,,! ,,guide ,,= ,,! ,,p]plex$ ,,by ,,moses ,,maimonides ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,arabic ,,text ,,by ,m4 ,,fri$l,,nd]1 ,ph4,d ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,?r\gh\t ,,london ,,george ,,r\tl$ge ,,sons ,,ltd ,new ,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,co #aiaj ,,preface ,! fir/ ,edition ( ! ,engli% ,translation ( ,maimonides' ,dalalt al-,hair9 be+ exhau/$ )\t hav+ fully suppli$ ! dem&1 ,i prep>$ a second1 revis$ edition ( ! ,translation4 ,9 ! new edition ! ?ree volumes ( ! fir/ edition h be5 r$uc$ to "o volume by ! elim9ation ( ! notes2 besides ,hebrew words & phrases h be5 elim9at$ or translit]at$4 ,by ^! *anges ! translator s\ght to produce a *eap edition 9 ord] to br+ ! "w ( ,maimonides )9 ! rea* ( all /ud5ts ( ,!ology & ,jewi% ,lit]ature4 ,m4 ,,fri$l,,nd]4 ,jews' ,college1 ,july #aijd4 ,,preface ,,to ,,volume ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,9 compliance ) a desire repeat$ly express$ by ! ,committee ( ! ,hebrew ,lit]ature ,society1 ,i h und]tak5 to translate ,maimonides' ,dalalt al-air91 bett] kn[n by ! ,hebrew title ,moreh ,nebu*im1 & ,i (f] ! fir/ in/alm5t ( my lab\rs 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,?is conta9s--7#a7 ,a %ort ,life ( ,maimonides1 9 :i* special att5tion is giv5 to 8 alleg$ apo/asy4 7#b7 ,an analysis ( ! :ole ( ! ,moreh ,nebu*im4 7#c7 ,a translation ( ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ?is "w f ! ,arabic1 ) explanatory & critical notes4 ,p>ts ( ! ,translation h be5 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,abrahams1 ,b4,a41 ,ph4,d41 & ,rev4 ,h4 ,gollancz--! ,introduction by ! =m]1 & ! fir/ tw5ty-five *apt]s by ! latt]4 ,9 conclusion ,i beg to t5d] my ?anks to ,rev4 ,a4 ,loewy1 ,editor ( ! ,publications ( ! ,hebrew ,lit]ature ,society1 = 8 c>eful revision ( my manuscript & pro(s1 & to ,mr4 ,a4 ,neubau]1 ,m4,a41 = 8 k9dness 9 supply+ me ) su* in=mation z ,i requir$4 ,m4 ,,fri$l,,nd]4 ,jews' ,college1 ,june #ahha4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,life ( ,maimonides xv ,moreh ,nebu*im ,lit]ature4 ,analysis ( ! ,guide = ! ,p]plex$ xxvii ,"p ,i4 ,introduction-- ,d$icatory ,lett] #a ,! ,object ( ! ,guide #b ,on ,similes #d ,directions = ! ,/udy ( ?is ,"w #h ,introductory ,rem>ks #i ,,*apt]4 ,i ,! homonymity ( elem #ac ,,ii ,on ,g5esis iii4 #e #ad ,,iii ,on tabnit & temunah #af ,,iv ,on raah1 hibbit & azah #ag ,v ,on ,exod4 xxiv4 #aj #ah ,,vi ,on i% & i%%ah1 a & aot #ai ,,vii ,on yalad #ai ,,viii ,on maom #bj ,,ix ,on kisse #ba ,x ,on alah1 y>ad #bb ,,xi ,on ya%ab #bc ,,xii ,on kam #bd ,,xiii ,on amad #be ,,xiv ,on adam #be ,,xv ,on naab1 yaab #be ,,xvi ,on ur #bf ,,xvii ,on ,mi%nah agigah ii4 #a #bg ,,xviii ,on arab1 naga1 nigga% #bg ,,xix ,on male #bh ,,xx ,on ram1 nissa #bi ,,xxi ,on ab> #cj ,,xxii ,on ba #cb ,,xxiii ,on ,yaa1 %ub #cb ,,xxiv ,on halak #cc ,,xxv ,on %ak5 #cd ,,xxvi ,on 8,! ,torah speake? ! language ( man0 #cd ,,xxvii ,on ,t>gum ( ,g54 xlvi4 #d #ce ,,xxviii ,on regel #cg ,,xxix ,on aeb #ci ,,xxx ,on akal #ci ,,xxxi1 ,,xxxii ,on ! ,limit ( ,man's ,intellect #dj1 #db ,,xxxiii to ,,xxxvi ,on ! ,/udy & ! ,tea*+ ( ,metaphysics #dc-eb ,,xxxvii ,on panim #eb ,,xxxviii ,on aor #ec ,,xxxix ,on leb #ed ,,xl ,on rua #ee ,,xli ,on nefe% #ef ,,xlii ,on ayyim-mavet #ef ,,xliii ,on kanaf #eg ,,xliv ,on ay9 #eh ,,xlv ,on %ama #eh ,,xlvi1 ,,xlvii ,on ! ,attribution ( ,s5ses & ,s5sations to ,god #ei1 #fc ,,xlviii ,! ,t>gum ( %ama & raah #fd ,,xlix ,figurative ,expressions appli$ to ,angels #fe ,l ,on ,fai? #fg ,,li-,,lx ,on ,attributes #fh-hi ,,li ,on ! ,necessity ( ,prov+ ! ,inadmissibility ( ,attributes 9 ref]5ce to ,god #fh ,,lii ,classification ( ,attributes #fi ,,liii ,! ,argum5ts ( ! ,attributi/s #gb ,,liv ,on ,exod4 xxxiii4 #ac2 xxxiv4 #g #ge ,,lv ,on ,attributes imply+ ,corporeality1 ,emotion1 ,non-exi/5ce & ,comp>ison #gh ,,lvi ,on ,attributes d5ot+ ,exi/5ce1 ,life1 ,p[]1 ,wisdom & ,w #gi ,,lvii ,on ! ,id5tity ( ! ,ess5ce ( ,god & ,8 ,attributes #hj ,,lviii ,on ! ,negative ,s5se ( ! ,true ,attributes ( ,god #ha ,,lix ,on ! ,"* ( ! ,k ( ,god ,consi/+ ( ,negations #hc ,,lx ,on ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,positive & ,negative ,attributes #hg ,,lxi ,on ! ,names ( ,god #hi ,,lxii ,on ! ,div9e ,names compos$ ( ,f\r1 ,twelve & ,=ty-two ,lett]s #ia ,,lxiii ,on ,ehyeh1 ,yah & ,%addai #ic ,,lxiv ,on 8,! ,"n ( ! ,"l10 & 8,! ,glory ( ,god0 #ie ,,lxv ,on ! phrase 8,god spake0 #if ,,lxvi ,on ,exod4 xxxii4 #af #ih ,,lxvii ,on %abat & na #ii ,,lxviii ,on ! ,t]ms3 ,! ,intellectus1 ! ,intellig5s & ! ,intelligibile #ajj ,,lxix ,on ! ,primal ,cause #ajb ,,lxx ,on ! attribute rokeb baarabot #aje ,,lxxi ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,kalm #ajg ,,lxxii ,a ,p>allel betwe5 ! ,univ]se & ,man #aac ,,lxxiii ,twelve ,propositions ( ! ,kalm #abj ,,lxxiv ,pro(s ( ! ,kalm = ! creatio ex nihilo #acc ,,lxxv ,pro(s ( ! ,kalm = ! ,unity ( ,god #ach ,,lxxvi ,pro(s ( ! ,kalm = ! ,incorporeality ( ,god #ada ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,au?or's ,introduction4 ,! ,tw5ty-,six ,propositions employ$ by ! ,philosoph]s to prove ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god #ade ,,*apt]4 ,i ,philosophical pro(s = ! ,exi/5ce1 ,incorporeality1 & ,unity ( ! ,fir/ ,cause #adi ,,ii ,on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,intellig5ces or purely ,spiritual ,be+s #aed ,,iii ,! ,au?or adopts ! ,!ory ( ,ari/otle z lea/ op5 to ,objections #aef ,,iv ,! ,sph]es & ! ,causes ( _! ,motion #aef ,v ,agreem5t ( ! ,ari/otelian ,!ory ) ! ,tea*+ ( ,scripture #aei ,,vi ,:at is meant by ! ,scriptural ,t]m 8,angels0 #afj ,,vii ,! ,homonymity ( ! t]m 8,angel0 #afb ,,viii ,on ! ,music ( ! ,sph]es #afc ,,ix ,on ! ,numb] ( ! ,heav5ly ,sph]es #afc ,x ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,sph]es ^u ! ,e>? manife/s itself 9 f\r diff]5t ways #afd ,,xi ,! ,!ory ( ,ecc5tricity ,pref]able to t ( ,epicycles #aff ,,xii ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,div9e ,influ5ce & t ( ! ,sph]es #afh ,,xiii ,?ree ,diff]5t ,!ories ab\t ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,univ]se #aga ,,xiv ,sev5 ,me?ods by :i* ! ,philosoph]s s\ght to prove ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se #agd ,,xv ,ari/otle does n sci5tifically demon/rate 8 ,!ory #agf ,,xvi ,! ,au?or refutes all ,objections to ,creatio ex nihilo #agh ,,xvii ,! ,laws ( ,nature apply to ,?+s ,creat$1 b d n regulate ! ,creative ,act :i* produces !m #agh ,,xviii ,exam9ations ( ! ,pro(s ( ,philosoph]s = ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se #aha ,,xix ,design 9 ,nature #ahd ,,xx ,! ,op9ion ( ,ari/otle z reg>ds ,design 9 ,nature #ahi ,,xxi ,explanation ( ! ,ari/otelian ,!ory t ! ,univ]se is ! necess>y ,result ( ! ,fir/ ,cause #aij ,,xxii ,objections to ! ,!ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se #aib ,,xxiii ,! ,!ory ( ,creatio ex nihilo is pref]able to t ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se #aie ,,xxiv ,difficulty ( ,compreh5d+ ! ,nature & ! ,motion ( ! ,sph]es accord+ to ! ,!ory ( ,ari/otle #aif ,,xxv ,! ,!ory ( ,creation is adopt$ because ( its own ,sup]iority1 ! ,pro(s bas$ on ,scripture be+ ,inconclusive #aii ,,xxvi ,exam9ation ( a passage f ,pire di-,rabbi ,eliez] 9 ref]5ce to ,creation #bjj ,,xxvii ,! ,!ory ( a ,future ,de/ruction ( ! ,univ]se is n "p ( ! ,religi\s ,belief taught 9 ! ,bible #bja ,,xxviii ,scriptural ,tea*+ is 9 fav\r ( ! ,inde/ructibility ( ! ,univ]se #bjb ,,xxix ,explanation ( ,scriptural ,phrases imply+ ! ,de/ruction ( ,heav5 & ,e>? #bjd ,,xxx ,philosophical ,int]pretation ( ,g5esis i4-iv4 #bab ,,xxxi ,! ,in/itution ( ! ,sabba? s]ves 7#a7 to ,tea* ! ,!ory ( ,creation1 & 7#b7 to promote ,man's ,welf>e #bah ,,xxxii ,?ree ,!ories conc]n+ ,prophecy #bai ,,xxxiii ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,moses & ! o!r ,israelites z reg>ds ! ,revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai #bba ,,xxxiv ,explanation ( ,exodus xxiii4 #bj #bbc ,,xxxv ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,moses & ! o!r ,prophets z reg>ds ! ,miracles wr\ght by !m #bbc ,,xxxvi ,on ! ,m5tal1 ,physical & ,moral ,faculties ( ! ,prophets #bbe ,,xxxvii ,on ! ,div9e ,influ5ce ^u ,man's ,imag9ative & ,m5tal ,faculties ?r\gh ! ,active ,intellect #bbg ,,xxxviii ,c\rage & ,intuition rea* ! highe/ degree ( ,p]fection 9 ,prophets #bbi ,,xxxix ,moses 0 ! fitte/ ,prophet to ,receive & ,promulgate ! ,immutable ,law1 :i* succe$+ ,prophets m]ely ,taught & ,exp\nd$ #bca ,,xl ,! ,te/ ( ,true ,prophecy #bcb ,,xli ,:at is ,meant by 8,vision0 #bcd ,,xlii ,prophets ,receiv$ ,direct ,communication only 9 ,dreams or ,visions #bcf ,,xliii ,on ! ,allegories ( ! ,prophets #bch ,,xliv ,on ! ,diff]5t ,modes 9 :i* ,prophets ,receive ,div9e ,messages #bdj ,,xlv ,! ,v>i\s ,classes ( ,prophets #bda ,,xlvi ,! ,allegorical ,acts ( ,prophets =m$ ,p>ts ( ,prophetic ,visions #bde ,,xlvii ,on ! ,figurative ,/yle ( ! ,prophetic ,writ+s #bdg ,,xlviii ,scripture ascribes ,ph5om5a directly produc$ by ,natural ,causes to ,god z ! ,fir/ ,cause ( all ?+s #bdi ,"p ,,iii4 ,! ,au?or's ,introduction & ,apology = ,publi%+1 contr>y to ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,mi%nah1 an ,int]pretation ( ,ezek4 i4 #bea ,,*apt]4 ,i ,! 8,f\r ,faces0 are ,human ,faces ) f\r diff]5t peculi>ities #beb ,,ii ,! ayyot & ! ,(annim #beb ,,iii ,fur!r ,explanation ( ! ayyot & ! ,(annim d]iv$ f ,ezek4 x4 #bee ,,iv ,! r5d]+ ( ,(an by ,gilgal 9 ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an #bef ,v ,! ,vision ( ,ezekiel is divid$ into ?ree /ages3 7#a7 ayyot 7! ,sph]es72 7#b7 ,(annim 7,e>?ly elem5ts72 & 7#c7 ! man above ! ayyot 7,intellig5ces7 #beg ,,vi ,on ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,vision ( ,ezekiel & t ( ,isaiah 7vi47 #beh ,,vii ,! ,diff]5t ,ways 9 :i* ! ,prophet p]ceiv$ ! ,?ree ,p>ts ( ! ,m]cabah 7,*>iot7 #bei ,,viii ,man has ! ,p[] to ,control 8 ,bodily ,wants & ,e>?ly ,desires #bfa ,,ix ,! ,mat]ial ,elem5t 9 ,man ,prev5ts him f ,atta9+ ,p]fection #bfd ,x ,god is n ! ,creator ( ,evil #bfe ,,xi ,man is ! ,cause ( 8 own ,mis=tunes #bfg ,,xii ,?ree ,k9ds ( ,evil3 7#a7 ,t caus$ by ! ,nature ( ,man2 7#b7 ,caus$ by ,man to ,man2 7#c7 ,caus$ by ,man to himself #bfg ,,xiii ,! ,univ]se has ,no o!r ,purpose ?an its own ,exi/5ce #bgb ,,xiv ,x is ! ,w ( ! ,creator t ! ,sph]es regulate ! ,affairs ( ,mank9d #bgg ,,xv ,impossible ,?+s are n ascrib$ to ! ,creator1 b x is difficult to ,prove ! ,impossibility 9 ea* ,individual ,case #bgi ,,xvi ,on ,god's ,omnisci5ce #bhj ,,xvii ,five ,!ories conc]n+ ,provid5ce #bhb ,,xviii ,e ,individual ,memb] ( ,mank9d enjoys ! ,influ5ce ( ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 proportion to 8 ,intellectual ,p]fection #bhi ,,xix ,x is an anci5t ,error to ,assume t ,god takes no ,notice ( ,man #bij ,,xx ,god's ,k is ,diff]5t f ,man's ,k #bib ,,xxi ,! ,creator's k ( ,8 ,production is ,p]fect #bie ,,xxii ,object ( ! ,book ( ,job1 & ,explanation ( ! ,fir/ ,two ,*apt]s #bif ,,xxiii ,job & 8 ,fri5ds ,discuss ! v>i\s ,!ories conc]n+ ,provid5ce #bii ,,xxiv ,on ,trials & ,temptation #cjd ,,xxv ,! ,actions ( ,god are ,n ,purposeless #cjg ,,xxvi ,! ,div9e ,precepts ,s]ve a c]ta9 ,purpose #caj ,,xxvii ,! ,object ( ! ,div9e ,precepts is to ,secure ! ,well-be+ ( ,man's ,s\l & ,body #cab ,,xxviii ,?is ,object is easily se5 9 "s ,precepts1 :il/ 9 o!rs x is only kn[n aft] due ,reflection #cac ,,xxix ,on ! ,sabeans or ,/>-wor%ipp]s #cae ,,xxx ,x is "o ( ! ,objects ( ! ,law ( ,moses to ,oppose ,idolatry #cbj ,,xxxi ,! ,law ,promotes ! ,well-be+ ( ,man by tea*+ ,tru?1 ,morality & ,social ,conduct #cba ,,xxxii ,:y did ,god give ,laws to ,oppose ,idolatry in/ead ( ,uproot+ x directly8 #cbb ,,xxxiii ,ano!r *ief ,object ( ! ,law is to ,tra9 ,man 9 ,ma/]+ 8 ,appetites & ,desires #cbg ,,xxxiv ,! ,law is bas$ on ! ord9>y condition ( man #cbh ,,xxxv ,division ( ! ,precepts into ,f\rte5 ,classes #cbi ,,xxxvi ,fir/ ,class ( ,precepts1 to ,"k1 ,love & ,fe> ,god #cca ,,xxxvii ,second ,class1 ,laws conc]n+ ,idolatry #ccb ,,xxxviii ,?ird ,class1 ,moral ,precepts #cch ,,xxxix ,f\r? ,class1 ,laws relat+ to ,*>ity #cci ,,xl ,fif? ,class1 ,comp5sation = ,injury & ! ,duty ( ,prev5t+ ,s9 #cdb ,,xli ,six? ,class1 ,puni%m5t ( ! ,s9n] #cdd ,,xlii ,sev5? ,class1 ,equity & ,hone/y #cej ,,xliii ,eigh? ,class1 ,sabba? & ,fe/ival #ceb ,,xliv ,n9? ,class1 ,pray]1 ,tefill91 ix & ,mezuzah #ced ,,xlv ,t5? ,class1 ,! ,temple1 its ,vessels & its ,m9i/]s #cee ,,xlvi ,elev5? ,class1 ,sacrifices #cei ,,xlvii ,twelf? ,class1 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,clean & ,unclean2 & on ,purification #cff ,,xlviii ,?irte5? ,class1 ,diet>y ,laws #cgj ,,xlix ,f\rte5? ,class1 ,m>riage ,laws #cgb ,l ,on ,scriptural ,passages ) seem+ly ,purposeless ,cont5ts #chj ,,li ,h[ ,god is wor%ipp$ by a ,p]fect ,man #chd ,,lii ,on ! ,fe> ( ,god #cia ,,liii ,explanation ( es$ 7,love71 ,mi%pat 7,judgm5t71 & edaah 7,righte\sness7 #cib ,,liv ,on ,true ,wisdom #cic ,index ( ,scriptural ,passages #cii ,index ( ,quotations f ! ,t>gumim #dji ,index ( ,quotations f ! ,midra%im #dji ,index ( ,quotations f ! ,talmud #daj ,index ( ,ref]5ces to ,o!r ,works ( ,maimonides #daa ,index ( ,ref]5ces to ,works ( ,sci5ce & ,philosophy #dab ,alphabetical ,index #dab ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,moses ,,maimonides 8,be=e ! sun ( ,eli _h set ! sun ( ,samuel _h ris540 ,be=e ! voice ( ! prophets _h ceas$ to guide ! p1 ! ,int]pret]s ( ! ,law1 ! ,doctors ( ! ,talmud1 _h comm5c$ _! lab\rs1 & be=e ! ,academies ( ,sura & ( ,pumbadita 7 clos$1 c5tres ( ,jewi% ?\ght & le>n+ 7 already fl\ri%+ 9 ! f> ,we/4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ to ! transf]5ce ( ! head-qu>t]s ( ,jewi% le>n+ f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/ 9 ! t5? c5tury are ?us n>rat$ 9 ! ,sef] ha-kabbalah ( ,rabbi ,abraham b5 ,david3 8,aft] ! dea? ( ,hezekiah1 ! head ( ! ,academy & ,pr9ce ( ! ,exile1 ! academies 7 clos$ & no new ,geonim 7 appo9t$4 ,b long be=e t "t ,heav5 _h will$ t !re %\ld be a discont9uance ( ! pecuni>y gifts :i* us$ to be s5t f ,pale/9e1 ,nor? ,africa & ,europe4 ,heav5 _h also decre$ t a %ip sail+ f ,b>i %\ld be captur$ by ,ibn ,romahis1 comm&] ( ! naval =ces ( ,abd-er-rahman al-nasr4 ,f\r di/+ui%$ ,rabbis 7 ?us made prison]s--,rabbi u%iel1 fa!r ( ,rabbi ananel1 ,rabbi ,moses1 fa!r ( ,rabbi anok1 ,rabbi ,%em>jahu1 son ( ,rabbi ,elanan1 & a f\r? ^: "n has n be5 record$4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 a mission to collect subsidies 9 aid ( ! ,academy 9 ,sura4 ,! captor sold !m z slaves2 ,rabbi u%iel 0 c>ri$ to ,kairuan1 ,r4 ,%em>jahu 0 left 9 ,alex&ria1 & ,r4 ,moses 0 br\ght to ,cordova4 ,^! slaves 7 ransom$ by _! bre?r5 & 7 soon plac$ 9 important positions4 ,:5 ,rabbi ,moses 0 br\ght to ,cordova1 x 0 suppos$ t he 0 un$ucat$4 ,9 t city !re 0 a synagogue kn[n at t "t by ! "n ( ,k5eset ha-midra%1 & ,rabbi ,na?an1 r5[n$ = 8 great piety1 0 ! head ( ! congregation4 ,! memb]s ( ! community us$ to hold meet+s at :i* ! ,talmud 0 read & discuss$4 ,"o day :5 ,rabbi ,na?an 0 exp\nd+ ! ,talmud & 0 unable to give a satisfactory explanation ( ! passage "u discussion1 ,rabbi ,moses promptly remov$ ! difficulty & at ! same "t answ]$ sev]al que/ions :i* 7 submitt$ to him4 ,!reupon ,r4 ,na?an ?us address$ ! assembly3--#8,i am no long] y\r lead]2 t /rang] 9 sackclo? %all h5ce=? be my tea*]1 & y %all appo9t him to be y\r *ief4' ,! admiral1 on he>+ ( ! high atta9m5ts ( 8 prison]1 desir$ to revoke ! sale1 b ! k+ w\ld n p]mit ?is retraction1 be+ pleas$ to le>n t 8 ,jewi% subjects 7 no long] dep5d5t = _! religi\s in/ruction on ! s*ools 9 ! ,ea/40 ,h5ce=? ! s*ools 9 ! ,we/ ass]t$ _! indep5d5ce1 & ev5 surpass$ ! p>5t in/itutions4 ,! ,caliphs1 mo/ly opul5t1 gave e enc\ragem5t to philosophy & poetry2 &1 be+ g5]ally lib]al 9 s5tim5t1 !y ent]ta9$ k9dly feel+s t[>ds _! ,jewi% subjects4 ,^! 7 all[$ to compete = ! acquisition ( weal? & hon\r on equal t]ms ) _! ,mohamm$an fell[-citiz5s4 ,philosophy & poetry 7 consequ5tly cultivat$ by ! ,jews ) ! same ze/ z by ! ,arabs4 ,ibn ,gabirol1 ,ibn asdai1 ,judah ha-levi1 ananel1 ,alfasi1 ! ,ibn ,ezras1 & o!rs :o fl\ri%$ 9 t p]iod 7 ! ornam5t ( _! age1 & ! pride ( ! ,jews at all times4 ,! same fav\rable condition 0 ma9ta9$ dur+ ! reign ( ! ,omeyades2 b :5 ! ,moravides & ! ,almohades came into p[]1 ! horizon d>k5$ once m1 & mis=tunes ?reat5$ to de/roy ! fruit ( sev]al c5turies4 ,amid/ ?is gloom !re appe>$ a brilliant lum9>y :i* s5t =? rays ( light & com=t3 ?is 0 ,moses ,maimonides4 ,moses1 ! son ( ,maimon1 0 born at ,cordova1 on ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 #dhie 7,m>* #cj1 #aace74 ,al?\gh ! date ( 8 bir? has be5 record$ ) ! utmo/ accuracy1 no tru/wor?y notice has be5 pres]v$ conc]n+ ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 life4 ,b 8 entire c>e] is a pro( t he did n pass 8 y\? 9 idl5ess2 8 education mu/ h be5 9 h>mony ) ! hope ( 8 p>5ts1 t "o day he w\ld1 l 8 fa!r & =efa!rs1 hold ! hon\rable (fice ( ,dayyan or ,rabbi1 & di/+ui% himself 9 !ological le>n+4 ,x is probable t ! ,bible & ! ,talmud =m$ ! *ief subjects ( 8 /udy2 b he unque/ionably made ! be/ use ( ! opportunities :i* ,mohamm$an ,spa91 & especially ,cordova1 af=d$ him = ! acquisition ( g5]al k4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 any ( 8 writ+s :o 7 8 tea*]s2 8 fa!r1 z x seems1 0 8 pr9cipal guide & in/ructor 9 _m bran*es ( k4 ,david ,con=te1 9 8 hi/orical "w1 ore ha-dorot1 /ates t ,maimonides 0 ! pupil ( two em95t m51 namely1 ,rabbi ,joseph ,ibn ,miga% & ,ibn ,ro%d 7,av]roes72 t by ! =m] he 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! ,talmud1 & by ! latt] 9 philosophy4 ,?is /atem5t seems to be errone\s1 z ,maimonides 0 only a *ild at ! "t :5 ,rabbi ,joseph di$1 & already f> advanc$ 9 ye>s :5 he became acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,ibn ,ro%d4 ,! orig9 ( ?is mi/ake1 z reg>ds ,rabbi ,joseph1 c easily be trac$4 ,maimonides 9 8 ,mi%neh ,tora1 employs1 9 ref]5ce to ,r4 ,isaac ,alfasi & ,r4 ,joseph1 ! expression 8my tea*]s0 7rabbotai71 & ?is expression1 by :i* he m]ely describes 8 indebt$ness to _! writ+s1 has be5 tak5 9 its lit]al mean+4 ,:oev] 8 tea*]s may h be51 x is evid5t t he 0 well prep>$ by !m = 8 future mission4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree he ent]$ ^u 8 lit]>y c>e] ) a treatise on ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>4 ,x is unkn[n :]e ?is "w 0 compos$1 :e!r 9 ,spa9 or 9 ,africa4 ,! au?or m]ely /ates t he wrote x at ! reque/ ( a fri5d1 :om he1 h[ev]1 leaves unnam$4 ,! subject 0 g5]ally consid]$ to be v ab/ruse1 & to involve a ?or\gh k ( ma!matics4 ,maimonides mu/1 !re=e1 ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 h be5 reg>d$ z a pr(\nd s*ol> by ^? :o knew him4 ,! treatise is ( an elem5t>y "*4--,x 0 probably ab\t ! same "t t he wrote1 9 ,arabic1 an explanation ( ,logical t]ms1 ,millot higgayon1 :i* ,moses ,ibn ,tibbon translat$ into ,hebrew4 ,! e>li] p]iod ( 8 life does n seem to h be5 m>k$ by any incid5t wor? notic+4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be easily conceiv$ t ! lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 :i* 0 replete ) int]e/+ incid5ts1 engag$ ! exclusive att5tion ( 8 biograph]s4 ,s mu* is c]ta91 t 8 y\? 0 beset ) tr\ble & anxiety2 ! peaceful developm5t ( sci5ce & philosophy 0 di/urb$ by w>s rag+ betwe5 ,mohamm$ans & ,*ri/ians1 & also betwe5 ! sev]al ,mohamm$an sects4 ,! ,moravides1 :o _h succe$$ ! ,omeyades1 7 oppos$ to lib]ality & tol]ation2 b !y 7 surpass$ 9 cruelty & fanaticism by _! successors4 ,cordova 0 tak5 by ! ,almohades 9 ! ye> #aadh1 :5 ,maimonides 0 ab\t ?irte5 ye>s old4 ,! victories ( ! ,almohades1 fir/ "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,mahadi ,ibn ,tamurt1 & !n "u ,abd-al-mum51 71 accord+ to all te/imonies1 att5d$ by acts ( excessive intol]ance4 ,abd-al-mum5 w\ld n suff] 9 8 dom9ions any o!r fai? b ! "o :i* he himself confess$4 ,jews & ,*ri/ians _h ! *oice betwe5 ,islam & emigration or a m>tyr's dea?4 ,! ,sef] ha-abbalah conta9s ! foll[+ description ( "o ( ! p]secutions :i* !n occurr$3 8,aft] ! dea? ( ,r4 ,joseph ha-levi ! /udy ( ! ,torah 0 int]rupt$1 al?\gh he left a son & a nephew1 bo? ( :om _h "u 8 tuition become pr(\nd s*ol>s4 #8,! righte\s man 7,r4 ,joseph7 0 tak5 away on acc\nt ( ! approa*+ evils4' ,aft] ! dea? ( ,r4 ,joseph !re came = ! ,jews a "t ( oppression & di/ress4 ,!y quitt$ _! homes1 #8,su* z 7 = dea?1 to dea?1 & su* z 7 = ! sword1 to ! sword2 & su* z 7 = ! fam9e1 to ! fam9e1 & su* z 7 = ! captivity1 to ! captivity'2 &--x might be add$ to ! words ( ,j]emiah 7xv4 #b7--#8su* z 7 = apo/asy1 to apo/asy4' ,all ?is happ5$ ?r\gh ! sword ( ,ibn ,tamurt1 :o1 9 #dijb 7#aadb71 det]m9$ to blot out ! "n ( ,israel1 & actually left no trace ( ! ,jews 9 any "p ( 8 empire40 ,ibn ,v]ga 9 8 "w on ,jewi% m>tyrdom1 9 ,%ebe ,jehudah1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ev5ts !n happ5+3--8,9 ! ye> #dijb ! armies ( ,ibn ,tamurt made _! appe>ance4 ,a proclamation 0 issu$ t any "o :o refus$ to adopt ,islam w\ld be put to dea?1 & 8 prop]ty w\ld be confiscat$4 ,!reupon ! ,jews assembl$ at ! gate ( ! royal palace & implor$ ! k+ = m]cy4 ,he answ]$--#8,x is because ,i h compassion on y1 t ,i comm& y to become ,muslemim2 = ,i desire to save y f et]nal puni%m5t4' ,! ,jews repli$--#8,our salvation dep5ds on our obs]vance ( ! ,div9e ,law2 y are ! ma/] ( our bodies & ( our prop]ty1 b our s\ls w be judg$ by ! ,k+ :o gave !m to u1 & to :om !y w return2 :atev] be our future fate1 y1 ,o k+1 w n be held responsible = x4' #8,i d n desire to argue ) y1' said ! k+2 #8= ,i "k y w argue accord+ to y\r own religion4 ,x is my absolute w t y ei!r adopt my religion or be put to dea?4' ,! ,jews !n propos$ to emigrate1 b ! k+ w\ld n all[ 8 subjects to s]ve ano!r k+4 ,9 va9 did ! ,jews implore ! nobles to int]c$e 9 _! behalf2 ! k+ rema9$ inexorable4 ,?us _m congregations =sook _! religion2 b )9 a mon? ! k+ came to a sudd5 dea?2 ! son1 believ+ t 8 fa!r _h met ) an untimely end z a puni%m5t = 8 cruelty to ! ,jews1 assur$ ! involunt>y conv]ts t x w\ld be indiff]5t to him :at religion !y pr(ess$4 ,h5ce _m ,jews return$ at once to ! religion ( _! fa!rs1 :ile o!rs hesitat$ = "s "t1 f fe> t ! k+ meant to entrap ! app>5t conv]ts40 ,f su* records x appe>s t dur+ ^! calamities "s ( ! ,jews fl$ to =eign c\ntries1 "s di$ z m>tyrs1 & _m o!rs submitt$ = a "t to outw>d conv]sion4 ,:i* c\rse 0 foll[$ by ! family ( ,maimon8 ,did !y sacrifice p]sonal com=t & safety to _! religi\s conviction1 or did !y1 on ! contr>y1 = ! sake ( m]e worldly consid]ations dissemble _! fai? & pret5d t !y completely submitt$ to ! dictates ( ! tyrant8 ,an answ] to ?is "q pres5ts itself 9 ! foll[+ note :i* ,maimonides has app5d$ to 8 comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah3 8,i h n[ f9i%$ ?is "w 9 accordance ) my promise1 & ,i f]v5tly besee* ! ,almighty to save u f error4 ,if !re be "o :o %all discov] an inaccuracy 9 ?is ,comm5t>y or %all h a bett] explanation to (f]1 let my att5tion be direct$ unto x2 & let me be exon]at$ by ! fact t ,i h work$ ) f> great] application ?an any "o :o writes = ! sake ( pay & pr(it1 & t ,i h work$ "u ! mo/ try+ circum/ances4 ,= ,heav5 _h orda9$ t we be exil$1 & we 7 !re=e driv5 ab\t f place to place2 ,i 0 ?us compell$ to "w at ! ,comm5t>y :ile travell+ by l&1 or cross+ ! sea4 ,x might h suffic$ to m5tion t dur+ t "t ,i1 9 addition1 0 engag$ 9 o!r /udies1 b ,i pref]r$ to give ! above explanation 9 ord] to enc\rage ^? :o wi% to criticise or annotate ! ,comm5t>y1 & at ! same "t to acc\nt = ! sl[ progress ( ?is "w4 ,i1 ,moses1 ! son ( ,maimon1 comm5c$ x :5 ,i 0 tw5ty-?ree ye>s old1 & f9i%$ x 9 ,egypt1 at ! age ( ?irty-?ree ye>s1 9 ! ye> #adgi ,sel4 7#aafh740 ,! ,sef] ar$im ( ,r4 ,eleaz> ,ask>i ( ,saf$ conta9s ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ,maimonides3--8,on ,sabba? ev5+1 ! #d? ( ,iyy>1 #dibe 7#aafe71 ,i w5t on bo>d2 on ! foll[+ ,sabba? ! waves ?reat5$ to de/roy our lives4444 ,on ! #crd ( ,sivan1 ,i arriv$ safely at ,acco1 & 0 ?us rescu$ f apo/asy4444 ,on ,tuesday1 ! #d? ( ,m>e%van1 #dibf1 ,i left ,acco1 arriv$ at ,j]usalem aft] a j\rney beset ) difficulties & ) dang]s1 & pray$ on ! spot ( ! great & holy h\se on ! #d?1 #e?1 & #f? ( ,m>e%van4 ,on ,sunday1 ! #i? ( t mon?1 ,i left ,j]usalem & visit$ ! cave ( ,ma*pelah1 9 ,hebron40 ,f ^! two /atem5ts x may be inf]r$ t 9 times ( p]secution ,maimonides & 8 family did n seek to protect _! lives & prop]ty by dissimulation4 ,!y submitt$ to ! tr\bles ( exile 9 ord] t !y might rema9 fai?ful to _! religion4 ,c>moly1 ,geig]1 ,munk1 & o!rs are ( op9ion t ! treatise ( ,maimonides on involunt>y apo/asy1 z well z ! acc\nts ( "s ,mohamm$an au?ors1 conta9 /rong evid5ce to %[ t !re 0 a "t :5 ! family ( ,maimon publicly pr(ess$ _! belief 9 ,mohamm$4 ,a critical exam9ation ( ^! docum5ts compels u to reject _! evid5ce z inadmissible4--,aft] a long p]iod ( tr\ble & anxiety1 ! family ( ,maimon arriv$ at ,fo/at1 9 ,egypt1 & settl$ !re4 ,david1 ! bro!r ( ,moses ,maimonides1 c>ri$ on a trade 9 preci\s /ones1 :ile ,moses occupi$ himself ) 8 /udies & int]e/$ himself 9 ! communal affairs ( ! ,jews4 ,x appe>s t = "s "t ,moses 0 support$ by 8 bro!r1 & :5 ?is bro!r di$1 he e>n$ a liv+ by practis+ z a physician2 b he nev] s\ght or d]iv$ any b5efit f 8 s]vices to 8 community1 or f 8 correspond5ce or f ! works he wrote = ! in/ruction ( 8 bre?r52 ! satisfaction ( be+ ( s]vice to 8 fell[-creatures 0 = him a suffici5t rew>d4 ,! fir/ public act 9 :i* ,maimonides appe>s to h tak5 a lead+ "p 0 a decree promulgat$ by ! ,rabb9ical au?orities 9 ,cairo 9 ! ye> #aafg4 ,! decree beg9s z foll[s3--8,9 times gone by1 :5 /orms & tempe/s ?reat5$ u1 we us$ to w&] ab\t f place to place2 b by ! m]cy ( ! ,almighty we h n[ be5 enabl$ to f9d "h a re/+-place4 ,on our arrival1 we notic$ to our great dismay t ! le>n$ 7 disunit$2 t none ( !m turn$ 8 att5tion to ! ne$s ( ! congregation4 ,we !re=e felt x our duty to und]take ! task ( guid+ ! holy flock1 ( inquir+ into ! condition ( ! community1 ( 8reconcil+ ! he>ts ( ! fa!rs to _! *ildr510 & ( correct+ _! corrupt ways4 ,! injuries are great1 b we may succe$ 9 effect+ a cure1 &--9 accordance ) ! words ( ! prophet--#8,i w seek ! lo/ "o1 & t :i* has be5 ca/ out ,i w br+ back1 & ! brok5 "o ,i w cure' 7,micah iv4 #f74 ,:5 we !re=e resolv$ to take ! managem5t ( ! communal affairs into our h&s1 we discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( a s]i\s evil 9 ! mid/ ( ! community10 etc4 ,x 0 probably ab\t t "t t ,maimon di$4 ,lett]s ( condol5ce 7 s5t to 8 son ,moses f all sides1 bo? f ,mohamm$an & f ,*ri/ian c\ntries2 9 "s in/ances ! lett]s 7 sev]al mon?s on _! way be=e !y rea*$ _! de/9ation4 ,! int]e/ :i* ,maimonides n[ took 9 communal affairs did n prev5t him f complet+ ! great & ardu\s "w1 ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah1 :i* he _h begun 9 ,spa9 & cont9u$ dur+ 8 w&]+s 9 ,africa4 ,9 ?is ,comm5t>y he propos$ to give ! qu9tess5ce ( ! ,gem>a1 to exp\nd ! mean+ ( ea* dictum 9 ! ,mi%nah1 & to /ate :i* ( ! sev]al op9ions _h receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,talmudical au?orities4 ,8 object 9 writ+ ?is "w 0 to enable ^? :o are n dispos$ to /udy ! ,gem>a1 to und]/& ! ,mi%nah1 & to facilitate ! /udy ( ! ,gem>a = ^? :o are will+ to engage 9 x4 ,! comm5tator g5]ally adh]es to ! explanations giv5 9 ! ,gem>a1 & x is only 9 cases :]e ! halakah1 or practical law1 is n affect$1 t he v5tures to diss5t4 ,he ackn[l$ges ! b5efit he d]iv$ f su* works ( 8 pr$ecessors z ! ,halakot ( ,alfasi1 & ! writ+s ( ! ,geonim1 b aft]w>ds he ass]t$ t errors :i* 7 discov]$ 9 8 works arose f 8 implicit reliance on ^? au?orities4 ,8 orig9ality is conspicu\s 9 ! ,introduction & 9 ! treatm5t ( g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* 9 "s in/ances prec$es ! exposition ( an entire section or *apt]1 9 o!rs t ( a s+le rule4 ,! comm5tator is g5]ally concise1 except :5 occasion is af=d$ to treat ( e?ical & !ological pr9ciples1 or ( a sci5tific subject1 su* z weights & measures1 or ma!matical & a/ronomical problems4 ,al?\gh exhortations to virtue & w>n+s aga9/ vice are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( 8 "w1 !y are especially abundant 9 ! ,comm5t>y on ,abot1 :i* is prefac$ by a sep>ate psy*ological treatise1 call$ ,! ,eight ,*apt]s4 ,! dictum 8,he :o speake? mu* commits a s910 elicit$ a lesson on ! economy ( spee*2 ! explanation ( olam ha-ba 9 ! treatise ,sanh$r9 7xi4 #a7 l$ him to discuss ! pr9ciples ( fai?1 & to lay d[n ! ?irte5 articles ( ! ,jewi% cre$4 ,! ,comm5t>y 0 writt5 9 ,arabic1 & 0 subsequ5tly translat$ into ,hebrew & into o!r languages4 ,! e/imation 9 :i* ! ,comm5t>y 0 held may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ fact3 ,:5 ! ,jews 9 ,italy became acqua9t$ ) its me?od & _s1 ?r\gh a ,hebrew translation ( "o ( its p>ts1 !y s5t to ,spa9 9 se>* ( a complete ,hebrew v]sion ( ! ,comm5t>y4 ,r4 ,simah1 :o _h be5 entru/$ ) ! mission1 f\nd no copy extant1 b he succe$$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,rabbi ,%elomoh b5 ,ad]et1 9 caus+ a ,hebrew translation ( ?is important "w to be prep>$4--,9 ! ,introduction1 ! au?or /ates t he has writt5 a ,comm5t>y on ! ,babylonian ,talmud treatise ull9 & on ne>ly ?ree entire sections1 viz41 ,mod1 ,na%im1 & ,nezik94 ,( all ^! ,comm5t>ies only ! "o on ,ro% ha-%anah is kn[n4 ,9 ! ye> #aagb ,maimonides wrote ! ,igg]et ,teman1 or ,peta-tivah 78,lett] to ! ,jews 9 ,yem510 or 8,op5+ ( hope07 9 response to a lett] address$ to him by ,rabbi ,jacob al-,fayumi on ! critical condition ( ! ,jews 9 ,yem54 ,"s ( ^! ,jews _h be5 =c$ into apo/asy2 o!rs 7 made to believe t c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,bible allud$ to ! mission ( ,mohamm$2 o!rs aga9 _h be5 misl$ by an impo/or :o pret5d$ to be ! ,messiah4 ,! "* & /yle ( ,maimonides' reply appe> to h be5 adapt$ to ! intellectual condition ( ! ,jews 9 ,yem51 = :om x 0 writt54 ,^! probably read ! ,bible ) ,midra%ic comm5t>ies1 & pref]r$ ! easy & attractive ,agadah to ! m e>ne/ /udy ( ! ,halakah4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ! lett] conta9s rem>ks & int]pretations :i* _c be reconcil$ ) ! philosophical & logical me?od by :i* all ! o!r works ( ,maimonides are di/+ui%$4 ,aft] a few complim5t>y words1 9 :i* ! au?or mode/ly disputes ! ju/ice ( ! praises lavi%$ ^u him1 he attempts to prove t ! pres5t suff]+s ( ! ,jews1 toge!r ) ! num]\s in/ances ( apo/asy1 7 =etold by ! prophets1 especially by ,daniel1 & mu/ n p]plex ! fai?ful4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 he cont9ues1 t ! attempts made 9 pa/ times to d away ) ! ,jewi% religion1 _h inv>iably fail$2 ! same w\ld be ! fate ( ! pres5t attempts2 = 8religi\s p]secutions are ( b %ort duration40 ,! argum5ts :i* pr(ess to demon/rate t 9 c]ta9 ,biblical passages allusion is made to ,mohamm$1 are bas$ on int]pretations :i* are totally oppos$ to common s5se4 ,he urges t ! ,jews1 fai?fully adh]+ to _! religion1 %\ld impress _! *ildr5 ) ! greatness ( ! ,revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ( ! miracles wr\ght ?r\gh ,moses2 !y also %\ld rema9 firm 9 ! belief t ,god w s5d ! ,messiah to deliv] _! nation1 b !y mu/ ab&on futile calculations ( ! ,messianic p]iod1 & bew>e ( impo/ors4 ,al?\gh !re be signs :i* indicate ! approa* ( ! promis$ deliv]ance1 & ! times seem to be ! p]iod ( ! la/ & mo/ cruel p]secution m5tion$ 9 ! visions ( ,daniel 7xi4 & xii471 ! p]son 9 ,yem5 :o pret5ds to be ! ,messiah is an impo/or1 & if c>e be n tak51 he is sure to d mis*ief4 ,simil> impo/ors 9 ,cordova1 ,france1 & ,africa1 h deceiv$ ! multitude & br\ght great tr\bles ^u ! ,jews4--,yet1 inconsi/5tly ) ?is s\nd advice ! au?or gives a positive date ( ! ,messianic "t1 on ! basis ( an old tradition2 ! inconsi/5cy is s obvi\s t x is impossible to attribute ?is passage to ,maimonides himself4 ,x is probably spuri\s1 & has1 p]haps1 be5 add$ by ! translator4 ,) ! exception ( ! rhym$ introduction1 ! lett] 0 writt5 9 ,arabic1 89 ord] t all %\ld be able to read & und]/& x02 = t purpose ! au?or desires t copies %\ld be made ( x1 & circulat$ among ! ,jews4 ,rabbi ,naum1 ( ! ,maghreb1 translat$ ! lett] into ,hebrew4 ,! success 9 ! fir/ great und]tak+ ( expla9+ ! ,mi%nah enc\rag$ ,maimonides to propose to himself ano!r task ( a /ill m ambiti\s "*4 ,9 ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah1 x 0 8 object t ^? :o 7 unable to read ! ,gem>a %\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ! results obta9$ by ! ,amoraim 9 ! c\rse ( _! discussions on ! ,mi%nah4 ,b ! ,mi%nah1 ) ! ,comm5t>y1 0 n su* a code ( laws z might easily be consult$ 9 cases ( em]g5cy2 only ! initiat$ w\ld be able to f9d ! section1 ! *apt]1 & ! p>agraph 9 :i* ! desir$ in=mation c\ld be f\nd4 ,! halakah _h1 besides1 be5 fur!r develop$ s9ce ! "t :5 ! ,talmud 0 compil$4 ,! *ang$ /ate ( ?+s _h sugge/$ new que/ions2 ^! 7 discuss$ & settl$ by ! ,geonim1 ^: decisions1 be+ conta9$ 9 special lett]s or treatises1 7 n g5]ally accessible4 ,maimonides !re=e und]took to compile a complete code1 :i* w\ld conta91 9 ! language & /yle ( ! ,mi%nah1 & )\t discussion1 ! :ole ( ! ,writt5 & ! ,oral ,law1 all ! precepts record$ 9 ! ,talmud1 ,sifra1 ,sifre & ,tosefta1 & ! decisions ( ! ,geonim4 ,accord+ to ! plan ( ! au?or1 ?is "w 0 to pres5t a solution ( e "q t\*+ ! religi\s1 moral1 or social duties ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 n 9 any way 8 object to disc\rage ! /udy ( ! ,talmud & ! ,midra%2 he only s\ght to diffuse a k ( ! ,law among/ ^? :o1 ?r\gh incapacity or o!r circum/ances1 7 preclud$ f t /udy4 ,9 ord] to ensure ! complet5ess ( ! code1 ! au?or drew up a li/ ( ! six hundr$ & ?irte5 precepts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 divid$ !m into f\rte5 gr\ps1 ^! aga9 he subdivid$1 & ?us %[$ h[ _m positive & negative precepts 7 conta9$ 9 ea* section ( ! ,mi%neh torah4 ,! pr9ciples by :i* he 0 guid$ 9 ?is arrangem5t 7 laid d[n 9 a sep>ate treatise1 call$ ,sef] ha-mivot4 ,works ( a simil> k9d1 writt5 by 8 pr$ecessors1 z ! ,halakot g$olot ( ,r4 ,%imon ,kahira1 & ! sev]al ,azh>ot 71 accord+ to ,maimonides1 full ( errors1 because _! au?ors _h n adopt$ any prop] me?od4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! rules laid d[n by ,maimonides & ( _! application leads to ! conclusion t 8 results 7 n less arbitr>y2 z has1 9 fact1 be5 %[n by ! criticisms ( ,namanides4 ,! ,sef] ha-mivot 0 writt5 9 ,arabic1 & ?rice translat$ into ,hebrew1 namely1 by ,rabbi ,abraham b5 isdai1 ,rabbi ,%elomoh b5 ,joseph b5 ,job1 & ,rabbi ,moses ,ibn ,tibbon4 ,maimonides himself desir$ to translate ! book into ,hebrew1 b to 8 disappo9tm5t he f\nd no "t4 ,?is ,sef] ha-mivot 0 execut$ z a prep>ation = 8 pr9cipal "w1 ! ,mi%neh ,torah1 or ,yad ha-azakah1 :i* consi/s ( an ,introduction & f\rte5 ,books4 ,9 ! ,introduction ! au?or fir/ describes ! *a9 ( tradition f ,moses to ! close ( ! ,talmud1 & !n he expla9s 8 me?od 9 compil+ ! "w4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! dicta f\nd 9 ! ,talmud1 ,sifre1 ,sifra1 or ,tosefta1 on ! "o h&1 & ! dicta ( ! ,geonim on ! o!r2 ! =m] 7 b9d+ on all ,jews1 ! latt] only z f> z _! necessity & _! utility or ! au?ority ( _! prop\nd]s 0 recogniz$4 ,hav+ once = all /at$ ! s\rces f :i* he compil$ 8 "w1 he did n deem x necess>y to "n 9 ea* case ! au?ority = 8 op9ion or ! p>ticul> passage f :i* he d]iv$ 8 dictum4 ,any addition ( ref]5ces to ea* p>agraph he probably consid]$ useless to ! un9=m$ & sup]flu\s to ! le>n$4 ,at a lat] "t he discov]$ 8 error1 he be+ himself unable to f9d aga9 ! s\rces ( "s ( 8 decisions4 ,rabbi ,joseph ,c>o1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,mi%neh ,torah1 t]m$ ,keseph ,mi%neh1 rem$i$ ?is defici5cy4 ,! ,introduction is foll[$ by ! enum]ation ( ! six hundr$ & ?irte5 precepts & a description ( ! plan ( ! "w1 its division into f\rte5 books1 & ! division ( ! latt] into sections1 *apt]s1 & p>agraphs4 ,accord+ to ! au?or1 ! ,mi%neh ,torah is a m]e comp5dium ( ! ,talmud2 b he f\nd suffici5t opportunities to display 8 real g5ius1 8 philosophical m9d1 & 8 e?ical doctr9es4 ,= 9 /at+ :at ! traditional ,law enjo9$ he _h to ex]cise 8 own judgm5t1 & to decide :e!r a c]ta9 dictum 0 meant to be tak5 lit]ally or figuratively2 :e!r x 0 ! f9al decision ( a majority or ! reject$ op9ion ( a m9ority2 :e!r x 0 "p ( ! ,oral ,law or a precept f\nd$ on ! sci5tific views ( a p>ticul> au?or2 & :e!r x 0 ( univ]sal application or 0 only int5d$ = a special p]iod or a special locality4 ,! fir/ ,book1 ,sef] ha-madda1 is ! embodim5t ( 8 own e?ical & !ological !ories1 al?\gh he frequ5tly ref]s to ! ,say+s ( our ,sages1 & employs ! phraseology ( ! ,talmud4 ,simil>ly1 ! section on ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 ,hilkot ha-ibur1 may be consid]$ z 8 orig9al "w4 ,9 ea* gr\p ( ! halakot1 its s\rce1 a c]ta9 passage ( ! ,p5tateu*1 is fir/ quot$1 ) its traditional int]pretation1 & !n ! detail$ rules foll[ 9 sy/ematic ord]4 ,! ,mi%neh ,torah 0 writt5 by ! au?or 9 pure ,hebrew2 :5 subsequ5tly a fri5d ask$ him to translate x into ,arabic1 he said he w\ld pref] to h 8 ,arabic writ+s translat$ into ,hebrew in/ead ( ! rev]se4 ,! /yle is an imitation ( ! ,mi%nah2 he did n *oose1 ! au?or says1 ! philosophical /yle1 because t w\ld be un9telligible to ! common read]2 nor did he select ! prophetic /yle1 because t w\ld n h>monize ) ! subject4 ,t5 ye>s ( h>d "w by day & by night 7 sp5t 9 ! compilation ( ?is code1 :i* _h orig9ally be5 und]tak5 = 88 own b5efit1 to save him 9 8 advanc$ age ! tr\ble & ! necessity ( consult+ ! ,talmud on e occasion40 ,maimonides knew v well t 8 "w w\ld meet ) ! opposition ( ^? ^: ignorance x w\ld expose1 also ( ^? :o 7 incapable ( compreh5d+ x1 & ( ^? :o 7 incl9$ to condemn e deviation f _! own preconceiv$ notions4 ,b he _h ! satisfaction to le>n t x 0 well receiv$ 9 mo/ ( ! congregations ( ,israel1 & t !re 0 a g5]al desire to possess & /udy x4 ,?is success confirm$ him 9 8 hope t at a lat] "t1 :5 all cause = jeal\sy w\ld h disappe>$1 ! ,mi%neh ,torah w\ld be receiv$ by all ,jews z an au?oritative code4 ,?is hope has n be5 realiz$4 ,! g5ius1 e>ne/ness1 & zeal ( ,maimonides are g5]ally recogniz$2 b !re is no absolute acceptance ( 8 dicta4 ,! m he insi/$ on 8 infallibility1 ! m did ! ,rabb9ical au?orities exam9e 8 words & po9t out errors :]ev] !y believ$ t !y c\ld discov] any4 ,x 0 n always f base motives1 z cont5d$ by ,maimonides & 8 foll[]s1 t 8 op9ions 7 criticis$ & reject$4 ,! language us$ by ,rabbi ,abraham b5 ,david 9 8 notes 7hasagot7 on ! ,mi%neh ,torah appe>s h>% & disrespectful1 if read toge!r ) ! text ( ! criticis$ passage1 b x seems tame & mild if comp>$ ) expressions us$ n[ & !n by ,maimonides ab\t m5 :o happ5$ to hold op9ions diff]+ f 8 own4 ,maimonides receiv$ _m complim5t>y lett]s1 congratulat+ him ^u 8 success2 b likewise lett]s ) criticisms & que/ions respect+ individual halakot4 ,9 mo/ cases he _h no difficulty 9 def5d+ 8 position4 ,f ! replies x mu/1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ t ,maimonides made "s corrections & additions1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly embodi$ 9 8 "w4 ,! lett]s address$ to him on ! ,mi%neh ,torah & on o!r subjects 7 s num]\s t he frequ5tly compla9$ ( ! "t he _h to sp5d 9 _! p]usal1 & ( ! annoyance !y caus$ him2 b 8he bore all ?is pati5tly1 z he _h le>n$ 9 8 y\? to be> ! yoke40 ,he 0 n surpris$ t _m misund]/ood 8 words1 = ev5 ! simple words ( ! ,p5tateu*1 8! ,"l is "o10 _h met ) ! same fate4 ,"s inf]r$ f ! fact t he treat$ fully ( ,olam ha-ba1 8! future /ate ( ! s\l10 & neglect$ to expatiate on ! resurrection ( ! dead1 t he altoge!r reject$ t pr9ciple ( fai?4 ,!y !re=e ask$ ,rabbi ,samuel ha-levi ( ,bagdad to /ate 8 op9ion2 ! ,rabbi accord+ly discuss$ ! subject2 b1 accord+ to ,maimonides1 he attempt$ to solve ! problem 9 a v unsatisfactory mann]4 ,! latt] !reupon likewise wrote a treatise 8,on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead10 9 :i* he prote/$ 8 adh]5ce to ?is article ( fai?4 ,he repeat$ ! op9ion he _h /at$ 9 ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah & 9 ! ,mi%neh ,torah1 b 89 m words2 ! same idea be+ reit]at$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 z ! treatise 0 only int5d$ = wom5 & = ! common multitude40 ,^! !ological /udies engross$ 8 att5tion to a great ext5t1 b x did n occupy him exclusively4 ,9 a lett] address$ to ,r4 ,jona?an1 ( ,lunel1 he says3 8,al?\gh f my bir? ! ,torah 0 betro!d to me1 & cont9ues to be lov$ by me z ! wife ( my y\?1 9 ^: love ,i f9d a con/ant delight1 /range wom5 :om ,i at fir/ took into my h\se z h] h&maids h become h] rivals & absorb a portion ( my "t40 ,he devot$ himself especially to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 9 :i* he di/+ui%$ himself to su* a degree1 accord+ to ,alkifti1 t 8! ,k+ ( ! ,franks 9 ,ascalon want$ to appo9t him z 8 physician40 ,maimonides decl9$ ! hon\r4 ,alfadhel1 ! ,vizi] ( ,salad9 k+ ( ,egypt1 admir$ ! g5ius ( ,maimonides1 & be/[$ ^u him _m di/9ctions4 ,! "n ( ,maimonides 0 ent]$ on ! roll ( physicians1 he receiv$ a p5sion1 & 0 introduc$ to ! c\rt ( ,salad94 ,! me?od adopt$ 9 8 pr(essional practice he describes 9 a lett] to 8 pupil1 ,ibn ,akn91 z foll[s3 8,y "k h[ difficult ?is pr(ession is = a consci5ti\s & exact p]son :o only /ates :at he c support by argum5t or au?ority40 ,?is me?od is m fully describ$ 9 a treatise on hygi5e1 compos$ = ,alfadhel1 son ( ,salad91 :o 0 suff]+ f a sev]e illness & _h appli$ to ,maimonides = advice4 ,9 a lett] to ,rabbi ,samuel ,ibn ,tibbon he alludes to ! am\nt ( "t sp5t 9 8 m$ical practice1 & says3 8,i reside 9 ,egypt 7or ,fo/at72 ! k+ resides 9 ,cairo1 :i* lies ab\t two ,sabba?-day j\rneys f ! fir/-nam$ place4 ,my duties to ! k+ are v heavy4 ,i am oblig$ to visit him e day1 e>ly 9 ! morn+2 & :5 he or any ( 8 *ildr5 or ! inmates ( 8 h>em are indispos$1 ,i d>e n quit ,cairo1 b mu/ /ay dur+ ! great] "p ( ! day 9 ! palace4 ,x also frequ5tly happ5s t "o or two ( ! royal (fic]s fall sick1 & !n ,i h to att5d !m4 ,z a rule1 ,i g to ,cairo v e>ly 9 ! day1 & ev5 if no?+ unusual happ5s ,i d n return be=e ! aft]noon1 :5 ,i am almo/ dy+ ) hung]2 b ,i f9d ! ante*amb]s fill$ ) ,jews & ,g5tiles1 ) nobles & common p1 await+ my return10 etc4 ,not)/&+ ^! heavy pr(essional duties ( c\rt physician1 ,maimonides cont9u$ 8 !ological /udies4 ,aft] hav+ compil$ a religi\s guide--,mi%neh ,torah--bas$ on ,revelation & ,tradition1 he f\nd x necess>y to prove t ! pr9ciples !re set =? 7 confirm$ by philosophy4 ,?is task he accompli%$ 9 8 ,dalalt al-ar91 8,! ,guide = ! ,p]plex$10 ( :i* an analysis w be giv5 bel[4 ,x 0 compos$ 9 ,arabic1 & writt5 9 ,hebrew *>act]s4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 translat$ into ,hebrew by ,rabbi ,samuel ,ibn ,tibbon1 9 ! lifetime ( ,maimonides1 :o 0 consult$ by ! translator on all difficult passages4 ,! congregation 9 ,lunel1 ignorant ( ,ibn ,tibbon's und]tak+1 or desir\s to possess ! mo/ correct translation ( ! ,guide1 address$ a v flatt]+ lett] to ,maimonides1 reque/+ him to translate ! "w into ,hebrew4 ,maimonides repli$ t he c\ld n d s1 z he _h n suffici5t leisure = ev5 m press+ "w1 & t a translation 0 be+ prep>$ by ! able/ & fitte/ man1 ,rabbi ,samuel ,ibn ,tibbon4 ,a second translation 0 made lat] on by ,jehudah ,alarizi4 ,! ,guide delight$ _m1 b x also met ) mu* adv]se criticism on acc\nt ( ! peculi> views held by ,maimonides conc]n+ angels1 prophecy1 & miracles1 especially on acc\nt ( 8 ass]tion t if ! ,ari/otelian pro( = ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se _h satisfi$ him1 he w\ld h f\nd no difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! ,creation ) t doctr9e4 ,! controv]sy on ! ,guide cont9u$ long aft] ! dea? ( ,maimonides to divide ! community1 & x is difficult to say h[ f> ! au?or's hope to effect a reconciliation betwe5 reason & revelation 0 realiz$4 ,8 disciple1 ,joseph ,ibn ,akn91 to :om ! "w 0 d$icat$1 & :o 0 expect$ to d]ive f x ! greate/ b5efit1 appe>s to h be5 disappo9t$4 ,8 inability to reconcile ! two antagoni/ic elem5ts ( fai? & sci5ce1 he describes allegorically 9 ! =m ( a lett] address$ to ,maimonides1 9 :i* ! foll[+ passage occurs3 8,speak1 = ,i desire t y be ju/ifi$2 if y c1 answ] me4 ,"s "t ago y\r belov$ daught]1 ! beautiful & *>m+ ,kimah1 obta9$ grace & fav\r 9 my sight1 & ,i betro!d h] unto me 9 fai?fulness1 & m>ri$ h] 9 accordance ) ! ,law1 9 ! pres5ce ( two tru/wor?y witnesses1 viz41 our ma/]1 ,abd-allah & ,ibn ,ro%d4 ,b %e soon became fai?less to me2 %e c\ld n h f\nd fault ) me1 yet %e left me & dep>t$ f my t5t4 ,%e does no long] let me behold h] pleasant c\nt5ance or he> h] melodi\s voice4 ,y h n rebuk$ or puni%$ h]1 & p]haps y are ! cause ( ?is misconduct4 ,n[1 #8s5d ! wife back to ! man1 = he is'--or might become--#8a prophet2 he w pray = y t y may live1' & also = h] t %e may be firm & /eadfa/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y d n s5d h] back1 ! ,"l w puni% y4 ,!re=e seek peace & pursue x2 li/5 to :at our ,sages said3 #8,bless$ be he :o re/ores to ! own] 8 lo/ prop]ty'2 = ?is bless+ applies 9 a high] degree to him :o re/ores to a man 8 virtu\s wife1 ! cr[n ( h] husb&40 ,maimonides repli$ 9 ! same /ra91 & reproa*$ 8 8son-9-law0 t he falsely accus$ 8 wife ( fai?lessness aft] he _h neglect$ h]2 b he re/or$ him 8 wife ) ! advice to be m cauti\s 9 future4 ,9 ano!r lett] ,maimonides exhorts ,ibn ,akn9 to /udy 8 works1 add+1 8apply y\rself to ! /udy ( ! ,law ( ,moses2 d n neglect x1 b1 on ! contr>y1 devote to x ! be/ & ! mo/ ( y\r "t1 & if y tell me t y d s1 ,i am satisfi$ t y are on ! "r way to et]nal bliss40 ,( ! lett]s writt5 aft] ! completion ( ! 8,guide10 ! "o address$ to ! wise m5 ( ,m>seilles 7#aaid7 is especially notewor?y4 ,maimonides 0 ask$ to give 8 op9ion on a/rology4 ,he regrett$ 9 8 reply t !y 7 n yet 9 ! possession ( 8 ,mi%neh ,torah2 !y w\ld h f\nd 9 x ! answ] to _! "q4 ,accord+ to 8 op9ion1 man %\ld only believe :at he c grasp ) 8 intellectual faculties1 or p]ceive by 8 s5ses1 or :at he c accept on tru/wor?y au?ority4 ,beyond ?is no?+ %\ld be believ$4 ,a/rological /atem5ts1 n be+ f\nd$ on any ( ^! ?ree s\rces ( k1 mu/ be reject$4 ,he _h himself /udi$ a/rology1 & 0 conv9c$ t x 0 no sci5ce at all4 ,if "s dicta be f\nd 9 ! ,talmud :i* appe> to repres5t a/rology z a true s\rce ( k1 ^! may ei!r be ref]r$ to ! reject$ op9ion ( a small m9ority1 or may h an allegorical mean+1 b !y are by no means =cible en\gh to set aside pr9ciples bas$ on logical pro(4 ,! debility ( :i* ,maimonides s frequ5tly compla9$ 9 8 correspond5ce1 gradually increas$1 & he di$1 9 8 sev5tie? ye>1 on ! #bj? ,tebe?1 #dife 7#abjd74 ,8 dea? 0 ! cause ( great m\rn+ to all ,jews4 ,9 ,fo/at a m\rn+ ( ?ree days 0 kept2 9 ,j]usalem a fa/ 0 appo9t$2 a portion ( ! to*aah 7,lev4 xxvi4 or ,deut4 xxix47 0 read1 & also ! hi/ory ( ! capture ( ! ,ark by ! ,phili/9es 7#a ,sam4 iv474 ,8 rema9s 7 br\ght to ,tib]ias4 ,! g5]al reg>d 9 :i* ,maimonides 0 held1 bo? by 8 contempor>ies & by succe$+ g5]ations1 has be5 express$ 9 ! popul> say+3 8,f ,moses to ,moses !re 0 none l ,moses40 ,,! ,,moreh ,,nebu*im ,,lit]ature ,i4 ,! ,arabic ,text4--,! editio pr9ceps1 ! only edition ( ! orig9al text ( ! ,guide 79 ,arabic1 ,dlil1 or ,dalalat al-ar971 0 und]tak5 & execut$ by ! late ,s4 ,munk4 ,its title is3 ,le ,guide des g>s1 trait de ,?ologie et de ,philosophie p> ,mose b5 ,maimon1 publi p\r la premire fois dans l'orig9al ,arabe1 et accompagn d'une traduction ,franaise et de notes critiques1 littraires et explicatives1 p> ,s4 ,munk 7,p>is1 #ahej-ahff74 ,! plan 0 publi%$1 #ahcc1 9 ,reflexions sur le culte des anci5s ,hbreux 7,la ,bible1 p> ,s4 ,cah51 vol4 iv471 ) a specim5 ( two *apt]s ( ! ,?ird ,"p4 ,! text adopt$ has be5 select$ f ! sev]al ,,mss4 at 8 disposal ) great c>e & judgm5t4 ,two ,leyd5 ,,mss4 7cod4 #ah & #bba71 v>i\s ,,mss4 ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale 7,no4 #gfj1 v old2 #gfa & #geh1 writt5 by ,r4 ,saadia ,ibn ,danan71 & "s ,,mss4 ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y 7 consult$4 ,9 ! notes :i* accompany ! ,fr5* translation1 ! v>i\s read+s ( ! diff]5t ,,mss4 are fully discuss$4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird volume a li/ is add$ ( 8,v>iantes des ,manuscrits ,arabes et des deux ,v]sions ,hbraques40 ,! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum possesses two copies ( ! ,arabic text2 ! "o ,or4 #adbc is complete1 beautifully writt51 ) explanatory notes 9 ! m>g9 & betwe5 ! l9es4 ,! "n ( ! copyi/ is n m5tion$1 nor ! date :5 x has be5 writt54 ,! volume has 9 ! beg9n+ an incomplete index to ! ,scriptural passages ref]r$ to 9 ! ,guide1 & at ! end fragm5ts ( ,psalm cxli4 9 ,arabic & ( a/ronomical tables4 ,! second copy ( ! ,dalalat al-ar9 is conta9$ 9 ! ,,ms4 ,or4 #bdbc1 writt5 9 l>ge ,yem5 ,rabb9ic *>act]s4 ,x is v fragm5t>y4 ,! fir/ fragm5t beg9s ) ! la/ p>agraph ( ! introduction2 !re are a few m>g9al notes 9 ,hebrew4 ,9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y !re are ! foll[+ copies ( ! ,dalalat al-ar9 accord+ to ! ,catal4 ( ,hebr4 ,,mss4 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,neubau]3-- ,no4 #abcf4 ,! text is prec$$ by ,jehudah al-,*>izi's index ( ! cont5ts ( ! *apt]s1 & by an index ( ,biblical quotations4 ,9 ! m>g9 !re are notes1 conta9+ omissions1 by diff]5t h&s1 two 9 ,arabic *>act]s4 ,! volume 0 writt5 #adgc4 ,no4 #abcg4 ,! ,arabic text1 ) a few m>g9al notes conta9+ v>i\s read+s2 ! text is prec$$ by ?ree ,hebrew poems1 beg9n+1 ,de'i holek1 ,bi-s$eb tebunot2 & ,b9u be-dat ,mo%eh4 ,fol4 #bab conta9s a fragm5t ( ! book 7,,iii41 xxix474 ,no4 #abch4 ,text ) a few m>g9al notes4 ,no4 #abci4 ,! end ( ! "w is want+ 9 ?is copy4 ,! second "p has =ty-n9e *apt]s1 z ! introduction to ,"p ,,ii4 is c\nt$ z *apt] i42 ,"p ,,iii4 has fifty-six *apt]s1 ! introduction be+ c\nt$ z *apt] i41 & *apt] xxiv4 be+ divid$ into two *apt]s4 ,! index ( passages f ! ,p5tateu* foll[s ! ord9>y mode ( c\nt+ ! *apt]s ( ! ,guide4 ,no4 #abdj4 ,arabic text transcrib$ 9 ,arabic *>act]s by ,saadiah b4 ,levi ,azanko = ,pr(4 ,golius 9 #afde4 ,no4 #abda4 ,fir/ "p ( ! ,dalalat al-ar91 writt5 by ,saadiah b4 ,mordecai b4 ,mo%eh 9 ! ye> #adca4 ,no4 #abdb conta9s ! same ,"p1 b incomplete4 ,nos4 #abdc1 #abdd1 #abde1 & #abdf conta9 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! ,arabic text1 incomplete 9 ,nos4 #abde & #abdf4 ,nos4 #abdg1 #abdh1 & #abdi h ,"p ,,iii42 x is incomplete 9 ,nos4 #abdh & #abdi4 ,no4 #abdi 0 writt5 #abia1 & beg9s ) ,,iii41 viii4 ,a fragm5t ( ! ,arabic text1 ! end ( ,"p ,,iii41 is conta9$ 9 ,no4 #djg1 #b4 ,no4 #bejh includes a fragm5t ( ! orig9al 7,i4 ii4-xxxii471 ) a ,hebrew int]l9e>y translation ( "s words & a few m>g9al notes4 ,x is writt5 9 ,yem5 squ>e *>act]s1 & is m>k$ z 8holy prop]ty ( ! ,synagogue ( ,alsiani40 ,a fragm5t 7,i4 i47 ( a diff]5t rec5sion f ! pr9t$ is conta9$ 9 #bdbb1 #af4 ,on ! m>g9 ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,%em-ob & ,ephodi are add$ 9 ,arabic4 ,a copy ( ! ,dalalat is also conta9$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,royal ,libr>y ,,ms4 ,or4 ,qu41 #egi 7#aje ,cat4 ,/e9s*neid]72 x is defective 9 ! beg9n+ & at ! end4 ,! ,cairo ,g5izah at ,cambridge conta9s two fragm5ts3 7a7 ,i4 lxiv4 & beg9n+ ( lxv42 7b7 ,,ii4 end ( xxxii4 & xxxiii4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,h4 ,hirs*feld1 ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review 7vol4 xv4 p4 #fgg71 !y are 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,maimonides4 ,! valuable collection ( ,,mss4 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,m4 ,ga/] includes a fragm5t ( ! ,dalalat-al-ar9 7,codex #fje74 ,,ii4 xiii4-xv41 beg9n+ & end defective4 ,,ii4 ,translations4 a4 ,hebrew4--,z soon z ,european ,jews he>d ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is "w1 !y procur$ its translation into ,hebrew4 ,two s*ol>s1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 und]took ! task3 ,samuel ,ibn ,tibbon & ,jehudah al-arizi4 ,!re is1 besides1 9 ! ,moreh ha-moreh ( ,%emob ,palqu]a an orig9al translation ( "s portions ( ! ,moreh4 ,9 ! ,sifte ye%5im 7,no4 #aab7 a rhym$ translation ( ! ,dalalat by ,rabbi ,mattityahu ,k>t9 is m5tion$4 ,ibn ,tibbon's v]sion is v accurate2 he sacrific$ elegance ( /yle to ! desire ( consci5ti\sly reproduc+ ! au?or's "w1 & did n ev5 neglect a p>ticle1 h[ev] unimportant x may appe>4 ,ibn ,tibbon w5t 9 8 anxiety to reta9 peculi>ities ( ! orig9al s f> z to imitate its ambiguities1 e4g41 meiut 7,i4 lviii47 is treat$ z a mascul9e n\n1 only 9 ord] to leave x d\btful :e!r a pron\n :i* foll[s agrees ) meiut1 8exi/5ce10 or ) nima1 8exi/+ be+10 bo? occurr+ 9 ! same s5t5ce 7,br4 ,mus4 ,,ms4 ,h>l4 #gehf1 m>g4 note by ,ibn ,tibbon74 ,:5 he met ) passages t (f]$ any difficulty he consult$ ,maimonides4 arizi1 on ! o!r h&1 0 less consci5ti\s ab\t words & p>ticles1 b wrote 9 a sup]ior /yle4 ,vox populi1 h[ev]1 decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! v]sion ( ,ibn ,tibbon1 ! rival ( :i* became almo/ =gott54 ,also ,abraham1 ! son ( ,moses ,maimonides1 9 ,milamo? ha-%em1 describes arizi's v]sion z be+ inaccurate4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n translations 7 made f ,ibn ,tibbon's v]sion4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 ,,mss4 ( ?is v]sion almo/ 9 e libr>y conta9+ collections ( ,hebrew books & ,,mss4 ,x has ! title ,moreh-nebu*im4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has ! foll[+ eight copies ( ,ibn ,tibbon's v]sion3-- ,h>l4 #gehf ,a4 ,?is codex 0 writt5 9 ! ye> #abhd1 = ,rabbi ,%abbatai b5 ,rabbi ,mattityahu4 ,9 ! ye> #acdj x came into ! possession ( ,jacob b4 ,%elomoh2 8 son ,m5aem sold x 9 ! ye> #acgh to ,r4 ,mattityahu1 son ( ,r4 ,%abbatai1 = fifty gold flor9s4 ,x 0 aga9 sold 9 ! ye> #adfa by ,yeiel b5 ,joab4 ,!re is ?is peculi>ity 9 ! writ+1 t long words at ! end ( a l9e are divid$1 & writt5 half on ! "o l9e1 half on ! next2 9 words :i* are vocaliz$1 pata is frequ5tly f\nd = ame4 ,!re are num]\s v>i\s read+s 9 ! m>g94 ,! text is prec$$ by a poem1 writt5 by ,joseph ,ibn ,akn91 pupil ( ,maimonides1 9 praise ( 8 ma/]1 & beg9n+ ,adon yiro4 ,?is poem is attribut$ to ,r4 ,yehudah ha-,levi 7,luzzatto1 9 8 ,divan1 ,betulat-bat-,yehudah1 p4 #ajd74 ,at ! end ! copyi/ adds an epigram1 ! translation ( :i* is z foll[s3-- 8,! ,moreh is f9i%$--,praise to ,him :o =m$ & creat$ ev]y?+--writt5 = ! in/ruction & b5efit ( ! few :om ! ,"l calle?4 ,^? :o oppose ! ,moreh ought to be put to dea?2 b ^? :o /udy & und]/& x des]ve t ,div9e ,glory re/ ^u !m1 & inspire !m ) a _s f above40 ,h>l4 #gehf ,b4 ,?is codex1 mu* damag$ 9 ! beg9n+ & at ! end1 conta9s ! v]sion ( ,ibn ,tibbon1 ) m>g9al notes1 consi/+ ( words omitt$ 9 ! text1 & o!r corrections4 ,! v]sion is foll[$ by ! poems arob meod1 etc41 & ,de'i holek1 etc4 ,h>l4 #eejg conta9s ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ,ibn ,tibbon1 ) ! translator's preface & m>g9al notes1 consi/+ ( v>i\s read+s & omissions f ! text4 ,! "w ( ,maimonides is foll[$ by ,ibn ,tibbon's ,vocabul>y 7millot-z>ot71 ,me%>et-mo%eh1 ,arugot ha-mezimmah1 ,millot higgayon1 ,rua-en1 ,alf>abi's ,hatalot1 a ,hebrew-,italian vocabul>y ( logical t]ms1 & an explanation ( koeb4 ,! passage 9 ,"p ,i41 *ap4 lxxi41 :i* ref]s to ,*ri/ianity1 has be5 eras$4 ,h>l4 #eebe 0 ! prop]ty ( ,%im%on ,koh5 ,modon4 ,! ,,ms4 beg9s ) arizi's ,kavvanat ha-p]aim2 !n foll[s ! text1 ) a few m>g9al notes ( a lat] h&1 mo/ly adv]se criticisms & ref]5ces to ,arama's ,aedah & ! ,biblical comm5t>ies ( ,ab>banel4 ,!re is also a note 9 ,lat94 ,! text is foll[$ by ,ibn ,tibbon's ,vocabul>y 7,millot-z>ot7 & ,masoret ha-pesuim 7,index to ! ,biblical quotations 9 ! ,moreh74 ,9 a poem1 beg9n+ ,moreh a%] m5nu d]akav gabehu1 ! ,moreh is comp>$ to a musical in/rum5t1 :i* delights :5 play$ by "o t und]/&s music1 b is spoil$ :5 t\*$ by an ignorant p]son4 ,add4 #bgjfh 7,almanzi coll474 ,at ! end ! foll[+ rem>k is add$3 ,i1 ,samuel ,ibn ,tibbon1 f9i%$ ! translation ( ?is "w 9 ! mon? ( ,tebet #dife 7#abje74 ,! text is prec$$ by ! well-kn[n epigrams1 ,de'i holek & ,moreh-nebu*im sa %elomi2 ! la/ page conta9s ! epigram arob meod4 ,!re are "s notes 9 ! m>g91 mo/ly ref]r+ to v>i\s read+s4 ,add4 #adgfc4 ,?is codex1 writt5 #abgc at ,vit]bo1 conta9s ! preface ( arizi to 8 translation ( ! ,moreh & 8 index ( cont5ts1 ,ibn ,tibbon's v]sion ) a few m>g9al notes ( diff]5t h&s1 includ+ "s rem>ks ( ! translator1 & ! cont5ts ( ! *apt]s4 ,! codex conta9s besides ! foll[+ treatises3 ,comm5t>y ( ,maimonides on ,abot2 ,comm4 ( ,maim4 on ,mi%nah ,sanh$r9 x4 #a2 ,lett] ( ,maimonides on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead2 ,vocabul>y ( difficult words by ,samuel ,ibn ,tibbon2 ,maimonides' ,lett] to ! wise m5 ( ,m>seilles2 8 ,lett] to ,rabbi ,jona?an2 ,ket]-malkut1 ,me%>et-mo%eh1 ,rua-en1 ,otot ha-%amayim1 translat$ f ! ,arabic by ,samuel ,ibn ,tibbon2 ,hatalot ha-nimaot1 ( ,alf>abi2 ,sef] ha-appua1 ,mi%le ami%im ha-talmidim2 on ! sev5 zones ( ! e>?2 a fragm5t ( a *ronicle f ! exile ( ,babylon d[n to ! f\r? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,niceph]os ( ,con/ant9ople1 & a poem1 :i* beg9s a%] yi%al1 & has ! foll[+ s5se3--8,if "o asks ! old & exp]i5c$ = advice1 y may expect 8 success 9 all he und]takes2 b if "o consults ! "y1 rememb] ! fate ( ,rehoboam1 son ( ,solomon40 ,add4 #adgfd4 ,9 addition to ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ,ibn ,tibbon 7f end ( ,i4 xxvii47 ) a few m>g9al notes & index1 ! codex conta9s at ! end ( ,"p ,i4 an ,index ( ref]5ces made by ! au?or to explanations giv5 9 prec$+ or succe$+ *apt]s4 ,at ! end ( ! text ! /atem5t is add$1 t ! translation 0 f9i%$ 9 ! mon? ( ,tebet #ifh 7#abjh74 ,! ,moreh is foll[$ by ,rua-en1 & ,ibn ,tibbon's ,vocabul>y ( millot-z>ot 7incomplete71 & is prec$$ by f\r poems 9 praise ( ! ,moreh1 beg9n+ ,%im'u nebone leb1 ,moreh nebu*im sa %elomi1 ,de'i holek & ,n(et makim4 ,bibl4 ,reg4 #af ,a1 xi4 ,?is codex1 writt5 9 ,prov4 curs4 *>act]s 9 ! ye> #acjh1 has 9 front a fragm5t ( ,,iii4 i41 !n foll[s ! poem ( ,me%ullam1 beg9n+ ,yehgu mezimmotai 7,grtz ,leket-%o%annim1 p4 #aea71 & o!r poems4 ,! foll[+ ,,ms4 copies ( ,ibn ,tibbon's v]sion are includ$ 9 ! ,ox=d ,bodleian ,libr>y2 ! numb]s ref] to ,dr4 ,neubau]'s catalogue ( ! ,,mss43-- #abej4 ,an index ( ! passages f ! ,bible ref]r$ to 9 ! "w1 & an index ( ! cont5ts prec$e ! v]sion4 ,! m>g9al notes conta9 *iefly omissions4 #abea4 ,?is codex 0 writt5 9 #afge4 ,! m>g9al notes conta9 omissions & explanations4 #abeb4 ,! m>g9al notes conta9 ! translator's rem>ks on ,i4 lxxiv4 #d1 & ,,iii4 xlvii4 ,! v]sion is foll[$ by ,ibn ,tibbon's vocabul>y1 & 8 additional rem>ks on ! reasons = ! comm&m5ts4 ,! ,,ms4 0 b\ght by ,samuel b5 ,moses f a ,*ri/ian aft] ! pillage ( ,padua1 :]e x _h belong$ to a ,synagogue ( =eign]s 7lo'azim72 he gave x to a ,synagogue ( ! same "* at ,mantua4 #abec4 ,! m>g9al notes include t ( ! translator on ,,iii4 xlvii4 #abed4 #a4 ,text ) m>g9al notes conta9+ omissions4 #abee4 ,! m>g9al notes include ^? ( ! translator on ,i4 xlvi4 & lxxiv4 #e4 #abef4 ,! m>g9al notes conta9 v>i\s read+s1 notes relat+ to arizi's translation & ! ,arabic text2 on fol4 #hj !re is a note 9 ,lat94 ,!re are 9 ?is codex six epigrams conc]n+ ! ,moreh4 #abeg4 ,text incomplete2 ) m>g9al notes4 ,fragm5ts ( ! ,v]sion are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ codices3 #bjdg1 #c1 p4 #fe2 #bbhc1 #h2 #bcji1 #b1 & #bccf4 ,among ! ,,ms4 copies ( ! ,moreh 9 ! ,bibl4 ,nat4 9 ,p>is1 !re is "o t has be5 ! prop]ty ( ,r4 ,eliah ,mizrai1 & ano!r t _h be5 9 ! h&s ( ,az>iah de ,rossi 7,no4 #fhe & ,no4 #fia72 ! ,gnzburg ,libr>y 7,p>is7 possesses a copy 7,no4 #gga71 t 0 writt5 #adeb by ,samuel son ( ,isaac = ,rabbi ,moses de ,leon1 & ,eliah del ,m$igo's copy ( ! ,moreh is 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,g9sburg 7,london72 x conta9s six poems1 beg9n+ ,moreh nebu*im sa2 ,emet moreh emet2 ,bi-le%on e%2 ,mah-baaru2 ,kamu m %av4 ,! editio pr9ceps ( ?is v]sion has no /atem5t z to :]e & :5 x 0 pr9t$1 & is )\t pag9ation4 ,accord+ to ,fr/ 7,bibliogr47 x is pr9t$ be=e #adhj4 ,! copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has "s ,,ms4 notes4 ,subsequ5t editions conta9 besides ! ,hebrew text ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,%em-ob & ,efodi1 & ! index ( cont5ts by arizi 7,v5ice1 #aeea1 fol472 also ! ,comm4 ( ,crescas & ,vocabul>y ( ,ibn ,tibbon 7,sabionetta1 #aeec1 fol42 ,jessnitz1 #agdb1 fol4 etc472 ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,n>boni & ,s4 ,maimon 7,b]l91 #agia72 ! comm5t>ies ( ,efodi1 ,%em-ob1 ,crescas & ,ab>banel 7,w>saw1 #ahgb1 #dto72 ,g]man translation & ,hebrew ,comm5t>y 7,biur7 ,"p ,i4 7,krotos*91 #ahci1 #hvo72 ,g]man translation & notes1 ,"p ,,ii4 7,wi51 #ahfd71 ,"p ,,iii4 7,frank=t-a4-,m41 #ahch74 ,! ,hebrew v]sion ( ,ibn ,tibbon 7,"p ,i4 to *4 lxxii47 has be5 translat$ into ,mi%naic ,hebrew by ,m4 ,lev9 7,zolkiew1 #ahbi1 #dto74 ,!re is only "o ,,ms4 kn[n ( arizi's v]sion1 viz41 ,no4 #fhb ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale at ,p>is4 ,x has be5 edit$ by ,l4 ,s*losb]g1 ) notes4 ,london1 #ahea 7,"p ,i471 #ahgf 7,,ii471 & #ahgi 7,,iii474 ,! notes on ,"p ,i4 7 suppli$ by ,s4 ,s*ey]4 ,! fir/ ,lat9 translation ( ! ,moreh has be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,p]les among ! ,lat9 ,,mss4 ( ! ,muni* ,libr>y1 ,catal4 ,cod4 lat9orum bibl4 regiae ,monac5sis1 tom4 ,i1 p>s iii4 pag4 #bjh 7,kai%4 #cf b71 #agjj 7#gicf b74 ,?is v]sion is almo/ id5tical ) t edit$ by ,augu/9us ,ju/9ianus1 ,p>is1 #aebj1 & is bas$ on arizi's ,hebrew v]sion ( ! ,moreh4 ,! "n ( ! translator is n m5tion$4 ,9 ! ,comm5t>y ( ,moses1 son ( ,solomon1 ( ,sal]no1 on ! ,moreh1 a ,lat9 translation is quot$1 & ! quotations agree ) ?is v]sion4 ,x is call$ by ?is comm5tator ha ataat ha-norit 78! ,*ri/ian translation071 & its au?or1 ha-ma ati ha-noer 7lit4 8! ,*ri/ian translator074 ,dr4 ,p]les is1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t ^! t]ms d n necess>ily imply t a ,*ri/ian has made ?is translation1 z ! ^w noer may h be5 us$ "h = 8,lat940 ,he ?9ks t x is ! result ( ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian s*ol>s connect$ ) ! c\rt ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or ,fr$]ic ,,ii41 especially z 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury sev]al ,jewi% s*ol>s di/+ui%$ !mselves by translat+ ,ori5tal works into ,lat94 ,see ,grtz ,monats*rift1 #ahge1 ,jan4-,june1 8,die 9 e9] ,mn*5] ,h&s*rift aufgefund5e er/e late9is*e ,ueb]setzung10 etc41 von ,dr4 ,j4 ,p]les4 ,! title has be5 v>i\sly r5d]$ into ,lat93 ,director neutrorum1 directorium dubitantium1 director neutrorum1 nutantium or dubitantium2 doctor p]plexorum4 ,g$aliah ibn ,yahyah1 9 ,%al%elet ha-abbalah1 m5tions a ,lat9 translation ( ! ,moreh by ,jacob ,mont5o2 b no?+ is kn[n ( x1 unless x be ! anonym\s translation ( ! ,muni* ,,ms41 m5tion$ above4 ,augu/9us ,ju/9ianus edit$ ?is v]sion 7,p>is1 #aebj71 ) slight alt]ations & a great numb] ( mi/akes4 ,joseph ,scalig]'s op9ion ( ?is v]sion is express$ 9 a lett] to ,casaubonus1 z foll[s3 ,qui lat9e v]tit1 ,hebraica1 non ,arabica1 conv]tit1 et quidem spe halluc9atur1 neque m5tem ,au?oris assequitur4 ,magna seges m5dorum e/ 9 ,lat9o4 ,prt] illa qu ab in]tia ,int]pretis peccata sunt accessit et in]tia ,libr>iorum aut ,typographorum1 e4g41 propheti pro philosophi2 altitudo pro aptitudo2 bonitatem pro brevitatem4 7,buxtorf1 ,doctor ,p]plexorum1 ,prf47 ,johannes ,buxtorfius1 ,fil41 translat$ ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ,ibn ,tibbon into ,lat9 7,basile1 #afbi1 #dto74 ,9 ! ,prfatio ad ,lectorem1 ! translator discusses ! life & ! works ( ,maimonides1 & dwells especially on ! m]its & ! fate ( ! ,moreh-nebu*im4 ,! preface is foll[$ by a ,hebrew poem ( ,rabbi ,raphael ,joseph ( ,trves1 9 praise ( an edition ( ! ,moreh conta9+ ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,efodi1 ,%em-tob1 & ,crescas4 ,italian 0 ! fir/ liv+ language into :i* ! ,moreh has be5 translat$4 ,?is translation 0 made by ,y$idyah b5 ,moses 7,amadeo de ,mose di ,recanati71 & d$icat$ by him to 8divotissimo e div9issimo ,signor mio il ,signor ,immanuel da ,fano0 7i4e41 ! ,kabbali/ ,m5aem ,az>riah74 ,! translator dictat$ x to 8 bro!r ,eliah1 :o wrote x 9 ,hebrew *>act]s2 x 0 f9i%$ ! #h? ( ,febru>y1 #aehc4 ,! ,,ms4 copy is conta9$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,b]l91 ,,ms4 ,or4 ,qu4 #dhg 7,m4 ,/e9s*neid] ,catal41 etc47--,! ,moreh has be5 translat$ into ,italian a second "t1 & annotat$ by ,d4 ,j4 ,m>oni3 ,guida degli ,sm>riti1 ,fir5ze1 #ahgj1 fol4 ,! ,moreh has be5 translat$ into ,g]man by ,r4 ,fr/5?al 7,"p ,i41 ,krotos*91 #ahci71 ,m4 ,/]n 7,"p ,,ii41 ,wi51 #ahfd71 & ,s4 ,s*ey] 7,"p ,,iii41 ,frank=t-a4-,m41 #ahch74 ,! translation is bas$ on ,ibn ,tibbon's ,hebrew v]sion4 ,! *apt]s on ! ,div9e ,attributes h be5 translat$ into ,g]man1 & fully discuss$1 by ,dr4 ,kaufmann 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,attribut5lehre 7,go?a1 #ahgg74 ,an excell5t ,fr5* translation1 bas$ on ! ,arabic orig9al1 has be5 suppli$ by ! reg5]ator ( ! ,guide1 ,s4 ,munk4 ,x 0 publi%$ toge!r ) ! ,arabic text 7,p>is1 #ahej-ahff74 ,! ,moreh has also be5 translat$ into ! ,hung>ian language by ,dr4 ,kle94 ,! translation is accompani$ by notes 7,budape/1 #ahgh-hj74 ,! portion conta9+ ! reasons ( ! ,comm&m5ts 7,"p ,,iii4 *4 xxvi4-xlix47 has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,james ,t[nley 7,london1 #ahbg74 ,! translation is prec$$ by an acc\nt on ! life & works ( ,maimonides1 & diss]tations on v>i\s subjects2 among o!rs1 ,talmudical & ,rabb9ical writ+s1 ! ,orig9ality ( ! ,in/itutions ( ,moses1 & ,judicial a/rology4 ,,iii4 ,comm5t>ies4--,x is b natural t 9 a philosophical "w l ! ,moreh1 ! read] w meet ) passages t at fir/ ?\ght seem un9telligible1 & require fur!r explanation1 & ?is want has be5 suppli$ by ! num]\s comm5tators t devot$ _! att5tion to ! /udy ( ! ,moreh4 ,joseph ,solomon del ,m$igo 7#aeia7 saw eighte5 ,comm5t>ies4 ,! f\r pr9cipal ones he *>act]izes ?us 79 imitation ( ! ,hagadah = ,passov]73 ,moses ,n>boni is ra%a1 has no piety1 & reveals all ! secrets ( ! ,moreh4 ,%em-ob is akam1 8wise10 exp\nds & criticises2 ,crescas is tam1 8simple10 expla9s ! book 9 ! /yle ( ! ,rabbis2 ,epodi is %e-eno yodea li%ol1 8does n und]/& to ask10 he simply expla9s 9 %ort notes )\t criticism 7,miktab-auz2 ed4 ,a4 ,geig]1 ,b]l91 #ahdj1 p4 #ah74 ,! e>lie/ annotations 7 made by ! au?or himself on ^? passages1 :i* ! fir/ translator ( ! ,moreh 0 unable to compreh5d4 ,!y are conta9$ 9 a lett] address$ to ,samuel ,ibn ,tibbon1 beg9n+1 lefi siklo yehullal i% 7,bodl4 ,libr>y1 ,no4 #bbah1 s42 comp4 ,! ,guide1 etc41 ,i4 #ba1 #cdc2 ,,ii4 #h1 #ii74 ,ibn ,tibbon1 ! translator1 likewise add$ a few notes1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! m>g9 ( ,,mss4 ( ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ! ,moreh 7on ,i4 xlv4 lxxiv42 ,,ii4 xxiv42 & ,,iii4 xlvii4--,,mss4 ,bodl4 #abeb1 #a2 #abec1 #abee1 #abeg2 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 #ad1gfc & #bg1jfh74 ,bo? translators wrote explanations ( ! philosophical t]ms employ$ 9 ! v]sions4 arizi wrote 8 vocabul>y fir/1 & ,ibn ,tibbon1 9 ! introductory rem>ks1 to ,p]u% millot z>ot 78,explanation ( difficult words071 describes 8 rival's vocabul>y z full ( blund]s4 ,ibn ,tibbon's ,p]u% is f\nd almo/ 9 e copy ( 8 v]sion1 bo? ,,ms4 & pr9t2 s also arizi's index ( ! cont5ts ( ! *apt]s ( ! ,moreh 7,kavvanat ha-p]aim74 ,! foll[+ is an alphabetical li/ ( ,comm5t>ies on ! ,moreh3-- ,ab>banel 7,don ,isaak7 wrote a ,comm5t>y on ,i4 i4-lv42 ,,ii4 xxxi4-xlv41 & a sep>ate book ,%amayim-ada%im1 8,new ,heav5s10 on ,,ii4 xix41 9 :i* he fully discusses ! "q conc]n+ ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,! op9ion ( ,maimonides is n always accept$4 ,?us tw5ty-sev5 objections are rais$ aga9/ 8 int]pretation ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,ezekiel4 ,^! objections he wrote at ,mol91 9 ! h\se ( ,r4 ,abraham ,treves arfati4 ,! ,comm5t>y is foll[$ by a %ort essay 7maam>7 on ! plan ( ! ,moreh4 ,! me?od adopt$ by ,ab>banel 9 all 8 ,comm5t>ies1 is also employ$ 9 ?is essay4 ,a s]ies ( que/ions is put =? on ! subject1 & !n ! au?or sets ab\t to answ] !m4 ,m4 ,j4 ,l&au edit$ ! ,comm5t>y )\t text1 ) a ,preface1 & ) explanatory notes1 call$ ,moreh li-eddakah 7,prag4 #ahca2 ,,ms4 ,bodl4 #bche74 ,9 addition to ^! ! same au?or wrote ,te%ubot 8,answ]s0 to sev]al que/ions ask$ by ,rabbi ,%aul ha-,coh5 on topics discuss$ 9 ! ,moreh 7,v5ice1 #aged74 ,abraham ,abulafia wrote 8,sodot ha-moreh10 or ,sitre-torah1 a kabbali/ic ,comm5t>y on ! ,moreh4 ,he gives ! expression1 7,p>adise71 = ! numb] 7#agg7 ( ! *apt]s ( ! ,moreh4 ,,ms4 ,nat4 ,bibl4 #bbf1 #c4 ,leipsic ,libr4 #bcb1 #d4 ,,ms4 ,bodl4 #bcfj1 #e1 conta9s a portion ( ,"p ,,iii4 ,bu*n] ,a4 ,ha-moreh li-edaab 7,w>saw1 #ahch74 ,comm5t>y on 8,! ,reasons ( ! ,laws10 ,moreh ,,iii4 xxix4-xlix4 ,! ,comm5t>y is prec$$ by an acc\nt ( ! life ( ,maimonides4 ,comt9o1 ,mordecai b4 ,eliez]1 wrote a %ort comm5t>y on ! ,moreh 7,dr4 ,g9sburg's collection ( ,,mss4 ,no4 #aj74 ,n>boni1 :o 8spread light on d>k passages 9 ! ,guide10 is frequ5tly quot$4 ,ref]5ce is also made to 8 own comm5t>y on ,ibn ,ezra's ,yesod-mora4 ,crescas 7,a%] b4 ,abraham71 expresses 9 ! ,preface to 8 ,comm5t>y ! conviction t he c\ld n always compreh5d ! "r s5se ( ! words ( ,maimonides1 = 8!re is no se>*+ to 8 und]/&+40 ,he nev]!less ?9ks t 8 explanations w help 8! "y0 to /udy ! ,moreh ) pr(it4 ,a long poem 9 praise ( ,maimonides & 8 "w prec$es ! ,preface4 ,8 notes are %ort & cle>1 & 9 spite ( 8 great respect ( ,maimonides1 he n[ & !n criticises & corrects him4 ,david ,yaya is nam$ by ,joseph ,del ,m$igo 7,miktab-auz ed4 ,a4 ,geig]1 ,b]l91 #ahdj2 p4 #ah1 & note #gf71 z hav+ writt5 a ,comm5t>y on ! ,moreh4 ,david b5 ,yehudah ,leon ,rabb9o wrote ,en ha-ore1 ,,ms4 ,bodl4 #abfc4 ,he quotes 9 8 ,comm5t>y among o!rs ,arama's ,ak$at yia4 ,! ,preface is writt5 by ,immanuel b5 ,raphael ,ibn ,meir1 aft] ! dea? ( ! au?or4 ,efodi is ! "n ( ! ,comm5t>y writt5 by ,isaac b5 ,moses1 :o dur+ ! p]secution ( #acia _h pass$ z ,*ri/ian "u ! "n ( ,pr(iat ,duran4 ,he return$ to ,judaism1 & wrote aga9/ ,*ri/ianity ! fam\s satire 8,al tehee ka-aboteka0 78,be n l y\r ,fa!rs071 :i* misl$ ,*ri/ians to cite x z writt5 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is address$ to ! apo/ate ,en ,bonet ,bon ,giorno4 ,! same au?or also wrote a grammatical "w1 ,maaseh-efod4 ,! "n ,efod 771 is expla9$ z compos$ ( ! initials ,am> ,pr(iat ,duran4 ,8 ,comm5t>y consi/s ( %ort notes1 explanatory ( ! text4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is ,comm5t>y is conta9$ 9 an ,arabic translation 9 ,,ms4 ,bodl4 #bdbb1 #af4 ,ephraim ,al-,naqavah 9 ,%aar ,kebod ha-%em 7,,ms4 ,bodl4 #ici1 #b & #abeh1 #b71 answ]s "s que/ions address$ to him conc]n+ ! ,moreh4 ,he quotes isdai's ,or adonai4 ,fr/5?al1 ,r41 translator & comm5tator ( ! ,mazor1 add$ a ,biur1 %ort explanatory notes1 to 8 ,g]man translation ( ,"p ,i4 ( ! ,moreh 7,krotos*91 #ahci74 ,g]%on1 ,moreh-d]ek1 ,comm5t>y on ,"p ,i4 ( ! ,moreh 7,,ms4 ,bodl4 #abfe74 ,hillel b4 ,samuel b4 ,elaz> ( ,v]ona expla9$ ! ,introduction to ,"p ,,ii4 7! #be ,propos474 ,s4 ,h4 ,halb]/am edit$ ?is ,comm5t>y toge!r ) ,tagmule ha-nefe% ( ! same au?or1 = ! ,society ,meie-nirdamim 7,lyck1 #ahgd74 ,joseph b5 ,aba-m>i b4 ,joseph1 ( ,caspi 7,arg5tire71 wrote ?ree ,comm5t>ies on ! ,moreh4 ,! fir/ is conta9$ 9 a ,muni* ,,ms4 7,no4 #bfc72 & seems to h be5 reca/ by ! au?or1 & divid$ into two sep>ate ,comm5t>ies3 ,ammude ,kesef1 & ,maskiyot ,kesef4 ,! =m] 0 to conta9 pla9 & ord9>y explanation1 :il/ pr(\nd & my/]i\s matt] 0 res]v$ = ! second 7,/e9s*n4 ,cat474 ,9 ,,ii41 *ap4 xlviii41 ,caspi f9ds fault ) ,maimonides t he does n place ! book ( ,job among ! highe/ class ( inspir$ writ+s1 8its au?or be+ und\bt$ly ,moses40 ,^! ,comm5t>ies h be5 edit$ by ,t4 ,w]blum] 7,frank=t-a4-,m41 #ahdh74 ,r4 ,kir*heim add$ a ,hebrew introduction discuss+ ! "* ( ^! comm5t>ies1 & describ+ ! manuscripts f :i* ^! 7 copi$2 a ,biography ( ! au?or is add$ 9 ,g]man4 ,joseph ,giqatilia wrote notes on ! ,moreh1 pr9t$ ) 8,que/ions ( ,%aul ha-koh50 7,v5ice1 #aegd4 ,,ms4 ,bodl4 #aiaa1 #c74 ,joseph b4 ,isaac ha-,levi's ,gib'at ha-,moreh is a %ort ,comm5t>y on portions ( ! ,moreh1 ) notes by ,r4 ,yom-ob ,hell]1 ! au?or ( ,tosafot ,yom-tob 7,prag41 #afab74 ,isaac ,satanov wrote a comm5t>y on ,p>ts ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ( ! ,moreh 7see ,maimon ,solomon p4 xxi474 ,isaac b5 ,%em-ob ibn ,%em-ob wrote a l5g?y ,comm5t>y on ! ,moreh1 ,"p ,i4 7,,ms4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,or4 #achh74 ,! object ( ! ,comm5t>y is to %[ t !re is no contradiction betwe5 ,maimonides & ! ,div9e ,law4 ,he praises ,maimonides z a true believ] 9 ,creatio ex nihilo1 :il/ ,ibn ,ezra & ,g]sonides assum$ a prima mat]ia 7,yoer1 ado%74 ,na*manides is call$ ha-asid ha-gadol1 b is nev]!less blam$1 toge!r ) ,n>boni & ,z]ayah ha-,levi1 = criticis+ ,maimonides1 in/ead ( try+ to expla9 />tl+ utt]ances ev5 9 8a =c$ way0 7b$]ek raok72 & ,n>boni1 89 spite ( 8 wisdom1 frequ5tly misund]/ood ! ,moreh40 ,at ! end ( ea* *apt] a rsum 7d]u%7 ( ! cont5ts ( ! *apt] is giv51 & ! lesson to be d]iv$ f x4 ,! ,,ms4 is incomplete1 *aps1 xlvi4-xlviii4 are miss+4 ,kaufmann1 ,d41 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,attribut5lehre1 translat$ ,"p ,i4 *ap1 l4-lxiii4 into ,g]man1 & add$ critical & explanatory notes4 ,kalonymos wrote a k9d ( introduction to ! ,moreh 7,me%>et ,mo%eh71 9 :i* he especially discusses ! !ory ( ,maimonides on ,provid5ce4 ,leibnitz made extracts f ,buxtorf's ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,moreh1 & add$ 8 own rem>ks4 ,obs]vationes ad ,r4 ,mos5 ,maimonid5 7,f\*] de ,c>eil4 ,c4,a41 ,la ,philosophie ,juive1 #ahfa74 ,lev91 ,m41 wrote ,allon-moreh z a k9d ( introduction to 8 retranslation ( ,tibbon's ,hebrew v]sion into ! language ( ! ,mi%nah4 ,maimon1 ,solomon1 is ! au?or ( ,gib'at ha-moreh1 a l5g?y comm5t>y on ,book ,i4 7,b]l91 #agia74 ,! au?or is fond ( expatiat+ on topics ( mod]n philosophy4 ,9 ! introduction he gives a %ort hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! comm5t>y on ,books ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 0 writt5 by ,isaac ,satanov4 ,meir b5 ,jonah ha-mekunneh ,b5-%neor wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,moreh 9 ,fez #aefj 7,,ms4 ,bodl4 #abfb74 ,m5aem ,k>a exp\nd$ ! tw5ty-five propositions enum]at$ 9 ! ,introduction to ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! ,moreh 7,,ms4 ,bodl4 #afdi1 #ac74 ,mordecai ,yaffe1 9 8 ,or ,yearot1 or ,p9nat ,yirat1 "o ( 8 t5 ,lebu%im1 comm5ts ^u ! !ories conta9$ 9 ! ,moreh4 ,moses1 son ( ,abraham ,prov5al1 expla9s ! passage 9 ,"p ,i4 *ap1 lxxiii4 ,prop4 #c1 9 :i* ,maimonides ref]s to ! diff]5ce betwe5 comm5surable & incomm5surable l9es 7,,ms4 ,bodl4 #bjcc1 #h74 ,moses1 son ( ,jehudah ,nag>i1 made an index ( ! subjects treat$ 9 ! ,moreh1 indicat+ 9 ea* case ! *apt]s 9 :i* allusion is made to ! subject4 ,he did s1 89 ob$i5ce to ! advice ( ,maimonides1 to consid] ! *apt]s 9 connect$ ord]0 7,"p ,i4 p4 #bj74 ,x has be5 pr9t$ toge!r ) ! que/ions ( ,%aul ha-koh5 7,v5ice1 #aegd74 ,moses1 son ( ,solomon ( ,sal]no1 is "o ( ! e>lie/ exp\nd]s ( ! ,moreh4 ,he wrote 8 comm5t>y on ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii41 p]haps toge!r ) a ,*ri/ian s*ol>4 ,he quotes ! op9ion ( 8! ,*ri/ian s*ol> ) :om he work$ toge!r40 ,?us he names ,petrus de ,b]nia & ,nicolo di ,giov5azzo4 ,r4 ,jacob ,anatoli1 au?or ( ! ,malm$ ha-talmidim1 is quot$ z (f]+ an explanation = ! passage f ,pire di-rabbi ,eliez]1 :i* ,maimonides 7,,ii4 *ap1 xxvi47 consid]s z /range & inexplicable 7,"p ,i41 writt5 #adci2 ,,ms4 ( ,bet ha-midra%1 ,london2 ,p>ts ,i4-,,ii41 ,,ms4 ,bodl4 #abfa1 writt51 #aedg2 ,,ms4 ,pet]sburg1 ,no4 #hb2 ,muni* ,,ms4 #fj & #cgj74 ,moses ha-atan1 son ( ,jehudah1 son ( ,moses1 wrote ,to'aliyot pire ha-maam> 78,lessons taught 9 ! *apt]s ( ?is "w074 ,x is an index to ! ,moreh 7,,ms4 ,bodl4 #abfg74 ,moses ,leid5 expla9$ ! #be ,prop4 ( ! ,introduction to ,"p ,,ii4 7,,ms4 ,gnzburg1 ,p>is74 ,moses ,n>boni wrote a %ort comm5t>y at ,soria1 #acfb4 ,he freely criticizes ,maimonides1 & uses expressions l ! foll[+3--8,he w5t too f>1 may ,god p>don him0 7,,ii4 viii474 ,is4 ,eu*el ed4 ,"p ,i4 7,b]l91 #agia72 ,j4 ,gold5?al1 ,i4 to ,,iii4 7,wi51 #aheb74 ,! ,bodl4 ,libr4 possesses sev]al ,,ms4 copies ( ?is comm5t>y 7,nos4 #abfj1 #abfd1 #b1 & #abff74 ,munk1 ,s41 add$ to 8 ,fr5* translation ( ! ,moreh num]\s critical & explanatory notes4 ,s4 ,sa*s 7,ha-teiyah1 ,b]l91 #ahej1 p4 #h7 expla9s v>i\s passages ( ! ,moreh1 ) a view ( discov]+ ! names ( ^? :o are attack$ by ,maimonides )\t be+ nam$4 ,s*ey]1 ,s41 add$ critical & explanatory notes to 8 ,g]man translation ( ! ,moreh1 ,"p #c1 & to ! ,hebrew v]sion ( arizi1 ,"p #a4 ,he also wrote ,das ,psy*ologis*e ,sy/em des ,maimonides1 an ,introduction to ! ,moreh 7,frankf4-a4-,m41 #ahde74 ,%em ob ,ibn ,palqu]a's ,moreh ha-moreh consi/s ( #c p>ts3 7#a7 a philosophical explanation ( ! ,moreh1 7#b7 a description ( ! cont5ts ( ! *apt]s ( ! ,moreh1 ,"p ,i1 i4-lvii4 7,presburg1 #ahbg72 7#c7 ,corrections ( ,ibn ,tibbon's v]sion4 ,he wrote ! book = himself1 t 9 old age he might h a means ( refre%+ 8 memory4 ,! /udy ( sci5ce & philosophy is to be recomm5d$1 b only to ^? :o h _h a good tra9+ 9 8! fe> ( s940 ,ibn ,ro%d 7,av]roes7 is frequ5tly quot$1 & ref]r$ to z he-akam ha-nizk> 7! philosoph] m5tion$ above74 ,%em-ob b5 ,joseph b5 ,%em-ob _h ! comm5t>y ( ,efodi be=e him1 :i* he seems to h quot$ frequ5tly v]batim )\t nam+ him4 ,9 ! preface he dwells on ! m]its ( ! ,moreh z ! j m$iator betwe5 religion & philosophy4 ,! comm5t>y ( ,%em-ob is pr(use1 & includes almo/ a p>aphrase ( ! text4 ,he apologises 9 conclusion = hav+ writt5 _m sup]flu\s notes & add$ explanation :]e no explanation 0 requir$2 8 excuse is t he did n only int5d to write a comm5t>y 7biur7 b also a "w complete 9 itself 7ibbur74 ,he (t5 calls ! read]'s att5tion to ?+s :i* are pla9 & cle>4 ,%em-ob4 ,ibn ,%em-ob1 9 ,sef] ha-emunot 7,f]r>a1 #aeef71 criticises "s ( ! v>i\s !ories discuss$ 9 ! ,moreh1 & rejects !m z h]etic4 ,8 objections 7 exam9$ by ,moses ,al-a%k>1 & answ]$ 9 ,hasagot al mah %e-katab ,rabbi ,%em-ob neg$ ha-,rambam 7,f]r>a1 #aeef74 ,solomon b4 ,jehudah ha-nasi wrote 9 ,g]many ,sitre-torah1 a kabbali/ic comm5t>y on ! ,moreh1 & d$icat$ x to 8 pupil ,jacob b4 ,samuel 7,,ms4 ,bet-ha-midra%1 ,london74 ,tabrizi4 ,! tw5ty-five ,propositions =m+ ! introduction to ,"p #b1 h be5 fully expla9$ by ,mohamm$ ,abu-becr b5 ,mohamm$ al-tabrizi4 ,8 ,arabic explanations h be5 translat$ by ,isaac b4 ,na?an ( ,majorca into ,hebrew 7,f]r>a1 #aeef74 ,at ! end ! foll[+ eulogy is add$3--,! au?or ( ^! ,propositions is ! *ief ^: sceptre is 8wisdom0 & ^: ?rone is 8und]/&+10 ! ,israelite pr9ce1 t has b5efit$ 8 nation & all ^? :o love ,god1 etc43 ,moses b4 ,maimon b4 ,eb$-elohim1 ! ,israelite4444 ,may ,god lead u to ! tru?4 ,am56 ,ti%bi4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,bodl4 #bbgi1 #a1 !re are "s m>g9al notes on ,"p ,,iii4 :i* are sign$ ,ti%bi 7,neub4 ,cat474 ,yaya ,ibn ,suleiman wrote 9 ,arabic a ,comm5t>y on ! ,guide = ! ,p]plex$4 ,a fragm5t is conta9$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,,ms4 ,or4 ,qu41 #eed1 #b 7,/e9s*neid]1 ,cat4 ,no4 #ib74 ,z]ayah b4 ,isaac ha-,levi4 ,comm5t>y on ! ,moreh1 ,i41 i4-lxxi41 & "s o!r portions ( ! "w4 7,see ,maskir1 #ahfa1 p4 #abe74 ,,ms4 ,bodl4 #bcfj1 #h1 conta9s a lett] ( ,jehudah b4 ,%elomoh on "s passages ( ! ,moreh1 & ,z]ayah's reply4 ,anonym\s ,comm5t>ies4--,! ,,ms4 ,brit4 ,mus4 #adbc conta9s m>g9al & int]l9e>y notes 9 ,arabic4 ,no au?or or date is giv51 nor is any o!r comm5t>y ref]r$ to 9 ! notes4 ,! explanations giv5 are mo/ly prec$$ by a "q1 & introduc$ by ! phrase1 8! answ] is10 9 ! same /yle z is employ$ 9 ! ,hebrew-,arabic ,midra%1 ,,ms4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,or4 #bbac4 ,! ,midra%ic "* is prom95t 9 ! notes4 ,?us ! v]se 8,op51 ye gates1 t ! righte\s nation :i* keepe? ! tru? may ent] 910 is expla9$ z mean+3 ,op51 ye gates ( wisdom1 t human und]/&+ t p]ceive? tru? may ent]4 ,! notes are num]\s1 especially 9 ! fir/ "p1 expla9+ almo/ e ^w2 e4g41 on 8,rabbi03 ,:y does ,maimonides employ ?is title be=e ! "n ( 8 pupil8 ,! answ] is3 ei!r ! ^w is n to be tak5 lit]ally 78ma/]071 b z a m]e complim5t1 or x has be5 add$ by lat] copyi/s4 ,( a simil> /yle seem to be ! ,arabic notes 9 ! ,b]l9 ,,ms4 ,or4 ,oct4 #beh1 #b1 #h1 #aj4 7,cat4 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,no4 #ajh47--;,anonym\s m>g9al notes are met ) almo/ 9 e ,,ms4 ( ! ,moreh2 e4g41 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 #eebe2 ,add4 #ad1gfc1 #ad1gfd2 ,bodl4 #abfd1 #a2 #bbhb1 #aj2 #bdbc1 #c2 ,muni* ,,ms41 #bci1 #f4 ,! explanation ( passages f ! ,p5tateu* conta9$ 9 ! ,moreh h be5 collect$ by ,d4 ,ott5soss]1 & giv5 z an app5dix 7,moreh-d]ek7 to ,d]ek-selulah 7,p5t4 ) ,comm4 etc41 ,fur?1 #ahbd74 ,,iv4 ,controv]sies4--,! seem+ly new ideas put =? by ,maimonides 9 ! ,moreh & 9 ! fir/ section ( 8 ,mi%neh-torah 7,sef] ha-madda7 soon produc$ a lively controv]sy z reg>ds ! m]its ( ,maimonides' !ories4 ,x 0 mo/ p]plex+ to pi\s ,talmudi/s to le>n h[ ,maimonides expla9$ ! an?ropomorphisms employ$ 9 ! ,bible1 ! ,midra%im & ! ,talmud1 :at he ?\ght ab\t ! future /ate ( our s\l1 & t he consid]$ ! /udy ( philosophy z ! highe/ degree ( ,div9e wor%ip1 surpass+ ev5 ! /udy ( ! ,law & ! practice ( its precepts4 ,! objections & attacks ( ,daniel ( ,damascus 7 easily sil5c$ by a erem 7excommunication7 pron\nc$ aga9/ him by ! ,ro% ha-golah ,rabbi ,david4 ,/rong] 0 ! opposition t _h its c5tre 9 ,montpelli]4 ,rabbi ,solomon b5 ,abraham notic$ ) regret 9 8 own community ! fruit ( ! !ories ( ,maimonides 9 ! neglect ( ! /udy ( ! ,law & ( ! practice ( ! ,div9e precepts4 ,x happ5$ to ,moses ,maimonides :at 9 mod]n times happ5$ to ,moses ,m5delssohn4 ,_m s-call$ disciples & foll[]s ( ! great ma/] misund]/ood or mis9t]pret$ 8 tea*+ 9 support ( _! d]eliction ( ,jewi% law & ,jewi% practice1 & ?us br\ght disrepute on him 9 ! eyes ( _! oppon5ts4 ,?us x came t ,rabbi ,solomon & 8 disciples turn$ _! wra? aga9/ ! writ+s ( ,maimonides in/ead ( combat+ ! argum5ts ( ! pseudo-,maimoni/s4 ,! latt] ev5 accus$ ,solomon ( hav+ d5\nc$ ! ,moreh & ! ,sef] ha-madda to ! ,dom9icans1 :o condemn$ ^! writ+s to ! flames2 :5 subsequ5tly copies ( ! ,talmud 7 burnt1 & "s ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,rabbi ( ,montpelli] 7 subject$ to cruel tortures1 ! ,maimoni/s saw 9 ?is ev5t a j puni%m5t = (f5d+ ,maimonides4 7,lett]s ( ,hillel ( ,v]ona1 emdah ,g5uzah1 ed4 ,h4 ,edelmann1 p4 #ah sqq474 ,meir b4 ,todros ha-levi ,abulafia wrote already dur+ ! lifetime ( ,maimonides to ! wise m5 9 ,lunel ab\t ! h]etic doctr9es he discov]$ 9 ! works ( ,maimonides4 ,ahron b4 ,me%ullam & ,%e%e? ,b5v5i/i def5d$ ,maimonides4 ,ab\t #abcb a correspond5ce op5$ betwe5 ! ,maimoni/s & ! ,anti-,maimoni/s 7,grtz1 ,ges*4 d4 ,j4 vii4 note ,i74 ,! ,gramm>ian ,david ,kimi wrote 9 def5ce ( ,maimonides ?ree lett]s to ,jehudah ,alfa*>1 :o answ]$ ea* ( !m 9 ! s5se ( ,rabbi ,solomon ( ,montpelli]4 ,abraham b4 isdai & ,samuel b4 ,abraham ,saportas on ! side ( ! ,maimoni/s1 took "p 9 ! controv]sy4 ,me%ullam b4 ,kalonymos b4 ,todros ( ,n>bonne begg$ ,alfa*> to treat ,kimi ) m consid]ation1 :]eupon ,alfa*> resolv$ to )draw f ! controv]sy4 ,namanides1 ?\gh m on ! side ( ,rabbi ,solomon1 wrote two lett]s ( a conciliatory "*1 advis+ mod]ation on bo? sides4 ,repres5tatives ( ! congregations ( ,s>agossa1 ,huesca1 ,monzon1 ,kalatajud1 & ,l]ida sign$ decl>ations aga9/ ,r4 ,solomon4 ,a erem 0 proclaim$ f ,lunel & ,n>bonne aga9/ ! ,anti-,maimoni/s4 ,! son ( ,maimonides1 ,abraham1 wrote a pamphlet ,milamot adonai1 9 def5ce ( ! writ+s ( 8 fa!r4 ,! controv]sy rais$ ab\t fifty ye>s lat] by ,abba ,m>i ,don ,a/ruc & ,r4 ,solomon b5-,ad]et ( ,b>celona1 conc]n$ ! ,moreh less directly4 ,! "q 0 ( a m g5]al "*3 ,is ! /udy ( philosophy dang]\s to ! religi\s belief ( "y /ud5ts8 ,! lett]s writt5 9 ?is controv]sy are conta9$ 9 ,m9at-enaot by ,abba ,m>i ,don ,a/ruc 7,presburg1 #ahch71 & ,kitab alrasail ( ,meir ,abulafia ed4 ,j4 ,brill 7,p>is1 #ahga74 ,y$aya ,b$rasi took "p 9 ?is controv]sy1 & wrote ,ketab hitnalut 9 def5ce ( ! /udy ( philosophy 7,te%ubot ,ra%ba1 ,hanau1 #afaj1 p4 #aaa b474 ,! :ole controv]sy end$ 9 ! victory ( ! ,moreh & ! o!r writ+s ( ,maimonides4 ,/ray rem>ks are f\nd 9 v>i\s works1 "s 9 praise & "s 9 condemnation ( ,maimonides4 ,a few in/ances may suffice4 ,rabbi ,jacob ,emd5 9 8 ,mitpaat-sef>im 7,lemb]g1 #ahgj1 p4 #ef7 believes t p>ts ( ! ,moreh are spuri\s2 he ev5 d\bts :e!r any portion ( x is ! "w ( 8,maimonides1 ! au?or ( ! ,mi%neh-torah1 :o 0 n capable ( writ+ su* h]etic doctr9es40 ,s4 ,d4 ,luzzato reg>ds ,maimonides ) great rev]5ce1 b ?is does n prev5t him f sev]ely criticis+ 8 philosophical !ories 7,lett]s to ,s4 ,rappoport1 ,no4 #gi1 #hc1 #bff1 ,igg]o? ,%$al ed4 ,e4 ,grab]1 ,przemys'l1 #ahhb71 & f express+ 8 conviction t ! say+ 8,f ,moses to ,moses none rose l ,moses10 0 z untrue z t sugge/$ by ,rappoport1 8,f ,abraham to ,abraham 7,ibn-,ezra7 none rose l ,abraham40 ,rabbi ,hirs* ,*ayyu? 9 ,d>ke-,mo%eh 7,zolkiew1 #ahdj7 exam9es ! attacks made ^u ! writ+s ( ,maimonides1 & tries to refute !m1 & to %[ t !y c be reconcil$ ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,talmud4 ,! ,bodl4 ,,ms4 #bbdj1 #c;a1 conta9s a docum5t sign$ by ,josselman & o!r ,rabbis1 decl>+ t !y accept ! tea*+ ( ,maimonides z correct1 ) ! exception ( 8 !ory ab\t angels & sacrifices4 ,num]\s poems 7 writt51 bo? 9 admiration & 9 condemnation ( ! ,moreh4 ,mo/ ( !m prec$e or foll[ ! ,moreh 9 ! pr9t$ editions & 9 ! v>i\s ,,ms4 copies ( ! "w4 ,a few h be5 edit$ 9 ,dibre-akamim1 pp4 #ge & #hf2 9 ! ,lit]aturblatt d4 ,or4 ,i4 #cgi1 ,,ii4 #bf-bg1 ,,iv4 #gdh1 & ,leket-%o%annim by ,dr4 ,grtz4 ,9 ! ,sammelb& ( ! ,mekize ,nirdamim 7#ahhe7 a collection ( #fi ( ^! poems is conta9$1 edit$ & expla9$ by ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,b]l9]4 ,9 imitation ( ! ,moreh & ) a view ( displac+ ,maimonides' "w1 ! ,k>aite ,ahron ,,ii4 b4 ,eliah wrote a philosophical treatise1 ,e-ayyim 7,ed4 ,f4 ,delitzs*4 ,leipzig1 #ahda74 ,( ! works t discuss ! :ole or "p ( ! philosophical sy/em ( ! ,moreh ! foll[+ are notewor?y3-- ,ba*]1 ,w4 ,die ,bibilexegese ,moses ,maimni's1 9 ! ,jahresb]i*t d] ,l&es ,rabb9]s*ule zu ,buda-,pe/4 #ahif4 ,eisl]1 ,m4 ,vorlesung5 b] die jdis*5 ,philosoph5 des ,mittelalt]s4 ,ab!il4 ,,ii41 ,moses ,maimonides 7,wi51 #ahgj74 ,geig]1 ,a4 ,das ,jud5?um u4 se9e ,ges*i*te 7,breslau1 #ahfe71 ,zehnte ,vorlesung3 ,ab5 ,ezra u4 ,maimonides4 ,grtz1 ,h4 ,ges*i*te d4 ,jud51 ,,vi4 p4 #cfc sqq4 ,joel1 ,m4 ,religionsphilosophie des ,moses b4 ,maimon 7,breslau1 #ahei74 ,joel1 ,m4 ,alb]tus ,magnus u4 se9 ,v]hltniss zu ,maimonides 7,breslau1 #ahfc74 ,kaufmann1 ,d4 ,ges*i*te d] ,attribut5lehre1 ,,vii4 ,go?a1 #ahgd4 ,philippsohn1 ,l4 ,die ,philosophie des ,maimonides4 ,pr$igt und ,s*ul-,magaz91 ,i4 xviii4 7,magdeburg1 #ahcd47 ,ros91 ,d4 ,die ,e?ik d4 ,maimonides 7,breslau1 #ahgf74 ,rub91 ,s4 ,sp9oza u4 ,maimonides1 e9 ,psy*ologis*-,philosophis*es ,anti!ton 7,wi51 #ahfh74 ,s*ey]1 ,s4 ,das psy*ologis*e ,sy/em des ,maimonides4 ,frank=t-a4-,m41 #ahde4 ,weiss1 ,t4 ,h4 ,be?-,talmud1 ,i4 x4 p4 #bhi4 ,david ,yell9 & ,israel ,abrahams1 ,maimonides4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,guide ,,= ,,! ,,p]plex$ ,x is ! object ( ?is "w 8to af=d a guide = ! p]plex$10 i4e4 8to ?9k]s ^: /udies h br\ght !m into collision ) religion0 7p4 #i71 8:o h /udi$ philosophy & h acquir$ s\nd k1 & :o1 :ile firm 9 religi\s matt]s1 are p]plex$ & bewild]$ on acc\nt ( ! ambigu\s & figurative expressions employ$ 9 ! holy writ+s0 7p4 #e74 ,joseph1 ! son ( ,jehudah ,ibn ,akn91 a disciple ( ,maimonides1 is address$ by 8 tea*] z an example ( ?is k9d ( /ud5ts4 ,x 0 8= him & = ^? l him0 t ! treatise 0 compos$1 & to him ?is "w is inscrib$ 9 ! d$icatory lett] ) :i* ! ,introduction beg9s4 ,maimonides1 hav+ discov]$ t 8 disciple 0 suffici5tly advanc$ = an exposition ( ! esot]ic ideas 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets1 comm5c$ to give him su* expositions 8by way ( h9ts40 ,8 disciple !n begg$ him to give him fur!r explanations1 to treat ( metaphysical !mes1 & to exp\nd ! sy/em & ! me?od ( ! ,kalm1 or ,mohamm$an ,!ology4 #a ,9 compliance ) ?is reque/1 ,maimonides compos$ ! ,guide = ! ,p]plex$4 ,! read] has1 !re=e1 to expect t ! subjects m5tion$ 9 ! disciple's reque/ indicate ! design & arrangem5t ( ! pres5t "w1 & t ! ,guide consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3--#a4 ,an exposition ( ! esot]ic ideas 7sodot7 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets4 #b4 ,a treatm5t ( c]ta9 metaphysical problems4 #c4 ,an exam9ation ( ! sy/em & me?od ( ! ,kalm4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is a correct acc\nt ( ! cont5ts ( ! book2 b 9 ! second "p ( ! ,introduction1 9 :i* ! !me ( ?is "w is def9$1 ! au?or m5tions only ! fir/-nam$ subject4 ,he obs]ves3 8,my prim>y object is to expla9 c]ta9 t]ms occurr+ 9 ! prophetic book4 ,( ^! "s are homonym\s1 "s figurative1 & "s hybrid t]ms40 8,?is "w has also a second object4 ,x is design$ to expla9 c]ta9 obscure figures :i* occur 9 ! ,prophets1 & are n di/9ctly *>act]is$ z be+ figures0 7p4 #b74 ,yet f ?is obs]vation x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ,maimonides ab&on$ 8 orig9al purpose2 = he exam9es ! ,kalm 9 ! la/ *apt]s ( ! ,fir/ ,"p 7*4 lxx4-lxxvi471 & treats ( c]ta9 metaphysical !mes 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,second ,"p 7,introd4 & *4 i4-xxv474 ,b 9 ! passage quot$ above he conf9es himself to a del9eation ( ! ma9 object ( ?is treatise1 & advis$ly leaves unm5tion$ ! o!r two subjects1 :i*1 h[ev] important !y may be1 are "h ( subord9ate int]e/4 ,nor did he consid] x necess>y to expatiate on ^! subjects2 he only wrote = ! /ud5t1 = :om a m]e ref]5ce to works on philosophy & sci5ce 0 suffici5t4 ,we !re=e meet n[ & !n ) su* phrases z ! foll[+3 8,?is is fully discuss$ 9 works on metaphysics40 ,by ref]5ces ( ?is k9d ! au?or may h int5d$ to create a ta/e = ! /udy ( philosophical works4 ,b our obs]vation only holds good ) reg>d to ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,mutakallemim are nev] comm5d$ by him2 he /ates _! op9ions1 & tells 8 disciple t he w\ld n f9d any additional argum5t1 ev5 if he 7 to read all _! volum9\s works 7p4 #acc74 ,maimonides 0 a zeal\s disciple ( ,ari/otle1 al?\gh ! !ory ( ! ,kalm might seem to h be5 m cong5ial to ,jewi% ?\ght & belief4 ,! ,kalm upheld ! !ory ( ,god's ,exi/5ce1 ,incorporeality1 & ,unity1 toge!r ) ! creatio ex nihilo4 ,maimonides nev]!less oppos$ ! ,kalm1 &1 anticipat+ ! "q1 :y pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! sy/em ( ,ari/otle1 :i* includ$ ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 a !ory contr>y to ! fundam5tal tea*+ ( ! ,scriptures1 he expos$ ! weakness ( ! ,kalm & its fallacies4 ,! exposition ( ,scriptural texts is divid$ by ! au?or into two p>ts2 ! fir/ "p treats ( homonym\s1 figurative1 & hybrid t]ms1 #b employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god2 ! second "p relates to ,biblical figures & allegories4 ,^! two p>ts d n closely foll[ ea* o!r2 !y are sep>at$ by ! exam9ation ( ! ,kalm1 & ! discussion ( metaphysical problems4 ,x seems t ! au?or adopt$ ?is arrangem5t = ! foll[+ reason3 fir/ ( all1 he int5d$ to e/abli% ! fact t ! ,biblical an?ropomorphisms d n imply corporeality1 & t ! ,div9e ,be+ ( :om ! ,bible speaks c\ld !re=e be reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! ,primal ,cause ( ! philosoph]s4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ?is pr9ciple1 he discusses f a purely metaphysical po9t ( view ! prop]ties ( ! ,primal ,cause & its relation to ! univ]se4 ,a solid f\ndation is ?us e/abli%$ = ! esot]ic exposition ( ,scriptural passages4 ,be=e discuss+ metaphysical problems1 :i* he treats 9 accordance ) ,ari/otelian philosophy1 he disposes ( ! ,kalm1 & demon/rates t its argum5ts are illogical & illusory4 ,! 8,guide = ! ,p]plex$0 conta9s1 !re=e1 an ,introduction & ! foll[+ f\r p>ts3--#a4 ,on homonym\s1 figurative1 & hybrid t]ms4 #b4 ,on ! ,supreme ,be+ & ,8 relation to ! univ]se1 accord+ to ! ,kalm4 #c4 ,on ! ,primal ,cause & its relation to ! univ]se1 accord+ to ! philosoph]s4 #d4 ,esot]ic exposition ( "s portions ( ! ,bible 7sodot73 a1 ,maaseh b]e%i?1 or ! hi/ory ( ! ,creation 7,g5esis1 *4 i4-iv472 b1 on ,prophecy2 c1 ,maaseh m]cabhah1 or ! description ( ! div9e *>iot 7,ezekiel1 *4 i474 ,accord+ to ?is plan1 ! "w ends ) ! sev5? *apt] ( ! ,?ird ,"p4 ,! *apt]s :i* foll[ may be consid]$ z an app5dix2 !y treat ( ! foll[+ !ological !mes3 ! ,exi/5ce ( ,evil1 ,omnisci5ce & ,provid5ce1 ,temptations1 ,design 9 ,nature1 9 ! ,law1 & 9 ! ,biblical ,n>ratives1 & f9ally ! true ,wor%ip ( ,god4 ,9 ! ,introduction to ! 8,guide10 ,maimonides 7#a7 describes ! object ( ! "w & ! me?od he has foll[$2 7#b7 treats ( similes2 7#c7 gives 8directions = ! /udy ( ! "w02 & 7#d7 discusses ! usual causes ( inconsi/5cies 9 au?ors4 #a 7pp4 #b-c74 ,inquir+ into ! root ( ! evil :i* ! ,guide 0 int5d$ to remove1 viz41 ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 ! au?or p]ceiv$ t 9 mo/ cases x orig9at$ 9 a mis9t]pretation ( ! an?ropomorphisms 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,! ma9 difficulty is f\nd 9 ! ambiguity ( ! words employ$ by ! prophets :5 speak+ ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 ! "q arises :e!r !y are appli$ to ! ,deity & to o!r ?+s 9 "o & ! same s5se or equivocally2 9 ! latt] case ! au?or di/+ui%es betwe5 homonyms pure & simple1 figures1 & hybrid t]ms4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ! ,biblical an?ropomorphisms d n imply ! corporeality ( ! ,deity1 he seeks 9 ea* in/ance to demon/rate t ! expression "u exam9ation is a p]fect homonym d5ot+ ?+s :i* are totally di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & :5ev] su* a demon/ration is impossible1 he assumes t ! expression is a hybrid t]m1 t is1 be+ employ$ 9 "o in/ance figuratively & 9 ano!r homonym\sly4 ,8 explanation ( 8=m0 7elem7 may s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,accord+ to 8 op9ion1 x inv>iably d5otes 8=m0 9 ! philosophical acceptation ( ! t]m1 viz41 ! complex ( ! ess5tial prop]ties ( a ?+4 ,b to obviate objections he proposes an alt]native view1 to take elem z a hybrid t]m t may be expla9$ z a class n\n d5ot+ only ?+s ( ! same class1 or z a homonym employ$ = totally diff]5t ?+s1 viz41 8=m0 9 ! philosophical s5se1 & 8=m0 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,maimonides seems to h refra9$ f expla9+ an?ropomorphisms z figurative expressions1 le/ by su* int]pretation he might implicitly admit ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 relation & comp>ison betwe5 ! ,creator & ,8 creatures4 ,jewi% philosoph]s be=e ,maimonides enunciat$ & demon/rat$ ! ,unity & ! ,incorporeality ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 & int]pret$ ,scriptural metaphors on ! pr9ciple t 8! ,law speaks 9 ! language ( man02 b our au?or adopt$ a new & altoge!r orig9al me?od4 ,! ,comm5tators1 :5 treat+ ( an?ropomorphisms1 g5]ally cont5t$ !mselves ) ! /atem5t t ! t]m "u consid]ation mu/ n be tak5 9 its lit]al s5se1 or !y p>aphras$ ! passage 9 expressions :i* impli$ a less] degree ( corporeality4 ,! ,talmud1 ! ,midra%im1 & ! ,t>gumim ab\nd 9 p>aphrases ( ?is k9d4 ,saadiah 9 8,emunot ve-deot10 ,bahya 9 8 8obot ha-lebabot10 & ,jehudah ha-levi 9 ! 8,cus>i10 insi/ on ! necessity & ! appropriat5ess ( su* int]pretations4 ,saadiah enum]ates t5 t]ms :i* prim>ily d5ote organs ( ! human body1 & are figuratively appli$ to ,god4 ,to e/abli% ?is po9t ( view he cites num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ! t]ms 9 "q are us$ 9 a figurative s5se )\t be+ appli$ to ,god4 ,saadiah fur!r %[s t ! ,div9e attributes are ei!r qualifications ( su* ( ,god's actions z are p]ceiv$ by man1 or !y imply a negation4 ,! correctness ( ?is me?od 0 held to be s obvi\s t "s au?ors f\nd x necess>y to apologize to ! read] = introduc+ su* well-kn[n topics4 ,f ,r4 ,abraham b5 ,david's /rictures on ! ,yad haazaah x is1 h[ev]1 evid5t t 9 ! days ( ,maimonides p]sons 7 n want+ :o def5d$ ! lit]al int]pretation ( c]ta9 an?ropomorphisms4 ,maimonides1 !re=e1 did n cont5t himself ) ! vague & g5]al rule1 8,! ,law speaks 9 ! language ( man10 b s\ght c>efully to def9e ! mean+ ( ea* t]m :5 appli$ to ,god1 & to id5tify x ) "s transc5d5tal & metaphysical t]m4 ,9 pursu+ ?is c\rse he is sometimes =c$ to v5ture ^u an int]pretation :i* is mu* too f>-fet*$ to comm5d itself ev5 to ! suppos$ philosophical read]4 ,9 su* in/ances he g5]ally adds a simple & pla9 explanation1 & leaves x to ! option ( ! read] to *oose ! "o :i* appe>s to him pref]able4 ,! enum]ation ( ! diff]5t mean+s ( a ^w is (t51 f a philological po9t ( view1 incomplete2 he introduces only su* significations z s]ve 8 object4 ,:5 treat+ ( an imp]fect homonym1 ! sev]al significations ( :i* are d]iv$ f "o prim>y signification1 he app>5tly foll[s a c]ta9 sy/em :i* he does n employ 9 ! int]pretation ( p]fect homonyms4 ,! homonymity ( ! t]m is n prov$2 ! au?or conf9es himself to ! rem>k1 8,x is employ$ homonym\sly10 ev5 :5 ! v>i\s mean+s ( a ^w might easily be trac$ to a common s\rce4 #b 7pag4 #d-h74 ,9 addition to ! explanation ( homonyms ,maimonides und]takes to int]pret similes & allegories4 ,at fir/ x _h be5 8 int5tion to write two di/9ct works--,sef] ha-nebuah1 8,a ,book on ,prophecy10 & ,sef] ha-%evaah1 8,a ,book ( ,reconciliation40 ,9 ! =m] "w he _h int5d$ to expla9 difficult passages ( ! ,bible1 & 9 ! latt] to exp\nd su* passages 9 ! ,midra% & ! ,talmud z seem$ to be 9 conflict ) common s5se4 ,) respect to ! 8,book ( ,reconciliation10 he ab&on$ 8 plan1 because he appreh5d$ t nei!r ! le>n$ nor ! unle>n$ w\ld pr(it by x3 ! "o w\ld f9d x sup]flu\s1 ! o!r t$i\s4 ,! subject ( ! 8,book on ,prophecy0 is treat$ 9 ! pres5t "w1 & also /range passages t occasionally occur 9 ! ,talmud & ! ,midra% are expla9$4 ,! treatm5t ( ! simile mu/ v>y accord+ z ! simile is comp\nd or simple4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ea* "p repres5ts a sep>ate idea & dem&s a sep>ate int]pretation2 9 ! o!r case1 only "o idea is repres5t$1 & x is n necess>y to assign to ea* "p a sep>ate metaphorical mean+4 ,?is division ! au?or illu/rates by cit+ ! dream ( ,jacob 7,g54 xxviii4 #ab sqq471 & ! description ( ! adult]ess 7,prov4 vii4 #f sqq474 ,he gives no rule by :i* x might be asc]ta9$ to :i* ( ! two categories a simile belongs1 &1 l o!r ,comm5tators1 he seems to treat z ess5tial ^? details ( a simile = :i* he c (f] an adequate int]pretation4 ,z a g5]al pr9ciple1 he w>ns aga9/ ! confusion & ! errors :i* arise :5 an attempt is made to exp\nd e s+le detail ( a simile4 ,8 own explanations are n int5d$ to be exhau/ive2 on ! contr>y1 !y are to consi/ ( brief allusions to ! idea repres5t$ by ! simile1 ( m]e sugge/ions1 :i* ! read] is expect$ to develop & to complete4 ,! au?or ?us aspires to foll[ 9 ! wake ( ! ,creator1 ^: works c only be und]/ood aft] a long & p]sev]+ /udy4 ,yet x is possible t he d]iv$ 8 pref]5ce = a res]v$ & my/]i\s /yle f ! example ( anci5t philosoph]s1 :o discuss$ metaphysical problems 9 figurative & enigmatic language4 ,l ,ibn ,ezra1 :o frequ5tly concludes 8 exposition ( a ,biblical passage ) ! phrase1 8,"h a pr(\nd idea 7sod7 is hidd510 ,maimonides some:at my/]i\sly rem>ks at ! end ( diff]5t *apt]s1 8,note ?is10 8,consid] x well40 ,9 su* phrases "s ,comm5tators fanci$ t !y f\nd ref]5ces to metaphysical !ories :i* ! au?or 0 n will+ fully to discuss4 ,:e!r ?is 0 ! case or n1 9 hav+ rec\rse to t me?od he 0 n1 z "s h sugge/$1 actuat$ by fe> ( be+ *>g$ ) h]esy4 ,he expresses 8 op9ion on ! pr9cipal !ological que/ions )\t res]ve1 & does n dread ! se>*+ inquiries ( oppon5ts2 = he boldly ann\nces t _! displeasure w\ld n det] him f tea*+ ! tru? & guid+ ^? :o are able & will+ to foll[ him1 h[ev] few ^! might be4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we exam9e ! "w itself1 we are at a loss to discov] to :i* p>ts ! pr(ess$ enigmatic me?od 0 appli$4 ,8 !ories conc]n+ ! ,deity1 ! ,div9e attributes1 angels1 creatio ex nihilo1 prophecy1 & o!r subjects1 are treat$ z fully z might be expect$4 ,x is true t a cl\d ( my/]i\s phrases en%r\ds ! int]pretation ( ,maaseh b]e%it 7,g54 i4-iii47 & ,maaseh m]cabah 7,ez4 i474 ,b ! significant words occurr+ 9 ^! portions are expla9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ?is "w1 & a full exposition is f\nd 9 ! ,second & ,?ird ,p>ts4 ,nev]!less ! /atem5t t ! exposition 0 nev] int5d$ to be explicit occurs ov] & ov] aga94 ,! treatm5t ( ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ,g5esis concludes ?us3 8,^! rem>ks1 toge!r ) :at we h already obs]v$ on ! subject1 & :at we may h to add1 mu/ suffice bo? = ! object & = ! read] we h 9 view0 7,,ii4 xxx474 ,9 l mann]1 he decl>es1 aft] ! explanation ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,ezekiel3 8,i h giv5 y "h z _m sugge/ions z may be ( s]vice to y1 if y w give !m a fur!r developm5t4444 ,d n expect to he> f me any?+ m on ?is subject1 = ,i h1 ?\gh ) "s hesitation1 gone z f> 9 my explanation z ,i possibly c\ld g0 7,,iii4 vii474 #c 7pag4 #h-i74 ,9 ! next p>agraph1 head$1 8,directions = ! ,/udy ( ?is ,"w10 he implores ! read] n to be ha/y ) 8 criticism1 & to be> 9 m9d t e s5t5ce1 inde$ e ^w1 _h be5 fully consid]$ be=e x 0 writt5 d[n4 ,yet x might easily happ5 t ! read] c\ld n reconcile 8 own view ) t ( ! au?or1 & 9 su* a case he is ask$ to ignore ! disapprov$ *apt] or section altoge!r4 ,su* disapproval ,maimonides attributes to a m]e misconception on ! "p ( ! read]1 a fate :i* awaits e "w compos$ 9 a my/ical /yle4 ,9 adopt+ ?is peculi> /yle1 he int5d$ to r$uce to a m9imum ! violation ( ! rule laid d[n 9 ! ,mi%nah 7agigah ii4 #a71 t metaphysics %\ld n be taught publicly4 ,! violation ( ?is rule he ju/ifies by cit+ ! foll[+ two ,mi%naic maxims3 8,x is "t to d some?+ 9 hon\r ( ! ,"l0 7,b]akot ix4 #e71 & 8,let all ?y acts be guid$ by pure int5tions0 7,abot ii4 #ag74 ,maimonides increas$ ! my/]i\sness ( ! treatise1 by express+ 8 wi% t ! read] %\ld ab/a9 f exp\nd+ ! "w1 le/ he might spread 9 ! "n ( ! au?or op9ions :i* ! latt] nev] held4 ,b x does n occur to him t ! views he enunciates might 9 !mselves be errone\s4 ,he is positive t 8 own !ory is unexceptionally correct1 t 8 esot]ic int]pretations ( ,scriptural texts are s\nd1 & t ^? :o diff]$ f him--viz41 ! ,mutakallemim on ! "o h&1 & ! unphilosophical ,rabbis on ! o!r--are indef5sibly wrong4 ,9 ?is respect o!r ,jewi% philosoph]s--e4g4 ,saadiah & ,baya--7 f> less positive2 !y 7 consci\s ( _! own fallibility1 & invit$ ! read] to make su* corrections z might appe> ne$ful4 ,ow+ to ?is /rong self-reliance ( ,maimonides1 x is n to be expect$ t oppon5ts w\ld receive a fair & imp>tial judgm5t at 8 h&s4 #d 7pag4 #i-aa74 ,! same self-reliance is noticeable 9 ! next & conclud+ p>agraph ( ! ,introduction4 ,"h he treats ( ! contradictions :i* are to be f\nd 9 lit]>y works1 & he divides !m ) reg>d to _! orig9 into sev5 classes4 ,! fir/ f\r classes comprise ! app>5t contradictions1 :i* c be trac$ back to ! employm5t ( elliptical spee*2 ! o!r ?ree classes comprise ! real contradictions1 & are due to c>elessness & ov]sight1 or !y are int5d$ to s]ve "s special purpose4 ,! ,scriptures1 ! ,talmud1 & ! ,midra% ab\nd 9 in/ances ( app>5t contradictions2 lat] works conta9 real contradictions1 :i* escap$ ! notice ( ! writ]s4 ,9 ! pres5t treatise1 h[ev]1 !re occur only su* contradictions z are ! result ( int5tion & design4 ,,"p ,i4 ,! homonym\s expressions :i* are discuss$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p include--7#a7 n\ns & v]bs us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 *4 i4 to *4 xlix42 7#b7 attributes ( ! ,deity1 *4 l4 to lx42 7#c7 expressions commonly reg>d$ z names ( ,god1 *4 lxi4 to lxx4 ,9 ! fir/ section ! foll[+ gr\ps c be di/+ui%$--7a7 expressions :i* d5ote =m & figure1 *4 i4 to *4 vi42 7b7 space or relations ( space1 *4 viii4 to *4 xxv42 7c7 p>ts ( ! animal body & _! functions1 *4 xxviii4 to *4 xlix4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps includes *apt]s n connect$ ) ! ma9 subject1 b :i* s]ve z a help = ! bett] und]/&+ ( previ\s or succe$+ int]pretations4 ,e ^w select$ = discussion be>s ^u "s ,scriptural text :i*1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 has be5 mis9t]pret$4 ,b su* phrases z 8! m\? ( ! ,"l10 & 8! h& ( ! ,"l10 are n introduc$1 because _! figurative mean+ is too obvi\s to be misund]/ood4 ,! l5g?y digressions :i* are "h & !re int]pos$ appe> l outbur/s ( feel+ & passion :i* ! au?or c\ld n repress4 ,yet !y are 8words fitly spok5 9 ! "r place02 = !y gradually unfold ! au?or's !ory1 & acqua9t ! read] ) ^? g5]al pr9ciples on :i* he f\nds ! int]pretations 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,moral reflections are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & demon/rate ! intimate connexion betwe5 a virtu\s life & ! atta9m5t ( high] k1 9 accordance ) ! maxim curr5t long be=e ,maimonides1 & express$ 9 ! ,biblical words1 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom0 7,ps4 cxi4 #aj74 ,no opportunity is lo/ to inculcate ?is lesson1 be x 9 a pass+ rem>k or 9 an elaborate essay4 ,! discussion ( ! t]m 8elem0 7*4 i47 af=d$ ! fir/ occasion = reflections ( ?is k9d4 ,man1 8! image ( ,god10 is def9$ z a liv+ & rational be+1 z ?\gh ! moral faculties ( man 7 n an ess5tial elem5t ( 8 exi/5ce1 & 8 p[] to disc]n betwe5 good & evil 7 ! result ( ! fir/ s94 ,accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! moral faculty w\ld1 9 fact1 n h be5 requir$1 if man _h rema9$ a purely rational be+4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! s5ses t 8! k ( good & evil0 has become indisp5sable4 ,! n>rative ( ,adam's fall is1 accord+ to ,maimonides1 an allegory repres5t+ ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 s5sation1 moral faculty1 & intellect4 ,9 ?is e>ly "p 7*4 ii471 h[ev]1 ! au?or does n yet m5tion ?is !ory2 on ! contr>y1 e allusion to x is = ! pres5t /udi\sly avoid$1 its full exposition be+ res]v$ = ! ,second ,"p4 ,! treatm5t ( azah 8he beheld0 7*4 vi471 is foll[$ by ! advice t ! /ud5t %\ld n approa* metaphysics o!rwise ?an aft] a s\nd & ?or\gh prep>ation1 because a ra% attempt to solve ab/ruse problems br+s no?+ b injury ^u ! inexp]i5c$ inve/igator4 ,! au?or po9ts to ! 8nobles ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #aa71 :o1 accord+ to 8 int]pretation1 fell into ?is error1 & receiv$ _! des]v$ puni%m5t4 ,he gives additional =ce to ^! exhortations by cit+ a dictum ( ,ari/otle to ! same effect4 ,9 a l way he ref]s to ! allegorical use ( c]ta9 t]ms by ,plato 7*4 xvii47 9 support ( 8 int]pretation ( 8ur0 7lit41 8rock07 z d5ot+ 8,primal ,cause40 ,! !ory t no?+ b a s\nd moral & intellectual tra9+ w\ld entitle a /ud5t to engage 9 metaphysical speculations is aga9 discuss$ 9 ! digression :i* prec$es ! ?ird gr\p ( homonyms 7xxxi4-xxxvi474 ,man's intellectual faculties1 he argues1 h ?is 9 common ) 8 physical =ces1 t _! sph]e ( action is limit$1 & !y become ineffici5t :5ev] !y are ov]/ra9$4 ,?is happ5s :5 a /ud5t approa*es metaphysics )\t due prep>ation4 ,maimonides goes on to argue t ! non-success ( metaphysical /udies is attributable to ! foll[+ causes3 ! transc5d5tal "* ( ?is discipl9e1 ! imp]fect /ate ( ! /ud5t's k1 ! p]si/5t ef=ts :i* h to be made ev5 9 ! prelim9>y /udies1 & f9ally ! wa/e ( en]gy & "t ow+ to ! physical dem&s ( man4 ,= ^! reasons ! majority ( p]sons are deb>r$ f pursu+ ! /udy ( metaphysics4 ,nev]!less1 !re are c]ta9 metaphysical tru?s :i* h to be communicat$ to all m51 e4g41 t ,god is ,"o1 & t ,he is incorporeal2 = to assume t ,god is corporeal1 or t ,he has any prop]ties1 or to ascribe to ,him any attributes1 is a s9 bord]+ on idolatry4 ,ano!r digression occurs z an app5dix to ! second gr\p ( homonyms 7*4 xxvi4-xxvii474 ,maimonides f\nd t only a limit$ numb] ( t]ms are appli$ to ,god 9 a figurative s5se2 & aga91 t 9 ! 8,t>gum0 ( ,onkelos "s ( ! figures are p>aphras$1 :ile o!r figures receiv$ a lit]al r5d]+4 ,he !re=e seeks to discov] ! pr9ciple :i* 0 appli$ bo? 9 ! ,sacr$ ,text & 9 ! translation1 & he f\nd x 9 ! ,talmudical dictum1 8,! ,law speake? ! language ( man40 ,= ?is reason all figures are es*ew$ :i*1 9 _! lit]al s5se1 w\ld appe> to ! multitude z imply+ debasem5t or a blemi%4 ,onkelos1 :o rigor\sly gu>ds himself aga9/ us+ any t]m t might sugge/ corporification1 gives a lit]al r5d]+ ( figurative t]ms :5 !re is no cause = ent]ta9+ su* an appreh5sion4 ,maimonides illu/rates ?is rule by ! mode 9 :i* ,onkelos r5d]s 8y>ad0 78he w5t d[n1071 :5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god4 ,x is g5]ally p>aphras$1 b 9 "o exceptional in/ance1 occurr+ 9 ,jacob's 8visions ( ! night0 7,g54 xlvi4 #d71 x is translat$ lit]ally2 9 ?is in/ance ! lit]al r5d]+ does n lead to corporification2 because visions & dreams 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z m5tal op]ations1 devoid ( objective reality4 ,simple & cle> z ?is explanation may be1 we d n consid] t x really expla9s ! me?od ( ,onkelos4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! translator p>aphras$ an?ropomorphic t]ms1 ev5 :5 he f\nd !m 9 passages relat+ to dreams or visions2 & inde$ x is d\btful :e!r ,maimonides c\ld produce a s+le in/ance 9 fav\r ( 8 view4 ,he 0 equally unsuccessful 9 8 explanation ( 8azah0 8he saw0 7*4 xlviii474 ,he says t :5 ! object ( ! vision 0 d]ogatory1 x 0 n br\ght into direct relation ) ! ,deity2 9 su* in/ances ! v]b is p>aphras$1 :ile 9 o!r in/ances ! r5d]+ is lit]al4 ,al?\gh ,maimonides grants t ! =ce ( ?is obs]vation is weak5$ by ?ree exceptions1 he does n d\bt its correctness4 ,! next ,section 7*4 l4 to *4 lix47 8,on ! ,div9e ,attributes0 beg9s ) ! explanation t 8fai?0 consi/s 9 ?\ght1 n 9 m]e utt]ance2 9 conviction1 n 9 m]e pr(ession4 ,?is explanation =ms ! basis = ! subsequ5t discussion4 ,! sev]al argum5ts advanc$ by ,maimonides aga9/ ! employm5t ( attributes are int5d$ to %[ t ^? :o assume ! real exi/5ce ( ,div9e attributes may possibly utt] ) _! lips ! cre$ ( ! ,unity & ! ,incorporeality ( ,god1 b !y _c truly believe x4 ,a demon/ration ( ?is fact w\ld be ne$less1 if ! ,attributi/s _h n put =? _! false !ses & def5d$ !m ) ! utmo/ t5acity1 ?\gh ) ! mo/ absurd argum5ts4 ,aft] ?is explanation ! au?or proce$s to discuss ! impropriety ( assign+ attributes to ,god4 ,! ,attributi/s admit t ,god is ! ,primal ,cause1 ,"o1 incorporeal1 free f emotion & privation1 & t ,he is n comp>able to any ( ,8 creatures4 ,maimonides !re=e cont5ds t any attributes :i*1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 are 9 contradiction to ?is cre$1 %\ld n be appli$ to ,god4 ,by ?is rule he rejects f\r classes ( attributes3 viz41 ^? :i* include a def9ition1 a p>tial def9ition1 a quality1 or a relation4 ,! def9ition ( a ?+ includes its effici5t cause2 & s9ce ,god is ! ,primal ,cause1 ,he _c be def9$1 or describ$ by a p>tial def9ition4 ,a quality1 :e!r psy*ical1 physical1 emotional1 or quantitative1 is always reg>d$ z some?+ di/9ct f its sub/ratum2 a ?+ :i* possesses any quality1 consi/s1 !re=e1 ( t quality & a sub/ratum1 & %\ld n be call$ "o4 ,all relations ( "t & space imply corporeality2 all relations betwe5 two objects are1 to a c]ta9 degree1 a comp>ison betwe5 ^! two objects4 ,to employ any ( ^! attributes 9 ref]5ce to ,god w\ld be z mu* z to decl>e t ,god is n ! ,primal ,cause1 t ,he is n ,"o1 t ,he is corporeal1 or t ,he is comp>able to ,8 creatures4 ,!re is only "o class ( attributes to :i* ,maimonides makes no objection1 viz4 su* z describe actions1 & to ?is class belong all ! ,div9e attributes :i* occur 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! 8,?irte5 ,attributes0 7%elo% esreh middot1 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #f1 #g7 s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,!y 7 communicat$ to ,moses :5 he1 z ! *ief ( ! ,israelites1 wi%$ to "k ! way 9 :i* ,god gov]ns ! univ]se1 9 ord] t he himself 9 rul+ ! nation might foll[ x1 & !reby promote _! real well-be+4 ,on ! :ole1 ! oppon5ts ( ,maimonides admit ! correctness ( ?is !ory4 ,only a small numb] ( attributes are ! subject ( dispute4 ,! ,scriptures unque/ionably ascribe to ,god ,exi/5ce1 ,life1 ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 ,unity1 ,et]nity1 & ,w4 ,! ,attributi/s reg>d ^! z prop]ties di/9ct f1 b co-exi/+ )1 ! ,ess5ce ( ,god4 ,) great acum51 & ) equally great ac]bity1 ,maimonides %[s t _! !ory is irreconcilable ) _! belief 9 ! ,unity & ! ,incorporeality ( ,god4 ,he po9ts out ?ree diff]5t ways ( int]pret+ ^! attributes3--#a4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z descriptive ( ! works ( ,god1 & z decl>+ t ^! possess su* prop]ties z1 9 works ( man1 w\ld appe> to be ! result ( ! w1 ! p[]1 & ! wisdom ( a liv+ be+4 #b4 ,! t]ms 8exi/+10 8"o10 8wise10 etc41 are appli$ to ,god & to ,8 creatures homonym\sly2 z attributes ( ,god !y co9cide ) ,8 ,ess5ce2 z attributes ( any?+ beside ,god !y are di/9ct f ! ess5ce ( ! ?+4 #c4 ,^! t]ms d n describe a positive quality1 b express a negation ( its opposite4 ,?is ?ird int]pretation appe>s to h be5 pref]r$ by ! au?or2 he discusses x m fully ?an ! two o!rs4 ,he obs]ves t ! k ( ! incompreh5sible ,be+ is solely ( a negative "*1 & he %[s by simple & appropriate examples t an approximate k ( a ?+ c be atta9$ by m]e negations1 t su* k increases ) ! numb] ( ^! negations1 & t an error 9 positive ass]tions is m injuri\s ?an an error 9 negative ass]tions4 ,9 describ+ ! evils :i* arise f ! application ( positive attributes to ,god1 he unsp>+ly c5sures ! hymnologi/s1 because he f\nd !m pr(use 9 attribut+ positive epi!ts to ! ,deity4 ,on ! basis ( 8 own !ory he c\ld easily h int]pret$ ^! epi!ts 9 ! same way z he expla9s ! ,scriptural attributes ( ,god4 ,8 sev]ity may1 h[ev]1 be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( positive attributes 9 ! lit]>y composition ( ! ,jews 0 ! cause t ! ,mohamm$ans *>g$ ! ,jews ) ent]ta9+ false notions ( ! ,deity4 ,! inquiry into ! attributes is foll[$ by a treatm5t ( ! names ( ,god4 ,x seems to h be5 beyond ! design ( ! au?or to elucidate ! etymology ( ea* "n1 or to e/abli% me?odically its signification2 = he does n support 8 explanations by any pro(4 ,8 sole aim is to %[ t ! ,scriptural names ( ,god 9 _! true mean+ /rictly h>monize ) ! philosophical conception ( ! ,primal ,cause4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* h to be di/+ui%$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,primal ,cause3 ! ,primal ,cause p] se1 & its relation to ! ,univ]se4 ,! fir/ is express$ by ! tetragrammaton & its cognates1 ! second by ! sev]al attributes1 especially by rokeb baarabot1 8,he :o ride? on ! arabot0 7,ps4 lxviii4 #d7 ,! tetragrammaton exclusively expresses ! ess5ce ( ,god1 & !re=e x is employ$ z a nom5 proprium4 ,9 ! my/]y ( ?is "n1 & o!rs m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud1 z consi/+ ( twelve & ( =ty-two lett]s1 ,maimonides f9ds no o!r secret ?an ! solution ( "s metaphysical problems4 ,! subject ( ^! problems is n actually kn[n1 b ! au?or supposes t x ref]r$ to ! 8absolute exi/5ce ( ! ,deity40 ,he discov]s ! same idea 9 ehyeh 7,exod4 iii4 #ad71 9 accordance ) ! explanation add$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,text3 a%] ehyeh1 8t is1 ,i am40 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion he exposes ! folly or s9fulness ( ^? :o pret5d to "w miracles by ! aid ( ^! & simil> names4 ,) a view ( prep>+ ! way = 8 peculi> int]pretation ( rokeb baarabot1 he expla9s a v>iety ( ,scriptural passages1 & treats ( sev]al philosophical t]ms relative to ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,su* expressions z 8! ^w ( ,god10 8! "w ( ,god10 8! "w ( ,8 f+]s10 8,he made10 8,he spake10 mu/ be tak5 9 a figurative s5se2 !y m]ely repres5t ,god z ! cause t "s "w has be5 produc$1 & t "s p]son has acquir$ a c]ta9 k4 ,! passage1 8,& ,he re/$ on ! sev5? day0 7,exod4 xx4 #aa7 is int]pret$ z foll[s3 ,on ! sev5? ,day ! =ces & laws 7 complete1 :i* dur+ ! previ\s six days 7 9 ! /ate ( be+ e/abli%$ = ! pres]vation ( ! ,univ]se4 ,!y 7 n to be increas$ or modifi$4 ,x seems t ,maimonides introduc$ ?is figurative explanation ) a view ( %[+ t ! ,scriptural 8,god0 does n diff] f ! 8,primal ,cause0 or 8,ev]-active ,intellect0 ( ! philosoph]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! latt] d n reject ! ,unity ( ,god1 al?\gh !y assume t ! ,primal ,cause comprises ! causa effici5s1 ! ag5s1 & ! causa f9alis 7or1 ! cause1 ! means1 & ! end72 & t ! ,ev]-active ,intellect comprises ! intellig5s1 ! intellectus1 & ! intellectum 7or1 ! ?9k+ subject1 ! act ( ?\ght1 & ! object ?\ght (72 because 9 ?is case ^! app>5tly diff]5t elem5ts are1 9 fact1 id5tical4 ,! ,biblical t]m correspond+ to 8,primal ,cause0 is rokeb baarabot1 8rid+ on arabot40 ,maimonides is at pa9s to prove t arabot d5otes 8! highe/ sph]e10 :i* causes ! motion ( all o!r sph]es1 & :i* ?us br+s ab\t ! natural c\rse ( production & de/ruction4 ,by 8! highe/ sph]e0 he does n und]/& a mat]ial sph]e1 b ! immat]ial _w ( intellig5ces & angels1 8! seat ( ju/ice & judgm5t1 /ores ( life1 peace1 & bless+s1 ! seat ( ! s\ls ( ! righte\s10 etc4 ,rokeb baarabot1 !re=e1 means3 ,he presides ov] ! immat]ial be+s1 ,he is ! s\rce ( _! p[]s1 by :i* !y move ! sph]es & regulate ! c\rse ( nature4 ,?is !ory is m fully develop$ 9 ! ,second ,"p4 ,! next section 7*ap4 lxxi4-lxxvi47 treats ( ! ,kalm4 ,accord+ to ! au?or1 ! me?od ( ! ,kalm is copi$ f ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 :o appli$ x 9 ! def5ce ( _! religi\s doctr9es4 ,! latt] exam9$ 9 _! writ+s ! views ( ! philosoph]s1 o/5sibly 9 se>* ( tru?1 9 reality1 h[ev]1 ) ! object ( support+ _! own dogmas4 ,subsequ5tly ,mohamm$an !ologians f\nd 9 ^! works argum5ts :i* seem$ to confirm ! tru? ( _! own religion2 !y bl9dly adopt$ ^! argum5ts1 & made no inquiry :5ce ^! _h be5 d]iv$4 ,maimonides rejects priori ! !ories ( ! ,mutakallemim1 because !y expla9 ! ph5om5a 9 ! univ]se 9 con=mity ) preconceiv$ notions1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! sci5tific me?od ( ! philosoph]s4 ,among ! ,jews1 especially 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ,africa1 !re 7 also "s :o adopt$ ! me?od ( ! ,kalm2 9 do+ s !y foll[$ ! ,mutazilah 7diss5t+ ,mohamm$ans71 n because !y f\nd x m correct ?an ! ,kalm ( ! ,a%>iyah 7or?odox ,mohamm$ans71 b because at ! "t :5 ! ,jews became acqua9t$ ) ! ,kalm x 0 only cultivat$ by ! ,mutazilah4 ,! ,jews 9 ,spa91 h[ev]1 rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,! f\r pr9cipal dogmas upheld by ! dom9ant religions 7 ! creatio ex nihilo1 ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 ,incorporeality1 & ,8 ,unity4 ,by ! philosoph]s ! creatio ex nihilo 0 reject$1 b ! ,mutakallemim def5d$ x1 & f\nd$ ^u x _! pro(s = ! o!r ?ree dogmas4 ,maimonides adopts ! philosophical pro(s = ! ,exi/5ce1 ,incorporeality1 & ,unity ( ,god1 because !y mu/ be admitt$ ev5 by ^? :o d5y ! creatio ex nihilo1 ! pro(s be+ indep5d5t ( ?is dogma4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ! ,mutakallemim are mi/ak5 9 ignor+ ! organization ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 ! au?or gives a m9ute description ( ! analogy betwe5 ! ,univ]se1 or ,kosmos1 & man1 ! mikrokosmos 7*4 lxxii474 ,?is analogy is m]ely ass]t$1 & ! read] is advis$ ei!r to f9d ! pro( by 8 own /udies1 or to accept ! fact on ! au?ority ( ! le>n$4 ,! ,kalm does n admit ! exi/5ce ( law1 organization1 & unity 9 ! univ]se4 ,its adh]5ts h1 accord+ly1 no tru/wor?y crit]ion to det]m9e :e!r a ?+ is possible or impossible4 ,ev]y?+ t is conceivable by imag9ation is by !m held z possible4 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ! univ]se are 9 no relation to ea* o!r2 !y all consi/ ( equal elem5ts2 !y are n compos$ ( sub/ance & prop]ties1 b ( atoms & accid5ts3 ! law ( causality is ignor$2 man's actions are n ! result ( w & design1 b are m]e accid5ts4 ,maimonides 9 enum]at+ & discuss+ ! twelve fundam5tal propositions ( ! ,kalm 7*4 lxiii471 :i* embody ^! !ories1 _h app>5tly no int5tion to give a complete & imp>tial acc\nt ( ! ,kalm2 he solely aim$ at expos+ ! weakness ( a sy/em :i* he reg>d$ z f\nd$ n on a s\nd basis ( positive facts1 b on m]e fiction2 n on ! evid5ces ( ! s5ses & ( reason1 b on ! illusions ( imag9ation4 ,aft] hav+ %[n t ! twelve fundam5tal propositions ( ! ,kalm are utt]ly unt5able1 ,maimonides f9ds no difficulty 9 demon/rat+ ! insuffici5cy ( ! pro(s advanc$ by ! ,mutakallemim 9 support ( ! above-nam$ dogmas4 ,sev5 argum5ts are cit$ :i* ! ,mutakallemim employ 9 support ( ! creatio ex nihilo4 #c ,! fir/ argum5t is bas$ on ! atomic !ory1 viz41 t ! univ]se consi/s ( equal atoms )\t inh]5t prop]ties3 all v>iety & *ange obs]v$ 9 nature mu/ !re=e be attribut$ to an ext]nal =ce4 ,?ree argum5ts are suppli$ by ! proposition t f9ite ?+s ( an inf9ite numb] _c exi/ 7,propos4 xi474 ,?ree o!r argum5ts d]ive _! support f ! foll[+ proposition 7x473 ,ev]y?+ t c be imag9$ c h an actual exi/5ce4 ,! pres5t ord] ( ?+s is only "o out ( ! _m =ms :i* are possible1 & exi/ ?r\gh ! fiat ( a det]m9+ p[]4 ,! ,unity ( ,god is demon/rat$ by ! ,mutakallemim z foll[s3 ,two ,gods w\ld h be5 unable to produce ! _w2 "o w\ld h imp$$ ! "w ( ! o!r4 ,maimonides po9ts out t ?is might h be5 avoid$ by a suitable division ( lab\r4 ,ano!r argum5t is z foll[s3 ,! two ,be+s w\ld h "o elem5t 9 common1 & w\ld diff] 9 ano!r2 ea* w\ld ?us consi/ ( two elem5ts1 & w\ld n be ,god4 ,maimonides might h sugge/$ t ! argum5t moves 9 a circle1 ! unity ( ,god be+ prov$ by assum+ ,8 unity4 ,! foll[+ argum5t is altoge!r un9telligible3 ,bo? ,gods are mov$ to action by w2 ! w1 be+ )\t a sub/ratum1 c\ld n act simultane\sly 9 two sep>ate be+s4 ,! fallacy ( ! foll[+ argum5t is cle>3 ,! exi/5ce ( "o ,god is prov$2 ! exi/5ce ( a second ,god is n prov$1 x w\ld be possible2 & z possibility is inapplicable to ,god1 !re does n exi/ a second ,god4 ,! possibility ( asc]ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god is "h conf\nd$ ) pot5tiality ( exi/5ce4 ,aga91 if "o ,god suffices1 ! second ,god is sup]flu\s2 if "o ,god is n suffici5t1 he is n p]fect1 & _c be a deity4 ,maimonides objects t x w\ld n be an imp]fection 9 ei!r deity to act exclusively )9 _! respective prov9ces4 ,z 9 ! criticism ( ! fir/ argum5t1 ,maimonides seems "h to =get t ! exi/5ce ( sep>ate prov9ces w\ld require a sup]ior det]m9+ ,p[]1 & ! two ,be+s w\ld n prop]ly be call$ ,gods4 ,! weake/ ( all argum5ts are1 accord+ to ,maimonides1 ^? by :i* ! ,mutakallemim s\ght to support ! doctr9e ( ,god's ,incorporeality4 ,if ,god 7 corporeal1 ,he w\ld consi/ ( atoms1 & w\ld n be "o2 or ,he w\ld be comp>able to o!r be+s3 b a comp>ison implies ! exi/5ce ( simil> & ( dissimil> elem5ts1 & ,god w\ld ?us n be "o4 ,a corporeal ,god w\ld be f9ite1 & an ext]nal p[] w\ld be requir$ to def9e ^? limits4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,second ,"p includes ! foll[+ sections3--#a4 ,introduction2 #b4 ,philosophical ,pro( ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,"o ,incorporeal ,primal ,cause 7*4 i472 #c4 ,on ! ,sph]es & ! ,intellig5ces 7ii4-xii472 #d4 ,on ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se 7xiii4-xxix472 #e4 ,exposition ( ,g54 i4-iv4 7xxx41 xxxi472 #f4 ,on ,prophecy 7xxxii4-xlviii474 ,! enum]ation ( tw5ty-six propositions1 by ! aid ( :i* ! philosoph]s prove ! ,exi/5ce1 ! ,unity1 & ! ,incorporeality ( ! ,primal ,cause1 =ms ! introduction to ! ,second ,"p ( ?is "w4 ,! propositions treat ( ! prop]ties ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite 7i4-iii41 x4-xii41 xvi471 ( *ange & motion 7iv4-ix41 xiii4-xviii471 & ( ! possible & ! absolute or necess>y 7xx4-xxv472 !y are simply enum]at$1 b are n demon/rat$4 ,:atev] ! value ( ^! ,propositions may be1 !y 7 inadequate = _! purpose1 & ! au?or is compell$ to introduce auxili>y propositions to prove ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite1 incorporeal1 & uncomp\nd$ ,primal ,cause4 7,argum5ts ,i4 & ,,iii47 ,! fir/ & ! f\r? argum5ts may be t]m$ cosmological pro(s4 ,!y are bas$ on ! hypo!sis t ! s]ies ( causes = e *ange is f9ite1 & t]m9ates 9 ! ,primal ,cause4 ,!re is no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! two argum5ts3 9 ! fir/ are discuss$ ! causes ( ! motion ( a mov+ object2 ! f\r? treats ( ! causes :i* br+ ab\t ! transition ( a ?+ f pot5tiality to reality4 ,to prove t nei!r ! sph]es nor a =ce resid+ 9 !m con/itute ! ,primal ,cause1 ! philosoph]s employ$ two propositions1 ( :i* ! "o ass]ts t ! revolutions ( ! sph]es are inf9ite1 & ! o!r d5ies ! possibility t an inf9ite =ce %\ld reside 9 a f9ite object4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! f9ite 9 space & ! f9ite 9 "t appe>s to h be5 ignor$2 = x is n %[n :y a =ce inf9ite 9 "t c\ld n reside 9 a body f9ite 9 space4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o1 l ,maimonides1 reject ! et]nity ( ! univ]se1 necess>ily reject ?is pro(1 :ile ^? :o hold t ! univ]se is et]nal d n admit t ! sph]es h ev] be5 only pot5tial1 & pass$ f pot5tiality to actuality4 ,! second argum5t is support$ by ! foll[+ supplem5t>y proposition3 ,if two elem5ts coexi/ 9 a /ate ( comb9ation1 & "o ( ^! elem5ts is to be f\nd at ! same "t sep>ate1 9 a free /ate1 x is c]ta9 t ! second elem5t is likewise to be f\nd by itself4 ,n[1 s9ce ?+s exi/ :i* comb9e 9 !mselves motive p[] & mass mov$ by t p[]1 & s9ce mass is f\nd by itself1 motive p[] mu/ also be f\nd by itself indep5d5t ( mass4 ,! ?ird argum5t has a logical "*3 ,! univ]se is ei!r et]nal or temporal1 or p>tly et]nal & p>tly temporal4 ,x _c be et]nal 9 all its p>ts1 z _m p>ts und]go de/ruction2 x is n altoge!r temporal1 because1 if s1 ! univ]se c\ld n be reproduc$ aft] be+ de/roy$4 ,! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! univ]se leads1 !re=e1 to ! conclusion t !re is an immortal =ce1 ! ,primal ,cause1 besides ! transi5t _w4 ,^! argum5ts h ?is 9 common1 t :ile prov+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,primal ,cause1 !y at ! same "t demon/rate ! ,unity1 ! ,incorporeality1 & ! ,et]nity ( t ,cause4 ,special pro(s are nev]!less sup]add$ = ea* ( ^! po/ulates1 & on ! :ole !y diff] v little f ^? advanc$ by ! ,mohamm$an ,!ologians4 ,?is philosophical !ory ( ! ,primal ,cause 0 adapt$ by ,jewi% s*ol>s to ! ,biblical !ory ( ! ,creator4 ,! univ]se is a liv+1 organiz$ be+1 ( :i* ! e>? is ! c5tre4 ,any *anges on ?is e>? are due to ! revolutions ( ! sph]es2 ! l[e/ or inn]mo/ sph]e1 viz41 ! "o ne>e/ to ! c5tre1 is ! sph]e ( ! moon2 ! out]mo/ or upp]mo/ is 8! all-encompass+ sph]e40 ,num]\s sph]es are int]pos$2 b ,maimonides divides all ! sph]es into f\r gr\ps1 correspond+ to ! moon1 ! sun1 ! planets1 & ! fix$ />s4 ,?is division is claim$ by ! au?or z 8 own discov]y2 he believes t x /&s 9 relation to ! f\r causes ( _! motions1 ! f\r elem5ts ( ! sublun>y _w1 & ! f\r classes ( be+s1 viz41 ! m9]al1 ! vegetable1 ! animal1 & ! rational4 ,! sph]es h s\ls1 & are end[$ ) intellect2 _! s\ls enable !m to move freely1 & ! impulse to ! motion is giv5 by ! intellect 9 conceiv+ ! idea ( ! ,absolute ,intellect4 ,ea* sph]e has an intellect peculi> to itself2 ! intellect atta*$ to ! sph]e ( ! moon is call$ 8! active intellect0 7,sekel ha-pol74 ,9 support ( ?is !ory num]\s passages are cit$ bo? f ,holy ,writ & f po/-,biblical ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,! angels 7elohim1 malakim7 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible are assum$ to be id5tical ) ! intellects ( ! sph]es2 !y are free ag5ts1 & _! volition inv>iably t5ds to t :i* is good & noble2 !y emanate f ! ,primal ,cause1 & =m a desc5d+ s]ies ( be+s1 end+ ) ! active intellect4 ,! transmission ( p[] f "o elem5t to ! o!r is call$ 8emanation0 7%efa74 ,?is transmission is p]=m$ )\t ! utt]ance ( a s\nd2 if any voice is suppos$ to be he>d1 x is only an illusion1 orig9at+ 9 ! human imag9ation1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all evils 7*4 xii474 ,9 accordance ) ?is doctr9e1 ,maimonides expla9s t ! ?ree m5 :o appe>$ to ,abraham1 ! angels :om ,jacob saw asc5d & desc5d ! ladd]1 & all o!r angels se5 by man1 are no?+ b ! intellects ( ! sph]es1 f\r 9 numb]1 :i* emanate f ! ,primal ,cause 7*4 x474 ,9 8 description ( ! sph]es he1 z usual1 foll[s ,ari/otle4 ,! sph]es d n conta9 any ( ! f\r elem5ts ( ! sublun>y _w1 b consi/ ( a qu9tess5ce1 an entirely diff]5t elem5t4 ,:il/ ?+s on ?is e>? are transi5t1 ! be+s :i* inhabit ! sph]es above are et]nal4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ^! sph]es1 z well z _! intellects1 coexi/ ) ! ,primal ,cause4 ,maimonides1 fai?ful to ! tea*+ ( ! ,scriptures1 "h dep>ts f 8 ma/]1 & holds t ! sph]es & ! intellects _h a beg9n+1 & 7 br\ght into exi/5ce by ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,he does n attempt to give a positive pro( ( 8 doctr9e2 all he cont5ds is t ! !ory ( ! creatio ex nihilo is1 f a philosophical po9t ( view1 n inf]ior to ! doctr9e :i* ass]ts ! et]nity ( ! univ]se1 & t he c refute all objections advanc$ aga9/ 8 !ory 7*4 xiii4-xxviii474 ,he next enum]ates & criticises ! v>i\s !ories respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,univ]se1 viz43 ,a4 ,god creat$ ! ,univ]se out ( no?+4 ,b4 ,god =m$ ! ,univ]se f an et]nal sub/ance4 ,c4 ,! ,univ]se orig9at+ 9 ! et]nal ,primal ,cause is co-et]nal4--,x is n held necess>y by ! au?or to discuss ! view ( ^? :o d n assume a ,primal ,cause1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( su* a cause has already be5 prov$ 7*4 xiii474 ,! objections rais$ to a creatio ex nihilo by its oppon5ts are f\nd$ p>tly on ! prop]ties ( ,nature1 & p>tly on ^? ( ! ,primal ,cause4 ,!y inf] f ! prop]ties ( ,nature ! foll[+ argum5ts3 7#a7 ,! fir/ mov+ =ce is et]nal2 = if x _h a beg9n+1 ano!r motion mu/ h produc$ x1 & !n x w\ld n be ! ,fir/ mov+ =ce4 7#b7 ,if ! =mless matt] be n et]nal1 x mu/ h be5 produc$ out ( ano!r sub/ance2 x w\ld !n h a c]ta9 =m by :i* x might be di/+ui%$ f ! prim>y sub/ance1 & !n x w\ld n be =mless4 7#c7 ,! circul> motion ( ! sph]es does n involve ! necessity ( t]m9ation2 & any?+ t is )\t an end1 mu/ be )\t a beg9n+4 7#d7 ,any?+ br\ght to exi/5ce exi/$ previ\sly 9 pot5tia2 some?+ mu/ !re=e h pre-exi/$ ( :i* pot5tial exi/5ce c\ld be pr$icat$4 ,"s support = ! !ory ( ! et]nity ( ! heav5s has be5 d]iv$ f ! g5]al belief 9 ! et]nity ( ! heav5s4--,! prop]ties ( ! ,primal ,cause furni%$ ! foll[+ argum5ts3--,if x 7 assum$ t ! ,univ]se 0 creat$ f no?+1 x w\ld imply t ! ,fir/ ,cause _h *ang$ f ! condition ( a pot5tial ,creator to t ( an actual ,creator1 or t ,8 w _h und]gone a *ange1 or t ,he mu/ be imp]fect1 because ,he produc$ a p]i%able "w1 or t ,he _h be5 inactive dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,all ^! cont+5cies w\ld be contr>y to a true conception ( ! ,fir/ ,cause 7*4 xiv474 ,maimonides is ( op9ion t ! argum5ts bas$ on ! prop]ties ( ?+s 9 ,nature are inadmissible1 because ! laws by :i* ! ,univ]se is regulat$ ne$ n h be5 9 =ce be=e ! ,univ]se 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is refutation is /yl$ by our au?or 8a /rong wall built r\nd ! ,law1 able to resi/ all attacks0 7*4 xvii474 ,9 a simil> mann] ! au?or proce$s aga9/ ! objections f\nd$ on ! prop]ties ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,purely intellectual be+s1 he says1 are n subject to ! same laws z mat]ial bodies2 t :i* necessitates a *ange 9 ! latt] or 9 ! w ( man ne$ n produce a *ange 9 immat]ial be+s4 ,z to ! belief t ! heav5s are inhabit$ by angels & deities1 x has n its orig9 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ^! sup]natural be+s2 x 0 sugge/$ to man by m$itation on ! app>5t gr&eur ( heav5ly ph5om5a 7*4 xviii474 ,maimonides next proce$s to expla9 h[1 indep5d5tly ( ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 he has be5 l$ to adopt ! belief 9 ! creatio ex nihilo4 ,admitt+ t ! great v>iety ( ! ?+s 9 ! sublun>y _w c be trac$ to ^? immutable laws :i* regulate ! influ5ce ( ! sph]es on ! be+s bel[--! v>iety 9 ! sph]es c only be expla9$ z ! result ( ,god's free w4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle--! pr9cipal au?ority = ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se--x is impossible t a simple be+ %\ld1 accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 be ! cause ( v>i\s & comp\nd be+s4 ,ano!r reason = ! rejection ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! a/ronom] ,ptolemy has prov$ ! incorrectness ( ! view :i* ,ari/otle _h ( cele/ial sph]es1 al?\gh ! sy/em ( t a/ronom] is likewise f> f be+ p]fect & f9al 7*4 xxiv474 ,x is impossible to obta9 a correct notion ( ! prop]ties ( ! heav5ly sph]es2 8! heav51 ev5 ! heav5s1 are ! ,"l's1 b ! e>? ha? ,he giv5 to ! *ildr5 ( man0 7,ps4 cxv4 #af74 ,! au?or1 obs]v+ t ! argum5ts aga9/ ! creatio ex nihilo are unt5able1 adh]es to 8 !ory1 :i* 0 taught by su* prophets z ,abraham & ,moses4 ,al?\gh ea* ,scriptural quotation c\ld1 by a figurative int]pretation1 be made to agree ) ! opposite !ory1 ,maimonides decl9es to ignore ! lit]al s5se ( a t]m1 unless x be 9 opposition to well-e/abli%$ tru?s1 z is ! case ) an?ropomorphic expressions2 = ! latt]1 if tak5 lit]ally1 w\ld be contr>y to ! demon/rat$ tru? ( ,god's incorporeality 7*4 xxv474 ,he is !re=e surpris$ t ! au?or ( ,pirke-di ,rabbi ,eliez] v5tur$ to assume ! et]nity ( matt]1 & he ?9ks x possible t ,rabbi ,eliez] c>ri$ ! lic5se ( figurative spee* too f>4 7,*4 xxvi474 ,! !ory ( ! creatio ex nihilo does n involve ! belief t ! ,univ]se w at a future "t be de/roy$2 ! ,bible di/9ctly tea*es ! creation1 b n ! de/ruction ( ! _w except 9 passages :i* are und\bt$ly conceiv$ 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,on ! contr>y1 respect+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,univ]se x is cle>ly /at$ 8,he e/abli%$ !m = ev]40 7,ps4 cxlviii4 #e47 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,univ]se w\ld be1 z ! creation has be51 a direct act ( ! ,div9e w1 & n ! result ( ^? immutable laws :i* gov]n ! ,univ]se4 ,! ,div9e w w\ld 9 t case set aside ^? laws1 bo? 9 ! initial & ! f9al /ages ( ! ,univ]se4 ,)9 ?is int]val1 h[ev]1 ! laws rema9 undi/urb$ 7*4 xxvii474 ,app>5t exceptions1 ! miracles1 orig9ate 9 ^! laws1 al?\gh man is unable to p]ceive ! causal relation4 ,! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! creation concludes ) ! /atem5t t ,god re/$ on ! sev5? day1 t is to say1 ,he decl>$ t ! "w 0 complete2 no new act ( creation 0 to take place1 & no new law 0 to be introduc$4 ,x is true t ! second & ! ?ird *apt]s ( ,g5esis appe> to describe a new creation1 t ( ,eve1 & a new law1 viz41 t ( man's mortality1 b ^! *apt]s are expla9$ z conta9+ an allegorical repres5tation ( man's psy*ical & intellectual faculties1 or a supplem5tal detail ( ! cont5ts ( ! fir/ *apt]4 ,maimonides seems to pref] ! allegorical explanation :i*1 z x seems1 he _h 9 view )\t expressly /at+ x1 9 8 treatm5t ( ,adam's s9 & puni%m5t4 7,"p ,i4 *4 ii47 ,x is c]ta9ly inconsi/5t on ! "o h& to admit t at ! pleasure ( ! ,almighty ! laws ( nature may become inop]ative1 & t ! :ole ,univ]se may become annihilat$1 & on ! o!r h& to d5y1 t dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se1 any ( ! natural laws ev] h be5 or ev] w be susp5d$4 ,x seems t ,maimonides c\ld n conceive ! idea t ! "w ( ! ,all-wise %\ld be1 z ! ,mutakallemim taught--)\t plan & sy/em1 or t ! laws once laid d[n %\ld n be suffici5t = all em]g5cies4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,creation giv5 9 ! book ( ,g5esis is expla9$ by ! au?or accord+ to ! foll[+ two rules3 ,fir/ its language is allegorical2 &1 ,secondly1 ! t]ms employ$ are homonyms4 ,! words erez1 mayim1 rua1 & o%ek 9 ! second v]se 7*4 i471 are homonyms & d5ote ! f\r elem5ts3 e>?1 wat]1 air1 & fire2 9 o!r in/ances erez is ! t]re/rial globe1 mayim is wat] or vap\r1 rua d5otes w9d1 & o%ek d>kness3 ,accord+ to ,maimonides1 a summ>y ( ! fir/ *apt] may be giv5 ?us2 ,god creat$ ! ,univ]se by produc+ fir/ ! re%it ! 8beg9n+0 7,g54 i4 #a71 or hatalah1 i4e41 ! intellects :i* give to ! sph]es bo? exi/5ce & motion1 & ?us become ! s\rce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! entire ,univ]se4 ,at fir/ ?is ,univ]se consi/$ ( a *aos ( elem5ts1 b its =m 0 successively develop$ by ! influ5ce ( ! sph]es1 & m directly by ! action ( light & d>kness1 ! prop]ties ( :i* 7 fix$ on ! fir/ day ( ! ,creation4 ,9 ! subsequ5t five days m9]als1 plants1 animals1 & ! intellectual be+s came into exi/5ce4 ,! sev5? day1 on :i* ! ,univ]se 0 = ! fir/ "t rul$ by ! same natural laws :i* /ill cont9ue 9 op]ation1 0 di/+ui%$ z a day bless$ & sanctifi$ by ! ,creator1 :o design$ x to proclaim ! creatio ex nihilo 7,exod4 xx4 #aa74 ,! ,israelites 7 moreov] comm&$ to keep ?is ,sabba? 9 commemoration ( _! dep>ture f ,egypt 7,deut4 v4 #ae71 because dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,egyptian bondage1 !y _h n be5 p]mitt$ to re/ on t day4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ s9 ( man1 ,adam1 ,eve1 & ! s]p5t repres5t ! intellect1 ! body1 & ! imag9ation4 ,9 ord] to complete ! imag]y1 ,samael or ,satan1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,midra% 9 connexion ) ?is acc\nt1 is add$ z repres5t+ man's appetitive faculties4 ,imag9ation1 ! s\rce ( error1 is directly aid$ by ! appetitive faculty1 & ! two are intimately connect$ ) ! body1 to :i* man g5]ally gives p>am\nt att5tion1 & = ! sake ( :i* he indulges 9 s9s2 9 ! end1 h[ev]1 !y subdue ! intellect & weak5 its p[]4 ,in/ead ( obta9+ pure & real k1 man =ms false conceptions2 9 consequ5ce1 ! body is subject to suff]+1 :il/ ! imag9ation1 in/ead ( be+ guid$ by ! intellect & atta9+ a high] developm5t becomes debas$ & deprav$4 ,9 ! ?ree sons ( ,adam1 ,ka91 ,abel1 & ,se?1 ,maimonides f9ds an allusion to ! ?ree elem5ts 9 man3 ! vegetable1 ! animal1 & ! intellectual4 ,fir/1 ! animal elem5t 7,abel7 becomes ext9ct2 !n ! vegetable elem5ts 7,ka97 are dissolv$2 only ! ?ird elem5t1 ! intellect 7,se?71 survives1 & =ms ! basis ( mank9d 7*4 xxx41 xxxi474 ,maimonides hav+ s f> /at$ 8 op9ion 9 explicit t]ms1 x is difficult to und]/& :at he _h 9 view by ! av[al t he c\ld n disclose ev]y?+4 ,x is unque/ionably no easy matt] to adapt ea* v]se 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis to ! =ego+ allegory2 b su* an adaptation is1 accord+ to ! au?or's own view 7,"p ,i41 ,introd41 p4 #ai71 n only unnecess>y1 b actually objectionable4 ,9 ! next section 7xxxii4-xlviii47 ,maimonides treats ( ,prophecy4 ,he m5tions ! foll[+ ?ree op9ions3--#a4 ,any p]son1 irrespective ( 8 physical or moral qualifications1 may be summon$ by ! ,almighty to ! mission ( a prophet4 #b4 ,prophecy is ! highe/ degree ( m5tal developm5t1 & c only be atta9$ by tra9+ & /udy4 #c4 ,! gift ( prophecy dep5ds on physical1 moral1 & m5tal tra9+1 comb9$ ) inspiration4 ,! au?or adopts ! la/-m5tion$ op9ion4 ,he def9es prophecy z an emanation 7%efa71 :i* ?r\gh ! w ( ! ,almighty desc5ds f ! ,active ,intellect to ! intellect & ! imag9ation ( ?or\ghly qualifi$ p]sons4 ,! prophet is ?us di/+ui%$ bo? f wise m5 ^: intellect alone receiv$ ! necess>y impulse f ! ,active ,intellect1 & f div9]s or dream]s1 ^: imag9ation alone has be5 influ5c$ by ! ,active ,intellect4 ,al?\gh x is assum$ t ! atta9m5t ( ?is prophetic faculty dep5ds on ,god's w1 ?is dep5d5ce is no?+ else b ! relation :i* all ?+s be> to ! ,primal ,cause2 = ! ,active ,intellect acts 9 con=mity ) ! laws e/abli%$ by ! w ( ,god2 x gives an impulse to ! intellect ( man1 &1 br++ to light ^? m5tal p[]s :i* lay dormant1 x m]ely turns pot5tial faculty into real action4 ,^! faculties c be p]fect$ to su* a degree z to enable man to appreh5d ! highe/ tru?s intuitively1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh all ! /ages ( rese>* requir$ by ord9>y p]sons4 ,! same fact is notic$ ) respect to imag9ation2 man sometimes =ms fai?ful images ( objects & ev5ts :i* _c be trac$ to ! ord9>y *annel ( in=mation1 viz41 impressions made on ! s5ses4 ,s9ce prophecy is ! result ( a natural process1 x may appe> surpris+ t1 ( ! num]\s m5 excell+ 9 wisdom1 s few became prophets4 ,maimonides acc\nts = ?is fact by assum+ t ! moral faculties ( su* m5 _h n be5 duly tra9$4 ,none ( !m _h1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 gone ?r\gh ! moral discipl9e indisp5sable = ! vocation ( a prophet4 ,besides ?is1 ev]y?+ :i* ob/ructs m5tal improvem5t1 misdirects ! imag9ation or impairs ! physical /r5g?1 & precludes man f atta9+ to ! rank ( prophet4 ,h5ce no prophecy 0 v\*saf$ to ,jacob dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 anxieties on acc\nt ( 8 sep>ation f ,joseph4 ,nor did ,moses receive a ,div9e message dur+ ! ye>s :i* ! ,israelites1 "u ,div9e puni%m5t1 sp5t 9 ! des]t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 music & song awak5$ ! prophetic p[] 7comp4 #b ,k+s iii4 #ae71 & 8,! _s ( prophecy alights only on him :o is wise1 /rong1 & ri*0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,%abbat1 #ib;a74 ,al?\gh ! prep>ation = a prophetic mission1 ! pursuit ( e>ne/ & p]sev]+ /udy1 z also ! execution ( ! ,div9e dictates1 requir$ physical /r5g?1 yet 9 ! mom5t :5 ! prophecy 0 receiv$ ! functions ( ! bodily organs 7 susp5d$4 ,! intellect !n acquir$ true k1 :i* pres5t$ itself to ! prophet's imag9ation 9 =ms peculi> to t faculty4 ,pure ideals are almo/ incompreh5sible2 man mu/ translate !m into language :i* he is accu/om$ to use1 & he mu/ adapt !m to 8 own mode ( ?9k+4 ,9 receiv+ prophecies & communicat+ !m to o!rs ! ex]cise ( ! prophet's imag9ation 0 !re=e z ess5tial z t ( 8 intellect1 & ,maimonides seems to apply to ?is imag9ation ! t]m 8angel10 :i* is s frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible z ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! ,supreme ,be+ & ! prophet4 ,only ,moses held 8 bodily functions "u su* control t ev5 )\t _! tempor>y susp5sion he 0 able to receive prophetic inspiration2 ! int]position ( ! imag9ation 0 9 8 case n ne$$3 8,god spoke to him m\? to m\?0 7,num4 xii4 #h74 ,moses diff]$ s completely f o!r prophets t ! t]m 8prophet0 c\ld only h be5 appli$ to him & o!r m5 by way ( homonymy4 ,! impulses desc5d+ f ! ,active ,intellect to man's intellect & to 8 imag9ation produce v>i\s effects1 accord+ to 8 physical1 moral1 & intellectual condition4 ,"s m5 are ?us end[$ ) extraord9>y c\rage & ) an ambition to p]=m great de$s1 or !y feel !mselves impell$ to appeal mightily to _! fell[m5 by means ( exalt$ & pure language4 ,su* m5 are fill$ ) 8! _s ( ! ,"l10 or1 8) ! _s ( hol9ess40 ,to ?is di/+ui%$ class belong$ ,jeph?ah1 ,samson1 ,david1 ,solomon1 & ! au?ors ( ! ,hagiographa4 ,?\gh above ! /&>d ( ord9>y m51 !y 7 n includ$ 9 ! rank ( prophets4 ,maimonides divides ! prophets into two gr\ps1 viz41 ^? :o receive inspiration 9 a dream & ^? :o receive x 9 a vision4 ,! fir/ gr\p includes ! foll[+ five classes3--#a4 ,^? :o see symbolic figures2 #b4 ,^? :o he> a voice address+ !m )\t p]ceiv+ ! speak]2 #c4 ,^? :o see a man & he> him address+ !m2 #d4 ,^? :o see an angel address+ !m2 #e4 ,^? :o see ,god & he> ,8 voice4 ,! o!r gr\p is divid$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b conta9s only ! fir/ f\r classes1 = ,maimonides consid]$ x impossible t a prophet %\ld see ,god 9 a vision4 ,?is classification is bas$ on ! v>i\s expressions employ$ 9 ! ,scriptures to describe ! sev]al prophecies4 ,:5 ! ,israelites receiv$ ! ,law at ,m\nt ,s9ai1 !y di/9ctly he>d ! fir/ two comm&m5ts1 :i* include ! doctr9es ( ! ,exi/5ce & ! ,unity ( ,god2 ( ! o!r eight comm&m5ts1 :i* enunciate moral1 n metaphysical tru?s1 !y he>d ! m]e 8s\nd ( words02 & x 0 ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,moses t ! ,div9e in/ruction 0 reveal$ to !m4 ,maimonides def5ds ?is op9ion by quotations f ! ,talmud & ! ,midra%im4 ,! !ory t imag9ation 0 an ess5tial elem5t 9 prophecy is support$ by ! fact t figurative spee* pr$om9ates 9 ! prophetical writ+s1 :i* ab\nd 9 figures1 hyp]bolical expressions & allegories4 ,! symbolical acts :i* are describ$ 9 connexion ) ! visions ( ! prophets1 su* z ! translation ( ,ezekiel f ,babylon to ,j]usalem 7,ez4 viii4 #c71 ,isaiah's walk+ ab\t nak$ & b>efoot 7,isa4 xx4 #b71 ,jacob's wre/l+ ) ! angel 7,g54 xxxii4 #bg sqq471 & ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass 7,num4 xxii4 #bh71 _h no positive reality4 ,! prophets1 employ+ an elliptical /yle1 frequ5tly omitt$ to /ate t a c]ta9 ev5t relat$ by !m 0 "p ( a vision or a dream4 ,9 consequ5ce ( su* elliptical spee* ev5ts are describ$ 9 ! ,bible z com+ directly f ,god1 al?\gh !y simply are ! effect ( ! ord9>y laws ( nature1 & z su* dep5d on ! w ( ,god4 ,su* passages _c be misund]/ood :5 x is borne 9 m9d t e ev5t & e natural ph5om5on c = its orig9 be trac$ to ! ,primal ,cause4 ,9 ?is s5se ! prophets employ su* phrases z ! foll[+3 8,& ,i w comm& ! cl\ds t !y ra9 no ra9 ^u x0 7,isa4 v4 #f72 8,i h also call$ my mighty m50 7ibid4 xi4 #c74 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,?is "p conta9s ! foll[+ six sections3--#a4 ,exposition ( ! maaseh m]cabah 7,ez4 i471 *4 i4 vii42 #b4 ,on ! nature & ! orig9 ( evil1 *4 viii4 xii42 #c4 ,on ! object ( ! creation1 *4 xiii4-xv42 #d4 ,on ,provid5ce & ,omnisci5ce1 *4 xvi4-xxv42 #e4 ,on ! object ( ! ,div9e precepts 7taame ha-mivot7 & ! hi/orical portions ( ! ,bible1 *4 xxv4-xl42 #f4 ,a guide to ! prop] wor%ip ( ,god4 ,) great caution ,maimonides approa*es ! explanation ( ! maaseh m]cabah1 ! *>iot :i* ,ezekiel beheld 9 a vision 7,ez4 i474 ,! my/]ies includ$ 9 ! description ( ! ,div9e *>iot _h be5 orally transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! disp]sion ( ! ,jews ! *a9 ( tradition 0 brok51 & ! k ( ^! my/]ies _h vani%$4 ,:atev] he knew ( ^? my/]ies he ow$ exclusively to 8 own intellectual faculties2 he !re=e c\ld n reconcile himself to ! idea t 8 k %\ld die ) him4 ,he committ$ 8 exposition ( ! maaseh m]cabah & ! maaseh b]e%it to writ+1 b did n dive/ x ( its orig9al my/]i\s "*2 s t ! explanation 0 fully intelligible to ! initiat$--t is to say1 to ! philosoph]--b to ! ord9>y read] x 0 a m]e p>aphrase ( ! ,biblical text4--7,introduction47 ,! fir/ sev5 *apt]s are devot$ to ! exposition ( ! ,div9e *>iot4 ,accord+ to ,maimonides ?ree di/9ct p>ts are to be notic$1 ea* ( :i* beg9s ) ! phrase1 8,& ,i saw40 ,^! p>ts correspond to ! ?ree p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1 ! sublun>y _w1 ! sph]es & ! intellig5ces4 ,fir/ ( all ! prophet is made to behold ! mat]ial _w :i* consi/s ( ! e>? & ! sph]es1 & ( ^! ! sph]es1 z ! m important1 are notic$ fir/4 ,9 ! ,second ,"p1 9 :i* ! nature ( ! sph]es is discuss$1 ! au?or dwells ) pride on 8 discov]y t !y c be divid$ into f\r gr\ps4 ,?is discov]y he n[ employs to %[ t ! f\r 8hayyot0 7animals7 repres5t ! f\r divisions ( ! sph]es4 ,he po9ts out t ! t]ms :i* ! prophet uses 9 ! description ( ! hayyot are id5tical ) t]ms appli$ to ! prop]ties ( ! sph]es4 ,= ! f\r hayyot or 8angels10 or *]ubim1 7#a7 h human =m2 7#b7 h human faces2 7#c7 possess *>act]i/ics ( o!r animals2 7#d7 h human h&s2 7#e7 _! feet are /raight & r\nd 7cyl9drical72 7#f7 _! bodies are closely jo9$ to ea* o!r2 7#g7 only _! faces & _! w+s are sep>ate2 7#h7 _! sub/ance is transp>5t & refulg5t2 7#i7 !y move uni=mly2 7#aj7 ea* moves 9 its own direction2 7#aa7 !y run2 7#ab7 swift z lightn+ !y return t[>ds _! />t+ po9t2 & 7#ac7 !y move 9 consequ5ce ( an extrane\s impulse 7rua74 ,9 a simil> mann] ! sph]es are describ$3--7#a7 !y possess ! *>act]i/ics ( man1 viz41 life & intellect2 7#b7 !y consi/ l man ( body & s\l2 7#c7 !y are /rong1 mighty & swift1 l ! ox1 ! lion1 & ! eagle2 7#d7 !y p]=m all mann] ( "w z ?\gh !y _h h&s2 7#e7 !y are r\nd1 & are n divid$ into p>ts2 7#f7 no vacuum int]v5es betwe5 "o sph]e & ! o!r2 7#g7 !y may be consid]$ z "o be+1 b 9 respect to ! intellects1 :i* are ! causes ( _! exi/5ce & motion1 !y appe> z f\r diff]5t be+s2 7#h7 !y are transp>5t & refulg5t2 7#i7 ea* sph]e moves uni=mly1 7#aj7 & accord+ to its special laws2 7#aa7 !y revolve ) great velocity2 7#ab7 ea* po9t returns aga9 to its previ\s position2 7#ac7 !y are self-mov+1 yet ! impulse emanates f an ext]nal p[]4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! vision ! prophet saw ! (annim4 ,^! repres5t ! f\r elem5ts ( ! sublun>y _w4 ,= ! (annim 7#a7 are connect$ ) ! ayyot & ) ! e>?2 7#b7 !y h f\r faces1 & are f\r sep>ate be+s1 b int]p5etrate ea* o!r 8z ?\gh x 7 a :eel 9 ! mid/ ( a :eel0 7,ez4 i4 #af72 7#c7 !y are cov]$ ) eyes2 7#d7 !y are n self-mov+2 7#e7 !y are set 9 motion by ! ayyot2 7#f7 _! motion is n circul> b rectil9e>4 ,! same may almo/ be said ( ! f\r elem5ts3--7#a7 !y are 9 close contact ) ! sph]es1 be+ encompass$ by ! sph]e ( ! moon2 e>? occupies ! c5tre1 wat] surr\nds e>?1 air has its position betwe5 wat] & fire2 7#b7 ?is ord] is n inv>iably ma9ta9$2 ! respective portions *ange & !y become int]mix$ & comb9$ ) ea* o!r2 7#c7 ?\gh !y are only f\r elem5ts !y =m an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s2 7#d7 n be+ animat$ !y d n move ( _! own accord2 7#e7 !y are set 9 motion by ! action ( ! sph]es2 7#f7 :5 a portion is displac$ x returns 9 a /raight l9e to its orig9al position4 ,9 ! ?ird vision ,ezekiel saw a human =m above ! ayyot4 ,! figure 0 divid$ 9 ! middle2 9 ! upp] portion ! prophet only notic$ t x 0 a%mal1 7my/]i\s72 f ! lo9s d[nw>ds !re 0 8! vision ( ! lik5ess ( ! ,div9e ,glory10 & 8! lik5ess ( ! ?rone40 ,! _w ( ,intellig5ces 0 repres5t$ by ! figure2 ^! c only be p]ceiv$ 9 z f> z !y influ5ce ! sph]es1 b _! relation to ! ,creator is beyond human compreh5sion4 ,! ,creator himself is n repres5t$ 9 ?is vision4 ,! key to ! :ole vision ,maimonides f9ds 9 ! introductory words1 8,& ! heav5s 7 op5$10 & 9 ! m9ute description ( ! place & ! "t ( ! revelation4 ,:5 pond]+ on ! gr&eur ( ! sph]es & _! influ5ces1 :i* v>y accord+ to "t & place1 man beg9s to ?9k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is exposition ,maimonides decl>es t he w1 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s1 refra9 f giv+ fur!r explanation ( ! maaseh m]cabah4 ,! =ego+ summ>y1 h[ev]1 %[s t ! op9ion ( ! au?or on ?is subject is fully /at$1 & x is inde$ difficult to conceive :at additional disclosures he c\ld /ill h made4 ,! task :i* ! au?or has propos$ to himself 9 ! ,preface he n[ reg>d$ z accompli%$4 ,he has discuss$ ! me?od ( ! ,kalm1 ! sy/em ( ! philosoph]s1 & 8 own !ory conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ! ,primal ,cause & ! ,univ]se3 he has expla9$ ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! creation1 ! nature ( prophecy1 & ! my/]ies 9 ,ezekiel's vision4 ,9 ! rema9+ portion ( ! "w ! au?or attempts to solve c]ta9 !ological problems1 z ?\gh he wi%$ to obviate ! foll[+ objections1 :i* might be rais$ to 8 !ory t !re is a design ?r\gh\t ! creation1 & t ! entire ,univ]se is subject to ! law ( causation3--,:at is ! purpose ( ! evils :i* att5d human life8 ,= :at purpose 0 ! _w creat$8 ,9 h[ f> does ,provid5ce int]f]e ) ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts8 ,does ,god "k & =esee man's actions8 ,to :at end 0 ! ,div9e ,law reveal$8 ,^! problems are treat$ s]iatim4 ,all evils1 ,maimonides holds1 orig9ate 9 ! mat]ial elem5t ( man's exi/5ce4 ,^? :o are able to emancipate !mselves f ! tyranny ( ! body1 & unconditionally to submit to ! dictates ( reason1 are protect$ f _m evils4 ,man %\ld disreg>d ! crav+s ( ! body1 avoid !m z topics ( conv]sation1 & keep 8 ?\ghts f> away f !m2 convivial & erotic songs debase man's noble/ gifts--?\ght & spee*4 ,matt] is ! p>tition sep>at+ man f ! pure ,intellects2 x is 8! ?ickness ( ! cl\d0 :i* true k has to trav]se be=e x rea*es man4 ,9 reality1 evil is ! m]e negative ( good3 8,god saw all t ,he _h made1 & behold x 0 v good0 7,g54 i4 #ca74 ,evil does n exi/ at all4 ,:5 evils are m5tion$ 9 ! ,scriptures z ! "w ( ,god1 ! ,scriptural expressions mu/ n be tak5 9 _! lit]al s5se4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( evils3--#a4 ,evils necessitat$ by ^? laws ( production & de/ruction by :i* ! species are p]petuat$4 #b4 ,evils :i* m5 inflict on ea* o!r2 !y are comp>atively few1 especially among civiliz$ m54 #c4 ,evils :i* man br+s ^u himself1 & :i* comprise ! majority ( exi/+ evils4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! ?ree classes ( evils leads to ! conclusion t 8! ,"l is good to all1 & 8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all 8 works0 7,ps4 cxlv4 #i74 ,! "q1 ,:at is ! object ( ! creation8 mu/ be left unansw]$4 ,! creation is ! result ( ! w ( ,god4 ,also ^? :o believe t ! ,univ]se is et]nal mu/ admit t !y are unable to discov] ! purpose ( ! ,univ]se4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 n be illogical to assume t ! sph]es h be5 creat$ = ! sake ( man1 not)/&+ ! great dim5sions ( ! =m] & ! smallness ( ! latt]4 ,/ill x mu/ be conc$$ t1 ev5 if mank9d 7 ! ma9 & c5tral object ( creation1 !re is no absolute int]dep5d5ce betwe5 !m2 = x is a matt] ( c\rse t1 "u alt]$ conditions1 man c\ld exi/ )\t ! sph]es4 ,all teleological !ories mu/ !re=e be conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,univ]se z x n[ exi/s4 ,!y are only admissible 9 ! relation 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ,univ]se /& to ea* o!r2 b ! purpose ( ! ,univ]se z a :ole _c be acc\nt$ =4 ,x is simply an emanation f ! w ( ,god4 ,reg>d+ ! belief 9 ,provid5ce1 ,maimonides enum]ates ! foll[+ five op9ions3--#a4 ,!re is no ,provid5ce2 ev]y?+ is subject to *ance2 #b4 ,only a "p ( ! ,univ]se is gov]n$ by ,provid5ce1 viz41 ! sph]es1 ! species1 & su* individual be+s z possess ! p[] ( p]petuat+ _! exi/5ce 7e4g41 ! />s72 ! re/--t is1 ! sublun>y _w--is left to m]e *ance4 #c4 ,ev]y?+ is pr$et]m9$2 accord+ to ?is !ory1 reveal$ ,law is inconceivable4 #d4 ,provid5ce assigns its bless+s to all creatures1 accord+ to _! m]its2 accord+ly1 all be+s1 ev5 ! l[e/ animals1 if innoc5tly injur$ or kill$1 receive comp5sation 9 a future life4 #e4 ,accord+ to ! ,jewi% belief1 all liv+ be+s are end[$ ) free-w2 ,god is j1 & ! de/9y ( man dep5ds on 8 m]its4 ,maimonides d5ies ! exi/5ce ( trials inflict$ by ,div9e love1 i4e4 afflictions :i* befall man1 n z puni%m5ts ( s91 b z means to procure = him a rew>d 9 times to come4 ,maimonides also rejects ! notion t ,god orda9s special temptation4 ,! ,biblical acc\nt1 accord+ to :i* ,god tempts m51 8to "k :at is 9 _! he>ts10 mu/ n be tak5 9 its lit]al s5se2 x m]ely /ates t ,god made ! virtues ( c]ta9 p kn[n to _! fell[m5 9 ord] t _! good example %\ld be foll[$4 ,( all creatures man alone enjoys ! especial c>e ( ,provid5ce2 because ! acts ( ,provid5ce are id5tical ) c]ta9 influ5ces 7%efa7 :i* ! ,active ,intellect br+s to be> ^u ! human intellect2 _! effect ^u man v>ies accord+ to 8 physical1 moral1 & intellectual condition2 irrational be+s1 h[ev]1 _c be affect$ by ^! influ5ces4 ,if we _c 9 ea* individual case see h[ ^! pr9ciples are appli$1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,god's wisdom is f> above t ( man4 ,! au?or seems to h felt t 8 !ory has its weak po9ts1 = he introduces x z foll[s3--8,my !ory is n e/abli%$ by demon/rative pro(2 x is bas$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,bible1 & x is less subject to refutation ?an any ( ! !ories previ\sly m5tion$40 ,provid5ce implies ,omnisci5ce1 & m5 :o d5y ?is1 eo ipso1 h no belief 9 ,provid5ce4 ,"s are unable to reconcile ! fate ( man ) ,div9e ,ju/ice1 & are !re=e ( op9ion t ,god takes no notice :atev] ( ! ev5ts :i* occur on e>?4 ,o!rs believe t ,god1 be+ an absolute ,unity1 _c possess a k ( a multitude ( ?+s1 or ( ?+s t d n yet exi/1 or ! numb] ( :i* is inf9ite4 ,^! objections1 :i* are bas$ on ! nature ( man's p]ception1 are illogical2 = ,god's k _c be comp>$ to t ( man2 x is id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce4 ,ev5 ! ,attributi/s1 :o assume t ,god's k is diff]5t f ,8 ess5ce1 hold t x is di/+ui%$ f man's k 9 ! foll[+ five po9ts3--#a4 ,x is "o1 al?\gh x embraces a plurality4 #b4 ,x includes ev5 su* ?+s z d n yet exi/4 #c4 ,x includes ?+s :i* are inf9ite 9 numb]4 #d4 ,x does n *ange :5 new objects ( p]ception pres5t !mselves4 #e4 ,x does n det]m9e ! c\rse ( ev5ts4--,h[ev] difficult ?is !ory may appe> to human compreh5sion1 x is 9 accordance ) ! words ( ,isaiah 7lv4 #h73 8,y\r ?\ghts are n ,my ?\ghts1 & y\r ways are n ,my ways40 ,accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! difficulty is to be expla9$ by ! fact t ,god is ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 & ,8 k ( ! ?+s is n dep5d5t on _! exi/5ce2 :ile ! k ( man is solely dep5d5t on ! objects :i* come "u 8 cognition4 ,accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! book ( ,job illu/rates ! sev]al views :i* h be5 m5tion$ above4 ,satan1 t is1 ! mat]ial elem5t 9 human exi/5ce1 is describ$ z ! cause ( ,job's suff]+s4 ,job at fir/ believ$ t man's happ9ess dep5ds on ri*es1 heal?1 & *ildr52 be+ depriv$ ( ^! s\rces ( happ9ess1 he conceiv$ ! notion t ,provid5ce is indiff]5t to ! fate ( mortal be+s4 ,aft] a c>eful /udy ( natural ph5om5a1 he reject$ ?is op9ion4 ,eliphaz held t all mis=tunes ( man s]ve z puni%m5ts ( pa/ s9s4 ,bildad1 ! second fri5d ( ,job1 admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( ^? afflictions :i* ,div9e love decrees 9 ord] t ! pati5t suff]] may be fitt$ to receive a b\ntiful rew>d4 ,z(>1 ! ?ird fri5d ( ,job1 decl>$ t ! ways ( ,god are beyond human compreh5sion2 !re is b "o explanation assignable to all ,div9e acts1 namely3 ,su* is ,8 ,w4 ,elihu gives a full] developm5t to ?is idea2 he says t su* evils z befell ,job may be rem$i$ once or twice1 b ! c\rse ( nature is n altoge!r rev]s$4 ,x is true t by prophecy a cle>] insight into ! ways ( ,god c be obta9$1 b !re are only few :o arrive at t exalt$ intellectual degree1 :il/ ! majority ( m5 mu/ cont5t !mselves ) acquir+ a k ( ,god ?r\gh ! /udy ( nature4 ,su* a /udy leads man to ! conviction t 8 und]/&+ _c fa?om ! secrets ( nature & ! wisdom ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,! conclud+ section ( ! ,?ird ,"p treats ( ! purpose ( ! ,div9e precepts4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* !y are describ$ z ! means ( acquir+ wisdom1 endur+ happ9ess1 & also bodily com=t 7*4 xxxi474 ,g5]ally a di/9ction is made betwe5 8uim0 78/atutes07 & mi%paim 78judgm5ts074 ,! object ( ! latt] is1 on ! :ole1 kn[n1 b ! uim are consid]$ z te/s ( man's ob$i5ce2 no reason is giv5 :y !y h be5 enact$4 ,maimonides rejects ?is di/9ction2 he /ates t all precepts are ! result ( wisdom & design1 t all contribute to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 al?\gh ) reg>d to ! uim ?is is less obvi\s4 ,! au?or draws ano!r l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ! g5]al pr9ciples & ! details ( rules4 ,= ! selection & ! introduction ( ! latt] !re is b "o reason1 viz43 8,su* is ! w ( ,god40 ,! laws are int5d$ to promote man's p]fection2 !y improve bo? 8 m5tal & 8 physical condition2 ! =m] 9 s f> z !y lead him to ! acquisition ( true k1 ! latt] ?r\gh ! tra9+ ( 8 moral & social faculties4 ,ea* law ?us imp>ts k1 improves ! moral condition ( man1 or conduces to ! well-be+ ( society4 ,_m reveal$ laws help to enlight5 man1 & to correct false op9ions4 ,?is object is n always cle>ly ann\nc$4 ,god 9 ,8 wisdom sometimes )held f ! k ( man ! purpose ( comm&m5ts & actions4 ,!re are o!r precepts :i* t5d to re/ra9 man's passions & desires4 ,if ! same end is occasionally atta9able by o!r means1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,div9e laws are adapt$ to ! ord9>y m5tal & emotional /ate ( man1 & n to exceptional circum/ances4 ,9 ?is "w1 z 9 ! ,yad ha-azaah1 ,maimonides divides ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* into f\rte5 gr\ps1 & 9 ea* gr\p he discusses ! pr9cipal & ! special object ( ! laws includ$ 9 x4 ,9 addition to ! legislative cont5ts1 ! ,bible includes hi/orical in=mation2 & ,maimonides1 9 briefly review+ ! ,biblical n>ratives1 %[s t ^! are likewise int5d$ to improve man's physical1 moral1 & intellectual condition4 8,x is n a va9 ?+ = y0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #dg71 & :5 x proves va9 to anyone1 x is 8 own fault4 ,9 ! f9al *apt]s ! au?or describes ! sev]al degrees ( human p]fection1 f ! s9n]s :o h turn$ f ! "r pa? to ! be/ ( m51 :o 9 all _! ?\ghts & acts cl+ to ! ,mo/ ,p]fect ,be+1 :o aspire aft] ! greate/ possible k ( ,god1 & /rive to s]ve _! ,mak] 9 ! practice ( 8lov+-k9dness1 righte\sness1 & ju/ice40 ,?is degree ( human p]fection c only be atta9$ by ^? :o nev] =get ! pres5ce ( ! ,almighty1 & rema9 firm 9 _! fe> & love ( ,god4 ,^! s]vants ( ! ,mo/ ,high inh]it ! *oice/ ( human bless+s2 !y are end[$ ) wisdom3 !y are godlike be+s4 ,,introduction ,lett] ( ! ,au?or to 8 ,pupil1 ,r4 ,joseph ,ibn ,akn94 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ,"l ( ! ,univ]se4 ,to ,r4 ,joseph 7may ,god protect him671 son ( ,r4 ,jehudah 7may 8 repose be 9 ,p>adise673-- 8,my de> pupil1 ev] s9ce y resolv$ to come to me1 f a di/ant c\ntry1 & to /udy "u my direction1 ,i ?\ght highly ( y\r ?ir/ = k1 & y\r fondness = speculative pursuits1 :i* f\nd expression 9 y\r poems4 ,i ref] to ! "t :5 ,i receiv$ y\r writ+s 9 prose & v]se f ,alex&ria4 ,i 0 !n n yet able to te/ y\r p[]s ( appreh5sion1 & ,i ?\ght t y\r desire might possibly exce$ y\r capacity4 ,b :5 y _h gone ) me ?r\gh a c\rse ( a/ronomy1 aft] hav+ complet$ ! o!r elem5t>y /udies :i* are indisp5sable = ! und]/&+ ( t sci5ce1 ,i 0 /ill m gratifi$ by ! acut5ess & ! quickness ( y\r appreh5sion4 ,obs]v+ y\r great fondness = ma!matics1 ,i let y /udy !m m deeply1 = ,i felt sure ( y\r ultimate success4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ,i took y ?r\gh a c\rse ( logic1 ,i f\nd t my great expectations ( y 7 confirm$1 & ,i consid]$ y fit to receive f me an exposition ( ! esot]ic ideas conta9$ 9 ! prophetic books1 t y might und]/& !m z !y are und]/ood by m5 ( culture4 ,:5 ,i comm5c$ by way ( h9ts1 ,i notic$ t y desir$ additional explanation1 urg+ me to exp\nd "s metaphysical problems2 to tea* y ! sy/em ( ! ,mutakallemim2 to tell y :e!r _! argum5ts 7 bas$ on logical pro(2 & if n1 :at _! me?od 04 ,i p]ceiv$ t y _h acquir$ "s k 9 ^? matt]s f o!rs1 & t y 7 p]plex$ & bewild]$2 yet y s\ght to f9d out a solution to y\r difficulty4 ,i urg$ y to desi/ f ?is pursuit1 & enjo9$ y to cont9ue y\r /udies sy/ematically2 = my object 0 t ! tru? %\ld pres5t itself 9 connect$ ord]1 & t y %\ld n hit ^u x by m]e *ance4 ,:il/ y /udi$ ) me ,i nev] refus$ to expla9 difficult v]ses 9 ! ,bible or passages 9 rabb9ical lit]ature :i* we happ5$ to meet4 ,:51 by ! w ( ,god1 we p>t$1 & y w5t y\r way1 our discussions ar\s$ 9 me a resolution :i* _h long be5 dormant4 ,y\r abs5ce has prompt$ me to compose ?is treatise = y & = ^? :o are l y1 h[ev] few !y may be4 ,i h divid$ x into *apt]s1 ea* ( :i* %all be s5t to y z soon z x is complet$4 ,f>ewell60 ,,prefatory ,,rem>ks4 8,cause me to "k ! way :]e9 ,i %\ld walk1 = ,i lift up my s\l unto ,!e40 7,psalm cxliii4 #h47 8,unto y1 ,o m51 ,i call1 & my voice is to ! sons ( m540 7,prov4 viii4 #d47 8,b[ d[n ?9e e> & he> ! words ( ! wise1 & apply ?9e he>t unto my k40 7,prov4 xxii4 #ag47 ,my prim>y object 9 ?is "w is to expla9 c]ta9 words occurr+ 9 ! prophetic books4 ,( ^! "s are homonyms1 & ( _! sev]al mean+s ! ignorant *oose ! wrong ones2 o!r t]ms :i* are employ$ 9 a figurative s5se are errone\sly tak5 by su* p]sons 9 _! prim>y signification4 ,!re are also hybrid t]ms1 d5ot+ ?+s :i* are ( ! same class f "o po9t ( view & ( a diff]5t class f ano!r4 ,x is n "h int5d$ to expla9 all ^! expressions to ! unlett]$ or to m]e tyros1 a previ\s k ( ,logic & ,natural ,philosophy be+ indisp5sable1 or to ^? :o conf9e _! att5tion to ! /udy ( our holy ,law1 ,i mean ! /udy ( ! canonical law alone2 = ! true k ( ! ,torah is ! special aim ( ?is & simil> works4 ,! object ( ?is treatise is to enlight5 a religi\s man :o has be5 tra9$ to believe 9 ! tru? ( our holy ,law1 :o consci5ti\sly fulfils 8 moral & religi\s duties1 & at ! same "t has be5 successful 9 8 philosophical /udies4 ,human reason has attract$ him to abide )9 its sph]e2 & he f9ds x difficult to accept z correct ! tea*+ bas$ on ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,law1 & especially t :i* he himself or o!rs d]iv$ f ^? homonym\s1 metaphorical1 or hybrid expressions4 ,h5ce he is lo/ 9 p]plexity & anxiety4 ,if he be guid$ solely by reason1 & r5\nce 8 previ\s views :i* are bas$ on ^? expressions1 he w\ld consid] t he _h reject$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law2 & ev5 if he reta9s ! op9ions :i* 7 d]iv$ f ^? expressions1 & if1 in/ead ( foll[+ 8 reason1 he ab&on its guidance altoge!r1 x w\ld /ill appe> t 8 religi\s convictions _h suff]$ loss & injury4 ,= he w\ld !n be left ) ^? errors :i* give rise to fe> & anxiety1 con/ant grief & great p]plexity4 ,?is "w has also a second object 9 view4 ,x seeks to expla9 c]ta9 obscure figures :i* occur 9 ! ,prophets1 & are n di/9ctly *>act]iz$ z be+ figures4 ,ignorant & sup]ficial read]s take !m 9 a lit]al1 n 9 a figurative s5se4 ,ev5 well in=m$ p]sons are bewild]$ if !y und]/& ^! passages 9 _! lit]al signification1 b !y are entirely reliev$ ( _! p]plexity :5 we expla9 ! figure1 or m]ely sugge/ t ! t]ms are figurative4 ,= ?is reason ,i h call$ ?is book ,guide = ! ,p]plex$4 ,i d n presume to ?9k t ?is treatise settles e d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o und]/& x1 b ,i ma9ta9 t x settles ! great] "p ( _! difficulties4 ,no intellig5t man w require & expect t on introduc+ any subject ,i %all completely exhau/ x2 or t on comm5c+ ! exposition ( a figure ,i %all fully expla9 all its p>ts4 ,su* a c\rse c\ld n be foll[$ by a tea*] 9 a viva voce exposition1 mu* less by an au?or 9 writ+ a book1 )\t becom+ a t>get = e fooli% conceit$ p]son to dis*>ge ! arr[s ( folly at him4 ,"s g5]al pr9ciples be>+ ^u ?is po9t h be5 fully discuss$ 9 our works on ! ,talmud1 & we h !re call$ ! att5tion ( ! read] to _m !mes ( ?is k9d4 ,we also /at$ 7,mi%neh torah1 ,i4 ii4 #ab1 & iv4 #aj7 t ! expression ,maase ,b]e%it 7,acc\nt ( ! ,creation7 signifi$ 8,natural ,sci5ce10 & ,maaseh ,m]cabah 78,description ( ! ,*>iot07 ,metaphysics1 & we expla9$ ! =ce ( ! ,rabb9ical dictum1 8,! ,maaseh ,m]cabah mu/ n be fully exp\nd$ ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( a s+le /ud5t1 unless he be wise & able to reason = himself1 & ev5 !n y %\ld m]ely acqua9t him ) ! heads ( ! diff]5t sections ( ! subject40 7,babyl4 ,talm4 agigah1 fol4 #aa b74 ,y mu/1 !re=e1 n expect f me m ?an su* heads4 ,& ev5 ^! h n be5 me?odically & sy/ematically arrang$ 9 ?is "w1 b h be51 on ! contr>y1 scatt]$1 & are int]sp]s$ ) o!r topics :i* we %all h occasion to expla94 ,my object 9 adopt+ ?is arrangem5t is t ! tru?s %\ld be at "o "t app>5t1 & at ano!r "t conceal$4 ,?us we %all n be 9 opposition to ! ,div9e ,w 7f :i* x is wrong to deviate7 :i* has )held f ! multitude ! tru?s requir$ = ! k ( ,god1 accord+ to ! words1 8,! secret ( ! ,"l is ) !m t fe> ,him0 7,ps4 xxv4 #ad74 ,"k t also 9 ,natural ,sci5ce !re are topics :i* are n to be fully expla9$4 ,our ,sages laid d[n ! rule1 8,! ,maaseh ,b]e%i? mu/ n be exp\nd$ 9 ! pres5ce ( two40 ,if an au?or 7 to expla9 ^! pr9ciples 9 writ+1 x w\ld be equal to exp\nd+ !m unto ?\s&s ( m54 ,= ?is reason ! prophets treat ^! subjects 9 figures1 & our ,sages1 imitat+ ! me?od ( ,scripture1 speak ( !m 9 metaphors & allegories2 because !re is a close aff9ity betwe5 ^! subjects & metaphysics1 & inde$ !y =m "p ( its my/]ies4 ,d n imag9e t ^! mo/ difficult problems c be ?or\ghly und]/ood by any "o ( u4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,at times ! tru? %9es s brilliantly t we p]ceive x z cle> z day4 ,our nature & habit !n draw a veil ov] our p]ception1 & we return to a d>kness almo/ z d5se z be=e4 ,we are l ^? :o1 ?\gh behold+ frequ5t fla%es ( lightn+1 /ill f9d !mselves 9 ! ?icke/ d>kness ( ! night4 ,on "s ! lightn+ fla%es 9 rapid succession1 & !y seem to be 9 cont9u\s light1 & _! night is z cle> z ! day4 ,?is 0 ! degree ( prophetic excell5ce atta9$ by 7,moses7 ! greate/ ( prophets1 to :om ,god said1 8,b z = !e1 /& ?\ "h by ,me0 7,deut4 v4 #ca71 & ( :om x is writt5 8! sk9 ( 8 face %one10 etc4 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #bi74 ,"s p]ceive ! prophetic fla% at long int]vals2 ?is is ! degree ( mo/ prophets4 ,by o!rs only once dur+ ! :ole night is a fla% ( lightn+ p]ceiv$4 ,?is is ! case ) ^? ( :om we are in=m$1 8,!y prophesi$1 & did n prophesy aga90 7,num4 xi4 #be74 ,!re are "s to :om ! fla%es ( lightn+ appe> ) v>y+ int]vals2 o!rs are 9 ! condition ( m51 ^: d>kness is illum9$ n by lightn+1 b by "s k9d ( cry/al or simil> /one1 or o!r sub/ances t possess ! prop]ty ( %9+ dur+ ! night2 & to !m ev5 ?is small am\nt ( light is n cont9u\s1 b n[ x %9es & n[ x vani%es1 z if x 7 8! flame ( ! rotat+ sword40 ,! degrees 9 ! p]fection ( m5 v>y accord+ to ^! di/9ctions4 ,conc]n+ ^? :o nev] beheld ! light ev5 = "o day1 b walk 9 cont9ual d>kness1 x is writt51 8,!y "k n1 nei!r w !y und]/&2 !y walk on 9 d>kness0 7,ps4 lxxxii4 #e74 ,tru?1 9 spite ( all its p[]ful manife/ations1 is completely )held f !m1 & ! foll[+ words ( ,scripture may be appli$ to !m1 8,& n[ m5 see n ! light :i* is bright 9 ! skies0 7,job xxxvii4 #ba74 ,!y are ! multitude ( ord9>y m52 !re is no ne$ to notice !m 9 ?is treatise4 ,y mu/ "k t if a p]son1 :o has atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( p]fection1 wi%es to imp>t to o!rs1 ei!r orally or 9 writ+1 any portion ( ! k :i* he has acquir$ ( ^! subjects1 he is utt]ly unable to be z sy/ematic & explicit z he c\ld be 9 a sci5ce ( :i* ! me?od is well kn[n4 ,! same difficulties :i* he enc\nt]$ :5 inve/igat+ ! subject = himself w att5d him :5 endeav\r+ to in/ruct o!rs2 viz41 at "o "t ! explanation w appe> lucid1 at ano!r "t1 obscure2 ?is prop]ty ( ! subject appe>s to rema9 ! same bo? to ! advanc$ s*ol> & to ! beg9n]4 ,= ?is reason1 great !ological s*ol>s gave in/ruction 9 all su* matt]s only by means ( metaphors & allegories4 ,!y frequ5tly employ$ !m 9 =ms v>y+ m or less ess5tially4 ,9 mo/ cases !y plac$ ! lesson to be illu/rat$ at ! beg9n+1 or 9 ! middle1 or at ! end ( ! simile4 ,:5 !y c\ld f9d no simile :i* f beg9n+ to end correspond$ to ! idea :i* 0 to be illu/rat$1 !y divid$ ! subject ( ! lesson1 al?\gh 9 itself "o :ole1 into diff]5t p>ts1 & express$ ea* by a sep>ate figure4 ,/ill m obscure are ^? in/ances 9 :i* "o simile is employ$ to illu/rate _m subjects1 ! beg9n+ ( ! simile repres5t+ "o ?+1 ! end ano!r4 ,sometimes ! :ole metaphor may ref] to two cognate subjects 9 ! same bran* ( k4 ,if we 7 to tea* 9 ^! discipl9es1 )\t ! use ( p>ables & figures1 we %\ld be compell$ to resort to expressions bo? pr(\nd & transc5d5tal1 & by no means m intelligible ?an metaphors & similes2 z ?\gh ! wise & le>n$ 7 drawn into ?is c\rse by ! ,div9e ,w1 9 ! same way z !y are compell$ to foll[ ! laws ( nature 9 matt]s relat+ to ! body4 ,y are no d\bt aw>e t ! ,almighty1 desir+ to lead u to p]fection & to improve our /ate ( society1 has reveal$ to u laws :i* are to regulate our actions4 ,^! laws1 h[ev]1 presuppose an advanc$ /ate ( intellectual culture4 ,we mu/ fir/ =m a conception ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ! ,creator accord+ to our capabilities2 t is1 we mu/ h a k ( ,metaphysics4 ,b ?is discipl9e c only be approa*$ aft] ! /udy ( ,physics2 = ! sci5ce ( ,physics bord]s on ,metaphysics1 & mu/ ev5 prec$e x 9 ! c\rse ( our /udies1 z is cle> to all :o are famili> ) ^! que/ions4 ,!re=e ! ,almighty comm5c$ ,holy ,writ ) ! description ( ! ,creation1 t is1 ) ,physical ,sci5ce2 ! subject be+ on ! "o h& mo/ weighty & important1 & on ! o!r h& our means ( fully compreh5d+ ^? great problems be+ limit$4 ,he describ$ ^? pr(\nd tru?s1 :i* ,8 ,div9e ,wisdom f\nd x necess>y to communicate to u1 9 allegorical1 figurative1 & metaphorical language4 ,our ,sages h said 7,yem5 ,midra% on ,g54 i4 #a71 8,x is impossible to give a full acc\nt ( ! ,creation to man4 ,!re=e ,scripture simply tells u1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?0 7,g54 i4 #a74 ,?us !y h sugge/$ t ?is subject is a deep my/]y1 & 9 ! words ( ,solomon1 8,f> (f & exce$+ly deep1 :o c f9d x out80 7,eccles4 vii4 #bd74 ,x has be5 treat$ 9 metaphors 9 ord] t ! un$ucat$ may compreh5d x accord+ to ! measure ( _! faculties & ! feebl5ess ( _! appreh5sion1 :ile educat$ p]sons may take x 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,9 our comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah we /at$ our int5tion to expla9 difficult problems 9 ! ,book on ,prophecy & 9 ! ,book ( ,h>mony4 ,9 ! latt] we int5d$ to exam9e all ! passages 9 ! ,midra% :i*1 if tak5 lit]ally1 appe> to be inconsi/5t ) tru? & common s5se1 & mu/ !re=e be tak5 figuratively4 ,_m ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,i fir/ comm5c$ ^? works4 ,i _h proce$$ b a %ort way :5 ,i became dissatisfi$ ) my orig9al plan4 ,= ,i obs]v$ t by exp\nd+ ^! passages by means ( allegorical & my/ical t]ms1 we d n expla9 any?+1 b m]ely sub/itute "o ?+ = ano!r ( ! same nature1 :il/ 9 expla9+ !m fully our ef=ts w\ld displease mo/ p2 & my sole object 9 plann+ to write ^? books 0 to make ! cont5ts ( ,midra%im & ! exot]ic lessons ( ! prophecies intelligible to ev]ybody4 ,we h fur!r notic$ t :5 an ill-in=m$ ,!ologian reads ^! ,midra%im1 he w f9d no difficulty2 = possess+ no k ( ! prop]ties ( ?+s1 he w n reject /atem5ts :i* involve impossibilities4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a p]son :o is bo? religi\s & well educat$ reads !m1 he _c escape ! foll[+ dilemma3 ei!r he takes !m lit]ally1 & que/ions ! abilities ( ! au?or & ! s\ndness ( 8 m9d--do+ !reby no?+ :i* is oppos$ to ! pr9ciples ( our fai?1--or he w acquiesce 9 assum+ t ! passages 9 "q h "s secret mean+1 & he w cont9ue to hold ! au?or 9 high e/imation :e!r he und]/ood ! allegory or n4 ,z reg>ds prophecy 9 its v>i\s degrees & ! diff]5t metaphors us$ 9 ! prophetic books1 we %all give 9 ! pres5t "w an explanation1 accord+ to a diff]5t me?od4 ,guid$ by ^! consid]ations ,i h refra9$ f writ+ ^? two books z ,i _h previ\sly int5d$4 ,9 my l>g] "w1 ! ,mi%nah ,torah1 ,i h cont5t$ myself ) briefly /at+ ! pr9ciples ( our fai? & its fundam5tal tru?s1 toge!r ) su* h9ts z approa* a cle> exposition4 ,9 ?is "w1 h[ev]1 ,i address ^? :o h /udi$ philosophy & h acquir$ s\nd k1 & :o :ile firm 9 religi\s matt]s are p]plex$ & bewild]$ on acc\nt ( ! ambigu\s & figurative expressions employ$ 9 ! holy writ+s4 ,"s *apt]s may be f\nd 9 ?is "w :i* conta9 no ref]5ce :atev] to homonyms4 ,su* *apt]s w s]ve z an introduction to o!rs2 !y w conta9 "s ref]5ce to ! signification ( a homonym :i* ,i d n wi% to m5tion 9 t place1 or expla9 "s figure2 po9t out t a c]ta9 expression is a figure2 treat ( difficult passages g5]ally misund]/ood 9 consequ5ce ( ! homonymy !y include1 or because ! simile !y conta9 is tak5 9 place ( t :i* x repres5ts1 & vice v]s4 ,hav+ spok5 ( similes1 ,i proce$ to make ! foll[+ rem>k3--,! key to ! und]/&+ & to ! full compreh5sion ( all t ! ,prophets h said is f\nd 9 ! k ( ! figures1 _! g5]al ideas1 & ! mean+ ( ea* ^w !y conta94 ,y "k ! v]se3-- 8,i h also spok5 9 similes by ! ,prophets0 7,hosea xii4 #aj72 & also ! v]se1 8,put =? a riddle & speak a p>able0 7,ezek4 xvii4 #b74 ,& because ! ,prophets cont9ually employ figures1 ,ezekiel said1 8,does ,he n speak p>ables80 7xxi4 #e74 ,aga91 ,solomon beg9s 8 book ( ,prov]bs ) ! words1 8,to und]/& a prov]b & figurative spee*1 ! words ( ! wise & _! d>k say+s0 7,prov4 i4 #f72 & we read 9 ,midra%1 7,%ir ha-%irim ,rabba1 i4 #a72 8,to :at 7 ! words ( ! ,law to be comp>$ be=e ! "t ( ,solomon8 ,to a well ! wat]s ( :i* are at a great dep?1 & ?\gh cool & fre%1 yet no man c\ld dr9k ( !m4 ,a clev] man jo9$ cord ) cord1 & rope ) rope1 & drew up & drank4 ,s ,solomon w5t f figure to figure1 & f subject to subject1 till he obta9$ ! true s5se ( ! ,law40 ,s f> g ! words ( our ,sages4 ,i d n believe t any intellig5t man ?9ks t 8! words ( ! ,law0 m5tion$ "h z requir+ ! application ( figures 9 ord] to be und]/ood1 c ref] to ! rules = build+ tab]nacles1 = prep>+ ! lulab1 or = ! f\r k9ds ( tru/ees4 ,:at is really meant is ! appreh5sion ( pr(\nd & difficult subjects1 conc]n+ :i* our ,sages said1 8,if a man loses 9 8 h\se a sela1 or a pe>l1 he c f9d x by light+ a tap] wor? only "o iss>4 ,?us ! p>ables 9 !mselves are ( no great value1 b ?r\gh !m ! words ( ! holy ,law are r5d]$ intelligible40 ,^! likewise are ! words ( our ,sages2 consid] well _! /atem5t1 t ! deep] s5se ( ! words ( ! holy ,law are pe>ls1 & ! lit]al acceptation ( a figure is ( no value 9 itself4 ,!y comp>e ! hidd5 mean+ includ$ 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! simile to a pe>l lo/ 9 a d>k room1 :i* is full ( furniture4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! pe>l is 9 ! room1 b ! man c nei!r see x nor "k :]e x lies4 ,x is j z if ! pe>l 7 no long] 9 8 possession1 =1 z has be5 /at$1 x af=ds him no b5efit :atev] until he k9dles a light4 ,! same is ! case ) ! compreh5sion ( t :i* ! simile repres5ts4 ,! wise k+ said1 8,a ^w fitly spok5 is l apples ( gold 9 vessels ( silv]0 7,prov4 xxv4 #aa74 ,he> ! explanation ( :at he said3--,! ^w maskiyo?1 ! ,hebrew equival5t = 8vessels10 d5otes 8filigree network0--i4e41 ?+s 9 :i* !re are v small ap]tures1 su* z are frequ5tly wr\ght by silv]smi?s4 ,!y are call$ 9 ,hebrew maskiyyo? 7lit4 8transpicu\s10 f ! v]b sakah1 8he saw10 a root :i* occurs also 9 ! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos1 ,g54 xxvi4 #h71 because ! eye p5etrates ?r\gh !m4 ,?us ,solomon meant to say1 8,j z apples ( gold 9 silv] filigree ) small ap]tures1 s is a ^w fitly spok540 ,see h[ beautifully ! conditions ( a good simile are describ$ 9 ?is figure6 ,x %[s t 9 e ^w :i* has a d\ble s5se1 a lit]al "o & a figurative "o1 ! pla9 mean+ mu/ be z valuable z silv]1 & ! hidd5 mean+ /ill m preci\s2 s t ! figurative mean+ be>s ! same relation to ! lit]al "o z gold to silv]4 ,x is fur!r necess>y t ! pla9 s5se ( ! phrase %all give to ^? :o consid] x "s notion ( t :i* ! figure repres5ts4 ,j z a gold5 apple ov]laid ) a network ( silv]1 :5 se5 at a di/ance1 or look$ at sup]ficially1 is mi/ak5 = a silv] apple1 b :5 a ke5-sight$ p]son looks at ! object well1 he w f9d :at is )91 & see t ! apple is gold4 ,! same is ! case ) ! figures employ$ by prophets4 ,tak5 lit]ally1 su* expressions conta9 wisdom useful = _m purposes1 among o!rs1 = ! amelioration ( ! condition ( society2 e4g41 ! ,prov]bs 7( ,solomon71 & simil> say+s 9 _! lit]al s5se4 ,_! hidd5 mean+1 h[ev]1 is pr(\nd wisdom1 conducive to ! recognition ( real tru?4 ,"k t ! figures employ$ by prophets are ( two k9ds3 fir/1 :]e e ^w :i* occurs 9 ! simile repres5ts a c]ta9 idea2 & secondly1 :]e ! simile1 z a :ole1 repres5ts a g5]al idea1 b has a great _m po9ts :i* h no ref]5ce :atev] to t idea2 !y are simply requir$ to give to ! simile its prop] =m & ord]1 or bett] to conceal ! idea2 ! simile is !re=e cont9u$ z f> z necess>y1 accord+ to its lit]al s5se4 ,consid] ?is well4 ,an example ( ! fir/ class ( prophetic figures is to be f\nd 9 ,g5esis3--8,&1 behold1 a ladd] set up on ! e>?1 & ! top ( x rea*$ to heav52 &1 behold1 ! angels ( ,god asc5d+ & desc5d+ on x0 7,g54 xxviii4 #ab74 ,! ^w 8ladd]0 ref]s to "o idea2 8set up on ! e>?0 to ano!r2 8& ! top ( x rea*$ to heav50 to a ?ird2 8angels ( ,god0 to a f\r?2 8asc5d+0 to a fif?2 8desc5d+0 to a six?2 8! ,"l /ood above x0 7v]4 #ac7 to a sev5?4 ,e ^w 9 ?is figure introduces a fre% elem5t into ! idea repres5t$ by ! figure4 ,an example ( ! second class ( prophetic figures is f\nd 9 ,prov]bs 7vii4 #f-bf73--8;,= at ! w9d[ ( my h\se ,i look$ ?r\gh my casem5t1 & beheld among ! simple ones2 ,i disc]n$ among ! y\?s a "y man void ( und]/&+1 pass+ ?r\gh ! /reet ne> h] corn]3 & he w5t ! way to h] h\se1 9 ! twilight1 9 ! ev5+1 9 ! black & d>k night3 &1 behold1 !re met him a woman ) ! attire ( a h>lot1 & subtil ( he>t4 7,%e is l\d & /ubborn2 h] feet abide n 9 h] h\se3 n[ %e is )\t1 n[ 9 ! /reets1 & lie? 9 wait 9 e corn]47 ,s %e caught him1 & kiss$ him1 & ) an impud5t face said unto him1 ,i h peace (f]+s ) me2 ?is day h ,i paid my v[s4 ,!re=e came ,i =? to meet !e1 dilig5tly to seek ?y face1 & ,i h f\nd !e4 ,i h deck$ my b$ ) cov]+s ( tape/ry1 ) /rip$ clo?s ( ! y>n ( ,egypt4 ,i h p]fum$ my b$ ) myrrh1 aloes1 & c9namon4 ,come1 let u take our fill ( love until ! morn+3 let u solace ourselves ) loves4 ,= ! goodman is n at home1 he is gone a long j\rney3 he ha? tak5 a bag ( money ) him1 & w come home at ! day appo9t$4 ,) h] mu* fair spee* %e caus$ him to yield1 ) ! flatt]+ ( h] lips %e =c$ him4 ,he goe? aft] h] /raightway1 z an ox goe? to ! slaught]1 or z fett]s to ! correction ( a fool3 till a d>t /rike ?r\gh 8 liv]2 z a bird ha/e? to ! sn>e1 & kn[e? n t x is = 8 life4 ,he>k5 unto me n[ !re=e1 ,o ye *ildr51 & att5d to ! words ( my m\?4 ,let n ?9e he>t decl9e to h] ways1 g n a/ray 9 h] pa?s4 ,= %e ha? ca/ d[n _m w\nd$3 yea1 _m /rong m5 h be5 sla9 by h]40 ,! g5]al pr9ciple exp\nd$ 9 all ^! v]ses is to ab/a9 f excessive indulg5ce 9 bodily pleasures4 ,! au?or comp>es ! body1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all s5sual pleasures1 to a m>ri$ woman :o at ! same "t is a h>lot4 ,& ?is figure he has tak5 z ! basis ( 8 entire book4 ,we %all h]eaft] %[ ! wisdom ( ,solomon 9 comp>+ s5sual pleasures to an adult]\s h>lot4 ,we %all expla9 h[ aptly he concludes t "w ) ! praises ( a fai?ful wife :o devotes h]self to ! welf>e ( h] husb& & ( h] h\sehold4 ,all ob/acles :i* prev5t man f atta9+ 8 highe/ aim 9 life1 all ! defici5cies 9 ! "* ( man1 all 8 evil prop5sities1 are to be trac$ to ! body alone4 ,?is w be expla9$ lat] on4 ,! pr$om9ant idea runn+ ?r\gh\t ! figure is t man %all n be entirely guid$ by 8 animal1 or mat]ial nature2 = ! mat]ial sub/ance ( man is id5tical ) t ( ! brute creation4 ,an adequate explanation ( ! figure hav+ be5 giv51 & its mean+ hav+ be5 %[n1 d n imag9e t y w f9d 9 its application a correspond+ elem5t = ea* "p ( ! figure2 y mu/ n ask :at is meant by 8,i h peace (f]+s ) me0 7v]4 #ad72 by 8,i h deck$ my b$ ) cov]+s ( tape/ry0 7v]4 #af72 or :at is add$ to ! =ce ( ! figure by ! obs]vation 8= ! goodman is n at home0 7v]4 #ai71 & s on to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,= all ?is is m]ely to complete ! illu/ration ( ! metaphor 9 its lit]al mean+4 ,! circum/ances describ$ "h are su* z are common to adult]]s4 ,su* conv]sations take place betwe5 all adult]\s p]sons4 ,y mu/ well und]/& :at ,i h said1 = x is a pr9ciple ( ! utmo/ importance ) respect to ^? ?+s :i* ,i int5d to exp\nd4 ,if y obs]ve 9 "o ( ! *apt]s t ,i expla9$ ! mean+ ( a c]ta9 figure1 & po9t$ out to y its g5]al scope1 d n tr\ble y\rself fur!r 9 ord] to f9d an int]pretation ( ea* sep>ate portion1 = t w\ld lead y to "o ( ! two foll[+ errone\s c\rses2 ei!r y w miss ! s5se includ$ 9 ! metaphor1 or y w be induc$ to expla9 c]ta9 ?+s :i* require no explanation1 & :i* are n introduc$ = t purpose4 ,?r\gh ?is unnecess>y tr\ble y may fall into ! great error :i* besets mo/ mod]n sects 9 _! fooli% writ+s & discussions2 !y all endeav\r to f9d "s hidd5 mean+ 9 expressions :i* 7 nev] utt]$ by ! au?or 9 t s5se4 ,y\r object %\ld be to discov] 9 mo/ ( ! figures ! g5]al idea :i* ! au?or wi%es to express4 ,9 "s in/ances x w be suffici5t if y und]/& f my rem>ks t a c]ta9 expression conta9s a figure1 al?\gh ,i may (f] no fur!r comm5t4 ,= :5 y "k t x is n to be tak5 lit]ally1 y w und]/& at once to :at subject x ref]s4 ,my /atem5t t x is a figurative expression w1 z x 71 remove ! scre5 f betwe5 ! object & ! obs]v]4 ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,?is ,,"w4 ,if y desire to grasp all t is conta9$ 9 ?is book s t no?+ %all escape y\r notice1 consid] ! *apt]s 9 connect$ ord]4 ,9 /udy+ ea* *apt]1 d n cont5t y\rself ) compreh5d+ its pr9cipal subject1 b att5d to e t]m m5tion$ !re91 al?\gh x may seem to h no connection ) ! pr9cipal subject4 ,= :at ,i h writt5 9 ?is "w 0 n ! sugge/ion ( ! mom5t2 x is ! result ( deep /udy & great application4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 t no?+ t appe>$ d\btful %\ld be left unexpla9$4 ,no?+ ( :at is m5tion$ is out ( place1 e rem>k w be f\nd to illu/rate ! subject-matt] ( ! respective *apt]4 ,d n read sup]ficially1 le/ y d me an injury1 & d]ive no b5efit = y\rself4 ,y mu/ /udy ?or\ghly & read cont9ually2 = y w !n f9d ! solution ( ^? important problems ( religion1 :i* are a s\rce ( anxiety to all intellig5t m54 ,i adjure any read] ( my book1 9 ! "n ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 n to add any explanation ev5 to a s+le ^w2 nor to expla9 to ano!r any portion ( x except su* passages z h be5 fully treat$ ( by previ\s !ological au?orities2 he mu/ n tea* o!rs any?+ t he has le>nt f my "w alone1 & t has n be5 hi!rto discuss$ by any ( our au?orities4 ,! read] mu/1 moreov]1 bew>e ( rais+ objections to any ( my /atem5ts1 because x is v probable t he may und]/& my words to mean ! exact opposite to :at ,i int5d$ to say4 ,he w injure me1 :ile ,i endeav\r$ to b5efit him4 8,he w requite me evil = good40 ,let ! read] make a c>eful /udy ( ?is "w2 & if 8 d\bt be remov$ on ev5 "o po9t1 let him praise 8 ,mak] & re/ cont5t$ ) ! k he has acquir$4 ,b if he d]ive f x no b5efit :atev]1 he may consid] ! book z if x _h nev] be5 writt54 ,%\ld he notice any op9ions ) :i* he does n agree1 let him endeav\r to f9d a suitable explanation1 ev5 if x seem f>-fet*$1 9 ord] t he may judge me *>itably4 ,su* a duty we owe to e "o4 ,we owe x especially to our s*ol>s & !ologians1 :o endeav\r to tea* u :at is ! tru? accord+ to ! be/ ( _! ability4 ,i feel assur$ t ^? ( my read]s :o h n /udi$ philosophy1 w /ill d]ive pr(it f _m a *apt]4 ,b ! ?9k] ^: /udies h br\ght him into collision ) religion1 w1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 d]ive mu* b5efit f e *apt]4 ,h[ greatly w he rejoice6 ,h[ agreeably w my words /rike 8 e>s6 ,^?1 h[ev]1 ^: m9ds are confus$ ) false notions & p]v]se me?ods1 :o reg>d _! mislead+ /udies z sci5ces1 & imag9e !mselves philosoph]s1 ?\gh !y h no k t c\ld truly be t]m$ sci5ce1 w object to _m *apt]s1 & w f9d 9 !m _m insup]able difficulties1 because !y d n und]/& _! mean+1 & because ,i expose !re9 ! absurdity ( _! p]v]se notions1 :i* con/itute _! ri*es & peculi> treasure1 8/or$ up = _! ru940 ,god kn[s t ,i hesitat$ v mu* be=e writ+ on ! subjects conta9$ 9 ?is "w1 s9ce !y are pr(\nd my/]ies2 !y are topics :i*1 s9ce ! "t ( our captivity h n be5 treat$ by any ( our s*ol>s z f> z we possess _! writ+s2 h[ !n %all ,i n[ make a beg9n+ & discuss !m8 ,b ,i rely on two prec$5ts3 fir/1 to simil> cases our ,sages appli$ ! v]se1 8,x is "t to d some?+ 9 hon\r ( ! ,"l3 = !y h made void ?y law0 7,ps4 cxix4 #abf74 ,secondly1 !y h said1 8,let all ?y acts be guid$ by pure int5tions40 ,on ^! two pr9ciples ,i reli$ :ile compos+ "s p>ts ( ?is "w4 ,la/ly1 :5 ,i h a difficult subject be=e me--:5 ,i f9d ! road n>r[1 & c see no o!r way ( tea*+ a well e/abli%$ tru? except by pleas+ "o intellig5t man & displeas+ t5 ?\s& fools--,i pref] to address myself to ! "o man1 & to take no notice :atev] ( ! condemnation ( ! multitude2 ,i pref] to extricate t intellig5t man f 8 emb>rassm5t & %[ him ! cause ( 8 p]plexity1 s t he may atta9 p]fection & be at peace4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,on ,me?od4 ,!re are sev5 causes ( inconsi/5cies & contradictions to be met ) 9 a lit]>y "w4 ,! fir/ cause arises f ! fact t ! au?or collects ! op9ions ( v>i\s m51 ea* diff]+ f ! o!r1 b neglects to m5tion ! "n ( ! au?or ( any p>ticul> op9ion4 ,9 su* a "w contradictions or inconsi/5cies mu/ occur1 s9ce any two /atem5ts may belong to two diff]5t au?ors4 ,second cause3 ,! au?or holds at fir/ "o op9ion :i* he subsequ5tly rejects2 9 8 "w1 h[ev]1 bo? 8 orig9al & alt]$ views are reta9$4 ,?ird cause3 ,! passages 9 "q are n all to be tak5 lit]ally2 "s only are to be und]/ood 9 _! lit]al s5se1 :ile 9 o!rs figurative language is employ$1 :i* includes ano!r mean+ besides ! lit]al "o3 or1 9 ! app>5tly inconsi/5t passages1 figurative language is employ$ :i*1 if tak5 lit]ally1 w\ld seem to be contradictories or contr>ies4 ,f\r? cause3 ,! premises are n id5tical 9 bo? /atem5ts1 b = c]ta9 reasons !y are n fully /at$ 9 ^! passages2 or two propositions ) diff]5t subjects :i* are express$ by ! same t]m )\t hav+ ! diff]5ce 9 mean+ po9t$ out1 occur 9 two passages4 ,! contradiction is !re=e only app>5t1 b !re is no contradiction 9 reality4 ,! fif? cause is traceable to ! use ( a c]ta9 me?od adopt$ 9 tea*+ & exp\nd+ pr(\nd problems4 ,namely1 a difficult & obscure !orem mu/ sometimes be m5tion$ & assum$ z kn[n1 = ! illu/ration ( "s elem5t>y & intelligible subject :i* mu/ be taught be=eh&1 ! comm5cem5t be+ always made ) ! easi] ?+4 ,! tea*] mu/ !re=e facilitate1 9 any mann] :i* he c devise1 ! explanation ( ^? !orems1 :i* h to be assum$ z kn[n1 & he mu/ cont5t himself ) giv+ a g5]al ?\gh some:at inaccurate notion on ! subject4 ,x is1 = ! pres5t1 expla9$ accord+ to ! capacity ( ! /ud5ts1 t !y may compreh5d x z f> z !y are requir$ to und]/& ! subject4 ,lat] on1 ! same subject is ?or\ghly treat$ & fully develop$ 9 its "r place4 ,six? cause3 ,! contradiction is n app>5t1 & only becomes evid5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( premises4 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( premises necess>y to prove ! contradiction betwe5 ! two conclusions1 ! great] is ! *ance t x w escape detection1 & t ! au?or w n p]ceive 8 own inconsi/5cy4 ,only :5 f ea* conclusion1 by means ( suitable premises1 an inf]5ce is made1 & f ! enunciation ?us inf]r$1 by means ( prop] argum5ts1 o!r conclusions are =m$1 & aft] t process has be5 repeat$ _m times1 !n x becomes cle> t ! orig9al conclusions are contradictories or contr>ies4 ,ev5 able writ]s are liable to ov]look su* inconsi/5cies4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! contradiction betwe5 ! orig9al /atem5ts c at once be discov]$1 & ! au?or1 :ile writ+ ! second1 does n ?9k ( ! fir/1 he ev9ces a great] defici5cy1 & 8 words des]ve no notice :atev]4 ,sev5? cause3 ,x is sometimes necess>y to introduce su* metaphysical matt] z may p>tly be disclos$1 b mu/ p>tly be conceal$2 :ile1 !re=e1 on "o occasion ! object :i* ! au?or has 9 view may dem& t ! metaphysical problem be treat$ z solv$ 9 "o way1 x may be conv5i5t on ano!r occasion to treat x z solv$ 9 ! opposite way4 ,! au?or mu/ endeav\r1 by conceal+ ! fact z mu* z possible1 to prev5t ! un$ucat$ read] f p]ceiv+ ! contradiction4 ,inconsi/5cies occurr+ 9 ! ,mi%nah & ,boraitot are traceable to ! fir/ cause4 ,y meet frequ5tly 9 ! ,gem>a ) passages l ! foll[+3--8,does n ! beg9n+ ( ! passage contradict ! end8 ,no2 ! beg9n+ is ! dictum ( a c]ta9 ,rabbi2 ! end t ( ano!r02 or 8,rabbi 7,jehudah ha-,nasi7 approv$ ( ! op9ion ( a c]ta9 rabbi 9 "o case & gave x !re=e anonym\sly1 & hav+ accept$ t ( ano!r rabbi 9 ! o!r case he introduc$ t view )\t nam+ ! au?ority02 or 8,:o is ! au?or ( ?is anonym\s dictum8 ,rabbi ,a40 8,:o is ! au?or ( t p>agraph 9 ! ,mi%nah8 ,rabbi ,b40 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are innum]able4 ,app>5t contradictions or diff]5ces occurr+ 9 ! ,gem>a may be trac$ to ! fir/ cause & to ! second1 z e4g41 8,9 ?is p>ticul> case he agrees ) ?is rabbi02 or 8,he agrees ) him 9 "o po9t1 b diff]s f him 9 ano!r02 or 8,^! two dicta are ! op9ions ( two ,amoraim1 :o diff] z reg>ds ! /atem5t made by a c]ta9 rabbi40 ,^! are examples ( contradictions traceable to ! fir/ cause4 ,! foll[+ are in/ances :i* may be trac$ to ! second cause4 8,rabba alt]$ 8 op9ion on t po9t02 x !n becomes necess>y to consid] :i* ( ! two op9ions came second4 ,aga91 8,9 ! fir/ rec5sion ( ! ,talmud by ,rabbi ,a%i1 he made "o ass]tion1 & 9 ! second a diff]5t "o40 ,! inconsi/5cies & contradictions met ) 9 "s passages ( ! prophetic books1 if tak5 lit]ally1 are all traceable to ! ?ird or f\r? cause1 & x is exclusively 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject t ,i wrote ! pres5t ,introduction4 ,y "k t ! foll[+ expression frequ5tly occurs1 8,"o v]se says ?is1 ano!r t10 %[+ ! contradiction1 & expla9+ t ei!r "s premise is want+ or ! subject is alt]$4 ,comp4 8,solomon1 x is n suffici5t t ?y words contradict ?y fa!r2 !y are !mselves inconsi/5t1 etc40 ,_m simil> in/ances occur 9 ! writ+s ( our ,sages4 ,! passages 9 ! prophetical books :i* our ,sages h expla9$1 mo/ly ref] to religi\s or moral precepts4 ,our desire1 h[ev]1 is to discuss su* passages z conta9 app>5t contradictions 9 reg>d to ! pr9ciples ( our fai?4 ,i %all expla9 "s ( !m 9 v>i\s *apt]s ( ! pres5t "w2 = ?is subject also belongs to ! secrets ( ! ,torah4 ,contradictions traceable to ! sev5? cause occurr+ 9 ! prophetical works require special inve/igation2 & no "o %\ld express 8 op9ion on t matt] by reason+ & argu+ )\t weigh+ ! matt] well 9 8 m9d4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 ! writ+s ( true philosoph]s are traceable to ! fif? cause4 ,contradictions occurr+ 9 ! writ+s ( mo/ au?ors & comm5tators1 su* z are n includ$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ works1 are due to ! six? cause4 ,_m examples ( ?is class ( contradictions are f\nd 9 ! ,midra% & ! ,agada2 h5ce ! say+1 8,we mu/ n raise que/ions conc]n+ ! contradictions met ) 9 ! ,agada40 ,y may also notice 9 !m contradictions due to ! sev5? cause4 ,any inconsi/5cy discov]$ 9 ! pres5t "w w be f\nd to arise 9 consequ5ce ( ! fif? cause or ! sev5?4 ,notice ?is1 consid] its tru?1 & rememb] x well1 le/ y misund]/& "s ( ! *apt]s 9 ?is book4 ,hav+ conclud$ ^! introductory rem>ks ,i proce$ to exam9e ^? expressions1 to ! true mean+ ( :i*1 z app>5t f ! context1 x is necess>y to direct y\r att5tion4 ,?is book w !n be a key admitt+ to places ! gates ( :i* w\ld o!rwise be clos$4 ,:5 ! gates are op5$ & m5 ent]1 _! s\ls w enjoy repose1 _! eyes w be gratifi$1 & ev5 _! bodies1 aft] all toil & lab\r1 w be refre%$4 ,,"p ,i 8,op5 ye ! gates1 t ! righte\s nation :i* keepe? ! tru? may ent] 940--7,isa4 xxvi4 #b47 ,,*apt] ,i ,"s h be5 ( op9ion t by ! ,hebrew elem1 ! %ape & figure ( a ?+ is to be und]/ood1 & ?is explanation l$ m5 to believe 9 ! corporeality ( ! ,div9e ,be+3 = !y ?\ght t ! words 8,let u make man 9 our elem0 7,g54 i4 #bf71 impli$ t ,god _h ! =m ( a human be+1 i4e41 t ,he _h figure & %ape1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ,he 0 corporeal4 ,!y adh]$ fai?fully to ?is view1 & ?\ght t if !y 7 to rel9qui% x !y w\ld eo ipso reject ! tru? ( ! ,bible3 & fur!r1 if !y did n conceive ,god z hav+ a body possess$ ( face & limbs1 simil> to _! own 9 appe>ance1 !y w\ld h to d5y ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! sole diff]5ce :i* !y admitt$1 0 t ,he excell$ 9 greatness & spl5d\r1 & t ,8 sub/ance 0 n fle% & blood4 ,?us f> w5t _! conception ( ! greatness & glory ( ,god4 ,! incorporeality ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 & ,8 unity1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w--= !re is no real unity )\t incorporeality--w be fully prov$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t treatise4 7,"p ,,ii41 *4 i47 ,9 ?is *apt] x is our sole int5tion to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! words elem & demut4 ,i hold t ! ,hebrew equival5t ( 8=m0 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w1 viz41 ! figure & %ape ( a ?+1 is tor4 ,?us we f9d 8,& ,joseph 0 beautiful 9 tor 7#8=m'71 & beautiful 9 appe>ance0 7,g54 xxxix4 #f73 8,:at =m 7tor7 is he (80 7#a ,sam4 xxviii4 #ad73 8,z ! =m 7tor7 ( ! *ildr5 ( a k+0 7,judges viii4 #ah74 ,x is also appli$ to =m produc$ by human lab\r1 z 8,he m>ke? its =m 7tor7 ) a l9e10 8& he m>ke? its =m 7tor7 ) ! compass0 7,isa4 xliv4 #ac74 ,?is t]m is n at all applicable to ,god4 ,! t]m elem1 on ! o!r h&1 signifies ! specific =m1 viz41 t :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 :]eby ! ?+ is :at x is2 ! reality ( a ?+ 9 s f> z x is t p>ticul> be+4 ,9 man ! 8=m0 is t con/itu5t :i* gives him human p]ception3 & on acc\nt ( ?is intellectual p]ception ! t]m elem is employ$ 9 ! s5t5ces 8,9 ! elem ( ,god he creat$ him0 7,g54 i4 #bg74 ,x is !re=e rightly said1 8,?\ despise/ _! elem0 7,ps4 lxiii4 #bj72 ! 8contempt0 c only conc]n ! s\l--! specific =m ( man1 n ! prop]ties & %ape ( 8 body4 ,i am also ( op9ion t ! reason :y ?is t]m is us$ = 8idols0 may be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t !y are wor%ipp$ on acc\nt ( "s idea repres5t$ by !m1 n on acc\nt ( _! figure & %ape4 ,= ! same reason ! t]m is us$ 9 ! expression1 8! =ms 7alme7 ( y\r em]ods0 7#a ,sam4 vi4 #e71 = ! *ief object 0 ! removal ( ! injury caus$ by ! em]ods1 n a *ange ( _! %ape4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! t]m elem is employ$ 9 ^! two cases1 viz4 8! images ( ! em]ods0 & 8! idols0 on acc\nt ( ! ext]nal %ape1 ! t]m elem is ei!r a homonym or a hybrid t]m1 & w\ld d5ote bo? ! specific =m & ! outw>d %ape1 & simil> prop]ties relat+ to ! dim5sions & ! %ape ( mat]ial bodies2 & 9 ! phrase 8,let u make man 9 our elem0 7,g54 i4 #bf71 ! t]m signifies 8! specific =m0 ( man1 viz41 8 intellectual p]ception1 & does n ref] to 8 8figure0 or 8%ape40 ,?us we h %[n ! diff]5ce betwe5 elem & tor1 & expla9$ ! mean+ ( elem4 ,demut is d]iv$ f ! v]b damah1 8he is l40 ,?is t]m likewise d5otes agreem5t ) reg>d to "s ab/ract relation3 comp4 8,i am l a pelican ( ! wild]ness0 7,ps4 cii4 #g72 ! au?or does n comp>e himself to ! pelican 9 po9t ( w+s & fea!rs1 b 9 po9t ( sadness4 8,nor any tree 9 ! g>d5 ( ,god 0 l unto him 9 beauty0 7,ezek4 xxxi4 #h72 ! comp>ison ref]s to ! idea ( beauty4 8,_! poison is l ! poison ( a s]p5t0 7,ps4 lviii4 #e72 8,he is l unto a lion0 7,ps4 xvii4 #ab72 ! resemblance indicat$ 9 ^! passages does n ref] to ! figure & %ape1 b to "s ab/ract idea4 ,9 ! same mann] is us$ 8! lik5ess ( ! ?rone0 7,ezek4 i4 #bf72 ! comp>ison is made ) reg>d to greatness & glory1 n1 z _m believe1 ) reg>d to its squ>e =m1 its bread?1 or ! l5g? ( its legs3 ?is explanation applies also to ! phrase 8! lik5ess ( ! ayyot0 78liv+ creatures10 ,ezek4 i4 #ac74 ,z man's di/9ction consi/s 9 a prop]ty :i* no o!r creature on e>? possesses1 viz41 intellectual p]ception1 9 ! ex]cise ( :i* he does n employ 8 s5ses1 nor move 8 h& or 8 foot1 ?is p]ception has be5 comp>$--?\gh only app>5tly1 n 9 tru?--to ! ,div9e p]ception1 :i* requires no corporeal organ4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 i4e41 on acc\nt ( ! ,div9e intellect ) :i* man has be5 end[$1 he is said to h be5 made 9 ! =m & lik5ess ( ! ,almighty1 b f> f x be ! notion t ! ,supreme ,be+ is corporeal1 hav+ a mat]ial =m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,"s ye>s ago a le>n$ man ask$ me a "q ( great importance2 ! problem & ! solution :i* we gave 9 our reply des]ve ! close/ att5tion4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ent]+ ^u ?is problem & its solution ,i mu/ premise t e ,hebrew kn[s t ! t]m ,elohim is a homonym1 & d5otes ,god1 angels1 judges1 & ! rul]s ( c\ntries1 & t ,onkelos ! proselyte expla9$ x 9 ! true & correct mann] by tak+ ,elohim 9 ! s5t5ce1 8& ye %all be l ,elohim0 7,g54 iii4 #e7 9 ! la/-m5tion$ mean+1 & r5d]+ ! s5t5ce 8& ye %all be l pr9ces40 ,hav+ po9t$ out ! homonymity ( ! t]m 8,elohim0 we return to ! "q "u consid]ation4 8,x w\ld at fir/ sight10 said ! objector1 8appe> f ,scripture t man 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be p]fectly equal to ! re/ ( ! animal creation1 :i* is n end[$ ) intellect1 reason1 or p[] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good & evil3 b t ,adam's disob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,god procur$ him t great p]fection :i* is ! peculi>ity ( man1 viz41 ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good & evil--! noble/ ( all ! faculties ( our nature1 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! human race4 ,x ?us appe>s /range t ! puni%m5t = rebelli\sness %\ld be ! means ( elevat+ man to a p9nacle ( p]fection to :i* he _h n atta9$ previ\sly4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t a c]ta9 man 0 rebelli\s & extremely wick$1 :]e=e 8 nature 0 *ang$ = ! bett]1 & he 0 made to %9e z a /> 9 ! heav5s40 ,su* 0 ! purport & subject ( ! "q1 ?\gh n 9 ! exact words ( ! inquir]4 ,n[ m>k our reply1 :i* 0 z foll[s3--8,y appe> to h /udi$ ! matt] sup]ficially1 & nev]!less y imag9e t y c und]/& a book :i* has be5 ! guide ( pa/ & pres5t g5]ations1 :5 y = a mom5t )draw f y\r lu/s & appetites1 & glance ov] its cont5ts z if y 7 read+ a hi/orical "w or "s poetical composition4 ,collect y\r ?\ghts & exam9e ! matt] c>efully1 = x is n to be und]/ood z y at fir/ sight ?9k1 b z y w f9d aft] due delib]ation2 namely1 ! intellect :i* 0 grant$ to man z ! highe/ end[m5t1 0 be/[$ on him be=e 8 disob$i5ce4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is gift ! ,bible /ates t 8man 0 creat$ 9 ! =m & lik5ess ( ,god40 ,on acc\nt ( ?is gift ( intellect man 0 address$ by ,god1 & receiv$ ,8 comm&m5ts1 z x is said3 8,& ! ,"l ,god comm&$ ,adam0 7,g54 ii4 #af7--;= no comm&m5ts are giv5 to ! brute creation or to ^? :o are devoid ( und]/&+4 ,?r\gh ! intellect man di/+ui%es betwe5 ! true & ! false4 ,?is faculty ,adam possess$ p]fectly & completely4 ,! "r & ! wrong are t]ms employ$ 9 ! sci5ce ( app>5t tru?s 7morals71 n 9 t ( necess>y tru?s1 z1 e4g41 x is n correct to say1 9 ref]5ce to ! proposition 8! heav5s are sph]ical10 x is 8good0 or to decl>e ! ass]tion t 8! e>? is flat0 to be 8bad02 b we say ( ! "o x is true1 ( ! o!r x is false4 ,simil>ly our language expresses ! idea ( true & false by ! t]ms emet & %ek]1 ( ! morally "r & ! morally wrong1 by tob & ra'4 ,?us x is ! function ( ! intellect to discrim9ate betwe5 ! true & ! false--a di/9ction :i* is applicable to all objects ( intellectual p]ception4 ,:5 ,adam 0 yet 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce1 & 0 guid$ solely by reflection & reason--on acc\nt ( :i* x is said3 8,?\ ha/ made him 7man7 little l[] ?an ! angels0 7,ps4 viii4 #f7--;he 0 n at all able to foll[ or to und]/& ! pr9ciples ( app>5t tru?s2 ! mo/ manife/ impropriety1 viz41 to appe> 9 a /ate ( nudity1 0 no?+ unbecom+ accord+ to 8 idea3 he c\ld n compreh5d :y x %\ld be s4 ,aft] man's disob$i5ce1 h[ev]1 :5 he began to give way to desires :i* _h _! s\rce 9 8 imag9ation & to ! gratification ( 8 bodily appetites1 z x is said1 8,& ! wife saw t ! tree 0 good = food & delightful to ! eyes0 7,g54 iii4 #f71 he 0 puni%$ by ! loss ( "p ( t intellectual faculty :i* he _h previ\sly possess$4 ,he !re=e transgress$ a comm& ) :i* he _h be5 *>g$ on ! score ( 8 reason2 & hav+ obta9$ a k ( ! app>5t tru?s1 he 0 :olly absorb$ 9 ! /udy ( :at is prop] & :at improp]4 ,!n he fully und]/ood ! magnitude ( ! loss he _h su/a9$1 :at he _h =feit$1 & 9 :at situation he 0 !reby plac$4 ,h5ce we read1 8,& ye %all be l elohim1 kn[+ good & evil10 & n 8kn[+0 or 8disc]n+ ! true & ! false03 :ile 9 necess>y tru?s we c only apply ! words 8true & false10 n 8good & evil40 ,fur!r obs]ve ! passage1 8,& ! eyes ( bo? 7 op5$1 & !y knew !y 7 nak$0 7,g54 iii4 #g73 x is n said1 8,& ! eyes ( bo? 7 op5$1 & !y saw02 = :at ! man _h se5 previ\sly & :at he saw aft] ?is circum/ance 0 precisely ! same2 !re _h be5 no bl9dness :i* 0 n[ remov$1 b he receiv$ a new faculty :]eby he f\nd ?+s wrong :i* previ\sly he _h n reg>d$ z wrong4 ,besides1 y mu/ "k t ! ,hebrew ^w paka us$ 9 ?is passage is exclusively employ$ 9 ! figurative s5se ( receiv+ new s\rces ( k1 n 9 t ( rega9+ ! s5se ( sight4 ,comp41 8,god op5$ h] eyes0 7,g54 xxi4 #ai74 8,!n %all ! eyes ( ! bl9d be op5$0 7,isaiah xxxviii4 #h74 8,op5 e>s1 he he>e? n0 7ibid4 xlii4 #bj71 simil> 9 s5se to ! v]se1 8,:i* h eyes to see1 & see n0 7,ezek4 xii4 #b74 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,scripture says ( ,adam1 8,he *ang$ 8 face 7panav7 & ?\ s5te/ him =?0 7,job xiv4 #bj71 x mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,on acc\nt ( ! *ange ( 8 orig9al aim he 0 s5t away4 ,= panim1 ! ,hebrew equival5t ( face1 is d]iv$ f ! v]b panah1 8he turn$10 & signifies also 8aim10 because man g5]ally turns 8 face t[>ds ! ?+ he desires4 ,9 accordance ) ?is int]pretation1 our text sugge/s t ,adam1 z he alt]$ 8 int5tion & direct$ 8 ?\ghts to ! acquisition ( :at he 0 =bidd51 he 0 bani%$ f ,p>adise3 ?is 0 8 puni%m5t2 x 0 measure = measure4 ,at fir/ he _h ! privilege ( ta/+ pleasure & happ9ess1 & ( enjoy+ repose & security2 b z 8 appetites grew /rong]1 & he foll[$ 8 desires & impulses1 7z we h already /at$ above71 & p>took ( ! food he 0 =bidd5 to ta/e1 he 0 depriv$ ( ev]y?+1 0 doom$ to subsi/ on ! meane/ k9d ( food1 su* z he nev] ta/$ be=e1 & ?is ev5 only aft] ex]tion & lab\r1 z x is said1 8,?orns & ?i/les %all gr[ up = !e0 7,g54 iii4 #ah71 8,by ! sweat ( ?y br[10 etc41 & 9 explanation ( ?is ! text cont9ues1 8,& ! ,"l ,god drove him f ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 to till ! gr\nd :5ce he 0 tak540 ,he 0 n[ ) respect to food & _m o!r requirem5ts br\ght to ! level ( ! l[] animals2 comp41 8,?\ %alt eat ! grass ( ! field0 7,g54 iii4 #ah74 ,reflect+ on 8 condition1 ! ,psalmi/ says1 8,adam unable to dwell 9 dignity1 0 br\ght to ! level ( ! dumb bea/0 7,ps4 xlix4 #ac74 8,may ! ,almighty be prais$1 ^: design & wisdom _c be fa?om$40 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,x might be ?\ght t ! ,hebrew words temunah & tabnit h "o & ! same mean+1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,tabnit1 d]iv$ f ! v]b banah 7he built71 signifies ! build & con/ruction ( a ?+--t is to say1 its figure1 :e!r squ>e1 r\nd1 triangul>1 or ( any o!r %ape4 ,comp4 8! patt]n 7tabnit7 ( ! ,tab]nacle & ! patt]n 7tabnit7 ( all its vessels0 7,exod4 xxv4 #i72 8accord+ to ! patt]n 7tabnit7 :i* ?\ wa/ %[n ^u ! m\nt0 7,exod4 xxv4 #dj72 8! =m ( any bird0 7,deut4 iv4 #ag72 8! =m 7tabnit7 ( a h&0 7,ezek4 viii4 #c72 8! patt]n 7tabnit7 ( ! por*0 7#a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #aa74 ,9 all ^! quotations x is ! %ape :i* is ref]r$ to4 ,!re=e ! ,hebrew language nev] employs ! ^w tabnit 9 speak+ ( ! qualities ( ,god ,almighty4 ,! t]m temunah1 on ! o!r h&1 is us$ 9 ! ,bible 9 ?ree diff]5t s5ses4 ,x signifies1 fir/1 ! outl9es ( ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ by our bodily s5ses1 i4e41 _! %ape & =m2 z1 e4g41 8,& ye make an image ! =m 7temunat7 ( "s lik5ess0 7,deut4 iv4 #af72 8= ye saw no lik5ess0 7temunah7 7,deut4 iv4 #ae74 ,secondly1 ! =ms ( our imag9ation1 i4e41 ! impressions reta9$ 9 imag9ation :5 ! objects h ceas$ to affect our s5ses4 ,9 ?is s5se x is us$ 9 ! passage :i* beg9s 8,9 ?\ghts f ! visions ( ! night0 7,job iv4 #ac71 & :i* concludes 8x rema9$ b ,i c\ld n recognize its sight1 only an image--temunah--0 be=e my eyes10 i4e41 an image :i* pres5t$ itself to my sight dur+ sleep4 ,?irdly1 ! true =m ( an object1 :i* is p]ceiv$ only by ! intellect3 & x is 9 ?is ?ird signification t ! t]m is appli$ to ,god4 ,! words 8,& ! similitude ( ! ,"l %all he behold0 7,num4 xii4 #h7 !re=e mean 8he %all compreh5d ! true ess5ce ( ! ,"l40 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ?ree v]bs raah1 hibbit1 & azah1 :i* d5ote 8he p]ceiv$ ) ! eye10 are also us$ figuratively 9 ! s5se ( intellectual p]ception4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^! v]bs ?is is well kn[n1 e4g41 8,& he look$ 7va-y>7 & behold a well 9 ! field0 7,g54 xxix4 #b73 "h x signifies ocul> p]ception2 8yea1 my he>t has se5 7raah7 mu* ( wisdom & ( k0 7,eccles4 i4 #af72 9 ?is passage x ref]s to ! intellectual p]ception4 ,9 ?is figurative s5se ! v]b is to be und]/ood1 :5 appli$ to ,god2 e4g41 8,i saw 7rati7 ! ,"l0 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #ai72 8,& ! ,"l appe>$ 7va-y]a7 unto him0 7,g54 xviii4 #a72 8,& ,god saw 7va-y>7 t x 0 good0 7,g54 i4 #aj72 8,i besee* !e1 %[ me 7h>5i7 ?y glory0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #ah72 8,& !y saw 7va-yir7 ! ,god ( ,israel0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #aj74 ,all ^! in/ances ref] to intellectual p]ception1 & by no means to p]ception ) ! eye z 9 its lit]al mean+3 =1 on ! "o h&1 ! eye c only p]ceive a corporeal object1 & 9 connection ) x c]ta9 accid5ts1 z col\r1 %ape1 etc42 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ,god does n p]ceive by means ( a corporeal organ1 z w be expla9$4 ,9 ! same mann] ! ,hebrew hibbit signifies 8he view$0 ) ! eye2 comp4 8,look 7tabbit7 n beh9d !e0 7,g54 xix4 #ag72 8,b 8 wife look$ 7va-tabbet7 back f him0 7,g54 xix4 #bf72 8,& if "o look 7ve-nibbat7 unto ! l&0 7,isa4 v4 #cj72 & figuratively1 8to view & obs]ve0 ) ! intellect1 8to contemplate0 a ?+ till x be und]/ood4 ,9 ?is s5se ! v]b is us$ 9 passages l ! foll[+3 8,he ha? n beheld 7hibbit7 iniquity 9 ,jacob0 7,num4 xxiii4 #ba72 = 8iniquity0 _c be se5 ) ! eye4 ,! words1 8,& !y look$ 7ve-hibbitu7 aft] ,moses0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #h7--;9 addition to ! lit]al und]/&+ ( ! phrase--7 expla9$ by our ,sages 9 a figurative s5se4 ,accord+ to !m1 ^! words mean t ! ,israelites exam9$ & criticis$ ! actions & say+s ( ,moses4 ,comp>e also 8,contemplate 7habbet71 ,i pray !e1 ! heav50 7,g54 xv4 #e72 = ?is took place 9 a prophetic vision4 ,?is v]b1 :5 appli$ to ,god1 is employ$ 9 ?is figurative s5se2 e4g41 8to look 7me-habbit7 ^u ,god0 7,exod4 iii4 #f72 8,& ! similitude ( ! ,"l %all he behold0 7yabbit7 7,num4 xii4 #h72 8,& ?\ can/ n look 7habbet7 on iniquity0 7,hab4 i4 #ac74 ,! same explanation applies to azah4 ,x d5otes to view ) ! eye1 z3 8,& let our eye look 7ve-taaz7 ^u ,zion0 7,mic4 iv4 #aa72 & also figuratively1 to p]ceive m5tally3 8:i* he saw 7azah7 conc]n+ ,judah & ,j]usalem0 7,isa4 i4 #a72 8,! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto ,abraham 9 a vision0 7maazeh7 7,g54 xv4 #a73 9 ?is s5se azah is us$ 9 ! phrase1 8,also !y saw 7va-yeezu7 ,god0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #aa74 ,note ?is well4 ,,*apt] ,v ,:5 ! *ief ( philosoph]s ,ari/otle 0 ab\t to inquire into "s v pr(\nd subjects1 & to e/abli% 8 !ory by pro(s1 he comm5c$ 8 treatise ) an apology1 & reque/$ ! read] to attribute ! au?or's inquiries n to presumption1 vanity1 egotism1 or arrogance1 z ?\gh he 7 int]f]+ ) ?+s ( :i* he _h no k1 b r to 8 zeal & 8 desire to discov] & e/abli% true doctr9es1 z f> z lay 9 human p[]4 ,we take ! same position1 & ?9k t a man1 :5 he comm5ces to speculate1 ought n to emb>k at once on a subject s va/ & important2 he %\ld previ\sly adapt himself to ! /udy ( ! sev]al bran*es ( sci5ce & k1 %\ld mo/ ?or\ghly ref9e 8 moral "* & subdue 8 passions & desires1 ! (fspr+ ( 8 imag9ation2 :51 9 addition1 he has obta9$ a k ( ! true fundam5tal propositions1 a compreh5sion ( ! sev]al me?ods ( inf]5ce & pro(1 & ! capacity ( gu>d+ aga9/ fallacies1 !n he may approa* ! inve/igation ( ?is subject4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 n decide any "q by ! fir/ idea t sugge/s itself to 8 m9d1 or at once direct 8 ?\ghts & =ce !m to obta9 a k ( ! ,creator1 b he mu/ wait mode/ly & pati5tly1 & advance /ep by /ep4 ,9 ?is s5se we mu/ und]/& ! words 8,& ,moses hid 8 face1 = he 0 afraid to look ^u ,god0 7,exod4 iii4 #f71 ?\gh reta9+ also ! lit]al mean+ ( ! passage1 t ,moses 0 afraid to gaze at ! light :i* appe>$ to 8 eye2 b x mu/ on no acc\nt be assum$ t ! ,be+ :i* is exalt$ f> above e imp]fection c be p]ceiv$ by ! eye4 ,?is act ( ,moses 0 highly comm5d$ by ,god1 :o be/[$ on him a well des]v$ portion ( ,8 goodness1 z x is said3 8,& ! similitude ( ! ,"l %all he behold0 7,num4 xii4 #h74 ,?is1 say our ,sages1 0 ! rew>d = hav+ previ\sly hidd5 8 face1 le/ he %\ld gaze at ! ,et]nal4 7,talm4 ,b4 ,b]akot ,fa47 ,b 8! nobles ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel0 7 impetu\s1 & all[$ _! ?\ghts to g unre/ra9$3 :at !y p]ceiv$ 0 b imp]fect4 ,!re=e x is said ( !m1 8,& !y saw ! ,god ( ,israel1 & !re 0 "u 8 feet10 etc4 7,exod4 xxiv4 #aj72 & n m]ely1 8& !y saw ! ,god ( ,israel02 ! purpose ( ! :ole passage is to criticize _! act ( see+ & n to describe x4 ,!y are blam$ = ! nature ( _! p]ception1 :i* 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t corporeal--a result :i* necess>ily foll[$1 f ! fact t !y v5tur$ too f> be=e be+ p]fectly prep>$4 ,!y des]v$ to p]i%1 b at ! int]cession ( ,moses ?is fate 0 av]t$ by ,god = ! "t4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds burnt at ,tab]ah1 except ,nadab & ,abihu1 :o 7 burnt 9 ! ,tab]nacle ( ! congregation1 accord+ to :at is /at$ by au!ntic tradition4 7,midr4 ,rabba ad locum47 ,if su* 0 ! case ) !m1 h[ mu* m is x incumb5t on u :o are inf]ior1 & on ^? :o are bel[ u1 to p]sev]e 9 p]fect+ our k ( ! elem5ts1 & 9 rightly und]/&+ ! prelim9>ies :i* purify ! m9d f ! defilem5t ( error2 !n we may ent] ! holy & div9e camp 9 ord] to gaze3 z ! ,bible says1 8,& let ! prie/s also1 :i* come ne> to ! ,"l1 sanctify !mselves1 le/ ! ,"l break =? ^u !m0 7,exod4 xix4 #bb74 ,solomon1 also1 has caution$ all :o endeav\r to atta9 ?is high degree ( k 9 ! foll[+ figurative t]ms1 8,keep ?y foot :5 ?\ goe/ to ! h\se ( ,god0 7,eccles4 iv4 #ag74 ,i w n[ return to complete :at ,i comm5c$ to expla94 ,! nobles ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel1 besides err+ 9 _! p]ception1 71 ?r\gh ?is cause1 also misl$ 9 _! actions2 = 9 consequ5ce ( _! confus$ p]ception1 !y gave way to bodily crav+s4 ,?is is meant by ! words1 8,also !y saw ,god & did eat & dr9k0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #aa74 ,! pr9cipal "p ( t passage1 viz41 8,& !re 0 "u 8 feet z x 7 a pav$ "w ( a sapphire /one0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #aj71 w be fur!r expla9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t treatise 7*4 xxviii474 ,all we "h int5d to say is1 t :]ev] 9 a simil> connection any "o ( ! ?ree v]bs m5tion$ above occurs1 x has ref]5ce to intellectual p]ception1 n to ! s5sation ( sight by ! eye2 = ,god is n a be+ to be p]ceiv$ by ! eye4 ,x w d no h>m1 h[ev]1 if ^? :o are unable to compreh5d :at we "h endeav\r to expla9 %\ld ref] all ! words 9 "q to s5su\s p]ception1 to see+ lights creat$ = ! purpose1 angels1 or simil> be+s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! two ,hebrew n\ns i% & i%%ah 7 orig9ally employ$ to designate ! 8male & female0 ( human be+s1 b 7 aft]w>ds appli$ to ! 8male & female0 ( ! o!r species ( ! animal creation4 ,= in/ance1 we read1 8,( e clean bea/ ?\ %alt take to !e by sev5s10 i% ve-i%to 7,g54 vii4 #b71 9 ! same s5se z i% ve-i%%ah1 8male & female40 ,! t]m zak> u-nekebah 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to any?+ design$ & prep>$ = union ) ano!r object4 ,?us we read1 8,! five curta9s %all be c\pl$ toge!r1 "o 7i%%ah7 to ! o!r0 7aotah7 7,exod4 xxvi4 #c74 ,x w easily be se5 t ! ,hebrew equival5ts = 8bro!r & si/]0 are likewise treat$ z homonyms1 & us$1 9 a figurative s5se1 l i% & i%%ah4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,x is well kn[n t ! v]b yalad means 8to be>10 8!y h born 7ve-yal$u7 him *ildr50 7,deut4 xxi4 #ae74 ,! ^w 0 next us$ 9 a figurative s5se ) ref]5ce to v>i\s objects 9 nature1 mean+1 8to create10 e4g4 8be=e ! m\nta9s 7 creat$0 7yulladu7 7,ps4 xc4 #b72 also1 8to produce10 9 ref]5ce to t :i* ! e>? causes to come =? z if by bir?1 e4g41 8,he w cause h] to be> 7holidah7 & br+ =?0 7,isa4 lv4 #aj74 ,! v]b fur!r d5otes1 8to br+ =?10 said ( *anges 9 ! process ( "t1 z ?\gh !y 7 ?+s :i* 7 born1 e4g41 8= ?\ kn[e/ n :at a day may br+ =?0 7yel$7 7,prov4 xxvii4 #a74 ,ano!r figurative use ( ! ^w is its application to ! =mation ( ?\ghts & ideas1 or ( op9ions result+ f !m2 comp4 8& br\ght =? 7ve-yalad7 falsehood0 7,ps4 vii4 #ad72 also1 8& !y please !mselves 9 ! *ildr5 7yalde7 ( /rang]s0 7,isa4 ii4 #f71 i4e41 8!y delight 9 ! op9ions ( /rang]s40 ,jona?an ! son ( ,uzziel p>aphrases ?is passage1 8!y walk 9 ! cu/oms ( o!r nations40 ,a man :o has in/ruct$ ano!r 9 any subject1 & has improv$ 8 k1 may 9 l mann] be reg>d$ z ! p>5t ( ! p]son taught1 because he is ! au?or ( t k2 & ?us ! pupils ( ! prophets are call$ 8sons ( ! prophets10 z ,i %all expla9 :5 treat+ ( ! homonymity ( b5 7son74 ,9 ?is figurative s5se1 ! v]b yalad 7to be>7 is employ$ :5 x is said ( ,adam1 8,& ,adam liv$ an hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 & begat 7va-yol$7 a son 9 8 own lik5ess1 9 8 =m0 7,g54 v4 #c74 ,z reg>ds ! words1 8! =m ( ,adam1 & 8 lik5ess10 we h already /at$ 7*4 i47 _! mean+4 ,^? sons ( ,adam :o 7 born be=e t "t 7 n human 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 !y _h n 8! =m ( man40 ,) ref]5ce to ,se? :o _h be5 in/ruct$1 enlight5$ & br\ght to human p]fection1 x c\ld rightly be said1 8he 7,adam7 begat a son 9 8 lik5ess1 9 8 =m40 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t a man :o does n possess ?is 8=m0 7! nature ( :i* has j be5 expla9$7 is n human1 b a m]e animal 9 human %ape & =m4 ,yet su* a creature has ! p[] ( caus+ h>m & injury3 a p[] :i* does n belong to o!r creatures4 ,= ^? gifts ( intellig5ce & judgm5t ) :i* he has be5 end[$ = ! purpose ( acquir+ p]fection1 b :i* he has fail$ to apply to _! prop] aim1 are us$ by him = wick$ & mis*iev\s ends2 he begets evil ?+s1 z ?\gh he m]ely resembl$ man1 or simulat$ 8 outw>d appe>ance4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( ^? sons ( ,adam :o prec$$ ,se?4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is subject ! ,midra% says3 8,dur+ ! #acj ye>s :5 ,adam 0 "u rebuke he begat spirits10 i4e41 demons2 :51 h[ev]1 he 0 aga9 re/or$ to div9e fav\r 8he begat 9 8 lik5ess1 9 8 =m40 ,?is is ! s5se ( ! passage1 8,adam liv$ "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 & he begat 9 8 lik5ess1 9 8 =m0 7,g54 v4 #c74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,orig9ally ! ,hebrew t]m makom 7place7 appli$ bo? to a p>ticul> spot & to space 9 g5]al2 subsequ5tly x receiv$ a wid] signification & d5ot$ 8position10 or 8degree10 z reg>ds ! p]fection ( man 9 c]ta9 ?+s4 ,we say1 e4g41 ?is man occupies a c]ta9 place 9 su* & su* a subject4 ,9 ?is s5se ?is t]m1 z is well kn[n1 is frequ5tly us$ by au?ors1 e4g41 8,he fills 8 ance/ors' place 7makom7 9 po9t ( wisdom & piety02 8! dispute /ill rema9s 9 its place0 7makom71 i4e41 9 /atu quo ante4 ,9 ! v]se1 8,bless$ be ! glory ( ! ,"l f ,8 place0 7mekomo7 7,ezek4 iii4 #ab71 makom has ?is figurative mean+1 & ! v]se may be p>aphras$ 8,bless$ be ! ,"l accord+ to ! exalt$ nature ( ,8 exi/5ce10 & :]ev] makom is appli$ to ,god1 x expresses ! same idea1 namely1 ! di/+ui%$ position ( ,8 exi/5ce1 to :i* no?+ is equal or comp>able1 z w be %[n bel[ 7*ap4 lvi474 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t :5 we treat 9 ?is "w ( any homonym1 we d n desire y to conf9e y\rself to t :i* is /at$ 9 t p>ticul> *apt]2 b we op5 = y a portal & direct y\r att5tion to ^? significations ( ! ^w :i* are suit$ to our purpose1 ?\gh !y may n be complete f a philological po9t ( view4 ,y %\ld exam9e ! prophetical books & o!r works compos$ by m5 ( sci5ce1 notice ! mean+ ( e ^w :i* occurs 9 !m1 & take homonyms 9 t s5se :i* is 9 h>mony ) ! context4 ,:at ,i say 9 a p>ticul> passage is a key = ! compreh5sion ( all simil> passages4 ,= example1 we h expla9$ "h makom 9 ! s5t5ce 8,bless$ be ! glory ( ! ,"l f ,8 place0 7mekomo72 b y mu/ und]/& t ! ^w makom has ! same signification 9 ! passage 8,behold1 a place 7makom7 is ) me0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #bf71 viz41 a c]ta9 degree ( contemplation & intellectual intuition 7n ( ocul> inspection71 9 addition to its lit]al mean+ 8a place10 viz41 ! m\nta9 :i* 0 po9t$ out to ,moses = seclusion & = ! atta9m5t ( p]fection4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w kisse1 8?rone10 requires no comm5t4 ,s9ce m5 ( greatness & au?ority1 z1 e4g41 k+s1 use ! ?rone z a seat1 & 8! ?rone0 ?us indicates ! rank1 dignity1 & position ( ! p]son = :om x is made1 ! ,sanctu>y has be5 /yl$ 8! ?rone10 inasmu* z x likewise indicates ! sup]iority ( ,him :o manife/s ,himself1 & causes ,8 light & glory to dwell !re94 ,comp4 8,a glori\s ?rone on high f ! beg9n+ is ! place ( our sanctu>y0 7,j]4 xvii4 #ab74 ,= ! same reason ! heav5s are call$ 8?rone10 = to ! m9d ( him :o obs]ves !m ) intellig5ce !y sugge/ ! ,omnipot5ce ( ! ,be+ :i* has call$ !m into exi/5ce1 regulates _! motions1 & gov]ns ! sublun>y _w by _! b5eficial influ5ce3 z we read1 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,! heav5s are my ?rone & ! e>? my foot/ool0 7,isa4 lxvi4 #a72 i4e41 !y te/ify to my ,exi/5ce1 my ,ess5ce1 & my ,omnipot5ce1 z ! ?rone te/ifies to ! greatness ( him :o is wor?y to occupy x4 ,?is is ! idea :i* true believ]s %\ld ent]ta92 n1 h[ev]1 t ! ,omnipot5t1 ,supreme ,god is support$ by any mat]ial object2 = ,god is incorporeal1 z we %all prove fur!r on2 h[1 !n1 c ,he be said to occupy any space1 or re/ on a body8 ,! fact :i* ,i wi% to po9t out is ?is3 e place di/+ui%$ by ! ,almighty1 & *os5 to receive ,8 light & spl5d\r1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,sanctu>y or ! ,heav5s1 is t]m$ 8?rone02 &1 tak5 9 a wid] s5se1 z 9 ! passage 8,= my h& is ^u ! ?rone ( ,god0 7,exod4 xvii4 #af71 8! ?rone0 d5otes "h ! ,ess5ce & ,greatness ( ,god4 ,^!1 h[ev] 7! ,ess5ce & ,greatness ( ,god7 ne$ n be consid]$ z some?+ sep>ate f ! ,god ,himself or z "p ( ! ,creation1 s t ,god w\ld appe> to h exi/$ bo? )\t ! ?rone1 & ) ! ?rone2 su* a belief w\ld be und\bt$ly h]etical4 ,x is di/9ctly /at$1 8,?\1 ,o ,"l1 rema9e/ = ev]2 ,?y ?rone f g5]ation to g5]ation0 7,lam4 v4 #ai74 ,by 8,?y ?rone0 we mu/1 !re=e1 und]/& some?+ insep>able f ,god4 ,on t acc\nt1 bo? "h & 9 all simil> passages1 ! ^w 8?rone0 d5otes ,god's ,greatness & ,ess5ce1 :i* are insep>able f ,8 ,be+4 ,our op9ion w be fur!r elucidat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is ,treatise4 ,,*apt] ,x ,we h already rem>k$ t :5 we treat 9 ?is "w ( homonyms1 we h n ! int5tion to exhau/ ! mean+s ( a ^w 7= ?is is n a philological treatise72 we %all m5tion no o!r significations b ^? :i* be> on our subject4 ,we %all ?us proce$ 9 our treatm5t ( ! t]ms alah & y>ad4 ,^! two words1 alah1 8he w5t up10 & y>ad1 8he w5t d[n10 are ,hebrew t]ms us$ 9 ! s5se ( asc5d+ & desc5d+4 ,:5 a body moves f a high] to a l[] place1 ! v]b y>ad1 8to g d[n10 is us$2 :5 x moves f a l[] to a high] place1 alah1 8to g up10 is appli$4 ,^! two v]bs 7 aft]w>ds employ$ ) reg>d to greatness & p[]4 ,:5 a man falls f 8 high position1 we say 8he has come d[n10 & :5 he rises 9 /ation 8he has gone up40 ,?us ! ,almighty says1 8,! /rang] t is )9 !e %all get up above !e v high1 & ?\ %alt come d[n v l[0 7,deut4 xxviii4 #dc74 ,aga91 8,! ,"l ?y ,god w set !e on high 7elyon7 above all nations ( ! e>?0 7,deut4 xxviii4 #a73 8,& ! ,"l magnifi$ ,solomon exce$+ly0 7lemaalah7 7#a ,*ron4 xxix4 #be74 ,! ,sages (t5 employ ^! expressions1 z3 8,9 holy matt]s m5 mu/ asc5d 7maal97 & n desc5d 7morid9740 ,! two words are also appli$ to intellectual processes1 namely1 :5 we reflect on some?+ b5ea? ourselves we are said to g d[n1 & :5 our att5tion is rais$ to a subject above u we are said to rise4 ,n[1 we occupy a l[ly position1 bo? 9 space & rank 9 comp>ison ) ! heav5ly sph]e1 & ! ,almighty is ,mo/ ,high n 9 space1 b ) respect to absolute exi/5ce1 greatness & p[]4 ,:5 x pleas$ ! ,almighty to grant to a human be+ a c]ta9 degree ( wisdom or prophetic inspiration1 ! div9e communication ?us made to ! prophet & ! entrance ( ! ,div9e ,pres5ce into a c]ta9 place is t]m$ y]idah1 8desc5d+10 :ile ! t]m9ation ( ! prophetic communication or ! dep>ture ( ! div9e glory f a place is call$ aliyah1 8asc5d+40 ,! expressions 8to g up0 & 8to g d[n10 :5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,aga91 :51 9 accordance ) ! div9e w1 "s mis=tune befalls a nation or a region ( ! e>?1 & :5 ! biblical acc\nt ( t mis=tune is prec$$ by ! /atem5t t ! ,almighty visit$ ! actions ( ! p1 & t ,he puni%$ !m accord+ly1 !n ! prophetic au?or employs ! t]m 8to desc5d03 = man is s l[ & insignificant t 8 actions w\ld n be visit$ & w\ld n br+ puni%m5t on him1 7 x n = ! div9e w3 z is cle>ly /at$ 9 ! ,bible1 ) reg>d to ?is idea1 8,:at is man t ?\ %\ld/ rememb] him1 & ! son ( man t ?\ %\ld/ visit him0 7,ps4 viii4 #e74 ,! design ( ! ,deity to puni% man is1 !re=e1 introduc$ by ! v]b 8to desc5d02 comp4 8,g to1 let u g d[n & !re conf\nd _! language0 7,g54 xi4 #g72 8,& ! ,"l came d[n to see0 7,g54 xi4 #e72 8,i w g d[n n[ & see0 7,g54 xviii4 #ba74 ,all ^! in/ances convey ! idea t man "h bel[ is go+ to be puni%$4 ,m num]\s1 h[ev]1 are ! in/ances ( ! fir/ case1 viz41 9 :i* ^! v]bs are us$ 9 connection ) ! revelation ( ! ^w & ( ! glory ( ,god1 e4g41 8,& ,i w come d[n & talk ) !e !re0 7,num4 xi4 #ag72 8,& ! ,"l came d[n ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai0 7,exod4 xix4 #bj72 8,! ,"l w come d[n 9 ! sight ( all ! p0 7,exod4 xix4 #aa72 8,& ,god w5t up f him0 7,g54 xxxv4 #ac72 8,& ,god w5t up f ,abraham0 7,g54 xvii4 #bb74 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 x says1 8,& ,moses w5t up unto ,god0 7,exod4 xix4 #c71 x mu/ be tak5 9 ! ?ird signification ( ^! v]bs1 9 addition to its lit]al mean+ t ,moses also asc5d$ to ! top ( ! m\nt1 ^u :i* a c]ta9 mat]ial light 7! manife/ation ( ,god's glory7 0 visible2 b we mu/ n imag9e t ! ,supreme ,be+ occupies a place to :i* we c asc5d1 or f :i* we c desc5d4 ,he is f> f :at ! ignorant imag9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! prim>y mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ya%ab is 8he 0 seat$10 z 8,n[ ,eli ! prie/ sat 7ya%ab7 ^u a seat0 7#a ,sam4 i4 #i72 b1 s9ce a p]son c be/ rema9 motionless & at re/ :5 sitt+1 ! t]m 0 appli$ to ev]y?+ t is p]man5t & un*ang+2 ?us1 9 ! promise t ,j]usalem %\ld rema9 con/antly & p]man5tly 9 an exalt$ condition1 x is /at$1 8,%e w rise & sit 9 h] place0 7,ze*4 xiv4 #aj72 fur!r1 8,he make? ! woman :o 0 *ildless to sit z a joyful "m ( *ildr50 7,ps4 cxiii4 #i72 i4e41 ,he makes h] happy condition to be p]man5t & endur+4 ,:5 appli$ to ,god1 ! v]b is to be tak5 9 t latt] s5se3 8,?\1 ,o ,"l1 rema9e/ 7te%eb7 = ev]0 7,lam4 v4 #ai72 8,o ?\ :o sitte/ 7ha-yo%ebi7 9 ! heav5s0 7,ps4 cxxiii4 #a72 8,he :o sitte? 9 ! heav5s0 7ii4 #d71 i4e41 ,he :o is ev]la/+1 con/ant1 & 9 no way subject to *ange2 immutable 9 ,8 ,ess5ce1 & z ,he consi/s ( n\ght b ,8 ,ess5ce1 ,he is mutable 9 no way :atev]2 n mutable 9 ,8 relation to o!r ?+s2 = !re is no relation :atev] exi/+ betwe5 ,him & any o!r be+1 z w be expla9$ bel[1 & !re=e no *ange z reg>ds su* relations c take place 9 ,him4 ,h5ce ,he is immutable 9 e respect1 z ,he expressly decl>es1 8,i1 ! ,"l1 d n *ange0 7,mal4 iii4 #f72 i4e41 9 ,me !re is n any *ange :atev]4 ,?is idea is express$ by ! t]m ya%ab :5 ref]r+ to ,god4 ,! v]b1 :5 employ$ ( ,god1 is frequ5tly complem5t$ by 8! ,heav5s10 inasmu* z ! heav5s are )\t *ange or mutation1 t is to say1 !y d n individually *ange1 z ! individual be+s on e>?1 by transition f exi/5ce into non-exi/5ce4 ,! v]b is also employ$ 9 descriptions ( ,god's relation 7! t]m 8relation0 is "h us$ z a homonym7 to exi/+ species ( evanesc5t ?+s2 = ^? species are z con/ant1 well organiz$1 & unv>y+ z ! individuals ( ! heav5ly ho/s4 ,?us we f9d1 8,:o sitte? ov] ! circle ( ! e>?0 7,isa4 xl4 #bb71 ,:o rema9s con/antly & unremitt+ly ov] ! sph]e ( ! e>?2 t is to say1 ov] ! ?+s t come into exi/5ce )9 t sph]e4 ,aga91 8,! ,"l sitte? ^u ! flood0 7,ps4 xxix4 #aj71 i4e41 despite ! *ange & v>iation ( e>?ly objects1 no *ange takes place ) respect to ,god's relation 7to ! e>?73 ,8 relation to ea* ( ! ?+s :i* come into exi/5ce & p]i% aga9 is /able & con/ant1 = x conc]ns only ! exi/+ species & n ! individuals4 ,x %\ld !re=e be borne 9 m9d1 t :5ev] ! t]m 8sitt+0 is appli$ to ,god1 x is us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,! t]m kam 7he rose7 is a homonym4 ,9 "o ( its significations x is ! opposite ( 8to sit10 z 8,he did n rise 7kam7 nor move = him0 7,e/h4 v4 #i74 ,x fur!r d5otes ! confirmation & v]ification ( a ?+1 e4g43 8,! ,"l w v]ify 7yakem7 ,8 promise0 7#a ,sam4 i4 #bc72 8,! field ( ,ephron 0 made sure 7va-yakom7 z ! prop]ty ( ,abraham0 7,g54 xxiii4 #ag74 8,! h\se t is 9 ! wall$ city %all be e/abli%$ 7ve-kam70 7,lev4 xxv4 #cj72 8,& ! k+dom ( ,israel %all be firmly e/abli%$ 7ve-kamah7 9 ?y h&0 7#a ,sam4 xxiv4 #bj74 ,x is always 9 ?is s5se t ! v]b is employ$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,almighty2 z 8,n[ %all ,i rise 7akum71 sai? ! ,"l0 7,ps4 xii4 #g71 :i* is ! same z say+1 8,n[ %all ,i v]ify my ^w & my disp5sation = good or evil40 8,?\ %alt arise 7takum7 & h m]cy ^u ,zion0 7,ps4 cii4 #ac71 :i* means3 ,?\ wilt e/abli% :at ?\ ha/ promis$1 viz41 t ?\ w\ld/ pity ,zion4 ,g5]ally a p]son :o resolves to set ab\t a matt]1 accompanies 8 resolve by ris+1 h5ce ! v]b is employ$ to express 8to resolve0 to d a c]ta9 ?+2 z1 8,t my son ha? /irr$ up my s]vant aga9/ me0 7#a ,sam4 xxii4 #h74 ,! ^w is figuratively us$ to signify ! execution ( a div9e decree aga9/ a p s5t5c$ to ext]m9ation1 z 8,& ,i w rise aga9/ ! h\se ( ,j]oboam0 7,amos vii4 #i72 8b he w arise aga9/ ! h\se ( ! evildo]s0 7,isa4 xxxi4 #b74 ,possibly 9 ,psalm xii4 #g ! v]b has ?is latt] s5se1 z also 9 ,psalm cii4 #ac1 namely3 ,?\ wilt rise up aga9/ h] enemies4 ,!re are _m passages to be int]pret$ 9 ?is mann]1 b 9 no way %\ld x be und]/ood t ,he rises or sits--f> be su* a notion6 ,our ,sages express$ ?is idea 9 ! =mula1 8,9 ! _w above !re is nei!r sitt+ nor /&+ 7amidah702 = ! two v]bs amad & kam are synonyms & :at is said ab\t ! =m] is also applicable to ! latt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,! t]m amad 7he /ood7 is a homonym signify+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 8to /& upright10 z 8,:5 he /ood 7be-omdo7 be=e ,ph>aoh0 7,g54 xli4 #df72 8,?\gh ,moses & ,samuel /ood 7yaamod70 7,j]4 xv4 #a72 8,he /ood by !m0 7,g54 xviii4 #h74 ,x fur!r d5otes 8cessation & int]ruption10 z 8b !y /ood /ill 7am$u7 & answ]$ no m0 7,job xxxii4 #af72 8& %e ceas$ 7va-taamod7 to be>0 7,g54 xxix4 #ce74 ,next x signifies 8to be endur+ & la/+10 z1 8t !y may cont9ue 7yo-am$u7 _m days0 7,j]4 xxxii4 #ad72 8,!n %alt ?\ be able to endure 7amod70 7,exod4 xviii4 #bc72 8,8 ta/e rema9$ 7amad7 9 him0 7,j]4 xlviii4 #aa71 i4e41 x has cont9u$ & rema9$ 9 exi/5ce )\t any *ange2 8,8 righte\sness /&e? = ev]0 7,ps4 cxi4 #c71 i4e41 x is p]man5t & ev]la/+4 ,! v]b appli$ to ,god mu/ be und]/ood 9 ?is latt] s5se1 z 9 ,ze*>iah xiv4 #d1 8,& 8 feet %all /& 7ve-am$u7 9 t day ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives0 7,ze*4 xiv4 #d71 8,8 causes1 i4e41 ! ev5ts ( :i* ,he is ! cause1 w rema9 effici5t10 etc4 ,?is w be fur!r elucidat$ :5 we speak ( ! mean+ ( regel 7foot74 7,vide infra1 *ap1 xxviii47 ,9 ! same s5se is ?is v]b employ$ 9 ,deut]onomy v4 #bh1 8,b z = !e1 /& ?\ "h by me10 & ,deut]onomy v4 #e1 8,i /ood betwe5 ! ,"l & y40 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,! homonym\s t]m adam is 9 ! fir/ place ! "n ( ! fir/ man1 be+1 z ,scripture indicates1 d]iv$ f adamah1 8e>?40 ,next1 x means 8mank9d10 z 8,my _s %all n /rive ) man 7adam70 7,g54 vi4 #c74 ,aga9 8,:o kn[e? ! _s ( ! *ildr5 ( man 7adam70 7,eccles4 iii4 #ba72 8s t a man 7adam7 has no pre-em95ce above a bea/0 7,eccles4 iii4 #ai74 ,adam signifies also 8! multitude10 8! l[] classes0 z oppos$ to ^? di/+ui%$ f ! re/1 z 8,bo? l[ 7b5e adam7 & high 7b5e i%70 7,ps4 xlix4 #c74 ,x is 9 ?is ?ird signification t x occurs 9 ! v]ses1 8,! sons ( ! high] ord] 7,elohim7 saw ! daught]s ( ! l[] ord] 7adam70 7,g54 vi4 #b72 & 8,=soo?6 z ! humble man 7adam7 y %all die0 7,ps4 lxxxii4 #g74 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,al?\gh ! two roots naab & yaab are di/9ct1 yet _! mean+ is1 z y "k1 id5tical 9 all _! v>i\s =ms4 ,! v]b has sev]al mean+s3 9 "s in/ances x signifies 8to /&0 or 8to place oneself10 z 8,& 8 si/] /ood 7va-tetaab7 af> (f0 7,exod4 ii4 #d72 8,! k+s ( ! e>? set !mselves0 7yityaebu7 7,ps4 ii4 #b72 8,!y came out & /ood0 7niabim7 7,num4 xvi4 #bg74 ,9 o!r in/ances x d5otes cont9uance & p]man5ce1 z1 8,?y ^w is e/abli%$ 7niab7 9 ,heav50 7,ps4 cxix4 #hi71 i4e41 x rema9s = ev]4 ,:5ev] ?is t]m is appli$ to ,god x mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! latt] s5se1 z1 8,&1 behold1 ! ,"l /ood 7niab7 ^u x0 7,g54 xxviii4 #ac71 i4e41 appe>$ z et]nal & ev]la/+ 8^u x10 namely1 ^u ! ladd]1 ! upp] end ( :i* rea*$ to heav51 :ile ! l[] end t\*$ ! e>?4 ,?is ladd] all may climb up :o wi% to d s1 & !y mu/ ultimately atta9 to a k ( ,him :o is above ! summit ( ! ladd]1 because ,he rema9s ^u x p]man5tly4 ,x mu/ be well und]/ood t ! t]m 8^u x0 is employ$ by me 9 h>mony ) ?is metaphor4 8,angels ( ,god0 :o 7 go+ up repres5t ! prophets4 ,t ! t]m 8angel0 0 appli$ to prophets may cle>ly be se5 9 ! foll[+ passages3 8,he s5t an angel0 7,num4 xx4 #af72 8,& an angel ( ! ,"l came up f ,gilgal to ,bo*im0 7,judges ii4 #a74 ,h[ sugge/ive1 too1 is ! expression 8asc5d+ & desc5d+ on x06 ,! asc5t is m5tion$ be=e ! desc5t1 inasmu* z ! 8asc5d+0 & arriv+ at a c]ta9 height ( ! ladd] prec$es ! 8desc5d+10 i4e41 ! application ( ! k acquir$ 9 ! asc5t = ! tra9+ & in/ruction ( mank9d4 ,?is application is t]m$ 8desc5t10 9 accordance ) our explanation ( ! t]m y>ad 7*apt] x474 ,to return to our subject4 ,! phrase 8/ood ^u x0 indicates ! p]man5ce & con/ancy ( ,god1 & does n imply ! idea ( physical position4 ,?is is also ! s5se ( ! phrase 8,?\ %alt /& ^u ! rock0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #ba74 ,x is !re=e cle> t niab & amad are id5tical 9 ?is figurative signification4 ,comp4 8,behold1 ,i w /& 7om$7 be=e !e !re ^u ! rock 9 ,horeb0 7,exod4 xvii4 #f74 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,! ^w ur 7rock7 is a homonym4 ,fir/1 x d5otes 8rock10 z 8,& ?\ %alt smite ! rock0 7ur7 7,exod4 xvii4 #f74 ,!n1 8h>d /one10 l ! fl9t1 e4g41 8,knives ( /one0 7urim7 7,jo%4 v4 #b74 ,x is next employ$ to signify ! qu>ry f :i* ! /ones are hewn2 comp4 8,look unto ! rock 7ur7 :5ce ye are hewn0 7,isa4 li4 #a74 ,f ?is latt] mean+ ( ! t]m ano!r figurative notion 0 subsequ5tly d]iv$1 viz41 8! root & orig90 ( all ?+s4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t aft] ! words 8,look to ! rock :5ce ye are hewn10 ! ,prophet cont9ues1 8,look unto ,abraham y\r fa!r10 f :i* we evid5tly may inf] t ! words 8,abraham y\r fa!r0 s]ve to expla9 8! rock :5ce ye are hewn02 & t ! ,prophet meant to say1 8,walk 9 8 ways1 put fai? 9 8 in/ruction1 & conduct y\rselves accord+ to ! rule ( 8 life6 = ! prop]ties conta9$ 9 ! qu>ry %\ld be f\nd aga9 9 ^? ?+s :i* are =m$ & hewn out ( x40 ,x is 9 ! latt] s5se t ! ,almighty is call$ 8rock10 ,he be+ ! orig9 & ! causa effici5s ( all ?+s besides ,himself4 ,?us we read1 8,he is ! ,rock1 ,8 "w is p]fect0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d72 8,( ! ,rock t begat !e ?\ art unm9dful0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ah72 8,_! ,rock _h sold !m0 7xxxi4 #cj72 8,!re is no rock l our ,god0 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #b73 8,! ,rock ( ,et]nity0 7,isa4 xxvi4 #d74 ,aga91 8,& ?\ %alt /& ^u ! ,rock0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #ba71 i4e41 ,be firm & /eadfa/ 9 ! conviction t ,god is ! s\rce ( all ?+s1 = ?is w lead y t[>ds ! k ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,we h %[n 7*ap4 viii47 t ! words 8,behold1 a place is ) me0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #ba7 conta9 ! same idea4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,d n imag9e t only ,metaphysics %\ld be taught ) res]ve to ! common p & to ! un9itiat$2 = ! same is also ! case ) ! great] "p ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se we h repeat$ly made use ( ! expression ( ! ,sages1 8,d n exp\nd ! *apt] on ! ,creation 9 ! pres5ce ( two0 vide ,introd4 page #b4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 n peculi> to our ,sages2 anci5t philosoph]s & s*ol>s ( o!r nations 7 likewise wont to treat ( ! pr9cipia r]um obscurely1 & to use figurative language 9 discuss+ su* subjects4 ,?us ,plato & 8 pr$ecessors call$ ,sub/ance ! female1 & ,=m ! male4 7,y are aw>e t ! pr9cipia ( all exi/+ transi5t ?+s are ?ree1 viz41 ,sub/ance1 ,=m1 & ,abs5ce ( a p>ticul> =m2 ! la/-nam$ pr9ciple is always inh]5t 9 ! sub/ance1 = o!rwise ! sub/ance w\ld be incapable ( receiv+ a new =m2 & x is f ?is po9t ( view t abs5ce ( a p>ticul> =m is includ$ among ! pr9cipia4 ,z soon1 !n1 z a sub/ance has receiv$ a c]ta9 =m1 ! privation ( t =m1 namely1 ( t :i* has j be5 receiv$1 has ceas$1 & is replac$ by ! privation ( ano!r =m1 & s on ) all possible =ms1 z is expla9$ 9 treatises on natural philosophy47--,n[1 if ^? philosoph]s :o h no?+ to fe> f a lucid explanation ( ^! metaphysical subjects /ill 7 9 ! habit ( discuss+ !m 9 figures & metaphors1 h[ mu* m %\ld we1 hav+ ! int]e/ ( religion at he>t1 refra9 f elucidat+ to ! mass any subject t is beyond _! compreh5sion1 or t might be tak5 9 a s5se directly opposite to ! "o int5d$4 ,?is also des]ves att5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,! ?ree words k>ab1 8to come ne>10 naga1 8to t\*10 & naga%1 8to approa*10 sometimes signify 8contact0 or 8ne>ness 9 space10 sometimes ! approa* ( man's k to an object1 z if x resembl$ ! physical approa* ( "o body to ano!r4 ,z to ! use ( k>ab 9 ! fir/ mean+1 viz41 to draw ne> a c]ta9 spot1 comp4 8,z he drew ne> 7k>ab7 ! camp0 7,exod4 xxxii4 #ai72 8,& ,ph>aoh drew ne> 7hikrib70 7,exod4 xiv4 #aj74 ,naga1 9 ! fir/ s5se1 viz41 express+ ! contact ( two bodies1 occurs 9 8,& %e ca/ x 7va-tagga7 at 8 feet0 7,exod4 iv4 #be72 8,he caus$ x to t\* 7va-yagga7 my m\?0 7,isa4 vi4 #g74 ,& naga% 9 ! fir/ s5se1 viz41 to approa* or move t[>ds ano!r p]son1 is f\nd1 e4g41 9 8,& ,judah drew ne> 7va-yigga%7 unto him0 7,g54 xliv4 #a74 ,! second mean+ ( ^! ?ree words is 8approa* by means ( k10 or 8contact by compreh5sion10 n 9 ref]5ce to space4 ,z to naga 9 ?is second s5se1 comp4 8= h] judgm5t rea*e? 7naga7 unto heav50 7,j]4 li4 #i74 ,an in/ance ( k>ab be+ us$ 9 ?is mean+ is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 8,& ! cause t is too h>d = y1 br+ 7takribun7 x unto me0 7,deut4 i4 #ag72 ?is is equival5t to say+1 8,ye %all make x kn[n unto me40 ,! v]b k>ab 79 ! ,hiphil7 is ?us employ$ 9 ! s5se ( giv+ in=mation conc]n+ a ?+4 ,! v]b naga% is us$ figuratively 9 ! phrase1 8,& ,abraham drew ne> 7va-yigga%71 & said0 7,g54 xviii4 #bc72 ?is took place 9 a prophetic vision & 9 a trance1 z w be expla9$ 7,"p ,i4 *ap1 xxi41 & ,"p ,,ii4 *ap1 xli472 also 9 8,=asmu* z ?is p draw ne> 7nigga%7 me ) _! m\?s & ) _! lips0 7,isa4 xxix4 #ac74 ,:]ev] a ^w d5ot+ approa* or contact is employ$ 9 ! prophetic writ+s to describe a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ! ,almighty & any creat$ be+1 x has to be und]/ood 9 ?is latt] s5se viz41 to approa* m5tally4 ,=1 z w be prov$ 9 ?is treatise 7,,ii4 *ap1 iv471 ! ,supreme is incorporeal1 & consequ5tly ,he does n approa* or draw ne> a ?+1 nor c aught approa* or t\* ,him2 = :5 a be+ is )\t corporeality1 x _c occupy space1 & all idea ( approa*1 contact1 di/ance1 conjunction1 sep>ation1 t\*1 or proximity is inapplicable to su* a be+4 ,!re c be no d\bt respect+ ! v]ses 8,! ,"l is nigh 7k>ob7 unto all !m t call ^u him0 7,ps4 cxlv4 #ah72 8,!y take delight 9 approa*+ 7kirbat7 to ,god0 7,isa4 lviii4 #b72 8,! ne>ness 7kirbat7 ( ,god is pleasant to me0 7,ps4 lxxiii4 #bh72 all su* phrases intimate a spiritual approa*1 i4e41 ! atta9m5t ( "s k1 n1 h[ev]1 approa* 9 space4 ,?us also 8:o ha? ,god s nigh 7k]obim7 unto him0 7,deut4 iv4 #g72 8,draw ?\ ne> 7k]ab7 & he>0 7,deut4 v4 #bg72 8,& ,moses alone %all draw ne> 7ve-nigga%7 ! ,"l2 b !y %all n come nigh 7yigga%u70 7,exod4 xxiv4 #b74 ,if1 h[ev]1 y wi% to take ! words 8,& ,moses %all draw ne>0 to mean t he %all draw ne> a c]ta9 place 9 ! m\nta91 :]eon ! ,div9e ,light %one1 or1 9 ! words ( ! ,bible1 8:]e ! glory ( ! ,"l abode10 y may d s1 provid$ y d n lose sight ( ! tru? t !re is no diff]5ce :e!r a p]son /& at ! c5tre ( ! e>? or at ! highe/ po9t ( ! n9? sph]e1 if ?is 7 possible2 he is no fur!r away f ,god 9 ! "o case1 or ne>] to ,him 9 ! o!r2 ^? only approa* ,him :o obta9 a k ( ,him2 :ile ^? :o rema9 ignorant ( ,him rec$e f ,him4 ,9 ?is approa* t[>ds1 or recession f ,god !re are num]\s grades "o above ! o!r1 & ,i %all fur!r elucidate1 9 "o ( ! subsequ5t *apt]s ( ! ,treatise 7,i4 *ap1 lx41 & ,,ii4 *ap1 xxxvi47 :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce 9 our p]ception ( ,god4 ,9 ! passage1 8,t\* 7ga7 ! m\nta9s1 & !y %all smoke0 7,ps4 cxliv4 #e71 ! v]b 8t\*0 is us$ 9 a figurative s5se1 viz41 8,let ?y ^w t\* !m40 ,s also ! words1 8,t\* ?\ him himself0 7,job ii4 #e71 h ! same mean+ z 8,br+ ?y infliction ^u him40 ,9 a simil> mann] mu/ ?is v]b1 9 :atev] =m x may be employ$1 be int]pret$ 9 ea* place1 accord+ to ! context2 = 9 "s cases x d5otes contact ( two mat]ial objects1 9 o!rs k & compreh5sion ( a ?+1 z if he :o n[ compreh5ds any?+ :i* he _h n compreh5d$ previ\sly _h !reby approa*$ a subject :i* _h be5 di/ant f him4 ,?is po9t is ( consid]able importance4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,! t]m male is a homonym :i* d5otes t "o sub/ance ent]s ano!r1 & fills x1 z 8,& %e fill$ 7va-temalle7 h] pit*]0 7,g54 xxiv4 #af72 8,an om]-full 7melo7 = ea*0 7,exod4 xvi4 #cb71 & _m o!r in/ances4 ,next1 x signifies ! expiration or completion ( a fix$ p]iod ( "t1 z 8,& :5 h] days to be deliv]$ 7 fulfill$ 7va-yimle70 7,g54 xxv4 #bd72 8,& =ty days 7 complet$ 7va-yimle7 = him0 7,g54 l4 #c74 ,x fur!r d5otes atta9m5t ( ! highe/ degree ( excell5cy1 z 8,full 7male7 ) ! bless+ ( ! ,"l0 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #bc72 8,!m ha? he fill$ 7mille7 ) wisdom ( he>t0 7,exod4 xxxv4 #ce72 8,he 0 fill$ 7va-yimmale7 ) wisdom1 & und]/&+1 & cunn+0 7#a ,k+s vii4 #ad74 ,9 ?is s5se x is said 8,! :ole e>? is full 7melo7 ( 8 glory0 7,isa4 vi4 #d71 8,all ! e>? gives evid5ce ( 8 p]fection10 i4e4 leads to a k ( x4 ,?us also 8,! glory ( ! ,"l fill$ 7male7 ! tab]nacle0 7,exod4 xl4 #cd72 &1 9 fact1 e application ( ! ^w to ,god mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ?is mann]2 & n t ,he has a body occupy+ space4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y pref] to ?9k t 9 ?is passage by 8! glory ( ! ,"l10 a c]ta9 light creat$ = ! purpose is to be und]/ood1 t su* light is always t]m$ 8glory10 & t su* light 8fill$ ! tab]nacle10 we h no objection4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,! ^w ram 7high7 is a homonym1 d5ot+ elevation 9 space1 & elevation 9 dignity1 i4e41 greatness1 hon\r1 & p[]4 ,x has ! fir/ mean+ 9 8,& ! ark 0 lift$ up 7va-t>om7 above ! e>?0 7,g54 vii4 #ag72 & ! latt] mean+ 9 8,i h exalt$ 7h>imoti7 "o *os5 out ( ! p0 7,ps4 lxxxix4 #bj72 8,=asmu* z ,i h exalt$ 7h>imoti7 !e f among/ ! du/0 7#a ,k+s xvi4 #b72 8,=asmu* z ,i exalt$ 7h>imoti7 !e f among ! p0 7#a ,k+s xiv4 #g74 ,:5ev] ?is t]m is employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 x mu/ be tak5 9 ! second s5se3 8,be ?\ exalt$ 7rumah71 ,o ,god1 above ! heav5s0 7,ps4 lvii4 #ab74 ,9 ! same mann] does ! root nasa 7to lift up7 d5ote bo? elevation 9 space & elevation 9 rank & dignity4 ,9 ! =m] s5se x occurs 9 8,& !y lift$ up 7va-yisse7 _! corn ^u _! asses0 7,g54 xlii4 #bf72 & !re are _m in/ances l ?is 9 :i* ?is v]b has ! mean+ 8to c>ry10 8to move0 f place to place2 = ?is implies elevation 9 space4 ,9 ! second s5se we h 8,& 8 k+dom %all be exalt$0 7ve-t9nase7 7,num4 xxiv4 #g72 8,& he b>e !m1 & c>ri$ !m0 7va-y5assem7 7,isa4 lxiii4 #i72 8,:]e=e d ye exalt y\rselves0 7titnasse7 7,num4 xvi4 #c74 ,e =m ( ?is v]b :5 appli$ to ,god has ?is latt] s5se--e4g41 8,lift up ?yself 7h9nase71 ?\ judge ( ! e>?0 7,ps4 xciv4 #b72 8,?us sai? ! ,high 7ram7 & ,exalt$ 7nissa7 ,"o0 7,isa4 lvii4 #ae7--;d5ot+ elevation 9 rank1 quality1 & p[]1 & n elevation 9 space4 ,y may be surpris$ t ,i employ ! expression1 8elevation 9 rank1 quality1 & p[]10 & y may say1 8,h[ c y ass]t t sev]al di/9ct expressions d5ote ! same ?+80 ,x w be expla9$ lat] on 7*ap4 l4 seqq47 t ^? :o possess a true k ( ,god d n consid] t ,he possesses _m attributes1 b believe t ^! v>i\s attributes :i* describe ,8 ,might1 ,greatness1 ,p[]1 ,p]fection1 ,goodness1 etc41 are id5tical1 d5ot+ ,8 ,ess5ce1 & n any?+ extrane\s to ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,i %all devote special *apt]s to ! ,names & ,attributes ( ,god2 our int5tion "h is solely to %[ t 8high & exalt$0 9 ! passage quot$ d5ote elevation 9 rank1 n 9 space4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,9 its prim>y signification ! ,hebrew ab>1 8to pass10 ref]s to ! motion ( a body 9 space1 & is *iefly appli$ to liv+ creatures mov+ at "s di/ance 9 a /raight l9e1 e4g41 8,& ,he pass$ ov] 7ab>7 be=e !m0 7,g54 xxxiii4 #c72 8,pass 7abor7 be=e ! p0 7,exod4 xvii4 #e74 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are num]\s4 ,! v]b 0 next appli$ to ! passage ( s\nd ?r\gh air1 z 8,& !y caus$ a s\nd to pass 7va-yaabiru7 ?r\gh\t ! camp0 7,exod4 xxxvi4 #f72 8,t ,i he> ! ,"l's p spread+ ! report0 7maabirim7 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #bd74 ,figuratively x d5ot$ ! appe>ance ( ! ,light & ! ,div9e ,pres5ce 7,%e*9ah7 :i* ! prophets p]ceiv$ 9 _! prophetic visions1 z x is said1 8,& behold a smok+ furnace1 & a burn+ lamp t pass$ 7ab>7 betwe5 ^? pieces0 7,g54 xv4 #ag74 ,?is took place 9 a prophetic vision1 = ! n>rative comm5ces1 8,& a deep sleep fell ^u ,abram40 ,! v]b has ?is latt] mean+ 9 ,exodus xii4 #ab1 8,& ,i %all pass 7ve-ab>ti7 ?r\gh ! l& ( ,egypt0 7d5ot+ 8,i %all reveal myself10 etc471 & 9 all simil> phrases4 ,! v]b is next employ$ to express t a p]son has gone too f>1 & transgress$ ! usual limit1 9 ! p]=mance ( "s act1 z 8,& z a man :o is dr9k+ w9e has pass$ 7ab>v7 ! prop] limit0 7,j]4 xxiii4 #i74 ,x is also us$ figuratively to d5ote3 to ab&on "o aim1 & turn to a diff]5t aim & object1 e4g41 8,he %ot an arr[1 caus+ x to miss ! aim 7lehaabiro70 7#a ,sam4 xx4 #cf74 ,?is is ! s5se1 x appe>s to me1 ( ?is v]b 9 8,& ! ,"l pass$ by 7va-yaabor7 be=e 8 face0 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #f74 ,i take 88 face0 to mean 8! face ( ,god02 our ,tea*]s likewise int]pret$ 88 face0 z be+ id5tical ) 8! face ( ,god40 ,&1 al?\gh ?is is f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( ,agadic int]pretations :i* w\ld be out ( place 9 ?is our "w1 yet x is "s support ( our view1 t ! pron\n 880 is employ$ 9 ?is passage z a sub/itute = 8,god's0--& ! :ole passage c\ld 9 my op9ion be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,moses s\ght to atta9 to a c]ta9 p]ception :i* is call$ 8! p]ception ( ! ,div9e face10 a t]m occurr+ 9 ! phrase 8,my face _c be se502 b ,god v\*saf$ to him a p]ception ( a l[] degree1 viz41 ! "o call$1 8! see+ ( ! back10 9 ! words1 8,& ?\ %alt see my back0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #bc74 ,we h m5tion$ ?is subject 9 our "w ,mi%neh ,torah4 ,accord+ly1 x is /at$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ passage t ! ,"l )held f ,moses t p]ception :i* is t]m$ 8! see+ ( ! ,div9e face10 & sub/itut$ = x ano!r gift1 viz41 ! k ( ! acts attribut$ to ,god1 :i*1 z ,i %all expla9 7*ap4 liv47 are consid]$ to be diff]5t & sep>ate attributes ( ! ,supreme4 ,9 ass]t+ t ,god )held f ,moses 7! high] k7 ,i mean to say t ?is k 0 unatta9able1 t by its nature x 0 inaccessible to ,moses2 = man1 :il/ able to ga9 p]fection by apply+ 8 reason+ faculties to ! atta9m5t ( :at is )9 ! rea* ( 8 intellect1 ei!r weak5s 8 reason or loses x altoge!r z soon z he v5tures to seek a high] degree ( k--z ,i %all elucidate 9 "o ( ! *apt]s ( ?is "w--unless he be grant$ a special aid f heav51 z is describ$ 9 ! words1 8,& ,i w cov] !e ) my h& until ,i pass by0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #bc74 ,onkelos1 9 translat+ ?is v]se1 adopts ! same me?od :i* he applies to ! explanation ( simil> passages1 viz41 e expression imply+ corporeality or corporal prop]ties1 :5 ref]r+ to ,god1 he expla9s by assum+ an ellipsis ( a nom5 reg5s be=e 8,god10 ?us connect+ ! expression 7( corporeality7 ) ano!r ^w :i* is suppli$1 & :i* gov]ns ! g5itive 8,god02 e4g41 8,& behold ! ,"l /ood ^u x0 7,g54 xxviii4 #ac71 he expla9s1 8,! glory ( ! ,"l /ood array$ above x40 ,aga91 8,! ,"l wat* betwe5 me & !e0 7,g54 xxxi4 #di71 he p>aphrases1 8,! ^w ( ! ,"l %all wat*40 ,?is is 8 ord9>y me?od 9 expla9+ ,scripture4 ,he applies x also to ,exod4 xxxiv4 #f1 :i* he p>aphrases1 8,! ,"l caus$ 8 ,pres5ce to pass be=e 8 face & call$40 ,accord+ to ?is r5d]+ ! ?+ :i* pass$ 0 unque/ionably "s physical object1 ! pron\n 880 ref]s to ,moses1 & ! phrase al panav is id5tical ) lefanav1 8be=e him40 ,comp4 8,s w5t ! pres5t ov] be=e him0 7al panav7 7,g54 xxxii1 #bb74 ,?is is likewise an appropriate & satisfactory explanation2 & ,i c adduce /ill fur!r support = ! op9ion ( ,onkelos f ! words 8:ile my glory passe? by0 7ba-abor7 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #bb71 :i* expressly /ate t ! pass+ object 0 some?+ ascrib$ to ,god1 n ,god ,himself2 & ( ?is ,div9e glory x is also said1 8until ,i pass by10 & 8,& ! ,"l pass$ by be=e him40 ,%\ld x1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ necess>y to assume "h an ellipsis1 accord+ to ! me?od ( ,onkelos1 :o supplies 9 "s in/ances ! t]m 8! ,glory10 9 o!rs 8! ,^w10 & 9 o!rs 8! ,div9e ,pres5ce10 z ! context may require 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 we may also supply "h ! ^w 8voice10 & expla9 ! passage1 8,& a voice f ! ,"l pass$ be=e him & call$40 ,we h already %[n t ! v]b ab>1 8he pass$10 c be appli$ to ! voice1 z 9 8,& !y caus$ a voice to pass ?r\gh ! camp0 7,exod4 xxxvi4 #f74 ,accord+ to ?is explanation1 x 0 ! voice :i* call$4 ,no objection c be rais$ to apply+ ! v]b k>a 7he call$7 to kol 7voice71 = a simil> phrase occurs 9 ! ,bible 9 ref]5ce to ,god's comm&s to ,moses1 8,he he>d ! voice speak+ unto him02 &1 9 ! same mann] z x c be said 8! voice spoke10 we may also say 8! voice call$02 inde$1 we c ev5 support ?is application ( ! v]bs 8to say10 & 8to call10 to 8! voice10 by p>allel passages1 z 8,a voice sai? #8,cry1' & x says #8,:at %all ,i cry8'0 7,isa4 xl4 #f74 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! mean+ ( ! passage "u discussion w\ld be3 8,a voice ( ,god pass$ be=e him & call$1 #8,et]nal1 ,et]nal1 ,all-p[]ful1 ,all-m]ciful1 & ,all-graci\s6'0 7,! ^w ,et]nal is repeat$2 x is 9 ! vocative1 = ! ,et]nal is ! "o :o is call$4 ,comp4 ,moses1 ,moses6 ,abraham1 ,abraham67 ,?is1 aga91 is a v appropriate explanation ( ! text4 ,y w surely n f9d x /range t ?is subject1 s pr(\nd & difficult1 %\ld be> v>i\s int]pretations2 = x w n impair ! =ce ( ! argum5t ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,ei!r explanation may be adopt$2 y may take t gr& sc5e altoge!r z a prophetic vision1 & ! :ole occurr5ce z a m5tal op]ation1 & consid] t :at ,moses s\ght1 :at 0 )held f him1 & :at he atta9$1 7 ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! intellect )\t ! use ( ! s5ses 7z we h expla9$ above73 or y may assume t 9 addition !re 0 a c]ta9 ocul> p]ception ( a mat]ial object1 ! sight ( :i* w\ld assi/ intellectual p]ception4 ,! latt] is ! view ( ,onkelos1 unless he assumes t 9 ?is in/ance ! ocul> p]ception 0 likewise a prophetic vision1 z 0 ! case ) 8a smok+ furnace & a burn+ lamp t pass$ betwe5 ^? pieces0 7,g54 xv4 #ag71 m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,abraham4 ,y may also assume t 9 addition !re 0 a p]ception ( s\nd1 & t !re 0 a voice :i* pass$ be=e him1 & 0 und\bt$ly some?+ mat]ial4 ,y may *oose ei!r ( ^! op9ions1 = our sole int5tion & purpose is to gu>d y aga9/ ! belief t ! phrase 8& ! ,"l pass$10 is analog\s to 8pass be=e ! p0 7,exod4 xvii4 #e71 = ,god1 be+ incorporeal1 _c be said to move1 & consequ5tly ! v]b 8to pass0 _c ) propriety be appli$ to ,him 9 its prim>y signification4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,9 ,hebrew1 ! v]b bo signifies 8to come0 z appli$ to a liv+ be+1 i4e41 its arrival at a c]ta9 place1 or approa* to a c]ta9 p]son1 z 8,?y bro!r came 7ba7 ) subtilty0 7,g54 xxvii4 #ce74 ,x next d5otes 7) reg>d to a liv+ be+7 8to ent]0 a c]ta9 place1 e4g41 8,& :5 ,joseph came 7va-yabo7 into ! h\se0 7,g54 xliii4 #bf72 8,:5 ye come 7ta-bo7 into ! l&0 7,exod4 xii4 #be74 ,! t]m 0 also employ$ metaphorically 9 ! s5se ( 8to come0 appli$ to a c]ta9 ev5t1 t is1 to some?+ incorporeal1 z 8,:5 ?y say+s come to pass 7yabo70 7,judg4 xiii4 #ag72 8,( t :i* w come 7yabo7 ov] !e0 7,isa4 xlvii4 #ac74 ,nay1 x is ev5 appli$ to privatives1 e4g41 8,yet evil came 7va-yabo70 7,job iii4 #bf72 8,& d>kness came 7va-yabo70 ,n[1 s9ce ! ^w has be5 appli$ to incorporeal ?+s1 x has also be5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god--to ! fulfilm5t ( ,8 ^w1 or to ! manife/ation ( ,8 ,pres5ce 7! ,%e*9ah74 ,9 ?is figurative s5se x is said1 8,lo1 ,i come 7ba7 unto !e 9 a ?ick cl\d0 7,exod4 xix4 #i72 8,= ! ,"l ! ,god ( ,israel come? 7ba7 ?r\gh x0 7,ezek4 xliv4 #b74 ,9 ^! & all simil> passages1 ! com+ ( ! ,%e*9ah is meant1 b ! words1 8,& ! ,"l my ,god %all come 7u-ba70 7,ze*4 xiv4 #e7 are id5tical ) 8,8 ^w w come10 t is to say1 ! promises :i* ,he made ?r\gh ! ,prophets w be fulfill$2 !re=e ,scripture adds 8all ! holy ones t are ) !e10 t is to say1 8,! ^w ( ! ,"l my ,god w be p]=m$1 :i* has be5 spok5 by all ! holy ones :o are ) !e1 :o address ! ,israelites40 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,yaa 78he came out07 is ! opposite ( ba 78he came 9074 ,! t]m yaa is appli$ to ! motion ( a body f a place 9 :i* x _h previ\sly re/$1 to ano!r place 7:e!r ! body be a liv+ be+ or n71 e4g41 8,& :5 !y 7 gone out 7yae7 ( ! city0 7,g54 xliv4 #d72 8,if fire break out 7tee70 7,exod4 xxii4 #e74 ,x 0 !n figuratively employ$ to d5ote ! appe>ance ( some?+ incorporeal1 z1 8,! ^w w5t out 7yaa7 ( ! k+'s m\?0 7,e/h4 vii4 #h72 8,:5 ?is de$ ( ! que5 %all come abroad 7yee7 unto all wom50 7,e/h4 i4 #ag71 t is to say1 8! report w spread40 ,aga91 8,= out ( ,zion %all g =? 7tee7 ! ,law0 7,isa4 ii4 #c72 fur!r1 8,! sun _h ris5 7yaa7 ^u ! e>?0 7,g54 xix4 #bc71 i4e41 its light became visible4 ,9 ?is figurative s5se we mu/ take e expression ( com+ out :5 appli$ to ! ,almighty1 e4g41 8,behold1 ! ,"l come? out 7yoe7 ( 8 place0 7,isa4 xxvi4 #ba71 i4e41 8,! ^w ( ,god1 :i* until n[ has be5 9 secret1 come? out1 & w become manife/10 i4e41 some?+ w come into be+ :i* _h n exi/$ be=e2 = ev]y?+ new emanat+ f ,god is ascrib$ to ,8 ^w4 ,comp4 8,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made1 & all ! ho/ ( !m by ! brea? ( 8 m\?0 7,ps4 xxxiii4 #f74 ,?is is a simile tak5 f ! conduct ( k+s1 :o employ ! ^w z ! means ( c>ry+ _! w into effect4 ,god1 h[ev]1 requires no in/rum5t :]e) to op]ate 9 ord] to p]=m any?+2 ! effect is produc$ solely by ,8 w alone4 ,he does n employ any k9d ( spee*1 z w be expla9$ fur!r on 7*ap4 lv474 ,! v]b 8to come out0 is ?us employ$ to designate ! manife/ation ( a c]ta9 "w ( ,god1 z we notic$ 9 our int]pretation ( ! phrase1 8,behold1 ! ,"l come? out ( 8 place40 ,9 a simil> mann] ! t]m %ub1 8to return10 has be5 figuratively employ$ to d5ote ! discont9uance ( a c]ta9 act accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 z 9 8,i w g & return to my place0 7,hosea v4 #ae72 t is to say1 ! ,div9e pres5ce 7,%e*9ah7 :i* _h be5 9 our mid/ dep>t$ f u1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* has be5 ! abs5ce ( ,div9e protection f among/ u4 ,?us ! ,prophet =etell+ mis=tune says1 8,& ,i w hide my face f !m1 & !y %all be dev\r$0 7,deut4 xxxi4 #ag72 =1 :5 man is depriv$ ( ,div9e protection he is expos$ to all dang]s1 & becomes ! butt ( all =tuit\s circum/ances2 8 =tune & mis=tune !n dep5d on *ance4 ,alas6 h[ t]rible a ?reat6--,?is is ! idea conta9$ 9 ! words1 8,i w g & return to my place0 7,hos4 v4 #ae74 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,! t]m halak is likewise "o ( ! words :i* d5ote movem5ts p]=m$ by liv+ be+s1 z 9 8,& ,jacob w5t 7halak7 on 8 way0 7,g54 xxxii4 #a71 & 9 _m o!r in/ances4 ,! v]b 8to g0 0 next employ$ 9 describ+ movem5ts ( objects less solid ?an ! bodies ( liv+ be+s1 comp4 8,& ! wat]s 7 go+ on 7halok7 decreas+0 7,g54 viii4 #e72 8,& ! fire w5t along 7va-tihalak7 ^u ! gr\nd0 7,exod4 ix4 #bc74 ,!n x 0 employ$ to express ! spread+ & manife/ation ( some?+ incorporeal1 comp4 8,! voice !re( %all g l a s]p5t0 7,j]4 xlvi4 #bb72 aga91 8,! voice ( ! ,"l ,god walk+ 9 ! g>d50 7,g54 iii4 #h74 ,x is 8! voice0 t is qualifi$ by 8walk+40 ,:5ev] ! ^w 8to g0 is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 x mu/ be tak5 9 ?is figurative s5se1 i4e41 x applies to incorporeal ?+s1 & signifies ei!r ! manife/ation ( some?+ incorporeal1 or ! )drawal ( ! ,div9e protection1 an act correspond+ 9 lifeless be+s to ! removal ( a ?+1 9 liv+ be+s to ! dep>ture ( a liv+ be+1 8walk+40 ,! )drawal ( ,god's protection is call$ 9 ! ,bible 8! hid+ ( ,god's c\nt5ance10 z 9 ,deut]onomy xxxi4 #ah1 8,z = me1 ,i w hide my c\nt5ance40 ,on ! same gr\nd x has be5 designat$ 8go+ away10 or mov+ away f a ?+1 comp4 8,i w dep>t & return to my place0 7,hos4 v4 #ae74 ,b 9 ! passage1 8,& ! ang] ( ! ,"l 0 k9dl$ aga9/ !m1 & he w5t0 7,num4 xii4 #i71 ! two mean+s ( ! v]b are comb9$1 viz41 ! )drawal ( ! ,div9e protection1 express$ by 8& he w5t10 & ! revelation1 manife/ation1 & appe>ance ( some?+ namely1 ( ! ang] :i* w5t =? & rea*$ !m1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,miriam became 8lepr\s1 :ite z sn[40 ,! expression 8to walk0 0 fur!r appli$ to conduct1 :i* conc]ns only ! inn] life1 & :i* requires no bodily motion1 z 9 ! foll[+ passages1 8,& ?\ %alt walk 9 8 ways0 7,deut4 xxviii4 #i72 8,ye %all walk aft] ! ,"l y\r ,god0 7,deut4 xiii4 #e72 8,come ye1 & let u walk 9 ! light ( ! ,"l40 7,isa4 ii4 #e74 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,! ,hebrew %akan1 z is well kn[n1 signifies 8to dwell10 z1 8,& he 0 dwell+ 7%ok57 9 ! pla9s ( ,mamre0 7,g54 xiv4 #ac72 8,& x came to pass1 :5 ,israel dwelt 7bi%ekon70 7,g54 xxxv4 #bb74 ,?is is ! mo/ common mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,b 8dwell+ 9 a place0 consi/s 9 ! cont9u$ /ay 9 a place1 g5]al or special2 :5 a liv+ be+ dwells long 9 a place1 we say t x /ays 9 t place1 al?\gh x unque/ionably moves ab\t 9 x1 comp4 8,& he 0 /ay+ 9 ! pla9s ( ,mamre0 7,g54 xiv4 #ac71 &1 8,& x came to pass1 :5 ,israel /ay$0 7,g54 xxxv4 #bb74 ,! t]m 0 next appli$ metaphorically to inanimate objects1 i4e41 to ev]y?+ :i* has settl$ & rema9s fix$ on "o object1 al?\gh ! object on :i* ! ?+ rema9s is n a place1 & ! ?+ itself is n a liv+ be+2 = in/ance1 8,let a cl\d dwell ^u x ! day0 7,job iii4 #e72 !re is no d\bt t ! cl\d is n a liv+ be+1 & t ! day is n a corporeal ?+1 b a division ( "t4 ,9 ?is s5se ! t]m is employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 t is to say1 to d5ote ! cont9uance ( ,8 ,div9e ,pres5ce 7,%e*9ah7 or ( ,8 ,provid5ce 9 "s place :]e ! ,div9e ,pres5ce manife/$ itself con/antly1 or 9 "s object :i* 0 con/antly protect$ by ,provid5ce4 ,comp4 8,& ! glory ( ! ,"l abode0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #af72 8,& ,i w dwell among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel0 7,exod4 xxix4 #de72 8,& = ! goodwill ( him t dwelt 9 ! bu%0 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #af74 ,:5ev] ! t]m is appli$ to ! ,almighty1 x mu/ be tak5 consi/5tly ) ! context 9 ! s5se ei!r z ref]r+ to ! ,pres5ce ( ,8 ,%e*9ah 7i4e41 ( ,8 light t 0 creat$ = ! purpose7 9 a c]ta9 place1 or ( ! cont9uance ( ,8 ,provid5ce protect+ a c]ta9 object4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,y1 no d\bt1 "k ! ,talmudical say+1 :i* includes 9 itself all ! v>i\s k9ds ( int]pretation connect$ ) our subject4 ,x runs ?us3 8,! ,torah speaks accord+ to ! language ( man10 t is to say1 expressions1 :i* c easily be compreh5d$ & und]/ood by all1 are appli$ to ! ,creator4 ,h5ce ! description ( ,god by attributes imply+ corporeality1 9 ord] to express ,8 exi/5ce2 because ! multitude ( p d n easily conceive exi/5ce unless 9 connection ) a body1 & t :i* is n a body nor connect$ ) a body has = !m no exi/5ce4 ,:atev] we reg>d z a /ate ( p]fection1 is likewise attribut$ to ,god1 z express+ t ,he is p]fect 9 e respect1 & t no imp]fection or defici5cy :atev] is f\nd 9 ,him4 ,b !re is n attribut$ to ,god any?+ :i* ! multitude consid] a defect or want2 ?us ,he is nev] repres5t$ z eat+1 dr9k+1 sleep+1 be+ ill1 us+ viol5ce1 & ! l4 ,:atev]1 on ! o!r h&1 is commonly reg>d$ z a /ate ( p]fection is attribut$ to ,him1 al?\gh x is only a /ate ( p]fection 9 relation to ourselves2 = 9 relation to ,god1 :at we consid] to be a /ate ( p]fection1 is 9 tru? ! highe/ degree ( imp]fection4 ,if1 h[ev]1 m5 7 to ?9k t ^? human p]fections 7 abs5t 9 ,god1 !y w\ld consid] ,him z imp]fect4 ,y are aw>e t locomotion is "o ( ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( liv+ be+s1 & is indisp5sable = !m 9 _! progress t[>ds p]fection4 ,z !y require food & dr9k to supply animal wa/e1 s !y require locomotion1 9 ord] to approa* t :i* is good = !m & 9 h>mony ) _! nature1 & to escape f :at is injuri\s & contr>y to _! nature4 ,x makes1 9 fact1 no diff]5ce :e!r we ascribe to ,god eat+ & dr9k+ or locomotion2 b accord+ to human modes ( expression1 t is to say1 accord+ to common notions1 eat+ & dr9k+ w\ld be an imp]fection 9 ,god1 :ile motion w\ld n1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! necessity ( locomotion is ! result ( "s want4 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 cle>ly prov$1 t ev]y?+ :i* moves is corporeal & divisible2 x w be %[n bel[ t ,god is incorporeal & t ,he c h no locomotion2 nor c re/ be ascrib$ to ,him2 = re/ c only be appli$ to t :i* also moves4 ,all expressions1 h[ev]1 :i* imply ! v>i\s modes ( movem5t 9 liv+ be+s1 are employ$ ) reg>d to ,god 9 ! mann] we h describ$ & 9 ! same way z life is ascrib$ to ,him2 al?\gh motion is an accid5t p]ta9+ to liv+ be+s1 & !re is no d\bt t1 )\t corporeality1 expressions l ! foll[+ c\ld n be imag9$3 8to desc5d1 to asc5d1 to walk1 to place1 to /&1 to surr\nd1 to sit1 to dwell1 to dep>t1 to ent]1 to pass1 etc40 ,x w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s ?us to dilate on ?is subject1 7 x n = ! mass ( ! p1 :o are accu/om$ to su* ideas4 ,x has be5 necess>y to expatiate on ! subject1 z we h attempt$1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are anxi\s to acquire p]fection1 to remove f !m su* notions z h gr[n up ) !m f ! days ( y\?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,onkelos ! ,proselyte1 :o 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! ,hebrew & ,*aldaic languages1 made x 8 task to oppose ! belief 9 ,god's corporeality4 ,accord+ly1 any expression employ$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 & 9 any way imply+ corporeality1 he p>aphrases 9 consonance ) ! context4 ,all expressions d5ot+ any mode ( motion1 are expla9$ by him to mean ! appe>ance or manife/ation ( a c]ta9 light t _h be5 creat$ = ! occasion1 i4e41 ! ,%ekh9ah 7,div9e ,pres5ce71 or ,provid5ce4 ,?us he p>aphrases 8! ,"l w come d[n0 7,exod4 xix4 #aa71 8,! ,"l w manife/ ,himself02 8,& ,god came d[n0 7xvi4 #bj71 8,& ,god manife/$ ,himself02 & does n say 8,& ,god came d[n02 8,i w g d[n n[ & see0 7,g54 xviii4 #ba71 he p>aphrases1 8,i w manife/ myself n[ & see40 ,?is is 8 r5d]+ ( ! v]b y>ad1 8he w5t d[n10 :5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god ?r\gh\t 8 v]sion1 ) ! exception ( ! foll[+ passage1 8,i w g d[n 7er$7 ) !e into ,egypt0 7,g54 xlvi4 #d71 :i* he r5d]s lit]ally4 ,a rem>kable pro( ( ?is great man's tal5ts1 ! excell5ce ( 8 v]sion1 & ! correctness ( 8 int]pretation6 ,by ?is v]sion he discloses to u an important pr9ciple z reg>ds prophecy4 ,?is n>rative beg9s3 8,& ,god spake unto ,israel 9 ! visions ( ! night1 & said1 ,jacob1 ,jacob1 etc4 ,& ,he said1 ,i am ,god1 etc41 ,i w g d[n ) !e into ,egypt0 7,g54 xlvi4 #b1 #c74 ,see+ t ! :ole n>rative is introduc$ z a vision ( ! night1 ,onkelos did n hesitate to translate lit]ally ! words address$ to ,jacob 9 ! nocturnal vision1 & ?us gave a fai?ful acc\nt ( ! occurr5ce4 ,= ! passage 9 "q conta9s a /atem5t ( :at ,jacob 0 told1 n :at actually took place1 z is ! case 9 ! words1 8,& ! ,"l came d[n ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai0 7,exod4 xix4 #bj74 ,"h we h an acc\nt ( :at actually occurr$ 9 ! physical _w2 ! v]b y>ad is !re=e p>aphras$ 8,he manife/$ ,himself10 & entirely deta*$ f ! idea ( motion4 ,acc\nts ( :at happ5$ 9 ! imag9ation ( man1 ,i mean ( :at he 0 told1 are n alt]$4 ,a mo/ rem>kable di/9ction6 ,h5ce y may inf] t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a communication1 designat$ z hav+ be5 made 9 a dream1 or a vision ( ! night1 & a vision or a manife/ation simply introduc$ ) phrases l 8,& ! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto me1 say+02 8,& ! ,"l spake unto me1 say+40 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 x is also possible t ,onkelos und]/ood ,elohim 9 ! above passage to signify 8angel10 & t = ?is reason he did n hesitate to translate lit]ally1 8,i w g d[n ) !e to ,egypt40 ,d n ?9k x /range t ,onkelos %\ld h believ$ ! ,elohim1 :o said to ,jacob1 8,i am ,god1 ! ,god ( ?y fa!r0 7ib4 #c71 to be an angel1 = ?is s5t5ce c1 9 ! same =m1 also h be5 spok5 by an angel4 ,?us ,jacob says1 8,& ! angel ( ,god spake unto me 9 a dream1 say+1 ,jacob4 ,& ,i said1 ,"h am ,i10 etc4 7,g54 xxxi4 #aa72 & concludes ! report ( ! angel's words to him 9 ! foll[+ way1 8,i am ! ,god ( ,be!l1 :]e ?\ ano9t$/ ! pill>1 & :]e ?\ v[$/ a v[ unto me0 7ib4 #ac71 al?\gh !re is no d\bt t ,jacob v[$ to ,god1 n to ! angel4 ,x is ! usual practice ( prophets to relate words address$ to !m by an angel 9 ! "n ( ,god1 z ?\gh ,god ,himself _h spok5 to !m4 ,su* passages are all to be expla9$ by supply+ ! nom5 reg5s1 & by consid]+ !m z id5tical ) 8,i am ! mess5g] ( ! ,god ( ?y fa!r10 8,i am ! mess5g] ( ,god :o appe>$ to !e 9 ,be!l10 & ! l4 ,prophecy ) its v>i\s degrees1 & ! nature ( angels1 w be fully discuss$ 9 ! sequel1 9 accordance ) ! object ( ?is treatise 7,,ii4 *ap4 xiv474 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,! t]m regel is homonym\s1 signify+1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! foot ( a liv+ be+2 comp4 8,foot = foot0 7,exod4 xxi4 #bd74 ,next x d5otes an object :i* foll[s ano!r2 comp4 8,& all ! p t foll[ !e0 7lit4 t are at ?y feet7 7ib4 xi4 #ah74 ,ano!r signification ( ! ^w is 8cause02 comp4 8,& ! ,"l ha? bless$ !e1 ,i be+ ! cause0 7l]agli7 7,g54 xxx4 #cj71 i4e41 = my sake2 = t :i* exi/s = ! sake ( ano!r ?+ has ! latt] = its f9al cause4 ,examples ( ! t]m us$ 9 ?is s5se are num]\s4 ,x has t mean+ 9 ,g5esis xxxiii4 #ad1 8,because 7l]egel7 ( ! cattle t goe? be=e me1 & because 7l]egel7 ( ! *ildr540 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,hebrew text1 ( :i* ! lit]al r5d]+ is3 8,& 8 feet %all /& 9 t day ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives0 7,ze*4 xiv4 #d7 c be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,& ! ?+s caus$ by him 7raglav7 on t day ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 t is to say1 ! wond]s :i* w !n be se51 & ( :i* ,god w be ! ,cause or ! ,mak]1 w rema9 p]man5tly40 ,to ?is explanation does ,jona?an son ( ,uzziel incl9e 9 p>aphras+ ! passage1 8,& he w appe> 9 8 might on t day ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives40 ,he g5]ally expresses t]ms d5ot+ ^? p>ts ( ! body by :i* contact & motion are effect$1 by 88 might0 :5 ref]r+ to ,god1 because all su* expressions d5ote acts done by ,8 ,w4 ,9 ! passage 7,exod4 xxiv4 #aj1 lit41 8,& !re 0 "u 8 feet1 l ! action ( ! :it5ess ( a sapphire /one071 ,onkelos1 z y "k1 9 8 v]sion1 consid]s ! ^w 7raglav7 88 feet0 z a figurative expression & a sub/itute = 8?rone02 ! words 8"u 8 feet0 he !re=e p>aphrases1 8,& "u ! ?rone ( 8 glory40 ,consid] ?is well1 & y w obs]ve ) wond] h[ ,onkelos keeps free f ! idea ( ! corporeality ( ,god1 & f ev]y?+ t leads !reto1 ev5 9 ! remote/ degree4 ,= he does n say1 8& "u ,8 ?rone02 ! direct relation ( ! ?rone to ,god1 impli$ 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! phrase 8,8 ?rone10 w\ld necess>ily sugge/ ! idea t ,god is support$ by a mat]ial object1 & ?us lead directly to ! corporeality ( ,god2 he !re=e ref]s ! ?rone to ,8 glory1 i4e41 to ! ,%ekh9ah1 :i* is a light creat$ = ! purpose4 ,simil>ly he p>aphrases ! words1 8,= my h& ,i lift up to ! ?rone ( ,god0 7,exod4 xvii4 #af71 8,an oa? has be5 utt]$ by ,god1 ^: ,%ekh9ah is ^u ! ?rone ( 8 glory40 ,?is pr9ciple f\nd also expression 9 ! popul> phrase1 8! ,?rone ( ! ,glory40 ,we h already gone too f> away f ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 & t\*$ ^u ?+s :i* w be discuss$ 9 o!r *apt]s2 we w n[ return to our pres5t !me4 ,y are acqua9t$ ) ! v]sion ( ,onkelos ( ! passage quot$4 ,he cont5ts himself ) exclud+ f 8 v]sion all expressions ( corporeality 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 & does n %[ u :at !y 7! nobles ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,exod4 xxiv4 #aj7 p]ceiv$1 or :at is meant by t figure4 ,9 all simil> in/ances ,onkelos also ab/a9s f ent]+ into su* que/ions1 & only endeav\rs to exclude e expression imply+ corporeality2 = ! incorporeality ( ,god is a demon/rative tru? & an indisp5sable elem5t 9 our fai?2 he c\ld decid$ly /ate all t 0 necess>y 9 t respect4 ,! int]pretation ( a simile is a d\btful ?+2 x may possibly h t mean+1 b x may also ref] to some?+ else4 ,x conta9s besides v pr(\nd matt]1 ! und]/&+ ( :i* is n a fundam5tal elem5t 9 our fai?1 & ! compreh5sion ( :i* is n easy = ! common p4 ,onkelos1 !re=e1 did n ent] at all into ?is subject4 ,we1 h[ev]1 rema9+ fai?ful to our task 9 ?is treatise1 f9d ourselves compell$ to give our explanation4 ,accord+ to our op9ion 8"u 8 feet0 7raglav7 d5otes 8"u t ( :i* ,he is ! cause10 8t :i* exi/s ?r\gh ,him10 z we h already /at$4 ,!y 7! nobles ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel7 !re=e compreh5d$ ! real nature ( ! mat]ia prima1 :i* emanat$ f ,him1 & ( ^: exi/5ce ,he is ! only cause4 ,consid] well ! phrase1 8l ! action ( ! :it5ess ( ! sapphire /one40 ,if ! col\r 7 ! po9t ( comp>ison1 ! words1 8z ! :it5ess ( ! sapphire /one0 w\ld h suffic$2 b ! addition ( 8l ! action0 0 necess>y1 because matt]1 z su*1 is1 z y are well aw>e1 always receptive & passive1 active only by "s accid5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 =m1 z su*1 is always active1 & only passive by "s accid5t1 z is expla9$ 9 works on ,physics4 ,?is expla9s ! addition ( 8l ! action0 9 ref]5ce to ! mat]ia prima4 ,! expression 8! :it5ess ( ! sapphire0 ref]s to ! transp>5cy1 n to ! :ite col\r2 = 8! :it5ess0 ( ! sapphire is n a :ite col\r1 b ! prop]ty ( be+ transp>5t4 ,?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* are transp>5t1 h no col\r ( _! own1 z is prov$ 9 works on ,physics2 = if !y _h a col\r !y w\ld n p]mit all ! col\rs to pass ?r\gh !m nor w\ld !y receive col\rs2 x is only :5 ! transp>5t object is totally col\rless1 t x is able to receive successively all ! col\rs4 ,9 ?is respect x 7! :it5ess ( ! sapphire7 is l ! mat]ia prima1 :i* z su* is entirely =mless1 & ?us receives all ! =ms "o aft] ! o!r4 ,:at !y 7! nobles ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel7 p]ceiv$ 0 !re=e ! mat]ia prima1 ^: relation to ,god is di/9ctly m5tion$1 because x is ! s\rce ( ^? ( 8 creatures :i* are subject to g5esis & de/ruction1 & has be5 creat$ by him4 ,?is subject also w be treat$ lat] on m fully4 ,obs]ve t y mu/ h rec\rse to an explanation ( ?is k9d1 ev5 :5 adopt+ ! r5d]+ ( ,onkelos1 8,& "u ! ?rone ( ,8 glory02 = 9 fact ! mat]ia prima is also "u ! heav5s1 :i* are call$ 8?rone ( ,god10 z we h rem>k$ above4 ,i %\ld n h ?\ght ( ?is unusual int]pretation1 or hit on ?is argum5t 7 x n = an utt]ance ( ,r4 ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanus1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 "o ( ! p>ts ( ?is treatise 7,,ii4 *ap4 xxvi474 ,! prim>y object ( e intellig5t p]son mu/ be to d5y ! corporeality ( ,god1 & to believe t all ^? p]ceptions 7describ$ 9 ! above passage7 7 ( a spiritual n ( a mat]ial "*4 ,note ?is & consid] x well4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,! t]m eeb is homonym\s1 d5ot+1 9 ! fir/ place1 pa9 & trembl+2 comp4 8,9 sorr[ 7be-eeb7 ?\ %alt br+ =? *ildr50 7,g54 iii4 #af74 ,next x d5otes ang]2 comp4 8,& 8 fa!r _h n made him angry 7aabo7 at any "t0 7#a ,k+s i4 #f72 8= he 0 angry 7neeab7 = ! sake ( ,david0 7#a ,sam4 xx4 #cd74 ,! t]m signifies also provocation2 comp4 8,!y rebell$1 & vex$ 7iebu7 8 holy _s0 7,isa4 lxiii4 #aj72 8& provok$ 7yaaibahu7 him 9 ! des]t0 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #dj72 8,if !re be any way ( provocation 7oeb7 9 me0 7ib4 cxxxix4 #bd72 8,e day !y rebel 7yeaebu7 aga9/ my words0 7ib4 lvi4 #f74 ,9 ,g5esis vi4 #f ! ^w has ei!r ! second or ! ?ird signification4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! s5se ( ! ,hebrew va-yitaeb el libbo is 8,god 0 angry ) !m on acc\nt ( ! wick$ness ( _! de$s02 z to ! words 8to 8 he>t0 us$ "h1 & also 9 ! hi/ory ( ,noah 7ib4 viii4 #ba7 ,i w "h expla9 :at !y mean4 ,) reg>d to man1 we use ! expression 8he said to himself10 or 8he said 9 8 he>t10 9 ref]5ce to a subject :i* he did n utt] or communicate to any o!r p]son4 ,simil>ly ! phrase 8,& ,god said 9 8 he>t10 is us$ 9 ref]5ce to an act :i* ,god decre$ )\t m5tion+ x to any prophet at ! "t ! ev5t took place accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,& a figure ( ?is k9d is admissible1 s9ce 8! ,torah speake? 9 accordance ) ! language ( man0 7supra c4 xxvi474 ,?is is pla9 & cle>4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* no di/9ct m5tion is made ( a message s5t to ! wick$ g5]ation ( ! flood1 caution+ or ?reat5+ !m ) dea?2 !re=e1 x is said conc]n+ !m1 t ,god 0 angry ) !m 9 ,8 he>t2 likewise :5 ,he decre$ t no flood %\ld happ5 aga91 ,he did n tell a prophet to communicate x to o!rs1 & = t reason ! words 89 8 he>t0 are add$4 ,tak+ ! v]b 9 ! ?ird signification1 we expla9 ! passage ?us3 8,& man rebell$ aga9/ ,god's w conc]n+ him02 = leb 7he>t7 also signifies 8w10 z we %all expla9 :5 treat+ ( ! homonymity ( leb 7he>t74 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,9 its prim>y mean+ akal 7to eat7 is us$ 9 ! s5se ( tak+ food by animals2 ?is ne$s no illu/ration4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds obs]v$ t eat+ includes two processes--7#a7 ! loss ( ! food1 i4e41 ! de/ruction ( its =m1 :i* fir/ takes place2 7#b7 ! gr[? ( animals1 ! pres]vation ( _! /r5g? & _! exi/5ce1 & ! support ( all ! =ces ( _! body1 caus$ by ! food !y take4 ,! consid]ation ( ! fir/ process l$ to ! figurative use ( ! v]b1 9 ! s5se ( 8consum+10 8de/roy+02 h5ce x includes all modes ( depriv+ a ?+ ( its =m2 comp4 8,& ! l& ( y\r enemies %all de/roy 7lit4 eat7 y0 7,lev4 xxvi4 #ch72 8,a l& t de/roye? 7lit4 eate?7 ! inhabitants !re(0 7,num4 xiii4 #cb72 8,ye %all be de/roy$ 7lit4 eat57 ) ! sword0 7,isa4 i4 #f72 8,%all ! sword de/roy 7lit4 eat70 7#b ,sam4 ii4 #bf72 8,& ! fire ( ! ,"l burnt among !m1 & de/roy$ 7lit4 ate7 !m t 7 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! camp0 7,num4 xi4 #a72 87,god7 is a de/roy+ 7lit4 eat+7 fire0 7,deut4 iv4 #bd71 t is1 ,he de/roys ^? :o rebel aga9/ ,him1 z ! fire de/roys ev]y?+ t comes )9 its rea*4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are v frequ5t4 ,) ref]5ce to ! second effect ( ! act ( eat+1 ! v]b 8to eat0 is figuratively us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8acquir+ wisdom10 8le>n+02 9 %ort1 = all intellectual p]ceptions4 ,^! pres]ve ! human =m 7intellect7 con/antly 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 9 ! same way z food pres]ves ! body 9 its be/ condition4 ,comp4 8,come ye1 buy & eat0 7,isa4 lv4 #a72 8,he>k5 dilig5tly unto me1 & eat ye t :i* is good0 7ib4 #b72 8,x is n good to eat mu* honey0 7,prov4 xxv4 #bg72 8,my son1 eat ?\ honey1 because x is good1 & ! honeycomb1 :i* is sweet to ?y ta/e2 s %all ! k ( wisdom be unto ?y s\l0 7ib4 xxiv4 #ac1 #ad74 ,?is figurative use ( ! v]b 8to eat0 9 ! s5se ( 8acquir+ wisdom0 is frequ5tly met ) 9 ! ,talmud1 e4g41 8,come1 eat fat meat at ,raba's0 7,baba ,ba?ra #bb;a72 comp4 8,all expressions ( #8eat+' & #8dr9k+' f\nd 9 ?is book 7( ,prov]bs7 ref] to wisdom10 or1 accord+ to ano!r read+1 8to ! ,law0 7,koh4 rabba on ,eccl4 iii4 #ac74 ,wisdom has also be5 frequ5tly call$ 8wat]10 e4g41 8,ho1 e "o t ?ir/e?1 come ye to ! wat]s0 7,isa4 lv4 #a74 ,! figurative mean+ ( ^! expressions has be5 s g5]al & common1 t x 0 almo/ consid]$ z its primitive signification1 & l$ to ! employm5t 8( hung]0 & 8?ir/0 9 ! s5se ( 8abs5ce ( wisdom & intellig5ce02 comp4 8,i w s5d a fam9e 9 ! l&1 n a fam9e ( bread1 nor a ?ir/ = wat]1 b ( he>+ ! words ( ! ,"l02 8,my s\l ?ir/e? = ,god1 = ! liv+ ,god0 7,ps4 xlii4 #c74 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d occur frequ5tly4 ,! words1 8,) joy %all ye draw wat] out ( ! wells ( salvation0 7,isa4 xii4 #c71 are p>aphras$ by ,jona?an son ( ,uzziel ?us3 8,y w joyfully receive new in/ruction f ! *os5 ( ! righte\s40 ,consid] h[ he expla9s 8wat]0 to indicate 8! wisdom :i* w !n spread10 & 8! wells0 7maay5e7 z be+ id5tical ) 8! eyes ( ! congregation0 7,num4 xv4 #bd71 9 ! s5se ( 8! *iefs10 or 8! wise40 ,by ! phrase1 8f ! *os5 ( ! righte\s10 he expresses 8 belief t righte\sness is true salvation4 ,y n[ see h[ he gives to e ^w 9 ?is v]se "s signification ref]r+ to wisdom & /udy4 ,?is %\ld be well consid]$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,"k t = ! human m9d !re are c]ta9 objects ( p]ception :i* are )9 ! scope ( its nature & capacity2 on ! o!r h&1 !re are1 among/ ?+s :i* actually exi/1 c]ta9 objects :i* ! m9d c 9 no way & by no means grasp3 ! gates ( p]ception are clos$ aga9/ x4 ,fur!r1 !re are ?+s ( :i* ! m9d und]/&s "o "p1 b rema9s ignorant ( ! o!r2 & :5 man is able to compreh5d c]ta9 ?+s1 x does n foll[ t he mu/ be able to compreh5d ev]y?+4 ,?is also applies to ! s5ses3 !y are able to p]ceive ?+s1 b n at e di/ance2 & all o!r p[]s ( ! body are limit$ 9 a simil> way4 ,a man c1 e4g41 c>ry two kikk>1 b he _c c>ry t5 kikk>4 ,h[ individuals ( ! same species surpass ea* o!r 9 ^! s5sations & 9 o!r bodily faculties is univ]sally kn[n1 b !re is a limit to !m1 & _! p[] _c ext5d to e di/ance or to e degree4 ,all ?is is applicable to ! intellectual faculties ( man4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 "o p]son & ano!r z reg>ds ^! faculties1 z is well kn[n to philosoph]s4 ,:ile "o man c discov] a c]ta9 ?+ by himself1 ano!r is nev] able to und]/& x1 ev5 if taught by means ( all possible expressions & metaphors1 & dur+ a long p]iod2 8 m9d c 9 no way grasp x1 8 capacity is insuffici5t = x4 ,?is di/9ction is n unlimit$4 ,a b\nd>y is und\bt$ly set to ! human m9d :i* x _c pass4 ,!re are ?+s 7beyond t b\nd>y7 :i* are ackn[l$g$ to be inaccessible to human und]/&+1 & man does n %[ any desire to compreh5d !m1 be+ aw>e t su* k is impossible1 & t !re are no means ( ov]com+ ! difficulty2 e4g41 we d n "k ! numb] ( />s 9 heav51 :e!r ! numb] is ev5 or odd2 we d n "k ! numb] ( animals1 m9]als1 or plants1 & ! l4 ,!re are o!r ?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* man v mu* desires to "k1 & /r5u\s ef=ts to exam9e & to inve/igate !m h be5 made by ?9k]s ( all classes1 & at all times4 ,!y diff] & disagree1 & con/antly raise new d\bts ) reg>d to !m1 because _! m9ds are b5t on compreh5d+ su* ?+s1 t is to say1 !y are mov$ by desire2 & e "o ( !m believes t he has discov]$ ! way lead+ to a true k ( ! ?+1 al?\gh human reason is entirely unable to demon/rate ! fact by conv9c+ evid5ce4--,= a proposition :i* c be prov$ by evid5ce is n subject to dispute1 d5ial1 or rejection2 none b ! ignorant w\ld contradict x1 & su* contradiction is call$ 8d5ial ( a demon/rat$ pro(40 ,?us y f9d m5 :o d5y ! sph]ical =m ( ! e>?1 or ! circul> =m ( ! l9e 9 :i* ! />s move1 & ! l2 su* m5 are n consid]$ 9 ?is treatise4 ,?is confusion prevails mo/ly 9 metaphysical subjects1 less 9 problems relat+ to physics1 & is entirely abs5t f ! exact sci5ces4 ,alex&] ,aphrodisius said t !re are ?ree causes :i* prev5t m5 f discov]+ ! exact tru?3 fir/1 arrogance & va+lory2 secondly1 ! subtlety1 dep?1 & difficulty ( any subject :i* is be+ exam9$2 ?irdly1 ignorance & want ( capacity to compreh5d :at might be compreh5d$4 ,^! causes are enum]at$ by ,alex&]4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is a f\r? cause n m5tion$ by him1 because x did n !n prevail1 namely1 habit & tra9+4 ,we naturally l :at we h be5 accu/om$ to1 & are attract$ t[>ds x4 ,?is may be obs]v$ among/ villag]s2 ?\gh !y r>ely enjoy ! b5efit ( a d\*e or ba?1 & h few enjoym5ts1 & pass a life ( privation1 !y dislike t[n life & d n desire its pleasures1 pref]r+ ! inf]ior ?+s to :i* !y are accu/om$1 to ! bett] ?+s to :i* !y are /rang]s2 x w\ld give !m no satisfaction to live 9 palaces1 to be clo!d 9 silk1 & to indulge 9 ba?s1 o9tm5ts1 & p]fumes4 ,! same is ! case ) ^? op9ions ( man to :i* he has be5 accu/om$ f 8 y\?2 he likes !m1 def5ds !m1 & %uns ! opposite views4 ,?is is likewise "o ( ! causes :i* prev5t m5 f f9d+ tru?1 & :i* make !m cl+ to _! habitual op9ions4 ,su* is1 e4g41 ! case ) ! vulg> notions ) respect to ! corporeality ( ,god1 & _m o!r metaphysical que/ions1 z we %all expla94 ,x is ! result ( long famili>ity ) passages ( ! ,bible1 :i* !y are accu/om$ to respect & to receive z true1 & ! lit]al s5se ( :i* implies ! corporeality ( ,god & o!r false notions2 9 tru?1 h[ev]1 ^! words 7 employ$ z figures & metaphors = reasons to be m5tion$ bel[4 ,d n imag9e t :at we h said ( ! insuffici5cy ( our und]/&+ & ( its limit$ ext5t is an ass]tion f\nd$ only on ! ,bible2 = philosoph]s likewise ass]t ! same1 & p]fectly und]/& x1 )\t hav+ reg>d to any religion or op9ion4 ,x is a fact :i* is only d\bt$ by ^? :o ignore ?+s fully prov$4 ,?is *apt] is int5d$ z an introduction to ! next4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,y mu/ consid]1 :5 read+ ?is treatise1 t m5tal p]ception1 because connect$ ) matt]1 is subject to conditions simil> to ^? to :i* physical p]ception is subject4 ,t is to say1 if y\r eye looks ar\nd1 y c p]ceive all t is )9 ! range ( y\r vision2 if1 h[ev]1 y ov]/ra9 y\r eye1 ex]t+ x too mu* by attempt+ to see an object :i* is too di/ant = y\r eye1 or to exam9e writ+s or engrav+s too small = y\r sight1 & =c+ x to obta9 a correct p]ception ( !m1 y w n only weak5 y\r sight ) reg>d to t special object1 b also = ^? ?+s :i* y o!rwise are able to p]ceive3 y\r eye w h become too weak to p]ceive :at y 7 able to see be=e y ex]t$ y\rself & exce$$ ! limits ( y\r vision4 ,! same is ! case ) ! speculative faculties ( "o :o devotes himself to ! /udy ( any sci5ce4 ,if a p]son /udies too mu* & exhau/s 8 reflective p[]s1 he w be confus$1 & w n be able to appreh5d ev5 t :i* _h be5 )9 ! p[] ( 8 appreh5sion4 ,= ! p[]s ( ! body are all alike 9 ?is respect4 ,! m5tal p]ceptions are n exempt f a simil> condition4 ,if y admit ! d\bt1 & d n p]suade y\rself to believe t !re is a pro( = ?+s :i* _c be demon/rat$1 or to try at once to reject & positively to d5y an ass]tion ! opposite ( :i* has nev] be5 prov$1 or attempt to p]ceive ?+s :i* are beyond y\r p]ception1 !n y h atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( human p]fection1 !n y are l ,r4 ,akibha1 :o 89 peace ent]$ ! /udy ( ^! !ological problems1 & came out 9 peace40 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y attempt to exce$ ! limit ( y\r intellectual p[]1 or at once to reject ?+s z impossible :i* h nev] be5 prov$ to be impossible1 or :i* are 9 fact possible1 ?\gh _! possibility be v remote1 !n y w be l ,eli%a ,aer2 y w n only fail to become p]fect1 b y w become exce$+ly imp]fect4 ,ideas f\nd$ on m]e imag9ation w prevail ov] y1 y w incl9e t[>d defects1 & t[>d base & degrad$ habits1 on acc\nt ( ! confusion :i* tr\bles ! m9d1 & ( ! dimness ( its light1 j z weakness ( sight causes invalids to see _m k9ds ( unreal images1 especially :5 !y h look$ = a long "t at dazzl+ or at v m9ute objects4 ,respect+ ?is x has be5 said1 8,ha/ ?\ f\nd honey8 eat s mu* z is suffici5t = !e1 le/ ?\ be fill$ !re)1 & vomit x0 7,prov4 xxv4 #af74 ,our ,sages also appli$ ?is v]se to ,eli%a ,aer4 ,h[ excell5t is ?is simile6 ,9 comp>+ k to food 7z we obs]v$ 9 *ap4 xxx471 ! au?or ( ,prov]bs m5tions ! sweete/ food1 namely1 honey1 :i* has ! fur!r prop]ty ( irritat+ ! /oma*1 & ( caus+ sickness4 ,he ?us fully describes ! nature ( k4 ,?\gh great1 excell5t1 noble & p]fect1 x is injuri\s if n kept )9 b\nds or n gu>d$ prop]ly2 x is l honey :i* gives n\ri%m5t & is pleasant1 :5 eat5 9 mod]ation1 b is totally ?r[n away :5 eat5 immod]ately4 ,!re=e1 x is n said 8le/ ?\ be fill$ & loa! x10 b 8le/ ?\ vomit x40 ,! same idea is express$ 9 ! words1 8,x is n good to eat mu* honey0 7,prov4 xxv4 #bg72 & 9 ! words1 8,nei!r make ?yself ov]-wise2 :y %\ld/ ?\ de/roy ?yself80 7,eccles4 vii4 #af72 comp4 8,keep ?y foot :5 ?\ goe/ to ! h\se ( ,god0 7ibid4 v4 #a74 ,! same subject is allud$ to 9 ! words ( ,david1 8,nei!r d ,i ex]cise myself 9 great matt]s1 or 9 ?+s too high = me0 7,ps4 cxxxi4 #b71 & 9 ! say+s ( our ,sages3 8,d n inquire into ?+s :i* are too difficult = !e1 d n se>* :at is hidd5 f !e2 /udy :at y are all[$ to /udy1 & d n occupy ?yself ) my/]ies40 ,!y meant to say1 ,let ?y m9d only attempt ?+s :i* are )9 human p]ception2 = ! /udy ( ?+s :i* lie beyond man's compreh5sion is extremely injuri\s1 z has be5 already /at$4 ,?is lesson is also conta9$ 9 ! ,talmudical passage1 :i* beg9s1 8,he :o consid]s f\r ?+s10 etc41 & concludes1 8,he :o does n reg>d ! hon\r ( 8 ,creator02 "h also is giv5 ! advice :i* we h already m5tion$1 viz41 t man %\ld n ra%ly engage 9 speculation ) false conceptions1 & :5 he is 9 d\bt ab\t any?+1 or unable to f9d a pro( = ! object ( 8 inquiry1 he mu/ n at once ab&on1 reject & d5y x2 he mu/ mode/ly keep back1 & f reg>d to ! hon\r ( 8 ,creator1 hesitate f utt]+ an op9ion & pause4 ,?is has already be5 expla9$4 ,x 0 n ! object ( ! ,prophets & our ,sages 9 ^! utt]ances to close ! gate ( inve/igation entirely1 & to prev5t ! m9d f compreh5d+ :at is )9 its rea*1 z is imag9$ by simple & idle p1 :om x suits bett] to put =? _! ignorance & incapacity z wisdom & p]fection1 & to reg>d ! di/9ction & wisdom ( o!rs z irreligion & imp]fection1 ?us tak+ d>kness = light & light = d>kness4 ,! :ole object ( ! ,prophets & ! ,sages 0 to decl>e t a limit is set to human reason :]e x mu/ halt4 ,d n criticise ! words us$ 9 ?is *apt] & 9 o!rs 9 ref]5ce to ! m9d1 = we only int5d$ to give "s idea ( ! subject 9 view1 n to describe ! ess5ce ( ! intellect2 = o!r *apt]s h be5 d$icat$ to ?is subject4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,y mu/ "k t x is v injuri\s to beg9 ) ?is bran* ( philosophy1 viz41 ,metaphysics2 or to expla9 at fir/ ! s5se ( ! similes occurr+ 9 prophecies1 & int]pret ! metaphors :i* are employ$ 9 hi/orical acc\nts & :i* ab\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is necess>y to initiate ! "y & to in/ruct ! less intellig5t accord+ to _! compreh5sion2 ^? :o appe> to be tal5t$ & to h capacity = ! high] me?od ( /udy1 i4e41 t bas$ on pro( & on true logical argum5t1 %\ld be gradually advanc$ t[>ds p]fection1 ei!r by tuition or by self-in/ruction4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o beg9s ) ,metaphysics1 w n only become confus$ 9 matt]s ( religion1 b w fall into complete infidelity4 ,i comp>e su* a p]son to an infant f$ ) :eat5 bread1 meat & w9e2 x w und\bt$ly die1 n because su* food is naturally unfit = ! human body1 b because ( ! weakness ( ! *ild1 :o is unable to dige/ ! food1 & _c d]ive b5efit f x4 ,! same is ! case ) ! true pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,!y 7 pres5t$ 9 enigmas1 clad 9 riddles1 & taught by all wise m5 9 ! mo/ my/]i\s way t c\ld be devis$1 n because !y conta9 "s secret evil1 or are contr>y to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law 7z fools ?9k :o are only philosoph]s 9 _! own eyes71 b because ( ! incapacity ( man to compreh5d !m at ! beg9n+ ( 8 /udies3 only slight allusions h be5 made to !m to s]ve = ! guidance ( ^? :o are capable ( und]/&+ !m4 ,^! sci5ces 71 !re=e1 call$ ,my/]ies 7sodo?71 & ,secrets ( ! ,law 7sitre torah71 z we %all expla94 ,?is also is ! reason :y 8! ,torah speaks ! language ( man10 z we h expla9$1 = x is ! object ( ! ,torah to s]ve z a guide = ! in/ruction ( ! "y1 ( wom51 & ( ! common p2 & z all ( !m are incapable to compreh5d ! true s5se ( ! words1 tradition 0 consid]$ suffici5t to convey all tru?s :i* 7 to be e/abli%$2 & z reg>ds ideals1 only su* rem>ks 7 made z w\ld lead t[>ds a k ( _! exi/5ce1 ?\gh n to a compreh5sion ( _! true ess5ce4 ,:5 a man atta9s to p]fection1 & arrives at a k ( ! 8,secrets ( ! ,law10 ei!r ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( a tea*] or by self-in/ruction1 be+ l$ by ! und]/&+ ( "o "p to ! /udy ( ! o!r1 he w belong to ^? :o fai?fully believe 9 ! true pr9ciples1 ei!r because ( conclusive pro(1 :]e pro( is possible1 or by =cible argum5ts1 :]e argum5t is admissible2 he w h a true notion ( ^? ?+s :i* he previ\sly receiv$ 9 similes & metaphors1 & he w fully und]/& _! s5se4 ,we h frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ?is treatise ! pr9ciple ( our ,sages 8n to discuss ! ,maaseh ,m]cabah ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( "o pupil1 except he be wise & intellig5t2 & !n only ! head+s ( ! *apt]s are to be giv5 to him40 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 beg9 ) tea*+ ^! subjects accord+ to ! capacity ( ! pupil1 & on two conditions1 fir/1 t he be wise1 i4e41 t he %\ld h successfully gone ?r\gh ! prelim9>y /udies1 & secondly t he be intellig5t1 tal5t$1 cle>-head$1 & ( quick p]ception1 t is1 8h a m9d ( 8 own0 7meb9 middaato71 z our ,sages t]m$ x4 ,i w n[ proce$ to expla9 ! reasons :y we %\ld n in/ruct ! multitude 9 pure metaphysics1 or beg9 ) describ+ to !m ! true ess5ce ( ?+s1 or ) %[+ !m t a ?+ mu/ be z x is1 & _c be o!rwise4 ,?is w =m ! subject ( ! next *apt]2 & ,i proce$ to say-- ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,!re are five reasons :y in/ruction %\ld n beg9 ) ,metaphysics1 b %\ld at fir/ be re/rict$ to po9t+ out :at is fitt$ = notice & :at may be made manife/ to ! multitude4 ,fir/ ,reason4--,! subject itself is difficult1 subtle & pr(\nd1 8,f> (f & exce$+ deep1 :o c f9d x out80 7,eccles4 vii4 #bd74 ,! foll[+ words ( ,job may be appli$ to x3 8,:5ce !n come? wisdom8 & :]e is ! place ( und]/&+80 7,job xxviii4 #bj74 ,in/ruction %\ld n beg9 ) ab/ruse & difficult subjects4 ,9 "o ( ! similes conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 wisdom is comp>$ to wat]1 & among/ o!r int]pretations giv5 by our ,sages ( ?is simile1 occurs ! foll[+3 ,he :o c swim may br+ up pe>ls f ! dep? ( ! sea1 he :o is unable to swim w be dr[n$1 !re=e only su* p]sons z h _h prop] in/ruction %\ld expose !mselves to ! risk4 ,second ,reason4--,! intellig5ce ( man is at fir/ insuffici5t2 = he is n end[$ ) p]fection at ! beg9n+1 b at fir/ possesses p]fection only 9 pot5ti1 n 9 fact4 ,?us x is said1 8,& man is born a wild ass0 7,job xi4 #ab74 ,if a man possesses a c]ta9 faculty 9 pot5ti1 x does n foll[ t x mu/ become 9 him a reality4 ,he may possibly rema9 defici5t ei!r on acc\nt ( "s ob/acle1 or f want ( tra9+ 9 practices :i* w\ld turn ! possibility into a reality4 ,?us x is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! ,bible1 8,n _m are wise0 7ib41 xxxii4 #i72 also our ,sages say1 8,i notic$ h[ few 7 ^? :o atta9$ to a high] degree ( p]fection0 7,b4 ,t4 ,succah #de;a74 ,!re are _m ?+s :i* ob/ruct ! pa? to p]fection1 & :i* keep man away f x4 ,:]e c he f9d suffici5t prep>ation & leisure to le>n all t is necess>y 9 ord] to develop t p]fection :i* he has 9 pot5ti8 ,?ird ,reason4--,! prep>atory /udies are ( long duration1 & man1 9 8 natural desire to rea* ! goal1 f9ds !m frequ5tly too we>isome1 & does n wi% to be tr\bl$ by !m4 ,be conv9c$ t1 if man 7 able to rea* ! end )\t prep>atory /udies1 su* /udies w\ld n be prep>atory b tiresome & utt]ly sup]flu\s4 ,suppose y awak5 any p]son1 ev5 ! mo/ simple1 z if f sleep1 & y say to him1 ,d y n desire to "k :at ! heav5s are1 :at is _! numb] & _! =m2 :at be+s are conta9$ 9 !m2 :at ! angels are2 h[ ! creation ( ! :ole _w took place2 :at is its purpose1 & :at is ! relation ( its v>i\s p>ts to ea* o!r2 :at is ! nature ( ! s\l2 h[ x ent]s ! body2 :e!r x has an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & if s1 h[ x c exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! body2 by :at means & to :at purpose1 & simil> problems4 ,he w\ld und\bt$ly say 8,yes10 & %[ a natural desire = ! true k ( ^! ?+s2 b he w wi% to satisfy t desire & to atta9 to t k by li/5+ to a few words f y4 ,ask him to int]rupt 8 usual pursuits = a week1 till he le>n all ?is1 he w\ld n d x1 & w\ld be satisfi$ & cont5t$ ) imag9>y & mislead+ notions2 he w\ld refuse to believe t !re is any?+ :i* requires prep>atory /udies & p]sev]+ rese>*4 ,y1 h[ev]1 "k h[ all ^! subjects are connect$ toge!r2 = !re is no?+ else 9 exi/5ce b ,god & ,8 works1 ! latt] includ+ all exi/+ ?+s besides ,him2 we c only obta9 a k ( ,him ?r\gh ,8 works2 ,8 works give evid5ce ( ,8 exi/5ce1 & %[ :at mu/ be assum$ conc]n+ ,him1 t is to say1 :at mu/ be attribut$ to ,him ei!r affirmatively or negatively4 ,x is ?us necess>y to exam9e all ?+s accord+ to _! ess5ce1 to inf] f e species su* true & well e/abli%$ propositions z may assi/ u 9 ! solution ( metaphysical problems4 ,aga91 _m propositions bas$ on ! nature ( numb]s & ! prop]ties ( geometrical figures1 are useful 9 exam9+ ?+s :i* mu/ be negativ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 & ^! negations w lead u to fur!r inf]5ces4 ,y w c]ta9ly n d\bt ! necessity ( /udy+ a/ronomy & physics1 if y are desir\s ( compreh5d+ ! relation betwe5 ! _w & ,provid5ce z x is 9 reality1 & n accord+ to imag9ation4 ,!re are also _m subjects ( speculation1 :i*1 ?\gh n prep>+ ! way = metaphysics1 help to tra9 ! reason+ p[]1 enabl+ x to und]/& ! nature ( a pro(1 & to te/ tru? by *>act]i/ics ess5tial to x4 ,!y remove ! confusion aris+ 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ ?9k]s1 :o conf\nd accid5tal ) ess5tial prop]ties1 & likewise ! wrong op9ions result+ !refrom4 ,we may add1 t al?\gh !y d n =m ! basis = metaphysical rese>*1 !y assi/ 9 =m+ a correct notion ( ^! ?+s1 & are c]ta9ly useful 9 _m o!r ?+s connect$ ) t discipl9e4 ,consequ5tly he :o wi%es to atta9 to human p]fection1 mu/ !re=e fir/ /udy ,logic1 next ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,ma!matics 9 _! prop] ord]1 !n ,physics1 & la/ly ,metaphysics4 ,we f9d t _m :o h advanc$ to a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! /udy ( ^! discipl9es become we>y1 & /op2 t o!rs1 :o are end[$ ) suffici5t capacity1 are int]rupt$ 9 _! /udies by dea?1 :i* surprises !m :ile /ill engag$ ) ! prelim9>y c\rse4 ,n[1 if no k :atev] _h be5 giv5 to u by means ( tradition1 & if we _h n be5 br\ght to ! belief 9 a ?+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( similes1 we w\ld h be5 b\nd to =m a p]fect notion ( ?+s ) _! ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 & to believe only :at we c\ld prove3 a goal :i* c\ld only be atta9$ by long prep>ation4 ,9 su* a case mo/ p w\ld die1 )\t hav+ kn[n :e!r !re 0 a ,god or n1 mu* less t c]ta9 ?+s mu/ be ass]t$ ab\t ,him1 & o!r ?+s d5i$ z defects4 ,f su* a fate n ev5 8"o ( a city or two ( a family0 7,j]4 iii4 #ad7 w\ld h escap$4 ,z reg>ds ! privileg$ few1 8! remnant :om ! ,"l calls0 7,joel iii4 #e71 !y only atta9 ! p]fection at :i* !y aim aft] due prep>atory lab\r4 ,! necessity ( su* a prep>ation & ! ne$ ( su* a tra9+ = ! acquisition ( real k1 has be5 pla9ly /at$ by ,k+ ,solomon 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,if ! iron be blunt1 & he d n :et ! edge1 !n mu/ he put to m /r5g?2 & x is pr(itable to prep>e = wisdom0 7,eccles4 x4 #aj72 8,he> c\nsel1 & receive in/ruction1 t ?\ maye/ be wise 9 ?y latt] end0 7,prov4 xix4 #bj74 ,!re is /ill ano!r urg5t reason :y ! prelim9>y discipl9es %\ld be /udi$ & und]/ood4 ,dur+ ! /udy _m d\bts pres5t !mselves1 & ! difficulties1 or ! objections rais$ aga9/ c]ta9 ass]tions1 are soon und]/ood1 j z ! demolition ( a build+ is easi] ?an its erection2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x is impossible to prove an ass]tion1 or to remove any d\bts1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to sev]al propositions tak5 f ^! prelim9>y /udies4 ,he :o approa*es metaphysical problems )\t prop] prep>ation is l a p]son :o j\rneys t[>ds a c]ta9 place1 & on ! road falls into a deep pit1 out ( :i* he _c rise1 & he mu/ p]i% !re2 if he _h n gone =?1 b _h rema9$ at home1 x w\ld h be5 bett] = him4 ,solomon has expatiat$ 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs on slugg>ds & _! indol5ce1 by :i* he figuratively ref]s to indol5ce 9 ! se>* aft] wisdom4 ,he ?us speaks ( a man :o desires to "k ! f9al results1 b does n ex]t himself to und]/& ! prelim9>y discipl9es :i* lead to !m1 do+ no?+ else b desire4 8,! desire ( ! slo?ful kille? him2 = 8 h&s refuse to lab\r4 ,he covete? gre$ily all ! day long2 b ! righte\s give?1 & sp>e? n0 7,prov4 xxi4 #be1 #bf72 t is to say1 if ! desire kille? ! slo?ful1 x is because he neglects to seek ! ?+ :i* might satisfy 8 desire1 he does no?+ b desire1 & hopes to obta9 a ?+ )\t us+ ! means to rea* x4 ,x w\ld be bett] = him 7 he )\t t desire4 ,obs]ve h[ ! end ( ! simile ?r[s light on its beg9n+4 ,x concludes ) ! words 8b ! righte\s give?1 & sp>e? n02 ! anti!sis ( 8righte\s0 & 8slo?ful0 c only be ju/ifi$ on ! basis ( our int]pretation4 ,solomon ?us indicates t only su* a man is righte\s :o gives to ev]y?+ its due portion2 t is to say1 :o gives to ! /udy ( a ?+ ! :ole "t requir$ = x1 & does n devote any "p ( t "t to ano!r purpose4 ,! passage may !re=e be p>aphras$ ?us3 8,& ! righte\s man devotes 8 ways to wisdom1 & does n )hold any ( !m40 ,comp4 8,give n ?y /r5g? unto wom50 7,prov4 xxxi4 #c74 ,! majority ( s*ol>s1 t is to say1 ! mo/ fam\s 9 sci5ce1 are afflict$ ) ?is fail+1 viz41 t ( hurry+ at once to ! f9al results1 & ( speak+ ab\t !m1 )\t treat+ ( ! prelim9>y discipl9es4 ,l$ by folly or ambition to disreg>d ^? prep>atory /udies1 = ! atta9m5t ( :i* !y are ei!r incapable or too idle1 "s s*ol>s endeav\r to prove t ^! are injuri\s or sup]flu\s4 ,on reflection ! tru? w become obvi\s4 ,! ,f\r? ,reason is tak5 f ! physical con/itution ( man4 ,x has be5 prov$ t moral conduct is a prep>ation = intellectual progress1 & t only a man ^: "* is pure1 calm & /eadfa/1 c atta9 to intellectual p]fection2 t is1 acquire correct conceptions4 ,_m m5 are naturally s con/itut$ t all p]fection is impossible2 e4g41 he ^: he>t is v w>m & is himself v p[]ful1 is sure to be passionate1 ?\gh he tries to c\nt]act t disposition by tra9+2 he ^: te/icles are w>m1 humid1 & vigor\s1 & ! organs connect$ !re) are sur*>g$1 w n easily refra9 f s91 ev5 if he makes great ef=ts to re/ra9 himself4 ,y also f9d p]sons ( great levity & ra%ness1 ^: excit$ mann]s & wild ge/ures prove t _! con/itution is 9 disord]1 & _! temp]am5t s bad t x _c be cur$4 ,su* p]sons c nev] atta9 to p]fection2 x is utt]ly useless to occupy oneself ) !m on su* a subject z ,metaphysics4 ,= ?is sci5ce is1 z y "k1 diff]5t f ! sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e & ( ,geometry1 &1 f ! reason already m5tion$1 x is n e p]son :o is capable ( approa*+ x4 ,x is impossible = a man to /udy x successfully )\t moral prep>ation2 he mu/ acquire ! highe/ degree ( uprightness & integrity1 8= ! fr[>d is an abom9ation to ! ,"l1 b ,8 secret is ) ! righte\s0 7,prov4 iii4 #cb74 ,!re=e x 0 consid]$ inadvisable to tea* x to "y m52 nay1 x is impossible = !m to compreh5d x1 on acc\nt ( ! heat ( _! blood & ! flame ( y\?1 :i* confuses _! m9ds2 t heat1 :i* causes all ! disord]1 mu/ fir/ disappe>2 !y mu/ h become mod]ate & settl$1 humble 9 _! he>ts1 & subdu$ 9 _! temp]am5t2 only !n w !y be able to arrive at ! highe/ degree ( ! p]ception ( ,god1 i4e41 ! /udy ( ,metaphysics1 :i* is call$ ,maaseh ,m]cabah ,comp4 8,! ,"l is nigh unto !m t are ( a brok5 he>t0 7,ps4 xxxiv4 #ah72 8,i dwell 9 ! high & l(ty place1 ) him also t is ( a contrite & humble _s2 to revive ! _s ( ! humble1 & to revive ! he>t ( ! contrite ones0 7,isa4 lvii4 #ae74 ,!re=e ! rule1 8! head+s ( ! sections may be confid$ to him10 is fur!r re/rict$ 9 ! ,talmud1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! head+s ( ! sections mu/ only be h&$ d[n to an ,ab-bet-d9 7,presid5t ( ! ,c\rt71 ^: he>t is full ( c>e1 i4e41 9 :om wisdom is unit$ ) humility1 meekness1 & a great dread ( s94 ,x is fur!r /at$ !re3 8,! secrets ( ! ,law c only be communicat$ to a c\nsellor1 s*ol>1 & good orator40 ,^! qualities c only be acquir$ if ! physical con/itution ( ! /ud5t fav\r _! developm5t4 ,y c]ta9ly "k t "s p]sons1 ?\gh exce$+ly able1 are v weak 9 giv+ c\nsel1 :ile o!rs are ready ) prop] c\nsel & good advice 9 social & political matt]s4 ,a p]son s end[$ is call$ 8c\nsellor0 & may be unable to compreh5d purely ab/ract notions1 ev5 su* z are simil> to common s5se4 ,he is unacqua9t$ ) !m1 & has no tal5t :atev] = !m2 we apply to him ! words3 8,:]e=e is !re a price 9 ! h& ( a fool to get wisdom1 see+ he ha? no he>t to x80 7,prov4 xvii4 #af74 ,o!rs are intellig5t & naturally cle>-sight$1 able to convey complicat$ ideas 9 concise & well *os5 language1--su* a p]son is call$ 8a good orator10 b he has n be5 engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 or has n acquir$ any k ( x4 ,^? :o h actually acquir$ a k ( ! sci5ces1 are call$ 8wise 9 arts0 7or 8s*ol>s072 ! ,hebrew t]m = 8wise 9 arts0--akam ara%im--has be5 expla9$ 9 ! ,talmud z imply+1 t :5 su* a man speaks1 all become1 z x 71 spee*less4 ,n[1 consid] h[1 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,rabbis1 ! admission ( a p]son into disc\rses on metaphysics is made dep5d5t on di/9ction 9 social qualities1 & /udy ( philosophy1 z well z on ! possession ( cle>-sight$ness1 intellig5ce1 eloqu5ce1 & ability to communicate ?+s by slight allusions4 ,if a p]son satisfies ^! requirem5ts1 ! secrets ( ! ,law are confid$ to him4 ,9 ! same place we also read ! foll[+ passage3--,r4 ,jo*anan said to ,r4 ,elas>1 8,come1 ,i w tea* y ,maaseh ,m]cabah40 ,! reply 01 8,i am n yet old10 or 9 o!r words1 ,i h n yet become old1 ,i /ill p]ceive 9 myself ! hot blood & ! ra%ness ( y\?4 ,y le>n f ?is t1 9 addition to ! above-nam$ good qualities1 a c]ta9 age is also requir$4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld any p]son speak on ^! metaphysical !mes 9 ! pres5ce ( ord9>y p1 ( *ildr51 & ( wom56 ,fif? ,reason4--,man is di/urb$ 9 8 intellectual occupation by ! necessity ( look+ aft] ! mat]ial wants ( ! body1 especially if ! necessity ( provid+ = wife & *ildr5 be sup]add$2 mu* m s if he seeks sup]fluities 9 addition to 8 ord9>y wants1 = by cu/om & bad habits ^! become a p[]ful motive4 ,ev5 ! p]fect man to :om we h ref]r$1 if too busy ) ^! necess>y ?+s1 mu* m s if busy ) unnecess>y ?+s1 & fill$ ) a great desire = !m--mu/ weak5 or altoge!r lose 8 desire = /udy1 to :i* he w apply himself ) int]ruption1 lassitude1 & want ( att5tion4 ,he w n atta9 to t = :i* he is fitt$ by 8 abilities1 or he w acquire imp]fect k1 a confus$ mass ( true & false ideas4 ,= ^! reasons x 0 prop] t ! /udy ( ,metaphysics %\ld h be5 exclusively cultivat$ by privileg$ p]sons1 & n entru/$ to ! common p4 ,x is n = ! beg9n]1 & he %\ld ab/a9 f x1 z ! little *ild has to ab/a9 f tak+ solid food & f c>ry+ heavy weights4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,d n ?9k t :at we h laid d[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s on ! importance1 obscurity1 & difficulty ( ! subject1 & its unsuitabl5ess = communication to ord9>y p]sons1 includes ! doctr9e ( ,god's incorporeality & ,8 exemption f all affections 774 ,?is is n ! case4 ,= 9 ! same way z all p mu/ be in=m$1 & ev5 *ildr5 mu/ be tra9$ 9 ! belief t ,god is ,"o1 & t none besides ,him is to be wor%ipp$1 s mu/ all be taught by simple au?ority t ,god is incorporeal2 t !re is no simil>ity 9 any way :atsoev] betwe5 ,him & ,8 creatures2 t ,8 exi/5ce is n l ! exi/5ce ( ,8 creatures1 ,8 life n l t ( any liv+ be+1 ,8 wisdom n l ! wisdom ( ! wise/ ( m52 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,him & ,8 creatures is n m]ely quantitative1 b absolute z betwe5 two individuals ( two diff]5t classes2 ,i mean to say t all mu/ und]/& t our wisdom & ,81 or our p[] & ,8 d n diff] quantitatively or qualitatively1 or 9 a simil> mann]2 = two ?+s1 ( :i* ! "o is /rong & ! o!r weak1 are necess>ily simil>1 belong to ! same class1 & c be includ$ 9 "o def9ition4 ,! same is ! case ) all o!r comp>isons2 !y c only be made betwe5 two ?+s belong+ to ! same class1 z has be5 %[n 9 works on ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,any?+ pr$icat$ ( ,god is totally diff]5t f our attributes2 no def9ition c compreh5d bo?2 !re=e ,8 exi/5ce & t ( any o!r be+ totally diff] f ea* o!r1 & ! t]m exi/5ce is appli$ to bo? homonym\sly1 z ,i %all expla94 ,?is suffices = ! guidance ( *ildr5 & ( ord9>y p]sons :o mu/ believe t !re is a ,be+ exi/+1 p]fect1 incorporeal1 n inh]5t 9 a body z a =ce 9 x--,god1 :o is above all k9ds ( defici5cy1 above all affections4 ,b ! "q conc]n+ ! attributes ( ,god1 _! inadmissibility1 & ! mean+ ( ^? attributes :i* are ascrib$ to ,him2 conc]n+ ! ,creation1 ,8 ,provid5ce1 9 provid+ = ev]y?+2 conc]n+ ,8 w1 ,8 p]ception1 ,8 k ( ev]y?+2 conc]n+ prophecy & its v>i\s degrees2 conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ,8 names :i* imply ! idea ( unity1 ?\gh !y are m ?an "o2 all ^! ?+s are v difficult problems1 ! true 8,secrets ( ! ,law0 ! 8secrets0 m5tion$ s frequ5tly 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets1 & 9 ! words ( our ,tea*]s1 ! subjects ( :i* we %\ld only m5tion ! head+s ( ! *apt]s1 z we h already /at$1 & only 9 ! pres5ce ( a p]son satisfy+ ! above-nam$ conditions4 ,t ,god is incorporeal1 t ,he _c be comp>$ ) ,8 creatures1 t ,he is n subject to ext]nal influ5ce2 ^! are ?+s :i* mu/ be expla9$ to e "o accord+ to 8 capacity1 & !y mu/ be taught by way ( tradition to *ildr5 & wom51 to ! /upid & ignorant1 z !y are taught t ,god is ,"o1 t ,he is et]nal1 & t ,he alone is to be wor%ipp$4 ,)\t incorporeality !re is no unity1 = a corporeal ?+ is 9 ! fir/ case n simple1 b compos$ ( matt] & =m :i* are two sep>ate ?+s by def9ition1 & secondly1 z x has ext5sion x is also divisible4 ,:5 p]sons h receiv$ ?is doctr9e1 & h be5 tra9$ 9 ?is belief1 & are 9 consequ5ce at a loss to reconcile x ) ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets1 ! mean+ ( ! latt] mu/ be made cle> & expla9$ to !m by po9t+ out ! homonymity & ! figurative application ( c]ta9 t]ms discuss$ 9 ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,_! belief 9 ! unity ( ,god & 9 ! words ( ! ,prophets w !n be a true & p]fect belief4 ,^? :o are n suffici5tly intellig5t to compreh5d ! true int]pretation ( ^! passages 9 ! ,bible1 or to und]/& t ! same t]m admits ( two diff]5t int]pretations1 may simply be told t ! scriptural passage is cle>ly und]/ood by ! wise1 b t !y %\ld cont5t !mselves ) kn[+ t ,god is incorporeal1 t ,he is nev] subject to ext]nal influ5ce1 z passivity implies a *ange1 :ile ,god is entirely free f all *ange1 t ,he _c be comp>$ to any?+ besides ,himself1 t no def9ition includes ,him toge!r ) any o!r be+1 t ! words ( ! ,prophets are true1 & t difficulties met ) may be expla9$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,?is may suffice = t class ( p]sons1 & x is n prop] to leave !m 9 ! belief t ,god is corporeal1 or t ,he has any ( ! prop]ties ( mat]ial objects1 j z !re is no ne$ to leave !m 9 ! belief t ,god does n exi/1 t !re are m ,gods ?an "o1 or t any o!r be+ may be wor%ipp$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,i %all expla9 to y1 :5 speak+ on ! attributes ( ,god1 9 :at s5se we c say t a p>ticul> ?+ pleases ,him1 or excites ,8 ang] & ,8 wra?1 & 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 p]sons t ,god 0 pleas$ ) !m1 0 angry ) !m1 or 0 9 wra? aga9/ !m4 ,?is is n ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt]2 ,i int5d to expla9 9 x :at ,i am n[ go+ to say4 ,y mu/ "k1 t 9 exam9+ ! ,law & ! books ( ! ,prophets1 y w n f9d ! expressions 8burn+ ang]10 8provocation10 or 8jeal\sy0 appli$ to ,god except 9 ref]5ce to idolatry2 & t none b ! idolat] call$ 8enemy10 8adv]s>y10 or 8hat] ( ! ,"l40 ,comp4 8,& ye s]ve o!r gods1 444 & !n ! ,"l's wra? w be k9dl$ aga9/ y0 7,deut4 xi4 #af1 #ag72 8,le/ ! ang] ( ! ,"l ?y ,god be k9dl$ aga9/ !e40 etc4 7ib4 vi4 #ae72 8,to provoke him to ang] ?r\gh ! "w ( y\r h&s0 7ib4 xxxi4 #bi72 8,!y h mov$ me to jeal\sy ) t :i* is n ,god2 !y h provok$ me to ang] ) _! vanities0 7ib4 xxxii4 #ba72 8,= ! ,"l ?y ,god is a jeal\s ,god0 7ib4 vi4 #ae72 8,:y h !y provok$ me to ang] ) _! grav5 images1 & ) /range vanities80 7,j]4 viii4 #ai72 8,because ( ! provok+ ( 8 sons & ( 8 daught]s0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ai72 8,= a fire is k9dl$ 9 m9e ang]0 7ib4 #bb72 8,! ,"l w take v5geance on ,8 adv]s>ies1 & he res]ve? wra? = 8 enemies0 7,nah4 i4 #b72 8,& repaye? !m t hate ,him0 7,deut4 vii4 #aj72 8,until ,he ha? driv5 out ,8 enemies f be=e ,him0 7,num4 xxxii4 #ba72 8,:i* ! ,"l ?y ,god hate?0 7,deut4 xvi4 #bb72 8,= e abom9ation to ! ,"l1 :i* ,he hate?1 h !y done unto _! gods0 7ib4 xii4 #ca74 ,in/ances l ^! are innum]able2 & if y exam9e all ! examples met ) 9 ! holy writ+s1 y w f9d t !y confirm our view4 ,! ,prophets 9 _! writ+s laid special /ress on ?is1 because x conc]ns errors 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 i4e41 x conc]ns idolatry4 ,= if any "o believes t1 e4g41 ,zaid is /&+1 :ile 9 fact he is sitt+1 he does n deviate f tru? s mu* z "o :o believes t fire is "u ! air1 or t wat] is "u ! e>?1 or t ! e>? is a plane1 or ?+s simil> to ^!4 ,! latt] does n deviate s mu* f tru? z "o :o believes t ! sun consi/s ( fire1 or t ! heav5s =m a hemisph]e1 & simil> ?+s2 9 ! ?ird in/ance ! deviation f tru? is less ?an ! deviation ( a man :o believes t angels eat & dr9k1 & ! l4 ,! latt] aga9 deviates less f tru? ?an "o :o believes t some?+ besides ,god is to be wor%ipp$2 = ignorance & error conc]n+ a great ?+1 i4e41 a ?+ :i* has a high position 9 ! univ]se1 are ( great] importance ?an ^? :i* ref] to a ?+ :i* occupies a l[] place2--by 8error0 ,i mean ! belief t a ?+ is diff]5t f :at x really is2 by 8ignorance10 ! want ( k respect+ ?+s ! k ( :i* c be obta9$4 ,if a p]son does n "k ! measure ( ! cone1 or ! sph]icity ( ! sun1 x is n s important z n to "k :e!r ,god exi/s1 or :e!r ! _w exi/s )\t a ,god2 & if a man assumes t ! cone is half 7( ! cyl9d]71 or t ! sun is a circle1 x is n s injuri\s z to believe t ,god is m ?an ,"o4 ,y mu/ "k t idolat]s :5 wor%ipp+ idols d n believe t !re is no ,god besides !m2 & no idolat] ev] did assume t any image made ( metal1 /one1 or wood has creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & /ill gov]ns !m4 ,idolatry is f\nd$ on ! idea t a p>ticul> =m repres5ts ! ag5t betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures4 ,?is is pla9ly said 9 passages l ! foll[+3 8,:o w\ld n fe> !e1 ,o k+ ( nations80 7,j]4 x4 #g72 8,& 9 e place inc5se is (f]$ unto my "n0 7,mal4 i4 #aa72 by 8my "n0 allusion is made to ! ,be+ :i* is call$ by !m i4e41 ! idolat]s 8! ,fir/ ,cause40 ,we h already expla9$ ?is 9 our l>g] "w 7,mi%neh ,torah1 ,i4 ,on ,idolatry1 *ap4 i471 & none ( our co-religioni/s c d\bt x4 ,! infidels1 h[ev]1 ?\gh believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator1 attack ! exclusive pr]ogative ( ,god1 namely1 ! s]vice & wor%ip :i* 0 comm&$1 9 ord] t ! belief ( ! p 9 ,8 exi/5ce %\ld be firmly e/abli%$1 9 ! words1 8,& y %all s]ve ! ,"l10 etc4 7,exod4 xxiii4 #be74 ,by transf]r+ t pr]ogative to o!r be+s1 !y cause ! p1 :o only notice ! rites1 )\t compreh5d+ _! mean+ or ! true "* ( ! be+ :i* is wor%ipp$1 to r5\nce _! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,!y 7 !re=e puni%$ ) dea?2 comp4 8,?\ %alt save alive no?+ t brea!?0 7,deut4 xx4 #af74 ,! object ( ?is comm&m5t1 z is di/9ctly /at$1 is to extirpate t false op9ion1 9 ord] t o!r m5 %\ld n be corrupt$ by x any m2 9 ! words ( ! ,bible 8t !y tea* y n10 etc4 7ib4 #ah74 ,!y are call$ 8enemies10 8foes10 8adv]s>ies02 by wor%ipp+ idols !y are said to provoke ,god to jeal\sy1 ang]1 & wra?4 ,h[ great1 !n1 mu/ be ! (f5ce ( him :o has a wrong op9ion ( ,god ,himself1 & believes ,him to be diff]5t f :at ,he truly is1 i4e41 assumes t ,he does n exi/1 t ,he consi/s ( two elem5ts1 t ,he is corporeal1 t ,he is subject to ext]nal influ5ce1 or ascribes to ,him any defect :atev]4 ,su* a p]son is und\bt$ly worse ?an he :o wor%ips idols 9 ! belief t !y1 z ag5ts1 c d good or evil4 ,!re=e be> 9 m9d t by ! belief 9 ! corporeality or 9 any?+ connect$ ) corporeality1 y w\ld provoke ,god to jeal\sy & wra?1 k9dle ,8 fire & ang]1 become ,8 foe1 ,8 enemy1 & ,8 adv]s>y 9 a high] degree ?an by ! wor%ip ( idols4 ,if y ?9k t !re is an excuse = ^? :o believe 9 ! corporeality ( ,god on ! gr\nd ( _! tra9+1 _! ignorance or _! defective compreh5sion1 y mu/ make ! same concession to ! wor%ipp]s ( idols2 _! wor%ip is due to ignorance1 or to e>ly tra9+1 8!y cont9ue 9 ! cu/om ( _! fa!rs40 7,t4 ,b4 ,hull91 #ac;a7 ,y w p]haps say t ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,bible causes m5 to fall into t d\bt1 b y mu/ "k t idolat]s 7 likewise br\ght to _! belief by false imag9ations & ideas4 ,!re is no excuse :atev] = ^? :o1 be+ unable to ?9k = !mselves1 d n accept ! doctr9e ( ! incorporeality ( ,god f ! true philosoph]s4 ,i d n consid] ^? m5 z infidels :o are unable to prove ! incorporeality1 b ,i hold ^? to be s :o d n believe x1 especially :5 !y see t ,onkelos & ,jona?an avoid 9 ref]5ce to ,god expressions imply+ corporeality z mu* z possible4 ,?is is all ,i int5d$ to say 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,! ,hebrew t]m panim 7face7 is homonym\s2 mo/ ( its v>i\s mean+s h a figurative "*4 ,x d5otes 9 ! fir/ place ! face ( a liv+ be+2 comp4 8,& all faces are turn$ into pal5ess0 7,j]4 xxx4 #f72 8,:]e=e are y\r faces s sad80 7,g54 xl4 #g74 ,9 ?is s5se ! t]m occurs frequ5tly4 ,! next mean+ ( ! ^w is 8ang]02 comp4 8,& h] ang] 7paneha7 0 gone0 7#a ,sam4 i4 #ah74 ,accord+ly1 ! t]m is frequ5tly us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god 9 ! s5se ( ang] & wra?2 comp4 8,! ang] 7p5e7 ( ! ,"l ha? divid$ !m0 7,lam4 iv4 #af72 8,! ang] 7p5e7 ( ! ,"l is aga9/ !m t d evil0 7,ps4 xxxiv4 #ag72 8,m9e ang] 7panai7 %all g & ,i w give !e re/0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #ad72 8,!n w ,i set m9e ang]0 7panai7 7,lev4 xx4 #c72 !re are _m o!r in/ances4 ,ano!r mean+ ( ! ^w is 8! pres5ce & exi/5ce ( a p]son02 comp4 8,he di$ 9 ! pres5ce 7p5e7 i4e41 9 ! lifetime ( all 8 bre?r50 7,g54 xxv4 #ah72 8,& 9 ! pres5ce 7p5e7 ( all ! p ,i w be glorifi$0 7,lev4 x4 #c72 8,he w surely curse !e 9 ?y v pres5ce0 7paneka7 7,job i4 #aa74 ,9 ! same s5se ! ^w is us$ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 8,& ! ,"l spake unto ,moses face to face10 i4e41 bo? be+ pres5t1 )\t any int]v5+ m$ium betwe5 !m4 ,comp4 8,come1 let u look "o ano!r 9 ! face0 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #h72 & also 8,! ,"l talk$ ) y face to face0 7,deut4 v4 #d72 in/ead ( :i* we read m pla9ly 9 ano!r place1 8,ye he>d ! voice ( ! words1 b saw no similitude2 only ye he>d a voice0 7ib4 iv4 #ab74 ,! he>+ ( ! voice )\t see+ any similitude is t]m$ 8face to face40 ,simil>ly d ! words1 8,& ! ,"l spake unto ,moses face to face0 correspond to 8,!re he he>d ! voice ( "o speak+ unto him0 7,num4 vii4 #hi71 9 ! description ( ,god's speak+ to ,moses4 ,?us x w be cle> to y t ! p]ception ( ! ,div9e voice )\t ! int]v5tion ( an angel is express$ by 8face to face40 ,9 ! same s5se ! ^w panim mu/ be und]/ood 9 8,& my face 7panai7 %all n be se50 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #bc72 i4e41 my true exi/5ce1 z x is1 _c be compreh5d$4 ,! ^w panim is also us$ 9 ,hebrew z an adv]b ( place1 9 ! s5se ( 8be=e10 or 8betwe5 ! h&s40 ,9 ?is s5se x is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god2 s also 9 ! passage1 8,& my face 7panai7 %all n be se510 accord+ to ,onkelos1 :o r5d]s x1 8,& ^? be=e me %all n be se540 ,he f9ds "h an allusion to ! fact1 t !re are also high] creat$ be+s ( su* sup]iority t _! true nature _c be p]ceiv$ by man2 viz41 ! ideals1 sep>ate intellects1 :i* 9 _! relation to ,god are describ$ z be+ con/antly be=e ,him1 or betwe5 ,8 h&s1 i4e41 z enjoy+ un9t]rupt$ly ! close/ att5tion ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,he1 i4e41 ,onkelos1 consid]s t ! ?+s :i* are describ$ z completely p]ceptible are ^? be+s :i*1 z reg>ds exi/5ce1 are inf]ior to ! ideals1 viz41 sub/ance & =m2 9 ref]5ce to :i* we are told1 8,& ?\ %alt see t :i* is beh9d me0 7ibid471 i4e41 be+s1 f :i*1 z x 71 ,i turn away1 & :i* ,i leave beh9d me4 ,?is figure is to repres5t ! utt] remot5ess ( su* be+s f ! ,deity4 ,y %all lat] on 7*ap4 liv47 he> my explanation ( :at ,moses1 our tea*]1 ask$ =4 ,! ^w is also us$ z an adv]b ( "t1 mean+ 8be=e40 ,comp4 8,9 =m] "t 7le-phanim7 9 ,israel0 7,ru? iv4 #g72 8,( old 7le-phanim7 ha/ ,?\ laid ! f\ndation ( ! e>?0 7,ps4 cii4 #be74 ,ano!r signification ( ! ^w is 8att5tion & reg>d40 ,comp4 8,?\ %alt n h reg>d 7p5e7 to ! poor0 7,lev4 xx4 #ae72 8,& a p]son receiv+ att5tion 7panim70 7,isa4 iii4 #c72 8,:o does n %[ reg>d 7panim710 etc4 7,deut4 x4 #ag1 etc474 ,! ^w panim 7face7 has a simil> signification 9 ! bless+1 8,! ,"l turn 8 face to !e0 7i4e41 ,! ,"l let 8 provid5ce accompany !e71 8& give !e peace40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,! ,hebrew t]m aor is a homonym4 ,x is a n\n1 signify+ 8back40 ,comp4 8,beh9d 7aare7 ! tab]nacle0 7,exod4 xxvi4 #ab72 8,! spe> came out beh9d him 7aarav70 7#b ,sam4 ii4 #bc74 ,x is next us$ 9 ref]5ce to "t1 signify+ 8aft]02 8nei!r aft] him 7aarav7 arose !re any l him0 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #be72 8,aft] 7aar7 ^! ?+s0 7,g54 xv4 #a74 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w occurs frequ5tly4 ,! t]m includes also ! idea ( foll[+ a ?+ & ( con=m+ ) ! moral pr9ciples ( "s o!r be+4 ,comp4 8,ye %all walk aft] 7aare7 ! ,"l1 y\r ,god0 7,deut4 xiii4 #e72 8,!y %all walk aft] 7aare7 ! ,"l0 7,hos4 xi4 #aj71 i4e41 foll[ ,8 w1 walk 9 ! way ( ,8 actions1 & imitate ,8 virtues2 8,he walk$ aft] 7aare7 ! comm&m5t0 7ib4 v4 #aa74 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w occurs 9 ,exodus xxxiii4 #bj1 8,& ?\ %alt see my back0 7aorai72 ?\ %alt p]ceive t :i* foll[s me1 is simil> to me1 & is ! result ( my w1 i4e41 all ?+s creat$ by me1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,! ,hebrew leb 7he>t7 is a homonym\s n\n1 signify+ t organ :i* is ! s\rce ( life to all be+s possess+ a he>t4 ,comp4 8,& ?ru/ !m ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,absalom0 7#a ,sam4 xviii4 #ad74 ,?is organ be+ 9 ! middle ( ! body1 ! ^w has be5 figuratively appli$ to express 8! middle "p ( a ?+40 ,comp4 8unto ! mid/ 7leb7 ( heav50 7,deut4 iv4 #aa72 8! mid/ 7labba?7 ( fire0 7,exod4 iii4 #b74 ,x fur!r d5otes 8?\ght40 ,comp4 8,w5t n m9e he>t ) !e80 7#b ,k+s v4 #bf71 i4e41 ,i 0 ) !e 9 my ?\ght :5 a c]ta9 ev5t happ5$4 ,simil>ly mu/ be expla9$1 8,& t ye seek n aft] y\r own he>t0 7,num4 xv4 #ci71 i4e41 aft] y\r own ?\ghts2 8,^: he>t 7i4e41 ^: ?\ght71 turne? away ?is day0 7,deut4 xxix4 #ah74 ,! ^w fur!r signifies 8c\nsel40 ,comp4 8,all ! re/ ( ,israel 7 ( "o he>t 7i4e41 _h "o plan7 to make ,david k+0 7#a ,*ron4 xii4 #ch72 8b fools die = want ( he>t10 i4e41 ( c\nsel2 8,my he>t 7i4e41 my c\nsel7 %all n turn away f ?is s long z ,i live0 7,job xxvii4 #f72 = ?is s5t5ce is prec$$ by ! words1 8,my righte\sness ,i hold fa/1 & w n let x g02 & !n foll[s1 8my he>t %all nev] turn away f ?is40--,z reg>ds ! expression yeeraf1 ,i ?9k t x may be comp>$ ) ! same v]b 9 ! =m nerefet1 8a h&maid betro!d 7nerefet7 to a man0 7,lev4 xix4 #bj71 :]e nerefet is simil> 9 mean+ to ! ,arabic munarifat1 8turn+ away10 & signifies 8turn+ f ! /ate ( slav]y to t ( m>riage40 ,leb 7he>t7 d5otes also 8w02 comp4 8,& ,i %all give y pa/ors accord+ to my w 7libbi70 7,j]4 iii4 #ae71 8,is ?9e he>t "r z my he>t is80 7#b ,k+s x4 #ae71 i4e41 is ?y w "r z my w is8 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w has be5 figuratively appli$ to ,god4 ,comp4 8,t %all d accord+ to t :i* is 9 m9e he>t & 9 my s\l0 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #ce71 i4e41 accord+ to ,my w2 8,& m9e eyes & m9e he>t 7i4e41 ,my provid5ce & ,my w7 %all be !re p]petually0 7#a ,k+s ix4 #c74 ,! ^w is also us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8und]/&+40 ,comp4 8,= va9 man w be end[$ ) a he>t0 7,job xi4 #ab71 i4e41 w be wise2 8,a wise man's he>t is at 8 "r h&0 7,eccles4 x4 #b71 i4e41 8 und]/&+ is engag$ 9 p]fect ?\ghts1 ! highe/ problems4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are num]\s4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se1 namely1 t ( und]/&+1 t ! ^w is us$ :5ev] figuratively appli$ to ,god2 b exceptionally x is also us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8w40 ,x mu/1 9 ea* passage1 be expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! context4 ,also1 9 ! foll[+ & simil> passages1 x signifies 8und]/&+02 8,consid] x 9 ?9e he>t0 7,deut4 iv4 #ci72 8,& none consid]e? 9 8 he>t0 7,isa4 xliv4 #ai74 ,?us1 also1 8,yet ! ,"l ha? n giv5 y an he>t to p]ceive10 is id5tical 9 its mean+ ) 8,unto !e x 0 %[n t ?\ mighte/ "k0 7,deut4 iv4 #ce74 ,z to ! passage1 8,& ?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t0 7,ib4 vi4 #e71 ,i expla9 8) all ?9e he>t0 to mean 8) all ! p[]s ( ?9e he>t10 t is1 ) all ! p[]s ( ! body1 = !y all h _! orig9 9 ! he>t2 & ! s5se ( ! entire passage is3 make ! k ( ,god ! aim ( all ?y actions1 z we h /at$ 9 our ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah 7,abo?1 ,eight ,*apt]s1 v471 & 9 our ,mi%neh ,torah1 yesode hatorah1 *ap4 ii4 #b4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,rua is a homonym1 signify+ 8air10 t is1 "o ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,comp4 8,& ! air ( ,god mov$0 7,g54 i4 #b74 ,x d5otes also1 8w9d40 ,comp4 8,& ! ea/ w9d 7rua7 br\ght ! locu/s0 7,exod4 x4 #ac72 8we/ w9d0 7rua7 7ib4 #ai74 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w occurs frequ5tly4 ,next1 x signifies 8brea?40 ,comp4 8,a brea? 7rua7 t passe? away1 & does n come aga90 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #ci72 8:]e9 is ! brea? 7rua7 ( life0 7,g54 vii4 #ae74 ,x signifies also t :i* rema9s ( man aft] 8 dea?1 & is n subject to de/ruction4 ,comp4 8,& ! _s 7rua7 %all return unto ,god :o gave x0 7,eccles4 xii4 #g74 ,ano!r signification ( ?is ^w is 8! div9e inspiration ( ! prophets :]eby !y prophesy0--z we %all expla91 :5 speak+ on prophecy1 z f> z x is opportune to discuss ?is subject 9 a treatise l ?is4--,comp4 8,& ,i w take ( ! _s 7rua7 :i* is ^u !e1 & w put x ^u !m0 7,num4 xi4 #ag72 8,& x came to pass1 :5 ! _s 7rua7 re/$ ^u !m0 7ib4 #be72 8,! _s 7rua7 ( ! ,"l spake by me0 7#b ,sam4 xxiii4 #b74 ,! t]m is frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,! mean+ ( 8int5tion10 8w10 is likewise conta9$ 9 ! ^w rua4 ,comp4 8,a fool utt]e? all 8 _s0 7rua7 7,prov4 xxix4 #aa71 i4e41 8 int5tion & w2 8,& ! _s 7rua7 ( ,egypt %all fail 9 ! mid/ !re(1 & ,i w de/roy ! c\nsel !re(0 7,isa4 xix4 #c71 i4e41 h] int5tions w be fru/rat$1 & h] plans w be obscur$2 8,:o has compreh5d$ ! _s 7rua7 ( ! ,"l1 or :o is famili> ) 8 c\nsel t he may tell u80 7,isa4 xl4 #ac71 i4e41 ,:o kn[s ! ord] fix$ by ,8 w1 or p]ceives ! sy/em ( ,8 ,provid5ce 9 ! exi/+ _w1 t he may tell u8 z we %all expla9 9 ! *apt]s 9 :i* we %all speak on ,provid5ce4 ,?us ! ,hebrew rua1 :5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 has g5]ally ! fif? signification2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 z expla9$ above1 ! la/ signification1 viz41 8w40 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w 9 ea* individual case is !re=e to be det]m9$ by ! context4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,! ,hebrew nefe% 7s\l7 is a homonym\s n\n1 signify+ ! vitality :i* is common to all liv+1 s5ti5t be+s4 ,e4g4 8:]e9 !re is a liv+ s\l0 7nefe%7 7,g54 i4 #cj74 ,x d5otes also blood1 z 9 8,?\ %alt n eat ! blood 7nefe%7 ) ! meat0 7,deut4 xii4 #bc74 ,ano!r signification ( ! t]m is 8reason10 t is1 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( man1 z 9 8,z ! ,"l live? t made u ?is s\l0 7,j]4 xxxviii4 #af74 ,x d5otes also ! "p ( man t rema9s aft] 8 dea? 7nefe%1 s\l72 comp4 8,b ! s\l 7nefe%7 ( my "l %all be b\nd 9 ! bundle ( life0 7#a ,sam4 xxv4 #bi74 ,la/ly1 x d5otes 8w02 comp4 8,to b9d 8 pr9ces at 8 w0 7be-naf%o7 7,ps4 cv4 #bb72 8,?\ wilt n deliv] me unto ! w 7be-nefe%7 ( my enemies0 7,ps4 xli4 #c72 & accord+ to my op9ion1 x has ?is mean+ also 9 ! foll[+ passages1 8,if x be y\r w 7naf%ekem7 t ,i %\ld bury my dead0 7,g54 xxiii4 #h72 8,?\gh ,moses & ,samuel /ood be=e me1 yet my w 7naf%i7 c\ld n be t[>d ?is p0 7,j]4 xv4 #a71 t is1 ,i _h no pleasure 9 !m1 ,i did n wi% to pres]ve !m4 ,:5 nefe% is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 x has ! mean+ 8w10 z we h already expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! passage1 8,t %all d accord+ to t :i* is 9 my w 7bi-lebabi7 & 9 m9e int5tion 7be-naf%i70 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #ce74 ,simil>ly we expla9 ! phrase1 8,& 8 w 7naf%o7 to tr\ble ,israel ceas$0 7,judg4 x4 #af74 ,jona?an1 ! son ( ,uzziel 9 ! ,t>gum ( ! ,prophets1 did n translate ?is passage1 because he und]/ood naf%i to h ! fir/ signification1 & f9d+1 !re=e1 9 ^! words s5sation ascrib$ to ,god1 he omitt$ !m f 8 translation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 nefe% be "h tak5 9 ! la/ signification1 ! s5t5ce c well be expla9$4 ,= 9 ! passage :i* prec$es1 x is /at$ t ,provid5ce ab&on$ ! ,israelites1 & left !m on ! br9k ( dea?2 !n !y cri$ & pray$ = help1 b 9 va94 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y _h ?or\ghly rep5t$1 :5 _! mis]y _h increas$1 & _! enemy _h _h p[] ov] !m1 ,he %[$ m]cy to !m1 & ,8 w to cont9ue _! tr\ble & mis]y ceas$4 ,note x well1 = x is rem>kable4 ,! preposition ba 9 ?is passage has ! =ce ( ! preposition m9 78f0 or 8(072 & baamal is id5tical ) meamal4 ,gramm>ians give _m in/ances ( ?is use ( ! preposition ba3 8,& t :i* rema9e? ( 7ba7 ! fle% & ( 7ba7 ! bread0 7,lev4 viii4 #cb72 8,if !re rema9s b few ( 7ba7 ! ye>s0 7ib4 xxv4 #eb72 8,( 7ba7 ! /rang]s & ( 7ba7 ^? born 9 ! l&0 7,exod4 xii4 #ai74 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ai 78liv+07 signifies a s5ti5t organism 7lit4 8gr[+0 & 8hav+ s5sation071 comp4 8,e mov+ ?+ t live?0 7,g54 ix4 #c72 x also d5otes recov]y f a sev]e illness3 8,& 0 recov]$ 7va-yei7 ( 8 sickness0 7,isa4 xxxviii4 #i72 8,9 ! camp till !y recov]$0 7ayotam7 7,jo%4 v4 #h72 8quick1 raw 7ai7 fle%0 7,lev4 xiii4 #aj74 ,mavet signifies 8dea?0 & 8sev]e illness10 z 9 8,8 he>t di$ 7va-yamot7 )9 him1 & he became z a /one0 7#a ,sam4 xxv4 #cg71 t is1 8 illness 0 sev]e4 ,= ?is reason x is /at$ conc]n+ ! son ( ! woman ( ,z>epha?1 8,& 8 sickness 0 s sore1 t !re 0 no brea? left 9 him0 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #ag74 ,! simple expression va-yamo? w\ld h giv5 ! idea t he 0 v ill1 ne> dea?1 l ,nabal :5 he he>d :at _h tak5 place4 ,"s ( ! ,&alusian au?ors say t 8 brea? 0 susp5d$1 s t no brea?+ c\ld be p]ceiv$ at all1 z sometimes an invalid is seiz$ ) a fa9t+ fit or an attack ( asphyxia1 & x _c be discov]$ :e!r he is alive or dead2 9 ?is condition ! pati5t may rema9 a day or two4 ,! t]m ai has also be5 employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! acquisition ( wisdom4 ,comp4 8,s %all !y be life 7ayyim7 unto ?y s\l0 7,prov4 iii4 #bb72 8,= :oso f9de? me f9de? life0 7ib4 viii4 #ce72 8,= !y are life 7ayyim7 to ^? t f9d !m0 7ib4 iv4 #bb74 ,su* in/ances are num]\s4 ,9 accordance ) ?is metaphor1 true pr9ciples are call$ life1 & corrupt pr9ciples dea?4 ,?us ! ,almighty says1 8,see1 ,i h set be=e !e ?is day life & good & dea? & evil0 7,deut4 xxx4 #ae71 %[+ t 8life0 & 8good10 8dea?0 & 8evil10 are id5tical1 & !n ,he expla9s ^! t]ms4 ,9 ! same way ,i und]/& ,8 words1 8,t ye may live0 7ib4 v4 #cc71 9 accordance ) ! traditional int]pretation ( 8,t x may be well ) !e0 scil4 9 ! life to come 7ib4 xxii4 #g74 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! frequ5t use ( ?is figure 9 our language our ,sages said1 8,! righte\s ev5 9 dea? are call$ liv+1 :ile ! wick$ ev5 9 life are call$ dead40 7,talm4 ,b4 ,b]akho?1 p4 #gh74 ,note ?is well4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,! ,hebrew kanaf is a homonym2 mo/ ( its mean+s are metaphorical4 ,its prim>y signification is 8w+ ( a fly+ creature10 e4g41 8,any w+$ 7kanaf7 f[l t flie? 9 ! air0 7,deut4 iv4 #ag74 ,! t]m 0 next appli$ figuratively to ! w+s or corn]s ( g>m5ts2 comp4 8^u ! f\r corn]s 7kanfo?7 ( ?y ve/ure0 7ib4 xxii4 #ab74 ,x 0 also us$ to d5ote ! ends ( ! inhabit$ "p ( ! e>?1 & ! corn]s t are mo/ di/ant f our habitation4 ,comp4 8,t x might take hold ( ! ends 7kanfo?7 ( ! e>?0 7,job xxxviii4 #ac72 8,f ! utt]mo/ "p 7k5af7 ( ! e>? h we he>d songs0 7,isa4 xxiv4 #af74 ,ibn ,gana 79 8 ,book ( ,hebrew ,roots7 says t k5af is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8conceal+10 9 analogy ) ! ,arabic kanaftu al%aian1 8,i h hidd5 some?+10 & accord+ly expla9s1 ,isaiah xxx4 #bj1 8,& ?y tea*] w no long] be hidd5 or conceal$40 ,x is a good explanation1 & ,i ?9k t k5af has ! same mean+ 9 ,deut]onomy xxiii4 #a1 8,he %all n take away ! cov] 7k5af7 ( 8 fa!r02 also 91 8,spread1 !re=e1 ?y cov] 7k5afeka7 ov] ?9e h&maid0 7,ru? iii4 #i74 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,i ?9k1 ! ^w is figuratively appli$ to ,god & to angels 7= angels are n corporeal1 accord+ to my op9ion1 z ,i %all expla974 ,ru? ii4 #ab mu/ !re=e be translat$ 8,"u ^: protection 7k5afav7 ?\ art come to tru/02 & :]ev] ! ^w occurs 9 ref]5ce to angels1 x means concealm5t4 ,y h surely notic$ ! words ( ,isaiah 7,isa4 vi4 #b71 8,) twa9 he cov]$ 8 face1 & ) twa9 he cov]$ 8 feet40 ,_! mean+ is ?is3 ,! cause ( 8 7! angel's7 exi/5ce is hidd5 & conceal$2 ?is is meant by ! cov]+ ( ! face4 ,! ?+s ( :i* he 7! angel7 is ! cause1 & :i* are call$ 88 feet0 7z ,i /at$ 9 speak+ ( ! homonym regel71 are likewise conceal$2 = ! actions ( ! intellig5ces are n se51 & _! ways are1 except aft] long /udy1 n und]/ood1 on acc\nt ( two reasons--! "o ( :i* is conta9$ 9 _! own prop]ties1 ! o!r 9 ourselves2 t is to say1 because our p]ception is imp]fect & ! ideals are difficult to be fully compreh5d$4 ,z reg>ds ! phrase 8& ) twa9 he flie?10 ,i %all expla9 9 a special *apt] 7xlix47 :y flight has be5 attribut$ to angels4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,! ,hebrew ay9 is a homonym1 signify+ 8f\nta902 e4g41 8,by a f\nta9 7en7 ( wat]0 7,g54 xvi4 #g74 ,x next d5otes 8eye02 comp4 7ay97 8,eye = eye0 7,exod4 xxi4 #bd74 ,ano!r mean+ ( ! ^w is 8provid5ce10 z x is said conc]n+ ,j]emiah1 8,take him & direct ?9e att5tion 7eneka7 to him0 7,j]4 xxxix4 #ab74 ,9 ?is figurative s5se x is to be und]/ood :5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god2 e4g41 8,& my provid5ce & my pleasure %all be !re p]petually0 7#a ,k+s ix4 #c71 z we h already expla9$ 7page #adj72 8,! eyes 7ene71 i4e41 ! ,provid5ce ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 are always ^u x0 7,deut4 xi4 #ab72 8,!y are ! eyes 7ene7 ( ! ,"l1 :i* run to & fro ?r\gh ! :ole e>?0 7,ze*4 iv4 #aj71 i4e41 ,8 provid5ce is ext5d$ ov] ev]y?+ t is on e>?1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! *apt]s 9 :i* we %all treat ( ,provid5ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ^w 8eye0 is connect$ ) ! v]b 8to see10 7raah or azah7 z 9 8,op5 ?9e eyes1 & see0 7#a ,k+s xix4 #af72 8,8 eyes behold0 7,ps4 xi4 #d71 ! phrase d5otes p]ception ( ! m9d1 n t ( ! s5ses2 = e s5sation is a passive /ate1 z is well kn[n to y1 & ,god is active1 nev] passive1 z w be expla9$ by me4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,%ama is us$ homonym\sly4 ,x signifies 8to he>10 & also 8to obey40 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ signification1 comp4 8,nei!r let x be he>d out ( ?y m\?0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ac72 8,& ! fame !re( 0 he>d 9 ,ph>aoh's h\se0 7,g54 xlv4 #af74 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are num]\s4 ,equally frequ5t are ! in/ances ( ?is v]b be+ us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8to obey03 8,& !y he>k5$ 7%ame7 n unto ,moses0 7,exod4 vi4 #i74 8,if !y obey 7yi%me7 & s]ve him0 7,job xxxvi4 #aa72 8,%all we !n he>k5 7ni%ma7 unto y0 7,neh4 xiii4 #bg72 8,:osoev] w n he>k5 7yi%ma7 unto ?y words0 7,jo%4 i4 #ah74 ,! v]b also signifies 8to "k0 78to und]/&071 comp4 8,a nation ^: tongue1 i4e41 its language1 ?\ %alt n und]/&0 7ti%ma7 7,deut4 xxviii4 #di74 ,! v]b %ama1 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 mu/ be tak5 9 ! s5se ( p]ceiv+1 :i* is "p ( ! ?ird signification1 :5ev]1 accord+ to ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! passage1 x appe>s to h ! fir/ mean+3 comp4 8,& ! ,"l he>d x0 7,num4 xi4 #a72 8,= t ,he he>e? y\r murmur+s0 7,exod4 xvi4 #g74 ,9 all su* passages m5tal p]ception is meant4 ,:51 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! lit]al int]pretation ! v]b appe>s to h ! second signification1 x implies t ,god respond$ to ! pray] ( man & fulfill$ 8 wi%1 or did n respond & did n fulfil 8 wi%3 8,i w surely he> 8 cry0 7,exod4 xxii4 #bc72 8,i w he>1 = ,i am graci\s0 7ib4 #bg72 8,b[ d[n ?9e e>1 & he>0 7#b ,k+s xix4 #af72 8,b ! ,"l w\ld n he>k5 to y\r voice1 nor give e> unto y0 7,deut4 i4 #de72 8,yea1 :5 ye make _m pray]s1 ,i w n he>0 7,isa4 i4 #ae72 8,= ,i w n he> !e0 7,j]4 vii4 #af74 ,!re are _m in/ances 9 :i* %ama has ?is s5se4 ,rem>ks w n[ be pres5t$ to y on ^! metaphors & similes1 :i* w qu5* y\r ?ir/1 & expla9 to y all _! mean+s )\t leav+ a d\bt4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi ,we h already /at$1 9 "o ( ! *apt]s ( ?is treatise1 t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 br++ to view ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ & demon/rat+ its true ess5ce4 ,we c lead o!rs to notice ! exi/5ce ( an object by po9t+ to its accid5ts1 actions1 or ev5 mo/ remote relations to o!r objects3 e4g41 if y wi% to describe ! k+ ( a c\ntry to "o ( 8 subjects :o does n "k him1 y c give a description & an acc\nt ( 8 exi/5ce 9 _m ways4 ,y w ei!r say to him1 ! tall man ) a fair complexion & grey hair is ! k+1 ?us describ+ him by 8 accid5ts2 or y w say1 ! k+ is ! p]son r\nd :om are se5 a great multitude ( m5 on horse & on foot1 & soldi]s ) drawn swords1 ov] ^: head bann]s are wav+1 & be=e :om trumpets are s\nd$2 or x is ! p]son liv+ 9 ! palace 9 a p>ticul> region ( a c]ta9 c\ntry2 or x is ! p]son :o ord]$ ! build+ ( t wall1 or ! con/ruction ( t bridge2 or by "s o!r simil> acts & ?+s relat+ to him4 ,8 exi/5ce c be demon/rat$ 9 a /ill m indirect way1 e4g41 if y are ask$ :e!r ?is l& has a k+1 y w und\bt$ly answ] 9 ! affirmative4 8,:at pro( h y80 8,! fact t ?is bank] "h1 a weak & little p]son1 /&s be=e ?is l>ge mass ( gold pieces1 & t poor man1 tall & /rong1 :o /&s be=e him ask+ 9 va9 = alms ( ! weight ( a c>ob-gra91 is rebuk$ & is compell$ to g away by ! m]e =ce ( words2 = _h he n fe>$ ! k+1 he w\ld1 )\t hesitation1 h kill$ ! bank]1 or pu%$ him away & tak5 z mu* ( ! money z he c\ld40 ,consequ5tly1 ?is is a pro( t ?is c\ntry has a rul] & 8 exi/5ce is prov$ by ! well-regulat$ affairs ( ! c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! k+ is respect$ & ! puni%m5ts decre$ by him are fe>$4 ,9 ?is :ole example no?+ is m5tion$ t indicat$ 8 *>act]i/ics1 & 8 ess5tial prop]ties1 by virtue ( :i* he is k+4 ,! same is ! case ) ! in=mation conc]n+ ! ,creator giv5 to ! ord9>y classes ( m5 9 all prophetical books & 9 ! ,law4 ,= x 0 f\nd necess>y to tea* all ( !m t ,god exi/s1 & t ,he is 9 e respect ! mo/ p]fect ,be+1 t is to say1 ,he exi/s n only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! e>? & ! heav5s exi/1 b ,he exi/s & possesses life1 wisdom1 p[]1 activity1 & all o!r prop]ties :i* our belief 9 ,8 exi/5ce mu/ include1 z w be %[n bel[4 ,t ,god exi/s 0 !re=e %[n to ord9>y m5 by means ( similes tak5 f physical bodies2 t ,he is liv+1 by a simile tak5 f motion1 because ord9>y m5 consid] only ! body z fully1 truly1 & und\bt$ly exi/+2 t :i* is connect$ ) a body b is itself n a body1 al?\gh believ$ to exi/1 has a l[] degree ( exi/5ce on acc\nt ( its dep5d5ce on ! body = exi/5ce4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i* is nei!r itself a body1 nor a =ce )9 a body1 is n exi/5t accord+ to man's fir/ notions1 & is above all exclud$ f ! range ( imag9ation4 ,9 ! same mann] motion is consid]$ by ! ord9>y man z id5tical ) life2 :at _c move volunt>ily f place to place has no life1 al?\gh motion is n "p ( ! def9ition ( life1 b an accid5t connect$ ) x4 ,! p]ception by ! s5ses1 especially by he>+ & see+1 is be/ kn[n to u2 we h no idea or notion ( any o!r mode ( communication betwe5 ! s\l ( "o p]son & t ( ano!r ?an by means ( speak+1 i4e41 by ! s\nd produc$ by lips1 tongue1 & ! o!r organs ( spee*4 ,:51 !re=e1 we are to be in=m$ t ,god has a k ( ?+s1 & t communication is made by ,him to ! ,prophets :o convey x to u1 !y repres5t ,him to u z see+ & he>+1 i4e41 z p]ceiv+ & kn[+ ^? ?+s :i* c be se5 & he>d4 ,!y repres5t ,him to u z speak+1 i4e41 t communications f ,him rea* ! ,prophets2 t is to be und]/ood by ! t]m 8prophecy10 z w be fully expla9$4 ,god is describ$ z work+1 because we d n "k any o!r mode ( produc+ a ?+ except by direct t\*4 ,he is said to h a s\l 9 ! s5se t ,he is liv+1 because all liv+ be+s are g5]ally suppos$ to h a s\l2 al?\gh ! t]m s\l is1 z has be5 %[n1 a homonym4 ,aga91 s9ce we p]=m all ^! actions only by means ( corporeal organs1 we figuratively ascribe to ,god ! organs ( locomotion1 z feet1 & _! soles2 organs ( he>+1 see+1 & smell+1 z e>1 eye1 & nose2 organs & sub/ance ( spee*1 z m\?1 tongue1 & s\nd2 organs = ! p]=mance ( "w1 z h&1 its f+]s1 its palm1 & ! arm4 ,9 %ort1 ^! organs ( ! body are figuratively ascrib$ to ,god1 :o is above all imp]fection1 to express t ,he p]=ms c]ta9 acts2 & ^! acts are figuratively ascrib$ to ,him to express t ,he possesses c]ta9 p]fections diff]5t f ^? acts !mselves4 ,e4g41 we say t ,he has eyes1 e>s1 h&s1 a m\?1 a tongue1 to express t ,he sees1 he>s1 acts1 & speaks2 b see+ & he>+ are attribut$ to ,him to indicate simply t ,he p]ceives4 ,y ?us f9d 9 ,hebrew in/ances 9 :i* ! p]ception ( ! "o s5se is nam$ in/ead ( ! o!r2 ?us1 8,see ! ^w ( ! ,"l0 7,j]4 ii4 #ca71 9 ! same mean+ z 8,he> ! ^w ( ! ,"l10 = ! s5se ( ! phrase is1 8,p]ceive :at ,he says02 simil>ly ! phrase1 8,see ! smell ( my son0 7,g54 xxvii4 #bg7 has ! same mean+ z 8,smell ! smell ( my son10 = x relates to ! p]ception ( ! smell4 ,9 ! same way are us$ ! words1 8,& all ! p saw ! ?und]s & ! lightn+s0 7,exod4 xx4 #ae71 al?\gh ! passage also conta9s ! description ( a prophetical vision1 z is well kn[n & und]/ood among our p4 ,action & spee* are likewise figuratively appli$ to ,god1 to express t a c]ta9 influ5ce has emanat$ f ,him1 z w be expla9$ 7*ap4 lxv4 & *ap4 lxvi474 ,! physical organs :i* are attribut$ to ,god 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets are ei!r organs ( locomotion1 indicat+ life2 organs ( s5sation1 indicat+ p]ception2 organs ( t\*1 indicat+ action2 or organs ( spee*1 indicat+ ! div9e inspiration ( ! ,prophets1 z w be expla9$4 ,! object ( all ^! indications is to e/abli% 9 our m9ds ! notion ( ! exi/5ce ( a liv+ be+1 ! ,mak] ( ev]y?+1 :o also possesses a k ( ! ?+s :i* ,he has made4 ,we %all expla91 :5 we come to speak ( ! inadmissibility ( ,div9e attributes1 t all ^! v>i\s attributes convey b "o notion1 viz41 t ( ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,! sole object ( ?is *apt] is to expla9 9 :at s5se physical organs are ascrib$ to ! ,mo/ ,p]fect ,be+1 namely1 t !y are m]e indications ( ! actions g5]ally p]=m$ by means ( ^! organs4 ,su* actions be+ p]fections respect+ ourselves1 are pr$icat$ ( ,god1 because we wi% to express t ,he is mo/ p]fect 9 e respect1 z we rem>k$ above 9 expla9+ ! ,rabb9ical phrase1 8,! language ( ! ,torah is l ! language ( man40 ,in/ances ( organs ( locomotion be+ appli$ to ! ,creator occur z foll[s3--8,my foot/ool0 7,isa4 lxvi4 #a72 8! place ( ! soles ( my feet0 7,ezek4 xliii4 #g74 ,= examples ( organs ( t\* appli$ to ,god1 comp4 8! h& ( ! ,"l0 7,exod4 ix4 #c72 8) ! f+] ( ,god0 7ib4 xxxi4 #ah72 8! "w ( ?y f+]s0 7,ps4 viii4 #d71 8,& ?\ ha/ laid ?9e h& ^u me0 7ib4 cxxxix4 #e72 8,! arm ( ! ,"l0 7,isa4 liii4 #a72 8,?y "r h&1 ,o ,"l0 7,exod4 xv4 #f74 ,9 in/ances l ! foll[+1 organs ( spee* are attribut$ to ,god3 8,! m\? ( ! ,"l has spok50 7,isa4 i4 #bj72 8,& ,he w\ld op5 ,8 lips aga9/ !e0 7,job xi4 #e72 8,! voice ( ! ,"l is p[]ful0 7,ps4 xxix4 #d72 8,& 8 tongue z a dev\r+ fire0 7,isa4 xxx4 #bg74 ,organs ( s5sation are attribut$ to ,god 9 in/ances l ! foll[+3 8,8 eyes behold1 ,8 eyelids try0 7,ps4 xi4 #d72 8,! eyes ( ! ,"l :i* run to & fro0 7,ze*4 iv4 #aj72 8,b[ d[n ?9e e> unto me1 & he>0 7#b ,k+s xix4 #af72 8,y h k9dl$ a fire 9 my no/ril0 7,j]4 xvii4 #e74 ,( ! inn] p>ts ( ! human body only ! he>t is figuratively appli$ to ,god1 because 8he>t0 is a homonym1 & d5otes also 8intellect02 x is besides ! s\rce ( animal life4 ,9 phrases l 8my b[els are tr\bl$ = him0 7,j]4 xxxi4 #bj72 8,! s\nd+ ( ?y b[els0 7,isa4 lxiii4 #ae71 ! t]m 8b[els0 is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8he>t02 = ! t]m 8b[els0 is us$ bo? 9 a g5]al & 9 a specific mean+2 x d5otes specifically 8b[els10 b m g5]ally x c be us$ z ! "n ( any inn] organ1 includ+ 8he>t40 ,! correctness ( ?is argum5t c be prov$ by ! phrase 8,& ?y law is )9 my b[els0 7,ps4 xl4 #i71 :i* is id5tical ) 8,& ?y law is )9 my he>t40 ,= t reason ! prophet employ$ 9 ?is v]se ! phrase 8my b[els are tr\bl$0 7& 8! s\nd+ ( ?y b[els072 ! v]b hamah is 9 fact us$ m frequ5tly 9 connection ) 8he>t10 ?an ) any o!r organ2 comp4 8,my he>t make? a noise 7homeh7 9 me0 7,j]4 iv4 #ai74 ,simil>ly1 ! %\ld] is nev] us$ z a figure 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 because x is kn[n z a m]e in/rum5t ( transport1 & also comes into close contact ) ! ?+ :i* x c>ries4 ,) f> great] reason ! organs ( nutrition are nev] attribut$ to ,god2 !y are at once recogniz$ z signs ( imp]fection4 ,9 fact all organs1 bo? ! ext]nal & ! int]nal1 are employ$ 9 ! v>i\s actions ( ! s\l2 "s1 z e4g41 all inn] organs1 are ! means ( pres]v+ ! individual = a c]ta9 "t2 o!rs1 z ! organs ( g5]ation1 are ! means ( pres]v+ ! species2 o!rs are ! means ( improv+ ! condition ( man & br++ 8 actions to p]fection1 z ! h&s1 ! feet1 & ! eyes1 all ( :i* t5d to r5d] motion1 action1 & p]ception m p]fect4 ,animate be+s require motion 9 ord] to be able to approa* t :i* is conducive to _! welf>e1 & to move away f ! opposite2 !y require ! s5ses 9 ord] to be able to disc]n :at is injuri\s to !m & :at is b5eficial4 ,9 addition1 man requires v>i\s k9ds ( h&iwork1 to prep>e 8 food1 clo?+1 & dwell+2 & he is compell$ by 8 physical con/itution to p]=m su* "w1 namely1 to prep>e :at is good = him4 ,"s k9ds ( "w also occur among c]ta9 animals1 z f> z su* "w is requir$ by ^? animals4 ,i d n believe t any man c d\bt ! correctness ( ! ass]tion t ! ,creator is n 9 ne$ ( any?+ = ! cont9uance ( ,8 exi/5ce1 or = ! improvem5t ( ,8 condition4 ,!re=e1 ,god has no organs1 or1 :at is ! same1 ,he is n corporeal2 ,8 actions are accompli%$ by ,8 ,ess5ce1 n by any organ1 & z und\bt$ly physical =ces are connect$ ) ! organs1 ,he does n possess any su* =ces1 t is to say1 ,he has1 besides ,8 ,ess5ce1 no?+ t c\ld be ! cause ( ,8 action1 ,8 k1 or ,8 w1 = attributes are no?+ b =ces "u a diff]5t "n4 ,x is n my int5tion to discuss ! "q 9 ?is *apt]4 ,our ,sages laid d[n a g5]al pr9ciple1 by :i* ! lit]al s5se ( ! physical attributes ( ,god m5tion$ by ! prophets is reject$2 a pr9ciple :i* evid5tly %[s t our ,sages 7 f> f ! belief 9 ! corporeality ( ,god1 & t !y did n ?9k any p]son capable ( misund]/&+ x1 or ent]ta9+ any d\bt ab\t x4 ,= t reason !y employ 9 ! ,talmud & ! ,midra%im phrases simil> to ^? conta9$ 9 ! prophecies1 )\t any circumlocution2 !y knew t !re c\ld n be any d\bt ab\t _! metaphorical "*1 or any dang] :atev] ( _! be+ misund]/ood2 & t all su* expressions w\ld be und]/ood z figurative language1 employ$ to communicate to ! intellect ! notion ( ,8 exi/5ce4 ,n[1 x 0 well kn[n t 9 figurative language ,god is comp>$ to a k+ :o comm&s1 cautions1 puni%es1 & rew>ds1 8 subjects1 & ^: s]vants & att5dants publi% 8 ord]s1 s t !y might be act$ ^u1 & !y also execute :atev] he wi%es4 ,?us ! ,sages adopt$ t figure1 us$ x frequ5tly1 & introduc$ su* spee*1 cons5t1 & refusal ( a k+1 & o!r usual acts ( k+s1 z became necess>y by t figure4 ,9 all ^! in/ances !y 7 sure t no d\bt or confusion w\ld arise f x4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple allud$ to above is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ say+ ( our ,sages1 m5tion$ 9 ,b]e%i? ,rabba 7c4 xxvii471 8,great 0 ! p[] ( ! ,prophets2 !y comp>$ ! creature to its ,creator2 comp4 #8,& ov] ! resemblance ( ! ?rone 0 a resemblance l ! appe>ance ( man'0 7,ezek4 i4 #bf74 ,!y h ?us pla9ly /at$ t all ^? images :i* ! ,prophets p]ceiv$1 i4e4 9 prophetic visions1 are images creat$ by ,god4 ,?is is p]fectly correct2 = e image 9 our imag9ation has be5 creat$4 ,h[ pregnant is ! expression1 8,great is _! boldness60 ,!y indicat$ by x1 t !y !mselves f\nd x v rem>kable2 = :5ev] !y p]ceiv$ a ^w or act difficult to expla91 or app>5tly objectionable1 !y us$ t phrase2 e4g41 a c]ta9 ,rabbi has p]=m$ ! act 7( 8aliah07 ) a slipp]1 alone & by night4 ,ano!r ,rabbi1 !reupon exclaim$ 8,h[ great is 8 boldness to h foll[$ ! op9ion ( ! m9ority40 ,! ,*aldee phrase rab gubreh 9 ! orig9al ( ! latt] quotation1 & ! ,hebrew gadol koo 9 t ( ! =m] quotation1 h ! same mean+1 viz41 ,great is ! p[] ( 7or ! boldness (74 ,h5ce1 9 ! prec$+ quotation1 ! s5se is1 ,h[ rem>kable is ! language :i* ! ,prophets 7 oblig$ to use :5 !y speak ( ,god ! ,creator 9 t]ms signify+ prop]ties ( be+s creat$ by ,him4 ,?is des]ves att5tion4 ,our ,sages h ?us /at$ 9 di/9ct & pla9 t]ms t !y are f> f believ+ 9 ! corporeality ( ,god2 & 9 ! figures & =ms se5 9 a prophetical vision1 ?\gh belong+ to creat$ be+s1 ! ,prophets1 to use ! words ( our ,sages1 8comp>$ ! creature to its ,creator40 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] ^! explanations1 any "o wi%es out ( malice to cavil at !m1 & to f9d fault ) !m1 ?\gh _! me?od is nei!r compreh5d$ nor und]/ood by him1 ! ,sages o4b4m4 w su/a9 no injury by x4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii ,we h already /at$ sev]al times t ! prophetic books nev] attribute to ,god any?+ :i* ord9>y m5 consid] a defect1 or :i* !y _c 9 _! imag9ation comb9e ) ! idea ( ! ,almighty1 al?\gh su* t]ms may n o!rwise be diff]5t f ^? :i* 7 employ$ z metaphors 9 relation to ,god4 ,inde$ all ?+s :i* are attribut$ to ,god are consid]$ 9 "s way to be p]fection1 or c at lea/ be imag9$ z app]ta9+ to ,him4 ,we mu/ n[ %[ :y1 accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 ! s5ses ( he>+1 sight & smell1 are attribut$ to ,god1 b n ^? ( ta/e & t\*4 ,he is equally elevat$ above ! use ( all ! five s5ses2 !y are all defective z reg>ds p]ception1 ev5 = ^? :o h no o!r s\rce ( k2 because !y are passive1 receive impressions f )\t1 & are subject to int]ruptions & suff]+s1 z mu* z ! o!r organs ( ! body4 ,by say+ t ,god sees1 we mean to /ate t ,he p]ceives visible ?+s2 8,he he>s0 is id5tical ) say+ 8,he p]ceives audible ?+s02 9 ! same way we might say1 8,he ta/es & ,he t\*es10 9 ! s5se ( 8,he p]ceives objects :i* man p]ceives by means ( ta/e & t\*40 ,=1 z reg>ds p]ception1 ! s5ses are id5tical2 if we d5y ! exi/5ce ( "o s5sation 9 ,god1 we mu/ d5y t ( all o!r s5sations1 i4e41 ! p]ceptions ( ! five s5ses2 & if we attribute ! exi/5ce ( "o s5sation to ,him1 i4e41 ! p]ception app]ta9+ to "o ( ! s5ses1 we mu/ attribute all ! five s5sations4 ,nev]!less1 we f9d 9 ,holy ,writ1 8,& ,god saw0 7,g54 vi4 #e72 8,& ,god he>d0 7,num4 xi4 #a72 8,& ,god smelt0 7,g54 viii4 #ba72 b we d n meet ) ! expressions1 8,& ,god ta/$10 8,& ,god t\*$40 ,accord+ to our op9ion ! reason ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! idea1 :i* has a firm hold 9 ! m9ds ( all m51 t ,god does n come into contact ) a body 9 ! same mann] z "o body comes into contact ) ano!r1 s9ce ,he is n ev5 se5 by ! eye4 ,:ile ^! two s5ses1 namely1 ta/e & t\*1 only act :5 9 close contact ) ! object1 by sight1 he>+1 & smell1 ev5 di/ant objects are p]ceiv$4 ,^!1 !re=e1 7 consid]$ by ! multitude appropriate expressions to be figuratively appli$ to ,god4 ,besides1 ! object 9 figuratively apply+ ! s5sations to ,him1 c\ld only h be5 to express t ,he p]ceives our actions2 b he>+ & sight are suffici5t = t1 namely1 = ! p]ception ( :at a man does or says4 ,?us our ,sages1 among o!r admonitions1 gave ! foll[+ advice & w>n+3 8,"k :at is above !e1 a see+ eye1 & a he>+ e>40 7,mi%nah ,abot1 ii4 #a47 ,y1 h[ev]1 "k t1 /rictly speak+1 ! condition ( all ! s5sations is ! same1 t ! same argum5t :i* is employ$ aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( t\* & ta/e 9 ,god1 may be us$ aga9/ sight1 he>+1 & smell2 = !y all are mat]ial p]ceptions & impressions :i* are subject to *ange4 ,!re is only ?is diff]5ce1 t ! =m]1 t\* & ta/e1 are at once recogniz$ z defici5cies1 :ile ! o!rs are consid]$ z p]fections4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! defect ( ! imag9ation is easily se51 less easily t ( ?9k+ & reason+4 ,imag9ation 7raayon7 !re=e1 0 nev] employ$ z a figure 9 speak+ ( ,god1 :ile ?\ght & reason are figuratively ascrib$ to ,him4 ,comp4 8,! ?\ghts :i* ! ,"l ?\ght0 7,j]4 xlix4 #bj72 8,& ) 8 und]/&+ he /ret*$ out ! heav5s0 7ib4 x4 #ab74 ,! inn] s5ses 7 ?us treat$ 9 ! same way z ! ext]nal2 "s are figuratively appli$ to ,god1 "s n4 ,all ?is is accord+ to ! language ( man2 he ascribes to ,god :at he consid]s a p]fection1 & does n ascribe to ,him :at he consid]s a defect4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 no real attribute1 imply+ an addition to ,8 ess5ce1 c be appli$ to ,him1 z w be prov$4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii ,:5ev] 9 ! ,p5tateu* ! t]m 8to he>0 is appli$ to ,god1 ,onkelos1 ! ,proselyte1 does n translate x lit]ally1 b p>aphrases x1 m]ely express+ t a c]ta9 spee* rea*$ ,him1 i4e41 ,he p]ceiv$ x1 or t ,he accept$ x or did n accept1 :5 x ref]s to supplication & pray] z its object4 ,! words 8,god he>d0 are !re=e p>aphras$ by him regul>ly ei!r1 8,x 0 he>d be=e ! ,"l10 or 8,he accept$0 :5 employ$ 9 ref]5ce to supplication & pray]2 e4g4 8,i w surely accept10 lit4 8,i w surely he>0 7,exod4 xxii4 #bb74 ,?is pr9ciple is foll[$ by ,onkelos 9 8 translation ( ! ,p5tateu* )\t any exception4 ,b z reg>ds ! v]b 8to see10 7raah71 8 r5d]+s v>y 9 a rem>kable mann]1 & ,i 0 unable to disc]n 8 pr9ciple or me?od4 ,9 "s in/ances he translates lit]ally1 8& ,god saw02 9 o!rs he p>aphrases 8x 0 reveal$ be=e ! ,"l40 ,! use ( ! phrase va-aza adonai by ,onkelos is suffici5t evid5ce t ! t]m aza 9 ,*aldee is homonym\s1 & t x d5otes m5tal p]ception z well z ! s5sation ( sight4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ,i am surpris$ t1 9 "s in/ances avoid+ ! lit]al r5d]+1 he sub/itut$ = x 8,& x 0 reveal$ be=e ! ,"l40 ,:5 ,i1 h[ev]1 exam9$ ! v>i\s read+s 9 ! v]sion ( ,onkelos1 :i* ,i ei!r saw myself or he>d f o!rs dur+ ! "t ( my /udies1 ,i f\nd t ! t]m 8to see0 :5 connect$ ) wrong1 injury1 or viol5ce1 0 p>aphras$1 8,x 0 manife/ be=e ! ,"l40 ,!re is no d\bt t ! t]m aza 9 ,*aldee d5otes complete appreh5sion & reception ( ! object 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x has be5 p]ceiv$4 ,:5 ,onkelos1 !re=e1 f\nd ! v]b 8to see0 connect$ ) ! object 8wrong10 he did n r5d] x lit]ally1 b p>aphras$ x1 8,x 0 reveal$ be=e ! ,"l40 ,n[1 ,i notic$ t 9 all in/ances ( ! ,p5tateu* :]e see+ is ascrib$ to ,god1 he translat$ x lit]ally1 except ^? in/ances :i* ,i w m5tion to y3 8,= my affliction 0 reveal$ be=e ! ,"l0 7,g54 xxix4 #cb72 8,= all t ,laban doe? unto !e is reveal$ be=e me0 7ib4 xxxi4 #ab72--;al?\gh ! fir/ p]son 9 ! s5t5ce ref]s to ! angel & n to ,god1 ,onkelos does n ascribe to him t p]ception :i* implies complete compreh5sion ( ! object1 because ! object is 8iniquity0--8,! oppression ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 0 kn[n to ! ,"l0 7,exod4 ii4 #be72 8,! oppression ( my p 0 surely kn[n to me0 7ib4 iii4 #g72 8,! affliction is kn[n to me0 7ib4 #i72 8,_! oppression is kn[n to me0 7ib4 iv4 #ca72 8,?is p is kn[n to me0 7ib4 xxxii4 #i71 i4e41 _! rebellion is kn[n to me--comp4 ! ,t>gum ( ! passage1 8,& ,god saw ! *ildr5 ( ,israel0 7ib4 ii4 #be71 :i* is equal to 8,he saw _! affliction & _! tr\ble0--8,& x 0 kn[n to ! ,"l1 & he abhorr$ !m0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ai72 8,x 0 kn[n to him t _! p[] 0 gone0 7ib4 #cf72 9 ?is in/ance ! object ( ! p]ception is likewise ! wrong done to ! ,israelites1 & ! increas+ p[] ( ! enemy4 ,9 all ^! examples ,onkelos is consi/5t1 foll[+ ! maxim express$ 9 ! words1 8,?\ can/ n look on iniquity0 7,hab4 i4 #ac72 :]e=e he r5d]s ! v]b 8to see10 :5 ref]r+ to oppression or rebellion1 ,x is reveal$ be=e him1 etc4 ,?is appropriate & satisfactory explanation1 ! correctness ( :i* ,i d n d\bt1 is weak5$ by ?ree passages1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ?is view1 ,i expect$ to f9d ! v]b 8to see0 p>aphras$ 8to be reveal$ be=e him10 b f\nd in/ead ! lit]al r5d]+ 8to see0 9 ! v>i\s copies ( ! ,t>gum4 ,! foll[+ are ! ?ree passages3 8,& ,god saw t ! wick$ness ( man 0 great ^u ! e>?0 7,g54 vi4 #f72 8,& ! ,"l saw ! e>?1 & behold x 0 corrupt0 7ib4 vi4 #ab72 8& ,god saw t ,leah 0 hat$0 7ib4 xxx4 #ca74 ,x appe>s to me t 9 ^! passages !re is a mi/ake1 :i* has crept into ! copies ( ! ,t>gum1 s9ce we d n possess ! ,t>gum 9 ! orig9al manuscript ( ,onkelos1 = 9 t case we %\ld h assum$ t he _h a satisfactory explanation ( x4 ,9 r5d]+ ,g5esis xxii4 #h1 8! lamb is kn[n to ! ,"l10 he ei!r wi%$ to indicate t ! ,"l 0 n expect$ to seek & to br+ x1 or he consid]$ x inappropriate1 9 ,*aldee to connect ! div9e p]ception ) "o ( ! l[] animals4 ,h[ev]1 ! v>i\s copies ( ! ,t>gum mu/ be c>efully exam9$ ) reg>d to ?is po9t1 & if y /ill f9d ^? passages ! same z ,i quot$ !m1 ,i _c expla9 :at he meant4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix ,! angels are likewise incorporeal2 !y are intellig5ces )\t matt]1 b !y are nev]!less creat$ be+s1 & ,god creat$ !m1 z w be expla9$ bel[4 ,9 ,b]e%i? ,rabbah 7on ,g54 iii4 #bd7 we read ! foll[+ rem>k ( our ,sages3 8,! angel is call$ #8! flame ( ! sword :i* turn$ e way' 7,g54 iii4 #bd71 9 accordance ) ! words1 #8,8 m9i/]s a flam+ fire' 7,ps4 civ4 #d72 ! attribute1 #8:i* turn$ e way' is add$1 because angels are *angeable 9 =m2 !y appe> at "o "t z males1 at ano!r z females2 n[ z spirits2 n[ z angels40 ,by ?is rem>k !y cle>ly /at$ t angels are incorporeal1 & h no p]man5t bodily =m indep5d5t ( ! m9d ( him :o p]ceives !m1 !y exi/ entirely 9 prophetic vision1 & dep5d on ! action ( ! imag9ative p[]1 z w be expla9$ :5 speak+ on ! true mean+ ( prophecy4 ,z to ! words 8at ano!r "t z females10 :i* imply t ! ,prophets 9 prophetical vision p]ceiv$ angels also 9 ! =m ( wom51 !y ref] to ! vision ( ,ze*>iah 7v4 #i71 8,&1 behold1 !re came out two wom51 & ! w9d 0 9 _! w+s40 ,y "k v well h[ difficult x is = m5 to =m a notion ( any?+ immat]ial1 & entirely devoid ( corporeality1 except aft] consid]able tra9+3 x is especially difficult = ^? :o d n di/+ui% betwe5 objects ( ! intellect & objects ( ! imag9ation1 & dep5d mo/ly on ! m]e imag9ative p[]4 ,!y believe t all imag9$ ?+s exi/ or at lea/ h ! possibility ( exi/+2 b t :i* _c be imag9$ does n exi/1 & _c exi/4 ,= p]sons ( ?is class--& ! majority ( ?9k]s belong to x--_c arrive at ! true solution ( any "q1 or at ! explanation ( any?+ d\btful4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is difficulty ! prophetic books conta9 expressions :i*1 tak5 lit]ally1 imply t angels are corporeal1 mov+ ab\t1 end[$ ) human =m1 receiv+ comm&s ( ,god1 obey+ ,8 ^w & p]=m+ :atev] ,he wi%es1 accord+ to ,8 comm&4 ,all ?is only s]ves to lead to ! belief t angels exi/1 & are alive & p]fect1 9 ! same way z we h expla9$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god4 ,if ! figurative repres5tation ( angels 7 limit$ to ?is1 _! true ess5ce w\ld be believ$ to be ! same z ! ess5ce ( ,god1 s9ce1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,creator expressions are likewise employ$1 :i* lit]ally imply t ,he is corporeal1 liv+1 mov+ & end[$ ) human =m4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to give to ! m9d ( m5 ! idea t ! exi/5ce ( angels is l[] ?an ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 c]ta9 =ms ( l[] animals 7 introduc$ 9 ! description ( angels4 ,x 0 !reby %[n1 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is m p]fect ?an t ( angels1 z mu* z man is m p]fect ?an ! l[] animals4 ,nev]!less no organ ( ! brute creation 0 attribut$ to ! angels except w+s4 ,)\t w+s ! act ( fly+ appe>s z impossible z t ( walk+ )\t legs2 = ^! two modes ( motion c only be imag9$ 9 connection ) ^! organs4 ,! motion ( fly+ has be5 *os5 z a symbol to repres5t t angels possess life1 because x is ! mo/ p]fect & mo/ sublime movem5t ( ! brute creation4 ,m5 consid] ?is motion a p]fection to su* an ext5t t !y !mselves wi% to be able to fly1 9 ord] to escape easily :at is injuri\s1 & to obta9 quickly :at is useful1 ?\gh x be at a di/ance4 ,= ?is reason ?is motion has be5 attribut$ to ! angels4 ,!re is besides ano!r reason4 ,! bird 9 its flight is sometimes visible1 sometimes )drawn f our sight2 "o mom5t ne> to u1 & 9 ! next f> (f2 & ^! are exactly ! circum/ances :i* we mu/ associate ) ! idea ( angels1 z w be expla9$ bel[4 ,?is imag9>y p]fection1 ! motion ( flight1 be+ ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! brute creation1 has nev] be5 attribut$ to ,god4 ,y mu/ n be misl$ by ! passage1 8,& he rode ^u a *]ub1 & he did fly0 7,ps4 xviii4 #aj71 = x is ! *]ub t did fly1 & ! simile only s]ves to d5ote ! rapid arrival ( t :i* is ref]r$ to 9 t passage4 ,comp43 8,behold1 ! ,"l ride? ^u a swift cl\d1 & %all come into ,egypt0 7,isa4 xix4 #a72 t is1 ! puni%m5t allud$ to w come d[n quickly ^u ,egypt4 ,nor %\ld expressions l 8! face ( an ox10 8! face ( a lion10 8! face ( an eagle10 8! sole ( ! foot ( a calf10 f\nd 9 ! prophecies ( ,ezekiel 7i4 #aj & #g7 mislead y2 = all ^! are expla9$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 z y w le>n lat]1 & besides1 ! prophet only describes ! animals 7ayyot74 ,! subject w be expla9$ 7,,iii4 i471 ?\gh by m]e h9ts1 z f> z necess>y1 = direct+ y\r att5tion to ! true int]pretation4 ,! motion ( fly+1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 necessitates1 accord+ to our imag9ation1 ! exi/5ce ( w+s2 w+s are !re=e giv5 to ! angels z symbols expressive ( _! exi/5ce1 n ( _! true ess5ce4 ,y mu/ also be> 9 m9d t :5ev] a ?+ moves v quickly1 x is said to fly1 z t t]m implies great velocity ( motion4 ,comp4 8,z ! eagle flie?0 7,deut4 xxviii4 #di74 ,! eagle flies & moves ) great] velocity ?an any o!r bird1 & !re=e x is introduc$ 9 ?is simile4 ,fur!rmore1 ! w+s are ! organs lit4 causes ( flight2 h5ce ! numb] ( ! w+s ( angels 9 ! prophetic vision corresponds to ! numb] ( ! causes :i* set a ?+ 9 motion1 b ?is does n belong to ! !me ( ?is *apt]4 7,comp4 ,,ii4 iv4 & x47 ,,*apt] ,l ,:5 read+ my pres5t treatise1 be> 9 m9d t by 8fai?0 we d n und]/& m]ely t :i* is utt]$ ) ! lips1 b also t :i* is appreh5d$ by ! s\l1 ! conviction t ! object ( belief is exactly z x is appreh5d$4 ,if1 z reg>ds real or suppos$ tru?s1 y cont5t y\rself ) giv+ utt]ance to !m 9 words1 )\t appreh5d+ !m or believ+ 9 !m1 especially if y d n seek real tru?1 y h a v easy task z1 9 fact1 y w f9d _m ignorant p pr(ess+ articles ( fai? )\t connect+ any idea ) !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y h a desire to rise to a high] /ate1 viz41 t ( reflection1 & truly to hold ! conviction t ,god is ,"o & possesses true unity1 )\t admitt+ plurality or divisibility 9 any s5se :atev]1 y mu/ und]/& t ,god has no ess5tial attribute 9 any =m or 9 any s5se :atev]1 & t ! rejection ( corporeality implies ! rejection ( ess5tial attributes4 ,^? :o believe t ,god is ,"o1 & t ,he has _m attributes1 decl>e ! unity ) _! lips1 & assume plurality 9 _! ?\ghts4 ,?is is l ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o say t ,he is "o & ,he is ?ree1 & t ! ?ree are "o4 ,( ! same "* is ! doctr9e ( ^? :o say t ,god is ,"o1 b t ,he has _m attributes2 & t ,he ) ,8 attributes is ,"o1 al?\gh !y d5y corporeality & affirm ,8 mo/ absolute fre$om f matt]2 z if our object 7 to seek =ms ( expression1 n subjects ( belief4 ,= belief is only possible aft] ! appreh5sion ( a ?+2 x consi/s 9 ! conviction t ! ?+ appreh5d$ has its exi/5ce beyond ! m9d 9 reality exactly z x is conceiv$ 9 ! m9d4 ,if 9 addition to ?is we are conv9c$ t ! ?+ _c be diff]5t 9 any way f :at we believe x to be1 & t no reasonable argum5t c be f\nd = ! rejection ( ! belief or = ! admission ( any deviation f x1 !n ! belief is true4 ,r5\nce desires & habits1 foll[ y\r reason1 & /udy :at ,i am go+ to say 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[ on ! rejection ( ! attributes2 y w !n be fully conv9c$ ( :at we h said2 y w be ( ^? :o truly conceive ! ,unity ( ,god1 n ( ^? :o utt] x ) _! lips )\t ?\ght1 l m5 ( :om x has be5 said1 8,?\ art ne> 9 _! m\?1 & f> f _! re9s0 7,j]4 xii4 #b74 ,x is "r t a man %\ld belong to t class ( m5 :o h a conception ( tru? & und]/& x1 ?\gh !y d n speak ( x4 ,?us ! pi\s are advis$ & address$1 8,commune ) y\r own he>t ^u y\r b$ & be /ill4 ,selah40 7,ps4 iv4 #e47 ,,*apt] ,,li ,!re are _m ?+s ^: exi/5ce is manife/ & obvi\s2 "s ( ^! are innate notions or objects ( s5sation1 o!rs are ne>ly s2 & 9 fact !y w\ld require no pro( if man _h be5 left 9 8 primitive /ate4 ,su* are ! exi/5ce ( motion1 ( man's free w1 ( phases ( production & de/ruction1 & ( ! natural prop]ties p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 e4g41 ! heat ( fire1 ! coldness ( wat]1 & _m o!r simil> ?+s4 ,false notions1 h[ev]1 may be spread ei!r by a p]son lab\r+ "u error1 or by "o :o has "s p>ticul> end 9 view1 & :o e/abli%es !ories contr>y to ! real nature ( ?+s1 by d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 or by affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( :at does n exi/4 ,philosoph]s are ?us requir$ to e/abli% by pro( ?+s :i* are self-evid5t1 & to disprove ! exi/5ce ( ?+s :i* only exi/ 9 man's imag9ation4 ,?us ,ari/otle gives a pro( = ! exi/5ce ( motion1 because x _h be5 d5i$2 he disproves ! reality ( atoms1 because x _h be5 ass]t$4 ,to ! same class belongs ! rejection ( ess5tial attributes 9 ref]5ce to ,god4 ,= x is a self-evid5t tru? t ! attribute is n inh]5t 9 ! object to :i* x is ascrib$1 b x is sup]add$ to its ess5ce1 & is consequ5tly an accid5t2 if ! attribute d5ot$ ! ess5ce ( ! object1 x w\ld be ei!r m]e tautology1 z if1 e4g41 "o w\ld say 8man is man10 or ! explanation ( a "n1 z1 e4g41 8man is a speak+ animal02 = ! words 8speak+ animal0 include ! true ess5ce ( man1 & !re is no ?ird elem5t besides life & spee* 9 ! def9ition ( man2 :5 he1 !re=e1 is describ$ by ! attributes ( life & spee*1 ^! are no?+ b an explanation ( ! "n 8man10 t is to say1 t ! ?+ :i* is call$ man1 consi/s ( life & spee*4 ,x w n[ be cle> t ! attribute mu/ be "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r ! ess5ce ( ! object describ$--9 t case x is a m]e explanation ( a "n1 & on t acc\nt we might admit ! attribute 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 b we reject x f ano!r cause z w be %[n--or ! attribute is some?+ diff]5t f ! object describ$1 "s extrane\s sup]add$ elem5t2 9 t case ! attribute w\ld be an accid5t1 & he :o m]ely rejects ! appellation 8accid5ts0 9 ref]5ce to ! attributes ( ,god1 does n !reby alt] _! "*2 = ev]y?+ sup]add$ to ! ess5ce ( an object jo9s x )\t =m+ "p ( its ess5tial prop]ties1 & t con/itutes an accid5t4 ,add to ?is ! logical consequ5ce ( admitt+ _m attributes1 viz41 ! exi/5ce ( _m et]nal be+s4 ,!re _c be any belief 9 ! unity ( ,god except by admitt+ t ,he is "o simple sub/ance1 )\t any composition or plurality ( elem5ts2 "o f :atev] side y view x1 & by :atev] te/ y exam9e x2 n divisible into two p>ts 9 any way & by any cause1 nor capable ( any =m ( plurality ei!r objectively or subjectively1 z w be prov$ 9 ?is treatise4 ,"s ?9k]s h gone s f> z to say t ! attributes ( ,god are nei!r ,8 ess5ce nor any?+ extrane\s to ,8 ess5ce4 ,?is is l ! ass]tion ( "s !ori/s1 t ! ideals1 i4e41 ! univ]salia1 are nei!r exi/+ nor non-exi/5t1 & l ! views ( o!rs1 t ! atom does n fill a def9ite place1 b keeps an atom ( space occupi$2 t man has no fre$om ( action at all1 b has acquirem5t4 ,su* ?+s are only said2 !y exi/ only 9 words1 n 9 ?\ght1 mu* less 9 reality4 ,b z y "k1 & z all "k :o d n delude !mselves1 ^! !ories are pres]v$ by a multitude ( words1 by mislead+ similes su/a9$ by declamation & invective1 & by num]\s me?ods borr[$ bo? f dialectics & sophi/ry4 ,if aft] utt]+ !m & support+ !m by su* words1 a man 7 to exam9e = himself 8 own belief on ?is subject1 he w\ld see no?+ b confusion & /upidity 9 an endeav\r to prove ! exi/5ce ( ?+s :i* d n exi/1 or to f9d a mean betwe5 two opposites t h no mean4 ,or is !re a mean betwe5 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 or betwe5 ! id5tity & non-id5tity ( two ?+s8 ,b1 z we said1 to su* absurdities m5 7 =c$ by ! great lic5ce giv5 to ! imag9ation1 & by ! fact t e exi/+ mat]ial ?+ is necess>ily imag9$ z a c]ta9 sub/ance possess+ sev]al attributes2 = no?+ has ev] be5 f\nd t consi/s ( "o simple sub/ance )\t any attribute4 ,guid$ by su* imag9ations1 m5 ?\ght t ,god 0 also compos$ ( _m diff]5t elem5ts1 viz41 ( ,8 ess5ce & ( ! attributes sup]add$ to ,8 ess5ce4 ,foll[+ up ?is comp>ison1 "s believ$ t ,god 0 corporeal1 & t ,he possess$ attributes2 o!rs1 ab&on+ ?is !ory1 d5i$ ! corporeality1 b reta9$ ! attributes4 ,! adh]5ce to ! lit]al s5se ( ! text ( ,holy ,writ is ! s\rce ( all ?is error1 z ,i %all %[ 9 "s ( ! *apt]s devot$ to ?is !me4 ,,*apt] ,,lii ,e description ( an object by an affirmative attribute1 :i* includes ! ass]tion t an object is ( a c]ta9 k9d1 mu/ be made 9 "o ( ! foll[+ five ways3-- ,fir/4 ,! object is describ$ by its def9ition1 z e4g41 man is describ$ z a be+ t lives & has reason2 su* a description1 conta9+ ! true ess5ce ( ! object1 is1 z we h already %[n1 no?+ else b ! explanation ( a "n4 ,all agree t ?is k9d ( description _c be giv5 ( ,god2 = !re are no previ\s causes to ,8 exi/5ce1 by :i* ,he c\ld be def9$3 & on t acc\nt x is a well-kn[n pr9ciple1 receiv$ by all ! philosoph]s1 :o are precise 9 _! /atem5ts1 t no def9ition c be giv5 ( ,god4 ,secondly4 ,an object is describ$ by "p ( its def9ition1 z :51 e4g41 man is describ$ z a liv+ be+ or z a rational be+4 ,?is k9d ( description includes ! necess>y connection ( ! two ideas2 = :5 we say t e man is rational we mean by x t e be+ :i* has ! *>act]i/ics ( man mu/ also h reason4 ,all agree t ?is k9d ( description is inappropriate 9 ref]5ce to ,god2 = if we 7 to speak ( a portion ( ,8 ess5ce1 we %\ld consid] ,8 ess5ce to be a comp\nd4 ,! inappropriat5ess ( ?is k9d ( description 9 ref]5ce to ,god is ! same z t ( ! prec$+ k9d4 ,?irdly4 ,an object is describ$ by some?+ diff]5t f its true ess5ce1 by some?+ t does n complem5t or e/abli% ! ess5ce ( ! object4 ,! description1 !re=e1 relates to a quality2 b quality1 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 is an accid5t4 ,if ,god c\ld be describ$ 9 ?is way1 ,he w\ld be ! sub/ratum ( accid5ts3 a suffici5t reason = reject+ ! idea t ,he possesses quality1 s9ce x div]ges f ! true conception ( ,8 ess5ce4 ,x is surpris+ h[ ^? :o admit ! application ( attributes to ,god c reject1 9 ref]5ce to ,him1 comp>ison & qualification4 ,= :5 !y say 8,he _c be qualifi$10 !y c only mean t ,he possesses no quality2 & yet e positive ess5tial attribute ( an object ei!r con/itutes its ess5ce1--& 9 t case x is id5tical ) ! ess5ce1--or x conta9s a quality ( ! object4 ,!re are1 z y "k1 f\r k9ds ( quality2 ,i w give y in/ances ( attributes ( ea* k9d1 9 ord] to %[ y t ?is class ( attributes _c possibly be appli$ to ,god4 7a7 ,a man is describ$ by any ( 8 intellectual or moral qualities1 or by any ( ! dispositions app]ta9+ to him z an animate be+1 :51 e4g41 we speak ( a p]son :o is a c>p5t]1 or :o %r9ks f s91 or :o is ill4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we say1 a c>p5t]1 or a sage1 or a physician2 by all ^! we repres5t c]ta9 physical dispositions2 nor does x make any diff]5ce :e!r we say 8s9-fe>+0 or 8m]ciful40 ,e trade1 e pr(ession1 & e settl$ habit ( man are c]ta9 physical dispositions4 ,all ?is is cle> to ^? :o h occupi$ !mselves ) ! /udy ( ,logic4 7b7 ,a ?+ is describ$ by "s physical quality x possesses1 or by ! abs5ce ( ! same1 e4g41 z be+ s(t or h>d4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we say 8s(t or h>d10 or 8/rong or weak02 9 bo? cases we speak ( physical conditions4 7c7 ,a man is describ$ by 8 passive qualities1 or by 8 emotions2 we speak1 e4g41 ( a p]son :o is passionate1 irritable1 timid1 m]ciful1 )\t imply+ t ^! conditions h become p]man5t4 ,! description ( a ?+ by its col\r1 ta/e1 heat1 cold1 dryness1 & moi/ure1 belongs also to ?is class ( attributes4 7d7 ,a ?+ is describ$ by any ( its qualities result+ f quantity z su*2 we speak1 e4g41 ( a ?+ :i* is long1 %ort1 curv$1 /raight1 etc4 ,consid] all ^! & simil> attributes1 & y w f9d t !y _c be employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god4 ,he is n a magnitude t any quality result+ f quantity z su* c\ld be possess$ by ,him2 ,he is n affect$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 & !re=e does n possess any quality result+ f emotion4 ,he is n subject to physical conditions1 & !re=e does n possess /r5g? or simil> qualities2 ,he is n an animate be+1 t ,he %\ld h a c]ta9 disposition ( ! s\l1 or acquire c]ta9 prop]ties1 z meekness1 mode/y1 etc41 or be 9 a /ate to :i* animate be+s z su* are subject1 z1 e4g41 9 t ( heal? or ( illness4 ,h5ce x foll[s t no attribute com+ "u ! head ( quality 9 its wide/ s5se1 c be pr$icat$ ( ,god4 ,consequ5tly1 ^! ?ree classes ( attributes1 describ+ ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 or "p ( ! ess5ce1 or a quality ( x1 are cle>ly inadmissible 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 = !y imply composition1 :i*1 z we %all prove1 is out ( "q z reg>ds ! ,creator4 ,we say1 ) reg>d to ?is latt] po9t1 t ,he is absolutely ,"o4 ,f\r?ly4 ,a ?+ is describ$ by its relation to ano!r ?+1 e4g41 to "t1 to space1 or to a diff]5t individual2 ?us we say1 ,zaid1 ! fa!r ( ,a1 or ! p>tn] ( ,b1 or :o dwells at a c]ta9 place1 or :o liv$ at a /at$ "t4 ,?is k9d ( attribute does n necess>ily imply plurality or *ange 9 ! ess5ce ( ! object describ$2 = ! same ,zaid1 to :om ref]5ce is made1 is ! p>tn] ( ,amru1 ! fa!r ( ,becr1 ! ma/] ( ,khalid1 ! fri5d ( ,zaid1 dwells 9 a c]ta9 h\se1 & 0 born 9 a c]ta9 ye>4 ,su* relations are n ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 nor are !y s intimately connect$ ) x z qualities4 ,at fir/ ?\ght1 x w\ld seem t !y may be employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 b aft] c>eful & ?or\gh consid]ation we are conv9c$ ( _! inadmissibility4 ,x is q cle> t !re is no relation betwe5 ,god & "t or space4 ,= "t is an accid5t connect$ ) motion1 9 s f> z ! latt] includes ! relation ( ant]iority & po/]iority1 & is express$ by numb]1 z is expla9$ 9 books devot$ to ?is subject2 & s9ce motion is "o ( ! conditions to :i* only mat]ial bodies are subject1 & ,god is immat]ial1 !re c be no relation betwe5 ,him & "t4 ,simil>ly !re is no relation betwe5 ,him & space4 ,b :at we h to inve/igate & to exam9e is ?is3 :e!r "s real relation exi/s betwe5 ,god & any ( ! sub/ances creat$ by ,him1 by :i* ,he c\ld be describ$8 ,t !re is no correlation betwe5 ,him & any ( ,8 creatures c easily be se52 = ! *>act]i/ic ( two objects correlative to ea* o!r is ! equality ( _! reciprocal relation4 ,n[1 z ,god has absolute exi/5ce1 :ile all o!r be+s h only possible exi/5ce1 z we %all %[1 !re consequ5tly _c be any correlation betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures4 ,t a c]ta9 k9d ( relation does exi/ betwe5 !m is by "s consid]$ possible1 b wrongly4 ,x is impossible to imag9e a relation betwe5 intellect & sight1 al?\gh1 z we believe1 ! same k9d ( exi/5ce is common to bo?2 h[1 !n1 c\ld a relation be imag9$ betwe5 any creature & ,god1 :o has no?+ 9 common ) any o!r be+2 = ev5 ! t]m exi/5ce is appli$ to ,him & o!r ?+s1 accord+ to our op9ion1 only by way ( pure homonymity4 ,consequ5tly !re is no relation :atev] betwe5 ,him & any o!r be+4 ,= :5ev] we speak ( a relation betwe5 two ?+s1 ^! belong to ! same k9d2 b :5 two ?+s belong to diff]5t k9ds ?\gh ( ! same class1 !re is no relation betwe5 !m4 ,we !re=e d n say1 ?is r$ comp>$ ) t gre51 is m1 or less1 or equally int5se1 al?\gh bo? belong to ! same class--col\r2 :5 !y belong to two diff]5t classes1 !re does n appe> to exi/ any relation betwe5 !m1 n ev5 to a man ( ord9>y intellect1 al?\gh ! two ?+s belong to ! same category2 e4g41 betwe5 a hundr$ cubits & ! heat ( pepp] !re is no relation1 ! "o be+ a quality1 ! o!r a quantity2 or betwe5 wisdom & sweetness1 betwe5 meekness & bitt]ness1 al?\gh all ^! come "u ! head ( quality 9 its m g5]al signification4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld !re be any relation betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures1 consid]+ ! important diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 respect to true exi/5ce1 ! greate/ ( all diff]5ces4 ,besides1 if any relation exi/$ betwe5 !m1 ,god w\ld be subject to ! accid5t ( relation2 & al?\gh t w\ld n be an accid5t to ! ess5ce ( ,god1 x w\ld /ill be1 to "s ext5t1 a k9d ( accid5t4 ,y w\ld1 !re=e1 be wrong if y appli$ affirmative attributes 9 _! lit]al s5se to ,god1 ?\gh !y conta9$ only relations2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are ! mo/ appropriate ( all attributes1 to be employ$1 9 a less /rict s5se1 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 because !y d n imply t a plurality ( et]nal ?+s exi/s1 or t any *ange takes place 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god1 :5 ^? ?+s *ange to :i* ,god is 9 relation4 ,fif?ly4 ,a ?+ is describ$ by its actions2 ,i d n mean by 8its actions0 ! inh]5t capacity = a c]ta9 "w1 z is express$ 9 8c>p5t]10 8pa9t]10 or 8smi?0--= ^! belong to ! class ( qualities :i* h be5 m5tion$ above--b ,i mean ! action ! latt] has p]=m$--we speak1 e4g41 ( ,zaid1 :o made ?is door1 built t wall1 wove t g>m5t4 ,?is k9d ( attributes is sep>ate f ! ess5ces ( ! ?+ describ$1 &1 !re=e1 appropriate to be employ$ 9 describ+ ! ,creator1 especially s9ce we "k t ^! diff]5t actions d n imply t diff]5t elem5ts mu/ be conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! ag5t1 by :i* ! diff]5t actions are produc$1 z w be expla9$4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ! actions ( ,god emanate f ,8 ess5ce1 n f any extrane\s ?+ sup]add$ to ,8 ess5ce1 z we h %[n4 ,:at we h expla9$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] is ?is3 t ,god is "o 9 e respect1 conta9+ no plurality or any elem5t sup]add$ to ,8 ess5ce3 & t ! _m attributes ( diff]5t significations appli$ 9 ,scripture to ,god1 orig9ate 9 ! multitude ( ,8 actions1 n 9 a plurality exi/+ 9 ,8 ess5ce1 & are p>tly employ$ ) ! object ( convey+ to u "s notion ( ,8 p]fection1 9 accordance ) :at we consid] p]fection1 z has be5 expla9$ by u4 ,! possibility ( "o simple sub/ance exclud+ plurality1 ?\gh accompli%+ diff]5t actions1 w be illu/rat$ by examples 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,liii ,! circum/ance :i* caus$ m5 to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( div9e attributes is simil> to t :i* caus$ o!rs to believe 9 ! corporeality ( ,god4 ,! latt] h n arriv$ at t belief by speculation1 b by foll[+ ! lit]al s5se ( c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,bible4 ,! same is ! case ) ! attributes2 :5 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets & ( ! ,law1 ,god is describ$ by attributes1 su* passages are tak5 9 _! lit]al s5se1 & x is !n believ$ t ,god possesses attributes2 z if ,he 7 to be exalt$ above corporeality1 & n above ?+s connect$ ) corporeality1 i4e41 ! accid5ts1 ,i mean psy*ical dispositions1 all ( :i* are qualities & connect$ ) corporeality4 ,e attribute :i* ! foll[]s ( ?is doctr9e assume to be ess5tial to ! ,creator1 y w f9d to express1 al?\gh !y d n di/9ctly say s1 a quality simil> to ^? :i* !y are accu/om$ to notice 9 ! bodies ( all liv+ be+s4 ,we apply to all su* passages ! pr9ciple1 8,! ,torah speake? 9 ! language ( man10 & say t ! object ( all ^! t]ms is to describe ,god z ! mo/ p]fect be+1 n z possess+ ^? qualities :i* are only p]fections 9 relation to creat$ liv+ be+s4 ,_m ( ! attributes express diff]5t acts ( ,god1 b t diff]5ce does n necessitate any diff]5ce z reg>ds ,him f :om ! acts proce$4 ,?is fact1 viz41 t f "o ag5cy diff]5t effects may result1 al?\gh t ag5cy has n free w1 & mu* m s if x has free w1 ,i w illu/rate by an in/ance tak5 f our own sph]e4 ,fire melts c]ta9 ?+s & makes o!rs h>d1 x boils & burns1 x blea*es & black5s4 ,if we describ$ ! fire z blea*+1 black5+1 burn+1 boil+1 h>d5+ & melt+1 we %\ld be correct1 & yet he :o does n "k ! nature ( fire1 w\ld ?9k t x includ$ six diff]5t elem5ts1 "o by :i* x black5s1 ano!r by :i* x blea*es1 a ?ird by :i* x boils1 a f\r? by :i* x consumes1 a fif? by :i* x melts1 a six? by :i* x h>d5s ?+s--actions :i* are oppos$ to "o ano!r1 & ( :i* ea* has its peculi> prop]ty4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o kn[s ! nature ( fire1 w "k t by virtue ( "o quality 9 action1 namely1 by heat1 x produces all ^! effects4 ,if ?is is ! case ) t :i* is done by nature1 h[ mu* m is x ! case ) reg>d to be+s t act by free w1 & /ill m ) reg>d to ,god1 :o is above all description4 ,if we1 !re=e1 p]ceive 9 ,god c]ta9 relations ( v>i\s k9ds--= wisdom 9 u is diff]5t f p[]1 & p[] f w--x does by no means foll[ t diff]5t elem5ts are really conta9$ 9 ,him1 t ,he conta9s "o elem5t by :i* ,he kn[s1 ano!r by :i* ,he wills1 & ano!r by :i* ,he ex]cises p[]1 z is1 9 fact1 ! signification ( ! attributes ( ,god accord+ to ! ,attributi/s4 ,"s ( !m express x pla9ly1 & enum]ate ! attributes z elem5ts add$ to ! ess5ce4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are m res]v$ ) reg>d to ?is matt]1 b indicate _! op9ion1 ?\gh !y d n express x 9 di/9ct & intelligible words4 ,?us1 e4g41 "s ( !m say3 8,god is omnipot5t by ,8 ess5ce1 wise by ,8 ess5ce1 liv+ by ,8 ess5ce1 & end[$ ) a w by ,8 ess5ce40 7,i w m5tion to y1 z an in/ance1 man's reason1 :i* be+ "o faculty & imply+ no plurality1 enables him to "k _m arts & sci5ces2 by ! same faculty man is able to s[1 to d c>p5t]'s "w1 to weave1 to build1 to /udy1 to acquire a k ( geometry1 & to gov]n a /ate4 ,^! v>i\s acts result+ f "o simple faculty1 :i* involves no plurality1 are v num]\s2 _! numb]1 t is1 ! numb] ( ! actions orig9at+ 9 man's reason1 is almo/ inf9ite4 ,x is !re=e intelligible h[ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 ^? diff]5t actions c be caus$ by "o simple sub/ance1 t does n include any plurality or any additional elem5t4 ,! attributes f\nd 9 ,holy ,scripture are ei!r qualifications ( ,8 actions1 )\t any ref]5ce to ,8 ess5ce1 or indicate absolute p]fection1 b d n imply t ! ess5ce ( ,god is a comp\nd ( v>i\s elem5ts47 ,= 9 n admitt+ ! t]m 8comp\nd10 !y d n reject ! idea ( a comp\nd :5 !y admit a sub/ance ) attributes4 ,!re /ill rema9s "o difficulty :i* l$ !m to t error1 & :i* ,i am n[ go+ to m5tion4 ,^? :o ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ! attributes d n f\nd _! op9ion on ! v>iety ( ,god's actions2 !y say x is true t "o sub/ance c be ! s\rce ( v>i\s effects1 b ,8 ess5tial attributes _c be qualifications ( ,8 actions1 because x is impossible to imag9e t ! ,creator creat$ ,himself4 ,!y v>y ) reg>d to ! s-call$ ess5tial attributes--,i mean z reg>ds _! numb]--accord+ to ! text ( ! ,scripture :i* ea* ( !m foll[s4 ,i w enum]ate ^? on :i* all agree1 & ! k ( :i* !y believe t !y h d]iv$ f reason+1 n f "s words ( ! ,prophets1 namely1 ! foll[+ f\r3--life1 p[]1 wisdom1 & w4 ,!y believe t ^! are f\r diff]5t ?+s1 & su* p]fections z _c possibly be abs5t f ! ,creator1 & t ^! _c be qualifications ( ,8 actions4 ,?is is _! op9ion4 ,b y mu/ "k t wisdom & life 9 ref]5ce to ,god are n diff]5t f ea* o!r2 = 9 e be+ t is consci\s ( itself1 life & wisdom are ! same ?+1 t is to say1 if by wisdom we und]/& ! consci\sness ( self4 ,besides1 ! subject & ! object ( t consci\sness are und\bt$ly id5tical z reg>ds ,god2 = accord+ to our op9ion1 ,he is n compos$ ( an elem5t t appreh5ds1 & ano!r t does n appreh5d2 ,he is n l man1 :o is a comb9ation ( a consci\s s\l & an unconsci\s body4 ,if1 !re=e1 by 8wisdom0 we mean ! faculty ( self-consci\sness1 wisdom & life are "o & ! same ?+4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 d n speak ( wisdom 9 ?is s5se1 b ( ,8 p[] to appreh5d ,8 creatures4 ,!re is also no d\bt t p[] & w d n exi/ 9 ,god 9 ref]5ce to ,himself2 = ,he _c h p[] or w z reg>ds ,himself2 we _c imag9e su* a ?+4 ,!y take ^! attributes z diff]5t relations betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures1 signify+ t ,he has p[] 9 creat+ ?+s1 w 9 giv+ to ?+s exi/5ce z ,he desires1 & wisdom 9 kn[+ :at ,he creat$4 ,consequ5tly1 ^! attributes d n ref] to ! ess5ce ( ,god1 b express relations betwe5 ,him & ,8 creatures4 ,!re=e we1 :o truly believe 9 ! ,unity ( ,god1 decl>e1 t z we d n believe t "s elem5t is includ$ 9 ,8 ess5ce by :i* ,he creat$ ! heav5s1 ano!r by :i* ,he creat$ ! f\r elem5ts1 a ?ird by :i* ,he creat$ ! ideals1 9 ! same way we reject ! idea t ,8 ess5ce conta9s an elem5t by :i* ,he has p[]1 ano!r elem5t by :i* ,he has w1 & a ?ird by :i* ,he has a k ( ,8 creatures4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he is a simple ess5ce1 )\t any additional elem5t :atev]2 ,he creat$ ! univ]se1 & kn[s x1 b n by any extrane\s =ce4 ,!re is no diff]5ce :e!r ^! v>i\s attributes ref] to ,8 actions or to relations betwe5 ,him & ,8 works2 9 fact1 ^! relations1 z we h also %[n1 exi/ only 9 ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,?is is :at we mu/ believe conc]n+ ! attributes occurr+ 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets2 "s may also be tak5 z expressive ( ! p]fection ( ,god by way ( comp>ison ) :at we consid] z p]fections 9 u1 z we %all expla94 ,,*apt] ,,liv ,! wise/ man1 our ,tea*] ,moses1 ask$ two ?+s ( ,god1 & receiv$ a reply respect+ bo?4 ,! "o ?+ he ask$ 01 t ,god %\ld let him "k ,8 true ess5ce2 ! o!r1 :i* 9 fact he ask$ fir/1 t ,god %\ld let him "k ,8 attributes4 ,9 answ] to bo? ^! petitions ,god promis$ t ,he w\ld let him "k all ,8 attributes1 & t ^! 7 no?+ b ,8 actions4 ,he also told him t ,8 true ess5ce c\ld n be p]ceiv$1 & po9t$ out a me?od by :i* he c\ld obta9 ! utmo/ k ( ,god possible = man to acquire4 ,! k obta9$ by ,moses has n be5 possess$ by any human be+ be=e him or aft] him4 ,8 petition to "k ! attributes ( ,god is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,%[ me n[ ?y way1 t ,i may "k !e1 t ,i may f9d grace 9 ?y sight0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #ac74 ,consid] h[ _m excell5t ideas f\nd expression 9 ! words1 8,%[ me ?y way1 t ,i may "k !e40 ,we le>n f !m t ,god is kn[n by ,8 attributes1 = ,moses believ$ t he knew ,him1 :5 he 0 %[n ! way ( ,god4 ,! words 8,t ,i may f9d grace 9 ?y sight10 imply t he :o kn[s ,god f9ds grace 9 ,8 eyes4 ,n only is he acceptable & welcome to ,god :o fa/s & prays1 b ev]yone :o kn[s ,him4 ,he :o has no k ( ,god is ! object ( ,8 wra? & displeasure4 ,! pleasure & ! displeasure ( ,god1 ! approa* to ,him & ! )drawal f ,him are proportional to ! am\nt ( man's k or ignorance conc]n+ ! ,creator4 ,we h already gone too f> away f our subject1 let u n[ return to x4 ,moses pray$ to ,god to grant him k ( ,8 attributes1 & also p>don = ,8 p2 :5 ! latt] _h be5 grant$1 he cont9u$ to pray = ! k ( ,god's ess5ce 9 ! words1 8,%[ me ?y glory0 7ib4 #ah71 & !n receiv$1 respect+ 8 fir/ reque/1 8,%[ me ?y way10 ! foll[+ fav\rable reply1 8,i w make all my goodness to pass be=e !e0 7ib4 #ai72 z reg>ds ! second reque/1 h[ev]1 he 0 told1 8,?\ can/ n see my face0 7ib4 #bj74 ,! words 8all my goodness0 imply t ,god promis$ to %[ him ! :ole creation1 conc]n+ :i* x has be5 /at$1 8,& ,god saw ev]y?+ t he _h made1 &1 behold1 x 0 v good0 7,g54 i4 #ca72 :5 ,i say 8to %[ him ! :ole creation10 ,i mean to imply t ,god promis$ to make him compreh5d ! nature ( all ?+s1 _! relation to ea* o!r1 & ! way !y are gov]n$ by ,god bo? 9 ref]5ce to ! univ]se z a :ole & to ea* creature 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is k is ref]r$ to :5 we are told ( ,moses1 8he is firmly e/abli%$ 9 all m9e h\se0 7,num4 xii4 #g72 t is1 88 k ( all ! creatures 9 ,my univ]se is correct & firmly e/abli%$02 = false op9ions are n firmly e/abli%$4 ,consequ5tly ! k ( ! works ( ,god is ! k ( ,8 attributes1 by :i* ,he c be kn[n4 ,! fact t ,god promis$ ,moses to give him a k ( ,8 works1 may be inf]r$ f ! circum/ance t ,god taught him su* attributes z ref] exclusively to ,8 works1 viz41 8m]ciful & graci\s1 long-suff]+ & abundant 9 goodness10 etc41 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #f74 ,x is !re=e cle> t ! ways :i* ,moses wi%$ to "k1 & :i* ,god taught him1 are ! actions emanat+ f ,god4 ,our ,sages call !m middot 7qualities71 & speak ( ! ?irte5 middo? ( ,god 7,talm4 ,b4 ,ro% ha-%anah1 p4 #ag;b72 !y us$ ! t]m also 9 ref]5ce to man2 comp4 8!re are f\r diff]5t middo? 7*>act]s7 among ^? :o g to ! h\se ( le>n+02 8,!re are f\r diff]5t middo? 7*>act]s7 among ^? :o give *>ity0 7,mi%nah ,abot1 v4 #ac1 #ad74 ,!y d n mean to say t ,god really possesses middot 7qualities71 b t ,he p]=ms actions simil> to su* ( our actions z orig9ate 9 c]ta9 qualities1 i4e41 9 c]ta9 psy*ical dispositions2 n t ,god has really su* dispositions4 ,al?\gh ,moses 0 %[n 8all ,8 goodness10 i4e41 all ,8 works1 only ! ?irte5 middot are m5tion$1 because !y include ^? acts ( ,god :i* ref] to ! creation & ! gov]nm5t ( mank9d1 & to "k ^! acts 0 ! pr9cipal object ( ! pray] ( ,moses4 ,?is is %[n by ! conclusion ( 8 pray]1 8t ,i may "k !e1 t ,i may f9d grace 9 ?y sight1 & consid] t ?is nation is ?y p0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #af71 t is to say1 ! p :om ,i h to rule by c]ta9 acts 9 ! p]=mance ( :i* ,i mu/ be guid$ by ,?y own acts 9 gov]n+ !m4 ,we h ?us %[n t 8! ways0 us$ 9 ! ,bible1 & 8middot0 us$ 9 ! ,mi%nah1 are id5tical1 d5ot+ ! acts emanat+ f ,god 9 ref]5ce to ! univ]se4 ,:5ev] any "o ( ,8 actions is p]ceiv$ by u1 we ascribe to ,god t emotion :i* is ! s\rce ( ! act :5 p]=m$ by ourselves1 & call ,him by an epi!t :i* is =m$ f ! v]b express+ t emotion4 ,we see1 e4g41 h[ well ,he provides = ! life ( ! embryo ( liv+ be+s2 h[ ,he end[s ) c]ta9 faculties bo? ! embryo itself & ^? :o h to re> x aft] its bir?1 9 ord] t x may be protect$ f dea? & de/ruction1 gu>d$ aga9/ all h>m1 & assi/$ 9 ! p]=mance ( all t is requir$ = its developm5t4 ,simil> acts1 :5 p]=m$ by u1 are due to a c]ta9 emotion & t5d]ness call$ m]cy & pity4 ,god is1 !re=e1 said to be m]ciful2 e4g41 8,l z a fa!r is m]ciful to 8 *ildr51 s ! ,"l is m]ciful to !m t fe> ,him0 7,ps4 ciii4 #ac72 8,& ,i w sp>e !m1 z a man sp>e? 7yaamol7 8 own son t s]ve? him0 7,mal4 iii4 #ag74 ,su* in/ances d n imply t ,god is influ5c$ by a feel+ ( m]cy1 b t acts simil> to ^? :i* a fa!r p]=ms = 8 son1 out ( pity1 m]cy & real affection1 emanate f ,god solely = ! b5efit ( ,8 pi\s m51 & are by no means ! result ( any impression or *ange--produc$ 9 ,god4--,:5 we give some?+ to a p]son :o has no claim ^u u1 we p]=m an act ( grace2 e4g41 8,grant !m graci\sly unto u0 7,judges xxi4 #bb74 ,! same t]m is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 e4g4 8:i* ,god ha? graci\sly giv50 7,g54 xxxiii4 #e72 8,because ,god ha? dealt graci\sly ) me0 7ib4 #aa74 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are num]\s4 ,god creates & guides be+s :o h no claim ^u ,him to be creat$ & guid$ by ,him2 ,he is !re=e call$ graci\s 7annun74--,8 actions t[>ds mank9d also include great calamities1 :i* ov]take individuals & br+ dea? to !m1 or affect :ole families & ev5 entire regions1 spread dea?1 de/roy g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 & sp>e no?+ :atsoev]4 ,h5ce !re occur inundations1 e>?quakes1 de/ructive /orms1 exp$itions ( "o nation aga9/ ! o!r = ! sake ( de/roy+ x ) ! sword & blott+ out its memory1 & _m o!r evils ( ! same k9d4 ,:5ev] su* evils are caus$ by u to any p]son1 !y orig9ate 9 great ang]1 viol5t jeal\sy1 or a desire = rev5ge4 ,god is !re=e call$1 because ( ^! acts1 8jeal\s10 8rev5geful10 8wra?ful10 & 8keep+ ang]0 7,nah4 i4 #b72 t is to say1 ,he p]=ms acts simil> to ^? :i*1 :5 p]=m$ by u1 orig9ate 9 c]ta9 psy*ical dispositions1 9 jeal\sy1 desire = retaliation1 rev5ge1 or ang]2 !y are 9 accordance ) ! guilt ( ^? :o are to be puni%$1 & n ! result ( any emotion2 = ,he is above all defect6 ,! same is ! case ) all div9e acts2 ?\gh resembl+ ^? acts :i* emanate f our passions & psy*ical dispositions1 !y are n due to any?+ sup]add$ to ,8 ess5ce4--,! gov]nor ( a c\ntry1 if he is a prophet1 %\ld con=m to ^! attributes4 ,acts ( puni%m5t mu/ be p]=m$ by him mod]ately & 9 accordance ) ju/ice1 n m]ely z an outlet ( 8 passion4 ,he mu/ n let loose 8 ang]1 nor all[ 8 passion to ov]come him2 = all passions are bad1 & !y mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ z f> z x lies 9 man's p[]4 ,at times & t[>ds "s p]sons he mu/ be m]ciful & graci\s1 n only f motives ( m]cy & compassion1 b accord+ to _! m]its2 at o!r times & t[>ds o!r p]sons he mu/ ev9ce ang]1 rev5ge1 & wra? 9 proportion to _! guilt1 b n f motives ( passion4 ,he mu/ be able to condemn a p]son to dea? by fire )\t ang]1 passion1 or loa?+ aga9/ him1 & mu/ exclusively be guid$ by :at he p]ceives ( ! guilt ( ! p]son1 & by a s5se ( ! great b5efit :i* a l>ge numb] w d]ive f su* a s5t5ce4 ,y h1 no d\bt1 notic$ 9 ! ,torah h[ ! comm&m5t to annihilate ! sev5 nations1 & 8to save alive no?+ t brea!?0 7,deut4 xx4 #af7 is foll[$ imm$iately by ! words1 8,t !y tea* y n to d aft] all _! abom9ations1 :i* !y h done unto _! gods2 s %\ld y s9 aga9/ ! ,"l y\r ,god0 7ib4 #ah72 t is to say1 y %all n ?9k t ?is comm&m5t implies an act ( cruelty or ( retaliation2 x is an act dem&$ by ! t5d5cy ( man to remove ev]y?+ t might turn him away f ! "r pa?1 & to cle> away all ob/acles 9 ! road to p]fection1 t is1 to ! k ( ,god4 ,nev]!less1 acts ( m]cy1 p>don1 pity1 & grace %\ld m frequ5tly be p]=m$ by ! gov]nor ( a c\ntry ?an acts ( puni%m5t2 see+ t all ! ?irte5 middo? ( ,god are attributes ( m]cy ) only "o exception1 namely1 8visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr50 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #g72 = ! mean+ ( ! prec$+ attribute 79 ! orig9al ve-nakkeh lo y5akkeh7 is 8& he w n utt]ly de/roy02 7& n 8,he w by no means cle> ! guilty072 comp4 8,& %e w be utt]ly de/roy$ 7ve-nikketah71 %e %all sit ^u ! gr\nd0 7,isa4 iii4 #bf74 ,:5 x is said t ,god is visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 ?is ref]s exclusively to ! s9 ( idolatry1 & to no o!r s94 ,t ?is is ! case may be inf]r$ f :at is said 9 ! t5 comm&m5ts1 8^u ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( my enemies0 7,exod4 xx4 #e71 none except idolat]s be+ call$ 8enemy02 comp4 also 8e abom9ation to ! ,"l1 :i* he hate?0 7,deut4 xii4 #ca74 ,x 01 h[ev]1 consid]$ suffici5t to ext5d ! puni%m5t to ! f\r? g5]ation1 because ! f\r? g5]ation is ! utmo/ a man c see ( 8 po/]ity2 & :51 !re=e1 ! idolat]s ( a place are de/roy$1 ! old man wor%ipp+ idols is kill$1 8 son1 8 gr&son1 & 8 great-gr&son1 t is1 ! f\r? g5]ation4 ,by ! m5tion ( ?is attribute we are1 z x 71 told t ,8 comm&m5ts1 und\bt$ly 9 h>mony ) ,8 acts1 include ! dea? ev5 ( ! little *ildr5 ( idolat]s because ( ! s9 ( _! fa!rs & gr&fa!rs4 ,?is pr9ciple we f9d frequ5tly appli$ 9 ! ,law1 z1 e4g41 we read conc]n+ ! city t has be5 l$ a/ray to idolatry1 8de/roy x utt]ly1 & all t is !re90 7,deut4 xiii4 #ae74 ,all ?is has be5 orda9$ 9 ord] t e ve/ige ( t :i* w\ld lead to great injury %\ld be blott$ out1 z we h expla9$4 ,we h gone too f> away f ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 b we h %[n :y x has be5 consid]$ suffici5t to m5tion only ^! 7?irte57 out ( all ,8 acts2 namely1 because !y are requir$ = ! good gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry2 = ! *ief aim ( man %\ld be to make himself1 z f> z possible1 simil> to ,god3 t is to say1 to make 8 acts simil> to ! acts ( ,god1 or z our ,sages express$ x 9 expla9+ ! v]se1 8,ye %all be holy0 7,lev4 xxi4 #b73 8,he is graci\s1 s be y also graci\s2 ,he is m]ciful1 s be y also m]ciful40 ,! pr9cipal object ( ?is *apt] 0 to %[ t all attributes ascrib$ to ,god are attributes ( ,8 acts1 & d n imply t ,god has any qualities4 ,,*apt] ,,lv ,we h already1 on sev]al occasions1 %[n 9 ?is treatise t ev]y?+ t implies corporeality or passiv5ess1 is to be negativ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 = all passiv5ess implies *ange2 & ! ag5t produc+ t /ate is und\bt$ly diff]5t f ! object affect$ by x2 & if ,god c\ld be affect$ 9 any way :atev]1 ano!r be+ beside ,him w\ld act on ,him & cause *ange 9 ,him4 ,all k9ds ( non-exi/5ce mu/ likewise be negativ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,him2 no p]fection :atev] c !re=e be imag9$ to be at "o "t abs5t f ,him1 & at ano!r pres5t 9 ,him3 = if ?is 7 ! case1 ,he w\ld at a c]ta9 "t only be pot5tially p]fect4 ,pot5tiality always implies non-exi/5ce1 & :5 any?+ has to pass f pot5tiality into reality1 ano!r ?+ t exi/s 9 reality is requir$ to effect t transition4 ,h5ce x foll[s t all p]fections mu/ really exi/ 9 ,god1 & none ( !m mu/ 9 any way be a m]e pot5tiality4 ,ano!r ?+ likewise to be d5i$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 is simil>ity to any exi/+ be+4 ,?is has be5 g5]ally accept$1 & is also m5tion$ 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets2 e4g41 8,to :om1 !n1 w y lik5 me80 7,isa4 xl4 #be72 8,to :om1 !n1 w y lik5 ,god80 7ib4 #ah72 8,!re is none l unto ,!e0 7,j]4 x4 #f74 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are frequ5t4 ,9 %ort1 x is necess>y to demon/rate by pro( t no?+ c be pr$icat$ ( ,god t implies any ( ! foll[+ f\r ?+s3 corporeality1 emotion or *ange1 non-exi/5ce1--e4g41 t some?+ w\ld be pot5tial at "o "t & real at ano!r--& simil>ity ) any ( ,8 creatures4 ,9 ?is respect our k ( ,god is aid$ by ! /udy ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,= he :o is ignorant ( ! latt] _c und]/& ! defect impli$ 9 emotions1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 pot5tiality & reality1 ! non-exi/5ce impli$ 9 all pot5tiality1 ! inf]iority ( a ?+ t exi/s 9 pot5ti to t :i* moves 9 ord] to cause its transition f pot5tiality into reality1 & ! inf]iority ( t :i* moves = ?is purpose comp>$ ) its condition :5 ! transition has be5 effect$4 ,he :o kn[s ^! ?+s1 b )\t _! pro(s1 does n "k ! details :i* logically result f ^! g5]al propositions2 & !re=e he _c prove t ,god exi/s1 or t ! f\r ?+s m5tion$ above are inadmissible 9 ref]5ce to ,god4 ,hav+ premis$ ^! rem>ks1 ,i %all expla9 9 ! next *apt] ! error ( ^? :o believe t ,god has ess5tial attributes2 ^? :o h "s k ( ,logic & ,natural ,sci5ce w und]/& x4 ,,*apt] ,,lvi ,simil>ity is bas$ on a c]ta9 relation betwe5 two ?+s2 if betwe5 two ?+s no relation c be f\nd1 !re c be no simil>ity betwe5 !m1 & !re is no relation betwe5 two ?+s t h no simil>ity to ea* o!r2 e4g41 we d n say ?is heat is simil> to t col\r1 or ?is voice is simil> to t sweetness4 ,?is is self-evid5t4 ,s9ce ! exi/5ce ( a relation betwe5 ,god & man1 or betwe5 ,him & o!r be+s has be5 d5i$1 simil>ity mu/ likewise be d5i$4 ,y mu/ "k t two ?+s ( ! same k9d--i4e41 ^: ess5tial prop]ties are ! same1 & :i* are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by greatness & smallness1 /r5g? & weakness1 etc4--are necess>ily simil>1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 ?is "o way2 e4g41 a gra9 ( mu/>d & ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s are simil> z reg>ds ! ?ree dim5sions1 al?\gh ! "o is exce$+ly great1 ! o!r exce$+ly small1 ! prop]ty ( hav+ ?ree dim5sions is ! same 9 bo?2 or ! heat ( wax melt$ by ! sun & ! heat ( ! elem5t ( fire1 are simil> z reg>ds heat2 al?\gh ! heat is exce$+ly great 9 ! "o case1 & exce$+ly small 9 ! o!r1 ! exi/5ce ( t quality 7heat7 is ! same 9 bo?4 ,?us ^? :o believe 9 ! pres5ce ( ess5tial attributes 9 ,god1 viz41 ,exi/5ce1 ,life1 ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,w1 %\ld "k t ^! attributes1 :5 appli$ to ,god1 h n ! same mean+ z :5 appli$ to u1 & t ! diff]5ce does n only consi/ 9 magnitude1 or 9 ! degree ( p]fection1 /ability1 & durability4 ,x _c be said1 z !y practically believe1 t ,8 exi/5ce is only m /able1 ,8 life m p]man5t1 ,8 p[] great]1 ,8 wisdom m p]fect1 & ,8 w m g5]al ?an ours1 & t ! same def9ition applies to bo?4 ,?is is 9 no way admissible1 = ! expression 8m ?an0 is us$ 9 comp>+ two ?+s z reg>ds a c]ta9 attribute pr$icat$ ( bo? ( !m 9 exactly ! same s5se1 & consequ5tly implies simil>ity betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures4 ,:5 !y ascribe to ,god ess5tial attributes1 ^! s-call$ ess5tial attributes %\ld n h any simil>ity to ! attributes ( o!r ?+s1 & %\ld accord+ to _! own op9ion n be includ$ 9 "o ( ! same def9ition1 j z !re is no simil>ity betwe5 ! ess5ce ( ,god & t ( o!r be+s4 ,!y d n foll[ ?is pr9ciple1 = !y hold t "o def9ition may include !m1 & t1 nev]!less1 !re is no simil>ity betwe5 !m4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! mean+ ( simil>ity w c]ta9ly und]/& t ! t]m exi/5ce1 :5 appli$ to ,god & to o!r be+s1 is p]fectly homonym\s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! t]ms ,wisdom1 ,p[]1 ,w1 & ,life are appli$ to ,god & to o!r be+s by way ( p]fect homonymity1 admitt+ ( no comp>ison :atev]4 ,nor mu/ y ?9k t ^! attributes are employ$ z hybrid t]ms2 = hybrid t]ms are su* z are appli$ to two ?+s :i* h a simil>ity to ea* o!r 9 respect to a c]ta9 prop]ty :i* is 9 bo? ( !m an accid5t1 n an ess5tial1 con/itu5t elem5t4 ,! attributes ( ,god1 h[ev]1 are n consid]$ z accid5tal by any intellig5t p]son1 :ile all attributes appli$ to man are accid5ts1 accord+ to ! ,mutakallemim4 ,i am !re=e at a loss to see h[ !y c f9d any simil>ity betwe5 ! attributes ( ,god & ^? ( man2 h[ _! def9itions c be id5tical1 & _! significations ! same6 ,?is is a decisive pro( t !re is1 9 no way or s5se1 any?+ common to ! attributes pr$icat$ ( ,god1 & ^? us$ 9 ref]5ce to ourselves2 !y h only ! same names1 & no?+ else is common to !m4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is n prop] to believe1 on acc\nt ( ! use ( ! same attributes1 t !re is 9 ,god some?+ additional to ,8 ess5ce1 9 ! same way z attributes are jo9$ to our ess5ce4 ,?is is mo/ important = ^? :o und]/& x4 ,keep x 9 memory1 & /udy x ?or\ghly1 9 ord] to be well prep>$ = t :i* ,i am go+ to expla9 to y4 ,,*apt] ,,lvii ,on attributes2 rem>ks m recondite ?an ! prec$+4 ,x is kn[n t exi/5ce is an accid5t app]ta9+ to all ?+s1 & !re=e an elem5t sup]add$ to _! ess5ce4 ,?is mu/ evid5tly be ! case z reg>ds ev]y?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* is due to "s cause2 its exi/5ce is an elem5t sup]add$ to its ess5ce4 ,b z reg>ds a be+ ^: exi/5ce is n due to any cause--,god alone is t be+1 = ,8 exi/5ce1 z we h said1 is absolute--exi/5ce & ess5ce are p]fectly id5tical2 ,he is n a sub/ance to :i* exi/5ce is jo9$ z an accid5t1 z an additional elem5t4 ,8 exi/5ce is always absolute1 & has nev] be5 a new elem5t or an accid5t 9 ,him4 ,consequ5tly ,god exi/s )\t possess+ ! attribute ( exi/5ce4 ,simil>ly ,he lives1 )\t possess+ ! attribute ( life2 kn[s1 )\t possess+ ! attribute ( k2 is omnipot5t )\t possess+ ! attribute ( omnipot5ce2 is wise1 )\t possess+ ! attribute ( wisdom2 all ?is r$uces itself to "o & ! same entity2 !re is no plurality 9 ,him1 z w be %[n4 ,x is fur!r necess>y to consid] t unity & plurality are accid5ts sup]v5+ to an object accord+ z x consi/s ( _m elem5ts or ( "o4 ,?is is fully expla9$ 9 ! book call$ ,metaphysics4 ,9 ! same way z numb] is n ! sub/ance ( ! ?+s numb]$1 s is unity n ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ :i* has ! attribute ( unity1 = unity & plurality are accid5ts belong+ to ! category ( discrete quantity1 & sup]v5+ to su* objects z are capable ( receiv+ !m4 ,to t be+1 h[ev]1 :i* has truly simple1 absolute exi/5ce1 & 9 :i* composition is inconceivable1 ! accid5t ( unity is z inadmissible z ! accid5t ( plurality2 t is to say1 ,god's unity is n an elem5t sup]add$1 b ,he is ,"o )\t possess+ ! attribute ( unity4 ,! inve/igation ( ?is subject1 :i* is almo/ too subtle = our und]/&+1 mu/ n be bas$ on curr5t expressions employ$ 9 describ+ x1 = ^! are ! great s\rce ( error4 ,x w\ld be extremely difficult = u to f9d1 9 any language :atsoev]1 words adequate to ?is subject1 & we c only employ inadequate language4 ,9 our endeav\r to %[ t ,god does n include a plurality1 we c only say 8,he is "o10 al?\gh 8"o0 & 8_m0 are bo? t]ms :i* s]ve to di/+ui% quantity4 ,we !re=e make ! subject cle>]1 & %[ to ! und]/&+ ! way ( tru? by say+ ,he is "o b does n possess ! attribute ( unity4 ,! same is ! case :5 we say ,god is ! ,fir/ 7,kadmon71 to express t ,he has n be5 creat$2 ! t]m 8,fir/0 is decid$ly inaccurate1 = x c 9 its true s5se only be appli$ to a be+ t is subject to ! relation ( "t2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is an accid5t to motion :i* aga9 is connect$ ) a body4 ,besides ! attribute 8fir/0 is a relative t]m1 be+ 9 reg>d to "t ! same z ! t]ms 8long0 & 8%ort0 are 9 reg>d to a l9e4 ,bo? expressions1 8fir/0 & 8creat$10 are equally inadmissible 9 ref]5ce to any be+ to :i* ! attribute ( "t is n applicable1 j z we d n say 8crook$0 or 8/raight0 9 ref]5ce to ta/e1 8salt$0 or 8insipid0 9 ref]5ce to ! voice4 ,^! subjects are n unkn[n to ^? :o h accu/om$ !mselves to seek a true und]/&+ ( ! ?+s1 & to e/abli% _! prop]ties 9 accordance ) ! ab/ract notions :i* ! m9d has =m$ ( !m1 & :o are n misl$ by ! inaccuracy ( ! words employ$4 ,all attributes1 su* z 8! ,fir/10 8! ,la/10 occurr+ 9 ! ,scriptures 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 are z metaphorical z ! expressions 8e>0 & 8eye40 ,!y simply signify t ,god is n subject to any *ange or innovation :atev]2 !y d n imply t ,god c be describ$ by "t1 or t !re is any comp>ison betwe5 ,him & any o!r be+ z reg>ds "t1 & t ,he is call$ on t acc\nt 8! fir/0 & 8! la/40 ,9 %ort1 all simil> expressions are borr[$ f ! language commonly us$ among ! p4 ,9 ! same way we use 8,"o0 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 to express t !re is no?+ simil> to ,him1 b we d n mean to say t an attribute ( unity is add$ to ,8 ess5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,lviii ,?is *apt] is ev5 m recondite ?an ! prec$+4 ,"k t ! negative attributes ( ,god are ! true attributes3 !y d n include any incorrect notions or any defici5cy :atev] 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 :ile positive attributes imply poly!ism1 & are inadequate1 z we h already %[n4 ,x is n[ necess>y to expla9 h[ negative expressions c 9 a c]ta9 s5se be employ$ z attributes1 & h[ !y are di/+ui%$ f positive attributes4 ,!n ,i %all %[ t we _c describe ! ,creator by any means except by negative attributes4 ,an attribute does n exclusively belong to ! "o object to :i* x is relat$2 :ile qualify+ "o ?+1 x c also be employ$ to qualify o!r ?+s1 & is 9 t case n peculi> to t "o ?+4 ,e4g41 if y see an object f a di/ance1 & on enquir+ :at x is1 are told t x is a liv+ be+1 y h c]ta9ly le>nt an attribute ( ! object se51 & al?\gh t attribute does n exclusively belong to ! object p]ceiv$1 x expresses t ! object is n a plant or a m9]al4 ,aga91 if a man is 9 a c]ta9 h\se1 & y "k t some?+ is 9 ! h\se1 b n exactly :at1 y ask :at is 9 t h\se1 & y are told1 n a plant nor a m9]al4 ,y h !reby obta9$ "s special k ( ! ?+2 y h le>nt t x is a liv+ be+1 al?\gh y d n yet "k :at k9d ( a liv+ be+ x is4 ,! negative attributes h ?is 9 common ) ! positive1 t !y necess>ily circumscribe ! object to "s ext5t1 al?\gh su* circumscription consi/s only 9 ! exclusion ( :at o!rwise w\ld n be exclud$4 ,9 ! foll[+ po9t1 h[ev]1 ! negative attributes are di/+ui%$ f ! positive4 ,! positive attributes1 al?\gh n peculi> to "o ?+1 describe a portion ( :at we desire to "k1 ei!r "s "p ( its ess5ce or "s ( its accid5ts2 ! negative attributes1 on ! o!r h&1 d n1 z reg>ds ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ :i* we desire to "k1 9 any way tell u :at x is1 except x be indirectly1 z has be5 %[n 9 ! in/ance giv5 by u4 ,aft] ?is introduction1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t1--z has already be5 %[n--,god's exi/5ce is absolute1 t x includes no composition1 z w be prov$1 & t we compreh5d only ! fact t ,he exi/s1 n ,8 ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly x is a false assumption to hold t ,he has any positive attribute2 = ,he does n possess exi/5ce 9 addition to ,8 ess5ce2 x !re=e _c be said t ! "o may be describ$ z an attribute ( ! o!r2 mu* less has ,he 9 addition to ,8 exi/5ce a comp\nd ess5ce1 consi/+ ( two con/itu5t elem5ts to :i* ! attribute c\ld ref]2 /ill less has ,he accid5ts1 :i* c\ld be describ$ by an attribute4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ,he has no positive attribute :atev]4 ,! negative attributes1 h[ev]1 are ^? :i* are necess>y to direct ! m9d to ! tru?s :i* we mu/ believe conc]n+ ,god2 =1 on ! "o h&1 !y d n imply any plurality1 &1 on ! o!r1 !y convey to man ! highe/ possible k ( ,god2 e4g41 x has be5 e/abli%$ by pro( t "s be+ mu/ exi/ besides ^? ?+s :i* c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 or appreh5d$ by ! m9d2 :5 we say ( ?is be+1 t x exi/s1 we mean t its non-exi/5ce is impossible4 ,we !n p]ceive t su* a be+ is n1 = in/ance1 l ! f\r elem5ts1 :i* are inanimate1 & we !re=e say t x is liv+1 express+ !reby t x is n dead4 ,we call su* a be+ incorporeal1 because we notice t x is unlike ! heav5s1 :i* are liv+1 b mat]ial4 ,see+ t x is also diff]5t f ! intellect1 :i*1 ?\gh incorporeal & liv+1 owes its exi/5ce to "s cause1 we say x is ! fir/1 express+ !reby t its exi/5ce is n due to any cause4 ,we fur!r notice1 t ! exi/5ce1 t is ! ess5ce1 ( ?is be+ is n limit$ to its own exi/5ce2 _m exi/5ces emanate f x1 & its influ5ce is n l t ( ! fire 9 produc+ heat1 or t ( ! sun 9 s5d+ =? light1 b consi/s 9 con/antly giv+ !m /ability & ord] by well-e/abli%$ rule1 z we %all %[3 we say1 on t acc\nt1 x has p[]1 wisdom1 & w1 i4e41 x is n feeble or ignorant1 or ha/y1 & does n ab&on its creatures2 :5 we say t x is n feeble1 we mean t its exi/5ce is capable ( produc+ ! exi/5ce ( _m o!r ?+s2 by say+ t x is n ignorant1 we mean 8x p]ceives0 or 8x lives10--= ev]y?+ t p]ceives is liv+--by say+ 8x is n ha/y1 & does n ab&on its creatures10 we mean t all ^! creatures pres]ve a c]ta9 ord] & arrangem5t2 !y are n left to !mselves2 !y are n produc$ aimlessly1 b :atev] condition !y receive f t be+ is giv5 ) design & int5tion4 ,we ?us le>n t !re is no o!r be+ l unto ,god1 & we say t ,he is ,"o1 i4e41 !re are n m ,gods ?an "o4 ,x has ?us be5 %[n t e attribute pr$icat$ ( ,god ei!r d5otes ! quality ( an action1 or--:5 ! attribute is int5d$ to convey "s idea ( ! ,div9e ,be+ itself1 & n ( ,8 actions--! negation ( ! opposite4 ,ev5 ^! negative attributes mu/ n be =m$ & appli$ to ,god1 except 9 ! way 9 :i*1 z y "k1 sometimes an attribute is negativ$ 9 ref]5ce to a ?+1 al?\gh t attribute c naturally nev] be appli$ to x 9 ! same s5se1 z1 e4g41 we say1 8,?is wall does n see40 ,^? :o read ! pres5t "w are aw>e t1 not)/&+ all ! ef=ts ( ! m9d1 we c obta9 no k ( ! ess5ce ( ! heav5s--a revolv+ sub/ance :i* has be5 measur$ by u 9 spans & cubits1 & exam9$ ev5 z reg>ds ! proportions ( ! sev]al sph]es to ea* o!r & respect+ mo/ ( _! motions--al?\gh we "k t !y mu/ consi/ ( matt] & =m2 b ! matt] n be+ ! same z sublun>y matt]1 we c only describe ! heav5s 9 t]ms express+ negative prop]ties1 b n 9 t]ms d5ot+ positive qualities4 ,?us we say t ! heav5s are n light1 n heavy1 n passive & !re=e n subject to impressions1 & t !y d n possess ! s5sations ( ta/e & smell2 or we use simil> negative attributes4 ,all ?is we d1 because we d n "k _! sub/ance4 ,:at1 !n1 c be ! result ( our ef=ts1 :5 we try to obta9 a k ( a ,be+ t is free f sub/ance1 t is mo/ simple1 ^: exi/5ce is absolute1 & n due to any cause1 to ^: p]fect ess5ce no?+ c be sup]add$1 & ^: p]fection consi/s1 z we h %[n1 9 ! abs5ce ( all defects4 ,all we und]/& is ! fact t ,he exi/s1 t ,he is a ,be+ to :om none ( ,8 creatures is simil>1 :o has no?+ 9 common ) !m1 :o does n include plurality1 :o is nev] too feeble to produce o!r be+s1 & ^: relation to ! univ]se is t ( a /e]sman to a boat2 & ev5 ?is is n a real relation1 a real simile1 b s]ves only to convey to u ! idea t ,god rules ! univ]se2 t is1 t ,he gives x duration1 & pres]ves its necess>y arrangem5t4 ,?is subject w be treat$ m fully4 ,prais$ be ,he6 ,9 ! contemplation ( ,8 ess5ce1 our compreh5sion & k prove insuffici5t2 9 ! exam9ation ( ,8 works1 h[ !y necess>ily result f ,8 w1 our k proves to be ignorance1 & 9 ! endeav\r to extol ,him 9 words1 all our ef=ts 9 spee* are m]e weakness & failure6 ,,*apt] ,,lix ,! foll[+ "q might p]haps be ask$3 ,s9ce !re is no possibility ( obta9+ a k ( ! true ess5ce ( ,god1 & s9ce x has also be5 prov$ t ! only ?+ t man c appreh5d ( ,him is ! fact t ,he exi/s1 & t all positive attributes are inadmissible1 z has be5 %[n2 :at is ! diff]5ce among ^? :o h obta9$ a k ( ,god8 ,mu/ n ! k obta9$ by our tea*] ,moses1 & by ,solomon1 be ! same z t obta9$ by any "o ( ! l[e/ class ( philosoph]s1 s9ce !re c be no addition to ?is k8 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is g5]ally accept$ among !ologians & also among philosoph]s1 t !re c be a great diff]5ce betwe5 two p]sons z reg>ds ! k ( ,god obta9$ by !m4 ,"k t ?is is really ! case1 t ^? :o h obta9$ a k ( ,god diff] greatly f ea* o!r2 = 9 ! same way z by ea* additional attribute an object is m specifi$1 & is br\ght ne>] to ! true appreh5sion ( ! obs]v]1 s by ea* additional negative attribute y advance t[>d ! k ( ,god1 & y are ne>] to x ?an he :o does n negative1 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 ^? qualities :i* y are conv9c$ by pro( mu/ be negativ$4 ,!re may ?us be a man :o aft] hav+ e>ne/ly devot$ _m ye>s to ! pursuit ( "o sci5ce1 & to ! true und]/&+ ( its pr9ciples1 till he is fully conv9c$ ( its tru?s1 has obta9$ z ! sole result ( ?is /udy ! conviction t a c]ta9 quality mu/ be negativ$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 & ! capacity ( demon/rat+ t x is impossible to apply x to ,him4 ,sup]ficial ?9k]s w h no pro( = ?is1 w d\btfully ask1 ,is t ?+ exi/+ 9 ! ,creator1 or n8 ,& ^? :o are depriv$ ( sight w positively ascribe x to ,god1 al?\gh x has be5 cle>ly %[n t ,he does n possess x4 ,e4g41 :ile ,i %[ t ,god is incorporeal1 ano!r d\bts & is n c]ta9 :e!r ,he is corporeal or incorporeal2 o!rs ev5 positively decl>e t ,he is corporeal1 & appe> be=e ! ,"l ) t belief4 ,n[ see h[ great ! diff]5ce is betwe5 ^! ?ree m52 ! fir/ is und\bt$ly ne>e/ to ! ,almighty2 ! second is remote1 & ! ?ird /ill m di/ant f ,him4 ,if !re be a f\r? p]son :o holds himself conv9c$ by pro( t emotions are impossible 9 ,god1 :ile ! fir/ :o rejects ! corporeality1 is n conv9c$ ( t impossibility1 t f\r? p]son is und\bt$ly ne>] ! k ( ,god ?an ! fir/1 & s on1 s t a p]son :o1 conv9c$ by pro(1 negatives a numb] ( ?+s 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 :i* accord+ to our belief may possibly be 9 ,him or emanate f ,him1 is und\bt$ly a m p]fect man ?an we are1 & w\ld surpass u /ill m if we positively believ$ ^! ?+s to be prop]ties ( ,god4 ,x w n[ be cle> to y1 t e "t y e/abli% by pro( ! negation ( a ?+ 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 y become m p]fect1 :ile ) e additional positive ass]tion y foll[ y\r imag9ation & rec$e f ! true k ( ,god4 ,only by su* ways mu/ we approa* ! k ( ,god1 & by su* rese>*es & /udies z w\ld %[ u ! inapplicability ( :at is inadmissible z reg>ds ! ,creator1 n by su* me?ods z w\ld prove ! necessity ( ascrib+ to ,him any?+ extrane\s to ,8 ess5ce1 or ass]t+ t ,he has a c]ta9 p]fection1 :5 we f9d x to be a p]fection 9 relation to u4 ,! p]fections are all to "s ext5t acquir$ prop]ties1 & a prop]ty :i* mu/ be acquir$ does n exi/ 9 ev]y?+ capable ( mak+ su* acquisition4 ,y mu/ be> 9 m9d1 t by affirm+ any?+ ( ,god1 y are remov$ f ,him 9 two respects2 fir/1 :atev] y affirm1 is only a p]fection 9 relation to u2 secondly1 ,he does n possess any?+ sup]add$ to ?is ess5ce2 ,8 ess5ce includes all ,8 p]fections1 z we h %[n4 ,s9ce x is a well-kn[n fact t ev5 t k ( ,god :i* is accessible to man _c be atta9$ except by negations1 & t negations d n convey a true idea ( ! be+ to :i* !y ref]1 all p1 bo? ( pa/ & pres5t g5]ations1 decl>$ t ,god _c be ! object ( human compreh5sion1 t none b ,himself compreh5ds :at ,he is1 & t our k consi/s 9 kn[+ t we are unable truly to compreh5d ,him4 ,all philosoph]s say1 8,he has ov]p[]$ u by ,8 grace1 & is invisible to u ?r\gh ! int5sity ( ,8 light10 l ! sun :i* _c be p]ceiv$ by eyes :i* are too weak to be> its rays4 ,mu* m has be5 said on ?is topic1 b x is useless to repeat x "h4 ,! idea is be/ express$ 9 ! book ( ,psalms1 8,sil5ce is praise to ,!e0 7lxv4 #b74 ,x is a v expressive rem>k on ?is subject2 = :atev] we utt] ) ! int5tion ( extoll+ & ( prais+ ,him1 conta9s some?+ t _c be appli$ to ,god1 & includes d]ogatory expressions2 x is !re=e m becom+ to be sil5t1 & to be cont5t ) intellectual reflection1 z has be5 recomm5d$ by m5 ( ! highe/ culture1 9 ! words 8,commune ) y\r own he>t ^u y\r b$1 & be /ill0 7,ps4 iv4 #d74 ,y mu/ surely "k ! foll[+ celebrat$ passage 9 ! ,talmud--w\ld t all passages 9 ! ,talmud 7 l t6--al?\gh x is kn[n to y1 ,i quote x lit]ally1 z ,i wi% to po9t out to y ! ideas conta9$ 9 x3 8,a c]ta9 p]son1 read+ pray]s 9 ! pres5ce ( ,rabbi an9ah1 said1 #8,god1 ! great1 ! valiant & ! trem5d\s1 ! p[]ful1 ! /rong1 & ! mighty4'--,! rabbi said to him1 ,h y f9i%$ all ! praises ( y\r ,ma/]8 ,! ?ree epi!ts1 #8,god1 ! great1 ! valiant & ! trem5d\s1' we %\ld n h appli$ to ,god1 _h ,moses n m5tion$ !m 9 ! ,law1 & _h n ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue come =w>d subsequ5tly & e/abli%$ _! use 9 ! pray]2 & y say all ?is6 ,let ?is be illu/rat$ by a p>able4 ,!re 0 once an e>?ly k+1 possess+ millions ( gold co92 he 0 prais$ = own+ millions ( silv] co92 0 ?is n really dispraise to him80 ,?us f> ! op9ion ( ! pi\s rabbi4 ,consid]1 fir/1 h[ repulsive & annoy+ ! accumulation ( all ^! positive attributes 0 to him2 next1 h[ he %[$ t1 if we _h only to foll[ our reason1 we %\ld nev] h compos$ ^! pray]s1 & we %\ld n h utt]$ any ( !m4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 become necess>y to address m5 9 words t %\ld leave "s idea 9 _! m9ds1 &1 9 accordance ) ! say+ ( our ,sages1 8,! ,torah speaks 9 ! language ( m510 ! ,creator has be5 describ$ to u 9 t]ms ( our own p]fections2 b we %\ld n on t acc\nt h utt]$ any o!r ?an ! ?ree above-m5tion$ attributes1 & we %\ld n h us$ !m z names ( ,god except :5 meet+ ) !m 9 read+ ! ,law4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 :o 7 prophets1 introduc$ ^! expressions also into ! pray]1 b we %\ld n on t acc\nt use 9 our pray]s any o!r attributes ( ,god4 ,! pr9cipal lesson to be d]iv$ f ?is passage is t !re are two reasons = our employ+ ^? phrases 9 our pray]s3 fir/1 !y occur 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 secondly1 ! ,prophets introduc$ !m into ! pray]4 ,7 x n = ! fir/ reason1 we %\ld nev] h utt]$ !m2 & 7 x n = ! second reason1 we %\ld n h copi$ !m f ! ,p5tateu* to recite !m 9 our pray]s2 h[ !n c\ld we approve ( ! use ( ^? num]\s attributes6 ,y also le>n f ?is t we ought n to m5tion & employ 9 our pray]s all ! attributes we f9d appli$ to ,god 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets2 = he does n say1 8,7 x n t ,moses1 our ,tea*]1 said !m1 we %\ld n h be5 able to use !m02 b he adds ano!r condition--8& _h n ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue come =w>d & e/abli%$ _! use 9 ! pray]10 because only = t reason are we all[$ to use !m 9 our pray]s4 ,we _c approve ( :at ^? fooli% p]sons d :o are extravagant 9 praise1 flu5t & prolix 9 ! pray]s !y compose1 & 9 ! hymns !y make 9 ! desire to approa* ! ,creator4 ,!y describe ,god 9 attributes :i* w\ld be an (f5ce if appli$ to a human be+2 = ^? p]sons h no k ( ^! great & important pr9ciples1 :i* are n accessible to ! ord9>y intellig5ce ( man4 ,treat+ ! ,creator z a famili> object1 !y describe ,him & speak ( ,him 9 any expressions !y ?9k prop]2 !y eloqu5tly cont9ue to praise ,him 9 t mann]1 & believe t !y c !reby influ5ce ,him & produce an effect on ,him4 ,if !y f9d "s phrase suit$ to _! object 9 ! words ( ! ,prophets !y are /ill m incl9$ to consid] t !y are free to make use ( su* texts--:i* %\ld at lea/ be expla9$--to employ !m 9 _! lit]al s5se1 to d]ive new expressions f !m1 to =m f !m num]\s v>iations1 & to f\nd :ole compositions on !m4 ,?is lic5se is frequ5tly met ) 9 ! compositions ( ! s+]s1 prea*]s1 & o!rs :o imag9e !mselves to be able to compose a poem4 ,su* au?ors write ?+s :i* p>tly are real h]esy1 p>tly conta9 su* folly & absurdity t !y naturally cause ^? :o he> !m to laugh1 b also to feel griev$ at ! ?\ght t su* ?+s c be utt]$ 9 ref]5ce to ,god4 ,7 x n t ,i piti$ ! au?ors = _! defects1 & did n wi% to injure !m1 ,i %\ld h cit$ "s passages to %[ y _! mi/akes2 besides1 ! fault ( _! compositions is obvi\s to all intellig5t p]sons4 ,y mu/ consid] x1 & ?9k ?us3 ,if sl&] & libel is a great s91 h[ mu* great] is ! s9 ( ^? :o speak ) loos5ess ( tongue 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 & describe ,him by attributes :i* are f> bel[ ,him2 & ,i decl>e t !y n only commit an ord9>y s91 b unconsci\sly at lea/ incur ! guilt ( pr(anity & blasphemy4 ,?is applies bo? to ! multitude t li/5s to su* pray]s1 & to ! fooli% man t recites !m4 ,m51 h[ev]1 :o und]/& ! fault ( su* compositions1 &1 nev]!less1 recite !m1 may be class$1 accord+ to my op9ion1 among ^? to :om ! foll[+ words are appli$3 8,& ! *ildr5 ( ,israel us$ words t 7 n "r aga9/ ! ,"l _! ,god0 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #i72 & 8utt] error aga9/ ! ,"l0 7,isa4 xxxii4 #f74 ,if y are ( ^? :o reg>d ! hon\r ( _! ,creator1 d n li/5 9 any way to !m1 mu* less utt] :at !y say1 & /ill less compose su* pray]s1 kn[+ h[ great is ! (f5ce ( "o :o hurls asp]sions aga9/ ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,!re is no necessity at all = y to use positive attributes ( ,god ) ! view ( magnify+ ,him 9 y\r ?\ghts1 or to g beyond ! limits :i* ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue h introduc$ 9 ! pray]s & 9 ! bless+s1 = ?is is suffici5t = all purposes1 & ev5 m ?an suffici5t1 z ,rabbi an9ah said4 ,o!r attributes1 su* z occur 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets1 may be utt]$ :5 we meet ) !m 9 read+ ^? books2 b we mu/ be> 9 m9d :at has already be5 expla9$1 t !y are ei!r attributes ( ,god's actions1 or expressions imply+ ! negation ( ! opposite4 ,?is likewise %\ld n be divulg$ to ! multitude2 b a reflection ( ?is k9d is fitt$ = ! few only :o believe t ! glorification ( ,god does n consi/ 9 utt]+ t :i* is n to be utt]$1 b 9 reflect+ on t on :i* man %\ld reflect4 ,we w n[ conclude our exposition ( ! wise words ( ,r4 an9ah4 ,he does n employ any su* simile z3 8,a k+ :o possesses millions ( gold d5>ii1 & is prais$ z hav+ hundr$s02 = ?is w\ld imply t ,god's p]fections1 al?\gh m p]fect ?an ^? ascrib$ to man are /ill ( ! same k9d2 b ?is is n ! case1 z has be5 prov$4 ,! excell5ce ( ! simile consi/s 9 ! words3 8:o possesses gold5 d5>ii1 & is prais$ z hav+ silv] d5>ii02 ?is implies t ^! attributes1 ?\gh p]fections z reg>ds ourselves1 are n su* z reg>ds ,god2 9 ref]5ce to ,him !y w\ld all be defects1 z is di/9ctly sugge/$ 9 ! rem>k1 8,is ?is n an (f5ce to ,him80 ,i h already told y t all ^! attributes1 :atev] p]fection !y may d5ote accord+ to y\r idea1 imply defects 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 if appli$ to ,him 9 ! same s5se z !y are us$ 9 ref]5ce to ourselves4 ,solomon has already giv5 u suffici5t in/ruction on ?is subject by say+1 8,= ,god is 9 heav51 & ?\ ^u e>?2 !re=e let ?y words be few0 7,eccles4 v4 #b74 ,,*apt] ,,lx ,i w give y 9 ?is *apt] "s illu/rations1 9 ord] t y may bett] und]/& ! propriety ( =m+ z _m negative attributes z possible1 & ! impropriety ( ascrib+ to ,god any positive attributes4 ,a p]son may "k = c]ta9 t a 8%ip0 is 9 exi/5ce1 b he may n "k to :at object t "n is appli$1 :e!r to a sub/ance or to an accid5t2 a second p]son !n le>ns t ! %ip is n an accid5t2 a ?ird1 t x is n a m9]al2 a f\r?1 t x is n a plant gr[+ 9 ! e>?2 a fif?1 t x is n a body ^: p>ts are jo9$ toge!r by nature2 a six?1 t x is n a flat object l bo>ds or doors2 a sev5?1 t x is n a sph]e2 an eigh?1 t x is n po9t$2 a n9?1 t x is n r\nd-%ap$2 nor equilat]al2 a t5?1 t x is n solid4 ,x is cle> t ?is t5? p]son has almo/ arriv$ at ! correct notion ( a 8%ip0 by ! =ego+ negative attributes1 z if he _h exactly ! same notion z ^? h :o imag9e x to be a wood5 sub/ance :i* is holl[1 long1 & compos$ ( _m pieces ( wood1 t is to say1 :o "k x by positive attributes4 ,( ! o!r p]sons 9 our illu/ration1 ea* "o is m remote f ! correct notion ( a %ip ?an ! next m5tion$1 s t ! fir/ kn[s no?+ ab\t x b ! "n4 ,9 ! same mann] y w come ne>] to ! k & compreh5sion ( ,god by ! negative attributes4 ,b y mu/ be c>eful1 9 :at y negative1 to negative by pro(1 n by m]e words1 = ea* "t y asc]ta9 by pro( t a c]ta9 ?+1 believ$ to exi/ 9 ! ,creator1 mu/ be negativ$1 y h und\bt$ly come "o /ep ne>] to ! k ( ,god4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t "s m5 come v ne> to ,god1 & o!rs rema9 exce$+ly remote f ,him1 n 9 ! s5se ( ^? :o are depriv$ ( vision1 & believe t ,god occupies a place1 :i* man c physically approa* or f :i* he c rec$e4 ,exam9e ?is well1 "k x1 & be cont5t ) x4 ,! way :i* w br+ y ne>] to ,god has be5 cle>ly %[n to y2 walk 9 x1 if y h ! desire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a great dang] 9 apply+ positive attributes to ,god4 ,= x has be5 %[n t e p]fection we c\ld imag9e1 ev5 if exi/+ 9 ,god 9 accordance ) ! op9ion ( ^? :o ass]t ! exi/5ce ( attributes1 w\ld 9 reality n be ( ! same k9d z t imag9$ by u1 b w\ld only be call$ by ! same "n1 accord+ to our explanation2 x w\ld 9 fact am\nt to a negation4 ,suppose1 e4g41 y say ,he has k1 & t k1 :i* admits ( no *ange & ( no plurality1 embraces _m *angeable ?+s2 ,8 k rema9s unalt]$1 :ile new ?+s are con/antly =m$1 & ,8 k ( a ?+ be=e x exi/s1 :ile x exi/s1 & :5 x has ceas$ to exi/1 is ! same )\t ! lea/ *ange3 y w\ld !reby decl>e t ,8 k is n l ours2 & simil>ly t ,8 exi/5ce is n l ours4 ,y ?us necess>ily arrive at "s negation1 )\t obta9+ a true conception ( an ess5tial attribute2 on ! contr>y1 y are l$ to assume t !re is a plurality 9 ,god1 & to believe t ,he1 ?\gh "o ess5ce1 has sev]al unkn[n attributes4 ,= if y int5d to affirm !m1 y _c comp>e !m ) ^? attributes kn[n by u1 & !y are consequ5tly n ( ! same k9d4 ,y are1 z x 71 br\ght by ! belief 9 ! reality ( ! attributes1 to say t ,god is "o subject ( :i* sev]al ?+s are pr$icat$2 ?\gh ! subject is n l ord9>y subjects1 & ! pr$icates are n l ord9>y pr$icates4 ,?is belief w\ld ultimately lead u to associate o!r ?+s ) ,god1 & n to believe t ,he is ,"o4 ,= ( e subject c]ta9 ?+s c und\bt$ly be pr$icat$1 & al?\gh 9 reality subject & pr$icate are comb9$ 9 "o ?+1 by ! actual def9ition !y consi/ ( two elem5ts1 ! notion conta9$ 9 ! subject n be+ ! same z t conta9$ 9 ! pr$icate4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise x w be prov$ to y t ,god _c be a comp\nd1 & t ,he is simple 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,i d n m]ely decl>e t he :o affirms attributes ( ,god has n suffici5t k conc]n+ ! ,creator1 admits "s association ) ,god1 or conceives ,him to be diff]5t f :at ,he is2 b ,i say t he unconsci\sly loses 8 belief 9 ,god4 ,= he ^: k conc]n+ a ?+ is insuffici5t1 und]/&s "o "p ( x :ile he is ignorant ( ! o!r1 z1 e4g41 a p]son :o kn[s t man possesses life1 b does n "k t man possesses und]/&+2 b 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 9 ^: real exi/5ce !re is no plurality1 x is impossible t "o ?+ %\ld be kn[n1 & ano!r unkn[n4 ,simil>ly he :o associates an object ) ! prop]ties ( ano!r object1 conceives a true & correct notion ( ! "o object1 & applies t notion also to ! o!r2 :ile ^? :o admit ! attributes ( ,god1 d n consid] !m z id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce1 b z extrane\s elem5ts4 ,aga91 he :o conceives an incorrect notion ( an object1 mu/ necess>ily h a correct idea ( ! object to "s ext5t2 he1 h[ev]1 :o says t ta/e belongs to ! category ( quantity has n1 accord+ to my op9ion1 an incorrect notion ( ta/e1 b is entirely ignorant ( its nature1 = he does n "k to :at object ! t]m 8ta/e0 is to be appli$4--,?is is a v difficult subject2 consid] x well4 ,accord+ to ?is explanation y w und]/&1 t ^? :o d n recognize1 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 ! negation ( ?+s1 :i* o!rs negative by cle> pro(1 are defici5t 9 ! k ( ,god1 & are remote f compreh5d+ ,him4 ,consequ5tly1 ! small] ! numb] ( ?+s is :i* a p]son c negative 9 relation to ,god1 ! less he kn[s ( ,him1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]2 b ! man :o affirms an attribute ( ,god1 kn[s no?+ b ! same2 = ! object to :i*1 9 8 imag9ation1 he applies t "n1 does n exi/2 x is a m]e fiction & inv5tion1 z if he appli$ t "n to a non-exi/+ be+1 = !re is1 9 reality1 no su* object4 ,e4g41 "s "o has he>d ( ! elephant1 & kn[s t x is an animal1 & wi%es to "k its =m & nature4 ,a p]son1 :o is ei!r misl$ or mislead+1 tells him x is an animal ) "o leg1 ?ree w+s1 lives 9 ! dep? ( ! sea1 has a transp>5t body2 its face is wide l t ( a man1 has ! same =m & %ape1 speaks l a man1 flies sometimes 9 ! air1 & sometimes swims l a fi%4 ,i %\ld n say1 t he describ$ ! elephant incorrectly1 or t he has an insuffici5t k ( ! elephant1 b ,i w\ld say t ! ?+ ?us describ$ is an inv5tion & fiction1 & t 9 reality !re exi/s no?+ l x2 x is a non-exi/+ be+1 call$ by ! "n ( a really exi/+ be+1 & l ! griff91 ! c5taur1 & simil> imag9>y comb9ations = :i* simple & comp\nd names h be5 borr[$ f real ?+s4 ,! pres5t case is analog\s2 namely1 ,god1 prais$ be ,8 "n1 exi/s1 & ,8 exi/5ce has be5 prov$ to be absolute & p]fectly simple1 z ,i %all expla94 ,if su* a simple1 absolutely exi/+ ess5ce 7 said to h attributes1 z has be5 cont5d$1 & 7 comb9$ ) extrane\s elem5ts1 x w\ld 9 no way be an exi/+ ?+1 z has be5 prov$ by u2 & :5 we say t t ess5ce1 :i* is call$ 8,god10 is a sub/ance ) _m prop]ties by :i* x c be describ$1 we apply t "n to an object :i* does n at all exi/4 ,consid]1 !re=e1 :at are ! consequ5ces ( affirm+ attributes to ,god6 ,z to ^? attributes ( ,god :i* occur 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 or 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets1 we mu/ assume t !y are exclusively employ$1 z has be5 /at$ by u1 to convey to u "s notion ( ! p]fections ( ! ,creator1 or to express qualities ( actions emanat+ f ,him4 ,,*apt] ,,lxi ,x is well kn[n t all ! names ( ,god occurr+ 9 ,scripture are d]iv$ f ,8 actions1 except "o1 namely1 ! ,tetragrammaton1 :i* consi/s ( ! lett]s yod1 h1 vau & h4 ,?is "n is appli$ exclusively to ,god1 & is on t acc\nt call$ ,%em ha-me=a%1 8,! nom5 proprium40 ,x is ! di/9ct & exclusive designation ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 :il/ ,8 o!r names are common n\ns1 & are d]iv$ f actions1 to :i* "s ( our own are simil>1 z we h already expla9$4 ,ev5 ! "n ,adonay1 8,"l10 :i* has be5 sub/itut$ = ! ,tetragrammaton1 is d]iv$ f ! appellative 8"l02 comp4 8,! man :o is ! "l 7adone7 ( ! l& spake r\ghly to u0 7,g54 xliii4 #cj74 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,adoni1 8my "l10 7) irek "u ! nun71 or ,adonay 7) kame7 is simil> to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,s>i1 8my pr9ce10 & ,s>a1 ,abraham's wife 7ib4 xvi4 #a71 ! latt] =m d5ot+ maje/y & di/9ction4 ,an angel is also address$ z 8,adonay02 e4g41 8,adonay 7,my "l71 pass n away1 ,i pray !e0 7ib4 xviii4 #c74 ,i h re/rict$ my explanation to ! t]m ,adonay1 ! sub/itute = ! ,tetragrammaton1 because x is m commonly appli$ to ,god ?an any ( ! o!r names :i* are 9 frequ5t use1 l dayyan1 8judge10 %adday1 8almighty10 addik1 8righte\s10 annun1 8graci\s10 raum 8m]ciful10 & elohim 8*ief02 all ^! t]ms are unque/ionably appellations & d]ivatives4 ,! d]ivation ( ! "n1 consi/+ ( yod1 h1 vau1 & h1 is n positively kn[n1 ! ^w hav+ no additional signification4 ,?is sacr$ "n1 :i*1 z y "k1 0 n pron\nc$ except 9 ! sanctu>y by ! appo9t$ prie/s1 :5 !y gave ! sac]dotal bless+1 & by ! high prie/ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 und\bt$ly d5otes some?+ :i* is peculi> to ,god1 & is n f\nd 9 any o!r be+4 ,x is possible t 9 ! ,hebrew language1 ( :i* we h n[ b a slight k1 ! ,tetragrammaton1 9 ! way x 0 pron\nc$1 convey$ ! mean+ ( 8absolute exi/5ce40 ,9 %ort1 ! maje/y ( ! "n & ! great dread ( utt]+ x1 are connect$ ) ! fact t x d5otes ,god ,himself1 )\t includ+ 9 its mean+ any names ( ! ?+s creat$ by ,him4 ,?us our ,sages say3 8#8,my "n' 7,num4 vi4 #bg7 means ! "n :i* is peculi> to ,me40 ,all o!r names ( ,god h ref]5ce to qualities1 & d n signify a simple sub/ance1 b a sub/ance ) attributes1 !y be+ d]ivatives4 ,on t acc\nt x is believ$ t !y imply ! pres5ce ( a plurality 9 ,god1 ,i mean to say1 ! pres5ce ( attributes1 t is1 ( "s extrane\s elem5t sup]add$ to ,8 ess5ce4 ,su* is ! mean+ ( all d]ivative names2 !y imply ! pres5ce ( "s attribute & its sub/ratum1 ?\gh ?is be n di/9ctly nam$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x has be5 prov$1 t ,god is n a sub/ratum capable ( attributes1 we are conv9c$ t ^? appellatives :5 employ$ z names ( ,god1 only indicate ! relation ( c]ta9 actions to ,him1 or !y convey to u "s notion ( ,8 p]fection4 ,h5ce ,r4 an9ah w\ld h object$ to ! expression 8! great1 ! mighty1 & ! trem5d\s10 _h x n be5 = ! two reasons m5tion$ by him2 because su* expressions lead m5 to ?9k t ! attributes are ess5tial1 i4e41 !y are p]fections actually pres5t 9 ,god4 ,! frequ5t use ( names ( ,god d]iv$ f actions1 l$ to ! belief t ,he _h z _m ess5tial attributes z !re 7 actions f :i* ! names 7 d]iv$4 ,! foll[+ promise 0 !re=e made1 imply+ t mank9d w at a c]ta9 future "t und]/& ?is subject1 & be free f ! error x involves3 8,9 t day w ! ,"l be ,"o1 & ,8 "n ,"o0 7,ze*4 xiv4 #i74 ,! mean+ ( ?is prophecy is ?is3 ,he be+ ,"o1 w !n be call$ by "o "n1 :i* w indicate ! ess5ce ( ,god2 b x does n mean t ,8 sole "n w be a d]ivative viz41 8,"o04 ,9 ! ,pirke ,rabbi ,eliez] 7*ap4 iii47 occurs ! foll[+ passage3 8,be=e ! univ]se 0 creat$1 !re 0 only ! ,almighty & ,8 "n40 ,obs]ve h[ cle>ly ! au?or /ates t all ^! appellatives employ$ z names ( ,god came into exi/5ce aft] ! ,creation4 ,?is is true2 = !y all ref] to actions manife/$ 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y consid] ,8 ess5ce z sep>ate & z ab/ract$ f all actions1 y w n describe x by an appellative1 b by a prop] n\n1 :i* exclusively indicates t ess5ce4 ,e o!r "n ( ,god is a d]ivative1 only ! ,tetragrammaton is a real nom5 proprium1 & mu/ n be consid]$ f any o!r po9t ( view4 ,y mu/ bew>e ( %>+ ! error ( ^? :o write amulets 7kameot74 ,:atev] y he> f !m1 or read 9 _! works1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ! names :i* !y =m by comb9ation1 is utt]ly s5seless2 !y call ^! comb9ations %emot 7names7 & believe t _! pronunciation dem&s sanctification & purification1 & t by us+ !m !y are enabl$ to "w miracles4 ,rational p]sons ought n to li/5 to su* m51 nor 9 any way believe _! ass]tions4 ,no o!r "n is call$ %em ha-me=a% except ?is ,tetragrammaton1 :i* is writt51 b is n pron\nc$ accord+ to its lett]s4 ,! words1 8,?us %all ye bless ! *ildr5 ( ,israel0 7,num4 vi4 #bc7 are int]pret$ 9 ,siphri z foll[s3 8#8,?us1' 9 ! holy language2 aga9 #8?us1' ) ! ,%em ha-me=a%40 ,! foll[+ rem>k is also f\nd !re3 8,9 ! sanctu>y ! "n ( ,god is pron\nc$ z x is spelt1 b else:]e by its sub/itutes40 ,9 ! ,talmud1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 8#8,?us1' i4e41 ) ! %em ha-me=a%4--,y say t ! prie/s1 :5 bless+ ! p1 _h to pron\nce ! %em ha-me=a%2 ?is 0 p]haps n ! case1 & !y may h us$ o!r names in/ead4--,we inf] x f ! words3 #8,& !y %all put ,my "n' 7,num4 vi4 #bg71 i4e41 ,my "n1 :i* is peculi> to ,me40 ,x has ?us be5 %[n t ! %em ha-me=a% 7! prop] "n ( ,god7 is ! ,tetragrammaton1 & t ?is is ! only "n :i* indicates no?+ b ,8 ess5ce1 & !re=e our ,sages 9 ref]r+ to ?is sacr$ t]m said 8#8,my "n' means ! "o :i* is peculi> to ,me alone40 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i w expla9 ! circum/ances :i* br\ght m5 to a belief 9 ! p[] ( ,%emot 7names ( ,god72 ,i w po9t out ! ma9 subject ( discussion1 & lay op5 to y its my/]y1 & !n n any d\bt w be left 9 y\r m9d1 unless y pref] to be misguid$4 ,,*apt] ,,lxii ,we 7 comm&$ t1 9 ! sac]dotal bless+1 ! "n ( ! ,"l %\ld be pron\nc$ z x is writt5 9 ! =m ( ! ,tetragrammaton1 ! %em ha-me=a%4 ,x 0 n kn[n to e "o h[ ! "n 0 to be pron\nc$1 :at v[els 7 to be giv5 to ea* consonant1 & :e!r "s ( ! lett]s capable ( r$uplication %\ld receive a dage%4 ,wise m5 successively transmitt$ ! pronunciation ( ! "n2 x occurr$ only once 9 sev5 ye>s t ! pronunciation 0 communicat$ to a di/+ui%$ disciple4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 add t ! /atem5t1 8,! wise m5 communicat$ ! ,tetragrammaton to _! *ildr5 & _! disciples once 9 sev5 ye>s10 does n only ref] to ! pronunciation b also to its mean+1 because ( :i* ! ,tetragrammaton 0 made a nom5 proprium ( ,god1 & :i* includes c]ta9 metaphysical pr9ciples4 ,our ,sages knew 9 addition a "n ( ,god :i* consi/$ ( twelve lett]s1 inf]ior 9 sanctity to ! ,tetragrammaton4 ,i believe t ?is 0 n a s+le n\n1 b consi/$ ( two or ?ree words1 ! sum ( _! lett]s be+ twelve1 & t ^! words 7 us$ by our ,sages z a sub/itute = ! ,tetragrammaton1 :5ev] !y met ) x 9 ! c\rse ( _! read+ ! ,scriptures1 9 ! same mann] z we at pres5t sub/itute = x aleph1 dale?1 etc4 i4e41 ,adonay1 8! ,"l04 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is "n also1 consi/+ ( twelve lett]s1 0 9 ?is s5se m di/9ctive ?an ! "n ,adonay3 x 0 nev] )held f any ( ! /ud5ts2 :oev] wi%$ to le>n x1 _h ! opportunity giv5 to him )\t any res]ve3 n s ! ,tetragrammaton2 ^? :o knew x did n communicate x except to a son or a disciple1 once 9 sev5 ye>s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 unpr9cipl$ m5 _h become acqua9t$ ) t "n :i* consi/s ( twelve lett]s & 9 consequ5ce _h become corrupt 9 fai?--z is sometimes ! case :5 p]sons ) imp]fect k become aw>e t a ?+ is n su* z !y _h imag9$--! ,sages conceal$ also t "n1 & only communicat$ x to ! wor?ie/ among ! prie/s1 t !y %\ld pron\nce x :5 !y bless$ ! p 9 ! ,temple2 = ! ,tetragrammaton 0 !n no long] utt]$ 9 ! sanctu>y on acc\nt ( ! corruption ( ! p4 ,!re is a tradition1 t ) ! dea? ( ,simeon ! ,j1 8 bro!r prie/s discont9u$ ! pronunciation ( ! ,tetragrammaton 9 ! bless+2 !y us$1 in/ead1 ?is "n ( twelve lett]s4 ,x is fur!r /at$1 t at fir/ ! "n ( twelve lett]s 0 communicat$ to e man2 b :5 ! numb] ( impi\s m5 increas$ x 0 only entru/$ to ! wor?ie/ among ! prie/s1 ^: voice1 9 pron\nc+ x1 0 dr[n$ amid ! s++ ( _! bro!r prie/s4 ,rabbi ,t>phon said1 8,once ,i foll[$ my gr&fa!r to ! das :]e ! bless+ 0 pron\nc$2 ,i incl9$ my e> to li/5 to a prie/ :o pron\nc$ ! "n1 & notic$ t 8 voice 0 dr[n$ amid ! s++ ( 8 bro!r prie/s40 ,!re 0 also a "n ( =ty-two lett]s kn[n among !m4 ,e intellig5t p]son kn[s t "o ^w ( =ty-two lett]s is impossible4 ,b x 0 a phrase ( sev]al words :i* _h toge!r =ty-two lett]s4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! words _h su* a mean+ z to convey a correct notion ( ! ess5ce ( ,god1 9 ! way we h /at$4 ,?is phrase ( s _m lett]s is call$ a "n because1 l o!r prop] n\ns1 !y repres5t "o s+le object1 & sev]al words h be5 employ$ 9 ord] to expla9 m cle>ly ! idea :i* ! "n repres5ts2 = an idea c m easily be compreh5d$ if express$ 9 _m words4 ,m>k ?is & obs]ve n[ t ! in/ruction 9 reg>d to ! names ( ,god ext5d$ to ! signification ( ea* ( ^? names1 & did n conf9e itself to ! pronunciation ( ! s+le lett]s :i*1 9 !mselves1 are de/itute ( an idea4 ,%em ha-me=a% appli$ nei!r to ! "n ( =ty-two lett]s nor to t ( twelve1 b only to ! ,tetragrammaton1 ! prop] "n ( ,god1 z we h expla9$4 ,^? two names mu/ h includ$ "s metaphysical ideas4 ,x c be prov$ t "o ( !m convey$ pr(\nd k1 f ! foll[+ rule laid d[n by our ,sages3 8,! "n ( =ty-two lett]s is exce$+ly holy2 x c only be entru/$ to him :o is mode/1 9 ! midway ( life1 n easily provok$ to ang]1 temp]ate1 g5tle1 & :o speaks k9dly to 8 fell[ m54 ,he :o und]/&s x1 is cauti\s ) x1 & keeps x 9 purity1 is lov$ above & is lik$ "h bel[2 he is respect$ by 8 fell[ m52 8 le>n+ rema9e? ) him1 & he enjoys bo? ?is _w & ! _w to come40 ,s f> 9 ! ,talmud4 ,h[ griev\sly has ?is passage be5 misund]/ood6 ,_m believe t ! =ty-two lett]s are m]ely to be pron\nc$ me*anically2 t by k ( ^!1 )\t any fur!r int]pretation1 !y c atta9 to ^! exalt$ ends1 al?\gh x is /at$ t he :o desires to obta9 a k ( t "n mu/ be tra9$ 9 ! virtues nam$ be=e1 & g ?r\gh all ! great prep>ations :i* are m5tion$ 9 t passage4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is evid5t t all ?is prep>ation aims at a k ( ,metaphysics1 & includes ideas :i* con/itute ! 8secrets ( ! ,law10 z we h expla9$ 7*ap4 xxxv474 ,9 works on ,metaphysics x has be5 %[n t su* k1 i4e41 ! p]ception ( ! active intellect1 c nev] be =gott52 & ?is is meant by ! phrase 88 le>n+ rema9e? ) him40 ,:5 bad & fooli% m5 7 read+ su* passages1 !y consid]$ !m to be a support ( _! false pret5sions & ( _! ass]tion t !y c\ld1 by means ( an arbitr>y comb9ation ( lett]s1 =m a %em 78a "n07 :i* w\ld act & op]ate miracul\sly :5 writt5 or spok5 9 a c]ta9 p>ticul> way4 ,su* fictions1 orig9ally inv5t$ by fooli% m51 7 9 ! c\rse ( "t committ$ to writ+1 & came into ! h&s ( good b weak-m9d$ & ignorant p]sons :o 7 unable to discrim9ate betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 & made a secret ( ^! %emot 7names74 ,:5 aft] ! dea? ( su* p]sons ^? writ+s 7 discov]$ among _! pap]s1 x 0 believ$ t !y conta9$ tru?s2 =1 8! simple believe? e ^w0 7,prov4 xiv4 #ae74 ,we h already gone too f> away f our int]e/+ subject & recondite inquiry1 endeav\r+ to refute a p]v]se notion1 ! absurdity ( :i* e "o mu/ p]ceive :o gives a ?\ght to ! subject4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 be5 compell$ to m5tion x1 9 treat+ ( ! div9e names1 _! mean+s1 & ! op9ions commonly held conc]n+ !m4 ,we %all n[ return to our !me4 ,hav+ %[n t all names ( ,god1 ) ! exception ( ! ,tetragrammaton 7,%em ha-me=a%71 are appellatives1 we mu/ n[1 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 speak on ! phrase ,ehyeh a%] ,ehyeh1 7,exod4 iii4 #ad71 because x is connect$ ) ! difficult subject "u discussion1 namely1 ! inadmissibility ( div9e attributes4 ,,*apt] ,,lxiii ,be=e approa*+ ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 we w fir/ consid] ! words ( ,moses1 8,& !y %all say unto me1 ,:at is ,8 "n8 :at %all ,i say unto !m80 7,exod4 iii4 #ac74 ,h[ f> 0 ?is "q1 anticipat$ by ,moses1 appropriate1 & h[ f> 0 he ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ to be prep>$ ) ! answ]8 ,moses 0 correct 9 decl>+1 8,b1 behold1 !y w n believe me1 = !y w say1 ,! ,"l ha? n appe>$ unto !e0 7ib4 iv4 #a72 = any man claim+ ! au?ority ( a prophet mu/ expect to meet ) su* an objection s long z he has n giv5 a pro( ( 8 mission4 ,aga91 if ! "q1 z appe>s at fir/ sight1 ref]r$ only to ! "n1 z a m]e utt]ance ( ! lips1 ! foll[+ dilemma w\ld pres5t itself3 ei!r ! ,israelites knew ! "n1 or !y _h nev] he>d x2 if ! "n 0 kn[n to !m1 !y w\ld p]ceive 9 x no argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! mission ( ,moses1 8 k & _! k ( ! div9e "n be+ ! same4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y _h nev] he>d x m5tion$1 & if ! k ( x 0 to prove ! mission ( ,moses1 :at evid5ce w\ld !y h t ?is 0 really ! "n ( ,god8 ,moreov]1 aft] ,god _h made kn[n t "n to ,moses1 & _h told him1 8,g & ga!r ! eld]s ( ,israel1 444 & !y %all he>k5 to ?y voice0 7ib4 xvi4 #ah71 he repli$1 8,behold1 !y w n believe me nor he>k5 unto my voice10 al?\gh ,god _h told him1 8,& !y w he>k5 to ?y voice02 :]eupon ,god answ]$1 8,:at is t 9 ?9e h&80 & he said1 8,a rod0 7ib4 iv4 #b74 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is dilemma1 y mu/ und]/& :at ,i am ab\t to tell y4 ,y "k h[ widespread 7 9 ^? days ! op9ions ( ! ,sabeans2 all m51 except a few individuals1 7 idolat]s1 t is to say1 !y believ$ 9 spirits1 9 man's p[] to direct ! influ5ces ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & 9 ! effect ( talismans4 ,any "o :o 9 ^? days laid claim to au?ority1 bas$ x ei!r1 l ,abraham1 on ! fact t1 by reason+ & by pro( he _h be5 conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,be+ :o rules ! :ole ,univ]se1 or t "s spiritual p[] 0 conf]r$ ^u him by a />1 by an angel1 or by a simil> ag5cy2 b no "o c\ld e/abli% 8 claim on prophecy1 t is to say1 on ! fact t ,god _h spok5 to him1 or _h entru/$ a mission to him2 be=e ! days ( ,moses no su* ass]tion _h ev] be5 made4 ,y mu/ n be misl$ by ! /atem5ts t ,god spoke to ! ,patri>*s1 or t ,he _h appe>$ to !m4 ,= y d n f9d any m5tion ( a prophecy :i* appeal$ to o!rs1 or :i* direct$ !m4 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 or ,jacob1 or any o!r p]son be=e !m did n tell ! p1 8,god said unto me1 y %all d ?is ?+1 or y %all n d t ?+10 or 8,god has s5t me to y40 ,f> f x6 = ,god spoke to !m on no?+ b ( :at especially conc]n$ !m1 i4e41 ,he communicat$ to !m ?+s relat+ to _! p]fection1 direct$ !m 9 :at !y %\ld d1 & =etold !m :at ! condition ( _! desc5dants w\ld be2 no?+ beyond ?is4 ,!y guid$ _! fell[-m5 by means ( argum5t & in/ruction1 z is impli$1 accord+ to ! int]pretation g5]ally receiv$ among/ u1 9 ! words 8& ! s\ls t !y _h gott5 9 ,h>an0 7,g54 xii4 #e74 ,:5 ,god appe>$ to our ,tea*] ,moses1 & comm&$ him to address ! p & to br+ !m ! message1 ,moses repli$ t he might fir/ be ask$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god 9 ! ,univ]se1 & t only aft] do+ s he w\ld be able to ann\nce to !m t ,god _h s5t him4 ,= all m51 ) few exceptions1 7 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 _! highe/ ?\ghts did n ext5d beyond ! heav5ly sph]e1 its =ms or its influ5ces4 ,!y c\ld n yet emancipate !mselves f s5sation1 & _h n yet atta9$ to any intellectual p]fection4 ,!n ,god taught ,moses h[ to tea* !m1 & h[ to e/abli% among/ !m ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,himself1 namely1 by say+ ,ehyeh a%] ,ehyeh1 a "n d]iv$ f ! v]b hayah 9 ! s5se ( 8exi/+10 = ! v]b hayah d5otes 8to be10 & 9 ,hebrew no diff]5ce is made betwe5 ! v]bs 8to be0 & 8to exi/40 ,! pr9cipal po9t 9 ?is phrase is t ! same ^w :i* d5otes 8exi/5ce10 is repeat$ z an attribute4 ,! ^w a%]1 8t10 corresponds to ! ,arabic illadi & illati1 & is an incomplete n\n t mu/ be complet$ by ano!r n\n2 x may be consid]$ z ! subject ( ! pr$icate :i* foll[s4 ,! fir/ n\n :i* is to be describ$ is ehyeh2 ! second1 by :i* ! fir/ is describ$1 is likewise ehyeh1 ! id5tical ^w1 z if to %[ t ! object :i* is to be describ$ & ! attribute by :i* x is describ$ are 9 ?is case necess>ily id5tical4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 ! expression ( ! idea t ,god exi/s1 b n 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m2 or1 9 o!r words1 ,he is 8! exi/+ ,be+ :i* is ! exi/+ ,be+10 t is to say1 ! ,be+ ^: exi/5ce is absolute4 ,! pro( :i* he 0 to give consi/$ 9 demon/rat+ t !re is a ,be+ ( absolute exi/5ce1 t has nev] be5 & nev] w be )\t exi/5ce4 ,?is ,i w cle>ly prove 7,,ii4 ,introd4 ,prop4 #bj & *ap4 i474 ,god ?us %[$ ,moses ! pro(s by :i* ,8 exi/5ce w\ld be firmly e/abli%$ among ! wise m5 ( ,8 p4 ,!re=e ! explanation ( ! "n is foll[$ by ! words1 8,g1 ga!r ! eld]s ( ,israel10 & by ! assurance t ! eld]s w\ld und]/& :at ,god _h %[n to him1 & w\ld accept x1 z is /at$ 9 ! words1 8,& !y w he>k5 to ?y voice40 ,!n ,moses repli$ z foll[s3 ,!y w accept ! doctr9e t ,god exi/s conv9c$ by ^! intelligible pro(s4 ,b1 said ,moses1 by :at means %all ,i be able to %[ t ?is exi/+ ,god has s5t me8 ,!reupon ,god gave him ! sign4 ,we h ?us %[n t ! "q1 8,:at is ,8 "n80 means 8,:o is t ,be+1 :i* accord+ to ?y belief has s5t !e80 ,! s5t5ce1 8,:at is 8 "n0 7in/ead (1 ,:o is ,he71 has "h be5 us$ z a tribute ( praise & homage1 z ?\gh x _h be5 said1 ,nobody c be ignorant ( ,?y ess5ce & ( ,?y real exi/5ce2 if1 nev]!less1 ,i ask :at is ,?y "n1 ,i mean1 ,:at idea is to be express$ by ! "n8 7,moses consid]$ x inappropriate to say to ,god t any p]son 0 ignorant ( ,god's exi/5ce1 & !re=e describ$ ! ,israelites z ignorant ( ,god's "n1 n z ignorant ( ,him :o 0 call$ by t "n47--,! "n ,jah likewise implies et]nal exi/5ce4 ,%adday1 h[ev]1 is d]iv$ f day1 8en\gh02 comp4 8= ! /uff !y _h 0 suffici5t0 7dayyam1 ,exod4 xxxvi4 #g72 ! %9 is equal to a%]1 8:i*10 z 9 %e-keb>1 8:i* already0 7,eccles4 ii4 #af74 ,! "n ,%adday1 !re=e1 signifies 8he :o is suffici5t02 t is to say1 ,he does n require any o!r be+ = effect+ ! exi/5ce ( :at ,he creat$1 or its cons]vation3 ,8 exi/5ce is suffici5t = t4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! "n as9 implies 8/r5g?02 comp4 8he 0 /rong 7ason7 z ! oaks0 7,amos ii4 #i74 ,! same is ! case ) 8rock10 :i* is a homonym1 z we h expla9$ 7*ap4 xvi474 ,x is1 !re=e1 cle> t all ^! names ( ,god are appellatives1 or are appli$ to ,god by way ( homonymy1 l ur & o!rs1 ! only exception be+ ! tetragrammaton1 ! ,%em ha-me=a% 7! nom5 proprium ( ,god71 :i* is n an appellative2 x does n d5ote any attribute ( ,god1 nor does x imply any?+ except ,8 exi/5ce4 ,absolute exi/5ce includes ! idea ( et]nity1 i4e41 ! necessity ( exi/5ce4 ,note well ! result at :i* we h arriv$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,lxiv ,"k t 9 "s in/ances by ! phrase 8! "n ( ! ,"l10 no?+ b ! "n alone is to be und]/ood2 comp4 8,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va90 7,exod4 xx4 #g72 8,& he t blaspheme? ! "n ( ! ,"l0 7,lev4 xxiv4 #af74 ,?is occurs 9 num]\s o!r passages4 ,9 o!r in/ances x means ! ess5ce & reality ( ,god ,himself1 z 9 ! phrase 8,!y %all say to me1 ,:at is 8 "n80 ,sometimes x /&s = 8! ^w ( ,god10 s t 8! "n ( ,god10 8! ^w ( ,god10 & 8! comm& ( ,god10 are id5tical phrases2 comp4 8= my "n is 9 him0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ba71 t is1 ,my ^w or ,my comm& is 9 him2 i4e41 he is ! in/rum5t ( ,my desire & w4 ,i %all expla9 ?is fully 9 treat+ ( ! homonymity ( ! t]m 8angel0 7,,ii4 *ap4 vi4 & xxxiv474--,! same is ! case ) 8,! glory ( ! ,"l40 ,! phrase sometimes signifies 8! mat]ial light10 :i* ,god caus$ to re/ on a c]ta9 place 9 ord] to %[ ! di/9ction ( t place1 e4g41 8,& ! glory ( ! ,"l 7kebod adonay7 abode ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai & ! cl\d cov]$ x0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #af73 8,& ! glory ( ! ,"l fill$ ! tab]nacle0 7ib4 xl4 #ce74 ,sometimes ! ess5ce1 ! reality ( ,god is meant by t expression1 z 9 ! words ( ,moses1 8,%[ me ?y glory0 7ib4 xxxiii4 #ah71 to :i* ! reply 0 giv51 8,= no man %all see me & live0 7ib4 xx474 ,?is %[s t ! glory ( ! ,"l 9 ?is in/ance is ! same z ,he ,himself1 & t 8,?y glory0 has be5 sub/itut$ = 8,?yself10 z a tribute ( homage2 an explanation :i* we also gave ( ! words1 8,& !y %all say unto me1 ,:at is 8 "n80 ,sometimes ! t]m 8glory0 d5otes ! glorification ( ! ,"l by man or by any o!r be+4 ,= ! true glorification ( ! ,"l consi/s 9 ! compreh5sion ( ,8 greatness1 & all :o compreh5d ,8 greatness & p]fection1 glorify ,him accord+ to _! capacity1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t man alone magnifies ,god 9 words1 expressive ( :at he has receiv$ 9 8 m9d1 & :at he desires to communicate to o!rs4 ,?+s n end[$ ) compreh5sion1 z e4g41 m9]als1 may also be consid]$ z glorify+ ! ,"l1 = by _! natural prop]ties !y te/ify to ! omnipot5ce & wisdom ( _! ,creator1 & cause him :o exam9es !m to praise ,god1 by means ( spee* or )\t ! use ( words1 if ! p[] ( spee* be want+4 ,9 ,hebrew ?is lic5ce has be5 ext5d$ /ill fur!r1 & ! use ( ! v]b 8to speak0 has be5 admitt$ z applicable 9 su* a case2 ?+s :i* h no compreh5sion are !re=e said to give utt]ance to praise1 e4g41 8,all my bones %all say1 ,"l1 :o is l unto !e80 7,ps4 xxxv4 #aj74 ,because a consid]ation ( ! prop]ties ( ! bones leads to ! discov]y ( t tru?1 & x is ?r\gh !m t x became kn[n1 !y are repres5t$ z hav+ utt]$ ! div9e praise2 & s9ce ?is cause ( ,god's praise is itself call$ 8praise10 x has be5 said 8! fulness ( ! :ole e>? is 8 praise0 7,isa4 vi4 #c71 9 ! same s5se z 8! e>? is full ( 8 praise0 7,hab4 iii4 #c74 ,z to kabod be+ employ$ 9 ! s5se ( praise1 comp4 8,give praise 7kabod7 to ! ,"l y\r ,god0 7,j]4 xiii4 #af72 also 8& 9 8 temple does e "o speak ( 8 praise 7kabod70 7,ps4 xxix4 #i71 etc4 ,consid] well ! homonymity ( ?is t]m1 & expla9 x 9 ea* in/ance 9 accordance ) ! context2 y w ?us escape great emb>rassm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,lxv ,aft] y h advanc$ ?us f>1 & truly compreh5d$ t ,god exi/s )\t hav+ ! attribute ( exi/5ce1 & t ,he is ,"o1 )\t hav+ ! attribute ( unity1 ,i d n ?9k t ,i ne$ expla9 to y ! inadmissibility ( ! attribute ( spee* 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 especially s9ce our p g5]ally believe t ! ,law1 i4e41 ! ^w ascrib$ to ,him1 0 creat$4 ,spee* is attribut$ to ,him1 9 s f> z ! ^w :i* ,moses he>d1 0 produc$ & br\ght to exi/5ce by ,god 9 ! same mann] z ,he produc$ all ,8 o!r works & creations4 ,z we %all h to speak m fully on prophecy1 we %all "h m]ely %[ t spee* is attribut$ to ,god 9 ! same way z all o!r actions1 :i* are simil> to our own4 ,:5 we are told t ,god address$ ! ,prophets & spoke to !m1 our m9ds are m]ely to receive a notion t !re is a ,div9e k to :i* ! ,prophets atta92 we are to be impress$ ) ! idea t ! ?+s :i* ! ,prophets communicate to u come f ! ,"l1 & are n altoge!r ! products ( _! own conceptions & ideas4 ,?is subject1 :i* we h already m5tion$ above1 w receive fur!r explanation4 ,x is ! object ( ?is *apt] to %[ t ! words 8speak+0 & 8say+0 are synonym\s t]ms d5ot+ 7a7 8,spee*02 z1 e4g41 8,moses %all speak 7y$abb]70 7,exod4 xix4 #ai72 8,& ,ph>aoh said 7va-yom]70 7ib4 v4 #e72 7b7 8,?\ght0 z =m$ 9 ! m9d )\t be+ express$ 9 words2 e4g41 8,& ,i ?\ght 7ve-am>ti7 9 my he>t0 7,eccles4 ii4 #ae72 8,& ,i ?\ght 7v$ibb>ti7 9 my he>t0 7ib472 8,& ?y he>t w imag9e 7y$abb]70 7,prov4 xxiii4 #cc72 8,conc]n+ ,!e my he>t ?\ght 7am>70 7,ps4 xxvii4 #h72 8,& ,esau ?\ght 7va-yom]7 9 8 he>t0 7,g54 xxvii4 #da72 examples ( ?is k9d are num]\s2 7c7 ,w2 e4g41 8,& he said 7va-yom]7 to slay ,david0 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 #af71 t is to say1 he wi%$ or he int5d$ to slay him2 8,do/ ?\ desire 7om]7 to slay me0 7,exod4 ii4 #ad72 8,& ! :ole congregation int5d$ 7va-yom]u7 to /one !m0 7,num4 xiv4 #aj74 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are likewise num]\s4 ,! two t]ms1 :5 appli$ to ,god1 c only h "o ( ! two la/-m5tion$ significations1 viz41 he wills & he desires1 or he ?9ks1 & !re is no diff]5ce :e!r ! div9e ?\ght became kn[n to man by means ( an actual voice1 or by "o ( ^? k9ds ( inspiration :i* ,i %all expla9 fur!r on 7,,ii4 *ap1 xxxviii474 ,we mu/ n suppose t 9 speak+ ,god employ$ voice or s\nd1 or t ,he has a s\l 9 :i* ! ?\ghts reside1 & t ^! ?\ghts are ?+s sup]add$ to ,8 ess5ce2 b we ascribe & attribute to ,him ?\ghts 9 ! same mann] z we ascribe to ,him any o!r attributes4 ,! use ( ^! words 9 ! s5se ( w & desire1 is bas$1 z ,i h expla9$1 on ! homonymity ( ^! t]ms4 ,9 addition !y are figures borr[$ f our common practices1 z has be5 already po9t$ out4 ,= we _c1 at a fir/ glance1 see h[ any?+ c be produc$ by a m]e desire2 we ?9k t he :o wi%es to produce a ?+1 mu/ p]=m a c]ta9 act1 or comm& "s "o else to p]=m x4 ,!re=e ! comm& is figuratively ascrib$ to ,god :5 t takes place :i* ,he wi%es1 & we !n say t ,he comm&$ t a c]ta9 ?+ %\ld be accompli%$4 ,all ?is has its orig9 9 our comp>+ ! acts ( ,god to our own acts1 & also 9 ! use ( ! t]m am> 9 ! s5se ( 8,he desir$10 z we h already expla9$4 ,! words 8,& ,he said10 occurr+ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! creation1 signify 8,he wi%$10 or 8,he desir$40 ,?is has already be5 /at$ by o!r au?ors1 & is well kn[n4 ,a pro( = ?is1 namely t ! phrase 8,god said10 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 mu/ be tak5 9 a figurative s5se 8,he will$10 & n 9 its lit]al mean+1 is f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t a comm& c only be giv5 to a be+ :i* exi/s & is capable ( receiv+ ! comm&4 ,comp4 8,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made1 & all ! ho/ ( !m by ! brea? ( 8 m\?0 7,ps4 xxxiii4 #f74 8,8 m\?10 & 8! brea? ( 8 m\?10 are und\bt$ly figurative expressions1 & ! same is ! case ) 8,8 ^w0 & 8,8 spee*40 ,! mean+ ( ! v]se is !re=e t !y ! heav5s & all _! ho/ exi/ ?r\gh ,8 w & desire4 ,all our em95t au?orities are cognisant ( ?is2 &1 ,i ne$ n expla9 t 9 ,hebrew am> & dibb] h ! same mean+1 z is prov$ by ! passage1 8,= x has he>d all ! words 7imre7 ( ! ,"l :i* he spake 7dibb]7 unto u0 7,jo%4 xxiv4 #bg74 ,,*apt] ,,lxvi 8,& ! tables 7 ! "w ( ,god0 7,exod4 xxxii4 #af71 t is to say1 !y 7 ! product ( nature1 n ( art2 = all natural ?+s are call$ 8! "w ( ! ,"l10 e4g41 8,^! see ! works ( ! ,"l0 7,ps4 cvii4 #bd72 & ! description ( ! sev]al ?+s 9 nature1 z plants1 animals1 w9ds1 ra91 etc41 is foll[$ by ! exclamation1 8,o ,"l1 h[ manifold are ?y works60 7,ps4 civ4 #bd74 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! relation betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures1 z express$ 9 ! phrase1 8,! c$>s ( ,lebanon1 :i* he ha? plant$0 7ib4 #af72 ! c$>s be+ ! product ( nature1 & n ( art1 are describ$ z hav+ be5 plant$ by ! ,"l4 ,simil>ly we expla91 8,& ! writ+ 0 ! writ+ ( ,god0 7,exod4 xxxii4 #af72 ! relation 9 :i* ! writ+ /ood to ,god has already be5 def9$ 9 ! words 8writt5 ) ! f+] ( ,god0 7ib4 xxxi4 #ah71 & ! mean+ ( ?is phrase is ! same z t ( 8! "w ( ?y f+]s0 7,ps4 viii4 #d71 ?is be+ said ( ! heav5s2 ( ! latt] x has be5 /at$ di/9ctly t !y 7 made by a ^w2 comp4 8,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made0 7ib4 xxxiii4 #f74 ,h5ce y le>n t 9 ! ,bible1 ! creation ( a ?+ is figuratively express$ by t]ms d5ot+ 8^w0 & 8spee*40 ,! same ?+ :i* accord+ to "o passage has be5 made by ! ^w1 is repres5t$ 9 ano!r passage z made by ! 8f+] ( ,god40 ,! phrase 8writt5 by ! f+] ( ,god0 is !re=e id5tical ) 8writt5 by ! ^w ( ,god02 & if ! latt] phrase _h be5 us$1 x w\ld h be5 equal to 8writt5 by ! w & desire ( ,god40 ,onkelos adopt$ 9 ?is place a /range explanation1 & r5d]$ ! words lit]ally 8writt5 by ! f+] ( ! ,"l02 he ?\ght t 8! f+]0 0 a c]ta9 ?+ ascrib$ to ,god2 s t 8! f+] ( ! ,"l0 is to be int]pret$ 9 ! same way z 8! m\nta9 ( ,god0 7,exod4 iii4 #a71 8! rod ( ,god0 7ib4 iv4 #bj71 t is1 z be+ an in/rum5t creat$ by ,him1 :i* by ,8 w engrav$ ! writ+ on ! tables4 ,i _c see :y ,onkelos pref]r$ ?is explanation4 ,x w\ld h be5 m reasonable to say 8writt5 by ! ^w ( ! ,"l10 9 imitation ( ! v]se 8,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l ! heav5s 7 made40 ,or 0 ! creation ( ! writ+ on ! tables m difficult ?an ! creation ( ! />s 9 ! sph]es8 ,z ! latt] 7 made by ! direct w ( ,god1 n by means ( an in/rum5t1 ! writ+ may also h be5 produc$ by ,8 direct w1 n by means ( an in/rum5t4 ,y "k :at ! ,mi%nah says1 8,t5 ?+s 7 creat$ on ,friday 9 ! twilight ( ! ev5+10 & 8! writ+0 is "o ( ! t5 ?+s4 ,?is %[s h[ g5]ally x 0 assum$ by our =efa!rs t ! writ+ ( ! tables 0 produc$ 9 ! same mann] z ! re/ ( ! creation1 z we h %[n 9 our ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah 7,abo?1 v4 #f74 ,,*apt] ,,lxvii ,s9ce ! v]b 8to say0 has be5 figuratively us$ to express ! w ( ! ,creator1 & ! phrase 8,& he said0 has repeat$ly be5 employ$ 9 ! acc\nt ( all ! ?+s creat$ 9 8! six days ( ! beg9n+10 ! expression 8to re/0 has likewise be5 figuratively appli$ to ,god 9 ref]5ce to ! ,sabba?-day1 on :i* !re 0 no creation2 x is !re=e said1 8,& he re/$ 7va-yi%bot7 on ! sev5? day0 7,g54 ii4 #b74 ,= 8to leave (f speak+0 is1 9 ,hebrew1 likewise express$ by ! same v]b1 z1 e4g41 8,s ^! ?ree m5 ceas$ 7va-yi%betu7 to answ] ,job0 7,job xxxii4 #a72 also by nua1 z1 9 8,!y spake to ,nabal accord+ to all ^? words 9 ! "n ( ,david1 & ceas$ 7va-yanuu70 7#a ,sam4 xxv4 #i74 ,9 my op9ion1 7va-yanuu7 means 8!y ceas$ to speak10 & wait$ = ! answ]2 = no allusion to ex]tion :atev] hav+ previ\sly be5 m5tion$1 ! words1 8& !y re/$10 9 its prim>y signification1 w\ld h be5 entirely out ( place 9 t n>rative1 ev5 if ! "y m5 :o spoke _h really us$ "s ex]tion4 ,! au?or relates t hav+ deliv]$ t :ole spee*1 :i*1 z y f9d1 consi/$ ( g5tle expressions1 !y 7 sil5t1 t is to say1 !y did n add any ^w or act by :i* ! reply ( ,nabal c\ld be ju/ifi$2 x be+ ! object ( ! entire passage to repres5t ,nabal's conduct z extremely repreh5sible4 ,9 t s5se viz41 8to cease10 or 8to leave (f0 ! v]b nua is us$ 9 ! phrase 8,& he left (f 7va-yana7 on ! sev5? day40 ,our ,sages1 & "s ( ! ,comm5tators1 took1 h[ev]1 nua 9 its prim>y s5se 8to re/10 b z a transitive =m 7hiphil71 expla9+ ! phrase ?us3 8& he gave re/ to ! _w on ! sev5? day10 i4e41 no fur!r act ( creation took place on t day4 ,x is possible t ! ^w va-yana is d]iv$ ei!r f yana1 a v]b ( ! class pe-yod1 or naah1 a v]b ( ! class lam$-he1 & has ?is mean+3 8he e/abli%$0 or 8he gov]n$0 ! ,univ]se 9 accordance ) ! prop]ties x possess$ on ! sev5? day2 t is to say1 :ile on ea* ( ! six days ev5ts took place contr>y to ! natural laws n[ 9 op]ation ?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se1 on ! sev5? day ! ,univ]se 0 m]ely upheld & left 9 ! condition 9 :i* x cont9ues to exi/4 ,our explanation is n impair$ by ! fact t ! =m ( ! ^w deviates f ! rules ( v]bs ( ^! two classes2 = !re are frequ5t exceptions to ! rules ( conjugations1 & especially ( ! weak v]bs2 & any int]pretation :i* removes su* a s\rce ( error mu/ n be ab&on$ because ( c]ta9 grammatical rules4 ,we "k t we are ignorant ( ! sacr$ language1 & t grammatical rules only apply to ! majority ( cases4--,! same root is also f\nd z a v]b ay9-vav 9 ! s5se 8to place0 & 8to set10 z e4g41 8& x %all be e/abli%$ & %e %all be plac$ 7ve-hunniah7 !re ^u h] own base0 7,ze*4 v4 #aa71 & 8%e suff]$ nei!r ! birds ( ! air to settle 7la-nua7 on !m0 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 #aj74 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 ! v]b has ! same signification 9 ,hab4 iii4 #af1 8t ,i might rema9 firm 7anua7 9 ! day ( tr\ble40 ,! ^w 7va-y9nafa%7 is a v]b d]iv$ f nefe%1 ! homonymity ( :i* we h already expla9$ 7*ap4 xli471 namely1 t x has ! signification ( int5tion or w2 7va-y9nafa%7 accord+ly means3 8t :i* he desir$ 0 accompli%$1 & :at he wi%$ _h come into exi/5ce40 ,,*apt] ,,lxviii ,y are acqua9t$ ) ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( ! philosoph]s t ,god is ! intellectus1 ! ens intellig5s1 & ! ens intelligibile4 ,^! ?ree ?+s are 9 ,god "o & ! same1 & d n 9 any way con/itute a plurality4 ,we h also m5tion$ x 9 our l>g] "w1 8,mi%neh ,torah10 & we h expla9$ !re t x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our religion1 namely1 t ,he is absolutely "o1 t no?+ comb9es ) ,him2 t is to say1 !re is no ,et]nal ?+ besides ,him4 ,on t acc\nt we say ai adonay1 8! ,"l live?0 7,ru? iii4 #ac71 & n e adonay1 8! life ( ! ,"l10 = ,8 life is n a ?+ di/9ct f ,8 ess5ce1 z we h expla9$ 9 treat+ ( ! inadmissibility ( ! attributes4 ,!re is no d\bt t he :o has n /udi$ any works on m5tal philosophy1 :o has n compreh5d$ ! nature ( ! m9d1 :o has no k ( its ess5ce1 & consid]s x 9 no o!r way ?an he w\ld consid] ! nature ( :it5ess & ( blackness1 w f9d ?is subject extremely difficult1 & to him our pr9ciple t ! intellectus1 ! intellig5s1 & ! intelligibile1 are 9 ,god "o & ! same ?+1 w appe> z un9telligible z if we said t ! :it5ess1 ! :it5+ sub/ance1 & ! mat]ial :i* is :it5$ are "o & ! same ?+4 ,&1 inde$1 _m ignorant p refute at once our pr9ciple by us+ su* comp>isons4 ,ev5 among/ ^? :o imag9e t !y are wise1 _m f9d ?is subject difficult1 & are ( op9ion t x is impossible = ! m9d to grasp ! tru? ( ?is proposition1 al?\gh x is a demon/rat$ tru?1 z has be5 %[n by ,metaphysicians4 ,i w tell y n[ :at has be5 prov$4 ,man1 be=e compreh5d+ a ?+1 compreh5ds x 9 pot5tia 772 :51 h[ev]1 he compreh5ds a ?+1 e4g41 ! =m ( a c]ta9 tree :i* is po9t$ out to him1 :5 he ab/racts its =m f its sub/ance1 & reproduces ! ab/ract =m1 an act p]=m$ by ! intellect1 he compreh5ds 9 reality 771 & ! intellect :i* he has acquir$ 9 actuality1 is ! ab/ract =m ( ! tree 9 man's m9d4 ,= 9 su* a case ! intellect is n a ?+ di/9ct f ! ?+ compreh5d$4 ,x is !re=e cle> to y t ! ?+ compreh5d$ is ! ab/ract =m ( ! tree1 & at ! same "t x is ! intellect 9 action2 & t ! intellect & ! ab/ract =m ( ! tree are n two diff]5t ?+s1 = ! intellect 9 action is no?+ b ! ?+ compreh5d$1 & t ag5t by :i* ! =m ( ! tree has be5 turn$ into an intellectual & ab/ract object1 namely1 t :i* compreh5ds1 is und\bt$ly ! intellect 9 action4 ,all intellect is id5tical ) its action2 ! intellect 9 action is n a ?+ diff]5t f its action1 = ! true nature & ess5ce ( ! intellect is compreh5sion1 & y mu/ n ?9k t ! intellect 9 action is a ?+ exi/+ by itself1 sep>ate f compreh5sion1 & t compreh5sion is a diff]5t ?+ connect$ ) x2 = ! v ess5ce ( ! intellect is compreh5sion4 ,9 assum+ an intellect 9 action y assume ! compreh5sion ( ! ?+ compreh5d$4 ,?is is q cle> to all :o h made !mselves famili> ) ! figurative language common to ?is discipl9e4 ,y !re=e accept x z prov$ t ! intellect consi/s 9 its action1 :i* is its true nature & ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly ! v ?+ by :i* ! =m ( t tree has be5 made ab/ract & intelligible1 viz41 ! intellect1 is at ! same "t ! intellig5s1 = ! intellect is itself ! ag5s :i* ab/racts ! =m & compreh5ds x1 & t is ! action1 on acc\nt ( :i* x is call$ ! intellig5s2 b itself & its action are id5tical2 & t :i* is call$ intellect 9 action consi/s 9 ! above-m5tion$ in/ance ( no?+ else b ( ! =m ( ! tree4 ,x mu/ n[ be obvi\s to y t :5ev] ! intellect is f\nd 9 action1 ! intellect & ! ?+ compreh5d$ are "o & ! same ?+2 & also t ! function ( all intellect1 namely1 ! act ( compreh5d+1 is its ess5ce4 ,! intellect1 t :i* compreh5ds & t :i* is compreh5d$1 are !re=e ! same1 :5ev] a real compreh5sion takes place4 ,b1 :5 we speak ( ! p[] ( compreh5sion1 we necess>ily di/+ui% two ?+s3 ! p[] itself1 & ! ?+ :i* c be compreh5d$2 e4g41 t hylic intellect ( ,zaid is ! p[] ( compreh5sion1 & ?is tree is1 9 l mann]1 a ?+ :i* is capable ( be+ compreh5d$2 ^!1 und\bt$ly1 are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! pot5tial is replac$ by ! actual1 & :5 ! =m ( ! tree has really be5 compreh5d$1 ! =m compreh5d$ is ! intellect1 & x is by t same intellect1 by ! intellect 9 action1 t ! tree has be5 conv]t$ into an ab/ract idea1 & has be5 compreh5d$4 ,= ev]y?+ 9 :i* a real action takes place exi/s 9 reality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p[] ( compreh5sion1 & ! object capable ( compreh5sion are two ?+s2 b t :i* is only pot5tial _c be imag9$ o!rwise ?an 9 connexion ) an object possess+ t capacity1 z1 e4g41 man1 & ?us we h ?ree ?+s3 ! man :o possesses ! p[]1 & is capable ( compreh5d+2 t p[] itself1 namely1 ! p[] ( compreh5sion1 & ! object :i* pres5ts itself z an object ( compreh5sion1 & is capable ( be+ compreh5d$2 to use ! =ego+ example1 ! man1 ! hylic intellect1 & ! ab/ract =m ( ! tree1 are ?ree diff]5t ?+s4 ,!y become "o & ! same ?+ :5 ! intellect is 9 action1 & y w nev] f9d ! intellect diff]5t f ! compreh5sible object1 unless ! p[] ( compreh5d+ & ! p[] ( be+ compreh5d$ be ref]r$ to4 ,n[1 x has be5 prov$1 t ,god is an intellect :i* always is 9 action1 & t--z has be5 /at$1 & z w be prov$ h]eaft]--!re is 9 ,him at no "t a m]e pot5tiality1 t ,he does n compreh5d at "o "t1 & is )\t compreh5sion at ano!r "t1 b ,he compreh5ds con/antly2 consequ5tly1 ,he & ! ?+s compreh5d$ are "o & ! same ?+1 t is to say1 ,8 ess5ce2 & ! act ( compreh5d+ because ( :i* x is said t ,he compreh5ds1 is ! intellect itself1 :i* is likewise ,8 ess5ce1 ,god is !re=e always ! intellectus1 ! intellig5s1 & ! intelligibile4 ,we h ?us %[n t ! id5tity ( ! intellect1 ! intellig5s & ! intelligibile1 is n only a fact z reg>ds ! ,creator1 b z reg>ds all intellect1 :5 9 action4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 t f "t to "t our intellect passes ov] f m]e pot5tiality to reality1 & t ! pure intellect1 i4e41 ! active intellect1 f9ds sometimes ob/acles1 ?\gh n 9 itself1 b accid5tally 9 "s ext]nal cause4 ,x is n our pres5t int5tion to expla9 ?is subject1 b we w m]ely %[ t ,god alone1 & none besides ,him1 is an intellect con/antly 9 action1 & !re is1 nei!r 9 ,himself nor 9 any?+ beside ,him1 any ob/acle :]eby ,8 compreh5sion w\ld be h9d]$4 ,!re=e ,he always includes ! intellig5s1 ! intellectus1 & ! intelligibile1 & ,8 ess5ce is at ! same "t ! intellig5s1 ! intelligibile1 & ! intellectus1 z is necess>ily ! case ) all intellect 9 action4 ,we h reit]at$ ?is idea 9 ! pres5t *apt] because x is exce$+ly ab/ruse1 & ,i d n appreh5d t ! read] w conf\nd intellectual compreh5sion ) ! repres5tative faculty--) ! reproduction ( ! mat]ial image 9 our imag9ation1 s9ce ?is "w is design$ only = ^? :o h /udi$ philosophy1 & :o "k :at has already be5 said on ! s\l & its faculties4 ,,*apt] ,,lxix ,! philosoph]s1 z y "k1 call ,god ! ,fir/ ,cause 79 ,hebrew illah & sibbah73 b ^? :o are kn[n by ! "n ( ,mutakallemim are v mu* oppos$ to ! use ( t "n1 & call ,him ,ag5s1 believ+ t !re is a great diff]5ce :e!r we say t ,god is ! ,cause or t ,he is ! ,ag5s4 ,!y argue ?us3 ,if we say t ,god is ! ,cause1 ! coexi/5ce ( ! ,cause ) t :i* 0 produc$ by t ,cause w\ld necess>ily be impli$2 ?is aga9 w\ld involve ! belief t ! ,univ]se 0 et]nal1 & t x 0 insep>able f ,god4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we say t ,god is ! ,ag5s1 ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ,ag5s ) its product is n impli$2 = ! ag5s c exi/ ant]ior to its product2 we _c ev5 imag9e h[ an ag5s c be 9 action unless x exi/$ be=e its own production4 ,?is is an argum5t advanc$ by p]sons :o d n di/+ui% betwe5 ! pot5tial & ! actual4 ,y1 h[ev]1 %\ld "k t 9 ?is case !re is no diff]5ce :e!r y employ ! t]m 8cause0 or 8ag5s02 = if y take ! t]m 8cause0 9 ! s5se ( a m]e pot5tiality1 x prec$es its effect2 b if y mean ! cause 9 action1 !n ! effect mu/ necess>ily co-exi/ ) ! cause 9 action4 ,! same is ! case ) ! ag5s2 take x z an ag5s 9 reality1 ! "w mu/ necess>ily co-exi/ ) its ag5s4 ,= ! build]1 be=e he builds ! h\se1 is n 9 reality a build]1 b has ! faculty = build+ a h\se--9 ! same way z ! mat]ials = ! h\se be=e x is be+ built are m]ely 9 pot5ti--b :5 ! h\se has be5 built1 he is ! build] 9 reality1 & 8 product mu/ likewise be 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,no?+ is !re=e ga9$ by *oos+ ! t]m 8ag5s0 & reject+ ! t]m 8cause40 ,my object "h is to %[ t ^! two t]ms are equal1 & 9 ! same mann] z we call ,god an ,ag5s1 al?\gh ! "w does n yet exi/1 only because !re is no h9drance or ob/acle :i* might prev5t ,him f do+ x :5ev] ,he pleases1 we may also call ,him ! ,cause1 al?\gh ! effect may n yet be 9 exi/5ce4 ,! reason :y ! philosoph]s call$ ,god ! ,cause1 & did n call ,him ! ,ag5s1 is n to be s\ght 9 _! belief t ! univ]se is et]nal1 b 9 o!r motives1 :i* ,i w briefly describe to y4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! sci5ce ( ,physics t ev]y?+1 except ! ,primal ,cause1 owes its orig9 to ! foll[+ f\r causes3--! sub/ance1 ! =m1 ! ag5s1 ! f9al cause4 ,^! are sometimes direct1 sometimes indirect causes2 b ea* by itself is call$ 8a cause40 ,!y also believe--& ,i d n diff] f _! op9ion--t ,god ,himself is ! ag5s1 ! =m1 & ! end2 !re=e !y call ,god 8! ,cause10 9 ord] to express t ,he unites 9 ,himself ^! ?ree causes1 viz41 t ,he is ! ag5s1 ! =m1 & ! f9al cause ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i only wi% to %[ y 9 :at s5se x may be said ( ,god t ,he is ! ag5s1 ! =m1 & also ! f9al cause ( ! univ]se4 ,y ne$ n tr\ble y\rself n[ ) ! "q :e!r ! univ]se has be5 creat$ by ,god1 or :e!r1 z ! philosoph]s h assum$1 x is et]nal1 co-exi/+ ) ,him4 ,y w f9d 9 ! pages ( ?is treatise full & in/ructive in=mation on ! subject4 ,"h ,i wi% to %[ t ,god is ! 8cause0 ( e ev5t t takes place 9 ! _w1 j z ,he is ! ,creator ( ! :ole univ]se z x n[ exi/s4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ,physics1 t a cause mu/ aga9 be s\ght = ea* ( ! f\r divisions ( causes4 ,:5 we h f\nd = any exi/+ ?+ ^? f\r causes :i* are 9 imm$iate connexion ) x1 we f9d = ^! aga9 causes1 & = ^! aga9 o!r causes1 & s on until we arrive at ! fir/ causes4 ,e4g41 a c]ta9 production has its ag5s1 ?is ag5s aga9 has its ag5s1 & s on & on until at la/ we arrive at a fir/ ag5s1 :i* is ! true ag5s ?r\gh\t all ! int]v5+ l9ks4 ,if ! lett] aleph be mov$ by bet1 bet by gimel1 gimel by dalet1 & dalet by h--& z ! s]ies does n ext5d to inf9ity1 let u /op at h--!re is no d\bt t ! h moves ! lett]s aleph1 bet1 gimel1 & dalet1 & we say correctly t ! aleph is mov$ by h4 ,9 t s5se ev]y?+ occurr+ 9 ! univ]se1 al?\gh directly produc$ by c]ta9 ne>] causes1 is ascrib$ to ! ,creator1 z we %all expla94 ,he is ! ,ag5s1 & ,he is !re=e ! ultimate cause4 ,we %all also f9d1 aft] c>eful exam9ation1 t e physical & transi5t =m mu/ be prec$$ by ano!r su* =m1 by :i* ! sub/ance has be5 fitt$ to receive ! next =m2 ! previ\s =m aga9 has be5 prec$$ by ano!r1 & we arrive at l5g? at t =m :i* is necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( all int]m$iate =ms1 :i* are ! causes ( ! pres5t =m4 ,t =m to :i* ! =ms ( all exi/+ ?+s are trac$ is ,god4 ,y mu/ n imag9e t :5 we say t ,god is ! fir/ =m ( all =ms exi/+ 9 ! ,univ]se1 we ref] to t fir/ =m :i* ,ari/otle1 9 ! ,book ( ,metaphysics1 describes z be+ )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 = he treats ( a =m :i* is a physical1 & n a purely intellectual "o4 ,:5 we call ,god ! ultimate =m ( ! univ]se1 we d n use ?is t]m 9 ! s5se ( =m connect$ ) sub/ance1 namely1 z ! =m ( t sub/ance1 z ?\gh ,god 7 ! =m ( a mat]ial be+4 ,x is n 9 ?is s5se t we use x1 b 9 ! foll[+3 ,ev]y?+ exi/+ & end[$ ) a =m1 is :atev] x is ?r\gh its =m1 & :5 t =m is de/roy$ its :ole exi/5ce t]m9ates & is oblit]at$4 ,! same is ! case z reg>ds ! relation betwe5 ,god & all di/ant causes ( exi/+ be+s2 x is ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( ,god t all ?+s exi/1 & x is ,he :o ma9ta9s _! exi/5ce by t process :i* is call$ emanation 79 ,hebrew %epha'71 z w be expla9$ 9 "o ( ! *apt]s ( ! pres5t "w4 ,if ,god did n exi/1 suppose ?is 7 possible1 ! univ]se w\ld n exi/1 & !re w\ld be an end to ! exi/5ce ( ! di/ant causes1 ! f9al effects1 & ! int]m$iate causes4 ,consequ5tly ,god ma9ta9s ! same relation to ! _w z ! =m has to a ?+ end[$ ) a =m2 ?r\gh ! =m x is :at x is1 & on x ! reality & ess5ce ( ! ?+ dep5ds4 ,9 ?is s5se we may say t ,god is ! ultimate =m1 t ,he is ! =m ( all =ms2 t is to say1 ! exi/5ce & cont9uance ( all =ms 9 ! la/ in/ance dep5d on ,him1 ! =ms are ma9ta9$ by ,him1 9 ! same way z all ?+s end[$ ) =ms reta9 _! exi/5ce ?r\gh _! =ms4 ,on t acc\nt ,god is call$1 9 ! sacr$ language1 e ha-olamim1 8! life ( ! ,univ]se10 z w be expla9$ 7*ap4 lxxii474 ,! same argum5t holds good 9 ref]5ce to all f9al causes4 ,if y assign to a ?+ a c]ta9 purpose1 y c f9d = t purpose ano!r purpose4 ,we m5tion1 e4g41 a 7wood57 *air2 its sub/ance is wood1 ! jo9] is its ag5s1 ! squ>e its =m1 & its purpose is t "o %\ld sit ^u x4 ,y may !n ask1 ,= :at purpose does "o sit ^u x8 ,! answ] w be t he :o is sitt+ ^u x desires to be high above ! gr\nd4 ,if aga9 y ask1 ,= :at purpose does he desire to be high above ! gr\nd1 y w receive ! answ] t he wi%es to appe> high 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o see him4 ,= :at purpose does he wi% to appe> high] 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o see him8 ,t ! p may respect & fe> him4 ,:at is ! good ( 8 be+ fe>$8 ,8 comm&s w be respect$4 ,= :at purpose are 8 comm&s to be respect$8 ,t p %all refra9 f injur+ ea* o!r4 ,:at is ! object ( ?is precaution8 ,to ma9ta9 ord] among/ ! p4 ,9 ?is way "o purpose necessitates ! pre-exi/5ce ( ano!r1 except ! f9al purpose1 :i* is ! execution ( ! w ( ,god1 accord+ to "o ( ! op9ions :i* h be5 prop\nd$1 z w be expla9$ 7,,iii4 xiii4 & xvii471 & ! f9al answ] w be1 8,x is ! w ( ,god40 ,accord+ to ! view ( o!rs1 :i* w likewise be expla9$1 ! f9al purpose is ! execution ( ! decree ( ,8 wisdom1 & ! f9al answ] w be1 8,x has be5 decre$ by ,8 wisdom40 ,accord+ to ei!r op9ion1 ! s]ies ( ! successive purposes t]m9ates1 z has be5 %[n1 9 ,god's w or wisdom1 :i*1 9 our op9ion1 are id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce1 & are n any ?+ sep>ate f ,himself or diff]5t f ,8 ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 ,god is ! f9al purpose ( ev]y?+4 ,aga91 x is ! aim ( ev]y?+ to become1 accord+ to its faculties1 simil> to ,god 9 p]fection2 ?is is meant by ! expression1 8,8 w1 :i* is id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce10 z w be %[n bel[ 7ibid474 ,9 ?is s5se ,god is call$ ! ,end ( all ends4 ,i h ?us expla9$ to y 9 :at s5se ,god is said to be ! ,ag5s1 ! ,=m1 & ! ,end4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! philosoph]s n only call ,him 8! ,mak]0 b also ! 8,cause40 ,"s ( ! s*ol>s belong+ to ! ,mutakallemim 7,mohamm$an !ologians71 w5t s f> 9 _! folly & 9 _! va+lory z to say t ! non-exi/5ce ( ! ,creator1 if t 7 possible1 w\ld n necess>ily imply ! non-exi/5ce ( ! ?+s creat$ by ,him1 i4e41 ! ,univ]se3 = a production ne$ n necess>ily cease to exi/ :5 ! produc]1 aft] hav+ produc$ x1 has ceas$ to exi/4 ,!y w\ld be "r1 if ,god 7 only ! mak] ( ! ,univ]se1 & if its p]man5t exi/5ce 7 n dep5d5t on ,him4 ,! /oreh\se does n cease to exi/ at ! dea? ( ! build]2 = he does n give p]man5t exi/5ce to ! build+4 ,god1 h[ev]1 is ,himself ! =m ( ! ,univ]se1 z we h already %[n1 & x is ,he :o causes its cont9uance & p]man5cy4 ,x is !re=e wrong to say t a ?+ c rema9 durable & p]man5t1 aft] ! be+ t makes x durable & p]man5t has ceas$ to exi/1 s9ce t ?+ c possess no m durability & p]man5cy ?an x has receiv$ f t be+4 ,n[ y und]/& ! greatness ( ! error into :i* !y h fall5 ?r\gh _! assumption t ,god is only ! ,ag5s1 & n ! ,end or ! ,=m4 ,,*apt] ,,lxx ,! t]m rakab1 8to ride10 is a synonym4 ,9 its prim>y signification x is appli$ to man's rid+ on an animal1 9 ! usual way2 e4g41 8,n[ he 0 rid+ 7rokeb7 ^u 8 ass0 7,num4 xxii4 #bb74 ,x has !n be5 figuratively us$ to d5ote 8dom9ion ov] a ?+02 because ! rid] gov]ns & rules ! animal he rides ^u2 e4g41 8,he made him ride 7y>kibehu7 on ! high places ( ! e>?0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ac72 8& ,i w cause !e to ride 7ve-hirkabtika7 ^u ! high places ( ! e>?0 7,isa4 lviii4 #ad71 t is1 y %all h dom9ion ov] ! highe/ 7p7 on e>?2 8,i w make ,ephraim to ride 7arkib70 7,hos4 x4 #aa71 i4e41 ,i %all give him rule & dom9ion4 ,9 ?is same s5se x is said ( ,god1 8:o ride? 7rokeb7 ^u ! heav5 9 ?y help0 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #bf71 t is1 :o rules ! heav52 & 8,him t ride? 7la-rokeb7 ^u ! arabot0 7,ps4 lxviii4 #d71 i4e41 :o rules ! arabot1 ! upp]mo/1 all-encompass+ sph]e4 ,x has also be5 repeat$ly /at$ by our ,sages t !re are sev5 rekiim 7firmam5ts1 heav5s71 & t ! upp]mo/ ( !m1 ! all-surr\nd+1 is call$ arabot4 ,d n object to ! numb] sev5 giv5 by !m1 al?\gh !re are m rekiim1 = !re are sph]es :i* conta9 sev]al circles 7gilgallim71 & are c\nt$ z "o2 ?is is cle> to ^? :o h /udi$ t subject1 & ,i %all also expla9 x2 "h ,i wi% m]ely to po9t out t our ,sages always assum$ t arabot is ! upp]mo/ sph]e4 ,! arabot is also ref]r$ to 9 ! words1 8:o ride? ^u ! heav5 9 ?y help40 ,?us we read 9 ,talm4 ,b4 agigah1 p4 #ab1 8,! high & exalt$ dwelle? on arabot1 z x is said1 #8,extol ,him t ride? ^u arabot'0 7,ps4 lxviii4 #d74 ,h[ is x prov$ t 8heav50 & 8arabot0 are id5tical8 ,! "o passage has 8:o ride? on arabot10 ! o!r 8:o ride? ^u ! heav540 ,h5ce x is cle> t 9 all ^! passages ref]5ce is made to ! same all-surr\nd+ sph]e1 conc]n+ :i* y w h]eaft] 7,,ii4 xxiv47 receive m in=mation4 ,consid] well t ! expression 8dwell+ ov] x10 is us$ by !m1 & n 8dwell+ 9 x40 ,! latt] expression w\ld h impli$ t ,god occupies a place or is a p[] 9 ! sph]e1 z 0 9 fact believ$ by ! ,sabeans1 :o held t ,god 0 ! s\l ( ! sph]e4 ,by say+ 8dwell+ ov] x10 !y indicat$ t ,god 0 sep>ate f ! sph]e1 & 0 n a p[] 9 x4 ,"k also t ! t]m 8rid+ ^u ! heav5s10 has figuratively be5 appli$ to ,god 9 ord] to %[ ! foll[+ excell5t comp>ison4 ,! rid] is bett] ?an ! animal ^u :i* he rides--! comp>ative is only us$ = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 = ! rid] is n ( ! same class z ! animal ^u :i* he rides--fur!rmore1 ! rid] moves ! animal & leads x z he likes2 x is z x 7 8 in/rum5t1 :i* he uses accord+ to 8 w2 he is sep>ate f x1 ap>t f x1 n connect$ ) x4 ,9 l mann] ! upp]mo/ sph]e1 by ! rotation ( :i* ev]y?+ moveable is set 9 motion1 is mov$ by ,god1 :o is sep>ate f ! sph]e1 & is n a p[] 9 x4 ,9 ,b]e%it ,rabba we read t 9 comm5t+ on ! ,div9e words1 8,! et]nal ,god is a refuge0 7lit41 a dwell+1 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #bg71 our ,sages said1 8,he is ! dwell+ ( ,8 _w1 ! _w is n ,8 dwell+40 ,?is explanation is !n foll[$ by ! rem>k1 8,! horse is second>y to ! rid]1 ! rid] is n subs]vi5t to ! horse2 ?is is meant by #8,?\ wilt ride ^u ?y horses'0 7,hab4 iii4 #h74 ,consid] & le>n h[ !y describ$ ! relation ( ,god to ! sph]e1 ass]t+ t ! latt] is ,8 in/rum5t1 by means ( :i* ,he rules ! univ]se4 ,= :5ev] y f9d our ,sages say+ t 9 a c]ta9 heav5 are c]ta9 ?+s1 !y d n mean to say t 9 ! heav5s !re are any extrane\s ?+s1 b t f a c]ta9 heav5 ! =ce emanates :i* is requir$ = ! production ( c]ta9 ?+s1 & = _! cont9u+ 9 prop] ord]4 ,! pro( = my /atem5t y may f9d 9 ! foll[+ say+s ( our ,sages--8,! arabot1 9 :i* !re are ju/ice1 *>ity1 "r1 treasures ( life & peace1 treasures ( bless+1 ( ! s\ls ( ! righte\s1 ( ! s\ls & ! spirits ( ^? to be born1 & ( ! dew by :i* ,god w at "s future "t revive ! dead1 etc40 ,x is cle> t ! ?+s enum]at$ "h are n mat]ial1 & d n occupy a place--= 8dew0 is n to be tak5 9 its lit]al s5se4--,consid] also t "h ! phrase 89 :i*10 mean+ 89 ! arabot10 is us$1 & n 8ov] :i*10 z if to say t all ! ?+s exi/+ 9 ! univ]se d]ive _! exi/5ce f p[]s emanat+ f ! arabot1 :i* ,god made to be ! orig9 & ! place ( ^! p[]s4 ,!y are said to include 8! treasures ( life02 a p]fectly true & correct ass]tion6 ,= all exi/+ life orig9ates 9 t treasure ( life1 z w be m5tion$ bel[ 7*ap4 lxii41 & ,,ii4 *ap4 x474 ,reflect on ! fact t ! s\ls ( ! righte\s z well z ! s\ls & ! spirits ( ^? to be born are m5tion$ "h6 ,h[ sublime is ?is idea to him :o und]/&s x6 = ! s\l t rema9s aft] ! dea? ( man1 is n ! s\l t lives 9 a man :5 he is born2 ! latt] is a m]e faculty1 :ile t :i* has a sep>ate exi/5ce aft] dea?1 is a reality2 aga91 ! s\l & ! _s ( man dur+ 8 life are two diff]5t ?+s2 !re=e ! s\ls & ! spirits are bo? nam$ z exi/+ 9 man2 b sep>ate f ! body only "o ( !m exi/s4 ,we h already expla9$ ! homonymity ( rua 7_s7 9 ?is "w1 & also at ! end ( ,sef] ha madda 7,mi%neh torah ,hil4 te%ubah1 viii4 #c-d7 we treat$ ( ! homonymity ( ^! expressions4 ,consid] h[ ^! excell5t & true ideas1 compreh5d$ only by ! greate/ philosoph]s1 are f\nd scatt]$ 9 ! ,midra%im4 ,:5 a /ud5t :o disav[s tru? reads !m1 he w at fir/ sight d]ide !m1 z be+ contr>y to ! real /ate ( ?+s4 ,! cause ( ?is is ! circum/ance1 t our ,sages spoke ( ^! subjects 9 metaphors2 !y are too difficult = ! common und]/&+ ( ! p1 z has be5 notic$ by u sev]al times4 ,i w n[ return to ! subject :i* ,i comm5c$ to expla91 9 ord] to br+ x to a conclusion4 ,our ,sages comm5c$ to adduce pro(s f ,scripture = _! ass]tion t ! ?+s enum]at$ above are conta9$ 9 ! arabot4 ,z to ju/ice & "r !y quote 8,ju/ice & judgm5t are ! habitation ( ?y ?rone0 7,ps4 lxxxix4 #ah74 ,9 ! same way !y prove _! ass]tion conc]n+ all ?+s enum]at$ by !m1 by %[+ t !y are describ$ z be+ relat$ to ,god1 z be+ ne> ,him4 ,note ?is4 ,9 ! ,pirke ,rabbi ,eliez] x is said3 ,god creat$ sev5 rekiim 7heav5s71 & out ( all ( !m ,he select$ ! arabo? = ,8 royal ?rone2 comp4 8,exalt him :o ride? ^u ! arabot0 7,ps4 lxviii4 #d74 ,^! are 8 7,rabbi ,eliez]'s7 words4 ,note !m likewise4 ,y mu/ "k t 9 ,hebrew ! collective n\n d5ot+ animals us$ = rid+ is 8m]cabah40 ,in/ances ( ?is n\n are n r>e4 8,& ,joseph made ready 8 *>iot0 7m]kabto7 7,g54 xlvi4 #bi72 89 ! second *>iot0 7be-mirkebet7 7ib4 xli4 #dc72 8,ph>aoh's *>iots0 7m>kebot7 7,exod4 xv4 #d74 ,! foll[+ passage especially proves t ! ,hebrew m]kabah d5otes a collection ( animals3 8,& a m]kabah came up & w5t out ( ,egypt = six hundr$ %ekels ( silv]1 & a horse = an hundr$ & fifty0 7#a ,k+s x4 #ba74 ,h5ce we may le>n t m]cabah d5otes "h f\r horses4 ,!re=e ,i ?9k t :5 x 0 /at$1 accord+ to ! lit]al s5se ( ! words1 t f\r ayyot 7bea/s7 c>ry ! ,?rone ( ,glory1 our ,sages call$ ?is 8m]cabah0 on acc\nt ( its simil>ity ) ! m]cabah consi/+ ( f\r s+le animals4 ,s f> has ! !me ( ?is *apt] c>ri$ u1 & we %all be compell$ to make _m fur!r rem>ks on ?is subject4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is our object1 & ! aim ( all we h said1 to %[ t 8:o ride? ^u heav50 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #bf7 means 8:o sets ! all-surr\nd+ sph]e 9 motion1 & turns x by ,8 p[] & w40 ,! same s5se is conta9$ 9 ! conclusion ( t v]se3 8& 9 8 excell5cy ! sph]es10 i4e41 :o 9 ,8 excell5cy moves ! sph]es 7%eakim74 ,9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ sph]e1 ! arabot1 ! v]b 8to ride0 is us$1 9 ref]5ce to ! re/1 ! n\n 8excell5cy10 because ?r\gh ! motion ( ! upp]mo/ sph]e 9 its daily circuit1 all ! sph]es move1 p>ticipat+ z p>ts 9 ! motion ( ! :ole2 & ?is be+ t great p[] t sets ev]y?+ 9 motion1 x is call$ 8excell5cy40 ,let ?is subject con/antly rema9 9 y\r memory :5 y /udy :at ,i am go+ to say2 = x--i4e41 ! motion ( ! upp]mo/ sph]e--is ! greate/ pro( = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 z ,i %all demon/rate4 ,note ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxi ,"k t _m bran*es ( sci5ce relat+ to ! correct solution ( ^! problems1 7 once cultivat$ by our =efa!rs1 b 7 9 ! c\rse ( "t neglect$1 especially 9 consequ5ce ( ! tyranny :i* b>b>\s nations ex]cis$ ov] u4 ,besides1 speculative /udies 7 n op5 to all m51 z we h already /at$ 7,introd4 p4 #b1 & ,i4 *ap1 xxxi471 only ! subjects taught 9 ! ,scriptures 7 accessible to all4 ,ev5 ! traditional ,law1 z y are well aw>e1 0 n orig9ally committ$ to writ+1 9 con=mity ) ! rule to :i* our nation g5]ally adh]$1 8,?+s :i* ,i h communicat$ to y orally1 y mu/ n communicate to o!rs 9 writ+40 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,law1 ?is rule 0 v opportune2 = :ile x rema9$ 9 =ce x av]t$ ! evils :i* happ5$ subsequ5tly1 viz41 great div]sity ( op9ion1 d\bts z to ! mean+ ( writt5 words1 slips ( ! p51 diss5sions among ! p1 =mation ( new sects1 & confus$ notions ab\t practical subjects4 ,! traditional tea*+ 0 9 fact1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,law1 entru/$ to ! ,great ,tribunal1 z we h already /at$ 9 our works on ! ,talmud4 7,introd4 to ,mi%neh ,torah & ,introd4 to ,comm54 on ! ,mi%nah74 ,c>e hav+ be5 tak51 = ! sake ( obviat+ injuri\s influ5ces1 t ! ,oral ,law %\ld n be record$ 9 a =m accessible to all1 x 0 b natural t no portion ( 8! secrets ( ! ,law0 7i4e41 metaphysical problems7 w\ld be p]mitt$ to be writt5 d[n or divulg$ = ! use ( all m54 ,^! secrets1 z has be5 expla9$1 7 orally communicat$ by a few able m5 to o!rs :o 7 equally di/+ui%$4 ,h5ce ! pr9ciple appli$ by our tea*]s1 8,! secrets ( ! ,law c only be entru/$ to him :o is a c\ncillor1 a cunn+ artific]1 etc40 ,! natural effect ( ?is practice 0 t our nation lo/ ! k ( ^? important discipl9es4 ,no?+ b a few rem>ks & allusions are to be f\nd 9 ! ,talmud & ! ,midra%im1 l a few k]nels envelop$ 9 su* a quantity ( husk1 t ! read] is g5]ally occupi$ ) ! husk1 & =gets t x encloses a k]nel4 ,9 addition y w f9d t 9 ! few works compos$ by ! ,geonim & ! ,k>aites on ! unity ( ,god & on su* matt] z is connect$ ) ?is doctr9e1 !y foll[$ ! lead ( ! ,mohamm$an ,mutakallemim1 & :at !y wrote is insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! k9dr$ works ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,x also happ5$1 t at ! "t :5 ! ,mohamm$ans adopt$ ?is me?od ( ! ,kalam1 !re arose among !m a c]ta9 sect1 call$ ,mutazilah1 i4e41 ,sep>ati/s4 ,9 c]ta9 ?+s our s*ol>s foll[$ ! !ory & ! me?od ( ^! ,mutazilah4 ,al?\gh ano!r sect1 ! ,a%a'ariyah1 ) _! own peculi> views1 0 subsequ5tly e/abli%$ among/ ! ,mohamm$ans1 y w n f9d any ( ^! views 9 ! writ+s ( our au?ors2 n because ^! au?ors pref]r$ ! op9ions ( ! fir/-nam$ sect to ^? ( ! latt]1 b because !y *anc$ fir/ to become acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( ! ,mutazilah1 :i* !y adopt$ & treat$ z demon/rat$ tru?4 ,on ! o!r h& our ,&alusian s*ol>s foll[$ ! tea*+s ( ! philosoph]s1 f :om !y accept$ ^? op9ions :i* 7 n oppos$ to our own religi\s pr9ciples4 ,y w f9d t !y did n adopt any ( ! me?ods ( ! ,mutakallemim2 9 _m respects !y approa*$ ! view express$ 9 ! pres5t treatise1 z may be notic$ 9 ! few works :i* 7 rec5tly writt5 by au?ors ( t s*ool4 ,y %\ld also "k t :atev] ! ,mohamm$ans1 t is1 ! ,mutazilah & ! ,a%a'ariyah1 said on ^? subjects1 consi/s 9 no?+ b !ories f\nd$ on propositions :i* are tak5 f ! works ( ^? ,greek & ,syrian s*ol>s :o attempt$ to oppose ! sy/em ( ! philosoph]s1 & to refute _! argum5ts4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! cause ( t opposition3 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* br\ght ! ,greeks & ,syrians into its fold1 & promulgat$ its well-kn[n dogmas1 ! op9ions ( ! philosoph]s 7 curr5t among/ ^? nations2 & :il/ philosophy fl\ri%$1 k+s became def5d]s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! le>n$ ,greek & ,syrian ,*ri/ians ( ! age1 see+ t _! dogmas 7 unque/ionably expos$ to sev]e attacks f ! exi/+ philosophical sy/ems1 laid ! f\ndation = ?is sci5ce ( ,dogmatics2 !y comm5c$ by putt+ =? su* propositions z w\ld support _! doctr9es1 & be useful = ! refutation ( op9ions oppos$ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,:5 ! ,mohamm$ans caus$ ,arabic translations ( ! writ+s ( ! ,philosoph]s to be made1 ^? criticisms 7 likewise translat$4 ,:5 ! op9ions ( ,john ! ,gramm>ian1 ( ,ibn ,adi1 & ( k9dr$ au?ors on ^? subjects 7 made accessible to !m1 !y adopt$ !m1 & imag9$ t !y _h arriv$ at ! solution ( important problems4 ,moreov]1 !y select$ f ! op9ions ( ! anci5t philosoph]s :atev] seem$ s]viceable to _! purposes1 al?\gh lat] critics _h prov$ t ^? !ories 7 false2 z1 e4g41 ! !ories ( atoms & ( a vacuum4 ,!y believ$ t ! discussions ( ^? au?ors 7 ( a g5]al "*1 & conta9$ propositions useful = ! def5ce ( positive religion4 ,at a subsequ5t p]iod ! same !ories 7 m fully develop$1 & pres5t$ an aspect unkn[n to ^? ,!ologians ( ! ,greeks & o!r nations :o 7 ! imm$iate successors ( ! ,philosoph]s4 ,at a lat] "t1 :5 ! ,mohamm$ans adopt$ c]ta9 peculi> !ological !ories !y 7 naturally oblig$ to def5d !m2 & :5 _! new !ories1 aga9 became ! subject ( controv]sy among !m1 ea* p>ty laid d[n su* propositions z suit$ _! special doctr9e4 ,_! argum5ts und\bt$ly involv$ c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* conc]n$ ! ?ree communities--,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 & ,mohamm$ans1 su* z ! creatio ex nihilo1 :i* af=d$ support to ! belief 9 miracles & to v>i\s o!r doctr9es4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r subjects ( belief :i* ! ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans h und]tak5 to def5d1 su* z ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ! !ological works ( ! =m]1 & 8! ,^w0 9 ! works ( "s ,mohamm$an sects2 9 ord] to prove ! dogmas :i* !y ?us desir$ to e/abli%1 !y 7 compell$ to resort to c]ta9 hypo!ses4 ,x is n our object to criticize ?+s :i* are peculi> to ei!r cre$1 or books :i* 7 writt5 exclusively 9 ! int]e/ ( ! "o community or ! o!r4 ,we m]ely ma9ta9 t ! e>li] ,!ologians1 bo? ( ! ,greek ,*ri/ians & ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 :5 !y laid d[n _! propositions1 did n inve/igate ! real prop]ties ( ?+s2 fir/ ( all !y consid]$ :at mu/ be ! prop]ties ( ! ?+s :i* %\ld yield pro( = or aga9/ a c]ta9 cre$2 & :5 ?is 0 f\nd !y ass]t$ t ! ?+ mu/ be end[$ ) ^? prop]ties2 !n !y employ$ ! same ass]tion z a pro( = ! id5tical argum5ts :i* _h l$ to ! ass]tion1 & by :i* !y ei!r support$ or refut$ a c]ta9 op9ion4 ,?is c\rse 0 foll[$ by able m5 :o orig9at$ ?is me?od1 & adopt$ x 9 _! writ+s4 ,!y pr(ess$ to be free f preconceiv$ op9ions1 & to h be5 l$ to a /at$ result by actual rese>*4 ,!re=e :5 philosoph]s ( a subsequ5t date /udi$ ! same writ+s !y did n p]ceive ! true "* ( ! argum5ts2 on ! contr>y1 !y f\nd 9 ! anci5t works /rong pro(s & a valuable support = ! acceptance or ! rejection ( c]ta9 op9ions1 & ?us ?\ght t1 s f> z religi\s pr9ciples 7 conc]n$1 !re 0 no necessity :atev] to prove or refute any ( _! propositions1 & t ! fir/ ,mutakallemim _h discuss$ ^? subjects ) ! sole object ( defeat+ c]ta9 views ( ! philosoph]s1 & demon/rat+ ! insuffici5cy ( _! pro(s4 ,p]sons :o hold ?is op9ion1 d n suspect h[ mu* !y are mi/ak52 = ! fir/ ,mutakallemim tri$ to prove a proposition :5 x 0 exp$i5t to demon/rate its tru?2 & to disprove x1 :5 its rejection 0 desirable1 & :5 x 0 contr>y to ! op9ion :i* !y wi%$ to uphold1 al?\gh ! contradiction might only become obvi\s aft] ! application ( a hundr$ successive propositions4 ,9 ?is mann] ! e>li] ,mutakallemim effect$ a radical cure ( ! malady6 ,i tell y1 h[ev]1 z a g5]al rule1 t ,!mi/ius 0 "r 9 say+ t ! prop]ties ( ?+s _c adapt !mselves to our op9ions1 b our op9ions mu/ be adapt$ to ! exi/+ prop]ties4 ,hav+ /udi$ ! works ( ^! ,mutakallemim1 z f> z ,i _h an opportunity1 j z ,i _h /udi$ ! writ+s ( ! philosoph]s accord+ to ! be/ ( my ability1 ,i f\nd t ! me?od ( all ,mutakallemim 0 ! same 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 namely1 !y assume t ! really exi/+ =m ( ?+s proves no?+ at all1 because x is m]ely "o ( ! v>i\s phases ( ! ?+s1 ! opposite ( :i* is equally admissible to our m9ds4 ,9 _m in/ances ^! ,!ologians 7 guid$ by _! imag9ation1 & ?\ght t !y 7 foll[+ ! dictates ( ! intellect4 ,!y set =? ! propositions :i* ,i %all describe to y1 & demon/rat$ by _! peculi> mode ( argu+ t ! ,univ]se _h a beg9n+4 ,! !ory ( ! creatio ex nihilo be+ ?us e/abli%$1 !y ass]t$1 z a logical consequ5ce1 t und\bt$ly !re mu/ be a ,mak] :o creat$ ! ,univ]se4 ,next !y %[$ t ?is ,mak] is ,"o1 & f ! ,unity ( ! ,creator !y d$uc$ ,8 ,incorporeality4 ,?is me?od 0 adopt$ by e ,mohamm$an ,mutakallem 9 ! discussion ( ?is subject1 & by ^? ( our co-religioni/s :o imitat$ !m & walk$ 9 _! foot/eps4 ,al?\gh ! ,mutakallemim disagree 9 ! me?ods ( _! pro(s1 & employ diff]5t propositions 9 demon/rat+ ! act ( creation or 9 reject+ ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 !y inv>iably beg9 ) prov+ ! creatio ex nihilo1 & e/abli% on t pro( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,i h exam9$ ?is me?od1 & f9d x mo/ objectionable4 ,x mu/ be reject$1 because all ! pro(s = ! creation h weak po9ts1 & _c be consid]$ z conv9c+ except by ^? :o d n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 a pro(1 a dialectical argum5t1 & a sophism4 ,^? :o und]/& ! =ce ( ! diff]5t me?ods w cle>ly see t all ! pro(s = ! creation are que/ionable1 because propositions h be5 employ$ :i* h nev] be5 prov$4 ,i ?9k t ! utmo/ t c be effect$ by believ]s 9 ! tru? ( ,revelation is to expose ! %ortcom+s 9 ! pro(s ( philosoph]s :o hold t ! ,univ]se is et]nal1 & if =soo? a man has effect$ ?is1 he has accompli%$ a great de$6 ,= x is well kn[n to all cle> & correct ?9k]s :o d n wi% to deceive !mselves1 t ?is "q1 namely1 :e!r ! ,univ]se has be5 creat$ or is et]nal1 _c be answ]$ ) ma!matical c]ta9ty2 "h human intellect mu/ pause4 ,we %all h occasion to speak m fully on ?is subject1 b = ! pres5t x may suffice to /ate t ! philosoph]s h = ! la/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s be5 cont9ually divid$ on t subject1 z f> z we c le>n f _! works & ! record ( _! op9ions4 ,su* be+ ! nature ( ?is !ory1 h[ c we employ x z an axiom & e/abli% on x ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator8 ,9 t case ! exi/5ce ( ,god w\ld be unc]ta92 if ! univ]se _h a beg9n+1 ,god does exi/2 if x be et]nal1 ,god does n exi/2 ! exi/5ce ( ,god w\ld !re=e rema9 ei!r an op5 "q1 or we %\ld h to decl>e t ! creation _h be5 prov$1 & compel o!rs by m]e =ce to accept ?is doctr9e1 9 ord] ?us to be enabl$ to decl>e t we h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,su* a process is utt]ly inadmissible4 ,! true me?od1 :i* is bas$ on a logical & indubitable pro(1 consi/s1 accord+ to my op9ion1 9 demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 unity1 & ,8 incorporeality by su* philosophical argum5ts z are f\nd$ on ! !ory ( ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,i d n propose ?is me?od z ?\gh ,i believ$ 9 ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 = ,i d n foll[ ! philosoph]s on ?is po9t1 b because by ! aid ( ?is me?od ^! ?ree pr9ciples1 viz41 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 unity & ,8 incorporeality c be fully prov$ & v]ifi$1 irrespectively ( ! "q :e!r ! univ]se has _h a beg9n+ or n4 ,aft] firmly e/abli%+ ^! ?ree pr9ciples by an exact pro(1 we %all treat ( ! problem ( creation & discuss x z fully z possible4 ,y are at lib]ty to cont5t y\rself ) ! decl>ation ( ! ,mutakallemim1 & to believe t ! act ( creation has be5 demon/rat$ by pro(2 nor c !re be any h>m if y consid] x unprov5 t ! univ]se _h a beg9n+1 & accept ?is !ory z support$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,prophets4 ,be=e y le>n our op9ion on prophecy1 :i* w be giv5 9 ! pres5t "w1 d n ask1 h[ c\ld ! belief 9 prophecy be ju/ifi$1 if x 7 assum$ t ! univ]se 0 et]nal4 ,we w n n[ expatiate on t subject4 ,y %\ld1 h[ev]1 "k t "s ( ! propositions1 />t$ & prov$ by ! ,radicals1 i4e41 ! ,mutakallemim1 9 ord] to prove ! act ( creation1 imply an ord] ( ?+s contr>y to t :i* really exi/s1 & involve a complete *ange 9 ! laws ( nature2 ?is fact w be po9t$ out to y1 = x w be necess>y to m5tion _! propositions & _! argum5tation4 ,my me?od1 z f> z ,i n[ c expla9 x 9 g5]al t]ms1 is z foll[s4 ,! univ]se is ei!r et]nal or has _h a beg9n+2 if x _h a beg9n+1 !re mu/ necess>ily exi/ a be+ :i* caus$ ! beg9n+2 ?is is cle> to common s5se2 = a ?+ t has _h a beg9n+1 _c be ! cause ( its own beg9n+1 ano!r mu/ h caus$ x4 ,! univ]se 01 !re=e1 creat$ by ,god4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! univ]se 7 et]nal1 x c\ld 9 v>i\s ways be prov$ t ap>t f ! ?+s :i* con/itute ! univ]se1 !re exi/s a be+ :i* is nei!r body nor a =ce 9 a body1 & :i* is "o1 et]nal1 n prec$$ by any cause1 & immutable4 ,t be+ is ,god4 ,y see t ! pro(s = ! ,exi/5ce1 ! ,unity & ! ,incorporeality ( ,god mu/ v>y accord+ to ! propositions admitt$ by u4 ,only 9 ?is way c we succe$ 9 obta9+ a p]fect pro(1 :e!r we assume ! et]nity or ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,= ?is reason y w f9d 9 my works on ! ,talmud1 :5ev] ,i h to speak ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our religion1 or to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 t ,i employ argum5ts :i* imply ! et]nity ( ! univ]se4 ,i d n believe 9 t et]nity1 b ,i wi% to e/abli% ! pr9ciple ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god by an indisputable pro(1 & %\ld n l to see ?is mo/ important pr9ciple f\nd$ on a basis :i* e "o c\ld %ake or attempt to demoli%1 & :i* o!rs might consid] z n be+ e/abli%$ at all2 especially :5 ,i see t ! pro(s ( ! philosoph]s are bas$ on ^? visible prop]ties ( ?+s1 :i* c only be ignor$ by p]sons possess+ c]ta9 preconceiv$ notions1 :ile ! ,mutakallemim e/abli% _! argum5ts on propositions :i* are to su* an ext5t contr>y to ! actual /ate ( ?+s z to compel ^! argu]s to d5y altoge!r ! exi/5ce ( ! laws ( nature4 ,:5 ,i %all h to treat ( ! creation1 ,i %all 9 a special *apt] prove my op9ion to "s ext5t1 & %all atta9 ! same end :i* e "o ( ! ,mutakallemim _h 9 view1 yet ,i %all n contradict ! laws ( nature1 or reject any su* "p ( ! ,ari/otelean !ory z has be5 prov$ to be correct4 ,ev5 ! mo/ cog5t ( ! pro(s (f]$ by ! ,mutakallemim respect+ ! act ( creation1 has only be5 obta9$ by rev]s+ ! :ole ord] ( ?+s & by reject+ ev]y?+ fully demon/rat$ by ! philosoph]s4 ,i1 h[ev]1 %all be able to give a simil> pro( )\t ignor+ ! laws ( nature & )\t be+ =c$ to contradict facts :i* h be5 cle>ly p]ceiv$4 ,i f9d x necess>y to m5tion to y ! g5]al propositions ( ! ,mutakallemim1 by :i* !y prove ! act ( creation1 ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 ,unity & ,8 ,incorporeality4 ,i int5d to expla9 _! me?od1 & also to po9t out ! inf]5ces :i* are to be drawn f ea* proposition4 ,aft] ?is1 ,i %all describe ^? !ories ( ! philosoph]s :i* are closely connect$ ) our subject1 & ,i %all !n expla9 _! me?od4 ,d n ask me to prove 9 ?is "w ! propositions ( ! philosoph]s1 :i* ,i %all briefly m5tion to y2 !y =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ,physics & ,metaphysics4 ,nor mu/ y expect t ,i %\ld repeat ! argum5ts ( ! ,mutakallemim 9 support ( _! propositions1 ) :i* !y wa/$ _! "t1 ) :i* ! "t ( future g5]ations w likewise be wa/$1 & on :i* num]\s books h be5 writt54 ,_! propositions1 ) few exceptions1 are contradict$ by ! visible prop]ties ( ?+s1 & beset ) num]\s objections4 ,= ?is reason !y 7 oblig$ to write _m books & controv]sial works 9 def5ce ( _! !ories1 = ! refutation ( objections1 & = ! reconciliation ( all app>5t contradictions1 al?\gh 9 reality ?is object _c be atta9$ by any sophi/ical contrivance4 ,z to ! propositions ( ! philosoph]s :i* ,i %all briefly expla91 & :i* are indisp5sable = ! demon/ration ( ! ?ree pr9ciples--! ,exi/5ce1 ! ,unity1 & ! ,incorporeality ( ,god1 !y w = ! great] "p be admitt$ by y z soon z y %all he> !m & und]/& _! mean+2 :il/ 9 ! discussion ( o!r p>ts ref]5ce mu/ be made = _! pro(s to works on ,physics & ,metaphysics1 & if y direct y\r att5tion to su* passages z w be po9t$ out to y1 y w f9d ev]y?+ v]ifi$ t requires v]ification4 ,i h already told y t no?+ exi/s except ,god & ?is univ]se1 & t !re is no o!r evid5ce = ,8 ,exi/5ce b ?is univ]se 9 its entirety & 9 its sev]al p>ts4 ,consequ5tly ! univ]se mu/ be exam9$ z x is2 ! propositions mu/ be d]iv$ f ^? prop]ties ( ! univ]se :i* are cle>ly p]ceiv$1 & h5ce y mu/ "k its visible =m & its nature4 ,!n only w y f9d 9 ! univ]se evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a be+ n includ$ !re94 ,i h consid]$ x1 !re=e1 necess>y to discuss fir/ 9 a m]ely colloquial mann]1 9 ! next *apt]1 ! totality ( exi/+ ?+s1 & to conf9e our rem>ks to su* z h be5 fully prov$ & e/abli%$ beyond all d\bt4 ,9 subsequ5t *apt]s ,i %all treat ( ! propositions ( ! ,mutakallemim1 & describe ! me?od by :i* !y expla9 ! f\r fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,9 ! *apt]s :i* w foll[1 ,i propose to exp\nd ! propositions ( ! philosoph]s & ! me?ods appli$ by !m 9 v]ify+ ^? pr9ciples4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ,i %all expla9 to y ! me?od appli$ by me 9 prov+ ^? f\r pr9ciples1 z ,i h /at$ to y4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxii ,"k t ?is ,univ]se1 9 its entirety1 is no?+ else b "o individual be+2 t is to say1 ! out]mo/ heav5ly sph]e1 toge!r ) all includ$ !re91 is z reg>ds individuality beyond all "q a s+le be+ l ,said & ,om>4 ,! v>iety ( its sub/ances--,i mean ! sub/ances ( t sph]e & all its compon5t p>ts--is l ! v>iety ( ! sub/ances ( a human be+3 j z1 e4g41 ,said is "o individual1 consi/+ ( v>i\s solid sub/ances1 su* z fle%1 bones1 s9ews1 ( v>i\s hum\rs1 & ( v>i\s spiritual elem5ts2 9 l mann] ?is sph]e 9 its totality is compos$ ( ! cele/ial orbs1 ! f\r elem5ts & _! comb9ations2 !re is no vacuum :atev] !re91 b ! :ole space is fill$ up ) matt]4 ,its c5tre is occupi$ by ! e>?1 e>? is surr\nd$ by wat]1 air encompasses ! wat]1 fire envelopes ! air1 & ?is aga9 is envelop$ by ! fif? sub/ance 7qu9tess5ce74 ,^! sub/ances =m num]\s sph]es1 "o be+ enclos$ )9 ano!r s t no int]m$iate empty space1 no vacuum1 is left4 ,"o sph]e surr\nds & closely jo9s ! o!r4 ,all ! sph]es revolve ) con/ant uni=mity1 )\t accel]ation or ret>dation2 t is to say1 ea* sph]e reta9s its individual nature z reg>ds its velocity & ! peculi>ity ( its motion2 x does n move at "o "t quick]1 at ano!r sl[]4 ,comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! sph]es move ) less1 o!rs ) great] velocity4 ,! out]mo/1 all-encompass+ sph]e1 revolves ) ! greate/ spe$2 x completes its revolution 9 "o day1 & causes ev]y?+ to p>ticipate 9 its motion1 j z e p>ticle ( a ?+ moves :5 ! entire body is 9 motion2 = exi/+ be+s /& 9 ! same relation to t sph]e z a "p ( a ?+ /&s to ! :ole4 ,^! sph]es h n a common c5tre2 ! c5tres ( "s ( !m are id5tical ) ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 :ile ^? ( ! re/ are diff]5t f x4 ,"s ( ! sph]es h a motion indep5d5t ( t ( ! :ole ,univ]se1 con/antly revolv+ f ,ea/ to ,we/1 :ile o!r sph]es move f ,we/ to ,ea/4 ,! />s conta9$ 9 ^? sph]es are "p ( _! respective orbits2 !y are fix$ 9 !m1 & h no motion ( _! own1 b p>ticipat+ 9 ! motion ( ! sph]e ( :i* !y are a "p1 !y appe> !mselves to move4 ,! entire sub/ance ( ?is revolv+ fif? elem5t is unlike ! sub/ance ( ^? bodies :i* consi/ ( ! o!r f\r elem5ts1 & are enclos$ by ! fif? elem5t4 ,! numb] ( ^! sph]es encompass+ ! ,univ]se _c possibly be less ?an eighte52 x may ev5 be l>g]2 b ?is is a matt] = fur!r inve/igation4 ,x also rema9s an op5 "q :e!r !re are sph]es :i*1 )\t mov+ r\nd ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 h nev]!less a circul> motion4 ,)9 t sph]e :i* is ne>e/ to u1 a sub/ance is conta9$ :i* is diff]5t f ! sub/ance ( ! fif? elem5t2 x fir/ receiv$ f\r prim>y =ms1 & !n became 9 ^! f\r =ms1 f\r k9ds ( matt]3 e>?1 wat]1 air1 fire4 ,ea* ( ! f\r elem5ts occupies a c]ta9 position ( its own assign$ to x by nature2 x is n f\nd 9 ano!r place1 s long z no o!r b its own natural =ce acts ^u x2 x is a dead body2 x has no life1 no p]ception1 no spontane\s motion1 & rema9s at re/ 9 its natural place4 ,:5 mov$ f its place by "s ext]nal =ce1 x returns t[>ds its natural place z soon z t =ce ceases to op]ate4 ,= ! elem5ts h ! prop]ty ( mov+ back to _! place 9 a /raight l9e1 b !y h no prop]ties :i* w\ld cause !m to rema9 :]e !y are1 or to move o!rwise ?an 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! rectil9e> motions ( ^! f\r elem5ts :5 return+ to _! orig9al place are ( two k9ds1 ei!r c5trifugal1 viz41 ! motion ( ! air & ! fire2 or c5tripetal1 viz41 ! motion ( ! e>?1 & ! wat]2 & :5 ! elem5ts h rea*$ _! orig9al place1 !y rema9 at re/4 ,! sph]ical bodies1 on ! o!r h&1 h life1 possess a s\l by :i* !y move spontane\sly2 !y h no prop]ties by :i* !y c\ld at any "t come to a /ate ( re/2 9 _! p]petual rotations !y are n subject to any *ange1 except t ( position4 ,! "q :e!r !y are end[$ ) an intellect1 enabl+ !m to compreh5d1 _c be solv$ )\t deep rese>*4 ,?r\gh ! con/ant revolution ( ! fif? elem5t1 ) all conta9$ !re91 ! f\r elem5ts are =c$ to move & to *ange _! respective positions1 s t fire & air are driv5 into ! wat]1 & aga9 ^! ?ree elem5ts ent] ! dep? ( ! e>?4 ,?us are ! elem5ts mix$ toge!r2 & :5 !y return to _! respective places1 p>ts ( ! e>?1 9 quitt+ _! places1 move toge!r ) ! wat]1 ! air & ! fire4 ,9 ?is :ole process ! elem5ts act & react ^u ea* o!r4 ,! elem5ts int]mix$1 are !n comb9$1 & =m at fir/ v>i\s k9ds ( vap\rs2 aft]w>ds ! sev]al k9ds ( m9]als1 e species ( plants1 & _m species ( liv+ be+s1 accord+ to ! relative proportion ( ! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,all transi5t be+s h _! orig9 9 ! elem5ts1 into :i* aga9 !y resolve :5 _! exi/5ce comes to an end4 ,! elem5ts !mselves are subject to be+ trans=m$ f "o into ano!r2 = al?\gh "o sub/ance is common to all1 sub/ance )\t =m is 9 reality impossible1 j z ! physical =m ( ^! transi5t be+s _c exi/ )\t sub/ance4 ,! =mation & ! dissolution ( ! elem5ts1 toge!r ) ! ?+s compos$ ( !m1 & resolv+ into !m1 foll[ ea* o!r 9 rotation4 ,! *anges ( ! f9ite sub/ance1 9 successively receiv+ "o =m aft] ! o!r1 may !re=e be comp>$ to ! revolution ( ! sph]e 9 space1 :5 ea* "p ( ! sph]e p]iodically reappe>s 9 ! same position4 ,z ! human body consi/s bo? ( pr9cipal organs & ( o!r memb]s :i* dep5d on !m & _c exi/ )\t ! control ( ^? organs1 s does ! univ]se consi/ bo? ( pr9cipal p>ts1 viz41 ! qu9tess5ce1 :i* encompasses ! f\r elem5ts & ( o!r p>ts :i* are subord9at$ & require a lead]1 viz41 ! f\r elem5ts & ! ?+s compos$ ( !m4 ,aga91 ! pr9cipal "p 9 ! human body1 namely1 ! he>t1 is 9 con/ant motion1 & is ! s\rce ( e motion notic$ 9 ! body2 x rules ov] ! o!r memb]s1 & communicates to !m ?r\gh its own pulsations ! =ce requir$ = _! functions4 ,! out]mo/ sph]e by its motion rules 9 a simil> way ov] all o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & supplies all ?+s ) _! special prop]ties4 ,e motion 9 ! univ]se has ?us its orig9 9 ! motion ( t sph]e2 & ! s\l ( e animat$ be+ d]ives its orig9 f ! s\l ( t same sph]e4 ,! =ces :i* accord+ to ?is explanation are communicat$ by ! sph]es to ?is sublun>y _w are f\r 9 numb]1 viz41 7a7 ! =ce :i* effects ! mixture & ! composition ( ! elem5ts1 & :i* und\bt$ly suffices to =m ! m9]als2 7b7 ! =ce :i* supplies e gr[+ ?+ ) its vegetative functions2 7c7 ! =ce :i* gives to ea* liv+ be+ its vitality1 & 7d7 ! =ce :i* end[s rational be+s ) intellect4 ,all ?is is effect$ ?r\gh ! action ( light & d>kness1 :i* are regulat$ by ! position & ! motion ( ! sph]es r\nd ! e>?4 ,:5 = "o in/ant ! beat+ ( ! he>t is int]rupt$1 man dies1 & all 8 motions & p[]s come to an end4 ,9 a l mann] w\ld ! :ole univ]se p]i%1 & ev]y?+ !re9 cease to exi/ if ! sph]es 7 to come to a /&/ill4 ,! liv+ be+ z su* is "o ?r\gh ! action ( its he>t1 al?\gh "s p>ts ( ! body are devoid ( motion & s5sation1 z1 e4g41 ! bones1 ! c>tilage1 & simil> p>ts4 ,! same is ! case ) ! entire univ]se2 al?\gh x includes _m be+s )\t motion & )\t life1 x is a s+le be+ liv+ ?r\gh ! motion ( ! sph]e1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! he>t ( an animat$ be+4 ,y mu/ !re=e consid] ! entire globe z "o individual be+ :i* is end[$ ) life1 motion1 & a s\l4 ,?is mode ( consid]+ ! univ]se is1 z w be expla9$1 indisp5sable1 t is to say1 x is v useful = demon/rat+ ! unity ( ,god2 x also helps to elucidate ! pr9ciple t ,he :o is ,"o has creat$ only "o be+4 ,aga91 x is impossible t any ( ! memb]s ( a human body %\ld exi/ by !mselves1 n connect$ ) ! body1 & at ! same "t %\ld actually be organic p>ts ( t body1 t is to say1 t ! liv] %\ld exi/ by itself1 ! he>t by itself1 or ! fle% by itself4 ,9 l mann]1 x is impossible t "o "p ( ! ,univ]se %\ld exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r p>ts 9 ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s z "h consid]$1 viz41 t ! fire %\ld exi/ )\t ! co-exi/5ce ( ! e>?1 or ! e>? )\t ! heav51 or ! heav5 )\t ! e>?4 ,9 man !re is a c]ta9 =ce :i* unites ! memb]s ( ! body1 controls !m1 & gives to ea* ( !m :at x requires = ! cons]vation ( its condition1 & = ! repulsion ( injury--! physicians di/9ctly call x ! lead+ =ce 9 ! body ( ! liv+ be+2 sometimes !y call x 8nature40 ,! ,univ]se likewise possesses a =ce :i* unites ! sev]al p>ts ) ea* o!r1 protects ! species f de/ruction1 ma9ta9s ! individuals ( ea* species z long z possible1 & end[s "s individual be+s ) p]man5t exi/5ce4 ,:e!r ?is =ce op]ates ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! sph]e or o!rwise rema9s an op5 "q4 ,aga91 9 ! body ( ea* individual !re are p>ts :i* are int5d$ = a c]ta9 purpose1 z ! organs ( nutrition = ! pres]vation ( ! individual1 ! organs ( g5]ation = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 ! h&s & eyes = adm9i/]+ to c]ta9 wants1 z to food1 etc42 !re are also p>ts :i*1 9 !mselves1 are n int5d$ = any purpose1 b are m]e accessories & adjuncts to ! con/itution ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,! peculi> con/itution ( ! organs1 indisp5sable = ! cons]vation ( _! p>ticul> =ms & = ! p]=mance ( _! prim>y functions1 produces1 :il/ x s]ves its special purpose1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ance1 o!r ?+s1 su* z ! hair & ! complexion ( ! body4 ,be+ m]e accessories1 !y are n =m$ accord+ to a fix$ rule2 "s are altoge!r abs5t 9 _m individuals2 & v>y consid]ably 9 o!rs4 ,?is is n ! case ) ! organs ( ! body4 ,y nev] f9d t ! liv] ( "o p]son is t5 times l>g] ?an t ( ano!r p]son1 b y may f9d a p]son )\t a be>d1 or )\t hair on c]ta9 p>ts ( 8 body1 or ) a be>d t5 times long] ?an t ( ano!r man4 ,in/ances ( ?is ph5om5on1 viz41 great v>iation z reg>ds hair & col\r1 are n r>e4 ,! same diff]5ces occur 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,univ]se4 ,"s species exi/ z an integral "p ( ! :ole sy/em2 ^! are con/ant & foll[ a fix$ law2 ?\gh !y v>y z f> z _! nature p]mits1 ?is v>iation is insignificant 9 quantity & quality4 ,o!r species d n s]ve any purpose2 !y are ! m]e result ( ! g5]al nature ( transi5t ?+s1 z1 e4g41 ! v>i\s insects :i* are g5]at$ 9 dunghills1 ! animals g5]at$ 9 rott5 fruit1 or 9 fetid liquids1 & worms g5]at$ 9 ! inte/9es1 etc4 ,9 %ort1 ev]y?+ devoid ( ! p[] ( g5]ation belongs to ?is class4 ,y w1 !re=e1 f9d t ^! ?+s d n foll[ a fix$ law1 al?\gh _! entire abs5ce is j z impossible z ! abs5ce ( diff]5t complexions & ( diff]5t k9ds ( hair among/ human be+s4 ,9 man !re are sub/ances ! individual exi/5ce ( :i* is p]man5t1 & !re are o!r sub/ances :i* are only con/ant 9 ! species n 9 ! individuals1 z1 e4g41 ! f\r hum\rs4 ,! same is ! case 9 ! ,univ]se2 !re are sub/ances :i* are con/ant 9 individuals1 su* z ! fif? elem5t1 :i* is con/ant 9 all its =mations1 & o!r sub/ances :i* are con/ant 9 ! species1 z1 e4g41 ! f\r elem5ts & all t is compos$ ( !m4 ,! same =ces :i* op]ate 9 ! bir? & ! temporal exi/5ce ( ! human be+ op]ate also 9 8 de/ruction & dea?4 ,?is tru? holds good ) reg>d to ?is :ole transi5t _w4 ,! causes ( production are at ! same "t ! causes ( de/ruction4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example4 ,if ! f\r =ces :i* are pres5t 9 e be+ su/a9$ by food1 viz41 attraction1 ret5tion1 dige/ion1 & secretion1 71 l intellig5t =ces1 able to conf9e !mselves to :at is necess>y1 & to act at ! prop] "t & )9 ! prop] limits1 man w\ld be exempt f ^? great suff]+s & ! num]\s diseases to :i* he is expos$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 su* is n ! case1 & s9ce ! =ces p]=m _! natural functions )\t ?\ght & intellig5ce1 )\t any consci\sness ( _! action1 !y necess>ily cause dang]\s maladies & great pa9s1 al?\gh !y are ! direct cause ( ! bir? & ! temporal exi/5ce ( ! human be+4 ,?is fact is to be expla9$ z foll[s3 if ! attractive =ce w\ld absorb no?+ b t :i* is absolutely b5eficial1 & no?+ b ! quantity :i* is requir$1 man w\ld be free f _m su* suff]+s & disord]s4 ,b su* is n ! case2 ! attractive =ce absorbs any hum\r t comes )9 ! range ( its action1 al?\gh su* hum\r be ill-adapt$ 9 quality or 9 quantity4 ,x is1 !re=e1 natural t sometimes a hum\r is absorb$ :i* is too w>m1 too cold1 too ?ick1 or too ?91 or t too mu* hum\r is absorb$1 & ?us ! ve9s are *ok$1 ob/ruction & decay ensue1 ! quality ( ! hum\r is det]iorat$1 its quantities alt]$1 diseases are orig9at$1 su* z scurvy1 leprosy1 abscess1 or a dang]\s illness1 su* z canc]1 elephantiasis1 gangr5e1 & at la/ ! organ or organs are de/roy$4 ,! same is ! case ) e "o ( ! f\r =ces1 & ) all exi/+ be+s4 ,! same =ce t orig9ates all ?+s1 & causes !m to exi/ = a c]ta9 "t1 namely1 ! comb9ation ( ! elem5ts :i* are mov$ & p5etrat$ by ! =ces ( ! heav5ly sph]es1 t same cause becomes ?r\gh\t ! _w a s\rce ( calamities1 su* z deva/at+ ra91 %[]s1 sn[-/orms1 hail1 hurricanes1 ?und]1 lightn+1 mal>ia1 or o!r t]rible cata/rophes by :i* a place or _m places or an entire c\ntry may be laid wa/e1 su* z l&slips1 e>?quakes1 meteoric %[]s & floods issu+ =? f ! seas & f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 all t we h notic$ ab\t ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ,univ]se & ! human be+1 no?+ w\ld w>rant u to ass]t t man is a microcosm2 = al?\gh ! comp>ison 9 all its p>ts applies to ! ,univ]se & any liv+ be+ 9 its normal /ate1 we nev] he>d t any anci5t au?or call$ ! ass or ! horse a microcosm4 ,?is attribute has be5 giv5 to man alone on acc\nt ( 8 peculi> faculty ( ?9k+1 ,i mean ! intellect1 viz41 ! hylic intellect :i* app]ta9s to no o!r liv+ be+4 ,?is may be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,an animal does n require = its su/5ance any plan1 ?\ght or s*eme2 ea* animal moves & acts by its nature1 eats z mu* z x c f9d ( suitable ?+s1 x makes its re/+-place :]ev] x happ5s to be1 cohabits ) any mate x meets :ile 9 heat 9 ! p]iods ( its sexual excitem5t4 ,9 ?is mann] does ea* individual cons]ve itself = a c]ta9 "t1 & p]petuates ! exi/5ce ( its species )\t requir+ = its ma9t5ance ! assi/ance or support ( any ( its fell[ creatures2 = all ! ?+s to :i* x has to att5d x p]=ms by itself4 ,) man x is diff]5t2 if an individual _h a solit>y exi/5ce1 & 71 l an animal1 left )\t guidance1 he w\ld soon p]i%1 he w\ld n endure ev5 "o day1 unless x 7 by m]e *ance1 unless he happ5$ to f9d some?+ ^u :i* he might fe$4 ,= ! food :i* man requires = 8 subsi/5ce dem&s mu* "w & prep>ation1 :i* c only be accompli%$ by reflection & by plan2 _m vessels mu/ be us$1 & _m individuals1 ea* 9 8 peculi> "w1 mu/ be employ$4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t "o p]son %\ld organize ! "w & direct m5 9 su* a mann] t !y %\ld prop]ly co-op]ate1 & t !y %\ld assi/ ea* o!r4 ,! protection f heat 9 summ] & f cold 9 w9t]1 & %elt] f ra91 sn[1 & w9d1 require 9 ! same mann] ! prep>ation ( _m ?+s1 none ( :i* c prop]ly be done )\t design & ?\ght4 ,= ?is reason man has be5 end[$ ) intellectual faculties1 :i* enable him to ?9k1 consid]1 & act1 & by v>i\s lab\rs to prep>e & procure = himself food1 dwell+ & clo?+1 & to control e organ ( 8 body1 caus+ bo? ! pr9cipal & ! second>y organs to p]=m _! respective functions4 ,consequ5tly1 if a man1 be+ depriv$ ( 8 intellectual faculties1 only possess$ vitality1 he w\ld 9 a %ort "t be lo/4 ,! intellect is ! highe/ ( all faculties ( liv+ creatures2 x is v difficult to compreh5d1 & its true "* _c be und]/ood z easily z man's o!r faculties4 ,!re also exi/s 9 ! ,univ]se a c]ta9 =ce :i* controls ! :ole1 :i* sets 9 motion ! *ief & pr9cipal p>ts1 & gives !m ! motive p[] = gov]n+ ! re/4 ,)\t t =ce1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is sph]e1 ) its pr9cipal & second>y p>ts1 w\ld be impossible4 ,x is ! s\rce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se 9 all its p>ts4 ,t =ce is ,god2 bless$ be ,8 "n6 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is =ce t man is call$ microcosm2 = he likewise possesses a c]ta9 pr9ciple :i* gov]ns all ! =ces ( ! body1 & on acc\nt ( ?is comp>ison ,god is call$ 8! life ( ! ,univ]se02 comp4 8& he swore by ! life ( ! ,univ]se0 7,dan4 xii4 #g74 ,y mu/ und]/& t 9 ! p>allel :i* we h drawn betwe5 ! :ole univ]se1 on ! "o h&1 & ! individual man1 on ! o!r1 !re is a complete h>mony 9 all ! po9ts :i* we m5tion$ above2 only 9 ! foll[+ ?ree po9ts a discrepancy may be notic$4 ,fir/1 ! pr9cipal organ ( any liv+ be+ :i* has a he>t1 d]ives a b5efit f ! organs "u ! control ( ! he>t1 & ! b5efits ( ! organs ?us become ! b5efits ( ! he>t4 ,?is is n ! case 9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,t "p :i* be/[s au?ority or di/ributes p[]1 does n receive 9 return any b5efit f ! ?+s "u its control2 :atev] x grants1 is grant$ 9 ! mann] ( a g5]\s b5efactor1 n f any selfi% motive1 b f a natural g5]osity & k9dl9ess2 only = ! sake ( imitat+ ! ways ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,secondly1 liv+ creatures end[$ ) a he>t h x )9 ! body & 9 ! mid/ !re(2 !re x is surr\nd$ by organs :i* x gov]ns4 ,?us x d]ives a b5efit f !m1 = !y gu>d & protect x1 & !y d n all[ t any injury f )\t %\ld approa* x4 ,! rev]se occurs 9 ! case ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! sup]ior "p encompasses ! inf]ior p>ts1 x be+ c]ta9 t x _c be affect$ by ! action ( any o!r be+2 & ev5 if x c\ld be affect$1 !re is nobody )\t x t c\ld affect x4 ,:ile x influ5ces all t is conta9$ )91 x is n influ5c$ by any act or =ce ( any mat]ial be+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s simil>ity betwe5 ! univ]se & man 9 ?is po9t4 ,9 ! body ( animals1 ! organs m di/ant f ! pr9cipal organ are ( less importance ?an ^? ne>] to x4 ,also 9 ! univ]se1 ! ne>] ! p>ts are to ! c5tre1 ! great] is _! turbidness1 _! solidity1 _! in]tness1 _! dimness & d>kness1 because !y are fur!r away f ! l(tie/ elem5t1 f ! s\rce ( light & brightness1 :i* moves by itself & ! sub/ance ( :i* is ! mo/ r>efi$ & simple/3 f ! out]mo/ sph]e4 ,at ! same ratio at :i* a body is ne>] ?is sph]e1 x d]ives prop]ties f x1 & rises above ! sph]es bel[ x4 ,?irdly4 ,! faculty ( ?9k+ is a =ce inh]5t 9 ! body1 & is n sep>at$ f x1 b ,god is n a =ce inh]5t 9 ! body ( ! univ]se1 b is sep>ate f all its p>ts4 ,h[ ,god rules ! univ]se & provides = x is a complete my/]y2 man is unable to solve x4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 x c be prov$ t ,god is sep>ate f ! univ]se1 & 9 no contact :atev] ) x2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,8 rule & provid5ce c be prov$ to exi/ 9 all p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ev5 9 ! smalle/4 ,prais$ be ,he ^: p]fection is above our compreh5sion4 ,x is true1 we might h comp>$ ! relation betwe5 ,god & ! univ]se1 to ! relation betwe5 ! absolute acquir$ intellect & man2 x is n a p[] inh]5t 9 ! body1 b a p[] :i* is absolutely sep>ate f ! body1 & is f )\t br\ght into contact ) ! body4 ,! rational faculty ( man may be fur!r comp>$ to ! intellig5ce ( ! sph]es1 :i* are1 z x 71 mat]ial bodies4 ,b ! intellig5ce ( ! sph]es1 purely spiritual be+s1 z well z man's absolute & acquir$ intellect1 are subjects ( deep /udy & rese>*2 ! pro( ( _! exi/5ce1 ?\gh correct1 is ab/ruse1 & includes argum5ts :i* pres5t d\bts1 are expos$ to criticism1 & c be easily attack$ by objectors4 ,we h1 !re=e1 pref]r$ to illu/rate ! relation ( ,god to ! univ]se by a simile :i* is cle>1 & :i* w n be contradict$ 9 any ( ! po9ts :i* h be5 laid d[n by u )\t any qualification4 ,! opposition c only emanate ei!r f an ignorant man1 :o contradicts tru?s ev5 if !y are p]fectly obvi\s1 j z a p]son unacqua9t$ ) geometry rejects elem5t>y propositions :i* h be5 cle>ly demon/rat$1 or f ! prejudic$ man :o deceives himself4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o wi% to /udy ! subject mu/ p]sev]e 9 _! /udies until !y are conv9c$ t all our obs]vations are true1 & until !y und]/& t our acc\nt ( ?is univ]se unque/ionably agrees ) ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,if a man is will+ to accept ?is !ory f "o :o und]/&s h[ to prove ?+s :i* c be prov$1 let him accept x1 & let him e/abli% on x 8 argum5ts & pro(s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he refuses to accept )\t pro( ev5 ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 let him inquire = himself1 & ultimately he w f9d t !y are correct4 8,lo ?is1 we h se>*$ x1 s x is2 he> x1 & "k ?\ x = ?y good0 7,job v4 #bg74 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y rem>ks1 we w treat ( ! subject :i* we promis$ to introduce & to expla94 ,,*apt] ,,lxxiii ,!re are twelve propositions common to all ,mutakallemim1 h[ev] diff]5t _! individual op9ions & me?ods may be2 ! ,mutakallemim require !m 9 ord] to e/abli% _! views on ! f\r pr9ciples4 ,i %all fir/ enum]ate ^! propositions1 & !n discuss ea* sep>ately1 toge!r ) ! inf]5ces :i* may be drawn f x4 ,proposition ,i4 ,all ?+s are compos$ ( atoms4 ,proposition ,,ii4 ,!re is a vacuum4 ,proposition ,,iii4 ,"t is compos$ ( "t-atoms4 ,proposition ,,iv4 ,sub/ance _c exi/ )\t num]\s accid5ts4 ,proposition ,v4 ,ea* atom is completely furni%$ ) ! accid5ts 7:i* ,i w describe71 & _c exi/ )\t !m4 ,proposition ,,vi4 ,accid5ts d n cont9ue 9 exi/5ce dur+ two "t-atoms4 ,proposition ,,vii4 ,bo? positive & negative prop]ties h a real exi/5ce1 & are accid5ts :i* owe _! exi/5ce to "s causa effici5s4 ,proposition ,,viii4 ,all exi/+ ?+s1 i4e41 all creatures1 consi/ ( sub/ance & ( accid5ts1 & ! physical =m ( a ?+ is likewise an accid5t4 ,proposition ,,ix4 ,no accid5t c =m ! sub/ratum = ano!r accid5t4 ,proposition ,x4 ,! te/ = ! possibility ( an imag9$ object does n consi/ 9 its con=mity ) ! exi/+ laws ( nature4 ,proposition ,,xi4 ,! idea ( ! inf9ite is equally inadmissible1 :e!r ! inf9ite be actual1 pot5tial1 or accid5tal1 i4e41 !re is no diff]5ce :e!r ! inf9ite be =m$ by a numb] ( co-exi/+ ?+s1 or by a s]ies ( ?+s1 ( :i* "o "p comes into exi/5ce :5 ano!r has ceas$ to exi/1 9 :i* case x is call$ accid5tal inf9ite2 9 bo? cases ! inf9ite is reject$ by ! ,mutakallemim z fallaci\s4 ,proposition ,,xii4 ,! s5ses mislead1 & are 9 _m cases ineffici5t2 _! p]ceptions1 !re=e1 _c =m ! basis ( any law1 or yield data = any pro(4 ,fir/ ,proposition4 8,! ,univ]se1 t is1 ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 x1 is compos$ ( v small p>ts atoms :i* are indivisible on acc\nt ( _! smallness2 su* an atom has no magnitude2 b :5 sev]al atoms comb9e1 ! sum has a magnitude1 & ?us =ms a body40 ,if1 !re=e1 two atoms 7 jo9$ toge!r1 ea* atom w\ld become a body1 & !y w\ld ?us =m two bodies1 a !ory :i* 9 fact has be5 propos$ by "s ,mutakallemim4 ,all ^! atoms are p]fectly alike2 !y d n diff] f ea* o!r 9 any po9t4 ,! ,mutakallemim fur!r ass]t1 t x is impossible to f9d a body t is n compos$ ( su* equal atoms :i* are plac$ side by side4 ,accord+ to ?is view g5esis & composition are id5tical2 de/ruction is ! same z decomposition4 ,!y d n use ! t]m 8de/ruction10 = !y hold t 8g5esis0 implies composition & decomposition1 motion & re/4 ,^! atoms1 !y believe1 are n1 z 0 suppos$ by ,epicurus & o!r ,atomi/s num]ically con/ant2 b are creat$ anew :5ev] x pleases ! ,creator2 _! annihilation is !re=e n impossible4 ,n[ ,i w expla9 to y _! op9ion conc]n+ ! vacuum4 ,second ,proposition4 ,on ! vacuum4 ,! orig9al ,mutakallemim also believe t !re is a vacuum1 i4e41 "o space1 or sev]al spaces :i* conta9 no?+1 :i* are n occupi$ by any?+ :atsoev]1 & :i* are devoid ( all sub/ance4 ,?is proposition is to !m an indisp5sable sequel to ! fir/4 ,=1 if ! ,univ]se 7 full ( su* atoms1 h[ c\ld any ( !m move8 ,= x is impossible to conceive t "o atom %\ld move into ano!r4 ,& yet ! composition1 z well z ! decomposition ( ?+s1 c only be effect$ by ! motion ( atoms6 ,?us ! ,mutakallemim are compell$ to assume a vacuum1 9 ord] t ! atoms may comb9e1 sep>ate1 & move 9 t vacuum :i* does n conta9 any ?+ or any atom4 ,?ird ,proposition4 8,"t is compos$ ( "t-atoms10 i4e41 ( _m p>ts1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! %ort duration _c be divid$4 ,?is proposition also is a logical consequ5ce ( ! fir/4 ,! ,mutakallemim und\bt$ly saw h[ ,ari/otle prov$ t "t1 space1 & locomotion are ( ! same nature1 t is to say1 !y c be divid$ into p>ts :i* /& 9 ! same proportion to ea* o!r3 if "o ( !m is divid$1 ! o!r is divid$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,!y1 !re=e1 knew t if "t 7 cont9u\s & divisible ad inf9itum1 _! assum$ atom ( space w\ld ( necessity likewise be divisible4 ,simil>ly1 if x 7 suppos$ t space is cont9u\s1 x w\ld necess>ily foll[1 t ! "t-elem5t1 :i* !y consid]$ to be indivisible1 c\ld also be divid$4 ,?is has be5 %[n by ,ari/otle 9 ! treatise call$ ,acroasis4 ,h5ce !y conclud$ t space 0 n cont9u\s1 b 0 compos$ ( elem5ts t c\ld n be divid$2 & t "t c\ld likewise be r$uc$ to "t-elem5ts1 :i* 7 indivisible4 ,an h\r is1 e4g41 divid$ into sixty m9utes1 ! m9ute into sixty seconds1 ! second into sixty p>ts1 & s on2 at la/ aft] t5 or m successive divisions by sixty1 "t-elem5ts are obta9$1 :i* are n subject$ to division1 & 9 fact are indivisible1 j z is ! case ) space4 ,"t w\ld ?us be an object ( position & ord]4 ,! ,mutakallemim did n at all und]/& ! nature ( "t4 ,?is is a matt] ( c\rse2 = if ! greate/ philosoph]s became emb>rass$ :5 !y inve/igat$ ! nature ( "t1 if "s ( !m 7 altoge!r unable to compreh5d :at "t really 01 & if ev5 ,gal5us decl>$ "t to be some?+ div9e & incompreh5sible1 :at c be expect$ ( ^? :o d n reg>d ! nature ( ?+s8 ,n[1 m>k :at conclusions 7 drawn f ^! ?ree propositions1 & 7 accept$ by ! ,mutakallemim z true4 ,!y held t locomotion consi/$ 9 ! translation ( ea* atom ( a body f "o po9t to ! next "o2 accord+ly ! velocity ( "o body 9 motion _c be great] ?an t ( ano!r body4 ,:51 nev]!less1 two bodies are obs]v$ to move dur+ ! same "t ?r\gh diff]5t spaces1 ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce is n attribut$ by !m to ! fact t ! body :i* has mov$ ?r\gh a l>g] di/ance _h a great] velocity1 b to ! circum/ance t motion :i* 9 ord9>y language is call$ sl[1 has be5 int]rupt$ by m mom5ts ( re/1 :ile ! motion :i* ord9>ily is call$ quick has be5 int]rupt$ by few] mom5ts ( re/4 ,:5 x is %[n t ! motion ( an arr[1 :i* is %ot f a p[]ful b[1 is 9 contradiction to _! !ory1 !y decl>e t 9 ?is case too ! motion is int]rupt$ by mom5ts ( re/4 ,!y believe t x is ! fault ( man's s5ses if he believes t ! arr[ moves cont9u\sly1 = !re are _m ?+s :i* _c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 z !y ass]t 9 ! twelf? proposition4 ,b we ask !m3 8,h y obs]v$ a complete revolution ( a mill/one8 ,ea* po9t 9 ! extreme circumf]5ce ( ! /one describes a l>ge circle 9 ! v same "t 9 :i* a po9t ne>] ! c5tre describes a small circle2 ! velocity ( ! out] circle is !re=e great] ?an t ( ! inn] circle4 ,y _c say t ! motion ( ! latt] 0 int]rupt$ by m mom5ts ( re/2 = ! :ole mov+ body1 i4e41 ! mill/one1 is "o coh]5t body40 ,!y reply1 8,dur+ ! circul> motion1 ! p>ts ( ! mill/one sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & ! mom5ts ( re/ int]rupt+ ! motion ( ! portions ne>] ! c5tre are m ?an ^? :i* int]rupt ! motion ( ! out] portions40 ,we ask aga91 8,h[ is x t ! mill/one1 :i* we p]ceive z "o body1 & :i* _c be easily brok51 ev5 ) a hamm]1 resolves into its atoms :5 x moves1 & becomes aga9 "o coh]5t body1 return+ to its previ\s /ate z soon z x comes to re/1 :ile no "o is able to notice ! break+ up ( ! /one80 ,aga9 _! reply is bas$ on ! twelf? proposition1 :i* is to ! effect t ! p]ception ( ! s5ses _c be tru/$1 & ?us only ! evid5ce ( ! intellect is admissible4 ,d n imag9e t y h se5 9 ! =ego+ example ! mo/ absurd ( ! inf]5ces :i* may be drawn f ^! ?ree propositions3 ! proposition relat+ to ! exi/5ce ( a vacuum leads to m prepo/]\s & extravagant conclusions4 ,nor mu/ y suppose t ! a=ego+ !ory conc]n+ motion is less irrational ?an ! proposition result+ f ?is !ory1 t ! diagonal ( a squ>e is equal to "o ( its sides1 & "s ( ! ,mutakallemim g s f> z to decl>e t ! squ>e is n a ?+ ( real exi/5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! adoption ( ! fir/ proposition w\ld be tantam\nt to ! rejection ( all t has be5 prov$ 9 ,geometry4 ,! propositions 9 ,geometry w\ld1 9 ?is respect1 be divid$ into two classes3 "s w\ld be absolutely reject$2 e4g41 ^? :i* relate to prop]ties ( ! incomm5surability & ! comm5surability ( l9es & planes1 to rational & irrational l9es1 & all o!r propositions conta9$ 9 ! t5? book ( ,euclid1 & 9 simil> works4 ,o!r propositions w\ld appe> to be only p>tially correct2 e4g41 ! solution ( ! problem to divide a l9e into two equal p>ts1 if ! l9e consi/s ( an odd numb] ( atoms2 accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,mutakallemim su* a l9e _c be bisect$4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! well-kn[n book ( problems by ! sons ( ,%akir are conta9$ m ?an a hundr$ problems1 all solv$ & practically demon/rat$2 b if !re really 7 a vacuum1 n "o ( ^! problems c\ld be solv$1 & _m ( ! wat]works describ$ 9 t book c\ld n h be5 con/ruct$4 ,! refutation ( su* propositions is a m]e wa/e ( "t4 ,i w n[ proce$ to treat ( ! o!r propositions m5tion$ above4 ,f\r? ,proposition4 8,! accid5ts ( ?+s h real exi/5ce2 !y are elem5ts sup]add$ to ! sub/ance itself1 & no mat]ial ?+ c be )\t !m40 ,_h ?is proposition be5 left by ! ,mutakallemim 9 ?is =m x w\ld h be5 correct1 simple1 de>1 & indisputable4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 gone fur!r1 ass]t+ t a sub/ance :i* has n ! attribute ( life1 mu/ necess>ily h t ( dea?2 = x mu/ always h "o ( two contra/+ prop]ties4 ,accord+ to _! op9ion1 col\r1 ta/e1 motion or re/1 comb9ation or sep>ation1 etc41 c be pr$icat$ ( all sub/ances1 &1 if a sub/ance h ! attribute ( life1 x mu/ at ! same "t possess su* o!r k9ds ( accid5ts1 z wisdom or folly1 freewill or ! rev]se1 p[] or weakness1 p]ception or any ( its opposites1 &1 9 %ort1 ! sub/ance mu/ h ! "o or ! o!r ( all correlative accid5ts app]ta9+ to a liv+ be+4 ,fif? ,proposition4 8,! atom is fully provid$ ) all ^! =ego+ accid5ts1 & _c exi/ if any be want+40 ,! mean+ ( ! proposition is ?is3 ,! ,mutakallemim say t ea* ( ! atoms creat$ by ,god mu/ h accid5ts1 su* z col\r1 smell1 motion1 or re/1 except ! accid5t ( quantity3 = accord+ to _! op9ion an atom has no magnitude2 & !y d n designate quantity z an accid5t1 nor d !y apply to x ! laws ( accid5ts4 ,9 accordance ) ?is proposition1 !y d n say1 :5 an accid5t is notic$ 9 a body1 t x is peculi> to ! body z su*1 b t x exi/s 9 ea* ( ! atoms :i* =m ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( t body4 ,e4g41 take a heap ( sn[2 ! :it5ess does n exi/ 9 t heap z a :ole1 b ea* atom ( ! sn[ is :ite1 & !re=e ! aggregate ( ^! atoms is likewise :ite4 ,simil>ly !y say t :5 a body moves ea* atom ( x moves1 & ?us ! :ole body is 9 motion4 ,life likewise exi/s1 accord+ to _! view1 9 ea* atom ( a liv+ body4 ,! same is ! case accord+ to _! op9ion ) ! s5ses2 9 ea* atom ( ! aggregate !y notice ! faculty ( p]ception4 ,life1 s5sation1 intellect & wisdom are consid]$ by !m z accid5ts1 l blackness & :it5ess1 z w be %[n 9 ! fur!r discussion ( _! !ory4 ,conc]n+ ! s\l1 !y d n agree4 ,! view mo/ pr$om9ant among !m is ! foll[+3--,! s\l is an accid5t exi/+ 9 "o ( ! atoms ( :i*1 e4g41 man is compos$2 ! aggregate is call$ a be+ end[$ ) a s\l1 9 s f> z x includes t atom4 ,o!rs are ( op9ion t ! s\l is compos$ ( e!real atoms1 :i* h a peculi> faculty by virtue ( :i* !y con/itute ! s\l1 & t ^! atoms are mix$ ) ! atoms ( ! body4 ,consequ5tly !y ma9ta9 t ! s\l is an accid5t4 ,z to ! intellect1 ,i f\nd t all ( !m agre$ 9 consid]+ x to be an accid5t jo9$ to "o ( ! atoms :i* con/itute ! :ole ( ! intellig5t be+4 ,b !re is a confusion among !m ab\t k2 !y are unc]ta9 :e!r x is an accid5t to ea* ( ! atoms :i* =m ! kn[+ aggregate1 or :e!r x belongs only to "o atom4 ,bo? views c be disprov$ by a r$uctio ad absurdum1 :5 ! foll[+ facts are po9t$ out to !m4 ,g5]ally metals & /ones h a peculi> col\r1 :i* is /rongly pron\nc$1 b disappe>s :5 !y are pulv]is$4 ,vitriol1 :i* is int5sely gre51 becomes :ite du/ :5 p\nd$2 ?is %[s t t accid5t exi/s only 9 ! aggregate1 n 9 ! atoms4 ,?is fact is m /rik+ 9 ! foll[+ in/ance3 :5 p>ts ( a liv+ be+ are cut (f !y cease to live1 a pro( t ! accid5t ( life belongs to ! aggregate ( ! liv+ be+1 n to ea* atom4 ,9 ord] to meet ?is objection !y say t ! accid5t is ( no duration1 b is con/antly r5ew$4 ,9 discuss+ ! next proposition ,i %all expla9 _! view on ?is subject4 ,six? ,proposition4 8,! accid5ts d n exi/ dur+ two "t-atoms40--,! s5se ( ! proposition is ?is3 ,!y believe t ,god creates a sub/ance1 & simultane\sly its accid5ts2 t ! ,creator is incapable ( creat+ a sub/ance devoid ( an accid5t1 = t is impossible2 t ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( an accid5t is its incapability ( endur+ = two p]iods1 = two "t-atoms2 t imm$iately aft] its creation x is utt]ly de/roy$1 & ano!r accid5t ( ! same k9d is creat$2 ?is aga9 is de/roy$ & a ?ird accid5t ( ! same k9d is creat$1 & s on1 s long z ,god is pleas$ to pres]ve 9 t sub/ance ?is k9d ( accid5t2 b ,he c at ,8 w create 9 ! same sub/ance an accid5t ( a diff]5t k9d1 & if ,he 7 to discont9ue ! creation & n produce a new accid5t1 t sub/ance w\ld at once cease to exi/4 ,?is is "o ( ! op9ions held by ! ,mutakallemim2 x has be5 accept$ by mo/ ( !m1 & x is ! s-call$ 8!ory ( ! creation ( ! accid5ts40 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 & !y belong to ! sect ( ! ,mutazilah1 say t !re are accid5ts :i* endure = a c]ta9 p]iod1 & o!r accid5ts :i* d n endure = two atoms ( "t2 !y d n foll[ a fix$ pr9ciple 9 decid+ :at class ( accid5ts has & :at class has n a c]ta9 duration4 ,! object ( ?is proposition is to oppose ! !ory t !re exi/s a natural =ce f :i* ea* body d]ives its peculi> prop]ties4 ,!y pref] to assume t ,god himself creates ^! prop]ties )\t ! int]v5tion ( a natural =ce or ( any o!r ag5cy3 a !ory :i* implies t no accid5t c h any duration4 ,= suppose t c]ta9 accid5ts c\ld endure = a c]ta9 p]iod & !n cease to exi/1 ! "q w\ld naturally be ask$1 ,:at is ! cause ( t non-exi/5ce8 ,!y w\ld n be satisfi$ ) ! reply t ,god by ,8 w br\ght ab\t ?is non-exi/5ce1 & non-exi/5ce does n at all require any ag5s :atev]2 = z soon z ! ag5s leaves (f act+1 ! product ( ! ag5s ceases likewise to exi/4 ,?is is true to "s ext5t4 ,hav+ ?us *os5 to e/abli% ! !ory t !re does n exi/ any natural =ce ^u :i* ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( a ?+ dep5ds1 !y 7 compell$ to assume t ! prop]ties ( ?+s 7 successively r5ew$4 ,:5 ,god desires to deprive a ?+ ( its exi/5ce1 ,he1 accord+ to "s ( ! ,mutakallemim1 discont9ues ! creation ( its accid5ts1 & eo ipso ! body ceases to exi/4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 say t if x pleas$ ! ,almighty to de/roy ! _w1 ,he w\ld create ! accid5t ( de/ruction1 :i* w\ld be )\t any sub/ratum4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,univ]se w\ld be ! correlative accid5t to t ( exi/5ce4--,9 accordance ) ?is six? proposition !y say1 t ! clo? :i* accord+ to our belief we dy$ r$1 has n be5 dy$ by u at all1 b ,god creat$ t col\r 9 ! clo? :5 x came into contact ) ! r$ pigm5t2 we believe t col\r to h p5etrat$ into ! clo?1 b !y ass]t t ?is is n ! case4 ,!y say t ,god g5]ally acts 9 su* a way1 t1 e4g41 ! black col\r is n creat$ unless ! clo? is br\ght into contact ) indigo2 b ?is blackness1 :i* ,god creates 9 ! in/ant :5 ! clo? t\*es ! black pigm5t is ( no duration1 & ano!r creation ( blackness !n takes place2 !y fur!r say t aft] ! blackness is gone1 ,he does n create a r$ or gre5 col\r1 b aga9 a black col\r4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 ! k :i* we h ( c]ta9 ?+s to-day1 is n ! same :i* we _h ( !m ye/]day2 t k is gone1 & ano!r l x has be5 creat$4 ,!y positively believe t ?is does take place1 k be+ an accid5t4 ,9 l mann] x w\ld foll[ t ! s\l1 accord+ to ^? :o believe t x is an accid5t1 is r5ew$ ea* mom5t 9 e animat$ be+1 say a hundr$ ?\s& times2 =1 z y "k1 "t is compos$ ( "t-atoms4 ,9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple !y ass]t t :5 man is p]ceiv$ to move a p51 x is n he :o has really mov$ x2 ! motion produc$ 9 ! p5 is an accid5t :i* ,god has creat$ 9 ! p52 ! app>5t motion ( ! h& :i* moves ! p5 is likewise an accid5t :i* ,god has creat$ 9 ! mov+ h&2 b ! creative act ( ,god is p]=m$ 9 su* a mann] t ! motion ( ! h& & ! motion ( ! p5 foll[ ea* o!r closely2 b ! h& does n act1 & is n ! cause ( ! p5's motion2 =1 z !y say1 an accid5t _c pass f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,"s ( ! ,mutakallemim accord+ly cont5d t ?is :ite clo?1 :i* is col\r$ :5 put into ! vessel fill$ ) indigo1 has n be5 black5$ by ! indigo2 = blackness be+ an attribute ( indigo1 does n pass f "o object to ano!r4 ,!re does n exi/ any ?+ to :i* an action c\ld be ascrib$2 ! real ag5s is ,god1 & ,he has 9 ! =ego+ in/ance creat$ ! blackness 9 ! sub/ance ( ! clo? :5 x came into contact ) ! indigo1 = ?is is ! me?od adopt$ by ,him4 ,9 %ort1 mo/ ( ! ,mutakallemim believe t x mu/ nev] be said t "o ?+ is ! cause ( ano!r2 "s ( !m :o assum$ causality 7 blam$ = do+ s4 ,z reg>ds1 h[ev]1 ! acts ( man _! op9ions are divid$4 ,mo/ ( !m1 especially ! sect ( ! ,a%a'ariyah1 assume t :5 ! p5 is set 9 motion ,god has creat$ f\r accid5ts1 none ( :i* is ! cause ( any ( ! re/1 !y are only relat$ to ea* o!r z reg>ds ! "t ( _! co-exi/5ce1 & h no o!r relation to ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ accid5t is man's w to move ! p51 ! second is man's p[] to d s1 ! ?ird is ! bodily motion itself1 i4e41 ! motion ( ! h&1 & ! f\r? is ! motion ( ! p54 ,!y believe t :5 a man has ! w to d a ?+ &1 z he believes1 does x1 ! w has be5 creat$ = him1 !n ! p[] to con=m to ! w1 & la/ly ! act itself4 ,! act is n accompli%$ by ! p[] creat$ 9 man2 =1 9 reality1 no act c be ascrib$ to t p[]4 ,! ,mutazilah cont5d t man acts by virtue ( ! p[] :i* has be5 creat$ 9 him4 ,"s ( ! ,a%a'ariyah ass]t t ! p[] creat$ 9 man p>ticipates 9 ! act1 & is connect$ ) x1 an op9ion :i* has be5 reject$ by ! majority ( !m4 ,! w & ! p[] creat$ 9 man1 accord+ to ! concurr5t belief ( ! ,mutakallemim1 toge!r ) ! act creat$ 9 him1 accord+ to "s ( !m1 are accid5ts )\t duration4 ,9 ! in/ance ( ! p51 ,god cont9ually creates "o motion aft] ! o!r s long z ! p5 is 9 motion2 x only !n ceases to move :5 ,god has creat$ 9 x ! accid5t ( re/2 & s long z ! p5 is at re/1 ,god cont9ually r5ews 9 x t accid5t4 ,consequ5tly 9 e "o ( ^! mom5ts1 i4e41 ( ! "t-atoms1 ,god creates "s accid5t 9 e exi/+ individual1 e4g41 9 ! angels1 9 ! sph]es & 9 o!r ?+s2 ?is creation takes place cont9ually & )\t int]ruption4 ,su* is1 accord+ to _! op9ion1 ! "r int]pretation ( ! cre$ t ,god is ! causa effici5s4 ,b ,i1 toge!r ) all rational p]sons1 apply to ^? !ories ! words1 8,w y mock at ,him1 z y mock at man80 = _! words are inde$ no?+ b mock]y4 ,sev5? ,proposition4 8,! abs5ce ( a prop]ty is itself a prop]ty t exi/s 9 ! body1 a some?+ sup]add$ to its sub/ance1 an actual accid5t1 :i* is con/antly r5ew$2 z soon z x is de/roy$ x is reproduc$40 ,! reason :y !y hold ?is op9ion is ?is3 !y d n und]/& t re/ is ! abs5ce ( motion2 dea? ! abs5ce ( life2 t bl9dness is ! abs5ce ( sight1 & t all simil> negative prop]ties are ! abs5ce ( ! positive correlatives4 ,! relation betwe5 motion & re/ is1 accord+ to _! !ory1 ! same z ! relation betwe5 heat & cold1 namely1 z heat & cold are two accid5ts f\nd 9 two objects :i* h ! prop]ties ( heat & cold1 s motion is an accid5t creat$ 9 ! ?+ :i* moves1 & re/ an accid5t creat$ 9 ! ?+ :i* re/s2 x does n rema9 9 exi/5ce dur+ two consecutive "t-atoms1 z we h /at$ 9 treat+ ( ! previ\s proposition4 ,accord+ly1 :5 a body is at re/1 ,god has creat$ ! re/ 9 ea* atom ( t body1 & s long z ! body rema9s at re/ ,god cont9ually r5ews t prop]ty4 ,! same1 !y believe1 is ! case ) a man's wisdom & ignorance2 ! latt] is consid]$ by !m z an actual accid5t1 :i* is subject to ! con/ant *anges ( de/ruction & creation1 s long z !re rema9s a ?+ ( :i* su* a man is ignorant4 ,dea? & life are likewise accid5ts1 & z ! ,mutakallemim di/9ctly /ate1 life is con/antly de/roy$ & r5ew$ dur+ ! :ole exi/5ce ( a liv+ be+2 :5 ,god decrees its dea?1 ,he creates 9 x ! accid5t ( dea? aft] ! accid5t ( life1 :i* does n cont9ue dur+ two "t-atoms1 has ceas$ to exi/4 ,all ?is !y /ate cle>ly4 ,! logical consequ5ce ( ?is proposition is t ! accid5t ( dea? creat$ by ,god in/antly ceases to exi/1 & is replac$ by ano!r dea? :i* aga9 is creat$ by ,god2 o!rwise dea? c\ld n cont9ue4 ,dea? is ?us cont9ually creat$ 9 ! same mann] z life is r5ew$ e mom5t4 ,b ,i %\ld wi% to "k h[ long ,god cont9ues to create dea? 9 a dead body4 ,does ,he d s :il/ ! =m rema9s1 or :il/ "o ( ! atoms exi/s8 ,= 9 ea* ( ! atoms ( ! body ! accid5t ( dea? :i* ,god creates is produc$1 & !re are to be f\nd tee? ( p]sons :o di$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago2 we see t ^? tee? h n be5 depriv$ ( exi/5ce1 & !re=e ! accid5t ( dea? has dur+ all ^! ?\s&s ( ye>s be5 r5ew$1 & accord+ to ! op9ion prevail+ among/ ^? !ori/s1 dea? 0 cont9ually replac$ by dea?4 ,"s ( ! ,mutazilah hold t !re are cases 9 :i* ! abs5ce ( a physical prop]ty is n a real prop]ty1 t we>9ess is ! abs5ce ( /r5g?1 & ignorance ! abs5ce ( k2 b ?is _c be said 9 e case ( negative prop]ties3 x _c be said t d>kness is ! m]e abs5ce ( light1 or t re/ is ! abs5ce ( motion4 ,"s negative prop]ties are ?us consid]$ by !m z hav+ a real exi/5ce1 :ile o!r negative prop]ties are consid]$ z non-exi/+1 j z suits _! belief4 ,"h !y proce$ 9 ! same mann] z !y proce$ respect+ ! duration ( accid5ts1 & !y cont5d t "s accid5ts exi/ a long "t1 & o!r accid5ts d n la/ two "t-atoms4 ,_! sole object is to fa%ion ! ,univ]se accord+ to _! peculi> op9ions & beliefs4 ,eigh? ,proposition4 8,!re exi/s no?+ b sub/ance & accid5t1 & ! physical =m ( ?+s belong to ! class ( accid5ts40 ,x is ! object ( ?is proposition to %[ t all bodies are compos$ ( simil> atoms1 z we h po9t$ out 9 expla9+ ! fir/ proposition4 ,! diff]5ce ( bodies f ea* o!r is caus$ by ! accid5ts1 & by no?+ else4 ,animality1 humanity1 s5sibility1 & spee*1 are d5ot$ z accid5ts l blackness1 :it5ess1 bitt]ness1 & sweetness1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 two individuals ( two classes is ! same z ! diff]5ce ( two individuals ( ! same class4 ,also ! body ( ! heav51 ! body ( ! angels1 ! body ( ! ,div9e ,?rone--su* z x is assum$ to be--! body ( any?+ creep+ on ! e>?1 & ! body ( any plant1 h "o & ! same sub/ance2 !y only diff] 9 ! peculi>ity ( ! accid5ts1 & 9 no?+ else2 ! sub/ance ( all ?+s is made up ( equal atoms4 ,n9? ,proposition4 8,none ( ! accid5ts =m ! sub/ratum ( ano!r accid5t2 x _c be said1 ,?is is an accid5t to a ?+ :i* is itself an accid5t to a sub/ance4 ,all accid5ts are directly connect$ ) ! sub/ance40 ,! ,mutakallemim d5y ! indirect relation ( ! accid5t to ! sub/ance1 because if su* a relation 7 assum$ x w\ld foll[ t ! second accid5t c\ld only exi/ 9 ! sub/ance aft] ano!r accid5t _h prec$$ x1 a conclusion to :i* !y w\ld object ev5 ) reg>d to "s special accid5ts2 !y pref] to %[ t ^! accid5ts c exi/ 9 e possible sub/ance1 al?\gh su* sub/ance is n det]m9$ by any o!r accid5t2 = !y hold t all ! accid5ts collectively det]m9e ! ?+4 ,!y advance also ano!r pro( 9 support ( ?is proposition1 namely3 ,! sub/ratum :i* is ! be>] ( c]ta9 attributes mu/ cont9ue to exi/ = a c]ta9 "t2 h[1 !n1 c\ld ! accid5t2 :i*--accord+ to _! op9ion--does n rema9 9 exi/5ce = two mom5ts1 become ! sub/ratum ( some?+ else8 ,t5? ,proposition4 ,?is proposition conc]ns ! !ory ( 8admissibility10 :i* is m5tion$ by ! ,mutakallemim1 & =ms ! pr9cipal support ( _! doctr9e4 ,m>k its purport3 !y obs]ve t ev]y?+ conceiv$ by ! imag9ation is admitt$ by ! intellect z possible2 e4g41 t ! t]re/rial globe %\ld become ! all-encompass+ sph]e1 or t ?is sph]e %\ld become ! t]re/rial globe2 reason does n f9d "h an impossibility2 or t ! sph]e ( fire %\ld move t[>ds ! c5tre1 & ! sph]e ( e>? t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,human intellect does n p]ceive any reason :y a body %\ld be 9 a c]ta9 place in/ead ( be+ 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! same mann] !y say t reason admits ! possibility t an exi/+ be+ %\ld be l>g] or small] ?an x really is1 or t x %\ld be diff]5t 9 =m & position f :at x really is2 e4g41 a man might h ! height ( a m\nta91 might h sev]al heads1 & fly 9 ! air2 or an elephant might be z small z an insect1 or an insect z huge z an elephant4 ,?is me?od ( admitt+ possibilities is appli$ to ! :ole ,univ]se4 ,:5ev] !y affirm t a ?+ belongs to ?is class ( admitt$ possibilities1 !y say t x c h ?is =m1 & t x is also possible t x be f\nd diff]5tly1 & t ! "o =m is n m possible ?an ! o!r2 b !y d n ask :e!r ! reality confirms _! assumption4 ,!y say t ! ?+ :i* exi/s ) c]ta9 con/ant & p]man5t =ms1 dim5sions1 & prop]ties1 only foll[s ! direction ( habit1 j z ! k+ g5]ally rides on horseback ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 & is nev] f\nd dep>t+ f ?is habit2 b reason does n f9d x impossible t he %\ld walk on foot ?r\gh ! place2 !re is no d\bt t he may d s1 & ?is possibility is fully admitt$ by ! intellect4 ,simil>ly1 e>? moves t[>ds ! c5tre1 fire turns away f ! c5tre2 fire causes heat1 wat] causes cold1 9 accordance ) a c]ta9 habit2 b x is logically n impossible t a deviation f ?is habit %\ld occur1 namely1 t fire %\ld cause cold1 move d[nw>d1 & /ill be fire2 t ! wat] %\ld cause heat1 move upw>d1 & /ill be wat]4 ,on ?is f\ndation _! :ole fabric is con/ruct$4 ,!y admit1 h[ev]1 ! impossibility ( two opposite prop]ties coexi/+ at ! same "t 9 "o sub/ance4 ,?is is impossible2 reason w\ld n admit ?is possibility4 ,aga91 reason does n admit ! possibility ( a sub/ance exi/+ )\t an accid5t1 or an accid5t exi/+ )\t a sub/ance1 a possibility admitt$ by "s ( ! ,mutakallemim4 ,x is also impossible t a sub/ance %\ld become an accid5t1 t an accid5t %\ld become a sub/ance1 or t "o sub/ance %\ld p5etrate ano!r4 ,!y admit t reason rejects all ^! ?+s z impossible4 ,x is p]fectly true t no notion :atev] c be =m$ ( ^? ?+s :i* !y describe z impossible2 :il/ a notion c be =m$ ( ^? ?+s :i* !y consid] z possible4 ,! philosoph]s object to ?is me?od1 & say1 ,y call a ?+ impossible because x _c be imag9$1 or possible because x c be imag9$2 & ?us y consid] z possible t :i* is f\nd possible by imag9ation1 n by ! intellect1 consequ5tly y det]m9e t a ?+ is necess>y1 possible1 or impossible 9 "s in/ances1 by ! aid ( ! imag9ation--n by ! intellect--& 9 o!r in/ances by ! ord9>y common s5se1 z ,abu ,nasr says 9 speak+ ( t :i* ! ,mutakallemim call intellect4 ,x is cle> t !y describe z possible t :i* c be imag9$1 :e!r ! reality correspond to x or n1 & z impossible t :i* _c be imag9$4 ,?is proposition c only be e/abli%$ by ! n9e a=em5tion$ propositions1 & no d\bt ^! 7 exclusively requir$ = ! support ( ?is proposition4 ,?is y w see cle>ly :5 ,i %all %[ & expla9 to y "s important p>ts ( ?is !ory1 :i* ,i %all n[ introduce 9 ! =m ( a discussion suppos$ to h tak5 place betwe5 a ,mutakallem & a philosoph]4 ,! ,mutakallem said to ! philosoph]3 ,:at is ! reason t we f9d ! sub/ance ( iron extremely h>d & /rong1 ) a d>k col\r2 ! sub/ance ( cream1 on ! o!r h&1 extremely s(t & :ite8 ,! philosoph] repli$ z foll[s3 ,all physical bodies h two k9ds ( accid5ts3 ^? :i* conc]n _! sub/ance1 z1 e4g41 ! heal? & ! illness ( a man2 & ^? :i* conc]n _! =m1 z1 e4g41 ! a/oni%m5t & laught] ( a man4 ,! sub/ances ( comp\nd bodies diff] v mu* 9 _! ultimate =m1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! =ms peculi> to ea* compon5t sub/ance4 ,h5ce ! sub/ance ( iron has become 9 its prop]ties ! opposite ( ! sub/ance ( cream1 & ?is diff]5ce is att5d$ by ! diff]5ce ( accid5ts4 ,y notice1 !re=e1 h>dness 9 ! "o1 & s(tness 9 ! o!r3 two accid5ts1 ^: diff]5ce results f ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s 9 ! =ms ( ! sub/ances2 :ile ! d>kness & ! :it5ess are accid5ts ^: div]g5ce corresponds to t ( ! two sub/ances 9 _! ultimate condition4 ,! ,mutakallem refut$ ?is reply by means ( 8 propositions1 z ,i am n[ go+ to /ate3--,!re does n exi/ a =m :i*1 z y believe1 modifies ! sub/ance1 & ?us causes sub/ances to be diff]5t f ea* o!r2 ?is diff]5ce is exclusively effect$ by ! accid5ts--accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,kalm1 :i* we m5tion$ 9 expla9+ ! eigh? proposition4 ,he !n cont9u$ ?us3 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! sub/ance ( iron & t ( cream2 all ?+s are compos$ ( ! same k9d ( atoms4--,we expla9$ ! view ( ! ,mutakallemim on ?is po9t 9 treat+ ( ! fir/ proposition1 ! logical consequ5ces ( :i* are1 z we h %[n1 ! second & ! ?ird propositions2 !y fur!r require ! twelf? proposition1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! !ory ( atoms4 ,nor d !y admit t any accid5ts det]m9e ! nature ( a sub/ance1 or pr$ispose x to receive c]ta9 o!r accid5ts2 =1 accord+ to _! op9ion1 an accid5t _c be ! sub/ratum ( ano!r accid5t1 z we h %[n 9 expla9+ ! n9? proposition2 nor c x h any duration1 accord+ to ! six? proposition4 ,:5 ! ,mutakallemim h e/abli%$ all t !y wi% to inf] f ^! propositions1 !y arrive at ! conclusion t ! compon5t atoms ( cream & ( iron are alike4--,! relation ( ea* atom to ea* ( ! accid5ts is ! same2 "o atom is n m adapt$ ?an ano!r to receive a c]ta9 accid5t2 & z a c]ta9 atom is n m fitt$ to move ?an to re/1 s "o atom is n m apt ?an ano!r to receive ! accid5t ( life1 ( reason1 ( s5sation4 ,x is "h ( no mom5t :e!r a ?+ conta9s a l>g] or small] quantity ( atoms1 =1 accord+ to ! view ( ! ,mutakallemim1 :i* we expla9$ 9 treat+ ( ! fif? proposition1 e accid5t ( a ?+ exi/s 9 ea* ( its atoms4 ,all ^! propositions lead to ! conclusion t a human be+ is n bett] con/itut$ to become wise ?an ! bat1 & e/abli% ! !ory ( admissibility express$ 9 ?is t5? proposition4 ,e ef=t 0 made to demon/rate ?is proposition1 because x is ! be/ means = prov+ any?+ !y l1 z w be expla9$4 ,note4--,m>k1 ,o read]1 t if y "k ! nature ( ! s\l & its prop]ties1 & if y h a correct notion ( ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns ! s\l1 y w obs]ve t mo/ animals possess imag9ation4 ,z to ! high] class ( animals1 t is1 ^? :i* h a he>t1 x is obvi\s t !y h imag9ation4 ,man's di/9ction does n consi/ 9 ! possession ( imag9ation1 & ! action ( imag9ation is n ! same z ! action ( ! intellect1 b ! rev]se ( x4 ,= ! intellect analyses & divides ! compon5t p>ts ( ?+s1 x =ms ab/ract ideas ( !m1 repres5ts !m 9 _! true =m z well z 9 _! causal relations1 d]ives f "o object a great _m facts1 :i*--= ! intellect--totally diff] f ea* o!r1 j z two human individuals appe> diff]5t to ! imag9ation2 x di/+ui%es t :i* is ! prop]ty ( ! g5us f t :i* is peculi> to ! individual1--& no pro( is correct1 unless f\nd$ on ! =m]2 ! intellect fur!r det]m9es :e!r c]ta9 qualities ( a ?+ are ess5tial or non-ess5tial4 ,imag9ation has none ( ^! functions4 ,x only p]ceives ! individual1 ! comp\nd 9 t aggregate condition 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to ! s5ses2 or x comb9es ?+s :i* exi/ sep>ately1 jo9s "s ( !m toge!r1 & repres5ts !m all z "o body or z a =ce ( ! body4 ,h5ce x is t "s imag9e a man ) a horse's head1 ) w+s1 etc4 ,?is is call$ a fiction1 a phantasm2 x is a ?+ to :i* no?+ 9 ! actual _w corresponds4 ,nor c imag9ation 9 any way obta9 a purely immat]ial image ( an object1 h[ev] ab/ract ! =m ( ! image may be4 ,imag9ation yields !re=e no te/ = ! reality ( a ?+4 ,he> :at pr(it we d]ive f ! prelim9>y discipl9es1 & h[ excell5t ! propositions are :i* we le>n ?r\gh !m4 ,"k t !re are c]ta9 ?+s1 :i* w\ld appe> impossible1 if te/$ by man's imag9ation1 be+ z inconceivable z ! co-exi/5ce ( two opposite prop]ties 9 "o object2 yet ! exi/5ce ( ^? same ?+s1 :i* _c be repres5t$ by imag9ation1 is nev]!less e/abli%$ by pro(1 & atte/$ by _! reality4 ,e4g41 ,imag9e a l>ge globe1 ( any magnitude y l1 ev5 z l>ge z ! all-encompass+ sph]e2 fur!r an axis pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & two p]sons /&+ on ! two extremities ( ! axis 9 su* a mann] t _! feet are 9 ! same /raight l9e ) ! axis1 :i* may be ei!r 9 ! plane ( ! horizon or n2 9 ! fir/ case bo? p]sons w\ld fall1 9 ! second case "o1 namely ! "o :o /&s on ! l[] extremity w\ld fall1 ! o!r w\ld rema9 /&+1 z f> z our imag9ation c p]ceive4 ,x has h[ev]1 already be5 prov$ t ! e>? has ! =m ( a globe1 t x is inhabit$ on bo? extremities ( a c]ta9 diamet]1 t bo? ! inhabitants h _! heads t[>ds ! heav51 & _! legs t[>ds ea* o!r1 & yet nei!r c possibly fall1 nor c x be imag9$2 = x is incorrect to say t ! "o extremity is above1 ! o!r bel[2 b ! t]m 8above0 & 8bel[0 apply to bo? ( !m z reg>ds _! relative position to ea* o!r4 ,simil>ly x has be5 prov$ 9 ! second *apt] ( ! book on ,conic ,sections1 t two l9es1 :i* at fir/ are at a c]ta9 di/ance f ea* o!r1 may approa* ea* o!r 9 ! same proportion z !y are produc$ fur!r1 & yet w\ld nev] meet1 ev5 if !y 7 produc$ to inf9ity1 al?\gh !y are obs]v$ to be con/antly conv]g+4 ,?is is a fact :i* _c easily be conceiv$1 & :i* does n come )9 ! scope ( imag9ation4 ,( ^! two l9es ! "o is /raight1 ! o!r curv$1 z /at$ 9 ! a=em5tion$ book4 ,x has consequ5tly be5 prov$ t ?+s :i* _c be p]ceiv$ or imag9$1 & :i* w\ld be f\nd impossible if te/$ solely by imag9ation1 are nev]!less 9 real exi/5ce4 ,! non-exi/5ce ( ?+s :i* are repres5t$ by imag9ation z possible has likewise be5 e/abli%$ by pro(1 e4g41 ! corporeality ( ,god1 & ,8 exi/5ce z a =ce resid+ 9 a body4 ,imag9ation p]ceives no?+ except bodies1 or prop]ties inh]5t 9 bodies4 ,x has ?us be5 cle>ly %[n t 9 man exi/s a c]ta9 faculty :i* is entirely di/9ct f imag9ation1 & by :i* ! necess>y1 ! possible1 & ! impossible c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,?is inquiry is mo/ useful4 ,x is ( ! greate/ pr(it to him :o desires to gu>d himself aga9/ ! errors ( m5 guid$ by imag9ation6 ,d n ?9k t ! ,mutakallemim ignore ?is altoge!r2 to "s ext5t !y d take x into consid]ation2 !y "k x1 & call t :i* c be imag9$ )\t hav+ reality--z1 e4g41 ! corporeality ( ,god--a phantom & a fancy2 !y /ate frequ5tly t su* phantoms are n real4 ,x is = ?is reason t !y advance ! fir/ n9e propositions & e/abli% on !m ! pro( ( ! t5?1 accord+ to :i* all ^? imag9able ?+s :i* !y wi% to admit z possible are really possible1 because ( ! simil>ity ( all atoms & ! equality ( all accid5ts z reg>ds _! accid5tality1 z we h expla9$4 ,consid]1 ,o read]1 & be> 9 m9d t ?is requires deep rese>*4 ,= !re are c]ta9 notions :i* "s believe to be f\nd$ on reason1 :ile o!rs reg>d !m z m]e fictions4 ,9 su* cases x w\ld be necess>y to f9d some?+ t c\ld %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 conceptions ( ! intellect & m]e imag9>y fancies4 ,:5 ! philosoph]1 9 8 way ( express+ himself1 cont5ds1 8,reality is my evid5ce2 by its guidance ,i exam9e :e!r a ?+ is necess>y1 possible1 or impossible10 ! religioni/ replies1 8,?is is exactly ! diff]5ce betwe5 u2 t :i* actually exi/s1 has1 accord+ to my view1 be5 produc$ by ! w ( ! ,creator1 n by necessity2 j z x has be5 creat$ ) t special prop]ty1 x might h be5 creat$ ) any o!r prop]ty1 unless ! impossibility :i* y po/ulate be prov$ by a logical demon/ration40 ,ab\t ?is admissibility 7( imag9able ?+s7 ,i %all h to say m1 & ,i %all return to x 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is treatise2 = x is n a subject :i* %\ld be reject$ 9 ha/e & on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,elev5? ,proposition4 8,! exi/5ce ( ! inf9ite is 9 e respect impossible40 ,! foll[+ is an explanation ( ?is proposition4 ,! impossibility ( ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite body has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$2 ! same c be said ( an inf9ite numb] ( bodies1 ?\gh ea* ( !m be f9ite1 if ^! be+s1 inf9ite 9 numb]1 exi/ at ! same "t2 equally impossible is ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes1 namely1 t a c]ta9 ?+ %\ld be ! cause ( ano!r ?+1 b itself ! effect ( ano!r cause1 :i* aga9 is ! result ( ano!r cause1 & s on to inf9ity1 or t ?+s 9 an inf9ite s]ies1 ei!r bodies or ideals1 %\ld be 9 actual exi/5ce1 & 9 causal relation to ea* o!r4 ,?is causal relation is ! ess5tial ord] ( nature1 9 :i*1 z has be5 fully prov$1 ! inf9ite is impossible4 ,z reg>ds ! virtual & ! accid5tal exi/5ce ( ! inf9ite1 x has be5 e/abli%$ 9 "s cases2 x has be5 prov$1 e4g41 t a body c virtually be divid$ ad inf9itum1 also t "t c be divid$ ad inf9itum2 9 o!r cases x is /ill an op5 "q1 z1 e4g41 ! exi/5ce ( ! inf9ite 9 succession1 :i* is call$ ! accid5tal inf9ite1 i4e41 a s]ies ( ?+s 9 :i* "o ?+ comes =? :5 ! o!r is gone1 & ?is aga9 9 its turn succe$$ a ?+ :i* _h ceas$ to exi/1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,?is subject requires deep rese>*4 ,^? :o boa/ t !y h prov$ ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se say t "t is inf9ite2 an ass]tion :i* is n necess>ily errone\s2 = only :5 "o atom has ceas$ to exi/1 ! o!r foll[s4 ,nor is x absolutely wrong1 :5 !y ass]t1 t ! accid5ts ( ! sub/ance succe$ ea* o!r 9 an inf9ite s]ies1 = ^! accid5ts d n co-exi/1 b come 9 succession "o aft] ! o!r1 & ! impossibility ( ! inf9ite 9 t case has n be5 prov$4 ,! ,mutakallemim1 h[ev]1 make no diff]5ce betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite body & ! divisibility ( a body or ( "t ad inf9itum1 betwe5 ! co-exi/5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s1 z e4g41 ! individual human be+s :o exi/ at pres5t1 & ! inf9ite numb] ( be+s successively exi/+1 z1 e4g41 ,reub5 ! son ( ,jacob1 & ,jacob ! son ( ,isaac1 & ,isaac ! son ( ,abraham1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,?is is accord+ to _! op9ion z inadmissible z ! fir/ case2 !y believe ^! f\r =ms ( ! inf9ite to be q equal4 ,"s ( ! ,mutakallemim endeav\r to e/abli% _! proposition conc]n+ ! la/ nam$ =m ( ! inf9ite1 & to demon/rate its impossibility by a me?od :i* ,i %all expla9 9 ?is treatise2 o!rs say t ?is impossibility is a self-evid5t axiom & requires no fur!r pro(4 ,b if x 7 und\bt$ly wrong to assume t an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s c exi/ 9 succession1 al?\gh t l9k ( ! s]ies :i* exi/s at pres5t is f9ite1 ! inadmissibility ( ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se w\ld be equally self-evid5t1 & w\ld n require = its pro( any o!r proposition4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! place = inve/igat+ ! subject4 ,twelf? ,proposition4 8,! s5ses are n always to be tru/$40 ,= two reasons ! ,mutakallemim f9d fault ) ! p]ception ( ! s5ses4 ,fir/1 ! s5ses are preclud$ f p]ceiv+ _m objects1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! objects--?is is ! case ) ! atoms1 z we h already /at$--or on acc\nt ( ! remot5ess ( ! objects f ! p]son :o desires to p]ceive !m2 e4g41 we _c see1 he>1 or smell at a di/ance ( _m miles2 nor d we p]ceive ! motion ( ! heav5s4 ,secondly1 ! s5ses misappreh5d ! objects ( _! p]ception3 a l>ge object appe>s small f a di/ance2 a small object imm]s$ 9 wat] appe>s l>g]2 a crook$ ?+ appe>s /raight :5 p>tly plac$ 9 wat]1 & p>tly out ( x2 ?+s appe> yell[ to a p]son suff]+ f jaundice2 sweet ?+s are bitt] to him ^: tongue has imbib$ r$ gall2 & !y m5tion _m o!r ?+s ( ?is k9d4 ,!re=e !y say1 we _c tru/ our s5ses s f> z to e/abli% any pro( on _! p]ceptions4 ,y mu/ n believe t ! ,mutakallemim _h no purpose 9 agree+ ^u ?is proposition1 or z mo/ ( ! lat] adh]5ts ( t s*ool affirm1 t ! fir/ ,mutakallemim _h no ult]ior object 9 endeav\r+ to prove ! exi/5ce ( atoms4 ,on ! contr>y1 e proposition "h m5tion$ is indisp5sable2 if "o ( ^! be reject$1 ! :ole !ory falls to ! gr\nd4 ,! la/-m5tion$ proposition is ( p>ticul> importance2 = :5 our s5ses p]ceive ?+s by :i* any ( ! =ego+ propositions are confut$1 ! ,mutakallemim say t no notice %\ld be tak5 ( ! p]ception ( ! s5ses s long z ! proposition is support$ by ! te/imony ( ! intellect1 & e/abli%$ 7z !y believe7 by pro(4 ,?us !y say t ! cont9u\s motion is int]rupt$ by mom5ts ( re/2 t ! mill/one 9 its motion is brok5 into atoms2 t ! :ite col\r ( a g>m5t ceases to exi/1 & ano!r :it5ess comes 9 its /ead4 ,all ^! !ories are contr>y to :at ! eye p]ceives1 & _m inf]5ces are drawn f ! assum$ exi/5ce ( a vacuum1 all ( :i* are contradict$ by ! s5ses4 ,! ,mutakallemim1 h[ev]1 meet ^! objections by say+1 :5ev] !y c d s1 t ! p]ception ( ^! ?+s is )held f ! s5ses2 9 o!r in/ances !y ma9ta9 t ! contradiction has its s\rce 9 ! deceptive "* ( ! s5ses4 ,y "k t ?is !ory is v anci5t1 & 0 ! pride ( ! sophi/s1 :o ass]t$ t !y !mselves 7 its au?ors2 ?is is /at$ by ,gal5us 9 8 treatise on natural =ces2 & y "k well :at he says ( ^? :o w n admit ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses4 ,hav+ discuss$ ^! propositions1 ,i n[ proce$ to expla9 ! !ory ( ! ,mutakallemim conc]n+ ! above-m5tion$ f\r problems4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxiv ,9 ?is *apt] w be giv5 an outl9e ( ! pro(s by :i* ! ,mutakallemim attempt to demon/rate t ! univ]se is n et]nal4 ,y mu/ ( c\rse n expect t ,i %all quote _! l5g?y argum5ts v]batim2 ,i only int5d to give an ab/ract ( ea* pro(1 to %[ 9 :at way x helps to e/abli% ! !ory ( ! creatio ex nihilo or to confute ! et]nity ( ! univ]se1 & briefly to notice ! propositions !y employ$ 9 support ( _! !ory4 ,if y 7 to read _! well-kn[n & volum9\s writ+s1 y w\ld n discov] any argum5ts ) :i* !y support _! view left unnotic$ 9 ! pres5t outl9e1 b y might f9d !re great] copi\sness ( words comb9$ ) m grace & elegance ( /yle2 frequ5tly !y employ rhyme1 rhy?m1 & poetical diction1 & sometimes my/]i\s phrases :i* p]haps are int5d$ to />tle p]sons li/5+ to _! disc\rses1 & to det] ^? :o might o!rwise criticize !m4 ,y w\ld also f9d _m repetitions2 que/ions prop\nd$ &1 z !y believe1 answ]$1 & frequ5t attacks on ^? :o diff] f _! op9ions4 ,! ,fir/ ,argum5t4 ,"s ( ! ,mutakallemim ?\ght t by prov+ ! creation ( "o ?+1 !y demon/rat$ ! creatio ex nihilo 9 ref]5ce to ! entire univ]se4 ,e4g41 ,zaid1 :o f a small molecule _h gradually be5 br\ght to a /ate ( p]fection1 has und\bt$ly n effect$ ?is *ange & developm5t by 8 own ef=ts1 b owes x to an ext]nal ag5cy4 ,x is !re=e cle> t an ag5t is requir$ = su* organization & successive transmutation4 ,a palm-tree or any o!r object might equally be select$ to illu/rate ?is idea4 ,! :ole univ]se1 !y argue1 is analog\s to ^! in/ances4 ,?us y see h[ !y believe t a law discov]$ 9 "o ?+ may equally be appli$ to ev]y?+4 ,! ,second ,argum5t4 ,?is argum5t is likewise bas$ on ! belief t ! pro( by :i* ! creation ( "o ?+ is demon/rat$1 holds good = ! creatio ex nihilo 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole univ]se4 ,e4g41 a c]ta9 individual1 call$ ,zaid1 :o "o "t 0 n yet 9 exi/5ce1 subsequ5tly came into exi/5ce2 & if x be assum$ t ,amr1 8 fa!r1 0 ! cause ( 8 exi/5ce1 ,amr himself mu/ likewise h pass$ f non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce2 suppose !n t ,zaid's fa!r unque/ionably ow$ 8 orig9 to ,khal$1 ,zaid's gr&fa!r1 x w\ld be f\nd t ,khal$ himself did n exi/ f et]nity1 & ! s]ies ( causes c\ld ?us be c>ri$ back to inf9ity4 ,b su* an inf9ite s]ies ( be+s is inadmissible accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,mutakallemim1 z we h %[n 9 our discussion ( ! elev5? proposition4 ,9 cont9u+ ?is species ( reason+1 y come to a fir/ man1 :o _h no p>5t1 viz4 ,adam4 ,!n y w ( c\rse ask1 :5ce came ?is fir/ man8 ,if1 e4g41 ! reply be giv5 t he 0 made out ( e>?1 y w aga9 inquire1 8,:5ce came t e>?80 8,out ( wat]40 8,:5ce came ! wat]80 ,! inquiry w\ld be c>ri$ on1 ei!r ad inf9itum1 :i* is absurd1 or until y meet ) a some?+ t came into exi/5ce f absolute non-exi/5ce2 9 ?is latt] case y w\ld arrive at ! real tru?2 "h ! s]ies ( inquiries ends4 ,?is result ( ! "q proves1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,mutakallemim1 t ! :ole univ]se came into exi/5ce f absolute non-exi/5ce4 ,! ,?ird ,argum5t4 ,! atoms ( ?+s are necess>ily ei!r jo9$ toge!r or sep>ate1 & ev5 ! same atoms may at "o "t be unit$ at ano!r disunit$4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! nature ( ! atoms does n necessitate ei!r _! comb9ation or _! sep>ation2 = if !y 7 sep>ate by virtue ( _! nature !y w\ld nev] jo91 & if !y 7 jo9$ by virtue ( _! nature1 !y c\ld nev] aga9 be sep>at$4 ,?us !re is no reason :y atoms %\ld r be comb9$ ?an sep>ate1 or vice v]s1 :y r 9 a /ate ( sep>ation ?an ( comb9ation4 ,see+ t "s atoms are jo9$1 o!rs sep>ate1 & aga9 o!rs subject to *ange1 !y be+ comb9$ at "o "t & sep>at$ at ano!r1 ! fact may !re=e be tak5 z a pro( t ! atoms _c comb9e or sep>ate )\t an ag5t4 ,?is argum5t1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,mutakallemim1 e/abli%es ! !ory t ! univ]se has be5 creat$ f no?+4 ,y h already be5 told1 t ^? :o employ ?is argum5t rely on ! fir/ proposition ( ! ,mutakallemim ) its coroll>ies4 ,! ,f\r? ,argum5t4 ,! :ole ,univ]se is compos$ ( sub/ance & accid5ts2 e sub/ance mu/ possess "o accid5t or m1 & s9ce ! accid5ts are n et]nal1 ! sub/ance1 ! sub/ratum ( ! accid5ts1 _c be et]nal2 = t :i* is jo9$ to transi5t ?+s & _c exi/ )\t !m is itself transi5t4 ,!re=e ! :ole ,univ]se has _h a beg9n+4 ,to ! objection1 t ! sub/ance may possibly be et]nal :ile ! accid5ts1 ?\gh 9 !mselves transi5t1 succe$ ea* o!r 9 an inf9ite s]ies1 !y reply t1 9 ?is case1 an inf9ite numb] ( transi5t ?+s w\ld be 9 exi/5ce1 an ev5tuality :i*1 accord+ to _! !ory1 is impossible4 ,?is argum5t is consid]$ by !m ! be/ & safe/1 & has be5 accept$ by _m ( !m z a /rict pro(4 ,its acceptance implies ! admission ( ! foll[+ ?ree propositions1 ! object ( :i* is well und]/ood by philosoph]s4 7#a7 ,an inf9ite s]ies ( ?+s1 ( :i* ! "o succe$s :5 ! o!r has ceas$ to exi/1 is impossible4 7#b7 ,all accid5ts h a beg9n+4--,our oppon5t1 :o def5ds ! !ory ( ! et]nity ( ! univ]se1 c refute ?is proposition by po9t+ to "o p>ticul> accid5t1 namely to ! circul> motion ( ! sph]e2 = x is held by ,ari/otle t ?is circul> motion is et]nal1 &1 !re=e1 ! sph]es :i* p]=m ?is motion are1 accord+ to 8 op9ion1 likewise et]nal4 ,x is ( no use to prove t all o!r accid5ts h a beg9n+2 = our oppon5t does n d5y ?is2 he says t accid5ts may sup]v5e an object :i* has exi/$ f et]nity1 & may foll[ ea* o!r 9 rotation4 ,he cont5ts himself ) ma9ta9+ t ?is p>ticul> accid5t1 viz41 circul> motion1 ! motion ( ! heav5ly sph]e1 is et]nal1 & does n belong to ! class ( transi5t accid5ts4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to exam9e ?is accid5t by itself1 & to prove t x is n et]nal4 7#c7 ,! next proposition :i* ! au?or ( ?is argum5t accepts is z foll[s3 ,e mat]ial object consi/s ( sub/ance & accid5ts1 t is to say1 ( atoms & accid5ts 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,mutakallemim use ! t]m4 ,b if a mat]ial object 7 held to be a comb9ation ( matt] & =m1 z has be5 prov$ by our oppon5t1 x w\ld be necess>y to demon/rate t ! primal matt] & ! primal =m are transi5t1 & only !n ! pro( ( ! creatio ex nihilo w\ld be complete4 ,! ,fif? ,argum5t4 ,?is argum5t is bas$ on ! !ory ( ,det]m9ation1 & is made mu* ( by ! ,mutakallemim4 ,x is ! same z ! !ory :i* ,i expla9$ 9 discuss+ ! t5? proposition4 ,namely1 :5 !y treat ei!r ( ! ,univ]se 9 g5]al1 or ( any ( its p>ts1 !y assume t x c h su* prop]ties & su* dim5sions z x actually has2 t x may receive su* accid5ts z 9 reality are notic$ 9 x1 & t x may exi/ 9 su* a place & at su* a "t z 9 fact is ! case2 b x may be l>g] or small]1 may receive o!r prop]ties & accid5ts1 & come to exi/5ce at an e>li] or a lat] p]iod1 or 9 a diff]5t place4 ,consequ5tly1 ! fact t a ?+ has be5 det]m9$ 9 its composition1 size1 place1 accid5t & "t--a v>iation 9 all ^! po9ts be+ possible--is a pro( t a be+ exi/s :i* freely *ooses & det]m9es ^! div]s relations2 & ! circum/ance t ! ,univ]se or a "p ( x requires a be+ able to make ?is selection1 proves t ! ,univ]se has be5 creat$ ex nihilo4 ,= !re is no diff]5ce :i* ( ! foll[+ expressions is us$3 to det]m9e1 to make1 to create1 to produce1 to orig9ate1 or to int5d2 ^! v]bs h all "o & ! same mean+4 ,! ,mutakallemim give a great _m examples1 bo? ( a g5]al & a special "*4 ,!y say x is n m natural = e>? to be "u wat] ?an to be above wat]2 :o !n det]m9$ its actual position8 ,or1 is x m natural t ! sun is r\nd ?an t x %\ld be squ>e or triangul>2 = all qualities h ! same relation to a body capable ( possess+ !m4 ,:o !n det]m9$ "o p>ticul> quality8 ,9 a simil> way !y treat ( e individual be+2 :51 e4g41 !y notice fl[]s ( diff]5t col\rs1 !y are unable to expla9 ! ph5om5on1 & !y take x z a /rong pro( 9 fav\r ( _! !ory2 !y say1 8,behold1 ! e>? is ev]y:]e alike1 ! wat] is alike2 :y !n is ?is fl[] r$ & t "o yell[80 ,"s be+ mu/ h det]m9$ ! col\r ( ea*1 & t be+ is ,god4 ,a be+ mu/ !re=e exi/ :i* det]m9es ev]y?+1 bo? z reg>ds ! ,univ]se g5]ally1 & ea* ( its p>ts individually4 ,all ?is is ! logical consequ5ce ( ! t5? proposition4 ,! !ory ( det]m9ation is moreov] adopt$ by "s ( ^? :o assume ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 z w be expla9$ bel[4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i consid] ?is to be ! be/ argum5t2 & 9 ano!r "p ,i %all m fully acqua9t y ) ! op9ion ,i h =m$ conc]n+ ! !ory ( ,det]m9ation4 ,! ,six? ,argum5t4 ,"o ( ! mod]n ,mutakallemim ?\ght t he _h f\nd a v good argum5t1 mu* bett] ?an any advanc$ hi!rto1 namely1 ! argum5t bas$ on ! triumph ( exi/5ce ov] non-exi/5ce4 ,he says t1 accord+ to ! common belief1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se is m]ely possible2 = if x 7 necess>y1 ! ,univ]se w\ld be ,god--b he seems to =get t we are at issue ) ^? :o1 :il/ !y believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 admit at ! same "t ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4--,! expression 8,a ?+ is possible0 d5otes t ! ?+ may ei!r be 9 exi/5ce or n 9 exi/5ce1 & t !re is n m reason :y x %\ld exi/ ?an :y x %\ld n exi/4 ,! fact t a ?+1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is possible1 actually does exi/--al?\gh x be>s ! same relation to ! /ate ( exi/5ce z to t ( non-exi/5ce--proves t !re is a ,be+ :i* gave ! pref]5ce to exi/5ce ov] non-exi/5ce4 ,?is argum5t is v =cible2 x is a modifi$ =m ( ! =ego+ argum5t :i* is bas$ on ! !ory ( det]m9ation4 ,he only *ose ! t]m 8pref]5ce0 in/ead ( 8det]m9ation10 & in/ead ( apply+ x to ! prop]ties ( ! exi/+ be+ he applies x to 8! exi/5ce ( ! be+ itself40 ,he ei!r _h ! int5tion to mislead1 or he misund]/ood ! proposition1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se is possible4 ,our oppon5t :o assumes ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 employs ! t]m 8possible10 & says1 8! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se is possible0 9 a s5se diff]5t f t 9 :i* ! ,mutakallem applies x1 z w be expla9$ bel[4 ,moreov] x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! conclusion1 t ! ,univ]se owes its orig9 to a be+ :i* is able to give pref]5ce to exi/5ce ov] non-exi/5ce1 is correct4 ,= we may apply ! t]ms 8pref]5ce0 & 8det]m9ation0 to any?+ capable ( receiv+ ei!r ( two prop]ties :i* are contr>y or oppos$ to ea* o!r2 & :5 we f9d t ! ?+ actually possesses "o prop]ty & n ! o!r1 we are conv9c$ t !re exi/s a det]m9+ ag5t4 ,e4g41 y say t a piece ( copp] c\ld j z well be =m$ into a kettle z into a lamp2 :5 we f9d t x is a lamp or a kettle1 we h no d\bt t a decid+ & det]m9+ ag5t _h advis$ly *os5 "o ( ! two possible =ms2 = x is cle> t ! sub/ance ( copp] exi/$1 & t be=e ! det]m9ation took place x _h nei!r ( ! two possible =ms :i* h j be5 m5tion$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is ! "q :e!r a c]ta9 exi/+ object is et]nal1 or :e!r x has pass$ f non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce1 ?is argum5t is inadmissible2 = x _c be ask$ :o decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 & reject$ its non-exi/5ce1 except :5 x has be5 admitt$ t x has pass$ f non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce2 9 ! pres5t case ?is is j ! po9t "u discussion4 ,if we 7 to take ! exi/5ce & ! non-exi/5ce ( a ?+ z m]e objects ( imag9ation1 we %\ld h to apply ! t5? proposition :i* gives prom95ce to imag9ation & fiction1 & ignores ! ?+s :i* exi/ 9 reality1 or are conceiv$ by ! intellect4 ,our oppon5t1 h[ev]1 :o believes 9 ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 w %[ t we c imag9e ! non-exi/5ce ( ! univ]se z well z we c imag9e any o!r impossibility4 ,x is n my int5tion to refute _! doctr9e ( ! creatio ex nihilo3 ,i only wi% to %[ ! incorrectness ( _! belief t ?is argum5t diff]s f ! "o :i* prec$es2 s9ce 9 fact ! two argum5ts are id5tical1 & are f\nd$ on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( det]m9ation4 ,! ,sev5? ,argum5t4 ,"o ( ! mod]n ,mutakallemim says t he is able to prove ! creation ( ! ,univ]se f ! !ory put =? by ! philosoph]s conc]n+ ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,he argues ?us3 ,if ! _w 7 et]nal ! numb] ( ! dead w\ld necess>ily be inf9ite1 & consequ5tly an inf9ite numb] ( s\ls w\ld coexi/1 b x has long s9ce be5 %[n t ! coexi/5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s is positively impossible4 ,?is is inde$ a /range argum5t6 ,"o difficulty is expla9$ by ano!r :i* is /ill great]6 ,"h ! say+1 well kn[n among ! ,arameans1 may be appli$3 8,y\r gu>antee wants himself a gu>antee40 ,he re/s 8 argum5t on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 z ?\gh he und]/ood ?is immortality1 9 :at respect ! s\l is immortal1 or :at ! ?+ is :i* is immortal6 ,if1 h[ev]1 he only meant to controv]t ! op9ion ( 8 oppon5t1 :o believ$ 9 ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 & also 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he accompli%$ 8 task1 provid$ ! oppon5t admitt$ ! correctness ( ! idea :i* t ,mutakallem =m$ ( ! philosoph]'s view on ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,"s ( ! lat] philosoph]s expla9$ ?is difficulty z foll[s3 ! immortal s\ls are n sub/ances :i* occupy a locality or a space1 & _! exi/5ce 9 an inf9ite numb] is !re=e n impossible4 ,y mu/ be> 9 m9d t ^? ab/ract be+s :i* are nei!r bodies nor =ces dwell+ 9 bodies1 & :i* 9 fact are ideals--are altoge!r incapable ( be+ repres5t$ z a plurality unless "s ideals be ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( o!rs1 & c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! specific diff]5ce t "s are ! effici5t cause & o!rs ! effect2 b t :i* rema9s ( ,zaid aft] 8 dea? is nei!r ! cause nor ! effect ( t :i* is left ( ,amr1 & !re=e ! s\ls ( all ! dep>t$ =m only "o be+ z has be5 expla9$ by ,ibn ,bekr ,ibn ,al-zaig1 & o!rs :o v5tur$ to speak on ^! pr(\nd subjects4 ,9 %ort1 su* intricate discipl9es1 :i* our m9d c sc>cely compreh5d1 _c furni% any pr9ciples = ! explanation ( o!r subjects4--,x %\ld be not$ t :oev] endeav\rs to prove or to disprove ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se by ^! argum5ts ( ! ,mutakallemim1 mu/ necess>ily rely on "o ( ! two foll[+ propositions1 or on bo? ( !m2 namely on ! t5? proposition1 accord+ to :i* ! actual =m ( a ?+ is m]ely "o ( _m equally possible =ms1 & :i* implies t !re mu/ be a be+ capable ( mak+ ! special selection2 or on ! elev5? proposition :i* rejects ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite s]ies ( ?+s com+ successively into exi/5ce4 ,! la/-nam$ proposition is demon/rat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 e4g41 !y adv]t to a class ( transi5t individuals1 & to a c]ta9 p>ticul> date4 ,f ! !ory :i* ass]ts ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 x w\ld foll[ t ! individuals ( t class up to t p>ticul> date are inf9ite 9 numb]2 a ?\s& ye>s lat] ! individuals ( t class are likewise inf9ite 9 numb]2 ! la/ numb] mu/ exce$ ! previ\s "o by ! numb] ( ! individuals born 9 ^? ?\s& ye>s1 & consequ5tly "o inf9ite numb] w\ld be l>g] ?an ano!r4 ,! same argum5t is appli$ to ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly sph]e1 & 9 l mann] x is %[n t "o inf9ite numb] ( revolutions w\ld be l>g] ?an ano!r2 ! same result is obta9$ :5 revolutions ( "o sph]e are comp>$ ) ^? ( ano!r mov+ m sl[ly2 ! revolutions ( bo? sph]es ?\gh unequal w\ld be inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,simil>ly !y proce$ ) all ^? accid5ts :i* are subject to de/ruction & production2 ! individual accid5ts t h pass$ into non-exi/5ce are c\nt$ & repres5t$ z ?\gh !y 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & z ?\gh !y 7 ?+s ) a def9ite beg9n+2 ?is imag9>y numb] is !n ei!r increas$ or r$uc$4 ,yet all ^! ?+s h no reality & are m]e fictions4 ,abunaz> ,alf>abi 9 criticiz+ ?is proposition1 has expos$ all its weak po9ts1 z y w cle>ly p]ceive1 :5 y /udy 8 book on ! *angeable be+s e>ne/ly & dispassionately4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal argum5ts ( ! ,mutakallemim 9 seek+ to e/abli% ! creatio ex nihilo4 ,hav+ ?us prov$ t ! ,univ]se is n et]nal1 !y necess>ily inf] t !re is an ,ag5s :o creat$ x 9 accordance ) ,8 int5tion1 desire & w4 ,!y !n proce$ to prove ! unity ( t ,ag5s z ,i am go+ to po9t out 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxv ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all expla9 to y h[ ! ,mutakallemim prove ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,!y cont5d t ! ,mak] & ,creator ( ! ,univ]se1 ! exi/5ce ( :om is te/ifi$ by all nature1 is ,"o4 ,two propositions are employ$ by !m 9 demon/rat+ ! ,unity ( ,god1 viz41 two deities or m w\ld neutralize ea* o!r1 & if sev]al deities exi/$ !y w\ld be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by a specific diff]5ce4 ,fir/ ,argum5t4 ,! fir/ argum5t is t ( mutual neutralization1 & is employ$ by ! majority ( ! ,mutakallemim4 ,x is to ! foll[+ effect3--,if ! ,univ]se _h two ,gods1 x w\ld necess>ily occur t ! atom--subject to a comb9ation ) "o or two opposite qualities--ei!r rema9$ )\t ei!r ( !m1 & t is impossible1 or1 ?\gh be+ only "o atom1 includ$ bo? qualities at ! same "t1 & t is likewise impossible4 ,e4g41 :il/ "o ( ! two deities det]m9$ t "o atom or m %\ld be w>m1 ! o!r deity might det]m9e t ! same %\ld be cold2 ! consequ5ce ( ! mutual neutralization ( ! two div9e be+s w\ld ?us be t ! atoms w\ld be nei!r w>m nor cold--a cont+5cy :i* is impossible1 because all bodies mu/ comb9e ) "o ( two opposites2 or !y w\ld be at ! same "t bo? w>m & cold4 ,simil>ly1 x might occur t :il/ "o ( ! deities desir$ t a body be 9 motion1 ! o!r might desire t x be at re/2 ! body w\ld !n be ei!r )\t motion & re/1 or w\ld bo? move & re/ at ! same "t4 ,pro(s ( ?is k9d are f\nd$ on ! atomic !ory conta9$ 9 ! fir/ proposition ( ! ,mutakallemim1 on ! proposition :i* ref]s to ! creation ( ! accid5ts1 & on ! proposition t negatives are prop]ties ( actual exi/5ce & require = _! production an ag5s4 ,= if x 7 assum$ t ! sub/ance ( ?is _w :i*1 accord+ to ! philosoph]s is subject to successive production & de/ruction1 is diff]5t f ! sub/ance ( ! _w above1 viz41 f ! sub/ance ( ! sph]es--a fact e/abli%$ by pro(--& t z ! ,duali/s ass]t1 !re are two div9e be+s1 "o ( :om rules ?is _w )\t influ5c+ ! sph]es1 :il/ ! o!r gov]ns ! _w above )\t int]f]+ ) ?is _w--su* !ory w\ld n involve ! mutual neutralization ( ! two deities4 ,if x 7 !n object$1 t ! exi/5ce ( two deities w\ld necessitate an imp]fection 9 bo? ( !m1 9 s f> z "o deity w\ld be unable to influ5ce ! prov9ce ( ! o!r1 ! objection w\ld be met by ! reply t ?is inability ne$ n be consid]$ a defect 9 ei!r ( !m2 = t :i* is n includ$ )9 ! sph]e ( action ( a be+ c ( c\rse n be p]=m$ by t be+1 & an ag5s is n defici5t 9 p[]1 if x is unable to p]=m :at is intr9sically impossible4 ,?us we1 ,mono!i/s1 d n consid] x a defect 9 ,god1 t ,he does n comb9e two opposites 9 "o object1 nor d we te/ ,8 omnipot5ce by ! accompli%m5t ( any simil> impossibility4 ,:5 ! ,mutakallemim notic$ ! weakness ( _! argum5t1 = :i* !y _h "s app>5t support1 !y _h rec\rse to ano!r argum5t4 ,second ,argum5t4 ,if !re 7 two ,gods1 !re w\ld necess>ily be "s elem5t common to bo?1 :il/ "s elem5t pres5t 9 ! "o w\ld be abs5t 9 ! o!r1 & con/itute ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,?is is a philosophic & s\nd argum5t = ^? :o are able to exam9e x1 & to obta9 a cle> insight into its premises1 :i* w be fur!r expla9$1 9 our exposition ( ! view ( ! philosoph]s on ?is po9t4 ,b x _c be accept$ by ^? :o admit ! exi/5ce ( div9e attributes4 ,= accord+ to _! op9ion1 ! ,primal ,cause includes _m diff]5t elem5ts4 ,!y repres5t its wisdom & its omnipot5ce z two diff]5t ?+s1 & aga9 ! omnipot5ce z diff]5t f ! w4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld n be impossible t ei!r ( ! two div9e be+s possess$ sev]al prop]ties1 "s ( :i* w\ld be common to bo?1 & "s peculi> to only "o ( !m4 ,?ird ,argum5t4 ,?is argum5t is likewise bas$ on "o ( ! ,propositions ( ! ,kalm4 ,= "s ( ! ,mutakallemim belong+ to ! old s*ool assume1 t :5 ! ,creator wills a ?+1 ! w is n an elem5t sup]add$ to ! ess5ce ( ,god3 x is a w )\t a sub/ratum4 ,9 accordance ) ! propositions :i* we h m5tion$1 & ( :i*1 z y w see1 x is difficult to =m a true conception1 !y say t "o w1 :i* is indep5d5t ( any sub/ratum1 _c be ascrib$ to two be+s2 =1 z !y ass]t1 "o cause _c be ! s\rce ( two laws = two ess5ces4 ,?is is1 z ,i told y1 ! me?od ( expla9+ "o difficulty by means ( ano!r & /ill great] difficulty4 ,= z !y def9e ! ,w1 x is inconceivable1 & "s h1 !re=e1 consid]$ x to be a m]e non-entity2 o!rs :o admit its exi/5ce1 meet ) _m insup]able difficulties4 ,! ,mutakallemim1 nev]!less1 e/abli% on its exi/5ce "o ( ! pro(s = ! unity ( ,god4 ,f\r? ,argum5t4 ,! exi/5ce ( an action is necess>ily positive evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( an ag5s1 b does n prove ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o ag5s4 ,!re is no diff]5ce :e!r ! exi/5ce ( "o ,god be assum$ or ! exi/5ce ( two1 or ?ree1 or tw5ty1 or any numb]4 ,?is is pla9 & cle>4 ,b ! argum5t does n seem to prove ! non-exi/5ce ( a multitude ( deities2 x only %[s t _! numb] is unkn[n2 ! deity may be "o sole be+1 b may also include sev]al div9e be+s4 ,! foll[+ supplem5tal argum5t has !re=e be5 advanc$3 possibility is inapplicable to ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 :i* is absolute2 ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o ,god mu/ !re=e be d5i$4 ,?is is ! :ole ess5ce ( ! pro(1 & its fallacy is self-evid5t2 = al?\gh ! notion ( possibility _c be appli$ to ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 x c be appli$ to our k ( ,god3 = an alt]native 9 our k ( a ?+ does n involve an alt]native 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 & p]haps !re is nei!r a trip>tite deity z ! ,*ri/ians believe1 nor an undivid$ ,unity z we believe4 ,?is is cle> to ^? :o h be5 taught to notice ! conclusions impli$ 9 giv5 premises4 ,fif? ,argum5t4 ,"o ( ! mod]n ,mutakallemim ?\ght t he f\nd a pro( ( ! ,unity ( ,god 9 ! idea ( requisit5ess4 ,suppose !re 7 two div9e be+s2 if "o ( !m 7 able to create ! univ]se1 ! second ,god w\ld be sup]flu\s1 & !re w\ld be no ne$ = 8 exi/5ce4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! entire univ]se c\ld n be creat$ or gov]n$ except by bo? ( !m1 ea* ( !m w\ld be imp]fect 9 s f> z he w\ld require ! co-op]ation ( ano!r be+1 & w\ld ?us be limit$ 9 p[]4 ,?is argum5t is1 9 fact1 only a v>iation ( 8! mutual neutralization ( two deities40 ,!re is ?is difficulty 9 su* pro(s1 t a c]ta9 degree ( imp]fection is ascrib$ to a ,be+ :i* does n accompli% tasks beyond its sph]e4 ,we d n call a p]son weak because he _c move a ?\s& hundr$weights1 & we d n say t ,god is imp]fect because ,he _c trans=m ,himself into a body1 or _c create ano!r be+ l ,himself1 or make a squ>e ^: diagonal %\ld be equal to "o ( its sides4 ,9 ! same mann] we %\ld n consid] x an imp]fection 9 ,god1 if ,he 7 n ! only ,creator1 & if x 7 absolutely necess>y t !re %\ld be two ,creators2 n because ! "o ,god requir$ ! assi/ance ( ! o!r1 b because ! exi/5ce ( bo? ( !m 0 equally necess>y1 & because x 0 impossible t x %\ld be o!rwise4 ,fur!r we d n say t ! ,almighty is imp]fect1 because ,he does n1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,mutakallemim1 produce a body o!rwise ?an by ! creation ( atoms1 & by _! comb9ation ) accid5ts creat$ 9 !m4 ,t inability is n call$ want or imp]fection1 s9ce ano!r process is impossible4 ,9 l mann] ! ,duali/ might say1 t x is impossible = "o ,be+ to act alone1 & t ?is circum/ance con/itutes no imp]fection 9 ei!r ( ! ,deities1 because ! absolute exi/5ce ( "o ,deity necessitates ! co-exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,"s ( ! ,mutakallemim1 we>y ( ^! argum5ts1 decl>$ t ! ,unity ( ,god is a doctr9e :i* mu/ be receiv$ z a matt] ( fai?1 b mo/ ( !m reject$ ?is !ory1 & revil$ its au?ors4 ,i1 h[ev]1 hold1 t ^? :o accept ?is !ory are "r-m9d$1 & %r9k f admitt+ an errone\s op9ion2 :5 !y d n p]ceive any cog5cy 9 ! argum5ts1 & f9d t ! pro(s advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e are inconclusive1 !y pref] to assume t x c\ld only be receiv$ z a matt] ( fai?4 ,= ! ,mutakallemim d n hold t ! ,univ]se has any def9$ prop]ties on :i* a true pro( c\ld be f\nd$1 or t man's intellect is end[$ ) any su* faculty z w\ld enable him to =m correct conclusions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n )\t a motive t !y def5d ?is !ory2 !y wi% to assume su* a =m ( ! ,univ]se1 z c\ld be employ$ to support a doctr9e = :i* o!rwise no pro( c\ld be f\nd1 & w\ld lead u to neglect ! inve/igation ( t :i* 9 fact c be prov$4 ,we c only appeal to ! ,almighty & to ^? intellig5t p]sons :o confess _! error :5 !y discov] x4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxvi ,! reason+s & argum5ts ( ! ,mutakallemim to demon/rate ! ,incorporeality ( ,god are v weak1 & inde$ inf]ior to _! argum5ts = ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,!y treat ! doctr9e ( ! ,incorporeality ( ,god z if x 7 ! logical sequ5ce ( ! !ory ( ,8 ,unity1 & !y say t ! attribute 8"o0 _c be appli$ to a corporeal object4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t ,god is incorporeal because a corporeal object consi/s ( sub/ance & =m--a comb9ation kn[n to be impossible 9 ! ,div9e ,be+1 are n 9 my op9ion ,mutakallemim1 & su* an argum5t is n f\nd$ on ! propositions ( ! ,kalm2 on ! contr>y1 x is a logical pro( bas$ on ! !ory ( sub/ance & =m1 & on a "r conception ( _! prop]ties4 ,x has ! "* ( a philosophical argum5t1 & ,i %all fully expla9 x :5 treat+ ( ! argum5ts ( ! philosoph]s4 ,"h we only propose to discuss ! argum5ts by :i* ! ,mutakallemim desire to prove ! ,incorporeality ( ,god 9 accordance ) _! propositions & ! me?od ( _! reason+4 ,fir/ ,argum5t4 ,if ,god 7 corporeal1 ,8 true ess5ce w\ld necess>ily ei!r exi/ entirely 9 e "p ( ! body1 t is to say1 9 ea* ( its atoms1 or w\ld be conf9$ to "o ( ! atoms4 ,9 ! latt] alt]native ! o!r atoms w\ld be sup]flu\s1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! corporeal be+ ) ! exception ( ! "o atom w\ld be ( no purpose4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* atom fully repres5t$ ! ,div9e ,be+1 ! :ole body w\ld n be "o deity1 b a complex ( deities1 & ?is w\ld be contr>y to ! doctr9e adopt$ by ! ,kalm t ,god is "o4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is argum5t %[s t x is bas$ on ! fir/ & fif? propositions4 ,b !re is room = ! foll[+ objection3 8,god does n consi/ ( atoms1 t is to say1 ,he is n1 z y ass]t1 compos$ ( a numb] ( elem5ts creat$ by ,himself1 b is "o cont9u\s body1 & indivisible except 9 man's imag9ation1 :i* af=ds no te/2 = 9 man's imag9ation ! sub/ance ( ! heav5s may be torn or r5t asund]4 ,! philosoph] holds t su* a possibility results f assum+ a simil>ity & an analogy betwe5 ! visible1 i4e41 ! bodies :i* exi/ among u1 & ! invisible40 ,second ,argum5t4 ,?is argum5t1 !y believe1 is ( great importance4 ,its ma9 support is ! impossibility ( comp>ison1 i4e41 ! belief t ,god _c be comp>$ to any ( ,8 creatures2 & t ,he w\ld be comp>able to o!r corporeal objects if ,he 7 corporeal4 ,!y put great /ress on ?is argum5t1 & say z foll[s3 8,if x 7 ass]t$ t ,god is corporeal1 b t ,8 sub/ance is n l t ( o!r corporeal be+s1 x w\ld be self-contradictory2 = all bodies are alike z reg>ds _! sub/ance1 & are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by o!r ?+s1 viz41 ! accid5ts40 ,!y also argue t if ,god 7 corporeal x w\ld foll[ t ,he has creat$ ano!r be+ l ,himself4 ,?is argum5t is refut$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ! objector does n admit ! impossibility ( comp>ison2 he asks h[ x c\ld be prov$ t ,god _c be comp>$ to any ( ,8 creatures4 ,no d\bt t1 9 support ( _! view1 t a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,almighty & any o!r be+ is inadmissible1 !y w\ld h to cite ! words ( ! ,prophets1 & ?us accept ?is doctr9e by ! au?ority ( tradition1 n by ! au?ority ( reason4 ,! argum5t t ,god1 if comp>able to any ( ,8 creatures1 w\ld be f\nd to h creat$ be+s l ,himself1 is refut$ by ! objector 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,! creat$ ?+s are n l ,him 9 e respect2 = ,i d n d5y t ,god has _m prop]ties & peculi>ities40 ,= he :o admits ! corporeality ( ,god does n d5y ! exi/5ce ( prop]ties 9 ! div9e ,be+4 ,ano!r & m =cible argum5t is ?is3 ,all :o h /udi$ philosophy1 & h made !mselves ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) philosophical !ories1 assume z demon/rat$ facts1 fir/ t ! t]m sub/ance1 :5 appli$ to ! sph]es above & to1 ! corporeal objects "h on e>? is a p]fect homonym1 = ! sub/ance ( ! "o is n ! sub/ance ( ! o!r2 & secondly t ! =ms ( ! ?+s on ?is e>? are diff]5t f ! =ms ( ! sph]es2 ! t]ms sub/ance & =m :5 appli$ bo? to ?+s bel[ & to ! sph]es above are homonyms2 al?\gh !re is no d\bt t ! sph]es h l ! ?+s bel[1 ?ree dim5sions1 !y are corporeal because !y consi/ ( sub/ance & =m1 n because !y h dim5sions4 ,if ?is explanation is admitt$ ) ref]5ce to ! sph]es1 h[ mu* m is he :o believes t ,god is corporeal ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ,god is a corporeal be+ :i* has dim5sions1 b :i* 9 its sub/ance1 its true nature & prop]ties is v diff]5t f all creat$ bodies1 & t ! t]m 8sub/ance0 is appli$ to ,him & to ,8 creatures homonym\sly1 9 ! same mann] z ! true believ]s1 :o h a correct conception ( ! div9e idea1 apply ! t]m 8exi/5ce0 homonym\sly to ,him & to ,8 creatures4 ,! ,corporeali/s d n admit t all bodies consi/ ( simil> atoms2 !y believe t ,god creat$ all ?+s1 & t ^! diff] f ea* o!r bo? 9 _! sub/ances & 9 _! con/itu5t prop]ties2 & j z ! sub/ance ( dung diff]s f ! sub/ance ( ! sun1 s does1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! sub/ance ( ! sph]es & ! />s diff] f ! sub/ance ( ! creat$ light1 i4e41 ! ,div9e ,glory 7,%e*9ah71 & aga9 ! sub/ance ( ! ,div9e ,glory1 or ! pill> ( cl\d creat$ = ! purpose1 diff] f ! sub/ance ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 = ! sub/ance ( ! latt] is sublime1 p]fect1 simple1 con/ant & immutable4 ,8 absolute exi/5ce rema9s always ! same1 & ,he creates all ?+s accord+ to ,8 w & desire4 ,h[ c\ld ?is argum5t1 ?\gh x be weak1 be refut$ by ^! /range me?ods ( ! ,mutakallemim1 :i* ,i po9t$ out to y8 ,?ird ,argum5t4 ,if ,god 7 corporeal1 ,he w\ld be f9ite1 & s f> ?is argum5t is correct2 if ,he 7 f9ite1 ,he w\ld h c]ta9 dim5sions & a c]ta9 =m2 ?is is also a correct conclusion4 ,b !y cont9ue ?us3 ,attribute to ,god any magnitude or =m :atev]3 ,he might be ei!r l>g] or small]1 & might also h a diff]5t =m4 ,! fact t ,he has "o special magnitude & "o special =m presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a det]m9+ ag5s4 ,i h he>d t !y atta* great importance to ?is argum5t1 b 9 tru? x is ! weake/ ( all ! argum5ts m5tion$ above4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! t5? proposition1 ! feebl5ess ( :i* 9 ignor+ ! actual prop]ties ( ?+s1 we h cle>ly %[n 9 reg>d to ord9>y be+s & mu/ be mu* m evid5t 9 reg>d to ! ,creator4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ?is argum5t & _! ass]tion t ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se hav+ be5 pref]r$ to its non-exi/5ce proves ! exi/5ce ( an ag5s t pref]r$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se to its non-exi/5ce at a "t :5 bo? 7 equally possible4 ,if x 7 ask$ :y ?is argum5t %\ld n be appli$ to ,god--viz41 t ,8 m]e exi/5ce prov$ ! exi/5ce ( an ag5s :i* det]m9$ ,8 exi/5ce & reject$ ,8 non-exi/5ce--!y w\ld und\bt$ly answ] t ?is admission w\ld only lead to a repetition ( ! same argum5t until at l5g? a be+ be f\nd ^: exi/5ce is n m]ely pot5tial b necess>y1 & :i* does n require a causa effici5s4 ,b ?is same answ] c also be appli$ to dim5sions & to =m4 ,x c only be said 9 ref]5ce to all o!r =ms & magnitudes1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is possible1 t is to say :i* came into exi/5ce aft] a /ate ( non-exi/5ce1 t !y might h be5 l>g] or small] ?an !y actually are1 or t !y might h _h a =m diff]5t f t :i* !y actually possess1 & require = ?is reason "s det]m9+ ag5s4 ,b ! =ms & dim5sions ( ,god 7:o is above all imp]fection & similitude76 did n come into exi/5ce accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,corporeali/ aft] a /ate ( non-exi/5ce1 & !re=e no det]m9+ ag5s 0 necess>y2 ,8 sub/ance ) its dim5sions & =ms has a necess>y exi/5ce2 no ag5s 0 requir$ to decide ^u ,8 exi/5ce1 & to reject ,8 non-exi/5ce1 s9ce non-exi/5ce is altoge!r inadmissible 9 ,god4 ,9 l mann] !re 0 no =ce requir$ to det]m9e ,8 magnitude & =m1 !y 7 absolutely insep>able f ,8 exi/5ce4 ,if y wi% to g 9 se>* ( tru?1 to ca/ aside y\r passions1 y\r tradition1 & y\r fondness ( ?+s y h be5 accu/om$ to *]i%1 if y wi% to gu>d y\rself aga9/ error3 !n consid] ! fate ( ^! speculators & ! result ( _! lab\rs2 obs]ve h[ !y ru%$1 z x 71 f ! a%es into ! fire4 ,!y d5i$ ! nature ( ! exi/+ ?+s1 misrepres5t$ ! prop]ties ( heav5 & e>?1 & ?\ght t !y 7 able1 by _! propositions1 to prove ! creation ( ! _w1 b 9 fact !y 7 f> f prov+ ! creatio ex nihilo1 & h weak5$ ! argum5ts = ! exi/5ce1 ! unity1 & ! incorporeality ( ,god4 ,! pro(s ( all ^! doctr9es mu/ be bas$ on ! well-kn[n nature ( ! exi/+ ?+s1 z p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses & ! intellect4 ,hav+ ?us discuss$ ! argum5ts ( ! ,mutakallemim1 we %all n[ proce$ to consid] ! propositions ( ! philosoph]s & _! argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 ,unity & ,8 ,incorporeality1 & we %all = ! pres5t assume ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se )\t f9ally accept+ x4 ,next to ?is we %all develop our own me?od1 :i* is ! result ( deep /udy1 9 demon/rat+ ^! ?ree pr9ciples1 & we %all !n exam9e ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se z assum$ by ! philosoph]s4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,introduction ,tw5ty-five ( ! propositions :i* are employ$ 9 ! pro( = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or 9 ! argum5ts demon/rat+ t ,god is nei!r corporeal nor a =ce connect$ ) a mat]ial be+1 or t ,he is ,"o1 h be5 fully e/abli%$1 & _! correctness is beyond d\bt4 ,ari/otle & ! ,p]ipatetics :o foll[$ him h prov$ ea* ( ^! propositions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o proposition :i* we d n accept--namely1 ! proposition :i* affirms ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 b we w admit x = ! pres5t1 because by do+ s we %all be enabl$ de>ly to demon/rate our own !ory4 ,proposition ,i4 ,! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite magnitude is impossible4 ,proposition ,,ii4 ,! co-exi/5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( f9ite magnitudes is impossible4 ,proposition ,,iii4 ,! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( causes & effects is impossible1 ev5 if ^! 7 n magnitudes2 if1 e4g41 "o ,intellig5ce 7 ! cause ( a second1 ! second ! cause ( a ?ird1 ! ?ird ! cause ( a f\r?1 & s on1 ! s]ies c\ld n be cont9u$ ad inf9itum4 ,proposition ,,iv4 ,f\r categories are subject to *ange3-- 7a47 ,sub/ance4--,*anges :i* affect ! sub/ance ( a ?+ are call$ g5esis & de/ruction4 7b47 ,quantity4--,*anges 9 ref]5ce to quantity are increase & decrease4 7c47 ,quality4--,*anges 9 ! qualities ( ?+s are trans=mations4 7d47 ,place4--,*ange ( place is call$ motion4 ,! t]m 8motion0 is prop]ly appli$ to *ange ( place1 b is also us$ 9 a g5]al s5se ( all k9ds ( *anges4 ,proposition ,v4 ,motion implies *ange & transition f pot5tiality to actuality4 ,proposition ,,vi4 ,! motion ( a ?+ is ei!r ess5tial or accid5tal2 or x is due to an ext]nal =ce1 or to ! p>ticipation ( ! ?+ 9 ! motion ( ano!r ?+4 ,?is latt] k9d ( motion is simil> to ! accid5tal "o4 ,an in/ance ( ess5tial motion may be f\nd 9 ! translation ( a ?+ f "o place to ano!r4 ,! accid5t ( a ?+1 z1 e4g41 its black col\r1 is said to move :5 ! ?+ itself *anges its place4 ,! upw>d motion ( a /one1 ow+ to a =ce appli$ to x 9 t direction1 is an in/ance ( a motion due to an ext]nal =ce4 ,! motion ( a nail 9 a boat may s]ve to illu/rate motion due to ! p>ticipation ( a ?+ 9 ! motion ( ano!r ?+2 = :5 ! boat moves1 ! nail is said to move likewise4 ,! same is ! case ) ev]y?+ compos$ ( sev]al p>ts3 :5 ! ?+ itself moves1 e "p ( x is likewise said to move4 ,proposition ,,vii4 ,?+s :i* are *angeable are1 at ! same "t1 divisible4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ t moves is divisible1 & consequ5tly corporeal2 b t :i* is indivisible _c move1 & _c !re=e be corporeal4 ,proposition ,,viii4 ,a ?+ t moves accid5tally mu/ come to re/1 because x does n move ( its own accord2 h5ce accid5tal motion _c cont9ue = ev]4 ,proposition ,,ix4 ,a corporeal ?+ t sets ano!r corporeal ?+ 9 motion c only effect ?is by sett+ itself 9 motion at ! "t x causes ! o!r ?+ to move4 ,proposition ,x4 ,a ?+ :i* is said to be conta9$ 9 a corporeal object mu/ satisfy ei!r ( ! two foll[+ conditions3 x ei!r exi/s ?r\gh t object1 z is ! case ) accid5ts1 or x is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( t object2 su* is1 e4g41 its ess5tial prop]ty4 ,9 bo? cases x is a =ce exi/+ 9 a corporeal object4 ,proposition ,,xi4 ,among ! ?+s :i* exi/ ?r\gh a mat]ial object1 !re are "s :i* p>ticipate 9 ! division ( t object1 & are !re=e accid5tally divisible1 z1 e4g41 its col\r1 & all o!r qualities t spread ?r\gh\t its p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! ?+s :i* =m ! ess5tial elem5ts ( an object1 !re are "s :i* _c be divid$ 9 any way1 z1 e4g41 ! s\l & ! intellect4 ,proposition ,,xii4 ,a =ce :i* occupies all p>ts ( a corporeal object is f9ite1 t object itself be+ f9ite4 ,proposition ,,xiii4 ,none ( ! sev]al k9ds ( *ange c be cont9u\s1 except motion f place to place1 provid$ x be circul>4 ,proposition ,,xiv4 ,locomotion is 9 ! natural ord] ( ! sev]al k9ds ( motion ! fir/ & =emo/4 ,= g5esis & corruption are prec$$ by trans=mation1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is prec$$ by ! approa* ( ! trans=m+ ag5t to ! object :i* is to be trans=m$4 ,also1 increase & decrease are impossible )\t previ\s g5esis & corruption4 ,proposition ,,xv4 ,"t is an accid5t t is relat$ & jo9$ to motion 9 su* a mann] t ! "o is nev] f\nd )\t ! o!r4 ,motion is only possible 9 "t1 & ! idea ( "t _c be conceiv$ o!rwise ?an 9 connexion ) motion2 ?+s :i* d n move h no relation to "t4 ,proposition ,,xvi4 ,incorporeal bodies c only be numb]$ :5 !y are =ces situat$ 9 a body2 ! sev]al =ces mu/ !n be c\nt$ toge!r ) sub/ances or objects 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,h5ce purely spiritual be+s1 :i* are nei!r corporeal nor =ces situat$ 9 corporeal objects1 _c be c\nt$1 except :5 consid]$ z causes & effects4 ,proposition ,,xvii4 ,:5 an object moves1 !re mu/ be "s ag5t t moves x1 f )\t1 z1 e4g41 9 ! case ( a /one set 9 motion by ! h&2 or f )91 e4g41 :5 ! body ( a liv+ be+ moves4 ,liv+ be+s include 9 !mselves1 at ! same "t1 ! mov+ ag5t & ! ?+ mov$2 :51 !re=e1 a liv+ be+ dies1 & ! mov+ ag5t1 ! s\l1 has left ! body1 i4e41 ! ?+ mov$1 ! body rema9s = "s "t 9 ! same condition z be=e1 & yet _c move 9 ! mann] x has mov$ previ\sly4 ,! mov+ ag5t1 :5 includ$ 9 ! ?+ mov$1 is hidd5 f1 & imp]ceptible to1 ! s5ses4 ,?is circum/ance gave rise to ! belief t ! body ( an animal moves )\t ! aid ( a mov+ ag5t4 ,:5 we !re=e affirm1 conc]n+ a ?+ 9 motion1 t x is its own mov+ ag5t1 or1 z is g5]ally said1 t x moves ( its own accord1 we mean to say t ! =ce :i* really sets ! body 9 motion exi/s 9 t body itself4 ,proposition ,,xviii4 ,ev]y?+ t passes ov] f a /ate ( pot5tiality to t ( actuality1 is caus$ to d s by "s ext]nal ag5t2 because if t ag5t exi/$ 9 ! ?+ itself1 & no ob/acle prev5t$ ! transition1 ! ?+ w\ld nev] be 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality1 b always 9 t ( actuality4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! ?+ itself conta9$ t ag5t1 "s ob/acle exi/$1 & at a c]ta9 "t t ob/acle 0 remov$1 ! same cause :i* remov$ ! ob/acle w\ld und\bt$ly be describ$ z ! cause ( ! transition f pot5tiality to actuality1 & n ! =ce situat$ )9 ! body4 ,note ?is4 ,proposition ,,xix4 ,a ?+ :i* owes its exi/5ce to c]ta9 causes has 9 itself m]ely ! possibility ( exi/5ce2 = only if ^! causes exi/1 ! ?+ likewise exi/s4 ,x does n exi/ if ! causes d n exi/ at all1 or if !y h ceas$ to exi/1 or if !re has be5 a *ange 9 ! relation :i* implies ! exi/5ce ( t ?+ z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ^? causes4 ,proposition ,,xx4 ,a ?+ :i* has 9 itself ! necessity ( exi/5ce _c h = its exi/5ce any cause :atev]4 ,proposition ,,xxi4 ,a ?+ compos$ ( two elem5ts has necess>ily _! composition z ! cause ( its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,its exi/5ce is !re=e n necessitat$ by its own ess5ce2 x dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( its two compon5t p>ts & _! comb9ation4 ,proposition ,,xxii4 ,mat]ial objects are always compos$ ( two elem5ts at lea/1 & are )\t exception subject to accid5ts4 ,! two compon5t elem5ts ( all bodies are sub/ance & =m4 ,! accid5ts attribut$ to mat]ial objects are quantity1 geometrical =m1 & position4 ,proposition ,,xxiii4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s pot5tially1 & ^: ess5ce includes a c]ta9 /ate ( possibility1 may at "s "t be )\t actual exi/5ce4 ,proposition ,,xxiv4 ,t :i* is pot5tially a c]ta9 ?+ is necess>ily mat]ial1 = ! /ate ( possibility is always connect$ ) matt]4 ,proposition ,,xxv4 ,ea* comp\nd sub/ance consi/s ( matt] & =m1 & requires an ag5t = its exi/5ce1 viz41 a =ce :i* sets ! sub/ance 9 motion1 & !reby enables x to receive a c]ta9 =m4 ,! =ce :i* ?us prep>es ! sub/ance ( a c]ta9 individual be+1 is call$ ! imm$iate motor4 ,"h ! necessity arises ( inve/igat+ into ! prop]ties ( motion1 ! mov+ ag5t & ! ?+ mov$4 ,b ?is has already be5 expla9$ suffici5tly2 & ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle may be express$ 9 ! foll[+ proposition3 ,matt] does n move ( its own accord--an important proposition t l$ to ! inve/igation ( ! ,prime ,motor 7! fir/ mov+ ag5t74 ,( ^! =ego+ tw5ty-five propositions "s may be v]ifi$ by means ( a little reflection & ! application ( a few propositions capable ( pro(1 or ( axioms or !orems ( almo/ ! same =ce1 su* z h be5 expla9$ by me4 ,o!rs require _m argum5ts & propositions1 all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 h be5 e/abli%$ by conclusive pro(s p>tly 9 ! ,physics & its comm5t>ies1 & p>tly 9 ! ,metaphysics & its comm5t>y4 ,i h already /at$ t 9 ?is "w x is n my int5tion to copy ! books ( ! philosoph]s or to expla9 difficult problems1 b simply to m5tion ^? propositions :i* are closely connect$ ) our subject1 & :i* we want = our purpose4 ,to ! above propositions "o mu/ be add$ :i* enunciates t ! univ]se is et]nal1 & :i* is held by ,ari/otle to be true1 & ev5 m acceptable ?an any o!r !ory4 ,= ! pres5t we admit x1 z a hypo!sis1 only = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ our !ory4 ,x is ! foll[+ proposition3-- ,proposition ,,xxvi4 ,"t & motion are et]nal1 con/ant1 & 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,9 accordance ) ?is proposition1 ,ari/otle is compell$ to assume t !re exi/s actually a body ) con/ant motion1 viz41 ! fif? elem5t4 ,he !re=e says t ! heav5s are n subject to g5esis or de/ruction1 because motion _c be g5]at$ nor de/roy$4 ,he also holds t e motion mu/ necess>ily be prec$$ by ano!r motion1 ei!r ( ! same or ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,! belief t ! locomotion ( an animal is n prec$$ by ano!r motion1 is n true2 = ! animal is caus$ to move1 aft] x _h be5 9 re/1 by ! int5tion to obta9 ^? v ?+s :i* br+ ab\t t locomotion4 ,a *ange 9 its /ate ( heal?1 or "s image1 or "s new idea c produce a desire to seek t :i* is conducive to its welf>e & to avoid t :i* is contr>y4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree causes sets ! liv+ be+ 9 motion1 & ea* ( !m is produc$ by v>i\s k9ds ( motion4 ,ari/otle likewise ass]ts t ev]y?+ :i* is creat$ mu/1 be=e its actual creation1 h exi/$ 9 pot5ti4 ,by inf]5ces drawn f ?is ass]tion he seeks to e/abli% 8 proposition1 viz41 ,! ?+ t moves is f9ite1 & its pa? f9ite2 b x repeats ! motion 9 its pa? an inf9ite numb] ( times4 ,?is c only take place :5 ! motion is circul>1 z has be5 /at$ 9 ,proposition ,,xiii4 ,h5ce foll[s also ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s :i* d n co-exi/ b foll[ "o aft] ! o!r4 ,ari/otle frequ5tly attempts to e/abli% ?is proposition2 b ,i believe t he did n consid] 8 pro(s to be conclusive4 ,x appe>$ to him to be ! mo/ probable & acceptable proposition4 ,8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 & ! comm5tators ( 8 books1 cont5d t x conta9s n only a probable b a demon/rative pro(1 & t x has1 9 fact1 be5 fully e/abli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,mutakallemim try to prove t ! proposition _c be true1 z1 accord+ to _! op9ion1 x is impossible to conceive h[ an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s c\ld ev5 come into exi/5ce successively4 ,!y assume ?is impossibility z an axiom4 ,i1 h[ev]1 ?9k t ?is proposition is admissible1 b nei!r demon/rative1 z ! comm5tators ( ,ari/otle ass]t1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 impossible1 z ! ,mutakallemim say4 ,we h no int5tion to expla9 "h ! pro(s giv5 by ,ari/otle1 or to %[ our d\bts conc]n+ !m1 or to set =? our op9ions on ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,i "h simply desire to m5tion ^? propositions :i* we %all require = ! pro( ( ! ?ree pr9ciples /at$ above4 ,hav+ ?us quot$ & admitt$ ^! propositions1 ,i w n[ proce$ to expla9 :at may be inf]r$ f !m4 ,,*apt] ,i ,accord+ to ,proposition ,,xxv41 a mov+ ag5t mu/ exi/ :i* has mov$ ! sub/ance ( all exi/+ transi5t ?+s & enabl$ x to receive ,=m4 ,! cause ( ! motion ( t ag5t is f\nd 9 ! exi/5ce ( ano!r motor ( ! same or ( a diff]5t class1 ! t]m 8motion10 9 a g5]al s5se1 be+ common to f\r categories 7,prop4 ,,iv474 ,?is s]ies ( motions is n inf9ite 7,prop4 ,,iii472 we f9d t x c only be cont9u$ till ! motion ( ! fif? elem5t is arriv$ at1 & !n x ends4 ,! motion ( ! fif? elem5t is ! s\rce ( e =ce t moves & prep>es any sub/ance on e>? = its comb9ation ) a c]ta9 =m1 & is connect$ ) t =ce by a *a9 ( int]m$iate motions4 ,! cele/ial sph]e or ! fif? elem5t p]=ms ! act ( locomotion :i* is ! fir/ ( ! sev]al k9ds ( motion 7,prop4 ,,xiv471 & all locomotion is f\nd to be ! indirect effect ( ! motion ( ?is sph]e2 e4g41 a /one is set 9 motion by a /ick1 ! /ick by a man's h&1 ! h& by ! s9ews1 ! s9ews by ! muscles1 ! muscles by ! n]ves1 ! n]ves by ! natural heat ( ! body1 & ! heat ( ! body by its =m4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! imm$iate motive cause1 b ! action ( ?is imm$iate cause is due to a c]ta9 design1 e4g41 to br+ a /one into a hole by /rik+ aga9/ x ) a /ick 9 ord] to prev5t ! draught f com+ ?r\gh ! crevice4 ,! motion ( ! air t causes ! draught is ! effect ( ! motion ( ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,simil>ly x may be %[n t ! ultimate cause ( all g5esis & de/ruction c be trac$ to ! motion ( ! sph]e4 ,b ! motion ( ! sph]e mu/ likewise h be5 effect$ by an ag5t 7,prop4 ,,xvii47 resid+ ei!r )\t ! sph]e or )9 x2 a ?ird case be+ impossible4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 if ! motor is )\t ! sph]e1 x mu/ ei!r be corporeal or incorporeal2 if incorporeal1 x _c be said t ! ag5t is )\t ! sph]e2 x c only be describ$ z sep>ate f x2 because an incorporeal object c only be said metaphorically to reside )\t a c]ta9 corporeal object4 ,9 ! second case1 if ! ag5t resides )9 ! sph]e1 x mu/ be ei!r a =ce di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole sph]e s t ea* "p ( ! sph]e includes a "p ( ! =ce1 z is ! case ) ! heat ( fire2 or x is an indivisible =ce1 e4g41 ! s\l & ! intellect 7,props4 ,x4 & ,,xi474 ,! ag5t :i* sets ! sph]e 9 motion mu/ consequ5tly be "o ( ! foll[+ f\r ?+s3 a corporeal object )\t ! sph]e2 an incorporeal object sep>ate f x2 a =ce spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! sph]e2 or an indivisible =ce )9 ! sph]e4 ,! fir/ case1 viz41 t ! mov+ ag5t ( ! sph]e is a corporeal object )\t ! sph]e1 is impossible1 z w be expla9$4 ,s9ce ! mov+ ag5t is corporeal1 x mu/ itself move :ile sett+ ano!r object 9 motion 7,prop4 ,,ix471 & z ! six? elem5t w\ld likewise move :5 imp>t+ motion to ano!r body1 x w\ld be set 9 motion by a sev5? elem5t1 :i* mu/ also move4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( bodies w\ld ?us be requir$ be=e ! sph]e c\ld be set 9 motion4 ,?is is contr>y to ,proposition ,,ii4 ,! ?ird case1 viz41 t ! mov+ object be a =ce di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole body1 is likewise impossible4 ,= ! sph]e is corporeal1 & mu/ !re=e be f9ite 7,prop4 ,i472 also ! =ce x conta9s mu/ be f9ite 7,prop4 ,,xii471 s9ce ea* "p ( ! sph]e conta9s "p ( ! =ce 7,prop4 ,,xi473 ! latt] c consequ5tly n produce an inf9ite motion1 su* z we assum$ accord+ to ,proposition ,,xxvi41 :i* we admitt$ = ! pres5t4 ,! f\r? case is likewise impossible1 viz41 t ! sph]e is set 9 motion by an indivisible =ce resid+ 9 ! sph]e 9 ! same mann] z ! s\l resides 9 ! body ( man4 ,= ?is =ce1 ?\gh indivisible1 c\ld n be ! cause ( inf9ite motion by itself alone2 because if t 7 ! case ! prime motor w\ld h an accid5tal motion 7,prop4 ,,vi474 ,b ?+s t move accid5tally mu/ come to re/ 7,prop4 ,,viii471 & !n ! ?+ comes also to re/ :i* is set 9 motion4 7,! foll[+ may s]ve z a fur!r illu/ration ( ! nature ( accid5tal motion4 ,:5 man is mov$ by ! s\l1 i4e41 by 8 =m1 to g f ! basem5t ( ! h\se to ! upp] /orey1 8 body moves directly1 :ile ! s\l1 ! really effici5t cause ( t motion1 p>ticipates 9 x accid5tally4 ,= ?r\gh ! translation ( ! body f ! basem5t to ! upp] /orey1 ! s\l has likewise *ang$ its place1 & :5 no fre% impulse = ! motion ( ! body is giv5 by ! s\l1 ! body :i* has be5 set 9 motion by su* impulse comes to re/1 & ! accid5tal motion ( ! s\l is discont9u$74 ,consequ5tly ! motion ( t suppos$ fir/ motor mu/ be due to "s cause :i* does n =m "p ( ?+s compos$ ( two elem5ts1 viz41 a mov+ ag5t & an object mov$2 if su* a cause is pres5t ! motor 9 t comp\nd sets ! o!r elem5t 9 motion2 9 ! abs5ce ( su* a cause no motion takes place4 ,liv+ be+s d !re=e n move cont9ually1 al?\gh ea* ( !m possesses an indivisible motive elem5t2 because ?is elem5t is n con/antly 9 motion1 z x w\ld be if x produc$ motion ( its own accord4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ?+s to :i* ! action is due are sep>ate f ! motor4 ,! action is caus$ ei!r by desire = t :i* is agreeable1 or by av]sion f t :i* is disagreeable1 or by "s image1 or by "s ideal :5 ! mov+ be+ has ! capacity ( conceiv+ x4 ,:5 any ( ^! causes are pres5t !n ! motor acts2 its motion is accid5tal1 & mu/ !re=e come to an end 7,prop4 ,,viii474 ,if ! motor ( ! sph]e 7 ( ?is k9d ! sph]e c\ld n move ad inf9itum4 ,our oppon5t1 h[ev]1 holds t ! sph]es move cont9ually ad inf9itum2 if ?is 7 ! case1 & x is 9 fact possible 7,prop4 ,,xiii471 ! effici5t cause ( ! motion ( ! sph]e mu/1 accord+ to ! above division1 be ( ! second k9d1 viz41 some?+ incorporeal & sep>ate f ! sph]e4 ,x may ?us be consid]$ z prov$ t ! effici5t cause ( ! motion ( ! sph]e1 if t motion be et]nal1 is nei!r itself corporeal nor does x reside 9 a corporeal object2 x mu/ move nei!r ( its own accord nor accid5tally2 x mu/ be indivisible & un*angeable 7,prop4 ,,vii4 & ,prop4 ,v474 ,?is ,prime ,motor ( ! sph]e is ,god1 prais$ be ,8 "n6 ,! hypo!sis t !re exi/ two ,gods is inadmissible1 because absolutely incorporeal be+s _c be c\nt$ 7,prop4 ,,xvi471 except z cause & effect2 ! relation ( "t is n applicable to ,god 7,prop4 ,,xv471 because motion _c be pr$icat$ ( ,him4 ,! result ( ! above argum5t is consequ5tly ?is3 ! sph]e _c move ad inf9itum ( its own accord2 ! ,prime ,motor is n corporeal1 nor a =ce resid+ )9 a body2 x is ,"o1 un*angeable1 & 9 its exi/5ce indep5d5t ( "t4 ,?ree ( our po/ulates are ?us prov$ by ! pr9cipal philosoph]s4 ,! philosoph]s employ besides ano!r argum5t1 bas$ on ! foll[+ proposition ( ,ari/otle4 ,if !re be a ?+ compos$ ( two elem5ts1 & ! "o ( !m is kn[n to exi/ also by itself1 ap>t f t ?+1 !n ! o!r elem5t is likewise f\nd 9 exi/5ce by itself sep>ate f t comp\nd4 ,= if ! nature ( ! two elem5ts 7 su* t !y c\ld only exi/ toge!r--z1 e4g41 matt] & =m--!n nei!r ( !m c\ld 9 any way exi/ sep>ate f ! o!r4 ,! fact t ! "o compon5t is f\nd also 9 a sep>ate exi/5ce proves t ! two elem5ts are n indissolubly connect$1 & t ! same mu/ !re=e be ! case ) ! o!r compon5t4 ,?us we inf] f ! exi/5ce ( honey-v9eg> & ( honey by itself1 t !re exi/s also v9eg> by itself4 ,aft] hav+ expla9$ ?is ,proposition ,ari/otle cont9ues ?us3 ,we notice _m objects consi/+ ( a motor & a motum1 i4e41 objects :i* set o!r ?+s 9 motion1 & :il/ do+ s are !mselves set 9 motion by o!r ?+s2 su* is cle>ly ! case z reg>ds all ! middle memb]s ( a s]ies ( ?+s 9 motion4 ,we also see a ?+ t is mov$1 b does n itself move any?+1 viz41 ! la/ memb] ( ! s]ies2 consequ5tly a motor mu/ exi/ )\t be+ at ! same "t a motum1 & t is ! ,prime ,motor1 :i*1 n be+ subject to motion1 is indivisible1 incorporeal1 & indep5d5t ( "t1 z has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ argum5t4 ,?ird ,philosophical ,argum5t4--,?is is tak5 f ! words ( ,ari/otle1 ?\gh he gives x 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,x runs z foll[s3 ,!re is no d\bt t _m ?+s actually exi/1 z1 e4g41 ?+s p]ceiv$ ) ! s5ses4 ,n[ !re are only ?ree cases conceivable1 viz41 ei!r all ^! ?+s are )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 or all ( !m h beg9n+ & end1 or "s are ) & "s )\t beg9n+ & end4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree cases is altoge!r inadmissible1 s9ce we cle>ly p]ceive objects :i* come into exi/5ce & are subsequ5tly de/roy$4 ,! second case is likewise inadmissible1 = if ev]y?+ _h b a tempor>y exi/5ce all ?+s might be de/roy$1 & t :i* is enunciat$ ( a :ole class ( ?+s z possible is necess>ily actual4 ,all ?+s mu/ !re=e come to an end1 & !n no?+ w\ld ev] be 9 exi/5ce1 = !re w\ld n exi/ any be+ to produce any?+4 ,consequ5tly no?+ :atev] w\ld exi/ if all ?+s 7 transi5t2 b z we see ?+s exi/+1 & f9d ourselves 9 exi/5ce we conclude z foll[s3--,s9ce !re are und\bt$ly be+s ( a tempor>y exi/5ce1 !re mu/ also be an et]nal be+ t is n subject to de/ruction1 & ^: exi/5ce is real1 n m]ely possible4 ,x has be5 fur!r argu$ t ! exi/5ce ( ?is be+ is necess>y1 ei!r on acc\nt ( itself alone or on acc\nt ( "s ext]nal =ce4 ,9 ! latt] case its exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce w\ld be equally possible1 because ( its own prop]ties1 b its exi/5ce w\ld be necess>y on acc\nt ( ! ext]nal =ce4 ,t =ce w\ld !n be ! be+ t possesses absolute exi/5ce 7,prop4 ,,xix474 ,x is !re=e c]ta9 t !re mu/ be a be+ :i* has absolutely indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & is ! s\rce ( ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s1 :e!r transi5t or p]man5t1 if1 z ,ari/otle assumes1 !re is 9 exi/5ce su* a ?+1 :i* is ! effect ( an et]nal cause1 & mu/ !re=e itself be et]nal4 ,?is is a pro( ! correctness ( :i* is n d\bt$1 disput$1 or reject$1 except by ^? :o h no k ( ! me?od ( pro(4 ,we fur!r say t ! exi/5ce ( any?+ t has indep5d5t exi/5ce is n due to any cause 7,prop4 ,x471 & t su* a be+ does n include any plurality :atev] 7,prop4 ,,xxi472 consequ5tly x _c be a body1 nor a =ce resid+ 9 a body 7,prop4 ,,xxii474 ,x is n[ cle> t !re mu/ be a be+ ) absolutely indep5d5t exi/5ce1 a be+ ^: exi/5ce _c be attribut$ to any ext]nal cause1 & :i* does n include diff]5t elem5ts2 x _c !re=e be corporeal1 or a =ce resid+ 9 a corporeal object2 ?is be+ is ,god4 ,x c easily be prov$ t absolutely indep5d5t exi/5ce _c be attribut$ to two be+s4 ,=1 if t 7 ! case1 absolutely indep5d5t exi/5ce w\ld be a prop]ty add$ to ! sub/ance ( bo?2 nei!r ( !m w\ld be absolutely indep5d5t on acc\nt ( _! ess5ce1 b only ?r\gh a c]ta9 prop]ty1 viz41 t ( ?is indep5d5t exi/5ce1 :i* is common to bo?4 ,x c besides be %[n 9 _m ways t indep5d5t exi/5ce _c be reconcil$ ) ! pr9ciple ( dualism by any means4 ,x w\ld make no diff]5ce1 :e!r we imag9e two be+s ( simil> or ( diff]5t prop]ties4 ,! reason = all ?is is to be s\ght 9 ! absolute simplicity & 9 ! utmo/ p]fection ( ! ess5ce ( ?is be+1 :i* is ! only memb] ( its species1 & does n dep5d on any cause :atev]2 ?is be+ has !re=e no?+ 9 common ) o!r be+s4 ,f\r? ,argum5t4--,?is is likewise a well-kn[n philosophical argum5t4 ,we con/antly see ?+s pass+ f a /ate ( pot5tiality to t ( actuality1 b 9 e su* case !re is = t transition ( a ?+ an ag5t sep>ate f x 7,prop4 ,,xviii474 ,x is likewise cle> t ! ag5t has also pass$ f pot5tiality to actuality4 ,x has at fir/ be5 pot5tial1 because x c\ld n be actual1 ow+ to "s ob/acle conta9$ 9 itself1 or on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( a c]ta9 relation betwe5 itself & ! object ( its action2 x became an actual ag5t z soon z t relation 0 pres5t4 ,:i*ev] cause be assum$1 an ag5t is aga9 necess>y to remove ! ob/acle or to create ! relation4 ,! same c be argu$ respect+ ?is la/-m5tion$ ag5t t creates ! relation or removes ! ob/acle4 ,?is s]ies ( causes _c g on ad inf9itum2 we mu/ at la/ arrive at a cause ( ! transition ( an object f ! /ate ( pot5tiality to t ( actuality1 :i* is con/ant1 & admits ( no pot5tiality :atev]4 ,9 ! ess5ce ( ?is cause no?+ exi/s pot5tially1 = if its ess5ce includ$ any possibility ( exi/5ce x w\ld n exi/ at all 7,prop4 ,,xxiii472 x _c be corporeal1 b x mu/ be spiritual 7,prop4 ,,xxiv472 & ! immat]ial be+ t includes no possibility :atev]1 b exi/s actually by its own ess5ce1 is ,god4 ,s9ce ,he is incorporeal1 z has be5 demon/rat$1 x foll[s t ,he is ,"o 7,prop4 ,,xvi474 ,ev5 if we 7 to admit ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 we c\ld by any ( ^! me?ods prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 t ,he is ,"o & incorporeal1 & t ,he does n reside z a =ce 9 a corporeal object4 ,! foll[+ is likewise a correct me?od to prove ! ,incorporeality & ! ,unity ( ,god3 ,if !re 7 two ,gods1 !y w\ld necess>ily h "o elem5t 9 common by virtue ( :i* !y 7 ,gods1 & ano!r elem5t by :i* !y 7 di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r & exi/$ z two ,gods2 ! di/+ui%+ elem5t w\ld ei!r be 9 bo? diff]5t f ! prop]ty common to bo?--9 t case bo? ( !m w\ld consi/ ( diff]5t elem5ts1 & nei!r ( !m w\ld be ! ,fir/ ,cause1 or h absolutely indep5d5t exi/5ce2 b _! exi/5ce w\ld dep5d on c]ta9 causes 7,prop4 ,,xix47--or ! di/+ui%+ elem5t w\ld only 9 "o ( !m be diff]5t f ! elem5t common to bo?3 !n t be+ c\ld n h absolute indep5d5ce4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! ,unity ( ,god4--,x has be5 demon/rat$ by pro( t ! :ole exi/+ _w is "o organic body1 all p>ts ( :i* are connect$ toge!r2 also1 t ! influ5ces ( ! sph]es above p]vade ! e>?ly sub/ance & prep>e x = its =ms4 ,h5ce x is impossible to assume t "o deity be engag$ 9 =m+ "o "p1 & ano!r deity 9 =m+ ano!r "p ( t organic body ( :i* all p>ts are closely connect$ toge!r4 ,a duality c\ld only be imag9$ 9 ?is way1 ei!r t at "o "t ! "o deity is active1 ! o!r at ano!r "t1 or t bo? act simultane\sly1 no?+ be+ done except by bo? toge!r4 ,! fir/ alt]native is c]ta9ly absurd = _m reasons2 if at ! "t ! "o deity be active ! o!r c\ld also be active1 !re is no reason :y ! "o deity %\ld !n act & ! o!r n2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be impossible = ! "o deity to act :5 ! o!r is at "w1 !re mu/ be "s o!r cause besides ^! deities :i* at a c]ta9 "t enables ! "o to act & disables ! o!r4 ,su* diff]5ce w\ld n be caus$ by "t1 s9ce "t is )\t *ange1 & ! object ( ! action likewise rema9s "o & ! same organic :ole4 ,besides1 if two deities exi/$ 9 ?is way1 bo? w\ld be subject to ! relations ( "t1 s9ce _! actions w\ld dep5d on "t2 !y w\ld also 9 ! mom5t ( act+ pass f pot5tiality to actuality1 & require an ag5t = su* transition2 _! ess5ce w\ld besides include possibility ( exi/5ce4 ,x is equally absurd to assume t bo? toge!r produce ev]y?+ 9 exi/5ce1 & t nei!r ( !m does any?+ alone2 = :5 a numb] ( =ces mu/ be unit$ = a c]ta9 result1 none ( ^! =ces acts ( its own accord1 & none is by itself ! imm$iate cause ( t result1 b _! union is ! imm$iate cause4 ,x has1 fur!rmore1 be5 prov$ t ! action ( ! absolute _c be due to an ext]nal cause4 ,! union is also an act :i* presupposes a cause effect+ t union1 & if t cause be "o1 x is und\bt$ly ,god2 b if x also consi/s ( a numb] ( sep>ate =ces1 a cause is requir$ = ! comb9ation ( ^! =ces1 z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,f9ally1 "o simple be+ mu/ be arriv$ at1 t is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se1 :i* is "o :ole2 x w\ld make no diff]5ce :e!r we assum$ t ! ,fir/ ,cause _h produc$ ! ,univ]se by creatio ex nihilo1 or :e!r ! ,univ]se co-exi/$ ) ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,x is ?us cle> h[ we c prove ! ,unity ( ,god f ! fact t ?is ,univ]se is "o :ole4 ,ano!r argum5t conc]n+ ! ,incorporeality ( ,god4--,e corporeal object is compos$ ( matt] & =m 7,prop4 ,,xxii472 e comp\nd ( ^! two elem5ts requires an ag5t = effect+ _! comb9ation4 ,besides1 x is evid5t t a body is divisible & has dim5sions2 a body is ?us und\bt$ly subject to accid5ts4 ,consequ5tly no?+ corporeal c be a unity1 ei!r because ev]y?+ corporeal is divisible or because x is a comp\nd2 t is to say1 x c logically be analys$ into two elem5ts2 because a body c only be said to be a c]ta9 body :5 ! di/+ui%+ elem5t is add$ to ! corporeal sub/ratum1 & mu/ !re=e include two elem5ts2 b x has be5 prov$ t ! ,absolute admits ( no dualism :atev]4 ,n[ t we h discuss$ ^! pro(s1 we w exp\nd our own me?od 9 accordance ) our promise4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! fif? ess5ce1 i4e41 ! heav5ly sph]es1 mu/ ei!r be transi5t1 & 9 ?is case motion w\ld likewise be tempor>y1 or1 z our oppon5t assumes1 x mu/ be et]nal4 ,if ! sph]es are transi5t1 !n ,god is _! ,creator2 = if any?+ comes into exi/5ce aft] a p]iod ( non-exi/5ce1 x is self-evid5t t an ag5t exi/s :i* has effect$ ?is result4 ,x w\ld be absurd to cont5d t ! ?+ itself effect$ x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! heav5ly sph]es be et]nal1 ) a regul> p]petual motion1 ! cause ( ?is p]petual motion1 accord+ to ! ,propositions enum]at$ 9 ! ,introduction1 mu/ be some?+ t is nei!r a body1 nor a =ce resid+ 9 a body1 & t is ,god1 prais$ be ,8 "n6 ,we h ?us %[n t :e!r we believe 9 ! ,creatio ex ,nihilo1 or 9 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 we c prove by demon/rative argum5ts ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 i4e41 an absolute ,be+1 ^: exi/5ce _c be attribut$ to any cause1 or admit 9 itself any pot5tiality4 ,! !ory t ,god is ,"o & ,incorporeal has likewise be5 e/abli%$ by pro( )\t any ref]5ce to ! !ory ( ! ,creation or ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ by u 9 ! ?ird philosophical argum5t 9 support ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 & also 9 our subsequ5t description ( ! me?ods ( ! philosoph]s 9 prov+ ! ,incorporeality & ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,we deem x n[ conv5i5t to cont9ue ) ! !ory ( ! philosoph]s1 & to give _! pro(s = ! exi/5ce ( ,intellig5ces4 ,we w !n %[ t _! !ory 9 ?is reg>d is 9 h>mony ) ! tea*+ ( ,scripture conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( angels4 ,aft] ! full treatm5t ( ?is subject we %all return to our task & discuss ! !ory ( creatio ex nihilo4 ,= ! be/ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory _c be fully compreh5d$ unless ! !ory ( ! exi/5ce ( ,intellig5ces be well und]/ood1 & also ! me?od :i* ,i adopt 9 prov+ _! exi/5ce4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 fir/ give ! foll[+ note1 :i* w introduce y into ! secrets ( ?is :ole subject1 bo? ( t :i* we h already giv5 & ( :at w yet be giv54 ,note4--,x 0 n my int5tion :5 writ+ ?is treatise to exp\nd natural sci5ce or discuss metaphysical sy/ems2 x 0 n my object to prove tru?s :i* h already be5 demon/rat$1 or describe ! numb] & ! prop]ties ( ! sph]es3 = ! books writt5 on ^! subjects s]ve _! purpose1 & if 9 "s po9ts !y are n satisfactory1 ,i d n ?9k t :at ,i c\ld say w\ld be bett] ?an :at has already be5 expla9$ by o!rs4 ,b my int5tion 01 z has be5 /at$ 9 ! ,introduction1 to exp\nd ,biblical passages :i* h be5 impugn$1 & to elucidate _! hidd5 & true s5se1 :i* is above ! compreh5sion ( ! multitude4 ,:5 y !re=e notice t ,i prove ! exi/5ce & numb] ( ,intellig5ces or ! numb] ( ! sph]es1 ) ! causes ( _! motion1 or discuss ! true relation ( matt] & =m1 ! mean+ ( ,div9e manife/ation1 or simil> subjects1 y mu/ n ?9k t ,i int5d m]ely to e/abli% a c]ta9 philosophical proposition2 = ^! subjects h be5 discuss$ 9 _m books1 & mo/ ( !m h be5 demon/rat$ by pro(4 ,i only desire to m5tion t :i* might1 :5 well und]/ood1 s]ve z a means ( remov+ "s ( ! d\bts conc]n+ any?+ taught 9 ,scripture2 & inde$ _m difficulties w disappe> :5 t :i* ,i am ab\t to expla9 is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,f ! ,introduction to ?is treatise y may le>n t its pr9cipal object is to exp\nd1 z f> z c be done1 ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation 7,g54 i4-iii471 & ( ! ,div9e ,*>iot 7,ezek4 i471 & to answ] que/ions rais$ 9 respect to ,prophecy & to ! k ( ,god4 ,y w sometimes notice t ,i am r explicit on tru?s already asc]ta9$2 "s ( !m ,natural ,philosophy has e/abli%$ z facts2 o!rs ,metaphysics has ei!r fully demon/rat$1 or at lea/ %[n to be wor?y ( belief2 o!rs ,ma!matics h made pla94 ,b y w inv>iably f9d t my exposition includes ! key = ! und]/&+ ( "s allegorical passage ( ,holy ,writ & its esot]ic int]pretation1 & t ,i h m5tion$1 expla9$1 & demon/rat$ ! subject only because x fur!rs ! k ( ! 8,div9e ,*>iot10 or 8! ,creation10 or expla9s "s pr9ciple ) respect to ,prophecy1 or to ! belief 9 any ( ! tru?s taught 9 ,scripture4 ,n[1 hav+ made ?is /atem5t1 we return to ! subject ( :i* we began to treat4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! !ory ( ,ari/otle 9 respect to ! causes ( ! motion ( ! sph]es l$ him to assume ! exi/5ce ( ,intellig5ces4 ,al?\gh ?is !ory consi/s ( ass]tions :i* _c be prov$1 yet x is ! lea/ op5 to d\bt1 & is m sy/ematic ?an any o!r1 z has be5 /at$ by ,alex&] 9 ! book call$ ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,univ]se4 ,x includes maxims :i* are id5tical ) ^? taught 9 ,scripture1 & x is to a /ill great] ext5t 9 h>mony ) doctr9es conta9$ 9 well-kn[n g5u9e ,midra%im1 z w be expla9$ by me4 ,= ?is reason ,i w cite 8 views & 8 pro(s1 & collect f !m :at co9cides ) ! tea*+s ( ,scripture1 & agrees ) ! doctr9e held by our ,sages4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! enunciation t ! heav5ly sph]e is end[$ ) a s\l w appe> reasonable to all :o suffici5tly reflect on x2 b at fir/ ?\ght !y may f9d x un9telligible or ev5 objectionable2 because !y wrongly assume t :5 we ascribe a s\l to ! heav5ly sph]es we mean some?+ l ! s\l ( man1 or t ( an ass1 or ox4 ,we m]ely int5d to say t ! locomotion ( ! sph]e und\bt$ly leads u to assume "s inh]5t pr9ciple by :i* x moves2 & ?is pr9ciple is c]ta9ly a s\l4 ,= x w\ld be absurd to assume t ! pr9ciple ( ! circul> motion ( ! sph]es 0 l t ( ! rectil9e> motion ( a /one d[nw>d or ( fire upw>ds1 = ! cause ( ! latt] motion is a natural prop]ty & n a s\l2 a ?+ set 9 motion by a natural prop]ty moves only z long z x is away f ! prop] place ( its elem5t1 b :5 x has aga9 arriv$ !re1 x comes to re/2 :il/ ! sph]e cont9ues its circul> motion 9 its own place4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n because ! sph]e has a s\l1 t x moves 9 ?is mann]2 = animate be+s move ei!r by in/9ct or by reason4 ,by 8in/9ct0 ,i mean ! int5tion ( an animal to approa* some?+ agreeable1 or to retreat f some?+ disagreeable2 e4g41 to approa* ! wat] x seeks because ( ?ir/1 or to retreat f ! sun because ( its heat4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r t ?+ really exi/s or is m]ely imag9>y1 s9ce ! imag9ation ( some?+ agreeable or ( some?+ disagreeable likewise causes ! animal to move4 ,! heav5ly sph]e does n move = ! purpose ( )draw+ f :at is bad or approa*+ :at is good4 ,= 9 ! fir/ in/ance x moves t[>d ! same po9t f :i* x has mov$ away1 & vice v]s x moves away f ! same po9t t[>ds :i* x has mov$4 ,secondly1 if ?is 7 ! object ( ! motion1 we %\ld expect t ! sph]e w\ld move t[>ds a c]ta9 po9t1 & w\ld !n re/2 = if x mov$ = ! purpose ( avoid+ some?+1 & nev] obta9$ t object1 ! motion w\ld be 9 va94 ,! circul> motion ( ! sph]e is consequ5tly due to ! action ( "s idea :i* produces ?is p>ticul> k9d ( motion2 b z ideas are only possible 9 intellectual be+s1 ! heav5ly sph]e is an intellectual be+4 ,b ev5 a be+ t is end[$ ) ! faculty ( =m+ an idea1 & possesses a s\l ) ! faculty ( mov+1 does n *ange its place on ea* occasion t x =ms an idea2 = an idea alone does n produce motion1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics4 ,we c easily und]/& ?is1 :5 we consid] h[ (t5 we =m ideas ( c]ta9 ?+s1 yet d n move t[>ds !m1 ?\gh we are able to d s2 x is only :5 a desire arises = ! ?+ imag9$1 t we move 9 ord] to obta9 x4 ,we h ?us %[n t bo? ! s\l1 ! pr9ciple ( motion1 & ! intellect1 ! s\rce ( ! ideas1 w\ld n produce motion )\t ! exi/5ce ( a desire = ! object ( :i* an idea has be5 =m$4 ,x foll[s t ! heav5ly sph]e mu/ h a desire = ! ideal :i* x has compreh5d$1 & t ideal1 = :i* x has a desire1 is ,god1 exalt$ be ,8 "n6 ,:5 we say t ,god moves ! sph]es1 we mean x 9 ! foll[+ s5se3 ! sph]es h a desire to become simil> to ! ideal compreh5d$ by !m4 ,?is ideal1 h[ev]1 is simple 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 & n subject to any *ange or alt]ation1 b con/ant 9 produc+ ev]y?+ good1 :il/ ! sph]es are corporeal2 ! latt] c !re=e n be l ?is ideal 9 any o!r way1 except 9 ! production ( circul> motion2 = ?is is ! only action ( corporeal be+s t c be p]petual2 x is ! mo/ simple motion ( a body2 !re is no *ange 9 ! ess5ce ( ! sph]e1 nor 9 ! b5eficial results ( its motion4 ,:5 ,ari/otle _h arriv$ at ?is result1 he fur!r inve/igat$ ! subject1 & f\nd1 by pro(1 t !re 7 _m sph]es1 & t all mov$ 9 circles1 b ea* ) its peculi> motion z reg>ds velocity & direction4 ,he naturally argu$ t ! ideal compreh5d$ by ! "o sph]e1 :i* completes its circuit 9 "o day1 is diff]5t f t ( ano!r sph]e :i* completes its circuit 9 ?irty ye>s2 he ?us arriv$ at ! conclusion t !re 7 z _m ideals z !re 7 sph]es2 ea* sph]e has a desire = t ideal :i* is ! s\rce ( its exi/5ce1 & t desire is ! cause ( its individual motion1 s t 9 fact ! ideal sets ! sph]e 9 motion4 ,ari/otle does n say1 nor does any o!r au?ority1 t !re are t5 or a hundr$ ideals2 he simply /ates t _! numb] agrees ) t ( ! sph]es4 ,:51 !re=e1 "s ( 8 contempor>ies held t ! numb] ( sph]es 0 fifty1 he said1 if t 0 true1 ! numb] ( ideals mu/ likewise be fifty4 ,= ! s*ol>s 9 8 "t 7 few & possess$ b imp]fect le>n+2 !y ?\ght t !re mu/ be a sep>ate sph]e = ea* movem5t1 because !y did n "k t :at appe> to be sev]al di/9ct movem5ts c be expla9$ z result+ f ! incl9ation ( "o sph]e z is1 e4g41 ! case ) ! *ange 9 ! longitude ( a />1 its decl9ation & ! places ( its ris+ & sett+ notic$ 9 ! circle ( ! horizon4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 does n conc]n u at pres5t2 let u !re=e return to our subject4 ,! lat] philosoph]s assum$ t5 ,intellig5ces1 because !y c\nt$ ! sph]es conta9+ />s & ! all-encompass+ sph]e1 al?\gh "s ( ! sph]es includ$ sev]al di/9ct orbits4 ,!re are altoge!r n9e sph]es1 viz41 ! all-encompass+ sph]e1 t ( ! fix$ />s1 & ^? ( ! sev5 planets2 n9e ,intellig5ces correspond to ! n9e sph]es2 ! t5? ,intellig5ce is ! ,active ,intellect4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! latt] is prov$ by ! transition ( our intellect f a /ate ( pot5tiality to t ( actuality1 & by ! same transition 9 ! case ( ! =ms ( all transi5t be+s4 ,= :atev] passes f pot5tiality into actuality1 requires = t transition an ext]nal ag5t ( ! same k9d z itself4 ,?us ! build] does n build ! /oreh\se 9 8 capacity ( workman1 b 9 t ( a p]son t has ! =m ( ! /oreh\se 9 8 m9d2 & t =m ( ! build+ :i* exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ! build] caus$ ! transition ( ! pot5tial =m ( ! /oreh\se into actuality1 & impress$ x on ! mat]ial ( ! build+4 ,z t :i* gives =m to matt] mu/ itself be pure =m1 s ! s\rce ( intellect mu/ itself be pure intellect1 & ?is s\rce is ! ,active ,intellect4 ,! relation ( ! latt] to ! elem5ts & _! comp\nds is ! same z t ( ! ,intellig5ces to _! respective sph]es2 & our intellect 9 action1 :i* orig9ates 9 ! ,active ,intellect1 & enables u to compreh5d t intellect1 f9ds a p>allel 9 ! intellect ( ea* ( ! sph]es :i* orig9ates 9 ! ,intellig5ce correspond+ to t sph]e1 & enables ! sph]e to compreh5d t ,intellig5ce1 to =m an idea ( x1 & to move 9 seek+ to become simil> to x4 ,ari/otle fur!r inf]s1 :at has already be5 expla9$1 t ,god does n act by means ( direct contact4 ,:51 e4g41 ,he de/roys any?+ ) fire1 ! fire is set 9 motion ?r\gh ! movem5t ( ! sph]es1 & ! sph]es by ! ,intellig5ces2 ! latt]1 :i* are id5tical ) 8! angels10 & act by direct influ5ce1 are consequ5tly1 ea* 9 its turn1 ! cause ( ! motion ( ! sph]es2 z h[ev]1 purely spiritual be+s d n diff] 9 _! ess5ce1 & are by no means discrete quantities1 he 7,ari/otle7 came to ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,god creat$ ! fir/ ,intellig5ce1 ! motive ag5t ( ! fir/ sph]e2 ! ,intellig5ce :i* causes ! second sph]e to move has its s\rce & orig9 9 ! fir/ ,intellig5ce1 & s on2 ! ,intellig5ce :i* sets ! sph]e ne>e/ to ! e>? 9 motion is ! s\rce & orig9 ( ! ,active ,intellect1 ! la/ 9 ! s]ies ( purely spiritual be+s4 ,! s]ies ( mat]ial bodies simil>ly beg9s ) ! upp]mo/ sph]e1 & ends ) ! elem5ts & _! comp\nds4 ,! ,intellig5ce :i* moves ! upp]mo/ sph]e _c be ! ,absolute ,be+1 = !re is an elem5t common to all ,intellig5ces1 namely1 ! prop]ty ( be+ ! motive ag5t ( a sph]e1 & !re is ano!r elem5t by :i* ea* ( !m is di/+ui%$ f ! re/2 ea* ( ! t5 ,intellig5ces includes1 !re=e1 two elem5ts1 & consequ5tly ano!r be+ mu/ be ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,?is is ! !ory & op9ion ( ,ari/otle on ^! que/ions1 & 8 pro(s1 :]e pro( is possible1 are giv5 9 v>i\s works ( ! ,ari/otelian s*ool4 ,9 %ort1 he believes t ! sph]es are animat$ & intellectual be+s1 capable ( fully compreh5d+ ! pr9cipia ( _! exi/5ce2 t !re exi/ purely spiritual be+s 7,intellig5ces71 :i* d n reside 9 corporeal objects1 & :i* d]ive exi/5ce f ,god2 & t ^! =m ! int]m$iate elem5t betwe5 ,god & ?is mat]ial _w4 ,9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[ ,i w %[ h[ f> ! tea*+ ( ,scripture is 9 h>mony ) ^! views1 & h[ f> x diff]s f !m4 ,,*apt] ,v ,scripture supports ! !ory t ! sph]es are animate & intellectual1 i4e41 capable ( compreh5d+ ?+s2 t !y are n1 z ignorant p]sons believe1 inanimate masses l fire & e>?1 b are1 z ! philosoph]s ass]t1 end[$ ) life1 & s]ve _! ,"l1 :om !y mightily praise & glorify2 comp4 8,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god10 etc4 7,ps4 xix4 #b74 ,x is a great error to ?9k t ?is is a m]e figure ( spee*2 = ! v]bs 8to decl>e0 & 8to relate10 :5 jo9$ toge!r1 are1 9 ,hebrew1 only us$ ( intellectual be+s4 ,t ! ,psalmi/ really means to describe ! heav5s' own do+1 9 o!r words1 :at ! sph]es actually d1 & n :at man ?9ks ( !m1 may be be/ inf]r$ f ! words1 8,!re is no spee*1 nor language1 _! voice is n he>d0 7v]4 #d74 ,"h he cle>ly %[s t he describes ! heav5s !mselves z 9 reality prais+ ,god1 & decl>+ ,8 wond]s )\t words ( lip & tongue4 ,:5 man praises ,god 9 words actually utt]$1 he only relates ! ideas :i* he has conceiv$1 b ^! ideas =m ! real praise4 ,! reason :y he gives expression to ^! ideas is to be f\nd 9 8 desire to communicate !m to o!rs1 or to make himself sure t he has truly conceiv$ !m4 ,!re=e x is said1 8,commune ) y\r own he>t ^u y\r b$1 & be /ill0 7,ps4 iv4 #e74 ,only ignorant or ob/9ate p]sons w\ld refuse to admit ?is pro( tak5 f ,scripture4 ,z to ! op9ion ( our ,sages1 ,i d n see any necessity = exp\nd+ or demon/rat+ x4 ,consid] only ! =m !y gave to ! bless+ recit$ on see+ ! new moon1 ! ideas repeat$ly occurr+ 9 ! pray]s & ! rem>ks 9 ! ,midra% on ! foll[+ & simil> passages3--8,& ! ho/ ( heav5 wor%ippe? !e0 7,neh4 ix4 #f72 8,:5 ! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy0 7,job xxxviii4 #g74 ,9 ,b]e%it ,rabba1 on ! passage--8,& ! e>? 0 empty & =mless0 7,g54 i4 #b71 our ,sages rem>k z foll[s3 8,! words tohu & bohu mean m\rn+ & cry+2 ! e>? m\rn$ & cri$ on acc\nt ( h] evil lot1 say+1 #8,i & ! heav5s 7 creat$ toge!r1 & yet ! be+s above live = ev]1 & we are mortal4'0 ,our ,sages1 by ?is rem>k1 indicate _! belief t ! sph]es are animat$ be+s1 & n inanimate matt] l ! elem5ts4 ,! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 t ! sph]es are capable ( compreh5sion & conception1 is 9 accordance ) ! words ( our prophets & our !ologians or ,sages4 ,! philosoph]s fur!r agree t ?is _w bel[ is gov]n$ by influ5ces emanat+ f ! sph]es1 & t ! latt] compreh5d & h k ( ! ?+s :i* !y influ5ce4 ,?is !ory is also met ) 9 ,scripture2 comp4 ! />s & all ! ho/ ( heav5 8:i* ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? divid$ unto all nations0 7,deut4 iv4 #ai71 t is to say1 ! />s1 :i* ,god appo9t$ to be ! means ( gov]n+ ,8 creatures1 & n ! objects ( man's wor%ip4 ,x has !re=e be5 /at$ cle>ly3 8,& to rule ov] ! day & ov] ! night0 7,g54 i4 #ah74 ,! t]m 8rul+0 "h ref]s to ! p[] :i* ! sph]es possess ( gov]n+ ! e>?1 9 addition to ! prop]ty ( giv+ light & d>kness4 ,! latt] prop]ty is ! direct cause ( g5esis & de/ruction2 x is describ$ 9 ! words1 8,& to divide ! light f ! d>kness0 7ibid474 ,x is impossible to assume t ^? :o rule a ?+ are ignorant ( t v ?+ :i* !y rule1 if we take 8to rule0 9 its prop] s5se4 ,we w add ano!r *apt] on ?is subject4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,z = ! exi/5ce ( angels1 !re is no necessity to cite any pro( f ,scripture1 :]e ! fact is frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,! t]m elohim signifies 8judges02 comp4 8,! cause ( bo? p>ties %all come be=e ! #8judges'0 7ha-elohim2 ,exod4 xxii4 #h74 ,x has be5 figuratively appli$ to angels1 & to ! ,creator z be+ ,judge ov] ! angels4 ,:5 ,god says1 8,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god10 ! pron\n 8y\r0 ref]s to all mank9d2 b 9 ! phrase elohe ha-elohim1 ,he is describ$ z ! ,god ( ! angels1 & 9 adone ha-adonim1 z ! ,"l ( ! sph]es & ! />s1 :i* are ! ma/]s ( ! re/ ( ! corporeal creation4 ,! n\ns elohim & adonim 9 ^! phrases d n ref] to human judges or ma/]s1 because ^! are 9 rank inf]ior to ! heav5ly bodies2 mu* less d !y ref] to mank9d 9 g5]al1 includ+ ma/]s & s]vants1 or to objects ( /one & wood wor%ipp$ by "s z gods2 = x is no hon\r or greatness to ,god to be sup]ior to /one1 wood1 or a piece ( metal4 ,! phrases !re=e admit ( no o!r mean+ ?an ?is3 ,god is ! ,judge ov] ! judges2 i4e41 ov] ! angels1 & ! ,"l ov] ! sph]es4 ,we h already /at$ above t ! angels are incorporeal4 ,?is agrees ) ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle3 !re is only ?is diff]5ce 9 ! names employ$--he uses ! t]m 8,intellig5ces10 & we say in/ead 8angels40 ,8 !ory is t ! ,intellig5ces are int]m$iate be+s betwe5 ! ,prime ,cause & exi/+ ?+s1 & t !y effect ! motion ( ! sph]es1 on :i* motion ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s dep5ds4 ,?is is also ! view we meet ) 9 all p>ts ( ,scripture2 e act ( ,god is describ$ z be+ p]=m$ by angels4 ,b 8angel0 means 8mess5g]02 h5ce e "o t is intru/$ ) a c]ta9 mission is an angel4 ,ev5 ! movem5ts ( ! brute creation are sometimes due to ! action ( an angel1 :5 su* movem5ts s]ve ! purpose ( ! ,creator1 :o end[$ x ) ! p[] ( p]=m+ t movem5t2 e4g41 8,god ha? s5t ,8 angel1 & ha? %ut ! lions' m\?s t !y h n hurt me0 7,dan4 vi4 #bb74 ,ano!r in/ance may be se5 9 ! movem5ts ( ,balaam's ass1 describ$ z caus$ by an angel4 ,! elem5ts are also call$ angels4 ,comp4 8,:o make? w9ds ,8 angels1 flam+ fire ,8 m9i/]s0 7,ps4 civ4 #d74 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ^w 8angel0 is us$ ( a mess5g] s5t by man2 e4g41 8,& ,jacob s5t angels0 7,g54 xxxii4 #d72 ( a prophet1 e4g41 8,& an angel ( ! ,"l came up f ,gilgal to ,bo*im0 7,judges ii4 #a72 8,& ,he s5t an angel1 & ha? br\ght u =? out ( ,egypt0 7,num4 xx4 #af74 ,x is also us$ ( ideals1 p]ceiv$ by prophets 9 prophetic visions1 & ( man's animal p[]s1 z w be expla9$ 9 ano!r place4 ,:5 we ass]t t ,scripture tea*es t ,god rules ?is _w ?r\gh angels1 we mean su* angels z are id5tical ) ! ,intellig5ces4 ,9 "s passages ! plural is us$ ( ,god1 e4g41 8,let u make man 9 our image0 7,g54 i4 #bf72 8,g to1 let u g d[n1 & !re conf\nd _! language0 7ibid4 xi4 #g74 ,our ,sages expla9 ?is 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,god1 z x 71 does no?+ )\t contemplat+ ! ho/ above4 ,i wond] at ! expression 8contemplat+10 :i* is ! v expression us$ by ,plato3 ,god1 z x 71 8contemplates ! _w ( ideals1 & ?us produces ! exi/+ be+s40 ,9 o!r passages our ,sages express$ x m decid$ly3 8,god does no?+ )\t consult+ ! ho/ above0 7! ^w familia1 us$ 9 ! orig9al1 is a ,greek n\n1 & signifies 8ho/074 ,on ! words1 8:at !y h already made0 7,eccles4 ii4 #ab71 ! foll[+ rem>k is made 9 ,b]e%it ,rabba & 9 ,midra% ,kohele?3 8,x is n said #8:at ,he has made1' b #8:at !y h made'2 h5ce we inf] t ,he1 z x 71 ) ,8 c\rt1 h agre$ ^u ! =m ( ea* ( ! limbs ( man be=e plac+ x 9 its position1 z x is said1 #8,he ha? made !e & e/abli%$ !e'0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #f74 ,9 ,b]e%it ,rabba 7*ap4 li47 x is also /at$1 t :]ev] ! t]m 8& ! ,"l0 occurr$ 9 ,scripture1 ! ,"l ) ,8 c\rt is to be und]/ood4 ,^! passages d n convey ! idea t ,god spoke1 ?\ght1 reflect$1 or t ,he consult$ & employ$ ! op9ion ( o!r be+s1 z ignorant p]sons h believ$4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,creator be assi/$ by ^? :om ,he creat$6 ,!y only %[ t all p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1 ev5 ! limbs ( animals 9 _! actual =m1 are produc$ ?r\gh angels2 = natural =ces & angels are id5tical4 ,h[ bad & injuri\s is ! bl9dness ( ignorance6 ,say to a p]son :o is believ$ to belong to ! wise m5 ( ,israel t ! ,almighty s5ds ,8 angel to ent] ! womb ( a woman & to =m !re ! ftus1 he w be satisfi$ ) ! acc\nt2 he w believe x1 & ev5 f9d 9 x a description ( ! greatness ( ,god's might & wisdom2 al?\gh he believes t ! angel consi/s ( burn+ fire1 & is z big z a ?ird "p ( ! ,univ]se1 yet he consid]s x possible z a div9e miracle4 ,b tell him t ,god gave ! se$ a =mative p[] :i* produces & %apes ! limbs1 & t ?is p[] is call$ 8angel10 or t all =ms are ! result ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,active ,intellect1 & t ! latt] is ! angel1 ! ,pr9ce ( ! _w1 frequ5tly m5tion$ by our ,sages1 & he w turn away2 because he _c compreh5d ! true greatness & p[] ( creat+ =ces t act 9 a body )\t be+ p]ceiv$ by our s5ses4 ,our ,sages h already /at$--= him :o has und]/&+--t all =ces t reside 9 a body are angels1 mu* m ! =ces t are active 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,! !ory t ea* =ce acts only 9 "o p>ticul> way1 is express$ 9 ,b]e%it ,rabba 7*ap4 l47 z foll[s3 8,"o angel does n p]=m two ?+s1 & two angels d n p]=m "o ?+02 ?is is exactly ! prop]ty ( all =ces4 ,we may f9d a confirmation ( ! op9ion t ! natural & psy*ical =ces ( an individual are call$ angels 9 a /atem5t ( our ,sages :i* is frequ5tly quot$1 & occurs orig9ally 9 ,b]e%it ,rabba 7*ap4 lxxviii473 8,e day ,god creates a legion ( angels2 !y s+ be=e ,him1 & disappe>40 ,:51 9 opposition to ?is /atem5t1 o!r /atem5ts 7 quot$ to ! effect t angels are et]nal--&1 9 fact1 x has repeat$ly be5 %[n t !y live p]man5tly--! reply has be5 giv5 t "s angels live p]man5tly1 o!rs p]i%2 & ?is is really ! case2 = individual =ces are transi5t1 :il/ ! g5]a are p]man5t & imp]i%able4 ,aga91 we read 79 ,b]e%it ,rabba1 *ap4 lxxxv471 9 ref]5ce to ! relation betwe5 ,judah & ,tam>3 8,r4 ,jo*anan said t ,judah 0 ab\t to pass by )\t notic+ ,tam>1 b ,god caus$ ! angel ( lu/1 i4e41 ! libid9\s disposition1 to pres5t himself to him40 ,man's disposition is "h call$ an angel4 ,likewise we frequ5tly meet ) ! phrase 8! angel set ov] a c]ta9 ?+40 ,9 ,midra%-,kohele? 7on ,eccles4 x4 #g7 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 8,:5 man sleeps1 8 s\l speaks to ! angel1 ! angel to ! *]ub40 ,! intellig5t read] w f9d "h a cle> /atem5t t man's imag9ative faculty is also call$ 8angel10 & t 8*]ub0 is us$ = man's intellectual faculty4 ,h[ beautiful mu/ ?is appe> to him :o und]/&s x2 h[ absurd to ! ignorant6 ,we h already /at$ t ! =ms 9 :i* angels appe> =m "p ( ! prophetic vision4 ,"s prophets see angels 9 ! =m ( man1 e4g41 8,& behold ?ree m5 /ood by him0 7,g54 xviii4 #b72 o!rs p]ceive an angel z a fe>ful & t]rible be+1 e4g41 8,& 8 c\nt5ance 0 z ! c\nt5ance ( an angel ( ,god1 v t]rible0 7,judges xiii4 #f72 o!rs see !m z fire1 e4g41 8,& ! angel ( ! ,"l appe>$ to him 9 a flame ( fire0 7,exod4 iii4 #b74 ,9 ,b]e%it ,rabba 7*ap4 #a47 ! foll[+ rem>k occurs3 8,to ,abraham1 ^: prophetic p[] 0 great1 ! angels appe>$ 9 ! =m ( m52 to ,lot1 ^: p[] 0 weak1 !y appe>$ z angels40 ,?is is an important pr9ciple z reg>ds ,prophecy2 x w be fully discuss$ :5 we treat ( t subject 7*ap4 xxxii4 sqq474 ,ano!r passage 9 ,b]e%it ,rabba 7ibid47 runs ?us3 8,be=e ! angels h accompli%$ _! task !y are call$ m51 :5 !y h accompli%$ x !y are angels40 ,consid] h[ cle>ly !y say t ! t]m 8angel0 signifies no?+ b a c]ta9 action1 & t e appe>ance ( an angel is "p ( a prophetic vision1 dep5d+ on ! capacity ( ! p]son t p]ceives x4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle on ?is subject contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ,scripture4 ,! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 him & ourselves is ?is3 he believes all ^! be+s to be et]nal1 co-exi/+ ) ! ,fir/ ,cause z its necess>y effect2 b we believe t !y h _h a beg9n+1 t ,god creat$ ! ,intellig5ces1 & gave ! sph]es ! capacity ( seek+ to become l !m2 t 9 creat+ ! ,intellig5ces & ! sph]es1 ,he end[$ !m ) _! gov]n+ p[]s4 ,9 ?is po9t we diff] f him4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise we %all give 8 !ory z well z ! !ory ( ,creatio ex nihilo taught 9 ,scripture4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,we h already expla9$ t ! t]m 8angel0 is a homonym1 & is us$ ( ! intellectual be+s1 ! sph]es1 & ! elem5ts2 = all ^! are engag$ 9 p]=m+ a div9e comm&4 ,b d n imag9e t ! ,intellig5ces & ! sph]es are l o!r =ces :i* reside 9 bodies & act by ! laws ( nature )\t be+ consci\s ( :at !y d4 ,! sph]es & ! ,intellig5ces are consci\s ( _! actions1 & select by _! own free w ! objects ( _! influ5ce1 al?\gh n 9 ! same mann] z we ex]cise free w & rule ov] o!r ?+s1 :i* only conc]n tempor>y be+s4 ,i h be5 l$ to adopt ?is !ory by c]ta9 passages 9 ,scripture2 e4g41 an angel says to ,lot3 8,= ,i _c d any?+10 etc4 7,g54 xix4 #ba72 & tell+ him to deliv] himself1 ! angel says3 8,behold ,i h accept$ !e conc]n+ ?is ?+0 7v]4 #ba74 ,aga93 8,take he$ be=e him1 & li/5 to 8 voice10 etc4 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ba74 ,^! passages %[ t angels are consci\s ( :at !y d1 & h free w 9 ! sph]e ( action intru/$ to !m1 j z we h free w )9 our prov9ce1 & 9 accordance ) ! p[] giv5 to u ) our v exi/5ce4 ,! diff]5ce is t :at we d is ! l[e/ /age ( excell5ce1 & t our influ5ce & actions are prec$$ by non-action2 :il/ ! ,intellig5ces & ! sph]es always p]=m t :i* is good1 !y conta9 no?+ except :at is good & p]fect1 z w be %[n fur!r on1 & !y h cont9ually be5 active f ! beg9n+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,x is "o ( ! anci5t beliefs1 bo? among ! philosoph]s & o!r p1 t ! motions ( ! sph]es produc$ mighty & fe>ful s\nds4 ,!y obs]v$ h[ little objects produc$ by rapid motion a l\d1 %rill+1 & t]rify+ noise1 & conclud$ t ?is mu/ to a f> high] degree be ! case ) ! bodies ( ! sun1 ! moon & ! />s1 consid]+ _! greatness & _! velocity4 ,! ,py?agoreans believ$ t ! s\nds 7 pleasant1 &1 ?\gh l\d1 _h ! same proportions to ea* o!r z ! musical notes4 ,!y also expla9$ :y ^! mighty & trem5d\s s\nds are n he>d by u4 ,?is belief is also widespread 9 our nation4 ,?us our ,sages describe ! greatness ( ! s\nd produc$ by ! sun 9 ! daily circuit 9 its orbit4 ,! same description c\ld be giv5 ( all heav5ly bodies4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 rejects ?is1 & holds t !y produce no s\nds4 ,y w f9d 8 op9ion 9 ! book ,! ,heav5s & ! ,_w 7,de ,clo74 ,y mu/ n f9d x /range t ,ari/otle diff]s "h f ! op9ion ( our ,sages4 ,! !ory ( ! music ( ! sph]es is connect$ ) ! !ory ( ! motion ( ! />s 9 a fix$ sph]e1 & our ,sages h1 9 ?is a/ronomical "q1 ab&on$ _! own !ory 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( o!rs4 ,?us1 x is di/9ctly /at$1 8,! wise m5 ( o!r nations h defeat$ ! wise m5 ( ,israel40 ,x is q "r t our ,sages h ab&on$ _! own !ory2 = speculative matt]s e "o treats accord+ to ! results ( 8 own /udy1 & e "o accepts t :i* appe>s to him e/abli%$ by pro(4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,we h /at$ above t 9 ! age ( ,ari/otle ! numb] ( sph]es 0 n accurately kn[n2 & t ^? :o at pres5t c\nt n9e sph]es consid] a sph]e conta9+ sev]al rotat+ circles z "o1 a fact well kn[n to all :o h a k ( a/ronomy4 ,we ne$1 !re=e1 n reject ! op9ion ( ^? :o assume two sph]es 9 accordance ) ! words ( ,scripture3 8,behold ! heav5 & ! heav5 ( heav5s are ! ,"l's0 7,deut4 x4 #ad74 ,!y reckon all ! sph]es ) />s1 i4e41 ) all ! circles 9 :i* ! />s move1 z "o2 ! all-encompass+ sph]e 9 :i* !re are no />s1 is reg>d$ by !m z ! second2 h5ce !y ma9ta9 t !re are two sph]es4 ,i w "h introduce an explanation :i* is necess>y = ! und]/&+ ( our view on ! pres5t subject4 ,!re is a diff]5ce among anci5t a/ronom]s :e!r ! sph]es ( ,m]cury & ,v5us are above or bel[ ! sun1 because no pro( c be giv5 = ! position ( ^! two sph]es4 ,at fir/ x 0 g5]ally assum$ t !y 7 above ! sun--note ?is well2 lat] on ,ptolemy ma9ta9$ t !y 7 bel[ ! sun2 because he believ$ t 9 ?is mann] ! :ole arrangem5t ( ! sph]es w\ld be mo/ reasonable2 ! sun w\ld be 9 ! middle1 hav+ ?ree />s bel[ & ?ree above itself4 ,m rec5tly "s ,&alusian s*ol>s conclud$1 f c]ta9 pr9ciples laid d[n by ,ptolemy1 t ,v5us & ,m]cury 7 above ! sun4 ,ibn ,afla ( ,seville1 ) ^: son ,i 0 acqua9t$1 has writt5 a fam\s book on ! subject2 also ! excell5t philosoph] ,abu-,bekr ibn-,alaig1 "o ( ^: pupils 0 my fell[-/ud5t1 has treat$ ( ?is subject & (f]$ c]ta9 pro(s--:i* we h copi$--( ! improbability ( ,v5us & ,m]cury be+ above ! sun4 ,! pro(s giv5 by ,abu-,bekr %[ only ! improbability1 n ! impossibility4 ,9 %ort1 :e!r x be s or n1 ! anci5ts plac$ ,v5us & ,m]cury above ! sun1 & _h1 !re=e1 ! foll[+ five sph]es3 t ( ! moon1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! ne>e/ to u2 t ( ! sun1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 above ! =m]2 !n t ( ! five planets1 ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 & ! out]mo/ sph]e1 :i* does n conta9 any />4 ,consequ5tly !re are f\r sph]es conta9+ figures1 i4e41 />s1 :i* 7 call$ figures by ! anci5ts 9 _! well-kn[n works--viz41 ! sph]es ( ! fix$ />s1 ( ! five planets1 ( ! sun1 & ( ! moon2 above ^! !re is "o sph]e :i* is empty1 )\t any />4 ,?is numb] is = me ( great importance 9 respect to an idea :i* none ( ! philosoph]s cle>ly /at$1 ?\gh ,i 0 l$ to x by v>i\s utt]ances ( ! philosoph]s & ( our ,sages4 ,i w n[ /ate ! idea & exp\nd x4 ,,*apt] ,x ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! philosoph]s1 :5 !y discuss 9 _! works ! ord] ( ! ,univ]se1 assume t ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s 9 ?is sublun>y _w ( transi5t be+s dep5ds on =ces :i* emanate f ! sph]es4 ,we h m5tion$ ?is sev]al times4 ,9 l mann] our ,sages say1 8,!re is no s+le h]b bel[ )\t its correspond+ /> above1 t beats ^u x & comm&s x to gr[40 ,comp4 8,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( heav58 ,can/ ?\ set ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?80 7,job xxxviii4 #cc74 ,! t]m mazzal1 lit]ally mean+ a con/ellation 9 ! ,zodiac1 is also us$ ( e />1 z may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ passage 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,b]e%it ,rabba 7*ap4 x473 8,:ile "o /> 7mazzal7 completes its circuit 9 ?irty days1 ano!r completes x 9 ?irty ye>s40 ,!y h ?us cle>ly express$ x1 t ev5 ea* individual be+ 9 ?is _w has its correspond+ />4 ,al?\gh ! influ5ces ( ! sph]es ext5d ov] all be+s1 !re is besides ! influ5ce ( a p>ticul> /> direct$ to ea* p>ticul> species2 a fact notic$ also 9 ref]5ce to ! sev]al =ces 9 "o organic body2 = ! :ole ,univ]se is l "o organic body1 z we h /at$ above4 ,?us ! philosoph]s speak ( ! peculi> influ5ce ( ! moon on ! p>ticul> elem5t wat]4 ,t ?is is ! case is prov$ by ! increase & decrease ( ! wat] 9 ! seas & riv]s accord+ to ! increase & decrease ( ! moon2 also by ! ris+ & ! fall+ ( ! seas accord+ to ! advance or return ( ! moon1 i4e41 h] asc5d+ & h] desc5d+ 9 ! sev]al qu>t]s ( h] c\rse4 ,?is is de> to e "o :o has direct$ 8 att5tion to ^! ph5om5a4 ,! influ5ce ( ! sun's rays ^u fire may easily be notic$ 9 ! increase ( heat or cold on e>?1 accord+ z ! sun approa*es ! e>? or rec$es or is conceal$ f x4 ,all ?is is s cle> t ,i ne$ n expla9 x fur!r4 ,n[ x occurr$ to my m9d t ! f\r sph]es :i* conta9 />s ex]cise influ5ce ^u all be+s on e>? t come into exi/5ce1 &1 9 fact1 are ! cause ( _! exi/5ce2 b ea* ( ! f\r sph]es is ! exclusive s\rce ( ! prop]ties ( "o only ( ! f\r elem5ts1 & becomes by its own motion ! cause ( ! motion & *anges ( t elem5t4 ,?us wat] is set 9 motion by ! moon-sph]e1 fire by ! sun-sph]e1 air by ! o!r planets1 :i* move 9 _m & diff]5t c\rses ) retrogressions1 progressions1 & /ations1 & !re=e produce ! v>i\s =ms ( ! air ) its frequ5t *anges1 contractions1 & expansions2 ! sph]e ( ! o!r />s1 namely1 ! fix$ />s1 sets e>? 9 motion2 & x may be t on ?is acc\nt1 viz41 on acc\nt ( ! sl[ motion ( ! fix$ />s1 e>? is b sl[ly set 9 motion to *ange & to comb9e ) o!r elem5ts4 ,! p>ticul> influ5ce :i* ! fix$ />s ex]cise ^u e>? is impli$ 9 ! say+ ( our ,sages1 t ! numb] ( ! species ( plants is ! same z t ( ! individuals includ$ 9 ! g5]al t]m 8/>s40 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ,univ]se may !re=e be assum$ to be z foll[s3 !re are f\r sph]es1 f\r elem5ts set 9 motion by !m1 & also f\r pr9cipal prop]ties :i* e>?ly be+s d]ive f !m1 z has be5 /at$ above4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are f\r causes ( ! motion ( e sph]e1 namely1 ! foll[+ f\r ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! sph]e2 its sph]ical %ape1 its s\l1 its intellect1 by :i* ! sph]e is capable ( =m+ ideas1 & ! ,intellig5ce1 :i* ! sph]e desires to imitate4 ,note ?is well4 ,! explanation ( :at ,i said is ?is3 ! sph]e c\ld n h be5 cont9u\sly 9 motion1 _h x n ?is peculi> =m2 cont9uity ( motion is only possible :5 ! motion is circul>4 ,rectil9e> motion1 ev5 if frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! same mom5t1 _c be cont9u\s2 = :5 a body moves successively 9 two opposite directions1 x mu/ pass ?r\gh a mom5t ( re/1 z has be5 demon/rat$ 9 its prop] place4 ,! necessity ( a cont9u\s motion con/antly repeat$ 9 ! same pa? implies ! necessity ( a circul> =m4 ,! sph]es mu/ h a s\l2 = only animate be+s c move freely4 ,!re mu/ be "s cause = ! motion1 & z x does n consi/ 9 ! fe> ( t :i* is injuri\s1 or ! desire ( t :i* is pr(itable1 x mu/ be f\nd 9 ! notion :i* ! sph]es =m ( a c]ta9 be+1 & 9 ! desire to approa* t be+4 ,?is =mation ( a notion dem&s1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! sph]es possess intellect2 x dem&s fur!r t some?+ exi/s :i* corresponds to t notion1 & :i* ! sph]es desire to approa*4 ,^! are ! f\r causes ( ! motion ( ! sph]es4 ,! foll[+ are ! f\r pr9cipal =ces directly d]iv$ f ! sph]es3 ! nature ( m9]als1 ! prop]ties peculi> to plants1 ! animal faculties1 & ! intellect4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! =ces %[s t !y h two functions1 namely1 to produce ?+s & to p]petuate !m2 t is to say1 to pres]ve ! species p]petually1 & ! individuals 9 ea* species = a c]ta9 "t4 ,^! are also ! functions ascrib$ to ,nature1 :i* is said to be wise1 to gov]n ! ,univ]se1 to provide1 z x 71 by plan = ! production ( liv+ be+s1 & to provide also = _! pres]vation & p]petuation4 ,nature creates =mative faculties1 :i* are ! cause ( ! production ( liv+ be+s1 & nutritive faculties z ! s\rce ( _! temporal exi/5ce & pres]vation4 ,x may be t by ,nature ! ,div9e ,w is meant1 :i* is ! orig9 ( ^! two k9ds ( faculties ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! sph]es4 ,z to ! numb] f\r1 x is /range1 & dem&s our att5tion4 ,9 ,midra% ,tanuma ! foll[+ passage occurs3 8,h[ _m /eps 7 9 ,jacob's ladd]8--,f\r40 ,! "q ref]s to ! v]se1 8,& behold a ladd] set ^u ! e>?10 etc4 7,g54 xxviii4 #ab74 ,9 all ! ,midra%im x is /at$ t !re 7 f\r ho/s ( angels2 ?is /atem5t is frequ5tly repeat$4 ,"s read 9 ! above passage3 8,h[ _m /eps 7 9 ! ladd]8--,sev540 ,b all read+s & all ,midra%im unanim\sly express t ! angels :om ,jacob saw asc5d+ ! ladd]1 & desc5d+1 7 only f\r2 two ( :om 7 go+ up & two com+ d[n4 ,^! f\r angels1 ! two t w5t up & ! two t came d[n1 occupi$ "o /ep ( ! ladd]1 /&+ 9 "o l9e4 ,h5ce x has be5 inf]r$ t ! bread? ( ! ladd] 9 ?is vision 0 f\r-?irds ( ! _w4 ,= ! bread? ( an angel 9 a prophetic vision is equal to "o-?ird ( ! _w2 comp4 8,& 8 body 0 l t>%i% 7two-six?s70 7,dan4 x4 #f72 ! f\r angels !re=e occupi$ f\r-?irds ( ! _w4--,ze*>iah1 9 describ+ ! allegorical vision ( 8! f\r *>iots t came out f betwe5 two m\nta9s1 :i* m\nta9s 7 m\nta9s ( brass0 7,ze*4 vi4 #a71 adds ! explanation1 8,^! are ! f\r spirits ( ! heav5s :i* g =? f /&+ be=e ! ,"l ( all ! e>?0 7ibid4 v]4 #e74 ,by ^! f\r spirits ! causes are meant :i* produce all *anges 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,! t]m 8brass0 7neo%et71 employ$ "h1 & ! phrase 8burni%$ brass0 7neo%et kalal71 us$ by ,ezekiel 7i4 #g71 are to "s ext5t homonym\s1 & w be discuss$ fur!r on4 ,! say+ ( our ,sages1 t ! angel is z broad z ! ?ird "p ( ! ,univ]se1 or1 9 ! words ( ,b]e%it ,rabba 7*ap4 x471 t ! angel is ! ?ird "p ( ! _w1 is q cle>2 we h already expla9$ x 9 our l>ge "w on ! ,holy ,law4 ,! :ole creation consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 7#a7 ! pure intellig5ces1 or angels2 7#b7 ! bodies ( ! sph]es2 & 7#c7 ! mat]ia prima1 or ! bodies :i* are bel[ ! sph]es1 & are subject to con/ant *ange4 ,9 ?is mann] may ^? und]/& ! d>k say+s ( ! prophets :o desire to und]/& !m1 :o awake f ! sleep ( =getfulness1 deliv] !mselves f ! sea ( ignorance1 & raise !mselves upw>d ne>] ! high] be+s4 ,b ^? :o pref] to swim 9 ! wat]s ( _! ignorance1 & to 8g d[n v l[10 ne$ n ex]t ! body or he>t2 !y ne$ only cease to move1 & !y w g d[n by ! law ( nature4 ,note & consid] well all we h said4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,:5 a simple ma!matician reads & /udies ^! a/ronomical discussions1 he believes t ! =m & ! numb] ( ! sph]es are facts e/abli%$ by pro(4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 = ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy does n aim at demon/rat+ !m1 al?\gh x includes subjects t c be prov$2 e4g41 x has be5 prov$ t ! pa? ( ! sun is incl9$ aga9/ ! equator2 ?is _c be d\bt$4 ,b x has n yet be5 decid$ :e!r ! sph]e ( ! sun is exc5tric or conta9s a revolv+ epicycle1 & ! a/ronom] does n take notice ( ?is unc]ta9ty1 = 8 object is simply to f9d an hypo!sis t w\ld lead to a uni=m & circul> motion ( ! />s )\t accel]ation1 ret>dation1 or *ange1 & :i* is 9 its effects 9 accordance ) obs]vation4 ,he w1 besides1 endeav\r to f9d su* an hypo!sis :i* w\ld require ! lea/ complicat$ motion & ! lea/ numb] ( sph]es2 he w !re=e pref] an hypo!sis :i* w\ld expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! />s by means ( ?ree sph]es to an hypo!sis :i* w\ld require f\r sph]es4 ,f ?is reason we adopt1 9 ref]5ce to ! circuit ( ! sun1 ! !ory ( exc5tricity1 & reject ! epicyclic revolution assum$ by ,ptolemy4 ,:5 we !re=e p]ceive t all fix$ />s move 9 ! same way uni=mly1 )\t ! lea/ diff]5ce1 we conclude t !y are all 9 "o sph]e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n impossible t ! />s %\ld h ea* its own sph]e1 ) a sep>ate c5tre1 & yet move 9 ! same way4 ,if ?is !ory be accept$1 a numb] ( ,intellig5ces mu/ be assum$1 equal to t ( ! />s1 & !re=e ,scripture says 9 ref]5ce to !m1 8,is !re any numb] ( 8 armies80 7,job xxv4 #c72 = ! ,intellig5ces1 ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! natural =ces1 are call$ ! armies ( ,god4 ,nev]!less ! species ( ! />s c be numb]$1 & !re=e we w\ld /ill be ju/ifi$ 9 c\nt+ ! sph]es ( ! fix$ />s collectively z "o1 j z ! five sph]es ( ! planets1 toge!r ) ! num]\s sph]es !y conta91 are reg>d$ by u z "o4 ,our object 9 adopt+ ?is numb] is1 z y h notic$1 to divide ! influ5ces :i* we c trace 9 ! ,univ]se accord+ to _! g5]al "*1 )\t desir+ to fix ! numb] ( ! ,intellig5ces & ! sph]es4 ,all we wi% to po9t out is ?is3 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! :ole ,creation is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 viz4 7#a7 ! pure ,intellig5ces2 7#b7 ! bodies ( ! sph]es end[$ ) p]man5t =ms--7! =ms ( ^! bodies d n pass f "o sub/ratum to ano!r1 nor d _! sub/rata und]go any *ange :atev]72 & 7#c7 ! transi5t e>?ly be+s1 all ( :i* consi/ ( ! same sub/ance4 ,fur!rmore1 we desire to %[ t ! rul+ p[] emanates f ! ,creator1 & is receiv$ by ! ,intellig5ces accord+ to _! ord]2 f ! ,intellig5ces "p ( ! good & ! light be/[$ ^u !m is communicat$ to ! sph]es1 & ! latt]1 be+ 9 possession ( ! abundance obta9$ ( ! ,intellig5ces1 transmit =ces & prop]ties unto ! be+s ( ?is transi5t _w4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 add t ! "p :i* b5efits ! "p bel[ x 9 ! ord] describ$ does n exi/ = ! sole purpose ( produc+ t b5efit4 ,= if ?is 7 ! case x w\ld lead to ! p>adox t ! high]1 bett]1 & nobl] be+s exi/$ = ! sake ( be+s l[] 9 rank1 :il/ 9 reality ! object %\ld be ( great] importance ?an ! means appli$ = atta9+ x4 ,no intellig5t p]son w admit t ?is is possible4 ,! nature ( ! influ5ce :i* "o "p ( ! ,creation ex]cises ^u ano!r mu/ be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,a ?+ p]fect 9 a c]ta9 way is ei!r p]fect only 9 itself1 )\t be+ able to communicate t p]fection to ano!r be+1 or x is s p]fect t x is capable ( imp>t+ p]fection to ano!r be+4 ,a p]son may possess weal? suffici5t = 8 own wants )\t be+ able to sp>e any?+ = ano!r1 or he may h weal? en\gh to b5efit also o!r p1 or ev5 to enri* !m to su* an ext5t z w\ld enable !m to give "p ( _! prop]ty to o!rs4 ,9 ! same mann] ! creative act ( ! ,almighty 9 giv+ exi/5ce to pure ,intellig5ces end[s ! fir/ ( !m ) ! p[] ( giv+ exi/5ce to ano!r1 & s on1 d[n to ! ,active ,intellect1 ! l[e/ ( ! purely spiritual be+s4 ,besides produc+ o!r ,intellig5ces1 ea* ,intellig5ce gives exi/5ce to "o ( ! sph]es1 f ! highe/ d[n to ! l[e/1 :i* is ! sph]e ( ! moon4 ,aft] ! latt] foll[s ?is transi5t _w1 i4e41 ! mat]ia prima1 & all t has be5 =m$ ( x4 ,9 ?is mann] ! elem5ts receive c]ta9 prop]ties f ea* sph]e1 & a succession ( g5esis & de/ruction is produc$4 ,we h already m5tion$ t ^! !ories are n oppos$ to any?+ taught by our ,prophets or by our ,sages4 ,our nation is wise & p]fect1 z has be5 decl>$ by ! ,mo/ ,high1 ?r\gh ,moses1 :o made u p]fect3 8,surely ?is great nation is a wise & und]/&+ p0 7,deut4 iv4 #f74 ,b :5 wick$ b>b>ians h depriv$ u ( our possessions1 put an end to our sci5ce & lit]ature1 & kill$ our wise m51 we h become ignorant2 ?is has be5 =etold by ! prophets1 :5 !y pron\nc$ ! puni%m5t = our s9s3 8,! wisdom ( _! wise m5 %all p]i%1 & ! und]/&+ ( _! prud5t m5 %all be hid0 7,isa4 xxix4 #ad74 ,we are mix$ up ) o!r nations2 we h le>nt _! op9ions1 & foll[$ _! ways & acts4 ,! ,psalmi/1 deplor+ ?is imitation ( ! actions ( o!r nations1 says1 8,!y 7 m+l$ among ! nations1 & le>n$ _! works0 7,ps4 cvi4 #ce74 ,isaiah likewise compla9s t ! ,israelites adopt$ ! op9ions ( _! neighb\rs1 & says1 8,& !y please !mselves 9 ! *ildr5 ( /rang]s0 7,isa4 ii4 #f72 or1 accord+ to ! ,aramaic v]sion ( ,jona?an1 son ( ,uzziel1 8,& !y walk 9 ! ways ( ! nations40 ,hav+ be5 br\ght up among p]sons untra9$ 9 philosophy1 we are incl9$ to consid] ^! philosophical op9ions z =eign to our religion1 j z un$ucat$ p]sons f9d !m =eign to _! own notions4 ,b1 9 fact1 x is n s4 ,s9ce we h repeat$ly spok5 ( ! influ5ce emanat+ f ,god & ! ,intellig5ces1 we w n[ proce$ to expla9 :at is ! true mean+ ( ?is influ5ce1 & aft] t ,i w discuss ! !ory ( ! ,creation4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,x is cle> t :5ev] a ?+ is produc$1 an effici5t cause mu/ exi/ = ! production ( ! ?+ t has n exi/$ previ\sly4 ,?is imm$iate effici5t cause is ei!r corporeal or incorporeal2 if corporeal1 x is n ! effici5t cause on acc\nt ( its corporeality1 b on acc\nt ( its be+ an individual corporeal object1 & !re=e by means ( its =m4 ,i w speak ( ?is subject lat] on4 ,! imm$iate effici5t cause ( a ?+ may aga9 be ! effect ( "s cause1 & s on1 b n ad inf9itum4 ,! s]ies ( causes = a c]ta9 product mu/ necess>ily conclude ) a ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* is ! true cause ( t product1 & ^: exi/5ce is n due to ano!r cause4 ,! "q rema9s1 ,:y has ?is ?+ be5 produc$ n[ & n long be=e1 s9ce ! cause has always be5 9 exi/5ce8 ,! answ] is1 t a c]ta9 relation betwe5 cause & product has be5 abs5t1 if ! cause be corporeal2 or1 t ! sub/ance has n be5 suffici5tly prep>$1 if ! cause be incorporeal4 ,all ?is is 9 accordance ) ! tea*+s ( natural sci5ce4 ,we ignore = ! pres5t ! "q :e!r to assume ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 or ! ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,we d n int5d to discuss ! "q "h4 ,9 ,physics x has be5 %[n t a body 9 act+ ^u ano!r body mu/ ei!r directly be 9 contact ) x1 or indirectly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( o!r bodies4 ,e4g41 a body t has be5 heat$ has be5 9 contact ) fire1 or ! air t surr\nds ! body has be5 heat$ by ! fire1 & has communicat$ ! heat to ! body2 ! imm$iate cause ( ! heat 9 ?is body is ! corporeal sub/ance ( ! heat$ air4 ,! magnet attracts iron f a di/ance ?r\gh a c]ta9 =ce communicat$ to ! air r\nd ! iron4 ,! magnet does !re=e n act at all di/ances1 j z fire does n act at e di/ance1 b only z long z ! air betwe5 ! fire & ! object is affect$ by ! fire4 ,:5 ! air is no long] affect$ by ! fire :i* is "u a piece ( wax1 ! latt] does n melt4 ,! same is ! case ) magnetism4 ,:5 an object t has previ\sly n be5 w>m has n[ become w>m1 ! cause ( its heat mu/ n[ h be5 creat$2 ei!r "s fire has be5 produc$1 or ! di/ance ( ! fire f ! object has be5 *ang$1 & ! alt]$ relation betwe5 ! fire & ! object is ! cause n[ creat$4 ,9 a simil> mann] we f9d ! causes ( all *anges 9 ! ,univ]se to be *anges 9 ! comb9ation ( ! elem5ts t act ^u ea* o!r :5 "o body approa*es ano!r or sep>ates f x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 *anges :i* are n connect$ ) ! comb9ation ( ! elem5ts1 b conc]n only ! =ms ( ! ?+s2 !y require likewise an effici5t cause2 !re mu/ exi/ a =ce t produces ! v>i\s =ms4 ,?is cause is incorporeal1 = t :i* produces =m mu/ itself be ab/ract =m1 z has be5 %[n 9 its prop] place4 ,i h also indicat$ ! pro( ( ?is !orem 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,! foll[+ may1 9 addition1 s]ve to illu/rate x3 ,all comb9ations ( ! elem5ts are subject to increase & decrease1 & ?is *ange takes place gradually4 ,x is diff]5t ) =ms2 !y d n *ange gradually1 & are !re=e )\t motion2 !y appe> & disappe> in/antane\sly1 & are consequ5tly n ! result ( ! comb9ation ( corporeal elem5ts4 ,?is comb9ation m]ely prep>es matt] = receiv+ a c]ta9 =m4 ,! effici5t cause :i* produces ! =m is indivisible1 because x is ( ! same k9d z ! ?+ produc$4 ,h5ce x may be conclud$ t ! ag5t t has produc$ a c]ta9 =m1 or giv5 x to a c]ta9 sub/ance1 mu/ itself be an ab/ract =m4 ,! action ( ?is incorporeal ag5t _c dep5d on a c]ta9 relation to ! corporeal product2 be+ incorporeal1 x _c approa* a body1 or rec$e f x2 nor c a body approa* ! incorporeal ag5t1 or rec$e f x1 because !re is no relation ( di/ance betwe5 corporeal & incorporeal be+s4 ,! reason :y ! action has n tak5 place be=e mu/ be s\ght 9 ! circum/ance t ! sub/ance has n be5 prep>$ = ! action ( ! ab/ract =m4 ,x is n[ cle> t ! action ( bodies ^u ea* o!r1 accord+ to _! =ms1 prep>es ! sub/ance = receiv+ ! action ( an incorporeal be+1 or ,=m4 ,! exi/5ce ( actions ( purely incorporeal be+s1 9 e case ( *ange t does n orig9ate 9 ! m]e comb9ation ( elem5ts1 is n[ firmly e/abli%$4 ,^! actions d n dep5d on impact1 or on a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,!y are t]m$ 8influ5ce0 7or 8emanation071 on acc\nt ( _! simil>ity to a wat]-spr+4 ,! latt] s5ds =? wat] 9 all directions1 has no peculi> side = receiv+ or sp5d+ its cont5ts2 x spr+s =? on all sides1 & cont9ually wat]s bo? neighb\r+ & di/ant places4 ,9 a simil> mann] incorporeal be+s1 9 receiv+ p[] & imp>t+ x to o!rs1 are n limit$ to a p>ticul> side1 di/ance1 or "t4 ,!y act cont9ually2 & :5ev] an object is suffici5tly prep>$1 x receives ! effect ( t cont9u\s action1 call$ 8influ5ce0 7or 8emanation074 ,god be+ incorporeal1 & ev]y?+ be+ ! "w ( ,him z ! effici5t cause1 we say t ! ,univ]se has be5 creat$ by ! ,div9e influ5ce1 & t all *anges 9 ! ,univ]se emanate f ,him4 ,9 ! same s5se we say t ,he caus$ wisdom to emanate f ,him & to come ^u ! prophets4 ,9 all su* cases we m]ely wi% to express t an incorporeal ,be+1 ^: action we call 8influ5ce10 has produc$ a c]ta9 effect4 ,! t]m 8influ5ce0 has be5 consid]$ applicable to ! ,creator on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity betwe5 ,8 actions & ^? ( a spr+4 ,!re is no bett] way ( describ+ ! action ( an incorporeal be+ ?an by ?is analogy2 & no t]m c be f\nd t w\ld accurately describe x4 ,= x is z difficult to =m an idea ( t action z to =m an idea ( ! incorporeal be+ itself4 ,z we imag9e only bodies or =ces resid+ 9 bodies1 s we only imag9e actions possible :5 ! ag5t is ne>1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 & on a p>ticul> side4 ,!re are !re=e p]sons :o1 on le>n+ t ,god is incorporeal1 or t ,he does n approa* ! object ( ,8 action1 believe t ,he gives comm&s to angels1 & t ! latt] c>ry !m out by approa* or direct contact1 z is ! case :5 we produce some?+4 ,^! p]sons ?us imag9e also ! angels z bodies4 ,"s ( !m1 fur!r1 believe t ,god comm&s an action 9 words consi/+1 l ours1 ( lett]s & s\nd1 & t !reby ! action is done4 ,all ?is is ! "w ( ! imag9ation1 :i* is1 9 fact1 id5tical ) 8evil incl9ation40 ,= all our defects 9 spee* or 9 "* are ei!r ! direct or ! indirect "w ( imag9ation4 ,?is is n ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt]1 9 :i* we only int5d$ to expla9 ! t]m 8influ5ce0 9 s f> z x is appli$ to incorporeal be+s1 namely1 to ,god & to ! ,intellig5ces or angels4 ,b ! t]m is also appli$ to ! =ces ( ! sph]es 9 _! effects ^u ! e>?2 & we speak ( ! 8influ5ce0 ( ! sph]es1 al?\gh ! sph]es are corporeal1 & ! />s1 be+ corporeal1 only act at c]ta9 di/ances1 i4e41 at a small] or a great] di/ance f ! c5tre1 or at a def9ite di/ance f ea* o!r1 a circum/ance :i* l$ to ,a/rology4 ,z to our ass]tion t ,scripture applies ! notion ( 8influ5ce0 to ,god1 comp>e 8,!y h =sak5 me1 ! f\nta9 ( liv+ wat]s0 7,j]4 ii4 #ac71 i4e41 ! ,div9e influ5ce t gives life or exi/5ce1 = ! two are und\bt$ly id5tical4 ,fur!r1 8,= ) ,!e is ! f\nta9 ( life0 7,ps4 xxxvi4 #aj71 i4e41 ! ,div9e influ5ce t gives exi/5ce4 ,! conclud+ words ( ?is v]se1 89 ,?y light we see light10 express exactly :at we said1 namely1 t by ! influ5ce ( ! intellect :i* emanates f ,god we become wise1 by x we are guid$ & enabl$ to compreh5d ! ,active ,intellect4 ,note ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,among ^? :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 !re are f\nd ?ree diff]5t !ories z reg>ds ! "q :e!r ! ,univ]se is et]nal or n4 ,fir/ ,!ory4--,^? :o foll[ ! ,law ( ,moses1 our ,tea*]1 hold t ! :ole ,univ]se1 i4e41 ev]y?+ except ,god1 has be5 br\ght by ,him into exi/5ce out ( non-exi/5ce4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god alone exi/$1 & no?+ else2 nei!r angels1 nor sph]es1 nor ! ?+s t are conta9$ )9 ! sph]es exi/$4 ,he !n produc$ f no?+ all exi/+ ?+s su* z !y are1 by ,8 w & desire4 ,ev5 "t itself is among ! ?+s creat$2 = "t dep5ds on motion1 i4e41 on an accid5t 9 ?+s :i* move1 & ! ?+s ^u ^: motion "t dep5ds are !mselves creat$ be+s1 :i* h pass$ f non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce4 ,we say t ,god exi/$ be=e ! creation ( ! ,univ]se1 al?\gh ! v]b exi/$ appe>s to imply ! notion ( "t2 we also believe t ,he exi/$ an inf9ite space ( "t be=e ! ,univ]se 0 creat$2 b 9 ^! cases we d n mean "t 9 its true s5se4 ,we only use ! t]m to signify some?+ analog\s or simil> to "t4 ,= "t is und\bt$ly an accid5t1 &1 accord+ to our op9ion1 "o ( ! creat$ accid5ts1 l blackness & :it5ess2 x is n a quality1 b an accid5t connect$ ) motion4 ,?is mu/ be cle> to all :o und]/& :at ,ari/otle has said on "t & its real exi/5ce4 ,! foll[+ rem>k does n =m an ess5tial "p ( our pres5t rese>*2 x w nev]!less be f\nd useful 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion4 ,_m s*ol>s d n "k :at "t really is1 & m5 l ,gal5 7 s p]plex$ ab\t x t !y ask$ :e!r "t has a real exi/5ce or n2 ! reason = ?is unc]ta9ty is to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t "t is an accid5t ( an accid5t4 ,accid5ts :i* are directly connect$ ) mat]ial bodies1 e4g41 col\r & ta/e1 are easily und]/ood1 & correct notions are =m$ ( !m4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 accid5ts :i* are connect$ ) o!r accid5ts1 e4g41 ! spl5d\r ( col\r1 or ! incl9ation & ! curvature ( a l9e2 ( ^! x is v difficult to =m a correct notion1 especially :5 ! accid5t :i* =ms ! sub/ratum = ! o!r accid5t is n con/ant b v>iable4 ,bo? difficulties are pres5t 9 ! notion ( "t3 x is an accid5t ( motion1 :i* is itself an accid5t ( a mov+ object2 besides1 x is n a fix$ prop]ty2 on ! contr>y1 its true & ess5tial condition is1 n to rema9 9 ! same /ate = two consecutive mom5ts4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( ignorance ab\t ! nature ( "t4 ,we consid] "t a ?+ creat$2 x comes into exi/5ce 9 ! same mann] z o!r accid5ts1 & ! sub/ances :i* =m ! sub/ratum = ! accid5ts4 ,= ?is reason1 viz41 because "t belongs to ! ?+s creat$1 x _c be said t ,god produc$ ! ,univ]se 9 ! beg9n+4 ,consid] ?is well2 = he :o does n und]/& x is unable to refute =cible objections rais$ aga9/ ! !ory ( ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,if y admit ! exi/5ce ( "t be=e ! ,creation1 y w be compell$ to accept ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,= "t is an accid5t & requires a sub/ratum4 ,y w !re=e h to assume t some?+ beside ,god exi/$ be=e ?is ,univ]se 0 creat$1 an assumption :i* x is our duty to oppose4 ,?is is ! fir/ !ory1 & x is und\bt$ly a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,law ( our tea*] ,moses2 x is next 9 importance to ! pr9ciple ( ,god's unity4 ,d n foll[ any o!r !ory4 ,abraham1 our fa!r1 0 ! fir/ t taught x1 aft] he _h e/abli%$ x by philosophical rese>*4 ,he proclaim$1 !re=e1 8! "n ( ! ,"l ! ,god ( ! ,univ]se0 7,g54 xxi4 #cc72 & he _h previ\sly express$ ?is !ory 9 ! words1 8,! ,possessor ( heav5 & e>?0 7ibid4 xiv4 #bb74 ,second ,!ory4--,! !ory ( all philosoph]s ^: op9ions & works are kn[n to u is ?is3 ,x is impossible to assume t ,god produc$ any?+ f no?+1 or t ,he r$uces any?+ to no?+2 t is to say1 x is impossible t an object consi/+ ( matt] & =m %\ld be produc$ :5 t matt] is absolutely abs5t1 or t x %\ld be de/roy$ 9 su* a mann] t t matt] be absolutely no long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,to say ( ,god t ,he c produce a ?+ f no?+ or r$uce a ?+ to no?+ is1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^! philosoph]s1 ! same z if we 7 to say t ,he c\ld cause "o sub/ance to h at ! same "t two opposite prop]ties1 or produce ano!r be+ l ,himself1 or *ange ,himself into a body1 or produce a squ>e ! diagonal ( :i* be equal to its side1 or simil> impossibilities4 ,! philosoph]s ?us believe t x is no defect 9 ! ,supreme ,be+ t ,he does n produce impossibilities1 = ! nature ( t :i* is impossible is con/ant--x does n dep5d on ! action ( an ag5t1 & = ?is reason x _c be *ang$4 ,simil>ly !re is1 accord+ to !m1 no defect 9 ! greatness ( ,god1 :5 ,he is unable to produce a ?+ f no?+1 because !y consid] ?is z "o ( ! impossibilities4 ,!y !re=e assume t a c]ta9 sub/ance has co-exi/$ ) ,god f et]nity 9 su* a mann] t nei!r ,god exi/$ )\t t sub/ance nor ! latt] )\t ,god4 ,b !y d n hold t ! exi/5ce ( t sub/ance equals 9 rank t ( ,god2 = ,god is ! cause ( t exi/5ce1 & ! sub/ance is 9 ! same relation to ,god z ! clay is to ! pott]1 or ! iron to ! smi?2 ,god c d ) x :at ,he pleases2 at "o "t ,he =ms ( x heav5 & e>?1 at ano!r "t ,he =ms "s o!r ?+4 ,^? :o hold ?is view also assume t ! heav5s are transi5t1 t !y came into exi/5ce1 ?\gh n f no?+1 & may cease to exi/1 al?\gh !y _c be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,!y are transi5t 9 ! same mann] z ! individuals among liv+ be+s :i* are produc$ f "s exi/+ sub/ance1 & are aga9 r$uc$ to "s sub/ance t rema9s 9 exi/5ce4 ,! process ( g5esis & de/ruction is1 9 ! case ( ! heav5s1 ! same z 9 t ( e>?ly be+s4 ,! foll[]s ( ?is !ory are divid$ into diff]5t s*ools1 ^: op9ions & pr9ciples x is useless to discuss "h2 b :at ,i h m5tion$ is common to all ( !m4 ,plato holds ! same op9ion4 ,ari/otle says 9 8 ,physics1 t accord+ to ,plato ! heav5s are transi5t4 ,?is view is also /at$ 9 ,plato's ,timu4 ,8 op9ion1 h[ev]1 does n agree ) our belief2 only sup]ficial & c>eless p]sons wrongly assume t ,plato has ! same belief z we h4 ,= :il/ we hold t ! heav5s h be5 creat$ f absolutely no?+1 ,plato believes t !y h be5 =m$ out ( some?+4--,?is is ! second !ory4 ,?ird ,!ory4--viz41 t ( ,ari/otle1 8 foll[]s1 & comm5tators4 ,ari/otle ma9ta9s1 l ! adh]5ts ( ! second !ory1 t a corporeal object _c be produc$ )\t a corporeal sub/ance4 ,he goes1 h[ev]1 f>!r1 & cont5ds t ! heav5s are inde/ructible4 ,= he holds t ! ,univ]se 9 its totality has nev] be5 diff]5t1 nor w x ev] *ange3 ! heav5s1 :i* =m ! p]man5t elem5t 9 ! ,univ]se1 & are n subject to g5esis & de/ruction1 h always be5 s2 "t & motion are et]nal1 p]man5t1 & h nei!r beg9n+ nor end2 ! sublun>y _w1 :i* includes ! transi5t elem5ts1 has always be5 ! same1 because ! mat]ia prima is itself et]nal1 & m]ely comb9es successively ) diff]5t =ms2 :5 "o =m is remov$1 ano!r is assum$4 ,?is :ole arrangem5t1 !re=e1 bo? above & "h bel[1 is nev] di/urb$ or int]rupt$1 & no?+ is produc$ contr>y to ! laws or ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature4 ,he fur!r says--?\gh n 9 ! same t]ms--t he consid]s x impossible = ,god to *ange ,8 w or conceive a new desire2 t ,god produc$ ?is ,univ]se 9 its totality by ,8 w1 b n f no?+4 ,ari/otle f9ds x z impossible to assume t ,god *anges ,8 w or conceives a new desire1 z to believe t ,he is non-exi/+1 or t ,8 ess5ce is *angeable4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ?is ,univ]se has always be5 ! same 9 ! pa/1 & w be ! same et]nally4 ,?is is a full acc\nt ( ! op9ions ( ^? :o consid] t ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,fir/ ,cause ( ! ,univ]se1 has be5 e/abli%$ by pro(4 ,b x w\ld be q useless to m5tion ! op9ions ( ^? :o d n recognize ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b believe t ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s is ! result ( accid5tal comb9ation & sep>ation ( ! elem5ts1 & t ! ,univ]se has no ,rul] or ,gov]nor4 ,su* is ! !ory ( ,epicurus & 8 s*ool1 & simil> philosoph]s1 z /at$ by ,alex&] ,aphrodisi5sis2 x w\ld be sup]flu\s to repeat _! views1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ,god has be5 demon/rat$ :il/ _! !ory is built ^u a basis prov$ to be unt5able4 ,x is likewise useless to prove ! correctness ( ! foll[]s ( ! second !ory 9 ass]t+ t ! heav5s are transi5t1 because !y at ! same "t believe 9 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 & s long z ?is !ory is adopt$1 x makes no diff]5ce to u :e!r x is believ$ t ! heav5s are transi5t1 & t only _! sub/ance is et]nal1 or ! heav5s are held to be inde/ructible1 9 accordance ) ! view ( ,ari/otle4 ,all :o foll[ ! ,law ( ,moses1 our ,tea*]1 & ,abraham1 our ,fa!r1 & all :o adopt simil> !ories1 assume t no?+ is et]nal except ,god1 & t ! !ory ( ,creatio ex nihilo includes no?+ t is impossible1 :il/ "s ?9k]s ev5 reg>d x z an e/abli%$ tru?4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! diff]5t !ories1 ,i w n[ proce$ to %[ h[ ,ari/otle prov$ 8 !ory1 & :at induc$ him to adopt x4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,x is n necess>y to repeat 9 e *apt] t ,i write ?is treatise ) ! full k ( :at y h /udi$2 t ,i !re=e ne$ n quote ! exact words ( ! philosoph]s2 x w suffice to give an ab/ract ( _! views4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 po9t out ! me?ods :i* !y employ1 9 ! same mann] z ,i h done :5 ,i discuss$ ! !ories ( ! ,mutakallemim4 ,no notice w be tak5 ( ! op9ion ( any philosoph] b t ( ,ari/otle2 8 op9ions alone des]ve to be criticiz$1 & if our objections or d\bts ) reg>d to any ( ^! be well f\nd$1 ?is mu/ be ! case 9 a f> high] degree 9 respect to all o!r oppon5ts ( our fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,i n[ proce$ to describe ! me?ods ( ! philosoph]s4 ,fir/ ,me?od4--,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 motion1 t is to say1 motion p> excell5ce1 is et]nal4 ,= if ! motion _h a beg9n+1 !re mu/ already h be5 "s motion :5 x came into exi/5ce1 = transition f pot5tiality into actuality1 & f non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce1 always implies motion2 !n t previ\s motion1 ! cause ( ! motion :i* foll[s1 mu/ be et]nal1 or else ! s]ies w\ld h to be c>ri$ back ad inf9itum4 ,on ! same pr9ciple he ma9ta9s t "t is et]nal1 = "t is relat$ to & connect$ ) motion3 !re is no motion except 9 "t1 & "t c only be p]ceiv$ by motion1 z has be5 demon/rat$ by pro(4 ,by ?is argum5t ,ari/otle proves ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,second ,me?od4--,! ,fir/ ,sub/ance common to ! f\r elem5ts is et]nal4 ,= if x _h a beg9n+ x w\ld h come into exi/5ce f ano!r sub/ance2 x w\ld fur!r be end[$ ) a =m1 z com+ into exi/5ce is no?+ b receiv+ ,=m4 ,b we mean by 8,fir/ ,sub/ance0 a =mless sub/ance2 x c !re=e n h come into exi/5ce f ano!r sub/ance1 & mu/ be )\t beg9n+ & )\t end2 h5ce x is conclud$ t ! ,univ]se is et]nal4 ,?ird ,me?od4--,! sub/ance ( ! sph]es conta9s no opposite elem5ts2 = circul> motion includes no su* opposite directions z are f\nd 9 rectil9e> motion4 ,:atev] is de/roy$1 owes its de/ruction to ! opposite elem5ts x conta9s4 ,! sph]es conta9 no opposite elem5ts2 !y are !re=e inde/ructible1 & because !y are inde/ructible !y are also )\t beg9n+4 ,ari/otle ?us assumes ! axiom t ev]y?+ t has _h a beg9n+ is de/ructible1 & t ev]y?+ de/ructible has _h a beg9n+2 t ?+s )\t beg9n+ are inde/ructible1 & inde/ructible ?+s are )\t beg9n+4 ,h5ce foll[s ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,f\r? ,me?od4--,! actual production ( a ?+ is prec$$ 9 "t by its possibility4 ,! actual *ange ( a ?+ is likewise prec$$ 9 "t by its possibility4 ,f ?is proposition ,ari/otle d]ives ! et]nity ( ! circul> motion ( ! sph]es4 ,! ,ari/otelians 9 m rec5t "t employ ?is proposition 9 demon/rat+ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,!y argue ?us3 ,:5 ! ,univ]se did n yet exi/1 its exi/5ce 0 ei!r possible or necess>y1 or impossible4 ,if x 0 necess>y1 ! ,univ]se c\ld nev] h be5 non-exi/+2 if impossible1 ! ,univ]se c\ld nev] h be5 9 exi/5ce2 if possible1 ! "q arises1 ,:at 0 ! sub/ratum ( t possibility8 = !re mu/ be 9 exi/5ce some?+ ( :i* t possibility c be pr$icat$4 ,?is is a =cible argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,"s ( ! lat] s*ools ( ! ,mutakallemim imag9$ t !y c\ld confute ?is argum5t by object+ t ! possibility re/s ) ! ag5t1 & n ) ! production4 ,b ?is objection is ( no =ce :atev]2 = !re are two di/9ct possibilities1 viz41 ! ?+ produc$ has _h ! possibility ( be+ produc$ be=e ?is actually took place2 & ! ag5t has _h ! possibility ( produc+ x be=e he actually did s4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 und\bt$ly two possibilities--t ( ! sub/ance to receive a c]ta9 =m1 & t ( ! ag5t to p]=m a c]ta9 act4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal me?ods1 bas$ on ! prop]ties ( ! ,univ]se1 by :i* ,ari/otle proves ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r me?ods ( prov+ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,!y are bas$ on ! notions =m$ ( ,god1 & philosoph]s aft] ,ari/otle d]iv$ !m f 8 philosophy4 ,"s ( !m employ$ ! foll[+ argum5t3-- ,fif? ,me?od4--,if ,god produc$ ! ,univ]se f no?+1 ,he mu/ h be5 a pot5tial ag5t be=e ,he 0 an actual "o1 & mu/ h pass$ f a /ate ( pot5tiality into t ( actuality--a process t is m]ely possible1 & requires an ag5t = effect+ x4 ,?is argum5t is likewise a s\rce ( great d\bts1 & e intellig5t p]son mu/ exam9e x 9 ord] to refute x & to expose its "*4 ,six? ,me?od4--,an ag5t is active at "o "t & inactive at ano!r1 accord+ z fav\rable or unfav\rable circum/ances arise4 ,! unfav\rable circum/ances cause ! ab&onm5t ( an int5d$ action4 ,! fav\rable ones1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 produce a desire = an action = :i* !re has n be5 a desire previ\sly4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,god is n subject to accid5ts :i* c\ld br+ ab\t a *ange 9 ,8 w1 & is n affect$ by ob/acles & h9drances t might appe> or disappe>1 x is impossible1 !y argue1 to imag9e t ,god is active at "o "t & inactive at ano!r4 ,he is1 on ! contr>y1 always active 9 ! same mann] z ,he is always 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,sev5? ,me?od4--,! actions ( ,god are p]fect2 !y are 9 no way defective1 nor d !y conta9 any?+ useless or sup]flu\s4 ,9 simil> t]ms ,ari/otle frequ5tly praises ,him1 :5 he says t ,nature is wise & does no?+ 9 va91 b makes ev]y?+ z p]fect z possible4 ,! philosoph]s !re=e cont5d t ?is exi/+ ,univ]se is s p]fect t x _c be improv$1 & mu/ be p]man5t2 = x is ! result ( ,god's wisdom1 :i* is n only always pres5t 9 ,8 ess5ce1 b is id5tical ) x4 ,all argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se are bas$ on ! above me?ods1 & c be trac$ to "o or o!r ( !m4 ,! foll[+ objection is also rais$ aga9/ ,creatio ex nihilo3 ,h[ c\ld ,god ev] h be5 inactive )\t produc+ or creat+ any?+ 9 ! inf9ite pa/8 ,h[ c\ld ,he h pass$ ! long inf9ite p]iod :i* prec$$ ! ,creation )\t produc+ any?+1 s z to comm5ce1 z x 71 only ye/]day1 ! ,creation ( ! ,univ]se8 ,= ev5 if y said1 e4g41 t ,god creat$ previ\sly z _m successive worlds z ! out]mo/ sph]e c\ld conta9 gra9s ( mu/>d1 & t ea* ( ^! worlds exi/$ z _m ye>s3 consid]+ ! inf9ite exi/5ce ( ,god1 x w\ld be ! same z if ,he _h only ye/]day comm5c$ ! ,creation4 ,= :5 we once admit ! beg9n+ ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s aft] _! non-exi/5ce1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ?\s&s ( c5turies h pass$ s9ce ! beg9n+1 or only a %ort "t4 ,^? :o def5d ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se f9d bo? assumptions equally improbable4 ,eigh? ,me?od4--,! foll[+ me?od is bas$ on ! circum/ance t ! !ory implies a belief :i* is s common to all peoples & ages1 & s univ]sal1 t x appe>s to express a real fact & n m]ely an hypo!sis4 ,ari/otle says t all p h evid5tly believ$ 9 ! p]man5cy & /ability ( ! heav5s2 & ?9k+ t ^! 7 et]nal1 !y decl>$ !m to be ! habitation ( ,god & ( ! spiritual be+s or angels4 ,by ?us attribut+ ! heav5s to ,god1 !y express$ _! belief t ! heav5s are inde/ructible4 ,sev]al o!r argum5ts ( ! same k9d are employ$ by ,ari/otle 9 treat+ ( ?is subject 9 ord] to support ! results ( 8 philosophical speculation by common s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,9 ?is *apt] ,i int5d to %[ t ,ari/otle 0 well aw>e t he _h n prov$ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,he 0 n mi/ak5 9 ?is respect4 ,he knew t he c\ld n prove 8 !ory1 & t 8 argum5ts & pro(s 7 only app>5t & plausible4 ,!y are ! lea/ objectionable1 accord+ to ,alex&]2 b1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 ,ari/otle c\ld n h consid]$ !m conclusive1 aft] hav+ himself taught u ! rules ( logic1 & ! means by :i* argum5ts c be refut$ or confirm$4 ,! reason :y ,i h introduc$ ?is subject is ?is3 ,lat] philosoph]s1 disciples ( ,ari/otle1 assume t he has prov$ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 & mo/ ( ^? :o believe t !y are philosoph]s bl9dly foll[ him 9 ?is po9t1 & accept all 8 argum5ts z conclusive & absolute pro(s4 ,!y consid] x wrong to diff] f ,ari/otle1 or to ?9k t he 0 ignorant or mi/ak5 9 any?+4 ,= ?is reason1 tak+ _! /&po9t1 ,i %[ t ,ari/otle himself did n claim to h prov$ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,he says 9 8 book ,physics 7viii41 *ap4 i47 z foll[s3 8,all ! ,physici/s be=e u believ$ t motion is et]nal1 except ,plato1 :o holds t motion is transi5t2 accord+ to 8 op9ion ! heav5s are likewise transi5t40 ,n[ if ,ari/otle _h conclusive pro(s = 8 !ory1 he w\ld n h consid]$ x necess>y to support x by cit+ ! op9ions ( prec$+ ,physici/s1 nor w\ld he h f\nd x necess>y to po9t out ! folly & absurdity ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,= a tru?1 once e/abli%$ by pro(1 does nei!r ga9 =ce nor c]ta9ty by ! cons5t ( all s*ol>s1 nor lose by ! g5]al diss5t4 ,we fur!r f9d t ,ari/otle1 9 ! book ,! ,heav5s & ! ,_w1 introduces 8 !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,let u inquire into ! nature ( ! heav5s1 & see :e!r !y are ! product ( some?+ or n1 de/ructible or n40 ,aft] ?is /atem5t ( ! problem1 he proce$s to cite ! views ( ^? :o hold t ! heav5s h _h a beg9n+1 & cont9ues ?us3 8,by do+ ?is1 our !ory w be mo/ plausible & acceptable 9 ! op9ion ( pr(\nd ?9k]s2 & x w be ! m s1 :51 z we propose1 ! argum5ts ( our oppon5ts are fir/ he>d4 ,= if we 7 to /ate our op9ion & our argum5ts )\t m5tion+ ^? ( our oppon5ts1 our words w\ld be receiv$ less fav\rably4 ,he :o desires to be j mu/ n %[ himself ho/ile to 8 oppon5t2 he mu/ h sympa?y ) him1 & readily ackn[l$ge any tru? conta9$ 9 8 words2 he mu/ admit ! correctness ( su* ( 8 oppon5t's argum5ts z he w\ld admit if !y 7 9 8 own fav\r40 ,?is is ! cont5ts ( ! words ( ,ari/otle4 ,n[1 ,i ask y1 m5 ( intellig5ce1 c we h any compla9t aga9/ him aft] ?is frank /atem5t8 ,or c any "o n[ imag9e t a real pro( has be5 giv5 = ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se8 ,or c ,ari/otle1 or any "o else1 believe t a !orem1 ?\gh fully prov$1 w\ld n be acceptable unless ! argum5ts ( ! oppon5ts 7 fully refut$8 ,we mu/ also take into consid]ation t ,ari/otle describes ?is !ory z 8 op9ion1 & 8 pro(s z argum5ts4 ,is ,ari/otle ignorant ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 argum5t & pro(8 betwe5 op9ions1 :i* may be receiv$ m or less fav\rably1 & tru?s capable ( demon/ration8 or w\ld rhetorical appeal to ! imp>tiality ( oppon5ts h be5 requir$ = ! support ( 8 !ory if a real pro( _h be5 giv58 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,ari/otle only desires to %[ t 8 !ory is bett] ?an ^? ( 8 oppon5ts1 :o hold t philosophical speculation leads to ! conviction t ! heav5s are transi5t1 b h nev] be5 entirely )\t exi/5ce2 or t ! heav5s h _h a beg9n+1 b are inde/ructible2 or to def5d any ( ! o!r views m5tion$ by him4 ,9 ?is he is und\bt$ly "r2 = 8 op9ion is ne>] ! tru? ?an !irs1 s f> z a pro( c be tak5 f ! nature ( exi/+ ?+s2 we diff] f him1 z w be expla9$4 ,passion1 t ex]cises great influ5ce 9 mo/ ( ! diff]5t sects1 mu/ h influ5c$ ev5 ! philosoph]s :o wi%$ to affirm t ,ari/otle demon/rat$ 8 !ory by pro(4 ,p]haps !y really believe x1 & assume t ,ari/otle himself 0 n aw>e ( x1 z x 0 only discov]$ aft] 8 dea?6 ,my conviction is1 t :at ,ari/otle says on ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 ! cause ( ! v>iety 9 ! motion ( ! sph]es & ! ord] ( ! ,intellig5ces1 _c be prov$1 & t ,ari/otle nev] int5d$ to prove ^! ?+s4 ,i agree ) him t ! ways ( prov+ ?is !ory h _! gates clos$ be=e u1 !re be+ no f\ndation on :i* to build up ! pro(4 ,8 words on ?is subject are well kn[n4 ,he says1 8,!re are ?+s conc]n+ :i* we are unable to reason1 or :i* we f9d too high = u2 to say :y ^! ?+s h a c]ta9 prop]ty is z difficult z to decide :e!r ! ,univ]se is et]nal or n40 ,s f> ,ari/otle4 ,! int]pretation :i* ,abu-nasr (f]s ( ?is p>allel is well kn[n4 ,he d5ies t ,ari/otle _h any d\bt ab\t ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 & is v sev]e ^u ,gal51 :o ma9ta9s t ?is !ory is /ill d\btful1 & t no pro( has be5 (f]$4 ,accord+ to ,abu-nasr1 x is cle> & demon/rable by pro( t ! heav5s are et]nal1 b all t is enclos$ )9 ! heav5s is transi5t4 ,we hold1 t by none ( ! me?ods m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] c a !ory be e/abli%$1 refut$1 or %ak54 ,we h m5tion$ ^! ?+s only because we "k t ! majority ( ^? :o consid] !mselves wise1 al?\gh !y "k no?+ ( sci5ce1 accept ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se on ! au?ority ( fam\s s*ol>s4 ,!y reject ! words ( ! prophets1 because ! latt] d n employ any sci5tific me?od by :i* only a few p]sons w\ld be in/ruct$ :o are intellectually well prep>$1 b simply communicate ! tru? z receiv$ by ,div9e inspiration4 ,9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[ we w exp\nd ! !ory ( ! ,creation 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ,scripture4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,9 ?is *apt] ,i w fir/ exp\nd my view on ?is "q1 & !n support x by argum5t--n by su* argum5ts z ^? ( ! ,mutakallemim1 :o believe t !y h prov$ ! ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,i w n deceive myself1 & consid] dialectical me?ods z pro(s2 & ! fact t a c]ta9 proposition has be5 prov$ by a dialectical argum5t w nev] induce me to accept t proposition1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w weak5 my fai? 9 x1 & cause me to d\bt x4 ,= :5 we und]/& ! fallacy ( a pro(1 our fai? 9 ! proposition itself is %ak54 ,x is !re=e bett] t a proposition :i* _c be demon/rat$ be receiv$ z an axiom1 or t "o ( ! two opposite solutions ( ! problem be accept$ on au?ority4 ,! me?ods by :i* ! ,mutakallemim prov$ ! ,creatio ex nihilo h already be5 describ$ by me1 & ,i h expos$ _! weak po9ts4 ,z to ! pro(s ( ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s = ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 !y are1 accord+ to my op9ion1 n conclusive2 !y are op5 to /rong objections1 z w be expla9$4 ,i int5d to %[ t ! !ory ( ! ,creation1 z taught 9 ,scripture1 conta9s no?+ t is impossible2 & t all ^? philosophical argum5ts :i* seem to disprove our view conta9 weak po9ts :i* make !m inconclusive1 & r5d] ! attacks on our view unt5able4 ,s9ce ,i am conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( my me?od1 & consid] ei!r ( ! two !ories--viz41 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 & ! ,creation--z admissible1 ,i accept ! latt] on ! au?ority ( ,prophecy1 :i* c tea* ?+s beyond ! rea* ( philosophical speculation4 ,= ! belief 9 prophecy is1 z w be %[n 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise1 consi/5t ev5 ) ! belief 9 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,:5 ,i h e/abli%$ ! admissibility ( our !ory1 ,i w1 by philosophical reason+1 %[ t our !ory ( ! ,creation is m acceptable ?an t ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se2 & al?\gh our !ory includes po9ts op5 to criticism1 ,i w %[ t !re are mu* /rong] reasons = ! rejection ( ! !ory ( our oppon5ts4 ,i w n[ proce$ to exp\nd ! me?od by :i* ! pro(s giv5 = ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se c be refut$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,ev]y?+ produc$ comes into exi/5ce f non-exi/5ce2 ev5 :5 ! sub/ance ( a ?+ has be5 9 exi/5ce1 & has only *ang$ its =m1 ! ?+ itself1 :i* has gone ?r\gh ! process ( g5esis & developm5t1 & has arriv$ at its f9al /ate1 has n[ diff]5t prop]ties f ^? :i* x possess$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! transition f pot5tiality to reality1 or be=e t "t4 ,take1 e4g41 ! human ovum z conta9$ 9 ! female's blood :5 /ill includ$ 9 its vessels2 its nature is diff]5t f :at x 0 9 ! mom5t ( conception1 :5 x is met by ! sem5 ( ! male & beg9s to develop2 ! prop]ties ( ! sem5 9 t mom5t are diff]5t f ! prop]ties ( ! liv+ be+ aft] its bir? :5 fully develop$4 ,x is !re=e q impossible to inf] f ! nature :i* a ?+ possesses aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh all /ages ( its developm5t1 :at ! condition ( ! ?+ has be5 9 ! mom5t :5 ?is process comm5c$2 nor does ! condition ( a ?+ 9 ?is mom5t %[ :at its previ\s condition has be54 ,if y make ?is mi/ake1 & attempt to prove ! nature ( a ?+ 9 pot5tial exi/5ce by its prop]ties :5 actually exi/+1 y w fall into great confusion2 y w reject evid5t tru?s & admit false op9ions4 ,let u assume1 9 our above in/ance1 t a man born )\t defect _h aft] 8 bir? be5 nurs$ by 8 "m only a few mon?s2 ! "m !n di$1 & ! fa!r alone br\ght him up 9 a lonely isl&1 till he grew up1 became wise1 & acquir$ k4 ,suppose ?is man has nev] se5 a woman or any female be+2 he asks "s p]son h[ man has come into exi/5ce1 & h[ he has develop$1 & receives ! foll[+ answ]3 8,man beg9s 8 exi/5ce 9 ! womb ( an individual ( 8 own class1 namely1 9 ! womb ( a female1 :i* has a c]ta9 =m4 ,:ile 9 ! womb he is v small2 yet he has life1 moves1 receives n\ri%m5t1 & gradually gr[s1 till he arrives at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t4 ,he !n leaves ! womb & cont9ues to gr[ till he is 9 ! condition 9 :i* y see him40 ,! orphan w naturally ask3 8,did ?is p]son1 :5 he liv$1 mov$1 & grew 9 ! womb1 eat & dr9k1 & brea! ) 8 m\? & 8 no/rils8 ,did he excrete any sub/ance80 ,! answ] w be1 8,no40 ,und\bt$ly he w !n attempt to refute ! /atem5ts ( t p]son1 & to prove _! impossibility1 by ref]r+ to ! prop]ties ( a fully develop$ p]son1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,:5 any "o ( u is depriv$ ( brea? = a %ort "t he dies1 & _c move any long]3 h[ !n c we imag9e t any "o ( u has be5 inclos$ 9 a bag 9 ! mid/ ( a body = sev]al mon?s & rema9$ alive1 able to move8 ,if any "o ( u w\ld swall[ a liv+ bird1 ! bird w\ld die imm$iately :5 x rea*$ ! /oma*1 mu* m s :5 x came to ! l[] "p ( ! belly2 if we %\ld n take food or dr9k ) our m\?1 9 a few days we %\ld und\bt$ly be dead3 h[ !n c man rema9 alive = mon?s )\t tak+ food8 ,if any p]son w\ld take food & w\ld n be able to excrete x1 great pa9s & dea? w\ld foll[ 9 a %ort "t1 & yet ,i am to believe t man has liv$ = mon?s )\t t function6 ,suppose by accid5t a hole 7 =m$ 9 ! belly ( a p]son1 x w\ld prove fatal1 & yet we are to believe t ! navel ( ! ftus has be5 op56 ,:y %\ld ! ftus n op5 ! eyes1 spread =? ! h&s & /ret* out ! legs1 if1 z y ?9k1 ! limbs are all :ole & p]fect40 ,?is mode ( reason+ w\ld lead to ! conclusion t man _c come into exi/5ce & develop 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,if philosoph]s w\ld consid] ?is example well & reflect on x1 !y w\ld f9d t x repres5ts exactly ! dispute betwe5 ,ari/otle & ourselves4 ,we1 ! foll[]s ( ,moses1 our ,tea*]1 & ( ,abraham1 our ,fa!r1 believe t ! ,univ]se has be5 produc$ & has develop$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & t x has be5 creat$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,! ,ari/otelians oppose u1 & f\nd _! objections on ! prop]ties :i* ! ?+s 9 ! ,univ]se possess :5 9 actual exi/5ce & fully develop$4 ,we admit ! exi/5ce ( ^! prop]ties1 b hold t !y are by no means ! same z ^? :i* ! ?+s possess$ 9 ! mom5t ( _! production2 & we hold t ^! prop]ties !mselves h come into exi/5ce f absolute non-exi/5ce4 ,_! argum5ts are !re=e no objection :atev] to our !ory2 !y h demon/rative =ce only aga9/ ^? :o hold t ! nature ( ?+s z at pres5t 9 exi/5ce proves ! ,creation4 ,b ?is is n my op9ion4 ,i w n[ return to our !me1 viz41 to ! description ( ! pr9cipal pro(s ( ,ari/otle1 & %[ t !y prove no?+ :atev] aga9/ u1 s9ce we hold t ,god br\ght ! entire ,univ]se into exi/5ce f absolute non-exi/5ce1 & t ,he caus$ x to develop into ! pres5t /ate4 ,ari/otle says t ! mat]ia prima is et]nal1 & by ref]r+ to ! prop]ties ( transi5t be+s he attempts to prove ?is /atem5t1 & to %[ t ! mat]ia prima c\ld n possibly h be5 produc$4 ,he is "r2 we d n ma9ta9 t ! mat]ia prima has be5 produc$ 9 ! same mann] z man is produc$ f ! ovum1 & t x c be de/roy$ 9 ! same mann] z man is r$uc$ to du/4 ,b we believe t ,god creat$ x f no?+1 & t s9ce its creation x has its own prop]ties1 viz41 t all ?+s are produc$ ( x & aga9 r$uc$ to x1 :5 !y cease to exi/2 t x does n exi/ )\t ,=m2 & t x is ! s\rce ( all g5esis & de/ruction4 ,its g5esis is n l t ( ! ?+s produc$ f x1 nor its de/ruction l !irs2 = x has be5 creat$ f no?+1 & if x %\ld please ! ,creator1 ,he might r$uce x to absolutely no?+4 ,! same applies to motion4 ,ari/otle f\nds "s ( 8 pro(s on ! fact t motion is n subject to g5esis or de/ruction4 ,?is is correct2 if we consid] motion z x exi/s at pres5t1 we _c imag9e t 9 its totality x %\ld be subject1 l individual motions1 to g5esis & de/ruction4 ,9 l mann] ,ari/otle is correct 9 say+ t circul> motion is )\t beg9n+1 9 s f> z see+ ! rotat+ sph]ical body 9 actual exi/5ce1 we _c conceive ! idea t t rotation has ev] be5 abs5t4 ,! same argum5t we employ z reg>ds ! law t a /ate ( pot5tiality prec$es all actual g5esis4 ,?is law applies to ! ,univ]se z x exi/s at pres5t1 :5 ev]y?+ produc$ orig9ates 9 ano!r ?+2 b no?+ p]ceiv$ ) our s5ses or compreh5d$ 9 our m9d c prove t a ?+ creat$ f no?+ mu/ h be5 previ\sly 9 a /ate ( pot5tiality4 ,aga91 z reg>ds ! !ory t ! heav5s conta9 no opposites & are !re=e inde/ructible1 we admit its correctness2 b we d n ma9ta9 t ! production ( ! heav5s has tak5 place 9 ! same way z t ( a horse or ass1 & we d n say t !y are l plants & animals1 :i* are de/ructible on acc\nt ( ! opposite elem5ts !y conta94 ,9 %ort1 ! prop]ties ( ?+s :5 fully develop$ conta9 no clue z to :at h be5 ! prop]ties ( ! ?+s be=e _! p]fection4 ,we !re=e d n reject z impossible ! op9ion ( ^? :o say t ! heav5s 7 produc$ be=e ! e>?1 or ! rev]se1 or t ! heav5s h exi/$ )\t />s1 or t c]ta9 species ( animals h be5 9 exi/5ce1 & o!rs n4 ,= ! /ate ( ! :ole ,univ]se :5 x came into exi/5ce may be comp>$ ) t ( animals :5 _! exi/5ce beg9s2 ! he>t evid5tly prec$es ! te/icles1 ! ve9s are 9 exi/5ce be=e ! bones2 al?\gh1 :5 ! animal is fully develop$1 none ( ! p>ts is miss+ :i* is ess5tial to its exi/5ce4 ,?is rem>k is n sup]flu\s1 if ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( ! ,creation be tak5 lit]ally2 9 reality1 x _c be tak5 lit]ally1 z w be %[n :5 we %all treat ( ?is subject4 ,! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! =ego+ mu/ be well und]/ood2 x is a high ramp>t erect$ r\nd ! ,law1 & able to resi/ all missiles direct$ aga9/ x4 ,ari/otle1 or r 8 foll[]s1 may p]haps ask u h[ we "k t ! ,univ]se has be5 creat$2 & t o!r =ces ?an ^? x has at pres5t 7 act+ 9 its ,creation1 s9ce we hold t ! prop]ties ( ! ,univ]se1 z x exi/s at pres5t1 prove no?+ z reg>ds its creation8 ,we reply1 !re is no necessity = ?is accord+ to our plan2 = we d n desire to prove ! ,creation1 b only its possibility2 & ?is possibility is n refut$ by argum5ts bas$ on ! nature ( ! pres5t ,univ]se1 :i* we d n dispute4 ,:5 we h e/abli%$ ! admissibility ( our !ory1 we %all !n %[ its sup]iority4 ,9 attempt+ to prove ! inadmissibility ( ,creatio ex nihilo1 ! ,ari/otelians c !re=e n d]ive any support f ! nature ( ! ,univ]se2 !y mu/ resort to ! notion our m9d has =m$ ( ,god4 ,_! pro(s include ! ?ree me?ods :i* ,i h m5tion$ above1 & :i* are bas$ on ! notion conceiv$ ( ,god4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i w expose ! weak po9ts ( ^! argum5ts1 & %[ t !y really prove no?+4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,! fir/ me?od employ$ by ! philosoph]s is ?is3 !y assume t a transition f pot5tiality to actuality w\ld take place 9 ! ,deity itself1 if ,he produc$ a ?+ only at a c]ta9 fix$ "t4 ,! refutation ( ?is argum5t is v easy4 ,! argum5t applies only to bodies compos$ ( sub/ance--! elem5t t possesses ! possibility ( *ange--& =m2 = :5 su* a body does n act = "s "t1 & !n acts by virtue ( its =m1 x mu/ und\bt$ly h possess$ some?+ 9 pot5tia t ha? n[ become actual1 & ! transition c only h be5 effect$ by "s ext]nal ag5t4 ,z f> z corporeal bodies are conc]n$1 ?is has be5 fully prov$4 ,b t :i* is incorporeal & )\t sub/ance does n include any?+ m]ely possible2 ev]y?+ x conta9s is always 9 exi/5ce4 ,! above argum5t does n apply to x1 & x is n impossible t su* a be+ acts at "o "t & does n act at ano!r4 ,?is does n imply a *ange 9 ! incorporeal be+ itself nor a transition f pot5tiality to actuality4 ,! ,active ,intellect may be tak5 z an illu/ration4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle & 8 s*ool1 ! ,active ,intellect1 an incorporeal be+1 acts at "o "t & does n act at ano!r1 z has be5 %[n by ,abu-nasr 9 8 treatise on ! ,intellect4 ,he says !re q correctly z foll[s3 8,x is an evid5t fact t ! ,active ,intellect does n act cont9ually1 b only at times40 ,& yet he does n say t ! ,active ,intellect is *angeable1 or passes f a /ate ( pot5tiality to t ( actuality1 al?\gh x produces at "o "t some?+ :i* x has n produc$ be=e4 ,= !re is no relation or comp>ison :atev] betwe5 corporeal & incorporeal be+s1 nei!r 9 ! mom5t ( action nor 9 t ( inaction4 ,x is only by homonymity t ! t]m 8action0 is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! =ms resid+ 9 bodies1 & also 9 ref]5ce to absolutely spiritual be+s4 ,! circum/ance t a purely spiritual be+ does n effect at "o "t t :i* x effects at ano!r1 does n necessitate a transition f pot5tiality to actuality2 su* a transition is necess>y 9 ! case ( =ces connect$ ) bodies4 ,x might1 p]haps1 be object$ t our argum5t is1 to "s ext5t1 a fallacy2 s9ce x is n due to any?+ conta9$ 9 ! ,active ,intellect itself1 b to ! abs5ce ( sub/ances suffici5tly prep>$ = its action1 t at times x does n act2 x does act always :5 sub/ances suffici5tly prep>$ are pres5t1 &1 :5 ! action does n cont9ue1 x is ow+ to ! abs5ce ( sub/ance suffici5tly prep>$1 & n to any *ange 9 ! ,intellect4 ,i answ] t x is n our int5tion to /ate ! reason :y ,god creat$ at "o "t & n at ano!r2 &1 9 ref]r+ to ! ,active ,intellect z a p>allel1 we d n mean to ass]t t ,god acts at "o "t & n at ano!r1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,active ,intellect1 an absolutely spiritual be+1 acts int]mitt5tly4 ,we d n make ?is ass]tion1 &1 if we did1 ! conclusion w\ld be fallaci\s4 ,:at we inf]1 & :at we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+1 is ?is3 ! ,active ,intellect is nei!r a corporeal object nor a =ce resid+ 9 a body2 x acts int]mitt5tly1 & yet :atev] ! cause may be :y x does n always act1 we d n say t ! ,active ,intellect has pass$ f a /ate ( pot5tiality to t ( actuality2 or t x implies ! possibility ( *ange1 or t an ag5t mu/ exi/ t causes ! transition f pot5tiality to actuality4 ,we h ?us refut$ ! /rong objection rais$ by ^? :o believe 9 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se2 s9ce we believe t ,god is nei!r a corporeal body nor a =ce resid+ 9 a body1 we ne$ n assume t ! ,creation1 aft] a p]iod ( inaction1 is due to a *ange 9 ! ,creator ,himself4 ,! second me?od employ$ 9 prov+ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se is bas$ on ! !ory t all wants1 *anges1 & ob/acles are abs5t f ! ,ess5ce ( ,god4 ,our refutation ( ?is pro(1 :i* is bo? difficult & pr(\nd1 is ?is4 ,e be+ t is end[$ ) free w & p]=ms c]ta9 acts 9 ref]5ce to ano!r be+1 necess>ily int]rupts ^? acts at "o "t or ano!r1 9 consequ5ce ( "s ob/acles or *anges4 ,e4g41 a p]son desires to h a h\se1 b he does n build "o1 because he meets ) "s ob/acles3 he has n ! mat]ial1 or he has ! mat]ial1 b x is n prep>$ = ! purpose on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( prop] in/rum5ts2 or he has mat]ial & in/rum5ts1 & yet does n build a h\se1 because he does n desire to build x2 s9ce he feels no want = a refuge4 ,:5 *ang$ circum/ances1 z heat or cold1 impel him to seek a refuge1 !n he desires to build a h\se4 ,?us *ang$ circum/ances *ange 8 w1 & ! w1 :5 x meets ) ob/acles1 is n c>ri$ into effect4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only ! case :5 ! causes ( ! actions are ext]nal2 b :5 ! action has no o!r purpose :atev] ?an to fulfil ! w1 !n ! w does n dep5d on ! exi/5ce ( fav\rable circum/ances4 ,! be+ end[$ ) ?is w ne$ n act cont9ually ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( all ob/acles1 because !re does n exi/ any?+ = ! sake ( :i* x acts1 & :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( all ob/acles1 w\ld necessitate ! action3 ! act simply foll[s ! w4 ,b1 "s might ask1 ev5 if we admit ! correctness ( all ?is1 is n *ange imput$ 9 ! fact t ! w ( ! be+ exi/s at "o "t & n at ano!r8 ,i reply ?us3 ,! true ess5ce ( ! w ( a be+ is simply ! faculty ( conceiv+ a desire at "o "t & n conceiv+ x at ano!r4 ,9 ! case ( corporeal be+s1 ! w :i* aims at a c]ta9 ext]nal object *anges accord+ to ob/acles & circum/ances4 ,b ! w ( an absolutely spiritual be+ :i* does n dep5d on ext]nal causes is un*angeable1 & ! fact t ! be+ desires "o ?+ "o day & ano!r ?+ ano!r day1 does n imply a *ange 9 ! ess5ce ( t be+1 or necessitate ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal cause = ?is *ange 9 ! desire4 ,simil>ly x has be5 %[n by u t if a be+ act$ at "o "t & did n act at ano!r1 ?is w\ld n involve a *ange 9 ! be+ itself4 ,x is n[ cle> t ! t]m 8w0 is homonym\sly us$ ( man's w & ( ! w ( ,god1 !re be+ no comp>ison :atev] betwe5 ,god's w & t ( man4 ,! objection is refut$1 & our !ory is n %ak5 by x4 ,?is is all we desire to e/abli%4 ,! ?ird me?od employ$ 9 prov+ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se is ?is3 :atev] ! wisdom ( ,god f9ds necess>y to produce is produc$ eo ipso2 b ?is wisdom1 be+ ,8 ,ess5ce1 is et]nal1 & t :i* results f ,8 wisdom mu/ be et]nal4 ,?is is a v weak argum5t4 ,z we d n und]/& :y ! wisdom ( ,god produc$ n9e sph]es1 nei!r m nor less1 or :y ,he fix$ ! numb] & size ( ! />s exactly z !y are2 s we _c und]/& :y ,8 wisdom at a c]ta9 "t caus$ ! ,univ]se to exi/1 :il/ a %ort "t be=e x _h n be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,all ?+s owe _! exi/5ce to ,8 et]nal & con/ant wisdom1 b we are utt]ly ignorant ( ! ways & me?ods ( t wisdom1 s9ce1 accord+ to our op9ion t ,god has no attributes1 ,8 w is id5tical ) ,8 wisdom1 & all ,8 attributes are "o & ! same ?+1 namely1 ,8 ,ess5ce or ,wisdom4 ,m w be said on ?is "q 9 ! section on ,provid5ce4 ,?us ?is objection to our !ory falls likewise to ! gr\nd4 ,!re is no evid5ce = ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 nei!r 9 ! fact cit$ by ,ari/otle ( ! g5]al cons5t ( ! anci5t peoples :5 !y describe ! heav5s z ! habitation ( ! angels & ( ,god1 nor 9 ! app>5t concurr5ce ( ,scriptural texts ) ?is belief4 ,^! facts m]ely prove t ! heav5s lead u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,intellig5ces1 i4e41 ideals & angels1 & t ^! lead u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 = ,he sets !m 9 motion1 & rules !m4 ,we w expla9 & %[ t !re is no bett] evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator1 z we believe1 ?an t furni%$ by ! heav5s2 b also accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! philosoph]s1 z has be5 m5tion$ by u1 !y give evid5ce t a be+ exi/s t sets !m 9 motion1 & t ?is be+ is nei!r a corporeal body nor a =ce resid+ 9 a body4 ,hav+ prov$ t our !ory is admissible1 & n impossible1 z ^? :o def5d ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se ass]t1 ,i w1 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[1 %[ t our !ory is pref]able f a philosophical po9t ( view1 & expose ! absurdities impli$ 9 ! !ory ( ,ari/otle4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,x has be5 %[n t accord+ to ,ari/otle1 & accord+ to all t def5d 8 !ory1 ! ,univ]se is insep>able f ,god2 ,he is ! cause1 & ! ,univ]se ! effect2 & ?is effect is a necess>y "o2 & z x _c be expla9$ :y or h[ ,god exi/s 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]1 namely1 be+ ,"o & incorporeal1 s x _c be ask$ conc]n+ ! :ole ,univ]se :y or h[ x exi/s 9 ?is p>ticul> way4 ,= x is necess>y t ! :ole1 ! cause z well z ! effect1 exi/ 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]1 x is impossible = !m n to exi/1 or to be diff]5t f :at !y actually are4 ,?is leads to ! conclusion t ! nature ( ev]y?+ rema9s con/ant1 t no?+ *anges its nature 9 any way1 & t su* a *ange is impossible 9 any exi/+ ?+4 ,x w\ld also foll[ t ! ,univ]se is n ! result ( design1 *oice1 & desire2 = if ?is 7 ! case1 !y w\ld h be5 non-exi/+ be=e ! design _h be5 conceiv$4 ,we1 h[ev]1 hold t all ?+s 9 ! ,univ]se are ! result ( design1 & n m]ely ( necessity2 ,he :o design$ !m may *ange !m :5 ,he *anges ,8 design4 ,b n e design is subject to *ange2 = !re are ?+s :i* are impossible1 & _! nature _c be alt]$1 z w be expla9$4 ,"h1 9 ?is *apt]1 ,i m]ely wi% to %[ by argum5ts almo/ z =cible z real pro(s1 t ! ,univ]se gives evid5ce ( design2 b ,i w n fall into ! error 9 :i* ! ,mutakallemim h s mu* di/+ui%$ !mselves1 namely1 ( ignor+ ! exi/+ nature ( ?+s or assum+ ! exi/5ce ( atoms1 or ! successive creation ( accid5ts1 or any ( _! propositions :i* ,i h tri$ to expla91 & :i* are int5d$ to e/abli% ! pr9ciple ( ,div9e selection4 ,y mu/ n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t !y und]/ood ! pr9ciple 9 ! same s5se z we d1 al?\gh !y und\bt$ly aim$ at ! same ?+1 & m5tion$ ! same ?+s :i* we also w m5tion1 :5 !y treat$ ( ,div9e ,selection4 ,= !y d n di/+ui% betwe5 selection 9 ! case ( a plant to make x r$ & n :ite1 or sweet & n bitt]1 & det]m9ation 9 ! case ( ! heav5s :i* gave !m _! peculi> geometrical =m & did n give !m a triangul> or quadrilat]al %ape4 ,! ,mutakallemim e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ( det]m9ation by means ( _! propositions1 :i* h be5 enum]at$ above 7,"p ,i41 *ap4 lxxiii474 ,i w e/abli% ?is pr9ciple only z f> z necess>y1 & only by philosophical propositions bas$ on ! nature ( ?+s4 ,b be=e ,i beg9 my argum5t1 ,i w /ate ! foll[+ facts3 ,matt] is common to ?+s diff]5t f ea* o!r2 !re mu/ be ei!r "o ext]nal cause :i* end[s ?is matt] p>tly ) "o prop]ty1 p>tly ) ano!r1 or !re mu/ be z _m diff]5t causes z !re are diff]5t =ms ( ! matt] common to all ?+s4 ,?is is admitt$ by ^? :o assume ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,aft] hav+ premis$ ?is proposition1 ,i w proce$ ) ! discussion ( our !me f an ,ari/otelian po9t ( view1 9 =m ( a dialogue4 ,we4--,y h prov$ t all ?+s 9 ! sublun>y _w h "o common sub/ance2 :y !n d ! species ( ?+s v>y8 :y are ! individuals 9 ea* species diff]5t f ea* o!r8 ,ari/otelian4--,because ! composition ( ! ?+s =m$ ( t sub/ance v>ies4 ,= ! common sub/ance at fir/ receiv$ f\r diff]5t =ms1 & ea* =m 0 end[$ ) two qualities1 & ?r\gh ^! f\r qualities ! sub/ance 0 turn$ into ! elem5ts ( :i* all ?+s are =m$4 ,! composition ( ! elem5ts takes place 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,fir/ !y are mix$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! motion ( ! sph]es1 & !n !y comb9e toge!r2 a cause = v>iation arises !n 9 ! v>iation ( ! degree ( heat1 cold1 moi/ure1 & dryness ( ! elem5ts :i* =m ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ?+s4 ,by ^! diff]5t comb9ations ?+s are v>i\sly pr$ispos$ to receive diff]5t =ms2 & ^! 9 _! turn are aga9 prep>$ to receive o!r =ms1 & s on4 ,ea* g5]ic =m f9ds a wide sph]e 9 its sub/ance bo? z reg>ds quality & quantity2 & ! individuals ( ! classes v>y accord+ly4 ,?is is fully expla9$ 9 ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,x is q correct & cle> to e "o t readily ackn[l$ges ! tru?1 & does n wi% to deceive himself4 ,we4--,s9ce ! comb9ation ( ! elem5ts prep>es sub/ances & enables !m to receive diff]5t =ms1 :at has prep>$ ! fir/ sub/ance & caus$ "o "p ( x to receive ! =m ( fire1 ano!r "p ! =m ( e>?1 & ! p>ts betwe5 ^! two ! =ms ( wat] & ( air1 s9ce "o sub/ance is common to all8 ,?r\gh :at has ! sub/ance ( e>? become m fit = ! =m ( e>?1 & ! sub/ance ( fire m fit = t ( fire8 ,ar4--,! diff]5ce ( ! elem5ts 0 caus$ by _! diff]5t position2 = ! diff]5t places prep>$ ! same sub/ance diff]5tly1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ! portion ne>e/ ! surr\nd+ sph]e became m r>ifi$ & swift] 9 motion1 & ?us approa*+ ! nature ( t sph]e1 x receiv$ by ?is prep>ation ! =m ( fire4 ,! f>!r ! sub/ance is away f ! surr\nd+ sph]e t[>ds ! c5tre1 ! d5s]1 ! m solid1 & ! less lum9\s x is2 x becomes e>?2 ! same is ! cause ( ! =mation ( wat] & air4 ,?is is necess>ily s2 = x w\ld be absurd to d5y t ea* "p ( ! sub/ance is 9 a c]ta9 place2 or to assume t ! surface is id5tical ) ! c5tre1 or ! c5tre ) ! surface4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 place det]m9$ ! diff]5t =ms1 i4e41 pr$ispos$ ! sub/ance to receive diff]5t =ms4 ,we4--,is ! sub/ance ( ! surr\nd+ sph]e1 i4e41 ! heav5s1 ! same z t ( ! elem5ts8 ,ar4--,no2 ! sub/ance is diff]5t1 & ! =ms are diff]5t4 ,! t]m 8body0 is homonym\sly us$ ( ^! bodies bel[ & ( ! heav5s1 z has be5 %[n by mod]n philosoph]s4 ,all ?is has be5 demon/rat$ by pro(4 ,b let n[ ! read] ( ?is treatise he> :at ,i h to say4 ,ari/otle has prov$ t ! diff]5ce ( =ms becomes evid5t by ! diff]5ce ( actions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! motion ( ! elem5ts is rectil9e>1 & t ( ! sph]es circul>1 we inf] t ! sub/ances are diff]5t4 ,?is inf]5ce is support$ by ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,:5 we fur!r notice t sub/ances ) rectil9e> motion diff] 9 _! directions1 t "s move upw>d1 "s d[nw>d1 & t sub/ances :i* move 9 ! same direction h diff]5t velocities1 we inf] t _! =ms mu/ be diff]5t4 ,?us we le>n t !re are f\r elem5ts4 ,9 ! same way we come to ! conclusion t ! sub/ance ( all ! sph]es is ! same1 s9ce !y all h circul> motion4 ,_! =ms1 h[ev]1 are diff]5t1 s9ce "o sph]e moves f ea/ to we/1 & ano!r f we/ to ea/2 & _! motions h also diff]5t velocities4 ,we c n[ put ! foll[+ "q to ,ari/otle3 ,!re is "o sub/ance common to all sph]es2 ea* "o has its own peculi> =m4 ,:o ?us det]m9$ & pr$ispos$ ^! sph]es to receive diff]5t =ms8 ,is !re above ! sph]es any be+ capable ( det]m9+ ?is except ,god8 ,i w %[ ! pr(undity & ! extraord9>y acum5 :i* ,ari/otle display$ :5 ?is "q tr\bl$ him4 ,he /rove v h>d to meet ?is objection ) argum5ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 n borne out by facts4 ,al?\gh he does n m5tion ?is objection1 x is cle> f 8 words t he endeav\rs to %[ ! nature ( ! sph]es1 z he has %[n t ( ! ?+s 9 ! sublun>y _w4 ,ev]y?+ is1 accord+ to him1 ! result ( a law ( ,nature1 & n ! result ( ! design ( a be+ t designs z x likes1 or ! det]m9ation ( a be+ t det]m9es z x pleases4 ,he has n c>ri$ out ! idea consi/5tly1 & x w nev] be done4 ,he tries inde$ to f9d ! cause :y ! sph]e moves f ea/ & n f we/2 :y "s sph]es move ) great] velocity1 o!rs ) less velocity1 & he f9ds ! cause ( ^! diff]5ces 9 _! diff]5t positions 9 ref]5ce to ! upp]mo/ sph]e4 ,he fur!r attempts to %[ :y !re are sev]al sph]es = ea* ( ! sev5 planets1 :ile !re is only "o sph]e = ! l>ge numb] ( fix$ />s4 ,= all ?is he endeav\rs to /ate ! reason1 s z to %[ t ! :ole ord] is ! necess>y result ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,he has n atta9$ 8 object4 ,= z reg>ds ! ?+s 9 ! sublun>y _w1 8 explanations are 9 accordance ) facts1 & ! relation betwe5 cause & effect is cle>ly %[n4 ,x c !re=e be assum$ t ev]y?+ is ! necess>y result ( ! motions & influ5ces ( ! sph]es4 ,b :5 he treats ( ! prop]ties ( ! sph]es1 he does n cle>ly %[ ! causal relation1 nor does he expla9 ! ph5om5a 9 t sy/ematic way :i* ! hypo!sis ( natural laws w\ld dem&4 ,= let u consid] ! sph]es3 9 "o case a sph]e ) great] velocity is above a sph]e ) less velocity1 9 ano!r case we notice ! rev]se2 9 a ?ird case !re are two sph]es ) equal velocities1 "o above ! o!r4 ,!re are1 besides1 o!r ph5om5a :i* speak /rongly aga9/ ! hypo!sis t all is regulat$ by ! laws ( ,nature1 & ,i w devote a special *apt] to ! discussion ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,9 %ort1 !re is no d\bt t ,ari/otle knew ! weakness ( 8 argum5ts 9 trac+ & describ+ ! cause ( all ^! ?+s1 & !re=e he prefaces 8 rese>*es on ^! ?+s z foll[s3--8,we w n[ ?or\ghly inve/igate two problems1 :i* x is our prop] duty to inve/igate & to discuss accord+ to our capacity1 wisdom1 & op9ion4 ,?is our attempt mu/ n be attribut$ to presumption & pride1 b to our extraord9>y zeal 9 ! /udy ( philosophy2 :5 we attempt ! highe/ & gr&e/ problems1 & endeav\r to (f] "s prop] solution1 e "o t he>s x %\ld rejoice & be pleas$40 ,s f> ,ari/otle4 ,?is %[s t he und\bt$ly knew ! weakness ( 8 !ory4 ,h[ mu* weak] mu/ x appe> :5 we be> 9 m9d t ! sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy 0 n yet fully develop$1 & t 9 ! days ( ,ari/otle ! motions ( ! sph]es 7 n kn[n s well z !y are at pres5t4 ,i ?9k t x 0 ! object ( ,ari/otle 9 attribut+ 9 8 ,metaphysics "o ,intellig5ce to e sph]e1 to assume ! exi/5ce ( some?+ capable ( det]m9+ ! peculi> c\rse ( ea* sph]e4 ,lat] on ,i w %[ t he has n ga9$ any?+ !reby2 b n[ ,i w expla9 ! words1 8accord+ to our capacity1 wisdom1 & op9ion10 occurr+ 9 ! passage :i* we quot$4 ,i h n notic$ t any ( ! comm5tators expla9 !m4 ,! t]m 8our op9ion0 ref]s to ! pr9ciple t ev]y?+ is ! result ( natural laws1 or to ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,by 8our wisdom0 he meant ! k ( t :i* is cle> & g5]ally accept$1 viz41 t ! exi/5ce ( e "o ( ^! ?+s is due to a c]ta9 cause1 & n to *ance4 ,by 8our capacity0 he meant ! insuffici5cy ( our intellect to f9d ! causes ( all ^! ?+s4 ,he only int5d$ to trace ! causes = a few ( !m2 & s he did4 ,= he gives an excell5t reason :y ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s moves sl[ly1 :ile ! o!r sph]es move ) great] velocity1 namely1 because its motion is 9 a diff]5t direction f ! upp]mo/ sph]e4 ,he fur!r says t ! m di/ant a sph]e is f ! eigh? sph]e ! great] is its velocity4 ,b ?is rule does n hold good 9 all cases1 z ,i h already expla9$ 7p4 #agd74 ,m =cible /ill is ! foll[+ objection3 ,!re are sph]es bel[ ! eigh? t move f ea/ to we/4 ,( ^! ea* upp] "o1 accord+ to ?is rule1 w\ld h a great] velocity ?an ! l[] "o2 & ! velocity ( ^! sph]es w\ld almo/ equal t ( ! n9? sph]e4 ,b ,a/ronomy _h1 9 ! days ( ,ari/otle1 n yet develop$ to ! height x has rea*$ at pres5t4 ,accord+ to our !ory ( ! ,creation1 all ?is c easily be expla9$2 = we say t !re is a be+ t det]m9es ! direction & ! velocity ( ! motion ( ea* sph]e2 b we d n "k ! reason :y ! wisdom ( t be+ gave to ea* sph]e its peculi> prop]ty4 ,if ,ari/otle _h be5 able to /ate ! cause ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! motion ( ! sph]es1 & %[ t x correspond$ z he ?\ght to _! relative positions1 ?is w\ld h be5 excell5t1 & ! v>iety 9 _! motions w\ld be expla9$ 9 ! same way z ! v>iety ( ! elem5ts1 by _! relative position betwe5 ! c5tre & ! surface2 b ?is is n ! case1 z ,i said be=e4 ,!re is a ph5om5on 9 ! sph]es :i* m cle>ly %[s ! exi/5ce ( volunt>y det]m9ation2 x _c be expla9$ o!rwise ?an by assum+ t "s be+ design$ x3 ?is ph5om5on is ! exi/5ce ( ! />s4 ,! fact t ! sph]e is con/antly 9 motion1 :ile ! />s rema9 /ation>y1 indicates t ! sub/ance ( ! />s is diff]5t f t ( ! sph]es4 ,abu-nasr has already m5tion$ ! fact 9 8 additions to ! ,physics ( ,ari/otle4 ,he says3 8,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! />s & ! sph]es2 = ! sph]es are transp>5t1 ! />s are opaque2 & ! cause ( ?is is t !re is a diff]5ce1 h[ev] small x may be1 betwe5 _! sub/ances & =ms40 ,s f> ,abu-nasr4 ,b ,i d n say t !re is a small diff]5ce1 b a v great diff]5ce2 because ,i d n inf] x f ! transp>5cy ( ! sph]es1 b f _! motions4 ,i am conv9c$ t !re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( sub/ance1 ) ?ree diff]5t =ms1 namely3--7#a7 ,bodies :i* nev] move ( _! own accord2 su* are ! bodies ( ! />s2 7#b7 bodies :i* always move1 su* are ! bodies ( ! sph]es2 7#c7 bodies :i* bo? move & re/1 su* are ! elem5ts4 ,n[1 ,i ask1 :at has unit$ ^! two bodies1 :i*1 accord+ to my op9ion1 diff] v mu* f ea* o!r1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ,abu-nasr1 only a little8 ,:o has prep>$ ! bodies = ?is union8 ,9 %ort1 x w\ld be /range t1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( design1 "o ( two diff]5t bodies %\ld be jo9$ to ! o!r 9 su* a mann] t x is fix$ to x 9 a c]ta9 place b does n comb9e ) x4 ,x is /ill m difficult to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ! num]\s />s 9 ! eigh? sph]e2 !y are all sph]ical2 "s ( !m are l>ge1 "s small2 "h we notice two />s app>5tly di/ant f ea* o!r "o cubit2 !re a gr\p ( t5 close toge!r2 :il/ 9 ano!r place !re is a l>ge space )\t any />4 ,:at det]m9$ t ! "o small "p %\ld h t5 />s1 & ! o!r portion %\ld be )\t any />8 & ! :ole body ( ! sph]e be+ uni=m ?r\gh\t1 :y %\ld a p>ticul> /> occupy ! "o place & n ano!r8 ,! answ] to ^! & simil> que/ions is v difficult1 & almo/ impossible1 if we assume t all emanates f ,god z ! necess>y result ( c]ta9 p]man5t laws1 z ,ari/otle holds4 ,b if we assume t all ?is is ! result ( design1 !re is no?+ /range or improbable2 & ! only "q to be ask$ is ?is3 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is design8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is t all ?is has be5 made = a c]ta9 purpose1 ?\gh we d n "k x2 !re is no?+ t is done 9 va91 or by *ance4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ve9s & n]ves ( an individual dog or ass are n ! result ( *ance2 _! magnitude is n det]m9$ by *ance2 nor is x by *ance1 b = a c]ta9 purpose1 t "o ve9 is ?ick1 ano!r ?92 t "o n]ve has _m bran*es1 ano!r has none2 t "o goes d[n /raight1 :il/ ano!r is b5t2 x is well kn[n t all ?is mu/ be j z x is4 ,h[1 !n1 c any reasonable p]son imag9e t ! position1 magnitude1 & numb] ( ! />s1 or ! v>i\s c\rses ( _! sph]es1 are purposeless1 or ! result ( *ance8 ,!re is no d\bt t e "o ( ^! ?+s is necess>y & 9 accordance ) a c]ta9 design2 & x is extremely improbable t ^! ?+s %\ld be ! necess>y result ( natural laws1 & n t ( design4 ,! be/ pro( = design 9 ! ,univ]se ,i f9d 9 ! diff]5t motions ( ! sph]es1 & 9 ! fix$ position ( ! />s 9 ! sph]es4 ,= ?is reason y f9d all ! prophets po9t to ! sph]es & />s :5 !y want to prove t !re mu/ exi/ a ,div9e ,be+4 ,?us ,abraham reflect$ on ! />s1 z is well kn[n2 ,isaiah 7xl4 #bf7 exhorts to le>n f !m ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & says1 8,lift up y\r eyes on high1 & behold :o ha? creat$ ^! ?+s80 ,j]emiah calls ,god 8,! ,mak] ( ! heav5s02 ,abraham calls ,him 8,! ,god ( ! heav5s0 7,g54 xxiv4 #g72 ,moses1 ! *ief ( ! ,prophets1 uses ! phrase expla9$ by u 7,"p ,i41 *ap1 lxx471 8,he :o ride? on ! heav5s0 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #bf74 ,! pro( tak5 f ! heav5s is conv9c+2 = ! v>iety ( ?+s 9 ! sublun>y _w1 ?\gh _! sub/ance is "o & ! same1 c be expla9$ z ! "w ( ! influ5ces ( ! sph]es1 or ! result ( ! v>iety 9 ! position ( ! sub/ance 9 relation to ! sph]es1 z has be5 %[n by ,ari/otle4 ,b :o has det]m9$ ! v>iety 9 ! sph]es & ! />s1 if n ! ,w ( ,god8 ,to say t ! ,intellig5ces h det]m9$ x is ( no use :atev]2 = ! ,intellig5ces are n corporeal1 & h no local relation to ! sph]es4 ,:y !n %\ld ! "o sph]e 9 its desire to approa* ! ,intellig5ce1 move ea/w>d1 & ano!r we/w>d8 ,is ! "o ,intellig5ce 9 ! ea/1 ! o!r 9 ! we/8 or :y does "o move ) great velocity1 ano!r sl[ly8 ,?is diff]5ce is n 9 accordance ) _! di/ances f ea* o!r1 z is well kn[n4 ,we mu/ !n say t ! nature & ess5ce ( ea* sph]e necessitat$ its motion 9 a c]ta9 direction1 & 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 z ! consequ5ce ( its desire to approa* its ,intellig5ce4 ,ari/otle cle>ly expresses ?is op9ion4 ,we ?us h return$ to ! "p f :i* we />t$2 & we ask1 ,s9ce ! sub/ance ( all ?+s is ! same1 :at made ! nature ( "o portion diff]5t f ano!r8 ,:y has ?is sph]e a desire :i* produces a motion diff]5t f t :i* ! desire ( ano!r sph]e produces8 ,?is mu/ h be5 done by an ag5t capable ( det]m9+4 ,we h ?us be5 br\ght to exam9e two que/ions3--7#a7 ,is x necess>y to assume t ! v>iety ( ! ?+s 9 ! ,univ]se is ! result ( ,design1 & n ( fix$ laws ( ,nature1 or is x n necess>y8 7#b7 ,assum+ t all ?is is ! result ( ,design1 does x foll[ t x has be5 creat$ aft] n hav+ exi/$1 or does ,creatio ex nihilo n foll[1 & has ! ,be+ :i* has det]m9$ all ?is done always s8 ,"s ( ^? :o believe 9 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se hold ! la/ op9ion4 ,i w n[ beg9 ! exam9ation ( ^! two que/ions1 & expla9 !m z mu* z necess>y 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 none ( ! products ( ,nature are due to *ance4 ,8 pro( is ?is3 ,t :i* is due to *ance does n reappe> con/antly nor frequ5tly1 b all products ( ,nature reappe> ei!r con/antly or at lea/ frequ5tly4 ,! heav5s1 ) all t !y conta91 are con/ant2 !y nev] *ange1 z has be5 expla9$1 nei!r z reg>ds _! ess5ce nor z reg>ds _! place4 ,b 9 ! sublun>y _w we f9d bo? ?+s :i* are con/ant & ?+s :i* reappe> frequ5tly ?\gh n con/antly4 ,?us1 e4g41 ! heat ( fire & ! d[nw>d t5d5cy ( a /one are con/ant prop]ties1 :il/ ! =m & life ( ! individuals 9 ea* species are ! same 9 mo/ cases4 ,all ?is is cle>4 ,if ! p>ts ( ! ,univ]se are n accid5tal1 h[ c ! :ole ,univ]se be consid]$ z ! result ( *ance8 ,!re=e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se is n due to *ance4 ,! foll[+ is1 9 %ort1 ! objection :i* ,ari/otle raises aga9/ "o ( ! e>li] philosoph]s :o assum$ t ! ,univ]se is ! result ( *ance1 & t x came into exi/5ce by itself1 )\t any cause4 ,"s assume t ! heav5s & ! :ole ,univ]se came into exi/5ce spontane\sly1 z well z ! rotation & motion ( ! sph]es1 :i* has produc$ ! v>iety ( ?+s & e/abli%$ _! pres5t ord]4 ,?is op9ion implies a great absurdity4 ,!y admit t animals & plants d n owe _! exi/5ce or production to *ance1 b to a c]ta9 cause1 be t cause ,nature1 or reason1 or ! l2 e4g41 !y d n assume t ev]y?+ might be =m$ by *ance ( a c]ta9 se$ or sem51 b t ( a c]ta9 se$ only an olive-tree is produc$1 & ( a c]ta9 sem5 only a human be+ is develop$4 ,& yet !y ?9k t ! heav5s1 & ^? bodies :i* appe> div9e among ! re/ ( bodies1 came into exi/5ce spontane\sly1 )\t ! action ( any su* cause z produces plants & animals4 ,hav+ ?us exam9$ ?is !ory1 ,ari/otle !n proce$s to refute x at great] l5g?4 ,x is !re=e cle> t ,ari/otle believes & proves t ?+s 9 real exi/5ce are n accid5tal2 !y _c be accid5tal1 because !y are ess5tial1 i4e41 !re is a cause :i* necessitates t !y %\ld be 9 _! actual condition1 & on acc\nt ( t cause !y are j z !y 9 reality are4 ,?is has be5 prov$1 & x is ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! rejection ( ! spontane\s orig9 ( ?+s implies ! admission ( ,design & ,w4 ,= z x is impossible to reconcile two opposites1 s x is impossible to reconcile ! two !ories1 t ( necess>y exi/5ce by causality1 & t ( ,creation by ! desire & w ( a ,creator4 ,= ! necess>y exi/5ce assum$ by ,ari/otle mu/ be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se1 t = ev]y?+ t is n ! product ( "w !re mu/ be a c]ta9 cause t produces x ) its prop]ties2 = ?is cause !re is ano!r cause1 & = ! second a ?ird1 & s on4 ,! s]ies ( causes ends ) ! ,prime ,cause1 f :i* ev]y?+ d]ives exi/5ce1 s9ce x is impossible t ! s]ies %\ld cont9ue ad inf9itum4 ,he nev]!less does n mean to say t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se is ! necess>y product ( ! ,creator1 i4e41 ! ,prime ,cause1 9 ! same mann] z ! %ad[ is caus$ by a body1 or heat by fire1 or light by ! sun4 ,only ^? :o d n compreh5d 8 words attribute su* ideas to him4 ,he uses "h ! t]m necess>y 9 ! same s5se z we use ! t]m :5 we say t ! exi/5ce ( ! intellectus necess>ily implies t ( ! intellectum1 = ! =m] is ! effici5t cause ( ! latt] 9 s f> z intellectum4 ,ev5 ,ari/otle holds t ! ,prime ,cause is ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect ,intellect2 he !re=e says t ! ,fir/ ,cause is pleas$1 satisfi$1 & delight$ ) t :i* necess>ily d]ives exi/5ce f ,him1 & x is impossible t ,he %\ld wi% x to be diff]5t4 ,b we d n call ?is 8design10 & x has no?+ 9 common ) design4 ,e4g41 man is pleas$1 satisfi$1 & delight$ t he is end[$ ) eyes & h&s1 & x is impossible t he %\ld desire x to be o!rwise1 & yet ! eyes & h&s :i* a man has are n ! result ( 8 design1 & x is n by 8 own det]m9ation t he has c]ta9 prop]ties & is able to p]=m c]ta9 actions4 ,! notion ( design & det]m9ation applies only to ?+s n yet 9 exi/5ce1 :5 !re is /ill ! possibility ( _! be+ 9 accordance ) ! design or n4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! mod]n ,ari/otelians und]/ood 8 words to imply t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se presupposes "s cause 9 ! s5se ( design & det]m9ation1 or :e!r1 9 opposition to him1 !y assum$ design & det]m9ation1 9 ! belief t ?is does n conflict ) ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,hav+ expla9$ ?is1 ,i w n[ proce$ to exam9e ! op9ions ( ! mod]n philosoph]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,"s ( ! rec5t philosoph]s :o adh]e to ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se hold t ,god produces ! ,univ]se1 t ,he by ,8 w designs & det]m9es its exi/5ce & =m2 !y reject1 h[ev]1 ! !ory t ?is act took place at "o c]ta9 "t1 & assume t ?is always has be5 ! case1 & w always be s4 ,! circum/ance t we _c imag9e an ag5t o!rwise ?an prec$+ ! result ( its action1 !y expla9 by ! fact t ?is is inv>iably ! case 9 all t we produce2 because = ag5ts ( ! same k9d z we are1 !re are "s mom5ts 9 :i* !y are n active1 & are only ag5ts 9 pot5tia2 !y become ag5ts :5 !y act4 ,b z reg>ds ,god !re are no mom5ts ( non-action1 or ( pot5tiality 9 any respect2 ,he is n be=e ,8 "w1 ,he is always an actual ag5t4 ,& z !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ,8 ess5ce & ours1 s is also a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! relation ( ,8 "w to ,him & ! relation ( our "w to u4 ,!y apply ! same argum5t to w & det]m9ation2 = !re is no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect :e!r we say ,he acts1 wills1 designs1 or det]m9es4 ,!y fur!r assume t *ange 9 ,8 action or w is inadmissible4 ,x is !re=e cle> t ^! philosoph]s ab&on$ ! t]m 8necess>y result10 b reta9$ ! !ory ( x2 !y p]haps s\ght to use a bett] expression1 or to remove an objectionable t]m4 ,= x is ! same ?+1 :e!r we say 9 accordance ) ! view ( ,ari/otle t ! ,univ]se is ! result ( ! ,prime ,cause1 & mu/ be et]nal z t ,cause is et]nal1 or 9 accordance ) ^! philosoph]s t ! ,univ]se is ! result ( ! act1 design1 w1 selection1 & det]m9ation ( ,god1 b x has always be5 s1 & w always be s2 9 ! same mann] z ! ris+ ( ! sun und\bt$ly produces ! day1 & yet x does n prec$e x4 ,b :5 we speak ( design we d n mean x 9 ?is s5se2 we mean to express by x t ! ,univ]se is n ! 8necess>y result0 ( ,god's exi/5ce1 z ! effect is ! necess>y result ( ! effici5t cause2 9 ! latt] case ! effect _c be sep>at$ f ! cause2 x _c *ange unless ! cause *anges entirely1 or at lea/ 9 "s respect4 ,if we accept ?is explanation we easily see h[ absurd x is to say t ! ,univ]se is 9 ! same relation to ,god z ! effect is to ! effici5t cause1 & to assume at ! same "t t ! ,univ]se is ! result ( ! action & det]m9ation ( ,god4 ,hav+ fully expla9$ ?is subject1 we come to ! "q :e!r ! cause1 :i* mu/ be assum$ = ! v>iety ( prop]ties notic$ 9 ! heav5ly be+s1 is m]ely an effici5t cause1 t mu/ necess>ily produce t v>iety z its effect1 or :e!r t v>iety is due to a det]m9+ ag5t1 su* z we believe1 9 accordance ) ! !ory ( ,moses our ,tea*]4 ,be=e ,i discuss ?is "q ,i w fir/ expla9 fully :at ,ari/otle means by 8necess>y result02 aft] t ,i w %[ by su* philosophical argum5ts z are free f e fallacy :y ,i pref] ! !ory ( ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,x is cle> t :5 he says t ! fir/ ,intellig5ce is ! necess>y result ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! second ,intellig5ce ! result ( ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/1 ! ?ird ( ! second & s on1 & t ! sph]es are ! necess>y result ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,intellig5ces1 & s =?1 9 ! well-kn[n ord] :i* y le>nt f passages deal+ ) x1 & ( :i* we h giv5 a rsum 9 ?is "p 7*4 iv47--he does n mean t ! "o ?+ 0 fir/ 9 exi/5ce1 & !n ! second came z ! necess>y result ( ! fir/2 he d5ies t any "o ( ^! be+s has _h a beg9n+4 ,by 8necess>y result0 he m]ely ref]s to ! causal relation2 he means to say t ! fir/ ,intellig5ce is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ! second2 ! second ( ! ?ird1 & s on to ! la/ ( ! ,intellig5ces2 & ! same is also ! case z reg>ds ! sph]es & ! mat]ia prima2 none ( ^! prec$$ ano!r1 or has be5 9 exi/5ce )\t ! exi/5ce ( t o!r4 ,we say1 e4g41 t ! necess>y result ( ! prim>y qualities are r\ghness & smoo?ness1 h>dness & s(tness1 porosity & solidity2 & no p]son d\bts t heat1 cold1 moi/ure1 & dryness are ! causes ( smoo?ness & r\ghness1 ( h>dness & s(tness1 porosity & solidity1 & simil> qualities1 & t ! latt] are ! necess>y result ( ^? f\r prim>y qualities4 ,& yet x is impossible t a body %\ld exi/ ) ! prim>y qualities )\t ! second>y ones2 = ! relation betwe5 ! two sets ( qualities is t ( causality1 n t ( ag5t & its product4 ,j 9 ! same way ! t]m 8necess>y result0 is us$ by ,ari/otle 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole ,univ]se1 :5 he says t "o portion is ! result ( ! o!r1 & cont9ues ! s]ies up to ! ,fir/ ,cause z he calls x1 or fir/ ,intellect1 if y pref] ?is t]m4 ,= we all mean ! same1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t accord+ to ,ari/otle ev]y?+ besides t ,be+ is ! necess>y result ( ! latt]1 z ,i h already m5tion$2 :il/1 accord+ to our op9ion1 t ,be+ creat$ ! :ole ,univ]se ) design & w1 s t ! ,univ]se :i* _h n be5 9 exi/5ce be=e1 has by ,8 w come into exi/5ce4 ,i w n[ beg9 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s my pro(s = ! sup]iority ( our !ory1 t ( ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,ari/otle & all philosoph]s assume z an axiom t a simple elem5t c only produce "o simple ?+1 :il/ a comp\nd c produce z _m ?+s z x conta9s simple elem5ts2 e4g41 fire comb9es 9 itself two prop]ties1 heat & dryness2 x gives heat by ! "o prop]ty1 & produces dryness by ! o!r3 an object compos$ ( matt] & =m produces c]ta9 ?+s on acc\nt ( its matt]1 & o!rs on acc\nt ( its =m1 if bo? matt] & =m consi/ ( sev]al elem5ts4 ,9 accordance ) ?is axiom1 ,ari/otle holds t ! direct emanation f ,god mu/ be "o simple ,intellig5ce1 & no?+ else4 ,a second axiom assum$ by him is ?is3 ,?+s are n produc$ by o!r ?+s at r&om2 !re mu/ be "s relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,?us accid5ts are n produc$ by accid5ts promiscu\sly2 quality _c be ! orig9 ( quantity1 nor quantity t ( quality2 a =m _c emanate f matt]1 nor matt] f =m4 ,a ?ird axiom is ?is3 ,a s+le ag5t t acts ) design & w1 & n m]ely by ! =ce ( ! laws ( ,nature1 c produce diff]5t objects4 ,a f\r? axiom is z foll[s3 ,an object1 ^: sev]al elem5ts are only connect$ by juxtaposition1 is m prop]ly a comp\nd ?an an object ^: diff]5t elem5ts h entirely comb9$2 e4g41 bone1 fle%1 ve9s1 or n]ves1 are m simple ?an ! h& or ! foot1 t are a comb9ation ( bone1 fle%1 ve9s1 & n]ves4 ,?is is v cle>1 & requires no fur!r explanation4 ,hav+ premis$ ^! axioms1 ,i ask ! foll[+ "q3 ,ari/otle holds t ! fir/ ,intellig5ce is ! cause ( ! second1 ! second ( ! ?ird1 & s on1 till ! ?\s&?1 if we assume a s]ies ( t numb]4 ,n[ ! fir/ ,intellect is und\bt$ly simple4 ,h[ !n c ! comp\nd =m ( exi/+ ?+s come f su* an ,intellect by fix$ laws ( ,nature1 z ,ari/otle assumes8 ,we admit all he said conc]n+ ! ,intellig5ces1 t ! fur!r !y are away f ! fir/1 ! great] is ! v>iety ( _! comp\nds1 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>g] numb] ( ! objects compreh5sible by ! ,intellig5ces2 b ev5 aft] admitt+ ?is1 ! "q rema9s1 ,by :at law ( ,nature did ! sph]es emanate f ! ,intellig5ces8 ,:at relation is !re betwe5 mat]ial & immat]ial be+s8 ,suppose we admit t ea* sph]e emanates f an ,intellig5ce ( ! =m m5tion$2 t ! ,intellig5ce1 includ+1 z x 71 two elem5ts1 9 s f> z x compreh5ds itself & ano!r ?+1 produces ! next ,intellig5ce by ! "o elem5t1 & a sph]e by ! o!r2 b ! "q w\ld !n be1 h[ ! "o simple elem5t c\ld produce ! sph]e1 t conta9s two sub/ances & two =ms1 namely1 ! sub/ance & ! =m ( ! sph]e1 & also ! sub/ance & ! =m ( ! /> fix$ 9 t sph]e4 ,=1 accord+ to ! laws ( ,nature1 ! comp\nd c only emanate f a comp\nd4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be "o elem5t1 f :i* ! body ( ! sph]e emanates1 & ano!r elem5t1 f :i* ! body ( ! /> emanates4 ,?is w\ld be necess>y ev5 if ! sub/ance ( all />s 7 ! same2 b x is possible t ! lum9\s />s h n ! same sub/ance z ! non-lum9\s />s2 x is besides well kn[n t ea* body has its own matt] & its own =m4 ,x mu/ n[ be cle> t ?is emanation c\ld n h tak5 place by ! =ce ( ! laws ( ,nature1 z ,ari/otle cont5ds4 ,nor does ! diff]5ce ( ! motions ( ! sph]es foll[ ! ord] ( _! positions2 & !re=e x _c be said t ?is diff]5ce is ! result ( c]ta9 laws ( ,nature4 ,we h already m5tion$ ?is 7*4 xix474 ,!re is 9 ! prop]ties ( ! sph]es ano!r circum/ance t is oppos$ to ! assum$ laws ( ,nature2 namely1 if ! sub/ance ( all sph]es is ! same1 :y does x n occur t ! =m ( "o sph]e comb9es ) ! sub/ance ( ano!r sph]e1 z is ! case ) ?+s on e>?1 simply because _! sub/ance is fit = su* *anges8 ,if ! sub/ance ( all sph]es is ! same1 if x is n assum$ t ea* ( !m has a peculi> sub/ance1 & if1 contr>y to all pr9ciples1 ! peculi> motion ( ea* sph]e is no evid5ce = ! special "* ( its sub/ance1 :y !n %\ld a c]ta9 =m con/antly rema9 unit$ ) a c]ta9 sub/ance8 ,aga91 if ! />s h all "o sub/ance1 by :at are !y di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r8 is x by =ms8 or by accid5ts8 ,:i*ev] be ! case1 ! =ms or ! accid5ts w\ld int]*ange1 s t !y w\ld successively unite ) e "o ( ! />s1 s long z _! sub/ance be+ ! same admits ! comb9ations ) e "o ( ! =ms or ! accid5ts4 ,?is %[s t ! t]m sub/ance1 :5 us$ ( ! sph]es or ! />s1 does n mean ! same z x signifies :5 us$ ( ! sub/ance ( e>?ly ?+s1 b is appli$ to ! two synonym\sly4 ,x fur!r %[s t e "o ( ! bodies ( ! sph]es has its own peculi> =m ( exi/5ce diff]5t f t ( all o!r be+s4 ,:y !n is circul> motion common to all sph]es1 & :y is ! fix$ position ( ! />s 9 _! respective sph]es common to all />s8 ,if we1 h[ev]1 assume design & det]m9ation ( a ,creator1 9 accordance ) ,8 incompreh5sible wisdom1 all ^! difficulties disappe>4 ,!y mu/ arise :5 we consid] ! :ole ,univ]se1 n z ! result ( free w1 b z ! result ( fix$ laws ( ,nature3 a !ory :i*1 on ! "o h&1 is n 9 h>mony ) ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 & does n (f] = x a suffici5t reason or argum5t2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 implies _m & great improbabilities4 ,=1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ,god1 ^: p]fection 9 e respect is recognis$ by all ?9k+ p]sons1 is 9 su* a relation to ! ,univ]se t ,he _c *ange any?+2 if ,he wi%$ to make ! w+ ( a fly long]1 or to r$uce ! numb] ( ! legs ( a worm by "o1 ,he c\ld n accompli% x4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ,he does n try su* a ?+1 & x is :olly impossible = ,him to desire any *ange 9 ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s2 if ,he c\ld1 x w\ld n increase ,8 p]fection2 x might1 on ! contr>y1 f "s po9t ( view1 dim9i% x4 ,al?\gh ,i "k t _m p>tial critics w ascribe my op9ion conc]n+ ! !ory ( ,ari/otle to insuffici5t und]/&+1 or to int5tional opposition1 ,i w n refra9 f /at+ 9 %ort ! results ( my rese>*es1 h[ev] poor my capacities may be4 ,i hold t ! !ory ( ,ari/otle is und\bt$ly correct z f> z ! ?+s are conc]n$ :i* exi/ betwe5 ! sph]e ( ! moon & ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,only an ignorant p]son rejects x1 or a p]son ) preconceiv$ op9ions ( 8 own1 :i* he desires to ma9ta9 & to def5d1 & :i* lead him to ignore cle> facts4 ,b :at ,ari/otle says conc]n+ ?+s above ! sph]e ( ! moon is1 ) few exceptions1 m]e imag9ation & op9ion2 to a /ill great] ext5t ?is applies to 8 sy/em ( ,intellig5ces1 & to "s ( 8 metaphysical views2 !y include great improbabilities1 promote ideas :i* all nations consid] z evid5tly corrupt1 & cause views to spread :i* _c be prov$4 ,x may p]haps be ask$ :y ,i h enum]at$ ! d\bts :i* c be rais$ aga9/ ! !ory ( ,ari/otle2 :e!r by m]e d\bts a !ory c be ov]?r[n1 or its opposite e/abli%$8 ,?is is c]ta9ly n ! case4 ,b we treat ?is philosoph] exactly z 8 foll[]s tell u to d4 ,= ,alex&] /at$ t :5 a !ory _c be e/abli%$ by pro(1 ! two mo/ opposite views %\ld be comp>$ z to ! d\bts ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ea* ( !m1 & t view :i* admits ( few] d\bts %\ld be accept$4 ,alex&] fur!r says t ?is rule applies to all ^? op9ions ( ,ari/otle 9 ,metaphysics = :i* he (f]$ no pro(4 ,= ^? t foll[$ ,ari/otle believ$ t 8 op9ions are f> less subject to d\bt ?an any o!r op9ion4 ,we foll[ ! same rule4 ,be+ conv9c$ t ! "q :e!r ! heav5s are et]nal or n _c be decid$ by pro(1 nei!r 9 ! affirmative nor 9 ! negative1 we h enum]at$ ! objections rais$ to ei!r view1 & %[n h[ ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se is subject to /rong] objections1 & is m apt to corrupt ! notions conc]n+ ,god ?an ! o!r4 ,ano!r argum5t c be drawn f ! fact t ! !ory ( ! ,creation 0 held by our ,fa!r ,abraham1 & by our ,tea*] ,moses4 ,hav+ m5tion$ ! me?od ( te/+ ! two !ories by ! objections rais$ aga9/ !m1 ,i f9d x necess>y to give "s fur!r explanation ( ! subject4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,9 comp>+ ! objections rais$ aga9/ "o !ory ) ^? rais$ aga9/ ! opposite !ory1 9 ord] to decide 9 fav\r ( ! lea/ objectionable1 we mu/ n consid] ! numb] ( ! objections1 b ! degree ( improbability & ( deviation f real facts po9t$ out by ! objections2 = "o objection may sometimes h m weight ?an a ?\s& o!rs4 ,b ! comp>ison _c be tru/wor?y unless ! two !ories be consid]$ ) ! same int]e/1 & if y are pr$ispos$ 9 fav\r ( "o ( !m1 be x on acc\nt ( y\r tra9+ or because ( "s advantage1 y are too bl9d to see ! tru?4 ,= t :i* c be demon/rat$ y _c reject1 h[ev] mu* y may be incl9$ aga9/ x2 b 9 que/ions l ^? "u consid]ation y are apt to dispute 9 consequ5ce ( y\r incl9ation4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 be able to decide ! "q1 z f> z necess>y1 if y free y\rself f passions1 ignore cu/oms1 & foll[ only y\r reason4 ,b _m are ! conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$4 ,fir/ y mu/ "k y\r m5tal capacities & y\r natural tal5ts2 y w f9d ?is out :5 y /udy all ma!matical sci5ces1 & are well acqua9t$ ) ,logic4 ,secondly1 y mu/ h a ?or\gh k ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 t y may be able to und]/& ! nature ( ! objections4 ,?irdly1 y mu/ be morally good4 ,= if a p]son is voluptu\s or passionate1 &1 loos5+ ! re9s1 all[s 8 ang] to pass ! j limits1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r he is s f nature or f habit1 he w blund] & /umble 9 8 way1 he w seek ! !ory :i* is 9 accordance ) 8 incl9ations4 ,i m5tion ?is le/ y be deceiv$2 = a p]son might "s day1 by "s objection :i* he raises1 %ake y\r belief 9 ! !ory ( ! ,creation1 & !n easily mislead y2 y w\ld !n adopt ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se :i* is contr>y to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our religion1 & leads to 8speak+ words t turn away f ,god40 ,y mu/ r h suspicion aga9/ y\r own reason1 & accept ! !ory taught by two prophets :o h bid ! f\ndation = ! exi/+ ord] 9 ! religi\s & social relations ( mank9d4 ,only demon/rative pro( %\ld be able to make y ab&on ! !ory ( ! ,creation2 b su* a pro( does n exi/ 9 ,nature4 ,y w n f9d x /range t ,i introduce into ?is discussion hi/orical matt] 9 support ( ! !ory ( ! ,creation1 see+ t ,ari/otle1 ! greate/ philosoph]1 9 8 pr9cipal works1 introduces hi/ories 9 support ( ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,9 ?is reg>d we may ju/ly quote ! say+3 8,%\ld n our p]fect ,law be z good z _! gossip80 7,b4 ,t4 ,baba batra1 #aae b74 ,:5 he supports 8 view by quot+ ,sabean /ories1 :y %\ld we n support our view by t :i* ,moses & ,abraham said1 & t :i* foll[s f _! words8 ,i h be=e promis$ to describe 9 a sep>ate *apt] ! /rong objections :i* mu/ occur to him :o ?9ks t human wisdom compreh5ds fully ! nature ( ! sph]es & _! motions2 t ^! are subject to fix$ laws1 & capable ( be+ compreh5d$ z reg>ds ord] & relation4 ,i w n[ expla9 ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,y "k ( ,a/ronomy z mu* z y h /udi$ ) me1 & le>nt f ! book ,almage/2 we _h n suffici5t "t to g beyond ?is4 ,! !ory t ! sph]es move regul>ly1 & t ! assum$ c\rses ( ! />s are 9 h>mony ) obs]vation1 dep5ds1 z y are aw>e1 on two hypo!ses3 we mu/ assume ei!r epicycles1 or exc5tric sph]es1 or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,n[ ,i w %[ t ea* ( ^! two hypo!ses is irregul>1 & totally contr>y to ! results ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,let u fir/ consid] an epicycle1 su* z has be5 assum$ 9 ! sph]es ( ! moon & ! five planets1 rotat+ on a sph]e1 b n r\nd ! c5tre ( ! sph]e t c>ries x4 ,?is arrangem5t w\ld necess>ily produce a revolv+ motion2 ! epicycle w\ld !n revolve1 & entirely *ange its place2 b t any?+ 9 ! sph]es %\ld *ange its place is exactly :at ,ari/otle consid]s impossible4 ,= t reason ,abu-bekr ibn-,alzaig1 9 an a/ronomical treatise :i* he wrote1 rejects ! exi/5ce ( epicycles4 ,besides ?is impossibility1 he m5tions o!rs1 %[+ t ! !ory ( epicycles implies o!r absurd notions4 ,i w "h expla9 !m3--7#a7 ,x is absurd to assume t ! revolution ( a cycle has n ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se = its c5tre2 = x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 ! ord] ( ! ,univ]se t !re are only ?ree k9ds ( motion--f ! c5tre1 t[>ds ! c5tre1 & r\nd ! c5tre2 b an epicycle does n move away f ! c5tre1 nor t[>ds x1 nor r\nd x4 7#b7 ,aga91 accord+ to :at ,ari/otle expla9s 9 ,natural ,sci5ce1 !re mu/ be some?+ fix$ r\nd :i* ! motion takes place2 ?is is ! reason :y ! e>? rema9s /ation>y4 ,b ! epicycle w\ld move r\nd a c5tre :i* is n /ation>y4 ,i h he>d t ,abu-bekr discov]$ a sy/em 9 :i* no epicycles occur2 b exc5tric sph]es are n exclud$ by him4 ,i h n he>d x f 8 pupils2 & ev5 if x be correct t he discov]$ su* a sy/em1 he has n ga9$ mu* by x2 = exc5tricity is likewise z contr>y z possible to ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,ari/otle4 ,= x seems to me t an exc5tric sph]e does n move r\nd ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 b r\nd an imag9>y po9t di/ant f ! c5tre1 & !re=e r\nd a po9t :i* is n fix$4 ,a p]son ignorant ( a/ronomy might ?9k t ! motion ( ! exc5tric sph]es may /ill be consid]$ z tak+ place r\nd some?+ fix$1 s9ce _! c5tre is app>5tly )9 ! sph]e ( ! moon4 ,i w\ld admit ?is if ! c5tre 7 situat$ 9 ! region ( fire or air1 al?\gh ! sph]es w\ld n move r\nd a /able po9t4 ,b ,i w %[ t ! am\nt ( exc5tricity has1 9 a c]ta9 way1 be5 describ$ 9 ! ,almage/2 & lat] s*ol>s h calculat$ ! exact am\nt ( exc5tricity 9 t]ms ( radii ( ! e>?1 & h prov$ ! result4 ,! same measure has be5 us$ 9 a/ronomy 9 describ+ all di/ances & magnitudes4 ,x has ?us be5 %[n t ! po9t r\nd :i* ! sun moves lies und\bt$ly beyond ! sph]e ( ! moon1 & bel[ ! sup]ficies ( ! sph]e ( ,m]cury4 ,! c5tre = ! circuit ( ,m>s1 t is1 ! c5tre ( ! exc5tric sph]e ( ,m>s1 is beyond ! sph]e ( ,m]cury1 & bel[ ! sph]e ( ,v5us4 ,! c5tre ( ,jupit] has ! same di/ance2 x lies betwe5 ! sph]e ( ,v5us & t ( ,m]cury1 :il/ ! c5tre ( ,saturn lies betwe5 ! sph]es ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,n[1 consid] h[ improbable all ?is appe>s accord+ to ! laws ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,y w f9d x out :5 y consid] ! kn[n di/ances & magnitudes ( ea* sph]e & ea* />1 all express$ 9 t]ms ( ! radii ( ! e>?4 ,!re is a uni=m measure = all1 & ! exc5tricity ( ea* sph]e is n det]m9$ by units proportionate to its own magnitude4 ,x is /ill m improbable & m objectionable to assume t !re are two sph]es1 ! "o )9 ! o!r2 t ^! are closely jo9$ f all sides1 & h1 nev]!less1 diff]5t c5tres4 ,= 9 ?is case ! small] sph]e might move :il/ ! l>g] be at re/2 b ! small] _c be at re/ :5 ! l>g] moves1 & mu/ move ) ! l>g] :5 ! latt] rotates r\nd any o!r axis ?an t :i* passes ?r\gh ! two c5tres4 ,n[ we h ?is proposition :i* c be prov$2 &1 fur!r1 ! e/abli%$ !ory t !re is no vacuum1 & also ! assum$ exc5tricity ( ! sph]es2 f all ?is x foll[s t 9 e two sph]es ! motion ( ! upp] "o %\ld cause ! l[] sph]e to move 9 ! same way1 & r\nd ! same c5tre4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 ! out] & ! inn] sph]es d n move 9 ! same way1 & n r\nd ! same c5tre or ! same axis2 ea* ( !m has its peculi> motion4 ,= ?is reason x has be5 assum$ t betwe5 e two sph]es !re are sub/ances diff]5t f ^? ( ! sph]es4 ,x may be v mu* d\bt$ :e!r ?is is ! case2 = :]e %\ld ! c5tres ( ^! int]m$iate sub/ances be plac$8 h ^! sub/ances likewise _! own peculi> motion8 ,?abi? has expla9$ ! above-m5tion$ !ory 9 "o ( 8 treatises1 & prov$ t we mu/ assume a sub/ance ( a sph]ical =m int]m$iate betwe5 "o sph]e & ! o!r4 ,all ?is is "p ( t :i* ,i h n expla9$ to y :5 y /udi$ ) me1 = ,i 0 afraid y might become confus$ & w\ld n und]/& ev5 ^? ?+s :i* ,i wi%$ to %[ y4 ,b z to ! incl9ation & ! deviation assum$ 9 respect to ! latitude ( ! pa?s ( ,v5us & ,m]cury1 ,i h already cle>ly %[n y viv voce t x is impossible to imag9e mat]ial be+s "u su* conditions4 ,y h se5 t ,ptolemy has already po9t$ out ?is difficulty4 ,he says z foll[s3 8,let no "o ?9k t ^! & simil> pr9ciples are improbable4 ,if any "o consid]s :at we h "h exp\nd$ 9 ! same light z he consid]s ?+s produc$ by skill & subtle "w1 he w f9d x improbable2 b x is n "r to comp>e human ?+s to div9e ?+s40 ,?is is1 z y "k1 :at ,ptolemy says1 & ,i h already po9t$ out to y ! passages by :i* y c v]ify all ,i said1 except :at ,i /at$ ab\t ! position ( ! c5tres ( ! exc5tric sph]es2 = ,i h n he>d t any "o has paid att5tion to ?is "q4 ,b y w und]/& x :5 y "k ! l5g? ( ! diamet] ( ea* sph]e1 & ! ext5t ( its exc5tricity 9 t]ms ( radii ( ! e>?1 accord+ to ! facts :i* ,kabici has e/abli%$ 9 8 treatise on ! di/ances4 ,:5 y notice ^! di/ances y w confirm my words4 ,consid]1 !re=e1 h[ _m difficulties arise if we accept ! !ory :i* ,ari/otle exp\nds 9 ,physics4 ,=1 accord+ to t !ory1 !re are no epicycles1 & no exc5tric sph]es1 b all sph]es rotate r\nd ! c5tre ( ! e>?6 ,h[ !n c ! diff]5t c\rses ( ! />s be expla9$8 h[ is x possible to assume a uni=m p]fect rotation ) ! ph5om5a :i* we p]ceive1 except by admitt+ "o ( ! two hypo!ses or bo? ( !m8 ,! difficulty is /ill m app>5t :5 we f9d t admitt+ :at ,ptolemy said z reg>ds ! epicycle ( ! moon1 & its incl9ation t[>ds a po9t diff]5t bo? f ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se & f its own c5tre1 ! calculations accord+ to ^! hypo!ses are p]fectly correct1 )9 "o m9ute2 t _! correctness is confirm$ by ! mo/ accurate calculation ( ! "t1 duration1 & ext5t ( ! eclipses1 :i* is always bas$ on ^! hypo!ses4 ,fur!rmore1 h[ c we reconcile1 )\t assum+ ! exi/5ce ( epicycles1 ! app>5t retrogression ( a /> ) its o!r motions8 ,h[ c rotation or motion take place r\nd a po9t :i* is n fix$8 ,^! are real difficulties4 ,i h expla9$ to y already viv voce1 t ^! difficulties d n conc]n ! a/ronom]2 = he does n pr(ess to tell u ! exi/+ prop]ties ( ! sph]es1 b to sugge/1 :e!r correctly or n1 a !ory 9 :i* ! motion ( ! />s is circul> & uni=m1 & yet 9 agreem5t ) our obs]vation4 ,y "k t ,abu-bekr al-,zaig1 9 8 treatise on ,physics1 expresses a d\bt :e!r ,ari/otle knew ! exc5tricity ( ! sun b ignor$ x1 & only discuss$ ! effect ( ! incl9ation1 because he saw t ! effect ( ! exc5tricity 0 id5tical ) t ( ! incl9ation2 or :e!r he did n p]ceive x4 ,! tru? is t he did n notice x or he> ( x2 ! sci5ce 0 n p]fect 9 8 age4 ,if he _h he>d ( x1 he w\ld h /rongly oppos$ x2 if he _h be5 conv9c$ ( its correctness1 he w\ld h be5 greatly emb>rass$ z reg>ds all t he said on ! "q4 ,:at ,i said be=e 7*4 xxii47 ,i w repeat n[1 namely1 t ! !ory ( ,ari/otle1 9 expla9+ ! ph5om5a 9 ! sublun>y _w1 is 9 accordance ) logical inf]5ce2 "h we "k ! causal relation betwe5 "o ph5om5on & ano!r2 we see h[ f> sci5ce c inve/igate !m1 & ! managem5t ( nature is cle> & intelligible4 ,b ( ! ?+s 9 ! heav5s man kn[s no?+ except a few ma!matical calculations1 & y see h[ f> ^! g4 ,i say 9 ! words ( ! poet1 8,! heav5s are ! ,"l's1 b ! e>? ,he ha? giv5 to ! sons ( man0 7,ps4 cxv4 #af72 t is to say1 ,god alone has a p]fect & true k ( ! heav5s1 _! nature1 _! ess5ce1 _! =m1 _! motions1 & _! causes2 b ,he gave man p[] to "k ! ?+s :i* are "u ! heav5s2 "h is man's _w1 "h is 8 home1 into :i* he has be5 plac$1 & ( :i* he is himself a portion4 ,?is is 9 reality ! tru?4 ,= ! facts :i* we require 9 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( heav5ly be+s are )held f u2 ! heav5s are too f> f u1 & too exalt$ 9 place & rank4 ,man's faculties are too defici5t to compreh5d ev5 ! g5]al pro( ! heav5s conta9 = ! exi/5ce ( ,him :o sets !m 9 motion4 ,x is 9 fact ignorance or a k9d ( madness to we>y our m9ds ) f9d+ out ?+s :i* are beyond our rea*1 )\t hav+ ! means ( approa*+ !m4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) t :i* is )9 our rea*1 & t :i* _c be approa*$ by logical inf]5ce let u leave to him :o has be5 end[$ ) t great & div9e influ5ce1 express$ 9 ! words3 8,m\? to m\? d ,i speak ) ,him0 7,num4 xii4 #h74 ,?is is all ,i c say on ?is "q2 ano!r p]son may p]haps be able to e/abli% by pro( :at appe>s d\btful to me4 ,x is on acc\nt ( my great love ( tru? t ,i h %[n my emb>rassm5t 9 ^! matt]s1 & ,i h n he>d1 nor d ,i "k t any ( ^! !ories h be5 e/abli%$ by pro(4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,we d n reject ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 because c]ta9 passages 9 ,scripture confirm ! ,creation2 = su* passages are n m num]\s ?an ^? 9 :i* ,god is repres5t$ z a corporeal be+2 nor is x impossible or difficult to f9d = !m a suitable int]pretation4 ,we might h expla9$ !m 9 ! same mann] z we did 9 respect to ! ,incorporeality ( ,god4 ,we %\ld p]haps h _h an easi] task 9 %[+ t ! ,scriptural passages ref]r$ to are 9 h>mony ) ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se if we accept$ ! latt]1 ?an we _h 9 expla9+ ! an?ropomorphisms 9 ! ,bible :5 we reject$ ! idea t ,god is corporeal4 ,= two reasons1 h[ev]1 we h n done s1 & h n accept$ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,fir/1 ! ,incorporeality ( ,god has be5 demon/rat$ by pro(2 ^? passages 9 ! ,bible1 :i* 9 _! lit]al s5se conta9 /atem5ts t c be refut$ by pro(1 mu/ & c be int]pret$ o!rwise4 ,b ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se has n be5 prov$2 a m]e argum5t 9 fav\r ( a c]ta9 !ory is n suffici5t reason = reject+ ! lit]al mean+ ( a ,biblical text1 & expla9+ x figuratively1 :5 ! opposite !ory c be support$ by an equally good argum5t4 ,secondly1 our belief 9 ! ,incorporeality ( ,god is n contr>y to any ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our religion2 x is n contr>y to ! words ( any prophet4 ,only ignorant p believe t x is contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ,scripture2 b we h %[n t ?is is n ! case2 on ! contr>y1 ,scripture tea*es ! ,incorporeality ( ,god4 ,if we 7 to accept ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se z taught by ,ari/otle1 t ev]y?+ 9 ! ,univ]se is ! result ( fix$ laws1 t ,nature does n *ange1 & t !re is no?+ sup]natural1 we %\ld necess>ily be 9 opposition to ! f\ndation ( our religion1 we %\ld disbelieve all miracles & signs1 & c]ta9ly reject all hopes & fe>s d]iv$ f ,scripture1 unless ! miracles are also expla9$ figuratively4 ,! ,allegori/s among/ ! ,mohamm$ans h done ?is1 & h !reby arriv$ at absurd conclusions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we accept$ ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se 9 accordance ) ! second ( ! !ories :i* we h exp\nd$ above 7*4 xxiii471 & assum$1 ) ,plato1 t ! heav5s are likewise transi5t1 we %\ld n be 9 opposition to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our religion2 ?is !ory w\ld n imply ! rejection ( miracles1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld admit !m z possible4 ,! ,scriptural text might h be5 expla9$ accord+ly1 & _m expressions might h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,bible & 9 o!r writ+s t w\ld confirm & support ?is !ory4 ,b !re is no necessity = ?is exp$i5t1 s long z ! !ory has n be5 prov$4 ,z !re is no pro( suffici5t to conv9ce u1 ?is !ory ne$ n be tak5 into consid]ation1 nor ! o!r "o2 we take ! text ( ! ,bible lit]ally1 & say t x tea*es u a tru? :i* we _c prove2 & ! miracles are evid5ce = ! correctness ( our view4 ,accept+ ! ,creation1 we f9d t miracles are possible1 t ,revelation is possible1 & t e difficulty 9 ?is "q is remov$4 ,we might be ask$1 ,:y has ,god inspir$ a c]ta9 p]son & n ano!r8 :y has ,he reveal$ ! ,law to "o p>ticul> nation1 & at "o p>ticul> "t8 :y has ,he comm&$ ?is1 & =bidd5 t8 :y has ,he %[n ?r\gh a prophet c]ta9 p>ticul> miracles8 :at is ! object ( ^! laws8 & :y has ,he n made ! comm&m5ts & ! prohibitions "p ( our nature1 if x 0 ,8 object t we %\ld live 9 accordance ) !m8 ,we answ] to all ^! que/ions3 ,he will$ x s2 or1 ,8 wisdom decid$ s4 ,j z ,he creat$ ! _w accord+ to ,8 w1 at a c]ta9 "t1 9 a c]ta9 =m1 & z we d n und]/& :y ,8 w or ,8 wisdom decid$ ^u t peculi> =m1 & ^u t peculi> "t1 s we d n "k :y ,8 w or wisdom det]m9$ any ( ! ?+s m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ que/ions4 ,b if we assume t ! ,univ]se has ! pres5t =m z ! result ( fix$ laws1 !re is occasion = ! above que/ions2 & ^! c\ld only be answ]$ 9 an objectionable way1 imply+ d5ial & rejection ( ! ,biblical texts1 ! correctness ( :i* no intellig5t p]son d\bts4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( all pro(1 we reject ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se2 & x is = ?is v reason t ! noble/ m9ds sp5t & w sp5d _! days 9 rese>*4 ,= if ! ,creation _h be5 demon/rat$ by pro(1 ev5 if only accord+ to ! ,platonic hypo!sis1 all argum5ts ( ! philosoph]s aga9/ u w\ld be ( no avail4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,ari/otle _h a pro( = 8 !ory1 ! :ole tea*+ ( ,scripture w\ld be reject$1 & we %\ld be =c$ to o!r op9ions4 ,i h ?us %[n t all dep5ds on ?is "q4 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,9 ! fam\s *apt]s kn[n z ! ,*apt]s ( ,rabbi ,eliez]1 ,i f9d ,r4 ,eliez] ! ,great say+ some?+ m extraord9>y ?an ,i h ev] se5 9 ! utt]ances ( any believ] 9 ! ,law ( ,moses4 ,i mean ! foll[+ passage3 8,:5ce 7 ! heav5s creat$8 ,he took "p ( ! light ( ,8 g>m5t1 /ret*$ x l a clo?1 & ?us ! heav5s 7 ext5d+ cont9ually1 z x is said3 ,he cov]e? ,himself ) light z ) a g>m5t1 ,he /ret*e? ! heav5s l a curta90 7,ps4 civ4 #b74 8,:5ce 0 ! e>? creat$8 ,he took ( ! sn[ "u ! ?rone ( glory1 & ?rew x2 accord+ to ! words3 ,he sai? to ! sn[1 ,be ?\ e>?0 7,job xxxvii4 #f74 ,^! are ! words giv5 !re2 & ,i1 9 my surprise1 ask1 ,:at 0 ! belief ( ?is sage8 did he ?9k t no?+ c be produc$ f no?+1 & t a sub/ance mu/ h exi/$ ( :i* ! ?+s 7 =m$8 & did he = ?is reason ask :5ce 7 ! heav5s & ! e>? creat$8 ,:at has he ga9$ by ! answ]8 ,we might ask him1 ,:5ce 0 ! light ( ,8 g>m5t creat$8 or ! sn[ "u ! ?rone ( ,8 glory8 or ! ?rone ( glory itself8 ,if ! t]ms 8! light ( ,8 g>m5t0 & 8! ?rone ( glory0 mean some?+ et]nal1 !y mu/ be reject$2 ! words w\ld imply an admission ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 ?\gh only 9 ! =m taught by ,plato4 ,! creation ( ! ?rone ( glory is m5tion$ by our ,sages1 ?\gh 9 a /range way2 = !y say t x has be5 creat$ be=e ! creation ( ! ,univ]se4 ,scripture1 h[ev]1 does n m5tion ! creation ( ! ?rone1 except 9 ! words ( ,david1 8,! ,"l ha? e/abli%$ 8 ?rone 9 ! heav5s0 7,ps4 ciii4 #ai71 :i* words admit ( figurative int]pretation2 b ! et]nity ( ! ?rone is di/9ctly describ$1 8,?\1 ,o ,"l1 dwelle/ = ev]1 ?y ?rone = ev] & ev]0 7,lam4 v4 #ai74 ,n[1 if ,r4 ,eliez] _h believ$ t ! ?rone 0 et]nal1 s t ! ^w 8?rone0 express$ an attribute ( ,god1 & n some?+ creat$1 h[ c\ld any?+ be produc$ ( a m]e attribute8 ,/rang] /ill is 8 expression 8( ! light ( ,8 g>m5t40 ,9 %ort1 x is a passage t greatly confuses ! notions ( all intellig5t & religi\s p]sons4 ,i am unable to expla9 x suffici5tly4 ,i quot$ x 9 ord] t y may n be misl$ by x4 ,"o important ?+ ,r4 ,eliez] taught u "h1 t ! sub/ance ( ! heav5s is diff]5t f t ( ! e>?2 t !re are two diff]5t sub/ances3 ! "o is describ$ z belong+ to ,god1 be+ ! light ( ,8 g>m5t1 on acc\nt ( its sup]iority2 & ! o!r1 ! e>?ly sub/ance1 :i* is di/ant f ,8 spl5d\r & light1 z be+ ! sn[ "u ! ?rone ( ,8 glory4 ,?is l$ me to expla9 ! words1 8,& "u 8 feet z ! "w ( ! :it5ess ( ! sapphire0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #aj71 z express+ t ! nobles ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel compreh5d$ 9 a prophetical vision ! nature ( ! e>?ly mat]ia prima4 ,=1 accord+ to ,onkelos1 ! pron\n 9 ! phrase1 8,8 feet0 ref]s to 8?rone10 z ,i h %[n2 ?is indicates t ! :it5ess "u ! ?rone signifies ! e>?ly sub/ance4 ,r4 ,eliez] has ?us repeat$ ! same idea1 & told u t !re are two sub/ances--a high] "o1 & a l[] "o2 & t !re is n "o sub/ance common to all ?+s4 ,?is is an important subject1 & we mu/ n ?9k light ( ! op9ion :i* ! wise/ m5 9 ,israel h held on ?is po9t4 ,x conc]ns an important po9t 9 expla9+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se1 & "o ( ! my/]ies ( ! ,law4 ,9 ,b]e%it ,rabba 7*ap4 xii47 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 8,r4 ,eliez] says1 ,! ?+s 9 ! heav5s h be5 creat$ ( ! heav5s1 ! ?+s on e>? ( ! e>?40 ,consid] h[ +5i\sly ?is sage /at$ t all ?+s on e>? h "o common sub/ance2 ! heav5s & ! ?+s 9 !m h "o sub/ance1 diff]5t f ! fir/4 ,he also expla9s 9 ! ,*apt]s ( ,r4 ,eliez]1 9 addition to ! prec$+ ?+s1 ! sup]iority ( ! heav5ly sub/ance1 & its proximity to ,god2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inf]iority ( ! e>?ly sub/ance & its position4 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,we h already /at$ t ! belief 9 ! ,creation is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our religion2 b we d n consid] x a pr9ciple ( our fai? t ! ,univ]se w aga9 be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,x is n contr>y to ! t5ets ( our religion to assume t ! ,univ]se w cont9ue to exi/ = ev]4 ,x might be object$ t ev]y?+ produc$ is subject to de/ruction1 z has be5 %[n2 consequ5tly ! ,univ]se1 hav+ _h a beg9n+1 mu/ come to an end4 ,?is axiom _c be appli$ accord+ to our views4 ,we d n hold t ! ,univ]se came into exi/5ce1 l all ?+s 9 ,nature1 z ! result ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,= :atev] owes its exi/5ce to ! action ( physical laws is1 accord+ to ! same laws1 subject to de/ruction3 ! same law :i* caus$ ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ aft] a p]iod ( non-exi/5ce1 is also ! cause t ! ?+ is n p]man5t2 s9ce ! previ\s non-exi/5ce proves t ! nature ( t ?+ does n necessitate its p]man5t exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to our !ory1 taught 9 ,scripture1 ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ?+s dep5ds solely on ! w ( ,god & n on fix$ laws1 &1 !re=e1 x does n foll[ t ,god mu/ de/roy ! ,univ]se aft] hav+ creat$ x f no?+4 ,x dep5ds on ,8 w4 ,he may1 accord+ to ,8 desire1 or accord+ to ! decree ( ,8 wisdom1 ei!r de/roy x1 or all[ x to exi/1 & x is !re=e possible t ,he w pres]ve ! ,univ]se = ev]1 & let x exi/ p]man5tly z ,he ,himself exi/s4 ,x is well kn[n t our ,sages nev] said t ! ?rone ( glory w p]i%1 al?\gh !y assum$ t x has be5 creat$4 ,no prophet or sage ev] ma9ta9$ t ! ?rone ( glory w be de/roy$ or annihilat$2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,scriptural passages speak ( its p]man5t exi/5ce4 ,we are ( op9ion t ! s\ls ( ! pi\s h be5 creat$1 & at ! same "t we believe t !y are immortal4 ,"s hold1 9 accordance ) ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ,midra%im1 t ! bodies ( ! pi\s w also enjoy ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,_! notion is l ! well-kn[n belief ( c]ta9 p1 t !re are bodily enjoym5ts 9 ,p>adise4 ,9 %ort1 reason+ leads to ! conclusion t ! de/ruction ( ! ,univ]se is n a c]ta9 fact4 ,!re rema9s only ! "q z to :at ! prophets & our ,sages say on ?is po9t2 :e!r !y affirm t ! _w w c]ta9ly come to an end1 or n4 ,mo/ p among/ u believe t su* /atem5ts h be5 made1 & t ! _w w at "o "t be de/roy$4 ,i w %[ y t ?is is n ! case2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 _m passages 9 ! ,bible speak ( ! p]man5t exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se4 ,^? passages :i*1 9 ! lit]al s5se1 w\ld indicate ! de/ruction ( ! ,univ]se1 are und\bt$ly to be und]/ood 9 a figurative s5se1 z w be %[n4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^? :o foll[ ! lit]al s5se ( ! ,scriptural texts reject our view1 & assume t ! ultimate c]ta9 de/ruction ( ! ,univ]se is "p ( _! fai?1 !y are at lib]ty to d s4 ,b we mu/ tell !m t ! belief 9 ! de/ruction is n necess>ily impli$ 9 ! belief 9 ! ,creation2 !y believe x because !y tru/ ! writ]1 :o us$ a figurative expression1 :i* !y take lit]ally4 ,_! fai?1 h[ev]1 does n suff] by x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,_m ( our coreligioni/s ?\ght t ,k+ ,solomon believ$ 9 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?is is v /range4 ,h[ c we suppose t any "o t adh]es to ! ,law ( ,moses1 our ,tea*]1 %\ld accept t !ory8 if we 7 to assume t ,solomon has on ?is po9t1 ,god =bid1 deviat$ f ! ,law ( ,moses1 ! "q w\ld be ask$1 ,:y did mo/ ( ! ,prophets & ( ! ,sages accept x ( him8 ,:y h !y n oppos$ him1 or blam$ him = hold+ t op9ion1 z he has be5 blam$ = hav+ m>ri$ /range wom51 & = o!r ?+s8 ,! reason :y ?is has be5 imput$ to him is to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,!y desir$ to suppress ! book ,kohele?1 because its words incl9e t[>ds scepticism40 ,x is und\bt$ly true t c]ta9 passages 9 ?is book include1 :5 tak5 lit]ally1 op9ions diff]5t f ^? taught 9 ! ,law1 & !y mu/ !re=e be expla9$ figuratively4 ,b ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se is n among ^? op9ions1 ! book does n ev5 conta9 any passage t implies ?is !ory2 mu* less a passage 9 :i* x is cle>ly set =?4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 ! book1 "s passages :i* imply ! inde/ructibility ( ! ,univ]se1 a doctr9e t is true2 & f ! fact t ! inde/ructibility ( ! ,univ]se is taught 9 ?is book1 "s p]sons wrongly inf]r$ t ! au?or believ$ 9 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! foll[+ are ! words t ref] to ! inde/ructibility ( ! ,univ]se3 8,& ! e>? rema9e? = ev]40 ,& ^? :o d n agree ) me z reg>ds ! above di/9ction betwe5 ! inde/ructibility & ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 are compell$ to expla9 ! t]m le-olam 7lit41 8= ev]071 to mean 8! "t fix$ = ! exi/5ce ( ! e>?40 ,simil>ly !y expla9 ! words ( ,god1 8,yet all ! days ( ! e>?0 7,g54 viii4 #bb7 to signify ! days fix$ = its exi/5ce4 ,b ,i wond] h[ !y w\ld expla9 ! words ( ,david3 8,he laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 t x %\ld n be mov$ = ev]0 7,ps4 civ4 #e74 ,if !y ma9ta9 "h also t ! t]m le-olam va-ed 7lit4 8= ev]07 does n imply p]petuity1 !y mu/ come to ! conclusion t ,god exi/s only = a fix$ p]iod1 s9ce ! same t]m is employ$ 9 describ+ ! p]petuity ( ,god1 8,! ,"l w reign 7le-olam7 = ev]0 7,exod4 xv4 #ah1 or ,ps4 x4 #af74 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be> 9 m9d t olam only signifies p]petuity :5 x is comb9$ ) ad2 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ad foll[s1 z 9 olam va-ed1 or :e!r x prec$es1 z 9 ad olam4 ,! words ( ,solomon :i* only conta9 ! ^w le-olam1 h !re=e less =ce ?an ! words ( ,david1 :o uses ! t]m olam va-ed4 ,david has also 9 o!r passages cle>ly spok5 ( ! incorruptibility ( ! heav5s1 ! p]petuity & immutability ( _! laws1 & ( all ! heav5ly be+s4 ,he says1 8,praise ye ! ,"l f ! heav5s1 etc4 ,= ,he comm&$1 & !y 7 creat$4 ,he ha? also /abli%$ !m = ev] & ev]2 he ha? made a decree :i* %all n pass0 7,ps4 cxlviii4 #a-f72 t is to say1 !re w nev] be a *ange 9 ! decrees :i* ,god made1 or 9 ! s\rces ( ! prop]ties ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 :i* ! ,psalmi/ has m5tion$ be=e4 ,b he di/9ctly /ates t !y h be5 creat$4 ,= he says1 8,he ha? comm&$1 & !y 7 creat$40 ,j]emiah 7xxxi4 #ce7 likewise says1 8,he give? ! sun = a light by day1 & ! ord9ances ( ! moon & ( ! />s = a light by night10 etc4 8,if ^! ord9ances dep>t f be=e me1 sai? ! ,"l1 !n ! se$ ( ,israel also %all cease f be+ a nation be=e me = ev]40 ,he ?us decl>es1 t ^! decrees w nev] be remov$1 al?\gh !y _h a beg9n+4 ,we !re=e f9d ?is idea1 :5 we se>* = x1 express$ n only by ,solomon b also by o!rs4 ,solomon himself has /at$ t ^! works ( ,god1 ! ,univ]se1 & all t is conta9$ 9 x1 rema9 ) _! prop]ties = ev]1 al?\gh !y h be5 creat$4 ,= he says1 8,:atsoev] ,god doe?1 x %all be = ev]2 no?+ c be put to x1 nor any?+ tak5 away f x0 7,eccles4 iii4 #ad74 ,he decl>es 9 ^! words t ! _w has be5 creat$ by ,god & rema9s = ev]4 ,he adds ! reason = x by say+1 8,no?+ c be put to x1 nor any?+ tak5 f x20 = ?is is ! reason = ! p]petuity1 z if he meant to say t ?+s are *ang$ 9 ord] to supply t :i* is want+1 or 9 ord] to take away :at is sup]flu\s4 ,! works ( ,god be+ mo/ p]fect1 admitt+ no addition or d$uction1 mu/ rema9 ! same = ev]4 ,x is impossible t any?+ %\ld exi/ t c\ld cause a *ange 9 !m4 ,9 ! conclusion ( ! v]se1 ,solomon1 z x 7 describes ! purpose ( exceptions f ! laws ( ,nature1 or an excuse = *anges 9 !m1 :5 he says1 8,& ,god doe? x 7viz41 ,he p]=ms miracles7 t m5 %\ld fe> be=e him40 ,! words :i* foll[1 8,t :i* ha? be5 is n[2 & t :i* is to be ha? already be51 & ,god seeke? t :i* is pursu$10 conta9 ! idea t ,god desires ! p]petuity & cont9uity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! fact t ! works ( ,god are p]fect1 admitt+ ( no addition or dim9ution1 has already be5 m5tion$ by ,moses1 ! wise/ ( all m51 9 ! words3 8,! rock1 ,8 "w is p]fect0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ad74 ,all ,8 works or creations are mo/ p]fect1 conta9+ no defect :atev]1 no?+ sup]flu\s1 nor any?+ unnecess>y4 ,also :atev] ,god decrees = ^? creat$ ?+s1 & :atev] ,he effects ?r\gh !m1 is p]fectly j1 & is ! result ( ,8 wisdom1 z w be expla9$ 9 "s *apt]s ( ?is treatise4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,if we he> a p]son speak+ ^: language we d n und]/&1 we und\bt$ly "k t he speaks1 b d n "k :at 8 words mean2 x may ev5 happ5 t we he> "s words :i* mean "o ?+ 9 ! tongue ( ! speak]1 & exactly ! rev]se 9 our language1 & tak+ ! words 9 ! s5se :i* !y h 9 our language1 we imag9e t ! speak] employ$ !m 9 t s5se4 ,suppose1 e4g41 an ,arab he>s ( a ,hebrew ! ^w abah1 he ?9ks t ! ,hebrew relates h[ a man despis$ & refus$ a c]ta9 ?+1 :il/ ! ,hebrew 9 reality says t ! man 0 pleas$ & satisfi$ ) x4 ,! v same ?+ happ5s to ! ord9>y read] ( ! ,prophets2 "s ( _! words he does n und]/& at all1 l ^? to :om ! prophet says 7,isa4 xxix4 #aa71 8! vision ( all is become unto y z ! words ( a book t is seal$02 9 o!r passages he f9ds ! opposite or ! rev]se ( :at ! prophet meant2 to ?is case ref]5ce is made 9 ! words1 8,ye h p]v]t$ ! words ( ! liv+ ,god0 7,j]4 xxiii4 #cf74 ,besides1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t e prophet has 8 own peculi> diction1 :i* is1 z x 71 8 language1 & x is 9 t language t ! prophecy address$ to him is communicat$ to ^? :o und]/& x4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y rem>k y w und]/& ! metaphor frequ5tly employ$ by ,isaiah1 & less frequ5tly by o!r prophets1 :5 !y describe ! ru9 ( a k+dom or ! de/ruction ( a great nation 9 phrases l ! foll[+3--8,! />s h fall510 8,! heav5s are ov]?r[n10 8,! sun is d>k5$10 8,! e>? is wa/e1 & trembles10 & simil> metaphors4 ,! ,arabs likewise say ( a p]son :o has met ) a s]i\s accid5t1 8,8 heav5s1 toge!r ) 8 e>?1 h be5 cov]$02 & :5 !y speak ( ! approa* ( a nation's prosp]ity1 !y say1 8,! light ( ! sun & moon has increas$10 8,a new heav5 & a new e>? has be5 creat$10 or !y use simil> phrases4 ,s also ! prophets1 9 ref]r+ to ! ru9 ( a p]son1 ( a nation1 or ( a c\ntry1 describe x z ! result ( ,god's great ang] & wra?1 :il/ ! prosp]ity ( a nation is ! result ( ,god's pleasure & satisfaction4 ,9 ! =m] case ! prophets employ su* phrases z 8,he came =?10 8came d[n10 8ro>$10 8?und]$10 or 8caus$ 8 voice to be he>d02 also 8,he comm&$10 8said10 8did10 8made10 & ! l1 z w be %[n4 ,sometimes ! prophets use ! t]m 8mank9d0 in/ead ( 8! p ( a c]ta9 place10 ^: de/ruction !y pr$ict2 e4g41 ,isaiah speak+ ( ! de/ruction ( ,israel says1 8,& ! ,"l w remove man f> away0 7,isa4 vi4 #ab74 ,s also ,zephaniah 7i4 #c1 #d71 8,& ,i w cut (f man f (f ! e>?4 ,i w also /ret* out m9e h& ^u ,judah40 ,note ?is likewise4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! language ( ! prophets 9 g5]al1 ,i w n[ v]ify & prove my /atem5t4 ,:5 ,isaiah receiv$ ! div9e mission to prophesy ! de/ruction ( ! ,babylonian empire1 ! dea? ( ,s5na*]ib & t ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o rose aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,s5na*]ib1 he comm5ces 9 ! foll[+ mann] to describe _! fall & ! end ( _! dom9ion1 _! defeat1 & su* evils z are endur$ by all :o are vanqui%$ & compell$ to flee be=e ! victori\s sword ( ! enemy3 8,= ! />s ( heav51 & ! con/ellations !re(1 %all n give _! light3 ! sun is d>k5$ 9 8 go+ =?1 & ! moon %all n cause h] light to %9e0 7xiii4 #aj72 aga91 8,!re=e ,i w %ake ! heav5s1 & ! e>? %all remove out ( h] place1 9 ! wra? ( ! ,"l ( ho/s1 & 9 ! day ( 8 fi]ce ang]0 7xiii4 #ac74 ,i d n ?9k t any p]son is s fooli% & bl9d1 & s mu* 9 fav\r ( ! lit]al s5se ( figurative & oratorical phrases1 z to assume t at ! fall ( ! ,babylonian k+dom a *ange took place 9 ! nature ( ! />s ( heav51 or 9 ! light ( ! sun & moon1 or t ! e>? mov$ away f its c5tre4 ,= all ?is is m]ely ! description ( a c\ntry t has be5 defeat$2 ! inhabitants und\bt$ly f9d all light d>k1 & all sweet ?+s bitt]3 ! :ole e>? appe>s too n>r[ = !m1 & ! heav5s are *ang$ 9 _! eyes4 ,he speaks 9 a simil> mann] :5 he describes ! pov]ty & humiliation ( ! p ( ,israel1 _! captivity & _! defeat1 ! cont9u\s mis=tunes caus$ by ! wick$ ,s5na*]ib :5 he rul$ ov] all ! =tifi$ places ( ,judah1 or ! loss ( ! entire l& ( ,israel :5 x came into ! possession ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,he says 7xxiv4 #ag73 8,fe>1 & ! pit1 & ! sn>e1 are ^u !e1 ,o inhabitant ( ! e>?4 ,& x %all come to pass1 t he :o flee? f ! noise ( ! fe> %all fall into ! pit2 & he t come? out ( ! mid/ ( ! pit %all be tak5 9 ! sn>e3 = ! w9d[s f on high are op51 & ! f\ndations ( ! e>? d %ake4 ,! e>? is utt]ly brok5 d[n1 ! e>? is clean dissolv$1 ! e>? is mov$ exce$+ly4 ,! e>? %all reel to & fro l a drunk>d40 ,at ! end ( ! same prophecy1 :5 ,isaiah describes h[ ,god w puni% ,s5na*]ib1 de/roy 8 mighty empire1 & r$uce him to disgrace1 he uses ! foll[+ figure 7xxiv4 #bc73 8,!n ! moon %all be conf\nd$1 & ! sun a%am$1 :5 ! ,"l ( ho/s %all reign10 etc4 ,?is v]se is beautifully expla9$ by ,jona?an1 ! son ( ,uzziel2 he says t :5 ,s5na*]ib w meet ) 8 fate because ( ,j]usalem1 ! idolat]s w und]/& t ?is is ! "w ( ,god2 !y w fa9t & be conf\nd$4 ,he !re=e translates ! v]se ?us3 8,^? :o wor%ip ! moon w be a%am$1 & ^? :o b[ d[n to ! sun w be humbl$1 :5 ! k+dom ( ,god %all reveal itself10 etc4 ,! prophet !n pictures ! peace ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel aft] ! dea? ( ,s5na*]ib1 ! f]tility & ! cultivation ( _! l&1 & ! increas+ p[] ( _! k+dom ?r\gh ,hezekiah4 ,he employs "h ! figure ( ! increase ( ! light ( ! sun & moon4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! defeat$1 he says t = !m ! light ( ! sun & moon w be dim9i%$ & d>k5$2 9 ! same s5se _! light is said to increase = ! victori\s4 ,we c frequ5tly notice ! correctness ( ?is figure ( spee*4 ,:5 great tr\bles befall u1 our eyes become dim1 & we _c see cle>ly because ! spiritus visus is made turbid by ! prevail+ vap\rs1 & is weak5$ & dim9i%$ by great anxiety & /raits ( ! s\l2 :il/ 9 a /ate ( gladness & com=t ( ! s\l ! spiritus visus becomes cle>1 & man feels z if ! light _h increas$4 ,?us ! good tid+s t ! p %all dwell 9 ,zion1 & 9 ,j]usalem1 & %all weep no m1 etc41 conclude 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,moreov]1 ! light ( ! moon %all be z ! light ( ! sun1 & ! light ( ! sun %all be sev5fold1 z ! light ( sev5 days1 9 ! day t ! ,"l b9de? up ! brea*es ( 8 p1 & heale? ! /roke ( _! w\nd0 7,isa4 xxx4 #ai1 #bf72 t is to say1 :5 ,god w raise !m up aga9 aft] !y _h fall5 ?r\gh ! wick$ ,s5na*]ib4 ,! phrase 8z ! light ( sev5 days0 signifies1 accord+ to ! comm5tators1 8v great light03 = 9 ?is same s5se ! numb] 8sev50 is frequ5tly us$ 9 ,hebrew4 ,i ?9k t ref]5ce is made by ?is phrase to ! sev5 days ( ! d$ication ( ! temple 9 ! reign ( ,solomon2 = !re 0 nev] a nation s great1 prosp]\s1 & happy 9 e respect1 z ,israel 0 at t "t1 & !re=e ! prophet says1 t ,israel's greatness & happ9ess w be ! same z x 0 9 ^? sev5 days4 ,speak+ ( wick$ ,edom1 ,israel's oppressor1 ,isaiah says3 8,_! sla9 also %all be ca/ out1 & _! /9k %all come up out ( _! c>cases1 & ! m\nta9s %all be melt$ ) _! blood4 ,& all ! ho/ ( heav5 %all be dissolv$1 & ! heav5s %all be roll$ toge!r z a scroll3 & all _! ho/ %all fall d[n1 z a leaf falle? (f f ! v9e1 & z a fig falle? f ! fig-tree4 ,= my sword %all be ba!d 9 heav52 behold1 ,i %all come d[n ^u ,idumea1 & ^u ! p ( my curse1 to judgm5t10 etc4 7,isa4 xxxiv4 #c-e74 ,w any p]son :o has eyes to see f9d 9 ^! v]ses any expression t is obscure1 or t might lead him to ?9k t !y conta9 an acc\nt ( :at w befall ! heav5s8 or any?+ b a figurative description ( ! ru9 ( ! ,edomites1 ! )drawal ( ,god's protection f !m1 _! decl9e1 & ! sudd5 & rapid fall ( _! nobles8 ,! prophet means to say t ! individuals1 :o 7 l />s z reg>ds _! p]man5t1 high1 & undi/urb$ position1 w quickly come d[n1 z a leaf falle? f ! v9e1 & z a fig fall+ f ! fig-tree4 ,?is is self-evid5t2 & !re w\ld be no ne$ to m5tion x1 mu* less to speak on x at l5g?1 _h x n become necess>y1 ow+ to ! fact t ! common p1 & ev5 p]sons :o are consid]$ z di/+ui%$ s*ol>s1 quote ?is passage )\t reg>d+ its context or its purpose1 9 support ( _! view ( ! future de/ruction ( ! heav5s4 ,!y believe t ,scripture describes "h :at w1 9 future1 happ5 to ! heav5s1 9 ! same mann] z x in=ms u h[ ! heav5s h come into exi/5ce4 ,aga91 :5 ,isaiah told ! ,israelites--:at aft]w>ds became a well-kn[n fact--t ,s5na*]ib1 ) 8 alli$ nations & k+s1 w\ld p]i%1 & t ! ,israelites w\ld be help$ by ,god alone1 he employ$ figurative language1 & said3 8,see h[ ! heav5s decay & ! e>? )]s away1 & all be+s on ! e>? die1 & y are sav$02 t is to say1 ^? :o h fill$ ! e>?1 & h be5 consid]$1 to use an hyp]bole1 z p]man5t & /able z ! heav5s1 w quickly p]i% & disappe> l smoke2 & _! fam\s p[]1 t has be5 z /able z ! e>?1 w be de/roy$ l a g>m5t4 ,! passage to :i* ,i ref] beg9s3 8,= ! ,"l ha? com=t$ ,zion2 ,he ha? com=t$ all h] wa/e places10 etc4 8,he>k5 unto me1 my p10 etc4 8,my righte\sness is ne>3 my salvation is gone =?10 etc4 ,x cont9ues ?us3 8,lift up y\r eyes to ! heav5s1 & look ^u ! e>? b5ea?2 = ! heav5s %all vani% l smoke1 & ! e>? %all wax old l a g>m5t1 & !y t dwell !re9 %all die 9 l mann]2 = my salvation %all be = ev]1 & my righte\sness %all n be aboli%$0 7,isa4 li4 #c-f74 ,! re/oration ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 its /ability & p]man5ce1 is describ$ z a creation ( heav5 & e>?4 ,= ,isaiah frequ5tly speaks ( ! l& ( a k+ z if x 7 ! :ole ,univ]se1 z if heav5 & e>? belong$ to him4 ,he !re=e com=ts ,israel & says3 8,i1 ev5 ,i1 am he t com=te? y10 etc4 8,& ,i h put my words 9 ?y m\?1 & ,i h cov]$ !e 9 ! %ad[ ( m9e h&1 t ,i may plant ! heav5s1 & lay ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 & say unto ,zion1 ,?\ art my p0 7li4 #ab-af74 ,9 ! foll[+ v]ses1 ,isaiah decl>es t ! dom9ion ( ,israel w cont9ue1 :il/ t ( ! r5[n$ & mighty p w cease3 8,= ! m\nta9s %all dep>t10 etc4 7liv4 #aj74 ,9 ord] to express t ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah w be p]man5t1 & t ! k+dom ( ,israel w n be de/roy$ any m1 he says1 8,?y sun %all no m g d[n10 etc4 7lx4 #bj74 ,9 metaphors l ^!1 :i* are intelligible to ^? :o und]/& ! context1 ,isaiah cont9ues to describe ! details ( ! exile1 ! re/oration1 & ! removal ( all sorr[1 & says figuratively z foll[s3 8,i w create new heav5s & a new e>?2 = ! fir/ %all be =gott51 & _! memory %all be blott$ out40 ,he expla9s ?is 9 ! c\rse ( ! spee*1 by po9t+ out t by ! phrase1 8,i w create10 he means t ,god w give !m p]petual gladness & joy 9 place ( ! previ\s grief & m\rn+1 :i* %all no long] be rememb]$4 ,i w n[ describe ! sequ5ce ( ! ideas1 & ! ord] ( ! v]ses 9 :i* ^! ideas are conta9$4 ,! prophet beg9s z foll[s3 8,i w m5tion ! lov+-k9dnesses ( ! ,"l10 etc4 7lxiii4 #g74 ,he !n gives 7#a7 an acc\nt ( ,god's pa/ k9dness to u1 conclud+ ) ! words1 8,& he b>e !m & c>ri$ !m all ! days ( old0 7v]4 #i74 7#b7 ,next foll[s our rebellion3 8,b !y rebell$1 & vex$ 8 holy _s10 etc4 7v]4 #aj72 7#c7 ! dom9ion ( our enemies ov] u3 8,our adv]s>ies h trodd5 d[n ?y sanctu>y2 we are l ^? ov] :om ?\ ha/ nev] rul$10 etc4 7v]s4 #ah1 #ai72 7#d7 & ! prophet's pray] on our acc\nt3 8,be n wro? v sore10 etc4 7lxiv4 #i74 7#e7 ,! prophet !n describes h[ we des]v$ ^! puni%m5ts1 & h[ we 7 call$ to ! tru? b did n respond3 8,i (f]$ myself to be s\ght ( !m t ask$ n = me10 etc4 7lxv4 #a72 7#f7 promises m]cy & p>don3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,z ! new w9e is f\nd 9 ! clu/]10 etc4 7v]4 #h72 7#g7 pr$icts evil = our oppressors3 8,behold1 my s]vant %all eat1 b ye %all be hungry10 etc4 7v]4 #ac72 7#h7 & moral improvem5t ( our nation to su* a degree t we %all be a bless+ on ! e>?1 & ! previ\s tr\bles w be =gott53 8,& he %all call 8 s]vants by ano!r "n3 t he :o blesse? himself 9 ! e>?1 %all bless himself 9 ! ,god ( tru?2 & he t swe>e? 9 ! e>?1 %all swe> by ! ,god ( tru?2 because ! =m] tr\bles are =gott51 & because !y are hid f m9e eyes4 ,=1 behold1 ,i create new heav5s1 & a new e>?3 & ! =m] %all n be rememb]$1 nor come into m9d4 ,b be ye glad & rejoice = ev] 9 t :i* ,i create3 =1 behold1 ,i create ,j]usalem a rejoic+1 & h] p a joy4 ,& ,i w rejoice 9 ,j]usalem1 & joy 9 my p10 etc4 7lxv4 #ae-ai74 ,! :ole subject mu/ n[ be cle> & evid5t2 = ! words1 8,i create new heav5s1 & a new e>?10 etc41 are foll[$ by ! explanation1 8,i create ,j]usalem a rejoic+1 & h] p a joy10 etc4 ,! prophet !n adds t ! se$ & "n ( ,israel w be z p]man5t z _! fai? & z ! rejoic+ 9 x1 :i* ,god promis$ to create & to spread ov] ! :ole e>?3 = fai? 9 ,god & rejoic+ 9 x are two possessions :i*1 once obta9$1 are nev] lo/ or *ang$4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! words3 8,= z ! new heav5s & ! new e>?1 :i* ,i w make1 rema9 be=e me1 sai? ! ,"l1 s %all y\r se$ & y\r "n rema90 7lxvi4 #bb74 ,b ( o!r nations1 9 "s in/ances1 ! se$ rema9s1 :il/ ! "n has p]i%$2 s1 e4g41 _m p are ( ! se$ ( ! ,p]sians or ,greeks1 )\t be+ kn[n by t special "n2 !y be> ! names ( o!r nations1 ( :i* !y =m "p4 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 we h "h a prophecy t our religion1 :i* gives u our special "n1 w rema9 p]man5tly4 ,z ^! figures are frequ5t 9 ,isaiah1 ,i expla9$ all ( !m4 ,b we meet ) !m also 9 ! words ( o!r prophets4 ,j]emiah1 9 describ+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 consequ5ce ( our s9s1 says 7iv4 #bc73 8,i beheld ! e>?1 &1 lo1 x 0 )\t =m1 & void10 etc4 ,ezekiel 7xxxii4 #g1 #h7 =etells ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ,egypt1 & ! dea? ( ,ph>aoh1 ?r\gh ,nebu*adnezz>1 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,& :5 ,i %all put !e out1 ,i w cov] ! heav51 & make ! />s !re( d>k2 ,i w cov] ! sun ) a cl\d1 & ! moon %all n give h] light4 ,all ! bright lights ( heav5 w ,i make d>k ov] !e1 & set d>kness ^u ?y l&1 sai? ! ,"l40 ,joel1 ! son ( ,pe?uel 7ii4 #aj71 describes ! multitude ( locu/s t came 9 8 days z foll[s3 8,! e>? %all quake be=e !m3 ! heav5s %all tremble3 ! sun & ! moon %all be d>k1 & ! />s %all )draw _! %9+40 ,amos 7viii4 #i1 #aj71 speak+ ( ! de/ruction ( ,sam>ia1 says3 8,i w cause ! sun to g d[n at noon1 & ,i w d>k5 ! e>? 9 ! cle> day2 & ,i w turn y\r fea/s10 etc4 ,micah 7i4 #c1 #d71 9 relat+ ! fall ( ,sam>ia1 uses ! foll[+ well-kn[n rhetorical figures3 8,=1 behold1 ! ,"l come? =? out ( 8 place1 & w come d[n1 & tread ^u ! high places ( ! e>?4 ,& ! m\nta9s %all be molt510 etc4 ,simil>ly ,haggai 7ii4 #f1 #g71 9 describ+ ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians3 8,i w %ake ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & ! sea1 & ! dry l&2 & ,i w %ake all nations10 etc4 ,:5 ,david 7,ps4 lx4 #d7 describes h[1 dur+ ! exp$ition ( ,joab aga9/ ! ,edomites1 ! nation 0 l[ & weak1 & h[ he pray$ to ,god = ,8 assi/ance1 he says3 8,?\ ha/ made ! e>? to tremble2 ?\ ha/ brok5 x3 heal ! brea*es !re(2 = x %ake?40 ,9 ano!r in/ance he expresses ! idea t we ne$ n fe> :5 we see o!r nations die & p]i%1 because we rely on ,god's support1 & n on our sword & /r5g?1 9 accordance ) ! words3 8,a p sav$ by ! ,"l1 ! %ield ( ?y help0 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #bi72 he says 7,ps4 xlvi4 #b73 8,!re=e w we n fe>1 ?\gh ! e>? be remov$1 & ?\gh ! m\nta9s be %ak5 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea40 ,! foll[+ figurative language is employ$ 9 ,scripture 9 ref]r+ to ! dea? ( ! ,egyptians 9 ! ,r$ ,sea3 8,! wat]s saw !e2 !y 7 afraid3 ! dep?s also 7 tr\bl$1 etc4 ,! voice ( ?y ?und] 0 9 ! heav53 ! lightn+s light5$ ! _w2 ! e>? trembl$ & %ook0 7,ps4 lxxvii4 #ag-ai74 8,0 ! ,"l displeas$ aga9/ ! riv]s80 etc4 7,hab4 iii4 #h74 8,!re w5t up a smoke out ( 8 no/rils10 etc4 7,ps4 xviii4 #i74 8,! e>? trembl$10 etc4 7,judges v4 #d1 9 ! ,song ( ,deborah74 ,!re are _m o!r in/ances2 b ^? :i* ,i h n quot$ c be expla9$ 9 accordance ) ^? :i* ,i h cit$4 ,let u n[ consid] ! words ( ,joel 7iii4 #c-e73 8,& ,i w %[ wond]s 9 ! heav5s & 9 ! e>?1 blood & fire1 & pill>s ( smoke4 ,! sun %all be turn$ into d>kness1 & ! moon into blood1 be=e ! great & t]rible day ( ! ,"l come4 ,& x %all come to pass1 t :osoev] %all call on ! "n ( ! ,"l %all be deliv]$1 = 9 ,m\nt ,zion & 9 ,j]usalem %all be deliv]ance10 etc4 ,i ref] !m to ! defeat ( ,s5na*]ib ne> ,j]usalem2 b !y may be tak5 z an acc\nt ( ! defeat ( ,gog & ,magog ne> ,j]usalem 9 ! days ( ! ,messiah1 if ?is appe>s pref]able1 al?\gh no?+ is m5tion$ 9 ?is passage b great slaught]1 de/ruction1 fire1 & ! dim9ution ( ! light ( ! two lum9>ies4 ,y may p]haps object3 ,h[ c ! day ( ! fall ( ,s5na*]ib1 accord+ to our explanation1 be call$ 8! great & ! t]rible day ( ! ,"l80 ,b y mu/ "k t a day ( great salvation or ( great di/ress is call$ 8! great & t]rible day ( ! ,"l40 ,?us ,joel 7ii4 #aa7 says ( ! day on :i* ! locu/s came ov] ! l&1 8,= ! day ( ! ,"l is great & t]rible1 & :o c abide x80 ,our op9ion1 9 support ( :i* we h quot$ ^! passages1 is cle>ly e/abli%$1 namely1 t no prophet or sage has ev] ann\nc$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,univ]se1 or a *ange ( its pres5t condition1 or a p]man5t *ange ( any ( its prop]ties4 ,:5 our ,sages say1 8,! _w rema9s six ?\s& ye>s1 & "o ?\s& ye>s x w be wa/e10 !y d n mean a complete cessation ( exi/+ ?+s2 ! phrase 8"o ?\s& ye>s x w be wa/e0 di/9ctly %[s t "t w cont9ue2 besides1 ?is is ! individual op9ion ( "o ,rabbi1 & 9 accordance ) "o p>ticul> !ory4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! words1 8,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun0 7,eccles4 i4 #i71 9 ! s5se t no new creation takes place 9 any way & "u any circum/ances1 express ! g5]al op9ion ( our ,sages1 & include a pr9ciple :i* e "o ( ! doctors ( ! ,mi%nah & ! ,talmud recognises & makes use ( 9 8 argum5ts4 ,ev5 ^? :o und]/& ! words 8new heav5s & a new e>?0 9 _! lit]al s5se hold t ! heav5s1 :i* w 9 future be =m$1 h already be5 creat$ & are 9 exi/5ce1 & t = ?is reason ! pres5t t5se 8rema90 is us$1 & n ! future 8w rema940 ,!y support _! view by cit+ ! text1 8,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun40 ,d n imag9e t ?is is oppos$ to our op9ion4 ,!y mean1 p]haps1 to say t ! natural laws1 by :i* ! promis$ future condition ( ,israel w be effect$1 h be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce ! days ( ! ,creation1 & 9 t !y are p]fectly correct4 ,:5 ,i1 h[ev]1 said t no prophet ev] ann\nc$ 8a p]man5t *ange ( any ( its prop]ties10 ,i int5d$ to except miracles4 ,= al?\gh ! rod 0 turn$ into a s]p5t1 ! wat] into blood1 ! pure & noble h& into a lepr\s "o1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( any natural cause t c\ld effect ^! or simil> ph5om5a1 ^! *anges 7 n p]man5t1 !y h n become a physical prop]ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,univ]se s9ce cont9ues its regul> c\rse4 ,?is is my op9ion2 ?is %\ld be our belief4 ,our ,sages1 h[ev]1 said v /range ?+s z reg>ds miracles2 !y are f\nd 9 ,b]e%it ,rabba1 & 9 ,midra% ,kohele?1 namely1 t ! miracles are to "s ext5t also natural2 = !y say1 :5 ,god creat$ ! ,univ]se ) its pres5t physical prop]ties1 ,he made x "p ( ^! prop]ties1 t !y %\ld produce c]ta9 miracles at c]ta9 times1 & ! sign ( a prophet consi/$ 9 ! fact t ,god told him to decl>e :5 a c]ta9 ?+ w take place1 b ! ?+ itself 0 effect$ accord+ to ! fix$ laws ( ,nature4 ,if ?is is really ! mean+ ( ! passage ref]r$ to1 x te/ifies to ! greatness ( ! au?or1 & %[s t he held x to be impossible t !re %\ld be a *ange 9 ! laws ( ,nature1 or a *ange 9 ! w ( ,god z reg>ds ! physical prop]ties ( ?+s aft] !y h once be5 e/abli%$4 ,he !re=e assumes1 e4g41 t ,god gave ! wat]s ! prop]ty ( jo9+ toge!r1 & ( fl[+ 9 a d[nw>d direction1 & ( sep>at+ only at ! "t :5 ! ,egyptians 7 dr[n$1 & only 9 a p>ticul> place4 ,i h already po9t$ out to y ! s\rce ( ?is passage1 & x only t5ds to oppose ! hypo!sis ( a new creation4 ,x is said !re3 ,r4 ,jona?an said1 ,god made an agreem5t ) ! sea t x %\ld divide be=e ! ,israelites2 ?us x is said1 8,& ! sea return$ to its /r5g? :5 ! morn+ appe>$0 7,exod4 xiv4 #bg74 ,r4 ,j]emiah1 son ( ,elaz>1 said3 ,n only ) ! sea1 b ) all t has be5 creat$ 9 ! six days ( ! beg9n+ 0 ! agreem5t made2 ?is is ref]r$ to 9 ! words1 8,i1 ev5 my h&s h /ret*$ out ! heav5s1 & all _! ho/ h ,i comm&$0 7,isa4 xlv4 #ab72 i4e41 ,i h comm&$ ! sea to divide1 ! fire n to hurt ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael1 & ,az>iah1 ! lions n to h>m ,daniel1 & ! fi% to spit out ,jonah4 ,! same is ! case ) ! re/ ( ! miracles4 ,we h ?us cle>ly /at$ & expla9$ our op9ion1 t we agree ) ,ari/otle 9 "o half ( 8 !ory4 ,= we believe t ?is ,univ]se rema9s p]petually ) ! same prop]ties ) :i* ! ,creator has end[$ x1 & t none ( ^! w ev] be *ang$ except by way ( miracle 9 "s individual in/ances1 al?\gh ! ,creator has ! p[] to *ange ! :ole ,univ]se1 to annihilate x1 or to remove any ( its prop]ties4 ,! ,univ]se1 _h1 h[ev]1 a beg9n+ & comm5cem5t1 = :5 no?+ 0 z yet 9 exi/5ce except ,god1 ,8 wisdom decre$ t ! ,univ]se be br\ght into exi/5ce at a c]ta9 "t1 t x %\ld n be annihilat$ or *ang$ z reg>ds any ( its prop]ties1 except 9 "s in/ances2 "s ( ^! are kn[n to u1 :il/ o!rs belong to ! future1 & are !re=e unkn[n to u4 ,?is is our op9ion & ! basis ( our religion4 ,! op9ion ( ,ari/otle is t ! ,univ]se1 be+ p]man5t & inde/ructible1 is also et]nal & )\t beg9n+4 ,we h already %[n t ?is !ory is bas$ on ! hypo!sis t ! ,univ]se is ! necess>y result ( causal relation1 & t ?is hypo!sis includes a c]ta9 am\nt ( blasphemy4 ,hav+ come ?us f> we w make 9 ! next *apt] a few rem>ks on passages 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,= ! prim>y object 9 ?is treatise has be5 to exp\nd z mu* z possible ( ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( ! ,creation 7maaseh b]e%it71 & ! description ( ! heav5ly *>iot 7maaseh m]cabah74 ,b let u premise two g5]al obs]vations4 ,fir/1 ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,scripture ( ! ,creation is n1 z is g5]ally believ$1 int5d$ to be 9 all its p>ts lit]al4 ,= if ?is 7 ! case1 wise m5 w\ld n h kept its explanation secret1 & our ,sages w\ld n h employ$ figurative spee* 9 treat+ ( ! ,creation 9 ord] to hide its true mean+1 nor w\ld !y h object$ to discuss x 9 ! pres5ce ( ! common p4 ,! lit]al mean+ ( ! words might lead u to conceive corrupt ideas & to =m false op9ions ab\t ,god1 or ev5 entirely to ab&on & reject ! pr9ciples ( our ,fai?4 ,x is !re=e "r to ab/a9 & refra9 f exam9+ ?is subject sup]ficially & unsci5tifically4 ,we mu/ blame ! practice ( "s ignorant prea*]s & exp\nd]s ( ! ,bible1 :o ?9k t wisdom consi/s 9 kn[+ ! explanation ( words1 & t great] p]fection is atta9$ by employ+ m words & long] spee*4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "r t we %\ld exam9e ! ,scriptural texts by ! intellect1 aft] hav+ acquir$ a k ( demon/rative sci5ce1 & ( ! true hidd5 mean+ ( prophecies4 ,b if "o has obta9$ "s k 9 ?is matt] he mu/ n prea* on x1 z ,i /at$ 9 my ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah 7agigah1 ii4 #g71 & our ,sages said di/9ctly3 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! book to ?is place--aft] ! acc\nt ( ! six? day ( ! ,creation--x is 8! glory ( ,god to conceal a ?+0 7,prov4 xxv4 #b74 ,we h ?us cle>ly /at$ our op9ion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "p ( ! ,div9e plan t e "o :o has obta9$ "s p]fection transmit x to "s o!r p]sons1 z w be %[n 9 ! *apt] on ,prophecy4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible = a s*ol> to possess k ( ^! problems1 :e!r x be ?r\gh 8 own rese>*es or ?r\gh 8 ma/]'s tea*+1 )\t communicat+ "p ( t k to o!rs2 x _c be done 9 cle> words2 x mu/ be done sp>+ly by way ( h9ts4 ,we f9d 9 ! words ( "s ( our ,sages num]\s h9ts & notes ( ?is k9d1 b mix$ up ) ! words ( o!rs & ) o!r subjects4 ,9 treat+ ( ^! my/]ies1 z a rule1 ,i quote z mu* z conta9s ! pr9cipal idea1 & leave ! re/ = ^? :o are wor?y ( x4 ,secondly1 ! prophets employ homonym\s t]ms & use words :i* are n meant to be und]/ood 9 _! ord9>y signification1 b are only us$ because ( "s o!r mean+ :i* !y admit1 e4g41 8a rod ( an almond-tree 7%ak$710 because ( ! words :i* foll[1 8= ,i w ha/5 7%ak$70 7,j]4 i4 #aa1 #ab71 z w be %[n 9 ! *apt] on ,prophecy4 ,accord+ to ! same pr9ciple ,ezekiel 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,div9e ,*>iot employs1 z we h /at$ ! t]m a%mal 7,ezek4 i4 #d72 also regel egel 7v4 #g71 neo%et kalal 7v4 #g71 & simil> t]ms2 ,ze*>iah 7vi4 #a7 likewise adopts ?is me?od1 & says3 8,& ! m\nta9s 7 m\nta9s ( neo%et 7brass710 & ! l4 ,aft] ^! two rem>ks ,i w proce$ to ! *apt] :i* ,i h promis$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 fir/ & beg9n+ 7or pr9ciple74 ,! latt] exi/s 9 ! ?+ ( :i* x is ! beg9n+1 or co-exi/s ) x2 x ne$ n prec$e x2 e4g41 ! he>t is ! beg9n+ ( ! liv+ be+2 ! elem5t is ! beg9n+ ( t ( :i* x is ! basis4 ,! t]m 8fir/0 is likewise appli$ to ?+s ( ?is k9d2 b is also employ$ 9 cases :]e prec$5ce 9 "t alone is to be express$1 & ! ?+ :i* prec$es is n ! beg9n+ 7or ! cause7 ( ! ?+ t foll[s4 ,e4g41 we say ,a4 0 ! fir/ inhabitant ( ?is h\se1 aft] him came ,b2 ?is does n imply t ,a is ! cause ( ,b inhabit+ ! h\se4 ,9 ,hebrew1 teillah is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8fir/02 e4g41 :5 ,god fir/ 7teillat7 spake to ,hosea 7,hos4 i4 #a71 & ! 8beg9n+0 is express$ by re%i?1 d]iv$ f ro%1 8head10 ! pr9cipal "p ( ! liv+ be+ z reg>ds position4 ,! ,univ]se has n be5 creat$ out ( an elem5t t prec$$ x 9 "t1 s9ce "t itself =m$ "p ( ! ,creation4 ,= ?is reason ,scripture employs ! t]m 8b]e%it0 79 a pr9ciple71 9 :i* ! be? is a preposition d5ot+ 8940 ,! true explanation ( ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis is z foll[s3 8,9 creat+ a pr9ciple ,god creat$ ! be+s above & ! ?+s bel[40 ,?is explanation is 9 accordance ) ! !ory ( ! ,creation4 ,we f9d t "s ( our ,sages are report$ to h held ! op9ion t "t exi/$ be=e ! ,creation4 ,b ?is report is v d\btful1 because ! !ory t "t _c be imag9$ ) a beg9n+1 has be5 taught by ,ari/otle1 z ,i %[$ y1 & is objectionable4 ,^? :o h made ?is ass]tion h be5 l$ to x by a say+ ( "o ( our ,sages 9 ref]5ce to ! t]ms 8"o day10 8a second day40 ,tak+ ^! t]ms lit]ally1 ! au?or ( t say+ ask$1 ,:at det]m9$ 8! fir/ day10 s9ce !re 0 no rotat+ sph]e1 & no sun8 & cont9ues z foll[s3 ,scripture uses ! t]m 8"o day02 ,r4 ,jehudah1 son ( ,r4 ,simon1 said3 8,h5ce we le>n t ! divisions ( "t h exi/$ previ\sly40 ,r4 ,abahu said1 8,h5ce we le>n t ,god built worlds & aga9 de/roy$ !m40 ,?is latt] exposition is /ill worse ?an ! =m]4 ,consid] ! difficulty :i* ^! two ,rabbis f\nd 9 ! /atem5t t "t exi/$ be=e ! creation ( ! sun4 ,we %all und\bt$ly soon remove ?is difficulty1 unless ^! two ,rabbis int5d$ to inf] f ! ,scriptural text t ! divisions ( "t mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! ,creation1 & ?us adopt$ ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,b e religi\s man rejects ?is4 ,! above say+ is1 9 my op9ion1 c]ta9ly ( ! same "* z t ( ,r4 ,eliez]1 8,:5ce 7 ! heav5s creat$10 etc41 7*ap4 xxvi474 ,9 %ort1 9 ^! que/ions1 d n take notice ( ! utt]ances ( any p]son4 ,i told y t ! f\ndation ( our fai? is ! belief t ,god creat$ ! ,univ]se f no?+2 t "t did n exi/ previ\sly1 b 0 creat$2 = x dep5ds on ! motion ( ! sph]e1 & ! sph]e has be5 creat$4 ,y mu/ "k t ! p>ticle et 9 ! phrase et ha-%amayim ve-et ha-are 78! heav5s & ! e>?07 signifies 8toge!r )02 our ,sages h expla9$ ! ^w 9 ! same s5se 9 _m in/ances4 ,accord+ly !y assume t ,god creat$ ) ! heav5s ev]y?+ t ! heav5s conta91 & ) ! e>? ev]y?+ ! e>? includes4 ,!y fur!r say t ! simultane\s ,creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>? is impli$ 9 ! words1 8,i call unto !m1 !y /& up toge!r0 7,ps4 xlviii474 ,consequ5tly1 all ?+s 7 creat$ toge!r1 b 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r successively4 ,our ,sages illu/rat$ ?is by ! foll[+ simile3 ,we s[ v>i\s se$s at ! same "t2 "s spr+ =? aft] "o day1 "s aft] two1 & "s aft] ?ree days1 al?\gh all h be5 s[n at ! same "t4 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 :i* is und\bt$ly correct1 ! difficulty is remov$1 :i* l$ ,r4 ,jehudah1 son ( ,r4 ,simon1 to utt] ! above say+1 & consi/$ 9 ! d\bt z to ! ?+ by :i* ! fir/ day1 ! second1 & ! ?ird 7 det]m9$4 ,9 ,b]e%it ,rabba1 our ,sages1 speak+ ( ! light creat$ on ! fir/ day accord+ to ! ,scriptural acc\nt1 say z foll[s3 ^! lights ( ! lum9>ies m5tion$ 9 ! ,creation ( ! f\r? day are ! same t 7 creat$ on ! fir/ day1 b 7 only fix$ 9 _! places on ! f\r? day4 ,! mean+ ( ! fir/ v]se has ?us be5 cle>ly /at$4 ,we mu/ fur!r consid] t ! t]m ere is a homonym1 & is us$ 9 a g5]al & a p>ticul> s5se4 ,x has a m g5]al signification :5 us$ ( ev]y?+ )9 ! sph]e ( ! moon1 i4e41 ( all ! f\r elem5ts2 & is us$ 9 p>ticul> ( "o ( !m1 ( ! l[e/1 viz41 e>?4 ,?is is evid5t f ! passage3 8,& ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void1 & d>kness 0 on ! surface ( ! deep4 ,& ! w9d ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s40 ,! t]m 8e>?0 m5tion$ "h1 & 9 ! fir/ v]se includes all ! f\r elem5ts1 :il/ fur!r on x is said1 8,& ,god call$ ! dry l& ,e>?0 7,g54 i4 #aj74 ,x is also important to notice t ! words1 8,& ,god call$ a c]ta9 ?+ a c]ta9 "n10 are inv>iably int5d$ to di/+ui% "o ?+ f o!rs :i* are call$ by ! same common n\n4 ,i expla91 !re=e1 ! fir/ v]se 9 ,g5esis ?us3 ,9 creat+ ! pr9ciple ,god creat$ ! ?+s above & ^? bel[4 ,ere 9 ?is v]se d5otes 8! ?+s bel[10 or 8! f\r elem5ts10 & 9 ! v]se1 8,& ,god call$ ! dry l& ,e>?0 7ere71 x signifies ! elem5t e>?4 ,?is subject is n[ made cle>4 ,! f\r elem5ts indicat$1 accord+ to our explanation1 9 ! t]m ere 8e>?10 9 ! fir/ v]se1 are m5tion$ fir/ aft] ! heav5s2 = !re are nam$ ere 7e>?71 rua 7air71 mayim 7wat]71 & o%ek 7fire74 ,by o%ek ! elem5t fire is meant1 no?+ else2 comp4 8,& ?\ he>de/ 8 words out ( ! mid/ ( ! fire0 7,deut4 iv4 #cf72 &1 8,:5 ye he>d ! voice out ( ! mid/ ( ! o%ek0 7d>kness7 7ibid4 v4 #b72 aga91 8,all o%ek 7d>kness7 %all be hid 9 8 secret places3 a fire n bl[n %all consume him0 7,job xx4 #bf74 ,! elem5t fire is call$ o%ek because x is n lum9\s1 x is only transp>5t2 = if x 7 lum9\s we %\ld see at night ! :ole atmosph]e 9 flames4 ,! ord] ( ! f\r elem5ts1 accord+ to ! natural position is "h describ$2 namely1 fir/ e>?1 above x wat]1 air close to wat]1 & fire above air2 = by plac+ air ov] wat]1 o%ek 7fire71 :i* is 8^u ! face ( ! deep10 is und\bt$ly above air4 ,x 0 "h necess>y to use ! t]m rua elohim1 because air is describ$ "h z 9 motion 7m]aefet71 & ! motion ( ! air is1 z a rule1 ascrib$ to ,god2 comp4 8,& !re w5t =? a w9d f ! ,"l0 7,num4 xi4 #ca72 8,?\ did/ bl[ ) ?y w9d0 7,exod4 xv4 #aj72 8,& ! ,"l turn$ a mighty /rong we/ w9d0 7ibid4 x4 #ai71 & ! l4 ,z ! fir/ o%ek1 :i* d5otes ! elem5t fire1 is diff]5t f ! o%ek m5tion$ fur!r on 9 ! s5se ( 8d>kness10 ! latt] is expla9$ & di/+ui%$ f ! =m]1 accord+ to our explanation1 9 ! words1 8,& d>kness he call$ ,night40 ,?is is n[ cle>4 ,! phrase1 8,& he divid$ betwe5 ! wat]s10 etc41 does n describe a division 9 space1 z if ! "o "p 7 m]ely above ! o!r1 :il/ ! nature ( bo? rema9$ ! same1 b a di/9ction z reg>ds _! nature or =m4 ,"o portion ( t :i* 0 fir/ call$ wat] 0 made "o ?+ by c]ta9 prop]ties x receiv$1 & ano!r portion receiv$ a diff]5t =m1 & ?is latt] portion is t :i* is commonly call$ wat] & ( ?is x is said1 8,& ! ga!r+ ( ! wat]s he call$ ,seas40 ,scripture ev5 indicates t ! fir/ mayim 78wat]07 9 ! phrase1 8,on ! face ( ! wat]s10 does n ref] to ! wat]s :i* =m ! seas2 & t "p ( ! elem5t 8wat]10 hav+ receiv$ a p>ticul> =m1 & be+ above ! air1 is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r "p :i* has receiv$ ! =m ( ord9>y wat]4 ,= ! words1 8,& he divid$ betwe5 ! wat]s :i* are b5ea? ! firmam5t & ! wat]s :i* are above ! firmam5t10 are simil> 9 mean+ to ! phrase1 8,& ,god divid$ betwe5 ! light & ! d>kness10 & ref] to a di/9ction by a sep>ate =m4 ,! firmam5t itself 0 =m$ ( wat]2 & 9 ! words ( our ,sages 7,b]e%it ,rabba2 cap4 iv471 8,! middle drop congeal$ & =m$ ! heav5s40 ,"h likewise ,scripture says1 9 accordance ) :at ,i said above1 8,& ,god call$ ! firmam5t ,heav50 7,g54 i4 #h71 9 ord] to expla9 ! homonymity ( ! t]m %amayim 7heav571 & to %[ t %amayim 9 ! fir/ v]se is n ! firmam5t :i* is also call$ %amayim 7heav574 ,! diff]5ce is m cle>ly express$ 9 ! words1 8,9 ! op5 firmam5t ( heav50 7ibid4 i4 #bj72 "h x is %[n t 8firmam5t0 7rakia71 & 8heav50 7%amayim71 are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is homonymity ( ! t]m %amayim ! t]m rakia 7firmam5t7 is also us$ ( ! true heav51 j z ! real firmam5t is sometimes call$ %amayim 7heav572 comp4 8,& ,god set !m 9 ! rakia 7firmam5t7 ( ! heav50 7ibid4 i4 #ag74 ,?is v]se %[s cle>ly t ! />s1 ! sun1 & ! moon are n1 z p believe1 on ! surface ( ! sph]es1 b !y are fix$ 9 ! sph]es1 & ?is has be5 prov$ satisfactorily1 !re be+ no vacuum 9 ! ,univ]se2 = x is said1 89 ! firmam5t ( ! heav510 & n 8^u ! firmam5t ( ! heav540 ,x is !re=e cle> t !re has be5 "o common elem5t call$ wat]1 :i* has be5 aft]w>ds di/+ui%$ by ?ree diff]5t =ms2 "o "p =ms ! seas1 ano!r ! firmam5t1 & a ?ird "p is ov] ! firmam5t1 & all ?is is sep>ate f ! e>?4 ,! ,scriptural text foll[s "h a peculi> me?od 9 ord] to indicate "s extraord9>y my/]ies4 ,x has also be5 decl>$ by our ,sages t ! portion above ! firmam5t is only wat] by "n1 n 9 reality1 = !y say 7,babyl4 ,talmud1 agigah #ad;b7 8,f\r ent]$ ! p>adise10 etc4 ,r4 ,akiba said to !m1 8,:5 y come to ! /ores ( pure m>ble1 d n say1 ,wat]1 wat]1 = x is writt51 #8,he t telle? lies %all n t>ry 9 my sight'0 7,ps4 ci4 #g74 ,consid]1 if y belong to ! class ( ?9k+ m51 h[ cle>ly & di/9ctly ?is passage expla9s ! subject = ^? :o reflect on x6 ,und]/& t :i* has be5 prov$ by ,ari/otle 9 8 book ,on ,meteorology1 & note :atev] m5 ( sci5ce h said on meteorological matt]s4 ,x is necess>y to inquire into ! reason :y ! decl>ation 8t x 0 good0 is n f\nd 9 ! acc\nt ( ! second day ( ! ,creation4 ,! v>i\s ,midra%ic say+s ( our ,sages on ?is po9t are well kn[n2 ! be/ ( !m is ! explanation t ! creation ( ! wat] 0 n complet$ on t day4 ,accord+ to my op9ion ! reason is likewise cle>1 & is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! creation ( any "p ( ! ,univ]se is describ$ t is p]man5t1 regul>1 & 9 a settl$ ord]1 ! phrase 8t x is good0 is us$4 ,b ! acc\nt ( ! firmam5t1 ) t :i* is above x & is call$ wat]1 is1 z y see1 ( a v my/]i\s "*4 ,= if tak5 lit]ally ! firmam5t w\ld appe> at fir/ ?\ght to be m]ely an imag9>y ?+1 z !re is no o!r sub/ance b ! elem5ts betwe5 u & ! l[e/ ( ! heav5ly sph]es1 & !re is no wat] above ! air2 & if ! firmam5t1 ) t :i* is ov] x1 be suppos$ to be above ! heav5s1 x w\ld a =tiori seem to be unreal & uncompreh5sible4 ,b if ! acc\nt be und]/ood 9 a figurative s5se & accord+ to its true mean+1 x is /ill m my/]i\s1 s9ce x 0 consid]$ necess>y to make ?is "o ( ! mo/ hidd5 secrets1 9 ord] to prev5t ! multitude f kn[+ x4 ,?is be+ ! case1 h[ c\ld x be said ( ! creation ( ! second day 8t x 0 good08 ,?is phrase w\ld tell u t x is p]fectly cle> :at %>e ! ?+ to :i* x ref]s takes 9 ! p]man5t exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se4 ,b :at good c p f9d 9 a ?+ ^: real nature is hidd51 & ^: app>5t nature is n real8 ,:y1 !re=e1 %\ld x be said 9 ref]5ce to x1 8t x 0 good08 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 give ! foll[+ additional explanation4 ,al?\gh ! result ( ! second day's creation =ms an important elem5t among ! exi/+ ?+s1 ! firmam5t 0 n its prim>y object 9 ! organization ( ! ,univ]se1 & !re=e x c\ld n be said 8t x 0 good02 x 0 only ! means = ! uncov]+ ( ! e>?4 ,note ?is4 ,our ,sages h already expla9$ t ! h]bs & trees1 :i* ,god caus$ to spr+ =? f ! gr\nd1 7 caus$ by ,god to gr[1 aft] ,he _h s5t d[n ra9 ^u !m2 & ! passage beg9n+1 8,& !re w5t up a mi/ f ! e>?0 7ii4 #f71 ref]s to t :i* took place be=e ! creative act1 relat$ 9 ! words1 8,let ! e>? br+ =? grass10 etc4 7i4 ii474 ,!re=e ,onkelos translates x3 8,& !re _h gone up a mi/ f ! e>?40 ,x is also evid5t f ! text itself1 :]e x is di/9ctly said1 8,& e plant 9 ! field be=e x 0 9 ! e>?10 etc4 7ii4 #e74 ,?is "q is n[ expla9$4 ,x is well kn[n to e philosoph] t ! pr9cipal causes ( production & de/ruction1 aft] ! influ5ce ( ! sph]es1 are light & d>kness1 9 s f> z ^! are accompani$ by heat & cold4 ,= by ! motion ( ! sph]es ! elem5ts int]mix1 & by light & d>kness _! con/itution *anges4 ,! fir/ *ange consi/s 9 ! =mation ( two k9ds ( mi/2 ^! are ! fir/ causes ( meteorological ph5om5a1 su* z ra92 !y also caus$ ! =mation ( m9]als1 ( plants1 ( animals1 & at la/ ( man4 ,x is likewise kn[n t d>kness is ! natural prop]ty ( all ?+s on e>?2 9 !m light is accid5tal1 com+ f an ext]nal cause1 & !re=e ev]y?+ rema9s 9 a /ate ( re/ 9 ! abs5ce ( light4 ,! ,scriptural acc\nt ( ! ,creation foll[s 9 e respect exactly ! same ord]1 )\t any deviation4 ,note also ! say+ ( our ,sages3 8,:5 ! ,univ]se 0 creat$1 all ?+s 7 creat$ ) size1 intellect1 & beauty fully develop$1 i4e41 ev]y?+ 0 creat$ p]fect 9 magnitude & =m1 & end[$ ) ! mo/ suitable prop]ties2 ! ^w ibyonam 7_! beauty7 us$ "h has ! same mean+ z ebi1 #8glory'0 7,ezek4 xx4 #f74 ,note ?is likewise1 = x includes a pr9ciple fully e/abli%$4 ,! foll[+ po9t n[ claims our att5tion4 ,! acc\nt ( ! six days ( creation conta9s1 9 ref]5ce to ! creation ( man1 ! /atem5t3 8,male & female creat$ he !m0 7i4 #bg71 & concludes ) ! words3 8,?us ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 f9i%$1 & all ! ho/ ( !m0 7ii4 #a71 & yet ! portion :i* foll[s describes ! creation ( ,eve f ,adam1 ! tree ( life1 & ! tree ( k1 ! hi/ory ( ! s]p5t & ! ev5ts connect$ !re)1 & all ?is z hav+ tak5 place aft] ,adam _h be5 plac$ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,all our ,sages agree t ?is took place on ! six? day1 & t no?+ new 0 creat$ aft] ! close ( ! six days4 ,none ( ! ?+s m5tion$ above is !re=e impossible1 because ! laws ( ,nature 7 !n n yet p]man5tly fix$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s utt]ances ( our ,sages on ?is subject :i* app>5tly imply a diff]5t view4 ,i w ga!r !m f _! diff]5t s\rces & place !m be=e y1 & ,i w ref] also to c]ta9 ?+s by m]e h9ts1 j z has be5 done by ! ,sages4 ,y mu/ "k t _! words1 :i* ,i am ab\t to quote1 are mo/ p]fect1 mo/ accurate1 & cle> to ^? = :om !y 7 said4 ,i w !re=e n add long explanations1 le/ ,i make _! /atem5ts pla91 & ,i might ?us become 8a reveal] ( secrets10 b ,i w give !m 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 accompani$ ) a few rem>ks1 :i* w suffice = read]s l y4 ,"o ( ^! utt]ances is ?is3 8,adam & ,eve 7 at fir/ creat$ z "o be+1 hav+ _! backs unit$2 !y 7 !n sep>at$1 & "o half 0 remov$ & br\ght be=e ,adam z ,eve40 ,! t]m mi-alotav 7lit4 8( 8 ribs07 signifies 8( 8 sides40 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w is prov$ by ref]r+ to ela1 8! side0 ( ! tab]nacle 7,exod4 xxvi4 #bj71 :i* ,onkelos r5d]s set> 78side071 & s also mi-alotav is r5d]$ by him 8mi-sitrohi0 7( 8 sides74 ,note also h[ cle>ly x has be5 /at$ t ,adam & ,eve 7 two 9 "s respects1 & yet !y rema9$ "o1 accord+ to ! words1 8,bone ( my bones1 & fle% ( my fle%0 7,g54 ii4 #bc74 ,! unity ( ! two is prov$ by ! fact t bo? h ! same "n1 = %e is call$ i%%ah 7woman71 because %e 0 tak5 out ( i% 7man71 also by ! words1 8,& %all cleave unto 8 wife1 & !y %all be "o fle%0 7ii4 #bd74 ,h[ great is ! ignorance ( ^? :o d n see t all ?is necess>ily includes "s o!r idea besides ! lit]al mean+ ( ! words4 ,?is is n[ cle>4 ,ano!r notewor?y ,midra%ic rem>k ( our ,sages is ! foll[+3 8,! s]p5t _h a rid]1 ! rid] 0 z big z a camel1 & x 0 ! rid] t entic$ ,eve2 ?is rid] 0 ,samal40 ,samal is ! "n g5]ally appli$ by our ,sages to ,satan4 ,?us !y say 9 sev]al places t ,satan desir$ to entice ,abraham to s91 & to ab/a9 f b9d+ ,isaac1 & he desir$ also to p]suade ,isaac n to obey 8 fa!r4 ,at ! same "t !y also say1 9 ref]5ce to ! same subject1 viz41 ! ,ak$ah 78! b9d+ ( ,isaac071 t ,samal came to ,abraham & said to him1 8,:at6 ha/ ?\1 be+ an old man1 lo/ ?y s5ses80 etc4 ,?is %[s t ,samal & ,satan are id5tical4 ,!re is a mean+ 9 ?is "n ,samal1 z !re is also 9 ! "n naa% 78s]p5t074 ,9 describ+ h[ ! s]p5t came to entice ,eve1 our ,sages say3 8,samal 0 rid+ on x1 & ,god 0 laugh+ at bo? ! camel & its rid]40 ,x is especially ( importance to notice t ! s]p5t did n approa* or address ,adam1 b all 8 attempts 7 direct$ aga9/ ,eve1 & x 0 ?r\gh h] t ! s]p5t caus$ injury & dea? to ,adam4 ,! greate/ hatr$ exi/s betwe5 ! s]p5t & ,eve1 & betwe5 8 se$ & h] se$2 h] se$ be+ und\bt$ly also ! se$ ( man4 ,m rem>kable /ill is ! way 9 :i* ! s]p5t is jo9$ to ,eve1 or r 8 se$ to h] se$2 ! head ( ! "o t\*es ! heel ( ! o!r4 ,eve defeats ! s]p5t by cru%+ its head1 :il/ ! s]p5t defeats h] by w\nd+ h] heel4 ,?is is likewise cle>4 ,! foll[+ is also a rem>kable passage1 mo/ absurd 9 its lit]al s5se2 b z an allegory x conta9s wond]ful wisdom1 & fully agrees ) real facts1 z w be f\nd by ^? :o und]/& all ! *apt]s ( ?is treatise4 ,:5 ! s]p5t came to ,eve he infect$ h] ) poison2 ! ,israelites1 :o /ood at ,m\nt ,s9ai1 remov$ t poison2 idolat]s1 :o did n /& at ,m\nt ,s9ai1 h n got rid ( x4 ,note ?is likewise4 ,aga9 !y said3 8,! tree ( life ext5ds ov] an area ( five hundr$ ye>s' j\rney1 & x is f b5ea? x t all ! wat]s ( ! creation sprang =?02 & !y add$ ! explanation t ?is measure ref]r$ to ! ?ickness ( its body1 & n to ! ext5t ( its bran*es1 = !y cont9ue ?us3 8,n ! ext5t ( ! bran*es !re(1 b ! /em !re( korato1 lit41 #8its beam1' signify+ "h #8its /em' has a ?ickness ( five hundr$ ye>s' j\rney40 ,?is is n[ suffici5tly cle>4 ,aga93 8,god has nev] %[n ! tree ( k ( good & evil to man1 nor w ,he ev] %[ x40 ,?is is correct1 = x mu/ be s accord+ to ! nature ( ! ,univ]se4 ,ano!r notewor?y say+ is ?is3 8,& ! ,"l ,god took ! man1 i4e41 rais$ him1 & plac$ him 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed510 i4e41 ,he gave him re/4 ,! words 8,he took him10 8,he gave him10 h no ref]5ce to position 9 space1 b !y indicate 8 position 9 rank among transi5t be+s1 & ! prom95t "* ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,rem>kable & notewor?y is ! great wisdom conta9$ 9 ! names ( ,adam1 ,ca91 & ,abel1 & 9 ! fact t x 0 ,ca9 :o slew ,abel 9 ! field1 t bo? ( !m p]i%$1 al?\gh ! murd]] _h "s respite1 & t ! exi/5ce ( mank9d is due to ,se? alone4 ,comp4 8,= ,god has appo9t$ me ano!r se$0 7iv4 #be74 ,?is has prov$ true4 ,x is also necess>y to und]/& & consid] ! words1 8,& ,adam gave names0 7ii4 #bj72 "h x is indicat$ t languages are conv5tional1 & t !y are n natural1 z has be5 assum$ by "s4 ,we mu/ also consid] ! f\r diff]5t t]ms employ$ 9 express+ ! relations ( ! heav5s to ,god1 bore 7,creator71 oseh 7,mak]71 koneh 7,possessor71 & el 7,god74 ,comp4 8,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?0 7i4 #a72 8,9 ! day t ,god made ! e>? & ! heav5s0 7ii4 #d72 8,possessor ( heav5 & e>?0 7xiv4 #ai72 8,god ( ! ,univ]se0 7xxi4 #ca72 8,! ,god ( heav5 & ! ,god ( ! e>?0 7xxiv4 #c74 ,z to ! v]bs1 kon51 8he e/abli%$10 tafa1 8he spann$10 & natah1 8he /ret*$ out10 occurr+ 9 ! foll[+ passages1 8,:i* ?\ ha/ e/abli%$0 7,ps4 viii4 #d71 8,my "r h& ha? spann$ ! heav5s0 7,isa4 xviii4 #ac71 8,:o /ret*e/ out ! heav5s0 7,ps4 civ4 #b71 !y are includ$ 9 ! t]m asah 78he made072 ! v]b yaar1 8he =m$10 does n occur 9 ref]5ce to ! heav5s4 ,accord+ to my op9ion ! v]b yaar d5otes to make a =m1 a %ape1 or any o!r accid5t 7= =m & %ape are likewise accid5ts74 ,x is !re=e said1 yoer or1 8,:o =me? ! light0 7,isa4 xiv4 #g71 light be+ an accid5t2 yoer h>im1 8,t =me? ! m\nta9s0 7,amos iv4 #ac71 i4e41 t gave !m _! %ape4 ,9 ! same s5se ! v]b is us$ 9 ! passage1 8,& ! ,"l ,god =m$ 7va-yier7 all ! bea/s10 etc4 7,g54 ii4 #g74 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ! ,univ]se1 viz41 ! heav5s & ! e>?1 :i* comprises ! totality ( ! ,creation1 ,scripture employs ! v]b b>a1 :i* we expla9 z d5ot+ he produc$ some?+ f no?+2 also asah 78he made071 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al =ms or natural prop]ties ( ! ?+s :i* 7 giv5 to !m2 kanah1 8he possess$10 because ,god rules ov] !m l a ma/] ov] 8 s]vants4 ,= ?is reason ,he is also call$1 8,! ,"l ( ! :ole e>?0 7,jos4 iii4 #aa-ac72 ha-adon1 8! ,"l0 7,exod4 xx41 iii4 #ag74 ,b al?\gh none c be a ma/] unless !re exi/s some?+ t is 9 8 possession1 ?is attribute _c be consid]$ to imply ! belief 9 ! et]nal exi/5ce ( a mat]ia prima1 s9ce ! v]bs b>a1 8he creat$10 & asah1 8he made10 are also employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! heav5s4 ,! ,creator is call$ ! ,god ( ! heav5s & ! ,god ( ! ,univ]se1 on acc\nt ( ! relations betwe5 ,him & ! heav5s2 ,he gov]ns1 & !y are gov]n$2 ! ^w elohim does n signify 8ma/]0 9 ! s5se ( 8own]02 x expresses ! relation betwe5 ,8 position 9 ! totality ( exi/+ be+s1 & ! position ( ! heav5s or ! ,univ]se2 ,he is ,god1 n !y1 i4e41 n ! heav5s4 ,note ?is4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ^? explanations :i* we h giv51 & :i* we int5d to give1 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject1 may suffice1 consid]+ ! object ( ?is treatise & ! capacity ( ! read]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,x is p]haps cle> :y ! laws conc]n+ ,sabba? are s sev]e1 t _! transgression is visit$ ) dea? by /on+1 & t ! greate/ ( ! prophets put a p]son to dea? = break+ ! ,sabba?4 ,! comm&m5t ( ! ,sabba? is ! ?ird f ! comm&m5t conc]n+ ! exi/5ce & ! unity ( ,god4 ,= ! comm&m5t n to wor%ip any o!r be+ is m]ely an explanation ( ! fir/4 ,y "k already f :at ,i h said1 t no op9ions reta9 _! vitality except ^? :i* are confirm$1 publi%$1 & by c]ta9 actions con/antly reviv$ among ! p4 ,!re=e we are told 9 ! ,law to hon\r ?is day2 9 ord] to confirm !reby ! pr9ciple ( ,creation :i* w spread 9 ! _w1 :5 all peoples keep ,sabba? on ! same day4 ,= :5 ! "q is ask$1 :y ?is is done1 ! answ] is giv53 8,= 9 six days ! ,"l ha? made10 etc4 7,exod4 xx4 #aa74 ,two diff]5t reasons are giv5 = ?is comm&m5t1 because ( two diff]5t objects4 ,9 ! ,decalogue 9 ,exodus1 ! foll[+ reason is giv5 = di/+ui%+ ! ,sabba?3 8,= 9 six days10 etc4 ,b 9 ,deut]onomy 7*ap4 v4 #ae7 ! reason is giv53 8,& ?\ %alt rememb] t ?\ ha/ be5 a slave 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 etc41 !re=e ! ,"l ?y ,god comm&$ !e10 etc4 ,?is diff]5ce c easily be expla9$4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! cause ( ! hon\r & di/9ction ( ! day is giv52 comp4 8,!re=e ! ,"l ha? bless$ ! day ( ! ,sabba? & sanctifi$ x0 7,exod4 xx4 #aj71 & ! cause = ?is is1 8,= 9 six days10 etc4 ,b ! fact t ,god has giv5 u ! law ( ! ,sabba? & comm&$ u to keep x1 is ! consequ5ce ( our hav+ be5 slaves2 = !n our "w did n dep5d on our w1 nor c\ld we *oose ! "t = x2 & we c\ld n re/4 ,?us ,god comm&$ u to ab/a9 f "w on ! ,sabba?1 & to re/1 = two purposes2 namely1 7#a7 ,t we might confirm ! true !ory1 t ( ! ,creation1 :i* at once & cle>ly leads to ! !ory ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 7#b7 ,t we might rememb] h[ k9d ,god has be5 9 free+ u f ! burd5 ( ! ,egyptians4--,! ,sabba? is !re=e a d\ble bless+3 x gives u correct notions1 & also promotes ! well-be+ ( our bodies4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,!re are z _m diff]5t op9ions conc]n+ ,prophecy z conc]n+ ! ,et]nity or ,non-,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,= we h %[n t ^? :o assume ! exi/5ce ( ,god z prov$ may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ to ! view !y take ( ! "q1 :e!r ! ,univ]se is et]nal or n4 ,simil>ly !re are ?ree diff]5t op9ions on ,prophecy4 ,i w n notice ! view ( ! ,a!i/2 he does n believe 9 ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 mu* less 9 ,prophecy2 b ,i w cont5t myself ) discuss+ ! v>i\s op9ions on ,prophecy held by ^? :o believe 9 ,god4 #a4 ,among ^? :o believe 9 ,prophecy1 & ev5 among our coreligioni/s1 !re are "s ignorant p :o ?9k z foll[s3 ,god selects any p]son ,he pleases1 inspires him ) ! _s ( ,prophecy1 & entru/s him ) a mission4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r t p]son be wise or /upid1 old or "y2 provid$ he be1 to "s ext5t1 morally good4 ,= ^! p h n yet gone s f> z to ma9ta9 t ,god might also inspire a wick$ p]son ) ,8 _s4 ,!y admit t ?is is impossible1 unless ,god has previ\sly caus$ him to improve 8 ways4 #b4 ,! philosoph]s hold t prophecy is a c]ta9 faculty ( man 9 a /ate ( p]fection1 :i* c only be obta9$ by /udy4 ,al?\gh ! faculty is common to ! :ole race1 yet x is n fully develop$ 9 ea* individual1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! individual's defective con/itution1 or on acc\nt ( "s o!r ext]nal cause4 ,?is is ! case ) e faculty common to a class4 ,x is only br\ght to a /ate ( p]fection 9 "s individuals1 & n 9 all2 b x is impossible t x %\ld n be p]fect 9 "s individual ( ! class2 & if ! p]fection is ( su* a nature t x c only be produc$ by an ag5t1 su* an ag5t mu/ exi/4 ,accord+ly1 x is impossible t an ignorant p]son %\ld be a prophet2 or t a p]son be+ no prophet 9 ! ev5+1 %\ld1 unexpect$ly on ! foll[+ morn+1 f9d himself a prophet1 z if prophecy 7 a ?+ t c\ld be f\nd un9t5tionally4 ,b if a p]son1 p]fect 9 8 intellectual & moral faculties1 & also p]fect1 z f> z possible1 9 8 imag9ative faculty1 prep>es himself 9 ! mann] :i* w be describ$1 he mu/ become a prophet2 = prophecy is a natural faculty ( man4 ,x is impossible t a man :o has ! capacity = prophecy %\ld prep>e himself = x )\t atta9+ x1 j z x is impossible t a p]son ) a heal?y con/itution %\ld be f$ well1 & yet n prop]ly assimilate 8 food2 & ! l4 #c4 ,! ?ird view is t :i* is taught 9 ,scripture1 & :i* =ms "o ( ! pr9ciples ( our religion4 ,x co9cides ) ! op9ion ( ! philosoph]s 9 all po9ts except "o4 ,= we believe t1 ev5 if "o has ! capacity = prophecy1 & has duly prep>$ himself1 x may yet happ5 t he does n actually prophesy4 ,x is 9 t case ! w ( ,god t )holds f him ! use ( ! faculty4 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 ?is fact is z exceptional z any o!r miracle1 & acts 9 ! same way4 ,= ! laws ( ,nature dem& t e "o %\ld be a prophet1 :o has a prop] physical con/itution1 & has be5 duly prep>$ z reg>ds education & tra9+4 ,if su* a p]son is n a prophet1 he is 9 ! same position z a p]son :o1 l ,j]oboam 7#a ,k+s xiii4 #d71 is depriv$ ( ! use ( 8 h&1 or ( 8 eyes1 z 0 ! case ) ! army ( ,syria1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,eli%a 7#b ,k+s vi4 #ah74 ,z = ! pr9ciple :i* ,i laid d[n1 t prep>ation & p]fection ( moral & rational faculties are ! s9e qu non1 our ,sages say exactly ! same3 8,! _s ( prophecy only re/s ^u p]sons :o are wise1 /rong1 & ri*40 ,we h expla9$ ^! words 9 our ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah1 & 9 our l>ge "w4 ,we /at$ !re t ! ,sons ( ! ,prophets 7 con/antly engag$ 9 prep>ation4 ,t ^? :o h prep>$ !mselves may /ill be prev5t$ f be+ prophets1 may be inf]r$ f ! hi/ory ( ,b>u*1 ! son ( ,n]ijah2 = he foll[$ ,j]emiah1 :o prep>$ & in/ruct$ him2 & yet he hop$ 9 va9 = prophecy2 comp41 8,i am we>y ) my sigh+1 & re/ h ,i n f\nd40 ,he 0 !n told ?r\gh ,j]emiah1 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,?us %alt ?\ say to him1 ,?\ seeke/ = !e great ?+s1 d n seek0 7,j]4 xlv4 #e74 ,x may p]haps be assum$ t prophecy is "h describ$ z a ?+ 8too great0 = ,b>u*4 ,s also ! fact t 8h] prophets did n f9d visions f ! ,"l0 7,lam4 ii4 #d71 may be consid]$ z ! result ( ! exile ( h] prophets1 z w be expla9$ 7*ap4 xxxvi474 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 num]\s passages 9 ,scripture z well z 9 ! writ+s ( our ,sages1 :i* support ! pr9ciple t x dep5ds *iefly on ! w ( ,god :o is to prophesy1 & at :at "t2 & t ,he only selects ! be/ & ! wise/4 ,we hold t fools & ignorant p are unfit = ?is di/9ction4 ,x is z impossible = any "o ( ^! to prophesy z x is = an ass or a frog2 = prophecy is impossible )\t /udy & tra9+2 :5 ^! h creat$ ! possibility1 !n x dep5ds on ! w ( ,god :e!r ! possibility is to be turn$ into reality4 ,we mu/ n be misl$ by ! words ( ,j]emiah 7i4 #e71 8,be=e ,i =m$ !e 9 ! womb ,i knew !e1 & be=e ?\ came/ =? f ! womb ,i h sanctifi$ !e02 = ?is is ! case ) all prophets2 !re mu/ be a physical prep>ation f ! beg9n+ ( _! exi/5ce1 z w be expla9$4 ,z to ! words1 8,= ,i am "y0 7ibid4 v]4 #f71 x is well kn[n t ! pi\s ,joseph1 :5 he 0 ?irty ye>s old1 is call$ by ! ,hebrew 8"y0 7naar72 also ,jo%ua1 :5 he 0 ne>ly sixty ye>s old4 ,= ! /atem5t1 8& 8 m9i/] ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,nun1 0 "y10 occurs 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,gold5 ,calf 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #aa74 ,moses 0 !n eighty-"o ye>s old1 he liv$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s2 ,jo%ua1 :o surviv$ him f\rte5 ye>s1 liv$ "o hundr$ & t5 ye>s & mu/ consequ5tly h be5 at lea/ fifty-sev5 ye>s old at ! "t :5 ! ,gold5 ,calf 0 made1 & yet he is call$ naar1 8"y40 ,nor mu/ we be misl$ by prophecies l ! foll[+3 8,i w p\r out my _s ov] all fle%1 & y\r sons & y\r daught]s %all prophesy02 s9ce x is di/9ctly /at$ :at is meant by 8prophesy0 9 ?is place1 viz41 8,y\r old m5 w dream dreams1 y\r "y m5 %all see visions40 ,= we call also prophets all ^? :o reveal some?+ unkn[n by surmises1 or conjectures1 or correct inf]5ces4 ,?us 8prophets ( ,baal0 & 8( ,a%]ah0 are m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,& ,god says1 8,if !re arise among y a prophet or a dream] ( dreams10 etc4 7,deut4 xiii4 #a74 ,z to ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 all saw ! great fire1 & he>d ! fe>ful ?und]+s1 t caus$ su* an extraord9>y t]ror2 b only ^? ( !m :o 7 duly qualifi$ 7 prophetically inspir$1 ea* "o accord+ to 8 capacities4 ,!re=e x is said1 8,come up unto ! ,"l1 ?\ & ,a>on1 ,nadab & ,abihu40 ,moses rose to ! highe/ degree ( prophecy1 accord+ to ! words1 8,& ,moses alone %all come ne> ! ,"l40 ,a>on 0 bel[ him1 ,nadab & ,abihu bel[ ,a>on1 & ! sev5ty eld]s bel[ ,nadab & ,abihu1 & ! re/ bel[ ! latt]1 ea* "o accord+ to 8 degree ( p]fection4 ,simil>ly our ,sages wrote3 ,moses _h 8 own place & ,a>on 8 own4 ,s9ce we h t\*$ ^u ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 we w po9t out 9 a sep>ate *apt] :at may be inf]r$ z reg>ds ! nature ( t ev5t1 bo? f ! ,scriptural text1 9 accordance ) reasonable int]pretation1 & f ! words ( our ,sages4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,x is cle> to me t :at ,moses exp]i5c$ at ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai 0 diff]5t f t :i* 0 exp]i5c$ by all ! o!r ,israelites1 = ,moses alone 0 address$ by ,god1 & = ?is reason ! second p]son s+ul> is us$ 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts2 ,moses !n w5t d[n to ! foot ( ! m\nt & told 8 fell[-m5 :at he _h he>d4 ,comp41 8,i /ood betwe5 ! ,"l & y at t "t to tell y ! ^w ( ! ,"l0 7,deut4 v4 #e74 ,aga91 8,moses spake1 & ,god answ]$ him ) a l\d voice0 7,exod4 xix4 #ai74 ,9 ! ,me*ilta our ,sages say di/9ctly t he br\ght to !m e ^w z he _h he>d x4 ,fur!rmore1 ! words1 8,9 ord] t ! p he> :5 ,i speak ) !e0 7,exod4 xix4 #i71 %[ t ,god spoke to ,moses1 & ! p only he>d ! mighty s\nd1 n di/9ct words4 ,x is to ! p]ception ( ?is mighty s\nd t ,scripture ref]s 9 ! passage1 8,:5 ye he> ! s\nd0 7,deut4 v4 #bj72 aga9 x is /at$1 8,y he>d a s\nd ( words0 7ibid4 iv4 #ab71 & x is n said 8,y he>d words02 & ev5 :]e ! he>+ ( ! words is m5tion$1 only ! p]ception ( ! s\nd is meant4 ,x 0 only ,moses t he>d ! words1 & he report$ !m to ! p4 ,?is is app>5t f ,scripture1 & f ! utt]ances ( our ,sages 9 g5]al4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an op9ion ( our ,sages frequ5tly express$ 9 ! ,midra%im1 & f\nd also 9 ! ,talmud1 to ?is effect3 ,! ,israelites he>d ! fir/ & ! second comm&m5ts f ,god1 i4e41 !y le>nt ! tru? ( ! pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ^! two comm&m5ts 9 ! same mann] z ,moses1 & n ?r\gh ,moses4 ,= ^! two pr9ciples1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ,8 ,unity1 c be arriv$ at by means ( reason+1 & :atev] c be e/abli%$ by pro( is kn[n by ! prophet 9 ! same way z by any o!r p]son2 he has no advantage 9 ?is respect4 ,^! two pr9ciples 7 n kn[n ?r\gh prophecy alone4 ,comp41 8,?\ ha/ be5 %[n to "k t10 etc4 7,deut4 iv4 #cd74 ,b ! re/ ( ! comm&m5ts are ( an e?ical & au?oritative "*1 & d n conta9 tru?s p]ceiv$ by ! intellect4 ,not)/&+ all t has be5 said by our ,sages on ?is subject1 we inf] f ,scripture z well z f ! words ( our ,sages1 t ! ,israelites he>d on t occasion a c]ta9 s\nd :i* ,moses und]/ood to proclaim ! fir/ two comm&m5ts1 & ?r\gh ,moses all o!r ,israelites le>nt !m :5 he 9 intelligible s\nds repeat$ !m to ! p4 ,our ,sages m5tion ?is view1 & support x by ! v]se1 8,god ha? spok5 once2 twice h ,i he>d ?is0 7,ps4 lxii4 #aa74 ,!y /ate di/9ctly1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,midra% azita1 t ! ,israelites did n he> any o!r comm& directly f ,god2 comp4 8,a l\d voice1 & x 0 n he>d aga90 7,deut4 v4 #ai74 ,x 0 aft] ?is fir/ s\nd 0 he>d t ! p 7 seiz$ ) ! fe> & t]ror describ$ 9 ,scripture1 & t !y said1 8,behold ! ,"l our ,god has %[n u1 etc41 & n[ :y %all we die1 etc4 ,come ?\ ne>10 etc4 ,!n ,moses1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all mank9d1 came ! second "t1 receiv$ successively ! o!r comm&m5ts1 & came d[n to ! foot ( ! m\nta9 to proclaim !m to ! p1 :il/ ! mighty ph5om5a cont9u$2 !y saw ! fire1 !y he>d ! s\nds1 :i* 7 ^? ( ?und] & lightn+ dur+ a /orm1 & ! l\d s\nd ( ! %(>2 & all t is said ( ! _m s\nds he>d at t "t1 e4g41 9 ! v]se1 8& all ! p p]ceiv$ ! s\nds10 etc41 ref]s to ! s\nd ( ! %(>1 ?und]1 & simil> s\nds4 ,b ! voice ( ! ,"l1 t is1 ! voice creat$ = t purpose1 :i* 0 und]/ood to include ! div]se comm&m5ts1 0 only he>d once1 z is decl>$ 9 ! ,law1 & has be5 cle>ly /at$ by our ,sages 9 ! places :i* ,i h indicat$ to y4 ,:5 ! p he>d ?is voice _! s\l left !m2 & 9 ?is voice !y p]ceiv$ ! fir/ two comm&m5ts4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be notic$ t ! p did n und]/& ! voice 9 ! same degree z ,moses did4 ,i w po9t out to y ?is important fact1 & %[ y t x 0 a matt] ( tradition ) ! nation1 & well kn[n by our ,sages4 ,=1 z a rule1 ,onkelos r5d]s ! ^w va-y$abb] by u-mallel 78& ,god spake072 ?is is also ! case ) ?is ^w 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,exodus1 b ! words ve-al y$abb] immanu elohim1 8let n ,god speak to u0 7,exod4 xx4 #ai71 address$ by ! p to ,moses1 is r5d]$ vela yitmallel immanu m9 kodam adonai 78,let n aught be spok5 to u by ! ,"l074 ,onkelos makes ?us ! same di/9ction :i* we made4 ,y "k t accord+ to ! ,talmud ,onkelos receiv$ all ^! excell5t int]pretations directly f ,r4 ,eliez] & ,r4 ,jo%ua1 ! wise/ m5 9 ,israel4 ,note x1 & rememb] x1 = x is impossible = any p]son to exp\nd ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai m fully ?an our ,sages h done1 s9ce x is "o ( ! secrets ( ! ,law4 ,x is v difficult to h a true conception ( ! ev5ts1 = !re has nev] be5 be=e1 nor w !re ev] be aga91 any?+ l x4 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,! mean+ ( ! ,scriptural passage1 8,behold ,i w s5d an angel be=e !e10 etc4 7,exod4 xxiii4 #bj71 is id5tical ) ! p>allel passage 9 ,deut]onomy :i* ,god is repres5t$ to h address$ to ,moses at ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 namely1 8,i w raise !m up a prophet f among _! bre?r510 etc4 7,deut4 xviii4 #ah74 ,! words1 8,bew>e ( him1 & obey 8 voice10 etc41 said 9 ref]5ce to ! angel1 prove t ?is passage speaks ( a prophet4 ,= !re is no d\bt t ! comm&m5t is giv5 to ! ord9>y p1 to :om angels d n appe> ) comm&m5ts & exhortations1 & x is !re=e unnecess>y to tell !m n to disobey him4 ,! mean+ ( ! passage quot$ above is ?is3 ,god in=ms ! ,israelites t ,he w raise up = !m a prophet1 to :om an angel w appe> 9 ord] to speak to him1 to comm& him1 & to exhort him2 he !re=e cautions !m n to rebel aga9/ ?is angel1 ^: ^w ! prophet w communicate to !m4 ,!re=e x is expressly said 9 ,deut]onomy1 8,unto him ye %all he>k50 7,deut4 xviii4 #ae72 8,& x %all come to pass t :osoev] %all n he>k5 unto my words :i* he %all speak 9 my "n10 etc4 7ibid4 #ai74 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! words1 8= my "n is 9 him0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #ba74 ,! object ( all ?is is to say to ! ,israelites1 ,?is great sight witness$ by y1 ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 w n cont9ue = ev]1 nor w x ev] be repeat$4 ,fire & cl\d w n cont9ually re/ ov] ! tab]nacle1 z !y are re/+ n[ on x2 b ! t[ns w be conqu]$ = y1 peace w be secur$ = y 9 ! l&1 & y w be in=m$ ( :at y h to d1 by an angel :om ,i w s5d to y\r prophets2 he w ?us tea* y :at to d1 & :at n to d4 ,"h a pr9ciple is laid d[n :i* ,i h con/antly exp\nd$1 viz41 t all prophets except ,moses receive ! prophecy ?r\gh an angel4 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,i h already describ$ ! f\r po9ts 9 :i* ! prophecy ( ,moses our ,tea*] 0 di/+ui%$ f t ( o!r prophets1 9 books accessible to e "o1 9 ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah 7,sanh$r9 x4 #a7 & 9 ,mi%neh-torah 7,s4 ,madda ,i4 vii4 #f72 ,i h also adduc$ evid5ce = my explanation1 & %[n ! correctness !re(4 ,i ne$ n repeat ! subject "h1 nor is x includ$ 9 ! !me ( ?is "w4 ,= ,i mu/ tell y t :atev] ,i say "h ( prophecy ref]s exclusively to ! =m ( ! prophecy ( all prophets be=e & aft] ,moses4 ,b z to ! prophecy ( ,moses ,i w n discuss x 9 ?is "w ) "o s+le ^w1 :e!r directly or indirectly1 because1 9 my op9ion1 ! t]m prophet is appli$ to ,moses & o!r m5 homonym\sly4 ,a simil> di/9ction1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ be made betwe5 ! miracles wr\ght by ,moses & ^? wr\ght by o!r prophets1 = 8 signs are n ( ! same class z ! miracles ( o!r prophets4 ,t 8 prophecy 0 di/+ui%$ f t ( all 8 pr$ecessors is prov$ by ! passage1 8,& ,i appe>$ to ,abraham1 etc41 b by my "n1 ! ,"l1 ,i 0 n kn[n unto !m0 7,exod4 vi4 #c74 ,we ?us le>n t 8 prophetic p]ception 0 diff]5t f t ( ! ,patri>*s1 & excell$ x2 a =tiori x mu/ h excell$ t ( o!r prophets be=e ,moses4 ,z to ! di/9ction ( ,moses' prophecy f t ( succe$+ prophets1 x is /at$ z a fact1 8,& !re arose n a prophet s9ce 9 ,israel l unto ,moses1 :om ! ,"l knew face to face0 7,deut4 xxxiv4 #aj74 ,x is ?us cle> t 8 prophetic p]ception 0 above t ( lat] prophets 9 ,israel1 :o are 8a k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation10 & 89 ^: mid/ is ! ,"l02 mu* m is x above t ( prophets among o!r nations4 ,! g5]al di/9ction betwe5 ! wond]s ( ,moses & ^? ( o!r prophets is ?is3 ,! wond]s wr\ght by prophets1 or = !m1 are witness$ by a few individuals1 e4g41 ! wond]s wr\ght by ,elijah & ,eli%a2 ! k+ ( ,israel is !re=e surpris$1 & ask$ ,gehazi to describe to him ! miracles wr\ght by ,eli%a3 8,tell me1 ,i pray !e1 all ! great ?+s t ,eli%a ha? done4 ,& x came to pass z he 0 tell+1 etc4 ,& ,gehazi said3 #8,my "l1 ,o k+1 ?is is ! woman1 & ?is is h] son1 :om ,eli%a re/or$ to life'0 7#b ,k+s viii4 #d1 #e74 ,! same is ! case ) ! signs ( e o!r prophet1 except ,moses our ,tea*]4 ,scripture1 !re=e decl>es t no prophet w ev]1 l ,moses1 d signs publicly 9 ! pres5ce ( fri5d & enemy1 ( 8 foll[]s & 8 oppon5ts2 ?is is ! mean+ ( ! words3 8,& !re arose n a prophet s9ce 9 ,israel l unto ,moses1 etc41 9 all ! signs & ! wond]s1 etc41 9 ! sight ( all ,israel40 ,two ?+s are "h m5tion$ toge!r2 namely1 t !re w n arise a prophet t w p]ceive z ,moses p]ceiv$1 or a prophet t w d z he did2 !n x is po9t$ out t ! signs 7 made 9 ! pres5ce ( ,ph>aoh1 all 8 s]vants & all 8 l&1 ! oppon5ts ( ,moses1 & also 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! ,israelites1 8 foll[]s4 ,comp4 8,9 ! sight ( all ,israel40 ,?is is a di/9ction n possess$ by any prophet be=e ,moses2 nor1 z is correctly =etold1 w x ev] be possess$ by ano!r prophet4 ,we mu/ n be misl$ by ! acc\nt t ! light ( ! sun /ood /ill c]ta9 h\rs = ,jo%ua1 :5 8he said 9 ! sight ( ,israel10 etc4 7,jo%4 x4 #ab72 = x is n said !re 89 ! sight ( all ,israel10 z is said 9 ref]5ce to ,moses4 ,s also ! miracle ( ,elijah1 at ,m\nt ,c>mel1 0 witness$ only by a few p4 ,:5 ,i said above t ! sun /ood /ill c]ta9 h\rs1 ,i expla9 ! words 8ka-jom tamim0 to mean 8! longe/ possible day10 because tamim means 8p]fect10 & indicates t t day appe>$ to ! p at ,gibeon z _! longe/ day 9 ! summ]4 ,y\r m9d mu/ compreh5d ! di/9ction ( ! prophecy & ! wond]s ( ,moses1 & und]/& t 8 greatness 9 prophetic p]ception 0 ! same z 8 p[] ( produc+ miracles4 ,if y fur!r assume t we are unable fully to compreh5d ! nature ( ?is greatness1 y w und]/& t :5 ,i speak1 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[ ?is1 on prophecy & ! diff]5t classes ( prophets1 ,i only ref] to ! prophets :i* h n atta9$ ! high degree t ,moses atta9$4 ,?is is :at ,i desir$ to expla9 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,prophecy is1 9 tru? & reality1 an emanation s5t =? by ! ,div9e ,be+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,active ,intellect1 9 ! fir/ in/ance to man's rational faculty1 & !n to 8 imag9ative faculty2 x is ! highe/ degree & greate/ p]fection man c atta92 x consi/s 9 ! mo/ p]fect developm5t ( ! imag9ative faculty4 ,prophecy is a faculty t _c 9 any way be f\nd 9 a p]son1 or acquir$ by man1 ?r\gh a culture ( 8 m5tal & moral faculties2 = ev5 if ^! latt] 7 z good & p]fect z possible1 !y w\ld be ( no avail1 unless !y 7 comb9$ ) ! highe/ natural excell5ce ( ! imag9ative faculty4 ,y "k t ! full developm5t ( any faculty ( ! body1 su* z ! imag9ation1 dep5ds on ! condition ( ! organ1 by means ( :i* ! faculty acts4 ,?is mu/ be ! be/ possible z reg>ds its temp]am5t & its size1 & also z reg>ds ! purity ( its sub/ance4 ,any defect 9 ?is respect _c 9 any way be suppli$ or rem$i$ by tra9+4 ,= :5 any organ is defective 9 its temp]am5t1 prop] tra9+ c 9 ! be/ case re/ore a heal?y condition to "s ext5t1 b _c make su* an organ p]fect4 ,b if ! organ is defective z reg>ds size1 position1 or z reg>ds ! sub/ance & ! matt] ( :i* ! organ is =m$1 !re is no rem$y4 ,y "k all ?is1 & ,i ne$ n expla9 x to y at l5g?4 ,"p ( ! functions ( ! imag9ative faculty is1 z y well "k1 to reta9 impressions by ! s5ses1 to comb9e !m1 & *iefly to =m images4 ,! pr9cipal & highe/ function is p]=m$ :5 ! s5ses are at re/ & pause 9 _! action1 = !n x receives1 to "s ext5t1 div9e inspiration 9 ! measure z x is pr$ispos$ = ?is influ5ce4 ,?is is ! nature ( ^? dreams :i* prove true1 & also ( prophecy1 ! diff]5ce be+ "o ( quantity1 n ( quality4 ,?us our ,sages say1 t dream is ! sixtie? "p ( prophecy2 & no su* comp>ison c\ld be made betwe5 two ?+s ( diff]5t k9ds1 = we _c say ! p]fection ( man is s _m times ! p]fection ( a horse4 ,9 ,b]e%it ,rabba 7sect4 xvii47 ! foll[+ say+ ( our ,sages occurs1 8,dream is ! nobelet 7! unripe fruit7 ( prophecy40 ,?is is an excell5t comp>ison1 = ! unripe fruit 7nobelet7 is really ! fruit to "s ext5t1 only x has fall5 f ! tree be=e x 0 fully develop$ & ripe4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! action ( ! imag9ative faculty dur+ sleep is ! same z at ! "t :5 x receives a prophecy1 only 9 ! fir/ case x is n fully develop$1 & has n yet rea*$ its highe/ degree4 ,b :y ne$ ,i quote ! words ( our ,sages1 :5 ,i c ref] to ! foll[+ passage ( ,scripture3 8,if !re be among y a prophet1 ,i1 ! ,"l1 w make myself kn[n unto him 9 a vision1 9 a dream w ,i speak to him0 7,num4 xii4 #f74 ,"h ! ,"l tells u :at ! real ess5ce ( prophecy is1 t x is a p]fection acquir$ 9 a dream or 9 a vision 7! orig9al m>eh is a n\n d]iv$ f ! v]b raah72 ! imag9ative faculty acquires su* an effici5cy 9 its action t x sees ! ?+ z if x came f )\t1 & p]ceives x z if ?r\gh ! m$ium ( bodily s5ses4 ,^! two modes ( prophecy1 vision & dream1 include all its diff]5t degrees4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! ?+ :i* engages greatly & e>ne/ly man's att5tion :il/ he is awake & 9 ! full possession ( 8 s5ses =ms dur+ 8 sleep ! object ( ! action ( 8 imag9ative faculty4 ,imag9ation is !n only influ5c$ by ! intellect 9 s f> z x is pr$ispos$ = su* influ5ce4 ,x w\ld be q useless to illu/rate ?is by a simile1 or to expla9 x fully1 z x is cle>1 & e "o kn[s x4 ,x is l ! action ( ! s5ses1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* no p]son ) common s5se w\ld ev] d5y4 ,aft] ^! introductory rem>ks y w und]/& t a p]son mu/ satisfy ! foll[+ conditions be=e he c become a prophet3 ,! sub/ance ( ! bra9 mu/ f ! v beg9n+ be 9 ! mo/ p]fect condition z reg>ds purity ( matt]1 composition ( its diff]5t p>ts1 size & position2 no "p ( 8 body mu/ suff] f ill-heal?2 he mu/ 9 addition h /udi$ & acquir$ wisdom1 s t 8 rational faculty passes f a /ate ( pot5tiality to t ( actuality2 8 intellect mu/ be z develop$ & p]fect z human intellect c be2 8 passions pure & equally balanc$2 all 8 desires mu/ aim at obta9+ a k ( ! hidd5 laws & causes t are 9 =ce 9 ! ,univ]se2 8 ?\ghts mu/ be engag$ 9 l(ty matt]s2 8 att5tion direct$ to ! k ( ,god1 ! consid]ation ( ,8 works1 & ( t :i* he mu/ believe 9 ?is respect4 ,!re mu/ be an abs5ce ( ! l[] desires & appetites1 ( ! seek+ aft] pleasure 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 & cohabitation2 &1 9 %ort1 e pleasure connect$ ) ! s5se ( t\*4 7,ari/otle correctly says t ?is s5se is a disgrace to u1 s9ce we possess x only 9 virtue ( our be+ animals2 & x does n include any specifically human elem5t1 :il/ enjoym5ts connect$ ) o!r s5ses1 z smell1 he>+1 & sight1 ?\gh likewise ( a mat]ial nature1 may sometimes include intellectual pleasure1 appeal+ to man z man1 accord+ to ,ari/otle4 ,?is rem>k1 al?\gh =m+ no "p ( our subject1 is n sup]flu\s1 = ! ?\ghts ( ! mo/ r5[n$ wise m5 are to a great ext5t affect$ by ! pleasures ( ?is s5se1 & fill$ ) a desire = !m4 ,& yet p are surpris$ t ^! s*ol>s d n prophesy1 if prophesy+ be no?+ b a c]ta9 degree 9 ! natural developm5t ( man47 ,x is fur!r necess>y to suppress e ?\ght or desire = unreal p[] & dom9ion2 t is to say1 = victory1 increase ( foll[]s1 acquisition ( hon\r1 & s]vice f ! p )\t any ult]ior object4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! multitude mu/ be consid]$ accord+ to _! true wor?2 "s ( !m are und\bt$ly l dome/icat$ cattle1 & o!rs l wild bea/s1 & ^! only engage ! m9d ( ! p]fect & di/+ui%$ man 9 s f> z he desires to gu>d himself f injury1 9 case ( contact ) !m1 & to d]ive "s b5efit f !m :5 necess>y4 ,a man :o satisfies ^! conditions1 :il/ 8 fully develop$ imag9ation is 9 action1 influ5c$ by ! ,active ,intellect accord+ to 8 m5tal tra9+1--su* a p]son w und\bt$ly p]ceive no?+ b ?+s v extraord9>y & div9e1 & see no?+ b ,god & ,8 angels4 ,8 k w only include t :i* is real k1 & 8 ?\ght w only be direct$ to su* g5]al pr9ciples z w\ld t5d to improve ! social relations betwe5 man & man4 ,we h ?us describ$ ?ree k9ds ( p]fection3 m5tal p]fection acquir$ by tra9+1 p]fection ( ! natural con/itution ( ! imag9ative faculty1 & moral p]fection produc$ by ! suppression ( e ?\ght ( bodily pleasures1 & ( e k9d ( fooli% or evil ambition4 ,^! qualities are1 z is well kn[n1 possess$ by ! wise m5 9 diff]5t degrees1 & ! degrees ( prophetic faculty v>y 9 accordance ) ?is diff]5ce4 ,faculties ( ! body are1 z y "k1 at "o "t weak1 we>i$1 & corrupt$1 at o!rs 9 a heal?y /ate4 ,imag9ation is c]ta9ly "o ( ! faculties ( ! body4 ,y f9d1 !re=e1 t prophets are depriv$ ( ! faculty ( prophesy+ :5 !y m\rn1 are angry1 or are simil>ly affect$4 ,our ,sages say1 ,inspiration does n come ^u a prophet :5 he is sad or languid4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,jacob did n receive any revelation dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 m\rn+1 :5 8 imag9ation 0 engag$ ) ! loss ( ,joseph4 ,! same 0 ! case ) ,moses1 :5 he 0 9 a /ate ( depression ?r\gh ! multitude ( 8 tr\bles1 :i* la/$ f ! murmur+s ( ! ,israelites 9 consequ5ce ( ! evil report ( ! spies1 till ! dea? ( ! w>riors ( t g5]ation4 ,he receiv$ no message ( ,god1 z he us$ to d1 ev5 ?\gh he did n receive prophetic inspiration ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! imag9ative faculty1 b directly ?r\gh ! intellect4 ,we h m5tion$ x sev]al times t ,moses did n1 l o!r prophets1 speak 9 similes4 ,?is w be fur!r expla9$ 7*ap4 xlv471 b x is n ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,!re 7 also p]sons :o prophesi$ = a c]ta9 "t & !n left (f altoge!r1 some?+ occurr+ t caus$ !m to discont9ue prophesy+4 ,! same circum/ance1 preval5ce ( sadness & dulness1 0 und\bt$ly ! direct cause ( ! int]ruption ( prophecy dur+ ! exile2 = c !re be any great] mis=tune = man ?an ?is3 to be a slave b\ght = money 9 ! s]vice ( ignorant & voluptu\s ma/]s1 & p[]less aga9/ !m z !y unite 9 !mselves ! abs5ce ( true k & ! =ce ( all animal desires8 ,su* an evil /ate has be5 prophesi$ to u 9 ! words1 8,!y %all run to & fro to seek ! ^w ( ,god1 b %all n f9d x0 7,amos viii4 #ab72 8,h] k+ & h] pr9ces are among ! nations1 ! law is no m1 h] prophets also f9d no vision f ! ,"l0 7,lam4 ii4 #i74 ,?is is a real fact1 & ! cause is evid5t2 ! pre-requisites ( prophecy h be5 lo/4 ,9 ! ,messianic p]iod--may x soon comm5ce--prophecy w !re=e aga9 be 9 our mid/1 z has be5 promis$ by ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,x is necess>y to consid] ! nature ( ! div9e influ5ce1 :i* enables u to ?9k1 & gives u ! v>i\s degrees ( intellig5ce4 ,= ?is influ5ce may rea* a p]son only 9 a small measure1 & 9 exactly ! same proportion w\ld !n be 8 intellectual condition1 :il/ x may rea* ano!r p]son 9 su* a measure t1 9 addition to 8 own p]fection1 he c be ! means ( p]fection = o!rs4 ,! same relation may be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,univ]se4 ,!re are "s be+s s p]fect t !y c gov]n o!r be+s1 b !re are also be+s t are only p]fect 9 s f> z !y c gov]n !mselves & _c influ5ce o!r be+s4 ,9 "s cases ! influ5ce ( ! ,active ,intellect rea*es only ! logical & n ! imag9ative faculty2 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! insuffici5cy ( t influ5ce1 or on acc\nt ( a defect 9 ! con/itution ( ! imag9ative faculty1 & ! consequ5t inability ( ! latt] to receive t influ5ce3 ?is is ! condition ( wise m5 or philosoph]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! imag9ative faculty is naturally 9 ! mo/ p]fect condition1 ?is influ5ce may1 z has be5 expla9$ by u & by o!r philosoph]s1 rea* bo? 8 logical & 8 imag9ative faculties3 ?is is ! case ) prophets4 ,b x happ5s sometimes t ! influ5ce only rea*es ! imag9ative faculty on acc\nt ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! logical faculty1 aris+ ei!r f a natural defect1 or f a neglect 9 tra9+4 ,?is is ! case ) /atesm51 lawgiv]s1 div9]s1 *>m]s1 & m5 t h true dreams1 or d wond]ful ?+s by /range means & secret arts1 ?\gh !y are n wise m52 all ^! belong to ! ?ird class4 ,x is fur!r necess>y to und]/& t "s p]sons belong+ to ! ?ird class p]ceive sc5es1 dreams1 & confus$ images1 :5 awake1 9 ! =m ( a prophetic vision4 ,!y !n believe t !y are prophets2 !y wond] t !y p]ceive visions1 & ?9k t !y h acquir$ wisdom )\t tra9+4 ,!y fall into grave errors z reg>ds important philosophical pr9ciples1 & see a /range mixture ( true & imag9>y ?+s4 ,all ?is is ! consequ5ce ( ! /r5g? ( _! imag9ative faculty1 & ! weakness ( _! logical faculty1 :i* has n develop$1 & has n pass$ f pot5tiality to actuality4 ,x is well kn[n t ! memb]s ( ea* class diff] greatly f ea* o!r4 ,ea* ( ! fir/ two classes is aga9 subdivid$1 & conta9s two sections1 namely1 ^? :o receive ! influ5ce only z f> z is necess>y = _! own p]fection1 & ^? :o receive x 9 s great a measure t x suffices = _! own p]fection & t ( o!rs4 ,a memb] ( ! fir/ class1 ! wise m51 may h 8 m9d influ5c$ ei!r only s f>1 t he is enabl$ to se>*1 to und]/&1 to "k1 & to disc]n1 )\t attempt+ to be a tea*] or an au?or1 hav+ nei!r ! desire nor ! capacity2 b he may also be influ5c$ to su* a degree t he becomes a tea*] & an au?or4 ,! same is ! case ) ! second class4 ,a p]son may receive a prophecy enabl+ him to p]fect himself b n o!rs2 b he may also receive su* a prophecy z w\ld compel him to address 8 fell[-m51 tea* !m1 & b5efit !m ?r\gh 8 p]fection4 ,x is cle> t1 )\t ?is second degree ( p]fection1 no books w\ld h be5 writt51 nor w\ld any prophets h p]suad$ o!rs to "k ! tru?4 ,= a s*ol> does n write a book ) ! object to tea* himself :at he already kn[s4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic ( ! intellect is ?is3 :at ! intellect ( "o receives is transmitt$ to ano!r1 & s on1 till a p]son is rea*$ t c only himself be p]fect$ by su* an influ5ce1 b is unable to communicate x to o!rs1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 "s *apt]s ( ?is treatise 7*ap4 xi474 ,x is fur!r ! nature ( ?is elem5t 9 man t he :o possesses an additional degree ( t influ5ce is compell$ to address 8 fell[-m51 "u all circum/ances1 :e!r he is li/5$ to or n1 ev5 if he injures himself !reby4 ,?us we f9d prophets t did n leave (f speak+ to ! p until !y 7 sla92 x is ?is div9e influ5ce t moves !m1 t does n all[ !m to re/ 9 any way1 ?\gh !y might br+ ^u !mselves great evils by _! action4 ,e4g41 :5 ,j]emiah 0 despis$1 l o!r tea*]s & s*ol>s ( 8 age1 he c\ld n1 ?\gh he desir$ x1 )hold 8 prophecy1 or cease f rem9d+ ! p ( ! tru?s :i* !y reject$4 ,comp4 8,= ! ,^w ( ! ,"l 0 unto me a reproa* & a mock+ all day1 & ,i said1 ,i w n m5tion x1 nor w ,i aga9 speak 9 ,8 "n2 b x 0 9 m9e he>t z a burn+ fire1 enclos$ 9 my bones1 & ,i 0 we>i$ to keep x1 & did n prevail0 7,j]4 xx4 #h1 #i74 ,?is is also ! mean+ ( ! words ( ano!r prophet1 8,! ,"l ,god ha? spok51 :o %all n prophesy80 7,amos iii4 #h7 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,e man possesses a c]ta9 am\nt ( c\rage1 o!rwise he w\ld n /ir to remove any?+ t might injure him4 ,?is psy*ical =ce seems to me analog\s to ! physical =ce ( repulsion4 ,en]gy v>ies l all o!r =ces1 be+ great 9 "o case & small 9 ano!r4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 p :o attack a lion1 :il/ o!rs run away at ! sight ( a m\se4 ,"o attacks a :ole army & fights1 ano!r is fright5$ & t]rifi$ by ! ?reat ( a woman4 ,?is c\rage requires t !re be 9 a man's con/itution a c]ta9 disposition = x4 ,if man1 9 accordance ) a c]ta9 view1 employs x m frequ5tly1 x develops & increases1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if x is employ$1 9 accordance ) ! opposite view1 m r>ely1 x w dim9i%4 ,f our own y\? we rememb] t !re are diff]5t degrees ( en]gy among boys4 ,! same is ! case ) ! intuitive faculty2 all possess x1 b 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,man's intuitive p[] is especially /rong 9 ?+s :i* he has well compreh5d$1 & 9 :i* 8 m9d is mu* engag$4 ,?us y may y\rself guess correctly t a c]ta9 p]son said or did a c]ta9 ?+ 9 a c]ta9 matt]4 ,"s p]sons are s /rong & s\nd 9 _! imag9ation & intuitive faculty t1 :5 !y assume a ?+ to be 9 exi/5ce1 ! reality ei!r entirely or p>tly confirms _! assumption4 ,al?\gh ! causes ( ?is assumption are num]\s1 & include _m prec$+1 succe$+1 & pres5t circum/ances1 by means ( ! intuitive faculty ! intellect c pass ov] all ^! causes1 & draw inf]5ces f !m v quickly1 almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,?is same faculty enables "s p]sons to =etell important com+ ev5ts4 ,! prophets mu/ h _h ^! two =ces1 c\rage & intuition1 highly develop$1 & ^! 7 /ill m /r5g!n$ :5 !y 7 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,active ,intellect4 ,_! c\rage 0 s great t1 e4g41 ,moses1 ) only a /aff 9 8 h&1 d>$ to address a great k+ 9 8 desire to deliv] a nation f 8 s]vice4 ,he 0 n fright5$ or t]rifi$1 because he _h be5 told1 8,i w be ) !e0 7,exod4 iii4 #ab74 ,! prophets h n all ! same degree ( c\rage1 b none ( !m h be5 entirely )\t x4 ,?us ,j]emiah is told3 8,be n afraid ( !m10 etc4 7,j]4 i4 #h71 & ,ezekiel is exhort$1 8,d n fe> !m or _! ^w0 7,ezek4 ii4 #f74 ,9 ! same mann]1 y f9d t all prophets possess$ great c\rage4 ,aga91 ?r\gh ! excell5ce ( _! intuitive faculty1 !y c\ld quickly =etell ! future1 b ?is excell5ce1 z is well kn[n1 likewise admits ( diff]5t degrees4 ,! true prophets und\bt$ly conceive ideas t result f premisses :i* human reason c\ld n compreh5d by itself2 ?us !y tell ?+s :i* m5 c\ld n tell by reason & ord9>y imag9ation alone2 = ! action ( ! prophets' m5tal capacities is influ5c$ by ! same ag5t t causes ! p]fection ( ! imag9ative faculty1 & t enables ! prophet !reby to =etell a future ev5t ) su* cle>ness z if x 0 a ?+ already p]ceiv$ ) ! s5ses1 & only ?r\gh !m convey$ to 8 imag9ation4 ,?is ag5t p]fects ! prophet's m9d1 & influ5ces x 9 su* a mann] t he conceives ideas :i* are confirm$ by reality1 & are s cle> to him z if he d$uc$ !m by means ( syllogisms4 ,?is %\ld be ! belief ( all :o *oose to accept ! tru?4 ,= all ?+s are 9 a c]ta9 relation to ea* o!r1 & :at is notic$ 9 "o ?+ may be us$ z evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 prop]ties 9 ano!r1 & ! k ( "o ?+ leads u to ! k ( o!r ?+s4 ,b :at we said ( ! extraord9>y p[]s ( our imag9ative faculty applies ) special =ce to our intellect1 :i* is directly influ5c$ by ! ,active ,intellect1 & caus$ by x to pass f pot5tiality to actuality4 ,x is ?r\gh ! intellect t ! influ5ce rea*es ! imag9ative faculty4 ,h[ !n c\ld ! latt] be s p]fect z to be able to repres5t ?+s n previ\sly p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 if ! same degree ( p]fection 7 )held f ! intellect1 & ! latt] c\ld n compreh5d ?+s o!rwise ?an 9 ! usual mann]1 namely1 by means ( premiss1 conclusion1 & inf]5ce8 ,?is is ! true *>act]i/ic ( prophecy1 & ( ! discipl9es to :i* ! prep>ation = prophecy mu/ exclusively be devot$4 ,i spoke "h ( true prophets 9 ord] to exclude ! ?ird class1 namely1 ^? p]sons ^: logical faculties are n fully develop$1 & :o d n possess any wisdom1 b are only end[$ ) imag9ative & inv5tive p[]s4 ,x may be t ?+s p]ceiv$ by ^! p]sons are no?+ b ideas :i* !y _h be=e1 & ( :i* impressions 7 left 9 _! imag9ations toge!r ) ^? ( o!r ?+s2 b :il/ ! impressions ( o!r images are effac$ & h disappe>$1 c]ta9 images alone rema91 are se5 & consid]$ z new & objective1 com+ f )\t4 ,! process is analog\s to ! foll[+ case3 ,a p]son has ) him 9 ! h\se a ?\s& liv+ individuals2 all except "o ( !m leave ! h\se3 :5 ! p]son f9ds himself alone ) t individual1 he imag9es t ! latt] has ent]$ ! h\se n[1 contr>y to ! fact t he has only n left ! h\se4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m ph5om5a op5 to gross mis9t]pretations & dang]\s errors1 & _m ( ^? :o believ$ t !y 7 wise p]i%$ !reby4 ,!re 71 !re=e1 m5 :o support$ _! op9ion by a dream :i* !y _h1 ?9k+ t ! vision dur+ sleep 0 indep5d5t ( :at !y _h previ\sly believ$ or he>d :5 awake4 ,p]sons ^: m5tal capacities are n fully develop$1 & :o h n atta9$ intellectual p]fection1 mu/ n take any notice ( ^! dreams4 ,^? :o rea* t p]fection may1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! div9e intellect1 obta9 k indep5d5t ( t possess$ by !m :5 awake4 ,!y are true prophets1 z is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ,scripture1 ve-nabi lebab okmah 7,ps4 xc4 #ab71 8,& ! true prophet possesse? a he>t ( wisdom40 ,?is mu/ likewise be notic$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,we h giv5 ! def9ition ( prophecy1 /at$ its true *>act]i/ics1 & %[n t ! prophecy ( ,moses our ,tea*] 0 di/+ui%$ f t ( o!r prophets2 we w n[ expla9 t ?is di/9ction alone qualifi$ him = ! (fice ( proclaim+ ! ,law1 a mission )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory f ,adam to ,moses1 or among ! prophets :o came aft] him2 x is a pr9ciple 9 our fai? t !re w nev] be reveal$ ano!r ,law4 ,consequ5tly we hold t !re has nev] be51 nor w !re ev] be1 any o!r div9e ,law b t ( ,moses our ,tea*]4 ,accord+ to :at is writt5 9 ,scripture & h&$ d[n by tradition1 ! fact may be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,!re 7 prophets be=e ,moses1 z ! patri>*s ,%em1 ,eb]1 ,noah1 ,me?u%elah1 & ,eno*1 b ( ^! none said to any portion ( mank9d t ,god s5t him to !m & comm&$ him to convey to !m a c]ta9 message or to prohibit or to comm& a c]ta9 ?+4 ,su* a ?+ is n relat$ 9 ,scripture1 or 9 au!ntic tradition4 ,div9e prophecy rea*$ !m z we h expla9$4 ,m5 l ,abraham1 :o receiv$ a l>ge measure ( prophetic inspiration1 call$ _! fell[-m5 toge!r & l$ !m by tra9+ & in/ruction to ! tru? :i* !y _h p]ceiv$4 ,?us ,abraham taught1 & %[$ by philosophical argum5ts t !re is "o ,god1 t ,he has creat$ ev]y?+ t exi/s beside ,him1 & t nei!r ! con/ellations nor any?+ 9 ! air ought to be wor%ipp$2 he tra9$ 8 fell[-m5 9 ?is belief1 & won _! att5tion by pleasant words z well z by acts ( k9dness4 ,abraham did n tell ! p t ,god _h s5t him to !m ) ! comm& conc]n+ c]ta9 ?+s :i* %\ld or %\ld n be done4 ,ev5 :5 x 0 comm&$ t he1 8 sons1 & 8 s]vants %\ld be circumcis$1 he fulfill$ t comm&m5t1 b he did n address 8 fell[-m5 prophetically on ?is subject4 ,t ,abraham induc$ 8 fell[-m5 to d :at is "r1 tell+ !m only 8 own w & n t ( ,god1 may be le>nt f ! foll[+ passage ( ,scripture3 8,= ,i "k him1 because he comm&s 8 sons & 8 h\se aft] him1 to practise righte\sness & judgm5t0 7,g54 xix4 #ai74 ,also ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,levi1 ,koha?1 & ,amram influ5c$ _! fell[-m5 9 ! same way4 ,our ,sages1 :5 speak+ ( prophets be=e ,moses1 us$ expressions l ! foll[+3 ,! bet-d9 7c\rt ( ju/ice7 ( ,eb]1 ! bet-d9 ( ,me?u%elah1 & 9 ! college ( ,me?u%elah2 al?\gh all ^! 7 prophets1 yet !y taught _! fell[-m5 9 ! mann] ( prea*]s1 tea*]s1 & p$agogues1 b did n use su* phrases z ! foll[+3 8,& ,god said to me1 ,speak to c]ta9 p s & s40 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( prophecy be=e ,moses4 ,b z reg>ds ,moses1 y "k :at ,god said to him1 :at he said to ! p1 & ! words address$ to him by ! :ole nation3 8,?is day we h se5 t ,god do? talk ) man1 & t he live?0 7,deut4 v4 #ba74 ,! hi/ory ( all our prophets t liv$ aft] ,moses is well kn[n to y2 !y p]=m$1 z x 71 ! function ( w>n+ ! p & exhort+ !m to keep ! ,law ( ,moses1 ?reat5+ evil to ^? :o w\ld neglect x1 & ann\nc+ bless+s to ^? :o w\ld submit to its guidance4 ,?is we believe w always be ! case4 ,comp4 8,x is n 9 ! heav5s t "o might say10 etc4 7ibid4 xxx4 #ab72 8,= u & = our *ildr5 = ev]0 7ibid4 xxix4 #bh74 ,x is b natural t x %\ld be s4 ,= if "o individual ( a class has rea*$ ! highe/ p]fection possible 9 t class1 e o!r individual mu/ necess>ily be less p]fect1 & deviate f ! p]fect measure ei!r by surplus or defici5cy4 ,take1 e4g41 ! normal con/itution ( a be+1 x is ! mo/ prop] composition possible 9 t class2 any con/itution t deviates f t norm conta9s some?+ too mu* or too little4 ,! same is ! case ) ! ,law4 ,x is cle> t ! ,law is normal 9 ?is s5se2 = x conta9s 8,j /atutes & judgm5ts0 7,deut4 iv4 #h72 b 8j0 is "h id5tical ) 8equibalanc$40 ,! /atutes ( ! ,law d n impose burd5s or excesses z are impli$ 9 ! s]vice ( a h]mit or pilgrim1 & ! l2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are n s defici5t z to lead to gluttony or lewdness1 or to prev5t1 z ! religi\s laws ( ! hea!n nations d1 ! developm5t ( man's moral & intellectual faculties4 ,we int5d to discuss 9 ?is treatise ! reasons ( ! comm&m5ts1 & we %all !n %[1 z f> z necess>y1 ! ju/ice & wisdom ( ! ,law1 on acc\nt ( :i* x is said3 8,! ,law ( ,god is p]fect1 refre%+ ! he>t0 7,ps4 xix4 #h74 ,!re are p]sons :o believe t ! ,law comm&s mu* ex]tion & great pa91 b due consid]ation w %[ !m _! error4 ,lat] on ,i w %[ h[ easy x is = ! p]fect to obey ! ,law4 ,comp4 8,:at does ! ,"l ?y ,god ask ( !e80 etc4 7,deut4 x4 #ab72 8,h ,i be5 a wild]ness to ,israel80 7,j]4 ii4 #ca74 ,b ?is applies only to ! noble ones2 :il/ wick$1 viol5t1 & pugnaci\s p]sons f9d x mo/ injuri\s & h>d t !re %\ld be any div9e au?ority t5d+ to subdue _! passion4 ,to l[-m9d$1 wanton1 & passionate p]sons x appe>s mo/ cruel t !re %\ld be an ob/acle 9 _! way to satisfy _! c>nal appetite1 or t a puni%m5t %\ld be inflict$ = _! do+s4 ,simil>ly e godless p]son imag9es t x is too h>d to ab/a9 f ! evil he has *os5 9 accordance ) 8 incl9ation4 ,we mu/ n consid] ! ,law easy or h>d accord+ z x appe>s to any wick$1 l[-m9d$1 & immoral p]son1 b z x appe>s to ! judgm5t ( ! mo/ p]fect1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,law1 are fit to be ! example = all mank9d4 ,?is ,law alone is call$ div9e2 o!r laws1 su* z ! political legislations among ! ,greeks1 or ! follies ( ! ,sabeans1 are ! works ( human lead]s1 b n ( prophets1 z ,i h expla9$ sev]al times4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,x has already be5 fully expla9$ t man is naturally a social be+1 t by virtue ( 8 nature he seeks to =m communities2 man is !re=e diff]5t f o!r liv+ be+s t are n compell$ to comb9e into communities4 ,he is1 z y "k1 ! highe/ =m 9 ! creation1 & he !re=e includes ! l>ge/ numb] ( con/itu5t elem5ts2 ?is is ! reason :y ! human race conta9s su* a great v>iety ( individuals1 t we _c discov] two p]sons exactly alike 9 any moral quality1 or 9 ext]nal appe>ance4 ,! cause ( ?is is ! v>iety 9 man's temp]am5t1 & 9 accid5ts dep5d5t on 8 =m2 = ) e physical =m !re are connect$ c]ta9 special accid5ts diff]5t f ^? :i* are connect$ ) ! sub/ance4 ,su* a v>iety among ! individuals ( a class does n exi/ 9 any o!r class ( liv+ be+s2 = ! v>iety 9 any o!r species is limit$2 only man =ms an exception2 two p]sons may be s diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 e respect t !y appe> to belong to two diff]5t classes4 ,:il/ "o p]son is s cruel t he kills 8 y\nge/ *ild 9 8 ang]1 ano!r is too delicate & fa9t-he>t$ to kill ev5 a fly or worm4 ,! same is ! case ) mo/ ( ! accid5ts4 ,?is great v>iety & ! necessity ( social life are ess5tial elem5ts 9 man's nature4 ,b ! well-be+ ( society dem&s t !re %\ld be a lead] able to regulate ! actions ( man2 he mu/ complete e %ortcom+1 remove e excess1 & prescribe = ! conduct ( all1 s t ! natural v>iety %\ld be c\nt]balanc$ by ! uni=mity ( legislation1 & ! ord] ( society be well e/abli%$4 ,i !re=e ma9ta9 t ! ,law1 ?\gh n a product ( ,nature1 is nev]!less n entirely =eign to ,nature4 ,x be+ ! w ( ,god t our race %\ld exi/ & be p]man5tly e/abli%$1 ,he 9 ,8 wisdom gave x su* prop]ties t m5 c acquire ! capacity ( rul+ o!rs4 ,"s p]sons are !re=e inspir$ ) !ories ( legislation1 su* z prophets & lawgiv]s2 o!rs possess ! p[] ( en=c+ ! dictates ( ! =m]1 & ( compell+ p to obey !m1 & to act accord+ly4 ,su* are k+s1 :o accept ! code ( lawgiv]s1 & rul]s :o pret5d to be prophets1 & accept1 ei!r entirely or p>tly1 ! tea*+ ( ! prophets4 ,!y accept "o "p :ile reject+ ano!r "p1 ei!r because ?is c\rse appe>s to !m m conv5i5t1 or out ( ambition1 because x might lead p to believe t ! rul]s !mselves _h be5 prophetically inspir$ ) ^! laws1 & did n copy !m f o!rs4 ,= :5 we l a c]ta9 p]fection1 f9d pleasure 9 x1 & wi% to possess x1 we sometimes desire to make o!rs believe t we possess t virtue1 al?\gh we are fully aw>e t we d n possess x4 ,?us p1 e4g41 adorn !mselves ) ! poems ( o!rs1 & publi% !m z _! own productions4 ,x also occurs 9 ! works ( wise m5 on ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,sci5ce1 t an ambiti\s1 lazy p]son sees an op9ion express$ by ano!r p]son1 appropriates x1 & boa/s t he himself orig9at$ x4 ,! same ambition occurs also ) reg>d to ! faculty ( prophecy4 ,!re 7 m5 :o1 l ,z$ekiah1 ! son ( ,*5aanah 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #aa1 #bd7 boa/$ t !y receiv$ a prophecy1 & decl>$ ?+s :i* h nev] be5 prophesi$4 ,o!rs1 l ,hananiah1 son ( ,azzur 7,j]4 xxviii4 #a-e71 claim ! capacity ( prophecy1 & proclaim ?+s :i*1 no d\bt1 h be5 said by ,god1 t is to say1 t h be5 ! subject ( a div9e inspiration1 b n to !m4 ,!y nev]!less say t !y are prophets1 & adorn !mselves ) ! prophecies ( o!rs4 ,all ?is c easily be asc]ta9$ & recogniz$4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 fully expla9 ?is to y1 s t no d\bt be left to y on ?is "q1 & t y may h a te/ by :i* y may di/+ui% betwe5 ! guidance ( human legislation1 ( ! div9e law1 & ( tea*+s /ol5 f prophets4 ,z reg>ds ^? :o decl>e t ! laws proclaim$ by !m are _! own ideas1 no fur!r te/ is requir$2 ! confession ( ! def5dant makes ! evid5ce ( ! witness sup]flu\s4 ,i only wi% to in/ruct y ab\t laws :i* are proclaim$ z prophetic4 ,"s ( ^! are truly prophetic1 orig9at+ 9 div9e inspiration1 "s are ( non-prophetic "*1 & "s1 ?\gh prophetic orig9ally1 are ! result ( plagi>ism4 ,y w f9d t ! sole object ( c]ta9 laws1 9 accordance ) ! int5tion ( _! au?or1 :o well consid]$ _! effect1 is to e/abli% ! good ord] ( ! /ate & its affairs1 to free x f all mis*ief & wrong2 ^! laws d n deal ) philosophic problems1 conta9 no tea*+ = ! p]fect+ ( our logical faculties1 & are n conc]n$ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( s\nd or uns\nd op9ions4 ,_! sole object is to arrange1 "u all circum/ances1 ! relations ( m5 to ea* o!r1 & to secure _! well-be+1 9 accordance ) ! view ( ! au?or ( ^! laws4 ,^! laws are political1 & _! au?or belongs1 z has be5 /at$ above1 to ! ?ird class1 viz41 to ^? :o only di/+ui% !mselves by ! p]fection ( _! imag9ative faculties4 ,y w also f9d laws :i*1 9 all _! rules1 aim1 z ! law j m5tion$1 at ! improvem5t ( ! mat]ial int]e/s ( ! p2 b1 besides1 t5d to improve ! /ate ( ! fai? ( man1 to create fir/ correct notions ( ,god1 & ( angels1 & to lead !n ! p1 by in/ruction & education1 to an accurate k ( ! ,univ]se3 ?is education comes f ,god2 ^! laws are div9e4 ,! "q :i* n[ rema9s to be settl$ is ?is3 ,is ! p]son :o proclaim$ ^! laws ! same p]fect man t receiv$ !m by prophetic inspiration1 or a plagi>i/1 :o has /ol5 ^! ideas f a true prophet8 ,9 ord] to be enabl$ to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ exam9e ! m]its ( ! p]son1 obta9 an accurate acc\nt ( 8 actions1 & consid] 8 "*4 ,! be/ te/ is ! rejection1 ab/5tion1 & contempt ( bodily pleasures2 = ?is is ! fir/ condition ( m51 & a =tiori ( prophets2 !y mu/ especially disreg>d pleasures ( ! s5se ( t\*1 :i*1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 is a disgrace to u2 &1 above all1 re/ra9 f ! pollution ( s5sual int]c\rse4 ,?us ,god exposes !reby false prophets to public %ame1 9 ord] t ^? :o really seek ! tru? may f9d x1 & n err or g a/ray2 e4g41 ,z$ekiah1 son ( ,maasiah1 & ,ahab1 son ( ,kolaiah1 boa/$ t !y _h receiv$ a prophecy4 ,!y p]suad$ ! p to foll[ !m1 by proclaim+ utt]ances ( o!r prophets2 b all ! "t !y cont9u$ to seek ! l[ pleasures ( s5sual int]c\rse1 committ+ ev5 adult]y ) ! wives ( _! companions & foll[]s4 ,god expos$ _! falsehood z ,he has expos$ t ( o!r false prophets4 ,! k+ ( ,babylon burnt !m1 z ,j]emiah di/9ctly /ates3 8,& ( !m %all be tak5 up a curse by all ! captivity ( ,judah1 :i* are 9 ,babylon1 say+1 ,! ,"l make !e l ,z$ekiah1 & l ,ahab1 :om ! k+ ( ,babylon roa/$ 9 ! fire4 ,because !y h committ$ villa9y 9 ,israel1 & h committ$ adult]y ) _! neighb\rs' wives1 & h spok5 ly+ words 9 my "n1 :i* ,i h n comm&$ !m0 7,j]4 xxix4 #bb1 #bc74 ,note :at is meant by ^! words4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,i ne$ n expla9 :at a dream is1 b ,i w expla9 ! mean+ ( ! t]m m>eh1 8vision10 :i* occurs 9 ! passage3 8,9 a vision 7be-m>eh7 d ,i make myself kn[n unto him0 7,num4 xii4 #f74 ,! t]m signifies t :i* is also call$ m>eh ha-nebuah1 8prophetic vision10 yad ha-%em1 8! h& ( ,god10 & maazeh1 8a vision40 ,x is some?+ t]rible & fe>ful :i* ! prophet feels :ile awake1 z is di/9ctly /at$ by ,daniel3 8,& ,i saw ?is great vision1 & !re rema9$ no /r5g? 9 me1 = my comel9ess 0 turn$ 9 me into corruption1 & ,i reta9$ no /r5g?0 7,dan4 x4 #h74 ,he aft]w>ds cont9ues1 8,?us 0 ,i 9 deep sleep on my face1 & my face t[>d ! gr\nd0 7ibid4 v]4 #i74 ,b x 0 9 a prophetic vision t ! angel spoke to him & 8set him ^u 8 knees40 ,"u su* circum/ances ! s5ses cease to act1 & ! ,active ,intellect influ5ces ! rational faculties1 & ?r\gh !m ! imag9ative faculties1 :i* become p]fect & active4 ,sometimes ! prophecy beg9s ) a prophetic vision1 ! prophet greatly trembles1 & is mu* affect$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]fect action ( ! imag9ative faculty1 & aft] t ! prophecy foll[s4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,abraham4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! prophecy is1 8,! ^w ( ! ,"l came to ,abraham 9 a vision0 7,g54 xv4 #a72 aft] ?is1 8a deep sleep fell ^u ,abraham02 & at la/1 8he said unto ,abraham10 etc4 ,:5 prophets speak ( ! fact t !y receiv$ a prophecy1 !y say t !y receiv$ x f an angel1 or f ,god2 b ev5 9 ! latt] case x 0 likewise receiv$ ?r\gh an angel4 ,our ,sages1 !re=e1 expla9 ! words1 8,& ! ,"l said unto h]0 t ,he spake ?r\gh an angel4 ,y mu/ "k t :5ev] ,scripture relates t ! ,"l or an angel spoke to a p]son1 ?is took place 9 a dream or 9 a prophetic vision4 ,!re are f\r diff]5t ways 9 :i* ,scripture relates ! fact t a div9e communication 0 made to ! prophet4 7#a7 ,! prophet relates t he he>d ! words ( an angel 9 a dream or vision2 7#b7 ,he reports ! words ( ! angel )\t m5tion+ t !y 7 p]ceiv$ 9 a dream or vision1 assum+ t x is well kn[n t prophecy c only orig9ate 9 "o ( ! two ways1 8,9 a vision ,i w make myself kn[n unto him1 9 a dream ,i w speak unto him0 7,num4 xii4 #f74 7#c7 ,! prophet does n m5tion ! angel at all2 he says t ,god spoke to him1 b he /ates t he receiv$ ! message 9 a dream or a vision4 7#d7 ,he introduces 8 prophecy by /at+ t ,god spoke to him1 or told him to d a c]ta9 ?+1 or speak c]ta9 words1 b he does n expla9 t he receiv$ ! message 9 a dream or vision1 because he assumes t x is well kn[n1 & has be5 e/abli%$ z a pr9ciple t no prophecy or revelation orig9ates o!rwise ?an 9 a dream or vision1 & ?r\gh an angel4 ,in/ances ( ! fir/ =m are ! foll[+3--8,& ! angel ( ! ,"l said unto me 9 a dream1 ,jacob0 7,g54 xxxi4 #aa72 8,& an angel said unto ,israel 9 a vision ( night0 7ibid4 xlvi4 #b72 8,& an angel came to ,balaam by night02 8,& an angel said unto ,balaam0 7,num4 xxii4 #bj-bb74 ,in/ances ( ! second =m are ^!3 8,& ,elohim 7an angel71 said unto ,jacob1 ,rise1 g up to ,be!l0 7,g54 xxxv4 #a72 8,& ,elohim said unto him1 ,?y "n is ,jacob10 etc4 7ibid4 xxxv4 #aj72 8,& an angel ( ! ,"l call$ unto ,abraham out ( heav5 ! second "t0 7ibid4 xxii4 #ae72 8,& ,elohim said unto ,noah0 7ibid4 vi4 #ac74 ,! foll[+ is an in/ance ( ! ?ird =m3 8,! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto ,abraham 9 a vision0 7ibid4 xv4 #a74 ,in/ances ( ! f\r? =m are3 8,& ! ,"l said unto ,abraham0 7ibid4 xviii4 #ac72 8,& ! ,"l said unto ,jacob1 ,return10 etc4 7ibid4 xxxi4 #c72 8,& ! ,"l said unto ,jo%ua0 7,jo%4 v4 #i72 8,& ! ,"l said unto ,gideon0 7,judges vii4 #b74 ,mo/ ( ! prophets speak 9 a simil> mann]3 8,& ! ,"l said unto me0 7,deut4 ii4 #b72 8,& ! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto me0 7,ezek4 xxx4 #a72 8,& ! ^w ( ! ,"l came0 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #aa72 8,& behold1 ! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto him0 7#a ,k+s xix4 #i72 8,& ! ^w ( ! ,"l came expressly0 7,ezek4 i4 #c72 8,! beg9n+ ( ! ^w ( ! ,"l by ,hosea0 7,hos4 i4 #b72 8,! h& ( ! ,"l 0 ^u me0 7,ezek4 xxxvii4 #a74 ,!re are a great _m in/ances ( ?is class4 ,e passage 9 ,scripture introduc$ by any ( ^! f\r =ms is a prophecy proclaim$ by a prophet2 b ! phrase1 8,& ,elohim 7an angel7 came to a c]ta9 p]son 9 ! dream ( night10 does n indicate a prophecy1 & ! p]son m5tion$ 9 t phrase is n a prophet2 ! phrase only in=ms u t ! att5tion ( ! p]son 0 call$ by ,god to a c]ta9 ?+1 & at ! same "t t ?is happ5$ at night4 ,= j z ,god may cause a p]son to move 9 ord] to save or kill ano!r p]son1 s ,he may cause1 accord+ to ,8 w1 c]ta9 ?+s to rise 9 man's m9d 9 a dream by night4 ,we h no d\bt t ! ,syrian ,laban 0 a p]fectly wick$ man1 & an idolat]2 likewise ,abimele*1 ?\gh a good man among 8 p1 is told by ,abraham conc]n+ 8 l& ,g]> & 8 k+dom1 8,surely !re is no fe> ( ,god 9 ?is place0 7,g54 xx4 #aa74 ,& yet conc]n+ bo? ( !m1 viz41 ,laban & ,abimele*1 x is said t an angel appe>$ to !m 9 a dream4 ,comp4 8,& ,elohim 7an angel7 came to ,abimele* 9 a dream by night0 7ibid4 v]4 #c72 & also1 8,& ,elohim came to ! ,syrian ,laban 9 ! dream ( ! night0 7ibid4 xxxi4 #bd74 ,note & consid] ! di/9ction betwe5 ! phrases1 8,& ,elohim came10 & 8,elohim said10 betwe5 89 a dream by night10 & 89 a vision by night40 ,9 ref]5ce to ,jacob x is said1 8,& an angel said to ,israel 9 ! visions by night0 7,g54 xlvi4 #b71 b 9 ref]5ce to ,laban & ,abimele*1 8,& ,elohim came10 etc4 ,onkelos makes ! di/9ction cle>2 he translates1 9 ! la/ two in/ances1 ata mem> m9 kodam adonai1 8a ^w came f ! ,"l10 & n ve-itgeli1 8& ! ,"l appe>$40 ,! phrase1 8,& ! ,"l said to a c]ta9 p]son10 is employ$ ev5 :5 ?is p]son 0 n really address$ by ! ,"l1 & did n receive any prophecy1 b 0 in=m$ ( a c]ta9 ?+ ?r\gh a prophet4 ,e4g41 8,& %e w5t to inquire ( ! ,"l0 7,g54 xxv4 #bb72 t is1 accord+ to ! explanation ( our ,sages1 %e w5t to ! college ( ,eb]1 & ! latt] gave h] ! answ]2 & ?is is express$ by ! words1 8,& ! ,"l said unto h]0 7ibid4 v]4 #bc74 ,^! words h also be5 expla9$ ?us1 ,god spoke to h] ?r\gh an angel2 & by 8angel0 ,eb] is meant "h1 = a prophet is sometimes call$ 8angel10 z w be expla9$2 or ! angel t appe>$ to ,eb] 9 ?is vision is ref]r$ to1 or ! object ( ! ,midra% explanation is m]ely to express t :]ev] ,god is introduc$ z directly speak+ to a p]son1 i4e41 to any ( ! ord9>y prophets1 ,he speaks ?r\gh an angel1 z has be5 set =? by u 7*ap4 xxxiv474 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,we h already %[n t ! appe>ance or spee* ( an angel m5tion$ 9 ,scripture took place 9 a vision or dream2 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ?is is expressly /at$ or n1 z we h expla9$ above4 ,?is is a po9t ( consid]able importance4 ,9 "s cases ! acc\nt beg9s by /at+ t ! prophet saw an angel2 9 o!rs1 ! acc\nt app>5tly introduces a human be+1 :o ultimately is %[n to be an angel2 b x makes no diff]5ce1 = if ! fact t an angel has be5 he>d is only m5tion$ at ! end1 y may re/ satisfi$ t ! :ole acc\nt f ! beg9n+ describes a prophetic vision4 ,9 su* visions1 a prophet ei!r sees ,god :o speaks to him1 z w be expla9$ by u1 or he sees an angel :o speaks to him1 or he he>s "s "o speak+ to him )\t see+ ! speak]1 or he sees a man :o speaks to him1 & le>ns aft]w>ds t ! speak] 0 an angel4 ,9 ?is latt] k9d ( prophecies1 ! prophet relates t he saw a man :o 0 do+ or say+ some?+1 & t he le>nt aft]w>ds t x 0 an angel4 ,?is important pr9ciple 0 adopt$ by "o ( our ,sages1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among !m1 ,r4 iya ! ,great 7,b]e%it ,rabba1 xlviii471 9 ! exposition ( ! ,scriptural passage comm5c+1 8,& ! ,"l appe>$ unto him 9 ! pla9 ( ,mamre0 7,g54 xviii474 ,! g5]al /atem5t t ! ,"l appe>$ to ,abraham is foll[$ by ! description 9 :at mann] t appe>ance ( ! ,"l took place2 namely1 ,abraham saw fir/ ?ree m52 he ran & spoke to !m4 ,r4 iya1 ! au?or ( ! explanation1 holds t ! words ( ,abraham1 8,my ,"l1 if n[ ,i h f\nd grace 9 ?y sight1 d n1 ,i pray !e1 pass f ?y s]vant10 7 spok5 by him 9 a prophetic vision to "o ( ! m52 = he says t ,abraham address$ ^! words to ! *ief ( ^! m54 ,note ?is well1 = x is "o ( ! great my/]ies ( ! ,law4 ,! same1 ,i hold1 is ! case :5 x is said 9 ref]5ce to ,jacob1 8,& a man wre/l$ ) him0 7,g54 xxxii4 #be72 ?is took place 9 a prophetic vision1 s9ce x is expressly /at$ 9 ! end 7v]4 #ca7 t x 0 an angel4 ,! circum/ances are "h exactly ! same z ^? 9 ! vision ( ,abraham1 :]e ! g5]al /atem5t1 8,& ! ,"l appe>$ to him10 etc41 is foll[$ by a detail$ description4 ,simil>ly ! acc\nt ( ! vision ( ,jacob beg9s1 8,& ! angels ( ,god met him0 7,g54 xxxii4 #b72 !n foll[s a detail$ description h[ x came to pass t !y met him2 namely1 ,jacob s5t mess5g]s1 & aft] hav+ prep>$ & done c]ta9 ?+s1 8he 0 left alone10 etc41 8& a man wre/l$ ) him0 7ibid4 v]4 #bd74 ,by ?is t]m 8man0 "o ( ! angels ( ,god is meant1 m5tion$ 9 ! phrase1 8,& angels ( ,god met him02 ! wre/l+ & speak+ 0 entirely a prophetic vision4 ,t :i* happ5$ to ,balaam on ! way1 & ! speak+ ( ! ass1 took place 9 a prophetic vision1 s9ce fur!r on1 9 ! same acc\nt1 an angel ( ,god is introduc$ z speak+ to ,balaam4 ,i also ?9k t :at ,jo%ua p]ceiv$1 :5 8he lift$ up 8 eyes & saw1 & behold a man /ood be=e him0 7,jo%4 v4 #ac7 0 a prophetic vision1 s9ce x is /at$ aft]w>ds 7v]4 #ad7 t x 0 8! pr9ce ( ! ho/ ( ! ,"l40 ,b 9 ! passages1 8,& an angel ( ! ,"l came up f ,gilgal0 7,judges ii4 #a72 8,& x came to pass t ! angel ( ! ,"l spake ^! words to all ,israel0 7ibid4 v]4 #b72 ! 8angel0 is1 accord+ to ! explanation ( our ,sages1 ,ph9eas4 ,!y say1 ,! angel is ,ph9eas1 =1 :5 ! ,div9e ,glory re/$ ^u him1 he 0 8l an angel40 ,we h already %[n 7*ap4 vi47 t ! t]m 8angel0 is homonym\s1 & d5otes also 8prophet10 z is ! case 9 ! foll[+ passages3--8,& ,he s5t an angel1 & ,he ha? br\ght u up out ( ,egypt0 7,num4 xx4 #af72 8,!n spake ,haggai1 ! angel ( ! ,"l1 9 ! ,"l's message0 7,hagg4 i4 #ac72 8,b !y mock$ ! angels ( ,god0 7#b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #af74--;,comp4 also ! words ( ,daniel1 8,& ! man ,gabriel1 :om ,i _h se5 9 ! vision at ! beg9n+1 be+ caus$ to fly swiftly1 t\*$ me ab\t ! "t ( ! ev5+ oblation0 7,dan4 ix4 #aa74 ,all ?is pass$ 9 a prophetic vision4 ,d n imag9e t an angel is se5 or 8 ^w he>d o!rwise ?an 9 a prophetic vision or prophetic dream1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple laid d[n3--8,i make myself kn[n unto him 9 a vision1 & speak unto him 9 a dream0 7,num4 xii4 #f74 ,! in/ances quot$ may s]ve z an illu/ration ( ^? passages :i* ,i d n m5tion4 ,f ! rule laid d[n by u t prophecy requires prep>ation1 & f our int]pretation ( ! homonym 8angel10 y w inf] t ,hag>1 ! ,egyptian woman1 0 n a prophetess2 also ,manoah & 8 wife 7 no prophets2 = ! spee* !y he>d1 or imag9$ !y he>d1 0 l ! bat-kol 7prophetic e*o71 :i* is s frequ5tly m5tion$ by our ,sages1 & is some?+ t may be exp]i5c$ by m5 n prep>$ = prophecy4 ,! homonymity ( ! ^w 8angel0 misleads 9 ?is matt]4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal me?od by :i* mo/ ( ! difficult passages 9 ! ,bible c be expla9$4 ,consid] ! words1 8,& an angel ( ! ,"l f\nd h] by ! well ( wat]0 7,g54 xvi4 #g71 :i* are simil> to ! words ref]r+ to ,joseph--8,& a man f\nd him1 & behold1 he 0 err+ 9 ! field0 7ibid4 xxxvii4 #ae74 ,all ! ,midra%im assume t by man 9 ?is passage an angel is meant4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,we h already %[n 9 our "w t ! prophets sometimes prophesy 9 allegories2 !y use a t]m allegorically1 & 9 ! same prophecy ! mean+ ( ! allegory is giv54 ,9 our dreams1 we sometimes believe t we are awake1 & relate a dream to ano!r p]son1 :o expla9s ! mean+1 & all ?is goes on :ile we dream4 ,our ,sages call ?is 8a dream int]pret$ 9 a dream40 ,9 o!r cases we le>n ! mean+ ( ! dream aft] wak+ f sleep4 ,! same is ! case ) prophetic allegories4 ,"s are int]pret$ 9 ! prophetic vision4 ,?us x is relat$ 9 ,ze*>iah1 aft] ! description ( ! allegorical vision--8,& ! angel t talk$ ) me came aga9 & wak$ me z a man t is awak5$ f 8 sleep4 ,& he said unto me1 #8,:at do/ ?\ see8'0 etc4 7,ze*4 iv4 #a-b71 & !n ! allegory is expla9$ 7v]4 #f1 sqq474 ,ano!r in/ance we f9d 9 ,daniel4 ,x is fir/ /at$ !re3 8,daniel _h a dream & visions ( 8 head ^u 8 b$0 7,dan4 vii4 #a74 ,! :ole allegory is !n giv51 & ,daniel is describ$ z sigh+ t he did n "k its int]pretation4 ,he asks ! angel = an explanation1 & he receiv$ x 9 a prophetic vision4 ,he relates z foll[s3 8,i came ne> unto "o ( ^? t /ood by1 & ask$ him ! tru? ( all ?is4 ,s he told me1 & made me "k ! int]pretation ( ! ?+s0 7ibid4 v]4 #af74 ,! :ole sc5e is call$ azon 7vision71 al?\gh x 0 /at$ t ,daniel _h a dream1 because an angel expla9$ ! dream to him 9 ! same mann] z is m5tion$ 9 ref]5ce to a prophetic dream4 ,i ref] to ! v]se3 8,a vision appe>$ to me ,daniel1 aft] t :i* appe>$ to me at ! fir/0 7ibid4 viii4 #a74 ,?is is cle>1 = azon 7vision7 is d]iv$ f aza1 8to see10 & m>eh1 8vision10 f raah1 8to see02 & aza & raah are synonym\s4 ,!re is !re=e no diff]5ce :e!r we use m>eh1 or maazeh1 or azon1 !re is no o!r mode ( revelation b ! two m5tion$ 9 ,scripture3 8,9 a vision ,i make myself kn[n to him1 9 a dream ,i w speak unto him0 7,num4 xii4 #f74 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t degrees ( prophetic pr(ici5cy1 z w be %[n 7*ap4 xlv474 ,!re are o!r prophetic allegories ^: mean+ is n giv5 9 a prophetic vision4 ,! prophet le>ns x :5 he awakes f 8 sleep4 ,take1 e4g41 ! /aves :i* ,ze*>iah took 9 a prophetic vision4 ,y mu/ fur!r "k t ! prophets see ?+s %[n to !m allegorically1 su* z ! c&le/icks1 horses1 & m\nta9s ( ,ze*>iah 7,ze*4 iv4 #b2 vi4 #a-g71 ! scroll ( ,ezekiel 7,ezek4 ii4 #i71 ! wall made by a plumb-l9e 7,amos vii4 #g71 :i* ,amos saw1 ! animals ( ,daniel 7,dan4 vii4 & viii471 ! see?+ pot ( ,j]emiah 7,j]4 i4 #ac71 & simil> allegorical objects %[n to repres5t c]ta9 ideas4 ,! prophets1 h[ev]1 are also %[n ?+s :i* d n illu/rate ! object ( ! vision1 b indicate x by _! "n ?r\gh its etymology or homonymity4 ,?us ! imag9ative faculty =ms ! image ( a ?+1 ! "n ( :i* has two mean+s1 "o ( :i* d5otes some?+ diff]5t f ! image4 ,?is is likewise a k9d ( allegory4 ,comp4 ,makkal %ak$1 8almond /aff10 ( ,j]emiah 7i4 #aa-ab74 ,x 0 int5d$ to indicate by ! second mean+ ( %ak$ ! prophecy1 8,= ,i w wat*0 7%ok$71 etc41 :i* has no relation :atev] to ! /aff or to almonds4 ,! same is ! case ) ! kelub ayi1 8a basket ( summ] fruit10 se5 by ,amos1 by :i* ! completion ( a c]ta9 p]iod 0 indicat$1 8! end 7ha-e7 hav+ come0 7,amos viii4 #b74 ,/ill m /range is ! foll[+ mann] ( call+ ! prophet's att5tion to a c]ta9 object4 ,he is %[n a diff]5t object1 ! "n ( :i* has nei!r etymologically nor homonym\sly any relation to ! fir/ object1 b ! names ( bo? conta9 ! same lett]s1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t ord]4 ,take1 e4g41 ! allegories ( ,ze*>iah 7*ap4 xi4 #g1 sqq474 ,he takes 9 a prophetic vision /aves to lead ! flock2 he calls ! "o ,noam 7pleasure71 ! o!r obelim4 ,he indicates !reby t ! nation 0 at fir/ 9 fav\r ) ,god1 :o 0 _! lead] & guide4 ,!y rejoic$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,god1 & f\nd happ9ess 9 x1 :ile ,god 0 pleas$ ) !m1 & lov$ !m1 z x is said1 8,?\ ha/ av\*$ ! ,"l ?y ,god10 etc41 & 8! ,"l ha? av\*$ !e10 etc4 7,deut4 xxvi4 #ag1 #ah74 ,!y 7 guid$ & direct$ by ,moses & ! prophets t foll[$ him4 ,b lat] a *ange took place4 ,!y reject$ ! love ( ,god1 & ,god reject$ !m1 appo9t+ de/roy]s l ,j]oboam & ,manasse z _! rul]s4 ,accord+ly1 ! ^w obelim has ! same mean+ viz41 de/roy+ z ! root abal has 9 ,meabbelim k]amim1 8de/roy+ v9ey>ds0 7,song ( ,sol4 ii4 #ae74 ,b ! prophet f\nd also 9 ?is "n obelim ! indication t ! p despis$ ,god1 & t ,god despis$ !m4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n express$ by ! ^w abal1 b by a transposition ( ! lett]s et1 ,bet1 & ,lam$1 ! mean+ ( despis+ & reject+ is obta9$4 ,comp4 8,my s\l loa!d !m1 & _! s\l also abhorr$ me0 baalah 7,ze*4 xi4 #h74 ,! prophet _h !re=e to *ange ! ord] ( ! lett]s 9 abal into t ( ,baal4 ,9 ?is way we f9d v /range ?+s & also my/]ies 7,sodot7 9 ! words neo%et1 ,kalal1 regel1 egel1 & a%mal ( ! ,m]cabah1 & 9 o!r t]ms 9 o!r passages4 ,aft] ! above explanation y w see ! my/]ies 9 ! mean+ ( ^! expressions if y exam9e !m ?or\ghly4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,prophecy is giv5 ei!r 9 a vision or 9 a dream1 z we h said s _m times1 & we w n con/antly repeat x4 ,we say n[ t :5 a prophet is inspir$ ) a prophecy he may see an allegory1 z we h %[n frequ5tly1 or he may 9 a prophetic vision p]ceive t ,god speaks to him1 z is said 9 ,isaiah 7vi4 #h71 8,& ,i he>d ! voice ( ! ,"l say+1 ,:om %all ,i s5d1 & :o w g = u80 or he he>s an angel address+ him1 & sees him also4 ,?is is v frequ5t1 e4g41 8,& ! angel ( ,god spake unto me10 etc4 7,g54 xxxi4 #aa72 8,& ! angel t talk$ ) me answ]$ & said unto me1 ,do/ ?\ n "k :at ^! are0 7,ze*4 iv4 #e72 8,& ,i he>d "o holy speak+0 7,dan4 viii4 #ac74 ,in/ances ( ?is are innum]able4 ,! prophet sometimes sees a man t speaks to him4 ,comp41 8,& behold !re 0 a man1 ^: appe>ance 0 l ! appe>ance ( brass1 & ! man said to me10 etc4 7,ezek4 xl4 #c1 #d71 al?\gh ! passage beg9s1 8,! h& ( ! ,"l 0 ^u me0 7ibid4 v]4 #a74 ,9 "s cases ! prophet sees no figure at all1 only he>s 9 ! prophetic vision ! words address$ to him2 e4g41 8,& ,i he>d ! voice ( a man betwe5 ! banks ( ,ulai0 7,dan4 viii4 #af72 8,!re 0 sil5ce1 & ,i he>d a voice0 79 ! spee* ( ,eliphaz1 ,job iv4 #af72 8,& ,i he>d a voice ( "o t spake to me0 7,ezek4 i4 #bh74 ,! be+ :i* ,ezekiel p]ceiv$ 9 ! prophetic vision 0 n ! same t address$ him2 = at ! conclusion ( ! /range & extraord9>y sc5e :i* ,ezekiel describes expressly z hav+ be5 p]ceiv$ by him1 ! object & =m ( ! prophecy is introduc$ by ! words1 8,& ,i he>d a voice ( a man t spake to me40 ,aft] ?is rem>k on ! diff]5t k9ds ( prophecy1 z sugge/$ by ,scripture1 ,i say t ! prophet may p]ceive t :i* he he>s ) ! greate/ possible int5sity1 j z a p]son may he> ?und] 9 8 dream1 or p]ceive a /orm or an e>?quake2 su* dreams are frequ5t4 ,! prophet may also he> ! prophecy 9 ord9>y common spee*1 )\t any?+ unusual4 ,take1 e4g41 ! acc\nt ( ! prophet ,samuel4 ,:5 he 0 call$ 9 a prophetic vision1 he believ$ t ! prie/ ,eli call$ him2 & ?is happ5$ ?ree times consecutively4 ,! text !n expla9s ! cause ( x1 say+ t ,samuel naturally believ$ t ,eli _h call$ him1 because at t "t he did n yet "k t ,god address$ ! prophet 9 ?is =m1 nor _h t secret z yet be5 reveal$ to him4 ,comp41 8,& ,samuel did n yet "k ! ,"l1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l 0 n yet reveal$ to him10 i4e41 he did n yet "k1 & x _h n yet be5 reveal$ to him1 t ! ^w ( ,god is communicat$ 9 ?is way4 ,! words1 8,he did n yet "k ! ,"l10 may p]haps mean t ,samuel _h n yet receiv$ any prophecy2 = 9 ref]5ce to a prophet's receiv+ div9e communication x is said1 8,i make myself kn[n to him 9 a vision1 ,i speak to him 9 a dream0 7,num4 xii4 #f74 ,! mean+ ( ! v]se accord+ly is ?is1 ,samuel _h n yet receiv$ any prophecy1 & !re=e did n "k t ?is 0 ! =m ( prophecy4 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,aft] hav+ expla9$ prophecy 9 accordance ) reason & ,scripture1 ,i mu/ n[ describe ! diff]5t degrees ( prophecy f ^! two po9ts ( view4 ,n all ! degrees ( prophecy :i* ,i w enum]ate qualify a p]son = ! (fice ( a prophet4 ,! fir/ & ! second degrees are only /eps lead+ to prophecy1 & a p]son possess+ ei!r ( ^! two degrees does n belong to ! class ( prophets ^: m]its we h be5 discuss+4 ,:5 su* a p]son is occasionally call$ prophet1 ! t]m is us$ 9 a wid] s5se1 & is appli$ to him because he is almo/ a prophet4 ,y mu/ n be misl$ by ! fact t accord+ to ! books ( ! ,prophets1 a c]ta9 prophet1 aft] hav+ be5 inspir$ ) "o k9d ( prophecy1 is report$ to h receiv$ prophecy 9 ano!r =m4 ,= x is possible = a prophet to prophesy at "o "t 9 ! =m ( "o ( ! degrees :i* ,i am ab\t to enum]ate1 & at ano!r "t 9 ano!r =m4 ,9 ! same mann]1 z ! prophet does n prophesy cont9u\sly1 b is inspir$ at "o "t & n at ano!r1 s he may at "o "t prophesy 9 ! =m ( a high] degree1 & at ano!r "t 9 t ( a l[] degree2 x may happ5 t ! highe/ degree is rea*$ by a prophet only once 9 8 lifetime1 & aft]w>ds rema9s inaccessible to him1 or t a prophet rema9s bel[ ! highe/ degree until he entirely loses ! faculty2 = ord9>y prophets mu/ cease to prophesy a %ort] or long] p]iod be=e _! dea?4 ,comp4 8,& ! ^w ( ! ,"l ceas$ f ,j]emiah0 7,ezra i4 #a72 8,& ^! are ! la/ words ( ,david0 7#b ,sam4 xxiii4 #a74 ,f ^! in/ances x c be inf]r$ t ! same is ! case ) all prophets4 ,aft] ?is introduction & explanation1 ,i w beg9 to enum]ate ! degrees ( prophecy to :i* ,i h ref]r$ above4 7#a7 ,! fir/ degree ( prophecy consi/s 9 ! div9e assi/ance :i* is giv5 to a p]son1 & induces & enc\rages him to d some?+ good & gr&1 e4g41 to deliv] a congregation ( good m5 f ! h&s ( evildo]s2 to save "o noble p]son1 or to br+ happ9ess to a l>ge numb] ( p2 he f9ds 9 himself ! cause t moves & urges him to ?is de$4 ,?is degree ( div9e influ5ce is call$ 8! _s ( ! ,"l02 & ( ! p]son :o is "u t influ5ce we say t ! _s ( ! ,"l came ^u him1 clo!d him1 or re/$ ^u him1 or ! ,"l 0 ) him1 & ! l4 ,all ! judges ( ,israel possess$ ?is degree1 = ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5t is made conc]n+ !m3--8,! ,"l rais$ up judges = !m2 & ! ,"l 0 ) ! judge1 & he sav$ !m0 7,judges ii4 #ah74 ,also all ! noble *iefs ( ,israel belong$ to ?is class4 ,! same is di/9ctly /at$ conc]n+ "s ( ! judges & ! k+s3--8,! _s ( ! ,"l came ^u ,jeph?ah0 7ibid4 xi4 #bi72 ( ,samson x is said1 8,! _s ( ! ,"l came ^u him0 7ibid4 xiv4 #ai72 8,& ! _s ( ! ,"l came ^u ,saul :5 he he>d ^? words0 7#a ,sam4 xi4 #f74 ,:5 ,amasa 0 mov$ by ! holy _s to assi/ ,david1 8,a _s clo!d ,amasa1 :o 0 *ief ( ! capta9s1 & he said1 ,?9e are we1 ,david10 etc4 7#a ,*ron4 xii4 #ah74 ,?is faculty 0 always possess$ by ,moses f ! "t he _h atta9$ ! age ( manhood2 x mov$ him to slay ! ,egyptian1 & to prev5t evil f ! two m5 t qu>rell$2 x 0 s /rong t1 aft] he _h fl$ f ,egypt out ( fe>1 & arriv$ 9 ,midian1 a trembl+ /rang]1 he c\ld n re/ra9 himself f int]f]+ :5 he saw wrong be+ done2 he c\ld n be> x4 ,comp4 8,& ,moses rose & sav$ !m0 7,exod4 ii4 #ag74 ,david likewise 0 fill$ ) ?is _s1 :5 he 0 ano9t$ ) ! oil ( ano9t+4 ,comp4 8,& ! _s ( ,god came ^u ,david f t day & upw>d0 7#a ,sam4 xvi4 #ac74 ,he ?us conqu]$ ! lion & ! be> & ! ,phili/9e1 & accompli%$ simil> tasks1 by ?is v _s4 ,?is faculty did n cause any ( ! above-nam$ p]sons to speak on a c]ta9 subject1 = x only aims at enc\rag+ ! p]son :o possesses x to action2 x does n enc\rage him to d ev]y?+1 b only to help ei!r a di/+ui%$ man or a :ole congregation :5 oppress$1 or to d some?+ t leads to t end4 ,j z n all :o h a true dream are prophets1 s x _c be said ( e "o :o is assi/$ 9 a c]ta9 und]tak+1 z 9 ! acquisition ( prop]ty1 or ( "s o!r p]sonal advantage1 t ! _s ( ! ,"l came ^u him1 or t ! ,"l 0 ) him1 or t he p]=m$ 8 actions by ! holy _s4 ,we only apply su* phrases to ^? :o h accompli%$ some?+ v good & gr&1 or some?+ t leads to t end2 e4g41 ! success ( ,joseph 9 ! h\se ( ! ,egyptian1 :i* 0 ! fir/ cause lead+ evid5tly to great ev5ts t occurr$ subsequ5tly4 7#b7 ,! second degree is ?is3 ,a p]son feels z if some?+ came ^u him1 & z if he _h receiv$ a new p[] t enc\rages him to speak4 ,he treats ( sci5ce1 or composes hymns1 exhorts 8 fell[-m51 discusses political & !ological problems2 all ?is he does :ile awake1 & 9 ! full possession ( 8 s5ses4 ,su* a p]son is said to speak by ! holy _s4 ,david compos$ ! ,psalms1 & ,solomon ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ! ,song ( ,solomon by ?is _s2 also ,daniel1 ,job1 ,*ronicles1 & ! re/ ( ! ,hagiographa 7 writt5 9 ?is holy _s2 !re=e !y are call$ ketubim 7,writ+s1 or ,writt571 i4e41 writt5 by m5 inspir$ by ! holy _s4 ,our ,sages m5tion ?is expressly conc]n+ ! ,book ( ,e/h]4 ,9 ref]5ce to su* holy _s1 ,david says3 8,! _s ( ! ,"l spoke 9 me1 & 8 ^w is on my tongue0 7#b ,sam4 xxiii4 #b72 i4e41 ! _s ( ! ,"l caus$ him to utt] ^! words4 ,?is class includes ! sev5ty eld]s ( :om x is said1 8,& x came to pass :5 ! _s re/$ ^u !m1 t !y prophesi$1 & did n cease0 7,num4 xi4 #be72 also ,eldad & ,m$ad 7ibid4 v]4 #bf72 fur!rmore1 e high prie/ t inquir$ ( ,god by ! ,urim & ,tummim2 on :om1 z our ,sages say1 ! div9e glory re/$1 & :o spoke by ! holy _s2 ,yahaziel1 son ( ,ze*>iah1 belongs likewise to ?is class4 ,comp4 8,! _s ( ! ,"l came ^u him 9 ! mid/ ( ! assembly1 & he said1 ,li/51 all ,judah & inhabitants ( ,j]usalem1 ?us sai? ! ,"l unto y10 etc4 7#b ,*ron4 xx4 #ad1 #ae72 also ,ze*>iah1 son ( ,jehoiada ! prie/4 ,comp4 8,& he /ood above ! p & said unto !m1 ,?us sai? ,god0 7ibid4 xxiv4 #bj72 fur!rmore1 ,az>iah1 son ( ,od$2 comp4 8,& ,az>iah1 son ( ,od$1 :5 ! _s ( ! ,"l came ^u him1 w5t =? be=e ,asa10 etc4 7ibid4 xv4 #a1 #b72 & all :o act$ "u simil> circum/ances4 ,y mu/ "k t ,balaam likewise belong$ to ?is class1 :5 he 0 good2 ?is is indicat$ by ! words1 8,& ,god put a ^w 9 ! m\? ( ,balaam0 7,num4 xxiii4 #e71 i4e41 ,balaam spoke by div9e inspiration2 he !re=e says ( himself1 8,:o he>e? ! words ( ,god10 etc4 7ibid4 xxiv4 #d74 ,we mu/ especially po9t out t ,david1 ,solomon1 & ,daniel belong$ to ?is class1 & n to ! class ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,na?an ! prophet1 ,ahijah ! ,%ilonite1 & ^? l !m4 ,= ,david1 ,solomon1 & ,daniel spoke & wrote inspir$ by ! holy _s1 & :5 ,david says1 8,! ,god ( ,israel spoke & said unto me1 ! rock ( ,israel0 7#b ,sam4 xxiii4 #c71 he meant to say t ,god promis$ him happ9ess ?r\gh a prophet1 ?r\gh ,na?an or ano!r prophet4 ,! phrase mu/ "h be int]pret$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! foll[+ passages1 8,& ,god said to h]0 7,g54 xxv4 #bf72 8,& ,god said unto ,solomon1 ,because ?is ha? be5 9 ?y he>t1 & ?\ ha/ n kept my cov5ant10 etc4 7#a ,k+s xi4 #aa74 ,! latt] passage und\bt$ly conta9s a prophecy ( ,ahijah ! ,%ilonite1 or ano!r prophet1 :o =etold ,solomon t evil w\ld befall him4 ,! passage1 8,god appe>$ to ,solomon at ,gibeon 9 a dream by night1 & ,god said0 7ibid4 iii4 #e71 does n conta9 a real prophecy1 su* z is introduc$ by ! words3 8,! ^w ( ! ,"l came to ,abram 9 a vision1 say+0 7,g54 xv4 #a72 or1 8,& ,god said to ,israel 9 ! visions ( ! night0 7ibid4 xlvi4 #b71 or su* z ! prophecies ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah conta92 9 all ^! cases ! prophets1 ?\gh receiv+ ! prophecy 9 a prophetic dream1 are told t x is a prophecy1 & t !y h receiv$ prophetic inspiration4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,solomon1 ! acc\nt concludes1 8,& ,solomon awoke1 & behold x 0 a dream0 7#a ,k+s iii4 #ae72 & 9 ! acc\nt ( ! second div9e appe>ance1 x is said1 8,& ,god appe>$ to ,solomon a second "t1 z he appe>$ to him at ,gibeon0 7ibid4 ix4 #b72 x 0 evid5tly a dream4 ,?is k9d ( prophecy is a degree bel[ t ( :i* ,scripture says1 8,9 a dream ,i w speak to him0 7,num4 xii4 #f74 ,:5 prophets are inspir$ 9 a dream1 !y by no means call ?is a dream1 al?\gh ! prophecy rea*$ !m 9 a dream1 b decl>e x decid$ly to be a prophecy4 ,?us ,jacob1 our fa!r1 :5 awak+ f a prophetic dream1 did n say x 0 a dream1 b decl>$1 8,surely !re is ! ,"l 9 ?is place10 etc4 7,g54 xxviii4 #af72 8,god ! ,almighty appe>$ to me 9 ,luz1 9 ! l& ( ,canaan0 7ibid4 xlviii4 #c71 express+ !reby t x 0 a prophecy4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ,solomon we read3--8,& ,solomon awoke1 & behold x 0 a dream0 7#a ,k+s iii4 #ae74 ,simil>ly ,daniel decl>es t he _h a dream2 al?\gh he sees an angel & he>s 8 ^w1 he speaks ( ! ev5t z ( a dream2 ev5 :5 he _h receiv$ ! in=mation conc]n+ ! dreams ( ,nebukadnezz>1 he speaks ( x 9 ! foll[+ mann]--8,!n 0 ! secret reveal$ to ,daniel 9 a night vision0 7,dan4 ii4 #ai74 ,on o!r occasions x is said1 8,he wrote d[n ! dream02 8,i saw 9 ! visions by night10 etc42 8,& ! visions ( my head confus$ me0 7,dan4 vii4 #a1 #b1 #ae72 8,i 0 surpris$ at ! vision1 & none notic$ x0 7ibid4 viii4 #bg74 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is is "o degree bel[ t =m ( prophecy to :i* ! words1 8,9 a dream ,i w speak to him10 are appli$4 ,= ?is reason ! nation desir$ to place ! book ( ,daniel among ! ,hagiographa1 & n among ! ,prophets4 ,i h1 !re=e1 po9t$ out to y1 t ! prophecy reveal$ to ,daniel & ,solomon1 al?\gh !y saw an angel 9 ! dream1 0 n consid]$ by !m z a p]fect prophecy1 b z a dream conta9+ correct in=mation4 ,!y belong$ to ! class ( m5 t spoke1 inspir$ by ! rua ha-kode%1 8! holy _s40 ,also 9 ! ord] ( ! holy writ+s1 no di/9ction is made betwe5 ! books ( ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,daniel1 ,psalms1 ,ru?1 & ,e/h]2 !y are all writt5 by div9e inspiration4 ,! au?ors ( all ^! books are call$ prophets 9 ! m g5]al s5se ( ! t]m4 7#c7 ,! ?ird class is ! l[e/ class ( actual prophets1 i4e4 ( ^? :o introduce _! spee* by ! phrase1 8,& ! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto me10 or a simil> phrase4 ,! prophet sees an allegory 9 a dream--"u ^? conditions :i* we h m5tion$ :5 speak+ ( real prophecy--& 9 ! prophetic dream itself ! allegory is int]pret$4 ,su* are mo/ ( ! allegories ( ,ze*>iah4 7#d7 ,! prophet he>s 9 a prophetic dream some?+ cle>ly & di/9ctly1 b does n see ! speak]4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,samuel 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 prophetic mission1 z has be5 expla9$ 7*ap4 xliv474 7#e7 ,a p]son addresses ! prophet 9 a dream1 z 0 ! case 9 "s ( ! prophecies ( ,ezekiel4 ,comp4 8,& ! man spake unto me1 ,son ( man10 etc4 7,ezek4 xl4 #d74 7#f7 ,an angel speaks to him 9 a dream2 ?is applies to mo/ ( ! prophets2 e4g41 8,& an angel ( ,god said to me 9 a dream ( night0 7,g54 xxxi4 #aa74 7#g7 ,9 a prophetic dream x appe>s to ! prophet z if ,god spoke to him4 ,?us ,isaiah says1 8,& ,i saw ! ,"l1 & ,i he>d ! voice ( ! ,"l say+1 ,:om %all ,i s5d1 & :o w g = u80 7,isa4 vi4 #a1 #h74 ,micaiah1 son ( ,imla1 said likewise1 8,i saw ! ,"l0 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #ai74 7#h7 ,some?+ pres5ts itself to ! prophet 9 a prophetic vision2 he sees allegorical figures1 su* z 7 se5 by ,abraham 9 ! vision 8betwe5 ! pieces0 7,g54 xv4 #i1 #aj72 = x 0 9 a vision by daytime1 z is di/9ctly /at$4 7#i7 ,! prophet he>s words 9 a prophetic vision2 z1 e4g41 is said 9 ref]5ce to ,abraham1 8,& behold1 ! ^w came to him1 say+1 ,?is %all n be ?9e heir0 7ibid4 xv4 #d74 7#aj7 ,! prophet sees a man t speaks to him 9 a prophetic vision2 e4g41 ,abraham 9 ! pla9 ( ,mamre 7ibid4 xviii4 #a71 & ,jo%ua 9 ,j]i*o 7,jo%4 v4 #ac74 7#aa7 ,he sees an angel t speaks to him 9 ! vision1 z 0 ! case :5 ,abraham 0 address$ by an angel at ! sacrifice ( ,isaac 7,g54 xxii4 #ae74 ,?is ,i hold to be--if we except ,moses--! highe/ degree a prophet c atta9 accord+ to ,scripture1 provid$ he has1 z reason dem&s1 8 rational faculties fully develop$4 ,b x appe>s to me improbable t a prophet %\ld be able to p]ceive 9 a prophetic vision ,god speak+ to him2 ! action ( ! imag9ative faculty does n g s f>1 & !re=e we d n notice ?is 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y prophets2 ,scripture says expressly1 8,9 a vision ,i w make myself kn[n1 9 a dream ,i w speak to him02 ! speak+ is "h connect$ ) dream1 ! influ5ce & ! action ( ! intellect is connect$ ) vision2 comp4 8,9 a vision ,i w make myself kn[n to him0 7etvadda1 hitpael ( yada1 8to "k071 b x is n said "h t 9 a vision any?+ is he>d f ,god4 ,:5 ,i1 !re=e1 met ) /atem5ts 9 ,scripture t a prophet he>d words spok5 to him1 & t ?is took place 9 a vision1 x occurr$ to me t ! case 9 :i* ,god appe>s to address ! prophet seems to be ! only diff]5ce betwe5 a vision & a dream1 accord+ to ! lit]al s5se ( ! ,scriptural text4 ,b x is possible to expla9 ! passages 9 :i* a prophet is report$ to h he>d 9 ! c\rse ( a vision words spok5 to him1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 at fir/ he has _h a vision1 b subsequ5tly he fell into a deep sleep1 & ! vision 0 *ang$ into a dream4 ,?us we expla9$ ! words1 8,& a deep sleep fell ^u ,abram0 7,g54 xv4 #ab72 & our ,sages rem>k !reon1 8,?is 0 a deep sleep ( prophecy40 ,accord+ to ?is explanation1 x is only 9 a dream t ! prophet c he> words address$ to him2 x makes no diff]5ce 9 :at mann] words are spok54 ,scripture supports ?is !ory1 8,9 a dream ,i w speak to him40 ,b 9 a prophetic vision only allegories are p]ceiv$1 or rational tru?s are obta9$1 t lead to "s k 9 sci5ce1 su* z c be arriv$ at by reason+4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! words1 8,9 a vision ,i w make myself kn[n unto him40 ,accord+ to ?is second explanation1 ! degrees ( prophecy are r$uc$ to eight1 ! highe/ ( !m be+ ! prophetic vision1 includ+ all k9ds ( vision1 ev5 ! case 9 :i* a man appe>s to address ! prophet1 z has be5 m5tion$4 ,y w p]haps ask ?is "q3 among ! diff]5t degrees ( prophecy !re is "o 9 :i* prophets1 e4g41 ,isaiah1 ,micaiah1 appe> to he> ,god address+ !m2 h[ c ?is be reconcil$ ) ! pr9ciple t all prophets are prophetically address$ ?r\gh an angel1 except ,moses our ,tea*]1 9 ref]5ce to :om ,scripture says1 8,m\? to m\? ,i speak to him0 7,num4 xii4 #h78 ,i answ]1 ?is is really ! case1 ! m$ium "h be+ ! imag9ative faculty t he>s 9 a prophetic dream ,god speak+2 b ,moses he>d ! voice address+ him 8f above ! cov]+ ( ! ark f betwe5 ! two *]ubim0 7,exod4 xxv4 #bb7 )\t ! m$ium ( ! imag9ative faculty4 ,9 ,mi%ne-torah we h giv5 ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is k9d ( prophecy1 & expla9$ ! mean+ ( ! phrases1 8,m\? to m\? ,i speak to him02 8,z man speake? to 8 neighb\r0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #aa71 & ! l4 ,/udy x !re1 & ,i ne$ n repeat :at has already be5 said4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi ,"o individual may be tak5 z an illu/ration ( ! individuals ( ! :ole species4 ,f its prop]ties we le>n ^? ( ea* individual ( ! species4 ,i mean to say t ! =m ( "o acc\nt ( a prophecy illu/rates all acc\nts ( ! same class4 ,aft] ?is rem>k y w und]/& t a p]son may sometimes dream t he has gone to a c]ta9 c\ntry1 m>ri$ !re1 /ay$ !re = "s "t1 & _h a son1 :om he gave a c]ta9 "n1 & :o 0 9 a c]ta9 condition ?\gh no?+ ( all ?is has really tak5 place2 s also 9 prophetic allegories c]ta9 objects are se51 acts p]=m$--if ! /yle ( ! allegory dem&s x--?+s are done by ! prophet1 ! int]vals betwe5 "o act & ano!r det]m9$1 & j\rneys und]tak5 f "o place to ano!r2 b all ^! ?+s are only processes ( a prophetic vision1 & n real ?+s t c\ld be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses ( ! body4 ,"s ( ! acc\nts simply relate ^! incid5ts )\t premis+ t !y are "p ( a vision1 because x is a well-kn[n fact t all ^! acc\nts ref] to prophetic visions1 & x 0 n necess>y to repeat 9 ea* case a /atem5t to ?is effect4 ,?us ! prophet relates3 8,& ! ,"l said unto me10 & ne$ n add ! explanation t x 0 9 a dream4 ,! ord9>y read] believes t ! acts1 j\rneys1 que/ions1 & answ]s ( ! prophets really took place1 & 7 p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & did n m]ely =m "p ( a prophetic vision4 ,i w m5tion "h an in/ance conc]n+ :i* no p]son w ent]ta9 ! lea/ d\bt4 ,i w add a few m ( ! same k9d1 & ^! w %[ y h[ ^? passages mu/ be und]/ood :i* ,i d n cite4 ,! foll[+ passage 9 ,ezekiel 7viii4 #a1 #c7 is cle>1 & admits ( no d\bt3 8,i sat 9 m9e h\se1 & ! eld]s ( ,judah sat be=e me1 etc41 & a _s lift$ me up betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav51 & br\ght me 9 ! visions ( ,god to ,j]usalem10 etc42 also ! passage1 8,?us ,i arose & w5t into ! pla90 7iii4 #b1 #c71 ref]s to a prophetic vision2 j z ! words1 8,& he br\ght him =? abroad1 & said1 ,look n[ t[>d heav5 & tell ! />s1 if ?\ be able to numb] !m0 7,g54 xv4 #e7 describe a vision4 ,! same is ! case ) ! words ( ,ezekiel 7xxxvii4 #a71 8,& set me d[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! valley40 ,9 ! description ( ! vision 9 :i* ,ezekiel is br\ght to ,j]usalem1 we read z foll[s3 8,& :5 ,i look$1 behold a hole 9 ! wall4 ,!n said he unto me1 ,son ( man1 dig n[ 9 ! wall2 & :5 ,i _h digg$ 9 ! wall1 behold a door0 7ibid4 viii4 #g-h71 etc4 ,x 0 ?us 9 a vision t he 0 comm&$ to dig 9 ! wall1 to ent] & to see :at p 7 do+ !re1 & x 0 9 ! same vision t he digg$1 ent]$ ?r\gh ! hole1 & saw c]ta9 ?+s1 z is relat$4 ,j z all ?is =ms "p ( a vision1 ! same may be said ( ! foll[+ passages3 8,& ?\ take unto !e a tile10 etc41 8& lie ?\ also on ?y left side10 etc42 8,take ?\ also :eat & b>ley10 etc41 8& cause x to pass ov] ?9e head & ^u ?y be>d0 7*aps1 iv4 & v47 ,x 0 9 a prophetic vision t he saw t he did all ^! actions :i* he 0 comm&$ to d4 ,god =bid to assume t ,god w\ld make 8 prophets appe> an object ( ridicule & sport 9 ! eyes ( ! ignorant1 & ord] !m to p]=m fooli% acts4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t ! comm& giv5 to ,ezekiel impli$ disob$i5ce to ! ,law1 = he1 be+ a prie/1 w\ld1 9 caus+ ! razor to pass ov] e corn] ( ! be>d & ( ! head1 h be5 guilty ( transgress+ two prohibitions 9 ea* case4 ,b x 0 only done 9 a prophetic vision4 ,aga91 :5 x is said1 8,z my s]vant ,isaiah w5t nak$ & b>efoot0 7,isa4 xx4 #c71 ! prophet did s 9 a prophetic vision4 ,weak-m9d$ p]sons believe t ! prophet relates "h :at he 0 comm&$ to d1 & :at he actually did1 & t he describes h[ he 0 comm&$ to dig 9 a wall on ! ,temple m\nt al?\gh he 0 9 ,babylon1 & relates h[ he obey$ ! comm&1 = he says1 8,& ,i digg$ 9 ! wall40 ,b x is di/9ctly /at$ t all ?is took place 9 a vision4 ,x is analog\s to ! description ( ! vision ( ,abraham :i* beg9s1 8,! ^w ( ! ,"l came to ,abram 9 a vision1 say+0 7,g54 xv4 #a72 & conta9s at ! same "t ! passage1 8,he br\ght him =? abroad1 & said1 ,look n[ to ! heav5 & c\nt ! />s0 7ibid4 v]4 #f74 ,x is evid5t t x 0 9 a vision t ,abraham saw himself br\ght =? f 8 place look+ t[>ds ! heav5s & be+ told to c\nt ! />s4 ,?is is relat$ )\t repeat+ ! /atem5t t x 0 9 a vision4 ,! same ,i say 9 ref]5ce to ! comm& giv5 to ,j]emiah1 to conceal ! girdle 9 ! ,euphrates1 & ! /atem5t t he conceal$ x1 exam9$ x aft] a long "t1 & f\nd x rott5 & spoil$ 7,j]4 xiii4 #d-g74 ,all ?is 0 allegorically %[n 9 a vision2 ,j]emiah did n g f ,pale/9e to ,babylon1 & did n see ! ,euphrates4 ,! same applies to ! acc\nt ( ! comm&m5t giv5 to ,hosea 7i4-iii473 8,take unto !e a wife ( :or$om1 & *ildr5 ( :or$om10 to ! bir? ( ! *ildr5 & to ! giv+ ( names to !m4 ,all ?is pass$ 9 a prophetic vision4 ,:5 once /at$ t ^! are allegories1 !re is left no d\bt t ! ev5ts relat$ _h no real exi/5ce1 except 9 ! m9ds ( ^? ( :om ! prophet says3 8,& ! vision ( e "o 0 unto !m l ! words ( a seal$ book0 7,isa4 xxix4 #aa74 ,i believe t ! trial ( ,gideon 7,judges vi4 #ba1 #bg7 ) ! fleece & o!r ?+s 0 a vision4 ,i d n call x a prophetic vision1 z ,gideon _h n rea*$ ! degree ( prophets1 mu* less t height :i* w\ld enable him to d wond]s4 ,he only rose to ! height ( ! ,judges ( ,israel1 & he has ev5 be5 c\nt$ by our ,sages among p]sons ( little importance1 z has be5 po9t$ out by u4 ,! same c be said ( ! passage 9 ,ze*>iah 7xi4 #g71 8,& ,i f$ ! flock ( slaught]10 & all ! incid5ts t are subsequ5tly describ$2 ! graceful ask+ = wages1 ! acceptance ( ! wages1 ! want+ ( ! money1 & ! ca/+ ( ! same into ! h\se ( ! treasure2 all ^! incid5ts =m "p ( ! vision4 ,he receiv$ ! comm&m5t & c>ri$ x out 9 a prophetic vision or dream4 ,! correctness ( ?is !ory _c be d\bt$1 & only ^? d n compreh5d x :o d n "k to di/+ui% betwe5 t :i* is possible1 & t :i* is impossible4 ,! in/ances quot$ may s]ve z an illu/ration ( o!r simil> ,scriptural passages n quot$ by me4 ,!y are all ( ! same k9d1 & 9 ! same /yle4 ,:atev] is said 9 ! acc\nt ( a vision1 t ! prophet he>d1 w5t =?1 came out1 said1 0 told1 /ood1 sat1 w5t up1 w5t d[n1 j\rney$1 ask$1 or 0 ask$1 all is "p ( ! prophetic vision2 ev5 :5 !re is a l5g!n$ acc\nt1 ! details ( :i* are well connect$ z reg>ds ! "t1 ! p]sons ref]r$ to1 & ! place4 ,aft] x has once be5 /at$ t ! ev5t describ$ is to be und]/ood figuratively1 x mu/ be assum$ = c]ta9 t ! :ole is a prophetic vision4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii ,x is und\bt$ly cle> & evid5t t mo/ prophecies are giv5 9 images1 = ?is is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! imag9ative faculty1 ! organ ( prophecy4 ,we f9d x also necess>y to say a few words on ! figures1 hyp]boles1 & exagg]ations t occur 9 ,scripture4 ,!y w\ld create /range ideas if we 7 to take !m lit]ally )\t notic+ ! exagg]ation :i* !y conta91 or if we 7 to und]/& !m 9 accordance ) ! orig9al mean+ ( ! t]ms1 ignor+ ! fact t ^! are us$ figuratively4 ,our ,sages say di/9ctly ,scripture uses hyp]bolic or exagg]at$ language2 & quote z an in/ance1 8cities wall$ & =tifi$1 ris+ up to heav50 7,deut4 i4 #bh74 ,z a hyp]bole our ,sages quote1 8,= ! bird ( heav5 c>ries ! voice0 7,eccles4 x4 #bj72 9 ! same s5se x is said1 8,^: height is l t ( c$> trees0 7,amos ii4 #i74 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are frequ5t 9 ! language ( all prophets2 :at !y say is frequ5tly hyp]bolic or exagg]at$1 & n precise or exact4 ,:at ,scripture says ab\t ,og1 8,behold1 8 b$/ead 0 an iron b$/ead1 n9e cubits its l5g?10 etc4 7,deut471 does n belong to ?is class ( figures1 = ! b$/ead 7eres1 comp4 ars5u1 ,song ( ,sol4 i4 #af7 is nev] exactly ( ! same dim5sions z ! p]son us+ x2 x is n l a dress t fits r\nd ! body2 x is always great] ?an ! p]son t sleeps !re92 z a rule1 x is by a ?ird long]4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! b$ ( ,og 0 n9e cubits 9 l5g?1 he mu/1 accord+ to ?is proportion1 h be5 six cubits high1 or a little m4 ,! words1 8by ! cubit ( a man10 mean1 by ! measure ( an ord9>y man1 & n by ! measure ( ,og2 = m5 h ! limbs 9 a c]ta9 proportion4 ,scripture ?us tells u t ,og 0 d\ble z long z an ord9>y p]son1 or a little less4 ,?is is und\bt$ly an exceptional height among m51 b n q impossible4 ,z reg>ds ! ,scriptural /atem5t ab\t ! l5g? ( man's life 9 ^? days1 ,i say t only ! p]sons nam$ liv$ s long1 :il/ o!r p enjoy$ ! ord9>y l5g? ( life4 ,! m5 nam$ 7 exceptions1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( diff]5t causes1 z e4g41 _! food or mode ( liv+1 or by way ( miracle1 :i* admits ( no analogy4 ,we mu/ fur!r discuss ! figurative language employ$ 9 ,scripture4 ,9 "s cases ?is is cle> & evid5t1 & d\bt$ by no p]son2 e4g41 8,! m\nta9s & hills %all break =? 9 song be=e y1 & all ! trees ( ! wood clap _! h&s0 7,isa4 lv4 #ab72 ?is is evid5tly figurative language2 also ! foll[+ passage--8,! fir-trees rejoice at !e10 etc4 7ibid4 xiv4 #h71 :i* is r5d]$ by ,jona?an1 son ( ,uzziel1 8,! rul]s rejoice at !e1 :o are ri* 9 possessions40 ,?is figure is simil> to t us$ 9 ! phrase1 8,butt] ( k9e & milk ( %eep10 etc4 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ad74 ,& ^! figures are v frequ5t 9 ! books ( ! prophets4 ,"s are easily recognis$ by ! ord9>y read] z figures1 o!rs ) "s difficulty4 ,?us nobody d\bts t ! bless+1 8,may ! ,"l op5 to !e 8 good treasure1 ! heav5s10 mu/ be tak5 figuratively2 = ,god has no treasure 9 :i* ,he keeps ! ra94 ,! same is ! case ) ! foll[+ passage--8,he op5$ ! doors ( heav51 he ra9$ ^u !m manna to eat0 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #bc1 #bd74 ,no p]son assumes t !re is a door or gate 9 heav51 b e "o und]/&s t ?is is a simile & a figurative expression4 ,9 ! same way mu/ be und]/ood ! foll[+ passages--8,! heav5s 7 op5$0 7,ezek4 i4 #a72 8,if n1 blot me out f ?y book :i* ?\ ha/ writt50 7,exod4 xxxii4 #cb72 8,i w blot him out f ! book ( life0 7ibid4 v]4 #cc74 ,all ^! phrases are figurative2 & we mu/ n assume t ,god has a book 9 :i* ,he writes1 or f :i* ,he blots out1 z ^? g5]ally believe t d n f9d figurative spee* 9 ^! passages4 ,!y are all ( ! same k9d4 ,y mu/ expla9 passages n quot$ by me by ^? :i* ,i h quot$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,employ y\r reason1 & y w be able to disc]n :at is said allegorically1 figuratively1 or hyp]bolically1 & :at is meant lit]ally1 exactly accord+ to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! words4 ,y w !n und]/& all prophecies1 le>n & reta9 rational pr9ciples ( fai?1 pleas+ 9 ! eyes ( ,god :o is mo/ pleas$ ) tru?1 & mo/ displeas$ ) falsehood2 y\r m9d & he>t w n be s p]plex$ z to believe or accept z law :at is untrue or improbable1 :il/ ! ,law is p]fectly true :5 prop]ly und]/ood4 ,?us ,scripture says1 8,?y te/imonies are righte\sness = ev]0 7,ps4 cxix4 #add72 & 8,i ! ,"l speak righte\sness0 7,isa4 xlv4 #ai74 ,if y adopt ?is me?od1 y w n imag9e ! exi/5ce ( ?+s :i* ,god has n creat$1 or accept pr9ciples :i* might p>tly lead to a!ism1 or to a corruption ( y\r notions ( ,god s z to ascribe to ,him corporeality1 attributes1 or emotions1 z has be5 %[n by u1 nor w y believe t ! words ( ! prophets are false2 = ! cause ( ?is disease is ignorance ( :at we h expla9$4 ,^! ?+s belong likewise to ! my/]ies ( ! ,law2 & al?\gh we h treat$ !m 9 a g5]al mann]1 !y c easily be und]/ood 9 all _! details 9 accordance ) ! above rem>ks4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii ,x is cle> t ev]y?+ produc$ mu/ h an imm$iate cause :i* produc$ x2 t cause aga9 a cause1 & s on1 till ! ,fir/ ,cause1 viz41 ! w & decree ( ,god is rea*$4 ,! prophets !re=e omit sometimes ! int]m$iate causes1 & ascribe ! production ( an individual ?+ directly to ,god1 say+ t ,god has made x4 ,?is me?od is well kn[n1 & we1 z well z o!rs ( ^? :o seek ! tru?1 h expla9$ x2 x is ! belief ( our co-religioni/s4 ,aft] hav+ he>d ?is rem>k1 li/5 to :at ,i w expla9 9 ?is *apt]2 direct y\r special att5tion to x m ?an y h done to ! o!r *apt]s ( ?is "p4 ,x is ?is3 ,z reg>ds ! imm$iate causes ( ?+s produc$1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ^! causes consi/ 9 sub/ances1 physical prop]ties1 freewill1 or *ance--by freewill ,i mean t ( man--or ev5 9 ! w ( ano!r liv+ be+4 ,! prophets omit !m & ascribe ! production directly to ,god & use su* phrases z1 ,god has done x1 comm&$ x1 or said x2 9 all su* cases ! v]bs 8to say10 8to speak10 8to comm&10 8to call10 & 8to s5d0 are employ$4 ,:at ,i desir$ to /ate 9 ?is *apt] is ?is3 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis & !ory accept$1 x is ,god t gave w to dumb animals1 freewill to ! human be+1 & natural prop]ties to ev]y?+2 & z accid5ts orig9ate 9 ! r$undancy ( "s natural =ce1 z has be5 expla9$ by ,ari/otle1 & are mo/ly ! result ( ! comb9$ action ( nature1 desire1 & freewill3 x c consequ5tly be said ( ev]y?+ :i* is produc$ by any ( ^! causes1 t ,god comm&$ t x %\ld be made1 or said t x %\ld be s4 ,i w give y in/ances1 & !y w guide y 9 ! int]pretation ( passages :i* ,i d n m5tion4 ,z reg>ds ph5om5a produc$ regul>ly by natural causes1 su* z ! melt+ ( ! sn[ :5 ! atmosph]e becomes w>m1 ! ro>+ ( ! sea :5 a /orm rages ,i quote ! foll[+ passages1 8,he s5de? 8 ^w & melte? !m0 7,ps4 cxlvii4 #ah72 8,& he sai?1 & a /orm-w9d rise?1 & lifte? up its waves0 7ibid4 cvii4 #be74 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ra9 we read3 8,i w comm& ! cl\ds t !y %all n ra910 etc4 7,isa4 v4 #f74 ,ev5ts caus$ by man's freewill1 su* z w>1 ! dom9ion ( "o nation ov] ano!r1 ! attempt ( "o p]son to hurt ano!r1 or to insult him1 are ascrib$ to ,god1 z e4g41 9 ref]5ce to ! dom9ion ( ,nebu*adnezz> & 8 ho/1 8,i h comm5d$ my holy ones1 also ,i h call$ my h]oes = my ang]0 7,isa4 xiii4 #c72 & 8,i w s5d him aga9/ a hypocrite nation0 7ibid4 x4 #f72 9 ref]5ce to ,%imei1 son ( ,g]a1 8,= ,god said to him1 ,curse ,david0 7#b ,sam4 xvi4 #aj72 9 ref]5ce to ! deliv]ance ( ,joseph1 ! righte\s1 f prison1 8,he s5t an angel & loos$ him0 7,ps4 cv4 #bj72 9 ref]5ce to ! victory ( ! ,p]sians ov] ! ,*aldees1 8,i w s5d to ,babylon scatt]]s1 & !y %all scatt] x0 7,j]4 li4 #b72 9 ref]5ce to ! provid+ ( food to ,eliah1 8,i h comm&$ !re a woman1 a wid[1 to ma9ta9 !e0 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #i72 & ,joseph1 ! righte\s1 says3 8,n ye h s5t me hi!r10 etc4 7,g54 xlv4 #h74 ,! case t ! w ( an animal or its desire = "s ( its natural wants is ! cause ( "s ev5t1 may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ in/ance3 8,& ,god spake unto ! fi%1 & x vomit$ out ,jonah0 7ii4 #aa74 ,! act is ascrib$ to ,god1 because ,he gave ! fi% ! w1 & n because ,he made x a prophet or end[$ x ) a prophetical _s4 ,simil>ly x is said ( ! locu/s t appe>$ 9 ! days ( ,joel1 son ( ,pe?uel1 8,mighty is he t accompli%es 8 ^w0 7,joel ii4 #aa72 or ( ! bea/s t took possession ( ! l& ( ,edom :5 de/roy$ 9 ! days ( ,s5na*]ib1 8,he ca/ lot = !m1 & 8 h& divid$ x unto !m by a l9e0 7,isa4 xxxiv4 #ag74 ,al?\gh "h ! v]bs 8to say10 8to comm&10 8to s5d10 are n us$1 ! mean+ is evid5tly ! same1 & y mu/ expla9 all passages t are analog\s to x 9 a simil> mann]4 ,ev5ts evid5tly due to *ance are ascrib$ to ,god2 e4g41 9 ref]5ce to ,rebecca1 8,let h] be a wife to ! son ( ?y ma/]1 z ! ,"l spake0 7,g54 xxiv4 #ea72 9 ref]5ce to ,david & ,jona?an1 8,g1 = ! ,"l has s5t !e40 7#a ,sam4 xx4 #bb72 9 ref]5ce to ,joseph1 8,god s5t me be=e y0 7,g54 xlv4 #g74 ,y see cle>ly t ! provid+ ( a cause1 9 :atev] mann] ?is may take place1 by sub/ance1 accid5t1 freewill1 or w1 is always express$ by "o ( ! five t]ms1 comm&+1 say+1 speak+1 s5d+1 or call+4 ,note ?is1 & apply x ev]y:]e accord+ to ! context4 ,_m difficulties w !reby be remov$1 & passages app>5tly conta9+ ?+s f> f tru? w prove to be true4 ,?is is ! conclusion ( ! treatise on ,prophecy1 its allegories & language4 ,x is all ,i int5d to say on ?is subject 9 ?is treatise4 ,we w n[ comm5ce to treat ( o!r subjects1 ) ! help ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,introduction ,we h /at$ sev]al times t x is our prim>y object 9 ?is treatise to exp\nd1 z f> z possible1 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! ,creation 7,maaseh b]e%it7 & ! description ( ! ,div9e ,*>iot 7,maaseh m]cabah7 9 a mann] adapt$ to ! tra9+ ( ^? = :om ?is "w is writt54 ,we h also /at$ t ^! subjects belong to ! my/]ies ( ! ,law4 ,y are well aw>e h[ our ,sages blame ^? :o reveal ^! my/]ies1 & praise ! m]its ( ^? :o keep !m secret1 al?\gh !y are p]fectly cle> to ! philosoph]4 ,9 ?is s5se !y expla9 ! passage1 8,h] m]*&ise %all be = !m t dwell be=e ! ,"l1 to eat suffici5tly0 7,isa4 xxiii4 #ah71 :i* concludes 9 ! orig9al ) ! words ve-li-me-kasseh atik1 i4e41 t ^! bless+s are promis$ to him :o hides ?+s :i* ! ,et]nal has reveal$ to him1 viz41 ! my/]ies ( ! ,law 7,babyl4 ,talmud1 ,pesaim #aai;a74 ,if y h und]/&+ y w compreh5d t :i* our ,sages po9t$ out4 ,!y h cle>ly /at$ t ! ,div9e ,*>iot includes matt]s too deep & too pr(\nd = ! ord9>y intellect4 ,x has be5 %[n t a p]son fav\r$ by ,provid5ce ) reason to und]/& ^! my/]ies is =bidd5 by ! ,law to tea* !m except viv voce1 & on condition t ! pupil possess c]ta9 qualifications1 & ev5 !n only ! heads ( ! sections may be communicat$4 ,?is has be5 ! cause :y ! k ( ?is my/]y has entirely disappe>$ f our nation1 & no?+ has rema9$ ( x4 ,?is 0 unavoidable1 = ! explanation ( ^! my/]ies 0 always communicat$ viv voce1 x 0 nev] committ$ to writ+4 ,su* be+ ! case1 h[ c ,i v5ture to call y\r att5tion to su* portions ( x z may be kn[n1 intelligible1 & p]fectly cle> to me8 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i 7 to ab/a9 f writ+ on ?is subject1 accord+ to my k ( x1 :5 ,i die1 z ,i %all inevitably d1 t k w\ld die ) me1 & ,i w\ld ?us inflict great injury on y & all ^? :o are p]plex$ by ^! !ological problems1 ,i w\ld !n be guilty ( )hold+ ! tru? f ^? to :om x ought to be communicat$1 & ( jeal\sly depriv+ ! heir ( 8 inh]itance4 ,i %\ld 9 ei!r case be guilty ( gross misconduct4 ,to give a full explanation ( ! my/ic passages ( ! ,bible is contr>y to ! ,law & to reason2 besides1 my k ( !m is bas$ on reason+1 n on div9e inspiration & is !re=e n infallible4 ,i h n receiv$ my belief 9 ?is respect f any tea*]1 b x has be5 =m$ by :at ,i le>nt f ,scripture & ! utt]ances ( our ,sages1 & by ! philosophical pr9ciples :i* ,i h adopt$4 ,x is !re=e possible t my view is wrong1 & t ,i misund]/ood ! passages ref]r$ to4 ,correct ?\ght & div9e help h sugge/$ to me ! prop] me?od1 viz41 to expla9 ! words ( ! prophet ,ezekiel 9 su* a mann] t ^? :o w read my int]pretation w believe t ,i h n add$ any?+ to ! cont5ts ( ! text1 b only1 z x 71 translat$ f "o language into ano!r1 or giv5 a %ort exposition ( pla9 ?+s4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 = :om ?is treatise has be5 compos$1 w1 on reflect+ on x & ?or\ghly exam9+ ea* *apt]1 obta9 a p]fect & cle> insight into all t has be5 cle> & intelligible to me4 ,?is is ! utmo/ t c be done 9 treat+ ?is subject s z to be useful to all )\t fully expla9+ x4 ,aft] ?is introductory rem>k ,i ask y to /udy att5tively ! *apt]s :i* foll[ on ?is sublime1 important1 & gr& subject1 :i* is ! p9 ^u :i* ev]y?+ hangs1 & ! pill> ^u :i* ev]y?+ re/s4 ,,*apt] ,i ,x is well kn[n t !re are m5 ^: face is l t ( o!r animals2 ?us ! face ( "s p]son is l t ( a lion1 t ( ano!r p]son l t ( an ox1 & s on2 & man's face is describ$ accord+ z ! =m ( 8 face resembles ! =m ( ! face ( o!r animals4 ,by ! expressions1 8! face ( an ox10 8! face ( a lion10 8! face ( an eagle0 7,ezek1 i4 #aj71 ! prophet describes a human face incl9+ t[>ds ! =ms ( ^! v>i\s species4 ,?is int]pretation c be support$ by two pro(s4 ,fir/1 ! prophet says ( ! ayyot 9 g5]al t 8_! appe>ance is ?is1 !y h ! =m ( man0 7v]4 #e71 & !n 9 describ+ ea* ( ! ayyot he attributes to !m ! face ( a man1 t ( an ox1 t ( a lion1 & t ( an eagle4 ,secondly1 9 ! second description ( ! ,*>iot1 :i* is int5d$ z a supplem5t to ! fir/1 ! prophet says1 ,ea* ha? f\r faces2 ! "o is ! face ( a *]ub1 ! second a man's face1 ! ?ird a lion's face1 & ! f\r? t ( an eagle 7ibid4 x4 #ad74 ,he ?us cle>ly indicates t ! t]ms 8! face ( an ox0 & 8! face ( a *]ub0 are id5tical4 ,b *]ub designates 8a y\?40 ,by analogy we expla9 ! two o!r t]ms--8! face ( a lion0 & 8! face ( an eagle0 9 ! same mann]4 8,! face ( ! ox0 has be5 s+l$ out on acc\nt ( ! etymology ( ! ,hebrew t]m %or 7ox71 z has be5 indicat$ by me4 ,x is impossible to assume t ?is second description ref]s to ! p]ception ( ano!r prophetic vision1 because x concludes ?us3 8,?is is ! ayyah :i* ,i saw at ! riv] ,*eb>0 7ibid4 v]4 #ae74 ,:at we int5d$ to expla9 is n[ cle>4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! prophet says t he saw f\r ayyot2 ea* ( !m _h f\r faces1 f\r w+s1 & two h&s1 b on ! :ole _! =m 0 human4 ,comp4 8,!y _h ! lik5ess ( a man0 7,ezek4 i4 #e74 ,! h&s are also describ$ z human h&s1 because ^! h und\bt$ly1 z is well kn[n1 su* a =m z enables !m to p]=m all mann] ( cunn+ "w4 ,_! feet are /raight2 t is to say1 !y are )\t jo9ts4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! phrase 8a /raight foot10 tak5 lit]ally4 ,simil>ly our ,sages say1 ! words1 8,& _! feet 7 /raight feet0 7ibid4 i4 #g71 %[ t ! be+s above d n sit4 ,note ?is likewise4 ,! soles ( ! feet ( ! ayyot1 ! organs ( walk+1 are describ$ z diff]5t f ! feet ( man1 b ! h&s are l human h&s4 ,! feet are r\nd1 = ! prophet says1 8l ! sole ( a r\nd foot40 ,! f\r ayyot are closely jo9$ toge!r1 !re is no space or vacuum left betwe5 !m4 ,comp4 8,!y 7 jo9$ "o to ano!r0 7ibid4 i4 #i74 8,b al?\gh !y 7 ?us jo9$ toge!r1 _! faces & _! w+s 7 sep>at$ above0 7ibid4 v]4 #aa74 ,consid] ! expression 8above0 employ$ "h1 al?\gh ! bodies 7 closely jo9$1 _! faces & _! w+s 7 sep>at$1 b only above4 ,! prophet !n /ates t !y are transp>5t2 !y are 8l burni%$ brass0 7ibid4 v]4 #g74 ,he also adds t !y are lum9\s4 ,comp4 8,_! appe>ance 0 l burn+ coals ( fire0 7ibid4 v]4 #ac74 ,?is is all t has be5 said z reg>ds ! =m1 %ape1 face1 figure1 w+s1 h&s1 & feet ( ! ayyot4 ,! prophet !n beg9s to describe ! motions ( ^! ayyot1 namely1 t !y h a uni=m motion1 )\t any curvature1 deviation1 or deflexion3 8,!y turn$ n :5 !y w5t0 7v]4 #ag74 ,ea* ( ! ayyot moves 9 ! direction ( its face4 ,comp4 8,!y w5t e "o 9 ! direction ( 8 face0 7v]4 #i74 ,n[1 x is "h cle>ly /at$ t ea* ayyah w5t 9 ! direction ( its face1 b s9ce ea* ayyah has sev]al faces1 ,i ask1 9 ! direction ( :i* face8 ,9 %ort1 ! f\r ayyot d n move 9 ! same direction2 =1 if ?is 7 ! case1 a special motion w\ld n h be5 ascrib$ to ea* ( !m2 x w\ld n h be5 said1 8,!y w5t ea* "o t[>ds ! side ( 8 face40 ,! motion ( ^! ayyot is fur!r describ$ z a runn+1 s also _! return+ is describ$ z a runn+4 ,comp4 8,& ! ayyot ran1 & return$ z ! appe>ance ( a fla% ( lightn+0 7v]4 #ad71 raoh be+ ! inf9itive ( ru1 8to run10 & %ob ! inf9itive in/ead ( %ub1 8to return40 ,! ord9>y words1 halo* & bo1 8to g0 & 8to come10 are n us$1 b su* words z indicate runn+ to & fro2 & ^! are fur!r expla9$ by ! phrase1 8,z ! appe>ance ( a fla% ( lightn+0 7bazak1 us$ by ! prophet1 is id5tical ) b>ak71 = ! lightn+ appe>s to move v quickly2 x seems to ha/5 & to run f a c]ta9 place1 & !n to turn back & to come aga9 to ! place f :i* x _h />t$4 ,?is is repeat$ sev]al times ) ! same velocity4 ,jona?an1 ! son ( ,uzziel1 r5d]s ! phrase rao va%ob ?us3 ,!y move r\nd ! _w & return at once1 & are z swift z ! appe>ance ( lightn+4 ,?is quick movem5t & return ! ayyah does n p]=m ( its own accord1 b ?r\gh some?+ outside ( x1 viz41 ! ,div9e ,w2 = 8to :i*ev] side x is ! ,div9e ,w t ! ayyah %\ld move1 ?i!r ! ayyah moves10 9 t quick mann] :i* is express$ by 8runn+ & return+40 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! words1 8,:i!rsoev] ! _s 0 to g !y w5t0 7v]4 #bj72 8,!y turn$ n :5 !y w5t0 7v]4 #ag74 ,by 8! _s0 7rua71 ! prophet does n mean 8! w9d10 b 8! int5tion10 z we h expla9$ :5 discuss+ ! homonym rua 7_s74 ,! mean+ ( ! phrase is1 t :i!rsoev] x is ! ,div9e ,w t ! ayyah %all g1 ?i!r x runs4 ,jona?an1 ! son ( ,uzziel1 gives a simil> explanation3 ,t[>ds ! place :i!r x is ! w to g1 !y g2 !y d n turn :5 !y g4 ,! employm5t ( ! future t5se ( ! v]bs yihyeh & yeleku 9 ?is passage seems to imply t sometimes x w be ! w ( ,god t ! ayyah %\ld move 9 "o direction1 9 :i* x w 9 fact move1 & at o!r times x w be ,8 w t ! ayyah %\ld move 9 ! opposite direction1 9 :i* x w !n move4 ,an explanation is1 h[ev]1 add$1 :i* is contr>y to ?is conclusion1 & %[s t ! future =m 7yihyeh7 ( ! v]b has "h ! mean+ ( ! pret]ite1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 ,hebrew4 ,! direction 9 :i* ,god desires ! ayyah to move has already be5 det]m9$ & fix$1 & ! ayyah moves 9 t direction :i* ,8 w has det]m9$ long ago1 )\t hav+ ev] *ang$4 ,! prophet1 !re=e1 9 expla9+1 & at ! same "t conclud+ ?is description ( ! ayyot1 says1 8,:i!rsoev] ! _s 0 to g !y g1 ?i!r 0 ! _s to g0 7v]4 #bj74 ,note ?is wond]ful int]pretation4 ,?is passage =ms likewise "p ( ! acc\nt ( ! motion ( ! f\r ayyot :i* foll[s ! description ( _! =m4 ,next comes ! description ( ano!r "p2 = ! prophet relates t he saw a body b5ea? ! ayyot1 b closely jo9+ !m4 ,?is body1 :i* is connect$ ) ! e>?1 consi/s likewise ( f\r bodies1 & has also f\r faces4 ,b no di/9ct =m is ascrib$ to x2 nei!r t ( man nor t ( any o!r liv+ be+4 ,! f\r bodies are describ$ z great1 trem5d\s1 & t]rible2 no =m is giv5 to !m1 except t !y are cov]$ ) eyes4 ,^! are ! bodies call$ ,(annim 7lit4 :eels74 ,! prophet !re=e says3 8,n[1 z ,i beheld ! ayyot1 behold "o :eel ^u ! e>? beside ! liv+ creatures1 ) 8 f\r faces0 7v]4 #ae74 ,he ?us di/9ctly /ates t ! ,(annim =m a body1 ( :i* ! "o "p t\*es ! ayyot1 & ! o!r "p ! e>?2 & t ! ,(an has f\r faces4 ,b he cont9ues--8,! appe>ance ( ! ,(annim 7:eels7 & _! "w 0 l unto ! col\r ( a b]yl3 & !y f\r _h "o lik5ess0 7v]4 #af74 ,by speak+ ( f\r ,(annim1 aft] hav+ m5tion$ only "o ,(an1 ! prophet indicates t ! 8f\r faces0 & ! 8f\r ,(annim0 are id5tical4 ,^! f\r ,(annim h ! same =m2 comp41 8,& !y f\r _h "o lik5ess40 ,! ,(annim are !n describ$ z p>tly int]-jo9$2 = 8_! appe>ance & _! "w 0 z x 7 a :eel 9 ! middle ( a :eel0 7v]4 #af74 ,9 ! description ( ! ayyot su* a phrase1 ) ! t]m 89 ! middle (0 7tok7 is n employ$4 ,! ayyot are p>tly jo9$1 accord+ to ! words1 8!y 7 jo9$ "o to ano!r0 7v]4 #aa72 :il/ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,(annim x is /at$ t !y are p>tly int]mix$1 8z x 7 a :eel 9 ! middle ( a :eel40 ,! body ( ! ,(annim is describ$ z be+ cov]$ ) eyes2 x is possible t a body cov]$ ) real eyes is "h meant1 or a body ) diff]5t col\rs ay9 d5ot+ 8eye10 also 8col\r01 z 9 ! phrase 8! col\r !re( eno z ! col\r 7keen7 ( bdellium0 7,num4 xi4 #g72 or a body fill$ ) lik5esses ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se ! t]m ay9 is us$ by our ,sages 9 phrases l ! foll[+3--,l t keen :i* he has /ol51 l t keen :i* he has robb$2 or diff]5t prop]ties & qualities are meant1 accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! ^w ay9 9 ! passage1 8,x may be t ! ,"l w look 7beenai7 on my condition0 7#b ,sam4 xvi4 #ab74 ,s mu* = ! =m ( ! ,(annim4 ,_! motion is describ$ z be+ )\t curvature & deviation2 z be+ /raight1 )\t any *ange4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! words1 8,:5 !y w5t1 !y w5t ^u _! f\r sides3 & !y turn$ n :5 !y w5t0 7,e42 v]4 #ag74 ,! f\r ,(annim d n move ( _! own accord1 z ! ayyot1 & h no motion :atev] ( _! own2 !y are set 9 motion by o!r be+s1 z is emphatically /at$ twice4 ,! ayyot are ! mov+ ag5ts ( ! ,(annim4 ,! relation betwe5 ! ,(an & ! ayyah may be comp>$ to ! relation betwe5 a lifeless body ti$ to ! h& or ! leg ( a liv+ animal2 :i!rsoev] ! latt] moves1 ?i!r moves also ! piece ( wood1 or ! /one1 :i* is ti$ to ! nam$ limb ( ! animal4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,& :5 ! ayyot w5t1 ! ,(annim w5t by !m2 & :5 ! liv+ creatures 7 lift$ up f ! e>?1 ! ,(annim 7 lift$ up0 7v]4 #ai72 8& ! ,(annim 7 lift$ up ov] aga9/ !m0 7v]4 #bj74 ,& ! cause ( ?is is expla9$ ?us3--8,! _s ( ! ayyah 0 9 ! ,(annim0 7ibid474 ,= ! sake ( emphasis & fur!r explanation ! prophet adds1 8,:5 ^? w5t1 ^! w5t2 & :5 ^? /ood1 ^! /ood2 & :5 ^? 7 lift$ up f ! e>?1 ! ,(annim 7 lift$ up ov] aga9/ !m2 = ! _s ( ! ayyah 0 9 ! ,(annim0 7v]4 #ba74 ,! ord] ( ^! movem5ts is !re=e z foll[s3--,:i!rsoev] x is ! w ( ,god t ! ayyot %\ld move1 ?i!r !y move ( _! own accord4 ,:5 ! ayyot move ! ,(annim necess>ily foll[ !m1 because !y are ti$ to !m1 & n because !y move ( _! own accord 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! ayyot move4 ,?is ord] is express$ 9 ! words1 8,:i!rsoev] ! _s 0 to g1 !y w5t1 ?i!r 0 ! _s to g2 & ! ,(annim 7 lift$ up ov] aga9/ !m2 = ! _s ( ! ayyah 0 9 ! ,(annim0 7v]4 #bj74 ,i h told y t ,jona?an1 ! son ( ,uzziel1 translates ! v]se ?us1 8to ! place :i!r x 0 ! w t ! ayyot %\ld g10 etc4 ,aft] hav+ complet$ ! acc\nt ( ! ayyot1 ) _! =m & motion1 & ( ! ,(annim1 :i* are b5ea? ! ayyot1 connect$ ) !m & =c$ to move :5 ! ayyot move1 ! prophet beg9s to describe a ?ird object :i* he p]ceiv$ prophetically1 & gives ! acc\nt ( a new ?+1 viz41 ( t :i* is above ! ayyot4 ,he says t ! firmam5t is above ! f\r ayyot1 above ! firmam5t is ! lik5ess ( a ?rone1 & ov] ! ?rone ! lik5ess ( ! appe>ance ( man4 ,?is is ! :ole acc\nt ( :at ! prophet p]ceiv$ at fir/ at ! riv] ,*eb>4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,:5 ,ezekiel recall$ to memory ! =m ( ! ,*>iot1 :i* he describ$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! book1 ! same vision pres5t$ itself to him a second "t2 9 ?is vision he 0 borne to ,j]usalem4 ,he expla9s 9 describ+ x ?+s :i* h n be5 made cle> at fir/1 e4g41 he sub/itutes ! t]m 8*]ubim0 = ayyot1 :]eby he expresses t ! ayyot ( ! fir/ vision are likewise angels l ! *]ubim4 ,he says1 !re=e3 8,:]e ! *]ubims w5t1 ! ,(annim w5t by !m3 & :5 ! *]ubims lift$ up _! w+s to m\nt up f ! e>?1 ! same ,(annim also turn$ n f beside !m0 7x4 #af74 ,by ^! words he %[s h[ closely connect$ ! two motions are viz41 t ( ! ayyot & t ( ! ,(annim4 ,! prophet adds1 8,?is is ! ayyah t ,i saw "u ! ,god ( ,israel by ! riv] ( ,*eb>2 & ,i knew t !y 7 *]ubims0 7v]4 #bj74 ,he ?us describes ! same =ms & ! same motions1 & /ates t ! ayyot & ! *]ubim are id5tical4 ,a second po9t is !n made cle> 9 ?is second description1 namely1 t ! ,(annim are sph]ical2 = ! prophet says1 8,z = ! ,(annim1 x 0 cri$ unto !m 9 my he>+1 ,o sph]e0 7v]4 #ac74 ,a ?ird po9t conc]n+ ! ,(annim is illu/rat$ "h 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,to ! place :i!r ! head look$ !y foll[$ x3 !y turn$ n z !y w5t0 7v]4 #aa74 ,! motion ( ! ,(annim is ?us describ$ z involunt>y1 & direct$ 8to ! place :i!r ! head looke?02 & ( ?is x is /at$ t x moves 8:i!r ! _s is to g0 7i4 #bj74 ,a f\r? po9t is add$ conc]n+ ! ,(annim1 namely1 8,& ! ,(annim 7 full ( eyes r\nd ab\t1 ev5 ! ,(annim t !y f\r _h0 7x4 #ab74 ,?is has n be5 m5tion$ be=e4 ,9 ?is second description !re are fur!r m5tion$ 8_! fle%1 & _! backs1 & _! h&s1 & _! w+s0 7ibid471 :il/ 9 ! fir/ acc\nt none ( ^! is m5tion$2 & x is only /at$ t !y are bodies4 ,?\gh !y are end[$ 9 ! second acc\nt ) fle%1 h&s1 & w+s1 no =m is giv5 to !m4 ,9 ! second acc\nt ea* (an is attribut$ to a *]ub1 8"o (an by "o *]ub1 & ano!r (an by ano!r *]ub40 ,! f\r ayyot are !n describ$ z "o ayyah on acc\nt ( _! int]jo9+3 8,?is is ! ayyah t ,i saw "u ! ,god ( ,israel by ! riv] ( ,*eb>0 7v]4 #bj74 ,also ! ,(annim1 ?\gh be+ f\r 9 numb]1 z has be5 m5tion$1 are call$ 8"o (an ^u ! e>?0 7v]4 #ae71 because !y int]jo91 & 8!y f\r h "o lik5ess0 7v]4 #af74 ,?is is ! additional explanation :i* ! second vision gives ( ! =m ( ! ayyot & ! ,(annim4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,x is necess>y to call y\r att5tion to an idea express$ by ,jona?an1 ! son ( ,uzziel4 ,:5 he saw t ! prophet says 9 ref]5ce to ! ,(annim1 8,x 0 cri$ unto !m 9 my he>+1 ,o gilgal0 78sph]e07 7x4 #ac71 he assum$ t by ,(annim ! heav5s are meant1 & r5d]$ (an by gilgal1 8sph]e10 & (annim by gilgelaya1 8sph]es40 ,i h no d\bt t he f\nd a confirmation ( 8 op9ion 9 ! words ( ! prophet t ! ,(annim 7 l unto ! col\r ( t>%i% 7v]4 #af71 a col\r ascrib$ to ! heav5s1 z is well kn[n4 ,:5 he1 !re=e1 notic$ ! passage1 8,n[ z ,i beheld ! ayyot1 behold "o ,(an ^u ! e>?0 7i4 #ae71 :i* cle>ly %[s t ! ,(annim 7 ^u ! e>?1 he _h a difficulty 9 expla9+ x 9 accordance ) 8 op9ion4 ,foll[+1 h[ev]1 8 int]pretation1 he expla9s ! t]ms ere1 employ$ "h z d5ot+ ! inn] surface ( ! heav5ly sph]e1 :i* may be consid]$ z ere 78e>?0 or 8bel[071 9 relation to all t is above t surface4 ,he !re=e translates ! words (an ead ba-are z foll[s3 8,"o (an 0 bel[ ! height ( ! heav5s40 ,consid] :at 8 explanation ( ! passage mu/ be4 ,i ?9k t he gave ?is explanation because he ?\ght t gilgal d5otes 9 its orig9al mean+ 8heav540 ,my op9ion is t gilgal means orig9ally 8any?+ roll+02 comp4 8,& ,i w roll !e 7ve-gilgaltika7 d[n f ! rocks0 7,j]4 li4 #be72 8& roll$ 7va-yagel7 ! /one0 7,g54 xxix4 #aj72 ! same mean+ ! ^w has 9 ! phrase3 8,l a roll+ ?+ 7gilgal7 be=e ! :irlw9d0 7,isa4 xvii4 #ac74 ,! poll ( ! head1 be+ r\nd1 is !re=e call$ gulgolet2 & because ev]y?+ r\nd rolls easily1 e sph]ical ?+ is call$ gilgal2 also ! heav5s are call$ gilgallim on acc\nt ( _! sph]ical =m4 ,?us our ,sages use ! phrase1 8,x is a :eel 7gilgal7 t moves r\nd ! _w02 & a wood5 ball1 :e!r small or l>ge1 is call$ gilgal4 ,if s1 ! prophet m]ely int5d$ by ! words1 8,z = ! ,(annim1 x is cri$ to !m 9 my he>+1 ,o sph]e0 7gilgal71 to indicate ! %ape ( ! ,(annim1 z no?+ has be5 m5tion$ be=e respect+ _! =m & %ape2 b he did n mean to say t ! ,(annim are ! same z ! heav5s4 ,! t]m 8l t>%i%0 is expla9$ 9 ! second acc\nt1 9 :i* x is said ( ! ,(annim3 8,& ! appe>ance ( ! (annim 0 l ! col\r ( t>%i%40 ,?is latt] passage is translat$ by ,jona?an1 ! son ( ,uzziel1 8l ! col\r ( a preci\s /one10 exactly 9 ! same mann] z ,onkelos translates ! phrase ke-maase libnat ha-sappir1 8l ! "w ( ! :it5ess ( sapphire0 7,exod4 xxix4 #aj74 ,note ?is4 ,y w n f9d x /range t ,i m5tion ! explanation ( ,jona?an1 son ( ,uzziel1 :il/ ,i gave a diff]5t explanation myself2 = y w f9d _m ( ! wise m5 & ! comm5tators diff] sometimes f him 9 ! int]pretation ( words & 9 _m ?+s respect+ ! prophets4 ,:y %\ld x be o!rwise 9 ^! pr(\nd matt]s8 ,besides1 ,i d n decide 9 fav\r ( my int]pretation4 ,x is = y to le>n bo?--! :ole ( 8 explanation1 f :at ,i h po9t$ out to y1 & also my own op9ion4 ,god kn[e? :i* ( ! two explanations is 9 accordance ) t :i* ! prophet int5d$ to say4 ,,*apt] ,v ,x is necess>y to notice t ! plural m>ot elohim1 8visions ( ,god10 is "h us$1 & n ! s+ul> m>eh1 8vision10 = !re 7 sev]al ?+s1 ( diff]5t k9ds1 t 7 p]ceiv$ by ! prophet4 ,! foll[+ ?ree ?+s 7 p]ceiv$ by him3 ! ,(annim1 ! ayyot1 & ! man above ! ayyot4 ,! description ( ea* ( ^! visions is introduc$ by ! ^w va-ereh1 8& ,i beheld40 ,= ! acc\nt ( ! ayyot1 beg9s1 8,& ,i look$ 7va-ereh71 & behold a :irlw9d10 etc4 7,ezek4 i4 #d74 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,(annim beg9s3 8,n[ z ,i beheld 7va-ereh7 ! ayyot1 behold "o ,(an ^u ! e>?0 7v]4 #ae74 ,! vision ( t :i* is above ! ayyot 9 ord] & rank beg9s3 8,& ,i saw 7va-ereh7 z ! col\r ( ! amb]1 etc41 f ! appe>ance ( 8 lo9s ev5 upw>d0 7v]4 #bg74 ,! ^w va-ereh1 8& ,i beheld10 only occurs ^! ?ree times 9 ! description ( ! ,m]cabah4 ,! doctors ( ! ,mi%nah h already expla9$ ?is fact1 & my att5tion 0 call$ to x by _! rem>ks4 ,= !y said t only ! two fir/ visions1 namely1 t ( ! ayyot & ! ,(annim1 might be int]pret$ to o!rs2 b ( ! ?ird vision1 viz41 t ( ! a%mal & all t is connect$ ) x1 only ! heads ( ! sections may be taught4 ,rabbi ,jehudah1 ! ,holy1 is ( op9ion t all ! ?ree visions are call$ maaseh m]cabah1 & no?+ b ! heads ( ! sections c\ld be communicat$ to o!rs4 ,! exact words ( ! discussion are z foll[s3--,:]e does maaseh m]cabhah end8 ,rabbi says1 ) ! la/ va-ereh2 ,rabbi ,yiak says x ends at ! ^w a%mal 7v]4 #bg74 ,! portion f va-ereh to a%mal may be fully taught2 ( t :i* foll[s1 only ! heads ( ! sections2 accord+ to "s x is ! passage f va-ereh to a%mal1 ( :i* ! heads ( ! sections may be taught1 b t :i* foll[s may only be /udi$ by ^? :o possess ! capacity1 :il/ ^? t _c /udy x by !mselves mu/ leave x4--,x is cle> f ! words ( our ,sages t diff]5t visions are describ$1 z may also be inf]r$ f ! repetition ( ! ^w va-ereh1 & t ^! visions are diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 degree2 ! la/ & highe/ ( !m is ! vision comm5c+1 8,& ,i saw z ! col\r ( a%mal02 t is to say1 ! divid$ figure ( ! man1 describ$ z 8! appe>ance ( fire1 etc41 f ! appe>ance ( 8 lo9s ev5 upw>d1 & f ! appe>ance ( 8 lo9s ev5 d[nw>d10 etc4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among our ,sages :e!r x is p]mitt$ to give by way ( h9ts an exposition ( any "p ( ?is ?ird vision1 or :e!r x is prohibit$ ev5 to tea* ( x ! heads ( ! sections1 s t only ! wise c arrive at und]/&+ x by _! own /udies4 ,y w also notice a diff]5ce ( op9ion among our ,sages 9 ref]5ce to ! two fir/ visions1 viz41 t ( ! ayyot & t ( ! ,(annim :e!r ^! may be taught explicitly or only by way ( h9ts1 d>k say+s1 & heads ( sections4 ,y mu/ also notice ! ord] ( ^! ?ree visions4 ,fir/ comes ! vision ( ! ayyot1 because !y are fir/ 9 rank & 9 ! causal relation1 z x is said1 8,= ! _s ( ! ayyah 0 9 ! ,(annim0 & also = o!r reasons4 ,! vision ( ! ,(annim comes next1 & is foll[$ by "o :i* is high] ?an ! ayyot1 z has be5 %[n4 ,! cause ( ?is arrangem5t is1 t 9 /udy ! fir/ two mu/ necess>ily prec$e ! ?ird1 & 9 fact !y lead to x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! sublime & great subject :i* ,ezekiel by prophetic impulse began to tea* u 9 ! description ( ! ,m]cabah1 is exactly ! same :i* ,isaiah taught u 9 g5]al outl9es1 because he did n require all ! detail4 ,isaiah says1 8,i saw ! ,"l sitt+ ^u a ?rone1 high & lift$ up1 & 8 tra9 fill$ ! temple4 ,above x /ood s]aphims10 etc4 7,isa4 vi4 #a seq474 ,our ,sages h already /at$ all ?is cle>ly1 & call$ our att5tion to x4 ,= !y say t ! vision ( ,ezekiel is ! same z t ( ,isaiah1 & illu/rate _! view by ! foll[+ simile3--,two m5 saw ! k+ rid+1 ! "o a t[nsman1 ! o!r a c\ntryman4 ,! =m]1 see+ t 8 neighb\rs "k well h[ ! k+ rides1 simply tells !m t he saw ! k+2 b ! villag]1 wi%+ to tell 8 fri5ds ?+s :i* !y d n "k1 relates 9 detail h[ ! k+ 0 rid+1 describes 8 foll[]s1 & ! (fic]s :o execute 8 ord] & comm&4 ,?is rem>k is a mo/ useful h9t2 x is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage 7agigah1 #ac b73 8,isaiah saw all t has be5 se5 by ,ezekiel2 ,isaiah is l a t[nsman t sees ! k+1 ,ezekiel l a c\ntryman t sees ! k+40 ,^! words c be expla9$ 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 viz41 ! g5]ation ( ,isaiah did n require ! detail$ description2 8 acc\nt1 8,i saw ! ,"l10 etc41 suffic$4 ,! g5]ation ( ! ,babylonian exile want$ to le>n all ! details4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! au?or ( ?is say+ held ,isaiah z m p]fect ?an ,ezekiel1 s t ! vision might h ov]aw$ ,ezekiel & appe>$ fe>ful to him2 b ,isaiah 0 s famili> ) x t he did n consid] x necess>y to communicate x to o!rs z a new ?+1 especially z x 0 well kn[n to ! intellig5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,"o ( ! po9ts t require inve/igation is ! connexion betwe5 ! vision ( ! m]cabah & ! ye>1 mon?1 & day1 & also ! place ( ! vision4 ,a reason mu/ be f\nd = ?is connexion1 & we mu/ n ?9k t x is an indiff]5t elem5t 9 ! vision4 ,we mu/ consid] ! words1 8! heav5s 7 op5$0 7,ezek4 i4 #a72 !y give ! key to ! und]/&+ ( ! :ole4 ,! figure ( op5+1 also t ( op5+ ! gates1 occurs frequ5tly 9 ! books ( ! prophets2 e4g41 8,op5 ye ! gates t ! righte\s nation may ent] 90 7,isa4 xxvi4 #b72 8,he op5$ ! doors ( heav50 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #bc72 8,lift !m up1 ye ev]la/+ doors0 7ibid4 xxiv4 #i72 8,op5 to me ! gates ( righte\sness1 ,i w g into !m1 & ,i w praise ! ,"l0 7ibid4 cxviii4 #ai74 ,!re are _m o!r in/ances ( ?is k9d4 ,y mu/ fur!r notice t ! :ole description ref]s und\bt$ly to a prophetic vision1 z x is said1 8,& ! h& ( ! ,"l 0 !re ^u him0 7,ezek4 i4 #c72 & yet !re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! description1 = 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ayyot ! prophet does n say f\r ayyot1 b 8! lik5ess ( ! f\r ayyot0 7ibid4 v]4 #e72 simil>ly he says1 8,& ! lik5ess ( a firmam5t 0 ov] ! heads ( ! ayyot0 7v]4 #bb72 8z ! appe>ance ( a sapphire /one1 ! lik5ess ( a ?rone10 & 8! lik5ess ( ! appe>ance ( man above x0 7v]4 #bf74 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! ^w 8lik5ess0 is us$1 :il/ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,(annim ! phrases1 8! lik5ess ( ,(annim10 ! 8lik5ess ( an ,(an10 are n employ$1 b !y are describ$ 9 a positive mann] z be+s 9 actual exi/5ce1 ) _! real prop]ties4 ,! s5t5ce 8!y f\r _h "o lik5ess0 mu/ n mislead y1 = "h ! ^w 8lik5ess0 is n us$ 9 ! same connexion or 9 ! same s5se z indicat$ above4 ,9 ! description ( ! la/ vision ! prophet confirms & expla9s ?is view4 ,:5 he comm5ces to describe ! firmam5t 9 detail1 he says1 8! firmam5t10 )\t add+ ! words 8! lik5ess (10 = he says1 8,& ,i look$1 & behold1 9 ! firmam5t t 0 above ! head ( ! *]ubims !re appe>$ ov] !m z x 7 a sapphire /one1 z ! appe>ance ( ! lik5ess ( a ?rone0 7x4 #a74 ,"h ! prophet speaks ( 8! firmam5t0 & n ( 8! lik5ess ( ! firmam5t10 z he does :5 he connects ! firmam5t ) ! heads ( ! lik5ess ( ! ayyot 7i4 #bb74 ,b1 z reg>ds ! ?rone1 he says1 8! lik5ess ( a ?rone appe>$ ov] !m10 9 ord] to indicate t ! firmam5t 0 fir/ p]ceiv$ & !n ! lik5ess ( ! ?rone 0 se5 ov] x4 ,consid] ?is well4 ,y mu/ fur!r notice t 9 ! description ( ! fir/ vision ! ayyot h w+s & at ! same "t human h&s1 :il/ 9 ! second vision1 9 :i* ! t]m *]ubim is sub/itut$ = ayyot1 at fir/ only w+s 7 p]ceiv$1 & lat] on human h&s 7 se54 ,comp4 8,& !re appe>$ 9 ! *]ubims ! =m ( a man's h& "u _! w+s0 7x4 #h74 ,"h 8=m0 7tabnit7 is us$ in/ead ( 8lik5ess0 7demut72 & ! h&s are plac$ "u ! w+s4 ,note ?is4 ,consid] t 9 ref]5ce to ! (annim1 ! prophet says1 le-ummatam1 8ov] aga9/ !m10 al?\gh he does n ascribe to !m any =m4 ,he fur!r says1 8,z ! appe>ance ( ! b[ t is 9 ! cl\d 9 ! day ( ra91 s 0 ! appe>ance ( ! brightness r\nd ab\t4 ,?is 0 ! appe>ance ( ! lik5ess ( ! glory10 etc4 7i4 #bh74 ,! sub/ance & true ess5ce ( ! b[ describ$ "h is well kn[n4 ,! simile & comp>ison is 9 ?is case v extraord9>y1 & is und\bt$ly "p ( ! prophecy2 & note x well4 ,x is also notewor?y t ! lik5ess ( man above ! ?rone is divid$1 ! upp] "p be+ l ! col\r ( a%mal1 ! l[] "p l ! appe>ance ( fire4 ,z reg>ds ! ^w a%mal1 x has be5 expla9$ to be a comp\nd ( two words a% & mal1 includ+ two diff]5t notions1 viz41 a% signify+ 8swiftness10 & mal d5ot+ 8pause40 ,! two diff]5t notions are "h jo9$ 9 "o ^w 9 ord] to indicate figuratively ! two diff]5t p>ts1--! upp] "p & ! l[]4 ,we h already giv5 a second explanation1 namely1 t a%mal includes ! two notions ( spee* & sil5ce2 9 accordance ) ! say+ ( our ,sages1 8,at times !y are sil5t1 at times !y speak10 ?us d]iv+ ha% ( ! same root z hee%e?i1 8,i h be5 sil5t0 7,isa4 xlii4 #ad72 ! ^w a%mal ?us includes two notions1 & indicates 8spee* )\t s\nd40 ,!re is no d\bt t ! words1 8at times !y are sil5t1 at times !y speak10 ref] to a creat$ object4 ,n[ consid] h[ !y cle>ly /at$ t ! divid$ lik5ess ( man ov] ! ?rone does n repres5t ,god1 :o is above ! :ole *>iot1 b repres5ts a "p ( ! creation4 ,! prophet likewise says 8t is ! lik5ess ( ! glory ( ! ,"l02 b 8! glory ( ! ,"l0 is diff]5t f 8! ,"l0 ,himself1 z has be5 %[n by u sev]al times4 ,all ! figures 9 ?is vision ref] to ! glory ( ! ,"l1 to ! *>iot1 & n to ,him :o rides ^u ! *>iot2 = ,god _c be comp>$ to any?+4 ,note ?is4 ,i h ?us giv5 y also 9 ?is *apt] z mu* ( ! heads ( ! sections z w be useful to y = ! compreh5sion ( ?is subject1 if y fill out ! sections ( ^! heads4 ,if y consid] all t has be5 said 9 ?is "p up to ?is *apt]1 ! great] "p ( ?is subject or ! :ole ( x w be cle> to y1 except a few po9ts & "s repetitions ! mean+ ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,p]haps fur!r /udy w help to reveal ev5 ^! ?+s s t no?+ w rema9 un9telligible4 ,d n expect or hope to he> f me aft] ?is *apt] a ^w on ?is subject1 ei!r explicitly or implicitly1 = all t c\ld be said on x has be5 said1 ?\gh ) great difficulty & /ruggle4 ,i w n[ beg9 to treat ( "s ( ! o!r subjects :i* ,i hope to elucidate 9 ?is treatise4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,transi5t bodies are only subject to de/ruction ?r\gh _! sub/ance & n ?r\gh _! =m1 nor c ! ess5ce ( _! =m be de/roy$2 9 ?is respect !y are p]man5t4 ,! g5]ic =ms1 z y "k1 are all p]man5t & /able4 ,=m c only be de/roy$ accid5tally1 i4e41 on acc\nt ( its connexion ) sub/ance1 ! true nature ( :i* consi/s 9 ! prop]ty ( nev] be+ )\t a disposition to receive =m4 ,?is is ! reason :y no =m rema9s p]man5tly 9 a sub/ance2 a con/ant *ange takes place1 "o =m is tak5 (f & ano!r is put on4 ,h[ wond]fully wise is ! simile ( ,k+ ,solomon1 9 :i* he comp>es matt] to a fai?less wife2 = matt] is nev] f\nd )\t =m1 & is !re=e always l su* a wife :o is nev] )\t a husb&1 nev] s+le2 & yet1 ?\gh be+ w$d$1 con/antly seeks ano!r man 9 ! place ( h] husb&2 %e entices & attracts him 9 e possible mann] till he obta9s f h] :at h] husb& has obta9$4 ,! same is ! case ) matt]4 ,:atev] =m x has1 x is dispos$ to receive ano!r =m2 x nev] leaves (f mov+ & ca/+ (f ! =m :i* x has 9 ord] to receive ano!r4 ,! same takes place :5 ?is second =m is receiv$4 ,x is !re=e cle> t all corruption1 de/ruction1 or defect comes f matt]4 ,take1 e4g41 man2 8 de=mities & unnatural %ape ( limbs2 all weakness1 int]ruption1 or disord] ( 8 actions1 :e!r innate or n1 orig9ate 9 ! transi5t sub/ance1 n 9 ! =m4 ,all o!r liv+ be+s likewise die or become ill ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! body & n ?r\gh its =m4 ,man's %ortcom+s & s9s are all due to ! sub/ance ( ! body & n to its =m2 :ile all 8 m]its are exclusively due to 8 =m4 ,?us ! k ( ,god1 ! =mation ( ideas1 ! ma/]y ( desire & passion1 ! di/9ction betwe5 t :i* is to be *os5 & t :i* is to be reject$1 all ^! man owes to 8 =m2 b eat+1 dr9k+1 sexual int]c\rse1 excessive lu/1 passion1 & all vices1 h _! orig9 9 ! sub/ance ( 8 body4 ,n[ x 0 cle> t ?is 0 ! case1--x 0 impossible1 accord+ to ! wisdom ( ,god1 t sub/ance %\ld exi/ )\t =m1 or any ( ! =ms ( ! bodies )\t sub/ance1 & x 0 necess>y t ! v noble =m ( man1 :i* is ! image & lik5ess ( ,god1 z has be5 %[n by u1 %\ld be jo9$ to ! sub/ance ( du/ & d>kness1 ! s\rce ( all defect & loss4 ,= ^! reasons ! ,creator gave to ! =m ( man p[]1 rule1 & dom9ion ov] ! sub/ance2--! =m c subdue ! sub/ance1 refuse ! fulfilm5t ( its desires1 & r$uce !m1 z f> z possible1 to a j & prop] measure4 ,! /ation ( man v>ies accord+ to ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]4 ,"s p]sons con/antly /rive to *oose t :i* is noble1 & to seek p]petuation 9 accordance ) ! direction ( _! nobl] "p1--_! =m2 _! ?\ghts are engag$ 9 ! =mation ( ideas1 ! acquisition ( true k ab\t ev]y?+1 & ! union ) ! div9e intellect :i* fl[s d[n ^u !m1 & :i* is ! s\rce ( man's =m4 ,:5ev] !y are l$ by ! wants ( ! body to t :i* is l[ & av[$ly disgraceful1 !y are griev$ at _! position1 !y feel a%am$ & conf\nd$ at _! situation4 ,!y try ) all _! might to dim9i% ?is disgrace1 & to gu>d aga9/ x 9 e possible way4 ,!y feel l a p]son :om ! k+ 9 8 ang] ord]$ to remove refuse f "o place to ano!r 9 ord] to put him to %ame2 t p]son tries z mu* z possible to hide himself dur+ ! "t ( 8 disgrace2 he p]haps removes a small quantity a %ort di/ance 9 su* a mann] t 8 h&s & g>m5ts rema9 clean1 & he himself be unnotic$ by 8 fell[-m54 ,su* w\ld be ! conduct ( a free man1 :il/ a slave w\ld f9d pleasure 9 su* "w2--he w\ld n consid] x a great burd51 b ?r[ himself into ! refuse1 sme> 8 face & 8 h&s1 c>ry ! refuse op5ly1 laugh+ & s++4 ,?is is exactly ! diff]5ce 9 ! conduct ( diff]5t m54 ,"s consid]1 z we j said1 all wants ( ! body z %ame1 disgrace1 & defect to :i* !y are compell$ to att5d2 ?is is *iefly ! case ) ! s5se ( t\*1 :i* is a disgrace to u accord+ to ,ari/otle1 & :i* is ! cause ( our desire = eat+1 dr9k+1 & s5suality4 ,intellig5t p]sons mu/1 z mu* z possible1 r$uce ^! wants1 gu>d aga9/ !m1 feel griev$ :5 satisfy+ !m1 ab/a9 f speak+ ( !m1 discuss+ !m1 & att5d+ to !m 9 company ) o!rs4 ,man mu/ h control ov] all ^! desires1 r$uce !m z mu* z possible1 & only reta9 ( !m z mu* z is indisp5sable4 ,8 aim mu/ be ! aim ( man z man1 viz41 ! =mation ( ideas1 & no?+ else4 ,! be/ & sublime/ among !m is ! idea :i* man =ms ( ,god1 angels1 & ! re/ ( ! creation accord+ to 8 capacity4 ,su* m5 are always ) ,god1 & ( !m x is said1 8,ye are pr9ces1 & all ( y are *ildr5 ( ! ,mo/ ,high0 7,ps4 lxxxii4 #f74 ,?is is man's task & purpose4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 t are sep>at$ f ,god =m ! multitude ( fools1 & d j ! opposite4 ,!y neglect all ?\ght & all reflection on ideas1 & consid] z _! task ! cultivation ( ! s5se ( t\*1--t s5se :i* is ! greate/ disgrace2 !y only ?9k & reason ab\t eat+ & love4 ,?us x is said ( ! wick$ :o are dr[n$ 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 & love1 8,!y also h err$ ?r\gh w9e1 & ?r\gh /rong dr9k are out ( ! way10 etc4 7,isa4 xxviii4 #g71 8= all tables are full ( vomit & fil?9ess1 s t !re is no place clean0 7v]4 #h72 aga91 8,& wom5 rule ov] !m0 7ibid4 iii4 #b71--! opposite ( t :i* man 0 told 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! creation1 8,& = ?y husb& %all ?y desire be1 & he %all rule ov] !e0 7,g54 iii4 #af74 ,! int5sity ( _! lu/ is !n describ$ ?us1 8,e "o neigh$ aft] 8 neighb\r's wife10 etc4 7,j]4 v4 #h72 8!y are all adult]]s1 an assembly ( trea*]\s m50 7ibid4 ix4 #b74 ,! :ole book ( ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon treats ( ?is subject1 & exhorts to ab/a9 f lu/ & intemp]ance4 ,^! two vices ru9 ^? t hate ,god & keep f> f ,him2 to !m ! foll[+ passages may be appli$1 8,!y are n ! ,"l's0 7ibid4 v4 #aj72 8,ca/ !m out ( my sight1 & let !m g =?0 7ibid4 xv4 #a74 ,z reg>ds ! portion beg9n+1 8,:o c f9d a virtu\s woman80 x is cle> :at is meant by ! figurative expression1 8a virtu\s woman40 ,:5 man possesses a good s\nd body t does n ov]p[] him nor di/urb ! equilibrium 9 him1 he possesses a div9e gift4 ,9 %ort1 a good con/itution facilitates ! rule ( ! s\l ov] ! body1 b x is n impossible to conqu] a bad con/itution by tra9+4 ,= ?is reason ,k+ ,solomon & o!rs wrote ! moral lessons2 also all ! comm&m5ts & exhortations 9 ! ,p5tateu* aim at conqu]+ ! desires ( ! body4 ,^? :o desire to be m5 9 tru?1 & n brutes1 hav+ only ! appe>ance & %ape ( m51 mu/ con/antly endeav\r to r$uce ! wants ( ! body1 su* z eat+1 love1 dr9k+1 ang]1 & all vices orig9at+ 9 lu/ & passion2 !y mu/ feel a%am$ ( !m & set limits to !m = !mselves4 ,z = eat+ & dr9k+ 9 s f> z x is indisp5sable1 !y w eat & dr9k only z mu* z is useful & necess>y z food1 & n = ! purpose ( pleasure4 ,!y w also speak little ( ^! ?+s1 & r>ely congregate = su* purposes4 ,?us our ,sages1 z is well kn[n1 kept alo( f a banquet t 0 n "p ( a religi\s act1 & pi\s m5 foll[$ ! example ( ,r4 ,ph9ez1 son ( ,jair1 :o nev] d9$ ) o!r p]sons1 & ev5 refus$ to accept an invitation ( ,r4 ,jehudah1 ! ,holy4 ,w9e may be treat$ z food1 if tak5 z su*1 b to =m p>ties = ! purpose ( dr9k+ w9e toge!r mu/ be consid]$ m disgraceful ?an ! unre/ra9$ conduct ( p]sons :o 9 daylight meet 9 ! same h\se undress$ & nak$4 ,= ! natural action ( ! dige/ive organ is indisp5sable to man1 he _c d )\t x2 :il/ drunk5ness dep5ds on ! free w ( an evil man4 ,to appe> nak$ 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r p is misconduct only accord+ to public op9ion1 n accord+ to ! dictates ( reason1 :il/ drunk5ness1 :i* ru9s ! m9d & ! body ( man1 reason /amps z a vice4 ,y1 !re=e1 :o desire to act z human be+s mu/ keep away f x1 & ev5 f speak+ ( x4 ,on sexual int]c\rse1 ,i ne$ n add any?+ aft] ,i h po9t$ out 9 ! comm5t>y on ,abot 7i4 #ag7 h[ x is treat$ by our ,law1 :i* is ! tea*+ ( pure wisdom--no excuse :atev] %\ld induce u to m5tion x or to speak ( x4 ,?us our ,sages said1 t ,eli%a ! prophet is call$ holy1 because he did n ?9k ( x1 & consequ5tly nev] f\nd himself pollut$ ) sem54 ,9 a simil> mann] !y say t ,jacob _h ! fir/ issue ( sem5 = ! conception ( ,reub54 ,all ^! traditional /ories h ! object ( tea*+ ! nation humane conduct4 ,!re is a well-kn[n say+ ( our ,sages1 8,! ?\ghts ab\t ! s9 are m dang]\s ?an ! s9 itself40 ,i c (f] a good explanation ( ?is say+3 ,:5 a p]son is disob$i5t1 ?is is due to c]ta9 accid5ts connect$ ) ! corporeal elem5t 9 8 con/itution2 = man s9s only by 8 animal nature1 :]eas ?9k+ is a faculty ( man connect$ ) 8 =m1--a p]son :o ?9ks s9fully s9s !re=e by means ( ! nobl] portion ( 8 self2 & he :o wrongly causes a fooli% slave to "w does n s9 z mu* z he :o wrongly causes a noble & free man to d ! "w ( a slave4 ,= ?is specifically human elem5t1 ) all its prop]ties & p[]s1 %\ld only be employ$ 9 suitable "w1 9 attempts to jo9 high] be+s1 & n 9 attempts to g d[n & rea* ! l[] creatures4 ,y "k h[ we condemn l[ness ( spee*1 & ju/ly s1 = spee* is likewise peculi> to man & a boon :i* ,god grant$ to him t he may be di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( liv+ creatures4 ,?us ,god says1 8,:o gave a m\? to man80 7,exod4 iv4 #aa72 & ! prophet decl>es1 8,! ,"l ,god ha? giv5 me a le>n$ tongue0 7,isa4 l4 #d74 ,?is gift1 !re=e1 :i* ,god gave u 9 ord] to enable u to p]fect ourselves1 to le>n & to tea*1 mu/ n be employ$ 9 do+ t :i* is = u mo/ degrad+ & p]fectly disgraceful2 we mu/ n imitate ! songs & tales ( ignorant & lascivi\s p4 ,x may be suitable to !m1 b is n fit = ^? :o are told1 8,& ye %all be unto me a k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation0 7,exod4 xix4 #f74 ,^? :o employ ! faculty ( ?9k+ & speak+ 9 ! s]vice ( t s5se :i* is no hon\r to u1 :o ?9k m ?an necess>y ( dr9k & love1 or ev5 s+ ( ^! ?+s2 !y employ & use ! div9e gift 9 acts ( rebellion aga9/ ! ,giv]1 & 9 ! transgression ( ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,to !m ! foll[+ words may be appli$3 8,& ,i multipli$ h] silv] & gold1 :i* !y prep>$ = ,baal0 7,hos4 ii4 #aj74 ,i h also a reason & cause = call+ our language ! holy language--d n ?9k x is exagg]ation or error on my "p1 x is p]fectly correct--! ,hebrew language has no special "n = ! organ ( g5]ation 9 females or 9 males1 nor = ! act ( g5]ation itself1 nor = sem51 nor = secretion4 ,! ,hebrew has no orig9al expressions = ^! ?+s1 & only describes !m 9 figurative language & by way ( h9ts1 z if to indicate !reby t ^! ?+s %\ld n be m5tion$1 & %\ld !re=e h no names2 we ought to be sil5t ab\t !m1 & :5 we are compell$ to m5tion !m1 we mu/ manage to employ = t purpose "s suitable expressions1 al?\gh ^! are g5]ally us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,?us ! organ ( g5]ation 9 males is call$ 9 ,hebrew gid1 :i* is a figurative t]m1 rem9d+ ( ! words1 8,& ?y neck is an iron s9ew0 7gid7 7,isa4 xlviii4 #d74 ,x is also call$ %upka1 8p\r+ out0 7,deut4 xxiii4 #b71 on acc\nt ( its function4 ,! female organ is call$ kobah 7,num4 xxv4 #h71 f kebah 7,deut4 xviii4 #c71 :i* d5otes 8/oma*02 reem1 8womb10 is ! inn] organ 9 :i* ! ftus develops2 oah 7,isa4 xxviii4 #h71 8refuse10 is d]iv$ f ! v]b yaa1 8he w5t out02 = 8ur9e0 ! phrase meme raglayim1 8! wat] ( ! feet0 7#b ,k+s4 xviii4 #ag71 is us$2 sem5 is express$ by %ikbat z]a1 8a lay] ( se$40 ,= ! act ( g5]ation !re is no expression :atev] 9 ,hebrew2 x is describ$ by ! foll[+ words only3 baal1 8he 0 ma/]02 %akab1 8he lay02 laa1 8he took02 gillah ervah1 8he uncov]$ ! nak$ness40 ,be n misl$ by ! ^w yi%gal5nah 7,deut4 xxviii4 #cj71 to take x z d5ot+ t act2 ?is is n ! case1 = %egal d5otes a female ready = cohabitation4 ,comp4 8,^u ?y "r h& did /& ! maid50 7%egal7 89 gold ( ,ophir0 7,ps4 xlv4 #aj74 ,yi%gal5nah1 accord+ to ! ,ke?ib1 d5otes !re=e 8he w take ! female = ! purpose ( cohabitation40 ,we h made 9 ! great] "p ( ?is *apt] a digression f ! !me ( ?is treatise1 & introduc$ "s moral & religi\s matt]1 al?\gh !y d n entirely belong to ! subject ( ?is treatise1 b ! c\rse ( ! discussion has l$ to x4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! corporeal elem5t 9 man is a l>ge scre5 & p>tition t prev5ts him f p]fectly p]ceiv+ ab/ract ideals2 ?is w\ld be ! case ev5 if ! corporeal elem5t 7 z pure & sup]ior z ! sub/ance ( ! sph]es2 h[ mu* m mu/ ?is be ! case ) our d>k & opaque body4 ,h[ev] great ! ex]tion ( our m9d may be to compreh5d ! ,div9e ,be+ or any ( ! ideals1 we f9d a scre5 & p>tition betwe5 ,him & ourselves4 ,?us ! prophets frequ5tly h9t at ! exi/5ce ( a p>tition betwe5 ,god & u4 ,!y say ,he is conceal$ f u 9 vap\rs1 9 d>kness1 9 mi/1 or 9 a ?ick cl\d2 or use simil> figures to express t on acc\nt ( our bodies we are unable to compreh5d ,8 ess5ce4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! words1 8,cl\ds & d>kness are r\nd ab\t ,him0 7,ps4 xcvii4 #b74 ,! prophets tell u t ! difficulty consi/s 9 ! grossness ( our sub/ance2 !y d n imply1 z might be ga!r$ f ! lit]al mean+ ( _! words1 t ,god is corporeal1 & is invisible because ,he is surr\nd$ by ?ick cl\ds1 vap\rs1 d>kness1 or mi/4 ,?is figure is also express$ 9 ! passage1 8,he made d>kness ,8 secret place0 7,ps4 xviii4 #ab74 ,! object ( ,god reveal+ ,himself 9 ?ick cl\ds1 d>kness1 vap\rs1 & mi/ 0 to tea* ?is lesson2 = e prophetic vision conta9s "s lesson by means ( allegory2 t mighty vision1 !re=e1 ?\gh ! greate/ ( all visions1 & above all comp>ison1 viz41 ,8 revelation 9 a ?ick cl\d1 did n take place )\t any purpose1 x 0 int5d$ to indicate t we _c compreh5d ,him on acc\nt ( ! d>k body t surr\nds u4 ,x does n surr\nd ,god1 because ,he is incorporeal4 ,a tradition is curr5t among our p t ! day ( ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai 0 mi/y1 cl\dy1 & a little ra9y4 ,comp4 8,"l1 :5 ?\ w5te/ =? f ,seir1 :5 ?\ m>*$/ out ( ! field ( ,edom1 ! e>? trembl$1 & ! heav5s dropp$ wat]0 7,judges v4 #d74 ,! same idea is express$ by ! words 8d>kness1 cl\ds1 & ?ick d>kness0 7,deut4 iv4 #aa74 ,! phrase does n d5ote t d>kness surr\nds ,god1 = ) ,him !re is no d>kness1 b ! great1 /rong1 & p]man5t light1 :i*1 emanat+ f ,him1 illum9ates all d>kness1 z is express$ by ! prophetic simile1 8,& ! e>? %9$ ) ,8 glory0 7,ezek4 xliii4 #b74 ,,*apt] ,x ,! ,mutakallemim1 z ,i h already told y1 apply ! t]m non-exi/5ce only to absolute non-exi/5ce1 & n to ! abs5ce ( prop]ties4 ,a prop]ty & ! abs5ce ( t prop]ty are consid]$ by !m z two opposites1 !y treat1 e4g41 bl9dness & sight1 dea? & life1 9 ! same way z heat & cold4 ,!re=e !y say1 )\t any qualification1 non-exi/5ce does n require any ag5t1 an ag5t is requir$ :5 some?+ is produc$4 ,f a c]ta9 po9t ( view ?is is correct4 ,al?\gh !y hold t non-exi/5ce does n require an ag5t1 !y say 9 accordance ) _! pr9ciple t ,god causes bl9dness & deafness1 & gives re/ to any?+ t moves1 = !y consid] ^! negative conditions z positive prop]ties4 ,we mu/ n[ /ate our op9ion 9 accordance ) ! results ( philosophical rese>*4 ,y "k t he :o removes ! ob/acle ( motion is to "s ext5t ! cause ( ! motion1 e4g41 if "o removes ! pill> :i* supports ! beam he causes ! beam to move1 z has be5 /at$ by ,ari/otle 9 8 ,physics 7,,viii41 *ap4 iv472 9 ?is s5se we say ( him :o remov$ a c]ta9 prop]ty t he produc$ ! abs5ce ( t prop]ty1 al?\gh abs5ce ( a prop]ty is no?+ positive4 ,j z we say ( him :o puts out ! light at night t he has produc$ d>kness1 s we say ( him :o de/roy$ ! sight ( any be+ t he produc$ bl9dness1 al?\gh d>kness & bl9dness are negative prop]ties1 & require no ag5t4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view we expla9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,isaiah3 8,i =m ! light & create 7bore7 d>kness3 ,i make peace1 & create 7bore7 evil0 7,isa4 xlv4 #g71 = d>kness & evil are non-exi/+ ?+s4 ,consid] t ! prophet does n say1 ,i make 7oseh7 d>kness1 ,i make 7oseh7 evil1 because d>kness & evil are n ?+s 9 positive exi/5ce to :i* ! v]b 8to make0 w\ld apply2 ! v]b b>a 8he creat$0 is us$1 because 9 ,hebrew ?is v]b is appli$ to non-exi/+ ?+s1 e4g41 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$0 7b>a71 etc42 "h ! creation took place f no?+4 ,only 9 ?is s5se c non-exi/5ce be said to be produc$ by a c]ta9 action ( an ag5t4 ,9 ! same way we mu/ expla9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,:o ha? made man's m\?8 or :o make? ! dumb1 or ! deaf1 or ! see+10 etc4 7,exod4 iv4 #aa74 ,! passage c also be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,:o has made man able to speak8 or c create him )\t ! capacity ( speak+1 i4e41 create a sub/ance t is incapable ( acquir+ ?is prop]ty8 = he :o produces a sub/ance t _c acquire a c]ta9 prop]ty may be call$ ! produc] ( t privation4 ,?us we say1 if any "o ab/a9s f deliv]+ a fell[-man f dea?1 al?\gh he is able to d s1 t he kill$ him4 ,x is n[ cle> t accord+ to all ^! diff]5t views ! action ( an ag5t _c be directly connect$ ) a ?+ t does n exi/2 only indirectly is non-exi/5ce describ$ z ! result ( ! action ( an ag5t1 :il/ 9 a direct mann] an action c only influ5ce a ?+ really 9 exi/5ce2 accord+ly1 :oev] ! ag5t may be1 he c only act ^u an exi/+ ?+4 ,aft] ?is explanation y mu/ recall to memory t1 z has be5 prov$1 ! s-call$ evils are evils only 9 relation to a c]ta9 ?+1 & t :i* is evil 9 ref]5ce to a c]ta9 exi/+ ?+1 ei!r includes ! non-exi/5ce ( t ?+ or ! non-exi/5ce ( "s ( its good conditions4 ,! proposition has !re=e be5 laid d[n 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms1 8,all evils are negations40 ,?us = man dea? is evil2 dea? is 8 non-exi/5ce4 ,illness1 pov]ty1 & ignorance are evils = man2 all ^! are privations ( prop]ties4 ,if y exam9e all s+le cases to :i* ?is g5]al proposition applies1 y w f9d t !re is n "o case 9 :i* ! proposition is wrong except 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o d n make any di/9ction betwe5 negative & positive prop]ties1 or betwe5 two opposites1 or d n "k ! nature ( ?+s1--:o1 e4g41 d n "k t heal? 9 g5]al d5otes a c]ta9 equilibrium1 & is a relative t]m4 ,! abs5ce ( t relation is illness 9 g5]al1 & dea? is ! abs5ce ( life 9 ! case ( any animal4 ,! de/ruction ( o!r ?+s is likewise no?+ b ! abs5ce ( _! =m4 ,aft] ^! propositions1 x mu/ be admitt$ z a fact t x _c be said ( ,god t ,he directly creates evil1 or ,he has ! direct int5tion to produce evil2 ?is is impossible4 ,8 works are all p]fectly good4 ,he only produces exi/5ce1 & all exi/5ce is good2 :il/ evils are ( a negative "*1 & _c be act$ ^u4 ,evil c only be attribut$ to ,him 9 ! way we h m5tion$4 ,he creates evil only 9 s f> z ,he produces ! corporeal elem5t su* z x actually is2 x is always connect$ ) negatives1 & is on t acc\nt ! s\rce ( all de/ruction & all evil4 ,^? be+s t d n possess ?is corporeal elem5t are n subject to de/ruction or evil2 consequ5tly ! true "w ( ,god is all good1 s9ce x is exi/5ce4 ,! book :i* enlight5$ ! d>kness ( ! _w says !re=e1 8,& ,god saw ev]y?+ t ,he _h made1 &1 behold1 x 0 v good0 7,g54 i4 #ca74 ,ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ?is corporeal elem5t1 l[ z x 9 reality is1 because x is ! s\rce ( dea? & all evils1 is likewise good = ! p]man5ce ( ! ,univ]se & ! cont9uation ( ! ord] ( ?+s1 s t "o ?+ dep>ts & ! o!r succe$s4 ,rabbi ,meir !re=e expla9s ! words 8& behold x 0 v good0 7tob me'od72 t ev5 dea? 0 good 9 accordance ) :at we h obs]v$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,rememb] :at ,i said 9 ?is *apt]1 consid] x1 & y w und]/& all t ! prophets & our ,sages rem>k$ ab\t ! p]fect goodness ( all ! direct works ( ,god4 ,9 ,b]e%it ,rabba 7*ap4 i47 ! same idea is express$ ?us3 8,no evil comes d[n f above40 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,all ! great evils :i* m5 cause to ea* o!r because ( c]ta9 int5tions1 desires1 op9ions1 or religi\s pr9ciples1 are likewise due to non-exi/5ce1 because !y orig9ate 9 ignorance1 :i* is abs5ce ( wisdom4 ,a bl9d man1 = example1 :o has no guide1 /umbles con/antly1 because he _c see1 & causes injury & h>m to himself & o!rs4 ,9 ! same mann] v>i\s classes ( m51 ea* man 9 proportion to 8 ignorance1 br+ great evils ^u !mselves & ^u o!r individual memb]s ( ! species4 ,if m5 possess$ wisdom1 :i* /&s 9 ! same relation to ! =m ( man z ! sight to ! eye1 !y w\ld n cause any injury to !mselves or to o!rs2 = ! k ( tru? removes hatr$ & qu>rels1 & prev5ts mutual injuries4 ,?is /ate ( society is promis$ to u by ! prophet 9 ! words3 8,& ! wolf %all dwell ) ! lamb10 etc42 8& ! c[ & ! be> %all fe$ toge!r10 etc42 & 8! suck+ *ild %all play on ! hole ( ! asp10 etc4 7,isa4 xi4 #f seq474 ,! prophet also po9ts out :at w be ! cause ( ?is *ange2 = he says t hatr$1 qu>rel1 & fight+ w come to an end1 because m5 w !n h a true k ( ,god4 8,!y %all n hurt nor de/roy 9 all my holy m\nta93 = ! e>? %all be full ( ! k ( ! ,"l1 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea0 7ibid4 v]4 #i74 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,m5 frequ5tly ?9k t ! evils 9 ! _w are m num]\s ?an ! good ?+s2 _m sav+s & songs ( ! nations dwell on ?is idea4 ,!y say t a good ?+ is f\nd only exceptionally1 :il/ evil ?+s are num]\s & la/+4 ,n only common p make ?is mi/ake1 b ev5 _m :o believe t !y are wise4 ,al-,razi wrote a well-kn[n book ,on ,metaphysics or ,!ology4 ,among o!r mad & fooli% ?+s1 x conta9s also ! idea1 discov]$ by him1 t !re exi/s m evil ?an good4 ,= if ! happ9ess ( man & 8 pleasure 9 ! times ( prosp]ity be comp>$ ) ! mi%aps t befall him1--su* z grief1 acute pa91 defects1 p>alysis ( ! limbs1 fe>s1 anxieties1 & tr\bles1--x w\ld seem z if ! exi/5ce ( man is a puni%m5t & a great evil = him4 ,?is au?or comm5c$ to v]ify 8 op9ion by c\nt+ all ! evils "o by "o2 by ?is means he oppos$ ^? :o hold ! correct view ( ! b5efits be/[$ by ,god & ,8 evid5t k9dness1 viz41 t ,god is p]fect goodness1 & t all t comes f ,him is absolutely good4 ,! orig9 ( ! error is to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t ?is ignorant man1 & 8 p>ty among ! common p1 judge ! :ole univ]se by exam9+ "o s+le p]son4 ,= an ignorant man believes t ! :ole univ]se only exi/s = him2 z if no?+ else requir$ any consid]ation4 ,if1 !re=e1 any?+ happ5s to him contr>y to 8 expectation1 he at once concludes t ! :ole univ]se is evil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he w\ld take into consid]ation ! :ole univ]se1 =m an idea ( x1 & compreh5d :at a small portion he is ( ! ,univ]se1 he w f9d ! tru?4 ,= x is cle> t p]sons :o h fall5 into ?is widespread error z reg>ds ! multitude ( evils 9 ! _w1 d n f9d ! evils among ! angels1 ! sph]es & />s1 ! elem5ts1 & t :i* is =m$ ( !m1 viz41 m9]als & plants1 or 9 ! v>i\s species ( liv+ be+s1 b only 9 "s individual in/ances ( mank9d4 ,!y wond] t a p]son1 :o became lepr\s 9 consequ5ce ( bad food1 %\ld be afflict$ ) s great an illness & suff] su* a mis=tune2 or t he :o indulges s mu* 9 s5suality z to weak5 8 sight1 %\ld be /ruck ) bl9dness6 & ! l4 ,:at we h1 9 tru?1 to consid] is ?is3--,! :ole mank9d at pres5t 9 exi/5ce1 & a =tiori1 e o!r species ( animals1 =m an inf9itesimal portion ( ! p]man5t univ]se4 ,comp4 8,man is l to vanity0 7,ps4 cxliv4 #d72 8,h[ mu* less man1 t is a worm2 & ! son ( man1 :i* is a worm0 7,job xxv4 #f72 8,h[ mu* less 9 !m :o dwell 9 h\ses ( clay0 7ibid4 iv4 #ai72 8,behold1 ! nations are z a drop ( ! bucket0 7,isa4 xl4 #ae74 ,!re are _m o!r passages 9 ! books ( ! prophets express+ ! same idea4 ,x is ( great advantage t man %\ld "k 8 /ation1 & n errone\sly imag9e t ! :ole univ]se exi/s only = him4 ,we hold t ! univ]se exi/s because ! ,creator wills x s2 t mank9d is l[ 9 rank z comp>$ ) ! upp]mo/ portion ( ! univ]se1 viz41 ) ! sph]es & ! />s2 b1 z reg>ds ! angels1 !re _c be any real comp>ison betwe5 man & angels1 al?\gh man is ! highe/ ( all be+s on e>?2 i4e41 ( all be+s =m$ ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,man's exi/5ce is nev]!less a great boon to him1 & 8 di/9ction & p]fection is a div9e gift4 ,! num]\s evils to :i* individual p]sons are expos$ are due to ! defects exi/+ 9 ! p]sons !mselves4 ,we compla9 & seek relief f our own faults2 we suff] f ! evils :i* we1 by our own free w1 inflict on ourselves & ascribe !m to ,god1 :o is f> f be+ connect$ ) !m6 ,comp4 8,is de/ruction 8 "w8 ,no4 ,ye :o call y\rselves wrongly 8 sons1 y :o are a p]v]se & crook$ g5]ation0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #e74 ,?is is expla9$ by ,solomon1 :o says1 8,! fooli%ness ( man p]v]te? 8 way1 & 8 he>t frette? aga9/ ! ,"l0 7,prov4 xix4 #c74 ,i expla9 ?is !ory 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! evils t befall man are ( ?ree k9ds3-- 7#a7 ,! fir/ k9d ( evil is t :i* is caus$ to man by ! circum/ance t he is subject to g5esis & de/ruction1 or t he possesses a body4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! body t "s p]sons happ5 to h great de=mities or p>alysis ( "s ( ! organs4 ,?is evil may be "p ( ! natural con/itution ( ^! p]sons1 or may h develop$ subsequ5tly 9 consequ5ce ( *anges 9 ! elem5ts1 e4g41 ?r\gh bad air1 or ?und]/orms1 or l&slips4 ,we h already %[n t1 9 accordance ) ! div9e wisdom1 g5esis c only take place ?r\gh de/ruction1 & )\t ! de/ruction ( ! individual memb]s ( ! species ! species !mselves w\ld n exi/ p]man5tly4 ,?us ! true k9dness1 & b5efic5ce1 & goodness ( ,god is cle>4 ,he :o ?9ks t he c h fle% & bones )\t be+ subject to any ext]nal influ5ce1 or any ( ! accid5ts ( matt]1 unconsci\sly wi%es to reconcile two opposites1 viz41 to be at ! same "t subject & n subject to *ange4 ,if man 7 nev] subject to *ange !re c\ld be no g5]ation2 !re w\ld be "o s+le be+1 b no individuals =m+ a species4 ,gal51 9 ! ?ird section ( 8 book1 ,! ,use ( ! ,limbs1 says correctly t x w\ld be 9 va9 to expect to see liv+ be+s =m$ ( ! blood ( m5/ru\s wom5 & ! sem5 virile1 :o w n die1 w nev] feel pa91 or w move p]petually1 or w %9e l ! sun4 ,?is dictum ( ,gal5 is "p ( ! foll[+ m g5]al proposition3--,:atev] is =m$ ( any matt] receives ! mo/ p]fect =m possible 9 t species ( matt]2 9 ea* individual case ! defects are 9 accordance ) ! defects ( t individual matt]4 ,! be/ & mo/ p]fect be+ t c be =m$ ( ! blood & ! sem5 is ! species ( man1 = z f> z man's nature is kn[n1 he is liv+1 reasonable1 & mortal4 ,x is !re=e impossible t man %\ld be free f ?is species ( evil4 ,y w1 nev]!less1 f9d t ! evils ( ! above k9d :i* befall man are v few & r>e2 = y f9d c\ntries t h n be5 flood$ or burn$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s2 !re are ?\s&s ( m5 9 p]fect heal?1 de=m$ individuals are a /range & exceptional occurr5ce1 or say few 9 numb] if y object to ! t]m exceptional1--!y are n "o-hundr$?1 n ev5 "o-?\s&? "p ( ^? t are p]fectly normal4 7#b7 ,! second class ( evils comprises su* evils z p cause to ea* o!r1 :51 e4g41 "s ( !m use _! /r5g? aga9/ o!rs4 ,^! evils are m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! fir/ k9d2 _! causes are num]\s & kn[n2 !y likewise orig9ate 9 ourselves1 ?\gh ! suff]] himself _c av]t !m4 ,?is k9d ( evil is nev]!less n widespread 9 any c\ntry ( ! :ole _w4 ,x is ( r>e occurr5ce t a man plans to kill 8 neighb\r or to rob him ( 8 prop]ty by night4 ,_m p]sons are1 h[ev]1 afflict$ ) ?is k9d ( evil 9 great w>s2 b ^! are n frequ5t1 if ! :ole inhabit$ "p ( ! e>? is tak5 into consid]ation4 7#c7 ,! ?ird class ( evils comprises ^? :i* e "o causes to himself by 8 own action4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ class1 & is f> m num]\s ?an ! second class4 ,x is especially ( ^! evils t all m5 compla91--only few m5 are f\nd t d n s9 aga9/ !mselves by ?is k9d ( evil4 ,^? t are afflict$ ) x are !re=e ju/ly blam$ 9 ! words ( ! prophet1 8,?is ha? be5 by y\r means0 7,mal4 i4 #i72 ! same is express$ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 8,he t doe? x de/roye? 8 own s\l0 7,prov4 vi4 #cb74 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is k9d ( evil1 ,solomon says1 8,! fooli%ness ( man p]v]te? 8 way0 7ibid4 xix4 #c74 ,9 ! foll[+ passage he expla9s also t ?is k9d ( evil is man's own "w1 8,lo1 ?is only h ,i f\nd1 t ,god ha? made man upright1 b !y h ?\ght out _m inv5tions0 7,eccles4 vii4 #bi71 & ^! inv5tions br+ ! evils ^u him4 ,! same subject is ref]r$ to 9 ,job 7v4 #f71 8,= affliction come? n =? ( ! du/1 nei!r do? tr\ble spr+ out ( ! gr\nd40 ,^! words are imm$iately foll[$ by ! explanation t man himself is ! au?or ( ?is class ( evils1 8,b man is born unto tr\ble40 ,?is class ( evils orig9ates 9 man's vices1 su* z excessive desire = eat+1 dr9k+1 & love2 indulg5ce 9 ^! ?+s 9 undue measure1 or 9 improp] mann]1 or p>tak+ ( bad food4 ,?is c\rse br+s diseases & afflictions ^u body & s\l alike4 ,! suff]+s ( ! body 9 consequ5ce ( ^! evils are well kn[n2 ^? ( ! s\l are tw(old3--,fir/1 su* evils ( ! s\l z are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( *anges 9 ! body1 9 s f> z ! s\l is a =ce resid+ 9 ! body2 x has !re=e be5 said t ! prop]ties ( ! s\l dep5d on ! condition ( ! body4 ,secondly1 ! s\l1 :5 accu/om$ to sup]flu\s ?+s1 acquires a /rong habit ( desir+ ?+s :i* are nei!r necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! individual nor = t ( ! species4 ,?is desire is )\t a limit1 :il/ ?+s :i* are necess>y are few 9 numb] & re/rict$ )9 c]ta9 limits2 b :at is sup]flu\s is )\t end--e4g41 y desire to h y\r vessels ( silv]1 b gold5 vessels are /ill bett]3 o!rs h ev5 vessels ( sapphire1 or p]haps !y c be made ( em]ald or rubies1 or any o!r sub/ance t c\ld be sugge/$4 ,^? :o are ignorant & p]v]se 9 _! ?\ght are con/antly 9 tr\ble & pa91 because !y _c get z mu* ( sup]flu\s ?+s z a c]ta9 o!r p]son possesses4 ,!y z a rule expose !mselves to great dang]s1 e4g41 by sea-voyage1 or s]vice ( k+s1 & all ?is = ! purpose ( obta9+ t :i* is sup]flu\s & n necess>y4 ,:5 !y ?us meet ) ! consequ5ces ( ! c\rse :i* !y adopt1 !y compla9 ( ! decrees & judgm5ts ( ,god2 !y beg9 to blame ! "t1 & wond] at ! want ( ju/ice 9 its *anges2 t x has n enabl$ !m to acquire great ri*es1 ) :i* !y c\ld buy l>ge quantities ( w9e = ! purpose ( mak+ !mselves drunk1 & num]\s concub9es adorn$ ) v>i\s k9d ( ornam5ts ( gold1 embroid]y1 & jewels1 = ! purpose ( driv+ !mselves to voluptu\sness beyond _! capacities1 z if ! :ole ,univ]se exi/$ exclusively = ! purpose ( giv+ pleasure to ^! l[ p4 ,! error ( ! ignorant goes s f> z to say t ,god's p[] is insuffici5t1 because ,he has giv5 to ?is ,univ]se ! prop]ties :i* !y imag9e cause ^! great evils1 & :i* d n help all evil-dispos$ p]sons to obta9 ! evil :i* !y seek1 & to br+ _! evil s\ls to ! aim ( _! desires1 ?\gh ^!1 z we h %[n1 are really )\t limit4 ,! virtu\s & wise1 h[ev]1 see & compreh5d ! wisdom ( ,god display$ 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,?us ,david says1 8,all ! pa?s ( ! ,"l are m]cy & tru? unto su* z keep ,8 cov5ant & ,8 te/imonies0 7,ps4 xxv4 #aj74 ,= ^? :o obs]ve ! nature ( ! ,univ]se & ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law1 & "k _! purpose1 see cle>ly ,god's m]cy & tru? 9 ev]y?+2 !y seek1 !re=e1 t :i* ! ,creator int5d$ to be ! aim ( man1 viz41 compreh5sion4 ,=c$ by ! claims ( ! body1 !y seek also t :i* is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! body1 8bread to eat & g>m5t to clo!10 & ?is is v little2 b !y seek no?+ sup]flu\s2 ) v slight ex]tion man c obta9 x1 s long z he is cont5t$ ) t :i* is indisp5sable4 ,all ! difficulties & tr\bles we meet 9 ?is respect are due to ! desire = sup]flu\s ?+s2 :5 we seek unnecess>y ?+s1 we h difficulty ev5 9 f9d+ t :i* is indisp5sable4 ,= ! m we desire to h t :i* is sup]flu\s1 ! m we meet ) difficulties2 our /r5g? & possessions are sp5t 9 unnecess>y ?+s1 & are want+ :5 requir$ = t :i* is necess>y4 ,obs]ve h[ ,nature proves ! correctness ( ?is ass]tion4 ,! m necess>y a ?+ is = liv+ be+s1 ! m easily x is f\nd & ! *eap] x is2 ! less necess>y x is1 ! r>] & de>] x is4 ,e4g41 air1 wat]1 & food are indisp5sable to man3 air is mo/ necess>y1 = if man is )\t air a %ort "t he dies2 :il/ he c be )\t wat] a day or two4 ,air is also und\bt$ly f\nd m easily & *eap] ?an wat]4 ,wat] is m necess>y ?an food2 = "s p c be f\r or five days )\t food1 provid$ !y h wat]2 wat] also exi/s 9 e c\ntry 9 l>g] quantities ?an food1 & is also *eap]4 ,! same proportion c be notic$ 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( food2 t :i* is m necess>y 9 a c]ta9 place exi/s !re 9 l>g] quantities & is *eap] ?an t :i* is less necess>y4 ,no intellig5t p]son1 ,i ?9k1 consid]s musk1 amb]1 rubies1 & em]ald z v necess>y = man except z m$ic9es2 & !y1 z well z o!r l sub/ances1 c be replac$ = ?is purpose by h]bs & m9]als4 ,?is %[s ! k9dness ( ,god to ,8 creatures1 ev5 to u weak be+s4 ,8 righte\sness & ju/ice z reg>ds all animals are well kn[n2 = 9 ! transi5t _w !re is among ! v>i\s k9ds ( animals no individual be+ di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! same species by a peculi> prop]ty or an additional limb4 ,on ! contr>y1 all physical1 psy*ical1 & vital =ces & organs t are possess$ by "o individual are f\nd also 9 ! o!r individuals4 ,if any "o is someh[ diff]5t x is by accid5t1 9 consequ5ce ( "s exception1 & n by a natural prop]ty2 x is also a r>e occurr5ce4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 individuals ( a species 9 ! due c\rse ( ,nature2 ! diff]5ce orig9ates 9 ! v>i\s dispositions ( _! sub/ances4 ,?is is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ! sub/ance ( t species2 ! nature ( ! species is n m fav\rable to "o individual ?an to ! o!r4 ,x is no wrong or inju/ice t "o has _m bags ( f9e/ myrrh & g>m5ts embroid]$ ) gold1 :ile ano!r has n ^? ?+s1 :i* are n necess>y = our ma9t5ance2 he :o has !m has n !reby obta9$ control ov] any?+ t c\ld be an ess5tial addition to 8 nature1 b has only obta9$ some?+ illusory or deceptive4 ,! o!r1 :o does n possess t :i* is n want$ = 8 ma9t5ance1 does n miss any?+ indisp5sable3 8,he t ga!r$ mu* _h no?+ ov]1 & he t ga!r$ little _h no lack3 !y ga!r$ e man accord+ to 8 eat+0 7,exod4 xvi4 #ah74 ,?is is ! rule at all times & 9 all places2 no notice %\ld be tak5 ( exceptional cases1 z we h expla9$4 ,9 ^! two ways y w see ! m]cy ( ,god t[>d ,8 creatures1 h[ ,he has provid$ t :i* is requir$1 9 prop] proportions1 & treat$ all individual be+s ( ! same species ) p]fect equality4 ,9 accordance ) ?is correct reflection ! *ief ( ! wise m5 says1 8,all 8 ways are judgm5t0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d72 ,david likewise says3 8,all ! pa?s ( ! ,"l are m]cy & tru?0 7,ps4 xxv4 #aj72 he also says expressly1 8,! ,"l is good to all2 & 8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all 8 works0 7ibid4 cxlv4 #i72 = x is an act ( great & p]fect goodness t ,he gave u exi/5ce2 & ! creation ( ! controll+ faculty 9 animals is a pro( ( ,8 m]cy t[>ds !m1 z has be5 %[n by u4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,intellig5t p]sons are mu* p]plex$ :5 !y inquire into ! purpose ( ! ,creation4 ,i w n[ %[ h[ absurd ?is "q is1 accord+ to ea* "o ( ! diff]5t !ories above-m5tion$4 ,an ag5t t acts ) int5tion mu/ h a c]ta9 ult]ior object 9 t :i* he p]=ms4 ,?is is evid5t1 & no philosophical pro( is requir$4 ,x is likewise evid5t t t :i* is produc$ ) int5tion has pass$ ov] f non-exi/5ce to exi/5ce4 ,x is fur!r evid5t1 & g5]ally agre$ ^u1 t ! be+ :i* has absolute exi/5ce1 :i* has nev] be5 & w nev] be )\t exi/5ce1 is n 9 ne$ ( an ag5t4 ,we h expla9$ ?is be=e4 ,! "q1 8,:at is ! purpose !re(80 _c be ask$ ab\t any?+ :i* is n ! product ( an ag5t2 !re=e we _c ask :at is ! purpose ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,he has n be5 creat$4 ,accord+ to ^! propositions x is cle> t ! purpose is s\ght = ev]y?+ produc$ int5tionally by an intellig5t cause2 t is to say1 a f9al cause mu/ exi/ = ev]y?+ t owes its exi/5ce to an intellig5t be+3 b = t :i* is )\t a beg9n+1 a f9al cause ne$ n be s\ght1 z has be5 /at$ by u4 ,aft] ?is explanation y w und]/& t !re is no occasion to seek ! f9al cause ( ! :ole ,univ]se1 nei!r accord+ to our !ory ( ! ,creation1 nor accord+ to ! !ory ( ,ari/otle1 :o assumes ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,= accord+ to ,ari/otle1 :o holds t ! ,univ]se has n _h a beg9n+1 an ultimate f9al cause _c be s\ght ev5 = ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?us x _c be ask$1 accord+ to 8 op9ion1 ,:at is ! f9al cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ! heav5s8 ,:y are !y limit$ by ?is measure or by t numb]8 ,:y is matt] ( ?is description8 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is species ( animals or plants8 ,ari/otle consid]s all ?is z ! result ( a p]man5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,natural ,philosophy inve/igates into ! object ( ev]y?+ 9 ,nature1 b x does n treat ( ! ultimate f9al cause1 ( :i* we speak 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x is a recogniz$ fact 9 ,natural ,philosophy t ev]y?+ 9 ,nature has its object1 or its f9al cause1 :i* is ! mo/ important ( ! f\r causes1 ?\gh x is n easily recogniz$ 9 mo/ species4 ,ari/otle repeat$ly says t ,nature produces no?+ 9 va91 = e natural action has a c]ta9 object4 ,?us1 ,ari/otle says t plants exi/ = animals2 & simil>ly he %[s ( o!r p>ts ( ! ,univ]se = :at purpose !y exi/4 ,?is is /ill m obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! organs ( animals4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a f9al cause 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ,nature has compell$ philosoph]s to assume ! exi/5ce ( a primal cause ap>t f ,nature2 x is call$ by ,ari/otle ! intellectual or div9e cause1 & ?is cause creates "o ?+ = ! purpose ( ano!r4 ,^? :o ackn[l$ge ! tru? w accept z ! be/ pro( = ! ,creation ! fact t ev]y?+ 9 ,nature s]ves a c]ta9 purpose1 s t "o ?+ exi/s = ! b5efit ( ano!r2 ?is fact is support$ by num]\s in/ances1 & %[s t !re is design 9 ,nature2 b ! exi/5ce ( design 9 ,nature _c be imag9$ unless x be assum$ t ,nature has be5 produc$4 ,i w n[ return to ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 viz41 ! f9al cause4 ,ari/otle has already expla9$ t 9 ,nature ! effici5t cause ( a ?+1 its =m1 & its f9al cause are id5tical2 t is to say1 !y are "o ?+ 9 relation to ! :ole species4 ,e4g41 ! =m ( ,zeid produces ! =m ( 8 son ,amr2 its action consi/s 9 imp>t+ ! =m ( ! :ole species ( man to ! sub/ance ( ,amr1 & ! f9al cause is ,amr's possession ( human =m4 ,! same argum5t is appli$ by ,ari/otle to e individual memb] ( a class ( natural objects :i* is br\ght to exi/5ce by ano!r individual memb]4 ,! ?ree causes co9cide 9 all su* cases4 ,all ?is ref]s only to ! imm$iate purpose ( a ?+2 b ! exi/5ce ( an ultimate purpose 9 e species1 :i* is consid]$ z absolutely necess>y by e "o :o inve/igates into ! nature ( ?+s1 is v difficult to discov]3 & /ill m difficult is x to f9d ! purpose ( ! :ole ,univ]se4 ,i inf] f ! words ( ,ari/otle t accord+ to 8 op9ion ! ultimate purpose ( ! g5]a is ! pres]vation ( ! c\rse ( g5esis & de/ruction2 & ?is c\rse is absolutely necess>y 9 ! fir/ in/ance = ! successive =mation ( mat]ial objects1 because individual be+s =m$ ( matt] are n p]man5t2 secondly1 = ! production ( ! be/ & ! mo/ p]fect be+s t c be =m$ ( matt]1 because ! ultimate purpose 9 ^! productions is to arrive at p]fection4 ,n[ x is cle> t man is ! mo/ p]fect be+ =m$ ( matt]2 he is ! la/ & mo/ p]fect ( e>?ly be+s1 & 9 ?is respect x c truly be said t all e>?ly ?+s exi/ = man1 i4e41 t ! *anges :i* ?+s und]go s]ve to produce ! mo/ p]fect be+ t c be produc$4 ,ari/otle1 :o assumes ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 ne$ !re=e n ask to :at purpose does man exi/1 = ! imm$iate purpose ( ea* individual be+ is1 accord+ to 8 op9ion1 ! p]fection ( its specific =m4 ,e individual ?+ arrives at its p]fection fully & completely :5 ! actions t produce its =m are complete4 ,! ultimate purpose ( ! species is ! p]petuation ( ?is =m by ! repeat$ succession ( g5esis & de/ruction1 s t !re might always be a be+ capable ( ! greate/ possible p]fection4 ,x seems !re=e cle> t1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 :o assumes ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 !re is no occasion = ! "q :at is ! object ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se4 ,b ( ^? :o accept our !ory t ! :ole ,univ]se has be5 creat$ f no?+1 "s hold t ! inquiry aft] ! purpose ( ! ,creation is necess>y1 & assume t ! ,univ]se 0 only creat$ = ! sake ( man's exi/5ce1 t he might s]ve ,god4 ,ev]y?+ t is done !y believe is done = man's sake2 ev5 ! sph]es move only = 8 b5efit1 9 ord] t 8 wants might be suppli$4 ,! lit]al mean+ ( "s passages 9 ! books ( ! prophets greatly support ?is idea4 ,comp4 8,he =m$ x 7viz41 ! e>?7 to be inhabit$0 7,isa4 xlv4 #ah72 8,if my cov5ant ( day & night 7 n10 etc4 7,j]4 xxxiii4 #be72 8,& spreade? !m out z a t5t to dwell 90 7,isa4 xl4 #bb74 ,if ! sph]e exi/$ = ! sake ( man1 h[ mu* m mu/ ?is be ! case ) all o!r liv+ be+s & ! plants4 ,on exam9+ ?is op9ion z intellig5t p]sons ought to exam9e all diff]5t op9ions1 we %all discov] ! errors x includes4 ,^? :o hold ?is view1 namely1 t ! exi/5ce ( man is ! object ( ! :ole creation1 may be ask$ :e!r ,god c\ld h creat$ man )\t ^? previ\s creations1 or :e!r man c\ld only h come into exi/5ce aft] ! creation ( all o!r ?+s4 ,if !y answ] 9 ! affirmative1 t man c\ld h be5 creat$ ev5 if1 e4g41 ! heav5s did n exi/1 !y w be ask$ :at is ! object ( all ^! ?+s1 s9ce !y d n exi/ = _! own sake b = ! sake ( some?+ t c\ld exi/ )\t !m8 ,ev5 if ! ,univ]se exi/$ = man's sake & man exi/$ = ! purpose ( s]v+ ,god1 z has be5 m5tion$1 ! "q rema9s1 ,:at is ! end ( s]v+ ,god8 ,he does n become m p]fect if all ,8 creatures s]ve ,him & compreh5d ,him z f> z possible2 nor w\ld ,he lose any?+ if no?+ exi/$ beside ,him4 ,x might p]haps be repli$ t ! s]vice ( ,god is n int5d$ = ,god's p]fection2 x is int5d$ = our own p]fection1--x is good = u1 x makes u p]fect4 ,b !n ! "q might be repeat$1 ,:at is ! object ( our be+ p]fect8 ,we mu/ 9 cont9u+ ! inquiry z to ! purpose ( ! creation at la/ arrive at ! answ]1 ,x 0 ! ,w ( ,god1 or ,8 ,wisdom decre$ x2 & ?is is ! correct answ]4 ,! wise m5 9 ,israel h1 !re=e1 introduc$ 9 our pray]s 7= ,neilah ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t7 ! foll[+ passage3--8,?\ ha/ di/+ui%$ man f ! beg9n+1 & *os5 him to /& be=e ,!e2 :o c say unto ,!e1 ,:at do/ ,?\8 ,& if he be righte\s1 :at does he give ,!e80 ,!y h ?us cle>ly /at$ t x 0 n a f9al cause t det]m9$ ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s1 b only ,8 w4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we :o believe 9 ! ,creation mu/ admit t ,god c\ld h creat$ ! ,univ]se 9 a diff]5t mann] z reg>ds ! causes & effects conta9$ 9 x1 & ?is w\ld lead to ! absurd conclusion t ev]y?+ except man exi/$ )\t any purpose1 z ! pr9cipal object1 man1 c\ld h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce )\t ! re/ ( ! creation4 ,i consid] !re=e ! foll[+ op9ion z mo/ correct accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible1 & be/ 9 accordance ) ! results ( philosophy2 namely1 t ! ,univ]se does n exi/ = man's sake1 b t ea* be+ exi/s = its own sake1 & n because ( "s o!r ?+4 ,?us we believe 9 ! ,creation1 & yet ne$ n inquire :at purpose is s]v$ by ea* species ( ! exi/+ ?+s1 because we assume t ,god creat$ all p>ts ( ! ,univ]se by ,8 w2 "s = _! own sake1 & "s = ! sake ( o!r be+s1 t include _! own purpose 9 !mselves4 ,9 ! same mann] z x 0 ! w ( ,god t man %\ld exi/1 s x 0 ,8 w t ! heav5s ) _! />s %\ld exi/1 t !re %\ld be angels1 & ea* ( ^! be+s is itself ! purpose ( its own exi/5ce4 ,:5 any?+ c only exi/ provid$ "s o!r ?+ has previ\sly exi/$1 ,god has caus$ ! latt] to prec$e x2 z1 e4g41 s5sation prec$es compreh5sion4 ,we meet also ) ?is view 9 ,scripture3 8,! ,"l ha? made ev]y?+ 7la-maanehu7 = its purpose0 7,prov4 xvi4 #d74 ,x is possible t ! pron\n 9 la-maanehu ref]s to ! object2 b x c also be consid]$ z agree+ ) ! subject2 9 :i* case ! mean+ ( ! ^w is1 = ! sake ( ,himself1 or ,8 w :i* is id5tical ) ,8 self or ess5ce1 z has be5 %[n 9 ?is treatise4 ,we h also po9t$ out t ,8 ess5ce is also call$ ,8 glory4 ,! words1 8,! ,"l ha? made ev]y?+ = ,himself10 express !re=e ! same idea z ! foll[+ v]se1 8,ev]y?+ t is call$ by my "n3 ,i h creat$ x = my glory1 ,i h =m$ x2 yea1 ,i h made x0 7,isa4 xliii4 #g72 t is to say1 ev]y?+ t is describ$ z ,my "w has be5 made by ,me = ! sake ( ,my w & = no o!r purpose4 ,! words1 8,i h =m$ x10 8,i h made x10 express exactly :at ,i po9t$ out to y1 t !re are ?+s ^: exi/5ce is only possible aft] c]ta9 o!r ?+s h come into exi/5ce4 ,to ^! ref]5ce is made 9 ! text1 z if to say1 ,i h =m$ ! fir/ ?+ :i* mu/ h prec$$ ! o!r ?+s1 e4g41 matt] has be5 =m$ be=e ! production ( mat]ial be+s2 ,i h !n made out ( t previ\s creation1 or aft] x1 :at ,i int5d$ to produce1 & !re 0 no?+ b ,my w4 ,/udy ! book :i* leads all :o want to be l$ to ! tru?1 & is !re=e call$ ,torah 7,law or ,in/ruction71 f ! beg9n+ ( ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation to its end1 & y w compreh5d ! op9ion :i* we attempt to exp\nd4 ,= no "p ( ! creation is describ$ z be+ 9 exi/5ce = ! sake ( ano!r "p1 b ea* "p is decl>$ to be ! product ( ,god's w1 & to satisfy by its exi/5ce ! int5tion ( ! ,creator4 ,?is is express$ by ! phrase1 8,& ,god saw t x 0 good0 7,g54 i4 #d1 etc474 ,y "k our int]pretation ( ! say+ ( our ,sages1 8,scripture speaks ! same language z is spok5 by man40 ,b we call 8good0 t :i* is 9 accordance ) ! object we seek4 ,:5 !re=e ,scripture relates 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole creation 7,g54 i4 #ca71 8,& ,god saw all t ,he _h made1 & behold x 0 exce$+ly good10 x decl>es !reby t ev]y?+ creat$ 0 well fitt$ = its object1 & w\ld nev] cease to act1 & nev] be annihilat$4 ,?is is especially po9t$ out by ! ^w 8exce$+ly02 = sometimes a ?+ is tempor>ily good2 x s]ves its purpose1 & !n x fails & ceases to act4 ,b z reg>ds ! ,creation x is said t ev]y?+ 0 fit = its purpose1 & able cont9ually to act accord+ly4 ,y mu/ n be misl$ by :at is /at$ ( ! />s t ,god put !m 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5s to give light ^u ! e>?1 & to rule by day & by night4 ,y might p]haps ?9k t "h ! purpose ( _! creation is describ$4 ,?is is n ! case2 we are only in=m$ ( ! nature ( ! />s1 :i* ,god desir$ to create ) su* prop]ties t !y %\ld be able to give light & to rule4 ,9 a simil> mann] we mu/ und]/& ! passage1 8,& h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea0 7ibid4 i4 #bh74 ,"h x is n meant to say t man 0 creat$ = ?is purpose1 b only t ?is 0 ! nature :i* ,god gave man4 ,b z to ! /atem5t 9 ,scripture t ,god gave ! plants to man & o!r liv+ be+s1 x agrees ) ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle & o!r philosoph]s4 ,x is also reasonable to assume t ! plants exi/ only = ! b5efit ( ! animals1 s9ce ! latt] _c live )\t food4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! />s1 !y d n exi/ only = our sake1 t we %\ld enjoy _! good influ5ce2 = ! expressions 8to give light0 & 8to rule0 m]ely describe1 z we h /at$ above1 ! b5efit :i* ! creatures on e>? d]ive f !m4 ,i h already expla9$ to y ! "* ( t influ5ce t causes cont9ually ! good to desc5d f "o be+ to ano!r4 ,to ^? :o receive ! good fl[+ d[n ^u !m1 x may appe> z if ! be+ exi/$ = !m alone t s5ds =? its goodness & k9dness unto !m4 ,?us "s citiz5 may imag9e t x 0 = ! purpose ( protect+ 8 h\se by night f ?ieves t ! k+ 0 *os54 ,to "s ext5t ?is is correct2 = :5 8 h\se is protect$1 & he has d]iv$ ?is b5efit ?r\gh ! k+ :om ! c\ntry _h *os51 x appe>s z if x 7 ! object ( ! k+ to protect ! h\se ( t man4 ,9 ?is mann] we mu/ expla9 e v]se1 ! lit]al mean+ ( :i* w\ld imply t some?+ sup]ior 0 creat$ = ! sake ( some?+ inf]ior1 viz41 t x is "p ( ! nature ( ! sup]ior ?+ to influ5ce ! inf]ior 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,we rema9 firm 9 our belief t ! :ole ,univ]se 0 creat$ 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god1 & we d n inquire = any o!r cause or object4 ,j z we d n ask :at is ! purpose ( ,god's exi/5ce1 s we d n ask :at 0 ! object ( ,8 w1 :i* is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s ) _! pres5t prop]ties1 bo? ^? t h be5 creat$ & ^? t w be creat$4 ,y mu/ n be mi/ak5 & ?9k t ! sph]es & ! angels 7 creat$ = our sake4 ,our position has already be5 po9t$ out to u1 8,behold1 ! nations are z a drop ( a bucket0 7,isa4 xl4 #ae74 ,n[ comp>e y\r own ess5ce ) t ( ! sph]es1 ! />s1 & ! ,intellig5ces1 & y w compreh5d ! tru?1 & und]/& t man is sup]ior to ev]y?+ =m$ ( e>?ly matt]1 b n to o!r be+s2 he is f\nd exce$+ly inf]ior :5 8 exi/5ce is comp>$ ) t ( ! sph]es1 & a =tiori :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,intellig5ces4 ,comp4 8,behold1 he putte? no tru/ 9 8 s]vants3 & 8 mess5g]s he *>g$ ) folly3 h[ mu* less 9 !m t dwell 9 h\ses ( clay1 ^: f\ndation is 9 ! du/1 :i* are cru%$ be=e ! mo?80 7,job iv4 #ah1 #ai74 ,! expression 88 s]vants10 occurr+ 9 ?is passage1 does n d5ote human be+s2 ?is may be inf]r$ f ! words1 8,h[ mu* less 9 !m t dwell 9 h\ses ( clay80 ,! 8s]vants0 ref]r$ to 9 ?is place are ! angels2 :il/ by ! t]m 88 mess5g]s0 ! sph]es are und\bt$ly meant4 ,eliphas himself1 :o utt]$ ! above words1 expla9s ?is 9 ! second spee* :5 he ref]s to x 9 "o ( 8 replies 9 o!r words1 say+1 8,behold1 he putte? no tru/ 9 8 holy ones2 yea1 ! heav5s are n clean 9 8 sight1 h[ mu* m abom9able & fil?y is man1 :o dr9ke? iniquity l wat]0 7ibid4 xv4 #ae1 #af74 ,he ?us %[s t 88 s]vants0 & 88 holy ones0 are id5tical1 & t !y are n human be+s2 also t 88 mess5g]s10 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ passage1 are ! same z 8! heav5s40 ,! t]m 8folly0 is expla9$ by ! phrase 8!y are n clean 9 8 sight10 i4e41 !y are mat]ial2 al?\gh _! sub/ance is ! pure/ & ! mo/ lum9\s1 comp>$ ) ! ,intellig5ces x appe>s d>k1 turbid1 & impure4 ,! phrase1 8,behold1 he putte? no tru/ 9 8 s]vants10 is employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! angels1 indicat+ t ^! d n possess p]petual exi/5ce1 s9ce1 z we believe1 !y h _h a beg9n+2 & ev5 accord+ to ^? :o assume ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 ! exi/5ce ( ! angels is at all ev5ts dep5d5t on & !re=e inf]ior to1 ! absolute exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! words1 8,h[ mu* m abom9able & fil?y is man10 9 ! "o passage1 correspond to ! phrase 8,h[ mu* less 9 ^? :o dwell 9 h\ses ( clay0 9 ! o!r passage4 ,_! mean+ is ?is3 ,h[ mu* less 9 man :o is abom9able & fil?y1 9 ^: p]son crook$ness or corporeality is mix$ up & spread ?r\gh all 8 p>ts4 8,iniquity0 7avlah7 is id5tical ) 8crook$ness10 z may be inf]r$ f ! passage1 8,9 ! l& ( uprightness he w act ) iniquity0 7,isa4 xxvi4 #aj71 & i%1 8man10 is "h us$ 9 ! same s5se z adam1 8human be+02 = 8man0 9 a g5]al s5se is sometimes express$ 9 ,scripture by i%4 ,comp4 8,he :o smite? a man 7i%7 & he die0 7,exod4 xxi4 #ab74 ,?is mu/ be our belief :5 we h a correct k ( our own self1 & compreh5d ! true nature ( ev]y?+2 we mu/ be cont5t1 & n tr\ble our m9d ) seek+ a c]ta9 f9al cause = ?+s t h none1 or h no o!r f9al cause b _! own exi/5ce1 :i* dep5ds on ! ,w ( ,god1 or1 if y pref]1 on ! ,div9e ,wisdom4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,9 ord] to obta9 a correct e/imate ( ourselves1 we mu/ reflect on ! results ( ! inve/igations :i* h be5 made into ! dim5sions & ! di/ances ( ! sph]es & ! />s4 ,! di/ances are cle>ly /at$ 9 radii ( ! e>?1 & are well kn[n1 s9ce ! circumf]5ce & ! radius ( ! e>? are kn[n4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! e>? & ! out] surface ( ! sph]e ( ,saturn is a j\rney ( ne>ly eight ?\s& sev5 hundr$ sol> ye>s4 ,suppose a day's j\rney to be =ty legal miles ( two ?\s& ord9>y cubits1 & consid] ! great & enorm\s di/ance6 or 9 ! words ( ,scripture1 8,is n ,god 9 ! height ( heav58 & behold ! height ( ! />s1 h[ high !y are60 7,job xxii4 #ab72 t is to say1 le>n f ! height ( ! heav5s h[ f> we are f compreh5d+ ,god1 = !re is an enorm\s di/ance betwe5 ourselves & ^! corporeal objects1 & ! latt] are greatly di/+ui%$ f u by _! position1 & hidd5 f u z reg>ds _! ess5ce & mo/ ( _! actions4 ,h[ mu* m incompreh5sible !re=e is _! ,mak]1 :o is incorporeal6 ,! great di/ance :i* has be5 prov$ is1 9 fact1 ! lea/ t c be assum$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! e>? & ! surface ( ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s c by no means be less1 b x may possibly be _m times z great2 = ! measure ( ! ?ickness ( ! body ( ! sph]es has n be5 prov$1 & ! lea/ possible has be5 assum$1 z appe>s f ! treatises ,on ! ,di/ances4 ,! same is ! case ) ! sub/ances :i* are betwe5 e two sph]es4 ,accord+ to logical inf]5ce1 z has be5 m5tion$ by ,?abit1 ! ?ickness ( ^! sub/ances _c be accurately /at$1 s9ce !y d n conta9 any />1 :i* might s]ve z a means ( obta9+ x4 ,z to ! ?ickness ( ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 x is at lea/ f\r ye>s' j\rney1 z may be inf]r$ f ! measure ( ! />s conta9$ 9 ! sph]e4 ,! body ( ea* ( ^! />s is m ?an n9ety times z big z ! globe ( ! e>?1 & x is possible t ! ?ickness ( ! sph]e is /ill great]4 ,( ! n9? sph]e1 t causes ! daily revolution ( ! :ole sy/em ( sph]es1 we d n "k ! dim5sions2 x conta9s no />s1 & !re=e we h no means ( f9d+ out its magnitude4 ,n[ consid] ! enorm\s dim5sions & ! l>ge numb] ( ^! mat]ial be+s4 ,if ! :ole e>? is inf9itely small 9 comp>ison ) ! sph]e ( ! />s1 :at is man comp>$ ) all ^! creat$ be+s6 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld any "o ( u imag9e t ^! ?+s exi/ = 8 sake & b5efit1 & t !y are 8 tools6 ,?is is ! result ( an exam9ation ( ! corporeal be+s3 h[ mu* m s w ?is be ! result ( an exam9ation into ! nature ( ! ,intellig5ces6 ,! foll[+ "q may be ask$ aga9/ ! op9ion ( philosoph]s on ?is subject3 ,!re is no d\bt t f a philosophical po9t ( view x w\ld be a mi/ake to assume t ! sph]es exi/ = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! fate ( "o individual p]son or community2 b x is n absurd to ?9k t !y s]ve to regulate ! affairs ( mank9d1 s9ce ^! mighty individual be+s w\ld s]ve to give exi/5ce to ! individual memb]s ( ! species1 ! numb] ( :i*1 accord+ to ! philosoph]s1 w nev] come to an end4 ,we c be/ illu/rate ?is by ! foll[+ simile3 ,an artisan makes iron tools ( a hundr$-weight = ! purpose ( mak+ a small ne$le ( ! weight ( a gra94 ,if only "o ne$le _h to be produc$1 we admit t x w\ld c]ta9ly be bad managem5t1 ?\gh x w\ld n be entirely a failure2 b if ) ^? enorm\s tools ne$le aft] ne$le is produc$1 ev5 _m hundr$-weights ( ne$les1 ! prep>ation ( ^? tools w\ld be a wise act & excell5t managem5t4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! object ( ! sph]es may be ! cont9uance ( successive g5esis & de/ruction2 & ! succession ( g5esis & de/ruction s]ves1 z has already be5 said1 to give exi/5ce to mank9d4 ,?is idea is support$ by ,biblical texts & say+s ( our ,sages4 ,! philosoph] replies ?us3 ,if ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! heav5ly bodies & ! transi5t individual memb]s ( ! species consi/$ 9 _! diff]5t sizes1 ?is op9ion c\ld be ma9ta9$2 b z ! diff]5ce consi/s 9 _! ess5ce1 x rema9s improbable t ! sup]ior be+s %\ld be ! means ( giv+ exi/5ce to ! l[] ones4 ,9 %ort1 ?is "q supports our belief 9 ! ,creation2 & ?is is ! pr9cipal object ( ?is *apt]4 ,x s]ves besides a second purpose4 ,i frequ5tly he> f ^? :o "k some?+ ab\t a/ronomy1 t our ,sages exagg]at$ ! di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies :5 !y said t ! ?ickness ( ea* sph]e is five hundr$ ye>s' j\rney2 ! di/ance ( ! sev5 sph]es f ea* o!r five hundr$ ye>s' j\rney1 s t ! di/ance ( ! out] surface ( ! sev5? sph]e f ! c5tre ( ! e>? is sev5 ?\s& ye>s' j\rney4 ,^? :o he> su* /atem5ts consid] !m at fir/ ?\ght z exagg]ation1 & believe t ! di/ance is n s great4 ,b y may asc]ta9 f ! data prov$ 9 sci5tific treatises on ! di/ances1 t ! c5tre ( ! e>? is di/ant f ! inn] surface ( ! sev5? sph]e1 t ( ,saturn1 ne>ly sev5 ?\s& & tw5ty-f\r ye>s' j\rney4 ,! numb] eight ?\s& & sev5 hundr$ giv5 by u1 ref]s to ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( ! e>? f ! inn] surface ( ! eigh? sph]e4 ,! di/ance ( ! sph]es f ea* o!r1 m5tion$ by a/ronom]s1 is id5tical ) ! ?ickness ( ! sub/ance t int]v5es betwe5 "o sph]e & ! o!r1 & does n imply t !re is a vacuum4 ,y mu/1 h[ev]1 n expect t ev]y?+ our ,sages say respect+ a/ronomical matt]s %\ld agree ) obs]vation1 = ma!matics 7 n fully develop$ 9 ^? days2 & _! /atem5ts 7 n bas$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,prophets1 b on ! k :i* !y ei!r !mselves possess$ or d]iv$ f contempor>y m5 ( sci5ce4 ,b ,i w n on t acc\nt d5\nce :at !y say correctly 9 accordance ) real fact1 z untrue or accid5tally true4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5ev] ! words ( a p]son c be int]pret$ 9 su* a mann] t !y agree ) fully e/abli%$ facts1 x is ! duty ( e educat$ & hone/ man to d s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,t :i* is impossible has a p]man5t & con/ant prop]ty1 :i* is n ! result ( "s ag5t1 & _c 9 any way *ange1 & consequ5tly we d n ascribe to ,god ! p[] ( do+ :at is impossible4 ,no ?9k+ man d5ies ! tru? ( ?is maxim2 none ignore x1 b su* z h no idea ( ,logic4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce ( op9ion among philosoph]s ) ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce ( any p>ticul> ?+4 ,"s ( !m consid] its exi/5ce to be impossible1 & hold t ,god _c produce ! ?+ 9 "q1 :il/ o!rs ?9k t x is possible1 & t ,god c create x if ,he pleases to d s4 ,e4g41 all philosoph]s consid] t x is impossible = "o sub/ratum to h at ! same mom5t two opposite prop]ties1 or = ! elem5t>y compon5ts ( a ?+1 sub/ance & accid5t1 to int]*ange1 s t ! sub/ance becomes accid5t1 & ! accid5t becomes sub/ance1 or = a mat]ial sub/ance to be )\t accid5t4 ,likewise x is impossible t ,god %\ld produce a be+ l ,himself1 or annihilate1 corporify1 or *ange ,himself4 ,! p[] ( ,god is n assum$ to ext5d to any ( ^! impossibilities4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( accid5ts indep5d5t ( sub/ance is possible accord+ to "o class ( philosoph]s1 ! ,mutazilah1 :il/ accord+ to o!rs x is impossible2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be add$ t ^? :o admit ! exi/5ce ( an accid5t indep5d5t ( sub/ance1 h n arriv$ at ?is conclusion by philosophical rese>* alone2 b x 0 ma9ly by ! desire to def5d c]ta9 religi\s pr9ciples1 :i* speculation _h greatly %ak51 t !y _h rec\rse to ?is !ory4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! creation ( corporeal ?+s1 o!rwise ?an f a sub/ance1 is possible accord+ to our view1 :il/ ! philosoph]s say t x is impossible4 ,aga91 :il/ philosoph]s say t x is impossible to produce a squ>e ) a diagonal equal to "o ( ! sides1 or a solid angle t includes f\r "r angles1 or simil> ?+s1 x is ?\ght possible by "s p]sons :o are ignorant ( ma!matics1 & :o only "k ! words ( ^! propositions1 b h no idea ( t :i* is express$ by !m4 ,i wond] :e!r ?is gate ( rese>* is op51 s t all may freely ent]1 & :il/ "o imag9es a ?+ & consid]s x possible1 ano!r is at lib]ty to ass]t t su* a ?+ is impossible by its v nature2 or :e!r ! gate is clos$ & gu>d$ by c]ta9 rules1 s t we are able to decide ) c]ta9ty :e!r a ?+ is physically impossible4 ,i %\ld also l to "k1 9 ! latt] case1 :e!r imag9ation or reason has to exam9e & te/ objects z to _! be+ possible or n2 likewise h[ ?+s imag9$1 & ?+s conceiv$ intellectually1 are to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,= x occurs t we consid] a ?+ z physically possible1 & !n "s "o objects1 or we ourselves fe> t our op9ion is only ! result ( imag9ation1 & n t ( reason4 ,9 su* a case x w\ld be desirable to asc]ta9 :e!r !re exi/s "s faculty to di/+ui% betwe5 imag9ation & intellect1 & if s1 :e!r ?is faculty is diff]5t f bo?1 or :e!r x is "p ( ! intellect itself to di/+ui% betwe5 intellectual & imag9>y objects4 ,all ?is requires inve/igation1 b x does n belong to ! !me ( ?is *apt]4 ,we h ?us %[n t accord+ to ea* "o ( ! diff]5t !ories !re are ?+s :i* are impossible1 ^: exi/5ce _c be admitt$1 & ^: creation is exclud$ f ! p[] ( ,god1 & ! assumption t ,god does n *ange _! nature does n imply weakness 9 ,god1 or a limit to ,8 p[]4 ,consequ5tly ?+s impossible rema9 impossible1 & d n dep5d on ! action ( an ag5t4 ,x is n[ cle> t a diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s only z to ! "q to :i* ( ! two classes a ?+ belongs2 :e!r to ! class ( ! impossible1 or to t ( ! possible4 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,! philosoph]s h utt]$ v p]v]se ideas z reg>ds ,god's ,omnisci5ce ( ev]y?+ beside ,himself2 !y h /umbl$ 9 su* a mann] t !y _c rise aga91 nor c ^? :o adopt _! views4 ,i w fur!r on tell y ! d\bts t l$ !m to ^! p]v]se utt]ances on ?is "q2 & ,i w also tell y ! op9ion :i* is taught by our religion1 & :i* diff]s f ! evil & wrong pr9ciples ( ! philosoph]s z reg>ds ,god's ,omnisci5ce4 ,! pr9cipal reason t fir/ induc$ ! philosoph]s to adopt _! !ory is ?is3 at fir/ ?\ght we notice an abs5ce ( sy/em 9 human affairs4 ,"s pi\s m5 live a mis]able & pa9ful life1 :il/ "s wick$ p enjoy a happy & pleasant life4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! philosoph]s assum$ z possible ! cases :i* y w n[ he>4 ,!y said t only "o ( two ?+s is possible1 ei!r ,god is ignorant ( ! individual or p>ticul> ?+s on e>?1 & does n p]ceive !m1 or ,he p]ceives & kn[s !m4 ,^! are all ! cases possible4 ,!y !n cont9u$ ?us3 ,if ,he p]ceives & kn[s all individual ?+s1 "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree cases mu/ take place3 7#a7 ,god arranges & manages human affairs well1 p]fectly & faultlessly2 7#b7 ,he is ov]come by ob/acles1 & is too weak & p[]less to manage human affairs2 7#c7 ,he kn[s all ?+s & c arrange & manage !m1 b leaves & ab&ons !m1 z too base1 l[1 & vile1 or f jeal\sy2 z we may also notice among ourselves "s :o are able to make ano!r p]son happy1 well kn[+ :at he wants = 8 happ9ess1 & /ill 9 consequ5ce ( _! evil disposition1 _! wick$ness & jeal\sy aga9/ him1 !y d n help him to 8 happ9ess4--,?is is likewise a complete enum]ation ( all possible cases4 ,= ^? :o h a k ( a c]ta9 ?+ necess>ily ei!r 7#a7 take c>e ( ! ?+ :i* !y "k1 & manage x1 or 7#b7 neglect x 7z we1 e4g41 neglect & =get ! cats 9 our h\se1 or ?+s ( less importance72 or 7#c7 :ile tak+ c>e ( x1 h n suffici5t p[] & /r5g? = its managem5t1 al?\gh !y h ! w to d s4 ,hav+ enum]at$ ^! diff]5t cases1 ! philosoph]s emphatically decid$ t ( ! ?ree cases possible z reg>ds ! managem5t ( a ?+ by "o :o kn[s t ?+1 two are inadmissible 9 ref]5ce to ,god--viz41 want ( p[]1 or abs5ce ( w2 because !y imply ei!r evil disposition or weakness1 nei!r ( :i* c by any means be attribut$ to ,him4 ,consequ5tly !re rema9s only ! alt]native t ,god is altoge!r ignorant ( human affairs1 or t ,he kn[s !m & manages !m well4 ,s9ce we1 h[ev]1 notice t ev5ts d n foll[ a c]ta9 ord]1 t !y _c be det]m9$ by analogy1 & are n 9 accordance ) :at is want$1 we conclude t ,god has no k ( !m 9 any way or = any reason4 ,?is is ! argum5t :i* l$ ! philosoph]s to speak su* blasphem\s words4 ,9 ! treatise ,on ,provid5ce1 by ,alex&] ,aphrodisi5sis1 y w f9d ! same z ,i h said ab\t ! diff]5t views ( ! philosoph]s1 & z ,i h /at$ z to ! s\rce ( _! error4 ,y mu/ notice ) surprise t ! evil into :i* ^! philosoph]s h fall5 is great] ?an t f :i* !y s\ght to escape1 & t !y ignore ! v ?+ :i* !y con/antly po9t$ out & expla9$ to u4 ,!y h fall5 into a great] evil ?an t f :i* !y s\ght to escape1 because !y refuse to say t ,god neglects or =gets a ?+1 & yet !y ma9ta9 t ,8 k is imp]fect1 t ,he is ignorant ( :at is go+ on "h on e>?1 t ,he does n p]ceive x4 ,!y also ignore1 :at !y con/antly po9t out to u1 9 z mu* z !y judge ! :ole univ]se by t :i* befalls individual m51 al?\gh1 accord+ to _! own view1 frequ5tly /at$ & expla9$1 ! evils ( man orig9ate 9 himself1 or =m "p ( 8 mat]ial nature4 ,we h already discuss$ ?is suffici5tly4 ,aft] hav+ laid ?is f\ndation1 :i* is ! ru9 ( all good pr9ciples1 & de/roys ! maje/y ( all true k1 !y s\ght to remove ! opprobrium by decl>+ t = _m reasons x is impossible t ,god %\ld h a k ( e>?ly ?+s1 = ! individual memb]s ( a species c only be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & n by reason2 b ,god does n p]ceive by means ( any ( ! s5ses4 ,aga91 ! individuals are inf9ite1 b k compreh5ds & circumscribes ! object ( its action1 & ! inf9ite _c be compreh5d$ or circumscrib$2 fur!rmore1 k ( individual be+s1 t are subject to *ange1 necessitates "s *ange 9 him :o possesses x1 because ?is k itself *anges con/antly4 ,!y h also rais$ ! foll[+ two objections aga9/ ^? :o hold1 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ,scripture1 t ,god kn[s ?+s be=e !y come into exi/5ce4 ,fir/1 ?is !ory implies t !re c be k ( a ?+ t does n exi/ at all2 secondly1 x leads to ! conclusion t ! k ( an object 9 pot5tia is id5tical ) ! k ( t same object 9 reality4 ,!y h inde$ come to v evil conclusions1 & "s ( !m assum$ t ,god only kn[s ! species1 n ! individual be+s1 :il/ o!rs w5t z f> z to cont5d t ,god kn[s no?+ beside ,himself1 because !y believe t ,god _c h m ?an "o k4 ,"s ( ! great philosoph]s :o liv$ be=e ,ari/otle agree ) u1 t ,god kn[s ev]y?+1 & t no?+ is hidd5 f ,him4 ,alex&] also ref]s to !m 9 ! above-m5tion$ treatise2 he diff]s f !m1 & says t ! pr9cipal objection aga9/ ?is !ory is bas$ on ! fact t we cle>ly see evils befall+ good m51 & wick$ m5 enjoy+ happ9ess4 ,9 %ort1 y see t if ^! philosoph]s w\ld f9d human affairs manag$ accord+ to rules laid d[n by ! common p1 !y w\ld n v5ture or presume to speak on ?is subject4 ,!y are only l$ to ?is speculation because !y exam9e ! affairs ( ! good & ! wick$1 & consid] !m z be+ contr>y to all rule1 & say 9 ! words ( ! fooli% 9 our nation1 8,! way ( ! ,"l is n "r0 7,ezek4 xxxiii4 #ag74 ,aft] hav+ %[n t k & ,provid5ce are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 ,i w n[ proce$ to exp\nd ! op9ions ( ?9k]s on ,provid5ce1 & !n ,i %all attempt to remove _! d\bts z to ,god's k ( individual be+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,!re are f\r diff]5t !ories conc]n+ ,div9e ,provid5ce2 !y are all anci5t1 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ! ,prophets1 :5 ! true ,law 0 reveal$ to enlight5 ^! d>k regions4 ,fir/ ,!ory4--,!re is no ,provid5ce at all = any?+ 9 ! ,univ]se2 all p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1 ! heav5s & :at !y conta91 owe _! orig9 to accid5t & *ance2 !re exi/s no be+ t rules & gov]ns !m or provides = !m4 ,?is is ! !ory ( ,epicurus1 :o assumes also t ! ,univ]se consi/s ( atoms1 t ^! h comb9$ by *ance1 & h receiv$ _! v>i\s =ms by m]e accid5t4 ,!re h be5 a!i/s among ! ,israelites :o h express$ ! same view2 x is report$ ( !m3 8,!y h d5i$ ! ,"l1 & said he is n0 7,j]4 v4 #ab74 ,ari/otle has prov$ ! absurdity ( ! !ory1 t ! :ole ,univ]se c\ld h orig9at$ by *ance2 he has %[n t1 on ! contr>y1 !re is a be+ t rules & gov]ns ! ,univ]se4 ,we h already t\*$ ^u ?is subject 9 ! pres5t treatise4 ,second ,!ory4--,:il/ "o "p ( ! ,univ]se owes its exi/5ce to ,provid5ce1 & is "u ! control ( a rul] & gov]nor1 ano!r "p is ab&on$ & left to *ance4 ,?is is ! view ( ,ari/otle ab\t ,provid5ce1 & ,i w n[ expla9 to y 8 !ory4 ,he holds t ,god controls ! sph]es & :at !y conta93 !re=e ! individual be+s 9 ! sph]es rema9 p]man5tly 9 ! same =m4 ,alex&] has also express$ x 9 8 writ+s t ,div9e ,provid5ce ext5ds d[n to1 & ends )1 ! sph]e ( ! moon4 ,?is view results f 8 !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se2 he believes t ,provid5ce is 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! ,univ]se3 consequ5tly 9 ! case ( ! sph]es ) _! cont5ts1 :]e ea* individual be+ has a p]man5t exi/5ce1 ,provid5ce gives p]man5cy & con/ancy4 ,f ! exi/5ce ( ! sph]es o!r be+s d]ive exi/5ce1 :i* are con/ant 9 _! species b n 9 _! individuals3 9 ! same mann] x is said t ,provid5ce s5ds =? f ! sph]es to ! e>? suffici5t influ5ce to secure ! immortality & con/ancy ( ! species1 )\t secur+ at ! same "t p]man5ce = ! individual be+s ( ! species4 ,b ! individual be+s 9 ea* species h n be5 entirely ab&on$1 t portion ( ! mat]ia prima :i* has be5 purifi$ & ref9$1 & has receiv$ ! faculty ( gr[?1 is end[$ ) prop]ties t enable x to exi/ a c]ta9 "t1 to attract :at is useful & to repel :at is useless4 ,t portion ( ! mat]ia prima :i* has be5 subject to a fur!r developm5t1 & has receiv$ ! faculty ( s5sation1 is end[$ ) o!r prop]ties = its protection & pres]vation2 x has a new faculty ( mov+ freely t[>d t :i* is conducive to1 & away f t :i* is contr>y to its well-be+4 ,ea* individual be+ receiv$ besides su* prop]ties z are requir$ = ! pres]vation ( ! species to :i* x belongs4 ,! portion ( ! mat]ia prima :i* is /ill m ref9$1 & is end[$ ) ! intellectual faculty1 possesses a special prop]ty by :i* ea* individual1 accord+ to ! degree ( 8 p]fection1 is enabl$ to manage1 to calculate1 & to discov] :at is conducive bo? to ! tempor>y exi/5ce ( ! individual & to ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,all o!r movem5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* are made by ! individual memb]s ( ea* species are due to accid5t2 !y are n1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! result ( rule & managem5t2 e4g41 :5 a /orm or gale bl[s1 x causes und\bt$ly "s leaves ( a tree to drop1 breaks (f "s bran*es ( ano!r tree1 te>s away a /one f a heap ( /ones1 raises du/ ov] h]bs & spoils !m1 & /irs up ! sea s t a %ip goes d[n ) ! :ole or "p ( h] cont5ts4 ,ari/otle sees no diff]5ce betwe5 ! fall+ ( a leaf or a /one & ! dea? ( ! good & noble p 9 ! %ip2 nor does he di/+ui% betwe5 ! de/ruction ( a multitude ( ants caus$ by an ox deposit+ on !m 8 excrem5t & ! dea? ( wor%ipp]s kill$ by ! fall ( ! h\se :5 its f\ndations give way2 nor does he discrim9ate betwe5 ! case ( a cat kill+ a m\se t happ5s to come 9 h] way1 or t ( a spid] cat*+ a fly1 & t ( a hungry lion meet+ a prophet & te>+ him4 ,9 %ort1 ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle is ?is3 ,ev]y?+ is ! result ( managem5t :i* is con/ant1 :i* does n come to an end & does n *ange any ( its prop]ties1 z e4g41 ! heav5ly be+s1 & ev]y?+ :i* cont9ues accord+ to a c]ta9 rule1 & deviates f x only r>ely & exceptionally1 z is ! case 9 objects ( ,nature4 ,all ^! are ! result ( managem5t1 i4e41 9 a close relation to ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,b t :i* is n con/ant1 & does n foll[ a c]ta9 rule1 z e4g41 incid5ts 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! individual be+s 9 ea* species ( plants or animals1 :e!r rational or irrational1 is due to *ance & n to managem5t2 x is 9 no relation to ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,ari/otle holds t x is ev5 impossible to ascribe to ,provid5ce ! managem5t ( ^! ?+s4 ,?is view is closely connect$ ) 8 !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 & ) 8 op9ion t ev]y?+ diff]5t f ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s 9 ,nature is impossible4 ,x is ! belief ( ^? :o turn$ away f our ,law1 & said3 8,god ha? =sak5 ! e>?0 7,ezek4 ix4 #i74 ,?ird ,!ory4--,?is !ory is ! rev]se ( ! second4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !re is no?+ 9 ! :ole ,univ]se1 nei!r a class nor an individual be+1 t is due to *ance2 ev]y?+ is ! result ( w1 int5tion1 & rule4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t he :o rules mu/ "k t :i* is "u 8 control4 ,! ,mohamm$an ,a%>iyah adh]e to ?is !ory1 not)/&+ evid5t absurdities impli$ 9 x2 = !y admit t ,ari/otle is correct 9 assum+ "o & ! same cause viz41 ! w9d = ! fall ( leaves f ! tree & = ! dea? ( a man dr[n$ 9 ! sea4 ,b !y hold at ! same "t t ! w9d did n bl[ by *ance2 x is ,god t caus$ x to move2 x is n !re=e ! w9d t caus$ ! leaves to fall2 ea* leaf falls accord+ to ! ,div9e decree2 x is ,god :o caus$ x to fall at a c]ta9 "t & 9 a c]ta9 place2 x c\ld n h fall5 be=e or aft] t "t or 9 ano!r place1 z ?is has previ\sly be5 decre$4 ,! ,a%>iyah 7 !re=e compell$ to assume t motion & re/ ( liv+ be+s are pr$e/9$1 & t x is n 9 ! p[] ( man to d a c]ta9 ?+ or to leave x undone4 ,! !ory fur!r implies a d5ial ( possibility 9 ^! ?+s2 !y c only be ei!r necess>y or impossible4 ,! foll[]s ( ?is !ory accept$ also ! la/-m5tion$ proposition1 & say1 t we call c]ta9 ?+s possible1 z e4g41 ! facts t ,zeid /&s1 & t ,amr is com+2 b !y are only possible = u1 :il/ 9 _! relation to ,god !y _c be call$ possible2 !y are ei!r necess>y or impossible4 ,x foll[s also f ?is !ory1 t precepts are p]fectly useless1 s9ce ! p to :om any law is giv5 are unable to d any?+3 !y c nei!r d :at !y are comm&$ nor ab/a9 f :at !y are =bidd54 ,! support]s ( ?is !ory hold t x 0 ! w ( ,god to s5d prophets1 to comm&1 to =bid1 to promise1 & to ?reat51 al?\gh we h no p[] ov] our actions4 ,a duty w\ld ?us be impos$ ^u u :i* is impossible = u to c>ry out1 & x is ev5 possible t we may suff] puni%m5t :5 obey+ ! comm& & receive rew>d :5 disobey+ x4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 x mu/ also be assum$ t ! actions ( ,god h no f9al cause4 ,all ^! absurdities are admitt$ by ! ,a%>iyah = ! purpose ( sav+ ?is !ory4 ,:5 we see a p]son born bl9d or lepr\s1 :o c\ld n h m]it$ a puni%m5t = previ\s s9s1 !y say1 ,x is ! w ( ,god2 :5 a pi\s wor%ipp] is tortur$ & sla91 x is likewise ! w ( ,god2 & no inju/ice c be ass]t$ to ,him = t1 = accord+ to _! op9ion x is prop] t ,god %\ld afflict ! innoc5t & d good to ! s9n]4 ,_! views on ^! matt]s are well kn[n4 ,f\r? ,!ory4--,man has free w2 x is !re=e intelligible t ! ,law conta9s comm&s & prohibitions1 ) ann\ncem5ts ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,all acts ( ,god are due to wisdom2 no inju/ice is f\nd 9 ,him1 & ,he does n afflict ! good4 ,! ,mu'tazila pr(ess ?is !ory1 al?\gh !y d n believe 9 man's absolute free w4 ,!y hold also t ,god takes notice ( ! fall+ ( ! leaf & ! de/ruction ( ! ant1 & t ,8 ,provid5ce ext5ds ov] all ?+s4 ,?is !ory likewise implies contradictions & absurdities4 ,! absurdities are ^!3 ,! fact t "s p]sons are born ) defects1 al?\gh !y h n s9n$ previ\sly1 is ascrib$ to ! wisdom ( ,god1 x be+ bett] = ^? p]sons to be 9 su* a condition ?an to be 9 a normal /ate1 ?\gh we d n see :y x is bett]2 & !y d n suff] !reby any puni%m5t at all1 b1 on ! contr>y1 enjoy ,god's goodness4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! slaught] ( ! pi\s is expla9$ z be+ = !m ! s\rce ( an increase ( rew>d 9 future life4 ,!y g ev5 fur!r 9 _! absurdities4 ,we ask !m :y is ,god only j to man & n to o!r be+s1 & h[ has ! irrational animal s9n$1 t x is condemn$ to be slaught]$8 & !y reply x is good = ! animal1 = x w receive rew>d = x 9 ! _w to come2 also ! flea & ! l\se w !re receive comp5sation = _! untimely dea?3 ! same reason+ !y apply to ! m\se torn by a cat or vulture2 ! wisdom ( ,god decre$ ?is = ! m\se1 9 ord] to rew>d x aft] dea? = ! mi%ap4 ,i d n consid] x prop] to blame ! foll[]s ( any ( ! la/ nam$ ?ree !ories on ,provid5ce1 = !y h be5 driv5 to accept !m by weighty consid]ations4 ,ari/otle 0 guid$ by t :i* appe>s to be ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! ,a%>iyah refus$ to ascribe to ,god ignorance ab\t any?+1 & to say t ,god :il/ kn[+ "o individual be+ or "o portion ( ! ,univ]se is ignorant ( ano!r portion2 !y pref]r$ to admit ! above-m5tion$ absurdities4 ,! ,mu'tazilites refus$ to assume t ,god does :at is wrong & unju/2 on ! o!r h&1 !y w\ld n contradict common s5se & say t x 0 n wrong to inflict pa9 on ! guiltless1 or t ! mission ( ! ,prophets & ! giv+ ( ! ,law _h no intelligible reason4 ,!y likewise pref]r$ to admit ! above-nam$ absurdities4 ,b !y ev5 contradict$ !mselves1 because !y believe on ! "o h& t ,god kn[s ev]y?+1 & on ! o!r t man has free w4 ,by a little consid]ation we discov] ! contradiction4 ,fif? ,!ory4--,?is is our !ory1 or t ( our ,law4 ,i w %[ y fir/ ! view express$ on ?is subject 9 our prophetical books1 & g5]ally accept$ by our ,sages4 ,i w !n give ! op9ion ( "s lat] au?ors among u1 & la/ly1 ,i w expla9 my own belief4 ,! !ory ( man's p]fectly free w is "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( our ,tea*] ,moses1 & ( ^? :o foll[ ! ,law4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple man does :at is 9 8 p[] to d1 by 8 nature1 8 *oice1 & 8 w2 & 8 action is n due to any faculty creat$ = ! purpose4 ,all species ( irrational animals likewise move by _! own free w4 ,?is is ! ,w ( ,god2 t is to say1 x is due to ! et]nal div9e w t all liv+ be+s %\ld move freely1 & t man %\ld h p[] to act accord+ to 8 w or *oice )9 ! limits ( 8 capacity4 ,aga9/ ?is pr9ciple we he>1 ?ank ,god1 no opposition on ! "p ( our nation4 ,ano!r fundam5tal pr9ciple taught by ! ,law ( ,moses is ?is3 ,wrong _c be ascrib$ to ,god 9 any way :atev]2 all evils & afflictions z well z all k9ds ( happ9ess ( man1 :e!r !y conc]n "o individual p]son or a community1 are di/ribut$ accord+ to ju/ice2 !y are ! result ( /rict judgm5t t admits no wrong :atev]4 ,ev5 :5 a p]son suff]s pa9 9 consequ5ce ( a ?orn hav+ ent]$ into 8 h&1 al?\gh x is at once drawn out1 x is a puni%m5t t has be5 inflict$ on him = s91 & ! lea/ pleasure he enjoys is a rew>d = "s good action2 all ?is is met$ out by /rict ju/ice2 z is said 9 ,scripture1 8all 8 ways are judgm5t0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d72 we are only ignorant ( ! work+ ( t judgm5t4 ,! diff]5t !ories are n[ fully expla9$ to y2 ev]y?+ 9 ! v>y+ human affairs is due to *ance1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 to ! ,div9e ,w alone accord+ to ! ,a%>iyah1 to ,div9e ,wisdom accord+ to ! ,mu'tazilites1 to ! m]its ( man accord+ to our op9ion4 ,x is !re=e possible1 accord+ to ! ,a%>iyah1 t ,god inflicts pa9 on a good & pi\s man 9 ?is _w1 & keeps him = ev] 9 fire1 :i* is assum$ to rage 9 ! _w to come2 !y simply say x is ! ,w ( ,god4 ,! ,mu'tazilites w\ld consid] ?is z inju/ice1 & !re=e assume t e be+1 ev5 an ant1 t is /rick5 ) pa9 9 ?is _w1 has comp5sation = x1 z has be5 m5tion$ above2 & x is due to ,god's ,wisdom t a be+ is /ruck & afflict$ 9 ord] to receive comp5sation4 ,we1 h[ev]1 believe t all ^! human affairs are manag$ ) ju/ice2 f> be x f ,god to d wrong1 to puni% any "o unless ! puni%m5t is necess>y & m]it$4 ,x is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! ,law1 t all is done 9 accordance ) ju/ice2 & ! words ( our ,sages g5]ally express ! same idea4 ,!y cle>ly say3 8,!re is no dea? )\t s91 no suff]+s )\t transgression40 7,b4 ,t4 ,%abba?1 #ee;a47 ,aga91 8,! des]ts ( man are met$ out to him 9 ! same measure :i* he himself employs40 7,mi%4 ,sotah1 i4 #g47 ,^! are ! words ( ! ,mi%nah4 ,our ,sages decl>e x :]ev] opportunity is giv51 t ! idea ( ,god necess>ily implies ju/ice2 t ,he w rew>d ! mo/ pi\s = all _! pure & upright actions1 al?\gh no direct comm&m5t 0 giv5 !m ?r\gh a prophet2 & t ,he w puni% all ! evil de$s ( m51 al?\gh !y h n be5 prohibit$ by a prophet1 if common s5se w>ns aga9/ !m1 z e4g41 inju/ice & viol5ce4 ,?us our ,sages say3 8,god does n deprive any be+ ( ! full rew>d ( its good de$0 7,b4 ,t4 ,pes4 #aah;a7 aga91 8,he :o says t ,god remits "p ( a puni%m5t1 w be puni%$ sev]ely2 ,he is long-suff]+1 b is sure to exact paym5t40 7,b4 ,t4 ,baba ,k4 #ej;a47 ,ano!r say+ is ?is3 8,he :o has receiv$ a comm&m5t & acts accord+ly is n l him :o acts 9 ! same mann] )\t be+ comm&$ to d s0 7,b4 ,t4 ,kidd4 #ca;a72 & x is di/9ctly add$ t he :o does a good ?+ )\t be+ comm&$1 receives nev]!less 8 rew>d4 ,! same pr9ciple is express$ 9 all say+s ( our ,sages4 ,b !y conta9 an additional doctr9e :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,law2 viz41 ! doctr9e ( 8afflictions ( love10 z taught by "s ( our ,sages4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e x is possible t a p]son be afflict$ )\t hav+ previ\sly committ$ any s91 9 ord] t 8 future rew>d may be increas$2 a view :i* is held by ! ,mu'tazilites1 b is n support$ by any ,scriptural text4 ,be n misl$ by ! acc\nts ( trials1 su* z 8,god tri$ ,abraham0 7,g54 xxii4 #a72 8,he afflict$ !e & made !e hungry10 etc4 7,deut4 viii4 #c72 = y w he> m on ?is subject lat] on 7*ap4 xxiv474 ,our ,law is only conc]n$ ) ! relations ( m52 b ! idea t irrational liv+ be+s %\ld receive a rew>d1 has nev] be=e be5 he>d ( 9 our nation2 ! wise m5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud d n notice x2 only "s ( ! lat] ,geonim 7 pleas$ ) x :5 !y he>d x f ! sect ( ! ,mu'tazilites1 & accept$ x4 ,my op9ion on ?is pr9ciple ( ,div9e ,provid5ce ,i w n[ expla9 to y4 ,9 ! pr9ciple :i* ,i n[ proce$ to exp\nd ,i d n rely on demon/rative pro(1 b on my conception ( ! _s ( ! ,div9e ,law1 & ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets4 ,! pr9ciple :i* ,i accept is f> less op5 to objections1 & is m reasonable ?an ! op9ions m5tion$ be=e4 ,x is ?is3 ,9 ! l[] or sublun>y portion ( ! ,univ]se ,div9e ,provid5ce does n ext5d to ! individual memb]s ( species except 9 ! case ( mank9d4 ,x is only 9 ?is species t ! incid5ts 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! individual be+s1 _! good & evil =tunes1 are ! result ( ju/ice1 9 accordance ) ! words1 8,= all ,8 ways are judgm5t40 ,b ,i agree ) ,ari/otle z reg>ds all o!r liv+ be+s1 & =tiori z reg>ds plants & all ! re/ ( e>?ly creatures4 ,= ,i d n believe t x is ?r\gh ! int]f]5ce ( ,div9e ,provid5ce t a c]ta9 leaf drops f a tree1 nor d ,i hold t :5 a c]ta9 spid] cat*es a c]ta9 fly1 t ?is is ! direct result ( a special decree & w ( ,god 9 t mom5t2 x is n by a p>ticul> ,div9e decree t ! spittle ( a c]ta9 p]son mov$1 fell on a c]ta9 gnat 9 a c]ta9 place1 & kill$ x2 nor is x by ! direct w ( ,god t a c]ta9 fi% cat*es & swall[s a c]ta9 worm on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 all ^! cases ! action is1 accord+ to my op9ion1 entirely due to *ance1 z taught by ,ari/otle4 ,div9e ,provid5ce is connect$ ) ,div9e intellectual influ5ce1 & ! same be+s :i* are b5efit$ by ! latt] s z to become intellectual1 & to compreh5d ?+s compreh5sible to rational be+s1 are also "u ! control ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 :i* exam9es all _! de$s 9 ord] to rew>d or puni% !m4 ,x may be by m]e *ance t a %ip goes d[n ) all h] cont5ts1 z 9 ! above-m5tion$ in/ance1 or ! ro( ( a h\se falls ^u ^? )92 b x is n due to *ance1 accord+ to our view1 t 9 ! "o in/ance ! m5 w5t into ! %ip1 or rema9$ 9 ! h\se 9 ! o!r in/ance2 x is due to ! w ( ,god1 & is 9 accordance ) ! ju/ice ( ,8 judgm5ts1 ! me?od ( :i* our m9d is incapable ( und]/&+4 ,i h be5 induc$ to accept ?is !ory by ! circum/ance t ,i h n met 9 any ( ! prophetical books ) a description ( ,god's ,provid5ce o!rwise ?an 9 relation to human be+s4 ,! prophets ev5 express _! surprise t ,god %\ld take notice ( man1 :o is too little & too unimportant to be wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! ,creator2 h[1 !n1 %\ld o!r liv+ creatures be consid]$ z prop] objects = ,div9e ,provid5ce6 ,comp4 8,:at is man1 t ?\ take/ k ( him80 7,ps4 cxliv4 #c72 8,:at is man1 t ?\ art m9dful ( him80 7ibid4 viii4 #h74 ,x is cle>ly express$ 9 _m ,scriptural passages t ,god provides = all m51 & controls all _! de$s--e4g41 8,he fa%ione? _! he>ts alike1 he consid]e? all _! works0 7ibid4 xxxiii4 #ae72 8,= ?9e eyes are op5 ^u all ! ways ( ! sons ( m51 to give e "o accord+ to 8 ways0 7,j]4 xxxii4 #ai74 ,aga93 8,= 8 eyes are ^u ! ways ( man1 & he see? all 8 go+s0 7,job xxxii4 #ba74 ,9 ! ,law !re occur in/ances ( ! fact t m5 are gov]n$ by ,god1 & t _! actions are exam9$ by him4 ,comp4 8,9 ! day :5 ,i visit ,i w visit _! s9 ^u !m0 7,exod4 xxxii4 #cd72 8,i w ev5 appo9t ov] y t]ror0 7,lev4 xxvi4 #af72 8,:osoev] ha? s9n$ aga9/ me1 him w ,i blot out ( my book0 7,exod4 xxxii4 #cc72 8,! same s\l w ,i de/roy0 7,lev4 xxiii4 #cj72 8,i w ev5 set my face aga9/ t s\l0 7ibid4 xx4 #f74 ,!re are _m in/ances ( ?is k9d4 ,all t is m5tion$ ( ! hi/ory ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob is a p]fect pro( t ,div9e ,provid5ce ext5ds to e man individually4 ,b ! condition ( ! individual be+s ( o!r liv+ creatures is und\bt$ly ! same z has be5 /at$ by ,ari/otle4 ,on t acc\nt x is all[$1 ev5 comm&$1 to kill animals2 we are p]mitt$ to use !m accord+ to our pleasure4 ,! view t o!r liv+ be+s are only gov]n$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 ! way describ$ by ,ari/otle1 is support$ by ! words ( ! ,prophet ,habakkuk4 ,:5 he p]ceiv$ ! victories ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & saw ! multitude ( ^? sla9 by him1 he said1 8,o ,god1 x is z if m5 7 ab&on$1 neglect$1 & unprotect$ l fi% & l worms ( ! e>?40 ,he ?us %[s t ^! classes are ab&on$4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,& make/ m5 z ! fi%es ( ! sea1 z ! creep+ ?+s1 t h no rul] ov] !m4 ,!y take up all ( !m ) ! angle10 etc4 7,hab4 i4 #ad1 #ae74 ,! prophet !n decl>es t su* is n ! case2 = ! ev5ts ref]r$ to are n ! result ( ab&onm5t1 =sak+1 & abs5ce ( ,provid5ce1 b are int5d$ z a puni%m5t = ! p1 :o well des]v$ all t befell !m4 ,he !re=e says3 8,o ,"l1 ,?\ ha/ orda9$ !m = judgm5t1 & ,o mighty ,god1 ,?\ ha/ e/abli%$ !m = correction0 7ibid4 v]4 #ab74 ,our op9ion is n contradict$ by ,scriptural passages l ! foll[+3 8,he give? to ! bea/ 8 food0 7,ps4 cxlvii4 #i72 8,! "y lions ro> aft] _! prey1 & seek _! meat f ,god0 7ibid4 civ4 #ba72 8,?\ op5e/ ?9e h&1 & satisfie/ ! desire ( e liv+ ?+0 7ibid4 cxlv4 #af72 or by ! say+ ( our ,sages3 8,he sitte? & fe$e? all1 f ! horns ( ! unicorns ev5 unto ! eggs ( insects40 ,!re are _m simil> say+s extant 9 ! writ+s ( our ,sages1 b !y imply no?+ t is contr>y to my view4 ,all ^! passages ref] to ,provid5ce 9 relation to species1 & n to ,provid5ce 9 relation to individual animals4 ,! acts ( ,god are z x 7 enum]at$2 h[ ,he provides = e species ! necess>y food & ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,?is is cle> & pla94 ,ari/otle likewise holds t ?is k9d ( ,provid5ce is necess>y1 & is 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,alex&] also notices ?is fact 9 ! "n ( ,ari/otle1 viz41 t e species has its n\ri%m5t prep>$ = its individual memb]s2 o!rwise ! species w\ld und\bt$ly h p]i%$4 ,x does n require mu* consid]ation to und]/& ?is4 ,!re is a rule laid d[n by our ,sages t x is directly prohibit$ 9 ! ,law to cause pa9 to an animal1 & is bas$ on ! words3 8,:]e=e ha/ ?\ smitt5 ?9e ass80 etc4 7,num4 xxii4 #cb74 ,b ! object ( ?is rule is to make u p]fect2 t we %\ld n assume cruel habits2 & t we %\ld n uselessly cause pa9 to o!rs2 t1 on ! contr>y1 we %\ld be prep>$ to %[ pity & m]cy to all liv+ creatures1 except :5 necessity dem&s ! contr>y3 8,:5 ?y s\l longe? to eat fle%10 etc4 7,deut4 xii4 #bj74 ,we %\ld n kill animals = ! purpose ( practis+ cruelty1 or = ! purpose ( play4 ,x _c be object$ to ?is !ory1 ,:y %\ld ,god select mank9d z ! object ( ,8 special ,provid5ce1 & n o!r liv+ be+s8 ,= he :o asks ?is "q mu/ also inquire1 ,:y has man alone1 ( all species ( animals1 be5 end[$ ) intellect8 ,! answ] to ?is second "q mu/ be1 accord+ to ! ?ree a=e-m5tion$ !ories3 ,x 0 ! ,w ( ,god1 x is ! decree ( ,8 ,wisdom1 or x is 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ,nature4 ,! same answ]s apply to ! fir/ "q4 ,und]/& ?or\ghly my !ory1 t ,i d n ascribe to ,god ignorance ( any?+ or any k9d ( weakness2 ,i hold t ,div9e ,provid5ce is relat$ & closely connect$ ) ! intellect1 because ,provid5ce c only proce$ f an intellig5t be+1 f a be+ t is itself ! mo/ p]fect ,intellect4 ,^? creatures1 !re=e1 :i* receive "p ( t intellectual influ5ce1 w become subject to ! action ( ,provid5ce 9 ! same proportion z !y are act$ ^u by ! ,intellect4 ,?is !ory is 9 accordance ) reason & ) ! tea*+ ( ,scripture1 :il/ ! o!r !ories previ\sly m5tion$ ei!r exagg]ate ,div9e ,provid5ce or detract f x4 ,9 ! =m] case !y lead to confusion & entire nons5se1 & cause u to d5y reason & to contradict t :i* is p]ceiv$ ) ! s5ses4 ,! latt] case1 viz41 ! !ory t ,div9e ,provid5ce does n ext5d to man1 & t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 man & o!r animals1 implies v bad notions ab\t ,god2 x di/urbs all social ord]1 removes & de/roys all ! moral & intellectual virtues ( man4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,hav+ %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t ( all liv+ be+s mank9d alone is directly "u ! control ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ,i w n[ add ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ,x is an e/abli%$ fact t species h no exi/5ce except 9 our own m9ds4 ,species & o!r classes are m]ely ideas =m$ 9 our m9ds1 :il/ ev]y?+ 9 real exi/5ce is an individual object1 or an aggregate ( individual objects4 ,?is be+ grant$1 x mu/ fur!r be admitt$ t ! result ( ! exi/+ ,div9e influ5ce1 t rea*es mank9d ?r\gh ! human intellect1 is id5tical ) individual intellects really 9 exi/5ce1 ) :i*1 e4g41 ,zeid1 ,amr1 ,kal$ & ,bekr1 are end[$4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 9 accordance ) :at ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ! great] ! %>e is :i* a p]son has obta9$ ( ?is ,div9e influ5ce1 on acc\nt ( bo? 8 physical pr$isposition & 8 tra9+1 ! great] mu/ also be ! effect ( ,div9e ,provid5ce ^u him1 = ! action ( ,div9e ,provid5ce is proportional to ! end[m5t ( intellect1 z has be5 m5tion$ above4 ,! relation ( ,div9e ,provid5ce is !re=e n ! same to all m52 ! great] ! human p]fection a p]son has atta9$1 ! great] ! b5efit he d]ives f ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,?is b5efit is v great 9 ! case ( prophets1 & v>ies accord+ to ! degree ( _! prophetic faculty2 z x v>ies 9 ! case ( pi\s & good m5 accord+ to _! piety & uprightness4 ,= x is ! int5sity ( ! ,div9e intellectual influ5ce t has inspir$ ! prophets1 guid$ ! good 9 _! actions1 & p]fect$ ! wisdom ( ! pi\s4 ,9 ! same proportion z ignorant & disob$i5t p]sons are defici5t 9 t ,div9e influ5ce1 _! condition is inf]ior1 & _! rank equal to t ( irrational be+s2 & !y are 8l unto ! bea/s0 7,ps4 xlix4 #ba74 ,= ?is reason x 0 n only consid]$ a light ?+ to slay !m1 b x 0 ev5 directly comm&$ = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,?is belief t ,god provides = e individual human be+ 9 accordance ) 8 m]its is "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* ! ,law is f\nd$4 ,consid] h[ ! action ( ,div9e ,provid5ce is describ$ 9 ref]5ce to e incid5t 9 ! lives ( ! patri>*s1 to _! occupations1 & ev5 to _! passions1 & h[ ,god promis$ to direct ,8 att5tion to !m4 ,?us ,god said to ,abraham1 8,i am ?y %ield0 7,g54 xv4 #a72 to ,isaac1 8,i w be ) !e1 & ,i w bless !e0 7ibid4 xxvi4 #c72 to ,jacob1 8,i am ) !e1 & w keep !e0 7ibid4 xxviii4 #ae72 to ,moses ! *ief ( ! ,prophets1 8,c]ta9ly ,i w be ) !e1 & ?is %all be a tok5 unto !e0 7,exod4 iii4 #ab72 to ,jo%ua1 8,z ,i 0 ) ,moses1 s ,i %all be ) !e0 7,jo%4 i4 #e74 ,x is cle> t 9 all ^! cases ! action ( ,provid5ce has be5 proportional to man's p]fection4 ,! foll[+ v]se describes h[ ,provid5ce protects good & pi\s m51 & ab&ons fools2 8,he w keep ! feet ( 8 sa9ts1 & ! wick$ %all be sil5t 9 d>kness2 = by /r5g? %all no man prevail0 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #i74 ,:5 we see t "s m5 escape plagues & mi%aps1 :il/ o!rs p]i% by !m1 we mu/ n attribute ?is to a diff]5ce 9 ! prop]ties ( _! bodies1 or 9 _! physical con/itution1 8= by /r5g? %all no man prevail02 b x mu/ be attribut$ to _! diff]5t degrees ( p]fection1 "s approa*+ ,god1 :il/ o!rs mov+ away f ,him4 ,^? :o approa* ,him are be/ protect$1 & 8,he w keep ! feet ( 8 sa9ts02 b ^? :o keep f> away f ,him are left expos$ to :at may befall !m2 !re is no?+ t c\ld protect !m f :at might happ52 !y are l ^? :o walk 9 d>kness1 & are c]ta9 to /umble4 ,! protection ( ! pi\s by ,provid5ce is also express$ 9 ! foll[+ passages3--8,he keepe? all 8 bones10 etc4 7,ps4 xxxiv4 #ba72 8,! eyes ( ! ,"l are ^u ! righte\s0 7ibid4 v]4 #af72 8,he %all call ^u me & ,i %all answ] him0 7ibid4 xci4 #ae74 ,!re are 9 ,scripture _m m passages express+ ! pr9ciple t m5 enjoy ,div9e protection 9 proportion to _! p]fection & piety4 ,! philosoph]s h likewise discuss$ ?is subject4 ,abu-nasr1 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's ,nikoma*ean ,e?ics1 says z foll[s3--,^? :o possess ! faculty ( rais+ _! s\ls f virtue to virtue obta91 accord+ to ,plato1 ,div9e protection to a high] degree4 ,n[ consid] h[ by ?is me?od ( reason+ we h arriv$ at ! tru? taught by ! ,prophets1 t e p]son has 8 individual %>e ( ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 proportion to 8 p]fection4 ,= philosophical rese>* leads to ?is conclusion1 if we assume1 z has be5 m5tion$ above1 t ,div9e ,provid5ce is 9 ea* case proportional to ! p]son's intellectual developm5t4 ,x is wrong to say t ,div9e ,provid5ce ext5ds only to ! species1 & n to individual be+s1 z "s ( ! philosoph]s tea*4 ,= only individual be+s h real exi/5ce1 & individual be+s are end[$ ) ,div9e ,intellect2 ,div9e ,provid5ce acts1 !re=e1 ^u ^! individual be+s4 ,/udy ?is *apt] z x ought to be /udi$2 y w f9d 9 x all ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law2 y w see t ^! are 9 con=mity ) philosophical speculation1 & all difficulties w be remov$2 y w h a cle> idea ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! v>i\s philosophical op9ions on ,provid5ce1 & on ! mann] h[ ,god gov]ns ! ,univ]se1 ,i w briefly /ate ! op9ion ( our co-religioni/s on ! ,omnisci5ce ( ,god1 & :at ,i h to rem>k on ?is subject4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,x is und\bt$ly an innate idea t ,god mu/ be p]fect 9 e respect & _c be defici5t 9 any?+4 ,x is almo/ an innate idea t ignorance 9 any?+ is a defici5cy1 & t ,god c !re=e n be ignorant ( any?+4 ,b "s ?9k]s assume1 z ,i said be=e1 haughtily & exult+ly1 t ,god kn[s c]ta9 ?+s & is ignorant ( c]ta9 o!r ?+s4 ,!y did s because !y imag9$ t !y discov]$ a c]ta9 abs5ce ( ord] 9 man's affairs1 mo/ ( :i* are n only ! result ( physical prop]ties1 b also ( ^? faculties :i* he possesses z a be+ end[$ ) free w & reason4 ,! ,prophets h already /at$ ! pro( :i* ignorant p]sons (f] = _! belief t ,god does n "k our actions2 viz41 ! fact t wick$ p are se5 9 happ9ess1 ease1 & peace4 ,?is fact leads also righte\s & pi\s p]sons to ?9k t x is ( no use = !m to aim at t :i* is good & to suff] = x ?r\gh ! opposition ( o!r p4 ,b ! ,prophets at ! same "t relate h[ _! own ?\ghts 7 engag$ on ?is "q1 & h[ !y 7 at la/ conv9c$ t 9 ! in/ances to :i* ^! argum5ts ref]1 only ! end & n ! beg9n+ ought to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ^! reflections 7,ps4 lxxiii4 #aa1 seq473 8,& !y say1 ,h[ does ,god "k8 & is !re k 9 ! ,mo/ ,high8 ,behold1 ^! are ! ungodly :o prosp] 9 ! _w2 !y increase 9 ri*es4 ,v]ily ,i h cleans$ my he>t 9 va91 & wa%$ my h&s 9 innoc5cy40 ,he !n cont9ues1 8,:5 ,i ?\ght to "k ?is1 x 0 too pa9ful = me1 until ,i w5t into ! sanctu>y ( ,god2 !n und]/ood ,i _! end4 ,surely ?\ did/ set !m 9 slipp]y places2 ?\ ca/$/ !m d[n into de/ruction4 ,h[ are !y br\ght into desolation1 z 9 a mom5t6 ,!y are utt]ly consum$ ) t]rors40 ,! v same ideas h also be5 express$ by ! prophet ,mala*i1 = he says ?us 7,mal4 iii4 #ac-ah73 8,y\r words h be5 /\t aga9/ me1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,z y h said1 ,x is va9 to s]ve ,god2 & :at pr(it is x t we h kept 8 ord9ance1 & t we h walk$ m\rnfully be=e ! ,"l ( ho/s8 ,& n[ we call ! pr\d happy2 yea1 !y t "w wick$ness are set up2 yea1 !y t tempt ,god are ev5 deliv]$4 ,!n !y t fe>$ ! ,"l spake (t5 "o to ano!r1 etc4 ,!n %all ye return & disc]n betwe5 ! righte\s & ! wick$1 betwe5 him t s]ve? ,god & him t s]ve? him n40 ,david likewise %[s h[ g5]al ?is view 0 9 8 "t1 & h[ x l$ & caus$ p to s9 & to oppress "o ano!r4 ,at fir/ he argues aga9/ ?is !ory1 & !n he decl>es t ,god is omnisci5t4 ,he says z foll[s3--8,!y slay ! wid[ & ! /rang]1 & murd] ! fa!rless4 ,yet !y say1 ,! ,"l %all n see1 nei!r %all ! ,god ( ,jacob reg>d x4 ,und]/&1 ye bruti% among ! p1 & ye fools1 :5 w y be wise8 ,he t plant$ ! e>1 %all he n he>8 ,he t =m$ ! eye1 %all he n see8 ,he t *a/ise? nations1 %all n he correct8 or he t tea*e? man k80 ,i w n[ %[ y ! mean+ ( ^! argum5ts1 b fir/ ,i w po9t out h[ ! oppon5ts to ! words ( ! ,prophets misund]/ood ?is passage4 ,_m ye>s ago "s intellig5t co-religioni/s--!y 7 physicians--told me t !y 7 surpris$ at ! words ( ,david2 = x w\ld foll[ f 8 argum5ts t ! ,creator ( ! m\? mu/ eat & ! ,creator ( ! lungs mu/ cry2 ! same applies to all o!r organs ( our body4 ,y :o /udy ?is treatise ( m9e1 consid] h[ grossly !y misund]/ood ,david's argum5ts4 ,he> n[ :at its true mean+ is3 ,he :o produces a vessel mu/ h _h 9 8 m9d an idea ( ! use ( t in/rum5t1 o!rwise he c\ld n h produc$ x4 ,if1 e4g41 ! smi? _h n =m$ an idea ( sew+ & possess$ a k ( x1 ! ne$le w\ld n h _h ! =m s indisp5sable = sew+4 ,! same is ! case ) all in/rum5ts4 ,:5 "s philosoph] ?\ght t ,god1 ^: p]ception is purely intellectual1 has no k ( individual ?+s1 :i* are p]ceivable only by ! s5ses1 ,david takes 8 argum5t f ! exi/5ce ( ! s5ses1 & argues ?us3--,if ! s5se ( sight _h be5 utt]ly unkn[n to ,god1 h[ c\ld ,he h produc$ t organ ( ! s5se ( sight8 ,d y ?9k t x 0 by *ance t a transp>5t hum\r 0 =m$1 & !n ano!r hum\r ) c]ta9 simil> prop]ties1 & besides a membrane :i* by accid5t _h a hole cov]$ ) a h>d5$ transp>5t sub/ance8 9 %ort1 consid]+ ! hum\r ( ! eye1 9 membranes & n]ves1 ) _! well-kn[n functions1 & _! adaptation to ! purpose ( sight1 c any intellig5t p]son imag9e t all ?is is due to *ance8 ,c]ta9ly n2 we see "h necess>ily design 9 nature1 z has be5 %[n by all physicians & philosoph]s2 b z nature is n an intellectual be+1 & is n capable ( gov]n+ ! univ]se1 z has be5 accept$ by all philosoph]s1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 :i* %[s signs ( design1 orig9ates1 accord+ to ! philosoph]s1 9 an intellectual cause1 b is accord+ to our view ! result ( ! action ( an intellectual be+1 t end[s ev]y?+ ) its natural prop]ties4 ,if ?is intellect 7 incapable ( p]ceiv+ or kn[+ any ( ! actions ( e>?ly be+s1 h[ c\ld ,he h creat$1 or1 accord+ to ! o!r !ory1 caus$ to emanate f ,himself1 prop]ties t br+ ab\t ^? actions ( :i* ,he is suppos$ to h no k8 ,david correctly calls ^? :o believe 9 ?is !ory brutes & fools4 ,he !n proce$s to expla9 t ! error is due to our defective und]/&+2 t ,god end[$ u ) ! intellect :i* is ! means ( our compreh5sion1 & :i* on acc\nt ( its insuffici5cy to =m a true idea ( ,god has become ! s\rce ( great d\bts2 t ,he !re=e kn[s :at our defects are1 & h[ wor?less ! d\bts are :i* orig9ate 9 our faulty reason+4 ,! ,psalmi/ !re=e says3 8,he :o tea*es man k1 ! ,"l1 kn[e? ! ?\ghts ( man t !y are vanity0 7ibid4 xciv4 #aj-aa74 ,my object 9 ?is *apt] 0 to %[ h[ ! belief ( ! ignorant1 t ,god does n notice ! affairs ( man because !y are unc]ta9 & unsy/ematic1 is v anci5t4 ,comp4 8,& ! ,israelites utt]$ ?+s t 7 n "r aga9/ ! ,"l0 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #i74 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is passage ! ,midra% says3 8,:at h !y utt]$8 ,?is ,pill> i4e41 ,god does n see1 nor he>1 nor speak02 i4e41 !y imag9e t ,god takes no notice ( e>?ly affairs1 t ! ,prophets receiv$ ( ,god nei!r affirmative nor negative precepts2 !y imag9e s1 simply because human affairs are n arrang$ z e p]son w\ld ?9k x desirable4 ,see+ t ^! are n 9 accordance ) _! wi%1 !y say1 8,! ,"l does n see u0 7,ezek4 viii4 #ab74 ,zephaniah 7i4 #ab7 also describes ^? ignorant p]sons 8:o say 9 _! he>t ! ,"l w n d good1 nei!r w he d evil40 ,i w tell y my own op9ion z reg>ds ! !ory t ,god kn[s all ?+s on e>?1 b ,i w be=e /ate "s propositions :i* are g5]ally adopt$1 & ! correctness ( :i* no intellig5t p]son c dispute4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,x is g5]ally agre$ ^u t ,god _c at a c]ta9 "t acquire k :i* ,he did n possess previ\sly2 x is fur!r impossible t ,8 k %\ld include any plurality1 ev5 accord+ to ^? :o admit ! ,div9e attributes4 ,z ^! ?+s h be5 fully prov$1 we1 :o ass]t ! tea*+ ( ! ,law1 believe t ,god's k ( _m ?+s does n imply any plurality2 ,8 k does n *ange l ours :5 ! objects ( ,8 k *ange4 ,simil>ly we say t ! v>i\s ev5ts are kn[n to ,him be=e !y take place2 ,he con/antly kn[s !m1 & !re=e no fre% k is acquir$ by ,him4 ,e4g41 ,he kn[s t a c]ta9 p]son is non-exi/5t at pres5t1 w come to exi/5ce at a c]ta9 "t1 w cont9ue to exi/ = "s "t1 & w !n cease to exi/4 ,:5 ?is p]son1 9 accordance ) ,god's =ekn[l$ge conc]n+ him1 comes into exi/5ce1 ,god's k is n increas$2 x conta9s no?+ t x did n conta9 be=e1 b some?+ has tak5 place t 0 kn[n previ\sly exactly z x has tak5 place4 ,?is !ory implies t ,god's k ext5ds to ?+s n 9 exi/5ce1 & includes also ! inf9ite4 ,we nev]!less accept x1 & cont5d t we may attribute to ,god ! k ( a ?+ :i* does n yet exi/1 b ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,god =esees & is able to effect4 ,b t :i* nev] exi/s _c be an object ( ,8 k2 j z our k does n comprise ?+s :i* we consid] z non-exi/+4 ,a d\bt has be5 rais$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,8 k includes ! inf9ite4 ,"s ?9k]s assume t k has ! species = its object1 & !re=e ext5ds at ! same "t to all individual memb]s ( ! species4 ,?is view is tak5 by e man :o adh]es to a reveal$ religion & foll[s ! dictates ( reason4 ,philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 h decid$ t ! object ( k _c be a non-exi/+ ?+1 & t x _c comprise t :i* is inf9ite4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ,god's k does n admit ( any increase1 x is impossible t ,he %\ld "k any transi5t ?+4 ,he only kn[s t :i* is con/ant & un*angeable4 ,o!r philosoph]s rais$ ! foll[+ objection3 ,god does n "k ev5 ?+s t rema9 con/ant2 = ,8 k w\ld !n include a plurality accord+ to ! numb] ( objects kn[n2 ! k ( e ?+ be+ di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 peculi>ity ( ! ?+4 ,god !re=e only kn[s ,8 own ess5ce4 ,my op9ion is ?is3 ! cause ( ! error ( all ^! s*ools is _! belief t ,god's k is l ours2 ea* s*ool po9ts to some?+ )held f our k1 & ei!r assumes t ! same mu/ be ! case 9 ,god's k1 or at lea/ f9ds "s difficulty h[ to expla9 x4 ,we mu/ blame ! philosoph]s 9 ?is respect m ?an any o!r p]sons1 because !y demon/rat$ t !re is no plurality 9 ,god1 & t ,he has no attribute t is n id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce2 ,8 k & ,8 ess5ce are "o & ! same ?+2 !y likewise demon/rat$1 z we h %[n1 t our intellect & our k are insuffici5t to compreh5d ! true idea ( ,8 ess5ce4 ,h[ !n c !y imag9e t !y compreh5d ,8 k1 :i* is id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce2 see+ t our incapacity to compreh5d ,8 ess5ce prev5ts u f und]/&+ ! way h[ ,he kn[s objects8 = ,8 k is n ( ! same k9d z ours1 b totally diff]5t f x & admitt+ ( no analogy4 ,& z !re is an ,ess5ce ( indep5d5t exi/5ce1 :i* is1 z ! philosoph]s call x1 ! ,cause ( ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s1 or1 z we say1 ! ,creator ( ev]y?+ t exi/s beside ,him1 s we also assume t ?is ,ess5ce kn[s ev]y?+1 t no?+ :atev] ( all t exi/s is hidd5 f x1 & t ! k attribut$ to ?is ess5ce has no?+ 9 common ) our k1 j z t ess5ce is 9 no way l our ess5ce4 ,! homonymity ( ! t]m 8k0 misl$ p2 !y =got t only ! words are ! same1 b ! ?+s designat$ by !m are diff]5t2 & !re=e !y came to ! absurd conclusion t t :i* is requir$ = our k is also requir$ = ,god's k4 ,besides1 ,i f9d x express$ 9 v>i\s passages ( ,scripture t ! fact t ,god kn[s ?+s :ile 9 a /ate ( possibility1 :5 _! exi/5ce belongs to ! future1 does n *ange ! nature ( ! possible 9 any way2 t nature rema9s un*ang$2 & ! k ( ! realization ( "o ( sev]al possibilities does n yet effect t realization4 ,?is is likewise "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,moses1 conc]n+ :i* !re is no d\bt nor any dispute4 ,o!rwise x w\ld n h be5 said1 8,& ?\ %alt make a battlem5t = ?y ro(10 etc4 7,deut4 xxii4 #h71 or 8,le/ he die 9 ! battle1 & ano!r man take h]0 7ibid4 xx4 #g74 ,! fact t laws 7 giv5 to man1 bo? affirmative & negative1 supports ! pr9ciple1 t ,god's k ( future & possible ev5ts does n *ange _! "*4 ,! great d\bt t pres5ts itself to our m9d is ! result ( ! insuffici5cy ( our intellect4 ,consid] 9 h[ _m ways ,8 k is di/+ui%$ f ours accord+ to all ! tea*+ ( e reveal$ religion4 ,fir/1 ,8 k is "o1 & yet embraces _m diff]5t k9ds ( objects4 ,secondly1 x is appli$ to ?+s n 9 exi/5ce4 ,?irdly1 x compreh5ds ! inf9ite4 ,f\r?ly1 x rema9s un*ang$1 ?\gh x comprises ! k ( *angeable ?+s2 :il/ x seems 9 ref]5ce to ourselves t ! k ( a ?+ t is to come into exi/5ce is diff]5t f ! k ( ! ?+ :5 x has come into exi/5ce2 because !re is ! additional k ( its transition f a /ate ( pot5tiality into t ( reality4 ,fif?ly1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( our ,law1 ,god's k ( "o ( two ev5tualities does n det]m9e x1 h[ev] c]ta9 t k may be conc]n+ ! future occurr5ce ( ! "o ev5tuality4--,n[ ,i wond] :at our k has 9 common ) ,god's k1 accord+ to ^? :o treat ,god's k z an attribute4 ,is !re any?+ else common to bo? besides ! m]e "n8 ,accord+ to our !ory t ,god's k is n diff]5t f ,8 ess5ce1 !re is an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ,8 k & ours1 l ! di/9ction betwe5 ! sub/ance ( ! heav5s & t ( ! e>?4 ,! ,prophets h cle>ly express$ ?is4 ,comp4 8,= my ?\ghts are n y\r ?\ghts1 nei!r are y\r ways my ways1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,= z ! heav5s are high] ?an ! e>?1 s are my ways high] ?an y\r ways0 7,isa4 lv4 #h-i74 ,9 %ort1 z we _c accurately compreh5d ,8 ess5ce1 & yet we "k t ,8 exi/5ce is mo/ p]fect1 free f all admixture ( defici5cy1 *ange1 or passiv5ess1 s we h no correct notion ( ,8 k1 because x is no?+ b ,8 ess5ce1 & yet we are conv9c$ t ,he does n at "o "t obta9 k :i* ,he _h n be=e2 i4e41 ,he obta9s no new k1 ,he does n increase x1 & x is n f9ite2 no?+ ( all exi/+ ?+s escapes ,8 k1 b _! nature is n *ang$ !reby2 t :i* is possible rema9s possible4 ,e argum5t t seems to contradict any ( ^! /atem5ts is f\nd$ on ! nature ( our k1 t has only ! "n 9 common ) ,god's k4 ,! same applies to ! t]m int5tion2 x is homonym\sly employ$ to designate our int5tion t[>ds a c]ta9 ?+1 & ! int5tion ( ,god4 ,! t]m 8managem5t0 7,provid5ce7 is likewise homonym\sly us$ ( our managem5t ( a c]ta9 ?+1 & ( ,god's managem5t4 ,9 fact managem5t1 k1 & int5tion are n ! same :5 ascrib$ to u & :5 ascrib$ to ,god4 ,:5 ^! ?ree t]ms are tak5 9 bo? cases 9 ! same s5se1 great difficulties mu/ arise2 b :5 x is notic$ t !re is a great diff]5ce :e!r a ?+ x pr$icat$ ( ,god or ( u1 ! tru? w become cle>4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* is ascrib$ to ,god & t :i* is ascrib$ to man is express$ 9 ! words above m5tion$1 8,& y\r ways are n my ways40 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! k :i* ! produc] ( a ?+ possesses conc]n+ x1 & ! k :i* o!r p]sons possess conc]n+ ! same ?+4 ,suppose a ?+ is produc$ 9 accordance ) ! k ( ! produc]1 ! produc] 0 !n guid$ by 8 k 9 ! act ( produc+ ! ?+4 ,o!r p1 h[ev]1 :o exam9e ?is "w & acquire a k ( ! :ole ( x1 dep5d = t k on ! "w itself4 ,e4g41 ,an artisan makes a box 9 :i* weights move ) ! runn+ ( ! wat]1 & ?us indicate h[ _m h\rs h pass$ ( ! day & ( ! night4 ,! :ole quantity ( ! wat] t is to run out1 ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* x runs1 e ?read t is drawn1 & e little ball t desc5ds--all ?is is fully p]ceiv$ by him :o makes ! clock2 & 8 k is n ! result ( obs]v+ ! movem5ts z !y are actually go+ on2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! movem5ts are produc$ 9 accordance ) 8 k4 ,b ano!r p]son :o looks at t in/rum5t w receive fre% k at e movem5t he p]ceives2 ! long] he looks on1 ! m k does he acquire2 he w gradually increase 8 k till he fully und]/&s ! ma*9]y4 ,if an inf9ite numb] ( movem5ts 7 assum$ = ?is in/rum5t1 he w\ld nev] be able to complete 8 k4 ,besides1 he _c "k any ( ! movem5ts be=e !y take place1 s9ce he only kn[s !m f _! actual occurr5ce4 ,! same is ! case ) e object1 & its relation to our k & ,god's k ( x4 ,:atev] we "k ( ! ?+s is d]iv$ f obs]vation2 on t acc\nt x is impossible = u to "k t :i* w take place 9 future1 or t :i* is inf9ite4 ,our k is acquir$ & increas$ 9 proportion to ! ?+s kn[n by u4 ,?is is n ! case ) ,god4 ,8 k ( ?+s is n d]iv$ f ! ?+s !mselves2 if ?is 7 ! case1 !re w\ld be *ange & plurality 9 ,8 k2 on ! contr>y1 ! ?+s are 9 accordance ) ,8 et]nal k1 :i* has e/abli%$ _! actual prop]ties1 & made "p ( !m purely spiritual1 ano!r "p mat]ial & con/ant z reg>ds its individual memb]s1 a ?ird "p mat]ial & *angeable z reg>ds ! individual be+s accord+ to et]nal & con/ant laws4 ,plurality1 acquisition1 & *ange 9 ,8 k is !re=e impossible4 ,he fully kn[s ,8 un*angeable ess5ce1 & has ?us a k ( all t results f any ( ,8 acts4 ,if we 7 to try to und]/& 9 :at mann] ?is is done1 x w\ld be ! same z if we tri$ to be ! same z ,god1 & to make our k id5tical ) ,8 k4 ,^? :o seek ! tru?1 & admit :at is true1 mu/ believe t no?+ is hidd5 f ,god2 t ev]y?+ is reveal$ to ,8 k1 :i* is id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce2 t ?is k9d ( k _c be compreh5d$ by u2 = if we knew its me?od1 we w\ld possess t intellect by :i* su* k c\ld be acquir$4 ,su* intellect does n exi/ except 9 ,god1 & is at ! same "t ,8 ess5ce4 ,note ?is well1 = ,i ?9k t ?is is an excell5t idea1 & leads to correct views2 no error w be f\nd 9 x2 no dialectical argum5t2 x does n lead to any absurd conclusion1 nor to ascrib+ any defect to ,god4 ,^! sublime & pr(\nd !mes admit ( no pro( :atev]1 nei!r accord+ to our op9ion :o believe 9 ! tea*+ ( ,scripture1 nor accord+ to ! philosoph]s :o disagree & are mu* divid$ on ?is "q4 ,9 all que/ions t _c be demon/rat$1 we mu/ adopt ! me?od :i* we h adopt$ 9 ?is "q ab\t ,god's ,omnisci5ce4 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,! /range & wond]ful ,book ( ,job treats ( ! same subject z we are discuss+2 its basis is a fiction1 conceiv$ = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! diff]5t op9ions :i* p hold on ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,y "k t "s ( our ,sages cle>ly /at$ ,job has nev] exi/$1 & has nev] be5 creat$1 & t he is a poetic fiction4 ,^? :o assume t he has exi/$1 & t ! book is hi/orical1 are unable to det]m9e :5 & :]e ,job liv$4 ,"s ( our ,sages say t he liv$ 9 ! days ( ! ,patri>*s2 o!rs hold t he 0 a contempor>y ( ,moses2 o!rs place him 9 ! days ( ,david1 & aga9 o!rs believe t he 0 "o ( ^? :o return$ f ! ,babylonian exile4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion supports ! assumption t he has nev] exi/$ 9 reality4 ,b :e!r he has exi/$ or n1 t :i* is relat$ ( him is an exp]i5ce ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 is a s\rce ( p]plexity to all ?9k]s1 & has sugge/$ ! above-m5tion$ op9ions on ,god's ,omnisci5ce & ,provid5ce4 ,?is p]plexity is caus$ by ! acc\nt t a simple & p]fect p]son1 :o is upright 9 8 actions1 & v anxi\s to ab/a9 f s91 is afflict$ by successive mis=tunes1 namely1 by loss ( prop]ty1 by ! dea? ( 8 *ildr51 & by bodily disease1 ?\gh he has n committ$ any s94 ,accord+ to bo? !ories1 viz41 ! !ory t ,job did exi/1 & ! !ory t he did n exi/1 ! introduction to ! book is c]ta9ly a fiction2 ,i mean ! portion :i* relates to ! words ( ! adv]s>y1 ! words ( ,god to ! =m]1 & ! h&+ ov] ( ,job to him4 ,?is fiction1 h[ev]1 is 9 s f> diff]5t f o!r fictions t x includes pr(\nd ideas & great my/]ies1 removes great d\bts1 & reveals ! mo/ important tru?s4 ,i w discuss x z fully z possible2 & ,i w also tell y ! words ( our ,sages t sugge/$ to me ! explanation ( ?is great poem4 ,fir/1 consid] ! words3 8,!re 0 a man 9 ! l& ,u40 ,! t]m ,u has diff]5t mean+s2 x is us$ z a prop] n\n4 ,comp4 8,u1 8 fir/-born0 7,g54 xxii4 #ba72 x is also imp]ative ( ! v]b ,u1 8to take advice40 ,comp4 uu1 8take c\nsel0 7,isa4 viii4 #aj74 ,! "n ,u !re=e expresses ! exhortation to consid] well ?is lesson1 /udy x1 grasp its ideas1 & compreh5d !m1 9 ord] to see :i* is ! "r view4 8,! sons ( ,god !n came to pres5t !mselves be=e ! ,"l1 & ! adv]s>y came also among !m & 9 _! numb]0 7*ap4 i4 #f1 ii4 #a74 ,x is n said3 8,& ! sons ( ,god & ! adv]s>y came to pres5t !mselves be=e ! ,"l02 ?is s5t5ce w\ld h impli$ t ! exi/5ce ( all t came 0 ( ! same k9d & rank4 ,! words us$ are ^!3 8,& ! sons ( ,god came to pres5t !mselves be=e ! ,"l1 & ! adv]s>y came also among !m40 ,su* a phrase is only us$ 9 ref]5ce to "o t comes )\t be+ expect$ or invit$2 he only comes among o!rs ^: com+ has be5 s\ght4 ,! adv]s>y is !n describ$ z go+ to & fro on ! e>?1 & walk+ up & d[n !reon4 ,he is 9 no relation to ! be+s above1 & has no place among !m4 ,= ?is reason x is said1 8f go+ to & fro on ! e>?1 & walk+ up & d[n on x10 = 8 8go+0 & 8walk+0 c only take place on ! e>?4 ,job1 ! simple & righte\s man1 is giv5 & h&$ ov] to ! adv]s>y2 :atev] evils & mis=tunes befell ,job z reg>ds 8 prop]ty1 *ildr51 & heal?1 7 all caus$ by ?is adv]s>y4 ,:5 ?is idea is suffici5tly indicat$1 ! au?or beg9s to reflect on x2 "o op9ion ,job is repres5t$ to hold1 :il/ o!r op9ions are def5d$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,i w fur!r on exp\nd ^! op9ions :i* =m$ ! sub/ance ( ! discussion on ! mis=tunes ( ,job1 caus$ by ! adv]s>y alone4 ,job1 z well z 8 fri5ds1 7 ( op9ion t ,god ,himself 0 ! direct ag5t ( :at happ5$1 & t ! adv]s>y 0 n ! int]m$iate cause4 ,x is rem>kable 9 ?is acc\nt t wisdom is n ascrib$ to ,job4 ,! text does n say he 0 an intellig5t1 wise1 or clev] man2 b virtues & uprightness1 especially 9 actions1 are ascrib$ to him4 ,if he 7 wise he w\ld n h any d\bt ab\t ! cause ( 8 suff]+1 z w be %[n lat] on4 ,besides1 8 mis=tunes are enum]at$ 9 ! same ord] z !y rank 9 man's e/imation4 ,!re are "s :o are n p]plex$ or disc\rag$ by loss ( prop]ty1 ?9k+ little ( x2 b are t]rifi$ :5 !y are ?reat5$ ) ! dea? ( _! *ildr5 & are kill$ by _! anxiety4 ,!re are o!rs :o be> )\t %ock or fa9t+ ev5 ! loss ( _! *ildr51 b no "o end[$ ) s5sation is able to be> bodily pa94 ,we g5]ally extol ,god 9 words1 & praise ,him z righte\s & b5evol5t1 :5 we prosp] & are happy1 or :5 ! grief we h to be> is mod]ate4 ,b x is o!rwise :5 su* tr\bles z are describ$ 9 ,job come ov] u4 ,"s ( u d5y ,god1 & believe t !re is no rule 9 ! ,univ]se1 ev5 if only _! prop]ty is lo/4 ,o!rs reta9 _! fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( ju/ice & ord]1 ev5 :5 suff]+ f loss ( prop]ty1 :]eas loss ( *ildr5 is too mu* affliction = !m4 ,o!rs rema9 firm 9 _! fai?1 ev5 ) ! loss ( _! *ildr52 b !re is no "o :o c pati5tly be> ! pa9 t rea*es 8 own p]son2 he !n murmurs & compla9s ( inju/ice ei!r 9 8 he>t or ) 8 tongue4 ,n[ consid] t ! phrase1 8to pres5t !mselves be=e ! ,"l10 is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! sons ( ,god1 bo? ! fir/ & ! second times1 b 9 ref]5ce to ! adv]s>y1 :o appe>$ on ei!r occasion among !m & 9 _! numb]1 ?is phrase is n us$ ! fir/ "t1 :il/ 9 8 second appe>ance 8! adv]s>y also came among !m to pres5t himself be=e ! ,"l40 ,consid] ?is1 & see h[ v extraord9>y x is6--,^! ideas pres5t$ !mselves l an inspiration to me4--,! phrase1 8to pres5t !mselves be=e ! ,"l10 implies t !y are be+s :o are =c$ by ,god's comm& to d :at ,he desires4 ,?is may be inf]r$ f ! words ( ! prophet ,ze*>iah conc]n+ ! f\r *>iots t came =?4 ,he says3 8,& ! angel answ]$ & said to me1 ,^! f\r w9ds ( ! heav5s come =? f pres5t+ !mselves be=e ! ,"l ( ! :ole e>?0 7,ze*4 vi4 #e74 ,x is cle> t ! relation ( ! sons ( ,god to ! ,univ]se is n ! same z t ( ! adv]s>y4 ,! relation ( ! sons ( ,god is m con/ant & m p]man5t4 ,! adv]s>y has also "s relation to ! ,univ]se1 b x is inf]ior to t ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,x is also rem>kable 9 ?is acc\nt t 9 ! description ( ! adv]s>y's w&]+ ab\t on ! e>?1 & 8 p]=m+ c]ta9 actions1 x is di/9ctly /at$ t he has no p[] ov] ! s\l2 :il/ p[] has be5 giv5 to him ov] all e>?ly affairs1 !re is a p>tition betwe5 him & ! s\l2 he has n receiv$ p[] ov] ! s\l4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! words1 8,b keep away f 8 s\l0 7,job4 ii4 #f74 ,i h already %[n y ! homonym\s use ( ! t]m 8s\l0 7nefe%7 9 ,hebrew 7,"p ,i41 *ap4 xli474 ,x designates t elem5t 9 man t survives him2 x is ?is portion ov] :i* ! adv]s>y has no p[]4--,aft] ^! rem>ks ( m9e li/5 to ! foll[+ useful in/ruction giv5 by our ,sages1 :o 9 tru? des]ve ! title ( 8wise m502 x makes cle> t :i* appe>s d\btful1 & reveals t :i* has be5 hidd51 & discloses mo/ ( ! my/]ies ( ! ,law4 ,!y said 9 ! ,talmud z foll[s3 ,r4 ,simeon1 son ( ,laki%1 says3 8,! adv]s>y 7satan71 evil incl9ation 7yeer ha-ra'71 & ! angel ( dea?1 are "o & ! same be+40 ,"h we f9d all t has be5 m5tion$ by u 9 su* a cle> mann] t no intellig5t p]son w be 9 d\bt ab\t x4 ,x has ?us be5 %[n to y t "o & ! same ?+ is designat$ by ^! ?ree diff]5t t]ms1 & t actions ascrib$ to ^! ?ree are 9 reality ! actions ( "o & ! same ag5t4 ,aga91 ! anci5t doctors ( ! ,talmud said3 8,! adv]s>y goes ab\t & misleads1 !n he goes up & accuses1 obta9s p]mission1 & takes ! s\l40 ,y h already be5 told t :5 ,david at ! "t ( ! plague 0 %[n ! angel 8) ! sword drawn 9 8 h& /ret*$ out ov] ,j]usalem0 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #ag71 x 0 done = ! purpose ( convey+ a c]ta9 idea to him4 ,! same idea 0 also express$ 9 ! vision conc]n+ ! s9s ( ! sons ( ,jo%ua1 ! high prie/1 by ! words1 8,& ! adv]s>y /ood on 8 "r h& to accuse him0 7,ze*4 iii4 #a74 ,! vision !n reveals t ! adv]s>y is f> f ,god1 & cont9ues ?us3 8,! ,"l w rebuke !e1 ,o adv]s>y1 ! ,"l :o ha? *os5 ,j]usalem w rebuke !e0 7ibid4 v]4 #b74 ,balaam saw prophetically ! same vision 9 8 j\rney1 address+ him ) ! words1 8,behold ,i h come =? to be a h9drance to !e0 7,num4 xxii4 #cb74 ,! ,hebrew1 satan1 is d]iv$ f ! same root z steh1 8turn away0 7,prov4 iv4 #ae72 x implies ! notion ( turn+ & mov+ away f a ?+2 he und\bt$ly turns u away f ! way ( tru?1 & leads u a/ray 9 ! way ( error4 ,! same idea is conta9$ 9 ! passage1 8,& ! imag9ation ( ! he>t ( man is evil f 8 y\?0 7,g54 viii4 #ba74 ,! !ory ( ! good & ! evil incl9ations 7yeer ha-tob1 ve-yeer ha-ra'7 is frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 our religion4 ,our ,sages also say1 8,s]ve ,god ) y\r good & y\r evil incl9ations40 7,b4 ,t4 ,b]4 #eg;a47 ,!y also say t ! evil incl9ation we receive at our bir?2 = 8at ! door s9 cr\*e?0 7,g54 iv4 #g71 z is di/9ctly said 9 ! ,law1 8,& ! imag9ation ( ! he>t ( man is evil f 8 y\?0 7ibid4 viii4 #ba74 ,! good incl9ation1 h[ev]1 comes :5 ! m9d is develop$4 ,9 expla9+ ! allegory repres5t+ ! body ( man & 8 diff]5t faculties1 our ,sages 7,b4 ,t4 ,n$4 #cb;b7 said3 8,! evil incl9ation is call$ a great k+1 :il/ ! good incl9ation is a *ild1 poor1 ?\gh wise0 7,eccles4 ix4 #ad74 ,all ^! say+s ( our ,sages are conta9$ 9 _! writ+s1 & are well kn[n4 ,accord+ to our ,sages ! evil incl9ation1 ! adv]s>y 7satan71 & ! angel ( dea?1 are und\bt$ly id5tical2 & ! adv]s>y be+ call$ 8angel10 because he is among ! sons ( ,god1 & ! good incl9ation be+ 9 reality an angel1 x is to ! good & ! evil incl9ations t !y ref] 9 _! well-kn[n words1 8,e p]son is accompani$ by two angels1 "o be+ on 8 "r side1 "o on 8 left40 ,9 ! ,babylonian ,gem>a 7,%abba? #aai;b71 !y say di/9ctly ( ! two angels t "o is good & "o bad4 ,see :at extraord9>y ideas ?is passage discloses1 & h[ _m false ideas x removes4 ,i believe t ,i h fully expla9$ ! idea conta9$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,job2 b ,i w n[ %[ ! "* ( ! op9ion attribut$ to ,job1 & ( ! op9ions attribut$ to 8 fri5ds1 & support my /atem5t by pro(s ga!r$ f ! words ( ea* ( !m4 ,we ne$ n take notice ( ! rema9+ passages :i* are only requir$ = ! context1 z has be5 expla9$ to y 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is treatise4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,assum+ ! fir/ "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,job z hav+ actually tak5 place1 ! five1 viz41 ,job & 8 fri5ds1 agre$ t ! mis=tune ( ,job 0 kn[n to ,god1 & t x 0 ,god t caus$ ,job's suff]+4 ,!y fur!r agree t ,god does no wrong1 & t no inju/ice c be ascrib$ to ,him4 ,y w f9d ^! ideas frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! words ( ,job4 ,:5 y consid] ! words ( ! five :o take "p 9 ! discussion1 y w easily notice t ?+s said by "o ( !m are also utt]$ by ! re/4 ,! argum5ts are repeat$1 mix$ up1 & int]rupt$ by ,job's description ( 8 acute pa9 & tr\bles1 :i* _h come ^u him 9 spite ( 8 /rict righte\sness1 & by an acc\nt ( 8 *>ity1 humane disposition1 & good acts4 ,! replies ( ! fri5ds to ,job are likewise int]rupt$ by exhortations to pati5ce1 by words ( com=t1 & o!r spee*es t5d+ to make him =get 8 grief4 ,he is told by !m to be sil5t2 t he ought n to let loose ! bridle ( 8 tongue1 z if he 7 9 dispute ) ano!r man2 t he ought sil5tly to submit to ! judgm5ts ( ,god4 ,job replies t ! int5sity ( 8 pa9s did n p]mit him to be> pati5tly1 to collect 8 ?\ghts & to say :at he ought to say4 ,! fri5ds1 on ! o!r h&1 cont5d t ^? :o act well receive rew>d1 & ^? :o act wick$ly are puni%$4 ,:5 a wick$ & rebelli\s p]son is se5 9 prosp]ity1 x may be assum$ = c]ta9 t a *ange w take place2 he w die1 or tr\bles w afflict him & 8 h\se4 ,:5 we f9d a wor%ipp] ( ,god 9 mis=tune1 we may be c]ta9 t ,god w heal ! /roke ( 8 w\nd4 ,?is idea is frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! words ( ! ?ree fri5ds1 ,eliphaz1 ,bildad1 & ,z(>1 :o agree 9 ?is op9ion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! object ( ?is *apt] to describe 9 :at !y agree1 b to def9e ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ea* ( !m1 & to elucidate ! op9ion ( ea* z reg>ds ! "q :y ! mo/ simple & upright man is afflict$ ) ! greate/ & acute/ pa94 ,job f\nd 9 ?is fact a pro( t ! righte\s & ! wick$ are equal be=e ,god1 :o holds all mank9d 9 contempt4 ,job !re=e says 7ix4 #bb1 #bc73 8,?is is "o ?+1 !re=e ,i said x1 ,he de/roye? ! p]fect & ! wick$4 ,if ! sc\rge slay sudd5ly1 he w laugh at ! trial ( ! innoc5t40 ,he ?us decl>es t :5 a sc\rge comes sudd5ly1 kill+ & de/roy+ all x meets1 ,god laughs at ! trial ( ! innoc5t4 ,he fur!r confirms ?is view 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,"o die? 9 8 full /r5g?1 be+ :olly at ease & quiet4 ,8 vessels are full ( milk1 etc4 ,& ano!r die? 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 s\l1 & nev] eate? ) pleasure4 ,!y %all lie d[n alike 9 ! du/1 & ! worms %all cov] !m0 7ibid4 xxi4 #bc-bf74 ,9 a simil> mann] he %[s ! good condition & prosp]ity ( wick$ p2 & is ev5 v explicit on ?is po9t4 ,he speaks ?us3 8,ev5 :5 ,i rememb] ,i am afraid1 & trembl+ take? hold on my fle%4 ,:]e=e d ! wick$ live1 become old1 yea1 are mighty 9 p[]8 ,_! se$ is e/abli%$ 9 _! sight ) !m10 etc4 7ibid4 #f-h74 ,hav+ ?us describ$ _! prosp]ity1 he addresses 8 oppon5ts1 & says to !m3 8,grant$ t z y ?9k1 ! *ildr5 ( ?is prosp]\s a!i/ w p]i% aft] 8 dea?1 & _! memory w be blott$ out1 :at h>m w ! fate ( 8 family cause him aft] 8 dea?8 ,= :at pleasure ha? he 9 8 h\se aft] him1 :5 ! numb] ( 8 mon?s is cut (f 9 ! mid/80 7ibid4 #ba74 ,job !n expla9s t !re is no hope aft] dea?1 s t ! cause ( ! mis=tune ( ! righte\s man is no?+ else b entire neglect on ! "p ( ,god4 ,he is !re=e surpris$ t ,god has n ab&on$ ! creation ( man altoge!r2 & t aft] hav+ creat$ him1 ,he does n take any notice ( him4 ,he says 9 8 surprise3 8,ha/ ?\ n p\r$ me out z milk1 & curdl$ me l *eese80 etc4 7ibid4 x4 #aj1 seq474 ,?is is "o ( ! diff]5t views held by "s ?9k]s on ,provid5ce4 ,our ,sages 7,b4 ,t4 ,baba ,b4 #af;a7 condemn$ ?is view ( ,job z mis*iev\s1 & express$ _! feel+ 9 words l ! foll[+3 8du/ %\ld h fill$ ! m\? ( ,job02 8,job wi%$ to upset ! di%02 8,job d5i$ ! resurrection ( ! dead02 8,he comm5c$ to blaspheme40 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,god said to ,eliphaz & 8 colleagues1 8,y h n spok5 ( me ! ?+ t is "r1 z my s]vant ,job ha?0 7xlii4 #g71 our ,sages assume z ! cause ( ?is rebuke1 ! maxim 8,man is n puni%$ = t :i* he utt]s 9 8 pa902 & t ,god ignor$ ! s9 ( ,job 9 8 utt]ances1 because ( ! acut5ess ( 8 suff]+4 ,b ?is explanation does n agree ) ! object ( ! :ole allegory4 ,! words ( ,god are ju/ifi$1 z ,i w %[1 by ! fact t ,job ab&on$ 8 fir/ v errone\s op9ion1 & himself prov$ t x 0 an error4 ,x is ! op9ion :i* sugge/s itself z plausible at fir/ ?\ght1 especially 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o meet ) mi%aps1 well kn[+ t !y h n m]it$ !m ?r\gh s9s4 ,?is is admitt$ by all1 & !re=e ?is op9ion 0 assign$ to ,job4 ,b he is repres5t$ to hold ?is view only s long z he 0 )\t wisdom1 & knew ,god only by tradition1 9 ! same mann] z religi\s p g5]ally "k ,him4 ,z soon z he _h acquir$ a true k ( ,god1 he confess$ t !re is und\bt$ly true felicity 9 ! k ( ,god2 x is atta9$ by all :o acquire t k1 & no e>?ly tr\ble c di/urb x4 ,s long z ,job's k ( ,god 0 bas$ on tradition & communication1 & n on rese>*1 he believ$ t su* imag9>y good z is possess$ 9 heal?1 ri*es1 & *ildr51 0 ! utmo/ t m5 c atta92 ?is 0 ! reason :y he 0 9 p]plexity1 & :y he utt]$ ! above-m5tion$ op9ions1 & ?is is also ! mean+ ( 8 words3 8,i h he>d ( !e by ! he>+ ( ! e>2 b n[ m9e eye see? !e4 ,:]e=e ,i abhor myself1 & rep5t because ( du/ & a%es0 7xlii4 #e1 #f72 t is to say1 he abhorr$ all t he _h desir$ be=e1 & t he 0 sorry t he _h be5 9 du/ & a%es2 comp4 8& he sat d[n among ! a%es0 7ii4 #h74 ,on acc\nt ( ?is la/ utt]ance1 :i* implies true p]ception1 x is said aft]w>ds 9 ref]5ce to him1 8= y h n spok5 ( me ! ?+ t is "r1 z my s]vant ,job ha?40 ,! op9ion set =? by ,eliphaz 9 ref]5ce to ,job's suff]+ is likewise "o ( ! curr5t views on ,provid5ce4 ,he holds t ! fate ( ,job 0 9 accordance ) /rict ju/ice4 ,job 0 guilty ( s9s = :i* he des]v$ 8 fate4 ,eliphaz !re=e says to ,job3 8,is n ?y wick$ness great1 & ?9e iniquities inf9ite80 7xxii4 #e74 ,he !n po9ts out to him t 8 upright actions & 8 good ways1 on :i* he relies1 ne$ n be s p]fect 9 ! eyes ( ,god t no puni%m5t %\ld be inflict$ on him4 8,behold1 he putte? no tru/ 9 8 s]vants2 & 8 angels he *>ge? ) folly3 h[ mu* less 9 !m t dwell 9 h\ses ( clay10 etc4 7iv4 #ag-ah74 ,eliphaz nev] ab&on$ 8 belief t ! fate ( man is ! result ( ju/ice1 t we d n "k all our %ortcom+s = :i* we are puni%$1 nor ! way h[ we incur ! puni%m5t ?r\gh !m4 ,bildad ! ,%uhite def5ds 9 ?is "q ! !ory ( rew>d & comp5sation4 ,he !re=e tells ,job t if he is innoc5t & )\t s91 8 t]rible mis=tunes w be ! s\rce ( great rew>d1 w be foll[$ by ! be/ comp5sation1 & w prove a boon to him z ! cause ( great bliss 9 ! future _w4 ,?is idea is express$ 9 ! words3 8,if ?\ be pure & upright1 surely n[ he w awake = !e1 & make ! habitation ( ?y righte\sness prosp]\s4 ,?\gh ?y beg9n+ 0 small1 yet ?y latt] end w greatly increase0 7viii4 #f-h74 ,?is op9ion conc]n+ ,provid5ce is widespread1 & we h already expla9$ x4 ,z(> ! ,naama?ite holds t ! ,div9e ,w is ! s\rce ( ev]y?+ t happ5s2 no fur!r cause c be s\ght = ,8 actions1 & x _c be ask$ :y ,he has done ?is & :y ,he has n done t4 ,t :i* ,god does c !re=e n be expla9$ by ! way ( ju/ice or ! result ( wisdom4 ,8 true ,ess5ce dem&s t ,he does :at ,he wills2 we are unable to fa?om ! dep? ( ,8 wisdom1 & x is ! law & rule ( ?is wisdom t :atev] ,he does is done because x is ,8 w & = no o!r cause4 ,z(> !re=e says to ,job3 8,b oh t ,god w\ld speak1 & op5 8 lips aga9/ !e2 & t he w\ld %[ !e ! secrets ( wisdom1 = wisdom ha? two portions6 ,"k1 !re=e1 t ,god exacte? ( !e less ?an ?9e iniquity des]ve?4 ,can/ ?\ by se>*+ f9d out ,god8 can/ ?\ f9d out ! ,almighty unto p]fection80 7xi4 #f-g74 ,9 ?is mann] consid] well h[ ! ,book ( ,job discusses ! problem1 :i* has p]plex$ _m p1 & l$ !m to adopt 9 ref]5ce to ,div9e ,provid5ce "s "o ( ! !ories :i* ,i h expla9$ above2 all possible diff]5t !ories are m5tion$ !re94 ,! problem is describ$ ei!r by way ( fiction or 9 accordance ) real fact1 z hav+ manife/$ itself 9 a man fam\s = 8 excell5cy & wisdom4 ,! view ascrib$ to ,job is ! !ory ( ,ari/otle4 ,eliphaz holds ! op9ion taught 9 ,scripture1 ,bildad's op9ion is id5tical ) t ( ! ,mutazilah1 :il/ ,z(> def5ds ! !ory ( ! ,a%a'riyah4 ,^! 7 ! anci5t views on ,provid5ce2 lat] on a new !ory 0 set =?1 namely1 t ascrib$ to ,elihu4 ,= ?is reason he is plac$ above ! o!rs1 & describ$ z y\ng] 9 ye>s b great] 9 wisdom4 ,he c5sures ,job = 8 fooli%ly exalt+ himself1 express+ surprise at su* great tr\bles befall+ a good man1 & dwell+ on ! praises ( 8 own de$s4 ,he also tells ! ?ree fri5ds t _! m9ds h be5 weak5$ by great age4 ,a pr(\nd & wond]ful disc\rse !n foll[s4 ,reflect+ on 8 words we may at fir/ ?\ght be surpris$ to f9d t he does n add any?+ to ! words ( ,eliphaz1 ,bildad1 & ,z(>2 & t he only repeats _! ideas 9 o!r t]ms & m explicitly4 ,= he likewise c5sures & rebukes ,job1 attributes ju/ice to ,god1 relates ,8 wond]s 9 nature1 & holds t ,god is n affect$ by ! s]vice ( ! wor%ipp]1 nor by ! disob$i5ce ( ! rebelli\s4 ,all ?is has already be5 said by ,8 colleagues4 ,b aft] due consid]ation we see cle>ly ! new idea introduc$ by ,elihu1 :i* is ! pr9cipal object ( 8 spee*1 an idea :i* has n be5 utt]$ by ^? :o spoke be=e him4 ,9 addition to ?is he m5tions also o!r ?+s set =? by ! previ\s speak]s1 9 ! same mann] z ea* ( ! re/1 viz41 ,job & 8 ?ree fri5ds1 repeat :at ! o!rs h said4 ,! purpose ( ?is repetition is to conceal ! op9ion peculi> to ea* speak]1 & to make all appe> 9 ! eyes ( ! ord9>y read] to utt] "o & ! same view1 al?\gh 9 reality ?is is n ! case4 ,! new idea1 :i* is peculi> to ,elihu & has n be5 m5tion$ by ! o!rs1 is conta9$ 9 8 metaphor ( ! angel's int]cession4 ,x is a frequ5t occurr5ce1 he says1 t a man becomes ill1 approa*es ! gates ( dea?1 & is already giv5 up by 8 neighb\rs4 ,if !n an angel1 ( any k9d :atev]1 int]c$es on 8 behalf & prays = him1 ! int]cession & pray]s are accept$2 ! pati5t rises f 8 illness1 is sav$1 & returns to good heal?4 ,?is result is n always obta9$2 int]cession & deliv]ance d n always foll[ ea* o!r2 x happ5s only twice1 or ?ree times4 ,elihu !re=e says3 8,if !re be an angel ) him1 an int]pret]1 "o among a ?\s&1 to %[ unto man 8 uprightness10 etc4 7xxxiii4 #bi74 ,he !n describes man's condition :5 convalesc5t & ! rejoic+ at 8 recov]y1 & cont9ues ?us3 8,lo1 all ^! ?+s worke? ,god twice1 ?ree times ) man0 7ibid4 #bi74 ,?is idea occurs only 9 ! words ( ,elihu4 ,8 description ( ! me?od ( prophecy 9 prec$+ v]ses is likewise new4 ,he says3 8,surely ,god speake? 9 "o way1 yea 9 two ways1 yet man p]ceive? x n4 ,9 a dream1 9 a vision ( ! night1 :5 deep sleep falle? ^u man1 9 slumb]+s ^u ! b$0 7ibid4 #ad1 #ae74 ,he aft]w>ds supports & illu/rates 8 !ory by a description ( _m natural ph5om5a1 su* z ?und]1 lightn+1 ra91 & w9ds2 ) ^! are mix$ up acc\nts ( v>i\s incid5ts ( life1 e4g41 an acc\nt ( pe/il5ce conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,9 a mom5t !y die1 & at midnight2 ! p become tumultu\s & pass away0 7xxxiv4 #bj74 ,great w>s are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 8,he breake? 9 pieces mighty m5 )\t numb]1 & sette? o!rs 9 _! /ead0 7ibid4 #bd74 ,!re are _m m passages ( ?is k9d4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! ,revelation t rea*$ ,job 7*ap4 xxxviii41 *ap4 xli471 & expla9$ to him ! error ( 8 :ole belief1 con/antly describes natural objects1 & no?+ else2 x describes ! elem5ts1 meteorological ph5om5a1 & peculi>ities ( v>i\s k9ds ( liv+ be+s4 ,! sky1 ! heav5s1 ,orion & ,pleiades are only m5tion$ 9 ref]5ce to _! influ5ce ^u our atmosph]e1 s t ,job's att5tion is 9 ?is prophecy only call$ to ?+s bel[ ! lun> sph]e4 ,elihu likewise d]ives in/ruction f ! nature ( v>i\s k9ds ( animals4 ,?us he says3 8,he tea*e? u ?r\gh ! bea/s ( ! e>?1 & make? u wise ?r\gh ! f[ls ( heav50 7xxxv4 #aa74 ,he dwells longe/ on ! nature ( ! ,levia?an1 :i* possesses a comb9ation ( bodily peculi>ities f\nd sep>ate 9 diff]5t animals1 9 ^? t walk1 ^? t swim1 & ^? t fly4 ,! description ( all ^! ?+s s]ves to impress on our m9ds t we are unable to compreh5d h[ ^! transi5t creatures come into exi/5ce1 or to imag9e h[ _! natural prop]ties comm5c$ to exi/1 & t ^! are n l ! ?+s :i* we are able to produce4 ,mu* less c we comp>e ! mann] 9 :i* ,god rules & manages ,8 creatures ) ! mann] 9 :i* we rule & manage c]ta9 be+s4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ?is1 & believe t no?+ is hidd5 f ,god1 z ,elihu says3 8,= 8 eyes are ^u ! ways ( man1 & he see? all 8 go+s4 ,!re is no d>kness nor %ad[ ( dea?1 :]e ! work]s ( iniquity may hide !mselves0 7xxxiv4 #ba1 #bb74 ,b ! t]m managem5t1 :5 appli$ to ,god1 has n ! same mean+ :i* x has :5 appli$ to u2 & :5 we say t ,he rules ,8 creatures we d n mean t ,he does ! same z we d :5 we rule ov] o!r be+s4 ,! t]m 8rule0 has n ! same def9ition 9 bo? cases2 x signifies two diff]5t notions1 :i* h no?+ 9 common b ! "n4 ,9 ! same mann]1 z !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 works ( nature & productions ( human h&icraft1 s !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ,god's rule1 provid5ce1 & int5tion 9 ref]5ce to all natural =ces1 & our rule1 provid5ce1 & int5tion 9 ref]5ce to ?+s :i* are ! objects ( our rule1 provid5ce1 & int5tion4 ,?is lesson is ! pr9cipal object ( ! :ole ,book ( ,job2 x lays d[n ?is pr9ciple ( fai?1 & recomm5ds u to d]ive a pro( f nature1 t we %\ld n fall into ! error ( imag9+ ,8 k to be simil> to ours1 or ,8 int5tion1 provid5ce1 & rule simil> to ours4 ,:5 we "k ?is we %all f9d ev]y?+ t may befall u easy to be>2 mi%ap w create no d\bts 9 our he>ts conc]n+ ,god1 :e!r ,he kn[s our affairs or n1 :e!r ,he provides = u or ab&ons u4 ,on ! contr>y1 our fate w increase our love ( ,god2 z is said 9 ! end ( ?is prophecy3 8,!re=e ,i abhor myself & rep5t conc]n+ ! du/ & a%es0 7xlii4 #f72 & z our ,sages say3 8,! pi\s d ev]y?+ out ( love1 & rejoice 9 _! own afflictions40 7,b4 ,t4 ,%abb4 #hh;b47 ,if y pay to my words ! att5tion :i* ?is treatise dem&s1 & exam9e all t is said 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 all w be cle> to y1 & y w f9d t ,i h grasp$ & tak5 hold ( ! :ole subject2 no?+ has be5 left unnotic$1 except su* portions z are only introduc$ because ( ! context & ! :ole plan ( ! allegory4 ,i h expla9$ ?is me?od sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,! doctr9e ( trials is op5 to great objections2 x is 9 fact m expos$ to objections ?an any o!r ?+ taught 9 ,scripture4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ,scripture six times1 z ,i w %[ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,p h g5]ally ! notion t trials consi/ 9 afflictions & mi%aps s5t by ,god to man1 n z puni%m5ts = pa/ s9s1 b z giv+ opportunity = great rew>d4 ,?is pr9ciple is n m5tion$ 9 ,scripture 9 pla9 language1 & x is only 9 "o ( ! six places ref]r$ to t ! lit]al mean+ conveys ?is notion4 ,i w expla9 ! mean+ ( t passage lat] on4 ,! pr9ciple taught 9 ,scripture is exactly ! rev]se2 = x is said3 8,he is a ,god ( fai?fulness1 & !re is no iniquity 9 him0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d74 ,! tea*+ ( our ,sages1 al?\gh "s ( !m approve ?is g5]al belief conc]n+ trials1 is on ! :ole aga9/ x4 ,= !y say1 8,!re is no dea? )\t s91 & no affliction )\t transgression40 7,see p4 #bhe47 ,e intellig5t religi\s p]son %\ld h ?is fai?1 & %\ld n ascribe any wrong to ,god1 :o is f> f x2 he mu/ n assume t a p]son is innoc5t & p]fect & does n des]ve :at has befall5 him4 ,! trials m5tion$ 9 ,scripture 9 ! six passages1 seem to h be5 te/s & exp]im5ts by :i* ,god desir$ to le>n ! int5sity ( ! fai? & ! devotion ( a man or a nation4 ,if ?is 7 ! case x w\ld be v difficult to compreh5d ! object ( ! trials1 & yet ! sacrifice ( ,isaac seems to be a case ( ?is k9d1 z none witness$ x1 b ,god & ! two conc]n$ ,abraham & ,isaac4 ,?us ,god says to ,abraham1 8,= n[ ,i "k t ?\ fe>e/ ,god10 etc4 7,g54 xxii4 #ab74 ,9 ano!r passage x is said3 8,= ! ,"l y\r ,god prove? y to "k :e!r ye love10 etc4 7,deut4 xiii4 #d74 ,aga91 8,& to prove !e to "k :at 0 9 ?9e he>t10 etc4 7ibid4 viii4 #b74 ,i w n[ remove all ! difficulties4 ,! sole object ( all ! trials m5tion$ 9 ,scripture is to tea* man :at he ought to d or believe2 s t ! ev5t :i* =ms ! actual trial is n ! end desir$2 x is b an example = our in/ruction & guidance4 ,h5ce ! words 8to "k 7la-daat7 :e!r ye love10 etc41 d n mean t ,god desires to "k :e!r !y lov$ ,god2 = ,he already kn[s x2 b la-daat1 8to "k10 has "h ! same mean+ z 9 ! phrase 8to "k 7la-daat7 t ,i am ! ,"l t sanctifie? y0 7,exod4 xxxi4 #ac71 i4e41 t all nations %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l :o sanctifie? y4 ,9 a simil> mann] ,scripture says3--,if a man %\ld rise1 pret5d to be a prophet1 & %[ y 8 signs by :i* he desir$ to conv9ce y t 8 words are true1 "k t ,god int5ds !reby to prove to ! nations h[ firmly y believe 9 ! tru? ( ,god's ^w1 & h[ well y h compreh5d$ ! true ,ess5ce ( ,god2 t y _c be misl$ by any tempt] to corrupt y\r fai? 9 ,god4 ,y\r religion w !n af=d a guidance to all :o seek ! tru?1 & ( all religions man w *oose t :i* is s firmly e/abli%$ t x is n %ak5 by ! p]=mance ( a miracle4 ,= a miracle _c prove t :i* is impossible2 x is useful only z a confirmation ( t :i* is possible1 z we h expla9$ 9 our ,mi%neh-torah4 7,yesode ha-torah vii4 f4 viii4 #c47 ,hav+ %[n t ! t]m 8to "k0 means 8t all p may "k10 we apply ?is int]pretation to ! foll[+ words said 9 ref]5ce to ! manna3 8,to humble !e1 & to prove !e1 to "k :at 0 9 ?9e he>t1 :e!r ?\ w\ld/ keep 8 comm&m5ts1 or n0 7,deut4 viii4 #b74 ,all nations %all "k1 x %all be publi%$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 t ^? :o devote !mselves to ! s]vice ( ,god are support$ beyond _! expectation4 ,9 ! same s5se x 0 said :5 ! manna comm5c$ to come d[n1 8t ,i may prove !m :e!r !y w walk 9 my law or no0 7,exod4 xvi4 #d72 i4e41 let e "o :o desires try & see :e!r x is useful & suffici5t to devote himself to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 said a ?ird "t 9 ref]5ce to ! manna3 8,:o f$ !e 9 ! wild]ness ) manna1 :i* ?y fa!rs knew n1 t he might humble !e1 & t he might prove !e1 to d !e good at ?y latt] end0 7,deut4 viii4 #af74 ,?is might induce u to ?9k t ,god sometimes afflicts man = ! purpose ( increas+ 8 rew>d4 ,b 9 tru? ?is is n ! case4 ,we may r assume "o ( ! two foll[+ explanations2 ei!r ?is passage expresses ! same idea z is express$ 9 ! fir/ & second passages1 viz41 to %[ to all p :e!r fai? 9 ,god is suffici5t to secure man's ma9t5ance & 8 relief f c>e & tr\ble1 or n4 ,or ! ,hebrew t]m le-nassoteka means 8to accu/om !e02 ! ^w is us$ 9 ?is s5se 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,%e has n accu/om$ 7nisseta7 ! sole ( h] foot to set x ^u ! gr\nd0 7ibid4 xxviii4 #ef74 ,! mean+ ( ! above passage w\ld !n be3 8,god has fir/ tra9$ y 9 ! h>d%ips ( ! wild]ness1 9 ord] to increase y\r welf>e :5 y ent] ! l& ( ,canaan40 ,x is inde$ a fact t ! transition f tr\ble to ease gives m pleasure ?an cont9ual ease4 ,x is also kn[n t ! ,israelites w\ld n h be5 able to conqu] ! l& & fight ) its inhabitants1 if !y _h n previ\sly und]gone ! tr\ble & h>d%ip ( ! wild]ness4 ,scripture says 9 ref]5ce to ?is3 8,= ,god said1 ,le/ p]adv5ture ! p rep5t :5 !y see w>1 & !y return to ,egypt4 ,b ,god l$ ! p ab\t1 ?r\gh ! way ( ! wild]ness ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel w5t up h>ness$ out ( ! l& ( ,egypt0 7,exod4 xiii4 #ag1 #ah74 ,ease de/roys brav]y1 :il/ tr\ble & c>e = food create /r5g?2 & ?is 0 also = ! ,israelites ! good t ultimately came out ( _! w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! passage1 8,= ,god is come to prove y1 & t 8 fe> may be be=e y\r faces1 t ye s9 n0 7ibid4 xx4 #bj71 expresses ! same idea z is express$ 9 ,deut]onomy 7xiii4 #d7 9 ref]5ce to a p]son :o prophesies 9 ! "n ( idols1 namely 9 ! words3 8,= ! ,"l y\r ,god prove? y to "k :e!r ye love ! ,"l40 ,we h already expla9$ ! mean+ ( ! latt] passage4 ,9 ! same s5se ,moses said to ! ,israelites :5 !y /ood r\nd ,m\nt ,s9ai3 8,d n fe>2 ! object ( ?is great sight :i* y p]ceiv$ is t y %\ld see ! tru? ) y\r own eyes4 ,:5 ! ,"l y\r ,god1 9 ord] to %[ y\r fai?fulness to ,him1 w prove y by a false prophet1 :o w tell y ! rev]se ( :at y h he>d1 y w rema9 firm & y\r /eps w n slide4 ,if ,i _h come z a mess5g] z y desir$1 & _h told y t :i* _h be5 said unto me & :i* y _h n he>d1 y w\ld p]haps consid] z true :at ano!r might tell y 9 opposition to t :i* y he>d f me4 ,b x is diff]5t n[1 z y h he>d x 9 ! mid/ ( ! great sight40 ,! acc\nt ( ,abraham our fa!r b9d+ 8 son1 includes two great ideas or pr9ciples ( our fai?4 ,fir/1 x %[s u ! ext5t & limit ( ! fe> ( ,god4 ,abraham is comm&$ to p]=m a c]ta9 act1 :i* is n equall$ by any surr5d] ( prop]ty or by any sacrifice ( life1 = x surpasses ev]y?+ t c be done1 & belongs to ! class ( actions :i* are believ$ to be contr>y to human feel+s4 ,he _h be5 )\t *ild1 & _h be5 long+ = a *ild2 he _h great ri*es1 & 0 expect+ t a nation %\ld spr+ f 8 se$4 ,aft] all hope ( a son _h already be5 giv5 up1 a son 0 born unto him4 ,h[ great mu/ h be5 8 delight 9 ! *ild6 h[ int5sely mu/ he h lov$ him6 ,& yet because he fe>$ ,god1 & lov$ to d :at ,god comm&$1 he ?\ght little ( t belov$ *ild1 & set aside all 8 hopes conc]n+ him1 & cons5t$ to kill him aft] a j\rney ( ?ree days4 ,if ! act by :i* he %[$ 8 read9ess to kill 8 son _h tak5 place imm$iately :5 he receiv$ ! comm&m5t1 x might h be5 ! result ( confusion & n ( consid]ation4 ,b ! fact t he p]=m$ x ?ree days aft] he _h receiv$ ! comm&m5t1 proves ! pres5ce ( ?\ght1 prop] consid]ation1 & c>eful exam9ation ( :at is due to ! ,div9e comm& & :at is 9 accordance ) ! love & fe> ( ,god4 ,!re is no necessity to look = ! pres5ce ( any o!r idea or ( any?+ t might h affect$ 8 emotions4 ,= ,abraham did n ha/5 to kill ,isaac out ( fe> t ,god might slay him or make him poor1 b solely because x is man's duty to love & to fe> ,god1 ev5 )\t hope ( rew>d or fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,we h repeat$ly expla9$ ?is4 ,! angel1 !re=e1 says to him1 8,= n[ ,i "k10 etc4 7ibid4 v]4 #ab71 t is1 f ?is action1 = :i* y des]ve to be truly call$ a ,god-fe>+ man1 all p %all le>n h[ f> we mu/ g 9 ! fe> ( ,god4 ,?is idea is confirm$ 9 ,scripture2 x is di/9ctly /at$ t "o sole ?+1 fe> ( ,god1 is ! object ( ! :ole ,law ) its affirmative & negative precepts1 its promises & its hi/orical examples1 = x is said1 8,if ?\ wilt n obs]ve to d all ! words ( ?is ,law t are writt5 9 ?is book1 t ?\ maye/ fe> ?is glori\s & fe>ful "n1 ! ,"l ?y ,god10 etc4 7,deut4 xxviii4 #eh74 ,?is is "o ( ! two purposes ( ! ak$ah 7sacrifice or b9d+ ( ,isaac74 ,! second purpose is to %[ h[ ! prophets believ$ 9 ! tru? ( t :i* came to !m f ,god by way ( inspiration4 ,we %all n ?9k t :at ! prophets he>d or saw 9 allegorical figures may at times h includ$ incorrect or d\btful elem5ts1 s9ce ! ,div9e communication 0 made to !m1 z we h %[n1 9 a dream or a vision & ?r\gh ! imag9ative faculty4 ,scripture ?us tells u t :atev] ! ,prophet p]ceives 9 a prophetic vision1 he consid]s z true & correct & n op5 to any d\bt2 x is 9 8 eyes l all o!r ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses or by ! intellect4 ,?is is prov$ by ! cons5t ( ,abraham to slay 88 only son :om he lov$10 z he 0 comm&$1 al?\gh ! comm&m5t 0 receiv$ 9 a dream or a vision4 ,if ! ,prophets _h any d\bt or suspicion z reg>ds ! tru? ( :at !y saw 9 a prophetic dream or p]ceiv$ 9 a prophetic vision1 !y w\ld n h cons5t$ to d :at is unnatural1 & ,abraham w\ld n h f\nd 9 8 s\l /r5g? en\gh to p]=m t act1 if he _h any d\bt z reg>ds ! tru? ( ! comm&m5t4 ,x 0 j ! "r ?+ t ?is lesson d]iv$ f ! ak$ah 78sacrifice07 %\ld be taught ?r\gh ,abraham & a man l ,isaac4 ,= ,abraham 0 ! fir/ to tea* ! ,unity ( ,god1 to e/abli% ! fai? 9 ,him1 to cause x to rema9 among com+ g5]ations1 & to w9 8 fell[-m5 = 8 doctr9e2 z ,scripture says ( him3 8,i "k him1 t he w comm&10 etc4 7,g54 viii4 #ai74 ,9 ! same mann] z he 0 foll[$ by o!rs 9 8 true & valuable op9ions :5 !y 7 he>d f him1 s also ! pr9ciples %\ld be accept$ t may be le>nt f 8 actions2 especially f ! act by :i* he confirm$ ! pr9ciple ( ! tru? ( prophecy1 & %[$ h[ f> we mu/ g 9 ! fe> & ! love ( ,god4 ,?is is ! way h[ we h to und]/& ! acc\nts ( trials2 we mu/ n ?9k t ,god desires to exam9e u & to try u 9 ord] to "k :at ,he did n "k be=e4 ,f> is ?is f ,him2 ,he is f> above t :i* ignorant & fooli% p imag9e conc]n+ ,him1 9 ! evil ( _! ?\ghts4 ,note ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,man's actions are divid$ z reg>ds _! object into f\r classes2 !y are ei!r purposeless1 unimportant1 9 va91 or good4 ,an action is 9 va9 if ! object :i* is s\ght by x is n obta9$ on acc\nt ( "s ob/acles4 ,?us p frequ5tly use ! phrase 8?\ ha/ work$ 9 va90 9 ref]5ce to a p]son :o looks out = "s "o & _c f9d him2 or :o und]takes ! tr\bles ( a j\rney = 8 bus9ess )\t pr(it4 ,our endeav\rs & ex]tions are 9 va9 z reg>ds a pati5t t is n cur$4 ,?is applies to all actions :i* are int5d$ = c]ta9 purposes t are n realiz$4 ,purposeless are su* actions1 :i* s]ve no purpose at all4 ,"s p]sons1 e4g41 d some?+ ) _! h&s :il/ ?9k+ ( some?+ else4 ,! actions ( ! insane & confus$ are ( ?is k9d4 ,unimportant are su* actions by :i* a trivial object is s\ght1 an object t is n necess>y & is n ( great use4 ,?is is ! case :5 a p]son dances )\t seek+ to b5efit 8 dige/ion by t ex]cise1 or p]=ms c]ta9 actions = ! purpose ( caus+ laught]4 ,su* actions are c]ta9ly m]e pa/imes4 ,:e!r an action belongs to ?is class or n dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ^? :o p]=m x1 & on ! degree ( _! p]fection4 ,= _m ?+s are necess>y or v useful 9 ! op9ion ( "o p]son & sup]flu\s 9 ! op9ion ( ano!r4 ,e4g41 bodily ex]cise1 9 its diff]5t k9ds1 is necess>y = ! prop] pres]vation ( heal? 9 ! op9ion ( him :o und]/&s ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e2 writ+ is consid]$ z v useful by s*ol>s4 ,:5 p take ex]cise by play+ ) ! ball1 wre/l+1 /ret*+ out ! h&s or keep+ back ! brea?+1 or d c]ta9 ?+s z prep>ation = writ+1 %ape ! p5 & get ! pap] ready1 su* actions are m]e pa/imes 9 ! eyes ( ! ignorant1 b ! wise d n consid] !m z unimportant4 ,useful are su* actions z s]ve a prop] purpose2 be+ ei!r necess>y or useful = ! purpose :i* is to be atta9$4 ,?is division ( man's actions is1 z ,i believe1 n op5 to any objection4 ,= e action is ei!r int5d$ = a c]ta9 purpose or is n int5d$2 & if int5d$ = a c]ta9 purpose1 t purpose may be important or unimportant1 is sometimes atta9$ & sometimes miss$4 ,?is division is !re=e complete4 ,aft] hav+ expla9$ ?is division1 ,i cont5d t no intellig5t p]son c assume t any ( ! actions ( ,god c be 9 va91 purposeless1 or unimportant4 ,accord+ to our view & ! view ( all t foll[ ! ,law ( ,moses1 all actions ( ,god are 8exce$+ly good40 ,?us ,scripture says1 8,& ,god saw ev]y?+ t he _h made1 & behold1 x 0 v good0 7,g54 i4 #ca74 ,& t :i* ,god made = a c]ta9 ?+ is necess>y or at lea/ v useful = ! exi/5ce ( t ?+4 ,?us food is necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( liv+ be+s2 ! possession ( eyes is v useful to man dur+ 8 life1 al?\gh food only s]ves to su/a9 liv+ be+s a c]ta9 "t1 & ! s5ses are only int5d$ to procure to animals ! advantages ( s5sation4 ,! philosoph]s likewise assume t 9 ,nature !re is no?+ 9 va91 s t ev]y?+ t is n ! product ( human indu/ry s]ves a c]ta9 purpose1 :i* may be kn[n or unkn[n to u4 ,!re are ?9k]s t assume t ,god does n create "o ?+ = ! sake ( ano!r1 t exi/+ ?+s are n to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect2 t !y are all ! direct result ( ! ,w ( ,god1 & d n s]ve any purpose4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion we _c ask :y has ,he made ?is & n t2 = ,he does :at pleases ,him1 )\t foll[+ a fix$ sy/em4 ,^? :o def5d ?is !ory mu/ consid] ! actions ( ,god z purposeless1 & ev5 z inf]ior to purposeless actions2 = :5 we p]=m purposeless actions1 our att5tion is engag$ by o!r ?+s & we d n "k :at we are do+2 b ,god1 accord+ to ^! !ori/s1 kn[s :at ,he is do+1 & kn[+ly does x = no purpose or use :atev]4 ,! absurdity ( assum+ t "s ( ,god's actions are trivial1 is app>5t ev5 at fir/ sight1 & no notice ne$ be tak5 ( ! nons5sical idea t monkeys 7 creat$ = our pa/ime4 ,su* op9ions orig9ate only 9 man's ignorance ( ! nature ( transi5t be+s1 & 9 8 ov]look+ ! pr9ciple t x 0 int5d$ by ! ,creator to produce 9 its pres5t =m ev]y?+ ^: exi/5ce is possible2 a diff]5t =m 0 n decre$ by ! ,div9e ,wisdom1 & ! exi/5ce ( objects ( a diff]5t =m is !re=e impossible1 because ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s dep5ds on ! decree ( ,god's wisdom4 ,^? :o hold t ,god's works s]ve no purpose :atev] believe t an exam9ation ( ! totality ( exi/+ ?+s compels !m to adopt ?is !ory4 ,!y ask :at is ! purpose ( ! :ole ,univ]se8 !y necess>ily answ]1 l all ^? :o believe 9 ! ,creation1 t x 0 creat$ because ,god will$ x s1 & = no o!r purpose4 ,! same answ] !y apply to all p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1 & d n admit t ! hole 9 ! uvea & ! transp>5cy ( ! cornea are int5d$ = ! purpose ( all[+ ! spiritus visus to pass & to p]ceive c]ta9 objects2 !y d n assume t ^! circum/ances are causes = ! sight2 ! hole 9 ! uvea & ! transp>5t matt] ov] x are n !re because ( ! sight1 b because ( ! ,w ( ,god1 al?\gh ! s5se ( sight c\ld h be5 creat$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,!re are passages 9 ! ,bible :i* at fir/ sight we might und]/& to imply ?is !ory4 ,e4g41 8,! ,"l ha? done :atev] he pleas$0 7,ps4 cxxxv4 #f72 8,8 s\l desir$ x & he made x0 7,job xxiii4 #ac72 8,:o w say unto !e1 ,:at doe/ ?\80 7,eccles4 viii4 #d74 ,! mean+ ( ^! & simil> v]ses is ?is3 :atev] ,god desires to d is necess>ily done2 !re is no?+ t c\ld prev5t ! realization ( ,8 w4 ,! object ( ,8 w is only t :i* is possible1 & ( ! ?+s possible only su* z ,8 wisdom decrees ^u4 ,:5 ,god desires to produce ! be/ "w1 no ob/acle or h9drance int]v5es betwe5 ,him & t "w4 ,?is is ! op9ion held by all religi\s p1 also by ! philosoph]s2 x is also our op9ion4 ,= al?\gh we believe t ,god creat$ ! ,univ]se f no?+1 mo/ ( our wise & le>n$ m5 believe t ! ,creation 0 n ! exclusive result ( ,8 w2 b ,8 wisdom1 :i* we are unable to compreh5d1 made ! actual exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se necess>y4 ,! same un*angeable wisdom f\nd x z necess>y t non-exi/5ce %\ld prec$e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]se4 ,our ,sages frequ5tly express ?is idea 9 ! explanation ( ! words1 8,he ha? made ev]y?+ beautiful 9 8 "t0 7,eccles4 iii4 #aa71 only 9 ord] to avoid t :i* is objectionable1 viz41 ! op9ion t ,god does ?+s )\t any purpose :atev]4 ,?is is ! belief ( mo/ ( our ,!ologians2 & 9 a simil> mann] h ! ,prophets express$ ! idea t all p>ts ( natural products are well arrang$1 9 good ord]1 connect$ ) ea* o!r1 & /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect2 no?+ ( !m is purposeless1 trivial1 or 9 va92 !y are all ! result ( great wisdom4 ,comp4 8,o ,"l1 h[ manifold are ?y works6 9 wisdom ha/ ?\ made !m all3 ! e>? is full ( ?y ri*es0 7,ps4 civ4 #bd72 8,& all 8 works are done 9 tru?0 7ibid4 xxxiii4 #d72 8,! ,"l by wisdom ha? f\nd$ ! e>?0 7,prov4 iii4 #ai74 ,?is idea occurs frequ5tly2 !re is no necessity to believe o!rwise2 philosophic speculation leads to ! same result2 viz41 t 9 ! :ole ( ,nature !re is no?+ purposeless1 trivial1 or unnecess>y1 especially 9 ! ,nature ( ! sph]es1 :i* are 9 ! be/ condition & ord]1 9 accordance ) _! sup]ior sub/ance4 ,"k t ! difficulties :i* lead to confusion 9 ! "q :at is ! purpose ( ! ,univ]se or ( any ( its p>ts1 arise f two causes3 fir/1 man has an errone\s idea ( himself1 & believes t ! :ole _w exi/s only = 8 sake2 secondly1 he is ignorant bo? ab\t ! nature ( ! sublun>y _w1 & ab\t ! ,creator's int5tion to give exi/5ce to all be+s ^: exi/5ce is possible1 because exi/5ce is und\bt$ly good4 ,! consequ5ces ( t error & ( ! ignorance ab\t ! two ?+s nam$1 are d\bts & confusion1 :i* lead _m to imag9e t "s ( ,god's works are trivial1 o!rs purposeless1 & o!rs 9 va94 ,^? :o adopt ?is absurd idea t ,god's actions are utt]ly purposeless1 & refuse to consid] !m z ! result ( ,8 wisdom1 are afraid !y might o!rwise be compell$ to admit ! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 & gu>d !mselves aga9/ x by ! above !ory4 ,i h already told y ! view :i* is set =? 9 ,scripture on ?is "q1 & :i* x is prop] to accept4 ,x is ?is3 x is n unreasonable to assume t ! works ( ,god1 _! exi/5ce & prec$+ non-exi/5ce1 are ! result ( ,8 wisdom1 b we are unable to und]/& _m ( ! ways ( ,8 wisdom 9 ,8 works4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ! :ole ,law ( ,moses is bas$2 x beg9s ) ?is pr9ciple3 8,& ,god saw all t ,he _h made1 &1 behold1 x 0 v good0 7,g54 i4 #ca72 & x ends ) ?is pr9ciple3 8,! ,rock1 p]fect is ,8 "w0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d74 ,note x4 ,:5 y exam9e ?is view & t ( ! philosoph]s1 tak+ into consid]ation all prec$+ *apt]s :i* are connect$ ) ?is subject1 y w f9d t !re is no o!r diff]5ce ( op9ion z reg>ds any portions ( ! ,univ]se1 except t ! philosoph]s believe 9 ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se & we believe 9 ! ,creation4 ,note ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,z ,!ologians are divid$ on ! "q :e!r ! actions ( ,god are ! result ( ,8 wisdom1 or only ( ,8 w )\t be+ int5d$ = any purpose :atev]1 s !y are also divid$ z reg>ds ! object ( ! comm&m5ts :i* ,god gave u4 ,"s ( !m hold t ! comm&m5ts h no object at all2 & are only dictat$ by ! w ( ,god4 ,o!rs are ( op9ion t all comm&m5ts & prohibitions are dictat$ by ,8 wisdom & s]ve a c]ta9 aim2 consequ5tly !re is a reason = ea* "o ( ! precepts2 !y are enjo9$ because !y are useful4 ,all ( u1 ! common p z well z ! s*ol>s1 believe t !re is a reason = e precept1 al?\gh !re are comm&m5ts ! reason ( :i* is unkn[n to u1 & 9 :i* ! ways ( ,god's wisdom are incompreh5sible4 ,?is view is di/9ctly express$ 9 ,scripture2 comp4 8righte\s /atutes & judgm5ts0 7,deut4 iv4 #h72 8! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l are true1 & righte\s altoge!r0 7,ps4 xix4 #aj74 ,!re are comm&m5ts :i* are call$ uim1 8ord9ances10 l ! prohibition ( we>+ g>m5ts ( wool & l95 7%aatnez71 boil+ meat & milk toge!r1 & ! s5d+ ( ! goat into ! wild]ness on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,our ,sages use 9 ref]5ce to !m phrases l ! foll[+3 8,^! are ?+s :i* ,i h fully orda9$ = !e2 & y d>e n criticize !m02 8,y\r evil incl9ation is turn$ aga9/ !m02 & 8non-,jews f9d !m /range40 ,b our ,sages g5]ally d n ?9k t su* precepts h no cause :atev]1 & s]ve no purpose2 = ?is w\ld lead u to assume t ,god's actions are purposeless4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y hold t ev5 ^! ord9ances h a cause1 & are c]ta9ly int5d$ = "s use1 al?\gh x is n kn[n to u2 ow+ ei!r to ! defici5cy ( our k or ! weakness ( our intellect4 ,consequ5tly !re is a cause = e comm&m5t2 e positive or negative precept s]ves a useful object2 9 "s cases ! usefulness is evid5t1 e4g41 ! prohibition ( murd] & !ft2 9 o!rs ! usefulness is n s evid5t1 e4g41 ! prohibition ( enjoy+ ! fruit ( a tree 9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s 7,lev4 xix4 #bc71 or ( a v9ey>d 9 :i* o!r se$s h be5 gr[+ 7,deut4 xxii4 #i74 ,^? comm&m5ts1 ^: object is g5]ally evid5t1 are call$ 8judgm5ts0 7mi%patim72 ^? ^: object is n g5]ally cle> are call$ 8ord9ances0 7uim74 ,?us !y say 9 ref]5ce to ! words ( ,moses3 ,ki lo dab> rek hu mi-kem 7lit4 8= x is n a va9 ?+ = y10 ,deut4 xxxii4 #gd72 8,x is n 9 va91 & if x is 9 va91 x is only s ?r\gh y40 ,t is to say1 ! giv+ ( ^! comm&m5ts is n a va9 ?+ & )\t any useful object2 & if x appe>s s to y 9 any comm&m5t1 x is ow+ to ! defici5cy 9 y\r compreh5sion4 ,y c]ta9ly "k ! fam\s say+ t ,solomon knew ! reason = all comm&m5ts except t ( ! 8r$ heif]40 ,our ,sages also said t ,god conceal$ ! causes ( comm&m5ts1 le/ p %\ld despise !m1 z ,solomon did 9 respect to ?ree comm&m5ts1 ! reason = :i* is cle>ly /at$4 ,9 ?is s5se !y always speak2 & ,scriptural texts support ! idea4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 f\nd "o utt]ance made by !m 9 ,b]e%it-rabba 7sect4 xliv471 :i* might at fir/ sight appe> to imply t "s comm&m5ts h no o!r reason b ! fact t !y are comm&$1 t no o!r object is int5d$ by !m1 & t !y d n s]ve any useful object4 ,i mean ! foll[+ passage3 ,:at diff]5ce does x make to ,god :e!r a bea/ is kill$ by cutt+ ! neck 9 front or 9 ! back8 ,surely ! comm&m5ts are only int5d$ z a means ( try+ man2 9 accordance ) ! v]se1 8,! ^w ( ,god is a te/0 7lit4 tri$7 7,ps4 xviii4 #ca74 ,al?\gh ?is passage is v /range1 & has no p>allel 9 ! writ+s ( our ,sages1 ,i expla9 x1 z y %all soon he>1 9 su* a mann] t ,i rema9 9 accord ) ! mean+ ( _! words & d n dep>t f ! pr9ciple :i* we agre$ ^u1 t ! comm&m5ts s]ve a useful object2 8= x is n a va9 ?+ = y02 8,i h n said to ! se$ ( ,jacob1 seek me 9 va94 ,i ! ,"l speak righte\sness1 decl>e t :i* is "r0 7,isa4 xlv4 #ai74 ,i w n[ tell y :at intellig5t p]sons ought to believe 9 ?is respect2 namely1 t ea* comm&m5t has necess>ily a cause1 z f> z its g5]al "* is conc]n$1 & s]ves a c]ta9 object2 b z reg>ds its details we hold t x has no ult]ior object4 ,?us kill+ animals = ! purpose ( obta9+ good food is c]ta9ly useful1 z we int5d to %[ 7bel[1 *4 xlviii472 t1 h[ev]1 ! kill+ %\ld n be p]=m$ by neirah 7poleax+ ! animal71 b by %eitah 7cutt+ ! neck71 & by divid+ ! sophagus & ! w9dpipe 9 a c]ta9 place2 ^! regulations & ! l are no?+ b te/s = man's ob$i5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se y w und]/& ! example quot$ by our ,sages t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 kill+ ! animal by cutt+ its neck 9 front & cutt+ x 9 ! back4 ,i give ?is in/ance only because x has be5 m5tion$ by our ,sages2 b 9 reality !re is "s reason = ^! regulations4 ,= z x has become necess>y to eat ! fle% ( animals1 x 0 int5d$ by ! above regulations to ensure an easy dea? & to effect x by suitable means2 :il/ decapitation requires a sword or a simil> in/rum5t1 ! %eitah c be p]=m$ ) any in/rum5t2 & 9 ord] to ensure an easy dea? our ,sages insi/$ t ! knife %\ld be well %>p5$4 ,a m suitable in/ance c be cit$ f ! detail$ comm&m5ts conc]n+ sacrifices4 ,! law t sacrifices %\ld be br\ght is evid5tly ( great use1 z w be %[n by u 7infra1 *ap4 xlvi472 b we _c say :y "o (f]+ %\ld be a lamb1 :il/ ano!r is a ram2 & :y a fix$ numb] ( !m %\ld be br\ght4 ,^? :o tr\ble !mselves to f9d a cause = any ( ^! detail$ rules1 are 9 my eyes void ( s5se2 !y d n remove any difficulties1 b r increase !m4 ,^? :o believe t ^! detail$ rules orig9ate 9 a c]ta9 cause1 are z f> f ! tru? z ^? :o assume t ! :ole law is useless4 ,y mu/ "k t ,div9e ,wisdom dem&$ x--or1 if y pref]1 say t circum/ances made x necess>y--t !re %\ld be p>ts ( ,8 "w :i* h no c]ta9 object2 & z reg>ds ! ,law1 x appe>s to be impossible t x %\ld n include "s matt] ( ?is k9d4 ,t x _c be avoid$ may be se5 f ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,y ask :y mu/ a lamb be sacrific$ & n a ram8 b ! same "q w\ld be ask$1 :y a ram _h be5 comm&$ in/ead ( a lamb1 s long z "o p>ticul> k9d is requir$4 ,! same is to be said z to ! "q :y 7 sev5 lambs sacrific$ & n eight2 ! same "q might h be5 ask$ if !re 7 eight1 t51 or tw5ty lambs1 s long z "s def9ite numb] ( lambs 7 sacrific$4 ,x is almo/ simil> to ! nature ( a ?+ :i* c receive diff]5t =ms1 b actually receives "o ( !m4 ,we mu/ n ask :y x has ?is =m & n ano!r :i* is likewise possible1 because we %\ld h to ask ! same "q if in/ead ( its actual =m ! ?+ _h any ( ! o!r possible =ms4 ,note ?is1 & und]/& x4 ,! repeat$ ass]tion ( our ,sages t !re are reasons = all comm&m5ts1 & ! tradition t ,solomon knew !m1 ref] to ! g5]al purpose ( ! comm&m5ts1 & n to ! object ( e detail4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ,i f9d x conv5i5t to divide ! six hundr$ & ?irte5 precepts into classes2 ea* class w include _m precepts ( ! same k9d1 or relat$ to ea* o!r by _! "*4 ,i w fir/ expla9 ! reason ( ea* class1 & %[ its und\bt$ & undisput$ object1 & !n ,i %all discuss ea* comm&m5t 9 ! class1 & exp\nd its reason4 ,only v few w be left unexpla9$1 ! reason = :i* ,i h be5 unable to trace unto ?is day4 ,i h also be5 able to compreh5d 9 "s cases ev5 ! object ( _m ( ! conditions & details z f> z ^! c be discov]$4 ,y w he> all ?is lat] on4 ,b 9 ord] to fully expla9 ^! reasons ,i mu/ premise sev]al *apt]s2 9 ^! ,i w discuss pr9ciples :i* =m ! basis ( my !ory4 ,i w n[ beg9 ^! *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,! g5]al object ( ! ,law is tw(old3 ! well-be+ ( ! s\l1 & ! well-be+ ( ! body4 ,! well-be+ ( ! s\l is promot$ by correct op9ions communicat$ to ! p accord+ to _! capacity4 ,"s ( ^! op9ions are !re=e imp>t$ 9 a pla9 =m1 o!rs allegorically2 because c]ta9 op9ions are 9 _! pla9 =m too /rong = ! capacity ( ! common p4 ,! well-be+ ( ! body is e/abli%$ by a prop] managem5t ( ! relations 9 :i* we live "o to ano!r4 ,?is we c atta9 9 two ways3 fir/ by remov+ all viol5ce f our mid/2 t is to say1 t we d n d e "o z he pleases1 desires1 & is able to d2 b e "o ( u does t :i* contributes t[>ds ! common welf>e4 ,secondly1 by tea*+ e "o ( u su* good morals z mu/ produce a good social /ate4 ,( ^! two objects1 ! "o1 ! well-be+ ( ! s\l1 or ! communication ( correct op9ions1 comes und\bt$ly fir/ 9 rank1 b ! o!r1 ! well-be+ ( ! body1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! be/ possible relations among m51 is ant]ior 9 nature & "t4 ,! latt] object is requir$ fir/2 x is also treat$ 9 ! ,law mo/ c>efully & mo/ m9utely1 because ! well-be+ ( ! s\l c only be obta9$ aft] t ( ! body has be5 secur$4 ,= x has already be5 f\nd t man has a d\ble p]fection3 ! fir/ p]fection is t ( ! body1 & ! second p]fection is t ( ! s\l4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 ! mo/ heal?y condition ( 8 mat]ial relations1 & ?is is only possible :5 man has all 8 wants suppli$1 z !y arise2 if he has 8 food1 & o!r ?+s ne$ful = 8 body1 e4g41 %elt]1 ba?1 & ! l4 ,b "o man alone _c procure all ?is2 x is impossible = a s+le man to obta9 ?is com=t2 x is only possible 9 society1 s9ce man1 z is well kn[n1 is by nature social4 ,! second p]fection ( man consi/s 9 8 becom+ an actually intellig5t be+2 i4e41 he kn[s ab\t ! ?+s 9 exi/5ce all t a p]son p]fectly develop$ is capable ( kn[+4 ,?is second p]fection c]ta9ly does n include any action or good conduct1 b only k1 :i* is arriv$ at by speculation1 or e/abli%$ by rese>*4 ,x is cle> t ! second & sup]ior k9d ( p]fection c only be atta9$ :5 ! fir/ p]fection has be5 acquir$2 = a p]son t is suff]+ f great hung]1 ?ir/1 heat1 or cold1 _c grasp an idea ev5 if communicat$ by o!rs1 mu* less c he arrive at x by 8 own reason+4 ,b :5 a p]son is 9 possession ( ! fir/ p]fection1 !n he may possibly acquire ! second p]fection1 :i* is und\bt$ly ( a sup]ior k9d1 & is alone ! s\rce ( et]nal life4 ,! true ,law1 :i* z we said is "o1 & beside :i* !re is no o!r ,law1 viz41 ! ,law ( our tea*] ,moses1 has = its purpose to give u ! tw(old p]fection4 ,x aims fir/ at ! e/abli%m5t ( good mutual relations among m5 by remov+ inju/ice & creat+ ! noble/ feel+s4 ,9 ?is way ! p 9 e l& are enabl$ to /ay & cont9ue 9 "o condition1 & e "o c acquire 8 fir/ p]fection4 ,secondly1 x seeks to tra9 u 9 fai?1 & to imp>t correct & true op9ions :5 ! intellect is suffici5tly develop$4 ,scripture cle>ly m5tions ! tw(old p]fection1 & tells u t its acquisition is ! object ( all ! div9e comm&m5ts4 ,comp4 8,& ! ,"l comm&$ u to d all ^! /atutes1 to fe> ! ,"l our ,god1 = our good always1 t he might pres]ve u alive z x is ?is day0 7,deut4 vi4 #bd74 ,"h ! second p]fection is fir/ m5tion$ because x is ( great] importance1 be+1 z we h %[n1 ! ultimate aim ( man's exi/5ce4 ,?is p]fection is express$ 9 ! phrase1 8= our good always40 ,y "k ! int]pretation ( our ,sages1 8#8t x may be well ) !e' 7ibid4 xxii4 #g71 namely1 9 ! _w t is all good1 #8& t ?\ maye/ prolong ?y days' 7ibid471 i4e41 9 ! _w t is all et]nal40 ,9 ! same s5se ,i expla9 ! words1 8= our good always10 to mean t we may come into ! _w t is all good & et]nal1 :]e we may live p]man5tly2 & ! words1 8t he might pres]ve u alive z x is ?is day10 ,i expla9 z ref]r+ to our fir/ & temporal exi/5ce1 to t ( our body1 :i* _c be 9 a p]fect & good condition except by ! co-op]ation ( society1 z has be5 %[n by u4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ,scripture only tea*es ! *ief po9ts ( ^? true pr9ciples :i* lead to ! true p]fection ( man1 & only dem&s 9 g5]al t]ms fai? 9 !m4 ,?us ,scripture tea*es ! ,exi/5ce1 ! ,unity1 ! ,omnisci5ce1 ! ,omnipot5ce1 ! ,w1 & ! ,et]nity ( ,god4 ,all ?is is giv5 9 ! =m ( f9al results1 b !y _c be und]/ood fully & accurately except aft] ! acquisition ( _m k9ds ( k4 ,scripture fur!r dem&s belief 9 c]ta9 tru?s1 ! belief 9 :i* is indisp5sable 9 regulat+ our social relations2 su* is ! belief t ,god is angry ) ^? :o disobey ,him1 = x leads u to ! fe> & dread ( disob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god4 ,!re are o!r tru?s 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole ( ! ,univ]se :i* =m ! sub/ance ( ! v>i\s & _m k9ds ( speculative sci5ces1 & af=d ! means ( v]ify+ ! above-m5tion$ pr9ciples z _! f9al result4 ,b ,scripture does n s di/9ctly prescribe ! belief 9 !m z x does 9 ! fir/ case2 x is impli$ 9 ! comm&m5t1 8to love ! ,"l0 7,deut4 xi4 #ac74 ,x may be inf]r$ f ! words1 8,& ?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y might0 7ibid4 vi4 #e71 :at /ress is laid on ?is comm&m5t to love ,god4 ,we h already %[n 9 ! ,mi%neh-torah 7,yes4 ha-torah ii4 #b7 t ?is love is only possible :5 we compreh5d ! real nature ( ?+s1 & und]/& ! div9e wisdom display$ !re94 ,we h likewise m5tion$ !re :at our ,sages rem>k on ?is subject4 ,! result ( all ^! prelim9>y rem>ks is ?is3 ,! reason ( a comm&m5t1 :e!r positive or negative1 is cle>1 & its usefulness evid5t1 if x directly t5ds to remove inju/ice1 or to tea* good conduct t fur!rs ! well-be+ ( society1 or to imp>t a tru? :i* ought to be believ$ ei!r on its own m]it or z be+ indisp5sable = facilitat+ ! removal ( inju/ice or ! tea*+ ( good morals4 ,!re is no occasion to ask = ! object ( su* comm&m5ts2 = no "o c1 e4g41 be 9 d\bt z to ! reason :y we h be5 comm&$ to believe t ,god is "o2 :y we are =bidd5 to murd]1 to /eal1 & to take v5geance1 or to retaliate1 or :y we are comm&$ to love "o ano!r4 ,b !re are precepts conc]n+ :i* p are 9 d\bt1 & ( divid$ op9ions1 "s believ+ t !y are m]e comm&s1 & s]ve no purpose :atev]1 :il/ o!rs believe t !y s]ve a c]ta9 purpose1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is unkn[n to man4 ,su* are ^? precepts :i* 9 _! lit]al mean+ d n seem to fur!r any ( ! ?ree above-nam$ results3 to imp>t "s tru?1 to tea* "s moral1 or to remove inju/ice4 ,!y d n seem to h any influ5ce ^u ! well-be+ ( ! s\l by imp>t+ any tru?1 or ^u ! well-be+ ( ! body by sugge/+ su* ways & rules z are useful 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a /ate1 or 9 ! managem5t ( a h\sehold4 ,su* are ! prohibitions ( we>+ g>m5ts conta9+ wool & l952 ( s[+ div]s se$s1 or ( boil+ meat & milk toge!r2 ! comm&m5t ( cov]+ ! blood ( slaught]$ bea/s & birds1 ! c]emony ( break+ ! neck ( a calf 9 case ( a p]son be+ f\nd sla91 & ! murd]] be+ unkn[n2 ! law conc]n+ ! fir/-born ( an ass1 & ! l4 ,i am prep>$ to tell y my explanation ( all ^! comm&m5ts1 & to assign = !m a true reason support$ by pro(1 ) ! exception ( "s m9or rules1 & ( a few comm&m5ts1 z ,i h m5tion$ above4 ,i w %[ t all ^! & simil> laws mu/ h "s be>+ ^u "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree ?+s1 viz41 ! regulation ( our op9ions1 or ! improvem5t ( our social relations1 :i* implies two ?+s1 ! removal ( inju/ice1 & ! tea*+ ( good morals4 ,consid] :at we said ( ! op9ions impli$ 9 ! laws2 9 "s cases ! law conta9s a tru? :i* is itself ! only object ( t law1 z e4g41 ! tru? ( ! ,unity1 ,et]nity1 & ,incorporeality ( ,god2 9 o!r cases1 t tru? is only ! means ( secur+ ! removal ( inju/ice1 or ! acquisition ( good morals2 su* is ! belief t ,god is angry ) ^? :o oppress _! fell[-m51 z x is said1 8,m9e ang] w be k9dl$1 & ,i w slay10 etc4 7,exod4 xxii4 #bc72 or ! belief t ,god he>s ! cry+ ( ! oppress$ & vex$1 to deliv] !m out ( ! h&s ( ! oppressor & tyrant1 z x is writt51 8,& x %all come to pass1 :5 he w cry unto me1 t ,i w he>1 = ,i am graci\s0 7,exod4 xxii4 #be74 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,x is well kn[n t ! ,patri>* ,abraham 0 br\ght up 9 ! religion & ! op9ion ( ! ,sabeans1 t !re is no div9e be+ except ! />s4 ,i w tell y 9 ?is *apt] _! works :i* are at pres5t extant 9 ,arabic translations1 & also 9 _! anci5t *ronicles2 & ,i w %[ y _! op9ion & _! practice accord+ to ^! books4 ,y w !n see cle>ly t !y consid] ! />s z deities1 & ! sun z ! *ief deity4 ,!y believe t all ! sev5 />s are gods1 b ! two lum9>ies are great] ?an all ! re/4 ,!y say di/9ctly t ! sun gov]ns ! _w1 bo? t :i* is above & t :i* is bel[2 ^! are exactly _! expressions4 ,9 ^! books1 & 9 _! *ronicles1 ! hi/ory ( ,abraham our fa!r is giv5 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,abraham 0 br\ght up 9 ,ku?a2 :5 he diff]$ f ! p & decl>$ t !re is a ,mak] besides ! sun1 !y rais$ c]ta9 objections1 & m5tion$ 9 _! argum5ts ! evid5t & manife/ action ( ! sun 9 ! ,univ]se4 8,y are "r10 said ,abraham2 8! sun acts 9 ! same mann] z #8! axe 9 ! h& ( him t hews ) x4'0 ,!n "s ( 8 argum5ts aga9/ 8 oppon5ts are m5tion$4 ,9 %ort1 ! k+ put him 9 prison2 b he cont9u$ _m days1 :ile 9 prison1 to argue aga9/ !m4 ,at la/ ! k+ 0 afraid t ,abraham might corrupt ! k+dom1 & turn ! p away f _! religion2 he !re=e expell$ ,abraham into ,syria1 aft] hav+ depriv$ him ( all 8 prop]ty4 ,?is is _! acc\nt :i* y f9d cle>ly /at$ 9 ! book call$ ,! ,nabatean ,agriculture4 ,no?+ is said !re ( ! acc\nt giv5 9 our tru/wor?y books1 nor d !y m5tion :at he le>nt by way ( prophecy2 = !y refus$ to believe him1 because he attack$ _! evil doctr9e4 ,i d n d\bt t :5 he attack$ ! doctr9e ( all 8 fell[-m51 he 0 curs$1 despis$1 & scorn$ by ^! p :o adh]$ to _! errone\s op9ions4 ,:5 he submitt$ to ?is treatm5t = ! sake ( ,god1 z ought to be done = ! sake ( ,8 glory1 ,god said to him1 8,& ,i w bless !m t bless !e1 & curse !m t curse !e0 7,g54 xii4 #c74 ,! result ( ! c\rse :i* ,abraham took1 is ! fact t mo/ p1 z we see at pres5t1 agree 9 prais+ him1 & be+ pr\d ( him2 s t ev5 ^? :o are n 8 desc5dants call !mselves by 8 "n4 ,no "o opposes him1 & no "o ignores 8 m]its1 except "s ignoble remnants ( ! nations left 9 ! remote corn]s ( ! e>?1 l ! savage ,turks 9 ! extreme ,nor?1 & ! ,indians 9 ! extreme ,s\?4 ,^! are remnants ( ! ,sabeans1 :o once fill$ ! e>?4 ,^? :o 7 able to ?9k1 & 7 philosoph]s 9 ^? days1 c\ld only raise !mselves to ! idea t ,god is ! _s ( ! sph]es2 ! sph]es ) _! />s be+ ! body1 & ,god ! _s4 ,abu-becr al-,zaig m5tions ?is 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! book ( ,physics4 ,all ! ,sabeans ?us believ$ 9 ! et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 ! heav5s be+ 9 _! op9ion ,god4 ,adam 0 9 _! belief a human be+ born f male & female1 l ! re/ ( mank9d2 he 0 only di/+ui%$ f 8 fell[-m5 by be+ a prophet s5t by ! moon2 he accord+ly call$ m5 to ! wor%ip ( ! moon1 & he wrote sev]al works on agriculture4 ,! ,sabeans fur!r relate t ,noah 0 an agriculturi/1 & t he 0 n pleas$ ) ! wor%ip ( idols2 !y blame him = t1 & say t he did n wor%ip any image4 ,9 _! writ+s we meet ev5 ) ! /atem5t t ,noah 0 rebuk$ & imprison$ because he wor%ipp$ ,god1 & ) _m o!r acc\nts ab\t him4 ,! ,sabeans cont5d t ,se? diff]$ f 8 fa!r ,adam1 z reg>ds ! wor%ip ( ! moon4 ,!y manufactur$ ridicul\s /ories1 :i* prove t _! au?ors 7 v defici5t 9 k1 t !y 7 by no means philosoph]s1 b on ! contr>y 7 extremely ignorant p]sons4 ,adam1 !y say1 left ! torrid zone ne> ,india & ent]$ ! region ( ,babylon1 br++ ) him wond]ful ?+s1 su* z a gold5 tree1 t 0 gr[+1 & _h leaves & bran*es2 a /one tree ( ! same k9d1 & a fre% leaf ( a tree pro( aga9/ fire4 ,he relat$ t !re 0 a tree :i* c\ld %elt] t5 ?\s& m51 al?\gh x _h only ! height ( a man2 two leaves he br\ght ) him1 ea* ( :i* 0 suffici5t to cov] two m54 ,( ^! /ories ! ,sabeans h a wond]ful abundance4 ,i am surpris$ t p]sons :o ?9k t ! ,univ]se is et]nal1 c yet believe 9 ^! ?+s :i* nature _c produce1 z is kn[n to e /ud5t ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,!y only m5tion ,adam1 & relate ! above /ories ab\t him1 9 ord] to support _! !ory ( ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se2 f ?is !ory !y !n d]ive ! doctr9e t ! />s & ! sph]es are deities4 ,:5 ,abraham ! 8,pill> ( ! ,_w0 appe>$1 he became conv9c$ t !re is a spiritual ,div9e ,be+1 :i* is n a body1 nor a =ce resid+ 9 a body1 b is ! au?or ( ! sph]es & ! />s2 & he saw ! absurdity ( ! tales 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up4 ,he !re=e began to attack ! belief ( ! ,sabeans1 to expose ! falsehood ( _! op9ions1 & to proclaim publicly 9 opposition to !m1 8! "n ( ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ! ,univ]se0 7,g54 xxi4 #cc71 :i* proclamation includ$ at ! same "t ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ! ,creation ( ! ,univ]se by ,god4 ,9 accordance ) ! ,sabean !ories images 7 erect$ to ! />s1 gold5 images to ! sun1 images ( silv] to ! moon1 & !y attribut$ ! metals & ! climates to ! influ5ce ( ! planets1 say+ t a c]ta9 planet is ! god ( a c]ta9 zone4 ,!y built temples1 plac$ 9 !m images1 & assum$ t ! />s s5t =? _! influ5ce ^u ^! images1 :i* are !reby enabl$ 7to speak7 to und]/&1 to compreh5d1 to inspire human be+s1 & to tell !m :at is useful to !m4 ,!y apply ! same to trees :i* fall to ! lot ( ^! />s4 ,:51 namely1 a c]ta9 tree1 :i* is peculi> to a c]ta9 />1 is d$icat$ to ! "n ( ?is />1 & c]ta9 ?+s are done = ! tree & to ! tree1 ! spiritual =ce ( t /> :i* influ5ces t tree1 inspires m51 & speaks to !m :5 !y are asleep4 ,all ?is is writt5 9 _! works1 to :i* ,i w call y\r att5tion4 ,x applies to ! 8prophets ( ,baal10 & ! 8prophets ( ,a%]ah10 m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 9 ^: he>ts ! ,sabean !ories _h tak5 root1 :o =sook ,god1 & call$1 8,baal1 he> u0 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #bf72 because ^! !ories 7 !n g5]al1 ignorance _h spread1 & ! madness ) :i* p adh]$ to ?is k9d ( imag9ations _h increas$ 9 ! _w4 ,:5 su* op9ions 7 adopt$ among ! ,israelites1 !y _h obs]v]s ( cl\ds1 en*ant]s1 wit*es1 *>m]s1 consult]s ) famili> spirits1 wiz>ds1 & necromanc]s4 ,we h %[n 9 our l>ge "w1 ,mi%neh-torah 7,hilkot1 ,abodah-z>ah i4 #c71 t ,abraham 0 ! fir/ t oppos$ ^! !ories by argum5t & by s(t & p]suasive spee*4 ,he induc$ ^! p1 by %[+ k9dness to !m1 to s]ve ,god4 ,aft]w>ds came ! *ief ( ! prophets & complet$ ! "w by ! comm&m5t to slay ^? unbeliev]s1 to blot out _! "n1 & to uproot !m f ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,comp4 8,ye %all de/roy _! alt>s10 etc4 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #ac74 ,he =bade u to foll[ _! ways2 he said1 8,ye %all n walk 9 ! mann]s ( ! hea!n10 etc4 7,lev4 xx4 #bc74 ,y "k f ! repeat$ decl>ations 9 ! ,law t ! pr9cipal purpose ( ! :ole ,law 0 ! removal & utt] de/ruction ( idolatry1 & all t is connect$ !re)1 ev5 its "n1 & ev]y?+ t might lead to any su* practices1 e4g41 act+ z a consult] ) famili> spirits1 or z a wiz>d1 pass+ *ildr5 ?r\gh ! fire1 div9+1 obs]v+ ! cl\ds1 en*ant+1 *>m+1 or inquir+ ( ! dead4 ,! law prohibits u to imitate ! hea!n 9 any ( ^! de$s1 & a =tiori to adopt !m entirely4 ,x is di/9ctly said 9 ! ,law t ev]y?+ :i* idolat]s consid] z s]vice to _! gods1 & a means ( approa*+ !m1 is reject$ & despis$ by ,god2 comp4 8= e abom9ation to ! ,"l1 :i* he hate?1 h !y done unto _! gods0 7,deut4 xii4 #ca74 ,9 ! books :i* ,i %all "n to y lat] on1 x is /at$ t on c]ta9 occasions !y (f]$ to ! sun1 _! greate/ god1 sev5 beetles1 & sev5 mice1 & sev5 bats4 ,?is alone suffices to %[ h[ disgu/+ _! practice mu/ be to human nature4 ,?us all precepts caution+ aga9/ idolatry1 or aga9/ t :i* is connect$ !re)1 leads to x1 or is relat$ to x1 are evid5tly useful4 ,!y all t5d to save u f ! evil doctr9es t deprive u ( ev]y?+ useful = ! acquisition ( ! tw(old p]fection ( man1 by lead+ to ^? absurd practices 9 :i* our fa!rs & ance/ors h be5 br\ght up4 ,comp4 8,& ,jo%ua said unto all ! p1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel1 y\r fa!rs dwelt on ! o!r side ( ! riv] 9 old "t1 ev5 ,t]ah1 ! fa!r ( ,abraham1 & ! fa!r ( ,nahor1 & !y s]v$ o!r gods0 7,jo%4 xxiv4 #b74 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to ^! idolatr\s ideas t ! true prophets exclaim1 8,!y walk$ aft] va9 ?+s1 :i* d n pr(it40 ,h[ great is ! usefulness ( e precept t deliv]s u f ?is great error1 & leads u back to ! true fai?3 t ,god1 ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 rules ! ,univ]se2 t ,he mu/ be s]v$1 lov$1 & fe>$1 & n ^? imag9>y deities4 ,accord+ to ?is fai? we approa* ! true ,god1 & obta9 ,8 fav\r )\t hav+ rec\rse to burd5some means2 = no?+ else is requir$ b to love & fe> ,him2 ?is is ! aim 9 s]v+ ,god1 z w be %[n4 ,comp4 8,& n[1 ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e b to fe> ! ,"l08 etc4 7,deut4 x4 #ab74 ,i %all complete ?is subject lat] on2 n[ let u return to ! !me ( ?is *apt]4 ,i say t my k ( ! belief1 practice1 & wor%ip ( ! ,sabeans has giv5 me an insight into _m ( ! div9e precepts1 & has l$ me to "k _! reason4 ,y w confirm x :5 ,i %all give ! reason ( comm&m5ts :i* are seem+ly purposeless4 ,i w m5tion to y ! works f :i* y may le>n all t ,i "k ( ! religion & ! op9ions ( ! ,sabeans2 y w !reby obta9 a true k ( my !ory z reg>ds ! purpose ( ! div9e precepts4 ,! great book on ?is subject is ! book ,on ! ,nabatean ,agriculture1 translat$ by ,ibn ,wah%iya4 ,9 a succe$+ *apt] ,i %all expla9 :y ! ,sabeans _h _! religi\s doctr9es writt5 9 a "w on agriculture4 ,! book is full ( ! absurdities ( idolatr\s p1 & ) ^? ?+s to :i* ! m9ds ( ! multitude easily turn & adh]e p]sev]+ly2 x speaks ( talismans1 ! means ( direct+ ! influ5ce ( ! />s2 wit*craft1 spirits1 & demons t dwell 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!re occur also 9 ?is book great absurdities1 :i* are ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( intellig5t p4 ,!y 7 int5d$ z a criticism & an attack on ! evid5t miracles by :i* all p le>nt t !re exi/s a ,god :o is judge ov] all p4 ,comp4 8,t ?\ maye/ "k h[ t ! e>? is ! ,"l's0 7,exod4 ix4 #bi71 8,t ,i am ! ,"l 9 ! mid/ ( ! e>?0 7ibid4 viii4 #ah74 ,! book describes ?+s z hav+ be5 m5tion$ by ,adam 9 8 book2 a tree :i* is f\nd 9 ,india1 & has ! peculi>ity t any bran* tak5 f x & ?r[n to ! gr\nd creeps along & moves l s]p5ts2 x also m5tions a tree :i* 9 its root resembles a human be+1 utt]s a l\d s\nd1 & speaks a ^w or words2 a plant is m5tion$ :i* has ?is peculi>ity1 t a leaf ( x put on ! neck ( a p]son conceals t p]son f ! sight ( m51 & enables him to ent] or leave a place )\t be+ se51 & if any "p ( x is burnt 9 op5 air a noise & t]rible s\nds are he>d :il/ ! smoke asc5ds4 ,num]\s fables ( ?is k9d are introduc$ 9 ! description ( ! wond]s ( plants & ! prop]ties ( agriculture4 ,?is leads ! au?or to argue aga9/ ! true miracles1 & to say t !y 7 ! result ( artifice4 ,among o!r fables we read !re t ! plant al!a1 "o ( ! ,a%]ot1 :i* !y made1 z ,i told y1 /ood 9 ,n9eveh twelve ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is tree _h once a qu>rel ) ! m&ragora1 :i* want$ to take ! place ( ! =m]4 ,! p]son :o _h be5 inspir$ by ?is tree ceas$ to receive inspiration2 :5 aft] "s "t ! prophetical p[] _h return$ to him1 he 0 told by ! al!a t ! latt] _h be5 engag$ 9 a dispute ) ! m&ragora4 ,he 0 !n comm&$ to write to ! magicians t !y %\ld decide :e!r ! al!a or ! m&ragora 0 bett] & m effective 9 wit*craft4 ,x is a long /ory1 & y may le>n f x1 :5 y read x1 ! op9ions & ! wisdom ( ! m5 ( t "t4 ,su* 7 9 ^? days ( d>kness ! wise m5 ( ,babel1 to :om ref]5ce is made 9 ,scripture1 & su* 7 ! beliefs 9 :i* !y 7 tra9$4 ,& 7 x n t ! !ory ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god is at pres5t g5]ally accept$1 our days w\ld n[ h be5 d>k] ?an ^? days1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects4 ,i return n[ to my subject4 ,9 t book ! foll[+ /ory is also relat$3 ,"o ( ! idolatr\s prophets1 nam$ ,tammuz1 call$ ^u ! k+ to wor%ip ! sev5 planets & ! twelve con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac2 :]eupon ! k+ kill$ him 9 a dreadful mann]4 ,! night ( 8 dea? ! images f all p>ts ( ! l& came toge!r 9 ! temple ( ,babylon :i* 0 devot$ to ! image ( ! ,sun1 ! great gold5 image4 ,?is image1 :i* 0 susp5d$ betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 came d[n into ! mid/ ( ! temple1 & surr\nd$ by all o!r images comm5c$ to m\rn = ,tammuz1 & to relate :at _h befall5 him4 ,all o!r images cri$ & m\rn$ ! :ole night2 at dawn !y flew away & return$ to _! temples 9 e corn] ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce ! regul> cu/om arose = ! wom5 to weep1 lam5t1 m\rn1 & cry = ,tammuz on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? ( ,tammuz4 ,consid] :at op9ions p _h 9 ^! days4 ,! leg5d ( ,tammuz is v old among ! ,sabeans4 ,?is book w disclose to y mo/ ( ! p]v]se ideas & practices ( ! ,sabeans1 includ+ _! fea/s4 ,b y mu/ be c>eful & mu/ n be misl$ to ?9k t we h real incid5ts 9 ! life ( ,adam1 or ( any o!r p]son1 or any real fact 9 ! /ories :i* !y relate ab\t ,adam1 ! s]p5t1 ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 & ! allusion to ! g>m5t ( ,adam :i* he _h n be5 accu/om$ to we>4 ,a little consid]ation w lay op5 ! falsehood ( all ^! acc\nts2 x w %[ t !y h be5 inv5t$ 9 imitation ( ! ,p5tateu* :5 x became kn[n among ! nations4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,creation 0 he>d1 & x 0 tak5 entirely 9 its lit]al s5se4 ,!y h done ?is 9 ord] t ! ignorant may he> x1 & be p]suad$ to assume ! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 & to believe t ! ,scriptural acc\nt conta9$ facts :i* happ5$ 9 ! mann] z has be5 assum$ by ! ,sabeans4 ,x is by no means necess>y to po9t ?is out to m5 l y4 ,y h acquir$ suffici5t k to keep y\r m9d free f ! absurdities ( ! ,kasdim1 ,*aldeans1 & ,sabeans1 :o are b>e ( e true sci5ce4 ,b ,i wi% to exhort y t y %\ld caution o!rs1 = ord9>y p are v mu* incl9$ to believe ^! fables4 ,to ! same class ( books we c\nt ! book ,i/ima*is1 attribut$ to ,ari/otle1 :o c by no means h be5 its au?or2 also ! books on ,talismans1 su* z ! book ( ,tomtom2 ! book al-,s>b2 ! book on ! degrees ( ! sph]e & ! con/ellations ris+ ) ea* degree2 a book on ,talismans attribut$ to ,ari/otle1 a book ascrib$ to ,h]mes1 a book ( ! ,sabean ,isak 9 def5ce ( ! ,sabean religion1 & 8 l>ge "w on ,sabean cu/oms1 details ( _! religion1 c]emonies1 fe/ivals1 (f]+s1 pray]s & o!r ?+s relat+ to _! fai?4 ,all ^! books :i* ,i h m5tion$ are works on idolatry translat$ into ,arabic2 !re is no d\bt t !y =m a v small portion 9 comp>ison to t :i* has n be5 translat$1 & t :i* is no long] extant1 b has be5 lo/ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,b ^? works :i* are at pres5t extant1 include mo/ ( ! op9ions ( ! ,sabeans & _! practices1 :i* are to "s degree /ill 9 vogue 9 ! _w4 ,!y describe h[ temples are built & images ( metal & /one plac$ 9 !m1 alt>s erect$ & sacrifices & v>i\s k9ds ( food are (f]$ !reon1 fe/ivals celebrat$1 meet+s held 9 ! temples = pray] & o!r k9ds ( s]vice2 h[ !y select c]ta9 v di/+ui%$ places & call !m temples ( ,intellectual ,images 7or ,=ms72 h[ !y make images 8on ! high m\nta9s0 7,deut4 xii4 #b71 re> a%]ot1 erect pill>s1 & d _m o!r ?+s :i* y c le>n f ! books m5tion$ by u4 ,! k ( ^! !ories & practices is ( great importance 9 expla9+ ! reasons ( ! precepts4 ,= x is ! pr9cipal object ( ! ,law & ! axis r\nd :i* x turns1 to blot out ^! op9ions f man's he>t & make ! exi/5ce ( idolatry impossible4 ,z reg>ds ! =m] ,scripture says3 8,le/ y\r he>t be p]suad$10 etc4 7,deut4 xi4 #af71 8^: he>t turne? away to-day10 etc4 7ibid4 xxix4 #ag74 ,! actual abolition ( idolatry is express$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,ye %all de/roy _! alt>s1 & burn _! groves 9 fire0 7,deut4 vii4 #e71 8& ye %all de/roy _! "n10 etc4 7xii4 #c74 ,^! two ?+s are frequ5tly repeat$2 !y =m ! pr9cipal & fir/ object ( ! :ole ,law1 z our ,sages di/9ctly told u 9 _! traditional explanation ( ! words 8all t ,god comm&$ y by ! h& ( ,moses0 7,num4 xv4 #bc72 = !y say1 8,h5ce we le>n t ^? :o foll[ idolatry d5y z x 7 _! adhesion to ! :ole ,law1 & ^? :o reject idolatry foll[ z x 7 ! :ole ,law40 7,b4 ,t4 ,kidd1 #dj;a47 ,note x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,on exam9+ ^! old & fooli% doctr9es we f9d t x 0 mo/ g5]ally believ$ by ! p t by ! wor%ip ( />s ! e>? w become inhabit$1 & ! gr\nd f]tiliz$4 ,! wise1 pi\s1 & s9-fe>+ m5 among !m reprov$ ! p & taught !m t agriculture1 on :i* ! pres]vation ( mank9d dep5d$1 w\ld become p]fect & satisfy man's wi%es1 :5 he wor%ipp$ ! sun & ! />s4 ,if man provok$ ^! be+s by 8 rebelli\sness1 ! t[ns w\ld become empty & wa/e4 ,9 ! above-nam$ books x is /at$ t ,m>s 0 angry ) l&s1 t =m n[ des]ts & wa/es1 & 9 consequ5ce ( t ang] !y 7 depriv$ ( wat] & trees1 & h become ! habitation ( demons4 ,till]s ( ! gr\nd & husb&m5 are prais$ 9 ^? books1 because !y are engag$ ) ! cultivation ( ! l& 9 accordance ) ! w & desire ( ! />s4 ,! idolat]s also held cattle 9 e/eem on acc\nt ( _! use 9 agriculture1 & w5t ev5 s f> z to say1 t x is n all[$ to slay !m1 because !y comb9e 9 !mselves /r5g? & will+ness to d ! "w ( man 9 till+ ! gr\nd4 ,! ox51 not)/&+ _! great /r5g?1 d ?is1 & submit to man1 because x is ! w ( ,god t !y %\ld be employ$ 9 agriculture4 ,:5 ^! views became g5]ally kn[n1 idolatry 0 connect$ ) agriculture1 because ! latt] is indisp5sable = ! ma9t5ance ( man1 & ( mo/ animals4 ,! idolatr\s prie/s !n prea*$ to ! p :o met 9 ! temples1 & taught !m t by c]ta9 religi\s acts1 ra9 w\ld come d[n1 ! trees ( ! field w\ld yield _! fruit1 & ! l& w\ld be f]tile & inhabit$4 ,see :at is said 9 ! ,nabatean ,agriculture 9 ! *apt] on v9ey>ds4 ,! foll[+ words ( ! ,sabeans are quot$ !re3 8,all anci5t wise m5 advis$1 & prophets likewise comm&$ & enjo9$ to play be=e ! images on c]ta9 in/rum5ts dur+ ! fe/ivals4 ,!y also said--& :at !y said is true--t ! deities are pleas$ ) x1 & rew>d ^? :o d x4 ,!y promise1 inde$1 v great rew>d = ^! ?+s2 e4g41 l5g? ( life1 protection f illness1 exemption f great bodily de=mities1 pl5ty ( ! produce ( ! e>?1 & ( ! fruits ( ! trees40 ,^! are ! words ( ! ,sabeans4 ,:5 ^! ideas spread1 & 7 consid]$ z true1 ,god1 9 ,8 great m]cy = u1 int5d$ to remove ?is error f our m9ds1 & to protect our bodies f tr\ble2 & !re=e desir$ u to discont9ue ! practice ( ^! useless actions4 ,he gave u ,8 ,law ?r\gh ,moses1 our tea*]1 :o told u 9 ! "n ( ,god1 t ! wor%ip ( />s & o!r corporeal be+s w\ld effect t ra9 w\ld cease1 ! l& be wa/e1 & w\ld n produce any?+1 & ! fruit ( ! trees w\ld )]2 calamities w\ld befall ! p1 _! bodies w\ld be de=m$1 & life w\ld be %ort5$4 ,^! are ! cont5ts ( 8! words ( ! cov5ant :i* ,god made0 7,deut4 xxviii4 #f-i74 ,x is frequ5tly express$ 9 all p>ts ( ,scripture1 t ! wor%ip ( ! />s w\ld be foll[$ by abs5ce ( ra91 deva/ation ( ! l&1 bad times1 diseases1 & %ortness ( life4 ,b ab&onm5t ( t wor%ip1 & ! return to ! s]vice ( ,god1 w\ld be ! cause ( ! pres5ce ( ra91 f]tility ( ! gr\nd1 good times1 heal? & l5g? ( life4 ,?us ,scripture tea*es1 9 ord] t man %\ld ab&on idolatry1 ! rev]se ( t :i* idolatr\s prie/s prea*$ to ! p1 =1 z has be5 %[n by u1 ! pr9cipal object ( ! ,law is to remove ?is doctr9e1 & to de/roy its traces4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,!re are p]sons :o f9d x difficult to give a reason = any ( ! comm&m5ts1 & consid] x "r to assume t ! comm&m5ts & prohibitions h no rational basis :atev]4 ,!y are l$ to adopt ?is !ory by a c]ta9 disease 9 _! s\l1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* !y p]ceive1 b :i* !y are unable to discuss or to describe4 ,= !y imag9e t ^! precepts1 if !y 7 useful 9 any respect1 & 7 comm&$ because ( _! usefulness1 w\ld seem to orig9ate 9 ! ?\ght & reason ( "s intellig5t be+4 ,b z ?+s :i* are n objects ( reason & s]ve no purpose1 !y w\ld und\bt$ly be attribut$ to ,god1 because no ?\ght ( man c\ld h produc$ !m4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ^? weak-m9d$ p]sons1 man is m p]fect ?an 8 ,creator4 ,= :at man says or does has a c]ta9 object1 :il/ ! actions ( ,god are diff]5t2 ,he comm&s u to d :at is ( no use to u1 & =bids u to d :at is h>mless4 ,f> be ?is6 ,on ! contr>y1 ! sole object ( ! ,law is to b5efit u4 ,?us we expla9$ ! ,scriptural passage1 8= our good always1 t ,he might pres]ve u alive1 z x is ?is day0 7,deut4 vi4 #bd74 ,aga91 8:i* %all he> all ^? /atutes 7uim71 & say1 surely ?is great nation is a wise & und]/&+ p0 7ibid4 iv4 #f74 ,he ?us says t ev5 e "o ( ^! 8/atutes0 conv9ces all nations ( ! wisdom & und]/&+ x includes4 ,b if no reason c\ld be f\nd = ^! /atutes1 if !y produc$ no advantage & remov$ no evil1 :y !n %\ld he :o believes 9 !m & foll[s !m be wise1 reasonable1 & s excell5t z to raise ! admiration ( all nations8 ,b ! tru? is und\bt$ly z we h said1 t e "o ( ! six hundr$ & ?irte5 precepts s]ves to inculcate "s tru?1 to remove "s errone\s op9ion1 to e/abli% prop] relations 9 society1 to dim9i% evil1 to tra9 9 good mann]s1 or to w>n aga9/ bad habits4 ,all ?is dep5ds on ?ree ?+s3 op9ions1 morals1 & social conduct4 ,we d n c\nt words1 because precepts1 :e!r positive or negative1 if !y relate to spee*1 belong to ^? precepts :i* regulate our social conduct1 or to ^? :i* spread tru?1 or to ^? :i* tea* morals4 ,?us ^! ?ree pr9ciples suffice = assign+ a reason = e "o ( ! ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,on consid]+ ! ,div9e acts1 or ! processes ( ,nature1 we get an insight into ! prud5ce & wisdom ( ,god z display$ 9 ! creation ( animals1 ) ! gradual developm5t ( ! movem5ts ( _! limbs & ! relative positions ( ! latt]1 & we p]ceive also ,8 wisdom & plan 9 ! successive & gradual developm5t ( ! :ole condition ( ea* individual4 ,! gradual developm5t ( ! animals' movem5ts & ! relative position ( ! limbs may be illu/rat$ by ! bra94 ,! front "p is v s(t1 ! back "p is a little h>d1 ! sp9al m>r[ is /ill h>d]1 & ! f>!r x ext5ds ! h>d] x becomes4 ,! n]ves are ! organs ( s5sation & motion4 ,"s n]ves are only requir$ = s5sation1 or = slight movem5ts1 z1 e4g41 ! movem5t ( ! eyelids or ( ! jaws2 ^! n]ves orig9ate 9 ! bra94 ,! n]ves :i* are requir$ = ! movem5ts ( ! limbs come f ! sp9al m>r[4 ,b n]ves1 ev5 ^? t come directly f ! sp9al cord1 are too s(t to set ! jo9ts 9 motion2 !re=e ,god made ! foll[+ arrangem5t3 ! n]ves bran* out into fibres :i* are cov]$ ) fle%1 & become muscles2 ! n]ves t come =? at ! extremities ( ! muscles & h already comm5c$ to h>d51 & to comb9e ) h>d pieces ( ligam5ts1 are ! s9ews :i* are jo9$ & atta*$ to ! limbs4 ,by ?is gradual developm5t ! n]ves are enabl$ to set ! limbs 9 motion4 ,i quote ?is "o in/ance because x is ! mo/ evid5t ( ! wond]s describ$ 9 ! book ,on ! use ( ! limbs2 b ! use ( ! limbs is cle>ly p]ceiv$ by all :o exam9e !m ) a %>p eye4 ,9 a simil> mann] did ,god provide = ea* individual animal ( ! class ( mammalia4 ,:5 su* an animal is born x is extremely t5d]1 & _c be f$ ) dry food4 ,!re=e brea/s 7 provid$ :i* yield milk1 & ! "y c be f$ ) moi/ food :i* corresponds to ! condition ( ! limbs ( ! animal1 until ! latt] h gradually become dry & h>d4 ,_m precepts 9 our ,law are ! result ( a simil> c\rse adopt$ by ! same ,supreme ,be+4 ,x is1 namely1 impossible to g sudd5ly f "o extreme to ! o!r2 x is !re=e accord+ to ! nature ( man impossible = him sudd5ly to discont9ue ev]y?+ to :i* he has be5 accu/om$4 ,n[ ,god s5t ,moses to make ! ,israelites a k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation 7,exod4 xix4 #f7 by means ( ! k ( ,god4 ,comp4 8,unto !e x 0 %[$ t ?\ mighte/ "k t ! ,"l is ,god0 7,deut4 iv4 #ce72 8,"k !re=e ?is day1 & consid] x 9 ?9e he>t1 t ! ,"l is ,god0 7ibid4 v4 #ci74 ,! ,israelites 7 comm&$ to devote !mselves to ,8 s]vice2 comp4 8& to s]ve him ) all y\r he>t0 7ibid4 xi4 #ac72 8& y %all s]ve ! ,"l y\r ,god0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #be72 8& ye %all s]ve him0 7,deut4 xiii4 #e74 ,b ! cu/om :i* 0 9 ^? days g5]al among all m51 & ! g5]al mode ( wor%ip 9 :i* ! ,israelites 7 br\ght up1 consi/$ 9 sacrific+ animals 9 ^? temples :i* conta9$ c]ta9 images1 to b[ d[n to ^? images1 & to burn inc5se be=e !m2 religi\s & ascetic p]sons 7 9 ^? days ! p]sons t 7 devot$ to ! s]vice 9 ! temples erect$ to ! />s1 z has be5 expla9$ by u4 ,x 0 9 accordance ) ! wisdom & plan ( ,god1 z display$ 9 ! :ole ,creation1 t ,he did n comm& u to give up & to discont9ue all ^! mann]s ( s]vice2 = to obey su* a comm&m5t x w\ld h be5 contr>y to ! nature ( man1 :o g5]ally cleaves to t to :i* he is us$2 x w\ld 9 ^? days h made ! same impression z a prophet w\ld make at pres5t if he call$ u to ! s]vice ( ,god & told u 9 ,8 "n1 t we %\ld n pray to ,him1 n fa/1 n seek ,8 help 9 "t ( tr\ble2 t we %\ld s]ve ,him 9 ?\ght1 & n by any action4 ,= ?is reason ,god all[$ ^! k9ds ( s]vice to cont9ue2 ,he transf]r$ to ,8 s]vice t :i* _h =m]ly s]v$ z a wor%ip ( creat$ be+s1 & ( ?+s imag9>y & unreal1 & comm&$ u to s]ve ,him 9 ! same mann]2 viz41 to build unto ,him a temple2 comp4 8,& !y %all make unto me a sanctu>y0 7,exod4 xxv4 #h72 to h ! alt> erect$ to ,8 "n2 comp4 8,an alt> ( e>? ?\ %alt make unto me0 7ibid4 xx4 #ba72 to (f] ! sacrifices to ,him2 comp4 8,if any man ( y br+ an (f]+ unto ! ,"l0 7,lev4 i4 #b71 to b[ d[n to ,him & to burn inc5se be=e ,him4 ,he has =bidd5 to d any ( ^! ?+s to any o!r be+2 comp4 8,he :o sacrifice? unto any ,god1 save ! ,"l only1 he %all be utt]ly de/roy$0 7,exod4 xxii4 #ai72 8,= ?\ %alt b[ d[n to no o!r ,god0 7ibid4 xxxiv4 #ad74 ,he select$ prie/s = ! s]vice 9 ! temple2 comp4 8,& !y %all m9i/] unto me 9 ! prie/'s (fice0 7ibid4 xxviii4 #da74 ,he made x obligatory t c]ta9 gifts1 call$ ! gifts ( ! ,levites & ! prie/s1 %\ld be assign$ to !m = _! ma9t5ance :ile !y are engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple & its sacrifices4 ,by ?is ,div9e plan x 0 effect$ t ! traces ( idolatry 7 blott$ out1 & ! truly great pr9ciple ( our fai?1 ! ,exi/5ce & ,unity ( ,god1 0 firmly e/abli%$2 ?is result 0 ?us obta9$ )\t det]r+ or confus+ ! m9ds ( ! p by ! abolition ( ! s]vice to :i* !y 7 accu/om$ & :i* alone 0 famili> to !m4 ,i "k t y w at fir/ ?\ght reject ?is idea & f9d x /range2 y w put ! foll[+ "q to me 9 y\r he>t3 ,h[ c we suppose t ,div9e comm&m5ts1 prohibitions1 & important acts1 :i* are fully expla9$1 & = :i* c]ta9 seasons are fix$1 %\ld n h be5 comm&$ = _! own sake1 b only = ! sake ( "s o!r ?+2 z if !y 7 only ! means :i* ,he employ$ = ,8 prim>y object8 ,:at prev5t$ ,him f mak+ ,8 prim>y object a direct comm&m5t to u1 & to give u ! capacity ( obey+ x8 ,^? precepts :i* 9 y\r op9ion are only ! means & n ! object w\ld !n h be5 unnecess>y4 ,he> my answ]1 :i* w cure y\r he>t ( ?is disease & w %[ y ! tru? ( t :i* ,i h po9t$ out to y4 ,!re occurs 9 ! ,law a passage :i* conta9s exactly ! same idea2 x is ! foll[+3 8,god l$ !m n ?r\gh ! way ( ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es1 al?\gh t 0 ne>2 = ,god said1 ,le/ p]adv5ture ! p rep5t :5 !y see w>1 & !y return to ,egypt2 b ,god l$ ! p ab\t1 ?r\gh ! way ( ! wild]ness ( ! ,r$ ,sea10 etc4 7,exod4 xiii4 #ag74 ,"h ,god l$ ! p ab\t1 away f ! direct road :i* ,he orig9ally int5d$1 because ,he fe>$ !y might meet on t way ) h>d%ips too great = _! ord9>y /r5g?2 ,he took !m by ano!r road 9 ord] to obta9 !reby ,8 orig9al object4 ,9 ! same mann] ,god refra9$ f prescrib+ :at ! p by _! natural disposition w\ld be incapable ( obey+1 & gave ! above-m5tion$ comm&m5ts z a means ( secur+ ,8 *ief object1 viz41 to spread a k ( ,him among ! p1 & to cause !m to reject idolatry4 ,x is contr>y to man's nature t he %\ld sudd5ly ab&on all ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,div9e s]vice & ! diff]5t cu/oms 9 :i* he has be5 br\ght up1 & :i* h be5 s g5]al1 t !y 7 consid]$ z a matt] ( c\rse2 x w\ld be j z if a p]son tra9$ to "w z a slave ) mort> & bricks1 or simil> ?+s1 %\ld int]rupt 8 "w1 clean 8 h&s1 & at once fight ) real giants4 ,x 0 ! result ( ,god's wisdom t ! ,israelites 7 l$ ab\t 9 ! wild]ness till !y acquir$ c\rage4 ,= x is a well-kn[n fact t travell+ 9 ! wild]ness1 & privation ( bodily enjoym5ts1 su* z ba?+1 produce c\rage1 :il/ ! rev]se is ! s\rce ( fa9t-he>t$ness2 besides1 ano!r g5]ation rose dur+ ! w&]+s t _h n be5 accu/om$ to degradation & slav]y4 ,all ! travell+ 9 ! wild]ness 0 regulat$ by ,div9e comm&s ?r\gh ,moses2 comp4 8,at ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l !y re/$1 & at ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l !y j\rney$2 !y kept ! *>ge ( ! ,"l & ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l by ! h& ( ,moses0 7,num4 ix4 #bc74 ,9 ! same way ! portion ( ! ,law "u discussion is ! result ( div9e wisdom1 accord+ to :i* p are all[$ to cont9ue ! k9d ( wor%ip to :i* !y h be5 accu/om$1 9 ord] t !y might acquire ! true fai?1 :i* is ! *ief object ( ,god's comm&m5ts4 ,y ask1 ,:at c\ld h prev5t$ ,god f comm&+ u directly1 t :i* is ! *ief object1 & f giv+ u ! capacity ( obey+ x8 ,?is w\ld lead to a second "q1 ,:at prev5t$ ,god f lead+ ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! way ( ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es1 & end[+ !m ) /r5g? = fight+8 ,! lead+ ab\t by a pill> ( cl\d by day & a pill> ( fire by night w\ld !n n h be5 necess>y4 ,a ?ird "q w\ld !n be ask$ 9 ref]5ce to ! good promis$ z rew>d = ! keep+ ( ! comm&m5ts1 & ! evil =etold z a puni%m5t = s9s4 ,x is ! foll[+ "q3 ,z x is ! *ief object & purpose ( ,god t we %\ld believe 9 ! ,law1 & act accord+ to t :i* is writt5 !re91 :y has ,he n giv5 u ! capacity ( cont9ually believ+ 9 x1 & foll[+ its guidance1 in/ead ( hold+ out to u rew>d = ob$i5ce1 & puni%m5t = disob$i5ce1 or ( actually giv+ all ! pr$ict$ rew>d & puni%m5t8 ,= ! promises & ! ?reats are b ! means ( lead+ to ?is *ief object4 ,:at prev5t$ ,him f giv+ u1 z "p ( our nature1 ! w to d t :i* ,he desires u to d1 & to ab&on ! k9d ( wor%ip :i* ,he rejects8 ,!re is "o g5]al answ] to ^! ?ree que/ions1 & to all que/ions ( ! same "*2 x is ?is3 ,al?\gh 9 e "o ( ! signs relat$ 9 ,scripture ! natural prop]ty ( "s individual be+ is *ang$1 ! nature ( man is nev] *ang$ by ,god by way ( miracle4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ?is important pr9ciple t ,god said1 8,o t !re 7 su* an he>t 9 !m1 t !y w\ld fe> me10 etc4 7,deut4 v4 #bf74 ,x is also = ?is reason t ,he di/9ctly /at$ ! comm&m5ts & ! prohibitions1 ! rew>d & ! puni%m5t4 ,?is pr9ciple z reg>ds miracles has be5 frequ5tly expla9$ by u 9 our works2 ,i d n say ?is because ,i believe t x is difficult = ,god to *ange ! nature ( e individual p]son2 on ! contr>y1 x is possible1 & x is 9 ,8 p[]1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples taught 9 ,scripture2 b x has nev] be5 ,8 w to d x1 & x nev] w be4 ,if x 7 "p ( ,8 w to *ange at ,8 desire ! nature ( any p]son1 ! mission ( prophets & ! giv+ ( ! ,law w\ld h be5 altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,i n[ return to my !me4 ,z ! sacrificial s]vice is n ! prim>y object ( ! comm&m5ts ab\t sacrifice1 :il/ supplications1 pray]s1 & simil> k9ds ( wor%ip are ne>] to ! prim>y object1 & indisp5sable = obta9+ x1 a great diff]5ce 0 made 9 ! ,law betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( s]vice4 ,! "o k9d1 :i* consi/s 9 (f]+ sacrifices1 al?\gh ! sacrifices are (f]$ to ! "n ( ,god1 has n be5 made obligatory = u to ! same ext5t z x _h be5 be=e4 ,we 7 n comm&$ to sacrifice 9 e place1 & 9 e "t1 or to build a temple 9 e place1 or to p]mit any "o :o desires to become prie/ & to sacrifice4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ?is is prohibit$ unto u4 ,only "o temple has be5 appo9t$1 89 ! place :i* ! ,"l %all *oose0 7,deut4 xii4 #bf72 9 no o!r place is x all[$ to sacrifice2 comp4 8,take he$ to ?yself1 t ?\ (f] n ?y burnt-(f]+s 9 e place t ?\ see/0 7ibid4 v4 #ac72 & only ! memb]s ( a p>ticul> family 7 all[$ to (ficiate z prie/s4 ,all ^! re/rictions s]v$ to limit ?is k9d ( wor%ip1 & keep x )9 ^? b\nds )9 :i* ,god did n ?9k x necess>y to aboli% sacrificial s]vice altoge!r4 ,b pray] & supplication c be (f]$ ev]y:]e & by e p]son4 ,! same is ! case ) ! comm&m5t ( ix 7,num4 xv4 #ch72 mezuzah 7,deut4 vi4 #i2 xi4 #bj72 tefill9 7,exod4 xiii4 #i1 #af72 & simil> k9ds ( div9e s]vice4 ,because ( ?is pr9ciple :i* ,i expla9$ to y1 ! ,prophets 9 _! books are frequ5tly f\nd to rebuke _! fell[-m5 = be+ ov]-zeal\s & ex]t+ !mselves too mu* 9 br++ sacrifices2 ! prophets ?us di/9ctly decl>$ t ! object ( ! sacrifices is n v ess5tial1 & t ,god does n require !m4 ,samuel !re=e said1 8,ha? ! ,"l z great delight 9 burnt-(f]+s & sacrifices z 9 obey+ ! voice ( ! ,"l0 7#a ,sam4 xv4 #bb78 ,isaiah exclaim$1 8,to :at purpose is ! multitude ( y\r sacrifices unto me8 sai? ! ,"l0 7,isa4 i4 #aa72 ,j]emiah decl>$3 8,= ,i spake n unto y\r fa!rs1 nor comm&$ !m 9 ! day t ,i br\ght !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 conc]n+ burnt-(f]+s or sacrifices4 ,b ?is ?+ comm&$ ,i !m1 say+1 ,obey my voice1 & ,i w be y\r ,god1 & ye %all be my p0 7,j]4 vii4 #bb1 #bc74 ,?is passage has be5 f\nd difficult 9 ! op9ion ( all ^? ^: words ,i read or he>d2 !y ask1 ,h[ c ,j]emiah say t ,god did n comm& u ab\t burnt-(f]+ & sacrifice1 see+ s _m precepts ref] to sacrifice8 ,! s5se ( ! passage agrees ) :at ,i expla9$ to y4 ,j]emiah says 9 ! "n ( ,god ! prim>y object ( ! precepts is ?is1 ,"k me1 & s]ve no o!r be+2 8,i w be y\r ,god1 & ye %all be my p0 7,lev4 xxvi4 #ab74 ,b ! comm&m5t t sacrifices %all be br\ght & t ! temple %all be visit$ has = its object ! success ( t pr9ciple among y2 & = its sake ,i h transf]r$ ^! modes ( wor%ip to my "n2 idolatry %all !reby be utt]ly de/roy$1 & ,jewi% fai? firmly e/abli%$4 ,y1 h[ev]1 h ignor$ ?is object1 & tak5 hold ( t :i* is only ! means ( obta9+ x2 y h d\bt$ my exi/5ce1 8ye h d5i$ ! ,"l1 & said he is n0 7,j]4 v4 #ab72 ye s]v$ idols2 8burnt inc5se unto ,baal1 & walk$ aft] o!r gods :om ye "k n4 ,& come & /& be=e me 9 ?is h\se0 7ibid4 vii4 #i-aj72 i4e41 y d n g beyond att5d+ ! temple ( ! ,"l1 & (f]+ sacrifices2 b ?is is n ! *ief object4--,i h ano!r way ( expla9+ ?is passage ) exactly ! same result4 ,= x is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ,scripture1 & h&$ d[n by tradition1 t ! fir/ comm&m5ts communicat$ to u did n include any law at all ab\t burnt-(f]+ & sacrifice4 ,y mu/ n see any difficulty 9 ! ,passov] :i* 0 comm&$ 9 ,egypt2 !re 0 a p>ticul> & evid5t reason = t1 z w be expla9$ by me 7*ap4 xlvi474 ,besides x 0 reveal$ 9 ! l& ( ,egypt2 :il/ ! laws to :i* ,j]emiah alludes 9 ! above passage are ^? :i* 7 reveal$ aft] ! dep>ture f ,egypt4 ,= ?is reason x is di/9ctly add$1 89 ! day t ,i br\ght !m out f ! l& ( ,egypt40 ,! fir/ comm&m5t aft] ! dep>ture f ,egypt 0 giv5 at ,m>ah1 9 ! foll[+ words1 8,if ?\ wilt dilig5tly he>k5 to ! voice ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & wilt d t :i* is "r 9 ,8 sight1 & wilt give e> to ,8 comm&m5ts0 7,exod4 xv4 #bf74 8,!re he made = !m a /atute & an ord9ance1 & !re he prov$ !m0 7ibid4 v]4 #be74 ,accord+ to ! true traditional explanation1 ,sabba? & civil laws 7 reveal$ at ,m>ah2 8/atute0 alludes to ,sabba?1 & 8ord9ance0 to civil laws1 :i* are ! means ( remov+ inju/ice4 ,! *ief object ( ! ,law1 z has be5 %[n by u1 is ! tea*+ ( tru?s2 to :i* ! tru? ( ! creatio ex nihilo belongs4 ,x is kn[n t ! object ( ! law ( ,sabba? is to confirm & to e/abli% ?is pr9ciple1 z we h %[n 9 ?is treatise 7,"p ,,ii4 *ap4 xxxi474 ,9 addition to ! tea*+ ( tru?s ! ,law aims at ! removal ( inju/ice f mank9d4 ,we h ?us prov$ t ! fir/ laws d n ref] to burnt-(f]+ & sacrifice1 :i* are ( second>y importance4 ,! same idea :i* is conta9$ 9 ! above passage f ,j]emiah is also express$ 9 ! ,psalms1 :]e ! p are rebuk$ t !y ignore ! *ief object1 & make no di/9ction betwe5 *ief & subsidi>y lessons4 ,! ,psalmi/ says3 8,he>1 ,o my p1 & ,i w speak2 ,o ,israel1 & ,i w te/ify aga9/ !e3 ,i am ,god1 ev5 ?y ,god4 ,i w n reprove !e = ?y sacrifices or ?y burnt-(f]+s1 !y h be5 cont9ually be=e me4 ,i w take no bullock out ( ?y h\se1 nor he-goats out ( ?y folds0 7,ps4 l4 #bi74--,:]ev] ?is subject is m5tion$1 ?is is its mean+4 ,consid] x well1 & reflect on x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,x is also ! object ( ! p]fect ,law to make man reject1 despise1 & r$uce 8 desires z mu* z is 9 8 p[]4 ,he %\ld only give way to !m :5 absolutely necess>y4 ,x is well kn[n t x is intemp]ance 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 & sexual int]c\rse t p mo/ly rave & indulge 92 & ^! v ?+s c\nt]act ! ult]ior p]fection ( man1 imp$e at ! same "t ! developm5t ( 8 fir/ p]fection1 & g5]ally di/urb ! social ord] ( ! c\ntry & ! economy ( ! family4 ,= by foll[+ entirely ! guidance ( lu/1 9 ! mann] ( fools1 man loses 8 intellectual en]gy1 injures 8 body1 & p]i%es be=e 8 natural "t2 sighs & c>es multiply2 !re is an increase ( envy1 hatr$1 & w>f>e = ! purpose ( tak+ :at ano!r possesses4 ,! cause ( all ?is is ! circum/ance t ! ignorant consid]s physical enjoym5t z an object to be s\ght = its own sake4 ,god 9 ,8 wisdom has !re=e giv5 u su* comm&m5ts z w\ld c\nt]act t object1 & prev5t u altoge!r f direct+ our att5tion to x1 & has deb>r$ u f ev]y?+ t leads only to excessive desire & lu/4 ,?is is an important ?+ includ$ 9 ! objects ( our ,law4 ,see h[ ! ,law comm&$ to slay a p]son f ^: conduct x is evid5t t he w g too f> 9 seek+ ! enjoym5t ( eat+ & dr9k+4 ,i mean 8! rebelli\s & /ubborn son02 he is describ$ z 8a glutton & a drunk>d0 7,deut4 xxi4 #bj74 ,! ,law comm&s to /one him & to remove him f society le/ he gr[ up 9 ?is "*1 & kill _m1 & injure ! condition ( good m5 by 8 great lu/4 ,polit5ess is ano!r virtue promot$ by ! ,law4 ,man %all li/5 to ! words ( 8 neighb\r2 he %all n be ob/9ate1 b %all yield to ! wi% ( 8 fell[-m51 respond to _! appeal1 act accord+ to _! desire1 & d :at !y l4 ,?us ! ,law comm&s1 8,circumcise !re=e ! =esk9 ( y\r he>t1 & be no m /iff-neck$0 7,deut4 x4 #af72 8,take he$ & he>k50 7ibid4 xxvii4 #i74 8,if y be will+ & ob$i5t0 7,isa4 i4 #ai74 ,^? :o li/5 to ! words ( o!rs & accept z mu* z is "r are repres5t$ z say+1 8,we w he> & d0 7,deut4 v4 #bd71 or 9 a figurative /yle1 8,draw me1 we w run aft] !e0 7,song i4 #d74 ,! ,law is also int5d$ to give its foll[]s purity & hol9ess2 by tea*+ !m to suppress s5suality1 to gu>d aga9/ x & to r$uce x to a m9imum1 z w be expla9$ by u4 ,= :5 ,god comm&$ ,moses to sanctify ! p = ! receiv+ ( ! ,law1 & said1 8,sanctify !m to-day & to-morr[0 7,exod4 xix4 #aj71 ,moses 9 ob$i5ce to ?is comm& said to ! p1 8,come n at y\r wives0 7ibid4 v]4 #ae74 ,"h x is cle>ly /at$ t sanctification consi/s 9 abs5ce ( s5suality4 ,b ab/95ce f dr9k+ w9e is also call$ hol9ess2 9 ref]5ce to ! ,naz>ite x is !re=e said1 8,he %all be holy0 7,num4 vi4 #e74 ,accord+ to ,siphra ! words1 8sanctify y\rselves & be ye holy0 7,lev4 xx4 #g71 ref] to ! sanctification effect$ by p]=m+ ! div9e comm&s4 ,z ! ob$i5ce to su* precepts z h be5 m5tion$ above is call$ by ! ,law sanctification & purification1 s is defilem5t appli$ to ! transgression ( ^! precepts & ! p]=mance ( disgraceful acts1 z w be %[n4 ,cleanl9ess 9 dress & body by wa%+ & remov+ sweat & dirt is includ$ among ! v>i\s objects ( ! ,law1 b only if connect$ ) purity ( action1 & ) a he>t free f l[ pr9ciples & bad habits4 ,x w\ld be extremely bad = man to cont5t himself ) a purity obta9$ by wa%+ & cleanl9ess 9 dress1 & to be at ! same "t voluptu\s & unre/ra9$ 9 food & lu/4 ,^! are describ$ by ,isaiah z foll[s3 8,!y t sanctify !mselves & purify !mselves 9 ! g>d5s1 b cont9ue _! s9ful life1 :5 !y are 9 ! inn]mo/ ( _! h\ses1 eat+ sw9e's fle%1 & ! abom9ation1 & ! m\se0 7,isa4 lxvi4 #ag73 t is to say1 !y purify & sanctify !mselves outw>dly z mu* z is expos$ to ! sight ( ! p1 & :5 !y are alone 9 _! *amb]s & ! inn] p>ts ( _! h\ses1 !y cont9ue _! rebelli\sness & disob$i5ce1 & indulge 9 p>tak+ ( =bidd5 food1 su* z ! fle% ( sw9e1 worms1 & mice4 ,! prophet alludes p]haps 9 ! phrase 8beh9d "o tree 9 ! mid/0 to indulg5ce 9 =bidd5 lu/4 ,! s5se ( ! passage is !re=e ?is3 ,!y appe> outw>dly clean1 b _! he>t is b5t ^u _! desires & bodily enjoym5ts1 & ?is is contr>y to ! _s ( ! ,law4 ,= ! *ief object ( ! ,law is to tea* man to dim9i% 8 desires1 & to cleanse 8 out] appe>ance aft] he has purifi$ 8 he>t4 ,^? :o wa% _! body & cleanse _! g>m5ts :il/ !y rema9 dirty by bad actions & pr9ciples1 are describ$ by ,solomon z 8a g5]ation t are pure 9 _! own eyes1 & yet are n wa%$ f _! fil?9ess2 a g5]ation1 oh h[ l(ty are _! eyes60 etc4 7,prov4 xxx4 #ab-ac74 ,consid] well ! pr9ciples :i* we m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] z ! f9al causes ( ! ,law2 = !re are _m precepts1 = :i* y w be unable to give a reason unless y possess a k ( ^! pr9ciples1 z w be expla9$ fur!r on4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,x is also important to note t ! ,law does n take into acc\nt exceptional circum/ances2 x is n bas$ on conditions :i* r>ely occur4 ,:atev] ! ,law tea*es1 :e!r x be ( an intellectual1 a moral1 or a practical "*1 is f\nd$ on t :i* is ! rule & n on t :i* is ! exception2 x ignores ! injury t might be caus$ to a s+le p]son ?r\gh a c]ta9 maxim or a c]ta9 div9e precept4 ,= ! ,law is a div9e in/itution1 & 9 ord] to und]/& its op]ation we mu/ consid] h[ 9 ,nature ! v>i\s =ces produce b5efits :i* are g5]al1 b 9 "s solit>y cases !y cause also injury4 ,?is is cle> f :at has be5 said by ourselves z well z by o!rs4 ,we mu/ consequ5tly n be surpris$ :5 we f9d t ! object ( ! ,law does n fully appe> 9 e individual2 !re mu/ naturally be p :o are n p]fect$ by ! in/ruction ( ! ,law1 j z !re are be+s :i* d n receive f ! specific =ms 9 ,nature all t !y require4 ,= all ?is comes f "o ,god1 is ! result ( "o act2 8!y are all giv5 f "o %eph]d0 7,eccles4 xii4 #aa74 ,x is impossible to be o!rwise2 & we h already expla9$ 7*ap4 xv47 t t :i* is impossible always rema9s impossible & nev] *anges4 ,f ?is consid]ation x also foll[s t ! laws _c l m$ic9e v>y accord+ to ! diff]5t conditions ( p]sons & times2 :il/ ! cure ( a p]son dep5ds on 8 p>ticul> con/itution at ! p>ticul> "t1 ! div9e guidance conta9$ 9 ! ,law mu/ be c]ta9 & g5]al1 al?\gh x may be effective 9 "s cases & ineffective 9 o!rs4 ,if ! ,law dep5d$ on ! v>y+ conditions ( man1 x w\ld be imp]fect 9 its totality1 ea* precept be+ left indef9ite4 ,= ?is reason x w\ld n be "r to make ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law dep5d5t on a c]ta9 "t or a c]ta9 place2 on ! contr>y1 ! /atutes & ! judgm5ts mu/ be def9ite1 unconditional1 & g5]al1 9 accordance ) ! div9e words3 8,z = ! congregation1 "o ord9ance %all be = y & = ! /rang]0 7,num4 xv4 #ae72 !y are int5d$1 z has be5 /at$ be=e1 = all p]sons & = all times4 ,aft] hav+ premis$ ^! introductory rem>ks ,i w n[ proce$ to ! exposition ( t :i* ,i int5d$ to expla94 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,9 accordance ) ?is int5tion ,i f9d x conv5i5t to divide all precepts into f\rte5 classes4 ,! fir/ class comprises ^? precepts :i* =m fundam5tal pr9ciples1 su* z we h enum]at$ 9 ,hilkot yesode ha-torah4 ,rep5tance & fa/s belong also to ?is class1 z w be %[n4 ,! second class comprises ! precepts :i* are connect$ ) ! prohibition ( idolatry1 & :i* h be5 describ$ by u 9 ,hilkot abodah-z>ah4 ,! laws conc]n+ g>m5ts ( l95 & wool1 conc]n+ ! fruit ( trees 9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s aft] !y h be5 plant$1 & conc]n+ div]s se$s 9 a v9ey>d1 are likewise conta9$ 9 ?is class4 ,! object ( ^! precepts is to e/abli% c]ta9 true pr9ciples & to p]petuate !m among ! p4 ,! ?ird class is =m$ by comm&m5ts :i* are connect$ ) ! improvem5t ( ! moral condition ( mank9d2 ^! are m5tion$ 9 ,hilkot deot4 ,x is kn[n t by a good moral /ate ^? social relations1 :i* are indisp5sable = ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 are br\ght to p]fection4 ,! f\r? class includes precepts relat+ to *>ity1 loans1 gifts1 & ! l1 e4g41 ! rules respect+ 8valuations10 7scil41 ( ?+s devot$ to sacr$ purposes1 ,lev4 xxvii4 #a-bg72 8?+s devot$0 7ibid4 v]4 #bh72 laws conc]n+ loans & s]vants1 & all ! laws enum]at$ 9 ! section ,z]aim1 except ! rules ( 8mixtures0 & 8! fruit ( trees 9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s40 ,! object ( ^! precepts is cle>2 _! b5efit conc]ns all p by turns2 = he :o is ri* to-day may "o day be poor--ei!r he himself or 8 desc5dants2 & he :o is n[ poor1 he himself or 8 son may be ri* to-morr[4 ,! fif? class conta9s ^? precepts :i* relate to ! prev5tion ( wrong & viol5ce2 !y are includ$ 9 our book 9 ! section ,nezi94 ,_! b5eficial "* is evid5t4 ,! six? class is =m$ ( precepts respect+ f9es1 e4g41 ! laws on !ft & robb]y1 on false witnesses1 & mo/ ( ! laws conta9$ 9 ! section ,%(etim belong to ?is class4 ,_! b5efit is app>5t2 = if s9n]s & robb]s 7 n puni%$1 injury w\ld n be prev5t$ at all3 & p]sons s*em+ evil w\ld n become r>]4 ,!y are wrong :o suppose t x w\ld be an act ( m]cy to ab&on ! laws ( comp5sation = injuries2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld be p]fect cruelty & injury to ! social /ate ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is an act ( m]cy t ,god comm&$ 8judges & (fic]s ?\ %alt appo9t to !e 9 all ?y gates0 7,deut4 xvi4 #ah74 ,! sev5? class comprises ^? laws :i* regulate ! bus9ess transactions ( m5 ) ea* o!r2 e4g41 laws ab\t loans1 hire1 tru/1 buy+1 sell+1 & ! l2 ! rules ab\t inh]itance belong to ?is class4 ,we h describ$ ^! precepts 9 ! sections inyan & ,mi%patim4 ,! object ( ^! precepts is evid5t1 = monet>y transactions are necess>y = ! peoples ( all c\ntries1 & x is impossible to h ^! transactions )\t a prop] /&>d ( equity & )\t useful regulations4 ,! eigh? class includes ^? precepts :i* relate to c]ta9 days1 z ,sabba?s & holydays2 !y are enum]at$ 9 ! section ,zemannim4 ,! ,law /ates cle>ly ! reason & object ( ea* ( ^! precepts2 !y are to s]ve z a means = e/abli%+ a c]ta9 pr9ciple among u1 or secur+ bodily recreation1 or effect+ bo? ?+s at ! same "t1 z w be %[n by me4 ,! n9? class comprises ! g5]al laws conc]n+ religi\s rites & c]emonies1 e4g41 laws conc]n+ pray]s1 ! read+ ( ,%ema'1 & ! o!r rules giv5 9 ! section ,ahabah1 ) ! exception ( ! law conc]n+ circumcision4 ,! object ( ^! laws is app>5t2 !y all prescribe actions :i* firmly e/abli% ! love ( ,god 9 our m9ds1 z also ! "r belief conc]n+ ,him & ,8 attributes4 ,! t5? class is =m$ ( precepts :i* relate to ! ,sanctu>y1 its vessels1 & its m9i/]s2 !y are conta9$ 9 ! section ,abodah4 ,! object ( ^! precepts has already be5 m5tion$ by u 7supra1 *ap4 xxxii474 ,! elev5? class includes ^? precepts :i* relate to ,sacrifices4 ,mo/ ( ^! laws we h m5tion$ 9 ! sections ,abodah & orbanot4 ,we h already %[n ! g5]al use ( ! sacrificial laws1 & _! necessity 9 anci5t "t4 ,! twelf? class comprises ! laws conc]n+ ?+s unclean & clean4 ,! g5]al object ( ^! laws is1 z w be expla9$ by me1 to disc\rage p f frequ5tly ent]+ ! ,sanctu>y2 9 ord] t _! m9ds be impress$ ) ! greatness ( ! ,sanctu>y1 & approa* x ) respect & rev]5ce4 ,! ?irte5? class includes ! precepts conc]n+ =bidd5 food & ! l2 we h giv5 !m 9 ,hilkot maakalot asurot2 ! laws ab\t v[s & temp]ance belong also to ?is class4 ,! object ( all ^! laws is to re/ra9 ! gr[? ( desire1 ! indulg5ce 9 seek+ t :i* is pleasant1 & ! disposition to consid] ! appetite = eat+ & dr9k+ z ! end ( man's exi/5ce4 ,we h expla9$ ?is 9 our ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah1 9 ! ,introduction 7*ap1 iv47 to ,! ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,! f\rte5? class comprises ! precepts conc]n+ =bidd5 sexual int]c\rse2 !y are giv5 9 ! section ,na%im & ,hilkot issure-biah4 ,! laws conc]n+ ! int]mixture ( cattle belong to ?is class4 ,! object ( ^! precepts is likewise to dim9i% sexual int]c\rse1 to re/ra9 z mu* z possible indulg5ce 9 lu/1 & to tea* t ?is enjoym5t is n1 z fooli% p ?9k1 ! f9al cause ( man's exi/5ce4 ,we h expla9$ ?is 9 our ,comm5t>y on ,! ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs 7,introd4 *ap4 viii474 ,! laws ab\t circumcision belong to ?is class4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! precepts are also divid$ into two classes1 viz41 precepts conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 man & ,god1 & precepts conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 man & man4 ,( ! classes into :i* we divide ! precepts & :i* we h enum]at$1 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5?1 & "p ( ! ?ird1 include laws conc]n+ ! relation ( man to man4 ,! o!r classes conta9 ! laws ab\t ! relation ( man to ,god1 i4e41 positive or negative precepts1 :i* t5d to improve ! moral or intellectual condition ( mank9d1 or to regulate su* ( ea* man's actions :i* directly only conc]n him & lead him to p]fection4 ,= ^! are call$ laws conc]n+ man's relation to ,god1 al?\gh 9 reality !y lead to results :i* conc]n also 8 fell[-m52 because ^! results become only app>5t aft] a long s]ies ( int]m$iate l9ks1 & f a g5]al po9t ( view2 :il/ directly ^! laws are n int5d$ to prev5t man f injur+ 8 fell[-man4 ,note ?is4 ,hav+ describ$ ! laws ( ^! classes1 ,i w n[ aga9 consid] ! precepts ( ea* class1 & expla9 ! reason & use ( ^? :i* are believ$ to be useless or unreasonable1 ) ! exception ( a few1 ! object ( :i* ,i h n yet compreh5d$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,! reason ( all precepts ( ! fir/ class1 viz41 ( ! pr9ciples enum]at$ by u 9 ! ,hilkot yesode ha-torah1 is obvi\s4 ,consid] !m "o by "o1 & y w f9d t ! lesson :i* e "o ( !m conta9s is correct & demon/rable4 ,x is also evid5t t ! precepts :i* exhort & comm& u to le>n & to tea* are useful2 = )\t wisdom !re _c be any good act or any true k4 ,! law :i* prescribes to hon\r ! tea*]s ( ! ,law is likewise useful2 = if !y 7 n consid]$ by ! p z great & hon\rable m51 !y w\ld n be foll[$ z guides 9 _! pr9ciples & actions4 ,! ,law dem&s also t we be humble & mode/ 9 _! pres5ce4 8,?\ %alt rise up be=e ! ho>y head0 7,lev4 xix4 #cb74 ,?is class includes also ! comm&m5t to swe> by ! "n ( ,god & ! prohibition ( swe>+ falsely or 9 va94 ,! reason = all ^! precepts is evid5t2 !y aim at ! glorification ( ,god2 !y prescribe acts :i* lead to ! belief 9 ,god's greatness4 ,likewise ! comm&m5t to cry to ,god 9 "t ( tr\ble1 8to bl[ an al>m ) ! trumpets0 7,num4 x4 #i71 belongs to ?is class4 ,we are told to (f] up pray]s to ,god1 9 ord] to e/abli% firmly ! true pr9ciple t ,god takes notice ( our ways1 t ,he c make !m successful if we wor%ip ,him1 or disa/r\s if we disobey ,him1 t success & failure are n ! result ( *ance or accid5t4 ,9 ?is s5se we mu/ und]/& ! passage1 8,if ye walk ) me by *ance0 7beeri4 xxvi4 #ba72 i4e41 if ,i br+ tr\bles ^u y = puni%m5t1 & y consid] !m z m]e accid5ts1 ,i w aga9 s5d y "s ( ^! accid5ts z y call !m1 b ( a m s]i\s & tr\blesome "*4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! words3 8,if ye walk ) me by *ance3 !n ,i w walk ) y also 9 ! fury ( *ance0 7ibid4 v]s4 #bg1 #bh74 ,= ! belief ( ! p t _! tr\bles are m]e accid5ts causes !m to cont9ue 9 _! evil pr9ciples & _! wrong actions1 & prev5ts !m f ab&on+ _! evil ways4 ,comp4 8,?\ ha/ /rick5 !m1 b !y h n griev$0 7,j]4 v4 #c74 ,= ?is reason ,god comm&$ u to pray to ,him1 to entreat ,him1 & to cry be=e ,him 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,x is cle> t rep5tance is likewise includ$ 9 ?is class2 t is to say1 x is "o ( ^? pr9ciples :i* are an indisp5sable elem5t 9 ! cre$ ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,law4 ,= x is impossible = man to be entirely free f error & s92 he ei!r does n "k ! op9ion :i* he has to *oose1 or he adopts a pr9ciple1 n = its own m]its1 b 9 ord] to gratify 8 desire or passion4 ,if we 7 conv9c$ t we c\ld nev] make our crook$ ways /raight1 we %\ld = ev] cont9ue 9 our errors1 & p]haps add o!r s9s to !m s9ce we did n see t any rem$y 0 left to u4 ,b ! belief 9 ! effect ( rep5tance causes u to improve1 to return to ! be/ ( ! ways1 & to become m p]fect ?an we 7 be=e we s9n$4 ,= ?is reason _m ?+s are prescrib$ = ! promotion ( ?is v useful pr9ciple2 e4g41 confessions & sacrifices = s9s committ$ unkn[+ly1 & 9 "s cases ev5 = s9s committ$ int5tionally1 & fa/s1 & t :i* is common to all cases ( rep5tance f s91 ! resolve to discont9ue s9n+4 ,= t is ! aim ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,( all ^! precepts ! use is obvi\s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,! precepts ( ! second class are ^? :i* we h enum]at$ 9 ! section 8,on idolatry40 ,x is d\btless t !y all t5d to save man f ! error ( idolatry & ! evil practices connect$ ) x2 e4g41 obs]v+ ! times1 en*antm5t1 wit*craft1 incantation1 consult+ ) famili> spirits1 & ! l4 ,:5 y read ! books :i* ,i m5tion$ to y1 y w f9d t wit*craft1 :i* w be describ$ to y1 is "p ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,sabeans1 ,kasdim1 ,*aldeans1 & to a high] degree ( ! ,egyptians & ,canaanites4 ,!y caus$ o!rs to believe1 or !y !mselves believ$1 t by means ( ^! arts !y w\ld p]=m wond]ful ?+s 9 ref]5ce to an individual p]son1 or to ! inhabitants ( a :ole c\ntry1 al?\gh no analogy & no reason+ c discov] any relation betwe5 ^! p]=mances ( ! wit*es & ! promis$ result4 ,?us !y are c>eful to collect c]ta9 plants at a p>ticul> "t1 & to take a def9ite numb] ( c]ta9 objects4 ,!re are _m ?+s compris$ by wit*craft2 !y may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 fir/1 wit*craft connect$ ) objects 9 ,nature1 viz41 plants1 animals1 or m9]als4 ,secondly1 wit*craft dep5d5t = its p]=mance on a c]ta9 "t2 & ?irdly1 wit*craft dep5d5t on ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 acts ( man1 su* z danc+1 clapp+1 laugh+1 jump+ ) "o leg1 ly+ on ! gr\nd ) ! face upw>d1 burn+ a ?+1 fumigat+ ) a c]ta9 mat]ial1 or speak+ intelligible or un9telligible words4 ,^! are ! v>i\s k9ds ( wit*craft4 ,9 "s cases all ^! v>i\s p]=mances are requir$4 ,?us ! wit*es sometimes ord]3 take a leaf ( a c]ta9 plant1 :5 ! moon is se5 9 a c]ta9 degree ( ! ,zodiac 9 ! ea/ po9t or 9 "o ( ! o!r c>d9al po9ts ( ! horizon1 also a c]ta9 quantity ( ! horn1 ! sweat1 ! hair & ! blood ( a c]ta9 animal :5 ! sun is1 e4g41 9 ! middle ( ! sky1 or 9 "s o!r def9ite place2 & a portion ( a c]ta9 m9]al or m9]als1 melt$ at a c]ta9 conjunction ( sun & moon1 & at a def9ite position ( ! />s2 speak !n1 & say c]ta9 words1 & fumigate ) ^? leaves or simil> ones to t molt5 image1 & su* & su* a ?+ w happ54 ,9 o!r in/ances ( wit*craft x is assum$ t "o ( ! above p]=mances suffices4 ,9 mo/ cases ! condition is add$ t wom5 mu/ p]=m ^! actions4 ,?us x is /at$ 9 ref]5ce to ! means ( obta9+ ra91 t t5 virg9s dress$ ) diadems & r$ g>m5ts %\ld dance1 pu% ea* o!r1 mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 & make signs to ! sun3 ! result ( ?is long process 0 believ$ by ! idolat]s to be a d[np\r ( ra94 ,x is fur!r /at$ t if f\r wom5 lay on _! back1 ) _! feet spread & lift$ up1 said c]ta9 words & did c]ta9 ?+s :il/ 9 ?is disgraceful position1 hail w\ld discont9ue com+ d[n 9 t place4 ,! numb] ( ^! /upid & mad ?+s is great2 9 all ( !m )\t exception wom5 are requir$ to be ! ag5t4 ,wit*craft is intimately connect$ ) a/rology2 ^? t practise x assign ea* plant1 animal1 or m9]al to a c]ta9 />1 & believe t ! above processes ( wit*craft are diff]5t =ms ( wor%ip (f]$ to t />1 :i* is pleas$ ) t act1 ^w1 or (f]+ ( inc5se1 & fulfils _! wi%es4 ,aft] ?is rem>k1 :i* y w und]/& :5 y h read su* ( _! works z are at pres5t extant1 & h be5 m5tion$ by me1 he> :at ,i w tell y4 ,x is ! object & c5tre ( ! :ole ,law to aboli% idolatry & utt]ly uproot x1 & to ov]?r[ ! op9ion t any ( ! />s c\ld int]f]e = good or evil 9 human matt]s1 because x leads to ! wor%ip ( />s4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to slay all wit*es z be+ und\bt$ly idolat]s1 because e wit* is an idolat]2 !y only h _! own /range ways ( wor%ip1 :i* are diff]5t f ! common mode ( wor%ip (f]$ to ^? deities4 ,b 9 all p]=mances ( wit*craft x is laid d[n z a rule t wom5 %\ld be employ$ 9 ! *ief op]ation2 & !re=e ! ,law says1 8,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live0 7,exod4 xxii4 #ag74 ,ano!r reason is ! natural reluctance ( p to slay wom54 ,?is is also ! cause :y 9 ! law ( idolatry x is said 8man or woman0 7,deut4 xvii4 #b71 & aga9 repeat$ a second "t1 8! man or ! woman0 7ibid4 v]4 #e7--;a phrase :i* does n occur 9 ! law ab\t ! break+ ( ,sabba?1 or 9 any o!r law2 = great sympa?y is naturally %[n to wom54 ,n[ ! wit*es believ$ t !y produc$ a c]ta9 result by _! wit*craft2 t !y 7 able ?r\gh ! above-m5tion$ actions to drive su* dang]\s animals z lions1 s]p5ts1 & ! l out ( ! cities1 & to remove v>i\s k9ds ( damage f ! products ( ! e>?4 ,?us !y imag9e t !y are able by c]ta9 acts to prev5t hail f com+ d[n1 & by c]ta9 o!r acts to kill ! worms 9 ! v9ey>ds1 :]eby ! latt] are protect$ f injury2 9 fact1 ! kill+ ( ! worms 9 v9ey>ds1 & o!r sup]/itions m5tion$ 9 ! ,nabatean ,agriculture1 are fully describ$ by ! ,sabeans4 ,!y likewise imag9e t !y "k c]ta9 acts by :i* !y c prev5t ! dropp+ ( leaves f ! trees & ! untimely fall+ ( _! fruit4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! ideas1 :i* 7 g5]al 9 ^? days1 ! ,law decl>es 9 8! words ( ! cov5ant0 z foll[s3 ,! same idolatry & sup]/iti\s p]=mances :i*1 9 y\r belief1 keep c]ta9 mis=tunes f> f y1 w cause ^? v mis=tunes to befall y4 8,i w also s5d wild bea/s among y0 7,lev4 xxvi4 #bb72 8,i w also s5d ! tee? ( wild bea/s ^u !m1 ) ! poison ( ^? t creep 9 du/0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #bd74 8,! fruit ( ?y l&1 & all ?y lab\rs1 %all a nation1 :i* ?\ kn[e/ n1 eat up0 7ibid4 xxviii4 #cc74 8,?\ %alt plant v9ey>ds & dress !m1 b %alt nei!r dr9k ( ! w9e nor ga!r ! grapes1 etc4 ,?\ %alt h olive trees ?r\gh\t all ?y coa/s1 b ?\ %alt n ano9t ?yself ) ! oil0 7,deut4 xxviii4 #ci1 #dj74 ,9 %ort1 9 spite ( ! s*emes ( idolat]s to support & firmly e/abli% _! doctr9e1 & to make p believe t by idolatry c]ta9 mis=tunes c\ld be av]t$ & c]ta9 b5efits ga9$1 wor%ip ( idols w1 on ! contr>y1 z is /at$ 9 8! words ( ! cov5ant10 prev5t ! advantages & br+ ! tr\bles4 ,! read] w n[ und]/& :y1 ( all k9ds ( curses & bless+s1 ^? m5tion$ 9 8! words ( ! cov5ant0 h be5 select$ by ! ,law1 & p>ticul>ly po9t$ out4 ,note also ! greatness ( ! b5efit ( ^! laws4 ,9 ord] t we may keep f> f all k9ds ( wit*craft1 we are w>n$ n to adopt any ( ! practices ( ! idolat]s1 ev5 su* z are connect$ ) agriculture1 ! keep+ ( cattle1 & simil> "w4 ,! ,law prohibits ev]y?+ t ! idolat]s1 accord+ to _! doctr9e1 & contr>y to reason1 consid] z be+ useful & act+ 9 ! mann] ( c]ta9 my/]i\s =ces4 ,comp4 8,nei!r %all ye walk 9 _! ord9ances0 7,lev4 xviii4 #c74 8,& ye %all n walk 9 ! mann]s ( ! nation :i* ,i ca/ out be=e y0 7ibid4 xx4 #bc74 ,our ,sages call su* acts 8! ways ( ! ,amorite02 !y are k9ds ( wit*craft1 because !y are n arriv$ at by reason1 b are simil> to ! p]=mances ( wit*craft1 :i* is necess>ily connect$ ) ! influ5ces ( ! />s2 ?us 8! mann]s ( ! nations0 lead p to extol1 wor%ip1 & praise ! />s4 ,our ,sages say di/9ctly1 8:atev] is us$ z m$ic9e0 does n come "u ! law ( 8! ways ( ! ,amorite02 = !y hold t only su* cures z are recomm5d$ by reason are p]mitt$1 & o!r cures are prohibit$4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! dictum 0 quot$3 a tree t ca/s (f its fruit may be lad5 ) /one or dy$ ) r$ col\r1 ! foll[+ objection 0 rais$3 ,! load+ ( ! tree ) /ones may be ju/ifi$ on ! plea t x s]ves to weak5 ! /r5g? ( ! tree1 b :y %\ld x be p]mitt$ to dye ! tree ) r$ col\r8 ,?is "q %[s t ! dye+ ( ! tree ) r$ col\r1 & all simil> ?+s :i* are n expla9$ by analogy f nature1 are prohibit$ z 8ways ( ! ,amorite40 ,= ! same reason our ,sages said1 8,! ut]us ( animals :i* h be5 select$ = ! ,sanctu>y mu/ be buri$2 x mu/ n be susp5d$ f a tree1 & n buri$ 9 ! cross-road1 because ?is is "o ( #8! ways ( ! ,amorite4'0 ,h5ce y may le>n h[ to treat simil> cases4 ,x is n inconsi/5t t a nail ( ! gall[s & ! too? ( a fox h be5 p]mitt$ to be us$ z cures2 = ^! ?+s h be5 consid]$ 9 ^? days z facts e/abli%$ by exp]im5t4 ,!y s]v$ z cures1 9 ! same mann] z ! hang+ ( ! peony ov] a p]son subject to epileptic fits1 or ! application ( a dog's refuse to ! swell+s ( ! ?roat1 & ( ! vap\rs ( v9eg> & m>casite to ! swell+ ( h>d tum\rs4 ,= ! ,law p]mits z m$ic9e ev]y?+ t has be5 v]ifi$ by exp]im5t1 al?\gh x _c be expla9$ by analogy4 ,! above-nam$ cures are p]mitt$ 9 ! same way z ! application ( purgatives4 ,le>n1 read]1 ^! notewor?y lessons f ?is my "w1 & keep !m2 8= !y are a diadem ( grace = ?y head0 7,prov4 iv474 ,we h expla9$ 9 our l>ge "w t x is prohibit$ to r\nd ! corn]s ( ! head1 & to m> ! corn]s ( ! be>d1 because x 0 ! cu/om ( idolatr\s prie/s4 ,= ! same reason1 ! we>+ ( g>m5ts made ( l95 & wool is prohibit$2 ! hea!n prie/s adorn$ !mselves ) g>m5ts conta9+ vegetable & animal mat]ial1 :il/ !y held 9 _! h& a seal made ( a m9]al4 ,?is y f9d writt5 9 _! books4 ,! same is also ! reason ( ! precept1 8,! woman %all n we> t :i* p]ta9e? unto a man0 7,deut4 xxii4 #e74 ,y f9d x 9 ! book ,tomtom1 t a male p]son %\ld we> col\r$ woman's dress :5 he /&s be=e ,v5us1 & a female1 :5 /&+ be=e ,m>s1 %\ld we> a buckl] & o!r arm\r4 ,i ?9k t ?is precept has also ano!r reason2 namely1 t ! int]*ange ( dress creates lu/ & leads to immorality4 ,x is easily und]/ood :y x is prohibit$ to d]ive any b5efit :atev] f an idol4 ,= sometimes a p]son buys x ) ! int5tion to break x1 b keeps x1 & x becomes a sn>e to him4 ,ev5 if he broke x1 reca/ x1 & sold x to a hea!n1 he mu/ n use ! money :i* he receiv$ 9 ex*ange = ! idol2 because p frequ5tly mi/ake accid5tal circum/ances = ess5tial causes2 ?us mo/ p say ( a c]ta9 p]son t he has become ri* & weal?y aft] hav+ dwelt 9 a c]ta9 h\se1 or b\ght a c]ta9 animal or vessel2 & t ^! ?+s 7 a bless+ to him4 ,9 ! same way a p]son may be successful & make a good pr(it on ! bus9ess 9 :i* he employ$ ! money receiv$ = ! idol2 he might !n ?9k t ! idol 0 ! cause ( 8 success1 & t ! bless+ ( ! money receiv$ = x br\ght him ! pr(it2 he w\ld !n believe 9 ! idol2 a belief :i* is j ! rev]se ( ! *ief object ( ! ,law1 z is cle>ly se5 9 e ^w ( x4 ,= ?is same reason1 we are =bidd5 to turn to our use ! cov]+ ( ! idol1 its (f]+s & vessels4 ,we are ?us gu>d$ aga9/ ! idea ( ascrib+ our success to idols4 ,9 ^? days ! belief 9 ! />s 0 v /rong2 x 0 g5]ally assum$ t life & dea?1 good & evil1 dep5d$ on ! />s4 ,! ,law employ$ !re=e /rong means1 z cov5ant1 witnesses1 great oa?s1 & ! above-m5tion$ bless+s & curses1 9 ord] to ov]?r[ t belief4 ,we are ?us comm&$ to ab/a9 f tak+ any portion ( ! idol1 & d]iv+ any b5efit f x2 & ,god tells u t if money receiv$ = idols be mix$ ) any p]son's prop]ty1 x w br+ loss & ru9 to t prop]ty4 ,?is w>n+ is conta9$ 9 ! words3 8,nei!r %alt ?\ br+ an abom9ation into ?9e h\se1 le/ ?\ be a curs$ ?+ l x0 7,deut4 vii4 #bf74 ,h[ mu* m wrong mu/ x be to believe t !re is a bless+ 9 idols4 ,:5 y exam9e all ! precepts t relate to idolatry1 y w f9d t _! reason is obvi\s1 & t !y s]ve to make u ab&on ?is evil belief1 & keep at ! greate/ possible di/ance f x4 ,we mu/ also po9t out t orig9ators ( false1 baseless1 & useless pr9ciples s*eme & plan = ! firm e/abli%m5t ( _! fai?2 & tell _! fell[-m5 t a c]ta9 plague w befall ^? :o w n p]=m ! act by :i* t fai? is support$ & confirm$ = ev]2 ?is plague may "o day accid5tally befall a p]son1 :o w !n direct 8 att5tion to ! p]=mance ( t act1 & adopt idolatry4 ,x be+ well kn[n t p are naturally mo/ 9 fe> & dread ( ! loss ( _! prop]ty & _! *ildr51 ! wor%ipp]s ( fire spread ! tale1 t if any "o did n pass 8 son & daught] ?r\gh ! fire1 he w lose 8 *ildr5 by dea?4 ,!re is no d\bt t on acc\nt ( ?is absurd m5ace e "o at once obey$1 out ( pity & sympa?y = ! *ild2 especially z x 0 a trifl+ & a light ?+ t 0 dem&$1 9 pass+ ! *ild ov] ! fire4 ,we mu/ fur!r take into acc\nt t ! c>e ( "y *ildr5 is intru/$ to wom51 :o are g5]ally weak-m9d$1 & ready to believe ev]y?+1 z is well kn[n4 ,! ,law makes1 !re=e1 an e>ne/ /& aga9/ ?is practice1 & uses 9 ref]5ce to x /rong] t]ms ?an 9 any o!r k9d ( idolatry2 namely1 8he defile? my sanctu>y1 & pr(ane? my holy "n0 7,lev4 xx4 #c74 ,! true prophet !n decl>es 9 ! "n ( ,god t ! v act :i* is p]=m$ = ! purpose ( keep+ ! *ild alive1 w br+ dea? ^u him :o p]=ms x1 & de/ruction ^u 8 se$4 ,comp4 8,& ,i w set my face aga9/ t man & aga9/ 8 family10 etc4 7ibid4 xx4 #e74 ,"k t traces ( ?is practice h surviv$ ev5 to ! pres5t day1 because x 0 widespread 9 ! _w4 ,y c see h[ midwives take a "y *ild wrapp$ 9 its swaddl+-clo!s1 & aft] hav+ plac$ inc5se ( a disagreeable smell on ! fire1 sw+ ! *ild 9 ! smoke ov] t fire4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a k9d ( pass+ *ildr5 ?r\gh ! fire1 & we mu/ n d x4 ,reflect on ! evil cunn+ ( ! au?or ( ?is doctr9e2 h[ p cont9u$ to adh]e to ?is doctr9e1 & h[1 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! ,law dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 its "n is n blott$ out1 & its traces are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,idolat]s h act$ simil>ly 9 ref]5ce to prop]ty4 ,!y made x a law t a c]ta9 tree1 ! a%]ah1 %\ld be wor%ipp$1 & t ( its fruit "o "p %\ld be (f]$1 & ! re/ consum$ 9 ! temple ( ! idol2 ?is is /at$ 9 ! regulations conc]n+ ! a%]ah4 ,9 ! same mann]1 !y made x a rule1 t ! fir/-fruit ( e fruit-tree %\ld be p>tly (f]$ z a sacrifice & p>tly consum$ 9 ! idol's temple4 ,x 0 also a widespread belief t if ! fir/-fruit ( any tree 0 n treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! tree w\ld dry up1 its fruit w\ld be ca/ (f1 its increase w\ld be dim9i%$1 or "s disease w\ld come ov] x2 j z !y spread ! belief t e *ild1 t 0 n pass$ ?r\gh ! fire1 mu/ die4 ,p 9 _! anxiety = _! prop]ty obey$ also ?is precept unhesitat+ly4 ,! ,law1 9 opposition to ?is doctr9e1 comm&$ u to burn ! produce ( fruit-trees ! fir/ ?ree ye>s2 = "s trees be> fruit aft] "o ye>1 :il/ "s beg9 to yield fruit aft] two1 & o!rs aft] ?ree ye>s4 ,! law is bas$ ^u ! nature ( trees gr[n 9 an ord9>y way1 namely1 9 "o ( ! ?ree well-kn[n me?ods3 plant+1 propagation1 & inoculation 7netiah1 habrakah1 & h>cabah74 ,! ,law does n take notice ( ! case t a k]nel or /one is s[n2 = ! ord9ances ( ! ,law are bas$ on ! usual condition ( ?+s1 & z a rule a "y tree 9 ,pale/9e be>s fruit = ! fir/ "t n lat] ?an ! ?ird ye> aft] x has be5 plant$4 ,accord+ to ! div9e promise1 ! wa/e & de/ruction ( ?is fir/-fruit ( ! tree w be foll[$ by ye>s ( pl5ty ( fruit2 = x is said1 8t x may increase unto y ! fruit !re(0 7,lev4 xix4 #be74 ,! fruit ( ! f\r? ye> we are comm&$ to eat be=e ,god1 in/ead ( ! hea!n cu/om ( eat+ orlah1 8! fruit ( ! prec$+ ye>s10 9 ! temples ( ! idols1 z has be5 describ$ by u4 ,x is fur!r m5tion$ 9 ! ,nabatean ,agriculture t ! anci5t idolat]s caus$ c]ta9 ?+s nam$ 9 t "w to rot1 wait$ till ! sun /ood 9 a c]ta9 degree ( ! ecliptic1 & !n !y p]=m$ _m acts ( wit*craft4 ,!y believ$ t t sub/ance %\ld be kept ready by e "o1 & :5 a fruit-tree is plant$1 a portion ( t rott5 sub/ance %\ld be scatt]$ r\nd ! tree or "u x2 ! tree w\ld !n gr[ quick] & produce m fruit ?an is g5]ally ! case4 ,!y say t ?is process is v extraord9>y2 x acts l a talisman1 & is m effici5t ?an any k9d ( wit*craft 9 accel]at+ ! productiv5ess ( fruit-trees4 ,i h already %[n & expla9$ to y h[ ! ,law opposes all k9ds ( wit*craft4 ,! ,law1 !re=e1 prohibits u to use ! fruit yield$ by a tree 9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s aft] x has be5 plant$1 s t !re %\ld be no opportunity = accel]at+1 accord+ to _! imag9ation1 ! productiv5ess ( any tree4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s mo/ fruit-trees 9 ,pale/9e yield fruit by ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 )\t ! application ( ^? magical p]=mances :i* 7 v g5]al 9 ^? days4 ,note ?is rem>kable fact4 ,ano!r belief :i* 0 v common 9 ^? days1 & surviv$ ! ,sabeans1 is ?is3 ,:5 a tree is graft$ into ano!r 9 ! "t ( a c]ta9 conjunction ( sun & moon1 & is fumigat$ ) c]ta9 sub/ances :il/ a =mula is utt]$1 t tree w produce a ?+ t w be f\nd exce$+ly useful4 ,m g5]al ?an any?+ m5tion$ by ! hea!n writ]s 0 ! c]emony ( graft+ an olive bran* ^u a citron tree1 z describ$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nabatean ,agriculture4 ,i am ( op9ion t ! book ( m$ic9es :i* ,hezekiah put away 7,b4 ,t4 ,pes4 #ef;a7 0 und\bt$ly ( ?is k9d4 ,!y also said t :5 "o species is graft$ ^u ano!r1 ! bran* :i* is to be graft$ mu/ be 9 ! h& ( a beautiful damsel1 :il/ a male p]son has disgraceful & unnatural sexual int]c\rse ) h]2 dur+ t int]c\rse ! woman grafts ! bran* into ! tree4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is c]emony 0 g5]al1 & t nobody refus$ to p]=m x1 especially z ! pleasure ( love 0 add$ to ! 7suppos$7 future results ( ! graft+4 ,! ,law1 !re=e1 prohibits u to mix diff]5t species toge!r1 i4e41 to graft "o tree into ano!r1 because we mu/ keep away f ! op9ions ( idolat]s & ! abom9ations ( _! unnatural sexual int]c\rse4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! graft+ ( trees1 we are =bidd5 to s[ any two k9ds ( se$ toge!r or ne> ea* o!r4 ,:5 y /udy ! traditional explanation ( ?is precept1 y w f9d t ! prohibition ( graft+1 ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 ?is comm&m5t1 holds good = all c\ntries1 & is puni%able by =ty /ripes2 b ! s[+ ( se$s "o ne> ! o!r is only prohibit$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,9 ! ,nabatean ,agriculture x is fur!r di/9ctly /at$ t x 0 ! cu/om ( ! p 9 ^? days to s[ b>ley & /ones ( grapes toge!r1 9 ! belief t ! v9ey>d c\ld only prosp] 9 ?is way4 ,!re=e ! ,law prohibits u to use se$ t has gr[n 9 a v9ey>d1 & comm&s u to burn bo? ! b>ley & ! produce ( ! v9ey>d4 ,= ! practices ( ! hea!n1 :i* !y consid]$ z ( a magic & talismanic "*1 ev5 if n conta9+ any idolatr\s elem5t1 are prohibit$1 z we h /at$ above 7p4 #ccd7 9 ref]5ce to ! dictum ( our ,sages1 8,we mu/ n hang ^u a tree ! ftus ( an animal belong+ to ! ,sanctu>y40 ,! ,law prohibits all hea!n cu/oms1 call$ by our ,sages 8! ways ( ! ,amorite10 because !y are connect$ ) idolatry4 ,on consid]+ ! cu/oms ( ! hea!n 9 _! wor%ip1 y w f9d t 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( wor%ip !y turn t[>d />s1 9 o!rs to ! two great lum9>ies2 frequ5tly !y *oose ! rise ( signs 9 ! ,zodiac = s[+ & fumigat+2 & z to ! circuits made by ^? :o plant or s[1 "s complete five circles1 correspond+ to ! five planets1 ) ! exclusion ( ! two lum9>ies2 o!rs g sev5 times r\nd1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! planets1 :5 includ+ sun & moon4 ,!y believe t all ^! practices are magic *>ms ( great effici5cy 9 agriculture4 ,?us ^? practices lead to ! wor%ip ( />s2 & !re=e all practices ( ^? nations h be5 prohibit$1 9 ! words1 8,ye %all n walk 9 ! mann]s ( ! nation :i* ,i ca/ out be=e y0 7,lev4 xx4 #bc74 ,^? practices :i* 7 m g5]al & common1 or 7 di/9ctly connect$ ) idolatry1 are p>ticul>ly po9t$ out z prohibit$2 e4g41 eat+ ! fruit ( a tree dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 int]mix+ ( species & ! mix$ species s[n 9 a v9ey>d4 ,i am surpris$ at ! dictum ( ,rabbi ,jo%iyah1 :i* has be5 adopt$ z legally b9d+1 9 ref]5ce to ! mix$ se$ 9 a v9ey>d1 viz41 t ! law is only transgress$ :5 :eat1 b>ley1 & ! /one ( a grape are s[n simultane\sly4 ,he mu/ und\bt$ly h se5 ! s\rce ( t k9d ( ! ways ( ! ,amorite4 ,x mu/ n[ be cle> to y1 & no room c be left = any d\bt1 t ! prohibition ( we>+ g>m5ts ( wool & l951 ( us+ ! fruit ( a tree 9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 & ( mix+ div]s species1 are direct$ aga9/ idolatry1 & t ! prohibition aga9/ adopt+ hea!n mann]s s]ves to remove any?+ :i* leads to idolatry1 z has be5 %[n by u4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,! precepts ( ! ?ird class are id5tical ) ^? :i* we h enum]at$ 9 ,hilkot deot4 ,_! use is evid5t2 !y are rules conc]n+ moral conduct by :i* ! social relations ( m5 are regulat$4 ,?is is suffici5tly cle>1 & ,i ne$ n dwell long on x4 ,"k t "s precepts prescribe c]ta9 acts :i* are consid]$ z arbitr>y decrees )\t any purpose1 b are nev]!less ! means ( acquir+ "s moral pr9ciple4 ,we %all expla9 e "o ( !m 9 its prop] place4 ,b ( all ^? precepts :i* are m5tion$ 9 ,hilkot deot1 x is di/9ctly /at$ t _! object is to inculcate good moral pr9ciples4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,! precepts 9 ! f\r? class include ! laws :i* 9 our "w are conta9$ 9 ! section ,z]aim1 except+ ! laws on ! mixture ( species2 ! rules ab\t ?+s to be 8valu$0 & ?+s 8devot$0 7,hilkot erek9 va-aramim71 & ^? conc]n+ l5d] & borr[] 7,hilkot malveh ve-loveh7 & slaves 7,hilkot abadim74 ,:5 y exam9e ^! precepts y w cle>ly see ! use ( e "o ( !m3 !y tea* u to h sympa?y ) ! poor & infirm1 to assi/ ! ne$y 9 v>i\s ways2 n to hurt ! feel+s ( ^? :o are 9 want1 & n to vex ^? :o are 9 a helpless condition viz41 ! wid[1 ! orphan1 & ! l4 ,! purpose ( ! laws conc]n+ ! portions :i* are to be giv5 to ! poor is likewise obvi\s2 ! reason ( ! laws conc]n+ ! heave-(f]+s & ! ti! is di/9ctly /at$3 8= he ha? no portion & inh]itance ) !e0 7,deut4 xiv4 #bi74 ,y c]ta9ly "k t ! ,levites _h no portion1 because _! :ole tribe 0 to be exclusively engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,god & ! /udy ( ! ,law4 ,!y %all n pl[ or cut ! corn1 b %all only m9i/] to ,god4 8,!y %all tea* ,jacob ?y judgm5ts & ,israel ?y law3 !y %all put inc5se be=e !e0 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #aj74 ,9 ! ,law we meet frequ5tly ) ! phrase1 8! ,levite1 ! /rang]1 & ! orphan & ! wid[02 = ! ,levite is reckon$ among ! poor because he _h no prop]ty4 ,! second ti! 0 comm&$ to be sp5t on food 9 ,j]usalem2 9 ?is way ! own] 0 compell$ to give "p ( x away z *>ity4 ,z he 0 n able to use x o!rwise ?an by way ( eat+ & dr9k+1 he mu/ h easily be5 induc$ to give x gradually away4 ,?is rule br\ght multitudes toge!r 9 "o place1 & /r5g!n$ ! bond ( love & bro!rhood among ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,! law conc]n+ ! fruit ( a tree 9 its f\r? ye> has "s relation to idolatr\s cu/oms1 z has be5 /at$ by u 7*ap4 xxxvii471 & is connect$ ) ! law conc]n+ ! fruit ( a tree 9 its fir/ ?ree ye>s4 ,b x has 9 addition ! same object z ! law conc]n+ ! heave-(f]+ 7,deut4 xviii4 #d71 ! d\gh-(f]+ 7allah7 7,num4 xv4 #bj71 ! fir/-fruit 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ai71 & ! fir/ ( ! %e>+ 7,deut4 xviii4 #d74 ,= ! fir/ ( ev]y?+ is to be devot$ to ! ,"l2 & by do+ s man accu/oms himself to be lib]al1 & to limit 8 appetite = eat+ & 8 desire = prop]ty4 ,! same is ! reason :y ! prie/ took ! %\ld]1 ! two *eeks1 & ! maw 7,deut4 xviii4 #c72 ! *eek be+ ! fir/ "p ( ! body ( animals1 ! "r %\ld] ! fir/ ( ! extremities ( ! body1 & ! maw ! fir/ ( all inw>ds4 ,! recit+ ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! ,law :5 ! fir/-fruits are br\ght to ! temple1 t5ds also to create humility4 ,= he :o br+s ! fir/-fruits takes ! basket ^u 8 %\ld]s & proclaims ! k9dness & goodness ( ,god4 ,?is c]emony tea*es man t x is ess5tial 9 ! s]vice ( ,god to rememb] ! times ( tr\ble & ! hi/ory ( pa/ di/ress1 9 days ( com=t4 ,! ,law lays /ress on ?is duty 9 sev]al places2 comp4 8,& ?\ %alt rememb] t ?\ ha/ be5 a slave10 etc4 7,deut4 v4 #ae74 ,= x is to be fe>$ t ^? :o become great 9 ri*es & com=t might1 z is g5]ally ! case1 fall into ! vices ( insol5ce & haught9ess1 & ab&on all good pr9ciples4 ,comp4 8,le/ ?\ eat & be full1 etc41 & ?9e he>t be lift$ up & ?\ =get ! ,"l0 7ibid4 viii4 #ab-ad72 8,& ,je%urun wax$ fat & kick$0 7ibid4 xxx4 #ae74 ,on acc\nt ( ?is fe> ! ,law comm&$ u to read ea* ye> a c]ta9 portion be=e ! ,"l & ,8 glory1 :5 we (f] ! fir/-fruit4 ,y "k h[ mu* ! ,law insi/s t we %all always rememb] ! plagues t h befall5 ! ,egyptians2 comp4 8,t ?\ maye/ rememb] ! day :5 ?\ came/ =? out ( ! l& ( ,egypt all ! days ( ?y life0 7ibid4 xvi4 #c72 8,t ?\ maye/ tell 9 ! e>s ( ?y son :at ?+s ,i h wr\ght 9 ,egypt0 7,exod4 x4 #b74 ,su* a law 0 necess>y 9 ord] to p]petuate ! memory ( ! dep>ture f ,egypt2 because su* ev5ts v]ify prophecy & ! doctr9e ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,! b5efit ( e comm&m5t t s]ves to keep c]ta9 miracles 9 remembrance1 or to p]petuate true fai?1 is !re=e obvi\s4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! law conc]n+ ! fir/-born ( man & cattle x is di/9ctly said1 8,& x came to pass1 :5 ,ph>aoh w\ld h>dly let u g1 t ! ,"l slew all ! fir/-born 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 etc41 !re=e ,i sacrifice to ! ,"l10 etc4 7,exod4 xiii4 #ae74 ,b x c easily be expla9$ :y only cattle1 %eep1 & asses are m5tion$ 9 ?is law2 ^! are kept z dome/ic animals1 & are f\nd 9 mo/ places1 especially 9 ,pale/9e1 :]e ! ,israelites 7 %eph]ds1 !y1 _! fa!rs1 & =efa!rs2 comp4 8,?y s]vants are %eph]ds1 bo? we & also our fa!rs0 7,g54 xlvii4 #c74 ,horses & camels1 h[ev]1 are n want$ by %eph]ds1 & are n f\nd 9 all places2 ?us 9 ! booty ( ,midian 7,num4 xxxi47 no o!r animals are m5tion$ b ox51 %eep1 & asses4 ,b asses alone are indisp5sable to all p1 especially to ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! field or 9 ! =e/4 ,?us ,jacob says1 8,i h ox5 & asses0 7,g54 xxxii4 #e74 ,camels & horses are n possess$ by _m p1 b only by a few1 & are only f\nd 9 a few places4 ,! law t ! fir/-born ( an ass 0 to h its neck brok5 9 case x is n r$eem$1 w only ensure ! r$emption ( ! ass4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 said t ! act ( r$eem+ ! ass is to be pref]r$ to t ( break+ its neck4 ,z to ! precepts enum]at$ 9 ! laws conc]n+ ! ye> ( release & ! jubilee 7,hilkot %emittah ve-yobel7 "s ( !m imply sympa?y ) our fell[-m51 & promote ! well-be+ ( mank9d2 = 9 ref]5ce to ^! precepts x is /at$ 9 ! ,law1 8,t ! poor ( ?y p may eat0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #aa72 & besides1 ! l& w also increase its produce & improve :5 x rema9s fall[ = "s "t4 ,o!r precepts ( ?is class prescribe k9dness to s]vants & to ! poor1 by r5\nc+ all claims to debts 9 ! ye> ( release1 & reliev+ ! slaves ( _! bondage 9 ! sev5? ye>4 ,!re are "s precepts 9 ?is class t s]ve to secure = ! p a p]man5t s\rce ( ma9t5ance & support by provid+ t ! l& %\ld rema9 ! p]man5t prop]ty ( its own]s1 & t x c\ld n be sold4 8,& ! l& %all n be sold = ev]0 7,lev4 xxv4 #bc74 ,9 ?is way ! prop]ty ( a p]son rema9s intact = him & 8 heirs1 & he c only enjoy ! produce !re(4 ,i h ?us expla9$ ! reason ( all precepts conta9$ 9 our "w 9 ! ,section ,z]aiim1 ) ! exception ( ! laws conc]n+ ! int]mixture ( diff]5t species ( bea/s ! reason ( :i* w be giv5 7*ap4 xlix474 ,9 ! same mann] we f9d t all ! precepts compris$ 9 8! laws on valuations10 & on 8?+s devot$0 are bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( *>ity2 "s ( !m prescribe :at %\ld be giv5 to ! prie/s2 o!rs tell u :at mu/ be devot$ to ! repairs ( ! temple4 ,! practice ( all ^! ?+s accu/oms man to act lib]ally & to sp5d money unhesitat+ly to ! glory ( ,god4 ,= x is 9 ! nature ( man to /rive to ga9 money & to increase x2 & 8 great desire to add to 8 weal? & hon\r is ! *ief s\rce ( mis]y = man4 ,also ! precepts conta9$ 9 8! laws conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 l5d] & borr[]0 7,hilkot malveh veloveh7 w be f\nd1 on be+ c>efully exam9$1 to be no?+ b comm&s to be l5i5t1 m]ciful & k9d to ! ne$y1 n to deprive !m ( ! use ( any?+ indisp5sable 9 ! prep>ation ( food4 8,no man %all take ! ne!r or ! upp] mill/one to pl$ge3 = he take? a man's life to pl$ge0 7,deut4 xxiv4 #f74 ,! precepts conta9$ 9 8! laws conc]n+ slaves0 7,hilkot abadim71 likewise prescribe only acts ( pity1 m]cy & k9dness to ! poor4 ,x is an act ( m]cy to give lib]ty to a ,canaanite s]vant = ! loss ( "o ( 8 limbs 7,exod4 xxi4 #bf1 #bg71 9 ord] t he %\ld n suff] f slav]y & illness at ! same "t4 ,! law applies ev5 to ! case t a too? ( a slave has be5 knock$ out1 mu* m to ! mutilation ( o!r limbs4 ,he c\ld only be correct$ ) a rod or re$ or ! l1 z we h /at$ 9 ,mi%neh-torah4 ,besides1 if ! ma/] /rikes ! slave too h>d & kills him1 he is puni%$ ) dea? z = ord9>y murd]4 ,m]cy is also ! object ( ! law1 8,?\ %alt n deliv] unto 8 ma/] ! s]vant t is escap$ f 8 ma/]0 7,deut4 xxiii4 #ae72 b x tea*es besides a v useful lesson1 namely1 t we mu/ always practise ?is virtue1 help & protect ^? :o seek our help1 & n deliv] !m unto ^? f :om !y flee2 & x is n suffici5t to give assi/ance to ^? :o are 9 ne$ ( our help2 we mu/ look aft] _! int]e/s1 be k9d to !m1 & n hurt _! feel+ by words4 ,?us ! ,law says3 8,he %all dwell ) !e1 ev5 among y1 9 t place :i* he %all *oose 9 "o ( ?y gates1 :]e x like? him be/3 ?\ %alt n vex him0 7ibid4 v]4 #af74 ,?is we owe to ! l[e/ among m51 to ! slave2 h[ mu* m mu/ we d our duty to ! freeborn1 :5 !y seek our assi/ance8 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 s9n]s & evildo]s seek our help1 x mu/ n be grant$2 no m]cy mu/ be %[n to !m1 & ! c\rse ( ju/ice mu/ n be int]f]$ )1 ev5 if !y claim ! protection ( t :i* is noble/ & highe/2 = 8,?\ %alt take him f m9e alt> t he may die0 7,exod4 xxi4 #ad74 ,"h a p]son comes to seek ! help ( ,god1 & claims ! protection ( t :i* is devot$ to 8 "n2 ,god1 h[ev]1 does n help him1 & comm&s t he be deliv]$ up to ! prosecutor1 f :om he fl$4 ,mu* less ne$ any "o ( u help or pity 8 fell[-m5 "u su* circum/ances2 because m]cy on s9n]s is cruelty to all creatures4 ,^! are und\bt$ly ! "r ways designat$ 8righte\s /atutes & judgm5ts0 7,deut4 iv4 #h71 & diff]5t f ! ways ( ! fools1 :o consid] a p]son praisewor?y :5 he helps & protects 8 fell[-m51 )\t discrim9at+ betwe5 ! oppressor & ! oppress$4 ,?is is well kn[n f _! words & songs4 ,! reason & usefulness ( e precept ( ?is class has ?us be5 cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,! precepts ( ! fif? class1 enum]at$ 9 ! ,section 8,on ,damages0 7,seph] nezi971 aim at ! removal ( wrong & ! prev5tion ( injury4 ,z we are /rongly recomm5d$ to prev5t damage1 we are responsible = e damage caus$ by our prop]ty or ?r\gh our "w 9 s f> z x is 9 our p[] to take c>e & to gu>d x f becom+ injuri\s4 ,we are1 !re=e1 responsible = all damage caus$ by our cattle2 we mu/ gu>d !m4 ,! same is ! case ) fire & pits2 !y are made by man1 & he c be c>eful t !y d n cause damage4 ,i w po9t out ! equity ( ! v>i\s laws 9 ?is respect4 ,no comp5sation is en=c$ = damage caus$ by ! m\? or ! foot ( an animal 9 a public ?or\ghf>e2 because ?is _c be gu>d$ aga9/1 & ! damage caus$ !re is n v l>ge4 ,^? :o place _! ?+s 9 a public place are !mselves guilty ( neglect1 & expose _! prop]ty to injury4 ,b comp5sation is giv5 = damage caus$ to ! prop]ty ( a p]son 9 8 own field by ! too? or ! foot ( an animal4 ,x is diff]5t 9 ! case ( damage caus$ by ! horn ( animals or ! l4 ,! animal c be gu>d$ ev]y:]e & prev5t$ f caus+ injury1 :il/ ^? :o pass public ?or\ghf>es _c suffici5tly take c>e aga9/ accid5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ?is case ! law is ! same = all places2 b !re is a diff]5ce :e!r ! own] ( ! animal has be5 w>n$ conc]n+ x or n 7muad or tam74 ,if ! animal has n be5 9 ! habit ( caus+ damage1 ! own] ne$ only pay half ! damage2 b damage caus$ by an animal :i* has be5 9 ! habit ( do+ s1 & has be5 kn[n z savage1 mu/ be paid 9 full4 ,! comp5sation = a slave is uni=mly e/imat$ at half ! value fix$ = a free man4 ,= 9 ! law conc]n+ ! valuation ( man y f9d ! highe/ valuation at sixty %ekels1 :il/ ! money to be paid = a slave is fix$ at ?irty %ekels silv]4 ,! kill+ ( an animal t has kill$ a human be+ 7,exod4 xxi4 #bh1 #bi7 is n a puni%m5t to ! animal1 z ! diss5t]s ins9uate aga9/ u1 b x is a f9e impos$ on ! own] ( t animal4 ,= ! same reason ! use ( its fle% is prohibit$4 ,! own] ( an animal w1 !re=e1 take ! greate/ possible c>e 9 gu>d+ x2 he w "k t if any p]son is kill$ by ! animal1 :e!r t p]son be gr[n up or "y1 free or 9 bondage1 he =feits at lea/ ! animal2 & 9 case he has already receiv$ a w>n+ conc]n+ x1 he w h to pay a ransom 9 addition to ! loss ( ! animal4 ,?is is also ! reason :y a bea/ is kill$ t has be5 us$ by a human be+ = an immoral purpose 7,lev4 xx4 #ae1 #af72 its own] w be m c>eful z reg>ds 8 bea/1 w gu>d x1 & nev] lose sight ( x1 j z he wat*es 8 h\sehold3 = p fe> ! loss ( _! prop]ty z mu* z t ( _! own life2 "s ev5 m1 b mo/ p hold bo? 9 ! same e/imation4 ,comp4 8& to take u = bondm51 & our asses0 7,g54 xliii4 #ah74 ,?is class includes also ! duty ( kill+ him :o pursues ano!r p]son2 t is to say1 if a p]son is ab\t to commit a crime we may prev5t x by kill+ him4 ,only 9 two cases is ?is p]mitt$2 viz41 :5 a p]son runs aft] ano!r 9 ord] to murd] him1 or 9 ord] to commit =nication2 because 9 ^! two cases ! crime1 once committ$2 _c be rem$i$4 ,9 ! case ( o!r s9s1 puni%$ ) dea? by ! c\rt ( law1 su* z idolatry & pr(anation ( ! ,sabba?1 by :i* ! s9n] does no h>m to ano!r p]son1 & :i* conc]n only 8 own pr9ciples1 no p]son may be kill$ = ! m]e int5tion1 if he has n c>ri$ x out4 ,x is kn[n t desire is d5\nc$ because x leads to covet+1 & ! latt] is prohibit$ because x leads to robb]y1 z has be5 said by our ,sages4 ,! object ( ! law ( re/or+ lo/ prop]ty to its own] 7,deut4 xxii4 #a-c7 is obvi\s4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x is 9 itself a good feature 9 man's "*4 ,secondly1 its b5efit is mutual2 = if a p]son does n return ! lo/ prop]ty ( 8 fell[-man1 nobody w re/ore to him :at he may lose1 j z ^? :o d n hon\r _! p>5ts _c expect to be hon\r$ by _! *ildr54 ,a p]son :o kill$ ano!r p]son unkn[+ly mu/ g into exile 7,exod4 xxi4 #ac2 ,num4 xxxv4 #aa-bh72 because ! ang] ( 8! av5g] ( ! blood0 7,num4 xxxv4 #ai7 cools d[n :ile ! cause ( ! mis*ief is out ( sight4 ,! *ance ( return+ f ! exile dep5ds on ! dea? ( ! high-prie/1 ! mo/ hon\r$ ( m51 & ! fri5d ( all ,israel4 ,by 8 dea? ! relative ( ! sla9 p]son becomes reconcil$ 7ibid4 v]4 #be72 = x is a natural ph5om5on t we f9d consolation 9 our mis=tune :5 ! same mis=tune or a great] "o has befall5 ano!r p]son4 ,among/ u no dea? causes m grief ?an t ( ! high-prie/4 ,! b5eficial "* ( ! law conc]n+ 8! break+ ( ! neck ( a heif]0 7,deut4 xxi4 #a-h7 is evid5t4 ,= x is ! city t is ne>e/ to ! sla9 p]son t br+s ! heif]1 & 9 mo/ cases ! murd]] comes f t place4 ,! eld]s ( ! place call ^u ,god z _! witness1 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( our ,sages1 t !y h always kept ! roads 9 good condition1 h protect$ !m1 & h direct$ e "o t ask$ 8 way2 t ! p]son has n be5 kill$ because !y 7 c>eless 9 ^! g5]al provisions1 & !y d n "k :o has sla9 him4 ,z a rule ! inve/igation1 ! procession ( ! eld]s1 ! measur+1 & ! tak+ ( ! heif]1 make p talk ab\t x1 & by mak+ ! ev5t public1 ! murd]] may be f\nd out1 & he :o kn[s ( him1 or has he>d ( him1 or has discov]$ him by any due1 w n[ "n ! p]son t is ! murd]]1 & z soon z a man1 or ev5 a woman or h&maid1 rises up & names a c]ta9 p]son z hav+ committ$ ! murd]1 ! heif] is n kill$4 ,x is well kn[n t x is consid]$ great wick$ness & guilt on ! "p ( a p]son :o kn[s ! murd]]1 & is sil5t ab\t him :il/ ! eld]s call ^u ,god z witness t !y "k no?+ ab\t ! murd]]4 ,ev5 a woman w1 !re=e1 communicate :atev] k %e has ( him4 ,:5 ! murd]] is discov]$1 ! b5efit ( ! law is app>5t4 ,if ! c\rt ( ju/ice _c s5t5ce him to dea?1 ! k+ may f9d him guilty1 :o has ! p[] to s5t5ce to dea? on circum/antial evid5ce2 & if ! k+ does n put him to dea?1 ! av5g] ( blood may s*eme & plan 8 dea?1 & at la/ kill him4 ,we h ?us %[n ! use ( ! law conc]n+ ! break+ ( ! neck ( ! heif] 9 discov]+ ! murd]]4 ,=ce is add$ to ! law by ! rule t ! place 9 :i* ! neck ( ! heif] is brok5 %\ld nev] be cultivat$ or s[n4 ,! own] ( ! l& w !re=e use all means 9 8 p[] to se>* & to f9d ! murd]]1 9 ord] t ! heif] be n kill$ & 8 l& be n made useless to him4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,! precepts ( ! six? class comprise ! diff]5t ways ( puni%+ ! s9n]4 ,_! g5]al usefulness is kn[n & has also be5 m5tion$ by u4 ,i w "h describe !m "o by "o & po9t out _! nature 9 detail4 ,! puni%m5t ( him :o s9s aga9/ 8 neighb\r consi/s 9 ! g5]al rule t !re %all be done unto him exactly z he has done3 if he injur$ any "o p]sonally1 he mu/ suff] p]sonally2 if he damag$ ! prop]ty ( 8 neighb\r1 he %all be puni%$ by loss ( prop]ty4 ,b ! p]son ^: prop]ty has be5 damag$ %\ld be ready to resign 8 claim totally or p>tly4 ,only to ! murd]] we mu/ n be l5i5t because ( ! greatness ( 8 crime2 & no ransom mu/ be accept$ ( him4 8,& ! l& _c be cleans$ ( ! blood t is %$ !re9 b by ! blood ( him t %$ x0 7,num4 xxxi4 #cc74 ,h5ce ev5 if ! murd]$ p]son cont9u$ to live aft] ! attack = an h\r or = days1 0 able to speak & possess$ complete consci\sness1 & if he himself said1 8,p>don my murd]]1 ,i h p>don$ & =giv5 him10 he mu/ n be obey$4 ,we mu/ take life = life1 & e/imate equally ! life ( a *ild & t ( a gr[n-up p]son1 ( a slave & ( a freeman1 ( a wise man & ( a fool4 ,= !re is no great] s9 ?an ?is4 ,& he :o mutilat$ a limb ( 8 neighb\r1 mu/ himself lose a limb4 8,z he ha? caus$ a blemi% 9 a man1 s %all x be done to him aga90 7,lev4 xxiv4 #bj74 ,y mu/ n raise an objection f our practice ( impos+ a f9e 9 su* cases4 ,= we h propos$ to ourselves to give "h ! reason = ! precepts m5tion$ 9 ! ,law1 & n = t :i* is /at$ 9 ! ,talmud4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 an explanation = ! int]pretation giv5 9 ! ,talmud1 b x w be communicat$ viv voce4 ,injuries t _c be reproduc$ exactly 9 ano!r p]son1 are comp5sat$ = by paym5t2 8only he %all pay = ! loss ( 8 "t1 & %all cause him to be ?or\ghly heal$0 7,exod4 xxi4 #ai74 ,if any "o damag$ ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 he mu/ lose exactly z mu* ( 8 own prop]ty3 8:om ! judges %all condemn he %all pay d\ble unto 8 neighb\r0 7,exod4 xxii4 #h72 namely1 he re/ores t :i* he has tak51 & adds j z mu* to x ( 8 own prop]ty4 ,x is "r t ! m frequ5t transgressions & s9s are1 & ! great] ! probability ( _! be+ committ$1 ! m sev]e mu/ _! puni%m5t be1 9 ord] to det] p f committ+ !m2 b s9s :i* are ( r>e occurr5ce require a less sev]e puni%m5t4 ,= ?is reason "o :o /ole a %eep _h to pay twice z mu* z = o!r goods1 i4e41 f\r times ! value ( ! /ol5 object2 b ?is is only ! case :5 he has dispos$ ( x by sale or slaught] 7,exod4 xxi4 #cg74 ,z a rule1 ! %eep rema9$ always 9 ! fields1 & c\ld !re=e n be wat*$ s c>efully z ?+s kept 9 t[n4 ,! ?ief ( a %eep us$ !re=e to sell x quickly be=e ! !ft became kn[n1 or to slaught] x & !reby *ange its appe>ance4 ,z su* !ft happ5$ frequ5tly1 ! puni%m5t 0 sev]e4 ,! comp5sation = a /ol5 ox is /ill great] by "o-f\r?1 because ! !ft is easily c>ri$ out4 ,! %eep keep toge!r :5 !y fe$1 & c be wat*$ by ! %eph]d1 s t !ft :5 x is committ$ c only take place by night4 ,b ox5 :5 fe$+ are v widely scatt]$1 z is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,nabatean ,agriculture1 & a %eph]d _c wat* !m prop]ly2 !ft ( ox5 is !re=e a m frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! law conc]n+ false witnesses 7,deut4 xix4 #ai7 prescribes t !y %all suff] exactly ! same loss :i* !y int5d$ to inflict ^u ano!r4 ,if !y int5d$ to br+ a s5t5ce ( dea? aga9/ a p]son1 !y are kill$2 if !y aim$ at ! puni%m5t ( /ripes1 !y receive /ripes2 & if !y desire to make a p]son pay money1 !y are s5t5c$ to pay exactly ! same sum4 ,! object ( all ^! laws is to make ! puni%m5t equal to ! crime2 & x is also on ?is acc\nt t ! judgm5ts are 8righte\s0 7,deut4 iv4 #h74 ,a robb] ) viol5ce is n ord]$ to pay any?+ z f9e 7,lev4 v4 #bd72 ! additional fif? "p ( ! value ( ! robb$ goods is only an atonem5t-(f]+ = 8 p]jury4 ,! reason ( ?is rule is to be f\nd 9 ! r>e occurr5ce ( robb]y2 !ft is committ$ m frequ5tly ?an robb]y1 = !ft c be committ$ ev]y:]e2 robb]y is n possible 9 t[ns1 except ) difficulty2 besides1 ! ?ief takes ?+s expos$ z well z ?+s hidd5 away2 robb]y applies only to ?+s expos$2 aga9/ robb]y we c gu>d & def5d ourselves2 we _c d s aga9/ !ft2 aga91 ! robb] is kn[n1 c be s\ght1 & =c$ to return t :i* he has robb$1 :il/ ! ?ief is n kn[n4 ,on acc\nt ( all ^! circum/ances ! law f9es ! ?ief & n ! robb]4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>k4--,:e!r ! puni%m5t is great or small1 ! pa9 inflict$ int5se or less int5se1 dep5ds on ! foll[+ f\r conditions4 #a4 ,! greatness ( ! s94 ,actions t cause great h>m are puni%$ sev]ely1 :il/ actions t cause little h>m are puni%$ less sev]ely4 #b4 ,! frequ5cy ( ! crime4 ,a crime t is frequ5tly committ$ mu/ be put d[n by sev]e puni%m5t2 crimes ( r>e occurr5ce may be suppress$ by a l5i5t puni%m5t consid]+ t !y are r>ely committ$4 #c4 ,! am\nt ( temptation4 ,only fe> ( a sev]e puni%m5t rema9s u f actions = :i* !re exi/s a great temptation1 ei!r because we h a great desire = ^! actions1 or are accu/om$ to !m1 or feel unhappy )\t !m4 #d4 ,! facility ( do+ ! ?+ secretly1 & unse5 & unnotic$4 ,f su* acts we are det]r$ only by ! fe> ( a great & t]rible puni%m5t4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y rem>k1 ,i say t ! precepts ( ! ,law may be divid$ into ! foll[+ f\r classes ) respect to ! puni%m5t = _! transgression3--7#a7 ,precepts ^: transgression is foll[$ by s5t5ce ( dea? pron\nc$ by a c\rt ( law4 7#b7 ,precepts ^: transgression is puni%$ ) excision1 su* transgression be+ held to be a v great s94 7#c7 ,9 "s cases ! transgression is puni%$ by /ripes adm9i/]$ ) a /rap 7su* transgression n be+ consid]$ a griev\s s91 z x conc]ns only a simple prohibition72 or by 8dea? by ,heav540 7#d7 ,precepts ! transgression ( :i* is n puni%$ ev5 by /ripes4 ,prohibitions ( ?is k9d are all ^? t involve no act4 ,b !re are ! foll[+ exceptions3 ,fir/1 ,swe>+ falsely1 because x is gross neglect ( man's duty1 :o ought to be> con/antly 9 m9d ! greatness ( ,god4 ,secondly1 ,*ang+ an animal devot$ to ! sanctu>y = ano!r 7,lev4 xxvii4 #aj71 because ?is *ange leads to contemn+ sacrifices devot$ to ! "n ( ,god4 ,?irdly1 ,curs+ a p]son by ! "n ( ,god 7ibid4 xix4 #ad72 because _m dread ! effect ( a curse m ?an bodily h>m4 ,! transgression ( o!r negative comm&m5ts t involve no act causes little h>m1 & _c always be avoid$1 z x consi/s 9 m]e words2 moreov]1 man's back w\ld be inflict$ ) /ripes all ! ye> r\nd if he 7 to be puni%$ ) /ripes = ea* transgression ( ?is k9d4 ,besides1 previ\s w>n+ is impossible 9 ?is case4 ,!re is also wisdom 9 ! numb] ( /ripes2 = al?\gh ! numb] ( _! maximum is giv51 !re is no fix$ numb] h[ _m are to be appli$ to ea* p]son2 ea* man receives only z _m /ripes z he c be>1 b n m ?an =ty 7,deut4 xxv4 #c71 ev5 if he be /rong en\gh = a hundr$4 ,! 8dea? by ! c\rt ( law0 is n inflict$ = ! transgression ( any ( ! diet>y laws2 because 9 su* a case no great h>m is done1 & ! temptation ( man to transgress ^! laws is n s great z ! temptation to ! enjoym5t ( sexual int]c\rse4 ,9 "s ( ! diet>y laws ! puni%m5t is excision4 ,?is is ! case ) ! prohibition ( eat+ blood 7,lev4 xvii4 #bf74 ,= 9 anci5t days p 7 v eag] & anxi\s to eat blood z a k9d ( idolatr\s c]emony1 z is expla9$ 9 ! book ,tomtom1 & !re=e ! prohibition ( eat+ blood is made v /r+5t4 ,excision is also ! puni%m5t = eat+ fat2 because p enjoy x1 & because x 0 di/+ui%$ & sanctifi$ by its use 9 ! (f]+s4 ,! eat+ ( leav5$ bread on ,passov] 7,exod4 xii4 #ae71 & break+ ! fa/ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7,lev4 xxiii4 #bi71 are likewise puni%$ ) excision3 fir/ on acc\nt ( ! great discom=t :i* ! ob$i5ce to ! law causes 9 ^! cases2 secondly on acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples ( fai? :i* ! laws ( ,passov] & ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t inculcate3 !y confirm fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law1 viz41 ! belief 9 ! wond]ful dep>ture ( ,israel f ,egypt1 & 9 ! effect ( rep5tance1 accord+ to ! words1 8,= on ?is day w he =give y0 7,lev4 xvi4 #ca74 ,j z 9 ! case ( eat+ fat1 s is excision also ann\nc$ z a puni%m5t :5 a p]son eats t :i* is left ( a sacrifice beyond its limit$ "t1 or p>takes ( a sacrifice :i* has be5 made abom9able2 or :5 an unclean p]son eats ( holy ?+s 7ibid4 vii4 #af-ba74 ,! object ( ?is sev]ity is to increase ! e/imation ( ! (f]+ 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 z has be5 %[n4 ,dea? by ! c\rt ( law is decre$ 9 important cases3 :5 fai? is und]m9$1 or a great crime is committ$1 viz41 idolatry1 ince/1 murd]1 or actions t lead to ^! crimes4 ,x is fur!r decre$ = break+ ! ,sabba? 7,exod4 xxxi4 #ae72 because ! keep+ ( ,sabba? is a confirmation ( our belief 9 ! ,creation2 a false prophet & a rebelli\s eld] are put to dea? on acc\nt ( ! mis*ief :i* !y cause2 he :o /rikes 8 fa!r or 8 "m is kill$ on acc\nt ( 8 great audacity1 & because he und]m9es ! con/itution ( ! family1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! /ate4 ,a rebelli\s & disob$i5t son is put to dea? 7,deut4 xxi4 #ah seq47 on acc\nt ( :at he might become1 because he w likely be a murd]]2 he :o /eals a human be+ is kill$1 because he is also prep>$ to kill him :om he /eals 7,exod4 xxi4 #af74 ,likewise he :o is f\nd break+ into a h\se is prep>$ = murd] 7ibid4 xxii4 #a71 z our ,sages /at$4 ,^! ?ree1 ! rebelli\s & disob$i5t son1 he :o /eals & sells a human be+1 & he :o breaks into a h\se1 become murd]]s 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 z is well kn[n4 ,capital puni%m5t is only decre$ = ^! s]i\s crimes1 & 9 no o!r case4 ,n all =bidd5 sexual int]c\rse is visit$ ) ! p5alty ( dea?1 b only 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! crim9al act c easily be done1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 is base & disgraceful1 & ( a tempt+ "*2 o!rwise excision is ! puni%m5t4 ,likewise n all k9ds ( idolatry are capital crimes1 b only ! pr9cipal acts ( idolatry1 su* z pray+ to an idol1 prophesy+ 9 its "n1 pass+ a *ild ?r\gh ! fire1 consult+ ) famili> spirits1 & act+ z a wiz>d or wit*4 ,z puni%m5ts & judgm5ts are evid5tly indisp5sable1 x 0 necess>y to appo9t judges ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 9 e t[n2 witnesses mu/ be he>d2 & a k+ is requir$ :om all fe> & respect1 :o is able to re/ra9 ! p by v>i\s means1 & :o c /r5g!n & support ! au?ority ( ! judges4 ,al?\gh ,i h %[n ! reason ( all ! laws conta9$ 9 8! ,section ( ,judges0 7,sef] ,%(etim71 ,i f9d x necess>y1 9 accordance ) ! object ( ?is treatise1 to expla9 a few ( ^! laws1 e4g41 ! laws conc]n+ a rebelli\s eld]4 ,god knew t ! judgm5ts ( ! ,law w always require an ext5sion 9 "s cases & curtailm5t 9 o!rs1 accord+ to ! v>iety ( places1 ev5ts1 & circum/ances4 ,he !re=e caution$ aga9/ su* increase & dim9ution1 & comm&$1 8,?\ %alt n add !reto nor dim9i% f x0 7,deut4 xiii4 #a72 = con/ant *anges w\ld t5d to di/urb ! :ole sy/em ( ! ,law1 & w\ld lead p to believe t ! ,law is n ( ,div9e orig94 ,b p]mission is at ! same "t giv5 to ! wise m51 i4e41 ! great c\rt 7,synh$rion7 ( e g5]ation to make f5ces r\nd ! judgm5ts ( ! ,law = _! protection1 & to introduce bye-laws 7f5ces7 9 ord] to ensure ! keep+ ( ! ,law4 ,su* f5ces once erect$ rema9 9 =ce = ev]4 ,! ,mi%nah !re=e tea*es3 8,& make a f5ce r\nd ! ,law0 7,abot i4 #a74 ,9 ! same mann] !y h ! p[] tempor>ily to disp5se ) "s religi\s act prescrib$ 9 ! ,law1 or to all[ t :i* is =bidd51 if exceptional circum/ances & ev5ts require x2 b none ( ! laws c be abrogat$ p]man5tly1 z has be5 expla9$ by u 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah 9 treat+ ( tempor>y legislation4 ,by ?is me?od ! ,law w rema9 p]petually ! same1 & w yet admit at all times & "u all circum/ances su* tempor>y modifications z are indisp5sable4 ,if e s*ol> _h ! p[] to make su* modifications1 ! multitude ( disputes & diff]5ces ( op9ion w\ld h produc$ an injuri\s effect4 ,!re=e x 0 comm&$ t ( ! ,sages only ! great ,synh$rion1 & none else1 %\ld h ?is p[]2 & :oev] w\ld oppose _! decision %\ld be kill$4 ,= if any critic 7 all[$ to dispute ! decision ( ! ,synh$rion1 ! object ( ?is law w\ld n be atta9$2 x w\ld be useless4 ,transgressions may be divid$ into f\r classes1 viz4--7#a7 involunt>y transgressions1 7#b7 s9s committ$ 9 ignorance1 7#c7 s9s done kn[+ly1 & 7#d7 s9s done spitefully4 ,he :o s9s involunt>ily is1 accord+ to ! di/9ct decl>ation ( ! ,law1 exempt f puni%m5t1 & free f all blame2 comp4 8,unto ! damsel ?\ %alt d no?+2 !re is 9 ! damsel no s9 wor?y ( dea?0 7,deut4 xxii4 #bf74 ,if a p]son s9s 9 ignorance1 he is blamable2 = if he _h be5 m consid]ate & c>eful1 he w\ld n h err$4 ,al?\gh he is n puni%$1 8 s9 mu/ be aton$ =1 & = ?is reason he br+s a s9-(f]+4 ,! ,law di/+ui%es 9 ?is respect betwe5 a private p]son & a k+1 a high-prie/ or ,tea*] ( ,halakah4 ,h5ce we conclude t a p]son :o acts wrongly1 or :o tea*es wrongly1 guid$ by 8 own reason+--except 9 ! case ( ! great ,synh$rion or ! high-prie/--is treat$ z mezid 7z "o :o s9s kn[+ly71 & does n belong to ! category ( %ogegim 7( ^? :o s9 by error74 ,a rebelli\s eld] is !re=e put to dea?1 al?\gh he act$ & taught accord+ to 8 view4 ,b ! great ,synh$rion mu/ tea* accord+ to its op9ion1 & if ! op9ion is wrong1 ! s9 is consid]$ z due to error4 ,9 ref]5ce to su* a case ! ,law says1 8,& if ! :ole congregation ( ,israel err10 etc4 7,lev4 iv4 #ac74 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t our ,sages say1 8,! error 9 le>n+ am\nts to int5tional s90 7,abot iv4 #ac72 he :o has /udi$ insuffici5tly1 & tea*es & acts accord+ to 8 defective k1 is to be consid]$ z if he s9n$ kn[+ly4 ,= if a p]son eats ( ! fat ( ! kidneys 9 ! belief t x is ! fat ( ! rump1 8 error is n s grave z ! error ( him :o1 eat+ ( ! fat ( ! kidneys1 kn[s t x is t fat1 b is ignorant ( ! fact t x is prohibit$4 ,! latt] br+s a s9-(f]+ al?\gh he is almo/ an int5tional transgressor4 ,b ?is is only ! case z f> z he acts accord+ to 8 k2 b if he decides a religi\s "q wrongly1 he is und\bt$ly an int5tional s9n]4 ,! ,law admits ! plea ( error 9 a religi\s decision only 9 ! case ( ! great ,synh$rion4 ,he :o has s9n$ kn[+ly mu/ pay ! p5alty prescrib$ 9 ! ,law2 he is put to dea? or receives /ripes1 or--= transgression ( prohibitions n puni%able by /ripes--o!r corporal puni%m5t1 or pays a f9e4 ,!re are "s s9s = :i* ! puni%m5t is ! same1 :e!r !y h be5 committ$ kn[+ly or unkn[+ly2 because !y are frequ5t1 & are easily done1 consi/+ only 9 ! utt]ance ( words1 & involv+ no action besides2 e4g41 false swe>+ by witnesses1 or by tru/ees4 ,int]c\rse ) a betro!d h&maid is likewise easy & frequ5t2 %e is expos$ unprotect$1 be+ 9 reality nei!r h&maid nor a free p]son1 nor a m>ri$ woman1 accord+ to ! traditional int]pretation ( ?is precept4 ,if a p]son s9s presumptu\sly1 s t 9 s9n+ he %[s impud5ce & seeks publicity1 if he does n s9 only to satisfy 8 appetite1 if he does :at is prohibit$ by ! ,law1 n only because ( 8 evil incl9ations1 b 9 ord] to oppose & resi/ ! ,law1 he 8reproa*e? ! ,"l0 7,num4 xv4 #cj71 & mu/ und\bt$ly be put to dea?4 ,none w act 9 su* a mann] b su* z h conceiv$ ! idea to act contr>y to ! ,law4 ,accord+ to ! traditional int]pretation1 !re=e1 ! above passage speaks ( an idolat] :o opposes ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law2 = no "o wor%ips a /> unless he believes --contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ,scripture-- t ! /> is et]nal1 z we h frequ5tly /at$ 9 our "w4 ,i ?9k t ! same puni%m5t viz41 s5t5ce ( dea? applies to e s9 :i* involves ! rejection ( ! ,law1 or opposition to x4 ,ev5 if an ,israelite eats meat boil$ 9 milk1 or we>s g>m5ts ( wool & l951 or r\nds ! corn]s ( 8 head1 out ( spite aga9/ ! ,law1 9 ord] to %[ cle>ly t he does n believe 9 its tru?1 ,i apply to him ! words1 8he reproa*e? ! ,"l10 & ,i am ( op9ion t he mu/ suff] dea? z an unbeliev]1 ?\gh n = a puni%m5t1 b 9 ! same mann] z ! inhabitants ( a 8city misl$ to idolatry0 are sla9 = _! unbelief1 & n by way ( puni%m5t = crime2 :]e=e _! prop]ty is de/roy$ by fire1 & is n giv5 to _! heirs1 z is ! case ) ! prop]ty ( o!r crim9als condemn$ to dea?4 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 all ! memb]s ( an ,israeliti% community :i* has insol5tly & presumptu\sly transgress$ any ( ! div9e precepts1 mu/ be put to dea?4 ,?is is prov$ by ! hi/ory ( 8! sons ( ,reub5 & ! sons ( ,gad0 7,jo%4 xxii471 aga9/ :om ! :ole congregation ( ,israel decid$ to make w>4 ,:5 w>n+ 0 giv5 to ! suppos$ (f5d]s1 x 0 expla9$ to !m t !y _h rel9qui%$ _! fai?1 because by agree+ to transgress "o p>ticul> law !y reject$ ! tru? ( ! :ole ,law4 ,= !y 7 address$ z foll[s3 8,:at trespass is ?is t ye h committ$ aga9/ ! ,god ( ,israel1 to turn away ?is day f foll[+ ! ,"l80 7,jo%4 xxii4 #af72 & !y repli$3 8,! ,"l kn[e?1 etc41 if x be 9 rebellion1 or if 9 transgression aga9/ ! ,"l10 etc4 7ibid4 #bb74 ,take well notice ( ^! pr9ciples 9 respect to puni%m5ts4 ,! ,section on ,judges includes also ! comm&m5t to blot out ! memory ( ,amalek 7,deut4 xxv4 #ag-ai74 ,9 ! same way z "o individual p]son is puni%$1 s mu/ also a :ole family or a :ole nation be puni%$1 9 ord] t o!r families %all he> x & be afraid1 & n accu/om !mselves to practise mis*ief4 ,= !y w say1 we may suff] 9 ! same way z ^? p h suff]$2 & if !re be f\nd among !m a wick$1 mis*iev\s man1 :o c>es nei!r = ! evil he br+s ^u himself nor = t :i* he causes to o!rs1 he w n f9d 9 8 family any "o ready to help him 9 8 evil designs4 ,z ,amalek 0 ! fir/ to attack ,israel ) ! sword 7,exod4 xvii4 #h-af71 x 0 comm&$ to blot out 8 "n by means ( ! sword2 :il/ ,ammon & ,moab1 :o h n be5 fri5dly simply f meanness1 & h caus$ !m injury by cunn+1 7 only puni%$ by exclusion f int]m>riage ) ! ,israelites1 & f _! fri5d%ip4 ,all ^! ?+s :i* ,god has comm&$ z a puni%m5t are n excessive nor inadequate1 b1 z is di/9ctly /at$1 8accord+ to ! fault0 7,deut4 xxv4 #b74 ,?is section conta9s also ! law conc]n+ prep>+ 8a place )\t ! camp10 & 8hav+ a paddle ^u ! weapon0 7,deut4 xxiii4 #ab1 #ac74 ,z ,i h told y1 x is "o ( ! objects ( ! ,law to tra9 ,israel to cleanl9ess2 t !y %\ld keep free f dirt & fil?1 & t m5 %\ld n be degrad$ to ! condition ( cattle4 ,ano!r object ( ?is law is to confirm by ^! prep>ations ! belief ( ! w>riors t ,god dwells 9 _! mid/4 ,! reason ( ! law is !re=e /at$ ?us3 8,= ! ,"l ?y ,god walke? 9 ! mid/ ( ! camp0 7ibid4 v]4 #ad74 ,! m5tion ( ?is reason gave occasion to add ano!r lesson3 8,t he see no unclean ?+ 9 !e & turn away f !e0 7ibid474 ,^! words w>n & caution u aga9/ ! usual incl9ation ( soldi]s to =nication1 :5 !y are away f _! homes a long "t4 ,god !re=e comm&$ u to d c]ta9 ?+s :i* rem9d u t ,he is 9 our mid/2 we w !reby be sav$ f ^? evil practices2 z x is said1 8& ?y camp %all be holy1 t he see no unclean ?+ 9 !e0 7ibid474 ,ev5 ^? :o are unclean by pollution 7 compell$ to /op outside ! camp till ! ev5+1 & 8!n he %all come into ! camp aga940 ,x w ?us be confirm$ 9 ! he>t ( e "o ( ! ,israelites t _! camp mu/ be l a sanctu>y ( ! ,"l1 & x mu/ n be l ! camps ( ! hea!n1 ^: sole object is corruption & s92 :o only seek to cause injury to o!rs & to take _! prop]ty2 :il/ our object is to lead mank9d to ! s]vice ( ,god1 & to a good social ord]4 ,i h told y already t ,i only propose to give "h su* reasons z are app>5t f ! text ( ! ,law4 ,to ! same class belongs also ! law conc]n+ 8! m>riage ( a captive woman0 7,deut4 xxi4 #aj seq474 ,!re is a well-kn[n say+ ( our ,sages3 8,?is law is only a concession to human weakness40 ,?is law conta9s1 nev]!less1 ev5 = ! nobl] class ( p1 "s moral lessons to :i* ,i w call y\r att5tion4 ,= al?\gh ! soldi] may be ov]come by 8 desire :i* he is unable to suppress or to re/ra91 he mu/ take ! object ( 8 lu/ to a private place1 8into ! inn] ( 8 h\se0 7,deut4 xxi4 #ab71 & he is n p]mitt$ to =ce h] 9 ! camp4 ,simil>ly our ,sages say1 t he may n cohabit ) h] a second "t be=e %e leaves (f h] m\rn+1 & is at ease ab\t h] tr\bles4 ,%e mu/ n be prev5t$ f m\rn+ & cry+1 & %e mu/ be p]mitt$ to ab/a9 f ba?+1 9 accordance ) ! words1 8& %e %all weep = h] fa!r & = h] "m0 7ibid472 = m\rn]s f9d com=t 9 cry+ & 9 excitem5t till ! body has n suffici5t /r5g? to be> ! inn] emotions2 9 ! same mann] z happy p]sons f9d re/ 9 v>i\s k9ds ( play4 ,?us ! ,"l is m]ciful to h] & gives h] p]mission to cont9ue h] m\rn+ & weep+ till %e is worn out4 ,y "k c]ta9ly t he m>ri$ h] z a hea!n1 & t dur+ ! ?irty days %e op5ly keeps h] religion & ev5 cont9ues h] idolatr\s practices2 no int]f]5ce ) h] fai? 0 all[$ dur+ t "t2 & aft] all t %e c\ld n be sold1 nor treat$ z a h&maid1 if %e c\ld n be induc$ to accept ! /atutes ( ! ,law4 ,?us ! ,law does n ignore ! cohabitation ( ! ,israelite ) ! captive woman1 al?\gh x involv$ disob$i5ce to ,god to "s ext5t1 hav+ tak5 place :5 %e 0 /ill a hea!n4 ,! ,law prescribes3 8,?\ %alt n make m]*&ise ( h]1 because ?\ ha/ humbl$ h]0 7ibid4 #ad74 ,we h ?us %[n ! moral lessons conta9$ 9 ^! laws1 & we h expla9$ ! reason ( e precept ( ?is section4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,! precepts ( ! sev5? class are ! civil laws enum]at$ 9 ! ,section on ,judgm5ts1 & "p ( ! ,section on ,prop]ty4 ,! object ( ^! precepts is obvi\s4 ,!y def9e ! ways ( equity 9 ! v>i\s transactions :i* mu/ take place betwe5 man & man4 ,^? t are engag$ 9 su* transactions mu/ mutually promote ea* o!r's int]e/s2 nei!r ( ! p>ties mu/ /rive to increase only 8 own pr(it1 & t he alone %\ld enjoy ! :ole b5efit ( ! transaction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no ov]*>ge is p]mitt$2 only ! ord9>y & kn[n rate ( pr(it may be tak54 ,! law fixes ! limits ( pr(its )9 :i* ! transaction is valid4 ,ev5 imposition 9 m]e words :]e no mat]ial h>m is inflict$ is =bidd51 z is well kn[n4 ,next comes ! law ( ! f\r k9d ( bailees2 ! fairness ( ! law is evid5t4 ,if "o keeps ! prop]ty ( 8 neighb\r = no?+1 )\t d]iv+ !refrom any b5efit = himself1 & is only oblig+ 8 neighb\r1 he is free f all responsibility1 & if any injury is done to ! prop]ty1 ! own] alone mu/ be> ! loss4 ,he :o borr[s a ?+ keeps x only = 8 own advantage1 :il/ ! own] l5ds x to him to oblige him2 he is !re=e responsible = ev]y?+2 any loss 9 ! prop]ty mu/ be borne by ! borr[]4 ,if "o takes wages = keep+ ! prop]ty or pays = us+ x1 he z well z ! own] pr(it !reby2 ! losses mu/ !re=e be divid$ betwe5 !m4 ,x is done 9 ?is mann]2 ! bailee pays = any loss caus$ ?r\gh want ( c>e1 namely1 :5 ! prop]ty is /ol5 or lo/2 = ?is happ5s only :5 ! bailee does n take suffici5t precaution4 ,! own]1 on ! o!r h&1 be>s su* losses z _c be prev5t$2 namely1 if by accid5t ! animal falls & breaks its limbs1 or is c>ri$ away by arm$ m5 z booty1 or if x dies4 ,! ,law fur!r orda9s m]ciful conduct t[>ds hir$ workm5 because ( _! pov]ty4 ,_! wages %\ld be paid )\t delay1 & !y mu/ n be wrong$ 9 any ( _! rights2 !y mu/ receive _! pay accord+ to _! "w4 ,ano!r in/ance ( k9dness to workm5 is ?is3 accord+ to ! regulations ( ?is law1 workm51 & ev5 animals1 mu/ be p]mitt$ to p>take ( ! food 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* !y h be5 engag$4 ,! laws :i* relate to prop]ty include laws conc]n+ inh]itance4 ,!y are bas$ on ! s\nd pr9ciple t man mu/ n 8)hold good f ^? to :om x is due0 7,prov4 iii4 #bg71 & :5 he is ab\t to die1 he mu/ n conceive ill-w aga9/ 8 heirs1 by squ&]+ 8 prop]ty1 b leave x to ! "o :o has ! greate/ claim on x1 t is1 to him :o is 8 ne>e/ relation1 8unto 8 k9sman t is next to him ( 8 family0 7,num4 xxvii4 #aa74 ,x is cle>ly /at$ t ! son has ! fir/ claim1 !n comes ! daught]1 !n ! bro!r1 & !n ! fa!r's bro!rs1 z is well kn[n4 ,! fa!r mu/ leave ! "r ( ! fir/-born to 8 elde/ son1 because 8 love = ?is son came fir/2 he mu/ n be guid$ by 8 incl9ation4 ,he may n make ! son ( ! belov$ fir/-born be=e ! son ( ! hat$ 7,deut4 xxi4 #af74 ,?us our highly equitable ,law pres]ves & /r5g!ns ! virtue ( respect+ all k9sm51 & do+ well unto !m1 z ! prophet says3 8,he t is cruel tr\ble? 8 own fle%0 7,prov4 xi4 #ag74 ,! ,law correctly says1 8,?\ %alt op5 ?9e h& wide unto ?y bro!r1 unto ?y poor0 7,deut4 xv4 #aa74 ,our ,sages be/[ mu* praise ^u him :o is k9d to 8 relatives1 & him :o m>ries ! daught] ( 8 si/]4 ,! ,law has taught u h[ f> we h to ext5d ?is pr9ciple ( fav\r+ ^? :o are ne> to u1 & ( treat+ k9dly e "o ) :om we h "s relation%ip1 ev5 if he (f5d$ or wrong$ u2 ev5 if he is v bad1 we mu/ h "s consid]ation = him4 ,?us ! ,law says3 8,?\ %alt n abhor an ,edomite1 = he is ?y bro!r0 7ibid4 xxiii4 #g74 ,aga91 if we f9d a p]son 9 tr\ble1 ^: assi/ance we h once enjoy$1 or ( :om we h receiv$ "s b5efit1 ev5 if t p]son has subsequ5tly done evil to u1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d 8 previ\s good conduct4 ,?us ! ,law tells u3 8,?\ %alt n abhor an ,egyptian1 because ?\ wa/ a /rang] 9 8 l&0 7ibid471 al?\gh ! ,egyptians h subsequ5tly oppress$ u v mu*1 z is well-kn[n4 ,see h[ _m moral lessons we h d]iv$ f ^! precepts4 ,! la/ two precepts d n belong to ! sev5? class2 b ! discussion ( ! pref]5ce due to relatives z reg>ds inh]itance l$ u to speak ( ! ,egyptians & ! ,edomites4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,! precepts ( ! eigh? class are enum]at$ 9 8! ,section on ,seasons0 7,sef] zemannim74 ,) a few exceptions1 ! reasons = all ( !m are /at$ 9 ! ,law4 ,! object ( ,sabba? is obvi\s1 & requires no explanation4 ,! re/ x af=ds to man is kn[n2 "o-sev5? ( ! life ( e man1 :e!r small or great1 passes ?us 9 com=t1 & 9 re/ f tr\ble & ex]tion4 ,?is ! ,sabba? effects 9 addition to ! p]petuation & confirmation ( ! gr& doctr9e ( ! ,creation4 ,! object ( ! ,fa/ ( ,atonem5t is evid5t4 ,! ,fa/ creates ! s5se ( rep5tance2 x is ! same day on :i* ! *ief ( all prophets came d[n f ,m\nt ,s9ai ) ! second tables1 & ann\nc$ to ! p ! div9e p>don ( _! great s92 ! day 0 !re=e appo9t$ = ev] z a day devot$ to rep5tance & true wor%ip ( ,god4 ,= ?is reason all mat]ial enjoym5t1 all tr\ble & c>e = ! body1 are int]dict$1 no "w may be done2 ! day mu/ be sp5t 9 confession2 e "o %all confess 8 s9s & ab&on !m4 ,o!r holy days are appo9t$ = rejoic+ & = su* pleasant ga!r+ z p g5]ally ne$4 ,!y also promote ! good feel+ t m5 %\ld h to ea* o!r 9 _! social & political relations4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ! special days = su* purposes has its cause4 ,! reason = ! ,passov] is well kn[n4 ,x is kept sev5 days1 because ! p]iod ( sev5 days is ! unit ( "t int]m$iate betwe5 a day & a mon?4 ,x is also kn[n h[ great is ! importance ( ?is p]iod 9 ,nature1 & 9 _m religi\s duties4 ,= ! ,law always foll[s ,nature1 & 9 "s respects br+s x to p]fection2 = ,nature is n capable ( design+ & ?9k+1 :il/ ! ,law is ! result ( ! wisdom & guidance ( ,god1 :o is ! au?or ( ! intellect ( all rational be+s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! !me ( ! pres5t *apt]2 let u return to our subject4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,weeks is ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,9 ord] to raise ! importance ( ?is day1 we c\nt ! days t pass s9ce ! prec$+ fe/ival1 j z "o :o expects 8 mo/ intimate fri5d on a c]ta9 day c\nts ! days & ev5 ! h\rs4 ,?is is ! reason :y we c\nt ! days t pass s9ce ! (f]+ ( ! ,om]1 betwe5 ! anniv]s>y ( our dep>ture f ,egypt & ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,lawgiv+4 ,! latt] 0 ! aim & object ( ! exodus f ,egypt1 & ?us ,god said1 8,i br\ght y unto myself0 7,exod4 xix4 #d74 ,z t great revelation took place only on "o day1 s we keep its anniv]s>y only "o day2 b if ! eat+ ( unleav5$ bread on ,passov] 7 only comm&$ = "o day1 we %\ld n h notic$ x1 & its object w\ld n h be5 manife/4 ,= x frequ5tly happ5s t we take ! same k9d ( food = two or ?ree days4 ,b by our cont9u+ = a :ole p]iod ( sev5 days to eat unleav5$ bread1 its object becomes cle> & evid5t4 ,new-,ye> is likewise kept = "o day2 = x is a day ( rep5tance on :i* we are /irr$ up f our =getfulness4 ,= ?is reason ! %(> is bl[n on ?is day1 z we h %[n 9 ,mi%neh-torah4 ,! day is1 z x 71 a prep>ation = & an introduction to ! day ( ! ,fa/1 z is obvi\s f ! national tradition ab\t ! days betwe5 ,new-,ye> & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :i* is a fea/ ( rejoic+ & gladness1 is kept sev5 days1 9 ord] t ! idea ( ! fe/ival may be m noticeable4 ,! reason :y x is kept 9 ! autumn is /at$ 9 ! ,law1 8,:5 ?\ ha/ ga!r$ 9 ?y lab\rs out ( ! field0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #af72 t is to say1 :5 y re/ & are free f press+ lab\rs4 ,ari/otle1 9 ! n9? book ( 8 ,e?ics1 m5tions ?is z a g5]al cu/om among ! nations4 ,he says3 8,9 anci5t times ! sacrifices & assemblies ( ! p took place aft] ! +a!r+ ( ! corn & ! fruit1 z if ! sacrifices 7 (f]$ on acc\nt ( ! h>ve/40 ,ano!r reason is ?is--9 ?is season x is possible to dwell 9 tab]nacles1 z !re is nei!r great heat nor tr\blesome ra94 ,! two fe/ivals1 ,passov] & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 imply also ! tea*+ ( c]ta9 tru?s & c]ta9 moral lessons4 ,passov] tea*es u to rememb] ! miracles :i* ,god wr\ght 9 ,egypt1 & to p]petuate _! memory2 ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles rem9ds u ( ! miracles wr\ght 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! moral lessons d]iv$ f ^! fea/s is ?is3 man ought to rememb] 8 evil days 9 8 days ( prosp]ity4 ,he w !reby be induc$ to ?ank ,god repeat$ly1 to lead a mode/ & humble life4 ,we eat1 !re=e1 unleav5$ bread & bitt] h]bs on ,passov] 9 memory ( :at has happ5$ unto u1 & leave on ,succo? our h\ses 9 ord] to dwell 9 tab]nacles1 z inhabitants ( des]ts d t are 9 want ( com=t4 ,we %all !reby rememb] t ?is has once be5 our condition2 comp4 8,i made ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to dwell 9 boo?s0 7,lev4 xxiii4 #dc72 al?\gh we dwell n[ 9 elegant h\ses1 9 ! be/ & mo/ f]tile l&1 by ! k9dness ( ,god1 & because ( ,8 promises to our =efa!rs1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 :o 7 p]fect 9 _! op9ions & 9 _! conduct4 ,?is idea is likewise an important elem5t 9 our religion2 t :atev] good we h receiv$ & ev] w receive ( ,god1 is ow+ to ! m]its ( ! ,patri>*s1 :o 8kept ! way ( ! ,"l to d ju/ice & judgm5t0 7,g54 xviii4 #ai74 ,we jo9 to ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ! ,fea/ ( ! ,eigh? ,day1 9 ord] to complete our rejoic+s1 :i* _c be p]fect 9 boo?s1 b 9 com=table & well-built h\ses4 ,z reg>ds ! f\r species ! bran*es ( ! palm tree1 ! citron1 ! myrtle1 & ! will[s ( ! brook our ,sages gave a reason = _! use by way ( ,agadic int]pretation1 ! me?od ( :i* is well kn[n to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! /yle ( our ,sages4 ,!y use ! text ( ! ,bible only z a k9d ( poetical language = _! own ideas1 & d n int5d !reby to give an int]pretation ( ! text4 ,z to ! value ( ^! ,midra%ic int]pretations1 we meet ) two diff]5t op9ions4 ,= "s ?9k t ! ,midra% conta9s ! real explanation ( ! text1 :il/ o!rs1 f9d+ t x _c be reconcil$ ) ! words quot$1 reject & ridicule x4 ,! =m] /ruggle & fight to prove & to confirm su* int]pretations accord+ to _! op9ion1 & to keep !m z ! real mean+ ( ! text2 !y consid] !m 9 ! same light z traditional laws4 ,nei!r ( ! two classes und]/ood x1 t our ,sages employ biblical texts m]ely z poetical expressions1 ! mean+ ( :i* is de> to e reasonable read]4 ,?is /yle 0 g5]al 9 anci5t days2 all adopt$ x 9 ! same way z poets adopt a c]ta9 /yle4 ,our ,sages say1 9 ref]5ce to ! words1 8& a paddle 7yat$7 ?\ %alt h ^u ?y weapon0 az5eka1 ,deut4 xxiii4 #ad3 ,d n read az5eka1 8?y weapon10 b ozneka1 8?y e>40 ,y are ?us told1 t if y he> a p]son utt]+ some?+ disgraceful1 put y\r f+]s into y\r e>s4 ,n[1 ,i wond] :e!r ^? ignorant p]sons :o take ! ,midra%ic int]pretations lit]ally believe t ! au?or ( ?is say+ gave x z ! true int]pretation ( ! text quot$1 & z ! mean+ ( ?is precept2 t 9 tru? yat$1 8! paddle10 is us$ = 8! f+]10 & az5eka d5otes 8?y e>40 ,i _c ?9k t any p]son ^: intellect is s\nd c admit ?is4 ,! au?or employ$ ! text z a beautiful poetical phrase1 9 tea*+ an excell5t moral lesson1 namely ?is3 ,x is z bad to li/5 to bad language z x is to use x4 ,?is lesson is poetically connect$ ) ! above text4 ,9 ! same s5se y mu/ und]/& ! phrase1 8,d n read s1 b s10 :]ev] x occurs 9 ! ,midra%4 ,i h dep>t$ f my subject1 b x 0 = ! purpose ( mak+ a rem>k useful to e intellectual memb] ( ! ,rabbanites4 ,i n[ return to our !me4 ,i believe t ! f\r species are a symbolical expression ( our rejoic+ t ! ,israelites *ang$ ! wild]ness1 8no place ( se$1 or ( figs1 or ( v9es1 or ( pomegranates1 or ( wat] to dr9k0 7,num4 xx4 #e71 ) a c\ntry full ( fruit-trees & riv]s4 ,9 ord] to rememb] ?is we take ! fruit :i* is ! mo/ pleasant ( ! fruit ( ! l&1 bran*es :i* smell be/1 mo/ beautiful leaves1 & also ! be/ ( h]bs1 i4e41 ! will[s ( ! brook4 ,^! f\r k9ds h also ^? ?ree purposes3 ,fir/1 !y 7 pl5tiful 9 ^? days 9 ,pale/9e1 s t e "o c\ld easily get !m4 ,secondly1 !y h a good appe>ance1 !y are gre52 "s ( !m1 viz41 ! citron & ! myrtle1 are also excell5t z reg>ds _! smell1 ! bran*es ( ! palm-tree & ! will[ hav+ nei!r good nor bad smell4 ,?irdly1 !y keep fre% & gre5 = sev5 days1 :i* is n ! case ) pea*es1 pomegranates1 asp>agus1 nuts1 & ! l4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,! precepts ( ! n9? class are ^? enum]at$ 9 ! ,section on ,love4 ,_! reason is obvi\s4 ,! actions prescrib$ by !m s]ve to rem9d u cont9ually ( ,god1 & ( our duty to fe> & to love ,him1 to keep all ,8 comm&m5ts1 & to believe conc]n+ ,god t :i* e religi\s p]son mu/ believe4 ,?is class includes ! laws ( ,pray]1 ,read+ ( ,%ema1 ,grace1 & duties connect$ ) ^!1 ,bless+ ( ! prie/s1 ,tefill91 ,mezuzah1 ix1 acquir+ a scroll ( ! ,law1 & read+ 9 x at c]ta9 times4 ,! p]=mance ( all ^! precepts inculcates into our he>t useful lessons4 ,all ?is is cle>1 & a fur!r explanation is sup]flu\s1 z be+ a m]e repetition & no?+ else4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,! precepts ( ! t5? class are ^? enum]at$ 9 ! laws on ! ,temple 7,hilkot bet ha-beirah71 ! laws on ! vessels ( ! temple & on ! m9i/]s 9 ! temple ,hilkot kele ha-mida% veha-ob$im bo4 ,! use ( ^! precepts we h /at$ 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,x is kn[n t idolat]s select$ ! highe/ possible places on high m\nta9s :]e to build _! temples & to place _! images4 ,!re=e ,abraham1 our fa!r1 *ose ,m\nt ,moriah1 be+ ! highe/ m\nt 9 t c\ntry1 & proclaim$ !re ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,he select$ ! we/ ( ! m\nt z ! place t[>d :i* he turn$ dur+ 8 pray]s1 because he ?\ght t ! mo/ holy place 0 9 ! ,we/2 ?is is ! mean+ ( ! say+ ( our ,sages1 8,! ,%ek9ah 7! ,glory ( ,god7 is 9 ! ,we/0 7,b4 ,t4 ,baba ,b #be;a72 & x is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! ,talmud ,yoma t our fa!r ,abraham *ose ! we/ side1 ! place :]e ! ,mo/ ,holy 0 built4 ,i believe t he did s because x 0 !n a g5]al rite to wor%ip ! sun z a deity4 ,und\bt$ly all p turn$ !n to ! ,ea/ wor%ipp+ ! ,sun4 ,abraham turn$ !re=e on ,m\nt ,moriah to ! ,we/1 t is1 ! site ( ! ,sanctu>y1 & turn$ 8 back t[>d ! sun2 & ! ,israelites1 :5 !y ab&on$ _! ,god & return$ to ! e>ly bad pr9ciples1 /ood 8) _! backs t[>d ! ,temple ( ! ,"l & _! faces t[>d ! ,ea/1 & !y wor%ipp$ ! sun t[>d ! ,ea/0 7,ezek4 viii4 #af74 ,note ?is /range fact4 ,i d n d\bt t ! spot :i* ,abraham *ose 9 8 prophetical _s1 0 kn[n to ,moses our ,tea*]1 & to o!rs2 = ,abraham comm&$ 8 *ildr5 t on ?is place a h\se ( wor%ip %\ld be built4 ,?us ! ,t>gum says di/9ctly1 8,& ,abraham wor%ipp$ & pray$ !re 9 t place1 & said be=e ,god1 #8,"h %all com+ g5]ations wor%ip ! ,"l'0 7,g54 xxii4 #ad74 ,= ?ree practical reasons ! "n ( ! place is n di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! ,law1 b indicat$ 9 ! phrase 8,to ! place :i* ! ,"l w *oose0 7,deut4 xii4 #aa1 etc474 ,fir/1 if ! nations _h le>nt t ?is place 0 to be ! c5tre ( ! highe/ religi\s tru?s1 !y w\ld occupy x1 or fight ab\t x mo/ p]sev]+ly4 ,secondly1 ^? :o 7 !n 9 possession ( x might de/roy & ru9 ! place ) all _! might4 ,?irdly1 & *iefly1 e "o ( ! twelve tribes w\ld desire to h ?is place 9 its bord]s & "u its control2 ?is w\ld lead to divisions & discord1 su* z 7 caus$ by ! desire = ! prie/hood4 ,!re=e x 0 comm&$ t ! ,temple %\ld n be built be=e ! election ( a k+ :o w\ld ord] its erection1 & ?us remove ! cause ( discord4 ,we h expla9$ ?is 9 ! ,section on ,judges 7*4 xli474 ,x is kn[n t ! hea!n 9 ^? days built temples to />s1 & set up 9 ^? temples ! image :i* !y agre$ ^u to wor%ip2 because x 0 9 "s relation to a c]ta9 /> or to a portion ( "o ( ! sph]es4 ,we 71 !re=e1 comm&$ to build a temple to ! "n ( ,god1 & to place !re9 ! ark ) two tables ( /one1 on :i* !re 7 writt5 ! comm&m5ts 8,i am ! ,"l10 etc41 & 8,?\ %alt h no o!r ,god be=e me10 etc4 ,naturally ! fundam5tal belief 9 prophecy prec$es ! belief 9 ! ,law1 = )\t ! belief 9 prophecy !re c be no belief 9 ! ,law4 ,b a prophet only receives div9e inspiration ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( an angel4 ,comp4 8,! angel ( ! ,"l call$0 7,g54 xxii4 #ae72 8,! angel ( ! ,"l said unto h]0 7ibid4 xvi4 #aa72 & o!r innum]able in/ances4 ,ev5 ,moses our ,tea*] receiv$ 8 fir/ prophecy ?r\gh an angel4 8,& an angel ( ! ,"l appe>$ to him 9 ! flame ( fire0 7,exod4 iii474 ,x is !re=e cle> t ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( angels prec$es ! belief 9 prophecy1 & ! latt] prec$es ! belief 9 ! ,law4 ,! ,sabeans1 9 _! ignorance ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 believ$ t ! sph]es ) _! />s 7 be+s )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 t ! images & c]ta9 trees1 ! ,a%]ot1 d]iv$ c]ta9 p[]s f ! sph]es1 t !y inspir$ ! prophets1 spoke to !m 9 visions1 & told !m :at 0 good & :at bad4 ,i h expla9$ _! !ory :5 speak+ ( ! prophets ( ! ,a%]a4 ,b :5 ! wise m5 discov]$ & prov$ t !re 0 a ,be+1 nei!r itself corporeal nor resid+ z a =ce 9 a corporeal body1 viz41 ! true1 "o ,god1 & t !re exi/$ besides o!r purely incorporeal be+s :i* ,god end[$ ) ,8 goodness & ,8 light1 namely1 ! angels1 & t ^! be+s are n includ$ 9 ! sph]e & its />s1 x became evid5t t x 0 ^! angels & n ! images or ,a%]ot t *>g$ ! prophets4 ,f ! prec$+ rem>ks x is cle> t ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( angels is connect$ ) ! belief 9 ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god2 & ! belief 9 ,god & angels leads to ! belief 9 ,prophecy & 9 ! tru? ( ! ,law4 ,9 ord] to firmly e/abli% ?is cre$1 ,god comm&$ ! ,israelites to make ov] ! ark ! =m ( two angels4 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( angels is ?us inculcat$ into ! m9ds ( ! p1 & ?is belief is 9 importance next to ! belief 9 ,god's ,exi/5ce2 x leads u to believe 9 ,prophecy & 9 ! ,law1 & opposes idolatry4 ,if !re _h only be5 "o figure ( a *]ub1 ! p w\ld h be5 misl$ & w\ld h mi/ak5 x = ,god's image :i* 0 to be wor%ipp$1 9 ! fa%ion ( ! hea!n2 or !y might h assum$ t ! angel repres5t$ by ! figure 0 also a deity1 & w\ld ?us h adopt$ a ,dualism4 ,by mak+ two *]ubim & di/9ctly decl>+ 8! ,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o10 ,moses cle>ly proclaim$ ! !ory ( ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( angels2 he left no room = ! error ( consid]+ ^? figures z deities1 s9ce he decl>$ t ,god is "o1 & t ,he is ! ,creator ( ! angels1 :o are m ?an "o4 ,a c&le/ick 0 !n put 9 front ( ! curta91 z a sign ( hon\r & di/9ction = ! ,temple4 ,= a *amb] 9 :i* a cont9ual light burns1 hidd5 beh9d a curta91 makes a great impression on man1 & ! ,law lays great /ress on our hold+ ! ,sanctu>y 9 great e/imation & reg>d1 & t at ! sight ( x we %\ld be fill$ ) humility1 m]cy1 & s(t-he>t$ness4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! words1 8,& ye %all rev]5ce my sanctu>y0 7,lev4 xix4 #cj71 & 9 ord] to give ^! words m weight1 !y are closely jo9$ to ! comm& to keep ! ,sabba?4 ,! use ( ! alt> = inc5se & ! alt> = burnt-(f]+ & _! vessels is obvi\s2 b ,i d n "k ! object ( ! table ) ! bread ^u x cont9ually1 & up to ?is day ,i h n be5 able to assign any reason to ?is comm&m5t4 ,! comm&m5t t ! /ones ( ! alt> %all n be hewn & t no iron tool %all be lift$ up ^u !m 7,deut4 xxvii4 #e71 has be5 expla9$ by our ,sages z foll[s3 ,x is n "r t ! tool t %ort5s man's life %\ld be lift$ up ^u t :i* gives l5g? ( life4 ,z an ,agadic explanation ?is is good2 b ! real reason is ?is3 ! hea!n us$ to build _! alt>s ) hewn /ones2 we ought n to imitate !m4 ,= ?is reason we h to make an alt> ( e>?3 8,?\ %alt make unto me an alt> ( e>?0 7,exod4 xx4 #bd72 if x %\ld be impossible to disp5se altoge!r ) /ones1 !y mu/ n be hewn1 b employ$ 9 _! natural /ate4 ,?us ! ,law also prohibits f wor%ipp+ ov] pa9t$ /ones 7,lev4 xxvi4 #a71 or f plant+ any tree ne> ! alt> ( ! ,"l 7,deut4 xvi4 #ba74 ,! object ( all ^! comm&m5ts is ! same1 namely1 t we %all n employ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god any?+ :i* ! hea!n employ$ 9 ! wor%ip ( _! idols4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ?is is repeat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,take he$1 t ?\ inquire n aft] _! gods1 say+1 ,h[ did ^! nations s]ve _! gods8 ev5 s w ,i d likewise0 7,deut4 xii4 #cj72 ! ,israelites %all n d ?is1 because--z is expressly add$--8e abom9ation unto ! ,"l1 :i* he hate?1 h !y done unto _! gods40 ,! mode ( wor%ipp+ ,peor1 !n v g5]al among ! hea!n1 consi/$ 9 uncov]+ ! nak$ness4 ,! prie/s 7 !re=e comm&$ to make bree*es = !mselves to cov] _! nak$ness dur+ ! s]vice1 &1 besides1 no /eps 7 to lead up to ! alt>1 8t ?y nak$ness be n discov]$ !reon0 7,exod4 xx4 #bc74 ,! ,sanctu>y 0 con/antly gu>d$ & surr\nd$ by ,levites z a m>k ( respect & hon\r2 & at ! same "t ! layman1 ! unclean1 & m\rn]s1 7 prev5t$ f ent]+ ! ,sanctu>y1 z w be expla9$4 ,among o!r ?+s t t5d to display ! greatness & ! glory ( ! ,temple & to inspire u ) awe1 is ! rule t none %all approa* x 9 a /ate ( drunk5ness or uncleanness1 or 9 a disord]ly /ate1 i4e41 ! hair undress$ & ! g>m5ts r5t2 & t e "o :o (ficiat$ z prie/ %\ld fir/ wa% 8 h&s & 8 feet4 ,9 ord] to raise ! e/imation ( ! ,temple1 ^? :o m9i/]$ !re9 receiv$ great hon\r2 & ! prie/s & ,levites 7 !re=e di/+ui%$ f ! re/4 ,x 0 comm&$ t ! prie/s %\ld be clo!d prop]ly ) beautiful & good g>m5ts1 8holy g>m5ts = glory & = beauty0 7,exod4 xxviii4 #b74 ,a prie/ t _h a blemi% 0 n all[$ to (ficiate2 & n only ^? t _h a blemi% 7 exclud$ f ! s]vice1 b also--accord+ to ! ,talmudic int]pretation ( ?is precept--^? t _h an abnormal appe>ance2 = ! multitude does n e/imate man by 8 true =m b by ! p]fection ( 8 bodily limbs & ! beauty ( 8 g>m5ts1 & ! ,temple 0 to be held 9 great rev]5ce by all4 ,! ,levites did n sacrifice2 !y 7 n consid]$ z be+ ag5ts 9 ! atonem5t ( s9s1 = x 0 only ! prie/ :o 0 comm&$ 8to make atonem5t = him0 7,lev4 iv4 #bf7 & 8to make atonem5t = h]0 7,lev4 xii4 #h74 ,! duty ( ! ,levites 0 ! p]=mance ( vocal music2 & a ,levite became !re=e disabl$ = s]vice :5 he lo/ 8 voice4 ,! object ( ! s++ is to produce c]ta9 emotions2 ?is object c only be atta9$ by pleas+ s\nds & melodies accompani$ by music1 z 0 always ! case 9 ! ,temple4 ,aga91 ! prie/s1 ev5 :5 fit = s]vice1 & actually (ficiat+ 9 ! ,temple1 7 n all[$ to sit d[n1 or ent] x :5ev] !y lik$2 ! ,mo/ ,holy 0 only ent]$ by ! high-prie/ f\r times on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & on no o!r occasion4 ,! object ( all ^! rules 0 to raise ! e/imation ( ! ,sanctu>y 9 ! eyes ( ! p4 ,s9ce _m bea/s 7 daily slaught]$ 9 ! holy place1 ! fle% cut 9 pieces & ! entrails & ! legs burnt & wa%$1 ! smell ( ! place w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 l ! smell ( slaught]-h\ses1 if no?+ _h be5 done to c\nt]act x4 ,!y 7 !re=e comm&$ to burn inc5se !re twice e day1 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! ev5+ 7,exod4 xxx4 #g1 #h71 9 ord] to give ! place & ! g>m5ts ( ^? :o (ficiat$ !re a pleasant od\r4 ,!re is a well-kn[n say+ ( our ,sages1 8,9 ,j]i*o !y c\ld smell ! inc5se0 burnt 9 ! ,temple4 ,?is provision likewise t5d$ to support ! dignity ( ! ,temple4 ,if !re _h n be5 a good smell1 let alone if !re _h be5 a /5*1 x w\ld h produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p ! rev]se ( respect2 = our he>t g5]ally feels elevat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( good od\r1 & is attract$ by x1 b x abhors & avoids bad smell4 ,! ano9t+ oil 7,exod4 xxx4 #bb-cc7 s]v$ a d\ble purpose3 to give ! ano9t$ object a good od\r1 & to produce ! impression t x 0 some?+ great1 holy1 & di/+ui%$1 & bett] ?an o!r objects ( ! same species2 x made no diff]5ce :e!r t object 0 a human be+1 a g>m5t1 or a vessel4 ,all ?is aim$ at produc+ due respect t[>ds ! ,sanctu>y1 & indirectly fe> ( ,god4 ,:5 a p]son ent]s ! ,temple1 c]ta9 emotions are produc$ 9 him2 & ob/9ate he>ts are s(t5$ & humbl$4 ,^! plans & indirect means 7 devis$ by ! ,law1 to s(t5 & humble man's he>t at ent]+ ! holy place1 9 ord] t he might entru/ himself to ! sure guidance ( ,god's comm&m5ts4 ,?is is di/9ctly said 9 ! ,law3 8,& ?\ %alt eat be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god1 9 ! place :i* he %all *oose to place 8 "n !re1 ! ti! ( ?y corn1 ( ?y w9e1 & ( ?9e oil1 & ! fir/l+s ( ?y h]ds & ( ?y flocks2 t ?\ maye/ le>n to fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god always0 7,deut4 xiv4 #bc74 ,! object ( all ^! c]emonies is n[ cle>4 ,! reason :y we are n all[$ to prep>e = common use ! ano9t+ oil & ! inc5se 7ibid4 v]4 #cb1 #ch7 is obvi\s2 = :5 ! od\r ( ! oil & inc5se is p]ceiv$ only 9 ! ,sanctu>y1 ! desir$ effect is great2 besides if x 7 all[$ = e "o to prep>e ! ano9t+ oil1 p might ano9t !mselves !re) & imag9e !mselves di/+ui%$2 mu* disord] & diss5sion w\ld !n foll[4 ,x is cle> t :5 ! ark 0 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]1 & 0 n put on a waggon1 x 0 done out ( respect t[>ds x1 & also to prev5t its be+ damag$ 9 its =m & %ape2 ev5 ! /aves 7 n mov$ out ( ! r+s1 = ?is reason4 ,9 ord] t ! =m ( ! ephod & ! brea/plate %\ld n be spoil$1 !y 7 nev] sep>at$4 ,! g>m5ts 7 also entirely wov5 & n cut1 9 ord] n to spoil ! "w ( ! weav+4 ,^? t m9i/]$ 9 ! ,temple 7 /rictly prohibit$ to int]f]e ) ea* o!r's "w2 = if 9 public duties & (fices1 ea* "o w\ld n h assign$ to him 8 p>ticul> task1 g5]al c>elessness & neglect w\ld soon be notic$4 ,x is evid5t t ! object ( giv+ diff]5t degrees ( sanctity to ! diff]5t places1 to ! ,temple m\nt1 ! place betwe5 ! two walls1 to ! ,hall ( wom51 to ! ,hall1 & s on up to ! ,mo/ ,holy1 0 to raise ! respect & rev]5ce ( ! ,temple 9 ! he>t ( e "o t approa*$ x4 ,we h ?us describ$ ! reason ( all precepts ( ?is class4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi ,! precepts ( ! elev5? class are enum]at$ 9 ! ,section on ,div9e ,s]vice 7,sef] abodah7 & ! ,section on ,sacrifices 7,sef] ha-orbanot74 ,we h describ$ _! use 9 g5]al t]ms 7*ap4 xxxii474 ,i w n[ proce$ to give ! reason ( ea* precept sep>ately4 ,scripture tells u1 accord+ to ! ,v]sion ( ,onkelos1 t ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ ,aries1 & !re=e ab/a9$ f kill+ %eep1 & held %eph]ds 9 contempt4 ,comp4 8,behold we %all sacrifice ! abom9ation ( ! ,egyptians10 etc4 7,exod4 viii4 #bf72 8,= e %eph]d is an abom9ation to ! ,egyptians0 7,g54 xlvi4 #cd74 ,"s sects among ! ,sabeans wor%ipp$ demons1 & imag9$ t ^! assum$ ! =m ( goats1 & call$ !m !re=e 8goats0 seirim4 ,?is wor%ip 0 widespread4 ,comp4 8,& !y %all no m (f] _! sacrifices unto demons1 aft] :om !y h gone a :or+0 7,lev4 xvii4 #g74 ,= ?is reason ^? sects ab/a9$ f eat+ goats' fle%4 ,mo/ idolat]s object$ to kill+ cattle1 hold+ ?is species ( animals 9 great e/imation4 ,!re=e ! p ( ,hodu ,indians up to ?is day d n slaught] cattle ev5 9 ^? c\ntries :]e o!r animals are slaught]$4 ,9 ord] to eradicate ^! false pr9ciples1 ! ,law comm&s u to (f] sacrifices only ( ^! ?ree k9ds3 8,ye %all br+ y\r (f]+ ( ! cattle viz41 ( ! h]d & ( ! flock0 7,lev4 i4 #b74 ,?us ! v act :i* is consid]$ by ! hea!n z ! greate/ crime1 is ! means ( approa*+ ,god1 & obta9+ ,8 p>don = our s9s4 ,9 ?is mann]1 evil pr9ciples1 ! diseases ( ! human s\l1 are cur$ by o!r pr9ciples :i* are diametrically opposite4 ,?is is also ! reason :y we 7 comm&$ to kill a lamb on ,passov]1 & to spr9kle ! blood !re( outside on ! gates4 ,we _h to free ourselves ( evil doctr9es & to proclaim ! opposite1 viz41 t ! v act :i* 0 !n consid]$ z be+ ! cause ( dea? w\ld be ! cause ( deliv]ance f dea?4 ,comp4 8,& ! ,"l w pass ov] ! door1 & w n suff] ! de/roy] to come unto y\r h\ses to smite y0 7,exod4 xii4 #bc74 ,?us !y 7 rew>d$ = p]=m+ op5ly a s]vice e "p ( :i* 0 object$ to by ! idolat]s4 ,to ! above reason = ! exclusive selection ( ! ?ree k9ds ( animals = sacrifices1 we may add ! foll[+1 namely1 t ^! species are animals :i* c be got v easily1 contr>y to ! practice ( idolat]s t sacrifice lions1 be>s1 & wild bea/s1 z is /at$ 9 ! book ,tomtom4 ,z1 h[ev]1 _m c\ld n af=d to (f] a bea/1 ! ,law comm&$ t birds also %\ld be sacrific$1 b only ( ^? species :i* are f\nd abundantly 9 ,pale/9e1 are suitable1 & c easily be obta9$1 namely1 turtle-doves & pigeons4 ,^? :o are too poor to (f] a bird1 may br+ bread ( any ( ! k9ds !n 9 use3 bak$ 9 ! ov51 bak$ 9 a pan1 or 9 a fry+-pan4 ,if ! bak+ ( ! bread is too mu* tr\ble = a p]son1 he may br+ fl\r4 ,all ?is conc]ns only ^? :o desire to sacrifice2 = we are di/9ctly told t ! omission ( ! sacrificial s]vice on our "p w n be reckon$ to u a s93 8,if ?\ %alt =be> to v[1 x %all be no s9 9 !e0 7,deut4 xxiii4 #bb74 ,! idolat]s did n (f] any o!r bread b leav5$1 & *ose sweet ?+s = _! sacrifices1 :i* !y season$ ) honey1 z is fully describ$ 9 ! books :i* ,i nam$ be=e2 b salt is n m5tion$ 9 any ( _! sacrifices4 ,our ,law !re=e =bade u to (f] leav5 or honey1 & comm&$ u to h salt 9 e sacrifice3 8,) all ?9e (f]+s ?\ %alt (f] salt0 7,lev4 ii4 #ac74 ,x is fur!r orda9$ t ! (f]+s mu/ all be p]fect & 9 ! be/ condition1 9 ord] t no "o %\ld slight ! (f]+ or treat ) contempt t :i* is (f]$ to ,god's "n3 8,(f] x n[ unto ?y gov]nor2 w he be pleas$ ) !e80 7,mal4 i4 #h74 ,?is is ! reason :y no animal c\ld be br\ght t 0 n yet sev5 days old 7,lev4 xxii4 #bf72 x is imp]fect & contemptible1 l an untimely bir?4 ,because ( _! degrad$ "* x 0 prohibit$ to br+ 8! hire ( a h>lot & ! price ( a dog0 7,deut4 xxiii4 #ah7 into ! ,sanctu>y4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! (f]+ 9 ! be/ condition1 we *oose ! old ( ! turtle-doves & ! "y ( ! pigeons1 ! old pigeons be+ less agreeable4 ,! oblation mu/ likewise be m+l$ ) oil1 & mu/ be ( f9e fl\r 7,lev4 ii4 #a71 = 9 ?is condition x is good & pleasant4 ,frank9c5se is prescrib$ 7ibid47 because its fumes are good 9 places fill$ ) ! od\r ( burnt fle%4 ,! burnt-(f]+ 0 flay$ 7,lev4 i4 #af71 & its inw>ds & legs1 al?\gh !y 7 entirely burnt1 _h to be previ\sly wa%$ 7ibid4 v]4 #i71 9 ord] t due respect %\ld be %[n to ! sacrifice1 & x %\ld n appe> despicable & contemptible4 ,?is object is con/antly kept 9 view1 & is (t5 taught1 8,ye say1 ,! table ( ! ,"l is pollut$2 & ! fruit !re(1 ev5 8 meat1 is contemptible0 7,mal4 i4 #ab74 ,= ! same reason no body uncircumcis$1 or unclean 7,lev4 xxii4 #d71 0 all[$ to p>take ( any (f]+2 nor c\ld any (f]+ be eat5 t _h become unclean 7,lev4 vii4 #ai71 or 0 left till aft] a c]ta9 "t 7ibid4 vii4 #ae-ag71 or conc]n+ :i* an illegal int5tion _h be5 conceiv$2 & x _h also to be consum$ 9 a p>ticul> place4 ,( ! burnt-(f]+1 :i* is entirely devot$ to ,god1 no?+ at all 0 eat54 ,^? sacrifices :i* are br\ght = a s91 viz41 s9-(f]+ & guilt-(f]+1 mu/ be eat5 )9 ! c\rt ( ! ,sanctu>y 7az>ah71 & only on ! day ( _! slaught]+ & ! night foll[+1 :il/ peace-(f]+s1 :i* are next 9 sanctity1 be+ sacrifices ( ! second degree1 may be eat5 9 ! :ole ( ,j]usalem1 on ! day !y h be5 (f]$ & on ! foll[+ day1 b n lat]4 ,aft] t "t ! sacrifices w\ld become spoil$1 & be unfit = food4 ,9 ord] t we may respect ! sacrifices & all t is devot$ to ! "n ( ,god1 we are told t :osoev] takes "p ( a holy ?+ = common use has committ$ a trespass1 mu/ br+ a s9-(f]+1 & re/ore :at he has tak5 ) an addition ( ! fif? "p ( its value1 al?\gh he may h committ$ ! trespass 9 ignorance4 ,= ! same reason animals res]v$ = holy purposes mu/ n be employ$ 9 "w2 nor is ! %e>+ ( su* animals p]mitt$ 7,deut4 xv4 #ai74 ,! law conc]n+ ! *ange ( a sacrifice mu/ be consid]$ z a prev5tive2 = if x 7 p]mitt$ to sub/itute a good animal = a bad "o1 p w\ld sub/itute a bad animal = a good "o1 & say t x 0 bett] ?an ! orig9al2 x 0 !re=e ! rule t1 if any su* *ange _h tak5 place1 bo? ! 8orig9al sacrifice & ! ex*ange !re( %\ld be holy0 7,lev4 xxvii4 #i74 ,:5 a p]son r$eems a ?+ devot$ by him to ! ,sanctu>y1 he mu/ likewise add "o-fif? 7,lev4 xxvii4 #ac1 #ae72 ! reason = ?is is pla94 ,man is usually selfi%1 & is naturally incl9$ to keep & save 8 prop]ty4 ,he w\ld !re=e n take ! necess>y tr\ble 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,sanctu>y2 he w\ld n expose 8 prop]ty suffici5tly to ! sight ( ! valu]1 & its true value w\ld n be fix$4 ,!re=e ! own] _h to add "o-fif?1 :il/ a /rang] paid only ! exact value4 ,^! rules 7 laid d[n 9 ord] t p %\ld n despise t ) :i* ! "n ( ,god is connect$1 & :i* s]ves z a means ( approa*+ ,god4 ,! oblation ( ! prie/ 0 entirely burnt 7,lev4 vi4 #af71 because ! prie/ (f]$ up 8 oblation by himself1 & if he 7 to (f] x1 & at ! same "t to eat x1 x w\ld appe> z if he _h n p]=m$ any s]vice4 ,= no?+ 0 (f]$ ^u ! alt> ( ! ord9>y oblations ( any p]son except ! frank9c5se & a h&ful ( ! fl\r or cake2 & if1 9 addition to ! fact t ! (f]+ 0 small1 he :o (f]$ x 7 himself to eat x1 no?+ ( a sacrificial s]vice w\ld be notic$4 ,x is !re=e entirely burnt 7,lev4 vi4 #af74 ,! reason ( ! p>ticul> laws conc]n+ ! ,passov] lamb is cle>4 ,x 0 eat5 roa/$ by fire 7,exod4 xii4 #h-i7 9 "o h\se1 & )\t break+ ! bones !re( 7ibid4 v]4 #df74 ,9 ! same way z ! ,israelites 7 comm&$ to eat unleav5$ bread1 because !y c\ld prep>e x ha/ily1 s !y 7 comm&$1 = ! sake ( ha/e1 to roa/ ! lamb1 because !re 0 n suffici5t "t to boil x1 or to prep>e o!r food2 ev5 ! delay caus$ by break+ ! bones & to extract _! m>r[ 0 prohibit$2 ! "o pr9ciple is laid d[n = all ^! rules1 8,ye %all eat x 9 ha/e0 7,exod4 xii4 #aa74 ,b :5 ha/e is necess>y ! bones _c be brok51 nor p>ts ( x s5t f h\se to h\se2 = ! company c\ld n wait ) _! meal till he return$4 ,su* ?+s w\ld lead to laxity & delay1 :il/ ! object ( ^! rules 0 to make a %[ ( ! hurry & ha/e1 9 ord] t none %\ld be too late to leave ,egypt ) ! ma9 body ( ! p1 & be ?us expos$ to ! attacks & ! evil designs ( ! enemy4 ,^! tempor>y comm&m5ts 7 !n made p]man5t1 9 ord] t we may rememb] :at 0 done 9 ^? days4 8,& ?\ %alt keep ?is ord9ance 9 8 season f ye> to ye>0 7,exod4 xiii4 #aj74 ,ea* ,passov] lamb 0 only eat5 by ^? :o _h previ\sly agre$ to consume x toge!r1 9 ord] t p %\ld be anxi\s to procure x1 & %\ld n rely on fri5ds1 relations1 or on *ance1 )\t !mselves tak+ any tr\ble ab\t x be=e ,passov]4 ,! reason ( ! prohibition t ! uncircumcis$ %\ld n eat ( x 7,exod4 xii4 #dh7 is expla9$ by our ,sages z foll[s3--,! ,israelites neglect$ circumcision dur+ _! long /ay 9 ,egypt1 9 ord] to make !mselves appe> l ! ,egyptians4 ,:5 ,god gave !m ! comm&m5t ( ! ,passov]1 & ord]$ t no "o %\ld kill ! ,passov] lamb unless he1 8 sons1 & all ! male p]sons 9 8 h\sehold 7 circumcis$1 t only 8!n he c\ld come ne> & keep x0 7ibid4 xii4 #dh71 all p]=m$ ?is comm&m5t1 & ! numb] ( ! circumcis$ be+ l>ge ! blood ( ! ,passov] & t ( ! circumcision fl[$ toge!r4 ,! ,prophet ,ezekiel 7xvi4 #f71 ref]r+ to ?is ev5t1 says1 8,:5 ,i saw !e spr9kl$ ) ?9e own blood ,i said unto !e1 ,live because ( ?y two k9ds ( blood10 i4e41 because ( ! blood ( ! ,passov] & t ( ! circumcision4 ,al?\gh blood 0 v unclean 9 ! eyes ( ! ,sabeans1 !y nev]!less p>took ( x1 because !y ?\ght x 0 ! food ( ! spirits2 by eat+ x man has some?+ 9 common ) ! spirits1 :i* jo9 him & tell him future ev5ts1 accord+ to ! notion :i* p g5]ally h ( spirits4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 p :o object$ to eat+ blood1 z a ?+ naturally dislik$ by man2 !y kill$ a bea/1 receiv$ ! blood 9 a vessel or 9 a pot1 & ate ( ! fle% ( t bea/1 :il/ sitt+ r\nd ! blood4 ,!y imag9$ t 9 ?is mann] ! spirits w\ld come to p>take ( ! blood :i* 0 _! food1 :il/ ! idolat]s 7 eat+ ! fle%2 t love1 bro!rhood1 & fri5d%ip ) ! spirits 7 e/abli%$1 because !y d9$ ) ! latt] at "o place & at ! same "t2 t ! spirits w\ld appe> to !m 9 dreams1 in=m !m ( com+ ev5ts1 & be fav\rable to !m4 ,su* ideas p lik$ & accept$ 9 ^? days2 !y 7 g5]al1 & _! correctness 0 n d\bt$ by any "o ( ! common p4 ,! ,law1 :i* is p]fect 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o "k x1 & seeks to cure mank9d ( ^! la/+ diseases1 =bade ! eat+ ( blood1 & emphasiz$ ! prohibition exactly 9 ! same t]ms z x emphasizes idolatry3 8,i w set my face aga9/ t s\l t eate? blood0 7,lev4 xvii4 #aj74 ,! same language is employ$ 9 ref]5ce to him 8:o give? ( 8 se$ unto ,mole*02 8!n ,i w set my face aga9/ t man0 7ibid4 xx4 #e74 ,!re is1 besides idolatry & eat+ blood1 no o!r s9 9 ref]5ce to :i* ^! words are us$4 ,= ! eat+ ( blood leads to a k9d ( idolatry1 to ! wor%ip ( spirits4 ,our ,law decl>$ ! blood z pure1 & made x ! means ( purify+ o!r objects by its t\*4 8,& ?\ %alt take ( ! blood 444 & spr9kle x ^u ,a>on1 & ^u 8 g>m5ts1 & ^u 8 sons1 & ^u ! g>m5ts ( 8 sons ) him4 ,& he %all be hall[$1 & 8 g>m5ts1 & 8 sons10 etc4 7,exod4 xxix4 #ba74 ,fur!rmore1 ! blood 0 spr9kl$ ^u ! alt>1 & 9 ! :ole s]vice x 0 insi/$ ^u p\r+ x out1 & n ^u collect+ x4 ,comp4 8,& he %all p\r out all ! blood at ! bottom ( ! alt>0 7,lev4 iv4 #ah72 8,& ! blood ( ?y sacrifices %all be p\r$ out ^u ! alt> ( ! ,"l ?y ,god0 7,deut4 xii4 #bg74 ,also ! blood ( ^? bea/s t 7 kill$ = common use1 & n = sacrifices1 mu/ be p\r$ out1 8,?\ %alt p\r x ^u ! e>? z wat]0 7ibid4 v]4 #bd74 ,we are n all[$ to ga!r & h a meal r\nd ! blood1 8,y %all n eat r\nd ! blood0 7,lev4 xix4 #bf74 ,z ! ,israelites 7 incl9$ to cont9ue _! rebelli\s conduct1 to foll[ ! doctr9es 9 :i* !y _h be5 br\ght up1 & :i* 7 !n g5]al1 & to assemble r\nd ! blood 9 ord] to eat !re & to meet ! spirits1 ,god =bade ! ,israelites to eat ord9>y meat dur+ _! /ay 9 ! wild]ness2 !y c\ld only p>take ( ! meat ( peace-(f]+s4 ,! reason ( ?is precept is di/9ctly /at$1 viz41 t ! blood %all be p\r$ out ^u ! alt>1 & ! p d n assemble r\nd ab\t4 ,comp4 8,to ! end t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel may br+ _! sacrifices1 :i* !y (f] 9 ! op5 field1 ev5 t !y may br+ !m unto ! ,"l4444 ,& ! prie/ %all spr9kle ! blood ^u ! alt>1 444 & !y %all no m (f] _! sacrifices unto ! spirits0 7,lev4 xvii4 #e-g74 ,n[ !re rema9$ to provide = ! slaught]+ ( ! bea/s ( ! field & birds1 because ^? bea/s 7 nev] sacrific$1 & birds did nev] s]ve z peace-(f]+s 7,lev4 iii474 ,! comm&m5t 0 !re=e giv5 t :5ev] a bea/ or a bird t may be eat5 is kill$1 ! blood !re( mu/ be cov]$ ) e>? 7,lev4 xvii4 #ac71 9 ord] t ! p %\ld n assemble r\nd ! blood = ! purpose ( eat+ !re4 ,! object 0 ?us fully ga9$ to break ! connexion betwe5 ^! fools & _! spirits4 ,?is belief fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t ( our ,tea*] ,moses4 ,p 7 attract$ & misl$ by x4 ,we f9d x 9 ! ,song ( ,moses 7,deut4 xxxii473 8,!y sacrific$ unto spirits1 n to ,god0 7ibid4 #ag74 ,accord+ to ! explanation ( our ,sages1 ! words lo eloha imply ! foll[+ idea3 ,!y h n only n left (f wor%ipp+ ?+s 9 exi/5ce2 !y ev5 wor%ip imag9>y ?+s4 ,?is is express$ 9 ,sifri z foll[s3 8,x is n en\gh = !m to wor%ip ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s2 !y ev5 wor%ip _! babuah40 ,! ^w babuah signifies 8%ad[40 ,let u n[ return to our subject4 ,! prohibition ( slaught]+ cattle = common use appli$ only to ! wild]ness1 because z reg>ds ! 8spirits0 x 0 !n ! g5]al belief t !y dwelt 9 des]ts1 t !re !y spoke & 7 visible1 :il/ 9 t[ns & 9 cultivat$ l& !y did n appe>4 ,9 accordance ) ?is belief ^? inhabitants ( a t[n :o want$ to p]=m any ( ^? /upid practices1 left ! t[n & w5t to woods & wa/e places4 ,! use ( cattle = common food 0 !re=e all[$ :5 ! ,israelites ent]$ ,pale/9e4 ,besides1 !re 7 great hopes t ! disease w\ld become weak5$1 & ! foll[]s ( ! doctr9es w\ld decrease4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 almo/ impossible t e "o :o want$ to eat meat %\ld come to ,j]usalem4 ,= ^! reasons ! above re/riction 0 limit$ to ! /ay ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! great] ! s9 :i* a p]son _h committ$1 ! l[] 0 ! species f :i* ! s9-(f]+ 0 br\ght4 ,! (f]+ = wor%ipp+ idols 9 ignorance 0 only a %e-goat1 :il/ = o!r s9s an ord9>y p]son br\ght ei!r a ewe-lamb or a %e-goat 7,lev4 iv4 #bg-ce71 ! females br+1 z a rule1 9 e species1 inf]ior to ! males4 ,!re is no great] s9 ?an idolatry1 & also no inf]ior species ?an a %e-goat4 ,! (f]+ ( a k+ = s9s committ$ ignorantly 0 a he-goat 7ibid4 v]s4 #bb-bf71 z a m>k ( di/9ction4 ,! high prie/ & ! ,synh$rion1 :o only gave a wrong decision 9 ignorance1 b h n actually committ$ a s91 br\ght a bull = _! s9-(f]+ 7ibid4 v]4 #c-ba71 or a he-goat1 :5 ! decision ref]r$ to idolatry 7,num4 xv4 #bb-bf74 ,! s9s = :i* guilt-(f]+s 7 br\ght 7 n z bad z transgressions t requir$ a s9-(f]+4 ,! guilt-(f]+ 0 !re=e a ram1 or a lamb1 s t ! species z well z ! sex 7 sup]ior 9 ?is latt] case1 = ! guilt-(f]+ 0 a male %eep4 ,= ! same reason we see ! burnt-(f]+1 :i* 0 entirely burnt ^u ! alt>1 0 select$ f ! sup]ior sex2 = only male animals 7 admitt$ z burnt-(f]+s4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ! same pr9ciple t luxury & inc5se 7 abs5t f ! oblations ( a s9n] 7,lev4 v4 #aa71 & ( a sotah1 i4e41 a woman suspect$ ( adult]y 7,num4 v4 #ae74 ,9 ^! cases ! oil & ! frank9c5se 7 n add$2 ?is luxury 0 abs5t1 because ! p]sons t br\ght ! oblation 7 n good & prop] 9 _! de$s1 & !y are1 z x 71 to be rem9d$ by _! (f]+s t !y ought to rep5t2 z if !y 7 told1 8,y\r (f]+ is )\t any ornam5tal addition on acc\nt ( ! wick$ness ( y\r de$s40 ,z ! sotah act$ m disgracefully ?an any p]son :o s9s 9 ignorance1 h] (f]+ consi/$ ( ! l[e/ k9d1 viz41 ( b>ley fl\r 7ibid474 ,?us ! reasons ( all ^! p>ticul> laws are well connect$1 & %[ t ! precepts are wond]ful 9 _! significance4 ,our ,sages say t ! (f]+ = ! eigh? day ( d$ication 0 8a calf1 a "y bullock1 = a s9-(f]+0 7,lev4 xi4 #b71 9 ord] to atone = ! s9 ( ! ,israelites 9 mak+ a gold5 calf4 ,! s9-(f]+1 :i* 0 br\ght on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7ibid4 xvi4 #c71 0 likewise expla9$ z be+ an atonem5t = t s94 ,f ?is argum5t ( our ,sages ,i d$uce t he-goats 7 always br\ght z s9-(f]+s1 by individual p]sons & also by ! :ole congregation1 viz41 on ! ,fe/ivals1 ,new-moon1 ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & = idolatry1 because mo/ ( ! transgressions & s9s ( ! ,israelites 7 sacrifices to spirits 7seirim1 lit41 goats71 z is cle>ly /at$1 8,!y %all no m (f] _! sacrifices unto spirits0 7,lev4 xvii4 #g74 ,our ,sages1 h[ev]1 expla9$ ! fact t goats 7 always ! s9-(f]+s ( ! congregation1 z an allusion to ! s9 ( ! :ole congregation ( ,israel2 = 9 ! acc\nt ( ! sell+ ( ! pi\s ,joseph we read1 8,& !y kill$ a kid ( ! goats0 7,g54 xxxvii4 #ca74 ,d n consid] ?is z a weak argum5t2 = x is ! object ( all ^! c]emonies to impress on ! m9d ( e s9n] & transgressor ! necessity ( cont9ually rememb]+ & m5tion+ 8 s9s4 ,?us ! ,psalmi/ says1 8,& my s9 is ev] be=e me0 7,ps4 li4 #c74 ,! above-m5tion$ s9-(f]+s fur!r %[ u t :5 we commit a s91 we1 our *ildr51 & ! *ildr5 ( our *ildr51 require atonem5t = t s9 by "s k9d ( s]vice analog\s to ! s9 committ$4 ,if a p]son has s9n$ 9 respect to prop]ty he mu/ lib]ally sp5d 8 prop]ty 9 ! s]vice ( ,god2 if he indulg$ 9 s9ful bodily enjoym5ts he mu/ we>y 8 body & tr\ble x by a s]vice ( privation & fa/+1 & ris+ e>ly be=e daybreak4 ,if he w5t a/ray 9 respect to 8 moral conduct he mu/ oppose 8 fail+s by keep+ to ! opposite extreme1 z we h po9t$ out 9 ,mi%neh-torah ,hilkot ,deot 7*ap4 ii47 et passim4 ,if 8 intellectual faculties h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! s91 if he has believ$ some?+ false on acc\nt ( ! insuffici5cy ( 8 intellect1 & 8 neglect ( rese>* & prop] /udy1 he mu/ rem$y 8 fault by turn+ 8 ?\ghts entirely away f worldly affairs1 & direct+ !m exclusively to intellectual ex]cise1 & by c>efully reflect+ on t :i* ought to =m ! subject ( 8 belief4 ,comp4 8,& my he>t ha? be5 secretly entic$1 b my h& t\*$ my m\?0 7,job xxxi4 #bg74 ,^! words express figuratively ! lesson t we %\ld pause & /op at t :i* appe>s d\btful1 z has be5 po9t$ out by u 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is treatise4 ,! same we notice 9 ! case ( ,a>on4 ,he _h 8 %>e 9 ! s9 ( ! gold5 calf1 & !re=e a bullock & a calf 7 br\ght by him & 8 successors z an (f]+4 ,simil>ly1 ! s9 connect$ ) a kid ( goats 0 aton$ = by a kid ( goats4 ,:5 ?is !ory has be5 well e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 !y mu/ c]ta9ly be l$ by x to consid] disob$i5ce to ,god z a disgraceful ?+4 ,e "o w !n be c>eful t he %\ld n s91 & require a protract$ & burd5some atonem5t2 he w be afraid he might n be able to complete x1 & w !re=e altoge!r ab/a9 f s9n+1 & avoid x4 ,?is object ( ! laws "u discussion is v cle>1 & note x likewise4 ,i w "h call y\r att5tion to a v rem>kable ?+1 al?\gh x does n seem at fir/ ?\ght to belong to our subject4 ,x is only ! goat br\ght on ,new-moon z a s9-(f]+ t ! law calls 8a s9-(f]+ unto ! ,"l0 7,num4 xxviii4 #ae74 ,! s9-(f]+s br\ght on ! ?ree fe/ivals 7ibid4 v]s4 #bb1 #cj2 xxix4 #e1 #aa1 etc47 are n call$ s1 nor are any o!r s9-(f]+s4 ,! reason !re( is1 accord+ to my op9ion1 und\bt$ly ?is3 ,! additional (f]+s br\ght by ! congregation at c]ta9 p]iods 7 all burnt-(f]+s2 only 8"o kid ( goats to make an atonem5t0 0 (f]$ on e "o ( ^! exceptional days4 ,! latt] 0 eat5 by ! prie/s1 :il/ ! burnt-(f]+s 7 entirely consum$ by fire1 & are call$ 8an (f]+ made by fire unto ! ,"l40 ,! phrases 8a s9-(f]+ unto ! ,"l0 & 8a peace-(f]+ unto ! ,"l0 d n occur 9 ! law1 because ^! 7 eat5 by man2 b ev5 ^? s9-(f]+s t 7 entirely burnt 7,lev4 iv4 #ab1 #ba7 _c be call$ 8an (f]+ made by fire unto ! ,"l10 z w be expla9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt]4 ,x is !re=e impossible t ! goats :i* are eat5 by ! prie/s1 & are n entirely burnt1 %\ld be call$ 8s9-(f]+s unto ! ,"l40 ,b z x 0 f\nd t ! kid (f]$ on ,new-moon might be mi/ak5 z an (f]+ br\ght to ! moon1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,egyptians1 :o sacrific$ to ! moon on ! days ( ,new-moon1 x 0 di/9ctly /at$ t ?is goat is (f]$ 9 ob$i5ce to ,god's comm&1 & n 9 hon\r ( ! moon4 ,?is fe> did n apply to ! s9-(f]+s on ! ,fe/ivals1 nor to any o!r s9-(f]+1 because !y 7 n (f]$ on ! days ( ,new-moon1 or on any o!r day m>k$ out by ,nature1 b on su* days z 7 select$ by ! ,div9e ,w4 ,n s ! days ( ,new-moon2 !y are n fix$ by ! ,law b by ,nature4 ,on ! ,new-moon ! idolat]s sacrific$ to ! moon1 9 ! same mann] z !y sacrific$ to ! sun :5 x rose & set 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> degrees4 ,?is is describ$ 9 ! works m5tion$ above4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! extraord9>y phrase 8,a s9-(f]+ unto ! ,"l0 is exceptionally introduc$ 9 ref]5ce to ! goat br\ght on ,new-moon1 9 ord] to remove ! idolatr\s ideas t 7 /ill l+]+ 9 ! sorely diseas$ he>ts4 ,note ?is exception likewise4 ,a s9-(f]+ :i* is br\ght 9 ! hope to atone = "o or m great s9s1 z1 e4g41 ! s9-(f]+ ( ! ,synh$rion or ! high-prie/ = a s9 committ$ 9 ignorance1 & ! l1 are n burnt ^u ! alt>1 b )\t ! camp2 ^u ! alt> only ! burnt-(f]+1 & ! l1 are burnt1 :]e=e x 0 call$ ! alt> ( ! burnt-(f]+4 ,! burn+ ( ! holocau/1 & ( e 8memorial10 is call$ 8a sweet sav\r unto ! ,"l02 & s x und\bt$ly is1 s9ce x s]ves to remove idolatr\s doctr9es f our he>ts1 z we h %[n4 ,b ! burn+ ( ^! s9-(f]+s is a symbol t ! s9 = :i* ! (f]+ x br\ght is utt]ly remov$ & de/roy$1 l ! body t is be+ burnt2 ( ! s9ful se$ no trace %all rema91 z no trace is left ( ! s9-(f]+1 :i* is entirely de/roy$ by fire2 ! smoke !re( is n 8a sweet sav\r unto ! ,"l10 b1 on ! contr>y1 a smoke despis$ & abhorr$4 ,= ?is reason ! burn+ took place )\t ! camp4 ,simil>ly we notice t ! oblations ( a sotah is call$ 8an (f]+ ( memorial1 br++ iniquity to remembrance0 7,num4 v4 #ae72 x is n a pleas+ ?+ to ! ,"l4 ,! goat ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t t 0 s5t into ! wild]ness 7,lev4 xvi4 #bj1 seq47 s]v$ z an atonem5t = all s]i\s transgressions m ?an any o!r s9-(f]+ ( ! congregation4 ,z x ?us seem$ to c>ry (f all s9s1 x 0 n accept$ z an ord9>y sacrifice to be slaught]$1 burnt1 or ev5 br\ght ne> ! ,sanctu>y2 x 0 remov$ z f> z possible1 & s5t =? into a wa/e1 uncultivat$1 un9habit$ l&4 ,!re is no d\bt t s9s _c be c>ri$ l a burd51 & tak5 (f ! %\ld] ( "o be+ to be laid on t ( ano!r be+4 ,b ^! c]emonies are ( a symbolic "*1 & s]ve to impress m5 ) a c]ta9 idea1 & to induce !m to rep5t2 z if to say1 we h fre$ ourselves ( our previ\s de$s1 h ca/ !m beh9d our backs1 & remov$ !m f u z f> z possible4 ,z reg>ds ! (f]+ ( w9e 7,num4 xv4 #e1 seq471 ,i am at a loss to f9d a reason :y ,god comm&$ x1 s9ce idolat]s br\ght w9e z an (f]+4 ,b ?\gh ,i am unable to give a reason1 ano!r p]son sugge/$ ! foll[+ "o3 ,meat is ! be/ n\ri%m5t = ! appetitive faculty1 ! s\rce ( :i* is ! liv]2 w9e supports be/ ! vital faculty1 ^: c5tre is ! he>t2 music is mo/ agreeable to ! psy*ic faculty1 ! s\rce ( :i* is 9 ! bra94 ,ea* "o ( our faculties approa*es ,god ) t :i* x likes be/4 ,?us ! sacrifice consi/s ( meat1 w9e1 & music4 ,! use ( keep+ fe/ivals is pla94 ,man d]ives b5efit f su* assemblies3 ! emotions produc$ r5ew ! atta*m5t to religion2 !y lead to fri5dly & social int]c\rse among ! p4 ,?is is especially ! object ( ! comm&m5t to ga!r ! p toge!r on ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 z is pla9ly /at$3 8t !y may he>1 & t !y may le>n & fe> ! ,"l0 7,deut4 xxxi4 #ab74 ,! same is ! object ( ! rule t ! money = ! second ti! mu/ be sp5t by all 9 "o place 7ibid4 xiv4 #bb-bf71 z we h expla9$ 7*ap4 xxxix4 p4 #ahd74 ,! fruit ( trees 9 _! f\r? ye>1 & ! ti! ( ! cattle1 _h to be br\ght to ,j]usalem4 ,!re w\ld !re=e be 9 ,j]usalem ! meat ( ! ti!s1 ! w9e ( ! fruit ( ! f\r? ye>1 & ! money ( ! second ti!4 ,pl5ty ( food w\ld always be f\nd !re4 ,no?+ ( ! above ?+s c\ld be sold2 no?+ c\ld be set aside = ano!r ye>2 ! ,law ord]s t !y %\ld be br\ght 8ye> by ye>0 7,deut4 xiv4 #bb72 ! own] 0 ?us compell$ to sp5d "p ( !m 9 *>ity4 ,z reg>ds ! ,fe/ivals x is especially enjo9$3 8,& ?\ %alt rejoice 9 ?y fea/1 ?\1 & ?y son1 & ?y daught]1 & ?y man-s]vant1 & ?y maid-s]vant1 & ! ,levite1 ! /rang]1 & ! fa!rless1 & ! wid[0 7ibid4 xvi4 #ad74 ,we h ?us expla9$ ! reason ( e law belong+ to ?is class1 & ev5 _m details ( ! laws4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii ,! precepts ( ! twelf? class are ^? :i* we h enum]at$ 9 ! section on 8,purity0 7,sef] tohorah74 ,al?\gh we h m5tion$ _! use 9 g5]al1 we w "h (f] an additional explanation1 & fir/ fully discuss ! object ( ! :ole class1 & !n %[ ! reason ( ea* s+le comm&m5t1 z f> z we h be5 able to discov] x4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! ,law :i* 0 reveal$ to ,moses1 our ,tea*]1 & :i* is call$ by 8 "n1 aims at facilitat+ ! s]vice & less5+ ! burd51 & if a p]son compla9s t c]ta9 precepts cause him pa9 & great tr\ble1 he _c h ?\ght ( ! habits & doctr9es t 7 g5]al 9 ^? days4 ,let him consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man burn+ 8 own son 9 s]v+ 8 god1 & our burn+ a pigeon to ! s]vice ( our ,god4 ,scripture relates1 8= ev5 _! sons & _! daught]s !y burn 9 ! fire to _! gods0 7,deut4 xii4 #ca74 ,?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ! hea!n wor%ipp$ _! gods1 & in/ead ( su* a sacrifice we h ! burn+ ( a pigeon or a h&ful ( fl\r 9 our wor%ip4 ,9 accordance ) ?is fact1 ! ,israelites1 :5 disob$i5t1 7 rebuk$ by ,god z foll[s3 8,o ,my p1 :at h ,i done unto !e8 & :]e9 h ,i we>i$ !e8 ,te/ify aga9/ me0 7,mic4 vi4 #c74 ,aga91 8,h ,i be5 a wild]ness unto ,israel8 a l& ( d>kness8 ,:]e=e say my p1 ,we are mis]able2 we w come no m unto !e0 7,j]4 ii4 #ca72 t is to say1 ,?r\gh :i* ( ! comm&m5ts has ! ,law become burd5some to ! ,israelites1 t !y r5\nce x8 ,9 ! same mann] ,god asks ! p1 8,:at iniquity h y\r fa!rs f\nd 9 me1 t !y are gone f> f me80 etc4 7ibid4 ii4 #e74 ,all ^! passages express "o & ! same idea4 ,?is is ! great pr9ciple :i* y mu/ nev] lose sight (4 ,aft] hav+ /at$ ?is pr9ciple1 ,i repeat t ! object ( ! ,sanctu>y 0 to create 9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o ent] x c]ta9 feel+s ( awe & rev]5ce1 9 accordance ) ! comm&1 8,y %all rev]5ce my sanctu>y0 7,lev4 xix4 #cj74 ,b :5 we cont9ually see an object1 h[ev] sublime x may be1 our reg>d = t object w be less5$1 & ! impression we h receiv$ ( x w be weak5$4 ,our ,sages1 consid]+ ?is fact1 said t we %\ld n ent] ! ,temple :5ev] we lik$1 & po9t$ to ! words3 8,make ?y foot r>e 9 ! h\se ( ?y fri5d0 7,prov4 xxv4 #ag74 ,= ?is reason ! unclean 7 n all[$ to ent] ! ,sanctu>y1 al?\gh !re are s _m k9ds ( uncleanl9ess1 t at a "t only a few p are clean4 ,= ev5 if a p]son does n t\* a bea/ t di$ ( its own accord 7,lev4 xi4 #bg71 he c sc>cely avoid t\*+ "o ( ! eight k9ds ( creep+ animals 7ibid4 #bi1 seq471 ! dead bodies ( :i* we f9d at all times 9 h\ses1 9 food & dr9k1 & ^u :i* we frequ5tly tread :]ev] we walk2 &1 if he avoids t\*+ ^!1 he may t\* a woman 9 h] sep>ation 7ibid4 xv4 #ah71 or a male or female t h a runn+ issue 7ibid4 v]4 #a1 seq4 & #be1 seq471 or a lep] 7ibid4 xiii4 #df71 or _! b$ 7ibid4 xv4 #e74 ,escap+ ^!1 he may become unclean by cohabitation ) 8 wife1 or by pollution 7ibid4 #ae71 & ev5 :5 he has cleans$ himself f any ( ^! k9ds ( uncleanl9ess1 he _c ent] ! ,sanctu>y till aft] sunset2 b n be+ enabl$ to ent] ! ,sanctu>y at night "t1 al?\gh he is clean aft] sunset1 z may be inf]r$ f ,middot & ,tamid1 he is aga91 dur+ ! night1 subject to becom+ unclean ei!r by cohabit+ ) 8 wife or by "s o!r s\rce ( uncleanl9ess1 & may rise 9 ! morn+ 9 ! same condition z ! day be=e4 ,all ?is s]ves to keep p away f ! ,sanctu>y & to prev5t !m f ent]+ x :5ev] !y lik$4 ,our ,sages1 z is well kn[n1 said1 8,ev5 a clean p]son may n ent] ! ,sanctu>y = ! purpose ( p]=m+ div9e s]vice1 unless he takes previ\sly a ba?40 ,by su* acts ! rev]5ce = ! ,sanctu>y w cont9ue1 ! "r impression w be produc$ :i* leads man1 z is int5d$1 to humility4 ,! easi] ! diffusion ( uncleanl9ess is1 ! m difficult & ! m ret>d$ is its purification4 ,mo/ easily is uncleanl9ess communicat$ by ! dead body to ^? :o are "u ! same ro(1 especially to relatives4 ,! purification c only be complet$ by means ( ! a%es ( ! r$ heif]1 h[ev] sc>ce x may be1 & only 9 sev5 days 7,num4 xix4 #aa74 ,! uncleanness caus$ by a woman hav+ runn+ issue or dur+ h] sep>ation is m frequ5t ?an t caus$ by contact ) unclean objects2 sev5 days are !re=e requir$ = _! purification 7,lev4 xv4 #ai1 #bh71 :il/ ^? t t\* !m are only unclean "o day 7ibid4 vii4 #ah74 ,males or females t are unclean ?r\gh runn+ issue1 & a woman aft] *ildbir?1 mu/ 9 addition br+ a sacrifice1 because _! uncleanness occurs less frequ5tly ?an t ( wom5 9 _! sep>ation4 ,all ^! cases ( uncleanl9ess1 viz41 runn+ issue ( males or females1 m5/ruations1 leprosy1 dead bodies ( human be+s1 c>cases ( bea/s & creep+ ?+s1 & issue ( sem51 are s\rces ( dirt & fil?4 ,we h ?us %[n t ! above precepts are v useful 9 _m respects4 ,fir/1 !y keep u at a di/ance f dirty & fil?y objects2 secondly1 !y gu>d ! ,sanctu>y2 ?irdly1 !y pay reg>d to an e/abli%$ cu/om 7= ! ,sabeans submitt$ to v tr\blesome re/rictions :5 unclean1 z y w soon he>72 f\r?ly1 !y light5$ t burd5 = u2 = we are n imp$$ ?r\gh ^! laws 9 our ord9>y occupations by ! di/9ction ! ,law makes betwe5 t :i* is unclean & t :i* is clean4 ,= ?is di/9ction applies only 9 ref]5ce to ! ,sanctu>y & ! holy objects connect$ ) x2 x does n apply to o!r cases4 8,%e %all t\* no hall[$ ?+1 nor come into ! ,sanctu>y0 7,lev4 xii4 #d74 ,o!r p]sons t d n int5d to ent] ! ,sanctu>y or t\* any holy ?+1 are n guilty ( any s9 if !y rema9 unclean z long z !y l1 & eat1 accord+ to _! pleasure1 ord9>y food t has be5 9 contact ) unclean ?+s4 ,b ! practice ( ! ,sabeans1 ev5 at pres5t g5]al 9 ! ,ea/1 among ! few /ill left ( ! ,magi1 0 to keep a m5/ru\s woman 9 a h\se by h]self1 to burn t ^u :i* %e treads1 & to consid] z unclean e "o t speaks ) h]2 ev5 if a w9d pass$ ov] h] & a clean p]son1 ! latt] 0 unclean 9 ! eyes ( ! ,sabeans4 ,see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is practice & our rule1 t 8:atev] s]vices a wife g5]ally does to h] husb&1 %e may d to him 9 h] sep>ation02 only cohabitation is prohibit$ dur+ ! days ( h] uncleanness4 ,ano!r cu/om among ! ,sabeans1 :i* is /ill widespread1 is ?is3 :atev] is sep>at$ f ! body1 z hair1 nail1 or blood1 is unclean2 e b>b] is !re=e unclean 9 _! e/imation1 because he t\*es blood & hair2 :5ev] a p]son passes a razor ov] 8 sk9 he mu/ take a ba? 9 runn+ wat]4 ,su* burd5some practices 7 num]\s among ! ,sabeans1 :il/ we apply ! laws t di/+ui% betwe5 ! unclean & ! clean only ) reg>d to hall[$ ?+s & to ! ,sanctu>y4 ,! div9e words1 8,& ye %all sanctify y\rselves1 & ye %all be holy0 7,lev4 xi4 #dd71 d n ref] to ^! laws at all4 ,accord+ to ,sifra1 !y ref] to sanctity by ob$i5ce to ,god's comm&m5ts4 ,! same int]pretation is giv5 9 ,sifra ( ! words1 8,ye %all be holy10 i4e4 ob$i5t to ,8 comm&m5ts 7xix4 #b74 ,h5ce ! transgression ( comm&m5ts is also call$ uncleanl9ess or defilem5t4 ,?is t]m is especially us$ ( ! *ief & pr9cipal crimes1 :i* are idolatry1 adult]y1 & murd]4 ,9 ref]5ce to idolatry x is said1 8,he ha? giv5 ( 8 se$ unto ,mole* to defile my sanctu>y1 & to pr(ane my holy "n0 7ibid4 xx4 #c74 ,9 ref]5ce to adult]y we read1 8,defile n ye y\rselves 9 any ( ^! ?+s0 7ibid4 xviii4 #bd71 & 8,defile n ! l&0 7,num4 xxxv4 #cd7 9 ref]5ce to murd]4 ,x x !re=e cle> t ! t]m 8defilem5t0 or uncleanl9ess is us$ homonym\sly ( ?ree ?+s3 #a4 ,( man's violation & transgression ( t :i* he is comm&$ z reg>ds 8 actions & 8 op9ions4 #b4 ,( dirt & fil?2 comp4 8,h] fil?9ess 9 h] skirts0 7,lam4 i4 #i74 #c4 ,( ! above-nam$ imag9>y defilem5t su* z t\*+ & c>ry+ c]ta9 objects1 or be+ ) !m "u ! same ro(4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ?ird k9d1 our ,sages said1 ,! words ( ! ,law are n subject to becom+ unclean 7,b4 ,t4 ,b]4 #bb;a74 ,9 ! same mann] ! t]m 8hol9ess0 is us$ homonym\sly ( ?ree ?+s correspond+ to ! ?ree k9ds ( uncleanness4 ,z uncleanness caus$ by a dead body c\ld only be remov$ aft] sev5 days1 by means ( ! a%es ( ! r$ heif]1 & ! prie/s _h con/antly occasion to ent] ! ,sanctu>y1 ! ,law exceptionally =bids !m to defile !mselves by a dead body 7,lev4 xxi4 #a71 except 9 cases :]e defilem5t is necess>y1 & ! contr>y w\ld be unnatural4 ,= x w\ld be unnatural to ab/a9 f approa*+ ! dead body ( a p>5t1 *ild1 or bro!r4 ,z x 0 v necess>y t ! high-prie/ %\ld always be 9 ! ,sanctu>y1 9 accordance ) ! ,div9e comm&1 8,& x %all always be on 8 =ehead0 7,exod4 xxviii4 #ch71 he 0 n p]mitt$ to defile himself by any dead body :atev]1 ev5 ( ! above-nam$ relatives 7,lev4 xxi4 #aj-ab74 ,wom5 7 n engag$ 9 sacrificial s]vice2 ! above law consequ5tly does n apply to wom52 x is address$ to 8! sons ( ,a>on10 & n to 8! daught]s ( ,a>on40 ,x 01 h[ev]1 impossible to assume t none ( ! ,israelites made a mi/ake1 by ent]+ ! ,sanctu>y1 or eat+ hall[$ ?+s 9 a /ate ( uncleanl9ess4 ,x 0 ev5 possible t !re 7 p]sons :o did ?is kn[+ly1 s9ce !re are wick$ p :o commit kn[+ly ev5 ! greate/ crimes2 = ?is reason c]ta9 sacrifices 7 comm&$ z an atonem5t = ! defilem5t ( ! ,sanctu>y & its hall[$ ?+s4 ,!y 7 ( diff]5t k9ds2 "s ( !m aton$ = defilem5t caus$ ignorantly1 o!rs = defilem5t caus$ kn[+ly4 ,= ?is purpose 7 br\ght ! goats on ! ,fe/ivals & ! ,new-moon days 7,num4 xxviii4 #ae1 #bb1 etc471 & ! goat s5t away on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7,lev4 xvi4 #af71 z is expla9$ 9 its place 7,mi%nah ,%ebnot1 i4 #d74 ,^! sacrifices s]ve to prev5t ^? :o defil$ ! ,sanctu>y ( ! ,"l kn[+ly f ?9k+ t !y _h n done a great wrong2 !y %\ld "k t !y obta9$ atonem5t by ! sacrifice ( ! goat1 z ! ,law says1 8,t !y die n 9 _! uncleanness0 7,lev4 xv4 #ca72 8,t ,a>on may be> ! iniquity ( ! holy ?+s0 7,exod4 xxviii4 #ch74 ,?is idea is frequ5tly repeat$4 ,! uncleanness ?r\gh leprosy we h already expla9$4 ,our ,sages h also cle>ly /at$ ! mean+ !re(4 ,all agree t leprosy is a puni%m5t = sl&]4 ,! disease beg9s 9 ! walls ( ! h\ses 7,lev4 xiv4 #cc1 seq474 ,if ! s9n] rep5ts1 ! object is atta9$2 if he rema9s 9 8 disob$i5ce1 ! disease affects 8 b$ & h\se furniture2 if he /ill cont9ues to s91 ! leprosy attacks 8 own g>m5ts1 & !n 8 body4 ,?is is a miracle receiv$ 9 our nation by tradition1 9 ! same mann] z ! effect ( ! trial ( a fai?less wife 7,num4 v4 #aa1 seq474 ,! good effect ( ?is belief is evid5t4 ,leprosy is besides a contagi\s disease1 & p almo/ naturally abhor x1 & keep away f x4 ,! purification 0 effect$ by c$>-wood1 hyssop1 sc>let ?read1 & two birds 7,lev4 xiv4 #d72 _! reason is /at$ 9 v>i\s ,midra%ic say+s1 b ! explanation does n agree ) our !ory4 ,i d n "k at pres5t ! reason ( any ( ^! ?+s2 nor :y c$>-wood1 hyssop1 & sc>let 7 us$ 9 ! sacrifice ( ! r$ heif] 7,num4 xix4 #f72 nor :y a bundle ( hyssop 0 comm&$ = ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood ( ! ,passov]-lamb 7,exod4 xii4 #bb74 ,i _c f9d any pr9ciple ^u :i* to f\nd an explanation :y ^! p>ticul> ?+s h be5 *os54 ,! r$ heif] is call$ a s9-(f]+1 because x effects ! purification ( p]sons t h become unclean ?r\gh ! dead body ( a human be+1 & enables !m to ent] ! ,sanctu>y & to eat ( hall[$ ?+s4 ,! idea taught by ?is law is ?is3 ,^? :o h defil$ !mselves w\ld nev] be all[$ to ent] ! ,sanctu>y1 or to p>take ( holy ?+s1 7 x n = ! sacrifice ( ! r$ heif]1 by :i* ?is s9 is remov$2 9 ! same mann] z ! plate :i* ! high-prie/ we>s on 8 =ehead atones = uncleanness1 & z a simil> object is atta9$ by ! goats t are burnt4 ,= ?is reason ^? 7 unclean :o 7 engag$ 9 ! sacrifice ( ! heif] or ! goats :i* 7 burnt1 & ev5 _! g>m5ts 7 unclean4 ,! same 0 ! law 9 ! case ( ! goat t 0 s5t away on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t2 = x 0 believ$ t x made unclean ^? :o t\*$ x1 because x c>ri$ (f s _m s9s4 ,we h n[ m5tion$ ! reasons = ^? comm&m5ts ( ?is class1 = :i* we 7 able to give a satisfactory reason accord+ to our view4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii ,! precepts ( ! ?irte5? class are ^? :i* we h enum]at$ 9 ! 8,laws conc]n+ =bidd5 food0 7,hilkot maakalot asurot71 8,laws conc]n+ kill+ animals = food0 7,hilkot %eitah71 & 8,laws conc]n+ v[s & ,naz>itism0 7,hilkot n$>im u-nezirot74 ,we h fully & v explicitly discuss$ ! object ( ?is class 9 ?is treatise1 & 9 our ,comm5t>y on ! ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,we w "h add a few rem>ks 9 review+ ! s+le comm&m5ts :i* are m5tion$ !re4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! food :i* is =bidd5 by ! ,law is un:olesome4 ,!re is no?+ among ! =bidd5 k9ds ( food ^: injuri\s "* is d\bt$1 except pork 7,lev4 xi4 #g71 & fat 7ibid4 vii4 #bc74 ,b also 9 ^! cases ! d\bt is n ju/ifi$4 ,= pork conta9s m moi/ure ?an necess>y = human food1 & too mu* ( sup]flu\s matt]4 ,! pr9cipal reason :y ! ,law =bids sw9e's fle% is to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t its habits & its food are v dirty & loa?some4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out h[ emphatically ! ,law enjo9s ! removal ( ! sight ( loa?some objects1 ev5 9 ! field & 9 ! camp2 h[ mu* m objectionable is su* a sight 9 t[ns4 ,b if x 7 all[$ to eat sw9e's fle%1 ! /reets & h\ses w\ld be m dirty ?an any cesspool1 z may be se5 at pres5t 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,franks4 ,a say+ ( our ,sages decl>es3 8,! m\? ( a sw9e is z dirty z dung itself0 7,b4 ,t4 ,b]4 #be;a7 ,! fat ( ! inte/9es makes u full1 int]rupts our dige/ion1 & produces cold & ?ick blood2 x is m fit = fuel ?an = human food4 ,blood 7,lev4 xvii4 #ab71 & nebelah1 i4e41 ! fle% ( an animal t di$ ( itself 7,deut4 xiv4 #ba71 are indige/ible1 & injuri\s z food2 ,trefah1 an animal 9 a diseas$ /ate 7,exod4 xxii4 #cj71 is on ! way ( becom+ a nebelah4 ,! *>act]i/ics giv5 9 ! ,law 7,lev4 xi41 & ,deut4 xiv47 ( ! p]mitt$ animals1 viz41 *ew+ ! cud & divid$ ho(s = cattle1 & f9s & scales = fi%1 are 9 !mselves nei!r ! cause ( ! p]mission :5 !y are pres5t1 nor ( ! prohibition :5 !y are abs5t2 b m]ely signs by :i* ! recomm5d$ species ( animals c be disc]n$ f ^? t are =bidd54 ,! reason :y ! s9ew t %rank is prohibit$ is /at$ 9 ! ,law 7,g54 xxxii4 #cc74 ,x is prohibit$ to cut (f a limb ( a liv+ animal & eat x1 because su* act w\ld produce cruelty1 & develop x2 besides1 ! hea!n k+s us$ to d x2 x 0 also a k9d ( idolatr\s wor%ip to cut (f a c]ta9 limb ( a liv+ animal & to eat x4 ,meat boil$ 9 milk is und\bt$ly gross food1 & makes ov]full2 b ,i ?9k t mo/ probably x is also prohibit$ because x is someh[ connect$ ) idolatry1 =m+ p]haps "p ( ! s]vice1 or be+ us$ on "s fe/ival ( ! hea!n4 ,i f9d a support = ?is view 9 ! circum/ance t ! ,law m5tions ! prohibition twice aft] ! comm&m5t giv5 conc]n+ ! fe/ivals 8,?ree times 9 ! ye> all ?y males %all appe> be=e ! ,"l ,god0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ag1 & xxxiv4 #bc71 z if to say1 8,:5 y come be=e me on y\r fe/ivals1 d n see! y\r food 9 ! mann] z ! hea!n us$ to d40 ,?is ,i consid] z ! be/ reason = ! prohibition2 b z f> z ,i h se5 ! books on ,sabean rites1 no?+ is m5tion$ ( ?is cu/om4 ,! comm&m5t conc]n+ ! kill+ ( animals is necess>y1 because ! natural food ( man consi/s ( vegetables & ( ! fle% ( animals2 ! be/ meat is t ( animals p]mitt$ to be us$ z food4 ,no doctor has any d\bts ab\t ?is4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! desire ( procur+ good food necessitates ! slay+ ( animals1 ! ,law enjo9s t ! dea? ( ! animal %\ld be ! easie/4 ,x is n all[$ to torm5t ! animal by cutt+ ! ?roat 9 a clumsy mann]1 by poleax+1 or by cutt+ (f a limb :il/ ! animal is alive4 ,x is also prohibit$ to kill an animal ) its "y on ! same day 7,lev4 xxii4 #bh71 9 ord] t p %\ld be re/ra9$ & prev5t$ f kill+ ! two toge!r 9 su* a mann] t ! "y is sla9 9 ! sight ( ! "m2 = ! pa9 ( ! animals "u su* circum/ances x v great4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ?is case betwe5 ! pa9 ( man & ! pa9 ( o!r liv+ be+s1 s9ce ! love & t5d]ness ( ! "m = h] "y ones is n produc$ by reason+1 b by imag9ation1 & ?is faculty exi/s n only 9 man b 9 mo/ liv+ be+s4 ,?is law applies only to ox & lamb1 because ( ! dome/ic animals us$ z food ^! alone are p]mitt$ to u1 & 9 ^! cases ! "m recognises h] "y4 ,! same reason applies to ! law :i* enjo9s t we %\ld let ! "m fly away :5 we take ! "y4 ,! eggs ov] :i* ! bird sits1 & ! "y t are 9 ne$ ( _! "m1 are g5]ally unfit = food1 & :5 ! "m is s5t away %e does n see ! tak+ ( h] "y ones1 & does n feel any pa94 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ?is comm&m5t w cause man to leave ! :ole ne/ unt\*$1 because ! "y or ! eggs1 :i* he is all[$ to take1 are1 z a rule1 unfit = food4 ,if ! ,law provides t su* grief %\ld n be caus$ to cattle or birds1 h[ mu* m c>eful mu/ we be t we %\ld n cause grief to our fell[-m54 ,:5 9 ! ,talmud 7,b]4 p4 #cc;b7 ^? are blam$ :o use 9 _! pray] ! phrase1 8,?y m]cy ext5de? to "y birds10 x is ! expression ( ! "o ( ! two op9ions m5tion$ by u1 namely1 t ! precepts ( ! ,law h no o!r reason b ! ,div9e w4 ,we foll[ ! o!r op9ion4 ,! reason :y we cov] ! blood :5 we kill animals1 & :y we d x only :5 we kill clean bea/s & clean birds1 has already be5 expla9$ by u 7supra1 *ap4 xlvi41 p4 #cfb74 ,9 addition to ! ?+s prohibit$ by ! ,law1 we are also comm&$ to obs]ve ! prohibitions enjo9$ by our own v[s 7,num4 xxx474 ,if we say1 ,?is bread or ?is meat is =bidd5 = u1 we are n all[$ to p>take ( t food4 ,! object ( t precept is to tra9 u 9 temp]ance1 t we %\ld be able to control our appetites = eat+ & dr9k+4 ,our ,sages say accord+ly1 8,v[s are a f5ce = ab/95ce40 ,z wom5 are easily provok$ to ang]1 ow+ to _! great] excitability & ! weakness ( _! m9d1 _! oa?s1 if entirely "u _! own control1 w\ld cause great grief1 qu>rel1 & disord] 9 ! family2 "o k9d ( food w\ld be all[$ = ! husb&1 & =bidd5 = ! wife2 ano!r k9d =bidd5 = ! daught]1 & all[$ = ! "m4 ,!re=e ! ,law gives ! fa!r ( ! family control ov] ! v[s ( ^? dep5d5t on him4 ,a woman t is indep5d5t1 & n "u ! au?ority ( a *ief ( ! family1 is1 z reg>ds v[s1 subject to ! same laws z m52 ,i mean a woman t has no husb&1 or t has no fa!r1 or t is ( age1 i4e41 twelve ye>s & six mon?s4 ,! object ( ,naz>itism 7,num4 vi47 is obvi\s4 ,x keeps away f w9e t has ru9$ p 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 8,_m /rong m5 h be5 sla9 by x0 7,prov4 xxvii4 #bf74 8,b !y also h err$ ?r\gh w9e1 444 ! prie/ & ! prophet0 7,isa4 xxviii4 #g74 ,9 ! law ab\t ! ,naz>ite we notice ev5 ! prohibition1 8he %all eat no?+ t is made ( ! v9e tree0 7,num4 vi4 #d71 z an additional precaution1 imply+ ! lesson t man mu/ take ( w9e1 only z mu* z is absolutely necess>y4 ,= he :o ab/a9s f dr9k+ x is call$ 8holy02 8 sanctity is made equal to t ( ! high-prie/1 9 n be+ all[$ to defile himself ev5 to 8 fa!r1 to 8 "m1 & ! l4 ,?is hon\r is giv5 him because he ab/a9s f w9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix ,! precepts ( ! f\rte5? class are ^? :i* we enum]at$ 9 ! ,section on ,wom51 ! ,laws conc]n+ =bidd5 sexual int]c\rse1 & cross-bre$+ ( cattle 7,sef] na%im1 ,hilkot issure biah ve-kalee behemah74 ,! law conc]n+ circumcision belongs also to ?is class4 ,! g5]al purpose ( ^! precepts has already be5 describ$ by u4 ,we w n[ proce$ to expla9 !m s+ly4 ,x is well kn[n t man requires fri5ds all 8 lifetime4 ,ari/otle expla9s ?is 9 ! n9? book ( 8 ,nikoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,:5 man is 9 good heal? & prosp]\s1 he enjoys ! company ( 8 fri5ds2 9 "t ( tr\ble he is 9 ne$ ( !m2 9 old age1 :5 8 body is weak1 he is assi/$ by !m4 ,?is love is m frequ5t & m int5se betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 & among o!r relations4 ,p]fect love1 bro!rhood1 & mutual assi/ance is only f\nd among ^? ne> to ea* o!r by relation%ip4 ,! memb]s ( a family unit$ by common desc5t f ! same gr&fa!r1 or ev5 f "s m di/ant ance/or1 h t[>ds ea* o!r a c]ta9 feel+ ( love1 help ea* o!r1 & sympa?ize ) ea* o!r4 ,to effect ?is is "o ( ! *ief purposes ( ! ,law4 ,pr(essional h>lots 7 !re=e n tol]at$ 9 ,israel 7,deut4 xxiii4 #ah71 because _! exi/5ce w\ld di/urb ! above relation%ip betwe5 man & man4 ,_! *ildr5 are /rang]s to ev]ybody2 no "o kn[s to :at family !y belong2 nor does any p]son recognize !m z relatives4 ,& ?is is ! greate/ mis=tune t c befall any *ild or fa!r4 ,ano!r important object 9 prohibit+ pro/itution is to re/ra9 excessive & cont9ual lu/2 = lu/ increases ) ! v>iety ( its objects4 ,! sight ( t to :i* a p]son has be5 accu/om$ = a long "t does n produce su* an ard5t desire = its enjoym5t z is produc$ by objects new 9 =m & "*4 ,ano!r effect ( ?is prohibition is ! removal ( a cause = /rife2 = if ! prohibition did n exi/1 sev]al p]sons might by *ance come to "o woman1 & w\ld naturally qu>rel ) ea* o!r2 !y w\ld 9 _m cases kill "o ano!r1 or !y w\ld kill ! woman4 ,?is is kn[n to h occurr$ 9 days ( old1 8,& !y assembl$ !mselves by troops 9 a h>lot's h\se0 7,j]4 v4 #g74 ,9 ord] to prev5t ^! great evils1 & to effect ! great boon t all m5 %\ld "k _! relation%ip to ea* o!r1 pro/itutes 7,deut4 xxiii4 #ag7 7 n tol]at$1 & sexual int]c\rse 0 only p]mitt$ :5 man has *os5 a c]ta9 female1 & m>ri$ h] op5ly2 = if x suffic$ m]ely to *oose h]1 _m a p]son w\ld br+ a pro/itute into 8 h\se at a c]ta9 "t agre$ ^u betwe5 !m1 & say t %e 0 8 wife4 ,!re=e x is comm&$ to p]=m ! act ( engagem5t by :i* he decl>es t he has *os5 h] to take h] = 8 wife1 & !n to g ?r\gh ! public c]emony ( m>riage4 ,comp4 8,& ,boaz took t5 m510 etc4 7,ru? iv4 #b74 ,x may happ5 t husb& & wife d n agree1 live )\t love & peace1 & d n enjoy ! b5efit ( a home2 9 t case he is p]mitt$ to s5d h] away4 ,if he _h be5 all[$ to divorce h] by a m]e ^w1 or by turn+ h] out ( 8 h\se1 ! wife w\ld wait = "s neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! husb&1 & !n come out & say t %e 0 divorc$2 or hav+ committ$ adult]y1 %e & ! adult]] w\ld cont5d t %e _h !n be5 divorc$4 ,!re=e ! law is t divorce c only take place by means ( a docum5t :i* c s]ve z evid5ce1 8,he %all write h] a bill ( divorcem5t0 7,deut4 xxiv4 #a74 ,!re are frequ5tly occasions = suspicion ( adult]y & d\bts conc]n+ ! conduct ( ! wife4 ,laws conc]n+ a wife suspect$ ( adult]y 7sotah7 are !re=e prescrib$ 7,num4 v472 ! effect ( :i* is t ! wife1 out ( fe> ( ! 8bitt] wat]s10 is mo/ c>eful to prev5t any ill-feel+ on ! "p ( h] husb& aga9/ h]4 ,ev5 ( ^? t felt q innoc5t & safe mo/ 7 r will+ to lose all _! prop]ty ?an to submit to ! prescrib$ treatm5t2 ev5 dea? 0 pref]r$ to ! public disgrace ( uncov]+ ! head1 undo+ ! hair1 r5d+ ! g>m5ts & expos+ ! he>t1 & be+ l$ r\nd ?r\gh ! ,sanctu>y 9 ! pres5ce ( all1 ( wom5 & m51 & also 9 ! pres5ce ( ! memb]s ( ! ,synh$rion4 ,! fe> ( ?is trial keeps away great diseases t ru9 ! home com=t4 ,z e maid5 expects to be m>ri$1 h] s$uc] !re=e is only ord]$ to m>ry h]2 = he is und\bt$ly ! fitte/ husb& = h]4 ,he w bett] heal h] w\nd & r$eem h] "* ?an any o!r husb&4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he is reject$ by h] or h] fa!r1 he mu/ give ! d[ry 7,exod4 xxii4 #ae74 ,if he uses viol5ce he has to submit to ! additional puni%m5t1 8he may n put h] away all 8 days0 7,deut4 xxii4 #bi74 ,! reason ( ! law conc]n+ m>ry+ ! deceas$ bro!r's wife is /at$ 9 ! ,bible 7,deut4 xxv4 #e74 ,x 0 a cu/om 9 =ce be=e ! ,law 0 giv51 & ! ,law p]petuat$ x4 ,! c]emony ( aliah 7ibid4 #f1 seq471 8tak+ (f ! %oe10 has be5 introduc$1 because 9 ^? days x 0 consid]$ disgraceful to g ?r\gh t c]emony1 & 9 ord] to avoid ! disgrace1 a p]son might p]haps be induc$ to m>ry 8 deceas$ bro!r's wife4 ,?is is evid5t f ! words ( ! ,law3 8,s %all x be done unto t man t w n build up 8 bro!r's h\se4 ,& 8 "n %all be call$ 9 ,israel1 ,! h\se ( him t ha? 8 %oe loos$0 7,deut4 xxv4 #i74 ,9 ! action ( ,judah we may p]haps notice an example ( a noble conduct1 & uprightness 9 judgm5t4 ,he said3 8,let h] take x to h]1 le/ we be %am$2 behold1 ,i s5t ?is kid1 & ?\ ha/ n f\nd h]0 7,g54 xxxviii4 #bc74 ,= be=e ! ,lawgiv+1 ! int]c\rse ) a h>lot 0 z lawful z cohabitation ( husb& & wife s9ce ! ,lawgiv+2 x 0 p]fectly p]mitt$1 nobody consid]$ x wrong4 ,! hire :i* 0 9 ^? days paid to ! h>lot 9 accordance ) a previ\s agreem5t1 corresponds to ! ketubah :i* 9 our days ! husb& pays to 8 wife :5 he divorces h]4 ,x is a j claim on ! "p ( ! wife1 & ! husb& is b\nd to pay x4 ,! words ( ,judah1 8,let h] take x to h]1 le/ we be %am$10 etc41 %[ t conv]sation ab\t sexual int]c\rse1 ev5 ( t :i* is p]mitt$1 br+s %ame ^u u2 x is prop] to be sil5t ab\t x1 to keep x secret1 ev5 if ! sil5ce w\ld lead to loss ( money4 ,9 ?is s5se ,judah said3 ,x is bett] = u to lose prop]ty1 & to let h] keep :at %e has1 ?an to make our affair public by inquir+ aft] h]1 & br+ /ill m %ame ^u u4 ,?is is ! lesson1 z reg>ds conduct1 to be d]iv$ f ?is incid5t4 ,z to ! uprightness to be le>n$ !refrom1 x is conta9$ 9 ! words ( ,judah :5 he want$ to %[ t he _h n robb$ h]1 t he has n 9 ! lea/ dep>t$ f 8 agreem5t ) h]4 ,= he said1 8,behold1 ,i s5t ?is kid1 & ?\ ha/ n f\nd h]40 ,! kid 0 probably v good1 !re=e he po9ts to x1 say+1 8?is kid40 ,?is is ! uprightness :i* he _h inh]it$ f ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob3 t man mu/ n dep>t f 8 giv5 ^w1 nor deviate f :at he agre$ ^u2 b he mu/ give to o!rs all t is due to !m4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r he holds a portion ( 8 neighb\r's prop]ty z a loan or a tru/1 or :e!r he is 9 any o!r way 8 neighb\r's debtor1 ow+ him wages or ! l4 ,! sum :i* ! husb& settles ^u 8 wife 7ketubah7 is to be treat$ 9 ! same way z ! wages ( a hir$ s]vant4 ,!re is no diff]5ce :e!r a ma/] )holds ! wages ( a hir$ s]vant1 or deprives 8 wife ( t :i* is due to h]2 :e!r a ma/] wrongs a hir$ s]vant1 & br+s *>ges aga9/ him ) ! int5tion to s5d him away )\t paym5t1 or a husb& treats 8 wife 9 a mann] t w\ld enable him to s5d h] away )\t ! paym5t ( ! promis$ sum4 ,! equity ( ! /atutes & judgm5ts ( ! ,law 9 ?is reg>d may be notic$ 9 ! treatm5t ( a p]son accus$ ( spread+ an evil report ab\t 8 wife 7,deut4 xxii4 #ac1 seq474 ,!re is no d\bt t ! man t did ?is is bad1 does n love 8 wife1 & is n pleas$ ) h]4 ,if he desir$ to divorce h] 9 a regul> mann]1 !re is no?+ to prev5t him1 b he w\ld be b\nd to give h] :at is due unto h]2 b in/ead ( ?is1 8he gives occasion ( spee* aga9/ h]0 7ibid4 xxii4 #ad71 9 ord] to get rid ( 8 wife )\t pay+ any?+2 he sl&]s h]1 & utt]s falsehood 9 ord] to keep 9 8 possession ! fifty %ekels ( silv]1 ! d[ry fix$ 9 ! ,law = maid5s1 :i* he is oblig$ to pay unto h]4 ,he is !re=e s5t5c$ to pay "o hundr$ %ekels ( silv]1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple1 8,:om ! judges %all condemn1 he %all pay d\ble unto 8 neighb\r0 7,exod4 xxii4 #i74 ,! ,law is also analog\s to t ab\t false witnesses1 :i* we h expla9$ above 7*ap4 xli4 p4 #aie74 ,= he int5d$ to *eat h] ( h] fifty %ekels ( silv]1 he mu/ !re=e add fifty1 & pay h] a hundr$ %ekels4 ,?is is 8 puni%m5t = )hold+ f h] h] due1 & endeav\r+ to keep x4 ,b 9 s f> z he degrad$ h]1 & spread ! rum\r t %e 0 guilty ( misconduct1 he 0 also degrad$1 & receiv$ /ripes1 z is impli$ 9 ! words1 8& !y %all *a/ise him0 7,deut4 xxii4 #ah74 ,b he s9n$ besides 9 cl++ to lu/1 & seek+ only t :i* gave pleasure to him2 he 0 !re=e puni%$ by be+ compell$ to keep 8 wife always1 8he may n put h] away all 8 days0 7ibid4 #ai72 = he has be5 br\ght to all ?is only because he may h f\nd h] ugly4 ,?us are ^! bad habits cur$ :5 !y are treat$ accord+ to ! div9e ,law2 ! ways ( equity are nev] lo/ sight (2 !y are obvi\s & disc]nible 9 e precept ( ! ,law by ^? :o consid] x well4 ,see h[1 accord+ to ! ,law1 ! sl&]] ( 8 wife1 :o only int5d$ to )hold f h] :at he is b\nd to give h]1 is treat$ 9 ! same mann] z a ?ief :o has /ol5 ! prop]ty ( 8 neighb\r2 & ! false witness 7,deut4 xix4 #af1 seq47 :o s*emes to injure1 al?\gh ! injury 0 9 reality n inflict$1 is puni%$ l ^? :o h actually caus$ injury & wrong1 viz41 l ! ?ief & ! sl&]]4 ,! ?ree k9ds ( s9n]s are tri$ & judg$ by "o & ! same law4 ,see h[ wond]ful are ! div9e laws1 & admire ,8 wond]ful de$s4 ,scripture says3 8,! ,rock1 ,8 "w is p]fect2 = all ,8 ways are judgm5t0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d71 i4e41 z ,8 works are mo/ p]fect1 s are ,8 laws mo/ equitable2 b our m9d is too limit$ to compreh5d ! p]fection ( all ,8 works1 or ! equity ( all ,8 laws2 & z we are able to compreh5d "s ( ,8 wond]ful works 9 ! organs ( liv+ be+s & ! motions ( ! sph]es1 s we und]/& also ! equity ( "s ( ,8 laws2 t :i* is unkn[n to u ( bo? ( !m is f> m ?an t :i* is kn[n to u4 ,i w n[ return to ! !me ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,! law ab\t =bidd5 sexual int]c\rse seeks 9 all its p>ts to inculcate ! lesson t we ought to limit sexual int]c\rse altoge!r1 hold x 9 contempt1 & only desire x v r>ely4 ,! prohibition ( p$]a/y 7,lev4 xviii4 #bb7 & c>nal int]c\rse ) bea/s 7ibid4 #bc7 is v cle>4 ,if 9 ! natural way ! act is too base to be p]=m$ except :5 ne$$1 h[ mu* m base is x if p]=m$ 9 an unnatural mann]1 & only = ! sake ( pleasure4 ,! female relatives :om a man may n m>ry are alike 9 ?is respect--t z a rule !y are con/antly toge!r ) him 9 8 h\se2 !y w\ld easily li/5 to him1 & d :at he desires2 !y are ne> at h&1 & he w\ld h no difficulty 9 procur+ !m4 ,no judge c\ld blame him if f\nd 9 _! company4 ,if to ^! relatives ! same law appli$ z to all o!r unm>ri$ wom51 if we 7 all[$ to m>ry any ( !m1 & 7 only preclud$ f sexual int]c\rse ) !m )\t m>riage1 mo/ p w\ld con/antly h become guilty ( misconduct ) !m4 ,b z !y are entirely =bidd5 to u1 & sexual int]c\rse ) !m is mo/ emphatically d5\nc$ unto u z a capital crime1 or a s9 puni%able ) ext9ction 7k>et71 & z !re is no means ( ev] legaliz+ su* int]c\rse1 !re is reason to expect t p w n seek x1 & w n ?9k ( x4 ,t ! p]sons includ$ 9 t prohibition are1 z we h /at$1 at h& & easily accessible1 is evid5t4 ,= z a rule1 ! "m ( ! wife1 ! gr&mo!r1 ! daught]1 ! gr&daught]1 & ! si/]-9-law1 are mo/ly ) h]2 ! husb& meets !m always :5 he goes out1 :5 he comes 91 & :5 he is at 8 "w4 ,! wife /ays also frequ5tly 9 ! h\se ( h] husb&'s bro!r1 fa!r1 or son4 ,x is also well kn[n t we are (t5 9 ! company ( our si/]s1 our aunts1 & ! wife ( our uncle1 & are frequ5tly br\ght up toge!r ) !m4 ,^! are all ! relatives :i* we mu/ n m>ry4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y int]m>riage ) a ne> relative is =bidd54 ,b accord+ to my op9ion ! prohibition s]ves ano!r object1 namely1 to inculcate *a/ity into our he>ts4 ,lic5ce betwe5 ! root & ! bran*1 betwe5 a man & 8 "m1 or 8 daught]1 is outrage\s4 ,! int]c\rse betwe5 root & bran* is =bidd51 & x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! male elem5t is ! root or ! bran*1 or bo? root & bran* comb9e 9 ! int]c\rse ) a ?ird p]son1 s t ! same individual cohabits ) ! root & ) ! bran*4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is prohibit$ to m>ry a woman & h] "m1 ! wife ( ! fa!r or ( ! son2 = 9 all ^! cases !re is ! int]c\rse betwe5 "o & ! same p]son on ! "o side & root & bran* on ! o!r4 ,! law conc]n+ bro!rs is l ! law conc]n+ root & bran*4 ,! si/] is =bidd51 & s is also ! si/] ( ! wife & ! wife ( ! bro!r2 because 9 ! latt] cases two p]sons :o are consid]$ l root & bran*1 cohabit ) ! same p]son4 ,b 9 ^! prohibitions bro!rs & si/]s are p>tly consid]$ z root & bran* & p>tly z "o body2 ! si/] ( ! "m is !re=e l ! "m1 & ! si/] ( ! fa!r l ! fa!r1 & bo? are prohibit$2 & s9ce ! daught] ( ! p>5t's bro!r or si/] is n includ$ 9 ! numb] ( prohibit$ relatives1 s may we also m>ry ! daught] ( ! bro!r or ! si/]4 ,! app>5t anomaly1 t ! bro!r ( ! fa!r may m>ry a woman t has be5 ! wife ( 8 bro!r's son1 :il/ ! nephew mu/ n m>ry a woman t has be5 ! wife ( 8 fa!r's bro!r1 c be expla9$ accord+ to ! above-m5tion$ fir/ reason4 ,= ! nephew is frequ5tly 9 ! h\se ( 8 uncle1 & 8 conduct t[>ds ! wife ( 8 uncle is ! same z t t[>ds 8 bro!r's wife4 ,! uncle1 h[ev]1 is n s frequ5t 9 ! h\se ( 8 nephew1 & he is consequ5tly less intimate ) ! wife ( 8 nephew2 :il/ 9 ! case ( fa!r & son1 ! famili>ity ( ! fa!r ) 8 daught]-9-law is ! same at t ( ! son ) ! wife ( 8 fa!r1 & !re=e ! law & puni%m5t is ! same = bo? fa!r & son4 ,! reason :y x is prohibit$ to cohabit ) a m5/ru\s woman 7,lev4 xviii4 #ai7 or ) ano!r man's wife 7ibid4 #bj71 is obvi\s1 & requires no fur!r explanation4 ,x is well kn[n t we mu/ n indulge 9 any s5sual enjoym5t :atev] ) ! p]sons includ$ 9 ! above prohibitions2 we mu/ n ev5 look at !m if we int5d to d]ive pleasure !refrom4 ,we h expla9$ ?is 9 8! laws ab\t =bidd5 sexual int]c\rse0 7,hilkot issure bah1 xxi4 #a-b71 & %[n t accord+ to ! ,law we mu/ n ev5 engage our ?\ghts ) ! act ( cohabitation 7ibid4 #ai7 or irritate ! organ ( g5]ation2 & :5 we f9d ourselves un9t5tionally 9 a /ate ( irritation1 we mu/ turn our m9d to o!r ?\ghts1 & reflect on "s o!r ?+ till we are reliev$4 ,our ,sages 7,b4,t4 ,kidd #cj;b71 9 _! moral lessons1 :i* give p]fection to ! virtu\s1 say z foll[s3 8,my son1 if t mon/] meets y1 drag x to ! h\se ( /udy4 ,x w melt if x is ( iron2 x w break 9 pieces if x is ( /one3 z is said 9 ,scripture1 #8,is n my ^w l a fire8 sai? ! ,"l1 & l a hamm] t breake? ! rock 9 pieces8'0 7,j]4 xxiii4 #bi74 ,! au?or ( ?is say+ ?us exhorts 8 son to g to ! h\se ( /udy :5 he f9ds 8 organ ( g5]ation 9 an irritat$ /ate4 ,by read+1 disput+1 ask+1 & li/5+ to que/ions1 ! irritation w c]ta9ly cease4 ,see h[ prop]ly ! t]m mon/] is employ$1 = t irritation is inde$ l a mon/]4 ,n only religion tea*es ?is lesson1 ! philosoph]s tea* ! same4 ,i h already quot$ v]batim ! words ( ,ari/otle4 ,he says3 8,! s5se ( t\* :i* is a disgrace to u1 leads u to indulge 9 eat+ & s5suality10 etc4 ,he calls p degrad$ :o seek c>nal pleasures & devote !mselves to ga/ronomy2 he d5\nces 9 ext5so _! l[ & objectionable conduct1 & ridicules !m4 ,?is passage occurs 9 8 ,e?ics & 9 8 ,rhetoric4 ,9 accordance ) ?is excell5t pr9ciple1 :i* we ought /rictly to foll[1 our ,sages tea* u t we ought n to look at bea/s or birds 9 ! mom5t ( _! copulation4 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 ?is is ! reason :y ! cross-bre$+ ( cattle is prohibit$ 7,lev4 xix4 #ai74 ,x is a fact t animals ( diff]5t species d n copulate toge!r1 unless by =ce4 ,x is well kn[n t ! l[ class ( bre$]s ( mules are regul>ly engag$ 9 ?is "w4 ,our ,law object$ to x t any ,israelite %\ld degrade himself by do+ ^! ?+s1 :i* require s mu* vulg>ity & indec5cy1 & do+ t :i* religion =bids u ev5 to m5tion1 h[ mu* m to witness or to practise1 except :5 necess>y4 ,cross-bre$+1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y4 ,i ?9k t ! prohibition to br+ toge!r two species 9 any k9d ( "w1 z includ$ 9 ! words1 8,?\ %alt n pl[ ) an ox & an ass toge!r0 7,deut4 xxii4 #aj71 is only a prev5tive aga9/ ! int]c\rse ( two species4 ,= if x 7 all[$ to jo9 su* toge!r 9 any "w1 we might sometimes also cause _! int]c\rse4 ,t ?is is ! reason ( ! comm&m5t is prov$ by ! fact t x applies to o!r animals besides ox & ass2 x is prohibit$ to pl[ n only ) ox & ass toge!r1 b ) any two k9ds4 ,b ,scripture m5tions z an in/ance t :i* is ( regul> occurr5ce4 ,z reg>ds circumcision1 ,i ?9k t "o ( its objects is to limit sexual int]c\rse1 & to weak5 ! organ ( g5]ation z f> z possible1 & ?us cause man to be mod]ate4 ,"s p believe t circumcision is to remove a defect 9 man's =mation2 b e "o c easily reply3 ,h[ c products ( nature be defici5t s z to require ext]nal completion1 especially z ! use ( ! =e-sk9 to t organ is evid5t4 ,?is comm&m5t has n be5 enjo9$ z a complem5t to a defici5t physical creation1 b z a means = p]fect+ man's moral %ortcom+s4 ,! bodily injury caus$ to t organ is exactly t :i* is desir$2 x does n int]rupt any vital function1 nor does x de/roy ! p[] ( g5]ation4 ,circumcision simply c\nt]acts excessive lu/2 = !re is no d\bt t circumcision weak5s ! p[] ( sexual excitem5t1 & sometimes less5s ! natural enjoym5t2 ! organ necess>ily becomes weak :5 x loses blood & is depriv$ ( its cov]+ f ! beg9n+4 ,our ,sages 7,b]e%4 ,rabba1 c4 #hj7 say di/9ctly3 ,x is h>d = a woman1 ) :om an uncircumcis$ _h sexual int]c\rse1 to sep>ate f him4 ,?is is1 z ,i believe1 ! be/ reason = ! comm&m5t conc]n+ circumcision4 ,& :o 0 ! fir/ to p]=m ?is comm&m5t8 ,abraham1 our fa!r6 ( :om x is well kn[n h[ he fe>$ s92 x is describ$ by our ,sages 9 ref]5ce to ! words1 8,behold1 n[ ,i "k t ?\ art a fair woman to look ^u0 7,g54 xii4 #aa74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r important object 9 ?is comm&m5t4 ,x gives to all memb]s ( ! same fai?1 i4e41 to all believ]s 9 ! ,unity ( ,god1 a common bodily sign1 s t x is impossible = any "o t is a /rang]1 to say t he belongs to !m4 ,= sometimes p say s = ! purpose ( obta9+ "s advantage1 or 9 ord] to make "s attack ^u ! ,jews4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 %\ld circumcise himself or 8 son = any o!r reason b pure fai?2 = circumcision is n l an incision on ! leg1 or a burn+ 9 ! arm1 b a v difficult op]ation4 ,x is also a fact t !re is mu* mutual love & assi/ance among p t are unit$ by ! same sign :5 !y consid] x z ! symbol ( a cov5ant4 ,circumcision is likewise ! symbol ( ! cov5ant :i* ,abraham made 9 connexion ) ! belief 9 ,god's ,unity4 ,s also e "o t is circumcis$ ent]s ! cov5ant ( ,abraham to believe 9 ! unity ( ,god1 9 accordance ) ! words ( ! ,law1 8,to be a ,god unto !e1 & to ?y se$ aft] !e0 7,g54 xvii4 #g74 ,?is purpose ( ! circumcision is z important z ! fir/1 & p]haps m important4 ,?is law c only be kept & p]petuat$ 9 its p]fection1 if circumcision is p]=m$ :5 ! *ild is v "y1 & ?is = ?ree good reasons4 ,fir/1 if ! op]ation 7 po/pon$ till ! boy _h gr[n up1 he w\ld p]haps n submit to x4 ,secondly1 ! "y *ild has n mu* pa91 because ! sk9 is t5d]1 & ! imag9ation weak2 = gr[n-up p]sons are 9 dread & fe> ( ?+s :i* !y imag9e z com+1 "s "t be=e ^! actually occur4 ,?irdly1 :5 a *ild is v "y1 ! p>5ts d n ?9k mu* ( him2 because ! image ( ! *ild1 t leads ! p>5ts to love him1 has n yet tak5 a firm root 9 _! m9ds4 ,t image becomes /rong] by ! cont9ual sight2 x gr[s ) ! developm5t ( ! *ild1 & lat] on ! image beg9s aga9 to decrease & to vani%4 ,! p>5ts' love = a new-born *ild is n s great z x is :5 ! *ild is "o ye> old2 & :5 "o ye> old1 x is less lov$ by !m ?an :5 six ye>s old4 ,! feel+ & love ( ! fa!r = ! *ild w\ld h l$ him to neglect ! law if he 7 all[$ to wait two or ?ree ye>s1 :il/ %ortly aft] bir? ! image is v weak 9 ! m9d ( ! p>5t1 especially ( ! fa!r :o is responsible = ! execution ( ?is comm&m5t4 ,! circumcision mu/ take place on ! eigh? day 7,lev4 xii4 #c71 because all liv+ be+s are aft] bir?1 )9 ! fir/ sev5 days1 v weak & exce$+ly t5d]1 z if !y 7 /ill 9 ! womb ( _! "m2 n until ! eigh? day c !y be c\nt$ among ^? t enjoy ! light ( ! _w4 ,t ?is is also ! case ) bea/s may be inf]r$ f ! words ( ,scripture3 8,sev5 days %all x be "u ! dam0 7,lev4 xxii4 #bg71 z if x _h no vitality be=e ! end ( t p]iod4 ,9 ! same mann] man is circumcis$ aft] ! completion ( sev5 days4 ,! p]iod has be5 fix$1 & has n be5 left to ev]ybody's judgm5t4 ,! precepts ( ?is class include also ! lesson t we mu/ n injure 9 any way ! organs ( g5]ation 9 liv+ be+s 7ibid4 xxii4 #bd74 ,! lesson is bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( 8righte\s /atutes & judgm5t0 7,deut4 iv4 #h72 we mu/ keep 9 ev]y?+ ! gold5 mean2 we mu/ n be excessive 9 love1 b mu/ n suppress x entirely2 = ! ,law comm&s1 8,be fruitful1 & multiply0 7,g54 i4 #bb74 ,! organ is weak5$ by circumcision1 b n de/roy$ by ! op]ation4 ,! natural faculty is left 9 full =ce1 b is gu>d$ aga9/ excess4 ,x x prohibit$ = an ,israelite 8t is w\nd$ 9 ! /ones1 or ha? 8 privy memb] cut (f0 7,deut4 xxiii4 #b71 to m>ry an ,israeliti% woman2 because ! sexual int]c\rse is ( no use & ( no purpose2 & t m>riage w\ld be a s\rce ( ru9 to h]1 & to him :o w\ld claim h]4 ,?is is v cle>4 ,9 ord] to create a horror ( illicit m>riages1 a ba/>d 0 n all[$ to m>ry an ,israeliti% woman 7ibid4 xxiii4 #c72 ! adult]] & ! adult]ess 7 ?us taught t by _! act !y br+ ^u _! se$ irrep>able injury4 ,9 e language & 9 e nation ! issue ( lic5ti\s conduct has a bad "n2 ! ,law !re=e raises ! "n ( ! ,israelites by keep+ !m free f ! admixture ( ba/>ds4 ,! prie/s1 :o h a high] sanctity1 are n all[$ to m>ry a h>lot1 or a woman t is divorc$ f h] husb&1 or t is pr(ane 7,lev4 xii4 #g72 ! high-prie/1 ! noble/ ( ! prie/s1 mu/ n m>ry ev5 a wid[1 or a woman t has _h sexual int]c\rse ( any k9d 7ibid4 xii4 #ad74 ,( all ^! laws ! reason is obvi\s4 ,if ba/>ds 7 prohibit$ to m>ry any memb] ( ! congregation ( ! ,"l1 h[ mu* m rigidly _h slaves & h&maids to be exclud$4 ,! reason ( ! prohibition ( int]m>riage ) o!r nations is /at$ 9 ! ,law3 8,& ?\ take ( _! daught]s unto ?y sons1 & _! daught]s g a :or+ aft] _! gods1 & make ?y sons g a :or+ aft] _! gods0 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #af74 ,mo/ ( ! 8/atutes0 7ukkim71 ! reason ( :i* is unkn[n to u1 s]ve z a f5ce aga9/ idolatry4 ,t ,i _c expla9 "s details ( ! above laws or %[ _! use is ow+ to ! fact t :at we he> f o!rs is n s cle> z t :i* we see ) our own eyes4 ,?us my k ( ! ,sabean doctr9es1 :i* ,i d]iv$ f books1 is n z complete z ! k ( ^? :o h witness$ ! public practice ( ^? idolatr\s cu/oms1 especially z !y h be5 out ( practice & entirely ext9ct s9ce two ?\s& ye>s4 ,if we knew all ! p>ticul>s ( ! ,sabean wor%ip1 & 7 in=m$ ( all ! details ( ^? doctr9es1 we w\ld cle>ly see ! reason & wisdom ( e detail 9 ! sacrificial s]vice1 9 ! laws conc]n+ ?+s t are unclean1 & 9 o!r laws1 ! object ( :i* ,i am unable to /ate4 ,i h no d\bt t all ^! laws s]v$ to blot out wrong pr9ciples f man's he>t1 & to ext]m9ate ! practices :i* are useless1 & m]ely a wa/e ( "t 9 va9 & purposeless ?+s4 ,^? pr9ciples h turn$ ! m9d ( ! p away f intellectual rese>* & useful actions4 ,our prophets !re=e describe ! ways ( ! idolat]s z foll[s3 87,!y g7 aft] va9 ?+s :i* _c pr(it nor deliv]2 = !y are va90 7#a ,sam4 xii4 #ba72 8,surely our fa!rs h inh]it$ lies1 vanity & ?+s :]e9 !re is no pr(it0 7,j]4 xvi4 #ai74 ,consid] h[ great ! evil consequ5ces ( idolatry are1 & say :e!r we ought ) all our p[] to oppose x or n6 ,mo/ ( ! precepts s]ve1 z has be5 /at$ by u1 z a m]e f5ce aga9/ ^? doctr9es ( idolatry1 & relieve man f ! great & heavy burd5s1 f ! pa9s & inflictions :i* =m$ "p ( ! wor%ip ( idols4 ,e positive or negative precept1 ! reason ( :i* is unkn[n to !e1 take z a rem$y aga9/ "s ( ^? diseases ) :i* we are unacqua9t$ at pres5t1 ?ank ,god4 ,?is %\ld be ! belief ( educat$ m5 :o "k ! true mean+ ( ! foll[+ div9e dictum3 8,i said n unto ! se$ ( ,jacob1 ,seek me 9 va90 7,isa4 xlv4 #ai74 ,i h n[ m5tion$ all ! comm&m5ts ( ^! f\rte5 classes "o by "o1 & po9t$ out ! reason ( ea* ( !m1 ) ! exception ( a few = :i* ,i 0 unable to give ! reason1 & ( "s details ( less importance2 b implicitly we h giv5 ! reason ev5 ( ^!1 & e intellig5t read] w easily f9d x4 ,! reasons ( ! ,precepts are n[ complete4 ,,*apt] ,l ,!re are 9 ! ,law portions :i* include deep wisdom1 b h be5 misund]/ood by _m p]sons2 !y require1 !re=e1 an explanation4 ,i mean ! n>ratives conta9$ 9 ! ,law :i* _m consid] z be+ ( no use :atev]2 e4g41 ! li/ ( ! v>i\s families desc5d$ f ,noah1 ) _! names & _! t]ritories 7,g54 x472 ! sons ( ,seir ! ,horite 7ibid4 xxxvi4 #bj-cj72 ! k+s t reign$ 9 ,edom 7ibid4 #ca1 seq472 & ! l4 ,!re is a say+ ( our ,sages 7,b4,t4 ,sanh4 #ii;b7 t ! wick$ k+ ,manasse frequ5tly held disgraceful meet+s = ! sole purpose ( criticis+ su* passages ( ! ,law4 8,he held meet+s & made blasphem\s obs]vations on ,scripture1 say+1 ,_h ,moses no?+ else to write ?an1 ,& ! si/] ( ,lotan 0 ,timna0 7,g54 xxxvi4 #bb78 ,) ref]5ce to su* passages1 ,i w fir/ give a g5]al pr9ciple1 & !n discuss !m s]iatim1 z ,i h done 9 ! exposition ( ! reasons ( ! precepts4 ,e n>rative 9 ! ,law s]ves a c]ta9 purpose 9 connexion ) religi\s tea*+4 ,x ei!r helps to e/abli% a pr9ciple ( fai?1 or to regulate our actions1 & to prev5t wrong & inju/ice among m52 & ,i w %[ ?is 9 ea* case4 ,x is "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law t ! ,univ]se has be5 creat$ ex nihilo1 & t ( ! human race1 "o individual be+1 ,adam1 0 creat$4 ,z ! "t :i* elaps$ f ,adam to ,moses 0 n m ?an ab\t two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s1 p w\ld h d\bt$ ! tru? ( t /atem5t if no o!r in=mation _h be5 add$1 see+ t ! human race 0 spread ov] all p>ts ( ! e>? 9 diff]5t families & ) diff]5t languages1 v unlike ! "o to ! o!r4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is d\bt ! ,law gives ! g5ealogy ( ! nations 7,g54 v4 & x471 & ! mann] h[ !y bran*$ (f f a common root4 ,x names ^? ( !m :o 7 well kn[n1 & tells :o _! fa!rs 71 h[ long & :]e !y liv$4 ,x describes also ! cause t l$ to ! disp]sion ( m5 ov] all p>ts ( ! e>?1 & to ! =mation ( _! diff]5t languages1 aft] !y _h liv$ = a long "t 9 "o place1 & spok5 "o language 7ibid4 xi471 z w\ld be natural = desc5dants ( "o p]son4 ,! acc\nts ( ! flood 7ibid4 vi4-viii47 & ( ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7ibid4 xix471 s]ve z an illu/ration ( ! doctr9e t 8,v]ily !re is a rew>d = ! righte\s2 v]ily ,he is a ,god t judge? 9 ! e>?0 7,ps4 lviii4 #ab74 ,! n>ration ( ! w> among ! n9e k+s 7ibid4 xiv47 %[s h[1 by means ( a miracle1 ,abraham1 ) a few undiscipl9$ m51 defeat$ f\r mighty k+s4 ,x illu/rates at ! same "t h[ ,abraham sympa?iz$ ) 8 relative1 :o _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! same fai?1 & h[ he expos$ himself to ! dang]s ( w>f>e 9 ord] to save him4 ,we fur!r le>n f ?is n>rative h[ cont5t$ & satisfi$ ,abraham 01 ?9k+ little ( prop]ty1 & v mu* ( good de$s2 he said1 8,i w n take f a ?read ev5 to a %oe-lat*et0 7,g54 xiv4 #bc74 ,! li/ ( ! families ( ,seir & _! g5ealogy is giv5 9 ! ,law 7ibid4 xxxvi4 #bj-cj71 because ( "o p>ticul> comm&m5t4 ,= ,god di/9ctly comm&$ ! ,israelites conc]n+ ,amalek to blot out 8 "n 7,deut4 xxv4 #ag-ai74 ,amalek 0 ! son ( ,eliphas & ,timna1 ! si/] ( ,lotan 7ibid4 xxxvi4 #ab74 ,! o!r sons ( ,esau 7 n includ$ 9 ?is comm&m5t4 ,b ,esau 0 by m>riage connect$ ) ! ,seirites1 z is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ,scripture2 & ,seirites 7 !re=e 8 *ildr52 he reign$ ov] !m2 8 se$ 0 mix$ ) ! se$ ( ,seir1 & ultimately all ! c\ntries & families ( ,seir 7 call$ aft] ! sons ( ,esau :o 7 ! pr$om9ant family1 & !y assum$ m p>ticul>ly ! "n ,amalekites1 because ^! 7 ! /ronge/ 9 t family4 ,if ! g5ealogy ( ^! families ( ,seir _h n be5 describ$ 9 full !y w\ld all h be5 kill$1 contr>y to ! pla9 words ( ! comm&m5t4 ,= ?is reason ! ,seirite families are fully describ$1 z if to say1 ! p t live 9 ,seir & 9 ! k+dom ( ,amalek are n all ,amalekites2 !y are ! desc5dants ( "s o!r man1 & are call$ ,amalekites because ! "m ( ,amalek 0 ( _! tribe4 ,! ju/ice ( ,god ?us prev5t$ ! de/ruction ( an innoc5t p t liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( ano!r p doom$ to extirpation2 = ! decree 0 only pron\nc$ aga9/ ! se$ ( ,amalek4 ,! reason ( ?is decree has already be5 /at$ by u 7p4 #bje74 ,! k+s t h reign$ 9 ! l& ( ,edom are enum]at$ 7,g5 xxxvi4 #ca1 seq47 on acc\nt ( ! law1 8,?\ may/ n set a /rang] ov] !e1 :i* is n ?y bro!r0 7,deut4 xvii4 #ae74 ,= ( ^! k+s none 0 an ,edomite2 :]e=e ea* k+ is describ$ by 8 native l&2 "o k+ f ?is place1 ano!r k+ f t place4 ,n[ ,i ?9k t x 0 !n well kn[n h[ ^! k+s t reign$ 9 ,edom conduct$ !mselves1 :at !y did1 & h[ !y humiliat$ & oppress$ ! sons ( ,esau4 ,?us ,god rem9d$ ! ,israelites ( ! fate ( ! ,edomites1 z if say+ unto !m1 ,look unto y\r bro!rs1 ! sons ( ,esau1 ^: k+s 7 s & s1 & ^: de$s are well kn[n4 ,le>n !refrom t no nation ev] *ose a =eign] z k+ )\t inflict+ !reby "s great or small injury ^u ! c\ntry4 ,9 %ort1 :at ,i rem>k$ 9 ref]5ce to our ignorance ( ! ,sabean wor%ip1 applies also to ! hi/ory ( ^? days4 ,if ! religi\s rules ( ! ,sabeans & ! ev5ts ( ^? days 7 kn[n to u1 we %\ld be able to see pla9ly ! reason = mo/ ( ! ?+s m5tion$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is also necess>y to note ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,! view we take ( ?+s describ$ by o!rs is diff]5t f ! view we take ( ?+s se5 by u z eye-witnesses4 ,= t :i* we see conta9s _m details :i* are ess5tial1 & mu/ be fully describ$4 ,! read] ( ! description believes t x conta9s sup]flu\s matt]1 or useless repetition1 b if he _h witness$ ! ev5t ( :i* he reads1 he w\ld see ! necessity ( e "p ( ! description4 ,:5 we !re=e notice n>ratives 9 ! ,torah1 :i* are 9 no connexion ) any ( ! comm&m5ts1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t !y are entirely sup]flu\s1 or too l5g?y1 or conta9 repetitions2 b ?is is only because we d n see ! p>ticul> incid5ts :i* make ^? n>ratives notewor?y4 ,( ?is k9d is ! enum]ation ( ! /ations ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness 7,num4 xxxiii474 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s to be entirely useless2 b 9 ord] to obviate su* a notion ,scripture says1 8,& ,moses wrote _! go+s out accord+ to _! j\rneys by ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l0 7ibid4 v]4 #b74 ,x 0 inde$ mo/ necess>y t ^! %\ld be writt54 ,= miracles are only conv9c+ to ^? :o witness$ !m2 :il/ com+ g5]ations1 :o "k !m only f ! acc\nt giv5 by o!rs1 may consid] !m z untrue4 ,b miracles _c cont9ue & la/ = all g5]ations2 x is ev5 inconceivable t !y %\ld be p]man5t4 ,n[ ! greate/ ( ! miracles describ$ 9 ! ,law is ! /ay ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness = =ty ye>s1 ) a daily supply ( manna4 ,?is wild]ness1 z describ$ 9 ,scripture1 consi/$ ( places 8:]e9 7 fi]y s]p5ts & scorpions1 & dr\ght1 :]e !re 0 no wat]0 7,deut4 viii4 #ae72 places v remote f cultivat$ l&1 & naturally n adapt$ = ! habitation ( man1 8,x is no place ( se$1 or ( figs1 or ( v9es1 or ( pomegranates1 nei!r is !re any wat] to dr9k0 7,num4 xx4 #e72 8,a l& t no man pass$ ?r\gh1 & :]e no man dwelt0 7,j]4 ii4 #f74 ,9 ref]5ce to ! /ay ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness1 ,scripture relates1 8,ye h n eat5 bread1 nei!r h ye drunk w9e or /rong dr9k0 7,deut4 xix4 #e74 ,all ^! miracles 7 wond]ful1 public1 & witness$ by ! p4 ,b ,god knew t 9 future p might d\bt ! correctness ( ! acc\nt ( ^! miracles1 9 ! same mann] z !y d\bt ! accuracy ( o!r n>ratives2 !y might ?9k t ! ,israelites /ay$ 9 ! wild]ness 9 a place n f> f inhabit$ l&1 :]e x 0 possible = man to live 9 ! ord9>y way2 t x 0 l ^? des]ts 9 :i* ,arabs live at pres5t2 or t !y dwelt 9 su* places 9 :i* !y c\ld pl[1 s[1 & reap1 or live on "s vegetable t 0 gr[+ !re2 or t manna came always d[n 9 ^? places z an ord9>y natural product2 or t !re 7 wells ( wat] 9 ^? places4 ,9 ord] to remove all ^! d\bts & to firmly e/abli% ! accuracy ( ! acc\nt ( ^! miracles1 ,scripture enum]ates all ! /ations1 s t com+ g5]ations may see !m1 & le>n ! greatness ( ! miracle :i* enabl$ human be+s to live 9 ^? places =ty ye>s4 ,= ?is v reason ,jo%ua curs$ him :o w\ld ev] build up ,j]i*o 7,jo%4 vi4 #bf72 ! effect ( ! miracle 0 to rema9 = ev]1 s t any "o :o w\ld see ! wall sunk 9 ! gr\nd w\ld und]/& t x 0 n 9 ! condition ( a build+ pull$ d[n by human h&s1 b sunk ?r\gh a miracle4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! words1 8,at ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l ! *ildr5 ( ,israel j\rney$1 & at ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l !y pit*$0 7,num4 ix4 #ah71 w\ld suffice z a simple /atem5t ( facts2 & ! read] might at fir/ sight consid] z unnecess>y additions all ! details :i* foll[1 viz41 8,& :5 ! cl\d t>ri$ long4444 ,& s x 0 :5 ! cl\d 0 a few days4444 ,or :e!r x 7 two days10 etc4 7ibid4 ix4 #ai-bb74 ,b ,i w %[ y ! reason :y all ^! details are add$4 ,= !y s]ve to confirm ! acc\nt1 & to contradict ! op9ion ( ! nations1 bo? ( anci5t & mod]n times1 t ! ,israelites lo/ _! way1 & did n "k :]e to g2 t 8!y 7 entangl$ 9 ! l&0 7,exod4 xiv4 #c72 :]e=e ! ,arabs unto ?is day call t des]t ,al-tih1 8! des]t ( go+ a/ray10 imag9+ t ! ,israelites err$ ab\t1 & did n "k ! way4 ,scripture1 !re=e1 cle>ly /ates & emphatically decl>es t x 0 by ,god's comm& t ! j\rney+s 7 irregul>1 t ! ,israelites return$ to ! same places sev]al times1 & t ! duration ( ! /ay 0 diff]5t 9 ea* /ation2 :il/ ! /ay 9 "o place cont9u$ = eighte5 ye>s1 9 ano!r place x la/$ "o day1 & 9 ano!r "o night4 ,!re 0 no go+ a/ray1 b ! j\rney 0 regulat$ by 8! ris+ ( ! pill> ( cl\d0 7,num4 ix4 #ag74 ,!re=e all ^! details are giv54 ,scripture cle>ly /ates t ! way 0 ne>1 kn[n1 & 9 good condition2 ,i mean ! way f ,horeb1 :i!r !y came int5tionally1 accord+ to ! comm& ( ,god1 8,ye %all s]ve ,god ^u ?is m\nta90 7,exod4 ii4 #ab71 to ,kade%-b>nea1 ! beg9n+ ( inhabit$ l&1 z ,scripture says1 8,behold1 we are n[ 9 ,kade%1 a city 9 ! utt]mo/ ( ?y bord]0 7,num4 xx4 #af74 ,t way 0 a j\rney ( elev5 days2 comp4 8,elev5 days' j\rney f ,horeb1 by ! way ( m\nt ,seir1 unto ,kade%-b>nea0 7,deut4 i4 #c74 ,9 su* a j\rney x is impossible to err ab\t = =ty ye>s2 b ,scripture /ates ! cause ( ! delay4 ,9 l mann] !re is a good reason = e passage ! object ( :i* we _c see4 ,we mu/ always apply ! words ( our ,sages3 8,x is n a va9 ?+ = y0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #dg71 & if x seems va91 x seems y\r fault4 ,,*apt] ,,li ,! pres5t *apt] does n conta9 any additional matt] t has n be5 treat$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s ( ?is treatise4 ,x is a k9d ( conclusion1 & at ! same "t x w expla9 9 :at mann] ^? wor%ip ,god :o h obta9$ a true k conc]n+ ,god2 x w direct !m h[ to come to t wor%ip1 :i* is ! highe/ aim man c atta91 & %[ h[ ,god protects !m 9 ?is _w till !y are remov$ to et]nal life4 ,i w beg9 ! subject ( ?is *apt] ) a simile4 ,a k+ is 9 8 palace1 & all 8 subjects are p>tly 9 ! c\ntry1 & p>tly abroad4 ,( ! =m]1 "s h _! backs turn$ t[>ds ! k+'s palace1 & _! faces 9 ano!r direction2 & "s are desir\s & zeal\s to g to ! palace1 seek+ 8to inquire 9 8 temple10 & to m9i/] be=e him1 b h n yet se5 ev5 ! face ( ! wall ( ! h\se4 ,( ^? t desire to g to ! palace1 "s rea* x1 & g r\nd ab\t 9 se>* ( ! entrance gate2 o!rs h pass$ ?r\gh ! gate1 & walk ab\t 9 ! ante-*amb]2 & o!rs h succe$$ 9 ent]+ into ! inn] "p ( ! palace1 & be+ 9 ! same room ) ! k+ 9 ! royal palace4 ,b ev5 ! latt] d n imm$iately on ent]+ ! palace see ! k+1 or speak to him2 =1 aft] hav+ ent]$ ! inn] "p ( ! palace1 ano!r ef=t is requir$ be=e !y c /& be=e ! k+--at a di/ance1 or close by--he> 8 words1 or speak to him4 ,i w n[ expla9 ! simile :i* ,i h made4 ,! p :o are abroad are all ^? t h no religion1 nei!r "o bas$ on speculation nor "o receiv$ by tradition4 ,su* are ! extreme ,turks t w&] ab\t 9 ! nor?1 ! ,ku%ites :o live 9 ! s\?1 & ^? 9 our c\ntry :o are l ^!4 ,i consid] ^! z irrational be+s1 & n z human be+s2 !y are bel[ mank9d1 b above monkeys1 s9ce !y h ! =m & %ape ( man1 & a m5tal faculty above t ( ! monkey4 ,^? :o are 9 ! c\ntry1 b h _! backs turn$ t[>ds ! k+'s palace1 are ^? :o possess religion1 belief1 & ?\ght1 b happ5 to hold false doctr9es1 :i* !y ei!r adopt$ 9 consequ5ce ( great mi/akes made 9 _! own speculations1 or receiv$ f o!rs :o misl$ !m4 ,because ( ^! doctr9es !y rec$e m & m f ! royal palace ! m !y seem to proce$4 ,^! are worse ?an ! fir/ class1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances x may become necess>y to slay !m1 & to extirpate _! doctr9es1 9 ord] t o!rs %\ld n be misl$4 ,^? :o desire to arrive at ! palace1 & to ent] x1 b h nev] yet se5 x1 are ! mass ( religi\s p2 ! multitude t obs]ve ! div9e comm&m5ts1 b are ignorant4 ,^? :o arrive at ! palace1 b g r\nd ab\t x1 are ^? :o devote !mselves exclusively to ! /udy ( ! practical law2 !y believe traditionally 9 true pr9ciples ( fai?1 & le>n ! practical wor%ip ( ,god1 b are n tra9$ 9 philosophical treatm5t ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,law1 & d n endeav\r to e/abli% ! tru? ( _! fai? by pro(4 ,^? :o und]take to inve/igate ! pr9ciples ( religion1 h come into ! ante-*amb]2 & !re is no d\bt t ^! c also be divid$ into diff]5t grades4 ,b ^? :o h succe$$ 9 f9d+ a pro( = ev]y?+ t c be prov$1 :o h a true k ( ,god1 s f> z a true k c be atta9$1 & are ne> ! tru?1 :]ev] an approa* to ! tru? is possible1 !y h rea*$ ! goal1 & are 9 ! palace 9 :i* ! k+ lives4 ,my son1 s long z y are engag$ 9 /udy+ ! ,ma!matical ,sci5ces & ,logic1 y belong to ^? :o g r\nd ab\t ! palace 9 se>* ( ! gate4 ,?us our ,sages figuratively use ! phrase3 8,b5-zoma is /ill outside40 ,:5 y und]/& ,physics1 y h ent]$ ! hall2 & :51 aft] complet+ ! /udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1 y ma/] ,metaphysics1 y h ent]$ ! inn]mo/ c\rt1 & are ) ! k+ 9 ! same palace4 ,y h atta9$ ! degree ( ! wise m51 :o include m5 ( diff]5t grades ( p]fection4 ,!re are "s :o direct all _! m9d t[>d ! atta9m5t ( p]fection 9 ,metaphysics1 devote !mselves entirely to ,god1 exclude f _! ?\ght e o!r ?+1 & employ all _! intellectual faculties 9 ! /udy ( ! ,univ]se1 9 ord] to d]ive !refrom a pro( = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & to le>n 9 e possible way h[ ,god rules all ?+s2 !y =m ! class ( ^? :o h ent]$ ! palace1 namely1 ! class ( prophets4 ,"o ( ^! has atta9$ s mu* k1 & has conc5trat$ 8 ?\ghts to su* an ext5t 9 ! idea ( ,god1 t x c\ld be said ( him1 8,& he 0 ) ! ,"l =ty days10 etc4 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #bh72 dur+ t holy communion he c\ld ask ,him1 answ] ,him1 speak to ,him1 & be address$ by ,him1 enjoy+ beatitude 9 t :i* he _h obta9$ to su* a degree t 8he did nei!r eat bread nor dr9k wat]0 7ibid472 8 intellectual en]gy 0 s pr$om9ant t all co>s] functions ( ! body1 especially ^? connect$ ) ! s5se ( t\*1 7 9 abeyance4 ,"s prophets are only able to see1 & ( ^! "s approa* ne> & see1 :il/ o!rs see f a di/ance3 comp4 8,! ,"l ha? appe>$ f f> unto me0 7,j]4 xxxi4 #c74 ,we h already spok5 ( ! v>i\s degrees ( prophets2 we w !re=e return to ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 & exhort ^? :o h atta9$ a k ( ,god1 to conc5trate all _! ?\ghts 9 ,god4 ,?is is ! wor%ip peculi> to ^? :o h acquir$ a k ( ! highe/ tru?s2 & ! m !y reflect on ,him1 & ?9k ( ,him1 ! m are !y engag$ 9 ,8 wor%ip4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o ?9k ( ,god1 & frequ5tly m5tion ,8 "n1 )\t any correct notion ( ,him1 b m]ely foll[+ "s imag9ation1 or "s !ory receiv$ f ano!r p]son1 are1 9 my op9ion1 l ^? :o rema9 outside ! palace & di/ant f x4 ,!y d n m5tion ! "n ( ,god 9 tru?1 nor d !y reflect on x4 ,t :i* !y imag9e & m5tion does n correspond to any be+ 9 exi/5ce2 x is a ?+ inv5t$ by _! imag9ation1 z has be5 %[n by u 9 our discussion on ! ,div9e ,attributes 7,"p ,i4 *ap4 #a474 ,! true wor%ip ( ,god is only possible :5 correct notions ( ,him h previ\sly be5 conceiv$4 ,:5 y h arriv$ by way ( intellectual rese>* at a k ( ,god & ,8 works1 !n comm5ce to devote y\rselves to ,him1 try to approa* ,him & /r5g!n ! intellect1 :i* is ! l9k t jo9s y to ,him4 ,?us ,scripture says1 8,unto !e x 0 %[$1 t ?\ mighte/ "k t ! ,"l ,he is ,god0 7,deut4 iv4 #ce72 8,"k !re=e ?is day1 & consid] x 9 ?9e he>t1 t ! ,"l ,he is ,god0 7ibid4 #cf72 8,"k ye t ! ,"l is ,god0 7,ps4 c4 #c74 ,?us ! ,law di/9ctly /ates t ! highe/ k9d ( wor%ip to :i* we ref] 9 ?is *apt]1 is only possible aft] ! acquisition ( ! k ( ,god4 ,= x is said1 8,to love ! ,"l y\r ,god1 & to s]ve ,him ) all y\r he>t & ) all y\r s\l0 7,deut4 xi4 #ac71 &1 z we h %[n sev]al times1 man's love ( ,god is id5tical ) ,8 k ( ,him4 ,! ,div9e s]vice enjo9$ 9 ^! words mu/1 accord+ly1 be prec$$ by ! love ( ,god4 ,our ,sages h po9t$ out to u t x is a s]vice 9 ! he>t1 :i* explanation ,i und]/& to mean ?is3 man conc5trates all 8 ?\ghts on ! ,fir/ ,intellect1 & is absorb$ 9 ^! ?\ghts z mu* z possible4 ,david !re=e comm&s 8 son ,solomon ^! two ?+s1 & exhorts him e>ne/ly to d !m3 to acquire a true k ( ,god1 & to be e>ne/ 9 ,8 s]vice aft] t k has be5 acquir$4 ,= he says1 8,& ?\1 ,solomon my son1 "k ?\ ! ,god ( ?y fa!r1 & s]ve him ) a p]fect he>t 444 if ?\ seek him1 he w be f\nd ( !e2 b if ?\ =sake him1 he w ca/ !e (f = ev]0 7#a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #i74 ,! exhortation ref]s to ! intellectual conceptions1 n to ! imag9ations2 = ! latt] are n call$ 8k10 b 8t :i* come? into y\r m9d0 7,ezek4 xx4 #cb74 ,x has ?us be5 %[n t x mu/ be man's aim1 aft] hav+ acquir$ ! k ( ,god1 to deliv] himself up to ,him1 & to h 8 he>t con/antly fill$ ) long+ aft] ,him4 ,he accompli%es ?is g5]ally by seclusion & retirem5t4 ,e pi\s man %\ld !re=e seek retirem5t & seclusion1 & %\ld only 9 case ( necessity associate ) o!rs4 ,note4--,i h %[n y t ! intellect :i* emanates f ,god unto u is ! l9k t jo9s u to ,god4 ,y h x 9 y\r p[] to /r5g!n t bond1 if y *oose to d s1 or to weak5 x gradually till x breaks1 if y pref] ?is4 ,x w only become /rong :5 y employ x 9 ! love ( ,god1 & seek t love2 x w be weak5$ :5 y direct y\r ?\ghts to o!r ?+s4 ,y mu/ "k t ev5 if y 7 ! wise/ man 9 respect to ! true k ( ,god1 y break ! bond betwe5 y & ,god :5ev] y turn entirely y\r ?\ghts to ! necess>y food or any necess>y bus9ess2 y are !n n ) ,god1 & ,he is n ) y2 = t relation betwe5 y & ,him is actually int]rupt$ 9 ^? mom5ts4 ,! pi\s 7 !re=e p>ticul> to re/rict ! "t 9 :i* !y c\ld n m$itate ^u ! "n ( ,god1 & caution$ o!rs ab\t x1 say+1 8,let n y\r m9ds be vacant f reflections ^u ,god40 ,9 ! same s5se did ,david say1 8,i h set ! ,"l always be=e me2 because he is at my "r h&1 ,i %all n be mov$0 7,ps4 xvi4 #h72 i4e41 ,i d n turn my ?\ghts away f ,god2 ,he is l my "r h&1 :i* ,i d n =get ev5 = a mom5t on acc\nt ( ! ease ( its motions1 & !re=e ,i %all n be mov$1 ,i %all n fall4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t all su* religi\s acts z read+ ! ,law1 pray+1 & ! p]=mance ( o!r precepts1 s]ve exclusively z ! means ( caus+ u to occupy & fill our m9d ) ! precepts ( ,god1 & free x f worldly bus9ess2 = we are ?us1 z x 71 9 communication ) ,god1 & undi/urb$ by any o!r ?+4 ,if we1 h[ev]1 pray ) ! motion ( our lips1 & our face t[>d ! wall1 b at ! same "t ?9k ( our bus9ess2 if we read ! ,law ) our tongue1 :il/ our he>t is occupi$ ) ! build+ ( our h\se1 & we d n ?9k ( :at we are read+2 if we p]=m ! comm&m5ts only ) our limbs1 we are l ^? :o are engag$ 9 digg+ 9 ! gr\nd1 or hew+ wood 9 ! =e/1 )\t reflect+ on ! nature ( ^? acts1 or by :om !y are comm&$1 or :at is _! object4 ,we mu/ n imag9e t 9 ?is way we atta9 ! highe/ p]fection2 on ! contr>y1 we are !n l ^? 9 ref]5ce to :om ,scripture says1 8,?\ art ne> 9 _! m\?1 & f> f _! re9s0 7,j]4 xii4 #b74 ,i w n[ comm5ce to %[ y ! way h[ to educate & tra9 y\rselves 9 ord] to atta9 t great p]fection4 ,! fir/ ?+ y mu/ d is ?is3 ,turn y\r ?\ghts away f ev]y?+ :ile y read ,%ema or dur+ ! ,tefillah1 & d n cont5t y\rself ) be+ dev\t :5 y read ! fir/ v]se ( ,%ema1 or ! fir/ p>agraph ( ! pray]4 ,:5 y h successfully practis$ ?is = _m ye>s1 try 9 read+ ! ,law or li/5+ to x1 to h all y\r he>t & all y\r ?\ght occupi$ ) und]/&+ :at y read or he>4 ,aft] "s "t :5 y h ma/]$ ?is1 accu/om y\rself to h y\r m9d free f all o!r ?\ghts :5 y read any portion ( ! o!r books ( ! prophets1 or :5 y say any bless+2 & to h y\r att5tion direct$ exclusively to ! p]ception & ! und]/&+ ( :at y utt]4 ,:5 y h succe$$ 9 prop]ly p]=m+ ^! acts ( div9e s]vice1 & y h y\r ?\ght1 dur+ _! p]=mance1 entirely ab/ract$ f worldly affairs1 take !n c>e t y\r ?\ght be n di/urb$ by ?9k+ ( y\r wants or ( sup]flu\s ?+s4 ,9 %ort1 ?9k ( worldly matt]s :5 y eat1 dr9k1 ba!1 talk ) y\r wife & little *ildr51 or :5 y conv]se ) o!r p4 ,^! times1 :i* are frequ5t & long1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ suffice to y = reflect+ on ev]y?+ t is necess>y z reg>ds bus9ess1 h\sehold1 & heal?4 ,b :5 y are engag$ 9 ! p]=mance ( religi\s duties1 h y\r m9d exclusively direct$ to :at y are do+4 ,:5 y are alone by y\rself1 :5 y are awake on y\r c\*1 be c>eful to m$itate 9 su* preci\s mom5ts on no?+ b ! intellectual wor%ip ( ,god1 viz41 to approa* ,him & to m9i/] be=e ,him 9 ! true mann] :i* ,i h describ$ to y--n 9 holl[ emotions4 ,?is ,i consid] z ! highe/ p]fection wise m5 c atta9 by ! above tra9+4 ,:5 we h acquir$ a true k ( ,god1 & rejoice 9 t k 9 su* a mann]1 t :il/ speak+ ) o!rs1 or att5d+ to our bodily wants1 our m9d is all t "t ) ,god2 :5 we are ) our he>t con/antly ne> ,god1 ev5 :il/ our body is 9 ! society ( m52 :5 we are 9 t /ate :i* ! ,song on ! relation betwe5 ,god & man poetically describes 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,i sleep1 b my he>t wake?2 x is ! voice ( my belov$ knocke?0 7,song v4 #b73--!n we h atta9$ n only ! height ( ord9>y prophets1 b ( ,moses1 our ,tea*]1 ( :om ,scripture relates3 8,& ,moses alone %all come ne> be=e ! ,"l0 7ibid4 xxxiv4 #bh72 8,b z = !e1 /& ?\ "h by me0 7,deut4 v4 #bh74 ,! mean+ ( ^! v]ses has be5 expla9$ by u4 ,! ,patri>*s likewise atta9$ ?is degree ( p]fection2 !y approa*$ ,god 9 su* a mann] t ) !m ! "n ( ,god became kn[n 9 ! _w4 ,?us we read 9 ,scripture3 8,! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob4444 ,?is is ,my "n = ev]0 7,exod4 iii4 #ae74 ,_! m9d 0 s id5tifi$ ) ! k ( ,god1 t ,he made a la/+ cov5ant ) ea* ( !m3 8,!n w ,i rememb] my cov5ant ) ,jacob10 etc4 7,lev4 xxvi4 #db74 ,= x is kn[n f /atem5ts made 9 ,scripture t ^! f\r1 viz41 ! ,patri>*s & ,moses1 _h _! m9ds exclusively fill$ ) ! "n ( ,god1 t is1 ) ,8 k & love2 & t 9 ! same measure 0 ,div9e ,provid5ce atta*$ to !m & _! desc5dants4 ,:5 we !re=e f9d !m also1 engag$ 9 rul+ o!rs1 9 increas+ _! prop]ty1 & endeav\r+ to obta9 possession ( weal? & hon\r1 we see 9 ?is fact a pro( t :5 !y 7 occupi$ 9 ^! ?+s1 only _! bodily limbs 7 at "w1 :il/ _! he>t & m9d nev] mov$ away f ! "n ( ,god4 ,i ?9k ^! f\r rea*$ t high degree ( p]fection 9 _! relation to ,god1 & enjoy$ ! cont9ual pres5ce ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ev5 9 _! endeav\rs to increase _! prop]ty1 fe$+ ! flock1 toil+ 9 ! field1 or manag+ ! h\se1 only because 9 all ^! ?+s _! end & aim 0 to approa* ,god z mu* z possible4 ,x 0 ! *ief aim ( _! :ole life to create a p t %\ld "k & wor%ip ,god4 ,comp4 8,= ,i "k him1 t he w comm& 8 *ildr5 & 8 h\sehold aft] him0 7,g54 xviii4 #ai74 ,! object ( all _! lab\rs 0 to publi% ! ,unity ( ,god 9 ! _w1 & to induce p to love ,him2 & x 0 on ?is acc\nt t !y succe$$ 9 rea*+ t high degree2 = ev5 ^? worldly affairs 7 = !m a p]fect wor%ip ( ,god4 ,b a p]son l myself mu/ n imag9e t he is able to lead m5 up to ?is degree ( p]fection4 ,x is only ! next degree to x t c be atta9$ by means ( ! above-m5tion$ tra9+4 ,& let u pray to ,god & besee* ,him t ,he cle> & remove f our way ev]y?+ t =ms an ob/ruction & a p>tition betwe5 u & ,him1 al?\gh mo/ ( ^! ob/acles are our own creation1 z has sev]al times be5 %[n 9 ?is treatise4 ,comp4 8,y\r iniquities h sep>at$ betwe5 y & y\r ,god0 7,isa4 lix4 #b74 ,an excell5t idea pres5ts itself "h to me1 :i* may s]ve to remove _m d\bts1 & may help to solve _m difficult problems 9 metaphysics4 ,we h already /at$ 9 ! *apt]s :i* treat ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 t ,provid5ce wat*es ov] e rational be+ accord+ to ! am\nt ( intellect :i* t be+ possesses4 ,^? :o are p]fect 9 _! p]ception ( ,god1 ^: m9d is nev] sep>at$ f ,him1 enjoy always ! influ5ce ( ,provid5ce4 ,b ^? :o1 p]fect 9 _! k ( ,god1 turn _! m9d sometimes away f ,god1 enjoy ! pres5ce ( ,div9e ,provid5ce only :5 !y m$itate on ,god2 :5 _! ?\ghts are engag$ 9 o!r matt]s1 div9e ,provid5ce dep>ts f !m4 ,! abs5ce ( ,provid5ce 9 ?is case is n l its abs5ce 9 ! case ( ^? :o d n reflect on ,god at all2 x is 9 ?is case less int5se1 because :5 a p]son p]fect 9 8 k ( ,god is busy ) worldly matt]s1 he has n k 9 actuality1 b only k 9 pot5tiality ?\gh ready to become actual4 ,?is p]son is !n l a tra9$ scribe :5 he is n writ+4 ,^? :o h no k ( ,god are l ^? :o are 9 con/ant d>kness & h nev] se5 light4 ,we h expla9$ 9 ?is s5se ! words3 8,! wick$ %all be sil5t 9 d>kness0 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #i7 :il/ ^? :o possess ! k ( ,god1 & h _! ?\ghts entirely direct$ to t k1 are1 z x 71 always 9 bright sun%9e2 & ^? :o h ! k1 b are at times engag$ 9 o!r !mes1 h !n z x 7 a cl\dy day3 ! sun does n %9e = !m on acc\nt ( ! cl\d t int]v5es betwe5 !m & ,god4 ,h5ce x appe>s to me t x is only 9 times ( su* neglect t "s ( ! ord9>y evils befall a prophet or a p]fect & pi\s man2 & ! int5sity ( ! evil is proportional to ! duration ( ^? mom5ts1 or to ! "* ( ! ?+s t ?us occupy _! m9d4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! great difficulty is remov$ t l$ philosoph]s to ass]t t ,provid5ce does n ext5d to e individual1 & t man is l any o!r liv+ be+ 9 ?is respect1 viz41 ! argum5t bas$ on ! fact t good & pi\s m5 are afflict$ ) great evils4 ,we h ?us expla9$ ?is difficult "q ev5 9 accordance ) ! philosoph]s' own pr9ciples4 ,div9e ,provid5ce is con/antly wat*+ ov] ^? :o h obta9$ t bless+ :i* is prep>$ = ^? :o endeav\r to obta9 x4 ,if man frees 8 ?\ghts f worldly matt]s1 obta9s a k ( ,god 9 ! "r way1 & rejoices 9 t k1 x is impossible t any k9d ( evil %\ld befall him :ile he is ) ,god1 & ,god ) him4 ,:5 he does n m$itate on ,god1 :5 he is sep>at$ f ,god1 !n ,god is also sep>at$ f him2 !n he is expos$ to any evil t might befall him2 = x is only t intellectual l9k ) ,god t secures ! pres5ce ( ,provid5ce & protection f evil accid5ts4 ,h5ce x may occur t ! p]fect man is at times n happy1 :il/ no evil befalls ^? :o are imp]fect2 9 ^! cases :at happ5s to !m is due to *ance4 ,?is pr9ciple ,i f9d also express$ 9 ! ,law4 ,comp4 8,& ,i w hide my face f !m1 & !y %all be dev\r$1 & _m evils & tr\bles %all befall !m2 s t !y w say 9 t day1 ,are n ^! evils come ^u u1 because our ,god is n among u80 7,deut4 xxxi4 #ag74 ,x is cle> t we ourselves are ! cause ( ?is hid+ ( ! face1 & t ! scre5 t sep>ates u f ,god is ( our own creation4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! words3 8,& ,i w surely hide my face 9 t day1 = all ! evils :i* !y %all h wr\ght0 7ibid4 v]4 #ah74 ,!re is und\bt$ly no diff]5ce 9 ?is reg>d betwe5 "o s+le p]son & a :ole community4 ,x is n[ cle>ly e/abli%$ t ! cause ( our be+ expos$ to *ance1 & ab&on$ to de/ruction l cattle1 is to be f\nd 9 our sep>ation f ,god4 ,^? :o h _! ,god dwell+ 9 _! he>ts1 are n t\*$ by any evil :atev]4 ,= ,god says3 8,fe> ?\ n1 = ,i am ) !e2 be n dismay$1 = ,i am ?y ,god0 7,isa4 xli4 #aj74 8,:5 ?\ passe/ ?r\gh ! wat]s1 ,i w be ) !e2 & ?r\gh ! riv]s1 !y %all n ov]fl[ !e0 7ibid4 xliii4 #b74 ,= if we prep>e ourselves1 & atta9 ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e ,intellect1 ,provid5ce is jo9$ to u1 & we are gu>d$ aga9/ all evils4 ,comp4 8,! ,"l is on my side2 ,i w n fe>2 :at c man d unto me80 7,ps4 cxviii4 #f74 8,acqua9t n[ ?yself ) him1 & be at peace0 7,job xxii4 #ba72 i4e41 turn unto ,him1 & y w be safe f all evil4 ,consid] ! ,psalm on mi%aps1 & see h[ ! au?or describes t great ,provid5ce1 ! protection & def5ce f all mi%aps t conc]n ! body1 bo? f ^? t are common to all p1 & ^? t conc]n only "o c]ta9 individual2 f ^? t are due to ! laws ( ,nature1 & ^? t are caus$ by our fell[-m54 ,! ,psalmi/ says3 8,surely he w deliv] !e f ! sn>e ( ! f[l]1 & f ! noisome pe/il5ce4 ,he %all cov] !e ) 8 fea!rs1 & "u 8 w+s %alt ?\ tru/3 ,8 tru? %all be ?y %ield & buckl]4 ,?\ %alt n be afraid = ! t]ror by night2 nor = ! arr[ t flie? by day0 7,ps4 xci4 #c-e74 ,! au?or !n relates h[ ,god protects u f ! tr\bles caus$ by m51 say+1 ,if y happ5 to meet on y\r way ) an army fight+ ) drawn swords1 kill+ ?\s&s at y\r left h& & myriads at y\r "r h&1 y w n suff] any h>m2 y w behold & see h[ ,god judges & puni%es ! wick$ t are be+ sla91 :il/ y rema9 unhurt4 8,a ?\s& %all fall at ?y side1 & t5 ?\s& at ?y "r h&2 b x %all n come nigh !e4 ,only ) ?9e eyes %alt ?\ behold & see ! rew>d ( ! wick$0 7ibid4 v]s4 #g1 #h74 ,! au?or !n cont9ues 8 description ( ! div9e def5ce & %elt]1 & %[s ! cause ( ?is great protection1 say+ t su* a man is well gu>d$ 8,because he ha? set 8 love ^u me1 !re=e w ,i deliv] him3 ,i w set him on high1 because he ha? kn[n my "n0 7ibid4 v]4 #ad74 ,we h %[n 9 previ\s *apt]s t by ! 8k ( ,god's "n10 ! k ( ,god is meant4 ,! above passage may !re=e be p>aphras$ z foll[s3 8,?is man is well gu>d$1 because he ha? kn[n me1 & !n 7bi *a%ak7 lov$ me40 ,y "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ,hebrew t]ms t signify 8to love10 ahab & a%ak4 ,:5 a man's love is s int5se t 8 ?\ght is exclusively engag$ ) ! object ( 8 love1 x is express$ 9 ,hebrew by ! t]m a%ak4 ,! philosoph]s h already expla9$ h[ ! bodily =ces ( man 9 8 y\? prev5t ! developm5t ( moral pr9ciples4 ,9 a great] measure ?is is ! case z reg>ds ! purity ( ?\ght :i* man atta9s ?r\gh ! p]fection ( ^? ideas t lead him to an int5se love ( ,god4 ,man c by no means atta9 ?is s long z 8 bodily hum\rs are hot4 ,! m ! =ces ( 8 body are weak5$1 & ! fire ( passion qu5*$1 9 ! same measure does man's intellect increase 9 /r5g? & light2 8 k becomes pur]1 & he is happy ) 8 k4 ,:5 ?is p]fect man is /rick5 9 age & is ne> dea?1 8 k mightily increases1 8 joy 9 t k gr[s great]1 & 8 love = ! object ( 8 k m int5se1 & x is 9 ?is great delight t ! s\l sep>ates f ! body4 ,to ?is /ate our ,sages ref]r$1 :5 9 ref]5ce to ! dea? ( ,moses1 ,a>on1 & ,miriam1 !y said t dea? 0 9 ^! ?ree cases no?+ b a kiss4 ,!y say ?us3 ,we le>n f ! words1 8,& ,moses ! s]vant ( ! ,"l di$ !re 9 ! l& ( ,moab by ! m\? ( ! ,"l0 7,deut4 xxxiv4 #e71 t 8 dea? 0 a kiss4 ,! same expression is us$ ( ,a>on3 8,& ,a>on ! prie/ w5t up into ,m\nt ,hor 444 by ! m\? ( ! ,"l1 & di$ !re0 7,num4 xxxiii4 #ch74 ,our ,sages said t ! same 0 ! case ) ,miriam2 b ! phrase 8by ! m\? ( ! ,"l0 is n employ$1 because x 0 n consid]$ appropriate to use ^! words 9 ! description ( h] dea? z %e 0 a female4 ,! mean+ ( ?is say+ is t ^! ?ree di$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! pleasure d]iv$ f ! k ( ,god & _! great love = ,him4 ,:5 our ,sages figuratively call ! k ( ,god unit$ ) int5se love = ,him a kiss1 !y foll[ ! well-kn[n poetical diction 8,let him kiss me ) ! kisses ( 8 m\?0 7,song i4 #b74 ,?is k9d ( dea?1 :i* 9 tru? is deliv]ance f dea?1 has be5 ascrib$ by our ,sages to none b to ,moses1 ,a>on1 & ,miriam4 ,! o!r prophets & pi\s m5 are b5ea? t degree2 b _! k ( ,god is /r5g!n$ :5 dea? approa*es4 ,( !m ,scripture says1 8,?y righte\sness %all g be=e !e2 ! glory ( ! ,"l %all be ?y r]ew>d0 7,isa4 lviii4 #h74 ,! intellect ( ^! m5 rema9s !n con/antly 9 ! same condition1 s9ce ! ob/acle is remov$ t at times has int]v5$ betwe5 ! intellect & ! object ( its action2 x cont9ues = ev] 9 t great delight1 :i* is n l bodily pleasure4 ,we h expla9$ ?is 9 our "w1 & o!rs h expla9$ x be=e u4 ,try to und]/& ?is *apt]1 endeav\r ) all y\r might to sp5d m & m "t 9 communion ) ,god1 or 9 ! attempt to approa* ,him2 & to r$uce ! h\rs :i* y sp5d 9 o!r occupations1 & dur+ :i* y are n /riv+ to come ne>] unto ,him4 ,?is in/ruction suffices = ! object ( ?is treatise4 ,,*apt] ,,lii ,we d n sit1 move1 & occupy ourselves :5 we are alone & at home 9 ! same mann] z we d 9 ! pres5ce ( a great k+2 we speak & op5 our m\? z we please :5 we are ) ! p ( our own h\sehold & ) our relatives1 b n s :5 we are 9 a royal assembly4 ,if we !re=e desire to atta9 human p]fection1 & to be truly m5 ( ,god1 we mu/ awake f our sleep1 & be> 9 m9d t ! great k+ t is ov] u1 & is always jo9$ to u1 is great] ?an any e>?ly k+1 great] ?an ,david & ,solomon4 ,! k+ t cleaves to u & embraces u is ! ,intellect t influ5ces u1 & =ms ! l9k betwe5 u & ,god4 ,we p]ceive ,god by means ( t light t ,he s5ds d[n unto u1 :]e=e ! ,psalmi/ says1 8,9 ,?y light %all we see light0 7,ps4 xxxvi4 #i73 s ,god looks d[n ^u u ?r\gh t same light1 & is always ) u behold+ & wat*+ u on acc\nt ( ?is light4 8,c any hide himself 9 secret places t ,i %all n see him80 7,j]4 xxiii4 #bd74 ,note ?is p>ticul>ly4 ,:5 ! p]fect be> ?is 9 m9d1 !y w be fill$ ) fe> ( ,god1 humility1 & piety1 ) true1 n app>5t1 rev]5ce & respect ( ,god1 9 su* a mann] t _! conduct1 ev5 :5 alone ) _! wives or 9 ! ba?1 w be z mode/ z !y are 9 public int]c\rse ) o!r p4 ,?us x is relat$ ( our r5[n$ ,sages t ev5 9 _! sexual int]c\rse ) _! wives !y behav$ ) great mode/y4 ,!y also said1 8,:o is mode/8 ,he ^: conduct 9 ! d>k night is ! same z 9 ! day40 ,y "k also h[ mu* !y w>n$ u n to walk pr\dly1 s9ce 8! fulness ( ! :ole e>? is ,8 glory0 7,isa4 vi4 #c74 ,!y ?\ght t by ^! rules ! above-m5tion$ idea w be firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! he>ts ( m51 viz41 t we are always be=e ,god1 & x is 9 ! pres5ce ( ,8 glory t we g to & fro4 ,! great m5 among our ,sages w\ld n uncov] _! heads because !y believ$ t ,god's glory 0 r\nd !m & ov] !m2 = ! same reason !y spoke little4 ,9 our ,comm5t>y on ! ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs 7*ap4 i4 #ag7 we h fully expla9$ h[ we h to re/rict our spee*4 ,comp4 8,= ,god is 9 heav5 & ?\ ^u e>?1 !re=e let ?y words be few0 7,eccles4 v4 #a74 ,:at ,i h "h po9t$ out to y is ! object ( all our religi\s acts4 ,= by c>ry+ out all ! details ( ! prescrib$ practices1 & repeat+ !m cont9ually1 "s few pi\s m5 may atta9 human p]fection4 ,!y w be fill$ ) respect & rev]5ce t[>ds ,god2 & be>+ 9 m9d :o is ) !m1 !y w p]=m _! duty4 ,god decl>es 9 pla9 words t x is ! object ( all religi\s acts to produce 9 man fe> ( ,god & ob$i5ce to ,8 ^w--! /ate ( m9d :i* we h demon/rat$ 9 ?is *apt] = ^? :o desire to "k ! tru?1 z be+ our duty to seek4 ,comp4 8,if ?\ wilt n obs]ve to d all ! words ( ?is law t are writt5 9 ?is book1 t ?\ maye/ fe> ?is glori\s & fe>ful "n1 ! ,"l ?y ,god0 7,deut4 xxviii4 #eh74 ,consid] h[ cle>ly x is /at$ "h t ! only object & aim ( 8all ! words ( ?is law0 is to make man fe> 8! glori\s & fe>ful "n40 ,t ?is end is atta9$ by c]ta9 acts we le>n likewise f ! phrase employ$ 9 ?is v]se3 8,if ?\ wilt n obs]ve to d 444 t ?\ maye/ fe>40 ,= ?is phrase cle>ly %[s t fe> ( ,god is inculcat$ into our he>ts :5 we act 9 accordance ) ! positive & ! negative precepts4 ,b ! tru?s :i* ! ,law tea*es u--! k ( ,god's ,exi/5ce & ,unity--create 9 u love ( ,god1 z we h %[n repeat$ly4 ,y "k h[ frequ5tly ! ,law exhorts u to love ,god4 ,comp4 8,& ?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y might0 7,deut4 vi4 #e74 ,! two objects1 love & fe> ( ,god1 are acquir$ by two diff]5t means4 ,! love is ! result ( ! tru?s taught 9 ! ,law1 includ+ ! true k ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god2 :il/ fe> ( ,god is produc$ by ! practices prescrib$ 9 ! ,law4 ,note ?is explanation4 ,,*apt] ,,liii ,?is *apt] treats ( ! mean+ ( ?ree t]ms :i* we f9d necess>y to expla91 viz41 es$ 78lov+-k9dness071 mi%pat 78judgm5t071 & edakah 78righte\sness074 ,9 our ,comm5t>y on ! ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs 7*ap4 v4 #g7 we h expla9$ ! expression es$ z d5ot+ an excess 9 "s moral quality4 ,x is especially us$ ( extraord9>y k9dness4 ,lov+-k9dness is practis$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 we %[ k9dness to ^? :o h no claim :atev] ^u u2 secondly1 we are k9d to ^? to :om x is due1 9 a great] measure ?an is due to !m4 ,9 ! inspir$ writ+s ! t]m es$ occurs mo/ly 9 ! s5se ( %[+ k9dness to ^? :o h no claim to x :atev]4 ,= ?is reason ! t]m es$ is employ$ to express ! good be/[$ ^u u by ,god3 8,i w m5tion ! lov+-k9dness ( ! ,"l0 7,isa4 lxiii4 #g74 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! v act ( ! creation is an act ( ,god's lov+-k9dness4 8,i h said1 ,! ,univ]se is built up 9 lov+-k9dness0 7,ps4 lxxxix4 #c72 i4e41 ! build+ up ( ! ,univ]se is an act ( lov+-k9dness4 ,also1 9 ! enum]ation ( ,god's attributes1 ,scripture says3 8,& abundant 9 lov+-k9dness0 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #f74 ,! t]m edakah is d]iv$ f edek1 8righte\sness02 x d5otes ! act ( giv+ e "o 8 due1 & ( %[+ k9dness to e be+ accord+ z x des]ves4 ,9 ,scripture1 h[ev]1 ! expression edakah is n us$ 9 ! fir/ s5se1 & does n apply to ! paym5t ( :at we owe to o!rs4 ,:5 we !re=e give ! hir$ lab\r] 8 wages1 or pay a debt1 we d n p]=m an act ( edakah4 ,b we d p]=m an act ( edakah :5 we fulfil ^? duties t[>ds our fell[-m5 :i* our moral consci5ce imposes ^u u2 e4g41 :5 we heal ! w\nd ( ! suff]]4 ,?us ,scripture says1 9 ref]5ce to ! return+ ( ! pl$ge to ! poor debtor3 8,& x %all be edakah 7righte\sness7 unto !e0 7,deut4 xxiv4 #aa74 ,:5 we walk 9 ! way ( virtue we act righte\sly t[>ds our intellectual faculty1 & pay :at is due unto x2 & because e virtue is ?us edakah1 ,scripture applies ! t]m to ! virtue ( fai? 9 ,god4 ,comp4 8,& he believ$ 9 ! ,"l1 & he acc\nt$ x to him z righte\sness0 7,g54 xv4 #f72 8,& x %all be our righte\sness0 7,deut4 vi4 #be74 ,! n\n mi%pat1 8judgm5t10 d5otes ! act ( decid+ ^u a c]ta9 action 9 accordance ) ju/ice :i* may dem& ei!r m]cy or puni%m5t4 ,we h ?us %[n t es$ d5otes pure *>ity2 edakah k9dness1 prompt$ by a c]ta9 moral consci5ce 9 man1 & be+ a means ( atta9+ p]fection = 8 s\l1 :il/ mi%pat may 9 "s cases f9d expression 9 rev5ge1 9 o!r cases 9 m]cy4 ,9 discuss+ ! impropriety ( admitt+ attributes ( ,god 7,"p ,i41 *ap4 liii41 seq471 we /at$ t ! div9e attributes :i* occur 9 ,scripture are attributes ( ,8 actions2 ?us ,he is call$ asid1 8k9d10 because ,he creat$ ! ,univ]se2 addik1 8righte\s10 on acc\nt ( ,8 m]cy ) ! weak1 9 provid+ = e liv+ be+ accord+ to its p[]s2 & %(et1 8judge10 on acc\nt ( ! relative good & ! great relative evils t are decre$ by ,god's ju/ice z direct$ by ,8 wisdom4 ,^! ?ree names occur 9 ! ,p5tateu*3 8,%all n ! ,judge 7%(et7 ( all ! e>?10 etc4 7,g54 xviii4 #be72 8,righte\s 7addik7 & upright is he0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d72 8,abundant 9 lov+-k9dness0 7es$1 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #f74 ,we int5d$ 9 expla9+ ^! ?ree t]ms to prep>e ! read] = ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,liv ,! t]m okmah 78wisdom07 9 ,hebrew is us$ ( f\r diff]5t ?+s3 7#a7 ,x d5otes ! k ( ^? tru?s :i* lead to ! k ( ,god4 ,comp4 8,b :]e %all wisdom be f\nd80 7,job xxviii4 #ab72 8,if ?\ seeke/ h] l silv]0 7,prov4 ii4 #d74 ,! ^w occurs frequ5tly 9 ?is s5se4 7#b7 ,! expression okmah d5otes also k ( any workman%ip4 ,comp4 8,& e wise-he>t$ among y %all come & make all t ! ,"l ha? comm&$0 7,exod4 xxxv4 #aj72 8,& all ! wom5 t 7 wise-he>t$ did sp90 7ibid4 v]4 #be74 7#c7 ,x is also us$ ( ! acquisition ( moral pr9ciples4 ,comp4 8,& tea* 8 s5ators wisdom0 7,ps4 cv4 #bb72 8,) ! anci5t is wisdom0 7,job xii4 #ab73 = x is *iefly ! disposition = acquir+ moral pr9ciples t is develop$ by old age alone4 7#d7 ,x implies1 la/ly1 ! notion ( cunn+ & subtlety2 comp4 8,come on1 let u deal wisely ) !m0 7,exod4 i4 #aj74 ,9 ! same s5se ! t]m is us$ 9 ! foll[+ passages3 8,& fet*$ !nce a wise woman0 7#b ,sam4 xiv4 #b72 8,!y are wise to d evil0 7,j]4 iv4 #bb74 ,x is possible t ! ,hebrew okmah 78wisdom07 expresses ! idea ( cunn+ & plann+1 :i* may s]ve 9 "o case z a means ( acquir+ intellectual p]fection1 or good moral pr9ciples2 b may 9 ano!r case produce skill 9 workman%ip1 or ev5 be employ$ 9 e/abli%+ bad op9ions & pr9ciples4 ,! attribute akam 78wise07 is !re=e giv5 to a p]son t possesses great intellectual faculties1 or good moral pr9ciples1 or skill 9 art2 b also to p]sons cunn+ 9 evil de$s & pr9ciples4 ,accord+ to ?is explanation1 a p]son t has a true k ( ! :ole ,law is call$ wise 9 a d\ble s5se2 he is wise because ! ,law in/ructs him 9 ! highe/ tru?s1 & secondly1 because x tea*es him good morals4 ,b z ! tru?s conta9$ 9 ! ,law are taught by way ( tradition1 n by a philosophical me?od1 ! k ( ! ,law1 & ! acquisition ( true wisdom1 are treat$ 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets & 9 ! words ( our ,sages z two diff]5t ?+s2 real wisdom demon/rates by pro( ^? tru?s :i* ,scripture tea*es u by way ( tradition4 ,x is to ?is k9d ( wisdom1 :i* proves ! tru? ( ! ,law1 t ,scripture ref]s :5 x extols wisdom1 & speaks ( ! high value ( ?is p]fection1 & ( ! consequ5t paucity ( m5 capable ( acquir+ x1 9 say+s l ^!3 8,n _m are wise0 7,job xxxii4 #i72 8,b :]e %all wisdom be f\nd0 7ibid4 xxviii4 #ab78 ,9 ! writ+s ( our ,sages we notice likewise _m passages 9 :i* di/9ction is made betwe5 k ( ! ,law & wisdom4 ,!y say ( ,moses1 our ,tea*]1 t he 0 ,fa!r 9 ! k ( ! ,law1 9 wisdom & 9 prophecy4 ,:5 ,scripture says ( ,solomon1 8,& he 0 wis] ?an all m50 7#a ,k+s v4 #aa71 our ,sages add1 8b n great] ?an ,moses02 & ! phrase1 8?an all m510 is expla9$ to mean1 8?an all m5 ( 8 g5]ation02 = ?is reason only 8,heman1 ,*alcol1 & ,d>da1 ! sons ( ,mahol10 ! r5[n$ wise m5 ( t "t1 are nam$4 ,our ,sages fur!r say1 t man has fir/ to r5d] acc\nt conc]n+ 8 k ( ! ,law1 !n conc]n+ ! acquisition ( wisdom1 & at la/ conc]n+ ! lessons d]iv$ by logical conclusions f ! ,law1 i4e41 ! lessons conc]n+ 8 actions4 ,?is is also ! "r ord]3 we mu/ fir/ le>n ! tru?s by tradition1 aft] ?is we mu/ be taught h[ to prove !m1 & !n inve/igate ! actions t help to improve man's ways4 ,! idea t man w h to r5d] acc\nt conc]n+ ^! ?ree ?+s 9 ! ord] describ$1 is express$ by our ,sages 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,:5 man comes to ! trial1 he is fir/ ask$1 #8,ha/ ?\ fix$ c]ta9 seasons = ! /udy ( ! ,law8 ,ha/ ?\ be5 engag$ 9 ! acquisition ( wisdom8 ,ha/ ?\ d]iv$ f "o ?+ ano!r ?+8'0 ,?is proves t our ,sages di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! k ( ! ,law on ! "o h&1 & wisdom on ! o!r1 z ! means ( prov+ ! lessons taught 9 ! ,law by correct reason+4 ,he> n[ :at ,i h to say aft] hav+ giv5 ! above explanation4 ,! anci5t & ! mod]n philosoph]s h %[n t man c acquire f\r k9ds ( p]fection4 ,! fir/ k9d1 ! l[e/1 9 ! acquisition ( :i* p sp5d _! days1 is p]fection z reg>ds prop]ty2 ! possession ( money1 g>m5ts1 furniture1 s]vants1 l&1 & ! l2 ! possession ( ! title ( a great k+ belongs to ?is class4 ,!re is no close connexion betwe5 ?is possession & its possessor2 x is a p]fectly imag9>y relation :5 on acc\nt ( ! great advantage a p]son d]ives f ^! possessions1 he says1 ,?is is my h\se1 ?is is my s]vant1 ?is is my money1 & ^! are my ho/s & armies4 ,= :5 he exam9es himself he w f9d t all ^! ?+s are ext]nal1 & _! qualities are entirely indep5d5t ( ! possessor4 ,:51 !re=e1 t relation ceases1 he t has be5 a great k+ may "o morn+ f9d t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 him & ! l[e/ p]son1 & yet no *ange has tak5 place 9 ! ?+s :i* 7 ascrib$ to him4 ,! philosoph]s h %[n t he ^: sole aim 9 all 8 ex]tions & endeav\rs is ! possession ( ?is k9d ( p]fection1 only seeks p]fectly imag9>y & transi5t ?+s2 & ev5 if ^! rema9 8 prop]ty all 8 lifetime1 !y d n give him any p]fection4 ,! second k9d is m closely relat$ to man's body ?an ! fir/4 ,x includes ! p]fection ( ! %ape1 con/itution1 & =m ( man's body2 ! utmo/ ev5ness ( temp]am5ts1 & ! prop] ord] & /r5g? ( 8 limbs4 ,?is k9d ( p]fection mu/ likewise be exclud$ f =m+ our *ief aim2 because x is a p]fection ( ! body1 & man does n possess x z man1 b z a liv+ be+2 he has ?is prop]ty besides 9 common ) ! l[e/ animal2 & ev5 if a p]son possesses ! greate/ possible /r5g?1 he c\ld n be z /rong z a mule1 mu* less c he be z /rong z a lion or an elephant2 he1 !re=e1 c at ! utmo/ h /r5g? t might enable him to c>ry a heavy burd51 or break a ?ick sub/ance1 or d simil> ?+s1 9 :i* !re is no great pr(it = ! body4 ,! s\l d]ives no pr(it :atev] f ?is k9d ( p]fection4 ,! ?ird k9d ( p]fection is m closely connect$ ) man himself ?an ! second p]fection4 ,x includes moral p]fection1 ! highe/ degree ( excell5cy 9 man's "*4 ,mo/ ( ! precepts aim at produc+ ?is p]fection2 b ev5 ?is k9d is only a prep>ation = ano!r p]fection1 & is n s\ght = its own sake4 ,= all moral pr9ciples conc]n ! relation ( man to 8 neighb\r2 ! p]fection ( man's moral pr9ciples is1 z x 71 giv5 to man = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,imag9e a p]son be+ alone1 & hav+ no connexion :atev] ) any o!r p]son1 all 8 good moral pr9ciples are at re/1 !y are n requir$1 & give man no p]fection :atev]4 ,^! pr9ciples are only necess>y & useful :5 man comes 9 contact ) o!rs4 ,! f\r? k9d ( p]fection is ! true p]fection ( man2 ! possession ( ! highe/ intellectual faculties2 ! possession ( su* notions :i* lead to true metaphysical op9ions z reg>ds ,god4 ,) ?is p]fection man has obta9$ 8 f9al object2 x gives him true human p]fection2 x rema9s to him alone2 x gives him immortality1 & on its acc\nt he is call$ man4 ,exam9e ! fir/ ?ree l&s ( p]fection1 y w f9d t1 if y possess !m1 !y are n y\r prop]ty1 b ! prop]ty ( o!rs2 accord+ to ! ord9>y view1 h[ev]1 !y belong to y & to o!rs4 ,b ! la/ k9d ( p]fection is exclusively y\rs2 no "o else owns any "p ( x1 8,!y %all be only ?9e own1 & n /rang]s' ) !e0 7,prov4 v4 #ag74 ,y\r aim mu/ !re=e be to atta9 ?is f\r? p]fection t is exclusively y\rs1 & y ought n to cont9ue to "w & we>y y\rself = t :i* belongs to o!rs1 :il/ neglect+ y\r s\l till x has lo/ entirely its orig9al purity ?r\gh ! dom9ion ( ! bodily p[]s ov] x4 ,! same idea is express$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ^? poems1 :i* allegorically repres5t ! /ate ( our s\l4 8,my "m's *ildr5 7 angry ) me2 !y made me ! keep] ( ! v9ey>ds2 b m9e own v9ey>d h ,i n kept0 7,song i4 #f74 ,also ! foll[+ passage ref]s to ! same subject1 8,le/ ?\ give ?9e hon\r unto o!rs1 & ?y ye>s unto ! cruel0 7,prov4 v4 #i74 ,! prophets h likewise expla9$ unto u ^! ?+s1 & h express$ ! same op9ion on !m z ! philosoph]s4 ,!y say di/9ctly t p]fection 9 prop]ty1 9 heal?1 or 9 "*1 is n a p]fection wor?y to be s\ght z a cause ( pride & glory = u2 t ! k ( ,god1 i4e41 true wisdom1 is ! only p]fection :i* we %\ld seek1 & 9 :i* we %\ld glorify ourselves4 ,j]emiah1 ref]r+ to ^! f\r k9ds ( p]fection1 says3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,let n ! wise man glory 9 8 wisdom1 nei!r let ! mighty man glory 9 8 might1 let n ! ri* man glory 9 8 ri*es2 b let him t glorie? glory 9 ?is1 t he und]/&e? & kn[e? me0 7,j]4 ix4 #bb1 #bc74 ,see h[ ! prophet arrang$ !m accord+ to _! e/imation 9 ! eyes ( ! multitude4 ,! ri* man occupies ! fir/ rank2 next is ! mighty man2 & !n ! wise man2 t is1 ! man ( good moral pr9ciples3 = 9 ! eyes ( ! multitude1 :o are address$ 9 ^! words1 he is likewise a great man4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! ?ree classes are enum]at$ 9 ?is ord]4 ,our ,sages h likewise d]iv$ f ?is passage ! above-m5tion$ lessons1 & /at$ ! same !ory t has be5 expla9$ 9 ?is *apt]1 viz41 t ! simple t]m okmah1 z a rule1 d5otes ! highe/ aim ( man1 ! k ( ,god2 t ^? prop]ties :i* man acquires1 makes 8 peculi> treasure1 & consid]s z 8 p]fection1 9 reality d n include any p]fection2 & t ! religi\s acts prescrib$ 9 ! ,law1 viz41 ! v>i\s k9ds ( wor%ip & ! moral pr9ciples :i* b5efit all p 9 _! social int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 d n con/itute ! ultimate aim ( man1 nor c !y be comp>$ to x1 = !y are b prep>ations lead+ to x4 ,he> ! op9ion ( our ,sages on ?is subject 9 _! own words4 ,! passage occurs 9 ,b]e%it ,rabba1 & runs ?us1 8,9 "o place ,scripture says1 #8,& all ?+s t are desirable 7afaim7 are n to be comp>$ to h]' 7,prov4 viii4 #aa72 & 9 ano!r place1 #8,& all ?+s t ?\ desire/ 7afaea7 are n to be comp>$ unto h]'0 7ibid4 iii4 #ae74 ,by 8?+s t are desirable0 ! p]=mance ( ,div9e precepts & good de$s is to be und]/ood1 :il/ 8?+s t ?\ desire/0 ref] to preci\s /ones & pe>ls4 ,bo?--?+s t are desirable1 & ?+s t ?\ desire/--_c be comp>$ to wisdom1 b 89 ?is let him t glorie? glory1 t he und]/&e? & kn[e? me40 ,consid] h[ concise ?is say+ is1 & h[ p]fect its au?or2 h[ no?+ is "h omitt$ ( all t we h put =? aft] l5g?y explanations & prelim9>y rem>ks4 ,hav+ /at$ ! sublime ideas conta9$ 9 t ,scriptural passage1 & quot$ ! explanation ( our ,sages1 we w n[ complete :at ! rema9d] ( t passage tea*es u4 ,! prophet does n cont5t himself ) expla9+ t ! k ( ,god is ! highe/ k9d ( p]fection2 = if ?is only _h be5 8 int5tion1 he w\ld h said1 8,b 9 ?is let him :o glorie? glory1 t he und]/&e? & kn[e? me10 & w\ld h /opp$ !re2 or he w\ld h said1 8t he und]/&e? & kn[e? me t ,i am ,"o10 or1 8t ,i h n any lik5ess10 or1 8t !re is none l me10 or a simil> phrase4 ,he says1 h[ev]1 t man c only glory 9 ! k ( ,god & 9 ! k ( ,8 ways & attributes1 :i* are ,8 actions1 z we h %[n 7,"p ,i4 liv47 9 exp\nd+ ! passage1 8,%[ me n[ ?y ways0 7,exod4 xxxviii4 #ac74 ,we are ?us told 9 ?is passage t ! ,div9e acts :i* ought to be kn[n1 & ought to s]ve z a guide = our actions1 are1 es$1 8lov+-k9dness10 mi%pat1 8judgm5t10 & edakah1 8righte\sness40 ,ano!r v important lesson is taught by ! additional phrase1 89 ! e>?40 ,x implies a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,law2 x rejects ! !ory ( ^? :o boldly ass]t t ,god's provid5ce does n ext5d bel[ ! sph]e ( ! moon1 & t ! e>? ) its cont5ts is ab&on$1 t 8! ,"l ha? =sak5 ! e>?0 7,ez4 viii4 #ab74 ,x tea*es1 z has be5 taught by ! greate/ ( all wise m5 9 ! words1 8,! e>? is ! ,"l's0 7,exod4 ix4 #bi71 t ,8 provid5ce ext5ds to ! e>? 9 accordance ) its nature1 9 ! same mann] z x controls ! heav5s 9 accordance ) _! nature4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! words1 8,t ,i am ! ,"l :i* ex]cise lov+-k9dness1 judgm5t1 & righte\sness 9 ! e>?40 ,! prophet ?us1 9 conclusion1 says1 8,= 9 ^! ?+s ,i delight1 sai? ! ,"l10 i4e41 ,my object 9 say+ ?is is t y %all practise lov+-k9dness1 judgm5t1 & righte\sness 9 ! e>?4 ,9 a simil> mann] we h %[n 7,"p ,i4 liv47 t ! object ( ! enum]ation ( ,god's ?irte5 attributes is ! lesson t we %\ld acquire simil> attributes & act accord+ly4 ,! object ( ! above passage is !re=e to decl>e1 t ! p]fection1 9 :i* man c truly glory1 is atta9$ by him :5 he has acquir$--z f> z ?is is possible = man--! k ( ,god1 ! k ( ,8 ,provid5ce1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* x influ5ces ,8 creatures 9 _! production & cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,hav+ acquir$ ?is k he w !n be det]m9$ always to seek lov+-k9dness1 judgm5t1 & righte\sness1 & ?us to imitate ! ways ( ,god4 ,we h expla9$ ?is _m times 9 ?is treatise4 ,?is is all t ,i ?\ght prop] to discuss 9 ?is treatise1 & :i* ,i consid]$ useful = m5 l y4 ,i hope t1 by ! help ( ,god1 y w1 aft] due reflection1 compreh5d all ! ?+s :i* ,i h treat$ "h4 ,may ,he grant u & all ,israel ) u to atta9 :at ,he promis$ u1 8,!n ! eyes ( ! bl9d %all be op5$1 & ! e>s ( ! deaf %all be un/opp$0 7,isa4 xxxv4 #e72 8,! p t walk$ 9 d>kness h se5 a great light2 !y t dwell 9 ! %ad[ ( dea? ^u !m ha? ! light %9$0 7ibid4 ix4 #a74 ,god is ne> to all :o call ,him1 if !y call ,him 9 tru?1 & turn to ,him4 ,he is f\nd by e "o :o seeks ,him1 if he always goes t[>d ,him1 & nev] goes a/ray4 ,am54 ,,notes #a ,see infra1 page #d1 note #a4 #b ,see infra1 page #e1 note #d4 #c ,saadiah proves ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator 9 ! foll[+ way3--#a4 ,! ,univ]se is limit$1 & !re=e _c possess an unlimit$ =ce4 #b4 ,all ?+s are comp\nds2 ! composition mu/ be ow+ to "s ext]nal cause4 #c4 ,*anges obs]v$ 9 all be+s are effect$ by "s ext]nal cause4 #d4 ,if "t 7 inf9ite1 x w\ld be impossible to conceive ! progress ( "t f ! pres5t mom5t to ! future1 or f ! pa/ to ! pres5t mom5t4 7,emunot v$eot1 *4 i474--,baya f\nds 8 argum5ts on ?ree propositions3--#a4 ,a ?+ _c be its own mak]4 #b4 ,! s]ies ( successive causes is f9ite4 #c4 ,comp\nds owe _! exi/5ce to an ext]nal =ce4 ,8 argum5ts are3--#a4 ,! ,univ]se1 ev5 ! elem5ts1 are comp\nds consi/+ ( sub/ance & =m4 #b4 ,9 ! ,univ]se plan & unity is disc]nible4 7obot ha-lebabot1 *4 i47