,,procru/es                             
,,or ,,!                        ,,future
 ,,( ,,engli% ,,education               
,,procru/es                             
or !                       ,,future (   
,,engli% ,,education                    
,,by                          ,m4       
,,ald]ton ,,p9k1 ,m4,a4                 
,illu/ration                            
,,new ,,york                            
,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton  ,,company             
#fha ,,fif? ,,av5ue                     
,publi%$1 #aibg                         
,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton  ,,company        
,all rights res]v$                      
,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,(     
,,am]ica                                
,,cont5ts                               
,,page       ,i4 ,,introduction3 ,,!    
,,procru/ean ,,b$           #a          
,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ools3 ,,pres5t-,,day      
,,problems ,,&          ,,t5d5cies      
#ad     ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s*ools3 ,,future   
,,developm5ts           #di      ,,iv4  
,,! ,,univ]sities3 ,,! ,,academic ,,m9d 

,,(          ,,to-,,day ,,& ,,to-,,morr[
                     #gg                
,,! ,,future                            
,,( ,,engli% ,,education                
,,procru/es                             
,i                                      
,,introduction                          
,! ,procru/ean ,b$          ,&rew       
,und]%aft48,e bless$ f\ndl+ n[adays is  
snapp$ up 9 8 infancy by ,b>nado homes1 
or ,s*ool ,bo>d      ,(fic]s1 or ,bo>ds 
( ,gu>dians2 & if he %[s ! lea/         
ability he is fa/5$ on by s*oolma/]s2   
tra9$ to w9      s*ol>%ips l a          
racehorse2 cramm$ ) second-h& ideas2    
drill$ & discipl9$ 9 docility & :at !y  
call good      ta/e2 & lam$ = life s t  
he is fit = no?+ b      tea*+407,b]n>d  
,%aw74    ,dur+ ! ,debate on ! la/      
,education ,e/imates 7#aibe71 ,"l ,hugh 
,cecil made a spee* :i* mo/ en?usia/s ( 
education dismiss$  (fh& z hopelessly   
reaction>y4 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( 8 argum5t  
he deprecat$ ! doctr9e t education is to
 be equally di/ribut$  to all sorts ( p1

 irrespective ( _! real capacity4 ,he   
ma9ta9$ t we mu/ tra9 *ildr5 = ! /ation 
to :i*1 n by  bir? b by natural         
capacity1 !y prop]ly belong4 ,he w\ld   
select  ! clev] *ildr5 & sp5d money     
lib]ally 9 giv+ !m !  fulle/ possible   
opportunities = high] /udy4 ,b to !     
great body  ( *ildr5 :o are incapable ( 
really us+ any high] tea*+ he  w\ld give
 a v l[ /&>d ( education conf9$ to !    
?ree ,r's3  ! tea*+ ( read+ %\ld be made
 ! basis1 = read+ is !  key to k4    ,^!
 views are c]ta9ly extreme2 b1 look$ at 
imp>tially1 !y  conta9 s mu* pla9       
common-s5se t x is r rem>kable t  !y    
provok$ su* bitt] opposition4 ,( c\rse1 
,"l ,hugh ,cecil laid  himself op5 to   
two obvi\s *>ges3 fir/1 t he _h no      
special  k ( 8 subject1 &1 secondly1 t 8
 re=ms 7  presumably int5d$ = ! *ildr5 (
 masses & n ^? ( 8  own class4 ,b 8     
oppon5ts mu/ take acc\nt ( ! /atem5t    
made  a few weeks lat] by ! headma/] (  
,rugby1 ^: op9ions _c  be disc\nt$ on ^!
 two gr\nds4 ,speak+ z ,presid5t ( !    

,education ,section ( ! ,briti%         
,association1 ,dr ,vaughan disput$ !    
assumption t ! ,/ate %\ld develop to !  
full ! intellectual  abilities ( all its
 citiz5s4 ,he consid]$ t s*ool+ is ev5  
n[ cont9u$ too long = "s boys4 ,he w\ld 
give a ?rice-g5]\s  remission aft]      
f\rte5 to ^? :o _h %ewn no special      
aptitude =  book-le>n+ or any o!r =m (  
direct education1 on condition t  !y 7  
kept )9 ! spell ( corporate life4 ,?us a
 di/+ui%$  practical s*oolma/]          
corroborates ! view ( ,"l ,hugh ,cecil t
  be=e provid+ unlimit$ educational     
facilities we %\ld face !  fact t _m    
*ildr5 are n am5able to ! pres5t        
educational  process2 & we ought !re=e  
to consid] :e!r we are promot+  ei!r _! 
effici5cy z citiz5s or _! happ9ess z    
individuals  by submitt+ !m to a tra9+ =
 :i* !y are n fitt$4 ,we  are rem9d$ t  
education has ( rec5t ye>s become a cult
 ^:  foll[]s all[ _! zeal to bl9d !m to 
/ubborn realities4    ,! sugge/ion t we 
are on a false track 9 seek+ to multiply

  indef9itely ! educational in/itutions 
( exi/+ type naturally  provokes /rong  
opposition1 = x runs c\nt] to "o ( ! mo/
  *]i%$ democratic doctr9es ( to-day4   
,ev] s9ce ! fir/  ext5sion ( ! fran*ise1
 publici/s h be5 prea*+ t !  success (  
democracy dep5ds ^u ! diffusion (       
culture among !  masses :o h ! ultimate 
control ( affairs4 ,& :5ev] fe>s  h be5 
express$ t popul> gov]nm5t has fall5    
%ort ( !  orig9al ideal we h be5 assur$ 
t all w be well z soon z  ! electorate  
is prop]ly educat$4 ,! public has ?us   
be5 taught  to believe t x is ! duty ( !
 ,/ate 7s long z ! f9ancial  position   
p]mits7 to increase to ! utmo/ !        
facilities = tra9+  its citiz5s4    ,!  
ne$ = m education has1 9 fact1 become a 
political  commonplace4 ,x has be5 only 
too easy = /atesm5 :o h little  real    
int]e/ 9 ! matt] to talk vaguely ab\t ! 
educational  ladd] f ! elem5t>y s*ool to
 ! univ]sity1 because su* talk  provides
 plausible mat]ial = ! plat=m-speak] ^: 
bus9ess x  is to rehabilitate a popul>  

sy/em :i* has n q come up to            
expectations4 ,9 a some:at disillusion$ 
democratic _w education  has ?reat5$ to 
become a political no/rum to be         
un9tellig5tly  appli$ & to be fooli%ly  
reg>d$ z a panacea4    ,x is1 9 fact1 ! 
late/ ( a s]ies ( exp$i5ts prompt$ by   
belief  9 ! p]fectibility ( mank9d4 ,a  
c5tury or s ago republican  re=m]s      
imag9$ t all ! ills ! ,/ate is heir to  
w\ld be  cur$ if ,k+ ,george's gov]nm5t 
7 replac$ by a gov]nm5t ( ,tom  ,pa9e's4
 ,lat] on1 ! radicals ?\ght t !         
mill5nium w\ld be  rea*$ :5 e adult _h a
 vote4 ,! pres5t g5]ation has be5  too  
readily fool$ by ! equally delusive hope
 t ! new ,utopia  w be creat$ :5        
ev]ybody receives a univ]sity education 
at  public exp5se4    ,x is !re=e all to
 ! good t our lead]s %\ld occasionally  
rem9d u t education is n a magic weapon 
( unlimit$ p[]4  ,x is "t t ! public m9d
 0 disabus$ ( ! notion t a  p]fect sy/em
 ( education w\ld ( itself prove !      
salvation ( !  ,/ate4 ,! fallacy lies1 (

 c\rse1 9 ! assumption t ev]ybody  is   
capable ( be+ educat$4 ,^? :o are       
p]sonally 9 t\* )  s*ools see only too  
cle>ly h[ unw>rantable su* an assumption
 is4  ,:ile !y realise t e *ild1 dull or
 clev]1 b5efits by be+  "u discipl9e &  
by tak+ "p 9 ! social life ( a s*ool1   
!y "k also t a c]ta9 proportion ( *ildr5
 und]go no m5tal  developm5t comm5surate
 ) ! "t & lab\r exp5d$ on _!  behalf4   
,?us ev5 if we imag9e a p]fect          
educational process1 c>ri$  out by      
tea*]s :o are all m5 & wom5 ( light &   
lead+1 !  result ( t process w be       
ultimately condition$ by ! quality (  ! 
human be+s :o pass ?r\gh x4 ,j z        
democracy pre-supposes  education1 s    
education pre-supposes *ildr5 :o are    
educable4 ,x  w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t       
political & social re=m]s :o are  /ill  
look+ = a panacea mu/ g to ! eug5i/s4   
,! public /atem5t ( consid]$ views su* z
 ^? ( ,"l ,hugh  ,cecil & ! ,headma/] ( 
,rugby is "o ( ! signs t we are  at l5g?
 em]g+ f ! m5tal attitude :i* expresses 

itself  9 ! crude dem& = m & m education
 to be dol$ out  indiscrim9ately4 ,x is 
inde$ "t t we got rid ( ! preval5t      
notion t s*ools are factories 7*iefly   
bra9-factories7 :i* c  pass any sort (  
human mat]ial ?r\gh a /&>dis$ c\rse & 9 
s _m ye>s turn out satisfactory f9i%$   
products4 ,& ! fri5ds  ( education ne$ n
 be al>m$ at ! new tr5d ( op9ion4 ,all  
reasonable p n[ admit ! !oretical       
pr9ciple t ! ,/ate  mu/ provide adequate
 tra9+ = all future citiz5s2 & ! ,lab\r 
,p>ty is flogg+ a dead horse :5 x insi/s
 s labori\sly t  e *ild1 irrespective ( 
social /atus1 %\ld be giv5 ! fulle/     
educational opportunities4 ,pres5t-day  
in=m$ discussion has advanc$  beyond !  
consid]ation ( ?is almo/ platitud9\s    
/atem5t (  pr9ciple to an enquiry ( a   
mu* m important "*4 ,!  "q be+ n[ ask$  
is n :e!r e *ild %\ld be giv5  education
 to ! age ( sixte5 or beyond1 b :at k9ds
 ( education  ought to be provid$ = ! _m
 ?\s&s ( *ildr5 ( v>i$ types  :o w      
receive advanc$ tra9+ ?r\gh ! increas$  

facilities to  be provid$ 9 ! future4   
,! /age ( educational developm5t ^u :i* 
we are n[ ent]+  w1 9 fact1 be m>k$ by  
great] realism 9 ! attitude ( bo?  !    
au?orities & ! g5]al public t[>ds !     
problems to be  solv$4 ,we are gradually
 com+ to ackn[l$ge ! fairly obvi\s  tru?
 t n e *ild is a pot5tial ,prime ,m9i/]1
 or ev5 a  capable civil s]vant1 or a   
manag] ( a bus9ess4 ,:5 we h %$  ! m    
romantic ( ! democratic habits ( ?\ght  
we %all ev5  publicly admit t a c]ta9   
proportion ( mank9d 7:e!r !  (fspr+ (   
dukes or ( du/m57 are fitt$ by nature to
 be no?+  bett] ?an hew]s ( wood &      
draw]s ( wat]1 & t to give !m  m ?an a  
limit$ am\nt ( ord9>y s*ool+ is to p]=m 
a "w  ( s5tim5tal sup]]ogation4 ,we %all
 also realise t ! c\rse  ( in/ruction   
:i* has n[ become /]eotyp$ z second>y1  
h[ev]  admirable 9 itself1 is a c\rse = 
:i* relatively few *ildr5 are  really   
suit$4 ,& :5 we h tak5 m acc\nt ?an at  
pres5t (  ! pr(\nd diff]5ces 9          
individual capacities we %all cease to  

?9k ( an education z some?+ extrane\s to
 ! p]son educat$1  & to reg>d !         
s*ool-curriculum z a ,procru/ean b$1 to 
suit !  dim5sions ( :i* ! *ild's        
m5tality c be ext5d$ or truncat$  z     
requir$4                                
,,ii                                    
,,! ,,s*ools                            
,pres5t-,day ,problems & ,t5d5cies      
,a survey ( pres5t t5d5cies makes x cle>
 t ! next few ye>s  w witness a g5]al   
ov]haul ( ! educational ma*9e4 ,among   
bo? ! g5]al public & ! tea*+ pr(ession !
 feel+ is  becom+ widespread t1 q ap>t f
 its obvi\s incomplet5ess1  our pres5t  
sy/em suff]s f c]ta9 fundam5tal defects4
 ,damag+  criticisms ( ! "w ( ! s*ools  
are by no means infrequ5t 9             
press-articles4 ,! proce$+s ( ! v>i\s   
tea*]s' organizations  are eloqu5t ( !  
ne$ = radical re=ms4 ,bus9ess m5 are    
giv+ public expression to _! conc]n ab\t
 ! inadequacy (  s*ool-tra9+ = economic 
requirem5ts3 ! ,association ( ,briti%   
,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce1 = in/ance1 has      

rec5tly pass$ a resolution  conta9+ a   
sweep+ condemnation ( ! me?ods & aims ( 
!  elem5t>y s*ools4 ,already an (ficial 
enquiry is be+ conduct$ into  !         
relation%ip betwe5 ! s*ools & indu/ry4  
,^! signs ( an  imp5d+ revision ( our   
educational programme d]ive add$        
importance  f ! consid]ation t = "s ye>s
 to come ,*ancellors ( !  ,ex*equ] w be 
v unwill+ to sanction increases 9 public
  exp5diture4 ,education m9i/]s w !re=e 
h to make out a v  good case = any new  
developm5ts & w h to satisfy public     
op9ion t !y are n m]ely increas+ mat]ial
 & p]sonnel b  are also promot+ increas$
 effici5cy4    ,! inevitable enquiry    
into ! work+ ( our pres5t sy/em w       
necess>ily conc]n itself ma9ly )        
po/-prim>y tra9+ s9ce x  is 9 ?is       
direction t developm5t is mo/ urg5tly   
ne$$4 ,x is  almo/ univ]sally admitt$ t 
! "t is ov]due = a l>gely  increas$     
provision ( fur!r education ( *ildr5    
beyond ! age (  f\rte52 = ?\gh !        
second>y s*ools1 ow+ to faulty me?ods  (

 admission1 at pres5t conta9 _m pupils  
:o are unfit = !  tra9+ !y receive1 !re 
are also outside ^! s*ools numb]s (     
*ildr5 :o rea* ! requir$ /&>d ( ability 
b :o are d5i$  entry simply because !re 
is no room = !m4    ,public educational 
policy dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury has  
provid$ = high] education ma9ly by !    
f\ndation ( second>y  s*ools ( a s+le   
type1 controll$ by ! local au?orities2  
& ^? :o dem& m second>y education       
g5]ally mean m  s*ools ( ?is k9d4 ,!    
second>y s*ools are fill$ p>tly by      
s*ol>%ip-hold]s :o repres5t ! cream ( ! 
elem5t>y s*ools1  & p>tly by fee-pay]s  
:o1 z !y d n usually h to pass a  /r+5t 
entrance-exam9ation1 may repres5t all   
grades ( ability4  ,?us only a          
proportion 7n[ up to #dj p] c5t47 ( !   
pupils are  specially select$2 ! rema9d]
 are do+ m advanc$ "w simply  because _!
 p>5ts wi% x & c pay "p ( ! co/4    ,:5 
! activities ( ^! s*ools come "u a      
critical review1  c]ta9 facts w be      
difficult to expla9 away4 ,9 ! fir/     

place1  x w be notic$ t1 al?\gh ! pupils
 are int5d$ to rema9  at s*ool until !  
age ( sixte5 at lea/1 a relatively l>ge 
proportion leave be=e t age4 ,accord+ to
 ! 8,london ,/ati/ics0  = #aibc-bd1 !re 
7 pres5t at ! end ( #aibc 9 ! aid$ &    
ma9ta9$ second>y s*ools ( ,london1      
#i1aah pupils :o 7 twelve  or ?irte5    
ye>s ( age1 #h1gjj :o 7 f\rte5 or       
fifte51 #c1bhj  :o 7 sixte5 or sev5te51 
& #cdb :o 7 eighte5 or ov]4 ,9  o!r     
words1 only ab\t "o-?ird rema9$ until ! 
age ( sixte5 or  m1 & ?is 9 spite ( !   
fact t p>5ts give und]tak+s to  keep _! 
*ildr5 at s*ool until sixte54 ,aga91 !  
curriculum (  ^! s*ools is l>gely       
det]m9$ by ! ,fir/ ,s*ool ,exam9ation   
7equival5t to ,univ]sity                
,matriculation71 & e pupil :o rema9s  at
 s*ool suffici5tly long %\ld normally   
take ?is exam9ation4 ,n[  ! report ( !  
,bo>d ( ,education = #aibc-bd %[s t 9   
ea*  ( ! la/ five ye>s an av]age (      
#gh1jjj *ildr5 h ent]$  ! grant-e>n+    
second>y s*ools ( ,engl& & ! highe/     

numb]  t has tak5 ! ,fir/ ,s*ool        
,exam9ation 9 any "o ye> is r\ghly      
#ce1jjj1 ( :om ab\t a ?ird fail$4 ,t is 
to say1 ab\t two-?irds  ( ! pupils ei!r 
fail to complete ! s*ool c\rse or fail  
to  rea* ! /&>d ( intellectual atta9m5t 
necess>y to pass an  ext]nal te/4    ,:5
 all all[ance has be5 made = ! fact t a 
c]ta9 numb]  ( pupils are )drawn at an  
e>ly age purely on acc\nt ( economic    
circum/ances1 we h /ill to face !       
failure ( ! s*ools to  reta9 ! pupils & 
to enable !m to pass :at is presumably a
 fair  te/ ( ! k9d ( tra9+ giv54 ,!     
conclusion c sc>cely be  avoid$ t !re   
are "s radical defects 9 ! aims & me?ods
 (  ! s*ools4    ,x is (t5 urg$ t !     
second>y s*ools are n at pres5t gett+  !
 be/ mat]ial1 t ow+ to economic         
circum/ances or to !  insuffici5t       
provision ( second>y s*ool accommodation
 _m *ildr5  :o are fit to pr(it by high]
 in/ruction are at pres5t exclud$ 9     
fav\r ( fee-pay]s :o are n fit4 ,b ?is  
is m]ely begg+ !  "q4 ,we are /ill      

confront$ ) ! problem ( :at we are to  d
 ) ^? pupils :o d n take k9dly to !     
second>y s*ool  curriculum b :o1 by _! v
 pres5ce 9 second>y s*ools1 %[  _!      
read9ess to und]go "s =m ( high]        
in/ruction4 ,& :at  are we to d ) ! _m  
*ildr5 9 ! prim>y s*ools :o1 "u  a s*eme
 ( m ext5d$ f9ancial assi/ance1 might   
also rema9 at  s*ool until sixte5 or    
lat]1 & w\ld also be squ>e pegs 9 r\nd  
holes 9 ! ord9>y second>y s*ool8    ,we 
are =c$1 !re=e1 to ask :e!r ! pres5t    
second>y s*ool  curriculum is adapt$ to 
! ne$s ( ! v>i$ types ( pupils :o  ent] 
or are likely to ent] ! s*ools4 ,:at are
 ! aims8 ,at pres5t  ! second>y s*ool's 
ma9 function is to give suffici5t tra9+ 
9  ! humanities1 9 ma!matics & sci5ce1  
to enable pupils to pass  ! entrance    
exam9ation ( a univ]sity4 7,we may = !  
purpose (  ! pres5t argum5t disreg>d !  
social activities ( ! s*ool47  ,9 o!r   
words1 its bus9ess is to produce s*ol>s 
( ! intellectual  type fitt$ = univ]sity
 tra9+4 ,x is true t art1 h&icraft1     

dome/ic sci5ce1 & physical ex]cises     
appe> 9 ! curriculum b  !y occupy m or  
less subord9ate places4 ,! second>y     
s*ool  c\rse1 on its academic side1 is  
direct$ to "o ma9 end1 & any  pupil :o  
ent]s su* a s*ool is reg>d$1            
irrespective ( 8 natural  aptitudes1 z a
 prospective c&idate = matriculation4   
,tea*]s  may demur to ! sugge/ion t _!  
horizon is dom9at$ by an  exam9ation3 !y
 may talk hopefully ab\t a te/ :i* _!   
pupils  c take 89 _! /ride40 ,b ! fact  
rema9s t ! "w ( !  upp] "p ( ! s*ool is 
det]m9$ by requirem5ts ( an ext]nal     
body4 ,!re is a conv5tional li/ (       
8subjects0 :i* ! pupil mu/  /udy1 & if 8
 individuality does n fit 9 ) ?is s*eme 
s  mu* ! worse = him4    ,! second>y    
s*ools are !re=e design$1 9 s f> z !y   
are  design$ = any specific purpose1 z a
 tra9+-gr\nd = univ]sity  /ud5ts4 ,b    
only ?ree p] c5t4 ( ! pupils ev] rea* ! 
univ]sities4 ,& ! /ati/ics already giv5 
indicate t a l>ge  proportion %[        
!mselves to be unfitt$ = univ]sity      

tra9+4  ,tea*]s 9 second>y s*ools d n1 (
 c\rse1 ne$ ^! /ati/ics  to br+ home to 
!m ! fact t a consid]able proportion ( !
  pupils ) :om !y h to deal are misfits4
 ,!y realise t !re  are o!r sorts (     
capacity besides ^? :i* enable pupils to
 pass  ! usual exam9ations4 ,!y         
con/antly see 9 _! pupils special       
int]e/s & aptitudes :i* f9d little or no
 outlet 9 ! ord9>y  academic r\t9e4 ,!y 
s (t5 h to %ake h&s ) old boys or  old  
girls :o 7 duff]s at ord9>y s*ool       
subjects1 b :o h  s9ce a*iev$ success 9 
bus9ess or indu/ry t x has become a     
commonplace ) !m t failure at s*ool does
 n necess>ily  mean failure 9 life4 ,b  
?is commonplace surely implies ! tragic 
fact t s*ool has n discov]$ :at !       
8duff]0 c d1 b has  consi/5tly tri$ to  
make him d ?+s = :i* he has no aptitude4
    ,! fact is t ! ord9>y second>y s*ool
 is  attempt+unsuccessfully1 ( c\rseto  
give ! same treatm5t to  pupils ( v>i\s 
types :o1 ow+ to lack ( suffici5tly v>i$
  provision = high] education1 n[ f9d   

!mselves h]d$ toge!r4  ,9 any su* s*ool 
!re is a c]ta9 numb] ( pupils ( good    
g5]al  ability :o are capable ( proce$+ 
) cr$it to advanc$ "w  9 ! humanities or
 9 sci5ce4 ,^! are ! pupils = :om !     
second>y c\rse is really int5d$4 ,at !  
o!r extreme !re is  a c]ta9 numb] :o are
 simply n pr(it+ by academic tra9+4     
,betwe5 ^! extremes !re are1 no d\bt1 a 
few :o h a natural  b5t t[>ds "o ( !    
arts2 !re are a good _m ( v p$e/rian    
abilities :o c by indu/ry j keep abrea/ 
( _! /udies1  ?\gh !y are n attract$ by 
academic ideals2 & !re are /ill  o!rs :o
 are 9 difficulties because !y are      
int]e/$ n 9  ab/ract ideas b 9 ?+s4     
,pupils ( ^! ?ree classes are all1  to a
 great] or less degree1 misfits 9 !     
ord9>y second>y s*ool4  ,! few int5d+ to
 foll[ ! arts & lack+ wide intellectual 
int]e/s %\ld be devot+ m "t ?an is      
g5]ally available  to acquir+ ! te*nique
 ( _! art4 ,! _m ( a little less  ?an   
av]age capacity :o h no real en?usiasm =
 ?+s ( !  m9d ga9 some?+1 no d\bt1 f !  

c\rse !y pursue1 b !y  w\ld ga9 m f a   
practical curriculum conta9+ few]       
subjects  & hav+ a m direct be>+ on _!  
probable future c>e]s4  ,! rema9+ class1
 :i* includes ^? :o ?9k ) _! h&s1  is ! 
"o = :i* we n[ mo/ conspicu\sly fail to 
make adequate  provision4 ,9 ?is        
category is to be f\nd ! boy :o is bor$ 
by !  !ory ( electricity :ile be+       
?or\ghly int]e/$ 9 mak+ a  piece (      
electrical app>atus1 & :o w n will+ly   
le>n any  m ( ! !ory ?an is necess>y to 
make ! app>atus "w4 ,:5  we consid] t a 
l>ge proportion ( p 9 ! _w h no  booki% 
int]e/s & are n attract$ by pure sci5ce 
& yet are  capable ( br++ s\nd          
intellig5ce to be> on practical problems
  conc]n+ concrete ?+s1 x is /range t   
educationi/s h done  s little to meet _!
 ne$s4    ,ano!r "q arises4 ,:at is to  
be ! occupation ( ! pupils  leav+ !     
second>y s*ools8 ,^? :o h rema9$ at ^!  
s*ools  until sixte5 or m acquire a     
c]ta9 social tone :i* causes  !m to     
despise manual toil1 & s !y aim at !    

pr(essions1 !  ,civil ,s]vice1 po/s 9   
banks & /ores1 &1 fail+ all else1  !    
p]5nially respectable junior cl]k%ip 9  
any k9d ( (fice4  ,cle>ly1 boys :o h at 
sev5te5 or eighte5 successfully complet$
  a c\rse ( lit]>y & sci5tific tra9+    
%\ld be fitt$ =  po/s ( responsibility 9
 bus9ess or ! pr(essions4 ,b !          
pr(essions are already ov]cr[d$1 &      
positions are difficult  to obta94 ,we  
are tak+ *ildr5 f ! homes ( artisans1   
small  tradespeople1 & ev5 unskill$     
work]s1 & giv+ !m an education  :i*     
makes !m unwill+ to take up ! same      
occupation z _!  p>5ts foll[1 b :i*     
leads to no c]ta9ty ( bett] employm5t  9
 ! end4 ,we are ?us rapidly be+ br\ght  
face to face ) !  difficulty :i*        
confront$ ,g]many be=e ! ,w>4 ,!        
advantages  atta*+ to s*ola/ic atta9m5t 
7 su* t e p>5t :o  c\ld possibly d s    
gave 8 *ild a high] education s t he    
might  obta9 ! covet$ passport to !     
pr(essions4 ,! result 0 t  ! competition
 = ! high] pr(essional & (ficial po/s   

became  intol]ably ke51 & ! univ]sities 
7 turn+ out numb]s (  fully qualifi$ m5 
= :om !y c\ld f9d no suitable employm5t4
    ,!re w\ld be less !oretical         
objection to ! process ( rais+ !  pupils
 out ( ! economic class ( _! families   
into ano!r class1  if !y 7 all ( high   
capacity & suitable = adm9i/rative      
po/s4 ,b1 actually1 _m ( ^? :o at pres5t
 receive high]  education are by no     
means fitt$ by native ability =         
important  adm9i/rative "w4 ,9 fact1 !  
inve/igations ( ! psy*ologi/s  g to %[ t
 out ( ! :ole *ild population only a    
small  proportion h ! grade (           
intellig5ce ne$$ = ! highe/ po/s4  ,dr  
,cyril ,burt has c>ri$ out a survey (   
,london s*ool *ildr51  by means (       
intellig5ce-te/s1 to provide evid5ce =  
use 9  vocational guidance4 ,he f9ds t !
 few *ildr5 ( ! type :o w9  s*ol>%ips to
 second>y s*ools & !nce to !            
univ]sities1 &  :o are fitt$ to seek    
high] pr(essional & ,civil ,s]vice po/s 
=m  ab\t "o p] ?\s& ( ! *ild population4

 ,ab\t two p] c5t4  come into ! second  
grade1 :i* includes ^? :o w9 s*ol>%ips  
to ! second>y s*ool b n to ! univ]sity1 
& :o are suitable  = l[] pr(essional    
po/s3 !y may become1 = in/ance1 elem5t>y
  tea*]s1 cl]ks hold+ responsible po/s1 
or successful tradespeople4  ,! ?ird    
grade is compos$ ( ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( !  
*ildr51  & includes ^? :o are suit$ to  
become1 say1 cl]ks do+ "w  ( an         
intellig5t b mod]ately r\t9e "*1 or     
manual work]s  engag$ 9 highly skill$   
"w4 ,bel[ ?is comes a body ( *ildr5  (  
mod]ate ability =m+ ab\t f\r-fif?s ( !  
:ole4 ,^! may  ent] _m ( ! ord9>y       
comm]cial po/s1!y may become small      
tradespeople1 or %op-assi/ants3 skill$  
manual-work]s also belong  to ?is gr\p4 
,! rema9+ *ildr5 h an intellig5ce :i*   
fits  !m only = unskill$ "w4 ,?is       
classification is1 admitt$ly1 only      
t5tative2 b if x has any validity1 x is 
cle> t ! p]c5tage  ( *ildr5 really fitt$
 = pr(essional "w is relatively v  l[1 &
 acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ?is fact 9 fram+  

second>y  c\rses4    ,realis+ !         
difficulty ( f9d+ suitable employm5t =  
_!  pupils1 & s5sitive ab\t ! accusation
 t !y aim at produc+  8black-coat$      
work]s0 only1 ! ,headma/]s h consid]$ ! 
possibility ( f9d+ op5+s 9 indu/ry4 ,9  
#aibd ! ,c\ncil ( !  ,headma/]s'        
,association s5t a deputation to !      
,f$]ation ( ,briti%  ,indu/ries on !    
matt]4 ,! deputation 0 told q pla9ly t  
manufactur]s1 & p>ticul>ly eng9e]s1 made
 a regul> practice (  tak+ boys at      
f\rte53 !y _h v little opportunity to   
(f] to  ! boy :o rema9$ at s*ool long   
en\gh to take ! ,fir/ ,s*ool            
,exam9ation1 & /ill less to ! boy :o    
pass$ a ,high] ,s*ool  ,exam9ation4 ,!re
 is little prospect t manufactur]s w be 
able  to alt] _! practice 9 ?is respect4
 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 ) our  pres5t lack ( 
co-ord9ation betwe5 our educational &   
indu/rial  sy/ems1 a boy deprives       
himself ( _m *ances ( employm5t by  /ay+
 at s*ool beyond f\rte54    ,!re c be   
little d\bt t ?is p>ticul> aspect ( !   

educational problem w attract mu*       
(ficial att5tion 9 !  ne> future4 ,!re  
is ev5 a *ance t ! issue may n be       
unduly obscur$ by political controv]sy1 
= lead+ politicians  ( bo? sides agree 9
 _! diagnosis4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d  (
 ,education1 ,"l ,eu/ace ,p]cy1 has     
rec5tly told a meet+ t  ! desire ( !    
work+ man to-day is to use ! s*ool to   
get 8  son into "s black-coat$ job & to 
keep him away f skill$  manual lab\r4   
,?is he reg>d$ z a mo/ extraord9>y      
mi/ake4 ,we  %\ld nev] get any real     
success until we re-creat$ ! pride (    
skill$ manual "w4 ,9 ano!r spee* he said
 t ! dang] (  ! second>y s*ool sy/em 0  
t1 :5 we %\ld be us+ ^!  s*ools = tra9+ 
lead]s = all ! pr(essions & indu/ries  &
 bus9esses1 we are 9 fact us+ !m to tra9
 ! subord9ates  9 a few 8respectable0   
indu/ries4 ,su* rem>ks might pass ) _m  
p = an expression ( reaction>y ,toryism1
 if _! att5tion  7 n call$ to ! fact t  
,mr4 ,philip ,sn[d5 has rec5tly  writt5 
to ! same effect 9 a ,sunday newspap]8,a

 s*ola/ic  education is apt to make a   
y\? despise useful me*anical "w4 ,!     
products ( our second>y s*ools &        
univ]sities are cr[d+ !  black-coat$    
pr(essions & occupations4 ,education is 
a failure unless  x inculcates ! idea t 
all useful "w is hon\rable1 & t  ! work+
 eng9e]1 or c>p5t]1 or weav] is a m     
useful memb]  ( society ?an a           
#8commission ag5t'4 ,society ne$s m5 &  
wom5 )  ! highe/ s*ola/ic atta9m5ts4 ,b 
! numb] ( su* w always  be small4 ,! ma9
 "p ( ! education problem is to fit !   
av]age  p]son = ! "w ( ! av]age p]son40 
,! practical urg5cy (  ^! views is      
indicat$ by ! fact t ! ,presid5t ( !    
,bo>d  ( ,education & ! ,m9i/] ( ,lab\r 
h n[ jo9tly appo9t$ a  committee to     
inquire into ! public sy/em ( education 
9 relation to  ! requirem5ts ( trade &  
indu/ry4    ,ideali/s ( a c]ta9 sort1   
h[ev]1 w bru% aside ! sordid  controv]sy
 ab\t comm]cial values & w put up a h>d 
fight =  ! pr9ciple ( a ,lib]al         
,education1an ,all-r\nd ,tra9+ t w      

provide an ,outfit = ,life4 ,!y w       
cont9ue to ma9ta9 t !  traditional      
modicum ( ! classics1 ma!matics1 sci5ce1
 & !  mod]n tongues1 provides ! be/     
tra9+ = a lad1 :e!r he is to  become a  
cl]k1 an eng9e]1 a company-promot]1 or a
 pork-but*]4  ,!y w recoil 9 horror f ! 
m]e m5tion ( 8vocational  tra9+40    ,b 
?is 8lib]al education0 !ory involves    
sev]al  fallacies1fallacies :i* are n[  
be+ p]ceiv$ 9 _m qu>t]s1  & :i* w be    
completely expos$ 9 ! next few ye>s4 ,9 
!  fir/ place1 an education completely  
divorc$ f ! requirem5ts  ( a vocation is
 a luxury appropriate only to a leisur$ 
class1 or a  class free f economic      
pressure3 x is1 9 fact1 a legacy f !    
indep5d5t families ( ! upp] classes or !
 well-to-d middle  classes :o s5t _!    
*ildr5 to ! public s*ools & ! old       
gramm> s*ools1 kn[+ t ! "q ( bread &    
butt] 0  n an urg5t "o4 ,n[1 9 ! *ang$  
conditions ( ! tw5tie?  c5tury1 we /ill 
complac5tly take boys f work+-class     
homes1  give !m a 8lib]al0 education    

until !y are sixte5 or eighte51  & !n   
turn _m ( !m adrift to become cl]ks or  
groc]s'  assi/ants1 lay+ ! flatt]+      
unction to our s\l1 z we say  f>ewell1 t
 !y w add _! figures or cut _! ra%]s all
  ! bett] = hav+ ta/$ ! sweets ( poetry 
or wre/l$ ) !  problems ( geometry4 ,(  
c\rse1 "s ( ! boys conc]n$ may f9d  _!  
true ni*e 9 cl]k+ or 9 ! groc]y l9e2 9  
:i* case  _! intellectual ability is su*
 t tra9+ 9 ! m ab/ruse  ma!matical or   
l+ui/ic processes has be5 wa/$ on !m4 ,b
 if we  give a boy ( ability 9 any      
direction a prolong$ education & !n     
fail to f9d him a position 9 life :i*   
gives scope = 8 ability1  we are surely 
conf]r+ on him a v d\btful bless+4 ,!   
major  portion ( 8 "t aft] 8 leav+ s*ool
 w be sp5t 9 e>n+  a livelihood2 & ! way
 9 :i* he sp5ds t "t w h an  enorm\s    
effect on 8 happ9ess4 ,! fru/rat$ &     
disgruntl$ man (  culture is socially   
objectionable & politically dang]\s4 ,! 
dictum  t education %\ld tea* a man h[  
to use 8 leisure is "o (  ^? half-tru?s 

^: easy acceptance is s dang]\s2 9 !    
future  we %all h to le>n ! complem5t>y 
half-tru? t education mu/  fit !        
individual = 8 life's "w4    ,! expon5ts
 ( ! 8lib]al education0 !ory are usually
 ^? :o  are mo/ urg5t 9 plead+ t ! aim (
 ! s*ool %\ld be !  =mation ( "*4 ,!y   
ma9ta9 t ! pupil's p]sonality c  be     
develop$ & modifi$ by ! influ5ces br\ght
 to be> on him 9  ! s*ool environm5t4   
,hold+ su* views1 !y _c ignore !  ne$ = 
provid+ a suitable c>e] = ! pupil aft]  
he leaves  s*ool4 ,! process ( =m+ 8 "* 
does n cease z soon z  he ent]s bus9ess2
 on ! contr>y1 ! nature ( 8             
occupationits  suitability or           
unsuitability to 8 temp]am5tw pr(\ndly  
influ5ce him = good or = evil4 ,! s*ool 
_c1 !re=e1  ignore ! duty impos$ on x ( 
guid+ its pupils z f> z possible  into !
 vocations = :i* !y are naturally fitt$4
    ,! !oretical consid]ations j m5tion$
 are re9=c$ by o!rs  ( ! mo/ practical  
importance4 ,= ,great ,brita91 & inde$ =
  ! :ole ( ,europe1 ! economic /ruggle  

dur+ ! next few ye>s  w be mo/ int5se4  
,conditions w be su* t ?is c\ntry1 9    
p>ticul>1 w h to make ! mo/ ( its human 
z well z its  mat]ial res\rces4 ,x w n  
be able to af=d ! wa/age ( human        
ability ei!r ?r\gh failure to f9d out & 
cultivate ! be/  bra9s or ?r\gh neglect 
to fit ! man to ! job4 ,x w be =c$  to  
adopt a sy/em ( tra9+ :i* w provide an  
education at once  lib]al & adapt$ to   
economic ne$s4 ,& x w be useless = !  m 
n>r[ ideali/ to bewail ! intrusion (    
economics into !  doma9 ( education4    
,aft] all1 lit]ature1 ! arts1 & ! /udy (
  pure sci5ce fl\ri% only s long z      
economic conditions p]mit4 ,j  z ! man  
:o is con/antly toil+ = bread is deb>r$ 
f purely  cultural pursuits1 s ! nation 
^: economic position is uns\nd c  sp>e  
its *ildr5 nei!r ! money nor ! "t = any 
education  beyond ! mo/ elem5t>y4       
,nor is !re any real antagonism betwe5 !
 claims ( culture &  ^? ( economics4 ,! 
,/ate :i* seeks economic heal? mu/ dem& 
t ea* citiz5 %all d 8 be/ "w4 ,he w d 8 

be/ "w 9  ! vocation = :i* he has a     
natural aptitude4 ,! bus9ess ( !  s*ool 
is to discov] & fo/] natural aptitudes4 
,! bus9ess ( !  ,/ate z an economic     
entity is to contrive by all possible   
means to  guide its *ildr5 into suitable
 vocations4 ,9 a /ate ) a prop]         
economic organisation !re mu/1 !re=e1 ( 
necessity be a vital  connection betwe5 
a *ild's s*ool-tra9+ & 8 future c>e]4   
,b ?is /atem5t ( ! ess5tial relation%ip 
betwe5 aptitudes1  education1 & vocation
 does n mean t s*ools %\ld become m]ely 
tra9+-e/abli%m5ts to act z fe$]s to     
p>ticul> pr(essions  or indu/ries3 x    
does n mean t ! s*oolma/] or a gov]nm5t 
(ficial %\ld exam9e e pupil at ! age (  
twelve or f\rte5  & decide t he mu/ be  
an eng9e] or a drap]'s assi/ant &       
proce$ to tra9 him = t purpose & draft  
him into a po/ 9  due c\rse4 ,x does    
mean1 h[ev]1 t ! boy1 = in/ance1 :o     
wants to use 8 h&s1 & may ev5tually     
become an eng9e]1 %\ld  n be giv5 a     
booki% education :i* takes little or no 

acc\nt (  8 abilities & int]e/s2 x does 
mean t su* a boy %\ld pass  ?r\gh a     
c\rse ( in/ruction :i* w at once give   
scope = 8  native p[]s & ?r\gh !m       
develop 8 :ole m5tality2 x does  mean1  
also1 t ! s*ool & ! ,/ate %\ld n dismiss
 t boy  at a giv5 age & all[ him to     
drift into a cl]k%ip m]ely because  ( "s
 accid5tal f9ancial consid]ations or    
because conditions (  entrance to !     
eng9e]+ trade cla% ) academic           
arrangem5ts4 ,9  %ort1 x means t !      
s*ool-sy/em %\ld be adapt$ to ! boy &  n
 ! boy to ! sy/em1 &1 fur!r1 t education
 au?orities  %\ld reg>d x z "p ( _!     
function to guide into prop]  *annels ! 
special abilities :i* ! tea*]s h re>$4  
,pres5t$ 9 ?is way1 ! case = "s sort (  
correlation betwe5  education & vocation
 %\ld conv9ce ev5 ^? ob/9ate oppon5ts  (
 8vocational tra9+0 :o are apt to see 9 
su* a proposal no?+  b a device ( !     
devil 79 ! guise ( ! ,f$]ation ( ,briti%
  ,indu/ries7 = ! m effici5t production 
( 8wage-slaves40 ,z  ev] increas+ numb]s

 ( boys & girls pass into places ( high]
  education1 tea*]s are realis+ m & m ! 
ne$ = re=m on  ! l9es indicat$4 ,!y see 
! wa/e ( ef=t involv$ 9 pass+  boys &   
girls :olesale ?r\gh a sy/em :i* takes  
little acc\nt  ( individual diff]5ces or
 ev5 ( broad diff]5ces ( type4 ,!y  see 
t = _m *ildr5 a 8lib]al education0 is n 
necess>ily "o  :i* foll[s ! traditional 
academic curriculum1 b r "o :i*  suits  
itself to individual ne$s & :i* seeks to
 develop ! pupil's  p[]s by sett+ him to
 d :at he c d1 in/ead ( =c+ him to  try 
to d :at he c nev] d ) success4         
,,iii                                   
,,! ,,s*ools                            
,future ,developm5ts      ,f !          
consid]ations adduc$ & ! tr5d ( op9ion  
indicat$ 9  ! previ\s *apt]1 we are able
 to give a reasonable =eca/ (  practical
 developm5ts 9 ! next few ye>s4 ,9 g5]al
 t]ms we may  say t our educational     
sy/em w be made purposive :]e x is  n[  
haphaz>d1 & t x w be br\ght into def9ite
 connection  ) ! economic life ( !      

c\ntry4 ,education w be reg>d$ z  a     
prep>ation = livelihood z well z =      
life1z a tra9+  = work+ citiz5s r ?an = 
a leisur$ class4 ,fur!r1 !  wa/e ( human
 ef=t w be avoid$ z f> z possible by    
con/antly  obs]v+ ! individual *ild &   
guid+ him along l9es :i* (f]  him ! be/ 
*ance ( intellectual progress1 & :i*    
give ! be/  opportunities = a c>e] 9    
life4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 implies t !  types 
( in/ruction available w be mu* m num]\s
 & v>i$  ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,no pupil
 ^: s*ool+ is provid$ :olly  or p>tly at
 public exp5se w be all[$ to proce$ to  
c\rses =  :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! compet5t  
au?ority1 he is unfitt$1  ?\gh no       
ob/acles w be plac$ 9 ! way ( a transf] 
f  "o c\rse to ano!r if circum/ances    
w>rant x4 ,! individual  capacity ( !   
pupil w be made ! />t+-po9t = ! tea*]3  
! h]esy :i* gives our pres5t sy/em ! "* 
( a ,*icago  cann$-meat factory w be    
ab&on$4 ,z a coroll>y we %all give  less
 exclusive rev]5ce to purely booki%     
atta9m5ts & we %all  realise t tra9+ 9  

craftsman%ip may be z productive to "o  
individual1 & h5ce to ! ,/ate1 z tra9+ 9
 ! diff]5tial  calculus is to ano!r4    
,we may assume t 9 ! n too remote future
 e *ild ( !  requir$ m5tal capacity w   
receive education to ! age ( sixte5  at 
lea/4 ,( c\rse1 f9ancial /r+5cy w delay 
progress =  "s ye>s4 ,:5 ! necess>y     
s*ool-accommodation is available  e     
pupil 9 an in/itution "u public control 
w be te/$  at a suitable age1 probably  
at elev5 plus4 ,! results ( !  c>efully 
devis$ exam9ation w be collat$ ) !      
report (  8 tea*]s & x w be decid$ :e!r 
he is fit to be giv5  fur!r in/ruction (
 a second>y "*1 &1 if s1 :at =m (  tra9+
 w suit 8 special ne$s4 ,me?ods (       
exam9ation w be  s f> improv$ t few     
s]i\s mi/akes w be made 9 assess+  !    
capacity ( pupils4 ,9 any case1 ?is     
regul> te/ w n be  reg>d$ z f9al &      
irrevocable2 ! boy or girl :o at a lat] 
age  gives evid5ce ( ! ne$ = a revis$   
judgm5t w receive special  treatm5t4    
,pupils ( ! requir$ /&>d w be draft$    

into ! second>y  s*ools at elev5 plus4  
,^? :o rema9 9 ! prim>y s*ools until    
f\rte5 w be ( r\ghly two grades2 ^? ^:  
ability fits !m  = "w ( "s skill 9      
trades or 9 ! humbl] ranks ( bus9ess1  &
 ^? ( v l[ intellig5ce :o are naturally 
de/9$ =  unskill$ occupations4 ,! =m] w 
pass f ! elem5t>y s*ools  into "s =m (  
vocational tra9+2 ! latt] w g /raight   
into  indu/ry & w receive no fur!r tea*+
 o!r ?an :at may be  giv5 9 "s k9d (    
cont9uation class4    ,?us ! pr9ciple ( 
exclud+ all *ildr5 ( l[ m5tality f      
second>y education 9 in/itutions "u     
public control w be  def9itely accept$4 
,?is /ep w n be tak51 ( c\rse1 )\t  mu* 
opposition4 ,political irrelevancies w  
come into play z soon  z x is sugge/$4  
,! cry w g up t1 :]eas ! ri* *ild1  no  
matt] :at 8 capacity1 w cont9ue to be   
giv5 a public s*ool  education1 ! poor  
*ild ( ! same m5tal capacity w be       
depriv$  ( su* an indulg5ce4 ,( c\rse1 !
 *ildr5 ( ! two classes  w n receive    
equal treatm5t4 ,b s long z ! ,/ate     

all[s !  exi/5ce ( s*ools :i* x does n  
control1 s long z x all[s  p>5ts to     
contract out ( ! educational sy/em1 x w 
n be able  to prev5t weal?y p f sp5d+ _!
 money on _! bra9less  *ildr51 if !y    
*oose to d s4 ,cle>ly1 h[ev]1 if ! ,/ate
  provides a co/ly sy/em ( free1 or     
l>gely free1 education1 x w  h ! "r to  
ex]cise its p[] ( exclud+ f "s or all ( 
! b5efits ( t sy/em1 *ildr5 7( :atev]   
social position7  :o w n pr(it by x4    
,moreov]1 by requir+ ! same /&>d (      
ability f bo? s*ol>%ip-hold]s &         
fee-pay]s ! au?orities  w remove !      
pres5t iniquity by :i*1 ow+ to          
insuffici5t free  places1 able *ildr5 ( 
poor p>5ts are deb>r$ f second>y  s*ools
 :ile incompet5t *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o c    
af=d to pay a  fraction ( ! co/ secure  
admission4    ,ano!r objection likely to
 be put =w>d is t g5iuses :o blossom    
late w be lo/ to ! _w1 if su* dra/ic    
me?ods ( exclusion  are adopt$4 ,x is   
urg$ t ! pot5tiality ( a boy or girl _c 
always be f9ally det]m9$ at ! age (     

f\rte54 ,?is may be true2  b x is also  
true t 9 at lea/ n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 (    
cases a  compet5t tea*] :o has obs]v$ a 
*ild = "s ye>s c gauge  8 capacity      
suffici5tly accurately at t age2 &1 9   
any case1  ! *ild has by t "t be5 giv5 !
 tools ( le>n+ 9 !  ability to read &   
write4 ,moreov]1 y\r g5ius frequ5tly    
does n  take k9dly to academic r\t9e1 & 
n seldom he looks ) amus$  contempt at !
 ef=ts ( ! m$iocre p$agogue to keep him 
9 !  recognis$ pa?s ( le>n+4 ,!         
biograph]s h be5 at pa9s to  e/abli% !  
fact t ,%akespe>e att5d$ ! ,gramm>      
,s*ool at  ,/rat=d4 ,b we _c d\bt t     
8,hamlet0 w\ld h be5 writt5  ev5 if     
,%akespe>e _h nev] suff]$ ! f]ule & !   
,lat9 gramm>  ( ! ,/rat=d dom9ie4 ,! k (
 p & places :i*  ,dick5s pick$ up :ile  
runn+ ! /reets 0 ( m s]vice to him  z a 
noveli/ ?an any?+ he might h le>n$ "u ! 
eye ( a  ma/] :o %\ld h tri$1 ) d\btful 
success1 to in/il into him  a prop]     
respect = hi/ory & a "r appreciation (  
poetry4 ,9  fact1 x may be reasonably   

d\bt$ :e!r any *ild ( lat5t g5ius1  or  
ev5 tal5t1 w be blight$ = ev] ?r\gh     
failure to receive  ! bless+s ( !       
academic c\rse4    ,to come to details (
 ! v>i\s types ( s*ools 9 ! future4 ,)  
reg>d to second>y education1 we may     
anticipate t to meet v>i$  ne$s ?ree    
diff]5t c\rses w be provid$4 ,a         
curriculum ( r\ghly  ! same type z !    
pres5t w be reta9$ = ^? boys & girls  ( 
! highe/ grades ( intellig5ce2 t is to  
say1 ^? :o h  ! ability to proce$ to    
univ]sity /udies & :o1 9 fav\rable      
circum/ances1 int5d to d s4 ,?is        
curriculum w1 h[ev]1 be  reliev$ ( "s ( 
! subjects :i* at pres5t ov]cr[d x ?r\gh
  ! attempt to provide an 8omnibus0     
c\rse by graft+ ! v>i\s  8mod]n0 /udies 
on ! old classical & ma!matical c\rses4 
,side by side ) in/ruction ( ?is type   
!re w be at lea/ two  o!r types provid$ 
= pupils :o c pr(it by full-"t high]    
tra9+ until ! age ( sixte5 or beyond4   
,"o c\rse w be ( a  def9itely practical 
"* design$ = ! ne$s ( ^? :o are  fitt$  

to occupy lead+ positions 9 indu/ry4    
,h&work w =m a  prom95t feature1 & a    
broad te*nical tra9+ w be giv5 on       
cultural l9es4 ,! "w w n be directly    
vocational 9 int5tion1  nor w book-le>n+
 ( ! usual k9d be entirely neglect$3 !  
object w be to provide a tra9+ ( !      
greate/ educational value  = /ud5ts ( a 
c]ta9 type4 ,! syllabus w be det]m9$  to
 "s ext5t by ! nature ( local indu/ries4
 ,9 ! big t[ns  x w be a fairly simple  
matt] to relate ! te*nical tea*+  to !  
dom9ant manufactur+ processes c>ri$ on 9
 ! area4 ,9  c\ntry di/ricts x w be !   
bus9ess ( ^! c\rses to fo/]  t int]e/ 9 
rural indu/ries :i* is at pres5t s      
disa/r\sly  lack+4 ,already a c]ta9     
numb] ( second>y s*ools 9 ! c\ntry  are 
mak+ a def9ite attempt to organise _!   
tea*+ on l9es  int5d$ to be ( ! greate/ 
value to ^? pupils :o int5d to  take up 
occupations connect$ ) agriculture or   
horticulture4 ,!  fact t m has n be5    
done 9 ?is direction is expla9$ 9 a     
significant s5t5ce 9 a pamphlet issu$ by

 ! ,bo>d ( ,education  on !             
subject48,hi!rto ! majority ( p>5ts h   
un=tunately  be5 incl9$ to reg>d entry  
into comm]ce or into "s cl]ical         
occupation z ! only fitt+ sequel to a   
second>y s*ool tra9+1  & !re has be51   
!re=e1 little or no dem& on _! "p t  !  
education giv5 to _! *ildr5 9 ! second>y
 s*ool %\ld be  relat$ to rural life &  
ne$s40 ,z a prelim9>y to ! successful   
e/abli%m5t ( second>y s*ools ) a        
te*nical bias x w ?us  be necess>y to   
conv9ce p>5ts t suitable c>e]s exi/ = _!
  *ildr5 9 indu/ry4 ,su* s*ools mu/ be  
recognis$ z ! normal  /epp+-/ones to !  
high] indu/rial positions1 ei!r directly
 or  by way ( ! ,te*nical or            
,agricultural ,college ( univ]sity rank4
    ,a ?ird c\rse w be design$ = pupils 
:o are likely to b5efit  f cont9u$      
education aft] f\rte51 b :o are n suit$ 
to  ! purely academic /udies & h no m>k$
 practical b5t3 !y  are probably de/9$ =
 ! fairly skill$ comm]cial po/s4 ,!  "w 
9 ?is c\rse w be l>gely ( a concrete "* 

&  w be def9itely connect$ ) economic   
life2 b aga9 x w  n be directly         
vocational4 ,! syllabus w consi/ 9 ! ma9
  ( :at are kn[n z ! 8ord9>y s*ool      
subjects02 b ! pupils  w conc5trate on  
few] subjects ?an is cu/om>y at pres5t1 
&  emphasis w be laid on ^? aspects :i* 
are mo/ )9 ! grasp  ( boys & girls :o   
lack any great int]e/ 9 ideas z su*4    
,pupils w be draft$ into "o or o!r ( !  
v>i\s c\rses n  prim>ily because !y     
int5d to ent] ?is or t pr(ession or     
bus9ess 7?\gh ?is might be giv5 due     
consid]ation at ! wi% (  ! p>5t71 b     
because _! previ\s s*ool-hi/ory w h %[n 
t _! all-r\nd developm5t c be be/ assur$
 9 "o ( ^!  c\rses r ?an 9 ! o!rs4    ,w
 pupils foll[+ ! v>i\s curricula rema9  
side by side 9 !  same s*ool1 or w !y be
 sep>at$ into diff]5t in/itutions8 ,x   
is possible t 9 ,london & ! l>g] t[ns   
sep>ate te*nical  & comm]cial s*ools (  
second>y grade w be creat$ to "w  side  
by side ) ! second>y s*ools ( ! pres5t  
type4 ,!  anomal\s ,c5tral ,s*ools (    

to-day c sc>cely rema9 a p]man5t        
feature ( our sy/em3 !y might well be   
conv]t$ into s*ools (  fully second>y "*
 ) ei!r a comm]cial or a te*nical  bias4
 ,9 ! small] areas :i* c support only a 
s+le in/itution  = high] tra9+ ! v>i$   
c\rses w be pursu$ 9 ! same  build+4    
,su* an arrangem5t w1 no d\bt1 pres5t   
difficulties  9 organisation1 b x w h a 
consid]able advantage 9 !  fact t free  
transf] ( pupils f "o c\rse to ano!r w  
be  possible4    ,:at ( ! pupils :o are 
judg$ unfit = education ( a second>y    
type8 ,^? :o are likely to pr(it by "s  
sort ( fur!r tea*+  w n be dismiss$ at !
 age ( f\rte5 to ! work%op or !  (fice2 
b x w be recognis$ t _! int]e/s c be be/
  s]v$ by giv+ !m tra9+ ( a frankly     
vocational "*4 ,to  meet ! ne$s ( ^? :o 
propose to ent] trades !re w be         
organis$ l>ge numb]s ( trade s*ools 9   
conjunction ) local  indu/ries4 ,"h1 =  
two ye>s or m1 /ud5ts w be prep>$ =  a  
def9ite occupation1 & w rema9 "u        
cultural & discipl9>y  influ5ces4       

,junior ,te*nical ,s*ools ( ?is nature h
 already  be5 firmly e/abli%$ dur+ ! la/
 ?irty ye>s1 & 9 ,london  trade-classes 
exi/ = silv]smi?+1 book-production1     
furni%+1  dressmak+1 tailor+1 eng9e]+1 &
 s on4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1  half ! total 
numb] ( ,junior ,te*nical ,s*ool places 
provid$ by  ! c\nty bor\ghs ?r\gh\t !   
c\ntry are 9 ,london3 we may look  =w>d 
to a wide ext5sion ( te*nical s*ool     
facilities 9 ! o!r  indu/rial areas dur+
 ! next few ye>s4    ,! effective       
organisation ( trade-s*ools w entail a  
solution  ( ! problem ( appr5tice%ip4 ,!
 appr5tice%ip-sy/em has long  be5       
obsolete3 x is condemn$ educationally   
because x involves !  transf]5ce ( !    
pupil f ! s*ool to ! work%op at too e>ly
  an age1 & x is ineffective indu/rially
 because "u mod]n  factory-conditions   
!re is no c]ta9ty t ! appr5tice w  ev5  
receive prop] te*nical tra9+4 ,! sy/em  
is already dead 9  _m trades1 & 9 o!rs x
 is kept alive only to enable ! trade   
unions to limit ! numb] ( entrants into 

! indu/ry4 ,x _c be  long1 h[ev]1 be=e  
common ne$s =ce education & indu/ry into
  "s sort ( concordat4 ,! indu/rial     
firms ne$ skill$ work]s2  ! educationi/s
 want ^? skill$ work]s to be tra9$ 9 su*
  a way t !y may d]ive educational      
b5efit f _! te*nical  pursuits4 ,to meet
 ! difficulty !re are two obvi\s        
possibilities4  ,! :ole appr5tice-sy/em 
might be aboli%$1 & ! tra9+ (  skill$   
work]s might be c>ri$ out entirely 9    
te*nical s*ools  organis$ on ! l9es ( ! 
coles pr(essionelles ( ,france1 :i*     
resemble factories 9 _! equipm5t & :i*  
turn out fully-tra9$  work]s aft] a ?ree
 ye>s' c\rse4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rule  
( appr5tice%ip is reta9$1 x %\ld be     
possible to sub/itute  education 9      
,junior ,te*nical ,s*ools = ! fir/ two  
ye>s (  appr5tice%ip4 ,/eps ( ?is k9d h 
already be5 tak5 9 ,london1  :]e x is   
usual = "y work]s to h _! appr5tice%ip  
%ort5$ by a p]iod correspond+ to _!     
tra9+ 9 a trade  s*ool4 ,b1 ( c\rse1    
fur!r advances 9 ?is direction c be tak5

  only ) ! co-op]ation ( ! trade unions 
conc]n$4 ,?is may  cause difficulty4    
,some:at /rangely1 ! educational        
spokesm5 (  ! trade unions seem s mu*   
conc]n$ ab\t secur+ a univ]sity         
education = ! sons ( ! 8work]s0 t !y h  
little int]e/  9 ! matt] (              
craft-in/ruction4 ,b p]haps ?is attitude
 ( !  trade union lead]s is no m /range 
?an t ( ! employ]s  :o talk l\dly ( !   
ne$ = increas$ effici5cy if ,briti%     
manufactur]s are to compete 9 ! m>kets (
 ! _w1 & yet d  little or no?+ to ensure
 t _! "y work]s %all be giv5  adequate  
tra9+ = ! "w !y are to p]=m4    ,b we h 
/ill to consid] ! future ( boys & girls 
( l[  m5tality :o1 on leav+ ! prim>y    
s*ool1 w normally ent]  unskill$ or     
semi-skill$ occupations1 & :o are n     
likely to pr(it  by full-"t vocational  
tra9+4 ,x is ^! :o pres5t ! mo/         
difficult problem to ! educationi/4 ,x  
is h>d to f9d ! "r  way ( approa* to su*
 *ildr5 ev5 "u s*ool-conditions2 x is   
f> h>d] to ex]t effective tea*+-influ5ce

 ov] !m :5 !y  h be5 fre$ f discipl9>y  
re/ra9ts4 ,yet x is imp]ative =  ! heal?
 ( ! community t "y work]s ( ?is type   
%\ld  n be all[$ to pass entirely out ( 
educational control z soon z  !y leave !
 elem5t>y s*ool4 ,= !m1 x w\ld seem1 !  
aid (  ,mr4 ,fi%]'s ,act w once m h to  
be invok$1 & compulsory  ,cont9uation   
,s*ools w be e/abli%$4 ,at ^! classes ! 
object  w be n s mu* to tea* ! /ud5ts   
any specific subjects z  to keep !m "u  
discipl9>y influ5ces & to develop 9 !m  
! s5se ( p]sonal & civic responsibility4
 ,! %ort exp]i5ce  ga9$ f ! few         
cont9uation s*ools e/abli%$ imm$iately  
aft] #aiah made x cle> t giv+ mu* purely
 cultural tea*+ to  work]s ( l[ type 9  
unskill$ jobs1 h[ev] desirable1 is      
actually  impracticable4 ,nor is x      
g5]ally possible to give mu* direct     
vocational in/ruction4 ,physical tra9+ &
 h&work mu/ be made  important p>ts ( ! 
c\rses1 & good "w c be done ?r\gh  !    
=mation ( /ud5ts' clubs4 ,9 fact1 ^? :o 
h *>ge (  ,cont9uation classes w h to   

reg>d !mselves less z tea*]s  ?an z     
welf>e-work]s4    ,! s*eme ( developm5t 
:i* has be5 mapp$ out cle>ly dem&s !    
creation ( a l9k betwe5 education &     
indu/ry su* z does n at  pres5t exi/4   
,boys & girls :o1 ?r\gh lack (          
initiative or ( any  special            
pr$ilection1 h n f\nd = !mselves        
suitable employm5t  by ! "t !y are due  
to leave s*ool w n be all[$ to drift    
into ! fir/ bl9d-alley occupation t     
pres5ts itself4 ,!  education au?orities
 w h made full surveys ( local indu/rial
  & bus9ess requirem5ts & w ?us be able 
to indicate suitable  op5+s4 ,moreov]1  
acc\nt w be tak5 ( ! applicant's special
  abilities 9 recomm5d+ any p>ticul> po/
 to him4 ,! "q  ( vocational guidance   
has = "s ye>s attract$ a good deal (    
att5tion 9 ,am]ica1 & a consid]able     
am\nt ( "w has be5 done  9 ?is          
direction4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 _m local      
educational au?orities  79 p>ticul>1 !  
,london bor\ghs7 are attempt+ to c>ry   
out  s*emes ( juv5ile vocational        

guidance ?r\gh ! ,aft]-,c>e  ,committees
 & ! ,juv5ile ,advisory ,committee ( !  
,employm5t  ,bureaux4 ,9 ,london1 too1 !
 ,headma/]s ( ! ,second>y ,s*ools h  =m$
 an ,employm5t ,committee :i* puts      
pupils 9 t\* ) firms  :o h vacancies4   
,m important 9 ?is connection is !      
inve/igation rec5tly  c>ri$ out by !    
,indu/rial ,fatigue ,rese>* ,bo>d 9     
conjunction  ) ! ,national ,in/itute (  
,indu/rial ,psy*ology4 ,"u !  direction 
( ,dr ,cyril ,burt a c>eful /udy 0 made 
( all ! *ildr5  7to ! numb] ( a hundr$7 
due to leave ?ree select$ ,london s*ools
  )9 a p]iod ( twelve mon?s4 ,all data  
obta9able f ! s*ools  7 collect$1 !     
*ildr5 7 subject$ to m5tal te/s1 ! homes
  7 visit$1 & ea* *ild 0 p]sonally      
int]view$4 ,9 ! light  ( ! evid5ce ?us  
obta9$ specific vocational              
recomm5dations  7 made4 ,aft] an int]val
 ( two ye>s ! inve/igators aga9         
int]view$ ! *ildr5 9 _! homes 9 ord] to 
te/ ! results  ( ! recomm5dations4 ,x   
appe>$ t ! *ildr5 :o _h ent]$  !        

indu/ries sugge/$ to !m _h prov$ m      
effici5t ?an  _! fell[s1 & ov] #hj p]   
c5t4 ( !m decl>$ t !y 7  satisfi$ ) _!  
position & prospects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 (   
^? :o obta9$ employm5t diff]5t f ! k9d  
recomm5d$1 less  ?an #dj p] c5t4 7      
satisfi$4 ,! value ( ?is exp]im5t is1 ( 
c\rse1 limit$ by ! smallness ( its      
scale1 b ! results are  c]ta9ly         
enc\rag+4 ,"o po9t t has be5 made cle>  
is ! ne$  = full in=mation z to !       
requirem5ts ( ! v>i\s trades4    ,su*   
ef=ts at l9k+ ! s*ools ) ! (fice & !    
work%op  are at pres5t t5tative &       
sporadic2 b !y are significant (  future
 developm5ts1developm5ts :i* w be ha/5$ 
by !  gr[+ det]m9ation dur+ ^! ye>s (   
trade depression to  prev5t ! wa/e &    
det]ioration ( our y\?s1 s f> z x c be  
prev5t$ by bett] organisation4 ,!re c be
 little d\bt t )9  ! next few ye>s we   
%all be =c$1 if n by practical wisdom1  
at  lea/ by economic necessity1 into    
creat+ a univ]sal s*eme :i*  %all       
relieve ! employ]s ( ! ne$ = haphaz>d   

adv]tisem5t 9  recruit+ _! junior /affs1
 & :i* %all ensure t ev]y?+  possible is
 done to facilitate ! entry ( a y\? into
 t  p>ticul> job 9 :i* he c d "w ( mo/  
value to himself & to  ! community4     
,,iv                               ,,!  
,,univ]sities                  ,!       
,academic ,m9d ( ,to-,day & ,to-,morr[4 
8',tis n a melan*oly ut9am ( my own1 b !
 desires (      bett] heads1 t !re 7 a  
g5]al synodn to unite !                 
incompatible diff]5ce ( religion1 b1= ! 
b5efit (      le>n+1 to r$uce x1 z x lay
 at fir/1 9 a few & solid      au?ors2 &
 to condemn to ! fire ^? sw>ms &        
millions      ( rhapsodies1 begott5 only
 to di/ract & abuse ! weak]             
judgem5ts ( s*ol>s1 & to ma9ta9 ! trade 
& my/]y      ( typograph]s40,sir ,?omas 
,br[ne4    ,x w be obs]v$ t our survey (
 probable future developm5ts  9 ! l[]   
bran*es ( education is hopeful4 ,^! are 
good reasons  = optimism3 ! tr5d (      
op9ion :i* w m\ld ! s*ools (  ! future  
is already cle>ly 9 evid5ce2 our obvi\s 

defects to-day  are defects (           
organisation1 & ^! c be rem$i$ by any   
capable  adm9i/rator2 ! se$s ( ! gr[?s  
we h =ese5 h already  be5 plant$2 &1    
f9ally1 economic exig5cies w provide !  
drive necess>y to ov]come ! dilator9ess 
insep>able f public  activity4 ,b we mu/
 confess t we are mu* conc]n$ ab\t !    
univ]sities4 ,!re are t5d5cies 9        
univ]sity life to-day t give  ample     
cause = misgiv+1! m s because !y spr+ r 
f  vital weakness reflect+ !            
intellectual vices ( our age ?an f      
defective me?ods & organisation4    ,n t
 our univ]sities d n %[ v obvi\s defects
 9  me?od & organisation4 7,we are      
consid]+ n[ especially ! new            
univ]sities4 ,j z 9 our survey (        
second>y education we made no  ref]5ce  
to ! public s*ools1 :i* h _! own        
tradition1 &  :i* w rema9 outside a     
/ate-sy/em1 s we may n[ leave out (     
acc\nt ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 :i* h _! own 
tea*+-me?ods  & :i* aga9 are n likely to
 be am5able to /ate-int]f]5ce4          

,moreov]1 ! inevitable ext5sion ( high] 
education w be se5  9 ! creation ( m    
univ]sities ( ! new type1 z well z 9  ! 
enl>gem5t ( ^? already 9 exi/5ce1 & ?us 
,ox=d &  ,cambridge are likely to turn  
out an ev]-dim9i%+ proportion (  ! total
 numb] ( graduates 9 ?is c\ntry74       
,criticism may well be  levell$ at !    
insuffici5t importance atta*$ to social 
life 9 !  mod]n univ]sities4 ,x is mu*  
too easy = "y m5 & wom5 to  att5d c\rses
 ( lectures = ?ree ye>s or s & amass a  
c]ta9  quantity ( in=mation on giv5     
subjects )\t com+ 9 contact  ) any      
intellectual influ5ces outside ! class  
room4 ,?is dang]  is1 ( c\rse1          
inevitable :5 ! /ud5ts are n resid5t 9 a
  college4 ,a rem$y is be+ provid$ to "s
 ext5t by ! erection (  ho/els1 & mu* m 
may be done 9 ?is direction2 b !re is   
/ill a difficulty aris+ f ! fairly l>ge 
proportion ( /ud5ts  :o live at home 9 !
 univ]sity-t[n4 ,z "p ( ! same problem  
mu/ be m5tion$ ! insuffici5t att5tion   
giv5 to games4 ,?is is  due n m]ely to !

 frequ5t abs5ce ( adequate play+-fields1
  :i* might be rem$i$1 b to ! fact t    
college lectures  take place dur+ ! :ole
 ( ! day & are s arrang$ t no           
consid]able body ( /ud5ts is free = !   
:ole ( m ?an "o  aft]noon a week4 ,9 o!r
 words1 college "w is organis$ solely ) 
a view to academic requirem5ts4    ,& !n
 !re is ! tea*+ by means ( lectures4 ,z 
a me?od  ?is 0 r5d]$ obsolete z soon z  
books 7 rapidly & *eaply  pr9t$1 & yet1 
:]eas ,ox=d & ,cambridge h long pursu$ a
  m excell5t way1 ! new univ]sities h   
/rangely reviv$ &  p]petuat$ ! m$iaeval 
practice4 ,a c5tury-&-a-half ago ,dr    
,johnson  0 emphatic ab\t ! futility (  
lectures4 78,p h n[adays  got a /range  
op9ion t ev]y?+ %\ld be taught by       
lectures4  ,n[1 ,i _c see t lectures c d
 s mu* good z read+ !  books f :i* !    
lectures are tak54 ,i "k no?+ t c be    
be/ taught by lectures1 except :]e      
exp]im5ts are to be %ewn4 ,y  may tea*  
*ymi/ry by lectures4 ,y might tea* mak+ 
( %oes by  lectures6074 ,x is delightful

 to imag9e 8 rem>ks if he c\ld walk     
?r\gh a mod]n college & see doz5s (     
lectur]s ea* dron+  f 8 ro/rum19 ^! days
 :5 libr>y %elves & publi%]s'           
/ore-rooms are /uff$ ) reliable         
text-books on e conceivable  subject4   
,surely no sy/em ( tea*+ c h ev] be5    
devis$ )  s little reg>d = ord9>y       
effici5cy4 ,bat*es ( /ud5ts are set  to 
take imp]fect notes ( a probably        
imp]fectly deliv]$ lecture by  a man :o 
has ei!r tak5 8 mat]ial f books t !y    
ought to  read !mselves1 or is dictat+  
:at is really an orig9al text-book1  :i*
 obvi\sly1 9 ! int]e/s ( economy 9 "t & 
lab\r1 to say  no?+ ( accuracy1 ought to
 be pr9t$4 ,x is to be fe>$ t "u  pres5t
 arrangem5ts a college lectur] fulfils !
 :ole ( ! duties  (ficially requir$ (   
him if he ?us turns himself into a      
gramophone  = s _m h\rs p] week4 ,if    
univ]sity-tea*+ meant no m ?an  ?is1 &  
if ! lecture 7 its only *annel1 we %\ld 
feel b\nd  to urge t ! pres5t wa/eful   
duplication ( lectures 9 v>i\s          

univ]sity-c5tres %\ld be avoid$ by      
enli/+ ! aid ( wireless1  & t /&>d      
lectures %\ld be broadca/ to /ud5ts     
?r\gh\t  ! k+dom 9 _! own homes4    ,!  
educational efficacy ( ! univ]sities (  
?is & o!r  c\ntries is be+ weak5$1      
h[ev]1 by a m insidi\s disease1a        
disease ( :i* ! defective tea*+-me?ods &
 ! excessive  absorption 9 purely       
academic pursuits are m]ely outw>d      
symptoms4  ,! intellectual & moral      
malady ( ?is pres5t age has infect$  our
 seats ( le>n+ s t !y appe> to be ab&on+
 ! ideal  ( a lib]al education & to be  
sub/itut+ ! n>r[ aim ( !  acquisition ( 
specialis$ k4 ,! mod]n univ]sity mu/ be 
a  c5tre ( rese>*3 ! dang] is t x w     
neglect to be also a  c5tre ( education4
    ,rese>* is ! intellectual idol ( our
 "t4 ,! fi]y zeal =  discov]y :i*       
animates u resembles t :i* 0 abroad five
  c5turies ago 9 ,europe4 ,inde$1 we (  
to-day are borne along by !  second wave
 ( ! great tide ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!     
great awak5+  ( ! human _s1 due1 9 "p1  

to ! r$iscov]y ( anci5t  lit]ature &    
art1 urg$ m5 to ! passionate pursuit (  
tru?  & beauty4 ,rese>* & creative      
activity w5t h& 9 h&4 ,!  inspiration   
:i* produc$ ! great s*ol>s1 pa9t]s1 &   
ar*itects  la/$ = a season4 ,!n ! vital 
en]gy 0 dissipat$3 s*ol>%ip  deg5]at$   
into g]und-gr9d+1 lit]ature into /yli/ic
 display1  & art into lifeless          
imitation4 ,b mean:ile ! newly-lib]at$  
_s ( enquiry 0 turn+ f ! pa/ & seek+    
fre% objects  ( /udy 9 natural ph5om5a4 
,sl[ly & t5tatively1 at fir/1 !  human  
intellect explor$ ! fr+es ( ^? va/      
fields ( k  :i* _h la9 almo/ unt\*$ s9ce
 ! "t ( ! ,greeks4 ,!n1 9  ! la/ c5tury1
 ! scatt]$ sp>ks sudd5ly flam$ into a   
great  outbur/ ( sci5tific discov]y1 & !
 we/]n m9d 0 amaz$  by ! undream$-(     
treasures spread be=e x4 ,"h 0 a second 
,r5aissance1 ! *ild ( ! fir/ & in=m$ ) !
 same _s  ( div9e curiosity1 b work+ 9 a
 new direction4 ,! prime object  ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury inve/igator 0 to         
accumulate obs]v$ facts  ab\t ! mat]ial 

univ]se1 to f9d !ories to int]pret ^?   
facts1  & p]haps ultimately to lay b>e !
 inn]mo/ secrets ( ,nature4  ,m & m     
wond]s 7 discov]$2 & ea* new wond] po9t$
 !  road to fre% t]ritories await+ !    
pione]4 ,!re mu/ be =m$ a  great army ( 
explor]s4 ,! recruitm5t & ! tra9+ ( ?is 
army  0 naturally c>ri$ on 9 !          
univ]sities4 ,! aims & me?ods (  sci5ce 
acquir$ enorm\s pre/ige4 ,! _s ( rese>* 
p]vad$  e dep>tm5t ( academic activity4 
,9 ! reorganis$ univ]sities (           
n9ete5?-c5tury ,g]many1 !  new _s f\nd  
its mo/ complete expression4 ,! pr(essor
 0  giv5 a two-fold function3 he 0 to   
tea*1 & also to advance 8  p>ticul> /udy
 or sci5ce4 ,to-day tea*+ is (t5 made   
subord9ate  to rese>*4 ,a *>act]i/ic    
product ( ! ,g]man academic sy/em is  ! 
8sem9>10 :i* is = ! /ud5t ( humani/ic   
le>n+ :at !  laboratory is to ! sci5ti/3
 9 ! sem9> ! /ud5t is giv5  tra9+ 9     
me?ods ( orig9al inve/igation4 ,! c\rse 
( /udy is  highly specialis$ & leads to 
! degree ( 8doctor ( philosophy10  = :i*

 he mu/ pres5t a diss]tation contribut+ 
to ! advance  ( k4 ,! close association 
( ,am]ican /ud5ts ) ,g]many  has l$ to !
 importation ( ,g]man univ]sity me?ods &
 ideals into  ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9       
,engl&1 too1 !re has be5 an ev]-increas+
  t5d5cy to approximate our /&>ds to ^? 
( ,g]many4 ,! ,hon\rs  c\rses1 at any   
rate at ! new univ]sities1 become       
increas+ly  specialis$1 & m & m insi/5ce
 is be+ laid on !  necessity = orig9al  
rese>* z ! cr[n ( an academic c>e]4     
,?us ! univ]sities are liv+ 9 an        
intellectual atmosph]e  manufactur$ by !
 sci5ti/s4 ,! great crav+ is =  k1k (   
natural processes1 & k ( man's  pa/     
hi/ory4 ,?is crav+ manife/s itself at e 
turn4 ,ap>t f  ! lab\rs ( sci5ti/s1     
hi/orians1 & ar*aeologi/s 9 :at         
,johnson calls ! 8academic b[]s10 we    
read daily ( se>*-p>ties  7_m ( :om are 
organis$ by ,european or ,am]ican       
univ]sities7  proce$+ to ! ends ( !     
e>?1?is "o br++ to light  ! treasures ( 
,egyptian royal tombs1 ano!r reveal+ a  

hi!rto  unkn[n civilisation ( ! anci5t  
_w1 a ?ird f9d+ d9osaur's  eggs1 a f\r? 
/udy+ ! *>act]i/ics & ! hi/ory ( a      
savage tribe4 ,a lead+ newspap] rec5tly 
in=m$ u pr\dly t  no few] ?an two hundr$
 explor+ p>ties are sett+ out ?is ye>   
on v>i\s que/sm ?an ev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory 
( ! _w4  ,! int]e/ 9 ^! ef=ts is n      
conf9$ to ! few4 ,acc\nts (  m>vell\s   
discov]ies & inv5tions br+ romance to ! 
millions  9 our indu/rial civilisation4 
,! popul> press kn[s ! appeal  ( big    
headl9es ov] an article giv+ a highly   
col\r$ acc\nt (  ! late/ results (      
rese>*2 & ! book/alls are cr[d$ )       
magaz9es devot$ to ! ,wond]s ( ,sci5ce &
 giv+ ! ,city cl]k  & typi/1 hungry = k1
 an ,illu/rat$ ,outl9e ( ?is1 t1  or !  
o!r field ( in=mation4    ,:i!r is ?is  
en?usiasm = k lead+ u8 ,:at b5efits  w  
accrue to ! individual or to society :51
 ) untold lab\r1  we h le>n$ a fraction 
m ab\t ! hi/ory ( man or p5etrat$  a few
 /eps fur!r into ! illimitable arcana ( 
nature8 ,^! are  que/ions :i* ^? engag$ 

9 inve/igation & ^? ^: delight  is to   
he> "s new ?+ alike h>dly pause to ask4 
,x is assum$  t all k ( fact is         
valuable1 & !re=e is to be pursu$  = its
 own sake4 ,to _m ?is w seem a          
self-evid5t proposition4  ,su* p may be 
rem9d$ t curiosity ab\t ! mat]ial _w    
has n always be5 a *>act]i/ic ( ! we/]n 
nations4 ,= _m  c5turies man 0 n 9 !    
lea/ int]e/$ to "k :e!r !  e>? w5t r\nd 
! sun or ! sun r\nd ! e>?3 he 0 cont5t  
to take on tru/ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses4 ,x 
is ev5 a matt] =  debate :e!r ! sum (   
human happ9ess has be5 increas$ by !  k 
t has come f ,galileo's lab\rs4 ,x is a 
p]5nial human  weakness to pursue "o aim
 to ! unreasonable exclusion ( o!rs1 to 
mi/ake ! means = ! end4 ,! great        
humani/s 7 s possess$  by ideals :i* !y 
f\nd 9 ! antique _w t !y s\ght to       
a*ieve !m ev5 at ! exp5se ( p]sonal &   
social morality2 _!  successors mi/ook !
 husk = ! k]nel & all[$ p$antry to      
displace s*ol>%ip4 ,we ( ?is age are be+
 div]t$ f o!r aims  & all[+ our         

intellectual life to be n>r[$ by an     
unreason+  zeal = rese>*4 ,we are       
influ5c$ too mu* by ! delusion t !  mak+
 ( 8a contribution to k0 is ! beg9n+ (  
wisdom4    ,w ! univ]sities rid !mselves
 ( ! incubus ( rese>*1 or at  lea/      
relegate x to a sep>ate dep>tm5t s t !  
ma9 ef=ts (  ! pr(essors & lectur]s may 
be conc5trat$ on o!r matt]s8 ,on  !     
answ] to ?is "q ! future ( ! univ]sities
 dep5ds4 ,x  mu/ be decid$ :e!r ! prim>y
 bus9ess ( ! univ]sity tea*]  is to tea*
 or to c>ry on ! inve/igations 9 :i* he 
is privately  int]e/$2 :e!r ! bus9ess ( 
! /ud5t is to become educat$  or to     
become a speciali/2 :e!r1 9 %ort1 !re is
 any necess>y  relation%ip betwe5 ! two 
bran*es ( univ]sity activity1rese>*  &  
education4 ,at pres5t !re is little     
indication ( h[ ^!  problems w be       
settl$3 z yet !y are sc>cely m5tion$ 9  
academic circles 9 ?is c\ntry4          
,criticism ( univ]sity me?ods &  ideals 
is he>d among p :o h left pr(essorial   
tutelage1 &  book-review]s are          

occasionally ent]ta9+ at ! exp5se (     
typical  products ( ! academic m9d2 b = 
! mo/ "p ! /&>ds  ( ! dons are tak5 =   
grant$4 ,! late ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 x 
is true1 did n conceal 8 antipa?y to !  
8s]i\s bus9ess (  s*ol>%ip10 b 8 bro!r  
pr(essors mu/ h consid]$ him a sad  dog4
    ,:ile ,engli% univ]sities give no   
sign ( int]e/ 9 fundam5tal  problems    
affect+ _! well-be+1 a ray ( hope comes 
f ,am]ica4  ,9 ! rec5t annual report (  
,columbia ,univ]sity1 ! presid5t1  ,dr  
,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 speak+ ) all ! 
au?ority ( 8  di/+ui%$ position1 faces  
critical issues ) a frankness t is      
possible1 p]haps1 only 9 ,am]ica4 ,he is
 conc]n$ ab\t ! de>?  ( great m9ds 9    
spite ( ! spread ( educational          
facilities1 &  he asks :e!r !           
univ]sities h n de/roy$ ! ideal ( a     
lib]al education1 & ) x ! lib]ally      
educat$ man himself1  ?r\gh all[+ !     
*oice ( less valuable subjects & lay+   
too  mu* /ress on e>ly specialisation4  
,9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( two  g5]ations to  

make sci5ce an in/rum5t ( education1 & 9
 spite (  ! inh]5t excell5ce ( !        
sci5tific me?od1 he has grave d\bts     
ab\t ! results4 ,he f9ds ! cause ( 8    
dissatisfaction 9 !  me?ods & aims ( !  
tea*]s ( ! sci5ces4 8,if ^! subjects    
are to be pres5t$ only = ! purpose (    
tra9+ speciali/s1 &  if ! me?ods to be  
foll[$ are ^? t1 :ile appropriate =     
inve/igation1 h no relation :atev] to   
int]pretation1 !n x  may well be t 9    
ano!r g5]ation g5]al int]e/ 9 ! natural 
& exp]im5tal sci5ces & g5]al k ( _!     
mean+  & significance w h greatly       
decl9$4444 ,! example ( !  anci5t       
classics ought to suffice4 ,!y 7 kill$  
l>gely by ^?  :o taught !m40 ,on !      
subject ( rese>* ,dr ,butl] is equally  
outspok54 8,! ^w rese>*10 he says1 8has 
come to be some?+  l ! bless$ ^w        
,mesopotamia4 ,x is us$ to r$uce ev]yone
 to  sil5ce1 acquiesc5ce1 & approbation4
 ,! fact ( ! matt] is t  some?+ betwe5  
sev5ty-five p] c5t4 & n9ety p] c5t4 (   
:at  is call$ rese>* 9 ! v>i\s          

univ]sities & in/itutes ( !  l& is n    
prop]ly rese>* at all1 b simply !       
re-arrangem5t  or re-classification (   
exi/+ data or well-kn[n ph5om5a40 ,he   
rem9ds 8 read]s t 8an orig9al           
inve/igation may1 & usually  does1 add a
 good deal to ! k ( ! individual        
inve/igator  )\t add+ any?+ to ! k ( !  
human race40    ,dr ,butl] attacks !    
pr9ciples on :i* pres5t-day sci5ce-tea*+
  9 ! univ]sities is c>ri$ out3 su* an  
indictm5t applies )  equal1 if n )      
great] =ce1 to ! tea*+ ( ! humanities1  
into :i* sci5tific me?ods h intrud$     
!mselves ) disa/r\s  results4 ,x is     
natural t ! hi/orian ( to-day %\ld adopt
 !  "* ( ! sci5tific inve/igator2 b     
surely some?+ is  wrong :5 univ]sity &  
o!r presses issue volume aft] volume  ( 
hi/orical /udy ( a k9d :i*1 judg$ by any
 ( ! wid]  canons1 c h no conceivable   
value4 ,too (t5 ! speciali/s  =get t !  
_m intrigu+ little puzzles t !y try to  
solve  are intrigu+ little puzzles &    
no?+ m4 ,! rese>*] 9  ! natural sci5ces 

c always plead t 8 discov]ies1 h[ev]    
insignificant at ! mom5t1 may take on   
great importance 9 connection  ) "w 9   
o!r fields4 ,! rese>*] 9 hi/ory c h>dly 
put  =w>d ! same plea4 ,! sci5tific or  
pseudo-sci5tific _s  appli$ to hi/ory   
has t5d$ to de/roy ! s5se ( values4     
,lit]ature at ! univ]sities is 9 ev5 a  
worse plight4 ,!  sci5tific hi/orical   
me?od appli$ 9 ?is field is /eadily     
devitalis+ lit]>y /udy4 ,criticism &    
enjoym5t ( ! great  ma/]s h to give     
place to ! /udy ( t5d5cies & influ5ces1 
( hi/orical m9utiae & bibliographical   
irrelevancies4 ,! academic  m9d app>5tly
 fails to see any incongruity 9 !       
eag]ness &  s]i\sness ) :i* le>n$       
societies rec5tly discuss$ !  precise   
circum/ances ( ! dea? ( ,m>l[e2 nor is x
 %ock$  at ! regul>ity ) :i* univ]sity  
lectur]s & o!rs write  lett]s to !      
8,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t10 tak+ leave 
to record  "s 8new fact0 ab\t a relative
 ( a t5?-rate poet ^: "n lives  only 9 !
 bigg] hi/ories ( lit]ature4 ,immature  

graduates 9 !  ,am]ican s*ools ( ,engli%
 are /eadily work+ ?r\gh all our  writ]s
 :o are suffici5tly unimportant to h    
escap$ att5tion  hi!rto & produc+       
monographs on !m 89 "p prep>ation =  !  
degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy 9 !      
,univ]sity ( 40 ,& z  money is pl5tiful 
9 ! ,am]ican univ]sities ! !ses are duly
  pr9t$4 ,simil> s-call$ lit]>y rese>*  
is be+ c>ri$ on )  unremitt+ en]gy 9 ?is
 c\ntry also2 happily ! results ( mo/  (
 x rema9 dec5tly buri$ 9 ! univ]sity    
ar*ives4 ,dr ,butl]  =esees a probable  
decl9e 9 ! educational importance (     
sci5tific  /udy ?r\gh conc5tration on ! 
uness5tials & neglect ( !  ess5tials3 = 
! same reason x is to be fe>$ t !       
univ]sity  dep>tm5ts ( mod]n lit]ature  
are already well on ! road to  decad5ce4
    ,! outlook = univ]sity education is 
!re=e n hopeful4 ,x seems  probable t ! 
wor%ip ( ! false gods ( ! academic _w w 
take an unconscionable "t 9 dy+4        
,univ]sities are cons]vative  places3 !y
 hold !mselves sup]ior1 & (t5 rightly   

sup]ior1 to  ! r\gh & tumble ( ! _w     
outside1 & ?us !y are t>dy 9  respond+  
to ! *ang+ _s ( ! age4 ,moreov]1 by _! v
  sy/em !y are cramp+ ! free intellig5ce
 & n>r[+ ! vision  ( ^? :o are to direct
 ! univ]sities ( ! future4 ,success 9   
univ]sity life necess>ily involves      
ob$i5ce to ! tradition4    ,?us x may be
 assum$ t pres5t t5d5cies w take a      
g5]ation  or two to rea* _! limit4 ,) ! 
improvem5t 9 ! second>y  s*ools ?r\gh ! 
bett] selection ( pupils ! /&>d ( "w    
!re w be =c$ up to su* a pit* t e /ud5t 
proce$+  to ! univ]sity w imm$iately    
specialise 9 a n>r[ field4 ,pass        
degrees w be aboli%$4 ,! pre/ige (      
rese>*-degrees w  be su* t mo/1 if n    
all1 graduates w proce$ to !m4 ,9  e    
univ]sity !re w be a busy colony (      
rese>*]s4 ,9 !  dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce 9 its
 v>i\s bran*es m5 & wom5 w be  lab\r+ to
 discov] new ph5om5a & to =mulate fre%  
!ories4  ,mu* ( ?is "w w fulfil !       
laudable purpose ( improv+ man's        
mat]ial lot4 ,mu* ( x1 on ! o!r h&1 w h 

! practical  result ( supply+ an        
indu/rialis$ community ) a surfeit (    
me*anical luxuries :i* ! ord9>y p]son w 
h nei!r !  desire nor ! "t to use4 ,! _s
 ( man may f9d "s consolation  9        
increas$ k ( su* matt]s z ! habits (    
atoms expos$  to v>i\s sorts (          
exp]im5tal bomb>dm5ts4 ,9 ! dep>tm5ts  (
 ! mod]n languages & lit]atures ! soil w
 h be5 s  f> exhau/$ t /ud5ts w be r$uc$
 to collat+ & edit+  7) l+ui/ic         
comm5t>y7 ! dulle/ & mo/ obscure        
m$iaeval  manuscripts4 ,or ! ,am]ican   
example w be foll[$ ( writ+             
diss]tations on rec5t or contempor>y    
writ]s4 ,we may expect doctoral  !ses ) 
su* titles z8,a ,bibliographical ,acc\nt
 ( ! ,works  ( ,arnold ,b5nett1 toge!r )
 a ,h&-li/ ( 8 ,contributions to  !     
,p]iodical ,press02 or 8,! ,sussex      
,f>m-,lab\r] 9 ,engli% ,fiction  f #aijj
 to #aicj40 ,9 ! realm ( hi/ory1 !      
evid5ce ( ! pa/  w1 9 mo/ directions1 h 
be5 sift$ & re-sift$2 acc\nts (         
fir/-rate1 second-rate1 & ev5 ?ird-rate 

m5 & movem5ts w  h be5 multipli$ ad     
nauseam on ! excuse t an additional     
insignificant fact or two has be5 add$  
to in=mation t 0  already accessible4   
,/ud5ts w be driv5 to edit+ ! dre>ie/   
records 7if any /ill rema9 unpubli%$7   
elucidat+ matt]s ( !  lea/ possible     
conc]n to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,!y w1 no   
d\bt1  be su/a9$ 9 _! ?ankless tasks by 
! ?\ght t !y are  do+ ! ,spade-"w3 !y   
are do+ _! %>e1 h[ev] humble1  t[>ds    
provid+ a great] ?an !mselves ) !       
mat]ials =  a new survey ( a p]iod4 ,we 
c only hope t _! s+le-m9d$  devotion may
 n be di/urb$ by ! horrible ?\ght t !   
mass (  accumulat$ rese>* on any giv5   
topic w ev5tually be s va/ t  no s+le   
human life w give suffici5t "t 9 :i* to 
read x1 &  t no s+le human m9d w be     
equal to ! task ( syn!sis+ x4    ,:5 !  
cult ( rese>* has ?us r$uc$ itself to   
absurdity !  "t w come :5 we %all p]haps
 turn to ! conception ( a  univ]sity z a
 place :]e1 by ! /udy & discussion (    
problems (  fundam5tal importance1 ! mo/

 intellig5t "y m5 & wom5 are  br\ght    
into contact ) ! be/ & mo/ /imulat+     
m9ds1 :]e  ! balance is held true betwe5
 intellect & emotion1 betwe5 ?\ght  &   
action4    ,b t "t is n yet4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,notes3     ,text 9       
italics is enclos$ by und]scores        
7italics74     ,punctuation1 & spell+   
inaccuracies 7 sil5tly correct$4        
,ar*aic & v>iable spell+ has be5        
pres]v$4     ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation &  
comp\nd words h be5 pres]v$4