$ to a tank simil> to "o ( ! bl[-ups1 :]e x is treat$ ) lime & dilut$ ) wat] at #aij degrees ,fahr5heit until x conta9s only f t5 to twelve p] c5t ( solid matt]4 ,?is liquid is !n pump$ ?r\gh filt] presses & ! impurities remov$4 ,! 8sweet wat]10 z x is t]m$1 :i* n[ conta9s practically all ! sug>1 is collect$ 9 tanks & ! sug> is ultimately extract$ by evaporation1 filtration & boil+ to gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,new ,,bags ,,& ,,l9+ ,,! ,,wa%$ ,,bags ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,empty ,,raw-,,sug> ,,bags ,! impurities remov$ by ! filt] presses consi/ ( s&1 portions ( bags & baskets1 phosphates1 hair1 lime1 salts & gums1 9 fact e k9d ( =eign matt] t f9ds its way into raw sug> ei!r 9 ! process ( manufacture or 9 transportation4 ,a small am\nt ( sug> accompanies ?is refuse1 b z its recov]y w\ld co/ m ?an x is wor?1 x is all[$ to run to wa/e4 ,! filt]-press cake1 z x is call$1 conta9s valuable f]tiliz+ ag5ts1 & :5 conditions p]mit x is us$ = f]tiliz+ purposes1 o!rwise x is run to wa/e4 ,,bone-,,*> ,,filtration ,,removal ,,( ,,color ,to resume ! c\rse ( ! bag-filt]$ liquor1 f :i* ! sup]ficial1 ! susp5d$ & insoluble impurities h be5 remov$ & :i* is n[ ! color ( cle> amb]1 ! next /ep is bone-*> filtration4 ,bone-*>1 bone-coal or bone-black1 z x is v>i\sly call$1 is made f ! bones ( animals4 ,aft] ! fat & glue are remov$1 ! bones are subject$ to a dry di/illation :i* c>bonizes !m4 ,^! *>r$ bones are !n brok5 into v small pieces1 or until !y w pass ?r\gh a t5-me% scre5 & rema9 on a ?irty-me% scre52 9 o!r words1 ! size ( ! gra9s us$ 9 a sug> ref9]y v>y f "o-t5? to "o-?irtie? ( an in*4 ,if prop]ly manufactur$1 ! gra9s are h>d1 por\s1 & h a great aff9ity = moi/ure4 ,bone-*> has ! peculi> prop]ty ( remov+ f ! sug> liquor1 9 "s unkn[n me*anical way1 n only ! soluble salts b ! color+ matt] z well4 ,! elim9ation ( ! salts & color+ matt] facilitates ! subsequ5t cry/allization4 ,! *> h\se is1 !re=e1 by f> ! mo/ important /ation 9 a ref9]y1 = failure 9 ! *> h\se means failure ?r\gh\t4 ,contr>y to ! g5]al practice 9 ,europe1 beet-sug> factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates d n use bone-*>1 & consequ5tly d n take all ! color+ matt] & salts out ( ! liquor4 ,!y secure a :ite sug> by o!r me?ods1 :i* w be expla9$ lat] on4 ,9 a cane-sug> ref9]y1 h[ev]1 ! color+ matt] & impurities are entirely elim9at$1 & ! product is inv>iably pure & :ite4 ,! *> filt]s are ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 usually t5 feet 9 diamet] & tw5ty feet high1 ) doors at ! top = entrance ( ! *> & op5+s at ! bottom ?r\gh :i* x is remov$4 ,!re are also _m pipe connections = ! introduction & outlet ( liquors1 /eam1 hot wat] & compress$ air4 ,! filt]s are insulat$ on ! outside ) asbe/os or "s o!r non-conductor ( heat to prev5t ! temp]ature ( ! liquor f be+ l[]$ z x passes ?r\gh4 ,ea* filt] has a capacity ( f sixty ?\s& to eighty ?\s& p\nds ( bone-*>4 ,at ! bottom ( ! filt] is a p]=at$ iron plate4 ,ov] ?is is plac$ a co>sely wov5 cotton blanket1 ?r\gh :i* ! liquor w pass1 b :i* prev5ts ! *> f escap+ f ! filt] ) ! liquor or wa% wat]4 ,aft] ! blanket is set 9 place1 ! *> is deliv]$ by gravity ?r\gh an ov]head pipe into ! filt]1 until x is entirely full4 ,! *>1 z x goes 91 has a temp]ature ( f #agj to #ahj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ! bag-filt]$ liquor :i* is !n run on has a slightly high] temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*> ,,filt]s ,illu/ration3 ,,*> ,,filt]s--,,%[+ ,,outlet ,,pipes ,:5 ! liquor 9 ! filt] rea*es ! top & ! *> has settl$ 9 a compact mass1 ! cov] is put on & fa/5$ securely to prev5t leakage4 ,! liquor is aga9 all[$ to run into ! filt] by gravity1 f ! tanks ab\t fifte5 feet ov]head4 ,! valve on ! bottom ( ! filt] is !n op5$ & ! liquor1 z x filt]s sl[ly ?r\gh ! *>1 is l$ ?r\gh a copp] pipe to ! liquor gall]y1 to :i* /ation all ! *>-filt]$ liquor is deliv]$4 ,?is pipe1 in/ead ( lead+ d[nw>d f ! filt]1 leads upw>d & ne>ly to ! top1 s t ! fl[ ( liquor ?r\gh ! *> w be sl[ & uni=m & ! filt] w always rema9 full ( liquor4 ,! diamet] ( ! filt] is t5 feet1 :ile t ( ! outlet pipe is two in*es1 s t ! fl[ ( liquor ?r\gh ! *> is necess>ily v sl[4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! liquor mu/ rema9 9 contact ) *> a c]ta9 "t to enable ! *> to absorb ! color+ matt] & soluble salts4 ,! fir/ liquor f ! filt] appe>s cl\dy & is s5t back = refiltration1 b x soon becomes bright1 p]fectly colorless & transp>5t z plate glass4 ,?is :ite liquor is pump$ f ! liquor gall]y into ! tanks on ! top floor 9 ! pan h\se1 ready = ! next process1 :i* w be dealt ) pres5tly4 ,aft] a filt] has be5 runn+ = f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs1 dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! sug> 9 ! liquor1 ! *> becomes 8tir$0 or sp5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x has absorb$ s mu* ( ! impurities & color+ matt] f ! liquor pass+ ?r\gh x t its capacity to absorb m is gone & ! liquor beg9s to %[ a slight /raw or can>y color4 ,! inspector 9 ! liquor gall]y imm$iately notices ?is & ord]s ! liquor /opp$4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds a l[]-grade liquor is turn$ into ! filt]1 :i* =ces ! fir/ liquor out be=e x4 ,9 due "t ! man at ! liquor gall]y notices ! numb] two liquor com+ f ! filt] & turns x into sep>ate tanks4 ,9 "t a /ill l[] grade ( liquor is turn$ on & ! filt] run until ! bone-*> is absolutely exhau/$1 :5 x is ord]$ 8sweet5$ (f40 ,hot wat] is !n turn$ 9 at ! top ( ! filt] to wa% out ! rema9+ sug> liquor :i* gradually becomes m & m dilute4 ,:5 its d5sity has be5 l[]$ to ab\t ?irty-five p] c5t ( solid matt]1 x is div]t$ to o!r tanks1 & ?is is cont9u$ until only ?ree-t5?s ( "o p] c5t ( sug> rema9s 9 ! sweet wat]1 z x is n[ call$4 ,! wa%+ ( ! *> 9 ! filt] 9 ?is mann]1 by hot wat]1 is kept up = twelve h\rs1 b z soon z ! sug> cont5t falls bel[ ?ree-t5?s ( "o p] c5t ! solution is all[$ to run to wa/e1 z ! recov]y ( ?is small p]c5tage ( sug> w\ld co/ m ?an its value4 ,! sweet wat] is s5t to ! evaporators1 conc5trat$ to #eh4f p] c5t ( solid matt]1 & x !n beg9s its ref9+ j\rney ov] aga94 ,?is long & cont9u$ wa%+ ( ! filt]s is = ! purpose ( remov+ z mu* z possible ( ! organic & m9]al impurities absorb$ by ! *>4 ,! wa%+ complet$1 compress$ air is appli$ to ! filt] to =ce out ! rema9+ wat]4 ,! bottom doors ( ! filt] are !n op5$ & ! *>1 conta9+ ab\t tw5ty p] c5t ( wat]1 drops to ! floor bel[4 ,"h x passes ?r\gh me*anical dri]s & is deliv]$ comp>atively free f moi/ure to ! kilns4 ,!re x is revivifi$1 t is1 ! organic matt] 9 ! *> :i* c\ld n be remov$ by wa%+ is conv]t$ into c>bon by be+ heat$ to a *]ry r$ 9 ! abs5ce ( air4 ,?is is accompli%$ by all[+ ! *> to pass by gravity ?r\gh ! r$-hot retorts ( ! kilns4 ,z ! wet *> leaves ! filt]1 x drops on a mov+ belt :i* c>ries x to l>ge ca/-iron hopp]s lead+ to ! dri]s imm$iately b5ea?1 :]e ! great] "p ( ! moi/ure is expell$ f ! *> prior to its be+ treat$ 9 ! revivify+ kilns4 ,! dri]s are made up ( a numb] ( ?91 holl[1 ca/-iron1 triangul> pipes1 enclos$ 9 a l>ge1 rectangul>1 outside cas+4 ,! wet bone-*> passes ov] ^! holl[ pipes z x falls sl[ly ?r\gh ! dri]4 ,! hot gases f ! furnaces ( ! kilns bel[ pass ?r\gh ^! ca/-iron pipes1 giv+ (f heat z !y asc5d1 ?us driv+ (f ! moi/ure 9 ! *> z x falls d[n ov] ! out] surface ( ! pipes4 ,at ! same "t1 hot air obta9$ f cool+ ! *> 9 ! cool+ pipes bel[ ! retorts is drawn ?r\gh ! dri]1 com+ 9 direct contact ) ! *>4 ,! moi/ure giv5 (f by ! *> is absorb$ by ?is hot air & c>ri$ out ( ! dri] & build+ by fans or smoke/acks4 ,by ?is means ! wat] 9 ! *> is r$uc$ to t5 p] c5t1 & 9 ?is comp>atively dry1 hot /ate x runs freely by gravity f ! bottom ( ! dri] into a second set ( hopp]s1 ?r\gh :i* x drops into ! retorts ( ! kiln4 ,! hot gases1 aft] dry+ ! *>1 pass out at ! top ( ! dri] ?r\gh a flue lead+ to a /ack outside ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,top ,,( ,,*> ,,filt]s--,,%[+ ,,pipe ,,connections ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,*> ,,dri] ,! kilns are l>ge squ>e boxes ( brick1 built ar\nd a /rong support+ iron /ructure4 ,on ea* side ( ^! boxes are a numb] ( l>ge flat pipes ( ca/ iron1 n9e feet long & twelve in*es by ?ree in*es 9 section1 ! iron be+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick4 ,^! pipes are call$ retorts & are arrang$ v]tically 9 ! kilns1 =ty on ea* side4 ,! space 9 ! c5t] betwe5 ! retorts is kn[n z ! furnace & ext5ds ! entire l5g? ( ! kiln1 a di/ance ( ab\t sixte5 feet4 ,int5se fires are ma9ta9$ 9 ?is c5tral space & ! flames play+ ar\nd ! retorts keep !m r$-hot4 ,! upp] ends ( ! retorts lead into ! hopp]s above & ! l[] ends to ! cool+ pipes bel[4 ,z ! *> passes gradually ?r\gh ! r$-hot retorts1 x becomes heat$ to #ijj degrees ,fahr5heit & ! organic matt] x absorb$ f ! sug> liquor is *ang$ into c>bon4 ,9 ?is way ! *> becomes almo/ z good z new1 or1 z ! t]m goes1 revivifi$4 ,ea* kiln has a capacity ( revivify+ sixty ?\s& p\nds ( bone-*> p] day4 ,if ! *> 9 ?is r$-hot /ate 7 sudd5ly expos$ to ! air1 ! contact ) oxyg5 w\ld br+ ab\t combu/ion & ! *> w\ld be quickly r$uc$ to a%es1 s a cool+ process is necess>y4 ,x is1 !re=e1 drawn f ! ca/-iron retorts into cool+ pipes locat$ directly b5ea?4 ,^! pipes are ( ?9 %eet-iron & are ab\t ?ree by f\r & a half in*es 9 section4 ,!re are ?ree "u ea* retort1 & a me*anical device at ! bottom all[s only a small am\nt ( *> to escape at a "t4 ,?is am\nt c be regulat$ at w by ! op]ator1 & 9 ?is way ! *> is held 9 ! retorts ! exact "t necess>y = its revivification4 ,a curr5t ( cold air circulates cont9ually ar\nd ! cool+ pipes1 tak+ up ! heat f ! *> & deliv]+ x ?r\gh pipes to ! dri] ov]head1 s t :5 ! *> leaves ! bottom ( ! pipes its temp]ature is ab\t #ahj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,f ! cool+ pipes1 x drops on a belt conveyor f :i* x is c>ri$ by endless belt or *a9 bucket elevators to ! top ( ! *> filt]s to be us$ aga94 ,! manipulation ( ! *> filt]s v>ies 9 diff]5t ref9]ies1 "s runn+ ! liquor ov] ! *> = a long] p]iod ?an o!rs1 b a fair av]age ( ! "t requir$ = fill+1 settl+ runn+ liquors & syrups1 sweet5+ (f1 wa%+1 apply+ air & empty+1 is eighty-six h\rs1 ! %orte/ "t be+ sev5ty-two h\rs4 ,tak+ eighty-six h\rs z a basis1 x w be se5 t ! *> is h&l$ & revivifi$ eighty-"o times ea* ye> aft] mak+ due all[ance = ,sundays1 holidays & annual clean-up p]iods4 ,ea* "t ! *> is h&l$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( x is brok5 into du/1 & ?is is tak5 out by pass+ x ov] f9e scre5s1 & also by exhau/ fans4 ,obvi\sly1 ! am\nt ( du/ tak5 out ea* day mu/ be replac$ by its equival5t 9 new *>4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! orig9al *> put into ! filt]s w la/ f five to six ye>s be=e x f9ally becomes dis9tegrat$ & is tak5 out z du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,*> ,,dri] ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,*> ,,kilns--,,%[+ ,,oil-,,burn+ ,,app>atus ,z approximately "o p\nd ( *> is requir$ = e p\nd ( sug> melt$1 x w be se5 t z ! liquor is 9 contact ) ! *> = only tw5ty-f\r h\rs out ( sev5ty-two1 a ref9]y turn+ out two million p\nds ( sug> p] day %\ld h filt] capacity = six million p\nds ( *>4 ,! am\nt ( ! latt] t is h&l$ ea* ye> is1 !re=e1 v great & requires a l>ge & co/ly plant to take c>e ( x prop]ly4 ,,cry/allization ,,production ,,( ,,cry/als ,,by ,,conc5tration ,! ref9+ process has be5 describ$ up to & includ+ ! purification & decoloriz+ ( ! sug> liquor1 ! la/ /ep be+ ! deliv]y ( ! pure :ite liquor into ! receiv+ tanks 9 ! pan h\se4 ,aft] ! :ite liquor leaves ! *> filt]s1 ! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to keep all ! ma*9]y1 pip+ & app>atus scrupul\sly clean1 = if any =eign matt] becomes mix$ ) ! liquor or sug> x c only be remov$ by refilt]+ or remelt+4 ,by means ( vacuum1 ! liquor is drawn f ! tanks into ! vacuum pans1 ?is be+ ! la/ op]ation 9 :i* ! sug> is h&l$ 9 a liquid /ate4 ,f ?is po9t on x drops by gravity f floor to floor 9 a solid or semi-solid =m1 until x rea*es ! pack+ room z a f9i%$ product4 ,9 a fir/-class ref9]y1 ! vacuum pans1 z well z all ! pip+ ?r\gh :i* ! liquor passes1 are made ( copp] in/ead ( iron & /eel1 :i* elim9ates ! possibility ( ru/ or scale gett+ into ! sug>4 ,ref9]y vacuum pans are usually f f\rte5 to sixte5 feet 9 diamet] & f sixte5 to sev5te5 feet high1 :ile 9 %ape !y appe> almo/ sph]ical4 ,! boil+ takes f "o h\r & tw5ty-five m9utes to "o h\r & =ty-five m9utes1 & ab\t =ty-five tons ( granulat$ sug> c be made at ea* boil+ 9 a f\rte5-foot pan4 ,be=e ! liquor is drawn 91 ! pan is ?or\ghly cleans$ ) hot wat] & /eam4 ,all op5+s are !n clos$ & ! vacuum pump />t$4 ,! air is quickly exhau/$1 a valve 9 ! pipe l9e lead+ f ! receiv+ tank is op5$ & ! pan is giv5 a *>ge ( liquor4 ,/eam is turn$ into ! coils ( ! pan & ! boil+ process beg9s4 ,soon suffici5t moi/ure is driv5 (f to cause ! sug> to 8gra940 ,%ortly aft] ! gra9 =ms1 ano!r *>ge ( liquor is drawn into ! pan & ! op]ation is repeat$ until ! pan is full ( a ?ick1 :ite1 mu%y sub/ance call$ massecuite1 t looks v mu* l half-=m$ ice4 ,! vapor driv5 (f 9 ! boil+ passes out ?r\gh a l>ge pipe at ! top ( ! pan & is cond5s$ by be+ spray$ ) cold wat]4 ,on acc\nt ( ! high vacuum1 ! liquor boils viol5tly at temp]atures rang+ f #adj degrees to #aie degrees ,fahr5heit2 ?us ! risk ( scor*+1 discoloration or c>amelization ( ! sug> is m9imiz$4 ,on ! front ( ! pan is a v]tical r[ ( w9d[s made ( heavy plate-glass1 & ?r\gh ^! ! liquor is wat*$ dur+ ! boil+4 ,! massecuite 9 ! pan is sampl$ at int]vals by ! sug> boil]1 by means ( a 8pro( /ick10 a brass rod ab\t ?ree feet long & "o & "o-qu>t] in*es 9 diamet]1 9 ! pan end ( :i* !re is a holl[ space4 ,?is /ick is pu%$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! pan into :i* x fits tightly1 & !n p>tly )drawn4 ,a small quantity ( ! cont5ts ( ! pan rema9s 9 ! holl[ space1 & ?is ! sug> boil] removes & places on a piece ( cle> glass4 ,on hold+ x up to ! light1 he sees exactly h[ ! cry/allization ( ! sug> is progress+1 & by obs]v+ & feel+ ! cry/als1 he is enabl$ to control ! boil+ p]fectly4 ,:5 he concludes t ! evaporation is complete & ! massecuite ( ! prop] consi/5cy1 ! pump is /opp$ & ! vacuum brok5 by op5+ a valve ne> ! top ( ! pan1 admitt+ ! outside air4 ,! foot valve is !n op5$ & ! massecuite drops f ! pan into a mix] directly und]nea?4 ,!re x is kept con/antly 9 motion by a revolv+ %aft ) paddles1 to prev5t ! cry/als f s9k+ to ! bottom4 ,f ! mix] x is drawn into ! c5trifugals & purg$ ( ! "m liquor1 ! pure cry/als be+ left 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! liquor ?us drawn (f conta9s :atev] impurities may h rema9$ 9 ! orig9al liquor4 ,x is n[ pump$ back & run ?r\gh ! *> filt]s aga91 aft] :i* x is boil$ 9 ! vacuum pan & ! granulat$ sug> tak5 out 9 ! c5trifugals4 ,?is completes ! process ( produc+ cry/alliz$ sug> by conc5tration4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ref9]y ,,vacuum ,,pan ,,& ,,pump ,illu/ration3 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,/eam ,,coils ,,9 ,a ,,vacuum ,,pan ,!re are _m int]e/+ & intricate problems 9 connection ) ! extraction ( ! sug> f ! wa% wat]s1 sweet wat]s & l[-grade syrups t are con/antly accumulat+ 9 a sug> ref9]y1 b space w n admit ( _! be+ dealt ) "h4 ,suffice x to say t ! process ( extraction is c>ri$ to a po9t :]e ! sug> recov]$ b>ely pays = ! labor & fuel exp5d$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,! ultimate result is :ite sug>1 table syrup & molasses4 ,?is molasses is us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( v9eg> & alcohol4 ,mix$ ) gra9 & alfalfa meal1 x makes an excell5t /ock food t cattle take to readily & t possesses high value z a fatt5+ ag5t4 ,! sucrose & glucose cont5t ( molasses z x leaves ! ref9]y is ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ,naturally1 9 a process involv+ s mu* h&l+1 filt]+ & boil+1 !re mu/ be "s loss1 & ! effici5cy ( a ref9]y is bas$ ^u ! p]c5tage ( granulat$ sug> recov]$ f ! raw article deliv]$ to ! melt4 ,x may be /at$ = g5]al guidance t1 tak+ an av]age ( ! ref9]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o hundr$ p\nds ( ref9$ :ite sug> is made f ea* "o hundr$ & sev5 p\nds ( n9ety-six-degree raw sug> melt$4 ,"s ( ! sug> lo/ is acc\nt$ = 9 ! molasses1 9 ! s$im5t f ! filt] presses1 & 9 ! wa% wat]s f ! *> filt]s4 ,! rema9d] is ! undet]m9$ loss 9 h&l+1 9 sug> de/roy$ by heat+1 & 9 sug> du/ escap+ dur+ ! manufactur+ op]ation4 ,z has be5 said1 ! compon5t p>ts ( raw sug>s v>y m or less1 & ! recov]y 9 :ite sug> f two lots ( raws1 ea* pol>iz+ n9ety-six degrees1 might diff] consid]ably accord+ to ! refractory matt] 9 ! orig9al raw sug>4 ,! foll[+ figures give a fairly accurate idea ( ! disposition ( "o hundr$ p\nds ( n9ety-six-degree raw sug> 9 ref9+3 ,wat]1 :i* is elim9at$ 4#gj p] c5t ,non-sug>1 :i* is elim9at$ #c4cj 0 ,sucrose loss1 undet]m9$ 4#ge 0 ,sucrose left 9 molasses #a4ge 0 ,sucrose extract$ 9 granulat$ =m #ic4ej 0 ------ ,raw sug> melt$ #ajj4jj 0 ,! undet]m9$ loss includes e loss f ! "t ! raw sug> is weigh$ into ! w>eh\se until ! granulat$ article is sold to ! buy]4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t "o ( ! pr9cipal items ( ref9+ co/ is ! actual loss ( weight 9 conv]t+ raw into ref9$ sug>4 ,assum+ t ! raw sug> co/s f\r c5ts p] p\nd1 ! ref9] has lo/ on ea* "o hundr$ p\nds melt$1 f\r c5ts #f p\nds1 or tw5ty-six c5ts1 less ! small value ( ! result+ molasses4 ,if ! raw sug> co/ six c5ts1 ! loss w\ld be ?irty-n9e c5ts4 ,at f\r c5ts1 ! loss is equival5t to #e4bj p] ton1 or1 9 ! case ( a ref9]y melt+ two million p\nds ( raw sug> daily1 #e1bjj4jj = ea* work+ day4 ,?is does n include any ( ! op]at+ exp5ses1 su* z labor1 fuel1 bone-*>1 conta9]s1 sell+ exp5se or adm9i/ration--j ! actual value ( ! raw sug> lo/ 9 ! process ( ref9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ref9]y ,,c5trifugal ,,ma*9es ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,sweat] ,,p>tial ,,dry+ ,,purg+ ,,cry/als ,,f ,,! ,,syrup ,return+ to ! sug> left 9 ! c5trifugals1 ! =ce develop$ 9 a ma*9e =ty in*es 9 diamet]1 sp9n+ at ! rate ( elev5 hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute1 is s great t x quickly dispels all ! liquor surr\nd+ ! cry/als1 leav+ !m ne>ly dry1 9 a solid1 v]tical wall4 ,wat]1 filt]$ to insure its purity & cleanl9ess1 is !n spray$ on ?is sp9n+ wall ( sug>1 only to be imm$iately ?r[n (f ?r\gh ! sug> by ! c5trifugal motion4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! sug> x wa%es ! la/ ( ! syrup f ! gra9s & leaves !m p]fectly :ite4 ,cold wat]1 r ?an hot1 is us$ = ?is purpose1 z x dissolves less sug>4 ,9 =m] ye>s a small quantity ( blu+ 0 add$ to ! spray+ wat] 9 ord] to enhance ! :it5ess ( ! sug>1 j z blu+ is employ$ 9 wa%+ f9e l95 fabrics4 ,s9ce ! pure-food laws became effective1 h[ev]1 ! practice has be5 discont9u$ 9 all cane-sug> ref9]ies4 ,aft] ! sug> is ?or\ghly wa%$1 ! c5trifugal ma*9e is /opp$1 a l>ge valve 9 ! bottom op5$ & ! me*anical dis*>g] rapidly ejects ! sug> 7n[ conta9+ only ab\t #a4b p] c5t moi/ure7 f ! ma*9e into a /orage b9 b5ea?4 ,,f9al ,,dry+ ,,( ,,cry/als ,= "s reason n well und]/ood1 ! next /ep 9 ref9+ is call$ 8granulation40 ,actual granulation1 or cry/allization1 takes place 9 ! pans1 & ! process ab\t to be describ$ %\ld prop]ly be call$ dry+4 ,! manufactur+ t]m1 h[ev]1 is z giv54 ,dry+ is effect$ 9 an app>atus consi/+ ( two l>ge cyl9drical drums ( wr\ght iron4 ,^! drums are ab\t six feet 9 diamet]1 ?irty feet long & h a slight d[nw>d pit* f ! receiv+ to ! dis*>g+ end4 ,! fir/ drum re/s on ! floor1 directly bel[ ! /orage b91 & is call$ ! sweat]4 ,x turns sl[ly on revolv+ :eels1 by means ( circul> tracks bolt$ to x4 ,! p[] t moves x is deliv]$ f an electric motor1 ?r\gh a pulley1 %aft & p9ion1 ! latt] work+ 9 a ge> bolt$ to ! outside circumf]5ce ( ! drum4 ,fa/5$ to ! inn] surface ( ?is drum is a s]ies ( %ort1 n>r[ %elves ) saw-too? edges t s]ve to c>ry ! sug> to ! top ( ! revolv+ cyl9d]1 :5ce x falls to ! l[] side1 caus+ a cont9ual %[] ( sug> ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? & bread? ( ! drum4 ,! sug> is deliv]$ ?r\gh a pipe at ! upp] end ( ! sweat]1 & ! revolv+ motion toge!r ) ! incl9e ( ! cyl9d] gradually works x d[n to ! l[] end4 ,"h x drops ?r\gh a *ute to ! granulator on ! floor bel[1 :]e ! process ( dry+ is complet$4 ,a /rong curr5t ( hot air is drawn ?r\gh ! sweat] by a p[]ful fan connect$ to ! upp] end by a v l>ge pipe4 ,! air introduc$ 9 ?is way is br\ght to a high temp]ature by pass+ ar\nd a numb] ( coils ( pipe *>g$ ) /eam1 :i* are plac$ directly 9 front ( ! sweat]4 ,! hot air sweep+ ?r\gh ! drum absorbs ne>ly all ( ! moi/ure 9 ! sug>1 :i* c>ries #a4b p] c5t ( wat] :5 x ent]s ! drum & ab\t #j4a p] c5t z x leaves x4 ,! granulator1 or l[] drum1 is ! same size z ! sweat] & is con/ruct$ 9 v mu* ! same mann]1 hav+ %elves = c>ry+ ! sug> to ! top & dropp+ x at ! prop] po9t1 & be+ equipp$ ) a l>ge fan to draw (f ! hot1 moi/ air4 ,in/ead ( hav+ /eam coils 9 front1 h[ev]1 x has 9 its c5t] a /eam-heat$ drum ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet] t revolves ) x4 ,! sug> cry/als1 z !y fall 9 a %[] f ! %elves1 come 9 contact ) ! hot inn] drum on _! way ?r\gh ! granulator1 & 9 ?is mann] become ?or\ghly dri$4 ,! moi/ure 9 ! sug>1 z x em]ges f ! granulator1 is less ?an f\r-hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t1 an am\nt too slight to det]m9e except ) ! mo/ delicate app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,sweat]--,,%[+ ,,/eam ,,coils ,,= ,,heat+ ,,! ,,air ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,sweat] ,to insure p]fect dry+1 ! damp sug> mu/ be f$ to ! upp] drum or sweat] ) unfail+ regul>ity4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! use ( revolv+ screws locat$ "u ! /orage b9s4 ,by turn+ a c]ta9 numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute1 !y deliv] an ev5 & /eady supply ( sug>4 ,f ! granulators ! sug> is dropp$ on ?9 cotton belts t1 pass+ ar\nd highly magnetiz$ pulleys1 c>ry x to ! dry /orage b9s4 ,! sug> is cool$ to normal temp]ature be=e be+ pack$ 9 conta9]s1 ?us prev5t+ subsequ5t absorption ( moi/ure & consequ5t cak+4 ,magnetic pulleys are us$ to extract any p>ticles ( iron scale or ru/ t may drop into ! sug> aft] ! liquor leaves ! *> filt]s4 ,ru/ sometimes =ms 9 ! pans1 mix]s1 conveyors1 elevators1 sweat]s or granulators1 & %\ld x get into ! sug> ! magnetic pulleys w surely remove x4 ,/orage b9s & /orage tanks are prom95t accessories ( all sug> ref9]ies1 = if a breakd[n %\ld occur at any po9t1 !re mu/ always be a supply ( mat]ial on h& to keep ! ref9+ op]ations go+ :ile ! tr\ble is be+ rem$i$4 ,,scre5+ ,,sep>at+ ,,cry/als ,,into ,,v>i\s ,,sizes ,! n[ ?or\ghly cold1 dry & free-runn+ granulat$ sug> is drawn f ! /orage b9s ?r\gh galvaniz$ metal pipes & tak5 to ! sep>ators by screw conveyors1 :i* deliv] x at an ev51 /eady fe$--a mo/ ess5tial feature4 ,! sug> z x comes f ! pans is made up ( cry/als ( v>i\s sizes4 ,x also conta9s a numb] ( small lumps =m$ 9 ! c5trifugal ma*9es1 or 9 "s "p ( ! process aft] x leaves ! pans4 ,x is necess>y to sep>ate ! cry/als accord+ to size & to scre5 out ! lumps1 = ! foll[+ reason3 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 p h be5 educat$ to use a co>se-gra9$ sug>2 9 o!r sections1 !y are accu/om$ to sug> ( a f9e gra94 ,= example1 on ! ,pacific coa/1 ! dem& is = ! f9e-gra9$ article2 ! consum]s ( ! ,mississippi riv] valley l a fairly l>ge gra92 :ile ! ,atlantic coa/ trade calls = a /ill co>s] product4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 too1 z to conta9]s4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! pref]5ce is = ! b>rel package1 :ile ! ,we/]n buy] wants 8 sug> put up 9 bags4 ,!re are _m diff]5t types ( sep>ators commonly 9 use1 b 9 all ( !m ! gov]n+ pr9ciple is ! same4 ,x is ! elim9ation ( lumps & du/ f ! f9al product & ! sep>ation ( ! sug> cry/als accord+ to size4 ,! sep>ator "h specifically ref]r$ to w expla9 ! pr9ciple z well z any o!r type1 & a glance at ! accompany+ illu/ration w give ! read] a good idea ( its con/ruction4 ,x is made up ( a numb] ( wire scre5s ( v>i\s sizes1 fix$ at a %>p incl9e1 "o above ! o!r1 & all enclos$ 9 a tight1 du/-pro( /eel case4 ,at ! top ( ! case is a /eel screw conveyor by :i* ! sug> is f$ ev5ly & /eadily across ! entire wid? ( ! top scre54 ,on ! outside face ( ! case are a numb] ( %afts to :i* hamm]s are atta*$4 ,z ! %afts revolve1 ! hamm]s tap ! v>i\s scre5s bel[1 lightly & at rapid int]vals1 ?us caus+ !m to vibrate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sep>ator--,,clos$1 ,,ready ,,= ,,op]ation ,illu/ration3 ,,sep>ators1 ,,"o ,,( ,,:i* ,,is ,,op5--,,%[+ ,,?ree ,,scre5s ,,= ,,sep>at+ ,,! ,,sug> ,,gra9s ,! upp] scre51 call$ ! scalp]1 is q co>se & all[s all ! sug> to fall ?r\gh except ! lumps1 :i* run d[n ! face ( ! scre5 into a pipe t c>ries !m to ! melt1 :]e !y beg9 ! ref9+ process ov] aga94 ,^! lumps1 h[ev]1 repres5t a v small proportion ( ! :ole4 ,! second scre5 is f9] ?an ! scalp]4 ,x p]mits "p ( ! sug> to pass ?r\gh1 b reta9s a c]ta9 am\nt :i* falls d[n on ! face ( ! scre51 :5ce x is l$ ?r\gh a pipe to a special b94 ,sug> ( ?is size is kn[n z co>se granulat$4 ,! next scre5 lets ! f9] gra9s drop ?r\gh1 b cat*es ! /&>d granulat$1 :i* 9 turn is drawn (f to its special b94 ,! la/ scre51 an extremely f9e "o1 reta9s ! extra f9e granulat$1 & ?is 9 turn is deliv]$ to its appo9t$ b94 ,! sug> pass+ ?r\gh ! la/ scre5 is s f9e z to be class$ z 8du/10 :i*1 n be+ m>ketable1 is usually remelt$4 ,! am\nt ( any "o grade ( sug> obta9$ f ! sep>ator may be *ang$1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 by ! boil+ 9 ! vacuum pans4 ,if a l>ge proportion ( f9e-gra9$ sug> is requir$1 ! sug> boil]s are in/ruct$ accord+ly4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to boil all ! gra9s 9 ea* /rike a uni=m size1 or to boil any two /rikes exactly alike1 s ! sep>ators are necess>y1 especially = remov+ ! lumps & du/4 ,! du/ is caus$ by ! con/ant fall+ ( ! dry sug> cry/als aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! dri]s & granulators1 & by ! gr9d+ action ^u ! sug> cry/als 9 ! screw conveyors4 ,,pack+ ,,fill+ ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,& ,,sizes ,,( ,,conta9]s ,:5 putt+ up 8 goods1 a sug> ref9]--l e o!r manufactur]--mu/ ne$s cat] to ! wi%es & ta/es ( ! consum+ buy]4 ,! mod]n t5d5cy 9 conta9]s is 9 favor ( seal$ air-tight & du/-pro( packages4 ,"s ref9]s sp5d great sums ( money e ye> 9 adv]tis+ ! m]its ( special sug>s pack$ 9 du/-pro( c>tons4 ,_! rivals g5]ally foll[ suit1 z competition 9 ! m>ket+ ( sug> is probably f> ke5] ?an 9 any o!r l9e ( bus9ess4 ,! pla9 tru? is t all ref9$ granulat$ cane sug> (f]$ = sale 9 ! m>kets ( ?is c\ntry today is almo/ id5tical1 irrespective ( ! mann] 9 :i* x may be pack$4 ,! poore/ quality ( ref9$ sug> made has1 9 all likelihood1 a purity n l[] ?an #ii4e p] c5t1 :ile ! highe/ grade _c possibly exce$ #ii4i p] c5t1 a diff]5ce ( only f\r-t5?s ( "o p] c5t1 h5ce x is evid5t t all ref9$ sug>s are practically pure1 ! fancy package simply mean+ a fancy price4 ,! me?ods ( transport+ & h&l+ ! sug> aft] x leaves ! ref9]y may ju/ify ! additional exp5se1 b ?is is subject to argum5t4 ,h[ev]1 x makes b little diff]5ce to ! manufactur]1 z ! co/ ( ! package z well z ! extra h&l+ is always includ$ 9 ! sell+ price4 ,a few ye>s ago all sug> w5t out 9 b>rels or bags1 :ile today a mod]n ref9]y turns out ab\t tw5ty diff]5t /yles ( conta9]1 & tw5ty-f\r k9ds ( sug>4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! pack+ room ( a ref9]y is an int]e/+ place1 cov]+ z x does a l>ge area & includ+ a great am\nt ( special1 intricate ma*9]y = fill+1 weigh+ & sew+ or seal+ packages4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! b9s into :i* ! sug> is deliv]$ f ! sep>ators is a s]ies ( galvaniz$ iron pipes1 ?r\gh :i* ! sug> runs to ! v>i\s fill+ devices1 ! latt] be+ usually arrang$ 9 long r[s4 ,"u ! end ( ea* pipe is an automatic weigh+ ma*9e4 ,9 pack+ bags1 a workman hangs a bag on ! weigh+ ma*9e & presses a lev]1 ?us all[+ ! sug> to run into ! bag4 ,z soon z ! exact am\nt requir$ is rea*$1 ! fl[ is automatically cut (f4 ,^! weigh+ ma*9es are s accurate t !y gauge ! am\nt to )9 a fraction ( an ounce4 ,! op]ative removes ! full bag1 places x on a conveyor t runs 9 & level ) ! floor & quickly adju/s an empty "o on ! weigh+ ma*9e4 ,^! m5 become s exp]t t a s+le op]ative w fill two hundr$ & fifty "o-hundr$-p\nd bags p] h\r4 ,! weigh+ ma*9es are design$ to fill & weigh f\r hundr$ & eighty "o-hundr$-p\nd bags p] h\r1 b ! op]ative _c h&le !m at ?is rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+1 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,sew+ #ajj-,,p\nd ,,sacks ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+1 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,sew+ #be-,,p\nd ,,sacks ,f\r sew+ ma*9es1 specially design$ = sew+ ! fill$ bags1 are locat$ imm$iately ov] ! conveyor & 9 direct l9e ) x4 ,z ! bag passes along on ! conveyor1 ! op]ative at ! fir/ ma*9e picks up ! end ( ! inn] cotton sack & passes x ?r\gh 8 ma*9e1 /it*+ x securely4 ,! bag !n passes along to ! ?ird ma*9e1 :]e ! op]ative takes hold ( ! out] burlap bag & sews x 9 ! same mann]4 ,ea* op]ative has a sp>e ma*9e ready = in/ant use 9 case ! "o he is runn+ gets out ( ord]4 ,cont9u+ its j\rney to ! end ( ! conveyor1 ! bag is deposit$ on ! ma9 belt conveyor1 :i* takes x )\t manual aid to ! %ipp+ floor or ! /orage w>eh\se4 ,a sew+-ma*9e op]ative w sew z _m z sev5te5 bags p] m9ute1 b x is try+ "w & ! m5 relieve ea* o!r at int]vals dur+ ! day4 ,bo? ! "o-hundr$- & ! =ty-eight-p\nd sacks are h&l$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,=m]ly ! half sacks weigh$ fifty p\nds1 b s9ce ! ,p>cel ,po/ law w5t into effect !y h be5 *ang$ to =ty-eight p\nds to p]mit ( _! %ipm5t by mail4 ,^? conta9+ tw5ty-five1 t51 five & two p\nds are weigh$ & sew$ 9 mu* ! same way1 by ! aid ( specially design$1 rapid-h&l+ ma*9]y4 ,! small package ma*9es w accurately weigh & fill five-p\nd bags at ! rate ( tw5ty-five packages p] m9ute1 ! o!rs 9 proportion4 ,! pap] boxes1 or c>tons z !y are call$1 are weigh$ & fill$ by special ma*9]y4 ,?is ma*9]y seems to possess an intellig5ce almo/ human4 ,"o girl fe$s ! c>tons 7! tops & bottoms ( :i* are op57 into ! ma*9e at ! rate ( ?irty-two p] m9ute4 ,! ma*9e glues ! bottom1 weighs ! sug> to )9 "o ?irty-second ( an ounce1 fills ! c>ton1 glues ! top1 seals x & passes x on to a conveyor :i* deliv]s ! f9i%$ package to a table1 f :i* x is pack$ into a box = %ipm5t4 ,wom5 are usually employ$ 9 putt+ up ! light] packages4 ,a %ort di/ance f ! bag-weigh+ ma*9es1 & runn+ p>allel ) !m1 is a l9e ( pipes or sp\ts = fill+ b>rels4 ,on ! floor "u ea* sp\t is a b>rel %ak]4 ,?is is a heavy ca/-iron plate t is lift$ ab\t "o in*1 fir/ on "o side1 !n on ! o!r1 by ! action ( two cams or arms atta*$ to a revolv+ %aft und]nea?4 ,! %ak] drops back viol5tly on ! support+ frame aft] ea* lift1 caus+ ! sug> to settle compactly 9 ! b>rel z x is fill$ to an av]age weight ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty p\nds4 ,naturally1 ! great] ! am\nt ( sug> pack$ 9 a b>rel1 ! less ! conta9] co/s p] unit ( output1 & z ! av]age co/ ( a sug> b>rel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is fifty c5ts1 ! conta9] co/ p] "o hundr$ p\nds ( sug> is #ad4c c5ts4 ,)\t ! %ak]1 n m ?an ?ree hundr$ & ?irty p\nds ( sug> c\ld be put 9 a b>rel1 :i* w\ld increase ! co/ p] "o hundr$ p\nds to #ae4a c5ts4 ,?is diff]5ce on a s+le day's output ( two million p\nds repres5ts "o hundr$ & sixty doll>s1 an eloqu5t argum5t 9 favor ( ! %ak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+ ,,b>rels ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,h&l+ ,,b>rels ,9 pack+ b>rels1 ! op]ative fir/ l9es ! b>rel ) heavy pap] to prev5t ! sug> f com+ 9 contact ) ! r\gh wood5 sides & to keep x f sift+ out betwe5 ! /aves4 ,! b>rel1 ?us l9$1 is plac$ on ! %ak]1 a valve on ! sp\t op5$ & ! %ak+ b>rel fill$ to ! top4 ,! b>rel is !n remov$ & turn$ ov] to ! coop]1 :o heads x up & rolls x on ! scale = weigh+4 ,be=e an empty b>rel rea*es ! pack+ room1 x is weigh$ & ! weight 7g5]ally f n9ete5 to tw5ty-five p\nds7 is /amp$ on its side4 ,! gross weight ( ! fill$ b>rel is det]m9$ by ! pack+-room scales4 ,! weight ( ! empty b>rel is d$uct$ & ! net weight ( ! sug> /5cil$ on ! head4 ,! full b>rel is !n s5t d[n a *ute to ! wait+ freight c> or to ! dock = /eam] %ipm5t1 or to a conveyor t automatically deliv]s x to ! /orage w>eh\se4 ,9 addition to ! bags1 b>rels1 half b>rels1 c>tons & boxes1 t9s ( v>i\s sizes are us$ = ! diff]5t sug>s4 ,all ( ^! are fill$ & weigh$ automatically1 & tak5 f ! pack+ room by conveyors4 ,"s ( ! boxes are l9$ ) pap] & "s ) cotton clo?2 "s are nail$ up 9 ! ord9>y way1 & o!rs are /rapp$ ) iron at ea* end4 ,z a rule1 ! individual t9s are cas$ ) wood1 b sometimes !re are a numb] ( t9s 9 a case4 ,c>tons conta9 two p\nds1 ?ree p\nds or five p\nds ( sug>4 ,!y are pack$ 9 fib] cases hold+ ?irty twos1 tw5ty ?rees or twelve fives & also 9 wood5 cases :i* hold sixty twos1 =ty ?rees or tw5ty-f\r fives ea*4 ,! /yle ( package dep5ds ^u ! dem& ( ! trade cat]$ to4 ,at ?is po9t a ^w or two ab\t "s ( ! specialties1 su* z cube1 p[d]$ & b> sug>s1 z well z yell[ or s(t sug>s1 may be ( int]e/4 ,,cube ,,sug> ,! sug> f :i* ! cubes are made is ( a r f9e gra91 boil$ 9 special pans f liquor t has be5 filt]$ ov] ! *> at lea/ twice4 ,f ! c5trifugals "u ! pan x falls into a hopp] 9 :i* !re is a revolv+ screw4 ,directly ov] ! screw is a tank conta9+ a w>m1 :ite sug> liquor1 v /icky & visc\s by reason ( its d5sity4 ,a pipe leads f ! bottom ( ?is tank to a po9t ov] ! screw1 & ! liquor1 :i* is controll$ by a valve1 is all[$ to drip ^u ! sug>4 ,! action ( ! screw causes ! sug> & ! liquor to become ?or\ghly mix$ & fe$s ! damp mass ?us =m$ into a sp\t lead+ to ! cube press1 ! ma*9e 9 :i* cube sug> is made4 ,at ! top ( ?is ma*9e is ano!r hopp]1 into :i* ! damp sug> drops f ! sp\t ov]head1 & revolv+ 9 ! la/-m5tion$ hopp] are a numb] ( small %afts ) brass pegs ins]t$ at c]ta9 int]vals along ! l5g? ( ! %afts1 l spokes 9 ! hub ( a :eel4 ,^! pegs are l human f+]s 9 _! action & !y press ! sug> d[n into ! pockets ( a l>ge revolv+ drum plac$ directly "u ! hopp]4 ,ea* pocket is ! size ( a cube or half cube4 ,work+ 9 ^! pockets are plung]s1 :i* fall back z ! revolv+ drum rea*es ! highe/ po9t directly "u ! me*anical f+]s 9 ! hopp]4 ,! f+]s fill ! op5 pockets &1 z ! drum turns1 ! plung]s1 at a c]ta9 po9t 9 its circumf]5ce :]e a heavy bronze b> is plac$ across its face1 sl[ly ent] ! pockets & 9 s do+ compress ! sug> into cube =m4 ,two belts run ?r\gh ! ma*9e "u ! cyl9d]1 c>ry+ galvaniz$ iron plates ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es wide1 or ! same wid? z ! cyl9d]1 & ?irty in*es long4 ,z ! l9e ( pockets into :i* ! sug> has be5 press$ rea*es ! l[e/ po9t on ! circumf]5ce ( ! drum1 ! plung]s drop d[n1 =c+ ! press$ cubes out ( ! pockets onto ! galvaniz$ iron plates :i* ! mov+ belt c>ries along out ( ! way ( ! next lot com+ f ! cyl9d]4 ,ea* plate1 z x leaves ! cube press1 conta9s five hundr$ & f\r cubes & "o hundr$ & sixty-eight half cubes1 & ! "t requir$ to fill a plate is betwe5 six & sev5 seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cube-,,sug> ,,ma*9e ,illu/ration3 ,,c>ton ,,ma*9e ,! belts c>ry ! plates to a s]ies ( ov5s1 or dri]s1 s plac$ t a l>ge numb] ( plates ) _! cont5ts may be ins]t$ ?r\gh a door on ! belt side4 ,:5 ! ov5s are fill$ ) plates hold+ ! s(t1 moi/ cubes1 a curr5t ( hot air is turn$ on at ! top ( ! ov5s1 pass+ out at ! bottom4 ,! hot air circulat+ 9 ?is mann] dries ! cubes & c>ries (f ! moi/ure4 ,eight h\rs 9 ! ov5s suffice to r5d] ! cubes ?or\ghly dry & h>d4 ,!y are !n remov$ ?r\gh doors opposite to ^? ?r\gh :i* !y 7 put 94 ,?is arrangem5t prev5ts ! m5 :o are putt+ ! cubes into ! ov5s f int]f]+ ) ^? tak+ !m out1 = ! process is a cont9u\s "o & cubes are plac$ 9 & remov$ f ! ov5s at ! same "t4 ,z ! cubes are tak5 out ( ! ov5s1 !y are deposit$ on a belt conveyor :i* deliv]s !m into b9s 9 ! pack+ room1 ready to be put into boxes1 bags1 b>rels & o!r conta9]s4 ,,p[d]$ ,,& ,,b> ,,sug> ,p[d]$ & b> sug>s are made by gr9d+ co>se granulat$ sug> into f9e p>ticles & !n sep>at+ ^! p>ticles by scre5+ !m ?r\gh f9e silk clo?4 ,! bolt+ ( fl\r is a simil> process4 ,p[d]$ sug> has a decid$ t5d5cy to cake & become h>d1 & ! co>se sug> f :i* x is gr\nd %\ld be p>ticul>ly free f moi/ure4 ,aft] be+ cru%$ or gr\nd betwe5 corrugat$ rolls turn+ at high spe$1 ! gr\nd sug> passes into a scre5+ or sift+ device1 ( :i* !re are _m k9ds 9 use1 ! mo/ common be+ ! horizontal1 revolv+ c5trifugal scre54 ,! cru%$ sug> goes 9 at ! head end1 &1 z x ent]s1 a numb] ( revolv+ arms ?r[ x aga9/ a silk scre5 on a circul> frame1 revolv+ 9 an opposite direction1 t p]mits ! f9e/1 or p[d]$1 sug> to pass ?r\gh a silk clo? hav+ ov] sixte5 ?\s& op5+s p] squ>e in*4 ,! p[d]$ sug> extract$1 ! rema9d] drops into ano!r scre5 :]e a simil> sift+ action takes place1 ! silk ( ! second scre5 be+ co>s] ?an t ( ! fir/1 & b> sug> is ! result4 ,su* gra9s z are too l>ge to pass ?r\gh ! b> scre5 are c>ri$ back to ! rolls & regr\nd4 ,! b> scre5 has ab\t five ?\s& op5+s p] squ>e in*4 ,b> sug>1 z ! "n implies1 is g5]ally us$ 9 prep>+ bev]ages4 ,x dissolves almo/ in/antly :5 dropp$ 9 wat]4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! av]age h\sewife is n aw>e ( ! advantages att5d+ ! use ( ?is grade ( sug>4 ,x does n become cak$ z readily z p[d]$ sug> does1 & is ! ideal sweet5+ = b]ries & c]eals s]v$ at ! breakfa/ meal4 ,x is f> m desirable ?an p[d]$ sug> = mo/ ( ! purposes = :i* ! latt] is commonly us$4 ,x is believ$ by _m t all p[d]$ sug> is adult]at$ ) *alk1 />*1 :ite corn meal or simil> sub/ances4 ,su* is n ! case1 & x is safe to assume t no mix+ :atev] is done by any ref9] 9 ,am]ica4 ,p[d]$ sug> has a /rong t5d5cy to cake or become h>d1 & "s manufactur]s :o buy co>se granulat$ sug> f ! ref9]s = gr9d+ purposes use />* to ! ext5t ( f two to ?ree p] c5t4 ,*alk is nev] us$1 nor are o!r non-edible or delet]i\s sub/ances4 ,/>* is n introduc$ = ! purpose ( mak+ a great] pr(it1 b to prev5t ! p[d]$ sug> f cak+4 ,! add+ ( />*1 9 all probability1 increases ! co/ ( mak+ p[d]$ sug>1 z />* co/s almo/ z mu* z sug>1 & ! exp5se ( h&l+ x & fe$+ x into ! gr9d+ ma*9]y is q an item4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+1 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,sew+ #b-,,p\nd1 #e-,,p\nd ,,& #aj-,,p\nd ,,bags ,,yell[ ,,sug>s ,yell[ sug>s1 or 8s(ts0 z !y are usually call$1 comprise fifte5 grades1 rang+ 9 color f a creamy :ite to a d>k br[n4 ,^! sug>s are us$ *iefly by bak]s 9 mak+ g+]bread1 pies & cakes1 al?\gh a small quantity f9ds its way directly into h\seholds = ord9>y dome/ic consumption4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( yell[ sug>s are t !y h a small gra9 & conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( molasses to make !m moi/ to ! t\*1 prop]ties br\ght ab\t by a radically diff]5t me?od ( boil+ f t appli$ to :ite sug>s4 ,!y also conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( inv]t sug> :i* pres]ves ! s(tness ( gra9 & prev5ts subsequ5t cak+ or h>d5+4 ,to prop]ly expla9 h[ yell[ sug>s are boil$1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! me?od ( boil+ :ite sug>s1 :i* may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! object to be atta9$ 9 boil+ :ite sug>s is ! sep>ation ( ! cry/allizable sucrose conta9$ 9 a giv5 solution f ! impurities1 moi/ure & non-cry/allizable cont5t ( t solution4 ,! =mation ( sug> cry/als is a natural result ( ! evaporation ( ! moi/ure f ! liquor or solution4 ,9 ord] to obta9 pure :ite cry/als1 x is vitally ess5tial t1 z f> z possible1 all impurities & non-sug>s1 except wat]1 be remov$ f ! liquor be=e ! boil+ takes place1 = if ! color+ matt] is n ?or\ghly tak5 out1 obvi\sly ! cry/als w be color$4 ,! purify+ & decoloriz+ op]ation is accompli%$ 9 ! *> filt]s4 ,aft] ! gra9 is once =m$ 9 def9ite cry/als1 ^! cry/als attract & appropriate ! sucrose 9 solution 9 ! process ( build+ up _! /ructure1 :ile repell+ or exclud+ ! impurities1 s t 9 consequ5ce ! latt] rema9 9 solution4 ,irrespective1 h[ev]1 ( :e!r cry/allization ( sucrose takes place 9 solutions ( high or l[ purity1 x w only p>tially remove ! sucrose f ! solution 9 "o op]ation1 ! limit be+ fix$ by ! am\nt & nature ( impurities pres5t4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t fur!r cry/allization ( sucrose ! solution or "m liquor surr\nd+ ! cry/als mu/ be sep>at$ f !m & be aga9 dilut$1 filt]$ & conc5trat$4 ,briefly1 ! proc$ure 9 boil+ :ite sug> 9 a vacuum pan is to take liquors ( ! highe/ purity = ! fir/ boil+4 ,aft] ! fir/ cry/als h be5 remov$ f ! "m liquor 9 ! c5trifugal ma*9es1 ! liquor is aga9 dilut$1 decoloriz$ by bone-*> & boil$ to gra94 ,?is op]ation is cont9u$ a numb] ( times1 ! purity ( ! liquor decreas+ ea* "t4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! purity ( ! liquor falls to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! boil+ is discont9u$1 = at ?is po9t conditions d n admit ( fur!r =mation ( pure sucrose cry/als1 &1 if ! process 7 pursu$ fur!r1 ! result+ sug> w\ld n be :ite4 ,!re=e1 :5 ?is /ate is rea*$1 ^! l[-grade liquors are boil$ into a semi-ref9$ sug>1 commonly call$ 8ref9]y raw10 :i* corresponds fairly closely 9 te/ ) ! orig9al raw sug>1 or !y are us$ = mak+ s(t yell[ sug>s z expla9$ lat] on4 ,?is ref9]y raw is !n wa%$1 melt$ & put ?r\gh ! :ole process all ov] aga94 ,! liquor1 f :i* ! cry/als =m$ 9 repeat$ boil+s h be5 remov$ z made1 at l5g? becomes s *>g$ ) impurities t fur!r cry/allization ( sucrose is impossible & ?is residue1 or f9al wa/e1 is kn[n z black/rap molasses4 ,?is mann] ( boil+ :ite sug> has be5 call$ ! 8out & out0 me?od1 9 contradi/9ction to ! 89 & 90 me?od employ$ 9 boil+ s(t yell[ sug>s1 ( :i* a few words ( explanation n[ foll[4 ,9 boil+ s(t yell[ sug>s1 ! aim is to produce a l>ge numb] ( small sucrose cry/als hav+ ! prop]ty ( attract+ & comb9+ ) ! molasses cont5t ( ! liquor & t w reta9 "s ( ! molasses aft] !y are purg$ ( "m liquor 9 ! c5trifugal ma*9es4 ,?is process gives a sug> t may be describ$ z a me*anical mixture ( sucrose1 inv]t sug> & ! non-sug>s 9 ! molasses4 ,9 ! case ( yell[ sug>s1 ! light] ! color ! bett] price !y br+4 ,! greate/ pr(it1 !re=e1 is d]iv$ f ! manufacture ( sug>s ( ! lighte/ color & c>ry+ a r$uc$ p]c5tage ( sucrose4 ,9 boil+ su* sug>s1 l[-purity liquors f :i* ! color+ matt] has be5 remov$ z f> z practicable by bone-*> filtration are requir$4 ,= ! purpose1 x is g5]ally f\nd mo/ advantage\s to use ! liquors tak5 f :ite sug> massecuite at ! po9t :51 ow+ to repeat$ boil+s1 its purity has fall5 s l[ t fur!r extraction ( pure :ite sucrose cry/als is impossible4 ,z a result ( ! num]\s filtrations ?r\gh bone-*> prep>atory to reboil+ 9 ! manufacture ( :ite sug>1 ^! liquors are usually light] 9 color ?an any ( correspond+ purity obta9$ 9 ! ref9+ process4 ,nev]!less1 !y are n necess>ily ! only liquors suitable = ! purpose1 & ?is p>ticul>ly applies to ! mak+ ( ! l[] grades ( yell[ sug>s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 beyond ! scope ( ?is book to elaborate ^u t phase ( sug> ref9+4 ,! object s\ght "h is to give a g5]al idea ( h[ yell[ sug>s are boil$1 )\t go+ into all ! details4 ,z is ! case ) :ite sug>s1 yell[ sug>s are made by a succession ( boil+s 9 vacuum pans1 ! liquor us$ = ea* boil+ or /rike be+ t obta9$ f ! massecuite ( ! previ\s /rike4 ,! op]ation is cont9u$ until ! liquor becomes too l[ 9 purity & d>k 9 color4 ,ea* successive /rike boil$ is l[] 9 te/ ?an ! prec$+ "o1 due to ! fact t ! sucrose cry/als repres5t ! pure/ "p ( ! massecuite1 &1 consequ5tly1 ea* "t !y are remov$ ! quality ( ! liquor is l[]$4 ,?is acc\nts = ! v>i\s grades ( yell[ sug> t are made1 fifte5 9 all1 />t+ ) a creamy :ite & end+ ) a d>k br[n4 ,! sucrose cont5t ( ! be/ is ab\t #ib p] c5t & t ( ! poore/ ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ,9 mak+ :ite sug>s1 ! aim is to produce f liquors ( high purity sucrose cry/als t are pure :ite1 h>d & absolutely free f molasses4 ,9 mak+ yell[ sug>s1 ! object is to boil f l[-purity liquors s(t sucrose cry/als t possess ! prop]ty ( attract+ & reta9+ ! molasses & to make ?is comb9ation ( cry/als & molasses z complete z possible4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two me?ods1 z well z ! appropriat5ess ( ! descriptive t]ms 8out & out0 & 89 & 910 w be readily app>5t4 ,! impurities 9 yell[ sug>s are natural & consi/ ( inv]t sug>1 glucose1 organic non-sug>s & salts1 all ( :i* 7 orig9ally pres5t 9 ! raws or 7 =m$ 9 ! process ( ref9+4 ,x is n unusual to he> x said t yell[ sug>s are sweet] ?an granulat$4 ,to ! av]age palate ?is is app>5tly s1 b1 z has be5 %[n1 granulat$ sug> conta9s #ii4h p] c5t ( sucrose or sweet5+ matt]1 :ile ! highe/ grade ( yell[ c>ries only #ib p] c5t4 ,s(t sug>s dissolve m readily on ! tongue ?an granulat$1 & ! syrup or molasses 9 !m acc5tuates _! sweet ta/e4 ,!re are sev]al o!r grades ( sug> prep>$ = ! consum+ m>ket1 b lack ( space precludes a description ( !m or ! me?ods by :i* !y are produc$4 ,,me*anical ,,dep>tm5t ,x is ne$less to say t ! convey+1 melt+1 filt]+1 boil+1 dry+1 scre5+1 weigh+ & pack+ ( "o ?\s& tons ( sug> 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs necessitates a great am\nt ( /eam & a multiplicity ( ma*9]y4 ,! boil]s g5]ate /eam to drive huge pumps t deliv] cold salt wat] to ! cond5s]s ?r\gh\t ! ref9]y1 to drive vacuum pumps t make boil+ & evaporation 9 vacuo possible1 & to drive l>ge turb9e or reciprocat+ eng9es t supply ! electric p[]4 ,! exhau/ /eam z x leaves ! cyl9d]s has a pressure ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,x is conduct$ ?r\gh pipes to ! evaporators1 pans1 dri]s & tanks1 :]e x is aga9 us$ = conc5trat+ ! liquors1 boil+ 9 ! pans1 dry+ ! sug> & keep+ ! liquors hot ?r\gh\t ! process4 ,x leaves ! v>i\s heat+ coils & tubes z hot wat] & is return$ to ! boil]s = ! g5]ation ( m /eam4 ,live /eam1 t is to say1 /eam j z x comes f ! boil]s1 is us$ ext5sively 9 ! vacuum pans = boil+ ! liquor to gra94 ,a ref9]y melt+ "o ?\s& tons ( raw sug> ea* day requires ab\t #eejj boil] horse p[]4 ,on ! ,atlantic coa/ coal is ! fuel us$1 :ile on ! ,pacific coa/ oil is burn$4 ,! am\nt ( fuel consum$ 9 diff]5t ref9]ies v>ies to "s ext5t1 b a fair av]age p] ton ( raw sug> melt$ is "o & "o-?ird b>rels ( oil1 or "o-?ird ( a ton ( coal4 ,9 mod]n plants all ! mov+ ma*9]y1 except ! pumps & ma9 eng9es1 is usually driv5 by electric motors4 ,?is does away ) _m dang]\s belts1 z well z exp5sive transmission ma*9]y4 ,! motor drive is simple & effici5t & !re=e us$ ext5sively4 ,! me*anical dep>tm5t is "u ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! sup]9t5d5t1 b 9 direct *>ge ( a me*anical-electrical eng9e]4 ,?is man is kn[n z ! *ief eng9e]1 & he is directly responsible1 n only = ! op]ation ( all ! ma*9]y 9 ! plant toge!r ) its upkeep & repair1 b he has also to cope ) eng9e]+ problems t are con/antly aris+4 ,"u 8 direction1 a corps ( draughtsm5 is always busily engag$ 9 plann+ & design+ improvem5ts & additions4 ,he also ma9ta9s a =ce ( me*anics1 wat*+1 op]at+ & repair+ ! ma*9]y4 ,^! m5 repres5t almo/ e trade1 includ+ ma*9i/s1 blacksmi?s1 copp]smi?s1 t9smi?s1 millwrights1 boil]mak]s1 rigg]s1 masons1 pa9t]s & _m o!rs4 ,! div]sity ( ! me*anical "w ar\nd a ref9]y is rem>kable1 & ! eng9e] 9 *>ge mu/ be a man ( exceptional me*anical ability1 z 8 duties include n only /eam1 electrical & civil eng9e]+1 b con/ruction eng9e]+ ( an advanc$ "*4 ,z ref9]ies are always built on sites bord]+ on deep wat]1 h>bor eng9e]+ problems are also con/antly be=e him4 ,9 connection ) e ref9]y !re are _m %ops1 :]e me*anical "w incid5tal to repairs & con/ruction is c>ri$ on4 ,^! %ops are equipp$ ) ! necess>y tools & implem5ts = quick repairs & are "u ! sup]vision ( ! *ief eng9e]4 ,9 addition1 !re is ! coop] %op :]e _m ?\s&s ( b>rels are turn$ out daily1 & ! bag factory :]e tw5ty cotton bags & tw5ty burlap bags mu/ be made = ea* & e ton ( output pack$ 9 t mann]4 ,! me*anical dep>tm5t ( a mod]n ref9]y is z important z x is ext5sive1 = failure 9 any "o ( its bran*es means co/ly delays4 ,! ma*9]y is run tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea* day1 except ,sundays1 dur+ ab\t elev5 mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,! plant is clos$ d[n ! rema9+ ?irty days = annual clean+ & repairs4 ,intellig5ce & ability1 temp]$ ) good judgm5t1 br+ ab\t ! esprit de corps t gives ! necess>y results4 ,! me*anical is almo/ z important z ! *emical dep>tm5t &1 z be=e /at$1 x is subject to ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! *emical eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,laboratory ,illu/ration3 ,,oil-,,burn+ ,,boil] ,,plant ,,laboratory ,! *emical laboratory is really ! he>t ( ! in/itution1 = ^u x dep5ds ! success ( e manufactur+ op]ation4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( a ref9]y mu/ possess a ?or\gh k ( *emical eng9e]+1 = ! process ( sug> ref9+ is l>gely *emical f beg9n+ to end4 ,compet5t *emical eng9e]s1 z di/+ui%$ f *emi/s1 are r>e1 & yet _! call+ (f]s m promis+ prospects to "y m5 ?an mo/ o!r pr(essions d today4 ,x is cle> to ! intellig5t obs]v] t 9 ^! times ( int5sely ke5 competition1 ! manufactur] w1 soon] or lat]1 inevitably be driv5 to seek a consid]able p]c5tage ( 8 pr(its 9 ! utilization ( by-products t n[ g to wa/e or br+ b little return4 ,! m5 to solve ! manufactur+ problems ( ! future w be *emical eng9e]s4 ,broadly speak+1 comp>atively little has be5 done 9 ?is field 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & its possibilities are incalculable4 ,9 ! laboratory1 day & night1 a corps ( *emi/s is con/antly engag$ 9 ! /udy ( que/ions t arise 9 connection ) ! op]ation ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,pol>izations = acc\nt ( buy]s & sell]s ( all raw sug>s pur*as$1 are made & *eck$ !re2 hundr$s ( samples ( liquors & syrups are te/$ daily = control "w1 z ! purity ( bo? mu/ be kn[n at all times & a record kept ( _! temp]atures & d5sities4 ,samples ( all ! sug>s ent]+ ! ref9+ process1 z well z ( ! f9i%$ product1 are c>efully analyz$1 & ^u ^! analyses are bas$ elaborate calculations reg>d+ yield & effici5cy4 ,! wa% wat]s f ! *> filt]s are exam9$ & te/$ frequ5tly1 ! bone-*> is te/$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs z a *eck ^u ! process ( revivification 9 ! kilns1 & once a mon? ! bone-*> is completely analyz$ to det]m9e ! det]ioration t has tak5 place 9 x4 ,te/s are made ( mat]ials us$ 9 ! ref9+ process1 su* z lime1 soda1 acids & lubricat+ oils2 ( ! fe$ wat] = ! /eam boil]s2 ( ! fre% wat] us$ ?r\gh\t ! plant2 & ( ! fuel1 :e!r coal or oil4 ,ev5 ! gases f ! fires "u ! boil]s are te/$ z !y pass ?r\gh ! smoke/ack1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n ! firem5 p]=m _! duties prop]ly4 ,tak+ all ?is 9 conjunction ) frequ5t te/s & exp]im5tal "w on dri]s1 cond5s]s1 evaporators & o!r app>atus1 x w be se5 t !re is pl5ty to keep a l>ge /aff ( *emi/s fully occupi$4 ,9 ref9]y "w1 :at is to be fe>$ m ?an any?+ is ! h\se becom+ 8s\r40 ,raw sug>s & sug> liquors1 & p>ticul>ly ! sweet wat]s1 h a t5d5cy to f]m5t1 & f]m5tation1 l fire1 if n *eck$ & br\ght "u control be=e x ga9s mu* headway1 soon p]vades ! entire e/abli%m5t1 affect+ all ! liquors & syrups1 ?us turn+ ! sucrose or sug> into glucose1 :i* _c be recry/alliz$4 ,9 a ref9]y ( two million p\nds daily capacity1 !re is d\ble ?is quantity ( sug> 9 ! h\se 9 ! =m ( liquors1 syrups1 sweet wat]1 massecuite & raws4 ,if all ( ?is f\r million p\nds turn$ 8s\r10 ! money loss1 ) raw sug> wor? f\r c5ts a p\nd1 w\ld be ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& doll>s4 ,su* a cont+5cy1 :ile remote1 cle>ly demon/rates t *emical control is an absolute necessity4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,ref9+ ,9 conclud+ t "p ( ! /ory t deals ) ref9+1 "s ref]5ce may be made to ! ref9+ co/ & to ! price at :i* ref9$ sug> is sold4 ,! co/ ( ref9+ sug> v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( commodities ent]+ into ! ref9+ process1 su* z labor1 fuel1 cotton1 burlap1 conta9]s1 bone-*>1 etc4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ ne>ly all ^! items are high] ?an 9 ,new ,york1 & consequ5tly ! co/ ( ref9+ is probably great]4 ,9 #aiaa ne>ly all ! sug> ref9]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates appe>$ be=e ! ,h>dwick ,congressional committee at ,wa%+ton & ! te/imony giv5 by !m be=e t body %[$ t ! co/ ( ref9+ rang$ f #fj c5ts to #fe c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,on ! day ! ,congressional committee began its inve/igation1 raw sug> 0 sell+ 9 ,new ,york = #c4hf c5ts p] p\nd1 & ! te/imony reg>d+ ! co/ ( ref9+ 0 no d\bt bas$ on ?is price = ! raw sug> ent]+ ! ref9+ op]ations4 ,x is !re=e fair to assume t "u normal conditions1 ) raw sug> at ab\t #c c5ts1 ! av]age co/ ( ref9+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #fb c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,?is includes e item f ! "t ! raw sug> is l&$ on ! dock until ! ref9$ is load$ on ! c>s or boats = %ipm5t4 ,x includes ! sell+ & ov]head exp5ses1 b n ! transportation *>ges aft] ! sug> leaves ! ref9]y4 ,dur+ ! la/ six ye>s 7#aiji-ad inclusive7 ! actual diff]5tial 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 ! pur*ase price ( raw sug> & ! sell+ price ( ref9$ has be5 #hb c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is figure & ! co/ ( ref9+ repres5ts ! ref9]'s gross pr(it2 9 o!r words1 ab\t #bj c5ts p] #ajj p\nds1 out ( :i* he mu/ pay = all additions & improvem5ts to 8 plant4 ,! rema9d] is available = returns on capital inve/$4 ,?is diff]5ce v>ies ) ! "t ( ye> & 9 diff]5t localities1 b ! av]age w probably hold good4 ,a ref9] ( cane sug> buys 8 raw product 9 ! op5 m>ket & mu/ pay = all 8 op]at+ & adm9i/ration exp5ses & obta9 8 pr(it f ! m>g9 betwe5 ! buy+ price ( raw & ! sell+ price ( ref9$ sug>4 ,! co/ ( ref9+ is n con/ant1 z x v>ies ) ! fluctuat+ values ( fuel1 conta9]s1 labor1 & p>ticul>ly ! co/ ( raw sug>4 ,if x co/s #fb c5ts p] #ajj p\nds to ref9e sug> ) raws at #c4hf c5ts p] p\nd1 x w co/ ab\t #hb c5ts p] #ajj p\nds ) raw sug>s at #f c5ts1 assum+ t su* items z fuel1 conta9]s1 labor1 etc41 rema9 con/ant4 ,?is is due to ! great] value ( ! raw sug> lo/ 9 ref9+1 to ! heavi] insurance premiums & high] int]e/ *>ges4 ,) high-pric$ raws1 ! m>g9 betwe5 raws & ref9$ mu/ be proportionately great] to (fset ! increas$ co/ ( ref9+4 ,! ref9]1 l ! consum]1 w\ld pref] to see sug> sell+ on a l[ basis1 :ile ! produc] always hopes = ! opposite4 ,,%ipp+ ,,dep>tm5t ,"h w be f\nd e mod]n conv5i5ce = ! rapid load+ ( c>s & /eam]s4 ,adequate railway trackage is provid$ = ! h&l+ ( %ipm5ts mov+ by rail1 & on ! wat]front side ( ! w>eh\ses !re is ample b]? room = /eam]s t c>ry ! sug> to cities & t[ns on ! inl& wat]ways & ! seacoa/1 toge!r ) po9ts tribut>y !reto4 ,facilities are also at h& = local deliv]y by drays4 ,railroad c>s are sometimes s5t to ref9]ies by wat]1 on c> b>ges1 to be load$ ) sug> & !n t[$ to :at are kn[n z railroad t]m9als1 :]e ! c>s are tak5 f ! b>ges & />t$ on _! j\rney to de/9ation4 ,! capacity ( a c> v>ies f tw5ty-f\r ?\s& to "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,if an am\nt ( sug> equal to t consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiae 7 load$ into c>s conta9+ #ajjj sacks ( #ajj p\nds ea*1 x w\ld require #ha1jhg c>s1 :i* w\ld make up a tra9 #gfh miles long4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! product is deliv]$ direct f ! pack+-room conveyors into ! wait+ c>s & /eam]s1 ?us avoid+ unnecess>y h&l+4 ,a s+le %ipm5t frequ5tly includes a numb] ( diff]5t /yles ( package1 & great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to insure accuracy 9 c\nt & description4 ,z dry granulat$ sug> readily absorbs moi/ure1 e precaution mu/ be tak5 to make ! /orage rooms ?or\ghly damp-pro(1 s t ! sug> may always be 9 good condition :5 %ipp$ f ! ref9]y4 ,%ipm5ts are made only on writt5 ord]s f ! sales dep>tm5t to ! head ( ! %ipp+ dep>tm5t4 ,^! ord]s set =? ! "n ( ! buy]1 ! k9ds & quantity ( sug> desir$1 ! po9t to :i* ! sug> is to g1 ! r\te by :i* x is to travel1 ! date on :i* x is to be %ipp$1 & ! t]ms ( sale4 ,at ! prop] "t ! sug> is load$1 %ipp$1 & 9 due c\rse deliv]$ to ! buy]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inl&-,,wat]way ,,/eam] ,,load+ ,,sug> ,,at ,,ref9]y ,,dock ,illu/ration3 ,,c>-,,float ,,arriv+ ,,at ,,ref9]y ,,dock ,,m>ket+ ,! am\nt ( sug> us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiae 0 #d1beg1gad %ort tons4 ,( ?is1 #c1chi1age tons 7 raw cane1 ! rema9d] consi/+ ( #hfa1efh tons ( dome/ic beet & #f1iga tons ( =eign ref9$ cane & beet4 ,( ! #c1chi1age tons ( raw cane1 #aej1jjj tons 7 consum$ 9 ! raw /ate1 & f ! rema9d]1 #c1bci1age tons1 ab\t #c1jdd1hbe tons ( ref9$ sug> 7 produc$4 ,! p] capita consumption 0 #hc4hc p\nds1 & 0 made up (3 ,,%ort ,,tons ,,p] ,,c5t ,ref9$ made f raw cane #c1jdd1hbe #gd4id ,dome/ic & =eign beet #hfb1fid #ba4bc ,=eign ref9$ cane #e1hde 4#ad ,consum$ 9 ! raw /ate #aej1jjj #c4fi --------- ------ #d1jfc1cfd #ajj4jj ,among articles ( food t conta9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( sug> are jams1 jellies1 *ocolate1 cann$ fruits1 cond5s$ milk1 confection]y1 *ew+ gum & cordials4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,willett ,gray t 9 #aiae ! direct p] capita consumption 0 #ca4dc p\nds1 & t ! rema9+ #eb4dj p\nds 7 us$ 9 v>i\s prep>$ or manufactur$ food/uffs4 ,ov] n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( all ! cane sug> consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ref9$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 ,philadelphia1 ,new ,orleans & ,san ,francisco4 ,! beet comes *iefly f ,cali=nia1 ,colorado1 ,mi*igan1 ,utah & ,idaho2 ! maple f ! ,new ,engl& /ates1 ,ohio & ,canada2 & ! small am\nt ( full duty-pay+ =eign cane f ,java1 ,p]u1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,santo ,dom+o4 ,dur+ ! pa/ elev5 ye>s ! consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has gr[n at an av]age rate ( #c4eg p] c5t p] annum4 ,9 #aiaa1 on acc\nt ( ! abnormally high prices1 ! increase 0 practically nil4 ,! annual p] capita consumption ( sug> 9 "s ( ! o!r c\ntries ( ! _w is z foll[s3 #aiad ,s]via #d4fj lbs4 ,greece #h4ii 0 ,bulg>ia #i4id 0 ,italy #aj4de 0 ,portugal #ac4fj 0 ,spa9 #ae4ia 0 ,r\mania #ag4ab 0 ,turkey #bj4cc 0 ,russia #bi4bf 0 ,f9l& #cb4ed 0 ,au/ria-,hung>y #cg4ch 0 ,france #ci4ja 0 ,belgium #db4gi 0 ,holl& #ec4dd 0 ,norway #fj4cg 0 ,sw$5 #fj4dh 0 ,switz]l& #gd4hg 0 ,g]many #gd4ie 0 ,engl& #hi4fi 0 ,d5m>k #ic4dh 0 ,! sale & di/ribution ( l>ge quantities ( ref9$ sug> is a s]i\s problem & j z important z ! production & ! ref9+ ( ! raw product4 ,competition is s ke51 & ! que/ions involv$ s complex1 t ! sale ( ! product really results 9 comm]cial w>f>e4 ,to dispose ( ! output ( a l>ge plant successfully requires great intellig5ce1 a broad grasp ( bus9ess pr9ciples1 /rict honor & integrity1 & prompt1 decisive action 9 times ( fluctuat+ m>kets4 ,sales manag]s ( ! sug>-ref9+ companies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates comm& high sal>ies1 = ! success ( ! bus9ess dep5ds to no small ext5t ^u _! ability & judgm5t4 ,_! k ( human nature mu/ be broad & s\nd & x is te/$ to ! utmo/ 9 _! selection ( assi/ants & brok]s1 = repres5tatives always reflect ! ideals1 pr9ciples & me?ods ( ! p>5t au?ority4 ,! sell+ ( sug> by ! ref9] direct to ! consum] has n be5 f\nd practicable1 z an organization complete en\gh to keep 9 t\* ) consum]s 9 e city1 t[n & village ( ! c\ntry w\ld be s top-heavy & co/ly to ma9ta9 t ! price ( ! commodity to ! consum] w\ld be ne$lessly increas$4 ,z matt]s /&1 p liv+ 9 ! froz5 valleys ( ,alaska1 9 ! sc>cely accessible regions ( ! ,rocky m\nta9s & 9 ! lumb] & m9+ settlem5ts ( ! ,we/1 _m miles f railroads1 c obta9 _! supply ( sug> ) almo/ ! same facility z ! resid5ts ( ,new ,york or ,san ,francisco4 ,a sy/em ( di/ribution t makes ?is possible leaves little to be desir$1 & a ^w or two conc]n+ x w be timely at ?is po9t4 ,sug> is sold by ! ref9] to ! :olesale groc] ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ref9]y's brok]4 ,f ! :olesal] x goes to ! retail]1 :o 9 turn deliv]s x to ! consum]4 ,brok]s are important factors 9 di/ribution4 ,9 e l>ge city & consum+ c5t]1 ea* ref9]y is repres5t$ by its own brok]s1 :o keep 9 con/ant t\* ) all ! :olesale groc]s & manufactur]s ( _! di/rict4 ,a ?or\gh k ( m5 & me?ods1 s\nd bus9ess pr9ciples1 diplomatic tal5ts ( no mean ord] & ! capacity to act rapidly1 b coolly1 9 bus9ess crises are f\nd comb9$ 9 ! successful brok]4 ,he occupies a position betwe5 ! sell] & buy]1 & x is j z mu* 8 prime duty to see t 9 all transactions full ju/ice is accord$ to bo? z x is to sell ! sug>4 ,e ref9]y hav+ its own brok] 9 ea* consum+ c5t]1 x foll[s t ! competition = bus9ess among ! brok]s is v ke54 ,:5 a brok] obta9s an ord] f a jobb] or manufactur]1 he telegraphs x to 8 pr9cipal4 ,! ord] is usually confirm$ & ! goods %ipp$ promptly4 ,= 8 s]vices ! brok] receives ?ree c5ts = e "o hundr$ p\nds ( sug> sold4 ,?is comp5sates him = ! s]vices ( 8 salesm5 & himself1 8 (fice exp5ses & co/ ( telegrams1 :i* is heavy4 ,manufactur]s ( food/uffs ( :i* sug> is an +r$i5t1 buy _! supplies ?r\gh brok]s4 ,!y d n resell ! sug> z su*1 b use x only 9 ! manufacture ( _! own special products4 ,:olesale groc]y jobb]s1 ( :om !re are ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are also v important factors 9 ! di/ribution ( sug>4 ,z a rule1 !y are locat$ 9 ! l>ge c5t]s ( population1 & h effici5t organizations = ! pur*ase & resale ( all k9ds ( food/uffs4 ,!y deal 9 z _m z ?ree ?\s& diff]5t commodities1 & _! exp5se ( do+ bus9ess is apportion$ ov] all ( ^! items1 ?us r$uc+ to a m9imum ! exp5se ( h&l+ any "o ( !m4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !y h l>ge e/abli%m5ts :]e /ocks ( all k9ds ( goods are c>ri$ ready = imm$iate di/ribution4 ,! aggregate capital ti$ up 9 ^! /ocks ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry is enorm\s1 b necess>y1 z ! jobb] mu/ at all times be ready to deliv] to ! retail] :atev] is want$ 9 any ( 8 l9es4 ,:olesale jobb]s occupy a unique position 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s4 ,!y are to ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry :at ! bank]s are to its f9ances4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are ! bank]s ( commodities4 ,_! op]at+ /aff consi/s1 fir/1 ( ! buy]s1 &1 second1 ( ! salesm54 ,! buy]s are m5 possess+ special k conc]n+ ! v>i\s articles h&l$ by ! h\se4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! groc]y l9e "o w buy no?+ b teas & c(fees1 ano!r cann$ goods1 ano!r sug>1 & s on4 ,^! m5 z a rule h devot$ ye>s ( /udy to ! p>ticul> commodity :i* !y are delegat$ to buy4 ,!y are %rewd1 ke5ly al]t & always ready to take advantage ( m>ket fluctuations 9 _! favor4 ,! m>g9 ( pr(it betwe5 ! buy+ & sell+ price ( any commodity is usually s small t ! acum5 ( ! buy] is an important factor 9 ! f9al results4 ,! salesm5 are tra9$1 tactful1 tireless & effici5t4 ,!y travel f t[n to t[n & place to place1 visit+ e nook & corn] :]e human be+s congregate1 9 ord] to sell ! goods c>ri$ by ! firm4 ,:ile 8 call+ is a mo/ useful "o1 ! life ( a 8knight ( ! grip0 is n always pleasant1 z he meets ) _m deprivations & discom=ts4 ,to comp5sate him = capital inve/$1 = ! exp5se ( do+ bus9ess & = ! losses he incurs 9 bad debts & decl9+ m>kets1 ! jobb] probably obta9s a gross return ( fifte5 c5ts on ea* "o hundr$ p\nds ( sug> he sells4 ,! next important l9k 9 ! *a9 is ! retail]4 ,x is r\ghly e/imat$ t !re are ?ree hundr$ ?\s& retail groc]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _m ( :om h&le & di/ribute almo/ z _m articles z ! jobb]4 ,_! lot on ! :ole is n ca/ 9 pleasant places1 because ( ! sev]e competition !y meet 9 sell+ _! goods4 ,competition is a ^w reg>d$ almo/ ) affection by ! buy]1 b = ! sell] ( goods x is probably ! mo/ unpleasant "o 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,!re is an old axiom :i* reads3 8,competition is ! life ( trade40 ,x may be s1 b ! expression 0 no d\bt co9$ by a buy]4 ,among sell]s1 competition is 9 direct proportion to ! numb] engag$ 9 any p>ticul> bus9ess4 ,x !re=e foll[s t z !re are ?ree hundr$ ?\s& retail]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & hundr$s 9 ea* ( all ! l>ge cities1 ! /ruggle to keep on _! feet & cont9ue _! v>i\s ent]prises mu/ be sev]e4 ,! numb] ( failures occurr+ e ye> amply sub/antiates ?is ass]tion4 ,reckless & unscrupul\s m5 engage 9 e bus9ess1 & ! competition ?us =c$ on all o!rs 9 _! l9e is n only unfair1 b positively di%one/4 ,any individual c break a price or introduce new & exp5sive exp]im5ts 9 sell+ t]ms1 :i* mu/ be foll[$ ) equally attractive t]ms by ! o!r sell]s1 ?us result+ 9 great loss to all4 ,x is no satisfaction t su* m5 f9ally fail & g out ( bus9ess1 = ! losses su/a9$ 9 ! int]im c nev] be recov]$4 ,ano!r grave difficulty ) :i* ! retail] has to cont5d is ! fact t ! av]age individual to :om he deliv]s 8 w>es is apt to be r call\s :5 pay-day comes ar\nd4 ,x is sad1 b true1 t ^? be/ able to pay are sometimes ! mo/ unsatisfactory cu/om]s ( ! retail groc]4 ,a retail]'s exp5se ( do+ bus9ess is proportionately mu* great] ?an t ( ! :olesal]1 & 8 losses1 due to bad or uncollectible acc\nts1 are mu* heavi]4 ,! co/ ( deliv]+ goods to ! consum]'s door is high1 & a fact t %\ld be rememb]$1 b :i* is frequ5tly ov]look$1 is t x co/s ! groc] j z mu* to deliv] a five-p\nd package ( sug> z a wagon-load4 ,h\sehold]s are prov]bially c>eless1 & telephone calls = late & urg5t deliv]ies are a s\rce ( great annoyance & exp5se4 ,to create a pleas+ impression1 ! groc] mu/ keep a clean1 sanit>y /ore1 & ! exp5se incid5t to attractive w9d[ & %elf displays to invite att5tion is an important item4 ,dep>tm5t & o!r /ores 9 8 t[n or neighborhood (t5 adv]tise 8lead]s0 to attract ! buy+ public1 9 ! hope ( sell+ ) ^! lead]s o!r goods at a pr(it1 or because !y are ov]/ock$ ) a p>ticul> commodity4 ,e retail] mu/1 z a rule1 meet ?is unfair competition or lose 8 trade4 ,sug> m ?an any o!r /aple article is us$ z a lead]1 &1 z a result1 ! retail groc]'s pr(it on x is v small4 ,:at rema9s to him out ( ! sell+ price ( "o hundr$ p\nds ( sug> does n exce$ ?irty-five c5ts1 & m ?an likely x has co/ him tw5ty-five c5ts to sell x4 ,x is ! retail groc]'s employ :o deliv]s sug> 9 ! quantity desir$ to ! h\sewife at h] door1 & ?r\gh h] h&s ! pure1 gli/5+ cry/als rea* ! family table4 ,,beet ,,sug> ,,%ort ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,beet ,,sug> ,! extraction ( sug> f beets dates back to #agdg1 :5 ,&reas ,m>ggraf1 pr(essor ( physics 9 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce ( ,b]l91 discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( a sug> 9 beets simil> 9 its prop]ties to t obta9$ f cane4 ,! discov]y 0 little utiliz$ at fir/1 h[ev]1 & ! manufacture ( sug> f beets did n atta9 comm]cial importance = ov] half a c5tury1 :5 ,franz ,k>l ,a*>d1 a pupil ( ,m>ggraf1 made discov]ies :i* l$ to ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ beet-sug> factory 9 ! _w1 9 ,silesia1 9 ! ye> #agii4 ,! "w ( ,a*>d soon attract$ ! att5tion ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 :o appo9t$ a commission ( sci5ti/s to g to ,silesia to inve/igate ,a*>d's factory4 ,^u _! return1 two small factories 7 con/ruct$ ne> ,p>is4 ,al?\gh ^! two factories 7 n altoge!r a success1 ! results atta9$ greatly int]e/$ ,napoleon1 & 9 #ahaa he issu$ a decree appropriat+ "o million francs 7#bjj1jjj7 = ! e/abli%m5t ( sug> s*ools1 & compell+ ! f>m]s to plant a l>ge acreage to sug> beets ! foll[+ ye>4 ,he also prohibit$ ! fur!r importation ( sug> f ! ,indies aft] ,janu>y #a1 #ahac4 ,z a result ( ^! & o!r dra/ic decrees1 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-f\r factories 7 erect$ 9 ,france dur+ ! ye>s #ahab & #ahac1 & _! production 0 sev5 million sev5 hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( sug>1 or an av]age ( elev5 & "o-half tons to ! factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,sug> ,,beet ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,ano!r ,,type ,,( ,,sug> ,,beet ,) ! fall ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 disa/] came ^u ?is1 "o ( 8 greate/ a*ievem5ts1 & b "o factory surviv$4 ,! indu/ry 0 de/9$ to fl\ri% aga91 h[ev]1 "u ! reign ( ,l\is ,philippe4 ,9 #ahcf-cg !re 7 five hundr$ & =ty-two factories 9 ,france1 produc+ ?irty-five ?\s& tons ( sug>1 z comp>$ ) f\rte5 hundr$ & eight tons 9 ,g]many1 :i* c\ntry _h only rec5tly begun ! culture ( beets4 ,:5 ,napoleon ,,iii became emp]or1 he s /imulat$ ! indu/ry t 9 #ahec ! ,fr5* output _h d\bl$4 ,mean:ile ! ,g]mans 7 mak+ rapid /rides1 & 9 #ahhj ! ,g]man output ( sug> exce$$ t ( ,france4 ,z a result ( legislative enc\ragem5t1 ,g]many today is ! l>ge/ beet-sug> produc] 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ successful beet-sug> factory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 con/ruct$ by ,e4 ,h4 ,dy]1 at ,alv>ado1 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahgi4 ,! next successful factory 0 erect$ at ,watsonville1 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahhh1 by ,claus ,spreckels4 ,! ,oxn>d bro!rs foll[$ ) ! con/ruction 9 #ahij ( a factory at ,gr& ,isl&1 ,nebraska1 "o at ,norfolk1 ,nebraska1 & a ?ird at ,*9o1 ,cali=nia1 ! la/ built 9 #ahia4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! comm]cial production ( beet sug> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates really dates back to ab\t #ahij1 s9ce only ?ree factories ( small capacity _h be5 e/abli%$ prior to t date4 ,! developm5t ( ! indu/ry s9ce ! ye> #ahib has be5 rapid1 & ! g5]al results ( ! beet indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiae %[$ ! foll[+3 ,factories 9 op]ation #fg ,acres ( beets h>ve/$ #faa1cja ,av]age yield ( beets p] acre #aj4aj %ort tons ,beets work$ #f1aej1bic 0 ,sug> manufactur$ #hgd1bbj 0 ,! season ( #aiaf promises a notable increase 9 tonnage4 ,,! ,,sug> ,,beet ,! botanical "n ( ! sug> beet is ,beta vulg>is4 ,x gr[s exclusively 9 ! temp]ate zone1 & ) satisfactory soil & climatic conditions a yield ( ?irty tons p] acre has result$4 ,! av]age yield 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 is slightly ov] t5 tons p] acre4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( beets1 "s ( :i* d bett] 9 "o locality ?an ano!r1 s t great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 ! selection ( ! se$4 ,! beet1 unlike sug> cane1 gr[s bel[ ! gr\nd1 is :ite 9 color & %ap$ l ! ord9>y c>rot1 b l>g]4 ,! beets v>y greatly 9 size1 dep5d+ ^u v>iety1 soil & climatic conditions1 ! av]age weight rang+ betwe5 "o & two p\nds4 ,! foliage has a ri*1 brilliant gre5 color & gr[s to a height ( ab\t f\rte5 in*es4 ,! leaves are num]\s & broad & gr[ 9 a tuft f ! c5t] or cr[n ( ! beet1 :i* is usually level ) or j above ! gr\nd surface4 ,! av]age composition ( a sug> beet is ab\t z foll[s3 ,sug> #ag4c p] c5t ,m>c or pulp #d4d 0 ,a% & organic non-sug> 4#g 0 ,wat] #gg4f 0 ,! value ( ! beet to a factory dep5ds on ! am\nt & purity ( ! sug> cont5t4 ,factories z a rule decl9e to pur*ase beets conta9+ less ?an twelve p] c5t ( sucrose1 z x is unpr(itable to h&le !m4 ,9 ord] to induce ! f>m] to devote p>ticul> c>e & att5tion to ! culture ( 8 fields & ?us increase ! sug> cont5t1 ! factories pay a premium = beets conta9+ ov] fifte5 p] c5t ( sug>4 ,! premium is usually tw5ty-five c5ts p] ton ( beets = ea* additional "o p] c5t ( sug>4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is bonus1 ! ,cali=nia gr[] has improv$ ! quality ( 8 beets1 until today !y conta9 on an av]age ab\t eighte5 p] c5t ( sug> ( a purity f eighty to eighty-f\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,pl\gh+ ,,) ,,cat]pill> ,,eng9e ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,plant+ ,,beet ,,se$ ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,! sug> beet1 l sug> cane1 ne$s a peculi> soil & climate = its successful cultivation4 ,! mo/ important requirem5t is t ! soil %all conta9 a l>ge supply ( plant food1 be ri* 9 humus & h ! prop]ty ( reta9+ a great deal ( moi/ure4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( alkali is n necess>ily detrim5tal1 z sug> beets are n especially susceptible to injury f ?is salt4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be fairly level & well dra9$1 especially :]e irrigation is practic$4 ,:ile ! physical "* is ( second>y importance1 z g5]\s crops are gr[n 9 s&y soil z well z 9 heavy loams1 /ill ! ideal soil is a s&y loam1 i4 e41 a mixture ( organic matt]1 clay & s&4 ,a subsoil ( gravel1 or ! pres5ce ( h>d-pan1 is n desirable1 z cultivation to a dep? ( f twelve to fifte5 in*es is necess>y to produce ! be/ results4 ,climatic conditions1 temp]ature1 sun%9e1 ra9fall & w9ds h an important be>+ ^u ! success ( beet culture4 ,a temp]ature rang+ f #fj degrees to #gj degrees ,fahr5heit dur+ ! gr[+ mon?s is mo/ favorable4 ,sixte5 in*es ( ra9fall are necess>y to raise an av]age crop ( beets )\t irrigation4 ,high w9ds are v h>mful1 z !y g5]ally cru/ ! l& & prev5t ! "y beets f com+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ along ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e w>m1 sunny days succe$$ by cool1 foggy nights seem to meet e requirem5t4 ,sun%9e ( long duration b n ( great int5sity is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! successful cultivation ( sug> beets4 ,! ne>] ! equator is approa*$1 ! poor] ! beets become 9 sucrose because ( ! %ort] days & ! great] heat ( ! sun4 ,beets h nev] be5 rais$ ) success 9 ! hot int]ior valleys1 z ! hot days foll[$ by w>m1 dry nights sap ! vitality ( ! plant4 ,9 ! elevat$ ,rocky m\nta9 region ( ,colorado & ,utah1 :]e ! temp]ature is high dur+ ! daytime b :]e ! nights are cool1 ! quality ( ! beet is excell5t4 ,9 ,mi*igan ! long summ] days & ! influ5ce ( ! great lakes result 9 satisfactory climatic conditions = sug>-beet culture1 & ! crops rais$ 9 t /ate are l>ge4 ,9 ord] to cultivate beets successfully ! l& mu/ be prop]ly prep>$4 ,deep pl\gh+ is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( beet culture4 ,x all[s ! roots to p5etrate ! subsoil )\t mu* ob/ruction1 !reby prev5t+ ! beet f gr[+ out ( ! gr\nd1 besides enabl+ x to extract consid]able n\ri%m5t & moi/ure f ! l[] soil4 ,if ! latt] is too h>d1 ! roots w n p5etrate x readily &1 z a result1 ! plant w be pu%$ up & out ( ! e>? dur+ ! process ( gr[?4 ,a h>d subsoil is imp]vi\s to wat] & prev5ts prop] dra9age4 ,x %\ld n be too loose1 h[ev]1 z ?is all[s ! wat] to pass ?r\gh m freely ?an is desirable4 ,! "* ( ! surface soil is equally important4 ,c>eful prep>ation by h>r[+ %\ld be done to af=d a f9ely pulv]iz$ & clean b$ = ! se$4 ,to sum up1 ! soil %\ld be deep1 fairly f9e & easily p5etrable by ! roots4 ,x %\ld also be capable ( reta9+ moi/ure & at ! same "t admit ( a free circulation ( air & good dra9age4 ,,plant+ ,! prelim9>y prep>ation ( ! gr\nd f9i%$1 ! se$ %\ld be put 9 z soon z ! soil is firm en\gh to all[ x to g]m9ate readily & ! "y plants to gr[ normally4 ,! "t ( plant+ v>ies accord+ to climatic conditions4 ,9 ,cali=nia plant+ beg9s z a rule 9 ,decemb] & ends 9 ,m>*1 :ile 9 ,utah1 ,colorado & ,mi*igan x ranges f ,m>* until ,may4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,?9n+ ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,cultivat+ ,ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( se$ to ! acre are requir$ to produce a satisfactory /&4 ,! se$ is plant$ 9 r[s1 ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t1 & is drill$ 9 solidly to a dep? ( f ?ree-qu>t]s to "o & a half in*es4 ,! latt] is ! maximum1 z any great] dep? ?an ?is weak5s ! plant & %\ld1 !re=e1 be avoid$4 ,! soil ar\nd ! se$ is well pack$ by ! plant] 9 ord] to draw ! moi/ure necess>y = g]m9ation4 ,! production ( beet se$ pres5ts _m problems2 ! *ief "o is to obta9 ! p>ticul> k9d ( se$ t w br+ =? a h>dy beet conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( sug> ( a high purity4 ,! beets f :i* ! se$ is produc$ are select$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 & = ne>ly a c5tury ! ,lu!r ,burbanks ( ,europe h devot$ _! "t & skill to improv+ ! quality4 ,until rec5tly1 practically all ( ! beet se$ us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 import$ f ,europe4 ,s9ce ! outbreak ( ! great w> 9 #aiad1 h[ev]1 ! difficulties att5dant ^u secur+ a supply h caus$ ! beet gr[]s to turn _! att5tion to rais+ se$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_! ef=ts h be5 rew>d$ ) a fair measure ( success1 & :ile ! co/ is great] ?an t ( ,european se$1 ! g]m9at+ prop]ties h prov5 to be excell5t4 ,! be/ results h be5 obta9$ 9 ,idaho4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! culture ( ! beets & ! pick+ & sort+ ( ! se$ are done *iefly by h&1 labor ent]s l>gely into ! co/ ( production1 & consequ5tly1 "u normal conditions1 ! gr[]s 9 ! d5sely populat$ c\ntries ( ,europe h a great advantage ov] ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! ma9 difficulty is secur+ labor = ! field "w4 ,l sug> cane1 beets are subject to plant diseases ( v>i\s k9ds1 z well z to injury by insect pe/s1 & great c>e has to be ex]cis$ to w>d (f ^! dang]s4 ,probably no o!r crop exhau/s ! soil s rapidly z beets1 &1 if !y are plant$ = _m ye>s 9 succession1 !y det]iorate ye> by ye>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if crops are rotat$ s t beets are gr[n 9 ! same gr\nd e ?ird ye>1 peas1 beans or gra9 be+ rais$ ! o!r two ye>s1 x is a rem>kable fact t all ( ^! crops w improve ea* ye>4 ,?is is due to ! int5sive cultivation ( ! beets & to ! humus left 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! =m ( rootlets4 ,exp]i5ce has taught ! f>m] t no o!r crop is s b5eficial to ! soil z beets gr[n 9 ! "r rotation & ) prop] c>e4 ,,?9n+ ,z soon z ! beets are up & ! r[s cle>ly def9$1 ?9n+ becomes necess>y4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important features ( beet culture & is a t$i\s & exp5sive op]ation4 ,x consi/s ( cutt+ out ! plants s t individual roots rema91 spac$ ab\t eight in*es ap>t4 ,! "w is done by h&1 a hoe be+ us$ to block out ! spaces1 & ! roots surr\nd+ ! "o :i* x is desir$ to reta9 are pull$ up4 ,due p>tly to faulty g]m9ation1 b pr9cipally to defective ?9n+ ( ! beets1 9 :i* op]ation a great _m ( ! small1 t5d] beet plants are injur$ or kill$1 v mu* less ?an ! !oretical numb] ( mature beets are secur$ p] acre4 ,) r[s eighte5 in*es ap>t & a plant e eight in*es 9 ! r[1 #dc1jjj beets p] acre %\ld be obta9$1 :i*1 at an av]age weight ( "o & "o-half p\nds p] beet1 w\ld mean #cb4be tons4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! facts j m5tion$ & to o!r causes1 ! actual yield is always mu* less4 ,! av]age 9 ,cali=nia = a numb] ( ye>s pa/ has be5 only #aj4fh tons p] acre4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,field ,,( ,,ripe ,,beets ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,topp+ ,,beets ,,cultivation ,! purpose ( cultivation is two-fold2 fir/1 to reta9 ! moi/ure 9 ! soil1 &1 second1 to de/roy ! we$s & grass1 z 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! gr[? ( ! beets we$s might spoil ! /& by *ok+ ! plants4 ,cultivation %\ld be cont9u$ until ! plants h atta9$ su* a size t ! leaves cov] ! gr\nd4 ,x increases ! f]tility ( ! soil by op5+ ! l& to ! atmosph]e1 ?us facilitat+ ! p5etration ( oxyg5 & absorption ( air moi/ure & ! result+ decomposition & assimilation ( nutriti\s elem5ts4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,& ,,topp+ ,! "t :5 h>ve/+ takes place dep5ds on ! _m factors t influ5ce ! gr[? & matur+ ( ! beet4 ,9 ! cold] c\ntries ! h>ve/+ la/s f ,septemb] until ! gr\nd becomes froz51 :ile 9 w>m] climates l t ( ,cali=nia1 :]e ! se$ is plant$ e>ly1 h>ve/+ beg9s ab\t ,july fir/ & la/s = a p]iod ( f sev5ty-five to n9ety days4 ,! beets are fir/ loos5$ by means ( a specially %ap$ pl\gh1 call$ ! 8pull]10 :i* lifts !m f ! gr\nd4 ,!y are !n pick$ up by h& & ! cr[n ( ea* beet1 toge!r ) ! leaves1 is cut (f ) a l>ge knife4 ,! leaves conta9 no sug>1 & are1 !re=e1 n tak5 into ! factory1 b are utiliz$ = /ock fe$+1 be+ q valuable = ?is purpose4 ,! sug> conta9$ 9 ! cr[n is accompani$ by s _m organic salts t x does n pay to extract x4 ,! topp$ beets are !n load$ into wagons or railroad c>s & transport$ to ! factory1 at :i* po9t !y are c>efully weigh$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry mo/ ( ! beets are rais$ by f>m]s & sold "u contract to ! factories1 at s mu* p] ton1 s t ! det]m9ation ( ! exact weight & sucrose cont5t is important4 ,= ! season ( #aiae ! av]age price paid to ! f>m]s = beets 0 #e4fg p] ton4 ,on arrival at ! factory a c]ta9 numb] ( beets are tak5 f e wagon- or c>-load1 & ^! repres5t a fair av]age ( all ! beets ( t p>ticul> deliv]y4 ,!y are s5t to ! laboratory & _! exact weight asc]ta9$1 aft] :i* !y are trimm$ ( all adh]+ roots1 leaves & p>ts ( ! cr[n1 if n prop]ly topp$ 9 ! field4 ,any rema9+ soil is c>efully bru%$ (f & ! beets ?or\ghly clean$4 ,!y are !n reweigh$ & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! fir/ weight is ! t>e4 ,?is diff]5ce repres5ts a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! total ( ! sample beets weigh$1 & t small p]c5tage is d$uct$ f ! gross weight ( ! total load4 ,9 ?is way ! exact net weight ( beets deliv]$ by ! f>m] is det]m9$ & he is paid accord+ to ?is net weight4 ,! sug> cont5t ( ! beet & ! purity ( ! juice mu/ n[ be asc]ta9$1 = ! price paid ! f>m] v>ies accord+ to ! am\nt ( sug> ! beet conta9s4 ,z 9 ! case ( weigh+1 sampl+ & pol>iz+ raw cane sug>1 repres5tatives ( bo? p>ties--! f>m] & ! factory--are pres5t :5 all weights are tak5 & te/s made4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t me?ods = det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! beet & ! purity ( ! juice1 b ! foll[+ gives a fair idea ( ! g5]al practice4 ,! sample beets hav+ be5 clean$1 are cut into qu>t]s1 "o-qu>t] ( ea* beet be+ tak5 = ! g5]al sample4 ,?is g5]al sample is plac$ 9 a gr9d+ or %r$d+ ma*9e1 ! beets are dis9tegrat$ to a f9e pulp & ?or\ghly mix$4 ,a specific am\nt ( ?is f9e pulp is !n accurately weigh$ & plac$ 9 a copp] pan or di% call$ a capsule4 ,a small quantity ( dilute lead solution is introduc$ to assi/ 9 cl>ify+1 & suffici5t wat] add$ to br+ ! volume up to #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,x is !n heat$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes & vigor\sly agitat$1 s t ! sug>-be>+ juice ( ! beet w mix ev5ly ) ! wat] t 0 add$4 ,! mixture1 aft] be+ all[$ to /& = sev]al m9utes1 is filt]$ ?r\gh pap] & a c]ta9 am\nt plac$ 9 ! obs]vation tube ( a pol>iscope4 ,! in/rum5t w %[ ! am\nt ( sug> 9 ! solution1 & by multiply+ ! read+ by two ! p] c5t ( sug> 9 ! beets w be f\nd4 ,if 9 prep>+ ! sample only suffici5t wat] _h be5 add$ to br+ x to a volume ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 ! pol>iscope w\ld give a direct read+ ( ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! beets4 ,practice has demon/rat$1 h[ev]1 t ! me?od describ$ is ! m accurate4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,haul+ ,,beets ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,deliv]+ ,,beets ,,to ,,! ,,factory ,,by ,,wagon ,to asc]ta9 ! purity ( ! juice1 ! proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,a "p ( ! %r$d$ sample is tak5 & ! juice is squeez$ out ( x4 ,! am\nt ( sug> 9 ?is juice is det]m9$ by aid ( ! pol>iscope1 & a ,brix sp9dle %[s ! am\nt ( solids x conta9s4 ,by divid+ ! pol>ization by ! ,brix & multiply+ by #ajj ! purity is obta9$1 :i* means ! p]c5tage ( pure sug> 9 ! total am\nt ( solids conta9$ 9 ! solution4 ,! purity ( ! juice has an important be>+ on ! subsequ5t manufacture ( ! sug>4 ,x is difficult & co/ly to extract sug> f l[-purity juices1 & ! loss ( sug> 9 ! process is v high4 ,! rev]se is naturally true if ! juices h a high purity4 ,! purity ( ! juice 9 ! beet is mat]ially affect$ dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod by climatic conditions1 ra9fall1 irrigation1 f]tilization1 /ate ( soil & cultivation4 ,great c>e & att5tion mu/ be giv5 ! beet to insure high purity & heavy cont5t ( sug>4 ,f ! above x w be se5 h[ ! net weight & ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 any p>ticul> wagon- or c>-load ( beets are asc]ta9$1 z well z ! purity ( all ! beets t ent] a factory4 ,! effici5cy ( ! "w 9 a factory is bas$ on ! figures ?us obta9$4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,beet ,,sug> ,! process ( mak+ sug> f ! beet is highly te*nical 9 its details & _c be fully discuss$ )9 ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,a brief description1 h[ev]1 w give an idea ( ! g5]al me?ods foll[$4 ,! process ( manufacture may be classifi$ "u sev5 head+s3 #a4 ,transportation & clean+ ( beets4 #b4 ,extraction ( juice1 slic+ & diffusion4 #c4 ,purification1 c>bonation1 filtration1 conc5tration & sulfitation4 #d4 ,=mation ( gra94 #e4 ,p>tial dry+1 purg+ cry/als f syrup 9 c5trifugals4 #f4 ,f9al dry+4 #g4 ,pack+4 ,,transportation ,,& ,,clean+ ,! beets1 aft] deliv]y to ! factory1 are /or$ 9 ,v-%ap$ b9s1 9 ! bottom ( :i* is a flume cov]$ by removable bo>ds4 ,by remov+ ! bo>ds1 "o at a "t1 ! beets are f$ into ! flume1 :]e a swift curr5t ( wat] floats !m into ! factory4 ,f ?is flume ! beets are lift$ by means ( a l>ge :eel1 a helical screw or any o!r suitable device1 & dis*>g$ into a wa%]4 ,! common =m ( wa%] consi/s ( a horizontal1 semi-cyl9drical tank provid$ ) rotat+1 kick+ or /irr+ arms = keep+ ! beets 9 motion4 ,9 ?is tank ! beet is completely clean$ & sep>at$ f adh]+ e>?1 we$s & pebbles4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,deliv]+ ,,beets ,,to ,,! ,,factory ,,by ,,tra9 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,g5]al ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,beet-,,sug> ,,factory--,,%[+ ,,filt] ,,presses ,,9 ,,=egr\nd2 ,,pans ,,& ,,evaporators ,,9 ,,re> ,! beets are deliv]$ f ! wa%] into an elevator1 :i* takes !m to a po9t ne> ! top ( ! factory & dis*>ges !m into automatic weigh+ & record+ scales4 ,f ! scales ! beets fall by gravity into ! slic+ ma*9es4 ,,extraction ,,( ,,juice1 ,,slic+ ,,& ,,diffusion ,! slices are made 9 v>i\s %apes & =ms4 ,! slic+ ma*9es consi/ ( revolv+1 corrugat$ knives :i* cut ! beets into long1 ?9 slices or 8cossettes40 ,! object is to produce slices :i* expose ! greate/ am\nt ( surface1 & yet suffici5tly firm to lie n too closely toge!r :5 plac$ 9 ! diffusion batt]y1 !reby prev5t+ ! circulation ( ! diffusion liquors4 ,! cossettes are convey$ on an endless belt1 or ?r\gh a hopp]1 to ! cells ( ! diffusion batt]y4 ,z ! t]m implies1 ! juice 9 ! beet is extract$ by diffusion1 & n by cru%+1 z 9 ! case ( cane4 ,:5 two liquids1 sep>at$ by a membrane1 are br\ght 9 direct contact ) ea* o!r & all[$ to /& = a "t1 !y mix uni=mly )\t ! assi/ance ( me*anical or o!r =ce4 ,beets are made up ( a great numb] ( plant cells1 ! walls ( :i* are por\s membranes4 ,^! cells are plac$ 9 contact ) wat] or juice ( less] sug> cont5t ?an ! juice 9 ! plant cell1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! juice is gradually diffus$ f ! beet & c>ri$ away 9 ! circulat+ wat] :i* is add$4 ,:5 ?is wat]1 or r juice1 has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( conc5tration1 x is drawn out ( ! cells & s5t to ! next /age 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,a diffusion batt]y1 or ! app>atus 9 :i* ! process ( diffusion is c>ri$ on1 consi/s ( a numb] ( tanks or cells1 usually f t5 to f\rte51 cyl9drical 9 %ape & t]m9at+ 9 truncat$ cones provid$ ) cov]s4 ,!re are two ways ( arrang+ ! cells ( a diffusion batt]y2 9 ! "o case ! cells are plac$ 9 a /raight l9e2 9 ! o!r !y are gr\p$ 9 a circle4 ,^! cells are fill$ ) cossettes 9 rotation1 & wat] is introduc$ into ! "o 9 :i* ! cossettes 7 fir/ plac$4 ,?us ! wat] ent]s ! tank 9 :i* ! cossettes are ne>ly exhau/$ ( _! sug>1 & x fl[s successively ?r\gh ! o!r cells t conta9 cossettes ( great] sug> cont5t until ! la/ cell1 or ! "o conta9+ fre% cossettes1 is rea*$4 ,! juice pass+ ?r\gh ?is cell is alt]nately s5t to ! measur+ tank or to ! next cell1 :i* has j be5 fill$ ) fre% cossettes4 ,! process is cont9u\s1 "o cell be+ empti$ ( exhau/$ cossettes :ile ano!r is be+ fill$ ) fre% ones1 & ! juice fl[+ ei!r to ! measur+ tank or to ! fre%ly fill$ cell4 ,! exhau/$ cossettes1 n[ call$ pulp1 are dropp$ f ! bottom ( ! diffusion tanks into a l>ge b91 f :i* !y are convey$ or pump$ to pulp sep>ators & presses = ! sep>ation ( ! surplus wat]4 ,?is press$ pulp is usually /or$ 9 l>ge b9s or silos1 :]e x is all[$ to f]m5t be=e be+ f$ to cattle4 ,rec5tly ! practice ( dry+ ! pulp has be5 c>ri$ on to a l>ge ext5t4 ,9 ?is process ! moi/ure 9 ! pulp is r$uc$ to t5 p] c5t1 ! same proportion z 9 cur$ hay4 ,dri$ to ?is po9t1 x is pack$ 9 bags & may be /or$ = an indef9ite p]iod )\t det]iorat+4 ,aft] be+ treat$ ?us x =ms an excell5t /ock food1 p>ticul>ly if wa/e molasses is spray$ on x be=e dry+4 ,,purification ,,( ,,juice1 ,,c>bonation ,,& ,,filtration ,! diffusion juice obta9$ z above describ$ is q d>k 9 color1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! measur+ tanks x is convey$ to c>bonation tanks :]e x is treat$ ) f ?ree to f\r p] c5t ( cau/ic lime 9 ! =m ( a ?ick milk4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,diffusion ,,batt]y--,,%[+ ,,diffusion ,,cells ,,9 ,,circul> ,,arrangem5t ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,diffusion ,,batt]y--,,%[+ ,,diffusion ,,cells ,,9 ,,/raight ,,l9es ,aft] be+ ?or\ghly agitat$1 ! mixture is treat$ ) c>bonic acid gas obta9$ f ! lime-kilns1 z ! result ( ! decomposition ( lime/one & ! combu/ion ( ! fuel us$ = burn+ x4 ,by ?is process "s ( ! impurities 9 ! juice are remov$ & ! color r$uc$ to a brilliant amb]4 ,z is ! case 9 ! cane mills & ref9]ies1 x is ess5tial to keep ! juice hot ?r\gh\t ! process4 ,! c>bonation is cont9u$ until ! juice is only slightly alkal9e1 :5 x is pass$ ?r\gh filt] presses = ! removal ( ! precipitat$ lime c>bonate & o!r solid matt]4 ,! solid matt] 9 susp5sion is reta9$ 9 ! frame ( ! press1 &1 z soon z ! frame is full1 ! cake is wa%$ by pass+ wat] ?r\gh x4 ,:5 ! sug> cont5t ( ! cake has be5 suffici5tly r$uc$1 ! press is op5$ & ! cake dis*>g$ & s5t to ! fields to be us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,z a rule1 ! filtration is repeat$ = ! elim9ation ( any solids t may h pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ filtration4 ,?is d\ble filtration is usually practic$ 9 all ! filtrations 9 ! c\rse ( ! juice ?r\gh ! factory4 ,! juice aft] be+ filt]$ a second "t is aga9 treat$ ) c>bonic acid gas = ! fur!r r$uction ( ! cau/ic lime & !n und]goes a ?ird filtration1 foll[+ :i* x is s5t to ! evaporators = conc5tration4 ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,juice ,:5 ! juice rea*es ! evaporators x conta9s ab\t eighty-two p] c5t ( wat]1 :i*1 by conc5tration1 mu/ be r$uc$ to ab\t =ty p] c5t4 ,z already expla9$1 ! removal ( wat] is g5]ally accompli%$ 9 multiple-effects4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a numb] ( boil+ bodies connect$ 9 su* a mann] z to secure a progressive decrease 9 atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! ?9 juice ent]s ! fir/ body :]e evaporation takes place "u a slight pressure4 ,! /eam = ?is evaporation is usually ! wa/e or exhau/ f ! eng9es & pumps4 ,! vapors g5]at$ by ! evaporation ( wat] f ! juice 9 ! fir/ body ent] ! heat+ tubes ( ! second body & are us$ 9 fur!r conc5trat+ ! some:at conc5trat$ juice f ! fir/ body4 ,! evaporation 9 ?is second body is conduct$ at a high] vacuum & correspond+ l[] temp]ature ?an 9 ! fir/ body4 ,?is proce$+ is cont9u$ until five or ev5 six bodies are us$ 9 ! s]ies4 ,! la/ body is usually "u a vacuum ( ab\t tw5ty-six in*es ( m]cury4 ,x is obvi\s t by ?is arrangem5t ! conc5tration ( ! ?9 juice is effect$ ) ! maximum ( economy1 direct /eam be+ admitt$ into ! fir/ body only & ! re/ ( ! op]ation accompli%$ by ! /eam g5]at$ 9 ! boil+ ( ! juice4 ,,sulfitation ,! ?ick5$ liquor leav+ ! la/ body ( ! evaporators is s5t to ! sulphur /ation & treat$ ) sulphur fumes1 9 ord] to fur!r precipitate ! soluble impurities & r$uce ! color ( ! liquor4 ,x is !n heat$ to boil+ po9t 9 clos$ tanks & pass$ ?r\gh a d\ble set ( clo? filt]s4 ,?is is ! f9al process 9 ! purification ( ! beet juice1 & x is !n ready = gra9+4 ,9 a cane-sug> ref9]y no sulfitation ( ! liquor takes place1 & 9 a beet factory !re is no *> filtration = removal ( color & impurities 9 ! liquor4 ,^! two po9ts con/itute ! ma9 diff]5ce 9 ! me?ods ( mak+ :ite sug> f ! cane & ! beet 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,europe1 h[ev]1 _m factories make a raw beet sug>1 :i* is subsequ5tly ref9$ ) ! aid ( bone-*>4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,weigh+1 ,,fill+ ,,& ,,sew+ ,,bags ,,9 ,a ,,beet ,,factory ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,cattle ,,fe$+ ,,on ,,beet ,,pulp ,,=mation ,,( ,,gra9 ,! =mation ( ! cry/alliz$ gra9 & its progress ?r\gh ! vacuum pans1 c5trifugals1 dri]s1 granulators & scre5s1 & into ! bags 9 ! pack+ room1 is id5tical ) ! process 9 a cane ref9]y1 :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,,/eff5 ,,process ,9 "s ( ! beet factories ! sug> left 9 ! f9al molasses is extract$ by :at is kn[n z ! ,/eff5 process4 ,! f9al l[-purity molasses is dilut$ ) wat] & cool$ to a v l[ temp]ature1 aft] :i* f9ely p[d]$ lime is con/antly add$ to ! solution at a uni=m & sl[ rate4 ,! sug> comb9es ) ! lime & a sac*>ate ( lime is =m$ :i* is insoluble 9 ! liquid4 ,! susp5d$ matt] or sac*>ate is !n sep>at$ & wa%$ 9 filt] presses4 ,! cake f ^! filt] presses1 :i* is ! sac*>ate ( lime1 is mix$ ) sweet wat] to a consi/5cy ( cream & takes ! place ( milk ( lime 9 ! c>bonation process4 ,:5 ! ,/eff5 process is employ$1 ab\t n9ety p] c5t ( ! sug> orig9ally 9 ! beet is extract$4 ,! loss ( sug> t does take place is acc\nt$ = 9 ! exhau/$ cossettes or pulp1 9 ! pulp wat] :i* surr\nds !m :5 !y are dump$ f ! diffusion cells1 9 ! cake & wa% wat]s f ! c>bonation presses & 9 ! wa/e & wa% wat]s f ! ,/eff5 process4 ,z ! wat] us$ 9 wa%+ ! sac*>ate press cake is ri* 9 f]tiliz+ qualities1 x is us$ = irrigat+ ! l&s adjo9+ ! factory4 ,! #f1eaa1bgd tons ( beets h>ve/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! season ( #aiae conta9$ an av]age ( #af4di p] c5t ( sucrose1 ( :i* #ad4ba p] c5t f\nd its way into ! sacks z :ite sug>4 ,! diff]5ce1 #b4bh p] c5t1 repres5t$ ! loss 9 work+ up ! beets4 ,z only a few factories1 h[ev]1 7 us+ ! ,/eff5 process1 a consid]able am\nt ( sug> 0 left 9 ! wa/e molasses4 ,= ! same p]iod1 ! beets produc$ 9 ,cali=nia conta9$ #ag4hb p] c5t ( sug>1 ( :i* #ae4fd p] c5t f\nd its way into ! sacks1 %[+ a loss ( only #b4ah p] c5t4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t probably m ( ! ,cali=nia factories 7 equipp$ ) ! ,/eff5 process ?an ! av]age = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t ! purity ( ! juices ( ,cali=nia beets 0 high] ?an ! av]age = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a factory equipp$ ) ! ,/eff5 process & runn+ on beets conta9+ #ag4hb p] c5t sug>1 ) a purity ( #hb1 %\ld lose n ov] #a4i p] c5t ( ! sug> 9 ! beet4 ,! same factory )\t ! ,/eff5 process w\ld probably lose #e4jd p] c5t ( ! sug>4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t1 accord+ to ! te/imony giv5 be=e ! ,h>dwick committee1 ! av]age co/ ( produc+ & sell+ "o hundr$ p\nds ( :ite beet sug> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today is ab\t ?ree doll>s & fifty c5ts4 ,! sell+ price1 :i* is f t5 to tw5ty c5ts p] "o hundr$ p\nds less ?an ! sell+ price ( ref9$ cane sug>1 fluctuates ) ! value ( raw cane sug>4 ,= in/ance1 if raw cane sug> is sell+ 9 ,new ,york at f\r doll>s p] "o hundr$ p\nds1 ! sell+ price ( ref9$ cane w probably be f\r doll>s & eighty c5ts4 ,beet sug>1 !re=e1 w\ld be f\r doll>s & sev5ty c5ts or f\r doll>s & sixty c5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if raw cane 7 sell+ = ?ree doll>s p] "o hundr$ p\nds1 ref9$ w\ld probably be ?ree doll>s & eighty c5ts & beet sug> ?ree doll>s & sev5ty or ?ree doll>s & sixty c5ts4 ,9 ! "o case ! beet factory makes a l>ge pr(it2 9 ! o!r a v small pr(it4 ,z ! value ( raw sug> is det]m9$ absolutely by ! law ( supply & dem& 9 ! _w's m>kets1 x is cle> t ! =tune or mis=tune ( ! beet-sug> produc] is beyond 8 control4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,successful ,,beet-,,sug> ,,factory ,,9 ,,am]ica--,,alv>ado1 ,,cali=nia ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,beet-,,sug> ,,factory ,,"p ,,ii ,hi/ory ( ! ,indu/ry ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,india1 ! l& t ,kipl+ has call$ 8! grim /epmo!r ( mank9d10 is1 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 ! orig9al habitat ( ! sug> cane2 & !re is b little d\bt t ! prop]ties ( ! plant 7 kn[n to ! ,h9du/ani _m c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,no?+ conc]n+ x is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,talmud or 9 ! olde/ ,h9du lit]ature2 & ev5 9 ,buddha's "t 7#ejj ,b4 ,c47 x 0 little kn[n4 ,! leg5d runs t sug> cane 0 creat$ by ! fam\s h]mit ,vi%va ,mitra to s]ve z heav5ly food 9 ! tempor>y p>adise arrang$ by him = ! sake ( ,raja ,tri%anku4 ,x 0 ! desire ( ?is pr9ce to be translat$ to heav5 dur+ 8 lifetime1 b ,indra1 ! rul] ( ! cele/ial realms1 _h refus$ to admit him4 ,9 ord] to gratify ,tri%anku's wi%1 ,vi%va ,mitra prep>$ a tempor>y p>adise = him4 ,:5 a reconciliation betwe5 ,indra & ,tri%anku 0 br\ght ab\t1 ! p>adise 0 demoli%$ & all its luxuries de/roy$ save a few1 among :i* 0 sug> cane4 ,?is subsequ5tly spread ov] ! l& ( mortals z a la/+ tok5 ( ,vi%va ,mitra's miracul\s de$s4 ,among ! ,*9ese ! fir/ hi/orical m5tion occurs 9 writ+s ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 :]e ! fact is record$ t _! k ( sug> cane 0 d]iv$ f ,india4 ,t x 0 consid]$ ( great value by ! ,*9ese is %[n by manuscripts ( #bjj ,b4 ,c41 :]e9 x is /at$ t ! k+dom ( ,funan paid its tribute to ,*9a 9 sug> cane4 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$ t ! secret ( extract+ cry/als f ! sug>-cane juice _h n be5 discov]$4 ,m ?an ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 ! triumphant progress ( ,alex&] ! ,great 0 halt$ ^u ! banks ( ! riv] ,indus by ! refusal ( 8 troops to v5ture f>!r ea/w>d4 ,on _! return j\rney1 ! ,mac$onian soldi]s c>ri$ ! 8honey-be>+ re$0 to ,europe4 ,a numb] ( classical writ]s ( ! fir/ c5tury allude to ! sweet sap ( ! ,indian re$ & to ! granulat$1 salt-l product import$ f ,india "u ! "n ( sac*>um1 or 1 f ! ,sanskrit ark>1 gravel1 sug>4 ,! names ( sug> 9 mod]n ,european languages are d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,arabic f ! ,p]sian %ak>4 ,! p dwell+ 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ganges possess$ a k ( boil+ sug> juice1 & ?is spread f !re to ,*9a 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,sug> ref9+1 h[ev]1 c\ld n !n h be5 kn[n1 = ,m>co ,polo#e /ates t ! ,*9ese le>n$ ?is f ,egyptian travel]s only dur+ ! ,mongol p]iod1 "s five hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,von ,lippmann says t solid sug> began to be kn[n 9 ,india some:]e betwe5 #cjj & #fjj ,a4 ,d41 probably ne>] ! latt] date4#f ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! be/ sug> came f ,egypt#g2 & 9 ,india today1 co>se sug> is /ill call$ 8,*9ese0 & f9e sug> 8,cair5e0 or 8,egyptian40 ,! ,ne/orians1 a ,*ri/ian religi\s sect 9 ,gondispr1 ,india1 plant$ sug> cane 9 ,p]sia ab\t #ejj ,a4,d4 ,:5 ,h]aclius1#h ! ,byzant9e emp]or1 pillag$ ! palace ( ,da/>g]d1 ,p]sia1 9 #fbg ,a4 ,d41 solid sug> 0 tak5 among ! o!r loot4#i ,?is is ! fir/ au!ntic evid5ce ( cry/allization4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,arabian conque/ 9 ! ye> #fci1 sug> 0 8prep>$ ) art0 9 ,gondispr2 & its manufacture on a l>ge scale 0 c>ri$ on at ,%u/]1 ,ss#aj & ,ask>-,makram#aa ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?alib1 a writ] ( ! elev5? c5tury1 says t ,ask>-,makram _h no equal = ! quality & quantity ( its sug>1 8not)/&+ ! great production 9 ,irk1 ,j>jn & ,india40 ,x us$ to pay fifty ?\s& p\nds ( sug> to ! ,sultan 9 annual tribute4#ab ,p]sian physicians ( ! "t attribut$ extraord9>y heal+ p[]s to sug>1 & us$ x freely 9 ! practice ( _! art4 ,mohamm$'s#ac religi\s w>s c>ri$ ! k ( sug> ?r\gh\t ! cities ( ! !n civiliz$ _w4 ,! ,arabs fir/ le>n$ ( x :5 !y ov]ran ,p]sia4 ,!y took to x eag]ly1 & "u _! rule a great numb] ( plantations 7 />t$4 ,artificial irrigation 0 employ$ 9 ! gr[+ ( ! cane1 & ! juice 0 express$ by means ( mill/ones4 ,at ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 sug> 0 look$ ^u z a r>e & co/ly luxury1 to be indulg$ 9 only by ! weal?y1 & sp>+ly ev5 by !m4 ,arabian doctors :o 7 well advanc$ 9 le>n+ gave sug> an important place 9 _! ph>macopia4 ,! ,moslem armies took x we/w>d ) !m2 & :5 ,amru#ad conqu]$ ,egypt 7#fdj-fdf ,a4 ,d471 x 0 introduc$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,c>eful me?ods ( cultivation1 c\pl$ ) ! ,egyptians' intimate k ( *emi/ry1 br\ght ab\t excell5t results4 ,?is cultur$ p _h a simple process = purify+ & recry/alliz+ saltpet]1 & !y soon f\nd t sug> c\ld be simil>ly treat$4 ,! fir/ cry/als 7 remelt$2 & to ! liquor s obta9$ album5 & lime 7 add$4 ,! precipitat$ impurities 7 remov$ by filtration1 & ! cle> syrup boil$ d[n to a gra9 once m4 ,! syrup1 or "m-liquor 9 :i* ^! gra9s rema9$ aft] boil+1 0 elim9at$ by wa%+1 leav+ ! :ite sug> cry/als1 :i* 9 po9t ( quality f> surpass$ any product !n kn[n4 ,f ?is "t =w>d1 ! traffic 9 sug> began to ga9 9 importance & volume4 ,nasiri ,khosrau1 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ,egypt 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 n>rates t at ! celebration ( ! great ,ramazn fea/1 ! ,sultan's table 0 decorat$ ) sweetmeats consi/+ entirely ( m>zipan#ae model$ into %apes ( orange trees & /atues4 ,! cont9uation ( ! movem5t ( ! ,arabs t[>d ! we/ c>ri$ ! cultivation ( sug> ov] ! entire nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa & !nce into ,spa9 9 ! ye> ( ! conque/ ( ,granada by ! ,moors 7#gae ,a4 ,d474 ,x made its way to ,sicily 9 #gjc2 x 0 f\nd gr[+ at ,assuan1 on ! ,nile1 9 #gff1 & ! ,crusad]s discov]$ important sug> plantations 9 ,tripoli1 ,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 ,antio* & o!r places 9 ! ,levant4 ,comm]cial relations betwe5 ^! po9ts & ! pr9cipal ,italian cities 7 e/abli%$ dur+ ! ,crusades1 & a consid]able trade 9 sug> foll[$4 ,sug>-cane cultivation seems to h appeal$ to ! ,crusad]s z a pr(itable v5ture--s mu* s t !y actively int]e/$ !mselves 9 x1 mak+ ,tyre an important c5t] ( ! traffic4 ,k+ ,baldw9 & v>i\s ord]s ( knigh?ood e/abli%$ l>ge cane plantations 9 ,antio*1 ,syria & ,cyprus & did mu* to advance sug> production 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,! ,crusad]s :o _h acquir$ a ta/e = sug> :5 9 ! ,f> ea/ naturally wi%$ to cont9ue its use aft] _! return home2 ?us1 a trade sprung up betwe5 nor!rn ,europe & ,v5ice1 ,g5oa & ,pisa4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,acre 9 #abia1 ! ,crusad]s lo/ _! foo?old 9 ,asia ,m9or2 b ,tyre1 ,beirut1 ,antio* & ! valley ( ! ,jordan cont9u$ to produce good crops ( sug>1 :ile ,damascus & ,tripoli became ref9+ c5t]s4 ,cyprus1 /ill "u ,v5etian rule1 ext5d$ its trade 9 sug>1 & s5t consid]able quantities annually to ! "m city4 ,all ?is "t ! production 9 ,egypt w5t /eadily =w>d4 ,?is prosp]ity 0 rudely int]rupt$ by ! aggression ( ! ,turks4 ,con/ant9ople 0 captur$ 9 #adec & ,trebizond fell 9 #adfa4 ,! o!r comm]cial t[ns ( ,asia ,m9or & all ( ,g5oa's ,black ,sea colonies foll[$ 9 quick succession4 ,trade betwe5 ,europe & ,asia ,m9or decreas$ z a matt] ( c\rse & ! manufacture ( sug> langui%$ "u ,turki% rule4 ,9 #aeag ,cairo 0 tak5 by ! ,turks1 & ,egypt became a prov9ce ( ! ,ottoman empire1 ) disa/r\s results to ! sug> indu/ry !re4 ,9 #aebb ,rhodes1 & 9 #aega ,cyprus1 pass$ "u ! sway ( ! ,turk2 b by t "t sug> cultivation 9 ^! isl&s _h fall5 (f greatly1 :ile 9 ,sicily x _h completely di$ out4 ,o!r causes militat$ to br+ ab\t ! decl9e ( ! sug> trade 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,! ,portuguese took sug> cane to ,madeira 9 #adai4 ,9 #adcb !y captur$ & coloniz$ ! ,azores2 & betwe5 #adef & #adfb !y acquir$ ! ,cape ,v]de isl&s4 ,so ,?om1 ,pr9cipe & ,annobon 7 annex$ 9 #adif2 & 9 t same ye> ! ,spani>ds coloniz$ ! ,can>ies4 ,sug> cane grew luxuriantly 9 ! mild1 moi/ climate ( ^! isl&s1 & ! co/ ( production by slave labor 0 s l[ t nei!r ,cyprus nor ,sicily c\ld compete2 consequ5tly1 ! once l>ge & prosp]\s sug> trade ( ! ,m$it]ranean became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ,v5ice 0 ! *ief sug>-di/ribut+ c5t] 9 ,europe4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ref]5ces to sug> 9 ,great ,brita9 is t conc]n+ "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds %ipp$ to ,london 9 #acai by ,tomasso ,lor$ano1 a ,v5etian m]*ant4 ,wool1 :i* at t "t con/itut$ ! mo/ important /aple ( ,engli% products1 0 ex*ang$ = sug>4 ,9 ! same ye>1 an entry appe>s 9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,*amb]la9 ( ,scotl&1 %[+ a paym5t = sug> at ! rate ( "o %ill+ & n9e p5ce halfp5ny p] p\nd4 ,x is said t at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury a citiz5 ( ,v5ice receiv$ a rew>d ( #ajj1jjj cr[ns 7#aaa1idj7 = hav+ inv5t$ ! process ( mak+ loaf sug>4 ,vasco da ,gama's exploit 9 f9d+ ! way to ,calicut by sea 9 #adih depriv$ ,v5ice ( h] position z a dom9ant comm]cial c5t]2 & new r\tes = ! _w's trade 7 op5$ up4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica ex]cis$ a /ill great] influ5ce ^u ! production & di/ribution ( sug>4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus' fir/ attempt to e/abli% sug> gr[+ 9 ,santo ,dom+o 9 #adicaf 0 n a success2 b :5 negro slaves 7 br\ght to ! ,we/ ,indies by ! ,portuguese & ! ,spani>ds1 ! indu/ry took a new lease ( life1 & ) slave labor1 ideal climate & f]tile soil1 x increas$ abundantly4 ,z illu/rative ( ! ext5sive developm5t 9 ,santo ,dom+o1 x is int]e/+ to note t ,*>les ,v ( ,spa9 obta9$ f import taxes on ,santo ,dom+an sug> ! va/ sums ( money exp5d$ 9 ! build+ ( ! royal palaces at ,madrid & ,tol$o4#ag ,brazil 0 discov]$ by ,p9zon 9 #adiiah & sug> cane 0 tak5 !re f ,madeira4 ,ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s lat] plantations _h be5 laid out & ! fir/ sug> factory built4 ,! ye> #aeij saw "o hundr$ & two mills 9 op]ation 9 ! prov9ces ( ,bahia & ,p]nambuco2 & 9 #afjj ! quantity ( sug> export$ f ,brazil 0 #ae1jjj tons4 ,at t "t ,brazil belong$ to ,spa91 :i* _h annex$ ,portugal & h] colonies 9 #aehj4 ,x 0 conqu]$ by ! ,dut* 9 #afbi1 & a great _m sug> plantations & factories 7 de/roy$2 b ^! 7 subsequ5tly re/or$ by ! new rul]s4 ,! ,dut*1 9 turn1 7 expell$ 9 #afee2 & 9 #affa ,brazil 0 ackn[l$g$ to be a ,portuguese possession4 ,! sug> trade suff]$1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! bani%m5t ( tw5ty ?\s& ,dut* 9 #afee1 & also ?r\gh ! discov]y ( gold 9 #agbe1 :i* drew ! labor]s f ! sug> fields & mills2 & ! production fell (f to a l>ge ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus ,fra ,seba/iano ,del ,piombo ,copyright1 #aijf4 ,braun1 ,clm5t et ,cie41 ,braun et ,cie41 ,successeurs ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 7n[ ,/4 ,kitts7 0 occupi$ 9 #afbe by bo? ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! ,fr5* took ,guadel\pe & ,m>t9ique2 ,b>bados became a ,briti% possession 9 #afbg1 & ,jamaica 0 annex$ 9 #afef4 ,sug> cane 0 plant$ 9 all ^! colonies1 b ?r\gh lack ( k & exp]i5ce ! product obta9$ 0 ( indiff]5t quality4 ,a decid$ improvem5t 0 br\ght ab\t :5 ! ,dut*1 :o 7 expell$ f ,brazil1 came to ! isl&s 9 #afee4 ,santo ,dom+o 0 tak5 ov] p]man5tly by ! ,fr5* 9 #afig aft] x _h previ\sly be5 occupi$ & ab&on$ by !m4 ,f ?is date ! indu/ry ?rove !re & = upw>d ( "o hundr$ ye>s ,santo ,dom+o rank$ among ! =emo/ ( ! sug>-produc+ isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,tyranny & cruel treatm5t caus$ ! slaves to revolt 9 #agia2 ! :ites :o fail$ to escape 7 ext]m9at$ & ! sug> plantations & mills 7 de/roy$4 ,santo ,dom+o has nev] recov]$ ! pre/ige 9 ! sug> _w t %e lo/ 9 ?is way4 ,h] mis=tune gave a great opportunity to ,jamaica1 ^: production increas$ s rapidly t at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury %e out/ripp$ all ! o!r ,we/ ,indian isl&s4 ,! fall+ (f 9 ,santo ,dom+o /imulat$ ! indu/ry 9 ,cuba z well4 ,z a dep5d5cy ( ,spa91 ,cuba 0 hamp]$ by a numb] ( re/rictions2 ^! 7 repeal$ 9 #aggb1 aft] :i* ! sug> tonnage grew apace4 ,/4 ,eu/atius & ,curaao belong+ to ! ,dut*1 & ,/4 ,croix1 ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,?omas to ,d5m>k1 also came 9 = _! %>e ( ! b5efit gr[+ out ( ! impetus giv5 to ! sug> trade at ?is "t4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 conv5i5tly situat$ = sug> smuggl+1 ( :i* !re 0 n a little dur+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution>y w>4 ,9 ! c\ntries ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,brazil except$1 ! sug> trade _h become well e/abli%$4 ,fr5* plant]s settl$ 9 ,cay5ne 9 #afcd & 9 ,sur9am six ye>s lat]1 b production 0 h&icapp$ by ! difficulty att5dant ^u secur+ labor1 & ?is condition cont9u$ to exi/ ev5 aft] ! tak+ ( ,sur9am1 ,essequibo1 ,dem]>a & ,b]bice by ! ,dut*4 ,f9ally ! tr\ble 0 ov]come by br++ 9 slaves1 & ) ! end ( ! ,fr5* w> ! sug> indu/ry began to prosp]1 especially 9 ,sur9am4 ,dur+ subsequ5t ho/ilities ^! colonies 7 tak5 by ,france1 aft]w>ds by ,engl&1 & lat] /ill !y rev]t$ to ! ,dut*4 ,today !y are all ,briti% ) ! exception ( ,sur9am & ,cay5ne4 ,sug> cane 0 n kn[n 9 ,p]u at ! "t ( ,piz>ro's fir/ exp$ition to t c\ntry 7#aebg71 b x 0 br\ght !re %ortly aft]w>d4 ,9 ,*ile & ! ,arg5t9e its introduction 0 comp>atively rec5t4 ,! ,jesuits took x f ,santo ,dom+o to ,l\isiana 9 #agea1 & 9 ,mexico x dates back to ! "t ( ,corts4 ,! rapidity ( ! increase 9 ! production ( ! ,am]icas ?reat5$ ! plantations ( ,madeira1 ! ,cape ,v]de isl&s & ! ,can>ies ) ext9ction & drove !m f ! _w's m>kets4 ,sug> cane 0 plant$ by ! ,fr5* 9 ! ,ile de ,france 7,mauritius7 9 #agdg1 & "s ye>s lat] 9 ,b\rbon 7,runion7 & sug> made 9 ^! isl&s 0 s5t to ,europe ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,java sug> cane has be5 gr[n s9ce a v remote p]iod4 ,x 0 probably br\ght !re by ,*9ese trad]s & !re is evid5ce t ! ,*9ese introduc$ x 9 ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 z ! names ( ! implem5ts & me?ods us$ !re di/9ctly po9t to ,*9ese orig94 ,! cultivation ( sug> cane 9 ,au/ralia 0 begun only fifty ye>s ago2 x 0 />t$ 9 ! ,fiji isl&s 9 #ahhj1 :ile ,capta9 ,cook f\nd cane gr[+ luxuriantly 9 ! ,hawaiian isl&s :5 he discov]$ !m 9 #aggh4 ,! w>s betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,france dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? _h a v bad effect on ! cane-sug> trade & its developm5t4 ,!re 0 con/ant fight+ 9 ,we/ ,indian wat]s & _m m]*ant vessels 7 tak5 z prizes2 a disa/r\s /ate ( affairs = plant]s & m]*ants alike4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,trafalg> _h def9itely e/abli%$ ,briti% supremacy on ! seas1 ,napoleon put into effect 8 8,cont95tal ,sy/em10 :i* dealt a sev]e bl[ to cane sug>4 ,?is op5s up a new & int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! indu/ry4 ,,beet ,,sug> ,,9 ,,europe ,! de/ruction ( ! ,fr5* fleet by ,nelson 9 #ahje ?w>t$ ,napoleon's long-*]i%$ plans = ! invasion ( ,engl&4 ,no?+ daunt$1 h[ev]1 he imm$iately b5t 8 ef=ts t[>d isolat+ ,great ,brita9 & cutt+ comm]cial communications betwe5 h] & ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! ,b]l9 edict ( #ahjf prohibit$ all trade relations ) ,engl& & made h] goods & ^? ( h] colonies subject to seizure4 ,engl&'s reply 0 to =bid %ips ( all nationalities to ent] ,fr5* ports "u p5alty ( confiscation4 ,napoleon foll[$ ?is ) ! ,milan decree :i* made any vessel t _h submitt$ to ,engli% exam9ation or paid dues 9 ,engli% ports subject to confiscation4 ,! "o gov]nm5t vi$ ) ! o!r 9 prey+ on comm]ce4 ,! int]f]5ce ) ! importation ( sug> due to ?is condition drove prices upw>d to a po9t :]e only a few c\ld af=d its use4 ,napoleon 0 fully cognizant ( :at a privation ?is 0 to 8 p1 b he felt confid5t t means w\ld be f\nd to br+ sug> f ! ,f> ea/ to we/]n ,europe by way ( ,con/ant9ople & ,vi5na2 besides1 he _h /rong hopes t a sub/itute = cane sug> c\ld be produc$ 9 ,europe itself4 ,he enc\rag$ exp]im5tal & rese>* "w1 keep+ ?or\ghly in=m$ z to progress made1 & on ,m>* #be1 #ahaa1 he issu$ ! fam\s decree t set 9 motion ! beet indu/ry ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dan ,,swe5ey ,olivi] de ,s]res ,illu/ration3 ,,dan ,,swe5ey ,&reas ,m>ggraf ,! orig9al home ( ! sug> beet 7,beta vulg>is7 is n def9itely kn[n4 ,! plant 0 f\nd 9 a wild /ate 9 s\!rn & middle ,asia & x is said to h be5 cultivat$ 9 s\!rn ,europe & nor!rn ,africa 9 old5 times4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,griff91#ai ,h]odotus m5tions ! sug> beet z "o ( ! plants t s]v$ to n\ri% ! build]s ( ! pyramids4 ,dr4 von ,lippmann cites ! same in/ance & also quotes ,voltz z au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! ,romans fir/ br\ght ! beet into ,gaul4 ,:5 ! beet 0 orig9ally gr[n 9 s\!rn latitudes x 0 an annual1 b :5 x 0 tak5 nor? x became a bi5nial1 /or+ sug> ! fir/ ye> & n develop+ its se$ until ! second4 ,jules ,hlot1 an em95t ,fr5* au?ority1 9 8 8,hi/oire ,c5t5nale du ,sucre de ,bett]ave10 says3 8,a great ,fr5* agronomi/1 call$ ! fa!r ( agriculture1 ,olivi] de ,s]res 7#aeci-afai71 0 able to f9d out t ! beet-root conta9$ sug>1 long be=e ,m>ggraf set ab\t to extract sug> f ?is root4 ,olivi] de ,s]res wrote3 #8,! beet-root1 :5 be+ boil$1 yields a juice simil> to syrup ( sug>1 :i* is beautiful to look at on acc\nt ( its v]milion color'40 ,dr4 von ,lippmann1 h[ev]1 cont5ds t ,olivi] de ,s]res nev] claim$ 9 8 writ+s t he discov]$ ! sug> cont5t 9 ! beet1 & t ! /atem5t 8t ! boil$ juice ( ! r$ beet 0 simil> 9 appe>ance to sug> syrup0 _c be con/ru$ z evid5ce t de ,s]res actually recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( sug> 9 ! beet-root4 ,9 ! ye> #agdg ,&reas ,m>ggraf1 a *emi/ & a memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature ( ,b]l91 demon/rat$ t v>i\s k9ds ( beet-root conta9$ sug> & t ! sug> c\ld be extract$ & cry/alliz$4 ,?is discov]y1 h[ev]1 0 reg>d$ = _m ye>s z be+ m]ely a laboratory det]m9ation & )\t practical value4 ,9 #aghf ,franz ,k>l ,a*>d1 a pupil ( ,m>ggraf1 attack$ ! problem ( beet-root cultivation & succe$$ 9 extract+ sug> f beets on a scale hi!rto unkn[n4 ,he issu$ a report ( ! me?ods employ$ & ! results obta9$ & /at$ t a good muscavado sug> %\ld be made f beets = six c5ts p] p\nd4 ,8 claims met ) incr$ulity & no little ridicule1 b ! ,fr5* ,in/itute made a c>eful inve/igation ( :at he _h done & f\nd t ! sug> cont5t ( ! beets 0 ov] #f p] c5t4 ,f a numb] ( te/s ( ,a*>d's process1 !y e/imat$ t ! co/ ( produc+ ref9$ sug> f beet-roots on a comm]cial basis w\ld be eighte5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii1 k+ ( ,prussia1 took a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! mak+ ( sug> f beets1 &1 aft] hav+ conv9c$ himself t ,a*>d 0 on ! "r track1 he b\ght ! cr[n l& at ,cun]n1 ,silesia1 = exploitation on a l>ge scale4 ,he provid$ ,a*>d ) funds = ! erection ( ! fir/ real sug> factory built 9 ,g]many1 at :i* op]ations 7 begun 9 #ahjb4 ,! k+ also suppli$ money = ! con/ruction ( o!r factories 9 ,br&5burg1 ,silesia1 & ,pom]ania1 & l5t 8 support to ! gr[]s ( beets z well z to ! manufactur]s ( sug>4 ,despite ! rev]ses 9 w> suff]$ by ! ,prussians1 ! progress 9 sug> mak+ 0 s manife/ t 9 #ahaj x 0 cle> t ! indu/ry 0 b\nd to succe$ "u intellig5t managem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dan ,,swe5ey ,,franz ,,c>l ,,a*>d ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,beet-,,sug> ,,factory ,,9 ,,! ,,_w--,,built ,,at ,,cun]n1 ,,silesia1 #ahjb ,a*>d1 :o 0 ( ,fr5* extraction1 _h correspond$ ) a numb] ( sci5tific m5 9 ,france & ?r\gh !m reports ( 8 "w rea*$ ! ,fr5* ,in/itute4 ,! v]dict ( ?is body 0 favorable & two sug> factories 7 built1 "o at ,/4 ,ou5 & ! o!r at ,*elles4 ,bo? ( ^! ent]prises fail$ ?r\gh lack ( practical k & ! inf]ior quality ( ! beet-roots4 ,al?\gh ?is setback br\ght ! manufacture ( beet sug> to a /&/ill = a "t1 !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce to %[ t hope ( ultimate success 0 nev] ab&on$4 ,! effect ( ! clos+ d[n ( ^! two beet factories 0 to div]t ! att5tion ( sci5ti/s to mak+ sug> f grapes4 ,pr\/ & ,p>m5ti]1 bo? *emi/s ( note1 demon/rat$ t x c\ld be obta9$ f ?is s\rce & ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t issu$ in/ructions = ! prep>ation ( sug> & syrup f ! v9e4 ,p>m5ti] publi%$ a bullet9 advis+ aga9/ ! attempt to make beet sug> 9 ,france z ! soil ( ! c\ntry w\ld n produce beet-roots conta9+ sug>4 ,9 #ahaj ,napoleon ord]$ an appropriation ( #bjj1jjj francs to be divid$ z a premium among ! factories recov]+ ! highe/ p]c5tage ( sug> f grapes4 ,mean:ile ! fri5ds ( ! beet movem5t _h n be5 idle1 & e>ly 9 ,m>*1 #ahaa1 ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,national ,indu/ry submitt$ to ! emp]or a report ( :at _h be5 accompli%$ 9 ! manipulation ( beets1 toge!r ) samples ( ! sug> obta9$1 & on ! #be? ( t mon? ,napoleon issu$ ! edict t e/abli%$ ! manufacture ( beet sug> 9 ,france4 ,! decree provid$ t #gi1jjj acres ( l& 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire %\ld be devot$ to ! rais+ ( beets & direct$ t all ! acreage nam$ %\ld be "u cultivation ! fir/ ye>1 or at late/ ! second4 ,x creat$ six exp]im5tal /ations = ! in/ruction ( ! f>m]s & l& own]s 9 cultivation & also = ! fur!rance ( ! int]e/s ( ! manufactur]4 ,deless]t _h e/abli%$ a factory at ,passy 9 #ahja & by dogg$ p]sev]ance1 despite _m failures1 obta9$ excell5t results by a new me?od ( cl>ification & ! use ( *>coal4 ,napoleon visit$ 8 plant 9 #ahab & ord]$ ! con/ruction ( t5 new factories at once4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahac1 all fur!r imports ( sug> f ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies 7 prohibit$4 ,9 #ahab & #ahac ! output ( sug> 9 ,france 0 #bbjj tons & ! factories ( ,g]many & ,au/ria gave promise ( soon supply+ ! wants ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ two ye>s !re 7 unusually heavy ra9s & ! beet fields ( ,france 7 occupi$ by ho/ile troops4 ,! defeat ( ,napoleon at ,wat]loo & ! consequ5t abolition ( ! blockade caus$ a decl9e 9 ! price ( sug> to a po9t :]e ! new beet indu/ry 0 unable to compete & only "o factory succe$$ 9 avoid+ ! g5]al disa/]4 ,f #ahaf to #ahba ! av]age ye>ly output ( beet sug> 0 #ajjj tons4 ,! dome/ic product _h a great advantage ov] ! =eign article1 z all sug>s com+ into ,france f abroad 7 subject to a heavy duty1 :ile no tax 0 levi$ on home-gr[n sug>4 ,9 #ahba1 a duty ( #di4e francs 0 impos$ ^u e #ajj kilograms 7#bbj4dfbb lbs47 ( raw sug> com+ f ,fr5* colonies & #gj francs on :ite sug>4 ,! tax on sug> f =eign c\ntries 0 #ij francs p] #ajj kilograms1 & ?is 0 increas$ to #abe francs 9 #ahbi4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ! surtax#bj on =eign sug> 0 increas$ & an extra duty 0 exact$ on sug> br\ght into ,france 9 =eign bottoms4 ,ev5 ) ?is protection ! dome/ic produc]s 7 n satisfi$4 ,fr5* colonial sug>1 :5 export$1 receiv$ ! b5efit ( cu/oms drawback ( #abj francs p] #ajj kilograms1 & ! same privilege 0 accord$ home-gr[n sug> ^u :i* no duty :atev] _h be5 paid4 ,?is 0 tantam\nt to an export premium ( #abj francs p] #ajj kilograms1 & x may well be imag9$ t "u ?is pat]nal arrangem5t old factories came back to life & new ones sprang into be+4 ,"u ?is rgime by #ahcf ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! sug> ref9$ 9 ,france 0 beet4 ,! paym5t ( ?is premium 0 s great a dra9 on ! gov]nm5t treasury t 9 #ahdj ! au?orities s]i\sly consid]$ ! buy+ up ( all ! beet-root sug> factories !n 9 op]ation = =ty million francs & ! equaliz+ ( ! tax on =eign & dome/ic sug>4 ,! s*eme 0 n c>ri$ out1 b 9 #ahdc beet-root sug> & cane sug> 7 plac$ on ! same basis4 ,?is hurt ! dome/ic indu/ry sev]ely1 & if x _h n be5 = ! setback to ! cane production by ! abolition ( slav]y1 ! beet int]e/s might h met ) ru94 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( _m adv]se turns ( =tune1 ! g5]al tr5d 0 =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,napoleon ,i ,beg9n+ ) ! ye> #ahcf1 ! beet-sug> indu/ry 9 ,g]many1 :i* _h be5 p>alyz$ by ! rais+ ( ! ,cont95tal blockade1 w5t ahead rapidly4 ,! ,g]man manufactur]s gradually succe$$ 9 obta9+ a high] extraction ( sug> f ! beet & consequ5tly _! op]ations %[$ an increas$ pr(it4 ,krause ( ,au/ria & ,s*ub>? ( ,prussia1 bo? ( :om _h /udi$ beet-sug> mak+ 9 ,france1 did mu* by _! ef=ts to rehabilitate ! indu/ry 9 ,g]many1 :]e x has /eadily gr[n 9 importance ev] s9ce4 ,! manufacture ( beet sug> 0 reviv$ by ,au/ria 9 #ahca & by #ahdj !re 7 _m factories 9 op]ation4 ,9 #ahed ! output ( dome/ic sug> equal$ ! tonnage br\ght 9 f =eign c\ntries & beet sug> _h e/abli%$ itself ?r\gh\t ,europe z a /rong competitor ( ! cane sug> ( ! colonies4 ,! ,european consumption1 h[ev]1 _h gr[n at su* a rate t ! dome/ic beet-sug> production did n keep pace ) x1 h5ce ! cane manufactur] 0 sc>cely s5sible ( ! competition = "s ye>s2 9 fact ,europe took r m ?an less cane f ! tropics = a "t4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ,europe became less & less dep5d5t ^u ! cane c\ntries ( ! ,new _w = its supplies4 ,! abolition ( slav]y 9 mo/ ( ! ,european possessions 7#ahbe-ej71 ! developm5t ( ! cultivation ( cane 9 ,india & ,java1 & ! expansion ( ! b\nty-f$ beet-sug> indu/ry 9 ,europe all contribut$ to br+ ?is ab\t & _m colonial cane gr[]s f\nd !mselves on ! br9k ( ru94 ,slav]y1 ^u :i* cane sug> rais+ s greatly dep5d$1 0 entirely aboli%$ 9 ,briti% possessions 9 #ahcd1 9 ,france 9 #ahdh dur+ ! ,second ,republic1 9 ! ,dut* ,we/ ,indies 9 #ahfc1 9 ,porto ,rico 9 #ahgc1 9 ,/4 ,?omas 9 #ahgf1 & 9 ,cuba 9 #ahhj4 ,great ,brita9 appropriat$ ! sum ( #bj1jjj1jjj /]l+ z an indemnity1 & ( ?is #af1ejj1jjj w5t to ,we/ ,indian plant]s1 ! rema9d] go+ to ,mauritius & ! ,cape1 b indemnification1 :ile mo/ welcome1 did n re/ore ! supply ( labor4 ,_m ( ! fre$ slaves refus$ to "w & great numb]s ( !m left ! plantations4 ,briti% coloni/s 7 at a s]i\s disadvantage1 too1 z aft] _! slaves 7 lib]at$ slav]y /ill exi/$ 9 o!r ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 & to (fset ?is a special import tax 0 impos$ on sug> produc$ by slave labor4 ,/r5u\s ef=ts 7 made to secure an adequate labor supply4 ,*9ese coolies1 free negroes & ,h9dus 7 tri$1 b ! co/ 0 great & ! numb] available 0 insuffici5t = ! prop] cultivation & upkeep ( ! plantations4 ,?is condition obta9$ 9 ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 ,cuba1 ,l\isiana1 ,p]u1 ,brazil1 ! ,guianas1 ,mauritius1 ,runion & o!r places1 & ! cane gr[]s _h h>d "w to keep f go+ "u dur+ ! adju/m5t p]iod1 :5 !y 7 le>n+ h[ to op]ate _! plantations ) a limit$ numb] ( h&s4 ,importation ( labor1 subdivision ( cane l&s into small tracts1 to be r5t$ or sold to f>m]s--_m plans 7 tri$--b naturally "u su* circum/ances developm5t 0 impossible1 & beet sug>1 :i* _h be5 /eadily increas+1 f9ally out/ripp$ cane 9 #ahhc-hd1 :ile 9 #ahii-aijj cane only furni%$ #cd4g p] c5t ( ! _w's crop4 ,9 #aiab-ac ! cane tonnage exce$$ t ( beet by #baa1jhb tons ( #bbdj p\nds4 ,! great w> 9 ,europe has curtail$ ! production ( beet sug> 9 t c\ntry to su* an ext5t t ( ! _w's output = #aiae-af ! proportion ( cane to beet 0 r\ghly z two-?irds to "o-?ird 9 favor ( ! =m]4 ,! actual figures are3 ,cane #aj1ecc1jci tons ,beet #e1ihf1djd 0 ---------------- ,excess ( cane ov] beet #d1edf1fce tons ,! foll[+ table giv+ ! _w's production ( cane & beet f #aheb to #aiaf w be ( int]e/1 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ?is comp>ison betwe5 beet & cane is n a fair "o1 because ! figures are incomplete z f> z cane is conc]n$4 ,9 "s in/ances 9 =m] ye>s1 only ! quantity export$ f a c\ntry 0 includ$ 9 ! _w's /ati/ics & ! am\nt consum$ at home 0 left out ( ! calculations4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! case ( ,india1 ^: production ( ov] two million tons ( sug> annually 0 omitt$ f ! old] e/imates z x all w5t into dome/ic consumption--:ile ! beet figures 7 inv>iably giv5 9 full4 ,! _w's crop figures z furni%$ by ,willett ,gray = ! p]iod f #aheb to #aiaf include ,briti% ,india's production = ! la/ elev5 ye>s only3 ,,beet-,,root ,,ye> ,,sug> ,,cane ,,sug> ,,total ,,p] ,,c5t ,,tons ,,tons ,,tons ,,cane ,,sug> #aheb-ec #bjb1haj #a1bfj1djd #a1dfc1bad #hf4j #ahei-fj #dea1ehd #a1cdj1ihj #a1gib1efd #gd4c #ahfd-fe #ebi1gic #a1ddf1icd #a1iif1gbg #gc4e #ahfi-gj #hdf1dbb #a1gdj1gic #b1ehf1iae #fg4c #ahgd-ge #a1cjb1iii #a1ijc1bbb #c1bjf1bba #ei4d #ahhj-ha #a1hbj1gcd #b1jbg1jeb #c1hdg1ghf #eb4g #ahhc-hd #b1dhe1cjj #b1baj1jjj #d1fie1cjj #dg4j #ahhd-he #b1fgi1djj #b1bbe1jjj #d1ijd1djj #de4d #ahhe-hf #b1agb1bjj #b1cjj1jjj #d1dgb1bjj #ea4d #ahhf-hg #b1fhf1gjj #b1djj1jjj #e1jhf1gjj #dg4a #ahhg-hh #b1cfg1bjj #b1eda1jjj #d1ijh1bjj #ea4g #ahhh-hi #c1eee1ijj #b1cei1jjj #e1iad1ijj #dj4j #ahhi-ij #c1ecf1gjj #b1ach1jjj #e1fgd1gjj #cg4g #ahij-ia #c1fgi1hjj #b1eig1jjj #f1bgf1hjj #da4b #ahia-ib #c1dhj1hjj #c1eja1ijj #f1ihb1gjj #ea4f #ahib-ic #c1chj1gjj #c1jdj1ejj #f1dba1bjj #dg4c #ahic-id #c1hcc1jjj #c1efa1jjj #g1cid1jjj #dh4b #ahid-ie #d1gbe1hjj #c1eca1djj #h1beg1bjj #db4g #ahie-if #d1bbj1ejj #b1hci1ejj #g1afj1jjj #ci4f #ahif-ig #d1hja1ejj #b1hda1ijj #g1fdc1djj #cg4b #ahig-ih #d1fie1cjj #b1hfh1ijj #g1efd1bjj #ch4j #ahih-ii #d1fhi1fjj #b1iie1djj #g1ghe1jjj #ch4e #ahii-jj #e1daj1ijj #b1hhj1ijj #h1bia1hjj #cd4g #aijj-ja #e1idc1gjj #c1fdf1jjj #i1ehi1gjj #ch4j #aija-jb #f1hjj1ejj #d1jgi1jjj #aj1hhj1ejj #cg4e #aijb-jc #e1bjh1gjj #d1afc1ijj #i1cgb1fjj #dd4d #aijc-jd #f1jhi1dfh #d1bdd1bjf #aj1ccc1fgd #da4j #aijd-je #d1iah1dhj #d1fac1edj #i1ecb1jbj #dh4d #aije-jf #g1bag1cff #f1gcc1fbf #ac1iej1iib #dh4b #aijf-jg #g1adc1hah #g1ccd1bjg #ad1dgh1jbe #ej4f #aijg-jh #g1jjb1dgd #f1iab1ebj #ac1iad1iid #di4f #aijh-ji #f1ibg1hge #g1fcd1abe #ad1efb1jjj #eb4d #aiji-aj #f1ehg1ejf #h1cci1hhh #ac1ibg1cid #ei4h #aiaj-aa #h1efj1cdf #h1dba1ecd #af1iha1hhj #di4e #aiaa-ab #f1hbj1bff #i1jff1ifd #ae1hhg1bcj #eg4j #aiab-ac #h1igf1bga #i1bcb1edc #ah1bjh1had #ej4g #aiac-ad #h1ijh1dgj #i1hgi1bge #ah1ghg1gde #ed4c #aiad-ae #h1bda1igd #aj1afe1efe #ah1djg1eci #ee4b #aiae-af #e1ihf1djd #aj1ecc1jci #af1eai1ddc #fc4g ,france held ! fir/ place 9 output ( beet sug> until #ahhj1 :5 ,g]many took ! lead & has ma9ta9$ x ev] s9ce4 ,! beet indu/ry assum$ important proportions 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,russia1 ,holl& & ,belgium %ortly aft] #ahej1 b x 0 n e/abli%$ 9 ,sw$51 ,spa9 & ,italy until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! laws t 7 pass$ by ! v>i\s ,european c\ntries = ! enc\ragem5t & protection ( beet sug> 7 s b5eficial 9 _! effect t ^! c\ntries n only 7 able to supply _! own dome/ic dem&1 b f\nd !mselves able to export sug>4 ,?is /imulation f9ally l$ to abuses1 z a result ( :i* ! ,brussels conv5tion 0 br\ght ab\t & ! b\nties aboli%$4 ,ap>t f c]ta9 details1 ! v>i\s regulations 9 ,european c\ntries = ! purpose ( build+ up ! manufacture ( beet sug> & mak+ x a rev5ue produc] 7 v mu* alike4 ,! ess5tial features 7 a prohibitive import duty & a slightly l[] excise tax4 ,! latt] provid$ rev5ue = ! gov]nm5t1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! import duty & ! excise %ut out =eign competition & fix$ ! am\nt ( pr(it ! dome/ic beet-sug> produc] c\ld make4 ,/ill worse1 x creat$ pools or comb9ations = ! control ( bo? output & price4 ,) increas$ production1 :i* 0 m ?an suffici5t to supply ! home dem&1 ^! c\ntries 7 9 a position to export sug>1 & 9 ord] to enable _! manufactur]s to compete 9 outside m>kets1 a drawback ( ! excise 0 all[$ on all export$ sug>4 ,a peculi> condition ( ! law affect+ ?is drawback 0 t x really1 ?\gh n directly1 provid$ = a b\nty on export sug>1 & :ile ?is 0 n ! orig9al int5t ( ! law1 ! improvem5ts t x enc\rag$ accompli%$ ! purpose4 ,9 ,g]many ! pr9ciple 0 t ! excise 0 levi$ ^u ! quantity ( beet-root slic$1 :ile ! export drawback 0 all[$ on ! actual sug> produc$4#ba ,at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ! law t 0 9 op]ation f ,septemb]1 #ahfi1 to ,july1 #ahhf1 ! assumption 0 t ! yield 9 sug> w\ld be #h4ea p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! beets1 all[+ #aa4ge tons ( beets = "o ton ( sug>1 & on all raw sug> export$ ! manufactur] 0 giv5 #b4jc p] hundr$weight drawback1 ! exact equival5t ( ! excise tax1 :i* 0 #ag c5ts p] hundr$weight ( beets4 ,= "s ye>s aft] ?is law became effective x took twelve tons ( beets to make a ton ( sug>1 consequ5tly ! drawback all[$ ! export] did n repres5t all ( ! excise4 ,?us x became ! aim ( ! manufactur]s to raise ! sug> cont5t ( ! beets & to improve ! extraction4 ,by #ahhb !y _h succe$$ s well t a ton ( sug> 0 produc$ f #aj4df tons ( beet-roots in/ead ( #aa4ge tons1 z pr$icat$ :5 ! law 0 drawn up4 ,! drawback1 h[ev]1 0 /ill all[$ at ! rate ( #b4jc p] hundr$weight1 :i* nett$ ! produc] a cle> ga9 ( #bb c5ts4#bb ,9 ,france f #ahfd to #ahge ! calculations 7 made f ! quantity & purity ( ! juice4 ,9 o!r words1 a c]ta9 arbitr>y r5dem5t#bc ( sug> f ! beet-root 0 ! basis ( taxation1 :ile any excess recov]y 0 exempt4 ,?is 0 equival5t to an indirect b\nty1 b ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t saw to x t ! e/imates & ! actual outturn did n get too f> ap>t4 ,no b\nty :atev] 0 paid on ,fr5* sug> f #ahge to #ahhd4 ,ab\t #ahhj ! sug> production ( ,g]many exce$$ t ( ,france1 s t 9 #ahhd ! ,fr5* au?orities reviv$ ! indirect b\nty sy/em to put new life into ! indu/ry1 & ! effect ( ?is action 0 soon app>5t4 ,sug> legislation 9 o!r sug>-produc+ c\ntries ( ,europe 0 simil> 9 g5]al pr9ciples & gave practically ! same results4 ,am5dm5ts 7 made f "t to "t ) a view to br++ ! basis provid$ = 9 ! law clos] to :at 0 actually atta9$ 9 production1 b ! manufactur]s by con/antly improv+ _! processes manag$ to keep ! advantage & consequ5tly to receive a secret indirect b\nty or rebate4 ,! paym5t ( ^! drawbacks tax$ ! treasuries ( ! diff]5t c\ntries conc]n$ & 9 ! case ( ,au/ria-,hung>y am\nt$ to m ?an ! entire rev5ue f sug>4 ,?is br\ght new regulations & ! paym5t ( direct b\nties in/ead ( hidd5 or indirect4 ,fur!rmore1 a limit 0 set ^u ! total t c\ld be paid 9 any "o ye>4 ,nev]!less1 ! produc]s 9 all ! sug>-rais+ c\ntries us$ _! utmo/ ef=ts to s5d z mu* sug> z !y possibly c\ld to =eign m>kets 9 ord] to secure ! drawback4 ,x naturally foll[$ t ! production 0 /imulat$ to an abnormal degree1 & t[>d ! end ( #ahhc !re 0 a slump 9 prices t affect$ all rais]s ( sug>1 bo? beet & cane1 ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe came to f9d ^! b\nties a s]i\s burd51 & :5 ,"l ,salisbury arrang$ = a conv5tion to be held 9 ,london 9 #ahhf1 ! proposal to d away ) all b\nties met ) a good deal ( favor4 ,france1 h[ev]1 oppos$ ! idea1 z %e wi%$ to discont9ue ! direct b\nty only & to leave ! indirect /ill 9 =ce1 :ile ! ,briti% !mselves1 :o us$ prodigi\s quantities ( sug> & :o1 "u ! b\nty plan1 got all !y ne$$ at a price bel[ ! actual co/ ( production1 did n wi% to =feit ?is advantage4 ,s ! int]e/s ( ! ,briti% coloni/s 7 sacrific$ & ! ,london conf]5ce accompli%$ no?+4 ,9 #ahij ,g]many resolv$ to dive/ sug> ( all its privileges 9 ord] t ! treasury %\ld receive ! entire am\nt ( ! taxes4 ,a measure 0 propos$ 9 #ahia provid+ = direct export b\nty4 ,?is 0 to be r$uc$ 9 #ahie & entirely aboli%$ by #ahig4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to a sev]e agricultural crisis at ?is "t1 ,am]ican c]eals 7 br\ght into ,europe at su* l[ prices t ! home gr[] c\ld n compete4 ,x !re=e became necess>y to f9d ano!r crop = ! l& t _h be5 s[n to corn & ! beet-root 0 ! logical sub/itute4 ,! increase 9 beet production f ?is cause 0 foll[$ by a cra% 9 sug> prices4 ,) su* a condition confront+ x1 ! ,g]man gov]nm5t c\ld n d away )1 or ev5 r$uce1 ! b\nty1 especially z none ( its neighbors seem$ to h any int5tion ( do+ any?+ 9 ?is direction4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ! beet gr[]s1 ! output ( beets 9 #ahie1 in/ead ( be+ re/rict$ z propos$1 0 d\bl$1 & ! export b\nty on raw sug> 0 rais$ f #a4bebd m>ks to #b4ej m>ks p] #ajj kilograms & on ref9$ f #b m>ks to #c4ee m>ks p] #ajj kilograms4 ,?is legislation 0 meant to fo/] ! export trade & br+ ! sug> bus9ess ( =eign c\ntries to ,g]man manufactur]s1 & ! fram]s ( ! law 7 confid5t t o!r c\ntries w\ld n v5ture to foll[ suit4 ,9 ?is !y 7 utt]ly mi/ak54 ,g]many's competitors simply rais$ _! b\nties to h] figures1 ?us nullify+ h] plans = expansion ( h] export sug> trade4 ,9 #ahig ! ,unit$ ,/ates levi$ a c\nt]vail+ duty on all b\nty-n\ri%$ sug>1 9 addition to ! regul> protective t>iff1 s t ! b\nty paid by ,european c\ntries on sug> export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates simply w5t to enri* ! ,unit$ ,/ates treasury4 ,! manufactur]s ( ,g]many & ,au/ria enjoy$ a pr(it ov] & above ! b\nty by ! adoption ( :at 0 t]m$ a c>tel1 or pool1 a plan borr[$ f ,russia4 ,9 ,russia ! gov]nm5t fixes ! am\nt ( sug> requir$ ea* ye> = dome/ic consumption & ?is quantity may be sold by ! manufactur]4 ,!n x det]m9es :at quantity %all be kept 9 res]ve1 to be sold :5 ! price exce$s t nam$ by ! gov]nm5t commission 7#d4cj rubles#be p] pood#bf 9 w9t]1 or #d4de rubles 9 summ]74 ,%\ld ! production exce$ ! am\nts fix$ = dome/ic consumption & res]ve1 exportation is p]mitt$ & ! export] gets back ! excise1 #a4ge rubles p] pood1 or if he elects to sell ?is excess at home1 he may d s by pay+ d\ble tax1 or #c4ej rubles p] pood4 ,( ! alt]natives1 export+ ! surplus is ! m advantage\s to ! own] ( ! sug>1 z ! fix$ price = dome/ic sug> is a pr(itable "o4 ,he !re=e c af=d to take a loss on ! sug> he sells = export & /ill make money on ! total op]ation4 ,! /ipulation t ! cont+5t int]e/ 9 ! pr(itable home m>ket %all keep pace ) ! gr[? ( ! output ( ! factory is also a sub/antial enc\ragem5t to manufactur]s to increase _! production4 ,regulations l ^! naturally h ! effect ( supply+ =eign m>kets ) *eap sug>4 ,! manufactur] makes an excell5t pr(it & ! dome/ic consum] pays ! entire bill4 ,prim>ily1 ! int5t may h be5 to keep ! price ( dome/ic sug> at "o level & to enable ! manufactur] to fill ! home dem& )\t hav+ to g outside ! c\ntry = 8 raw-sug> supply4 ,b ! plan 9 its actual work+ fo/]s exportation at ! exp5se ( ! home consum]4 ,:ile 9 ,russia ! c>tel 0 a gov]nm5t measure1 ! pool+ ( int]e/s by ,g]man & ,au/rian manufactur]s 9 _! respective c\ntries accompli%$ ! same end4 ,a c>tel =m$ 9 ,russia 9 #ahij came to grief aft] f\r ye>s ?r\gh ! individual gre$ ( its memb]s4 ,9 #ahih a new comb9ation ( raw-sug> produc]s & ref9]s 0 =m$1 ) ! express proviso t ! manufactur]s ( raws 7 to sell _! product only to ref9]s :o 7 memb]s ( ! c>tel4 ,! dome/ic trade 9 :ite sug> 0 prorat$ among ! ref9]s1 9 consid]ation ( :i* !y _h to all[ ! produc] a fix$ price ( #cj kron5 7#f4jh7 p] #ajj kilograms 7#bbj4dfbb lbs47 = raw sug>1 ! m>ket price ( :i* 0 paid by ! buy] & ! diff]5ce by ! c>tel1 :i* got ! money by not*+ up ! price ( dome/ic ref9$ sug>4 ,) ! c>tel ! only sell] ( ref9$1 & sug> f =eign c\ntries %ut out by ! high surtax 7! diff]5ce betwe5 ! impo/ on import$ & dome/ic sug>s71 ! consum] _h to pay ! price dem&$ by ! c>tel z long z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! _w's price & t e/abli%$ by ! c>tel 0 less ?an ! surtax4 ,! pr(it ?us obta9$ con/itut$ a work+ fund to be us$ 9 =c+ into l9e su* factory own]s z rema9$ outside ! pool1 ei!r by r$uc+ ! price :5 a factory 0 ab\t to beg9 to make :ite sug>1 or by buy+ /ock 9 ! corporations t /ill held out4 ,out ( ! re/ ( ! fund 0 paid ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m>ket price 7) #bb kron5 p] #ajj kilograms z a m9imum7 & ! #cj kron54 ,any am\nt rema9+ 0 ! c>tel's pr(it4 ,to illu/rate & e/imat+ t no kilograms ( raw sug> produc$ #ajj kilograms ( ref9$3 ,price ( ref9$ sug> = dome/ic use p] #bbj4d lbs4 #ag4be ,raw sug> #bdb4d lbs4 #d4df p] #bbj4d lbs4 #d4ia ,ref9+ co/ & pr(it #a4ec ,rev5ue tax #g4ga #ad4ae --------------- ,net pr(it ( c>tel #c4aj ,) an op5 m>ket price ( #d4df = raws1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 t & ! arbitr>y figure ( #f4jh is #a4fb p] #bbj4d lbs4 on #bdb4d lbs4 #a4gh --------------- ,net pr(it f c>tel = ref9]s #a4cb ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! abortive results ( ! ,london conf]5ce ( #ahhf1 :5 a deaf e> 0 turn$ to ! appeal ( ! plant]s ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies on acc\nt ( ! advantage to ! ,briti% manufactur] & consum] ( secur+ all ! sug> !y want$ at a figure l[] ?an x co/ to produce4 ,9 #ahie1 ,joseph ,*amb]la91 !n ,colonial ,secret>y ( ,great ,brita91 appo9t$ a royal commission to inve/igate conditions 9 ! ,we/ ,indian colonies4 ,! facts br\ght out 9 its report came z a surprise to ! /atesm5 ( ! "m c\ntry & rem$ial measures 7 und]tak54 ,! anxiety ( ! ,au/rian & ,g]man gov]nm5ts to get rid ( ! b\nty incubus l$ !m to s\nd ,france z to h] views1 & 9 #ahih ! ,belgian gov]nm5t invit$ repres5tatives ( ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,france1 ,russia1 ,spa9 & ,sw$5 to meet 9 conf]5ce 9 ,brussels1 b no def9ite agreem5t 0 arriv$ at1 *iefly because ( ,france's unwill+ness to discont9ue ! giv+ ( indirect b\nty4 ,! meet+ adj\rn$ on ,june #a/ ) ! und]/&+ t x w\ld aga9 conv5e at ! call ( ,belgium1 :5 ! prelim9>y negotiations ?r\gh ,belgium's good (fices _h progress$ suffici5tly to make unanimity possible4 ,mean:ile1 public op9ion 9 ,engl& ) reg>d to ! ,we/ ,indies _h und]gone a *ange1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! report submitt$ by ! ,*amb]la9 commission & p>tly ow+ to ! fact t ,brita91 ne$+ ! support ( h] colonies 9 h] ,s\? ,african w>1 0 anxi\s to %ape h] policy to please !m4 ,a ?ird conf]5ce 0 held 9 ,brussels 9 ,decemb]1 #aija4 ,9 ! discussion conc]n+ ! ,g]man & ,au/rian c>tels1 x _h develop$ t ! heavy surtax p]mitt$ ! ,g]mans & ,au/rians to realize su* high prices 9 _! home m>kets t1 ev5 ) ! b\nty repeal$1 _! ov]production 0 v great & ! l>ge tonnage export$ by !m depress$ values 9 =eign m>kets4 ,great ,brita9 & ,belgium1 !re=e1 dem&$ t ! surtax be r$uc$ to a po9t :]e1 :ile giv+ protection aga9/ =eign sug>1 x w\ld af=d no inducem5t = ! =mation ( c>tels4 ,au/ria & ,g]many demurr$ to ?is & x look$ z if a deadlock w\ld aga9 be rea*$1 :5 ,great ,brita9 decl>$ t if no?+ came ( ! conf]5ce a measure w\ld be introduc$ 9 ,p>liam5t exclud+ b\nty-f$ sug>s entirely1 or t "s action equally dra/ic w\ld be tak54 ,x 0 fur!r po9t$ out t an extra duty ( an am\nt equal to ! c>tel pr(it _h already be5 "u consid]ation by ! ,indian gov]nm5t4 ,) a c\nt]vail+ duty effective 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! m>ket ( ,great ,brita9 0 ! only important outlet left = b\nti$ export sug>s f ! ,cont95t4 ,!n aga91 ! ,briti% colonies _h to be reckon$ )1 = if pref]5tial privileges 7 accord$ to _! sug>s ,cont95tal beet w\ld suff]4 ,great ,brita9's ultimatum1 !re=e1 c>ri$ ! day1 & on ,m>* #e1 #aijb1 ! conv5tion 0 sign$ by ! pl5ipot5ti>ies ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,belgium1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,norway & ,sw$54 ,! mo/ important provisions ( ! conv5tion 73 #a4 ,! suppression ( all b\nties1 direct or indirect4 #b4 ,! limitation ( ! surtax1 i4 e41 ! excess ( import duty ov] dome/ic rev5ue tax1 to #ec c5ts p] #ajj p\nds on ref9$ & #dh c5ts p] #ajj p\nds on raw sug>4#bg #c4 ,prohibition ( importation ( b\nty-f$ sug> f o!r c\ntries1 unless a c\nt]vail+ duty is impos$4 #d4 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,ne!rl&s pl$ge !mselves t no pref]5tial treatm5t w be giv5 sug> f _! colonies dur+ ! life ( ! agreem5t4 #e4 ,! agreem5t to come into =ce ,septemb] #a1 #aijc1 & to rema9 effective = five ye>s f t date1 & 9 case none ( ! signatory p[]s notifies ! ,belgian gov]nm5t ( its int5tion to )draw1 x %all cont9ue to rema9 9 =ce = "o ye> & s on f ye> to ye>4 #f4 ,! appo9tm5t ( a p]man5t commission *>g$ ) sup]vis+ ! execution ( ! provisions ( ! conv5tion4 #g4 ,spa91 ,italy & ,sw$5 n to be b\nd by ! pr9cipal re/rictions1 s long z !y d n export sug>4 ,russia decl9$ to come into ! pact1 /at+ z h] reason t %e paid no b\nty4 ,great ,brita9's action 9 jo9+ ! ,brussels conv5tion ar\s$ a good deal ( feel+ at home4 ,! cont5tion 0 made t x work$ an injury to ! ,briti% consum] 9 caus+ an advance 9 prices2 x 0 also argu$ t ! plea put =? 9 behalf ( ! ,we/ ,indies 0 really in/igat$ by ! selfi%ness ( ,briti% inve/ors 9 colonial sug> plantations4 ,! rise 9 price t foll[$ ! conv5tion 0 /imulat$ by ! %ortage 9 ! ,european beet crop 9 #aijd1 & provok$ mu* agitation & dissatisfaction 9 ,engl&1 s t x 0 n c]ta9 t ,great ,brita9 w\ld be a p>ty to a r5ewal ( ! pact ^u its expiration4 ,subsequ5tly ,p]u1 ,luxemb\rg & ,switz]l& jo9$ ! conv5tion1 & ! contract+ p>ties 7 s well satisfi$ ) results obta9$ t !y ext5d$ ! agreem5t = five ye>s beg9n+ ,septemb] #a1 #aijh4 ,! conditions 7 to rema9 un*ang$1 except = an am5dm5t t p]mitt$ ,great ,brita9 to disreg>d ! article t prohibit$ ! importation ( b\nti$ sug>1 unless pay+ c\nt]vail+ duty4 ,?is prohibition directly affect$ ,russian sug>s1 ( :i* ,engl& did n wi% to be depriv$4 ,russia jo9$ ! conv5tion 9 #aijh1 ) ! und]/&+ t h] exi/+ fiscal laws & excise regulations %\ld n be int]f]$ ) & t ! me?od ( fix+ ! price ( sug> = home consumption %\ld re/ undi/urb$4 ,on h] "p1 ,russia und]took n to export m ?an "o million tons dur+ ! next five ye>s outside ( ,f9l&1 ,p]sia & neighbor+ ,asiatic c\ntries4 ,! conv5tion ) ^! modifications 0 ?us ext5d$ to ,septemb]1 #aiac1 & on ,m>* #ae1 #aiab1 x 0 agre$ to prolong x until ,augu/ #ca1 #aiah1 on practically ! same conditions z ! #aijh conv5tion4 ,because ( ! great dr\ght 9 c5tral ,europe 9 ! summ] ( #aiaa1 !re 0 a %ortage ( #b1jjj1jjj tons 9 ! beet-sug> crop ( #aiaa-ab1 z comp>$ ) ! =m] ye>1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! consequ5t rise 9 price1 ,engl& dem&$ t ! ,russian exports be increas$4 ,! o!r signatory p[]s agre$ to ?is & ! am\nt t ,russia 0 p]mitt$ to export 9 ! sev5 ye>s beg9n+ ,septemb] #a1 #aiaa1 0 fix$ at #a1fej1jjj tons4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiab1 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey gave notice ( ,great ,brita9's int5tion to retire f ! conv5tion on ,septemb] #a1 #aiac1 & on t date %e ceas$ to be a p>ty to x4 ,nev]!less1 aft] h] )drawal %e und]took to obs]ve all ! obligations ( ! conv5tion1 & 9 return ! signatory p[]s agre$ n to discrim9ate aga9/ h] manufactures ( sug>4 ,! conv5tion /opp$ exportation ( beet sug> at abnormally l[ prices4 ,x 0 in/rum5tal 9 l[]+ ! rev5ue tax1 increas+ ! consumption & aboli%+ artificial conditions4 ,! outbreak ( ! w> 9 ,europe 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 int]rupt$ ! op]ations ( ! conv5tion1 & x rema9s to be se5 :e!r or n1 :5 ho/ilities come to an end1 x w be r5ew$ & its t]ms reaffirm$ accord+ to proc$ure cu/om>y :5 peace is conclud$ betwe5 w>r+ nations4 ,z soon z ! indu/ry got on a s\nd basis1 cane began to feel ! b5efit ( ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,factories t _h be5 clos$ 7 put 9 op]ation aga9 & new ent]prises 7 und]tak54 ,up to ! ye> #ahhj ! manufacture ( cane sug> _h be5 conduct$ 9 a slip%od mann]4 ,! plant]s 7 lavi%ly extravagant & sp5t _! incomes z !y made !m1 giv+ no ?\ght to putt+ aside funds = ext5sions & bett]m5ts4 ,h>d times taught !m a sev]e lesson1 by :i* !y pr(it$1 & ) admirable c\rage !y b5t all _! en]gies to ! improvem5t ( me?ods ( cultivation & cutt+ d[n ! co/ ( production4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true ( ,java2 beg9n+ ) #ahhd1 abundant new capital 0 br\ght 91 exp]im5tal /ations & laboratories 7 built & equipp$ & all t sci5tific k1 en]gy & s\nd bus9ess judgm5t c\ld d 0 done4 ,at ! same "t ,hawaii1 ,mauritius1 ,porto ,rico & ,cuba made extraord9>y progress1 b ea* ( ^! c\ntries des]ves an individual *apt]4 ,,beet ,,sug> ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,:ile ! manufacture ( sug> f beet-roots is "o ( ! =emo/ indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today1 ! e>ly /ages ( its gr[? & developm5t 7 m>k$ by num]\s failures & setbacks4 ,! fir/ beg9n+ 0 made by a company head$ by ,john ,vaughn & ,james ,ronaldson1 :i* built a small factory 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahcj1 :]e a few hundr$ p\nds ( sug> 7 produc$4 ,ow+ to lack ( k ( beet culture & extraction ( sug> f ! roots1 ! v5ture prov$ unsuccessful & no fur!r attempt has be5 made 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,nor?ampton1 ,massa*usetts1 0 ! sc5e ( ! next exp]im5t 9 #ahch & #ahci by ,david ,lee ,*ild1 :o _h /udi$ ! gr[? & manufacture ( beet sug> 9 ,europe = a ye> & a half4 ,he succe$$ 9 gett+ #f p] c5t ( sug> & #b p] c5t ( molasses f ! beets & 8 e/imate ( ! co/ ( ! sug> p] p\nd 0 elev5 c5ts4 ,aft] produc+ #acjj p\nds ( sug> he ab&on$ ! ent]prise4 ,a report made 9 #ahch by ! ,committee on ,agriculture1 a gov]nm5t body1 conta9s ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,f all ! in=mation :i* ! committee h be5 able to obta91 !y are induc$ to believe t no c\ntry 9 ! _w is bett] adapt$ = ! production ( sug> beets ?an mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :e!r we consid] ! soil1 ! climate or ! p40#bh ,9 #ahea ,john ,taylor1 :o aft]w>d succe$$ ,brigham ,"y z presid5t ( ! ,mormon *ur*1 0 c>ry+ on mission>y "w 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,septemb] ( t ye> he met ,elias ,morris1 :om he engag$ to g to ,utah to e/abli% a plant = ! manufacture ( beet sug>4 ,ma*9]y = ! purpose 0 pur*as$ 9 ,france & s5t to ,liv]pool1 f :]e x 0 %ipp$ to ,new ,orleans 9 *>ge ( ,morris 9 ,m>*1 #aheb4 ,f ,new ,orleans x 0 tak5 up ! ,mississippi riv] to ,/4 ,l\is1 !nce to ,kanesville1 ,ohio1 :]e x 0 load$ on wagons = transportation across ! pla9s4 ,! j\rney f ! riv] 0 begun on ,july #d?1 ) ox5 z ! motive p[]4 ,x prov$ long & ardu\s1 b ! memb]s ( ! p>ty rea*$ ,gre5 riv]1 ,wyom+1 f\r mon?s lat]1 hav+ suff]$ mu* f hung] & cold4 ,!re !y 7 met by a deta*m5t s5t out f ,salt ,lake city by ,brigham ,"y & !y f9ally arriv$ at _! de/9ation ab\t ! middle ( ,novemb]4 ,! orig9al int5tion 0 to />t op]ations at ,provo1 & ! sug> ma*9]y 0 tak5 !re1 b ! company t ,john ,taylor _h organiz$ 0 dissolv$ & ! ma*9]y turn$ ov] to ! *ur*1 "u ^: direction x 0 in/all$ 9 an adobe build+ /ill /&+ 9 ,salt ,lake city4 ,once m lack ( k result$ 9 failure4 ,in/ead ( sug>1 ! ,mormons only succe$$ 9 mak+ a massecuite t 0 utt]ly in$ible4#bi ,9 #ahef1 a copp]smi? nam$ ,bepl] erect$ a small beet-sug> factory at ,ocean ,view1 ne> ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 b ! ent]prise 0 unsuccessful4#cj ,! next notewor?y attempt 0 made at ,*atswor?1 ,ill9ois1 9 #ahfc by ! bro!rs ,g5n]t1 :o came f ,brauns*weig1 ,g]many1 & :o 7 famili> ) ! me?ods ( beet-sug> mak+4 ,!y =m$ ! ,g]mania ,beet ,sug> company1 plant$ a ?\s& acres ( l& 9 beets & s5t to ,europe = ma*9]y1 b _! highe/ extraction ( sug> f ! beet-roots 0 only #e4e p] c5t4 ,wea!r conditions 7 unfavorable & ! soil !y select$ 0 n suit$ to beet culture1 s six ye>s ( ef=t end$ 9 failure & ! loss ( m ?an a qu>t] ( a million doll>s4 ,! plant 0 remov$ to ,freeport1 ,ill9ois1 :]e ! f9al result 0 disa/]4 ,otto & ,bone/eel1 two ,g]mans1 e/abli%$ a factory at ,fond-du-lac1 ,wiscons91 9 #ahff1ca & dur+ ! two foll[+ ye>s !y a*iev$ "s measure ( success4 ,subsequ5tly1 !y mov$ to ,alv>ado1 ,cali=nia1 :]e !y began op]ations 9 #ahgj4 ,!y manag$ to keep _! factory runn+ = a few ye>s1 b f9ally gave up ! /ruggle 9 #ahgf4 ,9 #ahgb ! /ate ( ,new ,j]sey pass$ a law provid+ t all capital & prop]ty employ$ 9 ! rais+ ( sug> beets %\ld be free f taxation = t5 ye>s4 ,new v5tures 7 und]tak5 9 ,cali=nia1 ,delaw>e & ,ma9e1 & ^! /ates /imulat$ ! indu/ry by b\nties1 or tax exemption1 or bo?4 ,a factory 0 built at ,h>t=d1 ,m>yl&1 9 #ahgi1 b x 0 aft]w>d ab&on$1 & ! only go+ conc]ns engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( beet sug> ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies dur+ rec5t ye>s 7 ! small plants 9 ,new ,york at ,rome & ,lyons4 ,dismantl$ 9 #aije & #aiaa1 respectively1 "p ( ! ma*9]y ( ! =m] 0 mov$ to ,visalia1 ,cali=nia1 & ! latt] plant 9 its entirety to ,anaheim1 ,cali=nia4 ,all ( ^! failures 7 traceable to ! lack ( practical k ( beet culture & ! mak+ ( sug> f beet-roots4 ,!n1 too1 ! agricultural l&s at fir/ select$ 7 unsuit$ to ! purpose & ! se$ us$ up to ! ye> #ahij gave beets ( a l[ sug> cont5t1 f #f p] c5t to #h p] c5t4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,we/]n /ates gave ! beet-sug> indu/ry a p]man5t place 9 ,cali=nia1 & a little lat] 9 ,utah1 ,colorado1 ,idaho1 ,montana & ,wyom+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,build+ ,,9 ,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 ,,utah1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,fir/ ,,beet-,,sug> ,,ma*9]y ,,br\ght ,,to ,,! ,,we/ ,,0 ,,in/all$ ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,h4 ,,dy]4 ,,! ,,fa!r ,,( ,,beet ,,sug> ,,9 ,,am]ica ,! ,cali=nia ,beet ,sug> ,manufactur+ company 0 organiz$ by ,e4 ,h4 ,dy] & ,c4 ,s4 ,hut*9son 9 #ahfi ) #bej1jjj capital & a factory 0 erect$ at ,alv>ado on ,mr4 ,dy]'s ran*4 ,otto & ,bone/eel 7 induc$ to leave ,fond-du-lac1 ,wiscons91 & come we/ to assume ! managem5t4 ,op]ations 7 begun 9 #ahgj & on ,novemb] #ag? ( t ye> ! fir/ beet sug> 0 made 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! factory & equipm5t co/ #abe1jjj2 ! daily capacity 0 fifty tons ( beets & "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five m5 7 employ$4 ,betwe5 "o ?\s& & fifte5 hundr$ acres 7 plant$ 9 beets1 ! factory pay+ #c4ej p] ton = !m4 ,! f9i%$ product co/ ab\t t5 c5ts a p\nd1 :ile ! m>ket price rang$ f twelve to fifte5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,! fir/ ye>'s output 0 #bej tons1 ! second #djj tons1 ! ?ird #efb tons & ! f\r? #gej tons4 ,!n f9ancial tr\bles came & ! plant 0 clos$4 ,! ma*9]y 0 sold to a new conc]n1 :i* built a factory at ,soquel1 ,santa ,cruz c\nty4 ,?is ent]prise fail$ 9 #ahgf1 b ! plant 0 put 9 op]ation aga9 9 #ahhj1 :5 #aej tons ( sug> 7 produc$4 ,t 0 ! end ( ! ,soquel v5ture4 ,9 #ahgi ,mr4 ,dy] b\ght ! build+s & l& ( ! old ,cali=nia ,beet ,sug> ,manufactur+ company1 &1 ) ,o4 ,f4 ,giff91 =m$ ! ,/&>d ,sug> ,manufactur+ company1 ) a capital ( #ajj1jjj4 ,subsequ5tly a reorganization 0 effect$ "u ! "n ( ! ,/&>d ,sug> ,ref9+ company & ! capital 0 increas$ to #bjj1jjj4 ,! ma*9]y & diffusion batt]ies ( a plant built at ,brighton by "s ,sacram5to p ab\t eight ye>s previ\s 7 pur*as$ & in/all$ at ,alv>ado 9 build+s newly erect$ = ! purpose4 ,:ile x is true t 9 ! op]ation ( ?is company !re 0 a con/ant /ruggle to ov]come ob/acles & difficulties1 x is nev]!less a fact t x a*iev$ success f ! beg9n+4 ,9 #ahhd ! capacity ( ! mill 0 increas$ to #ajj tons ( beets p] day1 b disa/] ov]took ! conc]n t[>d ! end ( #ahhf4 ,two ( ! boil]s explod$1 mak+ x impossible to op]ate dur+ ! season ( #ahhg-hh4 ,no?+ daunt$1 ,mr4 ,dy] grappl$ ) ! problem once m & succe$$ 9 float+ a new corporation1 ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,sug> company1 ) #a1jjj1jjj capital & head$ by ,john ,l4 ,h[>d z presid5t4 ,9 #ahhg & #ahhh ?is company built ! middle "p ( ! pres5t factory at ,alv>ado1 :]e x in/all$ mo/ ( ! ma*9]y f ! old plant1 toge!r ) "s new app>atus4 ,! campaign ( #ahhh 0 b>r5 ( results & 9 ,m>* ( ! foll[+ ye> ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,sug> company sold its prop]ty to a new conc]n1 ! ,alam$a ,sug> company1 ^: fir/ presid5t 0 ,m4 ,h4 ,he*t4 ,9 #ahij two additions to ! factory 7 built1 "o at ea* end4 ,f small beg9n+s1 ?is ,alv>ado ent]prise1 ! pione] ( ,am]ican success 9 ! production ( sug> f beets1 cont9u$ its ye>ly op]ations f #ahgi until #aiad1 ) ! exception ( ! ye> foll[+ ! boil] explosion4 ,9 #ahhi ! output 0 #hgb tons1 9 #aiaa x rea*$ #iiff tons4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #aiad1 sug> prices 7 l[ & t>iff prospects v disc\rag+4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! own]s ( ! plant did n believe t !y c\ld make sug> at a pr(it1 & ! factory rema9$ clos$ dur+ t season4 ,! %>p advance 9 sug> values1 due to ! w> 9 ,europe1 completely *ang$ matt]s2 beets 7 plant$ & #fcfc tons ( sug> 7 produc$ 9 #aiae4 ,= a long "t ,mr4 ,dy] 0 look$ ^u z an en?usia/ & a dream] ^: s9c]ity 0 unque/ion$1 b ^: en]gies 7 misdirect$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! gloomy =ebod+s ( ^? ar\nd him1 he held t5aci\sly to 8 purpose & devot$ 8 bra9s & 8 money to ! solution ( ! problem confront+ him4 ,t ! beet-sug> indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates prov$ a success :5 x did is due to 8 unfail+ c\rage & p]si/5t ef=t4 ,a ye> be=e ! ,alv>ado factory 0 built1 a numb] ( money$ m5 ( ,sacram5to1 head by ,julius ,wetzl>1 !n presid5t ( ! ,capital sav+s bank1 conceiv$ ! idea ( />t+ a beet-sug> plant !re4 ,aft] "s exp]im5t+ ) local beets1 ! ,sacram5to ,valley ,sug> company 0 organiz$ & ma*9]y = a sev5ty-ton plant 0 ord]$ f ,g]many4 ,con/ruction 0 delay$ = a ye>1 & ?us ! ,sacram5tans lo/ ! honor ( be+ ! fir/ 9 ! field4 ,9 #ahga !y built a factory at ,brighton1 six miles ea/ ( ,sacram5to1 ne> ! ,am]ican riv]4 ,an exp]t 0 br\ght out f ,g]many & "w 0 begun on ,novemb] #ah?4 ,! fir/ diffusion batt]y us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 employ$ 9 ! extraction ( sug> f ! beets4 ,! season ( #ahga gave good results1 b ! foll[+ ye> ! crop suff]$ greatly f ! ravages ( ! army worm4 ,! campaign ( #ahgc op5$ on ,augu/ #e?1 la/+ until ,novemb] #bbnd4 ,! yield ( beets 0 t5 tons p] acre1 ! av]age sug> cont5t #h p] c5t & ! total output #ihb1abj p\nds ( sug>1 includ+ all grades4 ,?is ent]prise /ruggl$ along until #ahge1 9 spite ( tr\bles f dr\ght1 army worm1 gras%opp]s & la/1 b n lea/1 lack ( exp]i5ce4 ,! plant 0 !n clos$ & ! equipm5t put up = sale4 ,briefly1 x may be said t at ! outset v poor sug> 0 turn$ out1 & lat]1 :5 ! quality 0 improv$1 ! co/ ( manufacture 0 f\nd to be great] ?an :at ! sug> w\ld br+4 ,! f9al outcome 0 t ! /ockhold]s lo/ ne>ly all ! money !y _h inve/$4 ,ab\t #ahgd1cb ! ,cali=nia ,sug> ,manufactur+ company 0 =m$4 ,sixty-eight acres ( l& at ,isleton 7 b\ght1 a factory /ructure ( brick 0 erect$ & ma*9]y in/all$1 ! total exp5diture be+ ab\t #bej1jjj4 ,sug> ( good quality 0 made1 b ! f9ancial result 0 disa/r\s4 ,isleton l& 0 ill suit$ to beet culture1 z :5 ! ,sacram5to riv] 0 high ! beet fields 7 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,"o au?ority /ates t ! orig9al idea 0 to manufacture sug> f wat]melons1 & :5 x 0 f\nd t ?is 0 n practicable1 att5tion 0 turn$ to beets4 ,9 #ahgf num]\s me*anics' li5s 7 fil$ aga9/ ! company4 ,lat]1 ! factory 0 leas$ to ,h4 ,m4 ,ames ( ,oakl&1 :o op]at$ x dur+ ! campaign ( #ahhj4 ,two ye>s aft]w>d ! entire plant 0 sold at %]iff's sale = #aj1jjj4 ,! l& & build+ 7 pur*as$ by ,p4 ,h4 ,g>d9] ( ,isleton & ! ma*9]y w5t to a ,san ,francisco junk deal]4 ,?is v5ture is said to h caus$ f9ancial di/ress to _m ( ! f>m]s 9 ! vic9ity4 ,9 #ahhh1 ,claus ,spreckels1 s long a prom95t figure 9 ! sug> _w1 e/abli%$ a beet factory at ,watsonville1 ,santa ,cruz c\nty1 9 ! ri* ,paj>o valley4 ,at fir/ its capacity 0 #cjj tons ( beets p] day1 &1 ! result ( ! op]ations be+ favorable1 ?is 0 increas$ f "t to "t until x rea*$ #ajjj tons ( beets p] day4 ,! ,watsonville factory develop$ into ! l>ge/ beet plant 9 ,am]ica & rema9$ s until #ahih1 9 :i* ye> ,mr4 ,spreckels erect$ a mod]n #cjjj-ton plant at ,sal9as1 fifte5 miles di/ant4 ,s9ce !n ! new factory has slic$ all ( ! beets gr[n 9 t t]ritory & ! old "o has be5 dismantl$4 ,! capacity ( ! ,sal9as plant n[ is great] ?an t ( any o!r beet factory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ #djjj tons p] day4 ,! ,oxn>d bro!rs1 ,h5ry ,t41 ,b5jam91 ,james ,g4 & ,rob]t1 ) ,j4 ,g4 ,hamilton1 ,w4 ,bay>d ,cutt+ & ,r4 ,fulton ,cutt+1 organiz$ ! ,oxn>d ,beet ,sug> company 9 #ahhi1 & 9 ,decemb] ( t ye> broke gr\nd = a beet-sug> factory ( #cej tons slic+ capacity at ,gr& ,isl&1 ,nebraska4 ,9 #ahia !y built two m1 "o at ,norfolk1 ,nebraska1 & "o at ,*9o1 ,cali=nia1 bo? ( ! same size z ! ,gr& ,isl& plant4 ,! ma*9]y = ! fir/ two factories 0 b\ght 9 ,france & t = ! la/ "o came f ,g]many4 ,t[>d ! end ( #ahig1 con/ruction at ,oxn>d 0 begun1 & 9 #ahii a consolidation ( all ^! factories 0 effect$ "u ! corporate title ( ! ,am]ican ,beet ,sug> company4 ,at ! close ( #ahij1 sixty ye>s aft] ! fir/ exp]im5t at ,philadelphia1 !re 7 only ?ree beet-sug> factories 9 op]ation 9 ,am]ica2 ^? at ,alv>ado1 ,watsonville & ,gr& ,isl&4 ,! total capacity ( ! ?ree plants 0 eight hundr$ tons ( beets a day1 or t5 ?\s& tons ( sug> a ye>4 ,france 9 ! same p]iod increas$ h] production f #ejjj to #ggj1jjj tons a ye> ?r\gh favorable legislation provid+ = ! paym5t ( b\nties4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5ev] beet-sug> ent]prises h be5 />t$1 !re has g5]ally be5 "s legal provision = paym5t by ! /ate ( b\nty on ! quantity ( sug> produc$4 ,! /ory ( h[ ?is responsibility 0 evad$ is h>dly a pleasant "o4 ,9 ,nebraska1 = example1 ?ree diff]5t legislatures enact$ laws provid+ = b\nty on beet sug>1 b 9 ea* case ! foll[+ legislature ei!r repeal$ ! act or fail$ to make appropriations = ! necess>y funds4 ,9 ! e>ly n9eties1 ,mi*igan pass$ a b\nty law :i* result$ 9 sev]al beet factories be+ e/abli%$ 9 t /ate1 b :5 ! claims = b\nty 7 pres5t$ = paym5t1 ! /ate auditor refus$ to honor !m1 & 8 action 0 upheld by ! /ate supreme c\rt on ! gr\nd ( uncon/itutionality4 ,a simil> condition arose 9 ,idaho4 ,m9nesota paid b\nties 9 #ahij & #ahii1 aft] :i* ! law 0 decl>$ uncon/itutional4 ,! ,mc,kinley bill ( ,april1 #ahia1 0 ! fir/ national legislation to enc\rage ! beet indu/ry4 ,x call$ = a b\nty ( two c5ts on ea* p\nd ( dome/ic sug> produc$ te/+ ov] #ij degrees1 & admitt$ beet se$ & sug> ma*9]y free ( duty4 ,?is enc\rag$ ! ,oxn>ds to build ! factories at ,norfolk1 ,nebraska1 & ,*9o1 ,cali=nia1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,at ! same "t ,?omas ,r4 ,cutl] & 8 associates put up a beet factory at ,lehi1 ,utah1 :i* /ate (f]$ a b\nty 9 addition to t grant$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,! t>iff act ( ,augu/ #bh1 #ahid1 aboli%$ ! b\nty on sug> & fix$ an ad valorem duty ( #dj p] c5t4 ,z a result ( ! loss ( ! b\nty & ! f9ancial /ress t reign$ at t "t1 no beet factories 7 />t$ except t at ,m5om9ee ,falls1 ,wiscons91 :i* 0 a flat failure4 ,! foll[+ rsum ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t>iffs on sug> s9ce ! ye> #ahdf may be f\nd useful = purposes ( ref]5ce3 ,t>iff act ,july #cj1 #ahdf3 ,all sug>s #cj p] c5t ad valorem4 ,t>iff act ,m>* #c1 #aheg1 to be effective f & aft] ,july #a1 #aheg3 ,all sug>s #bd p] c5t ad valorem4 ,t>iff act ,m>* #b1 #ahfa1 effective ,april #a1 #ahfa3 c p] p\nd on raw1 #b;c p] p\nd on ref9$4 ,t>iff act ,augu/ #e1 #ahfa3 #b;c p] p\nd on raw4 ,sug>s above #ab ,d4 ,s4 & n yet ref9$1 #b;c p] p\nd4 #d;c p] p\nd on ref9$4 ,t>iff act ,july #ad1 #ahfb1 effective ,augu/ #a1 #ahfb3 ,sug>s n above #ab ,d4 ,s41 #b;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #ab ,d4 ,s41 n above #ae ,d4 ,s41 #c;c p] p\nd4 ,above #ae ,d4 ,s41 n above #bj ,d4 ,s41 & n /ove dri$1 #c;c p] p\nd4 ,ref9$ & above #bj ,d4 ,s41 #d;c4 ,jo9t resolution ( ,april #bi1 #ahfd1 9 effect = sixty days3 ,sug>s n above #ab ,d4 ,s41 #b;c p] p\nd plus #ej p] c5t equals #c;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #ab ,d4 ,s4 & n above #ae ,d4 ,s41 #c;c plus #ej p] c5t equals #d;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #ae ,d4 ,s4 & n above #bj ,d4 ,s41 #c;c p] p\nd plus #ej p] c5t equals #e;c p] p\nd4 ,all ref9$ sug>s #d;c p] p\nd plus #ej p] c5t equals #f;c p] p\nd4 ,t>iff act ,june #cj1 #ahfd1 effective ,july #a1 #ahfd3 ,sug>s n above #ab ,d4 ,s41 #c;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #ab ,d4 ,s41 n above #ae ,d4 ,s41 #c;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #ae ,d4 ,s41 n above #bj ,d4 ,s41 & n /ove dri$1 #d;c p] p\nd4 ,all ref9$ sug>s & all sug>s ov] #bj ,d4 ,s41 #e;c p] p\nd4 ,t>iff act ,july #ad1 #ahgj1 to be effective on & aft] ,decemb] #ca1 #ahgj1 :i* means ,janu>y #a1 #ahga4 ,lat] am5d$ by t>iff act ( ,decemb] #bb1 #ahgj1 to be effective imm$iately3 ,sug>s n above #g ,d4 ,s41 #a;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #g ,d4 ,s41 n above #aj ,d4 ,s41 #b;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #aj ,d4 ,s41 n above #ac ,d4 ,s41 #b;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #ac ,d4 ,s41 n above #af ,d4 ,s41 #b;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #af ,d4 ,s4 & n above #bj ,d4 ,s41 #c;c p] p\nd4 ,all sug>s above #bj ,d4 ,s4 & all ref9$1 #d;c p] p\nd4 ,t>iff act ,m>* #c1 #ahge3 ,sug>s n above #g ,d4 ,s41 #a;c p] p\nd plus #be p] c5t equals #b4ai;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #g ,d4 ,s41 n above #aj ,d4 ,s41 #b;c p] p\nd plus #be p] c5t equals #b4ej;c4 ,sug>s above #aj ,d4 ,s41 n above #ac ,d4 ,s41 #b;c plus #be p] c5t equals #b4ha;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #ac ,d4 ,s41 n above #af ,d4 ,s41 #b;c plus #be p] c5t equals #c4dd;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #af ,d4 ,s41 n above #bj ,d4 ,s41 #c;c plus #be p] c5t equals #d4jf;c p] p\nd4 ,all sug>s above #bj ,d4 ,s4 & all ref9$ sug>s1 #d;c p] p\nd plus #be p] c5t equals #e;c p] p\nd4 ,t>iff act ,m>* #c1 #ahhc1 effective ,june #a1 #ahhc3 ,sug>s n above #ac ,d4 ,s4 & n above #ge-;degree pol>ization1 #a4dj;c p] p\nd & 4#jd;c additional p] degree or fraction !re(4 ,sug>s above #ac ,d4 ,s41 n above #af ,d4 ,s41 #b4ge;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #af ,d4 ,s41 n above #bj ,d4 ,s41 #c;c p] p\nd4 ,sug>s above #bj ,d4 ,s41 #c;c p] p\nd4 ,t>iff act ,octob] #a1 #ahij1 effective ,april #a1 #ahia 7,mc,kinley bill73 ,b\nties effective ,july #a1 #ahia4 ,b\nties decl>$ uncon/itutional by ! ,unit$ ,/ates supreme c\rt3 ,b\nty on dome/ic productions1 sug>s te/+ #hj degrees to #ij degrees1 #a;c p] p\nd4 ,b\nty on dome/ic productions1 sug>s te/+ at lea/ #ij degrees1 #b;c p] p\nd4 ,all sug> n above #af ,d4 ,s41 free4 ,all sug> above #af ,d4 ,s41 duty c p] p\nd4 ,all sug> above #af ,d4 ,s4 f b\nty-pay+ c\ntries1 duty c p] p\nd4 ,t>iff act ,augu/ #bg1 #ahid1 effective ,augu/ #bh1 #ahid 7,wilson bill73 ,b\nty on dome/ic production repeal$4 ,all sug>s #dj p] c5t ad valorem4 ,all sug>s above #af ,d4 ,s4 & all sug>s discolor$1 #dj p] c5t & c p] p\nd4 ,all sug>s f b\nty-pay+ c\ntries1 c p] p\nd additional4 ,t>iff act ,july #bd1 #ahig 7,d+ley bill73 ,raws n above #af ,d4 ,s4 & n above #ge-;degree pol>ization1 4#ie;c p] p\nd4 ,ea* additional degree or fraction !re(1 4#jce;c p] p\nd additional4 ,sug> above #af ,d4 ,s4 & all ref9$1 #a4ie;c4 ,all sug>s f b\nty-pay+ c\ntries1 c\nt]vail+ duties equal to b\nties additional4 ,t>iff act ,augu/ #e1 #aiji 7,payne-,aldri* bill73 ,raws n above #af ,d4 ,s4 & n above #ge-;degree pol>ization1 4#ie;c p] p\nd4 ,ea* additional degree or fraction !re(1 4#jce;c p] p\nd additional4 ,sug> above #af ,d4 ,s41 & all ref9$1 #a4ij;c p] p\nd4 ,all sug>s f b\nty-pay+ c\ntries c\nt]vail+ duties equal to b\nties additional4 ,t>iff act ,octob] #c1 #aiac1 effective ,m>* #a1 #aiad 7,und]wood bill73 ,raws te/+ n above #ge-;degree pol>ization1 4#ga;c p] p\nd4 ,ea* additional degree or fraction !re(1 4#jbf;c p] p\nd additional4 ,no4 #af ,d4 ,s4 clause repeal$4 ,all ,philipp9e sug>s to be admitt$ free4 ,aft] ,may #a1 #aiaf1 all sug>s to be admitt$ free ( duty4 ,9 ,april1 #aiaf1 a bill 0 pass$ by ,congress repeal+ ! free-sug> clause ( ! t>iff act ( ,octob] #c1 #aiac4 ,! ,presid5t sign$ ! bill on ,april #bg1 #aiaf4 ,! ,democratic p>ty 0 defeat$ 9 #ahif & ! foll[+ ye> saw ! passage ( ! ,d+ley bill1 :i* levi$ a duty ( #a4fhe on #if-;degree raw c5trifugals "u #af ,d4 ,s4 9 color & #a4ie on raws ov] #af ,d4 ,s4 & on ref9$ sug>s4 ,"u ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ?is law ! indu/ry reviv$ & )9 a p]iod ( ab\t two ye>s f ! enactm5t ( ! bill tw5ty-f\r beet factories sprang into be+4 ,"o-half ( ! numb] 7 unsuccessful#cc because ! /imulat+ provisions ( ! new t>iff caus$ v5tures to be made ha/ily & )\t reg>d to actual conditions4 ,( ! twelve factories t surviv$1 ne>ly all 7 situat$ 9 ,cali=nia & ,mi*igan4 ,f #aijj to #aijb ! build+ ( beet plants 0 n s rapid1 = ! reason t ! failures j m5tion$ & ! popul> dem& = pref]5tial t]ms = ,philipp9e & ,cuban sug>s 7 n exactly enc\rag+4 ,a #be p] c5t pref]5tial 0 giv5 to ,philipp9e sug>s ,m>* #h1 #aijb1 & a concession ( #bj p] c5t ( ! duty 0 all[$ ,cuba ,decemb] #bg1 #aijc2 /ill1 not)/&+ ! failures & ! political agitation1 five or six beet factories 7 erect$ ea* ye> dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! numb] ( beet factories op]at+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiae 0 sixty-sev5 & ! total daily slic+ capacity 0 #gc1cbj tons4 ,! acreage h>ve/$ 0 #faa1cja acres1 n9ety-?ree p] c5t ( :i* 0 work$ by indep5d5t f>m]s & sev5 p] c5t by ! factories4 ,! total am\nt ( beets slic$ dur+ t season 0 #f1aej1bic %ort tons1 :i* produc$ #hgd1bbj %ort tons ( sug>4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! factories !mselves3 ,,date ,,slic+ ,,built ,,capacity ,,arizona ,s\?we/]n ,sug> ,l& ,co4#cd ,gl5dale #aijc #fjj tons ,,cali=nia ,alam$a ,sug> ,co4 ,alv>ado #ahgj #gej 0 ,am]ican ,beet ,sug> ,co4 ,*9o #ahia #ijj 0 ,am]ican ,beet ,sug> ,co4 ,oxn>d #ahih #cjjj 0 ,anaheim ,sug> ,co4 ,anaheim #aiaa #hjj 0 ,holly ,sug> ,co4 ,hunt+ton ,bea* #aiaa #abjj 0 ,los ,alamitos ,sug> ,co4 ,los ,alamitos #ahig #hjj 0 ,santa ,ana ,co-op4 ,sug> ,co4 ,dy] #aiab #ajjj 0 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ,sug> ,co4 ,santa ,ana #aiji #fjj 0 ,spreckels ,sug> ,co4 ,spreckels #ahii #djjj 0 ,union ,sug> ,co4 ,bett]avia #ahih #ijj 0 ,sacram5to ,valley ,sug> ,co4#cd ,hamilton ,city #aijf #gjj 0 ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley ,sug> ,co4 ,visalia #aijf #dej 0 ,pacific ,sug> ,co4#cd ,corcoran #aijh #fjj 0 ,,colorado ,am]ican ,beet ,sug> ,co4#cd ,lam> #aije #djj 0 ,am]ican ,beet ,sug> ,co4 ,las ,animas #aijg #hjj 0 ,am]ican ,beet ,sug> ,co4 ,rocky ,=d #aijj #afjj 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,bru% #aijf #aajj 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,eaton #aijb #ajjj 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,=t ,coll9s #aijc #bjjj 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,=t ,morgan #aijf #aaej 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,greeley #aijb #ajjj 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,longmont #aijc #bjjj 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,lovel& #aija #ahjj 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,/]l+ #aije #ajjj 0 ,great ,we/]n ,sug> ,co4 ,w9dsor #aijc #aajj 0 ,holly ,sug> ,co4 ,sw9k #aijf #abjj 0 ,national ,sug> ,mfg4 ,co4 ,sug> ,city #aijj #ejj 0 ,we/]n ,sug> ,l& ,co4 ,gr& ,junction #ahii #fjj 0 ,,idaho ,amalgamat$ ,sug> ,co4 ,burley #aiab #gbe 0 ,utah ,idaho ,sug> ,co4 ,blackfoot #aijd #hfj 0 ,utah ,idaho ,sug> ,co4 ,idaho ,falls #aijc #iej 0 ,utah ,idaho ,sug> ,co4 ,sug> #aijd #ijj 0 ,,ill9ois ,*>les ,pope ,riv]dale #aije #dej 0 ,,indiana ,holl& ,/4 ,l\is ,sug> ,co4 ,decatur #aiab #hjj 0 ,,i[a ,i[a ,sug> ,co4#cd ,wav]ly #aijg #ejj 0 ,,kansas ,g>d5 ,city ,sug> ,l& ,co4 ,g>d5 ,city #aijf #ijj 0 ,,mi*igan ,cont95tal ,sug> ,co4 ,blissfield #aije #ijj 0 ,g]man ,am]ican ,sug> ,co4 ,bay ,city #aija #aejj 0 ,holl& ,/4 ,l\is ,sug> ,co4 ,holl& #ahii #djj 0 ,holl& ,/4 ,l\is ,sug> ,co4 ,/4 ,l\is #aijc #fjj 0 ,m5om9ee ,riv] ,sug> ,co4 ,m5om9ee #aijc #aaej 0 ,mi*igan ,sug> ,co4 ,alma #ahii #adjj 0 ,mi*igan ,sug> ,co4 ,bay ,city #ahii #adjj 0 ,mi*igan ,sug> ,co4 ,c>o #ahii #abjj 0 ,mi*igan ,sug> ,co4 ,crosswell #aijb #gjj 0 ,mi*igan ,sug> ,co4 ,c>rollton #aijb #ijj 0 ,mi*igan ,sug> ,co4 ,sebewa+ #aijb #hej 0 ,owosso ,sug> ,co4 ,lans+ #aija #fjj 0 ,owosso ,sug> ,co4 ,owosso #aijc #abjj 0 ,mt4 ,clem5s ,sug> ,co4 ,mt4 ,clem5s #aijb #fjj 0 ,we/]n ,sug> ,ref9+ ,co4#cd ,m>9e ,city #aijj #fjj 0 ,we/ ,bay ,city ,sug> ,co4 ,we/ ,bay ,city #ahii #ijj 0 ,,m9nesota ,m9nesota ,sug> ,co4 ,*aska #aijf #gjj 0 ,,montana ,bill+s ,sug> ,co4 ,bill+s #aijf #bjjj 0 ,,nebraska ,scottsbluff ,sug> ,co4 ,scottsbluff #aiaj #ahej 0 ,am]ican ,beet ,sug> ,co4 ,gr& ,isl& #ahij #djj 0 ,,nevada ,nevada ,sug> ,co4#cd ,fallon #aiaa #fjj 0 ,,ohio ,cont95tal ,sug> ,co4 ,fremont #aijj #ejj 0 ,cont95tal ,sug> ,co4 ,f9dlay #aiaa #hjj 0 ,g]man ,am]ican ,sug> ,co4 ,pauld+ #aiaj #ijj 0 ,ott[a ,sug> ,co4 ,ott[a #aiab #fjj 0 ,tol$o ,sug> ,co4#cd ,tol$o #aiab #aajj 0 ,,utah ,amalgamat$ ,sug> ,co4 ,lewi/on #aije #ijj 0 ,amalgamat$ ,sug> ,co4 ,logan #aija #gej 0 ,amalgamat$ ,sug> ,co4 ,ogd5 #ahih #gej 0 ,utah ,idaho ,sug> ,co4 ,els9ore #aiaa #fbj 0 ,utah ,idaho ,sug> ,co4 ,g>l& #aijc #iej 0 ,utah ,idaho ,sug> ,co4 ,lehi #ahia #aafe 0 ,utah ,idaho ,sug> ,co4 ,payson #aiac #gjj 0 ,layton ,sug> ,co4 ,layton #aiae #dej 0 ,,wiscons9 ,*ippewa ,sug> ,ref9+ ,co4 ,*ippewa ,falls #aijd #ejj 0 ,rock ,c\nty ,sug> ,co4#cd ,janesville #aijd #fjj 0 ,u4 ,s4 ,sug> ,co4 ,madison #aijf #fjj 0 ,wiscons9 ,sug> ,co4 ,m5om9ee ,falls #aija #fjj 0 ,,wyom+ ,%]idan ,sug> ,co4 ,%]idan #aiae #gej 0 ----------- ,total capacity 7#gf7 ,u4 ,s4 factories #gc1cbj tons ,,t]ritory ,,( ,,hawaii ,! ,hawaiian isl&s lie 9 ! nor? ,pacific ocean1 betwe5 #ah degrees #ed m9utes & #bb degrees #ae m9utes nor? latitude & #aed degrees #ej m9utes & #afj degrees #cj m9utes we/ longitude4 ,! gr\p consi/s ( eight inhabit$ isl&s & a numb] ( small b>r5 islets ext5d+ sev]al hundr$ miles 9 a we/-nor?we/]ly direction4 ,! area ( ! v>i\s inhabit$ isl&s 9 squ>e miles is z foll[s3 ,hawaii #dbaj ,maui #gbh ,oahu #fjj ,kauai #edg ,molokai #bfa ,lanai #aci ,niihau #ig ,kahoolawe #fi ---- ,total #ffea ,all ( !m are ( volcanic & comp>atively rec5t orig91 & _! age1 or at lea/ ! "t s9ce ! la/ eruptions on !m1 decreases f we/ to ea/4 ,on ,hawaii1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ ea/]ly ( ! gr\p1 ! volcanic =ces are /ill active & its surface is cov]$ ) lava ?r[n up at no v remote p]iod4 ,! pr9cipal port is ,hilo & ! highe/ m\nta9 peaks are ,mauna ,kea 7,:ite m\nta971 #ac1hbc feet1 & ,mauna ,loa 7,great m\nta971 #ac1fge feet4 ,maui is =m$ by two m\nta9s connect$ by an i/hmus4 ,mauna ,haleakala1 ! high] ( ! two1 rises to a height ( #aj1jcb feet4#ce ,kahului is ! mo/ important t[n & seaport4 ,oahu is ( irregul> quadrangul> %ape4 ,two ne>ly p>allel m\nta9 ranges trav]se x f s\!a/ to nor?we/ & betwe5 !m is a plateau t slopes d[n to ! sea bo? 9 a nor!rly & s\!rly direction4 ,! pr9cipal port is ,honolulu1 ! 8cross-roads ( ! ,pacific10 a fl\ri%+ city ( ab\t #fj1jjj inhabitants & ! capital ( ! gr\p4 ,x is admirably situat$ on a f9e h>bor &1 9 addition to its comm]cial importance1 is "o ( ! mo/ attractive spots 9 ! _w on acc\nt ( its balmy climate & wondr\sly beautiful surr\nd+s4 ,x is /rongly =tifi$ & a consid]able milit>y =ce is ma9ta9$ !re4 ,pe>l ,h>bor lies ab\t sev5 miles f ,honolulu 9 a we/]ly direction4 ,"h ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has e/abli%$ a great naval /ation1 "o ( ! f9e/ 9 exi/5ce4 ,x has ! mo/ improv$ app>atus = supply+ coal or fuel oil to vessels2 !re are ma*9e %ops1 /oreh\ses & b>racks2 & ! huge dry-dock :5 complet$ w accommodate ! l>ge/ dreadnaughts4 ,! entrance f ! sea has be5 dr$g$ to make x navigable = %ips ( ! greate/ draft & ! /ation is protect$ by p[]ful long-range guns ( ! mo/ mod]n type4 ,kauai1 ! olde/ isl& ( ! gr\p1 is irregul>ly circul> 9 %ape1 ) a maximum diamet] ( ab\t #be miles4 ,on ! nor?we/ a precipice rises to a height ( #bjjj feet & beyond t is a m\nta9 pla91 b ! o!r portion ( ! isl& consi/s ( %ore pla9s ) ! m\nta9 peak1 ,waialeale1 #ebej feet high1 9 _! mid/4 ,! %ore pla9s are brok5 by ridges & broad1 deep valleys & ! isl& is well wat]$ on all sides by m\nta9 /reams4 ,!re are a numb] ( ports1 b no l>ge t[ns4 ,! climate ( ! ,hawaiian isl&s ne> sea-level does n v>y greatly f "o ye>'s end to ! o!r4 ,x is cool] ?an o!r regions 9 ! same latitude & extremely heal?ful4 ,! nor!a/ trade w9ds bl[ ) p]iodic v>iations f ,m>* to ,decemb]1 or1 z "o writ] says1 #bfd days out ( #cfe e ye>4#cf ,! leew>d coa/1 protect$ by high m\nta9s1 is refre%$ by regul> l& & sea breezes4 ,! heavie/ ra9fall is f ,janu>y to ,may1 & naturally ! greate/ precipitation takes place on ! w9dw>d side ( ! pr9cipal isl&s4 ,! extremes ( local ra9fall 9 ! l>g] isl&s h be5 kn[n to range f #ab in*es to #cjj in*es = ! ye>4 ,9 ,honolulu ! av]age temp]ature runs f #gb degrees to #gd degrees1 ! maximum ab\t #hh degrees & ! m9imum #eb degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,9 asc5d+ ! m\nta9s a l[] temp]ature w be enc\nt]$ z a matt] ( c\rse & "s ( ! highe/ m\nta9 peaks are cov]$ ) sn[ ne>ly all ! ye> r\nd4 ,w9ds seldom bl[ ) extreme viol5ce & hurricanes are unkn[n4 ,s+ul> x is t s little %\ld h be5 writt5 ^u a subject s important z ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ! sug> indu/ry ( ! ,hawaiian isl&s4 ,j>ves & ,?rum br+ ! n>rative d[n to #ahge & ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,baldw91 9 8 book entitl$ 8,! ,sug> ,indu/ry 9 ,hawaii0 7#ahie71 contributes a fund ( valuable in=mation :i* is freely drawn ^u 9 ?is *apt]4 ,tradition has x t a ,japanese junk t\*$ at ! isl& ( ,maui dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury & a ,spani% vessel is said to h put 9 on ! s\? coa/ ( ,hawaii dur+ a voyage f ,mexico to ! ,philipp9es 9 #aeej4 ,be ?is z x may1 our k ( ^! isl&s dates only f ! "t ( _! discov]y by ,capta9 ,cook 9 #aggh4 ,he f\nd sug> cane gr[+ !re :5 he l&$ & speaks ( x 9 8 description ( 8 fir/ visit z be+ 8( l>ge size & good quality40 ,accord+ to ! old natives1 x grew wild & luxuriant 9 ! valleys & l[l&s4 ,z f> back z #ahcg ,mr4 ,d4 ,d4 ,baldw9 recalls hav+ se5 fields ( :ite cane on ! edge ( ! woods at ,hana1 ,maui1 at an elevation ( #bjjj to #cjjj feet4 ,! natives made no attempt to use sug> cane except z an article ( food1 al?\gh x is said t 9 anci5t days x s]v$ z an (f]+ to _! gods1 p>ticul>ly ! god 8,mano0 7%>k74 ,clevel&#cg says t ^u 8 fir/ visit to ! ,s&wi* gr\p 9 #agii ! natives came alongside ! %ip 9 canoes br++ _m fruits & vegetables1 among :i* 0 sug> cane4 ,l4 ,l4 ,torb]t1 "o ( ! e>ly plant]s1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society 9 ,janu>y1 #aheb1 claims t ! e>lie/ sug> factory 0 put up on ! isl& ( ,lanai 9 #ahjb by a ,*9aman :o came to ! isl&s 9 "o ( ! vessels trad+ = s&alwood4 ,he br\ght ) him a /one mill & boil]s1 & aft] gr9d+ "o small crop & mak+ x into sug>1 w5t away ! next ye> tak+ 8 app>atus ) him4 ,&]son#ch makes a /atem5t t #beg tons ( sug> 7 export$ f ! isl&s 9 #ahad1 b cites no au?ority ^u :i* to base 8 ass]tion4 ,accord+ to ,j>ves#ci ! fir/ in/ance ( ! manufacture ( sug> goes back beyond #ahbj1 b ! "n ( ! pione] plant] is unkn[n4 ,x is c]ta9 t at fir/ molasses 0 manufactur$ & !n sug> "s "t be=e #ahbj4 ,don ,francisco de ,paula ,m>9 made sug> 9 ,honolulu 9 #ahai1 ! ye> be=e ! arrival ( ! fir/ mission>ies4 ,lav9ia1 an ,italian1 did ! same ?+ 9 #ahbc4 ,8 me?od 0 to p\nd ! cane ) /one pe/les on huge wood5 trays 7poi bo>ds7 by native labor1 collect+ ! juice & boil+ x 9 a small copp] kettle4 ,acc\nts f v>i\s s\rces agree t ! mak+ ( sug> & molasses 0 g5]al 9 #ahbc-bd4 ,?is und\bt$ly _h direct connection ) ! manufacture ( rum1 :i* 0 ext5sively c>ri$ on at t "t4 ,9 #ahbh a consid]able am\nt ( cane 0 rais$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,honolulu & mills 7 built 9 ! ,nuuanu valley & ,waikapu1 ,maui4 ,a pione] cane gr[]1 ,antonio ,silva by "n1 liv$ at ! latt] place1 & "s ,*9am5 _h a sug> mill ne> ,hilo4 ,9 ^? days mills 7 made ( wood1 v crudely put toge!r & work$ by ox54 ,! fir/ attempt at sug> cultivation on a l>ge scale 0 made at ,koloa1 ,kauai1 by ,ladd company1 a ,honolulu m]*ant firm1 9 #ahce4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,koloa plantation1 & ! fir/ break+ ( ! soil = plant+ cane 0 done ) a pl\gh drawn by natives4 ,a mill 0 e/abli%$ "h at ! same "t1 & ! ent]prise 0 manag$ by a ,mr4 ,hoop]4 ,z has be5 said1 ! g5]al "* ( ! mills 0 rude & primitive & x cont9u$ to be s up to #ahej4 ,! roll]s 7 g5]ally ( wood & ! kettles 9 :i* ! juice 0 boil$ 7 :al]s' trypots4 ,! build+s 7 adobe or simple grass huts4 ,only "o grade ( sug> 0 made4 ,! juice 0 boil$ to a ?ick syrup & put into cool]s to gra91 aft] :i* ! granulat$ mass 0 pack$ 9 mats1 bags1 boxes or b>rels ) p]=at$ bottoms = ! molasses to dra9 (f4 ,! mills 7 run by bullocks1 horses & 9 "s cases by wat] p[]1 & 7 f$ by h&1 "o /alk at a "t4 ,! :ole process1 bo? 9 ! field & 9 ! mill1 0 v crude & imp]fect4 ,! value ( ! sug> export$ f ! isl&s f #ahcf to #ahda 0 #cf1jjj & t ( ! molasses = ! same p]iod #ag1acj4 ,an article by ! late ,william ,ladd on ! 8,res\rces ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s10 publi%$ 9 ! 8,hawaiian ,spectator0 = ,april1 #ahch1 speaks ?us prophetically ( ! manufacture ( sug>1 !n 9 its infancy3 8,x is a v common op9ion t sug> w become a lead+ article ( export4 ,t ?is w become a sug> c\ntry is q evid5t1 if we may judge f ! v>ieties ( sug> cane n[ exi/+ "h1 its adaptation to ! soil1 price ( labor & a ready m>ket4 ,f exp]im5ts hi!rto made1 x is believ$ t sug> ( a sup]ior quality may be produc$ "h4 ,x may n be amiss to /ate t !re are n[ 9 op]ation1 or soon to be erect$1 tw5ty mills = cru%+ cane propell$ by animal p[]1 & two by wat] p[]40 ,j "h x may be rem>k$ t at t "t ! price ( labor 0 a pot5t argum5t 9 favor ( mak+ ! isl&s a sug>-produc+ c\ntry1 = native labor 0 available 9 abundance & ! curr5t rate ( wages 0 f #ab c5ts to #cg c5ts p] day1 or #b4jj to #e4jj p] mon?4 ,9 an article on comm]cial developm5t1#dj ,?rum says3 8,hawaiian produce 9 ! e>ly days _h to seek di/ant m>kets1 = we f9d %ipm5ts ( sug>1 hides1 goat sk9s & ! fir/ %ipm5t ( raw silk mov+ to ,new ,york p] ! b>k ,flora 9 #ahdj4 ,a trial %ipm5t ( sug> 0 s5t to ,france1 b x did n (f] suffici5t enc\ragem5t = any r5ewals4 ,! ,sydney m>ket 0 also exploit$ ) sug>1 :]e x obta9$ bett] figures ?an simil> grades ( ,mauritius40 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahdj & #ahej a cane field & rude mill 9 ,laha9a1 ,maui1 7 own$ by ,david ,malo1 a well-kn[n ,hawaiian1 :o made molasses & sold x = home consumption4 ,8 app>atus consi/$ ( ?ree :al+-%ip trypots set up on adobe & /one mason "w4 ,! cru%+ 0 done ) wood5 roll]s1 /r5g!n$ by iron b&s4 ,9 #ahda1 ,kauk9i1 gov]nor ( ,hawaii1 plant$ ab\t "o hundr$ acres ( cane 9 ,kohala & ! crop :5 h>ve/$ 0 gr\nd "u contract by a ,*9ese nam$ ,aiko4 ,9 ,wyllie's 8,notes0 on ! isl&s1 publi%$ 9 ! 8,fri5d10 ,decemb]1 #ahdd1 ! quantity ( sug> export$ f ! isl& ( ,kauai is e/imat$ at ab\t #bjj tons1 & ! molasses at #bj1jjj gallons4 ,hilo1 9 ! same ye>1 export$ #db tons ( sug>4 ,maui _h1 at t "t1 two mills1 b ! am\nt ( sug> produc$ is n report$4 ,9 #ahea1 ,d4 ,m4 ,we/on1 !n manag] ( :at is n[ ! ,honolulu ,iron ,works1 inv5t$ ! fir/ c5trifugal ma*9e = dry+ sug>1 & ?is ma*9e 0 in/all$ on ! ,ea/ ,maui plantation 9 ! same ye>4 ,?is1 x is claim$1 0 ! fir/ c5trifugal to be us$ = ! purpose any:]e4 ,prom95t among ! e>ly plant]s are ! names ( ,/eph5 ,reynolds1 ,william ,fr5*1 ,ladd company1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,wood1 ,l4 ,l4 ,torb]t1 ,w4 ,h4 ,rice1 & lat] on ,s4 ,l4 ,au/91 ,a4 ,h4 ,sp5c] & ,capta9 ,makee4 ,9 ! ye> #ahed or #ahee1 ,capta9 ,edw>ds ( ! ,am]ican :al] ,george ,wa%+ton br\ght f ,tahiti two v>ieties ( cane1 "o kn[n z ,cuban & ! o!r z ,laha9a4 ,! latt] prov$ to be pr(itable to raise & fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s lat] began to displace o!r species ?r\gh\t ! isl&s4 ,s9ce !n its popul>ity cont9u$ to increase & up to tw5ty ye>s ago x 0 ! v>iety mo/ 9 favor on all ,hawaiian plantations4 ,twelve v>ieties ( cane 7 import$ f ,que5sl&1 ,au/ralia1 9 #ahhj1 b ( ^! only "o--! ,rose ,bamboo--comp>$ ) ! ,laha9a 9 productiv5ess1 & t only 9 high altitudes4 ,9 #ahih ,laha9a & ,rose ,bamboo seem$ to h outliv$ _! usefulness on ! ,hamakua coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,hawaii1 & :ile !y cont9u$ to give excell5t results 9 ! l[1 %elt]$ valleys1 x became evid5t t !y c\ld n be pr(itably gr[n on ! upl&s4 ,! yields 9 ! ,hamakua region 7 becom+ small] ea* ye> & ! plantation own]s _h to seek a new v>iety4 ,a cane kn[n z ,yell[ ,cal$onia#da solv$ ! difficulty & wond]ful crops ( x h be5 rais$ un9t]rupt$ly 9 t section ev] s9ce4 ,9 #ahef no f]tiliz]s 7 us$ & practically no?+ 0 kn[n ( irrigation4 ,! av]age yield ( sug> at t "t 0 "o ton p] acre4 ,! extraction ( sug> f ! cane 0 less ?an #ej p] c5t1 :ile today 9 ! be/ mills x exce$s #ih p] c5t & ! av]age result f all ,hawaiian factories %[s ov] #ij p] c5t4 ,! indu/ry /ruggl$ along "u sev]e h&icaps & disc\rag+ circum/ances until #aheg1 :5 ! numb] ( plantations on ! isl&s _h dw9dl$ d[n to five3 ,koloa & ,lihue on ,kauai1 ! ,ea/ ,maui & ! ,brew] on ,maui & a ,*9ese outfit ne> ,hilo1 ,hawaii4 ,9 #aheh-ei /eam 0 adopt$ z ! motive p[] 9 ! mills2 wood5 mills 7 sup]s$$ by ^? built ( iron & 9 #ahfa ! fir/ vacuum pans 7 introduc$4 ,! same ye> saw ! numb] ( plantations increase to tw5ty-two1 n9e ( :i* employ$ /eam = ! gr9d+ ( ! cane4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,civil w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cut (f ! supply ( sug> drawn f ! ,s\!rn /ates & caus$ ! price ( ,hawaiian sug> 9 kegs to advance to t5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,?is gave ! ,hawaiian produc]s _! fir/ real />t4 ,9 #ahfc ! export tonnage 0 #bfjj1 & ?is increas$ until 9 #ahfj x rea*$ #hhfi tons4 ,a small plantation 0 />t$ at ,paia1 ,maui1 by a ,capta9 ,bu% 9 #ahfh & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he dispos$ ( x to ,s4 ,t4 ,alex&] & ,h4 ,p4 ,baldw94 ,! =m] g5tleman 0 !n manag] ( ! ,haiku plantation & ! acquisition ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! ,paia v5ture necessitat$ 8 go+ to ,honolulu to borr[ ! sum ( #ijjj1 :i* he manag$ to d1 b n )\t difficulty4 ,mr4 ,alex&] 0 ! fa!r ( irrigation 9 ,hawaii4 ,he promot$ & built ! ,haiku dit*1 :i* 0 ! =]unn] ( ! pres5t magnific5t wat]-di/ribut+ sy/em ( ! isl&s4 ,! p]iod f #ahfi to #ahgf 0 "o ( ardu\s /ruggle = ! plant]s4 ,_! v exi/5ce 0 at /ake4 ,! duty levi$ on imports by ! ,unit$ ,/ates cut _! m>g9s d[n to no?+1 labor 0 sc>ce & ! co/ ( obta9+ x great1 ! rate ( int]e/ 0 f t5 to twelve p] c5t1 ag5ts' commissions = buy+ & sell+ ran f five to t5 p] c5t2 9 %ort1 _m plantations 7 ?reat5$ ) utt] ru91 & s s]i\sly disc\rag$ did ! bus9ess m5 become t ! only gleam ( hope = ! salvation ( ! sug> indu/ry seem$ to be annexation4 ,repeat$ ef=ts 7 made to negotiate a reciprocity treaty ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f9ally ?is 0 accompli%$2 ! treaty 0 consummat$ 9 #ahgf & a new ,hawaii 0 born4 ,! expansion t foll[$ 0 m rapid ?an ! f9ances ( ! c\ntry c\ld /&4 ,depression ensu$1 & z a result ! res\rces ( ! isl&s 7 tax$ to ! utmo/4 ,! dem& = labor dur+ ?is p]iod ( expansion 0 s great t ! pay ( ! labor]s 9 ! fields 0 rais$ to "o doll> a day1 ) free r5t1 fuel & m$ical att5dance4 ,labor]s 7 s\ght = 9 ! f> corn]s ( ! e>?1 & 9 consequ5ce ! isl&s h a race mixture r>ely f\nd any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,9 #ahgf ! annual crop ( ! isl&s c\ld h be5 put 9 "o vessel ( ! capacity ( ^? t are n[ engag$ 9 freight+ ,hawaiian raw sug>s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! total be+ 9 ! neighborhood ( #ac1jjj %ort tons4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 ?is seem$ an enorm\s am\nt to ! plant]s ) _! small acreage & mills4 ,x is well kn[n t "o plant] 0 v mu* ex]cis$ z to h[ he 0 possibly go+ to h&le ! extraord9>y production ( #aajj tons f 8 plantation1 :i* 0 !n ! l>ge/ 9 ! isl&s4 ,! crop came on ! m>ket 9 su* small quantities t x 0 ( no value to ref9]s1 z !y c\ld n dep5d ^u def9ite deliv]ies4 ,x 0 !re=e put up 9 special conta9]s1 kn[n z 8isl& kegs10 & sold directly to ! :olesale groc]s on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,"s plantations turn$ out sug>s t f\nd especial favor ) ! trade1 & ^! grades br\ght z high z #ad c5ts p] p\nd4 ,"u ! b5efits ( reciprocity ! crop increas$ by leaps & b\nds & 9 a %ort "t ! plant]s ceas$ sell+ ^! raw groc]y sug>s & turn$ _! att5tion to supply+ ! wants ( ref9]s4 ,! 8isl& keg0 became a ?+ ( ! pa/ & ! small sail+ vessels :i* _h h]et(ore c>ri$ all ! isl& products to ! ma9l& gave way to /eam]s4 ,at ! pres5t day !re is only "o sail+ vessel ply+ regul>ly betwe5 ,san ,francisco & ! isl&s1 & %e usually loads at a port :]e ! l>ge freight+ /eam]s d n c>e to v5ture4 ,annexation to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahih 0 ! next important /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ,hawaii4 ,its imm$iate effect 0 to create a feel+ ( security & confid5ce 9 e direction1 = :ile ! reciprocity treaty _h produc$ excell5t results1 ! dang] ( its be+ made ! subject ( attack 9 ,congress 0 ev] pres5t4 ,! hoi/+ ( ! ,am]ican flag 9 ! isl&s p]man5tly dispell$ any anxiety on t score4 ,( all ! e>ly pione]s ^: /eadfa/ness & c\rage kept ! sug> indu/ry alive ?r\gh s _m vicissitudes1 b few survive4 ,_! desc5dants h succe$$ to _! possessions & responsibilities1 & today 9 ,hawaii cane cultivation & sug> manufacture h atta9$ a high] degree ( developm5t ?an has be5 rea*$ by any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,crude me?ods & appliances h long s9ce disappe>$4 ,sci5tific pr9ciples gov]n ! treatm5t ( ! l& & ! selection & c>e ( ! cane4 ,! irrigation works are m>vels ( eng9e]+ skill4 ,! mills are mod]n /eel-frame /ructures1 ) concrete floors & equipp$ ) ma*9]y ( ! mo/ improv$ type4 ,& ! end is n yet4 ,! m9ds ( _m highly tra9$ m5 are con/antly at "w ^u ! v>i\s problems pres5t$ by ! indu/ry1 & :at ! fruit ( _! ef=t w be1 :o %all say8 ,production ( ,hawaii s9ce #ahcg 9 tons ( #bbdj p\nds3 #ahcg #b #ahch #dj #ahci #de #ahdj #afa #ahda #bg #ahdb 444 #ahdc #eaa #ahdd #bbi #ahde #ace #ahdf #acd #ahdg #bbe #ahdh #bbc #ahdi #bib #ahej #cce #ahea #i #aheb #cab #ahec #bhg #ahed #beg #ahee #abi #ahef #bdh #aheg #cac #aheh #ech #ahei #haf #ahfj #fde #ahfa #a1add #ahfb #a1cdb #ahfc #b1cfc #ahfd #d1fdi #ahfe #f1hch #ahff #g1iae #ahfg #g1fdf #ahfh #h1age #ahfi #h1aga #ahgj #h1chf #ahga #i1gae #ahgb #g1ehg #ahgc #aj1cbf #ahgd #aj1ifg #ahge #aa1aig #ahgf #aa1fdj #ahgg #aa1dah #ahgh #ag1aeg #ahgi #ba1hhd #ahhj #bh1chf #ahha #da1hgj #ahhb #ej1egb #ahhc #ej1ida #ahhd #fc1fhe #ahhe #gf1dif #ahhf #if1ebh #ahhg #id1ihd #ahhh #aje1cjg #ahhi #ajh1aaj #ahij #aae1igg #ahia #abb1gfa #ahib #aji1agh #ahic #acf1bfi #ahid #adh1fjj #ahie #acc1eif #ahif #bja1fcb #ahig #bbd1bjj #ahih #bjd1hcd #ahii #beb1ejf #aijj #beh1ebb #aija #cba1dfc #aijb #cag1eaj #aijc #cia1jfc #aijd #cbh1ajc #aije #chj1egi #aijf #chc1bbf #aijg #cib1hgb #aijh #dfe1bhh #aiji #dgg1hah #aiaj #dfa1fhg #aiaa #ejf1jij #aiab #eca1dhj #aiac #dhh1bab #aiad #eej1ibf #aiae #egg1ahc #aiaf #ede1jjj ,,l\isiana ,! cane crop ( ,l\isiana comes f ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate1 pr9cipally along ! banks ( ! ,mississippi1 ! ,bay\ ,te*e & ! ,bay\ ,laf\r*e4 ,z ?is region is outside ! tropics1 be+ betwe5 #bi degrees & #ca degrees nor? latitude1 fro/s mu/ be look$ = 9 w9t]4 ,! sug> indu/ry ( ,l\isiana1 !re=e1 z well z t ( ,texas1 ,florida & ,georgia1 has to cope ) climatic conditions t are unkn[n 9 mo/ o!r cane-produc+ c\ntries4 ,all ( ! sug> plantations are situat$ 9 ! l[ pla9s1 ! highe/ elevation above sea-level n exce$+ #hc feet4 ,! annual ra9fall v>ies f #fg to #ie in*es1 & #hj in*es may be tak5 z a fair av]age1 :i* amply suffices = ! ne$s ( ! gr[+ cane4 ,9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y & ,febru>y !re is always ! dang] ( fro/ & plant]s mu/ be con/antly al]t to gu>d aga9/ ?is z f> z possible4 ,dur+ ! autumnal equ9ox mu* damage to ! cane is caus$ by hurricanes t ru% 9 f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,sug> cane 0 br\ght to ,l\isiana 9 #agea4 ,accord+ to ,gay>r1 two %ips t 7 transport+ troops f ,france to ,l\isiana t\*$ at a port 9 ,hispaniola dur+ ! voyage & ! ,jesuits ( ! isl& obta9$ p]mission to put "s sug> cane on bo>d ^! vessels to be tak5 to ,l\isiana & !re deliv]$ to _! ,jesuit bre?r54 ,! same means 7 employ$ to s5d a numb] ( negroes to cultivate ! cane1 :i* 0 plant$ accord+ to direction on a piece ( gr\nd belong+ to ! ord] situat$ j above ! pres5t c\rse ( ,canal /reet1 ,new ,orleans4 ,! cane grew to maturity & 0 sold 9 ! m>ket z a luxury4 ,9 #agei a ri* coloni/1 ,dubreuil by "n1 built a mill & attempt$ to make sug>1 b 8 ef=ts 7 unsuccessful & ! idea 0 ab&on$4 ,tafia1 a k9d ( rum1 0 made f sug> cane %ortly aft]w>d4 ,9 #agia ,don ,antnio ,m5dez1 an (fic] ( ! ,spani% cr[n :o liv$ 9 ,/4 ,b]n>d p>i%1 b\ght f a ,spani% refugee f ,santo ,dom+o nam$ ,solis 8 l&1 crop ( cane & di/ill+ outfit & attack$ ! problem ) a firm det]m9ation to conqu] x4 ,he call$ 9 a ,cuban sug> mak] nam$ ,mor9 to assi/ him1 b :e!r x 0 t he lack$ ! means to erect a prop] factory1 or :e!r he became disc\rag$1 ! fact rema9s t he only succe$$ 9 turn+ out a few small b>rels ( sug>4 ,!re is evid5ce t he did some?+ 9 ! way ( ref9+ z well1 b n 9 an appreciable quantity4 ,! fir/ crop ( sug> suffici5tly l>ge & pr(itable to s]ve z an inc5tive to o!rs 0 rais$ by ,eti5ne de ,bor ab\t #agid4 ,( ?is a*ievem5t ,gay>r says3 8,:5 ! :ole agricultural int]e/ ( ,l\isiana 0 ?us pro/rat$ & look+ ar\nd = ! discov]y ( "s means to escape f annihilation1 & ! eag] & anxi\s inquiry ( e plant] 0 #8,:at %all ,i d to pay my debts & support my family8'1 ! en]gy ( "o ( ! mo/ spirit$ & respect$ citiz5s ( ,l\isiana sudd5ly sav$ h] f utt] ru9 & rais$ h] to t /ate ( prosp]ity :i* has increas$ ) ea* successive ye>40#db ,9 #agid de ,bor pur*as$ se$ cane f ,m5dez & ,solis & aft] plant+ x he w5t ahead ) 8 prep>ations = h>ve/+1 cru%+ & manufactur+4 ,! foll[+ ye> ! sug> he produc$ sold = #ab1jjj1 a consid]able sum ( money 9 ^? days4 ,! boil+ ( ! sug> juice to gra9 0 done "u ! direction ( ,anto9e ,mor91 ! =m] associate ( ,m5dez4 ,! me?od 0 naturally v primitive1 ! mill be+ driv5 by animal p[]1 & mu* sug> 0 lo/ 9 ! bagasse4 ,foll[+ ! example ( de ,bor1 _m plant]s set out cane & built sug> mills4 ,_! op]ations 7 highly successful & !y all became weal?y )9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod4 ,! indu/ry cont9u$ to fl\ri% & prosp]1 & ! ye> #ahbj m>k$ a decid$ /ep =w>d4 ,up to t "t ! only two k9ds ( cane t _h be5 gr[n 9 ,l\isiana 7 ! ,creole 7f ,malab> or ,b5gal7 & ! ,tahiti4 ,! cane orig9ally plant$ by de ,bor & f :i* he made 8 fir/ sug> 0 ! ,creole2 ! ,tahiti v>iety 0 n introduc$ f ,santo ,dom+o until #agig4 ,x became pat5t to ! plant]s t nei!r ( ^! canes 0 suit$ to ! ,l\isianan climate1 & !y set ab\t look+ = a h>di] plant4 ,t[>d ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! purple & /rip$ v>ieties 7 br\ght by ! ,dut* f ,java to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,eu/atius1 & f !re a quantity ( ^! canes 0 tak5 to ,savannah1 ,georgia1 ab\t #ahad4 ,!y ?rove extremely well & a =m] resid5t ( ,savannah :o _h mov$ to ,l\isiana & become a plant] !re1 hav+ he>d ab\t !m1 secur$ "s = se$ purposes4 ,8 exp]im5t prov$ wond]fully successful & f ?is s+le e/ate ! cultivation ( ! new canes spread ov] ! entire sug>-produc+ region4 ,z ^! v>ieties c\ld /& great] cold ?an ! ,creole & ! ,tahiti1 ! plant]s 7 able to ext5d _! gr[+ area nor?w>d & 9 ?is way greatly increase _! acreage4 ,z rec5tly z #ahig ^! canes /ill con/itut$ ! crops ( ,l\isiana ) a few exceptions4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 se$l+ canes obta9$ f ,dem]>a h come into great favor 9 consequ5ce ( ! rese>*es ( ! botani/s at ! exp]im5t /ation4 ,9 addition to an advantage bo? 9 cane & sug> ov] ! v>ieties previ\sly us$1 ! "t ( vegetation is %ort]1 s t ! canes mature e>li]1 & ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! %ort season 9 :i* ,l\isianan cane has to rip51 makes ! ,dem]>an decid$ly desirable4 ,x has also be5 prov$ t ,dem]>an cane is bett] able to resi/ damage by /orms1 s t tak+ x all 9 all x w\ld appe> t ! new] v>ieties are q likely to displace ! old] k9ds4 ,cane is usually plant$ 9 ! same gr\nd e ?ree ye>s4 ,! crop ( plant cane is foll[$ by a crop ( ratoons & !n maize is put 94 ,z soon z ! maize is cut ! field is s[n ) a species ( l>ge pea 7,vigna s95sis7 & :5 summ] is ov] ! pea v9es & ! maize /ubble are pl\gh$ "u4 ,a mon? aft] ?is is done1 furr[s are dug ab\t six feet ap>t & e>ly 9 ,octob] cane is plant$ once m4 ,9 ?is op]ation two r[s ( :ole cane /alks are plac$ 9 ! furr[s & cov]$ ) five or six in*es ( e>? z a protection aga9/ fro/4 ,mo/ ( ?is lay] ( e>? is remov$ 9 ! spr+ to help ! gr[? ( ! "y cane %oots4 ,/able manure1 cotton-se$ meal1 nitrates1 phosphates & ka9ite are us$ z f]tiliz]s4 ,h>ve/+ beg9s at ! end ( ,novemb]1 &1 wea!r p]mitt+1 ! cane is all[$ to rema9 /&+ 9 ! fields until requir$ = gr9d+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,gov]nm5t ,wea!r ,bureau %\ld pr$ict cold1 ! cane is cut )\t delay1 pil$ 9 ! furr[s & cov]$ ) dry cane leaves to prev5t x f freez+4 ,cane /or$ 9 ?is mann] keeps well s long z ! wea!r rema9s cold1 b z soon z w>m wea!r comes x rapidly det]iorates4 ,labor 9 ,l\isiana is bo? sc>ce & co/ly1 consequ5tly agricultural ma*9]y is us$ 9 ! fields z f> z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,haul+ ,,cane ,,9 ,,! ,,fields1 ,,l\isiana ,illu/ration3 ,,haul+ ,,cane ,,9 ,,! ,,fields1 ,,l\isiana ,! /eam eng9e 0 fir/ employ$ 9 ! cru%+ ( cane 9 ! ye> #ahbb4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 :5 slav]y 0 su* a trem5d\s factor 9 ! ,s\?1 sug> rais+ 0 m>k$ by a t5d5cy t[>d ! l>ge plantation me?od4 ,f #ahcj to #ahdj ! numb] ( plantations 9 ,l\isiana decreas$1 b ! numb] ( slaves employ$ on !m increas$ #dj p] c5t4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! plantations began to gr[ 9 numb] & by #ahec !re 7 m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ( !m1 z aga9/ #ffh ?irte5 ye>s previ\s4 ,9 ^? days1 ea* plantation _h its own sug> mill1 s t #ahec may be tak5 z close to ! high-wat] m>k = ! numb] ( mills 9 ! ,s\?4 ,) ! outbreak ( ! ,civil w>1 ! indu/ry 0 virtually wip$ out ( exi/5ce1 & :5 its rehabilitation 0 begun1 x 0 c>ri$ on along entirely diff]5t l9es & ! sep>ation ( ! rais+ ( sug> f ! manufacture 0 gradually br\ght ab\t4 ,ye> by ye> ! small mills 7 ab&on$ & ! crops ( cane rais$ by ! plant]s1 l>ge & small1 7 br\ght to ! c5tral factory to be work$ up4 ,today1 :]e l>ge plantations /ill exi/1 x is ! practice to r5t subdivisions ( l& f tw5ty to fifty acres 9 size to t5ants :o gr[ cane = ! c5tral mill4 ,9 #ahhj !re 7 #aadd small sug> mills 9 ,l\isiana & _! output ( sug> 0 #aba1hhf tons4 ,9 #aiaa1 #ahg mills h&l$ a crop ( #e1icj1jjj tons ( cane :i* gave #cjh1dci tons ( sug>1 & ?is w\ld h be5 consid]ably exce$$ _h x n be5 = a disa/r\s freeze4 ,9 #ahhj1 #bgc factories us$ horse p[]1 9 #aijj only #e1 9 #aije none at all4 ,! adv5t ( ! vacuum pan & ! consequ5t abolition ( ! op5-kettle me?od m>k$ ano!r great advance 9 manufactur+ developm5t4 ,9 #ahhj ab\t #db p] c5t ( ! sug> produc$ 9 ,l\isiana 0 turn$ out by factories equipp$ ) vacuum pans4 ,! gov]nm5t /ati/ics = #aiji %[ a total ( #caf1hbi tons ( sug> boil$ 9 vacuum pans & only #c1fgh tons ( op5-kettle sug>4 ,z has be5 said1 ! gr[+ season = cane 9 ,l\isiana is limit$ & ! h>ve/+ is done be=e ! plant has atta9$ its full maturity4 ,:e!r or n ?is has any effect ^u ! flavor ( ! sug> & molasses produc$ is a moot po9t4 ,x is none ! less true1 h[ev]1 t ! ,l\isiana 8,cl>ifi$s0 & ! s-call$ ,new ,orleans molasses possess a flavor di/9ctively _! own4 ,9 ! plantation fields1 too1 ! sci5ti/s h work$ wond]s4 ,to illu/rate ! b5efit result+ f ! application ( mod]n me?ods to ! cultivation ( cane1 9 #ahhe ! av]age yield ( cane p] acre 9 ,l\isiana 0 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ton1 :ile 9 #aiji ! av]age yield p] acre 9 cane 0 ab\t #bj tons1 ! recov]y ( sug> p] ton ( cane ov] #aeg p\nds1 or #cadj p\nds ( sug> p] acre4 ,! ,l\isiana /ate exp]im5t /ation 0 e/abli%$ by ! sug> plant]s at ,audubon p>k1 ,new ,orleans1 9 #ahhe & end[$ = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,?is in/itution has gr[n 9 importance until at ! pres5t "t x has ample gr\nds1 well-equipp$ laboratories & a sug> h\se ) an in/allation ( ! late/ & be/ sug>-manufactur+ ma*9]y1 all direct$ & op]at$ by ! /ud5ts ( ! in/itution4 ,"h is c>ri$ on ! "w ( develop+ se$l+s1 improvem5t ( cane v>ieties1 inve/igation ( cane diseases1 toge!r ) ! /udy ( all que/ions ( bett]+ plantation & factory me?ods4 ,! sug> production ( ,l\isiana 9 long tons f #ahfj-fa to ! pres5t "t is z foll[s3 #ahfj-fa #aag1dca #ahfa-fb #bce1hef #ahfb-fc #dc1bcb #ahfc-fd #ci1fij #ahfd-fe #e1cca #ahfe-ff #i1bhg #ahff-fg #ba1jgd #ahfg-fh #ai1bhi #ahfh-fi #db1fag #ahfi-gj #dd1chb #ahgj-ga #ge1cfi #ahga-gb #fe1fce #ahgb-gc #ee1hia #ahgc-gd #df1jgh #ahgd-ge #fj1ajj #ahge-gf #gb1ieh #ahgf-gg #he1ajb #ahgg-gh #fe1hce #ahgh-gi #ajf1iji #ahgi-hj #hh1hcf #ahhj-ha #aba1hhf #ahha-hb #ga1cjd #ahhb-hc #acf1afg #ahhc-hd #abh1cah #ahhd-he #id1cgb #ahhe-hf #abg1ieh #ahhf-hg #hj1heh #ahhg-hh #aeg1igj #ahhh-hi #add1hgh #ahhi-ij #abh1cdc #ahij-ia #bae1hdc #ahia-ib #afj1icg #ahib-ic #bja1haf #ahic-id #bfe1hcf #ahid-ie #cag1cjf #ahie-if #bcg1gbj #ahif-ig #bhb1jji #ahig-ih #caj1ddg #ahih-ii #bde1eaa #ahii-jj #adg1afd #aijj-ja #bgj1cch #aija-jb #cba1fgf #aijb-jc #cbi1bbf #aijc-jd #bbh1dgf #aijd-je #cee1ecj #aije-jf #ccf1gea #aijf-jg #ahh1ega #aijg-jh #cjb1hee #aijh-ji #bgc1agh #aiji-aj #bfi1dca #aiaj-aa #bfc1cjh #aiaa-ab #cae1jff #aiab-ac #acg1aai #aiac-ad #bfa1ccg #aiad-ae #baf1fif #aiae-af #abb1gfh ,,porto ,,rico ,porto ,rico1 ! mo/ ea/]ly & ! f\r? 9 size ( ! ,great] ,antilles1 lies at ! entrance to ! ,c>ibbean sea1 betwe5 #ag degrees #ej m9utes & #ah degrees #cj m9utes nor? latitude & betwe5 #fe degrees #cj m9utes & #fg degrees #ae m9utes we/ longitude4 ,x is ab\t #ajj miles long by #cf miles wide & has an area ( #cfjf squ>e miles4 ,a range ( m\nta9s f #bjjj feet to #cgjj feet 9 height runs f ea/ to we/4 ,! s\? slope ( ! isl& rises abruptly f ! foo?ills1 :ile on ! nor? ! asc5t is m gradual & brok5 to a great ext5t by rugg$ spurs & deep rav9es4 ,!re is b little coa/al pla9 on ! nor?1 except at ! riv] m\?s1 b on ! s\? a consid]able /ret* ( l[l&s is f\nd4 ,al?\gh _m ind5tations occur 9 ! coa/ l9e1 few ( !m af=d safe %elt] = %ips4 ,!re are ?irty-n9e riv]s & a great numb] ( small] /reams1 b none ( ! riv]s is navigable = m ?an a mile or two f ! sea4 ,! climate is heal?ful & is temp]$ by ! nor!a/ trade w9ds t1 ) c]ta9 modifications due to local conditions1 bl[ /eadily ! ye> r\nd4 ,! mean annual temp]ature is ab\t #hj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! ra9y season beg9s 9 ,may & ends 9 ,novemb] & ! av]age ye>ly precipitation at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,el ,yunque on ! nor!a/ coa/ is #abj in*es4 ,at ,san ,juan x is #ee in*es1 :ile o!r sections ( ! isl& are semi-arid or subject to sev]e dr\ghts4 ,porto ,rico is p>ticul>ly free f epidemics4 ,! la/ case ( yell[ fev] 0 report$ 9 #ahig4 ,*ol]a & bubonic plague are unkn[n1 & dys5t]y diseases1 =m]ly common1 are /eadily decreas+4 ,l o!r ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 x is subject to hurricanes1 t ( #ahii hav+ be5 unusually disa/r\s4 ,! c5sus ( #aiaj gave ! population z #a1aah1jab4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,moscioni1 ,photo4 ,,sug> ,,plantation ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,porto ,,rico ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,moscioni1 ,photo4 ,,sug>-,,%ipp+ ,,port1 ,,porto ,,rico ,! soil is f]tile & may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,fir/1 ! r$ soil1 g5]ally f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s2 second1 ! black soil1 conta9+ mu* humus1 & ?ird1 ! coral s& soil ( ! coa/ pla9s4 ,! black has prov$ to be ! be/ = sug> cane1 al?\gh excell5t yields h be5 obta9$ f ! coa/ l&s4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t bo? soil & climate are well suit$ to cane cultivation1 ! ext5sion ( ! indu/ry is *eck$ by ! =mation ( ! c\ntry4 ,! hilly "* ( ! isl& & ! comp>atively limit$ transportation facilities d n admit ( cane be+ gr[n 9 ! int]ior4 ,all ( ! mod]n plantations are ne> ! coa/1 :]e sug> c be easily transport$ to /eam]s4 ,9 ! nor? cane may be rais$ )\t irrigation1 b 9 ! s\?1 :]e ! great] "p ( ! crop is produc$1 irrigation is necess>y4 ,ab\t #djj1jjj acres ( ! surface ( ,porto ,rico are "u cultivation & half ( ?is area is devot$ to sug>4 ,! cane gr[s *iefly on ! ri* alluvial l[l&s along ! coa/4 ,on ! s\!rn seabo>d !re is pl5ty ( good l& t has nev] be5 plant$1 b to make ?is available = agriculture means ! con/ruction ( co/ly irrigation works ) ext5sive aqu$ucts & mu* tunnel+4 ,porto ,rico 0 discov]$ by ,columbus 9 #adic4 ,! "n ,pu]to ,rico dates f #aeba1 :5 gold 0 f\nd 9 ! isl&4 ,! natives suff]$ cruelly at ! h&s ( _! conqu]ors up to ! ye> #aedd1 :5 !y 7 set free by ! ord] ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i ( ,spa94#dc ,out ( a population orig9ally e/imat$ at #fjj1jjj only a few hundr$ rema9$4 ,great numb]s _h di$ & _m _h fl$ to ,mexico & ,p]u1 b ! ,spani>ds soon fill$ _! places ) ,african negroes4 ,= ?ree c5turies ! isl& 0 h>ri$ by ! ,engli%1 attack$ by pirates & freeboot]s1 torn by rebellion among ! slaves or t]roriz$ by ! fleets ( ! ,dut*1 :o 7 int5t ^u its conque/1 s t ,spa9 0 kept con/antly on h] gu>d to prev5t h] colony f be+ wre/$ f h]4 ,?is /ate ( affairs naturally did n enc\rage population4 ,! c\ntry c\ld n meet ! co/ ( its adm9i/ration & ! deficit _h to be paid out ( ! rev5ues ( ,mexico4 ,up to #aggh only ,spani>ds 7 all[$ to settle !re1 b aft] t date ! privilege 0 grant$ to p ( o!r c\ntries1 provid$ !y 7 ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?1 & 9 #ahae all re/rictions 7 remov$4 ,=eign]s 7 welcom$ to ! isl& & _m inducem5ts (f]$ !m4 ,trade ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 p]mitt$ 9 #ahae1 b only 9 ,spani% %ips4 ,?is lib]al policy br\ght _m plant]s f ! ,briti% & ,fr5* isl&s1 & z !y _h exp]i5ce1 capital & slaves1 !y did mu* to develop ! res\rces ( ! colony4 ,subsequ5tly _m refugees came f ,haiti1 ,santo ,dom+o & ,v5ezuela4 ,slav]y 9 ,spani% possessions 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahgc & #cd1jjj slaves 9 ,porto ,rico receiv$ _! fre$om4 ,aft] ,alphonso ,,xii asc5d$ ! ,spani% ?rone 9 #ahge1 comm]cial conditions 9 ! isl& %[$ a c]ta9 improvem5t1 b politically ! situation 0 deplorable1 reflect+ z x did all ! bad features ( an obsolete sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 complicat$ by a lib]alism t 0 premature4 ,by reason ( its arbitr>y decrees & _m acts ( p]secution1 ! adm9i/ration /irr$ up a feel+ ( bitt] antagonism on ! "p ( ! coloni/s4 ,a /ep t[>d re=m 0 tak5 9 #ahgg1 :5 ! prov9cial deputation 0 re-e/abli%$1 & eighte5 ye>s aft]w>d1 ! home gov]nm5t1 9 response to vigor\s dem&s f =eign nations1 attempt$ to pass measures to effectively rem$y exi/+ evils1 b x 0 f> too late4 ,! isl& receiv$ a grant ( autonomy 9 ,novemb]1 #ahig1 & 9 ,july ( ! foll[+ ye> x 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,moscioni1 ,photo4 ,,pl\gh+ ,,cane ,,field ,,) ,,/eam ,,pl\gh1 ,,porto ,,rico ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,moscioni1 ,photo4 ,,unload+ ,,sug> ,,cane ,,at ,a ,,mill1 ,,porto ,,rico ,z soon z ?is became an accompli%$ fact1 !re 0 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 conditions1 especially f a sug> po9t ( view4 ,up to ?is "t mu* att5tion _h be5 giv5 to ! cultivation ( c(fee1 & sug> production _h suff]$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 consequ5ce4 ,spa9 _h admitt$ ,porto ,rican c(fee free :ile protect+ x by duties levi$ on =eign c(fee1 b :5 ! isl& pass$ into ! h&s ( ,am]ica1 ?is advantage to ! c(fee rais] disappe>$4 ,besides1 ! hurricane ( #ahii _h caus$ great damage to ! c(fee plantations & ! comb9ation ( circum/ances prov$ a sev]e setback to ! c(fee indu/ry4 ,! sug> plant]s1 on ! o!r h&1 b5efit$ greatly by annexation4 ,9 #ahhi ! gov]nm5t all[$ a r$uction ( #he p] c5t on ! duty assess$ on ,porto ,rican sug>s ent]+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aija !y came 9 absolutely free & ,porto ,rico has enjoy$ ! full protection ( ! t>iff ev] s9ce4 ,9 #aijj ,congress pass$ a law kn[n z ! ,=ak] act1 :i* provid$ t no corporation %\ld be all[$ to acquire m ?an #ejj acres ( l& 9 ,porto ,rico & t no /ockhold] 9 any agricultural company op]at+ !re %\ld be p]mitt$ to hold %>es 9 any o!r corporation ( ! k9d4 ,! object ( ! law 01 ( c\rse1 to prev5t capitali/s f buy+ up great tracts ( l& = ! cultivation ( sug> on a l>ge scale to ! detrim5t ( ! native l& own]4 ,! act1 h[ev]1 did n s]ve ! int]e/s ( ! small ,porto ,rican f>m] z its fram]s app>5tly int5d$ x %\ld4 ,! own]s ( l>ge hold+s 7 non-resid5t & ! small f>m]s lack$ ! money & ent]prise to c>ry on ! indu/ry 9 a prop] mann]4 ,! law exclud$ t :i* 0 mo/ urg5tly ne$$1 namely =eign capital1 & :5 ?is fact became app>5t1 ! provisions ( ! measure 7 con/ru$ lib]ally by ! au?orities1 s t ( late ye>s ext5sive sug> e/ates h be5 />t$ 9 ,porto ,rico ) ,am]ican1 ,briti% & ,fr5* back+1 & ! production has gr[n f #he1jjj tons 9 #aijb to #cgh1eji tons 9 #aiaf4 ,=m]ly ! ,porto ,rican plant]s us$ to h>ve/ cane f ! same l&s ye> aft] ye>1 )\t us+ f]tiliz]s ( any k9d4 ,:5 !y plant$ new cane1 ! soil 0 only p>tially prep>$2 ! subsoil 0 nev] cle>$ ( roots & r\gh grasses & cultivation 0 only indiff]5tly done4 ,! result is t _m cane fields are n[ practically exhau/$ & "s plant]s f9d t _! l&s are becom+ spoil$ by rapidly multiply+ we$s4 ,today ! usual me?od is to pl\gh ! gr\nd twice be=e putt+ 9 ! se$4 ,deep pl\gh+ is tak+ ! place ( scrat*+ ! surface & /eam pl\ghs are be+ us$ on ! l>g] e/ates4 ,:]e ! soil is heavy & ! ra9fall abundant1 ! furr[s are dug ab\t eight feet ap>t & two feet deep & ! cane plant$ 9 d\ble r[s at f\r-foot int]vals4 ,9 dry1 s&y soil ! plant+ is 9 s+le r[s & ! di/ance betwe5 ! furr[s ranges f f\r to six feet1 accord+ to h[ ri* ! soil is4 ,! fields are kept free f we$s & manure is us$ b seldom4 ,! great] "p ( ! cane is plant$ dur+ ! la/ f\r mon?s ( ! ye> & cru%+ is begun 9 ! second ,janu>y foll[+1 :i* gives ! cane a gr[+ p]iod ( f\rte5 mon?s or m4 ,"s plant+ is done 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y & ,m>* & ?is cane is cut 9 twelve mon?s4 ,!n a c]ta9 am\nt is plant$ betwe5 ,m>* & ,june1 & if ! sug> cont5t proves satisfactory1 x is gr\nd ! foll[+ season2 if n1 x is all[$ to rema9 /&+ = ano!r ye>4 ,plant+ is done e f\r ye>s & ! be/ results are obta9$ f ! fir/ & second ratoon crops4 ,! yield ( cane p] acre av]ages ab\t #ah long tons1 al?\gh ?is has be5 exce$$ 9 good ye>s4 ,! cane is cut close to ! gr\nd ) a ma*ete & load$ on ox-c>ts to be tak5 to ! mill or ! railway /ation1 accord+ to ! location ( ! field4 ,almo/ all ( ! cane gr[n 9 ,porto ,rico is gr\nd 9 ! l>ge c5tral factories1 b x is only dur+ ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s t ?is has be5 done4 ,! small mills h disappe>$ = ! mo/ "p1 al?\gh a few h be5 able to /ruggle along4 ,! c5trals usually raise ab\t "o-half ( ! cane !y gr9d4 ,! re/ !y buy f ! colono1 :o gr[s cane ei!r on 8 own l& or ^u gr\nd r5t$ to him by ! c5tral own]4 ,z a rule ! price paid to ! colono = 8 cane is #e p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane 9 sug>1 al?\gh ?is is subject to modification at times4 ,z ! c5tral factories are ( rec5t con/ruction1 !y are equipp$ ) ! newe/ & be/ ma*9]y & ! mo/ sci5tific me?ods gov]n _! op]ation4 ,9 #ahec ,porto ,rico export$ #aab1jjj tons ( sug>2 ! foll[+ ye> ! am\nt 0 #gj1jjj tons & dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s x rema9$ ne>ly /ation>y4 ,9 #ahga ! production rea*$ #aje1jjj tons1 dropp+ back to #hi1jjj tons 9 #ahhe & #fe1jjj tons 9 #ahhf4 ,! crop ( #aijj 0 v small--#ce1jjj tons--ow+ to ! havoc wr\ght by an unusually sev]e hurricane1 b f t "t on x has increas$ ye> by ye>4 ,z mo/ ( ! diseases & pe/s t attack sug> cane are met ) 9 ,porto ,rico1 x is obvi\s t ! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates agricultural /ation at ,mayaquez has be5 ( ine/imable b5efit to ! plant]s4 ,exp]im5t+ ) diff]5t v>ieties ( cane1 import+ se$ cane f o!r c\ntries1 analysis ( soils1 sci5tific advice ^u ! use ( f]tiliz]s & in/ruction z to ! be/ means to de/roy or control h>mful p>asites1 ^! are b a few ( ! _m important s]vices r5d]$ by ! /ation4 ,! outlook = ,porto ,rico's sug> indu/ry seems hopeful4 ,labor is *eap & abundant1 climatic & soil conditions are favorable & an irrigation project at pres5t "u way promises to conv]t l&s n[ arid into productive cane fields4 ,s9ce #aijj ! production ( sug> 9 ,porto ,rico 9 tons ( #bbdj p\nds has be53 #aijj #ce1jjj #aija #hj1jjj #aijb #he1jjj #aijc #he1jjj #aijd #acj1jjj #aije #ade1jjj #aijf #bac1jjj #aijg #baj1jjj #aijh #bjj1jjj #aiji #bde1jjj #aiaj #cjh1jjj #aiaa #bie1jjj #aiab #cbj1jjj #aiac #cej1cbc #aiad #cbe1jjj #aiae #cjh1agh #aiaf #cgh1eji ,,! ,,philipp9es ,?is gr\p ( isl&s is situat$ ab\t #ejj miles (f ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,asia1 betwe5 #d degrees #aj m9utes & #ba degrees #aj m9utes nor? latitude & betwe5 #aaf degrees #dj m9utes & #abf degrees #cd m9utes ea/ longitude4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! we/ & nor? by ! ,*9a sea1 on ! ea/ by ! ,pacific ocean & on ! s\? by ! ,celebes sea4 ,x comprises #cada isl&s1 ( :i* #bgge conta9 less ?an "o squ>e mile ea*4 ,accord+ to ! ,philipp9e c5sus ( #aijc ! total area is #aae1jbf squ>e miles1#dd al?\gh "s au?orities e/imate x to be z mu* z #abg1hjj squ>e miles4 ,two-?irds ( ?is is =e/ l& & n m ?an #i p] c5t ( ! entire ar*ipelago 0 classifi$ "u ,f>ms 9 #aijc4 ,! area devot$ to sug> cane ! ye> previ\s 0 #agg1fbh acres1 ab\t #e p] c5t ( ! cultivat$ l&4 ,! isl&s are *iefly ( volcanic orig9 & _! surface is mu* brok5 by hills1 isolat$ volcanoes & m\nta9 ranges runn+ nor? & s\?1 nor?we/ & s\!a/ or nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,!re are twelve active volcanoes 9 ! gr\p & eight o!rs ) well-def9$ cones t are ei!r dormant or ext9ct4 ,! highe/ elevation 9 ! isl&s is ,m\nt ,apo1 an ext9ct volcano on ,m9danao1 #aj1cab feet1 ) ,m\nt ,mayon1 an active volcano on ,luzon1 next1 #higj feet4 ,e>?quakes are frequ5t & occasionally viol5t4 ,! mo/ important ( ! gr\p are ,m9danao1 ,luzon1 ,sam>1 ,palawan1 ,panay1 ,negros1 ,leyte1 ,m9doro1 ,ceb1 ,masbate & ,bohol4 ,! coa/ l9e1 :i* is ov] #aa1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 is fr+$ ) coral reefs & ind5t$ by _m gulfs & bays4 ,!re are pl5ty ( good natural h>bors1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ ,manila 9 ,luzon1 :i* af=ds p]fect %elt] = %ipp+1 ev5 9 ! sev]e/ /orms4 ,next 9 importance are ! h>bors ( ,iloilo & ,ceb4 ,climatic conditions v>y widely4 ,h[ev]1 x may be said 9 a g5]al way t ! climate is *>act]iz$ by a uni=mly high temp]ature1 excessive humidity1 heavy ra9fall & viol5t tropical /orms4 ,ne> ! seacoa/1 x is mod]ate betwe5 ,novemb] & ! fir/ ( ,m>*4 ,! latt] "p ( ,m>* & ! mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb] are w>m & v hot wea!r comes 9 ,april1 ,may & ,june4 ,! nights1 h[ev]1 are always cool4 ,! temp]ature naturally *anges z ! elevation above ! sea increases1 b at ord9>y levels x av]ages #gg degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ,janu>y1 & #hc degrees 9 ,may4 ,! annual ra9fall is ab\t #gd in*es1 & two-?irds ( ?is comes 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,( c\rse ! precipitation 9 c]ta9 localities is affect$ by m\nta9 ranges t cause cond5sation f moi/ure-lad5 trade w9ds4 ,9 ! l[l&s t are n protect$ by m\nta9s1 ! ra9fall is regul>4 ,typhoons occur betwe5 ,april & ,octob]1 b !y are n ne>ly s sev]e z ! hurricanes t visit ! ,we/ ,indies & ,mauritius4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahhb1 a typhoon did a great deal ( damage 9 ,manila1 & !re 0 a s]i\s loss ( life 9 ! great /orm t visit$ ,sam> & ,leyte 9 #ahig4 ,! well-appo9t$ obs]vatory 9 ,manila s5ds out w>n+s ( ! approa* ( typhoons & mu* life & prop]ty are sav$ by ?is means4 ,! soil is g5]ally r$di%-br[n 9 color & is l>gely made up ( dis9tegrat$ lava ) an admixture ( decay$ vegetable matt]2 sometimes decompos$ coral lime/one is pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl\gh+ ,,field ,,be=e ,,plant+ ,,cane1 ,,philipp9es ,illu/ration3 ,,pl\gh+ ,,at ,,la ,,c>lota1 ,,occid5tal ,,negros1 ,,philipp9es ,john ,w4 ,dw9elle1 9 an address deliv]$ 9 ,san ,francisco 9 #ahff1 said3 8,previ\s to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus 9 #adib1 ! ,portuguese _h discov]$ ! ,azore isl&s 9 longitude #ca ,w41 & on ! /r5g? ( t discov]y claim$ t ! c\ntries discov]$ by ,columbus belong$ to ! cr[n ( ,portugal1 & t ! ,spani>ds %\ld be :olly exclud$ f !m4 ,b ! ,spani>ds refus$ to admit ?is pret5sion & ref]r$ ! matt] = decision to ! ,pope1 ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,x 0 !n "p ( ! law ( nations1 & ( ! public law ( ! _w1 t ! ,pope 0 ! ultimate s\rce ( all temporal p[]2 t he c\ld make & unmake k+s1 & dispose ( all ! k+doms ( ! e>?--p[]s :i* he frequ5tly ex]cis$ & aga9/ :i* x 7 va9 to cont5d4 ,he 0 !re=e1 by g5]al cons5t1 ! ackn[l$g$ s\rce ( all lawful title to l&4 ,he assum$ to decide ! case ?us ref]r$ to 8 decision1 & on ,may #c;d1 ,a4 ,d4 #adic1 det]m9$ ! matt] 9 dispute betwe5 ! cr[ns ( ,portugal & ,spa91 by draw+ an imag9>y l9e ( longitude "o hundr$ leagues we/ ( ! ,azores1 & grant+ to ! ,spani% mon>*s all c\ntries inhabit$ by infidels1 :i* !y _h already discov]$1 or might aft]w>ds discov]1 ly+ to ! we/1 & to ! cr[n ( ,portugal all ^? ly+ to ! ea/ ( t l9e4 ,?is l9e 0 aft]w>ds remov$ two hundr$ & sev5ty leagues fur!r to ! we/1 by a treaty subsequ5tly made 9 ! ye> #adid1 betwe5 ! k+s ( ,portugal & ,spa92 b s ?or\ghly 0 ! title ?us conc$$ by ! ,pope respect$ by ! civiliz$ _w1 t :5 ,h5ry ,,vii ( ,engl& 0 aft]w>ds ab\t to intrude ^u "s ( ! dom9ions ?us grant$ to ,spa91 he ab&on$ 8 project ^u be+ w>n$ by ! ,pope to desi/40 ,?is division ( ! surface ( ! globe into two p>ts gave to ,portugal all ! t]ritory bo? kn[n & unkn[n ea/ ( ! arbitr>y m]idian drawn #dgj miles we/ ( ! ,cape ,v]de isl&s1 & to ,spa9 ev]y?+ we/ ( ?is l9e4 ,f]d9& ,magellan1 ! fam\s ,portuguese navigator1 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v ( ,spa91 set out on a voyage we/-b\nd ) ! object ( tak+ possession ( ! ,moluccas1 z !y lay we/ ( ! l9e ( dem>cation4 ,sail+ ar\nd ,cape ,horn1 ,magellan discov]$ ! ,philipp9e isl&s 9 #aeba1 l&+ fir/ on ,malh\1 betwe5 ,sam> & ,d9agat4 ,aft]w>d1 he t\*$ at ,m9danao1 f :i* he sail$ to ,ceb4 ,!nce he w5t to ! small isl& ( ,mactan1 :]e he 0 kill$ 9 a skirmi%4 ,b little action 0 tak5 ) reg>d to ?is t]ritory until aft] ! accession ( ,philip ,,ii 7h5ce 8las ,filip9as0--,philipp9es71 :5 an important exp$ition 0 fitt$ out at ! ,mexican port ( ,navidad4 ,x sail$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aefd1 "u ! comm& ( ,migul ,lopez de ,legaspi1 ! di/+ui%$ conqui/ador1 :o1 9 ! foll[+ ye> e/abli%$ on ! isl& ( ,ceb ! fir/ p]man5t settlem5t 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,! city ( ,manila 0 f\nd$ 9 #aega & became ! capital ( ! gr\p4 ,?r\gh 8 tact1 c\rage & res\rcefulness1 ,legaspi won ! confid5ce ( ! p & plac$ ! colony on a s\nd foot+4 ,at ! same "t he *eck$ all attempts at encroa*m5t on ! "p ( ! ,portuguese4 ,spani% rule 0 undi/urb$ until #agfb1 :5 a ,briti% naval =ce bomb>d$ ,manila & occupi$ x4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! w> betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,spa9 9 #agfd1 ! ,briti% )drew & ! dom9ation ( ,spa9 endur$ until #ahih1 :5 ! ,spani% fleet 0 de/roy$ by ,dewey at ,manila bay4 ,! title to ! ,philipp9es !re=e pass$ ?r\gh ! ,pope to ,spa9 & f ,spa9 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ,magellan rea*$ ^! isl&s he f\nd t sug> 0 made 9 a primitive fa%ion4 ,! me?ods employ$ 7 v mu* l ^? 9 vogue 9 ,*9a1 & ! sug>1 :5 made1 greatly resembl$ ! ,*9ese product4 ,?is is v /rong presumptive evid5ce t cane & ! k ( its manufacture 7 orig9ally br\ght to ! ,philipp9es by ! ,*9ese4 ,illu/ration3 ,,haul+ ,,cane1 ,,philipp9es ,illu/ration3 ,,c>abao ,,mill1 ,,philipp9es ,! indu/ry1 h[ev]1 am\nt$ to v little prior to #ahdi1 9 :i* ye> ! isl& ( ,negros 0 plac$ "u ! jurisdiction ( ! religi\s ord] ( ,recoletos1 :o did mu* to enc\rage ! manufacture ( sug>1 & ?is movem5t 0 /imulat$ by ! high prices result+ f ! ,crimean w>4 ,9 consequ5ce1 cane sug> 0 export$ ) pr(it f ,negros1 ,luzon & ,ceb4 ,not)/&+ ! lack ( capital1 ! r\gh1 crude mills1 ! plant]s' scant k ( manufactur+ me?ods & ! wret*$ transportation facilities1 ! sug> trade =g$ rapidly ahead until 9 #ahic ! exports total$ #beg1eej long tons4 ,a slump 9 ! price ( silv]1 h[ev]1 br\ght on a f9ancial crisis1 & subsequ5tly int]nal diss5sions affect$ ! crops s t 9 #aija only #ea1ddh tons 7 export$4 ,s9ce !n a *ange = ! bett] has tak5 place & ! figures = #aiae-af indicate a production ( #cde1jjj tons4 ,sug> cane is us$ z a delicacy 9 all ( ! inhabit$ isl&s ( ! ,philipp9e gr\p1 b ! gr[+ & manufacture ( x z a regul> indu/ry are conf9$ to ,negros1 ,m9doro1 ,ceb1 ,panay1 ,luzon & ,leyte4 ,9 #aiad-ae ab\t #cej1jjj acres altoge!r 7 plant$ 9 cane1 & ! quantity ( sug> export$ dur+ #aiaf 0 ab\t #cjj1jjj tons4 ,! fir/ c>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aft] its occupancy ( ! ,philipp9es 0 ! bett]+ ( conditions 9 sanitation1 education1 bank+ me?ods1 railway communication & deep wat] t]m9als4 ,ap>t f ! primitive "* ( ! sug> mills & ! loss gr[+ out ( poor extraction ( juice1 op5-kettle boil+ & cur+ 9 e>!n pots1 ! sug> produc] 0 g5]ally 9 debt to ! buy] = advances t c>ri$ a high rate ( int]e/4 ,! gov]nm5t has tak5 /eps to correct ?is evil & has made x possible = ! f>m] to get cr$it on reasonable t]ms1 limit+ its loans1 h[ev]1 to ^? :o h ,torr5s titles to _! prop]ty1#de b ! ,filip9o has be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! money-l5d]s too long = him to break 8 bonds entirely4 ,besides1 8 in/9ctive dislike = any?+ new is a h9drance to progress 9 ?is direction4 ,9 addition to ! measures j allud$ to1 a special law 0 pass$ 9 #aijb1 "u :i* all ,philipp9e sug>s ent]+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates paid #be p] c5t less ?an ! regul> cu/oms t>iff4 ,! ,payne-,aldri* bill ( ,augu/ #e1 #aiji1 provid$ = free admission ( ,philipp9e sug>s up to #cjj1jjj gross tons1 & x /ipulat$ t ! small produc] 7less ?an #ejj tons p] annum7 0 to receive fir/ consid]ation 9 ! ev5t ( ! importation exce$+ #cjj1jjj tons4 ,any excess com+ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h be5 assess$ ! full t>iff4 ,dur+ ! life ( ?is legislation1 h[ev]1 ! l>ge/ production ( ! isl&s 0 t ( #aiac-ad1 :i* am\nt$ to #bfe1jjj tons1 ( :i* #bbe1jjj tons 7 export$4#df ,! t>iff act ( #aiac1 :i* became effective ,m>* #a1 #aiad1 admits all ,philipp9e sug>s free ( duty )\t any re/riction z to quantity4 ,! religi\s ord]s 7 =m]ly l>ge l& own]s 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! feel+ ( discont5t t ultimately l$ to ! insurrection ( ! ,filip9os aga9/ ,spa9 9 #ahif 0 l>gely due to agr>ian difficulties betwe5 ! fri>s & _! t5ants4 ,:5 ! revolution came1 ! fri>s _h to flee = _! lives1 & aft] peace 0 re/or$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! insul> gov]nm5t felt t if !y return$ to _! possessions !y w\ld be 9 con/ant dang] f ! ho/ility ( ! natives4 ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ to acquire ^! l&s & to t end ,congress pass$ an act au?oriz+ ! ,philipp9e gov]nm5t to issue bonds to ! am\nt ( #g1jjj1jjj & to pur*ase ! l&s ( ! v>i\s ord]s ) ! money s rais$4 ,) "o or two m9or exceptions1 all ( ^! l&s1 am\nt+ to some?+ ov] #fjj1jjj acres1 7 b\ght by ! gov]nm5t & are be+ resold on long-t]m paym5ts at a price t w reimburse ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 dispos+ ( ?is prop]ty pref]5ce is always giv5 to ! resid5t t5ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old-,,/yle ,,sug> ,,mill1 ,,philipp9es--,,%[+ ,,poor ,,cru%+ ,illu/ration3 ,,t+uian ,,cane ,,cru%]1 ,,l+ay51 ,,philipp9es ,a measure 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,philipp9e legislature approv+ ! sale ( ! unoccupi$ portions ( ^! fri> e/ates to individuals )\t re/riction z to acreage1 & x 0 "u ! provisions ( ?is act t l>ge tracts ( l& 7 acquir$ by ! int]e/s connect$ ) ! ,m9doro company 9 ! ,san ,jos e/ate 9 ,m9doro & by ! p associat$ ) ! ,calamba e/ate 9 ! ,calamba1 ,santa ,rosa & ,bian di/ricts ( ,laguna prov9ce1 ,luzon4 ,ap>t f ^! s-call$ fri> l&s1 ! public l&s 9 ! ,philipp9e isl&s are held = sale or lease subject to ! foll[+ conditions3 ,corporations c pur*ase or lease up to #ajbd hect>es1 or #bejj acres1 & individuals up to #fd hect>es1 or #aeh acres4 ,! t]ms ( sale are a m9imum ( #aj pesos1 or #e p] hect>e1 #be p] c5t ( :i* mu/ be paid at ! "t ! contract is ent]$ into & ! rema9d] )9 five ye>s1 ) int]e/ at #f p] c5t1 or leas$ at a m9imum r5tal ( #ej c5tavos1 or #be c5ts1 p] hect>e p] annum1 leases runn+ = fifty ye>s4 ,! ,m9doro & ,calamba companies1 controll+ #ee1jjj & #bj1jjj acres respectively1 & ! ,san ,crlos ,mill+ company ( ,san ,crlos1 ,negros1 h erect$ ! fir/ & only mod]n sug> mills 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & !y h gone into cane cultivation & sug> manufacture 9 a sci5tific way4 ,! managem5t ( ^! ?ree ent]prises has be5 entru/$ to m5 :o h _h ?or\gh field & factory exp]i5ce 9 ,hawaii4 ,unlike ! o!r two l>ge companies1 ! ,san ,crlos ,mill+ company op]ates a c5tral pure & simple4 ,! company owns no l& except ! site = ! mill & ! outbuild+s connect$ ) x4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 acquir$ leases ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( railway trackage4 ,! capacity ( ! mill is #ajjj tons ( cane p] day1 :i* means ab\t #abe tons ( c5trifugal sug>4 ,x 0 complet$ at ! end ( #aiac at a co/ ( ab\t "o million doll>s1 & ! fir/ cane gr\nd 0 f ! #aiad crop4 ,9 ! ,philipp9es cane is n plant$ e ye>4 ,h]b]t ,s4 ,walk]1 9 8 "w 8,! ,sug> ,indu/ry 9 ! ,isl& ( ,negros0 7,manila1 #aiaj71 says3 8,a decid$ly l>ge proportion ( ! total l& "u cultivation 9 ,negros is n replant$ e ye>1 b is all[$ to ratoon1 f two to eight crops be+ tak5 (f )\t replant+4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! ri* soils ( ! di/ricts ar\nd ,ilog-,cabancalan1 ,b9albagan-,isabela1 ,san ,crlos & ,bais4 ,!oretically1 cane plant$ 9 "s ( ^! alluvial soils1 :i* are flood$ & f]tiliz$ ea* ye> by silt br\ght d[n f ! m\nta9s by ! ov]fl[ ( a riv]1 might g on ratoon+ indef9itely4 ,practically1 ! p]iod betwe5 plant+s is limit$ /rictly by f9ancial consid]ations4 8,mu* "t & exp5se are sav$ by n be+ oblig$ to replant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! yield f plant cane is1 z a rule1 great] ?an ev5 f fir/ ratoons1 & ) ea* successive ratoon crop ! total am\nt ( sug> produc$ p] hect>e ( l& is decid$ly dim9i%$4 ,?is is p>tially due to ! %ort] "t 9 :i* ! cane is all[$ to rip54 ,ow+ to excessive ra9s preval5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 canes mu/ be cut e ye>1 & ! practice s common 9 ,hawaii ( all[+ ratoons to rip5 = eighte5 mon?s or m1 is "h out ( ! "q4 ,a fur!r ob/acle1 especially :5 canes are plant$ closely 9 r[s1 is ! t5d5cy ( ratoons to spread out 9 e direction f ! orig9al plant s t 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! cane r[s lose all semblance ( regul>ity1 & prop] tillage ( ! soil is r5d]$ v difficult2 ?us _m "y ratoons are /unt$ 9 _! gr[? by we$s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,wat]-,,driv5 ,,mill1 ,,isl& ,,( ,,negros1 ,,philipp9es ,illu/ration3 ,,mill ,,driv5 ,,by ,,wat] ,,p[]1 ,,occid5tal ,,negros1 ,,philipp9es ,! "t ( plant+ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! isl&s is usually f ,decemb] until ,april1 b 9 ,negros1 :]e ! soil is good & ! ra9fall well di/ribut$1 plant+ c be done at almo/ any "t1 except dur+ ! p]iod ( v heavy ra9s1 i4 e41 f ,july to ,octob]4 ,! yield ( sug> p] acre may be approximat$ z foll[s3 ,plant cane #b4e tons ,fir/ ratoons #b4j 0 ,second ratoons #a4ge 0 ,?ird ratoons #a4ej 0 ,f\r? ratoons #a4be 0 ,:5 ! yield drops z l[ z eight-t5?s ( a ton ( sug> p] acre1 replant+ is necess>y1 & all[+ = ! r$uc$ yield ( fir/ & second ratoons1 x may be reckon$ t "o-half ( ! production is f plant cane & ! o!r half f ratoon crops4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! cane is all[$ to rema9 9 ! gr\nd v>ies f n9e to f\rte5 mon?s & w probably av]age betwe5 elev5 & twelve4#dg ,! labor problem is pres5t 9 ! ,philipp9es z 9 all cane-sug> c\ntries4 ,! natives are will+ en\gh to "w1 b %r9k at ! idea ( leav+ _! homes to take employm5t at any consid]able di/ance away4 ,ap>t f ! ?ree mod]n factories previ\sly m5tion$1 sug>-mak+ facilities are greatly beh9d ! times1 al?\gh !re are a few m9or exceptions4 ,ov] "o ?\s& small mills 7 9 op]ation 9 ! isl&s 9 #aijg & ( ^! #ebh 7 driv5 by /eam1 #dgj by c>abao 7wat] ox57 or natives1 & #gg by wat] p[]4 ,! c>abao mills1 h[ev]1 are rapidly disappe>+4 ,! capacity ( mo/ ( ^! small mills is f #ej to #fj tons ( cane p] day1 &1 z ! cane is only cru%$ once1 !re is a consid]able loss 9 recov]y4 ,a little lime is add$ to ! juice to cl>ify x & x is !n boil$ to gra9 9 a s]ies ( five or six op5 pans4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t is %[n by ! accompany+ sket*1 :i* is tak5 f ,h]b]t ,s4 ,walk]'s 8,sug> ,indu/ry 9 ! ,isl& ( ,negros40 ,illu/ration ,! draw+ %[s two sets ( pans1 ea* set be+ built ov] a sep>ate furnace4 ,! numb] #e pan1 into :i* ! juice f ! cru%] fl[s1 is connect$ to bo? sets4 ,! furnaces are f$ directly "u numb] #a pan1 :]e ! f9al boil+ is done & :]e ! greate/ heat is requir$4 ,! two furnaces conv]ge :5 !y rea* ! boil]1 :i* may be fir$ sep>ately1 s t gr9d+ & boil+ may1 if necess>y1 be done indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,z ! juice leaves ! cru%] ?r\gh an op5 wood5 tr\gh1 p>ticles ( cane & o!r matt] are remov$ by /ra9+ ?r\gh a clo? or a close-me%$ wire scre54 ,x runs into ! receiv+ pan--numb] #e--;& is heat$ to betwe5 #afj & #age degrees ,fahr5heit1 :i* br+s c]ta9 impurities to ! surface 9 ! =m ( fro?4 ,?is is skimm$ (f & ?r[n into ! scum tank2 ! juice is !n ladl$ by h& z requir$ into ! small] pans 7numb] #d7 :]e lime is add$ = cl>ification4 ,viol5t agitation takes place 9 pans numb]s #c & #b1 & z fa/ z scum =ms x is skimm$ (f4 ,! cl>ifi$ juices are !n conc5trat$ 9 pans numb] #b & numb] #a1 aft] :i* ! massecuite is put into wood5 trays & /irr$ ) a spade until x granulates4 ,x is !n ready to be tak5 to m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,native ,,sug> ,,factory1 ,,pampanga ,,prov9ce1 ,,philipp9es ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,cam>91 ,,philipp9es ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! loss 9 ?is primitive me?od ( manufacture is v heavy4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t all ( ! molasses is reta9$ 9 ! sug>1 ! am\nt ( sucrose t is lo/ or wa/$ is #dd p] c5t1 & ov] "o-half ( ?is is left 9 ! bagasse4 ,ap>t f c5trifugals1 ,philipp9e sug>s consi/ ( ! foll[+ grades3 ,sup]ior1 ,hum$o 7wet7 & ,corri5te 7curr5t74 ,sug>s pol>iz+ f #hg to #hh4i degrees are call$ ,sup]ior ,no4 #a1 ^? te/+ f #he to #hf4i degrees1 ,sup]ior ,no4 #b1 & ^? runn+ f #hj to #hd4i degrees1 ,sup]ior ,no4 #c4 ,hum$o sug>s pol>ize f #gf to #gi4i degrees & ,corri5te f #gj to #ge4i degrees4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! proportions are ab\t #he p] c5t ( ,sup]ior ( #hd degrees purity & #ae p] c5t ( wet sug> te/+ some:]e ne> #ge degrees4 ,! ,bureau ( ,agriculture ( ! ,philipp9es ma9ta9s exp]im5t /ations at ,la ,granja1 ne> ,la ,c>lota1 ,occid5tal ,negros1 & at ,calamba1 ,luzon1 = ! /udy ( cane1 soil analysis & ! solv+ ( f]tilization problems4 ,?is "w ( sci5tific inve/igation is sure to be ( great b5efit to ! indu/ry4 ,"s exp]im5tal "w ) sug> cane is also c>ri$ on at ! /ation at ,alabang1 ,laguna prov9ce1 ,luzon4 ,am]ican control 9 ! ,philipp9es promises mu* = ! future ( ! sug> indu/ry ( ^! isl&s1 = :5 x is rememb]$ t = _m ye>s1 9 spite ( ! h&icap ( crude1 uneconomic me?ods1 export duties at home & import duties abroad1 sug> 0 made & sold at a pr(it 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w1 x is n unreasonable to look = a consid]able /imulus to be giv5 to production by advanc$ sci5tific managem5t & free admission ( ! commodity to ! m>kets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,quantity ( sug> export$ f ! ,philipp9e isl&s f #ahie to #aiaf1 9 tons ( #bbdj p\nds3 #ahie #bbg1bgi #ahif #bbf1bgi #ahig #aih1hii #ahih #agg1ifb #ahii #ia1ehc #aijj #fa1geb #aija #ea1ddh #aijb #ij1fag #aijc #hh1add #aijd #hb1fef #aije #ajc1ccd #aijf #abb1dag #aijg #abj1jej #aijh #adj1aig #aiji #abe1bgf #aiaj #aad1ejf #aiaa #bjc1cid #aiab #aij1gjb #aiac #aee1bja #aiad #bcb1gfa #aiae #bjg1fgi #aiaf #cjj1jjj ,illu/ration3 ,,luzon ,,sug> ,,ref9]y1 ,,malabon1 ,,rizal1 ,,philipp9es ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,sug> ,,on ,,lor*as1 ,,philipp9es ,,cuba ,! isl& ( ,cuba lies betwe5 #gd degrees & #he degrees we/ longitude & #ai degrees #dj m9utes & #bc degrees #cc m9utes nor? latitude2 its l5g? is ab\t #gcj miles1 runn+ ne>ly ea/ & we/1 & its wid? v>ies f #be to #ajj miles4 ,9 area x comprises ab\t #de1hhc squ>e miles1 or #bi1cfe1abj acres1 :i* is approximately t ( ,p5nsylvania or ,l\isiana4 ,habana1 ! capital1 is almo/ on ! same p>allel z ,honolulu & ! ,city ( ,mexico4 ,) ! exception ( a /rip ( ! c5tral-s\!rn coa/1 ,cuba rises boldly out ( ! sea & pres5ts a rugg$ appe>ance to ! eye on approa*4 ,ab\t "o-qu>t] ( its surface is m\nta9\s2 ?ree-fif?s consi/s ( g5tly slop+ c\ntry1 valleys & roll+ pla9s2 ! re/ is swampy4 ,a v>iety ( topographic & climatic *>act]i/ics divides ! isl& naturally into ?ree di/9ct p>ts4 ,! ea/]n end is high & brok51 ) tall comm&+ peaks2 ! wide c5tral region1 ly+ well above sea-level1 is made up ( excell5tly dra9$1 undulat+ pla9s1 int]rupt$ at int]vals by l[1 wood$ hills2 ! we/]n portion is a picturesque c\ntry ( m\nta9 & valley1 b ( l[] altitude ?an ! ea/]n end4 ,! entire isl& is cov]$ ) a mantle ( luxuriant v]dure1 kept always gre5 by w>m mi/s & g5]\s ra9s4 ,a coral reef ext5ds ar\nd ! great] "p ( ! coa/1 b betwe5 ! =bidd+ rocks & ! m>%es !re are a numb] ( good h>bors1 *iefe/ among :i* is t ( ,habana1 "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,! di/ance f ,cuba to ,key ,we/1 ,florida1 is "o hundr$ miles4 ,! c5sus ( #aijh plac$ ! population at #b1jdh1hij4 ,! prevail+ w9ds are ! nor!a/ trades1 b ^! are int]rupt$ at frequ5t int]vals by v>iable w9ds f o!r directions :i* br+ *anges 9 temp]ature & ra9fall4 ,comp>$ ) ^? ( ,hawaii1 ! m\nta9s are l[1 usually n ov] #bjjj feet1 & d n produce ! effect ( a wet side & a dry side to ! isl&1 z ! trades sweep x f end to end & n transv]sely4 ,to give an idea ( climatic conditions1 ! av]age maximum temp]ature 9 ,habana 9 #aiad 0 #ij degrees ,fahr5heit1 ! m9imum #ec degrees & ! mean av]age #gg degrees4 ,! total ra9fall 0 #df4ae in*es4 ,sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! ra9 occurs 9 ! summ] mon?s1 betwe5 ! fir/ ( ,may & ! fir/ ( ,octob]1 & ! precipitation is great] 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl& ?an 9 ! we/]n4 ,! w9t]s are comp>atively dry4 ,?is comb9ation ( dry w9t]s & wet summ]s is extremely favorable to ! gr[+ & h>ve/+ ( sug> cane4 ,! l[ pla9s along ! coa/ are ( coral =mation & ! soil ov]ly+ ! coral is (t5 f\nd to be %all[4 ,! ri*e/ & mo/ productive soil is t ( ! upl&s "s di/ance f ! sea4 ,9 ,cuba ! soils may be said to consi/ ( two k9ds--! r$ & ! black4 ,! r$ is g5]ally ( great dep?1 f #cj to #ej feet1 & re/s on a /ratum ( free lime/one4 ,! black soil1 v>y+ 9 color f a mulatto to a 8gumbo0 black1 ov]lies a clay =mation1 & z a g5]al rule is n s deep z ! r$ soil4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! black soil reta9s su* a l>ge p]c5tage ( wat] dur+ ! extremely ra9y p]iod1 ! co/ ( cultivation is d\ble t ( work+ ! r$ soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,photo ,co41 ,habana4 ,,c5tral ,,factory1 ,,g5]al ,,view1 ,,cuba ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,photo ,co41 ,habana4 ,,cuban ,,c5tral--,,g5]al ,,view ,! date ( ! introduction ( sug> into ,cuba is unc]ta94 ,diff]5t au?orities place x any:]e f %ortly aft] ! discov]y ( ! isl& 9 #adib to #aehj4 ,von ,humboldt is sil5t on ! po9t1 b says t ,cuba did n p>ticipate 9 ! sug> indu/ry to any ext5t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 s t its importance 9 t respect belongs to a lat] p]iod4#dh ,up to #aggb sug> cultivation 0 greatly hamp]$ by re/rictions ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t2 aft] t date special privileges 7 cancel$ & ! "r to gr[ sug> 0 giv5 to all ,spani>ds4 ,?is naturally enc\rag$ production1 :i* f #dcij tons 9 #agfj increas$ to #ad1jjj tons 9 #agij4 ,! revolution :i* de/roy$ ! sug> plantations & mills ( ,santo ,dom+o 9 #agia /imulat$ ! developm5t 9 ,cuba /ill fur!r4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s t foll[$1 ! numb] ( mills increas$ f #dgc to #hgj1 & by #ahjb ! output ( sug> rea*$ #dj1hjj tons4 ,9 ^? days mills 7 v small1 crude affairs & 7 work$ by ox54 ,cuba1 9 common ) all sug>-rais+ c\ntries1 felt ! effects ( ! ,european w>s v sev]ely1 b h] sug> trade reviv$ aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,napoleon & ! resumption ( comm]ce ?r\gh normal *annels4 ,) increas$ production ! "q ( labor became a s]i\s "o4 ,! numb] ( slaves on ! isl& _h be5 suffici5t z long z ! sug> crop 0 limit$1 b ) expansion came ! ne$ = m ,african negroes1 s 9 #ahcd ! gov]nor1 ,migul ,tacon1 caus$ _m new slaves to be br\ght 94 ,he did mu* to help ! indu/ry 9 o!r directions1 p>ticul>ly by suppress+ abuses1 & "u 8 adm9i/ration ! plant]s enjoy$ prosp]ity su* z _h nev] be5 kn[n4 ,fre% l&s 7 br\ght "u cultivation & ! %ipp+ ports grew 9 importance & activity4 ,:ile figures %[+ ! annual production ( ,cuba 7 tabulat$1 beg9n+ ) #ahej1 _! accuracy 0 op5 to "q until #ahhb1 9 :i* ye> an export duty 0 impos$1 & ! records kept by ! au?orities f t "t =w>d are reasonably correct4 ,nev]!less1 x is kn[n beyond any d\bt t #faj1jjj tons 7 produc$ 9 #ahgj f #abjj small mills4 ,! fir/ w> ) ,spa9 7#ahfh-gh7 & ! abolition ( slav]y work$ havoc ) ! indu/ry4 ,all *ildr5 born ( slaves 7 proclaim$ free 9 #ahgb & slav]y 0 entirely aboli%$ 9 #ahhj1 )\t any indemnification to ! slave own]s4 ,sug> produc]s f\nd freeman labor bo? co/ly & h>d to obta91 ! isl& 0 ravag$ by fire & sword1 & 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w beet-root sug>1 protect$ by b\nties1 0 prov+ a p[]ful competitor4 ,^! 7 d>k days = ! plant]4 ,) ! re/oration ( peace1 conditions improv$4 ,by #ahij1 #dgj mills 7 9 op]ation & _! production 9 t ye> 0 #fbe1jjj tons4 ,9 ,cuba a *ange 9 me?ods came ab\t1 j z _h be5 ! case 9 ,l\isiana2 ! cultivation ( sug> 0 gradually dissociat$ f its manufacture1 & z mills became few] 9 numb]1 plant+s increas$4 ,! manufactur]s leas$ tracts ( l& to f>m]s1 f :om !y b\ght ! cane rais$ on x4 ,indep5d5t plant]s1 too1 sold _! cane to ! c5tral mills1 & ! plan 0 adopt$ s g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! isl& t b little cane 0 gr[n by ! own]s ( ! c5trals4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( peace & developm5t1 ! tonnage m\nt$ /eadily upw>d & 9 #ahid x total$ #a1jed1bad tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,photo ,co41 ,habana4 ,,cane ,,field1 ,,cuba ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,photo ,co41 ,habana4 ,,load+ ,,cane ,,on ,,ox-,,c>ts1 ,,cuba ,! foll[+ ye> saw ! r5ewal ( ho/ilities ) ,spa91 :i* dragg$ along ) brutality & deva/ation until ,may1 #ahih1 :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates decl>$ w> aga9/ ,spa9 & f9ally e/abli%$ ! ,cuban republic4 ,! p]iod ( ?is second rebellion aga9/ ,spa9 0 m>k$ by ru?less de/ruction ( prop]ty1 ! burn+ ( mills & cane 9 ! fields1 & ! kill+ ( ! cattle t 7 us$ = transport purposes4 ,9 #ahig ! output ( sug> _h %runk to #bab1jea tons4 ,! "w ( recon/ruction aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,spani>ds 0 sl[1 involv+ z x did a trem5d\s am\nt ( ef=t & ! inve/m5t ( a great deal ( new capital4 ,manufactur]s :o 7 unable to raise money to rebuild or re-equip _! mills turn$ plant]s & grew cane = ! ne>e/ c5trals4 ,"s1 m =tunate1 succe$$ 9 secur+ ! money !y ne$$ & re/or$ & ext5d$ _! prop]ty4 ,f> ! greate/ numb]1 h[ev]1 be+ unable to comm& ! ready ca% = imm$iately necess>y repairs1 incorporat$ or sold _! hold+s outright to newcom]s4 ,! _m small1 old-fa%ion$ mills h giv5 way to a limit$ numb] ( l>ge plants1 or c5trals1 t are "u corporate own]%ip & gov]n$ by sci5tific bus9ess pr9ciples4 ,?is process ( consolidat+ sev]al small factories into "o big "o is con/antly go+ on1 & 9 addition ,am]ican capital & ent]prise are op5+ up new l&s to cultivation 9 _m p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,to a great ext5t ! old-"t plant] has _h to make room = ! corporation1 ) its p[]ful res\rces & mod]n me?ods1 & :ile ! individual has suff]$ 9 _m in/ances1 ! indu/ry has greatly b5efit$4 ,cuban plantations may be divid$ into two classes1 ! +5ios & ! c5trals4 ,! +5io is a small plantation ^: l&s lie 9 ! neighborhood ( ! mill1 :ile ! c5tral1 9 addition to its own cane1 h&les ! crops ( a numb] ( +5ios4 ,! +5io hauls all ( its cane to ! factory by ox-c>ts2 ! c5tral is s]v$ by railroads1 bo? privately & publicly own$1 & its equipm5t & ma*9]y are ( ! mo/ mod]n type4 ,approximately #ij p] c5t ( ! cane gr[n 9 ,cuba comes f :at are t]m$ colonias1 i4 e41 f>ms v>y+ 9 size f a few acres up to sev]al hundr$4 ,colonos1 or f>m]s1 may be classifi$ 9 ?ree gr\ps3 9 ! fir/ is ! man ) 8 small e/ancia1 or f>m1 on :i* he raises food/uffs & cattle1 & :o takes 8 few hundr$ arrobas#di ( cane to ! c5tral :5 ! price is good1 or fe$s x to 8 animals :5 ! pa/urage is %ort4 ,9 ?is class1 too1 is ! man :o has a hundr$ or two hundr$ caball]z#ej ( l&1 b ^: *ief int]e/s are 9 o!r *annels & ^: op]ations 9 cane gr[+ are m]ely an adjunct to 8 regul> bus9ess4 ,9 ! second gr\p is ! indep5d5t f>m]1 :o owns 8 l& & cane & sells 8 crop to :om he pleases4 ,! ?ird & mo/ num]\s gr\p comprises ^? :o plant cane on l&s belong+ to ! c5tral4 ,^! p ei!r pay r5t1 or receive a c]ta9 fix$ am\nt = _! cane1 or bo?4 ,_! "w is at all times subject to inspection by ! c5tral adm9i/ration & "u su* circum/ances !y may be lik5$ to contractors or employs1 ^: comp5sation is bas$ ^u ! success ( _! own ef=ts4 ,! av]age size ( a colonia1 exclusive ( ^? own$ by colonos ( ! fir/-m5tion$ class1 :o are indep5d5t ( cane gr[+1 d\btless dep5ds ^u :at w\ld af=d a man a dec5t liv+ ) a few luxuries4 ,h4 ,c4 ,pr9s5 ,ge]ligs1 9 8 book 8,! ,_w's ,cane ,sug> ,indu/ry10 /ates t "o hundr$ arrobas 7#bejj p\nds7 ( cane co/s ! ,cuban f>m] #b4jg at ! mill4 ,if #b c5ts be tak5 z an av]age price = sug> & #ijj p] annum z a fair liv+ wage1 !n ! colono :o gets an av]age yield ( #ej1jjj arrobas p] caball]a & is paid = x at ! rate ( #e p] c5t1 receives #aefj p] caball]a = cane t has co/ him #ajce to produce4 ,accord+ to ?is reason+1 a colonia %\ld n be less ?an #a4ge caball]z 9 size1 b ( c\rse ?is is purely speculative4 ,! f>m] :o owns 8 l& is paid ab\t six p] c5t#ea ( ! weight ( ! cane he furni%es 9 c5trifugal sug> ( #if degrees1 sack$ & ready = %ipm5t1 & occasionally deliv]$ at ! ne>e/ %ipp+ port4 ,sometimes settlem5t is made 9 ca%1 bas$ ^u ! value ( ! agre$ p]c5tage ( sug> at ! ,habana quotation on ! day ! cane is deliv]$4 ,9 o!r words1 = e "o hundr$ p\nds ( clean cane 9 bundles1 deliv]$ on bo>d ! c>s1 ! plantation pays ! gr[] ab\t six p] c5t ( #if-;degree c5trifugal sug>1 or its equival5t 9 money4#eb ,:]e ! l& is furni%$ by ! plantation1 ! f>m] is paid f f\r to five p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane 9 sug>4 ,he is giv5 a h\se free ( r5t & an acre or two ( g>d5 l& z well4 ,all mat]ial1 labor or /ores suppli$ to him are debit$ to him to be acc\nt$ = :5 f9al settlem5t is effect$4 ,plant+ cane 9 ,cuba is a simple matt]4 ,9 prep>+ virg9 =e/ l& = se$1 no pl\gh+ :atev] is done2 ! trees & %rubs are cut d[n & all[$ to dry1 ! valuable timb] is c>ri$ away1 & ! rema9d] is burn$4 ,:5 ?is is done ! l& is f\nd to be smoo? & level1 z a rule4 ,plant+ consi/s 9 mak+ holes 9 ! gr\nd ) a heavy pole %od ) iron t is driv5 obliquely into ! e>? at regul> int]vals1 ! se$ is !n dropp$ 9 ^! holes & cov]$ ) e>?1 complet+ ! op]ation4 ,grassy gr\nd1 h[ev]1 mu/ be pl\gh$1 9 :i* case furr[s are made six feet ap>t4 ,! se$ cane is plant$ 9 !m at int]vals ( f six in*es to twelve in*es1 cov]$ ) e>? & left to gr[4 ,!re are ! spr+ plant+s & ! autumn plant+s1 ! fir/ f ,april to ,june & ! second 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 t is to say1 "o at ! beg9n+ & "o at ! end ( ! ra9y season4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m]1 if ! ra9s come soon aft] plant+1 ! cane c be cut 9 ! foll[+ ,m>* or ,april1 i4 e41 aft] a gr[+ p]iod f n9e to twelve mon?s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ra9s are late ! cane _c mature be=e ! adv5t ( ! new ra9s & !re=e _c be gr\nd until ! foll[+ ,decemb]4 ,cane plant$ 9 ! fall rip5s 9 ,decemb] ( ! next ye> or sometimes a mon? lat]4#ec ,not)/&+ ! little c>e giv5 to ! plant+1 ! cane once />t$ yields a g5]\s crop1 :i* is foll[$ by pr(itable ratoon crops = a numb] ( ye>s )\t f]tilization or a great am\nt ( tillage4 ,f9ally1 :5 ?r\gh age ! cane ceases to produce a pay+ crop ( ratoons1 ! old roots are tak5 up1#ed & ! same soil rese$$ br+s =? excell5t results = ano!r p]iod ( ye>s )\t any rotation ( crops be+ necess>y4 ,n m ?an t5 p] c5t#ee ( ! total area ( ,cuba is devot$ to ! gr[+ ( cane4 ,9 addition to ! gr\nd on :i* cane is actually plant$1 l>ge tracts are ne$$ z pa/ure = draft cattle4 ,besides1 !re is mu* =e/ l& & _m b>r5 spaces t are und\bt$ly includ$ 9 ! acreage classifi$ z be+ "u cane cultivation4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,horne1#ef ! av]age yield is f fifte5 to tw5ty tons ( cane p] acre#eg & ! crops are usually all[$ to ratoon = t5 ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,photo ,co41 ,habana4 ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,sug> ,,cane1 ,,cuba ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,photo ,co41 ,habana4 ,,self-,,dump+ ,,cane ,,c>1 ,,cuba ,9 ,cuba1 cane diseases are ( r>e occurr5ce1 b 9 dry ye>s sw>ms ( mice invade ! fields & cause great damage by gnaw+ ! cane4 ,!y rapidly disappe>1 h[ev]1 z soon z ! wet season sets 94 ,x is ! wea!r t br+s success or failure to ! sug> crop1 = ! gr[? ( ! cane is entirely dep5d5t ^u ra9fall & a long p]iod ( dr\ght is extremely hurtful4 ,hurricanes t sweep 9 f ! ,c>ibbean sea "w havoc 9 ! plantations1 beat+ ! cane flat to ! gr\nd or uproot+ x altoge!r1 :i* results 9 heavy damage bo? to ! gr[+ crop & ! "o foll[+ x4 ,h>ve/+ is g5]ally begun 9 ,decemb] & ov] 9 ,may1 al?\gh "o or two c5trals cont9ue 9 op]ation practically all ! ye> r\nd4 ,wea!r conditions det]m9e :5 ! gr9d+ />ts & ends1 =1 z a rule1 ! cane has to be haul$ f ! fields to ! weigh+ /ation 9 huge c>ts drawn by ox54 ,:5 ! roads are dry1 ?ree pairs ( ox5 c pull a load ( #gejj p\nds ( cane ) ease1 b z soon z ! heavy ra9s set 9 ! gr\nd quickly s(t5s1 ! roads become impassable & ! movem5t ( cane by c>ts is out ( ! "q4 ,! cane is cut close to ! gr\nd ) a long1 heavy knife1 call$ a ma*ete4 ,x is 8topp$10 cut into two- or ?ree-foot l5g?s1 ti$ 9 bundles & load$ on ! ox c>ts to be haul$ to ! scales & !nce by rail to ! mill4 ,! /umps t rema9 9 ! gr\nd are cov]$ ov] ) dry leaves to cons]ve ! moi/ure 9 !m4 ,n\ri%$ by occasional %[]s1 ! roots quickly spr\t & a ye> aft]w>d a crop ( ratoons is ripe & ready to be h>ve/$4 ,wages 9 ,cuba are high] ?an 9 mo/ important cane-produc+ c\ntries 9 ! tropics1 & ,dr4 ,v4 ,s4 ,cl>k quotes a numb] ( au?orities to %[ t ineffici5cy makes ,cuban labor co/s 9 mo/ l9es ( "w relatively high] ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 al?\gh he says t ,am]ican sup]vision has 9 "s in/ances increas$ effici5cy greatly4#eh 7,bureau ( ,labor1 ,bull4 ,l4 ( ,c4 #da1 pp4 #gab1 #ggh47 ,complete1 reliable & up-to-date in=mation & /ati/ics conc]n+ ,cuba's sug> indu/ry are n obta9able at ! mom5t1 nev]!less x is well kn[n t ! ,cuban plantations & mills t are op]at$ by mod]n sci5tific me?ods c produce sug> at l[] co/s ?an ,g]many or any ( ! beet-rais+ c\ntries1 :ile z reg>ds cane-gr[+ c\ntries1 ,java is ! only possible rival4 ,& yet1 despite ! optimi/ic views ( ,cuba's support]s1 ! fact rema9s t ! full developm5t ( h] res\rces is /ill a matt] ( unc]ta9ty1 ?\gh ! possibilities = expansion are enorm\s1 provid$ t c]ta9 ob/acles1 notably ! labor problem1 c be ov]come4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is d\btful :e!r ! production ( sug> c\ld be l>gely increas$1 *iefly because ( ! gr[+ difficulty ( secur+ adequate help 9 ! fields4 ,dur+ ! season end+ midsumm]1 #aiae1 ,cuba's output ( sug> 0 #b1eib1ffg long tons1 ! l>ge/ crop rais$ 9 any c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & ! va/ am\nt ( cane f :i* x 0 manufactur$ 0 gr\nd by #agf c5tral factories4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! production = #aiaf w rea* #c1jjj1jjj tons4 ,:5 x comes to ! m>ket+ ( h] sug> ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ,cuba's be/ cu/om]1 only a comp>atively small am\nt be+ tak5 by ,europe4#ei ,! #bj-p]-c5t pref]5tial all[$ on ,cuban sug> duty "u ! reciprocity treaty1 h[ev]1 does n always g to ! ,cuban manufactur]4 ,! real b5efici>y is ! consum] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ?is reason3 :5 ! gr9d+ ( ! ,cuban crop is 9 full sw+1 ! weekly production ( raw sug> is approximately #aej1jjj tons1 :i* spe$ily exhau/s ! available /orage capacity ( ! isl&1 s t movem5t ( ! sug> is imp]ative2 besides ?is1 ! natural anxiety ( ! plant] to realize 9 ord] to meet 8 curr5t exp5ses causes a /rong pressure to sell4 ,x becomes ) him a "q ( :e!r he c net bett] figures 9 ,new ,york or ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ow+ to diff]5ce 9 port *>ges & dispat*1 ! ,new ,york results are g5]ally m satisfactory1 ev5 ) ! concession ( a "p1 or at times all (1 or ev5 m ?an1 ! #bj-p]-c5t pref]5tial4 ,inv]sely1 x foll[s t :5 raw sug>s are 9 ke5 dem&1 ! plant] pursues 8 advantage to ! limit4 ,! total production ( sug> 9 ,cuba f #ahej to ! pres5t ye> is z foll[s1 b ! figures prior to #ahhb are n entirely dep5dable1 z has be5 previ\sly expla9$3 ,,ye> ,,tons #ahej #bbc1ade #ahea #bfc1iii #aheb #bea1fji #ahec #cbb1jjj #ahed #cgd1jjj #ahee #cib1jjj #ahef #cdh1jjj #aheg #cee1jjj #aheh #che1jjj #ahei #ecf1jjj #ahfj #ddg1jjj #ahfa #ddf1jjj #ahfb #ebe1jjj #ahfc #ejg1jjj #ahfd #ege1jjj #ahfe #fbj1jjj #ahff #fab1jjj #ahfg #eig1jjj #ahfh #gdi1jjjfj #ahfi #gbf1jjjfj #ahgj #gbf1jjjfj #ahga #edg1jjjfa #ahgb #fij1jjjfj #ahgc #gge1jjjfj #ahgd #fha1jjjfj #ahge #gah1jjjfj #ahgf #eij1jjjfj #ahgg #ebj1jjjfj #ahgh #ecc1jjjfj #ahgi #fgj1jjj #ahhj #ecj1jjj #ahha #dic1jjj #ahhb #eie1jjj #ahhc #dfj1cbgfb #ahhd #eeh1icb #ahhe #fca1jjj #ahhf #gca1gbc #ahhg #fdf1egh #ahhh #fef1gai #ahhi #efj1ccc #ahij #fcb1cfh #ahia #haf1ihj #ahib #igf1jjj #ahic #hae1hid #ahid #a1jed1bad #ahie #a1jjd1bfd #ahif #bbe1bbafc #ahig #bab1jeafc #ahih #cje1edcfc #ahii #cce1ffh #aijj #bhc1feafd #aija #fab1gge #aijb #hfc1gib #aijc #a1jjc1hgc #aijd #a1jeb1bgc #aije #a1ahc1cdg #aijf #a1bbi1gcf #aijg #a1ddd1cajfe #aijh #ifi1bgeff #aiji #a1eba1hah #aiaj #a1hjd1cdi #aiaa #a1dhc1dea #aiab #a1hie1ihd #aiac #b1dbh1ecg #aiad #b1eig1gcb #aiae #b1eib1ffg #aiaf #c1jjj1jjjfg ,,jamaica ,jamaica lies #hj miles s\? ( ! ea/]n end ( ,cuba1 betwe5 #ag degrees #dc m9utes & #ah degrees #cb m9utes nor? latitude & #gf degrees #aj m9utes & #gh degrees #bj m9utes we/ longitude4 ,x is #add miles long & #ej miles across at its wide/ "p1 ) a total area ( #dbjg squ>e miles4 ,! isl& is trav]s$ f ea/ to we/ by a m\nta9 range f :i* a numb] ( spurs run out to ! nor?we/ or s\!a/4 ,?is range is m %>ply def9$ 9 ! ea/]n end1 :]e ! highe/ po9t is ,blue ,m\nta9 ,peak1 #gcfj feet above sea-level4 ,! m\nta9s gradually slope we/w>d d[n to ! hills ( ! we/]n plateau1 :i* is ( lime/one =mation & comprises two-?irds ( ! isl&'s surface4 ,z a rule ! highl&s t]m9ate abruptly 9 /eep bluffs1 a /rip ( level l& ly+ betwe5 !m & ! sea4 ,on ! s\? coa/ !re are ext5sive pla9s4 ,fully "o hundr$ riv]s & /reams empty !mselves into ! ,c>ibbean1 b ! great] numb] ( !m are n navigable & 9 flood "t !y become rag+ torr5ts4 ,9 #aiaa ! population1 ( :om only #b p] c5t are :ite1 0 e/imat$ at #hca1abc4 ,x is made up ( ,m>oons1 desc5dants ( ! slaves ( ! ,spani%2 desc5dants ( ,african negro slaves2 a mixture ( ,briti% & negro2 labor]s f ,india2 a spr9kl+ ( ,*9ese1 & ! :ite settl]s4 ,on ! coa/ ! climate is hot & humid1 b at ! high] elevations x is mild & delightful4 ,! temp]ature at ,k+/on & ! l[ sea-level region g5]ally ranges betwe5 #gj4g degrees & #hg4h degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,at ,c9*ona1 :i* is #dijg feet high1 x runs f #eg4e degrees to #fh4e degrees4 ,) r>e exceptions1 ra9 falls dur+ e mon? 9 ! ye>1 & !re are two wet seasons1 ea* ( ab\t ?ree weeks duration1 "o 9 ,may & "o 9 ,octob]4 ,! am\nt v>ies consid]ably2 ! ye>ly av]age = ,k+/on is #cb4f in*es1 = ,c9*ona #aje4e in*es & = ! entire isl& #ff4c in*es4 ,hurricanes1 :i* 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce dur+ ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury1 h n visit$ ! isl& s (t5 ( late ye>s4 ,e>?quakes take place f "t to "t1 t ( #aijg hav+ be5 p>ticul>ly viol5t & de/ructive4 ,transportation facilities are excell5t1 ! roads are good & a railway #ahj miles long connects ,port ,antonio1 ,k+/on & ,montego bay4 ,jamaica 0 discov]$ by ,columbus on ,may #c1 #adid1 & 0 call$ ,santiago by him1 b ?is nev] supplant$ ! orig9al ,indian "n ,jaymaca1 8! isl& ( spr+s10 modifi$ into its pres5t =m1 ,jamaica4 ,columbus put 9 at ! isl& = %elt] 9 #aeje1 & f\r ye>s lat] 8 son ,diego s5t out ,don ,juan d',esquivel to take possession ( x 9 ! "n ( ! ,spani% cr[n4 ,sant' ,iago de la ,vega1 n[ ,spani% ,t[n1 f\nd$ 9 #aebc1 0 de/roy$ by ! ,briti% 9 #aeif & 0 rebuilt aft] _! dep>ture4 ,! ,briti% raid$ ! isl& aga9 9 #afce1 & tw5ty ye>s lat] !y occupi$ x p]man5tly1 expell+ ! ,spani>ds entirely by #afeh4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s t foll[$1 ,jamaica 0 "u milit>y rule & !n a con/itution model$ ^u t ( ! "m c\ntry 0 e/abli%$4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! isl& became a r5dezv\s = ! buccane]s4 ,^! g5try q (t5 comb9$ ! roles ( m]*ants or plant]s & pirates or sea-rov]s4 ,9 #afgj ! treaty ( ,madrid confirm$ ! ,briti% 9 _! possession ( ! isl& & ! buccane]s 7 suppress$4 ,jamaica !n became a great slave m>ket1 & ! gr[+ ( sug> cane & ! manufacture ( sug> on an ext5sive scale 7 begun4 ,civil di/urbances ret>d$ ! progress ( ! colony until #agbh4 ,! t[n ( ,port ,royal 0 de/roy$ by a great e>?quake 9 #afib1 :ile 9 #agab & #agbb hurricanes ( extreme viol5ce c>ri$ de/ruction ?r\gh\t ! isl&4 ,:5 ! ,dut* 7 driv5 f ,brazil by ! ,portuguese 9 #afee _m ( !m settl$ 9 ,jamaica1 ,b>bados & o!r ,we/ ,indian isl&s4 ,!y br\ght _! slaves ) !m1 &1 besides1 !y _h a good k ( sug> & ! necess>y capital1 s t ! indu/ry ent]$ a new phase ( developm5t aft] _! arrival4 ,! ke5e/ competitors ( ! ,briti% isl&s 7 ! ,fr5* sug> produc]s ( ,sa9t ,dom9ique1 ,guadel\pe & ,m>t9ique1 z !y 7 m skill$ 9 manufactur+ me?ods & made sug> at a l[] co/4 ,a heavy export tax affect$ ! sug> trade ( ,jamaica & h] si/] colonies adv]sely4 ,! ref9+ ( sug> 0 prohibit$ & heavy import duties plac$ ^u sug> & syrup ent]+ ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ican possessions clos$ t m>ket to ! ,jamaican product4 ,not)/&+ ^! drawbacks ! indu/ry cont9u$ to gr[ & 9 #agia ! de/ruction ( ! plantations ( ,sa9t ,dom9ique remov$ a =midable rival4 ,s9ce ! passage ( ! emancipation act 9 #ahcd & ! grant+ ( #af1ejj1jjj z p>tial indemnity to ! plant]s = ! loss ( _! slaves1 !re has be5 p]si/5t agitation by ! plant]s1 bo? 9 ,p>liam5t & outside ( x4 ,x became v l\d :5 ! protection af=d$ ,we/ ,indian sug>s z aga9/ sug>s rais$ 9 slave-own+ c\ntries 0 less5$ & f9ally )drawn4 ,x subsid$ some:at ) ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! colonies ( o!r ,european nations1 & x 0 r5ew$ ) add$ vigor :5 ! competition ( b\nty-n\ri%$ beet-root sug> manufactur$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe made itself felt4 ,z has be5 %[n1 b\nties & c>tels enabl$ ! ,european beet-sug> manufactur]s to sell _! product 9 =eign m>kets bel[ actual co/1 :ile realiz+ a h&some pr(it 9 ! quantity sold = home consumption4 ,jamaica & ! o!r cane-produc+ colonies :i* _h no dome/ic trade to fall back ^u f\nd !mselves 9 a griev\s plight4 ,by #ahie matt]s _h rea*$ su* a pass t a royal commission 0 appo9t$ to make a ?or\gh inve/igation ( conditions & report to ! home gov]nm5t4 ,! ma9 features ( ! rem$ial measures adopt$ z a result ( ! "w ( ?is body 73 ,fir/3 ,! e/abli%+ ( ! f>m]s z own]s ( l&1 t is to say1 p>cels ( l& 7 sold to small f>m]s1 :o 7 assi/$ by money advances 9 ! cultivation ( _! crops1 ) ! und]/&+ t !y 7 to gr[ cane at _! own risk & sell x to ! mills4 ,second3 ,plant]s 7 enc\rag$ to raise crops o!r ?an sug>4 ,?ird3 ,agricultural exp]im5t /ations 7 built & equipp$ 9 ,b>bados1 ,tr9idad & ,jamaica ) sub-/ations 9 a numb] ( ! small] isl&s4 ,f\r?3 ,a direct /eam%ip s]vice to ,canada 0 e/abli%$4 ,! s]vice betwe5 ,jamaica & ,engl& 0 improv$ & regul> /eam] communication betwe5 ! isl&s 0 provid$4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ t ! co/ ( build+ & ma9ta9+ ! exp]im5t /ations 0 to be borne by ! home gov]nm5t until ! results obta9$ ju/ifi$ _! be+ support$ by ! colonies4 ,9 addition1 a grant ( money 0 au?oriz$ by ,p>liam5t to take c>e ( ! press+ ne$s ( ! plant]s dur+ ! ye> be=e ! ,brussels conv5tion became effective4 ,) improv$ /eam%ip facilities betwe5 ,jamaica & ! "m c\ntry1 ! volume ( ! trade 9 fre% fruit 0 greatly increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,h4 ,h4 ,c\s9s ,,morel&s ,,sug> ,,mill1 ,,v]e1 ,,jamaica ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fleet1 ,,morel&s1 ,,v]e1 ,,jamaica ,9 #aijg ! value ( ! fruit %ipm5ts 9 p\nds /]l+ 0 z foll[s3 ,bananas #hdb1fhi ,citrus fruits #ij1dfh z aga9/ ,sug> #abb1cbh ,rum #ih1ibc ,on ,janu>y #ad1 #aijg1 an appall+ e>?quake occurr$4 ,! build+s 9 ,k+/on & ,port ,royal 7 de/roy$ or badly damag$ & ab\t "o ?\s& p 7 kill$4 ,9 #aijf ! area "u cultivation 9 ,jamaica 0 #gej1jjj acres & ( ?is only #bf1jjj 7 devot$ to cane4 ,sug> plant+ has be5 9 a /agnant condition = ye>s & only a limit$ numb] ( ! e/ates t /ill c>ry on ! indu/ry are mak+ money4 ,_m h /opp$ gr[+ cane entirely & h turn$ to bananas1 cocoanuts1 c(fee or cattle rais+4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts !re is pl5ty ( f]tile alluvial l&1 ample wat] & *eap labor1 b prop] cultivation is lack+1 s t ! results are f> f :at !y %\ld be4 ,plant+ simply consi/s ( /ick+ a piece ( cane /alk 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd & v little pl\gh+ is done1 consequ5tly ! we$s are nev] "u control4 ,x takes ab\t twelve mon?s = ! cane to rip5 & ! yield p] acre v>ies widely1 rang+ f t5 to =ty-five tons4 ,! av]age may be tak5 z ab\t tw5ty tons p] acre4 ,! isl& boa/s ( ?ree c5tral factories & eighty-two small mills1 only twelve ( ! latt] hav+ vacuum pans4 ,! o!rs make muscavado sug> & rum4 ,9 ! op]ation ( boil+ by no means all ( ! sug> is extract$1 z a pure liquor is ne$$ = ! manufacture ( good rum & q a l>ge am\nt ( cane juice is made into rum direct4 ,9 ! process ( mak+ muscavado sug> 9 ,jamaica1 ! cane juice aft] be+ br\ght to boil+ po9t 9 an op5 kettle is transf]r$ into a second kettle1 :]e x is treat$ & ! heavy impurities all[$ to settle4 ,! cle> juice !n goes into copp] walls1 a s]ies ( ?ree or m l>ge op5 copp] pans1 call$ tea*es4 ,^! pans re/ above an op5 fire f$ by bagasse1 cane tra% & wood4 ,aft] ! juice has be5 boil$ to a c]ta9 d5sity 9 ! fir/ pan x is transf]r$ to ! second & ! f9al conc5tration takes place 9 ! ?ird or f\r?1 z ! case may be4 ,9 "s mills ! la/ boil+ is done ) /eam 9 :at is call$ an ,asp9all pan1 in/ead ( ov] an op5 fire4 ,:5 ! mass becomes suffici5tly ?ick1 x is put into l>ge tanks & left to cry/allize4 ,sometimes x is kept 9 motion dur+ cry/allization1 b usually no /irr+ :atev] is done4 ,cry/allization complet$1 ! mass is pack$ 9 hog%eads ) p]=at$ bottoms4 ,^! hog%eads are all[$ to /& ov] dra9age tr\ghs = two or ?ree weeks s t ! molasses may run (f4 ,! holes are !n plugg$ up & ! sug> is ready to be %ipp$4 ,! p]c5tage ( sug>1 glucose & wat] 9 ,jamaica muscavados is approximately3 ,no4 #a ,sucrose #hh4f ,glucose #e4cj ,wat] #c4db #b #hf4b #d4dj #c4gb #c #hc4i #e4ib #d4ff #d #hc4j #f4ih #c4hd ,managem5t is slip%od & ! extraction is poor4 ,x takes fifte5 tons ( cane & sometimes m to produce a ton ( sug>4 ,z = ! future ( ! sug> indu/ry 9 ,jamaica1 mu* 9 ! way ( improvem5t c\ld be done by ! introduction ( sy/ematic managem5t1 prop] cultivation1 adequate f]tilization & sci5tific me?ods ( manufacture4 ,labor is pl5tiful & *eap1 & x w\ld seem t sug> c\ld be produc$ 9 ,jamaica at z l[ co/ z 9 ,cuba4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 !re h be5 no signs ( a real awak5+4 ,z reg>ds production1 ! foll[+ figures are tak5 f ,willett ,gray3 #aijc-jd crop #ad1bee tons #aijd-je 0 #af1jjj 0 #aije-jf 0 #ah1jjj 0 #aijf-jg exports #ac1iga 0 #aijg-jh 0 #aj1gah 0 #aijh-ji 0 #aa1dec 0 #aiji-aj 0 #ab1jjj 0 #aiaj-aa 0 #ai1ifj 0 #aiaa-ab 0 #ba1hce 0 #aiab-ac 0 #h1gbh 0 #aiac-ad 0 #ae1ehc 0 #aiad-ae 0 #ae1jfc 0 #aiae-af 0 #ae1jjjfh tons ,,b>bados ,b>bados1 ! mo/ ea/]ly ( ! ,w9dw>d isl&s1 lies sev5ty-eight miles ea/ ( ,/4 ,v9c5t 9 #ac degrees #d m9utes nor? latitude & #ei degrees #cg m9utes we/ longitude4 ,x is tw5ty-"o miles long1 f\rte5 & "o-half miles at its greate/ bread? & its area is #aff squ>e miles4 ,x is ( coral orig9 & at c]ta9 po9ts ! coral reefs ext5d out to sea z f> z ?ree miles & are a m5ace to navigation4 ,! isl& is l[ & flat1 except 9 ! c5tral & nor!a/]n "p4 ,m\nt ,hillaby1 ! highe/ peak1 rises #aadh feet above sea-level & f x ! l& slopes 9 t]races 9 e direction4 ,c>lisle bay on ! s\?we/ is a natural h>bor1 b only available = vessels ( light draft4 ,b>bados is d5sely populat$4 ,9 #aijf ! numb] ( inhabitants 0 #aif1bhg1 ( :om by f> ! great] numb] 7 negroes1 :o1 9 proportion to ! :ites1 are z n9e to "o4 ,! climate is agreeable1 ) well-def9$ wet & dry seasons1 & = eight mon?s 9 ! ye> ! heat is modifi$ by ! nor!a/ trade w9ds4 ,! dry1 or cold1 p]iod is f ,decemb] to ,may4 ,! temp]ature ranges f #gj degrees to #hf degrees ,fahr5heit1 seldom fall+ bel[ #fe4 ,!re is a pl5tiful ra9fall1 ! annual av]age be+ sixty in*es1 & ,septemb] is ! wette/ mon?4 ,moi/ure readily p5etrates ! coral subsoil & collects 9 subt]ranean res]voirs4 ,por\s soil1 ?or\gh cultivation & ! abs5ce ( swamps give miasma no opportunity & fev] is unkn[n1 b hurricanes are ! sc\rge ( ! colony4 ,! soil is ?91 b extremely f]tile1 & !re is a !ory t x 0 orig9ally =m$ ( volcanic a%1 c>ri$ by ! w9ds f ,/4 ,v9c5t dur+ times :5 ,la ,s\frire 0 9 eruption4 ,x is said t ! ,portuguese 7 ! fir/ ,europeans to visit ! isl&2 be ?is z x may1 !y nev] took possession ( x4 ,a ,briti% %ip t\*$ !re 9 #afje1 &1 f9d+ no inhabitants1 annex$ x 9 ! "n ( ,k+ ,james ,i4 ,s9ce t "t ,briti% own]%ip has cont9u$ )\t int]ruption4 ,an actual settlem5t 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afbe1 9 :i* ye> ! k+ made a grant ( ! isl& to ,"l ,leigh1 aft]w>d ! ,e>l ( ,m>lbor\gh4 ,bridget[n1 ! pres5t capital1 0 f\nd$ 9 #afbh4 ,b>bados 0 ! fir/ ( ,great ,brita9's isl& colonies to gr[ sug> cane4 ,! plant 0 br\ght !re 9 #afdb dur+ ,philip ,bell's gov]nor%ip1 & slaves 7 import$ at ! same "t4 ,a numb] ( ,dut* :o 7 expell$ f ,brazil 9 #afee took refuge 9 ! isl&1 & _! k ( sug> & exp]i5ce 9 its manufacture did mu* to /imulate ! indu/ry4 ,beg9n+ ) ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,b>bados became an important sug>-produc+ c5t]4 ,foll[+ emancipation 9 #ahcd1 ! ,b>bados plant]s receiv$ #a1gbj1jjj to indemnify !m = ! loss ( ov] #hc1jjj slaves4 ,at ! same "t a l>ge numb] ( ! fre$ blacks cont9u$ to "w on ! sug> plantations z be=e1 b "u pay2 h5ce abolition did n br+ on ! same h>d%ips 9 ,b>bados z x did 9 "s ( ! o!r ,we/ ,indian colonies4 ,labor is pl5tiful & *eap1 s t cultivation is done c>efully & 9 a ?or\gh mann]4 ,! naturally ri* soil is treat$ ) f]tiliz]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & plant+ is done e ye> z a rule1 al?\gh ratoon crops are (t5 rais$ on ! upl&s4 ,=m]ly ,b\rbon cane 0 gr[n exclusively1 b ow+ to ! fall+ (f 9 ! yield1 x 0 discont9u$ & ! v>ieties n[ 9 favor are ,:ite ,transp>5t & se$l+ canes rais$ locally4 ,! crops suff] f "t to "t ?r\gh hurricanes & dr\ghts1 z well z f ! common run ( cane diseases4 ,( ! entire area ( #ajf1dgj acres1 ab\t #ajj1jjj acres are cultivat$2 betwe5 #fj1jjj & #gj1jjj acres ( ?is are 9 sug> cane4 ,9 #aijb !re 7 #ddj e/ates on ! isl&1 ! av]age area be+ #afh acres4 ,( ^!1 #bc exce$$ #ejj acres & #aci conta9$ less ?an #ajj acres2 #ai1 compris+ #fgjg acres1 7 own$ by corporations4 ,ea* e/ate _h its own mill1 & #dcb ( !m made muscavado & eight ( !m c5trifugal sug>4 ,today ! numb] ( factories is e/imat$ at #cce1 ( :i* #bba are driv5 by w9dmills4 ,a few plants are equipp$ ) vacuum pans & mod]n ma*9]y1 b muscavado sug> & molasses /ill repres5t ne>ly all ( ! production4 ,! molasses obta9$ 9 ! op5-kettle process has a high] value & f9ds a mu* readi] sale ?an t result+ f boil+ 9 vacuum pans4 ,!re=e 9 mak+ comp>isons betwe5 ! yield 9 sug> f ! op5-kettle process ) t f ! vacuum-pan me?od1 ! increas$ price br\ght by ! ri*-flavor$ molasses made 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,on an av]age1 ! sug> cont5t ( ! cane is #ac4e p] c5t & ! recov]y is ab\t #g4e p] c5t muscavado sug> & #c4e p] c5t molasses4 ,x is evid5t t imp]fect cru%+ & crude manufactur+ me?ods cause a consid]able loss 9 sug> on mo/ ( ! e/ates4 ,9 #ahih ! ,imp]ial ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture e/abli%$ its *ief ,we/ ,indian /ation 9 ,b>bados4 ,?is /ation has r5d]$ great s]vice to ! plant]s 9 improv+ cane v>ieties1 giv+ exp]t advice conc]n+ f]tiliz+ & fight+ cane pe/s4 ,und\bt$ly mu* c\ld /ill be done to bett] conditions1 b ! small e/ates are g5]ally mortgag$ & _! own]s are 9 no position to borr[ m money to enable !m to op]ate on a m ext5d$ scale4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are extremely t5aci\s ( _! hold+s & w n "p ) !m to capitali/s :o might e/abli% l>ge c5tral factories4 ,x !re=e seems altoge!r improbable t !re w be any expansion 9 ! sug> indu/ry ( ! colony 9 ! ne> future4 ,! production ( ,b>bados dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s 9 long tons has be5 z foll[s3 #ahie #cc1cca #ahif #de1agj #ahig #ea1bge #ahih #df1hgh #ahii #dj1ddb #aijj #dd1bej #aija #ef1iab #aijb #de1egf #aijc #cc1gie #aijd #ee1ghe #aije #da1baj #aijf #ej1fcj #aijg #cc1jcc #aijh #ca1cec #aiji #ae1ega #aiaj #cf1chi #aiaa #cb1ead #aiab exports #cj1edh #aiac 0 #aa1dgi #aiad 0 #cc1chg #aiae 0 #cb1egh #aiaf 0 #ej1jjjfi ,,tr9idad ,tr9idad lies six miles (f ! nor!a/]n coa/ ( ,v5ezuela1 betwe5 #aj degrees #c m9utes & #aj degrees #ej m9utes nor? latitude & #fj degrees #ci m9utes & #fb degrees we/ longitude4 ,its av]age l5g? is =ty-eight miles1 x is ?irty-five miles 9 wid? & has an area ( #aged squ>e miles4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 ) ! exception ( ,jamaica1 & ! population 9 #aiad 0 e/imat$ to be #bee1adh1 "o-?ird ( :om 7 ,ea/ ,indians4 ,! surface is level or roll+1 ) a m\nta9 range 9 ! nor?1 :i* rises to #cajj feet at its highe/ po9t1 ,tucu*e ,peak4 ,9 ! s\? !re is a ridge ( hills ab\t #fjj feet high1 & 9 ! c5tral "p an upl& belt runs f ea/ to we/ by s\?4 ,!re are a numb] ( small riv]s1 none ( !m navigable4 ,! isl& enjoys an equable climate1 ! temp]ature v>y+ f #gj degrees to #hg degrees ,fahr5heit1 ! mean be+ #gh4f degrees4 ,! seasons are regul>1 ra9y f ,may to ,janu>y1 ) a f\r weeks' int]val ( f9e wea!r 9 ,octob]1 & dry f ! end ( ,janu>y until ,may4 ,! av]age ra9fall is #ff4bf in*es1 b 9 ! cane-gr[+ region x is ab\t #hj in*es4 ,hurricanes1 e>?quakes & long spells ( dr\ght are unkn[n4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus discov]$ ,tr9idad 9 #adif & ! ,spani>ds occupi$ x n9ety ye>s lat]4 ,x rema9$ 9 _! h&s until #agig1 :5 x 0 tak5 by ! ,briti%1 to :om x 0 =mally c$$ 9 #ahjb4 ,z 0 ! case 9 o!r ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 ! aborig9es 7 quickly ext]m9at$ by ! ,spani% conqu]ors & _! places fill$ ) negro slaves4 ,a numb] ( ,fr5* & ,creole settl]s came to ,tr9idad 9 #aghj1 & ab\t ! middle ( ! foll[+ c5tury ,portuguese refugees f ,madeira jo9$ ! colony4 ,aft] ! abolition ( slav]y by ,great ,brita9 9 #ahcd1 _m ,h9dus 7 br\ght 9 "u contract4 ,! soil ( ! isl& is v ri* & well adapt$ to ! gr[+ ( sug> cane & o!r tropical products4 ,! sug> plantations are f\nd 9 ! level c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,gulf ( ,p>ia1 :]e ! soil is a d>k clay1 & :i* has be5 describ$ z "o ( ! f9e/ /ret*es ( sug> l& 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,z a result ( ! f9ancial di/ress ( #ahie1 :i* caus$ ! home gov]nm5t to pass relief measures1 a numb] ( plantation own]s 7 compell$ to dispose ( a portion ( _! l& to f>m]s1 :o grew cane ^u x & sold ! crop to ! sug> factories4 ,x is e/imat$ t today ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! cane work$ up by ! factories is furni%$ by ^! small gr[]s1 ! rema9d] be+ rais$ by ! own]s ( ! e/ates4 ,gr9d+ beg9s 9 ,janu>y & is f9i%$ 9 ,may or ,june4 ,tr9idad has its own agricultural /ation1 :i* is *iefly devot$ to ! /udy ( sug>-cane culture4 ,x has be5 ( great s]vice to ! indu/ry 9 det]m9+ ! k9ds ( cane t c be mo/ pr(itably gr[n1 9 fight+ cane diseases & pe/s & 9 work+ out f]tilization problems4 ,f #ahee to #ahhg an av]age crop ( #ei1ggd tons 0 turn$ out by n9ety e/ates4 ,( ?is total1 #bh1ejj tons 7 vacuum-pan sug> & ! re/ muscavado4 ,9 #ahif1 #fb1ige tons ( sug> 7 made by ?irty-n9e e/ates4 ,sev5 ( ^! made #bjjj tons ( common muscavado1 six made #eejj tons ( c5trifugal muscavado1 & ! rema9+ tw5ty-six made vacuum-pan sug>4 ,a report made 9 t ye> conc]n+ sug> e/ates 9 ,tr9idad sets =? t advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! mo/ mod]n improvem5ts 9 boil]s1 furnaces1 multiple evaporators1 cru%+ mills & o!r ma*9]y4 ,tr9idad produces a l>ge am\nt ( :at are kn[n z 8yell[ cry/als10 :i* are sold 9 ! ,briti% m>ket = direct consumption & comm& a premium ov] ! ord9>y raw sug>4 ,/ati/ics compil$ 9 #aiji %[ t ! colony !n _h sixte5 sug> factories1 :i* turn$ out #eb1igb tons ( sug>1 & ! recov]y repres5t$ #h4gd p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane2 #dea1hja tons ( ?is cane 7 gr[n by ! e/ates & #aed1ffc tons by ! small f>m]s4 ,!re 7 #aa1dja ( ! latt]1 #fjgg ( :om 7 ,ea/ ,indians & #ecbd ,we/ ,indians4 ,tr9idad is ! only ,we/ ,indian colony :]e ! attempt to fill ! places ( negro labor]s ) coolies f ,india has be5 successful4 ,! production ( sug> s9ce #aijj has be5 z foll[s3 #aijj #da1bfi tons #aija #ea1jgg 0 #aijb #dd1iac 0 #aijc #df1jbi 0 #aijd #ej1gdd 0 #aije #ch1bdj 0 #aijf #fb1ige 0 #aijg #ej1efd 0 #aijh #dh1icc 0 #aiji #eb1igb 0 #aiaj exports #dd1aci 0 #aiaa 0 #cg1bhb 0 #aiab 0 #cb1eeg 0 #aiac 0 #ca1ffe 0 #aiad 0 #dg1bea 0 #aiae 0 #di1ajg 0 #aiaf 0 #ee1jjj 0#gj ,,santo ,,dom+o ,haiti is divid$ into two unequal p>ts1 ! republic ( ,haiti 7,rpublique d',haiti71 compris+ #aj1bjd squ>e miles1 & ! republic ( ,santo ,dom+o 7,repblica ,dom9icana71 ) an area ( #ai1cbe squ>e miles4 ,x is "o ( ! f\r l>ge isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies & lies betwe5 #ag degrees #cg m9utes & #bj degrees nor? latitude & #fh degrees #bj m9utes & #gd degrees #bh m9utes we/ longitude4 ,its l5g? f ea/ to we/ is ab\t #djg miles & its greate/ wid? is #afj miles4 ,! total population is #b1gcg1gjj4 ,! surface ( ! isl& is exce$+ly m\nta9\s1 ?ree di/9ct ranges trav]s+ x f ea/ to we/4 ,! l(tie/ peak1 ,loma ,t9a1 ne> ! city ( ,santo ,dom+o1 rea*es a height ( #aj1cjj feet4 ,! ext5sive int]v5+ valleys are f]tile & wat]$ by num]\s riv]s1 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are deep en\gh to be navigable4 ,! climate is hot & humid4 ,an av]age temp]ature = ! mon? ( ,janu>y w\ld be ab\t #ge4d degrees ,fahr5heit1 = ,july #hd degrees1 & = ! ye> #gi4b degrees4 ,!re are no active volcanoes1 b great damage is done f "t to "t by e>?quakes & hurricanes4 ,! ye>ly ra9fall is abundant1 av]ag+ ab\t #abj in*es4 ,9 ,san ,p$ro de ,macoris1 h[ev]1 :]e ! great] "p ( ! sug> crop ( ! isl& is gr[n1 ! annual precipitation is 9 ! neighborhood ( #fj in*es4 ,z ?is is n suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! gr[+ cane1 ! plant]s h to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( irrigat+1 & ! wat] = ?is purpose is obta9$ f artesian wells4 ,! soil ( ! sug>-gr[+ t]ritory is ( por\s lime/one =mation1 :i* %[s evid5ce ( di/urbances & upheavals due to volcanic ag5cy4 ,ov]ly+ ?is is a deposit ( decompos$ vegetable matt] f ?ree to twelve in*es 9 ?ickness1 & !re are areas :]e a ri* black or r$ soil1 v>y+ f "o to two feet 9 dep?1 is f\nd4 ,on ,decemb] #e1 #adib1 ,columbus sight$ ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,haiti & f\nd safe an*orage !re4 ,! newly discov]$ isl& 0 nam$ ,espaola1 :i* 0 aft]w>d lat9iz$ to ,hispaniola4 ,lat] /ill1 ! settlem5t f\nd$ by ! ,spani>ds 9 ! s\!rn "p "u ! "n ( ,santo ,dom+o gave its "n to ! entire isl&4 ,:5 ,columbus set foot on its %ores1 ,haiti _h #b1jjj1jjj inhabitants1 :o 7 gov]n$ by five caciques1 ea* hold+ bo? religi\s & political sway ov] ! sep>ate k+doms4 ,at ! outset ! newcom]s 7 receiv$ ) welcome & honor1 b x 0 n long be=e _! tyranny caus$ a rupture betwe5 !m & ! natives4 ,a w> ( ext]m9ation foll[$1 & by #aejf ! entire isl& _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! invad]s4 ,left 9 possession ( a depopulat$ c\ntry1 ! ,spani>ds re/ock$ x ) ,african negro slaves4 ,mean:ile ! int]ior ( ! isl& _h be5 explor$1 settlem5ts _h be5 e/abli%$1 m9es op5$ up & progress made 9 agriculture4 ,9 #aejf sug> 0 br\ght 9 & its cultivation soon assum$ important proportions4 ,ab\t #afbe ! ,fr5* & ,engli% began to give tr\ble to ,spa9 9 ! we/]n ar*ipelago1 & a few ye>s lat] a numb] ( ,engli%m5 & ,fr5*m51 :o _h be5 expell$ f ,/4 ,kitts by ! ,spani>ds1 took refuge on ,tortuga isl& & became fam\s "u ! "n ( ,buccane]s4 ,!y succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ !mselves 9 a "p ( ,haiti1 & 9 #afig _! "r ( possession 0 ackn[l$g$ & ! t]ritory occupi$ by !m 0 c$$ by ,spa9 to ,france by ! treaty ( ,ryswick4 ,! new colony 0 call$ ,sa9t ,dom9ique1 & x ent]$ imm$iately into an era ( prosp]ity 9 :i* ! expansion ( ! sug> indu/ry 0 ! pr9cipal factor4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* revolution broke out1 ! exportations ( sug> am\nt$ to #hj1jjj tons1 & ?is l>ge production necessitat$ ! employm5t ( a great numb] ( slaves4 ,! :ites 7 few & ! unequal proportion l$ to disa/]4 ,! population consi/$ ( :ites1 free color$ p 7mo/ ( :om 7 mulattoes7 & negro slaves4 ,! mulattoes dem&$ ! same civil rights z ! :ite p & ^! privileges 7 accord$ !m 9 #agia4 ,inc5s$ beyond measure1 ! :ites clamor$ l\dly = a rev]sal ( ?is decree & f9ally obta9$ x4 ,on ,augu/ #bc1 #agia1 a viol5t insurrection ( ! blacks broke out2 ! plantation slaves 7 jo9$ by ! mulattoes & a massacre ( ! :ites foll[$4 ,^? :o escap$ ! slaught] fl$1 leav+ all _! possessions beh9d2 ! sug> plantations 7 de/roy$ & ! entire sug> indu/ry came to an abrupt end4 ,9 #agic ,sa9t ,dom9ique 0 attack$ by ,engl& & ,spa91 :]eupon ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 9 ord] to conciliate ! blacks & reta9 its dom9ion ov] ! colony1 proclaim$ all ! slaves free4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! ,peace ( ,ble 9 #agie1 ! :ole isl& pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*4 ,t\ssa9t ,l\v]ture1 a negro ( m>k$ milit>y ability1 0 appo9t$ comm&]-9-*ief by ! directory1 & by #ahja he succe$$ 9 re/or+ ord]4 ,un=tunately1 ! measures t he endeavor$ to put into effect ar\s$ ! suspicions ( ,napoleon1 :o s5t out an army to subdue him & to re/ore slav]y4 ,?is exp$ition met ) su* det]m9$ resi/ance t ! comm&]1 ,g5]al ,lecl]c1 op5$ negotiations & ,t\ssa9t 0 induc$ by solemn promises to lay d[n 8 arms4 ,he 0 trea*]\sly seiz$ & tak5 to ,france1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahjc4 ,! blacks imm$iately r5ew$ ho/ilities "u ,jean ,jacques ,dessal9es1 & 9 ,novemb]1 #ahjc1 ! ,fr5* )drew completely4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! indep5d5ce ( ! isl& 0 decl>$ & its anci5t "n ( ,haiti 0 re/or$4 ,dessal9es 0 fir/ made gov]nor = life & 9 ,octob]1 #ahjd1 he proclaim$ himself emp]or4 ,he 0 assass9at$ 9 #ahjf4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t ! c\ntry has be5 9 a /ate ( turmoil & ! end is n yet4 ,9 #ahdd ! p ( ! ea/]n end ( ! isl& sec$$ & =m$ ! republic ( ,santo ,dom+o4 ,ev] s9ce !n !re h be5 two di/9ct gov]nm5ts 9 ! isl&1 ) ! /ronge/ political antipa?y exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,b little sug> cane is rais$ 9 ,haiti1 & ! mo/ ( ?is small quantity is ei!r consum$ z cane or made into a bev]age call$ tafia4 ,! sug> plantations ( ,santo ,dom+o are f\nd on ! s\!rn coa/1 9 ! level /ret*es ( ,arua & ,romana1 9 ! valleys ne> ! city ( ,santo ,dom+o & 9 ! region ne> ,san ,p$ro de ,macoris4 ,no sug> is gr[n 9 ! int]ior4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! factories are l& own]s & cultivate cane1 !y d n gr[ all t !y gr9d4 ,a good deal is rais$ by colonos "u ! foll[+ conditions3 ,! factories assign p>cels ( l& to ! colonos r5t-free & 9 addition all[ !m ! use ( draft cattle & f>m+ implem5ts4 ,:5 necess>y a c]ta9 am\nt ( actual ca% is advanc$4 ,! colonos plant & till ! l&1 furni% _! own labor & deliv] ! cane at ! po9t :]e x is load$ on ! railway c>s4 ,! field h&s are ei!r natives or negroes br\ght f ne>by isl&s1 & _! pay ranges f #ej to #ge c5ts gold p] day4 ,! gr\nd is till$ 9 an indiff]5t fa%ion & no f]tiliz+ :atev] is done4 ,:5 virg9 soil is plant$1 ! se$ is put 9 at sev5-foot int]vals1 sometimes great]1 )\t any holes or furr[s hav+ be5 made2 ! cutt+s are simply /uck 9 ! gr\nd & p>tly cov]$ ) e>?4 ,! cane rip5s 9 f\rte5 mon?s or m4 ,ratoon+ foll[s until ! yield gets s small t replant+ is necess>y4 ,:5 ?is "t comes1 ! old roots are pl\gh$ up & furr[s f f\r to six in*es 9 dep? are made ab\t five or six feet ap>t4 ,! se$ cane is plant$ 9 ^! furr[s at f\r- or five-foot int]vals4 ,! yield f virg9 soil is v heavy & has be5 kn[n to rea* n9ety tons to ! acre1 b ! sug> cont5t ( su* crops is l[1 :]eas ! subsequ5t ratoons ) a decreas$ tonnage ( cane p] acre give juice ( a bett] quality4 ,a fair av]age production on a plantation hav+ #djjj acres 9 cane w\ld be ab\t tw5ty-f\r tons to ! acre4 ,naturally ?is e/imate w\ld be affect$ by ! relative proportions ( plant cane & ratoons1 z well z by ! "* ( ! soil4 ,plant+ is g5]ally done 9 ,june & ,octob]1 :ile ! h>ve/+ beg9s 9 ,decemb] & cont9ues until ,april4 ,manufactur+ me?ods 9 ,santo ,dom+o admit ( mu* improvem5t4 ,s+le cru%+ is ! me?od employ$ = ! mo/ "p1 s t ! loss 9 extraction is consid]able4 ,! juices are treat$ & ! susp5d$ impurities all[$ to settle at ! bottom ( ! tanks4 ,filt] presses are ! exception r ?an ! rule1 & = want ( !m ! sug> 9 ! resultant mud is lo/4 ,! cle> juices are !n conc5trat$ & boil$ to gra9 9 vacuum pans4 ,fir/ sug>s g5]ally pol>ize betwe5 #ie degrees & #ig degrees1 seconds ab\t #hf degrees4 ,! molasses is ei!r made into rum or p]mitt$ to run to wa/e4 ,not)/&+ ! crude "* ( ! factories & ma*9]y1 ! recov]y ( sug> is g5]ally good1 ! av]age be+ betwe5 #i p] c5t & #aa p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane1 ) s+le cru%+4 ,almo/ all ( ! factories are manag$ by ,am]icans1 b1 z has be5 said1 ! equipm5t !y h to "w ) is by no means mod]n1 & "u ! extremely unc]ta9 political conditions t prevail !re is scant enc\ragem5t = outside capital to come 9 & improve matt]s4 ,j :5 a *ange = ! bett] w come is impossible to say4 ,messrs4 ,willett ,gray give ! ye>ly figures s9ce #aijc 9 long tons1 z foll[s3 #aijc-jd #dg1jjj #aijd-je #dg1jjj #aije-jf #ee1jjj #aijf-jg #fj1jjj #aijg-jh #fb1bce #aijh-ji #fi1dhc #aiji-aj #ic1jjc #aiaj-aa #hi1igi #aiaa-ab #if1jdf #aiab-ac #hd1ffa #aiac-ad #aje1ggh #aiad-ae #ajh1bfg #aiae-af #abj1jjj ,,guadel\pe ,,& ,,m>t9ique ,,guadel\pe ,! ,fr5* ,we/ ,indian colony ( ,guadel\pe consi/s ( two isl&s t lie 9 ! middle ( ! ,leew>d gr\p betwe5 #ae degrees #eg m9utes & #af degrees #ca m9utes nor? latitude & #fa degrees #aj m9utes & #fa degrees #di m9utes we/ longitude4 ,!y are sep>at$ by a *annel f "o hundr$ feet to f\r hundr$ feet wide1 call$ ,rivire ,sale4 ,basse-,t]re1 ! we/]n isl&1 is tw5ty-eight miles long1 f twelve to fifte5 miles wide & its area is #cfd squ>e miles4 ,x pres5ts a rugg$ surface1 brok5 by hills & highl&s1 & a backbone ( m\nta9s runs ?r\gh x f nor? to s\?4 ,x is ( volcanic orig91 hav+ be5 ?r[n up by f\r volcanic c5t]s1 ,grosse ,montagne 7#beij feet71 ,les ,mamelles 7#becf feet & #bcfh feet71 ,morne sans ,t\*] 7#dhee feet71 & ,la ,s\frire 7#dhfh feet74 ,! la/-nam$ volcano 0 9 eruption 9 #agig1 & 9 #ahdc its di/urbances wreck$ sev]al t[ns2 today1 h[ev]1 ! only evid5ces ( life are a few hot spr+s & ! emission ( sulphur\s vapors at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,basse-,t]re is wat]$ by a numb] ( /reams t become swoll5 & turbul5t dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,gr&e-,t]re1 ! ea/]n isl&1 is l[ & level1 ! greate/ elevation be+ only #dej feet4 ,x consi/s ( a pla9 ( lime/one =mation ) a conglom]ate ( s& & brok5 %ells4 ,x is ab\t tw5ty-two miles long f nor? to s\? & its area is #bee squ>e miles4 ,! population is #aij1bgc1 *iefly negroes & mulattoes4 ,= wat] supply x is dep5d5t ^u ponds & ci/]ns1 z1 ow+ to ! porosity ( ! soil1 no riv]s or /reams exi/4 ,! climate is w>m & humid4 ,! mean ye>ly temp]ature is #gh degrees ,fahr5heit1 ! m9imum #fa degrees & ! maximum #aja degrees4 ,! wet season is f ,july to ,novemb]1 & on ! coa/ ! annual ra9fall is ab\t eighty-six in*es1 ) a great deal m 9 ! int]ior4 ,t]rific /orms visit ! isl& & hurricanes h wr\ght mu* de/ruction4 ,! soil is f]tile & ri* & ! pr9cipal crop is sug> cane1 :i* is gr[n on ov] half ! total cultivat$ area4 ,! pr9cipal sug> c5t]s are ,po9t--,pitre1 ,/4 ,anne & ,le ,m\le 9 ,gr&e-,t]re1 all ( :i* h well-appo9t$ us9es4 ,!re is also a l>ge us9e 9 ,basse-,t]re4 ,guadel\pe 0 discov]$ by ,columbus 9 #adic4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty-two ye>s aft]w>d l',olive & ,duplessis took possession 9 ! "n ( a ,fr5* company call$ ! ,compagnie des ,iles d',amrique4 ,! native ,c>ibs did n long survive ! cruel treatm5t accord$ !m by l',olive1 & ef=ts at colonization 7 ! rev]se ( successful1 9 fact f\r *>t]$ companies 7 ru9$ 9 ! attempt4 ,9 #afgd ! isl&s pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,fr5* cr[n & !y 7 gov]n$ f ,m>t9ique = a long "t4 ,9 #agei !y 7 captur$ by ! ,briti%1 9 ^: h&s !y rema9$ = f\r ye>s4 ,! ,briti% aga9 occupi$ !m 9 #agid1 b 7 driv5 out ! foll[+ summ] by ,victor ,hugues ) ! help ( lib]at$ slaves4 ,! la/ ,briti% occupation took place dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,days ( #ahae1 & !y f9ally )drew 9 #ahaf4 ,slav]y 9 ,guadel\pe 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahdh4 ,,m>t9ique ,! ,fr5* colony ( ,m>t9ique is ! mo/ nor!rly ( ! ,w9dw>d isl&s4 ,x is situat$ betwe5 #ad degrees #ee m9utes & #ad degrees #bc m9utes nor? latitude & #fj degrees #dh m9utes & #fa degrees #af m9utes we/ longitude4 ,its area is #cha squ>e miles1 its greate/ l5g? f nor?we/ to s\!a/ #cf miles1 & its extreme wid? #ah miles4 ,! population1 negroes & half-ca/es = ! mo/ "p1 numb]$ #aij1jjj 9 #aiac4 ,! surface is m\nta9\s1 ! highe/ peak be+ ,mt4 ,pele1 :i* rises #ddbh feet above sea-level4 ,! appall+ eruption ( ?is volcano 9 ,may1 #aijb1 0 "o ( ! greate/ disa/]s ( mod]n times & co/ ! lives ( #dj1jjj p4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! isl&'s surface consi/s ( ext5sive pla9s1 mo/ ( !m occurr+ 9 ! s\?4 ,! soil ( ! nor!rn "p is ( volcanic =mation1 :ile 9 ! s\? x is compos$ ( clay4 ,!re are a numb] ( /reams1 "s ( !m ( consid]able size4 ,ne> ! coa/ ! av]age temp]ature = ,june is #hc degrees1 & = ,janu>y #gg degrees1 ! mean = ! ye> be+ ab\t #hj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! wet season ext5ds f ,june to ,octob] & ! total ye>ly ra9fall approximates #hg in*es4 ,augu/ is ! wette/ mon? & ,m>* ! drie/4 ,9 ! l[ region ( ! sea coa/ ! climate is n heal?ful = ,europeans dur+ ! hot p]iod1 b a m salubri\s atmosph]e & a temp]ature #aj degrees l[] is f\nd 9 ! wood$ upl&s1 #aejj feet above ! sea4 ,fre%1 dry nor!rly w9ds prevail f ,novemb] to ,febru>y1 ea/]ly w9ds f ,m>* to ,june1 & damp1 w>m s\!rly w9ds f ,july to ,octob]4 ,e>?quakes are frequ5t1 b hurricanes seldom visit ! isl&4 ,m>t9ique 0 discov]$ by ,columbus on ,june #ae1 #adib1 & ! ,fr5* ,compagnie des ,iles d',amrique took possession ( x 9 #afce4 ,x 0 settl$ 9 ! same ye> by ,pi]re ,bela91 capta9-g5]al ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 & 9 #afgd x became ! prop]ty ( ! cr[n4 ,sug> culture 0 begun 9 #afej1 & a few ye>s lat] ! aborig9al ,c>ibs 7 ext]m9at$1 _! place be+ fill$ by negro slaves1 ( :om !re 7 #fj1jjj 9 ! isl& by #agcf4 ,slav]y 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahdh4ga ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury ,m>t9ique 0 attack$ sev]al times by ! ,briti% & ! ,dut*4 ,x 0 captur$ 9 #agfb by ! ,briti% "u ,admiral ,rodney1 b re/or$ to ! ,fr5* 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,x 0 held by ! ,briti% f #agic to #ahja & also betwe5 #ahji & #ahad4 ,! capital ( ! isl& is ,=t de ,france1 on ! we/ coa/4 ,x is situat$ ^u a f9e h>bor & has #ah1jjj inhabitants4 ,besides ! *ief product1 sug>1 ! colony raises c(fee1 cocoa1 tobacco & cotton4 ,,guadel\pe ,,& ,,m>t9ique ,sug> plant+ 9 ^! isl&s dates f #afce1 ! ye> 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ occupi$ by ! ,fr5*1 & ! indu/ry grew apace1 s t mu* sug> 0 export$ to ,france dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! import duties levi$ by ,france 9 #affd %ut out =eign raw sug>s f t c\ntry1 :ile protect+ raw sug>s f h] colonies2 b at ! same "t ! t>iff laws exclud$ :ite sug> produc$ 9 ! colonies4 ,?is 0 a dea? bl[ to ! ref9]ies ( ,m>t9ique4 ,a decree entirely prohibit+ ! ref9+ ( sug> 9 ! colonies & ! exportation ( raw sug> to =eign c\ntries 0 issu$ 9 #affi1 :ile an export duty 0 impos$ ^u ! raw sug> %ipp$ to ,france4 ,! tax ^u raw sug> 0 remov$ 9 #afhb1 b ! duty on ref9$ 0 increas$4 ,! colonial plant]s !n turn$ _! att5tion to ! manufacture ( clay$ sug>s1 :i* !y sold 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & s\!rn ,europe4 ,9 #agag ,france e/abli%$ relations ) h] colonies t 7 almo/ tantam\nt to free trade4 ,no duties 7 assess$ ^u ,fr5* goods go+ into ! colonies1 & commodities produc$ 9 ! colonies ent]$ ! "m c\ntry )\t duty4 ,z a result ( ?is policy1 ! sug> indu/ry grew until ! production ( ,guadel\pe1 ,m>t9ique & ,sa9t ,dom9ique 0 m ?an ,france c\ld consume1 & a law 0 pass$ p]mitt+ ! sale ( ! surplus 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,france crippl$ ! trade ( ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies1 b :5 peace 0 f9ally re/or$ ! sug> indu/ry reviv$ & cont9u$ to fl\ri% until ! abolition ( slav]y 9 #ahdh4 ,:5 ! slaves 7 fre$1 ! plant]s ca/ ab\t !m to f9d labor]s1 & ,india 0 "o ( ! fir/ s\rces ( supply4 ,ov] t5 ?\s& ,h9dus 7 br\ght to ,m>t9ique betwe5 #aheb & #ahfb1 & ) v few exceptions !y rema9$ 9 ! isl& aft] _! five-ye> contract expir$4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s t foll[$ #ahfb1 #be1ejj labor]s came to ,m>t9ique f ,pondi*]ry1 ,yanaon1 ,k>ikal & ,calcutta ) ! p]mission ( ! ,indian au?orities1 b emigration f t c\ntry "u gov]nm5t auspices 0 discont9u$ 9 #ahhe4 ,9 addition to ,h9dus1 free ,african negroes1 ,*9ese & ,annamese 7 br\ght 94 ,! sug> plantations ( ,guadel\pe & ,m>t9ique are situat$ on ! l[1 alluvial l&s ar\nd ! coa/1 al?\gh "s are f\nd 9 ! int]ior4 ,! hilly "* ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is n favorable to cane culture1 z ! heavy ra9s wa% ! arable soil d[n ! slopes1 ?us int]f]+ ) ! gr[? ( ! cane4 ,! gr\nd to be plant$ 9 cane is fir/ cle>$ & !n pl\gh$4 ,furr[s ab\t two feet deep & f\r & "o-half feet ap>t are !n made & ! se$ cane is plant$ 9 holes five in*es deep4 ,?ree weeks aft]w>d ! cane is bank$ & f]tiliz] appli$4 ,! soil betwe5 ! canes is loos5$ f "t to "t & ! crop is cut aft] a ye>'s gr[?4 ,z a rule1 ratoon+ is limit$ to two ye>s1 "o crop be+ produc$ ea* ye>4 ,! l& is !n all[$ to re/ = a "t1 aft] :i* plant+ is begun anew4 ,b\rbon cane is ! v>iety pr9cipally gr[n1 al?\gh se$l+ canes h be5 br\ght 9 f ,b>bados & ,briti% ,guiana ( late ye>s4 ,! av]age yield p] acre ( plant cane is tw5ty-f\r tons2 fir/ ratoons give sixte5 tons & second ratoons ab\t eight tons4 ,aft] ! cane is cut x is load$ on l>ge c>ts & tak5 to ! factories4 ,"s e/ates are equipp$ ) field railways1 ! c>s be+ drawn by mules or locomotives4 ,z m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on ,jamaica1 ! e>ly sug> produc]s ( ,sa9t ,dom9ique1 ,guadel\pe & ,m>t9ique excell$ ! manufactur]s ( ! o!r ,we/ ,indian isl&s 9 ! prep>ation ( ! commodity4 ,! result 0 t _! lead 0 gradually foll[$ by ! o!rs1 & a brief description ( ! me?ods !y employ$ w be ( int]e/4 ,! cane juice 0 boil$ 9 a s]ies ( five or six copp] kettles plac$ ov] a furnace f$ by bagasse & wood4 ,^! kettles 7 ( diff]5t sizes1 ! l>ge/ be+ f>!/ f ! fire & ! size ( ea* decreas$ z ! furnace door 0 approa*$1 ! smalle/ be+ directly above ! fire4 ,! kettle next to ! l>ge/ 0 set a little high] ?an ! l>ge/ "o1 ! ?ird high] ?an ! second & s on until ! la/ & smalle/1 :i* 0 ! highe/ ( ! s]ies4 ,cl>ification 0 done ) lime & wood a%es1 & sometimes a little crude antimony4 ,z soon z ! raw juice rea*$ ! fir/ & l>ge/ kettle ! cl>ify+ mat]ial 0 ?r[n 9 & ! boil+ began4 ,! scum 0 remov$ z soon z x =m$1 & :5 ! juice became suffici5tly cle> x 0 quickly transf]r$ to ! second kettle2 a small am\nt ( alkali 0 mix$ ) x & fur!r boil+ & skimm+ 0 done4 ,! liquor 0 !n ladl$ into kettle numb] ?ree1 pota% lye & an extract ( h]bs 7 add$1 & aft] be+ boil$ = a "t x 0 pass$ to kettle numb] f\r1 & f9ally conc5trat$ 9 ! la/ & smalle/ kettle imm$iately above ! fire4 ,:5 ! requir$ consi/5cy 0 rea*$1 ! massecuite 0 put into vessels to cool1 at ! same "t be+ kept 9 motion by /irr+ until ! gra9s began to =m4 ,x 0 !n plac$ 9 m\lds1 & aft] hav+ become ?or\ghly cool x 0 dump$ into hog%eads t _h p]=at$ bottoms4 ,^! hog%eads /ood on racks1 b5ea? :i* !re 0 a receptacle to cat* ! molasses z x dra9$ on ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! bottom4 ,! dra9+ 0 all[$ to cont9ue until ab\t "o-half ! weight ( ! cont5ts ( ! hog%ead 0 cry/alliz$ sug>4 ,! holes 7 !n plugg$ up & ! sug> 0 ready = %ipm5t4 ,! molasses 0 manufactur$ into rum4 ,a sup]ior grade1 call$ sucre t]r1 or clay$ sug>1 0 also made4 ,9 its prep>ation1 juice f ! be/ & ripe/ cane 0 tak5 & z little lime z possible 0 us$ 9 cl>ification4 ,antimony 0 exclud$ entirely1 on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to d>k5 ! color ( ! juice4 ,z ! juice 0 transf]r$ f kettle to kettle dur+ ! v>i\s boil+s1 x 0 /ra9$ ?r\gh a clo? ea* "t1 in/ead ( be+ ladl$ direct f "o kettle to ! next4 ,:5 ! syrup 0 conc5trat$ x 0 put into e>!nw>e sug>-loaf m\lds t held betwe5 ?irty & ?irty-five p\nds ( massecuite apiece4 ,^! m\lds _h p]=ations 9 ! bottom t 7 /opp$ up be=e ! mass 0 put 94 ,9 fill+ a m\ld1 "o qu>t] ( its capacity 0 put 9 at "o "t1 mak+ f\r op]ations4 ,fifte5 m9utes aft] ! la/ lot ( massecuite 0 put 9 ! m\ld1 a lay] ( cry/als =m$ on ! surface1 & ?is 0 ?or\ghly /irr$ into ! mass1 :i* 0 !n left to cool4 ,a c\ple ( days lat] ! plugs 7 remov$ s t ! molasses might dra9 f ! m\ld4 ,9 case x did n run (f prop]ly1 ! massecuite 0 remelt$1 b if ! dra9age 0 satisfactory1 ! next /ep 0 ! clay+ ( ! sug>4 ,if ! top ( ! loaves 0 unev5 or d>k-color$1 x 0 scrap$ smoo? & cov]$ ) a lay] ( cru%$ sug>4 ,! surface 0 !n hamm]$ level & ev54 ,a special k9d ( clay br\ght f ,r\5 0 mix$ ) wat] & ! m\ld 0 fill$ to ! top ) ?is mixture4 ,w9d[s & doors 7 %ut to prev5t evaporation ( ! moi/ure1 & ! wat] dra9+ f ! clay gradually pass$ d[n ?r\gh ! sug> cry/als1 wa%+ ! syrup f !m4 ,aft] t5 days _h elaps$1 ! clay1 !n ?or\ghly dri$1 0 remov$1 ! surface ( ! sug>-loaf 0 clean$1 ano!r lay] ( wet clay 0 appli$ & all[$ to rema9 z long z ! fir/4 ,:5 ?is second lay] 0 tak5 (f1 ! loaves 7 remov$ f ! m\lds & all[$ to dry 9 ! air = a "t4 ,fur!r dry+ 0 done 9 a dry+ room1 heat$ = ! purpose1 & ! sug>1 :5 all ! moi/ure _h be5 driv5 f x1 0 cru%$ by wood5 pe/les4 ,ref9$ sug> 0 pack$ = %ipm5t 9 casks conta9+ betwe5 #fjj & #gjj p\nds4 ,! fir/ molasses 0 made into rum or boil$ into second sug>1 & ! syrup wa%$ f ! loaves 0 made into a sug> call$ cassonade4 ,?is primitive me?od ( manufacture has be5 entirely supplant$ by new] processes & appliances4 ,z a rule1 today cane is cru%$ twice & mac]ation is (t5 employ$4 ,! juice is treat$ ) sulphur :ile /ill cold1 & x is !n pump$ into defecation tanks1 :]e p[d]$ lime is add$2 aft] ?is is done heat is appli$4 ,z soon z ! scum cracks1 ! /eam is turn$ (f & ! cle> juice is sep>at$ f ! s$im5t by a siphon & run to ! evaporators1 :ile ! muddy precipitate goes to ! filt] presses4 ,conc5tration ( ! juice takes place 9 d\ble1 triple or quadruple effects ( r an old type1 :i* means lack ( economy 9 /eam & consequ5t l>ge fuel consumption4 ,z ! quantity ( bagasse available does n af=d suffici5t fuel to g5]ate all ! /eam t is requir$1 a consid]able am\nt ( wood & coal is us$ 9 addition = ! purpose4 ,! unwise & %ort-sight$ policy ( d5ud+ ! hillsides ( _! timb] has _h ! effect ( less5+ ! ra9fall1 a condition t has br\ght great injury to ! plant]4 ,! vacuum pans are small & ( old /yle2 ! c5trifugal ma*9es1 too1 are ( obsolete design & sl[ to op]ate4 ,aft] ! liquor has be5 boil$ to gra9 9 ! pans & ! sug> cry/als h be5 sep>at$ f ! "m liquor 9 ! c5trifugals1 ! sug> is dri$ & pack$ = ! m>ket 9 b>rels or bags4 ,! fir/ molasses is reboil$ & ! result+ massecuite s5t ?r\gh ! c5trifugals4 ,aft] ?is op]ation has be5 repeat$ ?ree or f\r times1 ! f9al molasses is made into rum4 ,today !re are eighte5 factories 9 ,guadel\pe & fifte5 9 ,m>t9ique4 ,! av]age extraction ( sug> is #i4gj p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane1 ! loss ( sug> 9 ! bagasse is #b4ae p] c5t1 ! me*anical loss 9 manufacture is 4#ij p] c5t1 & ! p]c5tage ( sug> n recov]$ f ! molasses is #a4ge4 ,?is gives an av]age total ( #ad4ej p] c5t ( sug> 9 ! cane4 ,! manufactur]s are dep5d5t ^u ! small f>m]s = _! raw mat]ial1 & ! price paid = ! cane is det]m9$ by a v complex agreem5t1 :i* nev]!less seems to be entirely satisfactory to bo? buy] & sell]4 ,! outlook = ! sug> indu/ry 9 ,guadel\pe & ,m>t9ique is f> f bright4 ,!re is labor 9 abundance1 b ! natives are av]se to work+ /eadily1 & consequ5tly are unreliable4 ,!re are great possibilities = improvem5t1 b little c be expect$ "u ! circum/ances t prevail at ! pres5t "t4 ,s9ce #ahid ! production ( ! two isl&s 9 long tons has be5 z foll[s3 ,,m>t9ique ,,guadel\pe #ahid #cf1cec #db1cie #ahie #bh1ggg #bi1cid #ahif #cc1hhf #db1faf #ahig #cd1ahe #ci1dic #ahih #cj1iga #cf1eej #ahii #ca1afe #ci1bei #aijj #cc1bcd #bg1hie #aija #ci1aba #ch1jhf #aijb #ch1ije #ci1iie #aijc #bh1egh #cg1hia #aijd #bc1efa #ce1cdh #aije #bi1ihf #bf1ije #aijf #db1bca #db1ece #aijg #cf1gfd #ch1cde #aijh #ce1idc #ce1dhe #aiji #cg1geg #bd1hab #aiaj #ci1iej #dd1bhi #aiaa #ce1dch #ch1chd #aiab #ci1dcc #ci1cfh #aiac #dj1jjj #cb1jjj #aiad #ch1gcj #ci1ibj #aiae #dj1jjj #dj1jjj #aiaf #dj1jjj #dj1jjj ,,mexico ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,mexico lie betwe5 #ad degrees #cj m9utes & #cb degrees #db m9utes nor? latitude & #hf degrees #df m9utes & #aag degrees #g m9utes we/ longitude4 ,on ! nor? ! b\nd>y is ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 on ! ea/ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! ,c>ibbean sea1 ,briti% ,honduras & ,guatemala2 on ! s\? ,briti% ,honduras & ! ,pacific ocean1 & on ! we/ ! ,pacific ocean4 ,! sup]ficial area ( ! c\ntry is #gfe1ecg squ>e miles4 ,its greate/ l5g? is #aidb miles & its greate/ wid? is #gfb miles4 ,x has a coa/ l9e ( #edhf miles1 ( :i* #afjc miles are on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,c>ibbean sea & #chhc miles on ! ,pacific ocean & ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,! surface ( ,mexico rises %>ply f ! seacoa/ levels by a s]ies ( t]races to a c5tral plateau1 t v>ies 9 height f #djjj to #hjjj feet & runs nor?we/ & s\!a/4 ,?is tablel& has be5 =m$ by ! mat]ial deposit$ dur+ ! gradual erosion ( ! m\nta9s & by matt] ?r[n up by a great numb] ( volcanoes4 ,9 ?is mann] ! orig9al valleys became completely fill$ up & ^? t n[ exi/ are ( lat] =mation4 ,to illu/rate ?is fill+ process1 buri$ m\nta9s ^: peaks appe> above ! surr\nd+ mass are f\nd 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! plateau1 :ile else:]e !y are met ) z cont9u\s ridges4 ,! ea/]n coa/ is l[ & s&y1 except 9 a few places :]e ! m\nta9s come d[n close to ! %ore4 ,! ,pacific coa/ l&s are also l[1 b occasionally brok5 by m\nta9 spurs4 ,ow+ to ! t]rac$ "* ( ! c\ntry1 v little riv] navigation is possible1 b on ! o!r h& an enorm\s am\nt ( p[] c be develop$ f ! num]\s wat]falls4 ,two high m\nta9 ranges1 "o on ea* coa/1 run p>allel to ! sea ! entire l5g? ( ,mexico4 ,! ea/]n *a9 is ab\t t5 miles inl&1 :ile on ! we/ !re is only a n>r[ %elf ( l& betwe5 ! sea & ! cordill]as4 ,?is we/]n range has sev]al bran*es t run 9 diff]5t directions1 ! mo/ important be+ ! ,si]ra ,madre ,occid5tal4 ,9 ,mexico ! highe/ m\nta9s are volcanoes4 ,on ! ,pacific side & we/ ( ! plateau are f\nd ! ,volcn de ,colima 7#ab1gej ft47 & ! ,nevado de ,colima 7#ad1ced ft474 ,s\?we/ ( ! ,city ( ,mexico is ! ,nevado de ,toluca 7#af1faj ft47 & to ! s\? & ea/ are ! sn[-cr[n$ giants ,popocatepetl 7#ag1edj ft47 & ,ixtaccihuatl 7#ae1gje ft474 ,/ill f>!r ea/ are ,orizaba 7#af1agf ft47 & ,c(re de ,p]ote 7#ad1cji ft474 ,popocatepetl & ,orizaba may be classifi$ z dormant cones1 = ! reason t aque\s & sulphur\s vapors are con/antly be+ emitt$ f _! p]fectly =m$ crat]s4 ,"o ( ! highe/ lakes 9 ! _w is f\nd 9 ! crat] ( ! ,nevado de ,toluca4 ,colima has be5 9 eruption cont9u\sly = _m ye>s & is /ill active4 ,! sn[ nev] leaves ! summits ( ,orizaba1 ,popocatepetl & ,ixtaccihuatl1 & on ! la/ ! ice cap atta9s a developm5t suffici5t to =m true glaci]s4 ,on ! we/]n coa/ ! pr9cipal ports are ,guaymas1 ,mazatlan1 ,topolobampo1 ,acapulco1 ,la ,paz & ,sal9a ,cruz2 on ! ea/]n seabo>d1 ,tampico1 ,v]a ,cruz1 ,pu]to ,mexico1 ,campe*e & ,m]ida4 ,( ! num]\s riv]s1 ! mo/ important is ! ,rio ,gr&e1 #aeej miles long1 :i* =ms a natural b\nd>y betwe5 ,mexico & ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,el ,paso to ! ,gulf4 ,h[ev]1 ! con=mation ( ! c\ntry does n admit ( riv] navigation to any ext5t4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aiaj1 ! population 0 #ae1jfc1bjg1 ( :i* #bj p] c5t 7 :ites1 #dc p] c5t ( mix$ blood & ! rema9d] ( ,indian extraction4 ,9 ,mexico !re are ?ree di/9ct climates & a wide range ( temp]ature4 ,! hot c\ntry1 ti]ra cali5te1 ext5ds f ! seacoa/ inl& to an altitude ( ab\t #cjjj feet4 ,"h ! mean annual temp]ature is betwe5 #hj degrees & #hh degrees1 & ! highe/ betwe5 #ajj degrees & #aje degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,9 ?is region ! w9t] climate is delightful1 except :5 sev]e gales sweep d[n f ! nor?4 ,9 summ] ! extreme heat is n s great z 9 ,new ,york1 because ( ! mod]at+ effect ( cool breezes4 ,! temp]ate region1 ti]ra templada1 ext5ds f #cjjj to #fejj feet above sea-level1 & x is "h t ! ideal climate ( ,mexico is f\nd1 ! mean annual temp]ature be+ betwe5 #gc & #gg degrees ,fahr5heit1 ) a total v>iation ( possibly n ov] #f or #h degrees dur+ a season4 ,9 ?is dry1 cle> atmosph]e ! hygi5ic disadvantages ( ! seacoa/1 ! %>p1 cold w9ds ( ! upp] altitudes1 sudd5 *anges 9 temp]ature1 heavy fro/s1 extreme humidity & h>mful insects are unkn[n1 & 9 ! dry season !re is no mal>ia4 ,tropical & semi-tropical gr[?s fl\ri% side by side1 & !re are e/ates on :i* :eat & sug> cane are rais$ almo/ 9 t\* ( ea* o!r4 ,! cold c\ntry1 ti]ra fria1 ext5ds f ! #fejj-;foot level to ! sn[ l9e1 b "h ! t]m cold is us$ 9 a comp>ative s5se1 z di/+ui%$ f ! heat ( ! seacoa/4 ,! av]age temp]ature runs betwe5 #ei degrees & #fb degrees ,fahr5heit1 ) slight v>iations4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 a nor!r w drive ! m]cury d[n to #dj degrees or #ce degrees & spr9kle ! /reets ( ,mexico ,city ) :ite4 ,z a rule1 9 ,mexico ! ra9y season beg9s 9 ,may or ,june & ends 9 ,octob]4 ,! annual ra9fall v>ies greatly accord+ to locality1 rang+ all ! way f fifte5 to fifty in*es4 ,e>?quakes are ( common occurr5ce1 especially on ! we/]n coa/4 ,sug> cane 0 br\ght to ,mexico by ! ,spani% conqui/adors4 ,prescott1 9 8 8,conque/ ( ,mexico10#gb says t ! sug> cane 0 transplant$ f ! neighbor+ isl&s to ! l[] level ( ! c\ntry1 & t1 toge!r ) indigo1 cotton & co*9eal1 x =m$ a m desirable /aple = ! colony ?an its preci\s metals4 ,he also /ates t x 0 ,h]nan ,corts himself :o introduc$ ! cane f ,cuba4 ,?is fam\s soldi] e/abli%$ ! ,atlacomulco plantation1 :i* lies an easy h\r's ride di/ant f ,cu]navaca 9 ! /ate ( ,morelos1 & !re1 9 #aebj1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs at ,plym\?1 he erect$ ! fir/ sug> mill 9 ,mexico4 ,?is mill is own$ by ! desc5dants ( ,corts & is /ill 9 op]ation4 ,?irty ye>s lat] sug> 0 %ipp$ f ,mexico to ,p]u & ,spa91 & ! production ( ! commodity 0 ma9ta9$ /eadily until #agia4 ,9 t ye> all ! cane-gr[+ c\ntries ( we/]n ,am]ica receiv$ a /imulus f ! :olesale de/ruction ( ! plantations & mills ( ,santo ,dom+o4 ,9 ,mexico natural conditions are v favorable to sug> culture1 b ! gr[? ( ! indu/ry has be5 ret>d$ by ! primitive me?ods 9 vogue1 ! inadequacy ( transportation facilities & political di/urbances4 ,9 ! seabo>d /ates ! sug> plantations are f\nd *iefly 9 ! ri* l[l&s bord]+ on ! ,pacific ocean & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,9 ! ,gulf /ates ! ra9fall is ample to insure good crops4 ,! l>ge/ sug> produc]1 h[ev]1 is ! inl& /ate ( ,morelos1 & !re1 z well z on ! we/ coa/1 irrigation is necess>y4 ,! high] levels d n give su* good crops z ! l[l&s2 on ! latt] ! yield is betwe5 =ty & sixty tons to ! acre1 & on ! =m] x runs betwe5 tw5ty-five & =ty-five tons to ! acre4 ,sug> beets h be5 gr[n on ! plateau ) m>k$ success4 ,9 ! l[1 tropical regions sev5 or eight crops ( ratoons c be rais$1 b on ! high] l&s replant+ mu/ be done e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! be/-kn[n plantations are situat$ on l>ge e/ates t h be5 own$ by ! same families = _m g5]ations4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,morelos1 :]e ab\t sixty p] c5t ( ,mexico's crop is produc$1 ! e/ates are own$ by non-resid5t families &1 z a rule1 manag$ by ,spani>ds4 ,labor is *eap & abundant1 ! cane is ri* 9 juice & ! sug> cont5t is high1 b ! extraction 9 ! small1 crude mills is poor1 ! recov]y ( sug>1 z a rule1 n exce$+ six p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane4 ,!re are a few l>ge factories 9 ,mexico :]e ! me?ods & results %\ld be m closely 9 accordance ) mod]n practice4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury saw ! indu/ry ma9ta9$ on a fairly ev5 basis1 b ab\t #aijj an improvem5t 0 not$1 z ! foll[+ table w %[3 #ahii-aijj #ge1jjj tons #aijj-aija #ie1jjj 0 #aija-aijb #ajc1jjj 0 #aijb-aijc #aab1jjj 0 #aijc-aijd #ajg1jjj 0 #aijd-aije #ajg1jjj 0 #aije-aijf #ajg1ejj 0 #aijf-aijg #aai1jjj 0 #aijg-aijh #abc1jjj 0 #aijh-aiji #adc1jjj 0 #aiji-aiaj #adh1jjj 0 #aiaj-aiaa #afa1fjb 0 #aiaa-aiab #aea1gce 0 #aiab-aiac #adh1fgb 0 #aiac-aiad #acj1jjj 0 #aiad-aiae #aaj1jjj 0 #aiae-aiaf #ge1jjj 0 ,! effects ( ! int]nal di/urbances 9 ,mexico are pla9ly reflect$ 9 ! crop figures4 ,9 addition to ! sug> tonnage %[n1 ab\t #ej1jjj tons ( piloncillo or panela 7concrete sug>7 are turn$ out annually by ! small mills & ! production ( molasses is l>ge4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( ! latt] is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( rum & alcohol4 ,z reg>ds ! future ( sug> 9 ,mexico1 !re is mu* to ju/ify belief 9 ultimate expansion & prosp]ity4 ,labor is *eap & pl5tiful1 !re are va/ tracts ( ri* virg9 l& await+ cultivation1 irrigation possibilities are great1 & :5 ! pres5t political disord]s %all h be5 quiet$ & /able conditions e/abli%$1 a movem5t =w>d w surely foll[4 ,,p]u ,p]u is situat$ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ext5ds f #c degrees #ba m9utes to #ah degrees s\? latitude & f #gj degrees to #ha degrees #dj m9utes we/ longitude4 ,its area1 includ+ c]ta9 disput$ t]ritory1 is #fgf1fch squ>e miles4 ,physically1 x is divid$ into ?ree di/9ct regions1 ! coa/1 ! si]ra & ! montaa4 ,9 ! fir/1 or ! dry side ( ! ,&ean slope1 spurs run out f ! ma9 range ( m\nta9s t[>d ! ocean1 =m+ ext5sive valleys1 "s ( :i* are well wat]$ & v f]tile4 ,! spaces t lie beyond ! life-giv+ influ5ce ( ! riv]s h ! appe>ance ( s&y des]ts1 b !y only ne$ wat] to make !m productive4 ,! ,&es prop] occupy ! si]ra region1 :i* ab\nds 9 plateaus1 deep rav9es1 ri* %elt]$ valleys & sn[-capp$ m\nta9s ( /up5d\s height4 ,ea/ ( ! ,&es lies ! montaa1 or wet side4 ,x is trav]s$ by broad navigable riv]s & embraces ! sub-tropical =e/s 9 ! rav9es & on ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,&es1 z well z ! d5se tropical =e/s ( ! wide valley ( ! ,amazon4 ,accord+ to ! #aiae edition ( ! ,c5tury atlas1 ! population is #d1fji1iii4 ,ab\t #eg p] c5t ( ! inhabitants are ,indians1 #ac p] c5t :ites1 #b p] c5t ,asiatics1 #b p] c5t negroes1 ! rema9d] be+ mix$ races4 ,! sug> plantations are f\nd on ! we/ or dry side 9 ! coa/ region4 ,! valleys ( ?is coa/ c\ntry h be5 uprais$ f ! ocean at a comp>atively rec5t geological p]iod1 & ! f]tile soils ( ^! valleys are ! result ( erosion & deposit ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( m\nta9 torr5ts4 ,! mo/ important cane-gr[+ di/ricts lie sev5 or eight degrees s\? ( ! equator1 & yet ! climate ( t section _c be call$ really tropical4 ,x is influ5c$ by ! cold ant>ctic curr5ts & ! /eady w9ds t sweep nor?w>d4 ,obs]vations on ! ,c>tavio plantation dur+ ! p]iod #aijd-aijg %[$ ! highe/ maximum temp]ature to be #ie4e degrees & ! l[e/ m9imum to be #eb degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,9 ! coa/ t]ritory ! ra9fall is limit$ & ! cane crops dep5d ^u irrigation4 ,! soils ( ! coa/ valleys range f silt to an extremely f9e s&y loam1 & v>y 9 ?ickness4 ,z a rule !y are deep1 ret5tive ( moi/ure1 well dra9$1 ri* 9 plant food1 easy to cultivate &1 ) intellig5t treatm5t1 v productive4 ,ric>do ,palma1 9 8 "w1 8,tradicines ,p]uanas10 sets =? t sug> cane 0 n kn[n 9 ,p]u :5 ,francisco ,piz>ro & 8 foll[]s fir/ l&$ !re 9 #aebg1 b t x 0 br\ght 9 a %ort "t aft]w>d4 ,! fir/ plantation 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aegj & ! fir/ factory 0 erect$ on an e/ate 9 ! valley ( ,huanuco4 ,mean:ile1 ! sug> us$ 9 ,lima came f ,mexico1 & ! own] ( ! ,huanuco mill1 realiz+ t 8 product c\ld n compete ) ,mexican sug>1 _h rec\rse to a clev] /ratagem4 ,he load$ a vessel ) sug> & s5t h] to ,mexico4 ,! ruse 0 successful1 = ! ,mexican manufactur]s at once conclud$ t if sug> c\ld be %ipp$ f ,p]u to ,mexico1 ! production mu/ be l>ge & ! co/ v l[4 ,consequ5tly1 !y discont9u$ _! %ipm5ts f ,acapulco to ,p]u1 mu* to ! advantage ( ! a/ute factor ( ! ,huanuco valley4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! e/ates 7 work$ by slaves1 &1 z happ5$ 9 o!r sug> c\ntries1 aft] ! abolition ( slav]y ! plantation own]s 7 compell$ to look abroad = _! labor]s4 ,z _m z #ij1jjj ,*9ese 7 import$ f ,macao#gc betwe5 #ahdi & #ahgd1 b s _m ( !m succumb$ to ! sev]e treatm5t !y receiv$ t ! ,macao au?orities put a /op to ! labor traffic altoge!r4 ,! ,*9ese liv+ 9 ,p]u at ! pres5t "t are tradespeople & ! "w on ! sug> plantations & 9 ! mills is done by ! native ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,level+ ,a ,,cane ,,field1 ,,p]u ,illu/ration3 ,,level+ ,,gr\nd ,,by ,,/eam1 ,,p]u ,! ye> #ahfj m>k$ an important *ange 9 ! indu/ry1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 c>ri$ on 9 a v primitive mann]4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( fre% capital 0 put into sug> ent]prises1 new mills 7 built1 ! mo/ approv$ ma*9]y 0 in/all$ & ! factories 7 equipp$ ) ! be/ appliances t money c\ld buy4 ,! app>atus = "s ( ! plants 0 br\ght f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile t = o!rs 0 suppli$ by ,european c\ntries1 s t ! me?ods & workman%ip ( v>i\s nationalities are f\nd 9 ! ,p]uvian factories4 ,no exp5se 0 sp>$ 9 any dep>tm5t & all w5t well s long z ! price ( sug> kept up2 :at 0 easily made 0 lib]ally adm9i/]$1 b :5 9 #ahge ! m>ket dropp$1 sev]e competition drove _m op]ators into difficulties & a numb] ( !m w5t "u entirely4 ,! w> ) ,*ile 9 #ahgh & ! subsequ5t revolution>y di/urbances imp$$ ! progress ( ! indu/ry1 b a re/oration ( tranquillity came 9 #ahie1 & s9ce !n ! sug> bus9ess ( ,p]u has prosp]$ & increas$ 9 volume4 ,an exp]im5t /ation 0 e/abli%$ ne> ,lima 9 #aijf = ! /udy ( cane cultivation1 irrigation problems & ! improvem5t ( yield & quality by ! introduction ( new v>ieties ( cane4 ,! manufactur+ side ( ! "q has also be5 gone into ) great c>e1 & mu* is be+ done to increase effici5cy 9 t direction4 ,today !re are #dg mod]n factories 9 ,p]u & #abe1jjj acres plant$ 9 sug> cane4 ,outside ( ^! mod]n plants1 cru%+ is also done 9 a crude mann] 9 wood5-roll] mills on small plantations t are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! int]ior4 ,! juice obta9$ 9 ?is way is work$ up to *ancaca#gd or panela or made into an alcoholic bev]age call$ caaso or *acta4 ,z ! plantations d n dep5d ^u any special season ( ra9y or dry wea!r1 plant+ & h>ve/+ may be done at any "t4 ,9 ,p]u ! l& ^u :i* sug> cane is gr[n is g5]ally g5tly slop+4 ,on ! l>ge haci5das1 :5 prep>+ virg9 soil = plant+1 ! bru% is fir/ cle>$ away & ! holes fill$4 ,! gr\nd is !n pl\gh$ & cross-pl\gh$ by /eam-pl\ghs & brok5 f9e by clod-cru%]s2 roadways & dra9age dit*es are laid out1 =m+ squ>es or rectangles1 & furr[s are made at int]vals ( ?ree to f\r feet4 ,?is done1 ! gr\nd is ready = plant+4 ,! cane tops us$ = se$ are cut dur+ h>ve/+1 load$ on c>s & s5t to ! field t is to be plant$4 ,! se$ cane is plac$ horizontally 9 ! furr[ & cov]$ ) a few in*es ( e>?1 & z soon z ! :ole field is plant$ 9 ?is mann]1 wat] f ! irrigation dit* is turn$ 9 & ! cane left to gr[4 ,! fir/ we$+ is done :5 ! cane %oots are a foot high1 & x is cont9u$ at int]vals until ! cane leaves become l>ge en\gh to %ade ! gr\nd & prev5t we$ gr[?4 ,! cane matures 9 f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r mon?s1 accord+ to location1 soil & wea!r conditions4 ,"s weeks be=e h>ve/+1 irrigation is discont9u$ 9 ord] to all[ ! cane to rip54 ,9 cultivat+ ! fir/ ratoons1 :5 ! cane gets to be a few feet high ! cre/ ( ! furr[ is ?r[n d[n into ! furr[ s t ! irrigation wat] passes betwe5 ! r[s ( cane in/ead ( along ! furr[s1 z 9 ! case ( plant cane4 ,ratoon+ is kept up until x ceases to be pr(itable4 ,at ! ,haci5da ,c>tavio1 f\r ratoon crops h be5 gr[n 9 "s places1 & z _m z sev5 9 o!rs1 ) good results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plant+ ,,cane1 ,,p]u ,illu/ration3 ,,portable ,,bran* ,,l9e ,,( ,,field ,,railway ,,& ,,cane ,,cutt]s1 ,,p]u ,! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ! f]tiliz] us$ is guano1 :i* is mix$ ) lime1 nitrate ( soda1 potassium sulphate1 or a%es f ! bagasse furnaces1 & x is appli$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s plant]s ?r[ x 9 ! furr[s ) ! se$ cane & all[ x to rema9 !re a "t be=e turn+ on ! wat]2 o!rs place x 9 ! furr[s a few mon?s aft] ! plant+ & cov] x imm$iately1 :ile /ill ano!r me?od is to apply x & turn on ! wat] at ! same "t4 ,on c]ta9 plantations ! f]tiliz] is gr\nd & spread ov] ! entire field j be=e replant+4 ,wat] = irrigat+ is obta9$ f ! m\nta9 /reams1 :i* are damm$ at c]ta9 po9ts1 & b little is pump$ f wells4 ,! quantity ne$$ is f> less ?an 9 ,hawaii1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! soil & ! pres5ce ( und]gr\nd moi/ure close to ! surface4 ,a fix$ am\nt is assign$ to ea* e/ate by ! gov]nm5t & ?is is nev] exce$$ dur+ ! dry season4 ,9 flood "t1 h[ev]1 ! regulations are some:at relax$1 z !re is !n en\gh = all & to sp>e4 ,! wat] is br\ght on ! l& by l>ge dit*es1 & !nce to ! cane fields ?r\gh small] ones4 ,f ^! field dit*es x fl[s directly into ! cane r[s at ! upp] end ( ! field or section1 &1 ow+ to ! slight slope ( ! l&1 x passes freely ?r\gh ! p>allel r[s f ! upp] to ! l[] end ( ! section4 ,x is reta9$ 9 ! furr[ by means ( a dam at ! l[] end4 ,o!r dit*es are made at ! l[] ends ( ! sections = dra9age purposes4 ,! am\nt ( irrigat+ done v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! l&2 9 "s cases wat] is appli$ only once dur+ ! season1 9 o!rs z _m z tw5ty-f\r times4 ,! av]age numb] ( wat]+s is five4 ,:5 ! cane is ripe x is cut by labor]s ) heavy knives1 or ma*etes1 & load$ by h& into c>s t run ?r\gh ! fields on portable tracks4 ,^! c>s1 :i* hold f two to t5 tons ea*1 are made up into tra9s & drawn by a locomotive to ! mill4 ,! av]age yield p] acre 9 #aiab 0 ab\t #cd tons1 b ! plant]s are seek+ = bett] results ?r\gh improv$ field me?ods & new v>ieties ( cane4 ,pe/s & disease d little damage 9 ,p]u1 al?\gh ! bor] gives "s tr\ble4 ,ow+ to ! long p]iod ( gr[? 9 a dry climate1 ,p]uvian cane is high 9 fib] & l[ 9 juice1 b ! juice is ri* & v pure2 ?is comb9ation ( high fib] cont5t & high p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! juice1 h[ev]1 br+s ab\t an unusual loss ( sug> 9 ! bagasse4 ,ne>ly all ( ! sug> manufactur$ is a co>se-gra9$ c5trifugal raw1 pol>iz+ ab\t #if4e degrees & kn[n to ! trade z 8,p]uvian cry/als40 ,"p ( x is m>ket$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! re/ goes to ,great ,brita91 :ile ! second & ?ird sug>s are s5t to ,*ile to be ref9$ !re4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( :ite sug> = home consumption is made by wa%+ ! br[n c5trifugal sug>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,haul+ ,,cane-,,lad5 ,,c>s ,,) ,,ox-,,team1 ,,p]u ,illu/ration3 ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,cane ,,en ,,r\te ,,to ,,! ,,factory1 ,,p]u ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ilean w> ! output 0 approximately #hj1jjj tons4 ,9 #aije ! production ( sug> & molasses 0 #aei1bid long tons1 & #acb1bbb tons ( ?is 7 export$4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! outturn 9 long tons s9ce #aije3 ,,ye> ,,consumption ,,exports ,,total #aije #bg1jgg #acb1acf #aei1bac #aijf #cb1agh #acd1eib #aff1ggj #aijg #cj1aaj #ajh1hhf #ach1ihf #aijh #ca1hie #abb1idj #aed1hcf #aiji #bi1agc #abc1cic #aeb1efg #aiaj #bi1ahi #aai1gdd #adh1icc #aiaa #ca1ihh #aba1geh #aec1gde #aiab #cf1abi #ade1ajf #aha1bcf #aiac #cd1igf #adj1ffi #age1fde #aiad #cb1eee #agc1iaj #bjf1dfe #aiae #dj1jjj #bjh1dhg #bdh1dhg ,! possibilities = expansion 9 ,p]u's sug> indu/ry are l>ge4 ,fur!r imp\nd+ & cons]vation ( ! flood wat]s f ! m\nta9s w\ld br+ "u cultivation _m ?\s&s ( acres t are n[ unproductive4 ,good fl[+ wells h be5 sunk on "s e/ates1 & x is likely t _m m w be f\nd1 ?us add+ sub/antially to ! pres5t wat] supply4 ,z to co/1 x w\ld seem t ,p]u %\ld be able to compete successfully ) o!r cane-gr[+ c\ntries4 ,! plantation l&s are level or slightly slop+1 s t cultivat+ ma*9]y may be us$ to good advantage4 ,gr9d+ c be c>ri$ on )\t int]ruption ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 :i* means economical factory capacity & an ev5 di/ribution ( labor4 ,! co/ ( labor1 too1 is reasonable1 & great quantities ( f]tiliz]s lie close at h&4 ,9 %ort1 ,p]u enjoys _m advantages1 & if h] plant]s & ref9]s keep pace ) sci5tific developm5t1 %e w take a prom95t place among ! cane-sug> c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,,brazil ,brazil is ! l>ge/ political division ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,its area is #c1bgj1jjj squ>e miles1 or slightly great] ?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclud+ ,alaska4 ,f ,cape ,orange1 9 #d degrees #ba m9utes nor? latitude1 x ext5ds #bfbi miles s\?w>d to ! riv] ,*uy1 9 #cc degrees #de m9utes s\? latitude1 & f ,ol9da #bfia miles we/ to ! ,p]uvian bord]1 betwe5 #cd degrees #ej m9utes & #gc degrees #ej m9utes we/ longitude4 ,accord+ to ! late/ c5sus returns at h&1 ! population numb]s #bj1eae1jjj4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ,brazil is a tropical c\ntry ) sub-tropical & temp]ate regions 9 ! s\? & 9 a l>ge "p ( ! high c5tral plateau4 ,! sug>-produc+ /ates are ,m>anho1 ,rio ,gr&e d ,norte1 ,p>ahyba1 ,p]nambuco1 ,alagoas1 ,s]gipe1 ,bahia1 ,m9as ,g]aes1 ,rio de ,janeiro & ,so ,paulo4 ,! plantations !mselves lie betwe5 #d degrees & #ba degrees s\? latitude1 & be+ swept by ! moi/ure-lad5 ea/]n trade w9ds1 !y receive a fair am\nt ( ra9 dur+ ! wet season1 t is1 f ,janu>y to ,may4 ,traces ( a vani%$ civilization _h already giv5 rise to ! belief t ! hi/ory ( ,brazil1 l t ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 ext5d$ f> into remote ages1 :51 9 #ahde1 ! discov]y 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry ( ! ru9s ( a l>ge & v anci5t city1 ) magnific5t build+s be>+ inscriptions 9 unkn[n *>act]s1 confirm$ ?is op9ion4 ,nev]!less1 ! kn[n hi/ory ( ,brazil dates only f ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ,febru>y1 #adii1 by ,vic5te ,yaez ,p9zon1 a companion ( ,columbus4 ,! foll[+ ye> x 0 annex$ to ,portugal by ,p$ro ,alv>es ,cabral1 b ! new t]ritory receiv$ little att5tion f ! ,portuguese mon>*s until #aeca1 :5 an attempt at colonization 0 made4 ,%ortly aft]w>d a sug> mill 0 erect$ 9 ,so ,vic5te ,pirat9+a1 n[ ,so ,paulo1 & z ! soil & climate ( t "p ( ! c\ntry 7 well adapt$ to cane culture1 ! indu/ry grew & o!r factories 7 built4 ,9 #aehj !re 7 #abj mills1 ! great] numb] be+ 9 ,bahia & ,p]nambuco4 ,t same ye> ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa9 usurp$ ! cr[n ( ,portugal1 & ,brazil1 ) ! re/ ( ! ,portuguese possessions1 came "u ,spani% rule4 ,"u ! new rgime %e 0 expos$ to attack by p[]ful foes4 ,dut* =ces occupi$ ,bahia 9 #afbd1 only to be expell$ by ! ,spani>ds a ye> lat]2 9 #afbi1 h[ev]1 !y obta9$ a foo?old 9 ,p]nambuco4 ,!y took ,ol9da & its port1 b 7 unable to ext5d _! influ5ce beyond ! bord]s ( ! t[n until ! arrival ( ! newly appo9t$ gov]nor1 ,c\nt ,john ,maurice ( ,nassau-,sieg51 9 #afcf4 ,?is able executive c>ri$ ! ,dut* dom9ion along ! coa/ f ! m\? ( ! ,so ,francisco to ,m>anho1 & an exp$ition s5t out by him captur$ ,angola & ,so ,?om on ! we/ ,african coa/1 ?us secur+ a supply ( negro slaves1 :ile depriv+ ! enemy ( !m4 ,he did mu* to build up ! sug> indu/ry1 s sev]ely crippl$ by ! w>1 & :5 9 #afdd he resign$ 8 po/1 ! importance ( ,brazil z a sug>-produc+ c\ntry _h be5 re-e/abli%$4 ,! ,portuguese ?rew (f ! yoke ( ,spa9 9 #afdj & imm$iately set ab\t to retake _! =m] colony1 ,brazil4 ,aft] ye>s ( fight+1 ! ,dut* 7 f9ally ov]come & 9 #afee a gov]nm5t decree drove !m f ! c\ntry4 ,?is bani%m5t depriv$ ,brazil ( ! ,dut* sug> plant]s1 ) _! slaves1 _! capital1 _! practical k & skill4 ,f ! "t ( _! exodus ! ,brazilian sug> indu/ry began to decl9e4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! refugees e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e !y aga9 engag$ 9 sug> plant+ ) m>k$ success4 ,brazil became an indep5d5t p[] 9 #ahbe z an empire1 ) ,dom ,p$ro ,i1 son ( ! ,portuguese k+1 on ! ?rone4 ,?is mon>* abdicat$ 9 #ahca 9 favor ( ! five-ye>-old heir app>5t1 :o took ! "n ( ,dom ,p$ro ,,ii & reign$ until #ahhi1 :5 ! empire gave way to a republic4 ,! w>s c>ri$ on by ,brazil aga9/ h] neighbors betwe5 #ahea & #ahgj br\ght h] prov9ces into t\* ) ea* o!r1 z well z ) ! outside _w4 ,9 #ahbf %e pl$g$ h]self to ,great ,brita9 t1 beg9n+ ) #ahcj1 %e w\ld suppress ! traffic 9 ,african negro slaves4 ,?is promise1 h[ev]1 %e fail$ to keep1 s ! ,briti% p>liam5t pass$ an act direct+ ! seizure ( all slave %ips f\nd 9 ,brazilian wat]s4 ,9 e in/ance ! slaves 7 lib]at$ & ! slave deal]s br\ght be=e ,briti% tribunals4 ,complete suppression ( ! importation ( slaves 0 ! result4 ,9 #ahga *ildr5 born ( slave p>5ts 7 decl>$ free by law1 & ! movem5t 9 favor ( emancipation cont9u$ until #ahhh1 :5 slav]y 0 entirely aboli%$ )\t any indemnity to ! slave own]s4 ,! long reign ( ,dom ,p$ro ,,ii 0 m>k$ by progress & prosp]ity4 ,! emp]or _h ! be/ int]e/s ( 8 p always at he>t & conc]n$ himself m ) economic developm5t ?an ) political activities4 ,broad & lib]al 9 8 views1 he made no attempt to prev5t ! spread ( sociali/ic doctr9es1 :i*1 ab\t ! ye> #ahhj1 began to s]i\sly affect ! ?\ght ( ! educat$ classes4 ,! feel+ ( unre/ & ! desire = *ange eng5d]$ 9 ?is way culm9at$ 9 ! milit>y conspiracy ( #ahhi1 &1 z 0 only natural1 ! =m] slave own]s1 sm>t+ "u _! losses1 took sides aga9/ ! emp]or4 ,! mon>*y fell & 0 replac$ by a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i*1 despite sev]al attempts to re/ore ! empire1 has endur$ to ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! sug>-gr[+ regions ( ! nor? & c5t] me?ods ( cultivation d n %[ mu* improvem5t ov] ! practice ( e>ly times4 ,cane is plant$ 9 holes ab\t n9e in*es deep & five feet ap>t1 no f]tiliz] be+ us$4 ,"s five weeks lat] ! soil is turn$ up & aft] fifte5 mon?s' gr[? ! cane matures4 ,9 ,so ,paulo1 h[ev]1 ! plant]s "w on m sci5tific l9es1 & pl\gh+1 furr[+1 till+1 f]tiliz+ & we$+ are done 9 a ?or\gh mann]4 ,! crop dep5ds ^u ra9fall entirely1 & 9 a normal season rip5s 9 f f\rte5 to sixte5 mon?s4 ,z soon z ! cane is cut ! dry cane leaves are burn$ & pl\gh+ beg9s4 ,! pl\gh passes close en\gh to ! cane roots to te> !m m or less1 ?us help+ ! new gr[?4 ,%ortly aft] ! new cane %oots appe>1 ! gr\nd is spad$ up or pl\gh$1 j z 9 ! case ( plant cane4 ,ratoons rip5 9 twelve or f\rte5 mon?s1 & z a rule f\r to six ratoon crops are gr[n be=e replant+ is done4 ,! yield ( cane v>ies ) ! ra9fall & ! ri*ness ( ! soil1 & ranges f #bj to #cj tons p] acre = fir/ ratoons1 dim9i%+ ) succe$+ crops4 ,! sug> cont5t frequ5tly rea*es #ah p] c5t4 ,cane is gr[n ei!r by colonos or by ind5tur$ labor]s4 ,9 ! colono sy/em a tract ( l& f #i to #cf acres 9 size & plant$ to cane is assign$ by ! e/ate to a gr\p ( colonos accord+ to _! numb]4 ,! colonos c>e = ! cane dur+ its p]iod ( gr[? & h>ve/ x :5 ripe4 ,= ?is !y receive ! equival5t ( #ab4ej ,am]ican gold p] acre4 ,assum+ t ! yield p] acre is #bj tons1 ! co/ to ! own] ( ! e/ate ( cultivat+ & h>ve/+ a ton ( cane is #fb c5ts4 ,! colono is giv5 pa/ure l& = 8 cattle1 fuel & h\se r5t free4 ,! ind5tur$ labor]s are allott$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( untill$ gr\nd1 :i* !y prep>e1 plant & cultivate4 ,se$ cane1 h\ses & pa/urage are furni%$ gratis1 & :5 ! cane is ripe !y h>ve/ x4 ,! am\nt paid ! ind5tur$ labor]s = cane rais$ 9 ?is way fluctuates accord+ to ! m>ket value ( sug>4 ,= example1 9 ,so ,paulo :5 ! price ( sug> is #d4da gold p] hundr$weight1 ! labor] gets #b4bc p] ton = 8 cane2 :5 ! price exce$s #d4da & is less ?an #e4ij p] hundr$weight1 he receives #b4ee p] ton2 :5 sug> sells betwe5 #e4ij & #h4fj p] hundr$weight1 8 %>e is #c4ah p] ton2 %\ld ! price g ov] #h4fj1 he gets #c4hb p] ton4 ,! practice 9 ,bahia is some:at diff]5t4 ,tak+ z a basis a price ( #b4ici gold p] hundr$weight = sug>1 ! cane br+s #a4fdf p] long ton1 & = e 4#adg c5t 7 c5t7 p] p\nd fluctuation 9 ! price ( sug>1 ! value ( cane *anges #i4hh c5ts p] ton up or d[n z ! case may be4#ge ,9 ! small factories ! me?ods ( manufacture are v old-fa%ion$4 ,! cane is cru%$ betwe5 rolls ( h>d wood1 & ! juice1 aft] be+ /ra9$ to remove ! susp5d$ impurities1 is boil$ to gra9 9 copp] kettles4 ,! magma is !n run into l>ge wood5 m\lds hav+ cone-%ap$1 p]=at$ bottoms4 ,! holes 9 ! bottom ( ^! m\lds are clos$ :5 ! hot massecuite is dump$ 91 b z soon z x cools ! plugs are tak5 out & ! molasses all[$ to dra9 (f4 ,a lay] ( v wet clay is !n spread ov] ! top ( ! sug>1 & z ! wat] sl[ly dra9s f ! clay x passes ?r\gh ! sug> cry/als1 c>ry+ ! "m liquor ) x4 ,aft] ?is wa%+ process has gone on = "s "t1 ! sug> is remov$ f ! m\lds1 & ! upp] portion is f\nd to be :ite1 or ne>ly s1 :ile und]nea? ! color deep5s into yell[ & f t to br[n z ! bottom is rea*$4 ,! sug>s are c>efully sep>at$ accord+ to _! color1 !n dri$ & pack$ 9 bags conta9+ #fj kilograms or ab\t #acb p\nds ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,plantation ,,betwe5 ,,rio ,,de ,,janeiro ,,& ,s,o ,,paulo1 ,,brazil ,x w readily be se5 t ! loss 9 extraction by su* means is v great4 ,9 fact1 f cane hav+ a sug> cont5t ( #ae p] c5t1 sometimes n m ?an betwe5 #e p] c5t & #f p] c5t ( sug> is recov]$4 ,! be/ results are naturally obta9$ 9 ! l>ge factories1 or us9es1 b ev5 !re1 ow+ to poor cru%+1 #i p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane 9 sug> is consid]$ satisfactory4 ,9 ! us9es ! juices are treat$ ) sulphur & neutraliz$ ) lime4 ,!y are !n all[$ to settle1 aft] :i* !y are boil$ to gra9 & ! cry/als sep>at$ f ! "m liquor 9 c5trifugal ma*9es4 ,! sug> is dri$ & ! rema9+ liquor is return$ to ! pans = reboil+4 ,! v>i\s grades produc$ are3 ,cri/aes blancos 7:ite wa%$ sug>7 ,cri/aes am>ellos 7fir/ yell[1 t]m$ ,dem]>a7 ,mascav9hos 7second yell[1 f9e gra97 ,mascavos 7d>k br[n sug>1 f9al product7 ,! great] portion ( ! sug>s made 9 ,brazil is ref9$1 b a c]ta9 am\nt goes directly into consumption 9 its raw /ate4 ,ref9+ on a l>ge scale accord+ to ,european me?ods has be5 tri$ at v>i\s times1 b1 ow+ to ! high co/ ( labor1 fuel & transportation1 all ^! attempts h prov$ unsuccessful4 ,!n aga91 ! dem& = sug> prep>$ 9 ! ,european way is n great1 ! ,brazilians pref]r+ ! moi/ f9e-gra9$ sug> made 9 ! small ref9]ies4 ,?is sug> has a molasses ta/e1 pol>izes ab\t #ia degrees & c>ries ab\t #b p] c5t ( glucose4 ,9 manufactur+ ! :ite grade1 a liquor ( #ca degrees ,baum#gf is fir/ made f raw sug>4 ,?is is cl>ifi$ ) ox-blood & filt]$ ?r\gh bone-*>1 aft] :i* ! cle> liquor is boil$ at a temp]ature ( #bff degrees ,fahr5heit ov] an op5 fire until only ab\t #d p] c5t ( wat] rema9s4 ,x is !n remov$ f ! fire1 a small quantity ( dry granulat$ sug> is add$ & ! mass is /irr$ ) a wood5 paddle4 ,cool1 dry1 f9e-gra9$ sug> is ! result4 ,! yell[ grade1 or t]zira1 z x is call$1 is made 9 exactly ! same mann]1 except t no cl>ify+ or filt]+ is done4 ,! ri* molasses odor & ta/e ( ?is sug> please ! popul> palate to su* an ext5t t x comm&s a high] price ?an :ite granulat$ sug> ref9$ by ! mo/ mod]n processes4 ,9 fact ne>ly #ge p] c5t ( ! sug> consum$ 9 ,rio de ,janeiro is t]zira4 ,its manufacture does n require exp5sive equipm5t or any great am\nt ( te*nical skill1 h5ce x appeals to ! native m]*ants & confection]s4 ,rec5tly ! gov]nm5t has put =? "s ef=t to enc\rage & improve ! sug> indu/ry1 b s f> )\t mu* success4 ,a law 0 pass$ 9 #ahge gu>antee+ a return ( #g p] c5t ^u ! money exp5d$ 9 con/ruct+ c5tral factories1 a giv5 numb] be+ all[$ ea* /ate4 ,?is act 0 modifi$ "s ye>s lat] & ! rate ( int]e/ r$uc$ to #f p] c5t1 b z ! refund+ p]iod 0 long] x met ) m favor ?an ! fir/ & a numb] ( concessions 7 grant$4 ,9 #ahhi ! /ate ( ,p]nambuco appropriat$ a sum equal to #ace1jjj4jj gold to be divid$ among =ty factories1 ) ! und]/&+ t repaym5t 0 to be begun aft] ! h>ve/+ ( ! ?ird crop & ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,all ?is legislation _h no def9ite result4 ,a few ye>s ago1 a comb9ation ( ! produc]s 0 =m$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ a high price = dome/ic sug> by sett+ aside a c]ta9 fix$ am\nt = export4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 #bj p] c5t1 b x 0 aft]w>d increas$ to #dj p] c5t4 ,! plan1 h[ev]1 0 ineffectual4 ,a heavy import duty 7ab\t #e4hf c5ts p] p\nd7 prohibits ! br++ 9 ( =eign sug>s1 s t ,brazil mu/ provide = h] requirem5ts )9 h] own bord]s4 ,accurate in=mation conc]n+ production1 di/ribution & prices is h>d to obta94 ,bad transportation facilities1 div]sity ( cu/oms regulations betwe5 ! /ates1 & ! va/ numb] ( small produc]s :o sell to ! consum] direct1 make ! compilation ( dep5dable data almo/ an impossibility4 ,! /ati/ics t are submitt$1 !re=e1 are approximative4 ,brazil's sug> exports gr[ less & less4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates no long] dep5ds ^u h] = supplies1 s t ! outlook = ! indu/ry 9 ,brazil is n bright at ! pres5t "t4 ,mod]n ref9+ me?ods are n reg>d$ ) favor by ! p & any consid]able ext5sion 9 production seems remote4 ,,production ,,9 ,,brazil #ahia #ahe1jjj tons #ahib #bjj1jjj 0 #ahic #bge1jjj 0 #ahid #bge1jjj 0 #ahie #bbe1jjj 0 #ahif #baj1jjj 0 #ahig #bje1jjj 0 #ahih #aea1ejj 0 #ahii #age1jjj 0 #aijj #bef1dfj 0 #aija #cab1ieg 0 #aijb #bed1fic 0 #aijc #ahg1ejj 0 #aijd #aig1jjj 0 #aije #aie1jjj 0 #aijf #bge1jjj 0 #aijg #bae1jjj 0 #aijh #ahj1jjj 0 #aiji #bdh1jjj 0 #aiaj #bec1jjj 0 #aiaa #bhg1jjj 0 #aiab #bce1jjj 0 #aiac #bjd1jjj 0 #aiad #bjc1cid 0 #aiae #bdj1jjj 0 #aiaf #aid1jjj 0 ,,briti% ,,guiana ,guiana1 9 its wide/ mean+1 is ! "n giv5 to t "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica t lies betwe5 #h degrees #dj m9utes nor? & #c degrees #cj m9utes s\? latitude & #ej degrees & #fh degrees #cj m9utes we/ longitude4 ,?is va/ t]ritory1 ab\t #fij1jjj squ>e miles 9 area1 comprises ,v5ezuelan ,guiana1 ,briti% ,guiana1 ,dut* ,guiana 7,sur9am71 ,fr5* ,guiana 7,cay5ne71 & ,brazilian ,guiana4 ,! fir/ ( ^! divisions is n[ "p ( ,v5ezuela & ! la/ is includ$ 9 ,brazil4 ,! coa/ ( ,briti% ,guiana is fr+$ by l[1 alluvial flats1 ! result ( deposit by ! riv]s4 ,beg9n+ at ?ree feet bel[ high-wat] m>k1 ^! flats ext5d inl& #be or #cj miles1 ris+ imp]ceptibly ab\t #ae feet4 ,beyond is a broad1 roll+ region ( s&y clay =mation1 #aej feet above sea-level1 :i* runs back to ! =e/-cov]$ hills4 ,two ranges ( m\nta9s trav]se ! c\ntry f we/ to ea/ & a ?ird *a9 =ms ! s\!rn b\nd>y & ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,essequibo & ! ,amazon4 ,! highe/ m\nta9 peak is ,roraima on ! we/]n bord]1 #hfce feet4 ,! riv]s ( ,briti% ,guiana & _! tribut>ies =m a network ( wat]ways ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & !y are practically ! only transportation r\tes f ! coa/ into ! int]ior4 ,! mo/ important are ! ,essequibo1 ! ,dem]>a1 ! ,b]bice & ! ,cor5tyn4 ,! ,essequibo has its s\rce 9 ! ,ac>i m\nta9s ne> ! equator at #hej feet above ! sea1 & x fl[s nor? ab\t #fjj miles1 rea*+ ! ,atlantic by an e/u>y #ae miles wide1 9 :i* !re are a numb] ( l>ge & f]tile isl&s4 ,at "o "t sug> cane 0 gr[n on f\r ( ^! isl&s1 b today only "o1 ,wak5aam1 has a sug> mill4 ,= ! t5 mon?s beg9n+ ) ,octob] & end+ 9 ,july1 ! temp]ature on ! coa/ is ev51 z ! nor!a/ trade w9ds keep x d[n to #hj degrees ,fahr5heit on an av]age1 b ! cessation ( ! trades 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] makes ! heat oppressive4 ,hurricanes are unkn[n & b little damage is caus$ 9 ! coa/ regions by e>?quakes1 ow+ to ! "* ( ! soil4 ,9 ! int]ior ! ye> is divid$ into "o wet & "o dry season1 b 9 ! l[-ly+ coa/ c\ntry1 :]e ! sug> plantations are1 !re are two wet & two dry p]iods4 ,! long wet season beg9s ab\t ! middle ( ,april & la/s until ,augu/2 ! long dry p]iod is f ,septemb] to ! end ( ,novemb]4 ,! ra9fall v>ies greatly accord+ to locality2 on ! coa/ ! ye>ly av]age is #hj in*es4 ,9 #aiad ! population 0 e/imat$ to be #cjd1jhi2 ( ^! #abj1jjj 7 negroes1 #abd1jjj ,ea/ ,indians1 #aa1fjj ,portuguese1 #dcjj ,europeans ( o!r nationalities1 #fejj aborig9es & ov] #cj1jjj ( mix$ race4 ,guiana 0 sight$ by ,columbus 9 #adih & by ,alonzo de ,oj$a & ,am]igo ,vespucci 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,vic5te ,yaez ,p9zon is cr$it$ ) hav+ sail$ up "s ( ! riv]s 9 #aejj & ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh asc5d$ ! ,or9oco 9 #aeie 9 que/ ( ! my?ical city ,el ,dorado4 ,dut* trad]s rea*$ ,guiana 9 #aeih & by #afac !y _h e/abli%$ sev]al settlem5ts on ! coa/ ( ,dem]>a & ,essequibo4 ,mean:ile ,engli% & ,fr5* adv5tur]s 7 endeavor+ to obta9 a foo?old 9 ,sur9am & ,cay5ne1 :i* !y succe$$ 9 do+ 9 #afeb4 ,! colony ( ,essequibo 0 "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india company f #afba until #agia1 :5 ! company 0 dissolv$4 ,a ,dut* settlem5t e/abli%$ on ! ,b]bice riv] 9 #afbd 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! colony ( t "n1 :i* 0 tak5 "u ! protection ( ! ,/ates-g5]al ( ,holl& 9 #agcb4 ,dem]>a1 =m]ly a dep5d5cy ( ,essequibo1 became a sep>ate colony 9 #aggc4 ,9 #agha ! ?ree colonies1 ,essequibo1 ,dem]>a & ,b]bice1 7 captur$ by ,briti% private]s4 ,! foll[+ ye> !y 7 tak5 by ,france1 & re/or$ to ,holl& 9 #aghc4 ,! ,briti% took possession a second "t 9 #agif1 reta9+ !m = ab\t six ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* p]iod !y pass$ back into ! h&s ( ,holl& once m4 ,! ,briti% occupi$ !m 9 #ahjc & !y 7 =mally c$$ to ,great ,brita9 9 #ahae4 ,! ?ree colonies 7 consolidat$ into "o "u ! "n ( ,briti% ,guiana 9 #ahca4 ,essequibo1 ,b]bice & ,dem]>a all produc$ a consid]able am\nt ( sug> dur+ ! ,dut* rgime4 ,! plantations 7 on coa/ & riv] l&s t _h be5 dik$ & dra9$4 ,l all sug>-gr[+ c\ntries1 ?is colony 0 adv]sely affect$ by ! abolition ( slav]y1 b ow+ to ! success t att5d$ ! introduction ( coolies f ,h9du/an1 ! labor situation nev] became s acute z x did 9 _m isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,traffic 9 ,african negro slaves 0 =bidd5 9 #ahjh4 ,aft] #ahcd ! sug> plant]s s\ght free labor]s 9 ! neighbor+ isl&s & 9 ,madeira4 ,_m p :o _h be5 depriv$ ( _! means ( livelihood by ! de/ruction ( ! v9ey>ds ( ,madeira by disease settl$ 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! importation ( free negroes f ,briti% ,african possessions 0 sanction$ by ! home gov]nm5t 9 #ahdj1 & betwe5 t ye> & #ahfe a l>ge numb] ( slaves tak5 by ,briti% w> %ips f ,cuban & ,brazilian slav]s 7 l&$ 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 :]e !y f\nd employm5t z free labor]s4 ,?is s\rce ( labor supply 0 cut (f by ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ,brazil & o!r c\ntries4 ,9 #ahfg ! importation ( free blacks f ,briti% ,africa 0 prohibit$ & ! movem5t to supply labor]s f ,*9a came to an end4 ,! ,*9ese exp]im5t 0 repeat$ 9 #ahgd & #ahgh1 b nev] s9ce4 ,! br++ 9 ( ,briti% ,indians1 h[ev]1 prov$ a success ev] s9ce ! "t x 0 fir/ done 9 #ahch4 ,^! labor]s are ind5tur$ = five ye>s1 & five ye>s aft] ! expiration ( _! contract !y h ! privilege ( be+ tak5 back to _! homes1 )\t *>ge4 ,dur+ ! five ye>s foll[+ _! contract t]m !y c obta9 "w z free h&s & !y may acquire small p>cels ( l&4 ,9 fact _m ( !m h become l& own]s & h settl$ p]man5tly 9 ! colony4 ,!re are also a consid]able numb] :o1 aft] hav+ gone back to ,india1 return to ,briti% ,guiana ( _! own volition & at _! own exp5se to "w z free labor]s4 ,mo/ ( ! sug> plantations are f\nd on ! seacoa/ on l&s =m]ly m>%y t h be5 dik$ & dra9$ ei!r by sluices or by pump+4 ,! plantations along ! riv] banks1 too1 are on reclaim$ l&s t h be5 dra9$ by sluices4 ,9 #aiaa !re 7 #afj1jjj acres ( reclaim$ l& 9 ! colony1 & #ha1jjj acres ( x 7 devot$ to sug> cane4 ,! plantations are oblong 9 %ape1 "o end front+ on ! sea or ! riv]1 z ! case may be4 ,orig9ally !y v>i$ 9 size f #ejj to #ajjj acres1 b 9 _m in/ances consolidation has tak5 place4 ,! dike next to ! sea is naturally ! /ronge/ & mo/ c>efully built1 :ile ^? at ! sides & re> are less sub/antial4 ,z a rule1 !re is a broad road t runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ! plantation1 ) a navigable canal on ei!r side4 ,^! canals conta9 fre% wat]1 salt wat] & flood wat]s be+ kept out by a gate ?r\gh :i* excess fre% wat] may run (f at l[ tide4 ,%ort fe$] canals run at "r angles1 & z !y are n connect$ ) ! dra9age canals !y may conta9 salt wat] if necess>y4 ,9 cross+ a transportation canal1 ! wat]s ( dra9age canals pass und]nea? ?r\gh a siphon4 ,betwe5 ^! transportation canals are ! cane fields1 f t5 to tw5ty acres 9 size1 & sep>at$ f "o ano!r by small dra9age dit*es4 ,! l>ge/ transportation canals are betwe5 sixte5 & tw5ty feet wide at ! top1 betwe5 twelve & sixte5 feet wide at ! bottom & f\r to five feet deep4 ,! small] transportation canals are twelve feet wide at ! top1 n9e feet wide at ! bottom & f\r to five feet deep4 ,! l>ge dra9age canals are fifte5 feet wide & f\r feet deep1 & ! irrigation dit*es are f two to ?ree feet wide & ?ree feet deep4 ,be=e plant+ cane 9 virg9 soil ! trees are cut d[n1 ! gr\nd is cle>$ ( grass & we$s1 canals are dug1 furr[s are made at int]vals ( f six to sev5 feet1 & !n ! plant+ is done4 ,a mon? lat] we$s are remov$1 ! "y %oots are bank$ & ! gr\nd betwe5 ! furr[s is loos5$4 ,:5 five mon?s old ! cane is tra%$#gg & we$+ is done if necess>y4 ,aft] an int]val ( ?ree mon?s ?is op]ation is repeat$1 & :5 ! cane is a ye> old ! f9al tra%+ is done1 ! h>ve/+ foll[+ two weeks aft]w>d4 ,:5 ! cane has be5 cut1 ! gr\nd is loos5$ once m1 ! dry leaves are put 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! furr[s & cov]$ ) e>?1 ! "y cane %oots come up1 & 9 ano!r ye> ! ratoons are ready = h>ve/+4 ,two or ?ree ratoon crops are gr[n on ! same l&1 b z soon z ! yield gets too small ! gr\nd is left fall[ & plant+ is done else:]e4 ,until rec5tly ,b\rbon cane 0 ! only v>iety rais$ 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 _m k9ds ( se$l+ cane h be5 introduc$1 & today x is e/imat$ t m ?an "o-half ( ! crop comes f se$l+ /ock4 ,f]tiliz+ is done ) phosphates1 guano1 pota%1 sulphate ( ammonia & /able manure4 ,! cane is br\ght f ! fields to ! mills by canal 9 flat-bottom$ boats4 ,! equipm5t 9 ! factories is good1 z a :ole2 cru%+ is effici5tly done & ! juices are boil$ to gra9 9 vacuum pans4 ,9 addition to #if-;degree c5trifugals & second sug>s1 ! celebrat$ 8,dem]>a cry/als0 are produc$4 ,9 mak+ ! latt] ! juice is kept acid ?r\gh\t ! process1 f "o to five p] c5t be+ lo/ ?r\gh inv]sion4 ,*loride ( t9 is add$ 9 ! vacuum pan to height5 ! yell[ color4 ,! great] "p ( ! molasses goes into ! manufacture ( rum1 & a c]ta9 quantity1 mix$ ) gr\nd bagasse1 f9ds a m>ket 9 ,engl& z cattle food4 ,:ile on virg9 soil ! yield ( cane runs z high z sixty to sev5ty tons to ! acre1 ! av]age is ab\t tw5ty tons p] acre1 & ! extraction ( sug> equals #h p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane4 ,9 late ye>s ! numb] ( sug> mills has gr[n less1 ow+ to ! m]g+ ( _m small plants into a few l>ge ones4 ,9 #aijh ! area plant$ 9 cane 0 #gc1dga acres1 & !re 7 =ty-two plantations1 six ( !m less ?an #ajjj acres1 tw5ty-five ov] #ajjj acres1 six ov] #bjjj acres1 f\r ov] #cjjj acres1 & "o ov] #gjjj acres 9 size4 ,ov] half ( ! sug> export$ goes to ,canada1 ! rema9d] be+ tak5 by ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z to ! future ( ,briti% ,guiana's sug> indu/ry1 e>ly 9 #aiae a lett] 0 s5t by ! gov]nm5t secret>y ( ! colony to ! ,we/ ,india committee 9 ,london 9 :i* x is /at$ t ! possible annual crop on suitable sug> l&s ea/w>d ( ! ,pom]oon riv] is n less ?an #a1jjj1jjj tons1 :ile1 if ! l>ge virg9 alluvial areas to ! ea/ ( ! ,pom]oon riv] & betwe5 !re & ! ,v5ezuelan b\nd>y 7 br\ght "u cultivation1 ! maximum total output might rea* #b1ejj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,?is lett] 0 9 reply to a communication address$ by ! ,we/ ,india committee to ! gov]nors ( all ( ! ,briti% sug>-gr[+ possessions = ! purpose ( secur+ in=mation reg>d+ ! possibilities ( developm5t ( ! indu/ry4 ,hi!rto ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has be5 l>gely dep5d5t ^u =eign c\ntries = its sug> supply1 & ! movem5t ?us set on foot by ! ,we/ ,india committee is to urge ^u ! home gov]nm5t ! importance ( draw+ ! entire sug> requirem5ts ( ! c\ntry f its colonies4 ,?is ( c\rse w\ld mean ! e/abli%m5t ( a pref]5tial t>iff4 ,exports f ,briti% ,guiana s9ce #ahie1 9 tons ( #bbdj p\nds3 #ahie-if #aja1jei #ahif-ig #ajg1jgc #ahig-ih #ajj1hci #ahih-ii #if1fdh #ahii-jj #hd1ghc #aijj-ja #id1gde #aija-jb #aje1fid #aijb-jc #abj1abg #aijc-jd #abe1idi #aijd-je #aja1bgh #aije-jf #aba1fic #aijf-jg #abj1ccd #aijg-jh #ii1gcg #aijh-ji #aag1agf #aiji-aj #aja1hdc #aiaj-aa #ajh1big #aiaa-ab #hc1bid #aiab-ac #hc1ibb #aiac-ad #ajc1ggd #aiad-ae #aac1fcb #aiae-af #aaj1jjjgh ,illu/ration3 ,,tra9-,,load ,,( ,,cane ,,en ,,r\te ,,to ,,! ,,+5io ,,la ,,m5dieta1 ,,arg5t9a ,illu/ration3 ,,unload+ ,a ,,c> ,,( ,,cane1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a ,,arg5t9a ,! ,arg5t9e republic occupies ! s\!a/]n extremity ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ext5ds f #ba degrees #ee m9utes to #ee degrees #b m9utes s\? latitude1 & f #ec degrees #dj m9utes to #gc degrees #ag m9utes we/ longitude4 ,f nor? to s\? its l5g? is #bbhe miles1 & its greate/ wid? is #icj miles4 ,its area is #a1ace1hdjgi squ>e miles1 & ! population1 includ+ ! nomadic peoples1 numb]s ab\t #h1jjj1jjj4 ,physically1 ! surface ( ! c\ntry comprises ?ree great divisions3 ! ,&es & ! high plateaus to ! we/1 ! va/ pla9s ( ! ea/ & ! desolate1 b>r5 wa/es ( ,patagonia4 ,only ! nor!rn "p lies )9 ! latitudes :]e sug> cane c be gr[n1 & ow+ to ! m\nta9\s "* ( t region ! area available = cane culture is limit$4 ,! prov9ces ( ,tucumn1 ,jujuy1 ,salta1 ,santa ,f & ,corri5tes1 & ! t]ritories ( ,=mosa1 ,*aco & ,missiones produce ! entire sug> crop4 ,arg5t9a's great l5g? & ! range ( altitude )9 h] bord]s1 f ! l(ty1 sn[-clad peaks ( ! ,&es ea/w>d to sea-level1 give a widely v>i$ climate1 ^u :i* ! prevail+ w9ds & ! m\nta9 b>ri]s ex]t a fur!r influ5ce4 ,9 ! extreme nor? !re is a /ret* ( c\ntry ext5d+ ab\t n9ety miles into ! torrid zone & runn+ f ! ,pilcomayo riv]1 five hundr$ miles we/1 to ! ,*ilean bord]4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ?is region consi/s ( a l[1 wood$ pla9 :]e ! mean annual temp]ature is #gc degrees ,fahr5heit & ! av]age annual ra9fall is #fc in*es4 ,! we/]n end is a dry plateau :]e ! temp]ature drops bel[ #eg degrees ,fahr5heit & ! ra9fall is only ab\t two in*es dur+ ! ye>4 ,9 ! cane-gr[+ di/rict ! ra9y season is f ,octob] to ,m>*4 ,at times dur+ ! w9t] ! fro/ is sev]e en\gh to p>tially )] ! cane leaves1 b x nev] :olly kills ! cane4 ,sug> cane 0 br\ght to ! ,la ,plata region by ! ,jesuits1 & x appe>s 9 ! records ( ! ,santo ,dom+o mona/]y t sug> 0 manufactur$ 9 ,tucumn z e>ly z #afgj4 ,aft] ! bani%m5t ( ! ,jesuits ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ! indu/ry quickly decl9$1 9 fact z late z #ahga ! total production ( ,arg5t9a did n exce$ #ajjj tons4 ,developm5t 9 ,tucumn foll[$ ! completion ( ! railway1 :i* op5$ outside m>kets to ! plant]s ( ! prov9ce 9 #ahgf4 ,railway transportation facilities br\ght 9 mod]n factory equipm5t & ma*9]y4 ,z a result num]\s small primitive mills 7 elim9at$ & _! own]s turn$ to sug>-cane gr[+4 ,/imulat$ by a heavy protective t>iff1 ! cane-produc+ area 9 ,tucumn increas$ f #ab1jjj to #ajd1jjj acres betwe5 #ahha & #ahif1 & 9 o!r prov9ces ! indu/ry made sub/antial progress4 ,by #ahid ! output exce$$ ! c\ntry's requirem5ts4 ,?is l$ ! gov]nm5t to conc$e an export b\nty 9 #ahif1 & a syndicate call$ ! ,unin ,azuc>]a 0 =m$ by ! produc]s1 :o agre$ to deliv] to x #fj p] c5t ( _! product4 ,f #ahif to #aijd exports ( sug> v>i$ f #ae1jjj to #ej1jjj tons p] annum4 ,conditions *ang$1 h[ev]4 ,! o!r ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries w\ld n buy ,arg5t9e sug>1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h fix$ a c\nt]vail+ duty on all b\nty-f$ sug>s1 & ,great ,brita9 0 contemplat+ _! exclusion entirely4 ,to save ! situation1 !re=e1 x 0 decid$ to curtail ! output1 & ! foll[+ plan 0 adopt$3 ,illu/ration3 ,,batt]y ,,( ,,boil]s1 ,,+5io ,,la ,,tr9idad1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a ,illu/ration3 ,,home ,,( ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,a ,,sug> ,,plantation1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a ,an arbitr>y am\nt 0 fix$ z ! total production ( ! factories 9 op]ation1 & ?is tonnage 0 prorat$ among !m accord+ to _! capacity4 ,^u e #ajj kilograms 7#bbj4df lbs47 produc$ 9 excess ( ! allotm5t1 a tax equival5t to #dh c5ts#hj 0 levi$1 & factories :]e op]ations 7 n />t$ until aft] ! passage ( ! law 7 tax$ at ?is rate ^u #be p] c5t ( _! output4 ,! fund rais$ 9 ?is way furni%$ ! comp5sation = ! gr[]s :o de/roy$ _! cane crops or left !m unh>ve/$4 ,a c]ta9 sum 0 appli$ to ! paym5t ( export b\nty#ha & ! rema9d] w5t into ! national treasury4 ,! ,brussels conv5tion1 by its provision = c\nt]vail+ duties1 nullifi$ ! effect ( ! export b\nty & 9 #aije ! export privileges 7 )drawn4 ,9 #aiab ! import duty 0 e/abli%$ at #c4he c5ts gold p] p\nd = #if-;degree sug>s & #b4igg c5ts p] p\nd = sug>s te/+ "u #if degrees4 ,a ye>ly r$uction ( ab\t "o-t5? ( a c5t p] p\nd 0 provid$ = until ! rate ( #if-;degree sug>s %all rea* #c4jfde c5ts p] p\nd1 & t = ^? "u #if degrees #b4ai c5ts4 ,c\nt]vail+ duties 7 also impos$ on =eign b\nty-f$ sug>s4 ,tucumn produces betwe5 #hj p] c5t & #he p] c5t ( ,arg5t9a's total crop1 ! rema9d] com+ l>gely f ,jujuy4 ,f ! 8,bolet9 ,m5sual de ,e/adi/ica ,agricola10 ,bu5os ,aires1 ,augu/1 #aiac1 ! foll[+ figures are tak53 ,,prov9ces ,,no4 ,,( ,,factories ,,raw ,,sug> ,,yield ,,tons ,,p] ,,c5t ,tucumn #bh #aba1eea #f4h ,salta #a #a1bij #h4i ,jujuy #c #bj1jeb #g4i ,*aco #c #b1gfb #e4i ,=mosa #a #bca #f4j ,santa ,f #b #hch #f4c ,corri5tes #a #ebe #f4f -- ------- --- #ci #adg1bdi #f4i ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,arg5t9a has ov] #bjj1jjj acres 9 sug> cane1 & ?is area c be consid]ably increas$4 ,! pres5t production ab\t takes c>e ( ! c\ntry's ne$s1 al?\gh a r\nd am\nt ( ,am]ican ref9$ sug> 0 import$ 9 ! latt] "p ( #aiaf4 ,field me?ods admit ( great improvem5t4 ,little c>e is ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( se$ cane & dis9fection is nev] practic$4 ,plant+ is done 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 :5 ! ra9y season sets 94 ,irrigation f riv]s & /reams is ! rule2 f]tiliz]s are seldom us$1 & no prev5tive measures are adopt$ to combat diseases ( ! cane4 ,! yield ( cane p] acre 9 poor soil is f n9e to fifte5 tons1 9 av]age soil f elev5 to sev5te5 tons1 :ile on ! be/ l&s x is eighte5 tons4 ,ratoon crops are rais$ fifte5 or m ye>s 9 succession )\t replant+1 & ! p]iod betwe5 fro/s is too %ort to admit ( ! cane rea*+ maturity4 ,gr9d+ is begun ab\t ,june #a/ & usually takes "o hundr$ days1 dep5d+1 naturally1 ^u ! am\nt ( cane to be cru%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,+5io ,,nueva ,,bavi]a1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a ,illu/ration3 ,,+5io ,,nueva ,,bavi]a1 ,,tucum,n1 ,,arg5t9a ,! factories are mod]n & equipp$ ) ma*9]y & app>atus ( ! late/ type1 b not)/&+ ?is ! recov]y ( sug> is poor1 ow+ to ! quality ( ! cane4 ,9 #aiaa ! av]age extraction obta9$ by ! factories ( ,tucumn 0 #g4fe p] c5t4 ,a few factories make :ite sug> = direct consumption1 b ! great "p ( ! output consi/s ( raw c5trifugal sug>1 :i* is subsequ5tly ref9$4 ,mo/ ( ,arg5t9a's ref9$ sug> is produc$ by ! ,ref9]ia ,arg5t9a ( ,ros>io4 ,arg5t9a's sug> indu/ry c\ld n live )\t a protective t>iff1 on acc\nt ( ! high co/ ( production1 :i* ev5 9 ! be/ factories is ab\t #d c5ts gold p] p\nd4 ,!re is no *ance to build up an export bus9ess n[1 s1 unless conditions *ange1 ! production mu/ adju/ itself to take c>e ( ! consumption & no m4 ,! /ati/ics f #aijf to #aiae are 9 long tons3 ,,production ,,imports ,,raw ,,raw ,,ref9$ #aijf #aad1dbf #fdf #a1bfj #aijg #ajg1fid #ca1dcd #aa1cia #aijh #aeg1hde #aj1fdh #bd1bga #aiji #aba1hia #ac1edf #e1hih #aiaj #adf1dgb #cc1edb #bb1cdb #aiaa #agg1baa #ag1hff #cc1bjf #aiab #adg1gca #ah1gbh #aj1hff #aiac #bge1hcd #be1jha #di1jid #aiad #ccj1dfj #aed #f1bej #aiae #adi1hfd #a #bb ,,=mosa ,! ,japanese isl& ( ,=mosa 7,taiwan7 lies (f ! coa/ ( ,*9a1 ab\t two hundr$ miles nor? ( ! ,philipp9es1 betwe5 #ba degrees #de m9utes & #be degrees #ch m9utes nor? latitude & #abj degrees #aj m9utes & #abb degrees ea/ longitude4 ,x is ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty-five miles long & n>r[ 9 %ape2 its wid? is sev5ty-sev5 miles & its total area #ac1ejd squ>e miles4 ,a range ( m\nta9s runs f nor? to s\?1 & ! highe/ peak is #ac1fjj feet4 ,! m\nta9\s region is rugg$ & well wood$1 b 9 ! s\?we/]n "p !re is a f]tile pla9 :i* is v productive4 ,rice1 tea & sug> are gr[n pretty mu* all along ! we/]n portion ( ! isl&4 ,9 ! we/1 too1 are f\nd ! be/ seaports & bays1 also ! mo/ important t[ns4 ,9 #aije ,=mosa _h ab\t #c1jjj1jjj inhabitants1 ne>ly all ( :om 7 ,*9ese4 ,! climate is tropical1 & at sea-level ! av]age temp]ature 9 ,july1 :i* is ! hotte/ mon?1 is ab\t #gb degrees ,fahr5heit1 :ile 9 ,febru>y1 ! colde/ mon?1 ! mean is #ea4f degrees4 ,sug> has be5 kn[n 9 ! isl& = a great _m ye>s4 ,!re is a record ( a %ipm5t hav+ be5 made f !re to ! ,ne!rl&s z f> back z #afbb1 f :i* "t ! trade 0 c>ri$ on until ! competition ( ! ,we/ ,indies clos$ ! ,european m>kets to ,=mosan sug>s4 ,nev]!less1 ! indu/ry prosp]$ & ! production grew until dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,*9ese rule x am\nt$ to some?+ betwe5 #fj1jjj & #hj1jjj tons annually4 ,ne>ly all ( ?is 0 s(t br[n sug> ( f9e gra91 ! rema9d] be+ a s-call$ :ite sug>1 made by purg+ ! br[n sug> cry/als ( _! syrup4 ,! isl& 0 seiz$ by ,japan 9 #ahie1 b ! ,=mosans made a /ubborn resi/ance to ! invad]s1 & x 0 n until #ahih t !y 7 f9ally subdu$ & a /able gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ! ,japanese4 ,an insurrection broke out 9 #aijb1 b 0 quickly put d[n1 & s9ce !n !re has be5 no fur!r tr\ble4 ,9 #ahie ,=mosa _h some?+ ne> "o ?\s& small mills1 all driv5 by buffaloes4 ,! product 0 a br[n clay$ sug>1 simil> to t made 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & "o-half ( x 0 consum$ locally1 ! o!r half go+ to ,*9a & ,japan4 ,aft] ! subjugation ( ,=mosa 9 #ahih1 ! ,japanese 7 n imm$iately able to set ab\t repair+ ! damage caus$ by ! w>4 ,two ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 !y took up ! task ) *>act]i/ic en]gy & ?or\ghness1 & ! sug> indu/ry soon felt ! effects ( ! movem5t4 ,9 #aijb measures 7 pass$ provid+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a sug> /ation at ,ta9an & = ! inve/igation ( all que/ions relat+ to ! indu/ry4 ,"y ,japanese /ud5ts 7 s5t to ,java1 ,hawaii & ,europe to look into me?ods employ$ 9 ! cultivation & manufacture ( sug> 9 ^? c\ntries & to det]m9e by c>eful obs]vation & /udy :at w\ld be be/ suit$ to ,=mosan conditions4 ,se$ cane 0 br\ght 9 f o!r c\ntries & comp>isons ( results obta9$ f ! diff]5t plant+s 7 made at an exp]im5t /ation built by ! gov]nm5t at ,daimokko4 ,/rip$ ,tanna & ,laha9a canes ?rove well1 b !y 7 reject$ because !y requir$ an extraord9>y am\nt ( irrigation & con/ant c>e4 ,! ,rose ,bamboo1 on ! o!r h&1 0 h>di] & did n ne$ s mu* wat]1 consequ5tly ! exp]ts at ! sug> /ation did ev]y?+ !y possibly c\ld to enc\rage its use4 ,at ! same "t ! gov]nm5t (f]$ companies />t+ sug> ref9]ies a bonus ( six p] c5t p] annum = five ye>s on ! paid-up capital1 or a s+le bonus ( tw5ty p] c5t ( ! value ( ! plant & equipm5t4 ,o!r ent]prises 7 suppli$ ) ma*9]y by ! gov]nm5t = five ye>s2 9 o!r words1 ! ma*9]y 0 b\ght ) gov]nm5t money & ! sug> company 0 giv5 five ye>s 9 :i* to reimburse ! gov]nm5t4 ,cane l&s c\ld be acquir$ on v favorable t]ms1 & any plant] :o 0 will+ to b9d himself to raise a crop ( cane = five consecutive ye>s 0 suppli$ ) f]tiliz] by ! gov]nm5t1 free ( co/4 ,^! privileges rema9$ op5 until ! e>ly "p ( #aiaa1 :5 !y 7 abrogat$4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ent]prise to receive ! b5efit ( ?is special legislation 0 ! ,taiwan ,sug> company1 incorporat$ 9 #aijj ) a paid-9 capital ( #ejj1jjj y51 :i* c>ri$ a bonus ( #cj1jjj y5 f ! gov]nm5t4 ,! company's int5tion 0 to buy ! cane f ! gr[]s & make x into sug> = ! ,japanese m>ket4 ,! factory 0 ready = bus9ess by ! fall ( ! foll[+ ye>1 b z soon z gr9d+ 0 begun ! ,*9ese f>m]s manife/$ a decid$ unwill+ness to furni% cane4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! sug> company det]m9$ to gr[ its own cane1 & aft] increas+ its capital to #a1jjj1jjj y5 proce$$ to c>ry out ?is plan4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made to turn out #cj tons ( sug> p] day dur+ ! gr9d+ p]iod ( #aej days1 b ! fir/ ye>'s results 7 only #abjj tons4 ,two factories ne> ,ta9an own$ by ,*9ese 7 />t$ ab\t ?is "t at ! in/igation ( ! gov]nm5t1 & also ) its assi/ance4 ,un=tunately1 ! op]ators did n und]/& h[ to use ! mod]n equipm5t furni%$ !m by ! au?orities4 ,fur!r tr\ble arose 9 connection ) ! buy+ ( ! cane & !re 0 con/ant friction betwe5 ! factories & ! gov]nm5t exp]ts at ! sug> bureau4 ,s ! v5ture prov$ f> f pr(itable ei!r to ! factories or ! indu/ry4 ,! ,*9ese gr[]s cont9u$ to cl+ t5aci\sly to _! crude me?od ( gr9d+ cane 9 _! buffalo-driv5 mills1 in/ead ( sell+ x to ! factories1 & !y ob/9ately refus$ to plant ! new & m productive v>iety ( cane1 ,rose ,bamboo1 import$ f ! ,hawaiian isl&s by ! gov]nm5t = se$ purposes--?is 9 spite ( ! fact t cane tops = plant+ c\ld be obta9$ gratis at ! sug> /ation1 & t ! sub/itution ( ! bett] cane entitl$ ! f>m] to free f]tiliz]1 irrigation privileges & a money bonus4 ,x 0 pla9 t ! gov]nm5t w\ld h to take m vigor\s action to save its sug> program = ,=mosa f complete failure1 s 9 #aije new regulations 7 fram$ & made public4 ,"u ^! rules no "o c\ld emb>k 9 ! bus9ess ( manufactur+ sug> )\t fir/ secur+ ! (ficial sanction ( ! director ( ! sug> bureau4 ,a fix$ t]ritory 0 assign$ to ! newcom] ) ! express und]/&+ t no o!r factory c\ld be e/abli%$ !re & t all ! cane gr[]s 9 ! t]ritory 7 obligat$ to sell _! cane to ! factory & =bidd5 to s5d x out ( ! di/rict or put x to any o!r use4 ,! factory own] on 8 side b\nd himself to take all ! cane gr[n 9 8 di/rict1 ev5 if ! supply %\ld be great] ?an 8 ne$s4 ,9 ord] to /imulate mod]n me?ods ( manufacture1 ! sug> bureau prohibit$ ! gr9d+ ( cane by ! gr[]s 9 _! buffalo mills1 except by special p]mission4 ,9 c]ta9 sections ( ! isl& :]e !re 0 no cane cultivation1 l>ge tracts ( l& might be grant$ outright to p]sons engag+ 9 sug> rais+ & manufacture4 ,9 su* cases ! capacity ( ! factory & ! p]iod ( op]ation 0 agre$ ^u 9 advance1 & z soon z ! l& 0 plant$ to cane1 ! title to x pass$ to ! factory4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! own]s ( ! factory fail$ to act 9 good fai?1 ! und]tak+ 0 decl>$ void & ! factory dismantl$4 ,by #aiaa tw5ty-n9e l>ge factories 7 9 op]ation & n9e o!rs 7 be+ built4 ,e "o ( ^! e/abli%m5ts 0 new & equipp$ ) ! late/ & mo/ improv$ ma*9]y4 ,x 0 (ficially ann\nc$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiaj1 t no fur!r *>t]s au?oriz+ ! =m+ ( new sug> companies or ! ext5d+ ( ! op]ations ( ^? already 9 exi/5ce w\ld be issu$1 ! reason giv5 be+ ! desire to limit ! production to ! requirem5ts ( ,japan until su* a "t z an outlet c\ld be f\nd 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,! measure 0 reg>d$ z a tempor>y "o4 ,! opposition ( ! native f>m] to ! new ord] ( ?+s 0 n ov]come at once4 ,cane plant+s decreas$ at fir/1 b :5 ! natives realiz$ t cane paid !m bett] ?an o!r crops1 !y gradually resum$ cultivat+ x on ! same scale z =m]ly1 & ! gov]nm5t bonus on ,rose ,bamboo cane help$ matt]s /ill fur!r4 ,z long z ! manufactur]s are f>-see+ en\gh to pay ! gr[] a fair figure = 8 cane1 ! supply w be =?com+4 ,conv]sely1 if too l[ a price is (f]$1 ! f>m] w be driv5 to raise o!r crops1 &1 z ! factory _c pur*ase cane outside ( its own di/rict1 lack ( mat]ial w prev5t x f runn+ at full capacity1 :i* means a heavy loss4 ,s !re is an excell5t reason = ma9ta9+ ! price ( cane at a po9t :i* enables ! gr[] to make a pr(it4 ,ano!r pot5t factor1 too1 is t ! price mu/ receive ! approval ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is significant t ! factories built betwe5 #aijg & #aiaa h all be5 put up )\t gov]nm5t aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kohekir9 ,,mill1 ,,=mosa ,irrigation 9 ,=mosa has n be5 develop$ to any ext5t & ! crop dep5ds ^u ! ra9fall4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! isl& ! monsoons are fairly regul> & pl5tiful ra9s c be c\nt$ ^u betwe5 ,june & ,septemb]1 ) a dry p]iod f ,novemb] to ,april4 ,9 ! nor? climatic conditions are n s good1 & consequ5tly all ( ! l>ge sug> ent]prises are to be f\nd 9 ! s\?4 ,pl\gh+ by ! natives is poorly done ) wood5 pl\ghs1 b ! mod]n plantations use /eam pl\ghs ) excell5t results4 ,cane is plant$ e ye> & !re are no ratoon crops4 ,gr9d+ usually takes #aej days1 beg9n+ 9 ,novemb] & end+ 9 ,may4 ,! old-fa%ion$ mills turn out a s(t br[n or yell[i% :ite1 op5-pan sug>4 ,! mod]n plants make c5trifugal sug> only1 practically all ( :i* goes to ,japan1 al?\gh %ipm5ts h be5 made to ,*9a1 ,korea1 ,hong ,kong & ev5 ,canada4 ,! molasses is consum$ at home4 ,j h[ mu* ( ! op5-pan br[n sug> is us$ 9 ,=mosa itself x is impossible to det]m9e1 b ,willett ,gray's figures = ! crops1 by ye>s1 s9ce #aija cle>ly %[ :at /rides ! indu/ry has made3 #aija-jb #dh1cha long tons #aijb-jc #cd1gfi 0 #aijc-jd #fj1fej 0 #aijd-je #ej1bgf 0 #aije-jf #fd1aij 0 #aijf-jg #ha1ddh 0 #aijg-jh #fh1dej 0 #aijh-ji #abb1jjj 0 #aiji-aj #bje1jjj 0 #aiaj-aa #bfg1jjj 0 #aiaa-ab #agc1bbd 0 #aiab-ac #aac1ajj 0 #aiac-ad #aij1jjj 0 #aiad-ae #ahf1jjj 0 #aiae-af #bij1iec 0 #aiaf-ag #cch1iig 0#hb ,! crop ( #aiaa-ab suff]$ sev]ely f prolong$ dr\ght at plant+ "t1 & ! typhoons ( ,augu/1 #aiaa1 deva/at$ ! cane fields4 ,! effect ( ?is disa/] 0 to det] ! natives f plant+ cane ! foll[+ ye>1 & 9 consequ5ce ! production = t season 0 cut d[n m ?an fifty p] c5t4 ,x is obvi\s t ! rapid developm5t 9 ,=mosa has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! pat]nal policy ( ! gov]nm5t1 )\t ^: p[]ful aid ! indu/ry w\ld 9 all probability h made b sl[ progress4 ,! total ( ,japan's sug> consumption is ab\t #cjj1jjj tons p] annum1 & x is p]haps safe to haz>d ! guess t h] /atesm5 w d ev]y?+ !y c 9 reason to enc\rage production 9 h] own t]ritory until ?is quantity %all h be5 rea*$4#hc ,,java ,java1 ! seat ( ! colonial gov]nm5t ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 lies 9 ! ,indian ocean s\? ( ,sumatra & ,borneo1 betwe5 #aje degrees #ab m9utes & #aad degrees #ce m9utes ea/ longitude1 & betwe5 #e degrees #eb m9utes & #h degrees #df m9utes s\? latitude4 ,x is #fbb miles long & #aba miles wide at its greate/ bread?1 & ?is n>r[s to ab\t #ee miles t[>d ! middle ( ! isl&4 ,! area ( ,java prop] is #dh1ejd squ>e miles1 ,madura comprises #agcb squ>e miles & ! small] isl&s "u ,javan jurisdiction cov] #adaf squ>e miles4 ,( ! ?ree g5]al divisions ( ,java1 ! ea/1 ! middle & ! we/1 ea* has c]ta9 /ructural features ( its own4 ,9 we/ ,java ! highl&s lie to ! s\? & ! l[l&s to ! nor?4 ,middle ,java takes 9 ! i/hmus & "p ( ! wide ea/]n portion4 ,9 ! i/hmus ! m\nta9 b>ri] on ! s\? is less regul> & ! nor!rn pla9s are brok5 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,! ea/]n division is made up ( an intricate confusion ( hills & valleys1 except on ! s\? coa/1 :]e ! m\nta9 range =ms a cont9u\s b>ri]4 ,! %ore l9e ( ! nor? coa/ is l[ ev]y:]e1 ) morasses1 s& dunes & %ift+ riv] m\?s1 b x is ( mu* great] importance ?an ! s\? coa/1 :i* is /eep1 at int]vals rocky & con/antly batt]$ by a viol5t surf4 ,java is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctly volcanic regions ( ! _w--x has f\rte5 active volcanoes & "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five recogniz$ volcanic c5t]s4 ,bo? ! nor? & s\? coa/ l9es are brok5 by riv]s1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ on ! nor?4 ,9 ! dry season !y conta9 little wat]1 b dur+ ! ra9y monsoon#hd !y frequ5tly become ru%+ torr5ts t bur/ _! banks & ov]fl[ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,su* inundations c>ry ) !m a consid]able am\nt ( dis9tegrat$ volcanic rock1 "p ( :i* is deposit$ on ! pla9s & swept seaw>d4 ,9 ?is mann] ! alluvial pla9s ne> ! riv] c\rses are =m$ & ! %oals 9 ! h>bors & at ! riv] m\?s z well4 ,java enjoys a comp>atively ev5 temp]ature ! ye> r\nd4 ,n9ety-six degrees ,fahr5heit 0 record$ 9 ,batavia 9 #ahgg & t is ! highe/ m>k kn[n4 ,! l[e/ 0 #ff degrees ,fahr5heit1 :i* 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! same place 9 ! same ye>4 ,! mean annual temp]ature is #gi degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! w>me/ & ! colde/ mon?s is #a4h degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! ye> is divid$ into two seasons by ! prevail+ w9ds--! ra9y p]iod1 t ( ! wet monsoon1 f ,novemb] to ,m>*1 & ! dry p]iod ! rema9d] ( ! ye>1 :5 ! dry monsoon bl[s4 ,!re is no long unbrok5 ra9fall & no long spell ( dr\ght4 ,! av]age ra9fall is mu* great] on ! s\? coa/ ?an on ! nor?3 9 ,batavia x is #gb4bh in*es ye>ly1 :ile ,majal5ka has an annual fall ( #age in*es4 ,w9d-/orms are r>e & h>dly ev] cyclonic1 b ?und]/orms are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,"u an almo/ v]tical sun1 ! day is ( ne>ly uni=m l5g? ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! pla9s v>y 9 f]tility accord+ to _! geological =mation1 b ) ! exception ( ! regions ab\nd+ 9 m>%es1 /ret*es ( dis9tegrat$ coral1 & lakes1 !y are tillable & productive4 ,sug> cane 0 br\ght to ,java by ! ,*9ese or ,h9dus 9 v remote times4 ,! ,*9ese pilgrim ,fa ,hi5 m5tions hav+ f\nd sug> !re :5 he visit$ ! isl& 9 #dbd1he & z trad+ 0 con/antly c>ri$ on betwe5 ,arabia1 ,india1 ,*9a & ,java1 !re is b little d\bt t :5 ! secret ( boil+ ! sug> juice to a gra9 0 discov]$ x became kn[n to all ( !m at once4 ,ab\t #aebj ! ,portuguese e/abli%$ trade relations ) ! natives & e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,dut* influ5ce began to make itself felt4 ,! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india company built =ts & set up trad+ /ations 9 ! coa/ t[ns2 at fir/ x acquir$ only small pieces ( l& 9 ,jakatra 7,batavia7 & x 0 "s "t be=e its hold+s 7 increas$4 ,f9ally ,jakatra 0 conqu]$ & ! ,dut* p[] 9 ,java firmly e/abli%$4 ,b little 0 done at ! outset to help ! sug> indu/ry1 z ! policy ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india company 0 to fo/] trade 9 ! products ( ! ,ea/ r ?an und]take to raise any ( ! commodities itself4 ,! sug>s t 7 s5t by x to ! "m c\ntry at ! beg9n+ ( its op]ations1 !re=e1 came f ,*9a1 ,=mosa1 ,siam & ,b5gal1 & no ,javan sug>s rea*$ ,holl& until aft] #afcg1 9 :i* ye> ! company decid$ to e/abli% sug> mills on its own l& ne> ,batavia4 ,x also p>cel$ out l& to ,*9ese sug> gr[]s & grant$ !m special concessions 9 consid]ation ( ! entire product ( ! l& be+ sold to ! company at an agre$ figure4 ,prices & t]ms *ang$ f ye> to ye>1 h[ev]1 & mu* confusion & dissatisfaction result$4 ,w>1 cane pe/s1 cattle diseases & labor tr\bles /ill fur!r complicat$ ! situation4 ,9 #afdh ! company's plantations produc$ #abd tons & 9 #afeb ! outturn 0 #gbc tons4 ,! increase 9 ,we/ ,indian production hurt ! ,javan factories & ! w> 9 ,bantam 9 #affj /opp$ developm5t4 ,9 #afeb1 tw5ty mills 7 runn+1 b 9 #affj half ( ! numb] _h clos$4 ,peace ) ,bantam 0 conclud$ 9 #afhd & matt]s !n began to improve4 ,by #agaj1 "o hundr$ & ?irty mills 7 9 op]ation & ! indu/ry 0 ext5d$ to ,bantam1 ,*]ibon & ,jap>a4 ,! policy ( ! company1 h[ev]1 0 to re/rict production s z to keep up prices1 & to ?is end x prohibit$ ! erection ( any new mills & limit$ ! output ( ^? t 7 runn+ to eighte5 tons p] annum ea*1 ?us fix+ a maximum total ( #bcdj tons4 ,?is am\nt 0 n realiz$1 h[ev]1 z ! numb] ( factories decreas$ until 9 #agde only sixty-five 7 9 op]ation 9 ! t]ritory ne> ,batavia4 ,! company !n decid$ to raise ! numb] to sev5ty1 & five ye>s lat] x add$ t5 m4 ,z ye>s w5t on ! numb] ( factories dim9i%$1 b _! capacity increas$1 & 9 #aggi fifty-five mills furni%$ #fagf tons ( sug> to ! company4 ,! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india company 0 dissolv$ 9 #agie & ! ,dut* int]e/s 9 ,java pass$ "u ! control ( ! ,batavian republic1#hf aft]w>d ! k+dom ( ,holl&1 :i* 0 br\ght "u ,fr5* rule :5 ,holl& fell into ! h&s ( ,napoleon4 ,9 #ahaa x 0 seiz$ by ,engl& & 0 f9ally re/or$ to ,holl& 9 #ahaf4 ,all ?is "t ! regulations gov]n+ ! sug> indu/ry 7 be+ con/antly *ang$4 ,! produc]s _h always be5 at logg]heads ) ! company1 = :ile !y 7 b\nd to deliv] _! entire output to ! company1 x did n consid] itself obligat$ to take deliv]y ( any def9ite am\nt4 ,?is left ! plant]s 9 a v unsatisfactory position1 z !y c\ld nev] look ahead ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,at l5g? a law 0 pass$ 9 #agig call+ ^u ! factories ne> ,batavia to produce #bhaj %ort tons ye>ly = ! gov]nm5t1 ) ! privilege to !m to dispose ( any sug>s made 9 excess ( ?is am\nt = _! own acc\nt4 ,a simil> law affect+ ! factories on ! nor? & ea/ coa/s 0 propos$4 ,9 ?is t]ritory !re 7 ?irty-"o factories 9 #agid ) a capacity ( #ajjj tons1 :i* quantity x 0 propos$ to increase to #bjjj tons = deliv]y to ! gov]nm5t & #ejj tons = sales = acc\nt ( ! produc]s4 ,9 fur!rance ( ?is plan1 ! mill own]s 7 to be grant$ tracts ( new cane l& & ! gov]nm5t 0 to make ca% advances up to #ej p] c5t ( ! e/imat$ value ( ! gr[+ crop4 ,^! propositions 7 nev] c>ri$ into effect1 & a production ( #ajjj tons p] annum rema9$ ! maximum = t section ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,batavia1 h[ev]1 ! measure 0 a success1 especially z ! gov]nm5t enc\rag$ ! manufactur]s by increas$ advances & by support+ prices4 ,! result 0 t dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! production grew1 b a %>p decl9e came 9 #ahaa-ac1 & 9 ! latt] ye> ! total production ( ,java fell to ab\t #fjj tons4 ,! causes 7 n h>d to f9d4 ,holl& 0 dom9at$ by ,france & sea traffic 0 block$ by ! ,briti%1 s t ,java _h to keep h] sug> 9 /orage at home4 ,nev]!less1 ! gov]nm5t cont9u$ to enc\rage ! production 9 ! hope ( an e>ly peace & s t ! indu/ry might n die out4 ,ea* ye>1 !re=e1 add$ to ! gov]nm5t's /ocks ( sug> until ! am\nt became burd5some = f9ancial reasons1 & ! traditional policy ( ! gov]nm5t 0 ab&on$4 ,manufactur]s 7 all[$ to dispose ( _! sug>s freely & )\t re/riction1 b un=tunately ! privilege 0 grant$ at a "t :5 x 0 impossible to sell & ! ,briti% occupation ( ,java did n m5d matt]s4 ,:5 ,java 0 re/or$ to ,holl& 9 #ahaf1 ! new gov]nm5t cont9u$ ! fre$om ( ! indu/ry1 b x _h receiv$ s sev]e a *eck t to revive x 0 a difficult matt]4 ,9 #ahbf ! output 0 #abbj tons1 & 9 ?is ye> ! au?orities r5ew$ ! sy/em ( mak+ advances & /imulat$ gr[? & manufacture1 s t 9 #ahcj ! production _h increas$ to #fgjj tons4 ,t same ye> a new gov]nor-g5]al1 van d5 ,bos*1 0 appo9t$4 ,he 0 entru/$ ) ! task ( mak+ ! isl& a produc] ( ! commodities requir$ by ! "m c\ntry & 0 giv5 a free h& z to ! means to be employ$ 9 accompli%+ 8 purpose4 ,! plan he put into effect 0 kn[n z ! 8,cultural ,sy/em0 & its pr9cipal features 7 z foll[s3 ,9 ! di/ricts adapt$ to sug> cultivation1 ! natives 7 to contribute "o-?ird ( _! arable l& to be plant$ 9 cane z requir$4 ,! natives 7 to till ! fields1 supply fuel & cattle = pl\gh+ & transportation1 & 9 consid]ation ( ?is !y 7 exempt$ f ! free s]vice due f !m by law to ! /ate4 ,paym5t = labor 0 to be made out ( ! proce$s ( ! crops aft] d$uct+ ! l& tax4 ,! cru%+ ( ! cane & its manufacture into sug> 0 done "u contract by private individuals :o 7 assi/$ by gov]nm5t money 9 ! build+ ( factories4 ,! contractors turn$ ov] ! sug> to ! gov]nm5t at a fix$ rate1 at ! same "t repay+ ! money advanc$ to !m4 ,at ! outset !re 0 next to no pr(it = ei!r ! gov]nm5t or ! produc]s1 9 fact ! fir/ few ye>s %[$ an actual loss1 s t x became a h>d matt] to induce anyone to und]take ! manufacture ( sug> on a contract basis4 ,?is l$ to a modification ( ! regulations & ! manufactur]s 7 p]mitt$ to sell a "p ( _! output on _! own acc\nt4 ,9 ?is way _! int]e/ 0 /imulat$ & !re 0 a *ange = ! bett]1 att5d$ by a pr(it bo? = ! produc] & ! /ate4 ,by #ahgj ! gov]nm5t1 recogniz+ t ! sug> indu/ry 0 e/abli%$ on a s\nd foot+1 decid$ to )draw f any p>ticipation 9 ! manufacture & a new set ( rules 0 =mulat$1 "u :i* ! gov]nm5t's direct connection ) ! indu/ry 0 conf9$ to ! gr[+ ( ! cane4 ,! gov]nm5t !n _h to dispose ( a portion ( ! l& & ! native labor at a j figure1 & :5 once ! cane crop 0 turn$ ov] to ! contractor he _h to take c>e ( any fur!r field "w1 toge!r ) ! h>ve/+ & transportation ( ! cane1 out ( 8 own funds )\t gov]nm5t help4 ,comm5c+ ) ! ye> #ahgi1 ! gov]nm5t 0 to r$uce its int]e/ 9 ! orig9al contract plantations "o-?irte5? annually1 s t gov]nm5t p>ticipation 9 bo? cultivation & manufacture ( sug> %\ld t]m9ate by #ahia4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ t ! manufactur]s c\ld make :atev] disposition ( _! output !y wi%$1 & 9 lieu ( r5t = ! l& !y plant$ to cane1 !y 7 to pay a fix$ price = ! cane1 & 9 addition a premium bas$ on ! yield ( ! ye>s #ahfd-fi4 ,on privately own$ plantations ! gov]nm5t exact$ a tax ( #aj4jj = e #a4gd acres4 ,?is tax on privately gr[n cane 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahhf 9 ord] to /imulate ! !n langui%+ indu/ry1 & ! premium on /ate plantations 0 cut d[n "o-half betwe5 #ahhg & #ahia1 ) ! proviso t ! paym5t ( ! o!r half %\ld be def]r$ until #ahib-if4 ,un=tunately = ! produc]s 9 ,java1 !re 0 a disa/r\s slump 9 sug> prices j ab\t ! "t ^! new measures 7 =mulat$4 ,! trem5d\s output ( beet sug> s5t ! price bel[ co/ 9 #ahhb-hd1 & besides ?is a /range disease1 call$ s]eh1 work$ havoc ) ! cane 9 ! fields & caus$ s]i\s loss4 ,?is disease made its appe>ance 9 we/]n ,java 9 #ahhd & spread rapidly1 affect+ ! production ev]y:]e4 ,aft] c>ry+ on a h>d b los+ fight = "s ye>s1 ! sug> m5 summon$ sci5ce to _! aid 9 ?is difficulty4 ,h4 ,c4 ,pr9s5 ,ge]ligs 0 call$ to ,java 9 #ahia & ?ree exp]im5tal /ations 7 e/abli%$ to fight ! s]eh4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! (ficials 9 *>ge ( ! exp]im5t /ations1 specim5s ( cane 7 br\ght f all p>ts ( ! cane-produc+ _w1 ! object be+ to f9d a cane t w\ld be z ri* 9 sug> z ! ,black ,*]ibon 7! mo/ popul> v>iety !n gr[n 9 ,java7 & yet able to )/& ! s]eh4 ,fre% heal?y cane 0 plant$ = se$ purposes 9 ! m\nta9s1 f> f ! disease-infect$ region1 & mu* c>e 0 tak5 9 ! way ( dis9fection & qu>ant9e precaution to prev5t ! s]eh f spread+ into ! sections t 7 free f x4 ,^! measures 7 accompani$ by exhau/ive sci5tific exp]im5t "w to f9d out ! cause & ! nature ( ! disease & h[ x c\ld be ov]come4 ,^! /ations n only accompli%$ ! purpose = :i* !y 7 built1 b !y 7 ( great b5efit to ! indu/ry 9 all ( its bran*es4 ,z a result1 plant+1 gr[+ & manufactur+ me?ods h be5 va/ly improv$1 *emical control ( factories has be5 introduc$ & economic sci5tific me?ods gov]n e dep>tm5t ( ! "w4 ,by ^! means1 support$ by ! addition ( fre% capital1 ! sug> indu/ry ( ,java 0 n only sav$ f ext9ction1 b 0 lift$ into a v prom95t _w's place1 & = ye>s pa/ ,java has furni%$ an example ( rem>kable effici5cy & l[ co/ ( production4 ,java's sug> plantations are situat$ 9 ! ea/]n & c5tral "p ( ! isl&4 ,! surface ( mu* ( ! we/]n end is brok5 & m\nta9\s1 lack+ un9t]rupt$ /ret*es ( level l& suitable = agriculture1 & pres5t+ ob/acles to transportation4 ,! great drawback1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! va/ pla9 ( ,krawang1 is climatic4 ,z has be5 said1 ! ideal climate = sug> cane is "o t comb9es abundant ra9 dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[? ) an un9t]rupt$ dry season to rip5 ! cane & admit ( its be+ readily h>ve/$ & transport$ to ! mill4 ,9 we/ ,java ^! conditions d n obta91 z ! wet & dry seasons are n %>ply def9$4 ,! pla9s along ! nor? c5tral coa/1 ea/ ( ! riv] ,tjimanoek1 betwe5 ! sea & ! foo?ills are1 ) ! exception ( a few op5 /ret*es1 devot$ to cane gr[+4 ,!re is also a consid]able area 9 cane s\? ( ! c5tral *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,9 ea/ ,java ! sug> e/ates are f\nd 9 ! wide valley ( ! riv] ,brantas1 on ! plateaus ( ! prov9ces ( ,madio5 & ,k$iri1 9 ! f]tile pla9s along ! nor? coa/ & 9 ! l[l&s bord]+ ^u ! ,bali /rait4 ,9 #aiab ,java _h #ahd sug> factories 9 op]ation1 divid$ among ! v>i\s resid5cies z foll[s3 ,,acreage ,,sug> ,,produc$ ,,resid5cy ,,factories ,,9 ,,cane ,,tons ,,( #bbdj ,,lbs4 ,*]ibon #ab #bb1cdf #he1gbh ,pekalongan #ae #bi1hdg #abd1cbb ,sam>ang #ab #bb1dij #ig1dfb ,banjoemas #e #ah1fdj #hb1adb ,k$oe #b ,djokjak>ta #ah #bg1ghe #abj1chd ,so]ak>ta #af #bd1abb #ig1gjf ,madio5 #f #ac1cgf #dg1dfc ,k$iri #bj #dh1jje #aie1bcb ,s\rabaya #ch #fe1fcc #bge1ibj ,paso]oean #bi #eg1fhd #aii1cij ,bezoeki #aa #af1gfc #eh1dic --- ------- --------- ,total #ahd #cdf1fia #a1chd1bdb ,:ile ^! figures %[ ! acreage actually "u cane1 ! total am\nt ( l& us$ 9 ! production ( ! crop is mu* great]4 ,x takes ov] twelve mon?s = ! cane to mature1 & z "s fields are be+ cut o!rs are be+ plant$4 ,! gr\nd requir$ = factory build+s1 dwell+s1 roads & o!r purposes connect$ ) ! indu/ry mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt1 & x has be5 e/imat$ t altoge!r #a1bjj1jjj acres are tribut>y to cane culture4 ,! annual plant+s cov] ab\t #cej1jjj acres & ! portion ( ! rema9d] t is n devot$ to roads1 build+s & s =? is s[n ) o!r crops or all[$ to lie fall[ = a "t4 ,! g5]al plan ( crop rotation on an av]age is3 ,fir/ ye> ,may-,octob]1 sug>-cane crop is cut4 0 ,octob]-,novemb]1 soya beans1 maize1 etc4 0 ,novemb]-,april1 rice4 ,second ye> ,april-,novemb]1 indigo1 tobacco1 beans1 fall[4 0 ,novemb]-,april1 rice4 ,?ird ye> ,april until ,may-,octob] ( ! f\r? ye>1 sug>-cane crop4 ,sometimes tapioca is plant$ in/ead ( rice imm$iately aft] ! cane crop is h>ve/$1 b cane inv>iably foll[s a rice crop4 ,! ,european plant] conf9es 8 op]ations to sug> cane1 & ! o!r products are rais$ by ! native f>m] exclusively by 8 own ef=ts & on 8 own acc\nt4 ,! t]ms "u :i* plantation l& is held 9 ,java diff] widely f ^? t gov]n 9 o!r cane-gr[+ c\ntries4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahgi1 :5 ! compulsory cultural plan 0 9 effect1 ! gov]nm5t det]m9$ :at l&s 7 to be plant$ 9 cane4 ,x compell$ ! natives to cultivate & h>ve/ ! crop1 b all[$ !m comp5sation = _! labor & ! use ( _! fields4 ,! wages ?us paid 7 ultimately acc\nt$ = :5 ! sug> 0 sold by ! gov]nm5t4 ,ea* di/rict1 or gr\p ( di/ricts1 deliv]$ ! cane product to ! mill agre$ ^u & ! gr9d+ 0 done "u a contract ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,:51 at a lat] p]iod1 ! sug> e/ates _h to produce _! own cane1 !y gradually took ov] ! l& on a r5tal basis & grew cane ^u x by paid native labor4 ,9 #ahgi1 :5 cultivation 0 free1 ! gov]nm5t factories _h #geca acres leas$ f ! natives1 9 addition to #fd1dgj acres ( cane t !y gr\nd "u contract ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,at ?is "t ! indep5d5t factories _h #af1hbd acres r5t$ & 7 gr[+ cane ^u x "u _! own managem5t & = _! own acc\nt4 ,dur+ ! gradual abolition ( ! cultural sy/em1 ! fields fir/ giv5 up by ! gov]nm5t 7 ^? situat$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! factories & ^? to :i* x 0 difficult to br+ wat] = irrigation4 ,x came ab\t naturally t :5 ! factories _h ! select+ ( ! l&s !y 7 to r5t1 !y pick$ out ! be/ 9 _! neighborhood = _! purposes4 ,9 ?is way an ex*ange ( ! till$ fields 0 effect$4 ,subsequ5tly1 e/ates 7 ext5d$ & new tracts ( l& occupi$1 b 9 increas+ ! acreage1 ea* factory 0 c>eful to conf9e its op]ations to its own di/rict & ?us avoid compet+ ) o!r factories 9 r5t+ new gr\nd4 ,! old-e/abli%$ factories already _h _! acreage1 & :5 ! compulsory cultivation plan 0 ab&on$1 !y mutually agre$ ^u ! t]ritory 9 :i* ea* factory %\ld r5t l& )\t int]f]5ce on ! "p ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,:5ev] a new plantation 0 e/abli%$1 its di/rict 0 cle>ly def9$1 s x w be se5 t "u ?is plan !re c\ld be no competitive bidd+ on l& r5ts4 ,!re h be5 in/ances ( newcom]s hav+ disreg>d$ ?is conv5tion1 b 9 e case !y h soon] or lat] ackn[l$g$ _! error1 & today !re is p]fect h>mony among ! factors z to ! t]ritory 9 :i* ea* int]e/ r5ts its l&4 ,9 ,java1 cane is almo/ always gr[n on l&s irrigat$ by ! same means t are employ$ 9 irrigat+ rice1 ! privilege ( us+ ^! works be+ includ$ 9 ! r5t ( ! l&4 ,"u ! compulsory rgime x 0 ! rule t 9 ! dry season irrigation wat] %\ld be utiliz$ = ! cane fields dur+ ! day & = native agriculture dur+ ! night1 & ?is regulation rema9$ effective aft] ! )drawal ( ! gov]nm5t f ! indu/ry4 ,z ! wat] supply 0 controll$ by private ent]prises1 x frequ5tly happ5$ t 9 a "t ( sc>city x 0 n imp>tially di/ribut$4 ,aft] #ahij1 :5 ! acreage ( ! cane plantations 0 be+ con/antly ext5d$1 ! au?orities f\nd !mselves oblig$ to prev5t encroa*m5t by ! cane gr[]s on ! l& requir$ to produce ! necessities ( life = ! natives1 & also to see to x t ! new ext5sions ( cane l& %\ld n be all[$ to appropriate an undue proportion ( ! available wat] to ! detrim5t ( bo? ! e/abli%$ plantations & ! native agriculture4 ,accord+ly1 9 #ahid1 legislation t\*+ ! r5t+ ( l& & ! use ( wat] 0 begun1 ! pr9cipal features be+ z foll[s3 ,all new sug> ent]prises1 or any addition to an exi/+ ent]prise1 to apply to ! director ( ! civil s]vice = 8 sanction ( ! und]tak+1 & ! applicant to decl>e ! maximum area ( l& to be plant$ ) cane ea* ye>1 z well z ! names ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* x is desir$ to r5t cane l&s4 ,! au?orities inve/igate conditions 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n ! propos$ increase w con=m to ! rules gov]n+ ! 8,lease "u contract ) ! native population40 ,!y are also c>eful to satisfy !mselves t ! grant+ ( ! reque/ w n produce unfair disp>ity betwe5 ! am\nt ( l& & wat] us$ = cane cultivation & t devot$ to ! rais+ ( foods = ! natives4 ,! p]mit to r5t ! necess>y am\nt ( gr\nd provides t1 :ile ! l5g? ( ! lease may v>y accord+ to conditions1 ! l& _c be held by ! sug> factory any long] ?an is necess>y to gr[ & h>ve/ "o crop ( cane4 ,?is takes betwe5 fifte5 & sev5te5 mon?s1 & ! l& mu/ be 9 ! h&s ( ! native f>m] directly be=e & aft] t p]iod4 ,leases to be valid mu/ be drawn up be=e a civil-s]vice (ficial & h 8 approval4 ,no p]mits = ! e/abli%m5t ( new factories or ! ext5sion ( exi/+ ent]prises w be issu$ = ! "t be+ 9 di/ricts :]e important *anges 9 ! irrigat+ sy/em1 ei!r new con/ruction or additions1 are contemplat$4 ,z a rule1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! natives are prohibit$ f r5t+ l&s t h be5 op5$ up to irrigation = ! fir/ "t is fix$ at five ye>s4 ,?is is done 9 ord] to af=d ! natives an opportunity to realize :at ! l& is wor? be=e leas+ x4 ,! am\nt ( wat] to be us$ 9 ! gr[+ ( rice & o!r crops z well z cane has also be5 cle>ly agre$ ^u & great c>e is tak5 to see t full ju/ice is done to all conc]n$4 ,z ! wat] br\ght by canal is n suffici5t to irrigate ! entire cane acreage1 ! gov]nm5t has all[$ ! factories to in/all a numb] ( l>ge pump+ plants by :i* wat] is rais$ f riv]s4 ,9 su* cases1 :5ev] ! factories h pump$ wat] en\gh = _! own requirem5ts1 !y are g5]ally will+ to op]ate ! pump free ( co/ to supply wat] to ! native f>m]4 ,9 ! pr9cipalities or semi-indep5d5t /ates ( ,java1 :]e ! native pr9ces h made grants ( l& to _! nobles z appanage1 ano!r r5tal sy/em prevails4 ,bo? pr9ces & nobles lease l>ge tracts ( l& = long p]iods to ,european agriculturi/s1 & su* leases include n only ! f]tile portion ) ! irrigation facilities & ! wat]1 b ! rocky1 b>r5 spaces z well4 ,"h ! t5ant has to make ! mo/ ( ! possibilities ( ! prop]ty & det]m9e :at "p ( x is be/ suit$ = cane culture & :at "p = o!r purposes4 ,besides ! two plans ( t5ure j describ$1 c]ta9 l&s are held "u absolute title or p]petual lease4 ,ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago l>ge tracts 7 sold outright at times1 ! title c>ry+ all ! seignioral rights1 & consequ5tly ! own]s are free to plant & irrigate )\t re/riction4 ,9 lat] ye>s ,european f>m]s 7 no long] p]mitt$ to pur*ase1 b mu* jungle l& 0 leas$ = sev5ty-five-ye> p]iods4 ,su* leases 7 made = ! mo/ "p 9 m\nta9\s or sp>sely settl$ t]ritory1 & z sug> culture ?rives be/ 9 ! l[ pla9s :]e labor is pl5tiful1 sug> has n be5 b5efit$ z mu* by ! long-t]m leases z h tea & c9*ona b>k4 ,/ill !re are sug> plantations t hold l& "u p]petual lease ) unre/rict$ rights & wat] = irrigation4 ,plantations situat$ 9 ! ?ickly populat$ l[l&s h no tr\ble 9 secur+ labor1 b x is ano!r matt] 9 di/ricts t h be5 newly op5$ up or on p]petual-lease hold+s :]e ! population is small4 ,9 ! la/ two cases labor mu/ be br\ght 9 f o!r di/ricts1 & sometimes !re is difficulty 9 do+ ?is1 especially dur+ ! rice h>ve/ or :5 l>ge public works are "u con/ruction4 ,h[ev]1 su* conditions are unusual1 &1 z comp>$ ) o!r sug>-produc+ c\ntries1 ,java is 9 a peculi>ly =tunate position ) respect to a /eady supply ( good labor at l[ co/4 ,all ( ! ardu\s "w is done by m51 b wom5 cut cane tops1 plant se$ & d wat]+ & we$+1 :ile *ildr5 are employ$ 9 de/roy+ insects & o!r light "w4 ,9 ,april or ,may1 z soon z ! rice crop has be5 cut1 ! field is prep>$ = plant+ sug> cane4 ,! soil is fir/ dra9$ ( its sup]flu\s moi/ure1 &1 if ! gr\nd be loose1 x is g5]ally pl\gh$ sev]al times4 ,heavy soils1 in/ead ( be+ pl\gh$1 are treat$ by ! ,reynoso me?od4 ,?is consi/s ( digg+ deep dit*es to c>ry (f ! subsoil wat] & to supply irrigation wat] lat] on4 ,! plot is !n divid$ by cross dit*es into pieces ab\t "o-six? ( an acre 9 size & f9ally ! furr[s = ! se$ are dug4 ,^! furr[s are g5]ally ?irty feet long1 f twelve to eighte5 in*es wide1 twelve or fifte5 in*es deep & f\r or five feet ap>t4 ,! e>? displac$ 9 digg+ is pil$ up betwe5 ! furr[s4 ,?us prep>$1 ! field is left expos$ to w9d & sun = ab\t six weeks & at ! end ( ?is p]iod ! heavy wet clods h crumbl$ into a gray or light-br[n p[d]4 ,dur+ ! dry+-out process ! grass has to be remov$ repeat$ly1 & 9 case ( ra91 ! soil t is wa%$ d[n into ! furr[s is ?r[n back ^u ! ridges to prev5t ! furr[s f silt+ up4 ,! h>d bottom ( ! furr[ is loos5$ or squ>e holes are dug 9 x & fill$ ) loose soil4 ,"p ( ! e>? on ! ridges is ?r[n into ! furr[ & ! field is !n ready = plant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,cane ,,affect$ ,,by ,,! ,,s]eh1 ,,java ,illu/ration3 ,,se$l+ ,,canes1 ,,java ,be=e ! outbreak ( ! s]eh1 se$ = new plantations 0 obta9$ exclusively f tops ( ripe cane1 b :5 ! disease became preval5t1 x 0 f\nd t cutt+s tak5 f s]eh-infect$ cane gave diseas$ yields1 :ile cutt+s f cane gr[n 9 di/ricts n affect$ by ! s]eh produc$ cane t did n suff] s greatly f ! disease4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tr\ble1 cutt+s f outside heal?y di/ricts 7 us$1 b z ! disease spread1 ! dem& = s\nd cutt+s increas$ :ile ! s\rces ( supply became few]4 ,f9ally1 plantations 7 e/abli%$ 9 remote di/ricts free f disease & !y 7 c>efully qu>ant9$4 ,"h se$l+s 7 gr[n f "y cane cut at full l5g?1 & 9 ?is way s\nd se$ 0 obta9able at all times4 ,=m]ly1 se$ 0 only to be _h 9 ! gr9d+ season1 :i* frequ5tly occasion$ delays 9 plant+4 ,! new plan n only enabl$ ! cane gr[]s to /amp out ! s]eh1 b ev5 aft] ! disease _h be5 practically eradicat$ x 0 cont9u$ because ( its manife/ advantages4 ,se$l+s us$ = plant+ are cut into l5g?s1 ea* hav+ ?ree eyes4 ,unheal?y /alks & any %[+ ! pres5ce ( insect pe/s or fungi are cull$1 :ile ! s\nd pieces are c>efully dis9fect$4 ,! se$ ?us prep>$ is plac$ horizontally 9 ! furr[s end-to-end & cov]$ ) e>?4 ,at fir/ wat] is appli$ at f\r- or five-day int]vals1 aft]w>d less frequ5tly1 until ! cane has atta9$ a consid]able height4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ra9y monsoon sets 9 & fur!r irrigation is n ne$$4 ,! /alks are bank$ sev]al times dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( gr[? & f]tiliz+ accompanies ! second & ?ird bank+4 ,until comp>atively rec5tly ! f]tiliz] consi/$ ( nitrog5\s sub/ances1 :ile pota% & phosphoric acid 7 consid]$ ( no value4 ,! fir/ inve/igations conc]n+ f]tiliz]s 7 made on ri* l&s t _h be5 irrigat$ ) riv] wat] :5 ! wet rice crop 0 be+ gr[n1 & ! wat] br\ght ) x suffici5t pota% & phosphates = ! ne$s ( ! cane4 ,9 su* cases x 0 %[n t add+ ^! sub/ances to ! soil 0 unnecess>y & t nitrog5 0 ! only elem5t t c\ld increase ! yield ( cane4 ,h5ce gr\ndnut cakes & sulphate ( ammonia 7 us$ almo/ entirely4 ,x has be5 prov$1 h[ev]1 by m ?or\gh /udy t mu* gr\nd is l[ 9 phosphates1 & ?is f]tiliz] has be5 add$ ) excell5t results4 ,z reg>ds pota%1 ! soil ( ,java seems to conta9 suffici5t = cane cultivation4 ,:5 ! cane leaves become suffici5tly ?ick to %ade ! gr\nd ! we$s die4 ,bor]s1 beetle l>vae & t]mites are caught dur+ ! e>ly gr[+ p]iod1 b all labor /ops ) ! la/ bank+ & ! adv5t ( ! wet monsoon4 ,:5 ! wet season is ov]1 ! cane is tra%$ & samples ( ! gr[+ cane are tak5 f ! fields & te/$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! factory to det]m9e ! degree ( rip5ess4 ,z soon z ! roads become dry en\gh to admit ( cane-lad5 c>ts pass+ ov] !m1 ! h>ve/+ ( ! ripe/ cane beg9s4 ,! cane is dug up by ! roots1 c>e be+ tak5 to leave z little z possible ( ! roots 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! roots & ! e>? adh]+ to !m are remov$1 toge!r ) ! leaves & tops1 & ! clean cane is load$ on c>s to be tak5 to ! mill4 ,=m]ly c>ts drawn by ox5 & buffaloes 7 us$ to transport ! cane to ! factory1 b ! crop has gr[n to su* proportions t cattle-drawn c>ts h _h to give way to ! rail4 ,today ne>ly e plantation has its own railroad ) p]man5t & portable tracks1 ov] :i* ! cane moves 9 c>s haul$ by cattle or locomotives4 ,hav+ be5 unload$ at ! mill1 ! cane is tak5 to ! cru%]s on c>ri]s4 ,?ree sets ( rolls are g5]ally us$ & wat] is spray$ on ! cane be=e ! la/ cru%+1 aft] :i* ! bagasse is f$ to ! furnaces z fuel4 ,! juice is /ra9$ to free x f fragm5ts ( cane & leaves1 !n milk ( lime is add$ & heat appli$4 ,! heavy impurities settle at ! bottom1 ! cle> juice is drawn (f & ! rema9+ juice is sep>at$ f ! =eign matt] 9 ! filt] presses4 ,ano!r me?od is to treat ! juice at a l[ temp]ature ) a l>ge admixture ( milk ( lime1 & aft]w>d ) c>bonic acid or sulphur\s acid until all ! lime is neutraliz$4 ,!n all ! juice is cl>ifi$ by filtration )\t ! settl+ op]ation4 ,next foll[ evaporation1 refilt]+1 boil+ to gra9 & sep>ation ( ! cry/als f ! "m liquor 9 c5trifugal ma*9es4 ,9 #aijc ! ,java manufactur]s began to make a bid = ! ,briti% ,indian trade4 ,aft] "s exp]im5t+ !y succe$$ 9 produc+ an almo/-:ite raw sug>1 :i* at once f\nd favor 9 ,india1 :]e sug> ref9$ by ! bone-*> process 0 object$ to = religi\s reasons4 ,/ati/ics compil$ = ! ye> #aiab %[ t ?is s-call$ 8,java :ite0 repres5t$ #ci4b p] c5t ( ! entire output2 #bf4b p] c5t 0 muscavado1 #bi4i p] c5t ,european assortm5t & #d4g p] c5t second sug>s4 ,java1 ) h] population ( m ?an ?irty millions1 pres5ts altoge!r diff]5t conditions to ! sug> gr[] ?an o!r cane-produc+ c\ntries4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! agricultural area is ne$$ = crops ( food to n\ri% ! inhabitants4 ,! l& available = sug> cane is r5t$ at an equitable figure &1 z has be5 said1 !re is always an ample supply ( *eap & readily obta9able labor4 ,! aim ( ! ,javan plant] is to produce cane c>ry+ a high sug> cont5t & to get z great a yield z possible4 ,to ?is end1 unceas+ att5tion is paid to cultivation1 f]tiliz+ & ! g5]al well-be+ ( ! crop2 9 o!r words1 ! soil is work$ = all !re is 9 x4 ,:ile ! sci5ti/s ( ! c\ntry are absorb$ 9 ! task ( produc+ ?r\gh cross-culture new species ( cane t w give a heavi] yield p] acre ) a high] sug> cont5t & great] purity1 ! agriculturi/s are op5+ up ext5sive fre% tracts ( rice & cane l&4 ,new irrigation projects play an important "p 9 ?is developm5t & ev]y?+ po9ts to a /eady gr[? ( ! indu/ry4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! annual output s9ce #ahdj 9 tons ( #bbdj p\nds3 #ahdj #df1bif #ahda #de1agf #ahdb #ej1cbj #ahdc #ee1edd #ahdd #fb1dai #ahde #hi1ebf #ahdf #hf1bfc #ahdg #ha1dca #ahdh #hh1eab #ahdi #ajc1dde #ahej #he1aec #ahea #aah1ddc #aheb #gd1hjf #ahec #aji1ifa #ahed #aaj1cbc #ahee #ajb1cba #ahef #abc1abd #aheg #ajd1dgi #aheh #acj1gbe #ahei #aca1ega #ahfj #acd1jja #ahfa #acd1gbf #ahfb #adb1gee #ahfc #abi1gaf #ahfd #ach1jji #ahfe #ace1gad #ahff #adj1jdb #ahfg #acj1idg #ahfh #age1ifj #ahfi #agi1egi #ahgj #aej1ahd #ahga #ahg1hea #ahgb #bje1iib #ahgc #aie1ibd #ahgd #aih1cah #ahge #aij1egf #ahgf #bcd1aaa #ahgg #bda1icj #ahgh #bba1adj #ahgi #bbi1faf #ahhj #bab1gfc #ahha #bgd1gif #ahhb #bhg1cib #ahhc #cai1egd #ahhd #chh1jai #ahhe #cgd1jda #ahhf #cej1cig #ahhg #cfi1hdg #ahhh #cdi1gai #ahhi #cbg1gce #ahij #cic1fhj #ahia #djj1cgb #ahib #dae1ccb #ahic #dgb1jhb #ahid #ebb1egd #ahie #egb1cha #ahif #ebe1idg #ahig #egg1jcf #ahih #gac1ege #ahii #gej1djj #aijj #gcb1dih #aija #gia1jdf #aijb #hhb1iff #aijc #ibi1hhj #aijd #a1jch1cgc #aije #a1jbb1gei #aijf #a1jej1ibf #aijg #a1aia1jjg #aijh #a1bbb1bfb #aiji #a1bbg1eec #aiaj #a1beh1bbb #aiaa #a1ddc1cig #aiab #a1cca1ahj #aiac #a1cde1bcj #aiad #a1cjc1jde #aiae #a1bfd1jjj #aiaf #a1ejj1jjjhg ,,au/ralia ,! isl&-cont95t ( ,au/ralia lies s\? ( ,asia1 betwe5 ! ,indian & ,pacific oceans1 & x ext5ds f #aj degrees #da m9utes to #ci degrees #h m9utes s\? latitude & f #aac degrees to #aec degrees #cj m9utes ea/ longitude4 ,its area is #b1igd1eha squ>e miles & ! population1 n includ+ aborig9es1 is #d1dee1jje1 ma9ly ( ,briti% orig94 ,dut* & ,spani% explor]s visit$ ,au/ralia 9 #afjf4 ,on ,april #ai1 #aggj1 its ea/]n coa/ 0 fir/ sight$ by ,cook1 :o1 n9e days lat]1 dropp$ an*or 9 ,botany bay4 ,sail+ nor?1 he t\*$ at sev]al po9ts1 & aft] hav+ complet$ a survey ( ! ea/ coa/1 he took possession ( ! t]ritory betwe5 #ch degrees s\? & #aj degrees #cj m9utes s\?4 ,he rea*$ ,au/ralia aga9 9 #aggb & 9 #aggg he l&$ on ! coa/s ( ,tasmania & ,new ,zeal&4 ,! fir/ settlem5t 0 e/abli%$ at ,port ,jackson 9 #aghh & gold 0 discov]$ 9 #ahea4 ,! commonweal? ( ,au/ralia comprises ! foll[+ political divisions3 ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,z ov] #ij p] c5t ( ,au/ralia's sug> crop comes f ,que5sl&1 ?is article w deal ) ! gr[? & condition ( ! indu/ry 9 t /ate only4 ,que5sl& has an area ( #ffh1dig squ>e miles1 ( :i* #ibj1jaj acres 7 "u cultivation 9 #aiac2 ( ?is1 #adg1gdc acres 7 plant$ ) sug> cane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,cane1 ,,m>oo*y ,,riv]1 ,,s\? ,,que5sl& ,illu/ration3 ,,c>t+ ,,cane ,,to ,,mill1 ,,+ham ,,di/rict1 ,,nor? ,,que5sl& ,ab\t "o-half ( ,que5sl& lies 9 ! tropics & ! rema9+ area /ret*es s\?w>d to ! tw5ty-n9? p>allel4 ,! temp]ature is affect$ 9 a m>k$ degree by ! breezes t bl[ /eadily f ! sea & mod]ate :at o!rwise w\ld be excessive heat4 ,x is w>m] along ! coa/ ?an 9 ! upl&s ( ! int]ior1 & 9 ! nor!rn "p ! heat is v try+ to p :o h come f temp]ate climes4 ,at ,rockhampton ! w9t] temp]ature av]ages #fe degrees ,fahr5heit1 & 9 summ] ! mean is ne>ly #he degrees4 ,! annual ra9fall on ! seacoa/ is l>ge1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor?1 :]e x ranges betwe5 #fj & #gj in*es4 ,at ,brisbane x is ab\t #dg in*es1 :ile a l>ge "p ( ! int]ior receives f #bj to #cj in*es1 b x falls bel[ #bj in*es 9 ! we/ & s\?4 ,!re are no active volcanoes 9 ,au/ralia & no viol5t e>?quakes h occurr$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! sug> plantations ( ,que5sl& are f\nd 9 a /rip ( t]ritory runn+ along ! ea/]n coa/ betwe5 ! sixte5? p>allel & ! s\!rn bord]4 ,?is /ret* ( l& has be5 divid$ into ?ree di/ricts1 ! s\!rn1 ! c5tral & ! nor!rn1 ! la/ be+ ! mo/ important1 z x furni%es ov] #fj p] c5t ( ! total sug> production ( ! /ate4 ,! cane l&s are ( two k9ds--scrub l& & =e/ l&4 ,! scrub l&s may be divid$ into two classes1 true scrub & ba/>d scrub1 ! =m] be+ *>act]iz$ by a d5se1 almo/ imp5etrable v9e gr[? & timb] ( s(t wood4 ,9 ! ba/>d scrub !re are bo? h>d & s(t woods1 ! =m] pr$om9at+1 & v little v9e gr[? is met )4 ,! soil ( true scrub l&s is ( two k9ds1 alluvial & volcanic4 ,! alluvial soil is compos$ ( clay1 f9e s&1 gravel & vegetable & m9]al matt] br\ght f ! high levels by wat] action4 ,! soil ( =e/ l&s is div]sifi$ &1 = sug>-cane culture1 8blady grass$0 bloodwood c\ntry ) a por\s subsoil is select$4 ,"h ! yield ( cane p] acre is n s heavy z on scrub l&s1 b ! sug> cont5t ( ! juice is great]4 ,! gr[? ( sug> cane & ! manufacture ( sug> 9 ,au/ralia date back to #ahbc1 b no sub/antial progress 0 made = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! fir/ cane to be rais$ 9 ,que5sl& 0 gr[n 9 ! botanic g>d5s 9 ,brisbane 9 #ahdg & sug> 0 fir/ manufactur$ 9 t /ate 9 #ahfb4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,capta9 ,l\is ,hope _h tw5ty acres 9 cane on a plantation ne> ,brisbane & to him is due ! cr$it ( e/abli%+ ! sug> indu/ry 9 ,que5sl&4 ,9 #ahfg !re 7 ne>ly #bjjj acres 9 cane & six mills 9 op]ation1 :ile ! next ye> saw #ejjj acres plant$1 ) tw5ty-eight mills at "w4 ,! indu/ry grew & ?rove until #ahge1 :5 ! cane crop 0 almo/ completely de/roy$ by a disease kn[n z 8ru/10 :i* 0 really due to imp]fect cultivation1 lack ( prop] dra9age & ! s(t v>iety ( ! cane4 ,z ov] #fj p] c5t ( ! e/ates 7 be+ op]at$ ) borr[$ capital1 ! plant]s f\nd !mselves 9 s]i\s f9ancial tr\ble & _m mortgages 7 =eclos$4 ,up to ?is "t ,b\rbon cane 0 ! v>iety g5]ally gr[n1 & :5 ! disease wr\ght su* havoc ) ! crop1 x 0 notic$ t ! ,rappoe cane did n suff] f ru/4 ,! h>d9ess ( ?is v>iety enc\rag$ ! gr[]s to sub/itute x & o!r /urdy species ( cane = ! ,b\rbon4 ,! *ange prov$ entirely successful & ! plant]s enjoy$ good times once m4 ,! sug> indu/ry ( ,que5sl& 0 c>ri$ on at ! outset "u ! plantation sy/em1 t is to say1 ! plant]1 besides gr[+ ! cane1 own$ ! mill & manufactur$ ! sug>4 ,?is me?od work$ v well until #ahhd1 :5 a p]iod ( extreme depression came 9 ! wake ( ! great boom t began 9 #ahgi4 ,9 #ahhe ! indu/ry appe>$ to be 9 dang] ( ext9ction1 &1 z a rem$ial measure1 ! legislative assembly vot$ #ej1jjj = ! e/abli%+ ( c5tral factories4 ,two mills 7 op]at$ on ! new plan z an exp]im5t ) su* m>k$ success t an act 0 pass$ 9 #ahic to fo/] ! developm5t ( ! c5tral-factory sy/em4 ,! act enabl$ a numb] ( plant]s to =m a co-op]ative company = ! purpose ( build+ & equipp+ a c5tral mill4 ,! necess>y funds 7 obta9$ f ! gov]nm5t1 ! cane l&s be+ pl$g$ z security = ! loan1 & ! mills erect$ by ?is means became ! prop]ty ( ! companies ^u ! paym5t ( ! loan4 ,! l>ge e/ates 7 gradually cut up into tracts ( f fifty to "o hundr$ acres ea* & 7 leas$ or sold on reasonable t]ms2 9 ?is way ! l& 0 settl$ by a l>ge numb] ( f>m]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isis ,,c5tral ,,mill1 ,,*ild]s1 ,,s\? ,,que5sl& ,illu/ration3 ,,cane ,,unload]1 ,,mulgrave ,,c5tral ,,sug> ,,mill1 ,,cairns ,,di/rict1 ,,nor? ,,que5sl& ,nev]!less1 !re 0 grave dang] t ! b5efit accompli%$ by ?is new law w\ld be m ?an (fset by ! 8:ite labor0 agitation4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! labor p>ty is v /rong 9 ,au/ralia1 & probably no o!r bran* ( agriculture 9 t c\ntry has be5 s beset ) labor tr\bles z ! sug> indu/ry4 ,= ne>ly ?irty ye>s ! supply ( labor]s = ! cane fields 0 drawn f ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s & ,india1 pr9cipally ! =m]4 ,! :ite labor]s 7 l\d & insi/5t 9 _! prote/s aga9/ ! employm5t ( ,kanakas1 z ! isl&]s 7 call$1 & f9ally1 aft] ! =mation ( ! commonweal? 9 #aijj1 an act exclud+ color$ labor entirely & provid+ = ! deportation ( ! ,kanakas to _! homes 0 pass$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,to af=d ! plant] relief = ! h>d%ip work$ ^u him by ?is measure by reason ( ! high wages !y _h to pay 9 ord] to secure :ite labor]s1 a duty 0 plac$ ^u =eign sug>4 ,a b\nty ^u sug> produc$ by :ite labor 0 also provid$ =1 b ?is1 toge!r ) ! excise tax on sug>1 0 aboli%$ 9 #aiac4 ,today ! indu/ry is protect$ by a cu/oms t>iff ( "o & ?ree-t5? c5ts p] p\nd4 ,:5 cane is to be plant$ 9 new gr\nd1 ! scrub1 /umps & logs are fir/ cle>$ away & ! field is !n ready = ! se$4 ,holes are made ) a mattock at regul> int]vals1 ! se$ cane is plac$ !re91 cov]$ ) e>? & left to gr[4 ,! gr\nd is ho$ f "t to "t to keep ! we$s "u control1 b ! "y cane does n require mu* att5tion aft] ! fir/ five or six mon?s4 ,on cle>$ l&1 pl\gh+ is done two1 ?ree or f\r times1 aft] :i* ! surface is h>r[$1 roll$ & plant$4 ,?ree or f\r we$+s are necess>y dur+ ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,f ,mackay nor?w>d plant+ is done betwe5 ,febru>y & ,octob]1 b 9 c]ta9 l[-ly+ di/ricts 9 ! nor? ,may1 ,june & ,july are n consid]$ good mon?s = plant+ on acc\nt ( ! possibility ( fro/s4 ,! cane rip5s 9 f twelve to eighte5 mon?s4 ,9 ! region s\? ( ! tropic l9e1 plant+ is done e>ly1 al?\gh mu* cane is set out 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,! cane :5 cut is transport$ to ! mills by n>r[-gauge railroads1 "s ( ^! l9es be+ portable4 ,9 ! nor? cru%+ beg9s 9 ,june & ends 9 ,decemb]1 :ile 9 ! s\? ! great] "p ( x is done f ,augu/ to ,decemb]4 ,f two to f\r crops ( ratoons are rais$1 b usually n m ?an ?ree1 ! l& ly+ fall[ = "o season4 ,f]tiliz+ is n g5]ally practic$1 al?\gh "s gr[]s make use ( legumes or dry manures z enri*]s4 ,! =m] consi/ ( ! ,mauritius bean1 ! c[-pea & vet*es1 :i* are pl\gh$ into ! l& aft] !y h atta9$ a c]ta9 gr[?4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! ra9fall is s ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 ! sug>-gr[+ di/ricts t irrigation is n ne$$4 ,/ill1 !re are places :]e x has be5 f\nd necess>y to irrigate freely1 ow+ to ! am\nt ( ra9 be+ insuffici5t = ! crop ne$s4 ,9 su* cases1 :]ev] practicable1 wat] is obta9$ by damm+ riv]s & /reams & is di/ribut$ ov] ! cane fields ?r\gh dit*es by gravity4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! topography ( ! c\ntry does n admit ( ?is be+ done1 pump+ is resort$ to & l>ge /ations h be5 e/abli%$ = ?is purpose4 ,! yield ( sug> p] acre s9ce #ahid has be5 #a4fhh tons & ! am\nt ( sug> extract$ s9ce #aijd av]ag$ #aj4ie p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cane4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t ma9ta9s an exp]im5t /ation at ,mackay & exp]im5t f>ms h be5 laid out 9 ! important sug> c5t]s4 ,! value ( ! "w done at ?is /ation _c be too highly e/imat$4 ,! sci5ti/s 9 *>ge are con/antly on ! look\t = new v>ieties ( cane & are on ! al]t to fight diseases & pe/s4 ,! *ief enemies ( ! cane 9 ,que5sl& are cane grub1 fungus pe/1 fro/s & floods4 ,today ,que5sl& has =ty-eight sug> mills & two ref9]ies4 ,?irte5 ( ! mills are c5trals & f\r ( ^! are "u /ate control4 ,additional factories are "u con/ruction4 ,mo/ ( ^! plants are equipp$ ) ?ree sets ( roll]s & mod]n ma*9]y1 ! capacity rang+ f #gj to #ifj tons ( cane p] day4 ,! annual production ( sug> 9 ,que5sl& s9ce #ahid 9 long tons has be5 z foll[s3 #ahid-ie #ia1gab #ahie-if #hf1bee #ahif-ig #aji1ggd #ahig-ih #ig1iaf #ahih-ii #afc1gcd #ahii-jj #abc1bhi #aijj-ja #ib1eed #aija-jb #abj1heh #aijb-jc #gg1hce #aijc-jd #hi1hfb #aijd-je #ade1jbj #aije-jf #aeb1bei #aijf-jg #ahb1ahh #aijg-jh #ahe1jfc #aijh-ji #aej1djj #aiji-aj #acb1haf #aiaj-aa #bjg1cdj #aiaa-ab #agf1jgf #aiab-ac #aac1jfj #aiac-ad #bee1jjj #aiad-ae #bdf1djh #aiae-af #aej1jjj #aiaf-ag #bjj1jjjhh ,,mauritius ,great ,brita9's isl& colony1 ,mauritius1 lies 9 ! ,indian ocean betwe5 #eg degrees #ah m9utes ea/ & #eg degrees #di m9utes ea/1 & #ai degrees #eh m9utes & #bj degrees #cb m9utes s\?1 #eej miles f ,madagasc>4 ,irregul> 9 %ape1 x ext5ds #cf miles f nor?-nor!a/ to s\?-s\?we/1 & its greate/ wid? is #bc miles4 ,its area is #gaj squ>e miles4 ,mauritius is ( volcanic orig91 al?\gh signs ( volcanic activity no long] exi/4 ,x is encircl$ by a coral reef :i* is subm]g$ at high tide4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! isl& is a tablel& t rises f #ejj to #bgjj feet above sea-level & occupies m ?an half ( ! total surface4 ,9 ! nor? & nor!a/]n coa/ regions !re are ext5sive l[ pla9s1 b ! re/ ( ! coa/ t]ritory is m or less brok5 by hills4 ,! regi/r>-g5]al's report = #aijh gives ! population z #cgd1dej4 ,! climate is agreeable dur+ ! cool season1 b oppressively hot 9 summ]1 :i* beg9s 9 ,decemb] & ends 9 ,m>*4 ,! temp]ature falls f ,april to ,june & rises aga9 f ,june to ,decemb]4 ,9 ! elevat$ inl& pla9s ( ! int]ior ! !rmomet] ranges f #gj to #hj degrees ,fahr5heit 9 summ]1 & 9 ,port ,l\is & ! coa/ region x runs f #ij to #if degrees dur+ t season4 ,! av]age temp]ature at ,port ,l\is is #gh4f degrees ,fahr5heit ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! ra9fall v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts1 b an av]age ( t5 ye>s 7#ahic-aijb7 gave #gi in*es = ! entire isl&4 ,cyclones are frequ5t & g5]ally occur betwe5 ,decemb] & ,april4 ,! soil consi/s *iefly ( a v light clay =mation1 easily p5etrat$ by wat]4 ,9 "s localities ! clay is deep & ev5ly deposit$1 :ile 9 o!rs _m l>ge pieces ( lava are f\nd 9 x1 s t pl\gh+ is impossible4 ,mauritius 0 discov]$ by ! ,portuguese 9 #aeje4 ,f #aeih to #agaj x 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,dut*1 & 9 #agae x 0 tak5 by ,france1 f :om x 0 wre/$ by ! ,briti% 9 #ahaj4 ,! ,dut* br\ght sug> cane f ,java to ,mauritius 9 #afej1 b _! ef=ts at cultivation 7 n successful4 ,:5 9 #agda de la ,b\rdonnais 0 appo9t$ adm9i/rator ( ,mauritius1 or1 z x 0 !n call$1 l',ile de ,france1 x 0 a cr[n colony "u ! control ( ! ,fr5* ,ea/ ,india company4 ,! isl& 0 )\t agriculture or comm]ce & ! inhabitants 7 sunk 9 indol5ce4 ,! g5ius ( ! new executive br\ght ord] out ( *aos1 & 8 example & assi/ance ar\s$ ! p f _! le?>gy4 ,sug> cane 0 aga9 import$ 9 #agdg & 9 #agej a sug> e/ate 0 e/abli%$ at ,pamplem\sses 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! isl& by de la ,villebague1 ! gov]nor's bro!r4 ,! indu/ry exp&$ & 0 c>ri$ on ) pr(it4 ,9 #agfi an exp]im5t /ation 0 e/abli%$ ) a view to furni%+ plant]s ) ! k ( :i* !y 7 s sorely 9 ne$4 ,agricultural developm5t1 h[ev]1 0 n c>ri$ =w>d to any great ext5t :ile ,mauritius rema9$ "u ,fr5* rule4 ,/ate int]f]5ce ) ! plant]s _h an un=tunate effect1 & besides ?is ! great] numb] ( ! inhabitants look$ ^u ! colony n z a p]man5t home1 b z a means to acquire suffici5t money to enable !m to return to ,france & live !re 9 com=t4 ,! au?orities deem$ x ess5tial t ! colony %\ld produce ! great] "p ( its food/uffs1 :ile ! plant] on 8 side 0 anxi\s to gr[ crops t he believ$ w\ld give him ! be/ results 9 money2 = example1 sug>1 cotton1 c(fee1 indigo & spices4 ,9 #aggf !re 7 ?ree small sug> factories on ! isl&1 & 9 #aghi ! production ( sug> 0 #cjj tons4 ,disa/] ov]took ! indu/ry1 ow+ to conditions t made ! co/ ( ! mills abnormally great & ! extravagance ) :i* !y 7 op]at$4 ,9 consequ5ce _m ( ^? :o built factories 7 ru9$4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,briti% occupation !re 0 a *ange = ! bett]4 ,9 #ahaf ! production ( sug> 0 #ddcj tons1 & f t "t =w>d ! indu/ry made cont9u\s & /eady progress4 ,! plant]s 7 enc\rag$ &1 z f> z c\ld be1 help$ 9 _! op]ations1 :ile ! policy ( ! gov]nm5t develop$ ! colony's res\rces & e/abli%$ = x trade relations on a firm basis ) o!r c\ntries4 ,! me?od ( extraction ( sug> f ! cane employ$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury 0 primitive inde$4 ,! app>atus consi/$ ( a solid1 heavy table made ( ?ick planks c>efully f9i%$ & hav+ a p]fectly smoo? top4 ,x 0 made 9 ! %ape ( a p>allelogram1 ) a groove or gutt] on ea* ( its f\r sides & an op5+ 9 ! middle ( ea* end gutt]4 ,^u ?is table 0 a huge1 heavy cyl9d] ( h>d wood1 slightly long] ?an ! wid? ( ! table4 ,?ree1 f\r1 or five /alks ( cane 7 plac$ l5g?wise on ! table & submitt$ to pressure by roll+ ! cyl9d] ov] !m f "o end to ! o!r & back aga94 ,! juice ?us express$ f ! cane ran into ! gutt]s at ! sides & ends & ?r\gh ! holes into two tubs plac$ to receive x4 ,! cane /alks 7 !n remov$1 put 9 ! sun to dry & aft]w>d us$ z fuel 9 ! boil+ ( ! sug> juice4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ until a suffici5t quantity ( juice 0 obta9$4 ,f ! tubs1 or 8bacs10 ! juice 0 run ?r\gh a s]ies ( kettles1 or op5-fire caldrons1 = conc5tration4 ,! kettle next 9 position to ! bac into :i* ! juice f ! table fell 0 call$ la gr&e1 because x 0 really ! l>ge/ ( ! set4 ,x 0 f>!/ f ! fire & s]v$ z a defecator4 ,z soon z ! juice conta9$ 9 x became heat$1 a ?ick1 creamy sub/ance =m$ on ! surface & 0 imm$iately skimm$ (f4 ,! liquor 0 !n ladl$ into ! second kettle1 :]e ! boil+ became m lively on acc\nt ( clos] proximity to ! furnace4 ,! juice bubbl$ up 9 foam & at ?is po9t ! cleans+ process began4 ,a long1 flat piece ( wood 0 pass$ sl[ly ov] ! surface ( ! liquor1 ?us remov+ c]ta9 impurities4 ,"h ! mixture ( lime begun 9 la gr&e 0 cont9u$ until ! liquor 0 f\nd to be p]fectly cle>4 ,pass+ to ! ?ird kettle1 ! liquor 0 r$uc$ to syrup by ! increas$ heat4 ,x 0 conc5trat$ 9 ! f\r? & boil$ to gra9 9 ! fif?4 ,directly "u ! fif? & la/ kettle ( ! set 0 ! furnace1 :i* 0 f$ by bagasse & cane tra%4 ,! boil+ process f9i%$1 ! sug> 0 remov$ f kettle numb] five & plac$ on tables1 :]e x rema9$ until x _h to be tak5 to l>g] tables f>!r on to make room = a fre% bat*4 ,!re x /ood ) o!r boil+s until ! foll[+ morn+4 ,!n ! cry/alliz$ mass 0 %ovel$ into pots & c>ri$ to l>ge b9s con/ruct$ s t ! liquor1 or syrup1 c\ld dra9 (f4 ,?is usually took f fifte5 to tw5ty days1 aft] :i* "t ! sug> 0 dug out by pick & %ovel1 put into baskets & tak5 to be spread out 9 ! sun to dry4 ,aft] two to ?ree h\rs ( ?is dry+1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! sun's rays1 ! sug> 0 pack$ 9 a d\ble sack conta9+ ab\t #ace p\nds4 ,by su* means little m ?an "o-?ird ( ! sug> 9 ! cane c\ld h be5 recov]$1 & ! product obta9$ 0 heavy & d>k 9 color4 ,f #ahaf to #ahde a *ange 0 gradually made f ! clumsy app>atus j describ$ to ?ree-roll] v]tical mills1 & f w9d- & wat]-driv5 mills to /eam p[]1 ?us increas+ ! extraction4 ,no p]ceptible improvem5t 0 effect$ 9 field me?ods dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 #aheb a numb] ( vacuum pans & c5trifugal ma*9es 7 9 use4 ,"s eight or t5 ye>s lat] ! ef=ts made to combat ! diseases ( ! cane began to be> fruit & ! plant]s ( ! coa/ & inl& e/ates />t$ to ex*ange cane tops4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( #ahff to #ahge s+le cru%+ 0 almo/ univ]sal4 ,a few factories us$ d\ble cru%+ ) mac]ation1 b ! mills 7 n p[]ful4 ,m>k$ progress 0 made 9 ! *emical treatm5t ( ! juice4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ! plant]s began to appreciate ! vital importance ( *emical control 9 _! factories & sci5tific pr9ciples 7 appli$ to ! culture ( ! cane4 ,up to #ahce ! labor 9 ! fields _h be5 done by ,african negro slaves4 ,! emancipation ( ^! slaves 0 decl>$ on ,febru>y #a/ ( t ye>1 & _! f9al lib]ation took place 9 ,m>*1 #ahci4 ,9 anticipation ( ?is1 ! au?orities _h arrang$ five ye>s previ\sly = ! br++ 9 ( a numb] ( immigrants f ,india1 & f t "t d[n to ! pres5t virtually all ! labor requir$ 9 ! cane fields has be5 drawn f ,india4 ,9 #ahcd ! immigrants f ,india numb]$ #ge & 9 #aijh ! ,h9du population 0 #bfc1dai4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 connection ) ! gr[? ( ! sug> indu/ry ( ,mauritius 0 ! =mation ( ! ,*amb] ( ,agriculture 9 #ahec4 ,?is body fo/]$ mutual co-op]ation & int]*ange ( ideas among ! plant]s4 ,x ex]cis$ its influ5ce 9 br++ ab\t legislation affect+ agricultural & indu/rial que/ions & ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( ! colony4 ,! ,/ation ,agronomique1 in/itut$ 9 #ahic1 & ! ,bact]iological ,/ation 9 #aijh1 came into be+ z a result ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,*amb] ( ,agriculture1 to :i* cr$it is also due = ! ext5sion ( ! cane-rais+ area to its pres5t proportions4 ,dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! isl& ( ,mauritius has suff]$ f a s]ies ( disa/]s--epidemics ( *ol]a1 smallpox & bubonic plague1 hurricanes & dr\ghts4 ,9 #ahib a hurricane ( extraord9>y viol5ce s[$ frightful deva/ation1 de/roy+ cane1 wreck+ h\ses & kill+ numb]s ( p4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ne>ly all ! draft animals 7 c>ri$ (f by surra1 a deadly cattle disease1 :i* made its appe>ance j z ! l>ge/ crop on record 0 ab\t to be h>ve/$4 ,9 addition to ! direct loss ( horses1 mules & cattle1 ! difficulties ( transportation delay$ ! "w ( ga!r+ & cru%+ ! cane long aft] its maximum ri*ness _h be5 rea*$4 ,! yield = ! #aijc crop 0 ?us appreciably r$uc$1 & ! gr[+ p]iod = ! crop ( ! foll[+ ye> greatly curtail$4 ,! %ortage 9 #aijc has be5 plac$ at #aa1jjj tons1 :ile t = #aijd am\nt$ to #bc1jjj tons4 ,^! losses caus$ su* di/ress t x became necess>y to invoke /ate aid1 :i* 0 provid$ by ! ,me*anical ,transport loan ( #aijc4 ,all agricultural c5t]s are subject to crises m or less s]i\s 9 "*1 &1 z has j be5 %[n1 ,mauritius is no exception to ! rule4 ,depressions result+ f crop %ortages1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! g5]al tr\bles t h s]i\sly m5ac$ ! cane-sug> indu/ry dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 almo/ all ( :i* are attributable to ! competition ( ! beet4 ,ov] sixty ye>s ago ! ,mauritian plant]s began to feel appreh5sive conc]n+ ! future ( _! sug> trade1 ow+ to ! rivalry ( beet-root sug>s 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe1 & betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj ! prospects 7 inde$ gloomy4 ,:at *ance _h ! cane-sug>-gr[+ dep5d5cies ( ,great ,brita9 aga9/ b\nty-f$ beet sug>s rais$ on ! cont95t8 ,if ! increas$ production _h tak5 place 9 ! cane indu/ry1 ! di/urbance 9 trade conditions w\ld h be5 gradually ov]come by a process ( natural adju/m5t4 ,b un=tunately = ! cane plant]s1 ! enorm\s ext5sion ( sug>-rais+ possibilities by new means 9 t]ritory n hi!rto available f\nd !m totally unprep>$ to cope successfully ) ?is new competition4 ,9 #ahhe ! ,*amb] ( ,agriculture in/itut$ an inquiry into ! causes t _h br\ght ! cane trade to su* a critical /ate4 ,! att5tion ( ! plant]s 0 call$ to ! improv$ me?ods employ$ by ! beet-sug> manufactur]s & to ! rapidity ) :i* _! trade 0 exp&+4 ,! cane gr[]s 7 e>ne/ly urg$ to take /eps to meet ! conditions t confront$ !m4 ,manife/ly ! co/ 9 field & factory 0 too high4 ,! task ( work+ out ! problem took consid]able "t & involv$ ! outlay ( va/ sums ( money4 ,x 0 all ! m difficult because ( ! necessity = f9d+ new capital 9 ! face ( decreas+ rev5ue1 b x 0 und]tak5 ) c\rage & p]sev]ance1 & ! results h ju/ifi$ ! ef=ts put =? & ! sacrifices made4 ,! gr[]s ( sug> cane 9 ,mauritius h adju/$ !mselves to ! new conditions4 ,!y h r$uc$ plantation & manufactur+ co/s1 & sci5tific me?ods h enabl$ !m to gr[ cane pr(itably on l& :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 cultivat$ 9 ! old way )\t sev]e loss4 ,crude processes h giv5 way to ! mod]n sug> factory ) its up-to-date roll] mills1 cl>ifi]s1 triple effects1 vacuum pans & c5trifugal ma*9es1 & ! *emical eng9e] has *ang$ ! d>k mixture ( cry/als & molasses into an almo/ pure :ite granulat$ sug>4 ,! crop = ! season ( #aiae-af am\nt$ to #bae1ebh tons4 ,a great deal 9 ! way ( improvem5t 9 cultivation /ill rema9s to be done1 b x may be truly said t ! isl& has f\ght its way into ! front ranks ( sug>-produc+ c\ntries4 ,) its natural advantages ( climate & soil1 ! enorm\s possibilities ( irrigation & developm5t ( wat] p[]1 ! accessibility ( an unlimit$ supply ( ,asiatic labor1 & ! m>kets ( ,india1 ,africa & ,au/ralia at its doors1 !re is ample ju/ification ( high hopes = ! future4 ,ye>ly output ( sug>1 exclusive ( local consumption1 s9ce #ahie3 #ahie #adc1jjj tons #ahif #aec1jjj 0 #ahig #abd1jjj 0 #ahih #ahc1jjj 0 #ahii #afa1jjj 0 #aijj #aij1jjj 0 #aija #aee1jjj 0 #aijb #adb1jjj 0 #aijc #bah1jjj 0 #aijd #adb1aja 0 #aije #ahh1cfd 0 #aijf #bbj1jjj 0 #aijg #agj1jjj 0 #aijh #bje1geh 0 #aiji #bdd1eig 0 #aiaj #bbf1jii 0 #aiaa #afd1bfj 0 #aiab #bjf1dig 0 #aiac #bdi1hjj 0 #aiad #bgg1afd 0 #aiae #bae1ebh 0 #aiaf #bbj1jjj 0#hi ,,natal ,on ,*ri/mas day1 #adig1 ,vasco da ,gama1 !n on a voyage to ,india1 sight$ ! entrance to :at is n[ ,durban h>bor1 & nam$ ! c\ntry ,t]ra ,natalis4 ,?is m>itime prov9ce ( ! ,briti% ,union ( ,s\? ,africa lies approximately betwe5 #bg degrees & #ca degrees s\? latitude & #bi degrees & #cc degrees ea/ longitude4 ,on ! s\!a/ x is b\nd$ by ! ,indian ocean1 on ! s\?we/ by ! ,cape prov9ce & ,basutol&1 on ! nor?we/ by ! ,orange ,free ,/ate & on ! nor? & nor!a/ by ! ,transvaal & ,portuguese ,ea/ ,africa4 ,its coa/ l9e is #cgf miles long & its area is #ce1cga squ>e miles4 ,x is divid$ into two p>ts1 ,natal prop] & ,zulul&1 ! =m] compris+ #bd1iaj squ>e miles & ! latt] #aj1dfa squ>e miles4 ,9 #aijh ! population1 includ+ t ( ,zulul&1 0 #a1bjf1chf1 ( :om #ia1ddc 7 ,european1 #iih1bfd natives & #aaf1fgi ,asiatics4 ,! surface ( ! c\ntry is ( t]race =mation4 ,! coa/ /rip s\? ( ,durban is q n>r[1 b nor? ( t po9t x becomes wid] & m level4 ,ranges ( hills roll back to ! fir/ plateau1 :i* is ab\t #bjjj feet above ! sea4 ,! second plateau rises %>ply betwe5 #djjj & #ejjj feet & ext5ds to ! ,drak5sb]g m\nta9s1 ^: base is f #fjjj to #gjjj feet 9 elevation1 & 9 :i* all ! riv]s ( ,natal1 except ! coa/ /reams1 h _! s\rce4 ,natal's sug> plantations are situat$ 9 ! l[1 moi/ regions ( ! coa/ zone1 betwe5 #bh degrees & #cj degrees s\? latitude1 i4 e41 q a di/ance bel[ ! tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,! indu/ry _h its beg9n+ 9 #ahej1 :5 ! fir/ cane 0 br\ght f ,mauritius4 ,op]ations did n am\nt to mu* at ! outset2 a limit$ am\nt ( cane 0 gr\nd 9 small mills & ! juice 0 boil$ into sug>4 ,9 #ahgh1 h[ev]1 a factory ) ! newe/ equipm5t ( t "t 0 erect$ at ,m\nt ,edgecombe by ,mauritius p4 ,h5ce=w>d1 ! production ( sug> 9 ! colony has %[n a /eady gr[?1 & today !re are ?irty-f\r factories 9 active op]ation ) an output ( ab\t #ajj1jjj tons ( sug> p] annum4 ,! climate ( ! valleys & ! coa/ belt is hot & humid4 ,summ]1 beg9n+ 9 ,octob] & end+ 9 ,m>*1 is ! wet season1 :ile ,may1 ,june & ,july are ! drie/ mon?s4 ,at ,durban ! temp]ature ranges f #db degrees ,fahr5heit 9 w9t] to #ih degrees ,fahr5heit 9 summ]1 ! mean be+ #gj degrees1 & bo? ! temp]ature & ! humidity are affect$ by ! ,mozambique curr5t t fl[s s\?w>d f ! equator4 ,! annual ra9fall at ,durban is ab\t #dj in*es & ! av]age = ! prov9ce is plac$ at #cj in*es4 ,! k9d ( cane mo/ g5]ally gr[n 9 ,natal at ! pres5t "t is ! ,uba1 a h>d1 yell[ v>iety t 0 br\ght f ,h9du/an4 ,= f]tilization1 /able manure1 cane a% & phosphates are employ$4 ,ow+ to ! geographical position ( ! c\ntry1 x takes long] ?an usual = ! cane to rip54 ,plant cane matures 9 two ye>s & fir/ & second ratoons 9 eighte5 mon?s = ea* crop4 ,s five ye>s' "t is necess>y to produce ?ree crops1 & at ! end ( ?is p]iod replant+ is done4 ,aft] ! cane is cut1 x is load$ on railway c>s = transportation to ! mill4 ,all ( ! raw sug> produc$ 9 ,natal is ref9$ !re1 except :at is consum$ 9 a raw /ate4 ,9 addition to ! sug> made 9 ! prov9ce1 q a little is import$ f =eign c\ntries1 z ,natal di/ributes a good deal ( ! commodity 9 adjo9+ /ates4 ,! home indu/ry is protect$ by a duty ( #a4bae p] #aab p\nds on =eign sug>1 :ile no duty is assess$ on sug> go+ f "o prov9ce to ano!r ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,union ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,=m]ly ! mo/ desirable labor]s came f ,india1 b rec5tly ! ,indian gov]nm5t has /opp$ ! exportation ( natives ( t c\ntry z plantation labor]s1 s ,natal1 l _m o!r sug>-gr[+ sections1 has its labor problems4 ,! production 9 long tons s9ce #ahid has be5 z foll[s3 #ahid #ai1cfi #ahie #bj1ejh #ahif #bj1fea #ahig #bj1bde #ahih #bi1ahf #ahii ,bo] w> #aijj #af1fhi #aija #cf1ffb #aijb #ba1jie #aijc #cc1idd #aijd #ai1bch #aije #bf1aeh #aijf #ba1dgi #aijg #bd1bbc #aijh #ca1iii #aiji #gg1dia #aiaj #hd1dcg #aiaa #ib1jjj #aiab #hb1ehi #aiac #he1gad #aiad #ia1fai #aiae #ajj1jjj #aiaf #abe1jjjij ,,egypt ,egypt1 ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ! ,african cont95t1 is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 on ! nor!a/ by ,pale/9e1 on ! ea/ by ! ,r$ sea & on ! we/ by ,tripoli & ! ,sah>a4 ,! #bbnd p>allel ( nor? latitude is ! divid+ l9e betwe5 x & ! ,sudan on ! s\?4 ,its area is ab\t #djj1jjj squ>e miles1 ( :i* by f> ! great] "p is des]t2 x has be5 truly said t ! pr9cipal features ( ,egypt are ! des]t & ! ,nile4 ,9 #aijg ! entire population 0 #aa1ahi1igh1 exclusive ( nomadic ,b$\9 tribes1 :o numb]$ ab\t #ig1jjj4 ,( ^! #aj1cff1jdf 7 ,egyptians1 #gce1jab settl$ ,b$\9s1 #fe1afb ,nubians & #bba1aci =eign]s--,briti%1 ,italians1 ,turks & ,greeks4 ,! wond]ful f]tility ( ! soil ( ! valley ( ! ,nile is due to ! annual inundation caus$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[s & ! spr+ ra9s 9 ! region 9 :i* ! ,blue ,nile has its s\rce4 ,! turbul5t wat]s ( ! swoll5 /ream ru% d[n ! ,nubian valley lad5 ) ri* loam f ! m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia1 & ?is is deposit$ ^u ! flat pla9s on ei!r side :5 ! riv] ov]fl[s its banks4 ,! p]iod ( high wat] beg9s 9 ,june & la/s until ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,! ra9fall is slight & !re are ye>s :5 !re is none :atev]4 ,crops1 !re=e1 dep5d ^u irrigation1 & p[]ful pump+ plants supply ! ne$s ( ! l>ge e/ates1 :ile ! small native hold+s dep5d ^u wat]-:eels work$ by buffaloes or by ! natives !mselves4 ,! irrigation possibilities ( ! c\ntry 7 greatly ext5d$ by ! huge dam con/ruct$ by ! gov]nm5t at ,assuan 9 #aijb4 ,9 ! cane-rais+ c\ntry1 ! av]age temp]ature 9 summ] ranges betwe5 #hb degrees & #aaj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & betwe5 #ej degrees & #hf degrees 9 w9t]4 ,cool nights are ! rule & occasionally !re is a kill+ fro/4 ,sug> 0 introduc$ 9 ,egypt by ! ,moslems :5 !y conqu]$ ! c\ntry1 #fdj-fdf ,a4 ,d41 & ! ,egyptians 7 quick to apply _! k ( *emi/ry to its prep>ation4 ,by remelt+ ! fir/ cry/als1 !n treat+ ! liquor ) lime & album51 remov+ ! susp5d$ impurities by filtration1 boil+ to gra9 once m & purg+ ! cry/als ( _! syrup by wa%+1 !y succe$$ 9 mak+ a sug> f> sup]ior to t produc$ else:]e4 ,! cultivation ( cane prosp]$ & ! excell5ce ( ! sug> manufactur$ 9 ,egypt 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 until ! conque/ by ! ,turks 9 #aeag4 ,ottoman dom9ion ru9$ ,egypt indu/rially4 ,a little sug> cane cont9u$ to be rais$ & "s sug> 0 made1 b on s unimportant a scale z to be h>dly des]v+ ( m5tion4 ,?is /ate ( affairs la/$ until #ahej1 :5 ,ismail ,pa%a 7aft]w>d kh$ive1 #ahfc-gi17 caus$ sug> cane to be br\ght f ,jamaica & five ye>s lat] ! gov]nm5t took /eps to fo/] sug> manufacture4 ,9 #ahgg a *ange came ab\t1 ?r\gh :i* ! control ( ! factories pass$ f ! h&s ( ! kh$ive to a gov]nm5t committee1 "u ^: auspices sev]al new mills 7 con/ruct$4 ,9 #ahif ! output ( sug> rea*$ #ge1jjj tons4 ,! factories op]at$ by ! gov]nm5t body 7 sold 9 #aijc to a ,fr5* corporation1 kn[n z ! 8,socit ,gnrale des ,sucr]ies d',egypte10 :i* "s ye>s previ\s _h built ?ree factories ( its own4 ,by ?is pur*ase ! ,fr5* company practically obta9$ a monopoly ( ! sug> bus9ess ( ! c\ntry4 ,! f9ancial crisis ( #aije prov$ a setback1 b aft] ! tr\ble aris+ f ?is _h pass$1 ! company =mulat$ plans = enl>g+ its plantations & gr9d+ an increas$ am\nt ( cane4 ,sug> cane is gr[n along ! ,nile banks f a %ort di/ance above ,cairo up to ,assuan1 or betwe5 #bd degrees & #cj degrees nor? latitude1 a /ret* ( m ?an f\r hundr$ miles4 ,9 wid?1 h[ev]1 ?is t]ritory is conf9$ to ! valley ( ! ,nile1 :i* is only twelve miles wide at ! extreme & n>r[+ to v mu* less4 ,! agricultural possibilities ( ! ea/]n or "r bank are n s great z ^? ( ! left1 ow+ to ! fact t x is m\nta9\s 9 _m places4 ,consequ5tly mo/ ( ! cane & all ( ! sug> factories are to be f\nd on ! left 7we/]n7 bank4 ,pl\gh+ is done 9 autumn & ! gr\nd is fur!r prep>$ dur+ ! foll[+ ,febru>y2 ! furr[s are !n made2 %ortly aft]w>d ! cane is plant$1 cov]$ ) e>? & ! wat] is turn$ 94 ,irrigation is kept up until ! end ( ,octob]1 :5 x is discont9u$ = two or ?ree weeks to all[ ! cane to rip54 ,h>ve/+ beg9s 9 ,decemb] & la/s until ,april4 ,! cane :5 cut is transport$ by camels to ! railway & !nce to ! mill4 ,! cu/om>y proc$ure is to raise "o crop ( plant cane1 "o crop ( ratoons & "o crop ( cotton or beans 9 succession1 all[+ ! l& to lie fall[ ! f\r? ye>1 & s on e f\r ye>s4 ,! yield ( cane p] acre dep5ds ^u ! soil1 ! adequacy ( ! wat] supply & ! temp]ature rul+ dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[?2 ! av]age f plant cane is tw5ty-f\r tons & f ratoons sixte5 tons4 ,! factories dep5d ^u cane furni%$ by ! gr[]s1 ei!r l>ge plantation own]s or small f>m]s :o cultivate a few acres ( r5t$ l&1 & "o ( ! s]i\s problems :i* !y h to face is ! difficulty ( obta9+ an adequate supply4 ,! capacity ( ! factories is l>ge1 ! ma*9]y is mod]n & !y c\ld easily take c>e ( a mu* l>g] cane tonnage ?an !y h be5 able to secure4 ,an improvem5t is look$ = z a result ( m lib]al t]ms rec5tly (f]$ to gr[]s4 ,! bulk ( ! output is raw c5trifugal sug>1 fam\s "u ! "n ( 8,egyptian cry/als10 & mu* s\ght aft] = flavor+ *ew+ tobacco4 ,! v9ey>di/s ( ! ,*ampagne di/rict 9 ,france get f ,egypt ! sug> us$ 9 mak+ _! sp>kl+ w9es1 z !y hold t cane sug> is ! only k9d t w n hurt ! flavor ( ! *ampagne4 ,accord+ to ,willett ,gray ! ye>ly crops 9 long tons s9ce #aijc 73 #aijc-jd #fj1jjj #aijd-je #fj1jjj #aije-jf #fe1jjj #aijf-jg #db1aie #aijg-jh #ee1fdh #aijh-ji #cd1hce #aiji-aj #eb1ebe #aiaj-aa #di1cid #aiaa-ab #eg1hgi #aiab-ac #ge1dbj #aiac-ad #fi1cfh #aiad-ae #ge1gch #aiae-af #aaj1jjjia ,,spa9 ,spa9 lies 9 ! extreme s\?we/ ( ,europe & x embraces ab\t elev5-?irte5?s ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,its total area is #aid1gjj squ>e miles1 & 9 #aiad ! population numb]$ #ai1gab1ehe4 ,x is said t ,pho5ician trad]s rea*$ !re z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 #bch ,b4 ,c41 or ?ree ye>s aft] ! close ( ! fir/ ,punic w>1 ,hamilc> ,b>ca1 ! fam\s ,c>?ag9ian g5]al1 cross$ f ,africa into ,spa91 tak+ ) him 8 son-9-law1 ,hasdrubal1 & 8 son ,hannibal1 bo? ( :om 7 de/9$ to play great p>ts 9 ! com+ /ruggle betwe5 ,c>?age & ,rome4 ,f a few trad+ po/s1 ,hamilc> ext5d$ ! ,c>?ag9ian dom9ion 9 ,spa9 to t ( a great prov9ce1 t n only prov$ a s\rce ( imm5se rev5ue1 b t also furni%$ a nev]-fail+ supply ( w>like troops = ! armies ( ,c>?age4 ,! second ,punic w> end$ ! sway ( ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 ,spa91 & f #bja ,b4 ,c4 until #djf ,a4 ,d4 ! c\ntry 0 "u ,roman rule4 ,!n came ! b>b>ian invasion & ! ,visigo?ic k+s1 ^: p[] 0 %att]$ 9 turn :5 ! ,b]b] ,t>ik defeat$ ,k+ ,rod]ic 9 #gaa4 ,= c5turies aft]w>d ! /ruggle ( reconque/ w5t on until ,granada1 ! only rema9+ ,mohamm$an /ronghold1 surr5d]$ to ,f]d9& & ,isabella on ,janu>y #b1 #adib4 ,t same ye>1 "u ! auspices ( ^! sov]eigns1 ,columbus set out on 8 fir/ j\rney we/w>d1 & ) 8 discov]y ( ,am]ica came a revolution 9 ! sug> indu/ry ( ! _w4 ,spa9 is ! only cane-sug>-produc+ c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,sug> cane 0 br\ght !re by ! ,arabs :5 !y conqu]$ ,granada1 & its cultivation _h assum$ important proportions 9 t k+dom at ! "t ( ! expulsion ( ! ,moors4 ,! introduction ( ! plant 9 ,am]ica _h a s]i\s effect ^u sug> production 9 ,spa9 & o!r c\ntries ( ! ,old _w1 & ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] ! ,spani% gr[]s ( cane _h to meet ! competition ( ! beet sug> ( c5tral ,europe4 ,f9ally ! loss ( h] colonies 9 #ahih /imulat$ ! indu/ry 9 ! "m c\ntry by reliev+ ! ,spani% plant] f protect$ competition 9 8 home m>ket4 ,9 #aijc ,spa9 _h fifty beet-sug> factories1 ?irty-two cane-sug> mills1 fifte5 syrup mills1 elev5 ref9]ies & two factories t turn$ out sorghum sug> & glucose4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 prices 9 ,spa9 dropp$ bel[ ! co/ ( production1 s t a p]iod ( pr(it 0 foll[$ by a p]iod ( heavy loss4 ,z a result ( ?is /ate ( affairs1 ! ,soci$ad ,g5]al ,azuc>]a de ,espaa 0 =m$4 ,?is organization compris$ =ty-?ree beet factories1 ?irte5 cane factories & ?irte5 o!r mills1 & its object 0 to limit ! numb] ( mills 9 op]ation & to introduce great] effici5cy into cultivation me?ods4 ,! plan did n prove successful1 & f9ally1 aft] l5g?y discussions betwe5 ! ,soci$ad ,g5]al1 ! indep5d5t produc]s & ! gov]nm5t1 x 0 decid$ to fix ! excise tax on sug> at ?irty-five pesetas p] #bbj4d p\nds1 & x 0 agre$ t no new factory %\ld be built )9 a fifty-mile radius ( any factory 9 op]ation4 ,! output ( ea* mill 0 fix$ e ye> betwe5 ! own] & ! gov]nm5t1 & if ?is am\nt %\ld be exce$$ ! surplus 0 debit$ to ! factory = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,e>ly 9 #aiaf a royal decree au?oriz$ a r$uction 9 ! import duty on sug> f #fj to #be pesetas p] #ajj kilograms4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 a heavy increase 9 imports1 & ! gov]nm5t is n[ be+ importun$ to re/ore ! t>iff protection1 le/ ! home indu/ry be de/roy$ altoge!r4 ,! cultivation ( sug> cane 9 ,spa9 is decreas+ ye> by ye> on acc\nt ( competition f ! beet4 ,! area devot$ to cane culture 9 #aiac 0 #iijj acres1 :ile 9 #aiae x _h dw9dl$ to #djfi acres4 ,! plantations are situat$ 9 ! prov9ces t bord] on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,alm]ia1 or1 r\ghly speak+1 betwe5 #cf & #ch degrees nor? latitude1 a long way outside ( ! tropics1 b :]e ! climate is w>m & free f fro/ nev]!less4 ,?ree v>ieties ( cane are gr[n3 ! :ite1 ! r$ & ! /rip$1 & ! k9d select$ is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! soil4 ,:ite cane requires a good soil ) pl5ty ( f]tilization2 r$ cane ne$s a deep soil c>ry+ a l>ge am\nt ( moi/ure & also well manur$4 ,! /rip$ cane calls = ! same conditions z ! r$ & gives ab\t ! same weight ( cane p] acre4 ,! me?od ( plant+ is simil> ) all ?ree4 ,a cane crop is rais$ e f\r? ye> on l& t has previ\sly be5 plant$ 9 :eat1 maize1 b>ley or sweet potatoes4 ,! fields are pl\gh$ deeply 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y & ! gr\nd is well f]tiliz$4 ,dur+ ,m>* ! furr[s are made ?ree & "o-half feet ap>t1 "o foot deep & eight in*es wide1 & m manure is add$ :5 x is ?\ght to be necess>y4 ,sulphate ( ammonia1 nitrates1 basic slag1 fi% guano & phosphates1 z well z /able manure1 are us$ = f]tiliz+4 ,two r[s ( se$ cane are plac$ 9 ea* furr[1 s t ! am\nt ( se$ requir$ is l>ge1 be+ ab\t #ihjj p\nds to ! acre4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 ! mod]ate climate ( ,malaga1 ,granada & ,alm]ia ! =mation ( second>y /alks is n c]ta91 consequ5tly !re mu/ be ample provision = a suffici5t numb] ( prim>y /alks4 ,z soon z ! se$ is plant$ x is cov]$ ) a lay] ( e>? & en\gh wat] to moi/5 ! gr\nd effectually is turn$ into ! furr[s4 ,^! wat]+s are cont9u$ z (t5 z necess>y :ile ! crop is gr[+1 & ! cane is bank$ f "t to "t4 ,f9ally ! l& is level$ & ! la/ bank+ done4 ,! furr[s n[ appe> rais$ above ! surface in/ead ( be+ bel[ x z at fir/4 ,wat] is turn$ on at ! prop] po9t & all[$ to run ov] ! entire field1 & ?is op]ation is repeat$ e t5 or fifte5 days dur+ ! summ]4 ,! crop is ready to be cut "o ye> aft] plant+1 s t h>ve/+ & gr9d+ beg9 9 ,m>* & are f9i%$ 9 ,may4 ,z soon z ! cane is cut x is /ripp$ ( its leaves & tak5 to ! mill4 ,"p ( ! leaves is utiliz$ z /raw = ! cattle & ! rema9d] is burnt4 ,if x %\ld be decid$ to foll[ ?is crop by "o ( ratoon cane1 ! spaces betwe5 ! r[s are !n pl\gh$1 f]tiliz] is add$ & ! process ( irrigation & bank+ is kept up until ! ratoons rea* maturity4 ,9 #aiaj !re 7 ?irty-f\r cane mills 9 ,spa91 divid$ into two classes3 fir/1 ! trapi*e1 a small affair :]e ! juice obta9$ f ! little cane t is gr\nd is made into table syrup1 &1 second1 ! fabrica1 :]e :ite & yell[ sug>s & molasses are manufactur$4 ,! av]age fabrica is well equipp$ & manag$4 ,! diffusion me?od ( extract+ ! juice f ! cane is employ$ to a l>ge ext5t4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ref9+ process ! juice is treat$ ) sulphur & lime1 aft] :i* x is cl>ifi$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! heavy impurities are remov$ by bag filt]s & ! cle> juice is decoloriz$ by filtration ?r\gh bone-*>4 ,! fir/ liquor is boil$ to a f9e-gra9$ massecuite1 :i* is purg$ ( its "m liquor 9 c5trifugal ma*9es & dri$ 9 l>ge cones#ib ( :ite sug>1 :i* are brok5 up into small pieces & us$ 9 t =m4 ,a f9e :ite granulat$ sug> is boil$ f ! second liquor1 :ile f ! ?ird & f\r? liquors s(t yell[ sug>s are made4 ,! f9al molasses is di/ill$ into alcohol4 ,t ! outlook = ! cane-sug> indu/ry is f> f promis+ is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! output has fall5 (f f #cd1edh tons 9 #aijj to #f1cei tons 9 #aiae4 ,! area available = cane culture is limit$ & too f> f ! tropics to give satisfactory crop results4 ,!n aga91 a high surtax has _h ! effect ( re/rict+ ! consumption1 :i* at ! pres5t "t is some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( #aej1jjj tons p] annum1 all told4 ,z ! =ego+ figures %[1 ne>ly all ! c\ntry's requirem5ts are s]v$ by beet sug>1 conc]n+ :i* a ^w or two may be timely at ?is po9t4 ,9 #ahii1 ! ye> foll[+ ! conclusion ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican w>1 :i* co/ ,spa9 h] colonies1 ! duty ^u =eign sug> br\ght into t c\ntry 0 increas$ f fifty pesetas to eighty-five pesetas p] #bbj4d p\nds1 & ! excise tax 0 fix$ at tw5ty-five pesetas4 ,?is legislation effectually b>r$ out ! =eign article & at ! same "t /imulat$ ! home indu/ry4 ,mu* capital t 0 )drawn f ! lo/ colonies 0 inve/$ 9 ! culture ( sug> beets & ! manufacture ( beet sug>4 ,! pr(its realiz$ f ^! op]ations 7 v l>ge at fir/1 :i* naturally l$ to expansion & f9ally ov]production4 ,dur+ ! ye> end+ ,july #a1 #aiac1 ! total am\nt ( beet sug> turn$ out 0 #aef1hib tons4 ,9 #aiad ! production am\nt$ to #adj1cid tons1 repres5t+ ! output ( ?irty-?ree factories4 ,! late/ in=mation obta9able gives ! numb] ( factories z ?irty-eight1 & two-?irds ( ^! are said to be controll$ by ! s-call$ 8,sug> ,tru/ ( ,spa940 ,,production ,,( ,,cane ,,sug>#ic ,,consumption #aijd #bb1age tons #ih1jdc tons #aije #bh1hai 0 #ajg1aia 0 #aijf #ae1gbb 0 #aag1gdi 0 #aijg #af1jib 0 #aac1ifh 0 #aijh #ad1jeg 0 #aag1aij 0 #aiji #ba1ffi 0 #ajd1gdj 0 #aiaj #bj1cja 0 #acc1fjh 0 #aiaa #bj1bie 0 #acj1gfi 0 #aiab #af1agf 0 #adc1ffd 0 #aiac #ac1bca 0 #adc1hbf 0 #aiad #g1cgf 0 #abf1dbe 0 #aiae #f1cei 0 #aef1fah 0 ,,india ,to all int5ts & purposes1 ,india is a cont95t r ?an a c\ntry4 ,x is triangul> 9 %ape1 ) its base re/+ ^u ! ,himalayas & its apex runn+ f> out into ! ocean4 ,to ! ea/ is ! bay ( ,b5gal & to ! we/ ! ,arabian sea4 ,its l5g? f nor? to s\? & its greate/ wid? f ea/ to we/ are bo? ab\t #aijj miles4 ,! ,indian empire1 includ+ ,burma1 comprises #a1gff1jjj squ>e miles1 ) #bid1jjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,x ext5ds f #h degrees to #cg degrees nor? latitude1 :i* means f ! hotte/ tropical regions to a po9t well )9 ! temp]ate zone1 s t x w\ld be idle to attempt to describe "h ! v>iety ( =mation & climate4 ,9 ?is1 ! bir?place ( sug> cane1 accurate in=mation reg>d+ ! /ate ( ! indu/ry is extremely h>d to obta91 = v>i\s reasons1 among :i* may be m5tion$-- ,fir/3 ,9 c]ta9 portions ( ! empire v indiff]5t att5tion is paid to ! compilation ( reliable /ati/ics conc]n+ production4 ,second3 ,! rais+ ( sug> cane is n c>ri$ on by l>ge int]e/s1 b is divid$ among a va/ numb] ( small f>m]s1 s t x is d\bly difficult to secure dep5dable data conc]n+ ! yield & manufacture4 ,?ird3 ,by no means all ( ! cane t is gr[n goes to ! sug> mills to be gr\nd4 ,mu* ( x is *ew$ or eat5 9 ! /alk1 & ! manufactur+ process itself is1 9 mo/ in/ances1 v primitive4 ,s x is cle> t ev5 :]e ! acreage plant$ to cane is accurately kn[n1 x w\ld be a difficult matt] to det]m9e ! result 9 sug>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,mill1 ,,nahan ,,factory1 ,,india ,illu/ration3 ,,c5trifugal ,,work$ ,,by ,,h&1 ,,india ,! area devot$ to cane v>ies ye> by ye> & runs betwe5 #b1ejj1jjj & #c1jjj1jjj acres1 *iefly 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ,b5gal & ! ,punjab1 al?\gh ! nor?we/ prov9ces1 ,madras1 ,bombay1 c5tral prov9ces1 ! ,rajput /ates1 & ,burma contribute4 ,z ! cane-sug> crop ( ,india is e/imat$ to be betwe5 #b1bbe1jjj & #b1ejj1jjj tons1 x w\ld appe> t ! sug> realiz$ p] acre is some?+ ne> "o ton on an av]age1 z aga9/ five & "o-half tons 9 ,hawaii4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a good deal ( unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! figures1 & "s au?orities consid] ! total crop v mu* l>g] ?an ! am\nt j m5tion$4 ,! g5]al practice 9 ,india is to plant ! cane ea* ye>1 & ratoon+ is seldom met ) outside ( ! ,poonah di/rict4 ,= f]tilization1 /able manure1 t[n refuse & cru%$ oil cake are us$4 ,! cane is plant$ f ,febru>y to ,april & h>ve/$ f ! middle ( ,janu>y to ! middle ( ,m>* ( ! ye> foll[+4 ,wat] = irrigation purposes is tak5 f riv]s & wells4 ,climatic conditions are frequ5tly unfavorable4 ,!re are long dry spells1 ! l[-ly+ l&s are subject to floods 9 ! ra9y season1 & 9 c]ta9 sections fro/ plays havoc ) ! cane4 ,n only 0 ,india ! orig9al home ( sug> cane1 b1 accord+ to recogniz$ au?orities1 ! secret ( prep>+ sug> f cane juice1 :i* dates f ! sev5? c5tury1 also came f !re4 ,today mod]n me?ods are employ$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b ! orig9al processes pr$om9ate1 & a ^w or two conc]n+ ! latt] w no d\bt prove int]e/+4 ,! cane is cut into %ort l5g?s1 plac$ 9 a k9d ( mort> & cru%$ ) a l>ge pe/le1 work$ by ox54 ,! juice runs ?r\gh a hole 9 ! side ( ! mort> into a vessel plac$ to receive x4 ,! practice 9 =m] days 0 to saw (f a good-siz$ tam>9d tree ab\t ?ree feet above ! gr\nd & !n scoop out ! /ump4 ,lat]1 logs 7 sunk deep 9 ! gr\nd & holl[$ out 9 ! same mann]4 ,/one mort>s foll[$1 meet+ ) great favor1 s t ! adv5t ( iron roll] mills 0 delay$ = _m ye>s4 ,9 ! mort>-&-pe/le op]ation ( cane gr9d+1 ! pe/le consi/s ( a lev] ) two arms4 ,! cru%+ end ( ! pr9cipal arm re/s on ! side ( ! mort> & ! cane is gr\nd betwe5 ! pe/le & ! mort> wall4 ,! app>atus is driv5 by ox54 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood5 ,,mill ,,f ,,gorakhpur1 ,,india ,?is me?od 0 improv$ ^u by ! introduction ( ! mill ) two-ge>$ wood5 rolls set v]tically1 ! core ( ! tall] "o project+ upw>d ?r\gh a frame & atta*$ to a horizontal lev] to :i* ! ox5 are h>ness$4 ,:5 ! mill is />t$ ! cane is f$ betwe5 ! wood5 ge>s & ! juice express$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,a fur!r developm5t br\ght 9 ge>$ iron cyl9d]s or drums1 9 sets ( two & ?ree4 ,! extraction by ^! means is extremely poor1 rang+ f #ej p] c5t to #fb p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boil+ ,,by ,,old ,,me?od1 ,,india ,illu/ration3 ,,furnace ,,& ,,pans ,,= ,,mak+ ,,rab1 ,,india ,indian sug> mak]s treat ! cane juice 9 _m ways1 b all ! v>i\s grades or k9ds produc$ come "u "o ( two g5]al heads1 gur or rab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one ,,mill1 ,,agra1 ,,india ,:5 mak+ gur ! juice is fir/ fre$ f float+ p>ticles ( cane by /ra9+4 ,x is !n run into a l>ge e>!n vessel sunk 9 ! gr\nd4 ,f !re x is ladl$ into small] pans plac$ above a furnace1 :i* is a v primitive affair1 g5]ally ) ?ree pans & hav+ side walls ( tiles or brick4 ,cane tra% & bagasse are us$ z fuel4 ,:5 ! juice 9 ! fir/ pan beg9s to boil1 a ?ick scum =ms on ! top & is skimm$ (f1 & ?is op]ation is kept up until ! liquor becomes cle>4 ,x is !n tak5 to ! ?ird pan = fur!r boil+ & f9ally conc5trat$ 9 ! second4 ,9 _m in/ances purification is limit$ to skimm+1 b sometimes ?is is supplem5t$ by add+ milk ( lime or crude soda a% to ! liquor4 ,! scum is set aside to be f$ to cattle or v poor p4 ,:5 ! yell[i%-br[n mass is boil$ to a c]ta9 d5sity x is con/antly kept 9 motion by /irr+ & its consi/5cy is te/$ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,z soon z x is f\nd t x c be roll$ into a ball t ^u cool+ w rema9 fairly s(t1 x is consid]$ suffici5tly cook$ & ! boil+ op]ation comes to an end4 ,sometimes ! hot gur is put into e>!n m\lds to cool & h>d51 sometimes x is work$ ) batons 9 an e>!n vessel & aft] cool+ is made into balls by h&1 or flatt5$ out & cut into triangles4 ,! balls & triangles are plac$ 9 baskets to dry1 aft] :i* !y are suppos$ to be ready = consumption4 ,gur t is s(t & ( good gra9 l5ds itself admirably to ! process ( ref9+4 ,gur t has become solid & h>d has to be eat5 )\t fur!r treatm5t & burnt gur is totally unfit = ref9+4 ,rab is made 9 ne>ly ! same mann]1 b ) m att5tion paid to cleanl9ess4 ,!re are five iron pans1 :i* are ?or\ghly cleans$ daily2 ! skimm+ & cl>ify+ op]ations are conduct$ ) m c>e & ! cle> juice is filt]$ ?r\gh clo? be=e be+ conc5trat$4 ,:5 ! mass ( cry/als & liquor is f\nd to be ( ! prop] consi/5cy1 x is p\r$ into e>!n pots to cool & well /irr$ to help cry/allization4 ,?is process be+ f9ally complete1 ! moi/ & some:at s(t sug> c only be remov$ by break+ ! pots conta9+ x4 ,ow+ to its almo/ liquid condition1 rab _c conv5i5tly be transport$ any di/ance1 s t x is g5]ally us$ ne> ! place :]e x is made1 *iefly = ref9+ purposes4 ,gur1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ h>d]1 c readily be c>ri$ any di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,small ,,locomotive ,,us$ ,,to ,,draw ,,cane ,,c>s1 #b-;,,foot ,,gauge1 ,,india ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,cane ,,c>ri]1 ,,m>h\rah ,,factory1 ,,india ,m5 are sometimes set to "w tramp+ ^u sacks fill$ ) rab1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! syrup f ! sug>2 aga9 sacks ( rab are pil$ ^u a floor ) holes = dra9age & a well = ! syrup t runs (f4 ,weights are (t5 plac$ ^u ! bags 9 ord] to ha/5 ! process4 ,aft] ! dra9age is fairly complete1 ! rab is dump$ into vessels hav+ op5+s at ! bottom & cov]$ at ! top by a lay] ( wet wat] plants4 ,! wat] z x passes ?r\gh ! mass ( sug> wa%es ! syrup f ! cry/als & ! liquor runs (f ?r\gh ! ap]tures 9 ! bottom4 ,sev]al days aft]w>d ! op]ation is repeat$1 & s on until all ! syrup has be5 remov$ by wa%+4 ,! result+ sug> is ei!r us$ 9 t =m1 or dri$ 9 ! sun & work$ by human feet 9 ord] to light5 its color4 ,saiyid ,muhammad ,hadi1 assi/ant director ( ! ,l& ,records & ,agriculture at ,allahabad1 has work$ out an improv$ me?od = mak+ rab :i* is n[ widely adopt$4 ,"u 8 plan ! furnace heat c be readily controll$1 s t ! dang] ( burn+ ! juices dur+ boil+ is consid]ably less5$2 nei!r is !re s mu* risk ( decomposition 7s\r+74 ,besides1 ! cool$ rab is purg$ ( its syrup 9 a c5trifugal ma*9e work$ by h& in/ead ( by dra9age f wet vegetation4 ,at be/1 h[ev]1 ! production ( sug> by ! natives ( ,h9du/an is /ill at a v elem5t>y /age1 & 9 t c\ntry new ideas ga9 gr\nd v sl[ly1 s t x w be "s "t be=e mod]n ma*9]y & equipm5t are g5]ally 9 use4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 view ( ! small production ( sug> p] acre & ! enorm\s losses 9 manufacture1 a mod]n plant1 ) ma*9]y ( ! late/ & be/ type & l>ge f9ancial res\rces1 %\ld be rem>kably successful1 b su* is n ! case4 ,x appe>s to be impossible to get a /eady supply ( cane4 ,9 ,india1 plantations l ^? f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries d n exi/4 ,in/ead1 !re are a great numb] ( extremely small pieces ( l& all "u diff]5t own]%ip4 ,! cane has to be br\ght to ! mill f consid]able di/ances 9 small quantities1 & ow+ to lack ( intellig5ce or initiative on ! "p ( ! f>m] x is ( indiff]5t quality4 ,transportation facilities are f> f good & ! manufactur]s h to make up ! %ortage 9 ! supply ( cane by us+ rab & gur4 ,if ! latt] %\ld conta9 an excessive am\nt ( glucose or be c>ameliz$1 x does n lose its value z an article = direct consumption2 on ! o!r h&1 ei!r ( ^! conditions unfit x = ! purposes ( ref9+1 & z !re is b a slight diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 gur & ! :ite sug> into :i* x is made1 ! disadvantage to ! ref9] is readily app>5t4 ,ano!r drawback is t ! ,h9dus d n take k9dly to sug> manufactur$ by ! ,european process1 consequ5tly *9i1 or sug> made f rab by ! native me?od1 comm&s a bett] price ?an1 sug> made 9 a mod]n ref9]y4 ,religi\s & ca/e prejudices ex]t a /rong influ5ce also4 ,9 mod]n sug> ref9+1 animal *>coal is ! pr9cipal purify+ & decoloriz+ ag5t1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! fact t ox-blood has be5 us$ = cl>ification1 causes ! ,h9dus to reject sug> prep>$ by su* means4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! appreh5sion on ! "p ( ! high-ca/e natives t ! sug> may h be5 produc$ by l[-ca/e labor & t to eat x w\ld br+ defilem5t4 ,! ref9]s ( ,india h begun to recognize ! advantage to !m 9 us+ raw ,european beet-root sug>s & raw cane f ,java & ,mauritius in/ead ( ! m co/ly prep>ations ( rab & gur4 ,z a result1 !re is a consid]able quantity ( =eign sug> import$ into ,india :i* is consum$ ultimately by ! high-ca/e native )\t 8 be+ aw>e ( its orig94 ,! imports dur+ ! p]iod f #aijh to #aiaf 7 z foll[s3 #aijh-ji #ece1ffd tons ( #bbdj lbs4 #aiji-aj #eef1hdj 0 0 0 #aiaj-aa #fjh1ghe 0 0 0 #aiaa-ab #ejh1eia 0 0 0 #aiab-ac #fge1jag 0 0 0 #aiac-ad #hjb1igh 0 0 0 #aiad-ae #dbh1eie 0 0 0 #aiae-af #eae1iji 0 0 0 ,( ?is tonnage1 ,au/ria suppli$ ! great] am\nt ( ! beet1 ,g]many ! rema9d]1 :ile ! cane came f ,java & ,mauritius4 ,9 #aiac & #aiad ! raw beet f ,au/ria & ,g]many 0 almo/ entirely displac$ by wa%$ ,java raws1 ! trade "n = :i* is 8,java :ite40 ,"s sug> is export$1 b ! quantity is insignificant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,driv5 ,,c5trifugals1 ,,m>h\rah ,,factory1 ,,india ,illu/ration3 ,,*amp>an ,,sug> ,,company1 ,,ltd41 ,,b>rah ,,*akia1 ,,*amp>an1 ,,india ,z to ! future ( ! indu/ry 9 ,india1 ! !ory is held by _m t ) mod]n sci5tific me?ods gov]n+ cultivation & manufacture1 t c\ntry w\ld be able n only to provide = its own requirem5ts1 b w\ld be a competitor = export trade 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,if su* a condition is to be br\ght ab\t1 x w n be by improvem5t 9 ! cane fields & ! manufactur+ plants alone4 ,!re are o!r problems to be ov]come be=e !re c be any great *ange = ! bett]1--! /ubborn opposition ( ! natives to innovations1 ! extreme smallness ( individual hold+s1 pov]ty1 lack ( initiative & co-op]ation1--^! are ! ma9 ob/acles 9 ! way ( a mat]ial increase 9 ! pres5t enorm\s production1 & !y w n be easily surm\nt$4 ,,conclusion ,! sug> crops ( ! _w = ! ye> #aiae-af aggregat$ #af1eeh1hfc long tons1 ( :i* #aj1ega1jgi tons 7 cane4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! production ( ! v>i\s c\ntries3 ,,tons ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,unit$ ,/ates ,hawaii #ede1jjj ,l\isiana #abb1gfh ,texas #a1jjj ,porto ,rico #djj1jjj ,cuba #c1jjj1jjj ,briti% ,we/ ,indies ,tr9idad #ee1jjj ,b>bados #ej1jjj ,jamaica #ae1jjj ,o!r ,briti% ,we/ ,indies #cj1jjj ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies ,m>t9ique #dj1jjj ,guadel\pe #dj1jjj ,dani% ,we/ ,indies ,/4 ,croix #aa1jjj ,santo ,dom+o #abj1jjj ,mexico #ge1jjj ,c5tral ,am]ica #cj1jjj ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,briti% ,guiana #aaj1jjj ,sur9am #ac1jjj ,v5ezuela #aj1jjj ,p]u #bjj1jjj ,arg5t9a #aee1jjj ,brazil #aid1jjj ,,total ,,9 ,,am]ica #e1baf1gfh ,,asia ,briti% ,india #b1fcf1hge ,java #a1bfd1jjj ,=mosa #cia1edi ,philipp9e isl&s #cjj1jjj ,,total ,,9 ,,asia #d1eib1dbd ,,au/ralia ,,& ,,polynesia ,que5sl& #aej1jjj ,new ,s\? ,wales ,fiji #ij1jjj ,,total ,,9 ,,au/ralia ,,& ,,polynesia #bdj1jjj ,,africa ,egypt #aaj1jjj ,mauritius #bae1ebh ,runion #dj1jjj ,natal #ajj1jjj ,mozambique #ej1jjj ,,total ,,9 ,,africa #eae1ebh ,,europe ,spa9 #f1cei ,,total ,,cane ,,sug> #aj1ega1jgi ,,beet ,,sug> ,europe #e1aij1chg ,unit$ ,/ates #ggi1gef ,canada #ag1fda ,,total ,,beet ,,sug> #e1ihg1ghd ,,gr& ,,total ,,cane ,,& ,,beet ,,sug> #af1eeh1hfc ,f ! "t :5 ! soldi]s ( ,alex&] ( ,mac$on f\nd sug> cane 9 ,india1 ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 k ( sug> & its cultivation has accompani$ great political movem5ts4 ,9 ! sweep ( ! ,s>ac5 conque/ f ,p]sia to ,egypt & on ?r\gh nor!rn ,africa into ,spa91 sug> foll[$ ! foot/eps ( ! invad+ armies4 ,! ,crusad]s br\ght x ) !m :5 !y return$ home f ,pale/9e4 ,d>+ ,portuguese adv5tur]s c>ri$ x to ! ,madeiras1 ! ,azores1 ! ,cape ,v]de & o!r isl&s ( ! ea/ ,atlantic ocean :5 !y captur$ & coloniz$ !m 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,new _w receiv$ sug> cane at ! h&s ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 :o plant$ x 9 ,santo ,dom+o 9 #adic4 ,%ortly aft] ,piz>ro's fir/ l&+ x 0 br\ght to ,p]u by ! ,spani% conqu]ors4 ,corts himself introduc$ x 9 ,mexico1 erect+ ! fir/ mill !re 9 #aebj2 & :51 dur+ ! /ruggle betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,france1 sug> 0 exclud$ f ,europe by ! blockad+ ,briti% fleet1 x 0 ,napoleon ,bonap>te :o call$ beet-sug> manufacture into be+4 ,be=e ! outbreak ( ! great w> 9 #aiad1 ! _w's crops ( sug> 7 pretty ev5ly divid$ betwe5 cane & beet1 ) a prepond]ance 9 favor ( ! =m]4 ,h[ ?is titanic conflict has affect$ ! ,european production is cle>ly se5 by ! returns = #aiae-af4 ,dur+ t season ! _w's output 0 #af1eeh1hfc long tons1 made up ( #aj1ega1jgi tons ( cane & #e1ihg1ghd tons ( beet1 & ,europe 0 %ort #b1cib1hbh tons z comp>$ ) ! previ\s ye>4 ,! conclusion is inevitable t aft] ! w> %all be br\ght to an end a p]iod ( pov]ty & di/ress w ensue & re/riction ( sug> consumption 9 ,europe w be "o ( ! results ( ?is condition4 ,ap>t f c\ntries :]e sug> production is fo/]$ by protect+ t>iffs1 x seems c]ta9 t future developm5t & progress w take place 9 l&s :]e favorable climate1 ri* soil & adequate1 *eap labor are f\nd toge!r4 ,! natural economic law w cause ! indu/ry to ?rive be/ :]e su* conditions obta9 9 ! fulle/ degree1 & to fall (f correspond+ly z !y dim9i%4 ,,footnotes #a ,?is & sev5te5 illu/rations imm$iately foll[+ are reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,truman ,g4 ,palm]1 ,esq41 ,secret>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,beet ,sug> ,indu/ry1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #b ,?is & ! ?ree illu/rations imm$iately foll[+ are aft] photographs by ,a4 ,moscioni1 ,esq4 #c ,?is & ! five illu/rations imm$iately foll[+ are aft] photographs by ! ,am]ican ,photo ,co41 ,habana4 #d ,spa94 #e ,ed4 ,yule1 ,,ii1 #bjh-bab4 #f ,ges*i*te des ,zuck]s1 p4 #hi4 #g ,kazw9i1 ,i1 #bfb4 #h #faj-fda ,a4 ,d4 #i ,see ,greece "u ! ,romans1 by ,george ,f9lay1 ,,ll4,d41 page #cch2 8,! six? campaign op5$ ) ! ,roman army 9 ! pla9s ( ,assyria1 & aft] lay+ wa/e "s ( ! l>ge/ prov9ces ( ! ,p]sian empire1 ,h]aclius m>*$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry to ! ea/ ( ! ,tigris & captur$ ! palace ( ,da/>g]d1 :]e ! ,p]sian mon>*s _h accumulat$ ! great] "p ( _! enorm\s treasure 9 a position always reg>d$ z secure f any =eign enemy40 #aj ,9 ,morocco4 #aa ,important village ( ! prov9ce ( ,kzi/n4 #ab ,latif1 page #ajg4 #ac ,b4 #ega-;,d4 #fcb ,a4 ,d4 #ad ,amr-ibn-el-,ass4 #ae ,m>*pane1 a sweetmeat made ( sweet almonds & p\nd$ sug>4 #af ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #hbf1 gives #aejf z date ( introduction ( sug> 9 ,santo ,dom+o4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 p4 #dd1 says sug> c>ri$ to ,santo ,dom+o 9 #adid4 #ag ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,,xxii1 p4 #feh4 #ah ,o4 ,s4 #ai ,qu>4 ,j\r4 ( ,economics1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #a4 #bj ,! excess ( import duty ov] ! dome/ic rev5ue tax4 #ba ,:5 export$1 ( c\rse4 #bb ,roy ,g4 ,blakey1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,beet ,sug> ,indu/ry & ! ,t>iff1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 #aiab4 #bc ,actual production 9 sug>4 #bd ,m>k #bc4h c5ts ,u4 ,s4 co94 #be ,ruble #ea c5ts4 #bf ,pood #cf4jg p\nds4 #bg ,six francs & five & "o-half francs1 respectively1 p] #ajj kilograms4 #bh ,surface1 ,g4 ,t41 ,/ory ( ,sug>1 p4 #aae4 #bi ,h>dwick ,committee ,he>+s1 #fbnd ,congress1 #a/ ,session1 p4 #gfg4 #cj ,truman ,g4 ,palm]4 #ca ,blakey4 #cb ,pr(essor ,george ,w4 ,%aw says1 #ahgg3 ,! ,cali=nia ,indu/ry1 ,sacram5to1 #aijc1 page #aa4 #cc ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 #fa/ ,congress1 #a/ ,session1 ,s54 ,doc4 #bb1 p4 #h4 #cd ,clos$4 #ce ,height ( ^! m\nta9s tak5 f ,u4 ,s4 ,geodetic ,survey1 ,m>*1 #aiae4 #cf ,ge]ligs1 ,_w's ,cane ,sug> ,indu/ry1 p4 #cde4 #cg ,clevel&1 ,ri*>d ,j41 ,n>rative ( ,voyages & ,comm]cial ,ent]prises1 ,cambridge1 #ahdc4 #ch ,&]son1 ,rufus1 ,! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 ,bo/on1 #ahfd4 #ci ,j>ves1 ,james ,jackson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ,honolulu1 #ahgb4 #dj ,ov]l& ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #ahie1 p4 #fbj4 #da ,f :at ,mr4 ,nol ,de]r1 ! sug> te*nologi/ at ! ,honolulu exp]im5t /ation1 writes on ! subject1 x w\ld appe> t ,yell[ ,cal$onia cane is id5tical ) ,:ite ,tanna4 ,! ?ree v>ieties ( ,tanna cane1 ! ,/rip$1 ! ,:ite & ! ,black1 are call$ aft] ! isl& ( t "n1 "o ( ! ,loyalty gr\p1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is ,new ,cal$onia4 ,all ( ! ,tanna canes are cultivat$ ext5sively 9 ,au/ralia1 & ! ,:ite ,tanna or ,yell[ ,cal$onia 0 br\ght to ,hawaii f ,que5sl&4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,naqu91 agriculturi/ ( ! ,h4 ,s4 ,p4 ,a4 exp]im5t /ation1 ,honolulu1 says3 8,yell[ ,cal$onia cane 0 fir/ gr[n 9 ! ,kau di/rict by manag] ,george ,c4 ,hewitt ( ! ,hut*9son ,sug> company4 ,! cane fir/ came into prom95ce 9 ! e>ly n9eties :5 ,rose ,bamboo1 :i* _h replac$ ,laha9a cane1 began to %[ signs ( det]ioration4 ,yell[ ,cal$onia1 be+ a h>di] cane ?an any ( ! v>ieties !n gr[n1 & !re=e less susceptible to attack ( leaf-hopp]s & to preval5t diseases1 soon ga9$ favor 9 ,kau1 f :i* di/rict x spread to ,olaa & ! ,honokaa di/rict4 ,! introduction ( ,yell[ ,cal$onia cane 01 no d\bt1 a great help1 if n ! salvation ( ! ,onomea ,sug> company & ! re/ ( ! plantations 9 ! isl& ( ,hawaii1 :i* suff]$ s sev]ely f leaf-hopp]s & ! det]ioration ( ! ,laha9a cane40 #db ,writt5 9 #ahea4 #dc ,elect$ emp]or ( ! ,roman empire z ,*>les ,v4 #dd ,u4 ,s4 ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,bureau ( ,insul> ,affairs1 ,wa%+ton1 #ab-af-ad4 #de ,a survey "u ! ,cada/ral survey act1 pass$ by ! ,philipp9e legislature 9 #aiac1 i4 e41 a survey ( ! l& & assessm5t ( its value z a basis = taxation w\ld support a ,torr5s title4 #df ,h>old ,m4 ,pitt 9 8 treatise1 ,reciprocity & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,manila1 #aiaa1 says t x is e/imat$ t f #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj tons ( sug> are consum$ 9 ! isl&s4 #dg ,walk]1 ,h4 ,s4 ,! ,sug> ,indu/ry 9 ! ,isl& ( ,negros4 ,manila1 #aiaj4 #dh ,prescott1 9 8 ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 7,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bbj et seq471 gives ! foll[+ 9 connection ) ! discov]y ( ! new _w by ,columbus3 8,( ! isl&s1 ,cuba 0 ! second discov]$2 b no attempt _h be5 made to plant a colony !re dur+ ! life ( ,columbus1 :o1 inde$1 aft] skirt+ ! :ole ext5t ( its s\!rn coa/1 di$ 9 ! conviction t x 0 "p ( ! cont95t4 ,at l5g?1 9 #aeaa1 ,diego1 ! son & successor ( ! #8,admiral1' :o /ill ma9ta9$ ! seat ( gov]nm5t 9 ,hispaniola1 f9d+ ! m9es mu* exhau/$ !re1 propos$ to occupy ! neighbor+ isl& ( ,cuba1 or ,f]n&9a1 z x 0 call$ 9 complim5t to ! ,spani% mon>*4 ,he prep>$ a small =ce = ! conque/1 :i* he plac$ "u ! comm& ( ,don ,diego ,velasquez4 ,! conque/ 0 effect$ )\t mu* blood%$4 ,aft] ! conque/1 ,velasquez1 n[ appo9t$ gov]nor1 dilig5tly occupi$ himself ) measures = promot+ ! prosp]ity ( ! isl&4 ,he =m$ a numb] ( settlem5ts & invit$ settl]s by lib]al grants ( l& & slaves4 ,he enc\rag$ !m to cultivate ! soil & gave p>ticul> att5tion to ! sug> cane40 #di #be4cag lbs4 #a arroba4 #ej ,a caball]a is g5]ally tak5 to mean #cc acres4 #ea ,see ,report ( ,e4 ,e4 ,paxton1 ,honolulu1 ,t4 ,h41 #aije4 #eb ,extremely high prices are paid only 9 di/ricts :]e ! numb] ( sug> mills is unusually l>ge & ! competition = cane consequ5tly v ke54 ,= example1 if a c5tral ne$$ #bjj1jjj tons ( cane 9 ord] to gr9d at full capacity dur+ ! season1 & if its own cane & t :i* x _h already pur*as$ am\nt$ to #age1jjj tons1 x might pay an excessive price = ! rema9+ #be1jjj tons4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no su* ?+ z uni=mity 9 ! contracts made ) colonos1 except t ! price is bas$ on weight & n on sug> cont5t4 #ec ,a well-kn[n au?ority on sug> culture /ates t ratoons con/itute ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! ,cuban crop1 & t x takes twelve mon?s = ratoons to rip54 ,primav]a1 or cane plant$ 9 ! spr+1 is cut :5 twelve mon?s old1 & caa fria1 or cane plant$ 9 ! fall1 is cut :5 x is betwe5 f\rte5 & eighte5 mon?s old4 ,! indu/ry has be5 greatly ext5d$ dur+ #aiae & #aiaf1 & consequ5tly mu* new plant+ has be5 done4 ,^! plant+s w be ratoon$ aft] ! fir/ crop is tak5 (f4 #ed ,ge]ligs1 p4 #agg4 #ee ,on ,decemb] #af1 #aiad1 ,willett ,gray gave ! av]age z betwe5 #b1bej1jjj & #b1ejj1jjj1 to :i* ! rec5t new plant+s mu/ be add$4 #ef ,j\rnal1 ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 pp4 #afa et seq4 #eg ,pr9s5 ,ge]ligs says t ! av]age yield is #ej1jjj arrobas p] caball]a1 or #af4hb long tons p] acre1 b t a good crop gives #hj1jjj arrobas 7#bf4ib long tons p] acre7 & sometimes #ajj1jjj arrobas p] caball]a 7#cc4fe long tons p] acre7 or ev5 m are obta9$4 #eh ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,beet ,sug> ,indu/ry & ! ,t>iff4 ,blakey1 p4 #agi4 #ei ,?is is n true ( ! ye>s #aiae & #aiaf1 :5 on acc\nt ( ! w> ,great ,brita91 ,france & o!r ,european c\ntries h be5 compell$ to draw l>ge quantities ( sug> f ,cuba & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #fj ,t5 ye>s' w>4 #fa ,hurricane4 #fb ,int]nal di/urbances4 #fc ,rebellion aga9/ ,spa94 ,spani%-,am]ican w>4 #fd ,great dr\ght4 #fe ,p>ticul>ly favorable wea!r4 #ff ,great dr\ght4 #fg ,e/imat$4 #fh ,e/imat$4 #fi ,e/imat$4 #gj ,e/imat$4 #ga ,britannica says #ahfj4 #gb ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cef-cah 7,dana ,e/es ,co4's edition74 #gc ,portuguese settlem5t at ! m\? ( ! ,canton riv]4 #gd ,*ancaca is made by boil+ ! cane juice 9 op5 pans to ! consi/5cy ( massecuite1 !n runn+ x into m\lds ab\t six in*es 9 diamet] & all[+ x to cool4 #ge ,^! figures bas$ ^u ,brazilian milreis1 pap]1 be+ wor? #as4 #d;d4 /g4 #gf ,a sug> solution ( #ca degrees ,baum conta9s #ef4b p] c5t sucrose4 #gg ,tra%+ is ! /ripp+ ( dri$ leaves f ! cane4 #gh ,e/imat$4 #gi ,c5tury ,atlas--,a rec5t private report 7#aiae7 gives #a1hef1bed sq4 miles4 #hj ,all figures giv5 9 doll>s & c5ts are ,unit$ ,/ates money4 #ha #af c5tavos1 pap]1 p] kilogram1 or #g c5ts p] p\nd4 #hb ,e/imat$4 #hc ,s9ce ! =ego+ 0 writt5 ,=mosa's production has pass$ ! #cjj1jjj-ton m>k1 z w be se5 by ! table on page #bha4 #hd ,asiatic trade w9d4 #he ,ge]ligs4 #hf ,=m$ by ,france out ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 #agie4 ,x exi/$ until #ahjf4 #hg ,e/imat$4 #hh ,e/imat$4 #hi ,e/imat$4 #ij ,e/imat$4 #ia ,e/imat$4 #ib ,f #aj to #ae p\nds 9 weight4 #ic ,willett ,gray1 ,janu>y #ac1 #aiaf4