,! ,mutual ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & !  
,/oic ,s*ool                 ,,!        
,,mutual ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,&
 ,,! ,,/oic ,,s*ool4                    
,,by                            ,,james 
,,h5ry ,,bryant1 ,b4,d4                 
,,/ ,,john',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge1   
,,incumb5t ,,( ,,a/ley1 ,,w>wick%ire4   
'  4                             ,,soph4
 d4 ,col4 #ajhj4                        
,london & ,cambridge3                   
,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4                   
#ahff4                                  
,cambridge3                             
,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay ,m4,a4      
,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4           
,,to ,,8 ,,grace1                       
,,william1 ,,duke ,,( ,,devon%ire1      
,k4,g41 ,,ll4,d4                        
,,*ancellor ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(     
,,cambridge1                            
,,! ,,foll[+ ,,essay1 ,,be+             
,,! ,,hulsean ,,diss]tation             
,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge1 ,,=
 ,,! ,,ye> #ahfe1 ,,is                  

,,by ,,8 ,,grace',s ,,k9d ,,p]mission1  
,,respectfully ,,d$icat$4               
,,cont5ts4             ,introduction 4 4
 4      #a             ,,*apt] ,i4      
,! ,/oic ,s*ool ( ,philosophy 4 4 4     
#ac             ,,*apt] ,,ii4           
,/oicism 9 comp>ison ) ,*ri/ianity 4 4 4
      #bg             ,,*apt] ,,iii4    
,! ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ,/oicism 4
 4 4     #dh             ,,*apt] ,,iv4  
,! ,influ5ce ( ,/oicism on ! ,*ri/ian   
,*ur* 4 4 4     #gd                     
,conclusion 4 4 4      #ia              
,,clauses direct$ by ! ,,f\nd] to be    
always prefix$ to ! ,,hulsean           
,,diss]tation4          ,,clauses f !   
,,w ( ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,hulse1 late (    
,elwor?1 9      ! ,c\nty ( ,*e/]1 cl]k1 
deceas$3 dat$ ! tw5ty-fir/ day      (   
,july1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& sev5   
hundr$ &      sev5ty-sev52 express$ 9 ! 
words ( ! ,te/ator1 z he1 9      ord] to
 prev5t mi/akes1 ?\ght prop] to draw &  
write ! same      himself1 & direct$ t  
su* clauses %\ld e ye> be      pr9t$1 to

 ! int5t t ! sev]al p]sons1 :om x might 
conc]n & be ( s]vice to1 might "k t !re 
7 su*      special donations or end[m5ts
 left = ! enc\ragem5t ( ,piety      &   
,le>n+1 9 an age s un=tunately addict$  
to ,infidelity &      ,luxury1 & t o!rs 
might be invit$ to ! l *>itable1      &1
 z he humbly hop$1 seasonable & useful  
,b5efactions4    ,he directs t c]ta9    
r5ts & pr(its 7n[ am\nt+ to ab\t a      
hundr$ p\nds ye>ly7 be paid to su* le>n$
 & +5i\s p]son1 9  ! ,univ]sity (       
,cambridge1 "u ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts1
 z  %all compose1 = t ye>1 ! be/        
,diss]tation1 9 ! ,engli%  language1 on 
! ,evid5ces 9 g5]al1 or on ! ,prophecies
 or ,miracles  9 p>ticul>1 or any o!r   
p>ticul> ,argum5t1 :e!r ! same be       
direct or collat]al pro(s ( ! ,*ri/ian  
,religion1 9 ord] to  ev9ce its tru? &  
excell5ce2 ! subject ( :i* ,diss]tation 
%all  be giv5 out by ! ,vice-,*ancellor1
 & ! ,ma/]s ( ,tr9ity &  ,sa9t ,john's1 
8 ,tru/ees1 or by "s ( !m1 on ,new      
,ye>'s ,day  annually2 & t su*          

,diss]tation z %all be by !m#a1 or any  
two  ( !m1 on ,*ri/mas ,day annually1 ! 
be/ approv$1 be also pr9t$1  & ! exp5se 
defray$ out ( ! ,au?or's income "u 8 ,w1
 &  ! rema9d] giv5 to him on ,sa9t ,john
 ! ,evangeli/'s ,day foll[+2  & he :o   
%all be s rew>d$1 %all n be admitt$ at  
any future  "t z a ,c&idate aga9 9 !    
same way1 to ! int5t t o!rs may  be     
invit$ & enc\rag$ to write on s sacr$ & 
sublime a subject4    ,he also desires1 
t imm$iately foll[+ ! la/ ( ! clauses   
relat+ to ! prize ,diss]tation1 ?is     
invocation may be add$3 8,may  ! ,div9e 
,bless+ = ev] g along ) all my          
b5efactions2 & may  ! ,greate/ & ! ,be/ 
( ,be+s1 by 8 all-wise ,provid5ce &     
graci\s influ5ce1 make ! same effectual 
to ,8 own glory1 & !  good ( my         
fell[-creatures60    ,subject propos$ by
 ! ,,tru/ees = ! ,ye> #ahfe3        ,!  
mutual ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,/oic
 ,s*ool4    ,footnote #a3      ,by ! new
 ,regulations1 ! f\r ,div9ity ,pr(essors
 7 appo9t$ z    additional              

,adjudicators4                          
,,introduction4      ,x 0 at ,a!ns1 8!  
s*ool ( ! _w10 t ! fir/ & only  contact 
( ,*ri/ianity ) ,g5tile ,philosophy1    
record$ 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 took place4 
,9 8! le>n$ city0 ! mightie/ ef=ts (  ! 
human m9d _h be5 made to grasp et]nal   
tru?4 ,b !  contradictions 9 ! tea*+s ( 
! ma/]-m9ds ( ,greece & !  consequ5t    
d\bt & unbelief s preval5t1 at ! same   
"t1 ) !  mo/ abject sup]/ition1 prov$ t 
! ef=t _h be5 va9 to arrive  at a full  
compreh5sion ( ! ,inf9ite f a           
consid]ation ( !  f9ite--to rise f man  
to ,,god4 ,9 ?is same city1 ab\t half a 
c5tury  aft] ! bir? ( ! ,r$eem]1 !re 0  
unveil$ to human s\ls :i*  _h be5 long+ 
= ! k ( ! unse51 8! my/]y (  ,godl9ess10
 t 8,,god0 _h be5 8manife/ 9 ! fle%40 ,!
 eyes :i*  _h be5 long look+ = ! day    
might n[ behold ! day-/> f on  high :o  
_h visit$ & bless$ ! _w ) light &       
salvation4 ,n[  !re c\ld be f\nd repose 
( s\l & c]ta9ty ( belief1 because !     
,tru? _h come d[n f heav51 f ,,god to   

man1 t ,he might raise  man to ,,god4   
,heav5ly wisdom at l5g? enc\nt]$ human  
wisdom & pride  ( intellect 9 _!        
/ronghold4    ,by ?is ,i d n mean t be=e
 ,/ ,paul came to ,a!ns !re _h be5  no  
conte/ ( ! religion ( ,*ri/ ) m]e human 
conceits4  ,philosophy is only !        
endeavor to r$uce ! ?\ghts ( m5 to a    
sy/em1 to f9d a gramm> = ! language ( ! 
m9d1 or r1  p]haps1 to f9d a language z 
well z a gramm>4 ,:]ev] !re is m9d  !re 
w be ?\ght1 ei!r )1 or )\t a sy/em4 ,s t
  ,*ri/ianity1 9 w9n+ its way1 _h met ) 
opposition ( human  ?\ght be=e ! great  
,apo/le ( ,jesus rea*$ ! metropolis (   
?\ght4 ,inde$ ! v sects ( philosophy1   
:i* sne]$ at !  revelation ( heav5ly    
tru? on its introduction into ,a!ns1 _h 
_!  c\nt]p>ts 9 ,juda1 & especially at  
,j]usalem4 ,we h !  te/imony ( a        
,ph>isee1 t ! 8sect ( ! ,ph>isees bore a
 /rong  aff9ity to t call$ ,/oic among !
 ,greeks#b40 ,we are l$ to  p]ceive1    
also1 f ! acc\nts we h ( ! free-liv+    
,sadducees1  :o claim$ absolute fre$om =

 ! human w1 t ! ,epicureans  7 repres5t$
 9 "s degree by !m4 ,!y 7 sceptics z to 
!  provid5ce ( ,,god1 8believ$ 9 nei!r  
angel1 nor _s#c20 8!y  took away all    
fate1 & w\ld n all[ x to be any?+ at    
all1 nor to  h any p[] ov] human        
affairs1 b put all ?+s entirely into !  
p[] ( our own free w#d40 ,bo? ,ph>isees 
& ,sadducees1 ?\gh  disagree+ 9 o!r     
respects1 yet 7 unit$ 9 _! ef=ts aga9/  
! spread ( ! tru?4 ,f ! e>lie/ prea*+ ( 
! doctr9es (  ! ,gospel1 ! same _s (    
self-seek+ & pride ( human nature  :i*  
animat$ ! ,epicureans & ,/oics1 %[$     
!mselves adv]se to  ! humbl+ views :i*  
,jesus set =?4 ,& we _c =get t ,/       
,paul1 imm$iately aft] 8 conv]sion1 hav+
 be5 9 great dang] at  ,damascus & at   
,j]usalem f ! rage ( ! ,jews because ( 8
  becom+ a ,*ri/ian1 dwelt "s "t 9 quiet
 at ,t>sus1 8 native  city4 ,we h no    
record ( h[ he sp5t 8 "t !re on t       
occasion4  ,b d\btless1 z at o!r places 
s !re1 he w\ld proclaim !  conviction   
:i* he s /rongly felt ( ! excell5ce &   

tru? ( !  ,gospel4 ,if s1 x is probable 
t he met ) ! same k9d ( coldness  &     
contempt = 8 message f ! philosoph]s (  
,t>sus1 z  aft]w>ds f ^? ( ,a!ns4 ,!    
native city ( ,/ ,paul 0 not$  = !      
eag]ness = le>n+ display$ by its p4     
,/rabo tells u  8! m5 ( ?is place are s 
zeal\s 9 ! /udy ( philosophy & all  o!r 
subjects ( education t !y surpass !     
inhabitants ( ,a!ns  & ,alex&ria1 & e   
place t "o c\ld m5tion :]e s*ools (     
philosophy are f\nd4 ,! diff]5ce is 9   
?is respect4 ,"h !y are  all natives :o 
are eag] aft] le>n+1 & /rang]s d n *oose
 a  resid5ce "h4 ,!y !mselves 7!        
,t>sians7 d n /ay1 b f9i%  _! c\rse (   
tra9+ abroad4 ,few return home aga94    
,:]eas1 9 !  o!r cities :i* ,i h nam$1  
except ,alex&ria1 !re is a contr>y      
practice2 = _m come to !m & live will+ly
 !re3 b y w  see few ( ^? born !re ei!r 
go+ to o!r places = ! sake (            
philosophy1 or c>+ to /udy x at home4 ,!
 ,alex&rians comb9e bo?  descriptions1 =
 !y receive _m /rang]s1 & s5d abroad n a

 few  ( _! own p40 ,we le>n also f o!r  
s\rces t f  ,cilicia1 & especially f    
,t>sus1 a great _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$    
,/oics came1 & x appe>s !re=e extremely 
probable t ,/ ,paul  w\ld meet ) su* 9 8
 visit to t city4 ,if he met ) !m1  !y  
w\ld he> ! tru? f 8 lips4 ,8 he>t w\ld  
prompt him1 z  x did aft]w>ds at ,a!ns1 
to proclaim glad tid+s ( salvation to   
all2 & to ^? :o pr(ess$ to seek ! k (   
deep]  my/]ies ?an ! ignorant mass c>$  
to inquire ab\t1 he w\ld  decl>e 8!     
my/]y :i*0 _h 8be5 hid = ages10 b 0 n[  
8reveal$ to ! sons ( m5 by ,jesus       
,*ri/40    ,( ^! meet+s betwe5 ! ,apo/le
 & ! philosoph]s ( 8 native  city1 if !y
 took place1 we h no record4 ,! fir/    
acc\nt we h  ( ! contact ( ! religion ( 
,*ri/ & ! wisdom ( m5 is giv5  u by !   
writ] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 9 !       
sev5te5? *apt]  ( ! hi/ory4 ,we are told
 t1 :ile ,/ ,paul wait$ at ,a!ns =      
,silas & ,timo!us1 88 _s 0 /irr$ )9 him 
:5 he saw !  city :olly giv5 to         
idolatry4 ,!re=e disput$ he 9 !         

synagogue  ) ! ,jews & ) ! dev\t p]sons2
 & 9 ! m>ket 7 7  daily ) !m t met him4 
,!n c]ta9 ( ! ,epicureans & ( !  ,/oics 
enc\nt]$ him4 ,& "s said1 #8,:at w ?is  
babbl] say8'  ,o!r "s1 #8,he seeme? to  
be a sett] =? ( /range gods2' because   
he prea*$ unto !m ,jesus & !            
resurrection40 ,x seems necess>y 9      
pass+1 to notice "h ! two sects (       
philosoph]s :o enc\nt]$  ! ,apo/le4 ,!y 
7 !n ! two mo/ prom95t 9 ,greece2 "o    
might  say !y divid$ betwe5 !m ! adh]5ce
 ( all ?\ghtful m9ds4 ,!  ,epicureans 7 
advocates ( ! doctr9e ( ! absolute      
fre$om ( !  human w to *oose :at is     
agreeable to x4 ,!y d5i$ ! provid5ce  ( 
,,god1 or t he conc]ns himself at all   
ab\t human affairs4  ,accord+ to !m1 !  
univ]se 0 nei!r =m$1 nor creat$1 by an  
intellig5t be+2 b 0 m]ely ! =tuit\s     
conc\rse ( inf9ite  atoms4 ,!y taught t 
happ9ess consi/$ 9 ! pursuit ( pleasure1
  &1 z all wi% to be happy1 all %\ld    
seek aft] ! greate/ am\nt  ( pleasure to
 be obta9$4 ,al?\gh ,epicurus 0 fi]cely 

assail$ by  ! disciples ( ! opposite    
s*ool1 & 8! g>d510 :]e he taught1  0    
held to be a hot-b$ ( s5suality1 !re 0  
probably mu*  exagg]ation 9 ! reports t 
7 spread4 ,epicurus meant by 8  tea*+1  
p]haps1 n t m5 %\ld seek aft] e mom5t>y 
gratification1 b = ! greate/ enjoym5t ( 
a :ole life4 ,yet z  ?is doctr9e left   
man to be 8 own judge1 x is n to be     
wond]$ at  if ! mod]ation ( ! f\nd] ( ! 
sect 0 little imitat$ by 8  disciples4  
,m5 took pleasures z !y came1 n kn[+ :at
 pleasure  might be 9 ! future1 & n c>+ 
= ! morr[2 s vice &  pr(ligacy 7 !      
result1 in/ead ( virtue & cont5tm5t &   
true  enjoym5t4    ,! ,/oics1 on ! o!r  
h&1 7 absolute fatali/s1 & taught t     
virtue consi/s 9 foll[+ ! decrees (     
nature & act+ accord+  to ! dictates :i*
 rul$ all ?+s4 ,we %all n n[ ent] fully 
into _! doctr9es1 z ^! w require c>eful 
att5tion & full  developm5t 9 accordance
 ) ! purpose ( ?is essay4 ,we %all see1 
bye & bye1 t ! pr9ciples ( _! s*ool 7 ( 
su* a nature  z to produce 9 "s respects

 ! /ronge/1 9 o!rs1 ! weake/ (  m54     
,/oicism & ,epicureanism bo? left man   
practically to himself4  ,!y agre$ 9    
look+ at self-cultivation & self-int]e/ 
z !  *ief good4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 !  
two sy/ems 0 :at x has  cont9u$ to be   
s9ce among e?ical philosoph]s1 a        
controv]sy z to  ! s\rces ( moral rules4
 ,epicurus 0 an advocate ( :at has be5  
call$ 8! selfi% sy/em ( morals40 ,z5o & 
! ,/oics advocat$ !  contr>y sy/em4 ,x  
seems1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh ! conflict betwe5  
!m has be5 s long1 & (t5 s fi]ce1 ! two 
sy/ems are n  incompatible "o ) ! o!r4  
,inde$ 9 ! ^w ( ,,god bo? motives  are  
set be=e u to urge u to "r conduct1 !   
lovel9ess ( virtue  9 itself1 & ! comb9$
 happ9ess & bless$ness to be ga9$ f  a  
c]ta9 c\rse ( life4 ,?is view has be5   
put 9 a few =cible words  by an em95t   
writ] ( ! pres5t day1 :o says1 8,"s     
morali/s  employ !mselves ma9ly 9 d$uc+ 
! rules ( action f  consid]+ ! t5d5cies 
( actions to produce pleasure or pa91 z 
,paley & ,b5?am4 ,o!rs take pa9s to %[ t

 man has a faculty by  :i* he appreh5ds 
a high] ,rule ( action ?an ! m]e t5d5cy 
to  produce pleasure1 z ,butl]4 ,b ?\gh 
^! two s\rces ( morality  are ?us       
sep>ate1 !y are n really indep5d5t2 & x 
is1 z ,i  conceive1 important to pres5t 
!m 9 a mode :i* %[s _!  connexion &     
relation#e40 ,"o ( ^! spr+s ( action    
does n  necess>ily c\nt]act ! o!r4      
,d\btless1 !re is 9 man an innate       
appreciation ( ! beauty ( virtue4 ,?\gh 
! temple ( ! human  s\l has be5 laid 9  
ru9s by ! t\* ( s91 yet does x /ill     
reta9 m>ks ( its primeval glory4 ,x 0 n 
creat$ = any?+ b  ! abode ( purity4     
,h5ce we p]ceive naturally ! excell5ce (
  virtue4 ,:5 ,i say naturally1 ,i mean 
z man is at all times enabl$ to  see by 
,,god's help4 ,we mu/ rememb] t1 by     
virtue ( ! ,r$eem]'s  m]its1 all m5 are 
bless$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( enlight5m5t4  
,speak+ ( ! ,et]nal ,logos1 ,/ ,john    
says#f1 8,t 0 ! true light  :i* lighte? 
e man t come? into ! _w40 ,only because 
m5  9 _! ob/9acy close _! eyes1 ! light 

:i* is giv5 !m (t5  becomes d>kness4 ,s 
,/ ,paul1 speak+ ( ^? )\t ,revelation1  
says#g1 8,!y are a law to !mselves1 :i* 
%[ ! "w ( ! law  writt5 9 _! he>ts1 _!  
consci5ce also be>+ witness1 &  _!      
?\ghts betwe5 !mselves accus+1 or else  
excus+ "o  ano!r40 ,9 ord] to ?is !y mu/
 appreciate ! beauty &  excell5ce (     
virtue4 ,s ,ju/9 ,m>tyr decl>es#h1 8,e  
race ( m5  p>ticipat$ 9 ! ,logos40 ,:5  
we speak ( man by nature !n1 we mean    
man ) ! aid ( ?is light giv5 to him by  
,*ri/4 ,& we mu/  p]ceive great =ce 9 ! 
/atem5t ( ,b]keley1 t 8,!re is an  idea 
( beauty natural to ! m9d ( man4 ,?is   
all m5 desire4 ,?is  !y are pleas$ &    
delight$ ) = its own sake1 purely f an  
in/9ct ( nature4 ,a man ne$s no argum5t 
to make him disc]n &  approve :at is    
beautiful2 x /rikes at fir/ sight &     
attracts  )\t a reason4 ,& z ?is beauty 
is f\nd 9 ! %ape & =m (  corporeal ?+s1 
s also is !re analog\s to x a beauty (  
ano!r  k9d1 an ord]1 a symmetry &       
comel9ess 9 ! moral _w4 ,& z !  eye     

p]ceives ! "o1 s ! m9d do? by a c]ta9   
int]ior s5se  p]ceive ! o!r3 :i* s5se1  
tal5t1 or faculty1 is ev5 quicke/  &    
pure/ 9 ! noble/ m9ds4 ,?us1 z by sight 
,i disc]n ! beauty  ( a plant1 or an    
animal1 ev5 s ! m9d approves moral      
excell5ce1  ! beauty & decorum ( ju/ice 
& temp]ance4 ,& z we readily  pron\nce a
 dress becom+1 or an attitude graceful1 
we c1 ) !  same free1 untutor$ judgm5t1 
at once decl>e :e!r ?is or t  conduct or
 action1 be comely or beautiful40    ,we
 _c d5y1 on ! o!r h&1 t m5 act f a feel+
 (  self-int]e/4 ,to obta9 pleasure or  
escape pa9 is motive en\gh to  make m5  
pursue a c]ta9 c\rse in/9ctively1 )\t   
weigh+  accurately1 or ev5 c>+ at all = 
! motives :i* prompt !m4  ,:5 m5 see t  
virtue br+s 9 its tra9 pres5t bless+ &  
et]nal hopes1 %all we d5y t ?is is a    
/rong reason :y !y  %\ld pursue x8      
,d\btless su* a reason weighs ) _m &    
draws  !m to a "r c\rse1 )\t a "q aris+ 
9 _! m9ds z to  ! motives by :i* !y are 
actuat$4    ,!n ! enquiry naturally     

occurs1 s9ce virtue comm5ds itself to u 
z  bo? lovely & b5eficial1 %all we      
reject ! lovel9ess z a motive1  because 
our self-int]e/ moves u also8 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 %all we  reject hope ( b5efit1      
because ! innate lovel9ess ( ! object   
comm5ds itself to u8 ,may we n be mov$  
by ! d\ble influ5ce8  ,c]ta9ly ! ^w (   
,,god seems to sanction su* a d\ble     
motive to  religion & virtue4    ,yet "h
 we are br\ght to ! humbl+ conviction ( 
! weakness (  man )\t ,*ri/ianity4 ,m5  
_h ?is comb9$ motive = ages4 ,:at  0 !  
result on ! he>t & ! life8 ,:at effect  
_h ev5 !  tea*+ ( ! wise/8 ,! masses 7  
/ill sunk 9 sup]/ition &  s94 ,! f>!/   
advanc$ 7 only look+ at a height :i* !y 
c\ld n hope to rea*4 ,! mo/ acute ?9k]s 
7 (t5 9 d\bt4 ,we  see ! extremes meet+4
 ,sup]/ition1 9 its mo/ debas$ &        
en?rall+ =ms1 /&s boldly 9 ! front ( !  
mo/ exalt$  tea*+s ( philosophy4 ,:at   
c\ld m]e philosophy d8 ,%e c\ld  p]haps 
f9d employm5t = ! m9ds ( a few ( ! mo/  
gift$4 ,b  :at _h %e to give z food = ! 

hungry s\ls ( ! multitude8 ,!  />v+     
spirits ask$ = bread1 & %e gave !m !    
/one ( an  unatta9able moral excell5ce4 
,!y ask$ = fi%1 & %e gave !m  ! /++     
s]p5t ( pleasure & self-enjoym5t#i4 ,9  
,a!ns !  human m9d rea*$ its z5i?1 yet  
c\ld n rise to happ9ess or peace4  ,h[  
unspeakably 0 ! _w bless$1 !re=e1 :5 !  
cross (  ,*ri/ 0 rais$ z ! means :]eby  
man might rea* heav54 ,nev]  be=e 0 su* 
life-giv+ tru? (f]$ to ! ,a!nians1 z !  
good  news :i* 0 n[ br\ght by ! ,apo/le 
:o 8prea*$ unto !m ,jesus  & !          
resurrection40 ,?is 0 ! subject ( ,/    
,paul's daily  disc\rses 9 ! ,agora4    
,in/ead ( bl9d !ories & ab/ract ideas1  
he plac$ be=e !m a p]son2--a div9e      
p]son1 :o _h left an example  ( h[ to   
act & h[ to suff]2--a ,savi\r1 :o _h di$
 to op5 ! way  to happ9ess = o!rs2 :o _h
 ris5 aga9 to %[ t 8 sacrifice  0       
complete & suffici5t4 ,! ,epicureans    
wond]$ & yet 7  unbeliev+1 :ile !y he>d 
( "o :o 0 ,"l ( all1 t he  ?\ght ( m5's 
lives & c>$ = _! ne$s4 ,x 0 /range &    

unwelcome to !m1 :o held t happ9ess 0   
enjoym5t & fre$om  f pa91 to he> "o     
proclaim$ z wor?y ( _! admiration &     
tru/1 :o 0 8a man ( sorr[s & acqua9t$ ) 
grief10 :o ev5  glori$ 9 ,8 suff]+s &   
dea?2 & :o _h bid ^? t w\ld be  8       
disciples1 take up _! cross & foll[ him1
 by resi/+ &  subdu+ self & pride4 ,!   
,/oics he>d ! tid+s 7= 8! por*0  0 9 !  
,agora71 & !y1 /]n & self-reliant1 7    
surpris$1 yet  n pleas$1 to he> ( "o :o 
l$ a life ( self-sacrifice = o!rs'      
sake2 :o 0 meek & l[ly2 & :o _h s5t 8   
mess5g] to decl>e  to ^? v self-satisfi$
 philosoph]s1 t ! only way to real      
virtue = !m1 z = ! re/ ( mank9d1 0 by   
tru/+ 9 !  m]its ( ano!r1 & by a *ange (
 he>t ?r\gh ,8 div9e p[]4  8,!          
resurrection0 0 also equally /range &   
equally contr>y to !  ideas ( ! "o sect1
 :o reg>d$ dea? z annihilation2 & ( !   
o!r1 :o look$ on x z ! absorption ( m5  
into univ]sal nature  ( :i* !y 7        
compon5t p>ts4 ,to "s ! prea*] seem$ a  
m]e  babbl]1 a pick] up ( trifles1 &    

!re=e contemptible4 ,to o!rs1  he 0 a   
sett] =? ( /range gods4 ,b because !y   
are all desir\s  ( he>+ any?+ new] ?an  
:at !y already are acqua9t$ )1  !y br+ !
 ,apo/le to ,m>s' ,hill1 & desire him m 
fully to  exp\nd to !m ! /range ?+s :i* 
he _h br\ght to _! e>s4  ,! locality    
*os5 0 m suitable ?an ! busy            
m>ket-place4 ,!  associations ( ! place 
7 solemn & deeply int]e/+4 ,!  subject  
!n br\ght be=e ! p 9 ! ,areopagus 0     
wor?y (  ^? associations1--f> m         
important & ( m mom5t\s  consequ5ces ?an
 _h ev] be5 delib]at$ on !re 9 times t 7
  gone by4 ,! place1 ! speak]1 ! he>]s1 
! subject1 all appeal to  our sympa?ies 
& int]e/ u mo/ deeply4 ,! disc\rse ( !  
,apo/le  0 admirably suit$ to ! place & 
! he>]s4 ,he appeal$ to _!  deepe/      
convictions1 :ile at ! same "t ! message
 :i* he br\ght  ?w>t$ _m ( _! *]i%$     
ideas1 ,/ ,luke has giv5 u a report (   
?is spee*1 s eloqu5t1 s wor?y ( !       
admiration ( all "t1 s  well calculat$  
to %[ h[ f> ,*ri/ianity co9cid$ )       

,g5tile1 &  especially ,/oic1           
philosophy1 & h[ x excell$4 ,?is 0 :at  
,/ ,paul  said1 8,ye m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,i     
p]ceive t 9 all respects y are          
extremely dev\t#aj4 ,= z ,i pass$ ?r\gh 
y\r city & beheld !  objects ( y\r      
wor%ip1 ,i f\nd among !m an alt> on :i* 
0 ?is  inscription1 #8,to ! unkn[n      
,,god4' ,him1 !re=e1 :om y wor%ip  ?\gh 
y "k him n1 ,i set be=e y4 ,,god1 :o    
made ! _w &  all ?+s !re91 be+ ,"l (    
heav5 & e>?1 dwelle? n 9  temples made )
 h&s2 nei!r is he s]v$ by m5's h&s z be+
 9  ne$ ( any1 see+ he give? to all life
 & brea? & all ?+s4 ,&  ha? made ( "o   
blood e nation ( m5 to dwell on ! face (
 !  :ole e>?2 hav+ orda9$ 7to all7 _!   
appo9t$ seasons & !  b\nds ( _!         
habitations1 t !y might seek ,,god1 if  
haply !y  w\ld feel aft] him & f9d him1 
?\gh he be n f> f e "o  ( u4 ,= 9 ,him  
we live & move & h our be+2 z c]ta9 also
  ( y\r own poets h said1 #8,= we are   
also 8 (fspr+4' ,we1  !re=e1 be+ !      
(fspr+ ( ,,god1 ought n to ?9k !        

,godhead to  be l gold1 or silv]1 or    
/one grav5 by art or man's device4      
,h[beit  ^? 7pa/7 times ( ignorance     
,,god ha? ov]look$2 b n[ he  comm&e? all
 m5 ev]y:]e to rep5t4 ,because he ha?   
appo9t$ a day  9 :i* he w judge ! _w 9  
righte\sness by t man :om he  ha?       
orda9$1 :]e( he ha? giv5 assurance unto 
all1 9 t he  rais$ him f ! dead#aa40    
,!re is mu*1 9 connexion ) ! purpose (  
our essay1 t requires  c>eful           
consid]ation 9 ?is disc\rse4 ,if we want
 to und]/& !  influ5ce :i* ,*ri/ianity &
 ,/oicism ex]cis$1 "o on ! o!r1  & on ! 
s\ls ( m51 we mu/ notice !m side by side
 at ?is _!  fir/ public enc\nt]4 ,:5 we 
h obs]v$ h[ f> ! ,*ri/ian  tea*] agre$ )
 ! ,/oic philosoph]1 & 9 :at he diff]$ &
  excell$1 we %all h a fair />t+-place =
 inve/igat+ !  mutual consequ5ces :i*   
result$4 ,9 ord] prop]ly to grasp our   
subject1 x w be necess>y to place be=e  
our m9ds :at ,/oicism  0 z x came f its 
f\nd]1 & h[ f> x 0 modifi$ at ?is  "t4  
,i purpose !re=e 9 ano!r *apt] to give a

 sket* ( !  life & tea*+ ( ,z5o (       
,cittium1 & ( ! modifications ( 8  sy/em
 by ,clean!s & ,*rysippus4 ,! way w !n  
be cle> to  comp>e ! ,apo/le's tea*+ )  
!irs1 & to appreciate !  peculi>        
excell5ce ( ! good news prea*$ by ,/    
,paul on ,m>s' ,hill4    ,footnote #b3  
'      vy4--,jos4 9 vita su4            
,footnote #c3      ,acts xxiii4 #h4     
,footnote #d3       v  1    1  '        
1   '      4--,jos4 ,ant4 ,jud4 ,,xiii4 
#e4    ,footnote #e3      ,:ewell's     
,elem5ts ( ,morality1 ,preface to ! #d? 
,edition4    ,footnote #f3      ,*ap4 i4
 #i4    ,footnote #g3      ,rom4 ii4    
#ae4    ,footnote #h3      ,apol4 #a4   
#df4    ,footnote #i3      ,see our     
,"l's words1 ,matt4 vii4 #i1 #aj4       
,footnote #aj3      ,!re c be no d\bt t 
valde religiosos4    ,footnote #aa3     
,acts xvii4 #bb-ca4                     
,,*apt] ,i4                      ,,!    
,,/oic ,,s*ool ,,( ,,philosophy4        
1           1 1   444               1   
'  1   4        ,diog4 ,la]t4 vit4      

,phil4 ,lib4 ,,vii4 #f1 #g4      ,z5o 0 
born at ,cittium1 a small city 9 ! isl& 
( ,cyprus1 f\nd$  by ,phnicians1 b      
inhabit$ by ,greeks4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 a    
m]*ant1  f9d+ 8 son attract$ to ! /udy (
 philosophy1 all[$ him to  foll[ 8 b5t4 
,f ,a!ns1 :i!r he _h (t5 occasion to g =
  comm]cial purposes1 ! fa!r frequ5tly  
br\ght home = 8 son _m  writ+s ( !      
,socratic s*ool ( philosoph]s4 ,z5o read
 ^! )  great eag]ness & 0 en*ant$ ) !   
views :i* !y unfold$4  ,:5 he 0 ab\t    
?irty ye>s ( age he made a voyage1      
probably (  bus9ess & pleasure comb9$1  
to ! city :i* 0 at once ! home  ( !     
philosoph]s :o _h s delight$ him by _!  
works1 & a great  c5tre ( trade4 ,! /ory
 goes t he 0 %ipwreck$ on ! coa/ &  lo/ 
a valuable c>go ( ,phnician purple :i*  
he _h br\ght ) him4  ,o!rs say he did n 
lose 8 prop]ty :5 he fir/ came to ,a!ns1
  b 01 on ! contr>y1 ab\nd+ ) weal?4 ,! 
=m] v]sion (  ! /ory w\ld acc\nt to ^?  
:o que/ion$ ! dis9t]e/$ness (  8        
conduct1 = 8 hav+ atta*$ himself to a   

sect t pr(ess$ to  despise ri*es4 ,on 8 
fir/ arrival1 hav+ read1 at a           
booksell]'s  /all1 a few pages (        
,x5ophon's ,memorabilia1 he =m$ a high  
op9ion  ( ! au?or ( a "w :i* s pleas$   
him1 & ask$ ! booksell]  :]e su* m5 7 to
 be f\nd4 ,crates1 ! ,cynic1 happ5$ to  
pass at  ! "t1 & ! booksell] repli$1    
8,foll[ t man40 ,z5o act$ on  ! advice1 
plac$ himself "u ! ,cynic philosoph]'s  
in/ruction1  & enroll$ himself among 8  
disciples2 b he did n long rema9 s4  ,he
 became disgu/$ ) ! mann] ( ! sect1 :i* 
he f\nd too  gross & unref9$ = 8 ta/e2  
?\gh at ! same "t he highly  admir$ _!  
g5]al pr9ciples & _s4 ,besides1 !       
activity (  8 m9d =bad him to ab/a9 f   
all sci5tific enquiry1 &  indiff]5ce to 
sci5ce 0 a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cynics4 
,he  became a disciple ( ! ,meg>ic      
doctr9e1 & ?\ght to le>n !  nature &    
causes ( ?+s4 ,he att5d$ ! s*ool (      
,/ilpo1 ! *ief  tea*] ( practical       
philosophy among ! ,meg>ic succession1  
:o  decl>$ t ! sov]eign good 0          

impassivity 774 ,z5o 0  pleas$ ) ! tea*+
 ( ?is s*ool4 ,to ,crates1 8 =m] ma/]1  
:o1 be+ angry at 8 des]tion1 endeav\r$  
to draw him by =ce f  8 new tea*]1 he   
exclaim$1 8,y may seize my body1 b      
,/ilpo has  laid hold ( my s\l40 ,becom+
 tir$ ( ?is tea*] aft] "s ye>s1  he     
turn$ to ,diodorus ,cronus1 :o taught   
him ,dialectics1 & to ,philo2  bo? ( ^! 
be+ contempor>y ,meg>ics ) ,/ilpo4 ,he  
also /udi$  "u ,x5ocrates & ,polemo1 :o 
7 expositors ( ,platonic philosophy2  & 
f ! ,academics he le>nt mu*1 = we c     
p]ceive a g]m (  ,/oicism 9 ! ,platonic 
philosophy4 ,b he f\nd mu* 9 _! tea*+   
also contradictory to 8 own !ories4 ,:5 
he came to ,polemo1 t  tea*]1 ) an      
insight into 8 disposition1 said to him1
 8,i am no  /rang] to y\r ,phnician     
arts1 ,z5o2 ,i see t y int5d slily to   
creep into my g>d5 & /eal my fruit40    
,be+ n[1 aft] tw5ty ye>s' /udy1 well    
in=m$ z to :at o!rs  c\ld tea* him1 z he
 0 ei!r dissatisfi$ ) all1 or mov$ by   
ambition1 he det]m9$ to f\nd a new      

s*ool4 ,! place *os5 = 8  tea*+ 0 a     
public portico1 adorn$ ) ! pa9t+s (     
,polygnotus  & o!r ma/]s4 ,h5ce x 0     
call$   7! pa9t$ por*72  m commonly1 z x
 0 ! mo/ fam\s 9 ,a!ns1 x 0 simply call$
  4 ,f ?is arose ! "n ( ! ,/oics4 ,z a  
tea*]1 ,z5o 0  celebrat$ = subtle       
reason+ & = enjo9+ /rict morality (     
conduct4 ,z a man1 8 conduct correspond$
 ) 8 tea*+4 ,8  doctr9es & mann] ( life 
tea* u t he ga!r$ mu* f v>i\s  sy/ems4  
,he ga!r$ f ,py?agoras & ,plato &       
,ari/otle by !  tea*+ ( ,x5ocrates &    
,polemo1 f ! ,meg>ic s*ool by !  tea*+ (
 ,/ilpo1 ,diodorus ,cronus1 & ,philo4   
,cic]o1 9 8 ,academic  ,que/ions1 tells 
u t ! doctr9es ( ! old ,academy 7 *ang$ 
by ,z5o only 9 "n4 ,he adh]$ too to !   
,cynic doctr9es1 slightly  t+$ by       
subsequ5t tra9+ p]haps1 especially by   
,/ilpo's tea*+  t ! p]fection ( wisdom  
consi/$ 9 impassivity4 ,b he did n  %>e 
9 ,cynic grossness1 insol5ce1 &         
affectation4 ,he obta9$ !  applause &   
love ( num]\s disciples1 among :om 0    

,antigonus  ,gonatas1 k+ ( ,mac$on1     
,clean!s1 & p]haps ,*rysippus2 ?\gh !   
la/ may h be5 ! disciple ( ,clean!s     
only4 ,to ^! two we mu/  ref] aga94 ,!  
,a!nians are said s to h respect$ ,z5o t
 !y  tru/$ to 8 keep+ ! keys ( !        
citadel4 ,?is may be que/ion$2  b !re is
 no reason to d\bt t !y hon\r$ him ) a  
gold5  cr[n1 t !y gave him a public     
burial 9 ! ,c]amicus :5 he di$1  &      
erect$ to 8 memory a /atue ( brass4 ,by 
,cyprians & ,sidonians1  to :om he 0    
alli$ by desc5t1 he 0 also held 9       
rev]5ce4 ,he is  describ$ z hav+ be5 a  
?9 )]$ man1 ( d>k complexion1 &  ) 8    
neck b5t4 ,he pres]v$ 8 heal?1 ?\gh     
naturally feeble1 by  ab/emi\s liv+4 ,8 
diet1 ev5 :5 hon\r$ by noble gue/s1 z he
  (t5 01 consi/$ only ( figs1 bread1 &  
honey4 ,8 br[1 furr[$  ) ?\ght1 & 8 look
 /]n & h>d1 %[$ 8 ,cynic education2  b1 
9 contra/ to 8 fir/ tea*]s1 he 0 neat & 
c>eful 9 8  dress & p]son4 ,frugal 9 8  
exp5ses1 he 0 )\t av>ice4 ,he  conv]s$  
freely1 ) poor z ) ri*4 ,he _h only "o  

s]vant2  ,s5eca says1 none at all4      
,?\gh he 0 prov]bially sob] & *a/e1 he 0
 assail$ by v>i\s  enemies 9 8 lifetime4
 ,arcesilaus & ,c>neades ( ! ,new       
,academy1  & 9 8 latt] ye>s1 ,epicurus1 
:o dislik$ ! philosophy & pride  ( ,z5o1
 7 8 p[]ful antagoni/s4 ,little cr$it is
 due1 h[ev]1  to ! abuse :i* pass$ on   
bo? sides4 ,he liv$ to old age4 ,:5 he  
di$ is matt] ( d\bt4 ,he is said to h   
be5 alive 9 ! #acj?  ,olympiad4 ,9 8    
#ih? ye>1 z he 0 leav+ 8 s*ool1 he      
/umbl$  & fell1 & broke "o ( 8 f+]s 9 ! 
fall4 ,pa9 s affect$ him  t he exclaim$1
 /rik+ ! e>?1 1  ' 2 8,i come1  :y do/  
?\ call me80 ,he w5t home & /rangl$     
himself1 ab\t !  ye> ,b4,c4 #bfj4    ,9 
try+1 at ! pres5t day1 to e/imate !     
tea*+ ( ,z5o1 x is  necess>y = u to     
consid] ! circum/ances ( ! age 9 :i* he 
liv$ & taught1 & to rememb] also t x is 
difficult to f9d out  h[ mu* ( ! lat]   
,/oic philosophy really came f him4 ,8  
writ+s 7 num]\s#ab1 b !y are lo/4 ,8    
tea*+ seems to  h be5 modifi$1 &        

sometimes ev5 *ang$ altoge!r1 by        
,*rysippus4 ,inde$ ! lat] pr(ess$       
disciples ( ! s*ool seldom  w5t back to 
! works ( ! fir/ ,/oic4 ,let u1 z well z
 we c1  h[ev]1 lay hold ( ! circum/ances
 9 :i* he 0 plac$ z a  philosoph]1 & !  
alt]ations he introduc$4    ,he began 8 
c\rse at a "t ( decay 9 ,greece1 & :5 ! 
m9d (  m5 0 become sceptical z to all   
?+s 9 heav5 & e>?4  ,philosoph]s _h s   
qu>rell$ ) "o ano!r's dogmas1 & prov$ "o
  ano!r wrong s (t51 t m5 began to d\bt 
if !re 7 any  f\ndation on :i* to re/4  
,,god 0 educat+ ! _w = !  reception ( ! 
great tru?s ( revelation4 ,he did ?is by
 %[+ m5  h[ helpless !y 7 9 div9e ?+s by
 _! own unaid$ nature1 h[  contradictory
 _! speculations1 h[ f> %ort ( ! tru? ! 
highe/  atta9m5ts ( human intellects1 h[
 unc]ta9 x 0 :i* 0 tru? (  ! v>i\s      
!ories propos$1 s t m5 d\bt$ ab\t all   
tru?4 ,z5o  "u ^! circum/ances did a    
great "w 9 educat+ ! _w /ill  fur!r1 &  
prep>+ x = ! great ,tru?4 ,he 0 to ! p (
  8 day 9 "s degree :at ,socrates 0 to !

 m5 ( 8 age4 ,he  br\ght back ! influ5ce
 ( reason & common s5se1 rescu+ !m  f ! 
,pyrrhoni/s1 z ,socrates did f !        
,sophi/s4 ,l ! son (  ,sophroniscus1    
also1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,/oics turn$ m5 f m]e 
speculation to action4 ,socrates taught 
m5 to look )9 !mselves1  & creat$ a     
desire to live z became !m4 ,he 0 an    
e?ical re=m]1  & s turn$ m5 away f !    
guesses ( a s-call$ philosophy1 &  f !  
scepticism consequ5t on failure4 ,victor
 ,c\s9 has well said1  8,la philosophie 
,grecque avait t d'abord une philosophie
 de la nature2  arrive  sa maturit elle 
*ange de c>actre et de direction et elle
  devi5t une philosophie morale1        
sociale1 huma9e4 ,c'e/ ,socrate qui     
ouvre cette n\velle re et qui en        
reprs5te le c>actre en sa  p]sonne40    
,plato foll[$ him 9 ?is4 ,8 fundam5tal  
problem 0 h[  man might live l ,,god4   
,ari/otle turn$ m5's ?\ghts back aga9 to
  physics & metaphysics2 & !n came a    
p]iod ( sy/ematic  scepticism1 by :i* ! 
vanity ( ! guesses ( philosophy 0 expos$

  & d]id$4 ,z5o & ,epicurus1 s diff]5t 9
 o!r respects1 yet bo?  br\ght m5 back  
to a bett] m9d by tea*+ !m t philosophy 
0  ! art ( liv+ aright r ?an m]ely ?9k+ 
aright2 ! =m]1  because liv+ aright 0 9 
accordance ) nature1--! latt]1 because  
x made m5 happy1 & happ9ess 0 ! great   
end to be s\ght by  all#ac4 ,z5o &      
,epicurus bo? _h ?us _! %>e 9 tra9+ m5  
to  receive ! great ,tru? ( ,,god2 = !y 
bo? prov$ t man ( himself  c d no?+ b   
conceive ( p]fections t human nature    
alone  _c rea*3 :ile ! believ] 9 div9e  
love & m]cy le>ns to say  ) ,/ ,paul1   
8,i c d all ?+s ?r\gh ,*ri/ :i* /r5g!ne?
  me40    ,i h be=e intimat$ t ,z5o has 
be5 said to h borr[$ mu* (  8 philosophy
 f =m] ma/]s1 giv+ ! tru?s new names4 ,!
  v>i\s s*ools :i* at diff]5t times     
prevail$ 9 ,greece1 amid/  mu*          
contradiction1 yet conta9$ "s g]ms (    
tru?1 & !re=e s  f> _h "s agreem5t "o ) 
! o!r4 ,b ! tru? 0 cumb]$  ) s mu*      
rubbi% t x 0 ov]p[]$ & hidd54 ,^! v>i\s 
s*ools ( ?\ght endeav\r$ to grasp ! same

 object f diff]5t  /&po9ts1 & oppos$ all
 o!rs4 ,! ,ionics look$ ar\nd !m1 &  f  
ext]nal objects tri$ to make "o natural 
law = all subjects &  comb9ations4 ,!y  
wi%$ to r$uce all ?+s to accord ) a     
settl$  physical law4 ,!y aim$ at       
discov]+ a pr9ciple1 a sub/ance1 (  :i* 
e ?+ t exi/s is a comb9ation4 ,!        
,ma!matical s*ool  reason$ f )9         
!mselves4 ,z ,?ales look$ on ! ext]nal  
univ]se & !nce turn$ )91 s ,py?agoras   
reason$ on ext]nal  objects f )9        
himself1 f m5tal h>monies to physical4  
,!n  came ! ,eleatics1 contradict+ ev5  
reason itself4 ,z5o1 ! ,eleatic1  argu$ 
aga9/ motion & s5sible unity4 ,p>m5ides 
decl>$ t  8?\ght & be+ are ! same20 t   
8?\ght & t = :i*  ?\ght exi/s are "o40  
,inde$ ! great maxim ( ! s*ool 0    4   
,!y taught t ! s5sible univ]se 0 purely 
ph5om5al  & accid5tal3 t x 0 app>5t1 n  
real4 ,! ,meg>ic s*ool1  :i* ,z5o       
,citticus att5d$ soon aft] he came to   
,a!ns1 taught  some:at simil> doctr9es1 
b 9 a dialectic =m4 ,_! t5ets1 ,pl9y    

tells u1 produc$ 9 daily life1 8rigorem 
qu5dam torvitatemque natur  duram et    
inflexibilem40 ,i h already said t      
,/ilpo plac$ !  height ( wisdom 9       
impassivity4 ,^! doctr9es1 s v>i\s1 s   
contradictory to reason (t5times1 made  
_m m5 pr(ess$ly sceptics4  ,pyrrho & 8  
foll[]s1 hav+ prov$ ! impossibility ( a 
sci5ce  sup]human 9 its height be+ rea*$
 by unaid$ man1 suppos$ !y _h  de/roy$  
all k & c]ta9ty :atev]4 ,! /ate ( ,a!ns 
!n  0 p>ticul>ly unsatisfactory4 ,old   
cre$s 7 tott]+4 ,!  spiritual life (    
,greece 0 decay+1 z 0 its national4 ,m5 
want$  "s refuge f ! di/ractions ( _!   
m9ds4 ,_! spiritual  nature1 _! s\l1    
began to ex]t its p[]1 to speak 9 tones 
t  w\ld be he>d4 ,! m9d _h be5 try+ to  
/ill its crav+ ) !  noble b unsatisfy+  
!ories ( ,plato1 or ! subtleties (      
,ari/otle4 ,b ! s\l1 ! inn] life1 _h be5
 unc>$ =4 ,n[ x  claim$ its %>e (       
att5tion & new s*ools arose to satisfy1 
z f>  z !y c\ld1 ! newly felt long+s4   
,at su* a "t1 ,z5o f\nd$ 8 sy/em4 ,:5   

,greece 0 tott]+ &  fall+ into ru91 out 
( mat]ials :i* ,i h %[n to be s         
contradictory1 he built up a /ructure   
:i* outla/$ ,greece1 & 0  remov$ 7alt]$ 
a little1 b 9 ! ma9 ! same71 to ! new   
c5tre  ( ! civilization & p[] ( ! _w4 ,8
 sy/em la/$ f 8  day to ! "t ( ,m>cus   
,aurelius4 ,x 0 embrac$ by ! ,romans )  
eag]ness1 z be+ cong5ial ) _! nature1   
be=e !y became  corrupt$ by _! unrivall$
 prosp]ity4 ,:5 at l5g? x _h done its   
de/9$ "w 9 ! _w1 x yield$ to a mighti] &
 holi]  influ5ce2 leav+1 h[ev]1 its     
impress on ! s\ls ( m51 ev5 z1  be=e its
 own decay1 x receiv$ "s ( ! rays (     
div9e light :i*  came f heav5 ) ! ,son (
 ,,god1 ?\gh x did n ackn[l$ge !  boon4 
,x w\ld be beside ! purpose ( ! pres5t  
essay to ent] into all  ! specialities (
 ! ,z5onic doctr9es2 or to enquire at   
l>ge1 h[  f> ,z5o diff]$ f ,plato1 or h[
 ne>ly he agre$ ) ,ari/otle1 9  def9+ ! 
mann] ( p]ception by ! m9d4 ,we ne$ n   
discuss    1 :i* ,sextus ,empiricus     
alleges to h be5 held  by ,z5o & 8      

successors z ! "o means ( judg+ true f  
false2  respect+ :i* ev5 ,clean!s &     
,*rysippus diff]$#ad4 ,an outl9e  ( !   
ma9 features ( ! sy/em w be suffici5t4  
,z ,i h be=e  said1 ! fir/ ,/oic fix$ 8 
?\ghts *iefly on moral conduct4 ,8      
philosophy 0 em95tly practical4 ,x      
ref]r$ to ! daily life4 ,9  ord] to /em 
! torr5t ( scepticism & s5suality1 he   
taught m5  ! value1 ! absolute          
necessity1 ( virtue4 ,!y 7 to apply 8   
dogmas to _! daily exp]i5ce4 ,!y 7 n to 
speculate1 b to  act2 n to d\bt1 b to   
d>e4 ,he taught !m also t :at ,socrates 
_h said 0 true1 t ! k & practice ( good 
0 virtue  & wisdom1 t vice 0 !re=e error
 9 its wor/ =m4 ,9 ord] to  induce m5 to
 con=m to ?is k 9 _! way ( life1 he     
unfold$ to !m h[ !y 7 relat$ to !       
univ]se4    ,e rational !ory respect+ ! 
univ]se admits ( an ,absolute  ,be+ ( "s
 sort4 ,! diff]5ce beg9s1 :5 ! relation 
( !  univ]se ) ! ,absolute ,inf9ite is  
expla9$ & unfold$4 ,"o  !ory w\ld       
di/+ui% ! ,inf9ite f ! univ]se1 b make  

him  act f a k9d ( necessity4 ,a second 
!ory w\ld all[ him to act  ) p]fect     
fre$om ( w4 ,a ?ird !ory w\ld make !    
univ]se  itself to be ! ,absolute       
,inf9ite2 & a f\r? w\ld insi/ t !       
,inf9ite ,be+ is matt]1 ( :i* ! univ]se 
is only a modification4  ,z5o seems to h
 taught ! ?ird ( ^! !ories2 ?\gh 9 aft] 
writ]s we see traces ( ! fir/4 ,accord+ 
to him1 !re exi/$ f  all et]nity a *aos1
 a confus$ mass1  1 :i* conta9$ !  g]m (
 all future ?+s4 ,gradually1 ord]       
sup]v5$ & creation  assum$ =ms ( v>i\s  
k9ds1 result+ 9 ! univ]se z x is n[4  ,!
 univ]se is "o :ole1 :i* comprises all  
?+s2 yet conta9s a  passive pr9ciple1   
matt]1  1 & an active pr9ciple1   1 :i* 
is reason1 or ,,god4 ,! s\l ( man is "p 
( ?is div9e  nature1 & w be reabsorb$   
into x & lose its individual  exi/5ce4  
,! ,deity 9 action1 if we may s speak1  
is a c]ta9 active  !r1 or fire1 possess$
 ( intellig5ce4 ,?is fir/ gave =m to !  
orig9al *aos1 &1 be+ an ess5tial "p ( ! 
univ]se1 su/a9s  x 9 ord]4 ,! ov]rul+   

p[]1 :i* seems sometimes 9 idea to h    
be5 sep>at$ f ! ,absolute ,be+1 0 1     
fate1 or absolute  necessity4 ,to ?is ! 
univ]se is subject1 bo? 9 its mat]ial & 
div9e nature4 ,m5 return to life totally
 oblivi\s ( ! pa/1 & by  ! decrees (    
fate are possess$ ( a r5ovat$ exi/5ce1 b
 /ill 9  imp]fection & subject to sorr[ 
z be=e4 ,! t5ets ( ! lat]  ,/oics may h 
be5 t+$ ) ,*ri/ian tru? on ?is po9t1 z  
on  o!rs2 b !y _h none ( ! noble hope ( 
! ,*ri/ian 4  ,inde$1 respect+ _! dogma1
 ,s5eca said1 8,?is r5ewal ( life _m    
w\ld reject1 7 x n t _! re/or$ exi/5ce  
is accompani$  ) utt] =getfulness ( !   
pa/40    ,on _! physical pr9ciples1 !   
moral pr9ciples ( ! ,/oics  dep5d$4     
,conceiv+ !mselves to be "p ( univ]sal  
nature1 t  _! s\ls 7 "p ( ! div9ity :i* 
actuat$ matt]1 !y held  !mselves 9 "s   
measure to be gods4 ,9 human life !re=e 
!y mu/  foll[ nature1 ( :i* !y =m$ "p4  
,b !n ?is nature 0 n  ?is or t man's    
natural lean+1 b ! laws ( fate & !      
univ]sal c\rse ( ?+s1 f :i* result$ !   

unsuitabl5ess (  c]ta9 c\rses1 & !      
excell5ce ( o!rs4 ,to be con=m$ to !    
laws ( ! univ]se1 ( :i* !y =m$ an       
ess5tial "p1 0 !  ultimate end ( life4  
,e man con=m+ to ^! laws is happy1      
not)/&+ ext]nal evils4 ,e man's         
happ9ess1 !n1 is 9 8  own p[]2 he is a  
god to himself 9 "s measure4 ,to live   
accord+ to  8 true nature is to live    
godly2 godly life is virtue4 ,?is is    
itself  true happ9ess1 indep5d5tly (    
pleasure 9 ! common acceptation (  !    
t]m2 because ! supreme good is to foll[ 
:at ! law ( nature  po9ts out z be+     
good4 ,virtue hav+ its seat 9 ! s\l1    
outw>d  circum/ances _c rea* ! good man4
 ,z he c di/+ui% good f  evil1 he is    
wise2 & ?is suffices = him4 ,ext]nal    
?+s1 =asmu*  z !y _c rea* him1 c nei!r  
increase 8 happ9ess or cause  him mis]y4
 ,ev5 torture _c move him1 because x _c 
rea* 8  inn]1 true nature4 ,!re is no   
di/9ction betwe5 diff]5t virtues z  to  
degree1 because !y owe _! exi/5ce to _! 
accordance )  nature4 ,all vices are    

equal 9 degree1 because !y run c\nt] to 
!  "o law ( virtue4 ,^! seem to h be5 ! 
pr9cipal features (  ,z5o's tea*+4 ,8   
morality p>took ( ! evil ( its orig94 ,x
 0  ess5tially artificial4 ,little reg>d
 0 paid to real nature 9 !  pursuit (   
:at 0 call$ natural law3 !re 0 little   
common s5se1  (t5times1 9 ! ideas set =?
 "u pret5ce ( philosophy4    ,we _c lose
 sight ( ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ,/oicism1 z x 
came 9  contact ) ,*ri/ianity1 0 a sy/em
 t ow$ mu* to ,clean!s1 &  /ill m to    
,*rysippus4 ,inde$1 reg>d+ ! latt]1 we  
are told#ae  t x 0 said1     1    4 ,!  
=m] 0  ! e>ne/ ,/oic2 ! latt] !         
philosophical & dialectic sett]  =? ( ! 
sy/em4 ,"u 8 h&s1 9 8 v>i\s & mo/ copi\s
  writ+s1 ! sy/em 0 probably n m]ely    
develop$1 b mat]ially  modifi$ 9 "s     
respects1 & sy/ematiz$4 ,clean!s has    
left few  records ( 8 op9ions beh9d him3
 b 8 ,hymn to ,jupit] w ev]  /& z a     
m>vell\s memorial ( 8 wor? & intellect4 
,x be>s  /rong evid5ce to ! ,mono!ism ( 
! sy/em :i* he esp\s$4 ,x  has be5 a    

matt] ( controv]sy :e!r ! ,/oics 7      
mono!i/s1 or  poly!i/s4 ,! hymn to :i*  
,i h j ref]r$1 & to :i* ,i  %all ref]   
aga9 9 ano!r *apt]1 be>s /rong evid5ce1 
on ! face  ( x1 to ! belief 9 "o        
absolute supreme be+4 ,yet o!r passages 
9 _m ,/oic writ]s w\ld seem to convey a 
diff]5t idea4 ,b x w  be well = u n to  
=get t ! sy/em 0 f\nd$ on a notion (  ! 
div9e nature totally diff]5t f our      
conception ( a div9e  be+4 ,! mono!ism (
 "s ( ! ,/oic writ]s may h be5 !  result
 ( previ\s education4 ,! fact may be t  
"o1 or two1 rose to  high] conceptions (
 ! ,et]nal1 ?an o!rs 7 privileg$ )4     
,?is may h result$ f _! hav+ come ( a   
diff]5t /ock#af1  & hav+ _h a diff]5t   
e>ly b5t--a deep] intuition1 z x 71 by  
nature--a pur] speculation z to !       
unse5--?an ^? ) :i* o!rs  ( ! sect 7    
end[$4 ,^? :o 7 ( a /ock :i* deifi$     
almo/  all ?+s1 might c>ry _! phantasies
 into ! sy/em itself4 ,&  inde$ x is    
possible t ! same p]sons1 "u diff]5t    
influ5ces1  may h _h r v>i$ views ( !   

hidd5 _w4 ,! sy/em 0 "o  ( e?ics & n (  
speculative philosophy4 ,& if           
,*ri/ianity1 )  all its div9e           
te/imonials & influ5ces1 does n br+ all 
m9ds  into "o accord ab\t all ?+s--ev5  
^? :o are ( "o s*ool (  !ology v>y+ 9   
op9ion on c]ta9 po9ts--h[ v probable x  
is  t m5 ( ! same s*ool ( philosophy1 ) 
m]ely ! au?ority (  "o man1 nei!r       
possess+1 nor claim+ a div9e mission z  
f\nd]1  %\ld h some:at diff]5t %ades (  
?\ght4 ,h[ possible x is  t !y %\ld1    
:ile view+ ?+s f diff]5t po9ts ( view1  
be  almo/ inconsi/5t ) !mselves4 ,?is   
k9d ( inconsi/5cy 0  urg$ aga9 & aga9   
aga9/ ,*rysippus1 ! mo/ volum9\s writ] &
  *ief dialectician ( ! ,/oics4 ,clean!s
 has left few memorials  beh9d him1 b 8 
e>ne/ pursuit ( k1 8 /ruggles to  obta9 
! "t & means ( /udy1 %[ ! pre-em95t zeal
 ( !  man4 ,?is zeal 0 ! great motive ( 
8 life4 ,possess$ ( a /rong  frame1 (   
great p[]s ( endurance1 we are told t he
 e>n$ by night  :at enabl$ him to live 9
 /udy by day4 ,8 det]m9ation 0 s  /rong 

t he ev5 made use ( pot%]ds & bones z 8 
note-tablets4  ,su* a man w\ld impress 8
 e>ne/ness on ! sy/em he esp\s$4 ,8     
disciple1 ,*rysippus1 does n seem to h  
possess$ 8 e>ne/ness (  purpose to f9d  
out ! tru?1 s mu* z to e/abli% ! sy/em &
  wage w> 9 its fav\r aga9/ all         
adv]s>ies4 ,we h rem>k$ t  "s           
inconsi/5cies ( doctr9e 7 alleg$ aga9/  
him4 ,^! appe>  to h be5 ow+ to 8 desire
 to reconcile irreconcilable ?+s2 z1    
div9e sov]eignty ) human fre$om 9 any   
respect3--univ]sal goodness  9 ! ord]+ (
 nature ) ! pres5ce ( moral evil 9 ! _w4
  ,su* subjects mu/ always rema9        
my/]ies4 ,he :o w expla9 !m  w be       
inconsi/5t ei!r ) himself or ) tru?4    
,i %all proce$1 9 ano!r *apt]1 to place 
! sy/em ( ,z5o1  ,clean!s1 & ,*rysippus 
7t is1 ,/oicism z x came1 9 its  p]fect$
 condition1 into contact ) div9e tru?7  
side by side )  ! doctr9es & precepts   
taught u 9 ! religion ( ,*ri/4 ,we %all 
see mu* to admire1 mu* to lam5t 9 ! sect
 t wi%$ to raise !  individual almo/ to 

! level ( ! deity1 & yet %[$1 by !      
suicides ( ! fir/ two ( its f\nd]s1 & by
 o!r pro(s ( human  error1 ! fallacy on 
:i* ! sy/em 0 built1 t man himself is   
"p ( ! div9ity1 & s has only to act on 8
 own influ5ce to  rise to p]fection4    
,footnote #ab3      ,diog4 ,la]t4       
enum]ates & quotes _m ( 8 writ+s4       
,footnote #ac3      8,le c>actre commun 
de ,/ocisme et de l',epicurisme e/ de   
rduire    presque entirem5t la          
philosophie  la morale40--,v4 ,,c\s94   
,footnote #ad3      ,clean!s said t x 0 
1 an impression made on !    s\l1 simil>
 to t ( a /amp on molt5 wax1   3    :ile
 ,*rysippus said x 0 a 1 or modification
 ( ! s\l    itself4    ,footnote #ae3   
,by ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,lib4 ,,vii4 c4 ,,vii4
  ,v4    ,footnote #af3      ,i _c      
refra9 f quot+ "h ! foll[+ excell5t     
rem>ks on    ! orig9 ( _m ,/oic         
philosoph]s :o _h great influ5ce on !   
sy/em1 f ! article1 8,! ,anci5t ,/oics10
 9 ! ,ox=d ,essays    ( #aheh1 by ,sir  
,alex&] ,grant1 ,b>t43 8,if we ca/ our  

eyes on a li/    ( ! e>ly ,/oics & _!   
native places1 we _c avoid notic+    h[ 
_m ( ?is s*ool appe> to h come ( an     
,ea/]n & (t5 (    a ,semitic /ock4 ,z5o1
 _! f\nd]1 0 f ,cittium1 9 ,cyprus1 by  
all acc\nts ( a ,phnician family4 ,( 8  
disciples ,p]su came also    f ,cittium2
 ,h]illus 0 f ,c>?age2 ,a!nodorus f     
,t>sus2    ,clean!s f ,assos1 9 !       
,troad4 ,! *ief disciples ( ,clean!s    
7 ,iphrus ( ! ,bosphorus1 & ,*rysippus f
 ,soli 9 ,cilicia4    ,*rysippus 0      
succe$$ by ,z5o ( ,sidon1 & ,diog5es (  
,babylon4    ,! latt] taught ,antipat] (
 ,t>sus2 :o taught ,panlius ( ,rhodus2  
:o taught ,posidonius ( ,apamea 9       
,syria4 ,!re 0 ano!r    ,a!nodorus1 f   
,cana1 9 ,cilicia2 & ! e>ly ,/oic       
,ar*$emus is    m5tion$ by ,cic]o z     
belong+ to ,t>sus4 ,:5 we notice !      
frequ5t connexion ( ,cilicia ) ?is li/ (
 names1 we may well be    rem9d$ ( "o :o
 0 born at ,t>sus1 9 ,cilicia1 a citiz5 
( no    mean city2 & we may be l$ to    
ask1 is !re n some?+ 9 !    m5tal       

*>act]i/ics ( ! e>ly ,/oics analog\s to 
880                                     
,,*apt] ,,ii4                 ,,/oicism 
,,9 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,*ri/ianity4       
1         4        #a ,ep4 ad ,cor4 #a4 
#ba4      ,our way is n[ pla9 to comp>e 
?is sy/em ( philosophy1 :i* has  ?us be5
 sket*$1 ) ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we   
%all see1 if  we place ! address ( ,/   
,paul on ,m>s' ,hill z ! f\ndation ( our
  ?\ght1 h[ mu* ! ,*ri/ian ,apo/le _h 9 
common ) ! ,/oic  tea*]s4 ,z we g fur!r 
& ask ourselves ! f\ndations on :i*  !  
t5ets ( ! religion ( ,jesus1 & ^? ( !   
philosophy (  ,z5o1 re/1 we %all see t  
h]e9 !y widely diff]4 ,x w be our  "w1 9
 ord] to di/+ui% ! two ?+s to be comp>$1
 aga9 to  ref] to ! address to !        
,a!nians3 & al?\gh an exhau/ive         
comm5t>y on t address w\ld be out (     
place "h2 yet ! subject  seems to claim 
t we ref] to c]ta9 p>ts some:at m9utely4
    ,we _c fail to be /ruck ) ! fact t1 
fir/ ( all1 !  ,apo/le wi%$ to draw !   
m9ds ( 8 he>]s1 f !mselves & all        

surr\nd+ objects1 to "o great & supreme 
,creator & ,gov]nor (  ! _w4 ,?is       
inf9ite ,be+ he %[s to be a di/9ct      
p]sonal  exi/5ce1 sep>ate f & sup]ior to
 all ?+s2 yet "o :o  conc]ns ,himself   
intimately ) ! affairs ( m54 ,he is n a 
some?+ vivify+ & p]meat+ all ?+s1 & =m+ 
"p ( !  ess5ce ( all ?+s4 ,he is ! great
 fir/ cause ( all1 & exi/$  be=e &      
indep5d5tly ( all4 ,! ,apo/le implies t 
none ( !  guesses ( ! wise/ among 8     
he>]s _h rea*$ ! tru?4 ,yet !y  _h be5  
feel+ aft] ,him1 z m5 9 ! d>k try to    
feel _! way to  light4 ,!y _h %[n _!    
conviction t !re 0 a great ,,god1 to  ! 
k ( :om !y 7 /rang]s4 ,to ,him !y _h    
erect$ an  alt> call+ him by 8 title (  
,unkn[n4 ,?us ,/ ,paul appeals to deep  
convictions impress$ on _! m9ds4 ,at !  
same "t1 he does n  %r9k f %[+ t ,,god  
does n require m5's help1 nor love !    
wor%ip ( idolators2 ?\gh ! ann\ncem5t   
ran c\nt] to /rong  prejudices1 deeply  
seat$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s4 ,m51 he told  
!m1 are ! (fspr+ ( ,,god4 ,!y %\ld !re=e

 r5d] him !  intellig5t & lov+ s]vice   
due f *ildr5 to a wise &  b5efic5t p>5t4
 ,n[ 9 ?is great view ( tru? !re 0      
pres5t$  to ! ,/oic mu* t he c\ld agree 
)1 & yet a great deal oppos$  to1 or 9  
advance (1 8 preconceiv$ notions4 ,!    
idea ( !  philosoph] _h be5 ( a supreme 
p[] :i* 0 a pr9ciple r  ?an a p]son4    
,look+ at himself1 9 connexion ) !      
univ]se1 he  _h n ?\ght x impi\s to     
consid] himself a v "p ( ?is  div9e     
ess5ce1 r ?an a creature made by ! div9e
 p[]4 ,h5ce  he _h n a humbl+ s5se ( 8  
no?+ness 9 comp>ison ) !  ,et]nal4 ,8   
philosophy r gave him a feel+ ( pride1 f
 !  conviction ( 8 individual wor? &    
greatness1 z an ess5tial "p  ( ! great  
supreme4 ,he did n see t !re 0 a mighty 
,be+1 a  self-exi/5t ,p]son1 inf9itely  
remov$ 9 p[] & nature f all  t he has   
made2 & t by ,him m5 are c>$ = & lov$1 z
 !  memb]s ( a va/ family1 ( :i* he is !
 ,creator & ,fa!r4 ,& 9  say+ ?is1 ,i d 
n lose sight ( ! fact t "s ( ! ,/oics1  
at  times1 seem to h ris5 sup]ior to _! 

own doctr9es1 & to h  li/5$ to ! inn]   
voice :i* :isp]$ to !m ( ! ev]la/+      
,fa!r4 ,:e!r x 0 f ,aratus1 or ,clean!s1
 t ,/ ,paul quot$1  9 8 address to !    
,a!nians1 yet we are =cibly rem9d$1 by 8
  words1 ( ! noble hymn ( ! second 9 !  
,/oic succession1 a song  ( praise almo/
 unp>allel$ among ! writ+s ( hea!n      
antiquity  = nobility ( utt]ance &      
purity ( ?\ght4 ,address+ ! *ief (  !   
gods1 :o1 he says1 has _m names & is !  
omnipot5t pr9ce (  nature1 he s+s3      
8,we are ,?y (fspr+2 & ( liv+ ?+s we    
alone h ! gift (  spee*1 ! image (      
reason4 ,!re=e ,i w = ev] s+ !e &       
celebrate ?y p[]4 ,all ?is univ]se      
revolv+ r\nd ! e>? obeys  !e1 & will+ly 
pursues its c\rse at ?y comm&4 ,9 ?9e   
unconqu]able h&s ?\ holde/ su* a m9i/] z
 ! two-edg$1  flam+1 vivid ?und]bolt4 ,o
 ,k+1 mo/ high1 no?+ is done )\t  !e1   
ei!r 9 heav51 or on ! e>?1 or 9 ! sea1  
except :at !  wick$ d 9 _! fooli%ness4  
,?\ make/ ord] out ( confusion1 &  :at  
is wor?less becomes preci\s 9 ?y sight2 

= ?\ ha/ fitt$  toge!r good & evil into 
"o1 & ha/ set up "o law t is  ev]la/+4  
,b ! wick$1 unhappy ones1 fly f ?y law1 
& ?\gh  !y desire to possess :at is     
good1 yet d !y n see1 nor d !y  he> !   
univ]sal law ( ,,god4 ,if !y w\ld foll[ 
x )  und]/&+ !y might h a good life4 ,b 
!y g a/ray1 ea*  aft] 8 own devices1 "s 
va9ly ambiti\s ( fame1 o!rs turn+  aside
 aft] ga9 av>ici\sly1 o!rs aft] riot\s  
liv+ &  wantonness4 ,nay1 b1 ,o ,zeus1  
giv] ( all ?+s1 :o dwelle/ 9 d>k  cl\ds 
& rule/ ov] ! ?und]1 deliv] m5 f _!     
fooli%ness2  scatt] x f _! s\ls4 ,grant 
!m also to obta9 wisdom1 = by  wisdom ?\
 do/ rightly gov]n all ?+s2 t be+ hon\r$
 we may  repay !e ) hon\r1 s++ ?y works 
)\t ceas+1 z is "r  = u to d4 ,= !re is 
no great] ?+ ?an ?is1 ei!r = mortal  m51
 or = ! gods1 to s+ aright ! univ]sal   
law40    ,"o _c fail to be /ruck ) !    
m>vell\s insight into !  holie/ tru?s   
reveal$ 9 ^! l9es4 ,a c&id m9d mu/      
ackn[l$ge  ) ?ankfulness h[ graci\sly   
,,god 0 tra9+ ! m9d ( man =  ! reception

 ( ! my/]y ( godl9ess unfold$ 9 !       
,gospel4 ,?is  fact ,/ ,paul ackn[l$g$4 
,he told ! ,a!nians t he 0 come to  br+ 
!m fur!r intellig5ce ( a ,be+1 :om !y1 z
 ! words (  "s ( _! poets prov$1        
ackn[l$g$ z ! ,"l & ,fa!r ( all2  :om !y
 7 desir\s ( kn[+ m fully4 ,yet if we   
read !  writ+s ( ! ,/oics we _c b be    
sadd5$ by ! reflection t  su* views (   
,god 7 exceptional2 t su* desires to "k 
m (  him 7 evanesc5t1 if !y exi/$ at all
 9 ! m9ds ( "s4 ,^!  feel+s 7 ! "w ( "s 
inn] p[]1 n ! result ( _!  sy/em (      
philosophy4 ,! !ory ( ! univ]se :i* ?is 
sy/em  taught 0 "o t did n b[ d[n !     
human s\l 9 humble ob$i5ce  & 9 abasem5t
 be=e ! ,almighty2 b r caus$ a s5se (   
pride  & self-dep5d5ce at v>iance ) ?is 
feel+4 ,h5ce we meet )  su* expressions 
z we f9d urg$ aga9/ ! sect by           
,plut>*#ag1 :o  in=ms u t ,*rysippus    
said t 8! sage is n less useful to      
,zeus ?an ,zeus is to ! sage40          
,simil>ly1 h[ (t5 are !re recurr+  9    
v>i\s =ms su* a s5tim5t z we f9d1 =     

in/ance1 9 ,m>cus  ,anton9us#ah1     1  
4 ,:ile ?is  0 a cause ( pride1 x 0 also
 "o ( sadness4 ,ea* man felt1 9 a  great
 measure1 left to himself4 ,he 0 an atom
 brok5 (f f a va/  :ole1 & w\ld1 bye &  
bye1 be re/or$ to 8 =m] union4 ,b he    
did n feel 9 ?is life t !re 0 an        
intimate p]sonal lov+  union ) a wise & 
holy be+1 :o 0 8 p]sonal fri5d &  fa!r4 
,?is br+s u to ano!r po9t 9 :i*         
,*ri/ianity & ,/oicism 7  a contra/1 yet
 at fir/ sight n v f> remov$ "o f ! o!r4
  ,bo? all[$ & taught an univ]sal law1  
by :i* all nature & all  ev5ts are      
regulat$2 b :ile ! "o tea*es t ?is      
univ]sal law  is ! wisdom ( an          
infallible ,"l con/antly sup]9t5d+ &    
ord]+ all ?+s well1 ! o!r held t all ?+s
 7 arrang$  accord+ to ! decrees ( a    
bl9d & unalt]able fate4 ,! ,apo/le (    
,*ri/ taught ! ,a!nians t !re 0 no tru? 
9 ! wild  speculation ( ! ,epicurean1 :o
 held t all ?+s happ5$ by  *ance3 b he  
br\ght be=e !m1 z a rul]1 a be+ full (  
intellig5ce & con/antly sup]9t5d+ !     

c\rse ( ev5ts2 n  "s inexorable fate4   
,he told !m ( "o :o1 hav+ creat$ ( "o   
blood all nations t dwell on ! face ( ! 
e>?1 arrang$ !  p]iod ( _! exi/5ce &    
fix$ ! b\nds ( _! habitation4 ,&  ,he   
did ?is all 9 wisdom1 ) ! int5tion t all
 m5 might seek  ,him1 & f9d _! happ9ess 
9 ! k ( ,8 goodness & by  p>ticipat+ 9  
,8 love4 ,contra/$ ) ?is 0 ! doctr9e (  
fatalism :i* ! ,/oics taught4 ,all ?+s  
proce$$1 !y said1 f  de/9y1 :i* 0       
omnipot5t4 ,to its decrees bo? gods & m5
 mu/  b[4 ,f its p[] n ! highe/ ev5 7   
exempt4 ,?is de/9y 0  8! law accord+ to 
:i* :at has be51 has be52 :at is1 is2 & 
:at %all be1 %all be#ai40 ,in/ead ( an  
ov]rul+ ,provid5ce  con/antly sup]9t5d+ 
! affairs ( ! univ]se1 !re 0 a law  b9d+
 ! highe/ ,god1 z well z ! l[e/ 9       
creation4 ,s we read  9 ,s5eca 7,de     
,provid5tia1 cap4 ,,vi473 8,eadem       
necessitas et ,deos  alligat4           
,irrevocabilis div9a p>it] atque humana 
cursus vehit4 ,ille  ipse omnium        
conditor ac rector scripsit quidem      

,fata1 s$ sequitur4  ,semp] p>et1 semel 
jussit40 ,! ,/oical doctr9e !n 0 t ,,god
  himself is a s]vant to ! necessity ( !
 mat]ial s*eme2 t ,he is  b\nd by et]nal
 decrees2 t he c\ld n h creat$ an atom  
diff]5t f :at x is1 & _c *ange any?+    
m]ely accord+  to :at ,he may w 9 !     
future4 ,s ,cic]o quotes a ,greek poet1 
&  puts ^! words z 8 mean+1 8,quod =e   
p>atum e/1 id summum  exup]at ,jovem40  
,inde$ ! fir/ ,/oics adopt$ ?is fatalism
 z _!  belief1 & seem to h held firmly z
 a tru?1 :at ,h]odotus /ates1    4 ,we  
%all see t ?is necessit>ian s*eme _h an 
influ5ce1 ( no small ext5t1 on c]ta9    
p>ts ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/  9 aft] ages4    
,i mu/ proce$ "h1 h[ev]1 to po9t out    
ano!r aspect 9 :i*1  ?\gh !y seem to h  
_h ! same end be=e !m1 namely1 !  rais+ 
man to moral excell5ce1 yet ,*ri/ianity 
& ,/oicism diff]$  entirely--! means    
:]eby human p]fection is to be atta9$4  
,*ri/ianity po9t$ m5 to ! way ( humility
 & self-r5unciation4  ,/oicism po9t$ !m 
to ! p]fectibility ( man by 8 own       

ex]tion1  )\t tru/+ on div9e aid4 ,/    
,paul prea*$ ,jesus to ! enquir+  m9ds (
 ,greece2 ,jesus1 z a ,savi\r--,jesus1 z
 an ,example to ^? :o  w\ld atta9       
hol9ess ( life--z a patt]n ( a p]fect   
man4 ,n[ no  lesson is m pla9ly taught 9
 ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 ?an ! tru?  t       
p5it5ce & humility are ! necess>y       
precursors ( hol9ess &  true glory4 ,!  
,/oic w\ld look on rep5tance z a        
confession t he  _h fail$ 9 8           
philosophy4 ,x 0 no "p ( 8 s*eme to l[] 
himself 9 ord] to rise4 ,mu* less _h he 
any idea ( tru/+ 9  ano!r's m]its1 & 9  
ano!r's self-sacrifice1 9 ord] to h any 
*ance at all ( becom+ p]fect = ev]4 ,b  
!n1 8 idea (  p]fection 0 p]fection z a 
philosoph] 9 ?is life4 ,! glori\s  hope 
( an et]nal future1 9 :i* he w\ld take  
"p z a purifi$  be+1 fre$ f all s9 &    
defilem5t by ! p[] ( ! omnipot5t  ,fa!r1
 & by ! furnace ?r\gh :i* he _h to pass 
9 /ruggl+  dur+ a lifetime ) temptation 
& ) affliction1 0 no "p (  8 cre$4 ,l ! 
,*ri/ian1 he _h a l(ty purpose1 b 8     

purpose  0 conf9$ to ?is life2 to be    
con=m$ to ! c\rse ( nature2 to  rise by 
8 philosophy to a region ( indiff]5ce   
ab\t outw>d ?+s4  ,8 end 0 atta9$1 he   
?\ght1 if he subdu$ 8 own nature2 if he 
le>nt to be>1 )\t fl9*+1 :atev] might   
cause him pa9 or  inconv5i5ce2 if :at m5
 commonly call natural feel+s &         
affections  7 done viol5ce to1 )\t      
compunction1 t he might ?us atta9 to    
con=mity ) ! rule ( univ]sal nature4    
,all ?is he did1 or  pr(ess$ to d1 ( 8  
own p[]4 ,he did n require a p[] f on   
high1 to =give 8 errors1 & to give him  
/r5g? to be virtu\s4  ,r1 he 0 to be    
virtu\s z a means ( mak+ ,,god          
propiti\s4 ,j  z ,s5eca says#bj1 8,int] 
bonos viros ac ,deum amicitia e/1       
conciliante  virtute40 ,s t betwe5 ?is  
sy/em & ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 ?\gh  !y bo?
 pr(ess$ly inculcate a life ( virtue &  
self-d5ial1 !re  is an impassable gulph4
 ,/oicism rais$ pride 9 human excell5ce 
into a  "p ( its tea*+4 ,inde$1 ! ,/oic 
01 z has be5 ju/ly  obs]v$1 a ,ph>isee  

among hea!ns4 ,he prid$ himself ^u be+ n
 z  o!rs ar\nd him2 ^u be+ bett] & m    
exalt$ 9 virtue ?an  !y2 & !re=e ^u be+ 
ne>] ,,god1 & m wor?y ( ! love  ( ! ,mo/
 ,high4 ,n[ ,*ri/ianity goes on exactly 
! opposite  pr9ciple to ?is4 ,%e tea*es 
m5 t !y mu/ obta9 ! div9e  fav\r & aid1 
n by means ( _! innate sup]iority1 b z !
  means ( ris+ to hol9ess & virtue4 ,we 
_c take any /eps at all  9 true moral   
excell5ce1 till we are possess$ ( ! love
 ( ,,god4 ,?is  is ! f\ndation (        
,*ri/ian tru?4 ,! div9e life mu/ h its  
beg9n+ 9 rep5tance & r5unciation ( self1
 9 deep humility &  consequ5t tru/ 9    
div9e aid1 giv5 to all :o ask x =       
,*ri/'s  sake2 because ,,god is love4   
,we %all see1 nev]!less1 t ! views (  _m
 ,*ri/ians h be5 t+$ ) ! ,/oic belief1 t
 by  self-mortification1 & ev5 by try+  
to uproot natural affections &  feel+s1 
plant$ 9 man by ,,god himself = wise    
ends1 ! human s\l  r5d]s h]self wor?i] (
 ! fri5d%ip ( heav54 ,we he> ,/ ,paul1  
h[ev]1 sett+ be=e ! ,a!nians ?is great  

duty1 fir/ ( all1  t !y feel & ackn[l$ge
 !mselves 9 error1 9 ord] to  am5dm5t ( 
life2 & t !y tru/ 9 ! m]its ( ano!r1 9  
ord] to atone = _! own dem]its4 8,he    
comm&e? all m5 ev]y:]e  to rep5t40 ,?is 
0 ! te/imony ( ! mess5g] ( ! true ,,god4
  ,f ! m5tion ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1
 imm$iately aft] ?is1  & ! mann] 9 :i* t
 resurrection is spok5 (1 x w\ld seem  t
 ,/ ,paul gave ! ,a!nians "s p>ticul>s (
 ! ,r$eem]'s life  & dea? ei!r on ,m>s' 
,hill or 9 ! ,agora4 ,n[ ! life ( ,*ri/ 
w\ld tea* ! ,/oic1 t true philosophy is 
n try+ to eradicate  human feel+s &     
in/9cts1 b controll+ !m4 ,no?+ is s     
/rik+ & s lovely 9 ! div9e life ( ! ,son
 ( ,,god1 z its  humanity4 ,he is a 8man
 ) m510 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he is  n a%am$
 to %[ ord9>y human feel+s4 ,he 0 truly 
noble1 yet n  ! less meek & l[ly4 ,he 0 
truly brave1 yet did n ?9k x  unwor?y ( 
himself to %[ h[ int5sely he suff]$4 ,he
 0 truly  resign$ to ! w ( ,heav51 yet  
?\ght x n contr>y to "r to  express 8   
sorr[ :5 he 0 b]eav$4 ,he dignifi$ human

 sympa?y by  ev5 weep+ ) ^? t wept4 ,h[ 
incomp>ably does ?is true  nobility rise
 above ! ,/oic apa?y1 :i* condemn$ su*  
feel+s1 &  l$ ,s5eca1 9 an ,epi/le to   
,lucilius1 to deprecate ! indulg5ce (   
grief = a fri5d's loss4 8,i myself10    
says he1 8wept s immod]ately  = ,annu   
,s]5us1 444 t ,i mu/1 aga9/ my w1 be    
reckon$ among  ! examples ( ^? :om grief
 has ov]come4 ,nev]!less1 to-day ,i     
condemn my error#ba40 ,! la/ days ( our 
,savi\r's life gave !  _w a p]fect      
example ( true dignity2 yet1 we c see1  
he c\nt$ x  only fit1 z a man1 to %[ t  
he felt ke5ly reproa* & pa94 ,b  x 0 !  
,savi\r's dea?1 & ! reason = :i* 8 dea? 
0  deem$ necess>y by et]nal ju/ice1 t   
took away = ev] any  f\ndation = ,/oic  
pride & self-dep5d5ce4 ,no?+ less ?an   
?is  0 suffici5t to atone = human error1
 & make x possible = man to  obta9      
p>don1 & be re/or$ to ! div9e image :i* 
he _h lo/4 ,x  is ?us he c become truly 
wise & lead a life wor?y ( himself z a  
man4 ,& by ! div9e aid he w be able to  

rise to great] heights (  self-control1 
?an any to :i* pride ( philosophy c\ld  
raise him4 ,!  ,/oics claim$ = ! wise   
man t he is infallible & impassive1  t  
he is unmov$ by outw>d ev5ts1 ) 8 m9d   
ev] 9 an ev5  /ate#bb4 ,t :i* ! ,/oic   
dream$ (1 ! ,*ri/ian may become1  b 9 a 
spiritual & f> high] s5se4 ,!re 7 ^? 9 !
 e>ly  ,*ur*1 & !re h be5 _m s9ce1 :o   
%[$ !mselves  philosoph]s inde$1 89     
hon\r & di%on\r1 9 evil report & good   
report3 z deceiv]s1 & yet true2 z       
unkn[n1 & yet well kn[n2 z  dy+1 &1     
behold1 !y liv$2 z sorr[ful1 yet always 
rejoic+2 z  poor1 yet mak+ _m ri*2 z    
hav+ no?+1 & yet possess+ all  ?+s#bc40 
,! great ,*ri/ian ,apo/le 0 able to say1
 8,i h  le>n$1 9 :atev] /ate ,i am1 !re)
 to be cont5t4 ,i "k bo?  h[ to be      
abas$1 & ,i "k h[ to ab\nd3 e :]e & 9   
all  ?+s1 ,i am in/ruct$ bo? to be full 
& to be hungry1 bo? to ab\nd  & to suff]
 ne$4 ,i c d all ?+s ?r\gh ,*ri/ :i*    
/r5g!ne? me#bd40 ,9 ?is la/ s5t5ce is ! 
real secret ( all  true h]oism4 ,*ri/ is

 ! s\rce ( true philosophy4 ,he alone   
gives  true /r5g? ( m9d3 ,he c r5d] !   
believ] omnipot5t = good4  8,i c d all  
?+s10 says ! ,apo/le2 ! p[] is f above1 
h[ev]4 ,)\t ,,god1 ! /ronge/ becomes a  
*ild4 ,?is fact1 t ,,god  prep>es ! he>t
 = virtue1 & gives u /r5g? to resi/ evil
 &  d good1 takes away all cause = boa/+
 f ev5 ! mo/ advanc$  9 moral excell5ce4
 ,:]eas1 ! ,/oic sy/em1 beg9n+ & end+ 9 
self1 ) no?+ else to tru/ to1 caus$ man 
to become pr\d ( 8  suppos$ advances4   
,he ?\ght ev5 to become equal to ! ,mo/ 
,high4  ,inde$1 s f> 0 ?is feel+ c>ri$1 
t we h f a disciple (  ! sy/em1 su* a   
boa/ful & 7to our feel+7 pr(ane ass]tion
 z  ! foll[+4 ,s5eca1 writ+ to          
,lucilius1 aft] p]suad+ him to          
dilig5tly cultivate philosophy1 says1 !n
 8,?\ wilt excel all m51  nor w ! gods  
mu* excel !e4444 ,to ! wise man 8 own   
age lies  op51 z mu* z e age to ,,god4  
,!re is "o respect 9 :i* !  wise man may
 be said to excel ,,god2 ! latt] is     
fe>less by ! gift (  nature1 ! wise man 

by 8 own m]its#be40    ,we h "o o!r po9t
 t requires att5tion 9 connexion ) ,/   
,paul's spee*1 & t is ! future /ate4 ,he
 laid be=e ! ,/oics1  :o he>d him1 !    
great fact ( ! exi/5ce ( m51 z          
individuals1  aft] dea?2 & n m]ely _!   
exi/5ce1 b _! hav+ to appe>  at !       
judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/1 aft] be+ rais$ f !
 dead4 ,!  :ole ( ?is 0 =eign to ! ,/oic
 sy/em4 ,!y _h no?+1 9  _! wise/        
speculations1 approa*+ to ^! gr& ideas1 
:i* !  ,apo/le unfold$ to !m z div9e    
my/]ies4 ,! e>ly ,/oics held t  !y w\ld1
 aft] dea?1 return to union ) ! univ]se4
 ,_! plan  = gett+ rid ( evil & reg5]at+
 all ?+s1 0 "o (  p]iodical             
conflagrations4 ,! ,*ri/ian ana/asis 0  
some?+ :i*  unaid$ human intellects c\ld
 n rea*4 ,moreov]1 ! future judgm5t  (  
m51 if x c\ld h be5 receiv$ by ! ,/oics1
 w\ld h  modifi$ _! sy/em 9 _m respects4
 ,!y w\ld h _h diff]5t  views ( ! deity1
 if !y _h felt t1 aft] all1 !y 7 to /&  
at 8 b>1 to give an acc\nt ( _! words & 
works4 ,!y w\ld h  _h a diff]5t view (  

life & ( dea?1 if !y _h kn[n t :5  !y   
ceas$ to live on e>?1 !y w\ld beg9 a new
 exi/5ce1 9 :i*  !y w\ld be happy1 or   
mis]able1 accord+ z !y submitt$ to1 or  
reject$ ! w ( ,,god "h4 ,= ! want ( ?is 
great tru?1 _!  sy/em 0 %ortsight$ &1 9 
"s respects1 evil4 ,if dea? 7 !  end (  
man1 z a sep>ate p]son1 :y %\ld x n be  
also held to be  "u ! control ( ea*8 ,9 
fact ! great lesson to le>n 0 to  become
 ma/] 9 ! la/ act1 z well z 9 o!rs4 ,!  
sy/em 0 n  a tra9+ = immortality4 ,?is  
life 0 ! sc5e ( battle & (  victory1 to 
! ,/oic4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian1 ?is life is !  
battle-field4  ,he is cont5t$ to wait   
till ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce1 = victory &  
peace4 ,he c und]/& ! mean+ ( ! words ( 
,/ ,paul1 8,if 9  ?is life only we h    
hope 9 ,*ri/1 we are ( all m5 mo/       
mis]able#bf40 ,) ! hope ( ! future be=e 
him1 h[ev]1 he is  cont5t to suff]4 ,he 
c be> suff]+ ) =titude1 & c ev5  triumph
 ov] x4 ,= him1 8?is light affliction1  
:i* is b = a  mom5t1 worke? out a f> m  
exce$+ & et]nal weight ( glory1  :ile he

 looks n at ! ?+s :i* are se51 b at !   
?+s :i*  are n se540 ,! re/oration ( !  
body & s\l to a /ate (  p]fection op5s  
be=e ! m9d a treasure 9 future1 = :i*   
pres5t  pov]ty is lightly borne4 ,b to  
?is glori\s hope ! ,/oic 0 a  /rang]4   
,he liv$ = ?is _w4 ,8 suff]+s1 8 trials1
 mu/ all  be borne unfl9*+ly1 because   
only "h w\ld he be> !m2 only "h  w\ld   
he1 an (f%oot ( ! deity1 dwell z su*4   
,!re=e x 0  b5ea? him to say he suff]$4 
,he liv$ = himself1 to raise himself    
above o!rs4 ,he mu/ despise :at l[]$ 8  
exi/5ce4 ,he mu/  trample on pa94 ,:5 ! 
conflict 0 too sev]e1 !n ! end also 0   
at 8 comm&1 & he might leave a sc5e :i* 
he c\ld adorn no  long]4 ,!n !re 0 an   
end to ! :ole matt]#bg4 ,! sublime      
doctr9es ( ! ,gospel1 h[ev]1 :i* op5 a  
spl5did future to !  virtu\s s\l1 tea*  
m5 a f> diff]5t lesson4 ,moreov]1 !     
c]ta9ty  ( a j judgm5t leads !m to be   
c>eful1 h[ !y pass ?r\gh a  sc5e1 :i* is
 to !m ! only /ate ( probation4 ,!y "k t
 !  future w be pregnant ) evil to !m1  

if !y neglect1 or abuse !  "t giv5 to !m
 = prep>ation4 ,!y look =w>d ) no less  
c]ta9ty to a rew>d = well do+4 ,!y are  
sure !re w be no  mi/ake 9 ! f9al       
adjudication4 ,all ^! ?\ghts t5d "o way2
 to  ! promotion ( hol9ess ( life1 & to 
^? acts ( k9dness &  *>ity1 :i* are     
evid5ces ( ! love ( ,,god 9 ! he>t4 ,^! 
acts  ! great ,judge has promis$ to     
rew>d1 z ?\gh !y 7 done to  ,himself4   
,he says t1 9 t day1 he w decl>e        
respect+ ea* (  ^! de$s ( love1         
8,inasmu* z ye h done x unto "o ( ! lea/
  ( ^! my bre?r51 ye h done x unto      
me#bh40    ,i h ?us endeav\r$ to po9t   
out ! di/9ctive features ( ! two        
sy/ems1 :]e !y came 9 contact4 ,9 !     
,*ri/ian religion1 !re is  pres5t$ to ! 
m9d a ,god ( hol9ess & purity & almighty
 p[]1 a  be+ :o rules ov] all & works 9 
man's he>t4 ,9 ! ,/oic  philosophy1 !   
,supreme ,be+ is r an idea ?an a p]son2 
a "p (  ! univ]se1 j z ! s\l is "p (    
man4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1  ! ,"l ( all  
is repres5t$ z con/antly ex]cis+ a wise 

&  judici\s sup]9t5d5ce ov] all         
creation1 bless+ ,8 works1 &  ) un]r+   
=esight1 arrang+ all ?+s by ,8          
provid5ce4 ,9 !  ,/oic sy/em1 all ?+s 9 
heav5 & e>? 7 ! subjects ( an           
unalt]able fate4 ,*ri/ianity tea*es m5 t
 moral excell5ce is to  be atta9$ only  
by div9e aid1 & ?is aid is giv5 to ^? :o
 are  p5it5t & humble2 :o seek ,,god    
fir/1 & %[ _! love to ,him 9  _! lives4 
,/oicism taught t moral excell5ce 0     
atta9able by man  alone1 & t he might1  
unaid$1 raise himself to p]fection1 &   
make  himself wor?y ( ,,god4 ,9 !       
religion ( ,jesus1 m5 are furni%$ )     
glori\s views ( a future life4 ,! _w to 
come is pres5t$ to !  fai?ful1 z a rew>d
 = virtue & piety4 ,! resurrection (    
man1 &  ! f9al sett+ 9 ord] ( ! univ]se 
at ! great day (  reg5]ation1 :5 j      
judgm5t w be pass$ on good & evil angels
  & m51 are held out z ! great facts (  
future ages4 ,9 ! ,/oic  philosophy1 !re
 is no future p]sonal exi/5ce promis$2 &
 !  reg5]ation is to be by fire consum+1

 at c]ta9 cycles1 ! works (  ! univ]se4 
,*ri/ianity _h an influ5ce on ! lat]    
,/oics4  ,:]e-ev] we see1 9 ! works ( ^!
 philosoph]s1 cle>] views (  ,,god1 ,8  
provid5ce1 ,8 "w 9 ! _s2 :]ev] we see   
cle>]  p]ceptions ( human depravity &   
ne$ = div9e aid2 :]e we  p]ceive dawn+s 
( hope ( a future life = ! s\l2 !re we  
see1  if n ! direct influ5ce1 yet at    
lea/ ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity  mak+ itself    
felt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if1 9 ! ,*ri/ian    
*ur*1 we  see ! necessit>ian !ory tak+  
possession ( m5's belief2 if we  p]ceive
 human pride ass]t+ itself 9 rais+ moral
 virtues1 or works  ( self-d5ial1 or    
self-impos$ au/]ities1 into ! place (   
,*ri/'s  sacrifice1 z ! means ( obta9+ !
 div9e fav\r2 we %all n be  mi/ak51 if  
we say t1 9 ^! respects1 ! ,*ur* has    
borr[$  f ! ,por*1 & dep>t$ f !         
simplicity ( ! ,gospel4    ,be=e ,i     
proce$ to inve/igate ! influ5ce :i* !   
two sy/ems h  ex]t$ "o on ! o!r1 ,i     
purpose to devote a few pages to !      
consid]ation ( ! relative influ5ce !y h 

ex]t$ on ! _w  at l>ge4 ,let u comp>e   
:at ,/oic philosophy did = ^? nations   
among :om x ex]t$ an influ5ce1 ) !      
effect :i* ,*ri/ianity  has wr\ght on ^?
 :o h embrac$ its t5ets & ackn[l$g$ its 
p[]4 ,if we look at ,a!ns1 & ask        
ourselves :at result ! doctr9es  ( !    
,/oic s*ool _h !re1 we %all f9d t1 aft] 
c5turies (  ef=t1 v little 0 effect$ = !
 b5efit ( our race4 ,d\btless  a /rong  
impression 0 made on c]ta9 m9ds2 b1 z f>
 z ! masses  7 conc]n$1 ! influ5ce ( !  
sect seems to h be5 small1 &  !         
b5eficial result v insignificant inde$4 
,) reg>d to !  adh]5ts ( ! sy/em1 we h  
little tru/wor?y in=mation z to  :e!r1 9
 private life1 _! practice correspond$ )
 _! public  pr(essions4 ,"o is almo/ l$1
 f _! decl>ations t _!  philosophy rais$
 !m above ! law ( conduct b9d+ ! common 
h]d1  to suppose t1 = "s1 ! pr(ession ( 
be+ a ,/oic 0 only a  cloak4 ,!re seem  
to h be5 among !m1 m5 ( simil> feel+s to
  ! ,ant9omians ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,if a
 man 7 a philosoph]1 he  0 out ( !      

ord9>y pale1 & might be almo/ :at else  
he lik$4  ,! e>ly ,/oics 7 d\btless m5 (
 pur] life ?an ! masses ar\nd  !m1 yet1 
f ! rem>ks ( ^? :o h writt5 v fav\rably 
(  !m1 "o is l$ to p]ceive t !y 7 look$ 
on m z pr(essors  ( a sy/em ( excell5t  
e?ical philosophy1 ?an z /rict adh]5ts  
to  its precepts4 ,_! pr9ciples 7       
consid]$ r z intellectual1  ?an         
he>tfelt4 ,z an in/ance1 we may notice  
:at ,diog5es ,la]tes  reports conc]n+   
,z5o4 ,he says#bi1 8   1       1     40 
,n[ "o  mu/ see t1 if ! record be true1 
!n ! purity ( ! ,/oic 0  n ?or\gh1 ?\gh 
he 0 bett] ?an o!rs p]haps4 ,if ! report
 be  a my?1 we p]ceive t 9 ! writ]'s    
op9ion1 ga!r$ probably f  obs]vation1 ! 
precepts ( philosophy 7 n s v b9d+1 b  t
 a pr(essor ( x might be none ! less    
e/eem$ z a philosoph]1  = act+1 n[ & !n1
 z an ord9>y man4 ,he evid5tly ?\ght t  
,z5o 0 n to be blam$1 b r comm5d$1 =    
%[+1  occasionally1 t he did n wi% to be
 ?\ght too au/]e4 ,! dogmas  ( ?is      
philosophy 7 public pr(essions1 b did n 

alt] ! he>t1  & control ! :ole life4 ,x 
0 p[]less1 z a moral lev]1 to raise  !  
p4 ,! masses rema9$ idolatr\s & deeply  
sup]/iti\s4  ,inde$ ! philosoph]s       
!mselves con=m$ to ! prevail+ wor%ip1  &
 7 n free f ! prevail+ sup]/itions4 ,z  
e?ical  re=m]s1 !y seem$ to h despair$ (
 rais+ m51 except 9 small  numb]s1 to a 
bett] /ate4 ,we look 9 va9 = evid5ces ( 
a  wide-spread philan?ropy4 ,9 fact1 !  
sy/em 0 "o ( egosm2 &  beg9n+ 9 self1   
inculcat+ tru/ on self1 x _h no wide    
grasp (  ! duty & love1 :i* m5 owe "o to
 ano!r1 z *ildr5 ( a common  ,fa!r4     
,if f ,a!ns we g to ,rome1 & notice !   
effect produc$ :5 ,/oic  influ5ce 0 at  
its highe/ po9t & mo/ wide-spread1 we   
are sadd5$  by a simil> abs5ce ( evid5ce
 t x effect$ any great  amelioration4   
,we are l$ to see ! tru? ( ,niebuhr's   
rem>ks#cj  respect+ ! /ate ( !          
community1 ^u :i* ,/oicism _h ex]t$  all
 its p[]4 8,view$ z a national1 or      
political hi/ory1 ! hi/ory  ( ! ,roman  
,empire is sad & disc\rag+ 9 ! la/      

degree4 ,we see  t ?+s _h come to a     
po9t1 at :i* no e>?ly p[] c\ld af=d  any
 help3 we n[ h ! developm5t ( dead p[]s 
in/ead ( t (  a vital en]gy40 ,! age ( !
 greate/ fame ( ,rome1 :5 ,augu/us  rul$
 h] de/9ies1 & h] p[] & weal? &         
wide-spread influ5ce  7 s va/1 0 n a    
happy "o = ! p4 ,!re 0 no  fell[%ip     
betwe5 m51 unit+ !m 9 feel+ & = mutual  
b5efit4  ,p]haps half ! p 7 slaves &    
degrad$1 9 ! mid/ (  surr\nd+ spl5d\r4  
,arnold#ca has well describ$ ! moral    
defici5cy2 8,!re 7 no public hospitals1 
no in/itutions = !  relief ( ! infirm & 
poor1 no societies = ! improvem5t ( !   
condition ( mank9d1 f motives ( *>ity4  
,no?+ 0 done to  promote ! in/ruction ( 
! l[] classes1 no?+ to mitigate !  evils
 ( dome/ic slav]y4 ,*>ity & g5]al       
philan?ropy 7 s  little reg>d$ z duties1
 t x requires a v ext5sive  acqua9tance 
) ! lit]ature ( ! "t to f9d any allusion
 to  !m40 ,z long z x _h an influ5ce1   
,/oicism taught m5 r to  be> ! evils (  
life ) indiff]5ce1 ?an to get rid ( !   

evils  t 7 9 ! _w1 by s*emes = ! social 
happ9ess & moral  elevation ( ! p4 ,s t 
sup]/ition & grosse/ idolatry 7         
rampant1 & vices ( ! mo/ lam5table k9d 7
 indulg$ 91 almo/  )\t produc+ any %ame4
    ,9 proportion z ,*ri/ianity won its 
way1 ^! ?+s disappe>$2 &  9 proportion  
to ! purity ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & its
 fre$om  f admixture ( extrane\s        
pr9ciples & influ5ces1 has be5 its      
success 9 rais+ a fall5 _w4 ,:atev] p[] 
,/oicism possess$ =  good1 ! religion ( 
,jesus also possess$1 & 9 a high]       
degree4 ,9  addition1 x br\ght into play
 enorm\s & sup]human res\rces2 high  &  
holy motives2 & doctr9es :i* orig9at$ 9 
heav51 & p>took  ( ! purity ( _! orig94 
,! consequ5ce has be5 m>vell\s4 ,!      
progress ( ?is religion 9 face (        
opposition 0 su* z to af=d  ample pro( (
 its div9ity4 ,& z x progress$1 x prov$ 
its mission  by rais+ ! fall51 bless+ ! 
wret*$1 despis+ n ev5 !  mo/ l[ly1 seek+
 ! mo/ s9ful2 t by miracles wr\ght 9 !  
s\ls ( m51 x might %[ t x 0 fitt$ = !   

high mission  :i* x claim$4 ,m5 7 no    
long] left to grovel 9 idolatry1 &      
consequ5t imitation 9 _! lives ( !      
conduct ( ! unholy be+s  :om !y         
wor%ipp$4 ,l ,/ ,paul on ,m>s' ,hill1 e 
true h]ald (  ! cross has set be=e m5 a 
holy ,,god1 z ! sole object ( !  rev]5ce
 & ob$i5ce ( _! he>ts4 ,!y h be5 taught 
love to  ,,god1 z ! highe/ duty ( !     
creature2 & z a consequ5ce1 love to  _! 
fell[-m54 ,mutual k9dness & *>ity h done
 m>vels1 9  remov+ ! v>i\s calamities ( 
?is life2 & :]e ^! h be5  irremoveable1 
! ef=ts ( ! disciples ( ! ,crucifi$ ,"o 
h  be5 put =?1 to make !m weigh less    
heavily on ! sons (  affliction4 ,! poor
 h be5 c>$ & provid$ =4 ,to !m !  gospel
 ( m]cy has be5 prea*$1 & !y h be5      
taught to h  fai? 9 a future life1 9 :i*
 ! wrongs ( ?is w be set "r4            
,*ri/ianity has br\ght civilization 9   
its tra94 ,! m>vell\s  progress ( m5 9  
^! latt] days may be trac$ to ! exalt+  
influ5ce ( ?is noble cre$1 :i* builds   
aga9 ! ru9s ( ! human  s\l2 & has no?+  

less = its object ?an man's re/oration  
to !  image ( ,,god4 ,no "o t reflects  
on ! wond]s x has produc$2 on  ! ef=ts x
 has put =? = ! reg5]ation ( our race2  
on !  en]gy x /ill displays1 9 try+ to  
give bless+ & help to ^?  :o sit 9      
d>kness1 & are 9 ne$2 on ! success t has
 cr[n$  ! ef=ts ( ! pa/1 incit+ to fre% 
ones = ! future2 c fail  to see ! f+] ( 
,,god4 ,we gratefully ackn[l$ge t all   
praise is  due to ,him = ! gift ( su*   
gr& means = rais+ a fall5 _w2  = a      
sy/em1 :i* 8has ! promise ( ! life :i*  
n[ is1 z well  z ( t :i* is to come40   
,by ^! rem>ks1 ,i am f> f wi%+ to imply 
t !re is n mu*  to lam5t 9 ,*ri/ian     
c\ntries1 or t s9ce ,*ri/ianity has be5 
ackn[l$g$ & pr(ess$ by a great "p ( !   
_w1 %e has  succe$$ 9 mak+ ev5 ! noble/ 
( h] sons faultless & s9less4  ,only "o 
su* man has ev] trod our e>?1 & ,he 0 m 
?an man1 &  %ew$ ,8 div9ity 9 ! mid/ (  
human weakness & pa94 ,all o!rs  are    
liable to error4 ,& we mu/ confess t1 :5
 we see ! evils  /ill rema9+ 9          

,*ri/5dom1 !re is room = sadness2 b !re 
is  none = despair4    ,moreov]1 no "o  
w\ld depreciate ! ,/oic sy/em1 because  
its  disciples did n act up to its      
precepts1 9 e respect4 ,epictetus       
decl>$#cb1 !re 7 _m :o 7 philosoph]s 9  
"n1 f> f  be+ s 9 de$2 & ,s5eca assures 
u#cc1 t ,/oic philosoph]s  8did n say h[
 !y !mselves liv$1 b h[ m5 ought to     
live40 ,yet  ,i q agree ) ,gatak]#cd1 t 
!re 7 well-atte/$ in/ances1  9 almo/ e  
age1 ( adh]5ts to ! sy/em1 :o1 by _!    
fai?ful  obs]vance ( _! pr9ciples 9 !   
conduct ( _! lives1 might put  to %ame  
_m pr(essors ( ,*ri/ianity1 & cause !m  
to blu%4    ,b ,i h be5 speak+ ( !      
effect ( ea* sy/em1 z a :ole1 on        
nations & masses ( m51 & on individuals4
 ,& we see t ,/oicism1  aft] c5turies ( 
ef=t1 prov$ itself unequal to !         
reg5]ation (  m51 & z completely fail$ z
 any o!r m]ely human s*eme1 9 ?is       
respect4 ,we %\ld keep 9 m9d1 t sy/ems  
are n relatively  sup]ior 9 proportion  
to ! adh]5ce ( _! disciples4 ,unwav]+   

ob$i5ce1 on ! "p ( c]ta9 ( its foll[]s1 
does n necess>ily  imply ! excell5ce ( a
 sy/em2 x simply proves t "s ( its      
disciples are fai?ful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! 
excell5ce ( a sy/em is  se51 :5 x does a
 great "w & raises a fall5 _w1 9 spite (
  ! app>5t inadequacy ( its means2 9    
spite ( ! luke-w>m  atta*m5t & want (   
consi/5cy1 (t5 display$ by its foll[]s4 
,9  ?is way1 ! m ?an human p]fection (  
,*ri/ianity has be5 %[n4  ,if h] *ildr5 
_h be5 z fai?ful to h]1 z _m ( ! ,/oics 
7  to _! s*ool1 %e _h1 ere ?is1 made our
 e>? a p>adise4 ,ev5 z  ?+s are1 not)/&+
 ! introduction1 into h] mid/1 (        
doctr9es & practices1 =eign to h] 9     
orig91 & oppos$ to h]  pr9ciples2       
not)/&+ ! _m %ortcom+s ( h] fri5ds1 &  !
 unceas+ opposition ( h] foes1 & !      
resi/ance ev] (f]$ by  ! pride ( man's  
he>t to h] humbl+ doctr9es2 %e c>ries on
 h]  glori\s "w successfully1 & proves  
h]self equal to h] de/9$  purpose4      
,footnote #ag3      ,adv]sus ,/oicos1   
#cc4    ,footnote #ah3      ,lib4 ,,xii4

 ,cap4 #bf1 collat4 quoq4 v4 #aj4       
,footnote #ai3      ,plut>*1 ,de        
,placitis ,philosophorum1 ,i4 #bh4      
,footnote #bj3      ,de ,provid5tia1    
,cap4 #a4    ,footnote #ba3      8,hc   
tibi scribo1 is qui ,annum ,s]5um1      
c>issimum mihi1 tam immodice    flevi1  
ut quod m9ime velim1 int] exempla sim   
eorum quos dolor vicit3    hodie tam5   
factum meum damno10 c4--,ep4 ,,lxiii4   
#ab4    ,footnote #bb3            1     
444--,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vi4 #a4 #fd4       
,footnote #bc3      #b ,cor4 vi4 #h-aj4 
,footnote #bd3      ,phil4 iv4 #aa-ac4  
,footnote #be3      8,omnes mortales    
multo antec$es1 non multo te dii        
antec$5t4444    ,tantum sapi5ti sua1    
quantum ,deo1 omnis tas patet4 ,e/      
aliquid1 quo    sapi5s antec$at ,deum3  
ille natur b5eficio non timet1 suo      
sapi5s40--,ep4 ,,liii4    ,footnote #bf3
      #a ,cor4 xv4 #ai4    ,footnote    
#bg3      ,on ?is "p ! foll[+ words (   
,c\s9 are wor?y ( att5tion3    8,le     
,/ocisme e/ ess5tiellem5t solitaire3    

c'e/ le so9 exclusif de    son me1 sans 
reg>d  celles des autres2 et comme la   
seule *ose    importante e/ la puret de 
l'me1 qu& cette puret e/ trop en        
pril1 qu& on dsespre d'tre victorieux   
dans la lutte1 on peut la    t]m9]1     
comme l'a t]m9e ,caton4 ,a9si la        
philosophie n'e/ plus    qu'un          
appr5tissage de la mort1 et non de la   
vie2 elle t5d  la mort    p> son image1 
l'apa?ie et l'at>axie1 et se rs\t       
df9itivem5t en    son egosme sublime40  
,footnote #bh3      ,/ ,matt4 xxv4 #dj4 
,footnote #bi3      ,lib4 ,,vii4 c4 #a4 
4 ,,xiii4    ,footnote #cj3      ,lect4 
v4 #aid4    ,footnote #ca3      ,lat]   
,roman ,commonweal?1 ,,ii4 #cih4        
,footnote #cb3        1   4 ,quot$ by   
,gatak] f ,gellius1    ,noct4 ,attic4   
#ag1 #ai4    ,footnote #cc3      8,non  
dicebant1 quemadmodum ipsi viv]5t1 s$   
quemadmodum viv5dum    esset40--,s5eca1 
de ,vit4 ,beat4 c4 #ah4    ,footnote    
#cd3      ,! words ( ,gatak]1 9 !       
,preface to 8 ,m>c4 ,anton41 are3       

8,v]untam5 ex eis qui sect hujus 9      
discipl9am s]io s$uloque sese    d$]unt1
 p] s+ulas quasque f]e tates rep]ti     
sunt1 qui fide    dignorum scriptorum   
suffragiis cons5su consono atte/antibus1
 ita    dogmata sua factis cons5taneis  
consignata1 decretaque vit in/ituto     
quabili f]e comprobata exhibu]9t1 ut    
nom9is etiam ,*ri/iani    pr(essoribus  
pl]isque pudorem incut]e1 ruborem       
suffund]e m]ito    queant40             
,,*apt] ,,iii4                 ,,!      
,,influ5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,on        
,,/oicism4          8,victi victoribus  
leges d$]unt40        ,,s54 quot$ by ,/ 
,aug4 9 ,civ4 ,dei4      ,!re is no?+   
unreasonable 9 ! supposition1 t :5 two  
sy/ems  su* z ,*ri/ianity & ,/oicism    
came into contact1 !y w\ld  naturally   
ex]t consid]able influ5ce1 "o on ! o!r4 
,we p]ceive1  if we trace ! hi/ory ( !  
religion ( ,*ri/1 t x felt !  effect ( !
 philosophy ( ! ,g5tile _w1 & especially
 ( !  ,greeks1 9 v>i\s ways4 ,platonism 
prov$ itself s p[]ful z to cause  ! rise

 ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 ) its va/        
influ5ces4 ,9 o!r  cases1 we see        
,*ri/ianity s /rongly impregnat$ )      
notions drawn  f hea!nism1 t v>i\s      
baneful h]esies arose1 :i* sometimes    
?reat5$ ! v exi/5ce ( ! tru?4           
,t]tullian#ce compla9s  t 8philosophy   
furni%$ ! arms & ! subjects ( h]esy40   
,dur+  ! middle ( ! life ( ,*ri/ianity 9
 ! _w1 s evil 7 !  results1 to ! ,*ur*1 
( pr9ciples ext]nal to x 9 orig91 &     
antagoni/ic to purity1 t we look back on
 ^? c5turies ) deep  sorr[1 & call !m 8!
 d>k ages40    ,among o!r sy/ems (      
philosophy ,/oicism made itself felt by 
!  ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,9 allusion to ?is    
,t]tullian says1 8,our tra9+ is  f !    
por* ( ,solomon40 ,aga9 he says1 8,let  
^? take c>e :o help  =w>d a ,/oic1 a    
,platonic1 a dialectic ,*ri/ianity4 ,we 
h no ne$  ( curi\s enquiries ab\t ! com+
 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 nor (  inve/igation    
aft] ! gospel40 ,b ?\gh ,/oic philosophy
 made itself  felt1 yet1 be+ practical r
 ?an speculative1 x did n produce a     

di/9ct s*ool1 su* z result$ f !         
,academic sy/em4 ,/ill x  left its      
impress on aft] times1 z ,i %all        
endeav\r to po9t out 9  future pages4   
,*ri/ianity also made a great impression
 on ,/oicism1 :ile ! latt]  cont9u$ to  
exi/ z a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,we d n f9d
 its p[]  & pr9ciples ackn[l$g$ 9 !     
writ+s ( any ( ! s*ool4 ,yet1  f c]ta9  
expressions 9 ,epictetus & ,m4          
,anton9us1 we p]ceive !y  7 fully aw>e  
h[ ne>ly alli$ ,*ri/ian virtue 0 to _!  
high  aspirations2 h[ closely ^? :o 7   
disciples ( ,*ri/ approa*$  to _! own   
/&>d4 ,b !y 7 displeas$ at ! pr9ciples f
  :i* ! ,*ri/ian excell5ce proce$$2 &   
probably also at !  liv+ prote/ :i* ^!  
m5 af=d$ aga9/ ! philosophy :i*  c\ld n 
produce results su* z _! religion       
produc$ among !  p4 ,s ,epictetus#cf 9  
,b4 ,,iv4 ,*4 #g1 speak+ ( fe>lessness1 
all[s by implication t x 0 possess$ by !
 ,galileans1 b puts  d[n _! =titude to  
habit1 & comm5ds mu* m t com+ f  reason4
 ,s ,anton9us#cg all[s t ,*ri/ians are  

ready to die1 b  says t1 :]eas ?is      
read9ess %\ld proce$ f p]sonal judgm5t1 
result+ f due calculation1 ! read9ess ( 
! ,*ri/ians to die  came ( m]e ob/9acy4 
,9 o!r words1 !y _h s /rong a fai? 9  ! 
gospel t !y w\ld r die ?an give x up4   
,su* pass+  notices z ^! %[ decisively t
 ! religion ( ,jesus 0 do+ a  great "w (
 :i* philosoph]s became jeal\s4 ,?is "w 
0 ( !  same k9d z t :i* ! ,/oics pr(ess$
 to h z _! object2  yet :at !y fail$ 9  
a*iev+ 0 wr\ght out successfully on     
pr9ciples :i* !y despis$4 ,!y 7 vex$ &  
annoy$1 & w\ld  naturally ignore any    
influ5ce :i* ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es might h
  9 modify+ _! op9ions4 ,i %all proce$  
to po9t out 9 ?is  *apt] t ?is influ5ce 
0 nev]!less rem>kable4 ,:at *anges      
occurr$ 9 ! views ( ! sect at ,a!ns we d
 n "k3 !re are no  records ( ! ,/oics at
 ,a!ns at t "t4 ,! only writ]s to :om   
we c ref]1 9 ord] to come to any correct
 e/imate z to !  developm5t ( ?\ght     
among ! sect1 ( a nature to %[ ,*ri/ian 
influ5ce1 7 ,romans4 ,!y are only ?ree 9

 numb]--,s5eca1 ,epictetus1  & ! ,emp]or
 ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us4 ,i %all    
ref] to ! writ+s  ( ea* 9 ?is1 _! prop] 
ord]4    ,:5 ,i speak ( ,s5eca z a      
,roman1 ,i d n =get t he 0 born 9       
,spa92 b be+ a ,roman 9 ?\ght & feel+1 z
 well z by resid5ce  & by bir?-"r1 he is
 rightly reckon$ among ,roman           
philosoph]s4 ,x  is n my bus9ess1 h[ev]1
 to give ev5 a sket* ( 8 life2 nor  %all
 ,i ref] to 8 volum9\s writ+s1 except z 
!y %[ !  influ5ce :i* ,*ri/ianity seems 
to h ex]t$ on ! ,/oic sect 9  8 day4 ,he
 liv$ at ! same "t t ,/ ,paul lab\r$ = !
 tru?1  & !re h be5 traditions ( 8 hav+ 
be5 taught ! precepts (  ! ,gospel by ! 
great ,apo/le himself4 ,^! are probably 
)\t  f\ndation1 b _! be+ s does n prove 
t ,*ri/ianity _h no  influ5ce on 8      
speculations4 ,_! v exi/5ce s]ves to %[ 
h[  app>5t t influ5ce 0 to v>i\s read]s1
 s z at lea/ to make  ! int]c\rse betwe5
 ! ,apo/le & ! philosoph] seem to !m n  
an improbable ?+4 ,we mu/ rememb] t     
,judaism 0 ! pione] (  ,*ri/ianity at   

,rome1 z well z else:]e4 ,possess$ ( mu*
 div9e  tru?1 x necess>ily ex]t$        
consid]able influ5ce !re on ! _w  (     
?\ght2 & s prep>$ ! way = ! full] light 
:i* !  gospel furni%$4 ,*ri/ianity also 
_h n[ a firm hold on _m4 ,its  influ5ce1
 z we le>n f diff]5t s\rces1 0 beg9n+ to
 be felt  9 v>i\s ways1 & ev5 9 !       
imp]ial c\rt 7 f\nd "s :o  ackn[l$g$ its
 p[]4 ,x is likely !re=e t ,s5eca w\ld  
/udy  its tea*+1 or at lea/ w\ld be mov$
 by its pres5ce 9 ! v  c5tre ( ! _w1 to 
li/51 ev5 ?\gh )\t consci\s sympa?y1    
p]haps ) contempt1 to :at 0 told him    
respect+ its t5ets4 ,we  see 9 8 writ+s 
t he _h _m cle>] views ( tru? ?an !     
,/oics :o prec$$ him#ch4 ,= in/ance1 )  
ref]5ce to ! ,deity1  8 provid5tial c>e 
av[$ z be+ ex]cis$ ov] m5 n m]ely       
collectively b individually2 8          
sov]eignty1 8 p[] & glory1 n  z a m]e "p
 ( univ]sal nature1 b z a be+1 fully set
 =?2 8  "w 9 ! human s\l recogniz$ z a  
tru? & a necessity = man's  well-do+2 ^!
 & v>i\s o!r enl>g$ views ( ! ,"l ( all 

%[ a va/ advance on pa/ ,/oicism 9 !    
direction ( ,*ri/ian  doctr9e4 ,!n aga91
 ) reg>d to man1 we p]ceive h[ cle>ly he
 saw  t necess>y & prim>y tru?1 t man is
 by nature deprav$ & c  only lead a holy
 life by div9e aid4 ,we notice also h[  
he inculcates  ! duty ( love to ,god &  
to man1 ( =giv5ess ( injuries & (  !    
cultivation ( o!r graces1 :i* h a       
,*ri/ian lik5ess1 if n  a ,*ri/ian      
p>5tage4 ,x is d\btless true t ^!       
doctr9es 7  ! /rong & approv$ op9ions ( 
"o :o 01 z ,gatak] calls him1  8home    
ext]ior1 nec nom9i ,*ri/iano fav5s30 b  
:5 we read1 8cum  nec my/]ii no/ri gn>us
 esset1 nec fidei rationes assequ]etur10
 !  words mu/ be tak5 9 a qualifi$ s5se4
 ,exp]im5tally1 he 0  ignorant ( !      
glori\s my/]y ( r$emption2 b ( !        
religion (  ,jesus1 & ( ,judaism :i*    
prep>$ ! ,roman m9d = ,*ri/ianity1 he  0
 at lea/ in=m$1 if only by rum\r4 ,& we 
see1 f ! effect (  ! religion ( ! cross 
at ! pres5t "t1 t its doctr9es (  purity
 & m]cy may mightily influ5ce ev5 ^?    

nations &  individuals :o d n ackn[l$ge 
its au?ority4    ,let u look at "s ( !  
passages 9 ! writ+s ( ,s5eca1 :i*  s]ve 
to be> out ! views above express$2 &    
fir/1 ) reg>d to  ! div9e be+ & 8 c>e ( 
man1 we f9d su* expressions z !  foll[+3
 8,,god comes to m51 yea1 :at is ne>]   
/ill1 he comes into  m5#ci4 ,no m9d is  
good )\t ,,god4 ,se$s 7( good7 are s[n 9
 human  bodies4 ,& if a good husb&man   
receives !m1 !re are produc$  fruits l !
 orig9al & equal to ^? f :i* !y sprung3 
b  if a bad husb&man receives !m1 !     
gr\nd1 n be+ o!rwise ?an  b>r5 & m>%y1  
kills !m & !nce creates rubbi% in/ead ( 
fruit40 ,"o _c fail to be /ruck ) !     
lik5ess ?is passage  be>s to our ,"l's  
words record$ by ,/ ,matt4 xiii4 #ah-bc4
 ,aga91 9  ! #da/ ,epi/le1 we read1     
8,god is ne> !e1 is ) !e1 is )94  ,s ,i 
say1 ,lucilius1 ! holy _s has 8 seat )9 
u1 ! obs]v]  & gu>d ( ! evil & ! good ( 
our lives3 z he is treat$ by u1  s he   
treats u40 ,intimately connect$ ) ?is   
view ( an indwell+  ,god1 0 ! !ory :i*  

,s5eca held1 t man c\ld n be good &     
p]fect )\t ,8 help4 ,! view :i* he _h ( 
human weakness by  nature & ( !         
depravity ( ! human he>t 0 a great      
advance 9  ! direction ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 
f ,/oic pr9ciples1 :i* held s  mu* to ! 
idea ( man's unaid$ progress to         
p]fection4 ,yet ! views  :i* ,s5eca     
ent]ta9$ 7 n unmix$ ) ! old             
speculations4  ,inde$ 8 m9d 0 evid5tly  
/ruggl+ to reconcile old doctr9es )  "s 
new light :i* 0 dawn+ on 8 m9d4 ,h5ce he
 is (t5  app>5tly contradictory1 z m5   
are :5 9 a transition /ate1 or  r :5 !y 
are endeav\r+ to graft doctr9es ( a     
totally  diff]5t type on ! old /ock4 ,we
 see1 9 ! passage fir/ quot$  above1 h[ 
pla9ly he says t no m9d is good )\t     
,,god1 :o s[s  ! se$s ( all virtues 9 ! 
s\l1 & by 8 bless+ enables a  will+ he>t
 to br+ =? fruit4 ,aga91 9 ! #da/       
,epi/le1 he  writes1 8,!re is no good   
man )\t ,,god4 ,c any "o rise above     
=tune1 unless aid$ by ,him8 ,he inspires
 gr& & upright designs4 ,9  e good man  

he dwells40 ,b he adds1 z if to %[ !    
/ruggle go+  on )91 t ,he :om he _h 9 ! 
=m] "p ( ! lett] call$  ! holy _s 0 to  
him1 z to ! ,a!nians1 an 8unkn[n ,,god40
 8,quis  deus inc]tum e/10 he says ( !  
deity :o dwells 9 e good man4  ,) reg>d 
to man's moral nature requir+ ! aid ( "o
 :o is /rong  en\gh to purify x1 he     
speaks v cle>ly4 ,he sees ! ne$ ( a     
*ange f evil to good 9 ord] to become   
:at man %\ld be4 ,yet he  does n m5tion 
! ne$ ( p>don = s9 t is pa/4 ,9 ,de     
,clem5tia1 ,i4 #f1 ?is passage occurs3  
8,reflect1 9 ?is city1 9 :i*  a cr[d    
p\rs ?r\gh ! wide/ /reet )\t            
int]mission1 & l a  rapid /ream da%es   
aga9/ any ob/acle t imp$es its c\rse2   
:]e  accommodation is requir$ 9 ?ree    
!atres at ! same "t2 :]e is  consum$    
:atev] gra9 is produc$ 9 all l&s2 :at a 
solitude &  desolation 7 ! result1 if   
no?+ 7 left b :at a sev]e judge  w\ld   
pron\nce free f fault40 ,a little fur!r 
on he adds1 8,we h  all s9n$#dj2 "s     
deeply1 o!rs m lightly2 "s f design1    

o!rs driv5 by *ance impulses1 or borne  
away by wick$ness n _!  own2 o!rs ( u h 
%[n little /eadfa/ness 9 /ick+ to our   
good resolutions1 &1 aga9/ our w & 9    
spite ( our endeav\rs1  h lo/ our       
innoc5ce4 ,nor is x only t we h err$1 b 
to !  end ( "t we %all err#da4 ,ev5 if  
any "o has s purifi$ 8 m9d  t no?+ c    
%ake1 or s$uce him any m1 yet he has    
arriv$ at  innoc5ce ?r\gh s940 ,^! are  
rem>kable expressions1 & %[ h[  mu*     
advanc$ ! views ( ! philosoph] 7 9 !    
direction ( !  tru?1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 by !  
pa? ( self-humiliation4 ,! writ] (  !   
article on 8,! ,anci5t ,/oics0 9 ! ,ox=d
 ,essays1 rem>ks3  8,^? :o h be5 anxi\s 
to obta9 ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle =  !    
doctr9e ( human corruption1 w f9d on    
consid]ation t ?is  idea1 :i* 0         
hi/orically impossible = a ,greek ( !   
f\r?  c5tury ,b4,c41 came ) suffici5t   
vividness into ! consci\sness (  p]sons 
9 ! position ( ,s5eca2 b n till mu* lat]
 ?an  ,ari/otle1 probably n be=e !      
beg9n+ ( our era4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 we are 

n to fancy t ! ?\ghts ( ,s5eca receiv$  
any  influ5ce f ,*ri/ianity40 ,) ?is la/
 s5t5ce ,i d n agree4 ,x  seems sc>cely 
reasonable to ignore ! p[] ( a sy/em :i*
 we "k  0 already ex]cis+ att5tion at   
,rome2 a sy/em ( high & holy  pr9ciples1
 pres5t+ mu* = ! ,/oic m9d to admire4 ,t
 simil>  ?\ghts /ruck ,paul ! ,apo/le1 &
 ,s5eca ! philosoph]1 at !  same era1 is
 c]ta94 ,x 0 a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 b x 
0  some?+ m4 ,we "k t ^? ?\ghts 9 ! m9d 
( ! conv]t$  ,jew 7 ! result1 n (       
self-reflection1 nor ( commun+ ) 8  own 
he>t1 m]ely1 b ( a p[] outside (        
himself1 m mighty &  conv9c+ ?an any    
inn] influ5ce2 b /ill1 act+ on a /rong  
m9d1  already tra9$ 9 _m uncommon &     
elevat+ doctr9es by ,judaism2  :i* _h   
also be5 tra9+ ! ,roman _w to look =    
some?+ pur]  & high] ?an ! sup]/ition & 
va9 guesses at tru?1 :i* 7  s preval5t  
h]et(ore4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity suppli$ all ! 
dem&s (  ! s\l1 & gave to ! ,roman _w a 
div9e sy/em ( doctr9e &  morals1 x soon 
comm&$ ! att5tion :i* x des]v$#db4 ,?is 

be+ s1 !re w\ld seem to be no reason =  
say+ t x _h no  influ5ce direct or      
indirect on ! m9d ( ! ,/oic philosoph]3 
especially :51 on ! v face ( x1 !       
inconsi/5cy ( 8  writ+s %[s t he ow$ 8  
conclusions to two di/9ct s\rces2  "o1 !
 old ,/oic sy/em--! o!r1 a new class (  
?\ghts :i* might  at lea/ be suppos$ to 
h a ,*ri/ian orig94 ,!re is no d\bt t1  
among ! ,romans at ! "t ( ,s5eca1       
,*ri/ianity 0 n  di/+ui%$ f ,judaism1 b 
reckon$ a "p ( t sy/em4 ,we see1  9 !   
#ie? lett] ( ! philosoph]1 pla9 ref]5ce 
to ,jewi% =ms  & prohibitions4 ,! ^w    
sabba?#dc is us$2 & ! :ole ( !          
expressions %[ h[ conv]sant ! writ] mu/ 
h be5 ) !  t5ets ( ! p br\ght f         
,pale/9e4 ,we are /ruck too ) !  lessons
 ( piety & *>ity :i* he d$uces f 8      
reflections4 ,he  sets =? ! necessity ( 
hav+1 z ! end ( our endeav\rs1 !        
atta9m5t ( ! highe/ good2 & to ?is we   
%\ld h respect 9  e act & ^w1 8z sailors
 direct _! c\rse to "s />40 ,:5  we read
 ! words1 8non qurit m9i/ros ,deus3     

quidni8 ,ipse humano  g5]i m9i/rat3     
ubique et omnibus pr/o e/30 h[ naturally
 our m9ds  recal ! words ( ,/ ,paul to !
 ,a!nians3 8nei!r is ,he s]v$ by  m5's  
h&s1 z be+ 9 ne$ ( any2 see+ ,he give?  
to all life1 &  brea?1 & all ?+s#dd40   
,we see too t ,s5eca _h cle>] notions   
?an 8 pr$ecessors ( ! p]sonal exi/5ce ( 
! deity & ( 8  intimate c>e ( ea*       
individual1 z well z ( ! :ole race ( m54
  ,he p]ceiv$ ! ne$ ( kn[+ & believ+    
,,god & ( (f]+ him  spiritual wor%ip2 t 
m]e sacrifice & outw>d homage 7 va94 ,9 
! foll[+ passages f ! same lett] ^!     
views are cle>ly  express$2 z is also ! 
great tru? :i* ! ,savi\r taught1 t to   
love ,,god ) all our he>t & m9d & s\l & 
/r5g?1 & our  neighb\r z ourselves1 is !
 ess5ce ( religion & virtue3 t x  is    
inde$ 8m ?an all :ole burnt (f]+s &     
sacrifices#de40 ,he  writes1 8,he :o    
kn[s ,,god1 wor%ips ,him4444 ,a man %\ld
 le>n h[ to  conduct himself 9 (f]+     
sacrifices1 to recoil v f> f disquiet  (
 m9d & sup]/iti\s obs]vances3 nev] w he 

be advanc$ en\gh  unless he conceive 9 8
 m9d :at k9d ( a be+ ,,god mu/ be1      
possess+ all ?+s1 be/[+ all ?+s1 freely 
giv+ ,8  b5efits4444 ,! beg9n+ ( !      
wor%ip ( ! gods1 is to believe !        
gods#df2 !n1 to ascribe to !m _! maje/y2
 to ascribe to !m  _! goodness1 )\t :i* 
!re is no maje/y2 to "k t !y :o  rule ! 
_w1 :o control ! univ]se1 :o are        
gu>dians ( ! human  race1 are also at ! 
same "t full ( c>e = ea* man4444 ,look  
at  ano!r "q1 our prop] conduct t[>ds   
m54 ,h[ d we deal )  ?is matt]8 ,:at    
in/ructions d we give8 ,t !re be a sp>+ 
(  human life8 ,h[ small a matt] x is n 
to hurt him to :om y owe  b5efits4      
,truly x is great praise if man is g5tle
 to man4 ,%all we  tea* t he /ret* out 8
 h& to ! %ipwreck$1 t he %[ !  "r way to
 ! err+1 t he divide 8 loaf ) ! hungry8 
,:5  %all ,i decl>e all ?+s :i* are to  
be p]=m$1 or avoid$1 s9ce  ,i c furni% 9
 few words ?is =mula ( human duty8 ,all 
?is t y  see1 9 :i* div9e & human       
affairs are includ$1 is compris$ 9 "o   

fact1 z a f\ndation = our rule (        
action--we are memb]s ( "o great  body4 
,nature has made u all ak91 s9ce %e     
begat u f ! same  orig9als & = ! same   
de/9ies4 ,%e has indu$ u ) mutual  love1
 & made u companionable3 %e has arrang$ 
:at is equitable &  j3 by h] in/itution1
 x is m wret*$ to hurt1 ?an to suff]    
injury3 & by h] comm&1 ! h&s are ready =
 ! assi/ance (  o!rs4 ,t v]se %\ld be 9 
! brea/1 z well z 9 ! m\?4              
#8,homo sum1 humani nihil a me ali5um   
puto4'    ,we %\ld hold x z a common    
bond1 t we h be5 born4 ,our  fell[%ip is
 mo/ l an ar* ( /ones2 :i* w fall1 if   
ea* 9  turn d n af=d support1 "o su/a9+ 
! o!r#dg40 ,9 ! #dg?  lett] 7to         
,lucilius71 he speaks ( ! value (       
k9dness ev5 to slaves3  8,i h gladly    
le>nt f ^? :o h come f y1 t y live      
famili>ly ) y\r slaves4 ,?is is wor?y ( 
y\r wisdom & ( y\r  le>n+4 ,are !y      
slaves8 ,yes1 b !y are also m54 ,are !y 
slaves8  ,yes1 b !y are also comrades4  
,are !y slaves8 ,yes1 b !y are also     

humble fri5ds40    ,he also %[s h[      
advanc$ 8 feel+s 7 by depict+ !         
wick$ness  & debas+ nature ( rev5ge &   
cruelty4 ,he pa9ts 9 beautiful  language
 ! opposite virtue4 ,yet1 le/ he %\ld   
seem to =get 8  ,/oicism altoge!r1 he   
draws a nice di/9ction betwe5 clem5cy   
7clem5tia7 & compassion 7mis]icordia74  
,he ascribes to ! =m]1  h[ev]1 ne>ly all
 t we ascribe to ! latt]1 except !      
outw>d  manife/ation ( sympa?y4 ,!re mu/
 be an app>5t ,/oicism veil+  real      
humanity4 ,he calls cruelty proce$+ f   
rev5ge 8,an evil 9 no  degree human1 &  
unwor?y !re=e ( a g5tle m9d4 ,x is a    
madness  l t ( wild bea/s1 to delight 9 
blood & w\nds1 &1 manhood  be+ laid     
aside1 to *ange into a brute40 7,de     
,clem4 ,i4 #bd47 8,z he is  n ! l>ge    
m9d$ man1 :o is lib]al ( ano!r's        
prop]ty2 b he  :o deprives himself ( :at
 he gives to ano!r3 s ,i w call him     
clem5t1 n :o is easy "u ano!r p]son's   
wrong1 b :o does n  break out1 :5 spurr$
 on by 8 p]sonal feel+s2 :o und]/&s  t x

 is ! attribute ( a great m9d to suff]  
injuries ?\gh  possess$ ( ! fulle/ p[]  
to av5ge !m40 7,de ,clem4 ,i4 #bj47 8,i 
"k t ! ,/oic sect are 9 bad repute among
 ! inexp]i5c$1 z  be+ too h>%1 & incl9$ 
to give advice :i* is f> f good to      
pr9ces & k+s4 ,x is object$ aga9/ ! sect
 t x says ! wise  man %\ld n be         
compassionate1 %\ld n =give4 ,^!1 if    
tak5 by  !mselves1 are hateful doctr9es2
 = !y seem to leave no hope to  human   
errors1 b to br+ e fault to puni%m5t4 ,b
 if ?is be a  true report1 :at is ?is   
sy/em ( k b "o :i* comm&s u  to unle>n  
humanity1 & %uts a mo/ c]ta9 door aga9/ 
mutual help  9 mis=tune8 ,yet !re is no 
sect k9d] or m g5tle1 none m  lov+ ( m51
 & m att5tive to ! common good3 z x is a
  pr9ciple ) u to provide = be+ ( use1  
or to af=d help1 n  only :]e self is    
conc]n$1 b to all & to ea*4 ,compassion 
7mis]icordia7 is an unquiet ( ! m9d     
7gritudo animi7 f ! sight  ( o!rs'      
mis]ies2 or a sadness contract$ f !     
mis=tunes (  o!rs1 :i* "o believes to h 

fall5 on ^? :o did n des]ve  !m4 ,n[    
unquiet does n come to ! wise man2 8 m9d
 is calm1 nor  c any?+ happ5 to ov]?r[  
x3 & no?+ b magnanimity becomes  him4 ,b
 ! same man _c be magnanim\s :om fe> &  
sorr[ assail1  ^: m9d ^! feel+s ov]?r[ &
 contract4 ,to ! wise man ?is  does n   
happ5 ev5 9 8 own calamities2 b he w1 on
 !  contr>y1 beat back all ! ang] (     
=tune & break x be=e him4 ,he  w always 
pres]ve ! same c\nt5ance1 calm &        
undi/urb$2 :i*  he c\ld n d1 if he gave 
way to sadness4 ,!re=e he is n          
compassionate1 because ?is _c be )\t    
mis]y3 all o!r ?+s  :i* ^? d :o are     
compassionate1 he does will+ly & 9 ano!r
  frame ( m9d4 ,he w succ\r ! te>s (    
o!rs2 he w n give way  to !m4 ,he w give
 a help+ h& to ! %ipwreck$1 %elt] to !  
exile1 alms to ! ne$y2 he does n d ?is  
disda9fully1 l !  great] "p ( ^? :o wi% 
to seem compassionate1 :o disda9 ^?  :om
 !y help & fe> to be t\*$ by !m3 b he w 
give z an  equal1 a man to a man4 ,he w 
give ! son to 8 "m's te>s1 &  w comm& ! 

fett]s to be loos5$2 he w r$eem f ! ar5a
  ! man condemn$ to fight1 & he w ev5   
bury ! noxi\s dead body4  ,b he w d ?is 
) a peaceful m9d & a c\nt5ance wor?y (  
himself4 ,!re=e ! wise man w n pity1 b  
he w help2 he w  b5efit1 z "o born =    
mutual help & ! public good2 f :i* he  w
 give ea* 8 %>e2 ev5 to ! tr\blesome1 9 
due proportion--to  ^? :o are to be     
disapprov$ ( & re=m$1 he %[s k9dness4 ,b
  he mu* m will+ly comes to ! help ( !  
afflict$1 & heavily  lad540 7,de ,clem4 
,,ii4 #e1 #f47    ,) reg>d to ! life ( !
 s\l 9 a future _w z a sep>ate  be+1    
,s5eca's m9d seems1 f 8 diff]5t writ+s1 
to h be5 9  an undecid$ /ate4           
,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he rises sup]ior to 8
 d\bts  & to 8 ,/oic bias1 & rejoices 9 
! hope ( real immortality4 ,we  see !   
unc]ta9ty "u :i* he lab\r$ 9 8 book     
writt5 to  console ,polybius = ! loss ( 
8 bro!r4 ,he tells him t1 if he  lam5t$1
 x 0 ei!r on 8 own acc\nt1 or on acc\nt 
( !  dep>t$4 ,if on 8 own acc\nt1 !n he 
0 n wisely submissive to  ! wisdom :i*  

rul$ all ?+s4 ,if he lam5t$ = 8 bro!r's 
sake1 !n he %\ld reflect t "o ( two     
ev5ts mu/ h occurr$2  ei!r t 8 bro!r by 
dea? _h lo/ consci\sness &              
individuality2 or1 he 0 /ill s5sible &  
consci\s4 ,9 ei!r case  ,polybius %\ld  
reason himself out ( grief4 ,he %\ld    
reflect 9 ?is  way3 8,if !re rema9 no   
s5se to ! dep>t$1 !n he has escap$ all  
! inconv5i5ces ( life1 & is re/or$ to t 
place :]e he 0  be=e he 0 born3 &1 free 
f all evil1 fe>s no?+1 desires  no?+1   
suff]s no?+4 ,:at madness is x !n = me n
 to cease  griev+ = him1 :o nev] w      
grieve any m80 ,9 ?is hypo!sis1  we see 
a ref]5ce to ! anci5t ,/oic belief      
respect+ ! dead4 ,b  ,s5eca proce$s to  
po9t out to ,polybius a nobl] reason =  
ceas+ to  m\rn4 ,he bids him ?9k1 8,if  
!re be any consci\sness 9 ! dead2  n[ ! 
m9d ( my bro!r1 z ?\gh releas$ f a long 
imprisonm5t1  at l5g? acts accord+ to   
its own reason & w2 & enjoys !          
spectacle ( ! univ]se1 & f a high] place
 looks d[n on all  human affairs2 yet   

has a ne>] insight into ^? div9e        
my/]ies1 !  design ( :i* he _h s long   
s\ght 9 va9 to und]/&40 ,he adds1  8,d n
 !n grieve = y\r bro!r2 he is at re/4   
,at l5g? he is  free1 at l5g? he is     
safe1 at l5g? he is immortal4 ,n[ he    
enjoys an  op5 & free heav52 he has     
asc5d$ f a l[ & sunk5 place to  t1      
:atev] x be1 :i* receives ^? s\ls t are 
releas$ f  _! fett]s into its happy     
bosom3 & n[ he w&]s freely1 &  beholds )
 highe/ delight all ! treasures ( !     
univ]se4 ,y are  wrong2 y\r bro!r has n 
lo/ 8 life2 b has atta9$ to "o m        
secure4 ,he has n left u1 b has gone    
be=e40 7,*4 #bh47 ,to ?is idea  ( a     
happy future exi/5ce = ! s\l1 he        
sometimes recurs 9 o!r  p>ts ( 8 writ+s4
 ,9 8 #ajbnd lett] he compla9s ( hav+   
be5  di/urb$ by a lett] f ,lucilius1 9 8
 happy ?\ghts ( ?is  nature4 8,j z he is
 a tr\blesome fell[ :o wakes "o t has a 
pleasant dream1 s did y\r lett] injure  
me4 ,x call$ me back :5  indulg+ 9      
suitable ?\ght & ab\t to v5ture fur!r1  

if "o  might4 ,i 0 delight+ myself )    
enquir+ respect+ ! immortality  ( s\ls1 
yes & m ?an t1 ) believ+ 9 x4 ,i gave my
 belief  readily to ! op9ions ( great   
m51 :o r promis$ ?is mo/  welcome ?+1   
?an prov$ x4 ,i gave myself up to s     
great a hope4  ,already ,i 0 disda9ful (
 my pres5t self1 already ,i despis$ !   
fragm5ts ( my brok5 exi/5ce1 ab\t to    
pass1 z ,i 01 into t  imm5se duration & 
into ! possession ( et]nity3 :5 sudd5ly 
,i  0 awak5$ by ! receipt ( y\r lett]1 &
 lo/ my beautiful dream4  ,b ,i w seek x
 aga91 :5 ,i h s5t y away1 & try to get 
x  back40 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! same lett]  
he comp>es our pres5t  life to ! p]iod (
 ge/ation4 ,:5 we ca/ (f our sk9 & bones
 &  s9ews at dea?1 we %all be l infants 
escap+ f :at has  enfold$ !m previ\sly  
to _! bir?4 ,:5 we die1 !n we %all be   
born to a nobl] life4 ,we ne$ n m\rn ov]
 our dy+ bodies4 8,!  cov]+s always p]i%
 ( ^? :o are born4 ,!re=e look h5ce to  
some?+ m l(ty & sublime4 ,h]eaft] !     
my/]ies ( !  univ]se %all be reveal$ to 

y1 ! d>kness %all be dispell$1 &  cle>  
light %all break ^u y f e side4 ,imag9e 
)9  y\rself h[ great w be t brightness1 
s _m />s comm+l+  _! light4 ,no cl\d w  
di/urb ! peaceful sc5e4 ,! :ole expanse 
( heav5 w %9e ) equal spl5d\r4 ,!n y w  
say y h  liv$ 9 d>kness1 :5 y %all h    
full vision ( t p]fect  light4 ,?is     
?\ght all[s no?+ fil?y1 no?+ l[1 no?+   
cruel to  f9d place 9 ! m9d2 & he :o has
 embrac$ ?is doctr9e1 dreads no  ho/s1  
trembles n at ! trumpet's bla/1 fe>s no 
?reats40    ,no "o w\ld pret5d to say t 
!re are def9ite traces ( ,*ri/ian       
influ5ce 9 ^! l(ty ?\ghts4 ,inde$ "o's  
m9d naturally turns  f !m to simil>     
mus+s 9 ! ,somnium ,scipionis ( ,cic]o1 
&  else:]e4 ,we rememb] too ! noble     
surmises ( ,plato respect+ !  s\l's     
immortality2 & h[ ,cato1 ! ,/oic1       
improv$ on 8 ,/oicism1  by indulg+ 9    
l(ty views ( a future life1 drawn f ?is 
s\rce1  be=e 8 suicide4 ,yet "o _c b    
feel t ,s5eca1 at times1  ne>ly rea*$ ! 
tru?1 & ow$ to ! influ5ce ( ! religion (

  ,jesus on ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 mu* ( !
 peculi> excell5ce (  8 philosophy4     
,if f him we turn to ,epictetus1 we see 
"o /ill m /eadily  approa*+ ! light4 ,he
 seems almo/ m ?an a pagan philosoph]1  
b less ?an a ,*ri/ian disciple4 ,8      
disc\rses pres]v$ to u by  ! c>e (      
,arrian1 :o wrote 9 ,greek :at he he>d z
 ! disciple (  ! philosoph]1 %[ a pi\s  
_s & a disreli% = ! h>%]  doctr9es ( !  
,/oic sy/em4 ,!y be> 9 "s p>ts a /rik+  
lik5ess to ! tea*+s ( ! ,gospel4 ,j z   
our ,savi\r taught t  he :o humble?     
himself %all be exalt$1 & t ! s\l ne$$  
,8  c>e1 z a sick man ne$s a physician3 
s we read 9 ,epictetus1 8,!  beg9n+ (   
philosophy is1 accord+ to ^? :o ent]1   
ev5 z !y  ought1 ?r\gh ?is gate to h]1 a
 p]ception ( _! weakness &  p[]lessness 
9 necess>y matt]s 444 ,does ! philosoph]
 besee* m5  to li/5 to him8 ,:at doctor 
asks t any "o %\ld suff] himself to  be 
heal$ by him8 ,al?\gh ,i he> t at ,rome 
n[1 doctors call  pati5ts to !m1 yet 9  
my "t1 !y 7 call$ to _! pati5ts4 ,i     

invite y to come & he> t y are ill2 t y 
take c>e (  any?+ r ?an :at is wor?y (  
c>e2 t y are ignorant (  good & evil2 t 
y are unhappy & wret*$4 ,! s*ool ( !    
philosoph] is a doctor's %op1 f :i* "o  
%\ld g away1 n  joyful1 b suff]+3 = y   
did n come to x :ole1 b sick1 "o  ) a   
dislocat$ %\ld]1 ano!r afflict$ ) a     
tum\r1 ano!r  ) an ulc]1 & ano!r )      
heada*e#dh40 ,we f9d also h[ cle>ly  he 
saw ! necessity = div9e aid 9 do+ "r1 & 
! ne$ =  submission to ! div9e w1 self-w
 be+ ca/ aside4 ,he says1  8,call to    
m9d1 man1 :at is said ab\t tranquillity1
 lib]ty1  magnanimity4 ,lift up y\r head
 n[1 l "o fre$ f slav]y4 ,d>e at  l5g?1 
) eyes rais$ to ,,god1 to say1 #8,h5ce=?
 deal ) me z  ?\ wilt3 ,?y ?\ght is my  
?\ght2 ,?y w ! same z m9e2 ,i  refuse   
no?+ t seeme? good to ,!e4 ,lead me :i!r
 ,?\ wilt4  ,clo! me z ,?\ wilt4 ,do/   
,?\ wi% me to lead a public life1 to    
live  9 private1 to rema91 to flee1 to  
be 9 ne$1 to ab\nd ) weal?8 ,i  w def5d 
,!e z to all ^! disp5sations ( ?y       

provid5ce be=e  m53 ,i w %[ :at is !    
nature ( ea*4 ,cleanse ,?\ ,?9e own4 ,( 
,?9e own w ca/ out !nce grief1 & fe>1 & 
av>ice1 & envy1  & ill-w1 & covet\sness1
 & effem9acy1 & intemp]ance4' ,^!  ?+s  
_c be ca/ out except y look to ,,god    
alone1 & cleave to  him alone1 &        
sacrifice y\rself to 8 comm&s#di40 ,at  
ano!r  place1 we f9d ,epictetus         
ackn[l$g+ t ! *ange ( 8 life f  s9 to   
virtue 0 due to div9e m]cy1 & call$ =   
grateful  ackn[l$gem5t4 8,i obs]ve :at  
m5 say & by :at !y are  influ5c$2 & ,i d
 ?is n malevol5tly1 nor t ,i may f9d    
some?+ to blame1 or ridicule1 b ,i turn 
x to myself1 le/ ,i also  s9 9 ! same   
way4 ,h[ !n %all ,i cease f s98 ,once ,i
 also  s9n$1 b n[ d s no long]1 ?anks be
 to ,,god#ej40 ,( !  provid5ce ( ,,god1 
"s ( ! mo/ elevat$1 rev]5t1 & grateful  
records are conta9$ 9 ! ,diss]tations4  
,= in/ance1 we h !  foll[+ noble passage
 9 ,b4 ,i4 c4 #af3 8,:at language w be  
suffici5t to praise & set =? ^! works ( 
,provid5ce t[>ds u4  ,=1 if we are      

m9dful1 :at else does x behove u to d1  
bo? 9  public & private1 ?an to praise &
 bless ! ,deity1 & to utt]  ?anksgiv+s8 
,ought we n bo? :ile we dig1 & :ile we  
pl\gh1 &  :ile we eat1 to s+ ?is hymn to
 ,,god8 #8,great is ,,god :o ha? provid$
  su* implem5ts = u1 by :i* we "w !     
gr\nd3 great is ,,god1 :o  ha? giv5 u   
h&s2 & ! p[] ( swall[+ our food1 z well 
z a  place = its dige/ion2 :o ha? caus$ 
u to gr[ )\t our own  c>e1 & to brea!   
ev5 :ile we sleep4' ,^! ?+s %\ld be     
sung1  "o by "o2 ev5 ! gr&e/ & holie/   
hymn %\ld be sung1 because  ,he has giv5
 u a p[] ( att5d+ to ^! ?+s & mak+ use (
  !m by a prop] me?od#ea4 ,:at !n8 ,s9ce
 ye1 ! multitude1 are  bl9d$ to ?is1    
ought n "o to be f\nd to fulfil ?is "p &
 s+1  9 place ( all1 ! hymn to ,,god8 ,=
 :at o!r duty c ,i1 a lame old  man1    
dis*>ge1 except s+ ! praises ( ,,god8   
,if ,i 7 a night+ale1  ,i w\ld fulfil my
 "p l ! night+ale2 if a swan1 l ! swan4 
,b n[1 s9ce ,i am possess$ ( reason1 ,i 
ought to s+ ! praises (  ,,god4 ,?is is 

my "w1 ,i d x3 nor w ,i leave ?is po/1 s
 long z  p[] is giv5 me to hold x1 & ,i 
exhort y to jo9 9 ! s++ (  ?is same     
song#eb40 ,he speaks also ( ! fre$om ( !
 human w to  p]=m c]ta9 acts1 & dwells  
on ! acts t are )9 ! p[]  ( ! w4 ,he %[s
 ! folly ( valu+ too highly :at is      
beyond our  p[]1 & ! necessity (        
submitt+ our w to ! div9e w4 ,b  ?\gh he
 speaks ( ! fre$om ( ! human w1 he is a 
firm believ]  9 fatalism2 s t 8 idea ( !
 true fre$om ( man 0 limit$4 8,i  h "o  
:om x behoves me to please1 to :om ,i   
mu/ submit1 :om ,i  ought to            
obey--,,god1 & ^? :o hold a place ne>   
him4 ,he has committ$  me to myself &   
plac$ my free w 9 subjection to myself  
alone1  giv+ me rules = its "r use3 & :5
 ,i foll[ ^! 9 my  reason+s1 ,i d n c>e 
:at else any "o says#ec40 8,rememb] ?is1
  t if y e/eem e ?+ t is beyond y\r     
*oice1 y lose !  p[] ( *oos+#ed40 ,he   
tells u we are ! *ildr5 ( ,,god1 & t    
?is relation%ip %\ld lead u to act      
wor?ily ( ,him4 8,if any "o  w embrace  

?is tru? z he ought1 t we are especially
 ! *ildr5  ( ,,god1 & t ,,god is !      
,fa!r1 z well ( m51 z ( ! gods1 ,i  ?9k 
he w all[ no ignoble or l[ ?\ghts ab\t  
himself4444 ,on  acc\nt ( ?is           
relation%ip1 ^? ( u :o fall away become1
 "s  l wolves1 fai?less1 & cunn+1 &     
baneful2 o!rs1 l lions1  fi]ce1 savage1 
& unciviliz$2 m ( u /ill become foxes & 
:atev] else among bea/s are mon/r\s4 ,= 
:at else is an  evil-tongu$ & deprav$   
man ?an a wolf1 or :atev] besides is m  
wret*$ & debas$8 ,see1 !n1 & take c>e   
le/ y fall away into  "o ( ^!           
mon/]s#ee40 ,no?+ is m rem>kable 9      
,epictetus ?an  8 e>ne/ piety4 8,i e/eem
 :at ,,god wills z bett] ?an :at ,i w4  
,i cleave to him z a s]vant & foll[]2 ) 
him1 ,i g eag]ly  =w>d2 ) him1 ,i /ret* 
myself out3 9 %ort1 :at he wi%es1 ,i    
wi%#ef40 ,b we f9d t he does n rise to  
any glori\s hopes ( a  future sep>ate   
exi/5ce = ! s\l4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 he      
cleaves to  ! ,/oic idea1 ( !           
di/ribution ( man1 at dea?1 into 8      

compon5t  p>ts4 8,:at 0 fire 9 !e10 he  
says1 8w return to fire2 :at 0  e>?y1 to
 e>?2 :at belong$ to ! w9d w return to !
 w9d2  :at 0 wat]y1 to wat]#eg40 ,he 0  
n1 h[ev]1 )\t "s  k ( ! p[] (           
,*ri/ianity1 on ^? :o embrac$ x1 to     
make !m brave all ?+s = ! gospel's sake4
 ,he speaks ( !  8,galileans brav+ !    
tyrant1 8 satellites1 & _! swords1 f    
madness & cu/om40 ,he says he pref]s    
reason to ?is influ5ce :i*  su/a9$ !m4  
,yet1 ?\gh he rema9s )\t ! p]sonal k (  
! p[] ( ,*ri/1 :at ,i h produc$ f 8     
works s]ves to %[  t !re 0 a "w go+ on 9
 ! _w1 by means ( ! gospel1  :i* ext5d$ 
fur!r ?an ! ,*ur*1 & gave to ! ,/oic    
pur] &  holi] views ( ! tru?4 ,he felt  
himself an err+ be+ 9 ne$ (  div9e aid4 
,he felt t he 0 "u ! c>e ( a lov+ ,fa!r1
 to  :om he turn$ = aid4 ,& he /rongly  
br+s be=e u ! ne$ all  m5 h by          
self-abasem5t to seek ! love ( ! supreme
 be+1 & to  rise by 8 help to p]fection4
 ,?is 0 a great advance on old ,/oic    
pride & self-dep5d5ce4 ,moreov]1 o!rs   

began to h a %>e (  att5tion4 ,all      
mank9d 7 recogniz$ z ju/ly entitl$ to ! 
love  & support ( ea* o!r4 ,inde$1      
,/oicism came d[n f ! height (  its     
self-suffici5cy4 ,its disciples le>nt to
 mi/ru/ !mselves & to  tru/ 9 ,,god4 ,!y
 7 mak+ progress 9 true wisdom4 ,plut>* 
_h  urg$ aga9/ ! sect _! belief1 t      
8,,god does n give m5 virtue2  b t      
goodness is 9 _! own p[]3 t ,he gives   
ri*es &  heal?1 )\t virtue2 & does n    
af=d assi/ance = _!  b5efit#eh40 ,!y _h 
to le>n ! lesson1 t man is incapable (  
goodness )\t div9e aid2 &1 z we h se51  
,epictetus did le>n  x 9 "s degree4 ,yet
 we %all p]ceive1 f :at ,m>cus ,aurelius
  wrote1 t ! old leav5 rema9$ mightily  
at "w1 & ! advance  0 n ?or\gh4 ,9      
proportion z ! sect felt _! ne$ ( div9e 
aid1 !y came also to give up "s ( _!    
selfi%ness &  exclusiv5ess4 ,epictetus  
urges ! propriety ( m+l+ ) m5 &  help+  
!m4 ,he w\ld d !m good1 tea* !m _! ne$ (
 humility1  & ( a cure = _! m5tal       
maladies4 8,w y n10 he says1 8d z  sick 

p d1 call ! physician8 #8,"l1 ,i am     
sick1 help me2 see :at  ,i ought to d2 x
 is = me to obey !e4' ,s also aga91     
#8,:at to d ,i  "k n2 ,i h come to !e to
 le>n4'0 7,diss4 ,b4 ,,ii4 #ae47 ,he    
wi%$  to b5efit ! multitude1 & _h imbib$
 "s ( ! _s ( t  lesson s full ( tru?1 t 
8he :o loves ,,god w love 8 bro!r       
also40    ,^! rem>ks w be applicable1 b 
n 9 s high a degree1 to ,m>cus          
,aurelius ,anton9us1 ! ,emp]or4 ,he 0 ! 
la/ ( ! ,/oics :o has  left a memorial  
beh9d4 ,) him ! sect ceas$ z a sect (   
philosophy4 ,if we read 8 m$itations we 
p]ceive t :ile mu* (  _! doctr9es rema9$
 un*ang$1 _m 7 consid]ably modifi$4 ,!  
modification 0 9 a direction simil> to t
 notic$ 9 ! previ\s  pages1 :i* we %\ld 
expect to f9d1 if ,*ri/ianity ex]cis$ a 
collat]al influ5ce4 ,anton9us claims !  
c>e ( ! supreme be+ =  m51 & %[s ! duty 
( m5 to believe 9 ! goodness ( ! gods4  
8,x behoves !e s to d & ?9k ab\t e ?+1 z
 to be able to  dep>t out ( life n[4 ,b 
to dep>t f among m5 is no?+  dreadful1  

if !re be gods1 = !y w lay no evil on   
!e4 ,if1 on  ! o!r h&1 !re be no gods1  
or if !y d n conc]n !mselves  ab\t human
 affairs1 :at good is x to me to live 9 
a _w )\t  gods1 & )\t a ,provid5ce8 ,b  
!re are gods1 & !y conc]n  !mselves ab\t
 human affairs40 7,b4 ,,ii4 *4 #aa74 8,!
 s\l1 :5 x  mu/ dep>t f ! body1 %\ld be 
ready to be ext+ui%$1 to be  disp]s$1 or
 to subsi/ a :ile long] ) ! body40 7,b4 
,,xi4 #c74 ,yet  he w\ld h ?is read9ess 
to proce$ f simil> feel+s to 8  own4 ,he
 knew ! brav]y & resignation (          
,*ri/ians4 ,alas6 he _h n               
l>ge-he>t$ness en\gh to tol]ate :at     
seem$ an oppos+ influ5ce  to 8 fav\rite 
philosophy1 & tri$ by p]secution to     
extirpate !  fai? ( ! cross4 ,! fai?1   
h[ev]1 prov$ itself /rong] ?an          
philosophy2 ,*ri/ crucifi$ 0 to ! ,greek
 fooli%ness1 b 0  mighti] ?an ! wisdom (
 m51 & 8! weakness ( ,,god 0 /rong]  ?an
 m540 ,anton9us c\ld n b see ! inability
 ( p]secution to  *eck ! religion (     
,jesus2 yet he put d[n ! e>ne/ fai? &   

det]m9ation ( its disciples to ob/9acy4 
,s aft] ! words j  quot$ f 8 "w1 on !   
propriety ( be+ ready = :atev] may      
come1 he adds1 8,b ?is read9ess mu/     
proce$ f ! s\l's own  judgm5t1 & n f m]e
 ob/9acy1 z ) ! ,*ri/ians2 x mu/  be    
arriv$ at ) reflection & dignity1 s t y 
c\ld ev5  conv9ce ano!r )\t             
declamation40    ,!re is a resemblance 9
 ! description ( ! nature ( man giv5 by 
?is ,/oic1 to t giv5 by ! ,apo/le ,paul4
 ,?is is notic$ 9 !  ,essay by ,sir ,a4 
,grant1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5  
made4 ,he  says1 8we f9d 9 him          
7,anton9us7 ! same psy*ological division
 ( man  into body1 s\l1 & _s1 z 0       
employ$ by ,/ ,paul40 ,a simil>         
obs]vation 0 made by ,gatak] 9 a note   
:i* ,i %all pres5tly quote4  ,anton9us  
writes 9 ?is way 7,b4 ,,ii4 c4 #b71     
8,:at ,i am1 consi/s  entirely ( !      
fle%ly 77 & spiritual 771 & !  *ief "p 7
 74 ,b n[1 z be+ ab\t to die1 despise ?\
  ?y fle%ly p>ts2 gore1 & bones1 & a    
network wov5 ( n]ves1  ve9s1 & art]ies4 

,look also at ?y spiritual "p ( :at     
nature x  is2 a brea? ( air :i* is nev] 
! same1 b cont9ually brea!d  out & drawn
 9 aga94 ,! ?ird rema9+ is ! pr9cipal   
"p4 ,?\  art old1 no long] %\ld/ ?\     
suff] ?is to be enslav$40 ,aga91 9  ,b4 
,,iii4 #af1 8 words are1 8,body 771 s\l 
771 m9d 774 ,to  ?y body belong s5ses2  
to ?y s\l1 affections2 to ?y m9d1       
op9ions40  ,aga91 7,,xii4 #c71 8,!re are
 ?ree ?+s ( :i* ?\ art compos$1  body   
771 _s 771 m9d 7v74 ,( ^! ! fir/  two   
are ?9e1 s f> z ! c>e ( !m is conc]n$4  
,b ! ?ird  alone is really ?y own40 ,on 
! fir/ ( ^! quotations1 ,gatak] has  !  
foll[+ note#ei4 8,almo/ ! same ?+1 9 o!r
 words1 !  ,apo/le writes to !          
,!ssalonians 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le1 *4 #e1 v4
 #bc1  :]e he says1 #8 1      3' 9 :i*  
place    is :at ,m>cus "h calls 2   is  
"h 2 &    is "h  40 ,we may notice1 9   
addition1 t ?is  la/ is call$  9 ,b4    
,,iii4 #af1 & ,b4 ,,xii4 #c4 ,we read 9 
,epictetus1  ,b4 ,,iii4 #g1 8,t ?ree ?+s
 belong to man no "o w d5y--s\l  771 &  

body 771 & ?+s )\t0 7 74 ,! 8 0  "h     
include ! 8 0 ( ,anton9us1 :i* he says  
is 810  & is 8brea!d out & drawn 9      
cont9u\sly40    ,) reg>d to a future    
exi/5ce = ! s\l1 fre$ f s9 & pa9  at    
dea?1 ?\gh ,aurelius d5ies ! hope 9 "s  
places1 yet 9 o!rs  ! light ( ! tru?    
seems to /agg] him4 ,s :5 he says1 ,b4  
,,xii4 #a1  8,h[ comes x to pass1 t !   
gods1 :o ord] all ?+s well &  lov+ly = !
 human race1 h ov]look$ ?is alone1      
namely1 t  m5 innately good1 & :o h _h1 
z x 71 frequ5t communions  ) ! deity1 & 
by holy de$s & sacr$ s]vices h become   
fri5ds ( ! deity1 :5 once !y die1 no    
long] h any be+1 b  g away to be absorb$
 9 ! univ]se80 ,he %[s 8 d\bts by add+1 
8if ?is be ! fact10 conc]n+ !m2 &1 fur!r
 on1 8if ! fact be  o!rwise40 ,evid5tly 
he wav]$ 9 8 belief4    ,anton9us 0     
ascetic 9 8 views4 ,he 0 fond (         
retirem5t &  seclusion1 ?9k+ 8 m5tal    
progress fur!r$ !reby4 ,he does n  seem 
s int5sely e>ne/1 nor s pi\s & nobly    
gift$ z ,epictetus3  yet 8 aspirations 7

 noble4 8,oh1 my s\l60 we he> him       
say+#fj1  8wilt ?\ ev] be good1 &       
simple1 & "o1 & nak$1 & m  transp>5t ?an
 ! body :i* clo!s !e80 ,?\gh philosophy 
)  him 0 all 9 all1 yet ! cause ( tru? 0
 advanc+2 ! light f  heav5 0 beg9n+ to  
p5etrate ! d>kness4 ,"o _c put d[n 8    
record ( self-commun+s )\t feel+ sad1 & 
wi%+ he _h op5$  8 eyes to ! p]fection (
 t gospel :i* he pr(ess$ly reject$  &   
despis$4    ,footnote #ce3      ,prs4   
,hr4 #g4    ,footnote #cf3              
1 444    ,footnote #cg3         1     1 
1   1  1 444--,com4 ,,xi4 #c4           
,footnote #ch3      ,! rem>ks ( ,gatak] 
) ref]5ce to ,s5eca are s apposite t ,i 
quote !m "h3 8,c]te qucunque ,dom9us    
ipse ,*ri/us 9 concionibus              
collationibusque suis ,hi/ori ,evangelic
 ins]tis1 intextisque2 de    mali       
cogitatione etiam ab/95da2 de affectibus
 vitiosis    supprim5dis2 de s]mone     
otioso non insup] hab5do2 de animo      
cumprimis excol5do1 et ad imag9em div9am
 eff+5do2 de    b5efic5ti simplicissime 

exhib5d2 de injuriis quanimit]          
f]5dis2 de admonitione et increpatione  
cum mod]atione cautioneque    accurat   
ex]c5dis2 de rebus quibuslibet1 adeoque 
vit ips1 ubi res    ratioque poscit1    
nihili hab5dis2 de aliis d5ique pl]isque
 pietatis1    c>itatis1 quitatis1       
humanitatis (ficiis quam exquisitissime 
obeundis exequ5disque1 prcepta d$it2    
apud no/rum hunc eadem1    p]9de ac si  
illa lectitsset ipse1 9 diss]tationum   
comm5tationumque cong]ie insp]sa passim1
 nec s9e vehem5tia et    vivacitate     
insigni1 qu 9 prcordia ipsa p5its       
p5etret1 atque 9    animo infixos altius
 rel9quat aculeos inculcata sub9de1     
,lector    quivis s$ulus adv]tet1 +5uus 
agnoscet40--,proel4 ,m>c4 ,ant4 ,com4   
,footnote #ci3      8,deus ad hom9es    
v5it1 immo1 quod proprius e/1 9 hom9es  
v5it10    c4--,s54 ,ep4 #gc4      ,i d n
 ?9k x necess>y to give ! orig9al ( ^!  
passages1    except 9 special cases4    
,footnote #dj3      8,peccavimus omnes1 
alii graviora1 alii leviora10 c4        

,footnote #da3      8,nec del9quimus    
tantum s$ usque ad extremum vi          
del9quemus40    ,footnote #db3      ,we 
f9d f ,s5eca's obs]vation respect+ !    
,jews1 :i* ,/    ,augu/9 quotes1 8victi 
victoribus leges d$]unt10 h[ /rongly he 
0 impress$ ) ! p[] ! ,jews ex]cis$      
spiritually4 ,!    ,satires ( ,juv5al & 
! compla9ts ( ,tacitus pres5t u )       
simil> views on _! "p4 ,t ,*ri/ianity 0 
suppos$ to be a    "p ( ,judaism is se5 
f ! words ( ,suetonius 7,vit4 ,claud473 
8,judos1 impulsore ,*re/o1 assidue      
tumultuantes ,rom expulit40    ,footnote
 #dc3      8,acc5d]e aliquem luc]nam    
sabba?is prohibeamus10 c4    ,footnote  
#dd3      ,acts xvii4 #be4    ,footnote 
#de3      ,m>k xii4 #cc4    ,footnote   
#df3      ,comp>e ?is ) ! passage 9 !   
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 xi4 #f3    8,he t
 come? unto ,,god mu/ believe t ,he is40
    ,footnote #dg3      ,s54 ,ep4 #ie4  
,footnote #dh3      ,diss4 ,,iii4 #bc4  
,comp>e our ,"l's words1 ,matt4 ix4 #ab4
 8,!y t be    :ole ne$ n a physician1 b 

!y t are sick4 ,i am n come to    call !
 righte\s1 b s9n]s to rep5tance40       
,footnote #di3      ,diss4 ,,ii4 #af4   
,footnote #ej3      ,diss4 4 ,,iii4 c4  
#d4      ' 1      4    ,footnote #ea3   
,gatak] has ! foll[+ apposite & judici\s
 rem>k on ?is    passage1 8,et qu       
sequuntur 8 gem9a1 hom9e ,*ri/iano      
quovis non    indigna1 ,*ri/um modo     
donatum nobis adjecisset40--,prloq4 ,m4 
,ant4    ,com4    ,footnote #eb3        
,diss4 ,b4 ,,ii4 c4 #af4    ,footnote   
#ec3      ,diss4 ,b4 ,,iv4 c4 #ab4      
,footnote #ed3      ,diss4 ,b4 ,,iv4 c4 
#d4    ,footnote #ee3      ,diss4 ,b4   
,i4 c4 #c4    ,footnote #ef3      ,diss4
 ,b4 ,,iv4 c4 #f4    ,footnote #eg3     
,diss4 ,b4 ,,iii4 c4 #ac4    ,footnote  
#eh3      ,e                        4   
,plut4    de ,/oic4 cont4 c4 #bg4       
,footnote #ei3      8,idem f]e1 aliis   
v]bis1 ,apo/olus ad ,!ssal4 p4 ,i4 c4   
#e4 v4 #bc10    c4--,gat4 n4 9 ,m4 ,ant4
 ,b4 ,,ii4 c4 #b4    ,footnote #fj3     
,m4 ,aur4 ,com4 x4 #a4                  

,,*apt] ,,iv4             ,,! ,,influ5ce
 ,,( ,,/oicism ,,on ,,! ,,*ri/ian       
,,*ur*4                                 
4                              ,soph4   
,antig4 #abfa1 #b4      ,hav+ 9 !       
previ\s *apt] describ$ ! influ5ce :i*   
,*ri/ianity _h 9 modify+ ! t5ets ( !    
,/oic s*ool1 we come  n[ to !           
consid]ation ( ! influ5ce :i* ! latt]   
ex]cis$ on  ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,beyond ! 
b\nds ( ! sect a widespread  impression 
0 made by ! =ce ( ,/oic pr9ciples3 & by 
^!  ,*ri/ianity became affect$ 9 no     
small degree4 ,!re 0 s mu* ab\t  !m :i* 
0 real1 & !y appeal$ s /rongly to !     
sympa?ies &  pride ( human nature1 t ev5
 :]e _! influ5ce 0 unp]ceiv$  &         
unackn[l$g$1 x 0 nev]!less deep & la/+4 
,! ,/oic  _s gradually spread )9 !      
,*ur*1 & f\nd !re a new home  = itself  
aft] ! de/ruction ( ! s*ool ( philosophy
 to :i* x  _h giv5 life4 ,ev5 to !      
pres5t day x has cont9u$ to exi/1 &     
/ill manife/s undim9i%$ en]gy4    ,!    
e>ly ,fa!rs1 :o came into contact ) !   

,/oic sy/em 9 its  /r5g?1 saw its _m    
excell5ces z well z its _m defects4 ,be+
 a  wond]ful advance on m]ely           
speculative philosophy1 draw+ m5 to !   
cultivation ( ! moral s5se in/ead (     
indulg+ 9 wild dreams1  !re 0 mu* = !   
,*ri/ian to admire 9 its purpose4 ,/ill 
he  w\ld naturally be discont5t$ ) a    
great deal t x conta9$1 z  well z       
disappo9t$ at ! abs5ce ( mu* t x omitt$4
 ,!re 0  some?+ to comm5d ! sy/em to _m 
m9ds1 9 ! fact t x  taught ! duty (     
cultivat+ ! nobl] "p1 ( self-d5ial1 (   
br++ ! appetites into subjection to ! w4
 ,!re 0 a great  deal ( pret5sion also 9
 ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! philosoph]s  & (
 _! disciples1 & ?is _h an influ5ce on  
_m ,*ri/ians1  :i* became /rong] z "t   
wore on4    ,9 endeav\r+ to decide h[ ! 
,*ur* 0 affect$ by ?is _s1 we  p]ceive t
 !re 7 two pr9cipal dang]s to :i* !     
religion (  ,jesus 0 liable f ,/oicism4 
,^! dang]s 7 le/ ! purity (  ! ,gospel  
%\ld be ov]ridd5 by ! asceticism born ( 
! ,/oic  _s2 & le/ ! =ekn[l$ge &        

provid5tial c>e ( ! great  ,fa!r %\ld be
 conf\nd$ ) ! fatalism :i* 0 s m>k$ a   
feature ( ! ,/oic belief4 ,^! dang]s    
include o!rs :i* w be  notic$ z we      
proce$4    ,!re is a great pron5ess 9 _m
 m9ds to look on self-impos$  au/]ities 
z 9 !mselves a m>k ( virtue4 ,h5ce m5 :o
 h be5  discont5t$ ) ! ord9>y duties (  
life & attempt$ to f9d  high] walks (   
excell5ce1 h be5 look$ on z sup]ior to  
o!rs4  ,?is _s has %[n itself 9 all     
c\ntries & sy/ems4 ,^? :o  h yield$ to x
 h g5]ally affect$ a sup]iority ov] !   
re/  ( ! _w1 & a peculi>ity 9 _! g>b &  
mann]s4 ,! ,/oics  7 greatly influ5c$ 9 
?is way4 ,we read ( _! long robes1 j  z 
we read ( ! long robes ( ! ,ph>isees4   
,horace & ,p]sius1 9  _! ,satires1 br+  
be=e u ! assumption ( sup]iority by 8!  
wise man40    ,?is _s ( asceticism f\nd 
its way into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4  ,p]haps 
jeal\sy le/ ! ,/oic philosophy1 or      
,jewi% ,ph>isaism1 %\ld  seem to h a m  
m>k$ influ5ce ?an ,*ri/ianity1 produc$ a
  desire to make a display ( asceticism4

 ,or x might be t a p]suasion  ( !      
excell5ce ( ?is1 = its own sake1 l$     
,*ri/ian m5 to adh]e  to x4 ,:atev] !   
motive1 !re 0 soon manife/$1 9 ! ,*ur*1 
an  exagg]ation ( self-re/ra9t4 ,m5     
began to )draw f ! ord9>y  walks (      
,*ri/ian life4 ,!y began to despise !   
p]=mance ( m]ely  common duties2 & to   
sket* out new ways to p]fection1 :i* !y 
?\ght bett] ?an ^? taught by ! ,savi\r4 
,!y began to d  viol5ce to _! natures4  
,9 fact !y became ,/oical1 z if !y      
?\ght ! be+ s 0 an advance on be+       
,*ri/ian4    ,*ri/ianity is a religion  
em95tly suit$ = ! daily life ( m54  ,x  
tea*es u to d our duty 9 ! _w4 ,we are  
taught t !  highe/ degree ( piety is    
consi/5t )1 & inde$ implies1 !  p]=mance
 ( "o's prop] "p1 z belong+ to a great  
family1 :i*  has a "r to ! en]gy &      
s]vice ( ea* ( its memb]s4 ,to d our    
duty among/ m51 wisely & bravely1 is    
taught u too by ! example (  ! div9e    
f\nd] ( our religion4 ,a man's int]e/s &
 desires may  (t5 lie 9 ! direction ( 8 

ord9>y duties4 ,!re c be no true  piety 
9 rel9qui%+ ! po/ ,,god has giv5 him    
m]ely because 8  int]e/ w\ld induce him 
to reta9 x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our duties    
may (t5 be difficult & di/ract+4 ,9 t   
case1 we h no "r  to leave !m4 ,!re is  
(t5 great] victory 9 do+ our "w 9 !  _w 
?an 9 flee+ into solitude = ! ex]cises (
 devotion4 ,he  :o makes 8 religion to  
consi/ ( c>e = self only1 :o = selfi%   
ends neglects ! duties :i* e man owes to
 8 fell[-m51 has a  v unsatisfactory    
s5se ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,gospel4 ,yet we  
f9d  e>ly m5tion 9 ! records ( ! ,*ur*1 
( m5 :o cut !mselves  (f f int]c\rse )  
_! fell[-,*ri/ians1 leav+ _! place  9 ! 
human family vacant1 _! "w undone4 ,!y  
assum$ ! air (  peculi> sanctity1 clad  
!mselves 9 co>se g>m5ts1 slept on !     
h>de/ ( c\*es1 (t5 on ! gr\nd1 cov]$    
only by a %eepsk91 or  "s simil>        
cov]let1 liv$ on ! humble/ f>e1 & _m (  
!m  ?\ght x a peculi> virtue to =ego !  
joys ( ! m>riage-life4  ,:5 we look at  
?is /ate ( ?+s ) ! eye ( reason1 we see 

t  x has really no claim on ! v5]ation (
 mank9d4 ,if x 0 good =  "o1 :y n =     
ano!r8 ,if c]ta9 p]sons1 by means ( _!  
seclusion & mortification ( ! fle%1 z !y
 t]m$ x1 made  !mselves peculi>ly ! lov$
 ( ,,god1 !n might all m5 d s2 = we  are
 told1 8!re is no respect ( p]sons )0   
,him#fa4 ,b1 if all  7 to adopt ?is     
sy/em ( liv+1 :at w\ld become ( human   
society8  ,! e>? w\ld soon cease to be !
 sc5e ( busy indu/ry1 comm]ce  w\ld die1
 & religion w\ld be a bane in/ead ( a   
bless+4 ,if "o  man makes himself       
peculi>ly ! fav\rite ( heav5 by =swe>+  
m>riage1 !n ( c\rse all m5 might make   
!mselves s by ! same  means4 ,b if      
celibacy 7 univ]sal1 :at w\ld become ( !
 human  race8 ,yet x is ! duty ( e man  
to make himself z mu* l :at  ,god w\ld  
approve z he c4 ,& if celibacy is       
peculi>ly acceptable to  heav51 all %\ld
 be celibates4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld make x 
to be  agreeable to ! wi%es ( ! ,mo/    
,high1 t ! race ( man %\ld  come to an  
end4 ,z ?is _c be ,,god',s w1 s nei!r c 

celibacy be  ! /ate 9 :i* a man mu/ be  
holie/ & mo/ approv$ by 8 mak]4  ,! fact
 is t ,*ri/ianity does n tea* any su* an
 idea z ?is  mi/ak5 "o1 to :i* ,i h     
ref]r$4 ,?is has its orig9 9 !  _s to   
:i* ,/oicism gave bir?4 ,! religion (   
,jesus is "o (  fai? 9 ano!r's m]its1 z 
! fir/ /ep ( all2 & !n1 f !  loyalty to 
,,god :i* ?is produces1 ! believ] is    
anxi\s to d !  utmo/ he c to %[ 8       
gratitude4 ,he tries 8 be/ to please 8  
,k+ & ,"l1 by :atev] means4 ,he c\nts no
 sacrifice too great if  call$ on to    
make x4 ,b he is n to m>k out a way     
diff]5t f !  rule ( ! ,gospel4 ,he mu/  
be cont5t to d ,,god',s "w 9 ! place &  
by ! means :i* ,8 provid5ce may po9t    
out4 ,s9ce ! ,mo/ ,high has  implant$   
c]ta9 feel+s & affections 9 all our     
natures1 ?\gh x  may be ,/oical1 x is   
h>dly ,*ri/ian to try to uproot !m4 ,!  
,gospel  does n tea* u to de/roy natural
 affections1 b to control !m4 ,x  is    
true our appetites are n to be our      
ma/]s2 yet !y are n evils2  !y are s5t  

to be our s]vants1 & are good gifts (   
heav51 if us$  aright4 ,we are n[h]e    
taught by ,,god1 t1 to be ,8 peculi> p1 
we mu/ g out ( ! _w1 & live selfi% &    
unsocial lives4 ,!  ^w ( ,,god lays x   
d[n z a m>k ( evil to be 8)\t natural   
affections40 ,our bless$ ,"l1 9 ,8 pray]
 = ,8 disciples & !  future ,*ur* ( all 
ages1 said#fb1 8,i pray n t ,?\ w\lde/  
take  !m out ( ! _w1 b t ,?\ w\lde/ keep
 !m f ! evil40  ,! noble duty laid ^u u 
is to %[ 9 our daily life ! excell5ce  &
 p[] ( virtue4    ,yet we f9d t v e>ly 9
 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* !re 7  great numb]s 
( p]sons lead+ lives ( selfi% seclusion1
 &  claim+ peculi> sanctity because (   
?is4 ,_! solitude1 & !  lonely places 9 
:i* !y *ose to live1 gave rise to ! "n (
  ,monk1 ,h]mit1 & ,an*orite4 ,v soon ^!
 m5 occupi$ ! same  position 9 !        
religi\s _w t ! ,/oics held 9 ! hea!n4  
,&  because ,*ri/ianity gave woman h]   
prop] place1 z an heir (  immortality1 &
 did n neglect h] z philosophy _h done1 
! same  rules ( liv+ became also common 

) t "p ( ! ,*ri/ian wom5  :i* aim$ at   
sup]iority1 z prevail$ ) reg>d to ! m54 
,!y  sep>at$ !mselves1 7 plac$ "u       
peculi> discipl9e1 & b\nd  by special   
v[s4    ,x is surpris+ to obs]ve h[ soon
 ! notion became widespread1 t  ^! m5 & 
wom5 7 wor?y ( m rev]5ce ?an o!rs4      
,religion  became divorc$1 9 ?\ght at   
lea/1 f ! daily life1 & began to  be    
consid]$ z a sy/em ap>t2 z if x         
inculcat$ ! excell5ce (  c]ta9 c\rses1  
:i* 7 impracticable to ord9>y m54 ,?is  
divorce  ( ,*ri/ianity f its duty (     
rais+ ! _w by p]meat+ all  classes1 &   
imp>t+ to all its life-giv+ influ5ce1 _h
 a mo/  disa/r\s result on ! s\ls ( m54 
,!y :o 7 oblig$ by !  necessity ( ?+s to
 devote !mselves to ! affairs ( "t1     
almo/  ceas$ to c>e ab\t be+ religi\s1  
s9ce !y ?\ght religion to be  ! peculi> 
possession ( o!rs1 :o p]=m$ c]ta9 acts &
  submitt$ to au/]ities1 to :i* !y c\ld 
n devote _! "t4  ,^? :o neglect$ _!     
worldly duties1 at ! same "t t !y  =ew5t
 c]ta9 advantages1 arrogat$ to !mselves 

! "n ( piety1  & monopolis$ ! "r to !   
title ( religi\s4 ,s1 pure1 vigor\s     
,*ri/ianity decay$ be=e a hybrid sy/em  
born ( sup]/ition &  asceticism4 ,^? :o 
devot$ !mselves to ! mona/ic life became
 s  mu* e/eem$ because ( _! pret5sions1 
t !y acquir$ m  influ5ce ?an ! m9i/]s ( 
,,god',s holy ^w & sacram5ts4 ,!        
unscriptural m]it atta*$ to celibacy    
caus$ p to reckon ^?  :o embrac$ x z    
bett] ?an ^? :o did n4 ,h5ce ! cl]gy1 to
  reta9 _! influ5ce1 gave 9 to ! idea4  
,z e>ly z ! ,c\ncil (  ,nice1 we f9d t x
 0 ! cu/om = ^? :o 7 unm>ri$ :5  !y 7   
orda9$1 to cont9ue s+le4 ,n only s1 b an
 attempt 0  made1 at t ,c\ncil1 to ord] 
all m>ri$ cl]gy to sep>ate f  _! wives3 
& ?is decree w\ld probably h be5 c>ri$1 
b =  ,paphnutius1 an ,african ,bi%op1 :o
 0 himself1 h[ev]1 a celibate4    ,we   
are rem9d$ by ! h]mits ( ! ,*ri/ian     
,*ur* ( ^? ,/oic  an*orites f :om !y    
diff]$ b little4 ,we see 9 ! "w1 :i*    
,m4 ,aurelius has left z ! record ( 8   
self-commun+s1 ! foll[+  obs]vation on !

 fondness = seclusion among 8           
fell[-philosoph]s4  8,!y seek places (  
retreat = !mselves1 lone dwell+s 9 !    
c\ntry1 & ! sea-%ore1 & ! m\nta9s40 ,!n 
he goes on to say  to himself1 8,& ?\   
?yself art wont mo/ e>ne/ly to long =   
su*  retreats#fc40 ,?is _s ( ab/raction 
f\nd1 9 ! ,*ur* (  ,*ri/1 m & m adh]5ts 
z "t wore on1 & exact$ a m  absolute    
att5tion4 ,we f9d f ! writ+s ( ,,ss4    
,*ryso/om1  ,cyprian1 ,j]ome1 ,pa*omius 
& ,basil1 h[ fa/ a hold x obta9$ ( !    
m9ds ( m54 ,basil 0 a /ud5t at ,a!ns f  
,a4,d4 #cea to ,a4,d4 #cee1  ) ,gregory 
,nazianz5e & at ! same "t z ! ,emp]or   
,julian4  ,philosophy d\btless /ill     
fl\ri%$ !re4 ,we f9d ,julian r5\nc+     
,*ri/ altoge!r1 = its sake4 ,basil1     
probably f ! education  :i* he receiv$  
at ! old home ( ,/oicism1 0 peculi>ly 9 
love  ) asceticism4 ,he places be=e u ! 
seclud$ life 9 its be/  light4 ,we see  
h[ 8 ideas ( piety 7 w>p$1 h[ev]1 by ?is
  _s ( asceticism4 ,we he> him say+ to a
 "y monk1 8 disciple1  8,ha/ ?\ left ?y 

cell8 ,?\ ha/ left !re ?y virtue40 8,%un
 !  society ( ^? ( ?9e own age2 yea1    
flee f x z f a burn+  flame40 8,x is !  
devil's craft10 he says 7,mon4 ,con4    
,cap4 ,,xx471 8to  keep alive 9 ! m9d ( 
! monk a recollection ( 8 p>5ts &       
natural relatives1 s t "u col\r ( r5d]+ 
!m "s aid1 he  may be drawn aside f 8   
heav5ly c\rse40 ,he tells u t "s        
object$ to ?is1 because ! ,apo/le       
decl>$1 8,if a man provide n  = 8 own1 &
 specially = ^? ( 8 own k9dr$1 he ha?   
d5i$  ! fai?1 & is worse ?an an         
infidel40 ,b he gives ! ,ant9omian      
reply t a monk1 be+ "o ( a peculi>      
class1 0 virtually dead to  ! _w & to 8 
duty 9 x2 8,z dead ?\ art free f all    
contributions = ! b5efit ( ?y natural   
relatives1 &1 z utt]ly  a paup]1 ?\ ha/ 
no?+ :i* ?\ can/ be/[40    ,?is same _s 
has cont9u$ to animate _m p>ts ( !      
,*ri/ian  ,*ur* to ?is day4 ,x has giv5 
rise to a va/ v>iety ( bodies1 b\nd     
toge!r by v>i\s rules1 all m or less    
au/]e & unnatural4 ,among  ! ,roman     

,ca?olics x has develop$ itself 9 !     
,trappi/s1 !  ,jesuits1 & o!r societies2
 & ev5 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* we h  se5      
movem5ts :i* t5d to %[ t ?is _s is      
conf9$ )9 no  c]ta9 limits1 b exi/s 9   
all qu>t]s4    ,x is n my purpose to    
pursue ! subject fur!r 9 ?is direction4 
,b !re is "o view ( x to :i* ,i %all    
slightly allude4 ,i w\ld  gladly pass   
ov] ?is1 only x s]ves to %[ ! influ5ce  
ex]t$ by  ! ascetic _s on c]ta9 memb]s (
 ! ,*ur*1 & !re=e seems  to claim a     
pass+ notice1 ,i allude to ! practical  
,ant9omianism (  ! anci5t ascetics4     
,respect+ ^? :o h foll[$ 9 _! /eps1  9 m
 rec5t ages1 ,i w be sil5t4 ,:5 we turn 
to ! writ+s (  ! anci5t ,fa!rs1 h[ev]1  
we are /ruck ) ! te/imony !y be>  to !  
fact t j z among ! ,/oics ! long robe   
cov]$ v  (t5 gross lic5ti\sness2 j z !  
sanctimoni\s look & !  =mality &        
pret5sion 7 ?\ght en\gh by "s#fd to take
 away  ! s9fulness ( s92 s x 0 too mu* !
 case also ) !  ,*ri/ian an*orites4 ,!y 
fell into griev\s s9s :i* 7 a disgrace  

to _! natures4 ,epiphanius in=ms u t :5 
,nicolaus affect$ to  live a celibate   
life1 he did n1 ei!r f want ( p[] or w1 
re/ra9 8 lu/s1 b ru%$ into promiscu\s   
int]c\rse1 urg+  o!rs to foll[ 8        
example4 ,! descriptions :i* ?is writ]1 
&  ,ir5u1 & o!rs h giv5 ( ! fail+s ( ^? 
:o pr(ess$  extraord9>y sanctity among !
 e>ly h]etics is su* z =bid _!  be+     
produc$ = public p]usal4 ,! ,*ri/ian    
,fa!rs compla9$ (  simil> conduct among 
! pr(ess$ ascetics ( ! or?odox ,*ur* 9  
! fir/ ages4 ,/ ,cyprian describes !    
iniquity ( _! conduct 9  8 reply to     
,pomponius3 among m5 & wom5 :o _h devot$
 !mselves  to ! mona/ic life great      
disord]s prevail$4 ,!re c be no mi/ake1 
z he ent]s into m9ute p>ticul>s4        
,allusions 7 made to ^! by  writ]s be=e 
8 "t4 ,monks _h pr(ess$ virg9 si/]s ( ! 
,*ur*1 "u v[s ( p]petual *a/ity1 liv+ ) 
!m4 ,^! 7  call$  by ! ,greeks1 muli]es 
sub9troduct by !  ,lat9s4 ,) ^! ! s+le  
m5 liv$1 lodg+ 9 ! same cell by  day1 & 
ev5 sleep+ on ! same c\* by night4 ,b !y

 call$ _!  m>riage t ( ! s\l & n ( !    
body4 ,!y pret5d$ to h  rea*$ su* a     
height ( excell5ce & self-control1 z to 
be able to  despise temptation1 & to    
brave moral dang]s ) impunity4 ,/       
,*ryso/om1 :o 0 a great admir] ( !      
ascetic life1 ?us bewails  ! evil       
result#fe4 8,alas1 my s\l6 ,well may ,i 
exclaim1 & repeat !  lam5table cry ) !  
,prophet1 ,alas1 my s\l6 ,our virg9ity  
is fall5  into contempt2 ! veil t p>t$ x
 (f f matrimony is r5t by  impud5t h&s3 
! holy ( holies is trodd5 "u foot1 & its
  weighty & awful sanctities h be5      
pr(an$ & ?r[n op5 to all2  & t :i* 0    
once held 9 rev]5ce1 z f> m excell5t ?an
  matrimony1 is n[ sunk s l[1 z t "o    
%\ld call ! m>ri$  bless$1 r ?an ^? :o  
pr(ess celibacy4 ,nor is x ! enemy  t   
has effect$ all ?is1 b ! virg9s         
!mselves40 ,/ ,basil's  works %[ ev5 m  
pla9ly ! evils result+ f ! sy/em4 ,/    
,j]ome also intimates ! same facts4 ,!re
 is inde$ no?+ wond]ful  9 all ?is4 ,m5 
& wom5 7 fight+ aga9/ human nature1     

common  s5se1 yea1 ev5 aga9/ ,*ri/ianity
 itself1 possess$ by an evil  _s2 :i* 0 
( ,/oic bir?1 b assum$ ! g>b ( preem95t 
sanctity4    ,o!r vices1 besides ^? h9t$
 at above1 7 ! necess>y (fspr+  ( !     
sy/em4 ,/ ,j]ome tells u t m5 :o wore ! 
g>b ( pov]ty  & wi%$ to excite          
admiration z av[$ly poor1 7 ga!r+ weal? 
)9 _! ragg$ sleeves4 ,b ,i ne$ g no     
fur!r 9 ?is  disagreeable direction1 &  
%all cont5t myself ) hav+ said :at  !   
subject seem$ to dem&4    ,ano!r phase (
 ! same ascetic bias 9 ! human m9d is   
:at we  und]/& by ,puritanism4 ,?is turn
 ( religi\s s5tim5t l$ m51 &  leads m5  
/ill1 to =ego pleasures & to look )     
suspicion on  enjoym5ts1 h[ev] innoc5t 9
 !mselves4 ,x is a p]suasion ( !  same  
k9d z t :i* l$ ! ,/oic to exclaim#ff1   
8,?\ wilt despise  ! pleasant song1 !   
dance1 ! #8pancratium1' if ?\ divide/ ! 
h>moni\s /ra9 into ea* ( its notes1 &   
aske/ ?yself am ,i  ov]come by t8 ,= ?\ 
w\ld/ blu% to confess z mu*4 ,hav+ done 
! l ) reg>d to danc+1 & consid]$ ea*    

sep>ate motion &  action1 ?\ w\ld/ come 
to ! same conclusion1 ) respect to x3  &
 ! same also ab\t ! #8pancratium4' ,9   
%ort1 except virtue &  ! ?+s relat+ to  
virtue1 rememb] 9 all ?+s to consid] !  
p>ts ( :i* !y consi/1 "o by "o1 t by _! 
dissection ?\  maye/ le>n to despise    
!m40 ,! closely cut hair1 :i* ,p]sius   
gives  u#fg z a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,/oic    
y\?1 has _h its c\nt]p>t  among ^? :om !
 ,cavali]s = ?is cause call$ ,r\ndheads4
 ,& we  f9d t ^! m5 7 animat$ by a zeal 
= :at !y consid]$ !  cause ( ,,god1 :i* 
l$ !m to defy dang]1 & app>5tly to c\rt 
difficulties4 ,yet !re 0 (t5 an         
exagg]ation ( feel+ &  s5tim5t 9 _m1    
simil> to t :i* l$ to ! asceticism ( !  
fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur*2 & :i* leads m5 /ill
 to seek ! mona/ic  life4 ,among !      
,puritans1 ?\gh di/+ui%$ f !m 9 hi/ory1 
9  "n1 & 9 _m peculi>ities1 we see !    
,quak]s /&+ prom95tly  =?4 ,9 fact1 !y 7
 m puritanic ?an ! ,puritans1 & seem !  
p]sonification ( ,/oicism among ,*ri/ian
 p4    ,ano!r feature ( ,/oicism :i* has

 ex]t$ great influ5ce on !  ,*ur* (     
,*ri/ is its fatalism4 ,?is has be5     
develop$ into a sy/em  ( ,*ri/ian       
doctr9e1 :i* we %all designate          
suffici5tly1 :5 we  call x ,calv9ism2   
?\gh x exi/$1 9 a consid]able degree1   
be=e  ,calv92 & ?\gh1 9 ! sy/em1 !      
necessit>ian elem5t is a  v>iable       
quantity4 ,! ,supralaps>ians c>ry _!    
belief s f> z to  hold t ,,god decre$   
man's fall into s91 ) all ! dreadful    
consequ5ces4 ,o!rs1 ) less ( ?is        
fatalism 9 _! fai?1  re/rict ! decrees (
 ! ,almighty to ! disposal ( man aft] ! 
fall4 ,/ ,augu/9 0 consid]ably influ5c$ 
by doctr9es be>+ a  resemblance to c]ta9
 phases ( ,calv9ism3 b he argu$ /\tly = 
man's fre$om ( w4 ,he 0 ess5tially a    
,lat9 9 8 s*ol>%ip1  & did n draw 8     
in=mation f ! ,hebrew & ,greek4 ,8 views
  7 t+$ ) ! fatalism ( ! ,/oical        
philosophy :i* _h widely  influ5c$ ^? ) 
:om he came 9 contact 9 e>ly life4 ,) ^!
  views he came to ! p]usal ( ! ,epi/le 
to ! ,romans1 & ?\ght  he read !re a    

confirmation ( !m4 ,respect+ ! #i? *apt]
 ( t  ,epi/le1 ,dodwell says#fh1 8,/    
,paul1 be+ br$ a ,ph>isee1 spake !re  & 
is to be int]pret$ accord+ to ! doctr9e 
( ! ,ph>isees#fi  conc]n+ fate1 :i* !y  
_h borr[$ f ! ,/oics40 ,/ ,augu/9  &    
,prosp] & ,fulg5tius und]/ood ,/ ,paul  
to mean almo/ ! same  pr$e/9ation t !   
,/oic belief w\ld imply4 ,yet !y did n  
contradict & expla9 away o!r p>ts (     
,scripture1 nor utt]ly ignore  reason & 
common s5se4 ,! same difficulty met !m t
 _h occurr$  to ! ,/oic ,*rysippus4 ,h[ 
0 ?is absolute pr$e/9ation to be        
reconcil$ ) human fre$om8 ,cic]o tells u
 7,de ,fato1 ,,vii4 #aa7 t  ,*rysippus  
lab\r$ pa9fully to %[ h[ all ?+s 7 ord]$
 by  fate1 & yet t !re 0 some?+ 9       
ourselves2 & tri$ to  reconcile !       
inconsi/5cies ( ! sy/em by say+ t :ile  
fate  pr$ispos$1 ! human w det]m9$4 ,s1 
naturally ! reason+  w\ld occur t1 if   
,,god has pr$e/9$ u to be sav$1 !re is  
no  ne$ = /riv+2 if he has n1 !re is no 
use 9 any ef=t we c  make4 ,/ ,augu/91  

h[ev]1 does n seem to set be=e m5 su*   
absolute fatalism z ?is2 at lea/1 he    
/rongly impresses on u !  fact1 t ,,god 
is will+ to receive e s9n] com+ to ,him2
 &  gives u our *oice ( good & evil4 ,! 
,jans5i/s adopt$ & upheld  simil> views 
to ^! on pr$e/9ation4 ,s did ,lu!r &    
,beza4 ,calv9  advanc$ m decid$ly       
necessit>ian views1 & _m ( 8 foll[]s  to
 ! pres5t day h set out ) et]nal fate z 
! f\ndation (  _! cre$1 & h int]pret$   
all o!r doctr9es s z to h>monize  ) ?is4
 ,! ess5tial t5et ( ,calv9 0 t ,,god1 f 
no o!r  motive ?an ,8 good pleasure &   
freewill1 has pr$e/9at$ f all  et]nity  
c]ta9 memb]s ( ! human family to ev]la/+
 happ9ess1  & ! re/ to endless mis]y4   
,calv9 says#gj1 8,_m inde$1 z if  !y    
wi%$ to av]t odium f ,,god1 admit       
election 9 su* a way z to  d5y t any "o 
is reprobat$4 ,b ?is is pu]ile & absurd1
 because  election itself c\ld n exi/1  
)\t be+ oppos$ to reprobation4  ,:om    
,,god passes by !re=e he reprobates1 & f
 no o!r cause ?an  8 det]m9ation to     

exclude !m f ! inh]itance :i* he        
pr$e/9es = ,8 *ildr540 ,su* a doctr9e z 
?is requires t  o!r doctr9es1 su* z 8,! 
,"l is n will+ t any %\ld  p]i%2 b t all
 %\ld come to rep5tance#ga10 be tak5 9 a
  qualifi$ s5se4 ,moreov]1 s9ce         
salvation is entirely indep5d5t (  !    
individual1 !re c be no dang] to "o     
pr$e/9at$1 :atev] he  may d or neglect4 
,he _c fall & be lo/4 ,aga91 z ,*ri/    
w\ld  n die = m5 :om he reprobat$1 8    
dea? 0 n = ! s9s (  ! :ole _w1 b = !    
elect only4 ,! fir/ five ( 8! ,lambe?   
,articles0 ?us set =? t "p ( !          
,calv9i/ic doctr9e :i* is  necess>y =   
our pres5t purpose4 #a4 8,,god ha? f    
et]nity  pr$e/9at$ "s p]sons to life2   
o!rs he ha? reprobat$ to dea?4  #b4 ,?is
 pr$e/9ation to life proce$s n f ! fai?1
  p]sev]ance1 good works1 or any o!r    
quality 9 ! pr$e/9at$1 b  f ! sole w or 
pleasure ( ,,god4 #c4 ,! numb] pr$e/9at$
 is  limit$ be=e1 & _c be increas$1 nor 
less5$4 #d ,^? n  pr$e/9at$ to life w ( 
necessity be damn$4 #e4 ,true fai? &    

sanctification 9 ! elect nev] fails ei!r
 9 "p1 or totally40 ,!  n9? ,article    
/at$1 8,x is n 9 e "o's w1 or p[]1 to be
  sav$40 ,! ,synod ( ,dort1 ,a4,d4      
#afah1 r$uc$ ! sy/em "u five  heads1 :i*
 x is n necess>y to produce "h1 z !y are
 a  reit]ation ( :at ,i h adduc$ above4 
,! ,puritans 7 firm  adh]5ts to !       
doctr9es ( ,calv9ism1 & rejoic$ 9 !     
belief t  !y 7 ! peculi> p ( ,,god2 s t 
9 _! doctr9e1 z well  z discipl9e1 !y   
p>took ( ! _s :i* animat$1 ?\gh 9 a     
diff]5t mann]1 ! ,/oic sect4 ,( ! ,*ur* 
p>ty1 at ! same "t1  _m held a mitigat$ 
=m ( ,calv9i/ic doctr9e1 ?\gh o!rs      
reject$ x altoge!r4    ,f ,calv9ism1    
c>ri$ to its extreme limits1 result$    
viol5t  ,ant9omianism4 ,9 ?is also      
,/oicism repeat$ itself4 ,j z ! ,/oics  
decl>$ t no?+ c\ld be a crime :i* ! wise
 man did2 s !  believ]s 9 ,ant9omian    
doctr9es decl>e !re c be no s9 9 ^?  :o 
are ! elect2 t ,*ri/ obey$ ! law &      
fulfill$ all  righte\sness 9 _! /ead1 & 
t 8 righte\sness be+ imput$  to !m1     

:atev] _! conduct may be1 !y are        
righte\s /ill4 ,h5ce  !y call obs]vance 
( ! w ( ,,god1 & a s5se ( ! duty (      
obey+ 8 law1 8! bondage ( legality404   
,!y cry d[n morality1 z  a wor?less ?+ 9
 ! sight ( ,,god4 ,! ,/oics divid$ ! _w 
into  ! wise & fools4 ,^! two classes   
includ$ all mank9d4 ,!y call$  ord9>y   
m51 :o did n come up to _! /&>d1 fools &
 mad4 8,!  s*ool & sect ( ,*rysippus10  
says ,horace#gb1 8deem e man mad1  :om  
vici\s folly1 or ! ignorance ( any tru?1
 drives bl9dly  =w>d4 ,?is def9ition    
takes 9 :ole nations1 yea1 ev5 great k+s
  !mselves1 ! wise man alone be+        
except$40 ,:5 once a man 0 a  8wise0    
man1 h[ev]1 !y held t all ?+s1 ev5 ! mo/
 revolt+  crimes1 7 indiff]5t to him4   
,s1 if mank9d be divid$ into two        
classes1 ! elect & ! reprobate1 n "o (  
:om c ev] *ange  f ei!r class to ! o!r1 
8!n10 "s m5 argue1 8d :at ,i w  x does n
 matt]40 ,! ,ant9omian claims to be free
 f ! law (  ,,god1 & believes t :atev]  
he does1 he _c br+ himself "u  !        

condemnation :i* x d5\nces aga9/ !      
transgressor4 ,h5ce h  result$ fatal    
mi/akes4 ,we see h[ evil 0 ! result 9 ! 
case (  ! ,anabapti/s 9 ,g]many4 ,!y 7  
m5 :o call$ !mselves1 &  p]haps believ$ 
!mselves1 ! elect ( ,,god2 &1 z su*1    
despis$  all law1 human & div9e4 ,!     
excesses :i* !y committ$1 _!  crimes &  
subsequ5t mis=tunes1 h left a fe>ful    
record beh9d  !m ( ! height to :i* ?is  
_s may be c>ri$1 & h[ x may  b]eave m5 (
 _! reason & virtue4 ,! six? ( ! ,lambe?
  ,articles decl>es1 t 8an assurance (  
hav+ ju/ify+ fai? is  c]ta9 ( remission 
( s9s1 & ( et]nal salvation ?r\gh       
,*ri/40  ,"o _c b see h[ possible x is t
 m5 may be deceiv$ 9 su* a  matt] z ?is1
 & h[ fatal su* self-deception may be 9 
its  consequ5ces4 ,inde$1 x may lead a  
man on 9 false security &  unf\nd$      
presumption till he is undone4          
,,conclusion4      ,we h n[ exam9$ !    
sev]al p>ts ( ! subject :i* claim$ our  
consid]ation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our          
inve/igation we h se5 t1  :ile          

,*ri/ianity & ,/oicism h _m ?+s 9       
common1 all t  :i* is excell5t 9 ! ,/oic
 sy/em is conta9$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian4  ,!re is
 9 philosophy ?is irrem$iable defect1 t 
?\gh x may  po9t out man's duty1 x does 
n give him p[] to fulfil x4 ,x %[s  him 
a height ( excell5ce :i* he _c rea*4    
,*ri/ianity also  po9ts man to noble &  
exalt$ pa?s4 ,%e gives him lessons ( !  
highe/ wisdom1 & furni%es him ) an      
example ( a p]fect life4 ,%e  does m4   
,%e furni%es him ) ! p[] to obta9 :at %e
 pictures  to him ( excell5ce4 ,/oicism 
is l ! dry bones :i* ,ezekiel saw  9 8  
vision1 ! frames ( m5 )\t ! life4       
,*ri/ianity is l  ^? bodies aft] !y _h  
be5 end[$ ) beauty1 & /r5g?1 &  vital   
en]gy1 by ,8 p[]1 to :om alone x belongs
 to pron\nce !  decree1 8,come f ! f\r  
w9ds1 ,o brea?1 & brea! ^u ^!  sla91 t  
!y may live#gc40    ,no?+ is m m>k$ 9   
our holy religion ?an its reality4 ,x   
ent]s  into ! e-day life ( m51 prep>+ !m
 = _! duty1 &  help+ !m to p]=m x4 ,x   
w\ld ext5d its bless$ influ5ce to  all4 

,n l philosophy1 :i* sep>at$ a di/9ct   
class f _!  fell[-m51 & consid]$ ! mass 
( mank9d z f> remov$ f any  hope ( _!   
becom+ wise2 ?is div9e sy/em seeks !    
lo/1 & !  l[ly1 & ! fooli% ( ?is _w1 &  
raises !m s t 9 _!  sev]al sph]es !y may
 be holy & happy4 ,we are w>n$ 9 /rong  
language aga9/ all[+ our s\ls to be     
surfeit$ ) ! c>es &  pleasures ( ?is _w4
 ,we are to be spiritual1 ?\ghtful1 &   
e>ne/  9 our purely religi\s ex]cises4  
,yet we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! mi/ake  t      
religion is m]ely an ab/ract ?+4 ,x does
 n end :5 our  ord9>y duties beg93 b    
foll[s u f ! m]cy-seat1 :5 we h  f9i%$  
our communions ) ,,god & g ab\t ^?      
duties :i* 8  ,provid5ce has laid ^u u4 
,x does n d5y u innoc5t pleasure1  ?\gh 
we are =bidd5 to wa/e "t 9 pursuit ( ev5
 h>mless  amusem5t4 ,! s5tim5t :i* w\ld 
divorce religion f ! burd5s  & joys (   
ord9>y m51 is m ( ,/oic1 ?an ( ,*ri/ian 
bir?4 ,if  we read ! hi/ory ( ! ,savi\r1
 we see him pres5t+ a m>k$  contra/ to  
,john ! ,bapti/1 ! ascetic & solit>y4   

8,! ,son ( man  came eat+ & dr9k+10 &   
m+l+ z a man ) m5 s freely z  to        
sc&alize ! ,ph>isees1 ! ,/oics ( !      
,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,our place  also is 9 !   
_w1 do+ ! w ( ,,god4 ,n *oos+ our own   
pa?1  or our own w1 we are to resi/ !   
temptation to sep>ation &  spiritual    
pride :i* sometimes assails u4 ,,god has
 giv5 u life1  spiritual z well z bodily
 life1 t x may be us$ 9 8 s]vice2  n to 
s]ve our own selves4 ,yet _m a man has  
s]v$ self & has  foll[$ a false light1 t
 has deceiv$ him & l$ him into bye-ways2
  :ile ! deceiv$ "o ?\ght he 0 do+ ,,god
 s]vice1 & practis+  self-d5ial4 ,we    
want no special circum/ances made = u1  
no  extraord9>y opportunities grant$3 = 
ea* man has by inf9ite wisdom  be5 plac$
 9 8 position1 :atev] x may be2 & has1 e
 day &  all day long1 opportunity =     
hon\r+ ,,god1 & help+ on ,8 designs  9 !
 _w4 ,?is ,/ ,paul felt :51 writ+ to !  
,cor9?ians1 he  says 7#b ,ep4 v4 #ad71  
8,! love ( ,*ri/ con/ra9e? u2 because we
 ?us  judge1 t if "o di$ = all1 !n 7 all

 dead3 & t he di$  = all1 t !y :o live  
%\ld n h5ce=? live unto !mselves1  b    
unto ,him :o di$ = !m1 & rose aga940 ,! 
great lesson to  le>n is real           
self-sacrifice4 ,we %all n fail 9 le>n+ 
?is lesson  if1 dep5d+ on div9e aid1 we 
/udy to con=m ourselves to ,8  example1 
^: life 0 summ$ up 9 a few words by !   
,apo/le ,pet]1  :5 he describ$ ,him z   
8,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :o w5t ab\t do+      
good40      ,,! ,,end4      ,,cambridge3
 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4  
,footnote #fa3      ,rom4 ii4 #aa4      
,footnote #fb3      ,/ ,john1 xvii4 #ae4
    ,footnote #fc3      ,m4 ,aurelius   
uses ! v ^w f :i* ! an*orite took 8 "n1 
1 444--,b4 ,,iv4 c4 #c4    ,footnote    
#fd3      ,juv5al1 9 ref]5ce to ?is     
says1 ,sat4 ,,ii4 #h3                   
8,frontis nulla fides1 quis enim non    
vicus abundat                ,tri/ibus  
obscnis80      ,s ,sat4 ,,iii4 #aje1 he 
has ! foll[+3                           
8,audi fac9us majoris aboll4            
,/ocus occidit ,b>eam1 delator amicum1  

,discipulumque s5ex40      ,respect+ ?is
 man 7,p4 ,egnatius71 ,tacitus says     
7,ann4 ,,xvi4 #cb73    8,cli5s hic      
,sorani1 et tunc emptus ad opprim5dum   
amicum1 auctoritatem    ,/oic sect      
prf]ebat1 habitu et ore ad exprim5dam   
imag9em hone/i    ex]citus1 cet]um animo
 p]fidiosus1 subdolus1 av>itiam ac      
libid9em    occultans40 ,he goes on to  
say we %\ld be on our gu>d aga9/ ^?     
8specie bon>um artium falsos40          
,footnote #fe3      ,*ryso/omi1 ,op]a1  
,tom4 ,i4 p4 #cji4 ,ed4 ,b54 #hvo4      
,p>is1 #ahcd4    ,footnote #ff3       1 
1 444 ,m4    ,aurelii ,ant4 ,com4 ,,xi4 
#b4    ,footnote #fg3                   
,haud tibi inexp]tum curvos depr5d]e    
mores                 ,quque docet      
sapi5s braccatis illita ,m$is           
,porticus1 insomnis quibus et detonsa   
juv5tus                 ,invigilat1 c4  
,sat4 ,,iii4 #eb-d4    ,footnote #fh3   
,proleg4 ad ,j4 ,/e>n1 de ,ob/94 ,sect4 
#da1 p4 #adg4    ,footnote #fi3         
8,ex m5te ,ph>isorum40    ,footnote #gj3

      ,calv4 ,in/4 ,,iii4 #be4 #a4      
,footnote #ga3      #b ,pet] iii4 #i4   
,footnote #gb3                   ,quem  
mala /ultitia1 et qucunque inscitia v]i 
,ccum agit1 insanum ,*rysippi porticus  
et grex                 ,autumat4 ,hc   
populos1 hc magnos =mula reges1         
,excepto sapi5te1 t5et4                 
,hor4 ,sat4 ,,ii4 #c4    ,footnote #gc3 
,ezekiel xxxvii4 #i4                    
,transcrib]'s ,notes3       ,text t 0 9 
italics is enclos$ by und]scores        
7italics74       ,footnotes h be5 mov$  
to foll[ ! sections 9 :i* !y are        
ref]5c$4