,device ,series1 ,no4 #a4 ,,the ,,blackboard ,,clock1 ,device ,desk ,book ,for ,the ,primary ,teacher1 ,for teaching pupils in ,first ,year and ,kindergarten ,grades how to tell the time of day by the clock1 ,and ,time ,drill4 ,,by ,,eva ,,aldrich4 ,copyright1 #ahib1 by ,,eva ,,aldrich4 ,nature is the only ,perfect ,teacher4 ,he alone succeeds in the art who follows ,her precepts4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,the ,,blackboard ,,clock4 ,draw a circle1 about a foot in diameter1 on the blackboard1 in a convenient place where it may remain4 ,place a dot in the center4 ,inside the circle place the figures1 hour and minute marks as you have them on the face of your watch or clock4 ,if the clock is to be made on a wooden blackboard it will be best to have slips cut from tin for the hour and minute hands1 and fastened to the center of the face with a slender screw2 but if the board is of hard finish1 and a screw of any kind will not answer1 the next best plan will be to cut the hands from hard1 white pasteboard and fasten them in place by means of a long pin1 using a hard piece of pasteboard1 cut round1 for a washer4 ,exercise care to have the minute hand long enough to reach exactly to the minute spaces1 and the hour hand to the hour figures only4 ,the clock is thus made ready for use1 though it will be made more attractive by drawing lines representing a case about the face in colored crayon4 ,a smooth board having the dimensions of twelve by twenty inches1 or thereabout1 may be painted and prepared to represent a clock4 ,an old clock with a worn out movement answers still better for the purpose than the blackboard clock4 ,,teach ,,the ,,pupils ,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,the ,,time4 ,first1--,teach the pupils to count to sixty4 ,develop the idea of1 and teach the pupils to write the ,roman and ,arabic numbers to twelve inclusive4 ,teach the pupils that sixty minutes make an hour4 ,review by careful questioning that which was done at previous exercises4 ,develop all ideas as far as possible by questioning the pupils4 ,tell the ,pupils ,that3 ,the little spaces around the face of the clock are named minutes4 ,the big hand is the minute hand and it counts the minutes4 ,there are sixty little minutes around the face of the clock which the minute hand has to count4 ,the figures are named hours4 ,the little hand is the hour hand and it points out the hours4 ,the minute hand reaches clear to the minutes1 and the hour hand touches only the hours4 ,teach ,the ,hour4 ,when the hour hand points to figure #a1 it is one o'clock4 ,when the hour hand points to figure #b1 it is two o'clock4 ,when the hour hand points to figure #c1 it is three o'clock1 etc4 ,twelve is the home hour4 ,it is where the two hands live1 yet they are always going4 ,they never go backward4 ,they always start away from home and go around back home again4 ,they always get home together at dinner time1 that is1 twelve o'clock1 and again in the middle of the night1 midnight1 or twelve o'clock again4 ,exercise ,i4 ,send a pupil to the blackboard clock with a pointer2 have him point to one o'clock1 two o'clock1 etc4 ,let others do the same1 but do not continue till the attention of the class wavers4 ,let pupils count the minutes1 by turns1 each commencing where the one preceding him left off1 always following the course of the hands of a clock4 ,tell the ,pupils ,that3 ,it is not our work to do the pointing nor the counting4 ,the hour and minute hands on the face of a clock always do that to tell us what time it is4 ,the minute hand counts the minutes1 and the hour hand points to the hours4 ,when the hour hand points to #a1 it is one o'clock4 ,when the hour hand points to #b1 it is two o'clock1 etc4 ,let us play it is dinner time4 ,the hour and minute hands are home together1 ready to start out and go around again4 ,they are always ready to go and they always go the right way4 ,they never go the wrong way4 ,the minute hand goes all the way around1 counts all the minutes and gets back home while the hour hand goes to only one figure1 and then we know it is one o'clock1 because the hour hand is pointing to it4 ,the minute hand gets home just at the same time that the hour hand points to any hour4 ,there are twelve hours on the face of the clock4 ,it takes the hour hand a long time1 twelve hours1 to get home1 but the minute hand gets home as soon as it counts the minutes all round the face of the clock4 ,exercise ,,ii4 ,the teacher places the hands1 each time stopping the hour hand at the right hour1 and the minute hand at the twelve o'clock1 or home hour1 and having the pupils tell what time it is1 individually4 ,exercise ,,iii4 ,send a pupil to the board2 let him as the teacher dictates1 make it one o'clock1 two o'clock1 etc4 ,let others do the same4 ,never continue for a minute with flagging interest and attention4 ,drill until the pupils all see that the minute hand goes all the way around every time the hour hand goes from one hour to another4 ,teach ,the ,half ,past4 ,tell the pupils3--,when the hour hand gets past a number1 half way to the next number1 the minute hand has counted half the minutes and is half way home4 ,exercise ,,iv4 ,place the hands1 at the half past marks1 and let pupils tell individually what time it is4 ,let pupils place the hands at the half past marks as the teacher dictates4 ,the ,quarter ,hour4 ,develop the quarter past and quarter of by the same devices used for developing the half past4 ,combine the hour1 half hour and quarter hour exercises4 ,the ,minutes4 ,the minutes past and minutes of may be taught by various methods1 according to the ability of the pupils4 ,many exercises may be devised by the teacher besides these here given4 ,show ,the ,pupils ,that3 ,the minute hand counts all the minutes while the hour hand goes from one hour to another4 ,the minute hand goes twelve times as fast as the hour hand4 ,the minute hand counts twelve minutes while the hour hand is going past one minute4 ,exercise ,v4 ,play it is dinner time1 and the two hands are home together again1 but they cannot stop1 for it is their duty to always keep going4 ,now we find the hour hand has gone past just one minute4 ,it did not say anything about the minute nor even point at it because it never does do that4 ,it just went past twelve1 the home hour1 and then past one minute4 ,what did the minute hand do8 ,it counted twelve minutes4 ,then what time does the big minute hand tell us that it is8 ,it tells us that it is twelve minutes after1 or past twelve4 ,show ,the ,pupils ,that3 ,the minute hand gets home twelve times as often as the hour hand4 ,the minute hand starts from home just when the hour hand starts from an hour4 ,the number of minutes from home to the minute hand is what the minute hand has counted each time1 and it shows the time1 or minutes past an hour4 ,the number of minutes from the minute hand around to home again is what the minute hand will have to count each time1 and it shows the time or minutes to an hour1 or of an hour4 ,exercise ,,vi4 ,drill in placing hands for pupils to tell the time4 ,dictate for pupils to place hands4 ,,miscellaneous ,,drill4 ,one of the main objects of time drill in the schoolroom is to aid in effecting order4 ,decorum acquired from time drills in the schoolroom characterize pupils on the streets1 in public meetings1 and in society everywhere4 ,the following time drills are very beneficial3 ,exercises in timing pupils' work and plays4 ,training pupils to keep time to martial music by beating stepping or other movements4 ,one that little ones particularly enjoy is to hipity-hop in time to martial music4 ,any exercises in stepping1 beating or counting time4 ,beating the measures while practicing the natural scale in music4 ,practicing kindergarten plays in time to music or singing4 ,thorough training in school tactics4 ,all school tactics tend toward developing the faculty1 time4 ,for this reason the teacher cannot be too zealous in training it4 ,teaching the time table3 #fj seconds make a minute1 #fj minutes make an hour1 #bd hours make a day 7and night71 #g days make a week1 #d weeks make a month1 #ab months make a year1 #ajj years make a century4 ,guessing time1 as3-- ,letting pupils guess the time1 at any hour4 ,letting pupils close their eyes for a short period1 and afterward guessing how long a time it was4 ,letting pupils guess how long it took them to write or recite a certain lesson or to do a certain thing4 ,recollection of time as3-- ,having pupils recall the hour1 day1 week1 month or season any event with which they are familiar occurred4 ,having pupils recall the length of time that transpired between one event and another4 ,memorizing time1 as3-- ,requiring them to remember the time or dates certain events are to take place4 ,requiring them to remember appointments4 ,measuring time1 as3-- ,letting pupils hold their breath while they clap their hands one time1 two times1 three times1 etc41 as far as they can4 ,letting pupils give a certain sound while teacher holds up pencil a certain number of seconds4 ,sun time3-- ,the sun rises in the east4 ,when the sun rises it is morning4 ,when the sun shines in at the east windows it is forenoon4 ,when the sun shines strait in at the south windows it is noon4 ,when the sun shines strait down on you1 so that your shadow is right around your feet1 it is noon4 ,when the sun shines in at the west windows it is afternoon4 ,the sun sets in the west4 ,when the sun sets it is evening4 ,teach the abbreviations1 ,a4 ,m4 and ,p4 ,m4 ,how often1 ,at times3-- ,how often does the sun rise in a day8 in two days8 in a week8 etc4 ,how often does it rain4 ,how often do we go to school in a day8 in a week8 etc4 ,how often does your birthday come8 and like questions4 ,ages of persons3-- ,let pupils tell the dates of their birthdays1 their parents' birthdays1 or dates of the birthdays of brothers1 sisters or friends4 ,in some some way take special notice of1 or celebrate1 the birthdays of pupils when they occur during school months4 ,celebrate in some way also the birthdays of the most noted men and women4 ,speed3-- ,stopping1 beating or other movements1 measured3 slow1 fast4 ,practice exactness of time1 punctuality1 yourself2 children learn more by example than by precept4 ,require it always of your pupils4 ,teach them that 8,procrastination is the thief of time40 ,teach the pupils to regard the clock as a true companion4 ,songs3-- ,time songs and clock songs4 ,the time drill in music cannot be over done so long as the interest of the pupils is awakened4 ,record of time3-- ,require the noting of dates at the beginning of written exercises4 ,train pupils to carry the day of the month1 and year1 ,a4 ,d4 ,teach the abbreviation ,a4 ,d4 and its meaning4 ,economy of time3-- ,train pupils to economize time1 by doing everything the best way and and the shortest4 ,vigilance3-- ,allow pupils to now and then watch the clock and rise when the hands indicate a certain hour4 ,chronology3-- ,let pupils write or give the order of events that occurred during a certain period of time with which they are familiar4 ,order3-- ,have certain days for doing certain things4 ,have regular hours for regular recitations1 exercises1 etc4 ,,specified ,,time4 ,connect with stories and songs4 ,days ,of ,the ,week4 ,sunday1 the day of devotion and rest1 the ,sabbath4 ,monday1 wash day1 and first school day in the week4 ,tuesday1 ironing day4 ,wednesday1 baking day4 ,thursday4 ,friday1 the last school day of the week4 ,saturday1 the last day of the week1 and the day on which we prepare for ,sunday4 ,months4 ,winter1--,january1 ,february2 ,spring1--,march1 ,april1 ,may2 ,summer1--,june1 ,july1 ,august2 ,fall1-- ,september1 ,october1 ,november2 ,winter1--,december4 ,seasons4 ,winter is the season of the year when the ground is white with snow4 ,spring is the season when the snow melts off and the birds come4 ,summer is the season when all plants grow4 ,fall1 or autumn is the season when the leaves turn1 and fall4 ,holidays4 ,fixed and movable4 ,newyear's ,day1 ,january #a4 ,st4 ,valentine's day1 ,february #ad4 ,easter ,sunday4 ,decoration ,day1 ,may #cj4 ,independence ,day1 ,july #d4 ,thanksgiving ,day1 ,christmas ,day1 ,december #be1 the birthday of ,christ4 ,the legal holidays of the state in which you live4 ,important days1--,arbor ,day1 etc4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,words in italics are surrounded by underscores1 like this2 those in bold are surrounded by equal signs1 like this4 ,final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added4 ,duplicate words at line endings were removed4 ,noted3 8strait0 is used for 8straight0 several places4 ,changes3 8pastboard0 to 8pasteboard0 8preceeding0 to 8preceding0 8anwers0 to 8answers0 8meaured0 to 8measured0 8,vigilence0 to 8,vigilance0 8,novomber0 to 8,november0