,,the ,,doctor1 c4 ,there is a kind of physiognomy in the titles of books no less than in the faces of men1 by which a skilful observer will as well know what to expect from the one as the other4 ,,butler',s ,,remains4 ,frontispiece3 ,,the ,,statues 7,fragment of ,interchapter7 ,london3 ,longman ,co4 #ahdg4 ,,the ,,doctor1 c4 ,illustration3 a tetrahedron ,,vol4 ,,vii4 ,,london3 ,,longman1 ,,brown1 ,,green1 ,,and ,,longmans4 #ahdg4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,w4 ,,nicol1 ,,pall-,,mall4 ,,preface4 ,,invenias ,,etiam ,,disjecti ,,membra ,,poet4 ,the present ,volume contains all that it is thought advisable to publish of the ,papers and ,fragments for ,,the ,,doctor1 ,c4 ,some of these ,papers1 as in the former ,volume1 were written out fair and ready for ,publication--but the order1 and the arrangement intended is altogether unknown4 ,i have taken care to examine the different extracts1--and occasionally ,i have added a note or an explanation1 where such seemed to be needed4 ,the whole has been printed with scrupulous exactness from the ,,mss4 ,the ,epilude of ,mottoes is a selection from such as had not been worked up in the body of the work4 ,some of them may possibly have been used before--but if so1 it has escaped my recollection4-- ,mihi dulces ,ignoscent1 si quid peccro stultus1 amici1 ,inque vicem illorum patiar delicta libenter4 ,,john ,,wood ,,warter4 ,vicarage1 ,west-,tarring1 ,sussex4 ,sept4 #adth1 #ahdg4 ,,prelude ,,of ,,mottoes4 ,well3 we go on4 ,,meric ,,casaubon4 ,ventri utinam pax sit1 sic variante cibo4 ,,venantius ,,fortunatus4 ,i had forgot one half1 ,i do protest1 ,and now am sent again to speak the rest4 ,,dryden4 ,well said1 ,master ,doctor1 well said2 ,by the mass we must have you into the pulpit4 ,,lusty ,,juventus4 ,why this is quincy quarie pepper de watchet single go-by1 of all that ever ,i tasted6 ,,robert ,,greene4 ,alonso4 ,prythee no more6 thou dost talk nothing to me4 ,gonzalo4 ,i did it to minister occasion to these gentlemen who are of such sensible and nimble lungs1 that they always use to laugh at nothing4 ,,tempest4 ,comme l'on voit1 l'ouvrir de la porte ,d'un cabinet royal1 maint beau tableau1 ,mainte antiquaille1 et tout ce que de beau ,le ,portugais des ,indes nous apporte2 ,aussi deslors que l'homme qui medite1 ,et est savant1 commence de s'ouvrir1 ,un grand thresor vient se descouvrir1 ,thresor cach au puits de ,democrite4 ,,quatrains ,,de ,,pibrac4 ,cum enim infelicius nihil sit iis ingeniis1 ut rect ,j4 ,cs4 ,scaliger censet1 qu mordics sentiunt ,majores nostros nihil ignorasse1 mancipium alienarum opinionum nunquam esse volui4 ,contra nec me puduit ab aliis discere1 et qudam ex iis in mea scripta transferre2 quod omnibus seculis ab omnibus viris doctis factitatum video1 neminemque adhuc inventum existimo1 qui omnia1 qu in publicum edidit1 in suo cerebro nata esse gloriari potuerit4 ,invenient tamen1 qui volent1 in meis aliqua1 eaque veritate non aliena1 qu in aliorum scriptis forsan non ita sunt obvia4 ,verm omnibus placere impossibile2 et1 ut ,j4 ,cs4 ,scaliger ait ,qui sevit1 ab alto pluviam satis precatur2 ,at iter faciens imbribus imprecatur atris1 ,non spe ,deus placet2 et tu placere credis8 ,ideoque invidorum obtrectationibus nihil motus1 tomum sextum ,doctoris in publicum edidi1 ac septimum jam in manus sumam1 et in eo quousque ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 placuerit1 progredior4 ,in quo ipso etiam etsi non pauca qu obtrectationi malevolorum et invidorum obnoxia esse poterunt1 dicenda erunt1 proferam tamen ea liber4 ,,sennertus4 ,tired of thee1 my ,opus8 that is impossible6 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 ,,aristophanes4 ,i desire the unlearned readers not to be offended for that ,i have in some places intermixed ,greek and ,latin--7and other tongues7 with the ,english4 ,for1 ,i have an especial regard unto young scholars and students1 unto whom it is not possible to be expressed what great utility1 benefit and knowledge doth redound1 of conferring one strange language with another4 ,neither is it to be doubted1 but that such as are towards the discipline of good literature in divers tongues1 may of such doings as this1 pick out as much utility and furtherance of their studies1 as the unlearned shall take pleasure and fruit of the ,english for their use4 ,whoso careth not for the ,latin may pass it over1 and satisfy himself with the ,english4 ,who passeth not on the ,greek1 may semblably pass it over1 and make as though he see none such4 ,there is in this behalf no man's labour lost but mine1 and yet not that all lost neither1 if my good zeal and honest intent to do good to all sorts1 be in good part interpreted and accepted4 ,,nicholas ,,udall4 ,truly for the ,englishman to be offended with the admixtion of ,latin1 or the ,latin-man to dislike the powdering of ,greek1 appeareth unto me a much like thing1 as if at a feast with variety of good meats and drinks furnished1 one that loveth to feed of a capon should take displeasure that another man hath appetite to a coney2 or one that serveth his stomach with a partridge should be angry with another that hath a mind to a quail2 or one that drinketh small beer1 should be grieved with his next fellow for drinking ale or wine4 ,,nicholas ,,udall4 ,if food and amusement are wanted for the body1 what does he deserve who finds food and amusement for the mind8 ,,gnomica4 ,mai voi1--seguitate il ragionamento del ,dottore2 et mostrateci1 come havete bona memoria2 che credo se saperete ritaccarlo ove lo lasciaste1 non farete poco4 ,,castiglione4 ,if any complain of obscurity1 they must consider1 that in these matters it cometh no otherwise to pass than in sundry the works both of art and also of nature1 where that which hath greatest force in the very things we see1 is1 notwithstanding1 itself oftentimes not seen4 ,the stateliness of horses1 the goodliness of trees1 when we behold them delighteth the eye2 but that foundation which beareth up the one1 that root which ministreth unto the other nourishment and life1 is in the bosom of the earth concealed2 and if there be at any time occasion to search into it1 such labour is then more necessary than pleasant1 both to them which undertake it1 and for the lookers on4 ,,hooker4 ,alcuni--dicono ch'io ho creduto formar me stesso1 persuadendomi che le conditioni ch'io al ,dottore attribuisco1 tutte siano in me4 ,a' questi tali non voglio gi negar di non haver tentato tutto quello1 ch'io vorrei che sapesse il ,dottore2 et penso che chi non havesse havuto qualche notitia delle cose che nel libro si trattano1 per erudito che fosse stato1 male haverebbe potuto scriverle3 ma io non son tanto privo di giudicio in conoscere me stesso1 che mi presuma saper tutto quello1 che so desiderare4 ,,castiglione4 ,in a building1--if it be large1 there is much to be done in preparing and laying the foundation1 before the walls appear above ground2 much is doing within1 when the work does not seem1 perhaps1 to advance without1 and when it is considerably forward1 yet being encumbered with scaffolds and rubbish1 a byestander sees it at great disadvantage1 and can form but an imperfect judgement of it4 ,but all this while the architect himself1 even from the laying of the first stone1 conceives of it according to the plan and design he has formed2 he prepares and adjusts the materials1 disposing each in its proper time and place1 and views it in idea as already finished4 ,in due season it is compleated1 but not in a day4 ,the top-stone is fixed1 and then1 the scaffolds and rubbish being removed1 it appears to others as he intended it should be4 ,,john ,,newton4 ,non si dea adunque l'uomo contentare di fare le cose buone1 ma dee studiare di farle anco leggiadre4 ,e non altro leggiadria1 che una cotale quasi luce1 che risplende dalla convenevolezza delle cose1 che sono ben composte1 e ben divisate l'una con l'altra1 e tutte insieme2 senza la quel misura eziandio il bene non bello1 e la bellezza non piacevole4 ,m4 ,,gio4 ,,della ,,casa1 ,,galateo4 ,pick out of mirth1 like stones out of thy ground ,profaneness1 filthiness1 abusiveness2 ,these are the scum with which coarse wits abound2 ,the few may spare them well4 ,,herbert4 ,the wise1--weighs each thing as it ought1 ,mistakes no term1 nor sentence wrests awry2 ,the fond will read awhile1 but cares for nought1 ,yet casts on each man's work a frowning eye4 ,this neither treats of matters low nor high1 ,but finds a meane1 that each good meaning might ,in all true means take ,charity aright4 ,,churchyard4 ,while others fish with craft for great opinion1 ,i with great truth catch mere simplicity4 ,whilst some with cunning gild their copper crowns1 ,with truth and plainness ,i do wear mine bare4 ,fear not my truth2 the moral of my wit ,is--plain and true2--there's all the reach of it4 ,,shakespeare4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,,aristophanes4 ,io vorrei1 ,monsignor1 solo tant' arte ,ch'io potessi1 per longo e per traverso1 ,dipingervi il mio cor in queste carte4 ,,ludovico ,,dolce4 ,nous nous aimons un peu1 c'est notre faible tous2 ,le prix que nous valons qui le sait mieux que nous8 ,et puis la mode en est1 et la cour l'autorise ,nous parlons de nous mmes avec tout franchise4 ,,corneille4 ,mes paroles sont un peu de dure digestion pour la foiblesse des estomacs d' present4 ,mais si on les remche bien1 on en tirera beaucoup de substance4 ,,mademoiselle ,,bourignon4 ,supersunt etiam plurima qu dici possint in hanc materiam1 quibus pro vitando fastidio1 supersedendum puto2 ut si quis eadem conari velit1 habiat etiamnum aliquid in quo exerceat industriam4 ,,ren4 ,,rapin4 ,i wish thee as much pleasure in the reading1 as ,i had in the writing4 ,,quarles4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,,cci4--p4 #a4 ,,question ,,concerning ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,tongues4--,,the ,,athanasian ,,confessors4--,,gibbon',s ,,relation ,,of ,,the ,,supposed ,,miracle ,,of ,,tongues4--,,the ,,facts ,,shown ,,to ,,be ,,true1 ,,the ,,miracle ,,imaginary1 ,,and ,,the ,,historian ,,the ,,dupe ,,of ,,his ,,own ,,unbelief4 ,perseveremus1 peractis qu rem continebant1 scrutari etiam ea qu1 si vis verum connexa sunt1 non cohrentia2 qu quisquis diligenter inspicit1 nec facit oper prtium1 nec tamen perdit operam4 ,,seneca4 ,,chapter ,,ccii4--p4 #ae4 ,a ,,law ,,of ,,alfred',s ,,against ,,lying ,,tongues4 ,,observations ,,on ,,lax ,,ones4 ,as ,i have gained no small satisfaction to myself1--so ,i am desirous that nothing that occurs here may occasion the least dissatisfaction to others4 ,and ,i think it will be impossible any thing should1 if they will be but pleased to take notice of my design4 ,,henry ,,more4 ,,chapter ,,cciii4--p4 #bc4 ,,whether ,a ,,man ,,and ,,himself ,,be ,,two4--,,maxim ,,of ,,bayle',s4--,,adam ,,littleton',s ,,sermons1--,a ,,right ,,hearted ,,old ,,divine ,,with ,,whom ,,the ,,author ,,hopes ,,to ,,be ,,better ,,acquainted ,,in ,a ,,better ,,world4--,,the ,,reader ,,referred ,,to ,,him ,,for ,,edification4--,,why ,,the ,,author ,,purchased ,,his ,,sermons4 ,parolles4 ,go to1 thou art a witty fool1 ,i have found thee4 ,clown4 ,did you find me in yourself1 ,sir8 or were you taught to find me8 ,the search1 ,sir1 was profitable2 and much fool may you find in you1 even to the world's pleasure and the increase of laughter4 ,,all',s ,,well ,,that ,,ends ,,well4 ,,chapter ,,cciv4--p4 #ce4 ,,adam ,,littleton',s ,,statement ,,that ,,every ,,man ,,is ,,made ,,up ,,of ,,three ,,egos1--,,dean ,,young--,,distance ,,between ,a ,,man',s ,,head ,,and ,,his ,,heart4 ,perhaps when the ,reader considers the copiousness of the argument1 he will rather blame me for being too brief than too tedious4 ,,dr4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,,chapter ,,ccv4--p4 #da4 ,,equality ,,of ,,the ,,sexes1--,a ,,point ,,on ,,which ,,it ,,was ,,not ,,easy ,,to ,,collect ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,opinion4--,,the ,,salic ,,law4--,,daniel ,,rogers',s ,,treatise ,,of ,,matrimonial ,,honour4--,,miss ,,hatfield',s ,,letters ,,on ,,the ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,female ,,sex1 ,,and ,,lodovico ,,domenichi',s ,,dialogue ,,upon ,,the ,,nobleness ,,of ,,women4 ,mirths and toys ,to cozen time withal3 for o' my troth1 ,sir ,i can love1--,i think well too1--well enough2 ,and think as well of women as they are1-- ,pretty fantastic things1 some more regardful1 ,and some few worth a service4 ,i'm so honest ,i wish 'em all in ,heaven and you know how hard1 ,sir1 ',twill be to get in there with their great farthingals4 ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4 ,and not much easier now with their great sleeves4 ,,author1 ,a4,d4 #ahcj4 ,,chapter ,,ccvi4--p4 #ea4 ,,the ,,subject ,,continued4--,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,rabbis4--,,anecdote ,,of ,,lady ,,jekyll ,,and ,a ,,tart ,,reply ,,of ,,william ,,whiston',s4--,,jean ,d',,espagne4--,,queen ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,the ,,quorum ,,quarum ,,quorum ,,gender4--,,the ,,society ,,of ,,gentlemen ,,agree ,,with ,,mahomet ,,in ,,supposing ,,that ,,women ,,have ,,no ,,souls1 ,,but ,,are ,,of ,,opinion ,,that ,,the ,,devil ,,is ,,an ,,hermaphrodite4 ,sing of the nature of women2 and then the song shall be surely full of variety1 old crotchets1 and most sweet closes3 it shall be humourous1 grave1 fantastic1 amorous1 melancholy1 sprightly1 one in all and all in one4 ,,marston4 ,,chapter ,,ccvii4--p4 #fj4 ,,fracas ,,with ,,the ,,gender ,,feminine4--,,the ,,doctor',s ,,defence4 ,if there sit twelve women at the table1 let a dozen of them be--as they are4 ,,timon ,,of ,,athens4 ,,chapter ,,ccviii4--p4 #ff4 ,,value ,,of ,,women ,,among ,,the ,,afghauns4--,,ligon',s ,,history ,,of ,,barbadoes1 ,,and ,a ,,favorite ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,therefrom4--,,claude ,,seissel1 ,,and ,,the ,,salic ,,law4--,,jewish ,,thanksgiving4--,,etymology ,,of ,,mulier1 ,,woman1 ,,and ,,lass2--,,from ,,which ,,it ,,may ,,be ,,guessed ,,how ,,much ,,is ,,contained ,,in ,,the ,,limbo ,,of ,,etymology4 ,if thy name were known that writest in this sort1 ,by womankind1 unnaturally1 giving evil report1 ,whom all men ought1 both young and old1 defend with all their might1 ,considering what they do deserve of every living wight1 ,i wish thou should exiled be from women more and less1 ,and not without just cause thou must thyself confess4 ,,edward ,,more4 ,,interchapter ,,xxiv4--p4 #gh4 ,a ,,true ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,terrible ,,knitters ,e' ,,dent ,,which ,,will ,,be ,,read ,,with ,,interest ,,by ,,humane ,,manufacturers1 ,,and ,,by ,,masters ,,of ,,spinning ,,jennies ,,with ,a ,,smile4--,,betty ,,yewdale4--,,the ,,excursion--,,an ,,extract ,,from1 ,,and ,,an ,,illustration ,,of4 ,o voi ch' avete gl' intelletti sani1 ,mirate la dottrina1 che s' asconde ,sotto 'l velame degli versi strani4 ,,dante4 ,,chapter ,,ccix4--p4 #ie4 ,,early ,,approximation ,,to ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,theory4--,,george ,,fox4--,,zachariah ,,ben ,,mohammed4--,,cowper4--,,institutes ,,of ,,menu4--,,bardic ,,philosophy4 ,,milton4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,browne4 ,there are distinct degrees of ,being as there are degrees of ,sound2 and the whole world is but as it were a greater ,gamut1 or scale of music4 ,,norris4 ,,chapter ,,ccx4--p4 #abb4 ,a ,,quotation ,,from ,,bishop ,,berkeley1 ,,and ,a ,,hit ,,at ,,the ,,small ,,critics4 ,plusieurs blameront l'entassement de passages que l'on vient de voir2 j'ai prvu leurs ddains1 leurs dgots1 et leurs censures magistrales2 et n'ai pas voulu y avoir gard4 ,,bayle4 ,,chapter ,,ccxi4--p4 #abf4 ,,something ,,in ,,honour ,,of ,,bishop ,,watson4--,,cudworth4--,,jackson ,,of ,,oxford ,,and ,,newcastle4--,a ,,baxterian ,,scruple4 ,s'il y a des lecteurs qui se soucient peu de cela1 on les prie de se souvenir qu'un auteur n'est pas oblig ne rien dire que ce qui est de leur got4 ,,bayle4 ,,chapter ,,ccxii4--p4 #acb4 ,,speculations ,,connected ,,with ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,theory4--,,doubts ,,and ,,difficulties4 ,voil bien des mysteres1 dira-t-on2 j'en conviens2 aussi le sujet le mrite-t-il bien4 ,au reste1 il est certain que ces mysteres ne cachent rien de mauvais4 ,,gomgam4 ,,chapter ,,ccxiii4--p4 #adc4 ,,birds ,,of ,,paradise4--,,the ,,ziz4--,,story ,,of ,,the ,,abbot ,,of ,,st4 ,,salvador ,,de ,,villar4--,,holy ,,colette',s ,,nondescript ,,pet4--,,the ,,animalcular ,,world4--,,giordano ,,bruno4 ,and so ,i came to ,fancy's meadows1 strow'd ,with many a flower2 ,fain would ,i here have made abode1 ,but ,i was quickened by my hour4 ,,herbert4 ,,chapter ,,ccxiv4--p4 #aeg4 ,,further ,,difficulties4--,,question ,,concerning ,,inferior ,,apparitions4--,,blake ,,the ,,painter1 ,,and ,,the ,,ghost ,,of ,a ,,flea4 ,in amplissim caus1 quasi magno mari1 pluribus ventis sumus vecti4 ,,pliny4 ,,chapter ,,ccxv4--p4 #afd4 ,,facts ,,and ,,fancies ,,connecting ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,theory ,,with ,,the ,,vegetable ,,world4 ,we will not be too peremptory herein3 and build standing structures of bold assertions on so uncertain a foundation2 rather with the ,rechabites we will live in tents of conjecture1 which on better reason we may easily alter and remove4 ,,fuller4 ,,chapter ,,ccxvi4--p4 #agd4 ,a ,,spanish ,,authoress4--,,how ,,the ,,doctor ,,obtained ,,her ,,works ,,from ,,madrid4--,,the ,,pleasure ,,and ,,advantages ,,which ,,the ,,author ,,derives ,,from ,,his ,,landmarks ,,in ,,the ,,books ,,which ,,he ,,had ,,perused4 ,,alex4 ,quel es ,d4 ,diego aquel ,arbol1 que tiene la copa en tierra y las raizes arriba8 ,,dieg4 ,el hombre4 ,,el ,,letrado ,,del ,,cielo4 ,,chapter ,,ccxvii4--p4 #ahb4 ,,some ,,account ,,of ,d4 ,,oliva ,,sabuco',s ,,medical ,,theories ,,and ,,practice4 ,yo--volver ,a nueva diligencia y paso largo1 ,que es breve el tiempo1 's grande la memoria ,que para darla al mundo est mi cargo4 ,,balbuena4 ,,chapter ,,ccxviii4--p4 #aic4 ,,the ,,mundane ,,system ,,as ,,commonly ,,held ,,in ,d4 ,,oliva',s ,,age4--,,modern ,,objections ,,to ,a ,,plurality ,,of ,,worlds ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,james ,,miller4 ,un cerchio immaginato ci bisogna1 ,a voler ben la spera contemplare2 ,cosi chi intender questa storia agogna ,conviensi altro per altro immaginare2 ,perch qui non si canta1 e finge1 e sogna2 ,venuto il tempo da filosofare4 ,,pulci4 ,,chapter ,,ccxix4--p4 #bjc4 ,,the ,,argument ,,against ,,christianity ,,drawn ,,from ,a ,,plurality ,,of ,,worlds ,,shewn ,,to ,,be ,,futile3 ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,opposite ,,dispositions ,,by ,,which ,,men ,,are ,,tempted ,,to ,,infidelity4 --ascolta ,siccome suomo di verace lingua2 ,e porgimi l'orecchio4 ,,chiabrera4 ,,chapter ,,ccxx4--p4 #baa4 ,,do,a ,,oliva',s ,,philosophy1 ,,and ,,views ,,of ,,political ,,reformation4 ,non vi par adunque che habbiamo ragionato a bastanza di questo8--,a bastanza parmi1 rispose il ,signor ,gaspar2 par desidero io d'intendere qualche particolarita anchor4 ,,castiglione4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxi4--p4 #bbj4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,opinion ,,of ,,do,a ,,oliva',s ,,practice ,,and ,,humanity4 ,anchor dir si potrebber cose assai ,che la materia tanto piena et folta1 ,che non se ne verrebbe capo mai1 ,dunque fia buono ch'io suoni raccolta4 ,,fr4 ,,sansovino4 ,,interchapter ,,xxv4--p4 #bdb4 ,a ,,wishing ,,interchapter ,,which ,,is ,,shortly ,,terminated1 ,,on ,,suddenly ,,recollecting ,,the ,,words ,,of ,,cleopatra1--8,,wishers ,,were ,,ever ,,fools40 ,begin betimes1 occasion's bald behind1 ,stop not thine opportunity1 for fear too late ,thou seek'st for much1 but canst not compass it4 ,,marlowe4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxii4--p4 #bde4 ,,etymology4--,,un ,,tour ,,de ,,ma,,tre ,,gonin4--,,roman ,,de ,,vaudemont ,,and ,,the ,,letter ,c4--,,shenstone4--,,the ,,doctor',s ,,use ,,of ,,christian ,,names4 1 1 4 ,,aristophanes4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxiii4--p4 #bei4 ,,true ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,dove4--,,difficulties ,,of ,,pronunciation ,,and ,,prosody4--,a ,,true ,,and ,,perfect ,,rhyme ,,hit ,,upon4 ,tal nombre1 que a los siglos extendido1 ,se olvide de olvidarsele al ,olvido4 ,,lope ,,de ,,vega4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxiv4--p4 #bfi4 ,,charlemagne1 ,,casimir ,,the ,,poet1 ,,margaret ,,duchess ,,of ,,newcastle1 ,,nocturnal ,,remembrancer4--,,the ,,doctor ,,not ,,ambitious ,,of ,,fame4--,,the ,,author ,,is ,,induced ,,by ,,mr4 ,,fosbrooke ,,and ,,norris ,,of ,,bemerton ,,to ,,ejaculate ,a ,,heathen ,,prayer ,,in ,,behalf ,,of ,,his ,,brethren4 ,tutte le cose son rose et viole ,ch' io dico ch' io dir de la virtute4 ,,fr4 ,,sansovino4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxv4--p4 #bge4 ,,two ,,questions ,,growing ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,preceding ,,chapter4 ,a ,taylor who has no objection to wear motley1 may make himself a great coat with half a yard of his own stuff1 by eking it out with cabbage from every piece that comes in his way4 ,,robert ,,southey4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxvi4--p4 #bhc4 ,,the ,,author ,,digresses ,a ,,little1 ,,and ,,takes ,,up ,a ,,stitch ,,which ,,was ,,dropped ,,in ,,the ,,earlier ,,part ,,of ,,this ,,opus4--,,notices ,,concerning ,,literary ,,and ,,dramatic ,,history1 ,,but ,,pertinent ,,to ,,this ,,part ,,of ,,our ,,subject4 ,jam paululum digressus a spectantibus1 ,doctis loquar1 qui non adeo spectare quam ,audire gestiunt1 logosque ponderant1 ,examinant1 dijudicantque pro suo ,candore vel livore2 non latum tamen ,culmum 7quod aiunt7 dum loquar sapientibus ,loco movebor4 ,,macropedius4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxvii4--p4 #cag4 ,,system ,,of ,,progression ,,marred ,,only ,,by ,,man',s ,,interference4--,,the ,,doctor ,,speaks ,,seriously ,,and ,,humanely ,,and ,,quotes ,,juvenal4 ,,montenegro4 ,how now1 are thy arrows feathered8 ,,velasco4 ,well enough for roving4 ,,montenegro4 ,shoot home then4 ,,shirley4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxviii4--p4 #cbb4 ,,rats4--,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,laureate ,,southey ,,for ,,lessening ,,their ,,number4--,,the ,,doctor',s ,,humanity ,,in ,,refusing ,,to ,,sell ,,poison ,,to ,,kill ,,vermin1 ,,after ,,the ,,example ,,of ,,peter ,,hopkins ,,his ,,master4--,,political ,,rats ,,not ,,alluded ,,to4--,,recipe ,,for ,,killing ,,rats4 ,i know that nothing can be so innocently writ1 or carried1 but may be made obnoxious to construction2 marry1 whilst ,i bear mine innocence about me1 ,i fear it not4 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxix4--p4 #cbh4 ,,rats ,,like ,,learned ,,men ,,liable ,,to ,,be ,,led ,,by ,,the ,,nose4--,,the ,,attendant ,,upon ,,the ,,steps ,,of ,,man1 ,,and ,a ,,sort ,,of ,,inseparable ,,accident4--,,seigneur ,,de ,,humesesne ,,and ,,pantagruel4 ,where my pen hath offended1 ,i pray you it may be amended ,by discrete consideration ,of your wise reformation3 ,i have not offended1 ,i trust1 ,if it be sadly discust4 ,,skelton4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxx4--p4 #cce4 ,,distinction ,,between ,,young ,,angels ,,and ,,young ,,yahoos4--,,fairies1 ,,killcrops ,,and ,,changelings4--,,luther',s ,,opinions ,,on ,,the ,,subject4--,,his ,,colloquia ,,mensalia4--,,difference ,,between ,,the ,,old ,,and ,,new ,,edition4 ,i think it not impertinent sometimes to relate such accidents as may seem no better than mere trifles2 for even by trifles are the qualities of great persons as well disclosed as by their great actions2 because in matters of importance they commonly strain themselves to the observance of general commended rules2 in lesser things they follow the current of their own natures4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxi4--p4 #cdd4 ,,question ,,as ,,to ,,whether ,,books ,,under ,,the ,,termination ,,of 8,,ana0 ,,have ,,been ,,serviceable ,,or ,,injurious ,,to ,,literature ,,considered ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,luther',s ,,table ,,talk4--,,history ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,english ,,translation ,,of ,,that ,,book1 ,,of ,,its ,,wonderful ,,preservation1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,marvellous ,,and ,,unimpeachable ,,veracity ,,of ,,captain ,,henry ,,bell4 ,prophecies1 predictions1 ,or where they abide1 ,stories and fictions1 ,on this or that side1 ,allegories1 rhymes1 ,or under the mid line ,and serious pastimes ,of the ,holland sheets fine1 ,for all manner men1 ,or in the tropics fair ,without regard when1 ,of sunshine and clear air1 ,or under the pole ,of chimney and sea coal3 ,read they that list2 understand they that can2 ,verbum satis est to a wise man4 ,,book ,,of ,,riddles4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxii4--p4 #ceg4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,family ,,feeling4 ,it behoves the high ,for their own sakes to do things worthily4 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxiii4--p4 #cgj4 ,,the ,,petty ,,german ,,princes ,,excellent ,,patrons ,,of ,,literature ,,and ,,learned ,,men4--,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,saxe ,,weimar4--,,quotation ,,from ,,bp4 ,,hacket4--,,an ,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,excellent ,,mr4 ,,boyle4--,a ,,tenet ,,of ,,the ,,dean ,,of ,,chalon1 ,,pierre ,,de ,,st4 ,,julien1--,,and ,a ,,veritable ,,plantagenet4 ,ita nati estis1 ut bona malaque vestra ad ,rempublicam pertineant4 ,,tacitus4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxiv4--p4 #chj4 ,,opinion ,,of ,a ,,modern ,,divine ,,upon ,,the ,,whereabout ,,of ,,newly ,,departed ,,spirits4--,,st4 ,,john',s ,,burial1 ,,one ,,relic ,,only ,,of ,,that ,,saint1 ,,and ,,wherefore4--,a ,,tale ,,concerning ,,abraham1 ,,adam ,,and ,,eve4 ,je say qu'il y a plusieurs qui diront que je fais beaucoup de petits fats contes1 dont je m'en passerois bien4 ,ouy1 bien pour aucuns1--mais non pour moy1 me contentant de m'en renouveller le souvenance1 et en tirer autant de plaisir4 ,,brant,,me4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxv4--p4 #chi4 ,,the ,,shortest ,,and ,,pleasantest ,,way ,,from ,,doncaster ,,to ,,jeddah1 ,,with ,,many ,,more1 ,,too ,,long4 4 ,,sophocles4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxvi4--p4 #dah4 ,,charity ,,of ,,the ,,doctor ,,in ,,his ,,opinions4--,,mason ,,the ,,poet4--,,political ,,medicine4--,,sir ,,william ,,temple4--,,cervantes4--,,state ,,physicians4--,,advantage ,,to ,,be ,,derived ,,from1 ,,whether ,,to ,,king1 ,,cabinet1 ,,lords ,,or ,,commons4--,,examples4--,,philosophy ,,of ,,popular ,,expressions4--,,cotton ,,mather4--,,claude ,,pajon ,,and ,,barnabas ,,oley4--,,timothy ,,rogers ,,and ,,melancholy4 ,go to6 ,you are a subtile nation1 you physicians1 ,and grown the only cabinets in court6 ,b4 ,,jonson4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxvii4--p4 #dcg4 ,,more ,,maladies ,,than ,,the ,,best ,,physicians ,,can ,,prevent ,,by ,,remedies4--,,the ,,doctor ,,not ,,given ,,to ,,questions1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,poco-,,curante ,,school ,,as ,,to ,,all ,,the ,,politics ,,of ,,the ,,day4 ,a slight answer to an intricate and useless question is a fit cover to such a dish2 a cabbage leaf is good enough to cover a pot of mushrooms4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxviii4--p4 #ddb4 ,,simonides4--,,funeral ,,poems4--,,unfeeling ,,opinion ,,imputed ,,to ,,the ,,greek ,,poet1 ,,and ,,expressed ,,by ,,malherbe4--,,seneca4--,,jeremy ,,taylor ,,and ,,the ,,doctor ,,on ,,what ,,death ,,might ,,have ,,been1 ,,and ,,were ,,men ,,what ,,christianity ,,would ,,make ,,them1 ,,might ,,be4 ,intendale chi pu2 che non stretto ,alcuno a creder pu di quel che vuole4 ,,orlando ,,innamorato4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxix4--p4 #ddi4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,dissents ,,from ,a ,,proposition ,,of ,,warburton',s ,,and ,,shews ,,it ,,to ,,be ,,fallacious4--,,hutchinson',s ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,powers ,,of ,,brutes4--,,lord ,,shaftesbury ,,quoted4--,,apollonius ,,and ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,babylon4--,,distinction ,,in ,,the ,,talmud ,,between ,,an ,,innocent ,,beast ,,and ,a ,,vicious ,,one4--,,opinion ,,of ,,isaac ,,la ,,peyresc4--,,the ,,question ,,de ,,origine ,,et ,,natura ,,animarum ,,in ,,brutis ,,as ,,brought ,,before ,,the ,,theologians ,,of ,,seven ,,protestant ,,academies ,,in ,,the ,,year #afce ,,by ,,daniel ,,sennertus4 ,toutes veritez ne sont pas bonnes dire serieusement4 ,,gomgam4 ,,chapter ,,ccxl4--p4 #dgc4 ,,the ,,jesuit ,,garasse',s ,,censure ,,of ,,huarte ,,and ,,barclay4--,,extraordinary ,,investigation4--,,the ,,tendency ,,of ,,nature ,,to ,,preserve ,,its ,,own ,,archetypal ,,forms4--,,that ,,of ,,art ,,to ,,vary ,,them4--,,portraits4--,,moral ,,and ,,physical ,,cadastre4--,,parish ,,chronicler ,,and ,,parish ,,clerk ,,the ,,doctor ,,thought ,,might ,,be ,,well ,,united4 ,is't you1 ,sir1 that know things8 ,,sooth4 ,in nature's infinite book of secresy1 ,a little ,i can read4 ,,shakspeare4 ,,chapter ,,ccxli4--p4 #die4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,utopia ,,denominated ,,columbia4--,,his ,,scheme ,,entered ,,upon--,,but #8,,left ,,half ,,told' ,,like #8,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cambuscan ,,bold4' ,i will to satisfy and please myself1 make an ,utopia of mine own1 a new ,atlantis1 a poetical commonwealth of mine own1 in which ,i will freely domineer1 build cities1 make laws1 statutes1 as ,i list myself4 ,and why may ,i not8 ,,burton4 ,,chapter ,,ccxlii4--p4 #ejb4 ,,farther ,,remarks ,,upon ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,schism1 ,,and ,,the ,,advantages ,,which ,,it ,,affords ,,to ,,the ,,romish ,,church ,,and ,,to ,,infidelity4 --,io non ci ho interresso ,nessun1 n vi fui mai1 ne manco chieggo ,per quel ch'io ne v dir1 d'esservi messo4 ,v dir1 che senza passion eleggo1 ,e non forzato1 e senza pigliar parte2 ,di dirne tutto quel1 ch'intendo e veggo4 ,,bronzino ,,pittore4 ,,chapter ,,ccxliii4--p4 #eab4 ,,brevity ,,being ,,the ,,soul ,,of ,,wit ,,the ,,author ,,studies ,,conciseness4 ,you need not fear a surfeit1 here is but little1 and that light of digestion4 ,,quarles4 ,,chapter ,,ccxliv4--p4 #eac4 ,,the ,,author ,,ventures ,,to ,,speak ,a ,,word ,,on ,,christian ,,cheerfulness3--,,quotes ,,ben ,,sirach1--,,solomon1--,,bishop ,,hacket1--,,walter ,,savage ,,landor1--,,bishop ,,reynolds1--,,milton1--,c4 -- 1 4 ,,simonides4 ,,fragments ,,to ,,the ,,doctor4--p4 #ebg4 ,a ,,love ,,fragment ,,for ,,the ,,ladies1--,,introduced ,,by ,a ,,curious ,,incident ,,which ,,the ,,author ,,begs ,,they ,,will ,,excuse4 ,now will ye list a little space1 ,and ,i shall send you to solace2 ,you to solace and be blyth1 ,hearken6 ye shall hear belyve ,a tale that is of verity4 ,,roswall ,,and ,,lillian4 ,a ,,fragment ,,on ,,beards4 ,yet have ,i more to say which ,i have thought upon1 for ,i am filled as the moon at the full6 ,,ecclesiasticus4 ,,fragment ,,on ,,mortality4 ,,fragment ,,of ,,sixth ,,volume4 ,,fragment4 ,j'ay fait le prcdent ,chapitre un peu court2 peut-tre que celui-ce sera plus long2 je n'en suis pourtant pas bien assur1 nous l'allons voir4 ,,scarron4 ,,fragment ,,which ,,was ,,to ,,have ,,answered ,,the ,,question ,,proposed ,,in ,,the ,,two ,,hundred ,,and ,,forty-,,second ,,chapter4 ,io udii gi dire ad un valente uomo nostro vicino1 gli uomini abbiano molte volte bisogno s di lagrimare1 come di ridere2 e per tal cagione egli affermava essere state da principio trovate le dolorose favole1 che si chiamarono ,tragedie1 accioche raccontate ne' teatri1 come in qual tempo si costumava di fare1 tirassero le lagrime agli occhi di coloro1 che avevano di ci mestiere2 e cosi eglino piangendo della loro infirmita guarissero4 ,ma come ci sia a noi non ist bene di contristare gli animi delle persone con cui favelliamo2 massimamente col dove si dimori per aver festa e sollazzo1 e non per piagnere2 che se pure alcuno 1 che infermi per vaghezza di lagrimare1 assai leggier cosa fia di medicarlo con la mostarda forte1 o porlo in alcun luogo al fumo4 ,,galateo1 ,,del ,m4 ,,giovanni ,,della ,,casa4 ,,fragment ,,on ,,hutchinson',s ,,works4 ,,fragment ,,relative ,,to ,,the ,,grammar ,,school ,,at ,,doncaster ,,and ,,the ,,living ,,of ,,rossington4 ,,fragment ,,of ,,interchapter4 ,,memoirs ,,of ,,cat',s ,,eden4 ,,fragment ,,on ,,wigs4 ,,fragment ,,of ,,interchapter4 ,more than prince of cats1 ,i can tell you4 ,,romeo ,,and ,,juliet4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,the ,,cats ,,of ,,greta ,,hall4 ,,fragment ,,of ,,interchapter4 4 1 4 ,,chrysost4 ,,hom4 ,,ad ,,popul4 ,,antiochen4 ,,epilude ,,of ,,mottoes4--p4 #fae4 ,l',,envoy4 ,,the ,,doctor1 c4 ,,chapter ,,cci4 ,,question ,,concerning ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,tongues4--,,the ,,athanasian ,,confessors4--,,gibbon',s ,,relation ,,of ,,the ,,supposed ,,miracle ,,of ,,tongues4--,,the ,,facts ,,shown ,,to ,,be ,,true1 ,,the ,,miracle ,,imaginary1 ,,and ,,the ,,historian ,,the ,,dupe ,,of ,,his ,,own ,,unbelief4 ,perseveremus1 peractis qu rem continebant1 scrutari etiam ea qu1 si vis verum connexa sunt1 non cohrentia2 qu quisquis diligenter inspicit1 nec facit oper prtium1 nec tamen perdit operam4 ,,seneca4 ,for what use were our tongues given us8 ,to speak with1 to be sure1 will be the immediate reply of many a reader4 ,but ,master1 ,mistress1 ,miss or ,master ,speaker 7whichever you may happen to be71 ,i beg leave to observe that this is only one of the uses for which that member was formed1 and that for this alone it has deserved to be called an unruly member1 it is not its primary1 nor by any means its most important use4 ,for what use was it given to thy labourer the ox1 thy servant the horse1 thy friend1--if thou deservest to have such a friend1--the dog1--thy playfellow the kitten1--and thy cousin the monkey8#a ,footnote #a3 ,simia quam similis1 turpissima bestia notis4 ,,ennius4 ,in another place ,i shall answer my own question1 which was asked in this place1 because it is for my present purpose to make it appear that the tongue although a very convenient instrument of speech1 is not necessary for it4 ,it is related in ,gibbon's great history1 a work which can never be too highly praised for its ability1 nor too severely condemned for the false philosophy which pervades it1 that the ,catholics1 inhabitants of ,tipasa1 a maritime colony of ,mauritania1 were by command of the ,arian ,king1 ,hunneric1 ,genseric's detestable son and successor1 assembled on the forum1 and there deprived of their right hands and their tongues4 8,but the holy confessors10 he proceeds to say1 8continued to speak without tongues2 and this miracle is attested by ,victor1 an ,african bishop1 who published an history of the persecution within two years after the event4 #8,if any one1' says ,victor1 #8should doubt of the truth1 let him repair to ,constantinople1 and listen to the clear and perfect language of ,restitutus1 the subdeacon1 one of these glorious sufferers1 who is now lodged in the palace of the ,emperor ,zeno1 and is respected by the devout ,empress4' ,at ,constantinople we are astonished to find a cool1 a learned1 an unexceptionable witness1 without interest and without passion4 neas of ,gaza1 a ,platonic philosopher1 has accurately described his own observations on these ,african sufferers4 #8,i saw them myself3 ,i heard them speak3 ,i diligently enquired by what means such an articulate voice could be formed without any organ of speech3 ,i used my eyes to examine the report of my ears3 ,i opened their mouth1 and saw that the whole tongue had been completely torn away by the roots2 an operation which the physicians generally suppose to be mortal4' ,the testimony of neas of ,gaza might be confirmed by the superfluous evidence of the ,emperor ,justinian1 in a perpetual edict2 of ,count ,marcellinus in his ,chronicles of the times2 and of ,pope ,gregory the first1 who had resided at ,constantinople as the minister of the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,they all lived within the compass of a century1 and they all appeal to their personal knowledge1 or the public notoriety1 for the truth of a miracle1 which was repeated in several instances1 displayed on the greatest theatre of the world1 and submitted during a series of years1 to the calm examination of the senses40 ,he adds in a note that 8the miracle is enhanced by the singular instance of a boy who had never spoken before his tongue was cut out40 ,now comes the unbelieving historian's comment4 ,he says1 8this supernatural gift of the ,african confessors1 who spoke without tongues1 will command the assent of those1 and of those only1 who already believe1 that their language was pure and orthodox4 ,but the stubborn mind of an infidel is guarded by secret1 incurable suspicion2 and the ,arian1 or ,socinian1 who has seriously rejected the doctrines of the ,trinity1 will not be shaken by the most plausible evidence of an ,athanasian miracle40 ,well has the sceptical historian applied the epithet stubborn to a mind affected with the same disease as his own1 ,oh dear unbelief ,how wealthy dost thou make thy owner's wit6 ,thou train of knowledge1 what a privilege ,thou givest to thy possessor6 anchorest him ,from floating with the tide of vulgar faith ,from being damn'd with multitudes6#b ,footnote #b3 ,,marston4 ,gibbon would not believe the story because it had been adduced as a miracle in confirmation of the ,catholic doctrine as opposed to the ,arian heresy4 ,he might probably have questioned the relation between the alleged miracle and the doctrine3 and if he had argued that it is not consistent with the plan of revelation 7so far as we may presume to reason upon it7 for a miracle to be wrought in proof of a doctrinal point1 a ,christian who believes sincerely in that very doctrine might agree with him4 ,but the circumstances are attested1 as he fairly admits1 by the most ample and unexceptionable testimony2 and like the ,platonic philosopher whose evidence he quotes1 he ought to have considered the matter of fact1 without regard to the application which the ,catholics1 in perfect good faith1 made of it4 ,the story is true1 but it is not miraculous4 ,cases which demonstrate the latter part of this question were known to physiologists before a book was published at ,paris in the year #agfe1 the title of which ,i find in ,mr4 ,d',israeli's ,curiosities of ,literature1 thus translated2 8,the ,christian ,religion proved by a single fact2 or a ,dissertation in which is shown that those ,catholics whose tongues ,hunneric ,king of the ,vandals cut out1 spoke miraculously all the remainder of their days3 from whence is deduced the consequence of the miracle against the ,arians1 the ,socinians and the ,deists1 and particularly against the author of ,emilius1 by solving their difficulties40 ,it bears this motto ,ecce ,ego admirationem facio populo huic1 miraculo grandi et stupendo4 ,and ,mr4 ,d',israeli closes his notice of the ,book by saying 8there needs no farther account of it than the title40 ,that gentleman who has contributed so much to the instruction and entertainment of his contemporaries1 will ,i am sure be pleased at perusing the facts in disproof of the alleged miracle1 brought together here by one who as a ,christian believes in miracles and that they have not ceased1 and that they never will cease4 ,in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 and in the ,gentleman's ,magazine is an account of a woman1 ,margaret ,cutting by name1 who about the middle of the last century was living at ,wickham ,market in ,suffolk4 ,when she was four years of age 8a cancer ate off her tongue at the root1 yet she never lost the power of speech1 and could both read distinctly afterwards and sing40 ,her speech was very intelligible1 but it was a little through the nose owing to the want of the uvula2 and her voice was low4 ,in this case a new tongue had been formed1 about an inch and half in length and half an inch broad2 but this did not grow till some years after the cure4 ,upon the publication of this case it was observed that some few instances of a like nature had been recorded2 and one in particular by ,tulpius of a man whom he had himself examined1 who having had his tongue cut out by the ,turks1 could after three years speak distinctly4 ,one of the persons who published an account of this woman saw several men upon whom the same act of cruelty had been committed by these barbarians or by the ,algerines3 8one of them10 says he1 8aged thirty-three1 wrote a good hand1 and by that means answered my questions4 ,he informed me that he could not pronounce a syllable1 nor make any articulate sound2 though he had often observed that those who suffered that treatment when they were very young1 were some years after able to speak2 and that their tongues might be observed to grow in proportion to the other parts of the body3 but that if they were adults1 or full grown persons1 at the time of the operation1 they were never able to utter a syllable4 ,the truth of this observation was confirmed to me by the two following cases4 ,patrick ,strainer and his son-in-law came to ,harwich1 in their way to ,holland1 the third of this month4 ,i made it my business to see and examine them4 ,the father told me he had his tongue cut out by the ,algerines1 when he was seven years of age3 and that some time after he was able to pronounce many syllables1 and can now speak most words tolerably well2 his tongue1 he said1 was grown at least half an inch4 ,the son-in-law1 who is about thirty years of age1 was taken by the ,turks1 who cut out his tongue2 he cannot pronounce a syllable2 nor is his tongue grown at all since the operation2 which was more than five years ago40 ,sir ,john ,malcolm in one of his visits to ,persia1 became acquainted with ,zl ,khan of ,khist1 who 8was long distinguished as one of the bravest and most attached followers of the ,zend family4 ,when the death of ,lootf ,ali ,khan terminated its powers1 he along with the other governors of provinces and districts in ,furs1 submitted to ,aza ,mahomed ,khan4 ,that cautious and cruel monarch1 dreading the ability1 and doubtful of the allegiance of this chief1 ordered his eyes to be put out4 ,an appeal for the recall of the sentence being treated with disdain1 ,zl ,khan loaded the tyrant with curses4 #8,cut out his tongue1' was the second order4 ,the mandate was imperfectly executed1 and the loss of half this member deprived him of speech4 ,being afterwards persuaded that its being cut close to the root would enable him to speak so as to be understood1 he submitted to the operation2 and the effect has been1 that his voice1 though indistinct and thick1 is yet intelligible to persons accustomed to converse with him4 ,this ,i experienced from daily intercourse4 ,he often spoke to me of his sufferings and of the humanity of the present ,king1 who had restored him to his situation as head of his tribe1 and governor of ,khist4--,i am not an anatomist10 ,sir ,john adds1 8and cannot therefore give a reason why a man1 who could not articulate with half a tongue1 should speak when he had none at all4 ,but the facts are as stated2 and ,i had them from the very best authority1 old ,zl ,khan himself40#c ,footnote #c3 ,this account of ,zl ,khan1 7,mrs4 ,southey writes me word7 was farther confirmed by the testimony of ,mr4 ,bruce1 her relative1 who knew him and had looked into the tongue-less mouth4 ,mr4 ,bruce was well acquainted with another person who had undergone the same cruel punishment4 ,being a wealthy man1 he bribed the executioner to spare a considerable portion of the tongue2 but finding that he could not articulate a word with the imperfect member1 he had it entirely extracted--root and all1 and then spoke almost as intelligibly as before his punishment4 ,this person was well known at ,calcutta1 as well as at ,bushire and ,shiraz--where ,mr4 ,bruce first became acquainted with him4 ,he was a man of some consequence and received as such in the first circles at ,calcutta1 and it was in one of those--a dinner party--that on the question being warmly argued--as to the possibility of articulation after the extraction of the tongue1 he opened his mouth and desired the company assembled to look into it1 and so set their doubts on the matter for ever at rest4 ,a case occurred in the household of that ,dr4 ,mark ,duncan whom our ,james ,i4 would have engaged as his ,physician in ordinary1 but ,duncan having married at ,saumur and settled in that city declined the invitation1 because his wife was unwilling to leave her friends and relations and her native place4 ,yielding therefore as became him to her natural and reasonable reluctance he passed the remainder of his useful and honourable life at ,saumur4 ,it is noticed as a remarkable circumstance that the five persons of whom his family consisted died and were interred in as many different kingdoms1 one in ,france1 another at ,naples1 a third at ,stockholm1 a fourth in ,london1 and the fifth in ,ireland4 ,a son of ,duncan's valet1 in his thirteenth year lost his tongue by the effects of the small-pox1 the root being so consumed by this dreadful disease1 that in a fit of coughing it came away4 ,the boy's speech was no otherwise affected by the loss than that he found it difficult to pronounce the letter r4 ,he was exhibited throughout ,europe1 and lived long afterwards4 ,a surgeon at ,saumur composed a treatise upon the case1 and ,duncan who was then ,principal of the ,college in that city supplied him with this title for it ,aglossostomographie4 ,a rival physician published a dissertation to prove that it ought to be ,aglossostomatographie1 and he placed these verses at the conclusion of this odd treatise4 ,lecteur1 tu t'esmerveilleras ,qu'un garon qui n'a point de langue1 ,prononce bien une harangue2 ,mais bien plus tu t'estonneras ,qu'un barbier que ne sait pas lire ,le grec1 se mesle d'en escrire4 ,que si ce plaisant pigramme1 ,doux fruit d'un penser de mon me ,te semble n'aller pas tant mal1 ,c'est que je l'ai fait cheval4 ,quelques gens malins changerent le dernier vers dans les exemplaires qu'ils purent trouver1 et y mirent--,c'est que je l'ai fait en cheval4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the reader who thinks upon what he reads1 will find some materials for thinking on1 in what has here been collected for him4 ,first as to the physical facts3--they show that the power of reproduction exists in the human body1 in a greater degree than has been commonly supposed4 ,but it is probable that this power would be found only in young subjects1 or in adults whose constitutions were unusually healthful and vigorous4 ,a very small proportion of the snails which have been decapitated by experimental physiologists1 have reproduced their heads2 though the fact of such reproduction is certainly established4 ,rhazes records two cases which had fallen under his own observation2 in one of which the tibia1 in the other the underjaw had been reproduced2 neither acquired the consistency of the other bones4 ,the ,doctor used to adduce these cases in support of a favourite theory of his own1 with which the reader will in due time be made acquainted4 ,secondly1 there is a moral inference to be drawn from the effect which the story produced upon ,gibbon4 ,he could not invalidate1 or dispute the testimony upon which it came before him2 but he chose to disbelieve it4 ,for he was ignorant that the facts might be physically true1 and he would not on any evidence give credit to what appeared miraculous4 ,a stubborn mind conduces as little to wisdom1 or even to knowledge1 as a stubborn temper to happiness4 ,,chapter ,,ccii4 ,a ,,law ,,of ,,alfred',s ,,against ,,lying ,,tongues4 ,,observations ,,on ,,lax ,,ones4 ,as ,i have gained no small satisfaction to myself1--so ,i am desirous that nothing that occurs here may occasion the least dissatisfaction to others4 ,and ,i think it will be impossible any thing should1 if they will be but pleased to take notice of my design4 ,,henry ,,more4 ,if the laws of our great ,alfred1 whose memory is held in such veneration by all who are well acquainted with his history1 and his extraordinary virtues1 and whose name has been so often taken in vain by speculative reformers who were ignorant of the one1 and incapable of estimating the other2--if the laws of ,alfred1 ,i say1 had continued in use1 everything relating to the reproduction of human tongues would long before this time have been thoroughly understood2 for by those laws any one who broached a public falsehood1 and persisted in it1 was to have his tongue cut out2 and this punishment might not be commuted for any smaller fine than that at which the life of the criminal would have been rated4 ,the words of the law are these3 ,,de ,,rumoribus ,,fictitiis4 ,si quis publicum mendacium confingat1 et ille in eo firmetur1 null levi re hoc emendet1 sed lingua ei excidatur2 nec minori precio redimi liceat1 quam juxta capitis stimationem censebatur4 ,what a wholesome effect might such a law have produced upon orators at public meetings1 upon the periodical press1 and upon the debates in ,parliament4 8,i am charmed10 says ,lady ,m4 ,w4 ,montague1 8with many points of the ,turkish law1 to our shame be it spoken1 better designed and better executed than ours2 particularly the punishment of convicted liars 7triumphant criminals in our country1 ,god knows673 they are burnt in the forehead with a hot iron1 when they are proved the authors of any notorious falsehoods4 ,how many white foreheads should we see disfigured1 how many fine gentlemen would be forced to wear their wigs as low as their eyebrows1 were this law in practice with us60 ,but who can expect that human laws should correct that propensity in the wicked tongue6 ,they who have 8the poison of asps under their lips10 and 8which have said with our tongues will we prevail2 we are they that ought to speak3 who is lord over us80--they who 8love to speak all words that may do hurt1 and who cut with lies like a sharp razor0--what would they care for enactments which they would think either to evade by their subtlety1 or to defy in the confidence of their numbers and their strength8 ,is it to be expected that those men should regard the laws of their country1 who set at nought the denunciations of scripture1 and will not 8keep their tongues from evil1 and their lips that they speak no guile10 though they have been told that it is 8he who hath used no deceit in his tongue and hath not slandered his neighbour1 who shall dwell in the tabernacle of the ,lord1 and rest upon his holy hill60 ,leave we them to their reward1 which is as certain as that men shall be judged according to their deeds4 ,our business is with the follies of the unruly member1 not with its sins3 with loquacious speakers and verbose writers1 those whose 8tongues are gentlemen-ushers to their wit1 and still go before it10#a who never having studied the exponibilia1 practice the art of battology by intuition2 and in a discourse which might make the woeful hearer begin to fear that he had entered unawares upon eternity1 bring forth1 8as a man would say in a word of two syllables1 nothing40#a ,the ,west ,britons had in their own ,cornish language this good proverbial rhyme1 7the--graphy whereof1 be it ortho or not is ,mr4 ,polwhele's71 ,an lavor goth ewe lavar gwir1 ,ne vedn nevera doaz vas a tavaz re hir4 ,the old saying is a true saying1 ,never will come good from a tongue too long4 ,oh it is a grievous thing to listen1 or seem to listen1 as one is constrained to do1 sometimes by the courtesy of society1 and sometimes by 8the law of sermon10 to an unmerciful manufacturer of speech1 who before he ever arrives at the empty matter of his discourse1 no puede--dexar--de decir --antes1--siguiera quatro1 o cinco mil palabras6#b ,footnote #a3 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,footnote #b3 ,,calderon4 ,vossius mentions three authors1 who1 to use ,bayle's language1--for in ,bayle the extract is found1 enfermaient de grands riens dans une grande multitude de paroles4 ,anaximenes the orator was one2 when he was about to speak1 ,theocritus of ,chios said1 8here begins a river of words and a drop of sense10-- 1 4 ,longolius1 an orator of the lower ,empire was the second4 ,the third was ,faustus ,andrelinus1 ,professor of ,poetry at ,paris1 and ,poeta ,laureatus3 of him ,erasmus dicitur dixisse1--is said to have said1 that there was but one thing wanting in all his poems and that thing was comprised in one word of one syllable1 4 ,it were better to be remembered as ,bayle has remembered ,petrus ,carmilianus1 because of the profound obscurity in which this pitiful poet was buried1 than thus to be thought worthy of remembrance only for having produced a great deal that deserved to be forgotten4 ,there is1 or was1 an officer of the ,exchequer called ,clericus ,nihilorum1 or ,clerk of the ,nihils4 ,if there were a ,high ,court of ,literature with such an officer on its establishment1 it would be no sinecure office for him in these1 or in any days1 to register the names of those authors who have written to no purpose1 and the titles of those books from which nothing is to be learnt4 ,on ne vid jamais1 says the ,sieur de ,brocourt1 homme qui ne die plustost trop1 que moins qu'il ne doit2 et jamais parole profere ne servit tant1 comme plusieurs teus ont profite2 car tousjours pouvons-nous bien dire ce qu'avons teu1 et non pas taire ce qu'avons publi4 ,the latter part of this remark is true2 the former is far too general4 ,for more harm is done in public life by the reticence of well informed men1 than by the loquacity of sciolists2 more by the timidity and caution of those who desire at heart the good of their country1 than by the audacity of those who labour to overthrow its constitutions4 ,it was said in the days of old1 that 8a man full of words shall not prosper upon the earth40 ,mais nous avons chang tout cela4 ,even in literature a leafy style1 if there be any fruit under the foliage1 is preferable to a knotty one1 however fine the grain4 ,whipt cream is a good thing2 and better still when it covers and adorns that amiable combination of sweetmeats and ratafia cakes soaked in wine1 to which ,cowper likened his delightful poem1 when he thus described the 8,task40 8,it is a medley of many things1 some that may be useful1 and some that1 for aught ,i know1 may be very diverting4 ,i am merry that ,i may decoy people into my company1 and grave that they may be the better for it4 ,now and then ,i put on the garb of a philosopher1 and take the opportunity that disguise procures me1 to drop a word in favour of religion4 ,in short there is some froth1 and here and there a bit of sweetmeat1 which seems to entitle it justly to the name of a certain dish the ladies call a ,trifle40 ,but in ,task or ,trifle unless the ingredients were good1 the whole were nought4 ,they who should present to their deceived guests whipt white of egg1 would deserve to be whipt themselves4 ,if there be any one who begins to suspect that in tasking myself1 and trifling with my reader1 my intent is not unlike ,cowper's1 he will allow me to say to him1 8by your leave ,master ,critic1 you must give me license to flourish my phrases1 to embellish my lines1 to adorn my oratory1 to embroider my speeches1 to interlace my words1 to draw out my sayings1 and to bombard the whole suit of the business for the time of your wearing40#c ,footnote #c3 ,,taylor1 the ,water ,poet4 ,,chapter ,,cciii4 ,,whether ,a ,,man ,,and ,,himself ,,be ,,two4--,,maxim ,,of ,,bayle',s4--,,adam ,,littleton',s ,,sermons1--,a ,,right ,,hearted ,,old ,,divine ,,with ,,whom ,,the ,,author ,,hopes ,,to ,,be ,,better ,,acquainted ,,in ,a ,,better ,,world4--,,the ,,reader ,,referred ,,to ,,him ,,for ,,edification4--,,why ,,the ,,author ,,purchased ,,his ,,sermons4 ,parolles4 ,go to1 thou art a witty fool1 ,i have found thee4 ,clown4 ,did you find me in yourself1 ,sir8 or were you taught to find me8 ,the search1 ,sir1 was profitable2 and much fool may you find in you1 even to the world's pleasure and the increase of laughter4 ,,all',s ,,well ,,that ,,ends ,,well4 8,whether this author means to make his ,doctor more fool or philosopher1 is more than ,i can discover10 says a grave reader1 who lays down the open book1 and knits his brow while he considers the question4 ,make him1 good ,reader6 ,i1 make him6--make 8the noblest work of0----,but as the ,spaniards say1 el creer es cortesia1 and it is at your pleasure either to believe the veracity of these biographical sketches1 or to regard them as altogether fictitious4 ,it is at your pleasure1 ,i say2 not at your peril3 but take heed how you exercise that pleasure in cases which are perilous6 ,the worst that can happen to you for disbelief in this matter is1 that ,i shall give you little credit for courtesy1 and less for discrimination2 and in ,doncaster you will be laughed to scorn4 ,you might as well proclaim at ,coventry your disbelief in the history of ,lady ,godiva and ,peeping ,tom2 or tell the ,swiss that their tale of shooting the apple on the child's head was an old story before ,william ,tell was born4 ,but perhaps you did not mean to express any such groundless incredulity1 your doubt may be whether ,i represent or consider my friend as having in his character a larger portion of folly or of philosophy8 ,this you might determine1 ,reader1 for yourself1 if ,i could succeed in delineating him to the life1--the inner ,i mean1 not the outward man1 ,et en peu de papier1 comme sur un tableau1 ,vous pourtraire au naf tout son bon1 et son beau4#a ,he was the soul of goodness1 ,and all our praises of him are like streams ,drawn from a spring1 that still rise full1 and leave ,the part remaining greatest4 ,but the ,duchess of ,newcastle hath decided in her philosophy that it is not possible for any one person thoroughly to understand the character of another4 ,in her own words1 8if the ,mind was not joined and mixed with the sensitive and inanimate parts1 and had not interior as well as exterior parts1 the whole ,mind of one man might perceive the whole ,mind of another man2 but that being not possible--one whole ,mind cannot perceive another whole ,mind40 ,by which observation we may perceive there are no ,platonic ,lovers in ,nature4 ,an odd conclusion of her ,grace's1 and from odd premises4 ,but she was an odd personage4 ,footnote #a3 ,,pasquier4 ,so far however the beautiful and fanciful as well as fantastic ,duchess is right1 that the more congenial the disposition of two persons who stand upon the same intellectual level1 the better they understand each other4 ,the lower any one is sunk in animal life the less is he capable of apprehending the motives and views of those who have cultivated the better part of their nature4 ,if ,i am so unfortunate as to fail in producing the moral likeness which ,i am endeavouring to pourtray1 it will not be owing to any want of sympathy with the subject in some of the most marked features of his character4 ,it is a maxim of ,bayle's qu'il n'y a point de grand esprit dans le caractre du quel il n'entre un peu de folie4 ,and he named ,diogenes as one proof of this4 ,think indeed somewhat more than a little upon the words folly and philosophy1 and if you can see any way into a mist1 or a stone wall1 you will perceive that the same radicals are found in both4 ,this sort of mixt character was never more whimsically described than by ,andrew ,erskine in one of his letters to ,boswell1 in which he tells him1 8since ,i saw you ,i received a letter from ,mr4 ,d----2 it is filled with encomiums upon you2 he says there is a great deal of humility in your vanity1 a great deal of tallness in your shortness1 and a great deal of whiteness in your black complexion4 ,he says there's a great deal of poetry in your prose1 and a great deal of prose in your poetry4 ,he says that as to your late publication1 there is a great deal of ,ode in your ,dedication1 and a great deal of ,dedication in your ,ode4 ,he says there is a great deal of coat in your waistcoat1 and a great deal of waistcoat in your coat1 that there is a great deal of liveliness in your stupidity1 and a great deal of stupidity in your liveliness4 ,but to write you all he says would require rather more fire in my grate than there is at present1 and my fingers would undoubtedly be numbed1 for there is a great deal of snow in this frost1 and a great deal of frost in this snow40 ,the ,marquis de ,custine in a book which in all its parts1 wise or foolish1 strikingly characterises its author1 describes himself thus3 ,j'ai un mlange de gravit et de lgret qui m' empchera de devenir autre chose qu'un vieil enfant bien triste4 ,si je suis destin prouver de grands malheurs1 j'aurai l'occasion de remercier ,dieu de m' avoir fait naitre avec cette disposition la fois srieuse et frivole3 le srieux m' aidera me passer du monde--l'enfantillage supporter le douleur4 ,c'est quoi il russit meux que la raison4 ,un peu de folie1 there certainly was in the grand esprit of my dear master and more than un peu there is in his faithful pupil4 ,but ,i shall not enter into a discussion whether the gravity of which the ,marquis speaks preponderated in his character1 or whether it was more than counterpoised by the levity4 ,enough of the latter1 thank ,heaven enters into my own composition not only to preserve me from becoming un vieil enfant bien triste1 but to entitle me in all innocent acceptance of the phrase to the appellation of a merry old boy1 that is to say1 merry at becoming times1 there being a time for all things4 ,i shall not enter into the discussion as it concerns my guide1 philosopher and friend1 because it would be altogether unnecessary2 he carried ballast enough1 whatever ,i may do4 ,the elements were so happily mixed in him that though ,nature did not stand up and say to all the world 8this is a man10 because such a miracle could neither be in the order of ,nature or of ,providence2--,i have thought it my duty to sit down and say to the public this was a ,doctor4 ,there is another reason why ,i shall refrain from any such enquiry2 and that reason may be aptly given in the words of a right-hearted old divine1 with whom certain congenialities would lead my friend to become acquainted in that world1 where ,i also hope in due season to meet and converse with him4 8,people10 says ,adam ,littleton1 8are generally too forward in examining others1 and are so taken up with impertinence and things that do not concern them1 that they have no time to be acquainted with themselves2 like idle travellers1 that can tell you a world of stories concerning foreign countries1 and are very strangers at home4 ,study of ourselves is the most useful knowledge1 as that without which we can know neither ,god nor any thing else aright1 as we should know them4 8,and it highly concerns us to know ourselves well2 nor will our ignorance be pardonable1 but prove an everlasting reproach1 in that we and ourselves are to be inseparable companions in bliss or torment to all eternity3 and if we1 through neglect of ourselves here1 do not in time provide for that eternity1 so as to secure for ourselves future happiness1 ,god will at last make us know ourselves1 when it will be too late to make any good use of that knowledge1 but a remediless repentance that we and ourselves ever met in company2 when poor ruined self shall curse negligent sinful self to all ages1 and wish direful imprecations upon that day and hour that first joined them together4 8,again1 ,god has given man that advantage above all other creatures1 that he can with reflex acts look back and pass judgement upon himself4 ,but seeing examination here supposes two persons1 the one to examine1 the other to be examined1 and yet seems to name but one1 a man to examine himself2 unless a man and himself be two1 and thus every one of us have two selfs in him2 let us first examine who 'tis here is to execute the office of examinant1 and then who 'tis that is to be the party examined4 8,does the whole man in this action go over himself by parts8 ,or does the regenerate part call the unregenerate part to account8 ,or if there be a divided self in every man1 does one self examine the other self1 as to wit1 the spiritual self1 the carnal self8 ,or is it some one faculty in a man1 by which a man brings all his other faculties and parts to trial1--such a one as the conscience may be8 ,if so1 how then is conscience itself tried1 having no ,peers to be tried by1 as being superior to all other human powers1 and calling them all to the barr80 ,here let me interpose a remark4 ,whether a man and himself be two must be all one in the end2 but woe to that house in which the man and his wife are6 ,the end of love is to have two made one ,in will1 and in affection4#b ,footnote #b3 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,the old ,lexicographer answers his own question thus3 8,why1 yes2 ,i do think 'tis the conscience of a man which examines the man1 and every part of him1 both spiritual and carnal1 as well regenerate as unregenerate1 and itself and all4 ,for hence it was called conscientia1 as being that faculty by which a man becomes conscious to himself1 and is made knowing together with himself of all that good and evil that lies working in his nature1 and has been brought forth in his actions4 ,and this is not only the ,register1 and ,witness and ,judge of all parts of man1 and of all that they do1 but is so impartial an officer also1 that it will give a strict account of all itself at any time does1 accusing or excusing even itself in every motion of its own40 ,reader ,i would proceed with this extract1 were it not for its length4 ,the application which immediately follows it1 is eloquently and forcibly made1 and ,i exhort thee if ever thou comest into a library where ,adam ,littleton's ,sermons are upon the shelf1 look ,not on1 but in this ,thee-concerning book6#c ,take down the goodly tome1 and turn to the sermon of ,self-,examination1 preached before the 7,royal7 ,family at ,whitehall1 ,march #c1 #afgg-h4 ,you will find this passage in the eighty-sixth page of the second paging1 and ,i advice you to proceed with it to the end of the ,discourse4 ,footnote #c3 ,,sir ,,william ,,denny4 ,i will tell the reader for what reason ,i purchased that goodly tome4 ,it was because of my grateful liking for the author1 from the end of whose dictionary ,i1 like ,daniel in his boyhood1 derived more entertainment and information to boot1 than from any other book which1 in those days1 came within the walls of a school4 ,that he was a truly learned man no one who ever used that dictionary could doubt1 and if there had not been oddity enough in him to give his learning a zest1 he never could have compounded an appellation for the ,monument1 commemorating in what he calls an heptastic vocable1--which may be interpreted a seven-leagued word1--the seven ,lord ,mayors of ,london under whose mayoralities the construction of that lying pillar went on from its commencement to its completion4 ,he called it1 the ,fordo-,watermanno-,hansono-,hookero-,vi nero-,sheldono-,davisian pillar4 ,i bought the book for the author's sake1--which in the case of a living author is a proper and meritorious motive1 and in the case of one who is dead1 may generally be presumed to be a wise one4 ,it proved so in this instance4 ,for though there is nothing that bears the stamp of oddity in his sermons1 there is much that is sterling4 ,they have a merit of their own1 and it is of no mean degree4 ,their manner is neither ,latimerist nor ,andrewesian1 nor ,fullerish1 nor ,cotton-,matherish1 nor ,jeremy ,taylorish1 nor ,barrowish1 nor ,southish1 but ,littletonian4 ,they are full of learning1 of wisdom1 of sound doctrine1 and of benevolence1 and of earnest and persuasive piety4 ,no one who had ears to hear could have slept under them1 and few could have listened to them without improvement4 ,,chapter ,,cciv4 ,,adam ,,littleton',s ,,statement ,,that ,,every ,,man ,,is ,,made ,,up ,,of ,,three ,,egos1--,,dean ,,young--,,distance ,,between ,a ,,man',s ,,head ,,and ,,his ,,heart4 ,perhaps when the ,reader considers the copiousness of the argument1 he will rather blame me for being too brief than too tedious4 ,,dr ,,john ,,scott4 ,in the passage quoted from ,adam ,littleton in the preceding chapter1 that good old divine enquired whether a man and himself were two4 ,a ,moorish prince in the most extravagant of ,dryden's extravagant tragedies1 7they do not deserve to be called romantic17 agrees with him1 and exclaims to his confidential friend1 ,assist me ,zulema1 if thou wouldst be ,the friend thou seem'st1 assist me against me4 ,machiavel says of ,cosmo de ,medici that who ever considered his gravity and his levity might say there were two distinct persons in him4 8,there is often times10 says ,dean ,young1 7father of the poet7 8a prodigious distance betwixt a man's head and his heart2 such a distance that they seem not to have any correspondence2 not to belong to the same person1 not to converse in the same world4 ,our heads are sometimes in ,heaven1 contemplating the nature of ,god1 the blessedness of ,saints1 the state of eternity2 while our hearts are held captive below in a conversation earthly1 sensual1 devilish4 ',tis possible we may sometimes commend virtue convincingly1 unanswerably2 and yet our own hearts be never affected by our own arguments2 we may represent vice in her native dress of horror1 and yet our hearts be not at all startled with their own menaces3 ,we may study and acquaint ourselves with all the truths of religion1 and yet all this out of curiosity1 or hypocrisy1 or ostentation2 not out of the power of godliness1 or the serious purpose of good living4 ,all which is a sufficient proof that the consent of the ,head and of the ,heart are two different things40 ,dean ,young may seem in this passage to have answered ,adam the ,lexicographist's query in the affirmative1 by shewing that the head belongs sometimes to one ,self and the heart to the other4 ,yet these two ,selves1 notwithstanding this continual discord1 are so united in matrimony1 and so inseparably made one flesh1 that it becomes another query whether death itself can part them4 ,the aforesaid ,dean concludes one of his ,discourses with the advice of an honest heathen4 ,learn to be one ,man2 that is1 learn to live and act alike4 ,for says he1 8while we act from contrary principles2 sometimes give1 and sometimes defraud2 sometimes love and sometimes betray2 sometimes are devout1 and sometimes careless of ,god2 this is to be two ,men1 which is a foolish aim1 and always ends in loss of pains4 #8,no1' says wise ,epictetus1 #8,learn to be one ,man1' thou mayest be a good man2 or thou mayest be a bad man1 and that to the purpose2 but it is impossible that thou shouldst be both4 ,and here the ,philosopher had the happiness to fall in exactly with the notion of my text4 ,we cannot serve two ,masters40 ,but in another sermon ,adam ,littleton says that 8every man is made of three ,egos1 and has three ,selfs in him20 and that this 8appears in the reflection of ,conscience upon actions of a dubious nature2 whilst one ,self accuses1 another ,self defends1 and the third ,self passes judgement upon what hath been so done by the man60 ,this he adduced as among various 8mean and unworthy comparisons1 whereby to show that though the mysterious doctrine of the ,trinity0 far exceeds our reason1 there want not natural instances to illustrate it4 ,but he adds most properly that we should neither 8say or think ought of ,god in this kind10 without a preface of reverence and asking pardon2 8for it is sufficient for us and most suitable to the mystery1 so to conceive1 so to discourse of ,god1 as ,he himself has been pleased to make ,himself known to us in his ,word40 ,if all theologians had been as wise1 as humble and as devout as ,adam ,littleton1 from how many heresies and evils might ,christendom have been spared4 ,in the ,doctor's own days the proposition was advanced1 and not as a paradox1 that a man might be in several places at the same time4 ,presence corporelle de l'homme en plusieurs lieux prouve possible par les principes de la bonne ,philosophie1 is the title of a treatise by the ,abb de ,lignac1 who having been first a ,jesuit1 and then an ,oratorian1 secularized himself without departing from the principles in which he had been trained up4 ,the object of his treatise was to show that there is nothing absurd in the doctrine of ,transubstantiation4 ,he made a distinction between man and his body1 the body being always in a state of change1 the man remaining the while identically the same4 ,but how his argument that because a worm may be divided and live1 the life which animated it while it was whole1 continues a single life when it animates all the parts into which the body may have separated1 proves his proposition1 or how his proposition if proved could prove the hyper-mysterious figment of the ,romish ,church to be no figment1 but a divine truth capable of philosophical demonstration1 dipus himself were he raised from the dead would be unable to explain4 ,,chapter ,,ccv4 ,,equality ,,of ,,the ,,sexes1--,a ,,point ,,on ,,which ,,it ,,was ,,not ,,easy ,,to ,,collect ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,opinion4--,,the ,,salic ,,law4--,,daniel ,,rogers',s ,,treatise ,,of ,,matrimonial ,,honour4--,,miss ,,hatfield',s ,,letters ,,on ,,the ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,female ,,sex1 ,,and ,,lodovico ,,domenichi',s ,,dialogue ,,upon ,,the ,,nobleness ,,of ,,women4 ,mirths and toys ,to cozen time withal3 for o' my troth1 ,sir ,i can love1--,i think well too1--well enough2 ,and think as well of women as they are1-- ,pretty fantastic things1 some more regardful1 ,and some few worth a service4 ,i'm so honest ,i wish 'em all in ,heaven and you know how hard1 ,sir1 ',twill be to get in there with their great farthingals4 ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4 ,and not much easier now with their great sleeves4 ,,author1 ,a4,d4 #ahcj4 ,the question concerning the equality of the sexes which was discussed so warmly some thirty years ago in ,magazines and ,debating ,societies1 was one upon which it was not easy to collect the ,doctor's real opinion4 ,his manner indeed was frequently sportive when his meaning was most serious1 and as frequently the thoughts and speculations with which he merely played1 and which were sports or exercitations of intellect and humour1 were advanced with apparent gravity4 ,the propensity however was always restrained within due bounds1 for he had treasured up his father's lessons in his heart1 and would have regarded it as a crime ever to have trifled with his principles or feelings4 ,but this question concerning the sexes was a subject which he was fond of introducing before his female acquaintance2 it was like hitting the right note for a dog when you play the flute1 he said4 ,the sort of half anger1 and the indignation1 and the astonishment and the merriment withal which he excited when he enlarged upon this fertile theme1 amused him greatly1 and moreover he had a secret pleasure in observing the invincible good humour of his wife1 even when she thought it necessary for the honour of her sex to put on a semblance of wrath at the notions which he repeated1 and the comments with which he accompanied them4 ,he used to rest his opinion of male superiority upon divinity1 law1 grammar1 natural history1 and the universal consent of nations4 ,noting also by the way1 that in the noble science of heraldry1 it is laid down as a rule 8that amongst things sensitive the males are of more worthy bearing than the females40#a ,footnote #a3 ,,gwillim4 ,the ,salic law he looked upon as in this respect the ,law of ,nature4 ,and therefore he thought it was wisely appointed in ,france1 that the royal ,midwife should receive a fee of five hundred crowns upon the birth of a boy and only three hundred if it were a female child4 ,this the famous ,louise ,bourgeois has stated to be the custom1 who for the edification of posterity1 the advancement of her own science1 and the use of ,french historians published a ,recit veritable de la naissance de ,messieurs et ,dames les enfans de ,france1 containing minute details of every royal parturition at which she had officiated4 ,but he dwelt with more force on the theological grounds of his position4 8,the wife is the weaker vessel4 ,wives submit yourselves to your husbands3 be in subjection to them4 ,the ,husband is the head4 ,sarah obeyed ,abraham1 calling him ,lord40 ,and here he had recourse to the authority of ,daniel ,rogers 7whom he liked the better for his name's sake7 who in his ,treatise of ,matrimonial ,honour teaches that the duty of subjection1 is woman's chief commandment2 and that she is properly made subject by the ,law of ,creation and by the ,law of ,penalty4 ,as thus4 ,all other creatures were created male and female at the same time2 man and woman were not so1 for the ,man was first created--as a perfect creature1 and afterwards the woman was thought of4 ,moreover she was not made of the same matter1 equally1 with man1--but of him1 of a rib taken from him1 and thirdly1 she was made for his use and benefit as a meet help-mate1 8three weighty reasons and grounds of the woman's subjection to the man1 and that from the purpose of the ,creator2 who might have done otherwise1 that is1 have yielded to the ,woman co-equal beginning1 sameness of generation1 or relation of usefulness2 for he might have made her without any such precedency of matter1 without any dependency upon him1 and equally for her good as for his4 ,all shew at ennobling the ,man as the ,head and more excellent1 not that the ,man might upbraid her1 but that she might in all these read her lesson of subjection4 ,and doubtless1 as ,malachi speaks1 herein is wisdom1 for ,god hath left nothing to be bettered by our invention4 8,the woman1 being so created by ,god in the integrity of ,nature had a most divine honour and partnership of his image1 put upon her in her creation2 yea1 such as 7without prejudice of those three respects7 might have held full and sweet correspondence with her husband4 ,but her sin still augmented her inequality1 and brought her lower and lower in her prerogative4 ,for since she would take upon her1 as a woman1 without respect to the order1 dependence and use of her creation1 to enterprize so sad a business1 as to jangle and demur with the ,devil about so weighty a point as her husband's freehold1 and of her own brain to lay him and it under foot1 without the least parley and consent of his1 obeying ,satan before him1--so that till she had put all beyond question and past amendment1 and eaten1 she brought not the fruit to him1 therefore the ,lord stript her of this robe of her honour1 and smote into the heart of ,eve an instinct of inferiority1 a confessed yielding up of her insufficient self to depend wholly upon her husband40 ,this being a favourite commentary with the ,doctor upon the first transgression1 what would he have said if he had lived to read an ,apology for ,eve by one of her daughters1 yes1 an ,apology for her and a ,defence1 showing that she acted meritoriously in eating the ,apple4 ,it is a choice passage and the reader shall have it from ,miss ,hatfield's ,letters on the ,importance of the ,female ,sex4 8,by the creation of woman1 the great design was accomplished1--the universal system was harmonized4 ,happiness and innocence reigned together4 ,but unacquainted with the nature or existence of evil1--conscious only of good and imagining that all were of that essence around her2 without the advantages of the tradition of forefathers to relate1 or of ancient records to hand down1 ,eve was fatally and necessarily ignorant of the rebellious disobedience of the fallen ,angels1 and of their invisible vigilance and combination to accomplish the destruction of the new favourites of ,heaven4 8,in so momentous an event as that which has ever been exclusively imputed to her1 neither her virtue nor her prudence ought to be suspected2 and there is little reason to doubt1 that if the same temptations had been offered to her husband under the same appearances1 but he also would have acquiesced in the commission of this act of disobedience4 8,eve's attention was attracted by the manner in which the ,serpent first made his attack3 he had the gift of speech1 which she must have observed to be a faculty peculiar to themselves4 ,this appeared an evidence of something supernatural4 ,the wily tempter chose also the form of the serpent to assist his design1 as not only in wisdom and sagacity that creature surpassed all others1 but his figure was also erect and beautiful1 for it was not until the offended justice of ,god denounced the curse1 that the ,serpent's crest was humbled to the dust4 8,during this extraordinary interview1 it is evident that ,eve felt a full impression of the divine command1 which she repeated to the tempter at the time of his solicitations4 ,she told him they were not to eat of that ,tree4--,but the ,serpent opposed her arguments with sophistry and promises4 ,he said unto the ,woman1 ye shall not surely die--but shall be as ,gods4 ,what an idea to a mortal6--,such an image astonished her6--,it was not the gross impulses of greedy appetite that urged her1 but a nobler motive that induced her to examine the consequences of the act4--,she was to be better and happier2--to exchange a mortal for an angelic nature4 ,her motive was great1--virtuous1--irresistible4 ,might she not have felt herself awed and inspired with a belief of a divine order8--,upon examination she found it was to produce a greater good than as mortals they could enjoy2 this impression excited a desire to possess that good2 and that desire determined her will and the future destiny of a ,world60 ,it must be allowed that this ,lady ,authoress has succeeded in what might have been supposed the most difficult of all attempts1 that of starting a new heresy1--her followers in which may aptly be denominated ,eveites4 ,the novelty consists not in excusing the mother of mankind1 but in representing her transgression as a great and meritorious act4 ,an excuse has been advanced for her in ,lodovico ,domenichi's ,dialogue upon the nobleness of ,women4 ,it is there pleaded that the fruit of the fatal tree had not been forbidden to ,eve1 because she was not created when the prohibition was laid on4 ,adam it was who sinned in eating it1 not ,eve1 and it is in ,adam that we have all sinned1 and all die4 ,her offence was in tempting him to eat1 et questo anchora senza intention cattiva1 essendo stata tentata dal ,diavolo4 ,l'huomo adunque pecc per certa scientia1 et la ,donna ignorantemente1 et ingannata4 ,i know not whether this special pleading be ,domenichi's own2 but he must have been conscious that there is a flaw in it1 and could not have been in earnest1 as ,miss ,hatfield is4 ,the ,veronese lady ,isotta ,nogarola thought differently2 essendo studiosa molto di ,theologia et di ,philosophia1 she composed a ,dialogue wherein the question whether ,adam or ,eve in the primal transgression had committed the greater sin4 ,how she determined it ,i cannot say1 never having seen her works4 ,domenichi makes another assertion in honour of womankind which ,miss ,hatfield would undoubtedly consider it an honour for herself to have disproved in her own person1--that no heresy1 or error in the faith ever originated with a woman4 ,had this ,lady1 most ambitious of ,eve's daughters1 been contemporary with ,doctor ,dove1 how pleasant it would have been to have witnessed a debate between them upon the subject6 ,he would have wound her up to the highest pitch of indignation1 and she would have opened the flood-gates of female oratory upon his head4 ,,chapter ,,ccvi4 ,,the ,,subject ,,continued4--,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,rabbis4--,,anecdote ,,of ,,lady ,,jekyll ,,and ,a ,,tart ,,reply ,,of ,,william ,,whiston',s4--,,jean ,d',,espagne4--,,queen ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,the ,,quorum ,,quarum ,,quorum ,,gender4--,,the ,,society ,,of ,,gentlemen ,,agree ,,with ,,mahomet ,,in ,,supposing ,,that ,,women ,,have ,,no ,,souls1 ,,but ,,are ,,of ,,opinion ,,that ,,the ,,devil ,,is ,,an ,,hermaphrodite4 ,sing of the nature of women2 and then the song shall be surely full of variety1 old crotchets1 and most sweet closes3 it shall be humourous1 grave1 fantastic1 amorous1 melancholy1 sprightly1 one in all and all in one4 ,,marston4 ,the ,doctor had other theological arguments in aid of the opinion which he was pleased to support4 ,the remark has been made which is curious1 or in the language of ,jeremy ,taylor's age1 considerable1 that we read in ,genesis how when ,god saw every thing else which he had made he pronounced that it was very good1 but he did not say this of the woman4 ,there are indeed certain ,rabbis who affirm that ,eve was not taken out of ,adam's side3 but that ,adam had originally been created with a tail 7herein agreeing with the well-known theory of ,lord ,monboddo7 and that among the various experiments and improvements which were made in his form and organization before he was finished1 the tail was removed as an inconvenient appendage1 and of the excrescence or superfluous part which was then lopt off1 the ,woman was formed4 ,we are not bound to believe the ,rabbis in every thing1 the ,doctor would say2 and yet it cannot be denied that they have preserved some valuable traditions which ought to be regarded with much respect4 ,and then by a gentle inclination of the head--and a peculiar glance of the eye1 he let it be understood that this was one of those traditions which were entitled to consideration4 ,it was not impossible he said1 but that a different reading in the original text might support such an interpretation3 the same word in ,hebrew frequently signified different things1 and rib and tail might in that language be as near each other in sound or as easily miswritten by a hasty hand1 or misread by an inaccurate eye as costa and cauda in ,latin4 ,he did not pretend that this was the case--but that it might be so4 ,and by a like corruption 7for to such corruptions all written and even all printed books are liable7 the text may have represented that ,eve was taken from the side of her husband instead of from that part of the back where the tail grew4 ,the dropping of a syllable might occasion it4 ,and this view of the question he said1 derived strong support from that well known and indubitable text wherein the ,husband is called the ,head2 for although that expression is in itself most clear and significative in its own substantive meaning1 it becomes still more beautifully and emphatically appropriate when considered as referring to this interpretation and tradition1 and implying as a direct and necessary converse that the ,wife is the ,tail4 ,there is another legend relating to a like but even less worthy formation of the first helpmate1 and this also is ascribed to the ,rabbis4 ,according to this mythos the rib which had been taken from ,adam was for a moment laid down1 and in that moment a monkey stole it and ran off with it full speed4 ,an ,angel pursued1 and though not in league with the ,monkey he could have been no good ,angel2 for overtaking him1 he caught him by the ,tail1 brought it maliciously back instead of the ,rib1 and of that ,tail1 was ,woman made4 ,what became of the ,rib1 with which the ,monkey got clear off1 8was never to mortal known40 ,however the ,doctor admitted that on the whole the received opinion was the more probable4 ,and after making this admission he related an anecdote of ,lady ,jekyll who was fond of puzzling herself and others with such questions as had been common enough a generation before her1 in the days of the ,athenian ,oracle4 ,she asked ,william ,whiston of berhymed name and eccentric memory1 one day at her husband's table to resolve a difficulty which occurred to her in the ,mosaic account of the creation4 8,since it pleased ,god1 ,sir10 said she1 8to create the ,woman out of the ,man1 why did he form her out of the rib rather than any other part40 ,whiston scratched his head and answered4 8,indeed ,madam ,i do not know1 unless it be that the rib is the most crooked part of the body40 8,there60 said her husband1 8you have it now3 ,i hope you are satisfied60 ,he had found in the writings of the ,huguenot divine1 ,jean ,d',espagne1 that ,women have never had either the gift of tongues1 or of miracle2 the latter gift according to this theologian being withheld from them because it properly accompanies preaching1 and women are forbidden to be preachers4 ,a reason for the former exception the ,doctor supplied2 he said it was because one tongue was quite enough for them3 and he entirely agreed with the ,frenchman that it must be so1 because there could have been no peace on earth had it been otherwise4 ,but whether the sex worked miracles or not1 was a point which he left the ,catholics to contend4 ,female ,saints there certainly had been1--8the ,lord10 as ,daniel ,rogers said1 8had gifted and graced many women above some men especially with holy affections2 ,i know not10 says that divine1 8why he should do it else 7for he is wise and not superfluous in needless things7 save that as a ,pearl shining through a chrystal glass1 so her excellency shining through her weakness of sex1 might show the glory of the workman40 ,he quoted also what the biographer of one of the ,st4 ,catharines says1 8that such a woman ought not to be called a woman1 but rather an earthly ,angel1 or a heavenly homo3 hc fmina1 sed potius ,angelus terrestris1 vel si malueris1 homo clestis dicenda erat1 quam fmina40 ,in like manner the ,hungarians thinking it infamous for a nation to be governed by a woman--and yet perceiving the great advantage of preserving the succession1 when the crown fell to a female1 they called her ,king ,mary1 instead of ,queen4 ,and ,queen ,elizabeth rather than be accounted of the feminine gender1 claimed it as her prerogative to be of all three4 8,a prime officer with a ,white ,staff coming into her presence0 she willed him to bestow a place then vacant upon a person whom she named4 8,may it please your ,highness ,madam10 said the ,lord1 8the disposal of that place pertaineth to me by virtue of this ,white ,staff40 8,true10 replied the ,queen1 8yet ,i never gave you your office so absolutely1 but that ,i still reserved myself of the ,quorum40 8,of the ,quarum1 ,madam10 returned the ,lord1 presuming1 somewhat too far1 upon her favour4--,whereat she snatched the staff in some anger out of his hand1 and told him 8he should acknowledge her of the ,quorum1 ,quorum1 ,quorum before he had it again40 ,it was well known indeed to ,philosophers1 he said1 that the female is an imperfection or default in nature1 whose constant design is to form a male2 but where strength and temperament are wanting--a defective production is the result4 ,aristotle therefore calls ,woman a ,monster1 and ,plato makes it a question whether she ought not to be ranked among irrational creatures4 ,there were ,greek ,philosophers1 who 7rightly in his judgment7 derived the name of from and alpha privativa1 as implying that the ,goddess of wisdom1 though ,goddess1 was nevertheless no female1 having nothing of female imperfection4 ,and a book unjustly ascribed to the learned ,acidalius was published in ,latin1 and afterwards in ,french1 to prove that women were not reasonable creatures1 but distinguished from men by this specific difference1 as well as in sex4 ,mahomet too was not the only person who has supposed that women have no souls4 ,in this ,christian and reformed country1 the question was propounded to the ,british ,apollo whether there is now1 or will be at the resurrection any females in ,heaven--since1 says the questioner1 there seems to be no need of them there6 ,the ,society of ,gentlemen who1 7in imitation of ,john ,dunton1 his brother-in-law the elder ,wesley1 and their coadjutors17 had undertaken in this ,journal to answer all questions1 returned a grave reply1 that sexes being corporeal distinctions there could be no such distinction among the souls which are now in bliss2 neither could it exist after the resurrection1 for they who partook of eternal life neither marry nor are given in marriage4 ,that same ,society supposed the ,devil to be an ,hermaphrodite1 for though by his roughness they said he might be thought of the masculine gender1 they were led to that opinion because he appeared so often in petticoats4 ,,chapter ,,ccvii4 ,,fracas ,,with ,,the ,,gender ,,feminine4--,,the ,,doctor',s ,,defence4 ,if there sit twelve women at the table1 let a dozen of them be--as they are4 ,,timon ,,of ,,athens4 8,papp-paah60 says my daughter4 8,you intolerable man60 says my wife4 8,you abominable creature60 says my wife's eldest sister1 8you wicked wretch60 8,oh ,mr4 ,author10 says ,miss ,graveairs1 8,i did not expect this from you40 8,very well1 ,sir1 very well6 ,this is like you60 says the ,bow-,begum4 8,was there ever such an atrocious libel upon the sex10 says the ,lady ,president of the ,celestial ,blues4 ,the ,ladies of the ,stocking unanimously agree in the sentence of condemnation4 ,let me see1 who do ,i know among them4 ,there is ,mrs4 ,lapis ,lazuli and her daughter ,miss ,ultramarine1--there is ,mrs4 ,bluestone1 the most caustic of female critics1 and her friend ,miss ,gentian1--,heaven protect me from the bitterness of her remarks1--there is ,lady ,turquoise1 ,lady ,celestina ,sky1 the widow ,bluebeard1 ,miss ,mazarine1 and that pretty creature ,serena ,cerulean1 it does me good to look at her1 she is the blue-bell of the party4 ,there is ,miss ,sapphire1 ,miss ,priscilla ,prussian1 ,mrs4 ,indigo1 and the ,widow ,woad4 ,and ,heaven knows who beside4 ,mercy on me--it were better to be detected at the mysteries of the ,bona ,dea1 than be found here6 ,hear them how they open in succession-- ,infamous6 ,shameful6 ,intolerable6 ,this is too bad4 ,he has heaped together all the slanderous and odious things that could be collected from musty books4 ,talk of his ,wife and ,daughter4 ,i do not believe any one who had wife and daughter would have composed such a ,chapter as that4 ,an old batchelor ,i warrant him1 and mustier than his books4 ,pedant6 ,satirist6 ,libeller6 ,wretch6 ,monster6 ,and ,miss ,virginia ,vinegar compleats the climax by exclaiming with peculiar emphasis1 ,man6 ,all ,indigo-land is in commotion2 and ,urgand the ,unknown would be in as much danger proh-,jupiter6 from the ,stockingers1 if he fell into their hands1 as ,orpheus from the ,mnades4 ,tantne animis clestibus ir8 ,why ,ladies6 dear ,ladies6 good ,ladies6 gentle ,ladies6 merciful ,ladies6 hear me1--hear me6 ,in justice1 in compassion1 in charity hear me6 ,for your own sakes1 and for the honour of feminality hear me6 ,what has the wretch to say8 ,what can he say8 ,what indeed can be said8 ,nevertheless let us hear him1 so bad a case must always be made worse by any attempt at defending it4 ,hear him6 hear him6 ,englishwomen1 countrywomen1 and lovelies1--lovelies ,i certainly may call you1 if it be not lawful for me to say lovers1--hear me for your honour1 and have respect to your honour that you may believe1 censure me in your wisdom1 and awake your senses that you may be better judges4 ,who is here so unfeminine that would be a male creature8 if any1 speak2 for her have ,i offended4 ,who is here so coarse that would not be a woman6 if any1 speak2 for her have ,i offended4 ,who is here so vile that will not love her sex8 if any speak2 for her have ,i offended4 ,i can have offended none but those who are ashamed of their womanhood1 if any such there be1 which ,i am far from thinking4 ,gentle ,ladies do you in your conscience believe that any reasonable person could possibly think the worse of womankind1 for any of the strange and preposterous opinions which my lamented and excellent friend used to repeat in the playfulness of an eccentric fancy8 ,do you suppose that he was more in earnest when he brought forward these learned fooleries1 than the ,devil's ,advocate when pleading against a suit for canonization in the ,papal ,court8 questo negro inchiostro1 ch'io dispenzo ,non fu per dare1 o donne1 a i vostri nasi1 ,ingrato odore1 o d'altro che d'incenzo4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,mauro4 ,hear but to the end1 and ,i promise you on the faith of a true man a ,red ,letter ,chapter in your praise2 not a mere panegyric in the manner of those who flatter while they despise you1 but such an honest estimate as will bear a scrutiny1--and which you will not like the worse because it may perhaps be found profitable as well as pleasing4 ,forgive me1 sacred sex of woman1 that1 ,in thought or syllable1 ,i have declaim'd ,against your goodness2 and ,i will redeem it ,with such religious honouring your names1 ,that when ,i die1 some never thought-stain'd virgin ,shall make a relic of my dust1 and throw ,my ashes1 like a charm1 upon those men ,whose faiths they hold suspected4#b ,footnote #b3 ,,shirley4 ,,chapter ,,ccviii4 ,,value ,,of ,,women ,,among ,,the ,,afghauns4--,,ligon',s ,,history ,,of ,,barbadoes1 ,,and ,a ,,favorite ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,therefrom4--,,claude ,,seissel1 ,,and ,,the ,,salic ,,law4--,,jewish ,,thanksgiving4--,,etymology ,,of ,,mulier1 ,,woman1 ,,and ,,lass2--,,from ,,which ,,it ,,may ,,be ,,guessed ,,how ,,much ,,is ,,contained ,,in ,,the ,,limbo ,,of ,,etymology4 ,if thy name were known that writest in this sort1 ,by womankind1 unnaturally1 giving evil report1 ,whom all men ought1 both young and old1 defend with all their might1 ,considering what they do deserve of every living wight1 ,i wish thou should exiled be from women more and less1 ,and not without just cause thou must thyself confess4 ,,edward ,,more4 ,it would have pleased the ,doctor when he was upon this topic if he had known how exactly the value of women was fixed among the ,afghauns1 by whose laws twelve young women are given as a compensation for the slaughter of one man1 six for cutting off a hand1 an ear1 or a nose2 three for breaking a tooth1 and one for a wound of the scalp4 ,by the laws of the ,venetians as well as of certain ,oriental people1 the testimony of two women was made equivalent to that of one man4 ,and in those of the ,welsh ,king ,hywel ,dda1 or ,howel ,dha1 8the satisfaction for the murder of a woman1 whether she be married or not1 is half that of her brother10 which is upon the same standard of relative value4 ,by the same laws a woman was not to be admitted as bail for a man1 nor as witness against him4 ,he knew that a ,french ,antiquarian 7,claude ,seissel7 had derived the name of the ,salic law from the ,latin word ,sal1 comme une loy pleine de sel1 c'est a dire pleine de sapience1#a and this the ,doctor thought a far more rational etymology than what some one proposed either seriously or in sport1 that the law was called ,salique because the words ,si aliquis and ,si aliqua were of such frequent occurrence in it4 8,to be born a manchild10 says that learned author who first composed an ,art of ,rhetoric in the ,english tongue1 8declares a courage1 gravity and constancy4 ,to be born a woman1 declares weakness of spirit1 neshenes of body and fickleness of mind40#b ,justin ,martyr1 after saying that the ,demons by whom according to him the system of heathen mythology was composed1 spake of ,minerva as the first ,intelligence and the daughter of ,jupiter1 makes this observation2 8now this we consider most absurd1 to carry about the image of ,intelligence in a female form60 ,the ,father said this as thinking with the great ,french comic poet that a woman never could be any thing more than a woman4 ,car1 voyez-vous1 la femme est1 comme on dit1 mon matre1 ,un certain animal difficile connotre1 ,et de qui la nature est fort encline au mal2 ,et comme un animal est toujours animal4 ,et ne sera jamais qu' animal1 quand sa vie ,dureroit cent mille ans2 aussi1 sans repartie1 ,la femme est toujours femme1 et jamais ne sera ,que femme1 tant qu'entier le monde durera4 ,footnote #a3 ,,brant,,me4 ,footnote #b3 ,,wilson4 ,a favourite anecdote with our ,philosopher was of the ,barbadoes ,planters1 one of whom agreed to exchange an ,english maid servant with the other for a bacon pig1 weight for weight1 four-pence per pound to be paid for the overplus1 if the balance should be in favour of the pig1 sixpence if it were on the ,maid's side4 ,but when they were weighed in the scales1 ,honour who was 8extreme fat1 lazy and good for nothing10 so far outweighed the pig1 that the pig's owner repented of his improvident bargain1 and refused to stand to it4 ,such a case ,ligon observes1 when he records this notable story1 seldom happened2 but the ,doctor cited it as shewing what had been the relative value of women and pork in the ,west ,indies4 ,and observe1 he would say1 of white women1 ,english1 ,christian women1--not of poor heathen blacks1 who are considered as brutes1 bought and sold like brutes1 worked like brutes--and treated worse than any ,government ought to permit even brutes to be treated4 ,however1 that women were in some respects better than men1 he did not deny4 ,he doubted not but that ,cannibals thought them so2 for we know by the testimony of such ,cannibals as happen to have tried both1 that white men are considered better meat than negroes1 and ,englishmen than ,frenchmen1 and there could be little doubt that for the same reason1 women would be preferred to men4 ,yet this was not the case with animals1 as was proved by buck venison1 ox beef1 and wether mutton4 ,the tallow of the female goat would not make as good candles as that of the male4 ,nature takes more pains in elaborating her nobler work2 and that the male1 as being the nobler1 was that which ,nature finished with greatest care must be evident1 he thought1 to any one who called to mind the difference between cock and hen birds1 a difference discoverable even in the egg1 the larger and finer eggs with a denser white1 and a richer yolk1 containing male chicks4 ,other and more curious observations had been made tending to the same conclusion1 but he omitted them1 as not perhaps suited for general conversation1 and not exactly capable of the same degree of proof4 ,it was enough to hint at them4 ,the great ,ambrose ,parey 7the ,john ,hunter and the ,baron ,larrey of the sixteenth century7 has brought forward many instances wherein women have been changed into men1 instances which are not fabulous3 but he observes1 8you shall find in no history1 men that have degenerated into women2 for nature always intends and goes from the imperfect to the more perfect1 but never basely from the more perfect to the imperfect40 ,it was a rule in the ,roman law1 that when husband and wife overtaken by some common calamity perished at the same time1 and it could not be ascertained which had lived the longest1 the woman should be presumed to have expired the first1 as being by nature the feeblest4 ,and for the same reason if it had not been noted whether brother or sister being twins came first in the world1 the legal conclusion was that the boy being the stronger was the first born4 ,and from all these facts he thought the writer must be a judicious person who published a poem entitled the ,great ,birth of ,man1 or ,excellence of his creation over ,woman4 ,therefore according to the ,bramins1 the widow who burns herself with the body of her husband1 will in her next state be born a male2 but the widow1 who refuses to make this self sacrifice1 will never be any thing better than a woman1 let her be born again as often as she may4 ,therefore it is that the ,jew at this day begins his public prayer with a thanksgiving to his ,maker1 for not having made him a woman2--an escape for which the ,greek philosopher was thankful4 ,one of the things which shocked a ,moor who visited ,england was to see dogs1 women1 and dirty shoes permitted to enter a place of worship1 the ,mahometans1 as is well known1 excluding all three from their ,mosques4 ,not that all ,mahometans believe that women have no souls4 ,there are some who think it more probable they have1 and these more liberal ,mussulmen hold that there is a separate ,paradise for them1 because they say1 if the women were admitted into the ,men's ,paradise1 it would cease to be ,paradise1--there would be an end of all peace there4 ,it was probably the same reason which induced ,origen to advance an opinion that after the day of ,judgment women will be turned into men4 ,the opinion has been condemned among his heresies2 but the ,doctor maintained that it was a reasonable one1 and almost demonstrable upon the supposition that we are all to be progressive in a future state4 ,there was1 however1 he said1 according to the ,jews a peculiar privilege and happiness reserved for them1 that is for all those of their chosen nation1 during the temporal reign of the ,messiah1 for every ,jewish woman is then to lie in every day6 8,i never10 says ,bishop ,reynolds1 8read of more dangerous falls in the ,saints than were ,adam's1 ,sampson's1 ,david's1 ,solomon's1 and ,peter's2 and behold in all these1 either the first enticers1 or the first occasioners1 are women4 ,a weak creature may be a strong tempter3 nothing too impotent or useless for the ,devil's service40 ,fuller1 among his ,good ,thoughts has this paragraph3--8,i find the natural ,philosopher making a character of the ,lion's disposition1 amongst other his qualities1 reporteth1 first1 that the ,lion feedeth on men1 and afterwards 7if forced with extremity of hunger7 on women4 ,satan is a roaring ,lion seeking whom he may devour4 ,only he inverts the method and in his bill of fare takes the second first4 ,ever since he over-tempted our grandmother ,eve1 encouraged with success he hath preyed first on the weaker sex40 8,sit not in the midst of women10 saith the son of ,sirach in his ,wisdom1 8for from garments cometh a moth1 and from women wickedness40 8,behold1 this have ,i found1 saith the ,preacher1 counting one by one to find out the account2 which yet my soul seeketh1 but ,i find not3 one man among a thousand have ,i found2 but a woman among all those have ,i not found40 8,it is a bad thing10 said ,st4 ,augustine1 8to look upon a woman1 a worse to speak to her1 and to touch her is worst of all40 ,john ,bunyan admired the wisdom of ,god for making him shy of the sex1 and boasted that it was a rare thing to see him 8carry it pleasant towards a woman40 8,the common salutation of women10 said he1 8,i abhor1 their company alone ,i cannot away with60 ,john1 the great ,tinker1 thought with the son of ,sirach1 that 8better is the churlishness of a man1 than a courteous woman1 a woman which bringeth shame and reproach40 ,and ,menu the law-giver of the ,hindoos hath written that 8it is the nature of women in this world to cause the seduction of men40 ,and ,john ,moody in the play1 says1 8,i ha' seen a little of them1 and ,i find that the best1 when she's minded1 won't ha' much goodness to spare40 ,a wife has been called a daily calamity1 and they who thought least unfavourably of the sex have pronounced it a necessary evil4 8,mulier1 quasi mollior10 saith ,varro2#c a derivation upon which ,dr4 ,featley thus commenteth3 8,women take their name in ,latin from tenderness or softness1 because they are usually of a softer temper than men1 and much more subject to passions1 especially of fear1 grief1 love and longing2 their fear is almost perpetual1 their grief immoderate1 their love ardent1 and their longing most vehement4 ,they are the weaker vessels1 not only weaker in body than men1 and less able to resist violence1 but also weaker in mind and less able to hold out in temptations2 and therefore the ,devil first set upon the woman as conceiving it a matter of more facility to supplant her than the man40 ,and they are such dissemblers1 says the ,poet1 as if their mother had been made ,only of all the falsehood of the man1 ,disposed into that rib4 ,footnote #c3 ,the ,soothsayer in ,cymbeline was of a like opinion with ,varro6 ,the piece of tender air1 thy virtuous daughter1 ,which we call mollis aer2 and mollis aer ,we term it mulier4 ,southey's favorite play upon the stage was ,cymbeline1 and next to it1 ,as you like it4 8,look indeed at the very name10 said the ,doctor1 putting on his gravest look of provocation to the ladies4--8,look at the very name--,woman1 evidently meaning either man's woe--or abbreviated from woe to man1 because by woman was woe brought into the world40 ,and when a girl is called a lass1 who does not perceive how that common word must have arisen8 ,who does not see that it may be directly traced to a mournful interjection1 alas6 breathed sorrowfully forth at the thought the girl1 the lovely and innocent creature upon whom the beholder has fixed his meditative eye1 would in time become a woman1--a woe to man6 ,there are other tongues in which the name is not less significant4 ,the two most notoriously obstinate things in the world are a mule and a pig4 ,now there is one language in which pige means a young woman3 and another in which woman is denoted by the word mulier3 which word1 whatever grammarians may pretend1 is plainly a comparative1 applied exclusively and with peculiar force to denote the only creature in nature which is more mulish than a mule4 ,comment1 says a ,frenchman1 pourroit-on aymer les ,dames1 puis qu'elles se nomment ainsi du dam et dommage qu'elles apportent aux hommes6#d ,footnote #d3 ,,bouchet4 ,,interchapter ,,xxiv4 ,a ,,true ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,terrible ,,knitters ,e' ,,dent ,,which ,,will ,,be ,,read ,,with ,,interest ,,by ,,humane ,,manufacturers1 ,,and ,,by ,,masters ,,of ,,spinning ,,jennies ,,with ,a ,,smile4--,,betty ,,yewdale4--,,the ,,excursion--,,an ,,extract ,,from1 ,,and ,,an ,,illustration ,,of4 ,o voi ch' avete gl' intelletti sani1 ,mirate la dottrina1 che s' asconde ,sotto 'l velame degli versi strani4 ,,dante4 8,it was about six an' fifty year sen1 in ,june1 when a woman cam fra' ,dent at see a ,nebbor of ours e' ,langdon4#a ,they er terrible knitters e' ,dent#b--sea my ,fadder an' ,mudder sent me an' my lile ,sister1 ,sally1 back we' her at larn at knit4 ,i was between sebben an' eight year auld1 an' ,sally twea year younger--,t' ,woman reade on ya ,horse1 we ,sally afore her--an ,i on anudder1 we a man walking beside me--whiles he gat up behint an' reade--,ee' them ,days ,fwoak dud'nt gang e' ,carts--but ,carts er t'best--,i'd rader ride e' yan than e' onny ,carriage--,i us't at think if ,i was t' ,leady1 here at t' ,ho1'#c how ,i wad tear about int' rwoads--but sen ,i hae ridden in a ,chaise ,i hate t' nwotion ont' warst of ought--for t' ,trees gang fleeing by o' ya side1 an t' ,wa' as#d on tudder1 an' gars yan be as seek as a peeate4 ,footnote #a3 ,the valley of ,langdale1 near ,ambleside4 ,the ,langdale ,pikes are known to all tourists4 ,footnote #b3 ,dent is a chapelry in the ,parish and ,union of ,sedbergh1 ,w4 ,division of the wapentake of ,staincliffe and ,ewcross1 ,w4 ,riding of the ,county of ,york1 sixteen miles ,e4 from ,kendal4--,lewis's ,topog4 ,dict4 ,footnote #c3 i4e4 ,at the ,hall4 ,footnote #d3 ,wa' as1 i4e4 ,walls1 as in p4 #hf4 8,weel1 we dud'nt like ,dent at a--' nut that they wer bad tull us--but ther way o' leeving--it was round ,meal--an' they stoult it int' frying pan1 e' keaeks as thick as my fing-er4--,then we wer stawed#e we' sae mickle knitting--,we went to a ,skeul about a mile off--ther was a ,maister an' ,mistress--they larnt us our ,lessons1 yan a piece--an' then we knit as hard as we cud drive1 striving whilk cud knit t' hardest yan again anudder--we hed our ,darracks#f set afore we com fra' ,heam int' mwornin2 an' if we dud'nt git them duun we warrant to gang to our dinners--,they hed o' macks o' contrivances to larn us to knit swift--,t' ,maister wad wind #c or #d clues togedder1 for #c or #d ,bairns to knitt off--that' at knit slawest raffled tudders yarn1 an' than she gat weel thumpt 7but ther was baith ,lasses an' ,lads 'at learnt at knit7--,than we ust at sing a mack of a sang1 whilk we wer at git at t'end on at every needle1 ca'ing ower t' ,neams of o' t' fwoak in t' ,deaal--but ,sally an me wad never ca' ,dent ,fwoak--sea we ca'ed ,langdon ,fwoak--,t' ,sang was-- ,sally an' ,i1 ,sally an' ,i1 ,for a good pudding pye1 ,taa hoaf wheat1 an' tudder hoaf rye1 ,sally an' ,i1 for a good pudding pye4 ,we sang this 7altering t' neams7 at every needle3 and when we com at t' end cried #8off' an' began again an' sea we strave on o' t' day through4 ,footnote #e3 i4e4 cloyed1 saturated1 fatigued4 ,,brockett',s ,glossary of ,north ,country words4 ,footnote #f3 i4e4 ,days-works4 ,so the ,derwent is called the ,darron4 8,we wer stawed1 as ,i telt yea--o' t' pleser we hed was when we went out a bit to beat t' fire for a nebbor 'at was baking--that was a grand day for us6--,at ,kursmas teea1 ther was t' maskers--an' on ,kursmas day at mworn they gav' us sum reed stuff to' t' ,breakfast--,i think it maun ha' been ,jocklat--but we dud'nt like 't at a'1 't ommost puzzened us6--an' we cared for nought but how we wer to git back to ,langdon--,neet an' ,day ther was nought but this knitting6 ,t' ,nebbors ust at gang about fra' house to house1 we' ther wark1--than yan fire dud1 ye knaw1 an' they cud hev a better--they hed girt lang black peeats--an' set them up an hed in a girt round we' a whol at top--an a' t' ,fwoak sat about it4 ,when ony o' them gat into a hubble we' ther wark1 they shouted out #8turn a ,peeat'--an' them' at sat naarest t' fire turnt yan1 an' meaad a low#g--;for they nivver hed onny cannal4--,we knat quorse wosset stockings--some gloves--an' some neet caps1 an' wastecwoat breests1 an' petticwoats4 ,i yance knat a stocking1 for mysell1 e' six hours--,sally yan e' sebben--an' t'woman's ,doughter1 'at was aulder than us e' eight--an' they sent a nwote to our ,fwoak e' ,langdon at tell them4 ,footnote #g3 i4e4 a flame2 it is an ,icelandic word4 ,see ,haldorson's ,lexicon4 ,at loga1 ardere and ,loga1 flamma4 ,so in ,st4 ,george for ,england1 ,as timorous larks amazed are ,with light1 and with a low-bell4 8,sally an' me1 when we wer by our sells1 wer always contrivin how we wer at git away1 when we sleept by oursells we talk't of nought else--but when t' woman's ,doughter sleept we' us we wer qwhite mum--summat or udder always happent at hinder us1 till yan day1 between ,kursmas an' ,cannalmas1 when t' woman's ,doughter stait at heaam1 we teuk off4 ,our house was four mile on 'todder side o' ,dent's ,town--whor1 efter we hed pass t' ,skeul1 we axed t'way to ,kendal--,it hed been a hard frost1 an' ther was snaw on t' grund--but it was beginnin to thow1 an' was varra sloshy an' cauld--but we poted alang leaving our lile footings behint us--we hed our cloggs on--for we durst'nt change them for our shoon for fear o' being fund out--an' we had nought on but our hats1 an' bits o' blue bedgowns1 an' brats--sea ye may think we cuddent be varra heeat--,i hed a sixpence e' my pocket1 an' we hed three or four shilling mare in our box1 'at our ,fwoak hed ge'en us to keep our pocket we'--but1 lile mafflins#h as we wer1 we thought it wad be misst an' durst'nt tak ony mare4 ,footnote #h3 ,maffling--a state of perplexity4--,,brockett4 ,maffled1 mazed1 and maisled 7as used a little further on7 have all a like sense4 8,afore we gat to ,sebber#i we fell hungry2 an' ther was a fine1 girt1 reed house nut far off t' rwoad1 whar we went an' begged for a bit o' breead--but they wadd'nt give us ought--sea we trampt on1 an com to a lile theakt house1 an' ,i said--#8,sally thou sall beg t' neesht--thou's less than me1 an mappen they'll sarra us'--an' they dud--an' gav us a girt shive#aj o' breead--at last we gat to ,scotch ,jins1 as they ca' t' public ,house about three mile fra ,sebber 7o' this side7 a ,scotch woman keept it4--,it was amaist dark1 sea we axt her at let us stay o' neet--she teuk us in1 an' gav us sum boilt milk and breead--an' suun put us to bed--we telt her our taael2 an' she sed we wer int' reet at run away4 ,footnote #i3 i4e4 ,sedbergh4 ,footnote #aj3 i4e4 a slice4 ,so in ,titus ,andronicus4 8,easy it is ,of a cut loaf to steal a shive we know40 8,neesht mwornin she gav us sum mare milk an' breead1 an' we gav her our sixpence--an' then went off-sledding away amangt' snaw1 ower that cauld moor 7ye ken' 't weel enough7 naarly starved to deeath1 an' maisled--sea we gat on varra slawly1 as ye may think--an' 't rain'd tua4 ,we begged again at anudder lile theakt house1 on t' ,hay ,fell--there was a woman an' a heap of raggeltly ,bairns stannin round a ,teable--an' she gave us a few of their poddish1 an' put a lock of sugar into a sup of cauld tea tull them4 8,then we trailed on again till we com to t' ,peeat ,lane ,turnpike ,yat--they teuk us in there1 an' let us warm oursells1 an' gav us a bit o' breead4 ,they sed had duun re'et to com away2 for ,dent was t' poorest plaace in t' warld1 and we wer seafe to ha' been hungert--an' at last we gat to ,kendal1 when 't was naar dark--as we went up t' streat we met a woman1 an' axt t' way to ,tom ,posts--7that was t' man at ust te bring t' ,letters fra' ,kendal to ,ammelsid an' ,hawksheead yance a week--an' baited at his house when we com fra' ,langdon7 she telt us t' way an' we creept on1 but we leaked back at her twea or three times--an' she was still stanning1 leuking at us--then she com back an' quiesed us a deal1 an' sed we sud gang heam with her--,we telt her whor we hed cum fra' an' o' about our ,tramp 'at we hed hed4--,she teuk us to her house--it was a varra poor yan--down beside t' brig at we had cum ower into t' ,town--,ther was nea fire on--but she went out1 an' brought in sam eilding#aa 7for they can buy a pennerth1 or sea1 o' quols or ,peeats at onny time there7 an' she set on a good fire--an' put on t' kettle--then laited#ab up sum of her awn claes1 an' tiet them on us as weel as she cud1 an' dried ours--for they wer as wet as thack--it hed rained a' t' way--,then she meead us sum tea--an' as she hedden't a bed for us in her awn house she teuk us to a nebbors--,ther was an aud woman in a ,bed naar us that flaed us sadly--for she teuk a fit int' neet an' her feace turnt as black as a cwol--we laid trimmiling1 an' hutched oursells ower heead e' bed--,fwoks com an' steud round her--an' we heeard them say 'at we wer asleep--sea we meade as if we wer asleep1 because we thought if we wer asleep they waddn't kill us--an' we wisht oursells e' t' streets again1 or onny whor--an' wad ha' been fain to ha' been ligging under a ,dyke4 ,footnote #aa3 ,fire-elding1--the common term for fuel4 ,ild in ,danish is fire4 ,such words were to be expected in ,cumberland4 ,the commencement of ,landor's lines to ,southey1 #ahcc1 will explain why-- ,indweller of a peaceful vale1 ,ravaged erewhile by white-hair'd ,dane1 c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,to late or leat is to seek out4 ,see ,,brockett4 ,it is from the ,icelandic at leyta1 qurere4 ,cf4 ,haldorson in ,v4 8,neesht mwornin we hed our ,brekfast1 an' t' woman gav us baith a hopenny ,keack beside 7that was as big as a penny 'an now7 to eat as we went--an' she set us to t' top o' t' ,house o' ,correction ,hill--,it was freezing again1 an' t' rwoad was terrible slape2 sea we gat on varra badly--an' afore we com to ,staavley 7an' that was but a lile bit o' t' rwoad7 we fell hung'ry an' began on our keacks--then we sed we wad walk sea far1 an' then tak a bite--an' then on again an' tak anudder--and afore we gat to t' ,ings ,chapel they wer o' gane--,every now an' than we stopped at reest--an' sat down1 an' grat1#ac under a hedge or wa'a crudled up togedder1 taking haud o' yan anudders hands at try at warm them1 for we were fairly maizled wi' t' cauld--an' when we saw onny body cumming we gat up an' walked away--but we duddn't meet monny ,fwoak--,i dunnat think ,fwoak warr sea mickle in t' rwoads e' them ,days4 ,footnote #ac3 i4e4 wept1 from the old word greet1 common to all the ,northern languages4 ,chaucer1 ,spenser1 c41 use it4 ,see ,specimen ,glossarii in ,edda ,smundar hinns ,froda ,v4 ,grtr1 ploratus1 at grta1 plorare1 ,hence grief c4 8,we scraffled#ad on t' this fashion--an' it was quite dark afore we gat to ,ammelsid ,yat--our feet warr sare an' we warr naarly dune for--an' when we turnt round ,windermer ,watter heead1 ,t' waves blasht sea dowly#ae that we warr fairly heart-brossen--we sat down on a cauld steane an' grat sare--but when we hed hed our belly-full o' greeting we gat up1 an feelt better#af fort' an' sea dreed on again--slaw enough ye may be sure--but we warr e' kent rwoads--an' now when ,i gang that gait ,i can nwote o' t' spots whor we reested--for them lile bye lwoans erent sea micklealtert1 as t' girt rwoads1 fra what they warr4 ,at ,clappers-gait t' ,fwoak wad ha' knawn us1 if it heddent been dark1 an' o' ther duirs steeked1#ag an geen us a relief1 if we hed begged there--but we began at be flate#ah 'at my ,fadder an' ,mudder wad be angert at us for running away4 ,footnote #ad3 i4e4 struggled on4 ,,brockett in ,v4 ,footnote #ae3 i4e4 lonely1 melancholy4 ,ibid4 ,footnote #af3 ,the scholar will call to mind the of the ,iliad1 xxiii4 #ih41 with like expressions in the ,odyssey1 e4g4 xi4 #baa1 xix4 #bac1 and the reader of the ,pseudo ,ossian will remember the words of ,fingal4 8,strike the harp in my hall1 and let ,fingal hear the song4 ,pleasant is the joy of grief40 ,footnote #ag3 8,steek the heck10--i4e4 shut the door4 ,,brockett4 ,footnote #ah3 ,from the verb 8,flay0 to frighten4 8,it was twea o'clock int' mworning when we gat to our awn ,duir--,i c'aed out ,fadder6 ,fadder6--,mudder6 ,mudder6 ower an' ower again--,she hard us1 an' sed--#8,that's our ,betty's voice'--#8,thou's nought but fancies1 lig still1' said my ,fadder--but she waddent2 an' sea gat up1 an' opent' ,duir and there warr we stanning doddering#ai--;an' daized we' cauld1 as deer deead as macks nea matter--,when she so us she was mare flate than we--,she brast out a crying--an' we grat--an my ,fadder grat an' a'--an' they duddent flight1#bj nor said nought tull us1 for cumming away1--they warrant a bit angert--an' my ,fadder sed we sud nivver gang back again4 ,footnote #ai3 ,we still speak of ,dodder or ,quaker's grass1--a word by the way1 older than the ,sect4 ,footnote #bj3 ,a4 ,s4 ,flitan--to scold4 8,t' ,fwoaks e' ,dent nivver mist us1 tilt' ,neet--because they thought 'at we hed been keept at dinner time 'at finish our tasks--but when neet com1 an' we duddent cum heam1 they set off efter us to ,kendal--an' mun ha' gane by ,scotch ,jins when we warr there--how they satisfied thersells ,i knan't1 but they suppwosed we hed gane heam--and sea they went back--,my ,fadder wasn't lang1 ye may be seur1 o' finding out' ,t' ,woman at ,kendal 'at was sea good tull us--an' my ,mudder put her doun a pot o' ,butter1 an' meead her a lile cheese an' sent her40 ,,interpolation4 ,the above affecting and very simple story1 ,reader1 was taken down from the mouth of ,betty ,yewdale herself1 the elder of the two children1--at that time an old woman1 but with a bright black eye that lacked no lustre4 ,a shrewd and masculine woman1 ,reader1 was ,betty ,yewdale1--fond of the ,nicotian weed and a short pipe so as to have the full flavour of its essence1--somewhat1 sooth be said1 too fond of it1 for the pressure of the pipe produced a cancer in her mouth1 which caused her death4--,knowest thou1 gentle ,reader1 that most curious of all curious books--7we stop not to inquire whether ,scarron be indebted to it1 or it to ,scarron7--the ,anatomy of ,melancholy by ,democritus ,junior1 old ,burton to wit8--,curious if thou art1 it cannot fail1 but that thou knowest it well1--curious or not1 hear what he says of ,tobacco1 poor ,betty ,yewdale's bane6 8,tobacco1 divine1 rare1 super-excellent tobacco1 which goes far beyond all their panaceas1 potable gold1 and philosopher's stones1 a sovereign remedy to all diseases4 ,a good vomit1 ,i confesse1 a vertuous herb1 if it be well qualified1 opportunely taken1 and medicinally used2 but1 as it is commonly abused by most men1 which take it as tinkers do ale1 'tis a plague1 a mischief1 a violent purger of goods1 lands1 health1 hellish1 devilish and damned tobacco1 the ruine and overthrow of body and soul40 ,gentle ,reader6 if thou knowest not the pages of honest old ,burton--we speak not of his melancholy end1 which melancholy may have wrought1 but of his honesty of purpose1 and of his life1--thou wilt not be unacquainted with that excellent ,poem of ,wordsworth's1--8,the ,excursion1 being a ,portion of the ,recluse40--,if any know not the wisdom contained in it1 forthwith let them study it6--,acquainted with it or not1 it is ,betty ,yewdale that is described in the following lines1 as holding the lanthorn to guide the steps of old ,jonathan1 her husband1 on his return from working in the quarries1 if at any time he chanced to be beyond his usual hour4 ,they are given at length2--for who will not be pleased to read them decies repetita8 ,much was ,i pleased1 the grey-haired wanderer said1 ,when to those shining fields our notice first ,you turned2 and yet more pleased have from your lips1 ,gathered this fair report of them who dwell ,in that ,retirement2 whither1 by such course ,of evil hap and good as oft awaits ,a lone wayfaring ,man1 ,i once was brought4 ,dark on my road the autumnal evening fell ,while ,i was traversing yon mountain pass1 ,and night succeeded with unusual gloom2 ,so that my feet and hands at length became ,guides better than mine eyes--until a light ,high in the gloom appeared1 too high1 methought1 ,for human habitation1 but ,i longed ,to reach it destitute of other hope4 ,i looked with steadiness as sailors look1 ,on the north-star1 or watch-tower's distant lamp1 ,and saw the light--now fixed--and shifting now-- ,not like a dancing meteor2 but in line ,of never varying motion1 to and fro4 ,it is no night fire of the naked hills1 ,thought ,i1 some friendly covert must be near4 ,with this persuasion thitherward my steps ,i turn1 and reach at last the guiding light2 ,joy to myself6 but to the heart of ,her ,who there was standing on the open hill1 7,the same kind ,matron whom your tongue hath praised7 ,alarm and disappointment6 ,the alarm ,ceased1 when she learned through what mishap ,i came1 ,and by what help had gained those distant fields4 ,drawn from her ,cottage1 on that open height1 ,bearing a lantern in her hand she stood ,or paced the ground1--to guide her husband home1 ,by that unwearied signal1 kenned afar2 ,an anxious duty6 which the lofty ,site ,traversed but by a few irregular paths1 ,imposes1 whensoe'er untoward chance ,detains him after his accustomed hour ,when night lies black upon the hills4 #8,but come1 ,come1' said the ,matron1--#8to our poor abode2 ,those dark rocks hide it6' ,entering1 ,i beheld ,a blazing fire--beside a cleanly hearth ,sate down2 and to her office1 with leave asked1 ,the ,dame returned4--,or ere that glowing pile ,of mountain turf required the builder's hand ,its wasted splendour to repair1 the door ,opened1 and she re-entered with glad looks1 ,her ,helpmate following4 ,hospitable fare1 ,frank conversation1 make the evening's treat3 ,need a bewildered ,traveller wish for more8 ,but more was given2 ,i studied as we sate ,by the bright fire1 the good ,man's face--composed ,of features elegant2 an open brow ,of undisturbed humanity2 a cheek ,suffused with something of a feminine hue2 ,eyes beaming courtesy and mild regard2 ,but in the quicker turns of his discourse1 ,expression slowly varying1 that evinced ,a tardy apprehension4 ,from a fount ,lost1 thought ,i1 in the obscurities of time1 ,but honour'd once1 those features and that mien ,may have descended1 though ,i see them here1 ,in such a ,man1 so gentle and subdued1 ,withal so graceful in his gentleness1 ,a race illustrious for heroic deeds1 ,humbled1 but not degraded1 may expire4 ,this pleasing fancy 7cherished and upheld ,by sundry recollections of such fall ,from high to low1 ascent from low to high1 ,as books record1 and even the careless mind ,cannot but notice among men and things17 ,went with me to the place of my repose4 ,,book ,v4 ,,the ,,pastor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,sarah ,hutchinson1 ,mrs4 ,wordsworth's sister1 and ,mrs4 ,warter took down the story from the old woman's lips and ,southey laid it by for the ,doctor1 c4 ,she then lived in a cottage at ,rydal1 where ,i afterwards saw her4 ,of the old man it was told me--7for ,i did not see him7----8,he is a perfect picture1--like those we meet with in the better copies of ,saints in our old ,prayer ,books40 ,there was another comical ,history intended for an ,interchapter to the ,doctor1 c4 of a runaway match to ,gretna ,green by two people in humble life1--but it was not handed over to me with the ,,ms4 materials4 ,it was taken down from the mouth of the old woman who was one of the parties--and it would probably date back some sixty or seventy years4 ,,chapter ,,ccix4 ,,early ,,approximation ,,to ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,theory4--,,george ,,fox4--,,zachariah ,,ben ,,mohammed4--,,cowper4--,,institutes ,,of ,,menu4--,,bardic ,,philosophy4 ,,milton4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,browne4 ,there are distinct degrees of ,being as there are degrees of ,sound2 and the whole world is but as it were a greater ,gamut1 or scale of music4 ,,norris4 ,certain theologians1 and certain theosophists1 as men who fancy themselves inspired sometimes affect to be called1 had approached so nearly to the ,doctor's hypothesis of progressive life1 and propensities continued in the ascending scale1 that he appealed to them as authorities for its support4 ,they saw the truth1 he said1 as far as they went2 but it was only to a certain point3 a step farther and the beautiful theory would have opened upon them4 8,how can we choose1 said one1 but remember the mercy of ,god in this our land in this particular1 that no ravenous dangerous beasts do range in our nation1 if men themselves would not be wolves and bears and lions one to another60 ,and why are they so1 observed the ,doctor commenting upon the words of the old ,divine2 why are they so1 but because they have actually been lions and bears and wolves8 why are they so1 but because1 as the wise heathen speaks1 more truly than he was conscious of speaking1 sub hominum effigie latet ferinus animus4 ,the temper is congenital1 the propensity innate2 it is bred in the bone2 and what ,theologians call the old ,adam1 or the old ,man1 should physiologically1 and perhaps therefore preferably1 be called the old ,beast4 ,that wise and good man ,william ,jones of ,nayland has in his sermon upon the nature and conomy of ,beasts and ,cattle1 a passage which in elucidating a remarkable part of the ,law of ,moses1 may serve also as a glose or commentary upon the ,doctor's theory4 8,the ,law of ,moses1 in the xith chapter of ,leviticus1 divides the brute creation into two grand parties1 from the fashion of their feet1 and their manner of feeding1 that is1 from the parting of the hoof1 and the chewing of the cud2 which properties are indications of their general characters1 as wild or tame4 ,for the dividing of the hoof and the chewing of the cud are peculiar to those cattle which are serviceable to man's life1 as sheep1 oxen1 goats1 deer1 and their several kinds4 ,these are shod by the ,creator for a peaceable and inoffensive progress through life2 as the ,scripture exhorts us to be shod in like manner with the preparation of the ,gospel of ,peace4 ,they live temperately upon herbage1 the diet of students and saints2 and after the taking of their food1 chew it deliberately over again for better digestion2 in which act they have all the appearance a brute can assume of pensiveness or meditation2 which is1 metaphorically1 called rumination1#a with reference to this property of certain animals4 ,footnote #a3 ,pallentes ruminat herbas4--,,virgil4 ,dum jacet1 et lent revocatas ruminat herbas4--,,ovid4 ,it were hardly necessary to recal to an ,english reader's recollection the words of ,brutus to ,cassius1 ,till then1 my noble friend1 chew upon this1--,,julius ,c,,sar4 or those of ,agrippa in ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,pardon what ,i have spoke2 ,for 'tis a studied1 not a present thought1 ,by duty ruminated4 8,such are these3 but when we compare the beasts of the field and the forest1 they1 instead of the harmless hoof1 have feet which are swift to shed blood1 7,rom4 iii4 #ae47 sharp claws to seize upon their prey1 and teeth to devour it2 such as lions1 tygers1 leopards1 wolves1 foxes1 and smaller vermin4 8,where one of the ,mosaic marks is found1 and the other is wanting1 such creatures are of a middle character between the wild and the tame2 as the swine1 the hare1 and some others4 ,those that part the hoof afford us wholesome nourishment2 those that are shod with any kind of hoof may be made useful to man2 as the camel1 the horse1 the ass1 the mule2 all of which are fit to travel and carry burdens4 ,but when the foot is divided into many parts1 and armed with claws1 there is but small hope of the manners2 such creatures being in general either murderers1 or hunters1 or thieves2 the malefactors and felons of the brute creation3 though among the wild there are all the possible gradations of ferocity and evil temper4 8,who can review the creatures of ,god1 as they arrange themselves under the two great denominations of wild and tame1 without wondering at their different dispositions and ways of life6 sheep and oxen lead a sociable as well as a peaceful life2 they are formed into flocks and herds2 and as they live honestly they walk openly in the day4 ,the time of darkness is to them1 as to the virtuous and sober amongst men1 a time of rest4 ,but the beast of prey goeth about in solitude2 the time of darkness is to him the time of action2 then he visits the folds of sheep1 and stalls of oxen1 thirsting for their blood2 as the thief and the murderer visits the habitations of men1 for an opportunity of robbing1 and destroying1 under the concealment of the night4 ,when the sun ariseth the beast of prey retires to the covert of the forest2 and while the cattle are spreading themselves over a thousand hills in search of pasture1 the tyrant of the desert is laying himself down in his den1 to sleep off the fumes of his bloody meal4 ,the ways of men are not less different than the ways of beasts2 and here we may see them represented as on a glass2 for1 as the quietness of the pasture1 in which the cattle spend their day1 is to the howlings of a wilderness at night1 such is the virtuous life of honest labour to the life of the thief1 the oppressor1 the murderer1 and the midnight gamester1 who live upon the losses and sufferings of other men40 ,but how would the ,doctor have delighted in the first ,lesson of that excellent man's ,book of ,nature1--a book more likely to be useful than any other that has yet been written with the same good intent4 ,,the ,,beasts4 8,the ass hath very long ears1 and yet he hath no sense of music1 but brayeth with a frightful noise4 ,he is obstinate and unruly1 and will go his own way1 even though he is severely beaten4 ,the child1 who will not be taught1 is but little better2 he has no delight in learning1 but talketh of his own folly1 and disturbeth others with his noise4 8,the dog barketh all the night long1 and thinks it no trouble to rob honest people of their rest4 8,the fox is a cunning thief1 and men1 when they do not fear ,god1 are crafty and deceitful4 ,the wolf is cruel and blood-thirsty4 ,as he devoureth the lamb1 so do bad men oppress and tear the innocent and helpless4 8,the adder is a poisonous snake1 and hatha forked double tongue2 and so men speak lies1 and utter slanders against their neighbours1 when the poison of asps is under their lips4 ,the devil1 who deceiveth with lies1 and would destroy all mankind1 is the old serpent1 who brought death into the world by the venom of his bite4 ,he would kill me1 and all the children that are born1 if ,god would let him2 but ,jesus ,christ came to save us from his power1 and to destroy the works of the ,devil4 8,lord thou hast made me a man for thy service3 ,o let me not dishonour thy work1 by turning myself into the likeness of some evil beast3 let me not be as the fox1 who is a thief and a robber3 let me never be cruel1 as a wolf1 to any of thy creatures2 especially to my dear fellow-creatures1 and my dearer fellow ,christians2 but let me be harmless as the lamb2 quiet and submissive as the sheep2 that so ,i may be fit to live1 and be fed on thy pasture1 under the good shepherd1 ,jesus ,christ4 ,it is far better to be the poorest of his flock1 than to be proud and cruel1 as the lion or the tiger1 who go about seeking what they may devour40 ,,the ,,questions4 8,q4 ,what is the child that will not learn8 ,a4 ,an ass1 which is ignorant and unruly4 ,q4 ,what are wicked men1 who hurt and cheat others8 ,a4 ,they are wolves and foxes1 and bloodthirsty lions4 ,q4 ,what are ill-natured people1 who trouble their neighbours and rail at them8 ,a4 ,they are dogs1 who bark at every body4 ,q4 ,but what are good and peaceable people8 ,a4 ,they are harmless sheep2 and little children1 under the grace of ,god1 are innocent lambs4 ,q4 ,but what are liars8 ,a4 ,they are snakes and vipers1 with double tongues and poison under their lips4 ,q4 ,who is the good shepherd8 ,a4 ,jesus ,christ40 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is a passage not less apposite in ,donne's ,epistle to ,sir ,edward1 afterwards ,lord ,herbert of ,cherbury4 ,man is a lump where all beasts kneaded be2 ,wisdom makes him an ,ark where all agree4 ,the fool in whom these beasts do live at jar1 ,is sport to others and a theatre2 ,nor 'scapes he so1 but is himself their prey1 ,all that was man in him is ate away2 ,and now his beasts on one another feed1 ,yet couple in anger and new monsters breed4 ,how happy he which hath due place assign'd ,to his beasts1 and disaforested his mind1 ,empaled himself to keep them out1 not in2 ,can sow and dares trust corn where they have been1 ,can use his horse1 goat1 wolf and every beast1 ,and is not ass himself to all the rest4 ,to this purport the ,patriarch of the ,quakers writes where he saith 8now some men have the nature of ,swine1 wallowing in the mire3 and some men have the nature of ,dogs1 to bite both the sheep and one another3 and some men have the nature of ,lions1 to tear1 devour and destroy3 and some men have the nature of ,wolves1 to tear and devour the lambs and sheep of ,christ3 and some men have the nature of the ,serpent 7that old destroyer7 to sting1 envenom and poison4 ,he that hath an ear to hear1 let him hear1 and learn these things within himself4 ,and some men have the natures of other beasts and creatures1 minding nothing but earthly and visible things1 and feeding without the fear of ,god4 ,some men have the nature of an ,horse1 to prance and vapour in their strength1 and to be swift in doing evil4 ,and some men have the nature of tall sturdy ,oaks1 to flourish and spread in wisdom and strength1 who are strong in evil1 which must perish and come to the fire4 ,thus the ,evil is but one in all1 but worketh many ways2 and whatsoever a ,man's or ,woman's nature is addicted to that is outward1 the ,evil one will fit him with that1 and will please his nature and appetite1 to keep his mind in his inventions1 and in the creatures from the ,creator40 ,to this purport the so-called ,clemens writes in the ,apostolical ,constitutions when he complains that the flock of ,christ was devoured by ,demons and wicked men1 or rather not men but wild beasts in the shape of men1 1 1 1 by ,heathens1 ,jews and godless heretics4 ,with equal triumph too did he read a passage in one of the numbers of the ,connoisseur1 which made him wonder that the writer from whom it proceeded in levity should not have been led on by it to the clear perception of a great truth4 8,the affinity10 says that writer1 who is now known to have been no less a person than the author of the ,task1 8the affinity between chatterers and monkeys1 and praters and parrots1 is too obvious not to occur at once4 ,grunters and growlers may be justly compared to hogs4 ,snarlers are curs that continually shew their teeth1 but never bite2 and the spitfire passionate are a sort of wild cats1 that will not bear stroking1 but will purr when they are pleased4 ,complainers are screech-owls2 and story-tellers always repeating the same dull note are cuckoos4 ,poets that prick up their ears at their own hideous braying are no better than asses2 critics in general are venomous serpents that delight in hissing2 and some of them1 who have got by heart a few technical terms without knowing their meaning1 are no better than magpies40 ,so too the polyonomous ,arabian philosopher ,zechariah ,ben ,mohammed ,ben ,mahmud ,al ,camuni ,al ,cazvini4 8,man10 he says1 8partakes of the nature of vegetables1 because like them he grows and is nourished2 he stands in this farther relation to the irrational animals1 that he feels and moves2 by his intellectual faculties he resembles the higher orders of intelligences1 and he partakes more or less of these various classes1 as his inclination leads him4 ,if his sole wish be to satisfy the wants of existence1 then he is content to vegetate4 ,if he partakes more of the animal than the vegetable nature1 we find him fierce as the lion1 greedy as the bull1 impure as the hog1 cruel as the leopard1 or cunning as the fox2 and if as is sometimes the case1 he possesses all these bad qualities1 he is then a demon in human shape40 ,gratifying as these passages were to him1 some of them being mere sports of wit1 and others only the produce of fancy1 he would have been indeed delighted if he had known what was in his days known by no ,european scholar1 that in the ,institutes of ,menu1 his notion is distinctly declared as a revealed truth2 there it is said1 8,in whatever occupation the ,supreme ,lord first employed any vital soul1 that occupation the same soul attaches itself spontaneously1 when it receives a new body again and again4 ,whatever quality1 noxious or innocent1 harsh or mild1 unjust or just1 false or true1 he conferred on any being at its creation1 the same quality enters it of course on its future births40#b ,footnote #b3 ,,sir ,w4 ,,jones4 ,still more would it have gratified him if he had known 7as has before been cursorily observed7 how entirely his own theory coincided with the ,druidical philosophy1 a philosophy which he would rather have traced to the ,patriarchs1 than to the ,canaanites4 ,their doctrine1 as explained by the ,welsh translator of the ,paradise ,lost1 in the sketch of ,bardism which he has prefixed to the poems of ,llywarc the ,aged1 was that 8the whole animated creation originated in the lowest point of existence1 and arrived by a regular train of gradations at the probationary state of humanity1 the intermediate stages being all necessarily evil1 but more or less so as they were removed from the beginning1 which was evil in the extreme4 ,in the state of humanity1 good and evil were equally balanced1 consequently it was a state of liberty1 in which if the conduct of the free agent preponderated towards evil1 death gave but an awful passage whereby he returned to animal life1 in a condition below humanity equal to the degree of turpitude to which he had debased himself1 when free to chuse between good and evil3 and if his life were desperately wicked1 it was possible for him to fall to his original vileness1 in the lowest point of existence1 there to recommence his painful progression through the ascending series of brute being4 ,but if he had acted well in this his stage of probation1 death was then to the soul thus tried and approved1 what the word by which in the language of the ,druids it is denoted1 literally means1 enlargement4 ,the soul was removed from the sphere wherein evil hath any place1 into a state necessarily good2 not to continue there in one eternal condition of blessedness1 eternity being what no inferior existence could endure1 but to pass from one gradation to another1 gaining at every ascent increase of knowledge1 and retaining the consciousness of its whole preceding progress through all4 ,for the good of the human race1 such a soul might again be sent on earth1 but the human being of which it then formed the life was incapable of falling40 ,in this fancy the ,bardic system approached that of the ,bramins1 this ,celtic avatar of a happy soul1 corresponding to the twice-born man of the ,hindus4 ,and the ,doctor would have extracted some confirmation for the ground of the theory from that verse of the ,psalm which speaks of us as 8curiously wrought in the lowest parts of the earth40 ,young1 he used to say1 expressed unconsciously this system of progressive life1 when he spoke of man as a creature ,from different natures marvellously mix'd2 ,connection exquisite of distant worlds2 ,distinguish'd link in being's endless chain1 ,midway from nothing to the ,deity4 ,it was more distinctly enounced by ,akenside4 ,the same paternal hand ,from the mute shell-fish gasping on the shore ,to men1 to angels1 to celestial minds1 ,will ever lead the generations on ,through higher scenes of being3 while1 supplied ,from day to day with his enlivening breath1 ,inferior orders in succession rise ,to fill the void below4 ,as flame ascends1 ,as vapours to the earth in showers return1 ,as the pois'd ocean toward the attracting moon ,swells1 and the ever listening planets charmed ,by the ,sun's call their onward pace incline1 ,so all things which have life aspire to ,god1 ,exhaustless fount of intellectual day6 ,centre of souls6 nor doth the mastering voice ,of nature cease within to prompt aright ,their steps2 nor is the care of heaven withheld ,from sending to the toil external aid1 ,that in their stations all may persevere ,to climb the ascent of being1 and approach ,for ever nearer to the ,life ,divine4 ,the ,bardic system bears in itself intrinsic evidence of its antiquity2 for no such philosophy could have been devised among any ,celtic people in later ages2 nor could the ,britons have derived any part of it from any nation with whom they had any opportunity of intercourse1 at any time within reach of history4 ,the ,druids1 or rather the ,bards1 7for these1 according to those by whom their traditionary wisdom has been preserved1 were the superior order17 deduced as corollaries from the theory of ,progressive ,existence1 these beautiful ,triads4#c ,footnote #c3 ,originally quoted in the notes to ,madoc to illustrate the lines which follow4 8,let the ,bard1 ,exclaim'd the ,king1 give his accustom'd lay3 ,for sweet1 ,i know1 to ,madoc is the song ,he loved in earlier years4 ,then strong of voice1 ,the officer proclaim'd the sovereign will1 ,bidding the hall be silent2 loud he spake ,and smote the sounding pillar with his wand ,and hush'd the banqueters4 ,the chief of ,bards ,then raised the ancient lay4 ,thee1 ,lord6 he sung1 ,o ,father6 ,thee1 whose wisdom1 ,thee1 whose power1 ,whose love1--all love1 all power1 all wisdom4 ,thou6 ,tongue cannot utter1 nor can heart conceive4 ,he in the lowest depth of ,being framed ,the imperishable mind2 in every change ,through the great circle of progressive life1 ,he guides and guards1 till evil shall be known1 ,and being known as evil1 cease to be2 ,and the pure soul emancipate by death1 ,the ,enlarger1 shall attain its end predoom'd1 ,the eternal newness of eternal joy4 8,there are three ,circles of ,existence2 the ,circle of ,infinity1 where there is nothing but ,god1 of living or dead1 and none but ,god can traverse it2 the ,circle of ,inchoation1 where all things are by nature derived from ,death1--this ,circle hath been traversed by man2 and the ,circle of happiness1 where all things spring from life1--this man shall traverse in heaven4 8,animated beings having three states of ,existence2 that of ,inchoation in the ,great ,deep1 or lowest point of ,existence2 that of ,liberty in the ,state of ,humanity2 and that of ,love1 which is the ,happiness of ,heaven4 8,all ,animated ,beings are subject to three ,necessities2 beginning in the ,great ,deep2 ,progression in the ,circle of ,inchoation2 and ,plenitude in the ,circle of ,happiness4 ,without these things nothing can possibly exist but ,god4 8,three things are necessary in the ,circle of ,inchoation2 the least of all1 ,animation1 and thence beginning2 the materials of all things1 and thence ,increase1 which cannot take place in any other state2 the formation of all things out of the dead mass1 and thence ,discriminate ,individuality4 8,three things cannot but exist towards all animated ,beings from the ,nature of ,divine ,justice3 ,co-sufferance in the ,circle of ,inchoation1 because without that none could attain to the perfect knowledge of anything2 ,co-participation in the ,divine ,love2 and ,co-ultimity from the nature of ,god's ,power1 and its attributes of ,justice and ,mercy4 8,there are three necessary occasions of ,inchoation3 to collect the materials and properties of every nature2 to collect the knowledge of everything2 and to collect power towards subduing the ,adverse and the ,devastative1 and for the divestation of ,evil4 ,without this traversing every mode of animated existence1 no state of animation1 or of any thing in nature1 can attain to plenitude40 8,by the knowledge of three things will all ,evil and ,death be diminished and subdued2 their nature1 their cause1 and their operation4 ,this knowledge will be obtained in the ,circle of ,happiness40 8,the three ,plenitudes of ,happiness3--,participation of every nature1 with a plenitude of ,one predominant2 conformity to every cast of genius and character1 possessing superior excellence in one2 the love of all ,beings and ,existences1 but chiefly concentred in one object1 which is ,god2 and in the predominant ,one of each of these1 will the ,plenitude of ,happiness consist40 ,triads it may be observed are found in the ,proverbs of ,solomon3 so that to the evidence of antiquity which these ,bardic remains present in their doctrines1 a presumption is to be added from the peculiar form in which they are conveyed4 ,whether ,sir ,philip ,sydney had any such theory in his mind or not1 there is an approach to it in that fable which he says old ,lanquet taught him of the ,beasts desiring from ,jupiter a ,king1 ,jupiter consented1 but on condition that they should contribute the qualities convenient for the new and superior creature4 ,full glad they were1 and took the naked sprite1 ,which straight the ,earth yclothed in her clay2 ,the ,lion heart1 the ,ounce gave active might2 ,the ,horse1 good shape2 the ,sparrow lust to play2 ,nightingale1 voice enticing songs to say2 ,elephant gave a perfect memory1 ,and ,parrot1 ready tongue that to apply4 ,the ,fox gave craft2 the ,dog gave flattery2 ,ass1 patience2 the ,mole1 a working thought2 ,eagle1 high look2 ,wolf1 secret cruelty2 ,monkey1 sweet breath2 the ,cow1 her fair eyes brought3 ,the ,ermine1 whitest skin1 spotted with nought4 ,the ,sheep1 mild-seeming face2 climbing the ,bear1 ,the ,stag did give his harm-eschewing fear4 ,the ,hare1 her slights2 the ,cat1 her melancholy2 ,ant1 industry2 and ,coney1 skill to build2 ,cranes1 order2 ,storks1 to be appearing holy2 ,cameleons1 ease to change2 ,duck1 ease to yield2 ,crocodile1 tears which might be falsely spill'd2 ,ape1 great thing gave1 tho' he did mowing stand1 ,the instrument of instruments1 the hand4 ,thus ,man was made1 thus ,man their ,lord became4 ,at such a system he thought ,milton glanced when his ,satan speaks of the influences of the heavenly bodies1 as ,productive in herb1 plant1 and nobler birth ,of creatures animate with gradual life ,of growth1 sense1 reason1 all summ'd up in man3 for that the lines1 though capable of another interpretation1 ought to be interpreted as referring to a scheme of progressive life1 appears by this fuller developement in the speech of ,raphal2 ,o ,adam1 one ,almighty is1 from whom ,all things proceed1 and up to him return1 ,if not deprav'd from good1 created all ,such to perfection1 one first matter all1 ,indued with various forms1 various degrees ,of substance1 and in things that live1 of life2 ,but more refin'd1 more spiritous1 and pure1 ,as nearer to him plac'd1 or nearer tending ,each in their several active spheres assign'd1 ,till body up to spirit work1 in bounds ,proportion'd to each kind4 ,so from the root ,springs lighter the green stalk1 from thence the leaves ,more aery1 last the bright consummate flower ,spirits odorous breathes3 flow'rs and their fruit1 ,man's nourishment1 by gradual scale sublimed1 ,to vital spirits aspire1 to animal1 ,to intellectual2 give both life and sense ,fancy and understanding2 whence the soul ,reason received1 and reason is her being ,discursive1 or intuitive2 discourse ,is oftest yours1 the latter most is ours1 ,differing but in degree1 of kind the same4#d ,footnote #d3 ,spenser in his 8,hymne of ,heavenly ,beautie0 falls into a similar train of thought1 as is observed by ,thyer4 ,by view whereof it plainly may appeare ,that still as everything doth upward tend1 ,and further is from earth1 so still more cleare ,and faire it grows1 till to his perfect end ,of purest beautie it at last ascend2 ,ayre more than water1 fire much more than ayre1 ,and heaven than fire1 appeares more pure and fayre4 ,but these are somewhat of ,pythagorean speculations--caught up by ,lucretius and ,virgil4 ,whether that true philosopher1 in the exact import of the word1 ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 had formed a system of this kind1 or only threw out a seminal idea from which it might be evolved1 the ,doctor1 who dearly loved the writings of this most meditative author1 would not say4 ,but that ,sir ,thomas had opened the same vein of thought appears in what ,dr4 ,johnson censured in 8a very fanciful and indefensible section0 of his ,christian ,morals2 for there1 and not among his ,pseudodoxia ,epidemica1 that is to say ,vulgar ,errors1 the passage is found4 ,our ,doctor would not only have deemed it defensible1 but would have proved it to be so by defending it4 8,since the brow10 says the ,philosopher of ,norwich1 8speaks often truth1 since eyes and noses have tongues1 and the countenance proclaims the heart and inclinations2 let observation so far instruct thee in physiognomical lines1 as to be some rule for thy distinction1 and guide to for thy affection unto such as look most like men4 ,mankind methinks1 is comprehended in a few faces1 if we exclude all visages which any way participate of symmetries and schemes of look common unto other animals4 ,for as though man were the extract of the world1 in whom all were in coagulato1 which in their forms were in soluto1 and at extension1 we often observe that men do most act those creatures whose constitution1 parts and complexion1 do most predominate in their mixtures4 ,this is a corner-stone in physiognomy1 and holds some truth not only in particular persons but also in whole nations40 ,but ,dr4 ,johnson must cordially have assented to ,sir ,thomas ,browne's inferential admonition4 8,live10 says that ,religious ,physician and ,christian ,moralist1--8live unto the dignity of thy nature1 and leave it not disputable at last whether thou hast been a man1 or since thou art a composition of man and beast1 how thou hast predominantly passed thy days1 to state the denomination4 ,un-man not1 therefore1 thyself by a bestial transformation1 nor realize old fables4 ,expose not thyself by fourfooted manners unto monstrous draughts and caricature representations4 ,think not after the old ,pythagorean concert what beast thou mayest be after death4 ,be not under any brutal metempsychosis while thou livest and walkest about erectly under that scheme of man4 ,in thine own circumference1 as in that of the earth1 let the rational horizon be larger than the sensible1 and the circle of reason than of sense3 let the divine part be upward1 and the region of beast below3 otherwise it is but to live invertedly1 and with thy head unto the heels of thy antipodes4 ,desert not thy title to a divine particle and union with invisibles4 ,let true knowledge and virtue tell the lower world thou art a part of the higher4 ,let thy thoughts be of things which have not entered into the hearts of beasts2 think of things long past1 and long to come2 acquaint thyself with the choragium of the stars1 and consider the vast expansion beyond them4 ,let intellectual tubes give thee a glance of things which visive organs reach not4 ,have a glimpse of incomprehensible1 and thoughts of things1 which thoughts but tenderly touch4 ,lodge immaterials in thy head1 ascend unto invisibles2 fill thy spirit with spirituals1 with the mysteries of faith1 the magnalities of religion1 and thy life with the honour of ,god2 without which1 though giants in wealth and dignity1 we are but dwarfs and pygmies in humanity1 and may hold a pitiful rank in that triple division of mankind into heroes1 men and beasts4 ,for though human souls are said to be equal1 yet is there no small inequality in their operations2 some maintain the allowable station of men1 many are far below it2 and some have been so divine as to approach the apogeum of their natures1 and to be in the confinium of spirits40 ,,chapter ,,ccx4 ,a ,,quotation ,,from ,,bishop ,,berkeley1 ,,and ,a ,,hit ,,at ,,the ,,small ,,critics4 ,plusieurs blameront l'entassement de passages que l'on vient de voir2 j'ai prvu leurs ddains1 leurs dgots1 et leurs censures magistrales2 et n'ai pas voulu y avoir gard4 ,,bayle4 ,here ,i shall inform the small critic1 what it is1 8a thousand pounds to one penny10 as the nursery song says1 or as the newspaper reporters of the ,ring have it1 ,lombard ,street to a ,china ,orange1--no small critic already knows1 whether he be diurnal1 hebdomadal1 monthly or trimestral1--that a notion of progressive ,life is mentioned in ,bishop ,berkeley's ,minute ,philosopher1 not as derived from any old system of philosophy or religion1 but as the original speculation of one who belonged to a club of ,freethinkers4 ,another member of that worshipful society explains the system of his acquaintance1 thus3 8,he made a threefold partition of the human species into ,birds1 ,beasts and ,fishes1 being of opinion that the ,road of ,life lies upwards in a perpetual ascent1 through the scale of ,being3 in such sort1 that the souls of insects after death make their second appearance in the shape of perfect animals1 ,birds1 ,beasts or ,fishes2 which upon their death are preferred into human bodies1 and in the next stage into ,beings of a higher and more perfect kind4 ,this man we considered at first as a sort of heretic1 because his scheme seemed not to consist with our fundamental tenet1 the ,mortality of the ,soul3 but he justified the notion to be innocent1 inasmuch as it included nothing of reward or punishment1 and was not proved by any argument which supposed1 or implied either incorporeal spirit1 or ,providence1 being only inferred1 by way of analogy1 from what he had observed in human affairs1 the ,court1 the ,church1 and the ,army1 wherein the tendency is always upwards1 from lower posts to higher4 ,according to this system1 the ,fishes are those men who swim in pleasure1 such as petits maitres1 bons vivans1 and honest fellows4 ,the ,beasts are dry1 drudging1 covetous1 rapacious folk1 and all those addicted to care and business like oxen1 and other dry land animals1 which spend their lives in labour and fatigue4 ,the ,birds are airy1 notional men1 ,enthusiasts1 ,projectors1 ,philosophers1 and such like2 in each species every individual retaining a tincture of his former state1 which constitutes what is called genius40 ,the quiet reader who sometimes lifts his eyes from the page 7and closes them perhaps7 to meditate upon what he has been reading1 will perhaps ask himself wherefore ,i consider it to be as certain that no small critic should have read the ,minute ,philosopher1 as that children can not be drowned while 8sliding on dry ground80--,my reason for so thinking is1 that small critics never read any thing so good4 ,like town ducks they dabble in the gutter1 but never purify themselves in clear streams1 nor take to the deep waters4 ,,chapter ,,ccxi4 ,,something ,,in ,,honour ,,of ,,bishop ,,watson4--,,cudworth4--,,jackson ,,of ,,oxford ,,and ,,newcastle4--,a ,,baxterian ,,scruple4 ,s'il y a des lecteurs qui se soucient peu de cela1 on les prie de se souvenir qu'un auteur n'est pas oblig ne rien dire que ce qui est de leur got4 ,,bayle4 ,had my ever-by-me-to-be-lamented friend1 and from this time forth1 ,i trust1 ever-by-the-public-to-be-honoured-philos opher1 been a ,welshman2 or had he lived to become acquainted with the treasures of ,welsh lore which ,edward ,williams1 ,william ,owen1 and ,edward ,davies1 the ,curate of ,olveston1 have brought to light2 he would have believed in the ,bardic system as heartily as the ,glamorganshire and ,merionethshire ,bards themselves1 and have fitted it1 without any apprehension of heresy1 to his own religious creed4 ,and although he would have perceived with the ,curate of ,olveston 7worthy of the best ,welsh ,bishoprick for his labours2 ,o ,george the ,third1 why did no one tell thee that he was so1 when he dedicated to thee his ,celtic ,researches87--although 7,i say7 he would have perceived that certain of the ,druidical rites were derived from an accursed origin1--a fact authenticated by their abominations1 and rendered certain by the historical proof that the ,celtic language affords in both those dialects wherein any genuine remains have been preserved1--that knowledge would still have left him at liberty to adopt such other parts of the system as harmonized with his own speculations1 and were not incompatible with the ,christian faith4 ,how he would have reconciled them shall be explained when ,i have taken this opportunity of relating something of the late ,right ,reverend ,father in ,god1 ,richard ,watson1 ,lord ,bishop of ,llandaff1 which is more to his honour than anything that he has related of himself4 ,he gave the ,curate of ,olveston1 upon ,george ,hardinge's recommendation1 a ,welsh ,rectory1 which though no splendid preferment1 placed that patient1 and learned1 and able and meritorious poor man1 in a respectable station1 and conferred upon him 7as he gratefully acknowledged7 the comfort of independence4 ,my friend had been led by ,cudworth to this reasonable conclusion that there was a theology of divine tradition1 or revelation1 or a divine cabala1 amongst the ,hebrews first1 and from them afterward communicated to the ,egyptians and other nations4 ,he had learnt also from that greater theologian ,jackson of ,corpus 7whom the ,laureate ,southey 7himself to be commended for so doing17 loses no opportunity of commending7#a that divine communion was not confined to the ,israelites before their distinction from other nations and that 8idolatry and superstition could not have increased so much in the old world1 unless there had been evident documents of a divine power in ages precedent20 for 8strange fables and lying wonders receive being from notable and admirable decayed truths1 as baser creatures do life from the dissolution of more noble bodies40 ,these were the deliberate opinions of men not more distinguished among their contemporaries and eminent above their successors1 for the extent of their erudition than remarkable for capacity of mind and sobriety of judgment4 ,and with these the history of the ,druidical system entirely accords4 ,it arose 8from the gradual or accidental corruption of the patriarchal religion1 by the abuse of certain commemorative honours which were paid to the ancestors of the human race1 and by the admixture of ,saban idolatry20 and on the religion thus corrupted some ,canaanite abominations were engrafted by the ,phnicians4 ,but as in other apostacies1 a portion of original truth was retained in it4 ,footnote #a3 ,since ,southey's death1 ,jackson's ,works1 to the much satisfaction of all sound theologians1 have been reprinted at the ,clarendon ,press4 ,i once heard ,mr4 ,parker the ,bookseller--the ,uncle of the present ,mr4 ,parker--say1 that he recollected the sheets of the ,folio ,edition being used as wrappers in the shops6 ,alexander's dust as a bung to a beer-barrel1 quotha6 ,indeed just as remains of the antediluvian world are found everywhere in the bowels of the earth1 so are traces not of scriptural history alone1 but of primval truths to be discovered in the tradition of savages1 their wild fables1 and their bewildered belief2 as well as in the elaborate systems of heathen mythology and the principles of what may deserve to be called divine philosophy4 ,the farther our researches are extended the more of these collateral proofs are collected1 and consequently the stronger their collective force becomes4 ,research and reflection lead also to conclusions as congenial to the truly christian heart as they may seem startling to that which is christian in every thing except in charity4 ,impostors acting only for their own purposes have enunciated holy truths1 which in many of their followers have brought forth fruits of holiness4 ,true miracles have been worked in false religions4 ,nor ought it to be doubted that prayers which have been directed to false ,gods in erring1 but innocent1 because unavoidable misbelief1 have been heard and accepted by that most merciful ,father1 whose eye is over all his creatures1 and who hateth nothing that he hath made4--,here be it remarked that ,baxter has protested against this fine expression in that paper of exceptions against the ,common ,prayer which he prepared for the ,savoy ,meeting1 and which his colleagues were prudent enough to set aside1 lest it should give offence1 they said1 but probably because the more moderate of them were ashamed of its frivolous and captious cavillings2 the ,collect in which it occurs1 he said1 hath no reason for appropriation to the first day of ,lent1 and this part of it is unhandsomely said1 being true only in a formal sense qu talis1 for 8he hateth all the works of iniquity40 ,thus did he make iniquity the work of ,god1 a blasphemy from which he would have revolted with just abhorrence if it had been advanced by another person3 but dissent had become in him a cachexy of the intellect4 ,,chapter ,,ccxii4 ,,speculations ,,connected ,,with ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,theory4--,,doubts ,,and ,,difficulties4 ,voil bien des mysteres1 dira-t-on2 j'en conviens2 aussi le sujet le mrite-t-il bien4 ,au reste1 il est certain que ces mysteres ne cachent rien de mauvais4 ,,gomgam4 ,but although the conformity of the ,bardic system to his own notions of progressive existence would have appeared to the ,doctor --confirmation strong ,as proof of holy writ1-- he would have assented to that system no farther than such preceding conformity extended4 ,holding it only as the result of his own speculations1--as hypothesis1--a mere fancy1--a toy of the mind1--a plaything for the intellect in its lighter moments1 and sometimes in its graver ones the subject of a dream1--he valued it accordingly4 ,and yet the more he sported with it1 and the farther he pursued it in his reveries1 the more plausible it appeared1 and the better did it seem to explain some of the physical phenomena1 and some of the else seemingly inexplicable varieties of human nature4 ,it was ,henry ,more's opinion that the ,pre-existence of the ,soul1 which is so explicit and frequent a doctrine of the ,platonists1 8was a tenet for which there are many plausible reasons1 and against which there is nothing considerable to be alleged2 being a key1 he said1 for some main mysteries of ,providence which no other can so handsomely unlock40 ,more however1 the ,doctor thought might be advanced against that tenet1 than against his own scheme1 for to that no valid objection could be opposed4 ,but the metempsychosis in a descending scale as a scheme of punishment would have been regarded by him as one of those corruptions which the ,bards derived from the vain philosophy or false religions of the ,levant4 ,not that this part of their scheme was without a certain plausibility on the surface which might recommend it to inconsiderate minds4 ,he himself would have thought that no ,judge ever pronounced a more just decision than the three ,infernal ,lord ,chancellors of the dead would do1 if they condemned his townsman the pettyfogger to skulk upon earth again as a pole-cat1 creep into holes as an earwig1 and be flattened again between the thumbnails of a ,london chambermaid1 or exposed to the fatal lotion of ,mr4 ,tiffin1 bug-destroyer to his ,majesty4 ,it was fitting he thought that every keen sportsman1 for once at least should take the part of the inferior creature in those amusements of the field which he had followed so joyously1 and that he should be winged in the shape of a partridge1 run down in the form of a hare by the hounds1 and ,actonized in a stag3 that the winner of a ,welsh main should be the cock of one1 and die of the wounds received in the last fight2 that the merciless postmaster should become a posthorse at his own inn2 and that they who have devised1 or practised1 or knowingly permitted any wanton cruelty for the sake of pampering their appetites1 should in the next stage of their existence1 feel in their own person the effect of those devices1 which in their human state they had only tasted4 ,and not being addicted himself to 8the most honest1 ingenuous1 quiet1 and harmless art of angling10 7forgive him ,sir ,humphrey ,davy6 forgive him ,chantrey6 forgive him1 thou best of all publishers1 ,john ,major1 who mightest write ,ne plus ultra upon thy edition of any book which thou delightest to honour7 he allowed that even ,izaak ,walton of blessed memory could not have shown cause for mitigation of the sentence1 if ,rhadamanthus and his colleagues in the ,court below1 had condemned him to be spitted upon the hook of some dear lover and ornament of the art1 in the shape of 8a black snail with his belly slit to shew the white20 or of a perch which of fish1 he tells us1 is the longest lived on a hook2 or sewed him metempsycho-sized into a frog1 to the arming iron1 with a fine needle and silk1 with only one stitch1 using him in so doing1 according to his own minute directions1 as if he loved him1 that is1 harming him as little as he possibly might1 that he might live the longer4 ,this would be fitting he thought1 and there would have been enough of purgatory in it to satisfy the sense of vindictive justice1 if any scheme of purgatory had been reconcilable with his scriptural belief4 ,bishop ,hall has a passage in his ,choice ,helps for a ,pious spirit1 which might be taken in the sense of this opinion1 though certainly no such meaning was intended by the writer4 8,man10 he says1 8as he consists of a double nature1 flesh and spirit1 so is he placed in a middle rank1 betwixt an angel1 which is a spirit1 and a beast1 which is flesh3 partaking of the qualities and performing the acts of both4 ,he is angelical in his understanding1 in his sensual affections bestial2 and to whether of these he most incline and comforteth himself1 that part wins more of the other1 and gives a denomination to him2 so as he that was before half angel1 half beast1 if he be drowned in sensuality1 hath lost the angel and is become a beast2 if he be wholly taken up with heavenly meditations1 he hath quit the beast1 and is improved angelical4 ,it is hard to hold an equal temper1 either he must degenerate into a beast1 or be advanced to an angel40 ,had the ,doctor held this opinion according to the letter1 and believed that those who brutalized their nature in the stage of humanity1 were degraded to the condition of brutes after death1 he could even have persuaded himself that intelligible indications of such a transmigration might be discovered in the eyes of a dog when he looks to some hard master for mercy1 or to some kind one for notice1 and as it were for a recognition of the feelings and thoughts which had no other means of expression4 ,but he could not have endured to think it possible that the spaniel who stood beside him in mute supplication1 with half-erected ears1 looking for a morsel of food1 might be a friend or relation2 and that in making a troublesome or a thievish cur slink away with his tail between his legs1 he might be hurting the feelings of an old acquaintance4 ,and indeed on the whole it would have disturbed his sense of order1 to think that while some inferior creatures were innocently and unconsciously ascending in the scale of existence through their appointed gradations1 others were being degraded to a condition below humanity for their sins committed in the human state4 ,punishment such degradation could not be deemed1 unless the soul so punished retained its consciousness2 and such consciousness would make it a different being from those who were externally of its fellow kind1 and thus would the harmony of nature be destroyed3 and to introduce discord there were to bring back ,chaos4 ,bad enough as he saw is the inequality which prevails among mankind1 though without it men would soon be all upon the dead level of animal and ferine life3 ,but what is it to that which would appear in the lower world1 if in the same species some individuals were guided only by their own proper instincts1 and others endued with the consciousness of a human and reasonable mind4 ,the consequences also of such a doctrine where it was believed could not but lead to pitiable follies1 and melancholy superstitions4 ,has humanity ever been put to a viler use than by the ,banians at ,surat1 who support a hospital for vermin in that city1 and regale the souls of their friends who are undergoing penance in the shape of fleas1 or in loathsome pedicular form1 by hiring beggars to go in among them1 and afford them pasture for the night6 ,even from his own system consequences followed which he could not reconcile to his wishes4 ,fond as he was of animals1 it would have been a delight to him if he could have believed with the certainty of faith that he should have with him in ,heaven all that he had loved on earth4 ,but if they were only so many vehicles of the living spirit during its ascent to humanity1--only the egg1 the caterpillar and the aurelia from which the human but immortal ,psyche was to come forth at last1 then must their uses be at an end in this earthly state3 and ,paradise he was sometimes tempted to think would want something if there were no beautiful insects to hover about its flowers1 no birds to warble in its groves or glide upon its waters1--would not be the ,paradise he longed for unless the lion were there to lie down with the lamb1 and the antelope reclined its gentle head upon the leopard's breast4 ,fitting and desirable and necessary he considered the extinction of all noxious kinds1 all which were connected with corruption1 and might strictly be said to be of the earth earthly4 ,but in his ,paradise he would fain have whatever had been in ,eden1 before ,paradise was lost1 except the serpent4 8,i can hardly10 says an ,english officer who was encamped in ,india near a lake overstocked with fish1 8,i can hardly censure the taste of the ,indians who banish from a consecrated pond1 the net of the fisher1 the angler's hook and the fowler's gun4 ,shoals of large fish giving life to the clear water of a large lake covered with flocks of aquatic birds1 afford to the sight a gratification which would be ill exchanged for the momentary indulgence of appetite40 ,my excellent friend would heartily have agreed with this ,englishman3 but in the waters of ,paradise he would have thought1 neither did the fish prey upon each other1 nor the birds upon them1 death not being necessary there as the means of providing aliment for life4 ,that there are waters in the ,regions of the ,blessed1 ,bede it is said1 assures us for this reason1 that they are necessary there to temper the heat of the ,sun4 ,and ,cornelius ,lapide has found out a most admirable use for them above the firmament1--which is to make rivers and fountains and waterworks for the recreation of the souls in bliss1 whose seat is in the ,empyrean ,heaven4 8,if an herd of kine10 says ,fuller1 8should meet together to fancy and define happiness1--7that is to imagine a ,paradise for themselves17--they would place it to consist in fine pastures1 sweet grass1 clear water1 shadowy groves1 constant summer2 but if any winter1 then warm shelter and dainty hay1 with company after their kind1 counting these low things the highest happiness1 because their conceit can reach no higher4 ,little better do the heathen poets describe ,heaven1 paving it with pearl and roofing it with stars1 filling it with ,gods and ,goddesses1 and allowing them to drink1 7as if without it1 no poet's ,paradise7 nectar and ambrosia40 ,,chapter ,,ccxiii4 ,,birds ,,of ,,paradise4--,,the ,,ziz4--,,story ,,of ,,the ,,abbot ,,of ,,st4 ,,salvador ,,de ,,villar4--,,holy ,,colette',s ,,nondescript ,,pet4--,,the ,,animalcular ,,world4--,,giordano ,,bruno4 ,and so ,i came to ,fancy's meadows1 strow'd ,with many a flower2 ,fain would ,i here have made abode1 ,but ,i was quickened by my hour4 ,,herbert4 ,hindoos and ,mahommedans have stocked their heavens not only with mythological monsters but with beautiful birds of celestial kind4 ,they who have read ,thalaba will remember the ,green warbler of the bowers of ,paradise3 and they who will read the history of the ,nella-,rajah1--which whosoever reads or relates1 shall 7according to the author7 enjoy all manner of happiness and planetary bliss1--that is to say1 all the good fortune that can be bestowed by the nine great luminaries which influence human events1--they who read that amusing story will find that in the world of ,daivers1 or ,genii1 there are milk white birds called ,aunnays1 remarkable for the gracefulness of their walk1 wonderfully endowed with knowledge and speech1 incapable of deceit1 and having power to look into the thoughts of men4 ,these creatures of imagination are conceived in better taste than the ,rabbis have displayed in the invention of their great bird ,ziz1 whose head when he stands in the deep sea reaches up to ,heaven2 whose wings when they are extended darken the sun2 and one of whose eggs happening to fall crushed three hundred cedars and breaking in the fall1 drowned sixty cities in its yolk4 ,that fowl is reserved for the dinner of the ,jews in heaven1 at which ,leviathan is to be the fish1 and ,behemoth the roast meat4 ,there will be cut and come again at all of them2 and the carvers of whatever rank in the hierarchy they may be1 will have no sinecure office that day4 ,the monks have given us a prettier tale2--praise be to him who composed1--but the lyar's portion to those who made it pass for truth4 ,there was an ,abbot of ,s4 ,salvador de ,villar who lived in times when piety flourished1 and ,saints on earth enjoyed a visible communion with ,heaven4 ,this holy man used in the intervals of his liturgical duties to recreate himself by walking in a pine forest near his monastery1 employing his thoughts the while in divine meditations4 ,one day when thus engaged during his customary walk1 a bird in size and appearance resembling a black bird alighted before him on one of the trees1 and began so sweet a song1 that in the delight of listening the good ,abbot lost all sense of time and place1 and of all earthly things1 remaining motionless and in extasy4 ,he returned not to the ,convent at his accustomed hour1 and the ,monks supposed that he had withdrawn to some secret solitude2 and would resume his office when his intended devotion there should have been compleated4 ,so long a time elapsed without his reappearance that it was necessary to appoint a substitute for him pro tempore2 his disappearance and the forms observed upon this occasion being duly registered4 ,seventy years past by1 during all which time no one who entered the pine forest ever lighted upon the ,abbot1 nor did he think of any thing but the bird before him1 nor hear any thing but the song which filled his soul with contentment1 nor eat1 nor drink1 nor sleep1 nor feel either want or weariness or exhaustion4 ,the bird at length ceased to sing and took flight3 and the ,abbot then as if he had remained there only a few minutes returned to the monastery4 ,he marvelled as he approached at certain alterations about the place1 and still more when upon entering the house1 he knew none of the brethren whom he saw1 nor did any one appear to know him4 ,the matter was soon explained1 his name being well known1 and the manner of his disappearance matter of tradition there as well as of record3 miracles were not so uncommon then as to render any proof of identity necessary1 and they proposed to reinstate him in his office4 ,but the holy man was sensible that after so great a favour had been vouchsafed him1 he was not to remain a sojourner upon earth3 so he exhorted them to live in peace with one another1 and in the fear of ,god1 and in the strict observance of their rule1 and to let him end his days in quietness2 and in a few days1 even as he expected1 it came to pass1 and he fell asleep in the ,lord4 ,the dishonest monks who for the honour of their ,convent and the lucre of gain palmed this lay 7for such in its origin it was7 upon their neighbours as a true legend1 added to it1 that the holy ,abbot was interred in the cloisters2 that so long as the brethren continued in the observance of their rule1 and the place of his interment was devoutly visited1 the earth about it proved a certain cure for many maladies1 but that in process of time both church and cloisters became so dilapidated through decay of devotion1 that cattle strayed into them1 till the monks and the people of the vicinity were awakened to a sense of their sin and of their duty1 by observing that every animal which trod upon the ,abbot's grave1 fell and broke its leg4#a ,the relics therefore were translated with due solemnity1 and deposited in a new monument1 on which the story of the miracle1 in perpetuam rei memoriam1 was represented in bas-relief4 ,footnote #a3 ,superstition is confined to no country1 but is spread1 more or less1 over all4 ,the classical reader will call to mind what ,herodotus tells happened in the territory of ,agylli4 ,clio4 c4 #afg1 1 4 ,the ,welsh have a tradition concerning the ,birds of ,rhianon1--a female personage who hath a principal part in carrying on the spells in ,gwlad yr ,hud or the ,enchanted ,land of ,pembrokeshire4 ,whoso happened to hear the singing of her birds1 stood seven years listening1 though he supposed the while that only an hour or two had elapsed4 ,owen ,pughe could have told us more of these ,birds4 ,some ,romish legends speak of birds which were of no species known on earth and who by the place and manner of their appearances were concluded to have come from ,paradise1 or to have been celestial spirits in that form4 ,holy ,colette of portentous sanctity1 the ,reformeress of the ,poor ,clares1 and from whom a short-lived variety of the ,franciscans were called ,colettines1 was favoured1 according to her biographers1 with frequent visits by a four-footed pet1 which was no mortal creature4 ,it was small1 resembling a squirrel in agility1 and an ermine in the snowy whiteness of its skin1 but not in other respects like either2 and it had this advantage over all earthly pets1 that it was sweetly and singularly fragrant4 ,it would play about the saint1 and invite her attention by its gambols4 ,colette felt a peculiar and mysterious kind of pleasure when it showed itself2 and for awhile not supposing that there was anything supernatural in its appearance1 endeavoured to catch it1 for she delighted in having lambs and innocent birds to fondle3 but though the ,nuns closed the door1 and used every art and effort to entice or catch it1 the little nondescript always either eluded them1 or vanished2 and it never tasted of any food which they set before it4 ,this miracle being unique in its kind is related with becoming admiration by the chroniclers of the ,seraphic ,order2 as it well may1 for1 for a monastic writer to invent a new miracle of any kind evinces no ordinary power of invention4 ,if this story be true1 and true it must be unless holy ,colette's reverend ,roman ,catholic biographers are liars1 its truth cannot be admitted sans tirer consequence2 and it would follow as a corollary not to be disputed1 that there are animals in the world of ,angels4 ,and on the whole it accorded with the general bearing of the ,doctor's notions 7notions rather than opinions he liked to call them where they were merely speculative7 to suppose that there may be as much difference between the zoology of that world1 and of this1 as is found in the zoology and botany of widely distant regions here1 according to different circumstances of climate3 and rather to imagine that there were celestial birds1 beasts1 fishes1 and insects1 exempt from evil1 and each happy in its kind to the full measure of its capacity for happiness1 than to hold the immortality of brutes4 ,cudworth's authority had some weight with him on this subject1 where the ,platonical divine says that as 8human souls could not possibly be generated out of matter1 but were sometime or other created by the ,almighty out of nothing preexisting1 either in generations1 or before them10 so if it be admitted that brute animals are 8not mere machines1 or automata 7as some seem inclinable to believe71 but conscious and thinking beings2 then from the same principle of reason1 it will likewise follow1 that their souls cannot be generated out of matter neither1 and therefore must be derived from the fountain of all life1 and created out of nothing by ,him3 who1 since he can as easily annihilate as create1 and does all for the best1 no man need at all to trouble himself about their permanency1 or immortality40 ,now though the ,doctor would have been pleased to think1 with the rude ,indian1 that when he was in a state of existence wherein no evil could enter ,his faithful dog should bear him company1 he felt the force of this reasoning2 and he perceived also that something analogous to the annihilation there intended1 might be discerned in his own hypothesis4 ,for in what may be called the visible creation he found nothing resembling that animalcular world which the microscope has placed within reach of our senses2 nothing like those monstrous and prodigious forms which ,leeuwenhoeck1 it must be believed1 has faithfully delineated4--,bishop has a beautiful epigram upon the theme ,when thro a chink1#b a darkened room ,admits the solar beam1 ,down the long light that breaks the gloom1 ,millions of atoms stream4 ,in sparkling agitation bright1 ,alternate dies they bear2 ,too small for any sense but sight1 ,or any sight1 but there4 ,nature reveals not all her store ,to human search1 or skill2 ,and when she deigns to shew us more ,she shows us ,beauty still4 ,but the microscopic world affords us exceptions to this great moral truth4 ,the forms which are there discovered might well be called ,abominable1 inutterable1 and worse ,than fables yet have feign'd1 or fear conceived1 ,gorgons and ,hydras1 and ,chimras dire4 ,such verily they would be1 if they were in magnitude equal to the common animals by which we are surrounded4 ,but ,nature has left all these seemingly misformed creatures in the lowest stage of existence1--the circle of inchoation2 neither are any of the hideous forms of insects repeated in the higher grades of animal life2 the sea indeed contains creatures marvellously uncouth and ugly1 beaucoup plus de monstres1 sans comparaison1 que la terre1 and the ,sieur de ,brocourt1 who was as curious in collecting the opinions of men as our philosopher1 though no man could make more dissimilar uses of their knowledge1 explains it cause de la facilit de la generation qui est en elle1 dont se procreent si diverses figures1 raison de la grande chaleur qui se trouve en la mer1 l'humeur y estant gras1 et l'aliment abondant2 toute generation se faisant par chaleur et humidit1 qui produisent toutes choses4 ,with such reasoning our ,doctor was little satisfied2 it was enough to know that as the sea produces monsters1 so the sea covers them1 and that fish are evidently lower in the scale of being than the creatures of earth and air4 ,it is the system of ,nature then that whatever is unseemly should be left in the earliest and lowest stages2 that life as it ascends should cast off all deformity1 as the butterfly leaves its exuvi when its perfect form is developed2 and finally that whatever is imperfect should be thrown off1 and nothing survive in immortality but what is beautiful as well as good4 ,footnote #b3 ,the ,reader may not be displeased to read the following beautiful passage from ,jeremy ,taylor4 8,if ,god is glorified in the sun and moon1 in the rare fabric of the honeycombs1 in the discipline of bees1 in the economy of pismires1 in the little houses of birds1 in the curiosity of an eye1 ,god being pleased to delight in those little images and reflexes of himself from those pretty mirrors1 which1 like a crevice in the wall1 through a narrow perspective1 transmit the species of a vast excellency3 much rather shall ,god be pleased to behold himself in the glasses of our obedience1 in the emissions of our will and understanding2 these being rational and apt instruments to express him1 far better than the natural1 as being near communications of himself40--,invalidity of a late or ,death-bed ,repentance1 ,vol4 v4 p4 #dfd4 ,he was not acquainted with the speculation1 or conception 7as the ,philotheistic philosopher himself called it7 of ,giordano ,bruno1 that deformium animalium form1 formos sunt in clo4 ,nor would he have assented to some of the other opinions which that pious and high minded victim of papal intolerance1 connected with it4 ,that metallorum in se non lucentium form1 lucent in planetis suis1 he might have supposed1 if he had believed in the relationship between metals and planets4 ,and if ,bruno's remark applied to the ,planets only1 as so many other worlds1 and did not regard the future state of the creatures of this our globe1 the ,doctor might then have agreed to his assertion that non enim homo1 nec animalia1 nec metalla ut hic sunt1 illic existunt4 ,but the ,philotheist of ,nola1 in the remaining part of this his twelfth ,conceptus ,idearum soared above the ,doctor's pitch3 ,quod nempe hic discurrit1 he says1 illic actu viget1 discursione superiori4 ,virtutes enim qu versus materiam explicantur3 versus actum primum uniuntur1 et complicantur4 ,unde patet quod dicunt ,platonici1 ideam quamlibet rerum etiam non viventium1 vitam esse et intelligentiam quandam4 ,item et in ,prim ,mente unam esse rerum omnium ideam4 ,illuminando igitur1 vivificando1 et uniendo est quod te superioribus agentibus conformans1 in conceptionem et retentionem specierum efferaris4 ,here the ,philosopher of ,doncaster would have found himself in the dark1 but whether because 8blinded by excess of light10 or because the subject is within the confines of uttermost darkness1 is not for me his biographer to determine4 ,,chapter ,,ccxiv4 ,,further ,,difficulties4--,,question ,,concerning ,,inferior ,,apparitions4--,,blake ,,the ,,painter1 ,,and ,,the ,,ghost ,,of ,a ,,flea4 ,in amplissim caus1 quasi magno mari1 pluribus ventis sumus vecti4 ,,pliny4 ,there was another argument against the immortality of brutes1 to which it may be1 he allowed the more weight1 because it was of his own excogitating4 ,often as he had heard of apparitions in animal forms1 all such tales were of some spirit or hobgoblin which had assumed that appearance2 as1 for instance that simulacrum admodum monstruosum1 that portentous figure in which ,pope ,gregory the ninth after his death was met roaming about the woods by a holy hermit3 it was in the form of a wild beast with the head of an ass1 the body of a bear1 and the tail of a cat4 ,well might the good hermit fortify himself with making the sign of the cross when he beheld this monster3 he approved himself a courageous man by speaking to the apparition which certainly was not 8in such a questionable shape0 as to invite discourse3 and we are beholden to him for having transmitted to posterity the bestial ,pope's confession1 that because he had lived an unreasonable and lawless life1 it was the will of ,god and of ,st4 ,peter whose chair he had defiled by all kinds of abominations1 that he should thus wander about in a form of ferine monstrosity4 ,he had read of such apparitions1 and been sufficiently afraid of meeting a barguest#a in his boyish days2 but in no instance had he ever heard of the ghost of an animal4 ,yet if the immaterial part of such creatures survived in a separate state of consciousness why should not their spirits sometimes have been seen as well as those of our departed fellow creatures8 ,no cock or hen ghost ever haunted its own barn door2 no child was ever alarmed by the spirit of its pet lamb2 no dog or cat ever came like a shadow to visit the hearth on which it rested when living4 ,it is laid down as a certain truth deduced from the surest principles of demonology by the ,jesuit ,thyrus1 who had profoundly studied that science that whenever the apparition of a brute beast or monster was seen1 it was a ,devil in that shape4 ,quotiescumque sub brutorum animantium forma conspiciuntur spiritus1 quotiescumque monstra exhibentur dubium non est1 autoprosopos adesse ,dmoniorum spiritus4 ,for such forms were not suitable for human spirits1 but for evil ,demons they were in many respects peculiarly so3 and such apparitions were frequent4 ,footnote #a3 ,a northern word1 used in ,cumberland and ,yorkshire4 ,brocket and ,grose neither of them seem aware that this spirit or dmon had the form of the beast4 ,their derivations are severally 8,berg a hill1 and geest ghost20--8,bar1 a gate or style1 and gheist40 ,the locality of the spirit will suggest a reference to the ,icelandic ,berserkr4 ,in that language ,bera and ,bersi both signify a bear4 ,thus the ,jesuit reasoned1 the possibility that the spirit of a brute might appear never occurring to him1 because he would have deemed it heretical to allow that there was anything in the brute creation partaking of immortality4 ,no such objection occurred to the ,doctor in his reasonings upon this point4 ,his was a more comprehensive creed2 the doubt which he felt was not concerning the spirit of brute animals1 but whether it ever existed in a separate state after death1 which the ,ghost of one1 were there but one such appearance well attested1 would sufficiently prove4 ,he admitted indeed that for every authenticated case of an apparition1 a peculiar cause was to be assigned1 or presumed2 but that for the apparition of an inferior animal1 there could in general be no such cause4 ,yet cases are imaginable wherein there might be such peculiar cause1 and some final purpose only to be brought about by such preternatural means4 ,the strong affection which leads a dog to die upon his master's grave1 might bring back the spirit of a dog to watch for the safety of a living master4 ,that no animal ghosts should have been seen afforded therefore in this judgment no weak presumption against their existence4 ,o ,dove1 8my guide1 philosopher and friend60 that thou hadst lived to see what ,i have seen1 the portrait of the ,ghost of a ,flea1 engraved by ,varley1 from the original by ,blake6 ,the engraver was present when the likeness was taken1 and relates the circumstances thus in his ,treatise on ,zodiacal ,physiognomy4 8,this spirit visited his imagination in such a figure as he never anticipated in an insect4 ,as ,i was anxious to make the most correct investigation in my power of the truth of these visions1 on hearing of this spiritual apparition of a ,flea1 ,i asked him if he could draw for me the resemblance of what he saw4 ,he instantly said1 #8,i see him now before me4' ,i therefore gave him paper and a pencil1 with which he drew the portrait of which a fac-simile is given in this number4 ,i felt convinced by his mode of proceeding1 that he had a real image before him2 for he left off1 and began on another part of the paper to make a separate drawing of the mouth of the ,flea1 which the spirit having opened1 he was prevented from proceeding with the first sketch till he had closed it4 ,during the time occupied in compleating the drawing1 the ,flea told him that all fleas were inhabited by the souls of such men as were by nature blood-thirsty to excess1 and were therefore providentially confined to the size and form of insects2 otherwise1 were he himself1 for instance1 the size of a horse1 he would depopulate a great portion of the country4 ,he added that if in attempting to leap from one island to another he should fall into the sea1 he could swim1 and should not be lost40 ,the ,ghost of the ,flea spoke truly when he said what a formidable beast he should be1 if with such power of leg and of proboscis1 and such an appetite for blood he were as large as a horse4 ,and if all things came by chance1 it would necessarily follow from the laws of chance that such monsters there would be2 but because all things are wisely and mercifully ordered1 it is1 that these varieties of form and power which would be hideous1 and beyond measure destructive upon a larger scale1 are left in the lower stages of being1 the existence of such deformity and such means of destruction there1 and their non-existence as the scale of life ascends1 alike tending to prove the wisdom and the benevolence of the ,almighty ,creator4 ,,chapter ,,ccxv4 ,,facts ,,and ,,fancies ,,connecting ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,theory ,,with ,,the ,,vegetable ,,world4 ,we will not be too peremptory herein3 and build standing structures of bold assertions on so uncertain a foundation2 rather with the ,rechabites we will live in tents of conjecture1 which on better reason we may easily alter and remove4 ,,fuller4 ,it may have been observed by the attentive reader--7and all my readers will be attentive1 except those who are in love7 that although the ,doctor traced many of his acquaintance to their prior allotments in the vegetable creation1 he did not discover such symptoms in any of them as led him to infer that the object of his speculations had existed in the form of a tree2--crabbed tempers1 sour plums1 cherry-cheeks1 and hearts of oak being nothing more than metaphorical expressions of similitude4 ,but it would be a rash and untenable deduction were we to conclude from the apparent omission that the arboreal world was excluded from his system4 ,on the contrary1 the analogies between animal and vegetable life led him to believe that the ,archeus of the human frame1 received no unimportant part of his preparatory education in the woods4 ,steele in a playful allegory has observed 8that there is a sort of vegetable principle in the mind of every man when he comes into the world4 ,in infants1 the seeds lie buried and undiscovered1 till after a while they sprout forth in a kind of rational leaves1 which are words2 and in due season the flowers begin to appear in variety of beautiful colours1 and all the gay pictures of youthful fancy and imagination2 at last the fruit knits and is formed1 which is green perhaps at first1 sour and unpleasant to the taste1 and not fit to be gathered2 till ripened by due care and application1 it discovers itself in all the noble productions of philosophy1 mathematics1 close reasoning and handsome argumentation4 ,i reflected further on the intellectual leaves before mentioned1 and found almost as great a variety among them as in the vegetable world40 ,in this passage1 though written only as a sport of fancy1 there was more our speculator thought1 than was dreamt of in ,steele's philosophy4 ,empedocles1 if the fragment which is ascribed to him be genuine1 pretended to remember that he had pre-existed not only in the forms of maiden and youth1 fowl and fish1 but of a shrub also2 1 1 1 4 ,but upon such authority the ,doctor placed as little reliance as upon the pretended recollections of ,pythagoras1 whether really asserted by that philosopher or falsely imputed to him by fablers in prose or verse4 ,when man shall have effected his passage from the mortal and terrestrial state into the sphere where there is nothing that is impure1 nothing that is evil1 nothing that is perishable1 then indeed it is a probable supposition that he may look back into the lowest deep from whence he hath ascended1 recall to mind his progress step by step1 through every stage of the ascent1 and understand the process by which it had been appointed for him1 7applying to ,plato's words a different meaning from that in which they were intended7 1 to become of many creatures1 one happy one4 ,in that sphere such a retrospect would enlarge the knowledge1 and consequently the happiness also of the soul which has there attained the perfection of its nature--the end for which it was created and redeemed4 ,but any such consciousness of pre-existence would in this stage of our mortal being be so incompatible with the condition of humanity1 that the opinion itself can be held only as a speculation1 of which no certainty can ever have been made known to man1 because that alone has been revealed1 the knowledge of which is necessary3 the philosophers therefore who pretended to it1 if they were sincere in the pretension 7which may be doubted7 are entitled to no more credit1 than the poor hypochondriac who fancies himself a bottle or a tea-pot4 ,thus our philosopher reasoned1 who either in earnest or in jest1 or in serious sportiveness1 1 was careful never to lean more upon an argument than it would bear4 ,sometimes he prest the lame and halt into his service1 but it was with a clear perception of their defects1 and he placed them always in positions where they were efficient for the service required for them1 and where more valid ones would not have been more available4 ,he formed therefore1 no system of dendranthropology1 nor attempted any classification in it2 there were not facts enough whereon to found one4 ,yet in more than one circumstance which observant writers have recorded1 something he thought might be discerned which bore upon this part of the theory1--some traces of those first affections1 ,those shadowy recollections1 on which ,wordsworth 7in whose mystic strains he would have delighted7 dwells4 ,thus he inferred that the soul of ,xerxes must once have animated a plane tree1 and retained a vivid feeling connected with his arboreal existence1 when he read in ,evelyn how that great king 8stopped his prodigious army of seventeen hundred thousand soldiers to admire the pulchritude and procerity of one of those goodly trees2 and became so fond of it1 that spoiling both himself1 his concubines1 and great persons of all their jewels1 he covered it with gold1 gems1 necklaces1 scarfs and bracelets1 and infinite riches2 in sum1 was so enamoured of it1 that for some days1 neither the concernment of his grand expedition1 nor interest of honour1 nor the necessary motion of his portentous army1 could persuade him from it4 ,he stiled it his mistress1 his minion1 his goddess2 and when he was forced to part from it1 he caused the figure of it to be stamped on a medal of gold1 which he continually wore about him40 8,that prudent ,consul ,passianus ,crispus0 must have been influenced by a like feeling1 when he 8fell in love with a prodigious beech of a wonderful age and stature1 used to sleep under it1 and would sometimes refresh it with pouring wine at the root40 ,certainly as ,evelyn has observed1 8a goodly tree was a powerful attractive0 to this person4 ,the practice of regaling trees with such libations was not uncommon among the wealthy ,romans2 they seem to have supposed that because wine gladdened their own hearts1 it must in like manner comfort the root of a tree3 and ,pliny assures us that it did so1 compertum id maxim prodesse radicibus1 he says1 docuimusque etiam arbores vina potare4 ,if this were so1 the ,doctor reasoned that there would be a peculiar fitness in fertilizing the vine with its own generous juice1 which it might be expected to return with increase in richer and more abundant clusters3 forgetting1 ignoring1 or disregarding this opinion which ,john ,lily has recorded that the vine watered 7as he calls it7 with wine is soon withered4 ,he was not wealthy enough to afford such an experiment upon that which clothed the garden-front of his house1 for this is not a land flowing with wine and oil2 but he indulged a favourite apple-tree 7it was a ,ribstone pippin7 with cider2 and when no sensible improvement in the produce could be perceived1 he imputed the disappointment rather to the parsimonious allowance of that congenial liquor1 than to any error in the theory4 ,but this has led me astray1 and ,i must return to ,xerxes the ,great ,king4 ,the predilection or passion which he discovered for the plane1 the sage of ,doncaster explained by deriving it from a dim reminiscence of his former existence in a tree of the same kind2 or which was not less likely in the wanton ivy which had clasped one1 or in the wild vine which had festooned its branches with greener leaves1 or even in the agaric which had grown out of its decaying substance4 ,and he would have quoted ,wordsworth if the ,sage of ,rydal had not been of a later generation3 ,our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting2 ,the soul that rises with us1 our life's star1 ,hath had elsewhere its setting1 ,and cometh from afar4 ,other examples of men who have doated upon particular trees he accounted for by the same philosophy4 ,but in the case of the ,consul ,crispus he was more inclined to hold the first supposition1--to wit1 that he had been a beech himself1 and that the tree which he loved so dearly had sprung from his own mast1 so that the feeling with which he regarded it was a parental one4 ,for that man should thus unconsciously afford proof of his relationship to tree1 was rendered more probable by a singular1 though peradventure single fact in which a tree so entirely recognized its affinity with man1 that a slip accidentally grafted on the human subject1 took root in the body1 grew there1 flourished1 blossomed and produced fruit after its kind4 8,a shepherd of ,tarragon had fallen into a sloe tree1 and a sharp point thereof having run into his breast1 in two years time it took such root1 that1 after many branches had been cut off1 there sprang up some at last which bare both flowers and fruit40 8,peiresc10 as ,gassendi the writer of his life assures us1 8would never be quiet till ,cardinal ,barberino procured the ,archbishop of that place to testify the truth of the story2 and ,putean the knight received not only letters testifying the same1 but also certain branches thereof1 which he sent unto him40 ,,chapter ,,ccxvi4 ,a ,,spanish ,,authoress4--,,how ,,the ,,doctor ,,obtained ,,her ,,works ,,from ,,madrid4--,,the ,,pleasure ,,and ,,advantages ,,which ,,the ,,author ,,derives ,,from ,,his ,,landmarks ,,in ,,the ,,books ,,which ,,he ,,had ,,perused4 ,,alex4 ,quel es ,d4 ,diego aquel ,arbol1 que tiene la copa en tierra y las raizes arriba8 ,,dieg4 ,el hombre4 ,,el ,,letrado ,,del ,,cielo4 ,man is a ,tree that hath no top in cares1 ,no root in comforts4#a ,this is one of the many poetical passages in which the sound is better than the sense2--yet it is not without its beauty4 ,the same similitude has been presented by ,henry ,more in lines which please the ear less1 but satisfy the understanding4 ,the lower man is nought but a fair plant ,whose grosser matter is from the base ground4 8,a plant10 says ,jones of ,nayland1 8is a system of life1 but insensitive and fixed to a certain spot4 ,an animal hath voluntary motion1 sense1 or perception1 and is capable of pain and pleasure4 ,yet in the construction of each there are some general principles which very obviously connect them4 ,it is literally as well as metaphorically true1 that trees have limbs1 and an animal body branches4 ,a vascular system is also common to both1 in the channels of which life is maintained and circulated4 ,when the trachea1 with its branches in the lungs1 or the veins and arteries1 or the nerves1 are separately represented1 we have the figure of a tree4 ,the leaves of trees have a fibrous and fleshy part2 their bark is a covering which answers to the skin in animals4 ,an active vapour pervades them both1 and perspires from both1 which is necessary for the preservation of health and vigour4 ,the vis vit1 or involuntary1 mechanical force of animal life1 is kept up by the same elements which act upon plants for their growth and support40#b ,footnote #a3 ,,chapman4 ,footnote #b3 ,the reader of ,berkeley will naturally turn to the ,siris of that author--called by ,southey in his life of ,wesley 8one of the best1 wisest1 and greatest men whom ,ireland1 with all its fertility of genius1 has produced40 ,vol4 ii4 #bfj41 #bnd ,edit4 8,plants10 says ,novalis1 8are ,children of the ,earth2 we are ,children of the ther4 ,our lungs are properly our root2 we live when we breathe2 we begin our life with breathing40 ,plato also compared man to a ,tree1 but his was a physical similitude1 he likened the human vegetable to a tree inverted1 with the root above and the branches below4 ,antonio ,perez allegorized the similitude in one of his epistles to ,essex1 thus1 unde credis hominem inversam arborem appellari8 ,inversam nostris oculis humanis et terrenis2 rectam ver ver1 viridemque1 si radicem defixam habuerit in suo naturali loco1 clo1 unde orta4 ,and ,rabelais pursues the resemblance farther1 saying that trees differ from beasts in this1 qu'elles ont la teste1 c'est le tronc1 en bas2 les cheveulx1 ce sont les racines1 en terre2 et les pieds1 ce sont les rameaulx1 contremont2 comme si un homme faisoit le chesne fourchu4 ,the thought that man is like a tree arose in the ,doctor's mind more naturally when he first saw the representation of the veins and arteries in the old translation of ,ambrose ,par's works4 ,and when in course of time he became a curious enquirer into the history of her art1 he was less disposed to smile at any of the fancies into which ,doa ,oliva ,sabuco ,barrera had been led by this resemblance than to admire the novelty and ingenuity of the theory which she deduced from it4 ,bless ye the memory of this ,spanish ,lady1 all ye who bear1 or aspire to1 the honour of the bloody hand as ,knights of ,esculapius6 ,for from her1 according to ,father ,feyjoo1 the ,english first1 and afterwards the physicians of other countries learnt the theory of nervous diseases2--never therefore did any other individual contribute so largely to the gratification of fee-feeling fingers6 ,feyjoo has properly enumerated her among the women who have done honour to their country3 and later ,spaniards have called her the immortal glory not of ,spain alone1 but of all ,europe3 ,she was born1 and dwelt in the city of ,alcaraz1 and flourished in the reign of ,philip ,,ii4 to whom she dedicated in #aehg her 8,new ,philosophy of the ,nature of ,man10#c appealing to the ancient law of chivalry1 whereby great ,lords and high born ,knights were bound always to favour women in their adventures4 ,in placing under the eagle wings of his ,catholic ,majesty this child which she had engendered1 she told the ,king that he was then receiving from a woman greater service than any that men had rendered him1 with whatever zeal and success they had exerted themselves to serve him4 ,the work which she laid before him would better the world1 she said1 in many things1 and if he could not attend to it1 those who came after him1 peradventure would4 ,for though they were already all too-many books in the world1 yet this one was wanting4 ,footnote #c3 ,it should seem by her name1 as suffixed to the ,carta ,dedicatorie1 that she was of ,french or ,breton extraction1 for she signs herself1 ,oliva de ,nantes1 ,sabuco ,barrera4 ,r4 ,s4 ,the brief and imperfect notices of this ,lady's system1 which the ,doctor had met with in the course of his reading1 made him very desirous of procuring her works3 this it would not be easy to do in ,england at this time1 and then it was impossible4 ,he obtained them however through the kindness of ,mason's friend1 ,mr4 ,burgh1 whom he used to meet at ,mr4 ,copley's at ,netterhall1 and who in great or in little things was always ready to render any good office in his power to any person4 ,burgh procured the book through the ,rev4 ,edward ,clarke 7father of ,dr4 ,clarke the traveller7 then ,chaplain to the ,british ,embassador in ,spain4 ,the volume came with the despatches from ,madrid1 it was forwarded to ,mr4 ,burgh in an official frank1 and the ,doctor marked with a white stone the day on which the ,york carrier delivered it at his house4 ,that precious copy is now in my possession2#d my friend has noted in it1 as was his custom1 every passage that seemed worthy of observation1 with the initial of his own name--a small capital1 neatly written in red ink4 ,such of his books as ,i have been able to collect are full of these marks1 showing how carefully he had read them4 ,these notations have been of much use to me in my perusal1 leading me to pause where he had paused1 to observe what he had noted and to consider what had to him seemed worthy of consideration4 ,and though ,i must of necessity more frequently have failed to connect the passages so noted with my previous knowledge as he had done1 and for that reason to see their bearings in the same point of view1 yet undoubtedly ,i have often thus been guided into the same track of thought which he had pursued before me4 ,long will it be before some of these volumes meet with a third reader2 never with one in whom these vestiges of their former owner can awaken a feeling like that which they never fail to excite in me6 ,footnote #d3 ,this curious book ,i unluckily missed at the ,sale of ,southey's ,library4 ,i was absent at the time1 and it passed into private hands4 ,it sold for thirteen shillings only4 ,see ,no4 #cdec4 ,the title is as follows2--,sabuco 7,olivia7 ,nueva ,filosofia de la ,naturaleza del hombre1 no conocida ni alcanada de los ,grandes ,filosofos ,antiguos4 ,,first ,,edition4 ,madrid1 #aehg4 ,but the red letters in this volume have led me from its contents2 and before ,i proceed to enter upon them in another chapter1 ,i will conclude this1 recurring to the similitude at its commencement1 with an extract from one of ,yorick's ,sermons4 8,it is very remarkable10 he says1 8that the ,apostle ,st4 ,paul calls a bad man a wild olive tree1 not barely a branch10 7as in the opposite case where our ,saviour told his disciples that ,he was the vine1 and that they were only branches7--8but a ,tree1 which having a root of its own supports itself1 and stands in its own strength1 and brings forth its own fruit4 ,and so does every bad man in respect of the wild and sour fruit of a vicious and corrupt heart4 ,according to the resemblance1 if the ,apostle intended it1 he is a ,tree1--has a root of his own1 and fruitfulness such as it is1 with a power to bring it forth without help4 ,but in respect of religion and the moral improvements of virtue and goodness1 the ,apostle calls us1 and reason tells us1 we are no more than a branch1 and all our fruitfulness1 and all our support1 depend so much upon the influence and communications of ,god1 that without ,him we can do nothing1 as our ,saviour declares40 ,,chapter ,,ccxvii4 ,,some ,,account ,,of ,d4 ,,oliva ,,sabuco',s ,,medical ,,theories ,,and ,,practice4 ,yo--volver ,a nueva diligencia y paso largo1 ,que es breve el tiempo1 's grande la memoria ,que para darla al mundo est mi cargo4 ,,balbuena4 ,carew the poet speaking metaphorically of his mistress calls her foot1 the precious root ,on which the goodly cedar grows4 ,doa ,oliva on the contrary thought that the human body might be called a tree reversed1 the brain being the root1 and the other the bark4 ,she did not know what great authority there is for thinking that trees stand upon their heads1 for though we use vulgarly but improperly to call the uppermost of the branches the top of a tree1 we are corrected1 the learned ,john ,gregory tells us1 by ,aristotle in his books ,de ,anim1#a where we are taught to call the root the head1 and the top the feet4 ,footnote #a3 ,qure8 ,lib4 ii4 c4 ii4 #f4 4 4 4 ,the pia mater according to her theory diffuses through this bark by the nerves that substance1 moisture1 sap1 or white chyle which when it flows in its proper course1 preserves the human vegetable in a state of well being1 but when its course is reverted it becomes the cause of diseases4 ,this nervous fluid1 the brain derived principally from the air1 which she held to be water in a state of rarefaction1 air being the chyle of the upper world1 water of the inferior1 and the ,moon with air and water1 as with milk1 feeding like a nursing mother1 all sublunary creatures1 and imparting moisture for their increase1 as the ,sun imparteth heat and life4 ,clouds are the milk of the ,moon1 from which1 if she may so express herself1 she says it rains air and wind as well as water1 wind being air1 or rarefied water rarefied still farther4 ,the mutation or rarefaction of water into air takes place by day1 the remutation or condensation of air into water by night3 this is shown by the dew and by this the ebbing and flowing of the sea are caused4 ,in the brain1 as in the root of the animal tree1 all diseases1 according to ,doa ,oliva1 had their origin4 ,from this theory she deduced a mode of practice1 which if it did not facilitate the patient's recovery1 was at least not likely to retard it2 and tended in no way to counteract1 or interfere with the restorative efforts of nature4 ,and although fanciful in its foundation1 it was always so humane and generally so reasonable as in a great degree to justify the confidence with which she advanced it4 ,she requested that a board of learned men might be appointed1 before whom she might defend her system of philosophy and of therapeutics1 and that her practice might be tried for one year1 that of ,hippocrates and ,galen having been tried for two thousand with what effect was daily and miserably seen1 when of a thousand persons there were scarcely three who reached the proper termination of life and died by natural decay1 the rest being cut off by some violent disease4 ,for1 according to her1 the natural termination of life is produced by the exhaustion of the radical moisture1 which in the course of nature is dried1 or consumed1 gradually and imperceptibly2 death therefore1 when that course is not disturbed1 being an easy passage to eternity4 ,this gradual desiccation it is which gives to old age the perfection of judgment that distinguishes it2 and for the same reason the children of old men are more judicious than others1 young men being deficient in judgment by reason of the excess of radical moisture1 children still more so4 ,she had never studied medicine1 she said2 but it was clear as the light of day that the old system was erroneous1 and must needs be so1 because its founders were ignorant of the nature of man1 upon which being rightly understood the true system must1 of necessity1 be founded4 ,hope is what supports health and life2 fear1 the worst enemy of both4 ,among the best preservatives and restoratives she recommended therefore cheerfulness1 sweet odours1 music1 the country1 the sound of woods and waters1 agreeable conversation1 and pleasant pastimes4 ,music1 of all external things1 she held to be that which tends most to comfort1 rejoice and strengthen the brain1 being as it were a spiritual pleasure in which the mind sympathizes2 and the first of all remedies1 in this1 her true system of medicine1 was to bring the mind and body into unison1 removing thus that discord which is occasioned when they are ill at ease2 this was to be done by administering cheerfulness1 content1 and hope to the mind1 and in such words and actions as produced these1 the best medicine was contained4 ,next to this it imported to comfort the stomach1 and to cherish the root of man1 that is to say the brain1 with its proper corroborants1 especially with sweet odours and with music4 ,for music was so good a remedy for melancholy1 so great an alleviator of pain1 such a soother of uneasy emotions1 and of passion1 that she marvelled wherefore so excellent a medicine should not be more in use1 seeing that undoubtedly many grievous diseases1 as for example epilepsy1 might be disarmed and cured by it2 and it would operate with the more effect if accompanied with hopeful words and with grateful odours1 for ,doa ,oliva thought with ,solomon that 8pleasant words are as an honeycomb1 sweet to the soul1 and health to the bones40 ,consequently unpleasant sounds and ill smells1 were1 according to her philosophy injurious4 ,the latter she confounded with noxious air1 which was an error to be expected in those days1 when nothing concerning the composition of the atmosphere had been discovered4 ,thus she thought it was by their ill odour that limekilns and charcoal-fires occasioned death2 and that owing to the same cause horses were frequently killed when the filth of a stable was removed1 and men who were employed in cleaning vaults4 ,upon the same principle1 in recommending perfumes as alexipharmic1 she fell in with the usual practice4 ,the plague according to her1 might be received not by the breath alone1 but at the eyes also1 for through the sight there was ready access to the brain2 it was prudent therefore to close the nostrils when there might be reason to apprehend that the air was tainted2 and when conversing with an infected person1 not to talk face to face1 but to avert the countenance4 ,in changing the air with the hope of escaping an endemic disease1 the place to go to should be that from whence the pestilence had come1 rather than one whither it might be going4 ,ill sounds were noxious in like manner1 though not in like degree1 because no discord can be so grating as to prove fatal2 but any sound which is at once loud and discordant she held to be unwholesome1 and that to hear any one sing badly1 read ill1 or talk importunately like a fool was sufficient to cause a defluxion from the brain2 if this latter opinion were well founded1 no ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons could hold his office for a single ,session without being talked to death4 ,with these she classed the sound of a hiccup1 the whetting of a saw1 and the cry of bitter lamentation4 ,doa ,oliva it may be presumed was endued with a sensitive ear and a quick perception of odours1 as well as with a cheerful temper1 and an active mind4 ,her whole course of practice was intended to cheer and comfort the patient1 if that was possible4 ,she allowed the free use of water1 and fresh air1 and recommended that the apartments of the sick should be well ventilated4 ,she prescribed refreshing odours1 among others that of bread fresh from the oven1 and that wine should be placed near the pillow1 in order to induce sleep4 ,she even thought that cheerful apparel conduced to health1 and that the fashion of wearing black which prevailed in her time was repugnant to reason4 ,pursuing her theory that the brain was the original seat of disease1 she advised that the excessive moisture which would otherwise take a wrong course from thence1 should be drawn off through the natural channels by sneezing powders1 or by pungent odours which provoke a discharge from the eyes and nostrils1 by sudorifics also1 exercise1 and whatever might cause a diversion to the skin4 ,when any part was wounded1 or painful1 or there was a tumour1 she recommended compression above the part affected1 with a woollen bandage1 tightly bound1 but not so as to occasion pain4 ,and to comfort the root of the animal tree she prescribes scratching the head with the fingers1 or combing it with an ivory comb1--a general and admirable remedy she calls this1 against which some former possessor of the book who seems to have been a practitioner upon the old system1 and has frequently entered his protest against the medical heresies of the authoress1 has written in the margin 8bad advice40 ,she recommended also cutting the hair1 and washing the head with white wine1 which as it were renovated the skin1 and improved the vegetation4 ,but ,doa ,oliva did not reject more active remedies1 on the contrary she advised all such as men had learnt from animals1 and this included a powerful list1 for she seems to have believed all the fables with which natural history in old times abounded1 and of which indeed it may almost be said to have consisted4 ,more reasonably she observed that animals might teach us the utility of exercise1 seeing how the young lambs sported in the field1 and dogs played with each other1 and birds rejoiced in the air4 ,when the stomach required clearing she prescribed a rough practice1 that the patient should drink copiously of weak wine and water1 and of tepid water with a few drops of vinegar and an infusion of camomile flowers2 and that he should eat also things difficult of digestion1 such as radishes1 figs1 carrots1 onions1 anchovies1 oil and vinegar1 with plenty of ,indian pepper1 and with something acid the better to cut the phlegm which was to be got rid of2 having thus stored the stomach well for the expenditure which was to be required from it1 the patient was then to lay himself on a pillow across a chair1 and produce the desired effect either by his fingers or by feathers dipt in oil4 ,after this rude operation which was to refresh the brain and elevate the pia mater1 the stomach was to be comforted4 ,to bathe the whole body with white wine was another mode of invigorating the pia mater2 for there it was that all maladies originated1 none from the liver2 the nature of the liver1 said she1 is that it cannot err2 es docta sin doctor4 ,the latter treatises in her book are in ,latin1 but she not unfrequently passes1 as if unconsciously1 into her own language1 writing always livelily and forcibly1 with a clear perception of the fallacy of the established system1 and with a confidence1 not so well founded1 that she had discovered the real nature of man and thereby laid the foundation of a rational practice1 conformable to it4 ,,chapter ,,ccxviii4 ,,the ,,mundane ,,system ,,as ,,commonly ,,held ,,in ,d4 ,,oliva',s ,,age4--,,modern ,,objections ,,to ,a ,,plurality ,,of ,,worlds ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,james ,,miller4 ,un cerchio immaginato ci bisogna1 ,a voler ben la spera contemplare2 ,cosi chi intender questa storia agogna ,conviensi altro per altro immaginare2 ,perch qui non si canta1 e finge1 e sogna2 ,venuto il tempo da filosofare4 ,,pulci4 ,one of ,doa ,oliva's treatises is upon the ,compostura del ,mundo1 which may best be interpreted the ,mundane ,system2 herein she laid no claim to the merit of discovery1 only to that of briefly explaining what had been treated of by many before her4 ,the mundane system she illustrates by comparing it to a large ostrich's egg1 with three whites and eleven shells1 our earth being the yolk4 ,the water which according to this theory surrounded the globe she likened to the first or innermost albumen1 the second and more extensive was the air2 the third and much the largest consisted of fire4 ,the eleven shells1 were so many leaves one inclosing the other1 circle within circle1 like a nest of boxes4 ,the first of these was the first heaven wherein the ,moon hath her appointed place1 the second that of the planet ,mercury1 the third that of ,venus2 the fourth was the circle of the ,sun2 ,mars1 ,jupiter and ,saturn moved in the fifth1 sixth and seventh2 the eighth was the starry sky2 the ninth the chrystalline2 the tenth the primum mobile1 which imparted motion to all2 and the eleventh was the immobile1 or empyreum1 surrounding all1 containing all1 and bounding all2 for beyond this there was no created thing1 either good or evil4 ,a living writer of no ordinary powers agrees in this conclusion with the old philosophers whom ,doa ,oliva followed2 and in declaring his opinion he treats the men of science with as much contempt as they bestow upon their unscientific predecessors in astronomy4 ,reader if thou art capable of receiving pleasure from such speculations1 7and if thou art not1 thou art little better than an ,oran-,otang7 send for a little book entitled the ,progress of the ,human ,mind1 its objects1 conditions and issue3 with the relation which the ,progress of ,religion bears to the general growth of mind2 by the ,rev4 ,james ,miller4 ,send also for the 8,sibyl's ,leaves1 or the ,fancies1 ,sentiments and ,opinions of ,silvanus1 miscellaneous1 moral and religious10 by the same author1 the former published in #ahbc1 the latter in #ahbi4 ,very probably you may never have heard of either3 but if you are a buyer of books1 ,i say unto you1 buy them both4 8,infinity10 says this very able and original thinker1 8is the retirement in which perfect love and wisdom only dwell with ,god4 8,in ,infinity and ,eternity the sceptic sees an abyss in which all is lost1 ,i see in them the residence of ,almighty ,power1 in which my reason and my wishes find equally a firm support4--,here holding by the pillars of ,heaven1 ,i exist--,i stand fast4 8,surround our material system with a void1 and mind itself becoming blind and impotent in attempting to travel through it1 will return to our little lights1 like the dove which found no rest for the sole of her foot4 ,but when ,i find ,infinity filled with light and life and love1 ,i will come back to you with my olive branch3 follow me1 or farewell6 you shall shut me up in your cabins no more40 8,in stretching our view through the wide expanse which surrounds us1 we perceive a system of bodies receding behind one another1 till they are lost in immeasureable distance4 ,this region beyond though to us dark and unexplored1 from the impossibility of a limit1 yet gives us its infinity as the most unquestionable of all principles4 ,but though the actual extent to which this infinite region is occupied by the bodies of which the universe is composed1 is far beyond our measure and our view1 and though there be nothing without to compel us anywhere to stop in enlarging its bounds1 ,nature herself gives us other principles not less certain1 which prove that she must have limits1 and that it is impossible her frame can fill the abyss which surrounds her4 ,her different parts have each their fixed place1 their stated distance4 ,you may as well measure infinity by mile-stones as fill it with stars4 ,to remove any one from an infinite distance from another1 you must in fixing their place1 set limits to the infinity you assume4 ,you can advance from unity as far as you please1 but there is no actual number at an infinite distance from it4 ,you may in the same manner1 add world to world as long as you please1 only because no number of them can fill infinity1 or approach nearer to fill it4 ,we have the doctrine of ,nature's abhorrence of a vacuum2 it is from a plenum like this she shrinks1 as from a region in which all her substance would be dissipated into nothing4 ,her frame is composed of parts which have each their certain proportion and relation4 ,it subsists by mutual attractions and repulsions1 lessening and increasing with distance2 by a circulation which1 actually passing through1 every part rejects the idea of a space which it could never pervade4 ,infinity cannot revolve2 the circulation of ,nature cannot pervade infinity4 ,the globe we inhabit1 and all its kindred planets1 revolve in orbits which embrace a common power in the centre which animates and regulates their motions1 and on the influence of which their internal energies evidently depend4 ,that we may not be lost in looking for it in the boundless regions without1 our great physical power is all within1 in the bosom of our own circle2 and the same facts which prove the greatness of this power to uphold1 to penetrate1 to enliven at such a distance1 shew in what manner it might at last become weak1--become nothing4 ,whatever relations we may have to bodies without1 or whatever they may have to one another1 their influence is all directed to particular points1--to given distances4 ,material ,nature has no substance1 can make no effort1 capable of pervading infinity4 ,the light itself of all her powers the most expansive1 in diffusing itself through her own frame1 shews most of all her incapacity to occupy the region beyond1 in which 7as the necessary result of its own effort7 it soon sinks1 feeble and faint1 where all its motion is but as rest1 in an extent to which the utmost possible magnitude of ,nature is but a point40 ,the reader will now be prepared for the remarks of this free thinker upon the ,plurality of ,worlds4 ,observe ,i call him free thinker not in disparagement1 but in honour2 he belongs to that service in which alone is perfect freedom4 8,perceiving10 he says1 8as it is easy to do1 the imperfection of our present system1 instead of contemplating the immense prospect opened to our view in the progress of man1 in the powers and the means he possesses1 the philosopher sees through his telescope worlds and scales of being to his liking4 ,by means of these1 without the least reference to the ,bible1 or the human heart1 ,pope1 the pretty talking parrot of ,bolingbroke1 with the assistance of his pampered goose1 finds it easy to justify the ways of ,god to man4 ,from worlds he never saw1 he proves ours is as it should be40 8,to form the children of ,god for himself1 to raise them to a capacity to converse with him1 to enjoy all his love1 this grand scenery is not unnecessary1--not extravagant4 ,a smaller exhibition would not have demonstrated his wisdom and power4 ,you would make an orrery serve perhaps6 ,by a plurality of ,gods1 error degraded the ,supreme ,being in early ages2 by a plurality of worlds it would now degrade his children1 deprive them of their inheritance40 8,what are they doing in these planets8 ,peeping at us through telescopes8 ,we may be their ,venus or ,jupiter4 ,they are perhaps praying to us1 sending up clouds of incense to regale our nostrils4 ,hear them1 far-seeing ,herschel6 gauger of stars4 ,i will pray to ,one only1 who is above them all2 and if your worlds come between me and ,him1 ,i will kick them out of my way4 ,in banishing your new ones1 ,i put more into the old than is worth them all put together40 8,these expanding heavens1 the residence of so many luminous bodies of immeasurable distance and magnitude1 and which the philosopher thinks must be a desert if devoted to man1 at present possessing but so small a portion of his own globe1 shall yet be too little for him1--the womb only in which the infant was inclosed1 incapable of containing the mature birth40 8,we shall yet explore all these celestial bodies more perfectly than we have hitherto done our own globe1 analyse them better than the substances we can shut up in our retorts1 count their number1 tell their measure40 8,as nature grows1 mind grows4 ,it grows to ,god1 and in union with him shall fill1 possess all40 8,our rank among worlds is indeed insignificant if we are to receive it from the magnitude of our globe compared with others1 compared with space4 ,put ,herschel with his telescope on ,saturn1 he would scarcely think us worthy of the name of even a ,german prince4 ,we may well be the sport of ,jupiter1 the little spot round which ,mars and ,venus coquette with one another4 ,little as it is however1--pepper-corn1 clod of clay as it is1 with its solitary satellite1 and all its spots and vapours1 ,i prefer it to them all4 ,i am glad ,i was born in it1 ,i love its men1 and its women1 and its laws4 ,it's people shall be my people2 it's ,god shall be my ,god4 ,here ,i am content to lodge and here to be buried4 ,what ,abanas and ,pharphars may flow in these planets ,i know not3 there is ,jordan1 here is the river of life4 ,from this world ,i shall take possession of all these2 while those1 who in quest of strange worlds have forsaken ,god1 shall be desolate40 8,this globe is large enough to contain man2 man will yet grow large enough to fill ,heaven40 8,fear not1 there is no empty space in the universe1 none in eternity3 nothing lost4 ,god possesses all1 and there is room for nothing but the objects of his affections40 ,,chapter ,,ccxix4 ,,the ,,argument ,,against ,,christianity ,,drawn ,,from ,a ,,plurality ,,of ,,worlds ,,shewn ,,to ,,be ,,futile3 ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,opposite ,,dispositions ,,by ,,which ,,men ,,are ,,tempted ,,to ,,infidelity4 --ascolta ,siccome suomo di verace lingua2 ,e porgimi l'orecchio4 ,,chiabrera4 ,the extracts with which the preceding ,chapter concludes1 will have put thee in a thoughtful mood1 ,reader1 if thou art one of those persons whose brains are occasionally applied to the purpose of thinking upon such subjects as are worthy of grave consideration4 ,since then ,i have thee in this mood1 let us be serious together4 ,egregiously is he mistaken who supposes that this book consists of nothing more than ,fond ,fancy's scum1 and dregs of scattered thought4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,sir ,p4 ,,sidney4 ,every where ,i have set before thee what ,bishop ,reynolds calls verba desiderii1--8pleasant1 delightful1 acceptable words1 such as are worthy of all entertainment1 and may minister 7not a few of them7 comfort and refreshment to the hearers40 ,i now come to thee with verba rectitudinis1--8equal and right words2 not loose1 fabulous1 amorous1 impertinent1 which should satisfy the itch of ear1 or tickle only a wanton fancy2 but profitable and wholesome words1--so to please men as that it may be unto edification and for their profit2 words written to make men sound and upright2--to make their paths direct and straight1 without falseness or hypocrisy40 ,yea they shall be verba veritatis1--8words of truth1 which will not deceive or misguide those that yield up themselves to the direction of them3 a truth which is sanctifying and saving1 and in these respects most worthy of our attention and belief40 ,make up your mind then to be ,tremayned in this chapter4 ,the benevolent reader will willingly do this1 he ,i mean who is benevolent to himself as well as towards me4 ,the so-called philosopher or man of liberal opinions1 who cannot be so inimical in thought to me1 as they are indeed to themselves1 will frown at it2 one such exclaims pshaw1 or pish1 according as he may affect the fort manner1 or the fine1 of interjecting his contemptuous displeasure2 another already winces1 feeling himself by anticipation touched upon a sore place4 ,to such readers it were hopeless to say favete1 8,numquid ger laudat medicum secantem80 ,but ,i shall say with the ,roman ,philosopher of old1 who is well entitled to that then honourable designation1 8tacete1--et prbete vos curationi3 etiam si exclamaveritis1 non aliter audiam1 quam si ad tactum vitiorum vestrorum ingemiscatis40#b ,footnote #b3 ,,seneca4 ,my own observation has led me to believe with ,mr4 ,miller1 that some persons are brought by speculating upon a ,plurality of ,worlds to reason themselves out of their belief in ,christianity3 such ,christianity indeed it is as has no root1 because the soil on which it has fallen is shallow1 and though the seed which has been sown there springs up1 it soon withers away4 ,thus the first system of superstition1 and the latest pretext for unbelief have both been derived from the contemplation of the heavenly bodies4 ,the former was the far more pardonable error1 being one to which men1 in the first ages1 among whom the patriarchal religion had not been carefully preserved1 were led by natural piety4 ,the latter is less imputable to the prevalence of unnatural impiety1--than to that weakness of mind and want of thought which renders men as easily the dupe of the infidel propagandist in one age1 as of the juggling friar in another4 ,these objectors proceed upon the gratuitous assumption that other worlds are inhabited by beings of the same kind as ourselves1 and moreover in the same condition2 that is having fallen1 and being therefore in need of a ,redeemer4 ,ask of them upon what grounds they assume this1 and they can make no reply4 ,too many alas there are who part with their heavenly birth-right at a viler price than ,esau6 ,it is humiliating to see by what poor sophistries they are deluded1--by what pitiable vanity they are led astray6 ,and it is curious to note how the same evil effect is produced by causes the most opposite4 ,the drunken pride of intellect makes one man deny his ,saviour and his ,god3 another under the humiliating sense of mortal insignificancy1 feels as though he were 8a worm and no man10 and therefore concludes that men are beneath the notice1 still more beneath the care1 of the ,almighty4 8,when ,i consider thy ,heavens1 the work of thy fingers1 the ,moon and the ,stars1 which thou hast ordained2 what is man that thou art mindful of him8 and the son of man that thou visitest him80 ,of those who pursue this feeling to a consequence as false as it is unhappy1 there is yet hope2 for the same arguments 7and they are all-sufficient7 by which the existence of the ,deity is proved1 prove also his infinite goodness2 and he who believes in that goodness1 if he but feelingly believe1 is not far from trusting in it1 -- 4#c ,footnote #c3 ,,orpheus4 ,it is a good remark of ,mr4 ,riland's in his ,estimate of the ,religion of the ,times1 that men quarrel with the ,decalogue rather than with the ,creed4 ,but the quarrel that begins with one1 generally extends to the other2 we may indeed often perceive how manifestly men have made their doctrines conform to their inclinations4 1 4#d ,they listen only to what they like1 as ,aristotle has observed1 and would be instructed to walk on those ways only which they choose for themselves4 ,but if there be many who thus make their creed conform to their conduct1 and are led by an immoral life into irreligious opinions1 there are not a few whose error begins in the intellect and from thence proceeds to their practice in their domestic and daily concerns4 ,thus if unbelief begins not in the evil heart1 it settles there4 ,but perhaps it is not so difficult to deal with an infidel who is in either of these predicaments1 as with one whose disposition is naturally good1 whose course of life is in no other respect blameless1 or meritorious1 but who owing to unhappy circumstances has either been allowed to grow up carelessly in unbelief1 or trained in it systematically1 or driven to seek for shelter in it from the gross impostures of popery1 or the revolting tenets of ,calvinism1 the cant of hypocrisy1 or the crudities of cold ,socinianism4 ,such persons supposing themselves whole conclude that they have no need of a physician1 and are thus in the fearful condition of those righteous ones of whom our ,lord said that he came not to call them to repentance6 ,the sinner1 brave it as he may1 feels inwardly the want of a ,saviour1 and this is much1 though not enough to say with the poet ,pars sanitatis velle sanari fuit1#e nor with the philosopher1 et hoc multum est velle servari3 nor with the ,father 4 ,for if this be rejected1 then comes that 8penal induration1 as the consequent of voluntary and contracted induration10 which one of our own great ,christian philosophers pronounces to be 8the sorest judgement next to hell itself40 ,nevertheless it is much to feel this self-condemnation and this want4 ,but he who confides in the rectitude of his intentions1 and in his good works1 and in that confidence rejects so great salvation1 is in a more aweful state1 just as there is more hope of him who suffers under an acute disease1 than of a patient stricken with the dead palsy4 ,footnote #d3 ,bp4 ,reynolds quotes this same passage in his ,sermon on 8,brotherly ,reconciliation10 and applies it in the same way4 ,works1 vol4 v4 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #e3 ,,seneca ,,in ,,hippol4 ,,chapter ,,ccxx4 ,,do,a ,,oliva',s ,,philosophy1 ,,and ,,views ,,of ,,political ,,reformation4 ,non vi par adunque che habbiamo ragionato a bastanza di questo8--,a bastanza parmi1 rispose il ,signor ,gaspar2 par desidero io d'intendere qualche particolarita anchor4 ,,castiglione4 ,according to ,doa ,oliva's philosophy1 the quantity of water is ten times greater than that of earth1 air in like manner exceeding water in a ten fold degree1 and fire in the same proportion out-measuring air4 ,from the centre of the earth to the first heaven the distance by her computation is #cf1bib leagues of three miles each and two thousand paces to the mile4 ,from the surface of the earth to its centre1 that centre being also the central point of the ,infernal regions1 her computed distance is #aag1dgb leagues4 ,how far it is to the confines1 has not been ascertained by discovery1 and cannot be computed from any known data4 ,pliny has preserved an anecdote in geological history1 which relates to this point1 and which1 not without reason1 he calls exemplum vanitatis ,grc maximum4 ,it relates to a certain philosopher1 ,dionysiodorus by name1 who was celebrated for his mathematical attainments1 and who it seems retained his attachment to that science after death1 and continued the pursuit of it4 ,for having died in a good old age1 and received all fitting sepulchral rites1 he wrote a letter from ,hades to the female relations who had succeeded to his property1 and who probably were addicted to the same studies as himself1 for otherwise he would not have communicated with them upon such a subject4 ,they found the letter in his sepulchre1 wherein he had deposited it as at a post-office 8till called for20 and whither he knew they would repair for the due performance of certain ceremonies1 among others that of pouring libations through the perforated floor of the ,tomb-chamber upon the dust below4 ,the purport of his writing was not to inform them of his condition in the ,shades1 nor to communicate any information concerning the ,world of ,spirits1 but simply to state the scientific fact1 that having arrived in the depths of the earth1 he had found the distance from the surface to be #db1jjj stadia4 ,the philosophers to whom this post-mortem communication was imparted1 reasonably inferred that he had reached the very centre1 and measured from that point2 they calculated upon the data thus afforded them1 and ascertained that the globe was exactly #bej1jjj stadia in circumference4 ,pliny however thought that this measurement was #ab1jjj stadia short of the true amount4 ,harmonica ratio1 he says1 qu cogit rerum naturam sibi ipsam congruere1 addit huic mensur stadia xii4 millia2 terramque nonagesimam sextam totius mundi partem facit4 8,what is the centre of the earth80 says the melancholy ,burton4 8,is it pure element only as ,aristotle decrees8 ,inhabited1 as ,paracelsus thinks1 with creatures whose chaos is the earth8 ,or with ,faeries1 as the woods and waters1 according to him1 are with ,nymphs8 ,or1 as the air1 with ,spirits8 ,dionysiodorus10 he adds1 8might have done well to have satisfied all these doubts80 ,but the reason1 according to ,doa ,oliva1 wherefore the place of punishment for sinful souls has been appointed in the centre of this our habitable earth1 is this2 the soul being in its essence lighter than air1 fire1 or any of the ten spheres1 has its natural place in the ,empyreum or ,heaven of ,heavens1 where the ,celestial ,court is fixed1 and whither it would naturally ascend when set free from the body1 as to its natural and proper place of rest4 ,the punishment therefore is appropriately appointed in the place which is most remote from its native region1 and most repugnant to its own nature1 the pain therefore must needs be fort et dure which it endures when confined within that core of the earth1 to which all things that are heaviest gravitate4 ,in these fancies she only followed or applied the received opinions of the middle ages4 ,a more remarkable part of her works1 considering the time and place in which they were composed1 is a ,colloquy#a upon the means by which the ,world and the ,governments thereof might be improved4 ,having in her former treatises laid down a better system for treating the infirmities of the human microcosm1 she enters nothing loth1 and nothing doubting her own capacity1 upon the maladies of the body politic4 ,footnote #a3 ,colloquio de las ,cosas que mejoraran este ,mundo y sus ,republicas4 ,the first evils which occurred to her were those of the law1 its uncertainty and its delays by which properties were wasted1 families ruined and hearts broken4 ,what barbarity it is1 she says1 that a cause should continue forty years in the ,courts6 that one ,counsellor should tell you the right is on your side1 and another should say the same thing to your adversary2 that one decision should be given in one place1 and another to revoke it in that2 and in a third a different one from either1 and all three perhaps equally wide of the truth and justice of the case1 and yet each such as can be maintained by legal arguments1 and supported by legal authorities6 ,the cause of all this she ascribes to the multiplicity of laws and of legal books1 which were more than enough to load twenty carts1 and yet more were continually added1 and all were in ,latin4 ,could any folly exceed that of those lawgivers who presumed to prescribe laws for all possible contingencies1 and for the whole course of future generations6 ,she was therefore for reducing the written laws to a few fundamentals in the vernacular tongue1 and leaving every thing else to be decided by men of good conscience and sincere understanding2 by which the study of jurisprudence as a science would be abolished1 and there might be an end to those numerous costly professorships for which so many chairs and universities had been founded4 ,ten short commandments comprised the law of ,god2 but human laws by their number and by the manner in which they were administered occasioned more hurt to the souls of men than even to their lives and fortunes2 for in courts of law it was customary1 even if not openly permitted1 to bear false witness against your neighbour1 to calumniate him in writing1 and to seek his destruction or his death4 ,laws which touched the life ought to be written1 because in capital cases no man ought to be left to an uncertain sentence1 nor to the will of a ,judge1 but all other cases should be left to the ,judges1 who ought always to be chosen from ,monasteries1 or some other course of retired life1 and selected for their religious character4 ,this she thought1 with the imposition of a heavy fine for any direct falsehood1 or false representation advanced either in evidence1 or in pleading1 and for denying the truth1 or suppressing it1 would produce the desired reformation4 ,next she considered the condition of the agricultural labourers1 a class which had greatly diminished and which it was most desirable to increase4 ,their condition was to be bettered by raising their wages and consequently the price of produce1 and exempting their cattle1 their stores and their persons from being taken in execution4 ,she would also have them protected against their own imprudence1 by preventing them from obtaining credit for wedding garments1 that being one of the most prevalent and ruinous modes of extravagance in her days4 ,in this rank of life it sometimes happened1 that a shopkeeper not only seized the garments themselves1 but the peasant's cattle also to make up the payment of a debt thus contracted4 ,she thought it a strange want of policy that in a country where the corn failed for want of rain1 the waters with which all brooks and rivers were filled in winter should be allowed to run to waste4 ,therefore she advised that great tanks and reservoirs should be formed for the purposes of irrigation1 and that they should be rendered doubly profitable by stocking them with fish1 such as shad1 tench and trout4 ,she advised also that the seed should frequently be changed1 and crops raised in succession1 because the soil loved to embrace new products3 and that new plants should be introduced from the ,indies2 where hitherto the ,spaniards had been more intent upon introducing their own1 than in bringing home from thence others to enrich their own country2 the cacao in particular she recommended1 noticing that this nut for its excellence had even been used as money4 ,duels she thought the ,christian ,princes and the ,pope might easily prevent1 by erecting a ,jurisdiction which should take cognizance of all affairs of honour4 ,she would have had them also open the road to distinction for all who deserved it1 so that no person should be debarred by his birth from attaining to any office or rank2 this she said1 was the way to have more ,rolands and ,cids1 more ,great ,captains1 more ,hannibals and ,tamerlanes4 ,such were ,doa ,oliva's views of political reformation1 the wretched state of law and of medicine explaining satisfactorily to her most of the evils with which ,spain was afflicted in the reign of ,philip ,,ii4 ,she considered ,law and ,physic as the two great plagues of human life1 according to the ,spanish proverb1 ,a quien yo quiero mal1 ,de le ,dios pleyto y orinal4 ,upon these subjects and such as these the ,spanish lady might speculate freely2 if she had any opinions which 8savoured of the frying-pan10 she kept them to herself4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxi4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,opinion ,,of ,,do,a ,,oliva',s ,,practice ,,and ,,humanity4 ,anchor dir si potrebber cose assai ,che la materia tanto piena et folta1 ,che non se ne verrebbe capo mai1 ,dunque fia buono ch'io suoni raccolta4 ,,fr4 ,,sansovino4 ,the ,doctor's opinion of ,doa ,oliva's practice was that no one would be killed by it1 but that many would be allowed to die whom a more active treatment might have saved4 ,it would generally fail to help the patient1 but it would never exasperate the disease2 and therefore in her age it was an improvement1 for better is an inert treatment than a mischievous one4 ,he liked her similitude of the tree1 but wondered that she had not noted as much resemblance to the trunk and branches in the bones and muscles1 as in the vascular system4 ,he admired the rational part of her practice1 and was disposed to think some parts of it not irrational which might seem merely fanciful to merely practical men4 ,she was of opinion that more persons were killed by affections of the mind1 than by intemperance1 or by the sword2 this she attempts to explain by some weak reasoning from a baseless theory2 but the proofs which she adduces in support of the assertion are curious4 ,many persons she says1 who in her own time had fallen under the ,king's displeasure1 or even received a harsh word from him1 had taken to their beds and died4 ,it was not uncommon for wives who loved their husbands dearly1 to die a few days after them2 two such instances had occurred within the same week in the town in which she resided3 and she adds the more affecting fact that the female slaves of the better kind 7esclavas abiles7 meaning perhaps those upon whom any care had been bestowed1 were frequently observed to pine away as they grew up1 and perish2 and that this was still more frequent with those who had a child born to an inheritance of slavery4 ,mortified ambition1 irremediable grief1 and hopeless misery1 had within her observation1 produced the same fatal effect4 ,the general fact is supported by ,harvey's testimony4 ,that eminent man said to ,bishop ,hacket that during the ,great ,rebellion1 more persons whom he had seen in the course of his practice died of grief of mind than of any other disease4 ,in ,france it was observed not only that nervous diseases of every kind became much more frequent during the revolution but cases of cancer also1--moral causes producing in women a predisposition to that most dreadful disease4 ,our friend was fortunate enough to live in peaceful times1 when there were no public calamities to increase the sum of human suffering4 ,yet even then1 and within the limits of his own not extensive circle1 he saw cases enough to teach him that it is difficult to minister to a mind diseased1 but that for a worm in the core there is no remedy within the power of man4 ,he liked ,doa ,oliva for the humanity which her observations upon this subject implies4 ,he liked her also for following the indications of nature in part of her practise2 much the better he liked her for prescribing all soothing circumstances and all inducements to cheerfulness that were possible2 and nothing the worse for having carried some of her notions to a whimsical extent4 ,he had built an ,infirmary in the air himself1 others he said1 might build ,castles there4 ,it was not such an ,infirmary as the great ,hospital at ,malta1 where the ,knights attended in rotation and administered to the patients1 and where every culinary utensil was made of solid silver1 such was the ostentatious magnificence of the establishment4 ,the ,doctor provided better attendance1 for he had also built a ,beguinage in the air1 as an auxiliary institution2 and as to the utensils he was of opinion that careful neatness was very much better than useless splendour4 ,but here he would have given ,doa ,oliva's soothing system a fair trial1 and have surrounded the patients with all circumstances that could minister to the comfort or alleviation of either a body or a mind diseased4 ,the principal remedy in true medicine1 said that ,lady practitioner1 is to reconcile the mind and body1 or to bring them in accord with each other1--7componer el anima con el cuerpo37 to effect this you must administer contentment and pleasure to the mind1 and comfort to the stomach and to the brain2 the mind can only be reached by judicious discourse and pleasing objects2 the stomach is to be comforted by restoratives2 the brain by sweet odours and sweet sounds4 ,the prospect of groves and gardens1 the shade of trees1 the flowing of water1 or its gentle fall1 music and cheerful conversation1 were things which she especially advised4 ,how little these circumstances would avail in the fiercer forms of acute diseases1 or in the protracted evils of chronic suffering1 the ,doctor knew but too well4 ,but he knew also that medical art was humanely and worthily employed1 when it alleviated what no human skill could cure4 8,so great10 says ,dr4 ,currie1 8are the difficulties of tracing out the hidden causes of the disorders to which this frame of ours is subject1 that the most candid of the profession have allowed and lamented how unavoidably they are in the dark2 so that the best medicines1 administered by the wisest heads1 shall often do the mischief they intend to prevent40 ,there are more reasons for this than ,dr4 ,currie has here assigned4 ,for not only are many of the diseases which flesh is heir to1 obscure in their causes1 difficultly distinguishable by their symptoms1 and altogether mysterious in their effect upon the system1 but constitutions may be as different as tempers1 and their varieties may be as many and as great as those of the human countenance4 ,thus it is explained wherefore the treatment which proves successful with one patient1 should fail with another1 though precisely in the same stage of the same disease4 ,another and not unfrequent cause of failure is that the life of a patient may depend as much upon administering the right remedy at the right point of time1 as the success of an alchemist was supposed to do upon seizing the moment of projection4 ,and where constant attendance is not possible1 or where skill is wanting1 it must often happen that the opportunity is lost4 ,this cause would not exist in the ,columbian ,infirmary1 where the ablest ,physicians would be always within instant call1 and where the ,beguines in constant attendance would have sufficient skill to know when that call became necessary4 ,a ship-captain1 the ,doctor used to say1 when he approaches the coast of ,france from the ,bay of ,biscay1 or draws near the mouth of the ,british ,channel1 sends down the lead into the sea1 and from the appearance of the sand which adheres to its tallowed bottom1 he is enabled to find upon the chart where he is1 with sufficient precision for directing his course4 ,think1 he would say1 what an apparently impossible accumulation of experience there must have been1 before the bottom of that sea1 everywhere within soundings could be so accurately known1 as to be marked on charts which may be relied on with perfect confidence6 ,no formal series of experiments was ever instituted for acquiring this knowledge2 and there is nothing in history which can lead us to conjecture about what time sailors first began to trust to it4 ,the boasted astronomy of the ,hindoos and ,egyptians affords a feebler apparent proof in favour of the false antiquity of the world1 than might be inferred from this practice4 ,now if experience in the ,art of ,healing had been treasured up with equal care1 it is not too much to say that therapeutics might have been as much advanced1 as navigation has been by preserving the collective knowledge of so many generations8#a ,footnote #a3 ,the following fragments belong to the chapters which were to have treated on the ,medical ,science4 ,they may therefore appropriately be appended to these chapters on ,doa ,oliva4 ,i have only prefixed a motto from ,butler4 99 99 99 99 99 8--,the prince ,of ,poets1 ,homer1 sang long since1 ,a skilful leech is better far ,than half a hundred men of war40 ,such prescriptions as were composed of any part of the human body were reprobated by ,galen1 and he severely condemned ,xenocrates for having introduced them1 as being worse than useless in themselves1 and wicked in their consequences4 ,yet these abominable ingredients continued in use till what may be called the ,reformation of medicine in the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,human bones were administered internally as a cure for ulcers1 and the bones were to be those of the part affected4 ,a preparation called ,aqua ,divina was made by cutting in pieces the body of a healthy man who had died a violent death1 and distilling it with the bones and intestines4 ,human blood was prescribed for epilepsy1 by great authorities1 but others equally great with better reason condemned the practice1 for this among other causes1 that it might communicate the diseases of the person from whom it was taken4 ,ignorant surgeons when they bled a patient used to make him drink the warm blood that he might not lose the life which it contained4 ,the heart dried1 and taken in powder was thought good in fevers1 but consciencious practitioners were of opinion that it ought not to be used1 because of the dangerous consequences which might be expected if such a remedy were in demand4 ,it is not long since a ,physician at ,heidelberg prescribed human brains to be taken inwardly in violent fevers1 and boasted of wonderful cures4 ,and another ,german administered cat's entrails as a panacea6 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,egyptian physicians1 each being confined to the study and treatment of one part of the body1 or one disease1 were bound to proceed in all cases according to the prescribed rules of their art4 ,if the patient died under this treatment1 no blame attached to the physician2 but woe to the rash practitioner who ventured to save a life by any means out of the regular routine2 the success of the experiment was not admitted as an excuse for the transgression and he was punished with death2 for the law presumed that in every case the treatment enjoined was such as by common consent of the most learned professors had been approved because by long experience it had been found beneficial4 ,the laws had some right to interfere because physicians received a public stipend4 ,something like this prevails at this day in ,china4 ,it is enacted in the ,ta ,tsing ,leu ,lee1 that 8when unskilful practitioners of medicine or surgery1 administer drugs1 or perform operations with the puncturing needle1 contrary to the established rules and practice1 and thereby kill the patient1 the ,magistrates shall call in other practitioners to examine the nature of the medicine1 or of the wound1 as the case may be1 which proved mortal2 and if it shall appear upon the whole to have been simply an error without any design to injure the patient1 the practitioner shall be allowed to redeem himself from the punishment of homicide1 as in cases purely accidental1 but shall be obliged to quit his profession for ever4 ,if it shall appear that a medical practitioner intentionally deviates from the established rules and practice1 and while pretending to remove the disease of his patient1 aggravates the complaint1 in order to extort more money for its cure1 the money so extorted shall be considered to have been stolen1 and punishment inflicted accordingly1 in proportion to the amount4 ,if the patient dies1 the medical practitioner who is convicted of designedly employing improper medicines1 or otherwise contriving to injure his patient1 shall suffer death by being beheaded after the usual period of confinement40 99 99 99 99 99 ,no man ever entertained a higher opinion of medical science1 and the dignity of a ,physician than ,van ,helmont4 ,what has been said of the ,poet1 ought in his opinion to be said of the ,physician also1 nascitur1 non fit1 and in his relation to the ,creator1 he was more ,poet1 or ,prophet1 whom the word ,,vates brings under one predicament1--more than ,priest4 ,scilicet ,pater ,misericordiarum1 qui ,medicum ab initio1 ceu ,mediatorem inter ,deum et hominem1 constituit1 immo sibi in deliciis posuit1 ,medico vinci velle1 nimirum1 ad hoc se creasse peculiari elogio1 et elegisse testatur4 ,ita est sane4 ,non enim citius hominem punit ,deus1 infirmat1 aut interimere minatur1 sibi quam optet opponentem ,medicum1 ut se ,omnipotentem1 etiam meritas immittendo pnas1 vincat propriis clementi su donis4 ,ejusmodi autem ,medici sunt in ventre matris prparati1--suo fungentes munere1 nullius lucri intuitu1 nudque reflectuntur super beneplacitum 7immo mandatum7 illius1 qui solus1 ver misericors1 nos jubet1 sub indictione pn infernalis1 fore ,patri suo similes4--,obedite prpositis prceptum quidem3 sed honora parentes1 honora ,medicum1 angustius est quam obedire1 cum cogamur etiam obedire minoribus4 ,medicus enim ,mediator inter ,vit ,principem et ,mortem4 8,to wit10--this done into ,english by ,j4 ,c4 sometime of ,m4 ,h4 ,oxon4--8the ,father of mercies1 he who appointed a ,physician1 or ,mediator between ,god and man from the beginning1 yea ,he made it his delight that he would be overcome by a ,physician1 indeed he testifieth that he created and chose him to this end--for a peculiar testimony of his praise4 ,it is so in truth4 ,for no sooner doth ,he punish1 weaken1 and threaten to kill man1 but he desireth a ,physician opposing himself1 that ,he may conquer himself1 being ,omnipotent1 and even in sending deserved punishments1 by the proper gifts of his clemency4--,of this sort are ,physicians1 which are fitted from their ,mothers wombs1 exercise their gift with respect to no gain2 and they are nakedly cast upon the good pleasure1--yea the command--of him1 who alone being truly merciful commands us that1 under pain of infernal punishment1 we be like to his father4--,obey those that sit over you1 is a precept indeed2 but honour thy ,parents1 honour the ,physician1 is more strict than to obey1 seeing we are constrained even to obey our youngers4 ,for the ,physician is a ,mediator between the ,prince of life and ,death40 99 99 99 99 99 ,some of the ,floridian tribes had a high opinion of medical virtue4 ,they buried all their dead1 except the ,doctors2 them they burnt1 reduced their bones to powder and drank it in water4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a century ago the ,lions in the ,tower were named after the different ,sovereigns then reigning1 8and it has been observed that when a ,king dies1 the ,lion of that name dies also40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the great ,place at ,delhi the poor ,astrologers sit1 as well ,mahometan as ,heathen4 ,these ,doctors1 forsooth1 sit there in the sun upon a piece of tapistry1 all covered with dust1 having about them some old mathematical instruments1 which they make shew of to draw passengers1 and a great open book representing the animals of the ,zodiack4 ,these men are the oracles of the vulgar1 to whom they pretend to give for one ,payssa1 that is a penny1 good luck1 and they are they that looking upon the hands and face1 turning over their books and making a shew of calculation1 determine the fortunate moment when a business is to be begun1 to make it successful4 ,the mean women1 wrapt up in a white sheet from head to foot1 come to find them out1 telling them in their ear their most secret concerns1 as if they were their confessors1 and intreat them to render the stars propitious to them1 and suitable to their designs1 as if they could absolutely dispose of their influences4 ,the most ridiculous of all these astrologers in my opinion was a mongrel ,portugueze from ,goa1 who sat with much gravity upon his piece of tapistry1 like the rest1 and had a great deal of custom1 though he could neither read nor write2 and as for instruments and books was furnished with nothing but an old sea-compass1 and an old ,romish prayer-book in the ,portugueze language1 of which he shewed the pictures for figures of the ,zodiac4 8,as taes bestias tal ,astrologo--for such beasts1 such an ,astrologer10 said he to father ,buze a ,jesuit1 who met him there4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,rondeau in #aghj1 opened a large tumour which had grown behind a woman's left ear1 at ,brussels1 and found in it a stone1 in form and size like a pigeon's egg1 which all the experiments to which it was subject proved to be a real ,bezoar1 of the same colour1 structure1 taste and substance with the oriental and occidental ,bezoars4 ,this1 however was a fact which the ,doctor could not exactly accommodate to his theory1 though it clearly belonged to it2 the difficulty was not in this1 that there are those animals in which the ,bezoar is produced1 the goat in which it is most frequent1 the cow1 in which it is of less value1 and the ape1 in which it is very seldom found1 but is of most efficacy4 ,through either of these forms the ,archeus might have passed4 ,but how the ,bezoar which is formed in the stomach of these animals should have concreted in a sort of wen upon the woman's head was a circumstance altogether anomalous4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ,mistra1 a town built from the ruins of ,sparta1 the sick are daily brought and laid at the doors of the metropolitan ,church1 as at the gates of the ancient temples1 that those who repair thither to worship1 may indicate to them the remedies by which their health may be recovered4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is well remarked of the ,spaniards by the ,abb de ,vayrac que d'un trop grand attachment pour les ,anciens en matiere de ,philosophie et de ,medecine1 et de trop de negligence pour eux en matiere de ,posie1 il arrive presque toujours qu'ils ne sont ni bons ,philosophes1 ni bons ,medicins1 ni bons ,potes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the desire of having something on which to rely1 as dogmatical truths1 8as it appears10 says ,donne1 8in all sciences1 so most manifestly in ,physic1 which for a long time considering nothing but plain curing1 and that by example and precedent1 the world at last longed for some certain canons and rules how these cures might be accomplished2 and when men are inflamed with this desire1 and that such a fire breaks out1 it rages and consumes infinitely by heat of argument1 except some of authority interpose4 ,this produced ,hippocrates his ,aphorisms2 and the world slumbered1 or took breath1 in his resolution divers hundreds of years4 ,and then in ,galen's time1 which was not satisfied with the effect of curing1 nor with the knowledge how to cure1 broke out another desire of finding out the causes why those simples wrought those effects4 ,then ,galen rather to stay their stomachs than that he gave them enough1 taught them the qualities of the four ,elements1 and arrested them upon this1 that all differences of qualities proceeded from them4 ,and after1 7not much before our time17 men perceiving that all effects in physic could not be derived from these beggarly and impotent properties of the ,elements1 and that therefore they were driven often to that miserable refuge of specific form1 and of antipathy and sympathy1 we see the world hath turned upon new principles1 which are attributed to ,paracelsus1 but indeed too much to his honour40 99 99 99 99 99 8,this indenture made #bf ,apr4 #ah ,hen4 #h1 between ,sir ,walter ,strickland1 knight1 of one part1 and ,alexander ,kenet1 ,doctor of ,physic1 on the other part1 witnesseth1 that the said ,alexander permitteth1 granteth1 and by these presents bindeth him1 that he will1 with the grace and help of ,god1 render and bring the said ,sir ,walter ,strickland to perfect health of all his infirmities and diseases contained in his person1 and especially stomach and lungs and breast1 wherein he has most disease and grief2 and over to minister such medicines truly to the said ,sir ,walter ,strickland1 in such manner and ways as the said ,master ,alexander may make the said ,sir ,walter heal of all infirmities and diseases1 in as short time as possible may be1 with the grace and help of ,god4 ,and also the said ,master ,alexander granteth he shall not depart at no time from the said ,sir ,walter without his license1 unto the time the said ,sir ,walter be perfect heal1 with the grace and help of ,god4 ,for the which care the said ,sir ,walter ,strictland granteth by these presents1 binding himself to pay or cause to be paid to the said ,mr4 ,alexander or his assigns #bj4 sterling monies of good and lawful money of ,england1 in manner and form following3 that is1 five marks to be paid upon the first day of ,may next ensuing1 and all the residue of the said sum of #bj4 to be paid parcel by parcel as shall please the said ,sir ,walter1 as he thinks necessary to be delivered and paid in the time of his disease1 for sustaining such charges as the said ,mr4 ,alexander must use in medicine for reducing the said ,sir ,walter to health2 and so the said payment continued and made1 to the time the whole sum of #bj4 aforesaid be fully contented and paid4 ,in witness whereof1 either to these present indentures have interchangeably set their seals1 the day and year above mentioned40 ,sir ,walter however died on the #ith of ,january following4 99 99 99 99 99 8,je voudrois de bon cur10 says an interlocutor in one of the evening conversation parties of ,guillaume ,bouchet1 ,sieur de ,brocourt1 8qu'il y eust des ,medecins pour remedier aux ennuis et maladies de l'esprit1 ne plus ne moins qu'il en y a qui guerissent les maladies et douleurs du corps2 comme it se trouve qu'il y en avoit en ,grece2 car il est escrit que ,xenophon ayant faict bastir une maison ,corinthe1 il mit en un billet sur la porte1 qu'il faisoit profession1 et avoit le moyen de guerir de paroles ceux qui estoient ennuyez et faschez2 et leur demandant les causes de leurs ennuis1 il les guerissoit1 les recomfortant1 et consolant de leurs douleurs et ennuis40 99 99 99 99 99 ,under barbarous governments the most atrocious practices are still in use4 ,it was reported in ,india that when ,hyder ,aly was suffering with a malignant bile on his back common in that country1 and which occasioned his death1 an infant's liver was applied to it every day4 ,an ,englishman in the service of ,phizal ,beg ,cawn was on an embassy at ,madras when this story was current2 the ,governor asked him whether he thought it likely to be true1 and he acknowledged his belief in it1 giving this sufficient reason1 that his master ,phizal ,beg had tried the same remedy1 but then he begged leave to affirm in behalf of his master1 that the infants killed for his use1 were slaves1 and his own property4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of odd notions concerning virginity ,i do not remember a more curious one than that virgin mummy was preferred in medicine4 ,,interchapter ,,xxv4 ,a ,,wishing ,,interchapter ,,which ,,is ,,shortly ,,terminated1 ,,on ,,suddenly ,,recollecting ,,the ,,words ,,of ,,cleopatra1--8,,wishers ,,were ,,ever ,,fools40 ,begin betimes1 occasion's bald behind1 ,stop not thine opportunity1 for fear too late ,thou seek'st for much1 but canst not compass it4 ,,marlowe4 8,plust a ,dieu que j'eusse presentement cent soixante et dixhuit millions d'or60 says a personage in ,rabelais3 8ho1 comment je triumpherois60 ,it was a good1 honest1 large1 capacious wish2 and in wishing1 it is as well to wish for enough4 ,by enough in the way of riches1 a man is said to mean always something more than he has4 ,without exposing myself to any such censorious remark1 ,i will like the person above quoted1 limit my desires to a positive sum1 and wish for just one million a year4 ,and what would you do with it8 says ,mr4 ,sobersides4 8,attendez encores un peu1 avec demie once de patience40 ,i now esteem my venerable self ,as brave a fellow1 as if all that pelf ,were sure mine own2 and ,i have thought a way ,already how to spend4 ,and first for my private expenditure1 ,i would either buy a house to my mind1 or build one2 and it should be such as a house ought to be1 which ,i once heard a glorious agriculturist define 8a house that should have in it every thing that is voluptuous1 and necessary and right40 ,in my acceptation of that felicitous definition1 ,i request the reader to understand that every thing which is right is intended1 and nothing but what is perfectly so3 that is to say ,i mean every possible accommodation conducive to health and comfort4 ,it should be large enough for my friends1 and not so large as to serve as an hotel for my acquaintance1 and ,i would live in it at the rate of five thousand a year1 beyond which no real and reasonable enjoyment is to be obtained by money4 ,i would neither keep hounds1 nor hunters1 nor running horses4 ,i would neither solicit nor accept a peerage4 ,i would not go into ,parliament4 ,i would take no part whatever in what is called public life1 farther than to give my vote at an election against a ,whig1 or against any one who would give his in favour of the ,catholic ,question4 ,i would not wear my coat quite so threadbare as ,i do at present3 but ,i would still keep to my old shoes1 as long as they would keep to me4 ,but stop--,cleopatra adopted some wizard's words when she said 8,wishers were ever fools60 ,,chapter ,,ccxxii4 ,,etymology4--,,un ,,tour ,,de ,,ma,,tre ,,gonin4--,,roman ,,de ,,vaudemont ,,and ,,the ,,letter ,c4--,,shenstone4--,,the ,,doctor',s ,,use ,,of ,,christian ,,names4 1 1 4 ,,aristophanes4 ,magnus thesaurus latet in nominibus1 said ,strafford1 then ,lord ,deputy ,wentworth1 when noticing a most unwise scheme which was supposed to proceed from ,sir ,abraham ,dawes1 he observes1 it appeared most plainly that he had not his name for nothing6 ,in another letter1 he says1 8,i begin to hope ,i may in time as well understand these customs as ,sir ,abraham ,dawes4 ,why should ,i fear it8 for ,i have a name less ominous than his40 ,gonin1 ,court de ,gebelin says1 is a ,french word or rather name which exists only in these proverbial phrases1 ,matre ,gonin1--un tour de ,matre ,gonin2 it designates un ,matre pass en ruses et artifices2 un homme fin et rus4 ,the origin of the word1 says he1 was altogether unknown4 ,menage rejects with the utmost contempt the opinion of those who derive it from the ,hebrew 1 ,gwunen a diviner1 an enchanter4 ,it is true that this etymology has been advanced too lightly1 and without proofs3 ,menage however ought to have been less contemptuous1 because he could substitute nothing in its place4 ,it is remarkable that neither ,menage nor ,court de ,gebelin should have known that ,maistre ,gounin was a ,french conjurer1 as well known in his day as ,katterfelto and ,jonas1 or the ,sieur ,ingleby ,emperor of ,conjurors in later times4 ,he flourished in the days of ,francis the first1 before whom he is said to have made a private exhibition of his art in a manner perfectly characteristic of that licentious ,king and his profligate court4 ,thus he effected 8par ses inventions1 illusions et sorcelleries et enchantements1--car il estoit un homme fort expert et subtil en son art1 says ,brntome2 et son petit-fils1 que nous avons veu1 n'y entendoit rien au prix de luy40 ,grandfather and grandson having been at the head of their worshipful profession1 the name past into a proverbial expression1 and survived all memory of the men4 ,court de ,gebelin traced its etymology far and wide4 ,he says1 it is incontestable that this word is common to us with the ancient ,hebrews though it does not come to us from them4 ,we are indebted for it to the ,english4 ,cunning designe chez eux un homme adroit1 fin1 rus4 ,master ,cunning a fait ,matre ,gonin4 ,this word comes from the primitive ,cen pronounced ,ken1 which signifies ability1 7habilit7 art1 power4 ,the ,irish have made from it ,kanu1 ,i know2 ,kunna1 to know2 ,kenning1 knowledge1 7science72 ,kenni-mann1 wise men 7hommes savans71 ,doctors1 ,priests4 ,it is a word common to all the dialects of the ,celtic and ,teutonic2 to the ,greek in which ,konne-ein#a signifies to know 7savoir7 to be intelligent and able c41 to the ,tartar languages c4 ,footnote #a3 ,so in the ,,ms4 ,les ,anglois associant ,cunning avec ,man1 homme1 en font le mot ,cunning-,man1 qui signifie ,devin1 ,enchanteur1 homme qui fait de grandes choses1 et qui est habile3 c'est donc le correspondant du mot ,hebreu ,gwunen1 ,enchanteur1 ,devin2 ,gwuna1 ,magicienne1 ,devineresse2 d'o le verbe ,gwunen1 deviner1 observer les ,augures1 faire des prestiges4 ,ne soyons par tonns1 says the author1 bringing this example to bear upon his system1 de voir ce mot commun tant de ,peuples1 et si ancien3 il vint chez tous d'une source commune1 de la haute ,asie1 berceau de tous ces ,peuples et de leur ,langue4 ,if ,mr4 ,canning had met with the foregoing passage towards the close of his political life1 when he had attained the summit of his wishes1 how would it have affected him1 in his sober mind8 ,would it have tickled his vanity1 or stung his conscience8 ,would he have been flattered by seeing his ability prefigured in his name8 or would he have been mortified at the truth conveyed in the proverbial ,french application of it1 and have acknowledged in his secret heart that cunning is as incompatible with self-esteem as it is with uprightness1 with magnanimity1 and with true greatness8 ,his name was unlucky not only in its signification1 but according to ,roman de ,vaudemont1 in its initial4 ,maudit est nom qui par ,c se commence1 ,coquin1 cornard1 caignard1 coqu1 caphard3 ,aussi par ,b1 badaud1 badin1 bavard1 ,mais pire est ,c1 si j'ay bien remembrance4 ,much as the ,doctor insisted upon the virtues of what he called the divine initial1 he reprehended the uncharitable sentiment of these verses1 and thought that the author never could have played at 8,i love my ,love with an ,a10 or that the said game perhaps was not known among the ,french2 for you must get to x1 y1 and z before you find it difficult to praise her in any letter in the alphabet1 and to dispraise her in the same4 ,initials therefore1 he thought1 7always with one exception7 of no other consequence than as they pleased the ear1 and combined gracefully in a cypher1 upon a seal or ring4 ,but in names themselves a great deal more presents itself to a reflecting mind4 ,shenstone used to bless his good fortune that his name was not obnoxious to a pun4 ,he would not have liked to have been complimented in the same strain as a certain ,mr4 ,pegge was by an old epigrammatist4 ,what wonder if my friendship's force doth last ,firm to your goodness8 ,you have pegg'd it fast4 ,little could he foresee1 as ,dr4 ,southey has observed that it was obnoxious to a rhyme in ,french ,english4 ,in the gardens of ,ermenonville ,m4 placed this inscription to his honour4 ,this plain stone ,to ,william ,shenstone4 ,in his writings he display'd ,a mind natural2 ,at ,leasowes he laid ,arcadian greens rural4 ,poor ,shenstone hardly appears more ridiculous in the frontispiece to his own works1 where1 in the heroic attitude of a poet who has won the prize and is about to receive the crown1 he stands before ,apollo in a shirt and boa1 as destitute of another less dispensible part of dress as ,adam in ,eden1 but like ,adam when innocent1 not ashamed3 while the shirtless ,god holding a lyre in one hand prepares with the other to place a wreath of bay upon the brow of his delighted votary4 ,the father of ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds fancied that if he gave his son an uncommon ,christian name1 it might be the means of bettering his fortune2 and therefore he had him christened ,joshua4 ,it does not appear however that the name ever proved as convenient to the great painter as it did to ,joshua ,barnes4 ,he to whose ,barnesian labours ,homer and ,queen ,esther1 and ,king ,edward ,,iii4 bear witness1 was a good man and a good scholar1 and a rich widow who not imprudently inferred that he would make a good husband1 gave him an opportunity by observing to him one day that ,joshua made the ,sun and ,moon stand still1 and significantly adding that nothing could resist ,joshua4 ,the hint was not thrown away2--and he never had cause to repent that he had taken1 nor she that she had given it4 ,a ,spanish gentleman who made it his pastime to write books of chivalry1 being to bring into his work a furious ,giant1 went many days devising a name which might in all points be answerable to his fierceness1 neither could he light upon any2 till playing one day at cards in his friend's house1 he heard the master of the house say to the boy--muchacho--tra qui tantos4 ,as soon as he heard ,traquitantos he laid down his cards and said that now he had found a name which would fit well for his ,giant4#b ,footnote #b3 ,,huarte4 ,i know not whether it was the happy-minded author of the ,worthies and the ,church ,history of ,britain who proposed as an epitaph for himself the words 8,fuller's ,earth10 or whether some one proposed it for him4 ,but it is in his own style of thought and feeling4 ,nor has it any unbeseeming levity1 like this which is among ,browne's poems4 ,here lieth in sooth ,honest ,john ,tooth1 ,whom ,death on a day ,from us drew away4 ,or this upon a ,mr4 ,button1 ,here lieth one1 ,god rest his soul ,whose grave is but a button-hole4 ,no one was ever punned to death1 nor1 though ,ditton is said to have died in consequence of 8the unhappy effect0 which ,swift's verses produced upon him1 can ,i believe that any one was ever rhymed to death4 ,a man may with better reason bless his godfathers and godmothers if they chuse for him a name which is neither too common nor too peculiar4#c ,footnote #c3 ,it is said of an eccentric individual that he never forgave his ,godfathers and ,godmother for giving him the name of ,moses1 for which the short is ,mo4 ,it is not a good thing to be ,tom'd or ,bob'd1 ,jack'd or ,jim'd1 ,sam'd or ,ben'd1 ,natty'd or ,batty'd1 ,neddy'd or ,teddy'd1 ,will'd or ,bill'd1 ,dick'd or ,nick'd1 ,joe'd or ,jerry'd as you go through the world4 ,and yet it is worse to have a christian name1 that for its oddity shall be in every body's mouth when you are spoken of1 as if it were pinned upon your back1 or labelled upon your forehead4 ,quintin ,dick for example1 which would have been still more unlucky if ,mr4 ,dick had happened to have a cast in his eye4 ,the ,report on ,parochial ,registration contains a singular example of the inconvenience which may arise from giving a child an uncouth christian name4 ,a gentleman called ,anketil ,gray had occasion for a certificate of his baptism3 it was known at what church he had been baptized1 but on searching the register there1 no such name could be found3 some mistake was presumed therefore not in the entry1 but in the recollection of the parties1 and many other registers were examined without success4 ,at length the first register was again recurred to1 and then upon a closer investigation1 they found him entered as ,miss ,ann ,kettle ,grey4 8,souvent10 says ,brntome1 8ceux qui portent le nom de leurs ayeuls1 leur ressemblent volontiers1 comme je l'ay veu observer et en discourir aucuns philosophes40 ,he makes this remark after observing that the ,emperor ,ferdinand was named after his grandfather ,ferdinand of ,arragon1 and ,charles ,v4 after his great grandfather ,charles the ,bold4 ,but such resemblances are as ,brntome implies1 imitational where they exist4 ,and ,mr4 ,keightley's observation1 that 8a man's name and his occupation have often a most curious coincidence10 rests perhaps on a similar ground1 men being sometimes designated by their names for the way of life which they are to pursue4 ,many a boy has been called ,nelson in our own days1 and ,rodney in our fathers'1 because he was intended for the sea service1 and many a seventh son has been christened ,luke in the hope that he might live to be a physician4 ,in what other business than that of a lottery-office would the name ,goodluck so surely have brought business to the house8 ,captain ,death could never have practised medicine or surgery1 unless under an alias2 but there would be no better name with which to meet an enemy in battle4 ,dr4 ,damman was an eminent physician and royal professor of midwifery at ,ghent in the latter part of the last century4 ,he ought to have been a ,calvinistic divine4 ,the ,ancients paid so great a regard to names1 that whenever a number of men were to be examined on suspicion1 they began by putting to the torture the one whose name was esteemed the vilest4 ,and this must not be supposed to have had its origin in any reasonable probability1 such as might be against a man who being apprehended for a riot1 should say his name was ,patrick ,murphy1 or ,dennis ,o',connor1 or ,thady ,o',callaghan2 or against a ,moses ,levi1 or a ,daniel ,abrahams for uttering bad money2 it was for the import of the name itself1 and the evidence of a base and servile origin which it implied4 8,j'ai t tousjours fort etonn10 says ,bayle1 8que les familles qui portent un nom odieux ou ridicule1 ne le quitent pas40 ,the ,leatherheads and ,shufflebottoms1 the ,higgenses and ,huggenses1 the ,scroggses and the ,scraggses1 ,sheepshanks and ,ramsbottoms1 ,taylors and ,barbers1 and worse than all1 ,butchers1 would have been to ,bayle as abominable as they were to ,dr4 ,dove4 ,i ought1 the ,doctor would say1 to have a more natural dislike to the names of ,kite1 ,hawk1 ,falcon and ,eagle2 and yet they are to me 7the first excepted7 less odious than names like these3 and even preferable to ,bull1 ,bear1 ,pig1 ,hog1 ,fox or ,wolf4 ,what a name1 he would say1 is ,lamb for a soldier1 ,joy for an undertaker1 ,rich for a pauper1 or ,noble for a taylor3 ,big for a lean and little person1 and ,small for one who is broad in the rear and abdominous in the van4 ,short for a fellow six feet without his shoes1 or ,long for him whose high heels hardly elevate him to the height of five4 ,sweet for one who has either a vinegar face1 or a foxey complection4 ,younghusband for an old batchelor4 ,merryweather for any one in ,november and ,february1 a black spring1 a cold summer or a wet autumn4 ,goodenough for a person no better than he should be3 ,toogood for any human creature1 and ,best for a subject who is perhaps too bad to be endured4 ,custom having given to every ,christian name its alias1 he always used either the baptismal name or its substitute as it happened to suit his fancy1 careless of what others might do4 ,thus he never called any woman ,mary1 though ,mare he said being the sea was in many respects but too emblematic of the sex4 ,it was better to use a synonyme of better omen1 and ,molly therefore was to be preferred as being soft4 ,if he accosted a vixen of that name in her worst temper he mollyfied her4 ,on the contrary he never could be induced to substitute ,sally for ,sarah4--,sally he said had a salacious sound1 and moreover it reminded him of rovers1 which women ought not to be4 ,martha he called ,patty1 because it came pat to the tongue4 ,dorothy remained ,dorothy1 because it was neither fitting that women should be made ,dolls1 nor ,idols4 ,susan with him was always ,sue1 because women were to be sued1 and ,winifred ,winny because they were to be won4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxiii4 ,,true ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,dove4--,,difficulties ,,of ,,pronunciation ,,and ,,prosody4--,a ,,true ,,and ,,perfect ,,rhyme ,,hit ,,upon4 ,tal nombre1 que a los siglos extendido1 ,se olvide de olvidarsele al ,olvido4 ,,lope ,,de ,,vega4 ,considering the many mysteries which our ,doctor discovered in the name of ,dove1 and not knowing but that many more may be concealed in it which will in due time be brought to light1 ,i am particularly desirous1--,i am solicitous1--,i am anxious1--,i wish 7which is as much as if a ,quaker were to say 8,i am moved10 or 8it is upon my mind07 to fix for posterity1 if possible1 the true pronunciation of that name4 ,if possible1 ,i say1 because whatever those readers may think1 who have never before had the subject presented to their thoughts1 it is exceedingly difficult4 ,my solicitude upon this point will not appear groundless1 if it be recollected to what strange changes pronunciation is liable1 not from lapse of time alone1 but from caprice and fashion4 ,who in the present generation knows not how ,john ,kemble was persecuted about his a-ches1 a point wherein right as he was1 he was proved to be wrong by a new norma loquendi4 ,our allies are no longer iambic as they were wont to be1 but pure trochees now like ,alley ,croker and ,mr4 ,alley the counsellor4 ,beta is at this day called ,veta in ,greece to the confusion of ,sir ,john ,cheke1 to the triumph of ,bishop ,gardiner1 and in contempt of the whole ovine race4 ,nay1 to bring these observations home to the immediate purport of this chapter1 the modern ,greeks when they read this book will call the person on whose history it relates1 ,thaniel ,thove6 and the ,thoctor6 their ,delta having undergone as great a change as the ,delta in ,egypt4 ,have ,i not reason then for my solicitude8 ,whoever examines that very rare and curious book1 ,lesclarcissement de la langue franoyse1 printed by ,johan ,haukyns1 #aecj1 7which is the oldest ,french grammar in our language1 and older than any that the ,french possess in their own7 will find indubitable proof that the pronunciation of both nations is greatly altered in the course of the last three hundred years4 ,neither the ,spaniards nor ,portuguese retain in their speech that strong ,rhotacism which they denoted by the double rr1 and which ,camden and ,fuller notice as peculiar to the people of ,carlton in ,leicestershire4 ,lily has not enumerated it among those isms from which boys are by all means to be deterred1 a most heinous ism however it is4 ,a strange uncouth wharling1 ,fuller called it1 and ,camden describes it as a harsh and ungrateful manner of speech with a guttural and difficult pronunciation4 ,they were perhaps a colony from ,durham or ,northumberland in whom the burr had become hereditary4 ,is the poetry of the ,greeks and ,romans ever read as they themselves read it8 ,have we not altered the very metre of the pentameter by our manner of reading it8 ,is it not at this day doubtful whether ,csar was called ,ksar1 ,chsar1 or as we pronounce his name8 ,and whether ,cicero ought not to be called ,chichero#a or ,kikero8 ,have ,i not therefore cause to apprehend that there may come a time when the true pronunciation of ,dove may be lost or doubtful8 ,major ,jardine has justly observed that in the great and complicated art of alphabetical writing1 which is rendered so easy and familiar by habit1 we are not always aware of the limits of its powers4 ,footnote #a3 ,the well known verses of ,catullus would be against ,chichero1 at least4 ,chommoda dicebat1 si quando commoda vellet ,dicere1 et hinsidias ,arrius insidias3 ,et tum mirific sperabat se esse locutum1 ,cum quantum poterat1 dixerat hinsidias1 c4 ,,carm4 lxxxiv4 ,the h appears to have been an old ,shibboleth1 and not restricted either to ,shropshire or ,warwickshire4 ,mr4 ,evans' verses will occur to many readers of 8,the ,doctor1 c40 8,alphabetical writing10 says that always speculative writer1 8was doubtless a wonderful and important discovery4 ,its greatest merit1 ,i think1 was that of distinguishing sounds from articulations1 a degree of perfection to which the eastern languages have not yet arrived2 and that defect may be1 with those nations1 one of the chief causes of their limited progress in many other things4 ,you know they have no vowels1 except some that have the a1 but always joined to some articulation3 their attempt to supply that defect by points give them but very imperfect and indistinct ideas of vocal and articulate sounds1 and of their important distinction4 ,but even languages most alphabetical1 if the expression may be allowed1 could not probably transmit by writing a compleat idea of their own sounds and pronunciation from any one age or people to another4 ,sounds are to us infinite and variable1 and we cannot transmit by one sense the ideas and objects of another4 ,we shall be convinced of this when we recollect the innumerable qualities of tone in human voices1 so as to enable us to distinguish all our acquaintances1 though the number should amount to many hundreds1 or perhaps thousands4 ,with attention we might discover a different quality of tone in every instrument2 for all these there never can be a sufficient number of adequate terms in any written language2 and when that variety comes to be compounded with a like variety of articulations1 it becomes infinite to us4 ,the varieties only upon the seven notes in music1 varied only as to pitch and modulation throughout the audible scale1 combined with those of time1 are not yet probably half exhausted by the constant labour of so many ages4 ,so that the idea of ,mr4 ,steel and others1 of representing to the eye the tune and time only of the sounds in any language1 will probably ever prove inadequate to the end proposed1 even without attempting the kinds and qualities of tones and articulations1 which would render it infinite and quite impossible40 ,lowth asserts that 8the true pronunciation of ,hebrew is lost1--lost to a degree far beyond what can ever be the case of any ,european language preserved only in writing2 for the ,hebrew language1 like most of the other ,oriental languages1 expressing only the consonants1 and being destitute of its vowels1 has lain now for two thousand years in a manner mute and incapable of utterance1 the number of syllables is in a great many words uncertain1 the quantity and accent wholly unknown40 ,in the ,pronouncing ,dictionary of ,john ,walker1 7that great benefactor to all ladies employed in the task of education7 the word is written ,duv1 with a figure of #b over the vowel1 designating that what he calls the short simple u is intended1 as in the ,english1 tub1 cup1 sup1 and the ,french veuf1 neuf4 ,how ,sheridan gives it1 or how it would have been as ,mr4 ,southey would say1 uglyographized by ,elphinstone and the other whimsical persons who have laboured so disinterestedly in the vain attempt of regulating our spelling by our pronunciation1 ,i know not1 for none of their books are at hand4 ,my ,public will forgive me that ,i have not taken the trouble to procure them4 ,it has not been neglected from idleness1 nor for the sake of sparing myself any pains which ought to have been taken4 ,would ,i spare any pains in the service of my ,public6 ,i have not sought for those books because their authority would have added nothing to ,walker's3 nor if they had differed from him1 would any additional assistance have been obtained4 ,they are in fact all equally inefficient for the object here required1 which is so to describe and fix the true pronunciation of a particular word1 that there shall be no danger of it ever being mistaken1 and that when this book shall be as old as the ,iliad1 there may be no dispute concerning the name of its principal personage1 though more places should vie with each other for the honour of having given birth to ,urgand the ,unknown1 than contended for the birth of ,homer4 ,now that cannot be done by literal notation4 ,if you think it may1 8,i beseech you1 ,sir1 paint me a voice6 ,make a sound visible if you can6 ,teach mine ears to see1 and mine eyes to hear60 ,the prosody of the ancients enables us to ascertain whether a syllable be long or short4 ,our language is so much more flexible in verse that our poetry will not enable the people of the third and fourth millenniums even to do this1 without a very laborious collation1 which would after all in many instances leave the point doubtful4 ,nor will rhyme decide the question2 for to a foreigner who understands ,english only by book 7and the people of the third and fourth millenniums may be in this state7 ,dove and ,glove1 ,rove and ,grove1 ,move and ,prove1 must all appear legitimate and interchangeable rhymes4 ,i must therefore have given up the matter in despair had it not been for a most fortunate and felicitous circumstance4 ,there is one word in the ,english language which1 happen what may1 will never be out of use1 and of which the true pronunciation like the true meaning is sure to pass down uninterruptedly and unaltered from generation to generation4 ,that word1 that one and only word which must remain immutable wherever ,english is spoken1 whatever other mutations the speech may undergo1 till the language itself be lost in the wreck of all things1--that word 7,youths and ,maidens ye anticipate it now67 that one and only word-- #b that dear delicious monosyllable ,,love1 that word is a true and perfect rhyme to the name of our ,doctor4 ,speak but one rhyme and ,i am satisfied2 444 pronounce but ,love and ,dove4#c ,footnote #b3 ,,euripides4 ,footnote #c3 ,,romeo ,,and ,,juliet4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxiv4 ,,charlemagne1 ,,casimir ,,the ,,poet1 ,,margaret ,,duchess ,,of ,,newcastle1 ,,nocturnal ,,remembrancer4--,,the ,,doctor ,,not ,,ambitious ,,of ,,fame4--,,the ,,author ,,is ,,induced ,,by ,,mr4 ,,fosbrooke ,,and ,,norris ,,of ,,bemerton ,,to ,,ejaculate ,a ,,heathen ,,prayer ,,in ,,behalf ,,of ,,his ,,brethren4 ,tutte le cose son rose et viole ,ch' io dico ch' io dir de la virtute4 ,,fr4 ,,sansovino4 ,it is recorded of ,charlemagne by his secretary ,eginhart1 that he had always pen1 ink and parchment beside his pillow1 for the purpose of noting down any thoughts which might occur to him during the night3 and lest upon waking he should find himself in darkness1 a part of the wall1 within reach from the bed was prepared1 like the leaf of a tablet1 with wax1 on which he might indent his memoranda with a style4 ,the ,jesuit poet ,casimir had a black tablet always by his bedside1 and a piece of chalk1 with which to secure a thought1 or a poetical expression that might occur to him1 si quid insomnis noctu non infeliciter cogitabat ne id sibi periret4 ,in like manner it is related of ,margaret ,duchess of ,newcastle that some of her young ladies always slept within call1 ready to rise at any hour in the night1 and take down her thoughts1 lest she should forget them before morning4 ,some threescore years ago a little instrument was sold by the name of the ,nocturnal ,remembrancer2 it consisted merely of some leaves of what is called asses-skin1 in a leathern case wherein there was one aperture from side to side1 by aid of which a straight line could be pencilled in the dark3 the leaf might be drawn up1 and fixed at measured distances1 till it was written on from top to bottom4 ,our ,doctor1 7--now that thou art so well acquainted with him and likest him so cordially1 ,reader1 it would be ungenerous in me to call him mine7--our ,doctor needed no such contrivances4 ,he used to say that he laid aside all his cares when he put off his wig1 and that never any were to be found under his night cap4 ,happy man1 from whom this might be believed6 but so even had been the smooth and noiseless tenour of his life that he could say it truly4 ,anxiety and bereavements had brought to him no sleepless nights1 no dreams more distressful than even the realities that produce and blend with them4 ,neither had worldly cares or ambitious hopes and projects ever disquieted him1 and made him misuse in midnight musings the hours which belong to sleep4 ,he had laid up in his mind an inexhaustible store of facts and fancies1 and delighted in nothing more than in adding to these intellectual treasures2 but as he gathered knowledge only for its own sake1 and for the pleasure of the pursuit1 not with any emulous feelings1 or aspiring intent --to be for ever known1 ,and make the years to come his own1 he never said with the studious ,elder ,brother in ,fletcher's comedy1 the children ,which ,i will leave to all posterity1 ,begot and brought up by my painful studies ,shall be my living issue4 ,and therefore--voil un homme qui tait fort savant et fort eloquent1 et neanmoins--7altering a little the words of ,bayle71--il n'est pas connu dans la rpublique des lettres1 et il y a eu une infinit de gens beaucoup moins habile que lui1 qui sont cent fois plus connus2 c'est qu'ils ont publi des livres1 et que la presse n'a point roul sur ses productions4 ,il importe extrmement aux hommes doctes1 qui ne veulent pas tomber dans l'oubli aprs leur mort1 de s'riger en auteurs2 sans cela leur nom ne passe gure la premire gnration2 res erat unius tatis4 ,le commun des lecteurs ne prend point garde au nom des savans qu'ils ne connaissent que par le tmoignage d'autrui2 on oublie bientt un homme1 lorsque l'eloge qu'en font les autres finit par--le public n'a rien ou de lui4 ,bayle makes an exception of men who like ,peiresc distinguish themselves d'un faon singulire4 8,i am not sure10 says ,sir ,egerton ,brydges1 8that the life of an author is an happy life2 but yet if the seeds of authorship be in him1 he will not be happy except in the indulgence of this occupation4 ,without the culture and free air which these seeds require1 they will wither and turn to poison40 ,it is no desirable thing1 according to this representation1 to be born with such a predisposition to the most dangerous of all callings4 ,but still more pitiable is the condition of such a person if ,mr4 ,fosbrooke has described it truly3 8the mind of a man of genius10 says he1 7who beyond all question is a man of genius himself7 8is always in a state of pregnancy1 or parturition2 and its power of bearing offspring is bounded only by supervening disease1 or by death40 ,those who are a degree lower in genius are in a yet worse predicament2 such a sort of man1 as ,norris of ,bemerton describes1 who 8although he conceives often1 yet by some chance or other1 he always miscarries1 and the issue proves abortive40 ,,juno ,,lucina fer opem6 ,this invocation the ,doctor never made metaphorically for himself1 whatever serious and secret prayers he may have preferred for others1 when exercising one branch of his tripartite profession4 ,bernardin de ,saint ,pierre says in one of his letters1 when his ,etudes de la ,nature were in the press1 ,je suis a present dans les douleurs de l'enfantement1 car il n'y a point de mre qui souffre autant en mettant un enfant au monde1 et qui craigne plus qu'on ne l'ecorche ou qu'on ne les crve un il1 qu'un auteur qui revoit les preuves de son ouvrage4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxv4 ,,two ,,questions ,,growing ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,preceding ,,chapter4 ,a ,taylor who has no objection to wear motley1 may make himself a great coat with half a yard of his own stuff1 by eking it out with cabbage from every piece that comes in his way4 ,,robert ,,southey4 ,but here two questions arise3 ,ought ,dr4 ,dove1 or ought he not1 to have been an author8 ,was he1 or was he not1 the happier1 for not being one8 8,not to leave the reader10 as ,lightfoot says1 8in a bivium of irresolutions10 ,i will examine each of these questions1 escriviendo algunos breves reglones1 sobre lo mucho que dezir y escrivir se podria en esto2--moviendo me principalmente a ello la grande ignorancia que sobre esta matheria veo manifiestamente entre las gentes de nuestro siglo4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,garibay4 8,i am and have been10 says ,robert ,wilmot1 87if there be in me any soundness of judgment7 of this opinion1 that whatsoever is committed to the press is commended to eternity2 and it shall stand a lively witness with our conscience1 to our comfort or confusion1 in the reckoning of that great day4 ,advisedly therefore was that proverb used of our elder ,philosopher1 ,manum a ,tabul2 withhold thy hand from the paper1 and thy papers from the print1 or light of the world40 ,robert ,wilmot says1 ,i say1 using the present tense in setting his words before the reader1 because of an author it may truly be said that 8being dead he yet speaketh40 ,obscure as this old author now is1 for his name and his existing works are known only to those who love to pore among the tombs and the ruins of literature1 yet by those who will always be enough 8to make a few10 his name will continue to be known1 long after many of those bubbles which now glitter as they float upon the stream of popularity are 8gone for ever20 and his remains are safe for the next half millennium1 if the globe should last so long without some cataclasm which shall involve its creatures and its works in one common destruction4 ,wilmot is right in saying that whatever is written for the public1 is as regards the individual responsibility of the writer1 written for eternity1 however brief may be its earthly duration2--an aweful consideration for the authors of wicked books1 and for those who by becoming instrumental in circulating such books1 involve themselves in the author's guilt as accessaries after the fact1 and thereby bring themselves deservedly under the same condemnation4 ,looking at the first question in this point of view1 it may be answered without hesitation1 the ,doctor was so pure in heart1 and consequently so innocent in mind that there was no moral reason why he ought not to have been an author4 ,he would have written nothing but what1--religiously speaking might have been accounted among his good works1--so far as1 so speaking1 any works may deserve to be called good4 ,but the question has two handles1 and we must now take it by the other4 ,an author more obscure in the literature of his own country than ,wilmot1 7unless indeed some ,spanish or ,italian ,haslewood may have disinterred his name7 has expressed an opinion1 directly the reverse of ,wilmot's concerning authorship4 ,ye who understand that noble language which the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ranked above all other living tongues may have the satisfaction of here reading it in the original4 8,muchos son los que del loable y fructuoso trabajo de escrevir1 rehuir suelen2 unos por no saber1 a los quales su ignorancia en alguna manera escusa2 otros por negligencia1 que teniendo habilidad y disposicion par ello no lo hazen2 y a estos es menester que ,dios los perdone en lo passado1 y emiende en lo por venir2 otros dexan de hazello por temor de los detractores y que mal acostumbran dezir2 los quales a mi parecer de toda reprehension son dignos1 pues siendo el acto en si virtuoso1 dexan de usarlo por temor4 ,mayormente que todos1 o los mas que este exercicio usan1 o con buen ingenio escriven1 o con buen desseo querrian escrevir4 ,si con buen ingenio hazen buena obra1 cierto es que dese ser alabada4 ,y s el defecto de mas no alcanzar algo1 la haze diminuta de lo que mejor pudiera ser1 deve se loar lo que el tal quisiera hazer1 si mas supiera1 o la invencion y fantasia de la obra1 por que fue1 o porque desseo ser bueno4 ,de manere que es mucho mejor escrevir como quiera que se pueda hazer1 que no por algun temor dexar de hazerlo40#b ,footnote #b3 ,,question ,,de ,,amor4 ,,prologo4 8,many10 says this author1 8are they who are wont to eschew the meritorious and fruitful labour of writing1 some for want of knowledge1 whom their ignorance in some manner excuses2 others for negligence1 who having ability and fitness for this1 nevertheless do it not1 and need there is for them1 that ,god should forgive them for the past1 and amend them for the time to come1 others forbear writing1 for fear of detractors and of those who accustom themselves to speak ill1 and these in my opinion are worthy of all reprehension1 because the act being in itself so virtuous1 they are withheld by fear from performing it4 ,moreover it is to be considered that all1 or most of those who practise this art1 either write with a good genius1 or a good desire of writing well4 ,if having a good genius they produce a good work1 certes that work deserves to be commended4 ,and if for want of genius it falls short of this1 and of what it might better have been1 still he ought to be praised1 who would have made his work praiseworthy if he had been able1 and the invention and fancy of the work1 either because it is or because he wished it to be so4 ,so that it is much better for a man to write whatever his ability may be1 than to be withheld from the attempt by fear40 ,a very different opinion was expressed by one of the most learned of men1 ,ego multos studiosos quotidie video1 paucos doctos2 in doctis paucos ingeniosos2 in semidoctis nullos bonos2 atque adeo liter generis humani unicum solamen1 jam pestis et perniciei maxim loco sunt4#c ,footnote #c3 ,,scaliger4 ,m4 ,cornet used to say1 que pour faire des livres1 il faloit tre ou bien fou ou bien sage1 que pour lui1 comme il ne se crooit pas assez sage pour faire un bon livre1 ni assez fou pour en faire un mchant1 il avoit pris le parti de ne point ecrire4 ,pour lui1 the ,docteur of the ,sorbonne3 pour moi1--every reader will1 in the exercise of that sovereign judgement whereof every reader is possessed1 determine for himself whether in composing the present work ,i am to be deemed bien sage1 or bien fou4 ,i know what ,mr4 ,dulman thinks upon this point1 and that ,mr4 ,slapdash agrees with him4 ,to the former ,i shall say nothing2 but to the latter1 and to ,slenderwit1 ,midge1 ,wasp1 ,dandeprat1 ,brisk and ,blueman1 ,i shall let ,cordara the ,jesuit speak for me4 ,o quanti1 o quanti sono1 a cui dispiace ,vedere un uom contento2 sol per questo ,lo pungono con stile acre e mordace1 ,per questi versi miei chi sa che presto ,qualche zanzara contro me non s'armi1 ,e non prenda di qui qualche pretesto4 ,io certo me l'aspetto1 che oltraggiarmi ,talun pretender sol perch pare1 ,che di lieti pensier' sappia occuparmi4 ,ma canti pur1 lo lascer cantare ,e per mostrargli quanto me ne prendo1 ,torner1 se bisogna1 a verseggiare4 ,leaving the aforesaid litterateurs to construe and apply this1 ,i shall proceed in due course to examine and decide whether ,dr4 ,daniel ,dove ought1 or ought not to have been an author1--being the first of two questions1 propounded in the present chapter1 as arising out of the last4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxvi4 ,,the ,,author ,,digresses ,a ,,little1 ,,and ,,takes ,,up ,a ,,stitch ,,which ,,was ,,dropped ,,in ,,the ,,earlier ,,part ,,of ,,this ,,opus4--,,notices ,,concerning ,,literary ,,and ,,dramatic ,,history1 ,,but ,,pertinent ,,to ,,this ,,part ,,of ,,our ,,subject4 ,jam paululum digressus a spectantibus1 ,doctis loquar1 qui non adeo spectare quam ,audire gestiunt1 logosque ponderant1 ,examinant1 dijudicantque pro suo ,candore vel livore2 non latum tamen ,culmum 7quod aiunt7 dum loquar sapientibus ,loco movebor4 ,,macropedius4 ,the boy and his schoolmaster were not mistaken in thinking that some of ,textor's ,moralities would have delighted the people of ,ingleton as much as any of ,rowland ,dixon's stock pieces4 ,such dramas have been popular wherever they have been presented in the vernacular tongue4 ,the progress from them to the regular drama was slow1 perhaps not so much on account of the then rude state of most modern languages1 as because of the yet ruder taste of the people4 ,i know not whether it has been observed in literary history how much more rapid it was in schools1 where the ,latin language was used1 and consequently fit audience was found1 though few4 ,george von ,langeveldt1 or ,macropedius as he called himself1 according to the fashion of learned men in that age1 was contemporary with ,textor1 and like him one of the pioneers of literature1 but he was a person of more learning and greater intellectual powers4 ,he was born about the year #adge1 of a good family in the little town or village of ,gemert1 at no great distance from ,bois-le-,duc4 ,as soon as his juvenile studies were compleated he entered among the ,fratres ,vit ,communis2 they employed him in education1 first as ,rector in their college at ,bois-le-duc1 then at ,liege1 and afterwards at ,utrecht from whence in #aeeb1 being infirm and grievously afflicted with gout1 he returned to ,bois-le-duc there to pass the remainder of his days1 as one whose work was done4 ,old and enfeebled however as he was1 he lived till the year #aeeh1 and then died not of old age1 but of a pestilential fever4 ,there is an engraved portrait of him in the hideous hood and habit of his order2 the countenance is that of a good-natured1 intelligent1 merry old man3 underneath are these verses by ,sanderus the topographer4 ,tu ,seneca1 et nostri potes esse ,terentius vi1 ,seu struis ad faciles viva theatra pedes1 ,sen ploras tragicas1 ,macropedi1 carmine clades1 ,materiam sanctis adsimilante modis4 ,desine jam ,latios mirari ,roma cothurnos2 ,nescio quid majus ,belgica scena dabit4 ,macropedius published ,rudiments both of the ,greek and ,latin languages2 he had studied the ,hebrew and ,chaldee2 had some skill in mathematics1 and amused his leisure in making mathematical instruments1 a branch of art in which he is said to have been an excellent workman4 ,most of the men who distinguished themselves as scholars in that part of the ,low ,countries1 toward the latter part of the #afth century had been his pupils3 for he was not more remarkable for his own acquirements than for the earnest delight which he took in instructing others4 ,there is some reason for thinking that he was a severe disciplinarian1 perhaps a cruel one4 ,herein he differed widely from ,textor1 who took every opportunity for expressing his abhorrence of magisterial cruelty4 ,in one of these ,dialogues with which ,guy and young ,daniel were so well acquainted1 two schoolmasters after death are brought before ,rhadamanthus for judgement2 one for his inhumanity is sent to be tormented in ,tartarus1 part of his punishment in addition to those more peculiarly belonging to the region1 being that ,verbera qu pueris intulit1 ipse ferat3 the other who indulged his boys and never maltreated them is ordered to ,elysium1 the ,judge saying to him --tua te in pueros clementia salvum ,reddit1 et ternis persimilem superis4 ,that ,textor's description of the cruelty exercised by the pedagogues of his age was not overcharged1 ,macropedius himself might be quoted to prove1 even when he is vindicating and recommending such discipline as ,dr4 ,parr would have done4 ,i wish ,parr had heard an expression which fell from the honest lips of ,isaac ,reid1 when a school1 noted at that time for its consumption of birch1 was the subject of conversation2 the words would have burnt themselves in4 ,i must not commit them to the press2 but this ,i may say1 that the ,recording ,angel entered them on the creditor side of that kind-hearted old man's account4 ,macropedius1 like ,textor1 composed dramatic pieces for his pupils to represent4 ,the latter1 as has been shown in a former chapter1 though he did not exactly take the ,moralities for his model1 produced pieces of the same kind1 and adapted his conceptions to the popular facts1 while he clothed them in the language of the classics4 ,his aim at improvement proceeded no farther1 and he never attempted to construct a dramatic fable4 ,that advance was made by ,macropedius1 who in one of his dedicatory epistles laments that among the many learned men who were then flourishing1 no ,menander1 no ,terence was to be found1 their species of writing1 he says1 had been almost extinct since the time of ,terence himself1 or at least of ,lucilius4 ,he regretted this because comedy might be rendered useful to persons of all ages1 quid enim plus pueris ad eruditionem1 plus adolescentibus ad honesta studia1 plus provectioribus1 imm omnibus in commune ad virtutem conducat8 ,reuchlin1 or ,capnio 7as he who was one of the lights of his generation was misnamed and misnamed himself17 who had with his other great and eminent merits that of restoring or rather introducing into ,germany the study of ,hebrew1 revived the lost art of comedy4 ,if any one had preceded him in this revival1 ,macropedius was ignorant of it1 and by the example and advice of this great man he was induced to follow him1 not only as a student of ,hebrew1 but as a comic writer4 ,hrosvitha indeed1 a nun of ,gandersheim in ,saxony1 who lived in the tenth century and in the reign of ,otho ,,ii4 composed six ,latin comedies in emulation of ,terence1 but in praise of virginity2 and these with other of her poems were printed at ,nuremberg in the year #aeja4 ,the book ,i have never seen1 nor had ,de ,bure1 nor had he been able 7such is its rarity7 to procure any account of it farther than enabled him to give its title4 ,the name of ,conrad ,celtes1 the first ,german upon whom the degree of ,poet ,laureate was conferred1 appears in the title1 as if he had discovered the manuscript2 ,conrado ,celte inventore4 ,de ,bure says the volume was attribu au mme ,conradus ,celtes4 ,it is rash for any one to form an opinion of a book which he has never examined1 unless he is well acquainted with the character and capacity of its author2 nevertheless ,i may venture to observe that nothing can be less in unison with the life and conversation of this ,latin poet1 as far as these may be judged of by his acknowledged poems1 than the subjects of the pieces published under ,hrosvitha's name2 and no reason can be imagined why if he had written them himself1 he should have palmed them upon the public as her composition4 ,it is remarkable that ,macropedius when he spoke of ,reuchlin's comedies should not have alluded to these1 for that he must have seen them there can be little or no doubt4 ,one of ,reuchlin's is said to have been imitated from la ,farce de ,pathelin1 which under the title of the ,village ,lawyer has succeeded on our own stage1 and which was so deservedly popular that the ,french have drawn from it more than one proverbial saying4 ,the ,french ,editor who affirms this says that ,pathelin was printed in #adgd1 four years before the representation of ,reuchlin's comedy1 but the story is one of those good travellers which are found in all countries1 and ,reuchlin may have dramatised it without any reference to the ,french drama1 the existence of which may very probably have been unknown to him1 as well as to ,macropedius4 ,both his pieces are satirical4 ,his disciple began with a scriptural drama upon the ,prodigal ,son1 ,asotus is its title4 ,it must have been written early in the century1 for about #aebj he laid it aside as a juvenile performance1 and faulty as much because of the then comparatively rude state of learning1 as of his own inexperience4 ,scripsi olim adolescens1 trimetris versibus1 ,et tetrametris1 e phrasi et facundi ,qu tum per adolescentiam et mala tempora ,licebat1 evangelicum ,asotum aut ,prodigum ,omnis quidem mei laboris initium4 ,after it had lain among his papers for thirty years1 he brought it to light1 and published it4 ,in the prologue he intreats the spectators not to be offended that he had put his sickle into the field of the ,gospel1 and exhorts them while they are amused with the comic parts of the dialogue1 still to bear in mind the meaning of the parable4 ,sed orat author carminis vos res duas3 ,ne gre feratis1 quod levem falcem tulit ,sementem in evangelicam1 eamque quod audeat ,tractare majestatem ,iambo et ,tribracho2 ,neve insuper nimis hreatis ludicris ,ludisque comicis1 sed animum advortite ,hic abdito mysterio1 quod eruam4 ,after these lines he proceeds succinctly to expound the parable4 ,although the grossest representations were not merely tolerated at that time in the ,miracle ,plays1 and ,mysteries1 but performed with the sanction and with the assistance of the clergy1 it appears that objections were raised against the sacred dramas of this author4 ,they were composed for a learned audience1--which is indeed the reason why the ,latin or as it may more properly be called the ,collegiate drama1 appeared at first in a regular and respectable form1 and received little or no subsequent improvement4 ,the only excuse which could be offered for the popular exhibitions of this kind1 was that they were if not necessary1 yet greatly useful1 by exciting and keeping up the lively faith of an ignorant1 but all-believing people4 ,that apology failed1 where no such use was needed4 ,but ,macropedius easily vindicated himself from charges which in truth were not relevant to his case2 for he perceived what scriptural subjects might without impropriety be represented as he treated them1 and he carefully distinguished them from those upon which no fiction could be engrafted without apparent profanation4 ,in the prologue to his ,lazarus he makes this distinction between the ,lazarus of the parable1 and the ,lazarus of the ,gospel ,history3 the former might be thus treated for edification1 the latter was too sacred a theme1 --quod is sine ,filii ,dei persona agi non possiet4 ,upon this distinction he defends himself1 and carefully declares what were the bounds which ought not to be overpassed4 ,fortassis objectabit illi quispiam ,quod audeat sacerrimam rem1 et serio ,nostr saluti a ,christo ,jesu proditam ,tractare comic1 et facere rem ludicram4 ,fatetur ingenu1 quod eadem ratio se ,spenumero deterruit1 ne quid suum1 ,vel ab aliis quantumlibet scriptum1 pi ,doctve1 quod personam haberet ,christi ,jesu ,agentis1 histrionibus seu ludiis ,populo exhibendum ex pulpito committeret4 ,from this passage ,i am induced to suspect that the ,jesus ,scholasticus1 and the tragedy ,de ,passione ,christi1 which are named in the list of his works1 have been erroneously ascribed to him4 ,no date of time or place is affixed to either1 by the biographers4 ,after his judicious declaration concerning such subjects it cannot be thought he would have written these tragedies2 nor that if he had written them before he seriously considered the question of their propriety1 he would afterwards have allowed them to appear4 ,it is more probable that they were published without an author's name1 and ascribed to him1 because of his reputation4 ,no inference can be drawn from their not appearing in the two volumes of his plays2 because that collection is entitled ,omnes ,georgii ,macropedii ,fabul ,,comic1 and though it contains pieces which are deeply serious1 that title would certainly preclude the insertion of a tragedy4 ,but a piece upon the story of ,susanna which the biographers have also ascribed to him is not in the collection2#a the book was printed after his retirement to ,bois-le-duc1 when from his age and infirmities he was most unlikely to have composed it1 and therefore ,i conclude1 that like the tragedies1 it is not his work4 ,footnote #a3 ,this must be a comic drama4--,r4 ,s4 ,macropedius was careful to guard against anything which might give offence and therefore he apologizes for speaking of the fable of his ,nama3 ,mirabitur fortasse vestrm quispiam1 ,quod fabulam rem sacrosanctam dixerim4 ,verum sibi is persuasum habebit1 omne quod ,tragico artificio comicov scribitur1 ,dici poetis fabulam2 quod utique non ,tam historia veri texitur1 quod proprium est1 ,quam imago veri fingitur1 quod artis est4 ,nam comicus non propria personis solet1 ,sed apta tribuere atque verisimilia1 ut ,qu pro loco vel tempore potuere agi ,vel dicier4 ,for a very different reason he withdrew from one of these dramas certain passages1 by the advice of his friends1 he says1 qui rem seriam fabulosius tractandum dissuaserunt4 ,these it seems related to the first chapter of ,st4 ,luke1 but contained circumstances derived not from that ,gospel1 but from the legends engrafted upon it1 and therefore he rejects them as citra scriptur authoritatem4 ,from the scrupulousness with which ,macropedius in this instance distinguishes between the facts of the ,gospel history1 and the fables of man's invention1 it may be suspected that he was not averse at heart to those hopes of a reformation in the church which were at that time entertained4 ,this is still further indicated in the drama called ,hecastus 71--,every one17 in which he represents a sinner as saved by faith in ,christ and repentance4 ,he found it necessary to protest against the suspicion which he had thus incurred1 and to declare that he held works of repentance1 and the sacraments appointed by the ,church necessary for salvation4#b ,footnote #b3 ,hecastus was represented by the schoolboys in #aech non sine magno spectantium plausu4 ,it was printed in the ensuing year2 and upon reprinting it1 in #aeej1 the author offers his apology4 ,he says1 8fuere multi quibus 7fabul scopo recte considerato7 per omnia placuit2 fuere quibus in ea nonnulla offenderunt2 fuere quoque1 quibus omnino displicuit1 ob hoc prcipue1 quod erroribus quibusdam nostri temporis connivere et suffragari videretur4 ,inprimis illi1 quod citra pnitenti opera 7satisfactionem dicimus7 et ecclesi sacramenta1 per solam in ,christum fidem et cordis contritionem1 condonationem criminum docere1 vel asserere videretur3 et quod quisque certo se fore servandum credere teneretur3 ,id quod nequaquam nec mente concepi1 nec unquam docere volui1 licet quibusdam fortassis fabul scopum non exact considerantibus1 prim 7quod aiunt7 fronte sic videri potuerit4 ,si enim rei scopum1 quem in argumento indicabam1 penitus observassent1 secus fortassis judicaturi fuissent40--,r4 ,s4 ,hecastus is a rich man1 given over to the pomps and vanities of the world1 and ,epicuria his wife is of the same disposition4 ,they have prepared a great feast1 when ,nomodidascalus arrives with a summons for him to appear before the ,great ,king for ,judgment4 ,hecastus calls upon his son ,philomathes who is learned in the law for counsel2 the son is horror-stricken1 and confesses his ignorance of the language in which the summons is written3 ,horror1 pater1 me invadit1 anxietas quoque ,non mediocris2 nam elementa quanquam barbara ,miram ,dei potentiam pr se ferunt1 ,humaniores literas scio2 barbaras ,neque legere1 neque intelligere1 pater1 queo4 ,the father is incensed that a son who had been bred to the law for the purpose of pleading his cause at any time should fail him thus2 but ,nomodidascalus vindicates the young man1 and reads a severe lecture to ,hecastus1 in which ,hebrew words of aweful admonishment are introduced and interpreted4 ,the guests arrive1 he tells them what has happened1 and entreats them to accompany him1 and assist him when he appears before the ,judge2 they plead other engagements1 and excuse themselves4 ,he has no better success with his kinsmen2 though they promise to look after his affairs1 and say that they will make a point of attending him with due honour as far as the gate4 ,he then calls upon his two sons to go with him unto the unknown country whereto he has been summoned4 ,the elder is willing to fight for his father1 but not to enter upon such a journey2 the lawyer does not understand the practice of those courts1 and can be of no use to him there2 but he advises his father to take his servants with him1 and plenty of money4 ,madam ,epicuria1 who is not the most affectionate of wives1 refuses to accompany him upon this unpleasant expedient1 and moreover requests that her maids may be left with her2 let him take his man servants with him1 and gold and silver in abundance4 ,the servants bring out his wealth4 ,plutus1 ex arc loquens is one of the ,dramatis ,person1 and the said ,plutus when brought upon the stage in a chest1 or strong box1 complains that he is shaken to pieces by being thus moved4 ,hecastus tells him he must go with him to the other world and help him there1 which ,plutus flatly refuses4 ,if he will not go of his own accord he shall be carried whether he will or no1 ,hecastus says4 ,plutus stands stiffly to his refusal4 ,non transferent2 prius quidem ,artus et ilia ruperint1 quam transferant4 ,in morte nemini opitulor usquam gentium1 ,quin magis ad alienum dominum transeo4 ,hecastus on his part is equally firm1 and orders his men to fetch some strong poles1 and carry off the chest1 ,plutus and all4 ,having sent them forward1 he takes leave of his family1 and ,epicuria protests that she remains like a widowed dove1 and his neighbours promise to accompany him as far as the gate4 ,death comes behind him now3 ,horrenda imago1 larva abominabilis1 ,figura tam execranda1 ut atrum dmona ,putetis obvium4#c ,footnote #c3 ,the reader should by all means consult ,mr4 ,sharpe's 8,dissertation on the ,pageants or ,dramatic ,mysteries anciently performed in ,coventry40 8,the ,devil10 he observes1 8was a very favorite and prominent character in our ,religious ,mysteries1 wherein he was introduced as often as was practicable1 and considerable pains taken to furnish him with appropriate habiliments1 c40 p4 #ca4 also pp4 #eg-fj4 ,there are several plates of 8,hell-,mought and ,sir ,sathanas0 which will not escape the examination of the curious4 ,the bloody ,herod was a character almost as famous as 8,sir ,sathanas0--hence the expression 8to out-herod ,herod0 e4g4 in ,hamlet1 ,act iii4 ,sc4 ii4 ,with reference to the same personage ,charmian says to the ,soothsayer in ,antony and ,cleopatra1 8,let me have a child at fifty1 to whom ,herod of ,jewry may do homage40 ,act i4 ,sc4 ii41 and ,mrs4 ,page asks in the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 8,what ,herod of ,jewry is this80 ,act ii4 ,sc4 i4 ,this dreadful personage is with much difficulty intreated to allow him the respite of one short hour1 after which ,death declares he will return1 and take him1 will he or nill he before the ,judge1 and then to the infernal regions4 ,during this interval who should come up but an old and long-neglected friend of ,hecastus1 ,virtue by name2 a poor emaciated person1 in mean attire1 in no condition to appear with him before the ,judge1 and altogether unfit to plead his desperate cause4 ,she promises however to send him a ,priest to his assistance and says moreover that she will speak to her sister ,faith1 and endeavour to persuade her to visit him4 ,meantime the learned son predicts from certain appearances the approaching end of his father4 ,actum ,philocrate1 de patris salute1 uti ,plane recenti ex lotio prejudico1 ,nam cerulea si tendit ad nigredinem ,urina mortem proximam denunciat4 ,he has been called on1 he says1 too late1 ,sero meam medentis admisit manum4 ,the brothers begin to dispute about their inheritance1 and declare law against each other2 but they suspend the dispute when ,hieronymus the ,priest arrives1 that they may look after him lest he should prevail upon the dying to dispose of too large a part of his property in charitable purposes4 ,id cautum oportet maxim4 ,novimus enim ,qum tum sibi1 tum cteris quibus favent1 ,legata larga extorqueat id hominum genus1 ,cum morte ditem terminandum viderint4 ,virtue arrives at this time with his sister ,faith2 they follow ,hieronymus into the chamber into which ,hecastus has been borne2 and as they go in up comes ,satan to the door1 and takes his seat there to draw up a bill of indictment against the dying man1 he must do it carefully1 he says1 that there may be no flaw in it4 ,causam meam scripturus absolutius ,adversum ,hecastum1 hic paululum desedero2 ,ne si quid insit falsitatis maximis ,facinoribus1 res tota veniat in gravem ,fdamque controversiam4 ,abstinete vos1 ,quotquot theatro adestis1 petulanti1 ,nisi si velitis et hos cachinnos scribier4 ,then he begins to draw up the indictment1 speaking as he writes1 ,primum omnium superbus est et arrogans1-- ,superbus est et arrogans1--et arrogans2-- ,tum in dibus1--tum in dibus2 tum in vestibus1-- ,tum in vestibus4 ,jam reliqua tacitus scripsero1 ,loquaculi ne exaudiant et deferant4 ,while ,satan is thus employed at the door1 the priest ,hieronymus within is questioning the patient concerning his religion4 ,hecastus possesses a very sound and firm historical belief4 ,but this the ,priest tells him is not enough1 for the ,devils themselves believe and tremble1 and he will not admit ,faith into the chamber till ,hecastus be better instructed in the true nature of a saving belief4 ,credis quod omnia qu patravit ,filius ,dei unicus1 tibi redimendo gesserit8 ,tibi natus est8 tibi vixerit8 tibi mortuus ,sit8 tibi sepultus8 et tibi surrexerit8 ,mortemque tibi devicerit8 ,hecastus confesses in reply that he is a most miserable sinner1 unworthy of forgiveness1 and having brought him into this state of penitence the ,priest calls ,fides in4 ,then says ,fides1 ,hc tria quidem1 cognitio nempe criminis1 ,horror gehenn1 et pnitentia1 lta sunt ,ver salutis omnium primordia1 ,jam perge1 ut in ,deum excites fiduciam4 ,when this trust has been given him1 and he has declared his full belief1 he confesses that still he is in fear1 --est quod adhuc parit mihi scrupulum2 ,mors horrida1 atque aspectus atri ,dmonis1 ,queis terribilius 7inquiunt7 nil hominibus1 ,post paululum quos adfuturos arbitros4 ,but ,hieronymus assures him that ,fides and ,virtus will defend him from all danger1 and under their protection he leaves him4 ,the scene is now again at the door1 ,mors arrives4 ,satan abuses her for having made him wait so long1 and the improba bestia in return reproaches him for his ingratitude and imprudence4 ,however they make up their quarrel4 ,satan goes into the house expecting to have a long controversy with his intended victim1 and ,mors amuses herself in the mean time with sharpening her dart4 ,satan1 however1 finds that his controversy is not to be with ,hecastus himself1 but with his two advocates ,fides and ,virtus1 and they plead their cause so provokingly that the old ,lawyer tears his bill1 and sculks into a corner to see how ,mors will come off4 ,now comes his son the ,doctor and prognosticates speedy dissolution ex pulsu et atro lotio4 ,and having more professional pride than filial feelings he would fain persuade the ,acolyte who is about to assist in administering extreme unction1 that he has chosen a thankless calling1 and would do wisely if he forsook it for more gainful studies4 ,the youth makes a good defence for his choice1 and remains master in the argument1 for the ,doctor getting sight of ,death brandishing the sharpened dart1 takes fright and runs off4 ,having put the ,doctor to flight1 ,death enters the sick chamber1 and finding ,fides there calls in ,satan as an ally3 their joint force avails nothing against ,virtus1 ,fides and ,hieronymus1 and these dismiss the departing ,spirit under a convoy of ,angels to ,abraham's bosom4 ,three supplementary scenes conclude the two dramas2 in the two first the widow and the sons and kinsmen lament the dead1 and declare their intention of putting themselves all in mourning1 and giving a funeral worthy of his rank4 ,but ,hieronymus reproves them for the excess of their grief1 and for the manner by which they intended to show their respect for the dead4 ,the elder son is convinced by his discourse1 and replies ,recte mones vir omnium piissime1 ,linquamus omnem hunc apparatum splendidum1 ,linquamus hcce cuncta in usum pauperum1 ,linquamus omnem luctum inanem et lachrymas2 ,moresque nostros corrigamus pristinos4 ,si multo amniora vit munia1 ,post hanc calamitatem1 morantur in fide ,spe ut charitate mortuos1 quid residuum est ,nisi et hunc diem cum patre agamus mortuo ,ltissimum8 non in cibis et poculis ,gravioribus1 natura quam poposcerit2 ,nec tympanis et organis1 sed maximas ,deo exhibendo gratias4 ,viro pio ,congaudeamus intimis affectibus2 ,et absque pomp inituli exequias pias ,patri paremus mortuo4 ,the ,steward then concludes the drama by dismissing the audience in these lines2 ,vos qui advolastis impigri ad ,nostra hc theatra1 tum viri1 tum fmin1 ,adite nunc vestras domos sine remor4 ,nam ,hecastus hic quem ,morte csum exhibuimus1 ,non ante tertium diem tumulandus est1 ,valete cuncti1 et si placuimus1 plaudite4 ,we have in our own language a dramatic piece upon the same subject1 and of the same age4 ,it was published early in ,henry the ,eighth's reign1 and is well known to ,english philologists by the name of ,every ,man4 ,the title page says1 8,here begynneth a treatyse how the hye ,fader of ,heven sendeth ,dethe to somon every creature to come and gyve a counte of theyr lyves in this worlde1 and is in maner of a moralle ,playe40 ,the subject is briefly stated in a prologue by a person in the character of a ,messenger1 who exhorts the spectators to hear with reverence4 ,this mater is wonders precyous2 ,but the extent of it is more gracyous1 ,and swete to here awaye4 ,the story sayth1 ,man1 in the begynnynge ,loke well and take good heed to the endynge1 ,be you never so gay4 ,god 7the ,son7 speaketh at the opening of the piece1 and saying that the more ,he forbears the worse the people be from year to year1 declares his intention to have a reckoning in all haste of every man's person1 and do justice on every man living4 ,where art thou1 ,deth1 thou mighty messengere8 ,dethe4 ,almighty ,god1 ,i am here at your wyll ,your commaundement to fulfyll4 ,god4 ,go thou to ,every-man ,and shewe hym in my name1 ,a pylgrymage he must on hym take1 ,whiche he in no wyse may escape3 ,and that he brynge with him a sure rekenynge1 ,without delay or ony taryenge4 ,dethe4 ,lorde1 ,i wyll in the world go renne over all ,and cruelly out serche bothe grete and small4 ,the first person whom ,death meets is ,every-man himself1 and he summons him in ,god's name to take forthwith a long journey and bring with him his book of accounts4 ,every-man offers a thousand pounds to be spared1 and says that if he may but have twelve years allowed him1 he will make his accounts so clear that he shall have no need to fear the reckoning4 ,not even till to-morrow is granted him4 ,he then asks if he may not have some of his acquaintances to accompany him on the way1 and is told yes1 if he can get them4 ,the first to whom he applies1 is his old boon-companion ,fellowship1 who promises to go with him anywhere1--till he hears what the journey is on which ,every-man is summoned3 he then declares that he would eat1 drink and drab1 with him1 or lend him a hand to kill any body1 but upon such a business as this he will not stir a foot2 and with that bidding him ,god speed1 he departs as fast as he can4 ,alack1 exclaims ,every-man1 when thus deserted1 ,felawship herebefore with me wolde mery make1 ,and now lytell sorowe for me dooth he take4 ,now wheder for socoure shall ,i flee ,syth that ,felawship hath forsaken me8 ,to my kynnesmen ,i wyll truely1 ,prayenge them to helpe me in my necessyte4 ,i byleve that they wyll do so2 ,for kynde wyll crepe where it may not go4 ,but one and all make their excuses2 they have reckonings of their own which are not ready1 and they cannot and will not go with him4 ,thus again disappointed he breaks out in more lamentations2 and then catches at another fallacious hope4 ,yet in my mynde a thynge there is2 ,all my lyfe ,i have loved ,ryches2 ,if that my good now helpe me myght ,he wolde make my herte full lyght4 ,i wyll speke to hym in this distresse1 ,where art thou1 my ,goodes1 and ,ryches8 ,goodes4 ,who calleth me8 ,every-man8 ,what hast thou haste8 ,i lye here in corners1 trussed and pyled so hye1 ,and in chestes ,i am locked so fast1 ,also sacked in bagges1 thou mayst se with thyn eye ,i cannot styrre2 in packes low ,i lye4 ,what wolde ye have8 lightly me saye1-- ,syr1 an ye in the worlde have sorowe or adversyte ,that can ,i helpe you to remedy shortly4 ,every-man4 ,in this world it is not1 ,i tell thee so1 ,i am sent for an other way to go1 ,to gyve a strayte counte generall ,before the hyest ,jupiter of all3 ,and all my life ,i have had joye and pleasure in the1 ,therefore1 ,i pray the1 go with me3 ,for paraventure1 thou mayst before ,god ,almighty ,my rekenynge helpe to clene and puryfye2 ,for it is said ever amonge ,that money maketh all ryght that is wrong4 ,goodes4 ,nay1 ,every-man1 ,i synge an other songe2 ,i folowe no man in such vyages4 ,for an ,i wente with the1 ,thou sholdes fare moche the worse for me4 ,goodes then exults in having beguiled him1 laughs at his situation and leaves him4 ,of whom shall he take council8 ,he bethinks him of ,good ,dedes4 ,but alas she is so weke ,that she can nother go nor speke4 ,yet wyll ,i venter on her now ,my ,good ,dedes1 where be you8 ,good ,dedes4 ,here ,i lye colde on the grounde1 ,thy sinnes hath me sore bounde ,that ,i cannot stere4 ,every-man4 ,i pray you that ye wyll go with me4 ,good ,dedes4 ,i wolde full fayne1 but ,i can not stand veryly4 ,every-man4 ,why1 is there any thynge on you fall8 ,good ,dedes4 ,ye1 ,sir2 ,i may thanke you of all4 ,if ye had parfytely sheved me1 ,your boke of counte full redy had be4 ,loke1 the bokes of your workes and dedes eke1 ,a6 se how they lye under the fete1 ,to your soules hevynes4 ,every-man4 ,our ,lorde ,jesus helpe me1 ,for one letter here ,i cannot se6 ,good ,dedes4 ,there is a blynde rekenynge in tyme of dystres6 ,every-man4 ,good-,dedes1 ,i pray you1 helpe me in this nede1 ,or elles ,i am for ever dampned in dede4 ,good ,dedes calls in ,knowledge to help him to make his reckoning2 and ,knowledge takes him lovingly to that holy man ,confession2 and ,confession gives him a precious jewel called ,penance1 in the form of a scourge4 ,when with the scourge of ,penance man doth hym bynde1 ,the oyl of forgyvenes than shall he fynde1-- ,now may you make your rekenynge sure4 ,every-man4 ,in the name of the holy ,trynyte1 ,my body sore punyshed shall be4 ,take this1 ,body1 for the synne of the flesshe6 ,also thou delytest to go gay and fresshe1 ,and in the way of dampnacyon thou dyd me brynge1 ,therefore suffre now strokes of punysshynge4 ,now of penaunce ,i wyll wede the water clere ,to save me from ,purgatory1 that sharpe fyre4 ,good ,dedes4 ,i thanke ,god1 now ,i can walke and go2 ,and am delyvered of my sykenesse and wo1 ,therfore with ,every-man ,i wyll go and not spare2 ,his good workes ,i wyll helpe hym to declare4 ,knowlege4 ,now ,every-man1 be mery and glad1 ,your ,good ,dedes cometh now1 ye may not be sad4 ,now is your ,good ,dedes hole and sounde1 ,goynge upryght upon the grounde4 ,every-man4 ,my herte is lyght1 and shall be evermore1 ,now wyll ,i smyte faster than ,i dyde before4 ,knowledge then makes him put on the garment of sorrow called contrition1 and makes him call for his friends ,discretion1 ,strength and ,beauty to help him on his pilgrimage1 and his ,five ,wits to counsel him4 ,they come at his call and promise faithfully to help him4 ,strength4 ,i ,strength wyll by you stande in dystres1 ,though thou wolde in batayle fyght on the grownde4 ,fyve-,wyttes4 ,and thought it were thrugh the world rounde1 ,we wyll not depart for swete ne soure4 ,beaute4 ,no more wyll ,i unto dethes howre1 ,watsoever therof befall4 ,he makes his testament1 and gives half his goods in charity4 ,discretion and ,knowledge send him to receive the holy sacrament and extreme unction1 and ,five-,wits expatiates upon the authority of the ,priesthood1 to the ,priest he says1 ,god hath--more power given ,than to ony ,aungell that is in ,heven1 ,with five wordes he may consecrate ,goddes body in flesshe and blode to make1 ,and handeleth his maker bytwene his handes4 ,the preest byndeth and unbyndeth all bandes ,both in erthe and in heven4-- ,no remedy we fynde under ,god ,but all-onely preesthode4 --,god gave ,preest that dygnyte1 ,and setteth them in his stede among us to be3 ,thus they be above ,aungelles in degree4 ,having received his viaticum ,every-man sets out upon this mortal journey3 his comrades renew their protestations of remaining with him2 till when he grows faint on the way1 and his limbs fail1--they fail him also4 ,every-man4 --into this cave must ,i crepe1 ,and tourne to erth1 and there to slepe4 ,what1 says ,beauty2 into this ,grave8 --adewe by saynt ,johan1 ,i take my tappe in my lappe and am gone4 ,strength in like manner forsakes him2 and ,discretion says that 8when ,strength goeth before1 he follows after ever more40 ,and ,fyve-,wyttes1 whom he took for his best friend1 bid him1 8farewell and then an end40 ,every-man4 ,o ,jesu1 helpe6 all hath forsaken me6 ,good ,dedes4 ,nay1 ,every-man1 ,i wyll byde with the1 ,i wyll not forsake the in dede2 ,thou shalt fynde me a good frende at nede4 ,knowledge also abides him till the last2 the song of the ,angel who receives his spirit is heard1 and a ,doctour concludes the piece with an application to the audience4 ,this morall men may have in mynde1 --forsake ,pryde for he deceyveth you in the ende1 ,and remembre ,beaute1 ,fyve-,wyttes1 ,strength and ,dyscrecyon ,they all at the last do ,every-man forsake1 ,save his ,good ,dedes1 these doth he take3 ,but be ware1 an they be small1 ,before ,god he hath no helpe at all6 ,,chapter ,,ccxxvii4 ,,system ,,of ,,progression ,,marred ,,only ,,by ,,man',s ,,interference4--,,the ,,doctor ,,speaks ,,seriously ,,and ,,humanely ,,and ,,quotes ,,juvenal4 ,,montenegro4 ,how now1 are thy arrows feathered8 ,,velasco4 ,well enough for roving4 ,,montenegro4 ,shoot home then4 ,,shirley4 ,it is only when ,man interferes1 that the system of progression which the ,all ,father has established throughout the living and sentient world1 is interrupted1 and ,man1 our ,philosopher would sorrowfully observe1 has interrupted it1 not only for himself1 but for such of the inferior creatures as are under his controul4 ,he has degraded the instincts of some1 and in others1 perhaps it may not be too much to say that he has corrupted that moral sense of which even the brute creation partakes in its degree2 and has inoculated them with his own vices4 ,thus the decoy duck is made a traitor to her own species1 and so are all those smaller birds which the bird-catcher trains to assist him in ensnaring others4 ,the ,rat1 who is one of the bravest of created things1 is in like manner rendered a villain4 ,upon hunting and hawking the ,doctor laid little stress1 because both dogs and falcons in their natural state would have hunted and fowled on their own account4 ,these sports according to his 8poor way of thinking10 tended to deprave not so much the animals1 as the human beings employed in them2 for when they ceased to be necessary for the support or protection of man1 they became culpable4 ,but to train dogs for war1 and flesh them upon living prisoners1 as the ,spaniards did1 7and as1 long since the decease of my venerable friend1 ,buonaparte's officers did in ,st4 ,domingo71--to make horses1 gentle and harmless as well as noble in their disposition as they are1 take a part in our senseless political contentions1 charge a body of men1 and trample over their broken limbs and palpitating bodies2--to convert the ,elephant1 whom ,pope1 he said1 had wronged by only calling him half-reasoning1 the mild1 the thoughtful1 the magnanimous ,elephant1 into a wilful and deliberate and cruel executioner1 these he thought were acts of high treason against humanity1 and of impiety against universal nature4 ,grievous indeed it is1 he said1 to know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain2 but more grievous to consider that man1 who by his original sin was the guilty cause of their general deprivation1 should continue by repeated sins to aggravate it2--to which he added that the lines of the ,roman ,satirist1 though not exactly true1 were yet humiliating and instructive4 ,mundi ,principio indulsit communis conditor illis ,tantum animas1 nobis animum quoque1 mutuus ut nos ,adfectus petere auxilium et prstare juberet1 ,dispersos trahere in populum1 migrare vetusto ,de nemore1 et proavis habitatas linquere silvas2 dificare domos1 ,laribus conjungere nostris ,tectum aliud1 tutos vicino limine somnos ,ut conlata daret fiducia2 protegere armis ,labsum1 aut ingenti nutantem vulnere civem1 ,communi dare signa tub1 defendier sdem ,turribus1 atque un portarum clave teneri4 ,sed jam serpentum major concordia2 parcit ,cognatis maculis similis fera2 quando leoni ,fortior eripuit vitam leo8 quo nemore unquam ,expiravit aper majoris dentibus apri8 ,indica tigris agit rabid cum tigride pacem ,perpetuam3 svis inter se convenit ursis4 ,ast homini ferrum lethale incude nefand ,produxisse parum est2 quum rastra et sarcula tantum ,adsueti coquere1 et marris ac vomere lassi ,nescierint primi gladios excudere fabri4 ,adspicimus populos1 quorum non sufficit ir ,occidisse aliquem3 sed pectora1 brachia1 vultum ,crediderint genus esse cibi4 ,quid diceret ergo ,vel quo non fugerit1 si nunc hc monstra videret ,pythagoras3 cunctis animalibus abstinuit qui ,tanquam homine1 et ventri indulsit non omne legumen4#a ,footnote #a3 ,the reader may call to mind the commencement of the ,third ,canto of ,rokeby4 ,the hunting tribes of air and earth ,respect the brethren of their birth2 ,nature1 who loves the claim of kind1 ,less cruel1 chase to each assigned4 ,the falcon1 poised on soaring wing1 ,watches the wild-duck by the spring2 ,the slow-hound wakes the fox's lair2 ,the greyhound presses on the hare2 ,the eagle pounces on the lamb2 ,the wolf devours the fleecy dam3 ,even tiger fell and sullen bear ,their likeness and their lineage spare4 ,man1 only1 mars kind ,nature's plan ,and turns the fierce pursuit on man2 ,plying war's desultory trade1 ,incursion1 flight1 and ambuscade1 ,since ,nimrod1 ,cush's mighty son ,at first the bloody game begun4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxviii4 ,,rats4--,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,laureate ,,southey ,,for ,,lessening ,,their ,,number4--,,the ,,doctor',s ,,humanity ,,in ,,refusing ,,to ,,sell ,,poison ,,to ,,kill ,,vermin1 ,,after ,,the ,,example ,,of ,,peter ,,hopkins ,,his ,,master4--,,political ,,rats ,,not ,,alluded ,,to4--,,recipe ,,for ,,killing ,,rats4 ,i know that nothing can be so innocently writ1 or carried1 but may be made obnoxious to construction2 marry1 whilst ,i bear mine innocence about me1 ,i fear it not4 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,the ,laureate ,southey proposed some years ago in one of his numerous and multifarious books1 three methods for lessening the number of rats1 one of which was to inoculate some of these creatures with the small pox or any other infectious disease1 and turn them loose4 ,experiments1 he said1 should first be made1 lest the disease should assume in them so new a form1 as to be capable of being returned to us with interest4 ,if it succeeded1 man has means in his hand which would thin the hyenas1 wolves1 jackals and all gregarious beasts of prey4 ,considering the direction which the ,march of his ,intellect has long been taking1 it would surprise me greatly if the ,laureate were now to recommend or justify any such plan4 ,for setting aside the contemplated possibility of physical danger1 there are moral and religious considerations which ought to deter us from making use of any such means1 even for an allowable end4 ,dr4 ,dove1 like his master and benefactor ,peter ,hopkins before him1 never would sell poison for destroying vermin4 ,hopkins came to that resolution in consequence of having been called as a witness upon a trial for poisoning at ,york4 ,the arsenic had not been bought at his shop2 but to prevent the possibility of being innocently instrumental to the commission of such a crime1 he made it from that time a rule for himself1 irrevocable as the laws of the ,medes and ,persians1 that to no person whatever1 on any account1 would he supply ingredients which by carelessness or even by unavoidable accident might be so fatally applied4 ,to this rule his pupil and successor1 our ,doctor1 religiously adhered4 ,and when any one not acquainted with the rule of the shop1 came there on such an errand1 he used always1 if he was on the spot1 to recommend other methods1 adapting his arguments to what he knew of the person's character1 or judged of it from his physiognomy4 ,to an ill-conditioned and ill-looking applicant he simply recommended certain ways of entrapping rats as more convenient1 and more likely to prove efficacious3 but to those of whom he entertained a more favourable opinion1 he would hint at the cruelty of using poison1 observing that though we exercised a clear natural right in destroying noxious creatures1 we were not without sin if in so doing we inflicted upon them any suffering more than what must needs accompany a violent death4 ,some good natured reader who is pestered with rats in his house1 his warehouses1 or his barns1 will perhaps when he comes to this part of our book wish to be informed in what manner our ,zoophilist would have advised him to rid himself of these vermin4 ,there are two things to be considered here1 first how to catch rats1 and secondly1 how to destroy them when caught4 ,and the first of these questions is a delicate one1 when a greater catch has recently been made than any that was ever heard of before1 except in the famous adventure of the ,pied ,piper at ,hammel4 ,jack ,robinson had some reputation in his day for his professional talents in this line1 but he was a bungler in comparison with ,mr4 ,peel4 ,the second belongs to a science which ,jeremy the thrice illustrious ,bentham calls ,phthisozoics1 or the art of destruction applied to noxious animals1 a science which the said ,jeremy proposes should form part of the course of studies in his ,chrestomathic school4 ,there are no other animals in this country who do so much mischief now as the disciples of ,jeremy himself4 ,but leaving this pestilent set1 as one of the plagues with which ,great ,britain is afflicted for its sins2 and intending no offence to any particular ,bishop1 ,peer1 ,baronet1 ,peer-expectant1 or public man whatever1 and protesting against any application of what may here be said to any person who is1 has been1 or may be included under any of the forementioned denominations1 ,i shall satisfy the good-natured reader's desires1 and inform him in what manner our ,philosopher and ,zoophilist 7philanthropist is a word which would poorly express the extent of his benevolence7 advised those who consulted him as to the best manner of taking and destroying rats4 ,protesting therefore once more1 as is needful in these ticklish times that ,i am speaking not of the ,pro-papist or ,anti-,hanoverian rat1 which is a new species of the ,parliament rat1 but of the old ,norway or ,hanoverian one1 which in the last century effected the conquest of our island by extirpating the original ,british breed1 ,i inform the humane reader that the ,doctor recommended nothing more than the common rat-catcher's receit1 which is to lure them into a cage by oil of carroways1 or of rhodium1 and that when entrapped1 the speediest and easiest death which can be inflicted is by sinking the cage in water4 ,here ,mr4 ,slenderwit1 critic in ordinary to an established journal1 wherein he is licensed to sink1 burn and destroy any book in which his publisher has not a particular interest1 turns down the corners of his mouth in contemptuous admiration1 and calling to mind the anecdote of ,grainger's invocation repeats in a tone of the softest self-complacence 8,now ,muse1 let's sing of ,rats60 ,and ,mr4 ,slapdash who holds a similar appointment in a rival periodical slaps his thigh in exultation upon finding so good an opportunity for a stroke at the anonymous author4 ,but let the one simper in accompaniment to the other's snarl4 ,i shall say out my say in disregard of both4 ,aye ,gentlemen1 ,for if a ,humble ,bee should kill a ,whale ,with the butt end of the ,antarctic pole1 ,tis nothing to the mark at which we aim4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxix4 ,,rats ,,like ,,learned ,,men ,,liable ,,to ,,be ,,led ,,by ,,the ,,nose4--,,the ,,attendant ,,upon ,,the ,,steps ,,of ,,man1 ,,and ,a ,,sort ,,of ,,inseparable ,,accident4--,,seigneur ,,de ,,humesesne ,,and ,,pantagruel4 ,where my pen hath offended1 ,i pray you it may be amended ,by discrete consideration ,of your wise reformation3 ,i have not offended1 ,i trust1 ,if it be sadly discust4 ,,skelton4 ,marvel not reader that rats1 though they are among the most sagacious of all animals1 should be led by the nose4 ,it has been the fate of many great men1 many learned men1 most weak ones and some cunning ones4 ,when we regard the comparative sagacity of animals1 it should always be remembered that every creature1 from the lowest point of sentient existence upward1 till we arrive at man1 is endued with sagacity sufficient to provide for its own well-being1 and for the continuance of its kind4 ,they are gifted with greater endowments as they ascend in the scale of being1 and those who lead a life of danger1 and at the same time of enterprise1 have their faculties improved by practice1 take lessons from experience1 and draw rational conclusions upon matters within their sphere of intellect and of action1 more sagaciously than nine tenths of the human race can do4 ,now no other animal is placed in circumstances which tend so continually to sharpen its wits1--7were ,i writing to the learned only1 ,i should perhaps say to acuate its faculties1 or to develope its intellectual powers17 as the rat1 nor does any other appear to be of a more improvable nature4 ,he is of a most intelligent family1 being related to the ,beaver4 ,and in civilized countries he is not a wild creature1 for he follows the progress of civilization1 and adapts his own habits of life to it1 so as to avail himself of its benefits4 ,the 8pampered ,goose0 who in ,pope's ,essay retorts upon man1 and says that man was made for the use of ,geese1 must have been forgetful of plucking time1 as well as ignorant of the rites that are celebrated in all old-fashioned families on ,st4 ,michael's day4 ,but the ,rat might with more apparent reason support such an assertion3 he is not mistaken in thinking that corn-stacks are as much for his use as for the farmers2 that barns and granaries are his winter magazines2 that the ,miller is his acting partner1 the ,cheesemonger his purveyor1 and the ,storekeeper his steward4 ,he places himself in relation with man1 not as his dependent like the dog1 nor like the cat as his ally1 nor like the sheep as his property1 nor like the ox as his servant1 nor like horse and ass as his slaves1 nor like poultry who are to 8come and be killed0 when ,mrs4 ,bond invites them2 but as his enemy1 a bold borderer1 a ,johnnie ,armstrong or ,rob ,roy who acknowledge no right of property in others1 and live by spoil4 ,wheresoever man goes1 ,rat follows1 or accompanies him4 ,town or country are equally agreeable to him4 ,he enters upon your house as a tenant at will1 7his own1 not yours17 works out for himself a covered way in your walls1 ascends by it from one story to another1 and leaving you the larger apartments1 takes possession of the space between floor and ceiling1 as an entresol for himself4 ,there he has his parties1 and his revels and his gallopades1 7merry ones they are7 when you would be asleep1 if it were not for the spirit with which the youth and belles of ,rat-land keep up the ball over your head4 ,and you are more fortunate than most of your neighbours1 if he does not prepare for himself a mausoleum behind your chimney-piece or under your hearth-stone1#a retire into it when he is about to die1 and very soon afford you full proof that though he may have lived like a hermit1 his relics are not in the odour of sanctity4 ,you have then the additional comfort of knowing that the spot so appropriated will thenceforth be used either as a common cemetery1 or a family vault4 ,in this respect1 as in many others1 nearer approaches are made to us by inferior creatures than are dreamt of in our philosophy4 ,footnote #a3 ,southey alludes here to an incident which occurred in his own house4 ,on taking up the hearth-stone in the dining-room at ,keswick1 it was found that the mice had made underneath it a ,campo ,santo1--a depository for their dead4 ,the adventurous merchant ships a cargo for some distant port1 ,rat goes with it4 ,great ,britain plants a colony in ,botany ,bay1 ,van ,diemen's ,land1 or at the ,swan ,river1 ,rat takes the opportunity for colonizing also4 ,ships are sent out upon a voyage of discovery4 ,rat embarks as a volunteer4 ,he doubled the ,stormy ,cape with ,diaz1 arrived at ,malabar in the first ,european vessel with ,gama1 discovered the new world with ,columbus and took possession of it at the same time1 and circumnavigated the globe with ,magellan and with ,drake and with ,cook4 ,after all1 the ,seigneur de ,humesesne1 whatever were the merits of that great case which he pleaded before ,pantagruel at ,paris1 had reasonable grounds for his assertion when he said1 ,monsieur et ,messieurs1 si l'iniquit des hommes estoit aussi facilement vu en jugement categorique1 comme on connoit mousches en lait1 le monde quatre bufs ne seroit tant mang de ,rats comme il est4 ,the ,doctor thought there was no creature to which you could trace back so many persons in civilized society by the indications which they afforded of habits acquired in their prnatal professional education4 ,in what other vehicle1 during its ascent could the ,archeus of the ,sailor have acquired the innate courage1 the constant presence of mind1 and the inexhaustible resources which characterise a true seaman8 ,through this link too1 on his progress towards humanity1 the good soldier has past1 who is brave1 alert and vigilant1 cautious never to give his enemy an opportunity of advantage1 and watchful to lose the occasion that presents itself4 ,from the ,rat our ,philosopher traced the engineer1 the miner1 the lawyer1 the thief1 and the thief-taker1--that is1 generally speaking3 some of these might have pre-existed in the same state as moles or ferrets2 but those who excelled in their respective professions had most probably been trained as rats4 ,the judicious reader will do me the justice to observe that as ,i am only faithfully representing the opinions and fancies of my venerable friend1 ,i add neither ,m4 ,p41 ,dean1 ,bishop nor ,peer to the list1 nor any of those public men who are known to hanker after candle-ends and cheese-parings4 ,indeed1 it is a strange-disposed time2 ,but men may construe things after their fashion1 ,clean from the purpose of the things themselves4#b ,footnote #b3 ,,shakspeare4 ,it behoves me to refrain more especially upon this subject from anything which the malicious might interpret as scandal3 for the word itself 1 the ,greek grammarians tell us1 and the great ,anglo-,latin ,lexicographist tells me1 properly signifies that little piece of wood in a mouse-trap or pit-fall1 which bears up the trap1 and being touched1 lets it fall4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxx4 ,,distinction ,,between ,,young ,,angels ,,and ,,young ,,yahoos4--,,fairies1 ,,killcrops ,,and ,,changelings4--,,luther',s ,,opinions ,,on ,,the ,,subject4--,,his ,,colloquia ,,mensalia4--,,difference ,,between ,,the ,,old ,,and ,,new ,,edition4 ,i think it not impertinent sometimes to relate such accidents as may seem no better than mere trifles2 for even by trifles are the qualities of great persons as well disclosed as by their great actions2 because in matters of importance they commonly strain themselves to the observance of general commended rules2 in lesser things they follow the current of their own natures4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh4 ,it may easily be inferred from some of the ,doctor's peculiar opinions1 or fancies1 as he in unaffected humility would call them1 that though a dear lover of children1 his love of them was not indiscriminate4 ,he made a great distinction between young angels and young yahoos1 and thought it might very early be discovered whether the angel or the brute part predominated4 ,this is sometimes so strongly marked and so soon developed as to excite observation even in the most incurious2 and hence the well-known superstition concerning ,changelings4 ,in the heroic ages a divine origin is ascribed to such persons as were most remarkable for their endowments either of body or of mind2 but this may far more probably be traced to adulation in the poets1 than to contemporary belief at any time prevailing among the people2 whereas the opposite superstition was really believed in the middle ages1 and traces of it are still to be found4 ,it is remarkable that the ,fairies who in the popular belief of this country are never represented as malignant upon any other occasion1 act an evil part in the supposed case of ,changelings4 ,so it is with the ,trolls also of our ,scandinavian kinsmen1 7though this race of beings is in worse repute27 the children whom they substitute for those whom they steal are always a plague to the nurse and to the parents4 ,in ,germany such children were held to be young ,devils1 but whether ,mac-,incubi1 ,mac-,succubi1 or ,o',devils by the whole blood is not clearly to be collected from ,martin ,luther1 who is the great authority upon this subject4 ,he is explicit upon the fact that the ,nix or ,water ,fiend1 increases the population by a mixed breed2 but concerning the ,killcrops1 as his countrymen the ,saxons call them1 whom the ,devil leaves in exchange1 when he steals children for purposes best known to himself1 ,luther does not express any definite opinion1 farther than that they are of a devilish nature3 how fathered1 how mothered the reader is left to conjecture as he pleases4 8,eight years since10 said ,luther1 at 8,dessaw ,i did see and touch a changed child1 which was twelve years of age2 he had his eyes and all members like another child2 he did nothing but feed1 and would eat as much as two clowns or threshers were able to eat4 ,when one touched it1 then it cried out4 ,when any evil happened in the house1 then it laughed and was joyful2 but when all went well1 then it cried1 and was very sad4 ,i told the ,prince of ,anhalt1 that if ,i were ,prince of that country1 so would ,i venture homicidium thereon1 and would throw it into the river ,moldaw4 ,i admonished the people dwelling in that place devoutly to pray to ,god to take away the ,devil2 the same was done accordingly1 and the second year after the ,changeling died4 8,in ,saxonia1 near unto ,halberstad1 was a man that also had a ,killcrop1 who sucked the mother and five other women dry1 and besides devoured very much4 ,this man was advised that he should in his pilgrimage at ,halberstad make a promise of the ,killcrop to the ,virgin ,mary1 and should cause him there to be rocked4 ,this advice the man followed1 and carried the ,changeling thither in a basket4 ,but going over a river1 being upon the bridge1 another ,devil that was below in the river called1 and said1 ,killcrop6 ,killcrop6 ,then the child in the basket1 7which never before spake one word7 answered ho1 ho6 ,the ,devil in the water asked further1 whither art thou going8 ,the child in the basket said1 #8,i am going towards ,halberstad to our ,loving ,mother1 to be rocked4' ,the man being much affrighted thereat1 threw the child with the basket over the bridge into the water4 ,whereupon the two ,devils flew away together1 and cried1 ho1 ho1 ha6 tumbling themselves one over another and so vanished4 8,such ,changelings and ,killcrops10 said ,luther1 8supponit ,satan in locum verorum filiorum2 for the ,devil hath this power1 that he changeth children1 and instead thereof layeth ,devils in the cradles1 which thrive not1 only they feed and suck3 but such ,changelings live not above eighteen or nineteen years4 ,it oftentimes falleth out that the children of women in child-bed are thus changed1 and ,devils laid in their stead1 one of which more fouleth itself than ten other children do1 so that the parents are much therewith disquieted2 and the mothers in such sort are sucked out1 that afterwards they are able to give suck no more4 ,such ,changelings10 said ,luther1 8are baptized1 in regard that they cannot be known the first year1 but are known only by sucking the mothers dry40 ,mr4 ,cottle has made this the subject of a lively eclogue2 but if that gentleman had happened upon the modern edition of ,luther's ,colloquia ,mensalia1 or ,divine ,discourses at his ,table1 instead of the old one1 this pleasant poem would never have been written1 the account of the ,killcrops being one of the passages which the modern editor thought proper to omit4 ,his omissions are reprehensible1 because no notice is given that any such liberty has been taken2 and indeed a paragraph in the introductory life which is prefixed to the edition might lead the reader to conclude that it is a faithful reprint2 that paragraph saying there are many things which1 for the credit of ,luther1 might as well have been left out1 and proceeding to say1 8but then it must be considered that such ,discourses must not be brought to the test of our present refined age2 that all what a man of ,luther's name and character spoke1 particularly at the latter part of his life1 was thought by his friends worth the press1 though himself meant it only for the recreation of the company2 that he altered many opinions in his progress from darkness to light2 and that it is with a work of this kind1 as with the publishing of letters which were never intended for the press2 the ,author speaks his sentiments more freely1 and you are able to form a true idea of his character1 by looking1 as it were1 into his heart40 ,nevertheless there are considerable omissions1 and as may be supposed of parts which are curious1 and in a certain sense valuable because they are characteristic4 ,but the reprint was the speculation of a low publisher1 put forth in numbers1 and intended only for a certain class of purchasers1 who would read the book for edification4 ,the work itself deserves farther notice1 and that notice is the more properly and willingly bestowed upon it here1 because the original edition is one of the few volumes belonging to my venerable friend which have passed into my possession1 and his mark occurs frequently in its margin4 8,i will make no long excursion here1 but a short apology for one that deserved well of the reformed ,religion4 ,many of our adversaries have aspersed ,luther1 with ill words1 but none so violent as our ,english fugitives1 because he doth confess it that the ,devil did encounter him very frequently1 and familiarly1 when he first put pen to paper against the corruptions of the ,church of ,rome4 ,in whose behalf ,i answer3 much of that which is objected ,i cannot find in the ,latin ,editions of his works which himself corrected1 although it appears by the quotations some such things were in his first writings set forth in the ,dutch language4 #b4 ,i say no more than he confesseth ingenuously of himself in an epistle to ,brentius1 his meaning was good1 but his words came from him very unskilfully1 and his style was most rough and unsavoury4 ,st4 ,paul says of himself1 that he was rudis sermone1 rude in speech4 ,but ,luther was not so much the word used in ,saint ,paul1 as 1 after his ,dutch ,monastical breeding1 and his own hot freedom4 ,by nature he had a boisterous clownish expression2 but for the most part very good jewels of doctrine in the dunghills of his language4 #c4 ,if the devil did employ himself to delude and vex that heroical servant of ,god1 who took such a task upon him1 being a simple ,monk1 to inveigh against errors and superstitions which had so long prevailed1 why should it seem strange to any man8 ,ribadaneira sticks it among the praises of his founder ,ignatius ,loiola1 that the ,devil did declaim and cry out against him1 7believe it every one of you at your leisure17 and why might not the ,devil draw near to vex ,luther1 as well as roar out a great way off against ,loiola8 ,i have digrest a little with your patience1 to make ,luther's case appear to be no outrageous thing1 that weak ones may not be offended when they hear such stuff objected out of ,parsons1 or ,barclay1 or ,walsingham1 or out of ,bellarmine himself4 ,if ,beelzebub was busy with the ,master1 what will he be with the ,servants8 ,when ,christ did begin to lay the first corner stone of the ,gospel1 then he walked into the wilderness to be tempted of the ,devil40#a ,footnote #a3 ,,hacket',s ,,sermons4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxi4 ,,question ,,as ,,to ,,whether ,,books ,,under ,,the ,,termination ,,of 8,,ana0 ,,have ,,been ,,serviceable ,,or ,,injurious ,,to ,,literature ,,considered ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,luther',s ,,table ,,talk4--,,history ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,english ,,translation ,,of ,,that ,,book1 ,,of ,,its ,,wonderful ,,preservation1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,marvellous ,,and ,,unimpeachable ,,veracity ,,of ,,captain ,,henry ,,bell4 ,prophecies1 predictions1 ,or where they abide1 ,stories and fictions1 ,on this or that side1 ,allegories1 rhymes1 ,or under the mid line ,and serious pastimes ,of the ,holland sheets fine1 ,for all manner men1 ,or in the tropics fair ,without regard when1 ,of sunshine and clear air1 ,or under the pole ,of chimney and sea coal3 ,read they that list2 understand they that can2 ,verbum satis est to a wise man4 ,,book ,,of ,,riddles4 ,luther's ,table ,talk is probably the earliest of that class of books1 which1 under the termination of ana1 became frequent in the two succeeding centuries1 and of which it may be questioned whether they have been more serviceable or injurious to literature4 ,for though they have preserved much that is valuable1 and that otherwise might probably have been lost1 on the other hand they have introduced into literary history not a little that is either false1 or of suspicious authority2 some of their contents have been obtained by breach of confidence2 many sayings are ascribed in them to persons by whom they were never uttered1 and many things have been fabricated for them4 ,the ,collection concerning ,luther bears this title in the ,english translation3 8,doctoris ,martini ,lutheri ,colloquia ,mensalia3 or1 ,dr4 ,martin ,luther's ,divine ,discourses at his ,table1 c41 which in his lifetime he held with divers learned men1 7such as were ,philip ,melancthon1 ,casparus ,cruciger1 ,justus ,jonas1 ,paulus ,eberus1 ,vitus ,dietericus1 ,joannes ,bugenhagen1 ,joannes ,forsterus1 and others37 containing ,questions and ,answers touching ,religion1 and other main ,points of ,doctrine2 as also many notable ,histories1 and all sorts of ,learning1 ,comforts1 ,advices1 ,prophecies1 ,admonitions1 ,directions and ,instructions4 ,collected first together by ,dr4 ,antonius ,lauterbach1 and afterwards disposed into certain ,common-places by ,john ,aurifaber1 ,doctor in ,divinity4 ,translated out of the ,high ,german into the ,english tongue1 by ,captain ,henry ,bell4 ,john vi4 #ab4 ,gather up the fragments that nothing be lost4 #a ,cor4 x4 #ca4 ,whether therefore ye eat or drink1 or whatsoever ye do1 do all to the ,glory of ,god4 ,tertull4 ,apologet4 cap4 #ci4 ,the primitive ,christians ate and drank to satisfy nature1 and discoursed at their ,tables of the ,holy ,scriptures1 or otherwise1 as became those that knew ,god did hear them1 ut non tam cnam cnaverint1 quam disciplinam4 ,ancient ,writers1 ,councils1 and our ,university ,college ,statutes require sacra ad mensam4 ,luther in ,gen4 #b4 ,sermones vera sunt condimenta ciborum4 ,melchior ,adamus in ,vita ,lutheri4 ,inter prandendum et cnandum non rar conciones aliis dictavit4 ,london1 ,printed by ,william ,du ,gard1 dwelling in ,suffolk-lane1 near ,london-stone1 #afeb40 ,the original ,collection was first published three and thirty years after ,luther's death1 consequently not till most of those persons from whose reminiscences it professes to be compiled1 had past away4 ,the book therefore is far from carrying with it any such stamp of authenticity as ,boswell's ,life of ,johnson1 which in that respect1 as well as for its intrinsic worth is the ,ana of all ,anas4 ,but though it may have been undertaken upon book-making motives1 there seems no reason to suppose that the task was not performed faithfully by the ,doctors ,clearstream and ,goldsmith1 according to their judgment1 and that much which had lightly or carelessly fallen from such a man as ,luther was likely to be carefully preserved1 and come into their hands4 ,many parts indeed authenticate themselves1 bearing so strong a likeness that no one can hesitate at filiating them upon the ipsissimus ,luther4 ,the editor of the modern ,english edition1 ,john ,gottlieb ,burckhardt1 ,d4,d41 who was ,minister of the ,german ,lutheran ,congregation in the ,savoy1 says1 8the ,book made a great noise at its first appearance in #aefi4 ,some indeed have called its authenticity in question2 but there is no reason to doubt of the testimony of ,dr4 ,john ,aurifaber2 and indeed the full character of ,luther's free manner of speaking and thinking is seen almost in every line4 ,the same manly1 open1 bold and generous spirit breathes through the whole1 as is felt in reading the compositions which he published himself in his life time4 ,there is a pleasing variety of matters contained in these discourses1 and many fundamental truths are proposed in a familiar1 careless dress1 and in ,luther's own witty1 acute manner2 for which reason it is as much entertaining to popular capacities as to men of genius4 ,many good ,christians have found it to be of great benefit for establishing their souls in the knowledge and practice of truth1 and of the good old way2 and since many weeds grow up from time to time in the ,church1 this book handed down to posterity1 will be a standing test of sound doctrines1 which our forefathers believed1 and of such wise principles on which they acted at1 and after the ,reformation40 ,on the other hand the book afforded as much gratification to the enemies of ,luther1 as to his admirers4 ,bayle after noticing some of the monstrous calumnies with which the ,papists assailed his memory1 proceeds to say1 ,la plpart de ces medisances sont fondes sur quelques paroles d'un certain livre publi par les amis de ,luther1 ausquelles on donne un sens tres-malin1 et fort loign de la pense de ce ,ministre4 ,ce n'est pas qu'il ne faille convenir qu'il y eut une trs-grande imprudence publier une telle compilation4 ,ce fut l'effet d'un zle inconsider1 ou pltt d'une preoccupation excessive1 qui empchoit de conotre les defauts de ce grand homme4 ,in like manner ,seckendorf1 whom ,bayle quotes1 says it was compiled with little prudence1 and incautiously published1 but upon its authenticity 7as far as any such collection can be deemed authentic7 he casts no suspicion4 ,something worse than want of prudence may be suspected in those who set forth the ,english translation4 ,the translator introduced it by 8a ,narrative of the miraculous preserving0 of the book1 and 8how by ,god's ,providence it was discovered lying under the ground where it had lain hid fifty-two years30 8,i1 ,capt4 ,henry ,bell10 he says1 8do hereby declare both to the present age and also to posterity1 that being employed beyond the seas in state affairs divers years together1 both by ,king ,james1 and also by the late ,king ,charles1 in ,germany ,i did hear and understand in all places1 great bewailing and lamentation made1 by reason of the destroying or burning of above fourscore thousand of ,martin ,luther's books1 entituled his last ,divine ,discourses4 ,for after such time as ,god stirred up the spirit of ,martin ,luther to detect the corruptions and abuses of ,popery1 and to preach ,christ1 and clearly to set forth the simplicity of the ,gospel1 many ,kings1 ,princes and ,states1 ,imperial ,cities1 and ,hanse-,towns1 fell from the ,popish ,religion1 and became ,protestants as their posterities still are1 and remain to this very day4 ,and for the further advancement of the great work of ,reformation then begun1 the foresaid ,princes and the rest did then order1 that the said ,divine ,discourse of ,luther should forthwith be printed1 and that every ,parish should have and receive one of the foresaid printed ,books into every ,church throughout all their principalities and dominions1 to be chained up1 for the common people to read therein4 ,upon which the ,reformation was wonderfully promoted and increased1 and spread both here in ,england and other countries beside4 ,but afterwards it so fell out1 that the ,pope then living1 viz4 ,gregory ,,xiii4 understanding what great hurt and prejudice he and his popish religion had already received by reason of the said ,luther's ,divine ,discourses2 and also fearing that the same might bring farther contempt and mischief upon himself1 and upon the popish ,church1 he therefore to prevent the same1 did fiercely stir up and instigate the ,emperor then in being1 viz4 ,rudolphus ,,ii4 to make an edict through the whole empire1 that all the foresaid printed books should be burnt1 and also that it should be ,death for any person to have or keep a copy thereof1 but also to burn the same3 which edict was speedily put in execution accordingly1 in so much that not one of all the said printed books1 not so much as any one copy of the same could be found out1 nor heard of in any place40 ,upon this it is to be observed that in the popish states of ,germany such an edict was not required1 and that in the ,protestant ones it could not be enforced4 ,there is therefore as little foundation for the statement1 as for the assertion introduced in it that the ,reformation was promoted in ,england by the publication of this book in ,german4 ,the ,book appears not to have been common1 for ,bayle had never seen it2 but this was because few editions were printed1 not because many copies were destroyed4 ,the reader however will judge by what follows of the degree of credit which may be given to any statement of ,capt4 ,henry ,bell's4 8,yet it pleased ,god10 the veracious ,captain proceeds1 8that anno #afbf a ,german ,gentleman1 named ,casparus ,van ,sparr1 7with whom1 in the time of my staying in ,germany about ,king ,james's business1 ,i became very familiarly known and acquainted17 having occasion to build upon the old foundation of an house wherein his grandfather dwelt at that time when the said edict was published in ,germany for the burning of the foresaid ,books1 and digging deep into the ground under the said old foundation1 one of the said original printed books was there happily found1 lying in a deep obscure hole1 being wrapt in a strong linen cloth1 which was waxed all over with bees-wax both within and without1 whereby the book was preserved fair without any blemish4 ,and at the same time ,ferdinandus ,,ii4 being ,emperor in ,germany1 who was a severe enemy and persecutor of the ,protestant religion1 the foresaid ,gentleman and grandchild to him that had hidden the said ,book in that obscure hole1 fearing that if the said ,emperor should get knowledge that one of the said ,books was yet forthcoming and in his custody1 thereby not only himself might be brought into trouble1 but also the ,book in danger to be destroyed1 as all the rest were so long before2 and also calling me to mind1 and knowing that ,i had the ,high ,dutch tongue very perfect1 did send the said original ,book over hither into ,england1 unto me2 and therewith did write unto me a letter1 wherein he related the passages of the preserving and finding out of the said ,book4 ,and also he earnestly moved me in his letter1 that for the advancement of ,god's glory1 and of ,christ's ,church1 ,i would take the pains to translate the said ,book1 to the end that that most excellent ,divine ,work of ,luther might be brought again to light6 8,whereupon ,i took the said ,book before me1 and many times began to translate the same1 but always ,i was hindered therein1 being called upon about other business2 insomuch that by no possible means ,i could remain by that work4 ,then about six weeks after ,i had received the said ,book1 it fell out1 that ,i being in bed with my ,wife1 one night between twelve and one of the clock1 she being asleep but myself yet awake1 there appeared unto me an ,antient ,man1 standing at my bed-side1 arrayed all in white1 having a long and broad white beard1 hanging down to his girdle-stead2 who1 taking me by my right ear1 spake these words following unto me4 ,sirrah6 ,will not you take time to translate that ,book which is sent unto you out of ,germany8 ,i will shortly provide for you both place and time to do it6 ,and then he vanished away out of my sight4 ,whereupon being much thereby affrighted1 ,i fell into an extreme sweat1 insomuch that my ,wife awaking1 and finding me all over wet1 she asked me what ,i ailed1 ,i told her what ,i had seen and heard2 but ,i never did heed nor regard visions1 nor dreams4 ,and so the same fell soon out of my mind4 8,then1 about a fortnight after ,i had seen that ,vision1 ,i went to ,whitehall to hear the ,sermon2 after which ended1 ,i returned to my lodging1 which was then in ,king ,street at ,westminster1 and sitting down to dinner with my ,wife1 two ,messengers were sent from the whole ,council-,board1 with a warrant to carry me to the ,keeper of the ,gate ,house1 ,westminster1 there to be safely kept1 until further order from the ,lords of the ,council2 which was done without showing me any cause at all wherefore ,i was committed4 ,upon which said warrant ,i was kept there ten whole years close prisoner2 where ,i spent five years thereof about the translating of the said ,book3 insomuch as ,i found the words very true which the old man in the foresaid ,vision did say unto me1 #8,i will shortly provide for you both place and time to translate it4'0 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxii4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,family ,,feeling4 ,it behoves the high ,for their own sakes to do things worthily4 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,no son ever regarded the memory of his father with more reverential affection than this last of the ,doves4 ,there never lived a man1 he said1 to whom the lines of ,marcus ,antonius ,flaminius1 7the sweetest of all ,latin poets in modern times1 or perhaps of any age17 could more truly be applied4 ,vixisti1 genitor1 bene1 ac beate1 ,nec pauper1 neque dives2 eruditus ,satis1 et satis eloquens2 valente ,semper corpore1 mente san2 amicis ,jucundus1 pietate singulari4 8,what if he could not with the ,hevenninghams of ,suffolk count five and twenty knights of his family1 or tell sixteen knights successively with the ,tilneys of ,norfolk1 or with the ,nauntons shew where his ancestors had seven hundred pounds a year before the conquest10#a he was1 and with as much1 or perhaps more reason1 contented with his parentage4 ,indeed his family feeling was so strong1 that1 if he had been of an illustrious race1 pride1 he acknowledged1 was the sin which would most easily have beset him2 though on the other hand1 to correct this tendency1 he thought there could be no such persuasive preachers as old family portraits1 and old monuments in the family church4 ,footnote #a3 ,,fuller4 ,he was far however from thinking that those who are born to all the advantages1 as they are commonly esteemed1 of rank and fortune1 are better placed for the improvement of their moral and intellectual nature1 than those in a lower grade4 8,fortunatos nimium sua si bona nrint10 he used to say of this class1 but this is a knowledge that they seldom possess2 and it is rare indeed to find an instance in which the high privileges which hereditary wealth conveys are understood by the possessors1 and rightly appreciated and put to their proper use4 ,the one1 and the two talents are ,oh6 bright occasions of dispensing good1 ,how seldom used1 how little understood6#b in general more profitably occupied than the five2 the five indeed are not often tied up in a napkin1 but still less often are they faithfully employed in the service of that ,lord from whom they are received in trust1 and to whom an account of them must be rendered4 ,footnote #b3 ,,cowper4 8,a man of family and estate10 said ,johnson1 8ought to consider himself as having the charge of a district over which he is to diffuse civility and happiness40--,are there fifty men of family and estate in the ,three ,kingdoms who feel and act as if this were their duty8--,are there five and forty8--,forty8--,thirty8--,twenty8--,or can it be said with any probability of belief that 8peradventure ,ten shall be found there80 --in sangue illustre e signorile1 ,in uom d'alti parenti al mondo nato1 ,la vilt si raddoppia1 e pi si scorge ,che in coloro il cui grado alto non sorge4#c ,footnote #c3 ,,tasso ,,rinaldo4 ,here in ,england stood a village1 within the memory of man1--no matter where1--close by the ,castle of a noble proprietor1--no matter who3 il figlio ,del tale1 ed il nipote del cotale1 ,nat per madre della tale4#d ,it contained about threescore houses1 and every cottager had ground enough for keeping one or two cows4 ,the noble proprietor looked upon these humble tenements as an eye-sore2 and one by one as opportunity offered1 he purchased them1 till at length he became owner of the whole1 one field excepted1 which belonged to an old ,quaker4 ,the old man resisted many offers1 but at last he was induced to exchange it for a larger and better piece of land in another place4 ,no sooner had this transaction been completed1 than the other occupants who were now only tenants at will1 received notice to quit2 the houses were demolished1 the inclosures levelled1 hearthsteads and homesteads1 the cottage garden and the cottage field disappeared1 and the site was in part planted1 in part thrown into the park4 ,the ,quaker1 who unlike ,naboth1 had parted with the inheritance of his fathers was a native of the village2 but he knew not how dearly he was attached to it1 till he saw its demolition3 it was his fault1 he said2 and if he had not exchanged his piece of ground1 he should never have lived to see his native place destroyed4 ,he took it deeply to heart2 it preyed upon his mind1 and he soon lost his senses and died4 ,footnote #d3 ,,chiabrera4 ,i tell the story as it was related1 within sight of the spot1 by a husbandman who knew the place and the circumstances1 and well remembered that many people used to come every morning from the adjacent parts to buy milk there1--8a quart of new milk for a half-penny1 and a quart of old1 given with it40 ,naboth has been named in relating this1 but the reader will not suppose that ,i have any intention of comparing the great proprietor to ,ahab1--or to ,william the ,conqueror4 ,there was nothing unjust in his proceedings1 nothing iniquitous2 and 7though there may have been a great want of proper feeling7 nothing cruel4 ,i am not aware that any hardship was inflicted upon the families who were ejected1 farther than the inconvenience of a removal4 ,he acted as most persons in the same circumstances probably would have acted1 and no doubt he thought that his magnificent habitation was greatly improved by the demolition of the poor dwellings which had neighboured it so closely4 ,farther it may be said in his justification 7for which ,i would leave nothing unsaid7 that very possibly the houses had not sufficient appearance of neatness and comfort to render them agreeable objects1 that the people may have been in no better state of manners and morals than villagers commonly are1 which is saying that they were bad enough2 that the filth of their houses was thrown into the road1 and that their pigs1 and their children who were almost as unclean1 ran loose there4 ,add to this if you please that though they stood in fear of their great neighbour1 there may have been no attachment to him1 and little feeling of good will4 ,but ,i will tell you how ,dr4 ,dove would have proceeded if he had been the hereditary ,lord of that ,castle and that domain4 ,he would have considered that this village was originally placed there for the sake of the security which the ,castle afforded4 ,times had changed and with them the relative duties of the ,peer and of the ,peasantry3 he no longer required their feudal services1 and they no longer stood in need of his protection4 ,the more therefore1 according to his 8way of thinking10 was it to be desired1 that other relations should be strengthened and the bonds of mutual goodwill be more closely intertwined4 ,he would have looked upon these villagers as neighbours1 in whose welfare and good conduct he was especially interested1 and over whom it was in his power to exercise a most salutary and beneficial influence2 and having this power he would have known1 that it was his duty so to use it4 ,he would have established a school in the village1 and have allowed no ale-house there4 ,he would have taken his domestics preferably from thence4 ,if there were a boy who by his gentle disposition1 his diligence and his aptitude for learning gave promise of those qualities which best become the clerical profession1 he would have sent that boy to a grammar school1 and afterwards to college1 supporting him there in part1 or wholly1 according to the parents' means1 and placing him on his list for preferment1 according to his deserts4 ,if there were any others who discovered a remarkable fitness for any other useful calling1 in that calling he would have had them instructed and given them his countenance and support1 as long as they continued to deserve it4 ,the ,archbishop of ,braga1 ,fray ,bartolomen dos ,martyres1 added to his establishment a ,physician for the poor4 ,our friend would in like manner have fixed a medical practitioner in the village1--one as like as he could find to a certain ,doctor at ,doncaster2 and have allowed him such a fixed stipend1 as might have made him reasonably contented and independent of the little emolument which the practice of the place could afford1 for he would not have wished his services to be gratuitous where there was no need4 ,if the parish to which the village belonged was too extensive1 or the parochial ,minister unwilling1 or unable to look carefully after this part of his flock1 his ,domestic ,chaplain1 7for he would not have lived without one7 should have taken care of their religious instruction4 ,in his own family and in his own person he would have set his neighbours an example of 8whatsoever things are honest1 whatsoever things are just1 whatsoever things are pure1 whatsoever things are lovely1 whatsoever things are of good report40 ,and as this example produced its sure effects1 he would have left the ,amateurs of ,agriculture to vie with each other in their breeds of sheep and oxen1 and in the costly cultivation of their farms4 ,it would have been1 not his boast1 for he boasted of nothing2--not his pride1 for he had none of that poor vice which only empty men ,esteem a virtue--#e it was out of the root of ,christian humility that all his virtues grew1--but his consolation and his delight to know that nowhere in ,great ,britain was there a neater1 a more comfortable village than close to his own mansion2 no where a more orderly1 a more moral1 a more cheerful1 or a happier people4 ,and if his castle had stood upon an elevation commanding as rich a survey as ,belvoir or ,shobden1 that village when he looked from his windows1 would still have been the most delightful object in the prospect4 ,footnote #e3 ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4 ,i have not mentioned the name of the old ,quaker in my story2 but ,i will preserve it in these pages because the story is to his honour4 ,it was ,joshua ,dickson4 ,if ,quakers have 7and certainly they have7 the quality which is called modest assurance in a superlative degree that distinguishes them from any other class of men1 7it is of the men only that ,i speak7 they are the only sect1 who as a sect1 cultivate the sense of conscience4 ,this was not a case of conscience1 but of strong feeling assuming that character under a tendency to madness4 ,when ,lord ,harcourt about the same time removed the village of ,nuneham1 an old widow ,barbara ,wyat by name1 earnestly intreated that she might be allowed to remain in her old habitation4 ,the request which it would have been most unfeeling to refuse1 was granted2 she ended her days there1 and then the cottage was pulled down3 but a tree which grew beside it1 and which she had planted in her youth1 is still shown on the terrace at ,nuneham1 and called by her name4 ,near it is placed the following ,inscription by that amiable man the ,laureate ,whitehead4 ,like all his serious poems it may be read with pleasure and profit1--though the affecting circumstance which gives the anecdote its highest interest is related only in a note4 ,this ,tree was planted by a female hand1 ,in the gay dawn of rustic beauty's glow2 ,and fast beside it did her cottage stand1 ,when age had clothed the matron's head with snow4 ,to her long used to nature's simple ways1 ,this single spot was happiness compleat2 ,her tree could shield her from the noontide blaze ,and from the tempest screen her little seat4 ,here with her ,colin oft the faithful maid1 ,had led the dance1 the envious youths among1 ,here when his aged bones in earth were laid1 ,the patient matron turned her wheel and sung4 ,she felt her loss1 yet felt it as she ought1 ,nor dared 'gainst ,nature's general law exclaim1 ,but checkt her tears and to her children taught ,that well known truth their lot would be the same4 ,the ,thames before her flowed1 his farther shores ,she ne'er explored1 contented with her own2 ,and distant ,oxford1 tho' she saw its towers1 ,to her ambition was a world unknown4 ,did dreadful tales the clowns from market bear ,of kings and tumults and the courtier train1 ,she coldly listened with unheeding ear1 ,and good ,queen ,anne1 for aught she cared1 might reign4 ,the sun her day1 the seasons marked her year1 ,she toiled1 she slept1 from care1 from envy free2 ,for what had she to hope1 or what to fear1 ,blest with her cottage1 and her favourite ,tree4 ,hear this ye ,great1 whose proud possessions spread ,o'er earth's rich surface to no space confined6 ,ye learn'd in arts1 in men1 in manners read1 ,who boast as wide an empire o'er the mind1 ,with reverence visit her august domain2 ,to her unlettered memory bow the knee2 ,she found that happiness you seek in vain1 ,blest with a cottage1 and a single ,tree4#f ,footnote #f3 ,the ,classical reader will be aware that the ,author of these lines had ,claudian's 8,old ,man of ,verona0 in his mind's eye1 as ,claudian had ,virgil's 8,corycian ,old ,man40--,georg4 iv4 #abg4 ,mason would have produced a better inscription upon this subject1 in the same strain2 ,southey in a different one1 ,crabbe would have treated it with more strength1 ,bowles with a finer feeling1 so would his kinswoman and namesake ,caroline1 than whom no author or authoress has ever written more touchingly1 either in prose or verse4 ,wordsworth would have made a picture from it worthy of a place in the great ,gallery of his ,recluse4 ,but ,whitehead's is a remarkable poem1 considering that it was produced during what has been not unjustly called the neap tide of ,english poetry3 and the reader who should be less pleased with it than offended by its faults1 may have cause to suspect that his refinement has injured his feelings in a greater degree than it has improved his taste4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxiii4 ,,the ,,petty ,,german ,,princes ,,excellent ,,patrons ,,of ,,literature ,,and ,,learned ,,men4--,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,saxe ,,weimar4--,,quotation ,,from ,,bp4 ,,hacket4--,,an ,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,excellent ,,mr4 ,,boyle4--,a ,,tenet ,,of ,,the ,,dean ,,of ,,chalon1 ,,pierre ,,de ,,st4 ,,julien1--,,and ,a ,,veritable ,,plantagenet4 ,ita nati estis1 ut bona malaque vestra ad ,rempublicam pertineant4 ,,tacitus4 8,we have long been accustomed to laugh at the pride and poverty of petty ,german ,princes10 says one of the most sensible and right minded travellers that ever published the result of his observations in ,germany2#a 8but nothing10 he proceeds1 8can give a higher idea of the respectability which so small a people may assume1 and the quantity of happiness which one of these insignificant monarchs may diffuse around him1 than the example of the little state of ,weimar1 with a ,prince like the present#b ,grand ,duke at its head4 ,the mere pride of sovereignty frequently most prominent where there is only the title to justify it1 is unknown to him2 he is the most affable man in his dominions1 not simply with the condescension which any prince can learn to practise as a useful quality1 but from goodness of heart40 ,the whole population of his state little if at all exceeds that of ,leicestershire2 his capital is smaller than a third or fourth rate county town2 so in fact it scarcely deserves the name of a town2 and the inhabitants1 vain as they are of its well earned reputation as the ,german ,athens1 take a pride in having it considered merely a large village3 his revenue is less than that of many a ,british ,peer1 great ,commoner1 or commercial ,millionist4 ,yet 8while the treasures of more weighty potentates were insufficient to meet the necessities of their political relations1 his confined revenues could give independence and careless leisure to the men who were gaining for ,germany its intellectual reputation40 ,it is not too much to say that for that intellectual reputation1 high as it is1 and lasting as it will be1 ,germany is little less beholden to the ,duke of ,weimar's well-bestowed patronage1 than to the genius of ,wieland1 and ,schiller and ,gothe4 8,in these little principalities1 the same goodness of disposition can work with more proportional effect than if it swayed the sceptre of an empire2 it comes more easily and directly into contact with those towards whom it should be directed3 the artificial world of courtly rank and wealth has neither sufficient glare nor body to shut out from the prince the more chequered world that lies below40 ,footnote #a3 ,,russell4 ,footnote #b3 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbb4 ,alas no ,prince either petty or great has followed the ,duke of ,saxe ,weimar's example6 8,he dwells10 says ,mr4 ,downes1 8like an estated gentleman1 surrounded by his tenantry40 ,alas no ,british ,peer1 great ,commoner1 or commercial ,millionist has given to any portion of his ampler revenues a like beneficent direction4 ,a good old ,bishop#c quoting the text 8not many wise men after the flesh1 not many mighty1 not many noble are called10 cautions us against distorting the ,scripture as if it pronounced nothing but confusion to the rulers of the earth1 8let not the honourable person10 said he1 8hang down his head1 as if power and wisdom1 and noble blood1 and dignity were causes of rejection before ,god3 no beloved6 ,isaiah foretold that ,kings should be nursing fathers1 and ,queens should be nursing mothers of the ,church1 but it is often seen that the benignity of nature and the liberality of fortune are made impediments to a better life2 and therefore ,nobles and ,princes are more frequently threatened with judgment4 ,i adjoin moreover that the ,scriptures speak more flatly against illustrious ,magistrates1 than the common sort2 for if ,god had left it to men1 whose tongues are prostituted to flattery1 they had scarce been told that their abominable sins would bring damnation40 ,footnote #c3 ,,bishop ,,hacket4 ,when our philosopher considered the manner in which large incomes are expended1 7one way he had opportunities enough of observing at ,doncaster7 he thought that in these times high birth brought with it dangers and evils which in many or most instances1 more than counterbalanced its advantages4 ,that excellent person ,mr4 ,boyle had formed a different opinion4 ,to be the son of a ,peer whose prosperity had found many admirers1 but few parallels1 and not to be his eldest son1 was a happiness that he used to 8mention with great expressions of gratitude2 his birth1 he said1 so suiting his inclinations and designs1 that1 had he been permitted an election1 his choice would scarce have altered ,god's assignment4 ,for as on the one side1 a lower birth would have too much exposed him to the inconveniences of a mean descent1 which are too notorious to need specifying2 so on the other side1 to a person whose humour indisposes him to the distracting hurry of the world1 the being born heir to a great family is but a glittering kind of slavery1 whilst obliging him to a public entangled course of life1 to support the credit of his family1 and tying him from satisfying his dearest inclinations1 it often forces him to build the advantages of his house upon the ruins of his own contentment40 8,a man of mean extraction10 he continues1 8is seldom admitted to the privacy and secrets of great ones promiscuously1 and scarce dares pretend to it1 for fear of being censured saucy1 or an intruder4 ,and titular greatness is ever an impediment to the knowledge of many retired truths1 that cannot be attained without familiarity with meaner persons1 and such other condescensions1 as fond opinion1 in great men1 disapproves and makes disgraceful40 8,but he himself10 ,mr4 ,boyle said1 8was born in a condition that neither was high enough to prove a temptation to laziness1 nor low enough to discourage him from aspiring40 ,and certainly to a person that affected so much an universal knowledge1 and arbitrary vicissitudes of quiet and employments1 it could not be unwelcome to be of a quality1 that was a handsome stirrup to preferment1 without an obligation to court it1 and which might at once both protect his higher pretensions from the guilt of ambition1 and secure his retiredness from contempt4 ,there would be more and higher advantages in high birth than ,mr4 ,boyle apprehended1 if the ,dean of ,chalon1 ,pierre de ,st4 ,julien1 were right when he maintained contre l'opinion des ,philosophes1 et l'ordinaire des ,predicamants1--que la vraye ,noblesse a sa source du sang1 et est substancielle4 ,ces mots ,gentilhomme de sang1 et d'armes1 de race genereuse1 de bonne part1 c41 says the well-born ,dean1 who in his title pages let us know that he was de la maison de ,balleurr1--sont termes non de qualit1 ny d'habitude2 ains importants substance de vray1 comme il est bien dit1 veniunt cum sanguine mores2 et aillieurs1 ,qui viret in foliis venit radicibus humor2 ,sic patrum in natos abeunt cum semine mores4 ,et comme le sang est le vehicule1 et porteur des esprits de vie1 esquels est enclose la substance de l'ame2 aussi est il le comme chariot1 qui porte et soustient celle substance qui decoule des peres1 et des ayeulx1 par long ordre de generation1 et provient aux enfants1 qui1 nez de bonne et gentille semence1 sont 7conformement l'opinion du divin ,philosophe ,platon7 rendu tels que leurs progeniteurs1 par la vertu des esprits enclos en la semence4--,tellement qu'on ne peut nyer1 que comme d'une bonne ,ayre sortent de bons oyseaux1 d'un bon ,haras de bons chevaux1 c41 aussi il importe beaucoup aux hommes d'estre nez de bons et valeureux parents2 voire tant1 que les mal nez1 ennemys de ceste bien naissance1 ne sont suffisants pour en juger4 ,sir ,robert ,cotton once met with a man driving the plough1 who was a true and undoubted ,plantagenet4 8,that worthy ,doctor10 7,dr4 ,hervey7 says that worthy ,fuller 7dignissimus of being so styled himself17 8hath made many converts in physic to his seeming paradox1 maintaining the circulation of blood running round about the body of man4 ,nor is it less true that gentle blood fetcheth a circuit in the body of a nation1 running from ,yeomanry1 through ,gentry to ,nobility1 and so retrograde1 returning through ,gentry to ,yeomanry again40 8,plust ,dieu10 said ,maistre ,franois ,rabelais1 of facetious memory1 8qu'un chacun saust aussi certainement--7as ,gargantua that is17 sa genealogie1 depuis l',arche de ,no1 jusqu' cet ge6 ,je pense que plusieurs sont aujourd'hui ,empereurs1 ,roys1 ,ducs1 ,princes et ,papes en la terre1 lesquels sont descendus de quelques ,porteurs de rogatons et de constrets4 ,comme au rebours plusieurs sont gueux de l'hostiere1 souffreteux et miserables1 lesquels sont descendus de sang et ligne de grands ,roys et ,empereurs2 attends l'admirable transport des ,regnes et ,empires1 ,des ,assyriens1 s ,medes2 ,des ,medes1 s ,perses2 ,des ,perses1 s ,macdoniens2 ,des ,macdoniens1 s ,grecs2 ,des ,grecs1 s ,franois4 ,et pour vous donner entendre de moy qui vous parle1 je cuide que suis descendu de quelque riche ,roy1 ou ,prince1 au temps jadis2 car oncques ne vistes homme qui eust plus grande affection d'estre ,roy ou riche que moy1 afin de faire grand chere1 pas ne travailler1 point ne me soucier et bien enrichir mes amis1 et tous gens de bien et de savoir40 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxiv4 ,,opinion ,,of ,a ,,modern ,,divine ,,upon ,,the ,,whereabout ,,of ,,newly ,,departed ,,spirits4--,,st4 ,,john',s ,,burial1 ,,one ,,relic ,,only ,,of ,,that ,,saint1 ,,and ,,wherefore4--,a ,,tale ,,concerning ,,abraham1 ,,adam ,,and ,,eve4 ,je say qu'il y a plusieurs qui diront que je fais beaucoup de petits fats contes1 dont je m'en passerois bien4 ,ouy1 bien pour aucuns1--mais non pour moy1 me contentant de m'en renouveller le souvenance1 et en tirer autant de plaisir4 ,,brant,,me4 ,watts who came to the odd conclusion in his ,philosophical ,essay1 that there may be ,spirits which must be said1 in strict philosophy to be no where1 endeavoured to explain what he called the ubi or whereness of those spirits which are in a more imaginable situation4 ,while man is alive1 the soul he thought might be said to be in his brain1 because the seat of consciousness seems to be there2 but as soon as it is dislodged from that local habitation by death1 it finds itself at once in a heaven or hell of its own1 and this 8without any removal or relation to place1 or change of distances40 ,the shell is broken1 the veil is withdrawn2 it is where it was1 but in a different mode of existence1 in the pure intellectual1 or separate world4 8,it reflects upon its own temper and actions in this life1 it is conscious of its virtues1 or its vices10 and it has an endless spring of peace and joy within1 or is tormented with the anguish of self condemnation4 ,in his speculations the separation of soul from body is total1 till their re-union at the day of judgment2 and this unquestionably is the christian belief4 ,the fablers of all religions have taken a different view1 because at all times and in all countries they have accommodated their fictions to the notions of the people4 ,the grave is with them a place of rest1 or of suffering4 ,if ,young had been a ,jew1 a ,mahommedan1 or a ,roman ,catholic1 he might be understood as speaking literally when he says1 ,how populous1 how vital is the grave4 ,st4 ,augustine had been assured by what he considered no light testimony that ,st4 ,john was not dead1 but asleep in his sepulchre1 and that the motion of his breast as he breathed might be perceived by a gentle movement of the earth4 ,the words of our ,lord after his ,resurrection1 concerning the beloved disciple1 8,if ,i will that he tarry till ,i come1 what is that to thee10 gave scope to conjecture concerning the fate of this ,evangelist1 and yet in some degree set bounds to that spirit of lying invention which in process of time annexed as many fables to corrupted ,christianity as the ,greek and ,roman poets had engrafted upon their heathenism1 or the ,rabbis upon the ,jewish faith4 8,sinner that ,i am10 said a ,french prelate with demure irony1 when a head of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist was presented to him to kiss in some ,church of which it was the choicest treasure1--8sinner that ,i am1 this is the fourth head of the glorious ,baptist that ,i have had the happiness of holding in these unworthy hands60 ,but while some half dozen or half score of these heads were produced1 because it was certain that the ,saint had been beheaded1 no relic of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist's person1 nor of the ,virgin ,mary's1 was ever invented4 ,the story of the ,assumption precluded any such invention in the one case1--and in ,st4 ,john's the mysterious uncertainty of his fate had the same effect as this received tradition4 ,the ,benedictines of ,st4 ,claude's ,monastery in the ,jura exhibited his own manuscript of the ,apocalypse1--7the most learned of that order in no unlearned age1 believed or affected to believe that it was his actual autograph17--and they considered that it was greatly enhanced in value by its being the only relic of that ,saint in existence4 ,the fable which ,st4 ,augustine seems to have believed1 was either parent or child of the story told under the name of ,abdias1 that when the ,beloved ,disciple had attained the postdiluvian age of ninety seven1 our ,lord appeared to him1 said unto him1 8come unto me1 that thou mayest partake at my feast with thy brethren10 and fixed the next ,sunday1 being ,easter1 for his removal from this world4 ,on that ,sunday accordingly1 the ,evangelist after having performed service in his own temple at ,ephesus1 and exhorted the people1 told some of his chosen disciples to take with them two mattocks and spade1 and accompany him therewith4 ,they went to a place near the city1 where he had been accustomed to pray1 there he bade them dig a grave1 and when they would have ceased from the work1 he bade them dig it still deeper4 ,then taking off all his garments except a linen vestment1 he spread them in the grave1 laid himself down upon them1 ordered his disciples to cover him up1 and forthwith fell asleep in the ,lord4 ,abdias proceeds no farther with the story2 but other ecclesiastic romancers add that the evangelist enjoined them to open the grave on the day following2 they did so and found nothing but his garments1 for the blessed virgin in recompence for the filial piety which he had manifested towards her in obedience to our ,lord's injunctions from the cross1 had obtained for him the privilege of an ,assumption like her own4 ,baronius has no objection to believe this1 but that ,st4 ,john actually died is1 he says more than certain1--certo certius2 and that his grave at ,ephesus was proof of it1 for certe non nisi mortuorum solent esse sepulchra4 ,yet the ,cardinal knew that the historian of his ,church frequently represented the dead as sentient in their graves4 ,the ,jews have some remarkable legends founded upon the same notion4 ,it is written in the book of ,zohar1 say the ,rabbis1 how when ,abraham had made a covenant with the people of the land1 and was about to make a feast for them1 a calf which was to be slaughtered on the occasion1 broke loose and ran into the cave of ,machpelah4 ,abraham followed1 and having entered the cave in pursuit1 there he discovered the bodies of ,adam and ,eve1 each on a bed1 with lamps burning between them4 ,they were sleeping the sleep of death1 and there was a good odour around them1 like the odour of repose4 ,in consequence of having made this discovery it was that he desired to purchase the cave for his own burial place2 and when the sons of ,jebus refused to sell it1 he fell upon his knees1 and bowed himself before them1 till they were entreated4 ,when he came to deposit the body of ,sarah there1 ,adam and ,eve rose up1 and refused their consent4 ,the reason which they gave for this unexpected prohibition was1 that they were already in a state of reproach before the ,lord1 because of their transgression1 and a farther reproach would be brought upon them by a comparison with his good deeds1 if they allowed such company to be introduced into their resting place4 ,but ,abraham took upon himself to answer for that2 upon this they were satisfied with his assurances1 and composed themselves again to their long sleep4 ,the ,rabbis may be left to contend for the authority of the book of ,zohar in this particular against the story of the ,cabalists that ,adam's bones were taken into the ,ark1 and divided afterwards by ,noah among his sons4 ,the skull fell to ,shem's portion2 he burnt it on the mountain which for that reason obtained the name of ,golgotha1 or ,calvary1--being interpreted1 the place of a skull1 and on that spot1 for mystical signification the cross whereon our ,saviour suffered was erected2--a wild legend1 on which as wild a fiction has been grafted1 that a branch from the ,tree of ,life had been planted on ,adam's grave1 and from the wood which that branch had produced the cross was made4 ,and against either of these the authority of ,rabbi ,judas ,bar ,simon is to be opposed1 for he affirms that the dust of ,adam was washed away by the ,deluge1 and utterly dispersed4 ,the ,rabbis have also to establish the credit of their own tradition against that of the ,arabs who at this time shew ,eve's grave near ,jeddah2--about three days journey east from that place1 according to ,bruce4 ,he says1 it is covered with green sods1 and about fifty yards in length4 ,the ,cashmerian traveller ,abdulkurreem who visited it in #agdb1 says that it measured an hundred and ninety-seven of his footsteps1 which would make the mother of mankind much taller than ,bruce's measurement4 ,he likens it to a flower-bed2 on the middle of the grave there was then a small dome1 and the ends of it were enclosed with wooden pales4 ,burckhardt did not visit it2 he was told that it was about two miles only1 northward of the town1 and that it was a rude structure of stone1 some four feet in length1 two or three in height and as many in breadth1 thus resembling the tomb of ,noah1 which is shewn in the valley of ,bekaa1 in ,syria4 ,thus widely do these modern travellers1 on any one of whom reasonable reliance might have been placed1 differ in the account of the same thing4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxv4 ,,the ,,shortest ,,and ,,pleasantest ,,way ,,from ,,doncaster ,,to ,,jeddah1 ,,with ,,many ,,more1 ,,too ,,long4 4 ,,sophocles4 ,we have got from the ,west ,riding of ,yorkshire1 to the ,eastern shore of the ,red ,sea1 without the assistance of mail-coach1 steam-packet1 or air-balloon1 the magical carpet1 the wishing-cap1 the shoes of swiftness1 or the seven-leagued boots4 ,from ,mr4 ,bacon's vicarage we have got to ,eve's grave1 not per saltum1 by any sudden1 or violent transition2 but by following the stream of thought4 ,we shall get back in the same easy manner to that vicarage1 and to the quiet churchyard wherein the remains of one of the sweetest and for the few latter years of her short life1 one of the happiest of ,eve's daughters1 were deposited in sure and certain hope4 ,if you are in the mood for a ,chapter upon ,churchyards1 go reader to those which ,caroline ,bowles has written2--you will find in them every thing that can touch the heart1 every thing that can sanctify the affections1 unalloyed by anything that can offend a pure taste and a masculine judgement4 ,but before we find our way back we must tarry awhile among the tombs1 and converse with the fablers of old4 ,a young and lovely ,frenchwoman after visiting the ,columbarium near the ,villa ,albani1 expressed her feeling strongly upon our custom of interring the dead1 as compared with the non-burial of the ancients1 usage odieux1 said she1 qui rend la mort horrible6 ,si les anciens en avaient moins d'effroi1 c'est que la coutume de brler les corps drobait au trpas tout ce qu'il a de hideux4 ,qu'il tait consolant et doux de pouvoir pleurer sur des cendres chries6 ,qu'il est pouvantable et dchirant aujourd'hui de penser que celui qu'on a tant aim n'offre plus qu'une image affreuse et dcharne dont on ne pourrait supporter la vue4 ,the lady in whose journal these lines were written lies buried in the ,campo ,santo at ,milan1 with the following inscription on her tomb2 ,priez pour une jeune ,franaise que la mort a frappe vingt ans1 comme elle allait1 aprs un voyage de huit mois avec un epoux chri1 revoir son enfant1 son pere et sa mere1 qui venaient joyeux au-devant d'elle4 ,her husband wished to have her remains burnt1 in conformity to her own opinion respecting the disposal of the dead1 and to his own feelings at the time1 that he might have carried her ashes to his own country1 and piously have preserved them there1 to weep over them1 and bequeath them to his son2 mais les amis qui m'entouraient1 he says1 combatterent mon desir1 comme une inspiration insense de la douleur4 ,there can be no doubt that our ghastly personification of ,death has been derived from the practice of interment2 and that of all modes in which the dead have ever been disposed of1 cremation is in some respects the best4 ,but this mode1 were it generally practicable1 would in common use be accompanied with more revolting circumstances than that which has now become the ,christian usage4 ,some abominations however it would have prevented1 and though in place of those superstitions which it precluded others would undoubtedly have arisen1 they would have been of a less loathsome character4 ,the ,moors say that the dead are disturbed if their graves be trodden on by ,christian feet2 the ,rabbis that they feel the worms devouring them4 ,on the south side of the city of ,erzeroom is a mountain called ,eyerli1 from the same likeness which has obtained for one of the ,english mountains the unpoetical name of ,saddleback4 ,the ,turkish traveller ,evlia ,effendi saw on the top of this mountain a tomb eighty paces in length1 with two columns marking the place of the head and of the feet4 8,i was looking on the tomb10 he says1 8when a bad smell occurred very hurtfully to my nose1 and to that of my servant who held the horses2 and looking near1 ,i then saw that the earth of the grave1 which was greasy and black1 was boiling1 like gruel in a pan4 ,i returned then1 and having related my adventures in the evening in company with the ,pashaw1 ,djaafer ,effendi of ,erzeroom1 a learned man and an elegant writer1 warned me not to visit the place again1 for it was the grave of ,balaam the son of ,beor1 who died an infidel1 under the curse of ,moses1 and whose grave was kept always in this state by subterraneous fires40 ,when ,wheler was at ,constantinople1 he noticed a monument in the fairest and largest street of that city1 the cupola of which was covered with an iron grating4 ,it was the tomb of ,mahomet ,cupriuli1 father to the then ,grand ,vizier4 ,he had not been scrupulous as to the means by which he settled the government during the ,grand ,seignior's minority1 and carried it on afterwards1 quelling the discontents and factions of the principal ,agas1 and the mutinies of the ,janizaries4 ,concerning him after his decease1 says this traveller1 8being buried here1 and having this stately monument of white marble covered with lead erected over his body1 the ,grand ,seigneur and ,vizier had this dream both in the same night1 to wit1 that he came to them and earnestly begged of them a little water to refresh him1 being in a burning heat4 ,of this the ,grand ,seigneur and ,vizier told each other in the morning1 and thereupon thought fit to consult the ,mufti what to do concerning it4 ,the ,mufti1 according to their gross superstition1 advised that the roof of his sepulchre should be uncovered1 that the rain might descend on his body1 thereby to quench the flames which were tormenting his soul4 ,and this remedy the people who smarted under his oppression think he had great need of1 supposing him to be tormented in the other world for his tyrannies and cruelties committed by him in this40 ,if ,cupriuli had been a ,russian instead of a ,turk1 his body would have been provided with a passport before it was committed to the grave4 ,peter ,henry ,bruce in his curious memoirs gives the form of one which in the reign of ,peter the ,great1 always before the coffin of a ,russian was closed1 was put between the fingers of the corpse3--8,we ,n4 ,n4 do certify by these presents that the bearer hereof hath always lived among us as became a good ,christian1 professing the ,greek religion2 and although he may have committed some sins1 he hath confessed the same1 whereupon he hath received absolution1 and taken the communion for the remission of sins3 ,that he hath honoured ,god and his ,saints1 that he hath not neglected his prayers2 and hath fasted on the hours and days appointed by the ,church3 ,that he hath always behaved himself towards me1 his ,confessor1 in such a manner that ,i have no reason to complain of him1 or to refuse him the absolution of his sins4 ,in witness whereof ,i have given him these testimonials1 to the end that ,st4 ,peter upon sight of them1 may not deny him the opening of the gate to eternal bliss60 ,the custom evidently implies an opinion that though soul and body were disunited by death1 they kept close company together till after the burial2 otherwise a passport which the ,soul was to present at ,heaven's gate1 would not have been placed in the hands of the corpse4 ,in the superstitions of the ,romish church a re-union is frequently supposed1 but that there is an immediate separation upon death is an article of faith1 and it is represented by ,sir ,thomas ,more as one of the punishments for a sinful soul to be brought from ,purgatory and made to attend1 an unseen spectator1 at the funeral of its own body1 and feel the mockery of all the pomps and vanities used upon that occasion4 ,the passage is in his ,supplycacyon of ,soulys4 ,one of the ,supplicants from ,purgatory speaks3 8,some hath there of us1 while we were in health1 not so much studied how we might die penitent1 and in good christian plight1 as how we might solemnly be borne out to burying1 have gay and goodly funerals1 with heralds at our herses1 and offering up our helmets1 setting up our scutcheons and coat-armours on the wall1 though there never came harness on our backs1 nor never ancestor of ours ever bare arms before4 ,then devised we some ,doctor to make a sermon at our mass in our month's mind1 and then preach to our praise with some fond fantasy devised of our name2 and after mass1 much feasting1 riotous and costly2 and finally1 like madmen1 made men merry at our death1 and take our burying for a brideale4 ,for special punishment whereof1 some of us have been by our ,evil ,angels brought forth full heavily1 in full great despight to behold our own burying1 and so1 stand in great pain1 invisible among the press1 and made to look on our carrion corpse1 carried out with great pomp1 whereof our ,lord knoweth we have taken heavy pleasure60 ,in opposition to this there is a ,rabbinical story which shows that though the ,jews did not attribute so much importance to the rights of sepulture as the ancient ,greeks1 they nevertheless thought that a parsimonious interment occasioned some uncomfortable consequences to the dead4 ,a pious descendant of ,abraham1 whom his wife requited with a curtain lecture for having1 as she thought improvidently1 given alms to a poor person in a time of dearth1 left his house1 and went out to pass the remainder of the night among the tombs1 that he might escape from her objurgations4 ,there he overheard a conversation between the ,spirits of two young women1 not long deceased4 ,the one said1 8come let us go through the world1 and then listen behind the curtain and hear what chastisements are decreed for it40 ,the other made answer1 8,i cannot go1 because ,i have been buried in a mat made of reeds1 but go you1 and bring me account of what you hear40 ,away went the ,ghost whose grave-clothes were fit to appear in3 and when she returned1 8well friend1 what have you heard behind the curtain10 said the ghost in the reed-mat4 8,i heard10 replied the gad-about1 8that whatever shall be sown in the first rains1 will be stricken with hail40 ,away went the alms-giver2 and upon this intelligence which was more certain than any prognostication in the ,almanack1 he waited till the second rains before he sowed his field2 all other fields were struck with hail1 but according as he had expected his crop escaped4 ,next year1 on the anniversary of the night which had proved so fortunate to him1 he went again to the ,tombs3 and overheard another conversation between the same ghosts to the same purport4 ,the well drest ghost went through the world1 listened behind the curtain1 and brought back information that whatever should be sown in the second rains would be smitten with rust4 ,away went the good man1 and sowed his field in the first rains2 all other crops were spoilt with the rust1 and only his escaped4 ,his wife then enquired of him how it had happened that in two successive years he had sown his fields at a different time from every body else1 and on both occasions his were the only crops that had been saved4 ,he made no secret to her of his adventures1 but told her how he had come to the knowledge which had proved so beneficial4 ,ere long his wife happened to quarrel with the mother of the poor ghost who was obliged to keep her sepulchre2 and the woman of unruly tongue1 among other insults1 bade her go and look at her daughter1 whom she had buried in a reed-mat6 ,another anniversary came round1 and the good man went again to the ,tomb2 but he went this time in vain1 for when the well-dressed ,ghost repeated her invitation1 the other made answer1 8let me alone1 my friend1 the words which have past between you and me have been heard among the living40 ,the learned ,cistercian#a to whom ,i owe this legend1 expresses his contempt for it2 nevertheless he infers from it that the spirits of the dead know what passes in this world2 and that the doctrine of the ,romish ,church upon that point1 is proved by this tradition to have been that of the ,synagogue also4 ,footnote #a3 ,,bertolacci4 ,the ,mahommedans who adopted so many of the ,rabbinical fables1 dispensed in one case for reasons of obvious convenience1 with all ceremonies of sepulchral costume4 ,for the funeral of their martyrs1 by which appellation all ,musselmen who fell in battle against the unbelievers were honoured1 none of those preparations were required1 which were necessary for those who die a natural death4 ,a martyr needs not to be washed after his death1 nor to be enveloped in grave-clothes2 his own blood with which he is besmeared serves him for all legal purification1 and he may be wrapt in his robe1 and buried immediately after the funeral prayer1 conformably to the order of the ,prophet1 who has said1 8bury them as they are1 in their garments1 and in their blood6 ,wash them not1 for their wounds will smell of musk on the ,day of ,judgement40 ,a man of ,medina1 taking leave of his wife as he was about to go to the wars commended to the ,lord her unborn babe4 ,she died presently afterwards1 and every night there appeared a brilliant light upon the middle of her tomb4 ,the husband hearing of this upon his return1 hastened to the place2 the sepulchre opened of itself2 the wife sate up in her winding sheet1 and holding out to him a boy in her arms1 said to him take 8that which thou commendedst to the ,lord4 ,hadst thou commended us both1 thou shouldest have found us both alive40 ,so saying she delivered to him the living infant1 and laid herself down1 and the sepulchre closed over her4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pars ,,imperfecta ,,manebat4--,,virg4 ,n4 ,the following materials1 printed verbatim from the ,,ms4 ,collection1 were to have completed the ,chapter4 ,it has been thought advisable in the present instance to shew how the lamented ,southey worked up the collection of years4 ,each extract is on a separate slip of paper1 and some of them appear to have been made from thirty to forty years ago1 more or less4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and so the virtue of his youth before ,was in his age the ground of his delight4 ,,james ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 7 7 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 ,,apollonius ,,rhodius4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,abaza 7a ,circassian tribe7 have a strange way of burying their ,beys4 ,they put the body in a coffin of wood1 which they nail on the branches of some high trees and made a hole in the coffin by the head1 that the ,bey as they say1 may look unto ,heaven4 ,bees enter the coffin1 and make honey1 and cover the body with their comb3 ,if the season comes they open the coffin1 take out the honey and sell it1 therefore much caution is necessary against the honey of the ,abazas4 ,,evlia ,,effendi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,once in their life time1 the ,jews say1 they are bound by the ,law of ,moses to go to the ,holy ,land1 if they can1 or be able1 and the bones of many dead ,jews are carried there1 and there burnt4 ,we were fraughted with wools from ,constantinople to ,sidon1 in which sacks1 as most certainly was told to me1 were many ,jew's bones put into little chests1 but unknown to any of the ship4 ,the ,jews our ,merchants told me of them at my return from ,jerusalem to ,saphet1 but earnestly intreated me not to tell it1 for fear of preventing them another time4 ,going on1 one of my companions said1 if you will take the trouble of going a little out of the way1 you will see a most remarkable thing4 ,well1 said ,i1 what should be the object of all pains taken in travelling1 if it were not to admire the works of ,god4 ,so we went on for an hour to the north1 but not taking the great road leading to the ,plain of ,moosh1 we advanced to a high rock that is a quarter of an hour out of the road4 ,to this rock1 high like a tower1 a man was formerly chained1 whose bones are yet preserved in the chains4 ,both bones and chains are in a high state of preservation4 ,the bones of the arms are from seven to eight cubits in length1 of an astonishing thickness4 ,the skull is like the cupola of a bath1 and a man may creep in and out without pain through the eye-holes4 ,eagles nestle in them4 ,these bones are said to be those of a faithful man who in ,abraham's time was chained by ,nimrod to this rock1 in order to be burnt by fire4 ,the fire calcined part of his body1 so that it melted in one part with the rock2 but the arms and legs are stretching forth to the example of posterity4 ,we have no doubt that they will rise again into life at the sound of the trumpet on the day of judgement4 ,,evlia ,,effendi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,magistrates of ,leghorn have authority to issue out orders for killing dogs if they abound too much in the streets1 and molest the inhabitants4 ,the men entrusted with the execution of these orders go through the city in the night1 and drop small bits of poisoned bread in the streets4 ,these are eaten by the dogs and instantaneously kill them4 ,before sunrise the same men go through the streets with a cart1 gather hundreds of the dead dogs1 and carry them to the ,jew's burying ground without the town4 ,,hasselquist4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,,romance ,,of ,,merlin it is said that before the time of ,christ1 ,adam and ,eve and the whole ancient world were 7not in ,limbo7 but actually in ,hell4 ,and that when the ,prophets comforted the souls under their sufferings by telling them of the appointed ,redeemer1 the ,devils for that reason tormented these ,prophets more than others4 ,the ,devils themselves tell the story1 et les tourmentions plus que les autres4 ,et ilz faisoyent semblant que nostre tourment ne les grevoit riens2 ainois comfortoyent les aultres pecheurs et disoyent4 ,le ,saulveur de tout le monde viendra qui tous nous delivrera4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the time of the deluge the wife of ,noah being pregnant1 was through the hardships of the voyage delivered of a dead child to which the name of ,tarh was given1 because the letters of this word form the number #bag which was the number of days he was carried by his mother instead of the full time of #bhj days1 or nine months4 ,this child was buried in the district now called ,djezere ,ibn ,omar1 the ,island or ,peninsula of the son of ,omar1 and this was the first burial on earth after the deluge4 ,and ,noah prayed unto the ,lord1 saying1 ,oh ,god thou hast given me a thousand years of life1 and this child is dead before it began to live on earth6 ,and he begged of the ,lord as a blessing given to the burial-place of his child1 that the women of this town might never miscarry1 which was granted2 so that since that time women1 and female animals of every kind in this town are all blessed with births in due time and long living4 ,the length of the grave of this untimely child of ,noah is #dj feet and it is visited by pilgrims4 ,,evlia ,,effendi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,they suppose that a few souls are peculiarly gifted with the power of quitting their bodies1 of mounting into the skies1 visiting distant countries1 and again returning and resuming them2 they call the mystery or prayer by which this power is obtained1 the ,mandiram4 ,,craufurd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the plain of ,kerbela is all desert1 inhabited by none but by the dead1 and by roving wild hounds1 the race of the dogs which licked the blood of the martyrs1 and which since are doomed to wander through the wilderness4 ,,evlia ,,effendi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,shi whang1 the ,k4 of ,tsin becoming ,emperor1 he chose for his sepulchre the mountain ,li1 whose foundation he caused to dig1 if we may so speak1 even to the centre of the earth4 ,on its surface he erected a mausoleum which might pass for a mountain4 ,it was five hundred feet high1 and at least half a league in circumference4 ,on the outside was a vast tomb of stone1 where one might walk as easily as in the largest hall4 ,in the middle was a sumptuous coffin1 and all around there were lamps and flambeaux1 whose flames were fed by human fat4 ,within this tomb1 there was upon one side a pond of quicksilver1 upon which were scattered birds of gold and silver2 on the other a compleat magazine of moveables and arms2 here and there were the most precious jewels in thousands4 ,,du ,,halde4 99 99 99 99 99 ,emududakel1 the ,messenger of ,death1 receives the ,soul as 'tis breathed out of the body into a kind of a sack1 and runs away with it through briars and thorns and burning whirlwinds1 which torment the ,soul very sensibly1 till he arrives at the bank of a fiery current1 through which he is to pass to the other side in order to deliver the soul to ,emen1 the ,god of the ,dead4 ,,letters ,,to ,,the ,,danish ,,missionaries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a curious story concerning the power which the ,soul has been supposed to possess of leaving the body1 in a visible form1 may be found in the notes to the ,vision of the ,maid of ,orleans4 ,a more extraordinary one occurs in the singularly curious work of ,evlia ,effendi4 8,sultan ,bajazet ,,ii4 was a saint-monarch1 like ,sultan ,orkhaun1 or ,sultan ,mustapha ,i4 ,there exist different works relating his miracles and deeds1 but they are rare4 ,the last seven years of his life he ate nothing which had blood and life4 ,one day longing much to eat calf's or mutton's feet1 he struggled long in that glorious contest with the ,soul1 and as at last a well-seasoned dish of feet was put before him1 he said unto his ,soul1 #8,see my ,soul1 the feet are before thee1 if thou wantest to enjoy them1 leave the body and feed on them4' ,in the same moment a living creature was seen to come out of his mouth1 which drank of the juice in the dish and having satisfied its appetite endeavoured to return into the mouth from whence it came4 ,but ,bajazet having prevented it with his hand to re-enter his mouth1 it fell on the ground1 and the ,sultan ordered it to be beaten4 ,the ,pages arrived and kicked it dead on the ground4 ,the ,mufti of that time decided that as the ,soul was an essential part of man1 this dead ,soul should be buried3 prayers were performed over it1 and the dead ,soul was interred in a small tomb near ,bajazet's tomb4 ,this is the truth of the famous story of ,bajazet ,,ii4 having died twice and having been twice buried4 ,after this murder of his own soul1 the ,sultan remained melancholy in the corner of retirement1 taking no part or interest in the affairs of government40 ,the same anecdote of the ,soul coming out of the mouth to relish a most desired dish1 had already happened to the ,sheik ,bajazet ,bostaumi1 who had much longed to eat ,mohallebi 7a milk-dish7 but ,bajazet ,bostaumi permitted it to re-enter1 and ,sultan ,bajazet killed it2 notwithstanding which he continued to live for some time longer4 ,see ,josselyn for a similar tale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,mohammed took his journey upon ,alborach1 ,gabriel 7said he7 led me to the first ,heaven1 and the ,angels in that ,heaven graciously received me1 and they beheld me with smiles and with joy1 beseeching for me things prosperous and pleasant4 ,one alone among the ,angels there sat1 who neither prayed for my prosperity1 nor smiled2 and ,gabriel when ,i enquired of him who he was1 replied1 never hath that ,angel smiled1 nor will smile1 he is the ,keeper of the ,fire1 and ,i said to him is this the ,angel who is called the well beloved of ,god8 and he replied1 this is that ,angel4 ,then said ,i bid him that he show me the ,fire1 and ,gabriel requesting him1 he removed the cover of the vessel of ,fire1 and the ,fire ascending ,i feared lest all things whatever that ,i saw should be consumed1 and ,i besought ,gabriel that the ,fire again might be covered4 ,and so the fire returned to its place1 and it seemed then as when the ,sun sinks in the ,west1 and the gloomy ,angel1 remaining the same1 covered up the ,fire4 ,,roderici ,,ximenes1 ,,arc4 ,,tol4 ,,hist4 ,,arab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,should a ,moslem when praying1 feel himself disposed to gape1 he is ordered to suppress the sensation as the work of the ,devil1 and to close his mouth1 lest the father of iniquity should enter and take possession of his person4 ,it is curious that this opinion prevails also among the ,hindoos who twirl their fingers close before their mouths when gaping1 to prevent an evil spirit from getting in that way4 ,,griffiths4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in what part soever of the world they die and are buried1 their bodies must all rise to judgement in the ,holy ,land1 out of the valley of ,jehosophat1 which causeth that the greater and richer sort of them1 have their bones conveyed to some part thereof by their kindred or friends4 ,by which means they are freed of a labour to scrape thither through the ground1 which with their nails they hold they must1 who are not there buried1 nor conveyed thither by others4 ,,sanderson4 ,,purchas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,russians in effecting a practicable road to ,china1 discovered in lat4 #ej ,n41 between the rivers ,irtish and ,obalet1 a desert of very considerable extent1 overspread in many parts with ,tumuli1 or ,barrows1 which have been also taken notice of by ,mr4 ,bell and other writers4 ,this desert constitutes the southern boundary of ,siberia4 ,it is said the borderers on the desert1 have for many years1 continued to dig for the treasure deposited in these tumuli1 which still however remain unexhausted4 ,we are told that they find considerable quantities of gold1 silver and brass1 and some precious stones1 among ashes and remains of dead bodies3 also hilts of swords1 armour1 ornaments for saddles and bridles1 and other trappings1 with the bones of those animals to which the trappings belonged1 among which are the bones of elephants4 ,the ,russian ,court1 says ,mr4 ,demidoff1 being informed of these depredations1 sent a principal officer1 with sufficient troops1 to open such of these tumuli1 as were too large for the marauding parties to undertake and to secure their contents4 ,this ,officer on taking a survey of the numberless monuments of the dead spread over this great desert1 concluded that the barrow of the largest dimensions most probably contained the remains of the prince or chief2 and he was not mistaken2 for1 after removing a very deep covering of earth and stones1 the workmen came to three vaults1 constructed of stones1 of rude workmanship2 a view of which is exhibited in the engraving4 ,that wherein the prince was deposited1 which was in the centre1 and the largest of the three1 was easily distinguished by the sword1 spear1 bow1 quiver and arrow which lay beside him4 ,in the vault beyond him1 towards which his feet lay1 were his horse1 bridle1 saddle and stirrups4 ,the body of the prince lay in a reclining posture1 on a sheet of pure gold1 extending from head to foot1 and another sheet of gold1 of the like dimensions1 was spread over him4 ,he was wrapt in a rich mantle1 bordered with gold and studded with rubies and emeralds4 ,his head1 neck1 breast and arms naked1 and without any ornament4 ,in the lesser vault lay the princess1 distinguished by her female ornaments4 ,she was placed reclining against the wall1 with a gold chain of many links1 set with rubies1 round her neck1 and gold bracelets round her arms4 ,the head1 breast and arms were naked4 ,the body was covered with a rich robe1 but without any border of gold or jewels1 and was laid on a sheet of fine gold1 and covered over with another4 ,the four sheets of gold weighed #dj lb4 ,the robes of both looked fair and complete2 but on touching1 crumbled into dust4 ,many more of the tumuli were opened1 but this was the most remarkable4 ,in the others a great variety of curious articles were found4 ,,monthly ,,review1 ,vol4 #di4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following story ,i had from ,mr4 ,pierson1 factor here for the ,african company1 who was sent here from ,cape ,coree to be second to ,mr4 ,smith then chief factor4 ,soon after his arrival ,mr4 ,smith fell very ill of the country malignant fever2 and having little prospect of recovery1 resigned his charge of the company's affairs to ,pierson4 ,this ,mr4 ,smith had the character of an obliging1 ingenious young gentleman1 and was much esteemed by the ,king1 who hearing of his desperate illness1 sent his ,fatishman to hinder him from dying2 who coming to the factory went to ,mr4 ,smith's bed-side1 and told him1 that his ,king had such a kindness for him1 that he had sent to keep him alive1 and that he should not die4 ,mr4 ,smith was in such a languishing condition1 that he little regarded him4 ,then the ,fatishman went from him to the hog-yard1 where they bury the white men2 and having carried with him some brandy1 rum1 oil1 rice1 c41 he cry'd out aloud1 ,o you dead white men that lie here1 you have a mind to have this factor that is sick to you1 but he is our king's friend1 and he loves him1 and will not part with him as yet4 ,then he went to captain ,wiburn's grave who built the factory1 and cry'd1 ,o you captain of all the dead white men that lie here1 this is your doings2 you would have this man from us to bear you company1 because he is a good man1 but our king will not part with him1 nor you shall not have him yet4 ,then making a hole in the ground over his grave1 he poured in the brandy1 rum1 oil1 rice1 c41 telling him1 ,if he wanted those things1 there they were for him1 but the factor he must not expect1 nor should not have1 with more such nonsense2 then went to ,smith1 and assured him he should not die2 but growing troublesome to the sick man1 ,pierson turned him out of the factory1 and in two days after poor ,smith made his exit4 ,mr4 ,josiah ,relph to ,mr4 ,thomas ,routh1 in ,castle ,street1 ,carlisle4 ,june #bj1 #agdj4 99 99 99 99 99 8,the following was sent me a few months ago by the minister of ,kirklees in ,yorkshire1 the burying place of ,robin ,hood4 ,my correspondent tells me it was found among the papers of the late ,dr4 ,gale of ,york1 and is supposed to have been the genuine epitaph of that noted ,english outlaw4 ,he adds that the grave stone is yet to be seen1 but the characters are now worn out4 ,here undernead dis laitl ,stean ,laiz ,robert ,earl of ,huntingtun4 ,nea ,arcir ver az hie sa geud1 ,an ,piple kauld im ,robin ,heud4 ,sick utlawz az hi and is men ,vil england nivr si agen4 ,obiit #bd4 ,kal4 ,dehembris1 #abdg4 ,i am1 dear ,sir1 your most faithful and humble ,servant1 ,,josiah ,,relph40 ,note in ,nichols4--,see the stone engraved in the ,sepulchral ,monuments1 vol4 i4 p4 cviii4 ,mr4 ,gough says the inscription was never on it2 and that the stone must have been brought from another place1 as the ground under it1 on being explored1 was found to have been never before disturbed4#b ,footnote #b3 ,on the disputed question of the genuineness of the above epitaph1 see the ,notes and ,illustrations to ,ritson's ,robin ,hood1 pp4 xliv--#a4 ,robin ,hood's ,death and ,burial is the last ,ballad in the second volume4 8,and there they buried bold ,robin ,hood1 ,near to the fair ,kirkleys40 99 99 99 99 99 ,lord ,dalmeny1 son of the ,e4 of ,rosebery1 married about eighty years ago a widow at ,bath for her beauty4 ,they went abroad1 she sickened and on her death-bed requested that she might be interred in some particular church-yard1 either in ,sussex or ,suffolk ,i forget which4 ,the body was embalmed1 but at the custom-house in the port where it was landed the officer suspected smuggling and insisted on opening it4 ,they recognized the features of the wife of their own clergyman1--who having been married to him against her own inclination had eloped4 ,both husbands followed the body to the grave4 ,the ,grandfather of ,dr4 ,smith of ,norwich knew the ,lord4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was a melancholy notion of the ,stoics that the condition of the ,soul1 and even its individual immortality1 might be affected by the circumstances of death3 for example1 that if any person were killed by a great mass of earth falling upon him1 or the ruins of a building1 the ,soul as well as the body would be crushed1 and not being able to extricate itself would be extinguished there3 existimant animam hominis magno pondere extriti permeare non posse1 et statim spargi1 quia non fuerit illi exitus liber4 ,upon this belief1 the satirical epitaph on ,sir ,john ,vanbrugh would convey what might indeed be called a heavy curse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some of the ,greenlanders1 for even in ,greenland there are sects1 suppose the soul to be so corporeal that it can increase or decrease1 is divisible1 may lose part of its substance1 and have it restored again4 ,on its way to ,heaven which is five days dreadful journey1 all the way down a rugged rock1 which is so steep that they must slide down it1 and so rough that their way is tracked with blood1 they are liable to be destroyed1 and this destruction1 which they call the second death1 is final1 and therefore justly deemed of all things the most terrible4 ,it is beyond the power of their ,angekoks to remedy this evil2 but these impostors pretend to the art of repairing a maimed soul1 bringing home a strayed or runaway one1 and of changing away one that is sickly1 for the sound and sprightly one of a hare1 a rein deer1 a bird1 or an infant4 99 99 99 99 99 8,this is the peevishness of our humane wisdom1 yea1 rather of our humane folly1 to earn for tidings from the dead1 as if a spirit departed could declare anything more evidently than the book of ,god1 which is the sure oracle of life8 ,this was ,saul's practise1--neglect ,samuel when he was alive1 and seek after him when he was dead4 ,what says the ,prophet1 ,should not a people seek unto their ,god8 ,should the living repair to the dead8 7,isai4 viij4 #ai47 ,among the works of ,athanasius ,i find 7though he be not the author of the questions to ,antiochus17 a discourse full of reason1 why ,god would not permit the soul of any of those that departed from hence to return back unto us again1 and to declare the state of things in hell unto us4 ,for what pestilent errors would arise from thence to seduce us8 ,devils would transform themselves into the shapes of men that were deceased1 pretend that they were risen from the dead 7for what will not the ,father of lies feign87 and so spread in any false doctrines1 or incite us to many barbarous actions1 to our endless error and destruction4 ,and admit they be not ,phantasms1 and delusions1 but the very men1 yet all men are liars1 but ,god is truth4 ,i told you what a ,necromancer ,saul was in the ,old ,testament1 he would believe nothing unless a prophet rose from the grave to teach him4 ,there is another as good as himself in the ,new ,testament1 and not another pattern in all the ,scripture to my remembrance1 ,luke xvi4 #bg4 ,the rich man in hell urged ,abraham to send ,lazarus to admonish his brethren of their wicked life2 ,abraham refers to ,moses and the ,prophets4 ,he that could not teach himself when he was alive1 would teach ,abraham himself being in hell1 ,nay1 ,father ,abraham1 but if one went unto them from the dead1 they will repent4 8,the mind is composed with quietness to hear the living2 the apparitions of dead men1 beside the suspicion of delusion1 would fill us with gastly horror1 and it were impossible we should be fit scholars to learn if such strong perturbation of fear should be upon us4 ,how much better hath ,god ordained for our security1 and tranquillity1 that the priest's lips should preserve knowledge8 ,i know1 if ,god shall see it fit to have us disciplined by such means1 he can stir up the spirits of the faithful departed to come among us3 ,so1 after ,christ's resurrection many dead bodies of the ,saints which slept arose1 and came out of their graves1 and went into the ,holy ,city1 and appeared unto many4 ,this was not upon a small matter1 but upon a brave and renowned occasion3 ,but for the ,spirits of damnation1 that are tied in chains of darkness1 there is no repassage for them1 and it makes more to strengthen our belief that never any did return from hell to tell us their woeful tale1 than if any should return4 ,it is among the severe penalties of damnation that there is no indulgence for the smallest respite to come out of it4 ,the heathen put that truth into this fable4 ,the ,lion asked the ,fox1 why he never came to visit him when he was sick3 ,says the ,fox1 because ,i can trace many beasts by the print of their foot that have gone toward your den1 ,sir ,lion1 but ,i cannot see the print of one foot that ever came back3 ,quia me vestigia terrent ,omnia te advorsum spectantia1 nulla retrorsum4 ,so there is a beaten1 and a broad road that leads the reprobate to hell1 but you do not find the print of one hoof that ever came back4 ,when ,i have given you my judgment about apparitions of the dead in their descending from ,heaven1 or ascending from hell1 ,i must tell you in the third place1 ,i have met with a thousand stories in ,pontifician writings concerning some that have had repassage from ,purgatory to their familiars upon earth4 ,notwithstanding the reverence ,i bear to ,gregory the ,great1 ,i cannot refrain to say2 ,he was much to blame to begin such fictions upon his credulity2 others have been more to blame that have invented such ,legends2 and they are most to be derided that believe them4 ,o miserable ,theology6 if1 thy tenets must be confirmed by sick men's dreams1 and dead men's phantastical apparitions60 ,,bp4 ,,hackett4 99 99 99 99 99 8,it is a morose humour in some1 even ministers1 that they will not give a due commendation to the deceased3 whereby they not only offer a seeming unkindness to the dead1 but do a real injury to the living1 by discouraging virtue1 and depriving us of the great instruments of piety1 good examples3 which usually are far more effective methods of instruction1 than any precepts3 ,these commonly urging only the necessity of those duties1 while the other shew the possibility and manner of performing4 8,but then1 'tis a most unchristian and uncharitable mistake in those1 that think it unlawful to commemorate the dead1 and to celebrate their memories3 whereas there is no one thing does so much uphold and keep up the honour and interest of religion amongst the multitude1 as the due observance of those ,anniversaries which the ,church has1 upon this account1 scattered throughout the whole course of the year1 would do3 and indeed to our neglect of this in a great part the present decay of religion may rationally be imputed4 8,thus in this age of our's what ,pliny saith of his1 ,postquam desimus facere laudanda1 laudari quoque ineptum putamus4 ,since people have left off doing things that are praiseworthy1 they look upon praise itself as a silly thing4 8,and possibly the generality of hearers themselves are not free from this fault2 who peradventure may fancy their own life upbraided1 when they hear another's commended4 8,but that the servants of ,god1 which depart this life in his faith and fear1 may and must be praised1 ,i shall endeavour to make good upon these three grounds4 8,in common justice to the deceased themselves4 ,ordinary civility teaches us to speak well of the dead4 ,nec quicquam sanctius habet reverentia superstitum1 qum ut amissos venerabiliter recordetur1 says ,ausonius1 and makes this the ground of the ,parentalia1 which had been ever since ,numa's time4 8,praise1 however it may become the living1 is a just debt to the deserts of the dead1 who are now got clear out of the reach of envy2 which1 if it have anything of the generous in it1 will scorn1 vulture-like1 to prey upon carcass4 8,besides1 ,christianity lays a greater obligation upon us2 ,the ,communion of ,saints is a ,tenet of our faith4 ,now1 as we ought not pray to or for them1 so we may and must praise them4 8,this is the least we can do in return for those great offices1 they did the ,church ,militant1 while they were with us1 and now do1 they are with ,god2 nor have we any other probable way of communicating with them4 8,the ,philosopher in his ,morals makes it a question1 whether the dead are in any way concerned in what befals them or their posterity after their decease2 and whether those honours and reproaches1 which survivors cast upon them1 reach them or no8 and he concludes it after a long debate in the affirmative2 not so1 he says1 as to alter their state1 but1 1 to contribute somewhat to it4 8,tully1 though not absolutely persuaded of an immortal soul1 as speaking doubtfully and variously of it1 yet is constant to this1 that he takes a good name and a reputation1 we leave behind us1 to be a kind of immortality4 8,but there is more in it than so4 ,our remembrance of the ,saints may be a means to improve their bliss1 and heighten their rewards to all eternity4 ,abraham1 the ,father of the ,faithful1 hath his bosom thus daily enlarged for new comers4 8,whether the heirs of the kingdom are1 at their first admission1 instated into a full possession of all their glory1 and kept to that stint1 ,i think may be a doubt4 ,for if the faculty be perfected by the object1 about which 'tis conversant2 then the faculties of those blessed ones being continually employed upon an infinite object1 must needs be infinitely perficible1 and capable still of being more and more enlarged1 and consequently of receiving still new and further additions of glory4 8,not only so1 7this is in ,heaven37 but even the influence of that example1 they leave behind them on earth1 drawing still more and more souls after them to ,god1 will also add to those improvements to the end of the world1 and bring in a revenue of accessory joys4 8,and would it not be unjust in us then to deny them those glorious advantages1 which our commemoration and inclination may and ought to give them40#c ,,adam ,,littleton4 ,footnote #c3 8,five ,sermons formerly printed10 p4 #fa41 at the end of the volume4 ,the one from which the above passage is extracted is that preached at the obsequies of the ,right ,honorable the ,lady ,jane ,cheyne4 99 99 99 99 99 ,circles and right lines limit and close all bodies1 and the mortal right lined circle1 must conclude to shut up all4 ,there is no ,antidote against the ,opinion of ,time1 which1 temporally considereth all things2 ,our ,fathers find their ,graves in our short memories and sadly tell us how we may be buried in our survivors4 ,grave-stones tell truth scarce forty years3 ,generations pass while some ,trees stand1 and old families last not three oaks4 ,to be read by bare ,inscriptions like many in ,gruter1 to hope for ,eternity by nigmatical ,epithetes1 or first ,letters of our names to be studied by ,antiquaries1 who we were1 and have new names given us like many of the ,mummies1 are cold consolations unto the students of perpetuity even by everlasting ,languages4 ,,sir ,t4 ,,browne4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxvi4 ,,charity ,,of ,,the ,,doctor ,,in ,,his ,,opinions4--,,mason ,,the ,,poet4--,,political ,,medicine4--,,sir ,,william ,,temple4--,,cervantes4--,,state ,,physicians4--,,advantage ,,to ,,be ,,derived ,,from1 ,,whether ,,to ,,king1 ,,cabinet1 ,,lords ,,or ,,commons4--,,examples4--,,philosophy ,,of ,,popular ,,expressions4--,,cotton ,,mather4--,,claude ,,pajon ,,and ,,barnabas ,,oley4--,,timothy ,,rogers ,,and ,,melancholy4 ,go to6 ,you are a subtile nation1 you physicians1 ,and grown the only cabinets in court6 ,b4 ,,jonson4 ,the ,doctor1 who was charitable in all his opinions1 used to account and apologize for many of the errors of men1 by what he called the original sin of their constitution1 using the term not theologically1 but in a physico-philosophical sense4 ,what an old ,french physician said concerning ,charles ,,viii4 was in entire accord with his speculations1--ce corps etoit compos de mauvais pte1 et de matiere cathareuse4 ,men of hard hearts and heavy intellect1 he said1 were made of stony materials4 ,for a drunkard1 his qualifying censure was1--8poor fellow6 bibulous clay--bibulous clay60 ,your light-brained1 light-hearted people1 who are too giddy ever to be good1 had not earth enough1 he said1 in their composition4 ,those upon whose ungrateful temper benefits were ill bestowed1 and on whom the blessings of fortune were thrown away1 he excused by saying that they were made from a sandy soil2--and for ,mammon's muckworms1--their mould was taken from the dunghill4 ,mason the poet was a man of ill-natured politics1 out of humour with his country till the ,french ,revolution startled him and brought him into a better state of feeling4 ,this however was not while the ,doctor lived1 and till that time he could see nothing but tyranny and injustice in the proceedings of the ,british ,government1 and nothing but slavery and ruin to come for the nation4 ,these opinions were the effects of ,whiggery#a acting upon a sour stomach and a saturnine constitution4 ,to think ill of the present and augur worse of the future has long been accounted a proof of patriotism among those who by an illustrious antiphrasis call themselves patriots4 8,what the ,romans scorned to do after the battle of ,cann10 said ,lord ,keeper ,finch in one of his solid and eloquent speeches1 8what the ,venetians never did when they had lost all their terra firma1 that men are now taught to think a virtue and the sign of a wise and good man1 desperare de ,republica3 and all this in a time of as much justice and peace at home1 as good laws for the security of religion and liberty1 as good execution of these laws1 as great plenty of trade and commerce abroad1 and as likely a conjuncture of affairs for the continuance of these blessings to us1 as ever nation prospered under40 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #cge4 ,the ,doctor1 when he spoke of this part of ,mason's character1 explained it by saying that the elements had not been happily tempered in him--8cold and dry1 ,sir60 and then he shook his head and knit his brow with that sort of compassionate look which came naturally into his countenance when he was questioned concerning a patient whose state was unfavourable4 ,but though he believed that many of our sins and propensities are bred in the bone1 he disputed the other part of the proverb1 and maintained that they might be got out of the flesh4 ,and then generalizing with a rapidity worthy of ,humboldt himself1 he asserted that all political evils in modern ages and civilized states were mainly owing to a neglect of the medical art2--and that there would not1 and could not be so many distempers in the body politic1 if the prim vi were but attended to with proper care2 an opinion in which he was fortified by the authority of ,sir ,william ,temple4 8,i have observed the fate of ,campania10 says that eminent statesman1 8determine contrary to all appearances1 by the caution and conduct of a ,general1 which was attributed by those that knew him1 to his age and infirmities1 rather than his own true qualities1 acknowledged otherwise to have been as great as most men of the age4 ,i have seen the counsels of a noble country grow bold1 or timorous1 according to the fits of his good or ill-health that managed them1 and the pulse of the ,government beat high with that of the ,governor2 and this unequal conduct makes way for great accidents in the world4 ,nay1 ,i have often reflected upon the counsels and fortunes of the greatest monarchies rising and decaying sensibly with the ages and healths of the ,princes and chief officers that governed them4 ,and ,i remember one great minister that confessed to me1 when he fell into one of his usual fits of the gout1 he was no longer able to bend his mind or thought to any public business1 nor give audiences beyond two or three of his domestics1 though it were to save a kingdom2 and that this proceeded not from any violence of pain1 but from a general languishing and faintness of spirits1 which made him in those fits think nothing worth the trouble of one careful or solicitous thought4 ,for the approaches1 or lurkings of the ,gout1 the ,spleen1 or the ,scurvy1 nay the very fumes of indigestion1 may indispose men to thought and to care1 as well as diseases of danger and pain4 ,thus accidents of health grow to be accidents of ,state1 and public constitutions come to depend in a great measure upon those of particular men2 which makes it perhaps seem necessary in the choice of persons for great employments 7at least such as require constant application and pains7 to consider their bodies as well as their minds1 and ages and health as well as their abilities40 ,cervantes according to the ,doctor clearly perceived this great truth1 and went farther than ,sir ,w4 ,temple1 for he perceived also the practical application1 though it was one of those truths which because it might have been dangerous for him to propound them seriously1 he was fain to bring forward in a comic guise1 leaving it for the wise to discover his meaning1 and for posterity to profit by it4 ,he knew--7,daniel loquitur7 what did not ,cervantes know8--that if ,philip ,,ii4 had committed himself to the superintendence of a ,physician instead of a ,father ,confessor1 many of the crimes and miseries by which his reign is so infamously distinguished1 might have been prevented4 ,a man of his sad spirit and melancholy complection to be dieted upon fish the whole forty days of ,lent1 two days in the week during the rest of the year1 and on the eve of every holiday besides1--what could be expected but atrabilious thoughts1 and cold-blooded resolutions8 ,therefore ,cervantes appointed a ,physician over ,sancho in his ,baratarian government3 the humour of the scene was for all readers1 the application for those who could penetrate beyond the veil1 the benefit for happier ages when the art of ,government should be better understood1 and the science of medicine be raised to its proper station in the state4 ,shakespere intended to convey the same political lesson1 when he said 8take physic pomp60 ,he used the word pomp instead of power1 cautiously1 for in those days it was a perilous thing to meddle with matters of state4 ,when the ,philosopher ,carneades undertook to confute ,zeno the ,stoic in public argument1 7still reader ,daniel loquitur7 how did he prepare himself for the arduous disputation8 by purging his head with hellebore1 to the intent that the corrupt humours which ascended thither from the stomach should not disturb the seat of memory and judgment1 and obscure his intellectual perception4 ,the theory1 ,sir1 was erroneous1 but the principle is good4 ,when we require best music from the instrument1 ought we not first to be careful that all its parts are in good order1 and if we find a string that jars1 use our endeavours for tuning it8 ,it may have been the jest of a satirist that ,dryden considered stewed prunes as the best means of putting his body into a state favourable for heroic composition2 but that odd person ,george ,wither tells us of himself that he usually watched and fasted when he composed1 that his spirit was lost if at such times he tasted meat or drink1 and that if he took a glass of wine he could not write a verse3--no wonder therefore that his verses were for the most part in a weak and watery vein4#b ,father ,paul ,sarpi had a still more extraordinary custom2 it is not to an enemy1 but to his friend and admirers that we are indebted for informing us with what care that excellent writer attended to physical circumstance as affecting his intellectual powers4 ,for when he was either reading or writing1 alone1 8his manner10 says ,sir ,henry ,wotton1 8was to sit fenced with a castle of paper about his chair1 and over head2 for he was of our ,lord of ,st4 ,alban's opinion that all air is predatory1 and especially hurtful when the spirits are most employed40 ,footnote #b3 ,the ,greek ,proverb1 adverted to by ,horace in i4 ,epist4 xix41 was in the ,doctor's thoughts4 4 ,there should be a ,state ,physician to the ,king1 besides his ,physicians ordinary and extraordinary1--one whose sole business should be to watch over the royal health as connected with the discharge of the royal functions1 a head keeper of the ,king's health4 ,for the same reason there ought to be a ,physician for the ,cabinet1 a ,physician for the ,privy ,council1 a ,physician for the ,bench of ,bishops1 a ,physician for the twelve ,judges1 two for the ,house of ,lords1 four for the ,house of ,commons1 one for the ,admiralty1 one for the ,war ,office1 one for the ,directors of the ,east ,india ,company1 7there was no ,board of ,controul in the ,doctor's days1 or he would certainly have advised that a ,physician should be placed upon that ,establishment also73 one for the ,lord ,mayor1 two for the ,common ,council1 four for the ,livery4 7,he was speaking in the days of ,wilkes and ,liberty74 ,how much mischief1 said he1 might have been prevented by cupping the ,lord ,mayor1 blistering a few of the ,aldermen1 administering salts and manna to lower the pulse of civic patriotism1 and keeping the city orators upon a low regimen for a week before every public meeting4 ,then in the ,cabinet what evils might be averted by administering laxatives or corroborants as the case required4 ,in the ,lords and ,commons1 by clearing away bile1 evacuating ill humours and occasionally by cutting for the simples4#c ,footnote #c3 ,the probable origin of this ,proverb is given in ,grose's ,dictionary of the vulgar tongue4 ,while men are what they are1 weak1 frail1 inconstant1 fallible1 peccable1 sinful creatures1--it is in vain to hope that ,peers and ,commoners will prepare themselves for the solemn exercise of their legislative functions by fasting and prayer1--that so they may be better fitted for retiring into themselves1 and consulting upon momentous questions the ,urim and ,thummim which ,god hath placed in the breast of every man4 ,but even as ,laws are necessary for keeping men within the limits of their duty when conscience fails1 so in this case it should be part of the law of ,parliament that what its ,members will not do for themselves1 the ,physician should do for them4 ,they should go through a preparatory course of medicine before every session1 and be carefully attended as long as ,parliament was sitting4 ,traces of such a practice1 as of many important and primeval truths1 are found among savages1 from whom the ,doctor was of opinion that much might be learnt1 if their customs were diligently observed and their traditions carefully studied4 ,in one of the bravest nations upon the ,mississippi1 the warriors before they set out upon an expedition always prepared themselves by taking the ,medicine of ,war1 which was an emetic1 about a gallon in quantity for each man1 and to be swallowed at one draught4 ,there are other tribes in which the ,beloved ,women prepare a beverage at the ,physic ,dance1 and it is taken to wash away sin4 ,here said the ,doctor are vestiges of early wisdom1 probably patriarchal and if so1 revealed1--for he held that all needful knowledge was imparted to man at his creation4 ,and the truth of the principle is shown in common language4 ,there is often a philosophy in popular expressions and forms of speech1 which escapes notice1 because words are taken as they are uttered1 at their current value and we rest satisfied with their trivial acceptation4 ,we take them in the husk and the shell1 but sometimes it is worth while to look for the kernel4 ,do we not speak of sound and orthodox opinions1--sound principles1 sound learning8 mens sana in corpore sano4 ,a sound mind is connected with a sound body1 and sound and orthodox opinions result from the sanity of both4 ,unsound opinions are diseased ones1 and therefore the factious1 the heretical and the schismatic1 ought to be put under the care of a physician4 8,i have read of a gentleman10 says ,cotton ,mather1 8who had an humour of making singular and fanciful expositions of scripture2 but one ,doctor ,sim gave him a dose of physic1 which when it had wrought1 the gentleman became orthodox immediately and expounded at the old rate no more40 ,thus as the accurate and moderate and erudite ,mosheim informs us1 the ,french theologian ,claude ,pajon was of opinion that in order to produce that amendment of the heart which is called regeneration1 nothing more is requisite than to put the body1 if its habit is bad1 into a sound state by the power of physic1 and having done this1 than to set truth and falsehood before the understanding1 and virtue and vice before the will1 clearly and distinctly in their genuine colours1 so as that their nature and their properties may be fully apprehended4 ,but the ,doctor thought that ,pajon carried his theory too far1 and ought to have been physicked himself4 ,that learned and good man ,barnabas ,oley1 the friend and biographer of the saintly ,herbert1 kept within the bounds of discretion1 when he delivered an opinion of the same tendency4 ,after showing what power is exercised by art over nature1 #ast4 in inanimate materials1 #b;dly4 in vegetables1 and #c;dly4 the largeness or latitude of its power over the memory1 the imagination and locomotive faculties of sensitive creatures1 he proceeds to the fourth rank1 the rational1 8which adds a diadem of excellency to the three degrees above mentioned1 being an approach unto the nature angelical and divine40 8,now10 says he1 8#ast4 in as much as the human body partly agrees with the first rank of materials inanimate1 so can ,art partly use it1 as it uses them1 to frame 7rather to modify the frame of7 it into great variety2 the head thus1 the nose so2 and other ductile parts1 as is seen and read1 after other fashions4 #b4 ,art can do something to the ,body answerable to what ,gardeners do to plants4 ,if our ,blessed ,saviour's words 7,matthew ,,vi4 #bg47 deny all possibility of adding procerity or tallness to the stature1 yet as the ,lord ,verulam notes to make the ,body dwarfish1 crook-shouldered 7as some ,persians did7 to recover straightness1 or procure slenderness1 is in the power of ,art4 ,but1 #c4 much more considerable authority has it over the humours1 either so to impel and enrage them1 that like furious streams they shall dash the ,body 7that bottom wherein the precious ,soul is embarked7 against dangerous rocks1 or run it upon desperate sands2 or so to attemper and tune them1 that they shall become like calm waters or harmonious instruments for virtuous habits1 introduced by wholesome moral precepts1 to practise upon4 ,it is scarce credible what services the ,noble ,science of ,physic may do unto ,moral1 7yea to ,grace and ,christian7 virtue1 by prescribing diet to prevent1 or medicine to allay the fervors and eruptions of humours1 of blood1 and of that irriguum concupiscenti1 or 1 especially if these jewels1 their recipes1 light into obedient ears4 ,these helps of bettering nature1 are within her lowest and middle region of ,diet and ,medicine40 ,a sensible woman of the ,doctor's acquaintance1 7the mother of a young family7 entered so far into his views upon this subject1 that she taught her children from their earliest childhood to consider ill-humour as a disorder which was to be cured by physic4 ,accordingly she had always small doses ready1 and the little patients whenever it was thought needful took rhubarb for the crossness4 ,no punishment was required4 ,peevishness or ill-temper and rhubarb were associated in their minds always as cause and effect4 ,there are ,divines who have thought that melancholy may with advantage be treated in age1 as fretfulness in this family was in childhood4 ,timothy ,rogers1 who having been long afflicted with ,trouble of ,mind and the ,disease of ,melancholy1 wrote a discourse concerning both for the use of his fellow sufferers1 says of ,melancholy1 that 8it does generally indeed first begin at the body1 and then conveys its venom to the mind2 and if any thing could be found that might keep the blood and spirits in their due temper and motion1 this would obstruct its further progress1 and in a great measure keep the soul clear4 ,i pretend not 7he continues7 to tell you what medicines are proper to remove it1 and ,i know of none1 ,i leave you to advise with such as are learned in the profession of ,physic40 ,and then he quotes a passage from 8old ,mr4 ,greenham's ,comfort for afflicted ,consciences40 8,if a ,man10 saith old ,mr4 ,greenham1 8that is troubled in conscience come to a ,minister1 it may be he will look all to the ,soul and nothing to the ,body3 if he come to a ,physician he considereth the ,body and neglecteth the ,soul4 ,for my part1 ,i would never have the ,physician's counsel despised1 nor the labour of the ,minister neglected3 because the ,soul and ,body dwelling together1--it is convenient1 that as the ,soul should be cured by the ,word1 by ,prayer1 by ,fasting1 or by ,comforting1 so the ,body must be brought into some temperature by physic1 and diet1 by harmless diversions and such like ways2 providing always that it be so done in the fear of ,god1 as not to think by these ordinary means quite to smother or evade our troubles1 but to use them as preparatives1 whereby our ,souls may be made more capable of the spiritual methods which are to follow afterwards40 ,but ,timothy ,bright1 ,doctor of ,physic1 is the person who had the most profound reverence for the medical art4 8,no one10 he said1 8should touch so holy a thing that hath not passed the whole discipline of liberal sciences1 and washed himself pure and clean in the waters of wisdom and understanding40 8,o ,timothy ,bright1 ,timothy ,bright10 said the ,doctor1 8rightly wert thou called ,timothy ,bright1 for thou wert a ,bright ,timothy60 ,nor art thou less deserving of praise1 ,o ,timothy ,bright1 say ,i1 for having published an abridgement of the ,book of ,acts and ,monuments of the ,church1 written by that ,reverend ,father ,master ,john ,fox1 and by thee thus reduced into a more accessible form1--for such as either through want of leisure or ability1 have not the use of so necessary a history4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxvii4 ,,more ,,maladies ,,than ,,the ,,best ,,physicians ,,can ,,prevent ,,by ,,remedies4--,,the ,,doctor ,,not ,,given ,,to ,,questions1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,poco-,,curante ,,school ,,as ,,to ,,all ,,the ,,politics ,,of ,,the ,,day4 ,a slight answer to an intricate and useless question is a fit cover to such a dish2 a cabbage leaf is good enough to cover a pot of mushrooms4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor4 ,yet in his serious moods the ,doctor sadly confessed with that ,sir ,george1 whom the ,scotch ungratefully call ,bloody ,mackenzie1 that 8as in the body natural1 so likewise in the politic1 ,nature hath provided more diseases than the best of ,physicians can prevent by remedies40 ,he knew that kingdoms as well as individuals have their agues and calentures1 are liable to plethora sometimes and otherwhiles to atrophy1 to fits of madness which no hellebore can cure1 and to decay and dissolution which no human endeavours can avert4 ,with the maladies of the ,state indeed he troubled himself not1 for though a true-born ,englishman1 he was as to all politics of the day1 of the ,poco-curante school4 ,but with those of the human frame his thoughts were continually employed2 it was his business to deal with them2 his duty and his earnest desire to heal them1 under ,god's blessing1 where healing was humanly possible1 or to alleviate them1 when any thing more than alleviation was beyond the power of human skill4 ,the origin of evil was a question upon which he never ventured4 ,here too1 he said with ,sir ,george ,mackenzie1 8as ,i am not able by the ,jacob's ,ladder of my merit to scale ,heaven1 so am ,i less able by the ,jacob's ,staff of my private ability to take up the true altitude of its mysteries30 and borrowing a play upon words from the same old ,essayist1 he thought the brain had too little pia mater1 which was too curious in such inquiries4 ,but the mysteries of his own profession afforded 8ample room and verge enough0 for his speculations1 however wide and wild their excursions4 ,those mysteries are so many1 so momentous1 and so inscrutable that he wondered not at any superstitions which have been excogitated by bewildered imagination1 and implicitly followed by human weakness in its hopes and fears1 its bodily and its mental sufferings4 ,as little did he wonder at the theories advanced by men who were in their days1 the ,seraphic and ,angelic and ,irrefragable ,doctors of the healing art3--the tartar of ,paracelsus1 the ,blas and ,gas of ,van ,helmont1 nor in later times at the animalcular hypotheses of ,langius and ,paullinus2 nor at the belief of elder nations1 as the ,jews1 and of savages every-where that all maladies are the immediate work of evil spirits4 ,but when he called to mind the frightful consequences to which the belief of this opinion has led1 the cruelties which have been exercised1 the crimes which have been perpetrated1 the miseries which have been inflicted and endured1 it made him shudder at perceiving that the most absurd error may produce the greatest mischief to society1 if it be accompanied with presumption1 and if any real or imaginary interest be connected with maintaining it4 ,the ,doctor like his ,master and benefactor ,peter ,hopkins1 was of the ,poco-curante school in politics4 ,he said that the ,warwickshire gentleman who was going out with his hounds when the two armies were beginning to engage at ,edge-hill1 was not the worst ,englishman who took the field that day4 ,local circumstances favoured this tendency to political indifference4 ,it was observed in the #cdth ,chapter of this ,opus that one of the many reasons for which our ,philosopher thought ,doncaster a very likeable place of residence was that it sent no ,members to ,parliament4 ,and ,yorkshire being too large a county for any of its great families to engage lightly in contesting it1 the ,election fever however it might rage in other towns or other parts of the county1 never prevailed there4 ,but the constitution of the ,doctor's mind secured him from all excitement of this nature4 ,even in the days of ,wilkes and ,liberty1 when not a town in ,england escaped the general ,influenza1 he was not in the slightest degree affected by it1 nor did he ever take up the ,public ,advertiser for the sake of one of ,junius's ,letters4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxviii4 ,,simonides4--,,funeral ,,poems4--,,unfeeling ,,opinion ,,imputed ,,to ,,the ,,greek ,,poet1 ,,and ,,expressed ,,by ,,malherbe4--,,seneca4--,,jeremy ,,taylor ,,and ,,the ,,doctor ,,on ,,what ,,death ,,might ,,have ,,been1 ,,and ,,were ,,men ,,what ,,christianity ,,would ,,make ,,them1 ,,might ,,be4 ,intendale chi pu2 che non stretto ,alcuno a creder pu di quel che vuole4 ,,orlando ,,innamorato4 ,among the lost works of antiquity1 there are few poems which ,i should so much rejoice in recovering1 as those of ,simonides4 ,landor has said of him that he and ,pindar wrote nothing bad2 that his characteristics were simplicity1 brevity1 tenderness1 and an assiduous accuracy of description4 8,if ,i were to mention10 he adds 8what ,i fancy would give an ,english reader the best idea of his manner1 ,i should say1 the book of ,ruth40 ,one species of composition wherein he excelled was that which the ,dutch in their straight-forward way call ,lykzangen or ,lykdichten1 but for which we have no appropriate name1--poems in commemoration of the dead4 ,beautiful specimens are to be found in the poetry of all countries1 and this might be expected1 threnodial being as natural as amatory verse2 and as the characteristic of the latter is passion with little reflection1 that of the former is1 as naturally1 to be at the same time passionate and thoughtful4 ,our own language was rich in such poems during the ,elizabethan age1 and that which followed it4 ,of foreign poets none has in this department exceeded ,chiabrera4 ,there is a passage among the fragments of ,simonides which is called by his old editor consolatory1 3 but were it not for the authority of ,seneca1 who undoubtedly was acquainted with the whole poem1 ,i should not easily be persuaded that so thoughtful1 so pensive1 so moralizing a poet would1 in any mood of mind have recommended such consolation3 1 1 let us not call to mind the dead1 if we think of him at all1 more than a single day4 ,indeed ,i am not certain from what ,seneca says1 whether the poet was speaking in his own1 or in an assumed character1 nor whether he spoke seriously or satirically2 or ,i cannot but suspect that the passage would appear very differently1 if we saw it in its place4 ,malherbe gives the same sort of advice in his consolation to ,m4 du ,prier upon the death of a daughter4 ,ne te lasse donc plus d'inutiles complaintes2 ,mais sage l'avenir1 ,aime une ombre comme ombre1 et des cendres teintes ,eteins le souvenir2 such a feeling is much more in character with a ,frenchman than with ,simonides4 ,seneca himself1 ,stoic though he was1 gave no such advice1 but accounted the remembrance of his departed friends among his solemn delights1 not looking upon them as lost3 8mihi amicorum defunctorum cogitatio dulcis ac blanda est2 habui enim illos1 tanquam amissurus2 amissi tanquam habeam40 ,my venerable friend was not hardened by a profession1 which has too often the effect of blunting the feelings1 even if it does not harden the heart4 ,his disposition and his happy education preserved him from that injury2 and as his religion taught him that death was not in itself an evil1--that for him1 and for those who believed with him1 it had no sting1--the subject was as familiar to his meditations as to his professional practice4 ,a speculation which ,jeremy ,taylor1 without insisting on it1 offers to the consideration of inquisitive and modest persons1 appeared to him far more probable than the common opinion which ,milton expresses when he says that the fruit of the ,forbidden ,tree brought death into the world4 ,that1 the ,bishop argues1 8which would have been1 had there been no sin1 and that which remains when the sin or guiltiness is gone1 is not properly the punishment of the sin4 ,but dissolution of the soul and body should have been1 if ,adam had not sinned2 for the world would have been too little to have entertained those myriads of men1 which must1 in all reason1 have been born from that blessing of #8,increase and multiply1' which was given at the first creation3 and to have confined mankind to the pleasures of this world1 in case he had not fallen1 would have been a punishment of his innocence3 but however1 it might have been1 though ,god had not been angry1 and shall still be1 even when the sin is taken off4 ,the proper consequent of this will be1 that when the ,apostle says #8,death came in by ,sin1' and that #8,death is the wages of ,sin1' he primarily and literally means the solemnities1 and causes1 and infelicities1 and untimeliness of temporal death2 and not merely the dissolution1 which is directly no evil1 but an inlet to a better state40 ,as our friend agreed in this opinion with ,bishop ,taylor2 and moreover as he read in ,scriptures that ,enoch and ,elijah had been translated from this world without tasting of death2 and as he deemed it probable at least1 that ,st4 ,john1 the beloved disciple1 had been favoured with a like exemption from the common lot1 he thought that ,asgill had been hardly dealt with in being expelled from ,parliament for his 8,argument10 that according to the ,covenant of ,eternal ,life1 revealed in the ,scriptures1 man might be translated from hence1 without passing through death4 ,the opinion ,dr4 ,dove thought1 might be enthusiastic1 the reasoning wild1 the conclusion untenable1 and the manner of the book indecorous1 or irreverent4 ,but he had learnt that much1 which appears irreverent1 and in reality is so1 has not been irreverently intended2 and the opinion1 although groundless1 seemed to him any thing rather than profane4 ,but the exemptions which are recorded in the ,bible could not1 in his judgement be considered as showing what would have been the common lot if our first parents had preserved their obedience4 ,this he opined would more probably have been euthanasy than translation2 death1 not preceded by infirmity and decay1 but as welcome1 and perhaps as voluntary as sleep4 ,or possibly the transition from a corporeal to a spiritual1--or more accurately in our imperfect language1--from an earthly to a celestial state of being1 might have been produced by some developement1 some formal mutation as visible1 7adverting to a favourite fancy of his own7 as that which in the butterfly was made by the ancients their emblem of immortality4 ,bishop ,van ,mildert shews us upon scriptural authority that 8the degree of perfection at which we may arrive has no definite limits1 but is to go on increasing as long as this state of probation continues40 ,so in the paradisiacal1 and possibly in the millennial state1 he thought1 that with such an intellectual and moral improvement1 a corresponding organic evolution might keep pace2 and that as the child expands into man1 so man might mature into ,angel4 ,,chapter ,,ccxxxix4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,dissents ,,from ,a ,,proposition ,,of ,,warburton',s ,,and ,,shews ,,it ,,to ,,be ,,fallacious4--,,hutchinson',s ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,powers ,,of ,,brutes4--,,lord ,,shaftesbury ,,quoted4--,,apollonius ,,and ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,babylon4--,,distinction ,,in ,,the ,,talmud ,,between ,,an ,,innocent ,,beast ,,and ,a ,,vicious ,,one4--,,opinion ,,of ,,isaac ,,la ,,peyresc4--,,the ,,question ,,de ,,origine ,,et ,,natura ,,animarum ,,in ,,brutis ,,as ,,brought ,,before ,,the ,,theologians ,,of ,,seven ,,protestant ,,academies ,,in ,,the ,,year #afce ,,by ,,daniel ,,sennertus4 ,toutes veritez ne sont pas bonnes dire serieusement4 ,,gomgam4 ,warburton has argued that 8from the nature of any action morality cannot arise1 nor from its effects2--not from the first1 because being only reasonable or unreasonable1 nothing follows but a fitness in doing one1 and an absurdity in doing the other2--not from the second1 because did the good or evil produced make the action moral1 brutes from whose actions proceed both good and evil1 would have morality40 ,but ,warburton's proposition is fallacious1 and his reasoning is inconclusive2 there is an essential difference between right and wrong1 upon which the moral law is founded2 and in the reductio ad absurdum upon which he relies1 there is no absurdity4 ,the language of the people is sometimes true to nature and philosophy when that of the learned departs widely from the one1 and is mistaken in the other4 ,when we call a beast vicious1 we mean strictly what the word implies2 and if we never speak of one as virtuous1 it is because man reserves the praise of virtue to his own kind4 ,the word good supplies its place4 ,a horse that has any vice in him is never called good4 8,in this case alone it is10 says ,lord ,shaftesbury1 8we call any creature worthy or virtuous1 when it can have the notion of a public interest1 and can attain the speculation or science of what is morally good or ill1 admirable or blameable1 right or wrong4 ,for though we may vulgarly call a horse vicious1 yet we never say of a good one1 nor of any mere beast1 idiot1 or changeling1 though ever so good-natured1 that he is worthy or virtuous4 8,so that if a creature be generous1 kind1 constant1 compassionate1 yet if he cannot reflect on what he himself does1 or sees others do1 so as to take notice of what is worthy or honest2 and make that notice or conception of worth and honesty to be an object of his affection1 he has not the character of being virtuous2 for thus1 and no otherwise1 he is capable of having a sense of right and wrong2 a sentiment or judgement of what is done through just1 equal and good affection1 or the contrary40 ,the ,jews upon this subject agree with the common and natural opinion2 and the ,talmud accordingly1 when any mischief has been done by an animal1 distinguishes between an innocent beast and a vicious one1 the owner of an innocent one being required to pay only half the amount of an injury thus1 as it was deemed1 casually incurred4 ,there have been cases in which the laws have considered a beast as guilty of a crime1 and amenable therefore to penal justice4 ,in the year #adjc ,simon de ,baudemont1 ,lieutenant at ,meulont of ,jhean ,lord of ,maintenon the ,bailiff of ,mantes and ,meulont1 signed an attestation making known the expences1 which had been incurred in order to execute justice on a ,sow that had eaten a child4 8,for expences with the jail the charge was six sols4 ,item1 to the executioner who came from ,paris to ,meulont to put the sentence in execution by the command of our ,lord the ,bailiff and of the king's ,attorney1 #ed sols4 ,item1 for the carriage that conveyed her to execution1 #f sols4 ,item1 for ropes to tie and haul her up1 #b sols1 #h deniers4 ,item1 for gloves #ab deniers2 amounting in the whole to #fi sols1 #h deniers40 ,it must be supposed the ,executioner insisted upon the gloves1 as a point of honour1 that no one might reproach him with having sullied his hands by performing upon such a subject4 ,when ,apollonius was introduced to the ,king of ,babylon1 the ,king invited him to sacrifice with him1 for he was about to offer a ,nisean horse to the ,sun1 selected for its beauty and adorned with all pomp for the occasion4 ,but the ,philosopher replied1 8,o ,king do you sacrifice after your manner1 and give me leave to sacrifice after mine40 ,he then took frankincense1 and prayed1 saying1 8,o ,sun1 conduct me so far as it seemeth good to me and to thee4 ,and let me become acquainted with virtuous men2 but as for the wicked1 let me neither know them nor they me40 ,and throwing the frankincense in the fire he observed the smoke1 how it ascended and which way it bent1 and just touching the fire when it seemed that he had sacrificed enough1 he said to the ,king that he had performed the rites of his country1 and forthwith withdrew that he might have nothing to do with blood and slaughter4 ,afterwards when the ,king took him where were many lions1 bears and panthers reserved for sport1 invited him to go with him and hunt them1 ,apollonius replied1 8,king1 you should remember1 that ,i did not chuse to be present at your sacrifice1 much less should ,i like to see animals wounded1 and by the pain of their wounds rendered more ferocious than nature has made them40 ,isaac la ,peyresc thought differently from the ,talmudists and the ,french ,lawyers4 ,he says1 quoting the ,apostle1 ,ubi non est lex1 neque prvaricatio est4 ,where #8no law is1 there is no transgression4' ,prvaricatio autem eadem est1 qu transgressio legis3 illa ipsa proprie qu peccatum imputationis labe infecit4 ,quod ut compingatur in oculos3 pecudes actualiter et materialiter eadem faciunt1 qu transgrediuntur homines2 incestant1 rapiunt1 occidunt2 non erit tamen uspiam adeo supinus qui dicat1 pecudes peccare ad similitudinem transgressionis hominum2 quia pecudes qu hc peccant1 sequuntur tantum suam naturam et suam materiam2 neque legum transgrediuntur ullam1 quia nulla eis data est cujus transgressione formetur in eis et imputetur peccatum4 ,yet it cannot be doubted that in such a case ,peyresc himself1 disregarding his own arguments would have ordered the ,sow to be put to death4 ,this author derives peccatum from pecus1 for1 says he1 8as often as a man wilfully departs from that right reason which constitutes him man1--as often as under the impulse of that brute matter which he has in common with beasts1 he commits any action fitting in a beast1 but unworthy in man1 so often he seems to fall below his own species1 and sink into that of a brute40 8,latini nomen peccati mutuati sunt pecore4 ,quoties enim homo delirat rect ratione illa qu hominem constituit2 quoties impulsu materi su quam habet communem cum brutis1 quid agit dignum pecore1 et indignum homine1 toties cadere videtur specie su1 et incidere in speciem pecoris sive bruti40 ,pecunia is known to be derived from ,pecus1 wealth1 of which money is the representative1 having originally consisted in cattle4 ,as money is proverbially the root of all evil1 this etymological connection might be remarkable enough to be deemed mysterious by those who are fond of discovering mysteries in words4 8,brutes10 ,hutchinson says1 8are made in scripture objects to inculcate the duties in society1 and even emblems of spiritual and divine perfections4 ,many of them are more strictly bound in pairs than is common between men and women2 many both males and females take greater care and pains1 and run greater risques for the education and defence of their young1 than any of our species4 ,many of them excel us in instructing their young1 so in policy1 in industry1 in mechanical arts and operations4 ,and there are other species among them1 examples to deter men from the vices in society40 8,the power in brutes10 he says1 8is by the same agent as that in the body of man1 and they are made of the same species of dust2 most of them are guided by what is called instinct2 some of them are tamed and disciplined and their powers made serviceable to men1 and all of them are subject to the immediate power of ,god1 when he pleases to direct them4 ,mechanism is carried so far in them1 that in the parts or degrees of sensation they excel man2 that by every one of their actions man might see the ne plus ultra of sense1 and know how to distinguish the difference between them and the decayed image in him1 to value it accordingly1 and excite a proportionate zeal in him to recover the first perfections in that image1 and augment them to secure the pleasure of exercising them upon the most desirable objects to all eternity40 ,so far so good1 but this once influential writer makes an erroneous conclusion when he says1 8if you allow anything farther than mechanism to ,brutes1 imagine that they have souls1 or think1 or act the part of souls3 you either begin to think that you have no soul1 or that it is1 such as are in ,brutes1 mortal40 ,the question de ,origine et ,natur ,animarum in ,brutis was brought before the ,theologians of seven ,protestant ,academies in the year #afce1 by ,daniel ,sennertus ,professor of ,medicine at ,wittemberg1 of whose ,institutes ,sir ,thomas ,browne says to a student in that art1 8assure yourself that when you are a perfect master of them you will seldom meet with any point in physic to which you will not be able to speak like a man40 ,it was the opinion of this very learned professor that what in scholastic language is called the form of every perfect thing1 7distinguished from figure1--forma est natur bonum1 figura1 artis opus7 though it is not a soul1 yet even in precious stones is something altogether different from the four elements1 and that every soul1 or living principle1 is a certain quintessence2 the wonderful operations in plants1 and the more wonderful actions of brute creatures1 far exceeding all power of the elements1 had convinced him of this4 ,but for asserting it1 ,freitagius the medical ,professor at ,groninghen attacked him fiercely as a blasphemer and a heretic4 ,sennertus being then an old man was more moved by this outrage than became one of his attainments and high character4 ,so he laid the case before the ,universities of ,leipsic1 ,rostock1 ,basle1 ,marpurg1 ,konigsberg1 ,jena1 ,strasburg1 and ,altorff1 and he requested their opinion upon these two propositions1 whether what he had affirmed1 that the souls of brute creatures had been created at first from nothing by the ,deity1 and were not of an elementary nature1 but of something different1 was blasphemous and heretical1 or whether it were not an ignorant opinion of his assailant1 that brute animals consisted wholly of elementary matter1 both as to their body and soul8 ,they all answered the questions more or less at large1 the ,leipsic ,doctors saying officii nostri duximus esse ut in timore ,domini ea sub diligentem disquisitionem vocaremus4 ,they saw nothing irreligious in the opinion that ,god at the creation had formed the bodies of brutes from elementary matter1 and created their souls ex nihilo2 after which both were reproduced in the natural course of generation2 these souls however were not immortal1 nor so separable from the matter with which they were united1 as to survive it1 and exist without it1 or return again into their bodies2 but when the animals died1 the animal soul died also4 ,thus the excellence of man was unimpaired1 and the privilege of the human soul remained inviolate1 the prerogative of man being that ,god had breathed into him the breath of life1 whereby he became a living soul4 ,thus they fully acquitted ,sennertus of the charge brought against him2 and waiving any such direct condemnation of his accuser as he had desired1 condemned in strong terms the insolent manner in which the accusation had been preferred4 ,the ,theologians of ,rostock replied more briefly4 ,dismissing at once the charge of blasphemy and heresy as absurd1 they treated the question as purely philosophical1 saying1 8,quod de elementari natur animarum brutorum dicitur1 de illo nostrum non est disserere4 ,arbitramur1 hc non solum ,philosophorum1 sed et libertati1 super his modest1 veritatis inveniend studio1 philosophantium permittenda2 quos nimium constringere1 et unius hominis1 ,aristotelis1 alteriusve1 velle alligare opinioni1 pugnare videtur cum natur intellectus humani1 quem nulli opinioni servum ,deus esse voluit40 ,concerning the second question1 they were not willing1 they said1 to draw the saw of contention with any one2 8,si tamen1 quod sentimus dicendum est1 respondemus1 illum qui clum et terram ex nihilo creavit1 non eguisse ull materi1 ex qu brutorum animas produceret2 sed illi placuisse iis qu ,moses recitat verbis compellare terram et aquam1 et ad solius ,omnipotentis nutum et imperium1 ex subjectis qu compellrit1 animas emersisse40 ,this answer ,sennertus obtained through his friend ,lauremberg the ,horticulturist and ,botanist1 who advised him at the same time to disregard all invidious attacks2 8,turbas tibi dari qud liber philosophari satagis1 id ipse nsti1 neque novum esse1 neque insolens1 hc tate4 ,eandem tecum sortem experiuntur omnes eleganter et solid eruditi1 quibus qui paria facere non valet1 invidet et oblatrat4 ,tu ver noli hoc nomine te quicquam macerare neu obtrectationem illam gravius vocare ad animum4 ,nota est orbi tua eruditio1 tua virtus et ingenuitas1 qu ea propter nullam patietur jacturam4 ,tu modo1 ut hactenus fecisti1 pergito bene mereri de ,republic literari1 et mihi favere1 cert tibi persuasus1 habere te hc loci hominem tui amantem1 et observantem maxime40 ,zuinger answered more at large for the ,faculty at ,basle4 ,they bade him not to marvel that he should be accused of heresy and blasphemy1 seeing that the same charge has been brought against their ,theologians1 who when they taught according to ,scripture that ,god alone was the ,father of the spirits as their parents were of their bodies1 and that the reasonable soul therefore was not derived from their parents1 but infused and concreated ,deo were accused either of ,pelagianism1 as if they had denied ,original ,sin1 or of blasphemy1 as if they had made ,god the author of sin4 ,they admonished him to regard such calumnies more justly and quietly1 for evil and invidious tongues could never detract from that estimation which he had won for him in the ,republic of ,letters4 ,nevertheless as he had asked for their opinion1 they would freely deliver it4 ,first then as to the postulate which he had premised in the ,epistle accompanying his ,questions1 that wherever there is creation1 something is produced from nothing1 7ubicunque creatio est1 ibi aliquid ex nihilo producitur7 if by this he intended1 that in no mode of creation1 whether it were 1 or 1 or there was no substrate matter out of which something was made by the omnipotent virtue of the ,deity1 in that case they thought1 that his opinion was contrary to ,scripture1 forasmuch as it plainly appeared in the book of ,genesis1 that neither the male nor female were created from nothing1 but the man from the dust of the ground1 and the woman from one of his ribs1 tanquam prcedentibus corporum materieribus4 ,but though it is indubitable that the creation of the soul in either parent was immediately ex nihilo1 as was shewn in the creation of ,adam we see nevertheless that the name of creation has been applied by ,moses to the formation 7plasmationi7 of their bodies4 ,but if ,sennertus's words were to be understood as intending that wherever there was a creation1 something was produced in this either ex nihilo absolutely1 or relatively and out of something1 some preceding matter1 which though certainly in itself something1 yet relatively1--that which is made out of it1 is nothing1 7nihil1 aut non ens7 because it hath in itself no power1 liability1 or aptitude that it should either be1 or become that which ,god by his miraculous and omnipotent virtue makes it1 they had no difficulty in assenting to this4 ,as for example1 the dust of which ,god formed the body of ,adam was something and nothing4 ,something in itself1 for it was earth2 nothing in respect of that admirable work of the human body which ,god formed of it4 ,as for the question whether his opinion was blasphemous and heretical1 it could be neither one nor the other1 for it neither derogated from the glory of ,god1 nor touched upon any fundamental article of faith4 ,some there were who opined that ,chaos was created ex nihilo1 which they understood by ,tohu ,vabohu1 from which all things celestial and elementary were afterwards mediately created by ,god4 ,others exploding ,chaos held that heaven1 earth1 water and air1 were created ex nihilo4 ,but they did not charge each other with blasphemy1 and heresy because of this disagreement1 and verily they who thought that the souls of brutes were originally created by ,god ex nihilo appeared no more to derogate from the might1 majesty and glory of ,god1 than those who held that brutes were wholly created from the element4 ,the virtue of an omnipotent ,god became in either case presupposed4 ,there was no heresy they said in his assertion that the souls of brutes were not of an elementary nature1 but of something different3 provided that a just distinction were made between the rational soul and the brute soul1 the difference being not merely specific but generic4 ,for the rational soul is altogether of a spiritual nature and essence1 adeque ,ens uti vocant transcendens1 bearing the image of ,god in this1 that properly speaking it is a spirit1 as ,god is a ,spirit4 #b;d4 ,the rational soul as such1 as ,aristotle himself testifies1 has no bodily energies1 or operations2 its operations indeed are performed in the body but not by the body1 nor by bodily organs2 but the contrary is true concerning the souls of brutes4 #c;dly4 ,the rational soul1 though it be closely conjoined with the body and hypostatically united therewith1 nevertheless is separable therefrom1 so that ever out of the body sit aliquod2 but the souls of brutes are immersed in matter and in bodies1 so that they cannot subsist without them4 ,lastly1 the rational soul alone hath the privilege of immortality1 it being beyond all controversy that the souls of brutes are mortal and corruptible4 ,these differences being admitted1 and saving the due prerogative1 excellence1 and as it were divinity of the rational soul1 the ,theological ,faculty of ,basil thought it of little consequence if any one held that the souls of brutes were of something different from elementary matter4 ,they delivered no opinion in condemnation of his assailant's doctrine1 upon the ground that the question was not within their province4 8,certum est10 they said1 8uti formas rerum omnium difficulter1 et non nisi a posteriori1 et per certas 1 cognoscere possumus2 ita omnium difficillim ,animarum naturam nos pervestigare posse1 nostramque1 uti in aliis1 ita in hac materi1 scientiam esse1 ut scit ,scaliger loquitur1 umbram in sole4 ,ac non dubium1 ,deum hic vagabundis contemplationibus nostris ponere voluisse1 ut disceremus imbecillitatis et ccitatis nostr conscienti humiliari1 cum stupore opera ejus admirari1 atque cum modestia et sobrietate philosophari40 ,they declared however that the rational soul differed from that of brutes in its nature1 essence1 properties and actions1 and that this was not to be doubted of by ,christians3 that the soul of brutes was not spiritual1 not immaterial1 that all its actions were merely material1 and performed by corporeal organs1 and they referred to ,sennertus's own works as rightly affirming that it was partible1 et dividatur ad divisionem materi1 ita ut cum corporis parte aliquid anim possit avelli1 inferring here as it seems from a false analogy that animal life was like that of vegetables1 qu ex parte a plant avuls propagantur4 ,they entered also into some curious criticism metaphysical and philological upon certain texts pertinent to the questions before them4 ,when the dust became lice throughout all the land of ,egypt1 the mutation of the dust into lice was to be understood3 so too in the creation of ,adam1 and the formation of ,eve1 there could be no doubt concerning the matter from which both were made4 ,but when water was miraculously produced from the rock1 and from the hollow place in the jaw1 ibi san nemo sanus dicet1 aquam petr aut maxill ,deo ita fuisse productam1 ut petra aut maxilla materiam aqu huic prbuerit4 ,the answer from ,marpurg was short and satisfactory4 ,there also the ,professors waived the philosophical question1 saying ,nos falcem in alienam messem non mittemus1 nec ,morychi in alieno choro pedem nostrum ponemus1 sed nostro modulo ac pede nos metiemur1 nobis id etiam dictum putantes1 4 ,nobis nostra vendicabimus1 ,philosophis philosophica relinquentes4 ,tertullian they said had asserted that ,philosophers were the ,patriarchs of ,heretics1 nevertheless a philosophical opinion1 while it keeps within its own circles1 and does not interfere with the mysteries of faith1 is no heresy4 ,they adduced a subtle argument to show that upon the point in question there was no real difference between something and nothing4 ,creatio ex nihilo intelligitur fieri tum ratione sui principii1 quod est nihilum negativum2 tum ratione indispositionis1 ob quam materia1 ex qu aliquid fit1 in productione pro nihilo habetur4 ,quamvis igitur anim bestiarum dicerentur in ,creatione ex potenti materi educt1 nihilominus ob indispositionem materi quam form educt multum superant1 ex nihilo creat essent4 ,and they agreed with ,luther and with those other ,divines who held that the words in the first ,chapter of ,genesis whereby the ,earth was bade to bring forth grass1 herbs1 trees and living creatures after their kind1 and the water to bring forth fishes1 were to be strictly understood1 the earth and the waters having ex ,dei benedictione1 activ et ver produced them4 ,the answer from ,konigsberg was not less favourable4 ,the dispute which ,freitagius had raised1 infelix illa they called it1 ought to have been carried on by that ,professor with more moderation4 ,granting that the souls of brutes were not created separately like human souls but conjointly with the body1 it still remained doubtful quomodo se habuerit divinum partim ad aquam et terram factum mandatum1 partim simultanea brutalium animarum cum corporibus creatio4 ,for earth and water might here be variously considered1 #a1 as the element1 #b1 as the matter1 #c1 as the subject1 and #d1 ut mater vel vivus uterus ad animalium productionem immediat ,dei operatione exaltatus4 ,water and earth themselves were first created1 and on the fifth the vital and plastic power was communicated to them1 in which by virtue of the omnipotent word they still consist4 ,they were of opinion that the souls of brutes and of plants also1 were divinely raised above an elementary condition1 it being always understood that the human soul far transcended them4 ,the expression of ,moses that formed every beast and every fowl out of the ground1 proved not the matter whereof1 but the place wherein they were formed4 ,the ,faculty at ,jena returned a shorter reply4 ,the ingratitude of the world toward those who published their lucubrations upon such abstruse points1 reminded them they said of ,luther's complaint in one of his ,prefaces3 ,spe recordor boni ,gersonis dubitantis num quid boni public scribendmn et proferendum sit4 ,si scriptio omittitur1 mult anim negliguntur1 qu liberari potuissent2 si ver illa prstatur1 statim ,diabolus prst est cum linguis pestiferis et calumniarum plenis1 qu omnia corrumpunt et inficiunt4 ,what was said of the production of fish1 plants and animals might be understood synecdochically1 salv verborum ,mosaicorum integritate1 as the text also was to be understood concerning the creation of man1 where it is said that the ,lord formed him of the dust of the earth1 and immediately afterwards that he breathed into his nostrils the breath of life4 ,the ,strasburg ,divines entered upon the subject so earnestly that their disquisition far exceeds in length the whole of the communications from the other ,universities4 ,sennertus could not have wished for a more elaborate or a more gratifying reply4 ,the ,faculty at ,altdorff said that the question was not a matter of faith1 and therefore no one could be obnoxious to the charge of heresy for maintaining or controverting either of the opposite opinions4 ,they seem however to have agreed with neither party2 not with ,freitagius because they denied that brute souls were of an elementary nature1 not with ,sennertus1 because they denied that they were created at first from nothing4 ,it is manifest1 said they1 that they are not now created from nothing1 because it would follow from thence that they subsist of themselves1 and are not dependent upon matter1 and are consequently immortal1 which is absurd4 ,it remained therefore that the souls of brutes1 as they do not now receive their existence from mere nothing1 so neither did they at the first creation1 but from something pre-supposed1 which the ,peripatetics call the power of matter or of the subject1 which from the beginning was nothing else and still is nothing else1 than its propension or inclination to this or that form4 ,qu forma multiplex1 cum etiam in potentia primi subjecti passiva prcesserit1 per miraculosam ,dei actionem ex illa fuit educta1 actumque essendi completum in variis animalium speciebus accepit4 ,sennertus either published these papers or prepared them for publication just before his death4 ,they were printed in octavo at ,wittenberg1 with the title ,de ,origine et ,natura ,animarum in ,brutis1 ,sententi ,cl4 ,theologorum in aliquot ,germani ,academiis1 #afch4 ,sprengel observes that none of the ,historians of ,philosophy have noticed1-- ,ctera desunt4 ,,chapter ,,ccxl4 ,,the ,,jesuit ,,garasse',s ,,censure ,,of ,,huarte ,,and ,,barclay4--,,extraordinary ,,investigation4--,,the ,,tendency ,,of ,,nature ,,to ,,preserve ,,its ,,own ,,archetypal ,,forms4--,,that ,,of ,,art ,,to ,,vary ,,them4--,,portraits4--,,moral ,,and ,,physical ,,cadastre4--,,parish ,,chronicler ,,and ,,parish ,,clerk ,,the ,,doctor ,,thought ,,might ,,be ,,well ,,united4 ,is't you1 ,sir1 that know things8 ,,sooth4 ,in nature's infinite book of secresy1 ,a little ,i can read4 ,,shakspeare4 ,the ,jesuit ,garasse censured his contemporaries ,huarte and ,barclay for attempting1 the one in his ,examen de los ,ingenios1 the other in his ,icon ,animorum1 to class men according to their intellectual characters3 ces deux ,autheurs1 says he1 se sont rendus criminels contre l'esprit de l'homme1 en ce qu'ils ont entrepris de ranger en cinq ou six cahiers1 toutes les diversitez des esprits qui peuvent estre parmy les hommes1 comme qui voudroit verser toute l'eau de la mer dans une coquille4 ,for his own part1 he had learnt1 he said1 et par la lecture1 et par l'experience1 que les hommes sont plus dissemblables en esprit qu'en visage4 ,garasse was right2 for there goes far more to the composition of an individual character1 than of an individual face4 ,it has sometimes happened that the portrait of one person has proved also to be a good likeness of another4 ,mr4 ,hazlitt recognized his own features and expression in one of ,michael ,angelo's devils4 ,and in real life two faces1 even though there be no relationship between the parties1 may be all but indistinguishably alike1 so that the one shall frequently be accosted for the other2 yet no parity of character can be inferred from this resemblance4 ,poor ,capt4 ,atkins1 who was lost in the ,defence off the coast of ,jutland in #ahaa1 had a double of this kind1 that was the torment of his life2 for this double was a swindler1 who having discovered the lucky facsimileship1 obtained goods1 took up money1 and at last married a wife in his name4 ,once when the real ,capt4 ,atkins returned from a distant station1 this poor woman who was awaiting him at ,plymouth1 put off in a boat1 boarded the ship as soon as it came to anchor1 and ran to welcome him as her husband4 ,the following ,extraordinary ,investigation1 cut out of a ,journal of the day1 would have excited our ,doctor's curiosity1 and have led him on to remoter speculations4 8,on ,tuesday afternoon an adjourned inquest was held at the ,christchurch workhouse4 ,boundary-row1 ,blackfriars-road1 before ,mr4 ,r4 ,carter1 on the body of ,eliza ,baker1 aged #ag1 who was found drowned at the steps of ,blackfriars-bridge1 on ,saturday morning1 by a police constable4 ,mr4 ,peter ,wood1 an eating-house-keeper1 in the ,bermondsey ,new-road1 near the ,brick-layers ,arms1 having seen a paragraph in one of the ,sunday newspapers1 that the body of a female had been taken out of the ,thames on the previous day1 and carried to the workhouse to be owned1 and1 from the description given1 suspecting that it was the body of a young female who had lived in his service1 but who had been discharged by his wife on account of jealousy1 he went to the workhouse and recognized the body of the unfortunate girl4 ,he was very much agitated1 and he cut off a lock of her hair1 and kissed the corpse4 ,he immediately went to an undertaker1 and gave orders for the funeral4 ,he then went to the deceased's parents1 who reside in ,adelaide-place1 ,whitecross-street1 ,cripplegate1 and informed them of the melancholy fate of their daughter4 ,they also went to the workhouse1 and1 on being shown the body1 were loud in their lamentations4 8,on the ,jury having assembled on ,monday evening1 they proceeded to view the body of the deceased1 and1 on their return1 a number of witnesses were examined1 mostly relations1 who swore positively to the body4 ,from the evidence it appeared that the deceased had lived with ,mr4 ,wood as a servant for four months1 but his wife being jealous1 she was discharged about a month ago1 since which time ,mr4 ,wood had secretly supplied her with money1 and kept her from want4 ,mrs4 ,baker1 the mother of the deceased1 and other relations1 in giving their evidence1 spoke in severe terms of the conduct of ,mr4 ,wood1 and said that they had no doubt but that he had seduced the unfortunate girl1 which had caused her to commit suicide4 8,the ,jury appeared to be very indignant1 and1 after five hours' deliberation1 it was agreed to adjourn the case until ,tuesday afternoon1 when they re-assembled4 ,mr4 ,wood1 the alleged seducer1 was now present1 but he was so overcome by his feelings at the melancholy occurrence1 that nothing could be made of him2 in fact1 he was like a man in a state of stupefaction4 ,mrs4 ,wood1 the wife was called in2 she is twenty-eight years older than her husband1 and shook her head at him1 but nothing was elicited from her1 her passion completely overcoming her reason4 8,a ,juryman4--,the more we dive into this affair the more mysterious it appears against ,mr4 ,wood4 8,this remark was occasioned on account of some marks of violence on the body2 there had been a violent blow on the nose1 a black mark on the forehead1 and a severe wound on the thigh4 ,the ,jury were commencing to deliberate on their verdict1 when a drayman in the employ of ,messrs4 ,whitbread and ,co41 brewers1 walked into the jury-room1 and said that1 he wished to speak to the ,coroner and ,jury4 8,mr4 ,carter4--#8,what is it you want8' 8,drayman4--#8,i comes to say1 gentlemen1 that ,mrs4 ,baker's daughter1 you are now holding an inquest on1 is now alive and in good health4' 8,the ,coroner and ,jury 7in astonishment74--#8,what do you say8' 8,drayman4--#8,i'll swear that ,i met her to-day in the streets1 and spoke to her4' 8,the ,coroner1 ,witnesses1 and ,jury were all struck with amazement1 and asked the drayman if he could bring ,eliza ,baker forward1 which he undertook to do in a short time4 8,in the interim the ,jury and ,witnesses went again to view the body of the deceased4 ,mr4 ,wood shed tears over the corpse1 and was greatly affected1 as well as her relations3 the drayman's story was treated as nonsense1 but the ,jury1 although of the same opinion1 were determined to await his return4 ,in about a quarter of an hour the drayman returned1 and introduced the real ,eliza ,baker1 a fine looking young woman1 and in full health4 ,to depict the astonishment of the relations and of ,mr4 ,wood is totally impossible1 and at first they were afraid to touch her4 ,she at last went forward1 and took ,mr4 ,wood by the hand 7who stood motionless71 and exclaimed #8,how could you make such a mistake as to take another body for mine8 ,do you think ,i would commit such an act8' ,mr4 ,wood could not reply1 but fell senseless in a fit1 and it was with great difficulty that seven men could hold him4 ,after some time he recovered1 and walked away1 to the astonishment of every one1 with ,eliza ,baker1 leaving his wife in the jury-room4 ,several of the ,jurors remarked that they never saw such a strong likeness in their lives as there was between ,eliza ,baker and the deceased1 which fully accounted for the mistake that the ,witnesses had made4 8,the whole scene was most extraordinary1 and the countenances of ,witnesses and ,jurymen it is impossible to describe4 ,there was no evidence to prove who the deceased was3 and the ,jury1 after about eleven hours' investigation1 returned a verdict of #8,found drowned1' but by what means the deceased came into the water there is no evidence to prove40 ,but in such likenesses1 the resemblance is probably never so exact as to deceive an intimate friend1 except upon a cursory glance1 at first sight3 even between twins1 when any other persons might be perplexed1 the parents readily distinguish4 ,the varieties of countenances are far more minute and consequently more numerous than would appear upon light consideration4 ,a shepherd knows the face of every sheep in his flock1 though to an inexperienced eye they all seem like one another4 ,the tendency of ,nature is to preserve its own archetypal forms1 the tendency of art and of what is called accident being to vary them4 ,the varieties which are produced in plants by mere circumstances of soil and situation are very numerous1 but those which are produced by culture are almost endless4 ,moral and physical circumstances effect changes as great1 both externally and internally in man4 ,whoever consults the elaborate work of ,dr4 ,prichard on the ,physical ,history of ,mankind1 may there see it established by the most extensive research and the most satisfactory proofs1 that the varieties of the human race1 great and striking as they are1 are all derived from one stock2 philosophical enquiry here when fully and fairly pursued confirming the scriptural account1 as it has done upon every subject which is within the scope of human investigation4 ,dr4 ,dove in the course of his professional practise1 had frequent opportunities of observing the stamp of family features at those times when it is most apparent2 at birth1 and in the last stage of decline1--for the elementary lines of the countenance come forth as distinctly in death as they were shaped in the womb4 ,it is one of the most affecting circumstances connected with our decay and dissolution1 that all traces of individual character in the face should thus disappear1 the natural countenance alone remaining1 and that in this respect the fresh corpse should resemble the new born babe4 ,he had in the same way opportunities for observing that there were family dispositions both of body and mind1 some remaining latent till the course of time developed them1 and others till circumstances seemed as it were to quicken them into action4 ,whether these existed in most strength where the family likeness was strongest was a point on which his own observation was not extensive enough for him to form an opinion4 ,speculatively he inclined to think that moral resemblances were likely to manifest themselves in the countenance1 but that constitutional ones must often exist where there could be no outward indication of them4 ,thus a family heart1 7metaphorically speaking7 may be recognized in the 8life1 conduct and behaviour10 though the face should be a false index2 and hereditary tendencies in the great organs of life show themselves only in family diseases4 ,under our ,saxon ,kings1 a person was appointed in every great ,monastery to record public events1 register the deaths1 promotions1 c41 in the community1 and enter in this current chronicle every occurrence in the neighbourhood which was thought worthy of notice4 ,at the end of every reign1 a summary record was compiled from these materials1--and to this we owe our ,saxon ,chronicle1 the most ancient and authentic in ,europe4 ,but he often regretted that in every generation so much knowledge was lost1 and that so much experience was continually allowed to run to waste1 many--very many of the evils which afflict mankind being occasioned by this neglect and perpetuated by it4 ,especially he regretted this in his own art3 and this regret would not have been removed if ,medical ,journals had been as numerous in his days as they are at present4 ,his wishes went much farther4 ,we are told that in the sixteenth century the great ,lords in ,france piqued themselves upon having able and learned men for their secretaries1 and treated them as their friends4 ,the principal business of such secretaries was to keep a journal of the most interesting events2 and the masters having witnessed or borne a part in the business of state were well able to inform them of the intrigues and tortuous policy of their own times4 ,from such journals it is that most of those old ,memoirs have been formed1 in which ,french literature is so peculiarly rich4 ,they usually include as much general history as is in any way connected with the personage whom the writer served4 ,boswell1 who if ever man went to ,heaven for his good works1 has gone there for his life of ,johnson1--,boswell1 ,i say thought1 and ,johnson agreed with him1 that there ought to be a chronicler kept in every considerable family1 to preserve the characters and transactions of successive generations4 ,in like manner ,milton's friend1 ,henry ,more the ,platonist and ,poet1 would have had the stories of apparitions and witchcraft publicly recorded1 as they occurred in every parish1 thinking that this course would prove 8one of the best antidotes against that earthly and cold disease of ,sadducism and ,atheism10 which he said1 8if not prevented might easily grow upon us1 to the hazard of all religion and the best kinds of philosophy40 ,our philosopher had more comprehensive notions of what ought to be4 ,he wished not only for such domestic chronicles1 but that in every considerable family there should be a compleat set of portraits preserved in every generation1 taken in so small a size that it might never be necessary to eject them in order to make room for others4 ,when this had been done for some centuries1 it might be seen how long a family likeness remains1 whether ,nature repeats her own forms at certain times1 or after uncertain intervals2 or whether she allows them to be continually modified1 as families intermarry1 till the original type at last may altogether be obliterated4 ,in ,china there are not only learned men whose business it is to record every thing remarkable that is either said or done by the reigning ,emperor1 7which is done for his own instruction1 as well as for that of his successors17 but the great families1 have in like manner their records1 and these are considered as the most precious part of the inheritance which descends from sire to son4 ,all who aspire to any high office are required to be well acquainted with the history of their ancestors1 and in that history their indispensable qualifications are examined4 ,that excellent good man ,gilpin drew up a family record of his great grandfather1 grandfather and father1 who had all been 8very valuable men40 8,i have often thought10 said he1 8such little records might be very useful in families2 whether the subjects of them were good or bad4 ,a light house may serve equally the purpose of leading you into a haven1 or deterring you from a rock40#a ,if it may stand with your soft blush1 to hear ,yourself but told unto yourself1 and see ,in my character what your features be1 ,you will not from the paper slightly pass4 ,no lady1 but at some time loves her glass4 ,and this shall be no false one1 but as much ,removed1 as you from need to have it such4#b ,footnote #a3 ,,warner',s ,,recollections4 ,footnote #b3 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,there was once a ,german who being poet1 physician and physiognomist1 saw in a vision of ,paradise ,physiognomy herself1 and received from her a most gracious compliment1 which lay buried among the ,heidelberg ,manuscripts in the ,vatican1 till ,frederick ,adelung in the year #agii1 brought it to light some centuries after the very name of the poet had perished4 ,read the compliment1 reader1 if thou canst as given by the ,german antiquary1 without note1 comment1 glossary1 or punctuation4 ,i can answer for the fidelity of my transcript1 though not of his text4 ,zu mir in gar glicher wise ,quam us hymels paradyse ,vil manich schne frouwe name ,jeglicher wol die kron zam ,sie waren schne und gecleit ,vrauwelicher zuchte mynnekeit ,sie ziert ine danne riche gewant ,mir wart iglicher name bekant ,wanne er in geschriben was ,an ir vorgespan als ich las ,,phisonomia kunstenriche ,gutlicht redt wider mich ,wir byden dich herre bescheiden ,das du in gottes geleiden ,dust machen myne lobelich kunst ,so hastu mynneclichen gunst ,von mir und myner gespilen vil ,der igliche dich des bidden wil ,das du in erkennen gebest ,und du in unser frntschaft lebest ,alleine din cleit sy donne ,got wil dir geben solich wonne ,die mannich gelerter mane ,nummer mer gewynnen kan4 ,there was no truth in ,physiognomy when she made this promise to her medico-poet4 ,yet he deserved her gratitude for he taught that her unerring indications might be read not in the countenance alone1 but in all the members of the human body4 ,in cases of disputed inheritance1 when it is contended that the heir claimant is not the son of his reputed father1 but a spurious1 or supposititious child1 such a series of portraits would be witnesses1 he thought1 against whose evidence no exception could be taken4 ,indeed such evidence would have disproved the impudent story of the ,warming ,pan1 if any thing had depended upon legitimacy in that case2 and in our times it might divest ,d4 ,miguel of all claim to the crown of ,portugal1 by right of birth4 ,but these legal and political uses he regarded as trifling when compared with the physiological inferences which in process of time might be obtained1 for on this subject ,mr4 ,shandy's views were far short of ,dr4 ,dove's4 ,the improvement of noses would be only an incidental consequence of the knowledge that might be gathered from the joint materials of the family portrait gallery1 and the family chronicle4 ,from a comparison of these materials it might be inferred with what temperaments of mind and of body1 with what qualities good or evil1 certain forms of feature1 and certain characters of countenance were frequently found to be connected4 ,and hence it might ultimately be learnt how to neutralize evil tendencies by judicious intermarriages1 how to sweeten the disposition1 cool the temper and improve the blood4 ,to be sure there were some difficulties in the way4 ,you might expect from the family chronicler a faithful notice of the diseases which had proved dangerous or fatal2 to this part of his duty there could be no objection4 ,but to assure the same fidelity concerning moral and intellectual failings or vices1 requires a degree of independence not to be hoped for from a writer so circumstanced4 ,if it had still been the custom for great families to keep a ,fool1 as in old times1 our ,philosopher in his legislative character would have required that the ,fool's more notable sayings should be recorded1 well knowing that in his privileged freedom of speech1 and the monitions and rebukes which he conveyed in a jest1 the desiderated information would be contained4 ,but in our present state of manners he could devise no better check upon the family historiographer1--no better provision against his sins both of omission and of commission1 than that of the village or parish chronicle2 for in every village or parish he would have had every notable event that occurred within its boundaries duly and authentically recorded4 ,and as it should be the ,chronicler's duty to keep a ,remembrancer as well as a ,register1 in which whatever he could gather from tradition1 or from the recollections of old persons was to be preserved1 the real character which every person of local distinction had left behind him among his domestics and his neighbours would be found here1 whatever might be recorded upon his monument4 ,by these means1 one supplying the deficiencies of the other1 our philosopher thought a knowledge of the defects and excellencies of every considerable family might be obtained1 sufficient for the purposes of physiology1 and for the public good4 ,there was a man in the neighbouring village of ,bentley1 who he used to say1 would have made an excellent ,parish ,chronicler1 an office which he thought might well be united with that of ,parish ,clerk4#c ,this person went by the name of ,billy ,dutchman3 he was a journeyman stone-mason1 and kept a book wherein he inserted the name of every one by whom he had been employed1 how many days he had worked in every week1 and how many he had been idle1 either owing to sickness or any other cause1 and what money he had earned in each week1 summing up the whole at the year's end4 ,his earning in the course of nine and twenty years beginning in #agfg1 amounts to #ehc4 #ahs4 #c;d41 being1 he said1 upon an average1 seven shillings and ninepence a week4 ,footnote #c3 ,such a ,chronicler is old ,james ,long--now #gg years of age--#ej of which he has served in the capacity of ,parish ,clerk of ,west-,tarring1 in the ,county of ,sussex4 ,there is no by-gone incident in this1 or the neighbouring ,parishes1--no mere--stone or balk--with which he is not acquainted4 ,aged and truthful ,chronicler6 --,enjoy thy plainness ,it nothing ill becomes thee4-- ,since the above was written the old man has been gathered to his fathers4 ,requiescat in pace6 ,the ,doctor would have approved of ,jacob ,abbott's extension of his own plan1 and adaptation of it to a moral and religious purpose4 ,jacob ,abbott1 without any view to the physical importance of such documents1 advises that domestic journals should be kept1 8,let three or four of the older brothers and sisters of a family agree to write a history of the family1 any father would procure a book for this purpose1 and if the writers are young1 the articles intended for insertion in it might be written first on separate paper1 and then corrected and transcribed4 ,the subjects suitable to be recorded in such a book will suggest themselves to every one2 a description of the place of residence at the time of commencing the book1 with similar descriptions of other places from time to time1 in case of removals2 the journies or absences of the head of the family or its members2 the sad scenes of sickness or death which may be witnessed1 and the joyous ones of weddings1 or festivities1 or holydays2 the manner in which the members are from time to time employed2 and pictures of the scenes which the fire-side group exhibits in the long winter evening1 or the conversation which is heard1 and the plans formed at the supper table or in the morning walk4 8,if a family1 where it is first established1 should commence with such a record of their own efforts and plans1 and the various dealings of ,providence towards them1 the father and the mother carrying it on jointly until the children are old enough to take the pen1 they would find the work a source of great improvement and pleasure4 ,it would tend to keep distinctly in view the great objects for which they ought to live2 and repeatedly recognizing1 as they doubtless would do1 the hand of ,god1 they would feel more sensibly and more constantly their dependence upon him40 ,,chapter ,,ccxli4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,utopia ,,denominated ,,columbia4--,,his ,,scheme ,,entered ,,upon--,,but #8,,left ,,half ,,told' ,,like #8,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cambuscan ,,bold4' ,i will to satisfy and please myself1 make an ,utopia of mine own1 a new ,atlantis1 a poetical commonwealth of mine own1 in which ,i will freely domineer1 build cities1 make laws1 statutes1 as ,i list myself4 ,and why may ,i not8 ,,burton4 ,the ,doctor's plan would have provided materials for a moral and physiological ,cadastre1 or ,domesday ,book4 ,this indeed is the place for stating what the reader1 knowing as much as he knows of our ,philosopher1 will not be surprised to hear1 that ,dr4 ,dove had conceived an ,utopia of his own4 ,he fixed it an island1 thinking the sea to be the best of all neighbours1 and he called it ,columbia1 not as pretending that it had been discovered by his 8famous namesake10 but for a reason which the sagacious may divine4 ,the scheme of his government had undergone many changes1 although from the beginning it was established upon the eternal and immutable principles of truth and justice4 ,every alteration was intended to be final2 yet it so happened that1 notwithstanding the proposed perpetuity of the structure1 and the immutability of the materials1 he frequently found cause to exercise the imperscriptible and inalienable right of altering and improving his own work4 ,he justified this1 as being himself sole legislator1 and moreover the only person in existence whose acceptance of the new constitution was necessary for its full establishment2 and no just objection1 he said1 could be advanced against any of these changes1 if they were demonstrably for the better1 not merely innovations1 but improvements also2 for no possible revolution however great1 or however suddenly effected1 could occasion the slightest evil to his ,commonwealth4 ,governments in nubibus being mended as easily as they are made1 for which1 as for many other reasons1 they are so much better than any that are now actually existing1 have existed1 or ever will exist4 ,at first he denominated his ,commonwealth an ,iatrarchy1 and made the ,archiatros1 or ,chief ,physician1 head of the state4 ,but upon after consideration he became convinced that the cares of general government1 after all the divisions and subdivisions which could be made1 were quite enough for any one head1 however capacious and however strong1 and however ably assisted4 ,columbia therefore was made an absolute monarchy1 hereditary in the male line1 according to the ,salic law4 ,how did he hold sweet dalliance with his crown1 ,and wanton with dominion1 how lay down1 ,without the sanction of a precedent1 ,rules of most large and absolute extent1 ,rules which from sense of public virtue spring1 ,and all at once commence a ,patriot ,king6#a ,o ,simon ,bolivar1 once called the ,liberator1 if thou couldst have followed the example of this less practical but more philosophical statesman1 and made and maintained thyself as absolute monarch of thy ,columbia1 well had it been for thy ,columbians and for thee6 better still for thyself1 it may be feared1 if thou hadst never been born4 ,footnote #a3 ,,churchill4 ,there was an order of hereditary nobles in the ,doctor's ,columbia2 men were raised to that rank as a just reward for any signal service which they had rendered to the state2 but on the other hand an individual might be degraded for any such course of conduct as evinced depravity in himself1 or was considered as bringing disgrace upon his order4 ,the chiefs of the ,hierarchy1 the ,iatrarchy1 the ,nomarchy and the ,hoplarchy 7under which title both sciences1 naval and military1 were comprised7 were like our ,bishops1 ,peers of the realm by virtue of their station1 and for life only4 ,i do not remember what was the scheme of representation upon which his ,house of ,commons was elected1 farther than it commenced with universal suffrage and ascended through several stages1 the lowest assembly chusing electors for the next above it1 so that the choice ultimately rested with those who from their education and station of life might be presumed to exercise it with due discretion4 ,such schemes are easily drawn up2 making and mending constitutions1 to the entire satisfaction of the person so employed1 being in truth among the easiest things in the world4 ,but like most ,utopianizers the legislator of this ,columbia had placed his ,absolute ,king and his free ,people under such strict laws1 and given such functions to the local authorities1 and established such complete and precise order in every tything1 that the duties of the legislative body were easy indeed2 this its very name imported2 for he called it the ,conservative ,assembly4 ,nor is ,crown-wisdom any quintessence ,of abstract truth1 or art of ,government1 ,more than sweet sympathy1 or counterpease ,of humours1 temper'd happily to please4#b ,footnote #b3 ,,lord ,,brooke4 ,the legislator of ,columbia considered good policy as a very simple thing4 ,he said to his ,king1 his ,three ,estates and his collective nation1 with the inspired lawgiver 8and now ,israel what doth the ,lord thy ,god require of thee1 but to fear the ,lord thy ,god1 to walk in all his ways1 and to love him1 and to serve the ,lord thy ,god with all thy heart and with all thy soul3 to keep the commandments of the ,lord and his statutes1 which ,i command thee1 this day1 for thy good80 ,and he added with ,st4 ,paul1 8now the end of the commandment is charity1 out of a pure heart1 and of a good conscience1 and of faith unfeigned40 ,take care of the pennies1 says the frugal old ,proverb1 and the pounds will take care of themselves4 8,les petites choses10 says ,m4 de ,custine1 sont tout ce qu'on sent de l'existence2 les grandes se savent1 ce qui est trs-diffrent4 ,take care of little things1 was the ,doctor's maxim as a legislator1 and great ones will then proceed regularly and well4 ,he was not ignorant that legislators as well as individuals might be penny-wise and pound foolish2 proofs enough he had seen in the conduct of the ,english ,government1 and many more and more glaring ones he would have seen if he had lived to behold the progress of conomical reform and liberal legislation4 ,he also knew that an over-attention to trifles was one sure indication of a little mind2 but in legislation as in experimental philosophy1 he argued1 that circumstances which appeared trifling to the ignorant1 were sometimes in reality of essential importance1 that those things are not trifles upon which the comfort of domestic life1 the peace of a neighbourhood1 and the stability of a state depend1 and yet all these depend mainly upon things apparently so trifling as common schools and parochial government4 8,i have ever observed it10 says ,ben ,jonson1 8to have been the office of a wise patriot1 among the greatest affairs of the state1 to take care of the commonwealth of learning4 ,for schools they are the seminaries of state2 and nothing is worthier the study of a statesman1 than that part of the republic which we call the advancement of letters40 ,,chapter ,,ccxlii4 ,,farther ,,remarks ,,upon ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,schism1 ,,and ,,the ,,advantages ,,which ,,it ,,affords ,,to ,,the ,,romish ,,church ,,and ,,to ,,infidelity4 --,io non ci ho interresso ,nessun1 n vi fui mai1 ne manco chieggo ,per quel ch'io ne v dir1 d'esservi messo4 ,v dir1 che senza passion eleggo1 ,e non forzato1 e senza pigliar parte2 ,di dirne tutto quel1 ch'intendo e veggo4 ,,bronzino ,,pittore4 ,one cause why infidelity gained ground among the middle and the lower classes was1 that owing to the increase of population1 the growth of the metropolis1 and the defects of our ,church ,establishment1 no provision had been made for their religious instruction4 ,every one belonged to a parish1 but in populous parishes a small part only of the parishioners belonged to the ,clergyman's flock2 his fold in very many places would not have contained half1 and in some1 not a tenth of them2 they were left therefore as stray sheep1 for false shepherds and for the wolf4 ,this was the main cause of the increase of dissenters among us1 and their increase occasioned an increase of infidelity4 ,many of their ministers and more of their students1 revolting against the monstrous doctrines of ,calvinism1 past from one extreme to the other1 more gradually indeed than their brethren have done in ,germany1 in ,geneva and in ,new ,england1 for they halted awhile on ,arian ground1 before they pitched their tents in the debateable land of ,socinianism1 where not a few of them afterwards crossed the border4 ,the principle of ,nonconformity itself led naturally to this consequence2 it scornfully rejected that reasonable and well-defined submission to authority required by the ,church of ,england1 which is the true ,catholic ,church2 and thus it encouraged and indeed invited tutors and pupils at their ,academies to make their own immature and ill-instructed reason the test of all truths4 ,a good and wise man has well remarked that 8what men take for1 or at least assert to be1 the dictates of their conscience1 may often in fact1 be only the dictates of their pride40 ,with equal truth also he has said that he who 8decides for himself in rejecting what almost all others receive1 has not shewn himself at least in one instance to be a #8wise man2'--he does not #8know that he is a fool4'0 ,this cause was continually operating upon their students and younger ministers during the latter half of the last century4 ,it was suspended first by the missionary spirit1 which called forth a high degree of enthusiasm1 and gave that feeling its most useful direction1 and secondly by the revival of political ,puritanism1 as soon as the successors of the ,parliamentary ,divines thought themselves strong enough to act as a party in the state1 and declare war against the ,establishment4 ,but as in that time1 so in a greater degree at present1 the floating population who by no fault of their own are extra-parochial as to all purposes of church-worship and religious instruction1 are as much endangered by facility of change1 as the students used to be by their boasted liberty of choice4 ,sectarian history might supply numerous examples2 one may be related here for the extraordinary way in which it terminated4 ,i know not from what community of ,christians the hero of the tale strayed over to the ,methodists1 but he enjoyed for awhile the dream of perfection1 and the privilege of assurance as one of their members4 ,when this excitement had spent itself1 he sought for quietness among the ,quakers1 thee'd his neighbour1 wore drab1 and would not have pulled off his hat to the king4 ,after awhile1 from considering1 with them1 that baptism was a beggarly element1 he passed to the opposite extreme2 it was not enough for him to have been sprinkled in his infancy1 he must be dipt over head and ears in the water1 and up he rose1 rejoicing as he shook his dripping locks1 that he was now a ,baptist4 ,his zeal then took another direction2 he had a strong desire to convert the lost sheep of ,israel2 and off he set from a remote part of the country to engage in single controversy with a learned ,rabbi in one of the ,midland counties4 ,tell it not in ,duke's-,place6 ,publish it not in the ,magazine of the ,society for converting the ,jews6--,the ,rabbi converted him3 and if the victor in the dispute had thought proper to take the spolia opima which were fairly lost1 the vanquished would have paid the penalty1 as he conceived himself in honour and in conscience bound4 ,he returned home glorying in his defeat1 a ,jew in every thing but parentage and the outward and visible sign4 ,the sons of the synagogue are not ambitious of making converts1 and they did not chuse to adopt him by performing the initiating rites4 ,he obtained it however from a ,christian surgeon1 who after many refusals1 was induced at length in humanity to oblige him1 lest1 as he solemnly declared he would1 he should perform it upon himself4 ,they who begin in enthusiasm1 passing in its heat and giddiness from one sect to another1 and cooling at every transition1 generally settle in formalism where they find some substantial worldly motives for becoming fixed2 but where the worldly motives are wanting1 it depends upon temperament and accident whether they run headlong into infidelity1 or take refuge from it in the ,roman ,catholic church4 ,the papal clergy in ,england have always known how to fish in troubled waters2 and when the waters are still1 there are few among them who have not been well instructed in the art of catching gudgeons4 ,our clergy have never been in the same sense1 fishers of men4 ,in an epigram written under the portrait of ,gibbon1 as unquotable at length1 as it is unjust in part of the lines which may be quoted1 the face is said to be --the likeness of one ,who through every religion in ,europe has run ,and ended at last in believing in none4 ,it was a base epigram which traduced the historian's political character for no other reason than that he was not a ,whig2 and it reproached him for that part of his conduct which was truly honourable1--the sincerity with which1 when ill-instructed1 he became a ,roman ,catholic1 and the propriety with which1 after full and patient investigation1 he gave up the tenets of the ,romish church as untenable4 ,that he proceeded farther1 and yielded that which can be maintained against the ,gates of ,hell1 is to be lamented deeply for his own sake1 and for those in whom he has sown the seeds of infidelity4 ,but the process from change to change is a common one1 and the cases are few wherein there is so much to extenuate the culpability of the individual4 ,it was not in the self-sufficiency of empty ignorance that ,gibbon and ,bayle went astray2 generally the danger is in proportion to the want of knowledge2 there are more shipwrecks among the shallows than in the deep sea4 ,during the great ,rebellion1 when the wild beasts had trampled down the fences1 broken into the vineyard and laid it waste1 it is curious to observe the course taken by men who felt for various causes1 according to their different characters1 the necessity of attaching themselves to some religious communion4 ,cottington1 being in ,spain1 found it convenient to be reconciled to the ,romish church2 the dominant religion being to him1 as a politician1 the best4 ,weak and plodding men like ,father ,cressey took the same turn in dull sincerity3 ,davenant because he could not bear the misery of a state of doubt1 and was glad to rest his head upon the pillow of authority2 ,goring from remorse2 ,digby 7a little later7 from ambition1 and ,lambert1 because he was sick of the freaks and follies of the sectaries4 ,their 8opinions and contests10 says ,sir ,philip ,warwick1 8flung all into chaos1 and this gave the great advantages to the ,romanists1 who want not their differences among themselves1 but better manage them2 for they having retained a great part of primitive truths1 and having to plead some antiquity for their many doctrinal errors and their ambitious and lucrative encroachments1 and having the policy of flinging coloquintida into our pot1 by our dissentions and follies1 they have with the motion of the circle of the wheel1 brought themselves who were at the ,nadir1 to be almost at the ,zenith of our globe40 ,in no other age 7except in our own and now from a totally different cause7 did the ,papists increase their numbers so greatly in this kingdom4 ,and infidelity in all its grades kept pace with popery4 8,look but upon many of our ,gentry10 says ,sanderson1 7writing under the ,commonwealth17 8what they are already grown to from what they were1 within the compass of a few years3 and then ex pede ,herculem2 by that1 guess what a few years more may do4 ,do we not see some1 and those not a few1 that have strong natural parts1 but little sense of religion turned 7little better than professed7 ,atheists4 ,and other some1 nor those a few1 that have good affections1 but weak and unsettled judgements1 or 7which is still but the same weakness7 an overweening opinion of their own understandings1 either quite turned1 or upon the point of turning ,papists8 ,these be sad things1 ,god knoweth1 and we all know1 not visibly imputable to any thing so much1 as to those distractions1 confusions and uncertainties that in point of religion have broken in upon us1 since the late changes that have happened among us in church affairs40 ,the ,revolution by which the civil and religious liberties of the ,british nation were1 at great cost1 preserved1 stopt the growth of popery among us for nearly an hundred years3 but infidelity meanwhile was little impeded in its progress by the occasional condemnation of a worthless book2 and the excellent works which were written to expose the sophistry1 the ignorance1 and the misrepresentations of the infidel authors seldom found readers among the persons to whom they might have been most useful4 ,it may be questioned whether any of ,jeremy ,bentham's misbelieving disciples has ever read ,berkeley's ,minute ,philosopher1 or the kindred work of ,skelton which a ,london bookseller published upon ,hume's imprimatur4 ,,chapter ,,ccxliii4 ,,brevity ,,being ,,the ,,soul ,,of ,,wit ,,the ,,author ,,studies ,,conciseness4 ,you need not fear a surfeit1 here is but little1 and that light of digestion4 ,,quarles4 ,who was ,pompey8 8,the ,dog will have his day10 says ,shakespeare4 ,and the ,dog must have his ,chapter say ,i4 ,but ,i will defer writing that ,chapter till the ,dog-days4 ,,chapter ,,ccxliv4 ,,the ,,author ,,ventures ,,to ,,speak ,a ,,word ,,on ,,christian ,,cheerfulness3--,,quotes ,,ben ,,sirach1--,,solomon1--,,bishop ,,hacket1--,,walter ,,savage ,,landor1--,,bishop ,,reynolds1--,,milton1--,c4 -- 1 4 ,,simonides4 ,in the thirtieth chapter of the ,book called ,ecclesiasticus1 and at the twenty-fifth verse1 are these words 8,a cheerful and a good heart will have a care of his meat and diet40 ,this is not the text to a sermon1 but the beginning of a ,chapter4 ,there is no reason why a ,chapter as well as a sermon1 should not be thus impressively introduced3 and if this ,chapter should neither be so long as a sermon1 nor so dull as those discourses which perchance and 7,i fear7 per-likelihood1 it may be thy fortune to hear1 ,o ,reader1 at thy parish church1 or in phrase nonconformist1 to sit under at the conventicle1 it will be well for thee3 for having began to read it1 ,i dare say thou wilt peruse it orally1 or ocularly to the end4 ,a cheerful and a good heart1 the ,doctor had2 aye as cheerful and good a one as ever man was blest with4 ,he held with ,bishop ,hacket1 that melancholy was of all humours the fittest to make a bath for the ,devil1 and that cheerfulness and innocent pleasure preserve the mind from rust1 and the body from putrifying with dulness and distempers2 wherefore that ,bishop of good and merry memory would sometimes say1 he did not like to look upon a sour man at dinner1 and if his guests were pleased within1 would bid them hang out the white flag in their countenance4 ,udite1 udite amici1 un cor giocondo ,e ,rey del ,mondo4 ,and if the poet says true 7which ,i will be sworn he does7 our ,doctor might be more truly ,king of the ,world1 than ,kehama after he had performed his sacrifice4 ,his cheerfulness he would not have exchanged for all the bank-bills which ever bore the signature of ,abraham ,newland1 or his successor ,henry ,hase2 he thanked his ,maker for it2 and that it had been kept from corruption and made so far good as 7with all ,christian humility7 to be self approved2 he thanked his heavenly ,father also for the free grace vouchsafed him1 and his earthly one for having trained him in the way that he should go4 ,cheerful and grateful takers the ,gods love ,and such as wait their pleasures with full hopes2 ,the doubtful and distrustful man ,heaven frowns at4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4 ,being thus cheerful and good1 he had that care of his meat and diet which the son of ,sirach commends in the text1 and notices as an indication of cheerfulness and goodness4 ,understand me1 ,reader3 and understand the author of the ,wisdom4 ,it was not such a care of his meat and diet as ,apicius has been infamed for in ancient1 and ,darteneuf in modern times2 not such as ,lucullus was noted for1 or ,sir ,william ,curtis1 with whom ,lucullus had he been an ,english ,east ,indian ,governor1 instead of a ,roman ,prtor1 might have been well pleased to dine4 ,read ,landor's conversation between ,lucullus and ,csar1 if thou art a scholar ,reader1 and if any thing can make thee think with respect and admiration of ,lucullus1 it will be the beautiful strain of feeling and philosophy that thou wilt find there4 ,wouldst thou see another work of first-rate genius1 not less masterly in its kind1 go and see ,chantrey's bust of ,sir ,william ,curtis3 and when thou shalt have seen what he hath made of that countenance1 thou wilt begin to think it not impossible that a silk purse may be made of a sow's ear4 ,shame on me that in speaking of those who have gained glory by giving good dinners1 ,i should have omitted the name of ,michael ,angelo ,taylor1 he having been made immortal for this his great and singular merit6 ,long before the son of ,sirach1 ,solomon had spoken to the same effect3 8there is nothing better for a man than that he should eat and drink1 and that he should make his soul enjoy good in its labour4 ,this also ,i saw that it was from the hand of ,god40 8,go thy way said the wisest of monarchs and of men1 in his old age1 when he took a more serious view of his past life2 the honours1 pleasures1 wealth1 wisdom he had so abundantly enjoyed2 the errors and miscarriages which he had fallen into2 the large experience and many observations he had made1 of things natural1 moral1 domestical3 civil1 sensual1 divine3 the curious and critical inquiry he had made after true happiness1 and what contribution all things under the sun could afford thereunto30--8,go thy way10 he said1 8eat thy bread with joy1 and drink thy wine with a merry heart60 8,inasmuch10 says ,bishop ,reynolds in his commentary upon this passage1 8as the dead neither know1 nor enjoy any of these worldly blessings2 and inasmuch as ,god gives them to his servants in love1 and as comfortable refreshments unto them in the days of their vanity1 therefore he exhorteth unto a cheerful fruition of them1 while we have time and liberty so to do2 that so the many other sorrows and bitterness which they shall meet with in this life1 may be mitigated and sweetened unto them4 ,he speaketh not of sensual1 epicurean and brutish excess2 but of an honest1 decent1 and cheerful enjoyment of blessings1 with thankfulness1 and in the fear of ,god40 8,a merry heart0 the ,bishop tells us might in this text have been rendered a good one2 as in other parts of scripture a sad heart is called an evil heart4 8,it is pleasing unto ,god10 says the ,bishop1 8that when thou hast in the fear of his name1 and in obedience to his ordinance1 laboured1 and by his blessing gotten thee thine appointed portion1 then thou shouldst1 after an honest1 cheerful1 decent and liberal manner1 without further anxiety or solicitousness1 enjoy the same4 ,this is the principal boundary of our outward pleasures and delights1 still to keep ourselves within such rules of piety and moderation1 as that our ways may be pleasing unto ,god4 ,and this shows us the true way to find sweetness in the creature1 and to feel joy in the fruition thereof2 namely1 when our persons and our ways are pleasing unto ,god3 for piety doth not exclude1 but only moderate earthly delights2 and so moderate them1 that though they be not so excessive as the luxurious and sensual pleasures of foolish epicures1 yet they are far more pure1 sweet and satisfactory1 as having no guilt1 no gall1 no curse1 nor inward sorrow and terrors attending on them40 ,farther the ,bishop observes1 that food and raiment being the substantiall of outward blessings1 ,solomon has directed unto cheerfulness in the one1 and unto decency and comeliness in the other4 ,he hath advised us also to let the head lack no ointment1 such perfumes being an expression of joy used in feasts2 8the meaning is10 says the ,bishop1 8that we should lead our lives with as much freeness1 cheerfulness and sweet delight1 in the liberal use of the good blessings of ,god1 as the quality of our degree1 the decency of our condition1 and the rules of religious wisdom1 and the fear of ,god do allow us2 not sordidly or frowardly denying ourselves the benefit of those good things which the bounty of ,god hath bestowed upon us40 ,it is the etiquette of the ,chinese ,court for the ,emperor's physicians to apply the same epithet to his disease as to himself--so they talk of his most high and mighty diarrha4 ,at such a point of etiquette the ,doctor would laugh--but he was all earnestness when one like ,bishop ,hacket said1 8,do not disgrace the dignity of a ,preacher1 when every petty vain occasion doth challenge the honour of a sermon before it4 ,if ever there were 1--a good work marred for being done unreasonably10--7in the ,doctor's own words1 ,grace before a sluttish meal1 a dirty table cloth7--8now it is when grace before meat will not serve the turn1 but every luxurious feast must have the benediction of a preacher's pains before it4 ,quis te ferat cnantem ut ,lucullus1 concionantem ut ,cato8 ,much less is it to be endured1 that some body must make a sermon1 before ,lucullus hath made a supper4 ,it is such a flout upon our calling methinks1 as the ,chaldeans put upon the ,jews in their captivity1--they in the height of their jollity must have one of the ,songs of ,sion40 ,the ,doctor agreed in the main with ,lord ,chesterfield in his opinion upon political dieteticks4 8,the ,egyptians who were a wise nation10 says that noble author1 8thought so much depended upon diet1 that they dieted their kings1 and prescribed by law both the quality and quantity of their food4 ,it is much to be lamented1 that those bills of fare are not preserved to this time1 since they might have been of singular use in all monarchical governments4 ,but it is reasonably to be conjectured1 from the wisdom of that people1 that they allowed their kings no aliments of a bilious or a choleric nature1 and only such as sweetened their juices1 cooled their blood1 and enlivened their faculties1--if they had any40 ,he then shews that what was deemed necessary for an ,egyptian ,king is not less so for a ,british ,parliament4 ,for1 8suppose10 he says1 8a number of persons1 not over-lively at best1 should meet of an evening to concert and deliberate upon public measures of the utmost consequence1 grunting under the load and repletion of the strongest meats1 panting almost in vain for breath1 but quite in vain for thought1 and reminded only of their existence by the unsavoury returns of an olio2 what good could be expected from such a consultation8 ,the best one could hope for would be1 that they were only assembled for shew1 and not for use2 not to propose or advise1 but silently to submit to the orders of some one man there1 who1 feeding like a rational creature1 might have the use of his understanding4 8,i would therefore recommend it to the consideration of the legislature1 whether it may not be necessary to pass an act1 to restrain the licentiousness of eating1 and assign certain diets to certain ranks and stations1 ,i would humbly suggest the strict vegetable as the properest ministerial diet1 being exceedingly tender of those faculties in which the public is so highly interested1 and very unwilling they should be clogged1 or incumbered40 8,the ,earl of ,carlisle10 says ,osborne1 in his ,traditional ,memorials1 8brought in the vanity of ante-suppers1 not heard of in our forefathers' time1 and for ought ,i have read1 or at least remember1 unpractised by the most luxurious tyrants4 ,the manner of which was1 to have the board covered at the first entrance of the guests1 with dishes1 as high as a tall man could well reach1 filled with the choicest viands sea or land could afford3 and all this once seen1 and having feasted the eyes of the invited1 was in a manner thrown away1 and fresh set on to the same height1 having only this advantage of the other1 that it was hot4 8,i cannot forget one of the attendants of the ,king1 that at a feast made by this monster in excess1 eats to his single share a whole pye1 reckoned to my ,lord at ten pounds1 being composed of ambergreece1 magisteriall of pearl1 musk1 c41 yet was so far1 7as he told me7 from being sweet in the morning1 that he almost poisoned his whole family1 flying himself1 like the ,satyr1 from his own stink4 ,and after such suppers huge banquets no less profuse1 a waiter returning his servant home with a cloak-bag full of dried sweetmeats and confects1 valued to his ,lordship at more than ten shillings the pound40 ,but1 gentle and much esteemed ,reader1 and therefore esteemed because gentle1 instead of surfeiting thy body1 let me recreate thy mind1 with the annexed two ,sonnets of ,milton1 which tell of innocent mirth1 and the festive but moderate enjoyment of the rational creature4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,lawrence4 ,,lawrence1 of virtuous father virtuous son1 ,now that the fields are dank1 and ways are mire1 ,where shall we sometimes meet1 and by the fire ,help waste a sullen day1 what may be won ,from the hard season1 gaining8 time will run ,on smoother1 till ,favonius re-inspire ,the frozen earth1 and clothe in fresh attire ,the lily and rose1 that neither sow'd nor spun4 ,what neat repast shall feast us1 light and choice1 ,of ,attic taste1 with wine1 whence we may rise ,to hear the lute well touch'd1 or artful voice ,warble immortal notes of ,tuscan air8 ,he who of these delights can judge1 and spare ,to interpose them oft1 is not unwise4 ,,to ,,syriac ,,skinner4 ,,cyriac1 whose grandsire on the royal bench ,of ,british ,themis1 with no mean applause ,pronounc'd1 and in his volumes taught our laws1 ,which others at their bar so often wrench2 ,to day deep thoughts resolve with me to drench ,in mirth1 that after no repenting draws3 ,let ,euclid rest1 and ,archimedes pause1 ,and what the ,swede intends1 and what the ,french4 ,to measure life learn thou betimes1 and know ,toward solid good what leads the nearest way2 ,for other things mild ,heav'n a time ordains1 ,and disapproves that care1 though wise in show1 ,that with superfluous burden loads the day ,and when ,god sends a cheerful hour refrains4 ,thou canst cure the body and the mind1 ,rare ,doctor1 with thy two-fold soundest art2 ,hippocrates hath taught thee the one kind1 ,apollo and the ,muse the other part2 ,and both so well that thou well both dost please1 ,the mind with pleasure1 and the corpse with ease4 ,,davies ,,of ,,hereford4 ,,fragments ,,to ,,the ,,doctor4 ,a ,,love ,,fragment ,,for ,,the ,,ladies1--,,introduced ,,by ,a ,,curious ,,incident ,,which ,,the ,,author ,,begs ,,they ,,will ,,excuse4 ,now will ye list a little space1 ,and ,i shall send you to solace2 ,you to solace and be blyth1 ,hearken6 ye shall hear belyve ,a tale that is of verity4 ,,roswall ,,and ,,lillian4 ,a story was told me with an assurance that it was literally true1 of a ,gentleman who being in want of a wife1 advertised for one1 and at the place and time appointed was met by a ,lady4 ,their stations in life entitled them to be so called1 and the ,gentleman as well as the ,lady was in earnest4 ,he however unluckily seemed to be of the same opinion as ,king ,pedro was with regard to his wife ,queen ,mary of ,aragon1 that she was not so handsome as she might be good1 so the meeting ended in their mutual disappointment4 ,clebs advertised a second time1 appointing a different ,square for the place of meeting1 and varying the words of the advertisement4 ,he met the same ,lady1--they recognized each other1 could not chuse but smile at the recognition1 and perhaps neither of them could chuse but sigh4 ,you will anticipate the event4 ,the persevering ,batchelor tried his lot a third time in the newspapers1 and at the third place of appointment he met the equally persevering ,spinster4 ,at this meeting neither could help laughing4 ,they began to converse in good humour1 and the conversation became so agreeable on both sides1 and the circumstance appeared so remarkable1 that this third interview led to a marriage1 and the marriage proved a happy one4 ,when ,don ,argentes ,prince of ,galdasse had been entrapped into the hands of a revengeful woman whose husband he had slain in fair combat1 he said to two handsome widows who were charged every day to punish him with stripes1 que par raison l on se se voit une grande beaut n'a pas lieu la cruaut ou autre vice--and the ,chronicler of this generation of the house of ,amadis1 observes that this assertion fut bien verifi en ces deux jeunes veufues doues de grande beaut1 lesquelles considerans la beaut et disposition de ce jeune chevalier et la vertu de sa personne1 presterent l'oreille aux raisons qu'il alleguoit pour son excuse1 et aux louanges qu'il leur donnoit de rare et singuliere beaut1 de maniere qu'elles eurent piti de luy4 8,i can hardly forbear fancying10 says ,lord ,shaftesbury1 8that if we had a sort of ,inquisition1 or formal ,court of ,judicature1 with grave ,officers and ,judges1 erected to restrain poetical licence1 and in general to suppress that fancy and humour of versification1 but in particular that most extravagant passion of ,love1 as it is set out by ,poets1 in its heathenish dress of ,venus's and ,cupids2 if the ,poets1 as ringleaders and teachers of this heresy1 were under grievous penalties forbid to enchant the people by their vein of rhyming2 and if the ,people1 on the other side1 were under proportionable penalties1 forbid to hearken to any such charm1 or lend their attention to any love-tale1 so much as in a play1 a novel1 or a ballad2 we might perhaps see a new ,arcadia arising out of this heavy persecution4 ,old people and young would be seized with a versifying spirit2 we should have field conventicles of ,lovers and ,poets2 forests would be filled with romantic ,shepherds and ,shepherdesses2 and rocks resound with echoes of hymns and praises offered to the powers of ,love4 ,we might indeed have a fair chance1 by this management1 to bring back the whole train of ,heathen ,gods1 and set our cold ,northern ,island burning with as many altars to ,venus and ,apollo1 as were formerly in ,cyprus1 ,delos1 or any of those warmer ,grecian climates40 ,but ,i promised you1 dear ,ladies1 more upon that subject which of all subjects is and ought to be the most interesting to you1 because it is the most important4 ,you have not forgotten that promise1 and the time has now come for fulfilling it4 ,venus1 unto thee for help1 good ,lady1 ,i do call1 ,for thou wert wont to grant request unto thy servants all2 ,even as thou didst help always neas thine own child1 ,appeasing the ,god ,jupiter with countenance so mild ,that though that ,juno to torment him on ,jupiter did preace1 ,yet for the love he bare to thee1 did cause the winds to cease2 ,i pray thee pray the ,muses all to help my memory1 ,that ,i may have ensamples good in defence of feminye4#a ,something has been said upon various ways which lead to love and matrimony2 but what ,i have to say concerning imaginative love was deferred till we should arrive at the proper place for entering upon it4 ,footnote #a3 ,,edward ,,more4 ,more or less1 imagination enters into all loves and friendships1 except those which have grown with our growth1 and which therefore are likely to be the happiest because there can be no delusion in them4 ,cases of this kind would not be so frequent in old romances1 if they did not occur more frequently in real life than unimaginative persons could be induced to believe1 or made to understand4 ,sir ,john ,sinclair has related a remarkable instance in his ,reminiscences4 ,he was once invited by ,adam ,smith to meet ,burke and ,mr4 ,windham1 who had arrived at ,edinburgh with the intention of making a short tour in the ,highlands4 ,sir ,john was consulted concerning their route2 in the course of his directions he dwelt on the beauty of the road between ,dunkeld and ,blair2--and added1 that instead of being cooped up in a post-chaise1 they would do well to get out and walk through the woods and beautiful scenes through which the road passes1 especially some miles beyond ,dunkeld4 ,some three years afterwards ,mr4 ,windham came up to ,sir ,john in the ,house of ,commons and requested to speak to him for a few moments behind the ,speaker's chair4 8,do you recollect10 said he1 8our meeting together at ,adam ,smith's at dinner80 8,most certainly ,i do40 8,do you remember having given us directions for our ,highland tour1 and more especially to stroll through the woods between ,dunkeld and ,blair80 8,i do40 ,mr4 ,windham then said1 8,in consequence of our adopting that advice1 an event took place of which ,i must now inform you4 ,burke and ,i were strolling through the woods about ten miles from ,dunkeld1 when we saw a young female sitting under a tree1 with a book in her hand4 ,burke immediately exclaimed1 #8,let us have a little conversation with this solitary damsel1 and see what she is about4' ,we accosted her accordingly and found that she was reading a recent novel from the ,london press4 ,we asked her how she came to read novels1 and how she got such books at so great a distance from the metropolis1 and more especially one so recently published4 ,she answered that she had been educated at a boarding-school at ,perth1 where novels might be had from the circulating library1 and that she still procured them through the same channel4 ,we carried on the conversation for some time1 in the course of which she displayed a great deal of smartness and talent2 and at last we were obliged1 very reluctantly1 to leave her1 and proceed on our journey4 ,we afterwards found that she was the daughter of a proprietor of that neighbourhood who was known under the name of the ,baron ,maclaren4 ,i have never been able10 continued ,mr4 ,windham1 8to get this beautiful mountain nymph out of my head2 and ,i wish you to ascertain whether she is married or single40 ,and he begged ,sir ,john ,sinclair to clear up this point as soon as possible1 for much of his future happiness depended upon the result of the inquiry4 ,if not the most important communication that ever took place behind the ,speaker's chair1 this was probably the most curious one4 ,sir ,john lost no time in making the desired inquiry4 ,he wrote to a most respectable clergyman in the neighbourhood where ,miss ,maclaren lived1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stewart1 minister of ,moulin2 and was informed in reply1 that she was married to a medical gentleman in the ,east ,indies of the name of ,dick4 8,upon communicating this to ,mr4 ,windham10 says ,sir ,john1 8he seemed very much agitated4 ,he was soon afterwards married to the daughter of a half-pay officer4 ,i have no doubt1 however1 that had ,miss ,maclaren continued single1 he would have paid her his addresses40 ,this is an example of purely imaginative love4 ,but before we proceed with that subject1 the remainder of ,sir ,john ,sinclair's story must be given4 ,some years afterward he passed some days at ,duneira in ,perthshire1 with the late ,lord ,melville1 and in the course of conversation told him this anecdote of ,mr4 ,windham4 ,upon which ,lord ,melville said1 8,i am more interested in that matter than you imagine4 ,you must know that ,i was riding down from ,blair to ,dunkeld in company with some friend1 and we called at ,baron ,maclaren's1 where a most beautiful young woman desired to speak with me4 ,we went accordingly to the bank of a river near her father's house1 when she said1 #8,mr4 ,dundas1 ,i hear that you are a very great man1 and what is much better1 a very good man1 ,i will venture therefore to tell you a secret4 ,there is a young man in this neighbourhood who has a strong attachment to me1 and to confess the truth1 ,i have a great regard for him4 ,his name is ,william ,dick2 he has been bred to the medical profession2 and he says1 that if he could get to be a surgeon in the ,east ,indies1 he could soon make his fortune there1 and would send for me to marry him4 ,now ,i apply to you1 ,mr4 ,dundas1 as a great and good man1 in hopes that you can do something for us3 and be assured that we shall be for ever grateful1 if you will procure him an appointment4'0 ,mr4 ,dundas was so much struck with the impressive manner of her address1 that he took her by the hand and said1 8my good girl1 be assured that if an opportunity offers1 ,i shall not forget your application40 ,the promise was not forgotten4 ,it was not long before an ,east ,india ,director with whom he was dining1 told him that he had then at his disposal an appointment of surgeon in the ,east ,india ,company's service1 and offered it to him for any one whom he would wish to serve in that line4 ,dundas immediately related his adventure1 much to the amusement of the ,director4 ,mr4 ,dick obtained the appointment1 and was soon able to send for his betrothed4 ,she had several offers in the course of the voyage and after her arrival1 but she refused to listen to any one4 ,her husband attained to great eminence in his profession1 made a handsome fortune1 came home and purchased an estate in the neighbourhood where he was born4 ,there is no man among those who in that generation figured in public life1 of whom a story like this could be so readily believed as of ,windham4 ,he was one whose endowments and accomplishments would have recommended him at the ,court of ,elizabeth1--and whose speeches1 when he did not abase himself to the level of his hearers1 might have commanded attention in the days of ,charles ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,fragment ,,on ,,beards4 ,yet have ,i more to say which ,i have thought upon1 for ,i am filled as the moon at the full6 ,,ecclesiasticus4 ,the reader must not expect that we have done with our beards yet2 shaving1 as he no doubt knows but too well1 is one of those things at which we may cut and come again1 and in the present ,chapter ,to shave1 or not to shave1 that is the question2 a matter which1 hath not hitherto been fully considered4 ,the question as relates to the expenditure of time1 has been1 profitably ,i trust1 disposed of2 and that of its effect upon health has been1 as ,members of ,parliament say1 poo-pooh'd4 ,but the propriety of the practice is yet to be investigated upon other grounds4 ,van ,helmont tells us that ,adam was created without a beard1 but that after he had fallen and sinned1 because of the sinful propensities which he derived from the fruit of the forbidden ,tree1 a beard was made part of his punishment and disgrace1 bringing him thus into nearer resemblance with the beasts towards whom he had made his nature approximate2 8ut multorum quadrupedum compar1 socius et similis esset1 eorundem signaturam pr se ferret1 quorum more ut salax1 ita et vultum pilis hirtum ostenderet40 ,the same stigma was not inflicted upon ,eve1 because even in the fall she retained much of her original modesty1 and therefore deserved no such opprobrious mark4 ,van ,helmont observes also that no good ,angel ever appears with a beard1 and this1 he says1 is a capital sign by which ,angels may be distinguished1--a matter of great importance to those who are in the habit of seeing them4 8,si apparuerit barbatus ,angelus1 malus esto4 ,eudmon enim nunquam barbatus apparuit1 memor casus ob quem viro barba succrevit40 ,he marvelled therefore that men should suppose the beard was given them for an ornament1 when ,angels abhor it1 and when they see that they have it in common with he-goats4 ,there must be something in his remark2 for take the most beautiful ,angel that ever ,painter designed1 or ,engraver copied1 put him on a beard1 and the celestial character will be so entirely destroyed1 that the simple appendage of a tail will cacodemonize the ,eudmon4 ,this being the belief of ,van ,helmont1 who declares that he had profited more by reveries and visions than by study1 though he had studied much and deeply1 ought he1 in conformity to his own belief1 to have shaved1 or not8 ,much might be alleged on either side3 for to wear the beard might seem in a person so persuaded1 a visible sign of submission to the ,almighty will1 in thus openly bearing the badge of punishment1 the mark of human degradation which the ,almighty has been pleased to appoint3 but1 on the other hand1 a shaven face might seem with equal propriety1 and in like manner denote1 a determination in the man to put off1 as far as in him lay this outward and visible sign of sin and shame1 and thereby assert that fallen nature was in him regenerate1 ,belle est vraiment l'opinion premiere2 ,belle est encores l'opinion derniere2 ,a qui des deux est-ce doncq' que je suis8#a ,footnote #a3 ,,pasquier4 ,which of the two opinions ,i might incline to is of no consequence1 because ,i do not agree with ,van ,helmont concerning the origin of the beard2 though as to what he affirms concerning good ,angels upon his own alleged knowledge1 ,i cannot contradict him upon mine1 and have moreover freely confessed that when we examine our notions of ,angels they are found to support him4 ,but he himself seems to have thought both opinions probable1 and therefore1 according to the casuists1 safe2 so1 conforming to the fashion of his times1 without offence to his own conscience1 he neither did the one thing1 nor the other2 or perhaps it may be speaking more accurately to say that he did both2 for he shaved his beard1 and let his mustachios grow4 ,upon this subject1 ,p4 ,gentien ,hervet1 ,regent of the ,college at ,orleans printed three discourses in the year #aecf4 ,in the first of these ,de radend barb1 he makes it appear that we are bound to shave the beard4 ,in the second ,de alend barb1 he proves we ought to let the beard grow4 ,and in the third ,de vel radend vel alend barb he considers that it is lawful either to shave or cultivate the beard at pleasure4 8,si bien10 says the ,doctor in ,theology1 ,m4 ,jean ,baptiste ,thiers1 in his grave and erudite ,histoire des ,perruques1 published aux depens de l',autheur1 at ,paris in #afij1--si bien1 que dans la pense de ce savant ,theologien1 le question des barbes1 courtes ou longues1 est une question tout-a-fait problematique1 et o par consequent on peut prendre tel party que l'on veut1 pour ou contre4 ,the following ,extracts were to have been worked up in this ,chapter4 ,d',israeli quotes an author who1 in his ,elements of ,education1 #afdj1 says1 8,i have a favourable opinion of that young gentleman who is curious in fine mustachios4 ,the time he employs in adjusting1 dressing and curling them1 is no lost time3 for the more he contemplates his mustachios1 the more his mind will cherish1 and be animated by1 masculine and courageous notions40 ,there are men whose beards deserve not so honourable a grave as to stuff a botcher's cushion1 or to be entombed in an ass's packsaddle4 ,,shakspeare4 8,human felicity10 says ,dr4 ,franklin1 8is produced not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen1 as by little advantages that occur every day4 ,thus if you teach a poor young man to shave himself and keep his razor in order1 you may contribute more to the happiness of his life than in giving him a thousand guineas4 ,this sum may be soon spent1 the regret only remaining of having foolishly consumed it3 but in the other case he escapes the frequent vexation of waiting for barbers1 and of their sometimes dirty fingers1 offensive breaths and dull razors2 he shaves when most convenient to him1 and enjoys daily the pleasure of its being done with a good instrument40 ,by ,jupiter1 ,were ,i the wearer of ,antonius' beard ,i would not shave 't to day4 ,,shakspeare4 ,d',israeli says that a clergyman who had the longest and largest beard of any ,englishman in ,elizabeth's reign1 gave as a reason for wearing it the motive it afforded 8that no act of his life might be unworthy the gravity of his appearance40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fragment ,,on ,,mortality4 ,when ,fuller in his ,pisgah ,sight of ,palestine1 comes to the city of ,aigalon1 where ,elon1 ,judge of ,israel1 was buried1 8of whom nothing else is recorded save his name1 time of his rule 7ten years71 and place of his interment2 slight him not he says1 because so little is reported of him1 it tending much to the praise of his policy in preventing foreign invasions1 and domestic commotions1 so that the land enjoyed peace1 as far better than victory1 as health is to be preferred before a recovery from sickness4 ,yea1 times of much doing are times of much suffering1 and many martial achievements are rather for the ,prince's honour1 than the people's ease40 8,to what purpose10 says ,norris1 8should a man trouble both the world's and his own rest1 to make himself great8 ,for besides the emptiness of the thing1 the ,play will quickly be done1 and the ,actors must all retire into a state of equality1 and then it matters not who personated the ,emperor1 or who the ,slave40 ,the ,doctor's feelings were in unison with both these passages2--with the former concerning the quiet age in which it was his fortune to flourish2 and with the latter in that it was his fortune to flourish in the shade4 8,it is with times10 says ,lord ,bacon1 8as it is with ways2 some are more up hill and down hill1 and some are more flat and plain2 and the one is better for the liver1 and the other for the writer40 ,he assented also to the ,christian-,platonist of ,bemerton when he asked1 8to what purpose should a man be very earnest in the pursuit of ,fame8 ,he must shortly die1 and so must those too who admire him40 ,but nothing could be more opposed to his way of thinking than what follows in that philosopher1--8,nay1 ,i could almost say1 to what purpose should a man lay himself out upon study and drudge so laboriously in the mines of learning8 ,he is no sooner a little wiser than his brethren1 but ,death thinks him ripe for his sickle2 and for aught we know1 after all his pains and industry1 in the next world1 an ideot1 or a mechanic will be as forward as he40 ,in the same spirit ,horace ,walpole said in his old age1 8,what is knowledge to me1 who stand on the verge1 and must leave my old stores as well as what ,i may add to them1--and how little could that be60 ,when ,johnson was told that ,percy was uneasy at the thought of leaving his house1 his study1 his books--when he should die1--he replied--8a man need not be uneasy on these grounds1 for as he will retain his consciousness1 he may say with the ,philosopher1 omnia mea mecum porto40 8,let attention10 says the thoughtful ,john ,miller in his ,bampton ,lectures1 which deserve to be side by side with those of the lamented ,van ,mildert1 8let attention be requested to what seems here an accessory sign of the adaptation of all our heavenly ,father's dealings to that which he #8knows to be in man'--,i mean his merciful shortening of the term of this present natural life1 subsequently to the period when all-seeing justice had been compelled to destroy the old world for its disobedience4 8,i call it merciful1 because1 though we can conceive no length of day which could enable man with his present faculties to exhaust all that is made subject to his intellect1 yet observing the scarcely credible rapidity of some minds and the no less wonderful retention of others1 we may well conceive a far severer1 nay too severe a test of resignation and patience to arise from length of years4 ,to learn is pleasant2 but to be #8ever learning1 and never able to come to sure knowledge of the truth1' 7if it were only in matters of lawful and curious and ardent speculation17 is a condition which we may well imagine to grow wearisome by too great length of time4 #8,hope delayed' might well #8make the heart sick' in many such cases4 ,we may find an infidel amusing himself on the brink of the grave with many imaginary wishes for a little longer respite1 that he might witness the result of this or that speculation2 but ,i am persuaded that the heart which really loves knowledge most truly and most wisely will be affected very differently4 ,from every fresh addition to its store 7as far as concerns itself17 it will only derive increase to that desire wherewith it longs to become disentangled altogether from a state of imperfection1 and to be present in the fulness of that light1 wherein #8every thing that is in part shall be done away4' ,here1 then1 in one of the most interesting and most important of all points 7the shortening of human life7 we find a representation in ,scripture which may be accounted favourable to its credibility and divine authority on the safest grounds of reason and experience4 ,for certainly1 as to the bare matter of fact1 such representation corresponds in the strictest manner 7as far as we have known and have seen7 with the state of life as at present existing2 and accepting it as true1 we can perceive at once1 a satisfactory explanation of it by referring it1 as a provision for man's well being1 to the wisdom and mercy of an ,omnipotent ,spirit who knew1 and knows #8what is in man4'0 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fragment ,,of ,,sixth ,,volume4 ,reader1 we are about to enter upon the sixth volume of this our ,opus2 and as it is written in the forms of ,herkeru1 ,verily the eye of ,hope is upon the high road of ,expectation4 ,well begun1 says the ,proverb1 is half done4 ,horace has been made to say the same thing by the insertion of an apt word which pentametrizes the verse1 ,dimidium facti qui bene cpit habet4 ,d4 ,juan de ,villagutierre ,soto-,mayor in setting forth the merits of ,columbus for having discovered the ,new ,world1 and thereby opened the way for its conquest by the ,spaniards1 observes that el principio en todas las operaciones humanas es el mas dificultoso estado2 y assi una vez vencido1 se reputa y debe reputarse por la mitad della obra1 por la principal de ella2 y el proseguir despues en lo comenzado no contiene tanta dificultad4 ,when ,gabriel ,chappuis dedicated the eighteenth book of ,amadis1 by him translated from the ,spanish1 to the ,noble and ,virtuous ,lord ,jan ,anthoine ,gros1 ,sieur de ,s4 ,jouere1 c41 he says1 after a preamble of eulogies upon the ,dedicates and the ,book1 ,vous recevrez donc1 s'il vous plaist ce petit livre d'aussy bon il que ont fait ceux ausquels j'ay dedi les trois livres precedens1 m'asseurant que s'il vous plaist en avoir la lecture1 vous y trouverez grande delectation1 comme la verit l'histoire qui y est descrite1 et mesmes en tous les precedens et en ceux qui viendront apres1 a est invente pour delecter2 mais avec tant de beaux traits1 et une infinit de divers accidens et occurrences qu'il est impossible qu'avec le plaisir et le delectation1 l'on n'en tire un grand proffet1 comme vous experementerez1 moyennant la grace de ,dieu4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j'ay fait le prcdent ,chapitre un peu court2 peut-tre que celui-ce sera plus long2 je n'en suis pourtant pas bien assur1 nous l'allons voir4 ,,scarron4 ,deborah's strong affection for her father was not weakened by marriage2 nor his for her by the consequent separation4 ,caroline ,bowles says truly1 and feelingly and beautifully1 ,it is not love that steals the heart from love2 ',tis the hard world and its perplexing cares1 ,its petrifying selfishness1 its pride1 ,its low ambition1 and its paltry aims4 ,there was none of that 8petrifying selfishness0 in the little circle which lost so much when ,deborah was removed from her father's parsonage4 ,in order that that loss might be less painfully felt1 it was proposed by ,mr4 ,allison that ,sunday should always be kept at the ,grange when the season or the weather permitted4 ,the ,doctor came if he could2 but for ,mrs4 ,dove it was always to be a holiday4 8,the pleasures of a volatile head10 says ,mrs4 ,carter1 8are much less liable to disappointment1 than those of a sensible heart40 ,for such as can be contented with rattles and raree-shows1 there are rattles and raree-shows in abundance to content them2 and when one is broken it is mighty easily replaced by another4 ,but the pleasures arising from the endearments of social relations1 and the delicate sensibilities of friendly affection1 are more limited1 and their objects incontrovertible2 they are accompanied with perpetual tender solicitude1 and subject to accidents not to be repaired beneath the ,sun4 ,it is no wonder however that the joys of folly should have their completion in a world with which they are to end1 while those of higher order must necessarily be incompleat in a world where they are only to begin4#a ,footnote #a3 ,from the writing of the latter paragraph ,i should judge this to be one of the latest sentences ,southey ever wrote4--,in the ,,ms4 it was to have followed c4 cxxxv4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cfa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fragment ,,which ,,was ,,to ,,have ,,answered ,,the ,,question ,,proposed ,,in ,,the ,,two ,,hundred ,,and ,,forty-,,second ,,chapter4 ,io udii gi dire ad un valente uomo nostro vicino1 gli uomini abbiano molte volte bisogno s di lagrimare1 come di ridere2 e per tal cagione egli affermava essere state da principio trovate le dolorose favole1 che si chiamarono ,tragedie1 accioche raccontate ne' teatri1 come in qual tempo si costumava di fare1 tirassero le lagrime agli occhi di coloro1 che avevano di ci mestiere2 e cosi eglino piangendo della loro infirmita guarissero4 ,ma come ci sia a noi non ist bene di contristare gli animi delle persone con cui favelliamo2 massimamente col dove si dimori per aver festa e sollazzo1 e non per piagnere2 che se pure alcuno 1 che infermi per vaghezza di lagrimare1 assai leggier cosa fia di medicarlo con la mostarda forte1 o porlo in alcun luogo al fumo4 ,,galateo1 ,,del ,m4 ,,giovanni ,,della ,,casa4 ,the ,reader may remember1 when he is thus reminded of it1 that ,i delayed giving an account of ,pompey1 in answer to the question who he was1 till the ,dog-days should come4 ,here we are1 7if here may be applied to time7 in the midst of them1 ,july #bd1 #ahcj4 ,horace ,walpole speaks in a letter of two or three ,mastiff-days so much fiercer were they that season than our common ,dog-days4 ,this year they might with equal propriety be called ,iceland-,dog-days4 ,here we are with the thermometer every night and morning below the temperate point1 and scarcely rising two degrees above it at middle day4 ,and then for weather2--as ,voiture says1 ,il pleut pla-ple-pli-plo-plus4 ,if then as ,robert ,wilmot hath written1 8it be true that the motions of our minds follow the temperature of the air wherein we live1 then ,i think the perusing of some mournful matter1 tending to the view of a notable example1 will refresh your wits in a gloomy day1 and ease your weariness of the louring night30 and the tragical part of my story might as fitly be told now in that respect1 as if 8weary winter were come upon us1 which bringeth with him drooping days and weary nights40 ,but who does not like to put away tragical thoughts8 ,who would not rather go to see a broad farce than a deep tragedy8 ,sad thoughts even when they are medicinal for the mind1 are as little to the mind's liking1 as physic is grateful to the palate when it is needed most4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fragment ,,on ,,hutchinson',s ,,works4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a ,chapter was to have been devoted to the ,hutchinsonian philosophy1 and ,i am inclined to believe that this was a part of it4 ,these superstitions are unquestionably of earlier date than any existing records1 and commenced with the oldest system of idolatry1 the worship of the heavenly bodies4 ,hutchinson's view is that when ,moses brought the ,jews out of their captivity1 all men believed that 8,fire1 ,light1 or the ,operation of the ,air1 did every thing in this material system30 those who believed rightly in ,god1 knew that these secondary causes acted as his instruments1 but 8those who had fallen and lost communication with the ,prophets and the truth of tradition1 and were left to reason1 7though they reasoned as far as reason could reach7 thought the ,heavens of a divine nature1 and that they not only moved themselves and the heavenly bodies but operated all things on earth2 and influenced the bodies1 and governed the minds and fortunes of men3 and so they fell upon worshipping them1 and consulting them for times and seasons40 8,the ,devil10 he says1 8chose right2 this was the only object of false worship which gave any temptation2 and it had very specious inducements40 ,and it was because he thus prevailed over 8the ,children of disobedience10 that the ,apostle stiles him 8the ,prince of the ,powers of the ,air40 8,this made the ,priests and ,physicians of the antient heathen cultivate the knowledge of these ,powers1 and afterwards made them star-gazers and observe the motions of those bodies for their conjunctions and oppositions1 and all the stuff of their lucky and unlucky days and times1 and especially to make advantage of their eclipses1 for which they were stiled ,magi1 and looked upon as acquaintance of their ,gods2 and so much of the latter as is of any use1 and a great deal more1 we are obliged to them for40 8,but these10 he says1 8who thought that the ,heavens ordered the events of things by their motions and influences1 and that they were to be observed and foreseen by men1 robbed ,god of his chief attributes1 and were ordered then1 and ought still1 to be punished with death40 ,hutchinson is one of the most repulsive writers that ever produced any effect upon his contemporaries4 ,his language is such as almost justified ,dr4 ,parr in calling it the ,hutchinsonian jargon2 and his system is so confusedly brought forward that one who wishes to obtain even a general knowledge of it1 must collect it as he can from passages scattered through the whole of his treatises4 ,add to these disrecommendations that it is propounded in the coarsest terms of insolent assumption1 and that he treats the offence of those who reject the authority of scripture1--that is of his interpretation of ,hebrew1 and his exposition of the ,mosaic philosophy1 as 8an infectious scurvy or leprosy of the soul which can scarcely be cured by any thing but eternal brimstone40 ,the ,paradise ,lost1 he calls1 8that cursed farce of ,milton1 where he makes the ,devil his hero30 and of the ancient poets and historians he says that 8the mischief which these vermin did by praising their heroes in their farces or princes for conquering countries1 and thereby inciting other princes to imitate them were the causes of the greatest miseries that have befallen mankind40 ,but ,sir ,isaac ,newton was the great object of his hatred4 8,nothing but villainy10 he said1 8was to be expected from men who had made a human scheme1 and would construe every text concerning it1 so as to serve their purpose2 he could only treat them as the most treacherous men alive4 ,i hope10 he says1 8,i have power to forgive any crimes which are committed only against myself2 ,i am not required1 nor have ,i any power to forgive treason against the king1 much less to forgive any crimes whereby any attempt to dispossess ,jehovah ,aleim4 ,nay1 if ,i know of them and do not reveal them1 and do not my endeavour to disappoint them in either1 ,i am accessary4 ,i shall put these things where ,i can upon the most compassionate side2 the most favourable wish ,i can make for them is1 that they may prove their ignorance so fully1 that it may abate their crimes2 but if their followers will shew that he or his accomplices knew anything1 ,i must be forced to make ,devils of them4 ,there are many other accidents besides design or malice1 which make men atheists1--studying or arguing to maintain a system1 forged by a man who does not understand it1 and in which there must be some things false1 makes a man a villain whether he will or no4 8,he1 7,newton7 first framed a philosophy1 which is two thirds of the business of the real scriptures1 and struck off the rest4 ,and when he found his philosophy was built upon1 and to be supported by emptiness1 he was forced to patch up a ,god to constitute space4 ,his equipage appears to have been the translation of the apostate ,jews1 and some blind histories of the modern heathen ,deus1 and an empty head to make his ,deus2 ,kepler's banter of his powers1 and some tacit acknowledgements as he only supposed1 of the ignorantest heathens2 an air-pump to make1 and a pendulum or swing to prove a vacuum2 a loadstone1 and a bit of amber1 or jet1 to prove his philosophy2 a telescope1 a quadrant1 and a pair of compasses to make infinite worlds1 circles1 crooked lines1 c42 a glass bubble1 prisms and lenses1 and a board with a hole in it1 to let light into a dark room to form his history of light and colours2 and he seems to have spent his time1 not only when young1 as some boys do1 but when he should have set things right1 in blowing his phlegm through a straw1 raising bubbles1 and admiring how the light would glare on the sides of them40 ,no mention of ,hutchinson is made in ,dr4 ,brewster's ,life of ,newton1 his system was probably thought too visionary to deserve notice1 and the author unworthy of it because he had been the most violent and foul-mouthed of all ,sir ,isaac's opponents4 ,the ,mathematical ,principles of ,natural philosophy1 he called a cobweb of circles and lines to catch flies4 8,mathematics10 he said1 8are applicable to any data1 real or imaginary1 true or false1 more pestilent and destructive positions had been fathered upon that science than upon all others put together1 and mathematicians had been put to death1 both by ,heathens and ,christians for attributing much less to the heavenly bodies than ,newton had done40 ,he compared his own course of observations with ,newton's4 ,his had been in the dark bowels of the earth1 with the inspired light of scripture in his hand1--there he had learnt his ,hebrew1 and there he had studied the causes and traced the effects of the ,deluge4 8,the opportunities10 he said1 8were infinitely beyond what any man can have by living in a box1 peeping out at a window1 or letting the light in at a hole3 or in separating and extracting the spirit from light1 which can scarce happen in nature1 or from refracting the light1 which only happens upon the rainbow1 bubbles1 c41 or by making experiments with the loadstone1 talc or amber1 which differ in texture from most other bodies1 and are only found in masses of small size2 or by arranging a pendulum1 which perhaps has not a parallel case in nature3 or by the effects produced by spirit or light upon mixing small parcels of extracted fluids or substances1 scarce one of which ever happened1 or will happen in nature3 or by taking cases which others have put1 or putting cases which never had1 nor ever will have any place in nature3 or by forming figures or lines of crooked directions of motions or things1 which most of them have no place1 so the lines no use in nature1 other than to serve hypotheses of imaginary ,powers1 or courses1 which always have been useless1 when any other ,powers1 though false1 have been assigned and received2 and must all finally be useless1 when the true ,powers are shewn40 ,such passages show that ,hutchinson was either grossly incapable of appreciating ,newton's discoveries1 or that he wilfully and maliciously depreciated them4 ,his own attainments might render the first of these conclusions improbable1 and the second would seem still more so upon considering the upright tenour of his life4 ,but the truth seems to be1 that having constructed a system with great labour1 and no little ability1 upon the assumption that the principles of natural philosophy as well as of our faith1 are contained in the scriptures1 and that the true interpretation of scripture depended upon the right understanding of the ,hebrew primitives1 which knowledge the apostate ,jews had lost1 and he had recovered1 his belief in this system had all the intolerance of fanaticism or supposed infallibility2 and those who strongly contravened it1 deserved in his opinion the punishments appointed in the ,mosaic law for idolatry and blasphemy4 ,newton and ,clarke were in this predicament4 ,both1 in his judgement1 attributed so much to secondary causes1--those ,powers which had been the first objects of idolatry1 that he considered their ,deity to be nothing more than the ,jupiter of the philosophizing heathens2 and he suspects that their esoteric doctrine resolved itself into ,pantheism4 ,toland indeed had told him that there was a scheme in progress for leading men through ,pantheism and ,atheism1 and made him acquainted with all their designs1 divine or diabolical1 and political or anarchical6 and all the villanies and forgeries they had committed to accomplish them4 ,first they sought to make men believe in a ,god who could not punish1 and then--that there was no ,god1 and ,toland was engaged1 for pay1 in this scheme of propagandism1 8because he had some learning1 and more loose humour than any of them40 ,the ,pantheisticon was written with this view4 ,toland was only in part the author1 other hands assisted1 and ,hutchinson says1 he knew 8there was a physician1 and a patient of his a divine1 who was very serviceable in their respective stations in prescribing proper doses1 even to the very last40 ,but they 8carried the matter too far10 8they discovered a secret which the world had not taken notice of1 and which it was highly necessary the world should know40 ,for 8though it be true to a proverb1 that a man should not be hanged for being a fool1 they shewed the principles of these men so plainly1 which were to have no superior1 to conform to any religion1 laws1 oaths1 c41 but be bound by none1 and the consequences of propagating them1 that they thereby shewed the wisdom of the heathen people1 who because they could not live safely1 stoned such men2 and the justice of the heathen ,emperors and ,kings1 who put such to death1 because they could have no security from them1 and if their doubts1 or notions had prevailed1 all must have gone to anarchy or a commonwealth1 as it always did1 when and where they neglected to cut them off40 ,that atheism had its propagandists then as it has now is certain1 and no one who has watched the course of opinion among his contemporaries can doubt that ,socinianism1 or semi-belief1 gravitates towards infidelity4 ,but to believe that ,newton and ,clarke were engaged in the scheme which is here imputed to them1 we must allow more weight to ,toland's character than to theirs1 and to ,hutchinson's judgement4 ,what has here been said of ,hutchinson exhibits him in his worst light1--and it must not hastily be concluded that because he breathed the fiercest spirit of intolerance1 he is altogether to be disliked as a man1 or despised as an author4 ,unless his theory1 untenable as it is1 had been constructed with considerable talent1 and supported with no common learning1--he could never have had such men as ,bishop ,horne and ,jones of ,nayland among his disciples4 ,without assenting to his system1 a biblical student may derive instruction from many parts of his works4 ,there is one remarkable circumstance in his history4 ,when he was a mere boy a stranger came to board with his father1 who resided at ,spennythorn in the ,north-,riding of ,yorkshire1 upon an estate of forty pounds a year4 ,the father's intention was to educate this son for the office of steward to some great landed proprietor1 and this stranger agreed to instruct him in every branch of knowledge requisite for such an employment1 upon condition of being boarded free of expence1 engaging at the same time to remain till he had completed the boy's education4 ,what he had thus undertaken he performed well2 8he was1 perhaps10 says ,hutchinson1 8as great a mathematician as either of those whose books he studied1 and taught me as much as ,i could see any use for1 either upon the earth or in the heavens1 without poisoning me with any false notions fathered upon the mathematics40 ,the curious part of this story is that it was never known who this scientific stranger was1 for he carefully and effectually concealed every thing that could lead to a discovery4 ,hutchinson was born in #afgd1 and his education under this tutor was completed at the age of nineteen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fragment ,,relative ,,to ,,the ,,grammar ,,school ,,at ,,doncaster ,,and ,,the ,,living ,,of ,,rossington4#a ,footnote #a3 ,the ,parish of ,rossington in the union and soke of ,doncaster was for many generations the seat of the ,fossard and ,mauley families4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,vii41 it was granted by that monarch to the corporation of ,doncaster4 ,the following extract is from ,mr4 ,john ,wainwright's ,history and ,antiquities of ,doncaster and ,conisbro'4 8,connected with the history of this village1 is a singular and curious specimen of ,egyptian manners1 as practised by the itinerant gypsies of the ,british ,empire4 ,in a letter1 which we had the pleasure of receiving from the ,rev4 ,james ,stoven1 ,d4,d4 the worthy and learned rector of this place1 it is remarked1 that about one hundred and twenty years ago1 the gypsies commenced here a curious custom1 which they practised once in almost every year1 occasioned by the interment1 in the churchyard of this place1 7of7 one of their principal leaders1 ,mr4 ,charles ,bosville1 on the #cjth of ,june1 #agjh or #i4 ,having1 from a boy1 been much acquainted with this village1 ,i have often heard of their 7the gypsies7 abode here1 and with them ,mr4 ,james ,bosville1 their king1 under whose authority they conducted themselves with great propriety and decorum1 never committing the least theft or offence4 ,they generally slept in their farmers' barns1 who1 at those periods1 considered their property to be more safely protected than in their absence4 ,mr4 ,charles ,bosville 7but how related to the king does not appear17 was much beloved in this neighbourhood1 having a knowledge of medicine1 was very attentive to the sick1 well bred in manners1 and comely in person4 ,after his death1 the gypsies1 for many years1 came to visit his tomb1 and poured upon it hot ale2 but by degrees they deserted the place1--7,these circumstances must yet hang on their remembrance2 as1 only a year ago1 #ahba1 an ill drest set of them encamped in our lanes1 calling themselves ,boswell's47--,these words in the parentheses came within my own knowledge40 ,it is added in a note--8,boswell's ,gang1 is an appellation1 very generally applied to a collection of beggars1 or other idle itinerants1 which we often see encamped in groups in the lanes and ditches of this part of ,england40 ,in quoting this1 ,i by no means assent to the statement that ,gypsies are ,egyptians4--,they are of ,hindostanee origin4 ,the ,grammar school was next door to ,peter ,hopkins's1 being kept in one of the lower apartments of the ,town ,hall4 ,it was a free school for the sons of freemen1 the ,corporation allowing a salary of #ej4 per annum to the schoolmaster1 who according to the endowment must be a clergyman4 ,that office was held by ,mr4 ,crochley1 who had been bred at ,westminster1 and was elected from thence to ,christ ,church1 ,oxford in #agdb4 ,he came to ,doncaster with a promise from the ,corporation that the living of ,rossington1 which is in their gift and is a valuable benefice1 should be given him provided he had fifty scholars when it became vacant4 ,he never could raise their numbers higher than forty-five2 the ,corporation adhered to the letter of their agreement2 the disappointment preyed on him1 and he died a distressed and broken-hearted man4 ,yet it was not ,crochley's fault that the school had not been more flourishing4 ,he was as competent to the office as a man of good natural parts could be rendered by the most compleat course of classical education4 ,but in those days few tradesmen ever thought of bestowing upon their sons any further education than was sufficient to qualify them for trade2 and the boys who were desirous to be placed there1 must have been endued with no ordinary love of learning1 for a grammar school is still any thing rather than a ,ludus ,literarius4 ,two or three years before the ,doctor's marriage a widow lady came to settle at ,doncaster1 chiefly for the sake of placing her sons at the ,grammar ,school there1 which though not in high repute was at least respectably conducted4 ,it was within five minutes walk of her own door1 and thus the boys had the greatest advantage that school-boys can possibly enjoy1 that of living at home1 whereby they were saved from all the misery and from most of the evil with which boarding-schools1 almost without an exception1 abounded in those days1 and from which it may be doubted whether there are any yet that are altogether free4 ,her name was ,horseman1 she was left with six children1 and just with such means as enabled her by excellent management to make what is called a respectable appearance1 the boys being well educated at the cheapest rate1 and she herself educating two daughters who were fortunately the eldest children4 ,happy girls6 they were taught what no ,governess could teach them1 to be useful as soon as they were capable of being so2 to make their brother's shirts and mend their stockings2 to make and mend for themselves1 to cipher so as to keep accounts2 to assist in household occupations1 to pickle and preserve1 to make pastry1 to work chair-bottoms1 to write a fair hand1 and to read ,italian4 ,this may seem incongruous with so practical a system of domestic education4 ,but ,mrs4 ,horseman was born in ,italy1 and had passed great part of her youth there4 ,the father1 ,mr4 ,duckinton1 was a man of some fortune1 whose delight was in travelling1 and who preferred ,italy to all other countries4 ,being a whimsical person he had a fancy for naming each of his children1 after the place where it happened to be born4 ,one daughter therefore was baptized by the fair name of ,florence1 ,mrs4 ,horseman1 was christened ,venetia1 like the wife of ,sir ,kenelm ,digby1 whose husband was more careful of her complexion than of her character4 ,fortunate it was that he had no daughter born at ,genoa or at ,nantes1 for if he had1 the one must have concealed her true baptismal name under the alias of ,jenny2 and the other have subscribed herself ,nancy1 that she might not be reproached with the brandy cask4 ,the youngest of his children was a son1 and if he had been born in the ,french capital would hardly have escaped the ignominious name of ,paris1 but as ,mr4 ,duckinton had long wished for a son1 and the mother knowing her husband's wishes had prayed for one1 the boy escaped with no worse name than ,deodatus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fragment ,,of ,,interchapter4 ,kissing has proverbially been said to go by favour4 ,so it is but too certain1 that ,preferment does in ,army and ,navy1 ,church and ,state2 and so does ,criticism4 ,that ,kissing should do so is but fair and just2 and it is moreover in the nature of things4 ,that ,promotion should do so is also in the nature of things--as they are4 ,and this also is fair where no injustice is committed4 ,when other pretensions are equal1 favour is the feather which ought to be put into the scale4 ,in cases of equal fitness1 no wrong is done to the one party1 if the other is preferred for considerations of personal friendship1 old obligations1 or family connection2 the injustice and the wrong would be if these were overlooked4 ,to what extent may favour be reasonably allowed in criticism8 ,if it were extended no farther than can be really useful to the person whom there is an intention of serving1 its limits would be short indeed4 ,for in that case it would never proceed farther than truth and discretion went with it4 ,far more injury is done to a book and to an author by injudicious or extravagant praise1 than by intemperate or malevolent censure4 ,some persons have merrily surmised that ,job was a reviewer because he exclaimed 8,oh that mine enemy had written a book60 ,others on the contrary have inferred that reviewing was not known in his days1 because he wished that his own words had been printed and published4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the timbers were laid for a ,chapter on wigs1 and many notes and references were collected4--,this ,fragment is all that remains4 ,bernardin ,st4 ,pierre1 who with all his fancies and oddities1 has been not undeservedly a popular writer in other countries as well as in his own1 advances in the most extravagant of his books1 7the ,harmonies de la ,nature17 the magnificent hypothesis that men invented great wigs because great wigs are semblables aux criniers des lions1 like lion's manes4 ,but as wigs are rather designed to make men look grave than terrible1 he might with more probability have surmised that they were intended to imitate the appearance of the ,bird of ,wisdom4 ,the ,doctor wore a wig3 and looked neither like a ,lion1 nor like an ,owl in it4 ,yet when he first put it on1 and went to the looking-glass1 he could not help thinking that he did not look like a ,dove4 ,but then he looked like a ,doctor1 which was as it became him to look4 ,he wore it professionally4 ,it was not such a wig as ,dr4 ,parr's1 which was of all contemporary wigs facile princeps4 ,nor was it after the fashion of that which may be seen in 8immortal buckle10 upon ,sir ,cloudesley ,shovel's monument in ,westminster ,abbey----c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,memoirs ,,of ,,cat',s ,,eden4 ,the following ,fragments were intended to be worked up into an ,interchapter on the ,history of ,cats4 ,the first fairly written out was to have been1 it would appear1 the commencement4 ,the next is an ,extract from ,eulia ,effendi4 8,that anecdote about the ,king of the ,cats1 ,caroline1 you must write out for me1 as it must be inserted10 said the lamented ,author of the ,doctor1 c4 to ,mrs4 ,southey4 ,the writer of the lines is not known1 they were forwarded to the ,author when at ,killerton4 ,the 8,memoirs of ,cats of ,greta ,hall0 was to have furnished the particulars1 which the first fragment states had got abroad4 ,what was to have been the form of the ,interchapter the ,editor does not know1 neither does ,mrs4 ,southey4 ,the playful letter is given exactly as it was written4 ,a beautiful instance1 as will be acknowledged by all1 of that confidence which should exist between a loving father and a dutiful daughter4 ,sir ,walter ,scott wrote feelingly when he said1 ,some feelings are to mortals given ,with less of earth in them than heaven3 ,and if there be a human tear ,from passion's dross refined and clear1 ,a tear so limpid and so meek1 ,it would not stain an angel's cheek1 ',tis that which pious fathers shed ,upon a duteous daughter's head6 ,,fragment ,,of ,,interchapter4 ,more than prince of cats1 ,i can tell you4 ,,romeo ,,and ,,juliet4 ,an extract from the ,register of ,cat's ,eden has got abroad1 whereby it appears that the ,laureate1 ,dr4 ,southey1 who is known to be a philofelist1 and confers honours upon his ,cats according to their services1 has raised one to the highest rank in peerage1 promoting him through all its degrees by the following titles1 ,his ,serene ,highness the ,arch-,duke ,rumpelstilzchen1 ,marquis ,macbum1 ,earl ,tomlemagne1 ,baron ,raticide1 ,waowlher and ,skaratchi4 ,the first of these names is taken from the ,german ,collection of ,kinder und ,haus-,mrchen4 ,a ,dwarf or ,imp so called was to carry off the infant child of the ,queen as the price of a great service which he had rendered her1 but he had consented to forego his right if in the course of three days she could find out what was his name4 ,this she never could have done1 if the ,king had not on the first day gone hunting1 and got into the thickest part of the wood1 where he saw a ridiculous ,dwarf hopping about before a house which seemed by its dimensions to be his home1 and singing for joy2 these were the words of his song1 ,heute back ich1 morgen brau ich1 ,ubermorgen hohl ich der ,frau ,konigin ihr kind1 ,ach wie gut ist1 das niemand weiss ,dass ich ,rumpelstilzchen heiss4 ,i bake to-day1 and ,i brew to-morrow1 ,mrs4 ,queen will see me the next day to her sorrow1 ,when according to promise her child ,i shall claim1 ,for none can disclose1 because nobody knows ,that ,rumpelstilzchen is my name4 ,now if ,rumpelstilzchen had had as many names as a ,spanish ,infante1 the man must have a good memory who could have carried them away upon hearing them once4 99 99 99 99 99 8,the ,cats of ,diorigi are celebrated all over ,greece1 for nowhere are to be found cats so pretty1 so vigilant1 so caressing and well-bred as at ,diorigi4 ,the ,cats of the ,oasis in ,egypt1 and of ,sinope are justly renowned for their good qualities1 but those of ,diorigi are particularly fat1 brilliant1 and playing different colours4 ,they are carried from here to ,persia1 to ,ardebeil where they are shut up in cages1 proclaimed by the public criers and sold for one or two tomans4 ,the ,georgians also buy them at a great price1 to save their whiskers which are commonly eaten up by mice4 ,the criers of ,ardebeil1 who cry these cats have a particular melody to which they sing their cry in these words1 ,o you who like a ,cat ,that catches mouse and rat1 ,well-bred1 caressing1 gay ,companion to sport and play1 ,amusing and genteel1 ,shall never scratch and steal4 ,singing these words they carry the cats on their head and sell them for great prices1 because the inhabitants of ,ardebeil are scarce able to save their woollen cloth from the destruction of mice and rats4 ,cats are called ,hurre1 ,katta1 ,senorre1 ,merabe1 ,matshi1 ,weistaun1 ,wemistaun1 but those of ,diorigi are particularly highly esteemed4 ,notwithstanding that high reputation and price of the ,cats of ,diorigi1 they meet with dangerous enemies in their native place1 where sometimes forty or fifty of them are killed secretly1 tanned1 and converted into fur for the winter time4 ,it is a fur scarce to be distinguished from ,russian ermelin1 and that of the red cats is not to be distinguished from the fox that comes from ,ozalov40#a ,footnote #a3 ,,evlia ,,effendi4 ,a labouring man returning to his cottage after night-fall1 passed by a lone house in ruins1 long uninhabited4 ,surprized at the appearance of light within1 and strange sounds issuing from the desolate interior1 he stopt and looked in through one of the broken windows1 and there in a large old gloomy room1 quite bare of furniture except that the cobwebs hung about its walls like tapestry1 he beheld a marvellous spectacle4 ,a small coffin covered with a pall stood in the midst of the floor1 and round and round and round about it with dismal lamentations in the feline tongue1 marched a circle of ,cats1 one of them1 being covered from head to foot with a black veil1 and walking as chief mourner4 ,the man was so frightened with what he saw that he waited to see no more1 but went straight home1 and at supper told his wife what had befallen him4 ,their own old ,cat1 who had been sitting1 as was her wont1 on the elbow of her ,master's chair1 kept her station very quietly1 till he came to the description of the chief ,mourner1 when1 to the great surprize and consternation of the old couple1 she bounced up1 and flew up the chimney exclaiming--8,then ,i am ,king of the ,cats40 99 99 99 99 99 ,keswick1 ,january #ith4 ,,dear ,,master1 ,let our boldness not offend1 ,if a few lines of duteous love we send2 ,nor wonder that we deal in rhyme1 for long ,we've been familiar with the founts of song2 ,nine thorougher tabbies you would rarely find1 ,than those who laurels round your temples bind3 ,for how1 with less than nine lives to their share1 ,could they have lived so long on poet's fare8 ,athens surnamed them from their mousing powers1 ,and ,rome from that harmonious ,,mu of ours1 ,in which the letter ,u1 7as we will trouble you ,to say to ,,todd7 should supersede ew-- ,this by the way--we now proceed to tell1 ,that all within the bounds of home are well2 ,all but your faithful cats1 who inly pine2 ,the cause your ,conscience may too well divine4 ,ah6 little do you know how swiftly fly ,the venomed darts of feline jealousy2 ,how delicate a task to deal it is ,with a ,grimalkin's sensibilities1 ,when ,titten's tortoise fur you smoothed with bland ,and coaxing courtesies of lip and hand1 ,we felt as if1 7poor ,puss's constant dread7 ,some school-boy stroked us both from tail to head2 ,nor less we suffer'd while with sportive touch ,and purring voice1 you played with grey-backed ,gutch2 ,and when with eager step1 you left your seat1 ,to get a peep at ,richard's snow-white feet1 ,himself all black2 we long'd to stop his breath ,with something like his royal namesake's death2 ,if more such scenes our frenzied fancies see1 ,resolved we hang from yonder apple tree-- ,and were not that a sad catastrophe6 ,o6 then return to your deserted lake1 ,dry eyes that weep1 and comfort hearts that ache2 ,our mutual jealousies we both disown1 ,content to share1 rather than lose a throne4 ,the ,parlour1 ,rumples undisputed reign1 ,hurley's the rest of all your wide domain4 ,return1 return1 dear ,bard 1 ,restore the happy days that once have been1 ,resign yourself to ,home1 the ,muse and us4 7,scratch'd7 ,,rumplestitchkin1 ,,hurlyburlybus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,memoir ,,of ,,the ,,cats ,,of ,,greta ,,hall4 ,for as much1 most excellent ,edith ,may1 as you must always feel a natural and becoming concern in whatever relates to the house wherein you were born1 and in which the first part of your life has thus far so happily been spent1 ,i have for your instruction and delight composed these ,memoirs of the ,cats of ,greta ,hall3 to the end that the memory of such worthy animals may not perish1 but be held in deserved honour by my children1 and those who shall come after them4 ,and let me not be supposed unmindful of ,beelzebub of ,bath1 and ,senhor ,thomaz de ,lisboa1 that ,i have not gone back to an earlier period1 and included them in my design4 ,far be it from me to intend any injury or disrespect to their shades6 ,opportunity of doing justice to their virtues will not be wanting at some future time1 but for the present ,i must confine myself within the limits of these precincts4 ,in the autumn of the year #ahjc when ,i entered upon this place of abode1 ,i found the hearth in possession of two cats whom my nephew ,hartley ,coleridge1 7then in the #gth year of his age17 had named ,lord ,nelson1 and ,bona ,marietta4 ,the former1 as the name implies1 was of the worthier gender3 it is as decidedly so in ,cats1 as in grammar and in law4 ,he was an ugly specimen of the streaked-carrotty1 or ,judas-coloured kind2 which is one of the ugliest varieties4 ,but nimium ne crede colori4 ,in spite of his complection1 there was nothing treacherous about him4 ,he was altogether a good ,cat1 affectionate1 vigilant and brave2 and for services performed against the ,rats was deservedly raised in succession to the rank of ,baron1 ,viscount and ,earl4 ,he lived to a good old age2 and then being quite helpless and miserable1 was in mercy thrown into the river4 ,i had more than once interfered to save him from this fate2 but it became at length plainly an act of compassion to consent to it4 ,and here let me observe that in a world wherein death is necessary1 the law of nature by which one creature preys upon another is a law of mercy1 not only because death is thus made instrumental to life1 and more life exists in consequence1 but also because it is better for the creatures themselves to be cut off suddenly1 than to perish by disease or hunger1--for these are the only alternatives4 ,there are still some of ,lord ,nelson's descendants in the town of ,keswick4 ,two of the family were handsomer than ,i should have supposed any ,cats of this complection could have been2 but their fur was fine1 the colour a rich carrot1 and the striping like that of the finest tyger or tabby kind4 ,i named one of them ,william ,rufus2 the other ,danayn le ,roux1 after a personage in the ,romance of ,gyron le ,courtoys4 ,bona ,marietta was the mother of ,bona ,fidelia1 so named by my nephew aforesaid4 ,bona ,fidelia was a tortoise-shell cat4 ,she was filiated upon ,lord ,nelson1 others of the same litter having borne the unequivocal stamp of his likeness4 ,it was in her good qualities that she resembled him1 for in truth her name rightly bespoke her nature4 ,she approached as nearly as possible in disposition1 to the ideal of a perfect cat3--he who supposes that animals have not their difference of disposition as well as men1 knows very little of animal nature4 ,having survived her daughter ,madame ,catalani1 she died of extreme old age1 universally esteemed and regretted by all who had the pleasure of her acquaintance4 ,bona ,fidelia left a daughter and a granddaughter2 the former ,i called ,madame ,bianchi--the latter ,pulcheria4 ,it was impossible ever to familiarize ,madame ,bianchi1 though she had been bred up in all respects like her gentle mother1 in the same place1 and with the same persons4 ,the nonsense of that arch-philosophist ,helvetius would be sufficiently confuted by this single example1 if such rank folly contradicted as it is by the experience of every family1 needed confutation4 ,she was a beautiful and singular creature1 white1 with a fine tabby tail1 and two or three spots of tabby1 always delicately clean2 and her wild eyes were bright and green as the ,duchess de ,cadaval's emerald necklace4 ,pulcheria did not correspond as she grew up to the promise of her kittenhood and her name2 but she was as fond as her mother was shy and intractable4 ,their fate was extraordinary as well as mournful4 ,when good old ,mrs4 ,wilson died1 who used to feed and indulge them1 they immediately forsook the house1 nor could they be allured to enter it again1 though they continued to wander and moan around it1 and came for food4 ,after some weeks ,madame ,bianchi disappeared1 and ,pulcheria soon afterwards died of a disease endemic at that time among cats4 ,for a considerable time afterwards1 an evil fortune attended all our attempts at re-establishing a ,cattery4 ,ovid disappeared and ,virgil died of some miserable distemper4 ,you and your cousin are answerable for these names3 the reasons which ,i could find for them were1 in the former case the satisfactory one that the said ,ovid might be presumed to be a master in the ,art of ,love2 and in the latter1 the probable one that something like ,ma-ro--might be detected in the said ,virgil's notes of courtship4 ,there was poor ,othello3 most properly named1 for black he was1 and jealous undoubtedly he would have been1 but he in his kittenship followed ,miss ,wilbraham into the street1 and there in all likelihood came to an untimely end4 ,there was the ,zombi--7,i leave the ,commentators to explain that title1 and refer them to my ,history of ,brazil to do it7--his marvellous story was recorded in a letter to ,bedford1--and after that adventure he vanished4 ,there was ,prester ,john1 who turned out not to be of ,john's gender1 and therefore had the name altered to ,pope ,joan4 ,the ,pope ,i am afraid came to a death of which other ,popes have died4 ,i suspect that some poison which the rats had turned out of their holes1 proved fatal to their enemy4 ,for some time ,i feared we were at the end of our ,cat-a-logue3 but at last ,fortune as if to make amends for her late severity sent us two at once1--the-never-to-be-enough-praised ,rumpelstilzchen1 and the equally-to-be-admired ,hurlyburlybuss4 ,and 8first for the first of these0 as my huge favourite1 and almost namesake ,robert ,south1 says in his ,sermons4 ,when the ,midgeleys went away from the next house1 they left this creature to our hospitality1 cats being the least moveable of all animals because of their strong local predilections2--they are indeed in a domesticated state the serfs of the animal creation1 and properly attached to the soil4 ,the change was gradually and therefore easily brought about1 for he was already acquainted with the children and with me2 and having the same precincts to prowl in was hardly sensible of any other difference in his condition than that of obtaining a name2 for when he was consigned to us he was an anonymous cat2 and ,i having just related at breakfast with universal applause the story of ,rumpelstilzchen from a ,german tale in ,grimm's ,collection1 gave him that strange and magnisonant appellation2 to which upon its being ascertained that he came when a kitten from a bailiff's house1 ,i added the patronymic of ,macbum4 ,such is his history1 his character may with most propriety be introduced after the manner of ,plutarch's parallels when ,i shall have given some previous account of his great compeer and rival ,hurlyburlybuss1--that name also is of ,germanic and ,grimmish extraction4 ,whence ,hurlyburlybuss came was a mystery when you departed from the ,land of ,lakes1 and a mystery it long remained4 ,he appeared here1 as ,mango ,capac did in ,peru1 and ,quetzalcohuatl among the ,aztecas1 no one knew from whence4 ,he made himself acquainted with all the philofelists of the family--attaching himself more particularly to ,mrs4 ,lovell1 but he never attempted to enter the house1 frequently disappeared for days1 and once since my return for so long a time that he was actually believed to be dead and veritably lamented as such4 ,the wonder was whither did he retire at such times--and to whom did he belong2 for neither ,i in my daily walks1 nor the children1 nor any of the servants ever by any chance saw him anywhere except in our own domain4 ,there was something so mysterious in this1 that in old times it might have excited strong suspicion1 and he would have been in danger of passing for a ,witch in disguise1 or a familiar4 ,the mystery however was solved about four week's ago1 when as we were returning from a walk up the ,greta1 ,isabel saw him on his transit across the road and the wall from ,shulicrow1 in a direction toward the ,hill4 ,but to this day we are ignorant who has the honour to be his owner in the eye of the law2 and the owner is equally ignorant of the high favour in which ,hurlyburlybuss is held1 of the heroic name which he has obtained1 and that his fame has extended far and wide--even unto ,norwich in the ,east1 and ,escott and ,crediton and ,kellerton in the ,west1 yea--that with ,rumpelstilzchen he has been celebrated in song1 by some hitherto undiscovered poet1 and that his glory will go down to future generations4 ,the strong enmity which unhappily subsists between these otherwise gentle and most amiable cats1 is not unknown to you4 ,let it be imputed as in justice it ought1 not to their individual characters 7for ,cats have characters1--and for the benefit of philosophy1 as well as felisophy1 this truth ought generally to be known7 but to the constitution of ,cat nature1--an original sin1 or an original necessity1 which may be only another mode of expressing the same thing3 ,two stars keep not their motion in one sphere1 ,nor can one purlieu brook a double reign ,of ,hurlyburlybuss and ,rumpelstilzchen4 ,when you left us1 the result of many a fierce conflict was that ,hurly remained master of the green and garden1 and the whole of the out of door premises4 ,rumpel always upon the appearance of his victorious enemy retiring into the house as a citadel or sanctuary4 ,the conqueror was perhaps in part indebted for this superiority to his hardier habits of life1 living always in the open air1 and providing for himself2 while ,rumpel 7who though born under a bum-bailiff's roof was nevertheless kittened with a silver spoon in his mouth7 past his hours in luxurious repose beside the fire1 and looked for his meals as punctually as any two-legged member of the family4 ,yet ,i believe that the advantage on ,hurly's side is in a great degree constitutional also1 and that his superior courage arises from a confidence in his superior strength1 which as you well know is visible in his make4 ,what ,bento and ,maria ,rosa used to say of my poor ,thomaz1 that he was muito fidalgo is true of ,rumpelstilzchen1 his countenance1 deportment and behaviour being such that he is truly a gentleman-like ,tom-cat4 ,far be it from me to praise him beyond his deserts1--he is not beautiful1 the mixture1 tabby and white1 is not good 7except under very favourable combinations7 and the tabby is not good of its kind4 ,nevertheless he is a fine cat1 handsome enough for his sex1 large1 well-made1 with good features1 and an intelligent countenance1 and carrying a splendid tail1 which in ,cats and ,dogs is undoubtedly the seat of honour4 ,his eyes which are soft and expressive are of a hue between chrysolite and emerald4 ,hurlyburlybuss's are between chrysolite and topaz4 ,which may be the more esteemed shade for the olho de gato ,i am not lapidary enough to decide4 ,you should ask my ,uncle4 ,but both are of the finest water4 ,in all his other features ,hurly must yield the palm1 and in form also2 he has no pretensions to elegance1 his size is ordinary and his figure bad3 but the character of his face and neck is so masculine1 that the ,chinese who use the word bull as synonymous with male1 and call a boy a bull-child1 might with great propriety denominate him a bull-cat4 ,his make evinces such decided marks of strength and courage that if cat-fighting were as fashionable as cock-fighting1 no ,cat would stand a fairer chance for winning a ,welsh main4 ,he would become as famous as the ,dog ,billy himself1 whom ,i look upon as the most distinguished character that has appeared since ,buonaparte4 ,some weeks ago ,hurlyburlybuss was manifestly emaciated and enfeebled by ill health1 and ,rumpelstilzchen with great magnanimity made overtures of peace4 ,the whole progress of the treaty was seen from the parlour window4 ,the caution with which ,rumpel made his advances1 the sullen dignity with which they were received1 their mutual uneasiness when ,rumpel after a slow and wary approach1 seated himself whisker-to-whisker with his rival1 the mutual fear which restrained not only teeth and claws1 but even all tones of defiance1 the mutual agitation of their tails which1 though they did not expand with anger1 could not be kept still for suspense and lastly the manner in which ,hurly retreated1 like ,ajax still keeping his face toward his old antagonist were worthy to have been represented by that painter who was called the ,rafaelle of ,cats4 ,the overture ,i fear was not accepted as generously as it was made2 for no sooner had ,hurlyburlybuss recovered strength than hostilities were recommenced with greater violence than ever1 ,rumpel who had not abused his superiority while he possessed it1 had acquired mean time a confidence which made him keep the field4 ,dreadful were the combats which ensued as their ears1 faces and legs bore witness4 ,rumpel had a wound which went through one of his feet4 ,the result has been so far in his favour that he no longer seeks to avoid his enemy1 and we are often compelled to interfere and separate them4 ,oh it is aweful to hear the 8dreadful note of preparation0 with which they prelude their encounters6--the long low growl slowly rises and swells till it becomes a high sharp yowl1--and then it is snapt short by a sound which seems as if they were spitting fire and venom at each other4 ,i could half persuade myself that the word felonious is derived from the feline temper as displayed at such times4 ,all means of reconciling them and making them understand how goodly a thing it is for cats to dwell together in peace1 and what fools they are to quarrel and tear each other are in vain4 ,the proceedings of the ,society for the ,abolition of ,war are not more utterly ineffectual and hopeless4 ,all we can do is to act more impartially than the ,gods did between ,achilles and ,hector1 and continue to treat both with equal regard4 ,and thus having brought down these ,memoirs of the ,cats of ,greta ,hall to the present day1 ,i commit the precious memorial to your keeping1 and remain ,most dissipated and light-heeled daughter1 ,your most diligent and light-hearted father1 ,,robert ,,southey4 ,keswick1 #ah ,june1 #ahbd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fragment ,,of ,,interchapter4 ,the following playful effusion was likewise1 as the 8,memoirs of ,cat's ,eden10 intended for 8,,the ,,doctor1 ,c410 but how it was to have been moulded1 so as to obscure the incognito1 ,i do not know4 ,it will tend1 if ,i mistake not1 to shew the easy versatility1--the true 1--of a great and a good man's mind4 8,fortune10 says ,fluellen1 8is turning and inconstant1 and variations1 and mutabilities10--but one who1 in the midst of constant and laborious occupations1 could revel in such a recreation as this 8,chapter on the ,statues0 was ,fortune's master1 and above her wheel4 ,,ars ,,utinam ,,mores ,,animumque ,,effingere ,,posset3 ,,pulchrior ,,in ,,terris ,,nulla ,,tabella ,,foret4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,mart4 ,,epigr4 ,it may be added that there was another very curious collection of ,letters intended for 8,,the ,,doctor1 ,c410 but they have not come to my hand4 ,they were written in a peculiar dialect and would have required much mother wit and many vocabularies to have decyphered them4 ,she who suggested them1--a woman 8of infinite jest1--of most excellent fancy10--a good woman1 and a kind1--is now gathered to her rest6 4 1 4 ,,chrysost4 ,,hom4 ,,ad ,,popul4 ,,antiochen4 ,my dear daughter1 ,having lately been led to compose an inscription for one of our ,garden statues1 an authentic account of two such extraordinary works of art has appeared to me so desirable that ,i even wonder at myself for having so long delayed to write one4 ,it is the more incumbent on me to do this1 because neither of the artists have thought proper to inscribe their names upon these master-pieces1--either from that modesty which often accompanies the highest genius1 or from a dignified consciousness that it was unnecessary to set any mark upon them1 the works themselves sufficiently declaring from what hands they came4 ,i undertake this becoming task with the more pleasure because our friend ,mrs4 ,keenan has kindly offered to illustrate the intended account by drawings of both ,statues1--having as you may well suppose been struck with admiration by them4 ,the promise of this co-operation induces me not to confine myself to a mere description1 but to relate on what occasion they were made1 and faithfully to record the very remarkable circumstances which have occurred in consequence2 circumstances ,i will venture to say1 as well attested and as well worthy of preservation as any of those related in the ,history of the ,portuguese ,images of ,nossa ,senhora1 in ten volumes quarto1--a book of real value1 and which you know ,i regard as one of the most curious in my collection4 ,if in the progress of this design ,i should sometimes appear to wander in digression1 you will not impute it to any habitual love of circumlocution2 and the speculative notions which ,i may have occasion to propose1 you will receive as mere speculations and judge of them accordingly4 ,many many years ago ,i remember to have seen these popular and rustic rhymes in print1 ,god made a great man to plough and to sow1 ,god made a little man to drive away the crow2 they were composed perhaps to make some little man contented with that office1 and certain it is that in all ages and all countries it has been an object of as much consequence to preserve the seed from birds when sown1 as to sow it4 ,no doubt ,adam himself when he was driven to cultivate the ground felt this1 and we who are his lineal descendants 7though ,i am sorry to say we have not inherited a rood of his estates7 have felt it also1 in our small but not unimportant concern1 the ,garden4 ,mrs4 ,l41 the ,lady of that ,garden used to complain grievously of the depredations committed there1 especially upon her pease4 ,fowls and ,ducks were condemned either to imprisonment for life1 or to the immediate larder for their offences of this kind2 but the magpies 7my proteges7 and the sparrows1 and the blackbirds and the thrushes bade defiance to the coop and the cook4 ,she tried to fright them away by feathers fastened upon a string1 but birds were no more to be frightened by feathers than to be caught by chaff4 ,she drest up two mopsticks2 not to be forgotten1 because when two youths sent their straw hats upon leaving ,keswick to ,k4 and ,b41 the girls consigned the hats to these mopsticks and named the figures thus attired in due honour of the youths1 ,l4 ,n41 and ,c4 ,k4 ,these mopsticks however were well drest enough to invite thieves from the town1--and too well to frighten the birds4 ,something more effectual was wanted1 and ,mrs4 ,l4 bespoke a man of ,joseph ,glover4 ,such is the imperfection of language that write as carefully and warily as we can it is impossible to use words which will not frequently admit of a double construction1 upon this indeed it is that the ,lawyers have founded the science of the ,law1 which said science they display in extracting any meaning from any words1 and generally that meaning that shall be most opposite to the intention for which they were used4 ,when ,i say that your ,aunt ,l4 bespoke a man of ,joseph ,glover1 ,i do not mean that she commissioned him to engage a labourer3 nor that she required him actually to make a man like ,frankenstein1--though it must be admitted that such a man as ,frankenstein made1 would be the best of all scarecrows1 provided he were broken in so as to be perfectly manageable4 ,to have made a man indeed would have been more than even ,paracelsus would have undertaken to perform2 for according to the receipt which that illustrious ,bombast ab ,hohenheim has delivered to posterity1 an homunculus cannot be produced in a hot-bed in less than forty weeks and forty days2 and this would not have been in time to save the pease2 not to mention that one of his homunculi had it been ready could not have served the purpose1 for by his account1 when it was produced1 it was smaller even than ,mark ,thumb4 ,such an order would have been more unreasonable than any of those which ,juno imposed upon ,hercules2 whereas the task imposed by ,mrs4 ,l4 was nothing more than ,glover thought himself capable of executing1 for he understood the direction plainly and simply in its proper sense1 as a carpenter ought to understand it4 ,an ordinary ,carpenter might have hesitated at undertaking it1 or bungled in the execution4 ,but ,glover is not an ordinary ,carpenter4 ,he says of himself that he should have been a capital singer1 only the pity is1 that he has no voice4 ,whether he had ever a similar persuasion of his own essential but unproducible talents for sculpture or painting ,i know not3--but if ever genius and originality were triumphantly displayed in the first effort of an untaught artist1 it was on this occasion4 ,perhaps ,i am wrong in calling him untaught2--for there is a supernatural or divine teaching2--and it will appear presently that if there be any truth in heathen philosophy1 or in that of the ,roman ,catholicks 7which is very much the same in many respects7 some such assistance may be suspected in this case4 ,with or without such assistance1 but certainly con amore1 and with the aid of his own genius1 if of no other1 ,glover went to work3 ere long shouts of admiration were heard one evening in the kitchen1 so loud and of such long continuance that enquiry was made from the parlour into the cause1 and the reply was that ,mrs4 ,l4's man was brought home4 ,out we went1 father1 mother and daughters1 7yourself among them1--for you cannot have forgotten that memorable hour71 ,my ,lady and the ,venerabilis1--and ,mrs4 ,l4 herself1 as the person more immediately concerned4 ,seldom as it happens that any artist can embody with perfect success the conceptions of another1 in this instance the difficult and delicate task had been perfectly accomplished4 ,but ,i must describe the ,man1--calling him by that name at present1 the power1 on or intelligence which had incorporated itself with that ligneous resemblance of humanity not having at that time been suspected4 ,yet methinks more properly might he have been called youth than man1 the form and stature being juvenile4 ,the limbs and body were slender1 though not so as to convey any appearance of feebleness1 it was rather that degree of slenderness which in elegant and refined society is deemed essential to grace4 ,the countenance at once denoted strength and health and hilarity1 and the incomparable carpenter had given it an expression of threatful and alert determination1 suited to the station for which he was designed and the weapon which he bore4 ,the shape of the face was rather round than oval1 resembling methinks the broad harvest moon2 the eyes were of the deepest black1 the eyebrows black also2 and there was a blackness about the nose and lips1 such as might be imagined in the face of ,hercules1 while he was in the act of lifting and strangling the yet unsubdued and struggling ,antus4 ,on his head was a little hat1 low in the crown and narrow in the brim4 ,his dress was a sleeved jacket without skirts1--our ancestors would have called it a gipion1 jubon it would be rendered if ever this description were translated into ,spanish1 gibo in ,portuguese1 jupon or gippon in old ,french4 ,it was fastened from the neck downward with eight white buttons1 two and two1 and between them was a broad white stripe1 the colour of the gipion being brown3 whether the strype was to represent silver lace1 or a white facing like that of the naval uniform1 is doubtful and of little consequence4 ,the lower part of his dress represented innominables and hose in one1 of the same colour as the gipion4 ,and he carried a fowling-piece in his hand4 ,great was the satisfaction which we all expressed at beholding so admirable a man2 great were the applauses which we bestowed upon the workman with one consent2 and great was the complacency with which ,glover himself regarded the work of his own hands4 ,he thought1 he said1 this would please us4 ,please us indeed it did1 and so well did it answer that after short trial ,mrs4 ,l4 thinking that a second image would render the whole garden secure1 and moreover that it was not good for her ,man to be alone1 directed ,glover to make a woman also4 ,the woman accordingly was made4 ,flesh of his flesh and bone of his bone1 she could not be1 the ,man himself not being made of such materials2 but she was wood of his wood and plank of his plank1--which was coming as nearly as possible to it1 made of the same tree and fashioned by the same hand4 ,the woman was in all respects a goodly mate for the man1 except that she seemed to be a few years older2 she was rather below the mean stature1 in that respect resembling the ,venus de ,medicis2 slender waisted yet not looking as if she were tight-laced1 nor so thin as to denote ill health4 ,her dress was a gown of homely brown1 up to the neck4 ,the artist had employed his brightest colours upon her face1 even the eyes and nose partook of that brilliant tint which is sometimes called the roseate hue of health or exercise1 sometimes the purple light of love4 ,the whites of her eyes were large4 ,she also was represented in a hat1 but higher in the crown and broader in the rim than the man's1 and where his brim was turned up1 her's had a downward inclination giving a feminine character to that part of her dress4 ,she was placed in the garden2 greatly as we admired both pieces of workmanship1 we considered them merely as what they seemed to be2 they went by the names of ,mrs4 ,l4's ,man and ,woman2 and even when you departed for the south they were still known only by that vague and most unworthy designation4 ,some startling circumstances after awhile excited a more particular attention to them4 ,several of the family declared they had been frightened by them2 and ,k4 one evening1 came in saying that ,aunt ,l4's woman had given her a jump4 ,even this did not awaken any suspicion of their supernatural powers as it ought to have done1 till on a winter's night1 one of the maids hearing a knock at the back door opened it2 and started back when she saw that it was the woman with a letter in her hand6 ,this is as certain as that ,nosso ,senhor dos ,passes knocked at the door of ,s4 ,roque's convent in ,lisbon and was not taken in1--to the infinite regret of the monks when they learnt that he had gone afterwards to the ,graa ,convent and been admitted there4 ,it is as certain that ,i have seen men1 women and children of all ranks kissing the foot of the said ,image in the ,church1 and half ,lisbon following his procession in the streets4 ,it is as certain as all the miracles in the ,fasti1 the ,metamorphoses1 and the ,acta ,sanctorum4 ,many remarkable things were now called to mind both of the man and woman2--how on one occasion they had made ,miss ,c4's maid miscarry of--half a message2 and how at another time when ,isaac was bringing a basket from ,mr4 ,c4's1 he was frightened into his wits by them4 ,but on ,sunday evening last the most extraordinary display of wonderful power occurred1 for in the evening the woman instead of being in her place among the pease1 appeared standing erect on the top of ,mr4 ,fisher's haymow in the forge field1 and there on the following morning she was seen by all ,keswick1 who are witnesses of the fact4 ,you may well suppose that ,i now began to examine into the mystery1 and manifold were the mysteries which ,i discovered1 and many the analogies in their formation of which the maker could never by possibility have heard2 and many the points of divine philosophy and theurgic science which they illustrated4 ,in the first place two ,swedenborgian correspondencies flashed upon me in the material whereof they were constructed4 ,they were intended to guard the ,garden4 ,there is a proverb which says1 set a thief to catch a thief1 and therefore it is that they were fir statues4 ,take it in ,english and the correspondence is equally striking2 they were made of deal1 because they were to do a deal of good4 ,the dark aspect of the male figure also was explained2 for being stationed there contra fures1 it was proper that he should have a furious countenance4 ,secondly1 there is something wonderful in their formation3--they are bifronted1 not merely bifaced like ,janus1 but bifronted from top to toe4 ,let the thief be as cunning as he may he cannot get behind them4--,they have no backs1 and were they disposed to be indolent and sit at their posts it would be impossible4 ,they can appear at the kitchen door1 or on the haymow1 they can give the children and even the grown persons of the family a jump1 but to sit is beyond their power however miraculous it may be2 for impossibilities cannot be effected even by miracle1 and as it is impossible to see without eyes1 or to walk without legs1--or for a ship to float without a bottom1 so is it for a person in the same predicament as such a ship--to sit4 ,yet farther mysteries2 both hands of these marvellous statues are right hands and both are left hands1 they are at once ambidexter and ambisinister4 ,it was said by ,dryden of old ,jacob ,tonson that he had two left legs3 but these marvellous statues have two left legs and two right legs each1 and yet but four legs between them1 that is to say but two a-piece4 ,in the whole course of my reading ,i have found no account of any statues so wonderful as these4 ,for though the ,roman ,janus was bifronted1 and my old acquaintance ,yamen had in like manner a double face1 and many of the ,hindoo and other ,oriental ,deities have their necks set round with heads1 and their elbows with arms1 yet it is certain that all these ,gods have backs1 and sides to them also4 ,in this point no similitude can be found for our ,images4 ,they may be likened to the sea as being bottomless1--but as being without a back and in the mystery of having both hands and legs at once right and left they are unequalled2 none but themselves can be their parallel4 ,now my daughter ,i appeal to you and to all other reasonable persons1--,i put the question to your own plain sense1--is it anyways likely that statues so wonderful1 so inexpressibly mysterious in their properties should be the mere work of a ,keswick carpenter1 though aided as he was by ,mrs4 ,l4's directions8 ,is it not certain that neither he1 nor ,mrs4 ,l41 had the slightest glimpse1 the remotest thought of any such properties1--she when she designed1 he when he executed the marvellous productions8 ,is it possible that they should8 ,would it not be preposterous to suppose it8 ,this supposition therefore being proved to be absurd1 which in mathematics is equal to a demonstration that the contrary must be true1 it remains to enquire into the real origin of their stupendous qualities4 ,both the ancient ,heathens and the ,romanists teach that certain ,images of the ,gods or of the ,saints have been made without the aid of human hands1 and that they have appeared no one knew whence or how4 ,the ,greeks called such images ,diopeteis1 as having fallen from the sky1 and ,i could enumerate were it needful sundry ,catholic ,images which are at this day venerated as being either of angelic workmanship or celestial origin4 ,we cannot however have recourse to this solution in the present case2 for ,glover is so veracious a man that if he had found these figures in his workshop without knowing how they came there1--or if he had seen them grow into shape while he was looking on1--he would certainly not have concealed a fact so extraordinary4 ,all ,keswick would have known it4 ,it must have become as notorious as ,prince ,hohenloe's miracles4 ,there remains then another hypothesis1 which is also common to the ancient ,pagans and the ,romanists2--that some superior powers finding a congruity in the ,images have been pleased to communicate to them a portion of their influence1 and even of their presence1 and so if ,i may be allowed the word1 have actually become inligneate in them4 ,were my old acquaintance1 ,thomas ,taylor1 here1 who entirely believes this1 he would at once determine which of his ,heathen ,deities have thus manifested their existence4 ,who indeed that looks at the ,youth but must be reminded of ,apollo8 ,said ,i that his face resembled in its rotundity the ,moon8 the ,sun would have been the fitter similitude1--the sun shorn of its beams2--,phbus1--such as he appeared when in the service of ,admetus4 ,and for his female companion1 her beauty and the admiration which it excites in all beholders1 identify her with no less certainty for ,venus4 ,we have named them therefore the ,apollo de ,l41 and the ,venus de ,glover2 in justice to both artists2 and in farther honour of them and of the ,images themselves have composed the following inscription3 ,no works of ,phidias we2 but ,mrs4 ,l4 ,designed1 and we were made by ,joseph ,glover4 ,apollo1 ,i1 and yonder ,venus stands1 ,behold her1 and you cannot chuse but love her4 ,if antient sculptors could behold us here ,how would they pine with envy and abhorrence6 ,for even as ,i surpass their ,belvedere ,so much doth she excel the pride of ,florence4 ,,epilude ,,of ,,mottoes4 ,careless6 bring your apprehension along with you4 ,,congreve4 ,if ,i have written a sentence1 or a word1 that can bear a captious or unreasonable construction1 ,i earnestly intreat a more lenient interpretation4 ,when a man feels acutely1 he may perhaps speak at times more pointedly than he ought2 yet1 in the present instance1 ,i am conscious of no sentiment which ,i could wish to alter4 ,,bishop ,,jebb4 1 1 1 1 4 ,,aristophanes4 ,will you be true8 ,,tro4 ,who1 ,i8 alas1 it is my vice1 my fault4 ,while others fish with craft for great opinion1 ,i with great truth catch mere simplicity4 ,whilst some with cunning gild their copper crowns1 ,with truth and plainness ,i do wear mine bare4 ,fear not my truth2 the moral of my wit ,is--#8plain and true2' there's all the reach of it4 ,,shakespeare4 --come augel che pria s'avventa e teme ,stassi fra i rami paventoso e solo ,mirando questo ed or quell' altro colle2 ,cosi mi levo e mi ritengo insieme1 ,l'ale aguzzando al mio dubbioso volo4 ,,giusto ,,de' ,,conti4 ,whosoever be reader hereof maie take it by reason for a riche and a newe labour2 and speciallie princes and governours of the common wealth1 and ministers of justice1 with other4 ,also the common people eche of theim maie fynd the labour conveniente to their estate4 ,and herein is conteigned certaine right highe and profounde sentences1 and holsome counsaylles1 and mervaillous devyses agaynste the encumbraunce of fortune2 and ryght swete consolacions for theim that are overthrowen by fortune4 ,finally it is good to them that digeste it1 and thanke ,god that hath given such grace to the ,auctour in gevyng us example of vertuous livyng1 with hye and salutary doctrynes1 and marvailous instructions of perfectness4--,a ryght precious meale is the sentences of this boke2 but fynally the sauce of the saied swete style moveth the appetyte4 ,many bookes there be of substanciall meates1 but they bee so rude and so unsavery1 and the style of so small grace1 that the first morcell is lothsome and noyfull2 and of suche bookes foloweth to lye hole and sounde in lybraries2 but ,i trust this will not4 ,of trouth great prayse is due to the auctour of his travayle4 ,,lord ,,berners4 ,the current that with gentle murmur glides1 ,thou know'st1 being stopp'd1 impatiently doth rage2 ,but when his fair course is not hindered1 ,he makes sweet music with the enamel'd stones1 ,giving a gentle kiss to every sedge ,he overtaketh in his pilgrimage2 ,and so by many winding nooks he strays1 ,with willing sport1 to the wild ocean4 ,then let me go1 and hinder not my course2 ,i'll be as patient as a gentle stream1 ,and make a pastime of each weary step1 ,till the last step have brought me to my rest4 ,,shakespeare4 ,sith you have long time drawn the weeds of my wit and fed yourselves with the cockle of my conceits1 ,i have at last made you gleaners of my harvest1 and partakers of my experience4--,here shall you find the style varying according to the matter1 suitable to the style1 and all of these aimed to profit4 ,if the title make you suspect1 compare it with the matter1 it will answer you2 if the matter1 apply it with the censures of the learned1 they will countenance the same2 of the handling ,i repent me not1 for ,i had rather you should condemn me for default in rhetorick1 than commend my style and lament my judgement4 ,thus resolved both of the matter1 and satisfied in my method1 ,i leave the whole to your judgements2 which1 if they be not depraved with envy1 will be bettered in knowledge1 and if not carried away with opinion1 will receive much profit4 ,,thomas ,,lodge4 ,this good ,wine ,i present1 needs no ,ivy-bush4 ,they that taste thereof shall feel the fruit to their best content1 and better understanding4 ,the learned shall meet with matter to refresh their memories2 the younger students1 a directory to fashion their discourse2 the weakest capacity1 matter of wit1 worth and admiration4 ,t4 ,l4 ,d4 ,m4 ,p's4 ,epistle ,prefatory to the ,learned ,summarie upon the famous ,poem of ,william of ,salust1 ,lord of ,,bartas4 ,this fellow pecks up wit1 as pigeon's pease1 ,and utters it again when ,jove doth please2 ,he is wit's pedlar1 and retails his wares4 ,,love',s ,,labour ,,lost4 ,imagination thro' the trick ,of ,doctors1 often makes us sick2 ,and why1 let any sophist tell1 ,may it not likewise make us well6 ,,churchill4 ,his mind fastens ,on twenty several objects1 which confound ,deep sense with folly4 ,,webster4 ,it is a crown unto a gentle breast1 ,to impart the pleasure of his flowing mind1 7,whose sprightly motion never taketh rest7 ,to one whose bosom he doth open find4 ,,thomas ,,scott4 --,be prepared to hear3 ,and since you know you cannot see yourself ,so well as by reflection1 ,i1 your glass1 ,will modestly discover to yourself ,that of yourself which you yet know not of4 ,,shakespeare4 ,and whereas in my expression ,i am very plain and downright1 and in my teaching part seem to tautologize1 it should be considered1 7and whoever has been a teacher will remember7 that the learners must be plainly dealt with1 and must have several times renewed unto them the same thing4--,therefore ,i have chosen so to do in several places1 because ,i had rather 7in such cases7 speak three words too many1 than one syllable too few4 ,,thomas ,,mace4 ,lire et repasser souvent ,sur ,athenes et sur ,rome1 ,c'est dequoy faire un ,savant1 ,mais1 non pas un habile homme4 ,meditez incessamment1 ,devorez livre apres livre1 ,d'est en vivant seulement ,que vous apprendrez vivre4 ,avant qu'en savoir les loix1 ,la clart nous est ravie3 ,il faudroit vivre deux fois ,pour bien conduire sa vie4 ,,de ,,charleval4 ,if we could hit on't1 gallants1 there are due ,certain respects from writers1 and from you4 ,,prologue ,,to ,,the ,,adventures ,,of ,,five ,,hours4 --,here you have a piece so subtly writ ,men must have wit themselves to find the wit4 ,,epilogue ,,to ,,the ,,adventures ,,of ,,five ,,hours4 ,all puddings have two ends1 and most short sayings ,two handles to their meaning4 ,,lord ,,digby4 ,reader1 ,now ,i send thee like a ,bee to gather honey out of flowers and weeds2 every garden is furnished with either1 and so is ours4 ,read and meditate2 thy profit shall be little in any book1 unless thou read alone1 and unless thou read all and record after4 ,,henry ,,smith4 ,the most famous of the ,pyramids was that of ,hermes4--,through each door of this ,pyramid was an entrance into seven apartments1 called by the names of the ,planets4 ,in each of them was a golden ,statue4 ,the biggest was in the apartment of ,osiris1 or the ,sun4 ,it had a book upon its forehead1 and its hand upon its mouth4 ,upon the outside of the ,book was written this inscription4 ,i must be read in a profound silence4 ,,travels ,,of ,,cyrus4 --,facio ego ut solent1 qui quanto plus aliquem mirantur et explicare volunt quod sentiunt1 eo minus id assequuntur quod volunt1 ut quamquam magnum aliquid animo concipiunt1 verba tamen desint1 et moliri potius qum dicere potuisse videantur4 ,,hermolaus ,,barbarus ,,jo4 ,,pico ,,mirandul4 ,nihil mihi potest esse beatius quam scire2 discendum ver ut sciamus4 ,ego quidem sapienti ambitum1 tanquam animi nostri rarium quoddam semper judicavi1 id quod communia commentationum nostrarum vectigalia inferenda censeo1 sed proba2 unde sibi suum quisque in usum sumat sine invidia atque simultate4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,scaliger4 ,feliz yerba es la yedra1 si se enrama ,a un muro altivo1 quien no alcanza el corte ,de la envidia2 puer queda con su altura1 ,el mas vistoso1 y ella mas segura4 ,,balbuena1 ,,el ,,bernardo4 --en poco tiempo te he dicho lo que pass en mucho tiempo4 ,,calderon1 ,,el ,,maestro ,,de ,,danzar4 ,i'll range the plenteous intellectual field1 ,and gather every thought of sovereign power ,to chase the moral maladies of man2 ,thoughts which may bear transplanting to the skies1 ,nor wholly wither there where ,seraphs sing1 ,refined1 exalted1--not annull'd--in heaven4 ,,young4 ,let every man enjoy his whim2 ,what's he to me1 or ,i to him4 ,,churchill4 ,and whereas ,i may seem too smart or satyrical in some particular places1 ,i do not at all repent me1 as thinking what is said to such ill-deserving persons much too little4 ,,thomas ,,mace4 --,play the fool with wits1 ',gainst fools be guarded1 'tis a certain rule ,wits are safe things2 there's danger in a fool4 ,,churchill4 ,and in this thought they find a kind of ease1 ,bearing their own misfortune on the back ,of such as have before endured the like4 ,,richard ,,ii4 ,our life indeed has bitterness enough ,to change a loving nature into gall3 ,experience sews coarse patches on the stuff ,whose texture was originally all ,smooth as the rose-leaf's1 and whose hues were bright ,as are the colours of the weeping cloud ,when the sun smiles upon its tears4 ,,mrs4 ,,lenox ,,conyngham4 ,thus much we know1 eternal bliss and pure1 ,by ,god's unfailing promise1 is secure ,to them who their appointed lot endure ,meekly1 striving to fulfil1 ,in humble hopefulness1 ,god's will4 ,,mrs4 ,,lenox ,,conyngham4 ,i thowt how hard it is to denye ,a ladye's preyer1 wych after the entent ,of the poete is a myghty comaundement2 ,wherfore me thoht as in this caas ,that my wyt war lakkyd bettyr it was ,that my wyl1 and therfore to do ,my ladyes preyer ,i assentyd to4 ,,osbern ,,bokenam4 ,al peco de los aos lo eminente se rinde2 que lo facil del tiempo no ay conquista dificil4 ,,calderon4 ,we only meet on earth ,that we may know how sad it is to part3 ,and sad indeed it were1 if in the heart ,there were no store reserved against a dearth1 ,no calm ,elysium for departed ,mirth1 ,haunted by gentle shadows of past pleasure1 ,where the sweet folly1 the light-footed measure1 ,and graver trifles of the shining hearth ,live in their own dear image4 ,,hartley ,,coleridge4 ,sweet are the thoughts that smother from conceit3 ,for when ,i come and sit me down to rest1 ,my chair presents a throne of majesty2 ,and when ,i set my bonnet on my head1 ,methinks ,i fit my forehead for a crown2 ,and when ,i take a truncheon in my fist1 ,a sceptre then comes tumbling in my thoughts4 ,,robert ,,greene4 ,quandquam ver hoc mihi non polliceri possum1 me ubique veritatem quam sectatus sum1 assecutum esse2 sed potius eo fine ea proposui1 ut et alios ad veritatis investigationem invitarem3 tamen ut rect ,galenus habet1 1 1 4 ,audendum est1 et veritas investiganda1 quam etiamsi non assequamur1 omnino tamen propius quam nunc sumus1 ad eam perveniemus4 ,quo ver ego animo ad scribendum accessi1 eo ut alii ad legendum accedant1 opto4 ,,sennertus4 ,i do confess the imperfect performance4 ,yet ,i must take the boldness to say1 ,i have not miscarried in the whole2 for the mechanical part of it is regular4 ,that ,i may say with as little vanity1 as a builder may say he has built a house according to the model laid down before him1 or a gardener that he has set his flowers in a knot of such or such a figure4 ,,congreve4 ,as wheresoever these leaves fall1 the root is in my heart1 so shall they have ever true impressions thereof4 ,thus much information is in very leaves1 that they can tell what the ,tree is2 and these can tell you ,i am a friend and an honest man4 ,,donne4 ,on ne recognoistroit les monts1 sans les valees2 ,et les tailles encor artistement meslees ,en uvre mosaque1 ont1 pour plus grand beaut1 ,divers prix1 divers teint1 diverse quantit4 ,dieu veuille qu'en mes chants la plus insigne tache ,semble le moucheron qu'une pucelle attache ,a sa face neigeuse1 et que bien peu d'erreurs ,donnent lustre aux beaux traicts de mes hautes fureurs4 ,,du ,,bartas1 ,,la ,,magnificence4 ,hills were not seen but for the vales betwixt2 ,the deep indentings artificial mixt ,amid mosaicks1 for mere ornament1 ,have prizes1 sizes and dyes different4 ,and1 ,oh1 ,god grant1 the greatest spot you spy ,in all my frame1 may be but as the fly1 ,which on her ruff1 7whiter than whitest snows7 ,to whiten white1 the fairest virgin sows1 7,or like the velvet on her brow1 or like ,the dunker mole on ,venus' dainty cheek17 ,and that a few faults may but lustre bring ,to my high furies where ,i sweetest sing4 ,,sylvester4 ,be as capricious and sick-brained as ignorance and malice can make thee1 here thou art rectified2 or be as healthful as the inward calm of an honest heart1 learning1 and temper can state thy disposition1 yet this book may be thy fortunate concernment and companion4 ,,shirley4 ,humble and meek befitteth men of years1 ,behold my cell1 built in a silent shade1 ,holding content for poverty and peace1 ,and in my lodge is fealty and faith1 ,labour and love united in one league4 ,i want not1 for my mind affordeth wealth1 ,i know not envy1 for ,i climb not high2 ,thus do ,i live1 and thus ,i mean to die4 ,,robert ,,greene4 ,the events of to-day make us look forward to what will happen to-morrow2 those of yesterday carry our views into another world4 ,,danby4 ,mine earnest intent is as much to profit as to please1 non tam ut populo placerem1 quam ut populum juvarem3 and these my writings shall take1 ,i hope like gilded pills1 which are so composed as well to tempt the appetite and deceive the palate1 as to help and medicinally work upon the whole body4 ,my lines shall not only recreate1 but rectify the mind4 ,,burton4 --,sit thou a patient looker on2 ,judge not the play1 before the play is done1 ,her plot has many changes2 every day ,speaks a new scene1 the last act crowns the play4 ,,quarles4 ,lord1 if thy gracious bounty please to fill ,the floor of my desires1 and teach me skill ,to dress and chuse the corn1 take those the chaff that will4 ,,quarles4 ,je n'ay pas plus faict mon livre1 que mon livre m'a faict1--livre consubstantiel son autheur4 ,,montaigne4 --se le parole che usa lo scrittore portan seco un poco1 non dir di difficult1 ma d'acutezza recondita1 et non cosi nota1 come quelle che si dicono parlando ordinariamente1 danno una certa maggior auttorit alla scrittura1 et fanno che il lettore va piu ritenuto1 et sopra di se1 et meglio considera1 et si diletta dell' ingegno et dottrina di chi scrive2 et col buon giudicio affaticandosi un poco gusta quel piacere1 che s'ha nel conseguir le cose difficili4 ,et se l'ignorantia di chi legge tanta1 che non posse superar quella difficult1 non la colpa dello scrittore4 ,,castiglione1 ,,il ,,cortigiano4 ,certo estava eu que o ,doutor sabia de tudo o que disse1 nao s os termos e fundamentos1 mas acuda o mas difficultoza1 e substancial2--mas o praticar dellas de modo1 que eu as entendesse1 he graa de seu saber1 e na sufficiencia do meu ingenho4 ,,francisco ,,rodrigues ,,lobo4 ,sir1 ,our greatest business is more in our power than the least1 and we may be surer to meet in ,heaven than in any place upon earth2 and whilst we are distant here1 we may meet as often as we list in ,god's presence1 by soliciting in our prayers for one another4 ,,donne4 ,or ti riman1 ,lettor1 sovra 'l tuo banco1 ,dietro pensando a ci che si preliba1 ,s'esser vuoi lieto assai prima che stanco4 ,messo t'ho innanzi2 omai per te li ciba2 ,che a se ritorce tutta la mia cura ,quella materia ond'io son fatto scriba4 ,,dante4 ,i have been often told that nobody now would read any thing that was plain and true2--that was accounted dull work1 except one mixed something of the sublime1 prodigious1 monstrous1 or incredible2 and then they would read the one for the sake of the other4--,so rather than not be read1 ,i have put in a proportionable little of the monstrous4 ,if any thing be found fault with1 it is possible ,i may explain and add4 ,,hutchinson4 ,who seeketh in thee for profit and gain ,of excellent matter soon shall attain4 ,t4 ,h4 ,pay me like for like2 give me good thoughts for great studies2 and at leastwise shew me this courtly courtesy to afford me good words1 which cost you nothing1 for serious thoughts hatched up with much consideration4 ,thus commending my deserts to the learned1 and committing my labour to the instruction of the ignorant1 ,i bid you all heartily farewell4 ,,lazarus ,,piot4 ,even at this time1 when ,i humbly thank ,god1 ,i ask and have his comfort of sadder meditations1 ,i do not condemn in myself that ,i have given my wit such evaporations as these4 ,,donne4 ,l',,envoy4 ,gentle ,reader--for if thou art fond of such works as these1 thou are like to be the ,gentleman and the ,scholar--,i take upon me to advertise thee that the ,printer of ,,the ,,doctor1 ,c4 is ,william ,nicol of the ,shakspeare ,press--the long tried ,friend of the lamented ,southey1 and of their mutual ,friend1 the late ,grosvenor ,bedford1 of ,her ,majesty's ,exchequer-- ,felices anim1 et quales neque candidiores ,terra tulit6 ,the ,sonnet following1 ,gentle ,reader1 ,i do thee to wit1 is the composition of the above kind hearted and benevolent ,william ,nicol--and ,i wish it to be printed1 because on ,grosvenor ,bedford's last short visit to ,southey in #ahcf1 he expressed himself much pleased with it4 ,may be1 if thou art fond of the gentle craft1 it may please thee too1 and so ,i wish thee heartily farewell6 ,who wrote ,,the ,,doctor8 ,who's the scribe unknown8-- ,time may discover1 when the grave has closed ,its earthy jaws o'er us1 who now are posed ,to father that which greatest pen might own2 ,learning diffuse1 quaint humour1 lively wit1 ,satire severe and bold1 or covert1 sly1 ,turning within itself the mental eye ,to fancies strange that round its orbit flit1 ,unknown to others and by self scarce seen2 ,teaching1 in sweetest ,english1 ,england's plan1-- ,when ,england was herself1 her laurels green-- ,honour to ,god and charity to man3 ,who wrote the ,doctor8 her best ,son1 ,i ween1 ,whether his works1 or his fair life you scan4 ,,the ,,editor4 ,w4 ,,nicol1 #fj1 ,,pall ,,mall4