,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,,the ,,model ,,village ,,and ,,its ,,cottages3 ,,bournville4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages ,,bournville4 ,,the ,,model ,,village ,,and ,,its ,,cottages3 ,,bournville ,,illustrated ,,by ,,fifty-,,seven ,,plates ,,of ,,plans1 ,,views1 ,,and ,,details ,,by ,w4 ,,alexander ,,harvey ,architect4 ,,london ,b4 ,t4 ,,batsford1 #id1 ,,high ,,holborn ,,new ,,york3 ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons #aijf ,,dedicated ,,to ,,mr4 ,,mrs4 ,,george ,,cadbury4 ,,preface4 ,in ,february1 #aijd1 ,i was invited to read a paper on the subject of ,cottage ,homes before the ,london ,architectural ,association1 when ,i took as the basis of my remarks the work executed from my designs at the ,bournville ,village4 ,in adapting myself to the limits of such a paper1 ,i found that1 while much which was treated suffered considerably through inevitable compression1 a great deal that ,i wished also to include had to be omitted4 ,this suggested to me the idea1 now realised in book form1 of treating the subject more comprehensively1 giving plans and views of actual examples of cottages1 with measurements and costs1 and amplifying and adding to my former notes and observations4 ,even with the larger scope of a book1 it is still felt that much has been left undone and unsaid1 and it is frankly admitted that one man dealing with his own work can scarcely pretend to do full justice to the broad subject under notice2 nevertheless1 it is hoped that the plans and views of ,bournville cottages1 accompanied by descriptions and notes1 may at least prove of value as suggestions for those interested in a matter now claiming very wide attention--that of the building of cottages which may fitly be called homes4 ,i am indebted to the ,bournville ,village ,trust for their courtesy in allowing me to publish plans and particulars of the ,estate cottages1 as well as to the private owners of the few other cottages dealt with in these pages4 ,i must also acknowledge my indebtedness to ,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,rogers for his valuable assistance in the production of the book4 ,w4 ,,alexander ,,harvey4 #e1 ,,bennett',s ,,hill1 ,,birmingham4 ,december1 #aije4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,introduction4--,the housing problem of the future--the artisan-suburb4 ,remedies already suggested--municipalisation1 etc4 ,experiments4 ,the ,home3 its necessities and requirements--environment--fresh air--the garden--,beauty4 ,the revival in domestic architecture and its application to cottage building4 ,general #a ,,the ,,bournville ,,village4--,its origin and its founder's motive4 ,the ,bournville ,village ,trust4 ,first and subsequent projects4 ,a ,national scheme4 ,rents4 ,inhabitants4 ,buildings4 ,open spaces1 etc4 ,the village schools4 ,bournville's claims #i ,,cottages ,,at #ace1 ,,with ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,economic ,,building ,,of ,,small ,,cottages4 ,simplicity and regularity of planning4 ,arrangement of outbuildings4 ,height of rooms4 ,ornament4 ,the true test of economy4 ,foundations4 ,stock articles4 ,general #af ,,the ,,laying ,,out ,,of ,,gardens4--,a ,bournville garden4 ,paths4 ,bedding4 ,flowers4 ,fruit trees1 etc4 #bc ,,blocks1 ,,pairs ,,single ,,cottages4--,examples of ,bournville cottages1 with description1 accommodation1 materials1 etc4 ,variations of the same plan4 ,the long sloping roof1 the large living room1 and other features #be ,,general ,,notes4--,the bath--the sunk bath--the 8,cabinet0 bath--,cornes' bath4 ,the ingle nook4 ,chimneys4 ,windows--casement and sash4 ,bricks4 ,roof covering4 ,wall spaces--rough-cast--whitewash--half-timb er1 etc4 #ea ,,the ,,laying ,,out ,,of ,a ,,model ,,village4--,regard of physical features4 ,advisory architect4 ,the selection of centres4 ,roads4 ,street elevations4 ,service of natural advantages4 ,shopping4 ,factories4 ,plots of houses4 ,gardens4 #fa ,,list ,,of ,,plates4 ,,note4--,,where ,,several ,,plates ,,follow ,,each ,,other1 ,,the ,,page ,,which ,,the ,,first ,,faces ,,is ,,repeated ,,for ,,each ,,in ,,this ,,list4 ,,plate ,,page ,i4--7,,frontispiece47 ,,four ,,cottages1 ,,thorn ,,road ,,ii4--,,the ,,triangle #i ,,iii4--,,shops1 ,,mary ,,vale ,,road #aj ,,iv4--,,linden ,,road #aj ,v4--,,the ,,old ,,farm ,,inn #aj ,,vi4--,,sycamore ,,road #ab ,,vii4--,,the ,,schools 7,,perspective ,,sketch7 #ab ,,viii4--,,carved ,,stone ,,panels1 ,,the ,,schools #ab ,,ix4--,,ruskin ,,hall #ad ,x4--,,bournville ,,meeting ,,house #ad ,,xi4--,,bournville ,,meeting ,,house 7,,interior7 #ad ,,xii4--,,cottages ,,in ,,blocks ,,of ,,eight 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #af ,,xiii4--,,cottages ,,in ,,blocks ,,of ,,eight 7,,perspective ,,sketch7 #af ,,xiv4--,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #be ,,xv4--,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages 7,,view7 #bf ,,xvi4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #bh ,,xvii4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view7 #bh ,,xviii4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #bh ,,xix4--,,three ,,pairs ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view7 #bh ,,xx4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #cj ,,xxi4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view7 #cb ,,xxii4--,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages 7,,view7 #cb ,,xxiii4--,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages 7,,view7 #cb ,,xxiv4--,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages 7,,view7 #cb ,,xxv4--,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages 7,,view7 #cb ,,xxvi4--,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages 7,,detail ,,view7 #cb ,,xxvii4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #cc ,,xxviii4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #cd ,,xxix4--,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages 7,,plan7 #cf ,,xxx4--,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages 7,,perspective ,,sketch7 #cf ,,xxxi4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages3 ,,shallow ,,site 7,,view7 #ch ,,xxxii4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view7 #ch ,,xxxiii4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view7 #ch ,,xxxiv4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #dj ,,xxxv4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view7 #dj ,,xxxvi4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #db ,,xxxvii4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,view7 #db ,,xxxviii4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,view7 #db ,,xxxix4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #dd ,,xl4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,view7 #dd ,,xli4--,,staircase ,,of ,,single ,,cottage #dd ,,xlii4--,,dining ,,room ,,of ,,single ,,cottage #dd ,,xliii4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #df ,,xliv4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,view7 #df ,,xlv4--,,pair ,,of ,,three-,,storey ,,cottages 7,,ground ,,and ,,bedroom ,,plan7 #dh ,,xlvi4--,,pair ,,of ,,three-,,storey ,,cottages 7,,elevation ,,and ,,attic ,,plan7 #dh ,,xlvii4--,,pair ,,of ,,three-,,storey ,,cottages 7,,view7 #dh ,,xlviii4--,,pair ,,of ,,three-,,storey ,,cottages 7,,view7 #dh ,,xlix4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,plan ,,and ,,elevation7 #ej ,l4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view7 #ej ,,li4--,,cottage ,,ingle #ej ,,lii4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,detail ,,view7 #ej ,,liii4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view7 #ej ,,liv4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,view ,,of ,,back7 #ej ,,lv4--,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,porch7 #ej ,,lvi4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,view7 #ej ,,lvii4--,,single ,,cottage 7,,porch7 #ej ,,other ,,illustrations4 ,,garden ,,plan #bc ,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages 7,,elevation7 #bg ,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages 7,,elevation7 #ce ,,the 8,,cabinet0 ,,bath #ea ,,cornes' ,,patent ,,bath #eb ,,small ,,cottage ,,ingle 7,,elevation ,,and ,,plan7 #ed ,,the ,,model ,,village3 ,,bournville ,,introduction4 ,in introducing the present work on 8,the ,model ,village and its ,cottages10 it would be certainly out of place to discuss the housing problem2 there is1 nevertheless1 an aspect of this question to which the attention of the reader should be briefly directed4 ,the housing problem is no longer one in which the poor in the congested districts of great towns are alone concerned4 ,a far larger section of the people is affected1--a section which includes not only the labouring class1 but also the skilled artisan1 and even a class of the people still more prosperous4 ,in the light of present sanitary and hygienic knowledge it is at last recognised that the housing conditions of the past will not suffice for the future4 ,the difficulties besetting reform are necessarily very great1 yet with the movement now afoot--not only in this country1 but also on the ,continent and in ,america--it is not unreasonable to expect that before long important changes will take place4 ,now that politicians and economists1 as well as sanitarians1 are identifying themselves with the movement1 it is clear that if it is to result in lasting good1 the attention of the builders of these new homes for the people must also be engaged2 and the field that thus presents itself to the efforts of the architect is a large one4 ,no better testimony to this need can be afforded than by the typical latter-day artisan-suburb1 and it is indeed in this very suburb that the housing problem confronts us in what threatens to be in the future one of its worst aspects4 ,desolate row upon row of ugly and cramped villas1 ever multiplying to meet the demands of a quickly increasing population1 where no open spaces are reserved1 where trees and other natural beauties are sacrificed to the desire to crowd upon the land as many dwellings as possible1 and where gardens cannot be said to exist--such are the suburbs which threaten to engulf our cities4 ,that they do not adequately meet the needs of the people is beyond all question4 ,the remedy most frequently suggested is that the people should themselves undertake and develop housing schemes collectively through the municipalities4 ,it is pointed out that1 if nothing is done1 the municipalities will before long have a slum problem on the outskirts of the town to deal with1 and it is urged that they should have greater power over the development of land in the extra-urban districts4 ,it is recommended1 again1 that the authorities should exercise the powers they already possess4 ,the ,inter-,departmental ,committee on ,physical ,deterioration1 in their ,report to the ,government of #aijd1 insisted most strongly1 it will be remembered1 on the necessity for preventing the creation of these new slums4 8,the local authorities in contiguous areas which are in process of urbanisation10 it declares1 8should co-operate with a view to securing proper building regulations1 in furtherance of which end the making of building bye-laws1 to be approved by the ,local ,government ,board1 should be made compulsory on both urban and rural authorities2 attention should also be given to the preservation of open spaces1 with abundance of light and air4 ,by the use of judicious foresight and prudence the growth of squalid slums may be arrested1 and districts which hereafter become urbanised may have at least some of the attributes of an ideal garden city40 ,in the case of municipalities undertaking the development of land1 emphasis should be laid upon the advisability of securing the services of experts both for the laying out of the land and for the designing of the houses1 and in order to obtain variety in the latter it is recommended that the designs should be the work of several architects4 ,at present1 as is well known1 the rows of houses in what has been called the artisan-suburb are usually the work of the speculating builder1 who buys land at a cheap rate and builds to create ground rents1 often selling the houses at a bare profit1 or even under cost4 ,as the maintenance of the property does not fall upon himself1 it is not surprising that the class of building erected should be that generally known as 8jerry-built40 ,apart from these and other schemes suggested is the work of the ,garden ,city ,association in their experiment at ,hitchin1 and also the experiments at ,port ,sunlight1 ,bournville1 and elsewhere1 which have all given such a practical impetus to the movement4 ,an encouraging sign of the times1 too1 is the commendable effort of the ,trustees of ,eton ,college1 who1 to prevent the development of the typical artisan-suburb on their extensive land at ,hampstead1 have formed a ,trust to buy #bdj acres for building purposes1 the division of the land and the plans of the houses being required to meet certain specified conditions4 ,in many suburbs1 owing to the few houses of high rental1 the rates are extremely high1 and a heavy percentage is absorbed by the schools4 ,one of the objects of the ,garden ,suburb1 as it is called1 is the amalgamation of all classes in the same district1 the artisan and the well-to-do living in reasonable proximity to one another4 ,with the abolition of the unsightly row the sthetic objection at least to such an arrangement is removed1 for in the interesting disposition of houses of varying sizes lies one of the secrets of beautiful village building1 as is testified in so many well known old villages4 ,in the new suburb it is hoped to provide cottages for workpeople with gardens of one tenth of an acre4 ,but whether land is developed privately or by public bodies1 it is essential1 in order to secure real reform1 that the needs1 domestic and social1 of the people for whom the houses are provided should be intimately understood4 ,what will have to be provided are homes1 and it should be clearly recognised what constitutes the home demanded by the large section of the community which the problem affects4 ,at the outset it may be noted that for half the year the occupants of these homes spend the hours of recreation out of doors1 also that most of them prefer that opportunities for such recreation should be had within easy reach of the home itself4 ,though the public-houses and the numerous artificial pleasures provided in towns are sought by so many1 the persistence of those who still cultivate the contracted and ill-favoured garden strip suggests a need of the greatest importance4 ,this persistence1 moreover1 does not1 it will be found1 indicate a desire for exercise and fresh air alone1 but a love for familiar surroundings4 ,among the lowest class this instinct may still be observed1 and in court tenements it will be found that the doorstep takes the place of the garden strip4 ,the fact is that the ,englishman's house is his castle1 and though his castle be deprived of its 8grounds10 the home instinct1 so deeply rooted in the ,english character1 will not be denied4 ,whether in the future this instinct should be fostered1 or blunted as in the past1 is a matter of elementary sociology4 ,the inference1 then1 will be that the accommodation of the house is not the only matter with which we have to concern ourselves1 but that the closest attention should also be devoted to the environment4 ,besides the provision of an ample garden1 the environment itself must be healthy and pleasant4 ,the influence of surroundings in exalting or depressing the mind1 and thus affecting the life1 is a matter not only for the theorist1 but for the architect4 ,with the provision of a garden1 the tenant himself may add to the beauty of his home1 and at the same time enjoy fresh air and recreation4 ,the cultivation of the soil is certainly the best antidote to the sedentary occupations of those working in large towns4 ,a primitive instinct is indulged1 the full value of which seems hardly yet to have been realised4 ,many believe1 indeed1 that with its encouragement the abuse of the social club and public-house will be materially lessened1 and one of the greatest social evils of the time disappear4 7,the experience of ,bournville certainly gives support to this conclusion1 for nearly every householder there spends his leisure in gardening1 and there is not a single licensed-house in the village47 ,with regard to the house itself1 so far as it contributes to a pleasant environment1 it should be remembered that architectural beauty is not dependent upon the ornament introduced2 on the contrary1 the use of the latter rather tends to deprive the dwelling of its homeliness1 and of this truth the jerry-built house1 with its scroll-cut lintel and moulded brick string-course1 affords only too frequent an illustration4 ,the soul of beauty is harmony1 which may co-exist with the veriest simplicity2 and it is in the harmonious treatment of parts1 and not in useless and sometimes costly decoration1 that a dwelling gains that homely appearance which it should be our aim to realise4 ,the chief essentials in a home1 then1 are adequate accommodation--which must include a bath as a sine qu non--a pleasing and harmonious appearance of exterior and environment1 and the provision of an ample garden4 ,it is surely not a mere coincidence that at the present time1 not only in ,england but in other countries1 a movement is in progress side by side with that of housing reform which is of great significance--the revival in domestic architecture4 ,at present this has manifested itself chiefly in recent examples of country houses and in residences of the larger cottage class4 ,though the influence has already revealed itself to some extent even in the smaller cottage-dwellings1 and though many notable experiments have been made--most telling of all the splendid experiment at ,garden ,city--it may be said that the effort on the part of the architect generally to satisfy the demands both of art and economy has yet to be made4 ,the fact that it is cheaper to erect villas in long rows of a repeated and stereotyped design has doubtless largely discouraged such effort1 but the prejudice of the artisan and others against the revival--for the revival was at first looked upon1 perhaps1 as an artistic craze--can scarcely now be regarded as an obstacle4 ,if the needs of the people1 as they have been conceived in the few preceding paragraphs1 are to be satisfied1 the two movements of housing reform and the revival in domestic architecture must certainly advance hand in hand4 ,with adequate experiment it will probably be found1 moreover1 that the difficulty on the economic side has been exaggerated4 ,on this account1 in the examples of smaller cottage types here dealt with1 attention has been specially paid to this aspect of the question1 a pleasing appearance having been aimed at1 with the employment of the least costly materials4 ,an effort has also been made in a further stage to show how monotony may be avoided1 even with a repetition of the same plan1 by variety in combination and disposition4 ,larger types of cottages are also included1 and economy in design and cost of materials has here also been considered1 as well as a pleasing effect aimed at4 ,the plans given1 with one exception1 are of examples actually existing1 so that what defects may be present can scarcely be disguised4 ,the intention is that they should be regarded chiefly as suggestive1 and it is frankly admitted that they are not only capable of modification1 by which their cost may be reduced1 but also of improvement4 ,the work dealt with has been executed during the last ten years4 ,the method of including with the description of each cottage such notes and suggestions as have seemed worthy of mention1 has been adopted as being more valuable than grouping these under separate heads1 though a number of general observations on various features of cottage-building has also been added4 ,the photographs reproduced were taken by ,t4 ,lewis and by ,harold ,baker1 both of ,birmingham4 ,,note4--,the cost is given of all cottages where the accommodation1 materials1 c41 are fully described1 with the exception of one or two cases in which the cottages are owned privately4 ,as most of the examples given have been built by the ,bournville ,village ,trust1 it should be noted that the figures stated include an addition to the net cost of #c per cent4 as builder's profit4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,the ,,triangle4 ,,bournville4 ,,the ,,bournville ,,village4 ,although many articles have already appeared from time to time in newspaper and periodical respecting the ,bournville ,village1 the following account of its founding and development will doubtless be of interest to the reader3-- ,in #ahgi ,messrs4 ,cadbury ,brothers removed their works from ,birmingham to the present site at ,bournville1 and twenty-four cottages were erected there for their workmen4 ,this really formed the nucleus out of which in recent years the village has developed4 ,it was in #ahie that ,mr4 ,george ,cadbury1 the senior member of the present firm1 commenced the work of building a model village4 ,one of the objects of the scheme was that of 8alleviating the evils which arise from the insanitary and insufficient housing accommodation supplied to large numbers of the working classes1 and of securing to workers in factories some of the advantages of outdoor village life1 with opportunities for the natural and healthful occupation of cultivating the soil40 ,a simple and interesting statement of the motive behind the experiment was made by ,mr4 ,cadbury himself at the ,garden ,city ,conference1 held at ,bournville in #aija4 ,an intimate knowledge of the lives of ,birmingham working-men1 gained by an experience of some forty years1 had shown him that the greatest drawback to their moral and physical progress was the lack of any healthful occupation for their leisure4 ,although many men took up carpentry and other crafts1 such hobbies1 he said1 had proved insufficiently recreative1 and in most cases the men soon tired of them4 ,realising this1 he began to think of new means4 ,his conclusion was that the only practical thing was to bring the factory worker out on to the land1 that he might pursue the most natural and healthful of all recreations1 that of gardening4 ,it was impossible for working men to be healthy and have healthy children1 when after being confined all day in factories they spent their evenings in an institute1 club room1 or public house4 ,if it were necessary for their health1 as it undoubtedly was1 that they should get fresh air1 it was equally to the advantage of their moral life that they should be brought into contact with ,nature4 ,there was an advantage1 too1 in bringing the working-man on to the land1 for1 instead of his losing money in the amusements usually sought in the towns1 he saved it in his garden produce--a great consideration where the poorer class of workman was concerned4 ,the average yield per garden in the #aija tests at ,bournville1 after making allowance for all outgoings1 proved to be #as4 #aa;d4 each per week4 ,mr4 ,cadbury also thought that the increased consumption of fresh vegetable food1 instead of animal food1 was further desirable4 ,it was touching1 he thought1 to see the interest and pleasure taken by town families when on coming into the country they saw seeds germinate and vegetables grown for the first time4 ,nor was the advantage of leaving the town for the country restricted to the workmen4 ,mr4 ,cadbury showed that the greater facilities there for obtaining land were also of advantage to the manufacturer whose business was increasing4 ,the ,bournville idea was at first regarded as an impracticable one1 even apart from the economic side of the question1 but the realisation of the scheme has proved otherwise4 ,the average garden space allotted to the ,bournville cottages is #fjj square yards1 this being as much as most men can conveniently cultivate1 and1 almost without exception1 the ,bournville tenants are the most enthusiastic gardeners--a statement no one surely will traverse who has paid a visit to the village in the summer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,shops1 ,,bournville4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,linden ,,road1 ,,bournville4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,the ,,old ,,farm ,,inn1 ,,bournville4 ,while it was the first aim of the founder to provide dwellings for the factory worker which should have adequate accommodation and large gardens1 it was not intended that at ,bournville provision should be made alone for the poorer working class4 ,it might be pointed out that one of the most prominent ideals in the scheme of the ,garden ,suburb ,trust1 already referred to1 is 8that all classes may live in kindly neighbourliness10 and the amalgamation of the factory-worker and the brain-worker in the same district is catered for as being expressly desirable4 ,at ,bournville there has always been a demand for houses both on the part of the skilled artisan and others1 and this demand has been provided for from the first4 ,rents in the village range from #ds4 #f;d4 a week1 rates not included1 to #abs4 a week2 and there are also a few houses of a still larger class at higher rentals4 ,nor are the houses let to ,messrs4 ,cadbury's own workpeople exclusively1 as the following figures will show--figures based on a private census taken during #aija1 and here quoted from a booklet issued by the ,village ,trust3-- ,,proportion ,,of ,,householders ,,working ,,in-- ,bournville #dab per cent4 ,villages within a mile of ,bournville #ahf ,birmingham #djb ,,occupations ,,of ,,householders-- ,employed at indoor work in factories #ejg per cent4 ,clerks and travellers #acc ,mechanics1 carpenters1 bricklayers1 and various occupations not admitting of exact classification #cfj ,the village is four miles from ,birmingham1 and is easily accessible by cycle1 rail1 or electric car4 ,the last come within easy distance of the village1 workmen's fares being #b;d4 return4 ,under the founder's first scheme the land was let upon leases of #iii years1 subject to a ground rent varying from d4 to #a;d4 per yard 7#fjj square yards at d4 and #a;d4 #a #es4 and #b #ajs4 respectively74 ,arrangements were made to find capital on mortgages granted at the rate of ,three per cent4 to those who paid less than half the cost of the house and ,two and a-half per cent4 to those who paid more4 ,although a stipulation was made that no one person should be allowed to build more than four houses1 it was found necessary to revise the arrangement in order to prevent speculation4 ,in #aijj1 therefore1 the estate was handed over to a ,trust on behalf of the nation1 the whole income to be directed to solving the housing problem4 ,the houses now built are let to tenants at moderate weekly rentals1 which include the annual ground rent1 equal to about #a;d4 per yard 7according to its value71 and which should yield ,four per cent4 net4 ,the revenue of house and ground rents is employed1 after provision has been made for the maintenance and repair of present property1 in the development of the village itself1 and in the laying out and development of other villages elsewhere1 the ,trust being empowered under the deed of foundation to acquire land in any part of ,great ,britain4 ,subsequently to the formation of the ,trust1 additional land adjacent to ,bournville has been added to the founder's gift1 and included in the village1 which now extends over #deh acres4 ,already upwards of #ajj acres of land have been laid out for building4 ,there are now about #dej houses in the hands of the ,trust1 which number1 added to the #adc sold under the first scheme1 makes a total of nearly #fjj4 ,with the income of the ,trust1 building is being steadily proceeded with1 and there is a continual demand for houses4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,sycamore ,,road1 ,,bournville4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,the ,,schools1 ,,bournville ,,see ,,page #ac4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,carved ,,stone ,,panels ,,for ,,schools4 ,the ,trustees have power to make arrangements with railways and other companies for cheap means of transit4 ,they may lease1 underlet1 or sell land1 or develop it and prepare it for building1 give land1 or erect buildings for places of worship1 hospitals1 schools1 technical institutes1 libraries1 gymnasiums1 laundries1 baths1 c4 ,occupying a central position in the village are already the ,bournville ,meeting ,house 7see ,plates ,x4 and ,,xi471 the ,ruskin ,hall1 an institute founded in #aijc1 and including library1 reading-room1 lecture hall1 class rooms 7see ,plate ,,ix471 and the schools described later4 ,ample open spaces have been reserved in various parts of the village4 ,these include the ,village ,green2 ,the ,triangle 7a plot of land with lawn1 flower beds1 and shrubbery1 intersected by public paths--see ,plate ,,ii472 ,camp ,wood 7an undulating woodland1 thick with old forest-trees72 children's playgrounds and lawns1 with swings1 bars1 c42 allotment gardens2 youths' and girls' gardens 7consisting of a number of small plots rented and cultivated by boys and girls1 in connection with which gardening classes are held71 c4 ,a large area of land1 through which flows the ,bourn stream1 has also been reserved for laying out as a public park4 ,adjacent to the ,estate1 though not part of it1 are two extensive and well-wooded recreation grounds belonging to ,messrs4 ,cadbury1 which are put at the disposal of their men and women employees2 those for the former including open-air swimming baths1 which may be used during stipulated hours by the tenants of the ,estate houses4 ,these recreation grounds separate the works buildings from the village itself1 and in the event of the factory ceasing to exist1 the ,trust deed provides that they be handed over to the ,district ,council for use as a public park4 ,nearly all the old trees and woodland on the ,estate have been preserved1 and new trees planted in many parts4 ,the schools 7see ,plate ,,vii47 are the gift to the village of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,george ,cadbury4 ,they accommodate #edj children 7#bgj boys and #bgj girls71 and are constructed on the central-hall plan4 ,there are six class-rooms for fifty children each1 and six for forty each1 and the dimensions of the large hall are #hd ft4 by #cb ft4 ,the land falls from ,north to ,south1 and advantage has been taken of the basement afforded to provide for accommodation for classes in cookery1 laundry1 manual instruction1 and various branches of handicraft4 ,the buildings stand in grounds two and a-half acres in extent1 adjoining which is the ,park1 the children thus having access in all to about ten acres4 ,the tower rises to a height of about #fj ft41 and has been utilised for a library1 laboratory1 c4 ,an extensive view of the surrounding country is obtained from the top1 and a map1 incised in stone1 with compass and locating apparatus1 is provided for instructing the children in local geography4 ,everything is being done in the designing of details--carved and painted panels1 c4--to make the building itself a permanent means of educating the children2 the subjects chosen include historical scenes1 truthfully depicted as regards dress1 customs1 architecture1 c41 while in the bosses and voussoirs are represented ,english flowers and foliage1 conventionally treated4 ,the carving is executed by ,mr4 ,benjamin ,creswick1 of ,birmingham4 ,in the designing of the building every effort has been made to embody the latest improvements and the result of the most broad-minded and enlightened study of education4 ,gardens are provided for the instruction of the children in gardening1 vegetable growing1 c4 ,the low death-rate at ,bournville during #aijd of #fi per thousand1 compared with #ai per thousand in ,birmingham1 is some indication of the healthiness of the village4 ,the figures are taken from the report of the district medical officer of health4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,ruskin ,,hall1 ,,bournville4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,meeting ,,house1 ,,bournville4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,meeting ,,house1 ,,bournville4 ,it is not proposed to deal here with the economics of model village or garden city schemes generally4 ,though the movement is still very young1 it is already advancing from the problematical stage4 ,its progress is being watched with the keenest interest by many who realise that of all courses the most impracticable in the long run is that which allows the slum-suburb to spring up unchecked4 ,if it be asked1 with regard to the problem of the housing of the people1 what is ,bournville's contribution towards its solution1 it would be stating its claims at the lowest to say that it stands as an example of what the village of the future may be1 a village of healthy homes amid pleasant surroundings1 where fresh air is abundant and beauty present1 and where are secured to its people by an administration co-operative in nature numerous benefits which under present conditions are denied them elsewhere4 ,,cottages ,,at #ace1 ,,with ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,economic ,,building ,,of ,,small ,,cottages4 ,,plates ,,xii ,,and ,,xiii4 ,,cottages ,,in ,,blocks ,,of ,,eight1 ,,at #ace4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,cottages ,,in ,,blocks ,,of ,,eight4 ,,see ,,page #af4 ,plate ,,xii gives the plan1 with elevation1 of a block of eight cottages1 the accommodation of which is the least1 and the dimensions the lowest1 that should be provided for homes with one living room4 ,the accommodation is as follows3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,living ,room1 #ab ft4 #d in4 #ac ft4 ,kitchen1 #h ft4 #ab ft4 #f ins4 7with 8,cabinet0 ,bath1 and boiler with patent steam exhaust74 ,larder under stairs4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #i ft4 #b ins4 #ac ft41 and recess4 ,second ,bedroom1 #h ft4 #d ins4 #aa ft4 #b ins4 ,third ,bedroom1 #g ft4 #f ins4 #h ft4 ,total cost1 #ace per cottage4 ,laying out of garden1 #g #ajs4 extra4 ,cubical contents1 #fd1hjj ft4 at #d;d4 per foot cube #a1jhj per block1 or #ace per cottage4 ,there has been considerable discussion of late with regard to the building of cheap cottages suitable for labourers and the poorer artisans1 both in the country and elsewhere4 ,experiments have been made in which the building materials employed have been other than brick1 the object being a reduction in cost4 ,the bye-laws which do not at present sanction the erection of cottages in some of these materials will1 it is hoped1 before long be altered4 ,meanwhile1 what is wanted in most districts is the cheap dwelling in brick4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,block ,,of ,,eight ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #af4 ,the example here given is of a similar plan to one from which a number of cottages in blocks of four have been erected at ,bournville4 ,owing to a decision on the part of the ,village ,trust not to build in blocks of more than four1 the plans here given have never been carried out at ,bournville1 but in view of the danger there is of under-estimating the cost of such cottages1 and the importance of avoiding inaccuracies1 estimates have been obtained for their erection under similar conditions4 ,economy of construction has been the main object in the design1 without sacrificing that pleasant environment1 privacy and homeliness of appearance which are1 as already indicated1 essential to the cottage home4 ,the cost of erecting in blocks of four only is necessarily increased1 and the lowest estimate for those at ,bournville is #afj per cottage1 the particular estimate being1 however1 for a block of four on 8made up0 ground1 necessitating deep footings1 the cottages including the sunk bath1 which is more costly than the 8,cabinet0 patent4 ,the plan might be simplified1 if desired1 by omitting the division wall between the living room and scullery1 thus making one large room4 ,the boiler1 sink1 and bath might then be planned in a small recess which could be screened off by a curtain when not in use4 ,,simplicity ,,and ,,regularity ,,of ,,planning4--,the roof runs uninterruptedly from end to end1 by which unnecessary roof complications are avoided2 the chimneys have been grouped together to diminish trimming and flashing1 always costly items1 and have been brought to the highest point in the roof to prevent smoky flues1 consequent upon down draughts2 and the building throughout is of a very inexpensive character4 ,further1 the eaves run uninterruptedly1 for the windows are not allowed to complicate the spouting and roofing by breaking through the roof1 the wall-plate nevertheless being kept at a fairly low level4 ,in all cottages of this class1 compactness and regularity should be always aimed at in planning1 and the wall lines--set out at right angles--should be as long and unbroken as possible4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,outbuildings4--,the ,w4,c4's1 here isolated1 are in the ,bournville blocks of four planned under the main roof1 which arrangement is for many reasons preferable4 ,as many as possible of the outbuildings should1 in the case of small cottages1 be arranged under the main roof4 ,often1 where the outbuildings of these rows of cottages are extensive1 one or more of the houses suffers through the projecting eaves of the other1 and there is a narrow outlook upon a cramped yard4 ,the better view of the garden obtained from the back rooms by the avoidance of this is an important consideration4 ,the kitchen1 in small property1 is as much used as the living room1 and the value of the restful glimpse of green to the housewife should not be ignored4 7,the isolation of the ,w4,c4 in the example under notice does not obstruct the light47 ,in the case of a corner site it is preferable to close in the yard at the back of the house1 so that the week's wash may not be exposed to the public view4 ,it may be advanced1 however1 that such a domestic display is not really unsightly1 but gives a pleasant human interest to the surroundings4 ,such an opinion1 nevertheless1 will probably not find general acceptance4 ,,heights ,,of ,,rooms4--,the height of the building will also be reduced to the lowest limit4 ,the heights of #h ft4 #c ins4 for the ground floor1 and #h ft4 for the chamber floor1 are quite adequate for the average cottage1 so long as sufficient ventilation is provided4 ,there is some difficulty in getting the artisan to recognise this1 for a lofty and often draughty and cold room seems to have an unaccountable attraction for him4 ,as1 however1 floor space is the essential1 the reduction of heights is in every way a legitimate means of economising the brickwork2 moreover1 the scale of the building is at the same time rendered more pleasing4 ,with the height reduced1 it will be necessary to introduce the casement window1 as the sash kind requires a loftier elevation4 ,this1 however1 will be no detriment1 as the former is more agreeable and appropriate to the cottage home4 ,,extra ,,bedroom ,,accommodation4--,if in any of the smaller types of cottages dealt with it is thought desirable to provide a fourth bedroom1 or if larger bedrooms are required1 an attic might be provided by slightly lifting the roof 7where this is necessary71 and the first floor might then be divided into two rooms or not1 according to the requirements4 ,staircases1 however1 are expensive1 and it is well for the sake of economy to provide bedrooms on the first floor4 ,where roof space is available this may be used for lumber1 when the trap by which it is reached should be placed in the least important bedroom4 ,the ceiling1 however1 should be slightly strengthened1 and the bearing should not be too great4 ,,ornament4--,the sound principle that beauty should be based on utility is often violated1 even in the building of small cottages and villas1 in order to gratify a vulgar taste for shoddy and meaningless display4 ,although the architect may not be entirely to blame for submitting to this preference1 it is none the less certain that if he avail himself of such opportunities as occur to introduce a purer taste1 the public will in time respond1 while such efforts on his part will be always heartily approved by his fellow architects4 ,the difficulty of inducing builders to stock ornament that is really good is merely one of demand4 ,the public taste may after all be found to be more amenable than is commonly represented4 ,a readiness on the part of the ,bournville tenants to catch the spirit of homely simplicity suggested in the design of the houses has shown itself in the manner in which they furnish their homes1 as1 for instance1 in their use of suitable curtains for the casement windows4 ,if it be decided that a row of cottages should have ornament1 this should not be too small or crowded1 and should be introduced in the right place--in the case of tight cottages1 say in the third and the sixth1 the unadorned ones serving as a foil4 ,an excess of ornament should be avoided1 especially if the aim is economy1 and what there is should be broad and simple1 for such1 happily1 is increasingly in favour in preference to the incongruous and florid stock carving of the jerry builder1 which1 bad as it is1 must yet cost something4 ,if money is to be spent1 let preference be given first of all to the quality of the material used1 and then to the extra elaboration of such material1 such as rough-cast1 parquetry1 colour decoration1 etc4 ,while the appearance of the elevation of the blocks of eight cottages here given is improved by the introduction over the doors of hoods with wrought-iron stays1 the erection of two large posts with a horizontal cross-piece as a support for honeysuckle or climbing rose is not only cheaper1 but is in the circumstances a more suitable way of adorning what is of necessity a plain elevation4 ,the steps before the doorway should then be cut short1 without returns1 to enable the plant to be set as near as possible to the posts4 ,the two steps are a necessity in order to secure good ventilation beneath the floors1 where boarded floors are used4 ,,the ,,true ,,test ,,of ,,economy4--,many jerry-built houses are the work of the speculating builder1 who immediately on their completion sells them to one who buys to sell again4 ,he secures himself1 but with such inferior property someone must in the end suffer considerable loss4 ,to say that a house has been built on economic lines because the cost of erection has been the lowest possible is to mislead1 for the true test of economy is that which will take into account the cost of repairs at the end of ten years1 and its then value4 ,in designing cottages for an estate or garden city1 the architect will therefore realise the importance of building dwellings that shall be lasting4 ,he will perceive that to take the low cost of the jerry-built house as a standard will only lead him ultimately into endless trouble and expense4 ,he will not1 to save a trifling initial cost1 incur a heavier one later on1 for in this case the ownership of the house does not change1 and maintenance is not a thing that can be shirked4 ,,foundations4--,he will therefore see that there is a bed of concrete over the whole site1 that his floors are well ventilated by allowing a good space between the under-side of ground floor joists and ground work1 that the damp course is effectual1 and also that plenty of air-bricks are inserted to ensure through ventilation1 thus providing against the growth of dry-rot and all the expense it entails4 ,as the tenants of the cottages will doubtless be amateur gardeners who will probably add manure to the soil each year1 the damp course is likely to get covered over2 it is therefore essential that this should be at least six inches above the ground when the cottages are built4 ,,stock ,,articles4--,economy may always be exercised by using what are worthy stock articles of building1 and in the case of a model village1 where large orders will be given1 the architect should make it his business to introduce new lines--moulds1 doors1 grates1 mantels1 etc4--the quality of which is first well proved4 ,stock sizes of building materials should be selected1 and the planning should be adapted to them to avoid waste4 ,for instance1 joists should always be of such sizes as will prevent waste in the cutting of timbers4 ,joists are stocked in a definite number of foot lengths4 ,rooms of #ab ft4 #d ins4 width1 with #d ins4 bearing allowed at each end1 will require joists of #ac ft4 lengths1 in which case there is no waste2 on the other hand1 rooms with #ab ft4 #f ins4 width1 with the same bearing1 will require #ad ft4 joist lengths1 in which case #aj ins4 in timber and the labour in cutting will be wasted1 which the extra #b ins4 gained does not warrant2 #ab ft4 #d ins41 #ac ft4 #d ins41 #ad ft4 #d ins41 and so on1 are therefore preferable dimensions4 ,again1 if the size of the joists be #i ins4 #c ins41 #bg ins4 cube is obtained1 which is not stronger than #aa ins4 #b ins41 giving #bb ins4 cube4 ,if the latter be chosen1 therefore1 #e ins4 cube are saved4 ,true1 the house will be raised in height1 but not sufficiently to appreciably increase the cost4 ,this is only one instance of how selection of material may be profitably studied4 ,,general4--,in the example given the staircase runs between the houses1 and gives them a good wide frontage1 bringing the outer houses nearer to the extremity of the land1 and enabling a more convenient division of the gardens4 ,it will be noticed that the bath in these small cottages is the 8,cabinet0 patent1 which is strongly recommended on account of its being easily shut up and stowed away 7see page #ea74 ,the interior fittings are of the simplest and most inexpensive kind1 such a thing as the ingle nook1 however pleasing and comfortable1 being reserved for a better class of cottage4 ,ample cupboard room1 nevertheless1 is provided1 and it should be noted that such conveniences as cloak rails1 cup-rails and hooks1 picture rails1 etc41 are fixed in all the cottages dealt with4 ,small gas cookers or grills should be included in all cottages1 whether large or small4 ,white's patent steam exhaust should also be fitted in all cottages4 ,,the ,,laying ,,out ,,of ,,gardens4 ,the garden1 a feature of such importance in the model village1 or garden city1 should have no less care and attention in the planning than the house itself4 ,the accompanying plan is one frequently adopted at ,bournville where the aspect is suitable4 ,the arrangement is modified in the case of the smallest cottages by the reduction or omission of turf4 ,the bedding1 with the various trees and shrubs supplied1 is indicated on the plan4 ,illustration3 ,,garden ,,plan4 ,with the large garden-space allotted1 the paths should be broad and1 generally speaking1 planned in straight lines1 the width being not less than #c ft4--even #d ft4 not being too wide4 ,at ,bournville they are made of #f ins4 of ashes and #c ins4 of gravel4 ,where there is turf the path should run at one extremity of the garden plot1 giving the full width remaining for as spacious a lawn as possible4 ,at the bottom of the lawn it might be turned to the left or right1 as the case may be1 as far as the centre1 and carried down through the kitchen garden so that the fruit trees and vegetables may be easily accessible on either hand4 ,with a south aspect1 however1 it is advisable to still continue the path down one side1 the shadow of the adjacent hedge thus being cast not on the beds but on the path itself4 ,it should be borne in mind that in laying out the beds all peas and beans1 raspberry canes1 etc41 are best planted north and south in order that the whole length of the rows may get the sun4 ,the tendency is for amateur gardeners to favour winding paths1 by which space is lost1 besides the arrangement being inconvenient4 ,the curved line is rarely in harmony with the setting of the cottage1 and curves1 if introduced1 should be gained rather in the planting of trees or flowers1 curves in colour being more pleasing4 ,the number of trees1 etc41 provided in each of the ,bournville gardens is3--eight apple and pear trees1 assorted according to the nature of the soil1 which1 in addition to bearing fruit1 form a desirable screen between houses which are back to back2 twelve gooseberry bushes1 one ,victoria plum1 six creepers for the house1 including ,gloire de ,dijon and ,william ,allen ,richardson roses1 wistaria1 honeysuckle1 clematis1 ivy in a number of varieties1 ,ampelopsis veitchii1 white and yellow jasmine1 etc41 according to the aspect1 as well as one or two forest trees1 so placed as to frame the building4 ,hedges of thorn divide the houses1 and form road boundaries4 ,the choice of trees and creepers is determined not only by the suitability of soil or aspect1 but also by the general effect gained4 ,,blocks1 ,,pairs1 ,,and ,,single ,,cottages4 ,,plates ,,xiv4 ,,and ,,xv4 ,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #be4 ,in the ascending scale we now come to a block of four1 containing houses of two classes4 ,the cost of each is approximately the same1 and the advantages are about equal4 ,the outside houses have a side entrance with lobby and outer porch1 thereby making the front room quite private1 while in the inside ones the front door opens into the room1 which has1 however1 the advantage of being more spacious4 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,ingle ,,nook ,,in ,,small ,,cottages4--,the introduction of an ingle nook in this latter secures to it a greater degree of comfort1 and privacy from the road is also gained by the extension of the screen4 ,complete privacy may be secured by attaching a rod from the screen to the outside wall and dropping a curtain4 ,the ingle is lighted by borrowed light from the half-glass door1 the light passing through the glazed wooden screen4 ,in this case the ingle nook may be said to be the natural outcome of the plan4 ,the staircase in these inside houses is at the side of the ingle1 and affords space beneath for a cupboard1 which is reached from the kitchen4 ,the staircase in the outside houses is approached near the window of the living room1 and admits of space in like manner for a larder1 which is entered from the lobby4 ,,ventilation4--,it will be seen that the larder1 in the case of the two middle houses1 is arranged within the house1 between the coals and the living room4 ,larders1 wherever possible1 should have an outside window1 but in this case ventilation is very easily obtained in the following manner3--,an inlet of a #i-;in4 pipe enters the larder on the floor level from air bricks in the front wall1 while in the coals at the back a concrete division is inserted at a height of #e ft4 #f ins4 or #e ft4 #i ins4 7the ground floor of the house from floor to ceiling being in this instance #h ft4 #f ins474 ,through a fanlight above the outside door of coals not only is light obtained1 but1 by means of a cord and pulley worked from the larder1 through ventilation also1 while there is no danger of the invasion of coal dust4 ,in both houses there is little space wasted4 ,in the outside ones the living rooms are entered immediately from the lobby1 and the bedrooms immediately from a small landing1 while there is a useful closet over the stairs1 entered from the front bedroom4 ,the projection in this block gives variety to the street1 and is the natural outcome of the requirements of the houses4 ,the type is self-contained1 and privacy is secured to the householders by the introduction of the side entrance to the outside houses1 and by the arrangement of the doorways to the middle ones at the remote ends4 ,,materials4--,brindled bricks1 hand-made tiles1 and casement windows of wood are here used1 and the brickwork of the kitchen is pointed for whitewashing1 with a #d-;ft4 dado of paint4 ,in these smaller cottages it is advisable to employ papers for interior wall decoration in preference to colour-wash1 the latter being very soon soiled where there are children4 ,picture rails should be used in all cottages1 if only to save the plaster4 ,,accommodation4--,the accommodation of the respective houses is as follows3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,,outside ,,houses4 ,,inside ,,houses4 ,living ,room #ab ft4 #d ins4 #ac ft4 #ae ft4 #af ft4 #d ins4 ,kitchen #aj ft4 #f ins4 #aa ft4 #aa ft4 #aa ft4 #c ins4 ,tools1 ,w4,c41 and ,coals4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom #ab ft4 #d ins4 #ac ft4 #ac ft4 #c ins4 #ae ft4 ,second ,bedroom #h ft4 #aa ft4 #f ft4 #c ins4 #ad ft4 #b ins4 ,third ,bedroom #g ft4 #f ins4 #g ft4 #aj ins4 #g ft4 #i ins4 #h ft4 #d ins4 ,linen ,closet4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #be4 ,total cost1 including all extras and builder's profit1 #hgb per block1 or #bah per cottage4 ,laying out of gardens1 #aj per cottage4 ,cubical contents1 #dh1bie ft4 at #d;d4 per foot cube1 #hgb1 or #bah per cottage499 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages4 ,the elevation shown in the accompanying illustration is of a block of three cottages1 the two outside ones of which are similar to those shown on the foregoing plan4 ,this is an example of how the same plan may be repeated with varied effect1 or where there is not sufficient land for four4 99 ,,note4--,as most of the examples given have been built by the ,bournville ,village ,trust1 it should be noted that the figures stated include in all cases an addition to the net cost of #c as builder's profit4 ,where there is any marked difference in the price per foot cube not accounted for by more complicated planning1 or by the better quality of materials1 this is due1 not only to the fluctuation of building prices during the last few years1 but also to the variation in the cost of building at different periods of the year4 ,the extras include fencing1 garden gates1 etc4 ,,plates ,,xvi4 ,,and ,,xvii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #bh4 ,,variation ,,of ,,former ,,plan4--,the plan shown in ,plate ,,xvi4 and illustrated in ,plate ,,xvii41 is of a pair similar to the outside cottages of ,plate ,,xiv4 ,this again shows how it is possible to play on the same plan in the building of a village1 and so gain the desirable variety of elevation4 ,the roof is hipped and covered with pantiles4 ,a bay window is introduced in both the storeys1 with rough-cast between4 ,a rainwater cistern to store all roof water is placed over the coals1 which projects from the main block4 ,a greater privacy is obtained by this slight projection1 without interfering with the light at the back4 ,the chimneys are grouped together in the centre1 there being only one stack to both the houses1 which is carried to the highest point of the roof4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #bh4 ,total cost of cottages built to this plan1 including all extras1 #bcj per cottage4 ,laying out of gardens1 #aj per cottage4 ,cubical contents1 #bb1jjj ft4 at #e;d4 per foot cube1 #dfj1 or #bcj per cottage4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #bh4 ,the plan and elevation shown on this plate are of an alternative arrangement to the last4 ,the houses have an entrance at the front and an extended larder1 owing to the staircases ascending from the lobby4 ,the fireplaces are arranged in the corners of the rooms4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,see ,,page #bh4 ,the view here given shows three pairs of cottages built to the plan shown on ,plate ,,xvi41 and illustrates how a variety of elevation may be gained by adding bays1 dormers1 etc41 and by using differing materials4 ,,description ,,of ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,variation ,,of ,,former ,,plan4--,this plate shows the development and variation of the inside houses of the block of four shown on ,plate ,,xiv41 with a superior arrangement of larder1 and with projecting coals4 ,the long sloping roof has been hipped back to give a pleasing line1 especially in perspective4 ,,the ,,long ,,sloping ,,roof4--,the long sloping roof1 a feature frequently introduced at ,bournville1 has several advantages4 ,if it were not employed1 and the front walls were carried up level with the ceiling line of the bedroom1 the proportions of the elevation would not be so happy1 while an additional expense would be incurred by the extra brickwork4 ,such a height1 moreover1 would be wholly unnecessary4 ,in the case of cottages with the long sloping roof the height of bedrooms to the point of intersection of roof and wall need only be #e ft4 #f ins4 ,ample ventilation is obtained by the simple insertion of a #i in4 by #g in4 air-brick on the outside wall1 and a ,sheringham ventilator or ,tobin tube within1 about #e ft4 #f ins4 from the floor1 the cost of the latter being about #cs41 and of the former a little more4 ,the long sloping roof can rarely be treated tastefully without boldly projecting the eaves4 ,the projection gives a verandah in front of the house which affords a pleasant shelter4 ,wooden posts may be used as supports1 and by training climbing plants up them1 and allowing them to festoon1 a really delightful summer bower may be formed4 ,as the roof is broad1 pantiles may be used with safety so far as good taste is concerned3 bold roof1 bold covering4 ,by omitting the gutters at the dormer eaves a pleasing effect is gained1 and gutters are quite unnecessary with an eaves projection4 ,the cheeks of the dormers should be dressed with lead4 ,the cottages in question are whitewashed1 and have a tarred plinth of about #b ft4 to prevent the unsightliness of mud splashes4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #cj4 ,,the ,,large ,,living ,,room4--,in view of the gain to health of one spacious living room over the parlour plan1 a number of these cottages has been built in varying design at ,bournville1 and no difficulty has been found in letting them4 ,there has been1 however1 considerable discussion with regard to their convenience to the artisan in other districts where they have been introduced4 ,although cottages in the past had no third room1 there having been1 as here1 one large comfortable room 7often with the ingle nook7 and a small kitchen at the back--all the accommodation really required--yet at the present time many artisans are not content without the useless parlour1 which they appear to think adds dignity to the house1 but which is used by them chiefly as a store-room for gim-cracks4 ,there is1 perhaps1 a reasonable objection to a single large living room on the part of a particular class who let the front room to a lodger4 ,nevertheless1 for a model village or a garden city it is strongly recommended that the plan should be adopted freely1 and the preference for the useless front room in small cottages discouraged4 ,total cost of the example given1 including all extras1 #bfh per cottage4 ,laying out of gardens1 #aj each4 ,cubical contents1 #bh1ehg ft41 at #d;d4 per foot cube1 #ecf1 or #bfh per cottage4 ,instances of the last two types of cottages dealt with appear in the view given on ,plate ,,iv4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #cb4 ,the smaller cottage shown here is planned on similar lines to the foregoing1 but with the additional accommodation of an attic1 and bay windows to the two storeys4 ,this is an instance of how a smaller cottage may be joined to a larger one in treating a corner site1 the larger one on the corner giving importance to each road4 ,,plates ,,xxii41 ,,xxiii41 ,i4 7,,frontispiece71 ,,xxiv41 ,,xxv41 ,,and ,,xxvi4 ,,blocks ,,of ,,four4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #cb4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #cb4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #cb4 ,these plates show examples of cottages in blocks of four rather larger in size than the last type1 and treated in different materials4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 shows the details of the cottages on ,plate ,,xxv4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,block ,,of ,,four ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #cb4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,detail ,,view4 ,,see ,,page #cb4 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #cc4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 gives the plan and elevation of a pair of cottages also having similar accommodation to those with the long sloping roofs shown on ,plate ,,xx4 ,the cost1 however1 is here considerably reduced by each house having a side entrance1 and by the omission of the ingle nook1 verandah and bay1 while the living room1 though smaller1 is not a passage room4 ,by approaching the stairs from the lobby1 not only is more privacy secured1 but the space beneath is made available in the kitchen for a 8,cabinet0 bath1 which is so placed as to occupy it when in use instead of projecting into the kitchen4 ,the planning is simple and square1 which1 with the omission of bays and the introduction of plain casements1 all helps to reduce the cost4 ,the accommodation is3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,living ,room1 #ab ft4 #d ins4 #af ft4 ,kitchen1 #aj ft4 #c ins4 #aa ft4 #f ins4 ,lobby4 ,larder1 ,w4,c4 and ,coals4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #ab ft4 #d ins4 #af ft4 ,second ,bedroom1 #g ft4 #h ins4 #aa ft4 #f ins4 ,third ,bedroom1 #h ft4 #h ft4 #c ins4 ,linen ,closet4 ,total cost1 including all extras1 #bej per cottage4 ,laying out of gardens1 #aj each4 ,cubical contents1 #bd1jjj ft41 at #e;d4 per foot cube1 #ejj1 or #bej per cottage4 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #cd4 ,this plate shows the plan and elevation of a pair of cottages having the parlour in addition to the living room and scullery4 ,the living room1 which should always be the larger1 is here the full width of the house4 ,the measurements are3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,living ,room1 #aa ft4 #e ins4 #af ft4 #f ins4 ,parlour1 #aa ft4 #d ins4 #ac ft4 #c ins4 ,scullery1 ,outside ,larder1 ,w4,c4 and ,coals4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #aa ft4 #d ins4 #ac ft4 #c ins4 ,second ,bedroom1 #h ft4 #f ins4 #aa ft4 #e ins4 ,third ,bedroom1 #g ft4 #h ins4 #h ft4 #f ins4 ,linen ,closet4 ,total cost1 including all extras1 #bcj per cottage4 ,cubical contents1 #cc1iah ft4 at #c;d4 per ft4 cube4 #dfj1 or #bcj each4 7,built in #ahii47 ,the stairs in this instance descend to the entrance lobby1 but they may be planned the other way about in order to avoid the necessity of traversing the parlour to get to the bedrooms1 and to insure children crying upstairs being heard in the living room or the scullery4 ,this1 however1 would necessitate the cutting of #c ft4 off the large front bedroom1 while the respective spaces for the larder and the lobby below would be reversed1 the position of the former being undesirable4 ,ordinary roofing tiles and common bricks have been used4 ,the living room is boarded1 and the scullery quarried4 ,it might be pointed out that there is but little scope for variety of plan in these smaller cottages4 ,the variations must be obtained in the treatment of elevations4 ,as already stated1 to build cheaply the main point is to get the walls as long and straight as possible4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages4 ,,plates ,,xxix4 ,,and ,,xxx4 ,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #ce4 ,plate ,,xxix4 and the accompanying scale-drawing give the plan and elevation of a block of three cottages1 a sketch of which appears in ,plate ,,xxx4 ,the inner one occupies an exact third of the land1 and is double fronted4 ,by putting the inner one with its axis to the front1 an equal garden-space is given to all the houses without incurring a re-division of the land4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,,block ,,of ,,three ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #ce4 ,the inner and left-hand houses have practically the same accommodation1 but the right-hand has several advantages3 there is a wider hall1 the living room is not a passage room1 while the kitchen is reached from the hall1 and the wash-house is entered from the yard4 ,accommodation of left-hand and inner houses4 ,,ground ,,floor4 ,parlour1 #aa ft4 #d ins4 #ae ft4 #c ins4 ,living ,room1 #aj ft4 #ad ft4 #f ins4 and bay4 ,scullery1 #aj ft4 #f ft4 and recess for ,bath4 ,coals1 ,tools1 and ,w4,c4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #aa ft4 #d ins4 #ae ft4 #c ins4 ,second ,bedroom1 #g ft4 #f ins4 #ad ft4 #f ins41 and bay4 ,third ,bedroom1 #g ft4 #e ins4 #aa ft4 #f ins4 ,fourth ,bedroom1 #i ft4 #f ins4 #f ft4 7middle house only74 ,linen ,closet4 ,cost of left-hand and inner houses1 including all extras1 #bic per cottage4 7,built in #aijd47 ,the right-hand house1 owing to the extra conveniences1 works out at rather more4 ,in the middle house the recess between the range and small window makes a very convenient space for a writing table1 especially if curtains are dropped from a rod to screen it off1 its proximity to the range making it a warm and cosy retreat in winter4 ,there is a bay window to the living room of the outside houses4 ,two of the houses in this block are fitted with ,cornes' ,patent ,combined ,scullery-,bath-,range and ,boiler1 described on page #eb1 and the third with the 8,cabinet0 bath4 ,the elevation1 with the forecourt formed by the projection of the two outside houses1 may be made very pleasing4 ,from the perspective it will be seen that the inner house is covered with rough-cast1 making an agreeable contrast with the outer ones of plain brickwork4 ,rough-cast1 while fairly economical1 is very effective1 and helps to brighten the forecourt4 ,the projection of the outer houses affords a break1 the abruptness of which does not attract attention1 but which gives an opportunity of stopping the rough-cast1 which would otherwise have to be carried round to the back of the whole block4 ,it is not advisable to introduce a variety of colour upon exteriors4 ,colour is best disposed in masses--that is1 it should be treated broadly1 not distributed in isolated portions1 or in sharply contrasting tints4 7,see page #ei47 ,the roof of this block is of green slates of varying sizes1 diminishing towards the ridge4 ,aspect in the placing of the house is here studied as well as the site4 ,the axis runs south-west and north-east1 and the front commands a pleasing perspective of one of the principal ,bournville roads1 and an admirable view of the ,lickey ,hills in the distance4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,plates ,,xxxi4-,,xxxiii4 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages 7,,shallow ,,site74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #ch4 ,the view shown in this plate illustrates the treatment of a shallow corner site1 the block being a pair of semi-detached1 double-fronted cottages4 ,the plan is similar to the middle house of the foregoing block4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #ch4 ,a pair of cottages also planned on the same lines as the middle house shown in ,plate ,,xxix4 and the foregoing shallow-site pair1 but placed at right angles instead of lengthwise1 and occupying a corner position4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #ch4 ,an example of a pair of cottages treated in the ,dutch style4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates ,,xxxiv4 ,,and ,,xxxv4 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #dj4 ,the accommodation of the pair of cottages shown in this plate is as follows3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,parlour1 #aa ft4 #d ins4 #ac ft4 #f ins41 and bay4 ,living room1 #aa ft4 #f ins4 #ad ft4 #e ins4 7,french ,windows74 ,kitchen1 #aj ft4 #h ins4 #ab ft4 #c ins4 ,larder4 ,porch1 ,hall1 and ,clock ,space under stairs4 ,tools1 ,w4,c41 and ,coals 7,enclosed yard74 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #aa ft4 #d ins4 #ac ft4 #f ins4 ,second ,bedroom1 #aa ft4 #f ins4 #ad ft4 #e ins4 ,third ,bedroom1 #h ft4 #f ins4 #aj ft4 #h ins4 ,bath ,room 7hot and cold water74 ,height of rooms3 ,ground floor1 #h ft4 #i ins42 first floor1 #h ft4 #f ins4 ,total cost1 including all extras1 #cge per cottage4 ,laying out of gardens1 #ab #ajs4 each4 ,cubical contents1 #cd1bhe ft41 at #e;d4 per foot cube #cge per cottage4 7,built in #aijc47 ,,materials4--,whitewashed common bricks are here used4 ,whitewash is cheap and may be used very effectively1 especially where there are trees in the background4 ,the roofs and dormers are hipped1 and covered with ,welsh green slates and blue half-round ridges2 the chimney pots are buff-colour4 ,,sills4--,the sills1 as in many of the other houses1 are formed of calf-nosed bricks set on edge in cement1 with two courses of tiles beneath1 which form a drip under the sill1 and with a backing of slate in cement4 ,by bringing the window-frame forward to reduce the size of the top of the sill1 damp and the driving in of rain are prevented4 ,this makes an inexpensive sill1 and adds to the homely appearance of the cottage4 ,,interior ,,wall ,,decoration4--,the interior wall decoration is ,duresco throughout4 ,plain ingrain paper1 of which there is a number of very cheap kinds now on the market1 might be used with a frieze4 ,a good effect is obtained by bringing down the white from the ceiling as far as the picture rail1 which gives light to the room and improves its proportions4 ,the exterior woodwork is painted a ,verona green4 ,,fireplaces4--,fireplaces suitable for this or any of the six-roomed cottages are as follows3-- ,front ,room3 interior grate1 slabbed surrounds1 tiled hearth1 and white wood chimney piece4 ,living ,room3 iron tiled mantel-sham4 ,kitchen3 #c ft4 range with white tiled coves and ,york stone shelf and trusses4 ,front ,bedroom3 #cj in4 mantel-sham and tiled hearth4 ,back ,bedrooms3 #bd in4 mantel-sham and tiled hearth4 ,the total cost of the whole should not amount to more than #ab4 ,the scullery is lengthened by a projection in the nature of a bay4 ,the outbuildings1 which are carried to right and left of the pair1 give privacy to the garden near to the houses4 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,this plate illustrates one of several different treatments of the last plan4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #da4 ,,plates ,,xxxvi41 ,,xxxvii41 ,,and ,,xxxviii4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,side ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #db4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 gives the plan of a single cottage occupying a corner site4 ,it contains3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,drawing ,room1 #ab ft4 #f ins4 #ac ft4 #f ins41 and bay4 ,dining ,room1 #ac ft4 #ac ft41 and bay 7,french casements74 ,kitchen1 #aj ft4 #aa ft4 ,scullery1 #h ft4 #aj ft4 ,larder4 ,porch and ,hall1 with ,cloak ,space under stairs4 ,coals1 ,tools1 and ,w4,c4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #ac ft4 #f ins4 #ae ft4 #i ins4 ,second ,bedroom1 #aa ft4 #f ins4 #ac ft4 ,third ,bedroom1 #aj ft4 #ac ft4 ,dressing ,room4 ,cupboards4 ,bathroom1 with ,w4,c4 and ,lavatory 7hot and cold water74 ,as will be seen1 there is very little space wasted in the planning of the rooms4 ,the whole of the exterior is rough-cast4 ,the front bedroom is enlarged and projects over the ground floor1 giving a pleasant shade to the lower portion of the elevation1 while the roof is continued over one side and carried down to form the porch4 ,the gable is of half-timber framing4 ,the roof is covered with ,hartshill hand-made tiles1 which1 while richly toning and colouring1 have admirably stood the test of several years' hard weather1 and have proved much more durable than the pressed tile used for some of the other cottages at ,bournville4 ,the plan of the cottage might be simplified by gabling back and front1 the roof thus covering the whole building1 and having no valleys4 ,the bedroom accommodation could be then increased by the addition of attics4 ,two views of the actual example appear in ,plates ,,xxxvii4 and ,,xxxviii4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #db4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #db4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,plates ,,xxxix4-,,xlii4 ,,plates ,,xxxix41 ,,xl41 ,,xli41 ,,and ,,xlii4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,back ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #dd4 ,another single cottage has accommodation as follows3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,living ,room1 including roomy alcove1 #ac ft4 #e ins4 #ae ft4 #f ins4 ,kitchen1 #aj ft4 #ac ft4 #e ins4 ,scullery1 ,larder1 ,tools1 ,w4,c41 ,coals1 and ,enclosed ,yard4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #ac ft4 #e ins4 #ae ft4 #f ins4 ,second ,bedroom1 #aj ft4 #ac ft4 #e ins4 ,third ,bedroom1 #i ft4 #f ins4 #i ft4 #f ins4 ,bathroom 7hot and cold water7 and ,w4,c4 ,spacious ,attic 7shown by dotted lines7 and ,boxrooms4 ,total cost1 in #aijc1 #edj4 ,cubical contents1 #ai1ich ft41 at #f;d4 per ft4 cube1 #edj4 ,by hanging a curtain1 the alcove shown in the plan may be made private for writing or studying1 if required4 ,it may also be used for meals2 and if a door communicates with the hall1 the table may be laid by the maid unseen by the visitor1 and the curtains afterwards drawn apart4 ,thus one of the disadvantages urged against the larger-sized houses with one large living room may be overcome4 ,,materials4--,the cottage is built of whitewashed common bricks1 with tarred plinth1 the roof being covered with ,peake's dark brindled hand-made roofing tiles4 ,it is without decoration1 apart from what is afforded by the semicircular hood over the front door1 the wrought-iron brackets supporting the gutters1 and at the back a semicircular arch to give importance to the living room4 ,there are shutters to all the ground floor windows1 which are made to bolt from within4 ,the view shown in ,plate ,,xl4 is of the back4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,,single ,,cottage ,,back4 ,,see ,,page #dd4 ,plates ,,xli4 and ,,xlii4 show the staircase and dining room respectively4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,staircase ,,of ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #dd4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,,dining ,,room--,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #dd4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,plates ,,xliii4 ,,and ,,xliv4 ,,plates ,,xliii4 ,,and ,,xliv4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,back ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #df4 ,plates ,,xliii4 and ,,xliv4 show the plan and view respectively of another type of single cottage1 with the following accommodation3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,dining ,room1 #ac ft4 #ai ft41 and small alcove4 ,drawing ,room1 #ac ft4 #af ft4 #f ins41 and bay4 ,kitchen1 #i ft4 #f ins4 #ae ft4 ,scullery1 #h ft4 #f ins4 #i ft4 #d ins4 ,larder1 ,coals1 ,ashes1 ,w4,c41 and ,enclosed ,yard4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #ac ft4 #ac ft4 #d ins4 ,second ,bedroom1 #ab ft4 #ac ft41 and large bay4 ,third ,bedroom1 #i ft4 #f ins4 #ab ft4 ,fourth ,bedroom1 #h ft4 #f ins4 #ac ft4 #d ins4 ,bathroom1 with ,lavatory and ,w4,c4 ,large ,attic1 extending over almost the whole of the four rooms4 ,total cost1 in #aijd1 #fdj4 ,cubical contents1 #be1jgg ft4 at #f;d4 per ft4 cube #fdj4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #df4 ,by the arrangement of the stairs it will be noticed that additional space is secured to the dining room1 forming a pleasant arched alcove4 ,,materials4--,the materials used are brindled bricks1 ,peake's hand-made roofing tiles1 hips and ridges covered with half-round ridge-tiles1 #f in4 half-round spouts with ornamental stays1 projecting hood of timber1 covered with lead and supported by two wrought-iron stays1 red tall-boy chimney pots1 doors painted ,suffield green1 window sashes and frames ivory white1 and eaves1 gutters and down-spouts lead colour4 ,,plates ,,xlv41 ,,xlvi41 ,,and ,,xlvii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,three-,,storey ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,ground ,,plan ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #dg4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,attic ,,plan ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #dg4 ,plates ,,xlv4 and ,,xlvi4 give plans1 and ,plate ,,xlvii4 the view of a pair of three-storey cottages of about the same accommodation1 the left-hand having the following3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,dining ,room1 #aa ft4 #f ins4 #ah ft41 with ,french window4 ,drawing ,room1 #ab ft4 #f ins4 #ae ft41 with deep bay4 ,small ,sitting ,room1 #g ft4 #aa ft4 #b ins4 ,working ,kitchen1 #aa ft4 #b in4 #ab ft4 #f ins4 ,larder and ,china ,pantry1 ,porch and ,hall4 ,w4,c41 ,coals1 ,tools1 and ,enclosed ,yard4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #ab ft4 #f ins4 #ae ft41 and deep bay4 ,second ,bedroom1 #aa ft4 #f ins4 #af ft4 ,third ,bedroom1 #aj ft4 #f ins4 #aa ft4 #b ins41 with oriel4 ,bathroom1 with ,lavatory1 ,w4,c4 ,two ,attics and ,large ,box ,room4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #dg4 ,the accommodation in the two houses differs owing to the aspect4 ,if the two plans were identical1 a considerable portion of the right-hand garden would be shut off from the south1 and the larder would not face the north4 ,stress has already been laid on the necessity of considering aspect4 ,the left-hand is a corner house1 and the projecting out-houses answer the double purpose of screening the garden from the road and protecting the house from the north wind4 ,in the adjoining house there is no small sitting room1 but an extra attic4 ,the outbuildings are attached to the main building1 and do not project into the garden2 the principal room is thus left open to the south4 ,,materials4--,the houses are built of common bricks whitewashed1 with a tarred plinth4 ,there are half-timber porches1 and the spaces between the bays and under the dormers are covered with rough-cast and decorated with parquetry4 ,the rainwater head in front is picked out in vermillion1 the introduction of a very little bright colour giving a pleasant jewel-like effect4 ,peake's hand-made tiles1 of dark colour1 are used for the roofs1 with half-round ridging1 and ornamental iron stays support the gutters1 which are of #f in4 half-round iron4 ,a pair of houses erected to a similar plan to that of the right-hand house in #aijd cost #faj each4 ,the cost of the examples given work out more owing to the fall in the land1 which necessitates very deep footings1 and also to the plans differing in order to suit aspect and site4 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,three-,,storey ,,cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #dh4 ,plate ,,xlviii4 gives the view of a pair of houses similar to the last1 but somewhat reduced in size1 and the treatment varied4 ,brindled bricks are used for the ground floor1 and rough-cast for the upper storeys4 ,,plates ,,xlix41 ,l41 ,,li41 ,,lii41 ,,liii41 ,,liv41 ,,and ,,lv4 ,,two ,,pairs ,,of ,,cottages4 ,these plates illustrate two pairs of cottages of two storeys each1 almost identical in plan1 but differently treated4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,ground ,,plan ,,bedroom ,,plan ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #di4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,l4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #di4 ,the accommodation of the pair shown in ,plates ,,xlix4 and ,l4 is3-- ,,ground ,,floor4 ,dining ,room1 #ac ft4 #f in4 #af ft4 and bay4 ,drawing ,room1 #ac ft4 #f ins4 #af ft4 #c ins41 including ingle and bay window4 ,kitchen1 #aj ft4 #f ins4 #ab ft4 ,hall1 with storm doors1 #ab ft4 #f ins4 #aj ft4 ,scullery1 ,larder1 ,w4,c41 ,coals1 and ,tool ,house4 ,frontage1 #ae yds4 ,,bedroom ,,floor4 ,first ,bedroom1 #ab ft4 #af ft4 #c ins41 and bay4 ,second ,bedroom1 #ab ft4 #d ins4 #ac ft4 #f in4 ,third ,bedroom1 #aj ft4 #aj ft4 #b ins4 ,fourth ,bedroom1 #i ft4 #ac ft4 #f ins4 ,boxroom1 #h ft4 #aj ft4 ,bathroom1 with ,lavatory1 and ,w4,c4 ,the dining room is lighted by a small east window and a west bay window1 the latter being covered by the roof of the verandah1 which terminates in the bay window of the drawing room4 ,although the kitchen is a small one1 it has the advantage of not being a passage room1 the door from the hall to the kitchen and that from the kitchen to the scullery being arranged beside one another in the same wall4 ,in these houses the windows have wooden frames and wrought-iron casements4 ,the principal rooms occupy the full width of the back1 and the hall is therefore extended to admit of the doors of the two rooms being conveniently placed4 ,,ingle ,,nook4--,the ingle which results from this arrangement has a beam with a shelf above continuing the line of the architrave1 and the ceiling of the ingle is only #f ft4 #f in4 high4 ,there is a small light on one side4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,li4 ,,cottage ,,ingle4 ,,see ,,page #di4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lii4 ,,detail ,,view4 ,,see ,,page #di4 ,the ingle nook is shown on ,plate ,,li41 and a view of the oriel on ,plate ,,lii4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liii4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages4 ,,see ,,page #ej4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liv4 ,,pair ,,of ,,cottages--,,back4 ,,see ,,page #ej4 ,the pair of cottages shown in ,plates ,,liii4 and ,,liv4 have outer porches1 whereby the size of the hall is reduced4 ,a separate view of one of them is given on ,plate ,,lv4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,,porch4 ,,see ,,page #ej4 ,in this example1 as in the former also1 the outlook at the back of the house is to be preferred to that in the front1 and as should always be done when the aspect is favourable1 the principal rooms are placed at the back4 ,there is in this instance a west prospect1 with a delightful view of undulating woodland and distant hills4 ,the forecourt affords a pleasant outlook from within the house4 ,the lowness of the eaves has the effect of giving the pair a very homely and cottage-like appearance4 ,the height of the bedrooms in the former example is #h ft4 #c in4 ,,plates ,,lvi4 ,,and ,,lvii4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvi4 ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #ej4 ,plate ,,lvi4 gives a single cottage of a plan similar to the last1 with enlarged accommodation and somewhat different treatment1 namely3-- ,rough-cast from ground1 with tarred plinth2 oriel window to first floor1 with the introduction of a little colour in parquetry1 which is also applied round the small window over the entrance1 and a half-timber porch glazed with leaded lights1 having coloured centres of rich glass4 ,the cloak space is here converted into a china pantry4 ,a separate view of the porch is shown on ,plate ,,lvii4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvii4 ,,porch ,,of ,,single ,,cottage4 ,,see ,,page #ej4 ,,general ,,notes4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,patent ,,adjustable ,,cabinet ,,bath4 ,,the ,,bath4--,the bath1 without which no house is nowadays regarded as complete1 should be supplied in all cottages1 however small4 ,at ,bournville1 wherever there is no bathroom1 the bath is placed in the kitchen1 this room being considered the most suitable3 hot water is here at hand1 and1 as there is usually a fire in winter1 it is both more convenient and comfortable than in one of the bedrooms1 where the space can be ill-spared1 especially where there are children4 ,even in the kitchens of these small cottages there is necessarily none too much space1 and various devices have been employed to prevent the bath being an inconvenience when not in use4 ,one way of disposing of it is to sink it into the floor near the hearth1 the boarded covering serving as a standing or draining board when the bath is in use4 ,another way1 where there is a little more room to spare1 is to fix it on the usual floor level1 and make its cover serve as a settle or table4 ,the introduction of the ,patent ,adjustable ,cabinet ,bath1 however1 is better than either of these methods4 ,in this arrangement the bath is hinged at the bottom of one end in order that it may be easily lowered from and raised back into the cabinet1 where in its vertical position it is no inconvenience when not in use4 ,in the hinge a waste pipe is introduced4 ,with this bath not only is there a gain of space1 but the bath may be used with a saving of time and labour1 and without fear of deluging the floor4 ,above the cupboard in which the bath is kept are convenient shelves4 ,the cost of the bath and cabinet is about #c #es4 ,the illustration on the last page shows a bath of this kind fitted in one of the ,bournville cottages4 ,illustration3 ,,cornes' ,,patent ,,bath4 ,another patent bath used at ,bournville in cottages of larger size but not sufficiently large to admit of a bathroom is ,cornes' ,combined ,scullery-,bath-,range and ,boiler4 ,the patent utilises to the fullest extent the heat of the kitchen1 so that1 in addition to the economy of space1 there is a further economy of fuel to the householder4 ,the heating and cooking range forms a great part of the division between the kitchen and scullery-bathroom1 the flue being coursed over the head of the bath4 ,in the centre of the range is the grate1 with an oven on one side and on the other a twelve-gallon boiler1 in which water is kept hot for domestic purposes4 ,boiling water can be obtained by raking down live fuel into a small secondary grate under the boiler through a small hole made for the purpose4 ,if desired1 clothes can be boiled in the boiler and access to it from the scullery may be gained by opening a curved door4 ,owing to its open construction there is no risk of explosion4 ,further developments have been made in the way of providing a folding door in front of the range1 which will shut off the boiler from the kitchen when necessary4 ,the scullery-bathroom1 which contains about #cf superficial feet1 is fitted with a full-sized iron enamelled bath1 supplied with hot water through a pipe from the range boiler and with cold water from the cistern1 or through a shower-bath sprinkler fixed overhead1 so that this latter luxury can be enjoyed by simply turning the tap4 ,the introduction of ,white's ,patent ,steam ,exhaust effectually prevents the steam from permeating the other rooms of the house4 ,an illustration is here given showing ,cornes' patent fitted up4 ,,the ,,ingle ,,nook4--,like many old-time features which have been revived during the last few years1 the ingle nook has perhaps been a little overdone4 ,the ingle is intended to serve as a cosy retreat in a spacious room1 and it should not be introduced in a room the size of which is insufficient to warrant its existence4 ,on this account it is usually undesirable to provide ingle nooks in cottages1 except in those with the large living-rooms4 ,comfort should always be the object in view in the construction of the ingle1 but in many modern examples this is sacrificed to over elaboration and that straining for effect which shows that it was designed for ornament and not for use4 ,no doubt an effect is sometimes gained1 but the usefulness of the ingle is so far sacrificed that not infrequently one of most inviting appearance will be found to possess inadequate seating accommodation even for a single person4 ,illustration3 ,,elevation ,,plan ,,small ,,cottage ,,ingle4 ,the ingle1 to be comfortable and useful1 should not be less than #aj ft4 #f ins4 in width by #d ft4 #f ins4 in depth4 ,if it is smaller lengthways the heat from the fire will be too great1 while if less deep there will be insufficient accommodation at the sides for two persons without projecting the seats into the room1 which can only be satisfactorily done1 perhaps1 when the side of the ingle is in line with that of the room4 ,a reasonable height is #f ft4 #f ins4 ,a pleasing way of treating a cottage ingle is to introduce a step up of about #c ins41 with an oak curb1 and to tile or quarry the whole recess1 as illustrated by the accompanying drawing4 ,this ingle1 which is provided in the pair of cottages with the large living-rooms dealt with earlier 7,plate ,,xx471 is constructed as follows3- in4 match-boarding is nailed to studding1 which has stout angle-posts to support the beam above2 along the side of the latter a #g-;in4 by #a-;in4 shelf is carried by small wooden brackets2 and the wood seats are of #a ins4 in thickness by #a ft4 #d ins4 from back to front1 at a height of #a ft4 #c ins4 or less from the floor4 ,the introduction of the ingle here is advantageous because some privacy is thus afforded in a room which is entered directly from the road4 ,the match-boarding in this case is continued1 and forms a framework for the tile-surround of the grate1 giving an appearance of unity to the nook1 while the simplicity of the material is pleasing and restful4 ,the insertion of a mantelpiece different in character should be avoided4 ,some interest may be given to the centre of the fireplace by inlaying a little ebony in simple forms4 ,for drawing-rooms of larger houses the back of the nook might be panelled1 the seat upholstered1 and the panels filled in with tapestry4 ,white wood looks well1 and the fireplace might be built up with glazed brickettes4 ,the ways of treating the more expensive ingles are so numerous1 however1 that it would be of little use making definite suggestions4 ,the ingle nook of one of the larger cottages is illustrated on ,plate ,,li4 ,,chimneys4--,the economy of grouping chimneys1 and the desirability of carrying them to the highest point of the roof to avoid down-draughts1 has already been mentioned4 ,generally speaking1 for cottages1 the simpler the chimneys are the better1 and they should all be of hard burnt bricks1 and the top courses built in cement4 ,diagonal chimneys are pleasing1 but expensive1 and on an estate should only be used occasionally4 ,the ,dutch chimneys1 built up with corners of brick and covered with stone slabs or #ab-;in4 drain pipes1 as frequently seen in ,holland and ,belgium1 are picturesque 7see ,plate ,,xxii471 but care has to be exercised in their construction4 ,though they are often regarded as being liable to smoke1 it may be pointed out that in many cases their employment is the only remedy for a smoky flue4 ,outside chimneys1 it will be borne in mind1 are always expensive4 ,chimney pots do not improve the appearance1 but sometimes they are a necessity4 ,in these cases the simple or plain tall-boys are recommended1 and the colour--whether of soft red or buff--should be chosen to suit the design and colouring of the cottage4 ,as a variation of these there are the beehive pots1 the main idea of which is to keep down the height4 ,,windows4--,the casement window is cheaper than the sash window1 and if beauty of effect is also to be considered its adoption is further desirable4 ,its simplicity and homeliness of appearance render it extremely fitting for the cottage4 ,the old difficulty of cleaning may now be obviated by a very simple device introduced at ,bournville1 that of causing the window to open upon a pivot in the centre1 inwardly as well as outwardly1 which admits of the outside of the fixed pane being easily reached by the hand4 ,the sash window1 while objectionable in the form frequently used1 may yet be made suitable for cottages2 but it should be divided1 and the proportions very carefully studied1 say #i-;in4 by #aa-;in4 panes1 and the bars not less than #a in4 in thickness4 ,it should be brought forward1 showing the full width of the boxing4 ,the sash window1 however1 necessitates an additional height to rooms4 ,,bricks4--,as regards bricks1 it is well as far as possible to avoid those which are mechanically made 7the pressed stock-brick7 and to use the hand-made bricks from local yards4 ,the brindled ,staffordshire bricks are largely used at ,bournville2 they are very suitable for cottage building where the position is not too exposed4 ,a pleasing variety of colour is introduced at a low cost1 the tint being a bright cherry red blended with blue and purple1 the blue being quite different from the dead blue-black of the vitreous brick4 ,for inside work the common red wire-cuts are suitable4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that a good effect cannot be obtained by the use of the cheaper makes of bricks1 a remark which also applies in the case of the ,london stock-bricks1 so long as they are not uniformly selected2 a good effect may be gained1 for instance1 by using a few of the darker ones indiscriminately with the cream-coloured ones4 ,the splash of dark colour caused by the black ones coming together is by no means undesirable4 ,a good example of an effective use of these bricks is to be seen at ,brewer's ,estate1 ,london4 ,,roof ,,covering4--,the materials to be employed in roofing depend upon the style of cottage1 and also upon the locality4 ,the ,bangor slates are cheap1 and may be an excellent covering as regards durability2 but unfortunately1 in the class of cottages here dealt with1 it is rarely possible to get so good an effect with them as with other kinds4 ,they may be used1 however1 in the whitewashed cottage1 so long as the smaller sizes are selected4 ,hand-made roofing tiles1 and thick ,welsh green and rustic ,precelly slates may be recommended1 as also the ,peake's ,hartshill hand-made tiles4 ,pantiles are cheap1 but should only be employed on unbroken roofs having few valleys1 where it is less difficult to keep out the wet4 ,the roof should be steep1 the angle in no case being less than #de degrees4 ,before covering1 care should be taken to ascertain whether they are of good manufacture1 and whether they are porous or not4 ,there are sometimes pantiles of an indifferent quality on the market2 and1 if this precaution is not taken1 a roof may have to be stripped and re-tiled4 ,where they have been used and have afterwards been found to be bad they may be tarred1 as are wood coverings in ,norway and ,sweden4 ,it is always essential that the services of a practised layer of pantiles should be secured4 ,gables should have damp courses under the coping to shield them from frost and wet4 ,roof ridging should have careful attention1 and it is wiser to suppress rather than to sharpen1 the better to obtain that rustic appearance suitable to a cottage4 ,many fantastic ridges1 with vulgar finials1 are employed in the building of small suburban villas1 of a more or less sharp-pointed character1 and of a depth out of proportion to the roof1 which gives an unpleasant harshness to the general appearance4 ,with the principle in view that the sky-line should be softened as much as possible1 the brindled hand-made half-rounds should be used4 ,with green slates1 ridges of blue are the most suitable1 as the colours harmonise4 ,experience will probably show that the red and buff ridges will not stand the weather so well as other kinds4 ,,wall ,,spaces3 ,,rough-,,cast--,,whitewash--,,half-,,ti mber4--,however strong may be the temptation to introduce a variety of colour upon exteriors1 it is advisable with cottages of the class dealt with to refrain from so doing4 ,it is best to get the colour in masses1 treated broadly--say1 each house1 as far as wall surfaces and roof are concerned1 of one colour2 for where the cottages stand close together1 or even where they are semi-detached1 sufficient contrast or relief is afforded by contiguous cottages treated differently1 and in the case of a village a much better general effect is thus gained4 ,on the other hand a good effect may be gained by giving a block of houses one tone throughout1 matching the colour of the roof4 ,the result is quiet and unobtrusive1 and one which is very desirable in the cottage1 where the features are necessarily brought close together4 ,the tarred plinth1 however1 should always be used with rough-cast4 ,half-timber should be used sparingly4 ,while the bye-laws insist on a #i-;in4 wall being at the back1 an unwarranted present and future expense is incurred by its use2 and an effect equally as good1 moreover1 may be obtained with rough-cast1 weather boarding1 or whitewash4 ,half-timber one lives to regret1 for the weather tells sadly upon it1 and it demands constant repair4 ,a small cottage with an equal distribution of equal-sized windows is far from desirable4 ,in a pair of cottages where there are four equal rooms facing the road1 four equal windows would at first sight seem unavoidable1 although such an arrangement would be fatal to the elevation4 ,it is better to put a secondary light to the rooms at the extremities1 getting additional light from the side1 and thus by contrast giving greater importance to the larger windows in the centre1 or even to omit the smaller windows1 if adequate light can be obtained without them4 ,the blank space might then be used for the training up of climbing plants4 ,a certain number of windows is indispensable in a cottage1 but1 without stinting light1 the aim should rather be to repress any superfluity4 ,by the means suggested the view from the interior is sometimes agreeably varied4 ,other features are dealt with in the descriptions of the various cottages to which they have particular reference4 ,,the ,,laying ,,out ,,of ,a ,,model ,,village4 ,let it be supposed that land has been bought to be laid out as a model village4 ,whether this has been done by a company1 a municipal body1 or by an individual1 is not material to the present purpose4 ,assuming that the selection of the site has had careful consideration1 and that it is suitable for the development of a village1 what is the first step8 ,before turning a sod the clearest conception of the finished scheme must have been formed4 ,a dozen cottages or so erected before considering the future of the whole project may involve endless trouble at a later stage4 ,the initial proceeding1 therefore1 is to make the general plan as complete and final as possible before commencing actual operations4 ,up to the present it has been the difficulty of co-operation among landlords1 perhaps unavoidable1 either by the piecemeal acquisition of land or the fitful demand for building1 which has been the cause of many of our towns and suburbs being the reverse of pleasing4 ,a century or so ago1 when domestic architecture was a traditionally living art1 and building was conducted less hurriedly1 a certain charm of effect was no doubt obtained by this accidental or fitful extension1 though convenience was certainly not always considered2 but in the present day we should avail ourselves of the opportunity which a large or co-operative scheme offers for a convenient and agreeable disposition of buildings4 ,,regard ,,of ,,physical ,,features4--,as the following suggestions do not refer to any specific example of land which is to be laid out as a model village1 they can only be regarded as having general applicability4 ,the treatment of particular land depends upon its peculiar physical features4 ,land in a gently undulating district1 for instance1 must be dealt with in quite a different manner from that in flat country4 ,the natural features themselves must be the basis of any satisfactory treatment1 and they are to be made the most of1 not only with regard to their intrinsic beauty1 but also any material advantages they may offer4 ,,advisory ,,architect4--,if a village is being developed by an individual in a private capacity it is not improbable1 indeed it is very natural1 that he will expect the general operations to be carried out in accordance with his particular taste or fancy1 which1 however1 may happen to be far from practical or artistic1 and his scheme is likely to suffer accordingly4 ,so too in the case of an estate developed by a governing body consisting of men who are not qualified for the task1 the possibility of failure is equally great4 ,the best course is to employ an advisory architect about whose qualifications there is no doubt1 who should work in conjunction with the surveyor from the outset4 ,it may be suggested1 now that the movement is making considerable progress1 that the ,royal ,institute of ,british ,architects should be asked to suggest an architect in such cases4 ,a greater variety1 however1 in the plan and design of the houses might perhaps be secured by employing more than one architect4 ,a man's ideas are liable to run in a groove2 and even if variation is introduced in detail there is likely to be a similarity in general character4 ,moreover1 where two or more architects are engaged1 a healthy rivalry might result in the designing of houses which shall fulfil all the conditions of convenience1 compactness1 and economy4 ,the respective work of the various architects might be confined to particular streets1 but a regular system of variation should be avoided4 ,method should not be too obtrusive or the arrangement too mechanical4 ,the advisory architect must be selected with judgment1 for on him will devolve the working out of the general road-scheme1 and this will demand more talent than the merely practical man possesses4 ,the caution already urged against doing anything on the estate without mature consideration expressly applies to the cutting of roads and the reservation of spaces4 ,given a map of our land1 the fancy is not usually slow in disposing of it2 and it is only with the progress of operations1 when a number of unforeseen demands make themselves disagreeably formidable1 that it is seen how wanton this ready fancy has been4 ,,the ,,selection ,,of ,,centres4--,the first questions to be decided are the number and positions of the centres1 for it is to and from these that the most convenient and accessible connections must be planned1 and the centres themselves should be reserved as the sites of parks1 principal buildings1 shops and the like4 ,if the land is already entered by one or more turnpike roads which may not be diverted1 these should guide the cutting of the new roads1 and the chief centres of the village must be made as accessible as possible from them4 ,if an existing road only approaches the land1 and only one connection is deemed necessary1 the connection should be constructed to suit the village as a whole1 without partiality to any one extremity1 always keeping the centres in view4 ,it is nearly always better to work to the contour of the land1 taking a gentle sweep in preference to a straight line4 ,the site of the chief centre1 not forgetting to keep in view its general accessibility1 should if possible be on the highest point of the village1 such a position giving prominence over the whole1 as well as a more imposing elevation and dignity to the principal buildings which are to be erected thereon4 ,the nature of the buildings would depend altogether on the size of the scheme4 ,in the case of a garden city they would possibly include council chambers1 theatre1 museum1 library or other monumental buildings of a like character1 and as large spaces as possible should be reserved around them for extensions and gardens4 ,a great city1 in which it has been decided to build a cathedral1 has found itself before now in the dilemma of having no suitable site available1 and the monument of beauty has had to make the best of beggarly and ugly neighbours4 ,it is as well to profit by the errors of the past1 and the utmost should therefore be done to save a garden city or model village from ever getting congested at its chief centre4 ,the other centres should be places of distinct interest1 such as schools1 railway station1 or market-place1 but secondary to the chief one4 ,,roads4--,the buildings will not be sky-scrapers1 and the roads1 therefore1 will not1 in order that they may be ventilated1 have to be set out in straight lines in order to be wind-swept1 intersecting at unpleasing right angles like a gridiron4 ,though the main streets should be planned with some degree of straightness for the convenience of getting to and from important places1 there is no reason why regularity should be sought after for its own sake2 at the same time an unnecessary irregularity should be as much avoided4 ,where one straight road unavoidably meets another at right angles1 it is a good plan to widen the point of intersection4 ,this particularly applies to a road taking a hill straight--that is1 at its shortest length4 ,a pleasing perspective will be given by thus widening1 and on the triangular space formed might be erected a fountain or monument1 with or without a grass plot4 ,as an alternative1 if the ground is too valuable to be so disposed of1 the road might be terminated by slightly curving it to the left or right1 and the corner remaining used for building upon4 ,in the residential portion of the village or garden city1 roads running due east and west should be avoided if possible4 ,when this precaution has been taken1 much scheming to get the sun on the front as well as the back of the house will be spared4 ,as is well known1 a kitchen with a south aspect is unbearable in the heat of the summer4 ,where the road unavoidably runs east and west1 the gardens of houses on the north side should occupy the front and not the back of the plot4 ,trees should be planted in all roads1 and the chief roads should be arranged on the boulevard plan1 allowing the utmost freedom to the pedestrian4 ,a few spaces might be reserved for shelters1 and the site for a bandstand might be timely chosen4 ,as much as possible should be done to give breadth to all thoroughfares1 and to this end the building-line of the houses should be well back from the road--thirty feet at least--the ample front-garden giving a refreshing greenness to the prospect1 besides a better perspective to the houses4 ,the width of roads should be from forty to fifty feet1 with paths of from eight to twelve feet1 not less4 ,minor open spaces1 such as playgrounds for young children1 are pleasant along the road side1 but road-making is costly1 and economy in all probability will have to be studied2 back land1 therefore1 should be utilised for them at the bottom of garden plots4 ,,street ,,elevations4--,in building a road of houses the expense would of course be considerable if to get variety a different plan and different details were employed for each house4 ,other methods must be adopted4 ,in the case of twenty houses it would be well to get as many details1 such as windows1 doors1 and door-frames1 the same 7or1 at any rate1 half of one kind and half of another71 and monotony should be avoided by variation in the disposition of these features4 ,an extensive elevation may also be made interesting by the treatment of a porch here1 the addition of a bay window there1 and the use of rough-cast somewhere else4 ,an irregular building-line1 where possible1 is to be preferred4 ,in a block of three cottages a pleasing effect is gained by projecting or recessing the middle one1 or putting it with its long axis parallel with the road1 and so forming a forecourt in front4 ,,service ,,of ,,natural ,,advantages4--,whatever natural advantages the land may possess1 such as woods1 pools1 or streams 7where they are not included in a park71 should border1 or be seen from1 the road--that is if they merit the expense of road-making4 ,few things are more picturesque than a stream at the roadside 7as at ,tissington in ,derbyshire71 especially if spanned here and there by small bridges 7as at ,bourton-on-the-,water71 and by their presence the road will be widened from house front to house front4 ,the water of a stream should never be utilised for a manufacturing purpose where it afterwards flows through the village1 except for generating electric power or other clean uses4 ,if there is an avenue of old trees it should be secured for one of the roads4 ,,shopping4--,the chief shopping will be best placed just without and surrounding the main centre1 and that of less importance round the minor centres4 ,,factories4--,supposing that the raison d'tre of the village or garden city be one or more industries in which many of the inhabitants are employed1 where1 it will be asked1 are the factories to be placed8 ,without a definite example of land1 it is difficult to give a definite reply4 ,many things are essential to such sites--for instance1 the adjacency of a stream1 river1 or railway--and if the manufacturer transfers his works to the country1 he will rightly choose the most convenient and advantageous site for them that offers1 and other arrangements will have to be made in concert with him4 ,nevertheless1 the factory or factories should be as far as possible from the main centre1 that is on the village or city outskirts4 ,the preferable position would lie between the north-east and south-west1 for the prevalent south-west wind will then carry away the smoke in summer1 when the villagers indulge in outdoor life1 while the north and easterly winds of winter will carry it over the village when they are indoors4 ,screens of trees should be planted between the village and the factories as soon as possible4 ,,plots ,,for ,,houses4--,as to the treatment of the plots for houses3 should the road cut into the land it need not necessarily be levelled1 but taken as it is2 the gables will thus present a desirable variation of level1 and the ridge line will be less monotonous4 ,an endeavour should be made1 however1 always to get the plots not less than #ah ins4 above the level of the crown of the road1 otherwise the drainage will be troublesome and expensive4 ,as soon as the house is erected1 it is well to set hedges of thorn or beech1 both along the roadside and between the houses4 ,until these are grown1 the ordinary iron hurdle1 or light-railed wooden fence1 might serve4 ,it is advisable to arrange the building plots so that the houses on either side of the road do not come exactly opposite each other2 the houses should be so arranged as to face the open space opposite4 ,,gardens4--,at ,bournville the average garden-space allowed each house is #fjj square yards1 this being found to be about as much as the average man can well attend to4 7,this means there will be from eight to twelve cottages to the acre47 ,the laying out is done prior to the tenant's occupation of the house4 ,a description of the way the ,bournville gardens are laid out is given1 with a plan1 on page #bc4 ,when the houses are placed at the end of the plot remote from the road1 any hard and fast lines in the style of the garden should be avoided3 apple and other fruit-trees1 or an occasional kitchen-garden1 may be placed in a prominent position1 for even the trim flower-garden might be varied with advantage4 ,a preference has already been expressed for having the garden adjacent to the house rather than the allotment garden at a distance1 but at the same time the latter plan may be sometimes forced upon us4 ,undoubtedly the rivalry that is encouraged among gardeners congregated together in allotment gardens is good and healthy1 but the inconvenience to the household of the distance between home and garden would suggest the adoption of the former whenever it is possible1 and even where there is an allotment there should still be a small plot adjacent to the house4 ,while endeavouring to get as much light and air space as possible in the village1 it will frequently be found necessary to erect cottages in blocks of four1 and sometimes of eight4 ,in order to give adequate garden-space1 even to small houses1 and not in long thin strips1 the frontage of the land will have to be broad2 a rule should be made1 therefore1 of spreading the houses laterally by arranging the staircase of each house1 not between the back and front rooms1 but between the houses4 ,this will bring the outside houses nearer to the extremity of the land1 and will not only give each garden the desired straightness and breadth1 but afford a greater breadth of view upon it from within4 ,in conclusion1 it might be again stated that most of the remarks under this head--which are mainly arranged from notes taken or suggested during the planning and working out of the ,bournville ,estate--are broad and suggestive rather than insistent1 and it is probable that the setting out of particular land will not admit of the adoption of many of the principles here laid down4 ,,bradbury1 ,,agnew ,,co41 ,,ld41 ,,printers1 ,,london ,,and ,,tonbridge4 ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,illustrations in this e,book have been positioned between paragraphs and adjacent to where they are discussed4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,some hyphens in words have been silently removed1 some added1 when a predominant preference was found in the original book4 ,except for those changes noted below1 all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4 ,pg #ag3 #8necessiting' replaced by #8necessitating'4