,panama-,pacific ,international         
,exposition    ,the ,jewel ,city3  ,its 
,planning and ,achievement2 ,its        
,architecture1 ,sculpture1 ,symbolism1  
and ,music2 ,its ,gardens1 ,palaces1 and
 ,exhibits    ,by ,ben ,macomber        
,with ,colored ,frontispiece and more   
than ,seventy-,five ,other              
,illustrations     ,introduction    ,no 
more accurate account of the            
,panama-,pacific ,international         
,exposition has been given than one that
 was forced from the lips of a charming 
,eastern woman of culture4 ,walking one 
evening in the ,fine ,arts colonnade1   
while the illumination from distant     
searchlights accented the glory of      
,maybeck's masterpiece1 and lit up the  
half-domes and arches across the lagoon1
 she exclaimed to her companion3 ,why1  
all the beauty of the world has been    
sifted1 and the finest of it assembled  
here6  ,this simple phrase1 the         
involuntary outburst of a traveled      
visitor1 will be echoed by thousands who

 feel the magic of what the master      
artists and architects of ,america have 
done here in celebration of the ,panama 
,canal4 ,i put the artists first1       
because this ,exposition has set a new  
standard4 ,among all the great          
international expositions previously    
held in the ,united ,states1 as well as 
those abroad1 it had been the fashion   
for managers to order a manufactures    
building from one architect1 a machinery
 hall from another1 a fine arts gallery 
from a third4 ,these worked almost      
independently4 ,their structures1       
separately1 were often beautiful2       
together1 they seldom indicated any     
kinship or common purpose4 ,when the    
buildings were completed1 the artists   
were called in to soften their          
disharmonies with such sculptural and   
horticultural decoration as might be    
possible4  ,the ,exposition in ,san     
,francisco is the first1 though it will 
not be the last1 to subject its         
architecture to a definite artistic     

motive4 ,how this came about it is the  
object of the present book to tell1--how
 the ,exposition was planned as an      
appropriate expression of ,america's joy
 in the completion of the ,canal1 and   
how its structures1 commemorating the   
peaceful meeting of the nations through 
that great waterway1 have fitly been    
made to represent the art of the entire 
world1 yet with such unity and          
originality as to give new interest to  
the ancient forms1 and with such a      
wealth of appropriate symbolism in      
color1 sculpture and mural painting as  
to make its great courts1 towers and    
arches an inspiring story of ,nature's  
beneficence and ,man's progress4  ,much 
of ,mr4 ,macomber's text was written    
originally for ,the ,san ,francisco     
,chronicle1 to which acknowledgment is  
made for its permission to reprint his  
papers4 ,the popularity of these        
articles1 which have been running since 
,february1 has testified to their       
usefulness4 ,in many cases they have    

been preserved and passed from hand to  
hand4 ,they have also won the           
endorsement of liberal use in other     
publications4 ,it is proper to say1     
however1 that similarity of language    
sometimes indicates a common following  
of the artists' own explanations of     
their work1 made public by the          
,exposition management4  ,mr4 ,macomber 
has revised and amplified his chapters  
hitherto published1 and has added others
 briefly outlining the history of the   
,exposition1 and dealing with the       
fine-arts1 industrial1 and livestock    
exhibits1 the foreign and state         
buildings1 music1 sports1 aviation1 and 
the amusement section4 ,apart from the  
smaller guides1 the book is thus the    
first to attempt any comprehensive      
description of the ,exposition4 ,without
 indiscriminate praise1 or sacrificing  
independent judgment1 the author's      
purpose has been to interpret and       
explain the many things about which the 
visitors on the ground and readers at   

home may naturally wish to know1 rather 
than to point out minor defects4  ,for  
the general exhibit palaces1 anything   
more than a brief outline of their      
contents would fill several books4 ,but 
the chapter entitled ,the ,palace of    
,fine ,arts and its ,exhibit1 with the  
,awards1 supplies such an account of the
 plan of the galleries and of the       
important works therein as will furnish 
a clear and helpful guide to this great 
collection4 ,the awards of the ,fine    
,arts juries1 just announced1 have been 
incorporated in the account1 while a    
full list of the grand prizes1 medals of
 honor and gold medals also follows the 
chapter4 ,with the artists thus named   
are noted the rooms where the works of  
each may be found4 ,the ,appendix offers
 a practical aid to the study of the    
,exposition ,art in the list there given
 of the mural paintings and sculptures  
which form the notable decorations of   
palaces and gardens4 ,with these are    
cross-references to the pages in the    

text where they are described4  ,in     
selecting the photographs here          
reproduced1 the aim has been not so much
 to show exhibits as to illustrate the  
plan1 architecture and decorative art of
 the ,exposition1 and to indicate the   
advance which it scores over its        
predecessors4 ,the pictures1 with their 
full underlines1 will aid those who have
 not yet visited the ,exposition to     
apprehend its spirit and much of its    
unprecedented beauty4 ,cross-references 
from text to illustrations increase     
their helpfulness4 ,but even these      
abundant illustration can do little more
 than suggest how far the artistic      
achievement is the finest yet seen in   
,america4 ,no book can adequately       
represent this ,world's ,fair4 ,its     
spell is the charm of color and the     
grandeur of noble proportion1           
harmonizing great architectural units2  
its lesson is the compelling value1     
demonstrated on a vast scale1 of        
exquisite taste4 ,it must be seen to be 

understood4  ,john ,h4 ,williams4  ,san 
,francisco1 ,july #ae1 #aiae4           
,contents        ,i4 ,motive and        
,planning of the ,exposition    ,,ii4   
,ground ,plan and ,landscape ,gardening 
,,iii4 ,the ,south ,gardens    ,,iv4    
,the ,walled ,city3 ,its ,great ,palaces
 and their ,architecture1               
,color and ,material     ,v4 ,the ,tower
 of ,jewels    ,,vi4 ,the ,court of the 
,universe   ,,vii4 ,the ,court of the   
,ages  ,,viii4 ,the ,court of the       
,seasons    ,,ix4 ,courts of ,flowers   
and ,palms     ,x4 ,the ,fountains      
,,xi4 ,the ,palace of ,machinery        
,,xii4 ,the ,palace of ,fine ,arts and  
its ,exhibit1 with the ,awards  ,,xiii4 
,the ,exposition ,illuminated   ,,xiv4  
,music at the ,exposition    ,,xv4      
,inside the ,exhibit ,palaces   ,,xvi4  
,the ,foreign ,pavilions  ,,xvii4 ,the  
,state ,buildings ,,xviii4 ,the         
,live-,stock ,exhibit   ,,xix4 ,sports  
and ,games2 ,automobile ,races2         
,aviation    ,,xx4 ,the ,joy ,zone      

,appendix3 ,lists of ,sculptures1 ,mural
 ,paintings1 and ,artists4 ,roster of   
the ,exposition4 ,index4                
,illustrations    ,unless otherwise     
noted1 these are from photographs by the
 official photographers1 the            
,cardinell-,vincent ,company4    ,roman 
,arch of the ,setting ,sun1 ,color      
,plate from ,photo by ,gabriel ,moulin  
,ground ,plan of the ,palace of ,fine   
,arts ,aeroplane ,view of the           
,exposition1 ,photo copyrighted by      
,gabriel ,moulin ,avenue of ,palms ,the 
,south ,gardens ,the ,palace of         
,horticulture ,festival ,hall--,george  
,h4 ,kahn ,map of the ,panama-,pacific  
,international ,exposition ,listening   
,woman and ,young ,girl1 ,festival ,hall
 ,south ,portal1 ,palace of ,varied     
,industries--,j4 ,l4 ,padilla ,palace of
 ,liberal ,arts ,sixteenth-,century     
,spanish ,portal1 ,north ,facade ,the   
,pirate1 ,north ,portal ,the ,priest1   
,tower of ,jewels ,the ,tower of ,jewels
 and ,fountain of ,energy ,cortez--,j4  

,l4 ,padilla ,under the ,arch1 ,tower of
 ,jewels ,fountain of ,el ,dorado       
,column of ,progress--,pacific ,photo   
and ,art ,co4 ,the ,adventurous ,bowman 
,arch of the ,setting ,sun--,j4 ,l4     
,padilla ,frieze at ,base of the ,column
 of ,progress 7#b7 ,the ,court of the   
,universe and ,arch of the ,rising ,sun 
,earth and ,fire 7#b7 ,the ,rising ,sun 
and ,the ,setting ,sun 7#b7 ,tower of   
the ,ages--,j4 ,l4 ,padilla ,fountain of
 the ,earth--,j4 ,l4 ,padilla ,air1 one 
of ,brangwyn's ,murals ,the ,court of   
,seasons ,arch in the ,court of         
,seasons--,george ,h4 ,kahn ,court of   
,flowers1 ,detail--,pacific ,photo and  
,art ,co4 ,the ,end of the ,trail--,j4  
,l4 ,padilla ,the ,pioneer ,the ,court  
of ,palms4 ,portal between the ,courts  
of ,palms and ,seasons--,pacific ,photo 
and ,art ,co4 ,fountain of ,summer--,j4 
,l4 ,padilla ,the ,mermaid ,fountain    
,fountain of ,beauty and the ,beast ,the
 ,palace of ,machinery ,palace of       
,machinery1 ,interior ,vestibule1       

,palace of ,machinery--,gabriel ,moulin 
,palace of ,fine ,arts ,open ,corridor1 
,palace of ,fine ,arts ,detail of       
,rotunda1 ,palace of ,fine ,arts        
,colonnade1 ,fine ,arts1 and            
,half-,dome1 ,food ,products ,palace    
--,j4 ,l4 ,padilla ,the ,mother of the  
,dead ,high ,tide2 the ,return of the   
,fishermen--,gabriel ,moulin ,among the 
,white ,birch ,trunks--,gabriel ,moulin 
,tower of ,jewels at ,night--,j4 ,l4    
,padilla ,the ,outcast ,muse ,finding   
the ,head of ,orpheus ,palace of ,fine  
,arts at ,night--,paul ,elder ,co4      
,tympanum1 ,palace of ,varied           
,industries ,tympanum1 ,palace of       
,education ,the ,genius of ,creation    
,pavilions of ,australia and ,canada    
7#b71--;,h4 ,w4 ,mossby1 ,j4 ,l4        
,padilla ,pavilions of ,france and the  
,netherlands 7#b7 ,rodin's ,the         
,thinker--,friedrich ,woiter ,a ,court  
in the ,italian ,pavilion ,the ,pavilion
 of ,sweden ,pavilions of ,argentina and
 ,japan 7#b7 ,the ,new ,york ,state     

,building--,pacific ,photo and ,art ,co4
 ,california ,building ,illinois and    
,missouri 7#b7 ,massachusetts and       
,pennsylvania 7#b7 ,inside the          
,california ,building ,oregon and       
,washington 7#b7 ,aeroplane ,flight at  
,night    ,the ,jewel ,city    ,i4      
,motive and ,planning of the ,exposition
    ,the ,panama ,canal a landmark in   
human progress--,its influence through  
changes in trade routes ,san ,francisco 
determines1 in spite of the great fire1 
to celebrate its completion--,millions  
pledged in two hours-- ,congressional   
approval won--,the ,exposition built by 
,california and ,san ,francisco1 without
 ,national aid--,only two years given to
 construction-- ,fifty millions         
expended4    ,human endeavor has        
supplied no nobler motive for public    
rejoicing than the union of the         
,atlantic and ,pacific ,oceans4 ,the    
,panama ,canal has stirred and enlarged 
the imaginations of men as no other task
 has done1 however enormous the         

conception1 however huge the work4 ,the 
,canal is one of the few achievements   
which may properly be called            
epoch-making4 ,its building is of such  
signal and far reaching importance that 
it marks a point in history from which  
succeeding years and later progress will
 be counted4 ,it is so variously        
significant that the future alone can   
determine the ways in which it will     
touch and modify the life of mankind4   
,first of all1 of course1 its intent is 
commercial4 ,experts have already       
estimated its influence on the traffic  
routes4 ,but these experts1 who can1    
from known present conditions1 work out 
the changes that will take place1 that  
are already taking place1 in the flow of
 commerce on the seven seas1 cannot     
estimate the effect those changes will  
have on the life of the people who      
inhabit their shores4 ,changes in trade 
routes have overwhelmed empires and     
raised up new nations1 have nourished   
civilizations and brought others to     

decay4 ,from the days when merchants    
first followed the caravan routes1      
nothing has so modified the history of  
nations as the course of the roads by   
which commerce moved4 ,huge as was the  
,canal as a physical undertaking alone1 
it is not less stupendous in the vision 
of the effects which will flow from it4 
,in this vision1 the ,western shore of  
the ,united ,states feels that it looms 
largely4 ,no small part of the benefits 
of the ,canal are expected to fall to   
the ,pacific ,states4 ,long before it   
was completed1 the minds of men in the  
,west were filled with it4 ,its         
approaching completion appealed to      
everyone as an event of such tremendous 
significance as to deserve              
commemoration4 ,thus when ,r4 ,b4 ,hale1
 in #aijd1 first proposed that the      
opening of the waterway should be marked
 by an international exposition in ,san 
,francisco1 he merely gave expression to
 the thought of the whole ,west4  ,the  
,canal is a national undertaking1 built 

by the labor and money of an entire     
people4 ,it is of international         
significance1 too1 for its benefits are 
world-wide4 ,the ,exposition thus       
represents not only the ,united ,states 
but also the world in its effort to     
honor this achievement4 ,san ,francisco 
and ,california have merely staged the  
spectacle1 in which the world           
participates4  ,an international        
exposition is a symbol of world         
progress4 ,this one is so complete in   
its significance1 so inclusive of all   
the best that man has done1 that it is  
something more than a memorial of       
another event4 ,it is itself epochal1 as
 is the enterprise it commemorates4 ,it 
bears a direct relation to the ,canal4  
,the motive of the ,exposition was the  
grandeur of a great labor4 ,completed1  
it embodies that motive in the highest  
expression of art4  ,it took eleven     
years to prepare for and build the      
,exposition4 ,the first proposal in     
#aijd was followed by five years of     

discussion of ways and means4 ,two years
 were occupied in raising the money and 
winning the consent of the ,nation1 and 
then four years more in planning1       
building1 and collecting the exhibits4  
,the first plans were interrupted1 but  
not ended1 by the most terrible disaster
 that ever befell a great city--the fire
 of #aijf1 which wiped out the entire   
business portion1 with much of the      
residence section1 of ,san ,francisco1  
and destroyed hundreds of millions of   
wealth4 ,before that year ended1 and    
while the city was only beginning its   
huge task of rebuilding1 it again took  
up its festival idea4 ,a company was    
formed1 but1 until reconstruction was   
largely out of the way1 it was          
impossible to do more than keep the idea
 alive4  ,in ,october1 #aiji1 the idea  
began to crystallize into a definite    
purpose4 ,in that month ,president      
,taft1 at a banquet at the ,fairmont    
,hotel1 declared that the ,canal would  
be opened to commerce on ,january #a1   

#aiae4 ,that announcement gave the final
 impulse to the growing determination4  
,the success of the ,portola celebration
 that summer had given the city         
confidence in its ability to carry out a
 great festival undertaking4 ,in fact1  
it was at a meeting of the ,portola     
committee that the first move was made  
toward the organization that later      
became effective4  ,a mass-meeting in   
the ,merchants' ,exchange1 on ,december 
#g1 #aiji1 ended in a resolve to        
organize an exposition company4 ,this   
found such strong popular support that  
at a second mass-meeting on ,april #bh1 
#aiaj1 #d1jhi1jjj was subscribed in less
 than two hours4 ,in two months the     
subscription had risen to #f1aef1hdj4   
,governor ,gillett called the           
,california legislature in special      
session in ,august to submit to the     
people constitutional changes enabling  
,san ,francisco to issue exposition     
bonds in the amount of #e1jjj1jjj1 and  
the ,state to raise another #e1jjj1jjj  

by special tax4 ,in ,november the people
 of ,state and city voted the two       
amounts4 ,that placed a minimum of      
#af1jjj1jjj to the credit of the        
,exposition ,company and assured the    
world that ,california meant business4  
,then followed the struggle for         
,congressional approval4 ,new ,orleans  
demanded the right to celebrate the     
opening of the ,panama ,canal4 ,all the 
resources of both cities were enlisted  
in a battle before ,congress that drew  
the attention of the ,nation4 ,three    
times delegations went from ,california 
to ,washington to fight for the         
,exposition4 ,california won1 on        
,january #ca1 #aiaa1 when1 by a vote of 
#ahh to #aei1 the ,house of             
,representatives designated ,san        
,francisco as the city in which the     
,panama-,pacific ,international         
,exposition should be held in #aiae to  
commemorate the opening of the ,canal4  
,during this struggle ,california gave  
her word that she would not ask the     

,nation for help in financing the       
,exposition4 ,the promise has been kept4
 ,the ,government has not even erected a
 national building4 ,it has1 however1   
helped in material ways1 by granting the
 use of portions of the ,presidio and   
,fort ,mason reservations1 by sending   
naval colliers to bring exhibits from   
,european countries1 and by becoming one
 of the heaviest exhibitors4 ,the       
national exhibits include three         
companies of marines encamped on the    
grounds1 and the battleship ,oregon     
anchored off the ,marina4  ,after       
,congress had acted1 half a year was    
spent in choosing a site4 ,it was at    
first expected that the ,exposition     
would be built in ,golden ,gate ,park4  
,a compromise among advocates of        
different sites was reached on ,july    
#be1 #aiaa1 when a majority vote of the 
directors named a site including        
portions of ,golden ,gate ,park1        
,lincoln ,park1 the ,presidio1 and      
,harbor ,view4 ,before #ajj1jjj people  

,president ,taft broke ground for the   
,exposition in the ,stadium of ,golden  
,gate ,park4 ,but it was not long before
 the choice settled finally on ,harbor  
,view alone4  ,the work began with the  
organization of the architectural staff4
 ,the following architects accepted     
places on the commission3 ,mc,kim1 ,mead
 and ,white1 ,henry ,bacon1 and ,thomas 
,hastings of ,new ,york2 ,robert        
,farquhar of ,los ,angeles2 and ,louis  
,christian ,mullgardt1 ,george ,w4      
,kelham1 ,willis ,polk1 ,william ,b4    
,faville1 ,clarence ,r4 ,ward1 and      
,arthur ,brown of ,san ,francisco4 ,to  
their number was later added ,bernard   
,r4 ,maybeck of ,san ,francisco1 who    
designed the ,palace of ,fine ,arts1    
while ,edward ,h4 ,bennett1 an associate
 of ,burnham1 of ,chicago1 made the     
final ground plan of the ,exposition    
group4 ,when ,san ,francisco had been   
before ,congress asking national        
endorsement for the ,exposition here1   
the plans which were then presented1 and

 on which the fight was won1 were       
prepared by ,ernest ,coxhead1 architect1
 of this city4 ,these proposed a massed 
grouping of the ,exposition structures1 
around courts1 and on the ,bay front4   
,they were afterwards amplified by      
,coxhead1 and furnished the keynote of  
the scheme finally carried out4 ,while  
the ,exposition belongs not to          
,california alone1 but to the whole     
world1 it is pleasant to find that so   
much of what is best in it is the work  
of ,californians and ,san ,franciscans4 
,the architects perfected the plan in   
#aiab4 ,at the same time the actual work
 of preparing the site was completed    
with the filling of the tide-land       
portions by hydraulic dredgers and the  
removal of the standing buildings4 ,in  
the same year the department chiefs were
 named and began their work4 ,john      
,mc,laren1 for many years               
,superintendent of ,golden ,gate ,park1 
was put in charge of the landscape      
engineering2 ,w4 ,d',a4 ,ryan was chosen

 to plan the illumination1 and ,jules   
,guerin and ,k4 ,t4 ,f4 ,bitter were    
placed at the heads of the departments  
of color and sculpture4 ,with these     
details behind1 the ground-breaking for 
,machinery ,palace in ,january1 #aiac1  
marked the beginning of the final stage4
 ,in the two years that remained it was 
necessary only to carry out the plans   
already perfected4 ,no other exposition 
has been so forehanded4 ,when the gates 
opened on ,february #bj1 #aiae1 to      
remain open till ,december #d1 the      
,exposition was practically complete4   
,some of the exhibitors had not finished
 their installation2 some of the foreign
 nations were not ready1 but the        
,exposition had kept a promise made two 
years before to have its own work done  
on time4 ,this achievement was quite    
unprecedented4 ,it is the more          
remarkable in that the record was made  
by a city which had been almost         
annihilated by fire a few years before4 
,the entire cost of the ,exposition1    

exclusive of the value of exhibits1 is  
estimated by the ,controller at         
#ej1jjj1jjj4 ,this total is made up of  
#bj1jjj1jjj spent by ,san ,francisco and
 ,california1 #aj1jjj1jjj laid out in   
state and foreign buildings and         
displays1 #aj1jjj1jjj by private        
exhibitors1 and #aj1jjj1jjj by the one  
hundred concessionaires on the ,joy     
,zone4 ,san ,francisco contributed      
#ab1ejj1jjj1 the ,state of ,california  
#e1jjj1jjj1 and its fifty-eight         
counties1 #b1ejj1jjj4 ,the amounts      
expended by foreign nations range from  
#a1gjj1jjj by ,argentina to sums as low 
as #ajj1jjj4 ,the ,state of ,new ,york  
spent nearly #a1jjj1jjj4    ,,ii4       
,ground ,plan and ,landscape ,gardening 
,the ,exposition a product of           
co-operation of the arts--,the landscape
 made part of the scheme--,block        
grouping of palaces and courts--,plan of
 the buildings--,mc,laren's wonders in  
gardening--,succession of flowers       
throughout the ,exposition--,changes    

overnight--,unique wall of living green4
    ,the artistic quality which         
distinguishes this ,exposition above all
 others in ,america or ,europe rests on 
two outstanding facts3 the substantial  
unity of its architectural scheme1 and  
its harmony of color1 keyed to ,nature's
 coloring of the landscape in which it  
is placed4 ,the site furnished the clue 
to the plan2 co-operation made possible 
the great success with which it has been
 worked out4  ,centuries ago1 said      
,george ,w4 ,kelham1 chief of           
,exposition architecture1 before the    
modern age of advanced specialization   
was dreamed of1 had an architect been   
asked to create an exposition1 he would 
have been not only an architect1 but    
painter1 sculptor and landscape engineer
 as well4 ,he would have thought1       
planned and executed from this fourfold 
angle1 and ,i doubt if it would have    
even occurred to him to think of one of 
the arts as detached from another4      
,these words express the method of the  

,exposition builders4 ,the scheme       
adopted was a unit1 in which all of the 
arts were needed1 and in which they all 
combined to a single end4 ,each         
building1 each court1 every garden and  
large mass of foliage1 was designed as  
part of a balanced composition4 ,to make
 the landscape an integral part of the  
,exposition picture1 by fitting the     
,exposition to the landscape1 was the   
common aim of architect1 colorist1      
sculptor and landscape engineer4 ,the   
,mediterranean setting offered by a     
sloping bench on the shore of the       
,golden ,gate suggested1 as most capable
 of high expression of beauty1 the      
scheme of a city of the ,far ,east1 its 
great buildings walled in and sheltering
 its courts4 ,the coloring of earth1 sky
 and sea furnished the palette from     
which tints were chosen alike for       
palaces and gardens4  ,the beauty of    
this plan is matched by its practical   
advantages4 ,the compact grouping of the
 ,exposition palaces not only meant a   

saving of ground and labor1 but it makes
 it easier to handle the crowds1 and    
lessens the walking required of the     
visitor4 ,there is no monotony4 ,in     
developing the general idea1 each       
architect and artist was left free to   
express his own personality and         
imagination4 ,the result is that varied 
forms and colors in the different courts
 and buildings blend truly into the     
whole picture of an ,oriental city1 set 
in the midst of a vast amphitheater of  
hills and bay1 arched by the fathomless 
blue of the ,california sky4  ,the      
ground plan is as simple as it is       
compact4 ,entering through the main gate
 at ,scott ,street1 the visitor has the 
,exposition before him1 practically an  
equal section on either hand4 7,see map1
 p4 #cj1 #ca47 ,on right and left in the
 ,south ,garden are ,festival ,hall and 
the ,palace of ,horticulture4 7p4 #bc1  
#bd1 #bi47 ,in front is the ,tower of   
,jewels1 before it the ,fountain of     
,energy4 7p4 #dg47 ,the tower centers   

the south front of a solid block of     
eight palaces1 so closely joined in     
structure1 and so harmonized in         
architecture1 as to make really a single
 palace4 ,on the right and left of the  
tower are the ,palaces of ,manufactures 
and ,liberal ,arts2 beyond them1 on east
 and west1 are ,varied ,industries and  
,education4 ,behind these four1 and     
fronting on the bay from east to west1  
are ,mines1 ,transportation1            
,agriculture and ,food ,products4 ,in   
the center of the group1 cut out of the 
corners of the ,manufactures1 ,liberal  
,arts1 ,agriculture and ,transportation 
,palaces1 and entered from the south    
through the ,tower of ,jewels1 is the   
great ,court of the ,universe1 opened on
 east and west by the triumphal ,arches 
of the ,nations4 7p4 #ei and #fc47 ,the 
,court opens northward between the      
,palaces of ,transportation and         
,agriculture in a splendid colonnaded   
avenue to the ,column of ,progress1 near
 the bay4 7p4 #eg47  ,through the arch  

on the east the ,court of the ,universe 
opens into an avenue which leads to the 
,court of the ,ages1 cut out of the     
intersection of the four ,palaces of    
,manufactures1 ,varied ,industries1     
,mines and ,transportation4 7p4 #gj47 ,a
 similar avenue on the west passes to   
the ,court of ,seasons1 carved from the 
common junction of ,liberal ,arts1      
,education1 ,food ,products and         
,agriculture4 7p4 #gi and #hj47 ,avenues
 pass east and west and to the north    
from each of these two courts1 and on   
the south each connects through an arch 
with a court set back into the south    
front of the palace group1 the ,courts  
of ,flowers and ,palms4 7p4 #he1 #hg1   
#hh1 #ic1 #ajj47 ,on east and west of   
this central group of eight palaces are 
the ,palace of ,machinery and the       
,palace of ,fine ,arts 7p4 #aje1 #aab71 
serving architecturally to balance the  
scheme4 ,east of the exhibit palaces is 
the ,joy ,zone1 a mile-long street      
solidly built with bizarre places of    

amusement4 ,balancing the ,zone on the  
west is the ,state and ,foreign section1
 with the live-stock exhibits1 the polo 
field1 race track and stadium beyond1 at
 the western extremity of the grounds4  
,the state buildings stand along two    
avenues on the north side of the        
section2 the foreign pavilions occupy   
its southern half4  ,the ,tower of      
,jewels and the central palace group    
face south on the ,avenue of ,palms 7p4 
#ah71 which1 at its west end1 turns as  
it passes the ,fine ,arts lagoon1 and   
becomes the ,avenue of ,nations4 ,this  
latter highway1 bordered by the foreign 
buildings1 joins at its western         
extremity the ,esplanade1 a broad avenue
 passing the north face of the palace   
group and continuing westward between   
the state and the foreign sections4  ,on
 the east1 the ,avenue of ,progress     
divides the central group from the      
,palace of ,machinery4 ,administration  
,avenue on the west separates the       
central group from the ,palace of ,fine 

,arts4 ,along the bay shore is the      
,marina1 and between it and the         
,esplanade are the ,yacht ,harbor and   
the lawns of the ,north ,gardens4       
,surrounding all these buildings1       
filling the courts and bordering the    
avenues1 are ,john ,mc,laren's lovely   
gardens4 ,for multitudes of visitors    
this landscape gardening is the most    
wonderful thing about the ,exposition4  
,the trees and flowers have been placed 
with perfect art2 they look as though   
they had been there always4 ,it is hard 
for a stranger to believe that three    
years ago the ,exposition site was a    
marsh1 and that these trees were        
transplanted last year4  ,the ,avenue of
 ,palms is bordered on each side for    
half a mile with a double row of        
,california fan palms and ,canary date  
palms1 trees from eighteen to           
twenty-five feet high and festooned     
higher than a man's head with ivy and   
blooming nasturtium4 7,see p4 #ah47     
,these massive plants1 soil1 roots1     

vines and all1 were brought bodily from 
,golden ,gate ,park4 ,against the south 
walls of the buildings facing this      
avenue are banked hundreds of eucalyptus
 globulus1 forty to fifty feet high1    
with smaller varieties of eucalyptus1   
and yellow flowering acacias4  ,the     
,avenue of ,progress is bordered with   
groups of ,draceona indivisa1 averaging 
twenty feet in height4 ,the walls of the
 palaces on either hand are clothed with
 tall ,monterey and ,lawson cypresses   
and arbor vitae4 ,between these and the 
,draceonas of the avenue are planted    
specimens of ,abies pinsapo1 the        
,spanish fir4 ,banks of flowers and     
vines cover the ground around the bases 
of the trees4 ,administration ,avenue   
has on one side the thickets of the     
,fine ,arts lagoon1 on the other1 masses
 of eucalyptus globulus against the     
palace walls1 finished off with other   
hardy trees and shrubs4 ,against the    
north front of the palaces are set      
,monterey cypresses and eucalyptus1     

banked with acacias4  ,the entire city  
side of the ,south ,gardens is bordered 
by a wondrous wall of living green1--not
 a hedge1 but truly a wall1--the most   
surprising of all ,mc,laren's           
inventions4 ,for this wall1 though      
living1 is not rooted in the ground1 but
 is really a skeleton of timbers1 three 
times the height of a man1 paneled      
solidly on both sides with shallow boxes
 of earth thickly set with a tiny green 
plant1 which1 as though crushed down by 
the weight of its name1                 
,mesembryantliemum spectabilis1 hugs the
 soil closely4 ,each box1 really nothing
 more than a tray1 is barely deep enough
 to contain a couple of inches of earth1
 and is screened over with wire mesh to 
prevent the slice of soil from falling  
out when it is set on edge4 ,some       
thousands of these boxes are required to
 cover the entire wall1 which thus      
appears a solid mass of greenery4 ,the  
little plant looks like the common      
ice-plant of old-fashioned gardens1 and 

is actually kin to it4 ,it asks little  
of this world1 is accustomed to grow in 
difficult places1 and is kept green by  
sprinkling4 ,if a section of it gives up
 the struggle1 the tray may be replaced 
with a fresh one4 ,from time to time a  
blush of tiny pink flowers runs over the
 wall4 ,there seems to be no season for 
the blossoms1 but whenever the sun      
shines1 this delicate shimmer of bloom  
appears4  ,the season opened in the     
great sunken garden of the ,court of the
 ,universe with solid masses of         
rhododendron4 ,the ,court of the ,ages  
was a pink flare of hyacinths1 which1   
with an exquisite sense of the desert   
feeling of the court1 were stripped of  
their leaves and left to stand on bare  
stalks4 ,the ,south ,gardens and the    
,court of ,flowers were a golden glow of
 daffodils4 ,daffodils1 too1 were       
everywhere else1 with rhododendron just 
breaking into bloom4 ,the daffodil show 
lasted several weeks until1 over night1 
it was replaced by acres of yellow      

tulips blooming above thick mats of     
pansies4 ,this magic change was merely  
the result of ,mc,laren's forethought4  
,the daffodils had all been set at the  
right time to bloom when the ,exposition
 opened4 ,the pansies were set with     
them1 but were unnoticed beneath the    
taller daffodils4 ,unnoticed also were  
the tulips1 steadily shooting upward to 
be ready in bloom the moment the        
daffodils began to fail4 ,one night and 
morning scores of workmen clipped off   
all the fading daffodils1 and left a    
yellow sea of tulips with cups just     
opening4 ,when the tulips faded early1  
because of continued rains1 the solid   
masses of pansies remained to keep up   
the golden show4 ,with the end of the   
yellow period came three months of pink 
flowers1 to be followed in the closing  
third of the ,exposition's life by a    
show of variegated blooms4  ,this       
marvelous sequence of flowers without a 
gap is not the result of chance1 or even
 of ,california's floral prodigality1   

but of ,mc,laren's hard-headed          
calculation4 ,he actually rehearsed the 
whole floral scheme of the ,exposition  
for three seasons beforehand4 ,to a day1
 he knew the time that would elapse     
between the planting and the blooming of
 any flower he planned to use4 ,thus he 
scheduled his gardening for the whole   
season so that the gardens should always
 be in full bloom4 ,in ,mc,laren's      
program there are ten months of constant
 bloom1 without a break1 without a wait4
 ,no such gardening was ever seen       
before4 ,needless to say1 it could      
hardly have been attempted elsewhere    
than in ,california4    ,,iii4  ,the    
,south ,gardens    ,a charming          
foreground to the great palaces--,palace
 of ,horticulture and some of its rare  
plants--,food for pirates--,ancient and 
blue-blooded forest dwarfs--,the        
,horticultural ,gardens--,house of ,hoo 
,hoo--,festival ,hall1 with its fine    
sculptures by ,sherry ,fry--,a          
remarkable pipe organ4    ,entering the 

,exposition by the main or ,scott       
,street gate1 the visitor has before him
 the beautiful ,south ,gardens4 7,see p4
 #bc47 ,these form an animated and      
effective foreground for the ,exposition
 palaces4 ,except for their fountains1  
the gardens and the structures in them  
are less notable for sculpture than the 
central courts of the ,exposition4 ,most
 of the plastic work here is purely     
decorative4 ,the gardens are formal1    
,french in style1 laid out with long    
rectangular pools1 each with a formal   
fountain1 and each surrounded by a      
conventional balustrade with flower     
receptacles and lamp standards4 ,in     
harmony with their surroundings1 the    
buildings1 too1 are ,french1 of florid1 
festival style4  ,the ,palace of        
,horticulture1 ,bakewell and ,brown1    
architects1 is the largest and most     
splendid of the garden structures4 7p4  
#bd47 ,byzantine in its architecture1   
suggesting the ,mosque of ,ahmed ,i1 at 
,constantinople1 its ,gallic decorations

 have made it essentially ,french in    
spirit4 ,the ornamentation of this      
palace is the most florid of any        
building in the ,exposition proper4 ,yet
 this opulence is not inappropriate4 ,in
 size and form1 no less than in theme1  
the structure is well adapted to carry  
such rich decoration4 ,this is the      
palace of the bounty of nature2 its     
adornment symbolizes the rich yield of  
,california fields4  ,in harmony also   
with the theme1 the human figure is     
absent from the sculpture1 save in the  
caryatids of the porches and the groups 
supporting the tall finials4 ,fruits and
 flowers1 interwoven in heavy garlands  
and overflowing from baskets and urns1  
carry out the idea of profuse abundance4
 ,the great dome1 larger than the dome  
of either ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome or the 
,pantheon at ,paris1 is itself an       
overturned fruit basket1 with a second  
latticed basket on its top4 ,the        
conception of profusion becomes almost  
barbaric in the three pavilioned        

entrances1 flanked on either side by the
 tall finials suggesting minarets4 ,here
 the ,oriental influence of the         
architectural form1 the mosque1 becomes 
most pronounced1 changing to ,french    
again in the caryatid porches4          
,altogether1 the ,palace of             
,horticulture is a beautiful building1  
but rather hard to see properly from the
 ground4 ,from an elevation1 where it   
appears more as a whole1 it is far more 
effective4 ,curiously1 it photographs   
better than any other building here1    
save the ,fine ,arts ,palace1 but in    
actual view it hardly lives up to the   
pictures4 ,perhaps this is because the  
comparatively small portions of the     
structure seen between the trees near-by
 are dwarfed by the huge dome1 while in 
photographs the camera emphasizes the   
lower and nearer sections and reduces   
the proportions of the dome4  ,the      
exhibit housed under the great dome     
should not be passed by4 ,a vivid bit of
 the tropics is the ,cuban display4     

,here1 in an atmosphere artificially    
heated and moistened to reproduce the   
steaming jungle1 is massed a splendid   
exhibit of those island trees and       
flowers that most of us know only       
through pictures and stories of southern
 seas4 ,around the central source of    
light1 which is hidden under tropic     
vines1 stands a circle of royal palms2  
and planted thickly over the remaining  
space are jungle trees1 vivid enough to 
our imagination1 but many of which have 
never before been seen in this country4 
,boys who feel pirate blood in their    
veins will revel in this reproduction of
 the scenes of imagined adventure4 ,any 
reasonable pirate could be quite happy  
here4 ,for here is the breadfruit tree1 
read of in many a tale of castaways2    
also the cocoanut palm1 with the fruits 
hanging among the fronds1 waiting for   
the legendary monkey to scamper up the  
trunk and hurl the great balls at the   
heads of the beholders4 ,here1 too1 are 
the mango1 and many sorts of bananas1   

and the cabbage palm1 another favorite  
resource of starving adventurers4 ,with 
these there are other jungle            
denizens1--the bamboo palm1 the         
paperleaf palm1 splendid specimens of   
the world-old cycad family1 the         
guanabana1 and a ,tom ,thumb palm1      
which1 full grown1 is no more than a    
handbreadth high4  ,ancient among trees 
are the two specimens of microcycas from
 the swamps of ,cuba4 ,these            
,methuselahs of the forest are at least 
#a1jjj years old1 according to the      
botanists4 ,they are among the slowest  
growing of living things1 and neither of
 them is much taller than a man4 ,they  
were seedlings when ,alfred the ,great  
ruled ,england1 and perhaps four feet   
high when ,columbus first broke through 
the western seas4 ,in the four centuries
 of ,cuban history they have not grown  
so much again4  ,these venerable trees  
belong to the bluest-blooded aristocracy
 of the vegetable world4 ,ages ago they 
inhabited our northern states4 ,their   

family has come down practically        
unchanged from the steaming days of the 
,carboniferous period1 when ferns grew  
one hundred feet high1 and thronged with
 other rank tropical growths in matted  
masses to form the coal measures4 ,the  
fossil remains of cycads in the rocks of
 that period prove that they once       
flourished in the tropic swamps where   
now are the hills of ,wyoming and       
,dakota4  ,scattered among the trees is 
a host of flowering vines1 of huge      
crotons with variegated leaves1 giant   
gardenias and tropical lilies4 ,when    
these bloom1 the air of this            
transplanted jungle is heavy with the   
perfume of their own island habitat4    
,the ,horticultural ,gardens south of   
the ,palace belong to it1 and contain a 
large part of the horticultural         
exhibits4 ,as they were planted for     
competitive exhibition purposes1 they   
will not show the constant beauty that  
appears in the ,south ,gardens4 ,here we
 must wait for the flowers in their     

season1 and not expect to have them     
changed overnight for us by the         
gardeners' magic4  ,back of this        
horticultural garden is the ,house of   
,hoo ,hoo1 in ,forestry ,court1 flanked 
by the ,pine and ,redwood ,bungalows4   
,it needs but a glance at its beguiling 
loveliness to know that here is another 
lesson in art and architecture by       
,bernard ,maybeck4 ,here again is poetry
 in architecture1 of a different order  
from the noble theme of ,maybeck's ,fine
 ,arts ,palace1 but none the less       
poetry4 ,this is a sylvan idyll1 telling
 of lofty trees1 cool shades1 and secret
 bowers of fern and vine and wild       
flower1 in the moist and tangled redwood
 forests4 ,there is little used but     
rough-barked tree trunks1 but what      
delicate harmony of arrangement6  ,this 
lumbermen's lodge is one building       
outside the ,exposition palaces that    
should not be missed1 even though almost
 hidden away against the south wall4 ,it
 is worth pondering over4 ,no one may   

want to build a house like it1 but it   
proclaims how beauty can be attained    
with simple materials and just          
proportions4  ,festival ,hall1 ,robert  
,farquhar1 architect1 balances the      
,palace of ,horticulture in the         
architectural plan of the ,south        
,gardens4 7p4 #bi47 ,it1 too1 is ,french
 in style1 its architecture suggested by
 the ,theatre des ,beaux ,arts in       
,paris1 a design which furnished the    
dome necessary to harmonize with that of
 the palace to the west4 ,as            
architecture1 however1 it fails to hold 
up its end with the splendid            
,horticultural ,palace4 ,its dome is too
 large1 and has too little structure    
around it1 to be placed so near the     
ground without an effect of squattiness4
 ,its festive adornment is extremely    
moderate4 ,on the cornice above the main
 entrance is the rhyton1 the ancient    
,greek drinking horn1 symbol of         
festivity4  ,the sculpture1 all done by 
,sherry ,e4 ,fry1 carries out the same  

idea4 ,the graceful figures poised on   
the corner domes are ,torch ,bearers4   
,on the pylons at either end of the     
semicircular arcade of the main entrance
 are two reclining figures4 ,on the     
right is ,bacchus1 with his grapes and  
wineskin1--a magnificently pickled      
,bacchus6 ,on the left a woman is       
listening to the strains of festal      
music4 7p4 #cb47 ,each of the pedestals 
before the false windows at the ends of 
the arcade supports a figure of ,flora  
with garlands of flowers4 ,on the ground
 below the two ,floras are two of the   
most delightful pieces of all the       
,exposition sculpture4 ,one is a little 
,pan1 pipes in hand1 sitting on a skin  
spread over an ,ionic capital4 ,this is 
a real boy1 crouching to watch the      
lizard that has crawled out from beneath
 the stone4 ,the other is a young girl  
dreaming the dreams of childhood4 ,there
 is something essentially girlish about 
this4 ,unfortunately1 it is now almost  
hidden by shrubbery4  ,within ,festival 

,hall is one of the half-dozen greatest 
organs in the world4 ,it has more than  
#g1jjj pipes4 ,the heaviest of them     
weigh as much as #a1bjj pounds apiece4  
,though mere size is not the essential  
quality of a fine instrument1 it is hard
 to ignore the real immensity of this4  
,the echo organ alone is larger than    
most pipe organs4 ,this complementary   
instrument1 which is played from the    
console of the main organ1 is placed    
under the roof of the hall1 above the   
center of the ceiling4 ,its tones1      
floating down through the apertures in  
the dome1 echo the themes of the great  
organ4  ,few organs have so mighty a    
note as the sixty-four-foot open pitch  
attainable on the ,exposition's         
instrument4 ,speaking by itself1 this   
note has no sound4 ,it is only a        
tremendous quaking of the whole         
building1 as though the earth were      
shuddering4 ,by itself it has no place  
in organ music4 ,it is not intended to  
be struck alone4 ,it is used only as a  

foundation upon which to build other    
tones4 ,in combination it adds majesty  
to the music1 rumbling in a gigantic    
undertone to the lighter notes4  ,even  
the open stops in this organ are of more
 than ordinary dimensions4 ,the usual   
limit in a pipe organ is the            
sixteen-foot open stop4 ,but in this    
organ there are several pipes1 both of  
wood and of metal1 thirty-two feet or   
more in length4  ,two small buildings1  
balanced on either side of the          
,scott-street entrance1 are the ,press  
,building and the ,exposition home of   
the ,national ,young ,women's ,christian
 ,association4 ,they are alike1 ,french 
in style1 and fronted with caryatid     
porches4  ,the real glory of the ,south 
,gardens lies in their flowers1 and in  
the charming setting the landscape      
engineers have here given to the south  
facade of the palace group4 ,there is   
the air of ,versailles in the planned   
gayety of the scene4 ,in this the pools 
and fountains1 the formal gardens1 the  

massed trees and shrubbery1 and the two 
palaces themselves1 play their part4    
,,iv4  ,the ,walled ,city3 ,it's ,great 
,palaces and their ,architecture1 ,color
 and ,material    ,the central group of 
,exposition structures really a single  
vast palace1 behind a                   
rampart--,historical fitness of such    
architecture here--,the south           
facade--,spanish portals of ,varied     
,industries and ,education              
,palaces--,italian ,renaissance portals 
of ,manufactures and ,liberal ,arts1 and
 of the ,courts of ,flowers and         
,palms--,the ,roman west wall--,ornate  
doorway of north facade ,interior courts
 and aisles--,a balanced plan-- ,this   
the first exposition to adopt the colors
 of nature for its structures--,jules   
,guerin's color scheme1 designed for an 
artificial travertine                   
marble--,simplicity of his palette1 from
 which he painted the entire            
,exposition--,even the flowers and      
sanded walks conform4    ,although there

 are eight buildings named in the       
central palace group1 these are so      
closely connected in design and         
structure that in reality they make but 
one palace4 ,here is seen the unity with
 variety which marks this ,exposition   
above all others4 ,commemorating a great
 international event1 its architecture  
is purposely eclectic1 cosmopolitan4    
,under a dominating ,moorish-,spanish   
general form1 the single architect of   
the group1 ,w4 ,b4 ,faville1 of ,san    
,francisco1 drawing upon the famous     
styles of many lands and schools1 has   
combined into an ordered and vastly     
impressive whole not only the structural
 art of ,orient and of the great        
,spanish builders1 but also the         
principles of the ,italian ,renaissance 
and the architecture of ,greece and     
,rome from which it sprang4 ,thus the   
group is wholly ,southern in its origin4
 ,there is no suggestion here of the    
colder ,gothic architecture of the      
,north4  ,differing from each other in  

many details1 the eight palaces are     
alike in their outer walls1 their domes 
and gables1 and similar in their        
entrances4 ,these portals give a        
distinctive character to each palace4   
,while the palaces differ widely in     
details of decoration1 they all have a  
common source2 they are all             
,mediterranean1--not all ,byzantine1 or 
,roman1 or ,italian1 or ,spanish1 or    
,moorish1 but some thing of each4 ,the  
manner in which these forms are carried 
over from one palace to another1 and the
 almost constant recurrence of some of  
them1 like the ,moorish domes at the    
corners1 blends them without jar or     
break4 ,the great wall1 almost blank1   
except for the entrances1 encloses the  
palaces like a walled city of the       
,mediterranean or the nearer ,orient4   
,such a walled city it is1 with its     
courts1 its avenues1 its fountains and  
pools1 all placed in a setting of       
landscape1 sea and sky1 that might      
belong to ,spain1 or ,southern ,italy1  

or the lands of the ,moslem4  ,the      
broad1 unbroken spaces that mark each   
face of this vast block greatly heighten
 the illusion4 ,they lend an ,old-,world
 aspect1 the historical fitness of which
 must not be overlooked4 ,for these     
plain surfaces are indeed significant in
 the celebration of an event which was  
predicted by the ,spanish conquistadors 
a century before the ,english ,cavaliers
 and ,puritans laid the foundations of  
our ,american ,commonwealth4 ,relieved  
only by the foliage that is finely      
massed against them1 the great blank    
spaces of the ,walled ,city recall the  
severer side of ,mediterranean          
architecture1 just as their gorgeously  
ornate portals1 towers and domes speak  
of its warmth and color4 ,they are an   
architectural feature that has traveled 
far4 ,the unbroken rampart1 born of the 
need of defense in immemorial cities on 
the east and south shores of the        
,mediterranean1 was carried thence by   
the ,moors to ,spain1 to go in turn with

 the conquerors of the ,new ,world1 and 
became a characteristic of the civic and
 ecclesiastical architecture of ,latin  
,america4 ,hence it is not without      
meaning and reason that this historic   
architectural form1 the blank exterior  
of the walled city1 has found its finest
 use in the far-western city of ,st4    
,francis4 ,quite apart from their       
frequent occurrence in the mission      
architecture of old ,alta ,california1  
these simple wall spaces well befit the 
monumental structure that honors an     
achievement so important to all ,spanish
 ,america as the ,panama ,canal4  ,the  
southern front of the group1 facing the 
,avenue of ,palms1 has the aspect of a  
single palace1 opened in the center by  
the noble ,roman arch of the ,tower of  
,jewels1 and indented by the ,court of  
,flowers and the ,court of ,palms4 7,see
 p4 #ah1 #hh47 ,seen across the ,south  
,gardens1 the whole facade rising from  
the trees along the wall1 is wondrously 
beautiful4 ,the wall is seventy feet    

high1 topped with a red-tiled roof4 ,the
 pale green domes over the centers of   
the palaces are ,byzantine1 a style much
 used in the mosques of ,islam4 ,the    
gables are each crowned with a figure of
 ,victory1 sometimes called an          
acroterium1 from the architectural name 
of the tablet on which it stands4 ,the  
towers on either side of the entrances  
to the courts are ,italian4 ,the little 
towers buttressing the domes on the     
corners of the palaces at the extreme   
right and left of the front1 and from   
there repeated around the east1 west and
 north walls1 are ,moorish1 with        
characteristic latticed windows4  ,the  
,palace of ,varied ,industries1 on the  
extreme right1 is made entirely ,spanish
 in its southern front by its beautiful 
central portal1 modeled after the       
sixteenth-century entrance to the       
,hospice of ,santa ,cruz at ,toledo4    
7pp4 #ah1 #cg47 ,except for the         
sculpture1 in which the ,spanish saints 
have been replaced by figures of        

industry1 the portal is a copy of the   
original4 ,all the figures are the work 
of ,ralph ,stackpole1 whose treatment of
 the subjects1 no less than their       
exalted position in the niches of the   
saints1 has dignified the workman4  ,on 
each side of the entrance is the ,man   
with a ,pick4 ,the group in the tympanum
 represents ,varied ,industries4 7p4    
#ach47 ,the central figure is           
,agriculture1 the basic food-supplying  
industry4 ,on one side is the ,builder1 
on the other the ,common ,workman4      
,beyond them are ,commerce holding the  
figurehead of a ship1 and a woman with a
 spindle1 a lamb before her1 typifying  
the textile industries4  ,the figure in 
the keystone represents the ,power of   
,industry4 ,under the upper canopy is an
 old man handing his burden to a younger
 one1 the ,old ,world passing its       
burdens on to the ,new ,world4 ,the     
infant figures come from the ,spanish   
original4  ,the two lesser portals on   
the south side of this palace are       

likewise ,spanish4 ,in the grill work of
 their openings1 designed in imitation  
of metal1 as well as in that of the     
central portal1 there is a strong       
suggestion of the ,arabian architecture 
brought into ,spain by the ,moors4      
,indeed1 there is something ,moorish    
about the whole work1 except that the   
,mohammedans do not represent living    
things in art4 ,a passage in the ,koran 
tells devout followers of the prophet   
that if they should carve or picture a  
plant or animal they would be called    
upon at the ,judgment to make it real4  
,sometimes1 however1 they employed      
,christian workmen to execute such      
representations1 being quite resigned to
 let the unbeliever risk damnation4     
,the bears terminating the buttresses on
 the walls represent ,california1 and   
hold the seal of the ,state4 ,such      
buttresses against a plain wall1 with a 
tiled roof1 are common in the           
,franciscan missions of ,california4    
,the ,palaces of ,manufactures and      

,liberal ,arts1 on either side of the   
,tower of ,jewels1 are alike on the     
south1 and ,italian4 ,the ,moorish      
corner domes are omitted here1 as the   
palaces terminate on one side in one of 
the ,italian towers and on the other in 
the wings of the ,tower of ,jewels4 ,the
 central portals are ,italian1 with     
tiled roofs and latticed grills1 with   
handsome imitations of bronze work under
 the arches4 ,the friezes over the      
arches as well as the figures in the    
niches are by ,mahonri ,young1 of ,new  
,york4 ,the frieze represents industries
 of various kinds1 the work of women as 
well as of men4 ,in the niche on the    
left is a woman with a spindle1 on the  
right a workman with a sledgehammer4    
,like ,stackpole's figures on the portal
 of ,varied ,industries1 ,young's       
sculptures are simple and strong4 ,the  
lion used as the keystone figure of the 
arch and the lions and elephants        
alternating as fountain heads in the    
niches in the wall give an ,oriental    

touch to these palaces4  ,of their      
portals none are more beautiful than    
those leading from the ,courts of       
,flowers and ,palms4 ,all four are      
finely expressive of the noblest        
architecture of the ,italian            
,renaissance4 ,they glow with the       
sunshine and color of ,italy4 ,those    
entering the ,palaces of ,liberal ,arts 
and ,education from the ,court of ,palms
 are identical in design1 and seem      
almost perfect in their harmonious lines
 and warm color4 7p4 #hh47 ,the other   
pair1 opening from the ,palaces of      
,manufactures and ,varied ,industries   
into the ,court of ,flowers1 are cheery 
portals1 made more domestic in feeling  
by the loggia between the colonnade and 
the tiled roof4 7p4 #he1 #ajj47  ,the   
three portals of the ,palace of         
,education are of the ,spanish          
,renaissance1 and the ,moorish towers   
reappear at the corners4 ,the twisted   
columns of the entrances are ,byzantine4
 ,the tympanum above the central portal 

contains ,gustav ,gerlach's group       
,education4 7p4 #ach47 ,in the center is
 the teacher with her pupils1 seated    
under the ,tree of ,knowledge2 on the   
left1 the mother instructs her children2
 on the right1 the young man1 his school
 days past1 is working out for himself a
 problem of science4 ,thus the group    
pictures the various stages of          
education1 from its beginning at home to
 that training in the school of life    
which ends only at death4 ,the cartouche
 just above the entrance bears the ,book
 of ,knowledge1 shedding light in all   
directions1 the curtains of darkness    
drawn back by the figures at the side4  
,the hour glass below the book counsels 
the diligent use of time2 the crown     
above symbolizes the reward of          
knowledge4 ,the banded globe over the   
portal signifies that education         
encompasses the world4  ,above each of  
the flanking portals is an inset panel  
representing the ,teacher1 a woman at   
the left1 a man at the right4 ,the man  

looks toward the woman1 thus signifying 
that the world is no longer dependent on
 man alone4  ,turning the corner1 the   
entire west wall of the palaces becomes 
,roman to accord with the ,roman ,palace
 of ,fine ,arts across the lagoon4 ,the 
characteristic features are the ,roman  
half-domes above the entrances1 and the 
sculptures repeated in the niches of the
 walls4 7p4 #aai47 ,on this side1 the   
,palaces of ,education and ,food        
,products are alike1 except for a slight
 difference in the vestibule statuary   
and the fountains4  ,on the great       
,sienna columns beside the half-domes   
stands ,ralph ,stackpole's ,thought4    
,the semicircle of female figures in the
 vestibule of the dome of the ,palace of
 ,education1 bearing in their hands     
books with the motto ,ex ,libris1 though
 the preposition is omitted1 represents 
the store of knowledge in books4 ,the   
similar array of men bearing wreaths of 
cereals in the half-dome of the ,palace 
of ,food ,products signifies the source 

of vigor in the fruits of the soil4 ,the
 simple ,italian fountains in the       
vestibules1 the work of ,w4 ,b4         
,faville1 are decorative and beautiful4 
,the alternated groups in the niches    
along the wall are ,the ,triumph of the 
,fields and ,abundance4 ,this is well   
called archaeological sculpture1 for the
 emblems are from the dim past1 and can 
be understood only with the help of an  
archaeological encyclopaedia4 ,in the   
first are the bull standard and the     
,celtic cross1 which were carried       
through the fields in ancient harvest   
festivals4 ,in the second1 the objects  
heaped around the lady suggest          
abundance4  ,the north facade of the    
palace group is an unbroken ,spanish    
wall1 blank1 except for the four        
beautiful and identical                 
sixteenth-century portals4 7,see p4     
#dc47 ,this magnificent decoration1     
suggestive of the finest work in rare   
metals1 is1 in fact1 called plateresque1
 from its resemblance to the work of    

silversmiths4 ,the figures looking out  
on the blue water that reaches to       
,panama and the shores of ,peru1 are    
historical4 ,in the center is the       
,conquistador4 ,flanking his stately    
figure on each side is the pirate of the
 ,spanish ,main1 the adventurer who     
served with but a color of lawful war   
under ,drake1 the buccaneer that        
followed ,morgan to the sack of ,panama4
 7p4 #dd47 ,these statues are by ,allen 
,newman4  ,every man jack of the eight  
pirates on the four portals is          
apparently bow-legged4 ,there is a vast 
space between the knees of these        
buccaneers of ,panama1 but when you look
 more closely it is hard to decide      
whether those pirate knees are really   
sprung1 or whether it is the posture of 
the figures that suggests the old quip  
about the pig in the alley4 ,the        
sculptor has at least given to the      
figures a curious effect of bandy legs4 
,the feet are set wide apart1 the space 
between and behind the legs is deeply   

hollowed out1 and the rope which hangs  
from the hands curves in over the feet  
to add to the illusion4 ,there used to  
be a saying that cross-eyed people could
 not be honest4 ,similarly1 perhaps1    
,newman thought the appearance of       
bow-legs would increase the villainy of 
his pirate4 ,certainly1 no such         
blood-curdling ruffian has been seen out
 of comic opera4  ,the east wall of the 
palace group becomes ,old ,italian1 to  
harmonize with the ,roman architecture  
of the ,machinery ,palace opposite4 ,the
 portals suggest those of ancient       
,italian city walls4 ,in the niches     
stands ,albert ,weinert's ,miner1 here  
used because the ,palace of ,mines forms
 one half the wall4  ,in the long avenue
 that runs east and west through the    
center of the group1 the unity of the   
eight buildings becomes more apparent as
 we view the noble arches which join    
them1 and note the character of their   
inner facades4 ,education and ,food     
,products are alike in the walls and    

portals fronting on the dividing aisle4 
,the ,spanish architecture of the south 
facade of ,education is here carried    
over to ,food ,products4 ,similarly1 the
 avenue between ,mines and ,varied      
,industries is the same on both sides1  
carrying out the ,old ,italian of the   
east front1 and with ,the ,miner        
repeated in the portal niches of both   
palaces4 ,the avenues leading from the  
,court of the ,universe to the ,court of
 ,ages and the ,court of ,seasons have  
been variously called the ,aisles of the
 ,rising and the ,setting ,sun1 or the  
,venetian and ,florentine ,aisles4      
,their four walls are in the style of   
the ,italian ,renaissance1 and show a   
diaper design similar to that on the    
,italian towers of the ,courts of       
,flowers and ,palms4  ,in an artistic   
sense1 this group is incomplete without 
the ,palace of ,fine ,arts on the west  
and ,machinery ,hall on the east4 7p4   
#aje1 #ajf47 ,balancing each other in   
the general scheme1 they form the       

necessary terminals of the axis of the  
,exposition plan4 ,this matter of       
balance has been carefully thought out  
everywhere1 and affords a fine example  
of the co-operation of the many         
architects who worked out the vast      
general design4 ,the ,courts of ,seasons
 and ,ages are set off against each     
other2 the ,courts of ,palms and        
,flowers weigh equally one against the  
other2 the ,arches of the ,nations not  
only balance but match2 even the ,tower 
of ,jewels1 which is the center of the  
whole plan1 is offset by the ,column of 
,progress4 ,in the ,south ,gardens1 the 
,palace of ,horticulture is balanced    
against ,festival ,hall4  ,color and    
,material4--,all other ,expositions have
 been almost colorless4 ,this is the    
first to make use of the natural colors 
of sea and sky1 of hill and tree1 and to
 lay upon all its grounds and buildings 
tints that harmonize with these4 ,jules 
,guerin1 the master colorist1 was the   
artist who used the ,exposition as a    

canvas on which to spread glorious hues4
 ,guerin decided1 first1 that the basic 
material of the buildings should be an  
imitation of the travertine of ancient  
,roman palaces4 ,on this delicate old   
ivory background he laid a simple series
 of warm1 yet quiet1 ,oriental hues1    
which1 in their adaptation to the       
material of construction and to the     
architecture1 as well as in their       
exquisite harmony with the natural      
setting1 breeds a vast respect for his  
art4  ,the color scheme covers          
everything1 from the domes of the       
buildings down to the sand in the       
driveways and the uniforms of the       
,exposition guards4 ,the walls1 the     
flags and pennants that wave over the   
buildings1 the shields and other emblems
 of heraldry that hide the sources of   
light1 draw their hues from ,guerin's   
plan4 ,the flowers of the garden conform
 to it1 the statuary is tinted in       
accordance with it1 and even the        
painters whose mural pictures adorn the 

courts and arches and the ,fine ,arts   
,rotunda were obliged to use his color  
series4 ,the result gives such life and 
beauty and individuality to this        
,exposition as no other ever had4 ,it   
makes possible such beautiful           
ornamentation as the splendid ,nubian   
columns of the ,palace of ,fine ,arts1  
and the glories of the arches of the    
,court of the ,universe4 7,see          
frontispiece47  ,go into that ,court on 
a bright day and take note of the art   
that has made ,nature herself a part of 
the color plan4 ,from a central position
 in the court1 where one can look down  
the broad approach leading from the bay1
 ,nature spreads before the beholder two
 expanses of color1 the deep blue of    
salt water sparkling in the sun1 and the
 not less deep1 but more ethereal1 blue 
of the ,california sky4 ,with this are  
the browns and greens of the hills      
beyond the bay1 and1 nearer at hand1 the
 vivid verdure of lawns and trees and   
shrubs4 ,all these the designer used as 

though they were colors from his own    
palette4 ,to go with them in his scheme 
he chose for pillar and portico1 for the
 wall spaces behind1 for arch and dome1 
for the decorations and for material of 
the sculptures1 such hues that the whole
 splendid court and its vistas of       
palaces beyond blend with the colors of 
sea and sky and of green living things  
in a glorious harmony4  ,such a view of 
the heart of the ,exposition at its best
 compels recognition of ,guerin's skill 
in color4 ,it needed a vivid imagination
 to realize the possibilities of the    
scene1 and visualize it4 ,it required   
infinite delicacy and a fine sense of   
the absolute rightness of shade and tint
 to produce such harmonious beauty4 ,the
 mere thought of it is a lesson in art4 
,the decision of the architects to      
develop the theme of an ,oriental walled
 city1 and the natural setting of the   
site1 ,mediterranean in its sea and sky1
 led ,guerin to select ,oriental colors4
 ,aiming at simplicity1 he decreed that 

not more than eight or nine colors      
should be found upon the subdued palette
 from which he would paint the          
,exposition4 ,then he took into         
consideration the climate and           
atmospheric conditions peculiar to ,san 
,francisco4 ,every phase of sky and sea 
and land1 every shadow upon the ,marin  
hills1 across the bay1 was noted in     
choosing an imitation of natural        
travertine for the key color of the     
,palaces4  ,this is a pale              
pinkish-gray-buff1 which may be called  
old ivory4 ,it is not garish1 as a dead 
white would be1 especially in the strong
 ,california sunlight1 but soft and     
restful to the eye4 ,it harmonizes with 
the other colors selected1 and1 most    
important of all1 it avoids a certain   
new effect which pure white would give1 
and which is deadly to art4  ,paul      
,deniville1 who had already developed a 
successful imitation of travertine1 was 
engaged to make the composition to be   
applied over the exterior walls4 ,this  

is a reproduction in stucco of the      
travertine marble of the ,roman palaces 
of the period of ,augustus4 ,this marble
 is a calcareous formation deposited    
from the waters of hot springs1 usually 
in volcanic regions1 and is common in   
the hills about ,rome4 ,it often        
contains the moulds left by leaves and  
other materials incorporated in the     
deposit4 ,these account for the         
corrugations of the stone when it is    
cut4 ,in ,california1 as in other       
regions where hot springs are found1    
travertine is not uncommon4 ,it is found
 notably in the volcanic district of    
,mono ,county1 and elsewhere1 sometimes 
in the form of ,mexican onyx1 which is  
only a translucent variety of the same  
marble4 ,in its reproduction here the   
marble has been imitated even to the    
natural imperfections which roughened   
the ,italian stone4 ,in the concave     
surfaces of the ornamentation the color 
has been deepened1 so that it appears   
sometimes as a rich reddish brown4 ,all 

this enhances the antique effect1 making
 the palace walls and columns still more
 like those of the old ,roman           
construction4  ,besides the travertine  
the eight other colors employed are3    
#a4 ,french ,green1 used in all         
lattices1 flower tubs1 curbing of great 
plats1 where it complements the green of
 the grass1 ,in the exterior woodwork   
and some of the smaller doors4  #b4     
,oxidized ,copper ,green1 a peculiar    
mottled light green4 ,all the domes1    
except the six yellow ones in the ,court
 of the ,universe1 are of this light    
green4 ,it forms a sharp contrast with  
the blue sky and a pleasing topping to  
the travertine walls4  #c4 ,blue ,green1
 found in the ornamentation of the      
travertine1 and in the darker shades at 
the bases of the flag poles4 ,these     
first three colors1 all in tones of     
green1 are regarded as one unit in the  
spectrum of nine colors allowed by      
,guerin4  #d4 ,pinkish-,red-,gold1 used 
in the flag poles and lighting standards

 only4 ,it is a very brilliant and      
striking pigment1 and is always topped  
with gold4  #e4 ,wall-,red1 used in     
three tones4 ,they are found in the     
backgrounds of the colonnades1 courts   
and niches1 on the tiled roofs1 and in  
the statuary4 ,these reds run from      
terra-cotta to a deep russet1 and       
predominate in the interiors of the     
principal courts4  #f4                  
,yellow-,golden-,orange1 largely used in
 enriching the travertine and in        
enhancing shadow effects4 ,it is found  
in the architectural mouldings and in   
much of the statuary4 ,the following    
rule was adopted in regard to the       
coloring of the statuary3 ,that which is
 high off the ground1 that is1 the      
figures surmounting the domes and       
spires1 is of golden yellow1 while that 
close to the eye of the beholder is of  
verde-antique1 a rich copper-green      
streaked with gray1 and much is left in 
the natural travertine tint4  #g4 ,deep 
,cerulean ,blue and ,oriental ,blue1    

verging upon green1 are used in the     
ceilings and other vaulted recesses1 in 
deep shadows1 in coffers and in the     
background or ornamentation in which    
travertine rosettes are set in cerulean 
blue panels4 ,it might be called        
electric blue4 ,it is brilliant and at  
the same time in harmony with the other 
colors4  #h4 ,gray1 very similar to the 
travertine4  #i4 ,marble ,tint1 spread  
over the travertine in places with a    
transparent glaze4  #aj4                
,verde-,antique1 really one of the many 
shades of green--a combination of the   
copper-green and a soft gray1 and       
therefore not to be counted as one of   
the nine cardinal colors4 ,it simulates 
corroded copper1 and has faint yellow   
and black lines4  ,with the gamut thus  
restricted by the taste and             
discrimination of a master1 the         
decorators and artists were strictly    
limited to the nine colors named4 ,no   
one might use other than cerulean blue1 
if he employed blue at all2 no other red

 than the tone popularly known as       
,pompeiian has been admitted in the     
scheme4 ,in this red the admixture of   
brown and yellow nullify any tendency   
towards carmine on crimson4 ,the ,french
 and the copper greens and the          
intermediate shades approved by ,guerin 
are the only greens allowed4  ,here is  
seen the great advantage of a one-man   
idea4 ,no other exposition was ever so  
carefully or successfully planned in    
this particular4 ,there is no court of  
one color clashing with a dome1 palace  
or tower of conflicting tone1 whether   
near by or at a distance4 ,all is in    
harmony4  ,working with ,guerin1 ,john  
,mc,laren1 in charge of the landscape   
gardening1 so selected the flowers which
 border the paths and fill the parterres
 that they too conform to the color     
scheme4 ,though three different complete
 floral suits are to be seen at the     
,exposition in three periods1 each one  
accords with the hues of wall and tower1
 completing in harmony the effect of the

 whole4 ,the pinkish sand spread on the 
paths and avenues to harmonize with     
other ground colors was not always      
tinted4 ,some one had noticed that the  
white beach sand at ,santa ,cruz turned 
pink when heated4 ,seizing upon this    
fact1 ,mc,laren and ,guerin used it to  
give a final touch to their scheme of   
color4 ,they drew another lesson from   
the washerwoman4 ,a familiar laundry    
device was used to give sparkle and     
brilliance to the waters of the pools   
and lagoons4 ,they were blued1 not by   
dumping indigo into the water1 but by   
tinting the bottoms with blue paint4    
,v4  ,the ,tower of ,jewels    ,imposing
 as the central accent of the           
,exposition's architecture--,its magic  
glow at night--,a magnificent ,roman    
arch--,jewels of the ,tower-- ,an       
historical landmark--,inscriptions1     
sculpture and murals--,fountains of     
,youth and ,el ,dorado--,an epitome of  
the ,exposition's art4    ,the ,tower of
 ,jewels1 ,carrere and ,hastings1       

architects1 is the central structure in 
the ,exposition architecture4 7,see p4  
#dg47 ,it plays a triple role4 ,in      
architecture it is the center on which  
all the other buildings are balanced4   
,in relation to the theme of the        
,exposition1 it is the triumphal gateway
 to the commemorative celebration of an 
event the history of which it summarizes
 in its sculpture1 painting and         
inscription4 ,last of all1 it is an     
epitome of the ,exposition art4         
,towering above everything else1 it is  
at once the culminating point and the   
center of the ,exposition scheme4 ,it   
links the palaces of the central group1 
otherwise divided into two sections4    
,upon it rests the balance of ,festival 
,hall and the ,palace of ,horticulture1 
of the courts1 the gardens1 the ,palace 
of ,machinery and the ,palace of ,fine  
,arts4 ,it finds its own balancing      
structure in the ,column of ,progress4  
,it is intended to be the first thing   
seen from afar1 the point from which the

 eye travels to lesser things on either 
hand4  ,at night the ,tower remains the 
center of the transformed ,exposition4  
,under the white light of the powerful  
projectors1 details disappear1 the      
structure is softened into a form almost
 ghostly4 ,it becomes ethereal4 ,all its
 daytime glitter gone1 it seems really  
spiritual4 ,the jewels hung over the    
upper portion do not flash out a diamond
 brilliance1 as they might have been    
expected to do2 rather they spread the  
light in a soft film about the ,tower4  
7p4 #ace47  ,from close at hand1 the    
arch and its flanking colonnades are    
truly imperial4 ,there the ornamentation
 and color of the upper part are not in 
the eye4 ,up to the cornice above the   
arch1 the mass of the ,tower is         
magnificent in proportion and harmonious
 in line and color4 ,it almost seems    
that the builders might have stopped    
there1 or perhaps have finished the     
massive block of the arch with a        
triumphant mass of sculpture4  ,studied 

from the ground underneath the ,tower   
and around it1 the arch and the two     
little colonnaded courts in the wings   
are gloriously free and spacious1 with  
the spaciousness that the ,exposition as
 a whole reflects1 that of the sea and  
sky of its setting4 ,i walked here when 
the ocean breeze1 fresh from winter     
storms at sea1 was sweeping through     
them4 ,there is no confinement1 no sense
 of imprisonment from the boundless     
depths of air outside4 ,something which 
the architect could not include in his  
plans has come in to make constant this 
increase in the sense of freedom and    
space4 ,the openings of the arches1     
being the only free and unconfined      
passageways through the south facade of 
the palace group1 provide the natural   
draft on this side for the interior     
courts4 ,the air rushes through at all  
times1 even when no breeze is stirring  
outside4 ,this uncramped movement of air
 currents1 far from being unpleasant1   
gives the same sense of open freedom    

that one gets on a bold headland1 where 
the ocean winds whip the flowers and lay
 the grass flat4  ,from the court behind
 the ,tower you see the mansioned hills 
of ,san ,francisco through the          
colonnades like panelled strips of      
painting2 and1 looking northward1 the   
long spaces over the bay to the great   
,marin hills beyond4  ,the jewels on the
 ,tower give it a singularly gay and    
lively touch when the sun is bright and 
the wind blowing4 ,the wind is seldom   
absent around the top of so lofty a     
structure1 and there these bits of glass
 are always sparkling4 ,at night they   
produce1 under the strong white light of
 a whole battery of giant reflectors    
hidden on other buildings1 the mystic   
haze that shrouds the ,tower4 ,they were
 a fine idea of the chief of            
illumination1 ,w4 ,d',a4 ,ryan1 giving  
just a touch of brilliance to an        
,exposition otherwise clothed in soft   
tones4 ,the jewels are only hard glass1 
fifty thousand of them cut in ,austria  

for the purpose1 prismatic in form1 and 
each backed with a tiny mirror4 ,hung   
free to swing in the wind1 they sparkle 
and dance as they catch the sun from    
different angles4  ,as the great gate to
 the ,exposition1 the ,tower becomes    
historical in relation to the event     
celebrated beyond its archway4 ,its     
purpose1 from this point of view1 is to 
tell the entering visitor briefly of the
 milestones along the way of time up to 
the digging of the ,canal4 ,its         
enrichment of sculpture1 painting and   
inscription summarizes the story of     
,panama and of the ,pacific shore       
northward from the ,isthmus4 ,the       
architect has expressed in its upper    
decorations something of the feeling of 
,aztec art4 ,the four inscriptions on   
the south faces of the arches tell how  
,rodrigo de ,bastides discovered ,panama
 in #aeja2 how ,balboa first saw the    
,pacific ,ocean in #aeac2 how the       
,united ,states began to dig the ,canal 
in #aijd1 and opened it in #aiae4 ,the  

four on the north faces epitomize the   
history of ,california1 thus honored as 
the state that commemorates the opening 
of the ,canal4 ,they speak of           
,cabrillo's discovery of ,california in 
#aedb1 of the founding of the ,mission  
of ,san ,francisco by ,moraga1 in #aggf1
 of the acquisition of ,california by   
the ,united ,states1 #ahdf1 and its     
admission to the ,union in #ahej4  ,the 
sculpture carries out the same idea4    
,pizarro and ,cortez sit their horses   
before the ,tower1 splendid figures of  
the ,spanish conquerors1 the one by     
,charles ,c4 ,rumsey1 the other by      
,charles ,niehaus4 7p4 #dh47 ,above the 
entablature of the supporting columns   
are repeated around the outer wall of   
the arch1 ,adventurer and ,priest1      
,philosopher and ,soldier1 types of the 
men who won the ,americas1 all done by  
,john ,flanagan4 ,above the cornice1 the
 mounted figures by ,f4 ,m4 ,l4 ,tonetti
 are those of the ,spanish cavaliers1   
with bannered cross4 ,the eagles stand  

for the ,nation that built the ,canal4  
,excellent in spirit are ,flanagan's    
figures of the four types1 especially   
that of the strikingly ascetic ,priest4 
7p4 #dd47 ,besides their symbolism1 the 
statues fulfill a useful architectural  
purpose in relieving what would         
otherwise be the blankness of the wall4 
,but the same cannot be as truly said of
 the ,armoured ,horsemen above4         
,vigorous as they are1 they are not in  
the right place4 ,they clutter up the   
terrace on which they stand4 ,the globe 
on the pinnacle1 with its band1         
signifies that now a girdle has been put
 around the earth4  ,on the side walls  
of the arch under the ,tower1 the murals
 by ,william de ,leftwich ,dodge tell   
the story of the triumphant achievement 
which the ,exposition commemorates4 ,on 
the east1 the central panel pictures    
,neptune and his attendant mermaid      
leading the fleets of the world through 
the ,gateway of ,all ,nations4 7p4 #ec47
 ,on one side ,labor1 with its machines1

 draws back from the completed task1    
and1 on the other1 the ,intelligence    
that conceived the work and the ,science
 that made it possible1 move upward and 
onward1 while a victorious trumpeter    
announces the triumph4 ,one figure1 with
 covered face1 flees from the appeal of 
the siren1 but whom he represents1 or   
why he flees1 ,i cannot tell4  ,in the  
smaller panel to the left1 ,labor is    
crowned and all who served with toil are
 acclaimed4 ,its companion picture on   
the right represents ,achievement4 ,the 
,mind that conceived the work is        
throned1 the ,sciences stand at one     
side1 while a figure crouching before   
the bearer of rewards points to ,labor  
as equally worthy4  ,on the west side of
 the arch1 the central panel portrays   
the meeting of ,atlantic and ,pacific1  
with ,labor joining the hands of the    
nations of east and west4 ,in the panel 
to the left1 enlightened ,europe        
discovers the new land1 with the savage 
sitting on the ruins of a forgotten     

civilization1 the ,aztec once more4 ,on 
the right ,america1 with her workmen    
ready to pick up their tools and begin1 
buys the ,canal from ,france1 whose     
labor has been baffled4  ,the two lovely
 fountains in the wings of the ,tower   
draw their inspiration from the days of 
the conquistadors4 ,mrs4 ,harry ,payne  
,whitney's ,fountain of ,el ,dorado is a
 dramatic representation of the ,aztec  
myth of ,the ,gilded ,one1 which the    
followers of ,cortez1 in their greed for
 gold1 mistook for a fact instead of a  
fable4 7p4 #ed47 ,the ,fountain of      
,youth by ,edith ,woodman ,burroughs    
finds its justification as a part of the
 historical significance of the ,tower  
in the legend of that ,fountain of      
,eternal ,youth sought by ,ponce de     
,leon4 7p4 #ec47 ,the interpretation of 
these sculptures is set forth in the    
chapter on ,fountains4  ,the ,tower of  
,jewels epitomizes the ,exposition's    
art4 ,the glories of its architecture1  
color1 sculpture1 painting1 and         

landscape gardening all find an         
expression here4 ,in architecture it    
reflects something of almost all of the 
orders found in the ,exposition4 ,in the
 main it is ,italian ,renaissance1 which
 means that the basic characters are    
,roman and ,greek1 enriched with        
borrowings from the ,orient and         
,byzantium4 ,in column and capital1 in  
wall and arch and vaulted ceiling1 it   
represents the architecture of the whole
 ,exposition1 and so harmoniously as to 
form a singular testimony to the unity  
of the palace scheme4  ,in color1 from  
the dull soft gold of the columns of the
 colonnades on either wing1 through the 
vivid hues of ,dodge's allegorical      
murals under the arch1 and the golden   
orange and deep cerulean blue in the    
vaulted recesses1 up to the striking    
green of columns on the upper rounds of 
the ,tower1 the structure summarizes all
 the pigments which the master of color1
 ,guerin1 has laid upon the ,exposition4
  ,in sculpture1 the conquistadors in   

front1 the hooded ,franciscans and the  
,spanish warriors who stand around the  
cornice1 the corner figures on the      
,tower above1 and1 finally1 the great   
globe on top1 repeat in varied form the 
themes of palace1 court1 facade1 and    
entrance4 ,it has its own fountains in  
its own little courts4  ,then1 as a     
final touch to complete this epitome of 
,exposition art1 the dark cypresses set 
in the niches on either side of the     
openings of the arch1 gracefully express
 the debt the whole palace scheme owes  
to its landscape engineer4 ,in the      
original models of the ,tower1 these    
niches were designed for vases4 ,it was 
a happy thought that placed the         
cypresses there instead4    ,,vi4  ,the 
,court of the ,universe    ,most        
important of the three great courts of  
the ,walled ,city-- ,a meeting-place of 
,east and ,west--,roman in its          
architecture and atmosphere1 suggesting 
the vast ,piazza of ,st4 ,peter's       
,triumphal ,arches of the               

,nations--,their types of the great     
races of ,orient and ,occident-- ,fine  
mural paintings by ,simmons and ,du     
,mond--,fountains of the ,rising and the
 ,setting ,sun--,aitken's               
,elements--,the ,column of ,progress4   
,the court is the key to the scheme of  
the palace group of the ,exposition4    
,leaving out the state and foreign      
quarters1 and the other suburbs1 and    
omitting the ,fine ,arts ,palace and    
,machinery ,hall1 which1 from a purely  
architectural standpoint1 are merely    
balanced ornaments needed to complete   
the whole1 the ,exposition city is a    
palace of blank walls enclosing three   
superb courts4  ,the court is an        
essential element of the ,oriental      
architecture of the ,mediterranean1     
which provided the theme of the         
,exposition plan4 ,there1 however1 it is
 the patio1 the place of the siesta1 the
 playground of the children4 ,here the  
courts have been made the chief         
architectural feature of the group4     

,there the courts are private4 ,here    
they are merely hidden4  ,the central   
court at the ,exposition1 the largest   
and the most splendid1 is the ,court of 
the ,universe4 7,see p4 #fc47 ,it is the
 most important1 too1 in the story which
 its sculptures tell1 and in its        
relation to the purpose of the          
,exposition4 ,whether it is also the    
most beautiful is a matter about which  
opinions differ4 ,many persons admire   
,mullgardt's romantic ,court of ,ages   
beyond anything else1 while others are  
in love with the calm ,court of         
,seasons4 ,paradoxically1 the ,court of 
the ,universe suffers from its very     
magnificence4 ,it is so vast that the   
beholder is slow to feel an intimate    
relation with it4 ,the same is true of  
some of the noblest sights in nature4   
,first seen1 there is something         
disappointing in the ,grand ,canyon4    
,there is too much in the view to be    
comprehended until after many days4 ,in 
this court1 the visitor is pleased with 

its splendid proportions1 its noble     
arches1 its rich sculpture1 the         
wonderful blending of its colors with   
those of sea and sky2 but the pleasure  
at first is of the intellect rather than
 of the emotions4 ,like other big and   
really fine things1 it grows on one4    
,the sweep of its colonnades is         
majestic1 the arches are noble          
monuments1 the ,column of ,progress is  
inspiring1 the fountains show a graceful
 play of water1 the sculpture is big1   
strong1 and significant2 the flowers of 
the sunken garden are a glory long to be
 remembered4  ,the ,court of the        
,universe is ,roman in architecture1    
treated in the style of the ,italian    
,renaissance4 ,its commanding features1 
the ,triumphal ,arches and the          
magnificent flanking colonnades are most
 ,roman in spirit1 their ,italian       
decoration appearing in the medallions  
and spandrels of the arches1 the        
garlands hung along the entablature of  
the colonnade1 and the interior         

adornment of the vaulted corridors4 ,the
 columns1 including the huge ,sienna    
shafts before the arches and the ,tower 
of ,jewels1 are ,roman ,corinthian1 with
 opulent capitals1 though not too florid
 when used in a work of such vast       
extent4 ,most ,roman of all is the great
 ,column of ,progress1 at the north end 
of the court4  ,mc,kim1 ,mead and ,white
 of ,new ,york1 the architects1 had the 
,piazza of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome in    
mind when they designed this great sweep
 of colonnades4 ,there1 too1 they       
borrowed from the circle of saints the  
idea of the repeated ,star figure4 ,the 
colonnade not only encloses the court   
but is produced along the sides of the  
,palaces of ,agriculture and            
,transportation to form two corridors of
 almost ,egyptian vastness4 ,these two  
features1 the arches and the colonnades1
 here at the center of the palace group1
 strike the ,exposition's note of       
breadth4 ,their decoration is the key to
 the festal richness of all the         

adornment4  ,by day the four entrances  
to the court are its finest features4   
,nowhere in the whole ,exposition is the
 air more gloriously free than around   
the lofty arch and colonnades of the    
,tower of ,jewels4 ,nowhere is the      
sunlight purer1 or the sky bluer1 than  
over the broad approach leading up from 
the glancing waters of the bay1 past the
 aspiring ,column of ,progress1 and     
between the noble colonnades of the     
palaces on either hand4 ,from within the
 court1 or from the approaches on east  
and west1 the triumphal ,arches of the  
,nations impress one with the           
magnificence of their proportions1 their
 decoration1 and their color4 ,there the
 ,oriental hues of the ,exposition are  
carried upward1 to meet and blend with  
the sky1 and magically to make the      
heavens above them bluer than they      
really are4 7,see frontispiece47  ,there
 is little ,oriental about the court1   
except the color and the group of the   
,nations of the ,east above the ,arch of

 the ,rising ,sun4 ,the colonnade is    
,corinthian1 all the arches are ,roman1 
the sculpture is classic1 the paintings 
are romantic1 mystic1--the ,court of the
 ,universe may properly hold all things4
 ,it is thus an arena for the expression
 of universal themes1 on which the      
nations of the ,east and ,west look down
 from their lofty ,arches of ,triumph4  
,with this key1 the symbolism of the    
sculpture in the court is easy4 ,the    
,stars1 by ,calder1 stand in circle     
above the colonnade4 ,the frieze below  
the cornices of the pavilion towers     
represents the ,signs of the ,zodiac1 by
 ,herman ,a4 ,mac,neil4  ,the graceful  
figures atop the two fountain columns in
 the oval sunken garden are the ,rising 
and the ,setting ,sun1 by ,adolph ,a4   
,weinmann4 7p4 #fi47 ,in the east the   
,sun1 in the strength of morning1 the   
masculine spirit of going forth1 has    
spread his wings for flight2 in the     
west1 the luminary1 now essentially     
feminine1 as the brooding spirit of     

evening1 is just alighting4 ,the        
sculptural adornment of the shafts is   
detailed in the chapter on ,fountains4  
,the titanic ,elements slumber on the   
balustrade1 one on either hand of the   
stairways leading down on north and     
south into the sunken area4 7p4 #fd47   
,on one side1 on the north1 the         
,elemental ,power holds in check the    
,dragon of ,fire4 ,the whole figure     
expresses the primitive terror of ,fire1
 a fear that still lives in the beasts4 
,on the other side lies ,water1 the     
roaring ,ocean1 kelp in his hair1       
,neptune's trident in his hand1 by him  
one of his fabled monsters4 ,on the     
south1 eagles of the ,air hover close to
 the winged figure of the woman1 who    
holds up the evening star and breathes  
gently down upon her people4 ,icarus1   
who was the first airman1 appears upon  
her wings4 ,opposite1 rests ,earth1     
unconscious that her sons struggle with 
her4 ,these remarkably expressive       
figures are the work of ,robert ,aitken4

  ,the youthful groups by ,paul ,manship
 upon the extremities of the balustrade1
 on either hand of the eastern and      
western stairways1 represent ,music and 
,poetry1 ,music by the dance1 ,poetry by
 the written scroll4 ,the sculpture is  
archaic in type1--an imitation of ,greek
 imitations of still earlier models4    
,the colossal groups on the ,arches of  
the ,nations symbolize the meeting of   
the peoples of the ,east and ,west1     
brought together by the ,panama ,canal1 
and here uniting to celebrate its       
completion4 ,in the group of the        
,nations of the ,east the elephant bears
 the ,indian prince1 and within the     
howdah1 the ,spirit of the ,east1 mystic
 and hidden4 7p4 #fc47 ,on the right is 
the ,buddhist lama from ,tibet1         
representative of that third of the     
human race which finds hope of ,nirvana 
in countless repetitions of the sacred  
formula1 ,om ,mani ,padme ,hum4 ,next is
 the ,mohammedan1 with the crescent of  
,islam2 then a negro slave1 and then a  

,mongolian warrior1 the ancient         
inhabitant of the sandy waste1 a type of
 those ,tartar hordes which swept ,asia 
under ,tamerlane and ,genghis ,khan4 ,on
 the left of the ,indian elephant are an
 ,arab falconer1 an ,egyptian mounted on
 a camel and bearing a ,moslem standard1
 then a negro slave bearing a basket of 
fruit on his head1 and a sheik from the 
deserts of ,arabia1 all representing the
 ,mohammedans of the nearer ,east4 ,thus
 are figured types of the great         
,oriental races1 the ,hindoo1 the       
,tartar1 which includes the ,turk and   
the northern ,chinese2 the ,chinese     
stock of the south1 the ,arab1 and the  
,egyptian4 ,only the ,persian is        
omitted1 and possibly the ,japanese1    
unless that1 too1 is ,mongol4  ,on the  
,arch of the ,setting ,sun1 the prairie 
schooner is the center of the group of  
the ,nations of the ,west1 on the top a 
figure of ,enterprise1 the ,spirit of   
the ,west4 7p4 #ei47 ,on either side of 
her is a boy4 ,these are the ,heroes of 

,tomorrow4 ,between the oxen rides the  
,mother of ,tomorrow4 ,beside the ox at 
the right is the ,italian immigrant1    
behind him the ,anglo-,american1 then   
the squaw with her papoose1 and the     
horse ,indian of the plains4 ,by the ox 
at the left is the ,teuton pioneer1     
behind him the ,spanish conquistador1   
next1 the woods ,indian of ,alaska1 and 
lastly the ,french ,canadian4  ,three   
sculptors collaborated in the modeling  
of these groups1 ,a4 ,stirling ,calder1 
,leo ,lentelli1 and ,frederick ,g4 ,r4  
,roth4  ,of the ,mural ,paintings under 
the ,arches of the ,nations1 the two by 
,edward ,simmons in the arch on the east
 are an allegory of the movement of the 
peoples across the ,atlantic1 while     
those by ,frank ,vincent ,du ,mond in   
the western arch picture in realistic   
figures the westward march of           
civilization to the ,pacific4           
,historically1 the picture on the       
southern wall of the ,arch of the       
,nations of the ,east comes first4 ,here

 ,simmons has represented the westward  
movement from the ,old ,world through   
natural emigration war1 conquest1       
commerce and religion1 personifying     
these in types of the people who have   
crossed the ,atlantic4 ,on the strand1  
beyond which appear types of the navies 
of the ages1 are the following3 an      
inhabitant of the fabled ,atlantis1 here
 conceived as a savage2 the ,greek      
warrior1 perhaps one of those who fared 
with ,ulysses over the sea to the west2 
the adventurer and explorer1 portrayed  
as ,columbus2 the colonist1 ,sir ,walter
 ,raleigh2 the missionary1 in garb of a 
priest2 the artist1 and the artisan4    
,all are called onward by the trumpet of
 the ,spirit of ,adventure1 to found new
 families and new nations1 symbolized by
 the vision of heraldic shields4 ,behind
 them stands a veiled figure1 the       
,future listening to the ,past4 ,the    
long period in which this movement has  
been in progress is expressed by the    
dress of the travellers4  ,this might be

 called the ,material ,movement to the  
,west1 for the picture opposite depicts 
the ,ideals of that progress4 ,hope     
leads the way1 though some of the       
,hopes1 shown as bubbles1 were but      
,illusions4 ,then follow ,adventure1    
,art1 ,imagination1 ,truth1 ,religion1  
and the spirits of domestic life4       
,simmons' work is characterized by grace
 and delicacy4 ,the pictures are        
pleasing as form and color alone1 but   
without titles the allegories are too   
difficult for people unaccustomed to    
interpreting this kind of art4  ,du     
,mond's two murals in the western arch  
are easier4 ,they make a continuous     
story4 ,the first chapter1 on the north 
side1 pictures the emigrant train1 led  
by the ,spirit of ,adventure1 leaving   
for the ,west1 while the second shows   
the pioneers reaching the shores of the 
,pacific and welcomed by ,california4   
,to express the many-sided development  
of the ,west1 ,du ,mond has portrayed   
individuals as the types of the         

pioneers4 ,here are ,junipero ,serra1   
the priest2 ,anza1 the ,spanish captain 
who first trod the shores of ,san       
,francisco ,bay2 ,joseph ,le ,conte1 the
 scientist2 ,bret ,harte1 the author2   
,william ,keith1 the artist2 and ,starr 
,king1 the divine4 ,the energy of these 
men has actually outstripped the ,spirit
 of ,adventure4 ,du ,mond's story       
parallels in a way that pictured by     
,simmons4 ,color and composition are    
both exceedingly grateful to the eye4   
,the ,column of ,progress1 outside the  
court1 commands the entire north front  
of the ,exposition1 as the ,tower of    
,jewels does the southern4 7p4 #eg47    
,symmes ,richardson1 the architect1 drew
 his inspiration from ,trajan's ,column 
at ,rome1 an inspiration so finely      
bodied forth by the designer and the two
 sculptors who worked with him1         
,mac,neil and ,konti1 that this shaft   
stands as one of the most satisfying    
creations on the ,exposition grounds4   
,its significance completes the         

symbolism of the ,exposition sculpture  
and architecture1 as the joyous         
,fountain of ,energy at the other end of
 the north-and-south axis begins it4    
,that fountain celebrates the completion
 of the ,canal4 ,the ,tower of ,jewels  
with its sculpture tells the historical 
story of the conquest of the western    
seas and their shores4 ,the ,court of   
the ,universe is the meeting place of   
the ,nations1 come to commemorate the   
joining of ,east and ,west4 ,from this  
,court1 a splendid avenue leads down to 
the border of the ,western ,ocean1 where
 stands the ,column of ,progress1 beyond
 the ,exposition4 ,both in its position 
and in its sculpture the column         
signifies that1 this celebration over1  
human endeavor stands ready to go on to 
still vaster enterprises on behalf of   
mankind4  ,the figure atop this ,column 
is the ,adventurous ,bowman1 past human 
achievement behind him1 seeking a new   
emprise in the ,west1 whither he has    
loosed his arrow4 ,at his back is a     

figure of ,humanity1 signifying the     
support of mankind4 ,by his side is the 
woman1 ready to crown his success4 7p4  
#eh47 ,the question has often been      
asked1 why there is no string to the    
archer's bow4 ,the sculptor properly    
omitted it1 for1 at the moment the arrow
 leaves the bow1 the cord is vibrating  
far too strongly to be visible4  ,the   
cylindrical frieze below the ,bowman    
represents the ,burden ,bearers4 ,this1 
with the ,bowman1 is the work of ,h4 ,a4
 ,mac,neil4 ,the spiral of ships        
ascending the shaft symbolizes the      
upward course of man's progress4 ,around
 the base is the frieze by ,isidor      
,konti1 on three sides striving human   
figures1 on the fourth celestial        
trumpeters announcing victory4 ,the     
whole signifies man's progress through  
effort4 7p4 #fj47  ,yet the visitor must
 not look for a story in all the        
sculpture here or elsewhere4 ,some of   
this art is merely decorative1          
fulfilling purposes of harmony or       

completeness in the general mass4 ,the  
winged figures by ,leo ,lentelli on the 
columns before the ,arches of the       
,nations are simply ornaments1          
relieving1 with their shafts1 what would
 otherwise be too sheer a wall in the   
structure4 ,they may be angels or they  
may be genii4 ,decorative1 also1 are the
 sculptured medallions between these    
columns1 and the ,pegasi on the         
spandrels of the arch1 the medallions   
done by ,calder1 the ,pegasi by ,roth4  
,the caryatids in pairs of male and     
female surmounting the balustrade of the
 sunken garden are merely lamp bearers4 
,the spouting monsters in the fountain  
pools are but ornamental1 and so are the
 figures in relief under the basins4    
,those at the base of the shafts are    
described in detail in the chapter on   
,fountains4 ,in the decoration of the   
entablature of the colonnade1 the skull 
of the ox repeated between the garlands 
recalls the vicissitudes of the pioneers
 in their long march across the         

continent4  ,the ,court of the          
,universe1 this huge ,piazza of the     
,nations1 is thus all-inclusive4 ,within
 its vast oval is room for every theme4 
,from it lead the ways to all the       
,exposition4 ,in spirit it is as        
cosmopolitan as the ,forum under the    
,caesars4 ,its art revives for us  ,the 
glory that was ,greece1 ,the grandeur   
that was ,rome4  -  ,inscriptions in    
,court of the ,universe  ,i4 ,arch of   
the ,rising ,sun1 east side of the      
,court4     7a7 ,panel at center of     
attic1 west side of the ,arch1 facing   
the ,court3     ,the ,moon ,sinks       
,yonder in the ,west ,while in the ,east
 the ,glorius ,sun    ,behind the ,dawn 
,appears4 ,thus ,rise and ,set ,in      
,constant ,change ,those    ,shining    
,orbs and ,regulate the ,very ,life of  
this ,our ,world4   --,kalidasa1 ,india4
     7b7 ,small panel at right of       
center1 facing the ,court3     ,our     
,eyes and ,hearts ,uplifted ,seem to    
,gaze on ,heavens' ,radiance4           

--,hitomaro1 ,japan4     7c7 ,small     
panel at left of center1 facing the     
,court3     ,they ,who ,know the ,truth 
are ,not ,equal to ,those ,who ,love    
,it4   --,confucius1 ,china4     7d7    
,panel at center of attic1 east side of 
the ,arch3     ,the ,balmy ,air         
,diffuses ,health and ,fragrance4 ,so   
,tempered is the    ,genial ,glow ,that 
,we ,know ,neither ,heat ,nor ,cold4    
,tulips and    ,hyacinths ,abound4      
,fostered by ,a ,delicious ,clime the   
,earth ,blooms    ,like ,a              
,garden4--,firdausi1 ,persia4     7e7   
,small panel at right of center3     ,a 
,wise ,man ,teaches ,be ,not ,angry4    
,from ,untrodden ,ways ,turn ,aside4    
--,phra ,ruang1 ,siam4     7f7 ,small   
panel at left of center3     ,he ,that  
,honors ,not ,himself ,lacks ,honor     
,wheresoe'er ,he ,goes4   --,zuhayr1    
,arabia4  ,,ii4 ,arch of the ,setting   
,sun1 west side of the ,court4     7a7  
,panel at center of attic1 east side of 
the ,arch1 facing    the ,court3        

,facing ,west ,from ,california's       
,shores--,inquiring ,tireless ,seeking  
,what is ,yet ,unfound--,i ,a ,child    
,very ,old ,over ,waves ,toward the     
,house of ,maternity the ,land of       
,migrations ,look ,afar--,look ,off the 
,shores of ,my ,western ,sea the ,circle
 ,almost ,circled4   --,whitman1        
,america4     7b7 ,small panel at right 
of center3     ,truth--,witness of the  
,past ,councilor of the ,present ,guide 
of the    ,future4--,cervantes1 ,spain4 
7c7 ,small panel at left of center3     
,in ,nature's ,infinite ,book of        
,secrecy ,a ,little ,i ,can ,read4      
--,shakespeare1 ,england4     7d7 ,panel
 at center of attic1 west side of the   
,arch3     ,it is ,absolutely           
,indispensable ,for the ,united ,states 
to ,effect ,a    ,passage ,from the     
,mexican ,gulf to the ,pacific ,ocean   
,and ,i ,am ,certain    ,that ,they     
,will ,do ,it--,would ,that ,i ,might   
,live to ,see it ,but ,i ,shall         
,not4--,goethe1 ,germany4     7e7 ,small

 panel at right of center3     ,the     
,universe--,an ,infinite ,sphere the    
,center ,everywhere the                 
,circumference ,nowhere4--,pascal1      
,france4     7f7 ,small panel at left of
 center3     ,the ,world is in its ,most
 ,excellent ,state ,when ,justice is    
,supreme4   --,dante1 ,italy4    ,,vii4 
,the ,court of the ,ages 7,officially   
called ,the ,court of ,abundance47      
,an artist's dream in romantic          
,orientalism--,mullgardt's own title for
 it - ,his great ,tower of the          
,ages--,mullgardt interprets his        
architectural masterpiece--,brangwyn's  
splendid murals1 ,earth1 ,air1 ,fire and
 ,water--,the ,fountain of ,earth1 by   
,robert ,aitken1 realism set amidst the 
romantic4    ,the ,court of the         
,universe is not ,oriental1 the ,court  
of the ,ages is4 ,not in architecture1  
but in feeling1 in the atmosphere with  
which the architect has invested it1    
this court brings to mind those         
brilliant lands of the ,mediterranean   

touched by the ,east through the ,moors4
 ,you pass under its arcades and walk   
out into a region of the ,sun1 warm1    
bright1 dazzling4 ,the architect1 ,louis
 ,christian ,mullgardt1 has caught the  
feeling of the ,south1--not the rank1   
jungle ,south of the tropics2 nor the   
mild1 rich ,south of our own ,gulf      
states2 but the hard1 brilliant1 arid   
,south of the desert4 ,this court       
expresses ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1       
,spain1 ,algiers1--lands of the ,sun4   
,the very flowers of its first gardens  
were desert blooms1 brilliant in hue1 on
 leafless stalks4 ,there are orange     
trees1 but they1 also1 are trees of the 
,sun1 smooth of leaf1 to retain         
moisture4  ,it is a court1 too1 of      
romance4 ,it might be a garden of       
,allah1 with a plaintive ,arab flute    
singing1 among the orange trees1 of the 
wars and the hot passions of the desert4
 ,it might be a court in ,seville or    
,granada1 with guitars tinkling and lace
 gleaming among the cool arcades4 ,it is

 a place for dreams4  ,the architecture 
has been called ,spanish ,gothic1 but1  
according to the architect1 it has not  
been accredited to any established      
style4 ,we may well be content to call  
it simply ,mullgardt4 ,the court is an  
artist's dream1 rather than a formal    
study in historic architecture2 and it  
is the more interesting1 as it is the   
more original1 for that4 ,except for the
 central fountain1 which1 fine though it
 is as a sculptured story1 is out of    
harmony with the filigreed arcades      
around it1 all the sculpture in the     
court is1 in feeling1 an intimate part  
of the romantic architecture4 ,this     
portion of the art of the court is best 
considered as decoration1 finding its   
justification in the beauty it imparts  
to the whole4 ,it has genuine meaning1  
but what that is remains inscrutable so 
long as the court is called that of     
,abundance4  ,mullgardt called his      
creation the ,court of the ,ages4 ,he   
was overruled because the officials     

deemed the name not in accord with the  
contemporaneous spirit of the           
,exposition4 ,they called it the ,court 
of ,abundance4 ,in spite of the name1   
however1 it is not the ,court of        
,abundance4 ,mullgardt's title gives a  
key to the cipher of the statues4 ,read 
by it1 the groups on the altar of the   
,tower become three successive ,ages of 
,civilization4 7,see p4 #gj47  ,tower of
 the ,ages4--,this is the most admired  
of all the ,exposition towers1 and with 
reason4 ,the originality1 strength and  
beauty of its design set it above       
anything else of the sort yet seen in   
,america2 and the symbolism of its      
sculptures1 which are the work of       
,chester ,beach1 is of almost equal     
interest with the tower itself4 ,at the 
base1 on the gable above the arch1 rude 
of face and form1 with beasts low in the
 scale1 are the people of the ,stone    
,age4 ,above them is a mediaeval group1 
the ,crusader1 the ,priest1 the ,peasant
 ,soldier armed with a cross-bow1 with  

similar figures on the side altars4     
,enthroned over all1 with a crown on her
 brow1 is ,modern ,civilization1        
expressed as ,intelligence4 ,at her feet
 are two children1 one with an open     
book1 symbolizing ,learning2 the other1 
a boy with a part of a machine1         
representing ,industry4 ,the supporting 
figures on the sides are the ,man and   
,woman of the ,present1 sprung from the 
earlier types4 ,the delicate finials    
rising from the summit of the tower     
express ,aspiration4  ,the two shafts at
 the head of the court1 each surmounted 
by a huntress with bended bow1 symbolize
 ,earth and ,air4 ,originally they were 
intended as finials to the double       
cascade which was to have swept down to 
the court from the ,altar of the ,ages  
on the tower4 ,the cascade was not      
built1 much to the benefit of the beauty
 of the court1 but the ornaments were   
suffered to remain4 ,the giddy females  
who support each shaft are sufficiently 
romantic to be in keeping with the      

decoration of the court4  ,the three    
figures repeated around the top of the  
arcade are of a hunter dragging a deer1 
a woman with her offspring on her       
shoulder1 and a primitive man feeding a 
pelican1 all so happily expressed that  
they are an intimate part of the arcade 
on which they stand4 ,they seem almost  
to have grown from their supports4      
,these figures alone1 unless we add the 
florid ladies of the ornamental shafts1 
with the rich filigree of the arcades   
and the tower1 are all that express in  
any way the idea of ,abundance carried  
in the present name of the court4       
,mullgardt conceived this court as a    
sermon in stone4 ,its significance as a 
whole is best explained by the architect
 himself4 ,he interprets the court as   
rising in four horizontal strata3  ,the 
court is an historical expression of the
 successive ,ages of the world's growth4
 ,the central fountain symbolizes the   
nebulous world1 with its innate human   
passions4 ,out of a chaotic condition   

came ,water 7the basin71 and ,land 7the 
fountain71 and ,light 7the ,sun1        
supported by ,helios1 and the           
electroliers74 ,the braziers and        
cauldrons symbolize ,fire4 ,the two     
sentinel columns to the right and left  
of the tower symbolize ,earth and ,air4 
,the eight paintings of the four corners
 of the ambulatory symbolize the        
elements of ,earth1 ,air1 ,fire and     
,water4 ,the central figure in the      
,north ,avenue symbolizes ',modern ,time
 ,listening to the ,story of the ,ages4'
  ,the decorative motifs employed on the
 surrounding arcade are sea-plant life  
and its animal evolution4 ,the piers1   
arches1 reeds and columns bear legendary
 decorative motifs of the transition of 
plant to animal life in the forms of    
tortoise and other shell motifs2--kelp  
and its analogy to the prehistoric      
lobster1 skate1 crab and sea urchin4    
,the water-bubble motif is carried      
through all vertical members which      
symbolize the ,crustacean ,period1 which

 is the second stratum of the court4    
,the third stratum1 the prehistoric     
figures1 surmounting the piers of the   
arcade1 also the first group over the   
tower entrance1 show earliest forms of  
human1 animal1 reptile and bird life1   
symbolizing the ,stone ,age ,period4    
,the fourth stratum1 the second group in
 the altar tower1 symbolizes human      
struggle for emancipation from ignorance
 and superstition1 in which ,religion   
and ,war are dominating factors4 ,the   
kneeling figures on the side altar are  
similarly expressive4 ,the torches above
 these mediaeval groups symbolize the   
,dawn of ,understanding4 ,the           
chanticleers on the finials surrounding 
the court symbolize the ,christian ,era4
 ,the topmost figure of the altar       
symbolizes ,intelligence1 ',peace on    
,earth1 ,good ,will ,towards ,all1' the 
symbols of ,learning and ,industry at   
her feet4 ,the topmost figure           
surmounting the side altar symbolizes   
,thought4 ,the arched opening forming   

the enclosure of the altar contains     
alternating masks expressing            
,intelligence and ,ignorance in equal   
measure1 symbolizing the ,peoples of the
 ,world4 ,a gradual development to the  
higher forms of plant life is expressed 
upward in the altar tower1 the          
conventionalized lily petal being the   
highest form4  ,this1 then1 is the      
lesson1 the deepest and most spiritual  
attempted in any of the ,exposition     
structures1 and surely entitling the    
court to be called1 as its creator      
wished1 the ,court of the ,ages4        
,brangwyn's ,murals4--,the mural        
paintings by ,frank ,brangwyn in the    
four corners of the arcades are rich1   
glorious in color1 freighted with the   
opulence of the harvest1 but they       
symbolize the four primeval elements--  
,earth1 ,air1 ,fire and ,water4 ,their  
themes have nothing to do with          
,abundance4 ,it is unfortunate that     
these pictures1 far and away the best in
 the decoration of the ,exposition1 have

 been hidden in the corners of a court4 
,the canvases are bold1 free1 vast as   
the elements they picture4 ,they need   
space4 ,when they were unpacked and hung
 on the walls of ,machinery ,hall1 they 
were far more effective4 ,here they are 
cramped by their close quarters1 and    
easily overlooked4 ,people are not going
 in to see them as they should1 and so  
are missing one of the chief joys of the
 ,exposition1--the masterpieces of one  
of the world's greatest living painters4
  ,these representations of the four    
elements glow and burn with the vivid   
hues of nature4 ,all of the pictures    
have a setting of autumn11 that season  
of the year when nature puts on her     
dying hues1 and floods the earth with   
color4 ,their rich reds1 purples1       
yellows1 browns1 greens and indigoes are
 the hues of autumn skies1 the falling  
leaves of hardwoods1 the dense foliage  
of pines1 colors of the harvest1 of     
fruit and grapes1 of flowers1 and of    
deep waters4 ,the men and women in them 

are primeval1 too1 of ,mediterranean    
type1 and garbed in the barbaric colors 
in which ,southern folk express the     
warmth of their natures4  ,free and     
vivid as is their color1 the breadth of 
primeval liberty is not less seen in the
 splendid spaces of ,brangwyn's         
pictures4 ,the forest vistas are        
illimitable2 the air has the freedom of 
the ,golden ,age2 the skies stretch out 
and up to heaven4  ,each set of two     
pictures represents one of the elements4
 ,the first of the ,earth pictures in   
the northwest corner of the corridor is 
a harvest of orchard fruits1 products of
 earth4 ,tall cypresses on the right    
enhance the vast space of sky over the  
orchard1 the best sky in all the eight  
paintings4 ,the colors are those of the 
rich fruits1 the autumn flowers1 and the
 garish costumes of ,brangwyn's         
peasantry4 ,the companion picture       
represents a vintage1 with great purple 
grapes hanging among the bronzing leaves
 on a trellis1 and yellow pumpkins and  

flowers underfoot4 ,the color is in     
these1 and in the same ,southern        
costumes seen in the first picture4     
,the first of the ,air pictures is as   
easy to read as the second is difficult4
 7p4 #gd47 ,in it a huge windmill stands
 on a height against rain-laden clouds  
and a glowing rainbow4 ,the slope is    
covered with heavy-headed grain1 and    
stained with vivid flowers1 all bending 
before the swift currents of air4       
,laborers1 men and women1 hurry homeward
 before the wind1 from their task of    
winnowing grain4 ,boys flying their     
kites complete the symbolism4  ,in the  
companion picture a group of archers are
 loosing their arrows between the boles 
of tall1 straight hardwoods on the brink
 of a deep valley4 ,great white birds   
are winging outward through the tops of 
the trees4 ,the distance in the sky     
beyond is wonderful4 ,the color is of   
the gorgeous autumn leaves of hardwoods 
and of rich flowers4  ,in one of the    
,water pictures fishermen are drawing a 

net from a lake suggested by a fringe of
 purple1 white and yellow iris4 ,the men
 seem to stand on an island or a        
peninsula1 for behind them1 beyond tall 
trees1 is a deep indigo lake4 ,great    
pregnant clouds float in the sky1 and   
the picture glows with autumn colors4   
,in the other1 men and women come       
forward with water jars to a source     
suggested by tall white water birds and 
flowers growing thick among the sedges4 
,there are the same clouds1 big with the
 promise of rain1 and the same profusion
 of vivid hues4  ,primitive ,fire is    
suggested in the next pair by a         
thick-clustered group of peasants with  
hands outstretched where a thin column  
of smoke rises straight4 ,autumn skies  
and foliage tell of chill in the air4   
,the colors burn in dying leaves1 in the
 sky1 in fruit and grapes4 ,a man is    
bringing a burden of fagots4 ,men of    
bovine anatomy crouch before the fire1  
their backs arched1 their cheeks        
bulging1 as they blow it into flame4    

,these folk are all primitive1 candid in
 their animalism1 ,samsons in limb and  
muscle4 ,brangwyn's mastery of anatomy  
is notable1 and he builds his men with  
every flexor showing1 like a machine4   
,pottery burners working around a       
furnace dimly suggested convey the idea 
of ,industrial ,fire in the last of the 
pictures4 ,there is the same motif of   
cold in the sky and the fruits1         
intensified by the somber leafage of fir
 and pine4  ,in striking contrast with  
the light and ethereal quality of the   
allegorical murals in the arches of the 
,court of the ,universe1 these paintings
 are rich to the point of opulence4     
,there is an enormous depth in them4    
,the figures are full-rounded4 ,the     
fruits1 flowers and grain hang heavily  
on their steams4 ,the trees bear        
themselves solidly4 ,the colors1 laid on
 with strong and heavy strokes1 fairly  
flame in the picture4  ,public auction  
is the fate said to be destined by the  
,exposition company for these wonderful 

pictures4 ,it is not to be blamed for   
this4 ,it is a business corporation1 and
 these paintings are assets on which it 
may be necessary to realize4 ,but if the
 company finds itself financially able1 
it should see to it that the paintings  
remain in ,san ,francisco as the        
property of the city4 ,like the great   
organ in ,festival ,hall1 which the     
,exposition has promised to install in  
the ,civic ,auditorium when the fair    
ends1 these splendid pictures should be 
hung in the ,auditorium as a gift to the
 city4  ,if the ,exposition is not able 
to give them1 an opportunity is         
presented for men of wealth to do art a 
great service in ,san ,francisco4 ,our  
cities1 unlike those of ,europe and of  
,south ,america1 are not accustomed to  
buy works of art4 ,private generosity1  
then1 must supply the deficiency4  ,in  
the northern extension of the court1    
beyond the tower1 where the ,spanish    
decoration is carried almost to the     
bayward facade of the palace group      

stands a massive female figure1 ,modern 
,time ,listening to the ,story of the   
,ages4 ,beyond it are four standards of 
the ,sun1 like two at the southern end  
of the pool in the main court1 brilliant
 at night4  ,there remains but the      
central fountain1 in the main court1    
symbolizing the ,earth1 done by ,robert 
,aitken4 7p4 #gc47 ,taken by itself1    
this is a notable work1 but it is not in
 keeping with the romantic spirit of the
 ,court of ,ages4 ,its figures are      
magnificently virile1 but wholly        
realistic4 ,only at night1 when1 through
 clouds of rising steam1 the globe of   
the ,earth glows red like a world in the
 making1 and from the forked tongues of 
the climbing serpents flames pour out on
 the altars set around the pool1--only  
then does the fountain become mystic4   
,even then it suggests cosmogony1       
mechanics1 physics1 which are not       
romantic1 except in so far as there may 
be romance of the intellect4 ,however1  
this is ,aitken1 not ,mullgardt4 ,the   

allegories of the group are detailed in 
the chapter on ,fountains4    ,,viii4   
,the ,court of the ,seasons    ,a       
charming bit of ,italian                
,renaissance--,its quiet                
simplicity--,the alcove ,fountains of   
the ,seasons1 by ,furio                 
,piccirilli--,milton ,bancroft's ,murals
 - ,the forecourt1 with ,evelyn         
,longman's ,fountain of                 
,ceres--,inscriptions4    ,in ,the      
,court of the ,seasons1 the architect1  
,henry ,bacon of ,new ,york1 has shown  
us a charming mood of the ,italian      
,renaissance4 7p4 #gi1 #hj47 ,this      
court1 neither too splendid to be       
comfortable nor too ornate to be        
restful1 is full of a quiet intimacy4   
,nature's calm is here4 ,it is a little 
court1 and friendly4 ,its walls are near
 and sheltering4 ,people like to sit    
here in the shelter of the close        
thickets around the still pool in the   
center4 ,i notice1 too1 that persons    
hastening across the grounds come this  

way1 and that they unconsciously slacken
 pace as they walk through the court4   
,this is the only one of the three      
central courts in which everything is in
 harmony4 ,there is nothing obtrusive   
about it4 ,the effect is that of a      
perfect whole1 simple1 complete4 ,the   
round pool1 smooth1 level with the      
ground1 unadorned1 gives its note4 ,the 
colors are warm1 the massive pillars    
softly smooth4 ,the trees press close to
 the walls1 the shrubbery is dense4     
,birds make happy sounds among the      
branches4 ,water falls from the         
fountains in the alcoves1 not with a    
roar1 but with something more than a    
woodland murmur4 ,these fountains touch 
one of the purest notes in nature4 ,in  
cool1 high1 bare-walled alcoves the     
water falls in sheets from terrace to   
terrace1 at last into a dark pool below4
 ,the sound is steady1 gently reinforced
 by echo from the clean walls behind1   
and pervasive4 ,it is a very perfect    
imitation of the sound of mountain      

waters4  ,nothing in this court takes   
effort4 ,the pictures and the sculpture 
of the alcoves and the half-dome tell   
their own story4 ,here is no elusive    
mysticism1 no obscure symbolism to be   
dug out with the help of guidebooks1    
like a hard lesson4 ,the treasures of   
the ,seasons are on the surface1 glowing
 in the face of all4  ,the ,seasons are 
sheltered in the four alcoves1          
distinguished from each other only by   
the fountain groups of ,furio           
,piccirilli and the murals by ,h4       
,milton ,bancroft4 ,neither pictures nor
 statues need much explanation4 ,the    
first alcove to the left of the         
half-dome is that of ,spring4 ,in the   
sculptured group of the fountain1       
flowers bloom and love awakens4 ,it is a
 fresh and graceful composition4 ,the   
murals are on the faces of the corridor 
arches4 ,no one can mistake their       
meaning4 ,springtime shows her first    
blossoms1 and the happy shepherd pipes a
 seasonal air to his flock1 now         

battening on new grass4 ,in the         
companion picture1 ,seedtime1 are       
symbols of the spring planting4  ,next  
comes ,summer1 the time of ,fruition4   
7p4 #id47 ,above the fountain the mother
 gives the new-born child to its happy  
father1 and the servant brings the first
 fruits of the harvest4 ,this is less   
likable than the other groups4 ,the     
posture of the mother is not a happy    
one4 ,the two murals picture ,summer and
 ,fruition4 ,bancroft has taken athletic
 games as the symbol of the season4     
,summer is crowning the victor in       
aquatic sports4 ,conventional symbols of
 fruits and flowers represent ,fruition4
  ,in the group of ,autumn1 ,providence 
is the central figure1 directing the    
,harvest4 ,she is bringing in the juice 
of the grape4 ,the season is            
significantly represented in the full   
modeling of the figures and the maturity
 of the adults4 ,the mural of ,autumn1  
in the rich colors of the dying year1   
suggests by its symbols of wine and     

music1 the harvest festival4 ,opposite1 
is pictured the ,harvest1 with the      
garnered crops4  ,last of all is        
,winter1 with the bare desolation of the
 wintry world in the melancholy fountain
 group4 ,then ,nature rests in the      
season of conception1 while a man sows1 
his companion having prepared the       
ground4 ,in his mural of ,winter1       
,bancroft pictures the snowy days1 the  
fuel piled against the cold1 the chase  
of the deer1 the spinning in the long   
evenings4 ,the companion piece          
represents the festival side of the     
season1 when men have time to play4 ,the
 ,seasons are complete4  ,on the walls  
of the half-dome are two formal         
paintings by ,bancroft1 conventional but
 charming in their allegory4 ,these are 
,bancroft's best murals4 ,in the first1 
,time crowns ,art1 while her handmaids1 
,painting1 ,pottery1 ,weaving1          
,glass-making1 ,metal-working and       
,jewel-making1 stand in attendance4 ,in 
the other1 ,man is taught the laws of   

,love1 ,life1 and ,death1 ,earth1 ,fire1
 and ,water4  ,on the summit of the     
half-dome is a group representing the   
,harvest1 and before it1 on two splendid
 columns1 are ,rain1 a woman bearing the
 cup of the waters1 and ,sunshine1      
another with a palm branch4 ,all three  
are by ,albert ,jaegers4 ,at the other  
extremity of the court each of the two  
pylons is surmounted by a bull1 wreathed
 in garlands1 and led by man and maiden 
to the sacrifice4 ,these groups1 each   
called the ,feast of the ,sacrifice1 are
 also by ,albert ,jaegers4 7p4 #gi47    
,the spandrels on the arches and the    
female figures on the cornices are by   
his brother1 ,august ,jaegers4  ,the    
abundance of the ,seasons is symbolized 
in the fruit-bearing figures that form  
the pilasters of the cornices of the    
arches1 and by the fat ears of corn     
depending from the ,ionic capitals of   
the columns4 ,these types of            
fruitfulness have a further             
justification in the neighborhood of the

 ,palaces of ,agriculture and ,food     
,products1 which border the court on the
 north4  ,the eastern and western arches
 are exquisite in their simple          
proportion1 and the delicate charm of   
the fresco of their vaulted passages4   
,the quality of this interior decoration
 is enhanced by the beauty of the staff 
work1 which throughout this court is the
 most successful found in the           
,exposition4 ,here this plaster is soft1
 rich and warm1 and looks more real and 
permanent than elsewhere4  ,i prefer to 
consider the northern approach between  
the two palaces as not a part of this   
court4 ,the pleasant intimacy of the    
court would have been enhanced if it had
 been cut off from this approach by an  
arch4 ,half way down the forecourt is   
the formal fountain of ,ceres by ,evelyn
 ,beatrice ,longman1 which must cheer   
the hearts of those who would have all  
art draped4  -  ,inscriptions in ,court 
of ,seasons     7a7 ,on arch at east    
side3     ,so ,forth ,issew'd the       

,seasons of    ,the ,yeare--,first      
,lusty ,spring ,all    ,dight in ,leaves
 and ,flowres4    ,then ,came the ,jolly
 ,sommer ,being ,dight    ,in ,a ,thin  
,silken ,cassock ,coloured ,greene4     
,then ,came the ,autumne ,all in ,yellow
 ,clad4    ,lastly ,came ,winter        
,cloathed ,all in ,frize    ,chattering 
,his ,teeth ,for ,cold that ,did ,him   
,chill4    --,spenser4     7b7 ,on arch 
at west side3     ,for ,lasting         
,happiness ,we ,turn    ,our ,eyes ,to  
,one ,alone    ,and ,she ,surrounds ,you
 ,now4    ,great ,nature ,refuge of the 
,weary ,heart ,and ,only ,balm ,to      
,breasts ,that ,have ,been ,bruised4    
,she ,hath ,cool ,hands ,for ,every     
,fevered ,brow ,and ,gentlest           
,silence ,for the ,troubled ,soul4      
--,sterling4    ,,ix4  ,the ,courts of  
,flowers and ,palms    ,the ,court of   
,flowers typically ,italian--,its       
delightful garden and fountain1 ,beauty 
and the ,beast1 by ,edgar               
,walter--,borglum's fine group1 ,the    

,pioneer--,the ,court of ,palms is      
,grecian in feeling--,the ,end of the   
,trail1 by ,fraser1 a chapter in        
,american history--,murals in the       
doorways--,arthur ,mathews' ,triumph of 
,culture4   ,recessed in the south front
 of the palace group1 and leading back  
to the ,court of the ,seasons and the   
,court of the ,ages1 are two perfect    
smaller courts1 each admirably living up
 to its name--the ,court of ,flowers and
 the ,court of ,palms4 7,see p4 #he1    
#hh1 #ic47 ,both courts were designed by
 ,george ,w4 ,kelham4 ,each is a        
pleasant and colorful bay of sunshine   
facing southward between two graceful   
towers4 ,one is bright with level fields
 of flowers1 the other cool with        
greensward and palms set about a sunken 
garden4 ,both are calm1 peaceful spots  
to rest and dream in the sun4 ,both are 
of the ,south4 ,here summer first       
unfolds her robes1 and here she longest 
tarries4  ,though at first sight these  
courts are much alike1 they differ in   

feeling and effect4 ,the ,court of      
,flowers is ,italian1 the ,court of     
,palms ,grecian1 though ,grecian with an
 exuberance scarcely ,athenian4 ,perhaps
 there is something ,sicilian in the    
warmth of its decoration4 ,when it is   
bright and warm1 the ,court of ,palms is
 most ,greek in feeling2 less so on     
duller days4  ,but the ,court of        
,flowers is ,italian in all moods4 ,with
 its shady balcony above the colonnade1 
it might be in ,verona or ,mantua4 ,it  
is a graceful court1 formal1 yet        
curiously informal4 ,its paired         
,corinthian columns1 its conventional   
lions by the porches and its flower     
girls around the balcony1 its lamp      
standards and the sculptured fountain1  
go with formal gardens4 ,the garden here
 is itself formal in its planting1 and  
yet so simple1 so natural1 that it      
banishes all ceremony4  ,this garden is 
one of the best things in the truly     
wonderful floral show at the            
,exposition4 ,the flowers are massed as 

we always dream of seeing them in the   
fields1--a dream never quite so well    
realized before4 ,the areas of the court
 in the ,exposition's opening weeks were
 solid fields of daffodils1 thick as    
growing wheat1 with here and there a    
blood-red poppy1 set to accent the      
yellow gold of the mass4 ,other flowers 
have now replaced these in an equal     
blaze of color4 ,here1 too1 are free1   
wild clumps of trees and shrubs1 close  
set1 with straggling outposts among the 
flowers1 as natural as those bordering  
grain fields in ,california valleys4    
,it is a summery court1 lacking but one 
thing to make it ideally perfect4 ,it   
ought to have crickets and cicadas in   
it1 to rasp away as the warm afternoons 
turn into evening1 and tree hylas to    
make throaty music in the still1        
rich-lighted night4  ,the statuary goes 
well with the court4 ,there is a pretty1
 summery grace about the flower girls   
designed by ,calder for the niches above
 the colonnade1 and in the figures of   

,edgar ,walter's central fountain4 ,here
 on the fountain are ,beauty and the    
,beast1 ,beauty clad in a summer hat and
 nothing else1 the ,beast clothed in    
ugliness4 7p4 #ajj47 ,never mind the    
story4 ,this is ,beauty1 and ,beauty    
needs no story4 ,four airy pipers1      
suggestive at least of the song of the  
cicada on long1 hot afternoons1 support 
the fountain figure4 ,around the basin  
of the pool is carved in low relief a   
cylindrical frieze of tiger1 lion and   
bear1 and1 wonder of wonders1 ,hanuman1 
the ,monkey ,king of ,hindoo mythology1 
leading the bear with one hand and      
prodding the lion with the other4       
,before the court ,the ,pioneer sits his
 horse1 a thin1 sinewy1 nervous figure2 
old1 too1--as old as that frontier which
 has at last moved round the world4     
7,see p4 #hg47 ,the statue1 which is by 
,solon ,borglum1 is immensely expressive
 of that hard1 efficient type of        
frontiersmen who1 scarcely civilized1   
yet found civilization always dogging   

their footsteps as they moved through   
the wilderness and crossed the deserts4 
,he is1 indeed1 the forerunner of       
civilization1 sent forward to break     
ground for new states4 ,this group is   
offset against that other fine          
historical sculpture1 ,the ,end of the  
,trail1 placed before the ,court of     
,palms4 ,as representatives of the      
conquering and the conquered race1 the  
two must be studied together4  ,the     
elusive ,grecian feeling of the ,court  
of ,palms comes in large part from the  
simple ,ionic columns1 and the lines of 
the gabled arches4 ,properly1 this court
 is in the ,italian ,renaissance1 but it
 is less ,italian than the ,court of    
,flowers4 ,like that court1 it is warm  
and sunny1 full of color and gladness4  
,it has the same harmonious perfection1 
but it is more formal4 ,its sunken      
garden is bordered with a conventional  
balustrade and grass slopes1 with marble
 seats by the paths4 ,there is no       
fountain1 only a long pool in the sunken

 area1 and a separate raised basin at   
the inner end with gently splashing     
jets1 giving out a cool and peaceful    
sound4 ,fat decorated urns1 instead of  
lions1 guard the entrances to the       
buildings4 ,italian cypresses border the
 court1 with formal clipped acacias in  
boxes between the pillars of the        
colonnade4  ,the ,fountain of ,beauty   
and the ,beast1 which stands in the     
,court of ,flowers1 was designed to be  
set here1 while ,mrs4 ,harry ,payne     
,whitney's ,fountain of the ,arabian    
,nights was to have found a place in the
 ,court of ,flowers4 ,these two courts  
were planned as the homes of the fairy  
tales1 one of ,oriental1 the other of   
,occidental lore4 ,many beautiful things
 were designed for them4 ,the attic of  
the ,court of ,flowers1 which was       
intended as the place of ,oriental      
,fairy ,tales1 was to have carried      
sculptured stories from the ,arabian    
,nights4 ,but none of these things was  
done4 ,mrs4 ,whitney's fountain was     

modeled but never made1 unfortunately1  
for the modeled figures are charming4   
,the only sculpture in the ,court of    
,palms1 aside from the ,end of the      
,trail1 which stands before it1 is in   
the decoration of the entablature and   
the arches4 ,horned and winged female   
caryatids mark off the entablature into 
garlanded panels4 ,all the three arches 
under the gables are enriched with      
figures of women and of children        
supporting a shield1 conventional       
groups1 but graceful4  ,the ,end of the 
,trail1 by ,james ,earle ,fraser1 of    
,new ,york1 is a great chapter in       
,american history1 told in noble        
sculpture4 ,the dying ,indian1 astride  
his exhausted cayuse1 expresses the     
hopelessness of the ,red ,man's battle  
against civilization4 7p4 #hf47 ,there  
is more significance and less           
convention1 perhaps1 in this than in any
 other piece of ,exposition sculpture4  
,it has the universal touch4 ,it makes  
an irresistible appeal4  ,to make up for

 the lack of statuary in this court     
there are mural paintings over the      
entrances leading into the ,palaces of  
,education and ,liberal ,arts on either 
hand1 and into the ,court of the        
,seasons4 ,of these three lunettes two  
add little to the beauty of the court   
except for the vivid touch of color     
which they give it4 ,one1 over the door 
of the ,palace of ,education1 is        
entitled ,fruits and ,flowers1 by       
,childe ,hassam4 ,it is a triumph of    
straight line applied to the female     
form4 ,over the door of the ,palace of  
,liberal ,arts is ,the ,pursuit of      
,pleasure1 ascribed to ,charles         
,holloway4 ,the figures are gracefully  
drawn1 the coloring flowery4 ,there is  
better quality in ,arthur ,f4 ,mathews' 
,triumph of ,culture1 over the entrance 
to the ,court of ,seasons4 ,in color and
 force this comes nearer to the splendid
 standard set by ,frank ,brangwyn than  
anything else in the ,exposition's mural
 decoration4 ,perhaps that is too faint 

praise1 for this is a real picture4 ,in 
it a victorious golden spirit1 crowding 
aside brute force1 allows the           
,humanities1 representatives of         
,culture1 to triumph as the guardians of
 ,youth4 ,the figures are human1 there  
is strength and ease in them1 and the   
color is a deep-toned song4    ,x4  ,the
 ,fountains    ,a characteristic and    
fitting feature of the                  
,exposition--,fountain of ,energy--,the 
,mermaids--,gertrude ,vanderbilt        
,whitney's ,el ,dorado and ,mrs4        
,burroughs' ,youth--,rising and ,setting
 ,sun--,piccirilli's ,seasons--,aitken's
 masterpiece1 the ,fountain of          
,earth--,beauty and the ,beast4    ,the 
fountain1 the spring1 the well1 is a    
characteristic note in the life and art 
of all lands in the ,sun4 ,the          
,arabians1 the ,moors1 the ,spaniards1  
the ,italians and the ,greeks loved     
fountains4 ,it is less so in the ,north1
 in the regions of much rain1 where     
water flows naturally everywhere4 ,but  

nothing is so welcome in a thirsty land 
as a fountain4 ,hence there is          
appropriateness in the many fountains of
 this ,exposition1 which reflects in its
 plan the walled cities of the ,orient  
of the ,mediterranean1 where fountains  
play in the courts of palaces1 in public
 squares and niches in the walls2 and   
pools lie by the mosques1 and in the    
gardens4  ,here are many kinds of       
fountains1 from huge masses of sculpture
 spouting forth many powerful streams in
 the sun to terraced basins where water 
murmurs in quiet alcoves1 and simple    
jets tinkling in summery courts4 ,of    
those fountains that have especially    
been dignified and adorned by sculpture 
there are fourteen1 some single1 some in
 pairs1 with one quartet in the ,court  
of ,seasons4 ,their sequence from the   
chief gate of the ,exposition follows in
 a way the symbolic significance of all 
the sculpture4  ,the ,fountain of       
,energy1 by ,a4 ,stirling ,calder1 in   
the center of the ,south ,gardens before

 the ,tower of ,jewels1 as a figure of  
aquatic triumph1 celebrates the         
completion of the ,panama ,canal4 7,see 
p4 #dg47 ,resting on a pedestal in the  
center of the pool1 and supported by a  
circle of figures representing the dance
 of the oceans1 is the ,earth1          
surmounted by a figure of ,energy1 the  
force that dug the canal4 ,fame and     
,victory blow their bugles from his     
shoulders4 ,when all the jets are       
playing1 ,energy1 horsed1 rides through 
the waters on either hand4  ,the band   
around the ,earth1 decorated with sea   
horses and fanciful aquatic figures1    
represents the seaway now completed     
around the globe4 ,on one side a        
bull-man1 a rather weak-chinned         
minotaur1 stands for the strength of    
,western civilization2 on the other1 a  
cat-woman represents the civilization of
 the ,eastern hemisphere4 ,surrounding  
the central figure in the pool are the  
four ,oceans1--the ,atlantic with       
corraled tresses and sea horses in her  

hand1 riding a helmeted fish2 the       
,northern ,ocean as a ,triton mounted on
 a rearing walrus2 the ,southern ,ocean 
as a negro backing a sea elephant and   
playing with an octopus2 and the        
,pacific as a female on a creature that 
might be a sea lion1 but is not4        
,dolphins backed by nymphs of the sea   
serve a double purpose as decoration and
 as spouts for the waters4  ,the central
 figure of this fountain has been       
severely criticized1 and with reason4   
,the design is a beautiful one1 but     
unfortunately not well adapted to       
reproduction on so large a scale4       
,symbolism is here carried to an extreme
 that spoils the simplicity which alone 
makes a really great work imposing4     
,calder had a fine idea of a figure of  
joyous triumph to stand as the opening  
symbol of the festival side of the      
,exposition4 ,he deserves credit for the
 real beauty of his design4 ,it is a    
pity that a thing so charming as a model
 should not have worked out well in     

heroic proportions4  ,as a fountain1    
though1 it is splendid4 ,the pool and   
its spouting figures are glorious4 ,the 
play of the waters when all the jets are
 spouting is not only magnificent but   
unique4 ,this veil of water shooting out
 and falling in a half sphere about the 
globe has not been seen before4 ,there  
is a real expression of energy in the   
force of the leaping streams4  ,mermaid 
,fountains1 by ,arthur ,putnam4--,at the
 far end of each of the lovely pools in 
the ,south ,gardens is an ornamental    
fountain of ample basins topped by a    
graceful mermaid1 behind whose back a   
fish spouts up a single jet of water4   
,these are formal fountains1 but        
exceedingly harmonious4 ,without trying 
to be pretentious1 they achieve an      
effect of simple beauty4 7p4 #ii47  ,el 
,dorado and ,youth4--,within the        
colonnaded wings of the ,tower of       
,jewels are two fountains which carry'  
out the symbolism of the days of the    
,spanish explorers in their themes1 the 

,aztec myth of ,el ,dorado1 and the     
fabled ,fountain of ,youth1 sought by   
,ponce de ,leon4 ,in their way1 these   
are the loveliest fountains on the      
,exposition grounds1 though they differ 
so from all the rest that comparison is 
not easy4 ,the naive conception of the  
,fountain of ,youth and the realistic   
strength of that of ,el ,dorado lead    
visitors back to them again and again4  
,they are hidden fountains1 as their    
prototypes were hidden4 ,each terminates
 one of the two open colonnades with a  
central niche composition flanked on    
either hand by a sculptured frieze4     
,each is the work of a woman sculptor1  
and both1 though very different1 are far
 from the conventional or the           
commonplace4  ,the ,fountain of ,el     
,dorado1 by ,gertrude ,vanderbilt       
,whitney1 tells the story of an ,aztec  
myth of a god whose brilliance is so    
dazzling that the sun is his veil1 and  
who lives in a darkened temple lest his 
light destroy humanity4 7p4 #ed47 ,at   

the center of the recessed wall are     
doors of the deity's shaded abode1 a    
guardian on either side4 ,in the friezes
 naked humanity moves ever onward1      
striving to reach the home of the god4  
,the figures1 in full relief1 are       
splendid in their grace and vigor4 ,here
 are men and women whom nothing can hold
 back2 here are those who must be pushed
 along1 some who linger for love1 others
 for worldly goods2 but all1 the strong 
and the faint1 the eager and the tardy1 
move forward irresistibly to their      
destiny4  ,in ,wait's ,the ,stories of  
,el ,dorado1 the following account is   
given of this aboriginal myth of an     
expected ,indian ,messiah1 ,el ,hombre  
,dorado1 the ,gilded ,man1 as the       
,spaniards interpreted the native       
words1--which played a fateful part in  
the history of the primitive races of   
,spanish ,america3  ,no words           
incorporated into the ,english language 
have been fraught with such stupendous  
consequences as ,el ,dorado4 ,when the  

padres attempted to tell the story of   
the ,christ1 the natives exclaimed ',el 
,dorado'--the golden4 ,the ignorant     
sailors and adventurers seized upon the 
literal meaning1 instead of the         
spiritual one4 ,the time1 being that of 
,don ,quixote and of the ,inquisition1  
accounts for the childish credulity on  
one side and the unparalleled ferocity  
on the other4 ,the search for ,el       
,dorado1 whether it was believed to be a
 fabulous country of gold1 or an        
inaccessible mountain1 or a lake1 or a  
city1 or a priest who anointed himself  
with a fragrant oil and sprinkled his   
body with fine gold dust1 must always   
remain one of the blackest pages in the 
history of the white race4 ,the great   
heart of humanity will ever ache with   
sympathy for the melancholy and pitiful 
end of the natives1 who at the time of  
the conquest of ,mexico were confidently
 expecting the return of the mild and   
gentle ,quetzalcoatl1--the ,mexican     
variant of this universal myth4 99 99 99

 ,the ,golden ,hearted came from an     
island in the ,east1 and to this he     
returned1 in the legend4 ,in all        
variants1 he gave a distinct promise of 
return4 ,this accounts for the awe      
inspired by ,europeans in the minds of  
the natives1 causing them everywhere to 
fall easy victims of the unscrupulous   
adventurers swarming into their country4
 ,fate never played a more cruel prank  
than to have one race of men speak and  
act constantly from the standpoint of   
tradition1 while the other thought      
solely of material gain4  ,interesting1 
too1 is ,mrs4 ,edith ,woodman           
,burroughs' conception of the ,fountain 
of ,youth4 7p4 #ec47 ,the beautiful     
central figure is a girl child standing 
without self-consciousness by blooming  
primroses4 ,modeled faintly on the      
pedestal are the parents1 from whose    
upturned faces and uplifted hands the   
primroses seem to spring4 ,in the       
friezes1 wistful old people are borne   
onward to ,destiny in boats manned by   

joyous chubby children1 unconscious of  
their priceless gift of youth to which  
their elders look back with so much     
longing4  ,fountains in the ,court of   
the ,universe4--,passing through the    
,tower of ,jewels into the great court  
where themes become universal under the 
circle of stars above the surrounding   
colonnade1 we come to the ,fountains of 
the ,rising and the ,setting ,sun1 by   
,a4 ,a4 ,weinmann1 one at either focus  
of the elliptical sunken garden4 ,in the
 ,east1 the ,sun1 in the strength of the
 morning1 his wings spread for flight1  
is springing upward from the top of the 
tall column rising out of the fountain4 
,walk toward him from the west and you  
get the effect of his rising4 7p4 #fi47 
,at his feet a garland of children is   
woven in the form of a ring at the top  
of the column4 ,at the base of the      
shaft1 just above the basin1 is a       
cylindrical frieze in low relief1       
symbolizing ,day ,triumphant4 ,weinmann 
interprets this as the ,spirit of ,time1

 hour-glass in hand1 followed by the    
,spirit of ,light with flaming torch1   
while ,energy trumpets the approaching  
day4 ,interwoven with these figures is  
an allegory of ,truth with mirror and   
sword1 escaping from the sinister power 
of ,darkness1 ,falsehood shrinking from 
its image in the mirror of ,truth1 and  
,vice struggling in the coils of a      
serpent4 ,it is not easy to read either 
series1 or to disentangle one from the  
other4  ,in the ,west the ,setting ,sun 
is just alighting1 with folding wings4  
,the luminary1 which in the morning was 
male1 to represent the essentially      
masculine spirit1 the upwardness and    
onwardness of opening day1 has now      
become female in its quality of brooding
 evening4 ,in fact1 this same figure1   
which the sculptor shows in the ,palace 
of ,fine ,arts1 is there called by him  
,descending ,night4  ,the frieze at the 
base of the shaft of the ,setting ,sun  
is as difficult to interpret as the     
other4 ,on it are shown the ,gentle     

,powers of ,night4 ,dusk folds in her   
cloak ,love1 ,labor and ,peace4 ,next   
are ,illusions borne on the wings of    
,sleep1 then the ,evening ,mists1       
followed by the ,star ,dance1 and       
lastly1 ,luna1 the goddess of the       
,silver ,crescent4 ,luna may be         
recognized1 for the ,silver ,crescent is
 in her hand2 and1 with the sequence ,i 
have just given1 you may recognize the  
others4  ,the figures supporting the    
basins and the creatures in the pools of
 each fountain are merely decorative4   
,the play of water in these fountains is
 joyous and delightful4 ,the purpose of 
a fountain is well and adequately       
fulfilled4  ,there now remain the seven 
fountains of the lesser courts1         
connected more or less intimately in    
theme with their immediate surroundings4
  ,in the ,court of ,seasons4--,four are
 in the ,court of ,seasons1 where       
,spring1 ,summer1 ,autumn and ,winter1  
by ,furio ,piccirilli1 have each its own
 alcove in the wall and its own play of 

water4 ,these are pleasant fountains1   
simple and quiet4 ,there is some feeling
 of lonely mountain cliffs in the plain 
walls behind them1 hung with streamers  
of the maidenhair vine4  ,in the first  
alcove stands ,spring with her flowers2 
on one side the man1 in whom love       
awakens1 on the other fresh young       
,flora1 bringing the first offerings of 
the year4 ,next comes the alcove of     
,summer1 the time of fruition4 ,the     
mother brings her babe to its father1   
the laborer bears the first fruits of   
the harvest4 7p4 #id47  ,autumn follows1
 the time of harvest4 ,the central      
figure of the fountain group is         
,providence4 ,the fruits of the year are
 brought in1 and the vintage is in      
progress4 ,last of all comes ,winter1   
the melancholy time when the trees are  
bare and the bark splits with the frost4
 ,the central figure is naked ,nature   
resting in the period of conception4 ,on
 one side is bowed an old man1 after    
preparing the ground for the seed2 on   

the other is a strong man sowing4 ,this 
is perhaps the best of the four fountain
 groups it expresses admirably the      
bleakness and sadness of the season4    
,there is a wintry chill about it1 the  
gloom of a dark ,december day4 ,of the  
others1 ,spring is most likable1 with   
its conception of the seasonal impulse  
to love2 and ,autumn1 for the strength  
of its figures and the beauty of their  
modeling4  ,in the forecourt1           
appropriately placed between the        
,palaces of ,agriculture and ,food      
,products1 stands the ,fountain of      
,ceres4 7p4 #gi47 ,it is an odd         
fountain1 with the water gushing from   
the mouths of satyrs set barely above   
the level of the ground1 as though for  
the watering of small animals4 ,ceres   
stands above1 with a wreath of cereals  
and a scepter of corn4 ,the frieze      
pictures the dance of joyous nature4    
,fountain of ,earth4--,in ,mullgardt's  
,court of ,ages is the ,fountain of     
,earth1 by ,robert ,aitken1 the most    

magnificently virile of all the         
,exposition fountains1 conceived of a   
powerful imagination and executed in    
strength and beauty4 7p4 #gj1 #gc47     
,the sculpture of the fountain must be  
described in three parts4 ,aitken's own 
interpretation is condensed in the      
following account4 ,on the wall of the  
parapet at the foot of the pool1 sixty  
feet from the central structure1 is a   
colossal figure symbolizing ,helios1 in 
his arms the great globe of the setting 
sun after it has thrown off the nebulous
 mass that subsequently became the      
earth4 ,the whole expresses primitive   
man's idea of the splashing of the sun  
into the water as it sets4  ,on the side
 of the central structure toward the    
figure of ,helios1 and leading up to the
 ,earth1 are two groups1 each of five   
crouching figures1 and divided by a     
conventional plane4 ,at the outer       
extremity1 ,destiny1 in the shape of two
 enormous hands and arms1 gives life    
with one and takes it with the other4   

,the five figures on the left side      
represent the ,dawn of ,life1 those on  
the right1 the ,fullness and ,end of    
,existence4 ,the first group begins with
 a woman asleep1 just from the hand of  
,destiny2 while the succeeding figures  
symbolize the ,awakening1 the ,joy of   
,being1 finally1 the ,kiss of ,life1    
with the human pair offering their      
children1 representing the beginnings of
 fecundity4  ,on the east side1 a figure
 of ,greed looks back on the earth1 the 
mass in his hands suggesting the        
futility of worldly possessions4 ,next  
is a group of ,faith1 wherein a         
patriarch holds forth to the woman the  
hope of immortality1 with a scarab1     
ancient symbol of renewed life4 ,then   
comes a man of ,sorrow1 as the woman    
with him falls into her last ,slumber4  
,these are about to be drawn into       
oblivion by the relentless hand of      
,destiny4 ,the gap between these groups 
and the main structure of the fountain  
typifies the unknown time between the   

beginning of things and the dawn of     
history4  ,each of the four panels in   
pierced relief surrounding the globe of 
the ,earth tells a single story1 with   
the exception of the first1 which tells 
three4 ,traveling to the left around the
 globe1 we begin with the figure of     
,vanity1 mirror in hand1 in the center  
of the first panel1 as the symbol of    
worldly motive4 ,here1 too1 are         
primitive man and woman1 bearing their  
burdens1 symbolized by their progeny1   
into the unknown future1 ready to meet  
whatever be the call of earth4 ,the     
woman suggests the overwhelming         
instincts of motherhood4  ,passing into 
the next panel1 we see their children1  
now grown1 finding themselves1 with     
,natural ,selection4 ,the man in the    
center1 splendid in physical and        
intellectual perfection1 attracts the   
women on either hand1 while two other   
men1 deserted for this finer type1      
display anger and despair4 ,one tries to
 hold the woman by force1 the other1    

unable to comprehend1 turns hopelessly  
away4  ,the succeeding panel symbolizes 
the ,survival of the ,fittest4 ,here    
physical strength begins to play its    
part1 and the war spirit awakens1 with  
woman as its cause4 ,the chiefs struggle
 for supremacy1 while their women try in
 vain to separate them4  ,the last panel
 portrays the ,lesson of ,life4 ,the    
elders offer to hotheaded youth the     
benefit of their experience4 ,the       
beautiful woman in the center draws to  
her side the splendid warrior1 whose    
mother on his left gives her            
affectionate advice4 ,on the right of   
the panel1 a father restrains a wayward 
and jealous youth who has been rejected 
by the female4  ,passing again into the 
first panel we find a representation of 
,lust1--a man struggling to embrace a   
woman1 who shrinks from his caresses4   
,thus the circle is complete2 these last
 two figures1 though in the first panel1
 are separated from those first         
described by decorations on the upper   

and lower borders4  ,framing the panels1
 while also indicating the separation in
 time of their stories1 stand archaic   
figures of ,hermes1 such as the ancients
 employed to mark distances on the      
roads4 ,their outstretched hands hold up
 the beginnings of life in the form of  
rude primeval beasts1 from whose mouths 
issue the jets of the fountain4  ,at    
night this fountain glows deep red1 from
 lamps concealed within the panels1     
while clouds of rosy steam rising around
 the globe create an illusion of a world
 in the making4  ,the ,fountain of      
,beauty and the ,beast was originally   
intended for the ,court of ,palms1 which
 was conceived as the ,court of         
,occidental ,fairy ,tales1 just as the  
,court of ,flowers was to have been that
 of ,oriental ,fairy ,tales4 ,mrs4      
,whitney's fountain of the ,arabian     
,nights1 a creation of whimsical beauty1
 was to have stood in the latter court4 
,it was modeled1 but was never enlarged2
 and its place was taken by ,beauty and 

the ,beast1 the work of ,edgar ,walter4 
7p4 #ajj47  ,this is another harmonious 
fountain1 rightly conceived1 so that its
 sculpture does not overbalance its use 
in the play of water1 and admirably in  
tune with the flowery grace of the      
court4 ,beauty1 pouring water from a    
,greek amphora1 sits lightly upon the   
ugly ,beast4 ,why she wears a smart     
,paris hat no one has discovered4 ,four 
cheery pipers1 lively as crickets in the
 sun1 support the upper bowl4 ,around   
the lower basin is a frieze in low      
relief1 figuring ,hanuman1 the ,king of 
,monkeys1 leading a bear with one hand  
and prodding a lion with the other4 ,all
 this is part of the original fairy-tale
 significance of the court4  ,the       
fountains are of the glories of the     
,exposition4 ,there is always charm in  
the movement of the waters1 rest in     
their music4 ,the appeal is elemental1  
and therefore1 universal4 ,artificial   
jets can never equal the play of water  
in ,nature1 but when adorned with       

harmonious sculpture1 as here1 they     
become that significant and satisfying  
imitation which is ,art4    ,,xi4  ,the 
,palace of ,machinery    ,a vast        
rectangular hall1 saved by ,ward's      
successful architecture from being a    
huge barn--,modeled on the ,roman ,baths
 of ,caracalla--,patigian's finely      
decorative sculptures1 symbolizing the  
mechanical forces and labor--,beauty of 
the interior--,a ,cathedral of          
,dynamics4    ,a mighty hall is the     
,palace of ,machinery4 7,see p4 #aje1   
#ajf47 ,beachey flew in it4 ,the        
,olympic might rest in its center aisle 
with clear space at both bow and stern1 
and room in the side aisles for two     
ocean greyhounds as large as the        
,mauretania4 ,vastness is the note of   
the architecture which ,clarence ,ward  
has employed to give body to this       
enormous space4 ,it is an architecture  
of straight lines in all the outer      
structure1 lending itself admirably to  
the expression of enormous proportions4 

,in general ground plans the palace is a
 simple rectangular hall4 ,think1 then1 
of the task the architect had before him
 to avoid making the palace a huge barn4
 ,his work succeeded1 as any great work 
succeeds1 because he used simple means4 
,first of all1 a ,roman model was well  
chosen for so vast a building4 ,the     
,greeks built no large roofed           
structures4 ,their great assemblages    
were held in open-air theaters and      
stadia4 ,the ,greek masterpiece1 the    
incomparable ,parthenon at ,athens1 was 
considerably smaller than ,oregon's     
timbered imitation at the ,exposition4  
,on the other hand1 the solid ,roman    
style lends itself to bulk4 ,the models 
followed in the ,machinery ,palace were 
the ,roman ,baths1 particularly the     
,baths of ,caracalla4 ,they have been   
used once before as a model in this     
country1 in the building of the         
,pennsylvania ,railway station in ,new  
,york4 ,there1 too1 travertine was first
 successfully imitated by ,paul         

,deniville4 ,looking at the ,palace of  
,machinery1 indeed1 it is not difficult 
to imagine it as the noble metropolitan 
terminal of a great railway system4 ,it 
would hold many long passenger trains1  
and an army of travelers4 ,the          
distinctive feature of the perspective  
is the triple gable at the ends of the  
palace and over the great main entrance4
 ,by thus breaking up the long roof     
lines1 as well as by lowering the flanks
 of the building to flat-roofed wings1 a
 barn like effect was avoided4 ,in the  
triple gables1 also1 the three central  
aisles which distinguish the interior   
show in the outer structure4 ,under the 
gables the huge clerestory windows above
 the entrances relieve the great expanse
 of the end walls4 ,similar windows open
 up the walls above the flat-topped     
wings4 ,in the main entrance1 the gables
 are deepened to form a huge triple     
vestibule where the row of columns is   
repeated4 ,the long side walls are      
relieved by pairs of decorated columns  

flanking the minor entrances4  ,thus1 by
 entirely simple devices1 the long lines
 and vast expanses of wall are deprived 
of monotony4 ,the architect has given   
majesty to the palace1 not merely a     
majesty of hugeness1 but of just        
proportions and dignified simplicity4   
,in the general architectural scheme of 
the ,exposition it forms one end of the 
main group of palaces1 at the other end 
of which is set the ,palace of ,fine    
,arts4 ,machinery ,hall1 with its severe
 massiveness and solidity1 is a balance 
to the poetry and spirituality of the   
,fine ,arts4  ,the main entrance is on  
the west side1 looking down the avenue  
between the ,palaces of ,mines and      
,varied ,industries4 ,perhaps it is     
better1 though1 to take a first view of 
the sculptural decoration at the        
entrance at either the north or the     
south end1 where almost everything is   
shown that appears in the more          
complicated main vestibule4  ,the three 
clerestory windows make three arches    

with four piers4 ,in front of each pier 
stands a great ,sienna column crowned   
with one of four symbolic figures1 each1
 in the strength of the male1 emblematic
 of force4 ,first on the left is        
,electricity1 grasping the thunderbolt1 
and standing with one foot on the earth1
 signifying that electricity is not only
 in the earth but around it4 ,the man   
with the lever that starts an engine    
represents ,steam ,power4 ,imagination1 
the power which conceives the thing     
,invention bodies forth1 stands with    
eyes closed2 its force comes from       
within4 ,wings on his head suggest the  
speed of thought4 ,at his feet is the   
,eagle of ,inspiration4 ,invention bears
 in his hand a winged figure1--,thought1
 about to rise in concrete form4  ,the  
eagle appears as a symbol of the ,united
 ,states1 on the entablature carried    
across the opening below the arch on two
 ,corinthian columns in each embrasure4 
,the lower third of each of these shafts
 is decorated with a cylindrical relief 

representing the genii of machinery1    
flanked by human toilers and types of   
machines4 ,the genii are blind1 as the  
forces developed by machines are blind4 
,there are only two of these cylindrical
 friezes1 but they are repeated many    
times on the columns at either end and  
at the main entrance1 and on the pairs  
of columns that flank the minor openings
 in the western wall4  ,over the main   
entrance the gable is extended to       
enclose a majestic triple vestibule1    
backed by the same effect that appears  
at the palace ends1 but with the        
entablature and its supporting columns  
repeated across the outer arches4 7p4   
#aaa47 ,with the exception of the       
spandrels on the transverse arches1 the 
sculptural decoration here is the same  
as that described for the end entrances1
 though more often repeated4 ,the       
spandrels represent the application of  
power to machines4 ,all this decoration 
is the work of ,haig ,patigian1 of ,san 
,francisco4  ,before the main entrance  

stands the only example1 in the         
,exposition sculpture1 of the work of   
the dean of ,american sculptors1 ,daniel
 ,chester ,french4 ,this is his         
noteworthy group1 the ,genius of        
,creation4 7p4 #adg47 ,other statues by 
,french will be found among the exhibits
 of the ,fine ,arts ,palace4 ,the       
,genius of ,creation was placed here at 
the last moment4 ,it had been intended  
for the ,court of the ,universe1 while  
,douglas ,tilden's group of ,modern     
,civilization was to have stood before  
the ,palace of ,machinery4 ,when this   
was not completed1 the ,exposition      
wisely decided that the great court     
already had enough statuary1 and ordered
 ,french's group erected in its place4  
,according to ,french himself1 this     
group might well have been called ,the  
,angel of ,generation4 ,the winged      
figure1 neither male nor female1 but    
angelic1 is veiled1 suggesting the      
creative impulse as a blind command from
 unknown sources4 ,the arms are raised  

in a gesture of creative command4 ,it   
has wings1 said ,french1 because4 both  
art and the conception demanded these   
spiritual symbols4 ,the man and woman   
against the rock whereon the angel sits 
are emblems of the highest types        
created4 ,the man looks upward and      
outward with one hand clenched1 ready to
 grapple with life4 ,the woman reaches  
out for sympathy and support2 her       
fingers find this in the hand of the man
 at the back of the rock4 ,man and woman
 are encircled by the snake1 the        
earliest symbol of eternity and         
reproduction1 a figure appearing1       
curiously enough1 in every religion1 and
 with much the same significance4       
,without ignoring the majesty of the    
exterior1 glowing with color and adorned
 with statuary1 it may be said that the 
real nobility of this great structure   
appears in the splendid timber work of  
the interior4 ,here1 where every bone   
and rib of the huge hall stands bare as 
the builders left it1 is a note of true 

grandeur4 ,the long rows of great       
timbered columns1 the lofty arches that 
spring from them1 the almost endless    
vista of truss and girder1 tell of      
vastness that cannot be expressed by the
 finished architecture outside4 ,the    
finest character of the palace is       
within4 ,from the outside it is a great 
and well-proportioned hall4 ,within it  
becomes a vast cathedral1 dedicated to  
the mighty spirit of ,dynamics4         
,,xii4  ,the ,palace of ,fine ,arts and 
its ,exhibit1 ,with the ,awards    ,a   
memorable demonstration of the value of 
landscape to architecture-- ,simplicity 
the foundation of ,maybeck's            
achievement--,the ,colonnade and        
,rotunda--,altar1 ,friezes and          
,murals--,equestrian statue of          
,lafayette-- ,night views--,the ,palace 
should be made permanent in ,golden     
,gate ,park-- ,the ,fine ,arts          
,exhibit--,its contemporaneous character
 and great general merit--,american art 
well shown--,the foreign                

collections--,sweden's                  
characteristically national             
art--,exhibits of ,france1 ,italy1      
,holland1 ,argentina1 and other         
countries--,japan and ,china exhibit    
ancient as well as modern art--,the     
,annex--,work of the                    
,futurists--,notable sculptures in the  
,colonnade--,grand ,prizes1 ,medals of  
,honor and ,gold ,medals ,awarded4      
,if everything else in the beautiful    
architecture of the ,exposition were    
forgotten1 the memory of the ,palace of 
,fine ,arts would remain4 ,it should be 
a source of pride to every ,californian 
that this incomparable building is the  
work of a ,californian1 and a source of 
deep satisfaction to the architect      
himself that it so completely points the
 lesson which he intended it to convey4 
,for the ,palace of ,fine ,arts is a    
sermon in itself4 ,in it old ,roman     
models have been used to elaborate a    
,california text4 ,its structure and    
setting are the demonstration of a      

theorem1-- the finished word of the     
preachment of a lifetime4 ,the          
,exposition gave the preacher his       
opportunity4 ,bernard ,maybeck1 the     
,berkeley architect1 had long been      
telling ,california that architecture   
here1 to be beautiful1 needed only to be
 an effective background for landscape4 
,his theory is that as trees and plants 
grow so easily and so quickly here1     
,californians are wasting their finest  
source of beauty if they do not combine 
landscape with building4  ,when ,maybeck
 was called upon to design a palace of  
fine arts at the ,exposition1 one fact  
enabled him to exemplify his theory in  
the finest way4 ,the old ,harbor ,view  
bog was found to have a bottom          
impervious enough to hold water1 and the
 trees of the demolished resort were    
still standing4 ,when the mud was       
scooped out1 a lake was left4 ,that gave
 not only growing trees1 in addition to 
the resources of the ,exposition's      
forestry1 but also a real sheet of      

water1 for the landscape4 7,see p4      
#aab47  ,maybeck surprised me by saying 
that there is nothing specially         
remarkable about the ,palace itself4    
,what is it the people like8 he asked1  
and himself replied1 it is the water and
 the trees4 ,when ,i reminded him of the
 beauty of the colonnade seen from      
points in the enclosed passageway1 where
 no water is in view1 he answered3 ,the 
public was bribed to like that4 ,leaving
 off the roof between the colonnade and 
the gallery was a direct bribe4 ,a few  
other simple devices give the effect the
 people like4 ,one of these is the      
absence of windows in the walls1 a      
device well known to the old ,italians4 
,others are the water1 the trees1 and   
the flower-covered pergolas on the roof4
  ,maybeck's modesty is genuine1 but he 
deserves more credit than he gives      
himself4 ,i quote him because his point 
is worth emphasizing4 ,the highest      
beauty can be attained by simple means4 
,if all our architects could see that1  

we should have less straining for       
effect1 less over doneness1 and more    
harmony and significance in our         
buildings4 ,the people can and do       
appreciate this kind of beauty4 ,it was 
surely inspiration that made it possible
 for ,maybeck to produce this           
masterpiece4  ,sweeping in a great arc  
around the western shore of the lagoon1 
the ,palace1 in the architect's view1 is
 merely a background for the water1 the 
trees and the plants on the terraced    
walls and pergolas4 ,certainly it is a  
beautiful setting to a beautiful scene4 
,so perfectly are the ,palace and its   
foreground fitted to each other that the
 structure looks as though it might have
 stood there for twenty centuries1 a    
well-preserved ,roman villa1 while      
generations of trees grew1 and decayed1 
and were reproduced around its base4    
,the great detached colonnade1 with its 
central rotunda1 is the climax of the   
entire structure4 ,it is backed up and  
given solidity by the walls of the      

gallery behind it1 #a1ajj feet long4    
,these walls1 unbroken save for the     
entrances1 are relieved and beautified  
by shrubbery set on a terrace halfway   
between the ground and the eaves4 7p4   
#aac47 ,at the extremities of the double
 colonnade1 and spaced regularly along  
it1 are groups of four columns1 each    
crowned with a great box designed for   
flowers and vines4 ,unfortunately1 the  
architect's plan to place growing plants
 in these receptacles was vetoed because
 of the cost4 ,the weeping women at the 
corners1 by ,ulric ,ellerhusen1         
expressive of the melancholy felt on    
leaving a great art collection1 were    
intended to be only half seen through   
drooping vines4 ,on the water side of   
the rotunda1 a novel effect of inclusion
 is obtained by semi-circular walls of  
growing mesembryanthemum4  ,around the  
entablature of the noble octagonal      
rotunda are repeated ,bruno ,louis      
,zimm's three panels1 representing ,the 
,struggle for the ,beautiful4 7p4 #aad47

 ,in one1 ,art1 as a beautiful woman1   
stands in the center1 while on either   
side the idealists struggle to hold back
 the materialists1 here conceived as    
centaurs1 who would trample upon ,art4  
,in another1 ,bellerophon is about to   
mount ,pegasus4 ,orpheus walks ahead    
with his lyre1 followed by a lion1      
representing the brutish beasts over    
whom music hath power4 ,back in the     
procession come ,genius1 holding aloft  
the lamp1 and another figure bearing in 
one hand the pine cones of immortality1 
in the other a carved statue which she  
holds forward as a lesson in art to the 
youth before her4 ,in the third panel   
appears ,apollo1 god of all the arts1 in
 the midst of a procession of his       
devotees bearing garlands4 ,between the 
panels are repeated alternately male and
 female figures1 symbolizing those who  
battle for the arts4  ,on an altar      
before the rotunda1 overlooking the     
lagoon1 kneels ,robert ,stackpole's     
figure of ,venus1 representing the      

,beautiful1 to whom all art is servant4 
,the panel in front of the altar is by  
,bruno ,louis ,zimm1 and pictures       
,genius1 the source of ,inspiration4    
,unfortunately1 this fine altar has been
 made inaccessible2 it can be seen only 
from across the lagoon4 7p4 #acg47 ,the 
friezes decorating the huge circular    
flower receptacles set around the base  
of the rotunda and at intervals in the  
colonnade are by ,ellerhusen4 ,eight    
times repeated on the lofty columns     
within the rotunda is ,the ,priestess of
 ,culture1 a conventional but pleasing  
sculpture by ,herbert ,adams4  ,above1  
in the dome1 ,robert ,reid's eight      
murals1 splendid in color1 are too far  
away to be seen well as pictures4 ,two  
separate series are alternated1 one     
symbolizing the ,progress of ,art1 the  
other depicting the ,four ,golds of     
,california4 ,the panel in the east1    
nearest the altar1 is ,the ,birth of    
,european ,art4 ,the sacred fire burns  
on an altar1 beside which stands the    

guardian holding out the torch of       
inspiration to an earthly messenger who 
leans from his chariot to receive it4   
,on the right is the ,orange panel1     
representing one of the ,california     
golds4  ,inspiration in ,all ,art comes 
next4 ,the veil of darkness1 drawn back1
 reveals the arts3 ,music1 ,painting1   
,poetry1 and ,sculpture4 ,a winged      
figure bears the torch of inspiration4  
,the second of the ,california golds1   
the ,wheat panel1 follows1 and then ,the
 ,birth of ,oriental ,art4 ,the allegory
 here is the ancient ,ming legend of the
 forces of earth trying to wrest        
inspiration from the powers of air4 ,a  
,chinese warrior mounted on a dragon    
struggles with an eagle4  ,gold1 the    
yellow metal1 is the subject of the next
 panel1 followed by ,ideals in ,art4 ,in
 this appear concrete symbols of the    
chief motives of art1 the classic nude  
of the ,greeks1 the ,madonna and ,child 
of ,religion1 ,joan of ,arc for         
,heroism1 ,youth and ,material ,beauty  

represented by a young woman1 and       
,absolute ,nature by the peacock4 ,a    
mystic figure in the background holds   
the cruse wherewith to feed the sacred  
flame4 ,a winged figure bears laurels   
for the living1 while the shadowy one in
 the center holds the palm for the dead4
 ,last of all comes the ,poppy panel1   
representing the fourth gold of         
,california4  ,the entire scheme--the   
conception and birth of ,art1 its       
commitment to the earth1 its progress   
and acceptance by the human             
intellect1--is expressed in the four    
major panels4 ,they are lighted from    
below by a brilliant flood of golden    
light1 the sunshine of ,california1 and 
reach up into the intense blue of the   
,california skies4 ,this1 as well as    
much of the interpretation of the eight 
pictures1 is drawn from ,reid's own     
account4  ,within the rotunda has been  
installed ,paul ,wayland ,bartlett's    
spirited equestrian statue of           
,lafayette4 ,this is a replica of the   

original work1 which was presented to   
the ,french ,government by the school   
children of the ,united ,states1 and    
stands in the gardens of the ,louvre4   
,other notable statues here are ,karl   
,bitter's ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,john ,j4 
,boyle's ,commodore ,barry1 ,herbert    
,adams's ,bryant1 and ,robert ,t4       
,mc,kenzie's charming figure of ,the    
,young ,franklin4 ,outside the rotunda1 
facing the main entrance to the gallery1
 is ,the ,pioneer ,mother1 ,charles     
,grafly1 sculptor4 ,over the entrance is
 ,leo ,lentelli's ,aspiration4          
,beautiful as is the ,palace of ,fine   
,arts by day1 it is even more lovely at 
night4 7p4 #acg47 ,either by moonlight  
or under the gentle flood of            
illumination that rests softly upon it  
when the heavens are dark1 it is        
wonderful4 ,there is so much of         
perfection in the building1 and it is so
 well placed1 that it needs no special  
conditions to be at its best4 ,nor is   
any particular viewpoint necessary4     

,stand where you will around this       
structure1 or on the opposite margin of 
the lagoon1 and each position gives you 
a different grouping of columns and dome
 and wall1 a different setting of trees 
and water4 ,the form of the ,palace is  
responsible for this4 ,roughly speaking1
 a rectangular structure presents but   
four views4 ,but the great arc of the   
,fine ,arts1 with its detached colonnade
 following the same curve on either side
 of the rotunda1 is not so restricted4  
,every new point of view discloses new  
beauty4 ,the breadth of the lagoon      
before it guarantees a proper           
perspective4 ,it is impossible not to   
see it aright4  ,an excellent test of   
the quality of all such temporary       
structures is the satisfaction with     
which one thinks of them as permanent   
buildings4 ,no other of the palaces     
would wear so well in its beauty if it  
were set up for the joy of future       
generations4 ,it would be a glorious    
thing for ,san ,francisco if the ,fine  

,arts ,palace could be made permanent in
 ,golden ,gate ,park4 ,to duplicate it  
in lasting materials would cost much1   
but it would be worth while4 ,san       
,francisco owes it to itself and its    
love for art to see that this greatest  
of ,western works of art does not pass  
away4 ,as it stands on the ,exposition  
grounds1 it is more enduring than any of
 the other palaces4 ,to induce the loan 
of its priceless contents1 the building 
had to be fireproof4 ,but the           
construction is not permanent4 ,the     
splendid colonnade1 a thing of exquisite
 and manifold beauty1 is only plaster1  
and can last but a season or two4 ,even 
were the building solid enough to       
endure1 its location is impossible after
 the ,exposition closes4  ,it should be 
duplicated in permanent form4 ,no doubt 
a proper site1 with a setting of water  
and trees1 can best be found in ,golden 
,gate ,park4 ,the steel frame and roof  
of the main gallery could easily be     
transferred there and set up again4     

,while it would cost too much to        
duplicate in real marble the pillars of 
the colonnade and dome1 yet these can be
 reproduced in artificial stone as      
successfully as they have here been     
imitated in plaster4 ,in the            
,pennsylvania ,railroad station in ,new 
,york travertine has been counterfeited 
so well that no one can tell where the  
real ends and the imitation begins4     
,every other considerable city in the   
civilized world has its art gallery4    
,san ,francisco has already the         
full-sized model of surely the most     
beautiful one in the world4 ,made       
permanent in the ,park1 this ,palace of 
,art would not only honor ,san          
,francisco1 but would be a joy forever  
to all ,america4  ,the ,fine ,arts      
,exhibit#a4--,the ,palace of ,fine ,arts
 contains what the ,international ,jury 
declares the best and most important    
collection of modern art that has yet   
been assembled in ,america4 ,the war in 
,europe had a two-fold effect on this   

exhibition4 ,while it prevented some    
countries1 like ,russia and ,germany1   
from sending their paintings and        
sculptures1 it led others1 such as      
,france and ,italy1 to send more than   
they otherwise would have sent4 ,the    
number the ,exposition might have was   
limited only by its funds available for 
insurance4 ,so many were the works of   
art sent over on the ,vega and the      
,jason that an ,annex was required to   
house them4  ,it must be remembered that
 this art exhibit1 like the other       
exhibits of the ,exposition1 is         
contemporaneous4 ,it represents1 with   
exceptions1 the work of the last decade4
 ,most of the exceptions are in the     
rooms of the ,historical ,section1 the  
,abbey1 ,sargent1 ,whistler1 ,keith1 and
 other loan collections1 and the great  
,chinese exhibit of ancient paintings on
 silk4 ,in general1 the paintings and   
sculptures made famous by time are not  
in the ,fine ,arts ,palace4 ,its rooms  
are mainly filled with the latest work  

of artists of the day1 exhibited under  
the ,exposition's rule which limits     
competition in all departments to       
current production4 ,this explains1 for 
instance1 why the ,french ,government   
has placed its ,meissoniers and         
,detailles1 with ,rodin's bronzes1 in   
the ,french ,pavilion4 ,a ,michelangelo1
 works of ,benvenuto ,cellini1 and many 
old paintings and statues are in the    
beautiful ,italian ,pavilion4 ,other    
paintings of value are in the ,belgian  
section of the ,french ,pavilion1 and in
 the ,danish ,pavilion4  ,this          
limitation of the ,fine ,arts exhibit   
has made room for a great representation
 of the men of today4 ,the ,palace      
contains a multitude of splendid        
pictures4 ,while of course1 as in all   
such collections1 there is some inferior
 work1 the most pertinent criticism is  
that there are too many really notable  
things1 and the scope of the collection 
is too broad1 to be seen with due       
appreciation in a limited time4 ,there  

is so liberal a showing of different    
schools1 styles and lands1 that one is  
liable at first to be bewildered4 ,but  
the exhibit is most popular4 ,the great 
number of visitors constantly thronging 
the galleries is significant of the     
value the people put upon art4          
,excellent as the collection is as a    
school for artists1 it was made for     
popular enjoyment and education4 ,the   
best result to be looked for is its     
stimulation and culture of the public   
taste4 ,the people are already in love  
with it1 and what they love they make   
their own4  ,the exhibits are arranged  
in fifteen sections1 consisting of      
national1 sectional1 or personal1       
collections of paintings1 besides many  
important displays of miniatures1       
etchings1 prints1 drawings1 and         
tapestries4 ,the art of the sculptor is 
abundantly illustrated in grouped       
statuary1 single pieces1 panels in low  
or high relief1 and wood carvings4      
,passing the heroic emblems of history  

or allegory in marble1 bronze or        
plaster1 nothing is more beautiful or   
appealing than the hundreds of small    
bronzes shown4 ,in brief1 the ,fine     
,arts exhibit embraces all the          
classifications of modern art1 save the 
arts and crafts exhibits1 which are     
scattered among the several exhibit     
palaces4  ,first in importance to a     
citizen of this country is the art of   
the ,united ,states4 ,possibly it may   
also be of first importance to foreign  
visitors4 ,for the phrase ,american art 
no longer raises a doubt4 ,it is at last
 recognized that ,america has something 
of its own to offer the world1--a style 
developed within the last1 two decades4 
,the prime movement of the times        
presenting boldness1 brilliance and a   
laxity of detail in portrayal1 the art  
of ,america1 as shown in this           
exhibition1 embodies these              
characteristics without emphasizing     
them4 ,keeping in mind the fact that the
 ,palace contains little ,american art  

earlier than #aije1 ,american artists   
are showing marked individualities1 even
 in their acceptance of popular         
precepts4 ,the virile men of the day    
love luminosity2 it dominates all else1 
and marks their canvases with light2    
they restrain the too bold stroke of the
 radical ,impressionist1 but outline    
with firmness1 so that details are more 
easily imagined by the observer1 even   
when an expected delineation is absent4 
,even the older men1 though still under 
the influence of earlier tradition1 show
 a distinctiveness of style that sets   
them well apart from their ,english1    
,french or ,german contemporaries4  ,the
 ,international ,section1 in ,room #ajh 
and in the ,annex1 is peculiarly        
interesting in that it makes easy a     
comparison of the characteristic        
fingerprints of each country            
represented4 ,there is ample opportunity
 here for a discriminating and          
profitable study4 ,unfortunately1       
because of the war1 the gallery contains

 no special rooms for the art of        
,england and ,germany4 ,both countries  
are represented only by loan            
collections4 ,of ,german art there are  
forty well chosen paintings4  ,france1  
,italy1 ,holland1 ,sweden1 ,portugal1   
,japan1 ,china and several of the ,south
 ,american countries have installed     
representative collections in the       
,palace2 while the ,annex1 made         
necessary by the unexpected number of   
pictures from ,europe1 contains a large 
exhibit of ,hungarian art1 a ,norwegian 
display1 filling seven rooms1 a large   
,british exhibit1 and a small group of  
pictures by ,spanish painters1 showing  
that the influence of ,velasquez is     
still powerful in ,spanish art4 ,the    
,norwegian display is one of the largest
 foreign sections1 quite as             
characteristic as the ,swedish1 and     
certain to arouse discussion because of 
its extreme modernism4 ,the             
ultra-radical art of ,edvard ,munch1 who
 is called the greatest of ,norwegian   

painters1 and to whom a special room is 
assigned1 is sure to be a bone of       
contention among the critics4 ,the work 
of ,harald ,sohlberg 7medal of honor7   
and ,halfdan ,strom 7gold medal71       
differing widely from ,munch's1 though  
hardly less modern in style1 will also  
attract much attention4 ,the omission of
 ,munch from the honor list is really a 
tribute to his eminence4 ,an artist who 
has won the ,grand ,prix at ,rome and   
awards in every other ,european capital 
was deemed outside of competition here4 
,axel ,gallen-,kallela1 the celebrated  
,finnish painter1 winner of the         
,exposition's medal of honor1 fills     
another room in the ,annex4 ,this room1 
covering adequately ,gallen's progress  
through twenty-five years1 is the only  
one in the ,exposition to illustrate the
 development of a great painter from his
 student days4 ,the collection runs from
 his earliest academic work1            
photographic in its care for detail1 to 
his present mastery of ,impressionism1  

wherein by a few strokes he expresses   
all the essentials4  ,the ,italian      
,futurists are well shown in the ,annex1
 and for the first time in this country4
 ,the ,futurist pictures hitherto seen  
in ,america have been ,french imitations
 of the ,italian originators of the     
mode4 ,a sample ,futurist title1        
,architectural ,construction of a ,woman
 on the ,beach1 may or may not indicate 
what these pictures reveal4 ,the ,annex1
 too1 has a splendid exhibit of the     
etchings of ,frank ,brangwyn1 the great 
,englishman1 who is no less renowned as 
an etcher than as a painter1 and who has
 won the ,exposition's medal of honor in
 the ,international ,section4  ,the     
arrangement of the rooms in the ,fine   
,arts ,gallery becomes simple enough    
when the key is supplied4 ,the ,united  
,states section is in the center1 and1  
with the historical rooms1 occupies1    
roughly1 half the space1 flanked by the 
foreign rooms at either end of the      
building4 ,four rooms of the ,united    

,states section are separated from the  
rest and form a narrow strip across the 
extreme north end of the gallery4 ,the  
prints1 drawings1 miniatures1 and medals
 are installed in rooms forming a strip 
along the west wall of the building4    
,the ,united ,states section is opened  
by a central hall opposite the main     
entrance1 and by a corridor extending on
 either side through to the foreign     
sections4 ,the central hall is chiefly  
devoted to sculpture1 including ,karl   
,bitter's strong and characteristic     
group1 ,the ,signing of the ,louisiana  
,purchase ,treaty1 ,daniel ,chester     
,french's ,alice ,freeman ,palmer       
,memorial1 both winners of the medal of 
honor1 ,gertrude ,vanderbilt ,whitney's 
fine central fountain1 and other        
important work4 ,the walls are hung with
 ancient tapestries of great interest1  
and paintings1 mostly decorative1 though
 ,robert ,vonnoh's ,poppies and ,ben ,au
 ,haggin's ,little ,white ,dancer are   
admirable4 ,vonnoh won a gold medal4    

,historical ,section4--,south of the    
,united ,states section1 a block of ten 
rooms1 with ,room #ed at the southwest  
angle of the central hall1 is devoted to
 painters who either have influenced    
,american art or represent its earlier  
stages4 ,room #ia1 on the east side of  
the block1 contains old ,dutch1         
,flemish1 ,french1 and ,italian         
pictures1 none very interesting1 though 
,teniers1 ,watteau and ,tintoretto are  
represented4 ,rooms #ib1 #fb1 and #fa1  
constituting the tier next to the       
,italian section1 show chiefly examples 
of the ,french painters1 including those
 of the ,barbizon school1 who have      
influenced later ,american painting4    
,along with other names less known1     
,room #ib displays canvases by          
,daubigny1 ,courbet1 ,charles ,le ,brun1
 ,meissonier1 ,tissot1 ,monticelli and  
,rousseau4 ,it has two ,corots1 one a   
delight4 ,room #fb is even more         
important4 ,it offers a ,millet1 far    
from typical2 a capital ,schreyer1 two  

portraits by the ,german ,von ,lenbach1 
a small but interesting sample of ,alma 
,tadema's finished style1 and the       
sensational ,consolatrix ,afflictorum by
 ,dagnan-,bouveret4 ,better still1 in   
,jules ,breton's ,the ,vintage and      
,troyon's ,landscape and ,cattle it has 
two of the noblest paintings to be seen 
in the entire ,palace1-- pictures that  
show these great masters at their best4 
,room #fa is mainly devoted to the early
 ,impressionists1 with seven canvases by
 their leader1 ,claude ,monet1 and other
 landscapes by ,renoir1 ,pissaro and    
,sisley1 and a brilliant interior 7,no4 
#bcdc7 by ,gaston ,la ,touche4 ,the     
pictures by ,monet illustrate his       
progress from the hard conventionalism  
of his early academic style 7seen in    
#bfcf7 to such delightful embodiments of
 light and atmosphere as #bfcc and      
#bfcg4 ,the gallery contains no more    
triumphant piece of ,impressionism than 
the saucy ,lady in ,pink by the         
,russian1 ,nicholas ,fechin4 ,the story 

set afloat that it is the work of an    
untaught ,russian peasant simply        
testifies to ignorance of this master4  
,every splotch of color here breathes   
technique4 ,as if by way of contrast1   
the opposite wall shows one of ,puvis de
 ,chavannes' classical murals1 even more
 anaemic than usual4  ,the large room   
,no4 #fc shows a ,venetian sunset by    
,turner1 two portraits by ,goya1 another
 attributed to ,velasquez1 a splendid   
,raffaelesque altar-piece by ,tiepolo1  
the like of which rarely leaves ,italy1 
and canvases by ,guido ,reni1 ,ribera1  
and ,van ,dyke4 ,almost all the         
remaining space is taken up by excellent
 examples of the ,british art that      
influenced the early ,american painters1
 with some of prior date4 ,here are     
canvases by ,lely1 ,kneller1 ,hogarth1  
,reynolds1 ,gainsborough1 ,hoppner1     
,beechey1 ,allan ,ramsay1 ,lawrence1    
,raeburn1 and ,romney4 ,the last four   
are especially well represented4 ,in    
this room1 too1 is the bronze replica of

 ,weinmann's figure1 ,the ,setting ,sun1
 here called ,descending ,night4        
,american ,old ,masters4--,following    
logically the ,english portrait         
painters1 the ,american historical      
section begins with ,rooms #fj and #ei4 
,the former is mainly filled with the   
work1 much of it admirable1 of the early
 ,american portrait painters4 ,here are 
,gilbert ,stuart's lovable ,president   
,monroe1 ,benjamin ,west's ,magdalen1   
and portraits by ,peale1 ,copley1 ,west1
 ,sully and others4 ,in ,room #ei1 the  
antiquarian interest predominates1 with 
a few fine portraits by ,inman1         
,harding1 ,king1 and ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1
 who1 besides inventor1 was an artist4  
,but nothing here surpasses ,no4 #agai  
by ,charles ,loring ,elliott1 a canvas  
that is irresistible in its vivid       
setting forth of personality4 ,room #eh 
brings the story of ,american painting  
well past the middle of the ,nineteenth 
century1 with typical examples of       
,bierstadt1 ,eastman ,johnson and other 

fading names4 ,room #eg contains a      
number of ,edwin ,abbey's finely        
illustrative paintings1 the most popular
 of which is his ,penance of ,eleanor1  
and a collection of his splendid        
drawings2 also important canvases by    
,theodore ,robinson and ,john ,la       
,farge4 ,room #fd covers a wide sweep1  
from ,church's archaic ,niagara ,falls  
down to ,stephen ,parrish1 ,eakins1     
,martin1 the ,morans1 ,hovenden1 and    
,remington4 ,edward ,moran's ,brush     
,burning 7#bfdi7 is capital4 ,room #ed1 
the last of the ,american historical    
rooms1 is perhaps the most important1   
finely showing ,inness1 ,wyant1 ,winslow
 ,homer1 ,hunt1 and other ,american     
masters4  ,modern ,american             
,painting4--,we come now to the great   
and splendid representation of          
present-day painters4 ,in noting these1 
the artists achieving grand prizes1     
medals of honor or gold medals will     
often be mentioned2 but a full list of  
such honors will be found at the end of 

this chapter4 ,it should be remembered  
that no member of a jury1 and no man who
 received the honor of a separate room1 
was eligible for award4 ,in general1 it 
may be said1 the ,exposition puts       
forward the work of artists who have    
arrived since the opening of the        
century4 ,in accordance with this       
helpful policy1 older painters who had  
won many honors at previous exhibitions 
were passed over for the encouragement  
of younger men4 ,it should also be noted
 that awards were not made for          
particular pictures1 but upon each      
artist's exhibit as a whole4  ,rooms    
#ee1 #ef1 #fe and #he show contemporary 
,americans1--the last two with great    
credit4 ,no4 #fe is a large room of     
canvases by ,american women painters4   
,one who has not kept abreast of woman's
 work in art in this country has a      
surprise awaiting him in the the high   
quality shown here4 ,two pictures by    
,ellen ,rand 7#biai1 #biah71 ,mary      
,curtis ,richardson's captivating ,young

 ,mother and her ,professor ,paget      
7#cjjj1 #cjjb71 and ,alice ,stoddard's  
inimitably girlish group1 ,the ,sisters 
7#ccbi71 will reward very careful study 
of their sincerity and strength of      
treatment4 ,especially brilliant are the
 works of ,cecilia ,beaux and ,m4 ,jean 
,mc,lane1-- the first winning the       
,exposition's medal of honor1 the latter
 rather theatrical in their gayety of   
color4 ,here also is a canvas 7#bgdc7 by
 ,violet ,oakley1 another honor         
medallist4  ,room #he is enriched by the
 canvases of ,charles ,walter ,stetson1 
,horatio ,walker1 ,charles ,w4          
,hawthorne1 ,douglas ,volk 7gold medal71
 and ,george de ,forest ,brush4 ,volk's 
three charming pictures deserve to be   
better hung4 ,the ,stetson group        
illustrates the ,impressionist method   
and result as well as anything in the   
,palace4 ,take his ,smugglers or his    
,summer ,joy 7#ccaa1 #ccag71 and note   
how a few heavy and apparently          
meaningless dabs of color may be laid   

side by side on canvas in such a way    
that1 when seen from a distance1 they   
blend1 until the picture not only       
outlines figures and foliage1 but also  
glows with atmosphere1 life and         
movement4  ,these rooms complete the    
south half of the ,american section1    
with the exception of the very          
interesting1 though not fully adequate1 
,whistler ,room1 #bh2 the ,print ,rooms1
 #bi to #cd1 in the tier along the west 
wall1 and five more one-man rooms along 
the east wall4 ,these five1 in their    
order from the main entrance are3 ,no4  
#hg1 devoted to the old-masterlike works
 of ,frank ,duveneck1 who1 more perhaps 
than any other ,american1 shows the     
great manner of ,velasquez1 ,rembrandt  
and ,franz ,hals1 and to whom the jury  
has recommended that a special medal be 
given for his influence on ,american    
art2 ,no4 #hh filled with the admirable 
,impressionist landscapes of ,e4 ,w4    
,redfield2 #hi and #ic1 given up to the 
widely contrasted work of ,edmund ,c4   

,tarbell and ,john ,h4 ,twachtman1 each 
in his own fashion a master and enjoying
 a well-earned popularity1 ,twachtman's 
pictures in particular commanding almost
 as high prices as those of the men in  
,room #ed2 and ,no4 #ij1 just off the   
,tarbell room1 containing a small loan  
collection which very incompletely      
represents ,william ,keith4 ,five other 
individual rooms are north of the main  
entrance3 ,no4 #gi1 portraits and still 
life by ,william ,m4 ,chase2 #gh1       
,childe ,hassam's radically             
,impressionist work2 #gg1 ,gari         
,melchers' pictures of ,dutch types and 
scenes2 #gf1 the charming western       
pictures of ,arthur ,f4 ,mathews and    
,francis ,mc,comas1 both ,californians2 
and #ge1 the ,john ,s4 ,sargent room1   
containing among other works his famous 
early portrait of ,mme4 ,gautrin1 his   
,john ,hay1 and the sympathetic portrait
 of ,henry ,james which was mutilated by
 the ,british suffragettes4 ,all these  
one-man rooms exhibit characteristic    

work of the men thus distinguished1     
though the younger men are the more     
completely represented4 ,the ,whistler1 
,keith1 ,chase and ,sargent rooms1 which
 may be classed with the historical     
block1 show few of the best-known       
masterpieces of these artists4  ,room   
#hj1 cut out of the northeast corner of 
the central hall1 a gallery of well     
restrained pictures1 contains the       
interesting work in light and color of  
,william ,mc,g4 ,paxton1 member of the  
jury2 portraits and figures by ,leslie  
,p4 ,thompson 7silver medal71 ,philip   
,l4 ,hale's warm-toned portraits1 the   
delicate but brilliant landscapes of    
,willard ,l4 ,metcalf 7medal of honor71 
and those by ,philip ,little 7silver    
medal74 ,the portraits are in the older 
academic style2 the landscapes1 modern4 
,rooms #fg and #fh are distinguished by 
some notable landscapes and marines4    
,no4 #fg shows ,emil ,carlsen's fresh   
,open ,sea1 his single picture here1 but
 the winner of a medal of honor1 and    

,albert ,laessle's small animal         
sculptures 7gold medal71 and capital    
examples of ,paul ,dougherty1 ,j4 ,f4   
,carlson1 ,leonard ,ochtman and ,ben    
,foster4 ,no4 #fh holds two fine snowy  
landscapes by ,w4 ,elmer ,schofield     
7medal of honor71 two engaging studies  
in brown by ,daniel ,garber1 brilliant  
figures by ,j4 ,c4 ,johansen1 and       
,california coast views by ,william     
,ritschel4 ,the last three artists are  
gold medallists4  ,room #fi is made     
noteworthy by works of three of the nine
 ,american winners of the medal of      
honor1--,lawton ,parker's voluptuous    
,paresse and two portraits1 and single  
paintings by ,john ,w4 ,alexander and   
,richard ,e4 ,miller 7#ajce1 #bfjf74    
,alexander's airy ,phyllis is his only  
picture in the ,palace4 ,miller shows   
one more canvas1 a colorful ,nude       
7#bfjg7 in ,room #dg4 ,room #gj is      
entirely devoted to portrait painters1  
among them ,julian ,story1 ,h4 ,g4      
,herkomer1 ,robert ,vonnoh1 and ,irving 

,c4 ,wiles 7#cffh71 the latter two both 
winners of the gold medal4 ,no4 #gd     
shows admirable small landscapes1 among 
them the ,group of ,white ,birches by   
,will ,s4 ,robinson 7silver medal71     
,charles ,c4 ,allen's ,mountain and     
,cloud1 and land and water views by     
,charles ,j4 ,taylor1 especially ,no4   
#cdjd4 ,room #gc shows good landscapes  
by ,ernest ,lawson 7gold medal71 ,paul  
,king 7silver medal71 and the two       
,beals4 ,gifford ,beal's work won a gold
 medal4 ,room #gb1 a gallery in the     
academic style1 contains a variety of   
portraits1 figure paintings and         
landscapes1 including ,w4 ,r4 ,leigh's  
spirited ,stampede1 and the more        
conventional work of ,walter ,mac,ewen4 
,no4 #ga is another varied room4 ,in    
addition to some landscapes1 the visitor
 will be struck by the small but        
exquisite exhibit in gold1 enamel1 and  
precious stones of ,louis ,c4 ,tiffany4 
,the western tier of this section1      
,rooms #dc-ea1 contains work of all     

grades of merit4 ,no4 #dc is            
conglomerate4 ,perham ,nahl's well drawn
 ,despair 7#bfij7 is perhaps best worth 
mention4 ,in ,no4 #dd ,putthuff's two   
brown western scenes and ,clarkson's    
portrait of ,e4 ,g4 ,keith are          
interesting4 ,no4 #de is better4 ,walter
 ,griffin's opulent landscapes 7medal of
 honor7 are well worth studying4 ,here  
also are two canvases by ,robert ,reid1 
one almost ,japanese in its effect2 the 
restrained landscapes of ,william       
,sartain1 and ,charles ,morris ,young's 
sharply contrasting ,red ,mill' and     
,gray ,mill1 with his characteristic    
wintry landscapes4 ,reid and ,young won 
the gold medal4 ,in ,no4 #df are a      
half-dozen delicately handled landscapes
 by ,frank ,v4 ,du ,mond1 a member of   
the jury4 ,in ,no4 #dg ,e4 ,l4          
,blumenschein's warm ,indian pictures   
and ,a4 ,l4 ,groll's desert scenes won  
silver medals4 ,but the best thing here 
is ,richard ,e4 ,miller's ,nude1 already
 mentioned4  ,on the east wall of ,room 

#dh hangs ,sleep1 the best of the eight 
canvases shown by ,frederic ,carl       
,frieseke1 distinguished above all other
 ,american painters in the palace by the
 ,exposition's grand prize4 ,seven other
 pictures by ,frieseke1 interesting by  
reason of comparison with this          
masterpiece1 hang in ,room #aag4 ,in    
,gallery #dh are also some good         
landscapes1--,robert ,vonnoh's ,bridge  
at ,grez and ,cullen ,yates' ,november  
,snow4 ,in ,no4 #di1 a better balanced  
room than most in this tier1 three walls
 are made noteworthy by ,j4 ,alden      
,weir's luminous and ,impressionist     
landscapes1 and ,d4 ,w4 ,tryon's more   
academic canvases4 ,weir was the        
chairman of the jury for oil paintings4 
,no4 #ej is dominated by ,sergeant      
,kendall1 in both painting and          
sculpture4 ,in the first he won the gold
 medal1 in the second the silver medal4 
,room #ea has been called the ,chamber  
of ,horrors1 because it shows several of
 the extremists2 but it has some        

masterpieces4 ,staring things by ,john  
,sloan1 ,william ,j4 ,glackens1 ,adolphe
 ,borie1 and ,arthur ,b4 ,caries are    
relieved by ,h4 ,h4 ,breckinridge's     
highly colored fruits and flowers1      
,gertrude ,lampert's ,black and ,green1 
,thomas ,anshutz' two studies of women1 
and several of ,robert ,henri's strong  
figure pieces4  ,in the extreme northern
 end of the gallery1 beyond the foreign 
sections1 is a tier of four rooms1      
#aag-abj1 ranging from the mediocre to  
the admirable4 ,in ,no4 #aag are seven  
interesting canvases by ,frieseke1 the  
grand-prize winner1 already mentioned4  
,these pictures show the artist's scope4
 ,no4 #ahaf and others are strikingly   
like ,plinio ,nomellini's ,no4 #hf in   
the ,italian section4 ,no4 #ahaa is as  
different from these as ,sleep is from  
all the rest4 ,in the same room are     
,mora's ,vacation ,time 7#bfde7 and     
,tanner's ,christ at the ,home of       
,lazarus 7#ccgj71 both winners of the   
gold medal4 ,room #aah holds the        

pictures of several gold-medal winners1 
the ,promenade 7#aahe7 by ,max ,bohm2   
the noble ,lake ,louise 7#abdf7 by ,h4  
,j4 ,breuer1 whose pictures of the      
,canadian ,rockies are also to be found 
in ,rooms #ef and #eh2 the tender       
,spring 7#aigb7 by ,w4 ,d4 ,hamilton1   
worthy of a better place2 and ,h4 ,l4   
,hoffman's clearlighted ,a ,mood of     
,spring 7#baaf71 and his vivid ,savannah
 ,market 7#baae74  ,room #aai is filled 
with water-colors1 drawings1 engravings 
and etchings4 ,room #abj holds ,george  
,bellows' ,post-,impressionistic        
canvases1 ,myron ,barlow's well-drawn   
figures1 ,w4 ,d4 ,hamilton's speaking   
likeness of ,justice ,mc,kenna 7#aiga71 
,charles ,h4 ,woodbury's ,the ,bark     
7#cfib71 and ,waldo ,murray's portrait  
of ,robert ,fowler 7#cff71 wrongly      
catalogued with the ,international      
section4 ,all these painters won gold   
medals4 ,this is perhaps the best room  
in this tier4  ,in the tier on the      
western wall devoted to the minor forms 

of art1 ,howard ,pyle's illustrations   
occupy two small rooms1 #da and #db4    
,the first contains ink sketches1 the   
second his works in characteristic      
color4 ,room #dj is devoted to admirable
 miniatures and to water colors4 ,here  
on the east wall are ,jules ,guerin's   
vividly colored ,oriental scenes1 which 
won the gold medal4 ,the walls of ,room 
#ci are given up to a series of charming
 pastels by ,john ,mc,clure ,hamilton4  
,no4 #ci also contains cases of medals1 
as does ,no4 #ch4 ,room #cg is devoted  
to miniatures1 and #cf to drawings4  ,in
 the section known as the ,print ,rooms1
 #bi-cd1 along the west wall1 are       
hundreds of famous etchings4 ,this      
branch of art1 old and respected through
 the examples offered by early masters  
like ,albrecht ,durer and ,rembrandt1   
has still to be fully appreciated4 ,it  
has come to the public slowly1 the      
layman who likes and buys pictures more 
often holding aloof from the thing      
called an etching4 ,that there is now a 

closer acquaintance than before is due  
in large measure to ,joseph ,pennell4   
,working through the practical1 he      
allied his art years ago with such      
subjects as bridge and railroad         
building1 and by giving the public an   
easier avenue of approach1 has attracted
 it to the beauty of this method of art4
 ,the print rooms show dozens of        
,pennell's etchings1 with those of      
,whistler and many others4 ,whistler's  
etchings1 lithographs1 and drawings are 
in ,no4 #bi1 ,pennell's in ,no4 #ca4    
,room #cj holds the work of ,henry      
,wolf1 winner of the grand prize4 ,b4   
,a4 ,wehrschmidt1 an honor medallist1 is
 represented in ,room #aai4 ,j4 ,andre  
,smith1 ,herman ,a4 ,webster and        
,cadwallader ,washburn are in ,room #cb1
 ,allen ,lewis and ,gustav ,baumann     
7gold medals7 are in ,room #cd4 ,room   
#bh holds the loan collection of        
,whistler's works1 already mentioned1   
chiefly from the ,national ,gallery1    
,washington4 ,room #bg contains         

photographic reproductions of painting  
and sculpture4 ,room #bf is devoted to  
original drawings for illustration4     
,the ,foreign ,sections4--,these are    
placed north and south of the ,united   
,states collections4 ,in the extreme    
south end1 ,japan occupies a large block
 of rooms1 numbered from #a to #aj4     
,with this abundant floor and wall space
 at her disposal1 that country left     
nothing undone to make her art exhibit  
comprehensive and beautiful4 ,the       
display stands alone for completeness4  
,japan's art is as old as her history2  
and now1 with her advent among the      
modern nations1 she has added           
,occidental art to her more ancient     
forms4 ,the essayal1 as shown here1 is  
still beyond her1 but the strides are   
noteworthy4 ,in the wonderful display of
 her own art1 she shows both the        
beauties of antiquity and the           
masterpieces of her present day artists4
 ,the paintings upon silk1 landscape    
embroideries1 porcelains1 ink drawings1 

metal work1 and scrolls will occupy the 
art lover many hours4  ,france adjoins  
,japan1 filling a block of rooms from   
#ab to #ah1 and ,italy follows1 in      
,rooms #ba to #be4 ,the intervening     
rooms1 ,nos4 #ai and #bj1 are assigned  
respectively to ,uruguay and ,cuba4     
,the ,french and ,italian exhibits had  
to wait for the arrival of the ,jason4  
,now they are installed1 and beautifully
 hung and set4 ,though ,france is the   
home of the ,post-,impressionists1 and  
,italy that of the ,futurists1 the      
flagrancy of neither of these schools is
 on view here4 ,both countries show     
their best balanced art since #aije4 ,in
 the ,french exhibit1 the mode of the   
day prevails1 color1 luminosity1        
richness of texture4 ,all that          
differentiates the art of ,france to-day
 from that of other countries is her own
 inimitable1 delicate1 inherent taste   
and touch4 ,the subject matters little2 
the ,french perception and execution are
 there4 ,where other canvases offer--say

 a beautiful glow--the ,french picture  
vibrates4 ,if other works are finished1 
these have finesse4 ,there is similar   
spirit in the ,italian galleries1 with a
 variation due to national              
characteristics rather than to          
difference of opinion or method4 ,the   
,italian pictures fully occupy the mind 
and eye2 the ,french often fascinate by 
something more than skill and color4    
,both countries have placed their older 
art1 and some of its best1 in their     
official pavilions4  ,france4--,in the  
,french ,section1 ,room #ab contains a  
diverse collection of water color1      
drawing1 engraving1 and painting1 among 
the latter1 ,henry ,grosjean's ,the     
,bottoms 7#cfe74 ,room #ac1 full of     
strongly contrasting work1 is           
distinguished by ,maurice ,denis' daring
 decorative panels4 ,here also is       
,claude ,monet's ,vetheuil 7#deb71 the  
same scene1 though not the same picture1
 as his ,no4 #bfcd in ,room #fa4        
,comparison is interesting for the      

difference in touch1 though both were   
painted in the same year4 ,francois     
,flameng is represented here by ,paris  
7#cdf71 not so compelling as his ,madame
 ,letellier 7#cde71 and ,fete           
,venetienne 7#cdd71 in ,rooms #ah and   
#ad4 ,room #ad1 containing a good many  
decorative canvases1 has also1 besides  
,flameng's ,fete1 two of the extreme    
,impressionistic paintings of ,henri    
,martin1 ,the ,lovers 7#dcb71 and his   
own dim ,self ,portrait 7#dcc74 ,two    
colorful ,breton scenes 7#cjb7 by       
,darrieux1 and 7#djf7 by ,le            
,gout-,gerard stand out on the north    
wall4 ,room #ae shows some charming     
pieces1--,lucien ,simon's strongly      
contrasting work in the spiritual       
,communicants 7#did7 and his barbaric   
,gondola 7#die72 ,domergue's ,the ,frog 
7#cbd71 ,besnard's glowing ,gipsy       
7#bee71 and ,lemordant's ,the ,wind     
7#dji74 ,these last give a strong color 
to the room1 relieved by ,leroux' calm  
,lake 7#daf71 and ,maury's delicate     

young girls 7#ddj74  ,room #af is better
 balanced4 ,remembering ,the ,frog1     
,domergue's versatility appears in the  
portrait of ,gina ,mabille1 the         
danseuse4 ,a delicate bit of            
,impressionism in ,le ,sidanier's ,the  
,harbor3 ,landernau 7#dah74 ,two        
canvases by ,menard are hung here4 ,his 
,opal ,sea 7#dde7 is charming4          
,auburtin's decorative panels hang on   
the north wall4 ,one of the most notable
 works of ,p4 ,franc ,lamy1 his golden  
,venice3 ,morning 7#cic71 will be found 
on the west wall4  ,room #ag shows      
little of striking interest4 ,augustin  
,hanicotte1 one of the few ,french      
painters to adopt the strong colors and 
lights of the ,scandinavian artists1 is 
represented by the gay ,winter in the   
,low ,country 7#cha74 ,andre ,dauchez'  
,le ,pouldu 7#cjd7 is a fine brown      
lowland landscape4 ,in spirit1 though in
 richer colors1 ,jean ,veber's          
captivating ,little ,princess 7#eae7    
reminds one of ,john ,bauer's ,swedish  

fairy-tale pictures4 ,strength and      
truthfulness characterize ,jeanniot's   
fine group of ,norman fisherfolk 7#chh74
 7,see p4 #abe47  ,room #ah is better4  
,note ,marie ,cazin's ,diana ,asleep    
7#bhi71 done in a single brown4 ,here1  
too1 is ,flameng's ,portrait of ,madame 
,letellier 7#cde74 ,a soft1 delicate bit
 of landscape is ,brouillet's ,among the
 ,dunes 7#bgb71 which deserves better   
than to be hung in a corner4 ,one who   
has seen the ,futurist pictures in the  
,annex should not overlook here ,albert 
,guillaume's ,le ,boniment 7#cgj71 a    
rich burlesque on ,futurist art4        
,italy4--,no other section in the       
,palace is so finely hung as the        
,italian4 ,as no attempt has been made  
to crowd the rooms1 each canvas is      
properly placed4 ,room #ba holds the    
most important paintings honored by the 
jury4 ,on the west wall is the work of  
,ettore ,tito1 the winner of the grand  
prize1 five canvases demonstrating both 
his versatility and his mastery of      

color4 ,on the north and south walls are
 the medal-of-honor pictures of ,onorato
 ,carlandi and ,camillo ,innocenti1 the 
latter striking in their golden tone4   
,coromaldi's rich harvest scenes 7#bf1  
#bg71 and a ,leonardo ,bazzaro 7#d7     
7both gold medallists71 hang on the east
 wall4 ,not to be overlooked1 though    
passed by the jury1 are ,casciaro's warm
 landscapes on the north wall and       
,ricci's ,butterflies 7#if71 which help 
to make this collection one of splendid 
color4  ,room #bb also glows with color4
 ,ferraguti's ,portrait in ,red 7#df7   
7gold medal7 holds the place of honor on
 the west wall4 ,on the north wall is   
the glowing ,fiametta 7#di7 by ,matilde 
,festa ,piacentini1 wife of the         
architect of the ,italian ,pavilion1 and
 beside it the equally warm ,golden     
,rays 7#dg7 by ,ferretti4 ,on the east  
wall burns ,traiano ,chitarin's ,evening
 ,fires 7#ca74 ,among the sculpture is  
,dazzi's ,portrait of a ,lady 7#afj7    
7gold medal74  ,room #bc holds the      

greater portion of the sculpture1       
including ,amigoni's simple ,adolescence
 7#aea71 ,brozzi's spirited ,animals    
7#aee71 in relievo on bronze1           
,graziosi's ,susanna 7#afe71 and        
,pagliani's ,on the ,beach 7#ahj74 ,all 
of these won gold medals1 but the really
 striking piece in the room is ,proximus
 ,tuus 7#afb71 the weary peasant1 by    
,achille ,d',orsi4 ,of the few paintings
 nothing is very remarkable1 though     
,bazzani's ,arch of ,septimus ,severus  
7#c7 is interesting for its workmanship4
  ,room #bd presents extremely varied   
styles from ,morani's ,no4 #hj to       
,domenico ,irolli's heavily painted     
,violin ,player 7#fd71 and ,enrico      
,lionne's gorgeous purple figures in the
 extreme of ,impressionism4 ,one of     
,nomellini's effects in light and shade 
appears in ,no4 #hf1 on the east wall4  
,paolo ,sala's ,along the ,thames 7#ajj7
 deserves better place and notice4      
,irolli1 ,lionne and ,nomellini are gold
 medallists4  ,room #be1 without any    

remarkable canvases1 is very pleasing as
 an example of harmonious hanging4 ,this
 is best illustrated by the west wall   
where hang four pictures by the three   
,ciardis1 ,beppe1 ,emma1 and ,guiseppe1 
and one1 ,no4 #f1 by ,bartolomeo ,bezzi1
 the group admirably centered by ,beppe 
,ciardi's large ,venetian ,scene 7#cb74 
,all three of the ,ciardis won gold     
medals4 ,in the center of the north wall
 is a fine ruddy sunset 7#ajb7 by       
,francesco ,sartorelli4 ,the south wall 
is dominated by ,z4 ,v4 ,zanetti's      
richly decorative ,tree 7#aaf74 ,beside 
it1 on the cut-off of the wall1 is      
,guiseppe ,mentessi's gripping ,soul of 
the ,stones 7#ge74 ,mentessi won the    
gold medal with this picture1 as ,italo 
,brass did with his ,bridge ,across the 
,lagoon 7#aj74 ,sculpture in this room  
is represented by small bronzes and     
,ernesto ,biondi's almost terrible ,st4 
,francis d',assisi 7#aed74              
,uruguay4--,the ,uruguayan exhibit of   
painting and sculpture is in one small  

room1 ,no4 #ai1 against the west wall1  
next to ,france4 ,the work has          
characteristics in common with that of  
the south of ,europe1 and shows national
 feeling4 ,manuel ,rose 7#eb-eg7 was    
awarded a gold medal4  ,cuba4--,the     
,cuban section in ,room #bj1 adjoining  
,uruguay1 though small1 is interesting4 
,the jury thought well enough of        
,leopoldo ,romanach's canvases 7#af-bi7 
to give him the medal of honor4 ,m4     
,rodriguez ,morey 7#ac-ae7 won the gold 
medal4  ,china1 occupying four rooms1   
#id-ig1 adjoining the northern end of   
the ,united ,states ,section1 though    
desirous of appearing before the world  
as a modern republic1 has wisely brought
 here the most beautiful examples of her
 ancient art4 ,many of the pieces go so 
far beyond the records of man that their
 authorship is lost in darkness4 ,the   
exquisitely beautiful ink paintings on  
silk1 the finest collection of these    
works in existence1 represent the master
 painters of all the dynasties of       

,china4 ,their subjects deal with       
tradition and religious precepts4       
,precious cloisonne in heroic pieces has
 been used for the background of        
paintings4 ,there are picture-screens   
made of five or six attached panels of  
fine porcelain inlaid with cloisonne1   
and many splendid carvings and          
porcelains4 ,the medal of honor for     
water color went to ,kiang ,ying-seng's 
,snow ,scene 7#cdh7 in ,room #id4 ,the  
water colors of ,su ,chen-lien1 ,kao    
,ki-fong1 and ,miss ,shin ,ying-chin1   
and the exquisite carvings in           
semi-precious stones of ,teh ,chang1 all
 gold medal winners1 are in the same    
room4  ,the ,philippines1 ,room #ih1 by 
the west wall1 have an exhibit which    
shows that their march toward           
civilization includes well-grounded     
ambitions of art4 ,mentality1 feeling1  
spirit1 all reveal themselves in the    
canvases4 ,crudity is apparent1 but it  
comes more from an untutored hand than  
from failure to grasp the significance  

of the subject4 ,many pictures are      
flamboyant1 some are melodramatic1      
nearly all are big subjects handled with
 great boldness2 what they lack in      
finish they make up in sincerity4 ,felix
 ,r4 ,hidalgo's contributions 7#aj-bj7  
won him a gold medal4  ,sweden4--,the   
achievements of ,sweden1 ,rooms #ii-ajg1
 next to ,china1 have surprised         
everybody4 ,that country has sent the   
most distinctively national of all the  
,european exhibits4 ,swedish artists are
 stay-at-homes1 and their pictures are  
filled with the ,scandinavian love of   
country4 ,the scenes and portraits are  
all ,swedish1 from ,carl ,larsson's     
intimate pictures of family life and    
forest picnics 7see p4 #abf71 or ,bruno 
,liljefors' great paintings of the misty
 northern ocean1 down to ,john ,bauer's 
captivating little illustrations of     
,swedish goblin tales4 ,no one who has  
viewed the snow scenes of ,anshelm      
,schultzberg can ever forget the        
impression of cold and impenetrable     

depth4 ,swedish painters are heroic in  
method1 very lavish with their pigments1
 and generous in the size of their      
canvases4 ,some of the pictures1 in     
fact1 like ,the ,swans 7#bjb7 by        
,liljefors1 are too large to be seen to 
the best advantage in the small rooms   
where they hang4 ,liljefors won the     
grand prize1 and ,gustav ,fjaestad the  
medal of honor1 for ,swedish painting2  
,larsson1 the grand prize for water     
color4 ,anna ,boberg1 ,room #ajf1 whose 
masculine paintings have always won her 
honor hitherto1 is without award4 ,this 
famous painter is the wife of the       
architect of the fine ,swedish          
,pavilion4 ,the jury offered her a      
silver medal1 but ,commissioner         
,schultzberg refused to accept it4      
,spain is to have an excellent exhibit  
in the ,annex building behind the       
,palace4 ,thus far ,portugal alone      
represents the ,iberian painters4 ,the  
collection fills three rooms1 #aji-aaa1 
between ,sweden and ,holland4 ,the      

,portuguese artists infuse the spirit of
 revelry into much of their work4       
,indeed1 it sometimes approaches the    
bacchanalian4 ,the work is of the       
extreme modern school as to color1      
although1 technically1 there is much    
drawing in and respect for definite     
form4 ,most striking1 perhaps1 is the   
splendid representation in many of the  
pictures of the intense sunlight that   
beats upon that ,southern country4 ,no  
more vivid examples of this can be found
 in the collection than ,malhoa's       
,returning from the ,festival 7#ed7 and 
his ,catholic ,procession in the        
,country 7#ef74 ,malhoa1 deservedly1    
captured the grand prize for ,portuguese
 art4 ,the single medal of honor went to
 ,jose ,veloso ,salgado for his scenes  
of ,minho4 ,the portraits1 too1 have    
much of the intensity of the ,south4    
,the most noteworthy are those by       
,columbano1 ,room #aaj1 winner of the   
grand prize at ,st4 ,louis4 ,the four   
rooms show ,portugal prolific of artists

 who seek beauty in scenes of           
domesticity and the qrandeur of         
landscapes4  ,argentina4--,it is        
interesting to note that the painters of
 ,portugal show more characteristics in 
common with those of ,south ,america and
 the ,philippines than with their       
,european neighbors4 ,their execution is
 more tamed than that of the ,filipino  
painters1 their style more settled than 
that of the ,argentine4 ,that is not to 
the discredit of the ,argentinos1 who1  
though a new people1 have accomplished  
much that deserves praise4 ,their       
exhibit1 in ,room #aab1 is important in 
its showing of the progress of art in so
 new a country1 and it is said to be    
representative4 ,the artists whose works
 are shown are almost all young men1 a  
fact which1 in connection with their    
performance1 proclaims that ,argentina  
will do something free and original in  
the future4 ,three pictures by ,antonio 
,alice1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c1 have been 
awarded the medal of honor4 ,they bear  

witness to ,alice's great versatility4  
,jorge ,bermudez' three figure studies  
7gold medal7 are striking4 ,no4 #e1 ,the
 ,daughter of the ,hacienda1 is wrongly 
entitled in the official catalog ,the   
,young ,landlady4 ,others in the        
collection suffer in the same way1 as   
,coppini's ,the ,old ,station 7#bj71    
which is catalogued as ,the ,old ,stall4
 ,some of the ,argentino landscapes are 
striking expositions of the spirit of   
the pampas1 particularly ,lavecchia's   
,near ,twilight 7#ce74 ,as a whole1 the 
paintings are significant of the country
 of their painters1 a truly worthy      
quality4 ,the sculpture in this room1   
particularly ,increase and ,multiply    
7#ge71 by ,pedro ,zonza ,briano 7medal  
of honor71 and a splendid ,indian       
portrait 7#cb71 by ,alberto ,lagos 7gold
 medal71 is admirable4  ,the            
,international ,room1 ,no4 #ajh1 on the 
east wall between ,sweden1 ,holland and 
,portugal1 contains but a small portion 
of the foreign pictures4 ,its chief     

feature is the exhibit of ,german art4  
,franz ,stuck's ,summer ,night 7#dei71  
,heinrich von ,zugel's ,in the ,rhine   
,meadows 7#edi71 both winners of the    
medal of honor2 ,curt ,agthe's ,at the  
,spring 7#c71 and ,leo ,putz' ,the      
,shore 7#chg71 gold-medal pictures1 are 
worthily characteristic of ,germany's   
best art4 ,el ,cristo de los ,andes1 by 
,e4 ,w4 ,christmas 7bronze medal7 is    
interesting4 ,the bulk of the pictures  
under ,international ,section are in the
 ,annex4  ,holland1 in ,rooms #aac-aaf1 
shows an art so different in its        
characteristics from that of ,sweden    
that she might be at the other end of   
the earth4 ,where the ,swedish artists  
show boldness1 sometimes almost to the  
point of crudeness1 the ,dutch are      
intent on some degree of finish4        
,modernity of color is apparent1 and    
while there are few strokes that        
indicate timidity1 there are fine       
touches of the poetic in which the      
,hollander's heart shows its love of    

home and gardens4 ,those great tulip    
beds are real and luscious4 ,family life
 in the ,netherlands is shown in several
 fine interiors1 and the portraits by   
,dutch artists are more graceful than   
those of the average modernist4 ,the    
grand prize in the ,netherlands section 
went to ,breitner's snowy ,amsterdam    
,timber ,port 7#ag74 ,bauer's ,oriental 
,equestrian 7#g7 won the medal of honor4
 ,gold medals were given to seven       
artists1 named in the list following    
this chapter4  ,a thoroughly delightful 
portion of the art exhibit is the       
sculpture shown in the colonnades and on
 the grounds of the ,palace4 ,this is   
the first time a great exhibit has been 
displayed in such a manner4 ,it adds    
everything to the effectiveness of the  
sculpture1 wherever the pieces have been
 designed to be erected out of doors4   
,it has been possible to show much of   
the fountain sculpture in its actual    
relation to real fountains1 and to give 
the hunters and ,indians1 the nymphs and

 the satyrs1 the advantage of natural   
backgrounds4 ,in addition to the        
contemporaneous sculpture there are some
 famous pieces here1 such as            
,saint-,gaudens' ,lincoln1 brought from 
,chicago1 and the copy of ,bartlett's   
equestrian ,lafayette4 ,among recent    
sculpture1 one of the most interesting  
works shown is a group by ,c4 ,l4       
,pietro1 of ,new ,york1 ,the ,mother of 
the ,dead1--a powerful story in bronze  
of the burden which the war has brought 
to woman4 7,see p4 #abj47 ,pietro's     
modeling is worthy of an older artist4  
,another human tragedy is well told in  
,the ,outcast1 a graphic figure by      
,attilio ,piccirilli4 7p4 #acf47        
,charming bits of comedy are the        
whimsical little fountain pieces by     
,janet ,scudder and ,anna ,coleman      
,ladd4 ,the honor-winners in sculpture  
are named in the following list4        
,awards  ,awards have been completed and
 announced by the ,fine ,arts juries in 
all sections except the ,french4 ,the   

following list includes all the grand   
prizes1 medals of honor and gold medals4
 ,the numerous silver and bronze medals 
and honorable mentions are omitted4     
,numbers following the names indicate   
the rooms where the work may be found4  
,united ,states ,section4--    ,oil     
,painting  ,grand ,prize4--,f4 ,c4      
,frieseke1 #dh1 #aag4  ,medals of       
,honor4--,john ,w4 ,alexander1 #fi2     
,cecilia ,beaux1 #fe2 ,emil ,carlsen4   
#fg2 ,walter ,griffin1 #de2 ,violet     
,oakley1 #fe2 ,willard ,l4 ,metcalf1    
#hj2 ,richard ,e4 ,miller1 #dg1 #fi2    
,lawton ,parker1 #fi2 ,w4 ,e4           
,schofield1 #fh4  ,gold ,medals4--,myron
 ,barlow4 #abj2 ,gifford ,beal1 #gc2    
,george ,bellows1 #abj2 ,max ,bohm1 #gb1
 #aah2 ,h4 ,h4 ,breckenridge1 #ea2 ,h4  
,j4 ,breuer1 #ef1 #eh1 #aah2 ,c4 ,c4    
,cooper1 #cg1 #dg2 ,h4 ,g4 ,cushing1    
#ff1 #fh2 ,charles ,h4 ,davis1 #fg2     
,ruger ,donoho1 #df2 ,paul ,dougherty1  
#fg2 ,j4 ,j4 ,enneking1 #ga2 ,daniel    
,gerber1 #fh2 ,lillian ,w4 ,hale1 #dj1  

#fe1 #hj2 ,w4 ,d4 ,hamilton1 #ee1 #aah1 
#abj2 ,harry ,l4 ,hoffman1 #aah2 ,james 
,b4 ,hopkins1 #de1 #dg2 ,john ,c4       
,johansen4 #fh2 ,sergeant ,kendall1 #ej2
 ,william ,l4 ,lathrop1 #cg1 #ej2       
,ernest ,lawson1 #gc2 ,hayley ,lever1   
#ff1 #fg1 #ga2 ,f4 ,l4 ,mora1 #de1 #ga1 
#aag2 ,waldo ,murray1 #abj2 ,elizabeth  
,nourse1 #ef2 ,joseph ,t4 ,pearson1 #fi2
 ,marion ,powers1 #ef2 ,ellen ,emmet    
,rand1 #fe2 ,robert ,reid1 #de2 ,william
 ,ritschel1 #fh1 #ga2 ,edward ,f4 ,rook1
 #de1 #dh2 ,robert ,spencer1 #fg1 #fh2  
,h4 ,o4 ,tanner1 #aag2 ,louis ,c4       
,tiffany1 #ga2 ,giovanni ,troccoli1 #dh2
 ,douglas ,volk1 #he2 ,robert ,vonnoh1  
#de1 #ff1 #gj2 ,horatio ,walker1 #he2   
,e4 ,k4 ,k4 ,wetherell1 #gj1 #gb2       
,irving ,h4 ,wiles1 #gj2 ,c4 ,h4        
,woodbury1 #cg1 #fi1 #aai1 #abj2        
,charles ,m4 ,young1 #de4   ,water      
,colors1 ,miniature ,painting and       
,drawing  ,medals of ,honor4--,lillian  
,westcott ,hale1 #dj2 ,laura ,coombs    
,hills1 #dj1 #aah2 ,henry ,muhrmann1    

#ed1 #gb1 #aai1 #abj2 ,frank ,mura1 #ed1
 #aai2 ,p4 ,walter ,taylor1 #bf2        
,charles ,h4 ,woodbury1 #cg4  ,gold     
,medals4--,william ,jacob ,baer1 #dj2   
,jules ,guerin1 #dj2 ,george ,hallowell1
 #dj2 ,charles ,e4 ,hell1 #cf2 ,arthur  
,i4 ,keller1 #aai2 ,henry ,mc,carter1   
#bf1 #cg2 ,f4 ,luis ,mora1 #de1 #aag2   
,alice ,schille1 #cg2 ,henry ,b4 ,snell1
 #fi4 #aag1 #aai2 ,n4 ,c4 ,wyeth1 #bf4  
,etching and ,engravings  ,grand        
,prize4--,henry ,wolf1 #cj4  ,medals of 
,honor4--,d4 ,a4 ,wehrschmidt1 #aai2 ,c4
 ,harry ,white1 not hung4  ,gold        
,medals4--,gustav ,baumann1 #cd2 ,allen 
,lewis1 #cd2 ,d4 ,shaw ,mac,laughlin1   
not hung2 #c4 ,andre ,smith1 #cb2       
,cadwallader ,washburn1 #cb2 ,herman ,a4
 ,webster1 #cb4   ,sculpture  ,medals of
 ,honor4--,herbert ,adams1 #fh1         
,colonnade2 ,karl ,bitter1 #ff1 #fh2 ,d4
 ,c4 ,french1 #dj1 #fh1 ,rotunda4  ,gold
 ,medals4--,cyrus ,e4 ,dallin1 #cj1 #cb1
 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #fc1 #ff1 #gc1 #hc1     
,colonnade2 ,james ,e4 ,fraser1 #fh1    

#aai2 ,a4 ,laessle1 #ea1 #ff1 #fg2 ,paul
 ,manship1 #ib1 #ic2 ,attilio           
,plccirilli1 #bc1 #db1 #ff1 #gc1 #hc1   
,colonnade2 ,bela ,pratt1 #fa1 #ff1 #hi1
 ,colonnade2 ,a4 ,phimister ,proctor1   
#gb2 ,arthur ,putnam1 #fg2 ,f4 ,g4 ,r4  
,roth1 #ff4   ,medals  ,medals of       
,honor4--,john ,flanagan1 #ch1 #ci4     
,gold ,medals4--,james ,e4 ,fraser1 #ch1
 #ci2 ,h4 ,a4 ,mac,neil1 #ch1 #ci4      
,argentine ,section4-- ,in ,room #aab4  
,oil ,painting  ,medals of              
,honor4--,antonio ,alice4  ,gold        
,medals4--,jorge ,bermudez1 ,alejandro  
,bustillo1 ,ernesto de la ,carcova1     
,fernando ,fader1 ,jose ,leon ,pagano1  
,octavio ,pinto1 ,c4 ,bernaldo de       
,quires1 ,eduardo ,sivori4   ,sculpture 
,medal of ,honor4--,pedro ,zonza        
,briano4  ,gold ,medals4--,alberto      
,lagos4    ,australian ,section4-- ,in  
,australian ,pavilion4    ,etchings and 
,engravings  ,gold ,medal4--,mrs4 ,j4   
,c4 ,a4 ,traill4    ,chinese ,section4--
    ,water ,color ,painting  ,medal of  

,honor4--,kiang ,ying-seng1 #id4  ,gold 
,medals4--,su ,chen-lien1 #id2 ,kao     
,ki-fong1 #id2 ,miss ,shin-,ying-,chin1 
#id4   ,sculpture  ,gold ,medal4--,teh  
,chang1 #id4    ,cuban ,section4-- ,in  
,room #bj4    ,oil ,painting  ,medal of 
,honor4--,leopoldo ,romanach4  ,gold    
,medal4--,rodriguez ,morey4             
,international ,section4--    ,oil      
,painting  ,medals of ,honor4--,axel    
,gallen1 ,annex2 ,eliseo ,meifren1      
,annex2 ,franz von ,stuck1 #ajh2        
,heinrich von ,zugel1 #ajh4  ,gold      
,medals4--,john ,quincy ,adams1 ,annex2 
,curt ,agthe1 #ajh2 ,conde de ,aguiar1  
,annex2 ,gonzales ,bithao1 ,annex2      
,istvan ,csok1 ,annex2 ,harold ,knight1 
,annex2 ,laura ,knight1 ,annex2         
,heinrich ,knirr1 ,annex2 ,lajos ,mark1 
,annex2 ,julius ,olssen1 ,annex2 ,leo   
,putz1 #ajh2 ,george ,sauter1 ,annex2   
,c4 ,w4 ,simpson1 ,annex2 ,harold       
,speed1 ,annex2 ,h4 ,hughes ,stanton1   
,annex2 ,carlos ,vasquez1 ,annex2 ,janos
 ,vaszary1 ,annex2 ,valentin de         

,zubiarre1 ,annex4   ,etchings and      
,engravings  ,medal of ,honor4--,frank  
,brangwyn1 ,annex4  ,gold ,medals4--,r4 
,g4 ,goodman1 ,annex2 ,willy ,pogany1   
,annex2 ,bela ,uitz1 ,annex4   ,medals  
,gold ,medal4--,ede ,telcs1 ,annex4     
,italian ,section4--    ,oil ,painting  
,grand ,prize4--,ettore ,tito1 #ba4     
,medals of ,honor4--,onorato ,carlandi1 
#ba2 ,camillo ,innocenti1 #ba4  ,gold   
,medals4--,leonardo ,bazzaro1 #ba2      
,italo ,brass1 #be2 ,emma ,ciardi1 #be2 
,beppe ,ciardi1 #be2 ,guiseppe ,ciardi1 
#be2 ,umberto ,coromaldi1 #ba2 ,visconti
 ,ferraguti1 #bb2 ,domenico ,irolli1    
#bd2 ,enrico ,lionne1 #bd2 ,guiseppe    
,mentessi1 #be2 ,plinio ,nomellini1 #bd2
 ,feruccio ,scattola1 #be4   ,sculpture 
,gold ,medals4--,luigi ,amigoni1 #bc2   
,renato ,brozzi1 #bc2 ,arturo ,dazzi1   
#bb2 ,guiseppe ,graziosi1 #bc2          
,antionetta ,pagliani1 #bc4    ,japanese
 ,section4--    ,water ,color ,painting 
,medals of ,honor4--,ranshu ,dan1 #a2   
,toho ,hirose1 #a2 ,shoyen ,ikeda1 #b2  

,keisui ,ho1 #a2 ,tomoto ,kobori1 #a4   
,gold ,medals4--,bunto ,hayashi1 #a2    
,taisei ,minakami1 #a2 ,yoshino         
,morimura1 #b2 ,hachiro ,nakagawa1 #aj2 
,hosui ,okamoto1 #a2 ,tesshu ,okajima1  
#b2 ,kangei ,takakura1 #b4   ,sculpture 
,gold ,medals4--,choun ,yamazaki1 #d2   
,yoshida ,homei1 #d4   ,metal ,work     
,grand ,prize4--,chozaburo ,yamada1 #d4 
,gold ,medal4--,kazuo ,miyachi1 #d4     
,lacquer  ,medal of ,honor4--,jitoku    
,akazuka1 #d4  ,gold ,medals4--,kozen   
,kato1 #d2 ,hikobei ,nishimura1 #d2     
,mesanori ,ogaki1 #d4   ,pottery1       
,porcelain and ,cloisonne  ,grand       
,prize4--,kozan ,miyakawa1 #d4  ,medals 
of ,honor4--,sosuke ,namikawa1 #d2      
,yohei ,seifu1 #d4  ,gold               
,medals4--,eizaemon ,fukagawa1 #d2      
,yoshitaro ,hayakawa1 #d2 ,hazan ,itaya1
 #d2 ,tomotaro ,kato1 #d2 ,shibataro    
,kawado1 #d2 ,sobei ,kinkozan1 #d2      
,meizan ,yabu1 #d4   ,dyed ,fabrics and 
,embroideries  ,grand ,prize4--,jinbei  
,kawashima1 #d4  ,medal of              

,honor4--,seizaburo ,kajimoto1 #d4      
,gold ,medals4--,chokurei ,hamamura1 #d2
 ,yozo ,nagara and ,riyoshi ,hashio1 #d2
 ,goun ,namikawa and ,torakichi ,narita1
 #d2 ,saiji ,kobayashi1 #d4    ,the     
,netherlands ,section4--    ,oil        
,painting  ,grand ,prize4--,g4 ,h4      
,breitner1 #aac4  ,medal of ,honor4--,m4
 ,a4 ,j4 ,bauer1 #aac4  ,gold           
,medals4--,david ,bautz4 #aad2 ,g4 ,w4  
,dysselhof1 #aac2 ,arnold ,marc4        
,gorter1 #aac2 ,johan ,hendrik van      
,mastenbroek1 #aad2 ,albert ,roelofs1   
#aac2 ,hobbe ,smith1 #aad2 ,w4 ,b4      
,tholen1 #aac4   ,etchings and          
,engravings  ,gold ,medal4--,t4 ,h4 ,van
 ,hoytema1 #aae4    ,norwegian          
,section4-- ,in the ,annex4    ,oil     
,painting  ,medal of ,honor4--,harald   
,sohlberg4  ,gold ,medal4--,halfdan     
,strom4   ,etchings and ,engravings     
,medal of ,honor4--,olaf ,lange4  ,gold 
,medal4--,edvard ,munch4   ,sculpture   
,gold ,medal4--,ingebrigt ,vik4         
,philippine ,section4--    ,oil         

,painting  ,gold ,medal4--,felix ,r4    
,hidalgo1 #ih4    ,portuguese           
,section4--    ,oil ,painting  ,grand   
,prize4--,jose ,malhoa1 #aji1 #aaj1     
#aaa4  ,medal of ,honor4--,jose ,veloso 
,salgado1 #aji1 #aaa4  ,gold            
,medals4--,artur ,alves ,cardoso1 #aji1 
#aaj1 #aaa2 ,ernesto ,ferreira          
,condeixa1 #aji1 #aaa2 ,joao ,vaz1 #aji1
 #aaj1 #aaa4    ,swedish ,section4--    
,oil ,painting  ,grand ,prize4--,bruno  
,liljefors1 #ajj4  ,medal of            
,honor4--,gustaf ,fjaestad1 #ajg4  ,gold
 ,medals4--,elsa ,backlund-,celsing1    
#ajd2 ,wilhelm ,behm1 #ajc2 ,alfred     
,bergstrom1 #ajc2 ,oscar ,hullgren1     
#ajc2 ,gottfrid ,kallstenius1 #ajj1     
#ajd2 ,helmer ,mas-,olle1 #ajb2 ,hehner 
,osslund1 #ajb2 ,emil ,osterman1 #ajf2  
,wilhelm ,smith1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajf2 ,axel
 ,torneman1 #ajj1 #ajd4   ,water ,color1
 ,miniature ,paintings and ,drawings    
,grand ,prize4--,carl ,larsson1 #aja4   
,medal of ,honor4--,john ,bauer1 #ajd4  
,gold ,medal4--,oscar ,bergman1 #aja4   

,sculpture  ,gold ,medal4--,gottfried   
,larsson1 #ajj4   ,medals  ,gold        
,medal4--,eric ,lindberg1 #ii4          
,uruguay ,section4--    ,oil ,painting  
,gold ,medal4--,manuel ,rose1 #ai4    #a
 ,for plan of rooms and national        
sections in the ,palace of ,fine ,arts1 
see map on page #h4    ,,xiii4  ,the    
,exposition ,illuminated    ,first      
attempt to light an exposition          
indirectly1 from concealed sources--    
,notable success of ,ryan's             
work--,transformation of the ,tower of  
,jewels-- ,details of his               
method--,weirdness of the ,court of     
,ages at night4    ,beautiful as the    
,exposition is by day1 it is at night   
that it becomes loveliest as a          
spectacle4 ,then it is a great glow of  
soft color1 without shadow1 but also    
without garishness4 ,never before has   
the attempt been made to light an       
exposition as this one is lighted4 ,the 
highest standard before attained was a  
blaze of electric light secured by      

outlining the buildings with            
incandescent bulbs4 ,that was the work  
of electricians4 ,here the illuminators 
are artists who have created a great    
picture of light and color4  ,there is  
no blaze or glare4 ,light floods the    
,exposition1 but from concealed sources4
 ,all-pervasive1 seemingly without      
source1 the illumination is rather a    
quality of the ,exposition atmosphere   
than an effect of lights4 ,nor is it a  
white light4 ,it is softened and tinged 
with the warmest and mellowest of       
colors4 ,so mellow1 indeed1 is the      
illumination that it would not even be  
brilliant but for the radiance of       
thousands of prisms hung about the great
 ,tower of ,jewels1 the intense light of
 which swathes the lofty structure in a 
pure glow1 at once bright and ethereal4 
7p4 #ace47  ,above the glow in which the
 palaces are bathed1 a pageant of light 
and color marches across the sky1 a     
splendid aurora borealis1 its bannered  
troops now wheeling in ordered array1   

now breaking their formation in wild    
riot1 until out of the fantastic show   
huge beams of light separate to pierce  
the heavens4  ,this unique system of    
illumination1 devised by ,w4 ,d',a4     
,ryan expressly for the ,panama-,pacific
 ,exposition depends upon floods of     
light from concealed sources4 ,around   
the walls of the palaces stand tall     
,venetian masts1 topped with shields or 
banners4 ,concealed behind the heraldic 
emblems are powerful magnesite arc      
lamps4 ,these spread their intense glow 
on the walls1 but are hardly recognized 
as sources of light by the passer-by on 
the avenues4 ,batteries of searchlights 
and projectors mounted on the tops of   
buildings light the towers1 the domes1  
and the statuary4 ,even the banners on  
the walls are held in the spotlights of 
small projectors constantly trained on  
them4 ,that there may be no shadows1    
concealed incandescent bulbs light up   
every corner and angle of the towers1   
the arches1 and the cloisters4  ,the    

ghostly radiance of the ,tower of       
,jewels comes from huge searchlights    
aimed at it from a circle of hidden     
stations4 ,the many-colored fan of      
enormous rays1 the ,scintillator1 which 
stands against the sky behind the       
,exposition1 is produced by a           
searchlight battery of thirty-six great 
projectors mounted on the breakwater of 
the ,yacht ,harbor4 ,it is manned       
nightly by a company of marines1 who    
manipulate the fan in precise drills4   
,concealed lights shine through the     
waters of the fountains4 ,in the ,court 
of the ,universe they are white1 the    
colorless brilliance of the stars2 in   
the ,court of ,seasons they are green1  
the color of nature2 in the ,court of   
the ,ages they are red1 with clouds of  
rosy steam rising around them4 ,writhing
 serpents spout leaping gas flames on   
the altars set around the pool of the   
,ages1 and from other altars set by the 
entrances of the ,court rise clouds of  
steam given the semblance of flame by   

concealed red lights4 ,by the high altar
 on the ,tower of ,ages the same device 
is used to make the lights flame like   
huge torches4  ,the palaces themselves  
are not lighted at night1 though they   
have the appearance of being            
illuminated4 ,behind each window and    
doorway are hung strings of lights      
backed by reflectors4 ,a soft glow of   
light comes forth1 giving animation to  
the palaces and strengthening the       
picture outside4  ,there are two ways to
 see the ,exposition at night1 both of  
which must be followed if one is to get 
the fullest appreciation of the magic   
beauty of the lighting4 ,one is to      
wander about the palaces and courts in  
the midst of the soft flood of          
mysterious light1 watching the play of  
the fountains1 the barbaric flames of   
the ,court of ,ages1 the green shimmer  
of the waters in the ,court of ,seasons1
 the banners fluttering in strong white 
light1 the statuary in changing hues    
according to the color screens used     

before the projectors1 the ,aurora      
,borealis above the ,scintillator       
battery4  ,the other is from a distance4
 ,i have seen the illuminated           
,exposition from the top of ,mount      
,tamalpais1 whence it was a wondrous    
spectacle4 ,but best of all ,i like to  
watch it from the hill at the corner of 
,broadway and ,divisadero streets4 ,it  
is best to go there early1 before the   
lights are turned on4 ,then you may see 
the wonderful rosy glow of the ,tower of
 ,jewels and the two ,italian towers    
before the white light of the projectors
 is flashed on them4 ,red incandescents 
are hidden behind all the columns of the
 ,tower of ,jewels and concealed in each
 of the ,italian towers1 as well as in  
the open spaces in and around the dome  
of ,festival ,hall4 ,these are always   
turned on first4 ,the ,tower of ,jewels 
then glows with a soft mellow red1 less 
brilliant1 but warmer and more colorful 
than its incandescence later on4 ,the   
rich light wells up from the ,italian   

towers and ,festival ,hall1 and spreads 
from all their openings to stain the    
walls around with deep rose4  ,then the 
ray of a searchlight falls on the       
,bowman atop the ,column of ,progress1  
silhouetting that heroic figure in the  
night as though he floated at a great   
height above the earth4 ,beams from     
other searchlights cause the ,nations of
 ,east and ,west to stand out with      
startling distinctness on their         
triumphal arches2 the great bulls of the
 ,court of ,seasons glow against the    
night2 the golden fires are lighted in  
the ,court of ,ages4 ,the tall masts    
around the palaces softly illuminate the
 walls4 ,first one side and then another
 of the ,tower of ,jewels is bathed in  
white light1 until the ,tower stands out
 in ghostly radiance4 ,two slender      
shafts of light shoot upward on either  
side of the globe atop the ,tower and   
stand there1 symbols of pure aspiration 
reaching to the heavens4 ,behind it all 
the huge and many-colored fan of the    

,scintillator opens in gorgeous color in
 the northern sky4  ,the illumination is
 at its best on a misty night4 ,then its
 spectacular effects become more        
spectacular4 ,the moisture in the air   
provides a screen to catch the colored  
lights and make them visible in their   
fullest beauty4 ,the ,exposition        
recognized this need of a background for
 the great beams of the ,scintillator   
when it provided for the clouds of steam
 that are nightly sent floating upward  
through the shafts of colored light4    
,nothing brings out the wonder of the   
,court of ,ages at night like mist or   
fog4 ,on the first night that all the   
illumination was given a full rehearsal 
it was raining slightly4 ,the           
incandescence of the great globe of the 
,earth1 the leaping flames on the altars
 by the pool1 the rosy clouds over the  
bowls by the entrances and from the     
torches on the high ,altar of the ,ages1
 became strange1 mystic1 almost uncanny4
  ,of the beautiful light that falls    

upon the ,palace of ,fine ,arts 7p4     
#acg71 ,i can do no better than to quote
 from ,royal ,cortissoz3 ,at night and  
illuminated1 it might be a scene from   
,rome or from ,egypt1 a gigantic ruin of
 some masterpiece left by ,emperor or   
,pharaoh4 ,the lagoon is bordered by    
more of those heavenly hedges that ,i   
have described4 ,there are trees and    
thickets to add to the bewilderment of  
the place1 to make it veritably the     
silenzio verde of the poet4 ,and with   
the ineffable tact which marks the      
lighting of the ,fair1 this serene spot 
is left almost1 but not quite1 to the   
dim loveliness of night4 ,the glow that 
is given its full value elsewhere is    
here at its faintest4 ,the pageant ends 
in a hush that is as much of the spirit 
as of the senses4    ,,xiv4  ,music at  
the ,exposition    ,early neglect of    
music by the ,exposition management     
remedied by the appointment of ,george  
,w4 ,stewart1 of ,boston1 as            
manager--,engagements of ,camille       

,saint-,saens and the ,boston ,symphony 
,orchestra the musical events of the    
summer--,original compositions by the   
,french master--,sousa and his great    
band--,other notable bands--,lemare's   
organ concerts- ,splendid choral        
performances by famous organizations--,a
 half-million for music4    ,music      
cannot be omitted from any scheme of    
mundane celebration4 ,in an exposition  
of the character of this one1 where all 
art has been given so high a place1 this
 gift of the gods must assume an unusual
 importance4 ,it is important here1 not 
only as a means of entertainment1 but as
 a means of cultural development1 and as
 an intellectual factor in the evolution
 of the race4 ,this ,exposition         
justifies itself by its storehouses of  
knowledge4 ,its reason for existence is1
 the permanent advancement of the people
 of the world in all that art1 science1 
and industry1 can bring to its palaces  
for pleasurable study4  ,with the       
agreement that a great pipe organ was to

 be installed in ,festival ,hall1 and   
that orchestras and bands were to be    
engaged1 the early speculative musical  
labors of the directorate ended4 ,casual
 indeed was the attention paid to music 
during all of the early part of the     
pre-,exposition period4 ,material       
interests--and there were millions of   
them--cried for consideration1 while the
 still1 small voice of music was drowned
 in the clangor of construction4 ,just  
as music is the last of the arts to     
receive recognition at our universities1
 so it was neglected here until so much 
time had elapsed that only the most     
fortunate of accidents could give song  
and symphony their proper places among  
the wonders that were ultimately to find
 a home in the ,jewel ,city4            
,fortunately1 accident for once proved  
kind2 vigorous direction emerged        
fortuitously from apathy4  ,in the early
 building period1 ,president ,c4 ,c4    
,moore turned aside from his other cares
 long enough to appoint ,j4 ,b4 ,levison

 ,chief of the ,music ,department4 ,a   
better choice could hardly have been    
made4 ,for more than two decades ,mr4   
,levison1 an able amateur in music1 and 
a business man of high standing1 had    
been identified with all of ,san        
,francisco's larger efforts in its      
musical life4 ,but ,mr4 ,levison's grasp
 of the importance of such a post was   
more comprehensive than ,president      
,moore's1 for he refused the position4  
,fortunately1 however1 he had his       
attention directed to ,george ,w4       
,stewart1 of ,boston1 a former artist of
 the ,boston ,symphony ,orchestra1 a man
 technically equipped1 who had made a   
great success of the music at the ,st4  
,louis ,exposition4 ,stewart was        
engaged1 and to him is due the credit   
for the remarkable record music has     
already made at the ,panama-,pacific    
,exposition4  ,aside from the           
construction of the #ej1jjj pipe organ1 
which1 after the ,exposition1 will be   
placed permanently in the ,civic        

,auditorium1 the two most important     
musical items found on the schedule of  
,exposition enterprises are the         
engagements of ,camille ,saint-,saens   
and the ,boston ,symphony ,orchestra4   
,the former1 who maintained that        
,beethoven is the greatest1 the only    
real1 artist1 because he upheld the idea
 of universal brotherhood1 is perhaps   
better fitted than any living composer  
to write special music for the          
,exposition4 ,this he has done1--writing
 two compositions in fact2 and their    
presentation has been an outstanding    
feature4 ,hail1 ,california1 was        
dedicated to the ,exposition4 ,scored   
for an orchestra of eighty1 a military  
band of sixty1 a chorus of #cjj voices1 
pipe organ and piano1 its first         
presentation was an event4 ,the         
,saint-,saens ,symphony in ,c minor     
7,no4 #c7 ,opus #gh1 composed many years
 ago1 has become a classic during the   
life-time of its creator4 ,it was one of
 the wonders of the ,boston ,symphony   

programmes played in ,festival ,hall4   
,its yield of immediate pleasure and its
 reassurance for the works of           
,saint-,saens to be heard later1 grew   
from the fact that it was scored for    
orchestra and pipe organ1 and in this   
massive tonal web the genius of the     
composer to write in magnificent size   
was overwhelmingly evident1 thus        
forecasting the splendors of ,hail1     
,california4  ,the other work written by
 this visitor from ,paris is in oratorio
 form and titled1 appropriately1 ,the   
,promised ,land4 ,a huge choir of #djj  
voices1 directed by ,wallace ,sabin and 
named in honor of the visitor1 the      
,saint-,saens ,choir1 rendered a good   
account of the ensemble sections of the 
choral composition1 while the           
,exposition orchestra of #hj            
instrumentalists and the ,exposition    
organ added effectiveness to the        
accompaniment4 ,sabin presided at the   
organ4 ,in addition to these            
appearances1 the composer conducted     

three recitals during the latter part of
 ,june1 when all of the compositions    
offered were his work4  ,the visit of   
,dr4 ,karl ,muck with his ,boston       
,symphony ,orchestra has become a       
luminous memory4 ,the trip is utterly   
new in the history of music anywhere1   
nothing like it ever before having been 
attempted4 ,it is said that the         
transportation bills alone amounted to  
#ae1jjj1 and there were no stop-overs en
 route for concert performances to help 
in defraying this bulky first cost4 ,it 
is proper to record here the financial  
success of the venture4 ,while the      
season of twelve concerts was yet young1
 more than #dj1jjj had been taken in at 
the box office1 and the estimated       
expenses of #fj1jjj were liquidated1    
with a margin of profit4 ,this was      
enhanced by an extra concert1 the       
thirteenth4 ,tickets for the season were
 sold in ,chicago1 ,new ,york1 ,boston1 
,seattle1 ,spokane1 ,tacoma1 ,st4       
,louis1 ,portland1 ,maine1 and          

,portland1 ,oregon1 while ,san          
,francisco and the bay communities in   
general sent their thousands to the     
glorious recitals4 ,the result will be  
seen in a stimulation of music in the   
,west4  ,but the engagements of         
,saint-,saens and ,dr4 ,muck with his   
orchestra do not sum up the important   
activities of the ,exposition's music4  
,there are other features which         
challenge even these in popular         
estimation4  ,john ,philip ,sousa has   
spent a long season at the ,exposition4 
,a blunder was somewhere made in dating 
the arrival of the ,march ,king and his 
splendid instrumentalists1 who came     
while yet the ,boston ,symphonists were 
playing in ,festival ,hall4 ,as a result
 the finest of bands was placed in      
competition with the finest of          
orchestras4 ,but nothing disastrous     
happened4 ,those who desired1 to the    
number of fifteen thousand1 heard ,sousa
 at his opening concert in the ,court of
 the ,universe2 those who desired heard 

,dr4 ,muck's instrumentalists1 to the   
seating capacity of ,festival ,hall4    
,featured concerts have been and are    
being given by massed bands composed of 
,sousa's1 ,cassasa's1 ,conway's and     
other military or concert organizations4
  ,briefly1 and regardless of the       
importance of each item1 here are some  
of the attractions which make this      
,exposition vocal and harmonious3 ,edwin
 ,henry ,lemare1 of ,london1 by general 
critical agreement declared the greatest
 living organist1 is expected here early
 in ,september1 when he will begin his  
series of one hundred organ recitals1 to
 continue till the ,exposition closes in
 ,december4 ,a unique episode of the    
,exposition music must not be overlooked
 in the recital by ,madame              
,schumann-,heink1 whose graciousness    
found another expression in her concert 
given exclusively and gratuitously to   
the children4 ,more than three thousand 
of the little folk were in ,festival    
,hall when the grandest of singers sang 

for them alone4 ,the visit already      
accomplished of ,gabriel ,pares and his 
famous ,republican ,guard band of       
,paris2 the engagement already begun of 
the ,ogden ,tabernacle ,choir of #cjj   
voices2 the ,eisteddfod competitive     
concerts2 the long stay of the          
,philippine ,constabulary band under the
 leadership of ,captain ,w4 ,h4 ,loving2
 ,emil ,mollenhauer's big ,boston band2 
the concerts of the ,united ,swedish    
,singers2 the ,apollo ,music ,club's    
premised visit from ,chicago--the       
organization is coming intact with all  
of its #bej vocalists and its           
distinguished composer-conductor1       
,harrison ,m4 ,wild2 ,la ,loie ,fuller's
 spectacles1 and the engagement of forty
 noted organists to appear in ,festival 
,hall in addition to ,lemare and        
,clarence ,eddy1 are a few of the       
accomplished or promised attractions4   
,to this list must be added the daily   
concerts given gratis at different      
periods by various bands other than     

those named--the official ,exposition   
band of #de players under the seasoned  
direction of ,charles ,h4 ,cassasa2     
,thaviu's splendid band of #ej2         
,conway's military and concert band of  
#ej1 and others yet to be had in the    
world of music will be spread for their 
delecta-concerts are booked4 ,as proof  
of the worth of these1 let the          
achievements of the recent past speak4  
,we have heard the ,alameda ,county     
#aiae ,chorus of #bej voices under      
,alexander ,stewart in a majestic       
performance of ,handel's ,messiah2 the  
,exposition ,chorus under ,wallace      
,sabin in a repetition of the music sung
 as part of the opening day's           
celebration--,the ,heavens are ,telling1
 from ,haydn's ,creation1 and the       
official hymn--,a ,noble ,work--by ,mrs4
 ,h4 ,h4 ,a4 ,beach2 the ,berkeley      
,oratorio ,society under the inspiring  
direction of ,paul ,steindorff in two   
splendid concerts1 the first given to   
,rossini's ,stabat ,mater and the second

 to ,brahms' ,german ,requiem2 and the  
,pacific ,choral ,society's performance 
of ,haydn's ,creation under the         
musicianly leadership of ,warren ,b4    
,allen4 ,more music may confidently be  
looked for from these rich sources4     
,the ,exposition authorities declare    
that half a million dollars will have   
been expended on music before the end of
 the life of the great enterprise4 ,thus
 visitors to the ,exposition may come at
 any period of the ,jewel ,city's       
existence1 knowing that the best to be  
had in the world of music will be spread
 for their delectation1 and that they   
will be afforded a comprehensive view of
 the art of tone as it exists today4 ,in
 this respect the ,exposition's musical 
exhibit is similar in its scope to the  
revealments in all its other            
departments2 for the ,exposition is     
avowedly devoted to contemporaneous     
rather than historic achievements4      
,nothing that extends contemplation over
 a wider period than the last five years

 is admitted for competitive exhibition4
 ,the modern composer1 no less than the 
modern inventor1 is having his day at   
the ,exposition4 ,this is as it should  
be4 ,we are hearing1 have heard1 or will
 hear1 the last utterances of           
present-day musical creators4 ,indeed1  
in the case of one--,saint-,saens--we   
heard1 as ,i have recounted1 two massive
 compositions written expressly for the 
,panama-,pacific ,international         
,exposition1 and ,john ,philip ,sousa   
has bent his most martial mood to the   
composition of an inspiring march which 
is called ,panama4 ,but music also      
enjoys a privilege not accorded equally 
to any other department of ,exposition  
display4 ,the works of the past1 as well
 as the present1 are given4 ,a history  
of music at the ,exposition properly    
written--as one surely should be--would 
be an epitome of the evolution of the   
art from ,cherubini1 ,haydn and ,bach to
 ,richard ,strauss1 ,saint-,saens and   
,debussy4 ,it would involve in its      

telling the stories of music in ,italy1 
,germany1 ,austria1 ,england1 ,france1  
,russia1 ,scandinavia1 yes1 and         
,america1 too6 ,it would include an     
account of the genealogy of the modern  
orchestra as exemplified in the ,boston 
,symphony or the ,official ,symphony1   
and of military bands up to the         
perfected concert organizations headed  
by a ,sousa or a ,gabriel ,pares4 ,it   
would embrace with like inclusiveness   
the history of the pipe organ through   
its stages of evolution from the        
ponderous instruments with men          
straddling unwieldy bellows to the      
marvel installed in ,festival ,hall1 and
 it would embrace the history of the art
 of organ music up to such exemplars as 
our own ,clarence ,eddy1 ,john 4        
,mc,clellan1 ,edwin ,lemare1 and        
,camille ,saint-,saens4 ,what a chapter 
would be set aside for the record of    
,exposition choral music6 ,already there
 has gone abroad from the ,festival     
,hall an impetus towards better chorus  

music that will1 ,i feel sure1 firmly   
establish this somewhat neglected       
department of musical art in the far    
,west4    ,,xv4  ,inside the ,exhibit   
,palaces    ,all competitive exhibits   
strictly contemporaneous1 showing the   
arts of to-day--,revolution worked by   
the motion-picture theater in exhibition
 methods--,the lessons of ,machinery    
,palace--,coal and steam fast yielding  
to liquid fuels and waterpower and      
electricity--,life-saving devices1      
accident prevention and employees'      
welfare made prominent in ,palaces of   
,machinery and ,mines--,a contrast in   
locomotives--,building a motor car every
 ten minutes--,co-operative exhibits in 
,food-,products ,palace--,many great    
displays by the ,united ,states         
,government--,educational exhibits not  
duplicated1 each state or city showing  
its specialty4    ,in its industrial    
displays1 as well as its art1 the       
,exposition keeps steadily in view the  
fact that it commemorates a contemporary

 event2 it is contemporaneous1 not      
historical4 ,hence it was decreed from  
the first that the exhibits must be the 
products of the last decade1 a rule     
strictly observed save in rare cases    
where older forms have been admitted for
 comparison4 ,the result is two-fold4   
,the exhibits are condensed to the      
essential1 giving room for a greater    
number of exhibitors2 and the progress  
of the world is shown as of today4      
,eleven palaces house the exhibits1     
exclusive of live stock4 ,officially1   
the things shown in the state and       
foreign buildings are not exhibits1 but 
displays1 and are not eligible for      
award4 ,in general1 the names of the    
palaces indicate the classes of exhibits
 to be found in them4 ,no sharp line1   
however1 can be drawn between the       
,palaces of ,manufactures and ,varied   
,industries1 or between ,agriculture and
 ,food ,products4 ,in other cases there 
is some overlapping of classes4 ,one    
section of the ,liberal ,arts exhibit is

 in the ,palace of ,machinery4  ,a      
striking feature of almost all the      
palaces1 and one that differentiates    
this ,exposition from its great         
predecessors of a decade or more ago1 is
 the common use of the moving-picture   
machine as the fastest and most vivid   
method of displaying human activities   
and scenery4 ,everywhere it is showing  
industrial processes4 ,former           
expositions1 for want of this device1   
have been mainly exhibitions of         
products4 ,these have hitherto been     
shown in such bulk as to fill vast floor
 spaces and become a weariness to the   
flesh1 while it was impossible1 from the
 nature of things1 to exhibit the great 
primary industries of field1 forest1 sea
 and mine in actual operation4 ,the     
motion-picture machine has not only     
lessened the areas of products shown1   
thus making this ,exposition more       
compact than former ones2 but it has    
increased the effectiveness of          
exhibition methods by carrying the      

spectator1 figuratively1 into the midst 
of operations1 and showing him men at   
work in all the important processes of  
agriculture1 in the logging camps1 in   
mines and fisheries1 as well as in the  
mills and factories where the raw       
materials of these basic industries are 
worked into finished products4 ,its     
value for showing scenery1 too1 is fully
 utilized here4 ,many of the states and 
foreign countries employ it4 ,even      
faraway ,siam uses it to instruct the   
,occident concerning her resources and  
people4 ,counting those in the state and
 foreign buildings1 seventy-seven free  
moving-picture halls are to be found    
within the ,exposition4 ,their          
efficiency is indicated by the crowds   
that throng them daily4  ,the ,palace of
 ,machinery holds three lessons for the 
observer4 ,it shows not only the state  
of man's invention at the present       
moment1 the increasing displacement of  
coal by hydroelectric plants and liquid 
fuels1 but what is perhaps more         

significant1 the changing direction of  
invention toward devices for human      
betterment4 ,the ,diesel oil engine and 
multitudes of electrical machines stand 
for the latest word in mechanical       
invention4 ,the ,diesel again1 with a   
host of other internal combustion       
engines1 the electric motors and        
waterpower plants1 and the absence of   
steam machines1 bear witness to the     
downfall of steam4 ,but the great space 
given to safety devices1 to labor-saving
 machines1 to road-making machinery1 and
 to mechanical devices for increasing   
the comfort of country life1 are        
evidence of the part machinery is coming
 to play in the task of making life more
 livable4 ,as an exhibition of modern   
mechanical invention1 ,machinery ,hall  
is unique1 as all this ,exposition is   
unique4 ,there is almost nothing in it  
that is not the product of the last ten 
years2 it actually represents           
construction of the last two years4     
,indeed1 the wholly contemporary nature 

of the exhibits leaves the visitor      
without visible means of comparison4    
,as at the ,centennial ,exhibition in   
#ahgf1 a prime mover is the central     
figure in the building4 ,there it was   
the immense ,corliss steam engine4 ,here
 it is a ,diesel1 started by ,president 
,wilson by wireless on the opening day1 
and generating all the direct current   
used in the palace4 ,another commanding 
exhibit is a #bj1jjj horsepower         
hydro-electric generator1 significant of
 the modern use of water-power4 ,the    
,united ,states ,government is the      
largest exhibitor in the building1 with 
numerous fine models of warships1 docks1
 dams and submarine mines2 torpedoes1   
artillery1 armorplate and shells1 army  
equipment1 ammunition-making machinery  
in operation1 light-houses and aids to  
navigation1 and a splendid set of models
 illustrating road-making methods4      
,crowded out of its proper place in the 
,palace of ,liberal ,arts1 the exhibit  
of the printing trades occupies a       

section here1 including a huge color    
press turning out illustrated ,sunday   
supplements4  ,the ,palace of ,mines and
 ,metallurgy offers ample evidence of   
the great figure which steel now makes  
in the world1 and of the vast extent of 
the petroleum industry4 ,here1 too1 as  
in ,machinery ,hall1 accident prevention
 is emphasized4 ,from this point of view
 insurance exhibits are not out of place
 here4 ,the ,united ,states ,steel      
,corporation1 with its subsidiary       
companies1 shows in this palace the     
largest single exhibit seen in the      
,exposition1 save those of the ,united  
,states ,government4 ,noteworthy are its
 excellent models of iron and           
coal-mining plants1 coke ovens4         
furnaces1 rolling mills1 docks1 ships1  
and barges1 and an extensive section    
devoted to the welfare of employees1    
with model playgrounds4  ,many states   
and nations1 and many world-famous      
mining companies are represented by     
exhibits of ores and metals1 of mine    

models1 and mining and metallurgical    
processes in operation4 ,california     
shows a gold dredger and a hydraulic    
mine in operation4 ,the great copper    
mines of ,california1 ,montana1 ,utah1  
and ,japan1 have installed significant  
exhibits4 ,the ,united ,states          
,government operates in this palace a   
model mint1 a model post office1 and    
features a daily mine explosion1 with a 
demonstration of rescue work4  ,the     
,palace of ,transportation places its   
emphasis on automobiles and roads1      
electric locomotives and cars1 and the  
mammoth types of modern steam           
locomotives4 ,all of these exhibits     
represent construction of the last year1
 with one exception4 ,the first ,central
 ,pacific locomotive stands beside a    
,mallet ,articulated engine1--an        
enormous contrast4 ,one third of the    
floor space is filled with steam and    
electric locomotives and modern cars4   
,some are sectioned1 and operated by    
electric motors1 vividly illustrating   

the latest mechanical devices4 ,another 
third of the palace is devoted to motor 
cars4 ,the ,ford ,motor ,car ,company   
maintains a factory exhibit in which a  
continuous stream of ,fords is assembled
 and driven away1 one every ten minutes4
  ,plans for a great exhibit of         
aeroplanes were destroyed by the war4   
,the ,exposition1 however1 maintains a  
constant exhibit of the spectacular side
 of aeronautics in remarkable flights by
 famous aviators4 ,after ,lincoln       
,beachey was killed in one of these     
performances1 his place was taken by    
,arthur ,smith1 who was instantly       
crowned as a far more dazzling birdman4 
,two aeroplanes are the only            
representation in the palace4 ,steamship
 companies have erected here sections of
 their vessels4 ,railroads make         
interesting exhibits of scenery along   
their routes1 of safety devices and of  
railroad accessories4 ,the ,canadian    
,pacific1 ,grand ,trunk ,pacific1 ,great
 ,northern1 ,southern ,pacific1 ,union  

,pacific1 and ,santa ,fe systems        
maintain buildings of their own1        
exhibiting the scenery1 agriculture and 
other resources of the country through  
which they pass4  ,the ,palace of       
,varied ,industries illustrates the     
enormous complexity of modern material  
needs4 ,packed with severely selected   
manufactures1 it is made especially     
interesting by the many processes shown 
in operation4 ,cotton and woolen mills1 
linen looms1 knitting machines1 machines
 for weaving fire hose1 a shoe-making   
factory1 a broom factory1 and many      
others1 are particularly attractive     
because they are engaged in making      
familiar articles4 ,the machines in use 
demonstrate the refinements of          
present-day manufacturing processes4    
,the factories of many nations are      
represented in this palace4 ,germany    
makes here her largest exhibit1 notably 
of cutlery and pottery4  ,the ,palace of
 ,manufactures differs from the ,palace 
of ,varied ,industries as a bolt of silk

 differs from a bale of leather4 ,yet   
this general distinction between the    
finer and the coarser classes of factory
 products is not rigidly adhered to4    
,the ,palace of ,manufactures is        
distinguished by a remarkable exhibit of
 fine wares by the ,japanese1 and       
another of commercial art from ,italy4  
,fortunately this ,japanese display is  
of goods in the ancient style1          
infinitely more interesting1 though less
 significant1 than the extensive        
exhibits in other palaces of ,japanese  
wares manufactured in competition with  
,western nations4 ,most beautiful are   
the ceramics1 the lacquered ware1 and   
the silks4 ,great ,britain is an        
extensive exhibitor of cutlery1 pottery1
 and textiles4 ,manufacturing processes 
are shown in operation in this palace1  
though less than in the ,palace of      
,varied ,industries4  ,the ,palace of   
,liberal ,arts found its six acres of   
floor space insufficient4 ,the exhibits1
 forming a remarkable demonstration of  

the breadth of applied science1 embrace 
electrical means of communication1      
including wireless telegraphy and       
telephony1 musical instruments1         
chemistry1 photography1 instruments of  
precision and of surgery1 theatrical    
appliances1 engineering1 architecture1  
map-making1 typography1 printing1       
book-binding1 paper manufacture1        
scientific apparatus1 typewriters1 coins
 and medals1 and innumerable other      
articles4 ,a great space is occupied by 
talking machines demonstrated in musical
 theatres1 and by cameras4 ,the         
,american ,telegraph and ,telephone     
,company maintains transcontinental     
telephone connection between its theatre
 and ,new ,york1 and gives daily        
demonstrations4 ,the ,united ,states    
,government has installed a great       
variety of displays4 ,most striking1    
perhaps1 is the section from the        
,national ,museum1 where the most modern
 methods of exhibition are exemplified  
in cases containing human groups that   

are almost real life4 ,the great pipe   
organ in ,festival ,hall is classed as  
one of the exhibits of this palace4     
,germany1 ,japan1 ,china1 the           
,netherlands1 ,uruguay1 ,cuba1 and ,new 
,zealand are heavy exhibitors here4 ,of 
special interest is the ,german exhibit 
of radium and its allied metals4  ,the  
,palace of ,education and ,social       
,economy contains the special           
educational exhibits of this            
,exposition1 which itself1 as a whole1  
is a world-university4 ,its striking    
features are the great number of        
official exhibits by states1 cities and 
foreign nations1 and the emphasis laid  
on industrial and vocational education1 
public health1 playgrounds1 and the     
training of abnormal children4 ,an      
educational exhibit is one of the most  
difficult to make vivid and interesting 
to the general public4 ,this palace has 
succeeded by avoiding duplication4 ,to  
each state or city was assigned a       
special problem1 as far as possible the 

one to which it had contributed a       
noteworthy solution4 ,thus1             
,massachusetts shows her vocational     
methods1 while ,oregon specializes on   
rural schools as neighborhood centers4  
,among the cities1 ,st4 ,louis devotes  
most of its space to the educational    
museum1 while ,philadelphia emphasizes  
central high schools4 ,the ,united      
,states ,government supplies a branch of
 its ,children's ,bureau1 with daily    
conferences for parents4 ,among the many
 instructors who have been engaged to   
conduct classes in the palace is ,dr4   
,maria ,montessori1 who is to give a    
course of lessons based on her famous   
system4 ,the ,philippine exhibit shows  
that ,americans have developed in the   
,islands a system of practical education
 which ,american teachers should study4 
,the ,palace of ,agriculture is an      
instructive presentation of modern farm 
methods1 as well as of raw products of  
the soil4 ,it shows admirably the great 
advance in agriculture in the ,united   

,states1 giving due space to the work   
and influence of the state agricultural 
colleges4 ,particularly impressive is   
the array of farm machinery and the wide
 application to it of the gasoline      
motor4 ,after seeing it1 one wonders    
what place is left on the farm for the  
horse4 ,the fundamental nature of       
agriculture has brought more states and 
foreign countries into this palace than 
are represented in any other4 ,a        
significant representation is that of   
the ,philippines1 an exhibition of      
enormous natural resources4 ,its display
 of fine hardwoods is the finest ever   
made by any country4 ,similar exhibits  
of ,argentina and ,new ,zealand are also
 excellent4 ,forestry takes a large     
place in this palace1 the ,united       
,states ,government making a big        
forestry exhibit in addition to the     
great general display of the ,department
 of ,agriculture4  ,the ,palace of ,food
 ,products is a temple of the tin can   
and the food package4 ,it is made one of

 the most interesting of all the        
,exposition buildings by its numerous   
processes in operation4 ,a large part of
 it is really a factory1 turning out    
before the visitor's eyes the different 
familiar edibles of the magazine        
advertisements4 ,a mint of money must   
have been spent by these exhibitors4 ,a 
flour company1 for example1 has         
installed a complete mill in which flour
 is manufactured1 and then made into    
many kinds of cakes and pastries by a   
row of cooks of various nations4 ,a     
bakery in connection with this mill     
turns out #djj loaves at a baking4 ,as  
in every exposition1 visitors crowd the 
booths where edible samples are         
distributed4 ,after viewing many such   
scenes1 a local humorist dubbed this    
building the ,palace of ,nibbling ,arts4
  ,the new idea of co-operation among   
manufacturers appears in a number of    
collective exhibits4 ,california wine   
producers have united in a splendid     
display1 far more impressive than could 

be made by an individual4 ,the ,pacific 
,coast fisheries have joined in an      
elaborate exhibit of every sort of      
tinned fish4 ,the ,united ,states       
,bureau of ,fisheries maintains an      
extensive aquarium of fresh and         
salt-water fishes4 ,the ,state of       
,washington has another1 with a salmon  
hatchery in operation4 ,modern          
production of pure food is greatly      
emphasized4 ,in a building of its own1 a
 ,pacific ,coast condensed milk concern 
operates a good-sized factory1 using the
 milk of its herd of pure-bred          
,holsteins1 kept in the ,live-,stock    
section4  ,the ,palace of ,horticulture1
 with its gardens1 has been planned with
 a three-fold purpose1 to appeal with   
equal interest to the tourist1 the      
student1 and the business man4 ,its     
exhibits by states and foreign nations  
picture the gardens and orchards of the 
world4 ,its factory installations       
exhibit actual processes of preparing   
and preserving fruit and vegetable      

products4 ,under the great dome are the 
,cuban and ,hawaiian collections of     
tropical plants and flowers1 already    
described in the chapter on the ,south  
,gardens4 ,in the flanking rooms are    
displays of orchids and aquatic plants4 
,in the main hall ,luther ,burbank shows
 his creations4 ,an exhibit of fresh    
fruits in season is maintained4 ,the    
gardens outside show plants and shrubs  
from many states and countries1         
including the great exhibit of the      
,netherlands ,board of ,horticulture4   
,,xvi4  ,the ,foreign ,pavilions        
,buildings characteristic of the nations
 represented--,many adaptations of      
famous old-world structures--,younger   
countries build expressions of their    
progress--,noteworthy pavilions of      
,france1 ,holland1 and the ,scandinavian
 kingdoms--,italy's masterpiece in      
historic architecture-- ,argentina1     
,bolivia and other ,latin-,american     
republics well represented-- ,canada and
 ,australia present fine buildings and  

splendid exhibits-- ,china and ,japan   
reproduce renowned gardens1 temples and 
palaces--,rich treasures of art and     
industry shown by many countries4       
,almost all the twenty-one foreign      
pavilions at the ,exposition are        
characteristic of the architecture of   
the nations that built them4 ,some1 like
 the unique ,japanese temple or the     
beautiful ,french pavilion1 are         
reproductions of famous old-world       
buildings4 ,the three fine ,scandinavian
 pavilions reflect notable types of     
national architecture4 ,italy's         
delightful group1 which is the most     
noteworthy of all1 is for every one who 
has visited that country an epitome of  
her most interesting historic palaces1  
rich in the art of the ,renaissance4    
,the buildings of the newer countries1  
like ,canada or the ,argentine1 which   
have not yet had time to develop        
characteristic styles of their own1 are 
admirable expressions of their progress 
and prosperity4  ,argentina4--,the      

,argentine ,pavilion is really a palace4
 ,it is the work of ,sauze1 a celebrated
 architect of ,buenos ,aires1 in the    
style of the ,french ,renaissance4 7,see
 p4 #afi47 ,the ,argentino exhibits1    
with the exception of dioramas1 moving  
pictures1 and photographs1 are in the   
,exposition palaces4 ,the pavilion is   
the center for the social functions of  
the ,commission4  ,both exterior and    
interior of the building illustrate the 
amazing progress of the ,south ,american
 republic in art1 as its exhibits in the
 ,exposition palaces exemplify its      
advancement in industry and commerce4   
,the entrance opens into a noble hall1  
imposing in its simplicity4 ,in the     
clerestory the walls are decorated with 
fine murals by the brush of the         
,argentine artist1 ,colivadeno1--works  
which show that ,argentine art has the  
beauty1 freshness and vigor of the      
nation from which it springs4 ,in the   
center of the hall is an exquisite bit  
of ,sculpture4  ,on left and right the  

foyer opens into a fine reception hall  
and a graceful refreshment room4 ,in the
 rear is a theater1 where moving        
pictures of ,argentine scenes are shown 
daily4 ,in the wall of the corridor     
surrounding the theater on the first    
floor are excellent panoramas showing   
scenery and resources4 ,among these is a
 view of the famed ,iguazu ,falls1 the  
greatest and most magnificent waterfall 
on the globe4 ,in the corridor upstairs 
are other panoramas1 a series of        
photographs1 and a collection of graphic
 charts which show the commerce1        
finance1 industry1 administration1      
education and social service of the     
republic4 ,the second floor ends at the 
rear in a beautiful library4  ,the      
pavilion was built entirely of materials
 brought from ,buenos ,aires1 and       
constructed by ,argentino workmen4      
,australia4--,the ,australian ,pavilion1
 at the ,presidio entrance to the       
,exposition1 was designed by ,george ,j4
 ,oakeshott1 ,f4 ,i4 ,a4 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4 7p4

 #adh47 ,obviously it is intended to    
symbolize the industrial cohesion of the
 six ,australian ,states1 ,new ,south   
,wales1 ,victoria1 ,queensland1 ,south  
,australia1 ,west ,australia1 and       
,tasmania4 ,the facade bears below the  
cornice the titles of the states1 with  
the state banner waving from a staff    
above4 ,all are subordinated to the     
central tower1 floating the flag of the 
,commonwealth4  ,because its exhibits   
are eloquent of the resources of the    
great young country1 the ,pavilion has  
been described aptly as the shop window 
of the ,commonwealth4 ,the building is1 
in fact1 a huge sample room2 and        
although the large states only1 ,new    
,south ,wales1 ,victoria and            
,queensland1 provided the display1 each 
section is adequately representative of 
all ,australia produces4 ,tropical      
fruits and other products from the      
northeast combine with the horticultural
 and agricultural products of the       
temperate zone4 ,minerals from the rich 

fields of all the states are grouped4   
,the opals and gems from ,white ,cliffs 
and ,lightning ,ridge in ,new ,south    
,wales vie with other precious stones   
from ,queensland in forming one of the  
great attractions4 ,handsome building   
stones1 including exceptional marble1   
are side by side with samples of the    
world-famous hardwoods and the scarcely 
known but beautiful cabinet woods from  
the ,australian forest1 while the       
pastoral areas have provided wonderful  
collections of wool1 leathers1 meat and 
by-products4 ,the agricultural exhibits 
have attracted much attention1 and were 
so arranged as to show the              
productiveness of irrigated areas as    
well as of the country generally4       
,carefully prepared literature1         
distributed liberally1 has been a       
feature of the efforts of the           
,australians4 ,the commissioners have   
made it their boast that nothing has    
been exaggerated2 everything is real4   
,even art critics who visit the pavilion

 will not be disappointed1 for on the   
walls they will find many paintings of  
merit by ,australian artists1 including 
loan collections from the ,national     
,gallery of ,new ,south ,wales and the  
,victorian ,art ,society4  ,the         
,australian exhibits1 unlike those of   
most other countries1 have been grouped 
in this building1 instead of being shown
 in the various ,exposition palaces4    
,bolivia4--,bolivia has erected one of  
the most essentially national pavilions 
at the ,exposition1 an admirable        
building that expresses equally the two 
elements of its population1 the ,spanish
 and the ,indian4 ,the building is      
,spanish in its solid rectangular plan2 
its entrance is copied from the portal  
of the ,church of ,san ,lorenzo1 and its
 central patio fashioned after that of  
the old mint at ,potosi4 ,it is ,indian 
in the curious carved work of the facade
 and the monoliths flanking the         
entrance1 both being exact copies of    
ceremonial temple stones from the lake  

region of ,bolivia4 ,the building was   
designed by ,dr4 ,calderon of the       
,bolivian ,commission and ,albert ,farr 
of ,san ,francisco4  ,tropical plants   
and fruits are shown in the brick-paved 
patio4 ,the rooms in the interior       
include a moving-picture theater1 an art
 gallery and museum1 with pictures by   
,bolivian artists1 and relics of the    
civilization of the ,incas4 ,the        
national exhibits are shown in the      
,exposition palaces4  ,canada4--,the    
,canadian ,pavilion is the largest of   
the foreign buildings1 and the best     
example at the ,exposition of           
businesslike advertising by a           
government4 7p4 #adh47 ,planned by a    
permanent commission which has had      
fifteen years of exposition experience1 
the ,canadian exhibit1 down to the last 
detail1 is designed to advertise the    
country4 ,even the site1 at the junction
 of the highways leading to the         
,live-,stock ,section1 was chosen to get
 the largest number of the kind of      

visitors ,canada is most anxious to     
greet4 ,the architects were ,humphreys1 
,limited1 of ,london4  ,architecturally1
 the building is mixed classic1 finished
 in the ,exposition travertine4 ,the    
maple leaf of ,canada appears in        
medallions on the walls1 the royal arms 
of ,britain over the entrances1 and the 
,british lion on either side of the     
approaches4 ,canada's entire exhibit is 
here4 ,her commission cares nothing for 
awards1 but is concerned solely with    
attracting settlers and capital4  ,with 
this in view1 the chief feature of the  
display consists of ,canadian           
landscapes1 illustrating the            
agricultural1 lumbering1 mining1 and    
shipping interests of ,british ,north   
,america4 ,the scenes are set to produce
 a remarkable perspective4 ,the beholder
 seems to stand on rising ground1       
looking away over miles of country4 ,in 
each view the foreground is enlivened   
with real water and either living or    
moving things4 ,there is a panorama of  

the great wheat fields bordering on     
,lake ,superior4 ,trains move from grain
 elevators in the interior to the docks 
on the lake1 where model steamers ply on
 real water4 ,electricity supplies the  
power4  ,the largest scene of all is of 
,canada as it was and as it is4 ,the    
foreground represents the ,north1 when  
the ,indian and the game had it to      
themselves4 ,in the background the      
visitor looks for miles down a broad    
,canadian valley filled with wheat      
fields and pleasant farms4 ,canada's    
wild life is represented in the         
foreground by splendid stuffed          
specimens1 from the bear and the moose  
and the musk-ox to the marten and the   
muskrat1 and from the great gray honker 
to the hummingbird4 ,on the right1 in a 
forest scene1 is a beaver pond with dam 
and house1 where the real beavers splash
 in the water4 ,on the left of the      
scene1 where a cascade tumbles into it1 
is a pool of ,canadian trout1 maintained
 in the wonted chill of their native    

waters by an ice-making plant under the 
scenery4 ,canada hopes to draw wealthy  
sportsmen and vacationists1 who will    
then see for themselves the             
opportunities for investment4 ,some of  
her largest enterprises have begun thus4
  ,the ,canadian ,pavilion makes no     
provision for social functions1 but it  
is an attractive place1 where everyone  
is welcomed4 ,by common consent ,canada 
has made the most effective exhibit of  
its kind at the ,exposition4  ,central  
,america4--,guatemala1 ,honduras and    
,panama have each erected pavilions     
characteristic of ,central ,american    
architecture4 ,the ,guatemalan ,pavilion
 houses a display of the products of the
 forests1 fields1 and mines of the      
country1 with coffee as its most notable
 exhibit4 ,a native marimba band playing
 ,guatemalan airs makes complete the    
,central ,american spirit of this       
pavilion4 ,the ,pavilion of ,honduras1  
which might have been brought entire    
from ,central ,america by a genie1      

contains a display of laces1 woven hats1
 tropic ferns and flowers4              
,china4--,the ,imperial ,audience ,hall 
of the ,forbidden ,city at ,peking is   
reproduced in miniature in the three    
government buildings of the ,chinese    
compound at the ,exposition4 ,the       
central pavilion is modeled after the   
great hall where for three centuries the
 ,manchu emperors gave audiences4 ,the  
two flanking structures1 both alike1 are
 copies of the buildings where court    
officials and the delegations awaited   
the coming of the ,son of ,heaven to the
 throne room4 ,the pagoda and the tower 
at the left and right of the entrance   
are likewise copies of structures in the
 ,forbidden ,city4 ,all the buildings   
were constructed by native artisans1    
brought over from ,china for the        
purpose4 ,the flag of the ,republic     
floats from the tower1 its colors from  
top to bottom standing in order for     
,manchuria1 ,south ,china1 ,tibet1 and  
,mongolia4 ,the ancient dragon is       

absent1 banished by the spirit of ,new  
,china4  ,within the three government   
pavilions are magnificent carvings1     
vases and lacquered furniture1 old      
prints and paintings on silk4 ,the      
priceless collection of the latter1     
shown here and in the ,chinese section  
of the ,fine ,arts ,palace1 is the      
finest in the world1 the property of a  
,chinese collector4 ,its pictures are a 
complete representation of ,chinese     
painting for more than a thousand years4
 ,china is represented by exhibits in   
all the ,exposition palaces1 the most   
extensive participation by any foreign  
country4  ,cuba4--,the ,cuban ,pavilion1
 designed by ,francisco ,centurion1 is a
 good example of ,spanish-,american     
architecture4 ,it is distinguished by a 
square tower at one corner1 a wide      
portico1 roof of ,spanish tile1 and a   
central patio1 designed for receptions4 
,on the second floor is a great ballroom
 approached by a splendid stairway in   
the old ,spanish style4 ,cuba's most    

striking exhibit at the ,exposition is  
the display of tropical plants and      
flowers in the ,palace of ,horticulture4
  ,denmark4--,denmark1 like the two     
other ,scandinavian countries1 has made 
her pavilion characteristic of her own  
national architecture4 ,though not in   
any sense a reproduction1 the building  
finds its motive in ,hamlet's ,castle of
 ,kronberg at ,elsinore4 ,the architect 
has softened the grimness and bulk of   
the ancient fortress into a pleasing    
building1 that has the spirit of the    
gray land by the ,german ,ocean1 and the
 solid character of the ,danes4 ,the dim
 past appears in the great gravestones  
on the grounds1 copies of monuments on  
ancient ,danish barrows4  ,in the       
entrance is a tiled lobby1 with the     
information bureau4 ,beyond is the      
,garden ,room1 so styled because of its 
exquisite furnishings and abundance of  
cut flowers4 ,to the left is a reception
 room1 done in massive ,danish          
decoration1 with ,danish woods and      

,danish furniture4 ,a handsome cabinet  
of mahogany and hammered silver is its  
most striking piece4 ,other rooms also  
contain wonderful antique furniture4 ,an
 assembly room with a raised dais1 and  
mural decorations suggestive of ,danish 
industry and commerce1 is in the        
northeast corner4 ,the building contains
 a number of paintings by ,danish       
masters that are of great interest and  
value4  ,funds for this pavilion were   
contributed by ,danish residents of     
,california4 ,the ,danish ,government   
supplied the furnishings4 ,no commercial
 displays are in the building4          
,france4--,the ,pavilion of ,france is a
 replica of the eighteenth-century home 
of the ,prince de ,salm1 at ,paris1 now 
and for more than a century the ,palace 
of the ,legion of ,honor4 7p4 #aeg47    
,the original building1 in the soberer  
mode of the ,french ,renaissance1 was of
 ,caen stone1 the effect of which has   
been reproduced in the present          
construction4 ,the erection of this     

pavilion marks a record in work of such 
magnitude4 ,on the outbreak of the war1 
all thought of participating in the     
,exposition was dropped2 but later the  
,american ambassador1 ,mr4 ,herrick1    
succeeded in persuading the ,french     
,government to reconsider its decision4 
,the plans were cabled from ,paris1 at a
 cost of #aj1jjj1 and the structure was 
completed in sixty days4  ,more notable 
than the building itself1 or its        
priceless contents1 is the fact that    
these are here4 ,that1 in the midst of  
war and its demands1 ,france should     
still find time for the ideal1 and for  
this beautiful tribute to the           
long-standing friendship between the two
 countries1 is a demonstration of       
,french spirit and of ,french culture   
that will not escape the attention of   
any thoughtful ,american4 ,for ,france  
herself1 as it has well been said1 her  
appearance here means as much as a      
victory on the battlefield4  ,the       
,french ,pavilion is a dignified and    

impressive structure1 as those who      
recall the ,legion of ,honor ,palace in 
,paris will understand4 ,the entrance to
 the court is a triumphal arch flanked  
by double rows of ,ionic columns on     
either side1 with figures of ,fame as   
spandrels4 ,the arch is connected by    
lateral peristyles with the wings of the
 pavilion1 the attics of which are      
adorned with has reliefs4 ,ionic        
colonnades extend along the sides of the
 court to the principal front of the    
building1 which is decorated with six   
,corinthian columns1 forming a portico  
for the main entrance4 ,the portal opens
 on a stage1 above which a great central
 hall1 flanked by lesser halls1 extends 
back through the palace4  ,but the glory
 of the building is in its exhibits4    
,france poured out the treasures of the 
,louvre1 the ,luxembourg and the        
,national ,museum to adorn this         
pavilion4 ,fine as is the exhibit in the
 ,french section of the ,palace of ,fine
 ,arts1 the best pictures and           

,sculptures are shown here4 ,in the     
,court of ,honor stands the masterpiece 
of the master sculptor of modern times1 
,the ,thinker1 by ,auguste ,rodin4 7p4  
#aeh47 ,in the galleries are his ,john  
the ,baptist and other important        
bronzes4 ,vast1 unique and of the       
greatest interest is ,theodore          
,riviere's wonderful group in bronze    
representing a triumphant band of desert
 soldiers dragging captive the ,moroccan
 pretender1 secured in an iron cage4    
,there1 too1 are splendid paintings by  
,monet1 ,meissonier1 ,detaille1 de      
,neuvilie1 and many other ,french       
artists approved by time4 ,magnificent  
old tapestries adorn the walls of the   
great hall1 with modern hangings on the 
entrance stage4 ,two shrines hold relics
 of ,lafayette and ,rochambeau1 sent by 
their descendants2 and busts of         
,washington and ,franklin stand on      
either side of the heroic figure of     
,france at the entrance4  ,french       
manufacturers have sent here those      

commercial articles which ,french taste 
elevates almost to the standards of     
,art4 ,exquisite products of the        
jeweler1 the perfumer1 the milliner and 
the costumer1 with fine fabrics that    
make ,france famous1 are shown in the   
wings beside the ,court of ,honor4 ,but 
the greater part of the ,french         
industrial exhibits are in the          
,exposition palaces4  ,belgium also     
finds her place in the ,french pavilion1
 with an exhibit of great interest1     
including many admirable modern         
paintings1 fine panoramas of ,antwerp1  
,ghent and ,bruges1 and a collection of 
rare old laces that will delight the    
heart of every woman4  ,greece4--,the   
,greek ,pavilion represents the latest  
addition of a foreign nation to the     
,exposition family4 ,the building was   
begun by the ,kali ,syndikat1 a ,german 
corporation1 forced by the war to       
abandon its undertaking4 ,in ,april1    
#aiae1 the ,greek government bought the 
building and finished it in classic     

style4 ,its exhibits include two hundred
 and fifty replicas of the most famous  
of ancient ,grecian ,sculptures4        
,italy4--,though other countries have   
built pavilions characteristic of their 
soil and people1 or have lavished their 
money on splendid examples of exposition
 architecture1 it has remained for      
,italy to present in a single group a   
summary of the best that art has        
produced in a national history of two   
thousand years4 7p4 #aei47 ,the ,italian
 ,pavilion does not attempt to reproduce
 any one architectural masterpiece4 ,it 
echoes many4 ,therein is the triumph of 
the architect4 ,without copying1        
,piacentini has suggested in this       
building much that is famous in the     
architecture of ,florence1 ,venice1 and 
,rome4 ,it is itself a masterpiece4     
,the ,italian ,pavilion is an irregular 
group of seven structures1 all connected
 by arcades except the last building to 
the east1 a moving-picture hall4 ,the   
main entrance is at the west1 where a   

broad low flight of steps leads up to a 
plaza between two tall buildings        
irregularly placed4 ,that on the right1 
in ,fifteenth ,century style1 contains  
the offices of the ,commission4 ,the    
hall on the left1 reminiscent of the    
,bargello1 is devoted to a splendid     
collection of antique ,roman1 ,grecian1 
and ,italian art1 shown by ,signor      
,canessa4 ,on either side of the        
entrance is a ,roman ,discus ,thrower in
 bronze4 ,the ,bargello hall is         
connected by an arcade with a square    
,etruscan tower1 which in turn is       
similarly joined with other buildings   
that close the plaza on the east4 ,in   
the rectangle between the two parallel  
buildings on the east1 is a beautiful   
peristyled ,venetian court1 adorned with
 bronzes and marbles copied from        
originals in the ,museum of ,naples4 ,in
 the center is a reproduction in stone  
and bronze of the well of the ,palace of
 ,campo ,san ,giovanni e ,paolo at      
,venice4  ,of the two parallel buildings

 on either side of this court1 the      
southern one is a ,florentine structure 
containing a single hall devoted to     
purely governmental exhibits4 ,the      
,tribuna between the two is the         
sanctuary of the pavilion1 containing   
the portraits of ,king ,victor ,emmanuel
 and ,queen ,margherita1 and portraits  
and relics of the great of ,italy1      
explorers from ,columbus to the ,duke of
 the ,abruzzi1 scientists like ,galileo1
 ,galvani1 ,volta and ,marconi1         
statesmen like ,mazzini1 and soldiers   
like ,garibaldi4 ,the other principal   
hall contains a series of rooms         
representing the cities of ,italy during
 the ,renaissance4 ,first from the east 
is a reproduction of the ,fifteenth     
,century library of the sacristy of the 
,church of ,santa ,maria alle ,grazie at
 ,milan1 a chamber of beautiful armoires
 of carved wood1 with panels painted    
with sacred pictures in colors4 ,next is
 a ,neapolitan room1 filled with        
reproductions in bronze and silver and  

marble of the ,pompeiian treasures of   
the ,museums of ,naples and ,rome4 ,then
 comes the ,florentine ,room1 furnished 
in ,fifteenth ,century style with carved
 and inlaid wood1 and adorned with      
copies of the best bronzes and marbles  
of the great mediaeval city4 ,there is  
also a dining room in ,fourteenth       
,century ,florentine style1 and then    
comes1 at the western end1 the ,royal   
,salon1 a magnificent hall with ceilings
 in blue and gold1 and murals by        
,pieretto and ,bruno ,ferrari4  ,all the
 art works of the mediaeval rooms are   
copies of originals1 but in the         
,bargello ,hall1 ,signor ,canessa1 who  
was ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan's ,european agent1  
shows his collection of veritable       
,italian and ancient art4 ,here are many
 things familiar through books1         
,michelangelo's bust of the ,virgin2 a  
cabinet full of reliquaries and profane 
vessels in crystal1 gold and enamel done
 by ,beuvenuto ,cellini2 the bronze     
,bacchante with silver eyes which was   

dug up in the gardens of the ,persian   
embassy at ,stamboul1 and which dates   
from the ,third ,century ,b4 ,c42 the   
famous portrait bust in rock-crystal of 
an ,egyptian king of the ,eighteenth    
,dynasty2 madonnas and saints by        
,fifteenth ,century painters2 a complete
 garden set1 fountain1 statues and all1 
from a ,pompeiian villa2 ,greek bronze  
and silver vessels and statuettes2      
,bernini's bust of the ,cardinal de     
,medici2 ,fifteenth ,century tapestries1
 and so many other objects of mediaeval 
and ancient art that a special catalogue
 has been prepared to describe them4    
,italy's modern painting and ,sculpture 
are well represented in the ,palace of  
,fine ,arts1 and her industrial and     
commercial exhibits are in the other    
palaces4  ,japan4--,japan has chosen her
 temple and palace gardens as the types 
to represent her at the ,exposition4 7p4
 #afi47 ,she dug up the ,mikado's       
private garden at the end of the sacred 
,red ,bridge in ,nikko1 trees1 shrine1  

rocks1 greensward and soil1 and set it  
down again on the ,exposition grounds4  
,so doing1 she has shown the ,western   
world a lesson in the beauty of         
simplicity4 ,the central building in    
this charming garden is a copy1         
enlarged1 of the ,golden ,pavilion of   
the ,roku-on-ji ,temple in the city of  
,nara4 ,it is of plain wood and lacquer1
 with interior walls and ceiling        
entirely covered with gold leaf4 ,the   
office building joined to the temple was
 suggested by the shrine of the ancient 
castle of ,fushimi4 ,the exhibit        
building north of this temple houses a  
complete and remarkably beautiful       
fac-simile of the famous temple at      
,nikko1 one of the finest in ,japan4    
,the ,mikado's private collection of    
,japanese art1 never before opened to   
the public1 even in ,japan1 is placed in
 the ,japanese section of the ,fine     
,arts ,palace4 ,the paintings1 scrolls1 
porcelain1 satsuma ware1 ,sculptures and
 metal work shown in this very          

noteworthy exhibit were collected by the
 late ,emperor ,mutsuhito4  ,one of the 
tea houses is an exhibit of the ,central
 ,tea ,traders' ,association1 the other 
one by the ,formosan ,government4 ,the  
striking features of the gardens1 beside
 the stream and the lakelet1 are the    
dwarfed conifers1 priceless trees4 ,two 
of them are the products of ten         
centuries of systematic pinching back4  
,with them are three sago palms1 five   
hundred years old4 ,scattered throughout
 the gardens are stone lanterns4 ,every 
plant1 every bit of turf1 every stone in
 the bed of the stream even1 came from  
,nippon4  ,japan is one of the largest  
exhibitors in the ,exposition4 ,her     
displays1 shown in every palace except  
,machinery1 are an amazing demonstration
 of the degree to which she has entered 
the trade of the world4  ,the           
,netherlands4--,in its domed pavilion1  
gay with many bannered staffs1 the      
,netherlands has achieved one of the    
most striking buildings in the foreign  

section4 7p4 #aeg47 ,its architecture is
 not representative of the traditional  
,dutch style but fulfills the modern    
ideas of the present-day school of      
builders in ,holland4 ,most prominent is
 the clock tower1 where a bell rings the
 hours4  ,within1 the pavilion presents 
,holland as one of the great colonial   
nations4 ,roughly1 it has three         
divisions1 devoted to the mother        
country1 the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 and  
the ,dutch ,west ,indies1 in each of    
which industry and commerce is pictured 
in dioramas and exemplified by displays 
of products4 ,dutch girls in national   
costume serve visitors in the           
refreshment room4  ,holland's most      
noteworthy exhibits are those made by   
the ,board of ,horticulture of the      
,netherlands in the gardens of the      
,palace of ,horticulture1 and her       
pictures in the ,palace of ,fine ,arts4 
,holland sent to ,san ,francisco ten    
carloads of rhododendrons1 conifers1 and
 bulbs4 ,to install them she sent       

,mynheer ,arie ,van ,vliet1 the         
landscape engineer of the ,peace ,palace
 at ,the ,hague4 ,her industrial        
exhibits are in the ,exposition palaces4
  ,new ,zealand4--,the ,new ,zealand    
,pavilion is of mixed ,french and       
,italian styles4 ,it was designed by    
,lewis ,p4 ,hobart of ,san ,francisco1  
in collaboration with ,commissioner     
,edmund ,clifton4 ,while it contains a  
representative display of the chief     
products of the youngest of the         
,dominions1 the main exhibits are in the
 ,palaces of ,mines1 ,agriculture1 and  
,food ,products4  ,norway4--,norway1    
like ,sweden and ,denmark1 has succeeded
 admirably in reproducing its national  
spirit in its pavilion4 ,the building is
 a long story-and-a-half structure1 in  
the ancient ,norse style1 dominated by a
 beautiful tower on which is emblazoned 
the ,norwegian coat-of-arms4 ,the lower 
floor contains three large dioramas of  
characteristic ,norwegian scenery1 and  
an exhibit hall wherein are shown       

products of the industries of ,norway1  
especially her great maritime           
activities4 ,as in the case of the other
 two ,scandinavian countries1 the sons  
of ,norway in ,california built the     
pavilion1 while the ,norse ,government  
provided the exhibits4  ,portugal4--,a  
sign of the glorious past1 when ,henry  
the ,navigator made his country a great 
sea power with colonies around the      
globe1 appears in the knotted cable that
 binds ,portugal's ,pavilion4 ,the      
fantastic architecture of this little   
palace is also historically significant1
 for it was adapted from that of the    
,cathedral of ,jeronymos1 the ,convents 
of ,thomar and ,batalha1 and the ,tower 
of ,belem1 built in celebration of      
,portugal's golden age of discovery4    
,the style is known as the ,manuelino4  
,antonio do ,couto of ,lisbon was the   
architect1 assisted by the sculptor1    
,mota ,sobrinho4 ,the building has a    
local significance in ,california1 where
 thousands of ,portuguese have settled4 

,in the pavilion is a display of laces1 
inlaid articles and wickerwork1 exhibits
 which are repeated in greater variety  
and with other products in the          
,exposition palaces4 ,the walls are     
beautified with a series of very        
remarkable photographs of famous        
,portuguese cathedrals4  ,siam4--,the   
,siamese ,pavilion is a perfect example 
of the architecture of the ,far ,east4  
,it reproduces a pavilion on the palace 
grounds at ,bangkok4 ,it was first built
 there by native workmen1 taken apart in
 sections and shipped to ,san ,francisco
 to be set up on the ,exposition        
grounds4 ,teak1 sandal-wood and other   
rare ,asiatic timbers are used in its   
construction4 ,hammered metal work1     
carved ivory1 and tapestries form its   
interior decorations2 but1 in striking  
contrast to its ancient art and spirit1 
the building is a moving-picture palace 
where ,siam's life and industry is      
shown4  ,sweden4--,sweden has delighted 
everybody with her pavilion1 a building 

finely representative of the people who 
built it1 and with her industrial       
exhibit as well4 7p4 #afj47 ,the        
pavilion combines the best in ,swedish  
ecclesiastical and domestic             
architecture1 the church tower and the  
gabled hall near the center1            
dwelling-house types at the ends4 ,it   
was designed by ,ferdinand ,boberg1 a   
noted leader in ,swedish art4  ,the     
building is almost entirely filled with 
exhibits of ,swedish industry1 a        
presentation as good in its way as      
,canada's splendid picture of her great1
 hardly touched resources4 ,the ,swedish
 steel works have sent numerous models  
of locomotives1 steamships1 and         
machinery1 and full-sized samples of    
smaller products4 ,the government has   
furnished models of docks and bridges1  
of buildings and other engineering      
works4 ,the familiar ,swedish matches   
are here in pyramids4 ,there are rooms  
furnished by ,swedish artisans in birch 
and oak1 with chandeliers of hammered   

iron1 carpets from ,swedish looms1 and  
fine ceramics from the ,swedish         
potteries4 ,other exhibits are in the   
,exposition palaces4 ,in art1 the       
,swedish collection in the ,palace of   
,fine ,arts is perhaps the most         
distinctive display made by a foreign   
nation4  ,sweden's part in the          
,exposition was made possible by the    
,swedish citizens of ,california1 who   
gave the funds for the pavilion1 while  
the home government provided for the    
installation of the exhibits4           
,turkey4--,the ,turkish ,pavilion       
supplies the one touch of ,islam in the 
foreign section4 ,the ,ottoman building 
is a copy of the palace of ,sultan      
,ahmed ,i at ,stamboul1 the summer home 
of the present ,sultan4 ,within the     
pavilion is a ballroom1 cafe1 and       
lounging rooms4 ,but the interest of the
 building1 and of the little mosque     
behind it1 as examples of ,turkish      
architecture1 is entirely overshadowed  
by the wonderful collection of rare     

rugs1 beautiful brasses and carvings1   
and rich inlaid and jeweled ornaments1  
all part of the ,sultan's treasures1 and
 valued at #a1ejj1jjj4    ,,xvii4  ,the 
,state ,buildings    ,a section full of 
historical and architectural            
interest--,many notable buildings simply
 furnish ,state headquarters1 others    
contain important                       
exhibits--,california's great ,mission  
structure--,the remarkable display of   
her counties--,new ,york's stately      
palace--,oregon's timbered              
,parthenon--,interesting chapters in    
,american history told by the houses of 
,massachusetts1 ,virginia1              
,pennsylvania1 ,maryland and ,new       
,jersey--,fine buildings of the ,western
 ,states--,attractive pavilions of the  
,philippines and ,hawaii4    ,the state 
buildings at the ,exposition fall       
naturally into three groups3 those that 
reproduce or suggest historical         
structures1 those characteristic in some
 way of their builders1 and those that  

express the importance of their states  
by dignified architecture and           
significant exhibits4 ,the richer the   
history of the state1 the more likely   
its building is to reflect its past4    
,several states which possess famous    
historical buildings1 such as ,mount    
,vernon or ,independence ,hall1 have    
either copied them or used their motives
 in the ,exposition structures4         
,twenty-seven states1 the ,territory of 
,hawaii1 and the ,philippine ,islands1  
are represented by twenty-eight         
buildings4  ,the ,california ,building1 
,thomas ,h4 ,burditt of ,san ,francisco1
 architect1 by far the largest state    
building ever erected at any exposition1
 is an exceedingly happy treatment of   
the ,mission style4 7,see p4 #agi47 ,its
 commanding tower is better than        
anything ever done by the padres in     
,california4 ,from its facade1 ,fray    
,junipero ,serra looks out over a       
charming garden1 which1 more than       
anything else1 invests this building    

with the real spirit of ,california4 ,it
 is a reproduction1 even to the         
fountain1 the pepper trees1 and the old 
fashioned flowers1 of the private garden
 of the ,santa ,barbara ,mission1 a spot
 where no woman treads4 ,from this      
garden1 enclosed by walls of clipped    
,monterey cypress1 one looks at the     
tower and is at once translated to      
,southern ,california4  ,this building  
covers five acres1 and is worthy to be  
ranked with the ,exposition palaces4    
,under the tower is a fine vaulted loge 
and a reception room1 both opening into 
a splendid balconied ballroom behind1   
all finished in the ,exposition         
travertine4 ,the walls of the reception 
room are hung with magnificent          
tapestries1 loaned by ,mrs4 ,phoebe ,a4 
,hearst4 ,the west wing contains the    
administrative offices of the           
,exposition and the ,woman's ,board1 and
 the directors' club rooms4 ,the large  
eastern wing is entirely filled with the
 displays of the fifty-eight ,california

 counties4 7p4 #ahb47 ,these together   
form one of the most noteworthy exhibits
 in the entire ,exposition4 ,they       
demonstrate the fact that a multitude of
 other resources besides her gold       
entitle ,california to be called the    
,golden ,state4  ,the ,oregon ,building1
 ,foulkes and ,hogue of ,portland1      
architects1 imitates1 though it does not
 reproduce1 the ,parthenon of the       
,athenian ,acropolis4 7p4 #aia47 ,doric 
marble is replaced by the natural       
columns of the great trees of ,oregon1  
and the frieze of ,phidias1 by the      
fretwork of the bark of pine and fir4   
,there are forty-eight of the great     
columns1 the same number as in the outer
 colonnade of the ,parthenon1 and1      
coincidentally1 one for each ,state of  
the ,union4 ,they were cut from among   
the largest of trees4 ,the ,douglas fir1
 next to the redwood and the sequoia the
 most massive of living things1         
furnished most of them4 ,but the largest
 happen to be the two giant incense     

cedars1 which stand on either side of   
the main entrance4 ,these are eight feet
 and ten inches in diameter4 ,then there
 are two columns on the south side1 both
 cut from a spruce that was four feet   
seven inches through at #aja feet above 
the ground4  ,in exterior proportions   
the building reproduces the ,parthenon1 
but the ,parthenon had a double row of  
columns around its porch1 the ,oregon   
temple has but a single row4 ,in size it
 is considerably larger than the        
,partheon4 ,the great flagpole is a     
single stick of ,douglas fir1 #bea feet 
long1 set in a #bjj-ton block of        
concrete4 ,the building contains an     
excellent exhibit of ,oregon's          
resources4  ,the ,washington ,building1 
,a4 ,f4 ,heide of ,san ,francisco1      
architect1 is a striking example of the 
,french ,renaissance4 7p4 #aia47 ,unlike
 most of the state buildings1 it is used
 largely for the exhibition of home     
products4 ,its motion pictures1 its     
group of wild life1 and its displays of 

agriculture1 mining1 forestry and       
fisheries1 are all designed to advertise
 the remarkable scenery and resources of
 the ,evergreen ,state4 ,washington is  
an important exhibitor in the ,palaces  
of ,horticulture1 ,agriculture1 ,food   
,products1 ,mines and ,education4  ,the 
,new ,york ,state ,building is1 next to 
that of ,california1 the largest        
structure erected by any state4 7p4     
#agj47 ,it is in every way a dignified  
and noteworthy example of the best      
modern civic architecture4 ,charles ,b4 
,meyers1 of ,new ,york ,city1 was the   
architect4 ,the building is finished in 
plastic travertine4 ,a magnificent      
entrance opens upon a wide central      
corridor4 ,an assembly room1 intended   
for the use of ,new ,york organizations1
 and a restaurant1 pierce the second    
story4 ,the other rooms on the first    
floor are devoted to the reception and  
convenience of ,new ,york visitors4 ,on 
the other floors are the offices and    
apartments of the ,commission1 with a   

special suite for the ,governor of the  
,state4 ,new ,york's official exhibits  
are in the several exhibit palaces4     
,the ,new ,york ,city ,building1        
,bertram ,g4 ,goodhue1 of ,new ,york1   
architect1 is the only municipal        
building at the ,exposition4 ,it is a   
simple classic structure1 housing an    
extensive display intended to           
demonstrate and promote municipal       
efficiency4 ,its exhibits1 maps1 models1
 photographs and charts1--admirably     
illustrate all sides of city government4
  ,the ,massachusetts ,building1 planned
 by ,wells and ,dana1 of ,boston1 is a  
fac-simile reproduction of the ,bulfinch
 front of the ,massachusetts ,state     
,house on a scale of two-thirds4 7p4    
#aha47 ,within1 as well as without1 it  
is of commanding interest to every      
,american4 ,its rooms are furnished with
 veritable colonial furniture4 ,the club
 room to the right of the entrance hall 
is done in ,jacobean style1 the         
reception room opposite shows fine      

copies of ,chippendale1 ,sheraton1      
,hepplewhite and ,adams originals1 and  
is hung with a long series of historic  
portraits1 lent by ,massachusetts       
families and the ,state ,historical     
,society4 ,on the second floor is a room
 filled with genuine old furniture by   
the most famous makers1 fine colonial   
mirrors1 and a ,willard clock4 ,the     
,governor's suite and the               
,commissioners' rooms are furnished with
 exquisite copies of colonial models4   
,the ,pennsylvania ,building1 ,henry    
,hornbostel1 of ,pittsburgh1 architect4 
,this interesting structure is          
reminiscent of ,independence ,hall1     
,philadelphia1 though it is not a       
reproduction of the ,cradle of ,liberty4
 7p4 #aha47 ,its plan was dictated by   
the necessity of a fireproof structure  
in which to house the ,liberty ,bell at 
the ,exposition4 ,consequently1 it is   
the solidest and most enduring of the   
state buildings4 ,besides the ,bell1    
which is placed in the loggia1 its most 

striking feature is the two fine mural  
paintings under the attic1 from the     
brush of ,edward ,trumbull1 of          
,pittsburgh1 one representing ,penn's   
,treaty with the ,indians1 and the other
 ,pittsburgh ,industries4  ,the ,new    
,jersey ,building1 ,hugh ,roberts1 of   
,jersey ,city1 architect1 like those of 
,pennsylvania and ,virginia1 tells of   
the days of the ,revolution4 ,it is a   
copy of the old ,trenton barracks1      
erected in #ageh1 and used alternately  
by ,british and ,colonial troops during 
the ,revolution4 ,within1 its simple and
 comfortable appointments make it one of
 the most popular of the state          
buildings4 ,a large lounge with blazing 
fireplaces1 and furnished in white reed1
 occupies the entire central section4   
,in the east wing are the offices and   
rooms of the ,commission4 ,the west wing
 contains the lobby and a reception room
 in which hang two large marines painted
 by ,n4 ,hagerup1 of ,san ,francisco4   
,as the building is to be ,president    

,wilson's headquarters if he comes to   
the ,exposition1 a splendid suite1      
corresponding with the rooms occupied by
 ,general ,washington1 has been         
furnished and reserved for him4  ,the   
,maryland ,building1 designed by        
,thomas1 ,parker and ,rice1 of          
,baltimore1 presents a fascinating study
 of colonial architecture in its        
reproduction of ,homewood1 built by     
,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton in     
#ahjb4 ,the present aspect of ,homewood 
has been imitated in appearance of age  
given to the brickwork and the          
timbering4 ,the contents of the building
 are no less delightful1 historically1  
than the structure itself4 ,the         
,colonial ,dames of ,america have       
enriched the walls with original        
portraits of colonial celebrities1 old  
prints1 original grants by the          
,baltimores1 and many historical        
documents and relics4 ,colonial         
furniture adorns the rooms4 ,few of the 
state buildings will so well repay a    

visit4  ,the ,virginia ,building1       
,charles ,k4 ,bryant1 of ,richmond1     
architect1 is as significant            
historically as any on the grounds4 ,it 
is a complete reproduction of ,george   
,washington's home at ,mount ,vernon1   
down to the spinning room1 the detached 
kitchen and the servants' quarters1 and 
furnished in part with ,washington's own
 furniture loaned by ,miss ,nannie      
,randolph ,heth1 of ,virginia1 the      
official hostess of the building4 ,there
 is ,washington's chair1 ,mrs4          
,washington's work box1 ,nellie ,custis'
 music stand1 and many other relics of  
the ,father of his ,country4 ,the       
remaining furniture1 also loaned by     
,miss ,heth1 consists of antique        
specimens brought over from ,england in 
colonial days4  ,the ,west ,virginia    
,building1 designed by ,h4 ,rus ,warne1 
of ,charleston1 ,w4 ,va41 while not     
copying any individual structure1       
suggests well-known colonial types4 ,its
 veranda1 in particular1 is like that of

 the home of the ,lees at ,arlington4   
,the chief room is the long reception   
hall1 where logs always burn in a huge  
fireplace1 typifying the warmth of ,west
 ,virginian hospitality4  ,the          
,mississippi ,building1 ,overstreet and 
,spencer1 of ,jackson1 architects1 was  
designed to suggest the old-style       
,southern mansions4 ,some of its        
motives1 especially the pillared        
portico1 were taken from the old capitol
 building at ,jackson4 ,the displays    
contained in it are chiefly             
agricultural4 ,mississippi is also      
represented in the ,exposition palaces4 
,the ,ohio ,building1 designed by       
,albert ,pretzinger1 of ,dayton1 is a   
copy1 on a smaller scale1 of the classic
 ,state ,house at ,columbus4 ,containing
 no exhibits except the relics shown by 
the ,state ,historical ,society1 the    
building serves the social side of      
,ohio's participation in the            
,exposition4 ,its upper floor is        
entirely occupied by suites for the     

,governor and the ,commissioners4  ,the 
,indiana ,building1 designed by ,j4 ,f4 
,johnson1 of ,indianapolis1 represents a
 type of modern ,hoosier dwellings4 ,it 
is of permanent construction1 of        
sandstone and brick with a tiled roof1  
and unique in the fact that all of the  
materials used and all the furnishings  
are ,indiana products4 ,state pride     
appears again in the library of #ae1jjj 
volumes1 confined entirely to the works 
of ,indiana authors and books about     
,indiana4 ,in addition to the building1 
which is wholly an exhibit1 ,indiana is 
well represented in the ,exposition     
palaces4  ,the ,illinois ,building1     
designed by ,state ,architect ,james ,di
 ,belka1 of ,chicago1 is perhaps the    
best exhibit of the ,state at the       
,exposition4 7p4 #ahj47 ,it is a        
dignified three-story structure of the  
,italian ,renaissance4 ,the ,sculptured 
tablets of the facades represent the    
history and progress of ,illinois4 ,the 
exhibits within are of unusual interest4

 ,the ,lincoln ,memorial ,room1 made    
possible by ,mrs4 ,jessie ,palmer       
,weber1 contains a great collection of  
photographs1 letters and relics of      
,lincoln1 and many articles connected   
with his life4 ,the valuable series of  
films prepared by the ,chicago ,city    
,planning ,commission is shown in the   
moving-picture hall4 ,this building     
contains a fine pipe organ on which     
frequent recitals are given4  ,the      
,wisconsin ,building1 designed by ,r4   
,a4 ,messmer  ,co41 ,milwaukee1 in the  
colonial style with wide porticoes1     
contains one of the ,state's best       
exhibits in its interior finish of fine 
,wisconsin hardwoods4 ,the floors are   
all of maple and the paneled wall of    
birch4 ,old ,abe1 the famous ,wisconsin 
war eagle1 stands above the main        
entrance4 ,over the fireplace in the    
reception room is a panel in relief1    
,the ,progress of ,wisconsin4 ,the      
building is used a headquarters for     
,wisconsin visitors4  ,the ,iowa        

,building1 ,clinton ,p4 ,shockley1 of   
,waterloo1 ,,ia41 architect1 is a       
classic structure1 finished1 like most  
of the state buildings1 in the          
,exposition travertine4 ,it does credit 
to the public spirit of ,iowa business  
men1 who1 in default of a legislative   
appropriation1 supplied the funds4  ,the
 ,missouri ,building1 designed by ,h4   
,h4 ,hohenchild1 of ,st4 ,louis1 is a   
structure of real distinction in the    
,georgian style4 7p4 #ahj47 ,it copies  
no ,missouri building1 and is historical
 only in its pleasant combination of    
architectural features much used in     
early days4 ,the building is of         
permanent construction and after the    
,exposition closes is to be turned over 
to the ,government as a club house for  
the army1--this as a compliment to      
,major-,general ,arthur ,murray1 who1   
like so many other eminent ,americans1  
hails from ,pike ,county4 ,the ,missouri
 ,home1 as it is called1 is used as a   
gathering place for visiting            

,missourians1 and for the strong        
,missouri ,society of ,california4  ,the
 ,kansas ,building1 ,charles ,chandler1 
of ,topeka1 architect1 is a pavilion in 
the style of the ,italian ,renaissance4 
,it is a club house1 devoted solely to  
the comfort and entertainment of        
visitors4 ,strong exhibits are made by  
the state in the palaces of             
,agriculture1 ,horticulture1 ,food      
,products1 ,education1 and in the       
,live-,stock ,section4  ,the            
,arkansas-,oklahoma ,building1 designed 
by ,george ,r4 ,mann1 of ,little ,rock1 
was built and furnished by private      
subscriptions by citizens of the two    
states4 ,it is a roomy bungalow designed
 for the convenience of visitors from   
,arkansas and ,oklahoma1 and exhibits   
some of their products4  ,the ,texas    
,building1 ,page and ,brothers1 ,austin1
 architects1 is a pleasing example of   
,mexican architecture as distinguished  
from the ,california ,mission style4 ,it
 suggests the ,alamo1 and bears the     

,lone ,star pierced through its raised  
cornice4 ,within is a patio1 reached by 
broad entrances from the verandas at    
front and rear4 ,a motion-picture hall1 
a ballroom1 offices and rest rooms      
occupy the greater part of the building4
 ,the state exhibits are in the         
,exposition palaces4  ,the ,north       
,dakota ,building1 ,joseph ,b4 ,de      
,remer1 formerly of ,grand ,forks1 now  
of ,los ,angeles1 architect1 owes its   
unique ground-plan to a three-cornered  
lot4 ,that it is a pleasing structure is
 witnessed by several dwelling houses   
now being built in ,california after its
 plans4 ,the building is ,french in     
style1 treated in a simple manner4 ,it  
contains interesting exhibits of the    
products of the ,northern ,state1       
including a noteworthy display of       
pottery made at the ,university of      
,north ,dakota1 an institution which    
devotes much of its effort to promoting 
state industries4  ,the ,montana        
,building1 ,carl ,nuese1 ,san           

,francisco1 architect1 is one of the    
group of classic structures finished in 
plastic travertine4 ,the only display   
made in the building1 which serves as a 
social center for visitors from         
,montana1 is a school exhibit4 ,the     
,state is1 however1 largely represented 
in the ,palaces of ,mines1 ,agriculture 
and ,horticulture4  ,the ,idaho         
,building1 ,wayland and ,fennell1 of    
,boise1 architects1 was the first state 
structure completed at the ,exposition4 
,it is built in the manner of the       
,italian ,renaissance and looks out over
 the bay4 ,like most buildings of the   
,western states1 it is equipped with a  
moving-picture theatre1 as well as rooms
 for visitors4 ,idaho's exhibits are    
chiefly in the ,exposition palaces4     
,the ,nevada ,building1 designed by ,f4 
,j4 ,de ,longchamps1 of ,carson1 is     
another structure in the style of the   
,french ,renaissance4 ,it is the        
headquarters of the ,nevada ,society of 
,california and of visitors from the    

,sagebrush ,state4 ,nevada has important
 exhibits in several palaces4  ,the     
,utah ,building1 ,cannon and ,fetzer1 of
 ,salt ,lake1 architects1 is a classic  
structure with deep porticoed front4    
,all its furniture is an exhibit1 made  
by the pupils of the manual training    
department of the ,utah schools4 ,the   
building contains interesting models of 
copper and gold mines1 and an exhibit of
 the processes of salt-making1 displays 
of building-stone1 grains and grasses1  
and collections from the cliff          
dwellings4 ,other exhibits are in the   
,palaces of ,mines1 ,education and      
,horticulture4  ,the ,hawaiian          
,building1 ,c4 ,w4 ,dickey1 of ,oakland1
 architect1 excellently represents the  
,pacific isles4 ,in style it is ,french 
,renaissance1 built with a half rotunda 
at the rear to accommodate a            
semi-circular aquarium4 ,in the center  
of the main hall is a clump of palms and
 tree ferns1 and native singers give the
 island touch4 ,the aquarium contains a 

wonderful collection of the many-hued   
fish of the ,south ,seas4 ,interesting  
displays of native cabinet woods are    
made in the finish of the offices4      
,though small1 the ,hawaiian building   
has proved one of the most popular4     
,the ,philippines ,pavilion1 designed by
 the ,bureau of ,architecture1 is one of
 the ,exposition places which no one    
should miss4 ,it marks the creation of  
an original style of exposition         
building4 ,it is ,filipino in all its   
motives4 ,its groups of four columns    
suggest the four essential posts of     
native hut construction2 the broad roofs
 are tiled2 the windows are not glass1  
but of thin shell1 the common material  
used in the islands2 the walls are      
finished in split bamboo matting4 ,the  
same style of construction is used also 
in all the ,philippine booths in the    
palaces4 ,the materials are used with   
restrained taste1 and this1 with the    
magnificent cabinet woods employed      
throughout the construction1 has        

resulted in a beautiful building4 ,it is
 a little hard to realize the richness  
of the woods used here4 ,the very floors
 in the pavilion and the booths are good
 enough to make piano cases of4 ,the    
central portion1 upstairs and down1 is  
floored1 wainscoted and ceiled with the 
costliest of timber4 ,the two offices to
 right and left of the main entrance are
 finished in a beautiful1 hard1 heavy   
rosewood1 called narra1 the one to the  
right in yellow narra1 that on the left 
in red narra4 ,the stairway is of a     
magnificent1 richly figured1 claret-red 
hardwood called tindalo1 the favorite   
material for such construction in the   
islands4 ,the panels of its wainscoting 
and the balusters are of a dark velvety 
epil1 so dark and so glossy in some     
places that it looks almost like agate4 
,all the columns are natural trunks of  
the palma brava4    ,,xviii4  ,the      
,live-,stock ,exhibit    ,the first     
,exposition to offer a live-stock       
exhibit covering its entire             

period--,prizes total                   
#ddj1jjj--;,classification of           
competitions--,new methods of displaying
 herds and flocks--,contests in dairy   
and beef cattle--,other exhibits range  
from high-bred horses1 hens and sheep   
down to pet rabbits1 rats and mice4     
,for the first time in the history of   
similar celebrations1 this ,exposition  
offers a continuous live-stock show4    
,other expositions have confined their  
live-stock exhibit to a few weeks during
 the time of award-making4 ,here1       
however1 the show extends from the      
opening of the ,exposition until its    
closing4 ,the competitive period extends
 from ,september #bc to ,december #c4   
,naturally this will mark the high tide 
of the display4 ,during this time the   
,international ,jury on ,awards will    
distribute in cash prizes a total of    
#ddj1eeg4 ,of this amount1 #aij1jjj has 
been given by the ,exposition           
management1 #ajj1cbg by the breed record
 associations of the country1 and       

#aej1bcj by various states to be used in
 prizes and the transportation of stock4
  ,these attractive prizes will be      
distributed1 among the well-established 
and well-known breeds of draft and light
 horses1 ponies1 beef and dairy cattle1 
sheep1 swine1 poultry1 pigeons1 and pet 
animals4 ,all animals will be judged    
according to the rules of recognized    
breed associations4 ,foreign or other   
animals not recorded in the books of the
 associations named in the premium list 
will be judged by the standards of the  
associations to which their exhibitors  
belong4  ,the educational value of the  
live-stock show for the general public1 
as well as the stock breeder1 has been  
emphasized in every department4 ,the    
increased cost of living being a        
dominating topic for both producer and  
consumer1 much attention has been       
centered on meat-producing animals4     
,liberal provision has been made in the 
prize list for fat classes in           
beef-cattle1 sheep and swine4  ,when the

 ,exposition management designed the    
live-stock section and planned the      
buildings for the various features of   
this department1 an effort was made to  
create a model arrangement for exhibit  
purposes4 ,so successful was this effort
 that a number of states have requested 
the plans for a ground layout4 ,this    
portion of the ,exposition cost the     
management approximately #aej1jjj1 and  
covers sixty-five acres4 ,the buildings 
represent1 in their equipment1 the very 
latest development in the housing and   
caring for stock4 ,the visitor first    
approaches from the east a quadrangle of
 eight large stables1 enclosing the     
forum where the live-stock shows are    
held4 ,these stables have a total       
accommodation of #aabd horses4 ,the     
forum has a seating capacity of #bfhj   
persons4  ,to the north of the stable   
quadrangle is ,congress ,hall1 for the  
accommodation of conventions and other  
meetings1 and containing also the       
administration offices of the chief of  

the live-stock department4 ,on this side
 also are the corrals1 feed storage     
barns1 a service yard1 and an area for  
open-air exhibits4 ,to the south is the 
large dairy building1 a dairy           
manufactures building1 and the poultry  
exhibit building4 ,the dairy building   
houses more than #cjj animals4 ,west of 
the stable group is the mile racecourse 
with its polo and athletic field4  ,one 
of the novel features of this show is   
the manner in which the view herds and  
flocks are displayed4 ,these are seen in
 stalls and pens built at an angle of   
about forty-five degrees to permit the  
visitor to get a side view of the stock4
 ,the view-herd idea in itself is       
something new4 ,these exhibits are      
purely educational in purpose1 and      
non-competitive4 ,they have been on     
display since the opening1 and will     
continue until the close of the         
,exposition1 thus enabling the visitor  
to see a creditable live-stock show1 no 
matter at what season he may come4 ,the 

view herds are selected by competent    
authorities1 and represent the best of  
their respective breeds4 ,among such    
herds on exhibit are ,shorthorn cattle1 
,berkshire swine and ,percheron horses4 
,these exhibits are changed from time to
 time4  ,in addition to these general   
features1 the special events include the
 milk show1 harness races1 universal    
polo1 wool grading1 sheepdog trials1    
poultry show1 and an international      
egg-laying contest4  ,for eleven classes
 of dairy cattle the ,exposition offers 
awards1 as follows3 ,jersey1 ,ayrshire1 
,guernsey1 ,holstein-,friesian1         
,dutch-,belted1 ,dairy ,shorthorn1      
,brown ,swiss1 ,french-,canadian1       
,simmenthal1 ,kerry and ,dexter1 and    
,grade-,dairy ,herd4 ,this last is a    
recognition on the part of the          
,exposition of the great utility value  
of the grade-dairy cow1 which forms the 
basis of the dairy industry1 and yet    
could not exist without the pure-bred   
stock4 ,in the beef-cattle group1 the   

,exposition offers awards in the        
following classes3 ,short-,horn1        
,hereford1 ,aberdeen-,angus1 ,galloway1 
,polled ,durham1 ,red ,polled1 ,devon1  
,fat ,cattle 7by ages7 and ,car-lots4   
,one of the especially attractive       
features pertaining to the dairy section
 is the exhibit of #aej high-grade      
,holsteins for utility purposes4 ,this  
herd is in full flow of milk and is     
maintained by a large milk condensing   
plant4 ,this exhibit1 in the daily care 
given these perfect specimens of dairy  
cattle1 the yield of ,milk1 the quality 
of feed and the appliances used1 forms  
one of the most attractive units in the 
department4 ,an important event in this 
section was the pure milk and cream     
contest1 ,june #ad to #ai1 in ,congress 
,hall4 ,city and state boards of health 
and the dairy divisions of agricultural 
colleges participated in the contest4   
,the purpose of the event was designed  
to create a greater interest in pure    
milk and cream4 ,four samples of milk   

and cream each were submitted4 ,one of  
these was submitted to an official      
bacteriologist1 a second given to the   
official chemist1 a third displayed in  
,congress ,hall1 and the fourth tested  
for its butter-fat content4 ,awards of  
gold and silver medals and cash prizes  
were made in the following classes3 city
 boards of health1 cream dealers1 milk  
dealers1 college experiment stations1   
pasteurized milk1 pasteurized cream1    
market milk producers1 certified and    
medical milk commissions4  ,in the horse
 exhibit the following classes are      
provided3 ,percheron1 ,belgian1         
,clydesdale1 ,shire1 ,suffolk-,punch1   
,standard ,trotter1 ,thoroughbred1      
,saddle ,horses1 ,morgan1 ,hackney1     
,arabian1 ,shetland ,pony1 ,welch ,pony1
 ,roadsters1 ,carriage ,horses1 ,ponies 
in ,harness1 ,draft ,horses1 ,hunters1  
,jumpers1 and ,gaited ,saddle ,horses4  
,among special events in this section   
are the following3 trot under saddle1   
one-mile track1 one-mile military       

officer's race1 one-mile mounted police 
race1 gaited saddle race of one mile1   
steeple chase1 hurdle race1 polo pony   
dash1 relay race of one mile1 cowboy's  
relay race of same length1 cowgirl's    
relay race1 six furlongs1 saddle tandem4
 ,exposition jumping contest and        
five-mile ,marathon four-in-hand4 ,on   
the closing day of the ,exposition there
 will be a grand parade of all first and
 second winners1 not only in the horse  
display1 but in all other displays in   
this department4  ,the following dates  
have been set for the exhibition of     
stallions and mares in the breeding     
classes in the ,forum3 ,thursday1       
,september #cj1-- ,percheron1 standard  
trotter1 ,welch pony1 and ,morgan2      
,friday1 ,october #a1-- ,belgian1       
,thoroughbred1 ,hackney1 and ,shetland  
,pony2 ,saturday1 ,october              
#b1--;,clydesdale1 ,saddler1 ,arabian1  
and ,suffolk-,punch2 ,monday1 ,october  
#d1-- ,shire1 ,jacks and ,jennets1 and  
,mules4  ,the exhibition of horses for  

awards is from ,thursday1 ,september    
#cj1 to ,wednesday1 ,october #ac4 ,one  
of the important events of this period  
is the special horse show4 ,two other   
big special events are the races and    
international polo tournament4 ,the polo
 tournament from ,march #gth to ,may    
#ast enlisted the following teams3      
,cooperstown1 ,n4 ,y42 ,philadelphia    
,country ,club2 ,midwick ,polo ,club2   
,pasadena1 ,burlingame and ,san ,mateo  
,clubs2 ,boise1 ,idaho1 team2 ,portland1
 ,oregon1 team2 ,first ,cavalry1        
,monterey2 ,second ,division ,army1     
,texas ,city1 ,texas2 and ,southern     
,department ,army1 ,san ,antonio1       
,texas4  ,the ,exposition harness races 
cover two periods1 one from ,june #e to 
,june #ae1 and the other from ,october  
#cj to ,november #ac4 ,in addition to   
these there will be matinee races from  
,may #bc to ,september #cj4 ,a total of 
#bbg1jjj has been set aside for purses  
in these races4  ,the poultry exhibit   
for award is scheduled from ,november   

#ah to #bh4 ,this is known as the       
,universal ,poultry ,show1 and is       
planned to be one of the largest ever   
held4 ,between #aj1jjj and #ab1jjj      
chickens1 entered from all parts of the 
,union1 will be in competition4 ,in     
conjunction1 the ,american ,poultry     
,association meets in ,congress ,hall in
 the live-stock section4 ,the           
,international ,egg-,laying ,contest1   
extending over a period of one year from
 ,november #ae1 #aiad1 has attracted    
widespread attention4 ,pens of fowls    
have been entered in this contest from  
the ,united ,states and ,canada1 and    
even distant ,england4 ,daily records   
are kept of the production of each hen1 
and1 once a month1 the score is         
bulletined by the live-stock department 
for the information of owners4  ,sheep  
and goats are to be judged for awards   
from ,wednesday1 ,november #c1 to       
,monday1 ,november #ae4 ,the breeds     
classified are3 ,shropshire1 ,hampshire1
 ,cotswold1 ,oxford1 ,dorset1           

,southdown1 ,lincoln1 ,cheviot1         
,leicester1 ,romney1 ,tunis1            
,rambouillet1 ,merino-,ameiran1         
,merino-,delaine1 ,corriedale1 ,exmoor1 
,persian ,fat-,tailed1 ,karakule1 and   
car-lots2 goats1 ,toggenburg1 ,saanen1  
,guggisberger1 and ,anglo-,nubian       
breeds1 with the grades of each breed1  
and native goats4  ,the exhibit of swine
 for awards runs between the same dates4
 ,the eligible breeds1 besides swine in 
car-lots1 are ,poland-,china1           
,berkshire1 ,duroc-,jersey1 ,chester    
,white1 ,hampshire1 ,tamworth1 ,mule    
,foot1 ,large ,yorkshire1 ,large        
,english ,black1 ,victoria1 ,essex1 and 
,cheshire4  ,the scope of the live-stock
 department is not limited to the       
material things of rural life4 ,a       
,universal kennel show is scheduled from
 ,november #bi to ,december #a4 ,two    
classes of dogs are provided for in the 
awards1 sporting and non-sporting4 ,a   
cat show1 of long and short-haired cats1
 is set for the same period as the      

kennel show4 ,other groups of exhibits  
in this line are pet stock1 rabbits1    
hares1 rats and mice1 and children's    
pets4    ,,xix4  ,sports and ,games2    
,automobile ,races2 ,aviation           
,exposition contests include nearly     
every branch of sport--,national        
,championships of the ,a4 ,a4 ,u4--,two 
great automobile races1 the             
,international ,grand ,prix and the     
,vanderbilt ,cup1 already run--,polo and
 ,golf--,sensational flights of the     
aviators--,the ,international ,yachting 
,regatta and other aquatic              
events--,all-star baseball expected in  
the fall4    ,an account of the         
,exposition1 and indeed1 ,american      
athletic history for the year #aiae1    
would be incomplete without a           
description of the sports programme4    
,this outline of games and exhibitions  
includes nearly every branch of sport   
familiar to the ,american public1 and   
its wide appeal has attracted many      
thousands to the athletic fields and    

gymnasiums of the ,exposition4 ,although
 ten months of sport was originally     
intended by the athletic committee1 this
 period has been somewhat abbreviated by
 circumstances1 though a practically    
continuous performance has held sway    
since ,february #bb4  ,international    
competition1 at first intended in many  
branches of the programme1 was generally
 abandoned on account of the ,european  
conflict2 but the want of foreign       
representation has in no way lessened   
the quality of competition1 or dampened 
the attractiveness of the summer        
contests4 ,some of ,europe's star track 
men are entered here1 in spite of       
conditions on the continent4  ,perhaps  
the most popular attractions of the     
programme are the national              
championships1 held every year under the
 auspices of the ,amateur ,athletic     
,union4 ,at the convention of that body 
during ,november1 #aiac1 prior to the   
death of its president1 ,james ,e4      
,sullivan1 it was voted unanimously to  

award all of the organization's events1 
with the exception of boxing1 to the    
,panama-,pacific ,exposition4 ,these    
championships are the blue-ribbon events
 of the amateur world4 ,they include    
track and field games1 swimming1 boxing1
 wrestling and indoor gymnastics4 ,three
 of these championships were staged in  
,san ,francisco before the opening of   
,june4  ,in basket ball1 the first of   
the national competitions1 premier      
honors went to a ,california            
organization1 the ,san ,francisco       
,olympic ,club4 ,next in line came      
gymnastics1 followed by wrestling4      
,although these sports are not immensely
 popular with the athletic enthusiasts1 
generous galleries turned out to see the
 ,american champions in action4  ,the   
more important part of the ,amateur     
,athletic ,union programme was scheduled
 for the summer months1 when the track  
and field championships are held4       
,facilities for staging these games are 
ideal4 ,the cinder path1 situated at the

 far end of the ,exposition grounds1    
with unexcelled scenic advantages1 is   
reputed to be the equal of any athletic 
stadium in the country4 ,the oval       
measures one-third of a mile to the lap1
 with a #bbj-yard straightaway flanking 
the grandstand4 ,the earlier games      
convinced ,eastern athletes that there  
could be no complaint against           
facilities4  ,the senior and junior     
track and field championships of the    
,amateur ,athletic ,union loom up as the
 banner track events of the programme4  
,national stars have signified their    
intention of participating in these     
games1 and it will be surprising if many
 national records are not broken4 ,in   
addition to these games1 the            
,international ,olympic ,committee1     
which controls all the modern ,olympic  
meets1 conferred upon the ,exposition   
the right to hold the ,modern           
,pentathlon1 this being the first time  
it has been contested outside of the    
,olympic ,games4 ,in addition1 ,america 

is to have for the first time the       
,decathlon1 and the famous ,marathon    
race originated in ,greece centuries    
ago1 and impressively revived during    
recent years by the more important      
athletic bodies of the world4  ,besides 
the ,amateur ,athletic ,union track and 
field games1 an abundance of            
competitions1 ranging from grammar      
school contests to collegiate struggles1
 was arranged4 ,among the first of      
these1 the ,pacific ,coast              
,intercollegiate ,conference1 was won by
 the ,university of ,california from a  
field of collegiate teams representing  
the entire ,pacific ,coast4 ,several    
high and grammar school contests have   
attracted spectators to the stadium4    
,one thousand grammar school athletes   
entered the lists upon the ,exposition  
cinder path1 and staged a carnival that 
stands as a record in ,california1 and  
approaches any ,american event of its   
kind both in the number of entrants and 
the class of competition offered4       

,automobile racing1 of the kind that    
thrills1 was furnished by the           
,exposition during its early weeks4 ,two
 events of international importance were
 run upon the ,exposition grounds1 and  
in each instance attracted one hundred  
thousand spectators to the course4 ,the 
first of these was the ,international   
,grand ,prix1 run in the rain and under 
other conditions far from ideal1 over a 
four-mile course for the distance of    
four hundred miles4 ,sensation followed 
sensation in this feature1 a final      
winner being supplied in the swarthy    
,darius ,resta1 who drove a ,peugeot car
 for an average speed of fifty-six      
miles1 #g3jg3eg being his actual time4  
,other drivers of international         
reputation appeared in this struggle1   
among them ,de ,palma1 ,hughes and      
,wilcox4 ,handsome prizes were          
distributed to the winners in these     
events4  ,the ,vanderbilt ,cup ,race was
 staged over the same course on ,march  
#g1 and brought out an equally          

attractive field4 ,running with the     
precision and dexterity that brought him
 home a winner in the ,grand ,prix1     
,resta repeated his victory in the      
,vanderbilt ,race1 coming home from his 
journey of three hundred miles ahead of 
such stars as ,burman1 ,pullen1 ,wilcox 
and ,de ,palma4 ,resta earned the       
reputation of being one of the most     
skillful drivers holding the wheel in   
this or any other country4  ,for six    
weeks1 from ,march to ,may1 polo held   
popular sway at the ,exposition4 ,ten   
teams competed in a tournament which    
offered many valuable trophies4 ,the    
contests were held daily and attracted  
thousands to a specially prepared turf  
field near the athletic stadium4 ,the   
sport furnished thrilling competition   
throughout its period4  ,perhaps the    
most famous team seen in competition was
 the noted four from ,cooperstown1 ,new 
,york1 bearing an international         
reputation4 ,the ,easterners1 although  
weakened by illness in the ranks of     

their players1 proved practically       
invincible4 ,another notable            
organization was the four representing  
the ,midwick ,club of ,pasadena1        
,california4 ,in addition to the        
civilian teams1 the ,united ,states army
 was represented by some fast fours1 who
 provided thrill after thrill with their
 reckless but winning form in the       
saddle4 ,perhaps the most notable of the
 military combinations was the ,fort    
,sam ,houston four1 which went through  
the tournament with practically an      
undefeated record4 ,the army teams were 
granted certain handicaps1 however1     
which gave them a slight edge in some of
 the contests4  ,aviation1 a branch of  
sport which claims a large place in the 
popular fancy1 was not neglected by     
those who drew up the programme4 ,two   
world-famed aviators have performed     
before hundreds of thousands1 though one
 of these1 ,lincoln ,beachey1 became a  
victim to the elements which he had so  
often defied4 ,while giving an          

exhibition flight in a ,german ,taube1  
,beachey fell to his death on ,march #ad
 when his monoplane crumpled at the     
start of a daring loop4  ,nothing       
daunted by the untimely end of ,beachey1
 a new luminary appeared in ,arthur     
,smith1 whose aerial maneuvers exceed in
 point of recklessness anything         
attempted by his predecessor4 ,smith    
thrills thousands in daily flights and  
skiey acrobatics1 including crazy dips  
and loops1 startling dashes to the earth
 and illuminated flights through the    
night air4 7,see p4 #aib47 ,smith became
 in a day an attraction outshining1     
perhaps1 any other single performer upon
 the huge ,exposition programme4  ,those
 who loved horse racing and grieved at  
the decline of the sport in ,california1
 were rejoiced at the announcement of   
some of the biggest harness and running 
events yet staged in this country4 ,two 
meetings were arranged for the          
,exposition schedule1 a summer harness  
event1 ,june #eth to #aith1 and a fall  

running meeting1 ,october #cjth to      
,november #acth4 ,the ,panama-,pacific  
is the first ,exposition to make horse  
racing an outstanding feature of its    
activities4 ,about #bbg1jjj was set     
aside to be distributed in handsome     
purses and stakes for the events4 ,a    
#bj1jjj trotting and a #bj1jjj pacing   
stake was put up for each meeting1 with 
other sums ranging from #a1jjj to       
#e1jjj4 ,the four stakes of #bj1jjj each
 are the largest ever offered in any    
light-harness event1 and insured entries
 of the highest class4  ,the race track 
is situated near the athletic stadium1  
and commands an unsurpassed view of the 
,san ,francisco ,bay1 together with the 
,marin ,county heights and the entrance 
to the ,golden ,gate4 ,the grandstand   
seats thirty-five thousand spectators4  
,the course1 under scientific           
preparation for several months1 was put 
in fine shape4 ,the length of the lap is
 one mile4  ,one of the biggest golf    
events ever staged in this country was  

successfully managed by the ,exposition4
 ,five weeks of sport on the links      
around the bay counties1 including      
high-class exhibitions by both men and  
women1 were in the plans of the         
committee4 ,events included both        
professional and amateur contests1 and  
seldom1 if ever before1 had a community 
of the size of ,san ,francisco          
maintained so continuous an interest in 
the sport4 ,valuable prizes and trophies
 were offered for the different events  
of the programme4 ,handsome cups and    
medals were granted amateurs1 while     
professionals were tendered purses of   
generous proportions4  ,perhaps the     
banner event of the tournament was the  
amateur championship for men played on  
the course of the ,ingleside ,golf and  
,country ,club4 ,players of             
international reputation were entered in
 this event1 and as a result1 the play  
offered sensation after sensation4 ,the 
tournament was won by ,harry ,davis1 of 
the ,presidio ,golf ,club1 after a      

struggle in which he eliminated such    
stars as ,chick ,evans1 ,h4 ,chandler   
,egan1 ,heinrich ,schmidt1 and ,jack    
,neville4 ,davis met ,schmidt in the    
finals of the event and won only after a
 dazzling exhibition of driving and     
putting such as has seldom been seen on 
a ,california course4  ,in addition to  
the men's championships1 the women were 
in the limelight for a week4 ,miss      
,edith ,chesebrough won the finals of   
the first flight play over ,mrs4 ,h4 ,t4
 ,baker4 ,mixed foursomes1 events for   
professionals1 driving1 putting1 and    
approaching contests were all included  
upon the programme1 with gratifying     
results4  ,yachting was granted an      
appropriate position upon the calendar1 
the races scheduled including yachts1   
sloops and motor boats upon ,san        
,francisco ,bay and the ocean waters in 
the neighborhood of the ,farallones4    
,perhaps the biggest event upon the     
programme is to be the ,international   
,regatta scheduled for ,august #ast to  

#cast1 an event intended to bring into  
competition practically every type of   
racing craft afloat4 ,this has brought  
attractive entries from both ,eastern   
and ,pacific clubs4  ,special events    
were also arranged4 ,a schooner race1   
with a course starting from a point on  
the bay off the ,exposition and         
extending to the ,farallone ,islands1 is
 one of them4 ,perhaps the most         
attractive of these events1 however1    
will be the long-distance race for      
yachts from ,new ,york to ,san          
,francisco4 ,the boats are to sail along
 the ,atlantic seaboard1 reaching ,san  
,francisco via the ,panama ,canal4      
,several entries for this contest have  
already been filed1 and it is expected  
that by the time set for the start1 a   
first class field will be ready to weigh
 anchor4 ,handsome cups1 furnished by   
the ,exposition for winners in the      
different nautical events1 include many 
valuable trophies4  ,boxing1 the        
professional phase of which was recently

 abolished by an act of the ,california 
legislature1 found an important place   
upon the ,exposition programme4 ,amateur
 events staged at the ,civic ,auditorium
 excited great interest4 ,by a special  
arrangement with the ,amateur ,athletic 
,union1 the ,exposition management      
obtained the national winners of ,boston
 for the ,san ,francisco tournament4    
,accordingly1 the best of the country's 
amateur glove crop exhibited their wares
 to big galleries4 ,in the matter of    
championships1 ,california and the      
,pacific ,northwest obtained the chief  
honors1 several of the ,eastern ring    
stars falling by the wayside in their   
work4  ,not to be found wanting in the  
completeness of their scheme1 the       
,exposition directors are still busy    
with plans which promise many events of 
unusual attractiveness for the ,fall4   
,it is hinted that the winner of the    
world's baseball series1 waged between  
the ,national and ,american leagues1    
will be brought to the ,coast for an    

exhibition series in ,october1 to play  
against an all star team4 ,other phases 
of sport during the ,exposition period  
include rowing1 lawn tennis1 handball   
and certain types of football1 though   
disagreements between the two largest   
universities of the ,coast have made the
 autumn sport an uncertain quantity4    
,,xx4  ,the ,joy ,zone    ,a mile of    
amusement places1 many of which are     
really educational--,the ,panama ,canal1
 ,grand ,canyon1 ,yellowstone ,park and 
the native villages-- ,the #aja         
,ranch--,toyland ,grown ,up--,other     
notable features4    ,the ,joy ,zone1   
nearly a mile in length1 is a broad     
avenue bordered with closely packed     
places of amusement4 ,there are more    
than one hundred concessionaires1 with  
two hundred and twenty buildings devoted
 to refreshment or pleasure1 including a
 few in other places on the grounds4    
,here are all sorts of divertissements1 
from roller coasters to really great    
educational sights like the ,panama     

,canal or the ,grand ,canyon4  ,by      
common consent the ,panama ,canal is the
 most noteworthy feature of the ,zone4  
,indeed1 it ought not to be on the      
,zone4 ,it should have had a place in   
the ,exposition proper1 as one of its   
finest exhibits4 ,the show is a working 
reproduction of the ,panama ,canal1 on  
so large a scale that it covers five    
acres4 ,the landscape of the ,canal     
,zone is faithfully reproduced1 with    
real water in the two oceans1 the ,gatun
 ,lake1 the ,chagres ,river and the     
,canal4 ,the visitor sees it from cars  
which travel slowly around the scene1   
and which are fitted with telephonic    
connections with a phonograph that      
explains the features of the ,canal     
,zone as the appropriate points are     
passed4 ,next to seeing the ,canal      
itself1 a sight of this miniature is the
 most interesting and instructive view  
possible of the great engineering feat4 
,in one way it is even better than a    
trip through the ,canal4 ,it gives the  

broad general view impossible from any  
point on the ,isthmus itself4  ,in much 
the same class are the reproductions of 
the ,grand ,canyon and the ,yelllowstone
 ,park4 ,the ,grand ,canyon has an added
 interest in the presence of ,navajo and
 ,hopi families living in reproductions 
of their desert homes4 ,representing    
other native races1 there are the       
,samoan ,village1 the ,maori ,village1  
and the ,tehuantepec ,village4 ,all     
these people are genuine and live in    
primitive style on the ,zone1 though1 to
 tell the truth1 they are quite likely  
to use college slang and know which fork
 to use first4 ,not on the ,zone1 but   
proper to be mentioned here1 are the    
,blackfoot ,indians brought to the      
,exposition from ,glacier ,park by the  
,great ,northern ,railroad4 ,eagle ,calf
 is a real chief of the old days1 and   
his band is a picturesque group4  ,there
 is ,toyland ,grown ,up1 a product of   
the astonishing genius of ,frederic     
,thompson1 creator of ,luna ,park1      

covering nearly twelve acres and packed 
with ,thompson's whimsical conceptions  
of the figures of the ,mother ,goose    
,tales1 ,kate ,greenway's children1 and 
soldiers and giants1 and the familiar   
toys of the ,noah's ,ark style-all on a 
gigantic scale4 ,japan ,beautiful1 a    
concession backed by the ,japanese      
,government1 has many interesting       
features1 including the enormous gilded 
figure of ,buddha over the entrance and 
a reproduction of ,fujiyama in the      
background4 ,then there is an ,antarctic
 show entitled ,london to the ,south    
,pole2 the ,streets of ,cairo2 the      
,submarines1 with real water and marine 
animals2 ,creation1 a vast dramatic     
scene from ,genesis2 the ,battle of     
,gettysburg2 the ,evolution of the      
,dreadnaught2 and many other spectacles 
and entertainments of many classes1 but 
all measuring up to a certain standard  
of excellence insisted upon by the      
,exposition4 ,the ,aeroscope1 a huge    
steel arm that lifts a double decked    

cabin more than two hundred and fifty   
feet above the ground and then swings it
 around in a great circle over the      
,zone1 is one of the thrillers4  ,the   
,joy ,zone has suffered from the        
excellence of the ,exposition to which  
it is the side-show4 ,the ,exposition   
itself is so wonderful a sight and      
contains so vast a number of remarkable 
and interesting things that multitudes  
have been content to stay with it1 too  
much engrossed to find time for any but 
a few of the best things on the ,zone4  
,no better evidence could be found of   
the beauty1 interest and value of this  
,exposition4    ,appendix    7,a7       
,sculptures and ,mural ,paintings  ,the 
following lists give the titles1        
locations and names of artists of the   
,exposition ,sculptures and ,mural      
,paintings4 ,they do not include work   
exhibited in the ,palace of ,fine ,arts1
 or in the state or foreign buildings1  
but only those which were designed for  
the adornment of the ,exposition        

palaces1 courts1 and gardens4  ,the     
lists also index all matter and         
illustrations describing or showing this
 ,exposition art4 ,figures in light-face
 type refer to pages in the text2 those 
in black-face type1 to illustrations4   
,i4 ,sculptures4  ,south ,gardens4--,two
 ,mermaid ,fountains1 by ,arthur ,putnam
 7#ba1 #hd1 #ii72 ,fountain of ,energy1 
by ,a4 ,stirling ,calder 7#hc1 #dg74    
,palace of ,horticulture--,figures at   
bases of spires1 by ,eugene ,louis      
,boutier2 ,pairs of ,caryatids1 by ,john
 ,bateman 7#ba74  ,festival ,hall4--,the
 ,torch ,bearer 7on domes71 ,bacchus1   
,the ,listening ,woman1 ,flora and ,pan1
 ,flora and ,dreaming ,girl1 ,figures on
 cartouche over entrance1 all by ,sherry
 ,e4 ,fry 7#bf1 #bf1 #cb74  ,tower of   
,jewels4--,cortez 7east side of arch71  
by ,charles ,niehaus 7#df1 #dh72        
,pizarro 7west side of arch71 by        
,charles ,c4 ,rumsey2 ,priest1 ,soldier1
 ,philosopher and ,adventurer1 by ,john 
,flanagan 7#df1 #dd72 ,armored ,horseman

 7on terrace of tower71 by ,f4 ,m4 ,l4  
,tonetti 7#df72 ,fountain of ,youth1 by 
,edith ,woodman ,burroughs 7#di1 #hd1   
#hi1 #ec72 ,fountain of ,el ,dorado1 by 
,gertrude ,vanderbilt ,whitney 7#di1    
#hd1 #hi1 #ed74  ,palace of ,varied     
,industries4--,man with a ,pick1        
,tympanum group of ,varied ,industries1 
,new ,world ,receiving ,burdens of ,old1
 ,keystone figure1 ,power of ,industry1 
all by ,ralph ,stackpole 7#cc1 #cg1     
#acb72 ,victory 7on the gables of all   
the central palaces71 by ,louis ,ulrich 
7#bh1 #ah74  ,palaces of ,manufactures  
and ,liberal ,arts4--,frieze over       
,portals1 ,craftsmen1 ,woman with       
,spindle1 ,man with ,sledgehammer1 all  
by ,mahonri ,young 7#cc74  ,palace of   
,education4--,typanum group1 ,education1
 by ,gustav ,gerlach 7#cd1 #acb72       
,panel1 ,male ,teacher1 by ,cesare      
,stea2 ,panel1 ,female ,teacher1 by ,c4 
,peters 7#cd74  ,west ,facade of ,palace
 ,group4--,thought 7on columns flanking 
half domes71 by ,ralph ,stackpole2 ,the 

,triumph of the ,field1 by ,charles ,b4 
,harley2 ,abundance1 by ,charles ,r4    
,harley2 ,ex ,libris 7half dome of      
,education71 by ,albert ,weinert2       
,physical ,vigor 7half dome of ,food    
,products71 by ,earl ,cummings2         
,vestibule ,fountains1 by ,w4 ,b4       
,faville 7all on p4 #cd1 #ce74  ,north  
,facade of ,palace ,group4--,the        
,conquistador and ,the ,pirate1 both by 
,allen ,newman 7#ce1 #dc1 #dd74  ,east  
,facade of ,palace ,group4--,the ,miner1
 by ,albert ,weinert 7#ce74  ,column of 
,progress4--,the ,adventurous ,bowman1  
by ,herman ,a1 ,mac,neil 7#ef1 #fa1     
#eg72 ,the ,burden ,bearers 7frieze at  
base of group71 by ,herman ,a4 ,mac,neil
 7#fa72 ,frieze of ,progress 7frieze on 
pedestal71 by ,isidore ,konti 7#fa1     
#fj74  ,court of the                    
,universe4--,nations of ,east and ,west 
7on arches71 by ,a4 ,stirling ,calder1  
,leo ,lentelli and ,frederick ,g4 ,r4   
,roth 7#eb1 #fe1 #fc1 #ei74  ,genii on  
,columns1 by ,leo ,lentelli2 ,pegasus   

,spandrels1 by ,frederick ,g4 ,b4 ,roth2
 ,medallions1 by ,b4 ,bufano and ,a4    
,stirling ,calder2 ,the ,stars1 by ,a4  
,stirling ,calder2 ,signs of the        
,zodiac1 by ,herman ,a4 ,mac,neil 7all  
on p4 #eb74  ,fountains of the ,rising  
and the ,setting ,sun1 by ,a4 ,a4       
,weinmann 7#eb1 #ij1 #fc1 #fi72 ,the    
,elements1 ,earth1 ,air1 ,fire and      
,water1 by ,robert ,aitken 7#eb1 #fd72  
,music and ,poetry1 by ,paul ,manship   
7#eb74  ,court of the ,ages4--,fountain 
of the ,earth1 by ,robert ,aitken 7#fe1 
#ff1 #gb1 #ia-e1 #gj1 #gc72 ,columns of 
,earth and ,air1 by ,leo ,lentelli 7#ff1
 #fg72 ,ages of ,civilization 7on       
,altar7 and ,thought 7on side altars71  
by ,chester ,beach 7#ff1 #fg1 #gj72     
,primitive ,man1 ,primitive ,woman1 and 
,the ,hunter 7on arcades71 by ,albert   
,weinert 7#ff72 ,modern ,time ,listening
 to the ,story of the ,ages 7in ,north  
,court71 by ,sherry ,e4 ,fry 7#fg1 #gb74
  ,court of ,seasons4--,the ,harvest 7on
 half dome71 by ,albert ,jaegers2 ,rain 

and ,sunshine 7on columns71 by ,albert  
,jaegers2 ,feast of the ,sacrifice 7on  
pylons71 by ,albert ,jaegers 7#gf1 #gi72
 ,fountain groups1 ,the ,seasons1 by    
,furio ,piccirilli 7#ge-f1 #ij-a1 #id72 
,attic figures of ,abundance1 and       
spandrels1 by ,august ,jaegers2         
,fountain of ,ceres 7forecourt71 by     
,evelyn ,beatrice ,longman 7#gg1 #ia1   
#gi74  ,court of ,flowers4--,the        
,pioneer1 by ,solon ,borglum 7#ha1 #ig72
 ,fountain of ,beauty and the ,beast1 by
 ,edgar ,walter 7#ha1 #ie1 #ajj72       
,flower ,girls 7in niches71 by ,a4      
,stirling ,calder 7#hg1 #ajj72 ,the     
,fairy 7above ,italian towers71 by ,carl
 ,gruppe2 ,lions1 by ,albert ,laessle4  
,court of ,palms4--,the ,end of the     
,trail1 by ,james ,earle ,fraser 7#hb1  
#if72 ,caryatids 7on attic71 by ,a4     
,stirling ,calder and ,john ,bateman2   
,spandrels 7over portals71 by ,albert   
,weinert4  ,palace of                   
,machinery4--,genius of ,creation1 by   
,daniel ,chester ,french 7#ih1 #adg72   

,steam ,power1 ,electricity1            
,imagination1 ,invention2 ,friezes1     
,genii of ,machinery2 ,reliefs on bases 
of columns1 ,application of ,power to   
,machines2 all by ,haig ,patigian 7#ig1 
#aaa72 ,eagles1 by ,c4 ,h4 ,humphries   
7#ig74  ,palace of ,fine ,arts4--,the   
,weeping ,woman 7on colonnade flower    
boxes71 by ,ulric ,h4 ,ellerhusen 7#ajb1
 #aac72 ,the ,struggle for the          
,beautiful 7three panels repeated on    
attic of ,rotunda71 by ,bruno ,louis    
,zimm 7#ajb1 #aad72 ,figures between    
panels1 by ,ulric ,h4 ,ellerhusen2      
,venus1 ,altar of ,inspiration1 by      
,ralph ,stackpole 7#ajc1 #aig72 ,frieze 
of ,genius 7on ,altar71 by ,bruno ,louis
 ,zimm2 the ,priestess of ,culture 7in  
,rotunda71 by ,herbert ,adams 7#ajc72   
,aspiration 7over main portal71 by ,leo 
,lentelli2 ,decorations on ,flower      
,receptacles1 by ,ulric ,h4 ,ellerhusen 
7#ajc74    ,,ii4 ,mural ,paintings4     
,tower of ,jewels4--,west               
panel--,joining of ,atlantic and        

,pacific1 center2 ,discovery1 left2     
,purchase1 right4 ,east panel--,gateway 
of ,all ,nations1 center2 ,labor        
,crowned1 left2 ,achievement1 right2 all
 by ,william de ,leftwich ,dodge 7#df1  
#ec74  ,arch of the ,nations of the     
,east4--,south panel--,the ,western     
,march of ,civilization2 ,north         
panel--,ideals ,attending ,immigration2 
both by ,edward ,simmons 7#ee-f74  ,arch
 of the ,nations of the ,west4--,north  
panel--,pioneers ,leaving for the ,west2
 ,south panel--,pioneers ,arriving on   
,pacific ,coast2 both by ,frank ,vincent
 ,du ,mond 7#ef1 frontispiece74  ,court 
of the ,ages4--,earth1 two panels       
7northwest corner of corridor72 ,air1   
two panels 7southwest corner of         
corridor72 ,water1 two panels 7southeast
 corner of corridor72 ,fire1 two panels 
7northeast corner of corridor72 all by  
,frank ,brangwyn 7#fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #gd74  
,court of ,seasons4--,art ,crowned by   
,time 7in half dome72 ,man ,receiving   
,instruction in ,nature's ,laws 7in half

 dome72 ,spring and ,seedtime 7two      
panels in corridor before niche of      
,spring72 ,summer and ,fruition 7two    
panels ,in corridor before niche of     
,summer72 ,autumn and ,harvest 7two     
panels in corridor before niche of      
,autumn72 ,winter and ,festivity 7two   
panels in corridor before niche of      
,winter72 all by ,h4 ,milton ,bancroft  
7#ge1 #gf74  ,court of ,palms4--,fruits 
and ,flowers 7lunette over entrance of  
,palace of ,education71 by ,childe      
,hassam2 ,the ,pursuit of ,pleasure     
7lunette over entrance of ,palace of    
,liberal ,arts71 by ,charles ,holloway2 
,the ,triumph of ,culture1 sometimes    
called ,the ,victorious ,spirit 7lunette
 over entrance of ,court of ,seasons71  
by ,arthur ,mathews 7all on p4 #hb74    
,rotunda1 ,palace of ,fine ,arts4--,the 
,conception and ,birth of ,art1 four    
panels alternated with four panels of   
the ,golds of ,california4 ,in order    
they are3 ,the ,birth of ,european ,art1
 the ,orange ,panel1 ,inspiration in    

,all ,art1 the ,wheat ,panel1 the ,birth
 of ,oriental ,art1 ,metallic ,gold1    
,ideals in ,art1 the ,poppy ,panel2 all 
by ,robert ,reid 7#ajc1 #ajd74    7,b7  
,statistics of ,construction ,work      
,palace                 ,size1 feet     
,exhibit area         ,cost ,mines and  
,metallurgy    #dea x #egi      #e4ge   
acres    #cei1dde ,transportation       
#egi x #fad      #g4be acres    #dha1fgg
 ,agriculture             #egi x #fci   
#g4e  acres    #dbe1faj ,food ,products 
#dbd x #egi      #e4d  acres    #cdb1eea
 ,varied ,industries       #dad x #eda  
#e4   acres    #cab1fia ,manufactures   
#dge x #eeb      #e4ce acres    #cda1jfi
 ,liberal ,arts            #dge x #ehe  
#e4ge acres    #cdd1ahj ,education      
#cid x #ebf      #d4g  acres    #dbe1faj
 ,machinery               #igb x #cgb   
#i4   acres    #fei1ffe ,fine ,arts     
#aajj x #ahf      #e4   acres           
#ehj1jjj ,horticulture            #fgb x
 #cbi      #e4   acres    #cda1jjj      
,festival ,hall          seats #djjj    

#bgj1jjj ,tower of ,jewels     #dce feet
 high                    #dbh1jjj       
,dome of ,palace of ,horticulture #ahe  
feet high1 #aeb feet in diameter4       
,paved area within the ,exposition      
grounds1 #d1jjj1jjj square feet1 or     
#ia4e acres4 ,at an average width of #dj
 feet1 this is equal to nearly #bj miles
 of asphalt4    7,c7 ,the ,exposition   
,roster  ,president4--,charles ,c4      
,moore4  ,vice-,presidents4--,william   
,h4 ,crocker1 ,reuben ,b4 ,hale1 ,i4 ,w4
 ,hellman1 ,jr41 ,m4 ,h4 de ,young1     
,leon ,sloss1 ,james ,rolph1 ,jr4       
,secretary4--,rudolph ,j4 ,taussig4     
,treasurer4--,a4 ,w4 ,foster4  ,board of
 ,directors4--,john ,barneson1 ,m4 ,j4  
,brandenstein1 ,john ,a4 ,britton1      
,frank ,l4 ,brown1 ,george ,t4 ,cameron1
 ,philip ,t4 ,clay1 ,william ,h4        
,crocker1 ,r4 ,a4 ,crothers1 ,m4 ,h4 de 
,young1 ,a4 ,i4 ,esberg1 ,charles ,s4   
,fee1 ,h4 ,f4 ,fortmann1 ,a4 ,w4        
,foster1 ,h4 ,b4 ,hale1 ,i4 ,w4         
,hellman1 ,jr41 ,homer ,s4 ,king1       

,curtis ,h4 ,lindley1 ,p4 ,h4           
,mc,carthy1 ,james ,mc,nab1 ,charles ,c4
 ,moore1 ,thornwell ,mullally1 ,dent ,h4
 ,robert1 ,james ,rolph1 ,jr41 ,a4 ,w4  
,scott1 ,jr41 ,henry ,t4 ,scott1 ,leon  
,sloss1 ,charles ,s4 ,stanton1 ,rudolph 
,j4 ,taussig1 ,joseph ,s4 ,tobin4       
,executive ,staff4--,director-in-,chief1
 ,frederick ,j4 ,v4 ,skiff2 ,director of
 ,works1 ,harris ,d4 ,h4 ,connick2      
,director of ,exhibits1 ,asher ,carter  
,baker2 ,director of ,exploitation1     
,george ,hough ,perry2 ,director of     
,concessions and ,admissions1 ,frank    
,burt4  ,architectural                  
,commission4--,george ,w4 ,kelham1 ,san 
,francisco1 ,chief of ,architecture2    
,willis ,polk1 ,william ,b4 ,faville1   
,clarence ,h4 ,ward1 and ,louis         
,christian ,mullgardt1 ,san ,francisco2 
,robert ,farquhar1 ,los ,angeles2       
,mc,kim1 ,mead  ,white1 ,carrere        
,hastings1 and ,henry ,bacon1 ,new      
,york4 ,associate ,architects3 ,arthur  
,brown1 ,jr41 ,g4 ,albert ,lansburgh1   

,bernard ,r4 ,maybeck1 ,san ,francisco4 
,division of ,works4--,director1 ,harris
 ,d4 ,h4 ,connick2 ,assistant ,director 
of ,works and ,chief of ,department of  
,construction1 ,a4 ,h4 ,markwart2 ,chief
 of ,architecture1 ,george ,w4 ,kelham2 
,chief1 ,department of ,sculpture1 ,k4  
,t4 ,f4 ,bitter2 ,acting ,chief1 ,a4    
,stirling ,calder2 ,chief1 ,department  
of ,color and ,decoration1 ,jules       
,guerin2 ,chief1 ,department ,civil     
,engineering1 ,e4 ,e4 ,carpenter2       
,chief1 ,mechanical and ,electrical     
,engineering1 ,guy ,l4 ,bayley2 ,chief1 
,department of ,illumination1 ,w4 ,d',a4
 ,ryan2 ,chief1 ,department of          
,landscape ,gardening1 ,john ,mc,laren4 
,division of ,exhibits4--,director1     
,asher ,carter ,baker2 ,chief1          
,department of ,fine ,arts1 ,john ,e4   
,d4 ,trask2 ,assistant ,chief1          
,department of ,fine ,arts1 ,robert ,b4 
,harshe2 ,chief1 ,department of         
,education and ,social ,economy1 ,alvin 
,e4 ,pope2 ,chief1 ,department of       

,liberal ,arts1 ,theodore ,hardee2      
,chief1 ,department ,manufactures and   
,varied ,industries1 ,charles ,h4       
,green2 ,chief1 ,department of          
,machinery1 ,george ,w4 ,danforth2      
,chief1 ,department of ,transportation1 
,blythe ,e4 ,henderson2 ,chief1         
,department of ,agriculture1 ,thomas ,g4
 ,stallsmith2 ,chief1 ,department of    
,live ,stock1 ,d4 ,o4 ,lively2          
,assistant ,chief1 ,department of ,live 
,stock1 ,i4 ,d4 ,graham2 ,chief1        
,department of ,horticulture1 ,g4 ,a4   
,dennison2 ,chief1 ,department of ,mines
 and ,metallurgy1 ,c4 ,e4 van           
,barneveld4  ,other ,department         
,heads4--,traffic ,manager1 ,andrew ,m4 
,mortensen4 ,general ,attorney1 ,frank  
,s4 ,brittain4 ,commandant of           
,exposition ,guards1 ,captain ,edward   
,carpenter1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,director of    
,congresses1 ,james ,a4 ,barr4 ,director
 of ,music1 ,george ,w4 ,stewart4       
,director of ,special ,events1 ,theodore
 ,hardee4 ,chief of ,special ,events1   

,rolls ,e4 ,cooley4 ,chairman of ,music 
,committee1 ,j4 ,j4 ,levison4           
,california ,state                      
,commission4--,governor ,hiram ,w4      
,johnson1 ex officio2 ,matt ,i4         
,sullivan1 ,president1 ,san ,francisco2 
,chester ,h4 ,rowell1 ,fresno2 ,marshall
 ,stimson1 ,los ,angeles2 ,arthur       
,arlett1 ,san ,francisco4 ,commissioner 
,general1 ,w4 ,d4 ,egilbert4 ,secretary1
 ,f4 ,j4 ,o',brien4 ,controller1 ,leo   
,s4 ,robinson4  ,woman's ,board of the  
,exposition4--,honorary ,president1     
,mrs4 ,phoebe ,a4 ,hearst2 ,president1  
,mrs4 ,f4 ,g4 ,sanborn2                 
,vice-,presidents1 ,mrs4 ,lovell ,white1
 ,mrs4 ,i4 ,lowenberg1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,h4    
,taylor1 ,mrs4 ,john ,f4 ,merrill1 ,mrs4
 ,frank ,l4 ,brown1 ,mrs4 ,irving ,m4   
,scott2 ,secretary1 ,mrs4 ,gaillard     
,stoney2 ,treasurer1 ,mrs4 ,p4 ,e4      
,bowles2 ,assistant ,treasurer1 ,mrs4   
,e4 ,r4 ,dimond2 ,auditor1 ,mrs4        
,charles ,w4 ,slack4 ,directors1 ,mrs4  
,edson ,f4 ,adams1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,b4     

,anderson1 ,mrs4 ,p4 ,e4 ,bowles1 ,dr4  
,marian ,bertola1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,l4      
,brown1 ,mrs4 ,aylett ,r4 ,cotton1 ,mrs4
 ,francis ,carolan1 ,mrs4 ,edwin ,r4    
,dimond1 ,mrs4 ,joseph ,a4 ,donohoe1    
,mrs4 ,joseph ,d4 ,grant1 ,mrs4 ,reuben 
,b4 ,hale1 ,mrs4 ,p4 ,c4 ,hale1 ,mrs4   
,phoebe ,a4 ,hearst1 ,mrs4 ,i4 ,w4      
,hellman1 ,jr41 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,edward       
,holmes1 ,mrs4 ,john ,johns1 ,mrs4      
,henry ,krebs1 ,mrs4 ,jesse ,n4         
,lillenthal1 ,mrs4 ,i4 ,lowenberg1 ,miss
 ,laura ,mc,kinstry1 ,mrs4 ,john ,f4    
,merrill1 ,mrs4 ,robert ,oxnard1 ,mrs4  
,horace ,d4 ,pillsbury1 ,mrs4 ,george   
,a4 ,pope1 ,mrs4 ,f4 4 ,sanborn1 ,mrs4  
,henry ,t4 ,scott1 ,mrs4 ,laurence      
,irving ,scott1 ,mrs4 ,william ,t4      
,sesnon1 ,mrs4 ,ernest ,g4 ,simpson1    
,mrs4 ,charles ,w4 ,slack1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,c4
 ,sloss1 ,mrs4 ,gaillard ,stoney1 ,mrs4 
,william ,hinckley ,taylor1 ,mrs4       
,william ,s4 ,tevis1 ,mrs4 ,lovell      
,white1 ,mrs4 ,edward ,wright4          
,foreign ,commissioners                 

,argentina4--,horacio ,anasagasti1      
,resident ,commissioner ,general2       
,alberto    ,m4 ,d',alkaine1 ,secretary4
  ,australia4--,alfred ,deakin1         
,commissioner ,general1 resigned2 ,niel 
,nielsen1 ,new ,south ,wales2 ,f4 ,w4   
,hagelthorn1 ,victoria2 ,f4 ,t4 ,a4     
,fricke1 ,victoria1 ,deputy             
,commissioner2 ,j4 ,a4 ,robertson1      
,queensland2 ,george ,oughton1          
,secretary4  ,bolivia4--,manuel ,vicente
 ,ballivian1 ,commissioner ,general4    
,canada4--,william ,hutchison4 ,canadian
 ,exhibition ,commissioner4             
,china4--,chen ,chi1 ,resident          
,commissioner ,general2 ,allan ,s4      
,chow1    ,secretary4  ,cuba4--,general 
,enrique ,loynaz del ,castillo1         
,commissioner ,general2 ,dr4    ,amando 
,montero1 ,secretary4  ,denmark4--,otto 
,wadsted1 ,resident ,commissioner4      
,france4--,albert ,tirman1 ,commissioner
 ,general2 ,jean ,guyffrey1 ,secretary4 
,guatemala4--,jose ,flamenco1 ,resident 
,commissioner2 ,fernando ,crux1 ,sec4   

,honduras4--,antonio ,a4 ,ramirez ,f4   
,fontecha1 ,commissioner ,general2      
,fernando ,somoza ,vivas1 ,resident     
,commissioner4  ,italy4--,ernesto       
,nathan1 ,commissioner ,general2 ,vito  
,catastini1    ,secretary4              
,japan4--,haruki ,yamawaki1 ,resident   
,commissioner ,general2 ,shinji         
,yoshino1    ,secretary4                
,netherlands4--,b4 ,a4 van ,coenen      
,torchiana1 ,resident ,commissioner4    
,new ,zealand4--,edmund ,clifton1       
,commissioner ,general2 ,m4 ,o',brien1  
,sec4  ,norway4--,f4 ,herman ,gade1     
,commissioner ,general2 ,birger ,a4     
,guthe1 ,sec4  ,persia4--,mirza ,ali    
,kuli ,khan1 ,commissioner ,general4    
,portugal4--,manuel ,roldan1            
,commissioner ,general4  ,siam4--,james 
,h4 ,gore1 ,commissioner ,general2 ,a4  
,h4 ,duke1 ,secretary4  ,spain4--,count 
del ,valle de ,salazar1 ,representative4
  ,sweden4--,richard ,bernstrom1        
,commissioner ,general2 ,herman ,virde1 
,sec4  ,turkey4--,vahan ,cardashian1    

,imperial ,adjutant ,high ,commissioner4
  ,uruguay4--,eduardo ,perotti1         
,commissioner ,general4                 
,commissioners ,from ,states and        
,islands  ,national                     
,commission4--,william ,phillips1       
,chairman2 ,franklin ,d4 ,roosevelt1    
,judge ,w4 ,b4 ,lamar2 ,f4 ,n4          
,bauskette1 ,secretary4  ,arkansas4--,f4
 ,b4 ,t4 ,hollenberg1 ,commissioner     
,general4  ,california4--,matt ,l       
,sullivan1 ,president2 ,w4 ,d4          
,egilbert1 ,commissioner    ,general2   
,f4 ,j4 ,o',brien1 ,secretary4          
,hawaii4--,r4 ,p4 ,wood1 ,chairman4     
,idaho4--,jay ,a4 ,czizek1 ,executive   
,commissioner4  ,illinois4--,adolph     
,karpen1 ,chairman2 ,guy ,e4 ,cramer1   
,resident ,executive2    ,john ,g4      
,oglesby1 ,secretary4  ,indiana4--,s4   
,p4 ,hamilton1 ,resident ,commissioner4 
,iowa4--,w4 ,w4 ,marsh1 ,chairman4      
,kansas4--,george ,h4 ,hodges1          
,president2 ,h4 ,s4 ,dean1 ,secretary4  
,maryland4--,roberdeau ,a4 ,mc,cormick1 

,chairman2 ,robert ,j4 ,beachman1 ,sec4 
,massachusetts4--,peter ,h4 ,corr1      
,chairman2 ,charles ,o4 ,power1         
,secretary4  ,mississippi4--,isham      
,evans1 ,chairman2 ,d4 ,ben ,holmes1    
,secretary4  ,missouri4--,john ,l4      
,mc,natt1 ,chairman2 ,norman ,m4        
,vaughan1 ,secretary4  ,montana4--,david
 ,hilger1 ,chairman2 ,frank ,a4         
,hazelbaker1 ,secretary4                
,nevada4--,george ,t4 ,mills1           
,commissioner4  ,new ,jersey4--,robert  
,s4 ,hudspeth1 ,president2 ,charles ,f4 
,pancoast1 ,sec4  ,new ,york4--,norman  
,e4 ,mack1 ,chairman2 ,daniel ,l4 ,ryan1
 ,secretary4  ,north ,dakota4--,governor
 ,l4 ,b4 ,hanna1 ,chairman2 ,will ,e4   
,holbein1 ,sec4  ,ohio4--,d4 ,b4        
,torpey1 ,resident ,commissioner4       
,oklahoma4--,j4 ,j4 ,dunn1 ,resident    
,commissioner2 ,mrs4 ,fred ,e4 ,sutton1 
,sec4  ,oregon4--,o4 ,m4 ,clark1        
,chairman2 ,george ,ryland1 ,general    
,manager4  ,pennsylvania4--,martin ,g4  
,brumbaugh1 ,president2 ,a4 ,g4         

,hetherington1    ,director in ,charge2 
,c4 ,b4 ,carothers1 ,secretary4         
,philippines4--,leon ,m4 ,guerrero1     
,president2 ,w4 ,w4 ,barkley1           
,secretary4  ,texas4--,mrs4 ,eli        
,hertzberg1 ,chairman2 ,j4 ,t4 ,bowman1 
,secretary4  ,utah4--,glen ,miller1     
,chairman2 ,mae ,lail1 ,secretary4      
,virginia4--,w4 ,w4 ,baker1 ,chairman2  
,alexander ,forward1 ,secretary4        
,washington4--,john ,schramm1           
,president2 ,charles ,g4 ,heifner1      
,executive    ,commissioner4  ,west     
,virginia4--,paul ,grosscup1 ,chairman2 
,g4 ,o4 ,nagle1 ,secretary4             
,wisconsin4--,john ,t4 ,murphy1         
,chairman2 ,arthur ,w4 ,prehn1 ,resident
    ,commissioner2 ,d4 ,e4 ,bowe1       
,secretary4    7,d7 ,bibliography  ,the 
,panama-,pacific ,exposition presents so
 many aspects of public importance that 
it will doubtless inspire a considerable
 library of books upon its various      
features4 ,those heretofore published1  
however1 agree in testifying to the     

unprecedented appeal which it makes on  
its artistic side2 they have attempted  
little more than to describe the        
architecture of the main exhibit        
palaces1 and interpret the ,sculpture   
and murals which adorn them4  ,of the   
titles given below1 the first two       
volumes are wholly of this character4   
,mrs4 ,james' little book has especial  
reference to the story told by the      
decorative ,sculpture4 ,the attractive  
,neuhaus volume is a more critical      
discussion of the ,exposition art1 as   
distinguished from exhibits in the      
,palace of ,fine ,arts1 which are to be 
covered by ,prof4 ,neuhaus' second book4
 ,to an outline of ,exposition art1 ,mr4
 ,cheney's booklet adds a brief1 helpful
 account of the ,fine ,arts exhibit4    
,mr4 ,barry's more ambitious volume     
opens with an interesting chapter on the
 ,exposition's inception and growth2 the
 remainder of the text is mainly devoted
 to the artistic features associated    
with the courts and the main palaces44  

,the other books named describe and show
 ,exposition art4    ,palaces and       
,courts of the ,exposition1 by ,juliet  
,james4 #afmo41 #aea pp44 including #cb 
illustrations4 ,san ,francisco1 the     
,california ,book ,co4  ,the ,art of the
 ,exposition1 by ,eugen ,neuhaus4 #hvo41
 #ajj pp41 with #cb ills4 ,san          
,francisco1 ,paul ,elder  ,co4  ,an     
,art-,lover's ,guide to the ,exposition1
 by ,sheldon ,cheney4 #abmo41 #ajj pp41 
including #bj ills4 ,berkeley1 published
 by the author4  ,the ,city of ,domes1  
by ,john ,d4 ,barry4 #abmo41 #adb pp41  
with #dh ills4 ,san ,francisco1 ,j4 ,j4 
,newbegin4  ,in the ,court of the ,ages 
7,poems71 by ,edward ,robeson ,taylor4  
#hvo41 #cc pp41 #g ills4 ,san           
,francisco1 ,a4 ,m4 ,robertson4  ,the   
,sculpture and ,murals of the           
,panama-,pacific ,international         
,exposition1 by ,stella ,g4 ,s4 ,perry4 
#abmo41 #aab pp41 including #dg ills4   
,san ,francisco1 the ,wahlgreen ,co4    
,the ,galleries of the ,exposition1 by  

,eugen ,neuhaus4 #hvo41 #ajh pp41 with  
#cj ills4 ,paul ,elder  ,co4  ,the      
,sculpture of the ,exposition ,palaces  
and ,courts1 by ,juliet ,james4 #abmo41 
#cb ills4 ,san ,francisco1 ,h4 ,s4      
,crocker ,co4    ,index    ,in order not
 to overload this index with details    
which1 for most readers1 would render it
 inconvenient1 only the more important  
,sculptures and murals among the        
,exposition art have been listed here1  
together with the different national and
 historical sections of the ,fine ,arts 
,palace1 and the names of artists       
mentioned most frequently in the text4  
,fuller lists will be found on p4       
#acj-acc 7winners of grand prizes1      
medals of honor and gold medals in the  
,fine ,arts ,exhibit7 and p4 #aid-e     
7murals and ,sculptures74  ,figures in  
light-face type refer to pages in the   
text1 those in heavier type to the      
illustrations4  ,abbey1 ,edwin ,a41     
painter1 #ajg1 #aae4 ,adams1 ,herbert1  
sculptor1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,adventurous      

,bowman1 ,the1 #ef1 #eh4 ,agriculture1  
,palace of1 #af2    architecture and    
,sculpture1 #ce1 #cf1 #ea2    exhibits1 
#adf1 #afb4 ,air    ,sculpture by       
,aitken1 #eb2    murals by ,brangwyn1   
#fg-ga1 #gd4 ,aitken1 ,robert1 sculptor1
 #eb1 #gb1 #ia4 ,among the ',white      
,birch ,trunks1 #abh1 #abf4 ,arabian    
,nights1 ,fountain of1 #hb4 ,arch1      
,tower of ,jewels1 #db1 #ea1 #ec4       
,arches of the ,court of ,seasons1 #gg4 
,arches of the ,rising and the ,setting 
,sun1    architecture1 #fa2             
,sculpture1 #eb4 #ee2    murals1 #ee1   
#ef2    frontispiece1 #ei1 #fc4         
,architects1 ,board of1 #ac4            
,architecture1    main palace group1    
#bg-cf2    ,tower of ,jewels1 #di2      
,court of the ,universe1 #ea2    ,court 
of the ,ages1 #ff-g2    ,court of       
,seasons1 #gf2    ,court of ,flowers and
 ,palms1 #gh2    ,palace of ,machinery1 
#if2    ,fine ,arts1 #aja-b4 ,argentina1
    appropriates #a1gjj1jjj for its     
representation at ,p4 ,p4 ,i4 ,e41 #ad2 

,fine ,arts exhibit1 #abi1 #aca2        
forestry exhibit1 #aec2    pavilion1    
#aed1 #aef1 #afi4 ,arkansas1 building1  
#agf4 ,australia1    ,fine ,arts        
exhibit1 #aca2    pavilion1 #aee4 #adh4 
,autumn1 ,fountain of1 #gf1 #ia4 ,avenue
 of ,palms1 #af1 #ah4 ,aviation1 #aea1  
#ahh1 #ag1 #aib4 ,awards in ,fine ,arts 
exhibit1 #acj-acc4 ,bacon1 ,henry1      
architect1 #ac1 #ge4 ,bancroft1 ,h4     
,milton1 mural painter1 #ge1 #gf4 ,baths
 of ,caracalla1 #if4 ,beach1 ,chester1  
sculptor1 #ff4 ,beachey1 ,lincoln1      
aviator1 #afa4 ,beauty and the ,beast1  
,fountain of1 #ha2    described1 #ie1   
#ajj4 ,belgium1 exhibits in ,french     
,pavilion1 #ajh1 #afd4 ,bennett1 ,edward
 ,h41 architect1 plan for ,exposition1  
#ac4 ,bitter1 ,karl ,t4 ,f41 chief of   
,sculpture1 #ad4 #ajd1 #aaj4 ,blank     
,walls1 use of in ,exposition           
architecture1 #bh4 ,bolivia1 pavilion1  
#aef4 ,borglum1 ,solon1 sculptor1 #ha4  
,boston ,symphony ,orchestra1 #adb-ade4 
,brangwyn1 ,frank1    painter1 #fg-ga1  

#hb2    etchings1 #aaj4 ,brown1 ,arthur1
 architect1 #ac4 ,burbank1 ,luther1     
exhibitor1 #aec4 ,burroughs1 ,edith     
,woodman1 sculptor1 #di1 #hi4 ,byzantine
 architecture1 #bg1 #bh4 ,calder1 ,a4   
,stirling1 sculptor1 #eb1 #ee1 #fa1 #ha1
 #hc1 #hd4 ,california1    votes        
#e1jjj1jjj bonds for ,exposition1 #ac2  
,counties raise #b1ejj1jjj1 #ad2        
,mining exhibit1 #aej2    building1     
#aga1 #agi1 #ahb4 ,canada1 pavilion1    
#aef1 #afa1 #adh4 ,ceres1 ,fountain of1 
#gg1 #ia1 #gi4 ,chase1 ,william ,m41    
painter1 #aag4 ,chicago1 exhibit1 #age4 
,china1    ,fine ,arts exhibit1 #aji1   
#abg1 #abh1 #acb2    industrial         
exhibits1 #aeb2    pavilion1 #afa1 #afb4
 ,color of ,exposition palaces1 #cf-da4 
,column of ,progress1 #af1 #cf2         
description1 #ej1 #ea1 #ef1 #fa1 #eg1   
#eh2    frieze1 #fa1 #fj2    night      
illumination1 #adj4    ,see also        
,adventurous ,bowman4 ,cortez1 #df1 #dh4
 ,cortissoz1 ,royal1 art critic1 quoted1
 #adj4 ,court1 key to the palace group1 

#ej4 ,court of ,abundance1 see ,court of
 the ,ages4 ,court of the ,ages 7or     
,court of ,abundance71 #af2    its      
gardens1 #bj2    architecture1          
,sculpture1 and symbolism1 #fe-gb1 #gj2 
,fountain of ,earth1 #gb1 #gc2          
,brangwyn's murals1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #gd2 
night illumination1 #aci1 #adj4 ,court  
of ,flowers1 #af2    ,garden in1 #bj2   
,portals1 #cd2    architecture1         
,sculpture and gardening1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb1
 #ie1 #he2    ,fountain of ,beauty and  
the ,beast1 #ha1 #ajj2    ,the ,pioneer1
 #ha1 #hg4 ,court of ,palms1 #af2       
,portals1 #cd2    architecture1         
,sculpture and gardening1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb1
 #ie1 #hh1 #ic2    ,the ,end of the     
,trail1 #hb1 #hf4 ,court of ,seasons1   
#af2    architecture1 ,sculpture and    
murals1 #ge-gg2    night illumination1  
#aci1 #adj1 #gi1 #hj1 #id4 ,court of the
 ,universe1 #af2    its gardens1 #bj2   
its coloring1 #ci2    architecture1     
,sculpture and murals1 #ej-fb2          
inscriptions1 #fb2    night             

illumination1 #aci1 #adj4 ,coxhead1     
,ernest1 architect1 prepares first plans
 for ,exposition1 #ad4 ,crocker1 ,w4    
,h41 vice-president of the ,exposition1 
#aig4 ,cuba1    rare trees and plants in
 ,palace of ,horticulture1 #bb1 #be2    
,fine ,arts exhibit1 #abb1 #abg1 #acb2  
industrial exhibits1 #aeb2              
horticultural exhibit1 #aec2            
pavilion1 #afb4 ,deniville1 ,paul1 his  
,imitations of travertine1 #dj1 #if4    
,denmark1    paintings1 #ajh2           
pavilion1 #afb4 ,de ,young1 ,m4 ,h41    
vice-president of the ,exposition1 #aig4
 ,dodge1 ,william de ,leftwlch1 mural   
painter1 #df1 #di4 ,du ,mond1 ,f4 ,v41  
painter1 #ee1 #ef1 #aah4 ,duveneck1     
,frank1 painter1 #aag4 ,earth1          
,fountain of1 #ff1 #fg1 #gb2            
symbolism of1 #ia1 #ib2                 
,illumination1 #ie1 #gj1 #gc4 ,earth1   
,sculpture by ,aitken1 #eb1 #fd2        
murals by ,brangwyn1 #fg-ga4 ,education 
and ,social ,economy1    ,palace of1    
#af2    architecture and ,sculpture1    

#cd1 #ce2    exhibits in1 #aeb1 #ach4   
,el ,dorado1 ,fountain of1 #di1 #hd1    
#hi1 #ed1 ,elements1    ,sculptures by  
,aitken1 #eb1 #fd2    murals by         
,brangwyn1 #fg-ga1 #gd4 ,ellerhusen1    
,ulric1 sculptor1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,end of   
the ,trail1 ,the1 #ha1 #hb1 #hf4        
,energy1 ,fountain of1 #ef1 #hc-d1 #dg4 
,esplanade1 #ai4 ,etching1 #aba1 #abb1  
,fairy ,tales1 #hb1 ,farquhar1 ,robert1 
architect1 #ac1 #be4 ,faville1 ,wm4 ,b41
 architect1 #ac1 #bg1 #ce4 ,feast of the
 ,sacrifice1 ,the1 #gf1 #gi4 ,festival  
,hall1 #af2    architecture and         
,sculpture1 #be1 #bf2    organ1 #bf2    
music in1 #ada-e2    organ an exhibit1  
#aeb2    views of1 #bi1 #hb4 ,fine      
,arts1 ,palace of1    relation to       
,exposition's architectural plan1 #af1  
#cf2    architecture and ,sculpture1    
#aja-ajc2    murals1 #ajc1 #ajd2        
statuary in rotunda and colonnade1 #ajd1
 #acj2    should be preserved in ,golden
 ,gate ,park1 #ajd1 #ajg2    ,the       
,annex1 #ajg1 #aji2    night            

illumination1 #adj1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1   
#aai1 #acg4 ,fine ,arts exhibit1        
#ajg-acj2    mainly contemporaneous1    
#ajg-h2    great extent of the          
collection1 #ajh2    ,american art1     
#ajh-i2    unexpected foreign           
representation1 #aji2    the ,futurists1
 #aaj2    the ,united ,states section1  
#aaj1 #aae-abb2    ,historical section1 
#aaj-aae2    ,foreign sections1         
#abb-acj2    awards of grand prizes1    
medals of honor1 and gold medals1       
#acj-c4 ,fire1    ,sculpture by ,aitken1
 #eb1 #fd2    murals by ,brangwyn1      
#ff-ga4 ,fisheries1 #afc4 ,flanagan1    
,john1 sculptor1 #df4 ,flower ,girl1    
#ha1 #ajj4 ,food ,products1    ,palace  
of1 #af2    architecture and ,sculpture1
 #cd1 #ce2    exhibits1 #adf1 #aec1     
#aai4 ,forestry1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aef1 #agg1
 ,foster1 ,a4 ,w41 treasurer of the     
,exposition1 #aig4 ,fountain of ,beauty 
and the ,beast1 #ha1 #ie1 #ajj4         
,fountain of ,ceres1 #gg1 #ia1 #gi4     
,fountain of ,earth1 #ff1 #fg1 #gb2     

symbolism of1 #ia1 #ib2    ,illumination
 of1 #ie1 #gj1gc4 ,fountain of ,el      
,dorado1 #di1 #hd1 #hi1 #ed4 ,fountain  
of ,energy1 #af2    described1 #hc1 #hd1
 #dg4 ,fountains of the ,rising and the 
,setting ,sun1 #eb1 #ij1 #fc1 #fi4      
,fountains of the ,seasons1 #ge1 #gf1   
#ij1 #ia2    fountain of ,summer1 #id4  
,fountain of ,youth1 #di1 #hd1 #hi1 #ec4
 ,fountain1 ,the ,mermaid1 #hd1 #ii4    
,france1    ,fine ,arts exhibit1 #ajg1  
#ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #abb-abd1 #acj2       
pavilion1 #afb1 #afc1 #afd1 #aeg1 #aeh4 
,fraser1 ,james ,earle1 sculptor1 #hb4  
,french1 ,daniel ,c41 sculptor1 #ih1    
#aaj4 ,frieseke1 ,frederic ,c41 painter1
 #aah1 #aba4 ,fry1 ,sherry ,e41 #bf4    
,futurists1 ,the1 #aaj4                 
,gallen-,kallela1 ,axel1 painter1 #aaj4 
,genius of ,creation1 ,the1 #ih1 #adg4  
,gerlach1 ,gustav1 sculptor1 #cd4       
,germany1    ,fine ,arts exhibit1 #aji1 
#abi1 #acb2    industrial exhibits1     
#aea1 #aeb4 ,grafly1 ,charles1 #ajd4    
,great ,britain1    ,fine ,arts exhibit1

 #aji1 #aae2    industrial exhibits1    
#aea4 ,greece1 pavilion1 #afd4 ,greek   
architecture1 #bg1 #gh4 ,guatemala1     
pavilion1 #afa4 ,guerin1 ,jules1        
chief of color1 #ad2    color scheme1   
#cf-da1 #di1 #aba4 ,hale1 ,r4 ,b41      
proposes ,exposition1 #aa2              
vice-president1 #aig4 ,hassam1 ,childe1 
painter1 #hb1 #aag4 ,hastings1 ,thomas1 
architect1 #ac4 ,hawaii1    exhibits1   
#aec2    building1 #agg4 ,hearst1 ,mrs4 
,phoebe ,a41 #aga4 ,hellman1 ,i4 ,w41   
,jr41 vice-president of the ,exposition1
 #aig4 ,high ,tide3 ,return of the      
,fishermen1 #abd1 #abe4 ,holloway1      
,charles1 painter1 #hb4 ,honduras1      
pavilion1 #afa4 ,hoo ,hoo1 ,house of1   
#be4 ,horticulture1    ,palace of1 #af2 
architecture and ,sculpture1 #ba1 #bb2  
,cuban display1 #bb1 #be2    exhibits   
in1 #aec2    view of1 #bd4 ,hungary1    
,fine ,arts exhibit1 #aji1 #acb4 ,idaho 
building1 #agf4 ,illinois1 building1    
#age1 #ahj4 ,illumination1 #ie1         
#acd-adj1 #cg1 #ace1 #acg1 #aib4        

,impressionists1 #aaj1 #aaf4 ,indiana1  
building1 #age4 ,inscriptions1    on    
,tower of ,jewels1 #de1 #df2    ,in     
,court of the ,universe1 #fa1 #fb2      
,in ,court of the ,seasons1 #gg4 ,iowa1 
building1 #age4 ,italian fountains1 #ce4
 ,italian towers1 #bh1 #ah4 ,italy1     
,fine ,arts exhibit1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1  
#aaj1 #abb1 #abd1 #abg1 #acb2           
industrial exhibits1 #aea2    pavilion1 
#afd1 #afe1 #aei4 ,jaegers1 ,albert1    
sculptor1 #gf4 ,jaegers1 ,august1       
sculptor1 #gf4 ,japan1    ,fine ,arts   
exhibit1 #aji1 #abb1 #acb1 #acc2        
,mining exhibit1 #aej2    industrial    
exhibits1 #aea1 #aeb2    pavilion1 #afe1
 #aff1 #afi4 ,joy ,zone1    outlay of   
concessionaires1 #aj1jjj1jjj1 #ad1 #af2 
described1 #aic-d4 ,kansas1 building1   
#agf4 ,keith1 ,william1 painter1 #ajg1  
#aag4 ,kelham1 ,george ,w41             
architect1 #ac2    describes            
co-operative plan of ,exposition1 #ae2  
,courts of ,flowers and ,palms1 #gh4    
,konti1 ,isidore1 sculptor1 #ef1 #fa4   

,ladd1 ,anna ,c41 sculptor1 #acj4       
,lafayette1 statue of1 #ajd1 #acj1 #aad4
 ,landscape ,gardening1 ,importance in  
,exposition plan1 #ai1 #bj4 ,lemare1    
,edwin ,h41 organist1 #adc1 #ade4       
,lentelli1 ,leo1 sculptor1 #ee1 #ha1    
#ajd4 ,levison1 ,j4 ,b41 head of music  
committee1 #ada1 #adb4 ,liberal ,arts1  
,palace of1 #af2    architecture and    
,sculpture1 #cc1 #cd2    exhibits in1   
#adf1 #aej1 #aea2    view of1 #ch4      
,lighting of ,exposition1 #acd-adj4     
,lincoln1 ,abraham1    statue of1 #acj2 
relics in ,illinois building1 #age4     
,listening ,woman1 #bf1 #cb4            
,live-,stock    exhibit1 #af2    classes
 and awards1 #agh-ahe4 ,longman1 ,evelyn
 ,beatrice1 sculptor1 #gg1 #ia4         
,machinery1 ,palace of1    ground broken
 for1 #ad2    relation to ,exposition's 
architectural plan1 #af1 #cf2           
architecture and ,sculpture of1 #if-ih2 
exhibits in1 #adf1 #adi1 #aej2    views 
of1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaa4 ,mac,neill1 ,h4   
,a41 sculptor1 #eb1 #ef1 #fa4 ,man with 

a ,pick1 #cc4 ,mc,kim1 ,mead and ,white1
 architects1 #ac1 #ea4 ,mc,laren1 ,john1
    chief of landscape engineering1 #ad2
    ,importance of his gardens in the   
,exposition scheme1 #ai1 #bj2    his    
gardening conforms to color scheme1 #da4
 ,manufactures1    ,palace of1 #af2     
architecture and ,sculpture1 #cc1 #cd2  
exhibits in1 #adf1 #aea4 ,maryland1     
building1 #agd4 ,massachusetts1         
exhibits1 #aeb2    building1 #agc1 #aha4
 ,mathews1 ,arthur ,f41 painter1 #hb1   
#aag4 ,maybeck1 ,bernard ,b41 architect1
 #ac1 #be1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,mermaid         
,fountain1 #hd1 #ii4 ,mines and         
,metallurgy1    ,palace of1 #af2        
architecture and ,sculpture1 #ce1 #cf2  
exhibits in1 #aej4 ,miniatures1 ,fine   
,arts exhibit1 #aba1 #abb4 ,mississippi1
 building1 #agd4 ,missouri building1    
#age1 #agf1 #ahj4 ,montana1 ,mining     
exhibit1 #aej2    building1 #agf4       
,montessori1 ,maria1 educator1 #aeb4    
,moore1 ,c4 ,c41 president of the       
,exposition1 #ada1 #aig4 ,moorish       

domes1 #bg2    towers1 #bh4 ,mother of  
the ,dead1 #acj1 #abj4 ,motion          
,pictures1 used for exhibition purposes1
 #adf1 #adi4 ,muck1 ,karl1 director of  
,boston ,symphony ,orchestra1 #adc4     
,mullgardt1 ,louis ,christian1          
architect1 #ac1 #fe-fg1 #gb4 ,munch1    
,edvard1 painter1 exhibit in ,fine ,arts
 ,annex1 #aji4 ,mural paintings1 see    
list in ,appendix1 pp4 #aie1 #aif4      
,music at the ,exposition1 #ada-e4      
,nations of the ,east and ,west1 ,arches
 of1 #eb1 #ee1 #ei1 #fc4 ,netherlands1  
,the1    ,fine ,arts exhibit1 #aji1     
#acj1 #acc2    ,industrial exhibits1    
#aeb2    horticultural exhibit1 #aec2   
pavilion1 #aff1 #aeg4 ,nevada1 building1
 #agf4 ,new ,jersey1 building1 #agc1    
#agd4 ,newman1 ,allen1 sculptor1 #ce4   
,new ,orleans1 #ac4 ,new ,york ,city1   
building1 #agc4 ,new ,york ,state1      
appropriates #a1jjj1jjj for its         
representation at ,p4 ,p4 ,i4 ,e41 #ad2 
building1 #agb1 #agc1 #agj4 ,new        
,zealand1    exhibits1 #aeb1 #aec2      

forestry exhibit1 #aec2    pavilion1    
#afg4 ,niehaus1 ,charles1 sculptor1 #df4
 ,north ,dakota1 building1 #agf4        
,norway1    ,fine ,arts ,exhibit1 #aji1 
#acc2    pavilion1 #afg4 ,ohio1         
building1 #agd1 #age4 ,oklahoma1        
building1 #agf4 ,oregon1    exhibits1   
#aeb2    building1 #agb1 #aia4 ,organ1  
in ,festival ,hall1 #bf1 #ada-e1 #aeb2  
,in ,illinois building1 #age4 ,outcast1 
,the1 #acj1 #acf4 ,palaces of main      
,exposition group1 see ,agriculture1    
,education1 ,food ,products1 ,liberal   
,arts1 ,manufactures1 ,mines1           
,transportation1 ,varied ,industries1   
,machinery1 and ,fine ,arts4 ,panama1   
pavilion1 #afa4 ,panama ,canal1    the  
motive of the ,exposition1 #aa1 #bh2    
reproduction of #aic4 ,panama-,pacific  
,exposition2    motive and planning1    
#aa2    first suggested1 #aa2    plans  
interrupted by fire of #aijf1 #ab2      
,exposition ,company formed and         
subscriptions begun1 #ab2    ,california
 and ,san ,francisco vote bonds1 #ac2   

,san ,francisco wins ,congressional     
approval1 #ac2    national aid not      
asked1 #ac2    site selected1 #ac2      
,president ,taft breaks ground1 #ac2    
,board of ,architects appointed1 #ac2   
,ground ,plan perfected1 site prepared  
and work begun1 #ad2    ,exposition     
ready on time1 #ad2    cost1            
#ej1jjj1jjj1 #ad2    ,ground plan       
described1 #af-ba1 #bg-da4 ,patigian1   
,haig1 sculptor1 #ih4 ,pennell1 ,joseph1
 #abb4 ,pennsylvania1 building1 #agc1   
#aha4 ,pennsylvania ,railway station1   
,new ,york1 #if1 #ajg4 ,philadelphia1   
exhibit1 #aeb4 ,philippines1 ,the1      
,fine ,arts exhibit1 #abh1 #acc2        
forestry exhibit1 #aeb1 #aec2           
building1 #agg4 ,piccirilli1 ,furio1    
sculptor1 #ge1 #ia4 ,piccirilli1        
,attilio1 sculptor1 #acj4 ,pietro1 ,c4  
,l41 sculptor1 #acj4 ,pine and ,redwood 
,bungalows1 #be4 ,pioneer1 ,the1 #ha1   
#hg4 ,pioneer ,mother1 #ajd4 ,pirate1   
,the1 #ce1 #dd4 ,polk1 ,willis1         
architect1 #ac4 ,portals3    ,palace of 

,varied ,industries1 #bh1 #cc1 #ah1 #cg2
    ,manufactures and ,liberal ,arts1   
#cc1 #cd2    ,education1 #cd1 #ce1 #ach4
    ,half-domes1 ,education and ,food   
,products1 #ce2    on north facade1 #ce1
 #dc1 #dd2    east facade1 #ce1 #cf2    
on interior aisle1 #cf2    in ,courts of
 ,flowers and ,palms1 #hb4 ,portugal1   
,fine ,arts exhibit1 #aji1 #abh1 #abi1  
#acc2    building1 #afg4 ,press         
,building1 #bf4 ,priest1 ,the1 #df1 #dd4
 ,putnam1 ,arthur1 #hd4 ,pyle1 ,howard1 
painter1 #aba4 ,redfield1 ,e4 ,w41      
painter1 #aag4 ,reid1 ,robert1 painter1 
#ajc1 #ajd1 #aah4 ,richardson1 ,symmes1 
architect1 #ef4 ,rising and ,setting    
,sun1 ,fountains of1 #eb1 #ij1 #fc1 #fi4
 ,rodin1 ,auguste1    sculptor1 #afc2   
his statue1 ,the ,thinker1 #aeh4 ,rolph1
 ,james1 ,jr41 vice-president of the    
,exposition1 #aig4 ,roman architecture1 
#bg1 #ea1 #fa1 #if4 ,roth1 ,frederick   
,g4 ,r41 sculptor1 #ee1 #fa4 ,rumsey1   
,charles ,c41 sculptor1 #df4 ,ryan1 ,w4 
,d',a41 illumination expert1 #ad1 #de1  

#acd4 ,sabin1 ,wallace1 organist1 #adb4 
,saint-,gaudens1 ,augustus1 sculptor1   
#acj4 ,saint-,saens1 ,camille1 composer1
 #adb-e4 ,san ,francisco1    votes      
#e1jjj1jjj bonds for ,exposition1 #ac2  
raises total of #ab1ejj1jjj1 #ad2       
wins fight for ,congressional approval1 
#ac4 ,sargent1 ,john ,s41 painter1 #ajg1
 #aag4 ,schumann-,heink1 ,mme41 singer1 
#adc4 ,scudder1 ,janet1 sculptor1 #acj4 
,sculpture1    exhibits ,in ,fine ,arts 
,palace and its ,colonnade and ,rotunda1
    #ajh1 #aaj1 #aag1 #abd1 #abe1 #acj2 
,exposition ,sculpture1 adorning the    
palaces1 courts and gardens1    see list
 in ,appendix1 pp4 #aie1 #aif4 ,seasons1
 ,court of1 see ,court of ,seasons2     
,fountains of1 see ,fountains4 ,setting 
,sun1 see ,rising and ,setting ,sun4    
,siam1 pavilion1 #afg4 ,simmons1        
,edward1 mural painter1 #ee1 #ef4       
,sloss1 ,leon1 vice-president of the    
,exposition1 #aig4 ,smith1 ,arthur1     
aviator1 #aea1 #ahh1 #aib4 ,sousa1 ,john
 ,philip1 musical conductor1 #adc-e4    

,south ,gardens1 #af2    hedge of       
mesembryanthemuin1 #ai2    flowers in1  
#bj2    description of ,south ,gardens  
and their buildings1 #ba-bf2    view of1
 #bc4 ,spain1 ,fine ,arts exhibit1 #aji1
 #abh1 #acb4 ,sports and games1         
,exposition contests and prizes1        
#ahf-aij4 ,spring1 ,fountain of1 #ge1   
#gf1 #ia4 ,stackpole1 ,ralph1 #cc1 #cd1 
#ajc4 ,stars1 ,in ,court of ,universe1  
#ea1 #eb4 ,stewart1 ,g4 ,w41 musical    
director1 #adb4 ,st4 ,louis1 city1      
exhibit1 #aeb4 ,summer1 ,fountain of1   
#gf1 #ia1 #id4 ,sweden1    ,fine ,arts  
exhibit1 #aji1 #abh1 #acc2    pavilion1 
#afg1 #afh1 #afj4 ,taft1 ,william ,h41  
breaks ground for ,exposition1 #ab1 #ac4
 ,tarbell1 ,edmund ,c41 painter1 #aag4  
,taussig1 ,rudolph ,j41 secretary of the
 ,exposition1 #aig4 ,texas1 building1   
#agf4 ,thinker1 ,the1 #aeh4 ,tiffany1   
,louis ,c41 exhibit ,in ,fine ,arts     
,palace1 #aah4 ,tonetti1 ,f4 ,m4 ,l41   
sculptor1 #df4 ,tower of the ,ages1 #ff1
 #fg1 #aci1 #gj4 ,tower of ,jewels1 #af2

    central feature of main palace      
group1 #bh1 #cc2    architecture and    
,sculpture1 #db-di2    ,illumination1   
#db2    jewels1 #de2    historical      
significance1 #db-di2    epitomizes the 
,exposition art1 #di2    relation to    
,court of the ,universe1 #ea2    night  
illumination1 #acd1 #aci1 #adj2    views
 of1 #dg1 #ace4 ,transportation1        
,palace of1 #af2    architecture and    
,sculpture1 #ce1 #cf1 #ea2    exhibits  
in1 #aej1 #aea4 ,travertine1            
,artificial1 material of ,exposition    
palaces1    #cf1 #ci1 #dj1 #gg1 #if1    
#ajg4 ,trumbull1 ,edward1 painter1 #agc4
 ,turkey1 pavilion1 #afh4 ,twachtman1   
,john ,h41 painter1 #aag4 ,tympanum1    
,palace of ,varied ,industries1 #cc1    
#ach2    ,education1 #cd1 #ach4 ,united 
,states1 ,fine ,arts exhibit1 #ajh-aaj1 
#aae-aah1 #aba1 #aca4 ,united ,states   
,government exhibits1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aec4 
,uruguay1    ,fine ,arts exhibit1 #abb1 
#abg1 #acc2    ,industrial exhibits1    
#aeb4 ,utah1    ,mining exhibit1 #aej2  

building1 #agg4 ,varied ,industries1    
,palace of1 #af2    its architecture and
 ,sculpture described1 #bh1 #cc1 #cf2   
exhibits1 #adf1 #aea4 ,victory1 crowning
 all gables of main palace group1 #bh1  
#ah4 ,virginia ,building1 #agd4 ,walled 
,city1    main group of exhibition      
palaces1 #ae2    architecture of1       
#bg-cf2    material and color1 #cf-da4  
,walter1 ,edgar1 sculptor1 #ha1 #ie4    
,ward1 ,clarence ,r1 architect1 #ac1    
#if4 ,washington1 state1    exhibits1   
#aec2    building1 #agb1 #aia4 ,water   
colors1 in ,fine ,arts exhibit1 #aba1   
#abh4 ,water1 murals by ,brangwyn1      
#fg-ga4 ,weinert1 ,albert1 sculptor1    
#ce4 ,weinmann1 ,a4 ,a41 sculptor1 #eb1 
#ij1 #aae4 ,weir1 ,j4 ,alden1 painter1  
#aba4 ,west ,virginia1 building1 #agd4  
,whistler1 ,james ,mc,neill1 painter1   
#ajg1 #aag1 #abb4 ,whitney1 ,gertrude   
,vanderbilt1 sculptor1 #di1 #hb1 #hd1   
#ie1 #aaj4 ,winter1 ,fountain of1 #gf1  
#ia4 ,wisconsin1 building1 #age4 ,wolf1 
,henry1 etcher1 #abb1 #acj4 ,young1     

,mahonri1 #cc1 #cd4 ,youth1 ,fountain   
of1 #di1 #hd1 #hi1 #ec4 ,young ,women's 
,christian ,association ,building1 #bf4 
,zimm1 ,bruno ,louis1 #ajb1 #ajc4