,,comp>ative ,,geography4 ,,by ,,c>l ,,ritt] ,,late ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,geography ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,b]l94 ,translat$ = ! ,use ( ,s*ools & ,colleges ,,by ,,william ,l4 ,,gage4 ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co4 #ahfe4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfe1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! translator ( ,ritt]'s 8,geographical ,/udies10 :i* has receiv$ 9 its ,engli% dress ! he>ty greet+ ( our mo/ cultur$ s*ol>s1 takes a r5ew$ pleasure 9 giv+ to ! /ud5ts ( our high] ,sem9>ies a second volume f ! p5 ( ! great ,geograph]4 ,! =m] "w1 address$1 z its cont5ts ma9ly 71 to ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,b]l91 0 too recondite 9 ?\ght & too ab/ruse & elaborate 9 /atem5t ev] to become1 :e!r 9 ,g]man or 9 ,engli%1 a popul> "w2 b ! pres5t volume--! bright1 compact cry/al ( ,ritt]'s life--w pass into a g5]al circulation1 & w be recogniz$ z n m]ely a simple & p]fectly intelligible treatise1 b z a ma/]ly application ( ! comp>ative me?od ( ,geography1 & z philosophical z x is practical & int]e/+4 ,besides ! volum9\s ,erdkunda1 :i* deals almo/ exclusively ) ,asia1 & treats x ) an exhau/ive fullness1 ,ritt] has left ! _w ! volume already ref]r$ to1 & ?ree c\rses ( ,academical ,lectures4 ,"o ( ^! c\rses is n[ be=e ! read]2 "o ( ! rema9+ two relates to ! geography ( ,europe1 & ! o!r to ! hi/ory ( ,geographical ,sci5ce & ( ,discov]y4 ,( ^! ?ree c\rses1 a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican s*ol>#a has said3 8,free f excessive details1 sy/ematic1 cle>1 bold1 & fre%1 !y are bett] fitt$ to br+ up to ! m9d ,ritt]1 ! univ]sity in/ructor1 ?an all 8 o!r writ+s40 ,?is praise is by no means excessive2 & ! /ud5t :o %all1 ) ! assi/ance ( a good physical atlas1 g ?r\gh ?is "w1 w f9d himself ma/] ( a f> l>g] numb] ( special facts ?an ! size ( ! volume w\ld indicate2 & also ( a sci5ce ( ,geography1 :i* subsidizes all detail1 & makes x auxili>y to ! compreh5sion ( relations no less beautiful & s+ul> ?an are reveal$ 9 ! /udy ( ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ,nature4 ,! peculi> difficulties att5d+ ! translation ( ! ,geographical ,/udies h n be5 met 9 ?is volume2 9 ! ,univ]sity lecture-room1 ,ritt]'s /yle1 :i*1 be=e ! ,royal ,academy1 0 extremely involv$1 poetical & inexhau/ive1 became simple1 /raight=w>d1 & lum9\s4 ,9 /yle1 ,ritt] c>ri$ neglect to ! po9t ( slov5l9ess2 & ! f9i% :i* ,humboldt cultivat$ s assidu\sly1 he reject$ z unwor?y ( a true s*ol>4 ,! highly figurative words ) :i* he us$ s lib]ally to decorate 8 writ+s1 ,i h g5]ally _h to r5d] ) a r too b>e fidelity to a prose /yle2 = grateful & captivat+ z !y 7 to 8 ,g]man he>]s1 !y w\ld look ov]-fanciful to an ,engli% read]1 & obscure r ?an illu/rate ! ?\ght4 ,x has be5 my e>ne/ purpose to make ?is "w fill a great void 9 our educational lit]ature2 & its conv5i5t size gives x an incomp>able advantage ov] ! volum9\s works ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el & ,mrs4 ,som]ville2 :ile 9 rigid philosophical precision1 9 me?od1 9 natural gr[?--n to use t inevitable ,g]man ^w developm5t1 7,entwickelung7--ev5 ^? em95t geograph]s w\ld1 d\btless1 aw>d x ! palm4 ,! dem&s ( ! public may yet r5d] ne$ful ! translation ( o!r ( ,ritt]'s works2 mean:ile1 ! editor ( ?is "w purposes to prep>e a biography ( t great man1 ^: memory all 8 pupils rev]e1 & ^: life 0 n less beautiful to 8 fri5ds ?an x 0 fruitful & valuable to ! :ole sci5tific _w4 ,w4 ,l4 ,g4 ,july #e1 #ahfd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction4 ,introductory ,rem>ks ix ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,planets4 ,middle ,position ( ! ,e>?4 ,figure ( ! ,e>?4 ,ptolemaic ,sy/em4 ,cop]nicus4 ,conception ( ,geography4 ,! ,e>? z ! ,dwell+-place ( ,man xiv ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,geography z a ,sci5ce xv ,! ,e>? & ,man4 ,geography4 ,sci5tific ,def9ition ( ,geography4 ,geography z a ,sci5ce4 ,:at ,geographical ,sci5ce has yet to accompli% xix ,! ,e>? a ,unit4 ,geographical ,treatises4 ,comp>ative ,geography4 ,s\rces ( ,geographical ,sci5ce xxv ,! ,/udy ( our own ,neighborhood4 ,/rabo1 ,cluv]1 ,humboldt4 ,! ,sci5ces illu/rative ( ,geography xxvii ,illu/rative ,sci5ces4 ,nautical ,sci5ce4 ,,comp>ative ,,geography4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,its ,,mo/ ,,g5]al ,,relations4 ,! ,sph]oidal ,=m ( ! ,e>? #ca ,flatt5+ ( ! ,poles4 ,! ,surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,! ,?reefold ,cov]+ ( ! ,e>? #cd ,! ,atmosph]e4 ,dep? ( ! ,sea4 ,! ,int]ior ( ! ,e>?4 ,! ,sup]ficial ,dim5sions ( ! ,l& & ,wat] on ! ,globe #ci ,wat] & ,l&4 ,area ( ! ,e>?4 ,contra/ ( ! ,l& & ,wat] ,hemisph]es #da ,cont95ts & ,isl&s4 ,contra/ ( ! ,hemisph]es4 ,! great ,coa/-belt4 ,hi/orical ,contra/4 ,! ,position ( ! ,cont95ts & its ,influ5ce on ! ,c\rse ( ,hi/ory #df ,/ructure & ,ar*itectural ,relations ( ! ,cont95ts4 ,! ,pyramidal ,=ms ( ! ,great ,l&-,masses1 & _! ,s\?w>d direction t[>d ! ,oceanic ,hemisph]e #dh ,pyramidal ,/ructure4 ,hypo!sis z to its ,orig94 ,surface ( ! ,moon4 ,situation ( ! ,cont95ts 9 _! ,relation to ea* o!r1 & to _! ,collective ,:ole #ea ,cont95ts4 ,subm>9e ,volcanic ,connection4 ,arctic ,pol> ,l&s4 ,! ,pol> ,_w4 ,am]ica4 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,hi/orical ,elem5t 9 ,geographical ,sci5ce #eh ,matt] & ,_s4 ,/eam ,navigation4 ,europe's advantage\s ,position4 ,natural ,end[m5t ( ! ,v>i\s ,cont95ts4 ,p]fectability ( ! ,e>?4 ,! ,olde/ ,homes ( ,culture4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,a m ext5d$ ,inve/igation reg>d+ ! ,e>?'s ,surface #fi ,pla9s4 ,relative & absolute ,heights4 ,highl&s & ,l[l&s4 ,l&s ( ,transition4 ,highl&s #gc ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,highl&s or ,plateaus ( ! ,fir/ ,class #gd ,! ,asiatic ,plateaus4 ,! ,african ,highl&4 ,! ,am]ican ,plateaus4 ,plateaus ( ! ,second ,class #hj ,l[] ,asiatic ,plateaus4 ,l[] ,african ,plateaus4 ,l[] ,am]ican ,plateaus4 ,l[] ,european ,plateaus4 ,use & ,misuse ( ! ^w ,plateau4 ,limits ( ! ,l[] ,plateaus4 ,m\nta9s & ,m\nta9 ,l&s #hi ,m\nta9s & ,plateaus4 ,height ( ,m\nta9s4 ,size ( ,m\nta9s4 ,l9e> ,elevation4 ,m\nta9 ,sy/ems4 ,divisions ( ,m\nta9s4 ,m\nta9 ,*a9s4 ,s]rat$ ,ranges4 ,peaks & ,passes4 ,ranges ( ,dem>kation4 ,sup]impos$ ,m\nta9s4 ,indep5d5t ,m\nta9 ,sy/ems4 ,! ,relations ( ,plateau ,sy/ems #ajd ,geological ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,plateaus4 ,! ,cont95ts ) _! respective ,plateaus4 ,primeval ,=mation ( ,plateaus & ,m\nta9s #ajg ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,orig9 ( ,plateaus #ajg ,intumesc5ce ( ! ,e>?4 ,! great ,plateau ,circle4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,m\nta9s #aji ,volcanic ,=ces4 ,deposits f ,wat]4 ,geography & ,geology4 ,l[l&s #aad ,limits ( ,l[l&4 ,! ,pol> ,flat ,regions4 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia1 ! ,cont95ts ( ,l[l&s4 ,! ,middle ,european ,l[l& #aai ,g5]al ,description4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,great ,c5tral ,european ,pla9 #abb ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,! ,ponto-,caspian ,pla91 ! ,great ,depression ( ! ,old ,_w #abf ,g5]al ,description4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,ponto-,caspian ,depression #acb ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,! ,depression ( ! ,jordan ,valley & ( ! ,dead ,sea #ach ,description4 ,! ,bitt] ,lakes ( ! ,suez ,i/hmus #adb ,! ,altitude 9 ,relation to ! ,sea ,level4 ,! ,regions ( ,transition betwe5 ,highl&s & ,l[l&s4 ,! ,riv] ,sy/ems ( ! ,globe #add ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,t]race ,l&s & ,riv]s 9 _! ,g5]al ,"* #add ,t]race ,l&s4 ,riv]s4 ,_! ,individuality4 ,wat]-%$s4 ,t]ritory wat]$4 ,falls4 ,riv]s m closely consid]$ #aej ,direction4 ,wat]-%$s4 ,di/rict dra9$4 ,riv] ,valleys4 ,upp] ,c\rse ( ,riv]s #aed ,g5]al ,descriptive ,rem>ks4 ,middle ,c\rse ( ,riv]s #aeh ,g5]al ,descriptive ,rem>ks4 ,l[] ,c\rse ( ,riv]s #afc ,g5]al ,descriptive ,rem>ks4 ,riv]'s ,m\?4 ,navigation ( ,riv]s4 ,s9uosity ( ,riv]s3 its ,influ5ce on ,civilization4 ,s\rces4 ,d\ble ,/reams4 ,cross ,/reams4 ,weak & ,/rong ,curr5ts4 ,review #agg ,! ,hi/orical ,influ5ce ( ,plateaus4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,riv] ,sy/ems on ,civilization4 ,! ,european ,t]race ,l&s4 ,! ,danube ,t]races4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,! ,configuration ( ! ,cont95ts #ahc ,teleology ( ! ,e>?'s ,/ructure4 ,horizontal & ,v]tical ,dim5sions4 ,articulation4 ,/rabo on ! ,articulation ( ,europe4 ,! ,sup]ficial ,dim5sions & ,articulation ( ! ,cont95ts #ahh ,africa4 ,asia4 ,europe4 ,! ,european ,triangle4 ,! ,articulation ( ,europe4 ,its ,extremities4 ,its ,relation to ! o!r ,cont95ts4 ,its ,hi/orical ,function4 ,its complete prep>ation = ! place assign$ to x4 ,isl&s #bjc ,european ,isl&s4 ,african ,isl&s4 ,asiatic ,isl&s4 ,polynesia4 ,conc5tration & ,dismemb]m5t4 ,europe4 ,! ,results ( ! above ,consid]ations briefly /at$ #baj ,review ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,! ,new ,_w #bab ,am]ica4 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,t]ra del ,fuego4 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,am]ican ,pol> ,regions4 ,! ,future4 ,conclusion4 ,,introduction4 ,! subject ( ^! lectures is ,geography 9 its mo/ enl>g$ & compreh5sive s5se4 ,x w be necess>y to preface !m ) "s g5]al obs]vations1 :i* %all s]ve to indicate ! sci5tific basis on :i* ! discussion w re/4 ,our />t+-po9t w be ) ,nature h]self & n ) arbitr>y geographical sy/ems hi!rto con/ruct$4 ,by ! ^w ,nature w be meant ! entire ,creation4 ,! grasp+ ( ,nature 9 all its objects & all its =ces becomes1 9 conjunction ) ! ag5cy ( ,"t & ,space1 ! compreh5sion ( a great sy/em4 ,! inanimate creation may be repres5t$ "u ! t]m inorganic1 ! animate creation "u ! t]m organic4 ,yet !re is n an absolute contra/ betwe5 !m2 = 9 bo? !re is ceaseless progress1 no pause1 b 9 a high] & compreh5sive s5se a cosmical life1 ! :ole =m+ "o great ,organism1 9 :i* ! inorganic _w1 s call$1 is only ! f\ndation on :i* ! animate creation /&s4 ,to u1 our own ,e>? is ! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ,nature view$ on its inorganic side4 ,to u x is ! planet be/ kn[n ( all1 or r ! only "o closely kn[n1 ! po9t :5ce we draw conclusions on ! :ole ,univ]se1 ! re/+ gr\nd = ! glass t se>*es ! ,kosmos1 to use ,humboldt's ^w1 disc]n+ ! place :i* ! ,e>? holds 9 x1 & pry+ into ! my/]ies ( ! entire creation4 ,our globe is "o ( ! major planets ( our sy/em1 all ( :i* gird ! sun ) great elliptic orbits1 midway 9 :i* is our own4 ,!re beg9s ! fir/ popul> division ( ! planets1--^? t are )9 & ^? :i* are )\t our own orbit4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ simple ( discrim9ations1 "o :i* we inh]it f ! anci5ts 9 an unmodifi$ =m4 ,humboldt reta9s ?is prim>y classification4 ,! ext]nal planets are ^? ^: orbits embrace t ( ! ,e>? )9 _! own4 ,! m9or planets are ^? ^: orbits are embrac$ by t ( ! ,e>?4 ,^! are ,m]cury & ,v5us4 ,! anci5ts1 c\nt+ bo? ! sun & moon1 reckon$ only sev5 planets4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ano!r 0 add$1 ,uranus1 an ext]nal planet4 ,?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( improv$ telescopes1 soon aft]1 f\r m9or ones 7 discov]$1 ,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 & ,ve/a2 & by ! /ill m p]fect l5ses rec5tly introduc$1 & ! assiduity & skill ( a/ronom]s1 ! numb] ( ^! little planet>y bodies1 rang+ betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 has gr[n great4 ,beyond ,saturn & ,uranus is ,neptune1 discov]$ ma!matically by ,le ,v]ri]1 9 ,p>is1 & se5 by ,galle 9 ,b]l91 ! #bc;d ( ,septemb]1 #ahdf4 ,to ^! 7n[ eighty7 planets may be add$ ! tw5ty to ?irty moons ( our sol> sy/em1 & a numb] ( comets4 ,! middle position ( ! ,e>?'s orbit is n )\t its consequ5ces4 ,! di/ance ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ib1jjj1jjj ( miles1 ne>ly ?ree times z f> z t ( ,m]cury1 ! planet ne>e/ ! ,sun4 ,jupit]1 on ! o!r h&1 is five times z f> f ! ,sun z ! ,e>?2 ,uranus ab\t n9ete5 times z f>1 & ,neptune ab\t ?irty-?ree times z f>4 ,! "t ( ! ,e>?'s revolution ar\nd ! ,sun is also equally remov$ f ! extremes2 its ye> is #cfe days2 ,m]cury's be+ #hg days2 ,jupit]'s #aa ( our ye>s2 ,uranus #hd ye>s2 & ,neptune's #afe ye>s4 ,! daily revolution ( ! ,e>? on its axis is also ( only m$ium swiftness1 consum+ #bd h\rs4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 controls ! p]iods ( wak+ & sleep ( ! entire animate creation on our globe4 ,"s planets revolve sl[]1 "s m rapidly ?an our own2 ,jupit]'s revolution1 = example1 is accompli%$ 9 little less ?an #aj h\rs4 ,?is extreme rapidity seems to acc\nt = ! mu* great] flatt5+ at ! poles ( ! planets ?an ! ,e>? exhibits1 occasion$ d\btless dur+ ! =mation processes1 :ile ^? imm5se revolv+ masses 7 pass+ f _! primitive fluid /ate into ! m rigid =ms 9 :i* we "k !m4 ,( all ! planets1 h[ev]1 ! ,e>? has mo/ p]fectly reta9$ ! sph]ical %ape2 & ! sph]ical =m is 9 "o s5se a m$ium =m2 i4e4 x is remov$ f all extremes ( angul>ity1 & s falls 9 ) ! analogies :i* ,i am endeavor+ to e/abli%1 spr++ f ! position ( ! ,e>?'s orbit midway betwe5 ^? ( ! inn] & out] planets4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! beauty ( =m lies 9 symmetry1 & our ,e>? is ! mo/ symmetrical ( planets1 &1 unque/ionably1 ! sph]ical %ape is ! "o be/ adapt$ to ! display ( ! l>ge/ numb] ( ph5om5a possible4 ,! v>iations f ! sph]ical =m1 produc$ by elevations & depressions1 are only ( m$ium magnitude 9 our globe comp>$ ) _m o!rs 9 our sy/em4 ,on ! small] planet ( ,v5us1 = example1 ! m\nta9s are ?\ght to rise to a height ( _m miles1 :ile five is ! greate/ altitude ( ours4 ,accord+ to ,mdl]'s conjectures1 ! m\nta9s 9 our own moon rise to a height ( ov] ?ree miles1 an altitude altoge!r out ( proportion to ! size ( ! moon z comp>$ ) ! e>?4 ,9 respect to ! numb] ( its moons1 too1 our ,e>? is no extremi/2 x has b "o3 o!r planets1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 h none4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,jupit] has #d1 ,saturn #g1 ,uranus #f at lea/1 & d\btless m4 ,! g5]al law seems to be1 ! f>!r f ! ,sun ! great] ! numb] ( moons2 p]haps 9 ! wond]ful provid5ce ( ,god1 to comp5sate ! feeble light ( ^? di/ant realms by ! numb] ( ! reflect+ bodies4 ,n[1 summ+ up all t has be5 said1 x w be se5 t ! ,e>? is equally f> remov$ f e extreme4 ,?is fundam5tal classification1 drawn f ! place ( its orbit 9 relation to ^? ne>] ! ,sun or m di/ant f x1 gives x a "* :i* is felt & se5 9 _m diff]5t ?+s1 & responds to analogies :i* x is n incorrect to m>k4 ,a m$ium is se5 9 all its attributes & relations3 x is nei!r ! l>ge/ nor ! smalle/ ( planets2 nei!r ! swifte/ nor ! sl[e/2 nei!r ! w>me/ nor ! colde/2 9 no?+ is x ei!r at a m9imum nor at a maximum po9t4 ,& ?is v m$ium "* br+s ! ,e>? into h>mony ) ! sy/em ( :i* x =ms a "p2 ! symmetry ( ! "o correspond+ ) ! symmetry ( ! o!r1 & specially fits x to become ! tempor>y home ( a race l ours1 :i* makes ! :ole surface ( ! globe tribut>y dur+ ! %ort t]re/rial life ( man to 8 prep>ation = a cele/ial /ate ( be+4 ,our globe is c]ta9ly ! only "o ( our sy/em :i* c\ld possibly be inhabit$ by man2 & z 8 resid5ce1 & z ! ar5a = 8 culture1 x is wor?y ( be+ /udi$ 9 all its features2 no po9t is too trifl+ to be ov]look$4 ,z man looks = a c5t] to ! sy/em :i* evid5tly p]ta9s to him1 & 9 :i* our ,e>? plays no slight "p1 ! ,sun is cle>ly ! s\rce ( a l>ge %>e ( :at makes our life desirable4 ,!nce we receive light1 w>m?1 & indirectly1 & yet directly too1 life & ! bloom ( heal?4 ,nor c m51 ev5 if ignorant & degrad$1 help see+ ! relation ( ! ,sun to ! ,e>?1 & l9k+1 9 _! rude ?\ghts1 ! heav5s ) ! e>?2 & h5ce1 be=e all high] ,revelation1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun has be5 ! primitive in/9ct ( ! olde/ ( nations4 ,look+ at ! e>? z simply "o among ! innum]able ho/s ( heav51 x1 l ea* "o ( !m1 becomes to ! imag9ation a m]e po9t ( light1 a 8/> among />s40 ,b1 :5 we %ift our po9t ( view1 & leav+ ! cosmical or univ]sal = ! special1 = :at p]ta9s to ! individual life1 ! m]e po9t ( light flames up into a great1 busy _w1 full ( ph5om5a dem&+ inve/igation & ?\ght4 ,& yet ?is _w1 s attractive 9 its multiplicity ( details1 is almo/ a *aos at ! fir/ sight2 a confus$ & inextricable mass1 s l>ge1 s high1 s deep z to defy human ef=t to compass or ma/] x4 ,sci5ce alone1 ! gift & ! gr[? ( c5turies1 c measure ! field2 sci5ce alone c ent] x & r$uce ! *aos to a beautiful & ord]ly gr\p+1 & make a p]fect picture ( ! :ole2 x alone c dispel crude ideas & give tru] ones 9 _! /ead4 ,to ! rude dwell] on ! pla91 ! e>? seems a gigantic floor1 z x did to _m a tribe 9 ! pa/1 & z x does to-day to ?\s&s ( wond]+ ,arabs4 ,! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]1 9 ! ,pacific1 takes 8 isl& or isl& gr\p to be ! :ole e>?2 ! _w he consid]s an endless ocean pla91 f :i* ! ,sun arises1 &1 :5 ! day is ov]1 into :i* x s9ks4 ,& ev5 )9 ! pale ( civilization itself1 ! ignorant ,neapolitan lazz>one consid]s 8 gulf ! c5t] ( ! _w4 ,z m5 advance 9 _! inquiries1 &1 asc5d+ ! sides ( m\nta9s1 look out ov] a l>g] tract1 or f9d new l&s across ! seas1 !y d n outgr[ _! fir/ idea1 ! _w m]ely exp&s f ! n>r[ home/ead to a l>g] circle1 su* z ! ,romans us$ to call _! orbis t]r>um4 ,! conception ( ! e>? z a va/1 unsupport$ ball1 c>e]+ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 0 ! possession1 sl[ly won1 ( su* great m9ds z ,py?agoras & ,ari/otle1 & sl[ly f\nd its way among ! ideas :i* :ole nations accept$ z true4 ,circumnavigators mu/ sail ar\nd ! globe & tell _! /ory to ! _w be=e ! conjectures ( sci5ce c\ld h real weight ) ! popul> m9d 9 a matt] s remote f ! crude speculations ( ! ignorant z ?is4 ,& less ?an "o c5tury & a half ago 79 #agbg7 ano!r /ep 0 tak51 & ! !ory 0 prop\nd$ by ,newton1 t ! ,e>? is a sph]oid & n a p]fect sph]e4 ,lat] inve/igations h det]m9$ t ! sph]oidal =m is only an approximation to p]fect accuracy1 & t ! ,e>? is a polyh$ron1 ^: exact numb] ( zodes has n yet be5 det]m9$1 & :i* may prove indet]m9able4 ,bessel has assign$1 z ! great task ( sci5ce = ! com+ c5tury1 to settle ?is "q ) p]fect exactness4 ,b :at has be5 said is en\gh to indicate t 9 our k1 at pres5t1 c]ta9ly !re is only progress1 only approximation1 no absolute exhau/ion ( ! processes ( discov]y4 ,& j z 9 rud] l&s ea* man looks at 8 own isl&1 or village1 z ! c5t] ( ! e>?'s circle1 s ! anci5ts look$ at ! e>? z ! pivot ( ! univ]se1 ! c5tral po9t ar\nd :i* all ! heav5ly ho/s revolve4 ,t 0 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( t ,ptolemaic sy/em :i* 0 old] ?an ,ptolemy2 held 9 ! mo/ anci5t times 9 ,arabia1 ,babylon1 ,p]sia1 & ,india1 b fir/ lum9\sly exp&$ 9 ! proportions & ) ! dignity ( a sy/em by ,ptolemy4 ,its outl9es 71 9 "o ^w1 ?is3 !re are sev5 planets1 ! ,moon1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,sun1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn2 ea* has its own orbit1 9 :i* x is 9 a limit$ s5se supreme1 b !y all revolve ar\nd ! common c5t]1 ! ,e>?4 ,beyond ! sev51 & includ+ !m all1 is ! ,firmam5t1 9 :i* ! o!r />s /& l gold5 nails 9 an imp]i%able floor2 ! :ole va/ ext]nal ,firmam5t is opaque & motionless4 ,! ,ptolemaic sy/em won & held ! greate/ reg>d 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,mohamm$ e/abli%$ x 9 ! ,koran z a tru? ( religion4 ,! advance ( sci5ce reveal$ ! fals5ess ( ! ,ptolemaic s*eme ( ! univ]se1 & demon/rat$ ! fact t ! />s ( heav5 are n m]e tor*-be>]s = u1 & m]e int]pret]s ( human de/9ies1 b are worlds l our own1 our e>? be+ b "o ( numb]less ?\s&s equally wor?y ( ! ,common ,creator4 ,! ,cop]nican sy/em1 :i* 0 to re-create ! :ole doma9 ( sci5ce1 wr\ght ?is great *ange4 ,! ,sun1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 =ms ! c5tral po9t ar\nd :i*1 & n ar\nd ! ,e>?1 all ! planets :eel4 ,cop]nicus1 9 #aedc1 left ?is imp]fect & yet fruitful conception to 8 successors to unfold2 & 9 ! results ga9$ by ,kepl]1 9 #afca1 by ,newton & ,galileo1 #agbg1 ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 firmly e/abli%$4 ,! va/ improvem5ts 9 ! telescope remov$ ! limits ( ! visible univ]se to a place till !n unreveal$1 & add$ inexhau/ible fields to ^? :i* _h be5 kn[n be=e4 ,! numb] ( ! planets 0 enl>g$4 ,! li/ ( det]m9$ comets increases ye>ly4 ,! numb] ( ! fix$ />s has be5 det]m9$ by ! extreme accuracy ( su* obs]v]s z ,lal&e1 ,lacaille1 ,bessel1 ,argel&]1 & ,lamont4 ,! great "w ( mapp+ & catalogu+ ! heav5s has be5 accompli%$4 ,_m hundr$ />s1 suppos$ to be s+le fix$ />s1 h be5 asc]ta9$ to be d\ble />s1 & "s h be5 resolv$ into sy/ems l our own4 ,! #cjj-djj1 obs]v$ by ,/ruve1 h gr[n1 ?r\gh ! labors ( ,h]s*el1 9 bo? ! ,nor!rn & ! ,s\!rn hemisph]es1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & else:]e1 to ov] #cjjj1 & ! numb] is con/antly increas+4 ,nebul h be5 analyz$1 & be5 %[n to consi/ ( worlds di/9ct & p]fect z our own4 ,?us !re is a /eady & p]ceptible advance 9 man's conception ( ! ,e>?1 ( ,nature1 ( :at we call ! ,_w & ! ,univ]se1 ?\gh ea* individual1 g5]ation1 & c5tury are b dimly consci\s ( ?is progress4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,! ,,dwell+-,,place ,,( ,,man4 ,! ,e>? draws our att5tion to itself1 h[ev]1 n z simply a unit 9 ! planet>y sy/em1 b z ! home ( ! human race4 ,! physical description ( ! globe includes ! relations ( ! ,e>? z a /> amid ! heav5ly ho/s1 :ile ,geography1 tak5 mo/ compreh5sively1 reg>ds ! ,e>? z ! dwell+-place ( ,man4 ,f a geographical po9t ( view1 ! _w becomes to u ! common home ( our race1 ! !at]1 n ( ! op]ations ( ,nature 9 ! mo/ unre/rict$ s5se1 b ! ar5a = ! developm5t ( human life & hi/ory4 ,! :ole animate & inanimate creation is tribut>y1 look$ at geographically1 to ! fa%ion+ ( ! de/9y ( ,man4 ,)\t ,man z ! c5tral po9t1 ,nature w\ld h no int]e/ to ! geograph]2 )\t ! ,e>?1 con/itut$ j z x is1 ! races ( m5 & ! c\rse ( human hi/ory c\ld n claim 8 att5tion4 ,! ,e>? is n only ! be/ kn[n ( planets1 b1 z ! home ( man1 inf9itely ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,! /udy ( x is at ! f\ndation ( hi/ory z mu* z ( physics4 ,no man ( sci5ce c fail to reg>d x ) ! deepe/ int]e/4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,george ,fo/] rem>k$ t ,european culture _h asc5d$ to t height1 t x mu/ include an intimate k ( all t is peculi> 9 ! features & ph5om5a ( ! entire globe4 ,h[ mu* m true is ?is rem>k 9 ! middle ( our n9ete5? c5tury6 ,x is no long] ,european culture t dem&s ?is1 b ! welf>e ( all c\ntries claims ( s*ol>s ?is k f> m imp]atively ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be confess$ t we are f> f ! atta9m5t ( a p]fect sci5ce ( ,geography1 9 its l>ge/ s5se2 ! sci5ce :i* reg>ds ! ,e>? z ! field ( human discipl9e2 ! sci5ce ( :i* :at 0 =m]ly call$ ,geography is only an outly+1 rudim5t>y "p4 ,! compass ( :at x holds z its goal is too l>ge1 & its cont5ts too v>i$ = 8 grasp ^: exi/5ce is hemm$ 9 by n>r[ bonds1 & ^: life is s brief4 ,& ?\gh !re h always be5 detail$ descriptions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 _m ( !m rem>kable = _! accuracy1 yet !re has be5 lack+ a k ( ! pr9ciple ( organic unity :i* p]vades ! :ole1 & ! mutual play & int]dep5d5cy ( all ! p>ts4 ,! :ole subject ( relations 0 un/udi$4 ,& x is a k ( ! relations ( ?+s t leads to a sci5tific int]pretation1 n ! description ( deta*$ p>ts4 ,geography 0 & cont9u$ to be m]e description1 n ! tea*+ ( ! mo/ important relations4 ,only n[ are we beg9n+ to compreh5d ! true elem5ts ( geographical sci5ce1 only n[ are ! fir/ ef=ts made to deal pr(\ndly ) ?is sci5ce1 al?\gh ! progress ( discov]y is /ill go+ on ) unabat$ spe$1 leav+ f> beh9d u all ! advances ( our pr$ecessors4 ,,geography ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce4 ,! ,e>?1 consid]$ p] se1 is only a fragm5t ( ! ,univ]se1 ( ! ,kosmos1 9 t wide use ( ! ^w :i* ,humboldt has giv5 to x 9 8 celebrat$ "w4 ,! ,e>? is ! gr& floor1 s to speak1 ( ,nature2 ! home1 or r ! cradle1 ( m5 & ( nations1 ! dwell+-place ( our race4 ,x is n m]ely a region ( imm5se spaces1 a va/ sup]ficies1 x is ! !at] :]e all ! =ces ( ,nature & ! laws ( ,nature are display$ 9 _! v>iety & indep5d5cies4 ,besides ?is1 x is ! field ( all human ef=t1 & ! sc5e ( a ,div9e revelation4 ,! ,e>? mu/ be /udi$1 !re=e1 9 a ?reefold relation3 to ! ,univ]se1 to ,nature1 to ,hi/ory4 ,& x is n only z a m]e passive ag5t1 b active1 t x assumes ?is ?reefold relation4 ,x is an insep>able1 an integral1 a work+ memb] 9 ! great sy/em ( ?+s4 ,b high] ?an ?is1 & gr&] ?an its relation to ! sy/em ( ?+s1 is its relation to an unse5 _w1 to an unse5 h&1 ev5 t ( ! ,creator4 ,we view x n z ! field ( =ces & laws & ph5om5a1 b ! cr[n+ gift ( ,god1 display+ ! tok5s ( p]fect adaptation to our wants1 full ( beauty & excell5ce--a revelation ( ,div9e wisdom1 9 ! =m ( a visible _w4 ,h[ beautifully has ! inspir$ ,david pa9t$ ?is 9 ! #ajd? ,psalm6 ,9 relation to its inhabitants1 cr[n$ ) ! ,imp]ial gift ( reason1 ! ,e>? is n m]ely ! place :]e !y may /&1 ! cradle :]e !y may sleep1 ! home :]e !y may live1 x is ! s*ool :]e !y may be tra9$4 ,?is is "o ( ! fir/ & "o ( ! greate/ lessons t we le>n f ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,! ,e>? f9ds its highe/ mission1 n 9 its relation to inanimate nature1 b to ! _w ( intellig5ce--! m9ds t dwell ^u x1 ! spiritual _w to :i* x gives bodies4 ,& z ! ,e>? alone ( ! planets is adapt$ to be ! home ( su* a be+ z man1 s 9 our _w ( animate & inanimate ?+s1 man alone p>takes ( a moral nature1 incapable ( be+ %>$ or ev5 imitat$ by ! l[] creatures4 ,! ,e>? 0 made to be ! home ( m9d1 s\l1 "*4 ,& ,man 0 creat$ to make ?is e>? tribut>y to 8 l>ge/ gr[? 9 m9d1 & s\l1 & "*4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,e>? & its noble possessors are correlative4 ,ea* individual rises to 8 own appo9t$ "w1 runs 8 own c\rse1 uses all ! appliances ( ,nature1 all ! help ) :i* ,god inve/s him1 & !n ceases f 8 mission "h2 b ! ,e>? rema9s1 ! home ( ! advanc+ millions1 help+ !m all onw>d1 & grant+ !m new p[] to fulfill ! noble purposes ( human life4 ,nor c ?is con/itution ( ?+s be ! result ( a happy accid5t4 ,evid5tly "u ! supreme p[] ( a ,div9e m9d & w1 ,nature is made subs]vi5t to ,man4 ,t mutual work+ & int]dep5d5ce ( ?+s1 :i* op5s to our compreh5sion ! ,hi/ory ( our race1 _c be ascrib$ to a =tuit\s comb9ation ( ev5ts4 ,x c only be ! result ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,_h !re be5 no wise rul+ ( ! bl9d =ces ( nature1 no subjection ( ! r\gh1 unbridl$ p[]s ( ! air1 & sea1 & e>?1 ! human race w\ld h become ext9ct1 z s _m races ( bea/s h done4 ,b !re are no traces ( ! ext9ction ( a human race 9 our ,paleontology4 ,! con/itution ( ! globe is inconte/ably co9cid5t ) a plan to pres]ve & p]fect ,man4 ,!re are de/ructive ag5cies1 x is true1 b !y d n op]ate on an ext5d$ scale2 our e>?quakes1 & volcanoes1 & great /orms at sea affect b a fraction ( ! race1 !y are no long] univ]sal 9 _! action2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! in/rum5talities :i* favor mank9d rema9 9 =ce--! e>?'s *angeless g>m5t ( gre51 ! uni=m progress ( g5]ation among subord9ate creatures1 ! ease ( acclimatization1 & ( transf]r+ se$s & g]ms1 ) undim9i%$ fruitfulness1 f "o region to ano!r4 ,! v ag5cies :i*1 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory1 br\ght dea?1 h be5 *ang$ to auxili>ies ( life ) u to-day4 ,! inve/igation into ! relations ( ! ,e>?1 9 ?is respect1 & into ! organization ( all ! natural laws & ph5om5a 9 _! be>+ on man1 8 life & hi/ory1 mu/ con/itute a prom95t dep>tm5t ( true geographical sci5ce4 ,:5 ,geography ceases to be a lifeless aggregate ( unorganiz$ facts1 & becomes ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! e>? z a true organization1 a _w capable ( con/ant developm5t1 c>ry+ 9 its own bosom ! se$s ( ! future1 to g]m9ate & unfold1 age aft] age1 x fir/ atta9s ! unity & :ol5ess ( a sci5ce1 & %[s t x gr[s f a liv+ root2 x becomes capable ( sy/ematic exposition1 & takes its true place 9 ! circle ( si/] sci5ces4 ,philosophy gladly grants x a %>e 9 its own doma91 & p]mits x to indulge 9 ^? so>+ speculations1 :i* x us$ to be ?\ght t s simple a ?+ z ,geography might n enjoy4 ,yet1 x mu/ n be d5i$ t !re has = "s "t be5 felt a ne$ ( br++ ! e>?1 z an organization1 m into ! light ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! /udy ( f9al causes1 ! trac+ ( inf9ite wisdom 9 ! works ( ! ,creator1 ! !ories t\*+ ! fir/ issue ( all ?+s1 h gr[n out ( ?is necessity4 ,_m errors h1 d\btless1 drift$ 9 dur+ ! c\rse ( ^! speculations2 man has und]tak5 to measure ! ,div9e plan ) mo/ imp]fect data1 & ! illusion has be5 too fondly *]i%$ ( atta9+ f9al & pr(\nd results :ile m5 7 sc>cely 9 ! possession ( ! elem5ts ( k4 ,x is = u1 !re=e1 to ent] ^u our inquiries ) inve/igation r ?an !ory1 to te/ ! k ( :i* tradition has put u 9 possession1 & to advance1 z we may1 to ! new & ! unexplor$4 ,man is ! fir/ tok5 t we meet1 t our /udy ( ! e>? mu/ contemplate x z an organiz$ :ole1 its unity consummat+ 9 him4 ,z e individual mu/1 9 8 own c>e]1 epitomize ! hi/ory ( ! race1 *ildhood1 y\?1 manhood1 & decrepitude1 s ea* man mirrors 9 8 own life ! locality :]e he lives4 ,:e!r dwell+ 9 ! ,nor? or 9 ! ,s\?1 9 ! ,ea/ or 9 ! ,we/1 :e!r ! %eph]d ( ! ,tyrolese ,highl&s1 or ! ,holl&] ( ! pla9s1 e man is1 9 a mann]1 ! repres5tative ( ! home t gave him bir?4 ,9 ! p ! c\ntry f9ds its reflection4 ,! effect ( ! di/rict ^u ! nature ( its inhabitants 9 size & figure1 9 color & temp]am5t1 9 spee* & m5tal *>act]i/ics1 is unmi/akable4 ,h5ce ! almo/ inf9ite div]sity 9 ! peculi>ities ( culture & atta9m5t1 z well z ( t5d5cy 9 diff]5t nations4 ,an?ropology & ,e?nography1 ! sci5ce ( man & ( race1 are ! runn+ comm5t>ies ( ,geography & ,topography4 ,! hi/orian & ! geograph] "w t[>d ea* o!r1--! hi/orian go+ back f ! acts ( m5 to /udy ! sc5es :i* h condition$ _! life1 ! geograph] go+ =w>d f ! /udy ( ! habitat ( m5 to t ( _! de$s4 ,! fundam5tal "q ( hi/ory is1 9 fact1 ,:at relation does ! c\ntry be> to ! national life8 ,:at relation to ! civil /ructure1 ! /ate8 ,9 fact1 ! :ole con/itution ( ,man is ?or\ghly connect$ ) ! ,e>? on :i* he dwells2 ! roots ( 8 be+ run d[n into x 9 unc\nt$ numb]s4 ,man receives at bir? f ! e>? n only a spiritual b a physical d[ry1 f :i* he _c free himself1 & ( ^: wor? he becomes consci\s m & m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( c\rse "o ( ! fir/ ( ! legitimate /udies to le>n ! limits ( ! realm :i* ,man makes 8 home1 & to und]/& all its secrets1 all its =ces1 s z to turn !m to 8 own uses4 ,?us alone c he compass ! sublime ?\ght ( 8 own fre$om1 ! indep5d5ce ( 8 own w 9 ! k+dom ( ,nature1 & le>n ! maje/y ( 8 own _s2 = ! k ( t fre$om1 :i* is ! mo/ noble ( all ,god's gifts to him1 is ! mo/ direct key to ! atta9m5t ( t place 9 ! pres5t1 & t de/9y 9 ! future1 :i* ,god has appo9t$ = man4 ,)\t a prelim9>y tra9+1 amid ! conditions ( a limit$ life1 c !re be no /ep tak5 t[>d ! enjoym5t ( ! life )\t limitations :i* is to come4 ,)\t ! capacity ( break+ ! high] law1 !re is no glory 9 obey+ x1 no fre$om to be valu$1 ev5 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,!re c be no true speculation1 no philosophy ( ! unlimit$ & et]nal1 )\t inquiry into & k ( ! limit$ & condition$4 ,he :o kn[s n ! e>?ly1 _c "k ! heav5ly2 he :o kn[s n ! f9ite1 _c "k ! inf9ite4 ,/atem5t & c\nt]-/atem5t are ! sub/ance to ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,py?agoras inve/igat$ matt]s ( numb] & weight1 be=e he dealt ) ! my/]ies ( metaphysical speculation4 ,plato ?\ght on ! human s\l1 & ! practical details ( legislation1 be=e he gave himself to ! deepe/ ?+s ( ,philosophy4 ,ari/otle 0 a naturali/ & physici/1 be=e he became a logician & metaphysician4 ,kant 0 a ma!matician & a/ronom]1 be=e he dealt ) ! problems ( transc5d5tal sci5ce4 ,s*ell+ w5t f natural philosophy to ! /udy ( ! s\l ( ?+s4 ,if !re h be5 evil results f ?is1 x has n be5 f ant$at+ metaphysical /udies by physical1 b by pass+ too quickly f ! solid f\ndation-/ones to ! m un/able heights ( ! transc5d5tal4 ,)\t ^! solid f\ndation-/ones1 philosophy falls1 cru%$ by its own weight2 b ) ?is prep>ation1 we may advance to ! l(tie/ & yet mo/ secure speculations4 ,,:at ,,geography ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce ,,has ,,yet ,,to ,,accompli%4 ,geography c j z little be cont5t$ ) be+ a m]e description ( ! ,e>?1 & a catalogue ( its divisions1 z a detail$ acc\nt ( ! objects 9 nature c take ! place ( a ?or\gh & real natural hi/ory4 ,! v ^w ,geography1 mean+ a description ( ! ,e>?1 has un=tunately be5 at fault1 & has misl$ ! _w3 to u x m]ely h9ts at ! elem5ts1 ! factors ( :at is ! true sci5ce ( ,geography4 ,t sci5ce aims at no?+ less ?an to embrace ! mo/ complete & ! mo/ cosmical view ( ! ,e>?2 to sum up & organize into a beautiful unity all t we "k ( ! globe4 ,! :ole body ( facts reveal$ by pa/ & pres5t discov]y mu/ be m>%al$ into h>mony1 be=e we ga9 ! high p9nacle ( ,geographical ,sci5ce4 ,! ,e>?1 9 all its p>ts1 mu/ be kn[n 9 all its relations1 be=e we c speak ( x z ! s*ol>s ( our day ought to speak ( ! _w !y inhabit4 ,moreov]1 ! ,e>? is to be consid]$ 9 two ma9 relations--a relation1 & an absolute relation2 t is1 we are to reg>d x 9 its connection ) ! great] :ole1 ( :i* x =ms a "p1 ! ,univ]se1 & z a body /&+ alone1 exi/+1 z x 71 = itself4 ,x is ! latt] view :i* falls )9 ! /rict prov9ce ( ,geography4 ,! v prom95ce ( ! old ,greek ^w indicates ! pre-em95ce :i*1 9 ?is sci5ce1 our own planet1 r ?an o!rs1 receives4 ,ge-ography conf9es our att5tion to ! ,e>?1 & conc5trates x ^u ! globe1 reg>d$ p] se1 r ?an 9 its relations to ! ,univ]se4 ,tak51 !re=e1 /rictly1 z already h9t$ at 9 ! =ego+ rem>k1 ,geography is ! dep>tm5t ( sci5ce t deals ) ! globe 9 all its features1 ph5om5a1 & relations1 z an indep5d5t unit1 & %[s ! connection ( ?is unifi$ :ole ) man & ) man's ,creator4 ,%\ld we g beyond ?is1 & discuss ! relations ( ! ,e>? to ! ,univ]se1 7z is (t5 done 9 our geographical treatises1 9 a s+ul>ly imp]fect & unfruitful mann]17 we %\ld outrun ! /rict b\nds ( a s+le sci5ce1 & %\ld be encroa*+ on ! doma9 ( ! si/] sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,?is we h no "r to d4 ,yet1 f "t to "t1 we mu/ borr[ ! results ( o!r dep>tm5ts ( le>n+ to confirm our own4 ,! field :i* we h to till has be5 imm5sely r$uc$ 9 its proportions by ! publication ( 8,kosmos10 :i* great "w has almo/ exhau/$ ! subject ( ! e>? 9 its ext]nal relations4 ,! limit+ ( our own dep>tm5t may1 p]haps1 give m opportunity = ?or\gh inve/igation )9 itself4 ,! ,e>?1 if discuss$ exhau/orily1 mu/ be spok5 ( 9 its relations to ,"t z well z to ,space4 ,! ^w by :i* we *>act]ize x1 9 ?is reg>d1 is ,hi/ory4 ,! duration ( ! ,e>? outruns all measurem5t4 ,by ?9k+ ( its beg9n+1 is ! only way we h ( ga9+ a conception ( ,"t4 ,we _c conceive ( ! univ]se z ant$at+ ! creation ( our e>?4 ,by ?is indef9ite1 n to say inf9ite1 duration ( "t1 ! ,e>? is discrim9at$ f all t x conta9s2 x is old] ?an any ( its p>ts2 x ant$ates all its k+doms4 ,! nature ( ! :ole is1 !re=e1 radically diff]5t f t ( any ( its divisions4 ,! ,e>? has _h a developm5t ( its own2 h5ce ! too common error ( treat+ x z passive & inorganic4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,e>? displays1 9 all ! monum5ts ( ! pa/1 t x has be5 subject$ 9 e feature1 9 e division ( itself1 to ceaseless trans=mation1 9 ord] to %[ t1 z a :ole1 x is capable ( t organic developm5t on :i* ,i lay s mu* /ress4 ,! natural p[]s :i* ! e>? includes are con/antly ob$i5t to ! me*anical laws ( *emi/ry & physics4 ,! animate creation1 plants1 animals1 man1 come & g1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( _! be+1 & z subord9ate dep5d5ts on ! great =ces :i* ! e>? holds lock$ up )9 h] bosom4 ,! e>?1 ! "m ( !m all1 has h] own special advance1 h] own developm5t1 to use t ov]burd5$ ,g]man ^w4 ,%e has relations to h]self alone2 n simply to organiz$ =ms1 plants1 & animals2 j z little to organic ?+s2 n simply to h] own c\ntries1 h] rocks1 & h] cry/als4 ,^! are b isolat$ p>ts2 or1 if n isolat$1 yet b\nd toge!r by a common tie4 ,!re is ano!r tie above ?is2 x is t :i* b9ds ! e>? to itself alone2 t subord9ates its p>ts to su* an ext5t t !y almo/ disappe>4 ,!re is1 above all ?is ?\ght ( p>ts1 ( features1 ( ph5om5a1 ! conception ( ! ,e>? z a :ole1 exi/+ 9 itself1 & = itself1 an organic ?+1 advanc+ by gr[?1 & becom+ m & m p]fect & beautiful4 ,)\t try+ to impose on y any?+ vague & transc5d5tal1 ,i wi% to lead y to view ! globe z almo/ a liv+ ?+1--n a cry/al1 assum+ new grace by virtue ( an ext]nal law1--b a _w1 tak+ on gr&eur & wor?1 by virtue ( an inw>d necessity4 ,! individuality ( ! e>? mu/ be ! wat*word ( re-creat$ ,geography4 ,to ?9k ( ! ,e>?1 z a se$ s[n f ! h& ( ,god himself on ! great fields ( space1 & fill$ ) a g]m9ant p[] ( life1 :i* w trans=m x m & m1 & make x m & m wor?y ( its noble/ inhabitant1 is ! fir/1 z x is ! la/1 idea :i* we mu/ take & keep 9 ^! inquiries4 ,=m]ly1 ,geography 0 reg>d$ z a m]e auxili>y ( ,hi/ory1 ,politics1 ,milit>y ,sci5ce1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! ,indu/rial ,arts1 & ,comm]ce4 ,& 9 tru? x does rea* out & tea* all ^! dep>tm5ts ( k & action2 b only 9 ! mo/ rec5t times has x assum$ ! place ( an indep5d5t bran* ( /udy4 ,only ?r\gh ! wid5+ ( ! :ole circle ( sci5ces has room be5 made = ?is4 ,geography us$1 = ! sake ( comm]ce1 to be divid$ into ?ree divisions3 ma!matical1 physical1 & political4 ,?is 0 at ! "t :5 x 0 ?\ght t ! :ole frame-"w ( ! sci5ces 0 a disjo9t$ & sund]$ ?+2 be=e t m9or pr9ciple ( unity :i* b9ds !m all toge!r 0 recogniz$ z "o ( ! noble/ conceptions t ! m9d c *]i%4 ,9 ! fir/ two ( ^! arbitr>y divisions into :i* ,geography 0 sev]$1 ! relations ( a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 & physics 7 /udi$1 & _! applications to ! confus$ ph5om5a ( ! globe inve/igat$4 ,yet ! mo/ important ?+ ( all escap$ notice2 /ud5ts ov]look$ _! *ief task1 ! trac+ ( causation & int]dep5d5ce 9 ! ph5om5a1 & ! relation ( e "o to ! c\ntry :i* supplies its conditions ( be+4 ,x 0 n suspect$ t ea* ph5om5on 0 "o l9k ( a great *a9 ( ph5om5a1 ! :ole reveal+ a compreh5sive law4 ,m5 discuss$ porphyritic =mations1 basaltic columns1 hot spr+s1 & a ?\s& features :i* dot ! e>?1 & a ?\s& k9ds ( rock :i* rift ! surface ( ! globe1 & treat$ !m s+ly z if ea* 0 a spore & ! :ole comb9ation only a sporadic gr\p4 ,!y did n discov] t 9 ! "o feature 0 to be f\nd ! reason ( ! exi/5ce ( its neighbor2 t all ! lay]s ( /one owe _! s+ul>ities ( /ructure to "o ano!r r ?an to !mselves2 t ea* "o /&s 9 ! close/ connection ) ! upheaval ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 ) ! =mation ( great volcanic isl&s1 &1 9 tru?1 ) ! build+ up ( entire cont95ts4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 plants 7 discuss$ z if !y 7 ob$i5t to no law ( gr\p+1 z if !y 7 scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! e>?1 hav+ no relation to zones ( vegetation1 to iso!rmal & iso*im5al l9es2 z if1 9 fact1 !re 0 no suspicion ( any pr9ciple und]ly+ ! v exi/5ce ( ! :ole vegetable k+dom4 ,& s1 too1 ) su* ph5om5a z ! ,aurora ,borealis2 !y 7 treat$ z isolat$ features1 r ?an 9 _! relations to ! globe2 ! connection 0 n se5 betwe5 ! m>itime discov]ies ( voyag]s & ! great sy/em ( oceanic curr5ts1 on :i* voyag]s are s dep5d5t2 9 fact1 ! :ole influ5ce ( ! _w ( matt] on ! _w ( m9d 0 unexplor$4 ,& 9 ord] to /udy :at 0 call$ ,political ,geography1 a va/ mass ( mat]ials 0 conv]t$ into a /iff1 rituali/ic frame-"w1 9 ! ef=t to impose "s sy/em & imag9al complet5ess on x1 & n 9 ord] to grasp facts & tru?s 9 _! mutual relations & inw>d life2 !y 7 m]ely arrang$ = conv5i5t ref]5ce & = available use 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( milit>y sci5ce1 politics1 /ati/ics1 & hi/ory2 a me?od :i* is pla9ly our inh]itance f ! ,middle ,ages1 & :i* be>s ! m>ks ( ^? days4 ,?us f ?is arbitr>y arrangem5t1 made )\t ref]5ce to any indwell+ necessity1 sprang ! ?ree gr\ps ) :i* we are famili>3 ,*ronography & ,topography =m+ ! fir/1 ,e?nography & ,an?ropology ! second1 & ,/ati/ics & ,hi/ory ! ?ird1 or ,political ,geography4 ,f ^! ?ree gr\ps our ord9>y text-books compile _! usual aggregate ( facts1 & ea* becomes aft] its own patt]n a motley 9 m9iature4 ,!y conta9 v>iable quantities ( ?is triple mass ( mat]ials1 & foll[ no law b ! dem&s ( ! "t :5 !y see ! light2 !y favor1 l our light lit]ature1 ! :im ( ! h\r1 & are political1 milit>y1 or comm]cial1 z ! public may dem&4 ,a sy/ematic exposition ( geography is v seldom to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,a h>mony ( p>ts1 a true h>mony1 is v r>ely atta9$ 9 _! pages4 ,!y are at ! f\ndation only arbitr>y & unme?odical collections ( all facts :i* are asc]ta9$ to exi/ ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 ,!y are arrang$ accord+ to c\ntries1 or great natural divisions2 b ! relation ( "o great natural division to ano!r1 ! mutual & imm5se influ5ce ( "o c\ntry on ano!r1 is nev] m5tion$4 ,! description ( ,europe foll[s 9 !m to-day ! same ord] 9 :i* ,/rabo set ! patt]n4 ,! facts are arrang$ z ! pieces ( a c\nt]pane1 z if e "o exi/$ 9 itself & = itself1 & _h no connections ) o!rs4 ,! sett+ out ( ^! facts foll[s ! rubrical me?od ( gr\p+1 accord+ to b\nd>y1 soil1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 products1 & cities4 ,! beg9n+ is usually made ) b\nd>ies :i* are g5]ally mo/ un/able & unc]ta91 in/ead ( be+ made ) "s rudim5tal fact ar\nd :i* all o!rs arrange !mselves z a c5t]4 ,if we comp>e ^! geographical treatises ) ^? made 9 ! int]e/ ( any o!r great dep>tm5t1 we %all spe$ily discov] t !y indicate k r ?an sci5ce2 !y =m a m]e aggregation & index ( ri* mat]ials1 a lexicon r ?an a true text-book4 ,& !re=e ensues1 despite ! und5i$ int]e/ ( ! subject & its high claims1 ! me*anical & unfruitful me?od only too common--! cr[d+ ( ! memory )\t judgm5t1 )\t ?\ght2 !nce comes x t ,geography has tak5 s l[ a place among our s*ool /udies1 wor?y only ( ! y\nge/ ( ! pupils1 & pres5t+ little /imulus ev5 to !m4 ,x w be my ef=t1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures1 to exhibit ! subject ( relations r ?an to deta9 y ) descriptions2 9 "o ^w1 to g5]alize r ?an to add new details4 ,9 ! lack ( a ?or\ghly excell5t text-book ( geography1 ,i %all presuppose an acqua9tance on y\r "p ) ! mat]ials1 s to speak1 ( :i* ! sci5ce is to be con/ruct$4 ,x has be5 a cu/om>y me?od to treat geography 9 connection ) epo*s ( "t2 deal+ ) x z x 0 9 ! pa/ & z x is 9 ! pres5t4 ,we he> ( ,anci5t ,geography1 ! ,geography ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ,mod]n ,geography4 ,9 ?is c\rse ( lectures1 x w be treat$ n z ! prop]ty ( "o age or ano!r1 b r z a gr[? ( all "t1 f ,h]odotus d[n to our day4 ,x is only 9 ?is way t we c asc]ta9 :at is p]man5t & :at is ephem]al2 only 9 ?is way c we subject geography to t comp>ative me?od :i* has giv5 su* an impetus to ! advancem5t ( ! si/] sci5ces ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 only 9 ?is way c we see h[ ! pres5t is ! bir?right ( ! pa/4 ,ar*ology1 e?nography1 & civil sci5ce are all ga9]s by ?is me?od ( treatm5t2 9 "o ^w1 ! :ole doma9 ( cotemporane\s /udy4 ,! less positive k we possess ( ! =mative processes ( sci5ce1 ! m crude our hypo!ses1 ! m flagrant our errors4 ,?is is con/antly v]ifi$ "u our eyes2 ! errors ( ! pa/ are ! wisdom ( ! pres5t1 & ! gradual upheavals ( our k become indices1 n less ( outgr[n untru?s ?an ( tru?s yet to be reveal$4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,geographical ,,sci5ce4 ,! s\rces ( geography1 z ( hi/ory1 are tw(old--e/abli%$ memorials & cont9u$ inve/igations4 ,! /udy ( x has ?is great advantage at ! outset1 t ! surface ( ! e>? is a /&+ monum5t ( ! pa/4 ,we are oblig$ to se>* :]e all lies op52 :]e inve/igation mu/ be cr[n$ ) success4 ,no manuscripts 9 ?is great libr>y h p]i%$2 !y all exi/ z legible1 z accessible z ev]4 ,moreov]1 p]sonal inve/igation mu/ be made by e /ud5t 9 ord] to und]/& ! results ( ! inve/igations ( o!rs4 ,:]ev] our home is1 !re lie all ! mat]ials :i* we ne$ = ! /udy ( ! entire globe4 ,humboldt h9ts at ?is :5 he says 9 8 ,kosmos3 8,e little nook & %ad$ corn] is b a reflection ( ! :ole ( ,nature40 ,! ro>+ m\nta9 brook is ! type ( ! ?und]+ cat>act2 ! geological =mations ( a s+le little isl&1 sugge/ ! brok5 coa/ l9es ( a cont95t2 ! /udy ( ! b\ld]s :i* are s ?ickly scatt]$ 9 tok5 ( a great primeval deluge f ! nor?1 reveals ! /ructure ( :ole m\nta9 *a9s4 ,! digg+ ( e well may contribute to our k ( ! e>?'s cru/2 ! excavations made 9 ! build+ ( railroads may1 )\t ! loss ( "t1 labor1 & exp5se1 be a ceaseless s\rce ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! /ructure ( a spe> ( grass1 ( a ru%1 ( a s+le monocotyl$on1 may be /udi$ 9 m9iature ! palm-tree1 pr9ce ( ! tropics2 9 ! mosses & li*5s on our walls1 ! /unt$ gr[?s ( m\nta9 tops may be inve/igat$4 ,a small range ( hills may be tak5 z ! type ( ! l(tie/ ,cordill]a4 ,! eye may be easily tra9$ to see all ! great] 9 ! less4 ,! /udy ( our own di/rict is ! true key to ! und]/&+ ( ! =ms & ! ph5om5a ( =eign l&s4 ,:oev] has w&]$ ?r\gh ! valleys & woods1 & ov] ! hills & m\nta9s ( 8 own ,/ate1 w be ! "o capable ( foll[+ a ,h]odotus 9 8 w&]+s ov] ! globe4 ,he1 & he alone1 w be able1 ) true appreciation1 to accompany travel]s ?r\gh all =eign l&s4 ,! v fir/ /ep 9 a k ( geography is to "k ?or\ghly ! di/rict :]e we live4 ,un=tunately ! text-books :i* we n[ possess d n discuss1 ) any approa* to exhau/iv5ess1 ! di/ricts :]e _! read]s live2 & h5ce !y _c give any true inductive g5]alization ( ! l>ge & ! remote4 ,9 anci5t times1 ! /udy ( geography began ) ! _w ( nature1 n ) ! _w ( books4 ,h]odotus1 be+ #ddd ye>s ,b4 ,c41 became1 by virtue ( 8 inve/igations on 8 w&]+s1 ! fir/ critical geograph] ( ! ,greeks4 ,polybius travel$ ?r\gh ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 ,gaul & ,spa91 to be able to write ! hi/ory ( ,hannibal's campaigns4 ,he explor$ ! ,black ,sea & ,egypt1 9 que/ ( facts4 ,he is ! fa!r ( all milit>y geography2 ! greate/ /rategi/s h busi$ !mselves ) writ+ comm5t>ies on ,polybius4 ,/rabo1 ! mo/ indu/ri\s geograph] ( 8 age1 did n write till he _h travel$ f ! ,caucasus to ! ,rhone1 & f ! ,alps to ,e?iopia4 ,philip ,cluv]1 ( ,dantzig1 :o di$ 9 #afbc1 ! true f\nd] ( classical geography1 collect$1 by p]sonal inve/igations1 ! mat]ials ( 8 great "w on ,g]many1 ,italy1 & anci5t ,sicily1 all ( :i* c\ntries he trav]s$ ?or\ghly1 ! classic au?ors 9 8 h&4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt has become1 by 8 ?or\gh /udies ( nature 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 ! f\nd] ( ,comp>ative ,geography4 ,he 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) e geographical =m 9 ! neighborhood ( 8 home1 be=e he travel$ into =eign l&s4 ,^! examples %[ t p]sonal inve/igation is "o ( ! mo/ reliable ( all s\rces ( geographical k4 ,! second class ( ^! s\rces is ! acc\nts giv5 9 ! publi%$ memoirs ( travel]s4 ,9 m primitive days ?an ^!1 :5 v little 0 kn[n reg>d+ ! e>?1 p]sonal exam9ation 0 easily complet$1 ) a good degree ( fullness1 by almo/ any t\ri/4 ,) ! advance ( k1 ! n>ratives ( travel]s h increas$1 & ! sum total ( facts obs]v$ has become unwieldy2 &1 :]e facts h be5 want+1 ! imag9ation has amply suppli$ _! place4 ,( c\rse1 a s+le life soon became too %ort = ! p]sonal exam9ation ( e qu>t] ( ! globe2 ! n>ratives ( ^? :o _h ?or\ghly explor$ any "o 7 accept$ z au?oritative1 & ^! acc\nts soon became ! mo/ g5]ally available ( all ! s\rces ( geographical k4 ,yet1 ) ?is limitation1 t n[ _! abundance & _! exactness t5d to repress & almo/ to de/roy any p]sonal inquiry :atev]4 ,no?+ c take ! place ( "s exploration & inve/igation on ! "p ( ! /ud5t ( geography4 ,to ! acc\nts ( sci5tific travel]s1 may be add$ ^? maps & globes :i* indicate ! cont\r & ! v]tical elevations & depressions ( ! e>? or its divisions4 ,! dem& = p]fect accuracy 9 ^! is n[ v great4 ,! map mu/ be a portrait1 n a c>icature4 ,9 its way1 ! map has a c]ta9 dictatorial au?ority2 x is s decisive 9 its v "*1 t errors 9 x are f> m dang]\s ?an 9 ! lett]-press ( books4 ,! ,engli% excel 9 ! beauty ( _! maps3 !re are none 9 ! _w engrav$ ) ! r>e excell5ce ( !irs2 b _! c>e to secure accuracy is n comm5surate4 ,! ,fr5* & ! ,g]mans vie = ! honor ( p]fectly transcrib+ nature4 ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,geography4 ,! sci5ces :i* are call$ 9 to illu/rate ! ?or\gh /udy ( geography h l>gely increas$ 9 numb] )9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! same :i* illu/rate hi/ory2 to :i* may be add$ ma!matics & natural hi/ory4 ,x is a v great mi/ake to suppose t all t be>s ^u geography c be cr[d$ )9 ! cov]s ( a s+le book4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t geography is a matt] ( memory4 ,ev5 9 its elem5t>y =ms1 x is capable ( a con/ructive treatm5t4 ,_m a tea*]1 :o has n paid special att5tion to ?is dep>tm5t1 dreams t he c qualify himself by runn+ ?r\gh a s+le text-book4 ,no philologi/ w\ld dream t1 ) a gramm> & diction>y1 he c\ld grasp any con/ructive !ory ( language4 ,!re mu/ fir/ be ! /udy1 comp>atively1 ( ! great classes4 ,& 9 geography1 ! p]sonal /udy ( ! e>?1 ) critical clos5ess1 & 9 ! comp>ative me?od1 is ! true way4 ,ano!r v common error is1 t geography mu/ subsidize :at is mo/ /rik+ 9 o!r sci5ces1 & !reby ga9 its *>ms & atta9 its uses4 ,?us geography becomes ev]y?+--hi/ory1 /ati/ics1 /atecraft1 physics1 a catalogue ( all ! possessions ( natural hi/ory1 9 all its k+doms4 ,x takes on all colors1 & mean:ile loses its own4 ,x m]ges all its individuality 9 o!r prov9ces4 ,9 no way c x escape ?is dis9tegrat+ =ce1 unless by hold+ fa/ to "s c5tral pr9ciple ( be+2 & t is ! relation ( all ! ph5om5a & =ms ( nature to ! human race4 ,x _c exi/1 if x is to be m]ely an aggregate ( all sci5ce1 a mosaic ( all colors4 ,x is to use ! :ole circle ( sci5ces to illu/rate its own individuality1 n to exhibit _! peculi>ities4 ,x mu/ make !m all give a portion1 n ! :ole1 & yet mu/ keep itself s+le & cle>4 ,= ! compreh5sion ( ma!matical geography1 a k ( ! elem5ts ( ma!matics & a/ronomy is indisp5sable4 ,= det]m9+ localities1 & = us+ _m ne$$ in/rum5ts1 !re mu/ be "s skill 9 practical a/ronomy2 = measur+ di/ances1 = project+ maps & *>ts1 & locat+ geographical di/ricts ^u !m1 !re mu/ be "s famili>ity ) trigonometry & ! high] ma!matics4 ,no "o c ?or\ghly /udy geography 9 =eign l&s1 & leave all a/ronomical in/rum5ts beh9d4 ,political geography dem&s an acqua9tance ) hi/ory1 & ! same helps :i* ! /udy ( hi/ory requires4 ,! civil /atus ( no c\ntry c be det]m9$ )\t ?is4 ,bs*+'s 8,europe0 0 a ma/]-piece ( its "t4 ,b x 0 impossible = ev5 t book to compress )9 its cov]s ! :ole hi/ory ( t cont95t 9 its relation to ! geography ( ,europe4 ,! /udy ( ,man is1 ( c\rse1 9 mo/ intimate alliance ) geography4 ,x is only s9ce ! op5+ ( ?is c5tury t e?nography has become a prom95t & cle>ly def9$ prov9ce ( sci5ce1 & enabl$ to become a great tribut>y ( geography2 9 fact1 ! greate/ tribut>y4 ,o!r dep>tm5ts are also drawn ^u2 !re c be no close /udy ( ! soil1 ! /ructure ( m\nta9s & pla9s1 )\t m9]alogy & geology4 ,meteorology1 too1 ! sci5ce :i* discusses ! climatic conditions ( c\ntries & ! effects ( climate ^u ! organization ( plants1 animals1 & man1 is ( no mean value 9 illu/rat+ geography4 ,nor c "o be a great geograph] :o does n und]/& ! flora ( ! _w4 ,n t he ne$s to be famili> ) ! myriads ( plants1 b ! laws ( gr[? & ! *>act]i/ics ( localization mu/ be kn[n4 ,! geograph] does n ne$ to repeat 9 detail :]e ! c]eals & ! palm-tree ?rive4 ,! g5]al conditions :i* control ! gr[? ( plants are all t he has to conc]n himself )4 ,! ma9 auxili>y = ?is is furni%$ 9 ! botanical g>d51 :]e ! eye sees ! products ( all localities1 arrang$1 accord+ to _! gr\p+1 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y are indig5\s4 ,botany & zoology & m9]alogy are among ! sci5ces mo/ valuable 9 ?r[+ light ^u geography2 !y display be/ :at weal? ea* c\ntry holds 9 /ore = ! uses ( man2 = !y are closely connect$ ) ! developm5t ( indu/ry1 ! arts1 & trade4 ,?is br+s u to ! la/ prov9ce1 comm]ce1 ! sci5ce ( int]*ange4 ,! /udy ( m9]als1 ( ! di/ribution ( plants & animals1 is ( little advantage1 aside f comm]ce & its uses to man4 ,x is ! int]*ange ( ! products ( "o region = ^? ( ano!r :i* has _h1 on ! :ole1 ! greate/ influ5ce on ! human race4 ,?9k1 = an in/ant1 ( ! transf] ( ! potato f ,am]ica to ,europe1 ( maize to ,asia2 ( ! f> m anci5t introduction ( :eat & rice f ,asia into ,europe2 & n ^! alone1 b almo/ all ! fruits4 ,?9k ( ! c>ry+ f ,asia to ,am]ica1 &1 9 fact1 to all tropical l&s1 su* products z sug>1 c(fee1 & cotton4 ,?9k1 too1 ( ! results ( ! se>* = gold1 ivory1 & slaves 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 & ( gold 9 ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia1 op5+ su* imm5se di/ricts to settlem5ts4 ,! se>* aft] plat9a has disclos$ ! mo/ gu>d$ recesses ( ! ,cordill]as & ! ,ural *a92 :ile ! ne$ ( copp] fir/ gave u our complete k ( ! great sy/em ( ,am]ican lakes4 ,)\t ! exp$itions to secure ! :ale1 ! walrus1 & ! seal1 z well z ! fur-be>+ animals1 ! pol> _w w\ld be /ill untrav]s$4 ,! discov]y ( coal on a hundr$ %ores o!rwise unkn[n1 l$ to ! settlem5t ( man 9 colonies f ,india & ,*9a s\?w>d to ! ,ant>ctic ,cont95t1 & nor?w>d to ,nova ,zembla1 ,spitzb]g51 & ,gre5l&4 ,& n ! cont95ts only1 seas & oceans h be5 ?or\ghly /udi$1 9 ord] to secure a safe pa?way = man to ! regions :i* conta9 8 spoils4 ,9 ! fur!rance ( ?is1 ! highe/ praise mu/ be aw>d$ to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,?r\gh its ent]prise & lib]ality1 almo/ e isl& gr\p has be5 exam9$1 a ?or\gh /udy ( m>9e curr5ts und]tak51 c>eful s\nd+s made 9 all wat]s1 & a mo/ ext5sive *>tography accompli%$4 ,! *>ts publi%$ by ! ,engli% admiralty already are c\nt$ by ?\s&s4 ,yet ! ,fr5* h n be5 backw>d 9 l inve/igations4 ,und]/&+ ! value ( comm]ce1 _! ,dpt de la ,m>9e has n be5 inactive4 ,sc&9avia has also done h] "p4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has accompli%$ "o ( ! mo/ ?or\gh coa/ surveys ev] und]tak5 by any nation2 its difficulties are only to be measur$ by its ext5t4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole civilis$ _w has s5t its mess5g]s to ! ends ( ! e>?1 & h unit$ 9 ?is gr& crusade ( our age1 ! enri*+ ( all m5 by a lib]al sy/em ( int]*ange ( ! commodities ( all climes4 ,,comp>ative ,,geography4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,its ,,mo/ ,,g5]al ,,relations4 ,! ,sph]oidal ,=m ( ! ,e>?4 ,! measurem5ts (1 & inve/igations into ! figure ( ! e>?1 h l$1 z already /at$ 9 ! introduction1 to no absolutely c]ta9 conclusion2 yet !y h made x c]ta9 t ! e>? is1 9 a g5]al s5se1 a sph]oid4 ,!re are _m discrepancies1 z 7 !n /at$1 f ! p]fectly sph]oidal %ape2 /ill x is 9 ?is s5se a sph]oid1 t ! pol> diamet] is n ( ! same l5g? ) ! equatorial diamet]4 ,! globul> =m ( ! e>?1 us+ t ^w 9 a loose s5se1 has be5 e/abli%$ ) c]ta9ty s9ce ,newton's "t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( circumnavigators1 ! uni=m %ield-%ape ( ! %ad[ ( ! e>? dur+ eclipses ( ! moon1 are witnesses to ?is4 ,! gradual em]g+ & disappe>ance ( objects1 su* z %ips on ! sea1 9 com+ & go+1 c>avans on ! des]t1 ( m\nta9s z !y are approa*$1 e/abli% ! fact4 ,^! pro(s are s well kn[n t we b t\* on !m & pass to :at is n s obvi\s4 ,z soon z ! fact 0 e/abli%$ t ! e>? 0 a subord9ate memb] ( a sy/em1 x 0 br\ght into analogy ) o!r planets1 & _! uni=mly sph]ical %ape 0 consid]$ ano!r valid reason = attribut+ ! same to our globe4 ,! discov]y ( ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis 0 /ill ano!r argum5t 9 ! same direction4 ,ma!matical measurem5ts & obs]vations ( ! p5dulum1 tak5 at diff]5t /ations1 h confirm$ ! same result4 ,to measure a sph]ical body1 x is only necess>y to take ! l5g? ( a degree 9 "o ( its great circles1 & to multiply its l5g? by #cfj1 ! numb] ( degrees4 ,! me?od ( measur+ a degree on ! e>?'s surface is by tak+ two />s1 j "o degree ap>t1 dropp+1 by a/ronomical & ma!matical means1 v]tical l9es ^u ! e>? f !m & measur+ ! di/ances ap>t ( ! po9ts :]e ^? l9es imp+e ^u ! globe4 ,?is c be done ) p]fect accuracy4 ,su* inve/igations %[ t ! degrees are n all ( equal l5g?1 z !y w\ld be 7 ! e>? a p]fect sph]e4 ,ne>] ! poles !y are long]1 ne>] ! equator !y are %ort]4 ,! curvature ( ! e>? is !re=e great] z y approa* ! equatorial l9e1 & less z y rec$e f x4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 !n1 ! e>? is an oblate sph]oid1 z x w\ld be a prolate sph]oid 7 ! l5g?s ( its diamet]s rev]s$4 ,by ! mo/ accurate measurem5ts1 ^? ( ! a/ronom] ,bessel1 if ! equatorial diamet] 7 divid$ into #bhi equal p>ts1 ! pol> diamet] w\ld measure #bhh ( !m1 be+ %ort]4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ :at 0 said 9 ! introduction1 t ! surpris+ accuracy ( mod]n in/rum5ts & mod]n inve/igations1 appli$ to m]idian circles & p>allels ( latitude1 h det]m9$ ! fact t ! sph]oid is n a p]fect "o1 7j z s (t5 9 nature ! ideal is r /riv5 aft] ?an atta9$17 b an irregul> polyh$ron ( an indet]m9ate numb] ( sides4 ,/ill = all practical purposes1 ^! m9ute inquiries h no value1 & x is en\gh to treat ( ! e>? z a p]fect globe1 s f>1 at lea/1 z map-draw+ is conc]n$4 ,! deviation f a p]fectly sph]ical %ape is s inconsid]able t 9 an artificial globe ( eighte5 in*es diamet] x w\ld h>dly am\nt to ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( pap]2 /ill1 small z ?is is repres5t$ on a m9iature scale1 x has1 d\btless1 great importance on ! great scale ( a _w l ?is1 bo? 9 affect+ some:at ! p]turbation ( o!r heav5ly bodies :i* dep5d on ! e>?1 z well z ! p]turbations 9 ! e>?'s own motion4 ,besides ?is1 :i* is really n a small po9t 9 consid]ation ( ! possible results :i* ! m9ute/ p]turbation ( "o little planet may h on ! univ]se1 !re is "o o!r1 m appreciable 9 its results1 ! probable influ5ce ( ?is sph]oidal1 or r polyh$rons =m1 9 produc+ ! unequal division ( l& & wat] ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! app>5t want ( any pr9ciple or reason = ?is inequality has long p]plex$ geograph]s1 & !re seems to be no m satisfactory solution ?an ! "o to :i* ,i h j allud$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( future inve/igations into ! yet undet]m9$ exact ma!matical =m ( ! e>?1 ! law :i* controls ! division into l& & wat] w be m ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,unque/ionably ! position ( ! great oceans dep5ds ^u _! di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! globe1 & al?\gh ! pres5t proportion ( l& & wat] seems =tuit\s1 und\bt$ly x has a uni=mly act+1 & a ?or\ghly appreciable law4 ,! ,?reefold ,cov]+ ( ! ,e>?4 ,:at may 9 ! l>ge/ & mo/ g5]al s5se be call$ ! sup]ficies ( ! e>?1 is ?reefold 9 "*1 & yet "o 9 function2 consi/+ ( a highly ela/ic body1 ! atmosph]e1 wat]1 & ! solid gr\nd4 ,^! ?ree =ms are v>i\sly proportion$2 ! m ela/ic is univ]sal1 ! fluid =m is m re/rict$1 & ! solid "o prevails /ill less4 ,! m d5se ! body1 ! ne>] x is f\nd to ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,! lighte/ ( all floats ov] ! entire p]iph]y ( ! globe l a graceful mantle ( cl\d4 ,man1 & 9 fact all organisms1 live by contact ) all ?ree ( ^! =ms4 ,! inve/igation ( ! elem5ts1 & ph5om5a ( ! air1 reg>d$ 9 !mselves1 is ! prov9ce ( meteorology4 ,! m]cury-column is ! true language ( ! atmosph]e1 & tells u 9 di/9ct tones ( all ! *anges !re4 ,m9]alogy & geology make u acqua9t$ ) all ! qualities & all ! elem5ts ( ! soil1 n 9 _! relation to man1 b reg>d$ 9 !mselves4 ,geography deals ) ! conflict ( all ^! bodies1 _! relations to ea* o!r1 _! mutual action & reaction4 ,meteorology gives occasion = ! /udy ( climate1 & = ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1--! fall ( ra9 & sn[1 = example4 ,geology & m9]alogy give rise to ! /udy ( pla9s & m\nta9 =mations1 z well z ( volcanic ph5om5a1 affect+ ! surface ( ! e>? z !y d 9 e>?quakes1 upheavals ( :ole di/ricts1 & ! op5+ ( hot spr+s4 ,?us1 geography has x own prov9ce cle>ly def9$1 & uses all ?is & /udies x 9 relation to ! organic _w1 & to man =emo/ ( all4 ,! mo/ highly ela/ic cov]+ ( ! e>? is unbrok51 ! o!r two are sund]$1 & ea* only occupies a "p ( ! surface4 ,=m]ly1 9 mo/ anci5t times1 ! wat] seems to h cov]$ ! entire e>?4 ,! /udy ( ?is is1 h[ev]1 )9 ! doma9 ( geology4 ,we h to d only ) ! hi/oric p]iod :i* foll[$4 ,we h to look at ! e>? 9 its pres5t relations1 & z ! home ( man4 ,n[1 ! portions cov]$ ) wat] are1 by f>1 ! l>ge/ "p ( ! surface2 a little less ?an ?ree-f\r?s are wat]1 a little m ?an "o-f\r? l&4 ,! :ole wat]-mass is compos$ l>gely ( ! oceans1 :i*1 9 "o s5se1 con/itute a cont95t ( _! own3 9 look+ at !m z we d n[1 we are n to reg>d !m z ceas+ at ! outl9es ( ! great l&-masses1 b z p5etrat+ ^! z f> z to ! spr+s :i* fe$ ! riv]s2 = ! _w ( wat]s1 embrac+ spr+s1 brooks1 riv]s1 lakes1 seas1 & oceans1 is "o1 & b "o4 ,! wat] is1 9 "s respects1 a =m betwe5 ! o!r two2 its peculi>ities1 weight1 d5sity1 fre$om ( movem5t1 & *angeabl5ess ( =m1 are a mean betwe5 ! oppos+ extremes ( air & ! gr\nd4 ,wat] c pass to a m fluid or a m solid /ate2 x c become vapor or ice4 ,! measurem5t ( ! dep? ( ! _w ( wat]s has lately be5 s cle>ly connect$ ) ! ne$s ( civilization1 t geograph]s h made _m exce$+ly accurate inve/igations4 ,=m]ly1 ?is 0 mu* neglect$2 up to ,capta9 ,cook's "t #aejj feet 0 ! greate/ dep? asc]ta9$2 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,arctic discov]ies #gjjj feet limit$ ! plummet's desc5t2 ,capta9 ,ross s\nd$1 ne> ,/4 ,hel5a1 to a dep? ( #cj1jjj feet2 & ,capta9 ,d5horn1 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 rea*$ a po9t #df1jjj feet f ! surface--ab\t twice ! height ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s4 ,& n s+le po9ts alone1 b entire ocean di/ricts h be5 trav]s$2 ! temp]ature ( ^! great dep?s has be5 /udi$1 ! curr5ts1 ! d5sity1 9 fact all ! features :i* mu/ be kn[n prelim9>ily to ! lay+ ( great l9es ( subm>9e telegraphs1 su*1 = example1 z t propos$ betwe5 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,! atmosph]e1 too1 is by no means ?or\ghly kn[n to u4 ,x rises to a height betwe5 #he & #ie miles f ! e>?1 ( :i* man has explor$ 9 balloons only ab\t five miles1 or ! height ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s4 ,at l(ti] heights ?an we c live1 ! bright light ( mid-day ev5 fades into a dim k9d ( twilight1 & meteoric masses ( iron are se5 9 full gl[1 !re be+ oxyg5 en\gh ev5 !re to support _! combu/ion1 & v little resi/ance to ov]come f ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,a/ronom]s1 ,b5z5b]g 9 p>ticul>1 h calculat$ ! di/ance ( ! meteors to range f #bc to #ajj miles f ! e>?1 & h /udi$ !m#b 9 respect to ! "t :5 !y 7 visible1 _! locality1 & _! direction4 ,! limits ( ! atmosph]e mu/ be at t po9t :]e ! expansive p[] ( air & ! attractive influ5ce ( ! globe neutralize ea* o!r4 ,! =m ( ! atmosph]ic body is !re=e1 l ! e>?1 sph]oidal1 b f> m oblate ?an ! e>?1 9 consequ5ce ( its mu* great] fluidity4 ,at ! poles1 ! di/ance is !re=e mu* less f ! surface ( ! e>? to ! conf9es ( ! atmosph]e ?an at ! equator4 ,! effect ( ?is ^u ! refraction ( light mu/ be v great4 ,! inve/igation ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? is m difficult to u ?an t ( ! atmosph]e ev54 ,we _c say t we "k ?or\ghly m ?an we c le>n by p5etrat+ "p ( ! di/ance to ! c5t] ( ! globe4 ,deep] ?an t our l[e/ %afts h n sunk4 ,! coal m9es ( ,engl& p5etrate p]haps ! f>!/ bel[ ! sea level2 = ! deep m9es 9 ,g]many1 9 ! ,h>tz di/rict1 = in/ance1 h _! entrance hundr$s ( feet above x4 ,"o coal m9e ne> ,durham1 ,engl&1 desc5ds to a dep? ( ab\t #aehd feet1 & rea*es a po9t :]e ! !rmomet] is #gi ,fahr5heit4 ,! deep coal m9es ( ,engl& h1 h[ev]1 "o rival1 9 a %aft at ,liege1 :i* is sunk #ahjj feet4 ,! mod]n ,artesian well has gone to /ill great] dep?s1 9 ! ef=t to procure br9e = ! manufacture ( salt1 or fre% wat] = ! use ( cities4 ,at ,rehme1 9 ,porta ,we/phalica1 a po9t #bafj feet f ! surface has be5 rea*$1 & wat] br\ght up at a temp]ature ( #ij ,fahr5heit1 conta9+ f\r p] c5t4 ( salt4 ,by an +5i\s application ( me*anics to ! process ( well bor+1 d\btless a dep? ( #ejjj feet c\ld be atta9$4 ,at ,mondorf1 9 ,luxemburg1 a bore has be5 made ?r\gh s&/one & ! m9]al =mations ly+ b5ea? x1 = a di/ance ( #bgjj feet1 & wat] rea*$ at #hb ,fahr5heit4 ,! great upheavals caus$ by e>?quakes & volcanoes disclose /ill va/] dep?s4 ,9 ! eruptions ( ! latt]1 imm5se masses ( ! inn] cont5ts ( ! e>? are ?r[n out1 sometimes en\gh to =m a n insignificant m\nta91 & to desolate l>ge regions ) _! debris4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 ! orig9al m9]al =ms are lo/ & indi/+ui%able 9 ! molt5 mass4 ,yet n seldom p]fect specim5s are hurl$ out1 imb$d$ 9 lava & c9d]s2 n always m9ute fragm5ts1 sometimes huge blocks1 te/ify+ n ) any degree ( complet5ess1 yet cle>ly1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( ! composition ( ! region bord]+ on ! great inn] sea ( molt5 matt]4 ,yet mo/ ( our k ^u ?is subject is hypo!tical1 & :at we "k only indicates pa9fully ! great ext5t ( t ( :i* we are entirely ignorant4 ,! uni=m increase ( temp]ature1 z we desc5d into ! e>?1 at ! rate ( ab\t #bd ,fahr5heit = e #ajj feet1 ! heat ( "s m9]al spr+s1 leads to ! conclusion t1 c\ld we advance to a place ab\t tw5ty-?ree miles f ! surface1 we %\ld atta9 ! limits :]e all becomes a molt5 mass4 ,! cold surface1 on :i* we walk 9 su* security1 seems1 by all analogies1 to envelop a liquid caldron :i* has be5 see?+ f ! morn+ ( ! _w4 ,?is int]nal mass is1 ( c\rse1 ! s\rce ( all volcanic eruptions1 & ( all ! ph5om5a to :i* ,i h allud$ above4 ,a di/+ui%$ geologi/ has well said t 8light & heat are ! two extremes ( be+3 ! f>!r man goes away f ! e>?'s surface1 he enc\nt]s light2 ! f>!r he rec$es inw>dly f its surface1 he enc\nt]s heat40 ,x is true we are n absolutely c]ta9 t ! rate ( increase is uni=m1 at ! rate ( "o degree ,fahr5heit = e #de feet2 b if x is1 we %\ld rea* ! boil+ po9t ( wat] at less ?an #aj1jjj feet f ! surface1 & ! melt+ po9t ( iron 7#bb ,fahr5heit7 a little ov] #abj1jjj feet4 ,! relation ( ?is ?ickness to ! entire diamet] ( ! e>? is ab\t z #a to #cdd1 ab\t ! ratio ( ! ?ickness ( an egg-%ell to ! egg4 ,! ,sup]ficial ,dim5sions ( ! ,l& & ,wat] on ! ,globe4 ,! equatorial diamet] ( ! e>?1 #gibef miles1 multipli$ into ! circumf]5ce1 #bdhihh1 equals #aig1cci1eij1 ! numb] ( squ>e miles on ! e>?'s surface1 reckon+ z if ( a true sph]e4 ,! d$uction to be made1 9 consequ5ce ( its sph]oidal %ape1 has n yet be5 e/imat$ ) any approa* to nicety4 ,! sum indicat$ above is exact en\gh to satisfy geographical purposes2 en\gh to lead to ! laws ( relative r ?an to a m9ute individualization4 ,! proportion ev5 ( l& to wat] has n be5 det]m9$1 except ) approximate accuracy4 ,x has be5 commonly /at$ t two-?irds are wat] & "o-?ird l&2 o!rs h comput$ ?ree-fif?s to be wat] & two-fif?s l&4 ,! mo/ accurate measurem5ts1 ^? in/itut$ by ,humboldt1 h left x 9 ?is /atem5t1 t if ! :ole be tak5 z "o1 ! sea occupies #gcd1 ! l& #bfe1 or1 r$uc$ & simplifi$ 9 almo/ un*ang$ =m1 a little m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s wat]1 a little less ?an "o-qu>t] l&4 ,( c\rse x is impossible1 z yet1 to atta9 to accuracy 9 ^! e/imates1 z our k is imp]fect reg>d+ ! pol> regions2 !re are ab\t #ag1jjj1jjj squ>e miles unexplor$4 ,! asc]ta9+ ( sup]ficial areas ) exactness is "o ( ! mo/ co/ly op]ations und]tak5 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce4 ,! fir/ ma!matical survey ( ,france1 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 und]tak5 by ,cass9i1 co/ f\r millions2 ! second sixte5 millions2 a ?ird1 /ill m co/ly1 has be5 made )9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be said t few c\ntries h exp5d$ money 9 ?is direction ) z mu* prodigality z ,france4 ,9 ,turkey1 = in/ance1 s little accuracy has be5 atta9$1 t ! survey ( t c\ntry1 und]tak5 by ,beau*amp e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 result$ 9 e/abli%+ ! ,sultan 9 possession ( #ag1jjj squ>e miles :i* he _h suppos$ 7 cov]$ by ! ,black ,sea4 ,! rec5t surveys ( ,prussia h rectifi$ simil> mi/akes1 &1 9 ! con/antly increas+ accuracy1 h giv5 hundr$s ( squ>e miles to ! ,cr[n4 ,_m c\ntries1 & 9 tru? ! mo/1 h nev] be5 subject$ to a /rict m5suration4 ,! jagg$ coa/ l9es ( isl&s & cont95ts h be5 s great a b>ri]1 t we h to speak ) great unc]ta9ty ( ! sup]ficial cont5ts :i* !y inclose4 ,! /atem5ts ( ^! make no pret5se1 !re=e1 to accuracy4 ,we mu/ be cont5t1 at pres5t1 ) ! rude/ approximation4 ,?is acc\nts = ! discrepancy 9 our geographical comp5dia2 no two ( !m agree1 unless "o s]vilely copies ! o!r4 ,! /ati/ics relat+ to ! sup]ficial cont5ts ( cont95ts1 & ( sep>ate c\ntries1 mu/ be tak5 ) a great deal ( all[ance4 ,! evil _c be rem$i$ at pres5t2 x w be1 d\btless1 at "s future day4 ,! discrepancies :i* x occasions w be se51 f ! fact t ! area ( ,europe has be5 comput$ to be betwe5 #c1bed1hjj & #c1hgj1ejj squ>e miles2 t ( ,asia betwe5 #af1ahj1jjj & #af1hca1fjj2 t ( ,africa betwe5 #aa1beg1bjj & #aa1eac1fjj2 t ( ,am]ica betwe5 #ab1adj1djj & #ae1ifc1fjj2 t ( ,au/ralia betwe5 #b1gef1jjj & #c1bja1bjj squ>e miles4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,asia is five times z l>ge z ,europe1 & almo/ six times z l>ge z ! cont95t ( ,au/ralia4 ,africa is ?ree times z l>ge z ,europe4 ,am]ica is f\r times z l>ge z ,europe1 & is z l>ge z ,africa & ,au/ralia comb9$4 ,europe w\ld make ab\t "o-?ird ( ,africa1 "o-qu>t] ( ,am]ica1 "o-fif? ( ,asia4 ,our pres5t k does n all[ u to speak m def9itely nor exactly4 ,contra/ ( ! ,l& & ,wat] ,hemisph]es4 ,:e!r we divide ! globe into nor!rn & s\!rn or ea/]n & we/]n hemisph]es1 _! relative am\nts ( l& & wat] w be diff]5t ,! nor!rn hemisph]e conta9s 7speak+ approximatively z above7 #ch1eda1fjj squ>e miles ( l&1 & #ei1fai1gjj ( wat]2 ! s\!rn1 #ab1hdg1bjj ( l&1 & #he1ebf1ajj ( wat]4 ,! ea/]n hemisph]e conta9s #cf1gfj1hjj squ>e miles ( l&1 & #fa1dja1jjj ( wat]2 ! we/]n1 #ad1fbh1jjj ( l&1 & #hc1ecc1cjj ( wat]4 ,besides ! division quantitatively1 ! division 9 respect to symmetry ( %ape is entirely irregul>4 ,symmetry1 z we usually use ! ^w1 consi/s 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts at equal di/ances1 or two sides at lea/1 f "s c5tral po9t or l9e4 ,m9]al cry/als are reg>d$ 9 relation to ! po9t :]e cry/allization began2 plants are view$ 9 relation to ! /em-axis2 animals 9 relation to ! symmetry ( ! entire /ructure4 ,a simil> law ( symmetry is entirely want+ to ! globe2 its arrangem5t is altoge!r unlike ?is2 x is n ne>ly s p]ceptible at fir/ glance1 yet x is f> m pr(\nd 9 design & compreh5sive 9 its relations4 ,! l& is brok5 up into masses1 v>y+ 9 size1 & call$1 arbitr>ily1 cont95ts & isl&s4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re are b two cont95ts1 ! old _w =m+ "o1 ! new _w ! o!r4 ,au/ralia may be call$ ! smalle/ cont95t or ! l>ge/ isl&2 x is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! =ms1 & %[s at a glance ! arbitr>y di/9ction4 ,we might easily g fur!r & call ,new ,gu9ea1 ,borneo1 ,sumatra1 ,great ,brita91 & ,java1 cont95ts1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we might designate ! old & ! new _w z isl&s4 ,!re is no?+ absolute "h b ! usage ( spee*4 ,! cont95ts & isl&s lie ma9ly 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 7#ch1cda1fjj squ>e miles17 sc>cely a ?ird "p ( _! sup]ficies 7#ab1hdg1bjj squ>e miles7 be+ 9 ! s\!rn4 ,! cont95ts are s situat$ also t ! ea/]n conta9s by f> ! l>ge/ body ( l&1 7#cf1gfj1hjj squ>e miles17 ! we/]n be+ only ab\t "o-?ird z l>ge1 7#ac1fbh1jjj squ>e miles47 ,am]ica1 ! we/]n1 x w be se51 has no fir/-class isl& ly+ ne> x2 x /&s isolat$4 ,x is se5 by ?is t ! greate/ mass ( l& lies 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 divid+ ! e>? 9 "o way1 & 9 ! ea/]n divid+ x 9 ano!r2 ! smalle/ mass 9 ! s\!rn & ! we/]n4 ,9 ! nor!a/ ! wat]y realm is ! mo/ contract$1 9 ! s\?we/ ! lea/4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to speak ( ! l& side ( ! globe1 ! l& hemisph]e1 & a wat] side1 ! wat] hemisph]e4 ,! c5tral po9t ( ! wat] hemisph]e is at ! isl& ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,t[>d ?is ! po9ts ( all ! cont95ts are direct$4 ,! c5t] ( ! l& hemisph]e is 9 ! nor?we/ ( ,europe1 at a po9t ne> s\!a/ ( ,engl&1 ! nor!a/ ( ,france1 & ! coa/ ( ,holl&4 ,! dwell]s ar\nd ! ,nor? ,sea are ! antipodes ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,great ,brita9 is ! c\ntry :i*1 z a :ole1 is ! middle po9t ( ! cont95tal _w4 ,9 ! oceanic _w1 ! isl&s lie l scatt]$ dots1 insignificant 9 respect to area1 9 comp>ison ) ! wa/e ( wat]s :i* surr\nds !m1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! l& hemisph]e is s solidly compact$1 t ev5 ! ,arctic ,ocean becomes m]ely a broad *annel4 ,?us arises ! fir/ great contra/ :i* we h to /udy3 ! fir/1 & next to ! great prim>y di/9ction betwe5 ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 ! mo/ important4 ,! division into l& & wat]1 aside f comm]ce1 mu/ ex]cise ! /ronge/ influ5ce on ! di/ribution ( heat & cold1 affect+ ! temp]ature ( all ! zones4 ,?is influ5ce has be5 fully notic$ & br\ght be=e ! _w by ,alex&] von ,humboldt4 ,x is suffici5t to ref] to x n[ z a well-det]m9$ fact 9 physical geography4 ,! heat equator is a little f>!r nor? ?an ! ma!matical equator1 because ! l& hemisph]e has a great] heat capacity 7if we may use an awkw>d b apt ^w7 ?an ! wat] hemisph]e4 ,all o!r iso!rmal l9es are modifi$ 9 _! great] or less co9cid5ce ) ! p>allels ( latitude z !y advance f ! heat equator t[>d ! maximum ( ! l& hemisph]e1 or1 9 g5]al t]ms1 z !y g nor?w>d4 ,9 ! we/]n hemisph]e ! iso!rmal l9es foll[ mu* m exactly ! p>allels ( latitude ?an 9 ! ea/]n1 :i* is pre-em95tly ! l& hemisph]e4 ,9 ,am]ica ! proximity ( imm5se masses ( wat] causes a p]ceptible r$uction ( ! heat f t ( ! ea/]n :]e ! l& =m prevails4 ,& ! heat dim9i%es m z we advance t[>d ! ,s\? ,pole1 ?an t[>d ! ,nor?1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] defici5cy ( l& 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 :ile 9 ,lapl&1 ,gre5l&1 & 9 ,sib]ia1 ev5 )9 ! pol> circle itself1 m5 f9d su/5ance & trees live1 9 ! same latitude1 at ! ,s\? ,pole1 no vegetable life1 wor? m5tion+1 is f\nd4 ,! frigid zone & ! temp]ate zone ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e are n co9cid5t ) ^? ( ! nor!rn4 ,! iceb]gs :i* are =m$ at ! ,s\? ,pole are c>ri$ mu* ne>] to ! equator ?an ^? f\nd at ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,an important ph5om5on1 fir/ po9t$ out by ,a4 von ,humboldt & ,dove1 is closely connect$ ) :at has j be5 said4 ,! ,atlantic %ores ( ! old _w are w>m] ?an ^? 9 ! same latitude ( ! new _w4 ,norway1 ,engl&1 & ,france are w>m] ?an ,labrador & ,canada2 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,morocco are w>m] ?an ,florida2 ,congo & ,b5guela are w>m] ?an ,brazil1 al?\gh ! c\ntries br\ght 9 contra/ all lie on ! same p>allel4 ,a simil> analogy is drawn f ! we/ %ore ( ,am]ica3 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia is w>m] ?an ,japan & ,corea1 :i* are 9 ! same latitude4 ,x is true1 o!r factors are at "w to produce ?is1 su* z w9ds1 m>9e curr5ts1 elevations ( l&1 etc41 ( :i* m w be said h]eaft]4 ,bo? ( ! two great l& divisions ( ! e>?1 x w ?us be se51 h _! peculi>ities4 ,b !re is a great equaliz] ( _! div]sities1 f\nd 9 a great coa/-belt1 ( :i* ,i mu/ briefly speak4 ,x passes f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope nor!a/]ly at an angle ( #de1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,mozambique *annel1 !nce skirt+ ! entire s\!a/]n & ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia1 tak+ 9 ,*9a1 ,corea1 ,japan1 & ,s\? ,kamtckatka2 !nce x turns s\?w>d1 foll[+ ! :ole we/]n %ore ( ,am]ica to ,cape ,horn4 ,?is belt is brok5 at only two po9ts--a brief break at ! nor?1 at ,behr+'s ,/raits1 & a l>ge "o betwe5 ,cape ,horn & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 9 o!r words1 at ! po9ts ne>e/ to ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? ,poles respectively4 ,?is coa/ belt has a relation to ! habitable _w simil> to t held by ! temp]ate zone z a m$iator betwe5 ! torrid & ! frigid4 ,x p>takes ( ! "* ( ! sea & ! l&1 & %[s ! advantages ( bo?4 ,x does n run p>allel ) ! l9es ( latitude1 b crosses !m diagonally1 9 ! same direction ) ! ecliptic1 ?\gh at a m acute angle4 ,?is belt mod]ates all extremes4 ,co9cid5t ) x are ! pa?s ( ! sea & l& w9ds1 ! c\rse ( ! monsoons1 ! mo/ f]tile %ores ( ! :ole globe4 ,x divides ! surface ( ! globe into ?ree great divisions1 ! two great bodies ( wat]1 & ! great1 &1 comp>atively speak+1 unbrok5 7= ! break at ,behr+'s ,/raits is ( little importance7 l&-mass4 ,on ! great coa/ l9e ref]r$ to above is ! c5t] ( ! great natural acclivities ( ! globe4 ,x is ! mo/ v>i$1 ! mo/ /imulat+1 & ! mo/ productive 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,! ,atlantic coa/ belt1 :i* also has great influ5ce on ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! new _w & ! we/]n di/ricts ( ! old1 crosses ! great coa/ belt at almo/ "r angles at ! place ( its great sund]+ betwe5 ,cape ,horn & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,if ! contra/ betwe5 ! sea & ! l& has ! effect indicat$ above on ! g5]al developm5t ( organic life1 x mu/ ( c\rse h great effect also on ! life & "* ( man4 ,man em95tly dep5ds ^u ! conditions amid :i* 8 lot is ca/4 ,! inhabitant ( "o ( ! ,pacific isl&s dwelt 9 a _w ^: utmo/ possibilities to him lay 9 ! adjac5t isl&s )9 view1 & :i* 8 canoe c\ld rea* 9 a few h\rs' sail4 ,! diff]5ce 9 culture betwe5 him & ^? ^: range ( obs]vation has be5 great]1 mu/ be imm5se4 ,! compact$ l& division ( ! globe1 ! solid clu/] ( cont95ts1 mu/ be ! s\rce ( /imulus & culture1 ( :i* ! isolat$ inhabitant ( ! ,pacific isl&s knew no?+1 till comm]ce _h at l5g? l9k$ ! _w toge!r4 ,only ) ! improvem5ts 9 navigation c\ld civilization rea* him4 ,! ,european _h to c>ry 8 culture to ! ,new ,zeal&]1 8 antipode4 ,! anci5ts _h little suspicion ( all ?is4 ,yet ! contra/ betwe5 ! l& _w & ! wat] _w did n escape ,/rabo's ke5 glances1 & he h9ts at its effects on man4 ,x is glanc$ at 9 "o passage ( 8 #ae? ,book4 ,he is speak+ ( ! effect ( ! moi/ air ( ,india 9 contra/ ) ! dry air ( ,libya1 & %[s t he appreciates t ^! are n )\t _! influ5ce on ! con/itution ( ! ,indian & ( ! ,e?iopian4 8,"s10 he says1 8rightly ascribe x to ! sun1 t1 9 ! abs5ce ( moi/ure 9 _! air1 ! rays burn s deeply into ! body ( ! ,african2 ! ,indian1 on ! o!r h&1 is n jet black & curly-hair$1 because1 9 8 c\ntry1 he enjoys ! moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e40 ,! ,position ( ! ,cont95ts & its ,influ5ce on ! ,c\rse ( ,hi/ory4 ,besides ! ?ree great =ms spok5 ( above--! compact$ l&-mass1 ! great wat]-mass1 & ! subord9ate wat]-mass--! position ( ! cont95ts leads u to ano!r discov]y ( prime importance4 ,! "q arises1 ,:at relation h ! cont95ts1 tak5 sep>ately1 to ! entire mass :i* !y con/itute8 ,:at relation d !y be> to ea* o!r8 ,:at influ5ce does ! proximity ( great l& =ms ex]cise8 ,:at influ5ce _! remot5ess f ea* o!r8 ,is ! arrangem5t ( ! cont95ts =tuit\s1 or adapt$ to great ends always held 9 view by ! ,creator8 ,has ,nature be5 left 9 ?is to a wild1 passionate caprice1 or has %e be5 subject$ to law1 & be5 compell$ to subs]ve ! int]e/s ( humanity8 ,& is x n wor?y ( /udy1 wor?y ( sci5ce1 to inve/igate ^! ?+s1 to ma/] _! law1 & obs]ve "h ! work+s ( ! ,div9e ,m9d8 ,9 ! sol> sy/em1 we h = a long "t m9utely /udi$ matt]s ( size & di/ance1 ! approa* & rec$+ ( planets1 & obs]v$ ! effects ( all ^! ?+s ) an accuracy :i* c\ld n be too ?or\gh4 ,9 ! /udy ( our ,e>?1 ?is has be5 neglect$1 because h]et(ore ^? great tracts ( l& & wat] h seem$ ( little mutual influ5ce2 because !y are fix$ =ms4 ,yet !y h a great] influ5ce1 p]haps1 on ?is v acc\nt4 ,al?\gh !re is 9 !m no law ( gravitation to /udy1 yet !re is 9 !m ! display ( =ces no less surpris+ ?an ^? ( attraction1 & :i* are to be read 9 ! light1 n ( ma!matics1 b 9 ! light ( hi/ory4 ,x inde$ seems self-evid5t t a gr\p+ ( ^! great =ms _c be )\t an influ5ce on ! progression or ret>d$ developm5t ( nations2 on ! am\nt ( population1 ! progress ( colonization1 & ! union ( ,/ates 9 (f5sive & def5sive alliance4 ,%\ld a high] ,p[] ?r[ ! cont95ts out ( _! pres5t position & relation to ea* o!r1 a new hi/ory ( ! _w w\ld date f ?is day4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! prim>y elem5t ( hi/ory2 ! laws ( cont95tal arrangem5t are ! />t+-po9t4 ,ma!matics has ?r[n a network ( m]idians & p>allels ov] ! surface ( ! globe2 b ^! l9es ex]cise little influ5ce ov] ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,! symmetry & regul>ity :i* !y sugge/ d n belong to ! e>?2 ! e>? is n b\nd$1 l a cry/al1 by "r l9es4 ,!re is a fre] play ?an t ma!matical m>k ( p>allels & m]idians sugge/s2 !re is an int]dep5d5ce ( ! great l& di/ricts ( ! globe t ^! regul> l9es d n indicate2 a high] law ( ord]1 evolv+ ! mo/ p]fect results f elem5ts seem+ly ! mo/ discordant4 ,! ,pyramidal ,=ms ( ! ,great ,l&-masses1 & _! ,s\?w>d ,direction t[>d ! ,oceanic ,hemisph]e4 ,! great l&-mass ( ! globe accumulates 9 size z we advance t[>d ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,s\? ( #ee ,s4 lat41 ! cont95tal =m disappe>s1 & ! tracts discov]$ ( late ye>s 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,s\? ,pole are app>5tly isl&s1 or r long ice-coa/s1 ^: cont95tal =m is v d\btful4 ,! great l& division1 embrac+ bo? ! old & ! new worlds1 rea*es to ab\t #hj ,n4 lat41 & ! extreme po9ts come ev5 yet ne>] to ! ,pole4 ,! di/ances ( "o body f ano!r1 z1 = in/ance1 f ,gre5l& to ,icel&1 are v small1 9 comp>ison ) ! imm5se spaces :i* divide ! s\!rn po9ts ( ! cont95t1 :]e ! hundr$s ( miles ( sep>ation at ! nor? exp& into ?\s&s4 ,expansion ( ! l&-mass is ! law at ! nor?1 contraction at ! s\?4 ,! great l& =mations t]m9ate 9 w$ge-%ap$ extremities1 a fact obs]v$ by ,"l ,bacon1 ,j4 ,r4 ,=/]1 & ,/eff5s2 ,am]ica end+ at ,cape ,horn1 #ee ,s4 lat41 ,au/ralia1 :i* may be consid]$ to embrace ,tasmania or ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! latt]1 #de1 & ,africa1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #ce ,s4 lat41 respectively4 ,humboldt gave ! "n ( 8,pyramidal ,/ructure0 to ?is cone-%ap$ =m ( ! great l&-mass1 :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 all are direct$ t[>d ! s\?4 ,?is pyramidal /ructure contributes v mu*1 unque/ionably1 to ! dim9i%$ heat ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & has giv5 a great pr$om9ance to ! population ( ! nor!rn 9 comp>ison ) ! s\!rn2 & n 9 respect to numb] alone1 b also to m5tal & moral =ce ( "*4 ,b n ! s\!rn extremities alone ( ! cont95ts exhibit ?is w$ge-l =m2 x is repeat$ also 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,9 ,europe we discov] ! work+ ( ! law 9 ! p59sulas ( ,spa91 ,italy1 ,greece1 ! ,morea1 & ! ,crimea1 & also 9 ! great ,sc&9avian p59sula4 ,! same ph5om5on is repeat$ on a scale f> m impos+ 9 ,asia1 9 ! great c\ntries ( ,arabia1 ,india1 & ,f>!r ,india1 ,corea1 & ,kamt*atka2 also 9 bo? halves ( ,am]ica4 ,exceptions are r>e4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ! po9t$ extremity is t[>d ! nor?1 & ! greate/ bread? at ! s\?2 b ?is is a peculi> case1 & has its exceptional causes2 & p]haps ) reason1 = ?is isl& has hi!rto ma9ta9$ an individual & exceptional "* 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n civilization4 ,v>i\s explanations h be5 (f]$ = ! almo/ />-%ap$ figure :i* ! comb9$ body ( great p59sulas assume1 radiat+1 z x 71 f ! c5t] ( ! l& hemisph]e4 ,?is is se5 v /rik+ly 9 look+ at a horizontal projection ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 view$ f ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,!re has be5 evid5tly ! work+ out ( "s great design 9 ?is1 & ! =ces employ$ mu/ h be5 ( ! fir/ ord] ( magnitude4 ,cld5 attributes x to ! rotation ( ! e>? 9 its pla/ic1 =mative-/ate4 ,l9k ascribes x to electrical =ces1 g5]at$ at ! "t ! e>?'s cru/ 0 h>d5+ into its pres5t consi/5cy4 ,j4 ,r4 ,=/] f9ds an explanation 9 ! !ory1 t =m]ly great curr5ts1 n[ n exi/+1 pass$1 or s\ght to pass1 f s\? to nor? or nor?we/4 ,he attributes to ^! ! p>allelism ( ! great gulfs :i* ind5t ! coa/-l9e ( ! old _w1 ! uni=m abruptness ( ! %ores at ! s\?1 & ! gradual wid5+ ( all ! great l&-masses z we g nor?4 ,! ,atlantic is a *annel cleft by ^? great curr5ts4 ,behr+'s ,/raits is a small] "o2 b ev]y:]e else ! ef=t 0 incomplete1 & no op5+ 0 effect$1 except 9 ! /raits ( m9or importance1 :i* sep>ate isl& f isl&1 or f ! ma9 l&4 ,! fossils discov]$ by ,pallas seem$ to favor ?is !ory1 b lat] inve/igation has %[$ t !y d n4 ,l9k ov]?rew ,=/]'s !ory1 yet ! ph5om5on is wor?y ( /udy4 ,view$ on a map ( ! l& hemisph]e1 con/ruct$ accord+ to ,m]cator's projection1 x is a /oreh\se ( int]e/+ obs]vations & /udies1 & is to be recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t's c>eful att5tion4 ,we mu/ pass ov] ! !ories2 s*ol>s disagree z to ! cause2 ,pisis ascribes x to a hidd5 law ( geometric con/ruction2 ,neck]1 ,brew/]1 & ,dana1 to magnetism4 ,we mu/ simply accept ! facts = ! pres5t4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! l& surface ( ! globe sugge/s int]e/+ comp>isons ) :at we "k ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ,jupit]1 = example1 & our moon4 ,unque/ionably1 ! entirely diff]5t gr\p+ ( :at seem to be ! great features ( t lum9>y mu/ h _h an influ5ce on ! :ole c\rse ( hi/ory !re4 ,we w n ent] into speculations reg>d+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ref]r+ ! read] r to ! ?or\gh inve/igations ( ,be] & ,mdl]4 ,situation ( ! ,cont95ts 9 _! ,relation to ,ea* ,o!r & to _! ,collective ,:ole4 ,! relation :i* ! cont95ts be> to ea* o!r arises1 prim>ily1 f _! position 9 ref]5ce to ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass4 ,?is has be5 a pr9ciple f ! e>lie/ times1 & ! great laws ( population may1 9 _! work+1 be ref]r$ to ?is simple law ( gr\p+4 ,asia 0 kn[n z ! ,ori5t1 or1 9 ! apt & beautiful ,g]man phrase1 ! ,morg5l&1 or ,l& ( ! morn+2 ,europe & ! nor!rn rim ( ,africa1 z ! ,occid5t1 or1 9 ! ,g]man1 ! ,ab5dl&1 or ,l& ( ! ev5+4 ,9 ! s\? lay ! torrid regions ( ! ,e?iopians1 9 ! *ill nor? ! c\ntry ( ! ,hyp]boreans4 ,?is f\rfold division ( ! e>? 0 = _m c5turies ! only "o kn[n2 ! division into cont95ts be+ made1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 by ! ,ph5icians4 ,& 9 v tru?1 a great pr9ciple lay 9 t rude & primitive division2 x 0 9 entire h>mony ) nature1 &1 up to ! late/ times & ! op5+ ( a new _w1 9 entire h>mony ) hi/ory also4 ,) ,asia1 ! ,ori5t1 is connect$ indissolubly ! developm5t ( ! anci5t _w2 ) ,europe1 t ( ! mod]n4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! two great divisions is wond]fully analog\s to t ( morn+ & ev5+4 ,! :ole culture ( ! ,we/ _h its root1 its beg9n+s at ! ,ea/4 ,! ,ea/ is n m]ely ! place :]e ! sun beg9s 8 daily c\rse2 x is ! cradle ( man1 ( nations1 ( dyna/ies ( e sort1 9 politics1 religion1 & sci5ce4 ,all ! old royal h\ses came into ,europe f ! ,ea/2 !y are all 8*ildr5 ( ! sun10 no less ?an ! pr9cely families ( ,india & ,p]sia4 ,! ,we/ m]ely witnesses ! progress ( :at 0 begun 9 ! ,ea/4 ,f ! mo/ anci5t times onw>d ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1--f ,hom] to ,dante's 8,purgatorio10--! ,we/ is associat$ ) ! k+dom ( ! dead1 ) 8,hades10 & ! 8isl&s ( ! ble/40 ,& )9 ^! two great divisions ( ,ori5t & ,occid5t are compris$ small] ones1 adapt$ to m limit$ conceptions ( ! ext5t ( ! e>?1 b gr[+ out ( ! same root ) ! l>g] division4 ,bactriana & ,india con/itut$ ! ,ori5t to ! inhabitants ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,syria _! ,occid5t2 ,asia ,m9or 0 ! ,ori5t ( ! ,greeks1 ,italy & ,sicily _! ,hesp]ia2 :ile ! ,romans call$ ,spa9 !irs4 ,betwe5 ! ,ori5t & ,occid5t1 & yet to ! s\? ( bo?1 lay ! ,libya ( ! anci5ts1 expos$ to ! sun's direct rays4 ,9 ! v middle ( ! e>?1 on bo? sides ( ! equator1 & n at ! ,s\? ,pole1 is ! true ,s\?4 ,!re we mu/ seek ! ph5om5a ( ! tropical _w 9 _! culm9ations4 ,z high noon1 ! middle po9t 9 ! h\r1 is ! consummation ( ! day1 s ! torrid climes ( ! equatorial belt1 at ! v middle ( ! e>?1 af=d ! extremes ( luxuriant gr[?4 ,! broad tracts ( l& at ! nor!rn pol> regions =m$ ! true physical contra/ to ! ,ori5t & ! ,occid5t1 z well z to ! great ,s\? ( c5tral ,africa4 ,!y lay ar\nd ! ,nor? ,pole l a va/ %ield ( e>?1 unbrok5 except by ! comp>atively insignificant seas & gulfs ( t region4 ,& ev5 :]e ! wat] has brok5 its way & sev]$ ^? nor!rn l&s1 a subm>9e volcanic activity is1 ev5 n[1 con/antly at "w to re/ore ! break1 & b9d ! coa/s toge!r4 ,at ab\t #gj ,n4 lat41 all ! c\ntries ( ! nor? are br\ght into great ne>ness1 & t p>allel is a highway ( little else ?an l& cross+ ! ,nor? ,cape ( ,europe1 ,cape ,*elagskoy1 9 ,t*ookt*ee1 at ! nor!a/]n extremity ( ,asia1 & t\*+ ,cape ,ba?ur/1 & ! ,fury & ,heckla ,/raits ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,nor? ( ?is highway & ( ! ,georgian ,ar*ipelago beg9s ! great gr\p ( circum-pol> isl&s4 ,! break betwe5 ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica1 at ,behr+'s ,/raits1 is b fifty-six miles wide2 x is ! m]e outlet ( ! ,sea ( ,kamtckatka into ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! space betwe5 ! nor!a/ ( ,am]ica & ! nor?we/ ( ,europe is mu* great] inde$1 b1 9 comp>ison ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! s\!rnmo/ po9ts ( ! old & ! new _w1 insignificant4 ,! di/ance f nor!rn ,norway to ,gre5l& is b ab\t #idj miles4 ,x is notewor?y t1 at ! nor? ( ! great cont95tal l&-mass1 :]e m9or seas & *annels break ?r\gh1 great volcanic =ces are con/antly at "w1 z h9t$ at above1 to re/ore ! unity4 ,9 ! ,sea ( ,kamt*atka lie ! ,aleutian isl&s1 ext5d+ m ?an #iej miles1 & =m+ :at has be5 happily t]m$ a bridge f ! old _w to ! new4 ,x consi/s ( m ?an a hundr$ rocks & isl&s1 "s ( :i* h be5 ?r[n up )9 ! memory ( man4 ,9 #ahjf1 von ,langsdorf & ,tilesius witness$ ! em]g5ce ( "o ( ^!1 ) a cone-%ap$ c5t]1 & ab\t tw5ty miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,grew+k has c\nt$ m ?an fifty volcanoes 9 activity )9 ! limits ( ?is isl& *a94 ,! ,curile isl&s1 m to ! s\?1 =m ano!r simil> volcanic gr\p1 ext5d+ f ,japan to ,kamt*atka4 ,9 ?is range !re are kn[n to be at lea/ t5 volcanoes1 #aj1jjj feet 9 height4 ,! same high degree ( volcanic activity mu/ h =m]ly exi/$ betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 = ! traces ( x are /ill visible4 ,& n ! traces alone1 b a "p ( ! same activity4 ,& d\btless ! %all[ness ( ! wat]s betwe5 ^? cont95ts h9ts at ! same4 ,m accurate explorations1 !n1 w probably reveal multitudes ( m\nta9s1 ?r[n up by ^! subm>9e =ces1 b n f> en\gh to em]ge & be> ! "n ( isl&s4 ,yet _m h em]g$--^? :i* fr+e ! %ores ( ,norway1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&2 ! ,orkneys1 ,%etl&1 & ,hebrides isl&s2 ! ,froe gr\p1 ) _! bli/]$ surface1 _! recesses1 & volcanic rocks2 ,icel&1 ) its hot spr+s2 & ,m\nt ,heckla2 ,jan ,may51 ) its frightful crat]s1 & ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l&2 "o isl&1 ,sabr9a1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,azore gr\p2 :i* has _h ?ree upheavals )9 two hundr$ ye>s1 9 #afch1 #agbc1 & #ahaa1--;all ^! pla9ly indicate ! pres5ce ( trem5d\s =ces1 active 9 ! pa/ z well z 9 ! pres5t4 ,we ?us fix ! "* ( ! arctic pol> l&s to be a close draw+ toge!r4 ,europe has1 =tunately = itself1 ! lea/ %>e 9 ^? inhospitable regions2 only h] po9t$ nor!rn %ores fr+e ! %ores ( ! pol> sea1 leav+ ! great bulk ( ! great l&-mass ( ! nor? to ! broad %ores ( ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) _! neighbor+ isl& gr\ps4 ,?is pol> _w1 z we may call x1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,ori5t & ! ,occid5t1 is n sep>at$ f m s\!rly regions by any great physical l9e ( dem>kation4 ,! arctic circle is a m]e ma!matical l9e #ff ,n4 lat42 x has no geographical "* :atev]4 ,! true pol> _w rea*es 9 "s places f> beyond ?is ma!matical b>ri]1 br++ all its *>act]i/ics ) x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x )draws1 at a few o!r places1 ne>] to ! ,pole4 ,7 ! pol> _w m brok5 up ?an x is by inl& seas1 & sep>at$ f ! great l&-mass by broad *annels1 x w\ld be f> m isolat$ 9 its :ole "* ?an x is4 ,x is ?is imm$iate contiguity ( ! pol> _w ) ! great l&-mass :i* op5s x to :atev] civilization x may be able to receive4 ,& !re is ! same unity 9 ! pol> _w t !re is 9 ! tropical _w4 ,! same ph5om5a :i* appe> 9 "o "p ( x are repeat$ 9 e o!r "p4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 subord9ate modifications f\nd1 b ev]y?+ ess5tial1 :i* is discov]$ 9 "o "p1 is discov]$ 9 e o!r "p4 ,!re is no di/9ction into 8new _w0 & no 8old _w20 ! new _w & ! old co9cide amid ! arctic pole4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! pol> _w1 next to ?is ( unbrok5ness1 is ! simplicity1 or :at might be call$ ! monotony ( its productions & all its features2 ! uni=m reproduction ( ! same plants & animals1 z well z ( geological =ms4 ,ev5 ,lapl&1 :i* is ! f>!/ remov$ f ! ,pole ( all ! arctic regions1 manife/s1 9 its r\nd$ & poli%$ granite & gneiss & its deep & %>ply-def9$ cuts1 ! same uni=mity4 ,! sy5ite f\nd at ,lake ,im&ra displays ! same *>act]i/ics z t f\nd on ! isl&s 9 ! ,:ite ,sea1 & on ! %ores ( ,gre5l&4 ,! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 in/ead ( be+ gre51 are all :ite ) ! li*51 commonly kn[n z re9de] moss4 ,& z ) ! geological =mations & ! vegetable k+doms1 s ) ! animal k+dom4 ,else:]e are f\nd be>s1 foxes1 re9de]1 seals1 & walruses2 ! fea!r$ tribes p>take ( ! g5]al monotony ( /ructure1 & man n less4 ,! range ( 8 developm5t is extremely limit$1 & 8 "* little diff]5t1 :e!r 9 nor!rn ,asia or nor!rn ,am]ica4 ,am]ica =ms ! real ,we/ ( ! great l&-mass1 ! true ,occid5t ( ! e>?1 "y z yet1 b to receive z its gift ! entire culture ( ! ,ea/1 & to advance by giant /eps to a position ( indep5d5t influ5ce4 ,already x has f> surpass$ ,asia 9 indu/ry & civilization4 ,! old _w 0 ! prep>ation = ! new4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ :i* ! new _w enjoys & values 0 ! gift ( ! old4 ,its mo/ anci5t monum5ts ( religion1 ar*itecture1 & art are closely l9k$ to ^? ( ! old _w4 ,hi]oglyphics h be5 f\nd among ! ,p]uvians & ! ,mexicans4 ,9 l mann] embalm+ ( pr9ces1 ! engrav+ ( a/ronomical data ^u rocks1 7 borr[$ f ! ,ea/4 ,! hi/oric "* ( ,am]ica is m /rik+ 9 respect to newness ?an ! physical features ( ! wat] hemisph]e4 ,buffon suppos$ t ! ,am]ican cont95t is ( m rec5t =mation ?an ! old _w1 assign+ = 8 op9ion t x is m subm]g$1 because small] 9 area1 ?an ! ea/]n l&-mass2 because1 also1 ! plants :i* dem& moi/ure are pr$om9ant ov] ^? :i* dep5d on a dry climate2 & because ! =ms ( homolog\s animals--! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 crocodile1 turtle1 apes1 & s]p5ts1 = in/ance--d n atta9 ! same size z 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,b waiv+ ?is1 we use ! "n ,new ,_w1 only ) significance 9 its connection ) hi/ory4 ,) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica beg9s a new p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( man & ( nations 9 _! civil relations4 ,! enl>gem5t ( t]ritory occasion$ by x 0 n great] ?an ! enl>gem5t ( ! b\nds ( ?\ght4 ,! old _w _h be5 develop$ e>lie/1 _h gone z f> z x c\ld g2 x _h to wait till ano!r great /ep %\ld be tak5 be=e x c\ld g on 9 its c\rse4 ,! highe/ progress ( ! human race1 ! complete developm5t ( its possibilities1 0 n possible till man %\ld1 9 8 w&]+s f ea/ to we/1 compass ! globe1 & take possession ( x1 n = a day1 b = all "t4 ,! primitive settlem5ts 9 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,yucatan c\ld n su/a9 !mselves 9 consequ5ce ( _! isolation2 navigation 0 9 its rude/ /ages1 & x ne$$ to be 9 its highe/ be=e ! _w %\ld be b\nd toge!r closely en\gh to advance 9 all its p>ts t[>d ! goal ( a p]fect civilization4 ,^? primitive colonies p]i%$ !re=e1 z ,canaan p]i%$ be=e ,israel1 & 7 replac$ by o!rs4 ,! reason ( ?is lay 9 ! isolation ( ! l&-masses ( ! e>?4 ,_h ,am]ica be5 discov]$ & made accessible to ! old _w be=e ! diffusion ( ! ,gospel & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 x w\ld h be5 too e>ly1 & hea!nism might h _h its gr&e/ triumph & its l(tie/ temples 9 ! new _w4 ,! way 0 n op5 z yet = ! high moral developm5t ( ! race2 & ! highways ( civilization 7 n made till ! mo/ mod]n times1 :5 all 0 9 read9ess = ! great advance :i* we are witness+ n[4 ,! contra/ to ! great cont95tal hemisph]e is f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 a l&-mass ( no insignificant size1 situat$ at ! c5t]1 or v ne>ly at ! c5t] ( ! great oceanic hemisph]e1 & surr\nd$ by hundr$s ( gr\ps ( isl&s1 g5]ally ( q unimportant magnitude4 ,! "n ,au/ralia 0 fitly *os52 x indicates its true relations to ! ,s\!rn or ,au/ral ocean4 ,z ,africa is ! true ,s\? to ! ea/]n hemisph]e1 ,au/ralia is ! true ,s\? to ! great cont95tal l&-mass ( ! :ole globe4 ,z ! e>? has two magnetic nor? poles1 & two nor? poles ( cold1 "o ( ! =m] 9 ,sib]ia1 nor? ( ,lake ,baikal1 & ea/ ( ,cape ,taimura1 #aaj ea/ ( ,gre5wi*2 ! o!r 9 ! neighborhood ( ,melville ,isl&1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ajb we/ longitude f ,gre5wi*1 s !re are1 9 a physical s5se1 two s\? poles1 7we d n ref] to ! magnetic ones & ! poles ( cold17 a cont95tal s\? pole 9 ,africa1 a m>9e or m>itime s\? pole 9 ,au/ralia4 ,?is c\ntry1 ! l>ge/ ( isl&s or ! smalle/ ( cont95ts z we may *oose to designate x1 ! mo/ remote ( all ! great divisions f ! c5t] ( ! l& hemisph]e1 has be5 ! la/ to feel ! pulses ( civilization4 ,!re1 !re=e1 is to-day ! mo/ rapid1 ! mo/ amaz+ advancem5t to be witness$ on ! e>?2 x has cr[d$ c5turies into decades1 & ) its %ores adorn$ ev5 n[1 9 its y\?1 ) /ates & cities1 x _c long] be call$ a l& left beh9d 9 ! _w's advance4 ,x has inh]it$ all t 0 f9i%$ 9 ! k & culture ( ! cont95tal _w2 :at ! p ( t _w h toil$ = ye>s to w91 becomes at once ! bir?right ( ! ,au/ralians4 ,x is only an in/ance ( ! tru? ( ,humboldt's rem>k1 t ! m full ! _w is ( ideas1 ! m rapid is its progress--a rem>k :i* ?r[s ! /ronge/ light ^u ! connection ( geography ) hi/ory4 ,! ,hi/orical ,elem5t 9 ,geographical ,sci5ce4 ,:ile s _m a spot 9 ! great cont95tal l&-mass 0 once ! home ( a high culture1 & f be+ a cradle ( arts & sci5ces has become a des]t$ wa/e1 ! civil & political condition ( _m p 9 ! remote di/ricts on ! oceanic side ( ! globe has advanc$ ) unprec$5t$ rapidity4 ,! c\rse ( developm5t has be5 v diff]5t f :at x 0 =m]ly4 ,di/ances1 natural influ5ces1 natural productions ev51 yield always to ! victori\s m>* ( man1 & disappe> be=e 8 tread2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! human race is m & m fre$ f ! =ces ( nature2 man is m & m dis5?rall$ f ! dom9ion ( ! e>? :i* he inhabits4 ,! hi/ory ( specific di/ricts & ( entire cont95ts confirms ?is4 ,! fir/ inhabitant ( ! s&y valley ( ! ,nile 0 a dwell] 9 a wa/e1 z ! nomadic ,arab is to-day4 ,b ! lat] & m cultivat$ ,egyptians trans=m$ t wa/e1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( irrigation & canals1 into ! mo/ fruitful g>d5 ( ! _w4 ,!y n only rose !mselves1 b rais$ _! own c\ntry1 hi!rto s /]ile1 into a place ( ! fir/ importance1 & did x by ! simple/ ( means1--! br++ ! wat] & ! l& into m intimate relations4 ,?r\gh neglect & ! tyranny ( successive k+s1 ! fruitful valley sank aga9 into its wa/e condition4 ,! di/rict ar\nd ,!bes became a des]t1 ! fruitful ,m>eotis a swamp2 simil> ph5om5a occurr$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,ano!r example ( man's subjugation ( nature is f\nd 9 great m\nta9 *a9s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 ! cultivat$ s\? ( ,europe 0 sep>at$ f ! uncultivat$ ,celtic & ,teutonic nor? by a great natural b>ri]1 ! unbrok51 untrav]s$ ,alp9e *a91 :i* pass$ ?r\gh all c5tral ,europe f we/ to ea/4 ,at ! s\? lay ! ri* /ates ( ! old _w1 beyond ! ,alps 0 ! cold & b>r5 nor?4 ,b ?is old =midable b>ri] has vani%$1 z ! ?rong$ cantons ( ,switz]l& & ! cr[d$ villages ( ! ,tyrol ye>ly be> witness2 & !y draw ?\s&s ( t\ri/s in/ead ( repell+ !m4 ,:at a mighty *ange6 ,f ,prov5ce to ,/yria run ! /ately =ms ( ! ,alp9e *a92 b ! deep recesses & ! l(ty highl&s are ?ickly peopl$1 ! =e/s are ?9n$1 ! ob/ruct+ rocks remov$4 ,no long] a b>ri] betwe5 ! nor? & ! s\?1 z x 0 9 ! "t ( ,julius & ,augu/us ,cs>1 ,switz]l& has become a c\ntry ( /up5d\s highways4 ,! peaks :i* 7 once unapproa*able1 & ar\nd :i* m]ely eagles idly flew1 are n[ ! passes ( ,m\nt ,c5is1 ! ,simplon1 ,sa9t ,go?>d1 ! ,splg51 & ,sa9t ,b]n>d2 :ile ! sn[y heights ( ,ortl]1 9 ea/]n ,alps1 n[ give place to a public road4 ,ov] ! ,semm]+ ,alp a railway ev5 passes4 ,j z ! wild horse ( ,toorki/an has giv5 up 8 fre$om & has become ! tame & useful s]vant ( civilization1 s ?is ,alp9e segm5t ( ! globe has *ang$ all its relations to ! adjac5t c\ntries4 ,! influ5ce ( ! mo/ /up5d\s natural objects is weak5$ e ye>4 ,! physical dim5sions may & d rema9 un*ang$1 b _! influ5ce on life & on hi/ory is und]m9$ by ^? new conditions :i* op]ate s p[]fully 9 free+ man f ! dom9ion ( nature4 ,! p[] ( man makes him ma/] ( ! e>?1 & gives ev5 ! key to ! subjection ( ! gr&e/ m\nta9 *a9s into 8 h&s4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is1 take ! ,ural *a91 :i* 0 & /ill is ! ea/]n division l9e ( "o cont95t1 & ! we/]n b>ri] ( ano!r1 b :i* has become1 s9ce ! days ( ,pet] ! ,great1 a gr& c5t] ( labor & comm]ce1 a great av5ue ( civilization 9 its return passage f ,europe to ,asia4 ,& s ev]y:]e1 f ! wild ,caucasus & ! ,himalayas to ! gr& ,cordill]as ( ,am]ica1 ! same progress is se52 man becomes m & m ! conqu]or ov] nature4 ,& n 9 m\nta9s alone1 b 9 ! great =e/ regions ( c5tral ,europe1 9 ! primitive wild]ness ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! m>%es ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 does man vanqui% ! =ces :i* once fett]$ him4 ,! once fe>ful wa/es ( ,sah>a h become ! track ( c>avans2 ! /]ile pla9s ( ,au/ralia & ,cali=nia h drawn great colonies to _! gold m9es2 ! ice seas at ! nor? h become1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,p>ry1 ,frankl91 & o!rs1 ! sc5e ( h]oic exploits & ( gr& /ruggles ( man ) nature2 inde$1 ! greate/ victories ( mod]n civilization h be5 !re1 & ! playgr\nds ( pol> be>s & walruses h witness$ ! noble/ humanities1 & ! l(tie/ c\rage1 & ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ h]oism ( ! age4 ,! cont95ts & oceans h witness$ /ill great] trans=mations4 ,! seas 7 once ! impassable b>ri]s ( nations4 ,! birds ( ! air only trav]s$ ! great di/ances :i* sep>at$ %ore f %ore4 ,! metallic /ores ( ! e>?1 ! vegetable & animal k+doms 7 n transf]r$ to any ext5t f place to place2 ! sea br\ght no?+ f l&s remotely =eign b drift-s&1 cocoa-nuts1 float+ wood1 ice masses1 & seawe$1 swept by ! great curr5ts f %ore to %ore4 ,b n[ ! seas are no b>ri]s2 !y d n sep>ate ! cont95ts b b9d !m toge!r1 & unite ! de/9ies ( nations 9 ! close/ mann]4 ,! great improvem5ts 9 ocean navigation h entirely *ang$ ! relations ( ! entire globe4 ,! isolat$ isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 :i* 0 = c5turies at ! v conf9es ( ! kn[n _w1 became1 )9 ! second decade ( ! pres5t c5tury1 a prison-h\se = ! great ,european robb]1 & lay gu>d$ "u ! eye ( ,europe4 ,! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :i* 0 = c5turies ! limit ( ,portuguese navigation1 has become a m]e halt+-place = sail+ %ips & /eam]s4 ,! voyage f ,engl& to ,*9a has be5 n>r[$1 )9 "o hundr$ ye>s1 f an eight mon?s' to a f\r mon?s' sail4 ,^! great *anges h be5 ma9ly effect$ by ! ag5cy ( /eam4 ,/eam has trans=m$ ! small] seas into m]e bridges1 & ,engl& & ,france are securely jo9$1 ,m>seilles & ,algi]s2 :ile ,prussian ,/ett9 is br\ght into proximity ) ,sw$i% ,/ockholm & ,russian ,pet]sburg4 ,! voyage to ,am]ica1 t remote l&1 :i* be=e ! days ( ,columbus 0 z inaccessible z ! moon1 0 made by him 9 sev5ty days1 b is n[ accompli%$ 9 t54 ,ev5 ,au/ralia _c be said to be di/ant2 a /eam] ne$s b sev5ty-five days to rea* x1 & t5 ( ^? are consum$ on ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,no isl& n[ lies beyond ! _w ( comm]ce4 ,! mo/ active traffic exi/s betwe5 places ! mo/ remote4 ,! wool & ! :eat ( ,au/ralia control ! price ( ^? commodities 9 ,london1 & ! value ( cotton 9 ,am]ica fixes t ( wov5 goods & ev5 ( bread 9 ,europe4 ,! great riv]s too h be5 curtail$ ( _! relative importance1 & h be5 %ort5$ by /eam sixfold4 ,!y c be /emm$ too1 :i* is an imm5se ga91 = 9 ! primitive /ages ( navigation !y c\ld only be sail$ ^u d[nw>d1 f s\rce to m\?4 ,9 #ahed1 f\r hundr$ /eam]s trav]s$ ! ,mississippi & its bran*es1 & came into contact ) a region "o-?ird z l>ge z ,europe4 ,! ,indus1 ,ganges1 ,irrawaddy1 ,nile1 ,la ,plata1 & ev5 ! ,amazon1 ! mon>* ( riv]s1 :i* dra9s a c\ntry half z l>ge z ,europe1 are n[ m or less op5 to /eam navigation4 ,! great riv] sy/ems ( c5tral ,europe too are ?or\ghly navigat$2 & ,s\!rn ,g]many1 ,trebizond1 ,may5ce1 ,cologne1 & ,london may be gr\p$ z neighbors4 ,! l&-lock$ seas are r$uc$ to insignificance1 & _! %ores are n[ cov]$ ) villages & cities1 f ! ,platt5-,see ( ,hung>y up to ! ,caspian & ! great lakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,to sum all up 9 "o ^w1 ! mighty influ5ce ( ,"t on ! geographical developm5t ( ! e>? is display$ 9 ! cle>e/ mann]4 ,b ?is influ5ce is n ! same = all localities on ! globe4 ,:ile !re are "s p & "s places :i* are left beh9d1 !re are o!rs :i* h made wond]ful progress1 & h tak5 & n[ hold a =emo/ place4 ,& su* a position is t ( ,europe at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,europe1 ! mo/ c5tral ( all cont95ts1 9 relation to ! great l&-mass ( ! e>?1 & also ! "o mo/ equally remov$ f ! middle po9t ( ! great wat]-mass1 t\*es ! :ole rema9+ _w at ! greate/ numb] ( po9ts1 & ?is1 9 conjunction ) h] rem>kably brok5 coa/-l9e1 s favorable to ! purposes ( navigation1 h giv5 h] h] place ( comm&1 & h assign$ to ,engl& h] evid5t role ( mi/ress ( ! seas4 ,& look+ f ! pres5t to ! pa/1 we see t z "s great tribes ( m5 h giv5 ! :ole fruits ( _! natural exi/5ce to ! _w = its future use1 s "s places1 & ^? ( no insignificant size sometimes1 h conf]r$ ^u ! _w1 ! tru/ :i* !y once held1 & n[ rec$e1 z x 71 f view4 ,!y 7 great 9 ! pa/1 & ! results ( _! greatness are n[ incorporat$ 9 ! _w's life4 ,! e>? is "o2 & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( :at we may call ei!r "t or hi/ory1 all its p>ts are 9 ceaseless action & reaction on ea* o!r4 ,?\gh "s great di/ricts seem n[ to h no "p to play1 ! elem5t ( "t draws !m into ! great cosmos2 !y once _h a great %>e 9 ! _w's affairs1 & ! fruits :i* !y br\ght to completion are m]ely 9 o!r h&s4 ,! e>? is1 !re=e1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! introduction1 a unit1 an organism ( itself3 x has its own law ( developm5t1 its own cosmical life2 x c be /udi$ 9 no "o ( its p>ts & at no special epo* ( its hi/ory4 ,! pa/ & ! future1 ! ne> & ! remote1 are all bl5d$ 9 a sy/em ( mutual int]dep5d5ce1 & mu/ be look$ at toge!r4 ,?is is %[n cle>ly 9 ! pa/ ( ,asia1 & ! pres5t ( ,europe & "s p>ts ( ! new _w1 :ile ! hi/ory ( all c5tral ,africa seems to lie :olly 9 ! future4 ,h]et(ore x has enjoy$ no progress except+ along its nor!rn rim4 ,! middle portion ( ! old _w has outliv$ its primitive e?nographical impulse1 & sunk back into a /ate ( slumb]\s inaction4 ,asia1 to call ?is region by its recogniz$ "n1 has project$ its own life f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce2 by ?is ,i mean1 t :ile x seems to be exhau/$ ( its old vigor1 o!r c\ntries inh]it$ its p[]4 ,! population ( ,asia is mu* less ?an x 0 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 mu* less ?an dur+ ! ,mohamm$an & ,mongolian conque/s1 :5 all ! habitable p>ts ( t imm5se cont95t 7 b\nd toge!r by highways ( comm]ce & travel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! coa/s are n[ ( mu* m value & significance ?an !y 7 9 anci5t times1 & navigation has dott$ h] sea outl9e ) spl5did & popul\s cities4 ,^! seem1 by reason ( ! facilities :i* /eam af=ds1 to be br\ght ne> to ,europe2 :ile ! natives :o inhabit c5tral ,asia are n only widely sep>at$ f ! civiliz$ _w1 b are divid$ up & set aga9/ ea* o!r by religi\s & political enmities ( ! mo/ bitt] k9d4 ,?is is display$ 9 its fulle/ =ce by ! comp>ative inapproa*ability ( ! great m\nta9 *a9s1 ! ,ural1 ! ,taurus1 & ! ,caucasus1 & yet m by ! un*ang$ b>b>ism ( ! c5tral tribes1 ! ho/ile political relations1 lack+ all ( ! am5ities & mutual dep5d5cies ( ,european policy1 & ! deadly antagonism ( ,mohamm$anism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is la/ is ! curse :i* ! natives ( ! e>? h br\ght ^u !mselves4 ,x is ! cla%+ ( religi\s fai?s :i* has put ! ext+ui%] on ,asiatic progress1 annihilat$ h] ent]prise1 & set h] 9 h] pres5t isolation4 ,/ill ?is b>ri] is n absolutely settl$ & = all "t1 b already x %[s t x is capable ( "s modification4 ,! politico-religi\s sy/em ( ! ,*9ese is r5d+ "u our eyes2 ! old bonds :i* ,mohamm$anism once laid on ,asia are n[ s5sibly relax$4 ,! great highways ( travel ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris & ! ext5d$ ar*ological inve/igations ( mod]n times h op]at$ m$iatorially betwe5 ,europe & ,asia2 :ile /eam navigation on ! ,danube has br\ght ,turkey1 a hi!rto undissolv$ ,asiatic elem5t 9 ,european life1 into clos] relations ) ! great p[]s ( ! ,we/4 ,! great mission>y ent]prise1 too1 ( mod]n times1 has be5 labor+ to rem\ld ! ideas ( ! ,asiatic nations1 :ile navigation has op]at$ on ! mat]ial & m appreciable int]e/s ( comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,!re are no possible limits to be assign$ to ! p]fectibility ( ! globe z ! abode ( man2 no possible b\nds to 8 ent]prise4 ,! con/ruction ( a canal ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama w\ld br+ ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia sev5 ?\s& miles ne>] ?an x is n[ to ! ,atlantic %ores ( ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,by sav+ ! m]e d\bl+ ( ,cape ,horn1 "o-?ird ( ! p]iph]y ( ! globe w\ld be annihilat$1 s f> z ! labor & exp5se ( navigation are conc]n$4 ,nor? ,am]ica w\ld ne>ly d\ble its res\rces :5 its ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/s /& 9 close connection & int]dep5d5ce4 ,! project$ canal at ,suez w\ld ex]cise an unb\nd$ influ5ce ov] ,asia 9 b9d+ x anew to ,europe4 ,! build+ ( highways ?r\gh ! passes ( ! ,ural1 ! ,caucasus1 & ,himalayas is yet to be accompli%$2 & only n[ are great roads con/ruct+ ov] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 weld+ ,nor? ,am]ica toge!r4 ,! con/ruction ( railways on ! high plateaus ( c5tral ,africa w trans=m t va/ undevelop$ di/rict1 s ri* 9 res\rces = ! future4 ,! *anges :i* art is yet to effect on our globe are beyond all possible computation1 & x might be said1 beyond any possible exagg]ation4 ,we turn away f ^! glances into ! future to look ^u ! pa/1 ! long ages :5 m5 liv$ 9 rud5ess & ignorance1 hav+ no art1 & kn[+ no?+ beyond ! little tract :]e !y 7 born1 & to :i* !y rema9$ *a9$4 ,!re 0 no b9d+ ( %ore to %ore1 & ( cont95t to cont95t1 ?r\gh ! m$iatorial ag5cy ( seas & oceans4 ,& ?is gave to ! cont95ts a f> great] individuality ?an !y h n[1 & a mu* high] degree ( app>5t influ5ce ?an n[ :5 we _c view !m except+ z p>ts ( ! great complex :i* =ms ! _w4 ,! w&]+s ( ! old nomadic races1 ! enl>g+ ( ! doma9s ( culture1 ! transf] ( ! natural productions ( all climes1 z well z ! traditional ideas ( all l&s1 proce$$ f ! c5tral portions ( ! anci5t _w t[>d ! extremities4 ,! mann] ( ?is progress1 foll[+ z x does ! ord] ( hi/ory1 displays m cle>ly ?an almo/ any?+ else ! close dep5d5ce ( all national developm5t ^u geographical conditions1 & _! indissoluble connection4 ,)\t ?is connection ! ord] ( hi/orical ev5ts w\ld h be5 completely *ang$4 ,9 no in/ance has !re be5 self-evolv$ progress 9 ! ,nor?1 ,ea/1 ,s\?1 or ,we/2 x uni=mly began at ! geographical c5t]1 at ! po9t ( conflict betwe5 ! ,ori5t1 ! ,occid5t1 & ! tropical ,s\?4 ,we/]n ,asia1 nor!rn ,africa1 & s\!a/]n ,europe 7 ! homes ( ! e>lie/ culture1 & x is to !m t all o!r p>ts ( ! _w owe ! light :i* !y enjoy1 ?\gh !y may h receiv$ x at second or ?ird h&4 ,! t]ritory ( :i* ,i speak ext5d$ f ! highl&s ( ,india to ,italy1 & f ! ,nile to ! ,don1 includ+ ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,gihon4 ,?is broad & f]tile rea* ( t]ritory has be5 ! fruitful "m ( ! _w's pres5t ?\ght & culture4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look ! fact t1 despite :at 0 said above1 reg>d+ ! oceans z ! greate/ b>ri]s to ! spread ( civilization1 t small] seas aid$ x1 = ! v c\ntry ( :i* ,i speak 0 int]sect$ by five important seas1 & to !m x is "u immeasurable obligations = its developm5t4 ,?is ,asiatic-,africo-,european belt has ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce on all ! c\rse ( human affairs1 on all colonization1 on ! diff]+ ( races & languages1 & ! arts ( w> & ( peace1 ov] ! habitable _w4 ,?is t]ritory lies z ! backgr\nd ( all ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 & has giv5 to e "o its di/9ctive "* & its appropriate place4 ,nor c we 9 ! future disp5se ) ! elem5t involv$ 9 ?is1 ( hi/orical occurr5ces yet to come dep5d5t on pa/ geographical conditions1 al?\gh ?is w be f> less m>k$ ?an x has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,x dem&s & w dem& a f> l>g] measure ( inve/igation & ?\ght ?an x has yet receiv$4 ,:atev] indep5d5t progress ! ,new ,_w & ,au/ralia may seem to be mak+1 & :atev] int]e/ !y may awak5 9 ! m9ds ( /ud5ts1 n ev5 !y c be look$ at )\t reg>d to _! relations to ! anci5t hi/orical l&s1 ! s\rce ( all ! inh]it$ culture :i* !y are enjoy+ 9 _! vigor\s y\?4 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,greece1 & o!r c\ntries /ill /& out z ! =mative l&s ( all mod]n hi/ory1 & we _c /udy ! pres5t )\t /udy+ !m4 ,!y are to ! /ud5t :at ,plut>*'s ,lives are to ! biograph]1 ! imp]i%able & unequal$ models :i* ga9 new lu/] z "t rolls on4 ,x is !re=e n )\t reason t anci5t geography ought to be subject$ to a m sy/ematic treatm5t ?an ! geography ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh n unwor?y ( a l>ge place1 _h no relations ( special importance to ! :ole _w1 to ! /udy ( ! physical conditions ( ! mo/ impos+ objects ( nature1 to ! connection z cause & effect ( ev5ts pa/1 pres5t1 & to come4 ,f ^! f\ndation pr9ciples1 we advance to a m full /udy ( ! configuration ( ! surface ( ! globe1 = :i* we are n[ 9 a measure prep>$4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,a m ext5d$ ,inve/igation reg>d+ ! ,e>?'s ,surface4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( ,hydrography to deal ) ! oceanic _w2 ,geography prop] conc]ns itself simply ) solid =ms4 ,! ,hydrography ( ! globe we mu/ pass ov]1 h[ev]4 ,aside f ! fact t x w\ld lead u into /udies ( ! mo/ protract$ nature1 x =ms /rictly "o dep>tm5t ( nautical sci5ce4 ,besides1 !re is ! less occasion to speak ( x "h at l5g?1 t works ( great excell5ce h be5 publi%$1 relat+ to t bran*4 ,we turn !re=e to ! l&1 & %all /udy ! _w ( wat]s only s f> z x ex]ts influ5ce on ! l&4 ,by l& we mean ! isl&s z well z ! cont95ts1 =1 z rem>k$ be=e1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is m]ely relative4 ,to ! l& division ( ! globe1 h[ev]1 belong all riv]s & ! int]nal fre% wat] lakes1 h[ev] l>ge4 ,! basis ( diff]5ce does n lie 9 ! fact t "o "p ( ! globe is wat]1 ! o!r "p l&1 b 9 ! fact t "o is a tract ( uni=m ev5ness1 ! o!r ( con/antly v>y+ surface1 ! int]nal riv]s & lakes only be+ frills1 s to speak1 to ! elevat$ region1 & n %>+ ! sea level ( ! great oceanic mass4 ,uni=mity ( surface is !n ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! sea2 a lack ( x1 ( ! l&4 ,a ma!matical level is a ?+ unkn[n on ext5d$ di/ricts1 & an approximation to x is v r>e4 ,ev5 ! bas9s ( =m] seas d n display a p]fectly level b$4 ,! pla9s ( ,nor? ,g]many are *>act]iz$ by ?is bill[y roll+4 ,! flats along ! ,danube1 9 ,hung>y1 & along ! ,po1 9 ,nor? ,italy1 h really important deviations f a true level1 ?\gh ! eye is n able to disc]n !m4 ,milan is f\r hundr$ feet above ! ,adriatic2 b ! eye does n disc]n t x is n at ! c5t] ( a pla9 z p]fect z ! surface ( ! sea itself1 & yet t pla9 does %elve gradually away till ! ,adriatic *ecks & def9es x4 ,pe/h is two hundr$ & fifte5 feet above ! ocean level1 yet ! gradual decl9e to ! ,black ,sea is undisc]nible to ! eye4 ,! imm5se pla9s along ! ,amazon1 ev5 ! celebrat$ llanos on ! ,or9oco1 :i* ,alex&] von ,humboldt lik5s to inl& seas ( v]dure1 h a n insignificant slope f we/ to ea/4 ,! middle po9t ( ^! llanos ne> ! ,city ( ,calabozo1 ab\t #ajj geographical miles f ! sea1 he f\nd to be #ahj feet above ! sea level2 f> l[] inde$ ?an ,milan or ,pe/h1 relatively1 yet at a p]ceptible elevation4 ,all ( ^! pla9s 7 once ! bottom ( ! sea2 ! ,adriatic lav$ ! base ( ! ,ap5n9es & ! ,cottian ,alps1 & ! ,atlantic swept we/w>d ov] ! llanos ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,essequibo1 hav+ ! ,si]ra de ,v5ezuela on ! nor? & ! ,si]ra ,p>ima on ! s\?1 till x 0 *eck$ by ! ,cordill]as ( ,m]ida & ,pamplona4 ,depression & elevation1 !n1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! l&4 ,!y are bo? measur$ f ! level ( ! sea2 _! absolute altitude is reckon$ f ! imag9>y sea level1 ext5d$ ov] ! :ole globe4 ,_! mutual relations to ea* o!r are det]m9$ f _! relative heights4 ,! absolute elevation above ! level ( ! ocean c be det]m9$ 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,if ! heights to be measur$ are 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! sea1 a simple sy/em ( triangulation w effect x4 ,if !y are remov$ f ! sea1 ! difficulties are great]1 & increase accord+ to ! di/ance f ! sea4 ,! heights ( great inl& m\nta9s are det]m9$ by complicat$ op]ations ) ! _s-level1 protract$ trigonometrical calculations1 ! unwe>i$ & skillful use ( ! b>omet]1 & con/ant appeal to ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,! description ( ^! me?ods falls )9 ! prov9ce ( ,physics4 ,z ! det]m9ation ( ! heights ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s c\ld n be made be=e ! appo9tm5ts ( sci5tific explor]s h atta9$ to a c]ta9 degree ( accuracy & delicacy1 ! k ( !m 9 =m] times 0 almo/ :olly relative4 ,! inquiries ( ,la ,condam9e1 ,saussure1 & de ,luc1 9 ! ,&es & ! ,swiss ,alps1 are almo/ ! only ones to be tru/$ among ^? ( ! old] obs]v]s4 ,all unsci5tific travel]s )\t accurate in/rum5ts conf\nd$ absolute heights ) relative heights1 & innum]able errors crept !re=e into ! e>li] text-books4 ,x is only )9 ! mo/ rec5t times t ,hypsometry has atta9$ to ! dignity ( a sci5ce4 ,to meet & c\nt]act ! errors allud$ to above1 & curr5t 9 ! loose language ( popul> spee*1 we %all use a new & inde$ arbitr>y t]m9ology1--arbitr>y because ! data :i* m5suration w sometimes furni% are n[1 9 "p1 want+4 ,we w divide ! e>? n relatively1 b absolutely1 into highl&s & l[l&s4 ,! great di/ricts (t5 met1 ^: elevations are v mod]ate1 we call l[l&s4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 imm5se pla9s1 v>i$ b little above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! great di/ricts :i* inclose m\nta9 ranges we call highl&s1 & sometimes plateaus4 ,true highl&s c (t5 embrace v ext5d$ & elevat$ pla9s1 & ^! pla9s aga9 may include hills & m\nta9s4 ,?is does n affect _! "* z highl&s1 :i* lies 9 ! fact ( elevation r ?an 9 m or less modifi$ v>iation ( surface4 ,!re may be va/ v>iety 9 ! physical manife/ations ( a great plateau di/rict1 entirely indep5d5t ( ! relative effects produc$ by ! di/ribution ( its surface into pla9s1 roll+ l&1 hills1 & m\nta9s4 ,9 ! l[l&s !re may exi/ hills to "s ext5t1 & ^! may ev5 be comb9$ 9 ranges1 provid$ only t !y d n violate ! uni=m *>act]i/ics ( ! di/rict 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! highl&s are g5]ally met ) 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95ts2 ! l[l&s at ! coa/s4 ,yet !re are exceptions to ?is4 ,9 ! transitions f l[l&s to highl&s !re is great div]sity4 ,we c speak ( ?ree di/9ct bases ( discrim9ation3 a sudd5 & abrupt asc5t2 a rise 9 elevation s gradual z sc>cely to be p]ceiv$2 & a t]race =mation4 ,yet 9 ^! !re is a bl5d+ ( "o v>iety ) ano!r2 !re is no place %>ply m>k$1 :]e we c say t "o =m ends & ano!r beg9s4 ,!re are con/antly f\nd modifications ( ^! ?ree transitional phases4 ,! pla9s along ! ,indus & ! ,ganges rise %>ply to ! plateaus ( ,?ibet ,! flat ,pacific coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica is ex*ang$ ) equal abruptness = ! highl&s ( ,p]u4 ,! transition is a gradual "o f ! l[l&s ( ,nor? ,g]many1 along ! ,baltic & ! ,nor? ,sea1 ?r\gh ,saxony & ,bohemia to ! ,bav>ian highl&s1 nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,! ,spani% highl&s =m a s]ies ( t]races1 increas+ 9 height f s\? to nor?4 ,! imm5se plateaus ( c5tral ,asia are also t]race =mations1 ( dim9i%+ elevation1 z !y advance to ,sib]ia2 s1 too1 are ! ea/]n plateaus ( ,p]u1 fall+ (f 9 altitude t[>d ! pla9s ( ! ,amazon4 ,j z v>i$ are ! heights tak5 f ! sea level ( ! lead+ plateaus4 ,yet !y nev] rise to a po9t ( elevation comp>able ) ^? ( isolat$ m\nta9 peaks or ranges4 ,^! atta91 9 no insignificant numb]s1 ! height ( #bd1jjj feet1 :ile "s asc5d ?\s&s ( feet beyond t4 ,9 ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 ( ! ,himalaya *a91 ! l(tie/ summit yet measur$ 7#bi1jjj feet7 is f\nd2 al?\gh x may be t future inve/igations m to ! s\? w disclose yet great] heights4 ,highl&s4 ,cont9u\s highl&s or plateaus seldom atta9 an elevation great] ?an a half or a ?ird ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s2 ! mo/ elevat$ range 9 altitude1 f #hjjj to #ab1jjj feet above ! sea level4 ,on an av]age1 !y lie ab\t #djjj to #ejjj feet above ! sea4 ,we take ! la/ height z a conv5i5t po9t ( dem>kation betwe5 ! two classes ( highl&s--^? ( ! fir/ & ^? ( ! second magnitude4 ,x is an arbitr>y po9t1 ( c\rse1 & ! division !re mu/ rema91 )\t a natural base to re/ ^u1 till m results 9 ,hypsometry %all h det]m9$ ! real po9t ( av]age betwe5 ! comb9$ l[l&s & ! comb9$ highl&s ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,meantime ?is division w be ( great s]vice to u 9 enabl+ u to br+ into a def9ite & appreciable classification _m facts :i* w\ld o!rwise n be s well und]/ood 9 _! relations4 ,highl&s or ,plateaus ( ! ,fir/ ,class4 ,by plateaus ( ! fir/ class1 we mean ^? high1 cont9u\s pla9s :i* lie at ! elevation ( m ?an f #djjj to #ejjj feet above ! sea level4 ,! extreme height to :i* su* plateaus rise is a fact yet to be asc]ta9$4 ,at an elevation ( f #djjj to #ejjj feet ! highl&s ( ! fir/ class m]ge into ^? ( ! second4 ,! po9t ( transition is1 ( c\rse1 v difficult to fix ) precision4 ,! high plateaus ( ,asia rise m ?an #ad1jjj feet4 ,!y inclose ! head-wat]s ( ! ,ganges & ! ,indus4 ,all c5tral ,asia is a va/ cong]ies ( highl&s2 b1 z a body1 !y by no means belong to ! mo/ elevat$ ( ! globe4 ,!y are colossal 9 _! l5g? & bread?1 b n 9 _! uni=m altitude4 ,9 ! latt] respect1 !y are f> m v>i$ ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! plateau ( ,?ibet atta9s1 9 its :ole great ext5t ( #ahjj miles 9 l5g? & #ejj miles 9 bread?1 an av]age elevation ( #aj1hjj feet above ! sea level4 ,9 "s cases x rises1 ( c\rse1 mu* high]1 z1 ne> ! holy lake ,manas>[>1 = in/ance1 :]e x is #ad1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,o!rs s9k1 z at ,ladakh1 9 ,little ,?ibet1 to an altitude ( ab\t #ijjj feet2 s1 too1 ,g]tope1 9 ! region rem>kable = its goats & ! ri* %awls manufactur$ !re1 & ,%iffke1 are ab\t #ihjd feet above ! sea4 ,! plateau ( ,great ,?ibet1 ea/ ( ,lassa1 ! capital1 & nor? ( ! ,upp] ,brahmapootra or ,yam-,dzangbots*a1 is #ijjj feet 9 elevation4 ,!re are also di/ricts fill$ ) m\nta9 gr\ps ( great heights1 b :]e ! depressions s9k to ! level ( ! valleys ( ! ,indus1 ,sutlej1 ,brahmapootra1 z l[ inde$ z #edfj feet1 z at ,ca%m]e1 s t !re is no lack ( div]sity 9 ! great plateau ( ,?ibet4 ,! plateau ( ,mongolia1 or m exactly ! des]t ( ,gobi1 c be rank$ only on its l[] edges1 :]e x t\*es ! ,*9ese fronti]1 z ( ! fir/ class1 al?\gh 9 ext5t x is twice z l>ge z ! great plateau ( ,?ibet4 ,only ne> ! nor? b5d ( ! ,hoang-,ho & ne> ,pek+ does x rea* an altitude ( #hjjj feet1 & gradually s9ks away z x advances t[>d ! nor!rn fronti] ( ! ,*9ese t]ritory1 to #eajj feet1 & f>!r nor? to #djjj feet2 9 ! middle portions ( ! great table-l& x is depress$ to a height ( #bdjj to #cfjj feet2 x rises aga9 at ! head-wat]s ( ! ,orkhon & ! ,toola to an elevation ( #dfbj feet1 & falls (f 9 t]races t[>d ,kiakhta1 ne> ! nor!rn b\nd>y1 :]e x is #accj feet high1 ,sel5gh9sk1 on ! ,sel5ga1 :]e x is #afcb feet high1 & ,b]*-,udaisk1 :]e x is #adeh feet high1 till x rea*es ,lake ,baikal1 #accb feet above ! sea level accord+ to ,humboldt1 ?\gh ,erman makes x great]4 ,we/]n ,mongolia1 7we/ ( ! m]idian ( ,lassa1 & we/ ( ! po9t :]e ! ,t>9e fl[s into ,lake ,lop17 upp] ,bokh>a1 & upp] ,toorki/an 7 =m]ly consid]$ to be a highl& di/rict2 ?is is n[ subject to d\bt4 ,we %all discuss ?is fur!r on4 ,africa1 too1 has highl&s ( ! fir/ class1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n rise to ! extreme height ( ! plateau ( ,?ibet4 ,z 9 ,asia1 s 9 c5tral ,africa1 ! old supposition ( ! exi/5ce ( a plateau ( colossal ext5t has be5 v mu* done away ) by ! m exact & critical mod]n inve/igations4 ,! /rip ( t]ritory ly+ betwe5 #d & #aj nor? latitude has be5 demon/rat$ by ,b>? & ,vogel to be de/itute ( highl&s4 ,! range ( m\nta9s ann\nc$ z discov]$ by ,mungo ,p>k1 & call$ ! ,kong ,m\nta9s1 is prov$ to h no real exi/5ce1 & ( c\rse 8 /atem5t fails ( v]ification t t range is ! nor!rn limit ( an elevat$ c5tral plateau4 ,! peaks :i* really d rise 9 ! ,kong t]ritory =m no cont9u\s ridge2 !y are m]e isolat$ gr\ps ( mod]ate height4 ,betwe5 ^! gr\ps ! l[l&s cont9ue t[>d ! s\?1 9 an unbrok5 level1 = an imm5se di/ance4 ,h[ f> s\? ( ! equator ! c5tral ,african plateau beg9s1 is yet unasc]ta9$1 = ! sn[-tipp$ peaks ( ,kilim&j>o & ,k5ia1 discov]$ by ,rebmann & ,krapf1 9 ! p>allel ( ,mombas1 #a to #c s\? latitude1 are ( imm5se height1 x is true1 b !y d n demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a plateau ( ! fir/ class !re4 ,!y rise out ( table-l& ab\t #bjjj feet above ! sea level1 :i* ,krapf explor$ 9 ! ye> #ahdi4 ,! ,abyss9ian plateau1 on ! contr>y1 takes rank among ! mo/ elevat$ on ! globe4 ,at #aj nor? latitude1 s\? ( ! s\rces ( ! ,blue ,nile1 lies ,upp] ,abyss9ia1 or ! k+dom ( ,%oa1 ) its capitals1 ,ankob> & ,angolalla1 #aj1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,/ill f>!r to ! nor?1 9 ! anci5t k+dom ( ,gond>1 ! ,g]man naturali/ ,rppel asc]ta9$ ! level ( ,lake ,tzana to be #gjjj feet above ! ocean2 to ! s\?w>d ( t ! l& rises to a /ill great] height1 & nor?w>d ( ,gond> ! plateau asc5ds to an elevation ( #hjjj feet1 & m\nta9s are met ) #ad1jjj feet high4 ,! t]race ( ,axaw on ! ea/ is #ffej feet above ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* lies along its bord]4 ,to ! s\? ( ,%oa lie ! highl&s ( ,kaffa & ,en>ea4 ,all travel]s agree 9 ! /atem5t t ! inhabitants ( t region are light-complexion$2 & ,johnson draws f ?is ! conclusion t ! c5tral plateau mu/ rise to a height ( ov] #aj1jjj feet to h>bor p ( a :it] hue ?an ! dwell]s ( ! less elevat$ localities4 ,he saw a numb] ( m5 ( light complexion :o came z f> z f ! fif? degree s\? latitude1 n f m\nta9 homes1 b f high table-l&s4 ,! plateau ( ,s\? ,africa rises at ,lattakoo1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,be*uanas1 nor? ( ! ,orange ,riv]1 to ! height ( #fjjj feet4 ,to ! ea/1 ne> ! ,sn[ ,m\nta9s1 :]e ! riv] has its s\rce1 x asc5ds to an altitude ( ov] #aj1jjj feet4 ,to ! nor?1 discov]y _h made great progress s9ce #ahdi4 ,!re1 on a broad plateau1 ,oswell & ,liv+/one br\ght to ! k ( ! _w ! exi/5ce ( ,lake ,ngami1 ^: surface is #bhbe feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! plateau :i* includes ?is lake at its place ( deepe/ depression _c be less ?an #cjjj feet high1 & at "s localities yet high]4 ,/ill m to ! nor?1 at latitude #ad s\?1 on ! wat]-%$ betwe5 ! ,zaire or ,congo on ! we/ & ! ,zambeze 9 ! ea/1 ! plateau rea*es an elevation ( #ejjj feet1 accord+ to ,liv+/one4 ,yet f>!r to ! we/1 x rises /ill high] & takes undisput$ rank among plateaus ( ! fir/ class4 ,!re1 at #ah s\? latitude1 ,galtne1 on 8 j\rney ( discov]y 9 #ahej1 asc5d$ ! table-l& ( ,ovomp1 a region ( great natural productivity4 ,on ! way ?i!r1 go+ f s\? to nor?1 at #ba s\? latitude1 & !re=e 9 ! p>allel ( ,lake ,ngami1 b ab\t #ejj miles we/w>d1 he asc5d$ nor? ( ! ,swakop ,riv]1 ! table-l& ( ,dem>a1 :i* he f\nd to be #fjjj feet high4 ,f t plateau m\nta9s1 ,koniati & ,ometako1 = in/ance1 rise to a height ( #hhjj feet4 ,f ! ,swakop ,riv] to ,lake ,ngami !re is a cont9u\s plateau4 ,! high table-l& ( s\!rn c5tral ,africa does n !n ext5d1 z 0 once suppos$1 z f> nor? z #i nor? latitude1 nor ev5 to ! lat] limit ( #d nor? latitude2 b at ab\t #d #aj ! di/9ction betwe5 l[l& & highl& seems to be %>ply drawn1 z ! cat>acts :i* t]m9ate ! navigation ( ! ,:ite ,nile indicate4 ,"h ,fa!r ,knoble*] turn$ back 9 #ahdi1 b he asc5d$ ! fir/ ( ! m\nta9s :i* !re began to rise2 8 eye rea*$ onw>d to m\nta9s v ne> or on ! equator4 ,he says t ^? high m\nta9s /& ^u an elevat$ table-l&4 ,?us1 "h at ! s\rce ( ! ,:ite ,nile we h a plateau seem+ly ( ! fir/ rank4 ,f su* a plateau x is probable t ! sn[-capp$ m\nta9s1 se5 by ,rebmann & ,krapf 9 ! neighborhood ( ! equator1 rose1 :i* !y ?\ght1 approa*+ f ! ea/]n coa/1 held ! s\rce ( ! ,nile4 ,at ! nor?we/ ( ,africa1 too1 at #aj nor? latitude1 ! t]ritory :i* fe$s ! spr+s ( ! ,s5egal & ! ,nig] is suppos$ to be a plateau ( great elevation & ( great ext5t4 ,b at pres5t our lack ( k prev5ts our atta9+ c]ta9ty reg>d+ x4 ,no ?or\gh sy/em ( measurem5t has be5 yet appli$ !re4 ,am]ica possesses a numb] ( plateaus ( ! fir/ class4 ,to ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! belong ! ones :i* 7 fir/ ?or\ghly /udi$ by ,alex&] von ,humboldt4 ,x is to him t we owe our fir/ accurate impressions ( table-l&s :i*1 be=e 8 day1 _h be5 indiscrim9ately conf\nd$ ) m\nta9s1 & _h _h no place assign$ to !m 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,geography4 ,d\btless1 too1 great prom95ce 0 giv5 to plateaus at ! outset2 !y 7 pu%$ into unseemly proportion to o!r matt]s z well wor?y ( inve/igation1 b !y h come into _! true place1 & n[ only wait ! developm5t ( new facts reg>d+ ! size & height ( "s1 to be prop]ly und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,! measurem5ts made 9 ,nor?1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\? ,am]ica give ! foll[+ results2 mu* m complete1 x may be rem>k$1 ?an ! results yet ga9$ 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,to ! plateaus ( ! fir/ class belong 9 ,am]ica1 at latitude #j1 ! pla9 ( ,quito1 almo/ #ijjj feet above ! sea1 7,los ,pa/os 9 ! nor? be+ ne> #aa1jjj feet17 & to ! s\?1 at #ag s\? latitude1 ! plateau ( ,upp] ,p]u4 ,"h ! great ,lake ,yiticaca is f\nd1 #ab1jjj feet above ! sea2 ea/w>d ( ! lake1 ! table-l& rises yet high]1 & at ,alto de ,tol$a x is #ad1jjj feet 9 elevation1 z high z ! highe/ "p ( ,?ibet4 ,at #bj s\? latitude1 s\? ( ,lake ,yiticaca1 is ! ,city ( ,potosi1 ^: /reets are #ab1hbb feet above ! ,pacific4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica is f\nd1 at #bj nor? latitude1 ! ext5d$ table-l& ( ,mexico1 #ejj miles wide1 ris+ to a height ( #gjjj feet1 & f>!r to ! nor?1 9 ,new ,mexico1 ! plateau ( ,santa ,f1 #ce nor? latitude ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & #gajj feet above ! sea4 ,! table-l& on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta9s1 & t[>d ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 is und\bt$ly j z elevat$4 ,europe & ,au/ralia are want+ 9 plateaus ( ! fir/ rank1 & 9 g5]al ! :ole imm5se flat nor!rn di/ricts ( ! globe1 ?\gh we are n yet q famili> en\gh ) ! extreme nor? ( ,am]ica to speak ) entire confid5ce reg>d+ x4 ,plateaus ( ! ,second ,class4 ,elevat$ pla9s :i* are at once cont9u\s & b\nd$ by a def9ite l9e ( dem>kation1 & :i* d n atta9 an altitude ( m ?an #djjj or #ejjj feet1 are consid]$ plateaus ( ! second class4 ,!y are f> m g5]al ov] ! :ole e>? ?an plateaus ( ! fir/ class2 9 e "o ( ! great divisions ( ! globe !y appe> 9 ! utmo/ possible div]sities ( elevation1 sometimes s gradually asc5d+ t ! l[e/ limit is h>dly to be p]ceiv$4 ,?is makes x n only exp$i5t b necess>y to assign to plateaus a fix$ ?\gh arbitr>y sy/em ( classification1 = )\t x we c\ld atta9 to no ?or\gh view ( all _! relations4 ,?is g5]al sy/em mu/ aft]w>d be confirm$ & ju/ifi$ by protract$ special inve/igations4 ,t n all ! va/ pla9s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 f ,?ibet to ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 & f ! ,belur range to ! ,*9ese ,gobi1 belong to ! fir/ class ( plateaus1 has be5 demon/rat$ by ! ,russian measurem5ts1 made by ,fuss & ,bunge 9 #ahcb1 betwe5 ,lake ,baikal1 ,kiakhta1 & ,pek+1 & r5d]$ highly probable by ! inve/igations ( ,klapro?1 ,humboldt1 & ,zimm]mann4 ,t[>d ! nor?we/ ! plateaus g5]ally s9k f ! mod]ate elevation ( ! ,middle ,gobi1 #djjj feet1 to ,lake ,baikal1 #accb feet above ! sea1 ,lake ,zaison1 n #ajjj feet above ! sea1 & ! bord] ( ! plateau at ,*oimailo*a1 ! ,*9ese fronti] po/ on ! ,sib]ian l9e1 #ajjj feet above ! sea1 !n to ! l[] bord] ( ! plateau ( ,bookht>m9sk 7#icf feet7 & ,semipalat9sk on ! ,irti%1 7#gjh feet17 :]e ! great ,sib]ian pla9 beg9s4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,t>im & ( ,lake ,lop1 pomegranates & grapes ?rive1 & cotton1 :i* has be5 rais$ ( an excell5t quality 9 ,eelee1 is f\nd at a height ( f #abjj to #bjjj feet4 ,& 9 contra/ ) ! great arctic pla9 ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 n #ejj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ?is c5tral plateau w take its place z di/9ctively ( ! second rank4 ,! plateau ( ,p]sia lies on ! bord] ( bo? classes2 = :ile ! c5tral portion t\*es #djjj feet1 "s p>ts rise mu* high] & "s s9k mu* deep] ?an ! normal po9t4 ,^! balance ea* o!r1 & ! av]age is ab\t ! maximum elevation ( plateaus ( ! second degree4 ,ea/ ( ! ,p]sian plateau lies ! plateau ( ,cabool1 #fjjj feet above ! sea4 ,on ! nor!rn edge ( ,afghani/an is ! plateau ( ,bama91 #gejj feet 9 elevation4 ,m to ! s\? is ! high pla9 ( ,c&ah>1 be+ #cejj feet1 & ! ,city ( ,c&ah>1 #cbfd feet above ! sea4 ,! plateau ( ,kweltah we/ ( ! ,bolan ,pass is #ebbj feet4 ,/ill f>!r to ! s\? is ! great pla9 ( ,beloo*i/an1 #gjjj feet1 ) ! ,city ( ,kelat1 #edah feet above ! sea4 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ea/]n ,p]sian plateau 9 anci5t ,g$rosia1 ,drangiana1 & ,p>?ia1 & ,lake ,z>eh1 ! depression is ! l[e/4 ,at ,lake ,z>eh ! elevation is #bajj feet2 at ,h]at1 m to ! nor?1 #bfbh feet4 ,9 ,we/ ,p]sia1 on ! m]idian ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 x rises high]2 on ! nor!rn edge at ,teh]an x is #cfgb feet2 at ,s*abr$1 s\!a/ ( ,a/rabad1 x is #djjj feet2 at ,kasb91 we/ ( ,teh]an1 x is #djjj feet2 & at ,samegon1 #egjj feet4 ,! l[e/ depression at ,com & ,ka%an is n #bjjj feet above ! sea4 ,t[>d ! nor?we/ ,p]sia ?ru/s up a %ort arm into ! adjo9+ t]ritory ( ,arm5ia4 ,?is is ! highl& ( ,ay]baijan1 ,zoroa/]'s 8,l& ( ,fire40 ,?is connect+ plateau ( #gjjj feet elevation belongs to ! fir/ class4 ,to ! we/ ( ?is ! plateau ( ,arm5ia ext5ds 9 v>y+ range ( elevation1 f t ( ,lake ,van1 #eabd feet1 to ! pla9 ( ! ,aras1 7! anci5t ,araxes17 on :i* ! d\ble cone ( ,ar>at rises to a height ( #ad1fef feet4 ,b ! table-l& at ! nor!rn base ( ,ar>at1 ! site ( ,erds*miaz91 is only #bhfj feet high1 ,erivan a little high]1 & ,erdz]\ne1 on ! plateau ( ! ,taurus1 ! pla9 ( ! ,upp] ,euphrates1 #egcj feet4 ,! plateaus ( ,asia ,m9or embrace wide pla9s ext5d+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! c\ntry1 at an elevation t[>d ! ea/1 9 anci5t ,lycaonia & ,cappadocia1 ( #cjjj feet1 & s9k+ t[>d ! we/ to #bjjj feet4 ,to ! plateaus ( ,arm5ia & ,lycaonia1 ,/rabo1 ^: home 0 !re1 & :o c>efully /udi$ !m1 gave ! expressive "n ( 1 i4e4 m\nta9 pla9s1 a t]m :i* corresponds rem>kably ) our ^w plateau1 b :i*1 z ,humboldt has rem>k$1 0 n ( mu* use among ! anci5ts4 ,/rabo1 h[ev]1 direct$ att5tion also to ! ,orop$ia ( ,sicily & ,india4 ,9 ,india1 ,deccan displays simil> =mations1 :i* rise gradually f s\? to nor? 9 ,mysore1 9 ,poonah ( ! ,mahrattas1 & 9 ! table-l& ( ,v9dhya & ,malwah1 to #bjjj1 #cjjj1 & ev5 #djjj feet4 ,deccan enjoys an admirable climate & ! ri*e/ abundance ( all natural productions4 ,*9a too mu/ h plateaus1 = ! ,*9ese ^w y\5 indicates v cle>ly a l>ge elevat$ pla94 ,9 ,arabia ! plateaus ( ! second class are l>gely f\nd1 & _! height asc5ds f nor? to s\?1 in/ead ( f s\? to nor? z 9 ,deccan4 ,! ,syrian ,hauran is #bjjj feet high1 ! plateau ( ,damascus #bbjj feet1 ! plateau ( ,taif1 above ,mecca1 #cjjj feet1 ! plateau ( ,sapaa1 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia1 #djjj feet4 ,9 ,nor? ,africa t portion ( ! great ,sah>a :i* has h]et(ore be5 consid]$ a l[ pla91 ly+ betwe5 ,tripoli & ,lake ,t*ad1 has be5 asc]ta9$ by ! ,g]man explor]s1 ,ov]weg & ,vogel1 to be a table-l& ( ! second class1 rang+ 9 elevation f #ajjj to #bjjj feet4 ,x beg9s at ! ,*orean plateau 7#bjjj feet7 9 ! s\? ( ,tripoli1 & s9ks to an elevation ( #hjj feet 9 ! neighborhood ( ,lake ,t*ad4 ,! av]age altitude is ab\t #aejj feet4 ,?is mod]ate elevation ( ,sah>a corresponds ) ! equally high plateau ( ,cyr5aica1 #bjjj feet4 ,! ,atlas plateau1 9 ! nor?we/ ( ,africa1 rises to a great] height--#bjjj to #cjjj feet2 ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,draa1 ne> ! ,sah>a1 be+ #cjjj feet2 ! high1 broad table-l& on :i* ,timbuctoo lies1 accord+ to ,r5on's measurem5t1 is #aejj to #ahjj feet above ! sea4 ,9 s\? ,africa ! l[1 or r ! mod]ate plateau1 :i* bord]s ! di/rict ( ! ,be*uanas on ! nor?1 rises1 z x advances t[>d ! l[] rim ( ,africa1 at ,cape ,colony1 to an altitude ( #cjjj feet4 ,am]ica has _m plateaus ( ! second range ( elevation1 b h] highl&s ( ! fir/ class are s impos+ 9 ext5t1 z well z 9 elevation1 t !y h be5 m c>efully obs]v$ ?an ! table-l&s ( ! second class4 ,along ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,&es1 on ! same p>allel ) ! great pla9s ( ! ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1 & ! ,la ,plata1 ^! plateaus ext5d1 t\*+ ! base ( ! m\nta9s1 & appe>+ r z t]races1 or va/ pla9s ( transition1 f ! highl&s to ! l[l&s1 ?an z indep5d5t =ms4 ,:]e ,alex&] von ,humboldt measur$ !m1 we/ ( ! l[ pla9s ( ! ,amazon1 he f\nd _! height1 measur$ f ! sea1 to range f #ajej to #abjj feet2 he describes !m z hav+ ! appe>ance ( va/ pla9s1 & z diff]+ f ! l[l&s ( ! ,amazon only 9 _! great] elevation2 _! slope t[>d ! n>r[+ ( ! ,pongo de ,maus]i*e be+ too slight to be appreciable4 ,betwe5 ! ?reefold =ks ( ! ,nor!rn ,&es1 ,humboldt asc]ta9$ ! heights ( t5 plateaus1 ext5d+ z f> z ! pla9s ( ,or9oco1 & call$ by ! v>i\s names1 accord+ to _! elevation--,ti]ras templadas1 or temp]ate di/ricts1 ,ti]ras cali5tas1 or w>m di/ricts1 & ,ti]ras frias1 or cold di/ricts--v>y+ 9 height f #ahjj to #ffjj feet1 ! highe/ belong+ cle>ly to ! fir/ class ( plateaus4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,brazil are int]sp]s$ among plateaus ( ! second class4 ,! ,brazilian m\nta9s are n true ranges1 b lie 9 gr\ps1 _! height v>y+ f #bgjj to #egjj feet1 & betwe5 !m are ! va/ elevat$ pla9s1 call$ ,campas1 :i* are true plateaus ( ! second class4 ,! s\!rn po9t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 s\? ( ! ,rio ,negro1 z f> z ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 kn[n z ! plateau ( ,patagonia1 is a true table-l& ( f #abjj to #adjj feet 9 height4 ,x is compos$ ( ragg$ /rata ( porphyry or ( va/ lava-masses1 & has be5 explor$ by ,capta9 ,fitz ,roy1 9 #ahcg1 f ! m\? ( ! ,santa ,cruz ,riv] to ! sn[-capp$ ,&es 9 ! we/4 ,! plateau dim9i%es gradually 9 elevation f we/ to ea/1 till x t\*es ! sea l9e4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! broad plateau ext5d+ ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,texas & ! ,indian ,t]ritory1 & ly+ on bo? sides ( ! ,arkansas ,riv]1 increases 9 elevation gradually f ,/4 ,l\is1 on ! ,mississippi1 less ?an #ejj feet above ! sea1 to ,santa ,f1 on ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,rio ,bravo1 #gjjj feet above ! sea4 ,x asc5ds s slightly t ! rise is imp]ceptible to ! eye1 ! broad pla9s !re tak+ ! "n ( prairies4 ,/4 ,l\is is #dbj feet 9 absolute elevation2 ! ea/]n ,arkansas plateau #aejj to #cjjj feet2 ! high we/]n ,arkansas table-l& f #cjjj to #gjjj feet1 :]e1 at ! po9t ( greate/ altitude1 lies ! ,city ( ,santa ,f1 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,new ,mexico1 #gjdg feet above ! sea4 ,?is broad1 slop+ tract rea*es out to a great ext5t at ! nor?1 cross+ ! ,miss\ri1 & embrac+ ! colossal ,nor? ,am]ican lakes4 ,lake ,huron & ,lake ,mi*igan1 ab\t #egh feet deep1 & ,lake ,sup]ior1 #fbg feet deep1 lie 9 va/ holl[s 9 t great cont9u\s plateau1 :i* ext5ds into ! ,briti% ,possessions1 rises aga9 to #hjj or #ajjj feet 9 elevation1 & is rocky & craggy1 yet n en\gh s z to take ! "n ( a m\nta9 *a91 b simply to =m a cle>ly-m>k$ wat]-%$1 :i* ,fremont & ,nicollet h measur$4 ,9 ,au/ralia & ,europe plateaus ( ! second grade ( elevation are n want+4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 h[ev]1 !y are limit$ to ! triangul> di/rict 9 ! s\!a/1 :i* has become ! place ( settlem5t = ! *ief ,engli% colonies1 & :i*1 be>+ ! "n ( ,k+'s ,table-l&1 rises to a height ( #bejj feet1 & occupies ! l>ge/ area ( all ! ,au/ralian table-l&s4 ,9 ,europe ?is physical feature is display$ mo/ di/9ctly 9 ! ,spani% plateaus1 :i* occupy by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! entire p59sula4 ,madrid lies on "o ( ^! plateaus1 at a height ( #bajj feet1 five times z high z ,p>is1 on ! ,se9e1 & z high z ,innspruck1 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,tyrol2 ,tol$o1 9 ! valley ( ! ,tagus1 is #agcd feet above ! sea4 ,! av]age elevation ( ,new ,ca/ile1 ! c5tral "p ( ,spa91 is #bjjj feet4 ,old ,ca/ile1 :i* bord]s x on ! nor?1 sep>at$ f x by ! ,guad>rama ridge1 is ab\t a ?\s& feet high]4 ,burgos1 9 ! c5t]1 is #bgjj feet above ! sea2 ,segovia1 to ! s\?1 #cajj feet4 ,! av]age elevation ( ,old ,ca/ile is #cjjj feet4 ,!n comes 9 natural ord] ! ,bav>ian plateau1 9 s\!rn ,g]many1 rang+ f #aejj to #afjj feet high1 a broad table-l&1 on :i* lie ,muni* & ,augsburg4 ,x ext5ds along ! c\rse ( ! ,danube f we/ to ea/1 f ,l[] ,switz]l& to ,ratisbon4 ,accord+ to ! mean measurem5ts ( ,humboldt1 ! l[] plateau ( ,auv]gne1 9 s\!rn ,france1 is #ajdj feet 9 elevation2 /ill less 9 altitude 7#hdj feet7 is ! plateau ( ,burgundy & ,lo?r+ia1 betwe5 ! ,vosges & ! ,ard5nes4 ,lim\s91 ,aveyron1 la ,=ez1 ,monts1 & ,cte d',or are plateaus4 ,! plateau ( ,lo?r+ia1 ^: mean elevation is #fdh feet1 lies betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,moselle4 ,! plateau ( ,luxemburg ext5ds nor?w>d to ! ,eifel1 :]e ,prum lies1 & to ! ,ard5nes1 :]e ,malm$y1 ,eup51 ,namur1 ,liege1 & ,aix-la-,*apelle lie4 ,9 ,middle ,g]many1 a s]ies ( plateaus ( ! second grade beg9s 9 ,upp] ,hesse1 & ext5ds ea/w>d1 cross$ by m\nta9s & valleys1 trav]s+ ,upp] ,silesia & ,galicia1 & runn+ along ! nor!rn side ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s to ,podolia1 on ! ,dniep]1 ?us embrac+ a /rip ext5d+ ?r\gh ! l>g] "p ( c5tral ,europe4 ,a l9e ( plateaus beg9s /ill f>!r to ! nor?1 at ! l[ hills ( ,jutl&1 cross+ ,hol/e91 ,meckl5b]g1 ! :ole s\!rn edge ( ,pom]ania1 & ext5d+ to ,li?uania & ! ,valdai ,hills4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by a b& ( inl& lakes1 ^: bas9s x incloses1 & is cross$ by ! valleys ( ! ,od]1 ,vi/ula1 ,niem51 & ,duna4 ,x has be5 call$ ! ,pom]ania lake c\ntry4 ,9 ! holl[s :]e ! lakes lie1 7^: surfaces are1 at ! highe/1 n m ?an #cjj feet above ! sea17 & yet m 9 ! depressions1 :]e riv]s break ?r\gh1 ! level desc5ds to z l[ a po9t z t ( ! great pla9 ( ,c5tral ,europe2 b at o!r places x rises to an elevation z high z #ejj feet1 & s t\*es ^u ! limits ( plateaus ( ! second range4 ,_m p>ts ( ?is broad upl& may possibly be =m$ ( %ift+ s& dunes :i* h be5 gradually pil$ up along ! sea l9e4 ,! plateau rea*es its highe/ po9t at ! ea/]n end1 9 ! ,valdai ,hills1 :]e x av]ages #ajjj feet 9 elevation4 ,! highe/ po9t is #aajj feet4 ,ea/ ( ! ,volga1 :i* rises at ! ea/]n side ( ^! hills1 ! plateau falls (f by imp]ceptible /eps1 till x is lo/ 9 ! great ,russian pla94 ,9 ! p59sulas ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 z 9 ! ,morea1 7#bjjj feet17 & 9 ! ,crimea1 7#hjj to #abjj feet17 ! plateau aga9 appe>s 9 n insignificant proportions4 ,! l[] range ( plateaus1 x w be se51 is f> m frequ5tly met ) ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! e>? ?an ! high]1 yet bo? comb9$ occupy a l>g] %>e ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,we c designate !m z %>ply def9$ & broadly massive elevations1 9 contradi/9ction to ! long1 n>r[1 & brok5 masses :i* h receiv$ ! "n ( m\nta9 *a9s4 ,! latt] h too (t5 be5 conf\nd$ ) ! =m] & h receiv$ f geograph]s a treatm5t disproportionately full 9 relation to _! claims4 ,! plateau has be5 until rec5tly an almo/ =gott5 geographical elem5t4 ,humboldt re/or$ x to its rightful place2 by _m hundr$s ( measurem5ts he has accurately settl$ its =m1 its effect on climate1 on iso!rmal l9es1 on agriculture1 on ! physical & moral life ( nations1 & ev5 on ! c\rse ( human hi/ory4 ,9 clos+ ?is attempt at a g5]al consid]ation ( plateaus1 ,i mu/ confirm ! reproa* :i* ,humboldt has ca/ ^u mo/ geograph]s ( ?is day = _! abuse ( ! ^w plateau4 ,& ,i mu/ at ! same "t admit t x is ju/ly due to "s p>ts ( my own 8,erdkunde10 :]e ,i h consid]$ ! plateau sy/ems ( ,c5tral ,asia & ,africa4 ,:5 ,i wrote ! pages ( t "w1 ?irty & m ye>s ago1 !re 7 no sci5tific measurem5ts !n made ( ^? regions1 & ! g5]al ignorance l$ to a premature g5]alization1 9 :i* ,i us$ ! asc]ta9$ features ( ! ,new ,_w z probably 9 analogy ) ! unexplor$ c5t] ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,?is use ( really untrue analogies 0 c>ri$ by o!rs to great l5g?s1 & *oratograph]s w5t s f> z to depict ! c\ntry accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ^? :o _h writt5 at fir/ h&1 & aft] us+ all ! lights !n exi/+1 b :o _h nev] suppos$ t :at !y _h indicat$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 w\ld be aft]w>d made s def9ite & real to ! public eye4 ,^? untrue /atem5ts ( my own1 ,i mu/ leave h[ev] j z !y are1 & rejoice t ! great advance ( sci5ce has l$ to ! accurate k ( ! great plateaus ( :i* ! civiliz$ _w !n knew b little4 ,"o ^w m3 ,i set ! l[] limit ( plateaus ( ! second grade at #ejj feet1 l[] !re=e ?an ! great ma/] 9 ,physical ,geography set 84 8,elevations ( ! soil10 says ,humboldt1 8:i* d n display a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 climate & vegetation f ! c\ntry ar\nd !m1 are n rightly call$ plateaus40 ,8 mean+ is1 t ! "n does n relate to absolute height measur$ f ! sea1 b h>moni\s climatic relations exi/+ betwe5 contigu\s di/ricts1 "o ( :i* is m elevat$ ?an ! o!r4 ,highl& & l[l& are !re=e to him words ( unfix$ mean+1 if !y d n /& 9 ! contra/ ( height1 climate1 relief1 & rates ( temp]ature4 ,humboldt !re=e did n consid] ! depression ( ,c5tral ,asia1 at ! ,t>+ol1 z a plateau2 & table-l&s f #bjj to #abjj feet 9 absolute elevation1 i4e4 f ! sea level1 are pass$ ov] by him z n wor?y ( ! same "n :i* he appli$ to ! pla9s #fjjj to #aj1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,deal+ z ,i d ) ! elem5t>y features & ! physical contra/s ( c\ntries :i* = ! mo/ "p are n[ ?or\ghly explor$1 ,i pref]1 = ! purpose ( elucidat+ ! subject ( ,physical ,geography1 to consid] ! plateau z beg9n+ at #ejj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,by comp>+ ! plateaus ( bo? hemisph]es x is n difficult to deal ) a v>iety ( features1 & to make a numb] ( discrim9ations :i*1 )\t an absolute /&>d1 x w\ld be impossible to make4 ,we pass to ! consid]ation ( ! mu* m v>i$ & m impos+ *>act]i/ics ( m\nta9s4 ,m\nta9s & ,m\nta9 ,l&s4 ,m\nta9 l&s _c1 9 ! /rict use ( language1 be comp>$ ) plateaus1 except 9 way ( contra/1 because !y are n uni=m1 broad1 & %>ply def9$ tracts1 b ext5d 9 a l9e> direction1 hav+ z _! *ief feature ! longitud9al axis ( ! m\nta9 *a94 ,gr\ps ( m\nta9 ridges may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 or may be unit$ 9 any coh]5t way :i* does n make !m cont9u\s1 & yet1 despite ! want ( cont9uity1 =m a p]fect :ole4 ,m\nta9s1 ) _! fissures1 *asms1 abysses1 valleys1 rav9es1 clefts1 precipices1--9 a ^w1 _! v>i$ div]sities ( feature1 brok5 ?r\gh 9 e direction1 ! :ole *a9 r5t into fragm5ts by ^! transv]se breaks1 are 9 direct contra/ ) plateaus4 ,!y h q (t5 a common range ( elevation1 :i*1 measur$ f ! sea level1 is n unfrequ5tly mu* great] ?an ! di/ricts ly+ at _! base4 ,yet ?is relation is only incid5tal1 x is n ess5tial4 ,!re is no necess>y connection betwe5 ! height ( ! outly+ plateau & ! height ( ! m\nta9 range4 ,9 ,switz]l& ! m\nta9s rise to ! altitude ( #ac1jjj or #ad1jjj feet2 ! c\ntry at ! foot ( ! ,alps is b #ajjj to #bjjj feet above ! sea4 ,"h ! di/ance betwe5 ! summit & ! plateau at ! base sugge/s no relation betwe5 !m4 ,! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( a m\nta9 l& is ! height ( isolat$ gr\ps4 ,great diff]5ces ( elevation )9 small di/ances *>act]ize m\nta9 regions2 small diff]5ces )9 great di/ances *>act]ize plateaus4 ,! plateau dep5ds ^u uni=m ev5ness ( surface1 or an approximation to x1 ov] a l>ge ext5t ( t]ritory4 ,! m\nta9 range is ! exact opposite1 ! developm5t ( all k9ds ( extremes )9 a limit$ space1 & ! consequ5t individualization ( ! locality :]e x /&s4 ,m\nta9 l&s _c !re=e be id5tifi$ ) ! type ( ! highl& & ! plateau4 ,! m\nta9 *a9 has a "* ( its own1 :e!r exi/+ 9 unbrok5 unity1 or subdivid$ into subord9ate ranges1 ridges1 & spurs1 & :e!r ! summits are conical or %>ply po9t$1--:e!r also ( mod]ate1 m$ium1 or l(tie/ elevation4 ,& high z m\nta9s rise1 _! height is equival5c$ by ! dep? ( ! depressions :i* =m _! valleys2 ! high] ! m\nta91 ! deep] ! abyss :i* cleaves to ! base4 ,! imm5sely elevat$ peaks ( ! l(tie/ *a9s f9d _! correspond5ce 9 ! n>r[ rav9es & ! m\nta9 lakes at ! foot2 ! precipit\s summits ( ! great ,am]ican *a9 h _! b>rancos 9 ! ,&es & _! caons 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! valleys are 9 natural contra/ ) ! summits4 ,!y h j z little ( ! uni=mity ( l[l& pla9s z ! m\nta9 tops h ( ! uni=mity ( elevat$ table-l&s4 ,!y are inf9ite 9 v>iety1 highly individualiz$1 & always adapt !mselves to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! *a9 :i* conditions !m4 ,! m\nta91 too1 has no uni=mity 9 its "*2 x embraces )9 ! smalle/ compass ! production ( all climes1 & unites ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? highl& & l[l&4 ,m\nta9 regions h !re=e _h a great influ5ce 9 hi/ory & 9 ! developm5t ( humanity1 ev5 great] ?an ! m monoton\s plateaus1 :i* 9 g5]al h>bor nomadic races & give little enc\ragem5t to p]man5tly settl$ p4 ,= ?is reason ! geograph] _c1 l ! geologi/1 classify high table-l&s & m\nta9s toge!r2 he _c draw ! same inf]5ces f ! plateau z f ! m\nta9 range2 to ! geograph] ! plateau is n a l[] type ( m\nta91 b ! two1 9 _! relations to man & to hi/ory1 sugge/ entirely diff]5t results & condition entirely diff]5t processes4 ,& yet x mu/ be confess$ t m\nta9s d /& 9 intimate connection ) plateaus ( bo? classes1 & t ! transitions f ! "o =m to ! o!r are well wor?y ( /udy4 ,yet ! pres5t lack ( correct measurem5ts has made ?is little und]/ood4 ,x is n ! elem5t ( height alone :i* gives m\nta9s _! significance4 ,!re are _m o!r features1 :i* are little /udi$1 yet ( real import4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r a *a9 ?ru/s up its peaks #ajjj1 #ejjj1 #aj1jjj1 or #bj1jjj feet1 & ! height has be5 made & w cont9ue to be made a subject ( c>eful inve/igation4 ,9 ref]5ce to height1 we di/+ui% :at1 9 a g5]al s5se1 we call m\nta9s1#c into hills1 m\nts1 & m\nta9s ( v>i\s degrees ( magnitude4 ,yet ! height ( ! highe/ range1 9 comp>ison ) ! diamet] ( ! e>?1 is insignificant1 only ab\t 1 & ! comb9$ mass ( m\nta9s are ( no m acc\nt 9 comp>+ !m ) ! entire mass ( ! globe1 ?an ! r\ghnesses on ! r9d ( an apple1 or p]haps m exactly /ill1 ?an ^? on ! %ell ( an egg4 ,! comb9$ m\nta9 sy/ems 9 ! _w w\ld n suffice1 if transf]r$ to ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,pole1 to fill out ! e>? to su* an ext5t t ! pol> & equatorial diamet]s w\ld be equal4 ,9 foll[+ out 8 pr(\nd sci5tific inve/igations1 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! c5t] ( ! e>?'s gravity1 tak+ into acc\nt ! exi/+ elevations above ! ocean level1 0 l$ to ! conclusion t too great importance 0 =m]ly assign$ to m\nta9s 9 _! relations n to ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 b to ! e>? z subject to ma!matical laws4 ,v c>eful obs]vations reveal$ ! fact to him t all ! m\nta9s ( ,france1 if r$uc$ to a level & spread out1 w\ld raise ! grade ( ! :ole c\ntry to a height n m ?an #haf feet above ! sea l9e4 ,all ! m\nta9s ( ,europe1 di/ribut$ 9 l mann]1 w\ld raise ! level to only ab\t #fcj feet4 ,9 ,asia ! same process w\ld make ! va/ pla9 only #ajhj feet high1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica #gjb feet1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica only #ajfb feet2 :ile ! m\nta9s ( ! entire globe w\ld raise ! level to only #idg feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,s insignificant are ! comb9$ m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! e>? 9 respect to size1 9 comp>ison ) ! imm5se body on :i* !y /&1 ?\gh _! importance is great :5 we reg>d _! influ5ce on ! localities :]e !y are f\nd4 ,yet 9 ?is la/ reg>d1 m\nta9s des]ve c>eful /udy1 = !y n only ex]cise & h ex]cis$ a great influ5ce ov] nature & man1 b !y s]ve z our be/ key to op5 to our view ! int]nal /ructure ( ! e>?4 ,"s m\nta9s1 ?\gh ( great height & broad base1 l ,etna1 ,vesuvius1 ,t5]iffe1 & _m volcanoes1 belong to no true m\nta9 sy/em2 & ev5 :5 !y lie ne> toge!r1 & yet h no inn] pr9ciple ( unity1 !y are n spok5 ( z a *a9 or a range3 !y make m]ely a m\nta9\s di/rict4 ,x is ! repetition ( ! common type & ! exi/5ce ( a cont9u\s valley :i* gives a "r to use ! names *a9 & range4 ,! l9e> ext5t & height ( m\nta9 ranges v>y v mu*2 no def9ite limits to ^! c be assign$4 ,yet !re are few *a9s :i* are less ?an #be miles long & #aejj feet high4 ,o!r features are necess>y 9 ord] to det]m9e ! /rict application ( ! ^w *a9 or range2 "o is a ridge-l or comb-l aspect2 7t x %\ld be a wat]-%$ is n ess5tial1 al?\gh v common27 ano!r feature is t ! rock compos+ x %\ld be ( ! same geological =mation4 ,s& dunes1 al?\gh occurr+ 9 regul> & ridge-l uni=mity1 l ^? 9 ,holl&1 & look+ f a di/ance l a m\nta9 *a91 are n to be reckon$ z m\nta9 *a9s1 ?\gh l ! tells on ! ,syrian /eppes & dunes 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & along ! ,baltic coa/1 !y sometimes rise to ! height ( a ?\s& feet4 ,9 ,s\? ,g]many & 9 ! neighborhood ( l(ty m\nta9s1 su* elevations are call$ m]e hills2 at ! nor? foot ( ! ,alps1 yet great] heights are almo/ always call$ level l&4 ,9 judg+ ( ! fitness ) :i* ! ^w m\nta9 is us$1 x mu/ always be rememb]$ :e!r he :o employs x dwells among ! ,himalayas or on ! l[l&s ( ea/]n ,europe2 & 9 ord] to give any fix$ness to ! use ( ! ^w1 x is necess>y to take into acc\nt o!r physical *>act]i/ics besides height4 ,by common usage1 h[ev]1 ! ,alps h become ! /&>d ( comp>ison = all ! m\nta9s ( ! _w1 ma9ly because1 besides hav+ _! impos+ height1 !y are f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! temp]ate zone2 !y are ! mo/ conv5i5t to /udy ( any great sy/em on ! globe4 ,9 respect to height1 we divide ^! into f\r grades3 ! l[e/ f #bjjj to #ejjj feet above ! sea2 ! next f #ejjj to #hjjj2 ! next f #hjjj to #aj1jjj2 & ! highe/ f #aj1jjj on to ! height ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,ano!r /&>d might be f\nd 9 ! colossal ,himalaya *a9 ( ,asia1 & ! ,cordill]as ( bo? ,am]icas1 :i* c\ld easily be br\ght into unison ) ! ,alp9e *a9 ( ,switz]l&4 ,! l9e> direction ( a m\nta9 *a91 ! axis ( elevation z we might say1 7s %>ply h9t$ at 9 ! v ^w m\nta9-*a917 br+s out relations :i* v>y n only accord+ to ! longitud9al direction itself1 b to ! lat]al ext5t1 ! numb] ( m\nta9s1 ! situation1 & ! ramification ( ! *a94 ,if ! direction be a /raight "o1 we c rightly speak ( an axis ( elevation4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt's measurem5ts1 ?is axis 9 ! ,pyr5ees is #bcj miles 9 l5g?2 9 ! ,alps1 f ,mont ,blanc to ! ,hung>ian fronti]1 #eae miles2 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 #eej to #bjdb miles2 ! ,sc&9avian ,m\nta9s1 #aajj miles2 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 #iijj miles2 ! ,ku5lun1 #afjj miles2 ! ,?ian-,%an1 9 ,inn] ,*9a1 #agjj to #baej miles2 ! ,himalayas1 #afjj miles2 ! ,yablonoi ,*rabet1 #eej miles2 ! ,aldan1 #djj miles2 ! ,ghauts1 #gfj miles2 ! ,&es ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ddjj miles2 & ! :ole ,cordill]a ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ibjj miles4 ,!re is (t5 mu* d\bt ab\t ! true beg9n+ & end+ ( a m\nta9 *a91 & judgm5ts diff] accord+ z !y re/ on ! fact ( elevation or on ! geological traces ( upheaval :]e !y beg9 to be manife/4 ,geograph]s are n agre$1 = example1 :e!r ! ,ural ,m\nta9s cont9ue z f> nor? z ,nova ,zembla1 & :e!r "o or two *a9s 9 ,am]ica are to be spok5 ( z trav]s+ ! plateau ( ,mexico4 ,if !re are p>allel ranges1 x is correct to speak ( a transv]se axis1 runn+ at "r angles ) ! ma9 axis4 ,!re is1 x is app>5t1 a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 simple *a9s & ! accumulat$ p>allel *a9s1 :]e bread? is a prom95t elem5t1 z 9 ! ,vosges1 ! ,black ,=e/ ,m\nta9s1 ! ,fi*tel range1 ! ,h>tz1 ! ,ard5nes4 ,! p>allel r[s =m a m\nta9 sy/em4 ,yet all great *a9s are made up ( small] ones1 ( gr\ps at lea/1 & s are m\nta9 sy/ems4 ,(t5 ! gr\p+ is seem+ly irregul>1 a lawless aggregation1 b only because our k is incomplete1 & ! law ( arrangem5t conceal$ f u4 ,?is law is trac$ 9 ! v geological qualities ( ! *a91 n 9 ! lat] =m4 ,! out] =m is (t5 v deceptive1 ! v convulsions :i* indicate ! sur] signs hav+ s]v$ to oblit]ate :at we %\ld suppose ! mo/ prom95t m>ks4 ,! pres5t ( m\nta9s mu/ (t5 be /udi$ 9 ! light ( _! pa/4 ,orography mu/ be int]pret$ by geology4 ,b ! geological surveys ( ! e>? are z yet v imp]fect2 ! out] =m has (t5 to be accept$ z ! only guide4 ,orography & geology are two sci5ces :i* n[ g on h& 9 h&4 ,9 ! simple m\nta9 *a9 x is easy to discrim9ate betwe5 ! p>ts :i* make x up2 ! base is easily asc]ta9able & ! asc5t to ! comb-l ridge is readily trac$2 ! eye does n fail to see ! relation betwe5 ! special prom95t heights & ! *a9 f :i* !y rise1 & to trace ! mann] 9 :i* spurs & outly+ m\nta9s are connect$ ) ! ma9 *a94 ,small isolat$ collections ( m\nta9s are especially valuable z elem5t>y /udies1 = !y always h a unity ( _! own4 ,& all ! great] & well-kn[n *a9s are made up ( small]1 simple *a9s1 ^: connection & mutual relations are1 h[ev]1 sometimes exce$+ly difficult to trace4 ,b ! "* ( ! :ole is n sometimes asc]ta9able ) ?is prelim9>y k ( ! p>ts4 ,! true base ( a m\nta9 *a91 ! l9e ( p]iph]y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5]al unev5ness ( ! adjac5t c\ntry1 mu/ be asc]ta9$ by v exact measurem5ts ) ! level4 ,! geologi/ does n beg9 ) ?is /ep1 he /rikes deep]1 & seeks ! place :]e ! /ructure div]ges f t ( ! m level l& ly+ ne>2 &1 9 ! se>* aft] ! basis ( /ructure1 he discov]s ! unity ( ! range f ! foot to ! summit4 ,! :ole geological di/rict :i* has be5 upheav$ into m\nta9s1 ,leopold von ,bu* f\nd to be g5]ally ellipsoidal 9 =m1 ! long] axis be+ f> m prom95t ?an ! %ort] "o4 ,! axis ( mo/ m\nta9 *a9s is1 !n1 ! long] axis ( an ellipsoid4 ,! ,swiss ,alps display ab\t a doz5 su* ellipsoids1 ( diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 & arrang$ accord+ to no p]ceptible law ( h>mony4 ,ea* is develop$ f its own base1 z ! trunk ( a tree gr[s out ( its root4 ,^! sep>ate bases lie contigu\sly1 b ! peaks :i* %oot up are widely sund]$4 ,! =ms ( ! m\nta9 gr\ps result+ f ?is are1 ( c\rse1 v>i\s4 ,"s ( !m ,i w briefly *>act]ize4 #a4 ,! long] axes ( ! subord9ate *a9s may run 9 p>allels1 z 9 "o portion ( ! ,swiss ,alps1 ! ,jura1 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ! ,mexican ,cordill]as1 & ! ,himalayas4 #b4 ,! *a9s may div]ge or conv]ge4 ,! ,alps div]ge at ! ea/1 & ! =ks run nor!a/ & s\!a/ respectively2 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 t[>d ! ,arctic regions1 divide into f five to sev5 div]g+ *a9s4 ,conv]g+ ranges may come toge!r at v>y+ angles1 & ^! c mass !mselves into confus$ m\nta9 knots1 ! summits ( :i* so> to amaz+ heights1 z ! ,we/ & ,middle ,alps d ar\nd ,mont ,blanc4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt di/+ui%es five ( ^! m\nta9 knots 9 ! ,&es1 ,porco1 ,cuzco1 ,pasco1 ,assuay1 & ,los ,pa/os1 ^: con/ruction1 c>efully /udi$1 he consid]$1 gives ! key to ! /ructure ( ! :ole *a94 ,side *a9s (t5 display ?is knott$ =m1 z 9 ,upp] ,p]u ar\nd ,lake ,titicaca1 ! ?ree bran*es ( ! ,ural1 at ! ,irmel ,tau1 ! ,himalaya1 ,ku5lun1 & ,h9doo ,koo% *a9s1 9 upp] ,afghani/an1 & ! ranges ( ,swiss ,alps1 :i* conv]ge ar\nd ,/4 ,go?>d4 ,yet ! convolutions :i* ^! m\nta9 *a9s make at _! po9t ( conv]g5ce are nev] regul>1 nev] ma!matically exact1 b to be measur$ 9 sections1 & ! traces ( a l9e> direction to be c>efully s\ght ) ! compass4 ,! :ole has1 to ! eye1 a labyr9?9e appe>ance1 & ! law ( /ructure is only asc]ta9$1 ) exactness1 by ! geological features1 ! direction ( ! /rata1 & ! l4 ,! geograph] mu/ call 9 ! geologi/ to help him solve 8 problems4#d #c4 ,if f "s high c5tral po9t ! m\nta9 ranges radiate 9 ! =m ( a />1 !y =m a new v>iety ( sy/em call$1 = conv5i5ce1 by ! "n 8/>-%ap$40 ,9 volcanic m\nta9s ?is configuration is common1 z 9 ,mont d',or & 9 ,auv]gne4 ,! s\?we/]n ,alps1 kn[n sometimes z ! ,sea ,alps1 ! ,ural at ! ,arctic ,ocean1 ! ,quito range ( ! ,&es1 are types ( ?is =m4 #d4 ,! r+-%ap$ sy/em is 9 direct contra/ ) ! la/4 ,x is f\nd :]e m\nta9 *a9s are arrang$ 9 a circle1 inclos+ a plateau ( l>g] or small] ext5t4 ,!re are two m>k$ examples ( ?is =m 9 ,europe3 ,bohemia & ,transylvania4 ,! r+ ( m\nta9s ar\nd ! =m] is made up ( a numb] ( ranges1 :i* dovetail toge!r at ! ends1 mak+ a unit1 b only a rude circle1 speak+ ) ma!matical exactness4 ,! inclos$ bas9 is only relatively a l[l&2 x is rigid ) hills & l[ m\nta9s1 yet ( su* little importance1 9 comp>ison ) ! rim ( peaks1 t ! common "n1 ! 8,bohemian ,kettle10 has begun to h an accr$it$ significance1 & is /rong] ?an ! m loosely-us$ ^w ,bas94 ,transylvania1 too1 p>takes ( simil> *>act]i/ics4 ,its bord] consi/s ( a numb] ( m9or ranges1 ( v>y+ heights1 up to #ahjj feet2 & ! c5tral holl[1 :i* is mu* m /rongly m>k$ by hilly l& ?an ,bohemia1 lies #bbjj feet above ! ,adriatic4 ,! r+-%ap$ sy/em is "o ( ! r>e/ met ( all4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ 9 abundance on ! moon4 #e4 ,j z r>e is ! =m :]e ranges int]sect 9 ! =m ( a cross1 ^? runn+1 = example1 f nor? to s\?1 meet+ ^? runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 ,humboldt cites ! conflu5ce ( ! ,himalaya1 ! ,ku5lun1 ! ,h9doo ,koo%1 & ! ,belor or ,belurtagh ,m\nta9s4 ,! belt betwe5 #ce & #dj ,n4 lat4 is rem>kable = its gridiron-%ap$ m\nta9 sy/em1 ! po9ts ( conjunction be+ m>k$ by knots ( peaks ( colossal height4 ,! mo/ rem>kable "o ( ^! is ! l(ty ,pamir ,pass1 betwe5 #cg #cj & #dj #e ,n4 lat41 & #ah1jjj feet high1 kn[n1 hi/orically1 f ! six? c5tury1 & describ$ by ,m>co ,polo1 z well z by ! anci5t ,greek hi/orians4 ,! ,p]sians dwell+ 9 ! neighborhood t]m x ! ,ro( ( ! ,_w4 ,else:]e ! same feature is obs]vable1 ?\gh on a scale ( less magnitude4 ,s 9 ! ,altai range at ,lake ,yetzkoi1 9 ! we/]n ,swiss ,alps1 & 9 ! porphyritic *a9 ( ,room-,elee1 kn[n to ! anci5ts z ,rhodope1 & n[ z ! ,despoto ,dagh4 ,?is gridiron-%ape ( "s m\nta9 sy/ems seems to be ! result ( upheavals at diff]5t times1 :i* necess>ily occasions ! mo/ brok5 configuration at ! po9t :]e a *a9 ( m rec5t =mation has be5 project$ ?r\gh "o ( old] date4 ,! v>y+ relations ( l5g?1 bread?1 direction1 connection1 & sev]ance ( m\nta9 ranges give great div]sity to !m1 & imp>t to e sy/em a "* ( its own4 ,to ! features j indicat$ mu/ be add$ v]tical or precipit\s desc5ts1 = ! influ5ces :i* !y ex]t ^u ! possibility ( man's con/ruct+ m\nta9 roads1 are v great4 ,! ext5t ( ^! sudd5 depressions1 or1 m exactly1 ! relation :i* ! di/ance f ! base to ! pass be>s to ! di/ance f ! base to ! summit1 gives a key to ! uses ( c]ta9 m\nta9s z adjuncts ( civilization1 & %[s h[ "s ranges r ?an o!rs may become ! abode ( m51 & produce m>k$ effects on human culture & ! _w's hi/ory4 ,i h be=e allud$ to ! comb-l /ructure ( mo/ m\nta9 *a9s4 ,! resemblance is m /rik+ ?an may appe>2 = n only d ! peaks correspond 9 g5]al uni=mity ( height ) ! tee? ( ! comb1 b ! equally uni=m height ( ! passes f ! base corresponds ) ! uni=m ?ickness ( ! solid "p ( ! comb4 ,! relation1 h[ev]1 ( ! di/ance f ! base to ! passes1 to ! di/ance f ! base to ! peaks1 is widely v>i\s4 ,humboldt has e/imat$ x 9 a few lead+ *a9s z foll[s3-- ,himalayas4 ,height ( *a91 #be1jjj ft4 0 pass1 #ae1jjj 0 0 base1 #ajjj 0 7,delhi47 ,alps4 ,mont ,blanc1 #ad1ejj ft4 ,height ( pass1 #gbjj 0 0 base1 #abjj 0 ,&es4 ,*imborazo1 #ba1jjj ft4 ,height ( pass1 #aj1jjj 0 0 base1 7,sea47 ,pyr5ees4 ,maladetta1 #aj1gbb ft4 ,height ( pass1 #hjjj 0 0 base1 7,sea47 ,9 ! ,alps & ,caucasus ! relation ( ! height ( ! pass to ! height ( ! *a9 is z #a to #b2 9 ! ,himalaya1 ,quito ,cordill]a1 & ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 z #a to #ah2 9 ! ,pyr5ees & ,cordill]a ( ,bolivia1 z #a to #ae4 ,9 ! ,alps1 !re=e1 :]e ! pass is only half z elevat$ z ! *a91 ! communication is ! mo/ direct1 & ! lea/ b>ri] is put to ! purposes ( man1--a fact ( great import 9 relation to human culture4 ,! ,pyr5ees are 9 direct contra/ 9 ?is respect1 ! mo/ unapproa*able1 ! mo/ sund]+ ( m\nta9s4 ,! position ( m\nta9 *a9s is a matt] ( ! fir/ importance 9 relation to ! welf>e ( man1 & ! solution ( _m ( ! mo/ important problems 9 hi/ory4 ,:e!r int]ior ranges l ! ,ural & ! ,atlas1 or ranges connect+ two seas l ! ,caucasus1 or ^? l ! ,mexican ,si]ras1 ly+ betwe5 two oceans1 are mo/ op5 to human approa* & use1 is a "q :i* we w n "h /op to consid]2 b x may be said t1 :e!r situat$ 9 ! relations j indicat$1 or :e!r !y are m]idianal ranges l ! ,ural1 ! ,sc&9avian *a91 ! ,alleghanies1 or ! great ,cordill]a ( bo? ,am]icas1 :i* ext5ds f ! tropical _w to bo? pol> zones2 or :e!r !y run 9 ! same direction ) ! p>allels ( latitude1 turn+ "o side to ! cold] nor?1 & ano!r side to ! sunni] s\?2 or :e!r !y assume a diagonal direction l ! ,swiss ,alps1 f s\?we/ to nor!a/1 or l ! ,caucasus1 f nor?we/ to s\!a/1 is a matt] ( ! fir/ importance to asc]ta94 ,( n less consequ5ce is x to discov] :e!r ! *a9 is ! edge or rim ( a plateau1 & c h1 !re=e1 only a "o-sid$ developm5t1 l ! ,himalayas t[>d ! s\?1 or ! ,anti-,taurus t[>d ! nor?1 because ! exi/5ce ( a plateau on ! rev]se side dw>fs ! slant di/ance1 & gives b a fractional "p ( :at1 )\t ! plateau1 w\ld be op5 & cle>4 ,z plateaus usually display ?is edge on bo? sides1 ! bord] has be5 aptly comp>$ to a d\ble l$ge or rim1 betwe5 ! two sides ( :i* ! table-l& lies1 (t5 tol]ably high above ! sea level4 ,if ^! rims1 l m\nta9s1 are n contigu\s to ! plateau2 if !y are sep>at$ f x by a valley ( great] or less wid? & dep?1 runn+ p>allel ) ! edge1 !y =m :at ,humboldt has call$ natural circumvallations4 ,( su* ! ,altai range1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,asiatic c5tral plateau1 is an example4 ,! holl[ betwe5 ! range & ! plateau j m5tion$ is p>tly fill$ ) inl& seas4 ,! ,caucasus may1 9 l mann]1 be reg>d$ z ! circumvallation ( ! ,am]ican plateau1 sep>ate f x by ! ,koor & ! ,aras 7anci5t ,araxes7 rims4 ,yet 9 ! ,caucasus ano!r modification occurs--a p>tial l9k+ ( ! plateau ) ! range at ! we/ extremity1 by ! connect+ *a9 ( ! ,mos*ic ,m\nta9s4 ,9 l mann] ! ,pyr5ees1 9 _! ea/]n half1 =m a circumvallation ar\nd ! nor? side ( ! ,ca/ilian plateau1 sep>at$ f x by ! bas9 ( ! ,ebro1 & =m+ a p]fect r+ ar\nd ,upp] ,ca/ile & ! elevat$ prov9ce ( ,biscay4 ,9 cases :]e a m\nta9 *a9 re/s ^u a plateau1 ris+ up 9 ! v he>t ( x1 its summits seem to be n high1 al?\gh ! basis1 ! true foot ( ! *a91 may n be at ! level ( ! plateau1 b f> l[]1 & su* m\nta9s may1 !re=e1 be ( great absolute height4 ,! "n sup]impos$ m\nta9s has be5 giv5 to !m4 ,su* are ! ,ku5lun & ! ,?ian-,%an ranges ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ! ,guad>rama *a9 betwe5 ,old & ,new ,ca/ile1 & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,^! sup]impos$ ranges (t5 run ne> to & p>allel ) ! rim or edge ( ! plateau1 & seem to give x m complet5ess & bread?4 ,! geologi/ employs ! ^w 8sutures0 to designate su* =ms1 because !y s]ve to unite ^? p>ts ( a plateau :i* are at diff]5t heights above ! sea level4 ,he reg>ds ! m\nta9s z ris+ to fill enorm\s clefts :i* great convulsions h r5t 9 ! e>?1 & z pass+ up1 :ile 9 _! fluid /ate1 to a height above ! level ( ! plateau1 & bridg+ ov] ! abyss4 ,9 ?is way our m\nta9s :i* re/ on plateaus seem to h be5 =m$1 z inde$ is indicat$ by _! geological /ructure4 ,! small] plateaus display analogies k9dr$ to ^? se5 9 ! l>g] sup]impos$ m\nta9 ranges4 ,! ext+ui%$ volcanic gr\p ( ,auv]gne re/s ^u ! c5tral plateau ( s\!rn ,france1 :i*1 accord+ to ,remond1 has an av]age elevation ( #ajjj feet4 ,! n[ sil5t volcanic gr\p ( ! nor!rn ,rh9e broke ?r\gh ! mod]ately elevat$ gray-wacke =mation ( t locality1 & is1 !re=e1 a sup]impos$ range4 ,m\nta9 *a9s :i* div]ge f plateaus & _! s]rat$ rims seem1 nev]!less1 to h "s relation to !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y _c be consid]$ cont9uations ( !m4 ,! ,lebanon *a91 = in/ance1 :i* turns away at a "r angle f ! ,taurus range1 & runs s\?w>d ?r\gh ,syria & ,pale/9e2 ! ,lutznetskia & ! ,alatau ,m\nta9s1 m9]al ranges runn+ f ! ,altai nor?w>d to ,tomsk2 ! ,yablonoi & ! ,/anovoi ,*rabet ranges runn+ to ! nor!a/2 ! /ill unkn[n or little kn[n range ( ,f>!r ,india1 trav]s+ ! :ole p59sula ( ,malacca1 come "u ?is head4 ,completely unlike ! gr\ps ?us f> consid]$1 are ! isolat$ m\nta9 sy/ems1 ) uni=m slopes on all sides1 & ) a ro(-l =m1 di/+ui%able to ! base4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,europe are mo/ly ( ?is class--! ,ural1 ,c>pa?ian1 ,sc&9avian ranges1 ! ,alps1 ,ap5n9es1 &1 9 "p1 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,!y give rise to riv]s1 n on "o side alone1 z d ! ,himalayas & ! ,&es2 !y are ri* 9 res\rces ( all k9ds = ! /ud5t & ! economi/1 & ?us make up 9 "p = _! comp>atively unimportant dim5sions4 ,_! d\ble-sid$ness gives !m a l>ge influ5ce on civilization1 s9ce riv]s fl[ f !m 9 all directions2 :ile f ! ,himalayas !y only fl[ to ! s\?1 & f ! ,&es to ! ea/4 ,plateaus & m\nta9s1 diff]5t z !y are 9 appe>ance & *>act]i/ics1 yet con/itute1 9 _! mutual action & reaction1 & 9 _! =ms ( transition f ! "o to ! o!r1 ! highl& sy/em ( ! globe4 ,_! relations are inexhau/ible z ,nature h]self4 ,we _c /udy !m )\t pr(it2 b we c nev] come to a p]fect k ( !m all4 ,! ,relations ( ,plateau ,sy/ems4 ,l m\nta9 sy/ems1 plateaus are n to be e/imat$ 9 respect to elevat$ & sup]ficial area alone1 b 9 respect to =m & position z well4 ,! ,am]ican plateaus are elongat$ f nor? to s\?1 b are ( disproportionate bread? f ea/ to we/4 ,! ,asiatic plateaus1 on ! contr>y1 are n only ( great l5g?1 b also ( great bread?4 ,! ,spani% plateau1 t ( ! ,atlas sy/em1 & t ( ,asia ,m9or h _! l5g? & bread? ne>ly equal4 ,! surface ( plateaus is exce$+ly v>i$4 ,x sometimes assumes ! aspect ( elevat$ pla9s1 sometimes ( roll+ l&1 sometimes ( horizontal /rata ( nak$ rock1 z 9 ,patagonia & ! we/]n ,sah>a4 ,9 "o place x displays s&-hills1 z 9 p>ts ( ! ,gobi ,des]t2 9 o!rs b>r5 /eppes1 z 9 portions ( ,p]sia4 ,sometimes we f9d a gradual asc5t ( m9or plateaus or t]races2 sometimes s+le m\nta9s ris+ out ( ! plateaus1 z does ,demav5d2 sometimes we f9d a *a9 ( colossal peaks em]g+ f ! he>t ( a plateau1 l ,?ian-,%an & ,bogdo-,oola4 ,sometimes !re are plateaus brok5 up into crags & pat*es ( level gr\nd1 l ,p]sia2 sometimes plateaus ) deep valleys or riv] bas9s1 l ! plateau ( ,yoorki/an & ,gobi1 includ+ ! ,riv] ,t>im1 & rea*+ its greate/ depression at ,lake ,lop1 or1 l ! plateau ( ,afghani/an1 includ+ ! ,riv] ,hirm5d & ,lake ,z>eh2 aga91 we h plateaus trav]s$ by wat]-c\rses :i* =c$ _! way 9 times ( flood1 & leave 9 ! ra9less seasons ! traces ( ! =m] viol5ce4 ,su* are "s ( ! less elevat$ plateaus ( ,france & ,bav>ia4 ,especially important are ! comb9ations & gr\p+s ( plateaus1 z well z _! relation to adjac5t l[l&s4 ,9 ,africa ! plateau =m embraces ! l>g] s\!rn half ( ! cont95t4 ,l[ pla9s are1 on ! contr>y1 ! prevail+ =m 9 ! nor?1 brok51 h[ev]1 by ! ,sah>a1 & ! high coa/ plateaus ( ! ,atlas range1 & ( ,b>ca4 ,9 ,asia !re is a va/ c5tral plateau ) gradual declivities t[>d ! ea/1 t[>d ,yoorki/an & ,p]sia on ! we/1 & t[>d ,lakes ,baikal & ,zaisan on ! nor?4 ,on ! s\? ! desc5t is abrupt to ! ,indian l[l&s4 ,9 ,europe !re are1 = ! mo/ "p1 scatt]$ & disconnect$ plateaus ( small size & little elevation1 (t5 pass+ by an imp]ceptible gradation to ! o!r =ms4 ,! ,spani% plateau is1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ exception1 & has ! %>ply-def9$ "* ( ! nor!rn ,african plateaus4 ,9 ea/]n ,europe ! c5tral situation ( ! isolat$ ,valdai plateau1 ^: elevation is v mod]ate1 b #hdj to #ajhj feet1 is rem>kable1 & is ( v great influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! hydrographical "* ( ! great ,russian l[l&s4 ,& 9 fact1 ! hydrographical influ5ce ( bo? m\nta9s & plateaus is s great1 t x is wor?y ( c>eful & special /udy4 ,! comb9at+ & gr\p+ ( plateaus 9 diff]5t cont95ts give rise to great contra/s1 obs]vable mo/ di/9ctly 9 ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,asia1 ) all its great int]nal depression f ,ca%g> to ,lake ,lop1 yet displays su* imm5se di/ricts ( plateaus1 all ranges ( elevation1 l[1 mod]ate1 & v great1 t ! v gr&eur & ext5t ( its colossal m\nta9 *a9s are subord9ate 9 comp>ison4 ,asia is ! l& pre-em95tly ( plateaus4 ,am]ica displays1 n 9 its c5tral b on its we/]n coa/1 ! greate/ *a9 ( m\nta9s on ! globe1 flank$ by plateaus ( great elevation1 b ( sup]ficial area q out ( proportion to ! l5g? ( ! m\nta9 *a91 & to ! ext5t ( ! l[l&s ( bo? ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn divisions4 ,& :ile 9 ,africa ! regions ( depression are 9 ! nor?1 & 9 ,asia ar\nd ! great c5tral plateau sy/em1 9 ! ,am]icas1 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 !y are ?r[n into ! ea/]n portion4 ,au/ralia1 9 p]fect contra/ aga91 is1 ) ! exception ( its s\!a/]n corn]1 a va/ tract ( unbrok5 l[l&4 ,no div]sity is possible !re1 no *ange 9 ! condition ( life1 b a ceaseless uni=mity ( monoton\s b prodigal gifts4 ,is n ! impos+ gr&eur ( ^! h>moni\s1 provisional arrangem5ts = ! use ( man calculat$ to fill ! s\l ) admir+ wond]1 & to lead u to suspect1 above all ?is display ( cause & effect1 above all ?is work+ out ( a manife/ly preconceiv$ plan1 ! exi/5ce ( a great & active ,be+1 :o has plann$ & execut$ x all ) high] ends & a l(ti] purpose ?an to satisfy ! m]e e>?ly life ( man8 ,primeval ,=mation ( ,plateaus & ,m\nta9s4 ,to ent] ^u a discussion ( ! mann] 9 :i* plateaus & m\nta9s 7 =m$1 w\ld make x necess>y to resort to su* judgm5ts z we c\ld draw f _! ext]nal appe>ance & _! int]nal /ructure4 ,! rapid progress ( geology does inde$ af=d u _m probabilities ?or\ghly gr\nd$4 ,a few ( ^! may h be5 briefly indicat$ 9 connection ) "s elevat$ regions1 :]e ! massiv5ess is /rik+1 & :]e ! axis ( elevation is prolong$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,9 su* cases ! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! _w is m evid5t ?an x c\ld be else:]e4 ,orig9 ( ,plateaus4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt has employ$ ! t]m ,intumesc5ce1 to indicate ! mann] 9 :i* plateaus h be5 upheav$4 ,plateaus appe> z long1 (t5 wide1 mo/ly level1 sometimes roll+1 sometimes hilly elevations1 pres5t+ an appe>ance z if ! e>? _h swell$ ) conf9$ gases1 & ) depressions "h & !re z if1 9 ! ca/+ ( ! molt5 mass )91 a natural ext]nal subsid5ce _h foll[$4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 view$ 9 _! int]nal /ructure1 an unbrok5 :ol5ess1 & are free f ^? va/ fissures :i* *>act]ize m\nta9s1 r5d+ ! e>? = hundr$s ( feet d[n4 ,! utmo/ want ( uni=mity is se5 9 ! gradual depressions :i* (t5 h>bor ! l>ge int]nal lakes f\nd 9 great plateaus4 ,v>i$ z !y are 9 configuration1 !y always reta9 m>ks en\gh to indicate t !y owe _! upheaval to /eady1 g5tle1 & n tumultu\s =ces )91 ex]t$ at ! "t ( ! primeval cool+ ( ! e>?'s cru/2 9 contra/1 !re=e1 ) m\nta9s1 :i* 7 ?ru/ up f b5ea?1 ?r\gh huge seams made by ! bur/+ ?r\gh ( p5t-up vapor & gases4 ,^! elevations ( ! e>?'s cru/1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( m\nta9 or plateau1 mu/ correspond1 9 ord] t ! symmetry ( ! globe may be pres]v$1 to ! depressions f\nd 9 l[l&s & b5ea? ! wat] ( oceans & seas4 ,x is obs]vable t ! great plateau upheaval ( ! ,old ,_w has tak5 ! %ape ( a belt1 :i* runs 9 a nor!a/]ly direction along its :ole s\!a/]n %ore1 cross+ ! equator at an angle ( #de1 brok51 h[ev]1 at "s places1 b nev] s mu* z to de/roy ! coh]5ce ( ! belt4 ,! diagonal ( ! rhomboidal plateau ( ea/]n ,asia1 pass+ due nor!a/ ?r\gh ! table-l& ( ,?ibet1 indicates ! direction ( ! :ole b& ( highl&s4 ,?is b& drops t[>d ! s\? 9 uni=mly /eep declivities2 :ile t[>d ! nor? x falls away ) gradual /eps ( transition1 rea*+ at l5g? ! regions ( ! greate/ depression--,libya1 nor!rn ,arabia1 ! ,caspian1 ,sib]ia1 &1 at la/1 ! l[ regions ar\nd ! nor? pole4 ,9 ?is belt or *aplet ( plateaus lie ! high table-l&s ( ,s\? & ,nor!a/ ,africa1 ,abyss9ia1 ,s\? ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 ,beloo*i/an1 ,nor? ,deccan1 ,afghani/an1 ,?ibet1 ,ea/ ,tangut1 & ea/]n ,gobi1 9 ,mant*ooria4 ,correspond5t ) ?is imm5se plateau belt1 9 ! ,new ,_w1 is ! great ,am]ican *a91 once a :olly volcanic1 & ?\gh diff]+ s mu* 9 /ructure1 direction1 & hydrographical influ5ce1 yet giv+ ! globe a :ol5ess1 a unity 9 div]sity1 :i* is /rik+ly app>5t4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,m\nta9s4 ,! l9e> regions ( elevations ( ! e>?'s surface1 z we may t]m !m1 9 contradi/9ction to ! plateaus :i* are *>act]iz$ by bread? r ?an by l5g?1 h be5 project$ 9 ! =m ( m\nta9 *a9s1 z has be5 already h9t$1 ?r\gh huge fissures made by ! r5d+ ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! upheaval to fill ! seam has1 9 "s cases1 be5 all made at once2 9 o!rs1 9 a succession ( p]iods4 ,! uni=m agreem5t ( all ! geological /rata or _! div]sity decides ?is po9t4 ,sometimes ! rocky /rata are laid b>e & easily inve/igat$4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! obs]v] is oblig$ to draw conclusions f a "p to ! :ole4 ,yet 9 all cases ! m\nta91 9 contradi/9ction to ! adjac5t plateau1 is ! tract :i* has be5 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! cru/4 ,! frequ5t /eep & l(ty precipices %[ ! imm5sity ( ! int]nal =ce requir$ to lift ! m\nta9s f _! places1 :ile ! l9es ( /ratification indicate ! direction ( upheaval4 ,! rift+ ( a seam 9 ! e>?'s cru/ 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! =mation ( m\nta9s2 ! fill+ up ( ! seam by liquid matt]1 ! second /ep4 ,! upheaval ( ,asia1 f ! ,p]sian plateau to ,gobi1 9 a l9e #fj ,n4 ,e41 seems to be connect$ ) ! mo/ anci5t revolution :i* ! e>?'s cru/ ev] exp]i5c$4 ,! m\nta9s !re are1 !re=e1 m mod]n 9 orig9 ?an ! plateau on :i* !y /&4 ,! direction ( ! *a91 9 all cases1 seems to h be5 dep5d5t on ! direction ( ! fissure 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* ! m\nta9 range aft]w>d fills4 ,! break+ ?r\gh ! cru/ necess>ily occurr$ :5 ! pressure b5ea? ! surface 0 v great1 or :5 a mod]ate pressure 0 ex]t$ b5ea? a ?9 cru/1 :]e ! resi/ance 0 slight4 ,! latt] case seems to h be5 preval5t 9 mo/ plateau regions4 ,_! own gradual upheaval probably ?9n$ ! surface1 & made x m liable to fracture4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t ! greate/ m\nta9s ( ! globe are f\nd contigu\s to plateaus4 ,& ! broad] ! orig9al seam 9 ! cru/ 01 ! broad] ! m\nta9 range :i* rose to fill x1 ei!r at a s+le upheaval1 or 9 a s]ies ( convulsive ?roes project+ successive masses ( molt5 matt] f bel[4 ,9 ! latt] cases ! /rata ?us =m$ lie on ea* o!r l ! leaves ( a book1 _! con/itution *ang+ accord+ z ! m advanc$ /ages ( melt+ 9 ! va/ int]nal caldron ?r[ out m metamorphos$ rocks4 ,^! lat] lay]s rose to a great] or less height on ! sides ( ! p>tially-=m$ m\nta91 accord+ to _! specific gravity1 _! m or less fluid /ate1 & _! rapidity ( cool+1 z we c n[ see by exam9+ ! lay]s 9 _! pres5t p]man5t condition4 ,?us f> we c conjecture1 ) great security1 taught by ! manife/ly wild & fi]ce convulsions :i* once ?rew up ! m\nta9s1 s9ce 9 !m di/ortion is ! rule & regul>ity ( /ructure ! exception1 & also by ! equally manife/ quiet & su/a9$ process ( upheaval1 :5 ! plateaus 7 =m$2 _! /rata be+ 9 a /ate ( regul>ity & unbrok5 repose4 ,:5 ! great v5ts produc$ by ! outw>d pressure ( int]nal volcanic =ces occurr$ b5ea? ! sea1 !y 7 fill$ up 9 ! same mann] z on ! dry l&1 except+ t ! summits ( ! m\nta9s em]ge above ! surface 9 ! =m ( isolat$ isl&s1 or :5 !re 0 a *a9 or gr\p ( m\nta9s upheav$1 z an ar*ipelago4 ,:5 !re 0 no rift+ ( ! surface1 & no =c+ up ( :ole *a9s ( peaks ?r\gh a ?9n$ cru/1 ! fi]ce action ( ! int]nal heat appe>s to h necessitat$ ! upheaval ( solit>y volcanoes "h & !re1 9 "s cases ev5 r[s ( !m1 to give v5t to ! p5t-up /eam & gases1 & to convey away ! molt5 tide )94 ,:5 su* volcanic s]ies rose 9 p>allel ranges1 !y lift$1 or may h lift$ up ! :ole di/rict betwe5 !m1 z if ^u _! %\ld]s1 & s =m$ ! ,am]ican type ( plateaus1 ( less bread? & great] l5g? ?an ! ,asiatic1 & 9 height correspond+ ) ! volcanic peaks :i* =m _! rim1 & to :i* !y are probably indebt$ = ! =m ( _! /ructure4 ,x ne$s h>dly to be add$ to :at has be5 said above1 t ! g5]al direction ( exi/+ m\nta9 *a9s dep5ds ^u ! direction ( ! primitive seams made 9 ! e>?'s surface by int]nal =ces4 ,! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ! ,sc&9avian *a91 ! ,alleghanies1 ! ,ghauts1 run on m]idian l9es2 o!rs m or less transv]sely4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( rock :i* h be5 ?r[n up 9 m\nta9s enlight5 u z to ! process & results ( ! int]nal heat ( ! e>?2 ! successive =mations display n only ! v>i\s eruptions ( molt5 matt]1 & its dis*>ge 9 new lay]s above :at _h be5 ?r[n out be=e1 b reveal ! relative age ( ! v>i\s =mations4 ,we h 9 a s+le *a9 sometimes a :ole volume ( hi/ory1 m>k+ (f ! epo*s ( upheaval ) ! mo/ p]fect legibility & exactness4 ,_m cry/allis$ rocks result evid5tly f ! gradual process ( cool+ aft] ! anci5t exposure to ! int5se heat ( ! inn] portions ( ! e>?--granite1 porphyry1 gneiss1 slates1 & ! s-call$ metamorphos$ rocks4 ,^! us$ to be consid]$ ! olde/ =mations1 b ! upheaval !ory treats !m z ! late/ =m$4 ,mo/ m\nta9 *a9s h be5 uplift$ to _! pres5t height by a succession ( upheavals4 ,to accompli% ?is has be5 labor ( unc\nt$ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,only a v few--! ma9 ,c>pa?ian range1 = in/ance--seem to h be5 upheav$ at a s+le convulsion1 & to h assum$ _! pres5t appe>ance at once4 ,:]e !re 7 incessant eruptions accompani$ ) flames1 & masses ( molt5 matt] 7lava7 h be5 eject$ f ! cre/ or f s+le summits1 ^! volcanoes & volcanic ranges h be5 ! result4 ,else:]e no su* ph5om5a h be5 visible4 ,possibly1 9 su* cases1 ! masses cool$ s rapidly z to ext+ui% or fill up :at may h be5 embryo crat]s1 & ! plutonic acclivities may h be5 repress$1 leav+ u ! traces ( primeval eruptions1 b no ve/iges ( any dang]\s =ces rema9+ till n[4 ,( m\nta9s =m$ 9 ?is mann]1 may be m5tion$ ! ,puys de ,dome1 ! ,bohemian basaltic peaks1 tra*yte ,transylvania ,alps1 ! ,katak ,kaum5e1 78,burnt ,tract107 ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ,hauran1 ,icel&1 p>ts ( ! great ,am]ican *a91 p>ts ( ! ,sunda *a91 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 & ,bagdoola1 & its range ( ext9ct volcanoes 9 ! ,?ian-,%an *a94 ,b o!r =ces besides fire 7 compet5t to =m m\nta9s & plateaus1 to spread lay]s ( clay & s& & v>i\s deposits at ! bottom ( ! sea1 aft]w>d to h>d5 into /rata ( rock4 ,9 contradi/9ction to plutonic =mations1 ^! h be5 call$ neptunic1 because =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! olde/ ( ! neptunic or /ratifi$ rocks h be5 upheav$ by ! subt]ranean =ces1 & n[ are f\nd 9 ! elevat$ plateaus or m\nta9 ranges1 /ill hav+1 h[ev]1 _! unbrok5 irregul>ity ( /ructure4 ,also1 aft] ! /ratification has be5 complete1 & plutonic acclivities h op5$ ! seams 9 ! e>? ( :i* ,i h already spok51 & molt5 masses h ru%$ up to fill !m1 fragm5ts ( ! primitive /ratifi$ rocks h be5 caught up & rais$1 toge!r ) ! molt5 masses1 to ! v summits ( l(ty m\nta9s2 s t ! geologi/ f9ds fossils !re m or less p]fectly pres]v$1 ! /ratifi$ rocks :i* conta9 !m surr\nd$ by ! plutonic rock upheav$ f bel[ ! surface4 ,*alk lay]s full ( mollusca & infusoria h be5 f\nd by ,humboldt & von ,bu* on ! v summits ( ! ,&es1 & correspond+ ) ^? :i* h be5 discov]$ by ,ehr5burg 9 ! deposits at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,o!r old] & m rec5t oceanic deposits are f\nd 9 _! primitive condition at ! bottom ( ! sea1 or 9 v l[ places on ! l&4 ,9 su* localities ! surface ( ! e>? is compos$ ( horizontal or slightly incl9$ lay]s or /rata1 ( second>y =mation1 & ^: orig9 9 deposits f wat] _c be d5i$4 ,^! are ! b$s ( *alk1 clay1 s&1 m>l1 gypsum1 & o!r common sub/ances2 & ^! /rata aga9 h be5 ov]laid ) m rec5t accumulations1 ! result ( diluvium or alluvium1 cont9u+ ev5 up to ! pres5t "t4#e ,l[l&s4 ,?is v>iety ( ! e>?'s surface /&s 9 ! /ronge/ contra/ ) m\nta9 regions1 or1 9 "o ^w1 ) ! highl& =m 9 all its modifications4 ,! "n l[l& we apply to all ^? broad tracts :i* d n rise m ?an f\r hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! absolute elevation is det]m9$ f a section drawn v]tically f ! sup]ior surface to ! plane ( ! sea4 ,e comp>ison by numb]s ( "o l[l& pla9 ) its m elevat$ surr\nd+s gives only a relative result1 z = in/ance1 9 comp>+ ! valleys ( "o *a9 ( m\nta9s ) ^? ( a m l(ty *a94 ,su* relative l[l&s may lie at a great elevation above ! sea1 z ! vale ( ,*am\ni1 = example1 at ! nor? foot ( ,mont ,blanc1 is #cjjj feet above ! ocean level4 ,bo? conceptions ( ! ^w l[l&1 :i* is common to elevat$ pla9s z well z ^? at ! sea's m>g91 are entirely diff]5t1 & %\ld be kept di/9ct1 al?\gh !y are v (t5 conf\nd$4 ,we are to deal "h only ) ! absolute1 great1 & g5]ally diffus$ l[l&s1 9 contra/ ) :i* ! elevat$ valleys & pla9s j ref]r$ to may be consid]$ z m\nta9 table-l&s & ! rims ( plateaus4 ,we assume1 z we did 9 judg+ ( ! two grades ( plateaus1 an arbitr>y /&>d ( measurem5t1 & limit ! rise ( real l[l&s to an altitude ( #ejj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,great tracts ( runn+ pla91 ris+ by s slight a grade z to be almo/ imp]ceptible1 c be reg>d$ only relatively z l[l&1 &1 9 a /rict s5se1 belong to ^? regions ( transition :i* fall m truly )9 ! doma9 ( highl& or plateau4 ,! ^w pla9 indicates ! opposite ( hill or m\nta91 b has no?+ to d ) ! great] or less degree ( absolute elevation1 al?\gh x is (t5 us$ z if x _h4 ,! l[] limits ( l[l&s are %>ply def9$ en\gh4 ,!y are ! m>g9 ( ! sea1 t[>d :i* ! slope usually becomes almo/ imp]ceptibly small4 ,(t5 ! expression is us$1 yet n q fitly1 t ! l[l& ext5ds into ! sea = "s di/ance1 & is f\nd b5ea? ! surface4 ,/rictly ?is is ! bottom ( ! sea1 & does n fall "u consid]ation 9 ?is connection4 ,_m l[l& pla9s rise s slightly above ! sea level1 t !y are n unfrequ5tly subm]g$1 &1 9 _m cases1 owe _! exi/5ce to repeat$ ov]fl[s4 ,!y are ! bas9s ( old gulfs1 z 9 ! v slightly elevat$ pla9s ( ,c>acas1 ^: :ole %ore is op5 to ! influ5ces ( ! great ,atlantic curr5t fl[+ f ea/ to we/2 or1 z 9 ! great ,lomb>dy pla91 :i* slopes at ! same almo/ imp]ceptible degree t[>d ! ,adriatic4 ,!re are also "s l[l&s f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts1 & ^!1 too1 s9k+ bel[ ! level ( ! sea2 b !y are altoge!r exceptional1 & only met ) 9 two or ?ree in/ances4 ,!y are call$1 by an accommodation ( an algebraic t]m1 negative l[l&s4 ,to !m belong ! region ar\nd ! ,caspian & ! ,aral ,seas1 & ! mu* small] tract compris+ ! ,dead ,sea1 & =m+ ! ,jordan valley2 besides1 !re is ! ,suez /eppe1 inclos+ ! bitt] lakes betwe5 ,asia & ,africa2 & possibly ! ,bel$-el-,j]e$1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,sah>a & ! c5tral "p ( ,au/ralia4 ,to ^! x might n be incorrect to jo9 ^? p>tial l[l&s :i* h be5 rescu$ by human ef=ts f ! sea2 ! m>%es1 = in/ance1 beh9d ! dikes ( ,holl&1 ,sleswick1 ,ea/ ,friesl&1 & at ! m\?s ( ! ,vi/ula1 ! ,wes]1 ! ,nile1 ! ,ganges1 & o!r riv]s4 ,! mo/ ext5sive l[l&s 9 ! _w are probably ^? :i* embrace ,sib]ia1 9 ,asia1 & ! ,canadian & pol> region ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,_m great tracts1 entirely inl&1 are 9 ^? flat di/ricts cov]$ by sea-wat] :i* 0 once driv5 9 by great /orms1 & n[ lies /agnant1 result+ 9 inapproa*able swamps & morasses4 ,yet1 "u ! equator1 !re are imm5se l[l&s1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ea/]n ,sah>a1 al?\gh ?is region is brok5 by /rips ( plateau1 & is by no means t uni=m l[l& pla9 :i* x us$ to be reg>d$4 ,nor!rn ,au/ralia belongs to ! same category1 & also ^? imm5se pla9s :i* rea* f ! ,atlantic s f> into ! int]ior ( ,brazil1 along ! l[] ,amazon4 ,by ! "t1 h[ev]1 t !y rea* ! middle c\rse ( t riv]1 !y h acquir$1 ?\gh 9 su* imp]ceptible /eps1 a consid]able degree ( elevation1 accord+ to ,humboldt's b>ometrical obs]vations1 & n reckon+ c]ta9 lime/one hills f\nd !re1 f #ajej to #abjj feet4 ,! pla9s ( ! middle ,m>aon are1 !re=e1 true pla9s1 b n absolute l[l&s1 & n to be id5tifi$ ) ! great flat region at ! m\? ( ! riv]1 & 9 comp>ison ) ! real l[l&s ( ,v5ezuela1 :i* d n rise ov] #bjj feet above ! sea1 & g5u9e plateau1 :i*1 level z x is & broad z x is1 is f> m elevat$ ?an ! ,valdai plateau1 9 ,russia4 ,almo/ all great riv] m\?s are true l[l&s--! ,egyptian delta1 ! delta ( ! ,ganges & ! ,indus1 = in/ance1 7! two latt] be+ sep>at$ by ! v mod]ate plateau 7#ajj feet7 betwe5 ,delhi & ,mooltan27 to ^! we may add ! delta ( ! ,euphrates1 ! ea/ %ore ( ,*9a1 betwe5 ! ,blue & ! ,yell[ ,riv]s1 & ,s5egambia1 betwe5 ! ,s5egal & ! ,gambia4 ,& 9 ,am]ica1 ! same ?+ occurs 9 ! ,mississippi1 ,or9oco1 ,amazon1 & ,la ,plata1 :]e ! imm5se mass ( wat] :i* !y s5d to ! sea passes ?r\gh l[l&s ( v great ext5t4 ,9 ! ,mississippi !y ext5d f ! m\? z f> nor? z ! conflu5ce ( ! ,miss\ri & ! ,mississippi1 :]e /&s ,/4 ,l\is1 n #ejj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! prairies we/ ( ! l[] c\rse ( ! riv] rise rapidly1 ?\gh imp]ceptibly to ! eye1 to ! high t]races ( ,kansas1 at ,c\ncil ,grove1 v>y+ f #aejj to #bjjj feet absolute elevation1 & !n m rapidly t[>d ! we/1 to m\nta9 pla9s or plateaus1 f #cjjj to #fjjj feet high4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 lose ! di/9ctive "* ( l[l&4 ,! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce is1 9 "s respects1 analog\s4 ,l[l&s accompany x = a great di/ance f ! sea2 at ,lake ,ont>io ! elevation is only #bcb feet1 at ,lake ,erie only #efe feet4 ,yet ! level tract is n>r[$ d[n to a m]e bord]1 & does n wid5 into great l[l& pla9s4 ,! contract$ region ( l[ c\ntry along ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce is brok5 up1 too1 by rocky heights & rib-l l$ges1 ^: absolute height1 h[ev]1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! elevation ( ! pla9 :i* !y trav]se4 ,9 entire contra/ are ! broad pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* lie along ! c\rse ( ! ,or9oco1 ,la ,plata1 & ,amazon1 ! s-call$ pampas & savannas1 :i* ext5d a great di/ance into ! int]ior1 f>!r1 inde$1 ?an inve/igators h yet ?or\ghly prosecut$ _! rese>*es4 ,9 no cont95t are ! di/9ctions betwe5 highl& & l[l& s %>ply drawn z 9 ,am]ica4 ,! l[l& pla9s occupy f\r-fif?s ( all ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,&es1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica3 only "o-fif? is highl&2 =1 not)/&+ ! ext5t ( l[ plateaus & dim9utive m\nta9s scatt]$ ?r\gh ^! great pla9s1 yet _! entire am\nt is inconsid]able1 comp>$ ) ! imm5se l[l& tracts ( t cont95t4 ,am]ica has fitly be5 call$ ! region ( ! greate/ depression on ! globe1 because ?is is ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( its :ole ea/]n side1 l[l&s =m+ two-?irds ( all ,am]ica1 & highl&s only "o-?ird4 ,9 ,asia1 ! lat] hypsometrical obs]vations h %[n t ! l[l&s are by no means s ext5sive z !y 7 =m]ly suppos$4 ,! highl& ext5ds1 accord+ to von ,midd5dorf1 mu* f>!r nor!a/ ( ! ,y5isei1 t[>d ! nor!rn limit ( ,sib]ia & ,ts*ats*i1 ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$2 & ! ,sib]ian pla9 ext5d+ we/w>d to ! ,ural ,m\nta9s is n>r[$ d[n f #d1jgi1igj to #b1bcc1hjj squ>e miles4 ,yet ?is l[l& comprises1 includ+ c5tral ,bokh>a or ,toorki/an1 #a1jea1bjj squ>e miles1 & o!r l[ ,asiatic pla9s #a1cad1jjj1 ! enorm\s area ( #d1eii1jjj1 or m ?an twice ! ext5t ( ,europe1 leav+ #i1fcf1jjj squ>e miles = ! highl&s4 ,9 ,africa !re are almo/ no l[l&s to speak (1 except+ ! di/ricts ar\nd ! m\?s ( ! great riv]s indicat$ a few pages back4 ,to all equatorial ,africa ?is physical feature is entirely want+4 ,9 ! nor?1 :]e ! :ole ,sah>a 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be "o va/ l[ pla91 !re are n[ kn[n to be ! mod]ate plateaus already indicat$4 ,! area ( true l[l& is1 !re=e1 s5sibly dim9i%$4 ,vogel's b>ometrical obs]vations h already %[n u t ! c\ntry ar\nd ,lake ,t*ad is ab\t #abjj feet above ! sea2 ! surface ( ,lake ,t*ad is #hej feet above ! ocean level1 & ! l[] limit ( t region does n1 !re=e1 come )9 ! range already set z ! po9t :]e l[l&s become highl&s4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! l[l& seems to be ! prevail+ physical =m1 al?\gh "h & !re exceptions to x occur4 ,9 ,europe !re are ?ree great l[l& pla9s to be specially m5tion$4 ,! greate/1 t ( middle ,europe1 embraces ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,baltic f> inl&1 & ext5d ! f>!/ to ! s\!a/4 ,a second1 h>dly ( less ext5sive proportions1 comprises all nor!rn ,russia z f> z ! ,:ite ,sea & ! ,arctic4 ,x embraces b "o-?ird ( ! great pol> pla91 & is really "o ) ! region beyond ! ,ural *a94 ,! ?ird is ! region ar\nd ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas4 ,! ,middle ,european ,l[l&s4 ,! ,g]manic-,s>matia-,russian pla9 ext5ds1 )\t a break1 f ! m\?s ( ! ,rh9e1 ?r\gh all c5tral ,europe1 to ! middle ,volga & ! ,ural4 ,x is pre-em95tly a region ( l[l&s1 )\t any elevations ( importance1 & hav+ no *ange ( level1 except v g5tly undulat+ swells1 & on ! nor? & s\? m>g9 plateaus :i* v seldom rise ov] #ejj feet4 ,x beg9s ) ! deltas ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,s*eldt1 9 ,holl&1 passes ?r\gh ,l[] ,we/phalia1 ,l[] ,saxony1 ! ,m>ks1 ,l[] ,silesia1 ,l[] ,gallicia1 & ,pol&1 z f> z ! upp] ,dniep] & ! middle ,volga4 ,x ext5ds up ! ,rh9e z f> z ,/rasb\rg1 #dgd feet above ! sea1 up ! ,wes] z f> z ,cassel1 #dhf feet1 & up ! ,elbe z f> z ,dresd51 #bhj feet4 ,! true ,rh9e delta may be def9$ z ly+ betwe5 ,am/]dam1 on ! sea1 & ,dusseldorf1 #ajg feet above ! sea level4 ,!n pass+ by ! brok5 & romantic tract ly+ betwe5 ,dusseldorf or ,cologne & ,may5ce1 we come to ! true ,rh5i% l[l&1 #bdj feet above ! sea4 ,mun/] is #djj feet above ! ocean level4 ,ea/ ( ! ,wes] is ! ,lneburg ,hea?1 :i* advances 9 elevation1 z we g t[>d ! ,elbe & ! ,havel1 to #cjj or #djj feet4 ,brunswick lies at an altitude ( #bjj feet2 ,magdeburg1 ( #abh feet4 ,! height gradually increases2 at ,witt5burg x rea*es #bjd feet2 at ,dresd5 #bhj feet1 :]e ! ,elbe issues f ! highl&s2 & 9 ,l[] ,silesia we f9d ,breslau1 #cge feet above ! sea1 & its obs]vatory1 /&+ on ! hills ar\nd ! city1 at a height ( #dec feet1 :i* seems to be ! highe/ po9t 9 ! :ole va/ tract4 ,betwe5 ! ,rh9e delta & ! n[ dry bas9 ( ,pad]born1 f ! ,ems to ! ,wes]1 ,all]1 & middle ,elbe1 is ! m\nta9 tract ( ! ,h>tz1 7) ! ,brock5 at ! nor?1 #cejj feet high17 runn+ up z f> z #eb ,n4 lat4 ,by ?is natural feature ! bread? ( ! great pla9 is consid]ably curtail$4 ,z x is also m to ! ea/ ( ! ,leipsic bas91 f :i* ! ,mulde1 ,elbe1 & ,el/] fl[1 by ! hill c\ntry ( ,lausatia & ,nor? ,silesia1 ) ! ,ries5geb]ge1 7,giant ,m\nta9s17 #ejjj feet high1 :i* ext5ds nor?w>d z f> z #ea ,n4 lat4 ,a ?ird bas9 is 9 ! ,silesian1 f :i* ! ,od] fl[s t[>d ! nor?we/1 & ent]s ! s\!rn limits ( ! great pla9 ne> ,oppeln & ,brieg4 ,a ?ird tract ( hill c\ntry lies on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,od]1 & ext5ds to ! middle ,vi/ula1 ! ,t>n[itz ,heights1 9 ,upp] ,silesia1 ab\t #ajjj feet 9 altitude4 ,! plateau nor? ( ! ,c>pa?ian range1 on :i* ,crac[ lies1 is #ffi feet above ! sea2 & ! mo/ nor!rn hill gr\p ( ,kielce1 betwe5 ! ,pilica & ! ,vi/ula1 rises 9 ! ,kreutzb]g to a height ( #aibj feet1 & 9 ,/4 ,ca!r9e to #bjjj feet4 ,! great l[l& advances ea/w>d1 ) always dim9i%+ bread? f nor? to s\?1 ov] ! ext5sive pla9s ( ! middle ,vi/ula1 at ,w>saw1 #ccj feet above ! sea2 ov] ! ,li?uanian morasses ( ! ,bug2 ov] ! ,s>matian di/rict ( ,m9sk & ,p9sk z f> z ,kiev1 on ! middle ,dniep]1 at ! s\!a/1 & z f> z ,or%a & ,smol5sk1 at ! nor!a/4 ,p9sk1 9 ! middle ( ?is tract1 lies ab\t #djj feet above ! sea4 ,! nor? side ( ! pla9 is b\nd$ by ! v mod]ate plateau s\? ( ! ,valdai hills1 at ,smol5sk1 #gib feet high2 at ,osmana1 s\!a/ ( ,m9sk1 #hhb feet4 ,on ! s\? side x is b\nd$ by ! equally mod]ate plateau ( ,wolhynia & ,podolia1 ^: absolute altitude is yet undet]m9$1 b :i*1 at ! s\rce ( ! ,bug1 is ab\t #ajjj feet4 ,?is is ! great ,li?uan-,s>matian pla91 :i*1 ea/ ( ! ,dniep]1 is trans=m$ into ! c5tral ,russian l[l&1 at ^: middle po9t is ,mosc[1 ^: exact elevation above ! sea is betwe5 #cjj & #djj feet2 at ,kazan1 on ! ,volga1 ! height above ! ocean level is b #bgj feet1 measur+ f ! highe/ po9t on ! banks4 ,s\?w>d1 ! pla9 rea*es to ,simbe]sk1 #aha feet 9 altitude4 ,! maximum bread? ( ?is :ole va/ l[l& tract is ab\t #ejj miles2 ! di/ance betwe5 ,smol5sk & ,kiev1 & ! di/ance f ! c5tral po9t ( ! great ,russian section to any sea1 is betwe5 #ejj & #fjj miles4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,great ,c5tral ,european ,pla94 ,! slight elevation ( ! l[l& j describ$1 ris+ b v little above ! sea level1 be>s1 ?r\gh\t ! mo/ ( its ext5t betwe5 ! dunes ( ! nor? & ! hill *a9s ( ! s\?1 ! "* ( a =mation rescu$ f ! doma9 ( ! sea )9 ! v late/ geological p]iods4 ,! almo/ unbrok5 uni=mity ( ! surface f ! ,s*eldt to ! ,volga1 ab\t #bejj miles1 confirms ! "* :i* its geological /ructure indicates4 ,! deposition ( disconnect$1 sup]impos$ lay]s1 runn+ to a great dep?1 is exactly simil> to t :i* we "k results f ! action n[ go+ on at ! bottom ( %all[ seas4 ,& 9 ! great c5tral ,european pla9 !re is no %>ply-def9$ geological limit met at ! bord] ( ! ,nor? & ! ,baltic ,seas4 ,! same features ext5d b5ea? ! surface ( bo? ( ^? seas4 ,?is :ole l[l& is1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z an imm5se bas91 n[ dry1 b once ! bottom ( a great sea1--an ext5sion ( ! seas :i* n[ =m a "p ( its nor!rn bord]4 ,! old coa/s are n[ se5 f> inl&4 ,:]ev] ?is coa/-l9e *ang$ its c\rse1 ! :ole l&scape n[ alt]s its appe>ance2 & yet m /rik+ ?an ! ext]nal view is ! int]nal con/itution ( ! soil4 ,masses ( /one1 /&+ out 9 full view1 reveal ! inn] /ructure ( :at lies conceal$4 ,& ^! rocky projections are precisely analog\s to ! jagg$ outl9es ( our pres5t bold sea-%ores4 ,! l& is n cut up by inlets holl[$ out by ! action ( waves & curr5ts to a consid]able dep?1 yet traces ( su* movem5ts1 & ( ! physical =mations effect$ by !m1 are f\nd4 ,promontories & isl&s are n[ f\nd 9 plateaus1 & hills encompass+ dry bas9s4 ,to ! latt] belong ! int]vale ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! bas9s ( ,pad]born1 ,leipsic1 & ,silesia4 ,to ! =m] belong ! hills & plateaus ( ,middle ,g]many2 ( ! ,we/phalian ,m>k1 f ,elb]feld to ,dortmund1 or1 z might be said1 f ! ,ruhr to ! ,lippe2 ! ,yeutoburg ,=e/ to ! ,wes]2 !n ! ,wes] ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,h>tz to ! middle ,elbe2 ! ,?ur+ian ,=e/ & ! ,ertz ,m\nta9s ar\nd ! ,leipsic bas9 to ! upp] ,elbe2 ! ,lausatian ,m\nta9s & ! ,ries5geb]ge to ! ,glatz ,m\nta9s1 on ! upp] ,od]2 ! ,trebnitz ,heights ( ,silesia1 & ! l[] plateaus ( ! ,=e ,c>pa?ian range1 embrac+ ,crac[ z f> z ! hills ( ,kielce & ! conflu5ce ( ! ,sau ) ! ,vi/ula4 ,along ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ev]-broad5+ pla9 are ! plateaus ( ,gallicia1 ab\t #ajjj feet 9 height1 ( ,wolhynia & ,podolia1 & !n less elevat$ plateaus1 till we rea* ! ,dniep]4 ,! geological "* ( ! bord] ( ! sea :i* once cov]$ :at is n[ c5tral ,europe1 is full ( int]e/1 because f x c be d$uc$ all t we c "k ( ! hi/ory ( ^? great *anges4#f ,b we mu/ pass ov] ?is1 & only indicate ! geographical configuration ( ! dry bas9 z x exi/s n[1 & =ms ! great ,g]manic-,s>matia-,russian pla94 ,9 ! c\rse ( previ\s rem>ks on ! l[e/ range ( plateaus1 ,i h rem>k$1 t along ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,baltic ! mod]ately elevat$ hill *a9s ( ,pom]ania & ( ,old ,prussia sep>at$ ! true coa/ ) its l[l& f ! great int]ior pla91 =m+ a b>ri]1 av]ag+ ab\t #cjj feet 9 height1 ) "h & !re a =m :i* runs h>d ^u ! l[] limit ( plateaus ( ! second class2 at any rate1 a transition f betwe5 ! l[l& & ! plateau4 ,x may "h be rem>k$ t ! long1 l[ *a9s1 made up ma9ly ( loose s& & o!r mix$ & uncomb9$ mat]ials1 & runn+ along ! s\!rn bord] ( t long1 l[ b& :i* skirts ! ,baltic1 seem to be dunes once runn+ along ! %ore ( a sea :i* has n[ rec$$ _m miles to ! nor?4 ,9 ! deep *annels & old inlets n[ dry1 z = in/ance 9 ! great break ?r\gh :i* ! ,vi/ula passes bel[ ,?orn1 only loose breccia1 & no unit$ lay]s ( /one1 appe>4 ,yet ?is does n seem to be ! case ev]y:]e1 al?\gh 9 ! ,cis-,ural & ,baltic depressions dune-l ridges are to be f\nd1 "s ( !m ris+ to a height mu* great] ?an 0 =m]ly suspect$4 ,^!1 x is true1 are scatt]$1 & only p>tially preval5t1 b "h & !re !y asc5d to an altitude ( ne>ly #ajjj feet4 ,at ! ea/]n end ( ! great ,pom]anian sea-pla9 we/ ( ,dantzic1 & betwe5 t city & ,bt[1 :]e ! s& ridge1 :i* =m$ ! anci5t %ore-l9e1 runs v f> to ! nor?1 !re are a numb] ( villages #djj feet above ! sea4 ,! ,l[] ,m\nta91 7,?urmb]g17 #ed #ac #bi ,n4 lat41 rises to a height ( #ajbd feet2 ! hill ne> ,upp] ,bus*kau1 ea/ ( ! ,?urmb]g1 is #had feet high2 ! hill ne> ,hult]feld1 #hdf feet2 & ! ,hck]b]g1 ne> ,s*nb]g1 #ijb feet4 ,( ! ,?urmb]g1 ,humboldt rem>ks t x is ! mo/ rem>kable elevation betwe5 ! ,h>tz & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 & t b a few po9ts 9 ! ,valdai range c be br\ght into comp>ison ) x4 ,its position close by ! sea is especially notewor?y4 ,x is v probable1 accord+ to ,humboldt's op9ion1 t ^? inequalities ( surface1 =m$ ( s& once p>tly or :olly subm]g$1--f\nd 9 ,meckl5b]g1 ,pom]ania1 ,ea/ ,prussia ,prop]1--& n[ divid$ into flats & hill ranges1 d n belong to ! dune sy/em ( ! anci5t %ore-l9e1 b h ! reason ( _! exi/5ce 9 ord9>y upheaval2 9 ! =mation ( lime/one1 & ( ! usual ,jurassic rocks1 :i*1 aft]w>d1 h be5 cov]$ ) s& & o!r loose mat]ials4 ,! peculi> accumulation ( g5u9e m>9e fossils indicates ! exi/5ce ( upheav$ rocks bel[ ! upp] lay] ( s&4 ,x is ^! elevations :i* 9 ! con/antly advanc+ ridge or ridges run nor!a/]ly1 & take ! =m ( plateaus1 increas+ 9 bread? f ! wat]-%$ nor? ( ,smol5sk1 & ! s\rce ( ! ,dniep]1 9 ! ,valdai ,=e/1 & ! we/]n ,uwalli1 & :i* are f\nd betwe5 ! ,volga & ! ,dw9]1 & !nce run ea/w>d z f> z ,p]m1 on ! ,kama4 ,!y =m ! l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 ! great ,c5tral ,european pla9 & ! ,nor? ,russian l[l&1 :i* ext5ds z f> up z ! ,arctic4 ,?is ea/]ly *a91 s f> z x has be5 measur$1 seems to be less 9 altitude ?an ! ,valdai hills1 :i* are ab\t #ajjj feet high4 ,9 ,ea/ ,prussia ,prop] & ,livonia !re are elevations ( m ?an #fjj feet2 ab\t #ee miles s\? ( ,dorpat ,munnamggi1 ! po9t ( culm9ation1 accord+ to ,/ruve1 is #iif feet above ! sea2 s\? ( ,vilna ! heights ( ,puzewit* rea* an elevation ( #iij feet4 ,9 ! same direction1 /ill nor!a/1 runs ! ,valdai1 =m+ ! s\rce ( a numb] ( l>ge /reams & ! great wat]-%$ ( ea/]n ,europe4 ,on ! road f ,/4 ,pet]sburg to ,mosc[1 ,humboldt f\nd ! altitude at ,norwaja ,ijetza #ffj feet1 & ! highe/ po9t at ,pop[a ,gora #gib feet1 7accord+ to ,pausn]1 #hgf feet47 ,"o po9t go+ s\? f ! ,valdai1 at ,mo/i ,d]ewna1 ! latt] naturali/ has asc]ta9$ to be #ajcb feet above ! sea2 & ! highe/ po9t 9 ! range is1 accord+ to ,helm]s51 #ajih feet4 ,/ill fur!r ea/w>d1 betwe5 ! ,valdai hills & ! lake region betwe5 ,lake ,seligh] & ,bielo ,oz]o1 ! range ( upl&s1 kn[n z ,uwalli1 runn+ nor?we/]ly1 int]sect$ by num]\s canals1 & =m+ ! wat]-%$ ( a numb] ( riv]s1 gradually dim9i%es 9 height1 b1 /ill advanc+ ea/w>d1 x rises aga91 9 ! neighborhood ( ,p]m & ! ,kama1 to #ajad feet1--ab\t ! elevation ( ! ,valdai range4 ,uwalli is only ! ,sclavic "n ( su* hills z ^? ^: absolute height is insignificant1 b :i*1 cross+ z !y d ! great pla9s ( ,pol&1 ,li?uania1 & ,russia1 7 =m]ly conf\nd$ ) m\nta9 ranges1 & 7 s repres5t$ on ! maps4 ,!y h1 ( c\rse1 great hydrographical value1 & play a lead+ "p z ! wat]-%$ ( ea/]n ,europe4 ,! ,ponto-,caspian ,pla91 ! ,great ,depression ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,?is second va/ l[l& is ! direct cont9uation ( ! c5tral ,european l[l&1 ) a decid$ s9k+ t[>d ! ,black & ! ,caspian ,seas1 indicat$ by ! c\rse ( ! riv]s ( t region4 ,x ext5ds f ! mon? ( ! ,danube ov] ! l[] ,dnie/]1 ,bog1 ,dniep]1 ,don1 & ,volga1 z f> ea/w>d z ! ,sea ( ,aral4 ,to ! la/ nam$ ! ,sib]ian pla9 gradually decl9es4 ,! s\!rn pla9 ( ,europe /&s 9 unbrok5 connection1 s f> z its =mation is conc]n$1 ) ! ,we/ ,sib]ian pla91 7#b1bac1djj squ>e miles 9 ext5t17 & is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive l[l&s on ! globe4 ,! ,baltic-,s>matian pla9 is sep>at$ f ! ,we/ ,sib]ian m]ely by ! long ,ural *a91 7f #ej to #fg ,n4 lat417 ^: elevation is only f #djjj to #ejjj feet1 & ^: bread? is unimportant4 ,take away ! ,ural1 & a cont9u\s l9e c\ld be drawn f ,br$a1 ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,meuse1 ,rh9e1 & ,s*eldt1 across ,europe & ,asia1 foll[+ ! l9e ( #ej ,n4 lat z f> z ! ,*9ese fronti]1 pass+ ov] a cont9u\s s]ies ( l[1 insignificant hills1 hea?l&s1 & /eppes1 & trav]s+ a space e/imat$ by ,humboldt to be ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! ,amazon6 ,t[>d ! s\?1 ! ,cis-,ural1 ,european side ( ! ,ponto-,caspian l[l&1 is sep>at$ f ! ,black ,sea by a ridge ( granite knolls1 :i* passes f ,volhynia & ,podolia ea/w>d z f> z ! cat>acts ( ! ,dniep]1 & !nce s\!a/1 ) dim9i%$ bread?1 rea*+ its limit at ,taganrog1 on ! l[] ,don1 & ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,?is ridge sep>ates ! n>r[ /eppes ( ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,black ,sea f ! l[l& ( ,s\? ,russia1 ! fruitful di/rict ( ,ukra9e4 ,! height ( ^! hills 9 ! we/1 :]e !y appe> to h ! greate/ elevation1 has be5 e/imat$ to be ab\t #ajjj feet above ! sea4 ,t[>d ! ,dniep] !y h n yet be5 c>efully measur$2 b probably !re !y d n rise above #gjj feet4 ,! small s& /eppe s\? ( ^! granite hills runs f ! ,crimea ea/w>d z f> z ! ,nor? ,caucasian /eppe1 betwe5 ! ,don1 ,volga1 & ! ,caspian1 & inde$ may be trac$ to ! nor!a/ z f> z ! ,ba%kiric-,ural *a94 ,lakes ( m>k$ saltness are f\nd !re3 ,elton1 = in/ance1 :i* lies #bd feet above ! sea2 :ile f>!r ea/w>d !y are f\nd1 z = example on ! ,kamy% & at ,sam>a at a depression (--#ach feet1 #fj feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,yet ?is lacks confirmation4 ,f ?is l[l&1 only a few elevations arise1 & ^! ( insignificant absolute height2 yet1 on acc\nt ( ! extreme uni=mity ( ! :ole c\ntry1 !y are objects ( amazem5t to ! :ole /eppe _w4 ,! ,little ,bogdo1 s\? ( ,lake ,elton1 & yet f>!r s\?1 ,great ,bogdo1 #ejd feet above ! sea1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 & ,m\nt ,ars>g>1 #cca feet 9 absolute height1 accord+ to ,mur*ison1 are ! only important hills4 ,! ,great ,bogdo is compos$ ( calc>e\s lime/one & ( s&/one1 ) ri* deposits ( salt4 ,! ,kirgheez /eppe sep>ates1 by a pla9 ( v mod]ate elevation1 ! nor? ,sib]ian l[l& f ! ,caspian-,ural depression4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$1 & inde$ repres5t$ on ! map1 t a m\nta9 range passes ?r\gh ?is di/rict f ! ,ural *a9 to ! ,altai4 ,! ,kirgheez /eppe appe>s to range f #ghj to #ifj feet 9 elevation2 :ile ! ,sib]ian pla9 is b #bhj feet above ! sea at ,omsk1 #aib feet at ,tora1 & #ajh feet at ,tobolsk4 ,x has be5 consid]$ by "s t ! ,kirgheez /eppe1 z well z ! granite hills ( s\!rn ,russia1 belong to an undevelop$ sy/em ( m\nta9s1 an e>ly cool+ hav+ solidifi$ !m be=e rea*+ ! elevation :i* !y w\ld h atta9$2 & t !y p>take ( ! direction :i* analogy w\ld tea* u su* a *a9 w\ld h1 f nor!a/ to s\?we/1 p>allel ) ! ,c>pa?ian & ! ,caucasus ranges4 ,! great depression ( ! ,old ,_w beg9s ) ! deep5+ ( ! ,volga bas9 bel[ ,simbe]sk2 & at ! place 7#ea ,n4 lat41 ne> ,or5boorg & ,s>atov7 :]e x breaks ?r\gh ! la/ r[ ( hills 9 ! ,ob/%ei-,syrtis1 x comm5ces a rapid desc5t t[>d ! ,caspian & ! ,aral ,seas4 ,?is great concavity1 on ! conf9es ( ,europe & ,asia1 at ! c5t] ( ! greate/ l&-mass1 & f> remov$ f any ocean1 is rem>kable z hav+ no p>allel on ! globe4 ,humboldt rem>ks t p]haps a simil> ph5om5on w\ld be repeat$ at ! int]ior ( o!r cont95ts1 if ! t]ti>y =mation & ! p>ts f\nd by m>9e deposit did n exi/4 ,x w\ld be pr(itable to foll[ out s weighty a ?\ght1 ) ! surface z x n[ is4 ,! ,ob/%ei-,syrtis is ! mod]ate range ( hills :i* runs we/w>d 9 two bran*es f ! ,ba%kiric-,ural1 at ,or5boorg1 ! nor!rn spur runn+ by ,uralsk & ! ,ural ,riv]2 ! s\!rn by ,sam>a1 ris+ on ! ea/ %ore ( ! ,volga to a height ( #fjj feet1 & end+ at ,s>epta4 ,or5boorg1 on ! ,ob/%ei-,syrtis1 :]e x leaves ! ,ural *a91 is #bee feet above ! sea4 ,uralsk lies some:at l[]1 be+ #bcd feet above ! sea4 ,! surface ( ! ,volga1 :]e x breaks ?r\gh ! high banks ( ,s>atov1 is only #cf feet above ! ocean level2 :ile ! we/]n %ore1 above ,s>atov1 is #efb feet 9 height4 ,f>!r d[n ! riv]1 ,s>epta lies #cj feet bel[ ! sea level2 & !re is1 !re=e1 betwe5 ,s>atov & ,s>epta1 a di/ance ( ab\t #ahj miles1 a fall ( #ff feet4 ,we/ ( ! ,volga1 & foll[+ ! riv]1 is ! cont9uation ( ! ,ob/%ei-,syrtis1 rang+ 9 elevation f #efb feet d[n to #afh feet4 ,at ,s>epta1 ! l[ hills :i* ?us f> h skirt$ ! ,volga turn to ! s\?we/1 to ! ,manit% /eppe1 s9k+ to an elevation ( b #ge feet1 & ext5d+ z f> z ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,at ,s>epta1 too1 ! ,volga turns f its normal s\!rly c\rse1 & /rikes s\!a/]ly across ! ,a/racan /eppe1 ent]+ ! ,caspian at ! ,city ( ,a/racan1 #gb feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,! level ( ! sea is #d feet bel[ ! %ore on :i* ,a/racan is built4 ,! old /atem5ts t ! level ( ! ,caspian is #cjj feet bel[ ! ocean1 re/$ solely on conjectures made by ! naturali/ ,pallas4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is great depression on ! w>m] climate ( t region1 ! peculi> vegetation ( ! salt /eppes1 & ! salt morasses :i* exi/ :]e ! l& is p]fectly level1 z well z ! great b$s ( oy/]-%ells & o!r cru/ace\s rema9s1 l$ him to ! hypo!sis t ! :ole neighbor+ di/rict is ! dry & des]t$ b$ ( a =m] sea1 n[ %runk to ! comp>atively insignificant dim5sions ( ! ,caspian4 ,! brok5 l9e ( bold bluffs :i* b\nds ! ,ob/%ei-,syrtis on ! s\? seem$ to him to be ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ?is inl& sea1 into :i* ! ,volga ent]$ bel[ ! pass ( ,kamys*9 & ,s>atov4 ,p>rot & ,engelh>dt suppos$ t _! b>ometrical elevations 9 #ahaa confirm$ ,pallas' !ory1 t ! ,caspian lies #cjj feet bel[ ! ocean4 ,_m hypo!ses 7 bas$ ^u _! obs]vations2 b ! :ole 7 at l5g? br\ght into discr$it by ,humboldt1 :o di/ru/$ ! accuracy ( in/rum5ts made at t "t4 ,no?+ b a trigonometrical survey f ,taganrog to ,a/racan c\ld give conclusive results1 & ?is 0 accompli%$ 9 #ahcg1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,! result prov$ t1 s f> f be+ #cjj or #cej feet bel[ ! ocean1 ! ,caspian is n #ajj feet4 ,its depression1 z already /at$1 is ab\t #gf feet4 ,! level ( ! ,aral ,sea1 :i* is evid5tly closely l9k$ to ! ,caspian1 has n yet be5 det]m9$ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,b>ometrical obs]vations 7 in/itut$ = ?is end by ! exp$ition "u ,g5]al ,b]g1 :i* explor$ t region 9 ! w9t] ( #ahbf1 b ! cold 0 sev]e1 & ! results are que/ionable4 ,! result ( _! inve/igations 01 h[ev]1 t ! surface ( ! ,aral lies #aaj feet high] ?an t ( ! ,caspian4 ,?is w\ld make ! ,aral to be #cd feet above ! sea level4 ,m c>eful inquiries may1 h[ev]1 det]m9e ! level ( ! two seas to be ! same2 b at pres5t we h to be cont5t ) ! results ( ! exp$ition ref]r$ to1 & accept its elevation z #cd feet above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 go+ into details respect+ ! ,aral1 ! region ar\nd ! ,caspian & directly connect$ ) x1 :i* is bel[ ! ocean level1 embraces an area ( n less ?an #aca1djj squ>e miles4 ,?is survey ext5ds f ! ,volga to ! ,ural ,riv]1 !nce to ! ,emba & ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ! ,sea ( ,aral1 & !nce to ! salt lakes ( ,aksakal-,b>bi1 ly+ to ! nor!a/ ( ?is sea4 ,! trac+ ( ?is l9e f ! high] to ! l[] /ages ( depression gives cle> indications1 9 ! nature ( ! soil1 ( ! exi/5ce ( a great sea once occupy+ t :ole tract4 ,?us mu* = ! configuration ( ! ,caspian l[l&4 ,if to ^! #aca1djj squ>e miles be add$ ! #aec1jjj1 or1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 #afd1jjj squ>e miles ( ! ,caspian itself1 ! entire depression embraces almo/ #cah1jjj squ>e miles1 & is great] ?an ,france1 great] ?an ,g]many1 & only to be comp>$ ) ! :ole ,au/rian empire6 ,if to ?is great region be add$ ! di/rict ar\nd ! ,aral1 :i* sea alone cov]s ne>ly #be1jjj squ>e miles1 & !n to ?is ! yet unmeasur$ surface cov]$ by seas yet to ! ea/w>d1 ! entire region ( depression is imm5sely increas$4 ,& !n if to ?is be add$ ! great ,sib]ian pla91 ^: level is n greatly above ! sea1 ! comb9$ di/rict w\ld be at lea/ once & a half z great z all ,europe4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,ponto-,caspian ,depression4 ,?9k+ ( ! imm5se ext5t ( ?is depress$ region1 ^: entire surface occupies no inconsid]able fraction ( ! int]ior ( ! ,old ,_w1 & ^: greate/ dep? at ! bottom ( ! ,caspian is f #ejj to #fjj feet bel[ ! level ( ! ocean1 & look+ at x z a ph5om5on :olly unique1 ! "q arises3 ,h[ w\ld su* a condition be possible1 contradict+1 z x seems1 all analogies8 ,! answ]1 c\ld we rea* x1 w\ld n fail to illu/rate _m recondite geological que/ions1 & to be full ( in/ruction4 ,yet ! "t has n come :5 a full answ] c be giv5 to ?is inquiry4 ,we h n yet le>n$ ! elem5t>y conditions ( ?is rem>kable fact2 !re are innum]able inve/igations yet to be made1 be=e we c feel p]fectly c]ta9 t its reason is und]/ood4 ,/ill1 !re h be5 "s prep>atory inquiries ent]$ ^u1 & "s prelim9>y /eps tak5 t[>d rea*+ a conclusion1 or1 at lea/1 t[>d assum+ a reasonable hypo!sis4 ,we h already indicat$ our belief t ?is depression is connect$ ) a r+ ( plateaus :i* h be5 upheav$ ar\nd x1 & :i* n[ inclose x & isolate x f ! ocean4 ,! holl[ has its greate/ dep? ne> ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,caspian1 :]e x rises abruptly to ! ,p]sian plateau4 ,!re pass1 9 ! =m ( a half circle1 ! l(tie/ m\nta9s & plateaus ( c5tral ,asia4 ,on ! we/ side ! ,caucasus rises1 ) its giant peaks ( ,kasbek & ,elbrooz1 #ae1jjj to #ag1jjj feet high1 be>+ all ! m>ks ( volcanic orig91--avalan*es ( solidifi$ lava on ! sides1 a lake ly+ 9 ! abyss ( an ext9ct crat]1 & ! l4 ,at ! s\?we/1 ! ,arm5ian plateau foll[s ! c\rse ( ! ,aras f its m\? back to ! huge dome ( ,ar>at1 #ad1fef feet high4 ,! entire geological appe>ance ( t region--! old lava /reams1 ! tra*yte rocks--indicate ) equal cle>ness1 z 9 ! ,caucasus1 ! ag5cy ( volcanic =ces 9 ! upheaval ( t di/rict4 ,traces ( ?is great p[] are also se5 9 ! caldron-%ap$ holl[s1 & 9 ! n>r[ & deep defiles1 :i* are abundant 9 t region4 ,s\? ( ! ,caspian1 :i* 9 its s\!rn "p rea*es a dep? rang+ z l[ z #dbj1 #dhj1 & #fjj feet1 &1 accord+ to ,hanway1 ev5 #bgjj feet1 rise %>ply f ! sea ! ,p]sian ,coa/ ,m\nta9s4 ,! plateau ( ,teh]an1 #cdjj feet 9 elevation1 is directly beyond1 f :i* rise ! volcanic peaks ( ,demav5d1 #bj1jjj feet1 & ,euczan1 #ffjj feet high4 ,! ,coa/ *a9 embraces ! ,elboorz ,m\nta9s1 uni=mly m ?an #ejjj feet high1 b :i*1 at ,s*emrum1 nor?we/ ( ,teh]an1 rise to a height ( #hefj feet2 at ,*ur*urah1 s\?we/ ( ,demav5d1 to #gfej feet2 at ,nevo1 s\!a/ ( ,demav5d1 to #hedj feet2 at ,nejo/]1 9 ! ,s]iaku%1 ea/ ( ,demav5d1 to #gbjj feet2 & :i*1 above ,a/]abad1 rise 9 ! ,%ahku% & ! ,sundukku% to a height ( #gbgj feet1 & almo/ ev]y:]e display 9 _! tra*yte rocks ! traces ( anci5t volcanic activity4 ,/ill f>!r to ! ea/1 ! *a9 :i* has girdl$ ! ,caspian s9ks f ! l(ty height ( ! ,nor!rn ,taurus to #ahgb feet2 9 ,me%$1 #bfbh feet2 9 ,h]at1 an av]age elevation ( #cdjj to #djjj feet4 ,b ea/ ( ,h]at x rises abruptly to ! l(ty plateaus ( ,bamian & ,cabool1 #gjjj & #hjjj feet high1 & 9 ! peaks ( ,colubeba #af1hjj feet4 ,! ,h9doo ,koo%1 at ,dsellalabad1 rises to a height ( #ah1ihd feet2 ! table-l&s ( ! ,bolor1 at ! ,issikul1 are at an elevation ( #ad1ffd feet2 :ile ! gigantic ,pame] is n yet measur$1 ?\gh its not$ ,pass is e/imat$ at #ah1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,at ?is po9t we rea* almo/ ! #dj? degree ( ,n4 lat41 :5ce nor?w>d ! m\nta9 ranges gradually decl9e 9 height1 aft] ?r[+ (f ea/w>d ! great *a9 ( ,?ian-,%an4 ,f ! %>p angle =m$ by ! ,h9doo ,koo% & ! ,bolor1 :]e ! head-wat]s ( ! ,gihon rise1 t l>ge b comm]cially unimportant riv] takes its way we/w>d ?r\gh ! ,bokh>an table-l&1 fall+ s rapidly 9 its c\rse to ,bokh>a t at ! city its surface is b #aaaf feet above ! sea1 !n /rik+ nor?we/]ly to ! ,aral & ,caspian4 ,! c\rse ( t /ream indicates1 !re=e1 ! direction & degree ( ! m\nta9 slope t[>d ! great depression ea/ ( ! ,caucasus & ,arm5ia1 nor? ( ! ,p]sian highl&1 & we/ ( ! ,h9doo ,koo% & ! ,bolor sy/ems4 ,! l[] c\rse ( ! ,gihon1 f ,bokh>a d[nw>d1 is ?r\gh masses ( mud1 s&1 & gravel1 & c v easily be conceiv$ to h *ang$ its c\rse 9 ! lapse ( c5turies1 f ! ,caspian to ! ,aral1 z ! c\rse ( ! ,sihon seems also to h *ang$4 ,! great ,bokh>an pla9 is cov]$ 9 ?is "p ) a deposit ( dri$ mud2 x is a /eppe =m$ evid5tly f a n[ dry sea-bas91 :i*1 no less ?an ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,caspian & ! ,aral1 displays ! traces ( ! oceanic "* ( entire regions4 ,halley1 ! a/ronom]1 made an attempt to solve ! my/]i\s orig9 ( ?is great sunk5 bas91 & attribut$ x to ! /roke ( a fir/-class comet6 ,arago1 in/ead ( call+ into ! sc5e meteorological =ces little kn[n1 cont5t$ himself1 9 8 !ory ( its orig91 ) ! =ces :i* we "k are active ev5 n[ on ! e>?1 ! plutonic p[]s :i* are only half conf9$ by ! surface ( ! globe4 ,no "o1 he says1 w hesitate n[ to accept ! upheaval !ory1 ?r\gh :i* geology is able s cle>ly to indicate ! =ces & progress ( /ructure ( ! soil & rocks4 ,! upheaval ( great masses 9 "o place pr$isposes ! depression ( di/ricts 9 _! neighborhood1 to make good ! true relation ( highl& to l[l&4 ,& 9 ?is case a comp5sation may be f\nd1 accord+ to ,arago1 = ! great semicircle ( m\nta9s :i* passes ar\nd ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! ,caspian bas91 9 ! depression caus$ by ! natural fall+ 9 ( ! adjac5t region :5 ! great m\nta9s ( we/]n ,asia 7 upheav$4 ,9 longitud9al m\nta9 *a9s ! p>allel ranges ( valleys h a simil> orig92 9 volcanic *a9s1 :i* h be5 ?r[n up 9 a circul> =m1 simil> depressions h be5 f\nd 9 ! middle1 al?\gh1 x mu/ be confess$1 on a mu* small] scale ( dim5sions ?an 9 ! ,caspian holl[4 ,! same feature is obs]vable 9 ! upheavals1 by ,von ,bu*1 z obs]v$ 9 ! ,isl& ( ,palma1 "o ( ! ,can>ies1 or 9 ! ,val di ,bove1 ne> ,etna4 ,su* depressions w\ld at once fill ) wat]1 if connect$ ) ! sea1 z 9 ! cup-%ap$ isl& ,santor9i1 or rema9 l&-lock$1 if !y occur 9 ! int]ior1 z 9 ! case ( ,lake ,laa*1 z ! half-r+ ( m\nta9s gird+ ! l[] portion ( ! ,caspian seems to consi/ ma9ly ( tra*yte ?r[n up by volcanic ag5cy3 ! analogy j drawn does n seem too remote4 ,yet ! process ( /ructure mu/ h _h o!r concomitant conditions to acc\nt = ! va/ rea* nor?w>d ( ! ,caspian depression4 ,x is cle> t any su* volcanic convulsion z w\ld ?r[ up ^? va/ m\nta9 ranges at ! s\?1 mu/ h affect$ l>gely ! geological condition ( all ! adjac5t region2 ! ext5t v]tically ( ?is effect w\ld be be/ asc]ta9$ p]haps by deep bor+4 ,unque/ionably !re 0 _m a revolution 9 ! upp] portions ( ! e>?'s cru/ dur+ ! =mation ( ! great ,caspian holl[1 be=e x assum$ its pres5t condition4 ,f ! ag5cies at "w 9 connection ) a great int]nal ocean1 ! upp] soil1 z we h x to-day1 0 =m$4 ,! ,aral & ! ,caspian ,seas rema9 z ! l[e/ places ( t great depression1 wat] be+ f\nd 9 !m1 :ile else:]e x has entirely disappe>$ by evaporation3 leav+ u broad1 l[ pla9s1 in/ead ( t great ocean :i* once ext5d$ f ,p]sia ov] all ,sib]ia1 & we/ ( ! ,caspian to ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,a m ?or\gh acc\nt1 geographical z well z geological1 _c be giv5 till aft] mu* m ext5d$ inve/igations h be5 made into ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ?is region ?an z yet h be5 prosecut$4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h1 t ! wat]s ( ! ,aral & ,caspian are bitt] & salt1 b n s mu* z ^? ( ! ocean2 ! bottom is cov]$ ) slime & s&4 ,! ,aral has a dep? rang+ f #ij to #bbb feet2 ! ,caspian1 beg9n+ ) its ext5sive1 %all[s at ! nor?1 deep5s t[>d ! s\?1 till1 rea*+ ! l[] ?ird1 its dep? is ov] #fjj feet2 & !nce s\?w>d x is no less deep1 till x rea*es ! bold %ore ( ,eusellis4 ,f ?is l[e/ po9t ! upheaval beg9s1 :i* culm9ates 9 ! great m\nta9s on its s\!rn bord]4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt's view1 ! great ,caspian holl[ embraces n only ! bas9 ( ! sea1 b a va/ dry pla91 ext5d+ nor?w>d z f> z ,s>atov & ! ,ob/%ei-,syrtis2 ev5 ,uralsk lies l[] ?an ! level ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,! same physical feature1 ?\gh on a less ext5d$ scale ?an "h1 is f\nd 9 ,holl&1 ,*9a1 ,l[] ,egypt1 & ,pale/9e4 ,subsequ5tly to ! em]g5ce ( ! cont95ts1 long be=e ! fill+ 9 ( huge fissures by m\nta9 *a9s1 & dur+ ! cont9uance ( ^? great convulsions :i* rea* back into ! remote/ geological p]iods1 ! surface ( ! cont95ts mu/ h be5 subject$ to frequ5t p>tial *anges ( level4 ,! surface undulat$ probably 9 t same wave movem5t :i* is n[ obs]vable1 ?\gh 9 mu* less degree1 9 ^? e>?quakes & upheavals :i* ! :ole we/]n "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica is exp]i5c+ ev5 n[4 ,! depressions :i* h assum$ a p]man5t =m s9ce ! convulsions :i* =m$ !m1 h gradually fill$ ) deposit$ soil1 &1 7 ! naturali/ able to lay b>e ! primitive rock1 he w\ld discov] t x exi/s 9 ! %ape ( great concavities1 )\t a trace ( t ev5ness :i* n[ *>act]izes ! surface4 ,ei*wald has made x probable1 by 8 p]sonal obs]vations1 t ! upheaval ( ,ar>at & ( ! ,arm5ian plateau on :i* ?is tra*yte m\nta9 re/s1 has driv5 ! ,caspian ,sea back ea/ ( ! flat /eppe ( ,k>abagh & ,mogan1 on ! l[] ,aras1 to ! neighborhood ( ,bakoo4 ,! wat] ( t sea =m]ly ext5d$ to ! conflu5ce ( ! ,b>ga%ad1 7call$ also ,b]g]%at & ,b]g]net17 ) ! ,aras1 bel[ ,ireb54 ,! traces ( volcanic action !re are decisively evid5t3 ! ,caspian rea*$1 be=e t action occurr$1 up :at is n[ ! valley ( ! ,aras1 z f> z ,ar>at2 & 9 _m places s\? ( ,erivan--at ,saliyan1 9 ,%irwan1 & else:]e--salt b$s ( ! mo/ cry/all9e quality1 =m+ :ole m\nta9s & :ole belts ( salt lakes at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,aras & ! ,koor1 demon/rate _! =mation 9 a =m] sea :i* once cov]$ t region4 ,! v rec5t upheaval ( ! ,ural *a9 _c fail also to h _h an influ5ce 9 contract+ ! dim5sions ( ! ,caspian holl[4 ,only two k9dr$ depressions to ?is rema9 to be spok5 (1 :i*1 ?\gh ( n s great sup]ficial dim5sions1 are ( yet great] dep?--! depression ( ! ,jordan ,valley & ! bitt] salt lakes on ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,^! we mu/ consid] be=e we pass f ! contra/s betwe5 highl&s & l[l&s to ! transitions betwe5 !m4 ,! ,depression ( ! ,jordan ,valley & ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! ne>e/ relation%ip to ! ,caspian holl[1 display$ by any simil> feature1 is f\nd ne> ! he>t ( ! ,old ,_w1 9 ! comp>atively dim9utive & isolat$ valley ( ! ,jordan1 includ+ ! ,dead ,sea1 ^: absolute dep? bel[ ! level ( ! ocean has be5 det]m9$ only )9 ! mo/ rec5t p]iod4 ,_m =m] travel]s _h notic$1 9 ! deep gulf :i* holds ! ,dead ,sea1 & especially at its nor? end1 ne> ,j]i*o1 a mu* great] degree ( heat ?an else:]e 9 ,pale/9e1 & ! exi/5ce ( _m plants & fruits :i* !y _h met 9 ! hott] climates ( ,arabia & ,india4 ,! tree :i* yields ! ,mecca balsam fl\ri%es 9 ! oasis ( ,j]i*o2 ! product ( ! balsam ( ,pale/9e suppli$ ! p9-money ( ,cleopatra4 ,a numb] ( ,g]man & ,engli% obs]v]s endeavor$ to solve ! "q ( ! dep? ( ! ,jordan bas9--von ,s*ub]t1 ,russeg]1 von ,wild5bru*1 ,moore1 & ,bake1 lat] ,symonds1 & ,lyn*2 de ,b]ton & ,russeg] made ! fir/ b>ometrical obs]vations at ! ,dead ,sea1 b !y did n attempt to give m def9ite limits to _! results ?an to ass]t t its surface is some:]e betwe5 #ejj & #aajj feet b5ea? ! ocean level4 ,von ,%ub]t's b>omet] did n suffice to det]m9e ?is po9t1 b he asc]ta9$ ! surface ( ,lake ,tib]ias to be #ece feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,all b>ometrical measurem5ts 7 unreliable at t dep?2 yet x c\ld n be d5i$ t ! depression c\ld n be an insignificant "o4 ,a measurem5t ) ! level made by ,symonds1 an ,engli%man1 f ,jaffa to ! ,dead ,sea1 9 #ahdc1 gave u our fir/ sure results4 ,! surface ( ! lake lies #abca feet b5ea? ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean at ,jaffa4 ,! subsequ5t exp$ition ( ! ,am]icans--,lyn*1 ,dale1 & ,&]son1 9 #ahdh--;has giv5 ! foll[+ additional results3-- ,! surface ( ,lake ,tib]ias lies b5ea? ! ocean level1 #fab ft4 0 0 ! ,dead ,sea 0 0 0 #abce 0 ,s\nd+s ( ! ,dead ,sea1 made ) ! greate/ c>e1 det]m9$ ! dep? to be1 accord+ to ,lyn*1 #abbg feet2 accord+ to ,symonds1 #aigj feet4 ,! entire depression bel[ ! ocean level w\ld be1 !n1 by ,lyn*'s measurem5t1 #abce #abbg #bdfb feet2 accord+ to ,symonds'1 #abce #aigj #cbje feet4 ,?is is ! greate/ kn[n depression on ! globe4 ,j]usalem lies #bddi feet above ! ocean level4 ,f ! ro(s ( ! city to ! surface ( ! ,dead ,sea is1 !re=e1 #bddi #abce #cfhd feet2 & ! entire desc5t f ! capital to ! bottom ( ! ,dead ,sea is #diaa feet1 if we adopt ,lyn*'s measurem5t1 & #efed1 if we foll[ ,symonds'4 ,! bas9 ( ! ,dead ,sea consi/s ( two v diff]5t p>ts--! l>g] & deep] nor!rn "o1 ! small] & %all[ s\!rn "o2 ! two be+ sep>at$ by a s&y p59sula--el ,mesraa--& connect$ by a n>r[ *annel ( insignificant dep?4 ,! nor!rn bas9 seems to owe its pres5t =m to ! un*ang$ primitive depression2 ! s\!rn "o to a p>tial upheaval at "s lat] epo*4 ,b 9 bread? !y d n v>y mu* "o f ! o!r2 bo? h _! l>g] axis co9cid5t ) ! ,jordan valley1 :i* "h wid5s a little1 b :i* is /ill hemm$ 9 "h1 z f>!r nor?1 by ! p>allel ranges ( m\nta9s4 ,! *a9 ea/ ( ! sea appe>s to rise a ?\s& feet high] ?an ! "o we/ ( x4 ,! dep?s ( ! two bas9s are entirely unlike4 ,! s\!rn is n[h]e m ?an #ab feet deep1 & dim9i%es to #e feet & less ?an ?is ne> ! %ores1 s t ! s\!rn half ( x is entirely unnavigable by craft ( any size2 & ^? :o wi% to l& h to wade = a long di/ance ?r\gh mud z deep z _! ankles4 ,! nor!rn "p1 on ! contr>y1 atta9s a uni=m dep? ( m ?an #ajjj feet1 f ! nor? to ! s\?2 9 ! nor!rn ?ird x is ev5 #abbg feet2 t[>d ! we/ coa/ x %oals to betwe5 #fjj & #hjj feet1 b is #ejj feet deep h>d-by ! coa/4 ,!re is b a v n>r[ rim ( %all[ wat] on ! we/]n side1 & ! navigation is1 !re=e1 tol]ably safe4 ,on ! ea/]n %ore ! coa/ is ev5 bold]1 & ! desc5t to deep wat] imm$iate4 ,close by ! romantic m\? ( ! ,arnon1 emb\*+ ?r\gh rocks1 ! dep? ( ! sea is ab\t #ajeb feet4 ,s great a diff]5ce 9 ! dep? ( ! two bas9s seems to indicate a consid]able div]sity 9 ! mann] ( _! =mation4 ,volcanic activities h be5 felt 9 ! ,jordan valley up to ! pres5t "t4 ,!y manife/ !mselves 9 v>i\s =ms--deposits ( salt1 hot spr+s & naph?a spr+s1 asphaltum b$s1 sulphur fumes1 curr5ts ( heat$ air1 cl\ds ( smoke1 & rumbl+s b5ea? ! surface4 ,! ,jordan valley rema9$1 f ,lake ,tib]ias d[n1 unfill$1 z we %\ld inf] f analogy t x w\ld be by ! upheaval ( a *a9 ( volcanic m\nta9s2 or by ! expansion ( an int]nal lake or sea1 ! wat]s accumulat+ till at la/ !y %\ld acquire su* volume z to break away & =m new *annels4 ,9 case ! ob/ructions 7 too great1 !y w\ld rema9 inl& lakes4 ,& su* is ! ,dead ,sea1 its s\!rn bord] be+ too high to all[ x a free exit into ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,_m o!r fissures or holl[s on ! surface ( ! cont95ts w\ld be reg>d$ z l[l&s1 7 !y n fill$ ) wat]4 ,! bottoms ( su* lakes (t5 s9k sudd5ly to a great dep?1 :ile o!rs are lagoon-l1 or %all[ seas ( an entirely diff]5t hydrographical "*4 ,int]nal lakes1 reg>d$ z isolat$ l[l&s1 m]ely fill$ ) wat]1 are an especially int]e/+ !me ( /udy2 yet mu* rema9s to be inve/igat$ reg>d+ _! /ructure & hi/orical =mation4 ,! ,dead ,sea has be5 reg>d$1 up to ?is "t1 z ! deepe/ ( all su* lakes4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! ,caspian has n yet be5 fully asc]ta9$2 b if ,hanway's s\nd+s1 #bgjj feet1 are to be reli$ on1 x is v great4 ,lake ,baikal1 9 its deepe/ "p1 betwe5 ! two /eep walls ( rock :i* rise high above ! surface1 has n yet be5 c>efully s\nd$2 b z its surface is #aejj feet above ! sea1 its bottom does n probably fall bel[ ! ocean level4 ,! great *a9 ( ,nor? ,am]ican lakes1 ^: area embraces ab\t #aji1ejj squ>e miles1 are surr\nd$ by level c\ntry f #ejj to #fjj feet above ! sea--a region :i*1 9 "p1 falls "u ! designation ( plateaus ( ! l[e/ class1 & :i*1 9 "p1 comes "u ! "n ( l[l&2 ! surface ( ,lake ,sup]ior be+ #fbg feet above ! sea1 ,lakes ,mi*igan & ,huron #egh feet ea*1 ,lake ,erie #efe feet1 & ,lake ,ont>io #bcb feet4 ,! ?ree fir/ nam$1 hav+ a dep? ( ab\t #ijj feet1 h _! b$s ab\t #cjj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ocean2 ,lake ,ont>io1 ) a dep? ( #ejj feet1 rea*es a po9t #bfh feet bel[ ! sea level4 ,! dep? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] b$1 z relat$ to ! sea1 is n asc]ta9$4 ,! mo/ ( ! ,swiss lakes1 too1 hav+ a dep? (t5 ( m ?an #ajjj feet1 come "u ! same category ) ! lakes "u consid]ation above1 wat]s f ! m\nta9s hav+ gradually fill$ up *asms made at ! "t ( ! upheaval ( ! adjac5t region4 ,"s ( ^! lake bas9s may be deep en\gh to lie bel[ ! level ( ! ocean4 ,! ,bitt] ,lakes ( ! ,suez ,i/hmus4 ,"s bitt] salt lakes on ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 =m+ a *a9 f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 long claim$ att5tion f _! suppos$ s+ul>ity4 ,dur+ ! occupation ( ,egypt by ! ,fr5* 9 #agii1 a survey ( ! di/rict 0 made ) ! level1 9 view ( a prospective canal across ! i/hmus1 connect+ ! ,nile ) ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,an acc\nt ( t survey 0 publi%$ by ,le ,pre1 9 8 great ,description de l',egypte4 ,! result ( ! survey 0 v surpris+2 x assign$ to ! ,gulf ( ,suez a height ( #be feet at ebb tide & #cj feet at flood tide1 above ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 a result :i* seem$ to agree ) ,pl9y's acc\nt 7vi4 #bc7 ( ! elevation ( ! ,r$ ,sea above ! level ( l[] ,egypt4 ,! salt swamps ly+ betwe5 ! two seas1 & kn[n ev5 to ! anci5ts1 lie1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 #bj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & #ej feet bel[ t ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,^! s+ul> /atem5ts 7 n receiv$ )\t consid]able d\bt z to _! correctness2 b dur+ ! milit>y di/urbances 9 t region1 no revision ( ! inve/igations c\ld be made4 ,c]ta9 circum/ances connect$ ) an unusual inundation ( ! ,nile 9 #ahjj1 :5 its wat]s fl[$ z f> z ! transv]se valley call$ ! ,wady ,tumilet1 9 :i* ! salt lakes lie1 & :]e traces ( ! anci5t canal1 built by ! ,egyptians betwe5 ! seas1 c\ld be se51 seem$ to confirm ! result ( ! survey ( #agii4 ,! inf]5ce 0 a natural "o--t ! s&y ,i/hmus ( ,suez 0 an accumulation ( dunes1 & ( ! deposits ( inundations ( bo? ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,seas1 & t ! salt morasses 9 ! middle are b a trace ( ! primitive bottom4 ,!re 7 n want+ def5d]s ( ! old measurem5t1 ,favi] be+ ! mo/ prom95t4 ,s9ce #ahde five surveys h be5 made1 9 ref]5ce to ! project$ canal4 ,^! all contradict ! results ( #agii1 & %[ t !re is b ! diff]5ce ( f\r-sev5?s ( a foot betwe5 ! level ( ! two seas1 & t !re is ! same agreem5t !re z 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,_m hypo!ses1 built on ! old measurem5t1 h accord+ly fall5 to ! gr\nd4 ,! ,regions ( ,transition betwe5 ,highl&s & ,l[l&s2 ! ,riv] ,sy/ems ( ! ,globe4 ,betwe5 ! two great & mo/ %>ply-m>k$ physical features--! high plateaus & m\nta9s & ! l&s ( v little elevation--!re are regions ( transition v num]\s & exce$+ly v>i$4 ,! conception ( highl&s & ( l[l&s hav+ a c]ta91 con/ant1 & absolute value1 & x be+ immat]ial :e!r ! elevation be specially m>k$ or n1 provid$ x be uni=m1 ! regions ( transition f9d _! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics 9 _! want ( con/ancy1 9 _! v *ange1 & ! rate at :i* ! grade asc5ds f a l[ to a high elevation1 or falls f a high to a l[ "o4 ,_! real value lies 9 ! mutual comp5sation ( highl&s & l[l&s1 :i* is effect$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( a ?ird physical feature or sy/em1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ,l&s ( ,gradation1 or ,t]race ,l&s1 & :i*1 by _! gradual rise f ! sea level1 s]ve z ! means ( transition f ! l[e/ l[l&s to ! l(tie/ plateaus & m\nta9s4 ,t]race ,l&s & ,riv]s 9 _! ,g5]al ,"*4 ,di/ricts slop+ to ! sea1 or l&s ( gradation1 z we h call$ !m1 v>y+ z !y d 9 elevation & 9 relative situation to ea* o!r1 are ! true m$iators betwe5 ! di/ricts b little above ! level ( ! sea & o!rs mu* m l(ty4 ,at ! s\rces & ! m\?s ( riv]s !y p>take1 m or less fully1 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? highl& & l[l&4 ,! mann] ( _! m$iation1 z det]m9$ by ! rate ( ! fall ( wat] & by _! direction1 gives to e "o ( ^! regions ( transition its peculi> "*1 det]m9es its con=mation & its relation to ! globe4 ,& yet1 no m ?an 9 l[l&s & highl&s1 c we rid ourselves ( "s arbitr>y data relat+ to ! size ( riv]s1 :5 we discrim9ate betwe5 ^? :i* we call l>ge & ^? :i* we call small4 ,z 9 all o!r geographical di/9ctions1 we mu/ "h be cont5t ) arbitr>y approximation1 & ) ! ord9>y usages ( spee*4 ,! comp>ison ( /reams1 9 reg>d to _! bread? & fullness1 det]m9es _! volume2 ! comp>ison1 9 respect ( l5g? & tribut>y wat]s1 det]m9es ! compass ( ! riv] sy/em4 ,! entire *>act]i/ics1 bread?1 dep? ( *annel1 l5g? & ext5t ( dra9age1 det]m9e ! /atus ( ! riv]1 :e!r fir/1 second1 or ?ird class1 9 relation fir/ to ^? ( ! same cont95t1 & !n to ^? ( ! _w4 ,! ,volga1 = in/ance1 is1 9 relation to ,europe1 a fir/-class riv]1 b1 l ! ,danube1 9 relation to ! entire globe1 is m]ely 9 ! second or ?ird rank4 ,n ! l5g? alone det]m9es ! importance ( riv]s4 ,! ,?ames1 "o ( ! smalle/ /reams 9 ,europe1 is "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,& aside f comm]cial consid]ations1 a riv] ( insignificant size c h great influ5ce 9 consequ5ce ( its relation to ! entire adjac5t region4 ,! little ,bav>ian ,is>1 a riv] :i*1 s f> z ! great _w is conc]n$1 seems to h no importance1 receives on ! left side ! wat] ( #hfj tribut>y brooks1 among :i* are #dd rivulets2 on ! "r bank ! wat] ( #dcc3 ^! #abic brooks & rivulets p\r !mselves into ! ,is> ?r\gh #ajc direct tribut>ies1 & n ^! alone1 b ! wat]s ( #acf lakes are embrac$ )9 ! ,is> sy/em6 ,yet ! ,is> is only "o ( #cd bran*es ( ! ,danube1 & ( ! f\r? rank ev5 among !m1 & ! ,danube is by no means "o ( ! great riv]s ( ! globe4 ,a %ort b navigable /ream c h great influ5ce ov] a t]ritory limit$ 9 ext5t1 & may make a long b %all[ /ream s9k into insignificance 9 respect ( comp>ative importance to ! _w4 ,!re are "s great /reams :i* are ( fir/ magnitude 9 all _! *>act]i/ics--riv]s :i* dra9 millions ( squ>e miles 9 _! c\rse to ! sea4 ,! numb] ( su* is small1 h[ev]2 !re are sc>cely fifty on ! :ole globe4 ,besides ^!1 !re is a l>ge numb] ( riv]s mu* %ort]1 & ( mu* less volume1 b n defici5t 9 ! attributes :i* give a /ream value to man1 & :i* s]ve to m$iate betwe5 highl&s & l[l&s1 to fulfill ! ne$s ( navigation & to dra9 regions ( m or less magnitude4 ,^! c be class$ 9 f\r ranks3 9 ! fir/ place absolutely1 & 9 ! second place 9 relation to ea* cont95t4 ,yet1 9 class+ !m1 x is necess>y always to keep 9 m9d t x is n size alone :i* gives a riv] its value1 b a comb9ation ( all its *>act]i/ics1 & its relative influ5ce on ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x runs4 ,look+ at ! direction ( /reams1 we obs]ve t !re are "s :i* fl[ nor!rly1 z = in/ance ^? ( ,sib]ia1 ! ,nile1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,elbe1 & ! ,wes]2 !re are ^? :i* fl[ s\?w>d--! ,indus1 ,ganges1 ,euphrates1 ,la ,plata1 ,mississippi1 & ,volga1 = example2 !re are ^? fl[+ ea/w>d--,hoang-ho & ,yang-tse-,kiang1 ! ,amazon1 ! ,or9oco1 & ! ,danube1 = in/ance2 & "s we/w>d1 in/ances ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! ,gihon & ,sihon1 ! ,s5egal1 ,gambia1 ,nig]1 ! ,colorado1 ! ,se9e1 ,loire1 ,g>onne1 & ! ,spani% riv]s :i* ent] ! sea 9 ,portugal4 ,& ?is *>act]i/ic1 trite & unmean+ z x may at fir/ seem1 e/abli%es1 = ! area :i* ^! riv]s wat]1 v div]se conditions4 ,9 l mann]1 too1 _! position1 9 relation to ! oceans into :i* !y fl[1 is v influ5tial1 9 consequ5ce ( ! action ( ! tide ^u ! l[] c\rse4 ,! em]g5ce ( _! head-wat]s at v>i\s altitudes1 :e!r on plateaus ( ! fir/ or second class1 or on m\nta9 tops cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 gives rise to a great div]sity ( relations1 t makes no "o /ream on ! e>? tw9 bro!r to any o!r4 ,riv]s h an individuality :i* claims recognition1 al?\gh !y are usually summ$ up 9 "o category4 ,?is div]sity 9 riv]s becomes m app>5t f a /udy ( ! div]sifi$ =m ( ! t]races1 or grades ( transition1 ?r\gh :i* !y pass on _! way to ! sea4 ,! great bas9 ( ! ,nile is divid$ into ?ree di/9ct p>ts or grades--,abyss9ia1 ,nubia1 & ,egypt2 & ea* ( !m has long be5 /udi$ hi/orically & physically4 ,! great bas9 ( ! ,rh9e is also naturally divid$ into ?ree grades--! ,swiss highl&s1 ! ,g]man mod]ate plateau1 & ! l[l&s ( ,holl&4 ,9 a simil> mann] !re may almo/ always be trac$ 9 riv]s ?ree natural grades1 & :]e !y d n h1 z 9 ! cases j cit$ !y d h1 a hi/orical significance1 _! physical influ5ce is n h>d to trace & to foll[ into all its analogies4 ,! ^w wat]-%$1 n[ a famili> "o1 is appli$ to t po9t ( division :]e contigu\s spr+s p\r _! wat] 9 diff]5t directions4 ,x is n ev5 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry necess>ily co9cid5t ) ! highe/ po9ts ( ! *a91 ?\gh x may be2 ! valleys may slope 9 su* a way z to h m influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! direction ( runn+ wat] ?an ! m\nta9s h>d by4 ,e /ream has its own wat]-%$ sy/em1 & ?is sy/em is ! real b\nd>y ( its bas94 ,if we trace ?is bas9 to its v limits on ! highl&s1 we may f9d1 n a mile away1 ! beg9n+s ( ano!r riv]1 :i* %all fl[ 9 j ! contr>y direction1 z = example 9 ! case ( ! ,rh9e & ,rhone1 ! ,volga & ! ,dw9a4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,miss\ri & ( ! ,columbia lie close toge!r1 n a qu>t] ( an h\r's walk ap>t2 yet ! wat]s ( "o fl[ into ! ,atlantic1 ( ! o!r into ! ,pacific1 & _! m\?s are almo/ #bejj miles ap>t4 ,! ,mongolians hold ! wat]-%$ 9 su* e/imation t !y ?r[ up a heap ( /ones :]ev] "o occurs1 e/abli% x a %r9e = pray]2 & ! ,toongooses ( ,sib]ia nev] pass by "o )\t ca/+ a c$> bran* ^u ! /one heap1 t1 to use _! expression1 8! holy m\nta9 t p>ts ! wat]s may n less51 b increase40 ,! ma9 *annel is ! /ream prop]2 ! o!rs are tribut>ies4 ,! longe/ tribut>ies com+ 9 f ! region :]e ! riv] prop] rises1 c be gr\p$ intimately ) ! s\rce ( ! ma9 curr5t1 h>dly di/+ui%$ f x 9 relative importance--! two1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,nile1 ! five 9 ! ,indus1 two 9 ! ,ganges1 ?ree 9 ! ,amazon1 etc4 ,all =m 9 _! conflu5ce ! real *annel ( ! riv]4 ,& ! entire body ( tribut>ies1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! riv] prop]1 =ms ! riv] sy/em1 & ! di/rict :i* !y all dra9 is _! true reciprocal4 ,! two1 9 _! mutual action & reaction1 =m a :ole1 & are always ?\ght ( toge!r4 ,! s\rce & ! m\? are ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! :ole sy/em2 ! ma9 *annel & ! circuit ( wat]-%$1 ! c5t] & ! circumf]5ce ( x4 ,all ! tribut>ies 9 _! union con/itute :at may be call$ ! art]ial sy/em ( ! riv] bas92 ! =m ( ea* & ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* are analog\s to ^? ( ! :ole1 only 9 r$uc$ patt]n4 ,! network :i* all ! tribut>ies make is (t5 surpris+ly intricate4 ,! symmetry ) :i* ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( a riv] sy/em are c>ri$ into ! details1 ev5 ( its smalle/ accessories1 c only be comp>$ to t obs]vable 9 ! ar*itectural regul>ity ( a tree1 z x exp&s f ! ma9 trunk into ! c\ntless symmetrical bran*es4 ,!re are "s riv]s :i* are entirely indep5d5t ( tribut>ies--:i* pursue _! way to ! sea entirely alone4 ,su* riv]s1 h[ev]1 nev] belong to ! fir/ class2 !y are always ( subord9ate magnitude1 & ! humble/ ( !m are m]e coa/ torr5ts1 l ^? we/ ( ! ,&es4 ,o!rs f9d _! way to no ocean1 b lose !mselves 9 an inl& sea or lake1 z ! ,volga does 9 ! ,caspian2 z ! ,gihon & ! ,sihon d 9 ! ,aral2 z ! ,jordan does 9 ! ,dead ,sea4 ,o!rs disappe> 9 s& wa/es or 9 morasses2 su* are ! riv]s ( ! ,african /eppes4 ,o!rs are block$ up1 z x 71 by ! tidal wave ( ! ocean1 & are ?us conv]t$ into e/u>y lakes4 ,!re are "s riv]s1 also1 :i* rema9 equally or ne>ly equally full ! :ole ye> ?r\gh2 !re are o!rs :i* h _! seasons ( ov]fl[3 ! ,nile1 = in/ance1 & _m riv]s ^: bas9 lies )9 ! region ( tropical ra9s2 !re are tempor>y riv]s1 n[ full1 n[ empty1 :i*1 if !y d n leave1 l ! torr5ts ( ,arabia1 a p]fectly dry b$1 are trac$ 9 ! dry season by a r[ ( /agnant lakes1 su*1 = example1 z are f\nd 9 ! swampy l&s ( ,au/ralia4 ,riv]s m closely consid]$4 ,:at is peculi> to e riv] is det]m9$ by ! abundance ( its s\rces1 ! =k+ ( its tribut>ies1 ! rate ( its desc5t1 ! di/ance f its mo/ remote spr+s to its m\?1 ! ma9 direction ( its c\rse1 & ! great] or less s9uosities ( its *annel1 z occasion$ by ! /ructure ( ! c\ntry :i* x trav]ses4 ,! abundance ( its wat]s is condition$ by ! great] or less am\nt ( sn[ :i* f9ds ! highe/ spr+s1 ! heavy ra9s :i* x receives 9 tropical c\ntries1 & ! exce$+ly v>i$ influ5ces :i* temp]ate climates may ex]t ^u x4 ,! fall s(t5s f ! ru% & plunge ( ! m\nta9 di/rict1 fir/ to an arr[y swiftness1 !n to a mod]ate c\rse1 !n to a beautiful glid+ motion1 to end ) an almo/ imp]ceptible fl[ j be=e ent]+ ! sea4 ,! direction ( riv]s is det]m9$3-- #a4 ,by ! /ructure ( ! region :i* !y trav]se1 ! lay]s be+ 9 "s places horizontal1 & 9 o!rs tilt$ to a v]tical position2 "h gr\p$1 z 9 ! granite ,c>pa?ian *a91 9 su* a way t ! riv] c\rses :i* beg9 !re run 9 p>allel l9es1 radiat+ l ! rays ( a /> f a c5tral po9t2 !n gr\p$ 9 su* a mann] t a /ream may receive tribut>ies f two ne>ly contigu\s ranges1 z among ! spurs ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ! ,rhone 9 ,valais1 receiv+ wat]s f ! ,b]nese ,alps at ! nor?1 & ,p5n9e ,alps at ! s\?2 ! ,isre1 9 l mann]1 ! ,upp] ,rh9e 9 ,grisons1 ! :ole ,upp] ,inn 9 ,tyrol4 #b4 ,! direction is also det]m9$ by ! mutual action ( tribut>ies & ! ma9 /ream at ! po9t ( conflu5ce4 ,v (t5 ! union ( two p[]ful curr5ts gives rise to a ?ird direction1 accord+ to ! law kn[n z ! p>allelogram ( ! =ces4 ,?is g5]ally occurs :5 no ob/acle /&s 9 ! way ( _! tak+ a normal c\rse1 & is exemplifi$ 9 ! cases ( ! ,kama & ,volga1 ! ,!iss & ,danube1 ! ,rh9e & ,ma91 ! ,saone & ,rhone4 ,:]e an ob/acle /&s 9 ! way1 _! abnormal direction is manife/$ 9 ! abrupt b5d+s ( ! riv] b$4 ,an in/ance is f\nd 9 ! b5d+ ( ! ,rhone nor?w>d z x em]ges f ,valais4 ,its l[] c\rse1 f ,lake ,g5eva to ,lyons1 betrays ! same angul>ities1 result+ f ! ob/acles :i* x meets & _c remove4 ,! ,rh9e1 break+ ?r\gh ! ,jura at ,basel1 is ano!r in/ance2 ! ,rh9e1 betwe5 ,b+5 & ,caub1 & ! ,dal-,elf1 9 ,sw$51 also exemplify ! same4 ,9 case t riv]s meet 9 _! c\rse l>ge masses ( /ratifi$ rocks1 !y =ce _! way ?r\gh !m 9 a zigzag direction1 mak+ %>p angles always1 & n unfrequ5tly "r angles1 ev54 ,in/ances ( ?is are f\nd 9 ! ,rh9e1 betwe5 ,may5ce & ,cobl5tz1 & 9 ! ,moselle1 betwe5 ,treves & ,cobl5tz4 ,:5 ! riv] passes beyond ^! rocky b>ri]s1 & meets ) ob/ructions ( a m movable "*1 x cr[ds !m m g5tly & gracefully aside1 & leaves a pa? m s9u\s & wave-l2 & yet m g5tle are its curves1 z x op5s a way ?r\gh ! pla9s :]e no?+ ob/ructs its c\rse4 ,! la/ is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! riv]s ( ea/]n ,europe1 especially 9 all ^? ( middle & s\!rn ,russia4 ,! practis$ eye c det]m9e ! /ructure ( ! soil ) consid]able c]ta9ty1 by m]ely trac+ ! c\rse ( riv]s :5 repres5t$ on a fai?ful map4 ,=1 unless !re be o!r reasons to prev5t1 riv]s always =ce _! way :]e !re is ! lea/ resi/ance to ov]come4 ,9 /ratifi$ rocks1 :]e ! tilt is s great z to make ! /rata v]tical1 ! riv] b$s usually run p>allel ) ! l9es ( /ratification4 ,in/ances are f\nd among ! ,alp9e rocks1 9 ,valais along ! ,rhone1 9 ,tyrol along ! ,inn & ,adige1 9 ,grisons1 & among ! ,jura along ! ,rh9e4 ,:]e ! l9es ( /ratification are horizontal1 riv]s usually take _! c\rse ?r\gh ! mo/ m>k$ rav9es & fissures4 ,9 mo/ m\nta9s1 h[ev]1 ! l9es ( /ratification are nei!r v]tical nor horizontal1 b int]m$iate betwe5 !m1 m or less slop+1 z 9 mo/ m>k$ ranges ( c5tral ,g]many1 = example4 ,9 su* cases1 ! process ( excavat+ riv] b$s has be5 det]m9$ by v>i\s circum/ances & conditions1 & ! direction ( _! *annels does n alone dep5d ^u ! ext5t & tilt ( ! /rata1 b also on o!r =ces :i* h ex]cis$ a favor+ or a ret>d+ influ5ce on _! direct c\rse4 ,! /ratification has its influ5ce1 inde$1 b x is g5]al r ?an specific4 ,/ill1 x is v l>gely felt :5 x happ5s to co9cide 9 its ma9 l9es ) ! direction ( ! m\nta9 range1 b is comp>atively insignificant :5 x does n4 ,we h in/ances 9 ! ,alps :]e ! axis ( /ratification co9cides ) t ( ! ma9 *a91 f s\?-s\?we/ to nor?-nor!a/2 9 ! ,jura1 f s\?we/ to nor!a/2 & 9 ! ,sc&9avian range1 f s\? to nor?4 ,! diff]5t geological =mations f\nd 9 m\nta9 di/ricts h a v important influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! direction ( riv]s4 ,m\nta9s d n g5]ally consi/ ( rocks ( "o k9d ( /ructure1 b ( sev]al4 ,:at /ratification is to m\nta9s ^: geological =mation is ! same ?r\gh\t1 ! sup]position ( diff]5t k9ds ( rocks is to ^? ( composite mat]ials4 ,! lay]s may be divid$ into sup]ior1 inf]ior1 & adjac5t4 ,^! usually v>y 9 respect to age1 & may be trac$ 9 a regul> geological s5iority1 z = example s&/one1 gypsum1 lime/one1 gray-wacke1 & granite4 ,^! =mations are ei!r closely contigu\s1 or are sep>at$ m]ely by valleys1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,c>pa?ian *a91 :]e ! c5tral granite knot is sep>at$ by valley pla9s f ! m s\!rn lime/one *a92 an example ( contiguity is f\nd on ! we/ spur ( ! same ,c>pa?ian range4 ,:]ev] m\nta9 sy/ems ( v>i$ geological /ructure approa* ea* o!r v closely1 riv]s seldom break _! way ?r\gh ei!r "o1 b f9d _! way along ! roots ( ! m\nta9s1 till at la/ !y come to a less conf9$ place4 ,su* riv] c\rses are (t5 v l>ge & deep2 = ! m\nta9 /reams :i* meet & are hemm$ 9 by ! n>r[ pass betwe5 ! two contigu\s ranges sweep all loose ob/ructions be=e !m1 & n only leave _! pa? cle>1 b cont9ually deep5 x4 ,we f9d ?is 9 ! ,ural1 ! ,isre1 ! ,rhone1 ,a>1 ,inn1 9 all ! long & w9d+ ,alp9e valleys1 & 9 ! ,ebro1 f$ by ! p>allel ridges ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! circle ( riv]s :i* girds ! c5tral ,c>pa?ian knot is an illu/ration ( :at 0 said a mom5t s9ce4 ,! ,poprad1 ,dunayic1 ,arva1 & ,waag are f\nd :]e ! true ,c>pa?ian *a91 :i* is granitic1 is closely contigu\s to subord9ate ranges ( lime/one & gray-wacke4 ,9 any accurate map1 ! long1 w9d+ c\rse betwe5 ^! two *a9s may be easily trac$4 ,look+ at ! po9t :]e ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s & ! ,?ur+ian ridge t\* at _! roots1 ! gr\ps are se5 to be insulat$1 z x 71 by ! riv]s :i* gird _! bases4 ,9 ! great /reams ( s\!rn & s\?we/]n ,asia1 too1 ! l9e ( ! wat]-c\rses c be trac$ along ! n>r[ valleys :i* sep>ate ma9 f subord9ate m\nta9 *a9s2 ! ,t]ek1 ,kooban1 ,koor1 ,aras1 ,euphrates1 ,tigris1 ,indus1 ,ganges1 & probably ! ,*9ese riv]s1 are all examples ( ?is4 ,"s /reams seem to be entirely indep5d5t ( all ^! laws 9 =m+ _! *annels1 & to h _! direction assign$ to !m by ! freaks ( nature1 su*1 = in/ance1 z fissures 9 m\nta9 *a9s & clefts1 :i* rema9 to indicate anci5t convulsions4 ,! entire c\rse ( a riv] is divid$ into ?ree di/9ct & subord9ate c\rses--! upp]1 middle1 & l[]4 ,to ^! & _! respective tribut>ies correspond ! ?ree grades ( transition f\nd on ! banks1 & :i* h already be5 allud$ to4 ,n only ! total am\nt ( fall 9 ! riv] b$1 b also ! angle ( incl9ation1 & ! :ole complex ( ph5om5a 9 ! bas91 are reciprocal to ! ?reefold "* ( transition 9 almo/ e hydrographical sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,/ill1 ! v>iety ( relations :i* arise f ! comb9ation ( diff]5t elem5ts is s v>iable1 t an almo/ inf9ite div]sity arises 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( riv]s1 & ^! *>act]i/ics always v>y1 too1 accord+ z f\nd 9 ! upp]1 middle1 or l[] c\rse4 ,upp] ,c\rse ( ,riv]s4 ,?is beg9s at ! ridge ( ! wat]-%$1 & ext5ds to ! limits :]e ! riv] em]ges f ! mo/ rocky highl&s4 ,x dep5ds = its exi/5ce ^u ! great] fall 9 ! riv] b$ !re ?an l[] d[n4 ,at ! upp] c\rse1 !re=e1 riv]s :i* may fl[ 9 exactly opposite directions are br\ght into direct neighborhood4 ,! f>!r !y advance f ! wat]-%$ ! m !y rec$e f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ,high ,=e/ s\? ( ! ,c>pa?ian *a91 & 9 ! ,bory ,morass nor? ( x1 ! wat]s :i* fl[ into ! ,baltic & into ! ,black ,seas spr+ f ! gr\nd side by side4 ,! "n giv5 to ! di/ricts :]e ! head-wat]s ( l>ge & navigable riv]s "p is usually ! ,fr5* ^w portages1 ! ,engli% ^w transports be+ little us$ 9 t connection1 al?\gh all1 ! ,g]man ,trageplatze & ! ,russian ,wolok1 involve ! idea ( c>ry+1 ( port]age1 f ! head-wat]s ( "o /ream to ^? ( ano!r4 ,! l[e/ p>ts ( a wat]-%$1 ! passes ( a high m\nta9 range1 = example1 ! int]m$iate vales ( l[] ones1 & ! mo/ elevat$ pla9s 9 flat di/ricts1 are ! mo/ suitable = ! purpose ( canal build+1 to s]ve z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! s\rces ( div]g5t /reams2 z1 = in/ance1 ! canal :i* is propos$ to connect ! ,baltic & ! ,black ,seas by unit+ ! ,vi/ula & ,danube1 ! tribut>ies1 ! ,poprad1 ,h]nad1 & ,!iss be+ ! *annel ( communication up to ! m\nta9s :]e a canal is to pass ov] ! wat]-%$ =m$ by ! valleys ( ! ,c>pa?ian *a94 ,su* a communication is ! mo/ available :i* c be made betwe5 ! opposite sides ( a m\nta9 range4 ,! practicability ( con/ruct+ su* canals dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! degree ( fall 9 ! upp] c\rse ( ! connect$ riv]s1 z det]m9$ by ! slope ( ! b$ t[>d ! horizon4 ,! grade ( mo/ m\nta9s' sides1 :i* /& back to back1 is unlike on ! two sides3 /eep on ! "o1 slight on ! o!r4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! great] or less wildness ( ! /reams fl[+ ?r\gh _! upp] c\rse4 ,9 ! ,ural *a9 ! slope is /eep on ! ea/]n side1 gradual on ! we/]n2 9 ! ,caucasus1 /eep on ! nor?1 gradual on ! s\?2 9 ! ,c>pa?ian & ! ,alps1 j ! rev]se--/eep on ! s\?1 gradual on ! nor?4 ,! rate ( fall v>ies2 b1 9 g5]al1 x lies betwe5 an angle ( #b & an angle ( #f1 tak+ ! entire upp] c\rse into acc\nt4 ,on ! v /eep nor? side ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ! fall is betwe5 #c & #d2 on ! s\? side ( ! ,alps1 f ! summits ( ,mont ,rosa & ,mont ,blanc to ! pla9s ( ,pi$mont1 x is #c4 ,x is f> less 9 m unimportant ranges4 ,& ?is angle1 x %\ld be rem>k$1 is an av]age2 x is ! resultant ( a great numb] ( special1 %ort slopes1 :i* v>y f ! p]p5dicul>ity ( an occasional wat]fall to ! equally occasional tranquillity ( a mead[-l fl[4 ,! incid5tal slopes are1 ( c\rse1 mu* great] ?an ! av]age ( all4 ,a grade ( #ae is v /eep2 x is ! maximum t c be asc5d$ by a bea/ ( burd54 ,a grade ( #h is ! maximum = :eel$ vehicles2 all roads mu/ be less slop+ ?an ?is4 ,to accompli% ! asc5t ( #ce1 a man on foot mu/ h "s assi/ance4 ,a grade ( #dd 9 ! high peaks ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 ,humboldt f\nd inaccessible2 only :]e ! gr[? ( trees & %rubs gave him an opportunity ( plant+ 8 feet1 c\ld he climb :]e x 0 a little /eep] ?an #dd4 ,! ,c>pa?ians & ! ,pyr5ees1 on acc\nt ( _! /eepness & _! scanty v]dure1 are v difficult to asc5d4 ,! ,alps are mu* m easily climb$ ?an ! m\nta9s j m5tion$1 9 consequ5ce ( _! abundant gr[? ( turf & und]gr[?4 ,! ri*e/ ,alp9e mead[s ( ,switz]l& h an incl9ation n exce$+ #bj2 at a great] slope ! vegetation becomes m sp>se4 ,! grade on :i* x is possible = e>? to cl+1 ,lehman fixes at #de1 & consid]s t ! normal slope1 because at a great] angle1 ra9 glances or rico*ets4 ,b ,lehman is n "r 9 assign+ ?is z ! normal slope possible = e>? to cl+ & vegetation to gr[1 = on ! ,alps soil adh]es & plants get a foot+ at a mu* /eep] angle ?an #de2 9 fact1 ! modifications 9 ! appe>ance ( ! ,alps1 by ! gr[? ( trees cl++ to /eep] slopes ?an ?is1 are v m>k$4 ,f ! highe/ possible grade :]e vegetation c get a foot+1 we advance to ! %e] p]p5dicul>4 ,! upp] c\rse ( riv]s is *>act]iz$ r by plunges ?an by equable fl[+1 & det]m9es its way by a s]ies ( leaps ?r\gh zigzag cuts & v>i\s rav9es4 ,x trav]ses b[l-%ap$ holl[s & n>r[ defiles1 & makes its way ev5 ?r\gh m\nta9 lakes1 deposit+ 9 !m its residuum ( s& & gravel :i* x has caught up & swept along4 ,9 its wild plunges x draws into its body consid]able air1 :i* appe>s z bubbles1 & makes x a :ite mass ( foam4 ,by-&-by x rea*es m level gr\nd1 becomes cle> z cry/al1 & assumes a ri* em]ald gre51 or a deep blue4 ,x is unnavigable1 wild1 romantic1 & is always f\nd 9 m\nta9 di/ricts4 ,! brawl+ brooks ( ,salzburg1 ( ! ,pyr5ees1 & ( ,sw$5 & ,norway1 all p>take ( ?is "*4 ,^? ( ! ,pyr5ees h a fall ( an in* 9 e foot1 & 9 "s places cat>acts ( two or ?ree feet4 ,! same is obs]vable 9 ! ,alps1 :]e ! cont9ual /ir ( ! wat] mixes 9 air en\gh to turn all into a mass ( silv]y-:ite foam4 ,! ,c>pa?ian wat]s are ! same be=e !y rea* ! high plateaus ly+ at _! feet4 ,! ,alp9e lakes1 too1 :i* lie )9 ! upp] c\rse ( ! riv]s :i* fe$ !m1 h a consid]able fall2 ,lago ,maggiore1 = in/ance1 has a desc5t ( #eb feet betwe5 ,magad9o & ,arona4 ,9 all ! mo/ m>k$ m\nta9 sy/ems ( ,europe1 ! upp] c\rse ( ! riv]s is especially prom95t4 ,nor!rn ,europe is *>act]iz$ by ! fact t its /reams h1 ?r\gh\t ! mo/ ( _! l5g?1 ! peculi>ities ( ! upp] c\rse--:e!r obs]v$ 9 nor!rn ,russia1 9 all ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,scotl&4 ,) ! exit ( ! riv] f ! m\nta9 di/rict1 all ^! relations are *ang$1 & a new "* beg9s4 ,! ,middle ,c\rse4 ,f> m mod]ate is ! desc5t aft] ! riv] em]ges f ! m\nta9 region1 or :]e x has nev] exp]i5c$ ! wild turbul5ce ( ! upp] c\rse1 z is ! case 9 mo/ ( ! riv]s ( ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! middle c\rse ! angle ( incl9ation is mu* modifi$4 ,! upp] ,ma9 has a fall ( #cdb feet )9 ?ree miles aft] leav+ ,fi*tel ,m\nta9s4 ,! desc5t ( mo/ ( ! riv]s ( c5tral ,g]many is mu* less ?an ?is4 ,! ,neck>1 ^: s\rces lie #bjhd feet above ! sea1 9 pass+ to ,heilbronn1 :i* is #dej feet above ! sea1 falls at ! rate ( ab\t an in* to e #cb feet4 ,! fall ( ! ,saale1 aft] leav+ ! ,fi*tel range1 is ab\t #bj feet to ! mile2 t ( ,naab1 ab\t #ad2 t ( ! ,eg]1 less2 & t ( ! upp] ,od]1 9 ,silesia1 /ill less4 ,m gradual yet is ! slope ( ! ,volga b$1 :i* falls b #adjj 9 ab\t #bjej miles1 consid]ably less ?an a foot to a mile2 & 9 its l[] c\rse its incl9ation mu/ be /ill less4 ,! effects ( ! curr5t mu/ necess>ily be v diff]5t f ^? obs]vable "u ! influ5ce ( ! da%+ & wayw>d upp] c\rse4 ,! "n ,riv] ,b$ is giv5 to ! entire bread? ( ! holl[ :i* holds ! riv]1 & :i* v>ies 9 wid? accord+ to ! /age ( ! wat]1 especially 9 l>ge /reams l ! great riv]s ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,mississippi is a mile wide at ,nat*ez at l[ wat]1 at high wat] almo/ ?irty4 ,! ,or9oco1 at ,/4 ,?omas1 is ?ree miles wide at l[ wat]1 at high wat] x is ov] sev5ty4 ,9 ! ,volga & ! ,danube ! /age ( wat] makes great diff]5ces 9 ! wid? ( ! riv] b$4 ,9 summ] ! dep? & bread? are1 z a rule1 less ?an 9 w9t]4 ,! ,*annel diff]s f ! riv] b$2 x is ! "p ( ! riv] b$ :i* gives life & motion to ! :ole curr5t4 ,9 ! upp] c\rse ! *annel & ! riv] b$ g5]ally co9cide2 9 ! middle & l[] c\rses1 on ! contr>y1 ! *annel occupies b a v small %>e ( ! :ole b$1 b yet x det]m9es ! direction1 am\nt ( fall1 & ! rapidity ( ! /ream4 ,x lies usually n 9 ! middle ( ! riv] b$1 b on "o side2 x passes1 h[ev]1 f bank to bank2 x is indicat$ by ! movem5t ( %ips1 :i* always foll[ x1 & x lies uni=mly adjac5t to ! bolde/ %ore4 ,x wid5s ! :ole riv] b$ t[>d "o side1 & n t[>d bo?2 & s /reams :i* trav]se great pla9s1 l ! great ,hung>ian "o1 = in/ance1 d n n[ run ?r\gh ! middle1 b c\rse along at ! base ( ! m>g9al bluffs4 ,9 all su* cases1 x w be f\nd t ! *annel hugs ! bolde/ side ( ! b$4 ,all ! f\r ,c>pa?ian riv]s1 z !y w9d out betwe5 ! ma9 range & ! subord9ate ranges1 h _! /eepe/ %ore1 n on ! side ( ! l(tie/1 b on ! side ( ! bolde/ m\nta9s1 & ^! are ! ones ( ! subord9ate range4 ,s1 9 ! pla9s :i* lie betwe5 ! ,swiss ,alps & ! ,jura1 ! bold sides ( ! riv] b$ lie on ! side ( ! bold] ?\gh less important *a91 & n on ! side ( ! ,alp9e mead[s4 ,! bold banks ( ! ,ebro are n on ! side ( ! ,pyr5ees & _! pla9s1 b on ! s\? side4 ,all ! /reams ( ,s\? & ,middle ,russia h1 !re=e1 on ! ea/ side1 _! l[ banks1 on ! we/ ! bold ones2 & ?is1 because ! mo/ ext5sive pla9s lie on ! ea/]n side4 ,9 ! m level tracts ! w9d+s ( riv]s are v mu* increas$ 9 magnitude4 ,^! w9d+s *eck ! curr5t4 ,! s]p5t9e c\rse is *>act]i/ic ( riv]s 9 _! middle c\rse1 & x is repeat$1 ?\gh on a small scale1 9 e mead[ brook4 ,! s]p5t9e c\rse ( riv]s gives rise to c\ntless isl&s & int]vals3 z1 = example1 betwe5 ,ble & ! ,rh9egau1 b1 ) v few exceptions1 no lakes1 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! upp] c\rse ( riv]s4 ,b ! broad mead[ l&s ( ! middle c\rse v (t5 indicate 9 ! cle>e/ mann] t !y 7 once lakes ( consid]able magnitude1 :i* h subsid$ & left _! bas9 a dry pla94 ,an example may be f\nd 9 ! mead[ l& ( ! ,rh9e1 f ,ble to ,ba/b]g1 bel[ ,/rasb\rg1 & aga9 f ,lad5burg1 9 ! ,palat9ate1 to ,b+54 ,s on ! ,danube1 f ,ulm to ,passau1 ,l9tz1 & ,klo/] ,newburg1 & aga9 f ,pe/h to ,beloro ,seml91 z f>1 9 fact1 z ! n>r[s at ,orsova4 ,! same feature is met 9 ! middle c\rse ( ! ,volga1 f ,tv] ea/w>d to ! we/ ,ural1 & s\?w>d to ,s>atov & ,kami%91 :]e x breaks ?r\gh ! ,ob/%ei-,syrtis1 :i* 01 d\btless1 once ! b>ri] ( a great inl& lake4 ,9 ^! bas9s1 n[ dry1 !re is a surpris+ uni=mity ( *>act]i/ics :]ev] on ! globe !y occur4 ,!y diff] b little1 :e!r f\nd 9 ! middle c\rse ( ! ,ganges1 ! ,indus1 ! ,euphrates1 or ! ,am]ican riv]s4 ,! /ill1 incomplete /ream ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce %[s u1 ev5 9 ! pres5t1 :at ! anci5t conditions 7 be=e !y solv$ ! problem ( _! complete developm5t4 ,!re1 a r[ ( su* lakes z =m]ly exi/$ 9 ! n[ fruitful pla9s ( ! middle ,rh9e1 ! middle ,danube1 & c5tral ,russia1 are ! five great ,canadian lakes4 ,!y /ill con/itute ! middle c\rse ( ! riv]1 & "o p\rs itself directly into ano!r1 ei!r ov] a g5tle slope ( l&1 or 9 a great cat>act & rapids1 su* z we d n obs]ve 9 ! middle c\rse ( o!r /reams1 :i* are n1 l ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 incomplete4 ,only :5 wat]falls disappe> c ! incl9ation ( riv]s become a gradual "o4 ,! uni=mity ( ! grade ( _! *annel is1 !re=e1 a sign t !y h atta9$ to a complete developm5t4 ,9 su*1 slight rapids rema91 in/ead ( ! anci5t cat>acts4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^? primeval falls we f9d 9 all riv]s1 ev5 9 ! ,rh9e & ,danube4 ,! r\nd$ faces ( ! rocks :i* once 7 ! b>ri]s to ! riv]s' c\rse1 & ! debris once swept d[n f ! m\nta9s & deposit$ ov] ! bottom ( ! anci5t lakes1 %[ ?is4 ,! /ronge/ in/ance ( cat>acts1 resembl+ ! anci5t ones :i* connect$ ! lakes ( ne>ly all ! great riv]s ( ! globe1 is se5 9 ! fall ( ,niag>a4 ,t cat>act is an epitome ( ! falls ( all o!r /reams4 ,! ,niag>a ,riv] conducts ! wat] ( ,lake ,erie1 by a *annel #cc miles long1 to ,lake ,ont>io1 #cjj feet bel[ x4 ,at ! ,great ,fall ! riv] plunges ab\t #aej feet into a *asm :i* x has holl[$ out f ! s(t /one betwe5 ! two lakes4 ,! cat>act 0 =m]ly sev5 miles bel[ its pres5t location1 & has be5 obs]v$ to be /eadily work+ backw>d s9ce its discov]y4 ,9 ! di/ant future x w1 d\btless1 :olly disappe>1 z all o!rs h done4 ,= ! ,niag>a is m]ely a /rik+ in/ance ( a pr9ciple once univ]sal1 b :i* m]ely work$ itself out on a small] scale4 ,! m fragm5ts ( rock & m\nta9 debris 7 swept along1 ! soon] 7 ! primitive falls r5t away by ! wa% & ! p]cussion1 & ! developm5t ( ! middle c\rse complet$4 ,! places ( transition :i* lie betwe5 ! high] dry bas9s & ! l[] ones are /ill to be trac$ 9 almo/ all riv]s2 n by great wat]falls1 :i* belong only to ! upp] c\rse1 b by simple rapids4 ,!y are m or less *>act]iz$ by n>r[s1 ) /eep1 rocky banks1 :]e1 d\btless1 cat>acts exi/$ 9 ! primitive times4 ,!y are recognizable by ?is feature1 t !y are uni=mly alike1 & di/ribute _! =ce equally on bo? sides ( ! riv]4 ,examples may be f\nd on bo? sides ( ! ,rh9e1 9 ! n>r[s betwe5 ,b+5 & ,ba*>a*2 on ! ,elbe1 f ,tet%5 to ,%&au1 ,dresd51 & ,meiss54 ,9 ^! places ! riv]s h a v tortu\s c\rse1 & !re are :irls & rapids 7rapides1 sauts1 ( ! ,fr5*2 saltos1 r&ales1 ( ! ,spani%2 s*ew]9 ( ! ,russians7 :i* imp$e navigation4 ,9 ^! localities ! entire aspect ( nature is *ang$1 & ! l&scape becomes exce$+ly beautiful4 ,"h we f9d anci5t n>r[ roadways2 "h are places ( great hi/oric int]e/1 & ( great int]e/ to ! naturali/1 assur$ly n ( accid5tal orig91 b 9 close connection ) ! developm5t ( ! riv] b$1 & 9 close analogy ) all places ( transition f highl& to l[l&4 ,we may1 p]haps1 m>k ^! features 9 all ! riv]s ( ! e>?4 ,a k ( !m is ess5tial to und]/& ?or\ghly ! natural developm5t ( a riv] sy/em 9 its true p>ts2 un=tunately1 !y h z yet be5 too little obs]v$ & describ$4 ,among ,european riv]s !y are f\nd 9 ! ,guadiana1 at ! ,saltos de ,lobo2 9 ! ,d\ro1 at ! rapids bel[ ,torre de ,moncorvo2 9 ! ,ebro1 at ,sa/ago1 bel[ ,s>agossa2 9 ! ,rhone1 ! rapids bel[ ,lyons1 betwe5 ! granite banks ( ,pi]re ,encise2 9 ,loire1 by ,igu]&o1 bel[ ,roanne2 9 ! ,rh9e1 bel[ ,/rasb\rg1 & at ! n>r[s at ,b+51 ne> ,/4 ,go> & ,&]na*2 9 ! ,wes]1 at ! ,porta ,we/phalica2 9 ! ,danube1 at ,gre91 at ,klo/] ,newburg1 & at ,ya*tali1 ,dr5ir ,kapi1 7,iron ,gate17 & ,orsova2 & 9 ! ,dniep]1 ! ?irte5 wat]falls bel[ ,yekat]9slav4 ,! same features are repeat$ 9 all ! o!r /reams ( ,europe & ! rema9+ cont95ts4 ,m close inve/igation ( !m w lead to important results1 conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! e>? 9 ! regions int]m$iate betwe5 plateaus & l[l&s4 ,z a high grade1 great cat>acts1 %>p & bold cliffs1 & m\nta9 lakes *>act]ize ! upp] c\rse ( /reams1 s rapids1 dry lake bas9s1 & a me&]+ *annel *>act]ize _! middle c\rse4 ,bel[ ! l[e/ rapids are f\nd ! level pla9s or l[l&s :i* give riv]s _! ?ird *>act]i/ic4 ,l[] ,c\rse4 ,z soon z ! riv]s break ?r\gh ! l[e/ range ( hills :i* once beset _! c\rse1 !y deposit ! debris :i* !y be> ) !m1 & beg9 ! =mation ( diluvial pla9s4 ,we f9d 9 ! soil ( all level places along ! middle1 z well z ! l[] c\rse ( riv]s1 traces ( ! same k9ds ( rock & m9]als1 :i* *>act]ize ! m\nta9s :]e !y rise4 ,! rate ( fall 9 ! l[] c\rse ( riv]s is s slight z to be almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,relatively1 x is ! greate/ 9 ! ,volga2 f ,kami%9 to ! ,caspian ! desc5t is m ?an #aej feet1 al?\gh ! di/ance is less ?an #ejj miles4 ,! ,s5egal1 f ,podor to ! sea1 a di/ance ( ab\t #bjj miles1 falls only ab\t #b feet2 ! ,amazon1 )9 ab\t ! same di/ance1 falls only #aj feet1 or ab\t an in* to ! mile4 ,9 su* riv]s1 !re=e1 ! tide c fl[ a v long way inl&4 ,?is gives rise to a great conflict ( =ces--! pressure ( ! /ream 9 its natural fl[1 height5$ at ! appropriate season by ! annual inundation1 & ! backw>d pressure ( ! tidal wave4 ,be=e ^! =ces come into equilibrium1 ! riv] b$ is con/antly *ang+4 ,! riv] prop] seeks ?is equilibrium by a p>t+ ( its *annel1 divid+ into two m\?s1 z 9 ! ,nile1 or into m ?an "o1 z 9 ! ,rh9e & ,danube1 or sev]al 7ab\t #fe7 9 ! ,volga4 ,! mom5tum ( ! /ream1 ! resi/ance ( ! tide1 & ! consequ5t sl[ spe$ ( ! curr5t promote ! fall ( deposits along ! l[] c\rse ( riv]s4 ,bel[ ! surface ! result ( ^! deposits is f\nd 9 s& banks or b>s2 above ! surface1 z l[1 m>%y l&1 ! deltas1 subject to frequ5t inundation4 ,we see ?is 9 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,nile1 ! ,euphrates1 ! ,indus1 ! ,ganges1 ! ,mississippi--9 all1 ab\t f\rte5 ( ! fir/-class riv]s ( ! globe4 ,! contr>y feature1 s+le1 broad m\?s n yet fill$ up by alluvial deposits1 negative deltas1 or deep ocean inlets1 c be obs]v$ 9 n9e o!rs ( ! l>ge/ riv]s--! ,obi1 ,y5isei1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,columbia1 ,la ,plata--mo/ly f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ! nor? ( ! e>?1 :]e !re is v little ( ! m loose & fruitful soil :i* m s\!rn riv]s be> onw>d f ! m\nta9s :]e !y rise4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ! l[] c\rse is se5 9 ! extraord9>y *anges 9 ! riv] b$--! %ift+ ( ! *annel f "o side to ! o!r4 ,?is is ! natural result ( ! v light & movable "* ( ! deposits br\ght d[n f above1 & ! /rong pressure ( ! curr5t1 :i*1 ?\gh sl[1 has great mom5tum4 ,9 ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,ganges1 ,indus1 ,euphrates1 ,nile1 ,rh9e1 & ,po1 ^! *anges c be trac$ z a matt] ( hi/ory1 &1 9 ! lapse ( c5turies1 h _h great influ5ce on ! =mation ( ! great pla9s ( ^? riv]s' m\?s & on ! p liv+ !re4 ,) ! l[] c\rse beg9s ! regul> ye>ly inundations1 :i* cov] va/ di/ricts 9 tropical c\ntries2 & to ^! inundations may be attribut$ ! gradual rais+ ( ! level ( ! pla9s cov]$ by !m4 ,h5ce arose ,h]odotus' descriptive phrase 1 7prolific riv]s47 ,! great fruitfulness ( ^! l[l&s is well kn[n4 ,! ri* alluvial deposits h made ,b5gal1 ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ,lomb>dy1 ,holl&1 & ! ,ne!rl&s ! gran>ies ( all neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,9 proportion z ! m\? ( great riv]s resembles an inl& sea1 hav+ a /rongly m>k$ tidal fl[ 9 sympa?y ) ! ocean1 does ! :ole nature ( ! l[] c\rse v>y4 ,! riv]s ^: m\?s are turn$ to ! ea/ & s\? are ^? :i* are expos$ to ! /ronge/ & ! highe/ ocean waves4 ,su* are ,*9ese1 ,indian1 & ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s1 :i* sometimes %[ ! result ( ?is1 #ejj miles inl&4 ,! tide ext5d+ s f> into ! int]ior facilitates navigation v mu*1 & trans=ms ! l[l&s along _! m>g9 into di/ricts1 :i* seem transitional betwe5 true cont95t & oceanic isl&s4 ,all ! m\?s ( fir/-class riv]s :i* op5 t[>d ! nor? & we/ are less deeply affect$ by ! entrance ( ! sea waves4 ,to ^! belong mo/ ( ! ,european /reams4 ,exceptional to bo? ( ^! classes are ! ?ree riv]s1 ! ,nile1 ,danube1 & ,volga1 ^: direction is n t[>d ! ocean1 b t[>d ! c5t] ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,!y =m a triad1 n ( oceanic1 b ( cont95tal /reams2 9 !m !re is no ebb & flood4 ,_! l[] c\rse & m\?s mu/1 !re=e1 display diff]5t relations f ^? ( any o!r ( ! great riv]s ( ! globe4 ,x 0 e>ly rem>k$ t n all /reams1 :5 !y rea* ! sea1 fl[ at once into x1 b come to a /&/ill4 ,x is s ) ! ,?ames1 & ) mo/ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican riv]s4 ,! ocean sometimes ?r[s a tidal wave tw5ty to ?irty feet high up _! *annel1 & dams _! fl[4 ,riv]s v>y exce$+ly 9 _! relations to ?is high b>ri]4 ,! ,*9ese /reams are sometimes rais$ =ty feet by x above _! normal level4 ,?is gives rise to a salt oceanic riv]1 s to speak4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,?ames at ,london4 ,at high tide ! surface is salt1 :ile ! wat] at ! bottom is fre%4 ,! /ruggle ) ! d[nw>d curr5t & ! upw>d curr5t is v (t5 visible4 ,x is s 9 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,ganges1 9 ! ,*9ese riv]s2 mo/ ( all1 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,9 all ! cont95ts !re are _m small riv]s & rivulets :i* h no normal m\?s2 :i* lose !mselves 9 ! e>? be=e !y rea* ! sea4 ,sometimes !y pursue a subt]ranean c\rse1 & em]ge aga91 ?\gh usually ) a *ang$ "n4 ,among ! be/-kn[n ( su* in/ances is ! ,p]te du ,rhone1 bel[ ,g5eva1 :]e ! riv] fl[s = a little way directly b5ea? a spur ( ! ,jura ,m\nta9s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,meuse1 :i* loses itself 9 ! e>? at ,bazoilles1 9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 we/ ( ,nancy1 fl[s 9 a subt]ranean b$ z f> z ,nonc\rt1 n9e miles di/ant1 & !n em]ges4 ,! ph5om5on is common among ! ,jura1 & 9 ! lime/one cliffs :i* fe$ ! ,drave & ,save4 ,! t\ri/ meets almo/ h\rly !re "s brook or little riv] disappe>+ b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,on ! high ,asiatic plateau ( ,gobi1 #fh riv]s are kn[n1 :i* disappe> 9 a simil> mann]2 9 ! nor? ( ,?ibet !re are #aae su*4 ,!y are common1 also1 9 ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,yun-nan1 on ! ,p]sian highl&1 & on ! plateau ( ! ,be*uanas1 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! ,&es & ! ,la ,plata1 !re are twelve lakes )\t efflu5ts1 ! greate/ be+ ,lake ,titicaca4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 !re is ! ,lake ( ,mexico4 ,! division ( ! :ole l5g? ( a riv] into ! ?ree c\rses--! upp]1 middle1 & l[]--& ! proportionate %>e :i* ea* ( ^! be>s to ! :ole1 dep5ds ^u ! height at :i* ! s\rce /&s above ! m\?4 ,! great] or less ext5t ( ! transition grades1 & ! great] or less ext5t ( navigable wat]s1 also dep5d on ! same4 ,! upp] c\rse has1 z a g5]al rule1 too _m h9d]ances to be v valuable = navigation2 x is1 at be/1 adapt$ only to boats4 ,! m unit$ & deep] middle c\rse (f]s facilities = vessels ( consid]able draught2 yet ! frequ5t sunk5 rocks & eddies & rapids are a great imp$im5t to navigation4 ,we f9d x s 9 ! ,rh9e1 bel[ ! ,falls ( ,s*affhaus51 z f> z ,ble2 & 9 its middle c\rse1 at ,b+5 & ,/4 ,go>2 9 ! ,danube1 also1 at ,gre9 & ,orsova4 ,! l[] c\rse1 on ! o!r h&1 op5s l a broad fre%-wat] sea1 t sometimes all[s l>ge %ips to sail #ej1 #bjj1 & ev5 #ejj miles inl&4 ,^! m>itime /reams ought to be discrim9at$ f o!rs2 ! ,*9ese call !m 8sons ( ! ocean40 ,! proportions 9 ! l5g? ( ! upp]1 middle1 & l[] c\rse ( riv]s are exce$+ly v>iable2 & equally v>iable ( c\rse are ! transition l&s apportion$ to ea*1 & =m+ its natural supplem5t4 ,! upp] c\rse ( ! ,volga is v %ort1 ! middle v long1 & ! l[] v %ort4 ,! same relative proportions1 ?\gh ) v diff]5t dim5sions1 are f\nd 9 ! ,vi/ula1 ! ,ganges1 ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,mississippi4 ,! upp] c\rse ( ! ,rh9e1 on ! contr>y1 is v long1 ?r\gh all ,switz]l& to ,ble2 ! middle also v long1 to ,cologne2 ! l[]1 v %ort1 to ,rott]dam & ! sea4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,nile1 ! ,danube1 & ! ,indus4 ,9 ! ,m>aon or ,amazon ! upp] c\rse is v %ort1 ! middle & l[] v long4 ,9 ! ,*9ese riv]s ,hoang-ho & ,yang-tse-,kiang all ! ?ree c\rses are relatively long4 ,! l5g? ( ! middle & l[] c\rses1 al?\gh important conditions ( navigation1 are n ! only ones4 ,o!rs are n to be ov]look$1--! am\nt ( wat]1 dep? ( *annel1 & ! l4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n capable ( be+ g5]aliz$ "u any law1 b dep5d ^u ! individual *>act]i/ics ( ea* /ream4 ,e riv] ne$s1 = an exhau/ive acc\nt ( its features1 its own monograph4 ,!re rema9s b "o important po9t to be consid]$--"o :i* has ex]t$ a v great influ5ce on ! div]sity ( /ructure 9 all riv] sy/ems1 controll+ ! area ( _! dra9age1 _! volume ( wat]1 _! effect on human culture1 & on ! e?nographic "* ( ! p dwell+ on _! banks4 ,x is ! di/ance f ! s\rce to ! m\? 9 direct di/ance comp>$ ) t foll[+ ! tortu\s c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,! two l9es almo/ nev] co9cide2 !y g5]ally lie f> ap>t4 ,& ! less !y approa* to co9cid5ce1 ! great] becomes ! area ( ! riv] bas92 ! m num]\s & valuable ! tribut>ies to ! ma9 c\rse1 ! great] ! volume ( ! /ream & ! m v>i$ & ext5sive its influ5ce4 ,"o or two examples drawn f ,european riv]s w m fully expla9 ?is po9t1 to :i* ,bua*e has already call$ att5tion 9 8 8,p>allle des fleuves40 ,! m\? ( ! ,volga is #ihb miles di/ant f ! s\rce1 9 an air-l9e4 ,! di/ance1 includ+ all ! curves ( ! /ream1 is #bjab miles1 ! b5d+s add+ #ajbh miles to ! direct c\rse4 ,by ?is d\bl+ ( ! %orte/ possible di/ance1 ! area dra9$ by x is swoll5 to ! enorm\s size ( #feg1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! direct c\rse lies 9 a diagonal direction f nor?we/ to s\!a/2 b ! real direction is a *ang+ "o4 ,fir/1 x fl[s a %ort di/ance f nor? to s\?1 !n 9 its middle c\rse x has a d\ble direction2 fir/ ea/w>d1 t[>d ! ,ural *a91 !n to ! s\?1 & la/ly1 9 its l[] c\rse1 to ! s\!a/4 ,?r\gh ?is v>i$ c\rse x receives tribut>ies f v remote s\rces1 & wat]s a c\ntry altoge!r great] ?an w\ld be possible if ! ,volga's c\rse 7 direct f ! s\rce to ! m\?4 ,its bas9 becomes s l>ge z to embrace a fif? ( ,europe1 & ! /ream becomes "o ( ! longe/ & mo/ available = navigation 9 ! cont95t4 ,! va/ness ( ! volume ( wat] & ! w&]+ c\rse h bo? contribut$ to ! value ( ! ,volga l[l&s4 ,! exact contra/ to ! ,volga is f\nd 9 ! ,dnie/]4 ,9 ! ,volga !re is a maximum ( w9d+s2 9 ! ,dnie/] !re is a m9imum4 ,! air-l9e di/ance ( ! m\? ( ! ,dnie/] f ! s\rce is #djh miles2 ! di/ance1 includ+ all ! b5ds1 is #dej miles2 ! loss 9 w9d+ is1 !re=e1 b ab\t #db miles4 ,! !oretical c\rse ( ! ,dnie/]1 i4e4 measur$ by an air-l9e1 w\ld co9cide v ne>ly ) its actual c\rse4 ,!re _c be1 !re=e1 any di/ant spr+s ^: wat]s fl[ into its *annel2 its bas9 is "o ( ! mo/ contract$ 9 ! _w 9 consequ5ce ( its directness2 & a small belt1 embrac+ b #cb1hej squ>e miles1 compreh5ds ! entire di/rict t x dra9s1 fre$ f all ^? tribut>ies :i* make ! ,volga bas9 s important4 ,! ,dniep]1 its ea/]n neighbor1 is #fcj miles 9 direct di/ance f ! s\rce to ! m\?1 b #ajjj ) all its w9d+s2 leav+ #cgj miles z ! extrane\s %ore1 :i* adds to ! value ( ! bas91 & contributes to ! #bai1jjj squ>e miles :i* x dra9s4 ,! same contra/ is se5 else:]e1 ?\gh n on s ext5d$ a scale4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,vi/ula1 ,od]1 ,elbe1 ,wes]1 ,rh9e1 & ,danube4 ,^! riv]s give %ape to ! transition t]races betwe5 broad ea/]n ,europe & ! m contract$ we/]n portions ( ! cont95t2 _! dim5sions are1 !re=e1 on a less ext5sive scale ?an 9 ! great ,russian /reams4 ,/ill1 ! diff]5ces 9 !m are wor?y ( notice4 ,9 ! ,vi/ula1 ! direct di/ance f ! s\rce to ! m\? is #cbi miles1 & ! real di/ance is #faa miles2 ! w9d+s comprise1 !re=e1 #bhj miles1 or ab\t two-?irds ( ! air-l9e f extreme to extreme4 ,x becomes able to receive a l>ge numb] ( tribut>ies1 & its bas9 is enl>g$ to an area ( #gh1djb squ>e miles1 becom+ "o ( ! be/-wat]$ & mo/ fruitful on ! globe4 ,9 ! ,od]1 ! direct di/ance f ! s\rce to ! m\? is ab\t ! same z 9 ! ,vi/ula4 ,b :ile ! latt] frequ5tly *anges its c\rse1 runn+ fir/ nor?w>d1 !n ea/w>d to ! ,sau1 !n nor?w>d aga9 to ! ,bug1 !n we/w>d to ! ,drew5z1 & la/ly nor?w>d1 & s ga9s a v l>ge bas9 ( dra9age1 ! =m] is unv>y+ 9 its c\rse f s\!a/ to nor?we/2 s t ! direct l9e drawn f extreme to extreme1 z ! bird flies1 is ne>ly co9cid5t ) ! actual c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,! w9d+s d n1 at mo/1 comprise "o-?ird ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! /ream1 & ! bas9 dra9$ by its tribut>ies is at lea/ a ?ird less ?an t ( ! ,vi/ula1 & is proportionately less valuable to ! int]e/s ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ,elbe ! air-l9e l5g? is #cid miles1 great] !re=e1 ?an t ( ! ,vi/ula or ! ,od]2 its l5g?1 includ+ its w9d+s1 is ab\t ! same z t ( ! ,vi/ula4 ,! area ( its bas9 lies !re=e betwe5 ! two1 #fa1cbj squ>e miles2 x is m valuable1 !re=e1 ?an t ( ! ,od]1 & less valuable ?an t ( ! ,vi/ula4 ,/ill less /rik+ 9 ?is respect are ! ,wes] & ! ,ems2 b ! ,rh9e assumes a prom95ce1 9 relation to ! value ( its bas91 great] ?an ev5 ! ,vi/ula4 ,! direct di/ance f ! s\rce ( ! ,rh9e to its m\? is #dbc miles1 ! actual di/ance #gje miles2 ! w9d+s comprise1 !re=e1 m ?an two-?irds ( ! entire l5g? ( ! /ream4 ,! numb] ( tribut>ies is uncommonly l>ge1 ! area dra9$ is increas$ ab\t #ihee miles beyond t ( ! ,vi/ula2 & ! entire bas9 7#hh1beg squ>e miles7 is "o :i* has be5 ( ! greate/ import 9 ! hi/ory ( all c5tral ,europe4 ,all ! riv]s & all ! t]race l&s ( ! globe exhibit ! same relation :i* we h be5 briefly indicat+ 9 a few ,european ones2 9 "s ( ! great riv]s ( ! _w !y are to be trac$ on a scale ( gr&eur ( :i* 9 ^? :i* h be5 t\*$ ^u sc>cely a sugge/ion is giv54 ,b n 9 ?is feature1 add$ to :at has be5 already said1 d we exhau/ ! fruitful subject ( ,riv]s1 & ! t]race sy/ems :i* accompany !m f _! s\rce to ! sea4 ,! div]sity ( ph5om5a traceable 9 !m _h hid _! unity f geograph]s1 & prev5t$ _! trac+ g5]al pr9ciples 9 s manifold details4 ,! dry1 l9e> repres5tations on mo/ ( our maps h bl9d$ ! eye to ! liv+ & organic relations :i* riv] sy/ems ent] into1 & ?r\gh :i* !y ex]t a great influ5ce4 ,!y mu/ be exam9$ s+ly2 !y mu/ be /udi$ 9 _! real "* & individuality1 & ea* mu/ h its own monograph1 be=e we c fully "k ! value ( riv] sy/ems to ! _w4 ,we h n[ to t\* ^u "o or two po9ts omitt$1 ?us f>1 9 our discussion ( ! hydrography ( ! cont95ts4 ,! /ream is a unit2 mo/ /reams h a s+le *annel z ! la/ goal ( _! desc5t4 ,o!rs may h d\ble *annels1 :i* cont5d ) ea* o!r = ! sup]iority4 ,if !y are d\ble only = a "p ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! riv]1 & 9 ! upp] or middle c\rse fl[ toge!r1 & =m "o ma9 *annel1 !y c be call$ tw9 head-/reams4 ,we h an example 9 ! ,danube & ,inn1 :i* are equally long & equally l>ge4 ,o!r in/ances are ! ,rhone & ! ,saone1 ! ,volga & ,kama1 ! ,miss\ri & ,mississippi1 ! ,blue & ,:ite ,nile1 ! ,ganga & ,jumna4 ,o!rs h triple head-/reams2 z1 = example1 ! ,hi!r1 ,middle1 & ,f>!r ,rh9e2 ! ,ucayale1 ,huallaga1 & ,m>aon1 :i* comb9e 9 ! middle c\rse to =m ! ,amazon4 ,!re may be ev5 five head-/reams1 z 9 ! ,indus4 ,(t5 x is only ?r\gh ! usage ( spee*1 (t5 ?r\gh anci5t & explod$ errors1 t ! "n ( "o ( ! head-/reams is giv5 to ! :ole riv]4 ,if ! d\ble *annels cont9ue ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! riv] sy/em1 !y belong to a diff]5t category2 !y become true d\ble sy/ems1 & h a d\ble influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! :ole range ( t]races f s\rce to base4 ,f _! meet+ 9 a common bay or gulf at ! m\?1 !y may be call$ si/]-/reams2 &1 f ! t]ritory :i* !y inclose betwe5 !m1 ! ,mesopotamia1 !y may be call$ ,mesopotamic /reams4 ,betwe5 su* d\ble /reams "s ( ! greate/ ,/ates ( ,asia lie4 ,univ]sally kn[n1 on acc\nt ( _! influ5ce on ,asiatic culture1 are ! ,euphrates & ,tigris unit+ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,ganges & ,brahmapootra unit+ 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 ,gihon & ,sihon 9 ! ,sea ( ,aral1 ,hoang-ho & ,yang-tse-,kiang encompass+ ! ,c5tral ,fl[]y ,c\ntry ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 & meet+ 9 a common delta4 ,^! d\ble /reams are mo/ly met 9 ,asia1 & !y h ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! :ole gr[? ( ori5tal civilization4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re is yet ano!r & m complex =m yet ( riv] sy/em4 ,! ,amazon is connect$ ) ! ,or9oco by means ( ! little cross-riv] ,cassiqui>e4 ,by ?is connection ! middle c\rse ( bo? riv]s is made m available to navigation ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,su* cross-/reams may be f\nd1 ?\gh on a small] scale1 9 o!r cont95ts2 9 ,africa1 = example1 betwe5 ! ,s5egal & ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,!re a network is made betwe5 ! p>allel riv]s1 b x is available = navigation only 9 ! wet seasons4 ,9 ,c5tral ,africa !re seems to be a simil> ph5om5on betwe5 ! ea/]n tribut>ies ( ,lake ,t*ad & ! we/]n tribut>ies ( ! ,bahr el ,abiad or ,:ite ,nile1 ?\gh ?is re/s on ! au?ority ( ! ,arabs4 ,9 ,india !re appe>s to be a simil> connection betwe5 ! middle c\rse ( ! ,indus & ! ,jumna1 & s ! ,ganges1 by ! m$iation ( ! ,s>asvati or ,hi/>a & ! ,gh>gh>a4 ,!re may h be5 ! same 9 ,c5tral ,*9a1 betwe5 ! ,hoang-ho & ! ,kiang1 :]e ! ,imp]ial ,canal n[ runs2 & a simil> feature may be f\nd 9 ! ,li?uanian m>%es1 connect+ ! ,vi/ula & ,dniep] riv] sy/ems1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,bug & ! ,przypec4 ,! skill ( man has1 9 _m places1 accompli%$ ! same end by ! con/ruction ( canals4 ,al?\gh all riv]s1 9 ! c\rse ( _! developm5t1 foll[ ! univ]sal law :i* leads !m f _! s\rce1 h[ev] high1 to ! sea1 yet !re is1 ev5 9 _! desc5t1 scope = exce$+ly v>i$ ph5om5a4 ,x is n necess>y t ev]y:]e a /rongly-m>k$ l9e ( wat]-%$ %\ld exi/1 b (t51 z 9 all ! m level plateaus1 !re are broad1 neutral pla9s :i* p]=m ! function ( wat]-%$s1 ?\gh possess+ no decisive "*4 ,x is s ?r\gh a great "p ( ,c5tral ,asia1 9 ! l[ pla9s ( ,au/ralia1 probably 9 a l>ge "p ( ,africa1 & s m>k$ly 9 ,am]ica1 t all l9es ( wat]-%$ :olly disappe>1 & ! riv]s fl[ confus$ly toge!r1 )\t any sy/em1 & 9 ob$i5ce to no law4 ,"s riv]s come d[n ! sides ( high m\nta9s 9 torr5ts1 !n c\rse ar\nd 9 a long1 w9d+ c\rse1 turn+ out = all ob/acles1 & at la/ f9d ! sea4 ,o!rs are entirely unlike !m4 ,! ,ganges fl[s f ! s\? side ( ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 & c\rses along _! base1 foll[+ ! direction ( ! *a9 9 a s\!a/]ly direction1 till x rea*es ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,! ,indus spr+s f ! nor? side ( ! ,himalaya1 fl[s nor?we/ ov] ! plateau ( ,little ,?ibet z f> z ,isk>do1 !n breaks ?r\gh ! :ole *a9 to p\r itself out ^u ! l[l&s ( ,india1 ! ,punjaub1 & ,mooltan4 ,da%+ its way ?r\gh ! mo/ =midable b>ri]s1 x is entirely unlike ! g5tle ,ganges1 :i* pursues its tranquil c\rse ?r\gh ! pla9s1 meet+ no b>ri] 9 its entire l5g?4 ,! ,indus1 s long z x rema9s nor? ( ! ,himalaya1 trav]ses a plateau #aj1jjj feet above ! sea2 :ile ! ,ganges1 ev5 at ,delhi1 is b #ajjj feet above ! sea4 ,bo? riv]s1 al?\gh repres5t$ 9 precisely ! same way ^u ! maps1 h an entirely diff]5t physical "*4 ,! same diff]5ce 9 /ructure occurs 9 ! /reams ( o!r cont95ts1 & ev5 9 ^? ( ,c5tral ,europe1 ?\gh on a less colossal scale4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 classes ( riv]s1 & !y ought to be j z %>ply discrim9at$ z ! classes 9 botany & zoology4 ,plateau /reams1 su* z ! ,danube1 z f> z ! ,l[] ,au/rian & ,hung>ian pla9s1 & ! ,saone1 d[n to its conflu5ce ) ! ,rhone1 pass ?r\gh high1 uni=m pla9s ) little fall4 ,!y are g5u9e m\nta9 foll[]s1 spr++ f ! v]ge ( ! *a9 & cross+ along its base1 ! ,saone tak+ ! we/ side ( ! ,alps1 z ! ,danube does ! nor!rn1 & ! ,po ! s\!rn4 ,! riv]s :i* =ce _! way ?r\gh m\nta9 ranges =m a second class4 ,! ,rh9e1 a free *ild ( ! ,alps1 f its s\rce to ! sea1 breaks ?r\gh all ! ranges up to ! ,jura2 !n x =ces a pa? ?r\gh all ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,g]many1 till x comes to its l[] c\rse4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be classifi$ ) ! ,indus4 ,x leaves ! ,alps sudd5ly at ,ble1 & op5s a new & romantic way ?r\gh no insignificant ob/acle1 & is ev]y:]e a conqu]or4 ,t is ! peculi>ity ( ! ,rh9e4 ,two /reams ( analog\s nature1 ?\gh less m>k$ 9 _! *>act]i/ics1 are ! ,elbe & ! ,wes]4 ,b ^! bo? rise1 n among ! ,alps1 b amid ! ,g]man m\nta9s4 ,!y lack1 !re=e1 ! exce$+ly romantic "* ( ,alp9e riv]s2 b !y d n lack 9 picturesque sc5]y1 & ?is !y owe to ! ob/acles :i* !y pass4 ,! ,elbe has brok5 its way f ! ,bohemian ridge ?r\gh ! s-call$ ,saxon-,switz]l&1 z f> z ,meiss51 & ! ,wes] f ! fissures ( ! ,w]ra & ! ,fulda to ! ,porta ,we/phalica4 ,! ,elbe & ! ,wes] make1 ) ! ,rh9e1 ! triad ( ,c5tral ,european riv]s1 :i* h brok5 a pa?way = !mselves ?r\gh m\nta9s :i* imp$$ _! c\rse4 ,a ?ird class ( riv]s are ^? :i* enc\nt] no ob/acles1 & fl[ 9 a placid /ream f ! s\rce to ! m\?4 ,!y ext5d 9 ,europe f ! ,vi/ula to ! ,ems1 includ+ ! ,od] & exclud+ ! ,wes] & ,elbe1 & f ! ,rh9e along ! :ole ,atlantic coa/ ( ,france1 embrac+ ! ,se9e1 ,loire1 ,g>onne1 & ! ,ad\r--all ( ^! hav+1 9 great] or less degree1 ! same hydrographical "*4 ,f ^! c be /ill fur!r discrim9at$ ! subord9ate coa/ riv]s4 ,to a f\r? class belong all ^? tribut>y /reams1 ( :atev] size or l5g?1 :i* agree 9 possess+ no indep5d5t "*1 & d n p\r _! wat]s into ! sea ?r\gh _! own m\?s4 ,! application ( ?is sy/em ( classification c be appli$ to ! /reams & _! accompany+ t]race l&s 9 ! o!r cont95ts4 ,b ^! obs]vations may suffice to indicate ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* we w\ld apply to ! /udy ( riv]s1 & leave to ! /ud5t _! fur!r application4 ,review4 ,! great typical =ms already consid]$1 highl&1 plateau1 m\nta91 l[l&1 t]race1 & riv]1 :i* all claim s l>ge a %>e ( att5tion 9 /udy+ _! physical *>act]i/ics1 are no less wor?y ( c>eful att5tion1 9 consequ5ce ( _! influ5ce on human culture4 ,our acc\nt w\ld n be complete )\t devot+ a few pages to ! consid]ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* nature & hi/ory h react$ on ea* o!r4 ,! mo/ elevat$ highl&s1 ! l(tie/ plateaus1 uni=m 9 _! aspect1 imm5se 9 _! ext5t1 isolat$1 )\t trees1 hav+ ! ?9 soil *>act]i/ic ( /eppes1 & useful only = graz+1 are ! home ( ! primitive nomadic races4 ,)\t =e/s & )\t %elt]1 )\t valleys & )\t wat]-c\rses1 ) s&y & rocky soil1 cov]$ ) a scanty vegetation1 !y s]ve only to supply food = ! greg>i\s animals :i* foll[ man1 & to furni% a home to w&]+ tribes ( h]dsm54 ,in/ances are f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 9 ,toorki/an & ,p]sia1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 includ+ ! ,galla tribes & ! ,abyss9ians4 ,s1 too1 among ! high plateaus ( ,am]ica1 ! home ( ! primitive ,aztecs4 ,f su* places came ! fir/ movem5ts ( emigration2 f ! high plateaus ( ,c5tral ,asia came ! w&]+ ,p]sians1 ,huns1 ,mongolians1 & ,turks2 & ! same c\rse ( emigration 0 witness$ among ! negro tribes ( ,c5tral ,africa1 proce$+ f ! ,galla tribes4 ,! l[] highl&s1 less colossal 9 size1 ( m mod]ate height1 & ( m g5ial temp]ature1 h at all times rea*$ a c]ta9 l[ /age ( culture1 aft] giv+ a home to ! nomads f ! high] plateau2 b h nev] develop$ t culture to any consid]able ext5t4 ,we f9d examples ( ?is 9 ! high t]races ( ,bootan1 ! ,deccan1 & ,p]sia2 9 ,africa1 among ! ,atlas m\nta9s2 9 ,abyss9ia1 9 ! anci5t ,greek ,arcadia1 9 ,ca/ile1 9 ,arv]nia1 7,auv]gne17 9 ,gallia1 9 ,hesse1 9 ! ,eifel1 & on ! ,valdai hills4 ,9 ! exce$+ly complex1 subdivid$1 & romantic m\nta9 di/ricts ( ! globe1 ! races h atta9$1 by virtue ( ! v>iety ( _! res\rces & ! en]gy ( _! /ock1 to ! highe/ results ( civilization1 & h manife/$ ! mo/ indep5d5t & progressive _s4 ,9 su* regions1 hunt+1 work+ 9 wood1 ! settl$ life ( %eph]ds1 work+ 9 metals1 agriculture on su* t]race l&s z ^? ( ,nepaul1 ,ca%m]e1 ,pale/9e1 ! ,lebanon1 ,ap5n9e1 & o!r ranges1 fruit culture1 till+ v9ey>ds1 ! cultivation ( all k9ds ( indu/ry1 z 9 ,c5tral ,g]many & 9 mo/ regions ( ! temp]ate zone1 develop mo/ ?or\ghly & spe$ily ! culture ( a p4 ,9 su* occupations m5 le>n to lean m on ea* o!r1 & gr[ into t div]sity ( occupation & division ( labor1 :i* are ! late/ results ( civilization4 ,! ,z5d1 ! ,sanscrit1 & ! ,p]sian nations :i* p ! f]tile tracts at ! base ( ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 f ,maghada1 ,lahore1 ,nepaul1 & ,ca%m]e1 z f> z ,p]sepolis & ,hamadan1 ,susa & ,%iraz1 ! inhabitants ( ! hill c\ntry ( ,pale/9e & ,syria1 ^? ( ! ,tehama range ( m\nta9s 9 ,arabia1 ^? 9 ! mod]ately elevat$ mead[s ( ,gond>1 z well z ^? 9 all ! ,european ,alp9e l&s1 ,switz]l&1 ,tyrol1 ,/yria1 z well z ! inhabitants ( ! m\nta9 region ( ,p]u & ,mexico1 all atta9 to an e>ly & consid]ably advanc$ /ate ( civilization4 ,o!r nations h f\nd 9 m\nta9s asylums 9 "t ( dang]--! ,t%]keses & ,ossetes among ! ,caucasus1 = in/ance1 ! ,basques among ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! ,gorals among ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,! l[l&s1 z soon z ! wat] _h left !m en\gh to make !m habitable1 h become1 f ! fir/1 ! abodes ( a teem+ population2 & !re has be5 ! same bl5d+ ( races 9 ! mo/ anci5t z 9 ! mo/ rec5tly settl$1 9 ,*9a z 9 ,texas1 &1 9 tru?1 all ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,(t5 ^! inroads ( population h be5 a s\rce ( injury1 z has be5 ! case 9 ! nor!rn ,sib]ian pla9s1 :]e ! ,f9ni% tribes h made _! homes1 & 9 ! wa/e ( ,sah>a1 :]e ! ,b>b>y tribes1 ! ,b$\9s1 ! ,tibboos1 & ! ,tu>icks h made _! retreat4 ,on ! fruitful t]races1 along ! middle c\rse ( riv]s1 ! e>lie/ fix$ habitations & rip5$ culture h be5 atta9$4 ,?r\gh ! traditional h&+ d[n ( pa/ results1 & by ! habits ( peace1 _! inhabitants h m ?or\ghly subject$ nature & advanc$ to a high] /ate ( civilization ?an ! dwell]s 9 ! int]ior1 away f ! riv]s4 ,x has be5 ! same1 9 a great measure1 ) ! l[] c\rse1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,egypt1 ,mesopotamia1 ,*9a1 & ,b5gal2 & 9 ,europe1 9 ,lomb>dy1 ,holl&1 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e1 to ! ef=ts to recov] l& f ! sea1 h be5 add$ fi%+ & comm]ce4 ,on su* fruitful tracts z ! m\?s & middle c\rses ( riv]s wat]1 nations c\ld f9d a p]man5t home1 & pass quickly to all lib]al & ref9+ arts & occupations4 ,?is is cle>1 f ! in/ances ( ! em95t mon>*ies ( ! ,ea/1 ,m]oe1 ,!bes1 ,memphis1 ,babylon1 ,n9eveh1 ,bagdad1 & ,mosul4 ,s1 too1 on ! ,indus & ,ganges1 9 ! doma9s ( ,taxila1 ,maghada1 ,b5>es2 & lat] 9 ! great empire1 ^: c5t]s 7 ,agra & ,delhi4 ,*9a has arriv$ at its highe/ civilization 9 ! f]tile di/rict betwe5 its two greate/ riv]s4 ,greece & ,rome are m>k$ exceptions4 ,_! progress !y owe1 n to great riv] bas9s1 b to _! p59sul> =m 9 ! middle ( ! coa/ ( a delightful sea1 full ( isl&s & surr\nd$ by l&s 9 a great] or less advanc$ /ate ( civilization4 ,engl&'s peculi> m>itime position has giv5 x its wond]ful vantage-gr\nd = progress 9 all human culture4 ,9 ! ea/ ( ,europe1 ! bas9s ( riv]s h ex]cis$ ! same influ5ce1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 t has be5 h9t$ at above2 & ,mosc[1 ,kiev1 ,crac[1 & ,w>saw rema9 ! seats ( a civilization :i*1 rude z x 01 ow$ its exi/5ce to ! physical conditions ( ! great ,s>matian riv] sy/ems4 ,9 we/]n ,europe1 ! less m>k$ features ( ! c\ntry h contribut$ to ! peculi> hi/orical developm5t ( ! cont95t4 ,! ri* deltas h become ! gran>ies = a l>ge "p ( ! population1 all[+ indu/ry to fl[ into o!r *annels besides agriculture4 ,! sea-f>+ habits ( ! p along ! coa/ h brok5 up & done away ) :at is special & prov9cial1 & h conf]r$ a cosmopolitan mann] ( liv+ ^u ! entire population4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! ,ph5icians 9 anci5t times1 ) ! ,portuguese 9 ! middle ages1 z x has be5 ) ! ,engli%1 ,spani%1 & ,dut* 9 mod]n days4 ,fi%+1 navigation1 & trade h become p]man5t necessities ( civilization4 ,9 ! he>t ( cont95tal ,europe1 ! riv]s h _h a great influ5ce on ! progress ( nations2 ! ,nor? ,g]man /reams h ext5d$ _! effect f ! abode ( ! anci5t ,saxons along ! ,baltic z f> z ! home ( ! ,salic ,franks on ! ,s*eldt1 ,se9e1 & ,loire2 ! ,danube1 ) its complex & important sy/em ( t]races & l[l&s1 has op5$ communication betwe5 ,s\? ,g]many & ,hung>y1 ,walla*ia1 & ! ,ea/4 ,! ,vi/ula1 ,od]1 ,elbe1 & ,wes] h connect$ ! homes ( ! old ,sclavic population ) ! ,sc&9avian coa/s & ! l& ( ! ,angles & ,saxons at ! neck ( ,d5m>k1 to ! equal advantage ( bo?4 ,! great t]race sy/em ( ! ,rh9e1 embrac+ ! ,od5wald1 ,h>dt1 ,spess>t1 ,taunus1 ,hundsrck1 ,eifel1 & ! ,sieb5gebirg1 has ?r[n into ! mo/ active indu/rial & comm]cial relations ! :ole di/rict :i* x wat]s4 ,x op5$ a way to ! ,romans 9 _! conqu]+ advances be=e x did to ! tribes ( ,helvetia1 ,gallia1 ,g]mania1 or ! ,l[l&s3 x sund]$ ^? tribes1 & kept !m f prey+ ^u ea* o!r2 b1 9 ! advance ( civilization1 x has become "o ( ! /ronge/ b&s to knit toge!r ! c5tral c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! ,danube1 ) its ext5sive t]race l&s1 faces ! ea/1 & has1 !re=e1 v diff]5t relations to ,european hi/ory f ! ,rh9e4 ,x is a d\ble-head$ riv]1 & "o ( its head-/reams1 ! "o :i* be>s ! "n ( ! riv] prop]1 ext5ds almo/ to ! ,rh9e bas92 :ile ! o!r1 ! ,jura1 has its s\rce 9 ,grisons1 & h>d by ! head-wat]s ( ! ,rh9e4 ,z ! ,danube connects ! ,caspian & ,black ,sea bas9 ) we/]n ,europe1 & ! l>ge/ "p ( ! ,asiatic immigrations h foll[$ its c\rse1 ! ,danube has become ! great av5ue betwe5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,celts1 ,teutons1 & ,romans 7 m+l$ ev5 be=e ,*ri/1 9 ,noricum1 ,v9delecia1 ,bav>ia1 & ,suabia4 ,h[ _m tribes may h be5 cr[d$ we/w>d by ^!1 is unkn[n to u4 ,! same fate has happ5$ to ! p :o settl$ !re be=e ,*ri/1 & ! inroads ( ! ,huns1 ,go?s1 & o!r tribes ( simil> orig91 scatt]$ ! old] inhabitants ov] all ,c5tral ,g]many4 ,we "k1 too1 t ,sclavic1 ,hung>ian1 & ,turki% incursions foll[$1 ea* "o dispossess+ :olly or 9 "p ! "o :i* prec$$ x4 ,all great riv]s & riv] sy/ems h _h a simil> influ5ce on ! c\rse ( civilization4 ,!re is n a s+le type feature 9 ! _w :i* has n contribut$ its "p to ! advance ( ! human race2 no "o is )\t its place & its function4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,! ,configuration ( ! ,cont95ts4 ,all ! divisions ( ! e>?1 tak5 toge!r 9 _! int]nal & ext]nal connections1 9 _! mutual action & reaction1 con/itute ! unity ( ! globe1 & make app>5t t x is a simple organism1 design$ & creat$ by div9e skill1 & int5d$ to be ! home ( a race ^: culture %\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 unfold f ! mo/ simple beg9n+s to ! mo/ complex & elaborate p]fection4 ,we h already se5 t ! surface ( ! e>? is naturally divid$ into ?ree typical features--highl&1 l[l&1 & ! transition t]races betwe5 !m4 ,f ! v]tical & horizontal comb9ation ( ^! result ! mo/ ( ! geographical =ms :i* are ! subject ( our /udy4 ,!y =m :at we may1 = conv5i5ce1 call ! bas-relief ( ! globe4 ,at ! creation ( ! e>? e great cont95tal division receiv$ 7z e o!r organism has1 reg>d$ by itself1 & n 9 relation to ! great] :ole ( :i* x =ms a "p7 its own special =m4 ,ea* cont95t is l itself alone2 its *>act]i/ics are n %>$ by any o!r4 ,ea* "o 0 s plann$ & s =m$ z to h its own special function 9 ! progress ( human culture4 ,?is may be se5 by review+ ! hi/ory ( ! pa/2 ?is may fairly be suspect$ yet to be 9 ! future4 ,! individuality ( ea* cont95t raises x to a place :]e its *>act]i/ics give x an indep5d5t "*1 & a capacity ( developm5t ( itself1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 b nev] beyond x4 ,! cont95ts are nev] to be reg>d$ z high1 dead masses ( l&1 b z vital & effective in/rum5ts1 work+ ^u ea* o!r ceaselessly1 & help+ ea* o!r to atta9 ! consummation int5d$ 9 ! c\nsels ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,! unity ( ! e>?1 ! unity ( ! cont95ts1 ! unity ( e physical feature ( ! cont95ts1 & ! build+ all up toge!r 9 a p]fect symmetry & mutual adaptation ( p>ts1 is ! cr[n+ ?\ght ( ,geographical ,sci5ce4 ,! /udy ( fir/ causes has no less cle> illu/rations 9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igations ?an else:]e4 ,x is ! task ( sci5ce to %[ ! nature & mutual relations ( all ! subjects :i* fall )9 ! scope ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! nature ( ! p>ts is only und]/ood f a compreh5sion ( ! :ole2 n ! rev]se1 h[ev]4 ,t is a mo/ j say+ ( ,plato4 ,! k ( ! univ]sal _c proce$ f a k ( ! special4 ,z ! "p is =m$ only 9 view ( & on acc\nt ( ! :ole1 9 its /udy1 dissociat$ f ! :ole1 x becomes a m]e unit & indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,f und]/&+ ! sol> sy/em1 we might arrive at a k ( ! motion ( ! e>?2 & s1 f a k ( ! e>?1 we may advance to its cont95ts1 _! relations1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t natural divisions1 _! subdivisions1 _! ph5om5a1 & _! liv+ organization1 embrac+ man1 animals1 & plants4 ,! ext]nal =mation ( ! globe1 or :at we may call ! configuration ( ! cont95ts1 re/s ^u two *>act]i/ics--! horizontal & v]tical dim5sions4 #a4 ,! horizontal dim5sions are designat$ by ! sea-l9e b\nd>y--! geographical limitation4 #b4 ,! v]tical dim5sions--! physical limitation--are def9$ by ! elevation ( t]races & highl&s1 & !y exhibit ! greate/ div]sity ( ph5om5a4 ,! horizontal dim5sions supply mo/ ( ! mat]ial = our elem5t>y comp5ds = political geography1 :i* seldom make mu* acc\nt ( v]tical dim5sions1 & :i*1 by no means1 p5etrate to _! real value4 ,!y are commonly held to be a side-matt]1 to be t\*$ lightly ^u1 or :olly ca/ aside4 ,b bo? mu/ be ?or\ghly /udi$2 = !y are mutually dep5d5t1 & are nev] f\nd divorc$ 9 nature4 ,9 ord] to und]/& !m 9 _! true relations1 we w look at !m 9 _! g5]al aspect1 discuss+ fir/ ! horizontal ext5t ( ! cont95ts1 !n _! v]tical elevation1 s f> z t has n already be5 treat$4 ,aft] ?is tw(old inve/igation1 ! "* ( ea* cont95t & its subdivisions w appe> 9 its true light4 ,on acc\nt ( ! importance ( ?or\ghly und]/&+ ! articulation ( great di/ricts1 9 contradi/9ction to a m]e division1 :i* implies no organic & liv+ correlation ( p>ts1 & :i* gives ov] to ma!matics1 political hi/ory1 & =tuit\s circum/ances ! duty ( expla9+ geographical ph5om5a1 x is in/ructive to trace ! foot/eps ( our sci5ce back to "s ( ! e>li] conceptions4 ,erato/h5es & ,polybius 7 aw>e t ! s\? ( ,europe 0 a s]ies ( p59sulas1 ! fir/ ( ! two speak+ ( ! great p59sulas ( ,spa91 ,italy1 & ! ,peloponnesus1 ! latt] add+ allusions to ! small] ,grecian p59sula ( ,sunium1 ! ,?racian on ! ,bosporus1 & ! ,tauric ,*]sonesus1 n[ kn[n z ! ,crimea4 ,/rabo got a cle>] insight into ! significance ( ^! =ms1 7^: mean+ ,hipp>*us _h already tri$ to expla917 by discuss+ !m accord+ to ! sea bas9s :i* !y sep>ate4 ,?us ! ,spani% p59sula sep>ates ! ,gulf ( ,cadiz1 at ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 f ! ,tyrrh5e ,sea2 ,italy sep>ates ! ,sicilian ,sea f ! ,adriatic2 ! ,peloponnesus sep>ates ! ,adriatic & ! ,eux9e4 ,?is view1 ?\gh app>5tly simple1 0 really pr(\nd2 = x h9t$ at ! great significance ( ! m>itime coa/ 9 develop+ ! civilization ( ^? c\ntries4 ,& ,/rabo goes on to add t ,italy1 ) its s\!a/]n & s\?we/]n extremities1 becomes too po9t$1 717 & t ! ea/]n p59sulas ( ,europe are mu* m jagg$ & articulat$ 7 7 ?an ,polybius _h conceiv$ !m to be4 ,he ent]$1 !re=e1 ^u a m m9ute subdivision4 ,/rabo _h already 7ii4 #ib7 call$ ! ,peloponnesus 8_m-p>t$10 7 17 z ! ,laconian p59sula 7,tn>um7 is sep>at$ f ,malea1 ! ,attic f ,sunium1 & all s\!rn ,europe _c1 !re=e1 be laid out 9 six p>ts4 ,( ! nor? ( ,europe1 ,/rabo 0 n 9 a position to ga9 any accurate conception4 ,t[>d ! end ( 8 second book1 :]e he gives 8 reason = beg9n+ 8 description at ! ,we/1 he uses ! awkw>d b significant phrase 8polymorph\s =mation10 to indicate ! sup]iority :i* ,europe enjoys 9 its complex articulation ov] ! o!r cont95ts4 ,! passage 9 ,/rabo runs ?us3 8,we beg9 ) ,europe1 because x is s intricately organiz$1 & is ! mo/ favorable = human culture1 & has conf]r$ ^u ! o!r cont95ts ! mo/ ( ! advantages :i* its position has secur$ = itself4 ,x is habitable almo/ ev]y:]e2 !re is b a little portion ( its t]ritory too cold to be ! home ( man1 etc4 ,x enjoys an admirable physical con=mation1 = x is s p]fectly h>moniz$ 9 ! m+l+ ( pla9s & m\nta9s1 7 17 t ! city & ! c\ntry are br\ght toge!r1 & ! p educat$ by equally favorable conditions to habits ( great brav]y4 ,europe is1 !re=e1 complete 9 h]self1 7 470 ,by ?is ,/rabo indicates ! indep5d5t "* ( ,europe1 & its equality ) ! o!r cont95ts1 despite its small] size4 ,yet = long c5turies ?is insight ( t ke5 obs]v] into "o ( ! mo/ weighty ( all ! physical conditions ( ! globe 0 almo/ :olly ov]look$4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ,humboldt br\ght x out into new life 9 its climatological relations1 & %[$ t x is "o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations to base a /udy ( ! di/ribution ( plants & animals ^u1 z well z = ! /udy ( almo/ all k9ds ( physical ph5om5a4 ,9 8 v in/ructive pap] on ! mo/ prom95t reasons = ! v>iation 9 temp]ature on ! globe1 publi%$ 9 #ahbg1 he uses ! significant expression3 8,our ,europe is indebt$ = its mild climate1 to its position1 & its articulat$ =m40 ,we h adh]$ to ! same view1 & h exp&$ x 9 a pap]#g call$ ,! ,geographical ,position & ,horizontal ,ext5sion ( ! ,cont95ts1 z well z 9 all my lectures4 ,! ,sup]ficial ,dim5sions & ,articulation ( ! ,cont95ts4 ,we proce$ f ! m simple to ! m complex =ms1 & beg91 !re=e1 ) ,africa1 :i* has ! mo/ uni=m cont\r ( all ! cont95ts4 ,africa1 ! true ,s\? ( ! e>?1 is di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r great divisions ( ! e>? by its almo/ insul> =m & its unbrok5 outl9e4 ,x is sep>at$ f ,asia m]ely by ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 sc>cely #gj miles wide4 ,b x is ( altoge!r m virg9 a nature ?an ,asia1 & has be5 encroa*$ ^u by sc>cely any =eign influ5ce4 ,africa is a unit 9 itself2 ! mo/ exclusive ( cont95ts1 its p]iph]y is almo/ a p]fect ellipse4 ,) ! exception ( ! s+le ,gulf ( ,gu9ea on ! we/ side1 ! cont95t is a true oval4 ,its l9e> dim5sions are almo/ equal 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,x ext5ds ab\t #ce on ea* side ( ! equator1 & is ab\t #gj ( longitude 9 wid?4 ,! l5g? & bread? are bo? ab\t #ejjj miles4 ,! p]iph]y ( its coa/ is ! mo/ simple & unbrok5 9 ! _w4 ,a s+le glance at ! map is suffici5t to %[ ?is4 ,n[h]e are !re ! deep arms ( ! sea & ! s9u\s %ores ( o!r cont95ts4 ,! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea is all4 ,! entire l5g? ( its coa/-l9e is b #af1jjj or #ag1jjj miles1 n mu* m ?an ! circumf]5ce ( a circle ^: diamet] is #ejjj miles4 ,its coa/-l9e1 proportion$ to its area1 be+ ! %orte/ on ! globe1 gives ,africa ! lea/ contact ) ! ocean ( all ! cont95ts1 & subjects x to ! lea/ am\nt ( oceanic influ5ces4 ,?us all individualization ( ! v>i\s phases ( life--vegetable1 animal1 & human--is d5i$ to ?is cont95t1 ^: extremities1 on acc\nt ( ! equality ( its dim5sions1 lie equally f> remov$ f ! c5tral po9t4 ,! simil> size & configuration ( ! two lobes nor? & s\? ( ! equator create no /rong contra/s1 & give rise m]ely to tropical & sub-tropical conditions4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( ?is great division1 ! real ,s\? ( ! e>?1 9 :i* all ! culm9ations ( ! tropical _w are f\nd1 are !re=e m uni=m ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( race rema9 9 _! primitive condition1 & h made no progress ) ! lapse ( "t3 ?is region seems to be kept z ! refuge ( a yet undevelop$ future4 ,only g5]al1 nev] individual & special developm5t 9 ! _w ( plants1 animals1 nor man1 appe> ^u ?is /ation>y soil2 ! palm1 ! camel1 & _! natural companions appe> 9 equal numb]s 9 ! nor!rn1 s\!rn1 ea/]n1 & we/]n extremities2 ! negro is almo/ exclusively ! only inhabitant ( ! cont95t4 ,!re is no /rik+ individuality app>5t 9 ! culture1 /ature1 organization1 nor popul> *>act]i/ics ( its v>i\s p>ts4 ,ev5 a common f\ndation language gives rise to m]e dialectical diff]5ces4 ,a m]e sporadic coa/-culture gives rise to m]e exceptions "h & !re1 & ^! are g5]ally ! result1 n ( inw>d progress1 b ( import$ =eign conditions4 ,asia1 ! ,ori5t1 is :olly unlike ,africa4 ,on ?ree sides x is entirely sea-girt--! s\?1 ! ea/1 & ! nor?2 on ! we/ only p>tly1 ab\t #adjj miles4 ,on ! we/1 too1 x is connect$ ) ,africa1 b n 9 a way to insure any necess>y relations betwe5 ! two cont95ts4 ,b ) ,europe x /&s 9 ! mo/ intimate connection1 =m+ a s+le body ) x1 ( :i* ,europe is really b a great we/]n p59sula4 ,europe1 ! ,occid5t ( ! ,old ,_w1 is !re=e = less widely sev]$ f its ,ori5t ?an f its real ,s\? or ,africa4 ,! hi/ory ( ,asia & t ( ,europe are wov5 ) a twi/$ /r&2 !y =m a s+le ?read1 & _! populations are f> m closely connect$ 9 physical & spiritual organizations ?an are ! p ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,asia1 in/ead ( be+ a simple oval1 approa*es ! trapezoidal =m1 & consequ5tly ent]s into a new set ( relations result+ f its configuration4 ,) ! deeply-p5etrat+ gulfs & bays & seas :i* s9k into its trunk1 ! prom95t p59sulas are 9 direct correspond5ce1 m>k+ 9 an especial mann] ! ea/]n & s\!rn coa/1 b n lack+ on ! nor!rn & we/]n4 ,^! p59sulas are to be reg>d$ z ! limbs ( a great c5tral cont95tal trunk4 ,! ea/]n ones are ! ,t*ookt*ee =el&1 ! p59sulas ( ,kamt*atka & ,corea1 & ! ,*9ese =el&4 ,! s\!rn ones are ! p59sula ( ,f>!r ,india1 includ+ ,tonqu91 ,siam1 ,malacca1 & ,birmah2 ! p59sulas ( ,h9do/an1 or ,deccan & ,arabia4 ,! we/]n limb is ! p59sula ( ,asia ,m9or or ,au/ralia4 ,! nor!a/ ( ,asia is less articulat$2 /ill x has a numb] ( arms po9t+ s\?w>d--! ,sea ( ,k>a1 ! ,gulf ( ,obi & ,y5isei1 = example4 ,! :ole ,sib]ian coa/ ev5 is f> m s]rat$ ?an t ( ,africa1 :]e x is an almo/ unbrok5 l9e4 ,/ill1 !re rema9s 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia a broad & long mass ( ! cont95t1 :i* is p5etrat$ by no seas4 ,x is to be reg>d$ z ! real trunk1 & prepond]ates imm5sely ov] ! area ( all ! conf9$ projections4 ,asia is1 !re=e1 a trunk ) pr(use ri*ness ( articulation4 ,africa is a trunk )\t articulation3 a m]e compact cont95tal mass4 ,! imm5se influ5ce :i* s complex a coa/ =m has ^u all physical ph5om5a & on all organic life is evid5t4 ,f> great] results mu/ come f ! mutual influ5ce ( sea & l& ?an f unbrok5 l&2 f> m num]\s influ5ces ^u ! climate1 & ^u plants1 animals1 & man4 ,ev5 ! *ang+ geological /ructure ( ! coa/-l9e mu/ h an effect1 :5 bl5d+ ) all ^! o!r influ5ces1 great] ?an x w\ld h 9 ! int]ior4 ,e "p ( ! coa/ has become diff]5t f e o!r "p1 ) a diff]5t hydrographic & climatic "*2 & ! great increase ( races ( m51 & species ( plants & animals1 0 a natural result4 ,:ile ,africa rema9$ limit$ 9 all its relations1 & de/itute ( any ri*ness ( v>iety1 ,asia has always enjoy$ an amaz+ f]tility ( res\rces4 ,in/ead ( ! ?ree races or species ( man f\nd 9 ,africa--,negro1 ,b]b]1 & ,caffre--_m are met 9 ,asia1 all diff]5t1 ,t*ookt*ees1 ,kamt*adales1 ,coreans1 ,*9ese1 ,malays1 ,b]mese1 ,h9doos1 ,afghans1 ,p]sians1 ,arabs1 & ,arm5ians4 ,& ^! belong m]ely to ! coa/-l9e4 ,b ! contra/ ( ! great c5tral region to ! brok5 coa/ is s great & complete1 t ! advanc$ culture along ! sea-l9e has n p5etrat$ f> into ! int]ior1 nor *ang$ ! habits ( ! nomadic tribes :i* fill ,c5tral ,asia1 & ^: repres5tatives we h 9 ! ,mongolians1 ,toorkomans1 ,kirgheez1 ,bukh>ians1 ,calmucks1 etc4 ,/ill less c\ld x rea* ! di/ant nor?1 to :i*1 ) all ! spl5dor :i* we associate ) ev]y?+ ori5tal1 ! civilization ( ! s\!rn coa/s is utt]ly want+4 ,to ?is elem5t ( sup]ficial size1 ! imm5se & almo/ insup]able ob/acles :i* ,nature has plac$ s ?ickly 9 ,asia may be add$1 & also ! imm5se v>iety ( natural productions :i* climates s diff]5t z ^? ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! cont95t exhibit4 ,ext5d+ f ! equator to ! nor? frigid zone1 ,asia af=ds a home = ! mo/ div]sifi$ k9ds ( plants & animals1 & %[s1 too1 h>dly less v>iety 9 its ea/]n & we/]n extremes ?an 9 its nor!rn & s\!rn4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*9ese flora & fauna are v widely diff]5t f ^? ( ,hi!r ,asia4 ,9 ! ea/1 we h ! sago-tree & ! tig]2 9 ! we/1 ! date-palm & ! lion4 ,! nor? gives u moss1 ! conif]1 & ! re9de]1 9 contra/ ) ! bread-fruit tree1 ! sug>-cane1 ! broad-leav$ banana1 ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 tapir1 & monkey ( ! s\?4 ,! inexhau/ibl5ess ( ! ,asiatic cont95t is n m visible 9 all ?is weal? ( productivity ?an 9 ! abundance z well z ! v>iety ( human life4 ,?\gh ,asia has be5 ! "m ( ! _w1 & has s5t out s _m & s em95t races1 x has n be5 to ! depletion ( ! p>5t c\ntry4 ,9 race1 figure1 color1 mann] ( life1 nationality1 religion1 political & social bonds ( union1 =ms ( gov]nm5t1 culture1 language1 x is s ri*ly div]sifi$1 t no cont95t1 view$ hi/orically1 c be comp>$ to x4 ,asia seems to h be5 creat$ to s5d =? its fruitful scions ( life to all ! o!r great divisions ( ! e>?4 ,europe1 ! ,occid5t4 ,! smalle/ ( ! ?ree cont95ts ( ! ,old ,_w1 its sup]ficial cont5ts are ! l>ge/ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( coa/-l9e4 ,only on ! ea/ side has x a l& fronti]2 & !re x has its wide/ ext5t f nor? to s\?4 ,l ,asia1 x is bord]$ on ?ree sides by ! ocean4 ,asia seems l a mighty trunk1 at ^: we/]n extremity ! brok5 & s]rat$ ,occid5t is f\nd1 advanc+ 9 bread? f nor? to s\?1 b articulat+ into arms ( v>i\s size f ea/ to we/1 till x loses itself 9 ! p59sulas ( ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! ne>] to ,asia1 ! broad] is ,europe1 & ! m ak9 to ! ,asiatic "*2 ! f>!r f x1 ! m m9ute become its subdivisions1 & ! m v>i$ its "*4 ,tak5 9 a g5]al way1 ! proportion ( ! truly cont95tal "p ( ,europe to ! m>itime di/ricts is mu* less ?an is ! case 9 ,asia4 ,its contra/ ) ,africa is1 ( c\rse1 yet m /rik+4 ,europe beg9s at ! ea/1 at ! foot ( ! ,ural & ,caucasus1 & at ! /eppes ( ,we/ ,asia4 ,x does n take1 z ,asia & ,africa d1 7:i* are alike 9 ?is17 a trapezoidal or oval =m1 b 9 its l9e> dim5sions !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 its l5g? & bread?4 ,by ! dim9ution ( its wid?1 z we g we/w>d1 & by ! increase ( its articulation1 ! numb] ( its int]nal relations increases t[>d ! ,atlantic4 ,a great fall+ (f 9 ! ori5tal "* :i* has l>gely encroa*$ ^u ,russia1 & a con/ant increase ( an indep5d5t _s1 is ! sure result ( natural conditions1 & is exp]i5c$ 9 all life & 9 ?+s mat]ial z well z intellectual & moral4 ,! configuration "h w9s a palpable victory ov] m]e quantity1 & ! exce$+ly v>i$ coa/ gives to all ,european in/itutions _! di/9ctive "*4 ,beg9n+ ) a bread? ( ab\t #adjj miles at ! ea/1 ! cont95t gradually dim9i%es 9 wid? to #ajjj1 #ejj1 & ev5 to #bej miles4 ,its fir/ n>r[+ is visible betwe5 ! ,gulf ( ,riga & ! ,bay ( ,odessa2 ! next is betwe5 ! ,baltic & ! ,gulf ( ,trie/e2 ! next1 betwe5 ! ,zuid]-,zee & ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa2 ! next1 betwe5 ! ,engli% ,*annel at ,calais & ! ,gulf ( ,lyons2 & ! la/1 betwe5 ,bayonne & ,p]pignan4 ,) almo/ ?ree times z great a l5g? z bread?1 ,europe ext5ds = a di/ance ( ov] #cjj miles f ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ural *a9 & f ! ,caucasus to ! extremities ( ! bold coa/ ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ,capes ,f9i/re & ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,9 ?is way ! cont95t assumes v ne>ly ! =m ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 ! "r angle ly+ at ! ,caspian1 ! base ext5d+ we/w>d to ,cape ,f9i/re1 ! p]p5dicul> runn+ nor?w>d along ! ,ural ,m\nta9s to ! ,vaigats ,/raits1 & ! hypo!nuse connect+ ! two extremities4 ,! area embrac$ )9 ?is triangle w\ld be n f> f #b1bjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,su* a triangle1 h[ev]1 is n exact1--x is b an approximation to ma!matical precision2 b x is cle>ly en\gh m>k$ to be trac$ ^u our map1 or1 z a sph]ical triangle1 ^u our globes4 ,all geographical =ms h only a m or less remote approa* to ma!matical exactness1 b en\gh to aid u v mu* 9 repres5t+ !m & %[+ _! relations4 ,almo/ all ! great] & really important extremities ( ! cont95t lie outside ( ! triangle above indicat$2 & ?is me?od ( treatm5t only s]ves to call att5tion to ! great c5tral mass1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be 9 dang] ( be+ ov]look$1 9 view ( ! imm5se value & influ5ce ( ! c\ntries on ! coa/ & beyond ! triangul> l9e ( dem>kation4 ,x ne$s b a glance to see h[ ! project+ %ores h m>r$ all ! !oretical precision ( su* a l9e4 ,! coa/-l9e %[s itself directly subject to almo/ b\ndless div]sity4 ,t[>d ! we/ ! indep5d5ce ( ea* p59sula increases1 ! m evid5tly & prom95tly accord+ to its di/ance f ,asia4 ,n articulat$ on two sides alone1 l ,asia1 ! ea/ & s\?1 b on all ?ree ( its sides expos$ to ! ocean1 ! brok5 coa/-l9e is univ]sal 9 ,europe1--ev5 t[>d ! cold] nor?1 :]e its p59sulas & adjac5t isl&s almo/ inclose two seas1 ! ,nor? & ! ,baltic4 ,! advantage :i* ?is gives to ,europe ov] ,asia 9 respect to ! developm5t ( its m nor!rn regions1 is v great & evid5t4 ,we w enum]ate ! lead+ p59sulas ( ,europe3 ,kola1 on ! ,:ite ,sea1 betwe5 ,lake ,en>a1 ! ,v>ang] ,fiord1 & ! ,bay ( ,k&alaska1 po9t+ we/w>d4 ,sc&9avia1 embrac+ ,norway & ,sw$51 ) an area ( m ?an #cej1jjj squ>e miles1 a t5? ( all ,europe1 connect$ ) ! ma9 l& by ! i/hmus ( ,f9l&1 b o!rwise gird$ 9 a great b[ by ! ,atlantic1 ! ,nor? ,sea1 ! ,baltic1 & ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 & po9t+ s\?w>d4 ,jutl& or ,d5m>k1 beg9n+ at ! ,elbe & ! ,trave & runn+ nor?1 embrac+ ab\t ( ,europe1 betwe5 ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,baltic1 l[ & flat4 ,! subdivid$ p59sula ( ,holl&1 betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,ems1 a flat pla91 look+ to ! nor?4 ,! p59sula ( ,norm&y & ,brittany1 betwe5 ! ,se9e & ! ,loire1 a rocky granite =mation1 jutt+ out into ! ,atlantic & fac$ by bold precipices4 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 embrac+ ab\t #bbj1jjj squ>e miles1 ab\t ( ,europe1 rhomboidal 9 %ape1 almo/ insul> 9 position1 turn$ s\?we/]ly1 its surface a s]ies ( con/antly ris+ t]races4 ,italy1 embrac+ ( ,europe1 betwe5 ! ,alps & ,sicily1 & trav]s$ by a m\nta9 range4 ,turkey & ,greece1 or summ+ x m /rictly "u "o ^w1 ! ,grecian p59sula1 betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,morea1 a mo/ m9utely divid$ region ( plateaus & m\nta9 *a9s2 9 tru?1 ! mo/ articulat$ p59sula 9 ! _w1 & embrac+ ( ,europe4 ,! ,crimea1 a rhomboidal p59sula1 turn$ to ! s\?--its nor!rn half a flat /eppe1 its s\!rn a high plateau--! only p59sula ( s\!a/]n ,europe project+ into ! ,black ,sea4 ,e "o ( ^! p59sulas diff]s f e o!r 9 %ape2 e "o has a di/9ct individuality impos$ ^u x4 ,)9 ! smalle/ compass on e>?1 relatively speak+1 !re is f\nd ar\nd ,europe ! v l>ge/ v>iety 9 its articulations4 ,! ,grecian p59sula f9ds its only sup]ior on ! nor?we/ ( ,europe1 9 ! coa/ ( insulat$ ,engl&4 ,by means ( ?is *>act]i/ic sep>ation ( s _m m or less individualiz$ p>ts ( ! cont95t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( arms ( ! sea1 ! coa/-l9e ( ,europe has be5 prolong$ to an extraord9>y l5g?4 ,! areas ( ! ?ree cont95ts ( ! ,old ,_w are z foll[s 9 r\nd numb]s3 ,europe1 #c1ejj1jjj squ>e miles2 ,africa1 #aa1hjj1jjj squ>e miles2 & ,asia1 #ai1cjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,al?\gh ! sup]ficial cont5ts ( ,africa are ?ree times t ( ,europe1 ! l5g? ( ! coa/-l9e is s f> f be+ equal1 t t ( ,europe is mu* ! great]1 be+ #be1djj miles4 ,! ,asiatic coa/-l9e is ab\t "o-?ird long] /ill1 #cb1ijj miles2 b1 z ! area ( ,asia is m ?an five times t ( ,europe1 a great "p ( ! ,asiatic coa/-l9e1 t on ! nor?1 f ,nova ,zembla to ,kamt*atka1 mu/ be consid]$ z unimportant 9 relation to ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( ,asia4 ,europe is1 !re=e1 t cont95t ( ! ,old ,_w :i* has relatively1 & ,i might almo/ say absolutely1 receiv$ ! l>ge/ coa/-l9e ( any1 encompass+ a di/ance ( #be1djj miles4 ,t is to say1 ! coa/-l9e ( ,europe1 ext5d$ 9 a /raight l9e1 w\ld pass ar\nd ! globe & co9cide ) ! equator4 ,to ?is admirable feature may be add$ its favorable relation 9 situation to ! v>i\s oceanic & w9d curr5ts1 & its magnific5t supply ( h>bors1 ! result ( its articulat$ coa/1 all ( :i* h made ,europe ! mi/ress ( ! seas4 ,)9 mod]n times1 ! isl& gr\p ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ! ri*e/ 9 h>bors1 is to ! cont95t :at1 9 anci5t times1 ! ,greek p59sula 01 ) its weal? ( inlets1 :i* gave x ! comm& ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,a ri* gift ?is has be5 to ! smalle/ ( ! cont95ts ( ! ,old ,_w1 to equalize its condition ) o!rs4 ,! provid5tial wisdom :i* 8sets "o ?+ ov] aga9/ ano!r10 is cle>ly manife/ 9 ?is4 ,europe1 ?\gh 9 ! c5t] ( ! great cont95tal l&-mass1 becomes ! mo/ m>itime ( all1 ! mo/ approa*able ( all2 or1 9 o!r words1 its c\ntries & its peoples are ! mo/ closely connect$ ) ! sea ( all 9 ! ,old ,_w1 because !y /& 9 ! mo/ unbrok5 contact ) x4 ,?us we discov] ! *>act]i/ic type :i* 0 impress$ on ,europe f ! v fir/4 ,its relation to ! _w c\ld n be und]/ood by ! anci5ts1 z to !m half ( ! e>? lay 9 unbrok5 d>kness4 ,only by exp]i5ce1 only by ! advance ( civilization1 & by comp>ison ) all ! o!r cont95ts1 c\ld ?is insight be ga9$4 ,d\btless _m simil> relations yet rema9 unkn[n & unsuspect$1 :i* w "s day come to ! light4 ,! e>?1 z a planet1 is only a gra9 ( se$-corn s[n by ! ,creator1 enri*$ ) p[]s ( unfold+ to inf9ite p]fection 9 ! unexplor$ future4 ,:at we n[ p]ceive are only ! elem5t>y pr9ciples--our k only a motley2 b ev5 ?is is n )\t its uses1 & is wor?y ( pati5t ma/]y4 ,europe1 s brok5 9 its coa/1 & rift$ f> t[>d its c5t] by arms ( ! sea1 has be5 affect$ 9 all its civil & social hi/ory to a v great ext5t4 ,?is is ! fir/ natural condition ( its progress1 ! true physical basis ( ! fact t1 ^u ! mo/ limit$ ( ! cont95ts1 ! greate/ hi/orical div]sity has sprung up4 ,x is n absolute size1 b relative1 :i* gives ! pre-em95ce2 n ! raw mat]ial1 ! m]e mass1 b its articulation1 its =m1 :i* "h1 z ev]y:]e1 gives m9d ! ma/]y ov] matt]4 ,z 9 ! animal & vegetable _w !re is1 amid all ! div]sity ( =ms1 a con/ant advance f a l[] to a high] plane1 manife/+ itself 9 ! complexity ( ! organs2 s1 9 ! s-call$ unorganiz$ side ( nature1 we see ! same *>act]i/ic z soon z we h grasp$ ! :ole mutual sy/em ( adaptations4 ,! mo/ g5]al /udy ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! cont95ts exhibits an analog\s h>mony & correlation4 ,z ! simple1 broad-leav$1 solid cactus1 or bun*-trunk$ euphorbia1 7peculi> to ! dry s& /eppes ( ,am]ica & ,africa17 appe> bran*less & )\t foliage1--! l[] & undevelop$ =ms ( vegetation1--s1 too1 ! regions to :i* !y are indig5\s are ! unbrok5 pla9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 or ! plateaus ( /ill less brok5 ,africa4 ,! brok5 coa/-l9e ( ,asia & ,europe is analog\s to t high] developm5t :i* we f9d 9 ! palm & 9 ! full1 r\nd cr[n ( ! ,european fruit-tree1 :i* be>s blossoms & fruit z f> z ! v extremities ( ! bran*es4 ,9 ! animal organization1 ! articulation ( ,europe is to be comp>$ ) ! complex h& ( man1 s f> sup]ior to ! preh5sile organs ( l[] creatures1 t ,buffon saw 9 t feature alone ! manife/ation ( man's place among ! animal k+dom4 ,if we look out ov] ! e>?1 we see t ! limbs ( ! cont95ts1 s to speak1 ! coa/s1 ! p59sulas1 & ! adjac5t isl&s1 are ! mo/ favor$ places ( all = civilization to f9d its true home ^u4 ,) ! degree ( div]sity 9 ! /ructure ( a c\ntry1 ! value ( its organisms advances4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,europe may be consid]$ z ! bran*es & foliage ( a great tree1 ^: trunk & root are to be trac$ to ,c5tral ,asia1 ,africa be+ a /unt$ side-%oot4 ,or1 to comp>e ! cont95ts to a /ill high] class ( =ms1 ,europe may be call$ ! ,face ( ! ,old ,_w1 out ( :i* ! s\l ( humanity c\ld look m cle>ly into ! great & promis+ future4 ,we repeat x--x is n absolute size1 x is n ! mass nor ! weight ( ! mat]ial1 x is ! =m1 9 its great] complexity1 :i* det]m9es ! fate ( nations & decrees ! advancem5t ( man4 ,?is gift1 9 its full measure1 has be5 conf]r$ on ,europe4 ,9 its complex articulation lies /ill ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ,europe 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r cont95ts4 ,if 9 ,africa ! coa/ (f]s no contra/ to ! int]ior1 & bo? rema9 on ! same l[ plane ( developm5t1 ,asia1 on ! contr>y1 displays a p]fect antagonism betwe5 its c5tral regions & its sea-bo>d4 ,! t]ritory ( ! ,mongolians1 ! ,t>t>s1 & ,toorkomans has always rema9$ at ! v l[e/ /age ( civilization4 ,! sea-bo>d1 on ! o!r h&1 has witness$ ! gr[? ( a numb] ( isolat$ nations1 :o1 )\t ! help ( mutual dep5d5ce1 h arriv$ at a consid]ably high degree ( culture--! ,*9ese1 ,malays1 ,h9doos1 ,p]sians1 ,arabians1 ,syrians1 & ,arm5ians4 ,b _! influ5ce c\ld n p5etrate to ! compact int]ior1 to trans=m its nature1 nor modify its nationalities4 ,individual progress 9 nations1 h[ev] high x may be c>ri$1 c nev] contribute mu* t[>d any real p5etration ( ! int]ior ( s va/ a region z ,c5tral ,asia4 ,europe %[s 9 its con/ruction & ! relations to :i* x gives rise *>act]i/ics exactly opposite4 ,be+ f> less massive1 ! proportion ( its extremities to ! undevelop$ int]ior is mu* less great ?an 9 ,asia4 ,f ?is1 x results t ! c5tral "p does n prove a h9d]ance to civilization1 view$ physically1 hydrographically1 or hi/orically2 x n[h]e s]ves z a b>ri]1 b r z a m$iator1 & a means ( communication betwe5 ! extremities4 ,?is has giv5 ,europe a "* exactly opposite to t ( ,asia3 its ,nor? & its ,s\? are unit$1 its ,ea/ & its ,we/2 !y are n l antagoni/ic poles1 b ext5d to ea* o!r fri5dly h&s4 ,9 ,africa1 ! great] "p ( ! int]ior lies absolutely )\t contact ) & relations to ! coa/4 ,9 ,asia1 !re is a mu* l>g] portion ( ! int]ior equally )\t connection ) ! sea-bo>d1 & rema9+ up to ?is day 9 its primitive b>b>ism4 ,symmetry ( =m ga9s 9 ,europe a cle> advantage ov] m]e mass4 ,europe1 ! smalle/ ( ! cont95ts1 0 de/9$ to ga9 prec$5ce ov] all ! re/1 ,asia includ$4 ,z ,asia1 ly+ )9 all ! zones1 colossal 9 size1 & mo/ pl5tifully enri*$ ) ! gifts ( nature1 0 fitt$ to be ! nurs]y ( supply = all o!r p>ts ( ! _w )\t impov]i%+ itself2 s ,europe1 limit$ 9 size & conf9$ to ! temp]ate zone1 b mo/ complex 9 its subdivision1 hav+ a great div]sity 9 its ocean inlets1 z well z 9 its hills1 valleys1 plateaus1 & m\nta9s1 yet1 )\t great extremes1 has be5 especially fitt$ = ! reception ( /rang] races1 & = ! developm5t ( _! en]gies & ! advance ( _! culture4 ,! symmetry & h>mony ( ,europe h con/itut$ ! true home ( all v>ieties ( national "*1 & h adapt$ x to _! mutual action1 & to ! transf] ( _! di/9ctive "* to "o ano!r4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire c5t] ( ,europe !re is an intimate connection ) ! sea-coa/ & ) ! extremities1 ) ! lea/ possible disadvantages4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ^? s9u\s riv]-c\rses ^: analogies are to be f\nd n[h]e 9 ! adjac5t cont95ts4 ,! v broade/ "p ( ,russia ev5 is int]sect$ ) l>ge navigable riv]s2 & ! we/ & c5t] ( ,europe are n less ri*ly suppli$ ) ^! l9es ( communication1 ^: />t+-po9ts lie (t5 close toge!r1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,danube1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,po1 & ! ,rhone4 ,h[ diff]5t is ?is f ! hydrographical sy/em ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :]e ! s\rces ( ! ea/]n riv]s lie ?\s&s ( miles remov$ f ^? ( ! we/]n riv]s1 & :]e ! riv]s ( ! nor? are sep>at$ by almo/ z great di/ances f ^? ( ! s\?6 ,to :at nature has giv5 to ,europe man has l>gely add$1 seek+ by means ( canals & railways to make ! :ole cont95t subject to him & auxili>y to 8 ne$s4 ,9 ?is way ! int]ior di/ricts h appropriat$ to !mselves ! advantages ( ! sea-coa/1 & ! di/ance :i* x has plac$ betwe5 itself & ,asia & ,africa has only be5 increas$4 ,nature fir/ gave ,europe its vantage-gr\nd1 & man has gone on f t po9t & d\bl$ ! gifts ( nature4 ,great p59sulas /ret* away into bo? ! great inl& seas ( ,europe--t ( ! ,nor? & t ( ! ,s\?2 ! ,dani% & ,sc&9avian p59sulas into ! complex1 & yet1 physically speak+1 s+le body ( wat]1 embrac+ ! ,nor? ,sea1 ,baltic1 & ,gulf ( ,bo?nia2 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ! ,grecian p59sula ext5d+ s\?w>d into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ! latt] !re is ! greate/ contra/ betwe5 ! deeply-ind5t$ nor!rn %ore & ! b>e1 s&y coa/ ( ! ,african side4 ,9 j z great contra/ is ! uni=mly unbrok5 sea-l9e ( nor!rn ,sib]ia1 comp>$ ) ! articulat$ %ore ( nor!rn ,russia4 ,h[ entirely diff]5t w\ld ! developm5t ( nor!rn ,asia h be51 if a ,sib]ian inl& sea _h p5etrat$ to ! v foot ( ! ,altai1 z ! seas ( nor!rn ,europe h pi]c$ to ! c5t] ( ! cont95t6 ,& _h ! %all[ ,syrtis cleft nor!rn ,africa z f> z ,lake ,t*ad1 z ! ,adriatic has done on ! opposite coa/1 ,c5tral ,africa w\ld n n[ be a t]ra incognita4 ,! nor!rn z well z ! s\!rn extremities ( ,europe1 s f> z !y are project$ into inl& seas1 h receiv$ an equal size & equal natural advantages1 ea* ( its own k9d1 s t1 condition$ by its own peculi>ities1 its population h help$ x to atta9 its rightful place1 & an individuality indep5d5t ( cont95tal influ5ces4 ,! abundant res\rces :i* ea* ( ^! extremities enjoys h insur$ x1 9 a physical z well z hi/orical view1 an indep5d5ce :i* has react$ favorably ^u ! :ole cont95t4 ,:at a debt does n ,europe owe to ! ,greeks1 ,italians1 ,spani>ds1 ,dut*1 ,danes1 ,sc&9avians6 ,h[ entirely diff]5t w\ld ! :ole developm5t ( ! %ores ( ,europe h be51 _h !y be5 bold1 inaccessible rocks1 an unbrok5 l9e ( coa/1 l ,uralaska1 or ! small] ,asiatic p59sulas ( ,kamt*atka & ,malacca6 ,& :]e w\ld ! accompli%$ ,european /& to-day1 9 comp>ison ) 8 black neighbor on ! s\?1 7 x n = ! articulat$ coa/-l9e ( ! cont95t :i* gives him 8 home8 ,& /ill !re rema9s1 out ( ! inexhau/ible ri*ness ( nature1 "o lead+ feature to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,to e/imate x prop]ly1 we mu/ pay att5tion briefly to ! isl&s ( ! ?ree cont95ts ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,isl&s4 ,europe1 z a cont95t1 is di/+ui%$ by its adjac5t isl&s4 ,foll[+ ! irregul> coa/-l9e ( its _m extremities1 !y lie along1 9 great] or less numb]1 ! satellites1 s to speak1 ( ! ma9 l&4 ,!y are scatt]$ almo/ ev]y:]e1 yet n di/ant f ! coa/1 l ,icel&1 b )9 sight ( ! %ore4 ,9 "* !y resemble ! adjac5t coa/1 & =m a true "p ( ! ma9 l&1 except 9 ! "o fact ( sep>ation4 ,/rabo ev5 call$ ,sicily an insul> cont9uation ( ,italy1 & discrim9at$ betwe5 isl&s f\nd 9 mid-ocean & ^? f\nd ne> ! coa/1 call+ ! =m] pelagic & ! latt] littoral isl&s4 ,^! he reg>d$ z hav+ be5 at "s previ\s p]iod r5t f ! ma9 l&4 ,! coa/ isl&s are by no means1 l _m ( ! pelagic isl&s1 m]e rocky gr\ps1 ?r[n up by volcanic convulsions1 or small1 desolate1 b>r5 l$ges4 ,!y are v div]se 9 "*3 "s are f]tile s+le isl&s1 l ,sicily1 ,c&ia1 ,bornholm1 ,rug51 ,negropont2 "s are d\ble isl&s1 l ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,zeal& & ,fun51 ,corsica & ,s>d9ia2 "s are isl& gr\ps1 l ! #c ,bale>ic isl&s1 ! #c ,maltese isl&s1 ! #bj ,ionian isl&s1 ! #fg ,orkneys1 ! #ij ,%etl&s1 ! /ill m num]\s ,hebrides1 ! ,al& gr\p1 & t ( ! ,grecian ar*ipelago4 ,!y are g5]ally ( v l>ge size1 9 comp>ison ) ! cont95t to :i* !y are adjac5t2 a *>act]i/ic n only v r>e 9 isl&s1 b :i* mu/ ex]t great influ5ce4 ,!y are to be view$1 !re=e1 z cont9uations ( ,europe1 n z l&s sund]$ f ! ma9 l&2 !y are to be consid]$ z its sea-ports1 & ! m$iators betwe5 ,europe & ! o!r cont95ts4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 ! isl&s ( ,europe embrace ab\t #age1jjj squ>e miles--a tw5tie? ( ! cont95t4 ,?is am\nt ( insul> t]ritory has giv5 ,europe a great div]sity ( relations1 & has contribut$ mu* to its e?nographical "*4 ,imag9e only ,engl& & h] :ole gr\p /ruck out ( exi/5ce4 ,:at impov]i%m5t x w\ld br+6 ,! ,dani% p59sula1 )\t ! adjac5t isl&s ( ,fun5 & ,zeal&1 7 a m]e tongue ( s&4 ,)\t ,sicily to furni% gra91 ,rome's hi/ory _h be5 entirely diff]5t f :at x 04 ,:at a *ange x w\ld h made 9 ! developm5t ( ,italy & ,greece1 _h ! ,cyclades & ,crete n s]v$ z a bridge1 ov] :i* ! civilization ( ,hi!r ,asia might pass6 ,yet ^! isl&s1 ) _! inhabitants1 d n /& 9 necess>y dep5d5ce on ! contigu\s ma9 l&2 !y h (t5 9 !mselves ! conditions ( indep5d5t gr[? & prosp]ity4 ,& yet ! geological qualities & g5]al features ( isl&s may agree v closely ) ^? ( ! l& h>d by2 z is ! case ) ! ,briti%1 ,dani%1 ,italian1 & ,grecian gr\ps4 ,s\!rn ,engl& is a cont9uation ( nor!rn ,france1 ,pic>dy1 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 z ! geology ( ^! di/ricts %[s4 ,sicily is a cont9uation ( ! volcanic soil ( ,calabria1 & ,c&ia ( ! ,morea4 ,h5ce ! possibility1 despite ! sep>ation ( isl&s f ! ma9 l&1 ( a close connection 9 ! habits1 mann]s1 & culture ( ! p1 ?us sep>at$1 dep5d+ z !y d on a common soil1 & hav+ ! same indu/ries 9 common4 ,x w\ld be entirely diff]5t 9 ,great ,brita91 = example1 if ! s\? end ( ,engl& 7 geologically =m$ l ! nor? end ( ,scotl&4 ,in/ead ( h>mony !re w\ld be repulsion1 & t mutual int]*ange ( relations w\ld n exi/ :i* has s p[]ful an influ5ce on ! :ole c\rse ( ,european hi/ory4 ,! rem>kable numb] ( isl&s on ! coa/ ( ,europe1 & _! significance & value1 =m]ly escap$ att5tion2 or r _! influ5ce on ! developm5t ( t cont95t1 9 comp>ison ) o!rs1 0 n made a matt] ( /udy4 ,africa has nev] enl>g$ its doma9 ?r\gh ! aid ( adjac5t isl&s4 ,poor z x is 9 all coa/ ind5tations1 x is j z poor 9 isl&s4 ,only a few insignificant ones1 :i* h no close geological connection ) ! %ore1 are f\nd "h4 ,! sporadic gr\ps f\nd 9 ! ,atlantic & ,indian ,oceans are almo/ exclusively ! product ( subt]ranean =ces1 & are entirely unlike ! /ratifi$ lime & s&/one =mations ( ! coa/4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no close connection betwe5 ! inanimate nature ( cont95t & isl&s & _! respective populations2 no physical conditions h impos$ ^u !m a common hi/orical developm5t4 ,only ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 s\?we/ ( ! ,atlas ,m\nta9 range1 & ,madagasc>1 c\ld be reg>d$ z at all exceptional to ?is4 ,b ! n9e ,can>ies are relatively extremely small1 embrac+ b ab\t #cjjj squ>e miles 9 all2 mu* too small to ex]cise any important influ5ce1 or to h>bor a l>ge population4 ,besides1 !y are sep>at$ f ! ma9 l& by m>9e curr5ts1 :i* w\ld prev5t any v important reaction1 h[ev] l>ge ! isl&s 9 !mselves might be4 ,! ,cape ,v]d isl&s1 embrac+ only ab\t #agej squ>e miles1 /& 9 yet m unfavorable relations to ! ma9 l&4 ,s1 too1 ! solit>y isl&s ( ,/4 ,hel5a & ,asc5sion1 & 9 ! ,indian ,ocean ! scatt]$ gr\ps ( ! ,cam>a1 ,amirante1 & ,sey*elle isl&s1 embrac+ all toge!r b #ccjj squ>e miles1 & ,socotra1 ab\t #agej squ>e miles4 ,only ,madagasc> w\ld be l>ge en\gh to enri* ! cont95t ess5tially1 if x 7 ne>] to ! ma9 l&4 ,b x is sep>at$ f x by ! broad & dang]\s ,mozambique ,*annel2 bo?1 !re=e1 h rema9$ )\t mutual relations2 _! populations are entirely unlike1 & !re has be5 no ex*ange ( productions betwe5 !m4 ,madagasc> is1 !re=e1 only app>5tly1 & by ! app>5t contiguity ( ! mass1 a neighbor ( ,africa2 b1 9 reality1 i4e4 z x relates to ! organic unity ( all ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe1 x is f> m intimately connect$ by ! sy/em ( m>9e curr5ts to ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 s\!a/ ( ,asia1 ?an to ,africa4 ,entirely diff]5t is x ) ! isl& sy/em ( ,asia4 ,! ea/]n & s\!rn sides are rem>kably *>act]iz$ by ! pr(use numb]s ( isl&s f\nd !re4 ,x might be said1 t :at ,africa lacks 9 ?is reg>d1 ,asia m ?an supplies4 ,on ! ,asiatic coa/ !y appe> 9 su* va/ numb]s t !y h be5 call$1 9 contra/ ) ! ,old & ,new ,worlds1 ! ,isl& ,_w1 or ,polynesia4 ,!y appe> "u ! mo/ v>i$ conditions--9 long r[s1 9 massive gr\ps1 & "h & !re s+ly4 ,!y beg9 ) ! ,nor? ,pol> isl&s1 & pass s\?w>d 9 unbrok5 succession pa/ ! equator z f> z ! tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,! ,aliaska *a9 connects ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica ) ,kamt*atka2 x comprises ov] #ajj isl&s1 & embraces ab\t #gffj squ>e miles4 ,! ,koorile isl& ext5ds to ! s\? z f> z ,saghali5 & ,yesso4 ,! ,japanese *a9 runs s\?w>d z f> z ,cape ,corea1 & includes ! great isl& ( ,niphon ) num]\s small] ones1 embrac+ an area ( #afd1jjj squ>e miles4 ,!n foll[3-- ,! ,loo-,*oo isl&s z f> z ,=mosa4 ,! s+le isl& ( ,=mosa1 #ac1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! coa/ isl& ( ,ha9an1 #af1dej squ>e miles4 ,! num]\s gr\p ( ! ,philipp9es1 ) ! adjac5t isl&s1 #aba1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! great] ,sunda gr\p1 ) its adjo9+ ar*ipelago1 #fhi1ejj squ>e miles4 ,( ^!1 ,borneo embraces #bie1fjj squ>e miles2 ,sumatra1 #afg1gjj squ>e miles2 ,java1 #ed1fjj squ>e miles2 & ,celebes1 #gb1fjj squ>e miles4 ,! small] ,sunda gr\p1 #bi1bjj squ>e miles4 ,! scatt]$ gr\p ( ! ,moluccas1 ) ! ,b&a & ,t]nate isl&s1 #giej squ>e miles4 ,! great isl& ( ,new ,gu9ea1 #bfb1hjj squ>e miles1 :i* =ms ! transition ( ! ,au/ralian gr\p4 ,on ! s\? coa/ ( ,deccan1 ! great isl& ( ,ceylon1 #be1hfj squ>e miles4 ,^! r[s & gr\ps ( isl&s1 embrac+ an aggregate ( #a1jie1jjj squ>e miles1 =m a k9d ( insul> i/hmus f ! s\!a/]n extremity ( ,asia to ! nor?we/ ( ,au/ralia1 ?\gh brok5 by unnumb]$ /raits4 ,if l9es be drawn f ,sumatra & f ,ha9an to ,cape ,york1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 an ideal i/hmus w\ld be =m$ n unlike t :i* connects ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,if ?is insul> i/hmus be fur!r conceiv$ to h be5 ?r[n up by volcanic =ces1 z t ( ,panama seems to h be51 an addition ( #a1jie1jjj squ>e miles has be5 made 9 ?is way to ! mo/ productive portions ( ! _w4 ,s great is ! accession ( t]ritory t x has become ! abode ( a di/9ct race--! ,malay--:i* h>dly f9ds a home at all on ! ,asiatic %ore4 ,asia has receiv$ v little advantage f ?is va/ ar*ipelago4 ,only ! s\!a/ coa/ has be5 affect$ by x2 ! cont95t1 z a :ole1 has n be5 rea*$ by its influ5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,au/ralia has be5 l>gely affect$ by x 9 its productive & e?nographical "*4 ,n only 0 x fir/ discov]$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ^! isl&s1 b x probably d]ives its population f !m2 x has receiv$ _m ( its animals & plants f !m--! sug>-cane1 ! sago palm1 ! bread-fruit tree1 ! dog1 & ! sw9e4 ,9 ,polynesia1 :i*1 9 po9t ( size1 f> surpasses ! ,antilles gr\p nor? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 we h ! mo/ dismemb]$ region on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,x is ! highe/ degree ( insulation1 ( individualization1 & results f ! extreme c>ry+ out ( disp]s+ causes4 ,! space occupi$ by ! great] ,sunda gr\p1 ) its five seas--! ,*9a1 ,java1 ,molucca1 ,celebes1 & ,m9doro--toge!r ) ! isl&s adjac5t1 ! :ole ly+ betwe5 longitude #aaj & #afj ea/ & latitude #aj s\? & #bj nor?1 a tract #cebe miles long & #baae miles wide may wor?ily be comp>$ ) ! area ( ,europe4 ,su* a mass ( isl& gr\ps & s+le isles1 belong+ n to ,asia ) any /rict "r1 b 9 tru? a m>itime _w ( itself1 hav+ b ! slighte/ connections ) ! adjac5t cont95t1 is n to be comp>$ ) ! isl& sy/em ( ,europe1 :i* is b\nd to ! ma9 l& by ! close/ ties4 ,7 a simil> insul> dismemb]m5t ! univ]sal pr9ciple on :i* ! _w is con/ruct$1 & 7 !re no cont95ts :atev]1 !re w\ld be an entire want ( direct dep5d5ce 9 nations ^u ea* o!r1 & a degree ( indep5d5ce :i* w\ld be fatal to ! be/ int]e/s ( man4 ,europe w\ld be brok5 up into a numb] ( great isl&s1 l ,borneo1 & into c\ntless islets4 ,9 ! con=mation ( ,europe1 h[ev]1 !re is ! happie/ sy/em ( comp5sations1 & ! mo/ h>moni\s play ( contra/s to be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,! disadvantages ( a too great divid+ up into isl&s1 z 9 ,polynesia1 & ( too compact & unrift$ a c5tral mass1 z 9 ,africa1 are alike %unn$4 ,bo? extremes c\ld n fail to be injuri\s to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! population4 ,! fullness & ri*ness ( nature might1 p]haps1 be increas$2 b ! effects on human life c\ld n fail to be bad4 ,man's highe/ developm5t does n consi/ ) any extreme 9 ! natural _w3 x is l9k$ to ! action & reaction ( contra/s4 ,9 ,polynesia1 ! di/rict ( extreme dismemb]m5t1 ! ,malays are ! lea/ homog5e\s ( any race on ! e>?4 ,malays1 ,battahs1 ,dakkas1 ,horasuras1 & ,papuas are all engag$ 9 de/ructive w> on ea* o!r1 & are among ! mo/ degrad$ peoples on ! globe4 ,9 ?is region !re is ! greate/ div]sity 9 physical nature1 b n 9 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( man4 ,"o po9t ( accord ought n to be pass$ by3 !re1 :]e ! =ces ( nature1 m>itime & volcanic1 are on ! greate/ scale kn[n1 ! w>like passions ( man are on a n less consum+ scale4 ,9 ,polynesia !re are ! ranke/ vegetation1 ! mo/ f]vid heat1 ! mo/ co/ly spices1 animals v l>ge & r>e2 b man atta9s to no su* sup]iority1--he deg5]ates 9 wor? & takes a l[ place4 ,:]e ! ?ree natural k+doms atta9 _! p]fection1 man seems to l+] 9 ! re>4 ,9 ,africa1 :]e !re is p]fect uni=mity 9 nature1 !re is uni=mity 9 man2 & ! negro /ock1 ?\gh prolific1 gives no race ( high developm5t to ! _w4 ,bo? extremes are equally unfavorable to ! advance ( man2 he mu/ h1 9 ord] to exp& & take ! place to :i* 8 possibilities lead him1 a sph]e ( mutual conditions1 to :i* a compact cont95t l ,africa & ,c5tral ,asia c lay no claim1 & at ! same "t be free f t extreme individualization *>act]i/ic ( ! isl&s ( ,polynesia4 ,europe lies betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,limit$ 9 area1 div]sifi$ 9 surface1 & deeply ind5t$ 9 its coa/-l9e1 x has exp]i5c$ all ! advantages :i* a cont95t ne$s = its developm5t1 & = t hi/orical greatness :i* ,europe has won = itself4 ,less /rik+ 9 natural sc5]y & comp>atively poor 9 res\rces1 its contra/s 9 respect ma9ly to ! action ( its inl& seas & riv]s ov] ! ma9 l& h conduc$ to ! happie/ results4 ,x has become ! s*ool = ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w1 tak+ ! vitality & ! crude gifts ( ,asia & turn+ !m into *annels :]e !y c\ld issue 9 new =ms = ! advancem5t & ! humaniz+ ( ! race4 ,! ,results ( ! above ,consid]ations briefly /at$4 ,x w be se51 f :at has n[ be5 said1 t1 ) an area ?ree times less ?an t ( ,africa1 ,europe 7includ+ its adjac5t isl&s7 has a coa/-l9e twice z ext5d$4 ,)\t ! isl&s1 x is #be1chj miles 9 l5g?1 or ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,! coa/-l9e ( ,africa ext5ds #ag1hfj miles2 t ( ,asia #cb1ijj4 ,! exce$+ly v>y+ areas ( ! cont95ts may n[ be pass$ 9 v spe$y review4 ,europe is b a fif? z l>ge z ,asia4 ,x is some:at m ?an a qu>t] z l>ge z ,africa2 x is almo/ ( ! same size ) ,au/ralia4 ,9 relation to ,am]ica1 x /&s betwe5 ,asia & ,africa2 x makes ab\t ( all ! cont95ts1 & ab\t ( all ! l& surface ( ! globe2 b x is n absolute size1 b relative1 :i* det]m9es ! importance ( a cont95t2 & ?is tw5tie? "p ( all ! l& on ! globe has _h p>am\nt influ5ce ov] all ! re/ )9 ! pa/ few c5turies4 ,! e?nographical "* ( its population has _h great weight 9 secur+ ?is result1 & o!r reasons w d\btless be m app>5t 9 ! future4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important features 9 ! /udy ( ! relative importance ( ! cont95ts is ! comp>ative relation ( ! ma9 trunk1 articulation1 & isl& sy/em to ea* o!r4 ,! foll[+ table pres5ts ?is relation z x exi/s 9 ! ,old ,_w3-- ,africa3 trunk #a1 extremities #j1 isl&s ,asia3 0 #d1 0 #a1 0 ,europe3 0 #b1 0 #a1 0 ,^! are b approximations to ! exact ma!matical /atem5t2 b !y s]ve to indicate compreh5sively ?is important fact4 ,no exact canon n[ exi/s = ! p]fect expression ( ! relations ( ! cont95ts to ea* o!r1 & _! physical sup]iority & inf]iority1 & its lack is no less felt ?an x has be5 9 art to express ! comp>ative importance ( ! organs ( ! human body 9 giv+ a repres5tation ( man4 ,! ,new ,_w4 ,am]ica is brok5 by ! ,c>ibbean ,sea into a d\ble cont95t1 bo? p>ts be+ ( colossal magnitude1 al?\gh ! s\!rn portion is ab\t #b1jjj1jjj squ>e miles less 9 area ?an ! nor!rn4 ,nor? ,am]ica conta9s #i1jee1adf squ>e miles4 ,s\? ,am]ica conta9s #g1jgc1hge squ>e miles2 & bo? conta9 #af1abi1jba4 ,! connect+ l9k is f\nd 9 ! tap]+ i/hmus ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ) its #cjb1ddc squ>e miles ( surface4 ,b closely connect$ z is ! nor!rn "p ( ! cont95t ) ! s\!rn1 9 a physical s5se1 9 real connection1 s f> z man is conc]n$1 !y are widely sep>at$4 ,dur+ ! ?ree c5turies :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! ,spani% & ! ,am]icans h ?\ght ( break+ ! connection--( sund]+ ! i/hmus4 ,all communication betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica takes place by wat]1 absolutely none by l&4 ,ev5 be=e ! navigation ( ! hi/orical p]iod1 !re seems to h be5 no l& road op5$ along ! i/hmus4 ,! old race ( ! ,c>ibs pass$ 9 boats f ! ,appala*ian m\nta9 l& ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,toltecs & ,aztecs--! olde/ tribes :i* w&]$ s\?w>d--seem$ to h end$ _! m>* on ! high plateau ( ,mexico & ! vale ( ,anahuac4 ,! leg5ds ( ! ,incas give u no tid+s ( _! trav]s+ ! i/hmus & rea*+ ,p]u on foot1 & x is probable t !y rea*$ t l& o!rwise4 ,! i/hmus seems nev] to h be5 a bridge1 b always a b>ri]4 ,! great ,antilles gr\p ( isl&s appe>s to h s]v$ f> m z a means ( communication betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 respect ( cont\r1 bo? divisions h an unmi/akable analogy1 :i* appe>s at fir/ view4 ,bo? exhibit a triangul> =m1 ) ! base at ! nor? & ! apex at ! s\?4 ,t[>d ! s\?1 too1 r ?an t[>d ! we/1 speak+ 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! gradual conque/s ( man advance1 & !re=e !re _c be 9 ! ,new ,_w1 z 9 ! ,old1 a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! ,ori5t & ! ,occid5t4 ,ea/ & we/1 9 ! ,new ,_w1 are less dep5d5t on ea* o!r2 !y h m individuality1 b ) a great prepond]ance ( importance 9 ! ea/ ov] ! we/ side1 by reason ( ! m favorable situation 9 relation to ! sea1 less %>pness & boldness ( physical features1 & a m scanty population4 ,! we/ side ( ,am]ica has by no means kept up ) ! advance ( its ea/]n side4 ,nor c\ld ! m s\!rn %ores ( ,am]ica compete ) ^? on ! nor!a/1 & supply an analogy to ! occid5t ( ! ,old ,_w2 = ,nor? ,am]ica /&s relat$ to ,europe by ties ( ! close/ nature1 by w9d sy/ems1 curr5ts1 a n dissimil> climate1 & is f> m ne>ly connect$ ) x ?an ) ,s\? ,am]ica3 nor c\ld ! latt] d]ive any real advantage f its opposite neighbor1 rude & undevelop$ ,africa2 nor has ! ,c>ibbean ,sea p]=m$ any su* s]vice = ,am]ica z ! ,m$it]ranean has = ,europe1 be+ twice z l>ge 9 area & f> m unfavorably situat$ to advance ! int]e/s ( civilization4 ,x is only )9 a rec5t p]iod t ! ,c>ibbean has become a valuable auxili>y to ! culture ( ! _w4 ,s\? ,am]ica is only a colossal "r-angl$ triangle ( l&1 ) v little articulation 9 its %ores4 ,! nor?we/ & ! ea/]n angles are %>ply def9$1 & ! s\!rn "o is v acute1 ! cont95t runn+ out 9 ! %ape ( a ?9 w$ge4 ,) "s modifications1 x has ! same =m ) its neighbor ,africa1 & is j z unv>y+ 9 its want ( a s]rat$ coa/1 its sea-l9e be+ b #af1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 almo/ ! same z t ( ,africa4 ,l ,africa1 too1 ,s\? ,am]ica is de/itute ( p59sulas & adjac5t isl&s2 its coa/ is z un9d5t$ z t ( ,africa & ,au/ralia1 all ?ree ( ^! cont95ts ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e be+ 9 /rict con=mity4 ,yet ,s\? ,am]ica is capable ( great progress3 its conditions are v pla/ic2 x is *>act]iz$ by ! size & numb] ( ! great riv]s :i* pass ?r\gh its v c5t]2 its flora & fauna are extremely ri*4 ,9 ! fruitfulness ( its soil1 its division by m\nta9s1 & its wat] sy/em1 x holds great pre-em95ce ov] ,africa4 ,an ef=t to connect its great riv]s1 & ?us to make its imm5se natural advantages ( mutual s]vice1 seems to promise a f> m prosp]\s future = ,s\? ,am]ica ?an c be pr$ict$ = ,c5tral ,africa2 yet ! native population ( ! c\ntry /& on a v l[ plane ( manhood4 ,! w$ge-%ap$ plateau ( ,patagonia is n at all b5efit$1 z previ\s analysis w\ld lead u to expect1 by its long coa/ & by ! ne>ness ( ! isl&s ( ,t]ra del ,fuego4 ,! fruitful isl& ( ,tasmania is f> m valuable to ,au/ralia ?an is ?is isl& to ,patagonia1 & ev5 ,icel& is a m productive neighbor to ,norway4 ,! ,t]ra del ,fuego gr\p1 embrac+ a t]ritory ( #bi1jjj squ>e miles1 al?\gh h>d by ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/1 only injures x in/ead ( bless+ x1 = x imp]ils %ipp+ & h>bors a population s degrad$ t !y h no wants :i* c /imulate ! rude/ civilization4 ,) a precipit\s1 craggy coa/1 )\t trees & )\t grass1 cov]$ only ) moss1 & belong+ /rictly to ! pol> _w1 x mu/ give a habitation to ! v l[e/ & mo/ degrad$ ( ! human race1 isolat$ f ! _w1 & only casually visit$ :5 w9ds & /orms ?r[ m>9]s ^u its %ores4 ,n e isl& is to be consid]$1 !re=e1 z a ga9 to ! adjac5t ma9 l&4 ,if ,t]ra del ,fuego lay at ! m\? ( ! ,la ,plata ,riv]1 x w\ld h become a valuable auxili>y to ,brazil4 ,! wor? ( an isl& is relative1 n absolute4 ,! ,antilles gr\p is ! great insul> =mation contigu\s to ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,its area1 ?\gh compris+ #id1gjj squ>e miles1 is n "o-t5? z great z t ( ! great ,sunda gr\p4 ,by situation & physical conditions1 x is mu* m closely connect$ ) ,nor? ?an ) ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,c>ibbean ,sea is twice z l>ge z ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! "o hav+ #hja1hjj squ>e miles1 & ! o!r #a1fge1hjj squ>e miles4 ,x has be51 !re=e1 m difficult to make ! l>g] tribut>y to ! advance ( civilization ?an ! small]4 ,nor? ,am]ica has entirely tak5 ! palm f ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! progress ( its culture1 j z has uni=mly be5 ! case ) all ! cont95ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e comp>$ ) ! s\!rn2 & yet ! tropical s\!rn cont95t is f> m pr(usely end[$ ) ! gifts ( nature ?an ! temp]ate nor!rn "o4 ,! nor!rn half1 on ! o!r h&1 enjoys a f> great] advantage 9 its brok5 coa/-l9e1 num]\s bays1 gulfs1 isl&s1 p59sulas1 h>bors1 z well z by reason ( its great] want ( con=mity to a rigid triangul> =m4 ,enl>g+1 z x does1 t[>d its s\!rn extremity1 ,nor? ,am]ica approa*es a trapezoidal %ape1 l ,asia1 &1 z 9 ,asia also1 ! size ( ! ma9 body prepond]ates greatly ov] t ( ! extremities4 ,sev]al ( ^! extremities1 too1 ext5d t[>d ! ea/ & s\?1 & only a few t[>d ! we/4 ,to ! ,nor? ,am]ican p59sulas & isl&s belong ! nor!a/]ly isl& gr\p ( ,gre5l&1 7:i* = c5turies 0 consid]$ to be a p59sula1 b :i*1 s9ce ,p>ry's discov]ies 9 #ahbj1 has be5 kn[n to be a gr\p ( indep5d5t isl&s17 ,bank's ,l&1 ,boo?ia ,felix1 ,cockburn1 ,melville's ,p59sula1 ,labrador1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,florida1 ! latt] #ei1jjj squ>e miles 9 area4 ,! nor!a/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica is ev]y:]e mu* cut up by inlets ( ! ocean1 l>g] bays1 gulfs1 & s\nds4 ,?is is ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! %ore ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,z all ^! op5 t[>d ,europe1 ! situation ( ?is :ole region has be5 especially adapt$ to ! mo/ spe$y advance 9 civilization4 ,! pride ( ! ,am]ican c no m plume itself on an indep5d5t progress ?an c t ( ! ,european2 to ! =m]1 ,europe is ! ,ori5t f :i* he receives1 9 an already advanc$ /age1 :at ! ,european receives f ,asia1 8 own ,ori5t4 ,! less important p59sulas ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! side mo/ de/itute ( !m1 are turn$ t[>d ! nor!rn ,pacific4 ,to ?is region belong ! ,russian possessions1 ! desolate wa/es ( ,aliaska1 &1 f>!r to ! s\?1 ! p59sula ( ,old ,cali=nia1 :i* has begun1 )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 to play an active "p 9 ! _w's affairs4 ,b all ?ree ( ^! are capable at pres5t ( little indep5d5t advance4 ,!y mu/ wait till !y feel ! impulse ( ! civilization ( ! old] ,am]ican ,/ates1 be=e !y take t place to :i* ! newly-organiz$ comm]cial relations ) ,*9a & ,japan seem to be lead+ ! way4 ,nor? ,am]ica enjoys a great advantage ov] ,europe 9 ! possession ( l>ge inl& lakes or seas4 ,! preval5ce ( articulation & ( ! adjac5t isl&s is n t[>d ! s\?1 b t[>d ! pol> & sub-pol> regions1 7f #dj to #ej ,n4 lat417 z 9 ,europe4 ,& al?\gh _m ( ^! isl&s & p59sulas are z yet b little kn[n1 /ill ! progress ( discov]y has be5 s rapid )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 t x w\ld seem1 by ,european analogies1 t an important hi/ory is yet 9 /ore = !m4 ,= !re is a great k9%ip betwe5 ^! nor!rn regions ( ,am]ica & ! ,sc&9avian & ,nor? ,russian doma9s ( ,europe4 ,& we "k well t no degree ( cold has ev] intimidat$ civilization f p5etrat+ 9 ! latt] to ! v conf9es ( ! pol> _w4 ,z ! ,:ite ,sea1 7#dh1ejj squ>e miles 9 area17 ! ,baltic1 7#afg1jjj squ>e miles17 & ! yet great] ,nor? ,sea1 h brok5 ?r\gh ! nor!rn regions ( ,europe1 s on a f> m gigantic scale h ! inroads ( ! ocean rift$ & sund]$ ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is we h le>n$ 9 our rec5t frequ5t voyages to ! ,esquimaux regions4 ,baff9's ,bay1 ,lanca/] ,s\nd1 ,smi?'s ,s\nd1 ,jones' ,s\nd1 ,b>r[ ,/rait1 ,fox's ,*annel ) its unc\nt$ isl&s1 ,hudson's ,bay ) its #dii1jjj squ>e miles ( surface1 ,boo?ia ,gulf1 ,victoria & ,georgia ,seas1 ,well+ton's ,*annel1 ,melville ,s\nd1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,/raits1 & v _m o!r wat] passages & bas9s divide ^? nor!rn di/ricts into a va/ me% ( isl&s & p59sulas4 ,! sup]ficial area ( all ^! tracts is on a colossal scale2 ev5 ! ,gre5l& gr\p is e/imat$ to include #gff1ejj squ>e miles4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s ?is :ole ,arctic ,sea has be5 ! sc5e ( num]\s exp$itions ( discov]y1 "s ( !m on a pr9cely scale4 ,all ?is %[s t ,nor? ,am]ica is fa%ion$ mu* m aft] ! analogy ( ,europe ?an ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! analogy w\ld be mu* m close1 if ,nor? ,am]ica 7 z favorably affect$ by climatic conditions z ,europe4 ,bo? cont95ts are wa%$ at ! s\? z well z at ! nor? by great inl& seas1 & divid$ up by !m 9 a mann] peculi> to !m among all ! cont95ts4 ,( ?is articulation1 ,am]ica1 less favor$ by climate1 has mu* ! l>g] %>e4 ,by its admirable h>bors1 & by ! action ( ! ,gulf ,/ream cross+ ! ,atlantic 9 two directions1 ,am]ica has be5 specially fitt$ to receive ! population & civilization ( ! ,old ,_w1 & to /& 9 ! close/ relations ) x4 ,9 ?is1 unit$ ) ! arrangem5t ( its m\nta9 *a9s & ! happy *>act]i/ics ( its riv] sy/ems1 ,am]ica be>s ! palm completely away f ,asia4 ,9 t cont95t ! colossal riv]s ( ! nor? h no connection at _! s\rces ) ! head-wat]s ( ! great ,*9ese1 ,indian1 & ,we/ ,asiatic riv]s4 ,x is entirely diff]5t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mack5zie1 ,columbia1 ,colorado1 ,mississippi1 & ,miss\ri fl[ f ! same region1 z f a common c5t]1 n sep>at$ at _! s\rces by an imm5se plateau1 b =m+ a s+le riv] sy/em1 f ! m\? ( "o to t ( ano!r1 fl[+ 9 j ! contr>y direction4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t !re1 z 9 ,nor? ,europe1 civilization has foll[$ ! wat]-c\rses1 & has plant$ colonies z f> nor? z #gj on ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&2 :ile 9 ,asia human habitations cease ) #fe ,n4 lat4 ,am]ica seems to be appo9t$1 by its physical conditions1 to plant ! bann] ( human progress at ! mo/ nor!rn p>ts ( ! globe1 & to d = ! nor!rn hemisph]e :at ,great ,brita91 ?r\gh h] colonies 9 ,tasmania & ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ) _! admirable h>bors1 is do+ = ! s\!rn4 ,nor!rn ,asia seems to h no future indicat$ = h] beyond ! s\rces & upp] c\rses ( h] great riv]s2 %e seems to dep5d ^u ,c5tral ,asia & ^u ,russian ,europe = all ! scanty culture :i* %e may possess4 ,9 its s\? & ea/ x seems to h )9 its ,*9ese & ,indian populations ! se$s ( an indep5d5t developm5t1 ^: results1 l ^? ( ,arabia1 h be5 transf]r$ to ,europe to become improv$ !re1 & !n to be giv5 to ! _w4 ,! =m ( ! ?ree great p59sulas1 :i* 7 ! home ( ,asiatic culture1 has be5 repeat$ 9 ,europe1--b ) h[ great a diff]5ce6 ,! ?ree ,european p59sulas are n 9 ! tropical zone & ne> ! equator1 b are #adjj miles f>!r nor?4 ,! two gr\ps--! ea/]n "o 9 ,s\? ,asia1 ! we/]n "o 9 ,s\? ,europe--ea* consi/+ ( ?ree p59sulas1 are ! mo/ valuable auxili>ies ! _w's civilization ev] _h4 ,?r\gh _! ag5cy ,asia 9 ! torrid zone & ,europe 9 ! temp]ate h become :at ,am]ica & ,au/ralia are yet to be to ! extreme nor? & ! extreme s\?4 ,! =m] 7 = ! pa/1 ! latt] = ! pres5t & ! future4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & yet mu* m ,africa & ,au/ralia1 seem to be held 9 res]ve = ! ne$ ( a home :]e ! civilization ( c5turies yet to come %all exp& into p]fection4 ,!y n[ are 9 _! infancy2 ! day only beg9s to break 9 !m4 ,furni%$ z !y h be5 ) ! mo/ lib]al gifts ( nature1 !y mu/ receive a culture ( :i* we z yet h little conception4 ,9 :at way ?is c be done1 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ reveals4 ,! art ( navigation has1 )9 ! pa/ ?ree c5turies1 giv5 to isl&s & to cont95ts a new life1 & develop$ relations unkn[n till !n4 ,! v t\* ( ,european civilization has already wak5$ ! _w to new life2 & ! oceans1 :i* 7 once ! mo/ impassable ( b>ri]s1 h become ! close/ ( bonds to draw ! e>? toge!r1 & to fur!r its progress t[>d ! consummation ( all hi/ory4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes #a ,pr(4 ,d4 ,c4 ,gilman1 ( ,yale ,college4 #b ,meteors1 :i* are nightly visible1 are diff]5t f ! p]iodic ph5om5a1 se5 9 ,augu/ & ,novemb]1 9 diff]5t localities ov] ! e>?1 & call$ fall+ />s4 ,^! exi/ outside ( our atmosph]e1 & belong n to ! e>?1 b r to ! great sol> sy/em4 #c ,! ,engli% does n convey adequately1 c]ta9ly z idiomatic ,engli%1 ! fullness ( ! ,g]man classes1 ,b]ge1 ,vorb]ge1 ,ho*geb]ge1 ,alp51 & ,ries5b]ge4 #d ,n inappropriately has geology be5 call$ ! ,anatomy ( m\nta9 ranges4 ,! m m\nta9s are /udi$ geologically1 ! m safe become ! conclusions t are drawn f !m4 ,! small] & m scatt]$ ridges ( c5tral ,europe h become ! *ief qu>ries = geological discov]y1 because ( ! ri* v>iety :i* !y af=d to ! /ud5t1 & also because ( _! accessibility4 #e ,9 exact correspond5ce ) ! hi/oric progress ( upheaval is ! int]nal & ext]nal aspect ( ! result4 ,9 direct connection ) ! ext5t1 c\rse1 gr&eur1 succession ( oceanic & volcanic =ces1 & 9 con/ruct+ new geological =mations1 is ! inexhau/ible v>iety ( /ructure1 9 respect to cont9uity1 degrees ( fracture1 z well z ! m or less ri* prodigality ( m9]al treasure br\ght to light4 ,! lat] =mations--! masses inject$ to fill up huge *asms op5$ by volcanic pressure f bel[--are easily di/+ui%$ f ! primitive =mation4 ,^! c\rses are usually ! depositories ( m9]als1 :i* ! great int]nal heat has app>5tly sublimat$ & cry/allis$1 giv+ u our gold-s&1 rock-salt1 & ! preci\s metals4 #f ,see ,fr4 ,h(fman's ,ueb]si*t d] orographis*5 und geogno/is*5 ,v]hltnisse des nordwe/li*5 ,deuts*l&4 ,introduction4 #g ,?is pap] may be f\nd 9 my e>li] translation f ,ritt]4 ,geographical ,/udies1 page #agg4--;,,ed4