,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,objects ,,( ,,geology4 ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,f9ance1 ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,objects ,,( ,,geology ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,hume1 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,,etc4 ,,director1 ,,geological ,,survey ,,( ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,te*nical ,lectures deliv]$ 9 ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 ,giza1 on ,janu>y #bj1 & ,febru>y #aj1 #aiaj4 ,decoration ,,cairo3 ,pr9t$ at ! ,,national ,,pr9t+ ,,dep>tm5t1 & to be obta9$ at ! ,,sale-,,room1 ,geological ,museum1 ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,works ,g>d5s2 at ! ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 ,giza 7,mudiria72 or ?r\gh any ,booksell] 99 99 99 99 99 #aiaa4 ,,price #e ,p4,t4 ,,illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,page4 ,fig4 #a4 -- ,two ,anticl9es & a ,syncl9e #f #b4 -- ,ov]fold+ ( ,/rata #g #c4 -- ,uncon=mity exhibit$ 9 ! ,faym #h #d4 -- ,fault exhibit$ by a ,coal-seam #h #e4 -- ,s&-erosion ( ,s&/one ,cliff at ,gebel el ,tunb ,fac+ #aj #f4 -- ,wat]-worn ,amphi!atre 9 ,side-valley ( ,um ,leseifa #aj #g4 -- ,d5udation ,effects 9 a ,di/rict ( ,s$im5t>y ,rocks #aa #h4 -- ,d5udation ,effects 9 a ,di/rict ( ,igne\s ,rocks #aa 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,objects ,,( ,,geology ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4--,,g5]al4 ,! sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! geological /ructure ( ,egypt1 c>ri$ out by ! ,geological ,survey dur+ ! la/ ?irte5 ye>s1 has1 9 conjunction ) previ\s /udies1 reveal$ ! fact t ! surface ( ! c\ntry is compos$ ( v v>i$ mat]ials3 lime/ones1 s&s1 clays1 s&/ones1 granites1 s*i/s1 etc4 ,! co-ord9ation ( view z to ! di/ribution ( ^! rocks#a pres5t$ by a geological map has fur!r %[n t !y are n arrang$ 9 a r&om mann]1 b t c]ta9 v def9ite relations exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! ,moqattam hills beh9d ! ,citadel be asc5d$1 ! l[] "p ( ! sc>p is f\nd to be compos$ ( :ite lime/one1 :i* is capp$ by a s]ies ( s&y lime/ones & clays diff]+ alike 9 col\r & 9 ! rapidity ) :i* !y are worn away by ! /reams1 due to ! r>e b de/ructive w9t] ra9s4 ,f9ally1 ! summit is cr[n$ by b$s 9 :i* b\ld]s ( fl9t & qu>tz play ! mo/ important "p1 ! matrix ( s& :i* b\nd !m toge!r hav+ long be5 remov$ by ! action ( ! w9d4 ,simil>ly1 if we 7 to g s\?w>d t[>ds ,aswan1 a *ange w\ld be not$ 9 ! "* & composition ( ! rocks :i* =m ! cliffs bord]+ ! ,nile ,valley4 ,f ,cairo to ,q5a1 lime/ones pr$om9ate2 b f !nce s\?w>d to ,esna1 clays play a l>ge "p at ! base ( ! lime/ones1 & ! slipp+ ( ! latt] ov] ^! s(t] memb]s has giv5 rise to ! 8tumbl$0 c\ntry :i* is s conspicu\s a feature betwe5 ,armant & ,matana4 ,s\? ( ,esna ! clays 9 _! turn disappe>1 :ile ! s&/one :i* is se5 und]ly+ !m ne> ,mahamid becomes ! dom9ant con/itu5t ( ! hills f ne> ,edfu to ! neighb\rhood ( ,aswan2 at ?is locality ! s&/one itself vani%es1 except 9 s f> z x =ms isolat$ caps on ! granite1 :i* is ! pr9cipal rock 9 ! well-kn[n di/rict ( ! ,fir/ ,cat>act4 ,! same lesson z to ! ord] ( succession ( ! rocks 9 ,egypt is =c$ home if we move f ,q5a ea/w>d to ! ,r$ ,sea hills1 or s\?-we/w>d to ,kh>ga ,oasis4 ,ea/ ( ,q5a ! clays are a conspicu\s feature at ! base ( ! outly+ lime/one hills 7,abu ,_h1 etc471 & 9 _! turn re/ on s&/one1 :i* =ms /rik+ plateaus seam$ by deep rav9es giv+ entry to ! he>t ( ! ,r$ ,sea hills4 ,on trav]s+ ^! gorges1 a confus$ hill-c\ntry ( granite 7worn into b\ld]s on ! surface71 or d>k-gre5 s*i/s is ent]$1 on ^: summits ! s&/one occurs z isolat$ outli]s ne> ! ma9 s&/one mass1 b to ! ea/ disappe>s altoge!r4 ,simil>ly1 go+ we/w>d & cross+ ! great lime/one des]t1 on rea*+ ! edge ( ! sc>p :i* b\nds ! oases1 clays appe> f "u ! lime/ones1 & 9 _! turn ov]lie s&/ones =m+ ! floors ( ! oasis depressions4 ,clos] exam9ation reveals ! fact t 9 ! upp] "p ( ! s&/one s]ies seams ( clay alt]nate ) ! s&y lay]s1 & 9 t "p ( ! cliff :]e clay b&s pr$om9ate1 b$s ( lime/one alt]nate ) !m4 ,9 broad outl9e1 x may be /at$ t 9 s\!rn ,egypt1 lime/one re/s on clays alt]nat+ ) lime/one1 ^! on s&/ones :i* 9 _! upp] "p alt]nate ) clay1 & ! s&/one on granite & metamorphic rocks 7slates1 s*i/s1 etc474 ,! incl9ation or dip ( ! v>i\s b$s is su* t %\ld a bor+ be made ?r\gh ! lime/one ne> ,cairo1 "o might expect to rea* fir/ a succession ( b$s :]e clay 0 pr$om9ant1 foll[$ by b$s ( s&/one1 & f9ally ! s]ies ( :i* ! granite ( ,aswan is a conspicu\s memb]4#b ,9 nor!rn ,egypt1 ! conditions are rev]s$1 s&/ones & clays ov]ly+ ! lime/ones ne> ,cairo1 b nev] atta9+ ! ext5t & importance ( ^? expos$ to view 9 ! s\?4 ,^! facts require an explanation--! "o furni%$ by ! sci5ce ( ,geology1 be+ briefly z foll[s3 ,ea* ( ! rocks obs]v$ has a def9ite orig9 or =mation2 ! nature ( _! pres5t di/ribution is due to subsequ5t movem5t1 or de=mation2 ! v>i\s meteorological ag5cies at "w lead to ! trans=mation ( ! orig9al /ructures1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( a new s]ies ( rocks compos$ ( mat]ials d]iv$ f ! we>+ away ( ! old] deposits4 ,,ii4--,,orig9 ,,or ,,=mation ,,( ,,rocks4 ,! simple/ illu/ration ( ! =mation ( a rock is "o :i* may be obs]v$ by ! dwell] 9 ,egypt e ye> dur+ ! ,nile flood4 ,! 8r$ wat]0 ( ! ,nile1 if collect$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 & evaporat$ to dryness1 leaves beh9d x ! f9e-gra9$ s$im5t1 or ,nile mud1 =m+ ! soil to :i* ?is l& owes its f]tility2 :ile 9 ! c5tral portions ( ! riv]1 ! co>s] mat]ial1 consi/+ l>gely ( s&-gra9s1 is be+ transport$ by ! /rong] curr5t4 ,z a result1 ! riv] fl[s = ! ma9 "p ov] a s&y b$1 ! clays be+ re/rict$ to ! sides :]e ! wat] is mov+ less swiftly1 or to ! fields on :i* ! f9] s$im5t is deposit$4 ,?is 8r$ wat]0 has be5 trac$ /ep by /ep to its p>5t s\rce1 & has be5 prov$ to be d]iv$ f ! we>+ away ( ! widely-spread volcanic rocks ( ,abyss9ia1 dis9tegrat$ by diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 etc41 & d5ud$ by ! de/ructive ra9/orms :i* break ov] t region 9 ! e>ly summ]4 ,x is equally a matt] ( exp]i5ce t on dry+1 ?is s$im5t passes f ! condition ( a s(t & /icky mud to a h>d & resi/ant clay1 :i*1 dry+ dur+ ! heat ( ! summ]1 cracks 9 e direction4 ,! fluviatile "* ( ^! clay deposits is (t5 reveal$ by ! pres5ce ( ! riv] %ells enclos$ 9 !m1 & 9 ea* succe$+ ye> slight diff]5ces 9 composition 9 ! mat]ial br\ght d[n are indicat$ by ! lay]s be+ %>ply m>k$ (f f "o ano!r1 & s pres5t+ ! famili> /ratifi$ appe>ance4 ,aga91 mu* s& & clay is be+ c>ri$ seaw>d & deposit$1 ! =m]1 9 g5]al1 ne>] ! l& on acc\nt ( its great] specific gravity & less f9ely divid$ "*4 ,^! clays & s&s are =m+ bo? on ! l& & 9 ! sea1 a po9t :i* does n ne$ elaboration1 b :5 consid]+ ! orig9 ( ! lime/ones1 & h[ x is t !y seem at times to be built up ( fossil %ells1 z a rule ! g5]al /ud5t w\ld be at a loss = an answ]4 ,! rese>*es 9 ! great oceans1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ on ) su* assiduity dur+ rec5t ye>s1 h %[n t ! upp] lay]s ( _! wat]s are cr[d$ ) a va/ numb] ( liv+ organisms1 app>5tly simple 9 /ructure1 b hav+ ! p[] ( extract+ ! c>bonate ( lime 9 solution & con/ruct+ %ells ( complicat$ & beautiful =m4 ,z ! animals die1 ^! t9y %ells ra9 d[n to ! b$ ( ! ocean1 sl[ly =m+ a muddy :ite calc>e\s pa/e :i* encloses ! sea-ur*9s & o!r m>9e animals liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,?us1 /ep by /ep1 muds 7:i* on dry+ are z g5u9e lime/ones z any n[ =m+ ! cliffs & sc>ps ( ,egypt7 are laid d[n on "o ano!r1 sep>at$ into /rata :5ev] "s ext]nal *ange1 su* z ! addition ( "s clayey matt] transport$ f a riv] 9 flood1 slightly alt]s ! composition4 ,! alt]ation is subsequ5tly indicat$ ei!r by v>iation 9 t9t or by diff]+ resi/ance to ! we>+ influ5ces ( ! meteorological ag5cies4 ,b h[ are ^! argillace\s muds trans=m$ into ! solid clays1 ! s&s into s&/ones1 & ! calc>e\s muds into fossilif]\s lime/ones8 ,h[ h ^! loose mat]ials become consolidat$ s z to =m ! compact rock-masses ) :i* we become acqua9t$ 9 ! mo/ casual /udy ( ! physical /ructure ( ,egypt8 ,,iii4--,,de=mation ,,( ,,rocks4 ,exam9ation ( ! rock exposures at _m localities 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cairo be>s witness to ! fact t ! /rata ( lime/one :i* 7 laid d[n horizontally ^u ! b$ ( ! sea are no long] 9 ! position !y once occupi$1 b are n[ incl9$ to ! horizontal plane at angles :i* are easily p]ceptible4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9 ! two %all[ cutt+s "u ! ,great ,pyramid1 :]e ! /rata are incl9$ #e degrees to ! s\?1 reveal+ ! reason :y ! :ole ,pyramid slope desc5ds s rapidly 9 ! s\?w>d direction4 ,aga91 if /&+ at ! base ( ! same mighty /ructure1 ! gaze be all[$ to w&] ov] ! broad expanse ( ! ,nile ,valley to ! sc>p ( ! ,moqattam hills beh9d ! ,citadel1 x w be se5 t ! :ite lime/one ( _! l[] slopes =ms1 n a long horizontal wall1 b an ar*1 slop+ /rongly bo? nor? & s\? ( ! ,citadel4 ,!re has be5 obvi\sly *ange ( =m1 b h[ has x tak5 place8 ,we le>n ) surprise t an e>?quake %ock 9 di/ant ,san ,francisco or 9 ! inhospitable regions ( ,turke/an has record$ itself ?r\gh ! delicately-pois$ record] at ,helwan1 long be=e ! dire news ( de/ruction has fla%$ along ! telegraph wire to ! same de/9ation4 ,!re is a realization ( ! in/ability ( ! e>?'s cru/1 9 spite ( ! solid>ity ( its compon5t p>ts1 b ?\gh ! sudd5 %ocks br+ home ?is tru?1 x is n s readily grasp$ t day by day & h\r by h\r p>ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ are sl[ly ris+ & o!rs s9k+1 (f]+ /]n problems to ! dwell]s on ! %ores :]e ^! *anges are mo/ m>k$ly tak+ place4 ,on ! ea/]n %ores ( ,engl&1 t[ns & =e/s are be+ subm]g$ b5ea? ! rel5tless advance ( ! sea2 on ! coa/s ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 etc41 on ! o!r h&1 bea*es =m]ly b5ea? ! sea n[ /& high above ! influ5ce ( its waves1 & 9 ,egypt coral-reefs :i* once grew b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea rise 9 places to ov] two hundr$ metres above x 9 bold hills or /eep-sid$ t]races4 ,?\gh possibly ( f> great] importance & significance ?an ! sudd5 convulsions :i* h left s deep an impression on ! m9d ( man1 ^! movem5ts are nev]!less s imp]ceptible t !y ar\se little att5tion4 ,a second type ( de=mation is not$ :]e heavy masses ( "o rock re/ on o!r & s(t] mat]ials4 ,! und]ly+ b$s are !n (t5 compress$ & contort$2 clays1 = in/ance1 are drawn out into ?9n] lam91 giv+ rise to %ales1 :ile ! massive rocks above ei!r slip on ! surface ( ! l[] ones1 if ^! be imp]meable1 & s p]mit ( a wat]-lay] =m+ along ! junction1 or else desc5d by %e] weight1 produc+ a confus$ area ( mix$ mat]ials 9 front ( ! /ill un%att]$ cliffs4 ,examples ( ?is nature ab\nd 9 ,egypt :]ev] ! ,eoc5e lime/ones re/ on ! ,cretace\s clays2 on ! railway f ,armant to ,matana ! result+ effects are well obs]v$ ne> ,%agab4 ,"h 9 ! ma9 cliff ! massive lime/ones are se5 re/+ on ! s(t blui% clays1 :ile 9 front is a wild]ness ( l[ hills 9 :i* lime/ones & clays are mix$1 brok5 & contort$4 ,b :ile ^! de=mations may be irregul> & local1 !re rema9 great] pressure-effects :i* h be5 regional 9 "*1 & by ^: ag5cy ! solid rocks h be5 fold$ 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann]1 /rata once horizontal be+ ?r[n into ar*es1 or anticl9es1 & bas9-l curves1 or syncl9es4 ,! importance ( ^! *anges _c be ov]-e/imat$1 & "s ( ! m>k$ features ( ,egyptian sc5]y dep5d directly on ^! effects4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! slope ( ! ,pyramid plateau1 b ! "* ( ,egypt 9 f> broad] outl9e dep5ds on ! results ( ^! pressures & ! fold+s s produc$4 ,a glance at ! map suffices to %[ t _m ( ! sali5t features 9 ?is c\ntry pres5t a rem>kable simil>ity & p>allelism4 ,! ea/]n cliff-wall ( ,kh>ga ,oasis pres]ves a notable p>allelism to a portion ( ! ,nile ,valley1 ?\gh ! latt] be sep>at$ by _m kilometres ( wild des]t plateau f ! oasis2 ano!r portion ( ! ,nile ,valley also agrees ) ! ,gulf ( ,suez 9 ! broad outl9es ( its tr5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,two ,anticl9es & a ,syncl9e4#c ,a section tak5 f ,bah>ia or ,kh>ga ,oasis to ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea reveals ! fact t ,egypt prop] is b\nd$ on ! we/ by a l[ flat ar* :i* has br\ght ! und]ly+ s&/ones ne>] to ! surface1 giv+ rise to ! great oases4#d ,^! are ma9ly pres5t 9 ! s&/one areas1 & are 9 "p b\nd$ by cliff-walls compos$ 9 _m in/ances ( clays at ! base & lime/ones at ! summit4 ,to ! ea/1 on ! o!r h&1 rise ! ,r$ ,sea hills1 ! c5tral core ( a /eeply incl9$ ar* 9 :i* ! resi/ant granites & s*i/s n[ rise high above ! l[-ly+ s&/one c\ntry :i* flanks !m4 ,betwe5 ^! two ar*es is ! flat-b$d$ syncl9e 9 :i* ! nummulitic lime/one is ! conspicu\s memb]1 ! /rata 9 c5tral ,egypt hav+ 9 consequ5ce a half cup-%ap$ =m1 ( :i* "o half1 ! nor!rn1 may h disappe>$ by fracture b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,?is cup-l /ructure may be due to ,egypt hav+ n only be5 fold$ 9 a nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ direction b also almo/ at "r angles1 ?is latt] fold+ giv+ rise to su* rem>kable features z ! ,wadi ,araba1 ! ,q5a b5d1 & possibly af=d+ ! fundam5tal explanation = ! great ,s-%ap$ b5ds ( ! ,nile4 ,9 o!r & m m\nta9\s regions1 su* z ! ,alps & ,himalayas1 ^! solid e>?-waves may be "u su* imm5se pressure t _! cre/s beg9 fir/ to turn ov] l ^? ( an advanc+ wave ( ! sea1 & !n may be brok5 9 su* a way t mighty masses ( /rata are r5t asund]1 ^? portions :i* are upp]mo/ be+ ?ru/ = great di/ances ov] ! und]ly+ b$s4 ,^! extreme folds end+ 9 fracture1 or ov]?ru/s1 are z yet b little kn[n 9 ,egypt1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,ball has report$ an int]e/+ case f ! neighb\rhood ( ,abu ,h>ba1 & "s ( ! ph5om5a ( dislocation obs]v$ ne> ! bord]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,suez may possibly be expla9$ z result+ f movem5ts ( ?is nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,ov]fold+ ( ,/rata4 ,^! int5se movem5ts become mask$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! d5ud+ h& ( "t1 ! contort$ /rata may aga9 s9k b5ea? ! sea1 new b$s are laid d[n horizontally on ! upturn$ edges ( ! old] s]ies & ! result is ! production ( an uncon=mity betwe5 ! two memb]s1 :i* diff] 9 age1 9 incl9ation1 & 9 fossil "*4 ,sometimes roll$ fragm5ts ( ! old] /ratum are int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! new ov]ly+ b$s1 fur!r reveal+ ! activity ( d5udation be=e ! new] memb] began to be deposit$4 ,if fracture by ov]?ru/ be unkn[n 9 ,egypt1 ano!r type ( fracture has produc$ effects ( a f>-rea*+ "*4 ,9 c]ta9 regions ( ! e>?1 fold+ is no long] ! conspicu\s me?od by :i* ! rock-compon5ts ( its cru/ are displac$ ) reg>d to "o ano!r4 ,9 _m in/ances small fissures h be5 obs]v$ 9 :i* ! b$s on "o side h be5 ?r[n d[n to a l[] level ?an !y are on ! o!r4 ,^! faults are frequ5tly ! result ( great e>?quakes1 _m /rik+ examples ( su* occurr5ces hav+ be5 not$ dur+ ! major e>?-movem5ts )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is probable1 inde$1 t _m ( ! mo/ important ( ^!1 su* z ! de/ructive e>?quake ( ,mess9a1 are due to fur!r settl+ ( ! /rata 9 relation to fracture-l9es already det]m9$4 ,naturally1 ?is implies t !re are c]ta9 spaces =m$ deep b5ea? ! e>?'s surface1 :i* p]mit ( ^! ef=ts to re/r5g!n ! weak spots by fill+ up ! gaps4 ,9 ! extreme outskirts ( ,egypt ^! fault-l9es h produc$ m>vell\s & /rik+ effects1 ! mo/ conspicu\s be+ ! rem>kable depression :i*1 comm5c+ at ! ,gulf ( ,aqaba1 p5etrates f> into ! cont95t ( ,asia1 giv+ rise to ! ,dead ,sea 7_m hundr$ metres bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean71 to ! ,jordan ,valley1 to ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias1 & ! valley :i* cont9ues ?is l9e nor?w>d4 ,i h _h ! opportunity ( p]sonally /udy+ "s ( ^! fault-l9es 9 ! ,s9ai p59sula1 trac+ !m f an ar*$ fold 9 ! nor?1 ^: sides 7 be+ let d[n by faults 9 a s]ies ( /eps1 to a tr\gh-fault1 9 :i* ! y\ng] /rata are displac$ bodily betwe5 ! old] ones4 ,:]e undi/urb$1 ! succession 9 ,s9ai %[s s&/one ly+ on granite1 & lime/one 7conta9+ def9ite gr\ps ( fossils7 on s&/one4 ,9 ! valleys due to ^! tr\gh-faults1 ! granite hills t[] #ejj metres on ea* side1 capp$ by small outly+ fragm5ts ( ! ov]ly+ s&/one1 :]eas 9 ! valley itself ! only rocks visible are lime/ones & s&/ones (t5 tilt$ at high angles1 & ?us reveal+ ! trem5d\s displacem5t to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,uncon=mity exhibit$ 9 ! ,faym4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #d4--;,fault exhibit$ by a ,coal-seam4 ,consid]+ ! e>?-movem5ts ( ,egypt z a :ole1 ! evid5ce %[s fold+ to h be5 ! m important type ( displacem5t on its we/]n side1 & int5se fault+ to h be5 mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! ea/1 :ile betwe5 ^! two extremes1 ! relative importance ( fold+ & fault+ w rema9 a conte/$ po9t4 ,! discussion w only close :5 ! bord]s ( ! ,nile ,valley & ! ,gulf ( ,suez h be5 mapp$ ) ! accuracy & precision ( a ,geological ,survey 9 ,europe--a pi\s aspiration1 ^: realization c sc>cely be hop$ = :ile ! broad geological picture is /ill be+ fill$ 94 ,egypt1 !n1 has pass$ ?r\gh a long hi/ory1 ( :i* ! foll[+ seems to be ! record put 9 dogmatic =m4 ,! anci5t s*i/s & granites :i* =m ! c5tral core ( its ea/]n ar*1 or anticl9e1 ! ,r$ ,sea hills1 are witnesses to a p]iod ( s$im5tation1 ( volcanic action1 & ( ! influ5ce ( deep-seat$ molt5 igne\s masses4 ,/ep by /ep ^! 7 reveal$ by d5udation1 becom+ "p ( an anci5t cont95t4 ,9 addition to a brief m>9e invasion dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 !re 0 a second advance ( ! sea 9 ,cretace\s times1 :i* is repres5t$ fir/ by ! deposit ( su* co>se detrital mat]ials z ! s&s compos+ ! ,nubian s&/ones4 ,!n1 z ! depression increas$1 only ! f9] clayey mat]ials rea*$ ! ,egyptian region1 & f9ally ! sea cov]$1 if n ! :ole1 at lea/ ! great] "p ( its area = a l5g!n$ p]iod4 ,) ! close ( ! ,eoc5e epo* a rev]se movem5t set 91 by :i* ! pure :ite m>9e lime/ones ( ! ,moqattam hills 7 capp$ by ! s&y lime/ones & clays =m+ ! br[n-t9t$ b$s ( _! upp] portion1 ! :ole be+1 9 its turn1 cov]$ by ! co>se fl9t & qu>tz gravel :i* conta9+ silicifi$ trees#e is ! *ief des]t-=m] 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,cairo1 z also ( a l>ge area 9 nor?-we/ ,egypt4 ,any ga9 by ! sea s9ce ?is p]iod has be5 comp>atively local & limit$1 & ! pres5t conditions sugge/ t ! l& is ga9+ on ! sea r ?an ! rev]se4 ,! great fold-movem5ts :i* we h se5 to det]m9e s _m important features are relatively ( v late date 9 ?is s]ies ( ev5ts1 on _! nature & position dep5d+ ! pres5t "* & visible ext5t ( ! diff]5t =mations4 ,,iv4--,,physical ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,rocks4 ,! geological features ( ,egypt z pres5t$ to-day are ! results ( ! =mation ?r\gh v>y+ conditions & ! subsequ5t de=mation ( ! rocks compos+ its solid cru/2 we may next consid] ! v>i$ ag5cies ?r\gh ^: action ^! are n[ und]go+ trans=mation4 ,a comp>atively small portion ( ?is c\ntry is und]go+ erosion by ! sea1 & if elevation be /ill tak+ place1 !re is r ga9 f ! sea ?an de/ruction by x4 ,v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 are ! meteorological ag5cies :i* are at "w fa%ion+ ! l& z a :ole1 ! effects ( w9d-bl[n s&1 ra91 & riv] be+ ( prime importance4 ,diff]5t 9 ^! respects are ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,des]ts ( ,egypt4 ,if ! we/]n bord] ( ! riv] be exam9$ 9 ,s\!rn ,egypt1 & especially 9 ,nubia1 ! sight ( huge masses ( gold5-t9t$ s& fill+ e w9d-%elt]$ holl[ might well leave ! impression t ! va/ des]t pla9 beh9d 0 cov]$ by a pall ( s&4 ,clos] /udy has %[n t ^! w9d-swept expanses af=d no protection or re/+-place = ! f9] s&s & t consequ5tly _! floor mu/ be =m$ ( ! m solid mat]ials :i* w9d _c c>ry be=e x4 ,if ?is be realiz$1 no a/oni%m5t w be felt t ! ,libyan ,des]t surface is compos$ ( lime/one1 or ( co>se gravels f betwe5 ^: l>g] fragm5ts all ! f9] s& has be5 swept away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,s&-erosion ( ,s&/one ,cliff at ,gebel el ,tunb4 ,wadi ,q5a1 ,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,amphi!atre 9 ,side-valley ( ,um ,leseifa1 nor?-ea/ ( ,q5a1 due to erosion ( ,lime/one by ! action ( ,tempor>y ,torr5ts4 ,fac+ p4 #aj4 ,h[ev]1 ! w9d-borne s& leaves its m>k on ! lime/ones1 :i* 9 "s places are seam$ by delicate grooves p>allel to ! s&-bla/1 & 9 o!rs1 :]e !y are s(t]1 h be5 sculptur$ into l[ hummocks (t5 scatt]$ ov] imm5se tracts ( c\ntry4 ,! s& itself has a /rangely local di/ribution1 advanc+ across ! des]t 9 l9es ( enorm\s l5g?1 & usually tr5d+ 9 an almo/ m]idional direction4 ,! supply does n come f ! s\? or s\?-we/1 z might at fir/ sight be expect$1 b f ! nor?1 & mo/ ( ! great dune-sy/ems1 :i* occur ar\nd & beyond ! great oases1 h _! t]m9ation 9 ! s\!rn direction4 ,ev5 ! s]ies ( dunes1 ov] #ajj metres high1 :i* prev5t$ ! ,rohlfs p>ty advanc+ we/w>d f ,dakhla to ,kufra1 come to an end fur!r to ! s\?1 leav+ ! wide s&/one pla9s b>e4#f ,9 ! oasis ( ,kh>ga ! dom9ant longitud9al type is replac$ by huge cresc5tic dunes :i*1 sep>at$ by broad spaces cle> ( s&1 foll[ "o ano!r along a nor?-s\? l9e1 & are n /opp$ 9 _! onw>d m>* ev5 by ridges ( consid]able size4 ,! reasons h /ill to be f\nd = ^! l9es ( special s& aggregation1 ?\gh :5 /udy+ ! cat>act di/rict ( ,am>a1 ! initial =mation ( a dune-sy/em 0 se5 to be det]m9$ by a local depression1 :i* _h giv5 suffici5t protection = ! =mation ( a s&y base on :i* ! dune c\ld !n be built up4 ,illu/ration3 ,d5udation ,effects 9 a ,di/rict ( ,s$im5t>y ,rocks4 ,fig4 #g4--,um ,leseifa camp 7look+ we/74 ,! h>d] b$s ( lime/one =m precipit\s l$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,d5udation ,effects 9 a ,di/rict ( ,igne\s ,rocks4 ,fig4 #h4--,view ( ,diorite ,hills ne> ,gebel ,sobeir1 ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt4 ,fac+ p4 #aa4 ,n only are lime/ones groov$ & seam$1 b c]ta9 areas ( ! ,we/]n ,des]t are cov]$ ) curi\s melon-%ap$ masses1 h>d] concretion>y portions rema9+ aft] ! s(t] mat]ials ( ! b$s h be5 c>ri$ away by w9d-action1 :]eas 9 ! region to ! ea/ ( ! ,nile ^! concretions are /ill enclos$ 9 ! s(t] lime/ones4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! effect ( ! w9d-bl[n s& 9 ! s&/one & granitic regions4 ,"h ! complex composition ( ! granite has made x a ready victim4 ,! s(t] felsp>s & mica hav+ be5 worn by ! impact1 leave ! qu>tz gra9s loose ^u ! surface1 & give ! rock a 8fritt]$0 appe>ance4 ,holes h be5 =m$ 9 ! w9dw>d side ( ! blocks1 & ! s& conta9$ 9 !m cle>ly %[s ! ag5cy to :i* !y owe _! orig94 ,ne> ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,we/]n ,des]t ! effects ( wat]-action become m conspicu\s1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,faym t]race-=mation be+ a m>k$ feature1 & !re is a transition to ! dom9ant *>act]i/ics :i* m>k ! lime/one c\ntry ea/w>d ( ! ,nile4 ,"h1 deep & intricate valley-sy/ems h be5 cut out f a plateau :i* a few kilometres f ! ,nile is z flat z ! great we/]n pla9s4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n examples is ! ,wadi ,h(1 ne> ,helwan1 ) its ramifications1 t]m9at+ 9 /eep cliff-faces hav+ all ! appe>ances ( 8dry wat]falls40 ,any d\bt z to ! active ag5t 9 _! production is set at re/ by an exam9ation ( ! excell5t photographs tak5 by v>i\s obs]v]s dur+ ! great /orms :i* almo/ annually bur/ ov] ?is region4 7,! lecture 0 illu/rat$ by a s]ies ( slides %[+ ,wadi ,h( 9 flood1 & ! cascades desc5d+ ! 8wat]falls0 :i* t]m9ate its side-*annels1 ^! be+ mo/ k9dly l5t to ! writ] by ,h]r ,z/1 ( ! ,electrical ,s]vice1 ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,works74 ,! great annual & diurnal temp]ature v>iations 7ov] #ej ,c47 aid 9 ! "w ( d5udation by prep>+ an imm5se am\nt ( brok5 mat]ial ?r\gh ! contraction & expansion :i* !y produce4 ,z e mat]ial exp&s & contracts accord+ z x is heat$ or cool$1 s ! diff]5t compon5t p>ts ( ! rocks compos+ ! e>?'s cru/ are 9 con/ant movem5t ) reg>d to "o ano!r1 & ! less homog5e\s !y are ! great] ! effect 9 break+ !m up into small masses or p>ticles4 ,^! loos5$ fragm5ts :i* cov] ! surface ( ! des]t are ?us ready to be swept away by ! ra9-wat]s1 & z we h already se51 x is ow+ to ^! effects1 sup]add$ to m subtle *anges next to be consid]$1 t ! old volcanic rocks ( ,abyss9ia yield ! ri* silt or mud ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,x w\ld be difficult to e/imate ! rapidity ) :i* ^! wild rav9es are be+ deep5$ by any comp>ison ) wat]-we>+ effects 9 ,europe4 ,any b$s ( s(t s&s & clays are rapidly dissect$ by ! torr5t wat]s1 a feature :i* readily expla9s ! abs5ce ( conspicu\s hills 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ea/ ( ,esna1 :]e ! ,cretace\s clays =m ! dom9ant con/itu5t 9 ! geological /ructure ( ! c\ntry4 ,:atev] ! effects ( s&-erosion 9 ! ,we/]n ,des]t or ra9-erosion 9 ! hills & on ! plateaus ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 !y come relatively b little "u ! notice ( ! dwell] on ! ,nile1 to :om ! riv]-erosion & ! re=mation ( new mat]ials become ( prim>y importance4 ,ev5 ! p[]ful ag5cy ( fro/ _c be entirely dismiss$ f consid]ation 9 ,egypt4 ,ow+ to ! expansion ( wat] :5 conv]t$ into ice1 ! rocks 9 ^: cracks ! wat] has collect$ are split asund]1 & z we h rec5tly not$1 temp]atures l[] ?an #b ,c4 h be5 record$ 9 ,cairo dur+ ! pres5t w9t] 7#aiaj74 ,on ! great des]t plateau :i* ext5ds f ,kh>ga ,oasis to ! ,nile ,valley1 temp]atures ( #bd ,f4 & #cj ,f4 7 also obs]v$1 & 9 ! ,r$ ,sea hills & ,s9ai fro/ mu/ be ( common occurr5ce1 z "o m\nta9 9 ! latt] p59sula 0 asc5d$ 9 sn[1 & ! high] peaks are frequ5tly cov]$ 9 a :ite pall4 ,! nature ( a riv] sy/em ne$ n be dealt ) 9 mu* detail "h1 z ,i h already discuss$ ?is subject 9 8,survey ,notes0 = ,april1 #aijg1 "u ! title ( 8,riv] ,*>act]i/ics z illu/rat$ by ! ,nile40 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to recall t a normal riv] passes ?r\gh ?ree di/9ct phases ( activity4 ,9 its m\nta9 tract 7= mo/ l>ge riv]s arise 9 ! high] altitudes7 !re is maximum erosion & backw>d gr[? ( ! riv] sy/em4 ,9 its c5tral portion1 or valley tract1 ! /ream is act+ z a transport] ( erod$ mat]ial1 & su* erosion z !re is1 is d[nw>d r ?an sidew>d4 ,f9ally1 ! pla9 tract is ! region ( deposition ( ! mat]ials s c>ri$1 erosion be+ lat]al1 & ! gr[? ( ! /ream b$ =w>d 9 ! =m ( a fan-%ap$ delta :]e ! transport$ s&s & clays ent] ! sea4 ,b ?is g5]al succession may be fur!r complicat$ by circum/ances dep5d+ ^u ! geological conditions4 ,9 ,egypt & ! ,sudan ! ,nile passes f areas :]e x fl[s peacefully & quietly1 usually ( consid]able bread? & b\nd$ by f]tile l&s1 to o!rs 9 :i* x is re/rict$1 da%+ d[n /eep slopes 9 rapids & cat>acts4 ,a geological exam9ation has %[n t 9 ! fir/ case ! riv] is fl[+ ov] & betwe5 s$im5t>y homog5e\s rocks1 su* z ! lime/ones & s&/ones1 :ile 9 ! second in/ance x has ent]$ regions compos$ ( het]og5e\s igne\s & metamorphic rocks1 su* z ! granites1 gneisses & s*i/s4 ,! production ( ^! rapids is due to ! comb9ation ( /eep slope & ! diff]5ce betwe5 h>d] & s(t] mat]ials1 ! rapidly-mov+ wat]s we>+ away ^? m easily d5ud$1 :ile ! compact memb]s rema9 z ob/acles to _! advance1 & are only sl[ly worn away along jo9t-planes & o!r l9es ( weakness4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,cat>act1 h>d b>s ( granite ris+ ?r\gh s(t] gneiss at "r angles to ! riv] c\rse h produc$ ! ma9 rapids2 else:]e1 z at ! ,bab el ,kebir1 ne> ,wadi ,halfa1 ! riv] has tak5 advantage ( a ?9 dyke ( s(t rock trav]s+ an extremely h>d diorite1 s t ! /ream has worn a n>r[ gully betwe5 /eep rock-walls1 :]e ! int5sity ( ! ru% ( wat] is greatly exagg]at$ ow+ to its be+ re/ra9$ & fett]$ by ! n>r[ness ( ! passage4 ,9 "s cases ! same result has be5 produc$ ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( a l9e ( fracture1 or fault1 across ! /ream1 ! wat]s tak+ advantage ( ?is l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! g5]al erosion 9 ^! rapids is accompani$ by great local effects :]e eddies & :irlpools are produc$1 & ! s& & rocky fragm5ts act z abrad+ ag5ts4 ,pot-holes are =m$ 9 ! solid rock1 & rapidly deep5$ by ! int5se effects ( ?is nature produc$ dur+ times ( flood1 ! result be+ spl5didly illu/rat$ 9 "s ( ! small] isl&s ( ! ,fir/ ,cat>act at ,aswan4 ,a riv] is1 9 fact1 ! ma9 ag5t comb9+ ! effects ( trans=mation & re=mation1 new /rata be+ produc$ 9 its pla9 tract z ! result ( ! erod+ activities 9 its upp] rea*es4 ,mu* ( ! detrital mat]ial is also c>ri$ seaw>d to =m deposits ( m>9e s&s & muds along ! %ore-l9es ( ! cont95ts1 ^! !mselves becom+1 %\ld subsequ5t diff]5tial movem5t ( l& & sea take place1 ! s&/ones & clays ( future cont95tal areas4 ,b !re are o!r ag5cies at "w z trans=m]s on & )9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,!re are 9 mo/ rocks a s]ies ( divisional planes1 :i* may be ei!r v]tical or incl9$1 & to :i* ! "n ( jo9ts has be5 giv54 ,^! may arise f v>i\s causes4 ,bo? 9 s$im5t>y & igne\s rocks !y are 9 "p due to contraction dur+ consolidation--9 ! =m] :5 !y lose _! conta9$ wat]1 9 ! latt] :5 !y solidify f a molt5 condition4 ,jo9ts may also be call$ into be+ by ! effects ( int]nal pressures & movem5ts )9 ! e>?'s cru/1 su* /ructures hav+ be5 exp]im5tally reproduc$ by ,daubre 9 mat]ials "u /ress by torsion & by simple pressure4 ,! granite ( ,aswan displays su* jo9t+ to a m>k$ degree1 giv+ rise to rem>kable hills compos$ ( huge b\ld]s ( granite pil$ on "o ano!r4 ,v4--,,*emical ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,rocks4 ,besides ! me*anical effects ( riv]1 ra91 & w9d1 o!r *anges ^: wide-rea*+ significance _c be ov]-e/imat$1 are tak+ place on & bel[ ! e>?'s surface4 ,*emical action is sl[ly at "w produc+ effects ( ! fir/ importance to man4 ,ra9-wat] has ! p[] ( absorb+ important quantities ( c>bonic acid gas & oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,on ! av]age1 ra9-wat] conta9s #agg p] c5t by volume ( dissolv$ c>bonic acid gas1 & #ccgf p] c5t ( dissolv$ oxyg54 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! soil1 ra9-wat] also absorbs ! organic acids =m$ by ! decomposition ( plant rema9s4 ,^! dissolv$ gases & organic acids r5d] ra9 an active *emical ag5t 9 ! alt]ation ( rocks1 its effects be+ conv5i5tly classifi$ "u ! head+s3 7#a7 ,oxidation2 7#b7 ,solution2 7#c7 ,=mation ( ,c>bonates2 & 7#d7 ,hydration4 7#a7 ,oxidation results 9 ! =mation ( ?9 cru/s on ! surface ( rocks1 ! comp\nds ( manganese & iron s frequ5tly pres5t 9 !m be+ also ru/$ or hydrat$ by ! action ( ! ra9-wat]4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ ?an ! pres5ce ( ! d>k films on ! des]t lime/ones 9 regions :i* are liable to a c]ta9 am\nt ( ra9fall1 & no?+ m conv9c+ z to _! orig9 ?an _! abs5ce 9 ^? portions ( ! s\?-we/]n des]t ( ,egypt :]e ra9 is ( great r>ity4 ,ne> ! ,nile1 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean1 dew may take ! "p ( ra9 9 action1 & 9 a s5se ! results ( its activity may appe> m int5se1 z ra9 is liable to wa% away ! products ( its own h&iwork4 7#b7 ,! effects ( ,solution are ( ! greate/ importance1 lime/one be+ soluble to ! ext5t ( ab\t #a "p 9 #a1jjj 9 wat] saturat$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,9 _m lime/one c\ntries ( ! _w ! solution effects are m>k$ by ! production ( und]gr\nd caves & *annels & 9 "s p>ts ( ! nor?-ea/]n des]t ( ,egypt1 :]e *alky lime/ones are ! ma9 con/itu5t1 ?is action has produc$ rem>kable results--l>ge caves1 cyl9drical *annels1 & natural bridges be+ ( n uncommon occurr5ce4 7#c7 ,=mation ( ,c>bonates4 ,ow+ to ! ra9s 9 ,egypt be+ ( v brief duration1 b nev]!less extremely active :ile !y la/1 ! soluble mat]ial 9 ! condition ( ! un/able bic>bonate ( lime is c>ri$ only a %ort di/ance1 & los+ its loosely comb9$ c>bonic acid is r$eposit$ 9 ! cracks ( ! rocks1 z ve9s ( c>bonate ( lime1 or z ! cem5t+ mat]ial by :i* brok5 fragm5ts are consolidat$ into compact breccias4 ,?is action may be se5 9 ! cliff face s\? ( ! ,pyramids1 ne> ! ,sph9x1 :]e ! s&y lime/ones =m+ ! top ( ! hill h be5 atta*$ by ! ra9 conta9+ c>bonic acid4 ,! calc>e\s te/s ( ! %ells 9 ! s&y lime/ones h be5 dissolv$ away1 leav+ only ! s&y int]nal ca/s ( ! %ells beh9d1 & ! mat]ial s remov$ has be5 r$eposit$ 9 intricate int]lac+ ve9s 9 a clayey b& imm$iately bel[4 ,a ve9 may sometimes gr[ by ! accretion ( successive lay]s1 :i*1 ow+ to local causes1 su* z ! relative cont5t ( iron oxide1 etc41 may display slightly diff]5t col\rs1 "o ( ! results be+ ! production ( s int]e/+ a rock z ! ,egyptian alaba/]1 :i* is a c>bonate ( lime4 ,z a rule1 ! t]m alaba/] is appli$ to ! sulphate r ?an to ! c>bonate ( lime4 ,probably mu* c>bonate ( lime is also c>ri$ 9 solution to ! sea1 & !re =ms ! s\rce ( ! mat]ial :i* hundr$s ( liv+ animals seize ^u = ! production ( ! %ells 9 :i* !y dwell4 ,i 0 mu* /ruck la/ ye>1 dur+ a j\rney f ! ,pyramids to ,wa/a1 to note h[ ! oy/]-b$s ( "o age 7! ,plioc5e7 =m$ !mselves ^u oy/]-b$s ( a long prec$+ p]iod 7! ,eoc5e71 probably on acc\nt ( ! great] am\nt ( c>bonate ( lime at ^? localities1 pres5t ow+ to solution ( ! e>li] %ell-/ructures4 ,t ve9s ( c>bonate ( lime %\ld be pres5t 9 lime/one di/ricts is1 9 view ( ! above /atem5ts1 n surpris+1 b x does appe> some:at />tl+ at fir/ sight1 to f9d m>k$ deposits ( c>bonate ( lime l9+ ! floors & sides ( torr5t-b$s 9 di/ricts entirely compos$ ( igne\s or volcanic rocks ( complicat$ m9]al /ructure4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! lime silicates1 s abundant 9 ! m basic memb]s ( ! igne\s s]ies1 su* z diabases & diorites1 are liable to ! attack ( ! ra9-wat]s conta9+ c>bonic acid1 c>bonate ( lime be+ produc$ by ! reaction4 7#d7 ,( ! results ( ,hydration1 ! mo/ /rik+ examples 9 ,egypt are ! =mation ( kaol9 ne> ,aswan1 due to ! absorption ( wat] by ! felsp>s ( ! granitic & gneissose rocks1 & ! ?ick zone ( decomposition 7kaol9ic7 products1 :i* 0 cut ?r\gh 9 excavat+ ! navigation canal 9 ! sy5ite :i* =ms ! ma9 rock at t locality4 ,! total effect ( all ! above-m5tion$ meteorological influ5ces results 9 ! wea!r+ ( ! rock-surface1 involv+ ! s(t5+ & crumbl+ ( ! h>d] mat]ials1 b sometimes lead+ to ! solidification ( mat]ials previ\sly loosely aggregat$ by sub/ances left z cem5t+ ag5ts :5 ! wat] conta9+ !m 9 solution has evaporat$4 ,9 addition to ! v>i\s direct results ( ! meteorological activities ^u ! e>?'s surface1 !re are o!rs :i* indicate m subtle *anges4 ,p]haps among/ ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is ! =mation ( concretions--bodies compos$ ( "o mat]ial aggregat$ 9 m or less r\nd$ or irregul> =m 9 a rock ( ano!r composition4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ & abundant ( ^! are ! lay]s ( fl9t1 :i* =m b&s ( /rik+ly p>allel "* 9 ! lime/ones ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,^! h n yet be5 submitt$ to ! detail$ /udy :i* simil> concretions h receiv$ 9 ,europe1 b !re is little d\bt t !y1 9 l>ge measure1 repres5t ! aggregation ( gelat9\s silica r\nd decompos+ organic mat]ials1 ! %ells ( organisms & ! framework ( silice\s sponges (t5 =m+ _! c5tre4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 ! fossil trees1 ! replacem5t appe>s to h tak5 place molecule by molecule1 z ! outl9es ( e cell ( ! once woody fibre are n[ replac$ 9 silica4 ,by a well-kn[n transition1 ?is once gelat9\s mat]ial has n[ become "o ( ! mo/ solid ( sub/ances4 ,f]rug9\s concretions1 compos$ ( oxide ( iron1 are pres5t 9 _m ( ! ,egyptian s&y clays1 "s ( ! beautifully-t9t$ purple1 yell[ & r$ o*res be+ f\nd 9 ?is =m2 & ! natives collect !m = ! use ( ! wom5 z ornam5tal coloration4 ,( great] importance to ! _w at l>ge are ! gradual *anges :i* vegetable matt] 7collect$ "u specially fav\rable circum/ances free ( all s&y & clayey admixture7 has und]gone ?r\gh va/ p]iods ( "t1 caus+ ! sl[ evolution ( ! oxyg51 hydrog5 & nitrog51 orig9ally pres5t1 ) a gradual pr$om9ance ( ! c>bon4 ,?is passage f vegetable matt] to coal has be5 not$ 9 ,egypt 9 connection ) ! ,nubian s&/one1 b$s ( c>bonace\s mat]ial des]v+ ! "n ( lignite or ev5 bitum9\s coal hav+ be5 f\nd at v>i\s localities4 ,! deposits f\nd up to ! pres5t "t are ( su* t5uity t x is n possible on ! evid5ce available to express optimi/ic op9ions z to ! probable occurr5ce ( workable coal 9 ,egypt1 b /ill !y are ( suffici5t int]e/ to be kept con/antly 9 m9d :ile ! ,geological ,survey is prosecut+ its rese>*es4 ,f "t to "t ! f9d+ ( coal-seams has be5 report$ at ,edfu1 9 ,kh>ga1 at ,saqiet el ,teir & ,abu ,radham#g 9 ! ,ea/]n ,des]t1 b ! ef=ts hi!rto made h result$ 9 failure4 ,! evid5ce ?us f> available %[s t great riv]s 7 ent]+ ! sea 9 ,nubia dur+ an e>ly geological p]iod 7! ,cretace\s71 typical fre%-wat] %ells hav+ be5 f\nd s\? ( ,aswan cov]$ ) m>9e worm-tubes2 leaf-impr9ts are abundant 9 "s ( ! s&y lay]s1 & 9 isolat$ in/ances !y h collect$ 9 suffici5t quantity to give rise to lignite & bitum9\s coal-lay]s ( extreme ?9ness1 %[+ t ?is int]e/+ & important *ange has tak5 place1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 9 ,egypt itself4 ,! /udy ( coal-produc+ regions t5ds to %[ t ! *ange to coal ( high comm]cial value requires n only conditions fav\rable to ! loss ( ! m volatile gases1 b also t ! b$s mu/ h be5 involv$ 9 great e>?-movem5ts1 :i* h ha/5$ ! t5d5cy to _! be+ enri*$ 9 c>bon1 bo? fav\rable conditions ( deposition & m>k$ di/urbance ( ! /rata be+ ?us requir$ to obta9 ! mu*-desir$ result4 ,o!r int]nal *emical activities are at "w1 produc+ *anges :i* are /ill ! cause ( debate & e>ne/ /udy4 ,! orig9 ( petroleum mu/ und\bt$ly be trac$ to *emical trans=mations ( a complicat$ "*1 if we may judge by ! numb] ( exp]im5tal me?ods :i* yield petroleum z a product4 ,all op9ions agree t ! m9]al oil is d]iv$ by "s =m ( *emical action1 ?\gh :e!r x arises f ! decomposition ( organic rema9s or :e!r x be ( inorganic orig9 is /ill matt] ( dispute4 ,geological /ud5ts h on ! :ole rang$ !mselves on ! side ( ! fir/-nam$ view1 po9t+ out t ! petroleum fields are all associat$ ) s$im5t>y /rata1 :e!r s&s or lime/ones4 ,! inorganic view has be5 held z t5aci\sly by a numb] ( m5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! se>* = oil1 & x is capable ( argum5t t sulphur dioxide & sulphurett$ hydrog51 if be+ produc$ simultane\sly1 may result 9 ! alt]ation ( lime/one to gypsum1 free sulphur & petroleum be+ also obta9$ 9 ! reaction4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t gypsum1 sulphur & petroleum are associat$ at ,jemsa1 on ! ,gulf ( ,suez4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features 9 connection ) petroleum is ! ph5om5on pres5t$ 9 mo/ oil-fields ( oil-wells sep>at$ p]haps by only ?irty metres emitt+ oil "u pressure at ! same "t2 also ! great pressures indicat$ by ! rem>kable f\nta9 fl[s :i* are ( con/ant occurr5ce 9 ! pr9cipal petroleum fields4#h ,,vi4--,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,! ext]nal & int]nal trans=m+ ag5ts are !re=e ( ! deepe/ int]e/ & ( ! highe/ economic importance1 & ! fur!r /udy ( ! deep-seat$ *anges leads directly to a consid]ation ( ! =mation & su/a9$ activity ( ! molt5 mat]ials :i* f9d _! ma9 pres5t-day expression 9 ! ph5om5a ( volcanoes4 ,_! ext5sion 9 ! pa/ is also reveal$ by ! we>+ h& ( "t 9 ! wide di/ribution ( co>sely cry/all9e granites & o!r igne\s rocks1 once deep-seat$1 b n[ expos$ 9 regions :i* are ei!r ! cores ( anci5t cont95ts or c5tres ( exceptional de=mation4 ,igne\s action & movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ /& 9 intimate relation to "o ano!r1 a po9t :i* has be5 cle>ly /at$ by ,dr4 ,h>k]#i z foll[s3--8,sett+ aside op]ations conduct$ 9 hypo!tical int]cru/al magma-bas9s1 or g5]ally 9 ! unkn[n dep?s ( ! e>?'s cru/1 we recognize ! actual manife/ations ( igne\s action *iefly 9 ! =c+ outw>d ( molt5 magmas f a l[] to a high] level )9 ! cru/ or ?r\gh ! cru/ to ! surface40 ,?is /udy has l$ directly to ! recognition ( ?ree phases ( igne\s action1 ( :i* two are intrusive1 be+ phases 9 :i* ! molt5 mat]ials are rais$ f a l[] to a high] level )9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & an extrusive phase1 9 :i* ^! mat]ials are rais$ to ! surface & p\r$ out !re z lavas4 ,/udy 9 all p>ts ( ! _w has fur!r %[n t ^! ev5ts foll[ a def9ite sequ5ce or cycle ( igne\s activity1 volcanic ph5om5a m>k+ its comm5cem5t1 foll[$ by ! movem5t ( deep-seat$ igne\s molt5 magmas 7repres5t+ ! plutonic phase71 & clos+ ) a numb] ( m9or intrusions1 :i* may seam bo? ! volcanic1 plutonic1 & s$im5t>y /rata4 ,egypt cle>ly illu/rates ?is rem>kable succession1 & ?us gives additional gr\nds = believ+ t x is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,volcanic activity 0 develop$ on a gigantic scale :5 ! mo/ anci5t s$im5ts ( ,egypt1 n[ =m+ ! fold$ & alt]$ slates & s*i/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea hills1 7 be+ laid d[n4 ,to ?is "p ( ! cycle belong "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ rocks ( ! c\ntry1 ! imp]ial porphyry ( ,dokhan1 ! d>k &esites t cr[n ! highe/ summits 9 ,s9ai1 & ! c\ntry-rock 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ,egypt's gold-m9es are situat$4 ,"h1 too1 belong ! b&$ & column> lavas ( ! ,six? ,cat>act1 & ! fragm5ts ( volcanic rocks :i* play an important "p 9 ! *>act]i/ic conglom]ates ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,/ill m conspicu\s is ! phase ( plutonic activity1 va/ masses ( granite1 diorite1 & o!r highly cry/all9e rocks z molt5 magmas hav+ be5 9 contact ) or intrud$ into ! ov]ly+ s$im5ts & volcanic mat]ials4 ,f ,s9ai to ! ,sudan !re is a geographical complex due to ! int]m+l+ ( ^! deep-seat$ igne\s rocks ) ! old] & metamorphos$ volcanic & s$im5t>y memb]s4 ,desolate volcanic hills ( dull-gre5 %ade1 ^: sides are cov]$ ) wea!r$ debris ( irregul> outl9e1 alt]nate ) broad pla91 out ( :i* rise r\nd$ masses ( granite1 or ) m\nta9 ranges1 ^: precipit\s sides & s]rat$ outl9es con/itute "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! ,r$ ,sea hill sc5]y4 ,! f9al phase1 t ( ! m9or intrusions1 is admirably illu/rat$ 9 ,egypt1 l>ge areas ( ! des]t consi/+ ( l[ ridges =m$ ( p>allel b&s or dykes ( h>d rocks1 :i* h seam$ ! s(t] granite1 ! latt] hav+ subsequ5tly be5 worn d[n by erosion4 ,9 o!r cases ! dyke is ( m basic composition & m easily d5ud$ ?an ! adjac5t rocks4 ,:5 ^! evid5ces ( pa/ igne\s activity are exam9$1 !y reveal ! int]play ( su* v>i$ & complicat$ *emical & physical effects t a l>ge volume w\ld be requir$ to set =? ! great body ( facts obs]v$4 ,( ^! only a b>e /atem5t ( ! mo/ incomplete ord] mu/ suffice4 ,igne\s rocks are ( v v>iable *emical composition1 & = ! purposes ( discussion ( _! complex relation%ips h be5 subdivid$ into ?ree s]ies accord+ to ! am\nt ( silica !y conta91 viz43--,! ,acid ,rocks ) #ej to #gj p] c5t silica2 ,! ,int]m$iate ,rocks ) #ej to #fj p] c5t silica2 ,! ,basic ,rocks "u #ej p] c5t silica4 ,z a :ole1 ! igne\s rocks are comp\nds ( ! silicates ( alum9a1 magnesia1 lime1 pota% & soda1 ) oxide ( iron2 ! silicates ( alum9a1 soda & pota% are mo/ abundant at ! acid end ( ! scale1 & ^? ( lime1 magnesia1 ) ! oxides ( iron & phosphates at ! basic extreme4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! basic rocks are usually d>k] 9 col\r & heavi] ?an ! m acid v>ieties4 ,n only h ! igne\s rocks a v>y+ composition1 b also a v>y+ /ructure dep5d+ on ! diff]5ces ( orig9 & position4 ,we may note _! hi/ory z involv+ sev]al /ages1 viz43--7#a7 ,solidification f ! initial molt5 magma2 7#b7 ,de=mation :5 "u ! influ5ce ( great e>? pressures2 7#c7 ,trans=mation "u ! meteorological influ5ces1 at or ne> ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 addition !re are ! contact alt]ations produc$ ne> _! junctions ) ! ov]ly+ /rata1 bo? )9 !mselves & 9 ! b$s affect$ by ! molt5 mat]ial4 ,a molt5 magma v>ies greatly 9 its behavi\r accord+ to its position1 ! solidification ( t portion :i* rema9$ deep-seat$ 9 ! hidd5 res]voir b5ea? ! e>?'s cru/ tak+ place sl[ly & imp]ceptibly4 ,a rock su* z granite is n =m$ sudd5ly by in/antane\s cool+1 b /ep by /ep individual m9]als are cry/alliz$ f ! complex solution1 & t5d to develop z regul> & (t5 mo/ beautiful cry/als4 ,x is a s\rce ( surprise to mo/ to le>n t ! great] numb] ( m9]al sub/ances1 if free to develop f solution )\t ext]nal h9drances1 t5d to =m solid bodies :i* are fa%ion$ on geometrical pr9ciples1 con/itut+ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & my/]i\s problems ) :i* sci5tific ?\ght has to deal4 ,! m9]als1 z a rule1 t5d to cry/allize out directly 9 ! ord] ( _! basicity1 ! oxides ( iron ) _! eight-sid$ cry/als be+ among ! fir/1 s t _! octah$ral outl9es are usually well pres]v$4 ,! o!r m9]als ( ! rocks foll[ 9 succession2 sometimes complicat$ int]gr[?s occur ow+ to two cry/als ( diff]5t composition />t+ _! =mation at ! same "t 9 ! same portion ( ! solution4 ,f9ally1 ! la/-=m$ m9]als h to occupy ! int]spaces left by _! consolidat$ neighb\rs1 & 9 ! m acid rocks ?is un5viable position is usually res]v$ = ! free silica1 =m+ qu>tz4 ,^! deep-seat$ masses1 sl[ly solidifi$ & entirely cry/all9e 9 _! /ructure1 h be5 call$ ! ,plutonic rocks1 ! example famili> to all dwell]s 9 ,egypt be+ ! r$ ,aswan1 or monum5tal granite4 ,9 x1 ! felsp>s & micas or hornbl5des pres5t t5d t[>ds _! true cry/al =m1 :ile ! qu>tz occupies ! int]spaces4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ! extrud$ volcanic rocks1 & ! highly cry/all9e v>ieties ( ! int]nal res]voirs ( molt5 mat]ial1 are ! dyke or hypabyssal rocks1 :i* z n>r[ v]tical or ne>ly v]tical intrusions pass 9 all probability f ! deep-seat$ s\rce t[>ds ! surface ( ! e>?1 :5 !y rea* x giv+ rise to volcanic effects4 ,! dykes h a t5d5cy to be p>allel to "o ano!r1 & 9 "s regions are ! mo/ conspicu\s features1 if h>d] ?an ! surr\nd+ rock giv+ rise to m>k$ ridges sep>at$ 9 _m cases by comp>atively %all[ valleys4 ,n a few ( ! ma9 summits 9 ! ,r$ ,sea hills & ,s9ai h assum$ _! pres5t =m & outl9e ow+ to ! unequal d5udation ( "o ( ^! h>d b&s1 :ile _m an asc5t1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 by no means free f dang]1 is simplifi$ by ! =mation ( gullies due to ! we>+ away ( ! s(t] & m basic memb]s ( ?is s]ies4 ,9 ! hypabyssal v>ieties1 z well z 9 surface fl[s1 an exam9ation ( h&-specim5s (t5 reveals ! pres5ce ( l>g] cry/als 7usually t]m$ porphyritic cry/als7 scatt]$ 9 a gr\nd-mass 9 :i* no def9ite /ructure is visible except "u ! microscope4 ,^! may 9 "p h be5 =m$ be=e ! molt5 magma ( ! rock _h begun its upw>d asc5t1 b 9 g5]al !y & ! f9]-gra9$ base1 h cry/alliz$ "u simil> conditions4 ,exam9ations ( ! gr\nd-mass microscopically also %[s x to be entirely cry/all9e 9 its nature1 b ! individual compon5ts are ( v small size4 ,9 ! extrud$ volcanic rocks1 on ! o!r h&1 ! porphyritic cry/als are probably ( mu* e>li] date ?an ! gr\nd-mass 9 :i* !y are pres5t1 ! latt] be+ solidifi$ above-gr\nd1 :]e cool+ 0 rapid1 pressure sudd5ly r$uc$1 & _m ( ! gase\s con/itu5ts 7 free to escape readily4 ,z cry/als require a c]ta9 temp]ature & a sl[ lib]ation ( ! heat = _! =mation1 9 _m volcanic rocks ! rapid cool+ results 9 ! production ( a glass in/ead ( a cry/all9e aggregate1 s t ! pres5ce ( a glassy matrix is 9 itself evid5ce ( a quick loss ( heat4 ,,vii4--,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,metamorphic ,,rocks4 ,all mat]ials1 bo? s$im5t>y & igne\s1 compos+ ! e>?'s cru/1 are liable to be involv$ 9 movem5ts ( de=mation1 becom+ subject to pressures & *emical ag5cies1 :i* are (t5 int5se 9 "* & productive ( f>-rea*+ int]nal *anges4 ,! result is ! =mation ( a s]ies ( rocks1 :i* may be ( div]s orig9s1 b :i* hav+ lo/ _! orig9al *>act]i/ics1 may be gr\p$ z metamorphic4 ,by ! action ( compression & dislocation n only are ! major masses fold$ or brok51 b _! individual con/itu5ts are br\ght into new relations bo? z reg>ds _! ext]nal conditions & int]nal molecul> arrangem5t4 ,:]e lat]al pressure has be5 active z reg>ds ! f9]-gra9$ rocks1 su* z clays1 ! individual p>ticles arrange !mselves ) _! long] axes at "r angles to ! pressure1 ! result be+ ! production ( a fissile /ructure or cleavage1 totally di/9ct f ! orig9al b$d+-planes ( ! /rata4 ,clays "u su* circum/ances pass into slates1 9 :i* no v def9ite m9]al b&+ is obs]v$1 or into s*i/s1 9 :i* !re is a t5d5cy = ! sep>ate m9]als1 su* z mica & qu>tz1 to h a pseudo-/ratifi$ appe>ance1 ?\gh ! individual lay]s1 if closely exam9$1 are f\nd to be l5ticul>1 n p>allel 9 %ape4 ,^! s*i/s & slates are develop$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! ,r$ ,sea hills & ,s9ai4 ,! ext5t to :i* compression & t5sion has be5 c>ri$ 9 ^! anci5t s$im5t>y /rata is well indicat$ 9 ,s9ai1 :]e r\nd$ pebbles ( qu>tz h be5 fractur$1 ! two brok5 p>ts some:at sep>at$1 & ! :ole re-cem5t$ 9 a s*i/ose matrix4 ,9 _m in/ances1 besides me*anical /ress1 ano!r factor ( metamorphism ( rocks has to be invok$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a obs]v$4 ,m9]al *anges take place 9 ^! rocks :i* are due to ! sup]add+ ( !rmal action1 consequ5t on _! direct contact ) molt5 masses ( granitic & o!r plutonic rocks4 ,9 ,s9ai1 = in/ance1 new m9]als are call$ into exi/5ce by ^! contact effects1 memb]s ( ! &alusite gr\p1 :i* are =m$ at high temp]atures1 be+ produc$ ne> ! junctions1 g>nets be+ pres5t 9 ! mica-s*i/s 9 a zone some:at fur!r remov$ f ! contact area1 :ile beyond ^! is a belt :]e ! slaty /rata %[ only traces ( ! =mation ( ! new m9]als 9 ! pres5ce ( ill-def9$ knots1 or segregations =m+ ! s-call$ 8,knot5s*ief]0 ( ! ,g]mans4 ,x is possible to trace ! influ5ce ( ^! contact & dynamic effects1 n only 9 ! s$im5t>y rocks1 b also 9 ^? ( plutonic orig94 ,an excell5t example ( su* *anges1 kn[n z foliation1 c be obs]v$ 9 ! ,dal ,cat>act1 :]e a granite is pres5t conta9+ l>ge cry/als ( r$ felsp>4 ,x is possible to trace ! *ange ( ?is rock into a v>iety :i* in/ead ( be+ massive1 is b&$1 ! b&s conta9+ ! l>g] r$ felsp>s all t5d+ to lie 9 "o plane4 ,^! are n p>allel1 b l5ticul>1 c]ta9 ( ! m9]als1 especially ! felsp>s1 rema9+ comp>atively unaffect$ z 8eyes10 r\nd :i* ! o!r m9]als appe> to sweep4 ,! qu>tz 9 _m in/ances is f\nd to be cru%$ into a mosaic ( small gra9s1 & ! plates ( mica h be5 dragg$ out & sep>at$ f "o ano!r by ! %e>+4 ,^! rocks1 hav+ a g5]al composition resembl+ ! granites1 h be5 t]m$ gneisses1 & 9 "s cases1 simil> effects h be5 produc$ by ! intrusion ( ve9s ( granite along ! horizontal planes ( a m basic rock already b&$4 ,?is result is well se5 9 ! ,?ird ,cat>act1 :]e a foliat$ rock compos$ ( a :ite felsp> & mica has be5 pi]c$ by ve9s ( highly qu>tzose granite1 :i* has !n spread along ! lam9 ( ! old] memb]4 ,simil>ly 9 ,s9ai1 ! granite1 :]e 9 contact ) ! s*i/ose s$im5t>y b$s1 has 9 c]ta9 fav\rable localities p5etrat$ betwe5 ! s*i/ose lay]s1 produc+ a b&$ rock :i* approa*es a gneiss 9 "*4 ,9 ,egypt1 we are n at pres5t acqua9t$ ) su* gigantic ov]fold+1 fracture1 & pu%+ ( :ole masses ( /rata "o ov] ! o!r1 z h be5 /udi$1 = example1 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 b !re is 9 ,egypt itself1 a va/ s]ies ( gneisses1 cry/all9e s*i/s1 m>bles & dolomites ^: orig9 is b dimly und]/ood1 & :i* may repres5t *anges long ant]ior ^? exhibit$ by ! anci5t rocks ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,develop$ 9 ! untrodd5 wa/es ( ! ,sudan1 9 ! wild] /ret*es ( ! ,cat>acts1 9 ! desolate regions ( ! ,etbai ,des]t ( ,egypt1 _! /udy is att5d$ ) difficulty & all our hypo!ses mu/ dep5d on ! comp>ison ( isolat$ specim5s ) simil> rocks f m fav\r$ regions4 ,,summ>y4 #a4--;,e rock orig9ates ei!r f ! solidification ( molt5 mat]ial or ( s$im5ts1 ^! con/itut+ ! ,igne\s & ,s$im5t>y ,rocks respectively4 #b4--,^! may und]go de=mation due to movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 su* movem5ts accord+ to _! int5sity det]m9+ ! re-arrangem5t ( ! con/itu5ts ) ! developm5t ( new /ructures1 produc+ ! ,metamorphic ,rocks4 #c4--,^! v>i$ rocks1 :5 expos$ at ! e>?'s surface1 are br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ! ag5ts ( trans=mation1 su* z fro/1 contraction & expansion due to v>iations ( temp]ature1 ! me*anical action ( ra91 s& borne by w9d1 & runn+ wat] 9 ! =m ( /reams4 ,9 addition to ^! purely physical activities are o!rs ( a *emical nature1 ei!r proce$+ f *anges outside ! t]re/rial surface 7c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 ra91 etc471 or f processes op]at+ )9 ! e>?'s cru/ 7production ( petroleum1 coal1 m9]al ve9s1 etc474 #d4--,! *emical & physical activities deep )9 ! e>?'s cru/ result 9 ! =mation ( ! plutonic rocks solidifi$ f molt5 solutions1 intimately associat$ ) !m be+ ! ext]nal manife/ations ( ! work+ ( ^! hidd5 =ces z reveal$ 9 volcanoes & _! associat$ ph5om5a4 #e4--;,by ! surface *anges on ! consolidat$ igne\s & o!r rocks1 ! mat]ials are suppli$ = ! =mation ( "s ( ! memb]s ( ! s$im5t>y s]ies1 ! s&s & clays1 :ile ! lime/ones 9 l>ge measure owe _! orig9 to ! prop]ty possess$ by liv+ animals ( con/ruct+ %ells f ! c>bonate ( lime br\ght 9 solution to ! oceans1 etc41 ^! %ells1 aft] ! dea? ( ! animals1 contribut+ to ! =mation ( ! calc>e\s rocks4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,9 geology1 ! t]m rock is appli$ alike to ! s(t & h>d mat]ials compos+ ! e>?'s cru/1 z s&s may pass into solid s&/ones1 s(t muds become ! mo/ t5aci\s ( clays1 & h>d basalt orig9ate z a molt5 lava4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is /atem5t may n absolutely apply to ,cairo itself1 see+ t 9 ! di/urb$ region ( ,abu ,roa% s&/one is actually at ! surface1 & ! clays are less conspicu\sly develop$ ?an is ! case to ! s\?4 ,footnote #c3 ,figs4 #a1 #b & #d are bas$ on photographs ( localities 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& tak5 = ! ,geologi/s' ,association collection ( photographs4 ,footnote #d3 ,f>afra is an exception to ?is rule1 ! depression be+ due to ! we>+ away ( s(t ,cretace\s b$s high] ?an ! s&/one4 ,footnote #e3 ,! well-kn[n ,petrifi$ ,=e/s4 ,footnote #f3 ,f in=mation giv5 by ,mr4 ,h>d+ ,k+4 ,footnote #g3 ,at ,abu ,radham a d>k lay] ( purple iron o*re seems to h be5 ! cause ( ! inve/igation4 ,footnote #h3 ,= fur!r details1 see my pap] 8,petroleum3 ,its occurr5ce & orig910 ,cairo ,sci5tific ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #dh1 pp4 #bje-bah4 ,footnote #i3 8,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,igne\s ,rocks10 p4 #bc4 ,,%ort ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,maps1 ,,plans1 ,,& ,,publications ,,issu$ ,,by ,,! ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,f9ance1 ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,maps ,,& ,,plans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ is a g5]al li/ ( ! maps & plans (f]$ = sale by ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t4 ,a booklet giv+ details ( all %eets pr9t$ may be obta9$ free1 on application ei!r p]sonally or by lett] at ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 ,giza 7,mudiria71 or at ! ,geological ,museum1 ,public ,works ,m9i/ry ,g>d5s1 ,cairo1 :]e all maps & plans are = sale1 or ?r\gh any booksell]4 ,except :]e specially /at$1 ! price ( ea* map-%eet is #ej milliemes on pap]1 & #fe milliemes on clo?1 & !y are s5t po/ free by ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,! ref]5ce m>ks d5ote3 7997 map is 9 ,arabic only2 77 map is 9 ,engli% only2 7997 map be>s place-names bo? 9 ,arabic & ,engli%2 7997 77 map c be obta9$ ei!r 9 ,arabic or ,engli%4 ,t[n ,maps4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives p>ticul>s ( ! maps publi%$4 ,! map ( ,alex&ria1 on ! scale ( #a3a1jjj w be complet$ dur+ #aiaa4 ,! survey ( ,cairo on ! scale ( #a3a1jjj is 9 progress4 ,cairo 79971 #cj %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj 79 prep>ation74 ,alex&ria 79971 #adg %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,g5]al map ( ,alex&ria ,municipality 7,fr5* & ,arabic71 #aj %eets1 scale #a3f1jjj4 ,mit ,ghamr 79971 #d %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,mansura 79971 #af %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,suez 79971 #bj %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,suez 79971 #a %eet1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,sohag 79971 #f %eets1 #a3a1jjj4 ,tanta 79971 #ae %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,girga 79971 #f %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,aswan 79971 #bc %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,port ,said 79 ,fr5*71 #a %eet1 scale #a3e1jjj4 ,zagazig 79971 #bj %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,damanhur 79971 #ad %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,b5ha 79971 #be %eets1 scale #a3a1jjj4 ,cada/ral ,maps4 ,^! are maps ( ! villages %[+ ea* hod & plot ( l&4 ,!y are pr9t$ 9 ,arabic only4 ,9 ord]+1 ! "n ( ! village & ! numb]s ( hod & plot %\ld be giv54 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! p>ticul>s ( ! maps = ea* mudiria 7prov9ce73-- ,beheira mudiria 79971 #c1cjj %eets1 "u survey1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,gh>bia mudiria 79971 #c1dfj %eets1 scale #a3d1jjj & #a3b1ejj4 ,daqahlia mudiria 79971 #b1bcg %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,%>qia mudiria 79971 #b1igd %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,m5ufia mudiria 79971 #b1agc %eets1 scale #a3d1jjj & #a3b1ejj4 ,qaliubia mudiria 79971 #ggh %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,giza mudiria 79971 #gff %eets1 scale #a3d1jjj4 ,fayum mudiria 79971 #b1bfc %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,b5i ,suef mudiria 79971 #idb %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,m9ia mudiria 79971 #a1fce %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,assiut mudiria1 includ+ ,kh>ga ,oasis 79971 #b1bgc %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,girga mudiria 79971 #a1cac %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,q5a mudiria 79971 #a1efh %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,aswan mudiria 79971 #a1jgf %eets1 scale #a3b1ejj4 ,topographical ,maps4 ,scale #a3aj1jjj 7#aj cm4 #a kilometre2 #fc in*es #a mile74--,! names on ^! maps are 9 mo/ cases 9 ,arabic & ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( %eets publi%$3-- ,beheira mudiria 79971 #bfj %eets4 ,gh>bia mudiria 79971 #bac %eets4 ,%>qia mudiria 79971 #bi %eets4 ,daqahlia mudiria 79971 #aa %eets4 ,m5ufia mudiria 79971 #gc %eets4 ,qaliubia mudiria 79971 #fe %eets4 ,giza mudiria 79971 #ij %eets4 ,fayum mudiria 79971 #abf %eets4 ,b5i ,suef mudiria 79971 #ba %eets4 ,assiut mudiria1 includ+ ,kh>ga ,oasis 79971 #gb %eets4 ,aswan mudiria 79971 #fc %eets4 ,aswan or ,fir/ ,cat>act 771 #f %eets4 ,! ,nile ,valley f ,aswan to ,korosko771 #cf %eets 7pap] only1 #be milliemes ea*74 ,scale #a3be1jjj 7#d cm4 #a kilometre2 #be in*es #a mile74--,a provisional map ( ,nor!rn ,gh>bia has be5 publi%$ on ?is scale1 p5d+ ! publication ( ! #a3aj1jjj %eets ( ?is area4 ,!re are #ia %eets4 ,scale #a3ej1jjj 7#b cm4 #a kilometre2 #ac in*es #a mile74--,^! maps are pr9t$ 9 ?ree col\rs4 ,names are giv5 9 ,engli%1 & z a rule 9 ,arabic z well4 ,?is s]ies is complet$ = ! :ole ( ! cultivat$ area ( ! ,nile ,valley & ,delta4 ,!re are #ade %eets4 ,scale #a3a1jjj1jjj 7#a cm4 #aj kilometres2 #a in* #af miles74--,! six %eets ( ?is map1 cov]+ ! :ole ( ,egypt1 h n[ be5 publi%$4 ,! names are 9 ,engli%4 ,! price ( ea* %eet is #ej & #fe milliemes = pap] & clo? editions respectively1 or ! :ole c be obta9$ m\nt$ on clo?1 v>ni%$1 & fitt$ ) roll]s = #eej milliemes4 ,special ,maps on ,v>i\s ,scales4 ,map ( ! ,delta 771 #d %eets1 scale #a3bjj1jjj4 ,price1 #ge milliemes p] %eet1 or ! complete map m\nt$ on clo?1 v>ni%$ & fitt$ ) roll]s1 #gjj milliemes4 ,l[] ,egypt & ! ,fayum1 #aijd 7late/ edition7 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,l[] ,egypt1 %[+ l9es ( communication 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,nor!rn ,gh>bia 79971 #a %eet1 scale #a3bjj1jjj4 ,kh>ga ,oasis 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,dakhla ,oasis 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,bah>ia ,oasis 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,f>afra & ,iddalia ,oases 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,provisional map ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 ,ea/ ,q5a-,aswan to ,r$ ,sea 771 #bj %eets1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,provisional map ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 betwe5 ,qus1 ,sayala & ,r$ ,sea 771 #b %eets1 scale #a3ejj1jjj4 ,provisional map ( a "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ,oilfield 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes on pap] & #aej milliemes on clo?4 ,provisional map ( a "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ,oilfield1 %[+ regi/]$ prospect+ areas 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes on pap] & #aej milliemes on clo?4 ,r$ ,sea & ,s9ai ,oilfield1 %[+ regi/]$ prospect+ areas 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3caf1hjj4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes on pap] & #aej milliemes on clo?4 ,jemsa ,oil ,zone 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ge1jjj & #a3bej1jjj4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,m]sa ,matruh *>t 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3d1ejj4 ,m]sa ,matruh topographical map 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3aj1jjj4 ,m]sa ,matruh & ,ras ,allam ,rum 771 #b %eets1 scale #a3be1jjj4 ,aqaba-,rafa1 #aijf 79971 #c %eets1 scale #a3ajj1jjj4 ,aqaba-,rafa1 #aijf 7997 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3ejj1jjj 7pap]1 #be milliemes2 clo?1 #dj milliemes74 ,! ,nile ,valley f ,aswan to ,sudan b\nd>y 771 #a %eet1 scale #a3bej1jjj4 ,port d',alex&rie 7,fr5*71 #c %eets1 scale #a3d1jjj4 ,wall-,maps1 = use 9 ,s*ools4 ,! price ( ea* map is #gjj milliemes1 except t ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,bas91 :i* is #ejj milliemes4 ,ea* map is m\nt$ on clo?1 v>ni%$1 & fitt$ ) roll]s4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! maps publi%$ & 9 prep>ation3-- ,africa 7physical7 79971 scale #a3f1jjj1jjj4 ,africa 7political7 79971 scale #a3f1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,nile ,bas9 7997 771 scale #a3b1ejj1jjj4 ,egypt 7997 771 scale #a3gej1jjj4 ,! ,delta & ! ,fayum 79971 scale #a3bjj1jjj4 ,m$it]ranean ,bas9 79971 scale #a3c1jjj1jjj4 ,we/]n ,europe & ! ,briti% ,isles 79971 scale #a3a1ejj1jjj4 ,asia 7physical7 79971 scale #a3f1jjj1jjj4 ,asia 7political7 79971 scale #a3f1jjj1jjj4 ,europe 7physical7 79971 scale #a3c1jjj1jjj4 ,europe 7political7 79971 scale #a3c1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,_w 7997 7,m]cator's projection74 ,! ,hemisph]es 7,ea/]n & ,we/]n7 7,airy's projection7 ,briti% ,isles1 scale #a3gej1jjj4 ,nor? ,am]ica 7997 7physical7 #a3f1jjj1jjj4 ,nor? ,am]ica 7997 7political7 #a3f1jjj1jjj4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation3-- ,s\? ,am]ica 7physical7 #a3f1jjj1jjj4 ,s\? ,am]ica 7political7 #a3f1jjj1jjj4 ,geological ,maps4 ,geological map ( ,egypt1 scale #a3a1jjj1jjj4 ,engli%4 ,six %eets1 #gj #eh cm4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes p] %eet4 ,complete map1 m\nt$ on clo?1 v>ni%$ & fitt$ ) roll]s1 #hej milliemes4 ,geological map ( ,egypt1 scale #a3b1jjj1jjj4 ,engli%4 ,"o %eet1 #fh #fg cm4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes on pap]1 & #cjj milliemes m\nt$ on clo? & fitt$ ) roll]s4 ,a numb] ( maps h be5 publi%$ 9 ! v>i\s ,geological reports4 ,fur!r in=mation may be obta9$ "u ! respective head+s 9 ! li/ ( ,geological ,reports1 pp4 ,v & ,,vi4 ,,publications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ is a g5]al li/ ( ! publications ( ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 & a few o!rs :i* are = sale at ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 ,giza 7,mudiria71 & at ! ,geological ,museum1 ,public ,works ,m9i/ry ,g>d5s1 ,cairo4 ,a booklet giv+ full details c be obta9$1 on application ei!r p]sonally or by lett]4 ,except :]e specially /at$1 ! publications are #hvo1 & 9 ,engli%1 & are suppli$ po/ free by ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,!y c also be obta9$ ?r\gh any booksell]4 ,ar*ology4 ,,ar*,,ological ,,survey ,,( ,,nubia4 ,,bullet9 #a4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,septemb] #bj to ,novemb] #cj1 #aijg4 ,engli%4 #ci pp41 #bg illu/rations4 7,out ( pr9t74 ,,bullet9 #b4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,decemb] #a1 #aijg1 to ,m>* #ca1 #aijh4 ,engli%4 #fi pp41 #eb illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #c4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,octob] #a to ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh4 ,engli%4 #eb pp41 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #d4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,janu>y #a to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji4 ,engli%4 #bh pp41 #b illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #e4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,octob] #a to ,decemb] #ca1 #aiji4 ,engli%4 #ce pp41 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,bullet9 #f4--;,deal+ ) ! "w 7,ar*ological & anatomical7 f ,janu>y #a to ,april #ae1 #aiaj4 ,engli%4 #cj pp41 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,ar*,,ological ,,survey ,,( ,,nubia1 ,,season #aijg-h4 ,,vol4 ,i3 by ,,george ,a4 ,,reisn]4 ,price1 ) volume ( plates1 ,l4,e4 #b4 ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,ar*,,ological ,,survey ,,( ,,nubia1 ,,season #aijg-h4 ,,vol4 ,,ii3 ,report on ! ,human ,rema9s1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,,elliot ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,dr4 ,f4 ,,wood ,,jones4 ,price1 ) volume ( plates1 ,l4,e4 #b4 ,,phil1--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,& ,,temples ,,(1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons1 ) introductory note by ,w4 ,e4 ,,g>/94 #ahif4 ,engli%4 #fg pp41 #gh illu/rations4 7,out ( pr9t74 ,,phil1--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,& ,,temples ,,(1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #aijh4 ,engli%4 #dto1 #cb pp41 #ad illu/rations4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,geography4 ,,riv] ,,nile ,,& ,,its ,,bas9--,,physiography ,,( ,,!1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #aijf4 #daa pp41 #ad maps1 #cd illu/rations4 ,price1 #djj milliemes4 ,,turco-,,egyptian ,,b\nd>y ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,vilayet ,,( ,,! ,,hejaz ,,& ,,! ,,p59sula ,,( ,,s9ai--,,! ,,delimitation ,,( ,,!1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,wade1 toge!r ) additions by ,b4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,keel+ & ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 #aijf4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #d74 #hi pp41 #b maps4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,see also ,geology4 ,geology4 ,,abu ,,roa%1 ,,ne> ,,! ,,pyramids ,,( ,,giza--,,cretace\s ,,region ,,(1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijb4 #dh pp41 #b maps1 #ai illu/4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,ars9oi!rium ,,zitteli 7,beadnell71 ,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,eoc5e ,,/rata ,,( ,,egypt--,,prelim9>y ,,note ,,on1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijb4 #d pp41 #f illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,aswan 7,,fir/7 ,,cat>act ,,( ,,! ,,nile--,,description ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,ball4 #aijg4 #aba pp41 #e maps1 #bh illu/rations4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis1 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology1 by ,,dr4 ,,ball & ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijc4 #hd pp41 #h maps1 #b illu/4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,black5$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,nile ,,cat>acts ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,egyptian ,,des]ts1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aije4 #eh pp4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,build+ ,,/ones ,,9 ,,egypt--,,dis9tegration ,,(1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aijb4 #ag pp4 ,price1 #ge milliemes4 ,,build+ ,,/ones ,,( ,,cairo ,,neighb\rhood ,,& ,,upp] ,,egypt1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aiji4 #ib pp41 #i illu/rations4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #af4 ,,cairo ,,& ,,suez--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict ,,betwe51 by ,t4 ,,b>ron4 #aijg4 #acc pp41 #b maps1 #ad illu/rations4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,museum1 ,,cairo1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aije4 #cg pp4 ,price1 #be milliemes4 ,,dakhla ,,oasis1 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aija4 #ajg pp41 #i maps1 #g illu/rations4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,ea/]n ,,des]t ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,c5tral ,,portion--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,(1 by ,t4 ,,b>ron & ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aijb4 #cca pp41 #aj maps1 #cj illu/4 ,price1 #djj milliemes4 ,,ea/]n ,,des]t ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,betwe5 ,,latitudes #bb ,,& #be ,n4--,,prelim9>y ,,report ,,on ,,geology ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aijg4 #gb pp41 #d maps1 #e illu/4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #a4 ,,f>afra ,,oasis1 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aija4 #ci pp41 #h maps4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,,fayum ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,egypt--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,(1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aije4 #aja pp41 #b maps1 #bb illu/rations4 ,price1 #cjj milliemes4 ,,=,,ts ,p,,trifi,,es ,,des ,d,,s]ts ,,de ,l',,egypte--,,note ,,sur ,l',,ge ,,des1 p> ,m4 ,r4 ,,f\rteau4 #ahih4 ,fr5*4 #h pp4 7,out ( pr9t74 ,,iron ,,ores ,,9 ,,egypt--,,di/ribution ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aiji4 #af pp41 #a map4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #bj4 ,,jebel ,,g>ra ,,& ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,kurkur--,,topographical ,,& ,,geological ,,results ,,( ,a ,,reconnaissance-,,survey ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,ball4 #aijb4 #dj pp41 #b maps1 #e illu/rations4 ,price #aej milliemes4 ,,kh>ga ,,oasis1 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology1 by ,,dr4 ,,ball4 #aijj4 #aaf pp41 #ai maps1 #af illu/rations4 ,price1 #bej milliemes4 ,,mammals--,,prelim9>y ,,note ,,on ,,"s ,,new--,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,eoc5e ,,( ,,! ,,fayum1 ,,egypt1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,,&rews & ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijb4 #i pp41 #d illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,p,,trole ,,de ,,la ,,m] ,,r\ge--,,rapport ,,sur ,,les ,,re*]*es ,,du1 p> ,j4 ,,b>ois4 #ahhe4 ,fr5*4 #af pp41 #a map1 #aj illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,petroleum ,,di/ricts ,,situat$ ,,on ,,! ,,r$ ,,sea ,,coa/--,,report ,,on1 by ,,col4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,/ew>t4 #ahhh4 #be pp4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,petroleum ,,indu/ry ,,at ,,baku--,,sket* ,,report ,,(1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,,trevi?ick4 ,may1 #ahhf4 #bb pp4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,phosphate ,,deposits ,,( ,,egypt1 by ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 #bnd edition #aije4 #ce pp41 #c maps4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,s9ai ,,p59sula 7,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,portion7--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,(1 by ,,dr4 ,,hume4 #aijf4 #bhj pp41 #e maps1 #bc illu/rations4 ,price1 #cjj milliemes4 ,,s9ai ,,p59sula 7,,we/]n ,,portion7--,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,(1 by ,t4 ,,b>ron4 #aijg4 #bda pp41 #b maps1 #ac illu/rations4 ,price1 #cjj milliemes4 ,,soil ,,& ,,wat] ,,( ,,! ,,fayum ,,prov9ce--,,prelim9>y ,,inve/igation ,,(1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aijb4 #ag pp4 ,price1 #ge milliemes4 ,,soil ,,& ,,wat] ,,( ,,! ,,wadi ,,tumilat ,,l&s ,,"u ,,reclamation1 by ,a4 ,,lucas4 #aijc4 #bf pp41 #a map1 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,subsoil ,,wat] ,,9 ,,l[] ,,egypt--,,prelim9>y ,,note ,,on ,,!1 by ,h4 ,t4 ,,f]r>1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 #aiaj4 #af pp41 #c illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,subsoil ,,wat] ,,9 ,,upp] ,,egypt1 by ,h4 ,t4 ,,f]r>1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ai4 ,engli%4 #gd pp41 #cb illu/rations & #af maps4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,,t]ti>y ,,v]tebrata ,,( ,,! ,,fayum1 ,,egypt--,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,(1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,,&rews4 #aijf4 #cai pp41 #abd illu/rations4 ,,tortoise--,,l&--,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,eoc5e ,,( ,,! ,,fayum1 ,,egypt--,,prelim9>y ,,notice ,,(1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,,&rews & ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell4 #aijc4 #aa pp41 #c illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,meteorology4 ,,daily ,,wea!r ,,report4--,issu$ daily by ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t4 ,conta9s ! read+s tak5 at #bi /ations 9 ,egypt & ! ,sudan1 & five /ations 9 s\!rn ,europe1 ) a map %[+ ! di/ribution ( pressure4 ,po/ free1 #bjj milliemes qu>t]ly1 includ+ %ort mon?ly summ>y4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,wea!r ,,9 ,,egypt1 ,,sudan1 ,,& ,,! ,,surr\nd+ ,,region4 ,mon?ly4--,conta9s a brief report on ! wea!r = ! mon?1 ) maps %[+ ! pressure-di/ribution = ea* day4 ,price1 po/ free1 #cjj milliemes p] annum4 ,,annual ,,meteorological ,,report4--,conta9s all ! meteorological read+s made dur+ ! ye> 9 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,also ! read+s ( ! v>i\s ,nile gauges4 ,ye>s #ahih-ahii1 #aijj1 #aija1 #aijb1 #aijc ,price1 #bej mill4 ea*4 ,ye>s #aijd1 #aije 79 two p>ts3 ,"p ,i conta9+ ! read+s tak5 at ,helwan ,obs]vatory1 ,"p ,,ii conta9+ ! read+s = ! re/ ( ,egypt & ! ,sudan7 ,price1 #ajj mill4 ea* "p4 ,ye> #aijf 7,"p ,i1 ,helwan7 ,price1 #ajj mill4 ,ye> #aijf 7,"p ,,ii1 ,re/ ( ,egypt & ! ,sudan7 ,price1 #aej mill4 ,ye> #aijg 7,p>ts ,i & ,,ii7 ,price1 #aej mill4 ea* "p4 ,ye> #aijh 7,p>ts ,i & ,,ii7 ,price1 #aej mill4 ea* "p4 ,nile ,flood4 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,! ,,volumes ,,dis*>g$ ,,by ,,! ,,nile ,,dur+ #aije ,,& #aijf1 by ,e4 ,m4 ,,d[son2 ,,) ,a ,,note ,,on ,,rat+ ,,=mul ,,= ,,curr5t-,,met]s1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #aa74 #hb pp41 #f illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,ra9s ,,( ,,! ,,nile ,,bas93-- ,9 #aijd1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #be pp41 #a map1 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,9 #aije1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #dj pp41 #d maps1 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,ra9s ,,( ,,! ,,nile ,,bas9 ,,& ,,! ,,nile ,,flood3-- ,9 #aijf1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #b74 #gj pp41 #e maps1 #aa illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,9 #aijg1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #i74 #ej pp41 #a map1 #aa illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,9 #aijh1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ad74 #fi pp41 #a map1 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,9 #aiji1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ag74 #ee pp41 #a map1 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,special ,pap]s on ,meteorology4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity--,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,obs]vations ,,on--,,at ,,helwan ,,obs]vatory1 ,,f ,,m>* #aijf ,,to ,,febru>y #aijh1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,,hur/4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #aj74 #fe pp41 #b maps1 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,climate ,,( ,,abbassia1 ,,ne> ,,cairo1 by ,b4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,keel+4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #c74 #aijg4 #fa pp41 #a map1 #g illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,evaporation ,,9 ,,egypt ,,& ,,! ,,sudan1 by ,b4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,keel+4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ae74 #aiji4 #bi pp41 #a illu/ration4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,plat9um-,,resi/ance ,,!rmomet]s--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,(--,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,at ,,! ,,helwan ,,obs]vatory1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,wade4 #aije4 #bj pp41 #e illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,survey+4 ,,altitudes--,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,(--,,by ,,levell+1 by ,e4 ,m4 ,,d[son4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aijh4 #bc pp41 #f illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,cada/ral ,,survey ,,( ,,egypt1 #ahib-aijg1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 #aijh4 #dba pp41 #cj maps1 #af illu/rations4 ,price1 #djj milliemes4 ,,cada/ral ,,survey ,,( ,,egypt--,,comp>ison ,,(--,,) ,,^? ,,( ,,"s ,,european ,,c\ntries1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aiji4 #bd pp41 #h maps4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,errors ,,( ,,obs]vation1 by ,t4 ,l4 ,,b5nett4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aijh4 #bg pp41 #c illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,longitude--,,det]m9ation ,,(1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,wade4 7,te*nical ,lecture7 #aijh4 #ci pp41 #b maps1 #a illu/ration4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,longitudes--,a ,,field ,,me?od ,,( ,,det]m9+--,,by ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,! ,,moon1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,wade4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #e74 #aijg4 #dg pp41 #i illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,map-,,projections1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aiji4 #be pp41 #a map1 #be illu/rations4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,map-,,projections--,,! ,,!ory ,,(--,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,projections ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ac74 #aiaj4 #gg pp41 illu/rat$4 ,price1 #bjj milliemes4 ,,relief ,,on ,,maps--,,! ,,repres5tation ,,(1 by ,,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,lyons4 7,te*nical ,lecture74 #aiji4 #ai pp41 #e maps4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism4 ,,magnetic ,,obs]vations ,,9 ,,egypt1 #ahie-aije1 ,,) ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,previ\s ,,magnetic ,,"w ,,9 ,,nor!rn ,,africa1 by ,b4 ,f4 ,e4 ,,keel+4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #f74 #aijg4 #fe pp41 #d maps4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,,magnetic ,,obs]vations ,,made ,,f ,,april ,,to ,,decemb]1 #aijg1 ,,at ,,helwan ,,obs]vatory4 #h pp4 ,price1 #be milliemes4 ,,magnetic ,,obs]vations ,,made ,,dur+ #aijh ,,at ,,helwan ,,obs]vatory4 #aa pp4 ,price1 #be milliemes4 ,,! ,,same ,,= #aiji4 #aa pp4 ,price1 #ej milliemes4 ,,/&>dization ,,( ,,! ,,magnetic ,,in/rum5ts ,,at ,,helwan ,,obs]vatory ,,dur+ #aijg1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,,hur/4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #h74 #aijh4 #de pp41 #d illu/rations4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 ,miscellane\s4 ,,annual ,,reports ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 by ! ,director-,g5]al1 z foll[s3 #aije1 #abj milliemes2 #aijf1 #aijg1 #aijh & #aiji1 #ajj milliemes ea*4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,riv] ,,nile1 by ,a4 ,,lucas1 #aijh4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #g74 #gh pp41 #a map1 #a illu/ration4 ,price1 #aej milliemes4 ,,collection ,,( ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,areas ,,plant$ ,,9 ,,cotton ,,9 #aiji1 by ,e4 ,m4 ,,d[son & ,j4 ,i4 ,,craig4 #aiji4 ,engli% or ,arabic4 #gg pp41 #h illu/rations4 ,price1 #aej milliemes ea*4 ,,collection ,,( ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,areas ,,plant$ ,,9 ,,cotton ,,9 #aiaj4 #aiaj4 ,engli% or ,arabic4 ,price1 #ej milliemes ea*4 ,,pres]vative ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians ,,9 ,,embalm+1 by ,a4 ,,lucas1 ,f4,i4,c4 7,survey ,dep>tm5t ,pap]1 ,no4 #ab74 #aiaa4 #ei pp4 ,price1 #ajj milliemes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote3 #a #ige milliemes2 #a #bjj milliemes2 ,mk4 #a #dh milliemes2 ,fr4 #a #ch milliemes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,imp4 ,nat4 #dcbc-aiaj-bej br4 99 99 99 99 99