,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics are enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,sup]scripts are indicat$ by c>ets & braces3 #eme4 ,additional notes w be f\nd ne> ! end ( ?is ebook4 ,,hi/ory ,,z ,,pa/ ,,e?ics ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,morals ,,by ,,philip ,,van ,,ness ,,my]s ,,=m]ly ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,political ,,economy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,c9c9nati4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,anci5t ,,hi/ory10 8,,m$i,,val ,,& ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory10 ,,& 8,a ,,g5]al ,,hi/ory0 ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,london ,,atlanta ,,dallas ,,columbus ,,san ,,francisco ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,philip ,,van ,,ness ,,my]s ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica #ebf4b ,! ,a!num ,press ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,proprietors ,,bo/on ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,i4 ,c4 ,m4 ,my conviction ga9s inf9itely ! mom5t ano!r s\l w believe 9 x4--,,novalis ,,preface ,?is "w completes ! s]ies ( hi/orical textbooks :i* ,i began m ?an ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x is an expansion ( a c\rse ( lectures giv5 = sev]al ye>s to my advanc$ classes 9 hi/ory1 & is design$ z a brief introduction to ! hi/ory ( morals4 ,9 treat+ ! sci5ce ( morals z a bran* ( hi/ory my ?\ght is1 )\t tr5*+ 9 ! lea/ ^u ! doma9 ( ! philosophy ( morals1 to make ! "w ( ! dep>tm5t ( hi/ory m helpfully introductory ?an x has hi!rto be5 to t ( ! dep>tm5t ( moral philosophy4 ,! book is ! outgr[? ( a conviction t ! philosophy ( e?ics1 if x %all become a /imulus & guide to social s]vice & humanit>ian ef=t1--especially if x %all br+ ren=cem5t to t e?ical idealism :i* s l>gely motives ! pres5t-day movem5t = _w peace1--mu/ be bas$ on a k ( ! facts ( ! moral life ( ! race 9 all ! v>i\s /ages ( ! hi/oric evolution1 & t to ga!r & sy/ematize ^! facts is a "p ( ! task ( ! hi/orian1 inde$ ! mo/ important "p ( 8 task4 ,x is my hope t tea*]s ( bo? hi/ory & e?ics may f9d ! book helpful1 :e!r made ! basis ( classroom discussion or ( lecture comm5t4 ,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,m4 ,,college ,,hill ,,c9c9nati1 ,,ohio ,e?ics gives to ,hi/ory its rational goal2 & all morality has ! p]fect %ap+ ( univ]sal hi/ory z its ultimate end4 ,a real und]/&+ ( hi/ory is n possible )\t e?ics2 univ]sal hi/ory is ! realization ( ! moral 444 )9 humanity4--,,adolf ,,wuttke4 ,! real advance made by ,?ucydides consi/s1 p]haps1 9 ?is1 t he p]ceiv$ ! motive =ces ( human hi/ory to be 9 ! moral con/itution ( human nature4--,,leopold ,,von ,,ranke4 ,e?ics1 if x is to become truly a sci5ce1 mu/ %un ! pa? ( speculation & foll[ closely ! hi/orical me?od4444 ,range 9 fancy ov] ! :ole circle ( ! sci5ces1 & y w f9d !re no place = e?ics save z a bran* ( human hi/ory4444 ,giv5 ! e>lie/ morality ( :i* we h any writt5 record1 to trace f x ?r\gh progressive /ages ! morality ( to-day2 t is ! problem1 & ! only problem :i* c fall to a truly sci5tific e?ics4444 ,e?ics z ! comp>ative hi/ory ( univ]sal morality is ! ve/ibule to ! temple ( moral philosophy4--,,jacob ,,g\ld ,,s*urman4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,morality3 ,,consci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,k9%ip ,,gr\p #ab ,i4 ,,in/itutions1 ,,ideas1 ,,& ,,conditions ,,( ,,life ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,conduct #ab ,,ii4 ,,ess5tial ,,facts ,,( ,,k9%ip ,,or ,,intratribal ,,morality #ae ,,iii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,int]tribal ,,morality #bb ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,egypt3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,social ,,ju/ice #cj ,i4 ,,circum/ances ,,& ,,ideas ,,:i* ,,mold$ ,,& ,,motiv$ ,,morality #cj ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal #cc ,,iv4 ,,! ,,babylonian-,,assyrian ,,consci5ce #de ,v4 ,,*9ese ,,morals3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,filial ,,piety #ec ,i4 ,,ideas1 ,,in/itutions1 ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,circum/ances ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,ca/ ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideal #ec ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal #fj ,,iii4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,^u ,,*9ese ,,life ,,& ,,hi/ory #fi ,,vi4 ,,japanese ,,morals3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,loyalty #gg ,i4 ,,=mative ,,& ,,modify+ ,,influ5ces #gg ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal #hj ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,significant ,,facts ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,japan #hg ,,vii4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,ideals ,,( ,,india #ie ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,brahmanism--,a ,,class ,,morality #ie ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,speculative ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em #ie ,,ii4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,moral ,,/&>ds #aja ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,buddhism3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,self-,,conque/ ,,& ,,univ]sal ,,b5evol5ce #ajf ,i4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em #ajf ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal #aaj ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,expressions ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,_s ,,( ,,buddhism #aae ,,viii4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,zoroa/rianism3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,combat #abc ,i4 ,,philosophical ,,& ,,religi\s ,,ideas ,,:i* ,,creat$ ,,! ,,e?ical ,,type #abc ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal #abf ,,iii4 ,,! ,,practice #aca ,,ix4 ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,,9 ,,israel3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,ob$i5ce ,,to ,a ,,reveal$ ,,law #ace ,i4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,basis ,,( ,,hebrew ,,morality #ace ,,ii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideal #adj #a4 ,! ,developm5t up to ! ,exile #adj #b4 ,! ,morality ( ! ,prophets ( ! ,exile #aeg #c4 ,! ,moral ,life 9 ! ,po/exilic ,age #afb ,x4 ,,! ,,moral ,,consci\sness ,,( ,,hellas3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,self-,,realization #afi ,i4 ,,in/itutions ,,& ,,ideas ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,moral ,,type #afi ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal #agd ,,iii4 ,,limitations ,,& ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,ideal #agi ,,iv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution #ahe ,,xi4 ,,roman ,,morals3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,civic ,,duty #bab ,i4 ,,in/itutions ,,& ,,conditions ,,( ,,life ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,e>ly ,,moral ,,type #bab ,,ii4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,moral ,,type #bad ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,,"u ,,! ,,republic #bah ,,iv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,,"u ,,! ,,pagan ,,empire #bca ,,xii4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,doctr9al ,,*ri/ianity3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,"r ,,belief #bee ,i4 ,,religi\s ,,ideas ,,& ,,!ological ,,dogmas ,,mold+ ,,! ,,ideal #bef ,,ii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,ideal #bfa ,,xiii4 ,,moral ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,asceticism #bfg ,i4 ,,conceptions ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,circum/ances ,,t ,,produc$ ,,! ,,ascetic ,,ideal #bfg ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,& ,,its ,,*ief ,,types #bgj ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,moral ,,facts ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod #bgb ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,islam3 ,a ,,m>tial ,,ideal #bhh ,i4 ,,religi\s ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,sy/em #bhh ,,ii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,code #bhi ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,life #bic ,,xv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,( ,,europe ,,dur+ ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,*ivalry #cjj ,i4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,consecrates ,,! ,,m>tial ,,ideal ,,( ,,knigh?ood #cjj ,,ii4 ,,! ,,composite ,,ideal ,,( ,,knigh?ood #cjf ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,moral ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod #cji ,,xvi4 ,,r5aissance ,,e?ics3 ,,revival ,,( ,,naturalism ,,9 ,,morals #cbj ,i4 ,,det]m9+ ,,influ5ces #cbj ,,ii4 ,,"s ,,ess5tial ,,facts ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,age #cbb ,,xvii4 ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,re=mation #ccc ,i4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation ,,( ,,e?ical ,,import #ccc ,,ii4 ,,"s ,,important ,,moral ,,outcomes ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5?-,,c5tury ,,religi\s ,,re=m #ccd ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,,s9ce ,,! ,,incom+ ,,( ,,democracy3 ,,! ,,new ,,social ,,& ,,int]national ,,consci5ce #cdj ,i4 ,,=ces ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,tr5d ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,movem5t #cdj ,,ii4 ,,expressions ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,moral ,,consci\sness ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,doma9s ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,?\ght #cdd #a4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,democracy #cdd #b4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,indu/rialism #cdg #c4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce #cec #d4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,!ology #cfj #e4 ,social ,e?ics3 ! ,new ,social ,consci5ce #cfd #f4 ,int]national ,e?ics3 ! ,new ,int]national ,consci5ce #cga ,,index #chc ,,hi/ory ,,z ,,pa/ ,,e?ics ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical int]pretation ( hi/ory ,pr(essor ,freeman def9$ hi/ory z 8pa/ politics40 ,mr4 ,buckle argu$ t ! ess5ce ( ! hi/orical evolution consi/s 9 intellectual progress4#a ,_m pres5t-day economi/s hold t ! dom9ant =ces 9 ! hi/orical developm5t are economic4#b ,*ur*m5 consi/5tly make ! *ief factor 9 hi/ory to be religion4 ,:e!r ! uphold]s ( ^! sev]al int]pretations ( hi/ory w\ld h u und]/& !m z speak+ ( ! ultimate goal ( ! hi/oric evolution1 or m]ely ( ! dom9ant motive "u :i* m5 & society act1 none ( ^! int]pretations c be accept$ by ! /ud5t ( ! facts ( ! moral life ( ! race z a true read+ ( hi/ory4 ,to him n only does moral progress con/itute ! v ess5ce ( ! hi/oric movem5t1 b ! e?ical motive pres5ts itself z ! mo/ con/ant & regulative =ce 9 ! evolution ( humanity4 ,8 *ief int]e/ 9 all ! o!r factors ( ! hi/orical evolution is 9 not+ 9 :at way & 9 :at measure !y h contribut$ to ! gr[? & enri*m5t ( ! moral life ( mank9d4 ,?us ! hi/orian ( morals is deeply int]e/$ 9 ! gr[? ( political in/itutions among m51 b *iefly 9 obs]v+ 9 :at way ^! in/itutions h affect$ = good or = evil ! moral life ( ! nation4 ,p>ticul>ly is ! progress ( ! _w t[>d political unity a matt] ( pr(\nd conc]n to him1 n because he reg>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( ! _w /ate z an end 9 itself1 b because ! univ]sal /ate alone c furni% ^? conditions "u :i* ! moral life ( humanity c mo/ freely expatiate & f9d its noble/ & true/ expression4 ,x is ! same ) intellectual progress4 ,! /ud5t ( morals recognizes ! fact t ! progress ( ! race 9 morality is normally dep5d5t ^u its progress 9 k--t consci5ce waits ^u ! intellect4 ,b 9 opposition to ,buckle & ^? ( 8 s*ool1 he ma9ta9s t1 s f> f an advance 9 k con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( a progressive civilization1 ?is m5tal advance con/itutes m]ely ! condition prec$5t ( real civilization1 ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( :i* mu/ be a true morality4 ,a civilization or culture :i* does n include ?is is doom$ to quick retrogression & decay4 ,z ,b5jam9 ,kidd truly obs]ves1 8,:5 ! intellectual developm5t ( any section ( ! race1 = ! "t be+1 outruns ! e?ical developm5t1 natural selection has app>5tly we$$ x out l any o!r unsuitable product40#c ,z ) ! political & intellectual elem5ts ( civilization s is x ) ! economic4 ,! outw>d =ms ( ! moral life are1 x is true1 l>gely det]m9$ by ! indu/ry ( a p2 b ! in=m+ _s ( morality is ! expression ( an implant$ faculty4 ,x is elicit$ b n creat$ by environm5t4 ,no indu/rial ord] f :i* x is lack+ c long endure4 ,natural selection condemns x z unfit4 ,& ?is we are beg9n+ to recognize--t economics & e?ics _c be divorc$1 t e great indu/rial problem is at bottom a moral problem4 ,to ! /ud5t ( ! e?ical phase ( hi/ory all social re=m]s f ! old ,hebrew prophets d[n to ,k>l ,m>x & ,h5ry ,george are prim>ily morali/s plead+ = social ju/ice1 equity1 & righte\sness4 ,& prem95tly ! same is x ) religion4 ,religion has be5 a great "p ( ! life ( man1 & ! hi/orian ( morals mu/ be a dilig5t /ud5t ( ! religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w1 b ma9ly because religion has be5 9 g5]al su* a pot5t ag5cy 9 ! moral education ( mank9d4 ,= x is ! e?ical factor 9 ! great _w religions :i* con/itutes _! univ]sal & p]man5t elem5t4 8,x is ! function ( religion to k9dle moral en?usiasm 9 society at l>ge40#d 8,*ri/ianity has no o!r function or value ?an z an aid to morality40#e ,all ! great religions ( ! _w--,buddhism1 ,confucianism1 ,zoroa/rianism1 ,judaism 7reckon+ hi/oric ,judaism z beg9n+ ) ! great prophets ( ! n9? & eigh? c5turies ,b4,c471 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,islam--began z moral re=ms4#f ,9 %ort1 9 ! words ( ,wellhaus51 8,morality is t = ! sake ( :i* all o!r ?+s exi/2 x is ! alone ess5tial ?+ 9 ! _w40#g ,! really con/ructive & regulative =ces 9 hi/ory are 9 tru? moral ideas & convictions4 ,& !re is va/ significance 9 ?is--t ! e?ical motive1 nev] abs5t & always active1 is con/antly becom+ m & m dom9ant 9 ! processes ( ! hi/orical evolution4 ,z ! ages pass !re ent]s into hi/ory--we %all see ?is to be s lat]--an ev] l>g] e?ical elem5t4 ,consci5ce becomes ev] m & m involv$ 9 ! p]sonal1 national1 & int]national affairs ( ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! hi/ory ( morals 9 ! ma9 a record ( ! expansion ( ! circle cov]$ by ! moral feel+s ,moral progress consi/s n s mu* 9 *anges 9 ! quality or int5sity ( ! moral emotions1 al?\gh ^! ga9 9 div]sity1 purity1 & ref9em5t z "t passes1 z 9 ! successive enl>gem5ts ( ! circle ( p]sons embrac$ by ! moral feel+s4#h 8,x is n ! s5se ( duty to a neighbor1 b ! practical answ] to ! "q1 ,:o is my neighbor8 t has v>i$40#i ,z we %all see :5 we come to exam9e ! morality ( primitive man1 ! moral feel+s embrace at fir/ only k9sm51 t is1 ! memb]s ( "o's own family1 clan1 or social gr\p4 ,all o!rs are outside ! moral pale4 ,b gradually ?is circle gr[s l>g] & embraces 9 successive expansions ! tribe1 ! city1 ! nation1 & la/ly humanity4 ,?is expansion ( ! area cov]$ by ! moral feel+s is ! dom9ant fact 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,x is ! ov]look+ ( ?is fact t has caus$ writ]s l ,buckle to make _! /range misread+ ( hi/ory & to ma9ta9 t ?\gh man dur+ hi/oric times has made imm5se progress on mat]ial & intellectual l9es1 he has made little or no progress 9 morality4 ,! tru? is1 z we %all le>n1 t 9 no doma9 has progress be5 great]1 ! ga9s l>g] or m preci\s1 ?an 9 ! moral4 ,f clan morality1 bas$ on physical k9%ip1 mank9d has advanc$ or is advanc+ to _w morality1 bas$ on ! e?ical k9%ip ( m54 ,?is is ! "o increas+ purpose runn+ ?r\gh all hi/ory--! creation ( a moral ord] embrac+ ! :ole human race4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\rces = ! hi/ory ( morals ,! facts = a hi/ory ( morals mu/ be s\ght *iefly outside ! lit]ature ( e?ical !ory & speculation4 ,!y mu/ be look$ = 9 ! cu/oms1 laws1 in/itutions1 my?ologies1 lit]atures1 maxims1 & religions ( ! diff]5t races1 peoples1 & ages ( hi/ory4#aj ,9 all ^! !re is always an e?ical elem5t2 (t5 ?is =ms _! v ess5ce4 8,9 e s5t5ce ( ! p5al code10 z ! morali/ ,wilhelm ,wundt rem>ks1 8!re speaks ! voice ( an objective moral consci5ce40 ,9 tru? all law codes1 :e!r civil or crim9al1 are ess5tially no?+ m nor less ?an ! embodim5t ( man's conceptions ( :at is j & unju/4 ,my?ologies1 lit]atures1 & philosophies are *>g$ ) moral s5tim5t4 ,9 religion !re /ruggle = utt]ance ! deepe/ moral feel+s & convictions ( ! human s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,! moral ideal ,! moral life fulfills itself 9 _m ways4 ,e age & e race has its own moral type or ideal4#aa ,?is1 z we %all use ! t]m1 may be def9$ z a gr\p ( virtues held 9 e/eem by a giv5 p or a giv5 age4 ,x is ! accept$ /&>d ( conduct1 ( excell5ce1 ( "*4 ,?is ideal may be a v simple ?+1 embrac+ only a few rudim5t>y virtues1 z 9 ! case ( peoples on ! l[] levels ( culture2 or x may be a v complex ?+1 embrac+ _m & ref9$ virtues1 z 9 ! case ( civiliz$ societies 9 :i* ! mutual relation%ips ( ! memb]s are _m & v>i\s4 ,! hi/ory ( morals is 9 ! ma9 an acc\nt ( moral ideals or types4#ab ,inde$ s l>ge is ! "p t ^! h play$ 9 ! gr[? & decay ( races & civilizations t univ]sal hi/ory may be def9$ q accurately z 8! paleontology ( moral ideals40#ac ,!re is "o ?+ ab\t a moral ideal :i* sets x ap>t f all o!r ideals4 ,x possesses a unique dynamic =ce4 ,all ideals1 x is true1 h 9 !m ! impulsion to _! embodim5t 9 reality4 ,b 9 a moral ideal !re is ! add$ imp]ative ( consci5ce4 ,!re speaks f x ! maje/ic voice ( duty1 dem&+ t ! ideal be made actual 9 ! life ( ! individual & ( society4 ,x is ?is t has made moral ideals su* mold+ & con/ructive =ces 9 hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,composite moral ideals or types ,!re is a /rik+ analogy betwe5 ! diff]5t types ( moral "* & ! diff]5t types ( human beauty4 ,?us correspond+ to ! great types ( mascul9e & fem99e beauty !re are mascul9e & fem99e types ( moral excell5ce4 ,& !n1 j z ! elem5ts ( ! two *ief types ( fem99e beauty1 ! blond & ! brunette1 comb9e to =m a great v>iety ( mix$ or composite types1 s d ! elem5ts ( ! *ief types ( goodness bl5d into _m composite types ( "*4#ad ,!re is no m in/ructive *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( morals ?an t :i* has to d ) ! =mation ( ^! composite e?ical types1 s9ce ^! are (t5 ! mo/ significant results ( ^? great race collisions & comm+l+s :i* make up s mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ! pa/2 = :5 races meet & m+le !y bl5d n only _! blood b also _! consci5ces4 ,!re appe>s n only a new physical man b also a new moral man4 ,?us ! fusion ( races 9 ,europe has result$ 9 a great fusion ( moralities4 ,! consci5ce ( ,europe is a v composite "o1 includ+ ,greek1 ,roman1 ,hebraic1 ,celtic1 ,go?ic1 & ,slavonic elem5ts4 ,?is het]og5e\s consci5ce1 s diff]5t1 = in/ance1 f ! comp>atively homog5e\s consci5ce ( anci5t ,egypt & ( ,*9a1 has be5 ! mo/ important factor 9 ! life & civilization ( ! ,european p4 ,x is l>gely because ,europe has be5 con/antly gett+ a new consci5ce t its hi/ory has be5 s di/urb$ & s progressive1 j z x is l>gely because ,*9a has _h ! same ,confucian consci5ce = two ?\s& ye>s & m1 t h] hi/ory has be5 s unev5tful & un*ang+4 ,sid5ote3 ,causes :i* det]m9e & :i* modify ! moral type ,?\gh e race & e age1 s9ce man is by nature a moral be+1 mu/ h "s type or /&>d ( moral goodness1 /ill ! ca/ & cont5t ( ?is type is det]m9$ by a great v>iety ( circum/ances1 su* z ! /age ( intellectual developm5t1 ! physical environm5t1 social & political in/itutions1 occupation1 & speculative & religi\s ideas4#ae ,! /age ( intellectual developm5t ( a giv5 society det]m9es 9 g5]al :e!r ! moral /&>d %all be high or l[4 ,peoples /ill on ! level ( savag]y mu/ necess>ily h a v simple moral code1 embrac+ only a few rudim5t>y virtues4 ,z a p or race progresses 9 intellig5ce & ! m5tal horizon wid5s1 ! moral s5se becomes cl>ifi$ & ! moral /&>d comes to embrace new & ref9$ virtues1 correspond+ to ! l>g] & tru] m5tal life2 =1 speak+ broadly1 !re is a g5]al co9cid5ce betwe5 intellectual & moral gr[?4 ,to create a new intellectual life is to create a new moral life4#af ,physical environm5t is also a pot5t ag5cy 9 det]m9+ ! ca/ ( ! moral type4 ,?us ! hot depress+ climate & ! prodigality ( nature 9 ! tropics fo/] ! passive1 quieti/ic virtues2 :ile ! h>%] & m grudg+ nature ( ! temp]ate regions favors ! developm5t ( ! active1 indu/rial virtues4 ,! /rongly contra/$ moral types ( ! peoples ( ! tropic regions ( ! e>? & ^? ( ! temp]ate l&s may )\t reasonable d\bt be ascrib$1 9 "p at lea/1 to diff]5ces 9 ! climatic & o!r physical influ5ces to :i* ^! peoples h be5 subject$ ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t4 ,m positively influ5tial 9 ! =mation ( moral ideas & feel+s are social in/itutions4 ,?us ! place :i* a :ole gr\p ( moral qualities t we designate z dome/ic virtues are assign$ 9 ! e?ical /&>d is det]m9$ by ! place :i* circum/ances may h giv5 ! family 9 ! social organism4 ,9 anci5t ,sp>ta1 = example1 :]e c]ta9 influ5ces subord9at$ ! family 9 an unusual degree to ! /ate1 ! family virtues held a v l[ place1 inde$ sc>cely any place at all1 9 ! moral ideal2 :ile 9 ,*9a1 :]e c]ta9 notions ( ! relation ( ! spirits ( ! dead memb]s ( ! family to its liv+ memb]s creat$ a rem>kable solid>ity ( ! family gr\p1 ! dome/ic virtues1 & among !m prem95tly ! virtue ( filial piety1 came to det]m9e ! entire ca/ ( ! g5]al ideal ( goodness4 ,gov]nm5t is ano!r pot5t ag5cy 9 mold+ ! moral type4 ,patri>*al mon>*y & popul> gov]nm5t t5d ea* to n\ri% a di/9ct morality1 s t we speak ( ! e?ics ( mon>*y & ! e?ics ( democracy4 ,z "t passes1 gov]nm5ts1 speak+ broadly1 become con/antly m & m e?ical 9 aim & purpose1 & h5ce act m & m dynamically ^u ! moral evolution4 ,! greate/ =ce mak+ = a tru] & high] morality 9 ! _w to-day is political democracy4#ag ,m effective ?an any ( ! ag5cies ?us f> m5tion$ 9 det]m9+ ! moral code ( a p is occupation4 8,man's "*10 z ! economi/ ,alfr$ ,m>%all truly affirms1 8has be5 mold$ by 8 ev]yday "w 444 m ?an by any o!r influ5ce unless x be t ( 8 religi\s ideals40#ah ,e occupation develops a *>act]i/ic gr\p ( virtues4 ,?is is especially true ( agriculture4 8,! cultivation ( ! soil10 says ,w$gwood1 8cultivates mu* besides--x molds ideals1 implants aspirations1 creates p]man5t t5d5cies4 ,x gives1 :]e x is ! pr$om9ant indu/ry1 to ! "* ( a p its moral /amp40#ai ,f9ally we m5tion religion z ! mo/ pot5t ( all ag5cies 9 ! mold+ ( ! moral type4#bj ,religion has be5 ! great s*oolma/] 9 ! moral education ( ! race4 ,x is true t religion has to g to s*ool itself 9 morals be=e x c become a s*oolma/]4 ,t is to say1 religion 9 its beg9n+s is 9 ! ma9 une?ical4 ,9 its l[] manife/ations x is h>dly m ?an a sy/em ( incantations & sorc]y4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important facts ( ! moral hi/ory ( ! race is ! gradual moralization ( man's at fir/ une?ical conception ( ! gods1 & ! rise out ( ! une?ical religions ( primitive times ( ! great e?ical _w religions4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 :at virtue or moral goodness consi/s ,hav+ def9$ e?ical ideals & not$ ! ag5cies det]m9+ _! ca/ & cont5t1 we may n[ seek an answ]1 9 t]ms ( ! e?ical ideal1 to ! "q1 ,9 :at does moral goodness consi/8 ,all ! truly great se]s & moral tea*]s ( ! race h "h ! same ^w = u1 & x is ?is3 ,d ! ?+ ?\ see/ to be good2 realize ?y ideal4 ,9 ! words ( ,sabati]1 8,! ess5tial ?+ 9 ! _w is n to s]ve ?is ideal or t1 b ) all "o's s\l to s]ve ! ideal :i* "o has *os540 ,su* loyalty to "o's ideal is moral goodness4#ba ,?is imp]ative ( consci5ce t "o be true & loyal to ! be/ "o kn[s is ! only ?+ absolute & categorical 9 ! utt]ance ( ! moral faculty4 ,sid5ote3 ,e age mu/ be judg$ by its own moral /&>d 8,a man mu/ le>n a great deal10 says ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8to enable him to pass a correct judgm5t on ano!r man's acts40#bb ,& among ! ?+s :i* he mu/ fir/ le>n is ?is--t ! m5 ( e age h _! own /&>d ( excell5ce & t !y c be judg$ fairly only by _! own code ( morals4#bc ,x is l>gely because ( ! g5]al ignorance ( ! hi/ory ( moral ideals t !re is s mu* un*>itabl5ess 9 ! _w1 s mu* intol]ance1 s mu* race prejudice & hatr$4 ,z "o's intellectual outlook broad5s1 z he becomes acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s types ( goodness ( diff]5t peoples & diff]5t ages1 he becomes m lib]al & *>itable 9 8 moral judgm5ts1 s9ce he comes to und]/& t moral "* is det]m9$ n by ! ideal ( conduct b by ! way 9 :i* ?is ideal is liv$ up to4 8,!re may be z g5u9e self-devotion10 decl>es ! morali/ ,pr(essor ,gre51 89 ! act ( ! b>b>ian w>rior :o gives 8 life t 8 tribe may w9 a piece ( l& f its neighbors1 z 9 t ( ! mission>y :o dies 9 c>ry+ ! gospel to ! hea!n40#bd ,/udy+ ! ideals ( races & epo*s 9 ! _s ( ^! words1 we %all make "s fruitful discov]ies4 ,we %all le>n = "o ?+ t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! truly e?ical age !re has ev] be5 ab\t ! same degree ( consci5ti\sness 9 ! _w2 t ! diff]5t ages1 view$ 9 respect to _! moral life1 h diff]$ *iefly 9 ! degree ( light !y h enjoy$1 & consequ5tly 9 _! conceptions ( :at is noble/ 9 conduct1 ( :at con/itutes duty1 n 9 _! fealty or lack ( fealty to _! *os5 /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,t is to say1 speak+ broadly1 ! majority ( m5 9 e age & 9 e l& h ev] foll[$ loyally ! "r z !y h be5 giv5 to see ! "r4#be 8,if m5 & times 7 really und]/ood10 ! hi/orian ,von ,hol/ truly obs]ves1 8! moral fault ( _! follies & crimes w almo/ always appe> dim9i%$ by "o half40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,morality3 ,,consci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,k9%ip ,,gr\p ,i4 ,,in/itutions1 ,,ideas1 ,,& ,,conditions ,,( ,,life ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,conduct ,sid5ote3 ,! k9%ip gr\p ,! mo/ important social product ( ! human evolution on ! l[] levels ( civilization 0 ! patri>*al family or clan4 ,?is community ( k9sfolk is ! great hi/ory-mak+ gr\p4 ,x 0 ! se$ plot & nurs]y n only ( almo/ e social & political in/itution ( ! hi/oric peoples1 b ( _! morality z well4 ,9 ! bosom ( ?is gr\p 7 born & nurtur$ ! *ief ( ^? affections & s5tim5ts into :i* ent]s an e?ical elem5t & :i* =m ! basis ( ! moral life4#bf ,! fundam5tal bond unit+ ?is gr\p 0 ! bond ( blood4 ,! memb]s ( ! gr\p 71 or believ$ !mselves to be1 ! actual desc5dants ( a common ance/or4 ,x 0 ?is tie ( blood1 ?is physical relation%ip real or assum$1 t r5d]$ ! clan su* a closely knit body & creat$ its feel+ ( corporate on5ess4 8,! memb]s ( "o k9dr$10 says ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 describ+ ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,semitic clan1 8look$ on !mselves z "o liv+ :ole1 a s+le animat$ mass ( blood1 fle%1 & bones1 ( :i* no memb] c\ld be t\*$ )\t all ! memb]s suff]+4444 ,if "o ( ! clan has be5 murd]$1 !y say #8,our blood has be5 %$4'0#bg ,comp>$ ) ?is s5se ( solid>ity z x is f\nd among c]ta9 ( ! negro clans 9 ,africa1 ! feel+ ( solid>ity ( ! family among ,european peoples 8is ?9 & feeble40#bh ,x 0 ?is corporate consci\sness ( ! primitive clan t creat$ its moral solid>ity4 ,x naturally call$ into exi/5ce ^? altrui/ic s5tim5ts t =m$ ! gr\nd out ( :i* grew man's e>lie/ feel+s ( moral obligation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! religi\s bond--ance/or wor%ip ,!re 0 a second bond unit+ ! memb]s ( ! k9%ip gr\p4 ,!y 7 unit$ n only by ! ties ( physical k9%ip b also by ! bonds ( a common cult4 ,?is 0 ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,to realize ! e?ical educative value ( ?is wor%ip we mu/ recall ! rem>kable con/itution ( ! clan4 ,?is gr\p ( k9sm5 has a visible & an invisible side4 ,!re are ! e>?ly memb]s ( ! gr\p & ! _s memb]s--! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,^! _s memb]s are ! protectors ( ! little gr\p1 ! puni%]s ( wrongdo+1 ! cons]vators ( morals4 ,among ! mo/ sacr$ duties ( ! e>?ly memb]s are ! duties !y owe to ^! _s memb]s2 = ^! spirits h ne$ ( _m ?+s1 especially ( meat & dr9k at ! grave1 & x is ! duty ( _! e>?ly k9sm5 to supply all ^! wants4 ,! e>? gr\p is ?us envelop$ 9 a sort ( sacr$ atmosph]e1 & 9 ?is atmosph]e are nurtur$ ^? e?ical s5tim5ts :i* =m ! mo/ preci\s product ( hi/ory4 ,z an ag5cy 9 ! moraliz+ ( ! life ( ! race x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! importance ( ance/or wor%ip4 ,to no o!r =m ( religion1 save e?ical mono!ism1 does morality owe s l>ge a debt4 ,9 ?is cult religion & morality are at "o almo/ at ! outset1#bi :]eas 9 nature cults1 or ! cults ( nature gods1 x is g5]ally only at a late p]iod t ^! elem5ts are unit$4 ,x 0 ?is cult ( ance/ors :i* =m$ ! basis ( an ess5tial "p ( ! morality ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 at ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! peoples 9 hi/ory1 & :i* to-day1 z ! *ief religion ( ! ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 & o!r peoples ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 fo/]s ! be/ virtues ( a ?ird ( ! human race4 ,sid5ote3 ,conceptions ( ! god _w ,ano!r influ5ce det]m9+ ! moral code ( primitive man is 8 ideas ( ! god _w4 ,x is true t ! conceptions =m$ ( ! gods by ! untutor$ m9d are = ! mo/ "p crude & une?ical4 ,b man ev] makes & remakes 8 gods 9 8 own image2 !re=e z soon z an e?ical elem5t beg9s to ent] into 8 own life he beg9s to moralize ! "* ( 8 gods4 ,at ?is /age ! god _w beg9s to react favorably ^u ! moral life ( man4 ,! gods are n[ conceiv$ z tak+ notice ( ! conduct ( m5 & z approv+ c]ta9 acts z "r & disapprov+ c]ta9 o!r acts z wrong4 ,especially are !y believ$ to puni% atroci\s crimes1 su* z ! slay+ ( a k9sman & ! break+ ( ! ^w sworn by ! oa?-god4 ,9 ?is way primitive man's ideas ( deity react favorably ^u 8 morality4 ,! gods fur!r advance morality by be+ invok$ z ! witnesses & gu>dians ( treaties betwe5 clans & tribes4 ,by ?us giv+ an add$ sanctity to solemn engagem5ts mutually ent]$ into by communities !y wid5 ! moral doma9 & become ! promot]s ( int]tribal morality4#cj ,sid5ote3 ,! fact t competition is betwe5 communities & n betwe5 individuals ,9 no?+ p]haps does primitive society diff] m widely f mod]n ?an 9 ! fact t ! competition or /ruggle = exi/5ce is betwe5 communities & n betwe5 individuals4 ,)9 ! k9%ip gr\p life is almo/ :olly communi/ic4 ,!re is practically no competition betwe5 ! individuals ( ! community su* z *>act]izes societies advanc$ 9 civilization4 ,! only real competition is t betwe5 communities4 ,& "h ! /ruggle = exi/5ce or = sup]iority is g5]ally habitual & ru?less1 (t5 be+ c>ri$ to ! po9t ( ! complete de/ruction ( "o ( ! compet+ communities4 ,^! conditions ( exi/5ce h va/ significance = morality4 ,j z ! individual competition 9 cultur$ societies molds an ess5tial "p ( _! moral code1 s does ! gr\p competition ( races /ill 9 ! clan or tribal /age ( civilization det]m9e :at qualities ( "* %all be develop$ among !m4 ,z we %all see 9 a mom5t1 x makes !m /rong 9 ! clan virtues4 ,,ii4 ,,ess5tial ,,facts ,,( ,,k9%ip ,,or ,,intratribal ,,morality ,sid5ote3 ,! life ( primitive peoples l>gely unmoral ,z /ud5ts ( morals our *ief int]e/ 9 primeval man z he em]ges f ! obscurity ( prehi/oric times is n conc]n+ ! degree ( skill he has develop$ 9 mak+ 8 weapons or 9 con/ruct+ = himself a %elt]1 nor conc]n+ :at advance he has made 9 ! arts ( weav+ & pott]y1 nor yet conc]n+ :at k9d ( social arrangem5ts he has work$ out2 our ma9 int]e/ 9 ?is primeval man z he appe>s on ! ?re%old ( ! hi/oric day is n conc]n+ ^! or any l ?+s1 b r respect+ :at k9d ( a consci5ce has gr[n up )9 him dur+ ^? long prehi/oric ages ( /ruggle1 privation1 wat* & w>d4 ,! fir/ fact t compels our notice "h is t ! life ( ! savage is l>gely unmoral4#ca ,8 activities to secure food1 %elt]1 & clo?+ arise f purely animal impulses1 su* z hung] & cold4 ,into all ( ^! activities1 h[ev]1 !re ent]s z "t passes an e?ical elem5t4#cb ,! economic life1 9 a ^w1 comes m & m "u ! dom9ance ( moral feel+s & motives4#cc ,consci5ce becomes m & m involv$ 9 all ^! matt]s4 ,?is gradual moralization ( ^! at fir/ nonmoral activities ( primitive man con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important phases ( ! moral evolution ( ! race4 ,sid5ote3 ,! 8goodness0 ( unciviliz$ races l>gely a negative goodness ,a second fact 9 ! moral life ( savages t claims our att5tion is t mu* t is c\nt$ unto !m = 8goodness0 is a purely negative goodness4 ,failure 9 discrim9ation "h (t5 results 9 a wrong e/imate ( _! morality z comp>$ ) t ( advanc$ communities4 ,?us 9 portray+ ! mann]s & cu/oms ( primitive peoples1 "s writ]s1 l ,tacitus 9 8 acc\nt ( ! e>ly ,g]man folk1 laud _! morals z sup]ior to ^? ( civiliz$ m54 ,?is op9ion is bas$ r on ! abs5ce among su* peoples ( ! usual vices & crimes ( civiliz$ societies ?an on ! practice by !m ( ! high] positive virtues4#cd ,b ! abs5ce ( ! vices :i* *>act]ize civilization is to be expla9$1 ( c\rse1 by ! simpl] organization ( society & ! few] temptations to wrongdo+4 ,?us ! s+le circum/ance t ! in/itution ( individual prop]ty has n yet come into exi/5ce1 or at lea/ has n z yet receiv$ any great ext5sion1 acc\nts = ! comp>ative abs5ce ( crimes aga9/ prop]ty1 :i* con/itute probably ! great] numb] ( crim9al acts 9 civiliz$ society4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true />t+ po9t ( ! hi/oric e?ical developm5t ,b not)/&+ t s mu* ( ! life ( primitive man is liv$ on ! nonmoral plane1 & t mu* :i* is reckon$ unto him = goodness is m]ely negative goodness1 /ill 9 c]ta9 ( 8 activities gr[+ out ( 8 clan relation%ips we discov] ! beg9n+s ( all human morality4 ,= z we h already said1 ! true />t+ po9t ( ! moral evolution ( mank9d is to be s\ght 9 ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts n\ri%$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! k9%ip gr\p4 ,!re is sc>cely an e?ical s5tim5t :i* does n appe> "h at lea/ 9 a rudim5t>y =m4 ,out ( ! mo/ sacr$ & intimate relation%ips ( ! gr\p we f9d spr++ up ! mat]nal virtues ( pati5ce1 t5d]ness1 & self-d5ial1#ce & ! filial virtues ( love1 ob$i5ce1 & rev]5ce2 out ( ! fell[%ip ( ! m5 9 hunt+ & 9 w>#cf we see develop+ ! manly virtues ( c\rage1 =titude1 self-control1 &1 above all1 self-devotion to ! common good2 out ( ! he>? wor%ip ( ance/ors#cg we obs]ve spr++ up _m ( ^? religi\s-e?ical feel+s & s5tim5ts :i* =m "o ( ! *ief moral =ces 9 civilization2 out ( ! sacrificial meal %>$ ) ! gods & ! spirits ( ! dead ?r\gh (f]+s ( portions ( ! food & dr9k1 we see =m+ cu/oms ( incalculable moral value 9 ! e?ical tra9+ ( ! race4#ch ,a great "p ( ! hi/ory ( morals consi/s 9 ! record ( h[ ^! e>lie/ =ms ( social virtues1 fir/ n\ri%$ by ! cu/oms1 habits1 & practices ( ! k9%ip gr\p1 h be5 gradually ref9$ & develop$ into wid] & ri*] =ms ( e?ical s5tim5t & feel+4 ,sid5ote3 ,cu/om z ! mak] ( gr\p morality ,!re is "o special feature ( ?is g]m9al morality to :i* our att5tion mu/ n[ be direct$4 ,x is :at is (t5 call$ cu/om>y morality4 ,t is to say1 ! /&>d ( "r & wrong 9 ! k9%ip community is cu/om4 ,cu/om is ! lawgiv]1 & morality consi/s 9 foll[+ cu/om4 ,! individual1 9 a ^w1 foll[s ! tribal or gr\p consci5ce r ?an ! dictates ( 8 own consci5ce4 ,inde$ !re is practically no su* ?+ "h z a private consci5ce4 ,individualism has n yet aris54 ,no "o ord9>ily has private notions ( "r & wrong :i* he feels impell$ to set up aga9/ ! immemorial cu/oms & usages ( ! community4#ci ,b !re is really no?+ 9 ?is fact :i* sets ?is nasc5t morality ap>t f our own4 ,x diff]s f ours n 9 k9d b only 9 degree4 ,! morality ( ! masses is /ill l>gely cu/om>y morality4 ,mo/ p]sons 9 _! social relations1 9 bus9ess1 & 9 religion1 foll[ un?9k+ly ! tribal consci5ce1 t is1 ! conv5tional morality ( ! society ( :i* !y are memb]s1 r ?an _! own individual s5se ( "r & wrong4 8,reflective morality0 is /ill ! morality ( ! few4 ,! ev]-r5ew$ moral task ( man is to *ange ! cu/om>y tribal consci5ce into a reflective individual consci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,collective responsibility ,!re is /ill ano!r phase ( ! incipi5t morality ( ! k9%ip gr\p :i* claims our att5tion because ( its significance = ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( morals4 ,x is a gr\p morality1 t is1 a morality bas$ on ! idea ( collective responsibility4 ,?is conception pres5ts "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( ! moral evolution ( mank9d4 ,among peoples 9 ! e>li] /ages ( moral developm5t ! family or clan gr\p r ?an ! individual is reg>d$ z ! e?ical unit1 & ! act ( any memb] ( ?is gr\p1 :5 su* act conc]ns a memb] or memb]s ( ano!r social gr\p1 is look$ ^u z ! act ( ! :ole body to :i* he belongs4#dj ,= ! wrongdo+ ( "o all are held responsible4#da ,?is gr\p morality1 ) :i* ! true hi/ory ( ! unfold+ moral consci\sness ( ! race beg9s1 we %all meet ) z a sort ( survival 9 e /age ( ! moral progress ( humanity f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ level ( culture4 8,x is10 9 ! words ( ,hobh\se1 8"o ( ! dom9ant facts1 if n ! dom9ant fact1 e?ically consid]$1 9 ! evolution ( human society40#db ,! acc\nt ( t sl[ *ange 9 ! moral consci\sness ( man :i* has gradually caus$ gr\p morality1 9 mo/ sph]es ( life & ?\ght1 to give place to individual morality1 t is1 to t conception ( moral responsibility :i* holds e man responsible = 8 own act1 & only = 8 own act1 makes up "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive *apt]s 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! _w4#dc ,we %all f9d significant survivals ( ?is idea ( collective responsibility1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! religi\s doma94 ,9 tru?1 a l>ge "p ( religi\s hi/ory is no?+ m nor less ?an an acc\nt ( ! influ5ce & outwork+s ( ?is notion4 ,m5 mak+ _! gods l unto !mselves h imag9$ !m z act+ on ?is pr9ciple ( communal responsibility1 & z br++ ^u a :ole p pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 w>1 or o!r calamity 9 rev5ge or puni%m5t = "s neglect 9 wor%ip or act ( sacrilege on ! "p ( p]haps a s+le memb] ( ! tribe or nation4 ,by ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* ?is idea ( collective responsibility1 embodi$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! imputation ( ! guilt ( ! transgression ( ! fir/ man ,adam to all 8 desc5dants to ! end ( ! _w1 0 giv5 a prom95t place 9 ,*ri/ian !ology & has be5 a great =ce 9 mold+ ! morality ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,aga91 we f9d ?is idea ( gr\p morality embodi$ 9 ! w> e?ics ( ! mod]n nations1 :i*1 reg>d$ f "o po9t ( view1 is l>gely gr\p e?ics1 t is to say1 ! survival 9 ! doma9 ( int]national relations ( e?ical ideas t _h _! bir? on ! l[ intellectual & moral levels ( b>b>ism4 ,z we foll[ ! upw>d tr5d ( ! l9es ( ! moral evolution ( ! race we %all he> l\d] & l\d] prote/s aga9/ ?is notion ( communal responsibility1 especially :5 ?is =m ( human morality has be5 transf]r$ to ! heav5s & made a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! div9e gov]nm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! duty ( rev5ge2 ! blood feud ,9 primitive society if a man slay a k9sman1 he is puni%$ by outlawry1 t is1 by expulsion f ! family or clan4#dd ,! /ory ( ,ca91 ! fir/ murd]] ( a k9sman 9 ,hebrew leg5d1 is typical4#de ,if1 h[ev]1 a memb] ( a clan is sla9 by an outsid]1 x is ! duty ( ! ne>e/ k9sman ( ! p]son kill$1 or ( ! collective body ( 8 k9sfolk1 to kill 9 rev5ge ! slay] or "s relative ( 84#df ,to ignore ?is obligation or to =give ! slay] ( "o's k9sman is reg>d$ z base & c[>dly4 ,z1 ?r\gh ! advance ( society1 ! ties ( ! clan become relax$ & ?is gr\p becomes m & m p]fectly m]g$ ) ! l>g] gr\p ( ! tribe or /ate ( :i* x has become a "p1 & ju/ice comes to be adm9i/]$ by ! tribal head or by regul> tribunals1 !n blood rev5ge on ! "p ( ! k9sm5 ( ! sla9 gradually ceases to be a duty & private v5geance becomes a crime4 ,b ?is is a sl[ evolution1 & )9 societies f> advanc$ 9 civilization we (t5 f9d belat$ gr\ps /ill foll[+ ) good consci5ce ! anci5t cu/om ( blood rev5ge4 ,! v5detta 9 ,italy & ! feud 9 "s sections ( our ,s\!rn /ates#dg are survivals or deg5]ate =ms ( ?is primitive virtue4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,lex talionis ,closely relat$ to ! puni%m5t ( homicide 9 primitive society is puni%m5t ( less] (f5ses1 especially ! infliction ( bodily injury1 )9 ! social gr\p4 ,"h1 too1 private v5geance rules4 ,! p]son wrong$ or injur$ inflicts su* puni%m5t ^u ! (f5d] z passion or res5tm5t may dictate4 ,z "t passes1 h[ev]1 & ! s5se ( ju/ice gr[s m discrim9at+1 !re are limits set to ?is private v5geance4 ,!re is e/abli%$ :at is call$ ! rule ( equival5ce4 ,! av5g] is n all[$ to wreak ^u ! (f5d] indiscrim9ate & unmeasur$ puni%m5t1 b is re/rict$ to ! infliction ^u him ( exactly su* injury & pa9 z he has inflict$ ^u 8 victim4 ,h5ce arose ! ,lex talionis1 limb = limb1 eye = eye1 & too? = too?4#dh ,?is regulation ?us regi/]s an advance 9 moral feel+1 & may be reg>d$ z probably ! fir/ rule ( ! crim9al code ( ! nations4 ,sid5ote3 ,! virtue ( c\rage2 its altrui/ic elem5t ,9 e>ly society ^? virtues are mo/ highly e/eem$ :i* are ( s]vice to ! clan or tribe4 ,?us c\rage comes to hold a fir/ place among ! virtues4 ,:at is especially important to be not$ "h is t "u c\rage is hidd5 ! virtue ( self-sacrifice1 :i* we give ! highe/ place 9 our ideal ( "*4 ,x is ?is altrui/ic elem5t 9 c\rage :i* l5ds to x its real e?ical quality4 ,9 primitive society ?is virtue f9ds expression *iefly 9 ! ready self-devotion ( ! individual 9 battle = ! common good4 ,?r\gh\t pagan antiquity ?is virtue held a c5tral place 9 practically e ideal ( excell5ce4 ,9 ! words ( ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8,?is devotion to ! common weal 01 z e "o kn[s1 ! ma9spr+ ( anci5t morality & ! s\rce ( all ! h]oic virtues ( :i* anci5t hi/ory pres5ts s _m illu/ri\s examples40#di ,,iii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,int]tribal ,,morality ,sid5ote3 ,primitive man's d\ble /&>d ( morality ,! acc\nts giv5 by travel]s & obs]v]s ( ! morals ( savages (t5 pres5t a p]plex+ contr>iety ( op9ion4 ,"s writ]s repres5t su* p z absolutely )\t a moral s5se1 :ile o!rs1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 hold !m up z models = imitation by ourselves4 ,?is contr>iety 9 view results 9 "p f an ov]look+ ( ! fact1 j po9t$ out1 t ! moral goodness ( ! savage is l>gely a negative goodness1 b *iefly f a failure to obs]ve t ! %ield has two sides1 t is to say1 t savages h a d\ble /&>d ( morality--"o /&>d regulat+ conduct )9 ! social gr\p1 & ano!r regulat+ conduct t[>d outsid]s4 ,?us ! comm&1 8,?\ %alt n kill10 means to ! savage m]ely t he %all n kill a k9sman4 ,x has 9 8 m9d no application to /rang]s1 j z 9 our m9ds x has no application to animals4 ,x is ! same 9 reg>d to ly+4 ,savages 9 g5]al h a high reg>d = tru?fulness1 z !y und]/& ?is virtue4 ,! plight$ ^w among !m is probably z sacr$ly kept z by ! av]age ( civiliz$ m54#ej ,! repute ( _m savage folk = untru?fulness comes ab\t f ! fact t !y d n ?9k t a /rang] has any "r to ! tru?4 8,among !mselves10 writes ,pr(essor ,/>r ( c]ta9 ,congo tribes1 8ly+ is n comm5d$ & tru? is appreciat$2 b to deceive a /rang] or a :ite man is comm5dable40#ea ,& s x is ) /eal+4 ,_m unciviliz$ peoples are *>g$1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se rightly1 ) mak+ ( !ft a virtue4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t to ! savage all p]sons n memb]s ( 8 own gr\p are /rang]s & enemies4 ,to /eal f su* is look$ ^u z a mo/ praisewor?y exploit1 :ile to /eal f ! memb]s ( "o's own gr\p is reg>d$ z a crime4#eb ,sid5ote3 ,?is dual morality a survival 9 civilization ,n[ ! important ?+ to note "h is t ?is d\ble morality is n some?+ peculi> to ! e?ics ( savages4 ,?is dualism runs ?r\gh ! :ole moral hi/ory ( ! race1 f ! beg9n+ to ! pres5t day1 & con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 ! moral evolution ( humanity4 ,we too1 l ! savage1 h our d\ble /&>d ( morality4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 u & ! savage is ?is3 he puts 8 d\ble /&>d 9 practice all ! "t1 we only occasionally4 ,on occasion we fl+ aside our ord9>y /&>d ( morality1 lift ! savage's w> /&>d1 & !n l ! savage lie & /eal & kill--outside ! tribe4 ,to deceive ! /rang] n[ is comm5dable2 to /eal f him prop] & "r2 to kill him a glori\s exploit4 ,! great task ( ?is c5tury is to put an end to ?is sc&al ( civilization1 to tea* m5 ! on5ess & univ]sality ( ! moral law1 to get !m to und]/& t "r & wrong are "r & wrong ev]y:]e--outside ! tribe z well z )94 ,! hi/ory ( int]tribal or int]national morality1 !n1 is ! record ( its gradual assimilation to intratribal morality4#ec ,x is a record ( h[ ! /rang]1 ! outsid]1 has come1 or is com+1 to be reg>d$ z a k9sman1 z a neighbor4 ,sid5ote3 ,hospitality1 or ! gue/ "r2 ! fir/ /ep beyond k9%ip morality#ed ,! duty ( hospitality1 to :i* a high place is assign$ 9 ! code ( primitive peoples1 %[s morality tak+ a /ep1 ! fir/ /ep1 beyond ! n>r[ circle ( ! orig9al gr\p ( k9sm54 ,z we h se51 9 ! beg9n+ ! feel+ ( duty & obligation is re/rict$ to ! little gr\p ( fell[ clansm5 or tribesm54 ,e "o outside ?is social circle is an enemy1 & is )\t rights4 ,b necessity =ces m5 to g beyond ! limits ( _! own clan or tribe1 & 9 "t !re gr[s up a rule t ! def5seless /rang] %all be k9dly receiv$1 ent]ta9$ = a c]ta9 p]iod1 & !n all[$ to dep>t unh>m$4 ,x is easy to see h[ among clans scatt]$ ?9ly ov] a wide t]ritory1 & :]e ! e>li] isolation is beg9n+ to be brok5 by trade relations1 ?is duty ( hospitality %\ld come to be reg>d$ z a v sacr$ "o1 & ! p]son ( ! /rang] gue/ z inviolable4#ee ,?us 9 ! developm5t ( ! gue/ "r we see morality broad5+1 ! circle ( moral obligation enl>g$1 & ! /rang]1 ord9>ily c\nt$ z an enemy & z rightless1 br\ght = a mom5t )9 ! sacr$ pale ( e?ical s5tim5t & duty4#ef ,a new gr\nd ( moral obligation o!r ?an t ( k9%ip has be5 e/abli%$4 ,morality is n[ some?+ m ?an clan morality4 ,we witness ! rise ( int]tribal morality4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! moral unification ( ! human race has be5 tak54 ,sid5ote3 ,beg9n+s ( ! e?ics ( w> ,ev5 9 ! doma9 ( w> we discov] traces ( ! awak5+ ( an int]tribal consci5ce 9 races t are /ill 9 :at we may reg>d z ! k9%ip /age ( culture4 ,speak+ broadly1 primitive man1 ^: *ief occupations are hunt+ & fight+1#eg makes no di/9ction betwe5 w> & ! hunt4 ,all p]sons n belong+ to 8 own gr\p are reg>d$ by him j z he reg>ds wild game4 ,9 8 ef=ts to kill or capture !m1 all means are "r4 ,once 9 8 p[]1 he may d ) !m z he likes2 he may make slaves ( !m1 he may torture !m1 or he may eat _! fle% z he w\ld t ( animals tak5 9 ! *ase4 ,consci5ce lays ^u him n ! lea/ re/ra9t4 ,only sl[ly d ! moral feel+s make conque/s 9 ?is prov9ce4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ mitigations ( ! b>b>ities ( primitive w>f>e is probably to be f\nd 9 ! discont9uance ( ! practice ( eat+ ! bodies ( ! sla94#eh ,x is ?is practice ( cannibalism z a concomitant ( w> by peoples 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! developm5t t p]haps m ?an any o!r circum/ance gives su* a repell5t aspect to human life on ! l[] levels ( culture4 ,b z ,montaigne obs]ves1 ! wrong consi/s 9 kill+ m51 n 9 eat+ !m aft] !y are dead#ei--;a v j obs]vation1 & "o :i* %\ld awak5 reflection 9 u :o1 :ile pi\sly ab/a9+ f eat+ our enemies1 /ill p]si/ 9 kill+ !m4 ,! discont9uance ( ! practice ( cannibalism--! practice seems inv>iably to be left beh9d by all peoples z soon z !y h made any consid]able advance 9 civilization#fj--may ) little hesitation be attribut$ 9 "p at lea/ to ! gr[? & ref9em5t ( ! moral feel+s4 ,9 "o case at lea/ we h hi/orical evid5ce t among a wide rea* ( savage tribes ! cu/om 0 aboli%$ by ! action ( a m civiliz$ p1 :o did j :at ! m advanc$ ,european nations1 "u ! impulsion ( moral feel+1 are do+ 9 reg>d to ! slave trade & cannibalism 9 ,africa to-day4 ,! ,incas ( ,p]u1 be=e grant+ to conqu]$ tribes t]ms ( peace1 =c$ !m to ab&on ! practice ( cannibalism4#fa ,! disuse ( poison$ arr[s m>ks ano!r significant mitigation ( a common b>b>ity ( e>ly w>f>e4 ,we "k t 9 ! ,greek _w by ! op5+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod !re 7 communities t _h come to look on ! use ( poison$ weapons ) abhorr5ce1 & to reg>d ! practice z a crime t ar\s$ ! ang] ( ! gods4 ,?us ,hom] repres5ts ,ilus ( ,ephyra1 :5 ask$ by ,odysseus = ! fatal poison :]e) to sme> ! tips ( 8 arr[s1 z refus+ 8 reque/ because he fe>$ ! immortal gods4#fb ,9 ^! mitigations & prohibitions ( ! b>b>ities ( w> on ! l[] levels ( savag]y we h probably ! e>lie/ articles ( ! w> code ( ! nations4 ,!y m>k ! fir/ /eps tak5 9 ! humanization ( w>4 ,!y indicate ! bir? ( ^? sympa!tic & moral feel+s :i*1 ?\gh ( pa9fully sl[ gr[? & ( int]mitt5t action1 h dur+ ! c\rse ( ! hi/oric ages effect$ great ameliorations ( ! cruelties ( primitive w>f>e1 & =e%ad[ a "t :5 w> betwe5 civiliz$ nations %all h become an inconceivable ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! reaction ( int]tribal ^u intratribal morality ,!re is a he>t ( good 9 ?+s evil4 ,ev5 ! habitual int]tribal w>s ( primitive communities conta9 a g]m ( good4 ,! pressure ex]t$ by ^! life-&-dea? /ruggles ^u ! clan or tribe has a good effect ^u ! inn] relation%ips ( ! gr\p4 ,_m ( ! social virtues1 su* z loyalty to comrades & self-devotion to ! common weal1 are call$ into con/ant & ke5 activity4 ,= ?is reason we usually f9d ^! social virtues well develop$ among peoples 9 ! clan or tribal /age ( civilization4 ,su* peoples may ev5 be /rong] 9 ^! special virtues ?an civiliz$ peoples4 ,b !re is ano!r side to ?is4 ,int]tribal w>s1 ?\gh !y may 9 ! v e>lie/ /ages ( human culture be positively promotive ( "s ( ! social virtues1 9 lat] & m advanc$ /ages ex]t a decid$ly unfavorable influ5ce ^u ! moral developm5t4 ,! l[ backw>d /&>d ( int]tribal e?ics1 react+ ^u ! high] & m advanc$ intratribal /&>d1 t5ds to make x l unto itself4 ,z ,sp5c] expresses x1 ! life ( int]nal amity is assimilat$ to ! life ( ext]nal enmity4 8,tak5 9 ! mass ! evid5ce %[s10 he says1 8z we might expect1 t 9 proportion z int]tribal & int]national antagonisms are great & con/ant1 ! ideas & feel+s belong+ to ! e?ics ( enmity pr$om9ate2 & conflict+ z !y d ) ! ideas & feel+s belong+ to ! e?ics ( amity prop] to ! int]nal life ( a society1 !y 9 great] or less degree suppress ^!1 or fill ) aggressions ! conduct ( man to man40#fc ,?us tribes engag$ habitually 9 w> are *>act]iz$ by ! frequ5cy ( homicide )9 ! gr\p4 ,tribes t reg>d ! robb]y ( /rang]s z honorable come to reg>d /eal+ )9 ! tribe z irreproa*able4#fd ,rev5gefulness1 inhumanity1 & untru?fulness )9 ea* tribe *>act]ize w>like communities4#fe ,on ! o!r h&1 peaceful tribes are *>act]iz$ by _! sup]ior intratribal morality4 ,tribes among :om w> is infrequ5t or unkn[n are scrupul\sly hone/4#ff ,among su* p crimes ( viol5ce are r>e4#fg ,?us w>1 a h]itage 7z a phase ( ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce07 ( ! human f ! l[] animal _w1 becomes e>ly 9 ! human /age ( ! cosmic evolution a drag ^u ! moral progress ( ! race4#fh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,egypt3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,social ,,ju/ice ,i4 ,,circum/ances ,,& ,,ideas ,,:i* ,,mold$ ,,& ,,motiv$ ,,morality ,sid5ote3 ,a homog5e\s population & a comp>atively /atic civilization ,egypt 0 ! ,*9a ( ! anci5t ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,l ! ,*9ese1 ! ,egyptians 7 a comp>atively unmix$ p4 ,dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod no new elem5ts ( importance 7 incorporat$ ) ! native population4 ,aga91 l ! civilization ( ,*9a1 t ( ,egypt ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! hi/oric age 0 s+ul>ly /atic4 ,aft] hav+ made wond]ful advance 9 e>ly times ! ,egyptians ceas$ to make fur!r notewor?y progress4 ,bo? ^! fundam5tal facts ( ,egyptian hi/ory _h great significance = ,egyptian morals2 = s9ce :5 races m+le _! blood !y m+le also _! moralities1 x is a matt] ( supreme importance to ! moral life ( a p :e!r on ! "o h& x has1 z ! c5turies h pass$1 und]gone a *ange 9 physical type ?r\gh ! incorporation ( new racial elem5ts1 or on ! o!r h& has pres]v$ un*ang$ its racial type & physical *>act]i/ics4 ,equally important = ! moral ideal is x :e!r ! civilization ( :i* x =ms "o elem5t is progressive or unprogressive2 = *anges 9 ! moral /&>d are l>gely dep5d5t on *anges 9 ! o!r elem5ts ( civilization4 ,:]e ! intellectual life & ! religi\s ideas rema9 unmodifi$1 & :]e all political1 social1 & indu/rial in/itutions rema9 ess5tially un*ang$1 we ne$ n look = fundam5tal *anges 9 e?ical ideas & convictions4 ,h[ ! hi/ory ( consci5ce 9 anci5t ,egypt illu/rates ^! tru?s we %all see a little fur!r on4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tea*+ t immortality is condition$ on righte\sness ,we h se5 h[ pot5t an influ5ce ! notion ( a life beyond ! tomb ex]cis$ ^u ! conduct ( ! memb]s ( ! primitive k9%ip gr\p1 giv+ bir? to "s ( ! noble/ virtues ( _! simple code ( morals4 ,n[ ?is idea ( cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea? dom9at$ ! life ( no o!r civiliz$ p ( antiquity s completely z x dom9at$ ! life ( ! ,egyptians2 & probably 9 ! case ( no o!r p anci5t or mod]n has ! belief ex]t$ s pr(\nd an influ5ce ^u conduct4 ,?is 0 s = ! reason t ! conception 0 "h e>ly moraliz$ & repres5t$ ! bless$ life 9 ! h]eaft] z dep5d5t ^u rightdo+ 9 ! pres5t life4 ,no s\l t _h done evil 0 admitt$ to ! b>k ( ! f]ryman at ! ,egyptian ,/yx4 ,9 ?is discrim9ation we f9d 8! e>lie/ traces 9 ! hi/ory ( man ( an e?ical te/ at ! close ( life40#fi ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical qualities ( ! sun-god ,ra ,x is ! sun-god ,ra :o 9 ! remote/ times is mo/ intimately associat$ ) ^! moral requirem5ts = p>ticipation 9 ! felicities ( ! cele/ial h]eaft]4 ,! late/ read+ & analysis ( ! texts ( ! ,pyramid ,age has ?r[n new light ^u ! relations ( ! rival div9ities ,ra & ,osiris to ! developm5t ( ! moral consci\sness 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,9 8 late/ "w ,pr(essor ,brea/$ says3 8,! lat] rapid gr[? ( e?ical tea*+ 9 ! ,osiris fai? & ! assumption ( ! rle ( judge by ,osiris is n yet disc]nible 9 ! ,pyramid ,age1 & ! developm5t :i* made ^! elem5ts s prom95t 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom took place 9 ! obscure p]iod aft] ! developm5t ( ! ,pyramid ,age4 ,contr>y to ! conclusions g5]ally accept$ at pres5t1 x 0 ! sun-god 444 :o 0 ! e>lie/ *ampion ( moral wor?9ess & ! great judge 9 ! h]eaft]40#gj ,! conception ( ,ra z ! righte\s judge1 z ! fa!r & protector ( ! reign+ ,ph>aoh1 & z ! gu>dian div9ity ( ! ,egyptian /ate1 influ5c$ pr(\ndly ! moral developm5t 9 prefeudal ,egypt1 & 0 seem+ly ! inspiration ( ! great social re=m movem5t :i* m>k$ ! hi/ory ( ! ,elev5? & ,twelf? ,dyna/ies4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,brea/$1 8,! moral obligations em]g+ 9 ! ,sol> !ology ?us wr\ght ! e>lie/ social reg5]ation & won ! e>lie/ battle = social ju/ice ( :i* we "k any?+ 9 hi/ory40#ga ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s dualism ,9 our introductory *apt] we spoke ( ! influ5ce ( physical environm5t ^u ! moral life ( a p4 ,! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( ! e?ical type ( anci5t ,egypt af=ds an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is2 = x 0 probably out ( ! /rik+ physical dualism ( ! ,egyptian l&s--! antagonism betwe5 ! life-giv+ ,nile & ! ev]-encroa*+ des]t--t grew ,egyptian religi\s dualism1 embodi$ 9 ! my? ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,osiris & ,set4#gb ,at fir/ ! tale 0 a pure nature my? reflect+ simply ! conflict betwe5 two physical elem5ts2 b z ! moral consci\sness ( ! p :o recit$ ! /ory deep5$1 !re 0 gradually read into x an e?ical mean+4 ,! conflict 0 n[ conceiv$ z a mighty /ruggle betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & evil1 betwe5 ! b5efic5t ,osiris 7& 8 son & av5g]1 ,horus7 & ! malignant ,set4#gc ,?is _w philosophy react$ p[]fully ^u ,egyptian morality1 keep+ z x did 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! moral consci\sness ! tru? t ! moral life is a battle aga9/ evil4 8,! triumph ( "r ov] wrong 444 is ! burd5 ( n9e t5?s ( ! ,egyptian texts :i* h come d[n to u40#gd ,sid5ote3 ,! ,osirian my? 9 its special developm5t ,act$ ^u by ! moral feel+s1 ! ,osirian my? und]w5t a special developm5t4 ,x came to repres5t n simply ! et]nal opposition betwe5 good & evil1 b ! :ole moral ord] ( ! pres5t & ! future _w4 ,x told ( ! b5efic5t life ( ,osiris z k+ ( ,egypt1 8 dea? & resurrection1 & ( 8 (fice z k+ & judge 9 ! realms ( ! dead4 ,aft] hav+ be5 giv5 ?is ri* moral cont5t1 ! my? react$ p[]fully ^u ! moral consci\sness & became a *ief ag5cy 9 ! =mation ( ! moral "* ( ! ,egyptian race4 ,osiris1 z reflect$ 9 ! ,osirian my?1 became ! inc>nation ( ! e?ical ideal4 ,x is a great advantage to morality :5 ! ideal ( goodness is ?us embodi$ 9 a div9e exempl>4 ,osiris held "s su* relation to ! moral life ( anci5t ,egypt z ,*ri/ holds to ! moral life ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,a homog5e\s & un*ang+ consci5ce ,by ! dawn ( hi/ory !re _h be5 develop$ 9 anci5t ,egypt an enlight5$ & discrim9at+ consci5ce4#ge ,!re are two aspects ( ?is consci5ce :i* we ne$ to note4 ,fir/1 x 0 a comp>atively homog5e\s consci5ce2 t is1 ! morality ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 0 n a mixture ( moralities l t ( ! mod]n ,european nations ^: morality is a bl5d ( ! moralities ( diff]5t races--,greek1 ,roman1 ,celtic1 & ,teutonic2 ( diff]5t religions--pagan & ,*ri/ian2 & ( diff]5t civilizations--,greek1 ,lat91 ,celtic1 & ,g]man4 ,second1 x 0 a comp>atively un*ang+ consci5ce4 ,! moral consci\sness :i* we f9d 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,roman ,egypt is fundam5tally ! same z t :i* em]g$ 9 ! ,pyramid ,age m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod ! ,egyptian consci5ce1 al?\gh x ga9$ 9 dep? & s5sitiv5ess z ! mill5niums pass$1 und]w5t less *ange 9 its ess5tial qualities ?an ! moral consci\sness und]w5t 9 less ?an t5 c5turies 9 all ! o!r great nations1 save ,*9a1 ( ! anci5t _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ces ( moral progress dur+ e>ly times ,b ?\gh ! moral developm5t1 l ! developm5t ( all o!r phases ( ,egyptian civilization1 0 e>ly *eck$ & !reaft] made b sl[ progress1 ! ess5tial ref9em5t & cl>ification ( ! moral s5se dur+ prehi/oric times1 or 9 ! obscure p]iod ( ! e>lie/ dyna/ies1 is %[n by v>i\s te/imonies1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! moralization ( ! ,osirian my?1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 9 ! ab&onm5t ( ! practice ( human sacrifices at ! tomb1 & 9 ! transition1 conc]n+ ! conception ( ! life aft] dea?1 f ! cont9uance to ! retribution !ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub/itution ( ka-/atues = human sacrifices ,! e>ly ,egyptians1 aft] ! mann] ( savages1 kill$ & buri$ ) ! dead ma/] a numb] ( 8 slaves1 t _! s\ls might att5d him 9 ! _s l&4 ,b aft] a "t ! gr[+ humanit>ian & e?ical feel+s ( ! ,egyptians =bade human sacrifices1 & !n m]ely ! portrait-/atues ( ! slaves 7 plac$ 9 ! tomb4#gf ,^!1 x 0 ?\ght1--9 consonance ) ! belief :i* l$ to ! sub/itution ( pictures or ( clay & wood models = ! real articles at fir/ buri$ ) ! dead1--w\ld take ! place ( ! actual bodies ( ! s]vants4 ,b z "t pass$1 ! deep5+ moral feel+s ( ! ,egyptians w\ld n p]mit !m to d ev5 ?is ?+4 ,x did n n[ seem "r to !m t because a man 0 a slave 9 ! e>?ly ,egypt he %\ld be a slave =ev] 9 ! ,osirian fields4#gg ,s !y ceas$ to place 9 ! tomb ( ! ma/] ^! portrait-/atues ( 8 s]vants1 & 9 _! /ead put 9 /atuettes ( nobody 9 p>ticul>4 ,! d\bles ( ^!1 x 0 conceiv$1 w\ld appe> z newly creat$ s\ls 9 ! und]world1 &1 be+ indebt$ = life itself to ! ma/] ( ! tomb1 w\ld1 x 0 navely assum$1 gratefully labor = him ?r\gh all et]nity4#gh ,! hi/ory ( ! ka-/atues1 z ^! sub/itutes are call$1 ?us be>s te/imony simil> to t ( ! ,osirian my? z to ! upw>d tr5d ( e?ical ?\ght & humanit>ian feel+ 9 prehi/oric ,egypt4#gi ,sid5ote3 ,transition f ! cont9uance to ! retribution !ory ,/ill fur!r evid5ce ( ! advance on moral l9es 9 e>ly ,egypt is af=d$ by ! "* ( ! belief held by ! ,egyptians at ! beg9n+ ( ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 & p]haps e>li] respect+ ! fate ( s\ls 9 ! _w beyond ! tomb4 ,to und]/& ?is we ne$ to ca/ our glance a little aside & obs]ve h[ ! _w ( %ades1 9 its social & e?ical classifications1 has ev] be5 a regi/] ( ! *ang+ moral feel+s ( m54 ,z ,osc> ,pes*el f9ely says1 8,! o!r _w has ev] answ]$ to ?is z spectrum to ! s\rce ( light40 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor happily names ! two *ief !ories :i* h be5 held 9 reg>d to ! /ate ( s\ls 9 ! h]eaft] z ! cont9uance & ! retribution !ory4 ,! fir/ !ory is t ( primitive man :ile 8 moral s5se is yet undevelop$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! same fate is allott$ to all :o g d[n to dea?4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,?is is ! conception ( ! aft]-life :i* is held by all races on ! l[] levels ( culture1 & x is a view :i* (t5 l+]s on z a survival among peoples f> advanc$ 9 civilization4 ,b z ! moral judgm5t becomes m discrim9at+1 !n ?is view ( ! o!r _w is v c]ta9 to und]go a *ange4 ,! quick5$ s5se ( ju/ice dem&s t ! allotm5ts aft] dea? %all be 9 accordance ) m]it & dem]it4 ,?is e?ical feel+ gradually trans=ms ! topography ( ! und]world & organizes ! z yet undivid$ community ( %ades4 ,! hi!rto common abode ( ! dead is usually divid$ into two di/9ct comp>tm5ts or regions1 heav5 & hell1 & s\ls are sep>at$1 accord+ to _! de$s on e>?1 into two classes1 ! good & ! bad1 ^? to be welcom$ to ! abode ( ! bless$ & ^! consign$ to ! place ( torm5t4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! lot conceiv$ = ! wick$ is simply annihilation4 ,! incom+ ( ?is !ory ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] dea? con/itutes a great l&m>k 9 ! moral evolution ( mank9d4 ,9 ! words ( ,tylor1 ?is transition f ! cont9uance to ! retribution !ory 8= deep import to human life has sc>cely its rival 9 ! hi/ory ( religion40#hj ,! sanctions ( morality are d\bl$4 ,n[ 9 anci5t ,egypt by ! beg9n+ ( ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ! transition f ! cont9uance to ! retribution !ory _h already be5 effect$1 z w appe> 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,egyptian ,judgm5t ( ! ,dead4 ,?us "h1 z 9 ! *ange ( practices at ! tomb1 we h indisputable evid5ce ( ! progress ( moral ideas 9 e>ly ,egypt4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,dead ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,dead 0 ! trial :i* e s\l _h to und]go be=e ,osiris & 8 =ty-two assessors 9 ! great tribunal hall ( ! und]world4 ,! a/oni%+ ?+ ab\t ?is tribunal1 z we h j intimat$1 is t at a "t :5 ! olde/ monum5ts rais$ 9 ,egypt 7 yet rec5t ?is :ole conception ( ! moral ord] 9 all its details 0 already fully matur$4#ha ,osiris _h be5 rais$ to ! judgm5t seat 9 ! o!r _w1 & ! moral /&>d 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( life1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! relations ( man to man 9 ! ev]yday social & bus9ess sph]es1 0 z high & true z is ! /&>d 9 _m ( ! civiliz$ nations ( to-day4 ,?is admirable code ( social morals po9ts unmi/akably to long p]iods ( organiz$ society & moral tra9+ 9 prefeudal ,egypt4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,negative ,confession ,?is e>ly /&>d ( goodness is embodi$ 9 ! s-call$ ,negative ,confession1 9 :i* ! s\l be=e ! ,osirian tribunal plead$ 8 innoc5ce ( ! =ty-two s9s condemn$ by ! ,egyptian code ( morality4 ,?is confession1 previ\s to ! discov]y ( ! ,babylonian code ( ,hammurabi1 con/itut$ ! olde/ kn[n code ( morality ( ! anci5t _w4 ,^! are "s ( ! decl>ations ( ! s\l3 8,i did n /eal02 8,i did n get any man trea*]\sly kill$02 8,i did n utt] any lie02#hb 8,i did n make any "o weep02 8,i did n kill any sacr$ animals02 8,i did n damage any cultivat$ l&02 8,i 0 angry only :5 !re 0 reason = be+ angry02 8,i did n turn a deaf e> to ! words ( tru?02 8,i did n commit any act ( rebellion02 8,i did n d any wit*craft02 8,i did n blaspheme a god02 8,i did n make ! slave to be misus$ by 8 ma/]02 8,i 0 n imp]i\s02 8,i did n /rip ! mummies ( _! /uff40#hc ,aft] ?is confession to ! =ty-two assessors 9 ! hall ( judgm5t1 ! s\l made ! foll[+ affirmative decl>ation1 :i* makes a s+ul>ly close approa* to ,*ri/ian morality3 8,i gave bread to ! hungry1 wat] to ! ?ir/y1 g>m5ts to ! nak$1 a b>k to ! "o :o 0 )\t "o t is1 a boat to ! deta9$ travel]1 (f]+s to ! gods1 & fun]al cons]vations to ! %ades40#hd ,aft] ?is confession & decl>ation ! he>t ( ! man 0 plac$ 9 "o scale ( a balance & ! image ( ,tru? 9 ! o!r4 ,if ! he>t 0 n f\nd want+1 b weigh$ j equal to ! image1 ,osiris pron\nc$ ! s\l ju/ifi$1 & x 0 welcom$ to ! company ( ! bless$4 ,! puni%m5t met$ out to ! s\l f\nd lack+ seems to h be5 ( a negative nature--a d5ial ( immortality4#he ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( ! morality ( ! ,negative ,confession ) t ( ! ,hebrew ,decalogue & o!r codes ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ?is anci5t code1 bo? 9 its cont5ts & 9 its omissions1 ) ! moral codes ( o!r peoples & o!r ages4 ,! simil>ity ( ! morality ( ! ,negative ,confession to t ( ! ,hebrew ,decalogue =ces itself at once ^u ! att5tion4#hf ,! ,egyptian code1 h[ev]1 lays less emphasis ?an ! ,hebrew ^u religi\s duties4 ,9 ! =ty-two duties nam$ only sev5 are duties t[>d ! gods1 :ile ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts five conc]n religi\s duties4 ,z we h already obs]v$1 ! duties ( ! ,egyptian code are ^? due f man to man2 t is1 !y are social z oppos$ to religi\s duties4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ! ,confucian code ( ! ,*9ese1 ! ,egyptian code gives v little place to ! duties ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts4 ,^! duties are notic$1 x is true1 by ! ,egyptian morali/s1 b no emphasis is laid ^u !m4 ,!y are m5tion$ only once 9 ! ,negative ,confession be=e ,osiris4 ,z ! /ress laid by ,*9ese morali/s ^u filial piety came ab\t l>gely ?r\gh ! suppos$ ne$ ( ! spirits ( ! dead = regul> (f]+s at ! grave1 s x may be t ! neglect ( ?is virtue by ! ,egyptian tea*]s is to be expla9$1 z ,fl9d]s ,petrie sugge/s1 by ! circum/ance t 8! provision ( (f]+s 9 semblance by ! ,egyptians 9 ! tomb left little place = ! urg5cy ( filial duties 9 ma9ta9+ cont9ual supplies = ! deceas$40#hg ,ano!r defect ( ,egyptian morality is its lack ( dep? & s]i\sness4 ,!re is no hung]+ & ?ir/+ aft] righte\sness1 no passionate ye>n+ = hol9ess4 ,!re is no call to l(ty self-sacrifice4 ,x is a calm1 prud5t1 worldly-wise1 practical morality4 ,its _s & temp] are well set =? by ,petrie :51 9 speak+ ( its virtues & vices1 he says t 8^! belong f> m to ! tone ( ,*e/]field & ,gibbon ?an to t ( ,k+sley & ,c>lyle40#hh ,b 9 spite ( ! limitations & defects ( ! code1 x 0 "o ( ! pure/ & l(tie/ fram$ by ! moral consci\sness ( ! races ( antiquity4 ,! ,negative ,confession %[s t ,egypt _h e>ly le>n$ ! lesson t bless$ness 9 ! h]eaft] is condition$ on ! practice ( ju/ice1 tru?1 & righte\sness 9 ! pres5t life on e>?4#hi ,sid5ote3 ,! moral precepts ( ,ptah-hotep2 an e?ical conception ( k9%ip ,aft] ! ,negative ,confession ! mo/ valuable memorial ( ! "* ( ! ,egyptian consci5ce is f\nd 9 ! precepts ( ! morali/ ,ptah-hotep1#ij :o liv$ probably 9 ! "t ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4 ,?is morali/ laid p>ticul> emphasis ^u ! duties ( rul]s & ( ! ri* & great4 ,8 maxims are int5d$ z a sort ( 8,manual ( ! ,p]fect ,(ficial40 8,if1 hav+ be5 ( no acc\nt1 ?\ ha/ become great1 & if1 hav+ be5 poor1 ?\ ha/ become ri*1 & if ?\ ha/ become gov]nor ( ! city1 be n h>d-he>t$ on acc\nt ( ?y advancem5t1 because ?\ ha/ become m]ely ! gu>dian ( ! ?+s :i* ,god has provid$40#ia ,9 l words emphasis is laid ^u ! duties ( g5tl5ess & consid]at5ess on ! "p ( ! adm9i/rator & ! judge4 ,9 tru? ! doctr9e ( tru/ee%ip ( weal? & ( (fice has nev] be5 m zeal\sly taught ?an 9 ^! precepts ( ! e>ly ,egyptian morali/4#ib ,! tea*+s ( ,ptah-hotep respect+ ! duties ( rul]s w\ld seem to h made effective appeal to ! he>t & consci5ce ( ev5 ! hold]s ( ! royal (fice4 ,9 any ev5t we f9d ^! l(ty conceptions ( ! duties ( k+%ip inc>nat$ 9 ! lives & de$s ( sev]al ( ! ,ph>aohs ( ! ,old ,k+dom4 ,! view held by ^! mon>*s respect+ ! nature ( ! royal (fice 0 almo/ exactly l t ent]ta9$ by ! s-call$ b5evol5t despots ( ! eighte5? c5tury ( our era4 ,! inscriptions on ! royal tomb boa/ n alone ( exploits & triumphs 9 w>1 b ! pr9ce vaunts himself = hav+ put no w>d 9 m\rn+1 = hav+ made no di/9ction betwe5 ! great & ! humble1 = hav+ be5 ! protector ( ! wid[ & ! asylum ( ! orphan1 & = hav+ laid no unju/ taxes4#ic ,sid5ote3 ,slav]y approv$ by ! ,egyptian consci5ce ,! ,egyptian consci5ce1 l ! consci5ce ( ! anci5t _w 9 g5]al1 did n condemn ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,! relation ( ma/] & slave 0 look$ ^u by ! ,egyptians z p]fectly natural & legitimate4 ,! slave class1 :i* includ$ bo? :ites & blacks1 0 recruit$ n only f ! prison]s ( w> br\ght back by ! ,ph>aohs f _! num]\s =eign conque/s1 b also f captives secur$ on regul> man-hunt+ exp$itions into ! negro regions ( ! ,upp] ,nile4 ,! treatm5t ( ! slave 0 usually mild1 & ! developm5t ( ! moral feel+s _h already 9 e>ly times plac$ him "u ! protection ( ! gods4 ,?us 9 ! judgm5t hall ( ,osiris ! s\l repudiates ! s9 ( oppression by affirm+1 8,i did n cause ! slave to be misus$ by 8 ma/]40#id ,respect+ ! moral side1 9 g5]al1 ( ! slave sy/em ( antiquity1 :i* we enc\nt] n[ = ! fir/ "t "h among ! ,egyptians1 ! foll[+ obs]vation may be made4 ,if we except ! ,hebrews1 we %all n f9d among ! peoples ( ! anci5t _w ^: e?ical /&>ds we %all pass 9 review any fundam5tal *ange ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory 9 ! common consci5ce reg>d+ ! rightfulness ( slav]y4 ,inde$ any radical & p]man5t *ange 9 ! moral feel+s ( m5 on ?is subject 0 h>dly possible till aft] ! incom+ ( ,*ri/ianity ) its tea*+s ( a common ,fa!r-,god & ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ics ( w> ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a ( ! moral evolution ( mank9d is ! unequal rate ( movem5t on diff]5t l9es4 ,?us :ile morality has made great progress 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( life1 9 ! doma9 ( w> x has rema9$ comp>atively /ation>y f ! dawn ( hi/ory d[n almo/ to ! pres5t day4 ,! w> code ( ! mod]n nations1 not)/&+ improvem5ts & ameliorations to :i* our att5tion w be drawn lat] 9 our /udy1 is /ill 9 l>ge "p an un*ang$ h]itage f ! ages ( primitive savag]y4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 x w n be a matt] ( surprise to u t ! laws ( w> ( ! ,egyptians %[$ little advance ! practices ( ! negro savages ( ,africa2 inde$ x seems probable t ?is "p ( ! moral code ( ,egypt 0 actually ( ,african orig94#ie ,!re is n a ^w 9 ,egyptian lit]ature 9 reprobation ( w>4#if ,:ile 9 _! relations to _! own p ! ,ph>aohs obs]v$ a comp>atively enlight5$ code ( e?ics1 be+ 9 g5]al humane1 consid]ate1 & clem5t1 /ill 9 _! treatm5t ( ! vanqui%$ !y seem to h be5 :olly ins5sible to all humanit>ian feel+s4 ,l ! ,assyrian k+s !y 8immortaliz$ _! cruelty 9 _! art40 ,num]\s sc5es ^u ! monum5ts celebrate ! ,ph>aoh's inhumanity2 n "o celebrates 8 compassion or m]cy4 ,he is con/antly repres5t$ 9 ! act ( slay+ 9 heaps ) 8 own h&s 8 b\nd & suppliant captives4#ig ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ! moral ideal ^u ,egyptian life & hi/ory ,tak5 altoge!r1 ! moral /&>d ( anci5t ,egypt1 z disclos$ 9 ! =ego+ brief acc\nt ( :at ! ,egyptian consci5ce condemn$ & :at x approv$1 0 n a high "o1 b x 01 9 s f> z x conc]n$ ! ev]yday life ( ! p1 :olly practical1 & probably 0 z well liv$ up to by ! masses z our high] ideal ( "* is liv$ up to by ourselves4 ,we h a "r to inf] ?is f ! p]si/5ce ( ,egyptian in/itutions ?r\gh two ?irds ( ! hi/oric mill5niums2 = no nation or society c long endure :]e ! relations ( man to man & ( subject to rul] are n 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! real convictions ( ! age z to :at con/itutes ess5tial ju/ice & righte\sness4 ,! moral /&>d ( ! ,egyptians has be5 comp>$ to t ( ! ,romans aft] x _h felt ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,l ! ,roman ideal ( excell5ce at its be/1 ! ,egyptian ideal t5d$ to develop a /rong & manly type ( "*1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! rul+ class4 ,we ?9k x n an illusion :i* causes u to see ! influ5ce ( ! ideal 9 ! face ( ,rameses ! ,great4 ,?is face be>s ! /amp ( /r5g?1 resolution1 indomitable en]gy4 ,we may believe t x 0 ! moral ideal :i* _h some?+ to d 9 creat+ su* a type ( "* z we see "h1 j z x 0 ! primitive ,roman ideal :i* help$ to create t admirable type ( "* :i* lives 9 ! leg5ds ( e>ly ,rome4 ,fur!r1 ! moral ideal t5d$ to ameliorate ! autocratic gov]nm5t ( ! ,ph>aohs by hold+ con/antly be=e ! rul] ! example ( ! righte\s & b5efic5t k+-gods ,ra & ,osiris4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ideal 9 ?is relation may be lik5$ to ! influ5ce ( ! moral ideal ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ! gov]nm5t ( ! lat] ,cs>s4 ,aga91 ! practical moral ideal ( ,egypt1 lay+ its emphasis ^u ! fundam5tal social virtues1 help$ to e/abli% & ma9ta9 relations ( ju/ice & equity betwe5 man & man1 & ?us contribut$ to ! g5]al well-be+ ( ,egyptian society & to ! /ability ( ,egyptian in/itutions4 ,nor 0 ! influ5ce ( ! moral ideal ( ,egypt conf9$ to ! ,egyptian l&4 ,=1 z ,aml9eau truly says1 ! wond]ful edifice ( morality is ! collective "w ( all peoples & all ages4#ih ,9 ! upre>+ ( ?is edifice ,egypt play$ a great rle4 ,h] contributions to ! morality ( ! fir/ nations 7 z helpful1 we may believe1 z 7 ^? %e made to ! o!r doma9s--mat]ial1 arti/ic1 & intellectual--( ! civilization ( ! e>ly _w4 ,lat] %e made a ri* beque/ to ,european morality1 a beque/ only less important p]haps ?an t made by ,judea4 ,h] ideas ( ! future life1 h] m$itations on dea? & ! f9al judgm5t1 ren=c$ ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity & ?us contribut$ to create t deep conviction ( a life h]eaft] & a com+ retribution :i* = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s & m has furni%$ sanction & /imulus to ! moral life ( ,*ri/5dom4#ii ,x is n )\t significance t ,*ri/ian mona/icism1 ) all its o!rworldl9ess1 _h its beg9n+s 9 ,egypt4 8,! fir/ ,*ri/ian monk ,pa*omius _h be5 a pagan monk ( ,s]apis40#ajj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,babylonian-,,assyrian ,,consci5ce ,sid5ote3 ,! importance ( ,babylonian-,assyrian morality = ! hi/ory ( comp>ative morals ,! in=mation :i* ! cunei=m texts h yield$ conc]n+ ! moral life ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian peoples1 ?\gh scanty1 is ( ! greate/ value to ! /ud5t ( comp>ative morals1 n only because x ca/s light ^u a moral developm5t 9 "s important respects l ! moral evolution ( ! k9dr$ ,semitic p ( ,israel1 b also because t lat] evolution 0 probably deeply influ5c$ by x4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh no?+ l a connect$ acc\nt ( ! moral evolution 9 ! ,euphratean l&s c be attempt$ till ! ?\s&s ( cunei=m tablets recov]$ f ! anci5t libr>ies ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian cities h be5 deciph]$1 & ! e?ical "* & value ( _! cont5ts det]m9$1 we %all devote a few pages to ! portrayal ( su* manife/ations ( consci5ce z are disclos$ 9 ! religi\s1 lit]>y1 hi/orical1 & law tablets ^: cont5ts are already kn[n to u4 ,sid5ote3 ,! g5]al none?ical "* ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religion ,religion fill$ a l>ge place 9 ! life ( ! anci5t ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 especially 9 t ( ! =m]2 b religion ) !m _h at fir/ little or no?+ to d ) morality4 ,l ! religion ( savage & b>b>ian folk1 x lack$ :olly or almo/ :olly ! e?ical _s4 ,?r\gh\t ! e>ly p]iod x 0 9 ! ma9 simply a sy/em ( incantations & magical rites4 ,sc>cely any moral elem5t ent]$ into ! sy/em until ! lat] c5turies ( ,babylonian-,assyrian hi/ory4 ,?is religion 0 9 tru? simply a survival f primitive savage times :5 religion 0 m]ely a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( evil spirits1 & 9 _! disposition & p[] to d h>m to m54#aja ,9 ?is /age ( ! religi\s evolution sickness1 dea?1 misadv5ture ( e k9d are believ$ to be caus$ by "s malignant demon or by "s (f5d$ & rev5geful god4 ,! evil spirits are suppos$ to act f pure malignancy1 :ile ! great gods are conceiv$ to be ang]$ especially by ! nonobs]vance ( "s religi\s rite1 by ! violation ( "s taboo =bidd+ ! use ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 or by "s o!r l act4 ,to w>d (f ! attacks ( ! evil demons1 or to appease ! (f5d$ gods1 rec\rse 0 _h to ! recital ( magical =mulas & incantations4 ,?is 0 ,%amanism 9 its l[e/ & crude/ =m1 9 :i* !re 0 at "w z a motive on ! "p ( ! suppliant only cr++ fe> or a desire to get rid ( "s pres5t pa91 )\t ! lea/ trace ( moral emotions1 su* z remorse & rep5tance4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical t5d5cies 9 ! religion ,b z "t pass$1 ?is e>li] none?ical religion1 z is evid5c$ by ! texts recov]$ f ! long-buri$ temple libr>ies1#ajb became 9 a measure moraliz$4 ,a moral "* 0 giv5 to ! great gods1 & !y became ! inspir]s & gu>dians ( a true morality4 ,?is e?icaliz+ process 0 ! same 9 "* z t :i* w5t on 9 ! religion ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 gradually moraliz+ ! primitive conceptions & cult ( ,yahweh until among t p religion & morality became :olly at "o4 ,! e?ical developm5t1 h[ev]1 nev] w5t z f> z ?is 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 b ! movem5t 0 su* z to lift ^! peoples f> above ! l[ moral plane ( primitive society4 8,9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 if n e>li]1 ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians possess$ a sy/em ( morality :i* 9 _m respects resembl$ t ( ! desc5dants ( ,abraham40#ajc ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce af=d$ by ! p5it5tial psalms ( ! gr[? 9 moral feel+ ,! e?ical movem5t f\nd its true/ expression 9 ! s-call$ p5it5tial hymns1#ajd :i* are 9 _s altoge!r l ! p5it5tial psalms ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4#aje ,!y exhibit ! same int5se ye>n+ ( ! p5it5t s\l = reconciliation & union ) a god conceiv$ z j & holy & pite\s4 ,9 "o hymn is f\nd ! new moral conception t disease is ! "w ( a good _s4 ,?is is a v l(ty e?ical idea1 & approa*es ! ,hebrew conception ( afflictions z ! visitation 9 disguise ( love4 ,b ?is idea seems nev] to h become a p]man5t "p ( ! ,babylonian moral consci\sness4 ,9 ^! psalms & pray]s we h evid5ce t at times ! wor%ip]s ( ,m>duk & ,a%ur atta9$ to almo/ z l(ty a conception ( deity z t rea*$ by ! tea*]s & prophets ( ,israel4 ,! great gods 7 conceiv$ z ! creators1 ! su/a9]s ( man2 z lov+1 compassionate1 m]ciful1 & =giv+4 ,! religi\s-moral ideal 0 "h v]g+ t[>d ! highe/ t man has ev] be5 able to =m1 & c\ld ?is /&>d h be5 /eadily upheld & ! l[] ab&on$1 !n ,babylonia & ,assyria l ,judea might h made preci\s contributions to ! moral life ( humanity4 ,b ?is 0 n done4 ,! tablets hold+ magical =mulas & incantations1 :olly devoid ( all e?ical "*1 outnumb] a ?\s& to "o ^? exhal+ ! spiritual p]fume ( g5u9e moral feel+ & aspiration4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical significance ( ! conception ( ! aft] life ,respect+ ! lot ( ! dead1 ! ,babylonians held views l ^? ( ! e>ly ,hebrews4 ,?is 0 ! cont9uance z oppos$ to ! retribution !ory4#ajf ,arallu1 8! l& ( no return10 0 a va/ und]gr\nd region :]e 7 ga!r$ all1 )\t di/9ction1 :o w5t d[n to ! grave4 ,x 0 a sad1 dolor\s life t ! dr[s+ %ades liv$ 9 ?is d>k und]world1 :]e ! bats flitt$ 9 ! twilight & ! du/ ga!r$ on ! l9tels ( ! doors4 ,an undiscrim9at+ fate allott$ ! same de/9y to all4 ,9 s f> z ! moral consci\sness ( ! ,babylonians dem&$ t a di/9ction be made betwe5 ! good & ! bad1 ?is dem& 0 met by ! assumption--:i* 0 also t ( ! ,hebrews s long z !y held ! ,babylonian view ( ! life aft] dea?--t ! evil man is puni%$ 9 ?is life1 & ! good man rew>d$ "h on e>? ) num]\s flocks1 reputation1 _m *ildr51 & long life4 ,= f\r ?\s& ye>s ! masses 9 ,babylonia seem to h rema9$ satisfi$ ) ?is view ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,9 ! lat] p]iods ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 h[ev]1 we f9d 9 ! lit]ature traces ( a prote/ aga9/ ?is none?ical conception ( life 9 ! aft]world--a prote/ :i* %[s t1 9 ! case ( ! m spiritually m9d$ at lea/1 ! moral consci\sness 0 deep5+ & ! e?ical judgm5t becom+ cle>] & tru]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical _s ( ! laws2 ! code ( ,hammurabi ,s9ce ! law code ( a p embraces all ^? duties ! p]=mance ( :i* ! /ate or public au?ority attempts to en=ce1 ! e?ical _s ( an age or p f9ds "o ( its true/ embodim5ts 9 its laws4 ,x is ?is fact :i* r5d]s ( su* extraord9>y int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( morals ! rec5t discov]y ( ! code ( ! ,babylonian k+ ,hammurabi1#ajg ! olde/ kn[n code ( public & private morality4 ,?is law sy/em exhibits 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( life an enlight5$ & advanc$ morality1 yet "o ) s]i\s limitations & defects1 a morality 9 _m respects l t ( ! ,mosaic code ( ! k9dr$ ,semitic nation ( ,israel4 ,! code in=ms u t ! ,babylonian feel+ z to :at is "r & wrong1 j & unju/1 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess relations ( life 0 mu* l ! av]age consci5ce ( to-day4 ,9 "s matt]s ! ,babylonian law held gr\nd morally 9 advance ( t held by mod]n codes1 z1 = in/ance1 9 provid+ t 9 case ( mis=tune ! debtor %\ld h bo? 8 r5t & ! int]e/ on 8 debt remitt$4#ajh ,b 9 its provisions t\*+ ! family relations ! code reveals e?ical conceptions v diff]5t f our own4 ,z 9 o!r ,ori5tal law sy/ems1 anci5t & mod]n1 polygamy 0 reg>d$ z a moral in/itution4 ,a man 9 debt c\ld b9d 8 wife & *ildr5 out to s]vice or sell !m z slaves1 b n = a long] p]iod ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,! puni%m5ts met$ out to (f5d]s 7 h>% & cruel1 yet n mu* m atroci\sly cruel ?an ^? provid$ by ! ,engli% laws ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,impal+1 burn+1 cutt+ out ! tongue1 g\g+ out ! eyes1 cutt+ (f ! f+]s1 break+ ! bones ( ! h&s 7 common p5alties4 ,sometimes ! puni%m5t 0 measur$ by ! primitive pr9ciple ( ! ,lex talionis2 x 0 eye = eye1 bone = bone1 too? = too?4#aji ,?is law ( retaliation 0 c>ri$ out s rigor\sly z to result 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! innoc5t = ! guilty4 ,?us if a man caus$ ! dea? ( ano!r man's daught]1 ! law requir$ t 8 own daught] %\ld be put to dea?4#aaj ,if a build]1 ?r\gh ! faulty con/ruction ( a h\se1 caus$ ! dea? ( ! son ( ! own] ?r\gh ! fall+ ( ! h\se1 ! son ( ! build] 0 to be put to dea?4#aaa ,x is 9 ^! provisions ( ! code t we f9d ! greate/ div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,babylonian feel+ & our own z to :at is "r & j4 ,yet ?is ,babylonian consci5ce :i* sanction$ ! visit+ ( ! iniquity ( ! fa!r ^u ! *ildr5 is a consci5ce :i* we %all meet ) 9 societies mu* m advanc$ ?an t = :i* ! ,hammurabi code 0 =mulat$4 ,! ,babylonian consci5ce 9 reg>d to slav]y z embodi$ 9 ! code 0 ab\t l our own consci5ce respect+ negro slav]y ( a g5]ation or two ago4 ,! slave 0 view$ z a m]e *attel1 & ! ma/] possess$ ov] him ! p[] ( life & dea?4 ,k9d treatm5t1 h[ev]1 0 enjo9$ by ! law4 ,!re 0 a fugitive-slave law :i* reads curi\sly l our negro-slave laws ( two g5]ations ago1 9 :i* ! aid+ & h>bor+ ( a fugitive slave is made a crime puni%able ) dea?4#aab ,! slave class 0 recruit$1 z 9 o!r l&s ( ! anci5t _w1 f prison]s ( w>1 f\ndl+s1 debtors1 crim9als1 & ?r\gh ! sale by fa!rs & husb&s ( _! *ildr5 & wives4 ,! sy/em seems to h und]gone no ess5tial *anges or ameliorations1 su* z we %all see effect$ 9 ! ,hebrew sy/em1 by gr[? 9 e?ical feel+ dur+ ! f\r ?\s& ye>s ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,x is true t enfran*isem5t ( slaves 0 n uncommon1 ! fre$ man becom+ ! dep5d5t ( 8 old ma/]1 b x does n appe> t moral s5tim5t af=d$ ! motive = manumission4#aac ,sid5ote3 ,int]national morality2 w> e?ics ,! int]national e?ics ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians 0 9 e ess5tial respect ! int]national e?ics ( _! age 9 ! ,semitic _w4 ,x 0 ! "* ( ! religion ( ^! peoples :i* det]m9$ 9 l>ge measure int]national relations 9 ! ,mesopotamian l&s ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( ,semitic asc5dancy4 8,! conception ( religion z an alliance betwe5 ,god & man aga9/ o!r peoples & _! gods nev] ceas$ 9 ,mesopotamia40#aad ,?is conception 0 ess5tially ! same z t held by ! ,hebrews d[n to ! "t ( ! great prophets4 8,let u g up aga9/ !m1 = our god is great] ?an _! god10 is ! w> cry ( f\r ?\s& ye>s ( hi/ory ( ! ,semitic _w4 ,! ,assyrians f> surpass$ ! ,babylonians 9 _! f]oci\s cruelty 9 ! treatm5t ( w> captives4 ,not)/&+ _! advanc$ morality 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( life1 9 ?is doma9 !y /ood1 if we except ! practice ( cannibalism1 on practically ! same level z savages4 ,witness ! foll[+ inscription ( ,assur-natsir-pal1 9 :i* he tells ( 8 treatm5t ( c]ta9 prison]s ( w>3 8,! nobles1 z _m z _h revolt$1 ,i flay$2 ) _! sk9s ,i cov]$ ! pyramid4 ,"s ( ^! ,i immur$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! pyramid2 o!rs above ! pyramid ,i impal$ on /akes4444 ,?ree ?\s& ( _! captives ,i burn$ ) fire4 ,i left n "o alive among !m to become a ho/age4444 ,i cut (f ! h&s & feet ( "s2 ,i cut (f ! noses1 ! e>s & ! f+]s ( o!rs2 ! eyes ( ! num]\s soldi]s ,i put out4 ,9 ! middle ( !m ,i susp5d$ _! heads on v9e /ems 9 ! neighborhood ( _! city4 ,_! "y m5 & _! maid5s ,i burn$ z a holocau/40#aae ,! significant ?+ "h is n s mu* ! fact t ^! ?+s 7 done1 z ! fact t ! k+ exults 9 hav+ done !m & ?9ks to immortalize himself by portray+ !m ^u imp]i%able /one4 ,! c>eful way 9 :i* to-day all ref]5ce to atrocities ( ?is "*1 :5 9 ! fury ( battle !y are inflict$ ^u a savage enemy1 are suppress$ by ^? responsible = !m1 & ! indignant condemnation ( !m by ! public op9ion ( ! civiliz$ _w1 measures ! moral progress humanity has made ev5 along ^? l9es on :i* progress has be5 s pa9fully sl[ & halt+4#aaf ,,*apt] ,v ,,*9ese ,,morals3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,filial ,,piety ,i4 ,,ideas1 ,,in/itutions1 ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,circum/ances ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,ca/ ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,introductory ,) ! exception ( ! tea*]s ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 ! lead]s ( ?\ght ( no p h s insi/5tly int]pret$ life & hi/ory 9 t]ms ( e?ics z h ! sages ( ! ,*9ese race4 ,&1 except+ ! ,hebrew tea*]s1 no morali/s h s emphasiz$ duties :ile leav+ rights--^u :i* ! ,we/]n _w 9 mod]n times has laid su* /ress--to take c>e ( !mselves4#aag ,x _c fail to enhance our int]e/ 9 a /udy ( ! ideal upheld by ^! tea*]s ( morality1 if we recall t ?is ideal ( "* has = upw>ds ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s ex]cis$ an incalculable influ5ce ^u ! moral life ( probably a f\r? ( ! human race & is ! cem5t ( a social /ructure t has outla/$ all o!rs ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! ca/ ( ?is moral ideal af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! moral type ( a p is mold$ by religi\s & philosophical ideas1 social in/itutions1 race exp]i5ces1 & physical environm5t4 ,foll[+ our usual me?od ( exposition we %all beg9 our exam9ation ( ,*9ese morality by fir/ ca/+ a glance at "s ( ! ag5cies :i* h be5 especially influ5tial 9 ! creation ( ! e?ical /&>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,confucianism3 ! /ate wor%ip ( ,heav5 & ! popul> wor%ip ( ance/ors ,!re are two religi\s elem5ts 9 ,confucianism :i* h special significance = ,*9ese morality4 ,^! are1 fir/1 ! /ate wor%ip ( ,heav5 & ( ! less] gods ( ! sky & e>?2 & second1 ! popul> cult ( ance/ral spirits4 ,! wor%ip ( ,heav51 ! supreme deity1 is a /ate function2 t is1 x is a matt] :i* is left entirely to ! ,emp]or & ! magi/rates4 ,consequ5tly ^? duties to ,god1 t is1 to a be+ look$ ^u z ,creator & ,fa!r1--duties ( rev]5ce1 love1 & wor%ip1 :i* fill s l>ge a place 9 ! moral ideals ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1--f9d sc>cely any place among ! duties enjo9$ ^u ! multitude by ,confucianism4#aah ,! wor%ip ( ance/ors is ! ess5tial & popul> elem5t ( ,confucianism4 ,comm5t+ on ! e?ical value ( ?is cult1 ,dr4 ,m>t9 affirms t 89 respect to moral effici5cy1 x w\ld appe> to be only second to t ( fai? 9 ! pres5ce ( an all-see+ ,deity40#aai ,! con/ant & rev]5t dwell+ ^u ! virtues ( _! ance/ors has exalt$ ! virtue ( filial piety among ! ,*9ese to ! highe/ place 9 _! ideal ( "* & has help$ to make respect = :at is old1 = :at has be5 h&$ d[n f ance/ral ages1 a highly priz$ virtue & a di/+ui%+ trait ( ! race "*4 ,9 an indirect way also ance/or wor%ip has ex]t$ a great influ5ce ^u ! moral life ( ! ,*9ese p1 = ?is wor%ip is necess>ily a family cult & mu/ be c>$ = by ! head ( ! family4 ,?is has prev5t$ ! gr[? ( a prie/ly ca/e 9 ,confucian ,*9a4 ,! abs5ce ( a p[]ful national prie/hood has be5 a great boon to ,*9ese morality4 ,! place ?us left vacant has be5 fill$ by ! lit]ati1 or le>n$ class1#abj ^: influ5ce ^u ! e?ical life ( ! p has1 )\t "q1 be5 m b5efic5t ?an t ( a prie/ly class w\ld h be54#aba ,sid5ote3 ,demonism3 evil spirits ! m9i/]s ( retributive ju/ice ,besides peopl+ ! invisible _w ) b5efic5t ance/ral spirits1 ! ,*9ese h fill$ heav5 & e>? ) innum]able demons or evil spirits4 ,ev5 ! s\ls ( dead m51 if !y h be5 wrong$ on e>? or if _! wants s9ce dea? h be5 undutifully neglect$1 may become malignant1 rev5geful spirits4 ,^! demons are believ$ to be ! cause ( all k9ds ( diseases1 ( blight & fam9e1 & ( e mis=tune befall+ m54#abb ,! ?+ ab\t ?is ,*9ese demonism :i* is ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( morals is t1 unlike ! demonism ( ,babylonia 7p4 #df71 or t ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,europe1 x conta9s a di/9ct e?ical elem5t4 ,!re 0 little or no?+ e?ical 9 ! ,babylonian or ! m$ieval belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( evil spirits because ! good man & ! bad 7 indiff]5tly ! victims ( _! malignant activity4 ,b ! ,*9ese h moraliz$ _! demonism & conceive ^! spirits z "u ! control ( ,heav5 & )\t p[] to d h>m )\t ,heav5's commission or cons5t4 ,!y ?us repres5t retributive ju/ice & become ! m9i/]s ( ! ,supreme ,p[] to puni% evildo]s1 l ,nemesis & ! ,er9yes ( ! ,greeks4 ,x is ?is e?ical side ( ! ,*9ese belief 9 evil spirits :i* causes ,de ,groot1 9 emphasiz+ ! import ( ?is demonism = ,*9ese morality1 to say t 8x occupies ! rank ( moral educator ( ! p1 & has fulfill$ a great mission to _m ?\s&s ( millions :o h liv$ & di$ on ,asiatic soil4 ,demonism1 ! l[e/ =m ( religion1 9 ,*9a a s\rce ( e?ics & moral education--?is c]ta9ly may be call$ a s+ul> ph5om5on1 p]haps ! only "o ( its k9d to be f\nd on ?is t]re/rial globe40 #abc ,sid5ote3 ,taoism3 nature ! exempl> ,next to ,confucianism & demonism1 ,taoism has be5 ! mo/ important moral =ce 9 ! life ( ! ,*9ese p4 ,taoism 0 orig9ally a l(ty philosophical e?ical sy/em out ( :i* 0 develop$ lat] a religion4#abd ,! philosophy1 h[ev]1 has always rema9$ some?+ q di/9ct f ! religi\s sy/em4 ,! ess5ce ( ,taoism is ! pan!i/ic doctr9e t ! univ]se1 or nature1 is ,god4 ,! e?ical "* ( ! univ]se is reveal$ 9 its way or me?od1 :i* is ,tao4 ,n[ ! *>act]i/ics ( nature z disclos$ 9 its me?od ( op]ation are con/ancy--8heav5 nev] div]ges f its c\rse02 unselfi%ness--8! e>? n\ri%es all ?+s02 imp>tiality--8! e>? br+s =? its fruits = all alike02 placidity--8heav5 is calm1 s]5e1 passionless02 humility--! sun :i* 8aft] %9+ sets10 ! moon :i* 8aft] fullness1 wanes10 ! w>m? ( summ] :i* 8:5 x has f9i%$ its "w retires10 wat] :i* 8seeks ! l[e/ place10 all ^! are symbols ( 8nature's humility40#abe ,:at gives ^! int]pretations ( ! e?ical qualities ( nature _! importance = human morality is t man's highe/ duty is to imitate ! univ]se1 to behave z nature behaves4#abf 8,taoism is ! exhibition ( a way or me?od ( liv+ :i* m5 %\ld cultivate z ! brighte/ & pure/ developm5t ( _! nature40#abg 8,! true ,taoi/ !n is ! man :o unites 9 himself ! virtues or qualities ( ! univ]se1 includ+ ! con/ant virtues40#abh ,man's way mu/ be nature's way 7,tao74 ,! p]fect man mu/ cultivate con/ancy1 unselfi%ness1 imp>tiality1 b5evol5ce1 impassibility1 s]5ity1 humility1 & quietness1 = ^! are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! univ]se4#abi ,?is ,taoi/ code is design$ especially = rul]s4#acj ,he :o has assimilat$ all 8 virtues to ! virtues ( nature is qualifi$ to adm9i/] gov]nm5t4#aca ,x is 9 ! qualities ( "* cultivat$ by ! highe/-m9d$ m9i/]s & m&>9s1 & 9 ! /ate wor%ip & (ficial cu/oms t we are to look = ! ma9 e?ical influ5ce ( ! doctr9es ( ,taoism4#acb ,sid5ote3 ,! conception ( human nature z good 8,! t5d5cy ( man's nature to good10 says ,m5cius1 8is l ! t5d5cy ( wat] to fl[ d[nw>ds40#acc ,j z ! !ological dogma t man's nature is h]$it>ily corrupt1 ) a pron5ess to evil1 has %ap$ & color$ a l>ge "p ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 s has ?is oppos+ conception ( human nature z good ex]cis$ a trem5d\s influ5ce ^u ! e?ical ideal ( ! ,*9ese race4#acd ,= if man's nature is good1 !n = him to live con=mably to 8 nature is to live rationally1 t is1 morally4 8,to n\ri% "o's nature10 decl>$ ,m5cius1 8is ! way to secure heav540#ace ,objections to ?is view ( human nature1 bas$ on ! fact t m5 are actually v diff]5t 9 moral "*1 are met by say+ t ?is diff]5ce is ! effect ( environm5t1 j z ! inequalities 9 ! yield ( b>ley se$ are due n to a diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! gra9 b to ! diff]5t qualities ( ! soil4#acf ,9 a ^w1 x is ! social environm5t--in/ruction & example--:i* det]m9es ! "* ( m54 8,by nature10 says ,confucius1 8m5 are ne>ly alike2 by practice !y get to be f> ap>t40#acg ,z we %all see1 x makes a va/ diff]5ce 9 a man's conception z to :at he ought to d1--z to h[ he %\ld regulate 8 life1--:e!r he believes 8 nature to be incl9$ to virtue & all 8 in/9cts1 impulses1 & appetites to be good1 or believes 8 nature to be corrupt & all 8 in/9cts & appet5cies to be evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,conception ( ! pa/ z p]fect ,ano!r conception t has _h a mold+ influ5ce ^u ! moral ideal ( ,*9a is ! conception ( ! pa/ z p]fect )\t any hi/oric lapse f ?is p]fection4 ,to und]/& ! import ( ?is 9 ! e?ical hi/ory ( ,*9a we mu/ comp>e x ) ! !ological conception ( ! fall ( man4 ,?is conception det]m9$ :at %\ld be ! sav+ virtues ( ! hi/oric e?ical ideal ( ! ,we/]n _w1 mak+ !m to be !ological 9 "* & hav+ to d ) man's re/oration f an h]$it>y fall5 /ate4 ,n[ ! ,*9ese1 in/ead ( believ+ 9 ! lapse ( man f a /ate ( orig9al innoc5ce1 conceive ! pa/ z p]fect4 ,?is int]pretation ( hi/ory has _h ! effect ( mak+ rev]5ce = ! pa/1 = ! cu/oms1 in/itutions1 & tea*+s ( ! fa!rs1 a *ief virtue ( ! moral ideal4#ach ,! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces = ,*9ese life & hi/ory :i* ! emphasis laid ^u ?is virtue has _h w be ! subject ( rem>k a little fur!r on4 ,sid5ote3 ,geographical & intellectual isolation ,aga91 ! moral developm5t ( ! ,*9ese p has be5 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! geographical isolation ( ,*9a4 ,f ! e>lie/ times d[n almo/ to ! pres5t day ,*9a 0 %ut out f int]c\rse ) ! civiliz$ & progressive nations ( ! ,we/1 & 0 surr\nd$ by neighbors greatly h] inf]ior 9 intellectual1 social1 & moral culture4 ,! effect ( ?is isolation ^u ! ,*9ese 0 to fo/] 9 !m an exagg]at$ self-e/eem & a feel+ ( contempt = =eign]s4 ,9 ?is respect ! masses are /ill e?ically 9 t /age ( developm5t t ! ,greeks 7 9 :5 !y look$ contemptu\sly ^u all non-,greeks z 8b>b>ians40 ,9 /ill ano!r way has ! physical & intellectual isolation ( ! ,*9ese p react$ ^u _! e?ical life4 ,?is isolation has prev5t$ progress beyond a c]ta9 /age1 & :]e !re is no progress or v sl[ progress !re is likely to gr[ up an undue atta*m5t to ways & cu/oms t are old4 ,?is is :at has happ5$ 9 ,*9a1 & ?is has work$ toge!r ) ! wor%ip ( ance/ors to create "o ( ! ma9 requirem5ts ( ! ideal ( "*1 namely1 rev]5ce = ! pa/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! appe>ance ( great m53 ,confucius & ,m5cius ,besides ! v>i\s ag5cies already pass$ "u review1 ! tea*+s ( two great morali/s1 ,confucius & ,m5cius1 h be5 a vital =ce 9 ! %ap+ ( ! moral ideal ( ,*9a4 ,! great] ( ^! sages 0 ,confucius 7#eea-dgh ,b4,c47 ,he 0 unimag9ative & practical4 ,he 0 n an orig9al ?9k]4 ,8 mission 0 n to f\nd a new religion or hold up a new ideal ( "*1 b to give new =ce & effectiv5ess to ! already exi/+ moral code ( 8 "t & p4#aci ,8 tea*+s 7 especially effective 9 giv+ filial piety ! fix$ place x holds 9 ! moral ideal ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,! influ5ce ( ,m5cius 7#cga-bhh ,b4,c471 ^: tea*+s are *>act]iz$ by an emphatic d5unciation ( ! wick$ness ( w>1 is to be trac$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! l[ place :i* is assign$ 9 ! ,*9ese /&>d ( "* to ! m>tial virtues1 & ! g5]al dise/eem 9 :i* ! milit>y life is held4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r c>d9al virtues ,*iefly "u ! mold+ influ5ce ( ! ag5cies notic$ 9 ! prec$+ sections1 !re 0 %ap$ 9 e>ly times 9 ,*9a "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable moral ideals ( hi/ory1 an ideal :i* has be5 a guid+ & controll+ =ce 9 ! moral life ( probably m ( ! human race ?an any o!r ( ! e?ical ideals ( mank9d4 ,! duties giv5 ! highe/ place 9 ?is /&>d ( "* are filial ob$i5ce1 rev]5ce = sup]iors1 a con=m+ to anci5t cu/om1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! j m$ium4 ,! man :o is c>efully obs]vant ( ^! duties is look$ ^u 9 ,*9a z a man ( sup]ior excell5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we %all speak ) "s detail ( ea* ( ^! requirem5ts ( ! e?ical ideal4 ,sid5ote3 ,filial ob$i5ce or piety ,9 an analysis ( ! symbols us$ 9 ! ,*9ese sy/em ( writ+ ,dr4 ,legge po9ts out ! significant fact t "o ( ! olde/ ( ^! *>act]s1 ! "o /&+ = filial piety1 0 orig9ally ! picture ( a y\? uphold+ on 8 %\ld]s an old man4#adj ,9 ?is worn-d[n symbol is embodi$ ! fundam5tal fact 9 ! moral life ( ! ,*9ese p4 ,x tells u t ! fir/ ( family virtues1 filial piety1 ! virtue t =m$ ! basis ( ! /r5g? & greatness ( e>ly ,rome1 con/itut$ also ! firm f\ndation ^u :i* ! endur+ fabric ( ,*9ese society 0 rais$4 ,! :ole framework ( ! social /ructure is model$ on ! family1 & all relations & duties are assimilat$1 9 s f> z possible1 to ^? ( ! dome/ic circle4 ,9 no o!r ( ! moral ideals ( hi/ory d we f9d a m prom95t place giv5 ! duties ( *ildr5 t[>d _! p>5ts4 ,x 0 ance/or wor%ip1 d\btless1 z we h already said1 :i* gave ^! duties ?is =emo/ place 9 ! moral code1 & :i* ?r\gh all ! mill5niums ( ,*9ese hi/ory has ma9ta9$ = !m ! highe/ place 9 ! ,*9ese /&>d ( moral excell5ce4#ada ,! ,classic ( ,filial ,piety decl>es3 8,! s]vices ( love & rev]5ce to p>5ts :5 alive1 & ^? ( grief & sorr[ to !m :5 dead--^! completely dis*>ge ! fundam5tal duty ( liv+ m540#adb 8,! ,ma/] said3 #8,!re are ?ree ?\s& (f5ses aga9/ :i* ! five puni%m5ts are direct$1 & !re is n "o ( !m great] ?an be+ unfilial4'0#adc ,! puni%m5ts :i* ! ,*9ese laws enjo9 = unfilial conduct be> witness to ! high e/imation 9 :i* ! ,*9ese morali/s & rul]s hold ! virtue ( filial ob$i5ce & rev]5ce4 ,?us a p>5t may1 ) ! cons5t ( ! mat]nal uncle1 require a magi/rate to :ip to dea? an unfilial son4#add ,a p>ricide is behead$1 8 body cut 9 pieces1 8 h\se torn d[n1 8 neighbors are puni%$1 8 *ief tea*] is put to dea?1 & ! magi/rates ( ! di/rict 9 :i* he liv$ are degrad$ or depos$4#ade ,sid5ote3 ,rev]5ce t[>d sup]iors ,filial piety is reg>d$ by ,*9ese morali/s z ! root out ( :i* gr[ all o!r virtues4 ,imm$iately out ( ?is root spr+s ! duty ( ob$i5ce & rev]5ce t[>d all sup]iors4 ,?is is ! corn] /one ( ! ,*9ese sy/em ( political e?ics4 8,9 ! family life10 9 ! words ( ,j]nigan1 8may be se5 ! l>g] life ( ! empire40#adf ,sid5ote3 ,a con=m+ to anci5t cu/om ,we h "h ! ?ird ( ! c>d9al duties1 ! duty :i* 9 practice con/itutes ! he>t & core ( ,*9ese morality4#adg ,! comm&m5t is1 ,foll[ ! anci5ts2 walk 9 ! trodd5 pa?s2 let to-day be l ye/]day4 ,?is duty1 z we h already notic$1 spr+s f ! ,*9ese conception ( ! pa/ z p]fect4 ,if t pa/ be p]fect1 !n ( c\rse x becomes ! duty ( liv+ m5 to make ! pres5t l unto x1 & 9 no case to dep>t f ! cu/oms & practices ( ! fa!rs4 ,we c easily make ! ,*9ese view 9 ?is matt] intelligible to ourselves by recall+ h[ we h be5 wont to reg>d ! religi\s pa/ ( t ,hebrew _w ( :i* we are ! heirs4 ,sanctity 9 our m9ds has atta*$ to x all1 & we reg>d any dep>ture f ! tea*+s & comm&m5ts ( t pa/ to be a fault1 ev5 a species ( wick$ness des]v+ et]nal puni%m5t4 ,n[ 9 ,*9a ?is idea ( sanctity1 :i* among ourselves atta*es only to ! religi\s side ( life1 has atta*$ to all phases ( life1 to gov]nm5t1 to society1 to art1 to sci5ce1 to trade & comm]ce--to all ( ! ideas1 ways1 & cu/oms ( antiquity4 ,z _! fa!rs did1 s mu/ ! *ildr5 d4 ,!y mu/ deem wor?y :at _! fa!rs deem$ wor?y & love :at _! fa!rs lov$4#adh ,he :o dep>ts f ! beliefs & practices ( ! anci5ts is reg>d$ z irrev]5t & immoral1 j z he :o ) u dep>ts f ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ! fa!rs 9 religion is look$ ^u z presumptu\s & irreligi\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! j m$ium ,! virtue ) :i* we "h h to d is ak9 to ! ,greek virtue ( mod]ation4 ,x consi/s 9 nev] go+ to extremes1 9 avoid+ excess 9 ev]y?+1 9 be+ always well balanc$1 /&+ 9 ! middle1 & lean+ n to ei!r side2 8to g beyond is z wrong z to fall %ort40#adi ,"o ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,*9ese1 call$ ,*ung ,yung1 :i* is ascrib$ to a gr&son ( ,confucius1 & 9 :i* is portray$ an ideally p]fect "*1 ,! ,pr9cely ,man1 celebrates ?is virtue ( ! j m$ium4#aej ,?is portraiture ( ! p]fect man1 held up z a patt]n = imitation to ! successive g5]ations ( ,*9ese y\?1 has be5 a mold+ =ce 9 ! moral life ( ! ,*9ese race4#aea ,sid5ote3 ,! duty ( intellectual self-culture ,hav+ n[ spok5 ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues ( ! ,*9ese /&>d ( excell5ce1 we %all next proce$ to speak m briefly ( sev]al o!r virtues1 :i*1 ?\gh n giv5 ! mo/ prom95t place 9 ! ideal1 are nev]!less assign$ a high place among ! virtues exemplifi$ by ! p]fect man4 ,fir/ among ^! we note t ( intellectual self-culture4 ,conc]n+ ?is virtue & duty ! ,*9ese sages h ?\ghts l ^? ( ! ,greek tea*]s4 ,confucius taught t true morality is practically dep5d5t ^u le>n+4 8,x is n easy10 he says1 8to f9d a man :o has le>n$ = ?ree ye>s )\t com+ to be good40#aeb ,"h we h1 z 9 ! tea*+s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 k made almo/ id5tical ) goodness4 ,intellectual culture & good morals run toge!r4 ,aga9 ! ,ma/]1 speak+ ( ! anci5ts1 says3 8,_! k be+ complete1 _! ?\ghts 7 s9c]e2 _! ?\ghts be+ s9c]e1 _! he>ts 7 !n rectifi$40#aec 8,h[ w\ld x be possible10 asks ,lao-tsze1 8to g =w>d 9 "o's k & g backw>d 9 "o's morals80#aed ,?is comm5dation ( le>n+ by ! sages1 z we %all see fur!r on1 gave a great impulse to ! educational sy/em ( ,*9a4 ,sid5ote3 ,! duties ( rul]s ,! tea*+s ( ,*9ese morali/s are especially m>k$ by ! emphasis laid ^u ! duties ( rul]s4 ,9 ! times ( ,confucius !re 0 lack ( union betwe5 ! diff]5t prov9ces1 & ,*9a 0 9 a /ate bord]+ on political an>*y4 ,a *ief aim ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,ma/] 0 to correct ?is condition ( ?+s by lay+ /ress ^u ! duties ( ^? 9 au?ority4 ,nev] h ! duties ( rul]s be5 m insi/5tly inculcat$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,confucius set a high aim = ! /ate1 an aim altoge!r l t set by ,plato = ! ideal ,greek city4 ,he makes ! end ( gov]nm5t to be virtue & n weal?4 ,its aim %\ld be to promote goodness & n m]ely mat]ial prosp]ity3 8,9 a /ate1 pecuni>y ga9 is n to be consid]$ to be prosp]ity1 b prosp]ity w be f\nd 9 righte\sness40#aee ,! indisp5sable qualification 9 ! rul] is goodness4 8,! love ( :at is good10 decl>es ,m5cius1 8is m ?an a suffici5t qualification = ! gov]nm5t ( ! empire40#aef ,! rul] %\ld be a fa!r to 8 p1 k9d & b5evol5t1 %\ld in/ruct !m1 %\ld foll[ ! laws ( ! anci5t k+s1 %\ld be a model = 8 subjects1 %\ld leave a good example to future ages4 ,mu* is said by ! ,ma/] respect+ ! influ5ce ( ! example set by ! rul]3 8,:5 ! rul] z a fa!r1 a son1 a bro!r1 is a model1 !n ! p imitate him40#aeg ,! relation betwe5 sup]ior & inf]ior is l t betwe5 ! w9d & ! grass3 8,! grass mu/ b5d :5 ! w9d bl[s across x40#aeh 8,nev] has !re be5 a case ( ! sov]eign lov+ b5evol5ce & ! p n lov+ righte\sness40#aei 8,if good m5 7 to gov]n a c\ntry 9 succession = a hundr$ ye>s1 !y w\ld be able to trans=m ! viol5tly bad & disp5se ) capital puni%m5t40#afj ,b !re has nev] be5 su* a succession ( good rul]s 9 ,*9a4 ,respect+ ! influ5ces & circum/ances :i* h br\ght ab\t a great discrepancy betwe5 ! ideal & practice we %all h some?+ to say 9 ! la/ division ( ?is *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,dise/eem ( ! h]oic or m>tial virtues ,! ,*9ese ideal ( goodness & nobility all[s no place among its virtues to ! qualities ( ! w>rior1 :i* h 9 g5]al be5 giv5 su* a prom95t place 9 ! moral ideals ( almo/ all o!r peoples ?r\gh\t all p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,soldi]s hold a v l[ place 9 ! social scale2 !y are look$ ^u z a 8p>iah class10 & _! life is reg>d$ z degrad+4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 8alone among ! great secul> rul]s ( ! _w1 nev] we>s a sword40#afa ,?is _s ( opposition to milit>ism is embodi$ 9 ! tea*+s ( ! great morali/ ,m5cius4 8,! w>like ,we/]n _w has sc>cely kn[n a m vigor\s & sweep+ prote/ aga9/ w>f>e & ev]y?+ connect$ ) x & e pr9ciple ^u :i* x is bas$40#afb ,to ga9 t]ritory by ! slaught] ( m5 ,m5cius decl>$ to be contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( b5evol5ce & righte\sness4#afc ,he speaks z foll[s ( ! milit>y pr(ession3 8,!re are m5 :o say1 ,i am skillful at m>%al+ troops4 ,i am skillful 9 conduct+ a battle4 ,!y are great crim9als40#afd ,9 ,spr+ & ,autumn1 a *ronicle ( e>ly ,*9ese hi/ory1 he decl>es1 8,!re are no righte\s w>s10 ?\gh he admits t "o might be bett] ?an ano!r4#afe ,confucius also1 ?\gh he did n lay ! /ress ^u ! inh]5t wick$ness ( w> t 0 plac$ ^u x by ,m5cius1 ma9ta9$ t ! same rules ( morality apply 9 ! relations ( nations z 9 ^? ( individuals1 & taught t diff]5ces betwe5 nations %\ld be settl$ by arbitration & by consid]ations ( equity & ju/ice1 n by brute =ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr9ciples & inn] disposition ,x is (t5 affirm$ t ! tea*+s ( ,*9ese morali/s are defective 9 t !y consi/ 9 moral precepts r ?an 9 moral pr9ciples1 t !y lay /ress ^u ! obs]vance ( m9ute rules ( conduct r ?an ^u ! inn] disposition4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! body ( e?ical tea*+s ( ! sages no lack ( insi/5ce ^u pr9ciples ( conduct & ^u /ates & dispositions ( m9d & he>t4 ,all mu/ be "r )9 ! he>t1 says ,confucius1 = 8:at truly is )9 w be manife/$ )\t40#aff 8,let ! pr9ce be b5evol5t10 says ,m5cius1 8& all 8 acts w be b5evol5t2 let ! pr9ce be righte\s & all 8 acts w be righte\s40#afg ,h no deprav$ ?\ghts1 sums up ! cont5ts ( ! ?ree hundr$ pieces 9 ! ,book ( ,poetry4 8,9 ! c]emony ( m\rn+10 says ,confucius aga91 8x is bett] t !re be deep sorr[ ?an a m9ute att5tion to obs]vances40#afh ,& x is ! same tea*+ z to :at con/itutes true morality :i* we f9d 9 su* say+s z ^!3 8,! doctr9e ( our ,ma/] is to be true to ! pr9ciples ( our nature40#afi 8,man is born = uprightness10#agj & he %\ld love virtue z he loves beauty1#aga = its own sake4 ,9 reciprocity ,confucius f\nd t same compreh5sive rule ( conduct :i* is rightly reg>d$ z "o ( ! noble/ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian morality4 ,be+ ask$ if !re 0 "o ^w :i* may s]ve z a rule ( practice = all "o's life1 ! ,ma/] said3 8,is n reciprocity su* a ^w8 ,:at y d n want done to y\rself1 d n d to o!rs40#agb ,& surely no?+ c\ld be f>!r f m]e preceptorial tea*+ ?an ^! words ( ,m5cius3 8,let a man n d :at 8 own s5se ( righte\sness tells him n to d2444 ,to act ?us is all he has to d40#agc ,& 9 ! foll[+ utt]ances ! sages ( ,*9a speak ) an acc5t /rangely l t ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,israel3 8,! great man is he :o does n lose 8 *ild he>t40#agd ,aga91 8,i l life2 ,i also l righte\sness4 ,if ,i _c keep ! two toge!r1 ,i w let life g & *oose righte\sness40#age ,/ill aga93 8,) co>se rice to eat1 ) wat] to dr9k1 & my b5d$ arm = a pill[--,i h /ill joy 9 ! mid/ ( ^! ?+s40#agf ,9 ! foll[+ ,m5cius %[s t he und]/ood ! moral use ( d>k ?+s3 8,:5 ,heav5 is ab\t to conf] a great (fice on any man1 x fir/ ex]cises 8 m9d ) suff]+ & 8 s9ews & bones ) toil4 ,x exposes 8 body to hung] & subjects him to extreme pov]ty4 ,x conf\nds 8 und]tak+s4 ,by all ^! me?ods x /imulates 8 m9d1 h>d5s 8 nature1 & supplies 8 incompet5cies40#agg ,& aga93 8,life spr+s f sorr[ & calamity1 & dea? f ease & pleasure40#agh 8,m5 :o are possess$ ( intellig5t virtue & prud5ce 9 affairs w g5]ally be f\nd to h be5 9 sickness & tr\ble40#agi ,sid5ote3 ,defects ( ! ideal3 no duties to ,god1 & ! duties ( p>5ts to *ildr5 n emphasiz$ ,reg>d$ f our po9t ( view ! ,confucian ideal ( moral "* has s]i\s limitations & defects4 ,fir/1 x omits practically all duties to ,god4 ,9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,legge1 8man's duty to ,god is left to take c>e ( itself40 ,god or ,heav5 0 a subject ( :i* ,confucius seldom spoke1 & ! ,*9ese h 9 ?is matt] foll[$ ! example ( ! ,ma/]4 ,heav5 is n 9 all _! ?\ghts4 ,if we recall :at an influ5ce ! conception ( a supreme be+ z ,creator & ,fa!r has ex]t$ ^u ! morality ( all ! races t h accept$ z _! cre$ ! e?ical mono!ism ( ! ,hebrew tea*]s1 we %all realize h[ fundam5tally ! ,*9ese ideal ( excell5ce has be5 modifi$ by ! omission ( all ^? duties :i* h ent]$ into our own moral code z duties ow$ to ,god4#ahj ,second1 :ile lay+ su* /ress ^u ! duties ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts1 ,confucianism is almo/ sil5t reg>d+ ! duty ( p>5ts to _! *ildr54 ,at ?is po9t !re is a wide div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,*9ese conception ( duty4 ,comm5t+ ^u ?is matt]1 ,dr4 ,legge says3 8,i nev] quot$ 9 a circle ( ,*9ese fri5ds ! words ( ,paul 9 ,cor9?ians--#8,! *ildr5 ought n to lay up = ! p>5ts1 b ! p>5ts = ! *ildr5'--)\t _! enc\nt]+ a /orm ( opposition4 ,:5 ,i tri$ to %[ t ! s5tim5t 0 favorable to ! progress ( society1 & w\ld enable ea* g5]ation to />t f a high] /&po9t1 ,i f\nd x difficult to obta9 a he>+40#aha ,! effects ( ! family e?ics ( ,confucianism ^u ! moral practice ( ! ,*9ese 9 ! dome/ic sph]e w be not$ 9 ! foll[+ division ( ?is *apt]4 ,,iii4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,^u ,,*9ese ,,life ,,& ,,hi/ory ,sid5ote3 ,degree ( accordance betwe5 !ory & practice2 m&>9 morality ,no p h ev] liv$ up to _! ideal ( moral excell5ce4 ,! ,*9ese l o!rs h obvi\sly fall5 f> %ort ( embody+ 9 actual practice ! high /&>d ( _! sages4 ,b x is c]ta9ly a gross misjudgm5t ( ,*9ese morality to say1 z "s writ]s on ?+s ,*9ese h said1 t ! ideal & ! /&>d ma9ta9$ are :olly disconnect$4#ahb ,?is depreciatory op9ion1 h[ev]1 admits ( little dispute if its application be conf9$ to ! m&>9 class4 ,9 public or (ficial morality !re is a deplorable div]g5ce betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,probably ! ,*9ese (ficial class1 9 spite ( ! /ress :i* is laid by morali/s ^u ! duties ( magi/rates & rul]s1 is ! mo/ corrupt 9 ! _w4 ,peculation 9 (fice is univ]sal4 ,brib]y is z rife z x 0 9 ,rome "u ! lat] ,republic4 ,ju/ice is almo/ univ]sally b\ght & sold4 ,?is v g5]al lack ( integrity 9 (fice is attributable 9 "p at lea/ to ! inadequate sal>ies4 ,?is inevitably calls into exi/5ce a sy/em ( fees & pres5ts1 :i* z inevitably gr[s into a sy/em ( extortion1 oppression1 & corruption4 ,b1 z a well-in=m$ writ] affirms1 8,:atev] laxity ,*9ese morality may p]mit 9 (ficial relations1 f ! work+man1 ! tradesman1 & ! s]vant x exacts mo/ scrupul\s hone/y40#ahc ,! av]age man 9 ,*9a1 x may be confid5tly affirm$1 is z moral--def9+ morality z loyalty to an ideal--z ! av]age man 9 any o!r c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,favorable effects ( ! ideal ,b ?is g5]al loyalty to ! ideal1 s9ce ?is has s]i\s defects1 has br\ght x ab\t t ! ideal has be5 an effici5t =ce = evil z well z = good4 ,9 "s respects x has promot$ a true morality1 :ile 9 o!rs x has m>r$ & cramp$ ! moral life ( ! ,*9ese p4 ,prom95t among ! favorable effects ( ! ideal is its exaltation ( ! family life4 ,?r\gh ! emphasis laid ^u special dome/ic virtues1 p>ticul>ly t ( filial piety1 ! ideal has giv5 ! family su* a place 9 ! fabric ( ,*9ese society z has probably be5 giv5 x 9 no o!r society anci5t or mod]n1 except 9 t ( e>ly ,rome4 ,z ! family is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! g5]ations1 & consequ5tly z a true family life mu/ *>act]ize e society t %all live long on ! e>?1 we may )\t res]ve accept t int]pretation ( ,*9ese hi/ory :i* f9ds 9 ! exaltation ( filial virtue by ! sages ( ,*9a "o secret ( t longevity ( ! ,*9ese nation :i* makes x ! sole survivor among ! nations f ! anci5t _w ( culture4 ,l ! maxim ( filial piety1 ! ,confucian tea*+ :i* makes virtue & n mat]ial prosp]ity ! aim & end ( gov]nm5t has be5 a cons]vative =ce 9 ,*9ese life & society4 8,x w\ld be h>d to ov]e/imate10 says ,dr4 ,m>t91 8! influ5ce :i* has be5 ex]t$ by ?is little s*$ule ( political e?ics ! ,great ,/udy1 occupy+1 z x has1 s prom95t a place 9 ! ,*9ese m9d = f\r & tw5ty c5turies1 tea*+ ! p to reg>d ! ,empire z a va/ family1 & ! ,emp]or to rule by moral influ5ce1 mak+ ! goal ( 8 ambition n ! weal? b ! virtue ( 8 subjects4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! doctr9es :i* x embodies h be5 l>gely effici5t 9 r5d]+ ,*9a :at %e is1 ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ popul\s ( exi/+ nations40#ahd ,9 /ill ano!r way has ! moral ideal react$ favorably ^u ,*9ese civilization4 ,we h not$ ! high place 9 ! /&>d ( excell5ce assign$ by ! ,*9ese sages to ! duty ( intellectual self-culture4 ,x is sc>cely to be d\bt$ t ?is emphasis laid ^u le>n+ z an important factor 9 ! =mation ( moral "* has greatly fo/]$ le>n+ & has be5 a *ief ag5cy 9 ! creation ( ! ,*9ese educational sy/em ) its competitive lit]>y exam9ations1 :i* f ! e>lie/ times d[n almo/ to ! pres5t day =m$ ! sole gateway to public (fice4 ,sid5ote3 ,unfavorable effects ( ! ideal ,b ,confucius1 :ile inculcat+ ! duty ( seek+ wisdom1 taught 8 p to look = x 9 ! pa/4 ,he enjo9$ !m to seek ! moral ideal 9 ! life & de$s ( ! anci5ts4 ,nev] 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! _w has ! inculcation ( a specific duty _h a pr(\nd] influ5ce ^u ! de/9ies ( a p ?an ?is requirem5t ( con=mity to ! ways ( ! fa!rs has _h ^u ! de/9ies ( ! ,*9ese race4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! un*ang+1 /]eotyp$ "* ( ,*9ese civilization4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ?is ideal ( goodness ! ,*9ese = two mill5niums & m h made to-day l ye/]day4 ,h5ce ! cycl+1 goalless movem5t ( ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,j z ! undue emphasis laid by ! ,*9ese morali/s ^u ! duty ( con=m+ to ! ways ( ! anci5ts has react$ 9 "s respects unfavorably ^u ,*9ese life1 s has ! exagg]at$ /ress laid by !m ^u ! doctr9e ( ! j m$ium ex]t$ a simil> unfavorable influ5ce4 ,?is has t5d$ to produce a dull uni=mity 9 ,*9ese life & ?\ght4 ,! lack ( l(ty ideal aims has caus$ ,*9ese hi/ory to be s+ul>ly b>r5 9 *ivalric & h]oic elem5ts4 ,! ev]la/+ r\nd ( r\t9e makes life a treadmill4 ,x is 8! prose ( exi/5ce40 ,aga91 ! ,confucian sy/em t5ds to produce a =mal morality4 ,:ile x is n true1 z we h se51 t ,confucianism neglects to deal ) g5]al pr9ciples1 "r feel+s1 & motives ( action1 /ill x is true t in/ead ( rely+ ^u ^! !re is an imm5se multitude ( precepts & m9ute rules cov]+ ! smalle/ details ( conduct4 ,!re are ?ree ?\s& rules ( deportm5t4 ,?is has result$1 & naturally1 9 ! sub/itution ( ! lett] = ! _s4 ,ev5 ! ,ma/] has come to s]ve z a patt]n r 9 ! out] =m ( 8 life ?an 9 its in=m+ _s4#ahe ,nev] 0 !re a bett] illu/ration ( h[ ! lett] kille?2 = a reliance on exact rules & in/ructions z to conduct 9 all conceivable relations & situations has made mu* ( ,*9ese morality a =mal & lifeless ?+4 ,! ,*9ese are gov]n$ by a s5se ( propriety r ?an by a s5se ( duty4 ,_! morality is l>gely etiquette4#ahf ,x has ju/ly be5 lik5$ to ! morality ( ! anci5t ,romans 9 t x makes mann]s & morals to be almo/ int]*angeable t]ms4 ,especially h ! hundr$s ( rules prescrib$ = ! expression ( rev]5ce = sup]iors t5d$ to empty ?is "p ( ,*9ese morality ( reality & s9c]ity1 & to make ,*9ese (ficial c]emonialism "o ( ! mo/ curi\s phases ( ,*9ese life4 ,x w\ld seem1 fur!r1 t ! v great emphasis laid by ! ,*9ese morali/s ^u ! duties ( *ildr5 t[>d _! p>5ts has prev5t$ ! normal developm5t among ! ,*9ese ( t e?ical s5tim5t :i* among ourselves assigns ! duties ( p>5ts to infant *ildr5 an important place 9 ! code ( dome/ic morality4 ,?is lack among ! ,*9ese ( any deep feel+ ( p>5tal obligation results 9 a widespread practice condemn$ by ! consci5ce ( ,*ri/ian nations4 ,! exposure or de/ruction ( infants prevails 9 almo/ e prov9ce ( ! ,republic4 ,x is ! girl babies t are ! victims ( ?is practice4#ahg ,!y are (t5 dr[n$ or buri$ alive4 ,9 ?is practice ! subsi/5ce motive ( c\rse is active4 ,x is 9 g5]al ! extreme pov]ty ( ! p :i* causes !m ?us to de/roy _! (fspr+4 ,b :at r5d]s ?is practice significant = ! /ud5t ( morality is ! fact t ^! ?+s are done ) little or no scruple ( consci5ce1#ahh %[+ t acts respect+ :i* ! consci5ce ( ,*ri/ian nations has become v s5sitive h n yet among ! ,*9ese be5 br\ght g5]ally )9 ! circle cov]$ by ! moral feel+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,imp5d+ *anges 9 ! moral ideal ,we h se5 h[ ! moral ideal ( a p is modifi$ by all ! *ang+ circum/ances ( _! life & hi/ory4 ,! moral ideal ( ! ,*9ese has und]gone little modification = upw>d ( two mill5niums1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ideal ( ! ,european peoples has und]gone 9 a l p]iod1 because ?r\gh\t ?is long t]m ! influ5ces act+ ^u ! national life h be5 practically un*ang$4 ,!re h be5 9 ,*9ese hi/ory no su* int]m+l+s ( races1 revivals 9 le>n+1 religi\s re=mations1 & political & indu/rial revolutions z m>k ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n nations1 & respond+ to :i* ! moral evolution ( ^! peoples has gone on apace4 ,b n[ t ! long-cont9u$ isolation ( ,*9a has be5 brok51 & %e is be+ subject$ to all ! pot5t influ5ces ( ! civilization ( ! ,we/1 x is c]ta9 t h] social & m5tal life w be remold$ & ca/ 9 new =ms4 ,soon] or lat] con/itutional gov]nm5t mu/ sup]s$e1 has already sup]s$$1 ! patri>*al gov]nm5t ( ! pa/2 ! :ole social fabric mu/ necess>ily be recon/ruct$ & ! individual in/ead ( ! family or clan be made ! social & e?ical unit2#ahi ! sci5ce ( ! ,we/]n nations w displace1 is already displac+1 ! obsolete le>n+ ( ! ,f\r ,classics2 ,*ri/ianity w quick5 ! atrophi$ religi\s consci\sness ( ! race2 & 9 place ( ! isolation ( ! pa/ !re w be e/abli%$ ^? int]national relations & intellectual ex*anges :i* p]haps m ?an all o!r ag5cies comb9$ h be5 ! motive =ce ( ,european civilization & progress4 ,?is new environm5t1 ^! new influ5ces mold+ afre% ,*9ese social1 intellectual1 & religi\s life & in/itutions1 _c fail to react p[]fully ^u ! moral ideal ( ! nation4 ,x too mu/ inevitably und]go a great *ange4 ,!re w be a %ift+ 9 ! /&>d ( "* ( ! diff]5t virtues1 = ! moral ideal ( a simple patri>*al community _c s]ve z ! model = a complex mod]n society1 & d\btless "s ( ^? virtues--z1 = in/ance1 rev]5ce = ! pa/--:i* n[ hold ! highe/ rank 9 ! code w ex*ange places ) o!rs at pres5t held 9 little e/eem4 ,*anges 9 ! feel+s & beliefs ( ! p 9 reg>d to ance/or wor%ip1 :i* *anges are inevitable1 w effect important modifications 9 family e?ics4 ,! sub/itution ( ,we/]n sci5ce = ! lore ( ! classics w introduce evolution>y e?ics & ! philosophical virtues ( ! ,we/]n _w2 :ile ! sub/itution ( popul> gov]nm5t = ! patri>*al autocracy w necess>ily br+ 9 ! e?ics ( democracy4 ,^! c]ta9 *anges 9 ! =m & cont5t ( ! ance/ral ideal ( goodness w n only assimilate x to ! e?ical /&>d ( ! ,we/]n _w1 b1 correct+ "s ( its obvi\s %ortcom+s1 w r5d] x a /ill m effective =ce 9 ! guidance & control ( ! moral life ( a great & anci5t p1 ^: day app>5tly is /ill 9 ! future4#aij ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,japanese ,,morals3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,loyalty ,i4 ,,=mative ,,& ,,modify+ ,,influ5ces ,sid5ote3 ,introductory3 a practically indep5d5t evolution 9 morals ,9 _! moral evolution ! ,japanese p h develop$ a sy/em ( morals :i*1 not)/&+ c]ta9 defects & limitations1 is "o ( ! noble/ creat$ by any ( ! great races4 ,a /udy ( ?is sy/em is especially int]e/+ & in/ructive = ! reason t x %[s h[ a v admirable moral ideal may be creat$ by a p 9 comp>ative isolation & "u influ5ces :olly diff]5t f ^? :i* h %ap$ & mold$ our own ideal ( moral goodness4 ,?is compels a recognition ( ! fact t ! hi/orian ( morals c no long] ov]look or ignore ! moral ph5om5a ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,a second reason t a /udy ( ! ,japanese code ( morals is important & int]e/+ is because ?is ideal ( wor?9ess & duty has be5 indubitably a ma9 factor 9 lift+ ! ,japanese nation to ! high place x holds to-day among ! great nations ( ! e>?4 ,9 our exam9ation ( ?is sy/em ( morality we mu/ fir/ note ! nature ( ! ag5cies :i* l5t to ! moral ideal its *>act]i/ic ca/4 ,among ! v>i\s =ces mold+ & modify+ ! e?ical type we %all f9d ! mo/ important to h be5 ! family & clan sy/em1 ance/or wor%ip1 ! mon>*y ( suppos$ div9e orig91 feudalism1 ,confucianism1 ,buddhism1 & ,we/]n civilization4 ,sid5ote3 ,! family & clan sy/em ,z 9 ,*9a1 s 9 ,old ,japan ! family r ?an ! individual 0 ! social unit4 ,?r\gh ! expansion ( ! family arose ! clan1 :i* 9 ! s5tim5ts & feel+s :i* gov]n$ its memb]s 0 simply a l>ge patri>*al h\sehold4 ,?is organization ( e>ly ,japanese society1 ) ! family & its outgr[?1 ! clan1 =m+ ! basis ( ! fabric1 01 z we %all le>n1 a pot5t =ce 9 ! creation ( ! moral type ( ! nation4 ,! relation%ips ( ! k9%ip gr\p det]m9$ ! duties & virtues ( its memb]s & con/itut$ ! *ief sph]e ( _! moral activity4 ,"h 0 ! nurs]y ( ,japanese morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,%9to1 or ance/or wor%ip ,! influ5ce ( religion has m+l$ ) t ( ! family s5tim5t4 ,?r\gh\t all ! pa/ ! vital religi\s elem5t 9 ! life ( ! ,japanese peoples has be5 ! ,%9to cult1 & ?is is n[ ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! /ate4 ,! sy/em 9 its ess5ce is ance/or & h]o wor%ip1 ! spirits ( ! dead be+ rev]$ z gu>dian div9ities4 ,?is cult has creat$ moral feel+s & family duties l ^? call$ into exi/5ce by ! same cult 9 ,*9a4 ,out ( ^! rudim5t>y family virtues1 z f a c5tral root1 h sprung _m ( ^? virtues ( wid] relation%ips :i* h help$ to give to ! ,japanese type ( moral excell5ce its ess5tial features4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mon>*y ( div9e orig9 ,! c5tral tea*+ ( ,%9to is t ! ,emp]or is ( div9e desc5t & t 8 p]son is sacr$ & inviolate4#aia ,?is doctr9e ( ! div9e nature ( ! mon>*y#aib has ex]t$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! moral ideal ( ,japan & has _h consequ5ces ( great mom5t4 ,x has made unque/ion+ ob$i5ce & absolute loyalty to ! ,emp]or ! religi\s duties & prem95t virtues ( ! subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,feudalism ,9 times prec$+ ! twelf? c5tury !re grew up 9 ,japan a feudal sy/em :i* 9 _m respects 0 rem>kably l ! feudal sy/em ( m$ieval ,europe4 ,! unit ( ! sy/em 0 ! clan1 ! memb]s ( :i*1 =m+ a close bro!rhood1 7 b\nd to _! "l by ties ( affection & fidelity l ^? :i* 9 ,europe !oretically b\nd ! reta9] to 8 "l4#aic ,?is sy/em ex]t$ a great influ5ce ^u ! moral type4 ,x develop$ a m>tial ideal ( "* kn[n z ,bu%ido1 _m ( ! virtues ( :i* are almo/ id5tical ) correspond+ virtues 9 ! ,european ideal ( *ivalry4 ,probably ?is sy/em has _h m to d ) creat+ 9 ,japan a moral consci\sness 9 _m respects l our own ?an has any o!r s+le ag5cy4 ,to ! lack 9 ! ,*9ese social sy/em ( any in/itution l ,japanese feudalism may be ascrib$ 9 "p at lea/ ! wide diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! moral ideals ( ! two peoples1 especially 9 reg>d to ! rank assign$ ! milit>y virtues4 ,sid5ote3 ,confucianism ,along ) ! ,*9ese classics ,confucianism 0 introduc$ into ,japan ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ( our era1 & be+ 9 p]fect accord ) ! native sy/em ( ,%9to & ) ! ,japanese ways ( ?9k+1 ?is cult ( ance/ors t5d$ to ren=ce native e?ical t5d5cies & ?us contribut$ ess5tially to make ! virtues ( filial ob$i5ce & rev]5ce = sup]iors prom95t 9 ! gr[+ type ( "*4 ,sid5ote3 ,buddhism ,buddhism 0 introduc$ into ,japan 9 ! six? c5tury ( our era4 ,its incom+ _h deep import = ! moral life ( ! ,japanese p4 ,x inculcat$ ! g5tl] virtues1 ex]t+ "h 9 ?is respect1 z else:]e 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1--save 9 ,*9a1 :]e x too quickly became %ock+ly deg5]ate1--an influ5ce l t ex]t$ by ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,we/]n _w4 ,x help$ to make g5tl5ess1 c\rtesy1 & t5d]ness di/9ctive traits ( ! ,japanese "*4 ,?r\gh ! reg>d :i* x in/ill$ = dumb animals x plac$ ! :ole l[] _w ( animal life "u ! protection ( ! moral s5tim5t4#aid ,sid5ote3 ,we/]n civilization ,a little m ?an a g5]ation ago ! civilization ( ,japan came into vital contact ) ! civilization ( ! ,we/4 ,almo/ e elem5t ( ! old ,japanese culture has felt ! modify+ effect ( ?is contact4 ,! political1 ! economic1 ! social1 ! dome/ic1 & ! religi\s in/itutions h und]gone or are und]go+ great *anges4 ,^! *anges 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ( life & ?\ght h caus$1 z su* *anges always d1 important modifications 9 e?ical s5tim5ts & convictions4 ,( all ! influ5ces :i* = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s h be5 at "w %ap+ & mold+ ! moral ideal ( ! ,japanese nation1 ^? n[ ent]+ f ! ,occid5tal _w w d\btless leave ! deepe/ impress ^u ! e?ical type4 ,9 a /ill m direct way is ?is contact ( ,japan ) ,we/]n civilization result+ 9 important consequ5ces = ,japanese morality4 ,*ri/ian e?ics1 l ,buddhi/ e?ics1 is mak+ a /rong appeal to c]ta9 classes ( ,japanese society4 ,! result is :at 9 an e>li] *apt] 0 designat$ z a 8m+l+ ( moralities0 & ! creation ( a new composite consci5ce4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,bu%ido ,! he>t ( ,japanese morality is to be s\ght 9 ,bu%ido1#aie ! e?ics ( ! samurai4 ,we %all be/ und]/& ?is moral code by ?9k+ ( x z ! ,japanese ideal ( *ivalry or1 p]haps bett]1 z a bl5d+ ( ! ,we/]n *ivalric1 ,sp>tan1 & ,/oic ideals ( goodness & nobility1 s9ce 9 ! li/ ( virtues mak+ up ! ,bu%ido ideal we f9d sev]al ( ! c>d9al virtues ent]+ into ea* ( ^! ?ree di/9ct types ( "*4 ,z we h already intimat$1 ,bu%ido is an ideal ( excell5ce :i* grew up out ( ! root ( ,japanese feudalism1 j z ! ,we/]n ideal ( *ivalry develop$ out ( ,european feudalism4 ,x 0 ess5tially an ideal ( knigh?ood1 ! prime virtue ( :i* 0 p]sonal loyalty to "o's sup]ior4 ,fealty to "o's *ief 0 made s dom9ant a virtue t x ov]%ad[$ all o!r virtues4 ,9 ! def5se or 9 ! s]vice ( 8 "l a samurai might commit1 )\t (f5se to 8 s5se ( moral "r1 practically any crime1 su* z blackmail+1 ly+1 trea*]y1 or ev5 murd]4 ,gr\p$ ab\t ?is c>d9al virtue ( loyalty 7 ! o!r knightly virtues ( c\rage1 fidelity to ! plight$ ^w1 lib]ality1 self-sacrifice1 gratitude1 c\rtesy1 & b5evol5ce4 ,lib]ality1 or free-h&$ness1 0 c>ri$ to su* an extreme z to become a defect ( "*4 ,! true samurai mu/ h no ?\ght ( economy & money-mak+4 8,ignorance ( ! value ( diff]5t co9s 0 a tok5 ( good bre$+40#aif ,to h&le money 0 ?\ght degrad+4 ,9 "o respect ! code ( honor ( ! ,japanese knight 0 :olly unlike t ( ! ,we/]n knight4 ,x did n include any special duty to woman4 8,nei!r ,god nor ! ladies inspir$ any en?usiasm 9 ! samurai's brea/40 ,! ,sp>tan elem5t 9 ! samurai code appe>s p>ticul>ly 9 ! tra9+ ( ! y\?4 ,! boy 0 taught always to act f motives ( duty4 ,he 0 d5i$ e com=t4 ,8 clo?+ & 8 diet 7 co>se4 ,he 0 all[$ no fire 9 ! w9t]4 8,if 8 feet 7 numb$ by fro/1 he w\ld be told to run ab\t 9 ! sn[ to make !m w>m40 ,to accu/om him to ! sight ( blood1 he 0 tak5 to see ! execution ( crim9als2 & to bani% fooli% fe> f 8 m9d1 he 0 =c$ to visit alone at night ! place ( execution4#aig ,! ,/oic elem5t 9 ! ideal appe>s 9 ! high place assign$ to ! virtue ( self-control4 ,! samurai1 l ! ,/oic1 mu/ suppress all signs ( 8 emotions4 ,l ! ,/oic1 too1 he mu/ h c\rage to live or c\rage to die1 z enjo9$ by duty4 ,& 8 code ( honor taught him :at true c\rage is3 8,x is true c\rage to live :5 x is "r to live1 & to die only :5 x is "r to die40#aih ,?is samurai ideal ( "* con/itutes1 z we %all see1 a mold+ =ce 9 ! moral life ( ,japan4 ,bu%ido1 x is true1 di$ ) ! pass+ ( feudalism1#aii b ! _s ( ,bu%ido liv$ on4 ,! samurai's s5se ( honor & ( duty became ! inh]itance ( ! ,japanese p4 ,?is great beque/ ( honor & valor & ( all samurai virtues is1 9 ! words ( ! au?or ( ! ,s\l ( ,japan1 b 8a tru/ to ! nation1 & ! summons ( ! pres5t is to gu>d ?is h]itage1 nor to bate "o jot ( ! anci5t _s2 ! summons ( ! future w be s to wid5 its scope z to apply x 9 all walks & relations ( life40#bjj ,sid5ote3 ,! virtue ( loyalty to ! ,emp]or1 or patriotism ,! belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! imp]ial h\se ( ,japan makes loyalty to ! ,emp]or ! supreme duty4#bja ,dur+ ! asc5dancy ( feudalism ?is duty1 9 s f> z ! samurai class 0 conc]n$1 01 x is true1 ov]%ad[$ by ! duty ( loyalty to "o's imm$iate feudal sup]ior4 ,! s5tim5t due ! ,emp]or 0 int]cept$ by ! daimyos4 ,b 9 !ory loyalty to ! imp]ial h\se has ev] be5 ! p>am\nt virtue ( ! ,japanese4 ,! ,emp]or's comm& is to 8 subjects z ! comm& ( ,god to u1 & ob$i5ce mu/ be p]fect & unque/ion+4 ,s dom9ant is ! place assign$ ?is virtue ( loyalty to ! head ( ! nation t ! ,japanese morali/ seems almo/ to make morality consi/ 9 ?is s+le virtue1 z if 8to fe> ! ,emp]or & to keep 8 comm&m5ts0 7 ! full duty ( man4#bjb ,?is s5tim5t ( ! p t[>d ! imp]ial family r5d]s ! gov]nm5t a sort ( !ocracy4 ,h5ce patriotism ) ! ,japanese is 9 l>ge measure a religi\s feel+4 ,inde$1 patriotism has be5 call$ ! religion ( ! ,japanese4 ,x is ?is virtue1 exalt$ to a degree :i* ! _w has nev] se5 surpass$1 :i* has contribut$ m ?an any o!r quality ( ! ,japanese "* to make ,japan a great nation & to give h] ! victory ov] a p[]ful foe 9 "o ( ! mo/ gigantic w>s ( mod]n times4 ,sid5ote3 ,family e?ics ,if ! fir/ duty ( ! ,japanese is to 8 ,emp]or1 8 second is to 8 p>5ts4 ,9 ,japanese phrase1 ! two virtues ( loyalty & filial piety are 8! two :eels ( ! *>iot ( ,japanese e?ics40#bjc ,%9to & ,confucianism1 z we h se51 h bo? contribut$ to ! fo/]+ 9 *ildr5 ( ! moral s5tim5ts ( grateful love1 rev]5ce1 & ob$i5ce t[>d p>5ts & all ance/ors liv+ & dead4 ,! ,japanese reg>d ! high place assign$ to ^! filial duties 9 ! /&>d ( "* z a m>k ( ! va/ sup]iority ( _! morality to ours4#bjd ,! s5tim5ts ( filial affection & rev]5ce1 color+ z !y d ! :ole moral life1 l5d to ,japanese society an e?ical ca/ :i* places x 9 _m respects 9 /rong contra/ to ! social ord] ( ! ,we/]n nations1 & makes x difficult = ! ,japanese to und]/& u & = u to und]/& !m4#bje ,sid5ote3 ,woman z wife & z "m ,z respects ! position ( woman ! family e?ics ( ,japan are ! family e?ics ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 a "w f e page ( :i* brea!s ! _s ( ! ,ori5t1 a ,japanese writ]1 dwell+ ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! e?ical s5tim5ts respect+ family relation%ips :i* h be5 evok$ by ! diff]5t social environm5ts ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 says3 8,9 ! ,ea/ woman has always be5 wor%ip$ z ! "m1 & all ^? honors :i* ! ,*ri/ian knight br\ght 9 homage to 8 ladylove1 ! samurai laid at 8 "m's feet40#bjf ,lafcadio ,he>n1 t\*+ ^u ?is same feature ( ! family e?ics ( ! ,japanese1 decl>es t ! ,bible text1 8,= ?is cause %all a man leave 8 fa!r & "m & %all cleave unto 8 wife10 is1 to _! way ( ?9k+ & feel+1 8"o ( ! mo/ immoral s5t5ces ev] writt540#bjg ,9 ano!r important respect does ! dome/ic morality ( ! ,japanese diff] ess5tially f t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,we/4 ,! family is n /rictly monogam\s1 z ) u4 ,! moral s5se ( ! ,japanese disc]ns no?+ wrong 9 polygamy or concub9age4#bjh ,z respects ! :ole relation ( m>riage1 ! ,japanese appe> to be 9 ab\t ! same /age ( evolution z _h be5 rea*$ by ! ,hebrews at ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,a *ief virtue ( ! ,japanese wom5 9 all _! relations is ob$i5ce to ! "o--:e!r fa!r1 or husb&1 or son--to :om ob$i5ce is due4 ,x is ! sett+ ( ?is duty be=e all o!r duties t causes ! ,japanese wom5 sometimes to d :at appe>s to u immoral1 b :i* seems to !m true/ piety & noble/ self-sacrifice4#bji ,9 loyalty to duty1 z !y int]pret duty1 !y ma9ta9 a /&>d r>ely surpass$ by ! wom5 ( any l&4#baj ,sid5ote3 ,suicide reg>d$ z a virtu\s act ,suicide is infrequ5t among savage & b>b>ian races1 b is common among all peoples 9 an advanc$ /age ( civilization4 ,x is n s mu* ! fact itself ( self-de/ruction t claims ! att5tion ( ! hi/orian ( morals1 z ! light 9 :i* ! act is view$2 t is1 :e!r x is consid]$ a virtu\s or a repreh5sible de$4 ,n[ ! ,japanese reg>d suicide1 if prompt$ by a good motive1 z a ju/ifiable & noble act4 ,! motives ) !m = ! de$ are v>i\s1 z 9 ! case ( o!r peoples1 b among ^! motives is "o :i* discloses ! exi/5ce among ! ,japanese ( a s5tim5t unkn[n or almo/ unkn[n among ourselves4 ,! de$ is (t5 committ$ 9 ! way ( mak+ a solemn prote/ aga9/ some?+ disapprov$ ( 9 ! conduct or acts ( o!rs4 ,?us :5 ! ,japanese gov]nm5t aft] w> ) ,*9a 9 #ahih acc$$ to ! dem&s ( ,russia1 ,france1 & ,g]many respect+ ! recession to ,*9a ( c]ta9 t]ritories on ! ,cont95t1 =ty m5 9 ! ,japanese army1 by way ( prote/1 committ$ suicide 89 ! anci5t way40#baa ,tyrannicide is also look$ ^u by ! ,japanese z an h]oic & praisewor?y de$1 provid$ ! p]son committ+ ! act makes cle> ! self-sacrific+ & patriotic "* ( 8 motives by at once tak+ 8 own life4 ,sid5ote3 ,l[ e/imation ( ! virtue ( tru?fulness ,a m>k$ defect ( ! moral /&>d ( ! ,japanese is ! l[ place assign$ to ! virtue ( tru?fulness4 ,among ! ,japanese1 to call a p]son a li> is n to apply to him a t]m ( reproa*1 b r to pay him a pleasant complim5t z a p]son ( tact & %rewdness4 ,?is lack ( rev]5ce = tru? probably spr+s 9 "p f ! virtue ( polit5ess z a root4 ,! extreme emphasis laid ^u c\rtesy z ! sign & expression ( rev]5ce & loyalty t[>d sup]iors fo/]s ! g5]al habit ( say+ ?+s :i* are pleasant & agreeable :e!r !y are true or n4 ,?is complac5t disreg>d ( tru? 9 social int]c\rse w\ld seem to h dull$ ! s5se ( obligation ( tru?-speak+ 9 o!r relations4 ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,significant ,,facts ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,japan ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al influ5ce ( ! ideal ( ,bu%ido ,! ,japanese knightly ideal1 :i*1 z we h said1 con/itutes ! he>t & core ( !oretical ,japanese morality1 has a hi/ory some:at l t ( ! ideal ( ,european knigh?ood4 ,x 0 a l(ty ideal v imp]fectly realiz$1 yet realiz$ to su* a degree z to make x a *ief motive =ce 9 ! political & social life ( ,japan = sev]al c5turies4#bab ,x left a p]man5t impress ^u ! moral consci\sness ( ! ,japanese nation1 an impress c]ta9ly deep] & m endur+ ?an t left by ! ideal ( ,european *ivalry ^u ! moral consci\sness ( ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,new ,japan is directly or indirectly ! creation ( ,japanese knigh?ood4 ,we h se5 t loyalty to 8 *ief 0 ! prem95t virtue ( ! samurai4 ,^u ! d[nfall ( feudalism ?is loyalty 0 transf]r$ to ! ,emp]or4 ,! _s ( ! samurai came to inspire ! ,japanese nation4 ,s9ce ! "t :5 ! loyalty ( ,scotti% clansm5 to _! *ief 0 transf]r$ to ,scotti% royalty1 !re has n be5 se5 a m rem>kable example ( ! absolute devotion ( a p to _! sov]eign ?an t exhibit$ to-day by ! p ( ,japan4 ,! samurai 7 taught to despise ! love ( ga91 & ?us ^! knights ( ,japan 7 /rang]s to ^? vices :i* spr+ f ! love ( money4 ,to ?is circum/ance may be ascrib$ ! fact t ! /atesm5 ( ,japan1 :o almo/ inv>iably are ( ! samurai class1 h be5 s notably free f v5ality & corruption4#bac ,f9ally1 ,bu%ido held al(t a high /&>d ( tru?fulness4 ,! true samurai reg>d$ an oa? z a d]ogation ( 8 honor4 ,x _c be affirm$ t ?is ,bu%ido virtue ( v]acity has yet become ! inh]itance ( ! m]cantile & peasant classes ( ,japan1 b x has at lea/ be5 reta9$ by ! samurai z a class1 & is work+ to-day l leav5 9 ! mass ( ,japanese society4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bu%ido code 9 action ,!re are two rem>kable passages 9 rec5t ,japanese hi/ory :i* well illu/rate 9 :at way & to :at degree ! _s ( ! samurai1 8! _s ( n liv+ unto "o's self10 has become an inspiration to ! :ole ,japanese nation4 ,! fir/ passage has to d ) ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> ( #aijd-aije1 :i* on ! "p ( ,japan 0 a /ruggle = national exi/5ce4 ,x 0 ! samurai morality1 a morality ( loyalty1 ( valor1 ( selflessness1 ( fidelity to duty1 t =m$ a *ief elem5t ( ! /r5g? ( ,japan 9 t critical juncture ( ! nation's life4 ,! ,bu%ido code ( honor %[$ itself equal to ! ,sp>tan code 9 creat+ a race ( inv9cible w>riors4 ,s9ce ! ,sp>tan ,leonidas & 8 companions di$ = ,greece 9 ! pass ( ,!rmopyl !re has be5 no sublim] exhibition ( =titude & self-devotion 9 a great cause ?an t %[n by ,japanese soldi]s 9 ! tr5*es be=e ,port ,ar?ur & on ! battlefields ( ,man*uria4 ,?is w> = national indep5d5ce also af=d$ pro( ( h[ ! g5tle virtue ( ,japanese knigh?ood1 c\rte\s g5]osity to ! vanqui%$1 has pass$ z a noble legacy to ! nation at l>ge2 = z an em95t ,japanese /atesman affirms1 8,9 ! t5d] c>e be/[$ ^u our /rick5 adv]s>y ( ! battlefield w be f\nd ! anci5t c\rtesy ( ! samurai40#bad ,sid5ote3 ,! moral /&>d ( ! samurai 9 competition ) t ( ! plebeian trad] ,! second passage %[s ! morality ( ! samurai 9 competition ) ! morality ( ! common ,japanese %opman4 ,n[ ! morality ( ! plebeian ,japanese trad] is ab\t on a level ) t ( ! anci5t ,greek %opkeep]4#bae ,& a *ief cause ( 8 l[ moral /&>d is ! same1 namely1 ! g5]al dise/eem 9 :i* ! trad]'s bus9ess has be5 held4 ,?is social /igma has result$ 9 ! m]cantile bus9ess be+ left 9 ! h&s ( ! l[e/ class socially1 intellectually1 & morally4#baf ,! great mass ( ! p h f "t immemorial be5 engag$ 9 ! honorable bus9ess ( agriculture2 :ile ! samurai class1 z we h se51 reg>d$ x z degrad+ to engage 9 trade or ev5 to h&le money4 ,9 ^! circum/ances x 0 inevitable t ! m]cantile class %\ld evolve a v l[ code ( bus9ess e?ics2 =1 z ! au?or ( ,bu%ido v ju/ly obs]ves1 8put a /igma on a call+ & its foll[]s adju/ _! morals to x40 ,! /rictly class "* ( ?is loose comm]cial morality is %[n by ! exp]i5ce ( ! samurai aft] ! abolition ( feudalism 9 #ahfh4 ,^u t ev5t _m ( !m engag$ 9 m]cantile bus9ess1 c>ry+ ) !m _! high moral /&>d1 ) results pa!tically depict$ by ,nitob 9 ^! words3 8,^? :o _h eyes to see c\ld n weep en\gh1 ^? :o _h he>ts to feel c\ld n sympa?ize en\gh1 ) ! fate ( _m a noble & hone/ samurai :o signally & irrevocably fail$ 9 8 new & unfamili> field ( trade & indu/ry1 ?r\gh %e] lack ( %rewdness 9 cop+ ) 8 artful plebeian rival4444 ,x w be long be=e x w be recogniz$ h[ _m =tunes 7 wreck$ 9 ! attempt to apply ,bu%ido e?ics to bus9ess me?ods1 b x 0 soon app>5t to e obs]v+ m9d t ! ways ( weal? 7 n ! ways ( honor40#bag ,ab\t n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ samurai :o v5tur$ into bus9ess are said to h fail$4 ,?is passage out ( ! hi/ory ( ,new ,japan c>ries ) x v>i\s lessons1 b p>ticul>ly does x tea* h[ unju/ x is to judge ! morality ( a p by ! morality ( a class4#bah ,not)/&+ ! disa/r\s outcome ( _! fir/ v5ture into ! m]cantile field1 ! samurai /ill rema9 9 bus9ess1 s t !re is go+ on to-day 9 ,japan 9 ! comm]cial doma9 a competition betwe5 two moral /&>ds4 ,! triumph ( ! /&>d ( ! samurai ov] t ( ! plebeian trad] w\ld mean ! developm5t 9 ,japan ( a mat*less bus9ess morality1 :i*1 9 ! increas+ clos5ess ( comm]cial relations betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 might well act cleans+ly on our own bus9ess e?ics4#bai ,sid5ote3 ,moral education 9 ! s*ools2 ! ,imp]ial ,rescript ,! rapid trans=mation 9 ! in/itutions & ideas ( ,old ,japan aft] ! revolution ( #ahfh creat$ a crisis 9 ! moral life ( ! ,japanese p4 ,! old basis ( ! national morality 0 de/roy$4 ,rev]5ce = ! ,confucian tea*+s 0 lo/4 ,respect = ance/ral cu/oms 0 s]i\sly impair$4 ,moral an>*y imp5d$4 ,9 ?is critical juncture "s propos$ t ,buddhism1 o!rs t ,*ri/ianity1 %\ld be made ! basis ( ! moral code4 ,especially 9 ! s*ools 0 ! urg5cy ( ! ne$ ( "s new sanction = morality felt1 because moral in/ruction & tra9+ h always =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ! education ( ! y\? ( ,japan4 ,! ,japanese h ev] believ$ t x is possible to mold ! "* ( ! nation by education4 8,) u10 says a native writ]1 8education has meant moral education m ?an any?+ else = c5turies40#bbj 8,! object ( tea*+10 says ! (ficial regulations = tea*+ 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 8is to cultivate ! moral nature ( *ildr5 & to guide !m 9 ! practice ( virtues40#bba ,because ( ?is c5tral place assign$ moral education 9 ! "w ( ! s*ools1 ! necessity = remov+ all unc]ta9ty z to :at %\ld be inculcat$ 0 all ! m exig5t4 ,to meet ! crisis ! foll[+ imp]ial rescript 0 issu$--c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable /ate pap]s ev] promulgat$3 8,"k ye1 our subjects3 8,our imp]ial ance/ors h f\nd$ our ,empire on a basis broad & ev]la/+ & h deeply & firmly implant$ virtue2 our subjects1 ev] unit$ 9 loyalty & filial piety1 h f g5]ation to g5]ation illu/rat$ ! beauty !re(4 ,?is is ! glory & ! fundam5tal "* ( our ,empire1 & h]e9 also lies ! s\rce ( our education4 ,ye1 our subjects1 be filial to y\r p>5ts1 affectionate to y\r bro!rs & si/]s2 z husb&s & wives be h>moni\s2 z fri5ds true2 be> y\rselves 9 mode/y & mod]ation2 ext5d y\r b5evol5ce to all2 pursue le>n+ & cultivate arts1 & !reby develop intellectual faculties & p]fect moral p[]s2 fur!rmore1 advance public good & promote common int]e/s2 always respect ! ,con/itution & obs]ve ! laws2 %\ld em]g5cy arise1 (f] y\rselves c\rage\sly to ! /ate2 & ?us gu>d & ma9ta9 ! prosp]ity ( our imp]ial ?rone coeval ) heav5 & e>?4 ,s %all ye n only be our good & fai?ful subjects1 b r5d] illu/ri\s ! be/ traditions ( y\r =efa!rs4 8,! way "h set =? is inde$ ! tea*+ bequea!d by our imp]ial ance/ors1 to be obs]v$ alike by _! desc5dants & ! subjects1 infallible = all ages & true 9 all places4 ,x is our wi% to lay x to he>t 9 all rev]5ce1 9 common ) y1 our subjects1 t we may all ?us atta9 to ! same virtue4 8,! #cj? day ( ! #aj? mon? ( ! #bc;d ye> ( ,meiji0 #ahij4bbb ,x w\ld be almo/ impossible to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ( ?is imp]ial edict4 8,our :ole moral education10 affirms ,b>on ,kiku*i1 8consi/s 9 in/ill+ into ! m9ds ( our *ildr5 ! prop] appreciation ( ! _s ( ?is rescript40#bbc ,! *ildr5 le>n x by he>t j z ! ,roman *ildr5 committ$ to memory ! ,twelve ,tables ( ! laws4 ,japanese believe t ! effect ( ?is in/ruction ^u ! national "*1 ren=c+ ! ance/ral virtues ( loyalty & devotion to duty1 0 exhibit$ 9 ! rec5t w> ) ,russia4#bbd ,a notewor?y feature ( ! rescript is t x is simply a reaffirmation ( ! tea*+s ( ! anci5t morali/s & ! e?ical traditions ( ! fa!rs--an inculcation ( ^? virtues ( loyalty & filial piety :i* ! ,japanese p h held 9 e/eem & practic$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,a second feature ( ! edict :i* arre/s att5tion is ! univ]sali/ic & secul> "* ( ! morality inculcat$4 ,! virtues enjo9$ are univ]sal b5evol5ce1 loyalty to duty1 & self-devotion to ! common good--a morality ( ! univ]sal human he>t & consci5ce1 a morality1 z ! edict decl>es1 good = all ages & = all places4 ,sid5ote3 ,japanese morals & ,we/]n civilization ,! =ego+ anticipates & gives answ] to ! que/ions3 ,:at w be ! effect ^u ,japanese morality ( ^? *anges n[ go+ on 9 ! life & ?\ght ( ,japan ?r\gh contact ) ! civilization ( ! ,we/8 ,:at w be ! effect ^u ,japanese public morality :5 ! common belief 9 ! div9e desc5t ( ! ,emp]or1 :i* is ! root f :i* spr+s ! primal duty ( loyalty1 is und]m9$1 z mod]n sci5ce is c]ta9 to und]m9e x8 ,:at w be ! effect ^u ,japanese dome/ic morality :5 ,occid5tal conceptions ( ! family & ( woman's place 9 x come to modify1 z !y seem likely to d1 ^? ideas & s5tim5ts :i* f "t immemorial h =m$ ! basis ( ! family e?ics ( ! ,ea/8 ,:at w be ! e?ical consequ5ces :5 ,we/]n sci5ce r5d]s obsolete ! ,%9to le>n+ & ! ,confucian classics1 :i* h hi!rto =m$ ! basis ( s l>ge a "p ( ,japanese morality8 ,:at w be ! effect ^u ! anci5t ideal ( "* ( ! adoption ( ,*ri/ian ideas & tea*+s 9 place ( ^? :i* h s long n\ri%$ ! e?ical feel+s & s5tim5ts ( ! ,japanese p8 ,t ! intrusion into ! anci5t culture ( ,japan ( ^! v>i\s elem5ts ( ,we/]n civilization has deep import = ,japanese morality _c be made a matt] ( d\bt4 ,9 ! new environm5t1 s diff]5t f t 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! anci5t ideal ( goodness 0 develop$1 ?is ideal mu/ inevitably und]go important *anges4 ,"s ( ^? qualities ( "* :i* h s long held high places 9 ! ideal ( excell5ce w cease to evoke ! old-"t homage1 :ile o!r qualities at pres5t assign$ l[ places 9 ! /&>d w be exalt$4 ,virtues n[ practically unrecogniz$ by ! ,japanese z virtues1 b :i* among u are highly e/eem$ moral qualities1 w c]ta9ly be incorporat$ 9 ! modifi$ ideal1 giv+ x a new ca/1 yet probably )\t *ang+ fundam5tally ! type2 = ! moral life ( ! ,japanese p is too virile & too ess5tially s\nd to p]mit u to ?9k t ! new influ5ces n[ com+ 9 w produce su* radical *anges 9 ! e?ical feel+s & convictions ( ! race z to result 9 a repetition ( :at happ5$ ^u ! entrance ( ,*ri/ianity into ! morally decad5t ,greco-,roman _w--! displacem5t ( ! old ideal ( "* by a new & ess5tially diff]5t ideal4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,e?ical ,,ideals ,,( ,,india ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,brahmanism--,a ,,class ,,morality ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,speculative ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,sid5ote3 ,! conception ( ! ,fir/ ,cause--,brahma ,z 9 ,judea s 9 ,india ! conception =m$ ( ! ,supreme ,be+ react$ pot5tly ^u morality4 ,h5ce 9 nam+ ! influ5ces "u :i* ! moral ideal ( ,brahmanism 0 mold$ we mu/ speak fir/ ( ! ,indian conception ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,! ,aryan conqu]ors ( ,india orig9ally held notions ( ! gods 9 g5]al l ^? held by _! k9sm51 ! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans4 ,:5 !y ent]$ ,india !y 7 ance/or wor%ip]s & poly!i/s4 ,!y _h e>? gods & sky gods4 ,! gods ( ! cele/ial ph5om5a gradually acquir$ asc5dancy4 ,!n1 z 9 ,egypt1 !re came a t5d5cy t[>d unity4 ,! v>i\s gods came to be look$ ^u by ! l(ti] m9ds z m]ely diff]5t manife/ations ( "o primal be+4#bbe ,x is "r at ?is po9t t we f9d ! great anti!sis betwe5 ,indian modes ( ?\ght & ^? ( all or almo/ all o!r peoples4 ,:5 ! ?9k]s ( ,egypt1 ( ! ,semitic l&s1 ( ,p]sia1 ( ,greece & ,rome1 _h at la/ ?r\gh reflection evolv$ ! l(ty conception ( a s+le great ,fir/ ,cause1 !y end[$ ?is cause ) consci\s p]sonal life4 ,?is mode ( ?\ght is our h]itage f ! pa/4 ,x is to u almo/ or q impossible to conceive ( consci\s p]sonal life z spr++ f an unconsci\s imp]sonal cause4 ,h5ce we place beh9d ! manifold ph5om5a ( ! univ]se a consci\s p]sonal be+ z ! orig9 & s\rce ( all ?+s & all life4#bbf ,x is :olly diff]5t ) ! ?9k]s ( ,india4 ,!y seem to be able to po/ulate z ! beg9n+ ( ?+s an imp]sonal cause1 a cause )\t p]ception1 ?\ght1 or consci\sness4 ,!y affirm t out ( unconsci\sness consci\sness arises4 ,!y tea* t out ( ,brahma1 ! unconsci\s1 imp]sonal1 passionless ,"o1 emanate all mat]ial worlds & s5ti5t be+s1 gods z well z m54 ,h[ pr(\ndly ?is conception ( ! ,fir/ ,cause has react$ on ! e?ical speculations ( ! ,h9du sages & on ! moral life ( ,india w appe> a little fur!r on4 ,sid5ote3 ,! god ,brahma 7,brahman7 ,b ?is incompreh5sible1 unconsci\s1 passionless ,brahma is n ! ,brahma ( ! popul> fai?4 ,! masses & ev5 ! philosoph]s !mselves mu/ h some?+ m concrete4 ,s ?is imp]sonal1 neut] ,brahma is conceiv$ z giv+ exi/5ce to ! p]sonal1 mascul9e ,god ,brahma 7,brahman71 8! prog5itor ( all worlds1 ! fir/-born among be+s40#bbg ,x is v necess>y = ! /ud5t ( ,brahmanic e?ics to keep 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 ! uncreat$1 uncondition$1 imp]sonal ,brahma & ! creat$1 condition$1 p]sonal ,brahma1 s9ce !re is "h laid ! f\ndation ( a d\ble goal = rational moral /riv+3 ! goal ( ! ascetic ^: ultimate aim is deliv]ance f individual exi/5ce & absorption into ! absolute1 un*angeable1 imp]sonal ,brahma1 :i* means a /ate ( et]nal unconsci\sness--dreamless sleep2 & ! goal ( ! multitude1 ^: hope & aim is blissful1 ?\gh tempor>y1 union ) ! p]sonal ,brahma 9 ! heav5 ( ! mortal1 condition$ gods4#bbh ,sid5ote3 ,! sy/em ( ca/es ,! e?ical evolution 9 ,india 0 also pr(\ndly influ5c$ by a prehi/oric ev5t1 namely1 ! subjection ( ! orig9al non-,aryan population ( ! l& by an intrud+ ,aryan p4 ,z a result ( ! long & bitt] /ruggle ! two races became sep>at$ by a %>p l9e ( race prejudice & hatr$4 ,! d>k-sk9n$ natives 7 r$uc$ to a /ate ( s]vitude or dep5d5ce ^u _! conqu]ors4 ,int]m>riages betwe5 ! two races 7 /rictly prohibit$1 & ?us ! population ( ! conqu]$ di/ricts ( ! p59sula became divid$ into two %>ply def9$ classes4 ,^! con/itut$ a model ^u :i* ,indian society 0 fram$4 ,o!r classes 7 =m$1 & ^! gradually h>d5$ into ca/es1 t is1 into classes betwe5 :i* m>riages 7 prohibit$4 ,f\r great ca/es arose3 namely1 prie/s or ,brahmans1 w>riors & rul]s1 peasants & m]*ants1 & sudras4 ,bel[ ^! ca/es 7 ! p>iahs1 or outca/s1 made up ( ! mo/ degrad$ ( ! natives4 ,z "t pass$1 /ill o!r divisions 7 =m$1 e occupation com+ to con/itute ! basis ( a new ca/e1 till society 0 /ratifi$ l a geologic deposit4 ,religion came 9 to consecrate ?is division ( ! p into privileg$ & nonprivileg$ classes4#bbi ,! sacr$ scriptures decl>e t ! ,brahmans sprang f ! m\? ( ,brahma1 ! w>riors f 8 arms1 ! peasants & trad]s f 8 ?ighs1 & ! sudras f 8 feet4#bcj ,no in/itution kn[n among m5 ev] ex]cis$ a m fateful & s9i/] influ5ce ^u morality ?an ?is ca/e sy/em has ex]cis$ ^u ! morality ( ! peoples ( ,india4 ,! root$ belief & dogma ( ! natural inequality ( m5 has made ,brahmanic e?ics a ?+ ( grades & classes1 & has ?us r5d]$ impossible ! evolution ( a true morality1 :i* requires = its basis g5u9e s5tim5ts ( equality & bro!rhood4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( transmigration ,we easily realize ! importance = morality ( a belief 9 a life aft] dea?4 ,b a belief 9 prexi/5ce may ex]t an ev5 great] influ5ce ^u ! moral code ( a p ?an a belief 9 po/-exi/5ce4#bca ,n[ ! morality ( ! ,h9dus has be5 mold$ by bo? ^! doctr9es1 = accord+ to ! tea*+s ( ,brahmanism a man has liv$ ?r\gh _m lives be=e 8 8bir?10 & may w&] ?r\gh 8t5 ?\s& millions ( exi/5ces0 aft] dea? has fre$ him f 8 pres5t body4#bcb ,! class & ! condition into :i* he is born "h on e>? is believ$ to be det]m9$ by ! sum total ( 8 m]its or dem]its e>n$ 9 prec$+ exi/5ces4 ,z a result ( s9 he may 9 8 next bir? be reborn 9 a l[] ca/e1 or may be imprison$ 9 "s animal or vegetable =m4 ,he may pass a ?\s& times ?r\gh ! bodies ( spid]s1 snakes1 & liz>ds1 & hundr$s ( times ?r\gh ! =ms ( grasses1 %rubs1 & creep]s4 ,& all ?is exp]i5ce may come aft] ! s\l has pass$ ?r\gh dreadful & innum]able hells = va/ cycles ( ye>s4#bcc ,?is transmigration !ory 0 fram$ by ! ?9k]s ( ,india to expla9 among o!r ?+s ! seem+ly unju/ inequalities ( human life4#bcd ,x af=d$ an explanation :y "o man %\ld be born a ,brahman & ano!r a sudra1 "o born 9 a hovel & ano!r 9 a palace1 by conceiv+ ! place ( e p]son born into ! _w z be+ det]m9$ by ! mann] ( 8 life 9 =m] exi/5ces4#bce ,x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u ! pr(\nd influ5ce :i* ?is doctr9e ( transmigration1 or r\nd ( bir?s1 has ex]t$ ^u ! moral life ( ,india4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is !ory1 z soon z elaborat$1 0 to r5d] /ill m intol]able ! position ( ! l[] ca/es1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! sudras1 s9ce x made _! l[ place & h>d lot to be ! m]it$ puni%m5t ( crimes & misdo+s 9 previ\s lives2 :ile at ! same "t x f$ ! pride & enhanc$ ! arrogance ( ! ,brahmans1 s9ce _! sup]ior lot 01 accord+ to ! !ory1 attributable to m]it acquir$ 9 o!r exi/5ces4 ,?us did ! !ory t5d to give a m s9i/] aspect to ! baneful ca/e sy/em1 to make x appe> a "p ( ! un*angeable ord] ( ?+s1 & to r5d] impossible ! gr[? ( any o!r ?an a class morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,indian pessimism ,h>dly less important ?an ! doctr9e ( transmigration = ,h9du morality is ! ,indian conception ( life--( all individual1 consci\s exi/5ce :e!r "h on e>? or 9 o!r worlds--z insep>able f mis]y1 pa91 decay1 & dea?4 ,! ,aryan immigrants into ,india seem to h be51 l _! k9sm5 ! ,greeks1 a light-he>t$ folk1 fill$ ) a /rong joy 9 life4 ,b z 9 _! j\rney+s !y press$ s\?w>d into ! valleys ( ! ,indus & ! ,ganges & came "u ! influ5ces ( ! hot1 depress+ climate1 & ( an oppressive social & political sy/em1#bcf !y appe>$ to h lo/ _! buoyant spirits4 ,! skies seem$ less bright & life less wor? liv+1 &1 we>y ( x all1 !y at la/ came to reg>d et]nal dea?1 annihilation1 z ! greate/ ( boons4 ,?is pessimi/ic view ( ! _w & ( life1 z we %all see a little fur!r on1 =ms ! basis ( l>ge sections ( ,indian e?ics1 s9ce x makes ! ultimate goal ( rational or moral ef=t to be ! gett+ rid ( consci\s exi/5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conception ( sacrifice ,ano!r conception :i* has ex]t$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! religi\s e?ics ( ,brahmanism is t respect+ sacrifice4 ,?is conception is t ! gods ne$ su/5ance1 & c only exi/ ?r\gh ! gifts & (f]+s made to !m by m54#bcg 8,! gods live by sacrifice0 say ! sacr$ scriptures2 8! sun w\ld n rise if ! prie/s did n make sacrifice40 ,to und]/& ?is tea*+ we mu/ connect x ) ! belief ( primitive man t ! spirits ( ! dead h absolute ne$ ( meat & dr9k (f]+s at ! h&s ( ! liv+1 & rememb] t 9 ,india !re is no %>p di/9ction drawn betwe5 ! gods & ! s\ls ( m54 ,! gods1 l ! spirits ( ! dead1 are dep5d5t = life & /r5g? ^u ! (f]+s laid on _! alt>s4 ,)\t ^! gifts !y w\ld die or p9e away1 & all ! movem5ts ( ! univ]se controll$ by !m w\ld cease4#bch ,f ?is conception ( ! gods came ! emphasis laid by ,brahmanism ^u sacrifice1 & ! prom95ce giv5 ! religi\s duty ( br++ ri* gifts to ! prie/s & keep+ ! alt>s ( ! gods heap$ ) food4#bci ,,ii4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,moral ,,/&>ds ,sid5ote3 ,a class morality ,! fundam5tal fact ( ,brahmanic morality is t z a result ( ! ca/e sy/em x is a class morality2 t is1 !re is a diff]5t moral /&>d or code = ea* ( ! diff]5t ca/es4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu ( ! orig9 ( ! f\r *ief ca/es1 ! occupation & ! duties ( ea* class are c>efully prescrib$4 ,to ! ,brahman 0 assign$ tea*+ & (f]+ sacrifice2 to ! w>riors & rul]s ! protection ( ! p2 to ! peasants & m]*ants ! till+ ( ! gr\nd & trad+2 & to ! sudras--8,"o occupation only10 reads ! sacr$ law1 8is prescrib$ to ! sudra1 to s]ve meekly ! o!r ?ree ca/es40#bdj ,! ,brahman is by "r ! "l ( ! :ole creation4#bda ,8 "n mu/ express some?+ auspici\s1 b ! fir/ "p ( ! sudra's "n mu/ express some?+ contemptible1 & ! second "p mu/ be a ^w d5ot+ s]vice4#bdb ,= a man ( a l[] ca/e to affect equality ) a p]son ( a high] ca/e is a crime3 8,if a man ( an inf]ior ca/e1 pr\dly affect+ an equality ) a man ( sup]ior ca/e1 %\ld travel by 8 side on ! road1 or sit or sleep ^u ! same c>pet ) him1 ! magi/rate %all take a f9e f ! man ( inf]ior ca/e to ! ext5t ( 8 ability40#bdc ,= a ,brahman to expla9 to a sudra ! sacr$ ,v$as is a s93 8,let him ! ,brahman n give to a sudra advice nor ! remnants ( 8 meal 4442 nor let him expla9 ! sacr$ law to su* a man2 444 = he :o expla9s ! sacr$ law to su* 444 w s9k toge!r ) t man into hell40#bdd ,9 ! matt] ( puni%m5ts = crimes ! laws are grossly unequal1 ! puni%m5t ( a p]son ( inf]ior ca/e be+ always m sev]e ?an t ( a p]son ( a sup]ior ca/e = ! same (f5se4 ,?us = a crime puni%able ) dea? if committ$ by a p]son ( an inf]ior ca/e1 tonsure only is orda9$ if committ$ by a ,brahman2#bde = a ,brahman mu/ nev] be sla91 8?\gh he h committ$ all horrible crimes40#bdf ,!re is no crime 9 all ! _w z great z t ( slay+ a ,brahman4#bdg ,a k ( ! inequality ( ^! sacr$ laws ( ! ,brahmans & ! burd5som5ess ( ?is ca/e morality z x press$ ^u ! l[] classes is necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! rise & rapid spread ( ,buddhism1 & ! f]vor ) :i* its tea*+s ( equality & bro!rhood 7 embrac$ by ! masses ( ,brahmanic ,india4 ,sid5ote3 ,! highe/ moral excell5ce atta9able 9 g5]al only by ,brahmans ,( ! diff]5t /&>ds ( morality ( ! sev]al ca/es t ( ! ,brahman is ( c\rse ! highe/4 ,! /udy ( ! sacr$ books is = him ! *ief duty4 8,let him10 says ! sacr$ law1 8)\t tir+ daily mutt] ! ,v$a at ! prop] "t2 = t is "o's highe/ duty2 all o!r obs]vances are second>y duties40#bdh ,k ( ! ,v$a de/roys guilt z fire consumes fuel4#bdi ,among ! second>y duties are obs]vance ( ! rules ( purification1 ! practice ( au/]ities1 & do+ no injury to creat$ be+s4#bej ,by au/]ities1 t is1 by ascetic practices1 by hide\s self-torture1 ! ,brahman may atone = all s9s ( :atsoev] k9d & may become s holy t at dea?1 hav+ conqu]$ all desires1 save only ! desire = union ) ! ,univ]sal ,"o1 he may hope to fall away into unawak5+ unconsci\sness & be absorb$ into ! absolute1 imp]sonal ,brahma1 & ?us escape =ev] f ! we>y r\nd ( bir?s4 ,?is way ( full salvation1 & x is ! only "o1 is op5 only to ,brahmans & to ! *os5 few f o!r ca/es :o1 hav+ gone =? 8f home into homelessness10 z m5dicants or =e/ h]mits1 foll[ ?is life ( complete r5unciation ( all t is e>?ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! moral code = inf]ior ca/es ,! duties1 ! fai?ful p]=mance ( :i* avail mo/ = p]sons ( inf]ior ca/es1 are ^? t h to d ) religion1 & *iefly ) sacrifice4 ,^! duties are ! br++ ( gifts & (f]+s = ! sacrifices & ! giv+ ( g5]\s fees to ! prie/s4 ,?r\gh ! fai?ful p]=mance ( 8 assign$ duties ! man ( inf]ior ca/e c make sure ( salvation--n ! full & p]fect salvation atta9$ by ! ,brahman ?r\gh 8 au/]ities1 b a qualifi$ salvation4 ,he may hope = rebir? 9 "s high] ca/e or 9 "s bett] /ate ei!r on e>? or 9 "s o!r _w4#bea ,sid5ote3 ,animal e?ics ,duty to animals seems to h =m$ no "p ( ! moral code ( ! e>ly ,indian ,aryans4 ,b *iefly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! doctr9e ( transmigration respect = e liv+ ?+ became a high moral requirem5t4 ,to take life wantonly became a crime4 ,to kill a k9e1 a horse1 a camel1 a de]1 an elephant1 a goat1 a %eep1 a fi%1 a snake1 a buffalo1 insects1 or birds is an (f5se :i* mu/ be expiat$ by p5ances4#beb ,9 ord] t he may n h>m any liv+ creature1 ! ascetic is enjo9$ 8always by day & by night1 ev5 ) pa9 to 8 body1 to walk c>efully1 scann+ ! gr\nd40#bec ,%\ld he un9t5tionally injure any creature he mu/ expiate its dea? by p5it5t au/]ities4#bed ,animals may1 h[ev]1 be sla9 = food#bee & = sacrifices1 s9ce !y 7 creat$ = ^! special purposes4 ,& !n !re is comp5sation = ! victims ( ! alt>s3 8,h]bs1 trees1 cattle1 birds1 & all animals t h be5 de/roy$ = sacrifices receive1 be+ reborn1 high] exi/5ces40#bef ,! kill+ ( animals = sport is an inexpiable s93 8,he :o injures innoxi\s be+s f a wi% to 7give7 himself pleasure nev] f9ds happ9ess1 nei!r liv+ nor dead40#beg ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism we %all see ?is consid]ation = animal life deep5+ into a g5u9e t5d]ness = e liv+ creature1 & duties t[>d ! inf]ior animals becom+ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & *>act]i/ic features ( ! e?ical ideal4 ,sid5ote3 ,w> e?ics ,9 ,brahmanic z 9 ,confucian e?ics ! milit>y virtues are assign$ a l[ place4 ,brahmanism1 h[ev]1 conc$es ! legitimacy ( w> & p]mits ! employm5t ( =ce by ! k+ 9 augm5t+ 8 possessions1#beh ev5 enjo9+ ^u him to be ev] ready to /rike2 = 8( him :o is always ready to /rike1 ! :ole _w /&s 9 awe40#bei ,b ! g5u9e _s ( ,brahmanism is oppos$ to ! fi]ce w> _s ( ! ,aryan conqu]ors ( ,india1 & ! sacr$ law attempts to ameliorate ! cruelties & atrocities ( primeval w>f>e1 in/ill+ 9 ! w>rior a _s ( magnanimity & *ivalry4 ,?us ! 8blameless law = ! w>rior0 =bids to him ! use ( b>b$ or poison$ weapons2 he mu/ sp>e ! suppliant = m]cy2 he mu/ n /rike an enemy :o has lo/ 8 armor or ^: weapons are brok51 or :o has receiv$ a w\nd1 or :o has turn$ 9 flight4 ,he mu/ d no h>m to ! onlook]4 ,! k+ mu/ conduct w> )\t guile or trea*]y4#bfj ,sid5ote3 ,natural morality v]sus ritualism ,at ! he>t ( ,brahmanism1 z at ! he>t ( e o!r great religion ( ! _w1 !re is a core ( l(ty spiritual tea*+s & true morality4 ,! sacr$ scriptures ( ! ,brahmans decl>e1 8,! s\l itself is ! witness ( ! s\l1 & ! s\l is ! refuge ( ! s\l2 despise n ?y own s\l1 ! supreme witness ( m540#bfa ,! sacr$ law tea*es t he is pure :o is pure 9 ?\ght & 9 de$3 8,among all modes ( purification1 purity 9 7! acquisition (7 weal? is decl>$ to be ! be/2 = he is pure :o ga9s weal? ) clean h&s1 n he :o purifies himself ) e>? & wat]40#bfb ,rep5tance & resolutions ( am5dm5t free ! s\l f its transgressions3 8,he :o has committ$ a s9 & has rep5t$1 is fre$ f t s91 b he is purifi$ only by ! resolution ( ceas+ to s9 & ?9k+ ,i w d s no m40#bfc ,brahmanism tea*es ! duty ( =giv+ injuries & ( return+ bless+s = curses3 8,aga9/ an angry man let him ! ascetic n 9 return %[ ang]2 let him bless :5 he is curs$40#bfd 8,a k+ mu/ always =give litigants1 infants1 ag$ & sick m51 :o inveigh aga9/ him40#bfe 8,he :o1 be+ abus$ by m5 9 pa91 p>dons !m1 w 9 rew>d ( t act be exalt$ 9 heav540#bff ,"h is a morality z pure & l(ty z any taught by ,hebrew prophets4 ,b z 9 ,judaism1 s 9 ,brahmanism1 su* 0 ! /ress laid by ! prie/s ^u sacrifice1 ^u ! obs]vance ( ! rites & c]emonies ( ! temple1 & ^u ! p]=mance ( a ?\s& & "o morally indiff]5t acts1 t z "t pass$ !re result$ an almo/ complete ov]%ad[+ ( natural by ritual morality4 ,x 0 su* a triumph ( ritualism z m>k$ ! po/exilic p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,z !re came a prote/ & reaction 9 ,judea issu+ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 s did !re come a prote/ & reaction 9 ,brahmanic ,india issu+ 9 ,buddhism4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,buddhism2 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,self-,,conque/ ,,& ,,univ]sal ,,b5evol5ce ,i4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r great tru?s ,f\r t5ets or pr9ciples1 call$ ! f\r tru?s1 sum up ! ess5tials ( ,buddhism4#bfg ,^! are ! tru? ( pa91 ! orig9 ( pa91 ! de/ruction ( pa91 & ! eightfold way t 8leads to ! quiet+ ( pa940#bfh ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^! tru?s =m ! philosophical basis ( ,buddhi/ e?ics1 & to a brief exposition ( ^! t5ets we %all devote ! imm$iately foll[+ sections4 ,! f\r? tru? is a summ>y ( ! e?ics ( ,buddhism1#bfi & !re=e :at we %all h to say ab\t x w appropriately f9d a place "u ! next subdivision ( ?is *apt] :5 we come to speak ( ! moral ideal ( ,buddhism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tru? ( pa9 ,! tru? ( pa91 9 ! language ( ! sacr$ scriptures1 is ?is3 8,bir? is pa91 dea? is pa91 cl++ to e>?ly ?+s is pa940 ,?is is simply an expression1 ) add$ emphasis1 ( t _w-we>9ess1 ( t despair ( life1 :i* we h se5 press+ l an incubus ^u ! _s ( ,brahmanic ,india4 ,buddhism tea*es t life is an evil1 t mis]y & sorr[ & pa9 are insep>able f all modes ( exi/5ce4 ,we %all be able to get ! ,buddhi/'s po9t ( view if we be> 9 m9d h[ we ourselves sometimes look ^u ?is e>?ly life4 ,9 despond5t moods we ask1 8,is life wor? liv+80 & make answ] ourselves by decl>+ t if ?is e>?ly life is all1 !n !re is 9 x no?+ wor? :ile4 ,if n[ we ext5d ?is gloomy view s z to make x embrace ! life to come z well z ! life t n[ is1 we %all h ! viewpo9t ( ! true ,buddhi/4 ,to him life n only 9 ?is _w b 9 all o!r possible worlds is transitory1 illusive1 & pa9ful1 & 9 utt] despair & we>9ess he longs to be ?r\gh ) x all & to lay d[n =ev] ! intol]able burd5 ( exi/5ce4#bgj 8,z ! gl[ ( ! ,indian sun causes re/ 9 cool %ades to appe> to ! we>i$ body ! good ( goods1 s also ) ! we>i$ s\l1 re/1 et]nal re/1 is ! only ?+ = :i* x craves40#bga ,sid5ote3 ,! orig9 ( pa9 ,! tru? ( ! orig9 ( pa9 is ?is3 8,x is ! ?ir/ = life1 toge!r ) lu/ & desire1 :i* causes bir? & rebir?40 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t !re are diff]5t int]pretations giv5 to ?is t5et4 ,"s und]/& by x n t all desires1 b simply evil desires1 cause & fe$ ! flame ( life2 o!rs int]pret x z tea*+ t desires or long+s ( e k9d :atsoev] possess ?is s9i/] pot5cy ( recreat+ life & keep+ "o entangl$ 9 ! me%es ( ! net ( exi/5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tru? ( ! de/ruction ( pa9 ,! tru? ( ! de/ruction ( pa9 is ?is3 8,pa9 c be end$ only by ! complete ext9ction ( desire40 ,desire be+ ! root :i* fe$s life & causes ! r\nd ( bir?s1 exi/5ce c be end$ only by gett+ rid ( desire4 ,"h aga9 !re are diff]5t acceptations ( ! dogma4 ,to mo/ x means simply ! gett+ rid ( all unholy passions & desires1 :ile to ! ?or\ghgo+ ,buddhi/ x means fre$om f e desire ( :atsoev] k9d3 8,n a few trees b ! :ole =e/0 ( desires mu/ be cut d[n1 toge!r ) all 8! und]gr[?40#bgb ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( k>ma ,besides ^! ?ree philosophical pr9ciples1--! tru? ( pa91 ! orig9 ( pa91 & ! ext9ction ( pa91--!re are two o!r speculative doctr9es ( or?odox ,buddhism1 a compreh5sion ( :i* is necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! e?ics ( ! sy/em4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! doctr9e ( k>ma4 ,?is is a d5ial ( ! s\l !ory4 ,or?odox ,buddhism d5ies t man has a s\l sep>able f ! body4 ,x tea*es t :5 a p]son dies !re does n g out ( 8 body a _s :i* lives else:]e a consci\s life1 a cont9uation ( ! life j end$1 b t all t goes out is k>ma1 t is1 some?+ :i* is ! net product ( all ! good & evil acts ( ! p]son 9 all 8 v>i\s exi/5ces--a sort ( se$ or g]m f :i* w spr+ up "h on e>? or 9 "s heav5 or hell ano!r be+4#bgc ,!re is no consci\s id5tity1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! two be+s4 ,!y /& relat$ to ea* o!r z fa!r to son4 ,"s illu/rations w help u to seize ! ?\ght4 ,! ,buddhi/ tea*] lik5s ! relation ( ! life go+ out "h to ! new life beg9n+ else:]e1 to ! relation ( two c&le flames1 ! second ( :i* has be5 light$ f ! fir/4 ,?r\gh ! transmission ( k>ma ! flame ( life is pass$ on f "o be+ to ano!r2 b all ^! life flames are diff]5t4 ,no abid+ self-consci\sness b9ds !m toge!r & makes !m "o4 ,aga91 ?is succession ( lives is lik5$ to ! undulations ( a wave 9 ! ocean4 ,! successive undulations are n ! same1 yet ! fir/ causes ! second1 ! second ! ?ird1 & s on4 ,not)/&+ ! important place ?is doctr9e holds 9 ,buddhi/ speculative philosophy & !oretical e?ics1 x 0 nei!r und]/ood nor adopt$ by ! masses4 ,x 0 develop$ 9 ! s*ools1 b ! p 9 g5]al held to _! old ,brahmanic belief 9 ! s\l & its transmigrations1 s t 9 mo/ ,buddhi/ l&s to-day belief 9 a consci\s p]sonal exi/5ce aft] dea? is ! prevail+ "o4#bgd ,sid5ote3 ,nirvana & ! diff]5t s5ses 9 :i* ! t]m is us$ ,! o!r philosophical doctr9e ( :i* we h to speak is t ( ,nirvana4 ,?is t]m is us$ ) _m diff]5t mean+s4 ,(t5 x d5otes m]ely ! ext+ui%m5t 9 ! s\l ( lu/ & hate & ignorance1 & ! /ate ( quiet cont5tm5t & blissful repose :i* results f su* self-ma/]y4 ,buddha himself1 says ,rhys ,davids1 meant by ! t]m j :at ,*ri/ meant by ! k+dom ( ,god1 t k+dom )9 ! s\l ( calm & abid+ peace4#bge ,aga91 x is us$ to express a /ate ( et]nal1 un*ang+1 blissful re/ & ineffable peace beyond all ! realms--heav5s & hells--( transmigration4 ,/ill aga9 ! t]m is us$ to d5ote ! absolute ext9ction ( exi/5ce1 annihilation4 ,?is is ! view ( ,nirvana held to-day by ! ,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon1 ,siam1 & ,burma :o claim to hold ! anci5t fai? 9 its primitive purity4#bgf ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,! tru? ( ! eightfold pa? ,! e?ics ( ,buddhism is summ$ up 9 ! =mula ( ! tru? ( ! eightfold pa?4#bgg ,! tru? ( ! eight-memb]$ way is ?is3 ! only pa? :i* leads to ! quiet+ ( pa9 is ! eightfold holy pa?--"r belief1 "r resolve1 "r spee*1 "r behavior1 "r occupation1 "r ef=t1 "r ?\ght1 "r conc5tration4#bgh ,! ess5ce ( all ?is express$ 9 famili> e?ical phrase is t ! dem&s ( morality are "r ?\ghts1 "r words1 & "r de$s4 ,z ! eight requirem5ts are int]pret$ & exp\nd$ by ,buddhi/ tea*]s1 !y dem& a m9d free f all evil passions & unholy desires 7&1 accord+ to ! ?or\ghgo+ ,buddhi/1 ( e desire :atsoev]7#bgi & 8a he>t ( love f>-rea*+1 gr[n great1 & beyond measure40 ,?is is ! pa? lead+ to deliv]ance f transmigration1 ?is ! pa? lead+ to ! quiet+ ( pa91 ?is ! pa? lead+ to ! sweet re/ & peace ( ,nirvana4 ,x w be wor? our :ile to note ) "s att5tion "s ( ! special prim>y duties & virtues :i* are includ$ 9 ^! g5]al dem&s ( self-conque/ & unmeasur$ love4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>ticul> virtues & duties ( ! ideal ,"o ( ! prim>y duties ( ! true ,buddhi/ is to seek k1 = true k1 insight1 is ! cure = desire4 ,?is k :i* qu5*es all crav+ ?ir/ is be/ atta9$1 s ,buddha taught1 ?r\gh m$itation4#bhj ,"o mu/ m$itate on ! transitor9ess ( life1 on pa91 on dea?1 on tru?1 on g5tl5ess1 on love4 ,x 0 ?r\gh pr(\nd m$itation "u ! ,bo tree t ,gautama became ! ,buddha1 8,! ,enlight5$40 ,ano!r c>d9al virtue ( ! ,buddhi/ ideal ( "* is univ]sal b5evol5ce4 ,by no o!r e?ical sy/em has su* /ress be5 laid ^u ! duty ( g5tl5ess to ev]y?+ t has life4 ,! animal _w is "h br\ght )9 ! sanctu>y ( morality & safegu>d$ by e?ical s5tim5t4 ,x is ( c\rse ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 :i* ,buddhism inh]its f ,brahmanism1 :i* gives animal e?ics ! prom95t place x holds 9 ,buddhi/ morality4#bha ,/ill a ?ird requirem5t ( ! true ,buddhi/ is tol]ation1 :i* foll[s z a coroll>y f ! virtue ( univ]sal b5evol5ce4 ,9 ! prom95t place assign$ ?is virtue 9 ! ideal ( "*1 ,buddhism /&s alone among ! great _w religions4 ,a f\r? c>d9al duty ( ! ideal is to make kn[n to all m5 ! eightfold way to salvation4 ,buddha's comm& to 8 disciples 01 8,g ye n[ & prea* ! mo/ excell5t ,law1 expla9+ e po9t !re(1 unfold+ x ) dilig5ce & c>e40 ,?is is a duty :i* br+s its own rew>d2 = ! ex]cise ( compassion & *>ity produces t s]5ity ( _s :i* is ! aim ( moral /riv+2 & h5ce no?+ advances "o m rapidly on ! way to salvation ?an prea*+ ! good tid+s & labor+ to less5 ! sorr[s & light5 ! burd5s ( "o's fell[ creatures4 ,! moral requirem5t to prea* to all ! mo/ excell5t way made ( ,buddhism a mission>y religion4 ,9 a few c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ,buddha devot$ mission>ies _h spread ! new fai? ?r\gh\t ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! diff]5t degrees ( moral atta9m5t ,!re are 9 ,buddhism ?ree grades ( moral atta9m5t4 ,! l[e/ is t :i* may be rea*$ by any "o 9 ! ord9>y life4 ,?r\gh purity ( ?\ght & ^w & de$1 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( univ]sal k9dl9ess1 & by ! fulfillm5t ( e duty p]ta9+ to 8 /ation 9 life1 "o atta9s su* a degree ( moral excell5ce t he may at lea/ hope at dea? to avoid pa9ful rebir?4 ,! second degree ( moral excell5ce is t atta9$ by ! monk ( ,gautama's ,ord]4 ,! idea ( ! ,buddhi/ "h is l t ( ! ,*ri/ian respect+ ! mona/ic life4 ,= c5turies 9 ! ,we/ ! ascetic life 0 look$ ^u z m p]fect ?an ! ord9>y life1 & z ! bett] & sur] way to salvation4 ,x is ! same 9 ,buddhi/ l&s4 ,! goal /riv5 aft]1 ! ext9ction ( unholy desires1 ! ,buddhi/ believes is mo/ quickly & surely rea*$ by him :o has rid himself ( ! c>es & worries ( dome/ic life1 & )drawn f all ! di/ractions ( ! _w4 ,! prime duty ( ! ,buddhi/ monk is m$itation1 :i* takes ! place ( pray] 9 ! code ( ! ,*ri/ian recluse4 ,?r\gh foll[+ fai?fully & pati5tly all ! rules ( ! ,ord] he may hope to atta9 su* comp>ative p]fection t at 8 dea? he w be reborn 9 "s bett] /ate4 ,! ?ird & highe/ degree ( moral atta9m5t c be rea*$ only 9 ! ,arhat%ip4 ,! ,arhat is :at we w\ld call ! p]fect man4 ,he is "o :o1 l ! ,buddha1 rea*es a /ate ( p]fect insight or m5tal illum9ation & ( p]fect fre$om f all desires#bhb save ! desire = ,nirvana4 ,?is /ate is rea*$ only ?r\gh absolute r5unciation ( ! _w4 ,he :o w\ld be p]fect mu/ leave all e>?ly pleasures beh9d1 & call+ no?+ 8 own1 ) all appetites /ill$1 passionless & desireless1 g out f home into homelessness4#bhc ,9 su* a "o k>ma becomes ext9ct1 & = him !re are no new bir?s4 8,! liv+1 mov+ body ( ! p]fect man is visible /ill10 says ,rhys ,davids 9 expla9+ ?is /ate1 444 8b x w decay & die & pass away1 & z no new body w be =m$1 :]e life 01 w be no?+40#bhd ,sid5ote3 ,! g5u9e altruism ( ,buddhi/ e?ics ,x is impossible to conceive a high] altruism ?an t inculcat$ by ! high] ?or\ghgo+ ,buddhism4 ,s9ce x d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1--no?+ save ! se$ 7k>ma7 ( ano!r b diff]5t life rema9+ at dea?1--:5 "o /rives to break ! *a9 ( exi/5ce1 to make an end ( ! we>y cycle ( bir?s1 su* a "o is seek+ good n = himself b = ano!r4 ,9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,hopk9s1 8,x is to save f sorr[ ?is son ( "o's acts t "o %\ld seek to f9d ! end40#bhe ,?us or?odox ,buddhism alone1 ( all ! great e?ical sy/ems ( hi/ory1 refuses to sully virtue ) promises ( rew>d4 ,its morality /&s absolutely alone1 unsupport$ by ! hope ( recomp5se ei!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! _w to come4 8,buddhism alone tea*es t to live on e>? is we>9ess1 t !re is no bliss beyond1 & t "o %\ld yet be calm1 pure1 lov+1 & wise40#bhf ,ano!r ?+ especially notewor?y reg>d+ ! e?ics ( ,buddhism is t x is ! e?ics ( naturalism4 8,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w10 9 ! words ( ,rhys ,davids1 8,buddhism proclaim$ a salvation :i* ea* man c\ld ga9 = himself & by himself 9 ?is _w1 dur+ ?is life1 )\t ! lea/ ref]5ce to ,god or ! gods1 ei!r great or small40 ,9 ?is respect ,buddhism is some:at l ! pres5t-day socialism ( ! mat]iali/ic s*ool1 :i* ard5tly proclaims ju/ice1 equity1 & univ]sal bro!rhood1 b says no?+ ab\t ,god4 ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,expressions ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,_s ,,( ,,buddhism ,sid5ote3 ,introductory ,buddhism has be5 call$ ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,ori5t4 ,l ,*ri/ianity1 x has be5 a great moraliz+ =ce 9 hi/ory4 ,its e?ical ideal has be5 j su* a factor 9 ! moral life ( ! ,ea/ z ! e?ical ideal ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 9 ! moral life ( ! ,we/4 ,to portray ev5 9 scantie/ outl9e ! influ5ce ( ?is ideal ^u ! diff]5t peoples :o h accept$ x z _! /&>d ( goodness1 or ^: moral codes h felt its modify+ effects1 w\ld lead u f> beyond ! limits ( our "w4 ,9 :at foll[s we %all aim at no?+ m--aft] hav+ fir/ rem>k$ ! e?ical k9%ip ( ! ,buddhi/ re=m ) o!r contempor>y re=m movem5ts--?an to note briefly ! practical outwork+s ( ! ideal 9 ?ree or f\r dep>tm5ts ( ! moral doma94 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical relation%ips ( ! ,buddhi/ re=m ,we %all und]/& be/ ! import = ! moral evolution ( humanity ( t rem>kable revolution 9 ,brahmanic ,india :i* result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,buddhism ?r\gh\t ! p59sula & 9 o!r c\ntries ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 if we fir/ notice its e?ical k9%ip ) o!r re=m movem5ts :i*1 ab\t ! close ( ! six? pre-,*ri/ian c5tury1 make a divid+ l9e 9 ! inn] hi/ories ( s _m ( ! progressive societies & cultures ( t age4#bhg ,9 ,greece ,py?agoreanism 0 ris+4 ,?is movem5t 0 9 its ess5tial _s a social & moral re=m4 ,x 0 an attempt to introduce a true e?ics 9 ,greek city life1 & to f9d a basis = morality 9 ! deep intuitions ( ! human s\l4#bhh ,9 ,israel ! ,isaiah ( ! ,exile 0 proclaim+ ! l(tie/ e?ical doctr9es ev] taught by ,hebrew prophet1 & 9 8 int]pretation ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,yahweh 0 scatt]+ ! se$ f :i* 0 to spr+ up a new e?ical life among m54 ,9 ,p]sia ! great tea*] ,z>a?u/ra 7,zoroa/]71 ) l vision ( moral ?+s1 0 decl>+ to ! foll[]s ( ,ahura ,mazda t :at ,god requires ( m5 is purity ( purpose1 tru?fulness 9 ^w & act1 & unceas+ w>f>e aga9/ evil )9 & )\t4 ,9 ,*9a ! ,ma/]1 ,confucius1 reaffirm+ ! tea*+s ( antiquity1 0 inculcat+ ess5tially ! same tru?--t ! sum ( true morality is rev]5ce1 ob$i5ce1 & "r liv+4 ,x probably w\ld be unhi/orical to suppose t !re 0 any actual connection betwe5 ^! sev]al e?ical or religi\s re=m movem5ts 9 ^! widely sep>at$ l&s4 ,!y are br\ght toge!r "h m]ely t !y may be us$ to int]pret "o ano!r 9 t]ms ( e?ical progress1 & t !y may be> witness to ! sub/antial on5ess ( ! expressions ( ! moral faculty ( man 9 response to ! same or simil> intellectual & social /imulus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical cont5t = ! masses ( ,buddha's message ,! "q naturally arises1 ,h[ c\ld ,buddha's dismal doctr9e ( annihilation z ! ultimate aim & end ( moral /riv+--= ?is dogma 0 und\bt$ly "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( primitive ,buddhism--ev] h be5 receiv$ by ! multitude z a ^w ( consolation & hope8 ,:at is !re ( e?ical au?ority or appeal 9 su* a doctr9e to con/itute x ! motive =ce 9 a great popul> moral re=m8 ,! answ] is t al?\gh ,buddha himself probably believ$ t dea? = ! p]fect man meant absolute ext9ction ( be+1 nev]!less he lay no emphasis ^u ?is "p ( 8 _w philosophy4 ,he knew v well t x w\ld be a h>d doctr9e = _m to receive1 & :5 que/ion$ ab\t x he 0 retic5t4 ,x 0 8 o!r doctr9e1 ! way 9 :i* "o may escape pa9ful rebir?s1 ^u :i* ,buddha laid ! /ress ( 8 tea*+4 ,& "h 8 simple ^w to ! p 0 ?is3 ,be g5tle & m]ciful & j2 get rid ( all impure & crav+ desires1 & !n at dea?1 in/ead ( suff]+ "s pa9ful rebir?1 y w be reborn into a happi] condition "h on e>? or 9 "s o!r _w4 ,9 a ^w1 he said1 ,foll[ aft] goodness & x w be well ) y4 ,to be able to und]/& h[ ?is simple ^w %\ld be receiv$ ) su* en?usiasm by ! multitude1 we ne$ to be> 9 m9d h[ h>d ! way ( escape f pa9ful rebir?s _h be5 made by ! ,brahmans4 ,!y _h taught ! p t salvation 0 possible only ?r\gh ritual & c]emony1 ?r\gh co/ly (f]+s to ! gods1 ?r\gh ! paym5t ( lib]al fees to ! prie/s1 ?r\gh p5ances & ascetic practices4#bhi ,?us ! way ( deliv]ance _h be5 made s h>d t few c\ld foll[ x1 & s une?ical t x left ! he>t cold & ! consci5ce unsatisfi$4 ,! situation 0 l t 9 ,judea :5 ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 9 opposition to ! tea*+s ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees :o 7 lay+ ^u m5's %\ld]s a burd5 ( ritualism too heavy to be borne1 decl>$ t man f9ds salvation n ?r\gh ritual or sacrifice1 b ?r\gh humility1 ob$i5ce1 & love--& ! p he>d him gladly & foll[$ him1 because 8 yoke 0 easy & 8 burd5 light4 ,s 0 x 9 ,india4 ,buddha int]prets anew to m5 ! div9e message t all :i* is requir$ ( !m is purity & ju/ice & t5d]ness t[>d all creatures4 ,! _s ( ! heavy-burd5$ multitude witnesse? ) ! _s ( ! ,prophet t ?is is inde$ a true & div9e ,^w2 & ,buddhism1 ) its e?ical en?usiasms & fre% hopes1 m>ks a new era 9 ! moral evolution ( ! peoples ( ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,mona/icism z an e?ical expression ( ,buddhism ,9 expla9+ ! diff]5t degrees ( moral atta9m5t possible to ! ,buddhi/1 we spoke ( ! mona/ic ideal ( virtue4 ,?is "p ( ,buddhi/ e?ical !ory has left a deep impress ^u practical morality 9 all ^? l&s into :i* ! fai? ( ! ,buddha has spread4 ,mona/icism has be51 & is /ill to-day1 j su* a dom9ant factor 9 ! moral life ( all ,buddhi/ communities ( ea/]n ,asia z x 0 9 ! moral life ( m$ieval ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,! causes t fo/]$ ! upgr[? ( ! sy/em 9 ! ,ea/ 7 ess5tially ! same z ^? t fo/]$ its developm5t 9 ! ,we/4 ,among ^! causes a prom95t place mu/ be assign$ t feel+ ( _w-we>9ess to :i* we h already m ?an once ref]r$1 a feel+ evok$ by ! burd5 & a*e ( exi/5ce4 ,x 0 ?is pr$isposition ( _s t caus$ ! doctr9e ( r5unciation ( ! _w prea*$ by ! disciples ( ,buddha to appeal ) su* p]suasion to multitudes ?r\gh\t all ! ,ea/]n l&s4 ,we may /op to note b "o ( v>i\s po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,buddhi/ & ,*ri/ian mona/icism4 ,! latt]1 9 g5]al1 recogniz$ ! e?ical value ( labor4 ,?is feel+ f\nd expression 9 v>i\s =ms ( activity among ! monks1 p>ticul>ly 9 agricultural labor & 9 ! "w ( ! scriptorium4 ,x 0 ?is :i* n only help$ to keep life 9 ! ,we/]n mona/]ies morally :olesome = a p]iod1 b :i* also made ! mona/ic sy/em su* an effici5t =ce 9 ! conque/ & r$emption ( ! wa/e l&s ( ,europe & 9 ! upbuild+ ( ,we/]n civilization 9 ! e>ly m$ieval age4 ,n[ ,buddhi/ mona/icism nev] recogniz$ ! moral value ( "w4#bij ,useful labor _h no place among ! requirem5ts ( ! mona/ic ideal4 ,"h d\btless is to be s\ght "o cause ( t lam5table moral deg5]acy into :i* ! mona/ic communities soon fell 9 almo/ all ! l&s :i!r ,buddhism 0 c>ri$ by ! mission>y zeal ( its e>ly conv]ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,practical effects ( ! animal e?ics ( ,buddhism ,we h se5 t "u ! ,buddhi/ sy/em ! :ole animal & insect _w is br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( e?ics4 ,buddhi/ morality has gone to a great] extreme "h ?an any o!r e?ical sy/em1 except+ t ( ,ja9ism4 ,! inculcat+ ( ?is sympa?y ) all liv+ creatures has develop$ "o ( ! mo/ attractive traits ( ! ,h9du "*4#bia ,b ! extreme emphasis laid ^u ?is bran* ( e?ics by ,buddhism1 ,ja9ism1 & mod]n ,brahmanism or ,h9duism has _h practical consequ5ces ( a v s]i\s nature4 ,! scruple 9 reg>d to kill+ animals1 ev5 h>mful creatures1 has co/ ,india millions ( human lives4 ,x has be5 a contributory cause ( ! c\ntry be+ ov]run ) dang]\s animals1 su* z tig]s & v5om\s snakes1 :i* de/roy _m ?\s&s ( human be+s annually1 & has ev5 fo/]$ ! propagation ( =ms ( life :i* are n[ kn[n to be effective ag5ts 9 ! spread ( infecti\s diseases l ! bubonic plague4#bib ,no?+ is sur] ?an t at ?is po9t ! e?ics ( ,buddhism mu/ soon] or lat] feel ! modify+ influ5ce ( ,we/]n sci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,buddhi/ _s ( tol]ation ,z an effici5t =ce 9 promot+ a _s ( ! broade/ tol]ation1 ,buddhism holds a unique place among ! great religi\s & e?ical sy/ems ( ! _w4#bic ,an edict ( ! ,buddhi/ ,emp]or ,asoka1 dat+ f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 inculcates ! practice ( tol]ation 9 ^! words3 8,a man mu/ n d rev]5ce to 8 own sect by disp>ag+ t ( ano!r man = trivial reasons4 ,depreciation %\ld be = adequate reasons only1 because ! sects ( o!r p des]ve rev]5ce = "o reason or ano!r40 ,! _s ( ?is imp]ial edict has be5 obey$ :]ev] ! ^w ( ! ,buddha has prevail$4 8,!re is no record kn[n to me10 writes ,rhys ,davids1 89 ! :ole long hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 ?r\gh\t ! _m c5turies :]e its foll[]s h be5 = su* l5g!n$ p]iods supreme1 ( any p]secution by ! ,buddhi/s ( ! foll[]s ( any o!r fai?40#bid ,sid5ote3 ,dise/eem ( ! milit>y life ,l ,confucianism1 ,buddhism 9 its _s & its e?ical tea*+s is1 z we h se51 absolutely oppos$ to ! _s ( milit>ism 9 e =m4 ,d\btless x has be5 a pot5t =ce 9 fo/]+ among ! peoples ( ea/]n ,asia an anti-milit>y _s & 9 creat+ a dise/eem = ! w>like qualities ( "*4#bie ,f "o l&--! ,t>t> l& ( ,?ibet--x has bani%$ absolutely ! w> _s & practically w> itself4#bif 8,x has tak5 all ! fi]c5ess out ( ! ,mongols10 & ?us r5d]$ useless ! ,great ,wall built to *eck _! raids into ,*9a4#big ,sid5ote3 ,s(t5+ effects on national "* ( ,buddhi/ tea*+s ,buddhism has be5 well *>act]iz$ z ! inc>nation ( sympa?y ) suff]+4 ,inculcat+ a morality ( g5tl5ess1 in/ill+ t5d]ness t[>d e liv+ ?+1 x has ex]cis$ a s(t5+ influ5ce ^u ! _s & temp] ( e race t has receiv$ its tea*+s4 ,we h 9 ! prec$+ *apt] not$ its humaniz+ effects ^u ,japanese morality4#bih ,ev5 9 ,india1 :]e aft] a comp>atively %ort p]iod ( supremacy x yield$ sway aga9 to ,brahmanism1 x left significant traces ( its brief dom9ance 9 ! deep5$ humanit>ianism ( ! re/or$ cre$ ( ! ,brahmans1 & 9 c]ta9 ( ^? traits & dispositions ( ! native races :i* r5d] tru?fully descriptive ! t]m 8g5tle ,h9du40 8,! l& ( meekness & g5tl5ess10 7 ! words us$ by a native ,h9du#bii at a rec5t ,lake ,mohonk ,conf]5ce to express ! e?ical "* ( ,india4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical significance ( ! e?ical unity creat$ by ,buddhism ,!re is deep significance = ! moral evolution ( ! human race 9 ?is e?ical propag&a ( ,buddhism4 ,= j z ,*ri/ianity has creat$ an e?ical unity among ! nations ( ! ,we/]n _w1 s has ,buddhism creat$ a c]ta9 e?ical unity among ! races ( ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,! hi/orical importance ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t ^! two e?ical sy/ems1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 =m & cont5t1 are 9 _s ess5tially ! same3 bo? are moralities ( univ]salism2 bo? tea* ! bro!rhood ( man2 bo? exalt ! g5tle#cjj & self-d5y+ virtues2 bo? enjo9 self-conque/2 bo? inculcate ! duty ( univ]sal b5evol5ce4 ,because ( ?is moral k9%ip1 ! e?ical conque/s ( ,buddhism--& !re is n a l& 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ t has n felt its influ5ce--are 9 a degree supplem5tal to ^? ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,we/1 & are ?us an important /ep 9 ! creation ( ! e?ical unity ( ! _w4 ,india & ,japan are bo? ne>] to u e?ically to-day ?an !y w\ld be1 7 x n = ! modify+ influ5ce ( ,buddhi/ tea*+s ^u ! e?ical _s & temp] ( _! peoples4#cja ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,zoroa/rianism3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,combat ,i4 ,,philosophical ,,& ,,religi\s ,,ideas ,,:i* ,,creat$ ,,! ,,e?ical ,,type ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s dualism ,9 view ( ! mix$ good & evil 9 ! _w1 ?9k]s ( antiquity1 outside ( ,israel & be=e ! rise ( ! ,/oic philosophy 9 ,greece1 c\ld n conceive ! univ]se z be+ set 9 motion & direct$ by "o ,god inf9ite at once 9 p[] & goodness4 ,ev5 ! mo/ p5etrat+ intellect ( ,greece falt]$ 9 8 se>* = unity3 8,we _c suppose10 says ,plato1 8t ! univ]se is ord]$ by "o s\l2 !re mu/ be m ?an "o1 probably n less ?an two--"o ! au?or ( good1 & ! o!r ( evil40#cjb ,! se]s ( ,israel alone rea*$ ) p]fect conviction ! height ( ! great argum5t1 & ann\nc$ confid5tly t ,he :o is ! au?or ( ! good 9 ! _w is ! au?or likewise ( ! evil3 8,i =m ! light & create ! d>kness2 ,i make peace & create evil10 are ! words :i* ! prophet ,isaiah puts 9 ! m\? ( ,yahweh4#cjc ,! religi\s ?9k]s ( ,p]sia nev] rea*$ ?is l(ty viewpo9t4 ,x seem$ to !m1 z x seem$ to ! ,greek philosoph]1 t at lea/ two deities mu/ h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! creation & ord]+ ( ! univ]se4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( two great p[]s3 a good be+1 ,ahura ,mazda1 ! creator ( light & ( all b5efic5t ?+s2 & an evil be+1 ,ahriman1 ! au?or ( d>kness & ( all baneful creatures4 ,betwe5 ^! two p[]s !y conceiv$ to be go+ on a fi]ce /ruggle = ! ma/]y1 9 :i* ultimate victory 0 assur$ to ! good ,ahura4#cjd ,?is ,p]sian _w philosophy react$ favorably ^u ! moral "*1 &1 z we %all see fur!r on1 contribut$ to create 9 anci5t ,p]sia a deep consci\sness ( ! et]nal di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 a pr(\nd s5tim5t ( duty1 & an active1 /r5u\s morality4#cje ,x is :5 contra/$ ) ! _w philosophy ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism t ! e?ical value ( ?is duali/ic philosophy ( ! old ,p]sian ?9k]s is be/ disclos$4 ,sid5ote3 ,conception ( ! "* ( ! supreme god1 ,ahura ,mazda ,:ile x is true t ! moral qualities attribut$ by a p to _! gods are no?+ m nor less ?an ! moral qualities possess$ or rev]$ by ?is p !mselves1 /ill x is also true t ! moral nature ?us giv5 to ! gods reacts p[]fully ^u ! e?ical life ( _! wor%ip]s & t5ds to mold _! moral "* aft] ! heav5ly type4 ,9 a ^w1 cele/ial morality is at once effect & cause4 ,9 ! case ( no o!r p ( antiquity1 except ! p ( ,israel1 did ! conception ( deity ex]cise a great] influ5ce ^u morality ?an 9 t ( ! anci5t ,p]sians4 ,! supreme be+1 ,ahura ,mazda1 0 conceiv$1 z we h already not$1 z ! creator ( ! light & ( all good ?+s1 z ! god ( righte\s ord] & b5evol5ce4 ,he 0 ! lov] ( tru?4 ,tru? 0 ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( 8 be+1 z love is ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f>!r on we %all see h[ ?is conception ( deity =m$ ! mold 9 :i* 0 ca/ ! ,p]sian ideal ( moral excell5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical "* ( ,mi?ra ,ahura ,mazda 0 ! god ( ! sky4 ,z "t pass$1 ,mi?ra1 ! god ( ! sun1 gradually came into great] prom95ce & f9ally q eclips$ ! at fir/ supreme deity1 ,ahura4 ,z ! sol> god he appropriat$ ! e?ical attributes ( ! sky god & became preem95tly ! god ( light1 ! *ampion ( tru?1 & ! av5g] ( lies4 ,he x is :o1 :5 n deceiv$1 e/abli%e? nations 9 victory & /r5g?4#cjf ,x 0 f ?is sol> deity t ,zoroa/rianism 9 ! lat] pre-,*ri/ian c5turies 0 call$ ,mi?raism1 "u :i* "n1 z we %all see1 x ent]$ ! ,greco-,roman _w & !re became a *ief competitor ) ,*ri/ianity = ! control & guidance ( ! moral life ( ! ,european nations4 ,sid5ote3 ,doctr9e ( ! sacr$ness ( ! elem5ts--fire1 e>?1 & wat] ,! pr9ciple ( ,p]sian _w philosophy :i*1 next aft] t ( ! divid$ gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 _h probably ! greate/ consequ5ces1 & ^? n :olly favorable1 = ,p]sian morality1 0 ! pr9ciple ( ! purity & sacr$ness ( ! elem5ts--fire1 e>?1 & wat]4 ,f ?is pr9ciple or belief 7 d$uc$ endless ritual requirem5ts ^: aim 0 to pres]ve ^! elem5ts f pollution1 or to re/ore _! purity aft] defilem5t1 & ?us "o l>ge division ( ! moral code embrac$ ma9ly artificial duties1 duties :i* _h no vital relation to natural morality1 t is1 to conduct d]iv+ its sanction f ! natural feel+s ( moral "r & wrong4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p]sonality ( a great re=m]1 ,z>a?u/ra ,z ! great moral sy/ems ( ,confucianism1 ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mohamm$anism be> ea* ! impress ( ! moral consci\sness ( "s great tea*]1 s is x ) ,zoroa/rianism4 ,= ! moral ideal ( ,p]sia1 :ile d\btless l>gely ! creation ( ! e?ical feel+s & convictions ( ! ,iranian race1 develop$ ?r\gh _m c5turies ( race exp]i5ces1 nev]!less be>s ! unmi/akable impr9t ( a unique p]sonality4 ,t ! ,z>a?u/ra ( tradition repres5ts a real hi/orical p]sonage1 !re c h>dly be long] a reasonable d\bt4#cjg ,! "t ( ,z>a?u/ra's mission probably falls 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he ?us belongs to t era 9 ! hi/ory ( antiquity :51 at v>i\s c5t]s ( culture1 re=m movem5ts ann\nc$ ! op5+ ( a new epo* 9 ! moral evolution ( ! human race4#cjh ,! sum ( :at we may believe to h be5 8 moral tea*+s 0 t man's full duty is purity & s9c]ity 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$1 & an untir+ w>f>e aga9/ evil4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,! ess5ce ( ! moral life ,! di/9ctive "* ( ! ,p]sian moral ideal 0 det]m9$ by ! ,p]sian duali/ic _w philosophy4 ,! ess5ce ( ! moral life is a /ruggle aga9/ evil4 ,! good man is ! /rong fight] ) ,ahura aga9/ ,ahriman & all 8 creations4 ,!re 0 no place 9 ! ideal = ^? ascetic virtues--celibacy1 fa/+1 self-mortification--:i* conf]r$ sa9?ood 9 ,india4#cji ,! m>ri$ /ate 0 reg>d$ z sup]ior to ! unm>ri$3 8,he :o has *ildr510 says ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 8is f> above ! *ildless man40#caj ,fa/+ 0 condemn$ z ungodly1 = 8no "o :o does n eat has /r5g? to d heavy "w ( hol9ess02#caa ! well-f$ man c fight bett] ?an ! "o :o less5s 8 vitality by fa/+1 c )/& ! cold bett]1 8c /rive aga9/ ! wick$ tyrant & smite him on ! head40#cab ,! ,zoroa/rians reg>d$ ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y knew x1 ) disapproval1 because x exalt$ celibacy & made fa/+ a virtue4 ,?is moral ideal :i* made life a /r5u\s battl+ = ! "r 01 aft] ! ideal ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 ! l(tie/ develop$ by ! anci5t _w4 ,z we %all see imm$iately1 x t5d$ to make ! morality ( ! anci5t ,p]sians 8a morality ( vigor & manl9ess40 ,sid5ote3 ,tru?fulness ! p>am\nt virtue ,among ! special virtues mak+ up ! moral ideal1 ! highe/ place 0 assign$ ! virtue ( v]acity4 ,x is notewor?y h[ ?is virtue 01 if n creat$1 at lea/ fo/]$ by ! ,p]sian conception ( ! supreme god1 ,ahura ,mazda1 ^: symbol 0 ! light4#cac ,z ,ahriman 0 ! god ( deceit & lies1 s 0 ,ahura ! god ( s9c]ity & tru?4 ,?is ?\ght ( deity made tru?fulness a supreme virtue1 = man mu/ 9 all ?+s take = 8 model ! good _s on ^: side he battles4 ,v>i\s te/imonies be> witness to ! high place assign$ 9 ! scale ( virtues to v]acity4 ,!re 0 to be no li> among ^? p]sons :om ! ,p]sian ,noah 7,yima7 0 comm&$ to br+ into ! great und]gr\nd abode1 t ! e>? might be repeopl$ ) a sup]ior race aft] ! deadly cold ( ! long w9t]4#cad ,! puni%m5t provid$ 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a = false swe>+ 0 t]rible4 ,! v fir/ "t "o kn[+ly tells a lie unto ,mi?ra 7! god adjur$ 9 tak+ an oa?71 8)\t wait+ until x is done aga910 he %all be beat5 on e>? ) twice sev5 hundr$ /ripes1 & bel[ 9 hell %all receive puni%m5t h>d] ?an ! pa9 f ! cutt+ (f ( limbs1 f fall+ d[n a precipice1 f impalem5t4#cae ,:at is especially notewor?y "h is t ,zoroa/rian morals recognize ! univ]sality ( ! law ( tru?fulness & require t contracts made ev5 ) ! unfai?ful be fai?fully kept3 8,break n ! contract10 says ! sacr$ law2 444 8= ,mi?ra /&s = bo? ! fai?ful & ! unfai?ful40#caf ,ev5 m sacr$ ?an ! engagem5ts ( k9sman ) k9sman are ! engagem5ts betwe5 nations1 = :ile a contract betwe5 memb]s ( ! same gr\p is ?irtyfold m b9d+ ?an "o betwe5 two /rang]s1 a contract betwe5 two nations is a ?\s&fold m b9d+4#cag ,"h is rais$ a /&>d ( int]national morality to :i* mod]n /atesm5 & diplomati/s h n yet atta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! duty ( indu/ry2 ! e?ics ( labor ,indu/ry 0 ano!r c>d9al virtue ( ! ,zoroa/rian ideal ( "*4 ,labor 0 enjo9$ n only z honorable b z a sacr$ duty4 ,w$gwood endeavors to %[ h[ ?is virtue 0 ! outgr[? ( ! ,p]sian conception ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ,indian ?\ght ! _w is n a creation1 ! "w ( a div9e ,creator2 x is an emanation f an imp]sonal1 unconsci\s1 primal pr9ciple4 ,b 9 ! ,p]sian _w-view ! univ]se is conceiv$ z ! "w ( a deity :o labors to give x =m & %ape4 ,?is conception ( ,god z a work] react$ p[]fully ^u ! ideal ( human excell5ce4 ,man mu/ imitate ?is div9e virtue ( labor4 ,he mu/ become a co-work] ) ! good ,ahura ,mazda4 ,?us 0 labor idealiz$1 & all "w1 ev5 ! mo/ l[ly1 made a sacr$ ?+4#cah ,!re is 9 ?is view d\btless an elem5t ( tru?1 b x is probable t ?is duty ( indu/ry & ?rift ^u :i* su* emphasis is laid 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a 0 9 ! beg9n+ taught & en=c$ by ! limit$ area ( fruitful soil & ! necessity ( c>eful irrigation & tillage1 & t only lat] ! virtue ?us eng5d]$ receiv$ ! sanction & support ( religion4 ,we may inf] ?is f ! fact t agriculture 0 ! mo/ sacr$ ( occupations4 8,he :o s[s corn10 says ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 8s[s righte\sness40#cai ,to s[ corn1 grass1 & fruit2 to wat] dry gr\nd & to dra9 gr\nd t is too wet--?is is ! duty ( man4#cbj ,sid5ote3 ,animal e?ics ,! ,zoroa/rian code1 l ! ,laws ( ,manu1 gives a l>ge place to man's duties t[>d ! l[] animal creation4 ,b ! animal e?ics ( ! ,iranian lawgiv] are mu* m reasonable ?an ^? ( ! ,h9du legislator4 ,! ,buddhi/1 z we h se51 is enjo9$ to sp>e e liv+ ?+2 !re is no di/9ction made betwe5 useful animals & dang]\s bea/s & noxi\s reptiles4 ,to su* an extreme is ?is reg>d = all life c>ri$ t agriculture1 ?\gh a p]missible because a necess>y occupation1 /ill is look$ ^u ) disfavor = ! reason t ! pl[ injures ! be+s liv+ 9 ! e>?4#cba ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,zoroa/rian code di/+ui%es betwe5 b5efic5t & baneful creatures1 decl>es ! fir/ to h be5 creat$ by ! good ,ahura & ! latt] by ! evil ,ahriman1 & makes x ! duty ( ! good man to protect & treat k9dly all useful animals1 & to de/roy all baneful creatures1 includ+ noxi\s plants1 su* z we$s & brambles4 ,h5ce till+ ! soil is prais$ z an especially holy occupation1 s9ce ! pl[ de/roys ! ?i/les & we$s s[n by ! evil-dispos$ ,ahriman4 ,sid5ote3 ,duty ( protect+ ! purity ( ! elem5ts ,ano!r important dep>tm5t ( ,p]sian e?ics 0 bas$ on ! idea ( ! hol9ess ( ! elem5ts--fire1 e>?1 & wat]4 ,any defilem5t ( ^! 0 a s91 9 "s cases an unp>donable s94 ,= in/ance1 bury+ ! corpse ( a man or ( an animal 9 ! e>?1 & n dis9t]r+ x )9 two ye>s--8= t de$ !re is no?+ t c pay2 444 x is a trespass = :i* !re is no atonem5t = ev] & ev]40#cbb ,equally /r+5t 7 ! prohibitions aga9/ ! pollution ( ! holy elem5ts fire & wat]1 ?r\gh ca/+ into !m any unclean matt]4#cbc ,we %all p]haps be/ und]/& ! moral value ( su* duties z we h to d ) 9 ?is division ( ,p]sian e?ics1 if we comp>e !m ) ^? duties ( ! ,*ri/ian code--,sabba? obs]vances--:i* are bas$ on ! idea ( ! hol9ess ( a c]ta9 portion ( "t4 ,! e?ical feel+s evok$ 9 ! "o case are ak9 to ^? evok$ 9 ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! judgm5t ( ! dead2 ! s\l ! judge ( ! s\l ,9 ! ,p]sian judgm5t ( ! s\l aft] dea? we h ! mo/ pr(\nd & spiritual conception ( ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ! h]eaft] t has f\nd expression 9 ! e?ical tea*+s ( any p4 ,! s\l is conceiv$ z be+ judg$ by itself4 ,^u its dep>ture f ?is life ! s\l ( ! fai?ful is met by a beautiful maid51 8fair z ! faire/ ?+10 :o says to him3 8,i am ?y own consci5ce2 ,i 0 lovely & ?\ made/ me /ill loveli]2 ,i 0 fair & ?\ made/ me /ill fair]1 ?r\gh ?y good ?\ght1 ?y good spee*1 & ?y good de$40 ,& !n ! s\l is l$ into ! p>adise ( endless light4 ,b ! s\l ( ! wick$ "o is met by a hide\s old woman1 8ugli] ?an ! uglie/ ?+10 :o is 8 own consci5ce4 ,%e says to him3 8,i am ?y bad actions1 ,o y\? ( evil ?\ghts1 ( evil words1 ( evil de$s1 ( evil religion4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?y w & actions t ,i am hide\s & vile40 ,& !n ! s\l is l$ d[n into ! hell ( endless d>kness4#cbd ,! rem>kable ?+ ab\t all ?is is t ?is pr(\nd & spiritual conception ( 8a m5tal heav5 & hell ) :i* we are n[ famili> z ! only future /ate recogniz$ by intellig5t p0 %\ld h f\nd expression at ! e>ly p]iod :5 ! fai? ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a 0 =mulat$4 8,:ile mank9d 7 deliv]$ up to ! *ildi% t]rors ( a future replete ) horrors visit$ ^u !m f )\t1 ! e>ly ,iranian sage ann\nc$ ! et]nal tru? t ! rew>ds ( ,heav5 & ! puni%m5ts ( ,hell c only be f )94 ,he gave u1 we may fairly say1 ?r\gh ! sy/ems :i* he has influ5c$1 t great doctr9e ( subjective recomp5se1 :i* mu/ "w an ess5tial *ange 9 ! m5tal habits ( e "o :o receives x40#cbe ,,iii4 ,,! ,,practice ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( ! moral ideal ^u ! ,p]sian "* ,9 sett+ = man z 8 *ief moral task a c\rage\s w>f>e aga9/ evil1 ! ,zoroa/rian e?ics produc$ a c]ta9 exaltation ( "*1 & inspir$ /r5u\s activity motiv$ by a deep s5se ( duty4 ,x creat$1 or concurr$ ) o!r causes 9 creat+1 8a race ( zeal\s ,puritans10 a /rong1 self-reliant p1 :o disda9$ all asceticism & indol5ce4#cbf ,fa/+1 z we h se51 0 reg>d$ z a crime because x weak5s ! body & unfits "o = active ex]tion4 ,x is in/ructive to place ! mascul9e ideal ( ,p]sia alongside ! fem99e ideal ( ,buddhi/ ,india & note ! diff]5t effects ( ^! /rongly contra/$ /&>ds ( goodness ^u ! races accept+ !m z ! measure & rule ( rational conduct & duty4 ,! ,buddhi/ ideal1 z we h se51 is made up l>gely ( ! g5tl]1 contemplative1 passive virtues1 ! virtues ( ! recluse & ! ascetic4 ,its issue 9 "* is quietism4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 ! ,zoroa/rian ideal inspires /urdy1 virile1 active virtues1 ! moral qualities ( ! re=m]1 ( ! toil] & ! fight]4 ,! natural effect ( ! ideal 0 to confirm 9 ! ,p]sians all ! seem+ly orig9al /rong e?ical qualities ( ! ,iranic race4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sian v5]ation = ! tru? ,we h se5 t "o ( ! *ief requirem5ts ( ! ,zoroa/rian code 0 tru?fulness2 man mu/ be v]aci\s ev5 z ,ahura ,mazda is v]aci\s4 ,v>i\s te/imonies assure u t 9 respect to ?is virtue !re 0 9 anci5t ,p]sia a comm5dable con=mity ( practice to !ory4 ,! feel+ = ! beauty & nobility ( tru?fulness 0 mu* m fully develop$ among ! ,p]sians ?an among any o!r p ( anci5t or mod]n times4 ,!y 7 a tru?-rev]+ & a tru?-speak+ p4 ,ly+ 0 ! great crime4 ,to lie1 to deceive1 0 to be a foll[] ( ,ahriman1 ! god ( lies & deceit4 ,h5ce ly+ 0 reg>d$ z a species ( treason aga9/ ,ahura ,mazda4 8,! mo/ disgraceful ?+ 9 ! _w10 affirms ,h]odotus1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,p]sians1 8!y ?9k1 is to tell a lie2 ! next worse is to owe a debt1 because1 among o!r reasons1 ! debtor is oblig$ to tell lies40#cbg ,9 8 report ( ! ,p]sian sy/em ( education he says1 8,! boys are taught to ride1 to draw ! b[1 & to speak ! tru?40#cbh ,i 0 n wick$1 nor a li>1 is ! sub/ance & purport ( _m a record ( ! anci5t k+s4 ,rawl9son adduces ?is z evid5ce ( _! v5]ation = tru?fulness4 8,! special e/imation 9 :i* tru? 0 held among ! ,p]sians10 he says1 8is evid5c$ 9 a rem>kable mann] by ! inscriptions ( ,d>ius1 :]e ly+ is tak5 z ! repres5tative ( all evil4 ,x is ! great calamity ( ! usurpation ( ! pseudo-,sm]dis1 t #8!n ! lie became ab\nd+ 9 ! l&4' #8,! ,evil ,"o 787 inv5t$ lies t !y %\ld deceive ! /ate4' ,d>ius is favor$ by ,ormazd1 #8because he 0 n a h]etic1 nor a li>1 nor a tyrant4' ,8 successors are exhort$ n to *]i%1 b to ca/ into utt] p]dition1 #8! man :o may be a li>1 or :o may be an evildo]4' ,8 great fe> is le/ x may be ?\ght t any "p ( ! record :i* he has set up has be5 #8falsely relat$1' & he ev5 ab/a9s f relat+ c]ta9 ev5ts ( 8 reign #8le/ to him :o may h]eaft] p]use ! tablet1 ! _m de$s t h be5 done by him may seem to be #8falsely record$4'0#cbi ,! ,p]sian k+s1 %am+ 9 ?is all o!r nations anci5t & mod]n1 kept sacr$ly _! pl$g$ ^w2#ccj only once 7 !y ev] ev5 *>g$ ) hav+ brok5 a treaty ) a =eign p[]4#cca ,t tru?fulness 0 a national virtue ( ! ,p]sians is fur!r atte/$ by ! fact t ,h]odotus repres5ts !m z always rely+ implicitly ^u e tale told !m by ! ly+ ,greeks :om !y _h tak5 captive4 ,x nev] seem$ to occur to !m t ev5 an enemy c\ld be guilty ( s awful a blasphemy z ly+4 ,x 0 ?is trait :i* l$ to _! undo+ at ,salamis by ! unscrupul\s & m5daci\s ,!mi/ocles4#ccb ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ! ideal ^u ,p]sian hi/ory ,t exaltation ( "* :i* we h rem>k$ z spr++ naturally f ! moral dignity ) :i* man 0 inve/$ by be+ made an associate ( ! good ,ahura 9 8 /ruggle ) ! wick$ ,ahriman may be notic$ especially 9 ! aims & und]tak+s ( ! ,p]sian mon>*s 9 ! p]iod be=e ! moral decad5ce ( ! ,iranian civilization set 91 & :ile ! /r5g? ( ! e?ical appeal ( ! ,zoroa/rian ideal 0 yet unimpair$4 ,?is appe>s 9 all _! records1 :i* make ! aim ( _! conque/s to be ! ov]?r[ ( ! p[]s ( evil & disord] & ! sett+ up ( a k+dom ( righte\sness 9 ! _w4 ,! inscriptions ( ,d>ius ,i read l ! lett]s ( ! ,puritan ,cromwell4 ,inde$1 j z x 0 ! mascul9e moral ideal ( ,engli% ,puritanism :i* help$ to make ,engl& great1 & /rong to play h] "p 9 ! transactions ( mod]n times1 s we may believe x 0 ! /r5u\s moral ideal ( ,zoroa/rianism t help$ to make ,p]sia great1 & /rong to play h] great rle 9 ! affairs ( ! anci5t _w4 ,9 tru?1 ! ideal is /ill an unexp5d$ =ce 9 hi/ory4 ,x seems to h giv5 immortality to ! p t x inspir$2 = x c h>dly be d\bt$ t x is l>gely ow+ to _! active practical morality t ! ,p>sees 9 ,india1 ! repres5tatives to-day ( ! old ,zoroa/rian fai?1 con/itute su* a dom9ant elem5t 9 ! ,indian communities ( :i* !y =m a "p4#ccc ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,,9 ,,israel3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,ob$i5ce ,,to ,a ,,reveal$ ,,law ,i4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,basis ,,( ,,hebrew ,,morality ,sid5ote3 ,introductory3 ,israel's hi/oric task a moral "o ,to ! pi\s ,hebrew ! ra9b[1 :i* to ! e/hetic ,greek 0 m]ely ! beautiful pa?way ( ,iris1 ! mess5g] ( ,olympus1 0 ,yahweh's b[ hung out f ! d>k retreat+ ?und]cl\d z a sign ( righte\s ang] sp5t & ! pl$ge ( a div9e cov5ant & promise4 ,9 ?is e?ical int]pretation by ! ,hebrew _s ( ?is port5t is =etok5$ ! hi/ory & mission ( anci5t ,israel4 ,x 0 h] allott$ task to int]pret 9 e?ical t]ms ! ph5om5a ( ! _w ( nature & ! drama ( human life & hi/ory4 ,& x 0 h] happy lot to become ! tea*] to mank9d ( ! tru? ( an alone & righte\s ,god1 & to be ! creator ( a moral ideal :i* is to-day ! highe/ e?ical /&>d ( all ! races ( ! ,we/]n _w1 & ! mo/ vital moral =ce at "w 9 univ]sal hi/ory4 ,9 ! %ort acc\nt :i* we %all give ( ,hebrew morality we %all adopt a mode ( treatm5t some:at diff]5t f t foll[$ 9 describ+ ! moral sy/ems ( ! peoples already pass$ 9 review1 = ! reason t 9 ! case ( ! anci5t ,hebrews ! hi/orical mat]ial is suffici5tly abundant to enable u to trace /ep by /ep ! developm5t ( ! e?ical ideal & to wat* ! gradual cl>ification ( ! moral consci\sness ( ! race4#ccd ,h5ce1 aft] speak+ ( ! religi\s ideas :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! moral code1 we %all sket* briefly ! evolution ( ! rudim5t>y morality ( ! tribal age ( ! nation into ! high ideal ( ! prophets ( ! lat] "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conception ( deity2 monolatry & mono!ism ,we h se5 h[ ! ,p]sian view ( deity mold$ ,p]sian morality4 ,9 a /ill m decisive way did ! ,hebrew idea ( ,god1 ( 8 "* & 8 relation to ,israel & ! _w1 %ape & mold ! moral ideal ( ! race4#cce ,:5 ! ,hebrews 9 ! second mill5nium be=e ,*ri/ appe>$ 9 hi/ory1 !y 7 9 possession ( a /ock ( ideas conc]n+ ! gods :i* 01 9 all ess5tials save "o1 altoge!r l t held by _! ,semitic k9sm5 ( ! v>i\s l&s ( s\?we/]n ,asia4 ,! s+le ess5tial po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 _! religi\s belief & t ( _! neighbors 0 ?is3 ! nations ab\t !m 7 poly!i/s2 !y 7 monolatri/s2 t is1 ! ,hebrews1 :ile !y believ$ 9 _m gods1 wor%ip$ only "o god1 _! tribal god ,yahweh4 ,z ,/ade expresses x1 8! old ,israelite 0 a !oretical poly!i/1 b a practical mono!i/40#ccf ,!re is sc>cely ne$ t we add 9 qualification ( ?is1 t :5 ! ,hebrews fir/ appe>$ 9 hi/ory !y 7 n all monolatri/s4 ,! multitude 7 !n1 & = a long "t !reaft]1 poly!i/s4 ,all t c be affirm$ is t 9 ! e>lie/ times ( _! hi/ory !re 7 among !m tea*]s ( monolatrism1 tea*]s :o inculcat$ ! duty ( wor%ip+ a s+le god1 ! patron & *ampion ( ! nation4 ,?r\gh :at exp]i5ces & "u :at tuition ^! tea*]s ( ,israel made ! passage 9 ?\ght f poly!ism to monolatrism we ne$ n n[ inquire4 ,= our purpose we ne$ simply note ! fact & emphasize its supreme hi/orical importance4 ,x m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a div]g5t evolution 9 religi\s belief & e?ical conviction :i* 9 ! lapse ( "t 0 to lead ,israel f> ap>t f h] ,semitic k9sm51 & make h] ! /&>d be>] ( a univ]sal religion & a univ]sal morality4 ,= monolatry 0 ) ! prophets & se]s ( ,israel only ! fir/ /ep t[>d mono!ism1 ! doctr9e t !re is only "o ,god1 ! ,univ]sal ,fa!r4 ,?is idea ( deity 0 n rea*$ mu* be=e ! "t ( ! ,second ,isaiah4 ,along ) ?is lat] view ( ,yahweh !re came ! ?\ght & conviction t he is a ,god ( absolute righte\sness4 ,?is conception ( ,god & ( 8 "* 01 z we %all see1 an idea *>g$ ) ! deepe/ significance n only = ! e?ical developm5t 9 ,israel b = ! moral life ( all mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! belief 9 a sup]naturally reveal$ law ,aft] ?is conception ( ,yahweh1 fir/ z a jeal\s tribal deity & lat] z ! sole ,god & ,univ]sal ,fa!r1 ! belief 9 a sup]naturally reveal$ law :]e9 all ! duties ( man 7 made kn[n 0 ! mo/ pot5t =ce 9 mold+ ! moral ideal ( ,israel4 ,x 0 ?is belief :i* made ! *ief duty ( man to be unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to ! div9e comm&m5ts2 = ! reveal$ law 0 ! measure ( duty--:at x enjo9$ 0 "r1 :at x =bade 0 wrong4 ,?is inve/iture ( an out] law1 conceiv$ to be ( sup]natural orig91 ) sov]eign au?ority ov] man's e act1 & ! subord9ation to x ( ! inn] law ( ! individual consci5ce1 _h consequ5ces ( va/ importance = ! e?ical evolution n only 9 anci5t ,israel b also among all ! peoples ^: moral ideal 0 ess5tially an inh]itance f h]4 ,= :]e ! full duty ( man is made to consi/ 9 ob$i5ce to ! m9ute requirem5ts ( an ext]nal law !re is inevitably creat$ a morality made up l>gely ( artificial ritual duties1 & z intellig5ce gr[s & ! moral consci\sness deep5s & cl>ifies1 !re necess>ily arises a conflict betwe5 ?is conv5tional morality & ! natural morality ( ! human reason & consci5ce4 ,9 su* a conflict1 9 ?is way creat$1 )9 ! moral life ( ,israel c5t]s ! dramatic int]e/ ( h] moral hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,special gr\nd ( ! ,israelites' feel+ t ob$i5ce to ! law 0 _! highe/ duty ,!re 0 a special reason :y ! ,israelites felt t _! fir/ duty 0 absolute ob$i5ce to ! reveal$ w ( ,yahweh4 ,!y possess$ a tradition :i* told h[ _! fa!rs 7 s]fs 9 ! l& ( ,egypt2 h[ ,yahweh1 ?r\gh 8 s]vant ,moses1 _h int]v5$ 9 _! behalf1 & ) a /rong arm & ) mighty signs _h br\ght !m up out ( ! l& ( bondage2 & h[ at ,mt4 ,s9ai he _h ent]$ into a cov5ant ) !m 9 :i* he pl$g$ to !m 8 p[]ful protection on condition ( _! fidelity 9 8 wor%ip & ob$i5ce to all 8 comm&m5ts4 ,?is belief 0 ! g]m out ( :i* grew mo/ ( :at 0 unique 9 ! e?ical developm5t ( ,israel4#ccg ,x play$ exactly ! same "p 9 creat+ & mold+ ! religi\s consci5ce ( ,israel t ! ,*ri/ian's belief 9 ! desc5t ( ! ,son ( ,god into ! _w & 8 volunt>y dea? to effect man's deliv]ance has _h 9 mold+ ! religi\s consci5ce ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,z we advance 9 our /udy we %all see h[ l>gely ! moral consci\sness ( ! ,israelites 0 a creation ( ?is belief 9 a mo/ sacr$ cov5ant betwe5 ,yahweh & _! fa!rs at ! 8,t]rible ,m\nt0 9 ! wild]ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rite ( sacrifice ,we h se5 t religion on ! l[] levels ( culture consi/s l>gely 9 sacrifice2 t is1 9 gifts or (f]+s ei!r to ! spirits ( ! dead or to ! gods4 ,! religion ( ! anci5t ,hebrews did n diff] 9 ?is respect f ! religion ( o!r peoples 9 ! same /age ( culture4#cch ,b ! evolution ( ! rite ( sacrifice among ! ,israelites diff]s f its developm5t among all o!r peoples 9 t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,hebrew _s1 ! rite 0 gradually r$uc$ to symbolism & spiritualiz$4 ,9 ?is process x und]w5t ! mo/ rem>kable metamorphoses4 ,beg9n+ ) meat & dr9k (f]+s f man to ,god1 x ends ) ,god giv+ himself a sacrifice = man4 ,! sy/em ?us trans=m$ became ! great inspir] ( e?ical s5tim5t & a unique vehicle ( moral in/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,! vagu5ess ( ! belief 9 an aft] life ,! ,israelite's ?\ght ( dea? & ( ! aft] life also react$ p[]fully ^u 8 moral feel+s & color$ all 8 e?ical speculations2 =1 l ! conceptions held ( ,god1 ! notions ent]ta9$ ( man's lot aft] dea?1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 has f>-rea*+ consequ5ces = ! moral life4 ,n[ ! ,hebrew conception ( ! future /ate 0 ! same z ! ,babylonian4 ,%eol1 l ! ,babylonian ,arallu1 0 a vague & %ad[y region b5ea? ! e>?1 a sad & dismal place :i* receiv$ )\t di/9ction ! good & ! bad4 ,! same fate 0 allott$ all :o w5t d[n to ! grave3 8,! small & ! great are !re2 & ! s]vant is free f 8 ma/]40#cci ,!re 0 no return !re = good1 or = evil3 8,b ! dead "k n any?+1 nei!r h !y any m a rew>d40#cdj ,memory & hope 7 !re dead3 8,= 9 dea? !re is no remembrance ( !e4444 ,!y t g d[n into ! pit _c hope = ?y tru?40#cda ,we %all see lat] h[ ?is vague & feebly held idea ( ! future life react$ ^u ! evolution ( ! moral consci\sness 9 ,israel1 h[ deeply x influ5c$ ! tr\bl$ e?ical speculations ( ! m ?\ghtful m9ds ( ! nation1 & h[ x inspir$ !ories ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w :i* h n yet lo/ _! p[] ov] ! ?\ghts & ! conduct ( m54#cdb ,we ne$ 9 ?is place m]ely to po9t out h[ x 0 ! abs5ce ( a cle>ly def9$ belief 9 a life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ano!r _w t creat$1 or help$ to create1 ! ,messianic ideal1 "o ( ! mo/ fruitful conceptions1 9 its e?ical outcomes1 t ev] ent]$ into ! m9d ( man4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideal #a4 ,! ,developm5t up to ! ,exile ,sid5ote3 ,! primitive moral code ,! hi/ory ( ,hebrew morals is ! record ( a long & sl[ evolution4 ,! primitive code ) :i* ! developm5t began 0 ! code ( ,semitic nomadism4 ,x 0 ess5tially ! same z t :i* to-day gov]ns ! conduct ( ! practically un*ang$ k9sm5 ( ! ,hebrews1 ! ,b$\9 ( ,arabia & neighbor+ l&s4 ,x 0 ! morality ( ! k9%ip gr\p4#cdc ,! pr9ciple ( communal responsibility1 :i* af=ds ! key to a l>ge "p ( ! moral hi/ory ( ,israel1 _h n yet be5 *all5g$ z une?ical1 & blood rev5ge 0 a mo/ sacr$ duty4 ,! circle cov]$ by ! moral feel+s 0 /ill n>r[2 !re 0 practically no s5tim5t ( duty or obligation t[>d tribes or nations outside ! gr\p ( tribes con/itut+ ! p ( ,israel4 ,! conception ( ,yahweh z a jeal\s national god prev5t$ ! gr[? ( feel+s :i* might h =m$ ! basis ( a true int]national morality4 ,! w>s :i* ! ,israelites wag$ aga9/ _! enemies 7 w>s ( ru?less slaught] & rap9e4 ,?is rudim5t>y morality is summ>iz$ 9 ! ,decalogue1#cdd = ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts are indisputably ( a high antiquity4 ,"o m>k ( ! primitive "* ( ?is legislation is ! negative =m ( ! comm&m5ts4#cde ,:]e !re is ne$ ( ! 8?\ %alt n10 ! moral life is /ill on a l[ plane4 ,! aim & purpose ( ! law ?us word$ are re/ra9t & repression4 ,!re is a wide int]val 9 moral *ronology betwe5 ! morality ( ! ,t5 ,words & t ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,9 ?is e>li] code !re is only ! slighte/ recognition ( ! tru? t ! truly moral life consi/s n 9 refra9+ f evil b 9 do+ good4 ,! nomads ( ! des]t = :om ^! negative comm&s 7 fram$1 =bidd+ mo/ly crude1 co>se crimes1 7 evid5tly a long way yet f t level ( moral atta9m5t :]e ! only law is ! law ( love & lib]ty4 ,sid5ote3 ,! moral an>*y ( ! age ( ! ,judges ,t p]iod ( transition :i* m>ks ! passage ( ! ,israelite tribes f ! nomadic pa/oral life ( ! des]t to a settl$ agricultural life 9 ,pale/9e may be in/ructively comp>$ ) t transition p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe :i* foll[$ ! migration ( ! ,g]man tribes & _! settlem5t 9 ! prov9ces ( ! disrupt$ ,roman ,empire4 ,x 0 an epo* *>act]iz$ by ! rapid decay ( ! clan & tribal organization1 ) an accompany+ loss ( ! rude virtues ( ! nomadic & pa/oral life1 & ! acquisition ( ! vices ( ! civiliz$ or semiciviliz$ communities among :i* !y _h ?ru/ !mselves & ^: l&s !y _h =cibly seiz$4 ,especially ^u ! religi\s sy/em1 :i* 9 ,israel 0 ev] closely b\nd up ) morality1 0 felt ! reaction ( ! new environm5t4 ,_m =eign elem5ts adopt$ f ! ,canaanite peoples 7 incorporat$ ) x1 :ile ! national god ,yahweh1 z conceiv$ by ! popul> imag9ation1 t5d$ to become sangu9>y1 caprici\s1 & unju/4 ,he became em95tly a god ( w>1 & is = 8 p "r or wrong4 ,?us a *ief bulw>k ( morality 0 impair$4 ,! result 0 a moral int]regnum4 ,! old /&>ds & rules ( conduct lo/ _! sanction4 ,e man did t :i* 0 "r 9 8 own eyes4#cdf ,sid5ote3 ,prophetism3 its diff]5t elem5ts ,! necessities ( ! situation call$ into exi/5ce ! mon>*y 7ab\t #ajej ,b4,c474 ,!n foll[$ ! disruption ( ! k+dom 7ab\t #iec ,b4,c474 ,! significant matt] 9 ! moral doma9 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! unit$ & ! divid$ k+dom#cdg 0 ! appe>ance ( tea*]s call$ prophets or se]s1 m5 :o 7 believ$ to speak ! ^w giv5 !m by ,yahweh4 ,?is em]g5ce ( prophetism 9 ,israel is beyond controv]sy "o ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,!re 7 9 ?is prophetism v>i\s elem5ts4#cdh ,fir/1 x conta9$ a nomadic elem5t2 t is1 "s ( ! prophets 7 m5 :o look$ backw>d to ! simple pa/oral life ( ! des]t z ! ideal moral life4 ,!y reg>d$ civilization z ! sum ( all evils4 ,_! read+ ( hi/ory 01 9 ! words ( ,wellhaus51 t 8z ! human race goes =w>d 9 civilization1 x goes backw>d 9 ! fe> ( ,god40 ,second1 !re 0 9 x a sociali/ic elem5t4 ,^! prophets 7 ! fir/ sociali/s4 ,!irs 0 ! fir/ passionate plea = ! poor1 ! wret*$1 & ! heavy-burd5$4 ,?ird1 x conta9$ a pr$ictive elem5t4 ,! prophets 7 reg>d$ z se]s1 z =etell]s ( future ev5ts4 ,f\r?1 !re 0 9 ?is prophetism an elem5t ( pure intuitional morality :i* 0 9 irreconcilable antagonism to all legal ritual morality4 ,fif?1 x conta9$ a mono!i/ic elem5t4 ,! lat] prophets 7 di/9ctively tea*]s ( ! doctr9e t !re is only "o ,god1 beside :om !re is no o!r4 ,( ^! sev]al elem5ts ! pr$ictive1 or prophetic 9 ! popul> s5se1 has be5 giv5 su* undue prom95ce t ,hebrew prophetism 9 ! m9ds ( _m /&s = little else ?an a sup]natural =eca/+ ( future ev5ts4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ?is is ! elem5t ( lea/ importance4 ,9 ! words ( ,ku551 ! bus9ess ( ! prophets 0 8n to communicate :at %all happ51 b to insi/ ^u :at ought to happ540#cdi ,!y 7 prea*]s ( individual & social righte\sness4 ,x is ?is e?ical elem5t1 =m+ ! v he>t & core ( _! message1 :i* makes ! appe>ance ( prophetism 9 ,israel a matt] ( su* transc5d5t importance = univ]sal hi/ory4 ,our ma9 task 9 ! foll[+ pages ( ?is *apt] w be to po9t out ?is moral elem5t 9 ! message ( ! prophets1 to %[ h[ ! conception ( ,yahweh 0 by !m moraliz$1 & h[ ! morality !y inculcat$ became pur] & m elevat$ z ! c5turies pass$1 till ! evolution culm9at$ 9 ! l(ty tea*+s ( ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beg9n+s ( hi/orical prophetism3 ,elijah & ,eli%a ,! real hi/ory ( ,hebrew prophetism op5s ) ! appe>ance 9 ! nor!rn k+dom1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 ( ! great prophets ,elijah & ,eli%a4 ,x 0 ! moral deg5]acy ( ! times ( ! mon>*y1 ! inru% ( ! hateful vices ( civilization1--! gre$ ( l&#cej & ( weal?1 ! cruel inequalities ( ! new society1 ! selfi% luxury ( ! ri*1 ! h>% oppression ( ! poor1 ! =gett+ ( m5's k9%ip1 ! sub/itution ( ! wor%ip ( o!r gods = ! sole wor%ip ( ,yahweh1--x 0 all ?is :i* call$ out ! vehem5t prote/ ( ^! tea*]s ( social ju/ice & national righte\sness4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a v diff]5t prophetism f t ( ! lat] se]s ( ,israel :i* 0 repres5t$ by ^! e>ly tea*]s4 ,!re 0 9 x a l>ge nomadic elem5t4 ,its repres5tatives look$ back to ! times ( ! simple pa/oral life ( ! fa!rs z ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,israel4 ,!y hat$ civilization1 t grossly mat]ial civilization :i* ,israel1 "u ! lead ( an idolatr\s & luxuri\s c\rt1 0 n[ adopt+ f ! surr\nd+ nations1 & look$ ^u x z 8! sum ( all evils40 ,!y 71 fur!rmore1 monolatri/s r ?an mono!i/s4 ,!y believ$ 9 sacrifice2 b sacrifices mu/ n be (f]$ to /range gods--only to ,yahweh4 ,!y 7 fanatical 9 _! zeal = ! wor%ip ( ,israel's patron ,god2 b ev5 "h !re 0 an e?ical elem5t1 = 9 _! view ! triumph ( ! wor%ip ( ,yahweh ov] t ( ! ,baals meant a triumph ( ! simple1 sev]e1 des]t morality ov] ! voluptu\sness & ! nameless vices ( ! ,canaanite civilization4 ,?is e>ly prophetism1 9 a ^w1 0 a sort ( ,puritanism4 ,r5an calls x 8?is t]rible prophetism40 ,x 0 fi]ce1 cruel1 fanatical1 intol]ant1 l ,engli% ,puritanism4 ,inde$1 x c be/ be /udi$ 9 ?is mod]n sev5te5?-c5tury prophetism1 :i* 0 ess5tially a revival ( x4 ,b not)/&+ ! imp]fect "* ( ?is e>ly prophetism1 because ( ! true e?ical elem5t x conta9$1#cea its appe>ance 9 ,israel & its successful fight aga9/ a s5su\s idolatry 0 a matt] ( va/ moral import1 = "h 9 ?is n>r[1 intol]ant monolatry is ! real hi/orical beg9n+ ( t long religi\s-e?ical developm5t :i* l5ds *ief significance to ! /ory ( ,israel1 & con/itutes a ma9 int]e/ ( ! hi/ory ( ,european civilization4 ,9 ! words ( ,r5an1 8,! prophetism :i* /ruggl$ "u ,ahab & triumph$ "u ,jehu is 444 ^u ! :ole ! mo/ decisive ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,x =ms ! comm5cem5t ( ! *a9 :i*1 aft] n9e hundr$ ye>s1 f\nd ! la/ l9k 9 ,jesus40#ceb ,sid5ote3 ,! moral advance repres5t$ by ,amos 7#gfj ,b4,c47 & ,hosea 7#gch-gce ,b4,c47 ,! second l9k 9 ?is *a9 0 =m$ by ! prophets ,amos & ,hosea1 :o deliv]$ _! message ab\t ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,amos 0 ! e>li]4 ,!re is 9 8 message ! note ( true prophetism4 ,8 ?\ght ( ,yahweh is t he is a ,god :o hates iniquity & loves righte\sness4 ,:at ang]s him is n idolatry or ! wor%ip ( o!r gods1 b social wrongs & inju/ice--wick$ness 9 e =m4 ,he is angry ) ,israel#cec because !re has be5 /or$ up viol5ce & robb]y 9 ! palace2#ced because ( ! luxury & self-indulg5ce ( ! ri*2 because ( ! tread+ ^u ! poor & ! tak+ f him burd5s ( :eat2 because ( ! tak+ ( bribes & ! turn+ aside ( ! poor 9 ! gate f _! "r2#cee because ( ! falsify+ ( ! balances by deceit t ! poor may be b\ght = silv] & ! ne$y = a pair ( %oes4#cef ,& :at pleases ,yahweh is n fa/ days & sacrifices1 b ju/ice & righte\sness3 8,i hate1 444 ,i despise y\r fa/ days10#ceg decl>es ,yahweh4 8,?\gh ye (f] me burnt (f]+s & meat (f]+s1 ,i w n accept40#ceh 8,b let judgm5t run d[n z wat] & righte\sness z a mighty /ream40#cei ,a g5]ation lat] ! prophet ,hosea repeats ! same message2 namely1 t :at ang]s ,yahweh is moral evil--ly+1 swe>+1 /eal+1 & kill+4 ,he puts 9 ! m\? ( ,yahweh ^! words3 8,= ,i desire m]cy & n sacrifice1 & ! k ( ,god m ?an burnt (f]+s40#cfj ,!re is "h a notable e?ical advance ov] ! ^w to ,israel ( ! prophets ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,! ?\ght ( ,amos & ,hosea t x is social wrongdo+ t ang]s ,yahweh is inde$ no new ?\ght1 = we meet ) ?is conception ( ! moral "* ( ,god 9 ! tea*+s ( ! e>li] prophets2 :at is new is ! emphasis :i* is laid ^u x4 ,"h we rea* e?ical monolatry2#cfa e?ical mono!ism lies n f> 9 ! future4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( nations & univ]sal peace ,! morality ( ,amos & ,hosea infold$ ! g]m ( e?ical cosmopolitanism4 ,! conviction t ! gov]nm5t ( ,yahweh is f\nd$ on absolute ju/ice & righte\sness l$ to ! conviction ( its ultimate univ]sality1 8= "r is ev]y:]e "r1 & wrong is ev]y:]e wrong40 ,! political situation 9 ! ,semitic _w at ?is "t fo/]$ ! ?\ght ?us awak5$4 ,! pr$om9ant fact 9 int]national relations 9 ! latt] half ( ! eigh? c5tury 0 ! gr[? ( ! ,assyrian ,empire4 ,9 its expansion x _h already engulf$ _m ( ! small] /ates ( we/]n ,asia1 & ,assyria _h become a _w p[]4 ,political unity sugge/$ n[1 z x did :5 ,rome _h e/abli%$ a _w empire1 religi\s & e?ical unity4 ,yahweh1 ,israel's ,god ( ju/ice & "r1 is ! suz]a9 ( all o!r gods & peoples4 ,he w e/abli% a _w-wide k+dom1 & all nations %all ackn[l$ge 8 righte\s rule4 ,z repres5tatives ( ?is broad5+ vision we h ! great prophets ,isaiah & ,micah1 :o1 proclaim+ ! univ]sal rea* ( ! law ( "r & ju/ice1 held al(t a noble e?ical ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( nations & univ]sal peace4 ,se]s by virtue ( _! conviction ( ! absolut5ess1 ! on5ess & sov]eignty1 ( ! moral law1 !y =etold ! com+ ( a "t 9 ! la/ days :5 all ! nations ( ! e>? %\ld =m a f$]ation "u ! suz]a9ty ( ,israel ) ,j]usalem z ! _w capital3 8,out ( ,zion %all g =? ! law1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem1 & he %all judge among ! nations1 & %all rebuke _m p2 & !y %all beat _! swords into pl\gh%>es1 & _! spe>s into prun+-hooks2 nation %all n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m40#cfb ,?is is ! fir/ di/9ct expression 9 ,hebrew lit]ature1 or 9 t ( any race1 ( ! idea ( ! bro!rhood ( man & a f$]at$ _w4 ,! l(ty ideal has nev] fad$ f ! eyes ( m54 ,x has inspir$ all ! noble/ visions ( _w unity & peace ?r\gh ! w>-tr\bl$ ages1 & is 9 ! _w ( to-day ! s\rce & spr+ ( mu* ( t e?ical idealism :i* ) prophetic fai? & conviction proclaims a f$]at$ _w1 ) ! nations dwell+ toge!r 9 peace & amity1 z ! "o div9e ev5t t[>d :i* all hi/ory moves4 ,) ?is l(ty e?ical univ]salism 9 ! tea*+s ( ,isaiah & ,micah 0 jo9$ a simple p]sonal & social morality ( ! human he>t & reason4 ,^! prophets 7 at "o ) ,amos & ,hosea 9 proclaim+ t :at ,yahweh delights 9 is n sacrifices & ! obs]vance ( new moons & ,sabba?s1 b cleanl9ess ( life & s]vices ( love4 ,he> ,isaiah z he repeats ! words ( ! ,"l3 8,i delight n 9 ! blood ( bullocks1 or ( lambs1 or ( he goats4444 ,y\r new moons & y\r appo9t$ fea/s my s\l hate?4444 ,cease to d evil2 le>n to d well2 seek judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[40#cfc ,& li/5 to ,micah3 8,:]e) %all ,i come be=e ! ,"l & b[ myself be=e ! high ,god8 ,%all ,i come be=e him ) burnt (f]+s1 ) calves ( a ye> old8 ,w ! ,"l be pleas$ ) ?\s&s ( rams & ) t5 ?\s&s ( riv]s ( oil8444 ,he ha? %ew$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god80#cfd ,sid5ote3 ,! prophetic _s creates a unique e?ical lit]ature ,! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury 7 ! fir/ ( ! lit]>y prophets2 t is1 ! fir/ ( ^? :o employ$ lit]ature z ! vehicle ( _! message to ,israel4 ,h5ce "h our att5tion is call$ to a matt] ( supreme significance = univ]sal morality--! e?icaliz+ ( ! my?ology & traditional hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,x 0 dur+ ! age ( ! k+s t ! mass ( cosmological my?s & leg5ds borr[$ f ,babylonia1--d\btless l>gely ?r\gh contact ) ,assyria1--! traditions ( ! patri>*s1 & ! /ory ( ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt & ! ,exodus1 all ( :i* _h be5 transmitt$ f ! =etime orally or 9 writ+1 0 work$ ov] & edit$ afre%1 9 :i* process x receiv$ ! indelible /amp ( ! deep] & tru] moral consci\sness ( ?is lat] age4 ,= ?\gh probably little ( ?is "w 0 done by ! prophets !mselves1 x 0 done by m5 :o wrote "u ! inspiration ( ! new ?\ghts ( ,god & ( 8 moral gov]nm5t :i* _h be5 awak5$ 9 ! s\ls ( ! great tea*]s ( ,israel4 ,! poly!i/ic elem5ts ( ^! my?s & traditions & _! gross] & m ar*aic immoralities 7 prun$ away1 :ile at ! same "t !y 7 giv5 a mono!i/ic ca/ & a tru] morality 0 brea!d into !m4 ,9 a ^w1 all ?is lit]>y mat]ial 0 c5sor$ by ! gr[+ moral consci\sness ( ,israel4 ,! outcome 0 ! creation ( a lit]ature absolutely unique 9 its moral educative wor?4 ,?us ! remold$ & moraliz$ ,*aldean acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! _w & ! beg9n+s ( human hi/ory came to =m ! basis ( ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 ^: influ5ce ^u ,hebrew morality1 ?r\gh mold+ ,israel's idea ( ! "* ( ,yahweh & ( 8 relations to man1 x w\ld h>dly be possible to exagg]ate4 ,also ! tradition ( ! ,exodus1 giv5 n[ its f9al =m & receiv$ by ! lat] g5]ations ( ,israel z an hi/orically true acc\nt ( ! exp]i5ces ( _! fa!rs1 left an ineffaceable impress ^u ! m9d & he>t ( ! ,hebrew nation1 det]m9+ l>gely _! ideas z to _! *ief moral obligations z ! *os5 & cov5ant$ p ( ,yahweh4 ,x 0 ?is tradition ( _! h]oic pa/ :i* 0 ! inspiration ( ! moral /riv+s ( ! nation4 ,fur!rmore1 all ?is lit]>y mat]ial1 ?us re%ap$ & color$ by ! gr[+ mono!i/ic ideas ( ! tea*]s ( ,israel & be>+ ! /amp ( _! gradually deep5+ moral consci\sness1 & 9 ?is =m transmitt$ to ! ,aryan nations ( ! ,we/1 0 de/9$ to become "o ( ! mo/ important factors n m]ely 9 ! religi\s b especially 9 ! moral life ( ! ,european peoples4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?icaliz+ ( pagan fe/ivals & cults ,j z ! my?s & traditions1 9 "p borr[$ f neighbor+ peoples & 9 "p transmitt$ f ,israel's own =etime1 7 trans=m$ & moraliz$ by ! e?ical g5ius ( ! ,hebrew _s1 s 7 ! in/itutions & fe/ivals borr[$ by ! ,israelites f k9dr$ ,semitic peoples1 & p>ticul>ly f ! ,canaanites1 transmut$ & moraliz$4#cfe ,p]meat$ by ! e?ical _s ( ,israel's great tea*]s & trans=m$ into moral symbols1 ^! orig9ally none?ical agricultural cults & fe/ivals 7 giv5 a di/9ct educative value4 ,among ^! pagan in/itutions ?us moraliz$ 0 ! fe/ival or re/ day ( ! ,sabba?4#cff ,fill$ ) e?ical mean+ & consecrat$ to a religi\s-moral purpose1 ?is orig9ally pagan lun> fe/ival 0 made a mo/ important means ( moral in/ruction & discipl9e4#cfg ,?is borr[+ & moraliz+ by ,israel ( ?is fe/ival has an almo/ exact p>allel 9 ! lat] borr[+ & moraliz+ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ! pagan fe/ival ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 :i* has giv5 ,*ri/5dom "o ( its mo/ beautiful anniv]s>ies1 "o :i* takes prec$5ce ( all o!rs 9 its p[] to evoke ! t5d]e/ altrui/ic s5tim5ts4 ,z ) ! ,sabba?1 s 0 x ) all ! fe/ivals :i* ! ,israelites1 aft] _! settlem5t 9 ,pale/9e & dur+ ! p]iod :5 !y 7 pass+ f ! nomadic to ! agricultural life1 adopt$ f ! ,canaanite peoples among :om !y 7 dwell+4 ,all ( ^! 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7 turn$ f _! orig9al purpose1 7 cleans$ ( immoral & s5su\s elem5ts1 & 7 ?us made ! means ( awak5+ moral feel+s & develop+ moral "*4 ,?is trans=m+ p[] ( ! e?ical g5ius ( ,israel f9ds a true hi/orical p>allel 9 ! e/hetic g5ius ( anci5t ,hellas1 :i*1 receiv+ f e side elem5ts ( art & g5]al culture1 inspir$ !m all ) ! beauty & en]gy ( h] own _s4#cfh 8,israel10 z ,cornill f9ely says1 8resembles 9 spiritual ?+s ! fabul\s ,k+ ,midas1 :o turn$ ev]y?+ he t\*$ into gold40 ,sid5ote3 ,! dual morality ( ! ,deut]onomic code ,! effect ( ! capture ( ,sam>ia by ! ,assyrians 9 #gbb ,b4,c4 & ! c>ry+ away into captivity ( ! fl[] ( ! ,t5 ,tribes 0 to put an end to prophetism 9 ! ,nor? & to make ,judah 9 ! ,s\? ! c5t] ( ! movem5t :i* _h su* significance = ! moral life ( ! _w4 ,dur+ ! c5tury & a half t pass$ betwe5 ! fall ( ! nor!rn k+dom & ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,babylonian ,k+ ,nebu*adnezz>1 only "o great prophet appe>$ 9 ,judah4 ,?is 0 ,j]emiah1 :o prophesi$ 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,josiah1 j a little "t be=e ! ,captivity4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ?is k+ t !re appe>$ a book :i*1 except+ ! ,gospels ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 has _h a great] influ5ce ^u ! g5]al evolution ( morality ?an any o!r book ev] writt54 ,?is 0 a "w kn[n z ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 t is1 ! repetition ( ! law4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,laws ( ,hammurabi ?is 0 ! olde/ kn[n code ( laws4 ,! book conta9s mu* ar*aic mat]ial--traditions1 cu/oms1 judicial decisions1 laws1 & rituals--manife/ly h&$ d[n f ! e>lie/ times 9 ,israel1 ) additions made at ! mom5t ( its appe>ance1 & all be>+ pla9ly ! /amp ( ! _s & temp] ( ^! lat] times4 ,h5ce x comes t !re are two moralities embodi$ 9 ! "w--an atavi/ic ritual morality & a progressive social morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ritual e?ics ( ! code ,9 t "p ( ! code :i* has to d ) ! e?ics ( ritualism ! dom9ant motive ( ! editors or compil]s spr+s f a dread & abhorr5ce ( idolatry1 l ! dread & abhorr5ce ( h]esy 9 m$ieval ,*ri/5dom4 ,yahweh w divide 8 wor%ip ) no o!r god4 ,israel _h gone aft] o!r gods & ,yahweh _h giv5 h] into ! h&s ( ! ,assyrians4 ,a l fate await$ ,judah if %e s]v$ any o!r ?an him3 8,ye %all n g aft] o!r gods1 or ! gods ( ! p :i* are r\nd ab\t y1 le/ ! ang] ( ! ,"l be k9dl$ aga9/ !e1 & de/roy !e f (f ! face ( ! e>?10#cfi is ! fir/ comm&m5t ) ?reat5+4 ,fe> t ,yahweh w\ld d unto ,judah z he _h done unto ,israel awak5$ ! consci5ce ( ! nation4 ,idolatry 0 suppress$2 ! high places on :i* inc5se 0 burn$ unto ! ,baals 7 defil$1 & ! alt>s & ! images ( ! /range gods 7 brok5 d[n & gr\nd into du/4 ,?is re=m movem5t practically end$ ! long /ruggle :i* _h gone on n[ = six hundr$ ye>s & m betwe5 poly!ism & ! ris+ mono!ism ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,b un=tunately :ile ! mono!i/ic elem5t ( ! religion ( ,yahweh 0 br\ght out by ! re=m 9 %>p] outl9e1 ! e?ical elem5t 0 obscur$4 ,! religion t 0 n[ made ! exclusive wor%ip 0 really little m ?an a pagan cult4 ,x consi/$ 9 ! c>eful keep+ ( fea/ days & ! obs]vance ( ! rites & sacrifices ( ! ,temple--an inh]itance l>gely f ! hea!n nations ar\nd ab\t ,israel4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m oppos$ to true prophetism4 ,x 0 ! triumph ( reaction>y ritualism4 ,?is victory ( ritualism has ex]t$ an almo/ incalculable influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( morality f ! "t ( ,k+ ,josiah d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! imm$iate effect ^u prophetism 9 ,judah 0 mo/ lam5table4 8,deut]onomy simply confirm$ ! belief t religion 0 conc]n$ ) ritual r ?an ) morality40#cgj ,& s ! outcome ( ! promulgation ( a writt5 reveal$ law 01 9 ! words ( ,wellhaus51 8! dea? ( prophecy40#cga ,b ?is fatal effect 0 n felt at once4 ,9 ! d>k days ( ! ,exile1 n[ j at h&1 !re 0 a revival ( true prophetism2 b aft] ! return f ! ,captivity1 z we %all see1 ! prophetic _s 0 almo/ /ifl$ by ! rigid legalism ( ! ,temple cult4 ,& x 0 ?is same ,deut]onomic law :i*1 9 ! h&s ( m$ieval inquisitors1 /ifl$ awak5+ prophetism 9 ,europe & delay$ = g5]ations true moral re=m aft] ! /irr+ ( ! ,european m9d by ! ,r5aissance4#cgb ,! intol]ant _s ( ?is n>r[1 rigid religion ( ritualism f\nd specially s9i/] expression 9 ,israel's w> e?ics4 ,in/ead ( promot+ int]national amity & good w1 x deep5$ int]tribal prejudices & hatr$s & int5sifi$ ! b>b>ities ( w>4 8,?\ %alt save alive no?+ t brea!?20#cgc 8?\ %alt smite !m & utt]ly de/roy !m1 ?\ %alt make no cov5ant ) !m1 nor %[ m]cy unto !m10#cgd 7 ! comm&s to ,israel reg>d+ ! nations r\nd ab\t h] :o 7 ! wor%ip]s ( o!r gods ?an ,yahweh4 ,?us religion 0 made an active pr9ciple ( int]national savag]y4 ,x made x1 9 ! words ( ,*eyne1 8difficult1 if n impossible1 444 to love ,god f]v5tly )\t hat+ a l>ge section ( ,god's creatures40#cge ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! fi]ce ord9ances ( ! ,deut]onomic code ! w> practices ( ! ,israelites became m f]oci\s & savage ?an ^? ( any o!r nation ( antiquity1 unless x be ^? ( ! ,assyrian k+s4 ,_! enemies1 :o 7 also ! enemies ( ,yahweh1 !y smote ) ! utmo/ fury1 putt+ to ! edge ( ! sword m51 wom51 & ! little ones1 & tak+ z booty ! cattle & ! spoils4 ,sid5ote3 ,! social e?ics ( ! code ,b1 z we h said1 !re 7 two spirits /riv+ toge!r 9 ?is /range ,deut]onomic code4 ,9 opposition to ?is _s ( /]n fanatical intol]ance !re 0 a _s ( t5d] sympa?y = ! un=tunate1 ! poor1 & ! oppress$4#cgf ,along ) ?is prie/ly morality1 bas$ on a c]ta9 conception ( ,yahweh & ( 8 relations to ,israel1 !re 0 ano!r :olly diff]5t morality--a social morality ^: *ief sanctions 7 ! natural impulses & s5tim5ts ( ! human he>t & consci5ce4 ,?is code ( social e?ics be>s witness to a progressive developm5t ( ! moral consci\sness 9 ,israel4 ,! e?ical advance is unmi/akably regi/]$ 9 v>i\s ameliorations effect$ 9 ! crude cu/om>y law ( e>li] times4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notewor?y ( ^! mitigations conc]n$ ! primitive blood rev5ge4 ,9 common ) o!r peoples 9 ! k9%ip /age ( culture1 ! e>ly ,hebrews 9 _! pursuit ( blood v5geance made no di/9ction betwe5 int5tional & un9t5tional homicide4 ,! regulations ( ! ,deut]onomic code reg>d+ ! s-call$ cities ( refuge#cgg be> witness to a gr[+ p[] ( moral discrim9ation2 = ^! cities are made inviolable sanctu>ies :i!r might flee ! manslay] :o _h sla9 8 neighbor unaw>es & hat$ him n 9 "t pa/4#cgh ,especially is ! humanit>ian advance %[n 9 ! provisions ( ! code :i* relate to ! poor1 ! debtor1 & ! bondsman4 ,we meet "h "s ( ! mo/ humane regulations to be f\nd 9 any ( ! codes ( antiquity4 ,social morality is almo/ made to consi/ 9 consid]ation = ! poor3 8,if !re be among y a poor man 444 ?\ %alt op5 ?9e h& wide unto him0--s ! law enjo9s--8& %alt surely l5d him suffici5t = 8 ne$40#cgi ,?+s t 7 necessities to ! poor man 7 n to be tak5 z security = a loan3 8,no man %all take ! ne!r or ! upp] mill/one to pl$ge40#chj ,if a g>m5t be tak5 z security1 ?is mu/ be return$ be=e night1 9 ord] t ! man may sleep 9 8 own raim5t4#cha ,! wid['s raim5t mu/ n be tak5 9 pl$ge at all4#chb ,! wages ( ! poor & ne$y mu/ be promptly paid3 8,at 8 day ?\ %alt give him 8 hire1 nei!r %all ! sun g d[n ^u x2 = he is poor1 & sette? 8 he>t ^u x40#chc ,! law goes ev5 fur!r 9 its humane endeavor to prev5t ! oppression ( ! ne$y4 ,! loan+ ( money 9 anci5t times 0 9 g5]al a v diff]5t ?+ f simil> money transactions 9 ?is comm]cial & indu/rial age ( ours4 ,^? seek+ loans 7 ! v poor1 :o 7 =c$ to borr[ to meet dome/ic necessities4 ,"u su* conditions ! tak+ ( int]e/ w\ld naturally be d5\nc$1 & ^? :o did s w\ld come to be reg>d$ z extortion]s1 & robb]s ( ! poor4 ,h5ce ! prohibition1 8,?\ %alt n l5d ^u usury to ?y bro!r2 444 unto a /rang] ?\ maye/ l5d ^u usury40#chd ,?is legislation1 well adapt$ to ! times & ! conditions ( ! society = :i* x 0 enact$1 became c5turies lat]1 ?r\gh its adoption & attempt$ en=cem5t by ! m$ieval ,*ur*1 a s\rce ( grave mis*ief4 ,x con/itut$ a heavy drag = c5turies ^u ! indu/rial developm5t ( ,european civilization4 ,! same _s ( t5d]ness t[>d ! portionless & ne$y is %[n 9 ! provision conc]n+ ! +a!r+ ( ! h>ve/3 8,:5 ?\ cutte/ d[n ?9e h>ve/ 9 ?y field1 & ha/ =got a %eaf 9 ! field1 ?\ %alt n g aga9 to fet* x2 x %all be = ! /rang]1 = ! fa!rless1 & = ! wid[40#che ,?is t5d] consid]ation = ! poor speaks f "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ,bible pictures--t ( ! ,moabitess ,ru? glean+ 9 ! fields aft] ! reap]s1 :o 8let fall "s ( ! h&fuls ( purpose = h]40#chf ,! social consci5ce awak5+ 9 ,israel1 to :i* ! above regulations & comm&m5ts be> witness1 f9ds fur!r expression 9 ! provisions ( ! code effect+ ameliorations 9 ! lot ( ! un=tunate bondsman4 ,! ma/] is enjo9$ to see t ! ,sabba? is obs]v$ by 8 slave z well z by himself & 8 family1 & ! reason assign$ is ! humanit>ian "o--8t ?y mans]vant & ?y maids]vant may re/ z well z ?\40#chg ,& a limitation 0 set to ! "t t a p]son c\ld be held 9 bondage3 8,& if ?y bro!r1 an ,hebrew man1 or an ,hebrew woman1 be sold unto !e1 & s]ve !e six ye>s2 !n 9 ! sev5? ye> ?\ %alt let him g free f !e40#chh ,fur!rmore1 ! law is solicit\s respect+ ! welf>e ( ! bondsman ev5 aft] emancipation3 8,& :5 ?\ s5de/ him out free f !e1 ?\ %alt n let him g away empty4 ,?\ %alt furni% him lib]ally out ( ?y flock1 & out ( ?y ?re%+ floor1 & out ( ?y w9epress3 ( t :]e) ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? bless$ !e ?\ %alt give unto him40#chi ,to ^! ameliorative measures effect is s\ght to be giv5 ?r\gh a revival ( memories ( ! pa/4 ,! ma/]s are enjo9$ to be compassionate to _! bondsm5 because !y !mselves _h be5 worn & bruis$ 9 bondage3 8,rememb]10 says ! lawgiv]1 8t ye 7 bondsm5 9 ! l& ( ,egypt40#cij #b4 ,! ,morality ( ! ,prophets ( ! ,exile ,sid5ote3 ,! effects ( ! ,captivity ^u ! moral evolution 9 ,israel ,we h rea*$ n[ a turn+ po9t 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,speak+ ( ! effects ( ! ,exile ^u ! inn] life ( ,israel1 ,r5an uses ^! words3 8,twice x 0 ! fate ( ,israel to owe its salvation to t :i* is ! ru9 ( o!rs1 & to be recall$ by ! cru%+ ( its e>?ly hopes to a s5se ( its great duties t[>d humanity40 ,! mission ( ,israel1 h] duty t[>d humanity1 01 z we h said1 to int]pret life 9 e?ical t]ms4 ,z ! /ory ( ! exilic & ! po/exilic p]iod unfolds1 we %all see h[ ! sad exp]i5ces ( ! ,exile purifi$ & deep5$ ! moral consci\sness ( ,israel1 & prep>$ h] = ! great "p %e 0 de/9$ to play 9 ! moral education ( mank9d4 ,x 0 ! great unkn[n prophet ( ! ,exile1 ! s-call$ ,second ,isaiah1 :o wrote j aft] ! capture ( ,babylon by ! ,p]sian k+ ,cyrus 7#eci ,b4,c471 :o 0 ! repres5tative ( ! ess5tially new conceptions ( ,yahweh & ( ! requirem5ts ( ! moral law :i* *>act]ize ?is e?ical developm5t4#cia ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical mono!ism at la/2 religion & morality at "o ,%ut out f p>ticipation 9 political affairs1 ! be/ en]gies ( ! exil$ community seem to h be5 turn$ to ! ?+s ( ! inn] life1 & consequ5tly ! developm5t 9 ! religi\s & moral sph]es w5t on apace4 ,! conception ( ,god--( :at is pleas+ to him & :at he requires ( man--0 elevat$ & purifi$4 ,we meet n[ = ! fir/ "t mono!ism pure & absolute4 ,yahweh is conceiv$ z ! only ,god2 ! gods ( ! o!r nations are no gods at all4 ,"s ( ! e>li] prophets _h1 x is true1 caught sight ( ?is l(ty tru?2 b ! multitude ( ! p c]ta9ly _h no su* idea ( _! patron god4 ,! prophets ( ! ,exile are ! fir/ to proclaim ?is doctr9e ) su* emphasis z to cause x to become a "p ( ! inde/ructible religi\s consci\sness ( ,israel4#cib ,"o _c read ! decl>ations :i* ! unkn[n prophet puts 9 ! m\? ( ,yahweh--8,be=e me !re 0 no ,god =m$1 nei!r %all !re be aft] me20#cic 8,i am ! fir/ & ,i am ! la/2 & besides me !re is no ,god20#cid 8,i am ,yahweh :o wr\ght ev]y?+1 :o /ret*$ =? ! heav5s above1 :o spread =? ! e>?--:o 0 ) me20#cie 8,i am ,yahweh & !re is none beside me20#cif 8,i am ,god1 & !re is none else1 ,i am ,god1 & !re is none l me0#cig--"o _c read ^! decl>ations )\t be+ conv9c$ t !y 7 n phras$ by "o to :om ! idea ( ! unity ( ,god _h become a commonplace1 b r by "o to :om ! ?\ght 0 some?+ 9 ! nature ( a discov]y4#cih ,b x 0 n m]ely ! idea ( ! on5ess ( deity1 ( ,yahweh z ! sole ,god1 t 0 ! elem5t ( supreme significance 9 ?is practically new ?\ght ( ,god4 ,!re is no?+ une?ical 9 ! belief 9 _m gods2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is !re any?+ e?ical 9 ! belief t !re is only "o ,god4 ,! hi/orically important ?+ ab\t ! mono!ism ( ,israel is t x 0 e?ical mono!ism4 ,up to ! "t ( ! ,exile ! multitude 9 ,israel1 not)/&+ ! tea*+s ( ! prophets ,amos & ,hosea1 ,isaiah & ,micah1 _h nev] ?\ght ( ,yahweh z an absolutely j god1 b r z "o :o w\ld favor 8 p "u all circum/ances4 ,put 9 ! language ( to-day1 !y conceiv$ ,yahweh z a p>tisan1 :o w\ld be = 8 p "r or wrong4 ,b "u ! discipl9e ( ! ,exile ! m spiritual-m9d$ ( ! nation came to accept ! tea*+ t ,yahweh's favor 8is condition$ by a law ( absolute righte\sness40#cii ,?is conception ( ,god m>ks a turn+ po9t 9 ! moral evolution ( humanity4 ,x lift$ a new e?ical /&>d4 ,x effect$ a union ( religion & morality4 ,?is1 x is true1 0 n a :olly new ?+ 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( ! good ,osiris 9 ,egypt ^! elem5ts _h be5 unit$2 9 ! ,zoroa/rian wor%ip ( ,ahura ,mazda !y _h also be5 br\ght toge!r2 & at ?is v "t 9 ,greece !re 0 an ef=t be+ made to unite !m 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,delphian ,apollo4 ,b ! union effect$ by ! prophets ( ,israel 0 ! only "o de/9$ to h l>ge & p]man5t hi/orical consequ5ces4 ,because ( ! e?ical cont5t giv5 ! god idea by !m1 _! conception ( deity con/itut$ ! mo/ preci\s "p ( ! spiritual h]itage bequea!d by ,judaism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,repudiation ( ! doctr9e ( collective responsibility ,! progressive cl>ification ( ! moral consci\sness 9 ,israel disclos$ by ?is tru] conception ( ! div9e "* is fur!r %[n by ! def9ite & emphatic repudiation by ! prophets ( ! ,exile ( ! doctr9e ( collective responsibility4#djj ,!re 0 an ironical prov]b curr5t 9 ,israel1 :i*1 express+ bitt] prote/ aga9/ ! unequal ways ( ,yahweh 9 visit+ ! s9s ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51#dja ran ?us3 8,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge40#djb ,! prophet ,ezekiel says to ! p t !y %all n h occasion any m to use ?is prov]b4#djc ,) cle> moral vision he sees h[ impossible x is t ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,yahweh %\ld re/ ^u ! pr9ciple ( collective responsibility1 & t ! innoc5t %\ld be puni%$ = ! guilty4 ,decl>+ t ! ways ( ,god are j & equal1 he annuls all e>li] provisions ( ! law by boldly proclaim+ t ! son %all n be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r1 nei!r %all ! fa!r be> ! iniquity ( ! son4#djd ,x m>ks a great moral advance :5 guilt comes ?us to be view$ z a p]sonal & n a communal ?+4 ,b un=tunately ! gr\nd "h ga9$ = morality 0 lo/ :5 ! !ologians ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 reviv+ ! outgr[n conception ( collective responsibility1 =mulat$ ! dogma t all ! g5]ations ( m5--su* be+ ! solid>ity ( ! human race--are p>tak]s 9 ! s9 ( ! fir/ p>5ts & "u condemnation !re=4#dje ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( ! suff]+s ( ! righte\s z vic>i\s & expiatory ,b ! decisive rejection by ! deep5+ moral consci\sness 9 ,israel ( ! doctr9e t "u ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,yahweh ! innoc5t are puni%$ = ! guilty left /ill unsolv$ ! problem ( ! suff]+s ( ! righte\s--t problem :i* _h at all times s tr\bl$ ! pi\s ,israelite1 & = ! solution ( :i* s _m diff]5t !ories _h be5 fram$4 ,! new tea*+1 or ! implication ( ! new tea*+1 t su* suff]+s are n p5al 9 "*1 t !y are no sign ( ,god's displeasure ) ! suff]]1 :ile a tea*+ ( consolation1 contribut$ no?+ to ! actual solution ( ! problem4 ,b a new !ory n[ (f]s a new int]pretation4 ,?is !ory assumes t all transgression mu/ be aton$ = by suff]+1 b tea*es t ?is suff]+ may be borne vic>i\sly by "o n ! transgressor1 & ! guilt !reby expiat$4 ,?is idea work$ itself out 9 ! sorr[-burd5$ s\ls ( ! pi\s exiles 9 ,babylon4 ,nev] did acqua9tance ) bitt] sorr[ yield sweet] fruit4 ,! ?\ght f9ds expression 9 ,*apt]s ,,lii & ,,liii ( ,isaiah4#djf ,! righte\s ,s]vant ( ,yahweh1 :o is despis$ & reject$ ( m51 a man ( sorr[ & acqua9t$ ) grief1 is ! p]sonifi$ community ( ! pi\s ,israelites1 :o are w\nd$ = ! transgressions & bruis$ = ! iniquities ( ! nation4#djg ,( all ! e?ical products ( ! tr\bl\s life ( ,israel1 ?is idea t "u ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w "o may vic>i\sly be> ! burd5 ( ano!r's fault & ?us atone = x 0 ! mo/ important 9 its hi/orical consequ5ces4 ,six hundr$ ye>s aft] ! utt]ance ( ?is message ( consolation to ! pi\s ,israelite exiles1 ! ideal ( ! suff]+ ,s]vant ( ,yahweh1 ?us held al(t by ! ,great ,unkn[n1 0 inc>nat$1 s x 0 believ$1 9 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,clo!d 9 actual fle% & blood1 ! sweet p]suasiv5ess ( ! ideal--! nobility & div95ess ( suff]+ volunt>ily borne 9 ! /ead ( ano!r--made unwont$ appeal to ! he>t ( humanity1 & = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s & m1 accept$ z a true symbol & int]pretation ( ! moral ord]1 x has be5 a *ief mold+ =ce 9 ! moral life ( ! ,we/]n _w4 #c4 ,! ,moral ,life 9 ! ,po/exilic ,age ,sid5ote3 ,a ritual morality ,! *ief moral fact 9 ! po/exilic p]iod#djh 0 ! putt+ into /rict practice ( ! ,levitical & ,deut]onomic law1 & ! consequ5t triumph ( ritual morality4 ,f ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is law till ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 or?odox morality 9 ,judah consi/$ 9 ! c>eful obs]vance ( ! ?\s& & "o m9ute rules & requirem5ts ( ?is ,temple code4 ,! good man 0 he :o kept ! law ( ! ,"l4#dji ,all duties 7 9 a s5se religi\s duties2 !y 7 acts p]=m$ simply because ( ! suppos$ div9e comm& t !y %\ld be p]=m$4#daj ,su* dep5d5ce z ?is on rules & =ms & rites is ( c\rse disa/r\s to all true morality4 ,x fo/]s ! idea t morality consi/s 9 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 out] acts1 in/ead ( be+ ! attitude ( ! s\l t[>d ! good & ! "r inw>dly disc]n$4 ,x sub/itutes an out] /&>d = ! individual consci5ce4 ,consci5ce disus$ loses its p[] ( discrim9ation & becomes atrophi$4 ,! e?ically indiff]5t is made ! all-important1 & ?us all moral values are confus$4 ,:at confusion result$ 9 ,israel is reveal$ 9 ! d5unciations ( ?is rigid1 me*anical legalism by ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?3 8,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye pay ti! ( m9t & anise & cumm91 & h omitt$ ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law1 judgm5t1 m]cy1 & fai?2 ^! ought ye to h done1 & n to leave ! o!r undone40#daa 8,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? defile? a man1 b t :i* come? out ( ! m\?4444 ,to eat ) unwa%5 h&s defile? n a man40#dab ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ann\nces ! awak5+ ( ! true prophetic _s 9 ,israel aft] a sleep ( five hundr$ ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,an intol]ant nationalism ,a s9i/] phase ( ! or?odox religi\s-e?ical sy/em ( ! po/exilic age 0 its n>r[1 intol]ant nationalism4 ,to be an enemy ( ,israel 0 :at 0 believ$ to con/itute wick$ness1 & to excite ! wra? ( ,yahweh1 j z lat] 9 ! e?ics ( c]ta9 sy/ems ( ,*ri/ian !ology ! unbeliev] or pagan1 m]ely because ( 8 unbelief or paganism1 0 reg>d$ z wick$ & z des]v+ ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,9 psalms :i* date f ?is p]iod ^! enemies ( ,yahweh are curs$ ) a fi]ce hatr$ :i* sp>es n ev5 ! *ildr51 b pron\nces happy him :o %all take up & da% ! little ones aga9/ ! /ones4#dac ,n[h]e 9 hi/ory d we meet ) a m fanatically intol]ant nationalism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! relation ( ! synagogue to ! moral evolution ,x 0 only a comp>atively small "p ( ! ,jewi% nation ^: home 0 ! city ( ,j]usalem 9 ! lat] po/exilic p]iod4 ,! ,israelite community 0 n[ widely scatt]$ 9 ! cities ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,"o important outcome ( ?is1 9 its be>+s ^u ! moral life ( ,israel & ( ! nations t 7 to receive e?ical in/ruction f h]1 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! synagogue4#dad ,= ! ,deut]onomic code _h made religion to be some?+ connect$ ) ! ,temple1 some?+ sep>ate & ap>t f true morality1 ^: root is 9 human relation%ips4 ,n[ ! ,disp]sion1 te>+ ! ,israelites away f ! ,temple1 t5d$ to br+ into prom95ce ^? religi\s ex]cises & ^? duties :i* _h no?+ to d ) ! ,temple s]vice4 ,?is 0 favorable to ! religion & morality ( ! prophets1 z oppos$ to ! religion & morality ( ! prie/s4 ,! s]vices ( ! synagogue took ! place ( ! c]emonies & sacrifices ( ! ,temple4#dae ,^! s]vices consi/$ 9 ! read+ & translation ( a portion ( ! ,scriptures ) comm5ts !reupon4#daf ,?is meant ! incom+ ( a new & p[]ful ag5cy 9 ! promotion n only ( ! religi\s b also ( ! moral education ( humanity1 = ?is cu/om 80 ! orig9 ( ! homily & s]mon40#dag ,! synagogue 0 ! prototype & precursor ( ! ,*ri/ian basilica & ! ,puritan meet+h\se4 ,sid5ote3 ,! new doctr9e ( immortality3 its e?ical import ,! re/abli%m5t ( ! ,law we h pron\nc$ ! *ief e?ical fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ,judaism aft] ! return f ! ,babylonian ,captivity4 ,& ?is is true if x is ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews alone t we h 9 m9d2 b reg>d+ ! moral evolution 9 ! _w at l>ge !re is ano!r fact belong+ to ?is p]iod ( ev5 great] importance4 ,?is 0 ! incom+ ( ! doctr9e ( immortality4#dah ,we h se5 t f ! fir/ ! ,hebrews1 l ! ,babylonians1 held a belief 9 a sort ( %ad[y exi/5ce aft] dea?2#dai b ( a belief 9 p]sonal immortality 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 ( a life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts beyond ! grave1 !re is no c]ta9 trace 9 ,hebrew lit]ature until ab\t ! ?ird or second c5tury ,b4,c4#dbj ,diff]5t influ5ces _h concurr$ to create ?is new conception ( ! h]eaft] & to secure = x by ! end ( ! ,greek p]iod a wide acceptance4 ,fir/1 !re 0 :at has be5 call$ ! subjective s5se ( fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( ,israelite hi/ory !re 0 eng5d]$ 9 select s\ls a passionate outrea*+ aft] div9e companion%ip4 ,?is feel+ is reveal$ 9 _m a po/exilic psalm1 z :]e ! psalmi/ exclaims1 8,= ?\ wilt n leave my s\l to ,%eol2 nei!r wilt ?\ suff] ?9e holy "o belov$ to see corruption40#dba ,?is 0 ! div9ation ( love l t ( ! old my/ic :o exclaim$1 8,o ,god1 if ,i %\ld die1 ,?\ c\ld/ n live40#dbb ,x 0 su* filial love & tru/ z ?is1 :i* f\nd its div9e/ expression 9 ! life ( 8! ,sublime ,my/ic ( ,galilee10 t creat$ 9 _m a dev\t s\l 9 ,israel t l>g] hope :i* gave bir? to ! doctr9e ( p]sonal immortality4 ,b :ile x 0 probably deep religi\s feel+1 ! s\l's recognition ( its son%ip to ,god1 t call$ into exi/5ce ! idea ( p]sonal immortality1 x 0 ! e?ical necessity creat$ by a pr(\nd fai? 9 ,god's absolute ju/ice1 an irrefragable conviction t "u ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w well-do+ w be rew>d$ & evildo+ puni%$1 t ga9$ = ! doctr9e its wide acceptance4 ,t good m5 %\ld be afflict$ & wick$ m5 %\ld enjoy prosp]ity1 has 9 all ages ( reflection caus$ que/ion+s & murmur+s4 ,b ?is e?ical problem fill$ ) peculi> unre/ ! s\ls ( ! ,israelites1 fir/1 because m ?an any o!r p !y felt ! ne$ ( a j ,god2 & second1 because ( _! lack ( belief 9 a future life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 :i* ! wrongs & inequalities ( ?is life might be right$4 ,h5ce ! _m diff]5t solutions ( ! problem :i* !y ?\ght out1 & ?r\gh :i* !y s\ght to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z life practically end$ at ! grave1 ! problem rema9$ insolvable4 ,b ! doctr9e ( ano!r exi/5ce 9 :i* ! righte\s man %\ld receive comp5sation = 8 suff]+s "h1 & ! evil man j retribution = 8 de$s1 (f]$ a reasonable solution ( ! problem t _h s tr\bl$ ! consci5ce ( ,israel4 ,x 0 ?is und\bt$ly t caus$ ! tea*+ to ga9 popul> curr5cy4 ,! doctr9e1 h[ev]1 0 n :olly ! product ( ! religi\s & e?ical developm5t )9 ,israel4 ,its gr[? 0 fo/]$ by v>i\s outside influ5ces4 ,among ^! 0 ! ,p]sian doctr9e ( ! resurrection & a future life ( retributive ju/ice1 ) :i* ! ,jews became famili> at ! "t ( ! ,exile 9 ,babylon or lat] 9 ! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,!n aga9 ! developm5t ( ! idea 0 /imulat$1 aft] ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 by ,greek philosophy1 p>ticul>ly ! ,platonic4 ,b f> m influ5tial ?an ei!r ,zoroa/rian tea*+s or ,greek philosophy mu/ h be5 ! ?\ght & conviction ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,alex&ria1 t[>d ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 a va/ numb] ( ,jews 7 settl$ 9 t capital2 & ?\gh ! positive evid5ce "h is v meag]1 /ill we h a "r to some?+ m ?an a conjecture t 9 t city ,judaism 0 deeply influ5c$ by ! anci5t ,egyptian doctr9e ( immortality4#dbc ,"u ^! v>i\s influ5ces ?is doctr9e root$ itself firmly among ! ,jews1 & by ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ _h become a di/9ctive t5et ( a l>ge & influ5tial p>ty among !m4#dbd ,aft] ! conception ( a j ,god & ! ideal ( ! suff]+ ,s]vant ( ,yahweh1 ?is doctr9e ( immortality1 ) its correlate tea*+ ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 0 p]haps ! mo/ important product1 9 its moral consequ5ces1 ( ! life & e?ical exp]i5ces ( anci5t ,israel4 ,x ex]cis$ little or no influ5ce1 at lea/ no decisive influ5ce1 ^u ! moral evolution 9 ,judaism1 b1 adopt$ by ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 giv5 new =ce & curr5cy1 & = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s & m has be5 "o ( ! great bulw>ks & sanctions ( morality 9 ! ,we/]n _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! expansion ( ! moral sympa?ies 9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age ,we h spok5 ( ! rigid legalism & ! n>r[ nationali/ic _s ( or?odox po/exilic ,judaism4 ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t 9 ^! la/ days ! _s ( prophetism 0 dead4 ,hidd5 b5ea? ?is h>d r9d ( legalism !re puls$ a true moral life4 ,?is life f\nd expression 9 a movem5t t[>d e?ical univ]salism4 ,to und]/& ?is movem5t we mu/ recall ! great political revolution ( ?is epo*4 ,almo/ exactly two c5turies aft] ! return ( ! ,jews f ! ,babylonian ,captivity1 all ! political relations ( ! ,semitic ,ea/ 7 abruptly end$ & new relations e/abli%$ by ! conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,hell5ism1 ! mo/ p[]ful solv5t ( hi/ory1 n[ came 9 contact ) ,hebrew life & ?\ght bo? 9 ,pale/9e & 9 ,egypt4 ,! effect ^u ! e?ical developm5t 9 ,judaism 0 pr(\nd4 ,) ! expansion ( ! political & m5tal horizons ! moral sympa?ies ( m5 7 wid5$4 ,! wall ( sep>ation betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile 0 ?r[n d[n4 ,9 ,alex&ria & 9 ! _m new ,hell5i/ic cities 9 ,asia1 ! nobl] spirits ( disp]s$ ,israel1 ca/+ aside _! n>r[ racial prejudices1 ) enl>g$ m5tal vision & wid5$ moral sympa?ies1 came to read ) new und]/&+ _! great prophets :o _h prea*$ ! univ]sality ( ! moral law & ! bro!rhood ( nations4#dbe ,hebrew lit]ature regi/]s ! *ange4 ,?is new _s ( int]nationalism1 ( k9dness & ju/ice ev5 to enemies1 brea!s f _m ( ! lat] psalms#dbf & speaks f _m a passage ( ! s-call$ 8wisdom books0 ( ! p]iod4 ,! allegory ( ,jonah embodies ! lib]al _s ( ?is new ,judaism4 ,! great lawy]s ,hillel & ,%ammai1#dbg :o laid emphasis ^u social duties & human s]vice1 repres5t$ ! humanit>ian phase ( ! age movem5t4 ,philo1 ! ,alex&rian ,jew1 repres5t$ its philosophical side4 ,! way 0 be+ prep>$ = ! incom+ ( ! e?ical univ]salism ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,moral ,,consci\sness ,,( ,,hellas3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,self-,,realization ,sid5ote3 ,introduction ,! ,greek e?ical ideal1 a creation ( ! natural feel+s & impulses ( ! human m9d & he>t un9flu5c$ by !ological doctr9es1 0 "o ( ! mo/ imp]i%able products ( ,greek life & ?\ght4 ,?is conception ( :at con/itutes good life became a "p ( ! ,greek beque/ to civilization4 ,! mod]n _w is ?us indebt$ to ,greece n only = priceless elem5ts ( its intellectual & art life1 b = preci\s elem5ts ( its moral life z well4 ,?r\gh\t ! m$ieval age1 x is true1 x 0 ! e?ical h]itage f ,judea t %ap$ & color$ ! moral ideal ( ! ,european peoples1 b ev5 dur+ t p]iod ?is ,semitic ideal bore ! deep impress ( ,greek e?ics1 :ile ev] s9ce ! ,r5aissance x is ! e?ical beque/ ( ,hellas :i* has /eadily become an ev] m & m dom9ant factor 9 ! moral life ( ! ,we/]n nations4 ,! consci5ce ( ! mod]n _w ( sci5ce is ,hell5ic r ?an ,hebraic4 ,i4 ,,in/itutions ,,& ,,ideas ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,moral ,,type ,sid5ote3 ,! city /ate ! mold ( ,greek morality & ! *ief sph]e ( ,greek moral activity ,! ,greek city /ate 0 ! creator ( ! ,greek consci5ce2 t is to say1 ! relation%ips & activities ( ! ,greek z a citiz51 & n 8 relation%ips & activities z a husb& or fa!r or bus9ess man1 det]m9$ 8 *ief duties4 ,consci5ce 0 v little involv$ 9 t "p ( 8 life :i* lay outside ! civic sph]e4 ,x 0 solely z a memb] ( a city community1 :i* 0 to ! ,greek :at ! ,*ur* 0 to ! man ( m$ieval times1 t he c\ld live ! truly moral life & atta9 ! highe/ virtue4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,greek view ( man's nature z good ,! common ,greek view ( man's nature 0 l t ( ! ,*9ese morali/s2 t is1 x conceiv$ human nature z be+ ess5tially good4#dbh ,& ?is conception includ$ ! :ole ( man's nature1 8 body z well z 8 _s4 ,z we %all le>n1 ?is doctr9e influ5c$ pr(\ndly ! ,greek conception ( :at is p]missible & "r 9 conduct4 ,x made x seem "r to give full1 ?\gh regulat$ & reasonable1 indulg5ce to ! bodily impulses & in/9cts4 ,x made ! fundam5tal maxim ( ,greek morality to be1 ,live accord+ to nature4 ,x left no place 9 ,greek ?\ght = ! ,ori5tal notion ( an antagonism betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s4 ,h5ce asceticism ) its repressions ( ! bodily in/9cts & appetites1 :i* is s common an expression ( ! moral s5tim5t among ! ,ori5tal races1 f\nd no place 9 ,greek morality till aft] ,greek culture _h come 9 contact ) ! religi\s & e?ical sy/ems ( ,asia4 ,sid5ote3 ,! idea ( h>mony 9 ! god _w ,closely connect$ ) ?is idea ( ! ess5tial goodness & on5ess ( man's nature 0 ! conception ( unity & h>mony 9 ! god _w4 ,9 pass+ f ! ,ori5t to ,greece we leave beh9d n only ,indian pessimism1 b ,egyptian & ,p]sian dualism4 ,we leave beh9d t conception ( di%>mony & conflict 9 ! invisible _w :i* is su* a *>act]i/ic phase ( mu* ( ,ori5tal ?\ght4 ,we he>1 inde$1 ! fa9t e*o ( a prehi/oric /ruggle betwe5 ! e>? gods & ! sky gods4 ,b all n[ is peace4 ,! ,titans are *a9$1 & ! gods t are ! fri5ds ( m5 reign supreme4#dbi ,j z t ,ori5tal duali/ic _w philosophy ex]cis$ a va/ influ5ce ^u ! moral ideals ( ! ,ea/ & ( ! lat] ,*ri/ian _w t inh]it$ t sy/em ( ?\ght1 mak+ ! moral life s]i\s & /r5u\s1 a fight aga9/ evil1 s did ! oppos+ ,greek conception ( unity & h>mony 9 ! god _w ex]t a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ,greek morality1 empty+ ! moral life ( ev]y?+ l /r5u\sness & battle4 ,x made ,greek morality to be l ! morality ( s5su\s1 joy\s y\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "* ( ! ,greek gods ,9 /rong contra/ to ,hebrew morality1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 almo/ exclusively a religi\s "o1 spr++1 t is to say1 f c]ta9 conceptions ( ,god's "* & ( 8 relations to man1 ,greek morality 0 9 ! ma9 a lay or secul> "o4 ,ari/otle1 :o gave sci5tific =m to ,greek e?ics1 all[$ h>dly any place 9 ! moral code to religi\s duties4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! ,greek moral ideal 0 n bas$ ^u religion1 x 0 influ5c$ by x2 = !re _c be an entire sep>ation ( religion & morality4 ,religi\s beliefs1 l beliefs ( e o!r k9d1 help to %ape m5's ideas ( :at is "r & :at is wrong 9 conduct4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,greek religion ^u ,greek morality 0 n :olly favorable4 ,! attribution by ! ,greeks ( human frailties & vices to _! gods t5d$ to depress human morality1 s9ce m5 are nev] bett] ?an _! gods4 ,x is true t ! moral "* ( ! gods ( any p is a creation ( ! moral consci\sness ( t p2 /ill1 aft] once call$ into exi/5ce & en?ron$1 ^! div9ities react ^u _! creators & %ape 9 a great] or less degree ! moral "* ( _! wor%ip]s4 ,b ?\gh !re 7 elem5ts 9 "s ( ! ,greek cults1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( ,dionysus#dcj & ,aphrodite 9 ! lat] p]iod1#dca t 7 h>mful to morality1 /ill 9 g5]al ,greek morality f\nd 9 religion at once a re/ra9+ & a /imulat+ influ5ce4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ! ,hom]ic ,age religion _h become a moral =ce4 ,x is ! fe> ( ! gods ev5 m ?an ! fe> ( m5 :i* is ! motive =ce = rightdo+4#dcb ,odysseus' reque/ ( ,ilus ( ,ephyra = poison ) :i* to sme> ! po9ts ( 8 arr[s is refus$ ?r\gh fe> ( ! div9e ang]1 & ,priam 9 pray+ ,a*illes = ! body ( ,hector admoni%es him to h rev]5ce = ! gods4 ,& ?r\gh\t lat] times ! gods are ! gu>dians ( morality4 ,!y are ! av5g]s ( p]jury4 ,!y are ! puni%]s ( him :o breaks ! law ( hospitality4 ,especially does ,zeus1 z ! god ( hospitality1 8take note ( ^? :o welcome & ^? :o maltreat ! /rang]40#dcc ,! %r9es ( all ! gods are places ( refuge & sanctu>y4 ,! suppliant at ! alt> is sacrosanct4 ,"h ! h& ( ! av5g] ( injury is /ay$4 8,m]cy10 says ,sophocles1 8%>es ! judgm5t seat ( ,zeus40 ,z ! god ( ! suppliant1 ,zeus n only protects b purifies & deliv]s4 ,?us 7 ! high moral qualities ( m]cy & =giv5ess ?r[n into relief1 & m51 :ile taught self-re/ra9t1 7 imbu$ ) rev]5ce = ^! attributes ( "*4 ,?is high morality ( ! ,greek religion rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,delphian ,apollo4 ,9 tru?1 ! hi/ory ( ,delphi is a l>ge "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,greek morality4 ,x reflect$ f age to age ! deep5+ moral p]ceptions ( ! race4 ,! oracle ?us /ood 9 close relation ) ! great tea*]s ( ,greece4 ,! e?ical impulse ( ,py?agoreanism seems to h gone =? f ,delphi4 ,apollo gave a religi\s sanction to ! emancipation ( ! slave1 & ?us promot$ social morality4 ,! slave giv5 8 fre$om by 8 ma/] at ,delphi became1 z a fre$man1 sacrosanct4#dcd ,apollo /imulat$ also political morality4 ,?r\gh ! ,delphic ,amphictyony 8 influ5ce 0 ex]t$ 9 mitigat+ ! b>b>ities ( w> betwe5 ,greek & ,greek1 & 9 creat+ an ,hell5ic frat]nity4 ,?us ?r\gh religion 0 ! n>r[ sph]e embrac$ by ! ord9>y moral feel+s ( ! ,greeks broad5$ & br\ght to cov] wide f$]ations ( cities & tribes4 ,greek religion also ex]cis$ a /imulat+ influ5ce ^u morality ?r\gh ! ,my/]ies1 especially ?r\gh ^? ( ,eleusis4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! religi\s frat]nities _h an e?ical aim--8! aim ( wor%ip+ a pure god1 ! aim ( liv+ a pure life1 & ! aim ( cultivat+ a _s ( bro!rhood40#dce ,sid5ote3 ,significance = ,greek morality ( ! abs5ce ( a prie/ly ca/e ,b ! mo/ notewor?y fact conc]n+ ,greek religion 9 its relations to ,greek morality is ?is--t x 0 a religion practically )\t a prie/hood4 ,= !re nev] arose 9 ,greece a prie/ly class l t 9 ,egypt1 9 ,p]sia1 9 ,india1 & 9 ,judea4 ,?is is a fact ( supreme importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek morals4 ,x prev5t$ ! gr[? ( a !ocratic morality1 ) its artificial ritual duties & its cons]vative t5d5cies4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t x 0 ! e>ly rise ( philosophy 9 ! ,greek cities ( ,ionia t sav$ ,hellas f ! dom9ation ( a sac]dotal ca/e4 ,= at ! "t ?is philosophy arose ! ,orphic doctr9es 7 ov]spread+ ,greece4 ,n[ ?is 0 a prie/ly religion1 t is1 a religion int]pret$ & adm9i/]$ by prie/s4 ,its triumph 9 ,greece w\ld h meant ! e/abli%m5t ( a p[]ful national prie/hood4 ,?is mis=tune 0 prev5t$ by ! intellectual & philosophical movem5t 9 ,ionia4 ,x is ?is fact :i* leads ,pr(essor ,bury to pron\nce ! rise ( ! /udy ( philosophy 9 ! ,ionian cities "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hellas2 = 8x meant ! triumph ( reason ov] my/]y2 x l$ to ! discr$it+ ( ! ,orphic movem5t2 x insur$ ! free political & social progress ( ,hellas40#dcf ,& all ?is meant ! keep+ ( ! gr\nd cle> = ! upgr[? & developm5t ( an ess5tially lay or secul> morality1 a morality t f\nd its sanctions alone 9 ! human reason & consci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( race election2 ,hell5es & ,b>b>ians ,!re 0 "o conception common to bo? ,greek & ,jew :i* react$ p[]fully ^u ! moral sy/em ( ea*4 ,?is 0 :at has be5 call$ ! doctr9e ( race election4 ,! ,jews believ$ !mselves to be ! 8*os5 p40 ,! ,greeks believ$ ! same conc]n+ !mselves4 ,!y 7 ! intellectually elect p4 ,all o!r peoples 7 8b>b>ians40 ,j z ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( election exclud$ ! ,g5tile _w f ! pale ( ,jewi% moral sympa?ies1 s did ! ,greek doctr9e ( sep>at5ess cause ! ,greek to %ut out f 8 moral sympa?ies ! entire non-,greek _w4 ,we %all see a little fur!r on h[ ?is race egotism dictat$ l>ge sections ( ! ,greek code ( morals4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,patriotism ! c>d9al virtue2 civic & milit>y duties ,z we h already notic$1 x 0 out ( 8 relations z a citiz5 t ! prim>y duties ( ! ,greek arose4 ,8 supreme duty 0 patriotism1 devotion to 8 city4 8,good citiz50 & 8good man0 7 int]*angeable t]ms4 ,& s9ce a /ate ( w> r ?an ( peace 0 ! normal relation ( ! ,greek cities1 ! milit>y virtues held ! highe/ place 9 ! ideal ( excell5ce4 8,_! bodies10--?us ,?ucydides makes "o ( 8 *>act]s speak ( ! citiz5 soldi]s ( a typical ,greek city--8_! bodies !y devote to _! c\ntry z ?\gh !y belong$ to o!r m540#dcg ,?us ! prem95t ,greek virtue1 c\rage1 0 almo/ synonym\s ) valor 9 w>4 ,to ?r[ away "o's %ield 0 ! la/ infamy ) ! ,greeks z ) ! ,romans4 ,?is type ( "*1 bl5d+ ! civic & ! milit>y virtues1 is pres5t$ to u ) incomp>able *>m 9 ,plut>*'s ,lives4 ,"h we see ! ideal 9 actual fle% & blood4 ,x is ! altrui/ic elem5t 9 ?is type ( "* :i* r5d]s x s morally attractive4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,greek virtue ( c\rage a =m ( our virtue ( self-sacrifice ,= we %\ld n fail to note t 9 ! ,greek enum]ation ( ! virtues1 ! virtue ( self-sacrifice1 :i* we give ! fir/ place 9 our own moral ideal1 is hidd5 "u c\rage or =titude4#dch ,) u ?is virtue expresses itself 9 a great v>iety ( =ms2 ) ! ,greeks1 9 "o =m *iefly--self-devotion on ! battlefield4 ,?is altruism1 x is true1 0 n>r[2 x did n look beyond "o's own city2 b not)/&+ ?is limitation x 0 g5u9e altruism1 = fac+ dea? 9 battle1 z ,ari/otle says1 is 8! greate/ & noble/ ( p]ils40#dci ,?is ready self-devotion ( ! individual to ! common int]e/s ( 8 city 0 ! mo/ attractive feature ( ,greek morality4 ,x =m$ ! basis ( ,greek civilization4 ,:5 ?is virtue 0 lo/ ! ,greek city p]i%$1 & ) x ,greek civilization pass$ away4 ,among all ! cities ( ,greece1 ,sp>ta realiz$ mo/ p]fectly ! milit>y virtues ( ! ,greek ideal4 ,! great place s long held by h] 9 ! anci5t _w %e won ?r\gh ! loyalty ( h] citiz5s to ! soldi]'s ideal ( ob$i5ce1 c\rage1 & self-devotion4 ,! conduct ( ,leonidas & 8 companions 9 ! pass ( ,!rmopyl n only _h a brac+ effect ^u ,greek "* = g5]ations1 b has nev] ceas$1 ?r\gh ! inspiration ( example1 to add to ! sum total 9 ! _w ( loyalty to duty4 ,sid5ote3 ,! virtues ( temp]ance & ju/ice ,to ! virtue ( self-sacrifice1 "u ! guise ( =titude1 or ! fac+ ( dang] or ! endurance ( pa9 9 a wor?y cause1 ! ,greeks add$ temp]ance1 ju/ice1 & wisdom4 ,! ,greek virtue ( temp]ance or mod]ation 0 ess5tially ! same z our virtue ( self-control or self-d5ial4 ,x meant measure 9 all ?+s1 ! avoidance ( ! too mu* & ! too little4#ddj ,ev]y?+ mu/ be 9 fair proportion4 ,9 build+ a h\se "o %\ld n g 8beyond b\nds 9 size1 magnific5ce1 & exp5se40 ,9 conduct likewise ! mean mu/ always be ! aim4 ,re/ra9t mu/ be laid ^u "o's appetites & desires4 ,excessive ambition 0 a grave fault1 z 0 an undue lack ( ambition4 ,! ,greek conception ( ju/ice 0 ?is3 ,d no wrong1 & suff] no wrong to self or to o!rs--) ! emphasis on ! latt] "p ( ! injunction4#dda ,*ri/ianity %ift$ ! emphasis to ! fir/ "p ( ! comm&m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! virtue ( wisdom2 m5tal self-culture a duty ,by ! t]m 8wisdom0 ! ,greeks cov]$ v ne>ly :at we mean by m5tal self-culture4 ,n[ !re has be5 a wide div]g5ce ( op9ion among diff]5t peoples respect+ ?is matt]4 ,primitive races c ( c\rse h no feel+ ( obligation z to intellectual self-culture2 b ev5 a p z advanc$ 9 civilization z ! ,romans may h little or no consci5ce conc]n+ x4 ,?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! m$ieval age 9 ,europe m5tal culture 0 look$ ^u ) suspicion4 ,v few reg>d$ x z a duty4 ,b s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 t is1 s9ce ! rebir? 9 ! ,european _w ( ! ,greek _s1 intellectual culture has be5 com+ to be reg>d$ m & m z an urg5t & imp]i\s duty4 ,x is to ! anci5t ,greeks1 z impli$ 9 :at we h j said1 t we are l>gely indebt$ = ?is e?ical feel+4 ,to ! truly repres5tative ,greek ! e?ical imp]ative to seek self-realization call$ especially = ! developm5t ( ! m9d1 88 true self40 ,m]e intellectual curiosity1 love ( k = its own sake1 01 x is true1 "o ( ! creative =ces ( ,greek intellectualism2 b ! e?ical motive 0 ev] ne>4 ,9 ! ,socratic philosophy inde$ x is made ! dom9ant motive = ! reason t virtu\s conduct is by ,socrates held to be dep5d5t ^u k1 ! k ( ?+s z !y really are1 ?+s human & div9e4 ,) ! philosoph] ! ga9+ ( ?is k is ! aim & end ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! developm5t ( ! body a duty2 ! e?ical elem5t 9 ,greek a?leticism ,asceticism1 a *ief *>act]i/ic ( :i* is ! conception t !re is some?+ m]itori\s 9 ! illtreatm5t or neglect ( ! body1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! ,ori5tal peoples especially h ev] be5 easily p]suad$1 "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s ideas1 t ! body %\ld be illtreat$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! _s4 ,9 pass+ f ,asia to ,greece we seem to ent] a new e?ical atmosph]e4 ,we leave beh9d e trace ( asceticism4 ,we are no long] surr\nd$ by unkempt1 gaunt1 holl[-ey$ fakirs1 an*orites1 & monks4 ,9 ,greek ?\ght1 z we h se51 !re 0 no trace ( t ,ori5tal idea ( a w>r+ betwe5 body & _s4 ,?is happy consci\sness ( ! ,greek ( h>mony 9 8 own be+ _h mo/ important consequ5ces = ,greek morality4 ,x made ! developm5t ( ! body1 equally ) t ( ! s\l1 an e?ical requirem5t4 ,! outcome 0 ,greek a?leticism1 "o ( ! mo/ attractive phases ( ,hell5ic civilization4 ,we d n mean to say t moral feel+ 0 to ! same degree active 9 call+ into exi/5ce ,greek a?leticism t religi\s-e?ical feel+ 0 active 9 ! creation ( ,ori5tal asceticism1 b simply t ! e?ical motive held a place among ! v>i\s motives & s5tim5ts at "w4 ,)\t ?is motive ! ,olympian games & ! o!r sacr$ fe/ivals into :i* a?letic ex]cises & competitions ent]$1 w\ld nev] h won ! place !y held 9 ,greek life & culture4 ,:5 9 lat] times ^! fe/ivals1 subject$ to comm]cial & m]c5>y influ5ces1 lo/ :olly or 9 "p ?is religi\s-e?ical elem5t1 !n !y lo/ also _! di/9ctive "*1 & t morally :olesome & uplift+ influ5ce :i* !y _h ex]cis$ ^u ! ,greek _w ?r\gh\t ! be/ days ( ,hellas4 ,sid5ote3 ,id5tification ( moral goodness ) beauty ,j z ! cultur$ ,greek br\ght ! intellectual doma9 ( life )9 ! prov9ce ( morals1 s likewise did he ) ! /hetic4 ,x 0 n m]ely 8 /hetic s5se :i* 0 (f5d$ by ugl9ess 9 =m1 b also 8 moral s5se4 ,to ! ,greek m9d1 to love beauty1 s5su\s & spiritual1 & to be beautiful 0 synonym\s ) be+ good4 8,he :o is beautiful to look ^u10 says ,sappho1 8is good2 & :o is good w soon be beautiful40#ddb 8,! beautiful10 comm5ts ,wuttke 9 speak+ ( ?is phase ( ,greek e?ics1 8is p] se ! good2 9 enjoy+ & creat+ ! beautiful man is moral40#ddc 8,! #8good' & ! #8beautiful'0--?us ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son sums up ! ,greek view--87 "o & ! same ?+2 t is ! fir/ & ! la/ ^w ( ! ,greek ideal40#ddd ,?is id5tification by ! ,greeks ( goodness ) beauty is "o ( ! mo/ important matt]s 9 ,greek e?ics4 ,= ! conception 0 n ) !m an in]t ?+4 ,greek civilization 9 all its phases 0 9 a great measure ! expression ( ?is conviction4 ,! ,greeks fill$ ! _w ) beautiful ?+s because to create beauty 0 ) !m an e?ical z well z an /hetic impulse & necessity4 ,!y felt ! hol9ess ( beauty4 ,sid5ote3 ,live accord+ to nature sums up all moral requirem5ts ,all ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( ,greek morality1 "s ( ! mo/ important ( :i* we h n[ briefly comm5t$ ^u1 are summ$ up 9 ! =mula1 ,live con=mably to nature4 ,! idea "h embodi$ ( :at con/itutes man's full duty spr+s naturally f ! doctr9e t man's nature is ess5tially good4 ,if t nature be good1 !n virtu\sness w consi/ 9 ! well-r\nd$ symmetrical developm5t ( all ! capacities ( body & m9d4 ,p9d>'s pr(\nd injunction1 8,be :at y are10 embodies ! ess5ce ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,greek morali/s4 ,!y taught t man fulfills 8 de/9y by becom+ :at he is 9 8 inn]mo/ be+--by complete self-realization4#dde ,,iii4 ,,limitations ,,& ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,its ari/ocratic "* ,a *ief defect ( ,greek e?ics 0 its ari/ocratic _s4 ,s _m 7 ! classes exclud$ 9 :ole or 9 "p f ! moral field t ,greek morality 0 almo/ z mu* a class morality z t ( ,brahmanic ,india4 ,entire races & classes 7 z completely outside ! moral pale z is ! ,indian p>iah4 ,x 0 only ! high] cultur$ classes ( citiz5s :o1 ! moral philosoph]s taught1 7 capable ( atta9+ ! noble/ virtues & liv+ ! truly moral life4 ,all o!rs 7 reg>d$ z liv+ on a semimoral or nonmoral animal plane ( exi/5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! exclusion ( non-,greek races f ! moral sph]e ,?us ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! hi/oric p]iod ! ,greeks virtually exclud$ all non-,greek peoples f ! moral doma94#ddf ,!y reg>d$ ^! non-,hell5ic folk ab\t z we reg>d animals1 or z _m a few g5]ations ago look$ ^u ! black race4 ,!y ?\ght x "r = !m to make unprovok$ w> ^u su* p & to make slaves ( ^? !y might capture4 ,ari/otle taught t to hunt b>b>ians = ! purpose ( gett+ slaves 0 j z "r & prop] z to hunt animals = food or sacrifice4#ddg ,9 a ^w1 non-,greeks 7 reg>d$ z be+ practically outside ! pale ( humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! exclusion ( slaves ,! moral /atus ( ! slave 9 anci5t ,greece 0 det]m9$ by ! fact t slaves 7 usually b>b>ians4#ddh ,s9ce z non-,greeks !y 7 already outside ! moral pale1 x foll[$ naturally t z slaves !y _h no /&+ 9 ! c\rt ( morals4 ,_! /atus 0 almo/ ! same z t ( dome/ic animals4 ,! ,greek ma/] nev] felt t he ow$ any moral duties to 8 slaves1 ?\gh k9d & m]ciful treatm5t ( !m 0 enjo9$ by ! philosoph]s & morali/s4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! relation ( slave & ma/] is a purely natural "o1 l t ( body & s\l4 ,he calls slaves 8liv+ in/rum5ts40 ,sid5ote3 ,! exclusion ( ! dome/ic sph]e ,out ( ! family relation%ips arise a l>ge "p ( ! duties mak+ up ! moral code ( ! mod]n ,we/]n _w1 :ile 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! dome/ic circle are n\ri%$ _m ( :at we reg>d z ! mo/ sacr$ & attractive ( ! virtues4 ,n[ ^! family virtues1 :i* we e/eem s highly1 f\nd only a v subord9ate place 9 ! ,greek ideal ( "*1 = ! reason t ! family1 l ! clan & ! tribe1 0 almo/ absorb$ by ! city4 ,9 ,sp>ta ! family & family life practically disappe>$4 ,9 ,plato's ideal republic ! family is sacrific$ to ! /ate4 ,! /atus ( ! wife 9 mo/ ( ! ,greek cities 0 a l[ "o4 ,%e 0 practically "o ( ! slaves4 ,e?ical s5tim5t1 z 0 true ( ! s5tim5t ( romantic love1 seems to h be5 almo/ :olly lack+ 9 ! m>riage relation4 ,infancy1 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 0 9 g5]al nev] br\ght b5ea? ! protect+ gis ( ! moral s5tim5t4#ddi ,9 ! practice ( ! exposure ( ill-=m$1 weak1 defective1 or unpromis+ newborn infants ! ,greeks1 l ! ,romans1 nev] advanc$ mu* beyond ! /&po9t ( b>b>ians4 ,?is ab&onm5t or de/ruction by p>5ts ( _! (fspr+ did n (f5d ! common consci5ce4 ,ev5 ! philosoph]s & morali/s saw no?+ 9 ! practice to c5sure4 ,evid5ce ( h[ g5]al ! cu/om 01 is af=d$ by v>i\s tales & dramas :i* turn on ! rescue ( ! h]o 9 8 infancy aft] hav+ be5 ca/ out to die4#dej ,! /ory ( ,k+ dipus is typical4#dea ,9 ?is connection a ^w mu/ be said reg>d+ *a/ity4 ,we f9d "h "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s defects ( ,greek morality4 ,! virtue ( *a/ity 0 giv5 a v l[ place1 h>dly any place at all1 9 ! ,greek ideal ( "*4 ,x 0 ! und]valu+ ( ?is virtue t )\t d\bt 0 "o ( ! contribut+ causes ( ! decl9e & e>ly decay ( ,greek civilization4 ,ano!r equally grave defect 9 ! ,greek moral "* 0 lack ( respect = ! ag$4 ,save at ,sp>ta & ,a!ns1 age 0 n rev]5c$ 9 anci5t ,greece4#deb ,9 ?is respect ! ,greeks /ood almo/ on a level ) mo/ primitive races4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dise/eem ( indu/rial virtues ,a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,greek e?ical feel+ 0 a deep prejudice aga9/ manual & comm]cial occupations z unwor?y ( freem54 ,ari/otle taught t !re 0 8no room = moral excell5ce0 9 ! trades & employm5ts ( artisans1 trad]s1 & labor]s4#dec ,ev5 arti/s l ,phidias & ,polyclitus 7 look$ ^u z 8mis]able h&icraftsm540#ded ,plato 9 8 ,laws says3 8,he :o 9 any way %>es 9 ! illib]ality ( retail trade may be indict$ by any "o :o likes = di%onor+ 8 race1 be=e ^? :o are judg$ to be fir/ 9 virtue2 & if he appe> to ?r[ dirt ^u 8 fa!r's h\se1--by an unwor?y occupation1--let him be imprison$ = a ye> & ab/a9 f t sort ( ?+40#dee ,9 "s cities ! p]son :o engag$ 9 trade 0 disqualifi$ = citiz5%ip1 & 9 o!rs no me*anic or field labor] c\ld ent] ! place :]e ! freem5 met4 ,?is feel+ t labor is degrad+ came 9 aft] ! ,hom]ic ,age1 ) ! rule ( ! olig>*s1 & 0 ! natural & inevitable outcome ( slav]y4 ,! effect ( slav]y is to make "w seem ignoble & s]vile1 & to cause ! indu/rial virtues to assume a l[ place 9 ! moral ideal1 or to drop out ( x entirely4 ,! high place assign$ ! indu/rial virtues 9 ! moral ideals ( anci5t ,p]sia & ,israel 0 due probably z l>gely to ! subord9ate place :i* slav]y held 9 ^? c\ntries z to ! influ5ce ( religi\s doctr9es & physical environm5t4 ,ano!r gr\nd = ! feel+ 0 t h>d1 co>se "w de/roys ! suppl5ess & m>s ! beauty & symmetry ( ! body2 & ?is to ! ,greek way ( ?9k+ 0 suffici5t reason :y ! freeman--to use ,plato's phrase--8%\ld ab/a9 f t sort ( ?+40 ,/ill ano!r reason = ! feel+ t ! retail trades 7 unwor?y ( citiz5s 0 ! conviction t ?is k9d ( bus9ess _h 8a /rong t5d5cy to make m5 bad40 ,! small m]*ants & trad]s 9 ,greece c]ta9ly bore a v bad reputation1#def & x is probable t ! public dise/eem ( _! occupation & ! contempt 9 :i* !y !mselves 7 held _h ! same s9i/] influ5ce ^u !m t ! simil> feel+ 9 ,old ,japan _h ^u ! petty trad] !re4#deg ,sid5ote3 ,rev5ge reckon$ z a virtue ,9 no?+ did ! ord9>y ,greek moral consci\sness diff] m widely f ! ,*ri/ian ?an 9 ! matt] ( =giv+ injuries4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! virtues br\ght 9 by ,*ri/ianity :i* to ! ,greek m9d 0 fooli%ness4 ,to ! ,greek ! tak+ ( rev5ge ^u an enemy 0 a duty4 ,a man %\ld r5d] himself useful to 8 fri5ds & dang]\s to 8 enemies4 ,! ,greek orator1 9 ord] to ju/ify 8 res5tm5t t[>d any "o1 always took pa9s to %[ t he _h be5 injur$ 9 "s way by ! p]son1 & h5ce _h good gr\nd = wi%+ to d him evil4 ,inde$1 "o :o neglect$ to take rev5ge ^u 8 p]sonal enemy 0 look$ ^u z a weak1 pusillanim\s creature4#deh ,b out ( ?is virtue ( rev5ge1 p>adoxically en\gh1 arose ! virtue ( =giv5ess2 = rev5ge 0 limit$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! virtue ( mod]ation or self-re/ra9t4 ,! p]son seek+ rev5ge = an injury mu/ set reasonable b\nds to 8 ?ir/ = v5geance4 ,h5ce :5 ! age ( reflection came !re 7 tea*]s ( spiritual insight :o1 reg>d+ ! matt] f ?is po9t ( view1 saw =giv5ess to be a virtue because x requir$ 9 ! "o =giv+ great self-conque/ & self-control4#dei ,sid5ote3 ,l[ e/imation ( tru?fulness ,ano!r s]i\s defect 9 ! ord9>y ,greek moral /&>d 0 ! l[ place assign$ to ! virtue ( v]acity4 ,! ,greeks1 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! anci5t ,p]sians1 _h only a v feeble s5se ( ! sanctity ( ! plight$ ^w4 ,untru?fulness 0 +ra9$ 9 ! nation4 ,! ,hom]ic h]oes 7 full ( guile & deceit1 & ! hi/oric ,greeks 7 little bett]4 ,!y _h ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w a well-e>n$ reputation = disreg>d ( promises & oa?s4 ,:5 x seem$ to !m necess>y to lie 9 ord] to ga9 a desir$ end1 !n ly+ appe>$ to !m ju/ifiable4 ,scy?as1 tyrant ( ,zancle1 if we may judge f a /ory told by ,h]odotus1 0 ! only ,greek :o kept 8 ^w to ,d>ius4 ,?is man 0 9 exile at ,susa4 ,he obta9$ f ! k+ p]mission1 presumably on p>ole1 to visit ,sicily1 & honorably return$ to ,p]sia4 ,! conduct ( ,scy?as 9 ?is matt] mu/ h be5 exceptional1 =1 9 ! words ( ,h]odotus1 8him ,d>ius reg>d$ ! mo/ upright ( all ! ,greeks to :om he af=d$ a refuge40#dfj ,! great moral tea*]s ( ,greece recogniz$ ?is defect 9 ! moral "* ( _! c\ntrym5 & s\ght to correct x by extoll+ ! virtue ( tru?fulness4 ,aft] ! ,p]sian w> a class ( m5 arose1 hi/orians & philosoph]s1 :om ,s*midt1 because ( _! rev]5ce = tru?1 calls ! ance/ors ( ! mod]n m5 ( sci5ce4#dfa ,?ucydides _h ! same s5se ( ! sanctity ( exactness 9 /atem5t ( fact z has ! hi/orian ( to-day4 ,socrates di$ r ?an cloak ! tru? be=e 8 judges4 ,ari/otle said1 8,fri5ds & tru? are bo? de> to u1 b x is a sacr$ duty to pref] ! tru?40#dfb ,,iv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,sid5ote3 ,! morality ( ! ,hom]ic ,age ,! hi/orical />t+ po9t ( ! moral evolution 9 ,greece is ! morality ( ! ,hom]ic ,age4 ,?is morality we f9d inc>nat$ 9 ! h]oes ( ! "t1 ,a*illes & ,odysseus1 =1 z ,wundt obs]ves1 8! inmo/ moral convictions ( a p are %[n f> m pla9ly 9 ! "* ( its h]oes ?an 9 its gods40#dfc ,! qualities ( "* ) :i*1 z wor?y ( admiration1 ! poet inve/s 8 h]oes %[ t1 not)/&+ ! great advance already a*iev$ 9 _m ( ! arts ( life1 9 morality ! ,greeks ( ?is age 7 /ill 9 "s respects on a level ) savages4 ,?us ! poet extols ! 8good ,autolycus0 = 8 skill 9 ?iev]y & p]jury4#dfd ,b /eal+ & ly+1 z ) unciviliz$ p g5]ally1 to be prop] & "r1 mu/ be adroit & 8= ! good ( fri5ds & ! h>m ( enemies40 ,piracy 0 an honorable occupation4#dfe ,! bodies ( enemies sla9 9 battle 7 maltreat$1 z is ! wont ( savages4#dff ,conceptions ( deity 7 crude & une?ical1 ! gods be+ repres5t$ z caprici\s1 pr(ligate1 p>tial1 & unju/4 ,b !re 0 a s\nd core 9 ?is morality4 ,clan virtues 7 firmly inwr\ght 9 "*4 ,! virtue ( loyalty to comrades 0 /rong2 ! e?ical qualities ( c\rage & self-devotion = ! common good1 & ( hospitality to /rang]s 7 well develop$2 & ! dome/ic virtues ( *a/ity & con/ancy 9 woman are portray$ 9 su* a way z to %[ t1 if n common1 !y 7 at lea/ held 9 high e/eem & rev]5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,reprobation by ! philosoph]s & lat] poets ( ! ,hom]ic tales ( ! gods ,f ! ,hom]ic ,age onw>d !re 0 a progressive purification ( ! moral feel+s4 ,"o evid5ce ( ?is e?ical progress is f\nd 9 ! repudiation by ! lat] moral consci\sness ( ! primitive my?s ( ! gods4 ,^! tales1 z we h j not$1 7 co>se1 s5sual1 & immoral4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! six? & foll[+ c5turies1 & ! poets ( ?is lat] "t1 d5\nc$ ^! /ories z unwor?y & une?ical conceptions ( deity4 ,py?agoras is said1 ^u 8 return f ,hades1 to h report$ see+ !re ! s\ls ( ,hom] & ,hesiod und]go+ puni%m5t = :at !y _h said ( ! gods4 ,p9d> purges ! tales ( _! gross] immoral elem5ts4 ,o!rs s\ght to relieve ! poets ( ! *>ge ( impiety by read+ ! my?s z allegories4 ,! ,sophi/s & ,/oics moraliz$ !m1 giv+ !m an e?ical aim & purpose4#dfg ,plato1 9 reprobat+ :at ,hesiod says ( ,uranus1 decl>$ x 8! greate/ ( all lies 9 high places40 ,he w\ld /rike out f ! poets all passages 9 :i* !y told ^! lies ab\t ! gods & h]oes1 be=e all[+ ! boys & m5 to read !m4#dfh ,9 ! h&s ( ! lat] ,attic trag$ians ! :ole tradition>y religi\s my?ology 0 spiritualiz$ & giv5 a deep] e?ical cont5t & mean+4 ,?is purify+ ( ! ,greek moral consci\sness f9ds an exact p>allel 9 :at is tak+ place 9 ! mod]n ,*ri/ian _w respect+ ! conceptions ( deity f\nd 9 ! e>ly *ronicles ( ! ,hebrew ,bible & transmitt$ z a religi\s beque/ to ! ,european peoples4 ,^! ideas ( ,god are reject$ by ! tru] moral consci\sness ( to-day z ! crude notions ( a gross & morally immature age4 ,j z ?is mod]n rejection ( ^! unwor?y primitive conceptions ( ! div9e "* regi/] our own moral advance1 s does ! rejection1 by ! lat] ,greek ?9k]s & tea*]s1 ( ! ,hom]ic & ,hesiodic conceptions ( ! gods regi/] ! advance 9 e?ical ?\ght 9 ,greece dur+ ! int]val t sep>ates ! era ( ^! poets f ! ,solonian & ,platonic ,ages4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical significance ( ! transition f ! cont9uance to ! retribution !ory ,9 an e>li] *apt] we spoke ( ! cont9uance !ory ( life aft] dea?1 & ( ! retribution !ory z m>k+ an advance ^u ?is 9 e?ical feel+4#dfi ,at ! op5+ ( ! hi/orical p]iod 9 ,greece we f9d ! primitive une?ical cont9uance !ory 9 exi/5ce1 b 9 a /ate ( transition into ! retribution !ory4 ,! e>ly ,greek ,hades1 l ! ,babylonian ,arallu & ! ,hebrew ,%eol1 0 a place :]e moral di/9ctions 7 n recogniz$4 ,! same phantom life 0 ! lot ( all alike :o w5t d[n to ! _w ( %ad[s4 ,! ,elysian ,fields1 x is true1 _h already be5 creat$1 b ^! 7 simply a sort ( ari/ocratic heav51 a 8,greek ,valhalla10 ! abode ( ! great h]oes ( ! race2#dgj & ,t>t>us also _h be5 call$ into exi/5ce1 b ?is 0 a prison h\se only = ^? :o _h incurr$ ! special enmity ( ! gods4 ,! fables ( ,tantalus1 ,ixion1 & ! ,danades %[ t ! belief 9 an aft] life _h no e?ical significance = ! masses4#dga ,b already 9 ,p9d> ^! ideas ( ! aft] life1 ?r\gh virtue ( an e?ical necessity1 h und]gone great *anges4#dgb ,j z ! poet moralizes ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! gods1 s does he moralize ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! und]world4 ,alongside ! cont9uance !ory we f9d n[ ! retribution !ory4 ,! life beyond ! grave is conceiv$ z a life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! ,elysian ,fields h be5 8op5$ to moral wor?10 & a tribunal1 call$ into exi/5ce by a gr[+ moral consci\sness l t :i* creat$ ! ,egyptian ,judgm5t ( ! ,dead1 has be5 set up1 & ,rhadaman?us apportions ! de/9y ( s\ls accord+ to _! m]it & dem]it4#dgc ,f ! ,p]sian w> on1 ! life aft] dea? _h e?ical significance = all m51 & n simply = exceptional cases4 ,9 ! lit]ature !re are allusions 9 gr[+ numb]s to ! retribution await+ ! wick$ & ! bless$ness 9 /ore = ^? 8un/a9$ ) vice40 ,9 ,plato ?is moral evolution atta9s a /age almo/ id5tical ) t rea*$ by m$ieval ,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,republic a ?reefold division ( ! realm ( ! dead correspond+ closely to ! ,s*oolm5's purgatory1 heav51 & hell4#dgd ,puni%m5t is conceiv$ z hav+ = aim & end1 9 all save cases ( abom9able & incurable wick$ness1 ! purification ( e>?-/a9$ s\ls4 ,all ^! modifications 9 ! topography1 ! classifications1 & ! arrangem5ts ( ! und]world1 l ! simil> *anges effect$ by ! mod]n _s 9 ! m$ieval conception ( hell1 7 ! "w ( a gradually cl>ify+ moral s5se1 & be> witness to ! progressive developm5t ( ,greek e?ical ?\ght betwe5 ! ,hom]ic & ! ,alex&rian ,age4 ,sid5ote3 ,! evolution ( ! doctr9e ( div9e envy into t ( ,nemesis ,! e>ly ,greeks held a doctr9e kn[n z ! ,envy ( ! ,gods4 ,!y imag9$ t ! gods 7 envi\s ( ! great & prosp]\s4 ,h5ce !y ?\ght x 0 ! envy ( ! gods :i* br\ght ab\t ! undo+ ( ! great & p[]ful4 ,_! pray] = a fri5d enjoy+ an unusual run ( good =tune 01 8,may ! gods n become envi\s40 ,we f9d ?is doctr9e embodi$ 9 ! ,h]odotean /ory ( ,crsus1 k+ ( ,lydia1 ^: long c>e] ( unbrok5 & dazzl+ prosp]ity ends at la/ 9 dreadful rev]ses & sudd5 d[nfall4#dge ,! same belief colors ! advice :i* ,h]odotus repres5ts ,artabanus1 ! uncle ( ,x]xes1 z giv+ ! k+1 :o 0 m$itat+ an attack on ! ,greek cities4 ,! immod]ate ambition ( ! k+1 9 view ( ! envi\s nature ( ! gods1 _h awak5$ ! appreh5sion ( ! old & exp]i5c$ c\nselor1 & he labor$ to dissuade ! k+ f engag+ 9 s va/ a project4 8,do/ ?\ n notice10 said he1 8h[ ! lightn+ smites always ! highe/ build+s & ! talle/ trees4 ,?us (t5 ! mighty ho/ is ov]?r[n by lightn+ s5t by ! jeal\s gods2 = ! gods are jeal\s ( mortals1 & w all[ no "o unduly to exalt himself40#dgf ,!re is "h no sugge/ion ( an e?ical elem5t4 ,! envi\s gods ov]?r[ ?+s simply & solely because !y are big & tall & ca/ !m into ! %ade4 ,at a /ill lat] p]iod ! ,a!nian g5]al ,nicias gives memorable expression to ?is belief 9 8 spee* to 8 di%e>t5$ troops be=e ,syracuse4 ,he bade !m take *e] f _! wret*$ plight because ! envi\s gods mu/ c]ta9ly be dis>m$ by ! sight ( _! woeful condition & w\ld n[ pity & help4#dgg ,b alongside ?is une?ical doctr9e ( ! ,envy ( ! ,gods ! ,greeks held ano!r1 :i* seems to h be5 simply a modification & outgr[? ( ! e>li] crude conception ( deity4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e ( ,nemesis4 ,!re 0 "h full recognition ( ! vicissitudes ( human life4 ,! great & ! ov]p[]ful are inde$ de/roy$ by ! gods1--!re 0 no d5y+ ! fact1--b n m]ely because !y are great1 b because _! greatness & _! prosp]ity has made !m self-confid5t1 insol5t1 ov]be>+4 ,9 _! bl9d arrogance !y h ov]/epp$ ! limits ( mod]ation2 h5ce _! d[nfall wr\ght by ! gods4 ,x 0 "u ! spell ( ?is belief t ,h]odotus wrote 8 hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian w>s1 al?\gh1 z we h se51 he lov$ to rehe>se /ories :i* illu/rat$ ! doctr9e ( ! envi\s nature ( ! gods4 ,8 n>rative is 9 tru? a great hi/orical drama illu/rat+ ! moral ord] ( ! _w & tea*+ ! impressive lesson ( h[ ! gods puni% presumptu\s pride & ov]vault+ ambition4 ,! hi/orian prep>es 8 pi\s read]s = ! f9al cata/rophe by %[+ 9 vivid portrayal ! transactions at ! ,hellespont4 ,! swift curr5t ( ! /rait has brok5 ! bridge ( boats laid ^u ! wat]s by ,x]xes4 ,! all-p[]ful & audaci\s k+ ord]s t ! sacr$ ,hellespont be sc\rg$ ) ?ree hundr$ la%es1 t fett]s be ca/ into ! rebelli\s wat]s1 & t !y be br&$ z a slave is m>k$ ) br&+ irons4 ,all ?is is done1 & ! trea*]\s wat]s are curs$ ) blasphem\s words4 ,n[ foll[s quickly ! tragic issue at ,salamis ( ! va/ und]tak+1 & ! return passage ( ! ,hellespont a few mon?s lat] by ! humbl$ & fugitive k+4 ,all ?is is ! "w ( ,nemesis1 ! puni%] ( ^? :o h lift$ up _! he>ts 9 insuff]able pride & arrogance4 ,x is n alone 9 ! dramatiz$ hi/ory ( ,h]odotus t we are able to trace ! moral effects ( ! ,p]sian w>s 9 br++ into ! =egr\nd ( ! ,greek consci\sness ! conception ( ,nemesis z ! v9dicator ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 8,aft] ! battle ( ,salamis10 9 ! words ( ! hi/orian ,abbott1 8! in/ability ( human greatness & ! puni%m5t ( #8insol5ce' e*oes z an und]tone ?r\gh all ,greek ?\ght40#dgh ,?is deep5$ moral feel+ ( ! nation f\nd expression bo? 9 art & 9 ! drama4 ,! ord] giv5 by ! ,a!nians to ,phidias to c>ve a /atue ( ,nemesis z a memorial ( ! w> 0 a sanction ( t int]pretation ( ! ,p]sian ov]?r[ :i* made x ! "w ( ! av5g+ goddess4 ,b ! fulle/ expression ( ?is new e?ical s5tim5t is f\nd 9 ,a!nian trag$y4#dgi s*ylus 0 ! repres5tative ( ?is moral awak5+ & advance4 ,! doctr9e ( ,nemesis colors all 8 dramas4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to give to ! leg5d ( ,niobe1 orig9ally m]ely a tale ( ! envy ( ,apollo1 an e?ical mean+ z an in/ance ( 8retribution = presumptu\s s940#dhj ,8 imp]i%able trag$y ,prome!us ,b\nd makes ! suff]+s ( ! ,titan to be b ! j p5alty ( 8 presumption & self-w4 ,8 ,agamemnon depicts ) tragic int5sity ! awful v5geance ) :i* ! implacable goddess puni%es unnatural crime4 ,8 ,p]sians tea*es h[ ,nemesis humbles insol5t pride & 8,zeus tames excessive lift+ up ( he>t40 ,9 ! lat] ,?ucydides we meet ) ! same tea*+ conc]n+ ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,9 a memorable passage ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> ! hi/orian becomes ! morali/ & gives 8 read] a tragic illu/ration ( ! work+s ( ! law ( ,nemesis4 ,?ucydides is approa*+ ! *apt] 9 8 hi/ory :i* depicts ! t]rible cata/rophe :i* befell ! ,a!nians 9 ,sicily4 ,he skillfully =e%ad[s ! com+ trag$y by prelud+ 8 n>rative ( ! ,sicilian ,exp$ition ) an acc\nt ( ! arrogant & wick$ conduct ( ! ,a!nians 9 driv+ ! ,melians f _! isl& home & add+ ! /ol5 l& to _! own empire4#dha ,?is high-h&$ crime1 l ! impiety ( ! presumptu\s ,m$e at ! ,hellespont1 ar\ses ! av5g+ ,nemesis4 ,! read] =eca/s ! future1 & 9 ! cruel fate ( ! ,melians reads ! doom ( ! ,a!nian army be=e ,syracuse4 ,?is moraliz+ ( ! primitive une?ical conception ( ! gods z envi\s & unju/1 & ! evolv+ !refrom ( ! morally advanc$ doctr9e ( ,nemesis1 is an in/ructive illu/ration ( h[1 z "t pass$1 ,greek e?ical feel+ 0 deep5$ & ,greek e?ical ?\ght 0 purifi$ & elevat$ ?r\gh intellectual progress & ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce4#dhb ,sid5ote3 ,fur!r moralization ( ! doctr9e ( ,nemesis ,!re 0 a /ill fur!r evolution ( ,greek e?ical ?\ght along ! l9e trac$ above4 ,! mutations & trag$ies ( life1--t]rible rev]ses ( =tune1 sudd5 loss ( reputation & fri5ds1 irrem$iable ru9 foll[+ great prosp]ity1--^! ?+s are by a tru] moral insight recogniz$ z ! sign nei!r ( ! envy nor ( ! righte\s ang] ( ! gods1 b ( ! div9e pity & love4#dhc 8,! :olesom5ess ( puni%m5t = ! wrongdo] himself is ! cr[n ( s*ylean e?ics40#dhd ,phidias taught ! same l(ty tru? ?r\gh c>v+ ! my? ( ,prome!us ,unb\nd on ! ?rone ( 8 ,olympian ,zeus4 ,x spoke1 z no o!r sc5e wr\ght !re1 ( ! moral significance ( suff]+1 ( div9e m]cy & deliv]ance4#dhe ,& ,plato's philosophy accords ) ! s*ylean tea*+ t 8,zeus has put 9 suff]+ sov]eign in/ruction40 8,!n ?is mu/ be our notion ( ! j man10 he says1 8t ev5 :5 he is 9 pov]ty or sickness or any o!r seem+ mis=tune1 all ?+s w 9 ! end "w toge!r = good to him 9 life & dea?40#dhf ,9 ?is e?ical int]pretation ( ! vicissitudes ( human life1 ( ! misc>riage ( ambiti\s plans1 ! wreck+ ( high hopes1 ! ,greek ?9k]s rea*$ at la/ ! same elevat$ po9t ( view t 0 atta9$ by ! great prophets ( ! ,hebrew race4#dhg ,sid5ote3 ,! amelioration ( w> rules & practices ,9 ! e?ics ( w> a simil> ?\gh less m>k$ developm5t 9 moral feel+ is traceable4 ,aside f ! relapse into ! practices ( savag]y "u ! malign influ5ce ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 !re 0 ?r\gh\t ,greek hi/ory a sl[ b /eady amelioration ( ! primitive b>b>ities ( w>f>e4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic ,age moral feel+ _h h>dly begun to ex]cise its influ5ce 9 humaniz+ w> & 9 sett+ limits to ! rights ( ! conqu]or4 ,! ,greeks ( ,hom] 7 9 "s respects almo/ on ! level ( savages 9 _! w> practices4 ,! life ( ! captive 0 9 ! h&s ( 8 captor1 & he might be sla9 )\t (f5se to ! common consci5ce4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 71 z a matt] ( c\rse1 appropriat$ by ! conqu]or or sold into slav]y4 ,hom] relates z some?+ to be glori$ 91 h[ 8 h]o ,a*illes dragg$ ! body ( ,hector ar\nd ! walls ( ,troy4 ,su* an act ( savag]y evid5tly /irr$ 9 ! poet's li/5]s no feel+s ( reprobation4#dhh ,9 ! hi/orical p]iod ! mitigation ( ! b>b>ities ( w> 01 aft] ! protection ( ! sanctu>y ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 a *ief object ( ! celebrat$ ,amphictyonic ,league4 ,! oa? tak5 by ! memb]s ( ! league includ$ ! foll[+ engagem5t3 8,we w n de/roy any ,amphictyonic t[n1 nor cut x (f f runn+ wat]1 9 w> or 9 peace40 ,?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y ef=ts 9 antiquity to lay re/ra9t ^u ! primitive lic5se ( w>4 ,limits are set to ! rights ( ! conqu]or4 ,w> beg9s to h rules4 ,f ! words :i* ,?ucydides puts into ! m\? ( ! ,platans at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 we ga!r t at t "t ! common s5tim5t ( ,hellas condemn$ ! slaught] ( prison]s ( w>4#dhi ,at ,a!ns ?is s5tim5t _h f\nd embodim5t 9 ! laws1 :i* =bade ! slay+ ( w> captives4 ,b "u ! demoraliz+ influ5ces ( ! long & bitt] /ruggle betwe5 ,sp>ta & ,a!ns1 ! little ga9 :i* _h be5 made 9 ! humaniz+ ( w> dur+ ! prec$+ c5turies 0 lo/4 ,prison]s ( w> 7 sold into slav]y or kill$ )\t ! lea/ (f5se be+ giv5 to ! numb$ consci5ce ( ,hellas4#dij ,ev5 ! t]rible massacre1 t[>d ! end ( ! w>1 ( ! f\r ?\s& ,a!nian prison]s at gospotami1 by ! ,sp>tan ,lys&]1 awak5$ no prote/ 9 ,greece at l>ge4#dia ,nev] has 8! moral damage ( w>0 _h a m tragic illu/ration4#dib ,dur+ ! c5tury foll[+ ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 h[ev]1 !re seems to h be5 a positive advance 9 ?is doma94 ,9 ?is p]iod ! gross] atrocities ( w> 7 9 a measure mitigat$ by a gr[+ humanit>ian s5tim5t4 ,b all ef=ts to humanize w> seem to h be5 limit$ to w>s betwe5 ,greek & ,greek4 ,f fir/ to la/ 9 ,greek hi/ory w> aga9/ b>b>ians 0 wag$ practically )\t ! lea/ mitigation ( its primitive b>b>ities4 ,x 0 ! practice ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 8 campaigns 9 ,asia to massacre ! m5 ( non-,greek cities tak5 by assault1 & to sell ! wom5 & *ildr5 z slaves4 ,we he> no prote/1 ev5 on ! "p ( ! philosoph]s1 aga9/ ^! atrocities s long z x is non-,greeks :o are ! victims ( !m4 ,b ?\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,greeks to regulate & limit ! rights ( ! conqu]or 7 conf9$ to w>s ( ,greek aga9/ ,greek1 /ill ^! ef=ts are significant z a sign ( an awak5+ e?ical s5tim5t 9 ?is doma94 ,?is is a prophecy ( a future day1 di/ant ?\gh x be1 :5 ! gr[+ consci5ce ( mank9d %all h r5d]$ w>s betwe5 civiliz$ nations an impossible crime4 ,sid5ote3 ,ef=ts to prev5t w> by arbitration ,! common ,greek consci5ce nev] condemn$ w> 9 itself4 ,!re nev] sprang up 9 ,greece an agitation l ! ,peace ,movem5t ( to-day 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,h[ deeply +ra9$ 9 ! ,greek m9d 0 ! conviction t w> is a "p ( ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s is %[n by ! fact t _! treaties end+ op5 ho/ilities 7 ord9>ily drawn = a limit$ t]m ( ye>s4 ,!y 7 m]ely truces1 z ?\gh peace 7 only an incid5t 9 int]national relations4 ,ev5 ! philosoph]s reg>d$ a /ate ( w> z ! normal & natural relation ( ,hell5es & b>b>ians4 ,ari/otle1 z we h se51 taught t b>b>ians might1 )\t moral scruple1 be hunt$ l wild animals4#dic ,plato _h no ^w ( condemnation ( w> by ,greek aga9/ non-,greek4 ,b ! ,greeks _h an uneasy feel+ respect+ ! rightfulness ( w> betwe5 ,greek & ,greek2 & !re came a "t :5 ! be/-in/ruct$ consci5ce ( ,greece positively d5\nc$ w>s ( ?is k9d4 ,plato condemn$ w>s betwe5 ,hell5es & ,hell5es z unnatural4#did ,?is feel+ _h a k9d ( re/ra9+ influ5ce ^u ! ,greek cities1 & !re are _m in/ances ( arbitration 9 ,greek hi/ory4 ,sometimes a s+le p]son ( em95ce act$ z m$iator2 b (t5] "s city or league l ! ,delphian ,amphictyony 0 *os5 z ! arbitrator4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age ! ,roman ,s5ate frequ5tly und]took ! commission ( arbitrat+ qu>rels4 ,! cities conc]n$ 7 sometimes b\nd by oa? or by a deposit ( money to abide by ! decision4 ,(t5]1 h[ev]1 ! decisions r5d]$1 l ^? by ! ,hague ,tribunal ( to-day1 dep5d$ = _! execution ^u ! good w & honor ( ! /ates conc]n$4 ,!re are in/ances record$ :]e "o or bo? ( ! p>ties refus$ to abide by ! judgm5t ( ! arbitrator4#die ,v>i\s motives1 x is true1 7 at "w 9 ^! arbitration treaties1 b ! e?ical motive 0 c]ta9ly op]ative to a great] or less degree4 ,!re 0 n lack+ ! feel+1 vague ?\gh x may h be51 :i* 0 lat] giv5 explicit expression by ,plato1 t w> betwe5 ,greek & ,greek 0 wrong & a crime aga9/ ,hell5ic civilization4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive ( all ! measures tak5 by ! ,greeks to limit w>s among !mselves or to f5ce !m away f a giv5 di/rict 0 ! consecration1 by common cons5t & agreem5t1 ( ! l& ( ,elis--:]e9 0 situat$ ! sacr$ ,olympia--to p]petual peace & ! e/abli%m5t ( a truce ( =ty days1 embrac+ ! fe/ival p]iod ( ! ,olympian games1 dur+ :i* x 0 sacrilegi\s = "o ,greek city to make w> ^u ano!r4 ,) true vision ! philosoph]-hi/orian ,laur5t sees 9 ! little l& ( ,elis1 inviolable z a temple1 a prophecy ( ! "t :5 ! :ole e>? %all be consecrat$ to p]petual peace--an ideal t[>d :i* humanity unceas+ly advances4#dif ,sid5ote3 ,socrates & 8 relation to ! moral movem5t ,f no o!r p]sonage 9 hi/ory1 aside f ! f\nd]s ( univ]sal religions1 has !re fl[$ su* a /ream ( moral influ5ce z issu$ f ! life & tea*+s ( ,socrates1 ! son ( ,sophroniscus4 ,all ! *ief e?ical sy/ems ( ! ,greco-,roman _w 7 ! developm5t ( g]ms f\nd 9 8 doctr9es4 ,! ,cyr5aic & ,eleatic1 ! ,cynic1 ,/oic1 & ,epicurean1 ! ,platonic1 ,neoplatonic1 & ,ari/otelian sy/ems _h _! s\rces "h4 ,! ,/oic & ,neoplatonic sy/ems contribut$ important elem5ts to e>ly ,*ri/ian e?ics1 :ile ! ,ari/otelian sy/em ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! s*ola/ic e?ics ( m$ieval times4 ,9 ! contribution :i* ^! v>i\s sy/ems1 especially ! ,/oic1 h made to ! _w's common fund ( e?ical ?\ght & feel+ is f\nd 9 l>ge "p ! measure ( ! e?ical debt :i* mod]n civilization owes to ,hell5ism4 ,socrates' aim 0 to replace ! artificial conv5tional consci5ce ( 8 contempor>ies by a natural rational consci5ce2 9 o!r words1 to replace cu/om>y communal morality by reflective individual morality4#dig ,8 fundam5tal doctr9e 0 t virtue is dep5d5t ^u k2 inde$ he almo/ or q made k & virtue "o & ! same ?+4 ,he ma9ta9$ t "o c no m see ! "r )\t do+ x ?an "o c see a proposition to be true )\t believ+ x4 ,!re=e )\t k--insight--!re c be no true virtue4#dih ,b cle>ness ( vision requires ! purification ( ! intellect1 ! gett+ rid ( all false intellectual & moral notions2 h5ce ! aim & purpose ( ,socrates' unique me?od ( cross-exam9ation 0 to %[ 8 int]locutor ! baseless & mutually contradictory "* ( 8 inh]it$ *ance-acquir$ ideas & beliefs1 & to br+ him to t self-k :i* is ! beg9n+ ( real k4#dii ,?is practical id5tification by ,socrates ( k & virtue1 ?is doctr9e ( 8 t x is impossible t "o %\ld n w to d t :i* he sees to be good & "r1 ov]looks ! sadde/ & yet mo/ c]ta9 fact ( human exp]i5ce1 namely1 t p]v]sity ( ! human w :i* causes man ?\gh see+ ! good to *oose ! evil4 ,b x is a !ory ( human nature :i*1 9 ! case ( su* happily con/itut$ s\ls z ,socrates1 9 :om ! au?ority ( consci5ce is sacrosanct & inviolable1 is ne>ly or q accordant ) fact4 ,) su* p]sons to see an act to be "r is to d x4 ,) !m dissonance betwe5 k & volition is a moral impossibility4 ,"r "h1 h[ev]1 a j criticism may be made ( ! ,socratic philosophy4 ,x is true t )\t self-k1 )\t ! fulfill+ ( ! ,delphian requirem5t1 8,"k ?yself10 "o _c be truly moral4 ,b nei!r ,socrates nor ! ,greek philosoph]s 9 g5]al recogniz$ t ?is self-k comes ?r\gh "r liv+ r ?an ?r\gh "r ?9k+4 ,z ,goe! disc]n+ly obs]ves1 man comes to "k himself n ?r\gh reflection b ?r\gh conduct3 8,d y\r duty & ?\ wilt "k :at ?\ art40#ejj ,& = ! common moral life ( ! _w !re is a pr(\nd tea*+ 9 ?is ,socratic doctr9e :i* makes k ! spr+ ( virtue4#eja ,!re is 9 k1 9 insight1 9 ! cle> recognition ( ! relation ( man's highe/ good to virtue1 an impell+ =ce & au?ority4 ,z ! _w advances 9 true k1 x w advance 9 true morality4 ,! ,r5aissance is ev] ! precursor ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x is ?is fact :i* %\ld make optimi/s ( u all1 = ! unceas+ advance ( ! _w 9 k is well assur$4 ,9 ! e?ical sy/em ( ,socrates we h a good illu/ration ( ! tru? t great m5 are ! product ( _! age4 ,) all 8 orig9ality & pr(\nd spiritual insight1 ,socrates c\ld n & did n rise mu* above ! plane ( ! common moral consci\sness ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he /ood on ess5tially ,greek gr\nd4 ,8 morality 0 ! morality ( 8 "t & place4 ,9 8 practical code ( morals he made ! ,greek virtue ( self-control or mod]ation a c>d9al virtue2 he laid ! ,greek emphasis ^u ! civic virtues1 dy+ r ?an disobey or evade ! decree ( 8 city2 he ent]ta9$ ! common ,greek ideas respect+ ! family & ! dome/ic virtues2 he saw no?+ to disapprove 9 ! life ( ! hetra2 he view$ ! beautiful f a /&po9t :olly ,greek1 almo/ id5tify+ beauty ) goodness2 he 0 ?or\ghly ,greek 9 ! ari/ocratic t5d5cy ( 8 e?ical tea*+s1 mak+ ! practice ( true virtue ! pr]ogative ( ! cultur$ class alone2 he _h ! ord9>y ,greek consci5ce 9 reg>d to slav]y2 & he nev] deta*$ himself f t n>r[ ,greek prejudice :i* saw 9 ! ,hell5es ! elect race4 ,he nev] proclaim$1 z did _m a lat] ,greek & ,roman morali/1 ! ess5tial unity ( ! human race4 ,sid5ote3 ,plato & 8 e?ical sy/em ,socrates made virtue & man's moral nature ! subject ( philosophic reflection4 ,8 pupil1 ,plato1 sy/ematiz$ 8 ma/]'s tea*+s1 &1 r$uc+ ^! & ! common e?ical notions ( 8 "t to sci5tific =m laid ! basis ( ! sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,plato agre$ ) ,socrates 9 tea*+ t to "k ! good is necess>ily to seek x4 ,he accord+ly makes wisdom ! fir/ ( ! virtues1 by wisdom mean+ insight1 ! cle> recognition ( :at con/itutes ! highe/ good4 ,issu+ f ?is prim>y virtue ( wisdom1 l a /ream f a f\nta91 are ! virtues ( c\rage1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice4 ,f wisdom comes c\rage1 = p]fect k ( good & evil ca/s out fe>2 & mod]ation1 = k ( high] & l[]1 ( ! p5alty t awaits all excess1 leads to prud5ce & self-control2 & ju/ice1 = k ( "o's relations to "o's fell[s creates consid]ation = ! rights ( o!rs4 ,plato "h simply sy/ematizes & r$uces to sci5tific =m ^? v>i\s virtues :i* ! common ,greek consci5ce recogniz$ z con/itut+ moral excell5ce4 ,p>ticul>ly notewor?y is ,plato's doctr9e t virtue 9 ! /ate is ! same z virtue 9 ! individual4 ,!re is ne$ ( emphasis be+ laid anew ^u ?is tea*+ at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! disciples ( ,ma*iavelli w\ld give fre% vogue to ! doctr9e ( a d\ble /&>d ( morality1 "o = ! individual & ano!r = ! /ate4 ,! mod]n _w might well sit at ,plato's feet & le>n t virtue is ev] "o & ! same1 & t ! moral law c no m be trav]s$ ) impunity by a nation ?an by a s+le individual4 ,9 _m ( 8 e?ical tea*+s ,plato anticipat$ & deeply influ5c$ ,*ri/ian doctr9es4 ,he has be5 call$ ! precursor ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 8,8 ideas on virtue10 z ,d5is obs]ves1 8take u f> f ,greece & antiquity2 !y seem address$ r to ! sa9ts & an*orites ?an to ! citiz5s ( ,sp>ta & ,a!ns40#ejb ,8 doctr9es t ! way ( approa* to ,god is ?r\gh contemplation2 t )drawal f ! turmoil ( public life is a fur!rance ( ! true life2 t ! body is a 8prison h\se0 ( ! s\l2 t ! s\l is immortal & t !re awaits x 9 ! aft] life recomp5se = de$s done 9 ! fle%2 t expiation = s9 is an e?ical necessity2 t puni%m5t is n a det]r5t & re/ra9t b a rem$y t re/ores to heal? ! s9-diseas$ s\l#ejc--;all ^! ideas & pr9ciples 7 9 exact accord ) ! ,*ri/ian moral consci\sness1 & ?r\gh ,/4 ,augu/9e & o!r ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* came to enri* & ren=ce ! e?ical sy/em ( ! mona/ic & ! papal ,*ur* ( ! m$ieval age4 ,p]haps :at is ! mo/ admirable ( ,plato's tea*+s is embodi$ 9 ?is petition3 8,& may ,i1 be+ ( s\nd m9d1 d to o!rs z ,i w\ld t !y %\ld d to me40#ejd ,! significance ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t x is a pray]1 & t ! petition] asks t he may be ( s\nd m9d :5 he reflects on :at he w\ld l to h o!rs d to him4 ,yet not)/&+ ! l(t9ess & nobility ( mu* ( ,plato's e?ical ?\ght1 /ill1 l ,socrates1 he /ood almo/ :olly on ,greek gr\nd4 ,8 e?ics is sc>cely m ?an a ju/ification ( ! common ,greek morality ( 8 "t4 ,he de/roys ! family 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ate2 he approves ( ! exposition ( ill-=m$1 unpromis+ infants2 he makes morality to be a class ?+--only select & cultur$ s\ls are ) him capable ( g5u9e virtue4 ,he accepts slav]y z a necess>y in/itution ( ! /ate2 he practically %uts out ! non-,greek _w f ! sph]e ( morality2#eje & ) ! common ,greek he believes t to d evil to "o's enemies is an imp]ative duty4#ejf ,nor does ,plato1 l ,hebrew se]1 rise high en\gh above ! g5]al ,greek viewpo9t to disc]n ! great law ( moral progress1 & to prevision ! hi/orical goal--e?ical _w unity4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle & 8 e?ics ,ari/otle makes ,plato's classification ( ! virtues ! basis ( 8 well-r\nd$ sy/em ( e?ics4 ,9 "o important respect1 h[ev]1 he diff]s f ,plato2 he did n believe t k ( ! "r necess>ily leads to its practice4 ,he recogniz$ ! fact t man ?\gh kn[+ ! good (t5 p]v]sely foll[s evil4 ,! great defect ( ,ari/otelian e?ics is its failure to rise to ! e?ical conception ( collective humanity4 ,9 ! moral inequality ( m51 :i* he assumes z ! presupposition ( 8 e?ics1 he ev5 exagg]at$ ! common ,greek view4 ,he divid$ m5 s rigor\sly into classes ) v>y+ grades ( moral capacity t 8 moral sy/em 0 e?ically l ! ca/e sy/em ( ! ,indian ,brahmans4 ,to affirm ! moral equality ( m5 seem$ to him to be a species ( treason aga9/ ! true humanity1 a crime aga9/ ,greek civilization4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle ! slave 0 a be+ s morally diff]5t f ! freeman z to con/itute practically ano!r species4 ,he 0 n :olly incapable ( virtue1 b c\ld practice only su* s]vile virtues z ob$i5ce & humility4 ,! la/1 ?\gh a virtue 9 a slave1 0 9 a freeman an unwor?y weakness4 ,b>b>ians 7 slaves by nature4 ,h5ce x 0 "r = ! ,greeks to make w> on !m & r$uce !m to slav]y1 because 8= t end !y 7 born40#ejg ,plato _h 9 8 ,laws accept$ slav]y z a political necessity2 ,ari/otle proclaim$ x z a "p ( ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,?is doctr9e _h f>-rea*+ hi/orical consequ5ces4 ,ari/otle's decl>ation t slaves are m]ely animat$ in/rum5ts1 are m5 incapable ( virtue1 work$ z p[]fully 9 de/roy+ anci5t slav]y z ! obit] dictum ( ,*ief ,ju/ice ,taney ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case1 t negro slaves h no rights :i* ! :ite man is b\nd to respect1 work$ = ! de/ruction ( negro slav]y 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates4 ,=1 z ,pr(essor ,d5is says1 by pu%+ too f> ! argum5t1 by f\nd+ slav]y on natural "r1 ,ari/otle provok$ ?\ght & prote/1 & l$ ! ,/oics to reject ) indignation 8 !ories & to proclaim ! moral equality ( ma/] & slave1 ( ,greek & b>b>ian4#ejh ,ari/otle's e?ics ex]cis$ v little influ5ce ei!r ^u ! actual moral life or ! e?ical speculations ( antiquity2 b 9 ! m$ieval "t x came to ex]t a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ,*ri/ian e?ics4#eji ,! s*oolm5 made x ! trunk into :i* !y graft$ ,*ri/ian morals--) incongru\s results1 z we %all see lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,decay ( ! ,greek city /ate & ! accompany+ decay ( ! ,greek ideal ( "* ,! political revolution 9 ,hellas 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 _h deep import = ,greek morality4 ,t c5tury saw ! triumph ( ,mac$onia ov] ! ,greek cities4 ,?is meant ! triumph ( despotic mon>*y ov] city democracy4 ,?is revolution 9 ! political realm meant a great revolution 9 ! realm ( morals1 = ! reason t1 z we h se51 ! old ,greek ideal ( excell5ce 0 l>gely bas$ ^u ! relation ( ! individual to ! /ate4 ,) ! loss ( ,greek lib]ty ! v basis ( ! ,greek ideal ( "* 0 remov$1 & ! virtues ( ! type t5d$ to disappe>4#eaj ,9 ! despotic mon>*ies ( ! successors ( ,alex&] !re 0 little room = ! gr[? & ex]cise ( ^? virtues ( citiz5%ip :i* _h be5 n\ri%$ 9 ! free air ( ! anci5t city4 ,! virtues n[ 9 vogue & fo/]$ by ! new mon>*ical rgime 7 no long] ^? ( ! patriot citiz5 & ! patriot w>rior1 b ^? ( ! pliant subject1 ! s]vile c\rti]1 & ! m]c5>y soldi]4 ,9 ,plut>*'s ,lives1 out ( ! tw5ty h]oes & wor?ies :om ! biograph] select$ z ! noble/ repres5tatives ( ! virtues mo/ highly e/eem$ by ! ,greeks1 we f9d only two :o liv$ aft] ! g5]al loss ( ,greek fre$om1 & ^!#eaa 7 m5 ^: *>act]s 7 =m$ 9 ! cities ( ! ,a*an ,league1 9 :i* ! anci5t lib]ties ( ,hellas 7 ma9ta9$ till ! rise ( ! ,roman p[]4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise1 s completely 7 ! =tunes ( ! ,greek moral ideal b\nd up ) ! =tunes ( ! ,greek city /ate4 ,b besides ! decay ( ! free city !re 7 o!r causes contribut+ to ! moral decad5ce :i* m>k$ ,hell5ism 9 ! ,alex&rian ,age4 ,! close contact ( ,greek culture ) ! corrupt society ( ! ,ori5t _h disa/r\s consequ5ces = ,greek morality4 ,! pr9cipal c\rts ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,ea/ 7 plague spots ( moral contagion4 ,! virus ( gross s5sual immorality 0 communicat$ to ,greece1 & ,greek society 0 fatally infect$4 ,! ,orontes empti$ into ! ,ilissus & ! ,eurotas1 z lat] x empti$ into ! ,tib]4 ,& /ill ano!r contribut+ cause ( ! moral decl9e 9 ,hellas 0 ! sudd5 acquisition ( va/ individual & social weal? ?r\gh ! conque/ & exploitation ( ! ,ea/4 ,! morals ( no age or p h be5 pro( aga9/ sudd5ly acquir$ ri*es4 ,"o explanation ( ?is is t new & untri$ s\rces ( pleasure1 mo/ (t5 illicit s5su\s pleasure1 are op5$ up1 & ! temptation to selfi% indulg5ce is irresi/ible1 com+ z x does be=e self-re/ra9t1 9 ! face ( ^! unaccu/om$ solicitations1 has become a habit4 ,/ill ano!r cause ( ! moral deg5]acy ( ! age1 "o :i* we %all h occasion to speak ( m at l5g? a little fur!r on1 is to be s\ght 9 ! fact t ! p]iod 0 "o ( transition 9 religion z well z 9 politics & social relations4 ,greek morality 01 x is true1 bas$ 9 ! ma9 ^u ! old sy/em ( indep5d5t city life4 ,yet ,greek morality 0 9 a way brac$ by religion & ev5 9 "p bas$ ^u x4 ,n[ 9 ! ,alex&rian ,age ! religi\s sy/em ( ,hellas 0 und]go+ a process ( dis9tegration4 ,m5 7 los+ fai? 9 _! ance/ral gods4 ,philosophic skepticism 0 widespread4 ,inevitably ?is movem5t 9 ! religi\s realm caus$ all t "p ( ! moral sy/em dep5d5t 9 any degree ^u ! old religi\s doctr9es & tea*+s to weak5 & crumble away4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical products ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age3 ,/oicism & ,epicureanism ,!re 71 h[ev]1 two e?ical products ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age :i* r5d] t p]iod "o ( ! mo/ important ( all epo*s 9 ! moral evolution ( humanity4 ,^! 7 ,/oicism & ,epicureanism4 ,at fir/ blu% x may seem /range t out ( ! same environm5t !re %\ld arise two sy/ems ( life & ?\ght s /rongly contra/$4 ,b bo? ( ^! sy/ems are p]fectly natural1 inde$ inevitable1 products ( an epo*1 su* z ! ,alex&rian ,age 01 ( transition & moral decad5ce4 ,9 su* times /rong1 self-reliant1 deeply moral natures ev] seek refuge 9 ! philosophy & cre$ ( ,z5o1 :ile ^? ( less /urdy fai? 9 ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 ( a less /rong s5se ( duty1 turn to ! philosophy & cre$ ( ,epicurus4 ,spr++ up 9 ,greece z an (f%oot ( ! ,socratic philosophy j aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 ,/oicism became ! cre$ ( ! select spirits ( ! age4 ,! cr[n+ virtues ( ! moral ideal x held al(t 7 self-control1 imp]turbability1 ! pati5t endurance ( ! ills ( life4 ,amid/ ! wreck ( worlds "o mu/ /& unmov$ & erect4 ,9 ! v rigid re/ra9t x plac$ ^u ! appetites1 passions1 & emotions ! ,/oic ideal ( "* diff]$ widely f ! ord9>y ,greek ideal4 ,x approa*$ "h ! ascetic type4#eab ,h[ev]1 9 g5]al ! ,/oic type ( "* 0 closely relat$ to ! hi/oric ideal ( ! ,greek race4 ,! ,/oics adopt$ ! fundam5tal maxim ( classical ,greek morality1 namely1 t man %\ld live con=mably to nature4 ,!y possess$ ! common ,greek consci\sness 9 ! light e/eem 9 :i* !y held ! family relations & duties4 ,!y 7 ari/ocratic 9 _! moral sympa?ies & look$ ^u ! multitude ) disda94 ,!y reg>d$ ! g5tl] virtues1 compassion & =giv5ess1 z weaknesses1 & rank$ humility z a virtue only 9 ! slave4 ,because ( ! weak s5se ( duty possess$ 9 g5]al by ! ,greeks1 ! ,/oic ideal ( "* did n become a really important factor 9 ! e?ical life ( ! anci5t _w till aft] its adoption by ! f9] spirits1 l ,m>cus ,aurelius1 among ! ,romans1 to ^: s5se ( 8! maje/y ( duty0 ! ideal made /rong & effective appeal4 ,x nev] influ5c$ ! masses1 b = sev]al c5turies x gave moral support & guidance to ! be/ m5 ( ! ,roman race4 ,alongside ,/oicism grew up ,epicureanism1 :i* made pleasure1 n gross s5su\s pleasure1 b rational ref9$ enjoym5t1 ! *ief good1 & h5ce ! pursuit ( pleasure 8! highe/ wisdom & morality40 ,b ?is philosophy made pleasurable feel+ dep5d5t ^u tranquillity ( m9d4 ,to secure ?is m5tal repose1 "o mu/ get rid ( fe> ( ! gods & ( dea?4 ,^! ignoble & disquiet+ fe>s ,epicurus & 8 disciples s\ght to bani% by tea*+ t ! gods d n conc]n !mselves ) human affairs1 & t dea? ends all = man4 ,epicureanism 9 its moral code 0 at "o ) ! common ,greek consci\sness 9 mak+ mod]ation or prud5ce a c>d9al virtue2#eac b x diff]$ radically f ! ord9>y ,greek mode ( ?\ght 9 its depreciation & neglect ( ! civic virtues4 ,h5ce ! sy/em 0 at once a symptom & a cause ( ! decay ( ! ,greek city /ate & ( ! old moral ideal :i* 0 bas$ s l>gely ^u x4 ,! philosophy ( ,epicurus1 z we h already said1 is ! natural product ( an age ( transition & social dislocation4 ,x (f]s an ideal ( life :i* is eag]ly adopt$ by ^? unable to combat tr\ble1 by ^? to :om duty does n appeal z some?+ dignifi$ & maje/ic4 ,h5ce 9 ! decad5t & unsettl$ age ( ! ,roman ,empire x became ! rule ( life ( l>ge numb]s ( ! cultur$ classes ( society1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! dis9tegrat+ ag5cies ( ,greco-,roman civilization4 ,sid5ote3 ,advance 9 humanit>ian feel+s & gr[? 9 e?ical cosmopolitanism ,a g5]al view ( ! society ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w t[>d ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era discloses ! fact t ! moral evolution s long 9 progress has effect$ su* *anges 9 ! ,greek moral consci\sness z to r5d] ?is e?ical movem5t an important prep>ation = ! incom+ ( ! moral ideal ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! *anges are especially to be obs]v$ 9 ! gr[? ( humanit>ian s5tim5t & 9 a broad5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies4 ,! ,greeks1 comp>$ ) ! ,romans1 7 naturally a humane folk4 ,:5 x 0 propos$ to introduce at ,a!ns ! gladiatorial games1 ! orator ,demonax told ! p t !y %\ld fir/ te> d[n ! ance/ral alt> to ,pity1 a %r9e :i*1 9 ! words ( ,lecky1 80 v5]at$ ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w z ! fir/ great ass]tion among mank9d ( ! supreme sanctity ( m]cy40#ead ,"o ( ! motives ( ,py?agoras 9 =bidd+ ! use ( meat z food 01 seem+ly1 to inspire a horror ( %$d+ blood1 ev5 t ( an animal4 ,! laws ( ,a!ns p]mitt$ no puni%m5t m sev]e ?an a pa9less dea?4#eae ,?is natural human5ess ( ! ,greek _s deep5$ z ! c5turies pass$4 ,contra/$ ) ! ,p]iclean ,age ! ,platonic ,age %[s1 ,pr(essor ,mahaffy affirms1 8a great] g5tl5ess & s(tness1 444 a ne>] approa* to ! great] humanity ( ,*ri/ian tea*+40#eaf ,we h already not$ ?is movem5t 9 ! doma9 ( w> practices & cu/oms1 :]e x f\nd expression 9 ! amelioration ( ! gross1 ar*aic b>b>ities ( primitive w>f>e4 ,9 ! social sph]e ! progressive evolution is evid5c$ by ! gr[+ mildness ( slav]y & ! frequ5cy ( ! manumission ( slaves4#eag ,! broad5+ movem5t ran p>allel ) ! humanit>ian4 ,classical ,greek morality1 z we h se51 0 n>r[ & racial4 ,n[ "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 ! moral evolution ( ,hellas 0 ! broad5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies1 especially dur+ ! ?ree c5turies imm$iately prec$+ our era4 ,?is developm5t is connect$ closely ) ! great expansion movem5t :i* foll[$ ! conque/s ( ,alex&] & :i* result$ 9 ! ,hell5ization ( ! ,ea/4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,greeks came 9 close contact ) v>i\s peoples ^u :om !y _h be5 accu/om$ to look ) av]sion or disda94 ,anci5t prejudices 7 dispell$1 race b>ri]s 7 level$1 & ! moral sympa?ies ov]spread wide areas f :i* !y _h hi!rto be5 exclud$ by ignorance & race egotism4 ,x w\ld d\btless be unhi/orical to repres5t ?is movem5t z any?+ m ?an a t5d5cy--a dawn+ recognition by select spirits ( ! e?ical k9%ip ( all m51 & ! coext5sion ( ! moral law ) ! human race4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 rightly be comp>$ ) t broad5+ ( ! moral feel+s :i* we h trac$ among ! p ( ,israel1 & :i* result$ 9 a morality at fir/ z n>r[ & exclusive z t ( ! ,greeks1 wid5+ at la/ into ! e?ical univ]salism ( ! great tea*]s ( ! nation4 ,! wid5+ movem5t 0 repres5t$1 & 0 giv5 its *ief impetus1 by ! ,/oics4 ,! ,/oic ideal ( "* diff]$ f ! ord9>y ,greek ideal especially 9 its cosmopolitanism4 ,influ5c$ by ! _s ( ! age 9 :i* x _h bir?1 x ignor$ ! old di/9ction betwe5 ,greek & non-,greek & proclaim$ ! ess5tial bro!rhood ( man4#eah ,! ,/oic reg>d$ ! _w & n 8 native city z 8 fa!rl&4 ,! ,cynics1 :om we may reg>d z extreme ,/oics1 look$ ^u city patriotism z a n>r[ prejudice & refus$ to give love ( "o's city a place among ! virtues4 ,j z ! ,greek age 0 m]g+ into ! ,greco-,roman ! broad5+ movem5t f\nd its noble/ repres5tative 9 ,plut>*1 8! la/ ( ! ,greeks40#eai ,8 *ief *>act]i/ics 7 8 broad int]e/s & 8 univ]sal moral sympa?ies4 ,he _h mov$ f> away f ! common ,greek /&po9t4 ,he _h emancipat$ himself f ! tyranny ( ! common ,greek prejudices4 ,"u ! influ5ces ( 8 "t he _h become a cosmopolitan4 ,to him ! ,greek 0 no long] an elect race4 ,8 moral sympa?ies embrac$ all mank9d4 ,8 0 almo/ a ,*ri/ian consci5ce1 save z to ! purely !ological virtues4 ,?is enl>gem5t ( ! intellectual & moral outlook ( ! ,greek _w presag$ ! dawn ( a new epo* 9 ! moral evolution ( humanity4 ,x made easi] = _m ! acceptance ( ! ,gospel tea*+s ( human bro!rhood & univ]sal love4 ,*ri/ian e?ics 0 l>gely debtor to ! cosmopolitan _s ( ,greek culture1 especially z embodi$ 9 ! ,/oic ideal ( moral excell5ce4#ebj ,to trace fur!r ?is moral developm5t 9 ! anci5t _w we mu/ n[ turn f foll[+ its c\rse among ! ,greeks to foll[ x among t k9dr$ p1 ! ,romans1 :o1 ?r\gh ! political unification ( ! _w1 ren=c$ ?is gr[+ univ]salism 9 ! moral doma91 & !reby rea*$ t e?ical conception ( collective humanity :i* ,israel _h rea*$ ?r\gh spiritual intuition1 & ,hellas ?r\gh philosophical reflection & wid5+ culture4#eba ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,roman ,,morals3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,civic ,,duty ,i4 ,,in/itutions ,,& ,,conditions ,,( ,,life ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,e>ly ,,moral ,,type ,sid5ote3 ,! ,roman family3 ance/or wor%ip & ! patria pote/as ,! family 9 e>ly ,rome may m unres]v$ly be pron\nc$ a se$ plot ( morals ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r anci5t p save ! ,*9ese4 ,x 0 ance/or wor%ip :i* made x su* a nurs]y ( morality1 = ! cult ( ance/ors made ! family a gr\p ( co-wor%ip]s ab\t ! dome/ic he>?4 ,?is wor%ip purifi$ & brac$ morality1 s9ce ! tutel>y spirits 7 believ$ to wat* ov] ! morals ( ! family & to puni% wrongdo+4 ,no impure act c\ld be committ$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *a/e he>? fire1 & no "o guilty ( unexpiat$ crime d>$ to come into its pres5ce4#ebb ,b x 0 9 con/itut+ ! fa!r ! high prie/ ( ! family gr\p t ?is dome/ic wor%ip ex]cis$ its greate/ influ5ce ^u e>ly ,roman morality4 ,x gave a religi\s sanction to ! fa!r's au?ority & made ! patria pote/as = _m c5turies a mold+ =ce 9 ! moral life ( ! ,roman p4#ebc ,a little fur!r on we %all see h[1 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! home ?us con/itut$1 0 fo/]$ 9 ! y\? ! virtues ( submission to rightful au?ority1 respect = law1 & ob$i5ce to magi/rates--virtues :i* 7 "o secret ( ! /r5g? & triumphs ( e>ly ,rome4 ,sid5ote3 ,! city /ate ,next aft] ! family ! /ate 0 ! mo/ important ag5cy 9 ! creation ( ! ,roman type ( virtue4 ,we h to d "h1 z 9 ,greece1 ) ! city /ate4 ,?is 0 ! *ief sph]e ( duty ( ! ,roman dur+ 8 mature & active life4 ,consequ5tly1 j z x 0 ! nature ( ! city /ate :i* 9 ,greece det]m9$ 9 l>ge measure :at %\ld con/itute ! supreme virtues & duties ( ! ,greek ideal ( "*1 s 0 x ! con/itution ( ,rome z a city /ate t1 z we %all see a little lat]1 det]m9$ :at %\ld be ! lead+ virtues & duties ent]+ into ! ,roman ideal ( goodness4 ,?is made t ideal to be prem95tly an ideal ( civic duty4 8,nev] s9ce ! fall ( paganism h ! civic virtues %one out s brilliantly40#ebd ,sid5ote3 ,! occupations ( f>m+ & w> ,alongside dome/ic & political in/itutions /&s1 z we h se51 occupation z a creator & mold] ( ! moral type ( a p4 ,! two occupations ( ! e>ly ,lat9s 7 f>m+ & w>1 & ?us x came ab\t t 9 ! primitive e?ical type 7 unit$ ! /urdy moral qualities ( ! peasant f>m] & ! h]oic virtues ( ! w>rior4 ,?is bl5d produc$ "o ( ! mo/ admirable moral types ( ! anci5t _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! religion ,aside f ! cult ( ance/ors1 religion among ! ,romans ex]cis$ b little direct influ5ce ^u morality1 = ! reason t x 0 ma9ly a me?od ( obta9+ prosp]ity1 ( av]t+ calamity1 & ( read+ ! future4 ,!re 0 9 tru? an almo/ complete sep>ation ( religion & morality4 ,x 0 only 9 lat] times t ! ,roman philosoph]s s\ght 9 ! moral "* ( ! gods models = human imitation4 ,b ?\gh religion _h s little to d 9 creat+ ! sali5t virtues ( ! moral type1 x did ren=ce ! s5tim5t ( patriotism1 s9ce ! temple 0 a /ate in/itution1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways--z1 = in/ance1 9 l5d+ sanctity to oa?s--quick5$ & /r5g!n$ ! s5se ( obligation & duty4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,moral ,,type ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ics ( ! family2 ! virtue ( ob$i5ce ,9 ! bosom ( ! family 0 n\ri%$ :at we may reg>d z ! primal virtue ( ! ,lat9 race--submission to au?ority4#ebe ,! son's subjection to ! fa!r's au?ority 0 complete ?r\gh\t 8 :ole exi/5ce4 ,he c\ld n disobey 8 fa!r's comm&4 ,m ?an sev5 c5turies aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,rome ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius absolv$ a c]ta9 p]son f guilt 9 p>ticipat+ 9 a revolt1 because x 0 %[n t he _h act$ "u ! ord]s ( 8 fa!r4#ebf ,?is virtue ( submission to rightful au?ority1 ( ob$i5ce to sup]iors1 contribut$ mu* to ! milit>y effici5cy ( ! ,roman p4 ,inde$1 x lay at ! basis ( _! greatness 9 w>4 ,! consul's au?ority 9 ! field 0 l t ( ! fa!r 9 ! family1 & ob$i5ce 9 ! soldi] 0 a habit1 almo/ a religi\s in/9ct4 ,?us did ?is virtue1 :i* _h its />t+ po9t 9 ! family1 help l>gely to give ! ,romans ! rule ( ! _w4#ebg ,sid5ote3 ,civic & milit>y virtues ,patriotism1 mean+ submission1 ob$i5ce1 devotion to ! /ate1 0 ! sav+ virtue 9 ! ,roman ideal ( excell5ce4 8,patriot0 & 8good man0 7 id5tical t]ms4 8,de> to u are our p>5ts10 says ,cic]o1 8de> our *ildr51 our k9dr$ & our fri5ds2 b "o's c\ntry alone includes all our loves1 = :at good man w\ld hesitate to die if he c\ld promote h] welf>e40#ebh ,s9ce w> 0 ! normal /atus ( society 9 anci5t times1 ! moral qualities ( ! ,roman z ( ! ,greek patriot 7 ! virtues ( ! soldi]--ob$i5ce1 c\rage1 & self-devotion 9 battle4 ,& by no p1 save p]haps ! ,japanese z %[n 9 _! rec5t hi/ory1 has ! soldi]ly virtue ( self-r5unciation = ! fa!rl& be5 m exalt$ or m f9ely exemplifi$ ?an by ! ,romans 9 e>ly times4 ,9 ?is ready self-devotion ( ! ,roman h]o to public int]e/s we h an exhibition ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t 9 its l(tie/ =m1 = ( all =ms ( dis9t]e/$ action1 z ,lecky ma9ta9s1 ! self-abnegation ( ! anci5t w>rior = 8 city 0 ! mo/ unselfi%1 = ! reason t he made ! sacrifice )\t any hope ( rew>d 9 ano!r life4#ebi ,sid5ote3 ,! indu/rial virtues ,9 e>ly ,rome !re 0 no su* prejudice aga9/ labor z unwor?y & morally degrad+ z we meet ) at a lat] p]iod4 ,! fact t a l>ge body ( ! citiz5s 9 primitive ,rome 7 peasant f>m]s det]m9$ t ! traditional virtues ( ?is class %\ld f9d a high place 9 ! e>ly national ideal ( "*4 ,! moral or semi-moral qualities ( ! peasant1 namely1 simplicity1 frugality1 indu/ry1 & cons]vatism or respect = ! pa/1 =m$ ! sub/ratum ( e>ly ,roman morality4 ,x 0 f ! primitive citiz5 peasantry t came ! /rong1 t\gh1 moral fib] ( ! old ,roman "*4 ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s duties ,9 deal+ ) ! subject ( ! relation ( ! ,roman religion to morality we may speak ( religi\s duties b h>dly ( religi\s virtues1 & = ! reason t ! aim ( religion 0 ! safety & welf>e ( ! /ate4 ,neglect ( ! temple rites & sacrifices 0 believ$ to ang] ! gods1 :o w\ld 9 _! res5tm5t br+ t]rible tr\ble & mis=tune ^u ! nation--= ! ,romans nev] outgrew ! conception ( collective responsibility4 ,h5ce ! c>eful p]=mance ( religi\s duties 0 a phase ( patriotism4 ,neglect ( ^! duties 0 antisocial conduct4#ecj ,9 ! p]=mance ( 8 religi\s duties ! ,roman conceiv$ t all t 0 necess>y 0 to d ! "r ?+1 to p]=m ! "r act1 or repeat correctly ! "r =mula2 ! disposition ( m9d & /ate ( he>t made no diff]5ce ) ! result4 ,man's relations to deity 7 assimilat$ to 8 relations to nature4 ,to secure a giv5 result 9 ! physical _w1 man ne$s only to d ! "r ?+1 z1 = in/ance1 to drop ! se$ into ! gr\nd at ! "r season & ! h>ve/ foll[s )\t any reg>d to ! /ate ( m9d or he>t ( ! p]son p]=m+ ! act4 ,?is 0 ! ,roman's conception ( 8 relation to ! gods4 ,h5ce religion & morality 7 practically sep>at$4 ,religion fail$ to supply motives = moral action1 except 9 s f> z x ren=c$ ! s5tim5t ( patriotism4 ,sid5ote3 ,defects ( ! type3 7a7 its ari/ocratic "* ,f ! =ego+ brief notice ( "s ( ! *ief expressions ( ! moral consci\sness ( ! e>ly ,romans we _c fail to recognize t _! ideal ( "* 0 9 _m respects a v admirable "o4 ,its realization 9 actual fle% & blood gives u ^? h]oic *>act]s :i* w live =ev] 9 ,roman leg5d1 & alongside ! ,greek h]oes 9 ! pages ( ,plut>*4 ,x mold$ m5 grave1 e>ne/1 & au/]e1 rev]5t t[>d sup]iors1 patriotic & self-devot$ to ! common good4 ,b ! ideal _h great defects4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! 0 its ari/ocratic "*4 ,rome1 writes ,w$gwood1 8accepts consi/5tly & logically ! ari/ocratic !ory on :i* anci5t society is bas$1 & c>ries out ! ideal ( ! ,old ,_w 9 all its nak$ impressiv5ess40#eca ,?\gh advanc+ f> dur+ a ?\s& ye>s ( ev5tful hi/ory t[>d e?ical univ]salism1 pagan ,rome nev] actually rea*$ ?is moral goal4 ,%e nev] recogniz$ 9 practice ! moral equality ( all m54 ,!re 7 to ! v la/ 9 ! pagan ,empire1 classes1 su* z slaves & gladiators1 :o 7 practically outside ! moral sph]e4 ,ev5 ,roman ,/oicism1 :i* 0 ! late/ & noble/ expression ( ! moral life ( ,rome1 not)/&+ its cosmopolitan t5d5cies1 0 ess5tially ari/ocratic4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,its omission ( ! g5tl] & ! intellectual virtues ,ano!r defect ( ! old ,roman type ( excell5ce 0 its exclusion ( ! g5tl] virtues--humility1 t5d]ness1 & sympa?y ) suff]+4 ,! type ( "* fo/]$ by ! ideal 0 h>d & sev]e1 ev5 call\s & cruel1 pr\d & self-ass]tive4 ,x 0 a type some:at l ! ,sp>tan1 "o :i*1 :5 ! age ( reflection came1 naturally develop$ into ! ,/oic4 ,! old ,romans lack$ ! quality ( m]cy & compassion = weakness4 ,!y seem$ almo/ de/itute ( ! s5tim5t ( pity = mis=tune4 ,_! treatm5t ( prison]s ( w> & ( _! slaves 9 ! lat] p]iod 0 m>k$ by a repell5t brutality4 ,! place 9 _! amusem5ts :i* ! gladiatorial combats assum$ evid5ces _! call\s ins5sibility to suff]+4 ,/ill ano!r defect ( ?is ideal 0 t x gave little or no place to ! intellectual virtues4 ,^! e?ical qualities :i* 7 assign$ s prom95t a place 9 ! ,greek type ( excell5ce1 & :i* s9ce ! ,r5aissance ! ,we/]n _w has come to e/eem s highly1 7 nev] greatly valu$ by ! ,romans until !y came "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek culture1 & !n only by ! few2 h5ce _! intellectual life 01 9 g5]al1 lack+ 9 moral impulse4 ,m5tal self-culture 0 n ) !m1 z x 0 ) ! ,greeks & is com+ to be ) ourselves1 a moral requirem5t4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,,"u ,,! ,,republic ,sid5ote3 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! /&>d 9 e>ly times ,! f\r ess5tial facts 9 ! moral life ( ,rome z a republic are3 fir/1 ! high /&>d ma9ta9$ 9 ! e>ly p]iod2 second1 ! gradual wid5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( conque/ & advance 9 civilization2 ?ird1 ! g5]al decl9e 9 morals dur+ ! two c5turies prec$+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire2 & f\r?1 ! modification ( ! moral type ?r\gh contact ) ,greece & ! ,ori5t4 ,?r\gh ! leg5d>y haze :i* envelops all ! e>li] c5turies ( ,rome1 ! "o fact :i* /&s out ) comp>ative cle>ness is ! ,sp>tan-l loyalty ( ! old ,roman to ! ideal ( "* :i* he _h conceiv$ z ! noble/ & be/4 ,! leg5ds ( ?is p]iod1 inv5t$ or repeat$ by ! m5 ( a lat] age1 celebrate qualities ( "* :i* we may believe really m>k$ e>ly ,roman life & ?\ght4 ,among ^! virtues 7 patriotic altruism1 absolute self-abnegation = ! common good1 z illu/rat$ by su* tales z ^? ( ! self-devotion = ! ,roman p ( ,curtius & ( ! ,eld] & ,y\ng] ,publius ,decius ,mus2 rev]5ce = law1 z %[n by ! consul ,lucius ,junius ,brutus 9 ! condemnation ( 8 sons to dea? = tak+ "p 9 a conspiracy2 & incorruptible integrity1 z illu/rat$ by ! tales ( ,fabricius4 ,ev5 ?\gh all ^! /ories ( ! h]oic age ( ,rome be ! inv5tion ( a lat] "t1 !y at lea/ %[ :at at ?is lat] 7?\gh /ill comp>atively e>ly7 p]iod 7 highly e/eem$ qualities ( "*1 j z ! /ories celebrat+ ! filial piety ( ,*9ese h]oes ( ! old5 "t %[ h[ high a place ?is moral trait held 9 ! ideal ( ! age t inv5t$ or repeat$ ^! tales ) a didactic purpose4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wid5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies ,! gradual broad5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies 0 a v important phase ( ! moral evolution 9 ,roman society up to ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,^! sympa?ies embrac$ at fir/ h>dly m ?an ! patrician class1 :i* =m$ ! nucleus ( ! e>ly ,roman community4 ,! enl>g+ ( ! area cov]$ by ! e?ical feel+s 0 simply "o phase1 &1 f ! viewpo9t ( ! /ud5t ( morals1 ! mo/ important phase ( t political evolution :i* 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies br\ght )9 ! sacr$ pale ( ,roman citiz5%ip fir/ ! ,plebeians1 !n ! ,lat9s1 next ! ,italians1 & f9ally all ! freem5 ( ! ext5d$ ,roman dom9ions4 ,t is to say1 ?is c5tral fact 9 ,roman hi/ory1 ! expansion ( ! city into ! _w /ate1 0 9 its deepe/ significance1 9 its remote consequ5ces1 z mu* a moral z a political movem5t4 ,conque/1 x is true1 prep>$ ! way = ! revolution1 & ! concessions made by ! rul+ class to ! dem&s ( ! disfran*is$ classes & peoples 7 motiv$ 9 ! ma9 by political prud5ce & exp$i5cy4 ,b x is equally true t e?ical s5tim5t work$ ) ^! o!r causes 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse & progress ( ! revolution1 & t "o ( its mo/ important results 0 ! imp>t+ ( a great impulse to ! wid5+ moral movem5t go+ on 9 ! anci5t _w1 & ! br++ to recognition ( ! pr9ciples ( ! moral equality & bro!rhood ( m54 ,?is great all-embrac+ movem5t 9 ! ,roman _w c1 we believe1 be/ be und]/ood 9 its significance = ! moral evolution ( mank9d only :5 translat$ into t]ms ( ! simil> movem5t 9 mod]n times4 ,we recognize ! moral "*1 9 a f9al analysis1 ( ! revolution :i*1 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 has by successive enfran*isem5ts admitt$ to a %>e 9 gov]nm5t & to ! enjoym5t ( political rights ! masses 9 mod]n civiliz$ /ates4 ,! movem5t has be5 l>gely e?ical 9 its causes & /ill m l>gely e?ical 9 its effects4 ,! /ruggle ( ! p has _h = aim to d away ) unju/ privilege & to e/abli% equality & ju/ice4 ,! mo/ important p]man5t effects ( ! revolution are indisputably to be look$ = 9 ! moral sph]e4 ,! incom+ ( democracy1 mean+ z x does ! inve/+ ( ! individual ) dignity & wor?1 means ! ennobl+ ( ! moral life ( ! _w4 ,x is ?is t con/itutes ! real significance ( ! democratic revolution & :i* gives x its important place 9 ! moral hi/ory ( humanity4#ecb ,! same is true ( t phase ( ! mod]n movem5t :i* looks t[>d ! =mation ( ! _w /ate4 ,! =ces at "w "h are admitt$ly v>i$ & complex1 b prom95t among ^! ag5cies are ! e?ical4 ,x is ! broad5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies1 ! developm5t ( a true cosmopolitanism1 a deep5+ consci\sness ( ! bro!rhood ( m51 ! gr[? ( a new social & int]national consci5ce--x is ?is sl[ evolution 9 ! moral realm t has laid or is lay+ ! true basis ( ! future _w union4 ,! univ]sal /ate1 once creat$1--?is ne$ n be argu$1--w\ld inevitably react p[]fully & favorably ^u ! moral feel+s & sympa?ies ( m54 ,x 0 ! same 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,! admission to full ,roman citiz5%ip1 ?r\gh successive enfran*isem5ts1 ( all ! freem5 ( ! ,roman dom9ions 0 at once ! sign & ! cause ( a va/ moral developm5t4 ,z fell[ citiz5s ) equal rights & privileges1 m5 came to "k & feel _! e?ical k9%ip4 ,likewise ! e/abli%m5t ( ! _w /ate regi/]$ a great moral advance & suppli$ ! conditions ( a /ill great] progress4 ,_h n ! moral =ces work$ ) ! ,roman legions1 ! _w union c\ld nev] h be5 =m$1 or1 at lea/1 if once =m$1 c\ld nev] h be5 ma9ta9$ = ! long p]iod t x 04 ,x is probably true t ! br++ by ,rome ( su* a wide rea* ( l&s "u h] rule did z mu* to awak5 ! s5se ( ! bro!rhood ( man z did ! tea*+s ( ,hebrew prophet or ! culture & philosophy ( ,greece4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly ! political union ( ! civiliz$ _w t help$ to awak5 9 ,cic]o & 9 ! lat] philosoph]s ( ! ,empire ! conviction t ! rea* ( ! moral sympa?ies %\ld be z ext5d$ z ! human race4 ,?us ! wide empire creat$ by ,rome 0 a pot5t influ5ce mak+ = e?ical univ]salism4 ,nev] s9ce ! unification ( ! anci5t _w by ,rome h ! moral feel+s ( m5 be5 q s n>r[ z be=e2 nev] s9ce has ! conception ( human bro!rhood1 ! ideal ( a unit$ _w1 seem$ s entirely a dream4 ,sid5ote3 ,causes ( ! decl9e 9 morals "u ! lat] ,republic3 7a7 ! pass+ ( ! city /ate ,not)/&+ ?is broad5+ movem5t 9 ! moral doma91 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,republic 0 m>k$ by a great l[]+ ( ! e>li] high moral /&>d & by a loss ( "s ( ! *ief virtues ( ! primitive ,roman type4 ,!re 7 _m causes contribut+ to ?is moral deg5]acy4 ,among ^! 0 ! decay ( in/itutions t _h creat$ or fo/]$ ! primitive moral type1 & ! gr[? ( o!rs1 su* z slav]y & ! gladiatorial games1 :i* ex]cis$ a p]nici\s influ5ce ^u morality4 ,besides causes ( ?is nature !re 7 o!rs :i* 7 ! natural outcome ( ! c>e] ( conque/ ! ,romans _h l$4 ,! conque/ ( ! _w _h import$ into ! ,roman political & social sy/em _m ali5 elem5ts unfavorable to morality1 & _h br\ght ,roman civilization1 on "o side1 into hurtful contact ) ! old] & morally corrupt cultures ( ! ,ori5t4 ,9 :at foll[s we %all speak 9 "s detail ( ! m important ( ^! ag5cies1 :i* 9 ! lat] preimp]ial p]iod und]m9$ ! orig9ally s\nd morality ( ! ,roman p4 ,a fir/ cause ( ! moral det]ioration 0 ! decay ( ! city con/itution4 ,we h se5 t ! free city /ate 0 ! *ief nurs]y ( ^? patriotic virtues :i* con/itut$ ! c>d9al moral qualities ( ! ,roman ideal ( "*4 ,b by ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury prec$+ ! ,*ri/ian era v>i\s causes1 *iefly1 h[ev]1 ! m]e wid5+ ( ! ,roman t]ritory ?r\gh conque/1 _h und]m9$ ! political in/itutions ( ,rome & _h conv]t$ into mobs ( ! prolet>iat ! public assemblies ( citiz5s4 ,! orig9al con/itution ( ! city _h become an empty =m1 & ! way _h be5 pav$ = ! sett+ up ( mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! city /ate ^? civic patriotic virtues :i* ! discipl9e ( ! democratic city con/itution _h tra9$ & develop$1 disappe>$4#ecc ,z ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* 0 de/9$ 9 ! fullness ( "t to take ! place ( ! city 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( m5 & become ! object & inspir] ( moral en?usiasm1 _h n yet come 9 ) its new ideal ( virtue1 !re ensu$ a sort ( moral int]regnum1 su* z usually m>ks transition p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( /ates & races4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,! economic decay ( ! rural class ,a second cause ( ! moral decl9e is to be f\nd 9 ! decay ( ! ,italian peasantry4 ,?is economic revolution _h its real />t+ po9t 9 ! ,hannibalic ,w>4 ,t protract$ /ruggle1 c>ri$ on l>gely 9 ,italy itself1 practically ru9$ ! peasant class 9 _m di/ricts1 & _! little f>ms 7 absorb$ by ! gr[+ e/ates ( ! great l&hold]s--^? latifundia :i* ,pl9y lat] decl>$ to h be5 ! ru9 ( ,italy4 ,! practical disappe>ance ( ! ,italian peasant f>m] meant ! disappe>ance ( ^? simple robu/ virtues1 br$ 9 ?\s&s ( homes ( ! c\ntryside1 l ! little ,sab9e f>m ( ! ,eld] ,cato1 :i* _h contribut$ s l>gely to det]m9e ! type ( ,roman "*4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,gr[? ( ! slave sy/em ,! decay ( ! ,italian peasantry 0 accompani$ by ! developm5t ( ! slave sy/em1 s t at ! same "t t ! peasant home1 a nurs]y ( /]l+ if crude virtues1 0 be+ de/roy$1 ! slave e/ate ) its *a9 gangs & its erga/ula1 a v hotb$ ( degrad+ vices1 0 be+ creat$4 ,( all ! in/itutions t contribut$ to ! moral degradation ( ! lat] ,republic1 slav]y z x develop$ "h mu/ be assign$ ! fir/ place ( evil prem95ce4 ,its effects 7 equally debas+ ^u ! ma/]1 ! slave1 & ! poor f>m]4 ,x t5d$ to r5d] m call\s & cruel ! _s ( ! ma/]1#ecd to de/roy ! moral "* ( ! slave1 to und]m9e family morals1#ece &1 by plac+ a /igma ^u labor1 to degrade ! free labor]4 ,?us did ! in/itution t5d to develop 9 diff]5t classes ( ! population feel+s1 s5tim5ts1 & a disposition ( m9d :olly unfavorable to ! exi/5ce or ! developm5t ( a s\nd moral life 9 society at l>ge4 ,sid5ote3 7d7 ,! dise/eem ( ! indu/rial virtues ,9 plac+ a /igma ^u labor1 slav]y did n create a new prejudice1 b m]ely int5sifi$ & made m inclusive a prejudice already exi/+4 ,z we h se51 !re exi/$ 9 classical antiquity a deep-root$ feel+ aga9/ manual labor z morally unwor?y ( a freeman4 ,agriculture 0 ! only occupation :i* escap$ ?is g5]al condemnation1 & :i* 0 reg>d$ z becom+ a g5tleman4#ecf ,cic]o decl>es all me*anical labor]s to be by virtue ( _! pr(ession mean1 ! ga9s ( hir$ workm5 to be ung5teel1 & says t all retail]s ( m]*&ise %\ld be despis$4#ecg ,ev5 buy+ & sell+ on a l>ge scale did n entirely escape ! ta9t ( retail m]*&iz+2 x 0 m]ely a little less despicable4 ,?is g5]al contempt = ! occupations ( ! artisan & m]*ant r5d]$ impossible ! developm5t ( indu/rial virtues 9 ! ,roman masses4 ,torn f ! soil & swept into ! cities by ! movem5t cityw>d 9 ?is p]iod1 ! free poor1 too pr\d to engage 9 occupations :i* 7 look$ ^u z degrad+1 7 /r&$ 9 idl5ess & expos$ to all ! demoraliz+ influ5ces ( city life4 ,cr[ds ( !m became ! dep5d5ts ( ! ri* & =m$ t despicable cli5t class ( ! lat] ,republic & ! e>ly ,empire ^: abom9able vices r\s$ ! ang] & provok$ ! scorn ( ! satiri/s & morali/s ( ! "t4 ,sid5ote3 7e7 ,free di/ribution ( corn ,a direct outgr[? ( ! pres5ce 9 ,rome ( ?is great multitude ( ! idle free poor 0 ! evil ( ! corn laws4 ,! indiscrim9ate public free di/ribution ( corn to ! poor] citiz5s--prompt$1 = ! mo/ "p1 n by g5u9e humanit>ian feel+s b by unwor?y political & p]sonal motives--_h a mo/ debau*+ effect ^u morals4 ,x int5sifi$ ! v evil x 0 suppos$ to ameliorate4 ,x attract$ /ill great] cr[ds ( ! idle to ! capital1 depress$ to a /ill great] degree agriculture 9 ,italy1--gra9 = di/ribution be+ import$ 9 ! ma9 f ,egypt & ,nor? ,africa1--& *eck$ e t5d5cy t[>d ! =mation ( habits ( indu/ry1 self-reliance1 & ?rift 9 ! l[] classes4 ,! evil atta9$ its climax :5 ! l>gesses became an undisguis$ bid by ! corrupt demagogue = popul> favor--! nak$ price paid by ri* plott]s aga9/ ! commonweal? = ! support ( ! morally debau*$ & fickle prolet>iat4 ,sid5ote3 7f7 ,gladiatorial games ,! idle population ( ,rome _h n only to be f$ b to be amus$4 ,! same motives t _h l$ to ! enorm\s increase 9 ! l>gesses ( gra9 to ! free poor contribut$ also to ! multiplication ( ! spectacles ( ! circus & ! amphi!at]1 p>ticul>ly ( ! gladiatorial games1 :i*1 introduc$ at ,rome 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 _h n[ become ! favorite amusem5t ( ! ,roman populace4 8,t n only m51 b wom5 9 an advanc$ p]iod ( civilization1--m5 & wom5 :o n only pr(ess$ b v frequ5tly act$ ^u a high code ( morals1--%\ld h made ! c>nage ( m5 _! habitual amusem5t1 t all ?is %\ld h cont9u$ = c5turies1 ) sc>cely a prote/1 is "o ( ! mo/ />tl+ facts 9 moral hi/ory40#ech ,b ?is fact is by no means an isolat$ or unique "o 9 ! e?ical hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( morals is (t5 br\ght face to face ) simil> facts 9 ! annals ( e race & ( e age4 ,! fact ) :i* ! morali/ is "h confront$ is h>dly m />tl+ ?an ! hide\sly b>b>\s treatm5t ( _! enemies by ! deeply pi\s ,jews2 ! he>tless massacre at times ( _! prison]s by ! naturally humane ,greeks2 ! savage sev]ity ( ! m$ieval inquisitors t[>d h]etics1 :ile 9 g5]al %[+ ! greate/ compassion & sympa?y = ^? 9 pa9 & di/ress2 ! atroci\s cruelty ( ! puni%m5ts met$ out to (f5d]s aga9/ society by ! ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts ( ,europe d[n almo/ to ! la/ c5tury2 ! call\s ins5sibility1 until j n[1 ( mod]n society to 8! bitt] cry ( ! *ildr50 ( its city slums2 &1 above all1 ! glorification ( w> by ! pr(ess$ foll[]s ( ,him ^: mo/ di/9ctive title is ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,b j z all ^! />tl+ inconsi/5cies & ab]rations 9 moral conduct may be expla9$1 9 "p at lea/1 by ref]5ce to ! effect ^u ! moral sympa?ies ( tribal religion1 ( political rancor & fanaticism1 ( false !ological dogmas1 & ( bad beque/s ( practices & conv5tions unreflect+ly adopt$ by an advanc$ civilization f ages ( b>b>ism & savag]y1 s is x possible 9 ! same way to expla9 & r5d] 9 a measure compreh5sible to ourselves ! exi/5ce )\t prote/ among ! comp>atively cultur$ ,romans ( su* an in/itution z t ( ! gladiatorial combats4 ,! sy/em 0 fo/]$ by slav]y & ! ,romans' occupation ( w>4 ,! ,roman p 7 orig9ally /]n & j2 slav]y & w> t5d$ to make !m h>d & call\s4 ,slav]y creat$ a sort ( ca/e morality1 :i* exclud$ f ! moral sph]e l>ge classes z completely z ?\gh !y belong$ to ! dumb-animal creation4 ,x 0 ^! p>iah classes t contribut$ a l>ge portion ( ! victims ( ! cruel sport4 ,! enorm\s quantities ( human fle% & blood requir$ to n\ri% ! sy/em c\ld h be5 f\nd 9 no society except 9 "o :]e a consid]able "p ( ! population _h be5 degrad$ to a m]e animal plane ( exi/5ce & ?us put practically beyond ! range & rea* ( ! moral feel+s4 ,l slav]y1 ! con/ant w>s 9 :i* ! ,romans 7 engag$ t5d$ to indurate _! feel+s & to de/roy all s5se ( ! sanctity ( human life4 ,9 :at way ! milit>y life ( ! ,romans react$ ^u _! feel+s & s5tim5ts & mold$ ev5 _! e?ical !ories is %[n by ! fact t ! ,roman moral philosoph]s 9 g5]al def5d$ & approv$ ! combats ( ! amphi!at] on ! gr\nd t !y inur$ ! soldi] to ! sight ( blood & taught him contempt ( dea?4#eci ,! effect ( ^! inhuman spectacles ^u morality 0 mo/ lam5table4 ,!y h9d]$ ! gr[? ( humane feel+s 9 ! m51 dead5$ e t5d] s5sibility ( ! wom51 habituat$ ! "y to sc5es ( cruelty1#edj & develop$ f9ally ! normal impassiv5ess ( ! ,roman temp]am5t into a fi]ce delight 9 human suff]+4#eda ,sid5ote3 7g7 ,decay ( religi\s fai? ,! influ5ce ( religion ^u ,roman morality 0 nev] great2 /ill1 z we h se51 ! ,roman's s5se ( duty 0 9 "s degree /r5g!n$ by 8 belief 9 ! gods & 9 _! g5]al wat* ov] ! conduct ( m54 ,h5ce t gr[? ( philosophic d\bt among ! le>n$ class :i* *>act]iz$ ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,republic1 & ! trans=mation ( religion into gross sup]/ition among ! debas$ population ( ! cities1 contribut$ to ha/5 & r5d] m decisive ! moral decl9e we are trac+4 ,sid5ote3 7h7 ,extremes ( weal? & pov]ty ,! app>5t tea*+ ( hi/ory is t !re is an anti!sis betwe5 weal? & morality4 ,x is a commonplace ( ! records ( civilization t z a community has advanc$ 9 mat]ial prosp]ity & wax$ ri* x has gone backw>d 9 morals4 ,! gr[? 9 great ri*es ( a p has usually be5 ! prelude to _! moral deg5]acy & loss ( place 9 ! competition ( races & cultures4 ,!re ought c]ta9ly to be no anti!sis betwe5 ri*es & morality1 any m ?an betwe5 intellectual culture & morality4 ,to suppose t !re is any natural & necess>y incompatibility betwe5 ^! two elem5ts ( civilization is to suppose t !re exi/s a fatal ant9omy at ! v he>t ( ! cosmic evolution4 ,t moral deg5]acy %\ld be ! common accompanim5t ( a community's gr[? 9 weal?1 spr+s n f ! m]e possession ( weal?1 b 9 ! ma9 f its inequitable di/ribution4 ,?us f> 9 hi/ory1 z a society has gr[n 9 ri*es x has become divid$ into two %>ply contra/$ classes1 ! v ri* & ! v poor4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! extremes is unfavorable to morality4 ,excessive =tune gives bir? to luxury1 to gross1 extravagant1 & une?ical uses ( weal?4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is likely to be true if ! elevation to afflu5ce has be5 sudd5 & f comp>ative pov]ty4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 z 0 long ago po9t$ out1 t m5 be=e !y h le>n$ self-control h plac$ 9 _! h&s means = ! unlimit$ satisfaction ( e appetite & desire1 & g5]ally ! desire ( su* m5 is = indulg5ce 9 gross s5su\s & s5sual =ms ( pleasure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 extreme pov]ty is equally disa/r\s to morals2 = pov]ty means almo/ inevitably undue nutrition ( body & s\l1 & g5]ally squalid & insanit>y conditions ( life t de/roy at once physical & moral heal?1 & bre$ 9 ! "y & old alike ! mo/ repell5t & contagi\s =ms ( vice4 ,n[ :ile at e p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory we f9d two classes1 ! ri* & ! poor1 ! extremes ( weal? & pov]ty d n appe> until ab\t a c5tury be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire4#edb ,& un=tunately all ! conditions :i* t5d to r5d] su* inequality ( =tune especially p]nici\s to morals 7 exi/5t at ?is "t 9 ,roman society4 ,! m5 into ^: control came ! great =tunes ( ! p]iod 7 g5]ally m5 ( s]vile orig91 because law & public s5tim5t prev5t$ ! s5atorial ord] f engag+ 9 trade or comm]ce4 ,^! m51 :o _h n yet outgr[n ! grossness & vices ( ! slave class f :i* !y _h sprung1 ) unlimit$ weal? at _! comm&1 & 8)\t ! re/ra9t ( traditions or ideals10 7 naturally prone to indulge 9 vulg> luxury1 9 o/5tati\s extravagance1 & 9 orgies ( s5suality4 ,at ! same "t at ! o!r end ( ! social scale 7 ! v poor1 subject$ to ! debas+ influ5ces ( idl5ess1 ( a grossly immoral /age1 & ( ! brutaliz+ spectacles ( ! amphi!at]4 ,! relations ( ! l>ge numb] ( prop]tyless cli5ts to _! weal?y patrons br$ 9 ?is class ! hateful vices ( s]vility & hypocrisy4#edc ,?us ! division ( ,roman society into two classes1 ! ov]ri* & ! v poor1--a division :i* is always ! sign & regi/] ( social maladju/m5t & inju/ice1--became "o ( ! mo/ pot5t causes ( t moral deg5]acy :i* relax$ ! fib] ( ! ,roman race & prelud$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,republic4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,demoraliz+ influ5ce ( ,ea/]n luxury & vice ,aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,ea/ ! national "* ( ! ,romans 0 subject$ to a great v>iety ( influ5ces f ,greece & ! half-,hell5iz$ c\ntries ( ! ,ori5t4 ,_m ( ^! influ5ces1 z we %all notice a little lat]1 _h a /r5g!n+ & uplift+ effect ^u ,roman life1 especially 9 ! upp] circles ( society1 b 9 g5]al ! new elem5ts n[ import$ into ,roman civilization f ! ,hell5i/ic ,ea/ 7 hurtful to morals4 ,rome 8suck$ poison f ! ,attic bloom decay$40 ,x is a commonplace ( hi/ory t at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/ ( ! ,ea/ ! great semi-,hell5iz$ cities ( ! ,ori5t 7 s9ks ( moral corruption4 ,br\ght into close contact ) ^! morally debas$ communities1 ,roman civilization 0 at once infect$ ) ! fatal virus4 ,/reams ( impurity ov]fl[$ e c\ntry ( ! once moral ,we/4 ,! ,orontes empti$ into ! ,tib]4 ,ori5tal vices & luxury came 9 z a flood4 ,! primitive ,roman virtues ( frugality & simplicity disappe>$4 ,greek cooks1 we are told1 br\ght a high] price ?an ,greek philosoph]s4 ,almo/ e elem5t ( ! ,greco-,ori5tal culture seem$ to be> )9 x ! se$s ( moral det]ioration & decay4 ,greek philosophy1 p]vad$ 9 g5]al by a _s ( skepticism1 t5d$ to unsettle /ill m positively ! already %ak5 fai? ( ! ,romans 9 _! ance/ral gods4 ,roman morality1 9 s f> z x 0 support$ by religi\s belief1 0 ?us fatally impair$4 ,! ,epicurean philosophy1 if n--z taught by mo/ ( ! ,sophi/s--a direct inc5tive to vice1 af=d$ at lea/ a ready apology = indulg5ce 9 co>se & glutton\s pleasures4 ,! plays pres5t$ on ! ,roman comic /age 7 mo/ly pieces ( ! ,greek drama1 :i*1 9 ! process ( adaptation to a ,roman audi5ce1 _h be5 made co>se & dissolute4 ,?us ! !at] became "o ( ! mo/ effective ag5cies ( social corruption4 ,9 ! words ( ,momms51 x 0 8! great s*ool at once ( ,hell5ism & ( vice40#edd ,sid5ote3 ,modifications 9 ! moral type itself ,a mu* m important fact 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! lat] ,republic ?an ?is l[]+ ( ! /&>d ( conduct is ! *ange :i* 0 be+ effect$ 9 ! moral ideal itself4 ,:ile c]ta9 causes 7 at "w depress+ ! moral /&>d to ! l[e/ po9t1 p]haps1 t x ev] t\*$ 9 ! long hi/ory ( ,rome1 !re 7 o!r causes 9 op]ation :i* 7 sl[ly modify+ ! old ,roman type ( "* & creat+ a new type made up l>gely ( new virtues4 ,we speak ( ?is *ange 9 ! ideal z a fact ( great] significance ?an t ( moral deg5]acy1 = ! reason t a decl9e 9 actual morality1 ! failure ( a p to live up to ! be/ !y "k1 is always a sup]ficial & transi5t ph5om5on comp>$ ) ! *anges effect$ by diff]5t influ5ces 9 ! moral type itself1 s9ce ^! *anges con/itute ! v ess5ce ( ! e?ical evolution4 ,! causes at "w modify+ ! old ,roman ideal ( "* 7 v>i\s2 b m vital ?an all o!r influ5ces 7 ^? t came ?r\gh ! contact ( ,rome ) ,greek culture & ! civilizations ( ! ,ori5t4 ,at ! he>t ( ^! anci5t cultures 7 e?ical elem5ts ( ine/imable value4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,greek humanit>ian _s & ! v>i\s intellectual virtues :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,greek type ( excell5ce2 &1 9 ! ,ori5tal !osophic cultures1 a deeply religi\s _s & ! religi\s virtues :i* m>k$ ! moral ideals ( ! ,ea/]n nations1 p>ticul>ly ! ,egyptian1 ! ,p]sian1 & ! ,hebrew4 ,we recognize ! supreme importance = ! lat] moral hi/ory ( ,rome1 z well z = t ( ! :ole ,we/]n _w1 ( ! e?ical products ( ! religi\s culture ( ,judea1 b we d n recognize z fully ! importance ( ! e?ical elem5ts ( ! secul> culture ( ,greece & ( ! !osophic civilizations ( ,egypt & ,p]sia4 ,b ,rome's e?ical debt to ^! old] cultures 0 also indisputably great4 ,b s9ce ^! ,greco-,ori5tal influ5ces :i* 7 at "w modify+ ! old ,roman type ( "* _h n wr\ght _! full effects be=e ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury ( ! imp]ial p]iod1 we %all res]ve fur!r comm5t on !m1 & on ! new composite type !y 7 contribut+ to create1 = ! next division ( ?is *apt]1 9 :i* we %all foll[ ! tr5d ( ! moral evolution "u ! pagan ,empire4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,,"u ,,! ,,pagan ,,empire ,sid5ote3 ,! bad beque/ ,roman society ?r\gh\t ! fir/ c5tury ( ! pagan ,empire1 z mirror$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod1 pres5ts a picture ( frightful moral deg5]acy4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 l>gely an inh]itance f ! ,republic4 ,x 0 ! cont9uation ( t moral decl9e :i* began 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & "s ( ! contribut+ causes ( :i*1 su* z slav]y1 ! spectacles ( ! amphi!at]1 ! free di/ribution ( corn1 toge!r ) contact ) ! dissolute civilizations ( ! ,ori5t1 7 consid]$ briefly 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,s9ce all ^! causes ( moral degradation 7 /ill at "w 9 ! society ( ! e>ly ,empire1 & z fre% ag5cies ( malign influ5ce 7 add$ to !m1 x 0 inevitable t ! moral an>*y %\ld n only cont9ue b %\ld gr[ worse4 ,! def9itive e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire & ! pass+ ( ! lib]al in/itutions ( ! ,republic *ang$ :olly ! atmosph]e 9 :i* _h be5 n\ri%$ ! virtues ( ,republican ,rome4 ,political lib]ty 0 dead1 & all true civic activity1 :i* _h be5 ! v brea? ( life to ! citiz5 ( ! anci5t city1 _h come to an end4 ,9 ! new _w t 0 =m+ !re 0 no room = ! ex]cise ( ^? patriotic virtues :i* _h made ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome s great1 & _h giv5 h] ! rule ( ! _w4#ede ,"o :olly fre% cause ( moral debasem5t 0 ! p]sonal "* ( sev]al ( ! occupants ( ! imp]ial ?rone dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire4 ,! ,ori5tal extravagancies & co>se debau*]ies :i* disgrac$ ! c\rt ( a ,claudius1 a ,caligula1 or a ,n]o1 communicat$ _! virus to e "p ( ! social body4 ,nev] did ! prov]b1 8,z c\rt1 s p10 h su* ju/ification4 ,at ! same "t ! tyranny :i* m>k$ ! rule ( m ?an "o ( ! emp]ors in/itut$ a demoraliz+ t]ror l t ( ! proscriptions ( ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! frightful p]secutions ( _! ord]1 ! s5atorial ari/ocracy1 ) moral fib] n[ relax$ & corrod$ by effem9ate luxury1 lo/ seem+ly all ^? virtues :i* e>li] _h *>act]iz$ _! class1 & 0 trans=m$ into a body at times sycophantic1 cr++1 & base almo/ beyond belief4 ,b x is d\btful if any o!r ari/ocracy :i* hi/ory has kn[n w\ld h /ood ! te/ any bett]4 ,! ,fr5* nobility ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 exclud$ f p>ticipation 9 political affairs by ! div9e-"r mon>*y1 & made s]vile dep5d5ts ( ! c\rt1 exhibit$ almo/ z depress+ a spectacle ( moral deg5]acy z did ! high] ,roman classes "u ! m frightful tyranny ( ! e>ly ,cs>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old & ! new ,b we may "h pr(itably call to m9d ! words ( ,w$gwood to ! effect t ! ph5om5on ( moral decay1 al?\gh ! mo/ /rik+1 is n ! mo/ significant fact 9 ! moral hi/ory ( a race or ( an age4 8,! fact t an old ideal is p]i%+10 rem>ks ?is writ]1 8mu/ always be a /rong] or at lea/ a m obvi\s moral influ5ce ?an ! fact t a new "o is com+ into life4444 ,a dea? is m impressive ?an a bir?40#edf ,:at 9 ?is reflection claims our att5tion "h is ! impli$ tru? t ! pass+ ( ! old means ! com+ ( ! new4 ,at ! base ( ! fall+ leaf !re is always a new-=m+ bud4 ,x is n o!rwise 9 ! moral _w4 ,unless ! =ces ( ! moral life h become fatally impair$1 ! decay ( an old ideal ( excell5ce is ev] accompani$ by ! gr[? ( a new & bett] "o4 ,& x 0 s 9 ! ,rome ( ! e>ly ,cs>s4 ,! ,roman ance/ral ideal ( "*1 ) its attractive civic & h]oic virtues1 0 inde$ fall+ into decay & pass+ away1 b a new & bett] ideal ( goodness 0 sl[ly =m+ & w9n+ ! allegiance ( ! select spirits ( ! age4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree p]iods 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ,rome ,lecky di/+ui%es 9 ! moral hi/ory ( pagan ,rome ?ree p]iods *>act]iz$ 8by ! successive asc5dancy ( ! ,roman1 ! ,greek1 & ! ,egyptian _s40 ,up to ne> ! end ( ! ,republic ! moral ideal 0 ess5tially ,roman2 dur+ ! fir/ & second c5turies ( ! ,empire x 0 *>act]iz$ by ! dom9ance ( ! humanit>ian & cosmopolitan _s ( ,greece2 :ile 9 ! ?ird & la/ c5tury ( ! pagan ,empire x 0 m>k$ by ! asc5d5cy ( ! ,egyptian _s ( religi\s rev]5ce4#edg ,9 ! imm$iately foll[+ pages we %all consid] ! second ( ^! p]iods4 ,sid5ote3 ,modify+ influ5ce on ! ,roman ideal ( ! ,greek _s ,already at ! "t ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire ! two great civilizations ( classical antiquity _h be5 9 close contact = a hundr$ ye>s & m4 ,! elem5ts ( ,greek culture :i* react$ mo/ p[]fully ^u ,roman society 7 ! purely intellectual & ! e?ical4 ,hi/ory has fully recogniz$ ! debt ( ,rome to ,greek intellectualism1 b x has n s fully recogniz$ h] e?ical debt to ,hell5ism4 ,yet x 0 ! contribution made by ,greece to ! new-=m+ moral ideal ( ! ,roman _w :i* 0 probably ! mo/ hi/orically important elem5t ( ! ,hell5ic beque/4 ,?is e?ical inh]itance ( ,rome f ,greece 0 second only to h] e?ical h]itage f ,judea4 ,x 0 l>gely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,greek lit]ature & ,greek philosophy1 p>ticul>ly ! ,platonic & ! ,/oic1 t ! e?ical ,greek _s1 *>act]iz$ by its humanit>ian & cosmopolitan sympa?ies1 ex]t$ its modify+ influ5ce ^u ! ,roman moral consci\sness & gradually *ang$ x into some?+ v diff]5t f :at x 0 at fir/4 ,?is influ5ce c be/ be trac$ 9 ,roman lit]ature & ! imp]ial legislation4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ces 9 lit]ature ( ! s(t5+ ( ! moral feel+s ,! two great *anges 9 ! moral type consi/$1 z ,lecky obs]ves1 9 ! great] prom95ce accord$ ! b5evol5t or amiable virtues1 & 9 ! broad5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies4#edh ,! effect ( ! action ( ! humanit>ian ,greek _s ^u ! old ,roman ideal ( "* 0 to s(t5 its h>%] features & to cause ! h]oic virtues to yield place1 9 a measure1 to ! b5evol5t qualities1 t is to say1 to ^? virtues :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree c5turies or m1 l>gely "u ,hebrew-,*ri/ian influ5ces1 7 de/9$ to assume a dom9ant place 9 ! accept$ ideal ( moral excell5ce4#edi ,cic]o1 ,v]gil1 ,juv5al1 & ,s5eca may be consid]$ ! true/ repres5tatives ( ?is new-=m+ social consci5ce4 ,cic]o1 writ+ j at ! end ( ! ,republic & aft] ,rome = m ?an ?ree g5]ations _h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek culture & philosophy1 exhibits unmi/akably ! effect ^u ! ,roman "* ( ! comp>atively humane & g5tle _s ( ,hellas4 ,9 8 treatise ,de ,(ficiis1 8conc]n+ duties10 9 :i* he int]prets & enl>ges = ! b5efit ( 8 son ,m>cus ! e?ical "w ( ! ,greek philosoph] ,pantius1 he gives 8 sanction to moral doctr9es :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 approv$ by a ,roman morali/ be=e ,rome _h felt ! influ5ce ( ! e?ical _s ( ,greece4 ,! "w is a glorification ( ! virtues ( pity1 g5tl5ess1 & b5evol5ce4 ,! s(t5+ movem5t f9ds ano!r repres5tative 9 ,v]gil4 ,8 great poem is 9 its e?ical _s m ,greek ?an ,roman4 ,9 ! 8trans=mation ( ! goddess ( lawless self-pleas+ love into a goddess ( a mat]nal compassionate love10 ,w$gwood w\ld h u see summ$ up ! *ange 9 moral feel+ ( ! classical _w dur+ ! c5turies t sep>at$ ! age ( ! ,iliad f t ( ! neid4#eej ,juv5al1#eea too1 applauds ! moral qualities ( pity & t5d]ness4 8,8 moral tone appe>s to unite ! _s ( two diff]5t ages40#eeb ,s5eca d5\nc$ ! gladiatorial games z inhuman & degrad+4 ,he con/antly lays emphasis ^u ^? amiable virtues :i* belong r to ! ,greek ?an to ! ,roman ideal ( moral excell5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical !ory f9ds embodim5t 9 practice ,nor 0 ?is moral evolution conf9$ to e?ical !ory2 ^! precepts ( ! morali/s f\nd g5]\s embodim5t 9 practice4 ,especially 0 ! age ( ! ,anton9es a b5evol5t age1 "o 9 :i* all k9ds ( *>ities ab\nd$4 ,respect+ private b5efactions 9 ?is p]iod ,pr(essor ,samuel ,dill ass]ts t we may well d\bt :e!r !y 7 less num]\s & g5]\s ?an at ! pres5t day1 & t 8!re has probably seldom be5 a "t :5 weal? 0 m g5]ally reg>d$ z a tru/1 a possession 9 :i* ! community at l>ge has a "r to %>e40#eec ,^! num]\s gifts & legacies assum$ ! =m ( ba?s1 !at]s1 libr>ies1 m>kets1 colonnades1 aqu$ucts1 f\nta9s1 temples1 basilicas1 & o!r monum5ts ( utility or adornm5t4 ,! motives :i* l$ to all ?is public giv+ 7 ( c\rse mix$1 j z are ! motives ( giv]s ( to-day1 b we may )\t mu* hesitation assume ) ! hi/orian ,dill t !y sprang l>gely f g5u9e altrui/ic feel+1 f a recognition ( ! true uses ( weal?1 & f a s5se ( ! duty ( ! ri* to ! poor & dep5d5t--f ! same motives1 9 a ^w1 t a c5tury or two lat] 7 to cov] ^! same l&s ) *ur*es & mona/]ies & oratories4#eed ,sid5ote3 ,! broad5+ movem5t3 e?ical univ]salism z ! outcome ( ! _w empire & ( ,/oicism ,! second important e?ical movem5t 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,roman _w consi/$1 z we h se51 9 ! wid5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies4 ,! two mo/ effici5t causes ( ?is movem5t 7 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! _w empire & ! asc5dancy at ,rome ( ,greek philosophy1 p>ticul>ly ! philosophy ( ! ,/oics4 ,nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w d[n to our own day 7 !re s _m =ces & circum/ances mak+ = cosmopolitanism 9 life & ?\ght z 9 ! age ( ! e>ly ,cs>s4 ,! gr[? ( ! little city /ate ( ,rome into a _w /ate _h made all freem5 actually or pot5tially citiz5s ( ! _w4 ,! political unity ( ! _w _h awak5$ ! consci\sness ( a moral unity4 ,9 ?\ght & feel+ _m select s\ls recogniz$ !mselves z bro!rs ( all o!r m54 ,x 0 n m]ely ! _w-wide rea* ( ! ,roman rule t promot$ ! gr[? ( ?is cosmopolitanism1 b contribut+ l>gely to x 7 ! policies ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 _m ( ^: ag5cies & in/itutions made directly & p[]fully = ! developm5t ( a s5tim5t ( univ]sal human k9%ip4 ,! unification ( ! _w on its physical side1 by ! creation ( ! spl5did ,roman roads & ! facilities ?us provid$ = _w-wide trade & travel1 _h ! same broad5+ effect ^u ! moral feel+s t mod]n railways1 /eamboats1 & telegraphs h ^u ! e?ical sympa?ies ( our own day4 ,fur!rmore1 ! practically autocratic au?ority ( ! ,emp]or t5d$ to de/roy class di/9ctions by r$uc+ all to ! same level ( s]vitude1 to oblit]ate national b\nd>ies1 & to weak5 race prejudices4 ,!n also1 z ! capital ( ! _w1 ,rome _h become1 z a c5t] & creator ( cosmopolitan life1 a second ,alex&ria4 ,! "*1 too1 ( ! slaves1 drawn n[ l>gely f ! ,ea/1 & (t5 sup]ior 9 culture to _! ma/]s1 t5d$ to blur ! di/9ctions betwe5 classes bas$ on out] conditions1 & to sugge/ ! doctr9e ( equality 9 ! sph]e ( ! _s4 ,! army1 also1 recruit$ f e race & l& 9 ! ,empire1 & f ! outside b>b>ian _w z well1 ) ! legions rais$ 9 "o c\ntry s]v+ 9 ano!r1 0 a lib]aliz+ ag5cy1 & a mo/ effective "o 9 break+ d[n race b>ri]s & 9 wid5+ ! m5tal outlook & ! moral sympa?ies ( ! travel$ legion>ies4 ,! second great cause ( ! enl>g+ ( ! moral feel+s 0 ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek _s4 ,inde$1 ?is broad5+ movem5t 0 9 l>ge measure ! effect ( ! action ( ! cosmopolitan _s ( ! ,/oic philosophy ^u ! orig9ally n>r[ _s ( ,rome4#eee ,evid5ces 9 lit]ature ( ?is wid5+ ( ! moral horizon multiply f ,t]5ce 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! age ( ! ,anton9es4 ,! famili> s5tim5t ( ! poet1 8,i am a man & no?+ human is ali5 to me10#eef al?\gh we "k no?+ z to ! response ?is evok$ 9 ! read]s ( ,t]5ce1 may fairly be accept$ z evid5ce t ! new _s ( cosmopolitanism 0 already at "w 9 ,roman society4 ,b ! fir/ cle> su/a9$ note ( univ]sali/ic morality comes f ,cic]o 9 8 treatise ,de ,(ficiis1#eeg to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,! au?or says mu* ab\t ! ,law ( ,nature & ( ! society & community ( ! human race4 ,"o %\ld1 9 imitation ( ,h]cules1 ev5 at ! co/ ( great labor & pa91 give succor & aid to e "o1 :oev] he may be1 = ?is is consonant ) nature4#eeh ,9 de/roy+ ,cor9? ,rome 0 guilty ( a great crime4#eei ,! human race =ms a univ]sal society1 by virtue ( ! bond ( reason & spee*2 !re=e we are to d good to all m5--b lib]ality %\ld beg9 at home4#efj 8,! love ( humanity10 he says1 8:i* has its beg9n+s 9 ! love ( p>5ts = _! (fspr+1 b9ds toge!r fir/ ! memb]s ( ! family2 !n1 gradually rea*+ out beyond ! dome/ic circle1 embraces successively relatives1 fri5ds1 neighbors1 fell[ citiz5s2 next broad5s to include alli$ nations2 & f9ally comes to embrace ! :ole human race40#efa ,two g5]ations lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 ,s5eca enjo9$ ! same cosmopolitan morality4 ,he decl>$ all m5 to be citiz5s ( a univ]sal commonweal?1 & inculcat$ ! l(ty s5tim5t1 8,man %\ld be sacr$ to 8 fell[ man40 ,epictetus 9 ! same age prea*$ a l doctr9e ( human frat]nity1 & taught t a man %\ld reg>d himself n z a citiz5 ( ?is or ( t city1 b z a citiz5 ( ! _w4 ,b x is 9 ! ,m$itations ( ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius t we f9d ! mo/ emphatic decl>ation ( ?is ,/oic doctr9e ( ! unity ( mank9d & ! univ]sal rea* ( ! moral law4 ,z envision$ by ! emp]or-philosoph] ! :ole _w is a s+le /ate & all m5 are fell[ citiz5s4 8,my city & c\ntry10 he says1 8s f> z ,i am ,anton9us1 is ,rome1 b s f> z ,i am a man1 x is ! _w40#efb ,aga9 he muses3 8,! poet says1 ,de> city ( ,cecrops2 & wilt n ?\ say1 ,de> city ( ,zeus80#efc ,e man1 he decl>es1 %\ld rememb] t e rational be+ is 8 k9sman1 & t 8to c>e = all m5 is accord+ to man's nature20#efd = 8m5 exi/ = ! sake ( "o ano!r40#efe ,9 :at measure ^! morali/s & philosoph]s :om we h quot$ really repres5t$ _! times x is ( c\rse impossible to say2 b probably we w\ld n be wrong 9 assum+ t !y appeal$ to a c]ta9 public s5tim5t1 & t ! doctr9es !y taught evok$ cons5t+ response f ! moral consci\sness ( m ?an a few 9 e rank ( ,roman society4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/oic doctr9e ( ! ,law ( ,nature & its e?ical influ5ce ,! doctr9e ( ! ,law ( ,nature1 ^u :i* su* emphasis 0 laid by ! ,/oic philosoph]s1 _h su* consequ5ces = ! evolution ( ,roman morals & s great an influ5ce ^u ! moral philosoph]s ( lat] times1 p>ticul>ly ^u ! speculations ( ! philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t we mu/ 9 ! pres5t connection endeavor to ga9 "s idea ( :at ! ,/oics meant by ?is phrase1 & ! e?ical value ( ! conception4#eff ,! ,law ( ,nature is m]ely ! ,/oic designation ( a law :i*1 "u o!r names1 all ! ages h rev]$ z ! supreme law ( ! univ]se4 ,x is practically ! law ( consci5ce1 ! inn] law writt5 on ! he>ts ( m54#efg ,x is t law :i* is 9 ! backgr\nd ( our consci\sness :5 we say1 8,we mu/ obey ,god r ?an man40 ,x is t holy law :i* came to ,hebrew prophet z ! ^w ( ,jehovah4 ,x is t inviolable law :i* ,antigone fe>$ to break1 8a law n proclaim$ by m51 & :i* lives n = to-day nor ye/]day1 b ev]more40#efh ,x is :at ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a rec5t decision calls 8! rule ( reason10 t inborn s5se ( :at is reasonable & j4 ,?is ,law ( ,nature be+ ?us ! expression ( :at is mo/ con/itu5t & ess5tial 9 man z man1 x necess>ily results t !re is a l>ge common elem5t 9 ! cu/oms & ! rules ( conduct ( all peoples :o are 9 ! same or ne>ly ! same /age ( culture2 h5ce ! sub/antial con=mity betwe5 ! ,law ( ,nature & ! ,laws ( ,nations4 ,! con=mity1 h[ev]1 is n p]fect4 ,! moral task ( humanity is to make x p]fect4 ,x is ( c\rse ! e?ical imp]ative ( ! ,law ( ,nature :i* has r5d]$ x su* a revolution>y & recon/ructive =ce 9 hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! m$ieval p]iod x 0 seldom invok$ because ! ,*ur* & n ! normal human reason 0 reg>d$ z ! supreme au?ority 9 ! doma9 ( morals4 ,b aft] ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation _h proclaim$ ! autonomy ( ! individual _s & ! ultimate au?ority ( ! individual consci5ce 9 ! realm ( moral "r & wrong1 !n came naturally an appeal f ! rules & conv5tions ( society to ! unwritt5 ,law ( ,nature2 h5ce ! prom95ce x assum$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o prep>$ ! way = ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b :at x conc]ns u n[ to notice is m]ely ! influ5ce ( ?is conception ( a ,law ( ,nature on ! moral developm5t 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! law1 z appreh5d$ by ! ,/oics1 is t m5 are born free & equal4 ,if ?is tea*+ be receiv$ z axiomatic1 x is easy to und]/& its importance = morality4 ,tri$ by ?is t\*/one1 _m social in/itutions1 su* = in/ance z slav]y1 are %[n at once to be contr>y to nature1 & h5ce oppos$ to natural ju/ice4 ,! acceptance ( ?is ,/oic doctr9e by ! ,roman juri/s caus$ ! ,roman law1 z we %all see imm$iately1 to be mold$ 9 opposition to s]vitude & 9 ! int]e/ ( fre$om4#efi ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ,/oicism z an e?ical =ce on ,roman gov]nm5t & law ,9 its moral influ5ce ,/oicism work$ 9 ! ,roman _w m l a religion ?an a philosophy4 ,9 tru? x 0 a mission>y philosophy4 ,x creat$ 9 a rem>kable measure moral en?usiasm4 8,9 ! ,roman ,empire10 decl>es ,lecky1 8almo/ e great "*1 almo/ e ef=t 9 ! cause ( lib]ty1 emanat$ f ! ranks ( ,/oicism40#egj ,9 ! fir/ place x pres5t$ an ideal ( mon>*y :i* p[]fully influ5c$ ,roman imp]ialism4#ega ,x made ! pr9ce 8! %eph]d ( 8 p40 ,x taught t ! sole aim ( ! rul] %\ld be 8! good ( 8 subjects40 ,! effects ( ^! tea*+s 7 evid5t 9 ! rule ( m ?an "o ( ! pagan emp]ors4 ,! bless+s :i* ! reigns ( ,pius & ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us & o!rs ( ! 8good emp]ors0 br\ght to ! ,roman _w are to be attribut$ 9 l>ge measure to ! influ5ce ^u ^! rul]s ( ! doctr9es & ideals ( ,/oicism4 ,9 ! b5efic5t rule ( ^! ,/oic emp]ors ! ideal ( ,plato & ,dion 0 realiz$2 ! philosoph] 0 ^u ! ?rone4 ,only 9 ! effects ( ! tea*+s ( ! philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ^u ! ,enlight5$ ,despots ( t p]iod d we f9d a l illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( philosophy ^u ! possessors ( absolute p[]4 ,! enlight5$ & humane _s ( ,/oicism 0 felt especially 9 ! law4#egb ,x 0 ! ,/oic doctr9e ( ! natural equality ( all m5 t work$ mo/ effectively 9 ?is doma94 ,_m ( ! disabilities plac$ ^u woman by ! e>li] law 7 remov$2 *ildr5 7 emancipat$ 9 a measure f ! n[ unreasonable au?ority ( ! fa!r2#egc & ! slave 0 plac$ "u ! protection ( ! law & safegu>d$ aga9/ ! wor/ brutalities ( a cruel ma/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,amelioration ( slav]y "u ! pagan emp]ors ,! mitigation ( ! lot ( ! slave con/itutes s important a phase ( ! moral evolution ( ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod t we mu/ consid] x "h ap>t & 9 "s detail4 ,! causes ( ?is moral re=m 7 v>i\s4 ,among ! mo/ effici5t ag5cies 7 ,/oicism & ! o!r ,greek philosophies4#egd ,!n ! "* ( _m ( ! slaves !mselves1 ! equal or sup]ior (t5 ( _! ma/] 9 intellig5ce & culture1 won = ! class respect & consid]ation4 ,fur!rmore1 ! great numb] ( fre$m51 :o con/itut$ a v l>ge elem5t ( ! free population ( ! ,empire1#ege t5d$ to create a public s5tim5t favorable to ! slave4 ,hav+ _h1 l ,epictetus ! ,/oic1 acqua9tance ) ! bitt]ness ( bondage1 !y knew h[ to pity ! bondsman4 ,already 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire all ! *ief lead]s ( moral re=m taught t ! slave is ! equal ( 8 ma/] 9 capacity = virtue4#egf ,dion ,*ryso/om condemn$ h]$it>y slav]y z contr>y to ! ,law ( ,nature & h5ce wrong4 ,he is ?\ght to h be5 ! e>lie/ writ] 9 ! ,roman ,empire to take ?is advanc$ moral gr\nd4#egg ,s5eca proclaim$ ! obligations ( ! high] law3 8,al?\gh our laws10 he says1 8p]mit a ma/] to treat 8 slave ) e degree ( cruelty1 /ill !re are "s ?+s t ! common law ( life =bids be+ done to a human be+40#egh ,cruel ma/]s1 he adds1 are hat$ & dete/$4 ,! gr[+ s5tim5t ( t5d]ness = ! slave f\nd significant popul> expression 9 ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,a c]ta9 prefect ( ! city hav+ be5 murd]$ by a slave1 ! ,s5ate1 9 accordance ) anci5t usage1 adjudg$ to dea? ! entire h\sehold ( slaves1 f\r hundr$ 9 numb]4 ,s5tim5t 9 ! ,s5ate itself 0 divid$1 "s ( ! s5ators vot+ aga9/ ! proposal1 :ile ! p ga!r+ 9 s$iti\s cr[ds ?reat5$ to prev5t by =ce ! c>ry+ out ( ! edict4 ,a body ( soldi]s 0 necess>y to ov]awe ! populace & secure ! execution ( ! slaves4#egi ,a little lat] we see ^! gr[+ humanit>ian feel+s reflect$ 9 ! imp]ial legislation4 ,hadrian took away f ma/]s ! anci5t "r willfully to kill _! slaves2 & ,anton9us ,pius made ! kill+ ( a slave1 s9e causa1 murd]4 ,! edicts ( o!r emp]ors effect$ fur!r mitigations ( ! law1 s t ! slave code ( ! lat] pagan ,empire is *>act]iz$ by a human5ess ( _s t places x 9 /rong contra/ ) ! call\sness ( ! code ( e>li] times4 ,additional evid5ce ( ! increas$ humanity ( ! age is af=d$ by ! num]\s manumissions ( slaves4#ehj ,! motives t prompt$ su* action 7 und\bt$ly mix$1 "o self-reg>d+ motive be+ ! ambition to h a great ret9ue ( cli5ts2#eha b ! dom9ant motive is unque/ionably to be s\ght 9 ! gr[+ humanity ( ! age4 ,x is notewor?y t ! greate/ alleviations ( slav]y 7 effect$ be=e ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 0 felt4 ,! ,*ri/ian emp]ors add$ almo/ no?+ to ! laws ( ! pagan ,empire ameliorat+ ! lot ( ! slave1 & ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops 9 g5]al fell beh9d ,s5eca 9 advocacy ( ! cause ( ! bondsman4 ,! emphasis laid by ! ,*ur* ^u a future life :]e ! poor & ! oppress$ ( ?is _w %\ld receive comp5sation = _! wrongs & suff]+s "h1 caus$ ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s to reg>d e>?ly rank & out] conditions ( life z ( little mom5t4#ehb ,sid5ote3 ,e?ics ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians by ! pagan emp]ors ,:ile consid]+ ! /eady expansion ( ! moral sympa?ies & ! gr[? ( humanit>ian s5tim5t 9 ! pagan ,empire1 we are confront$ by ! />tl+ fact t ! be/ ( ! emp]ors1 ^? mo/ closely id5tifi$ ) ! legislation embody+ ! new _s ( humanity & ju/ice1 7 among ! mo/ sev]e & p]si/5t p]secutors ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is app>5t moral p>adox is ! same z w aga9 confront u 9 ! m$ieval age 9 connection ) ! ,inquisition & ! cruel p]secution ( h]etics & diss5t]s by a ,*ur* :i* 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal love1 & :i* exalt$ to ! highe/ place 9 its ideal ( goodness ! qualities ( g5tl5ess & pity4 ,! p>adox 9 ea* case is1 h[ev]1 su* only 9 seem+4 ,! p]secution ( ,*ri/ians by pagans1 & ( h]etics by ,*ri/ians1 0 practically ! inevitable issue ( c]ta9 ideas & beliefs :i* became ! premises ( moral conclusions4 ,9 nei!r case does ! act ( ! p]secutor necess>ily imply moral turpitude4#ehc ,! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians by ! pagan emp]ors sprang 9 ! ma9 f ! belief--9 connection ) ! idea ( corporate responsibility--t ! welf>e ( ! /ate 0 b\nd up ) ! c>eful obs]vance ( ! rites ( ! temple4#ehd ,x 0 ?\ght t ! neglect ( ! temple s]vice by any s+le memb] ( ! community awak5$ ! res5tm5t ( ! gods t[>d all ! memb]s alike4 ,if ! ,tib] ov]fl[$ its banks1 ! p 7 ready to believe t ! calamity _h be5 br\ght ^u ! city by ! neglect ( ! new sect to (f] ! cu/om>y sacrifices to ! gods1 & ! cry arose1 8,! ,*ri/ians to ! lions60 ,9 a ^w1 ! refusal ( ! ,*ri/ians to p>ticipate 9 ! common wor%ip 0 look$ ^u z a crime1 z a species ( treason aga9/ ! /ate1 & 0 puni%$ z su*4#ehe ,sid5ote3 ,/oic tea*+s ,*ri/ian 9 tone & s5tim5t ,z we are n[ approa*+ ! "t :5 a new moral ideal1 t ( ,*ri/ianity1 is to displace ! old classical ideal ( "*1 x w be bo? in/ructive & int]e/+ to note to :at degree ?is ideal :i* 0 pass+ away _h1 9 !ory if n 9 practice1 "u ! v>i$ influ5ces to :i* x _h be5 subject$ ?r\gh ! c5turies1 become assimilat$ to ?is new ideal ( excell5ce4#ehf ,! nobility ( =giv5ess 0 taught by _m ( ! pagan philosoph]s ) ,*ri/ian insi/5ce4 ,cic]o reg>d$ rep5tance z p]haps suffici5t to /ay ! h& ( *a/isem5t1 & decl>es t no?+ is m laudable ?an clem5cy & will+ness to =give4#ehg ,m>cus ,aurelius w\ld repress ev5 ! fir/ ris+s ( res5tm5t = injury3 8,:5 "o is try+ to d !e h>m1 cont9ue to be ( a k9d disposition t[>d him1 g5tly admoni% him1 & calmly correct 8 error1 say+1 #8,n s1 my *ild2 we are con/itut$ by nature = some?+ else2 ,i %all c]ta9ly n be injur$1 b ?\ art injur+ ?yself1 my *ild1'--& %[ him by g5tle tact & by g5]al pr9ciples t ?is is s40#ehh ,& aga93 8,x is royal to d good & to be abus$0#ehi2 8be g5tle t[>d ^? :o try to h9d] or o!rwise tr\ble !e40#eij 8,! be/ way ( av5g+ ?yself is n to become l ! wrongdo]40#eia ,epictetus quotes ) approval ,pittacus1 "o ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 9 ^! words3 8,=giv5ess is bett] ?an rev5ge1 = =giv5ess is ! sign ( a g5tle nature1 b rev5ge ! sign ( a savage nature40#eib ,purity & s9c]ity ( ?\ght is inculcat$ by ,m>cus ,aurelius4 8,a man %\ld10 he says1 8accu/om himself to ?9k ( ^? ?+s only ab\t :i* if "o %\ld sudd5ly ask1 ,:at ha/ ?\ n[ 9 ?y ?\ght8 ) p]fect op5ness ?\ mighte/ imm$iately answ]1 ,?is or t2 s t f ?y ^w x %\ld be pla9 t ev]y?+ 9 !e is simple & b5evol5t40#eic ,s5eca taught t adv]sity has moral uses3 8,god does n pamp] ! good man2 he puts him to ! te/ to prove him1 he h>d5s him1 & ?us prep>es him = himself40#eid ,tru/ 9 ,provid5ce & resignation is inculcat$ by ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 _m passages 9 :i* he tea*es t "o %\ld accept ) all 8 s\l ev]y?+ :i* happ5s to him z 8 portion assign$ by ,god4 ,he tru/s 9 ,him :o gov]ns2 he says to ! univ]se1 8,i love z ?\ love/40#eie ,he accepts dea? ) p]fect resignation :e!r x be ext9ction1 or bir? into ano!r life3 8,to g away f among m5 is n a ?+ to be afraid (1 = ! gods1 if !re be gods1 w n involve !e 9 evil40#eif ,b dea? may be ext9ction4 ,if s1 well2 = 8if x ought to h be5 o!rwise1 ! gods w\ld h ord]$ x s40#eig ,/rangely ,*ri/ian 9 tone are ! reflections ( ,m>cus ,aurelius on ! transitor9ess ( e>?ly life3 8,:at belongs to ! s\l is a dream & vapor1 & life is a w>f>e & a /rang]'s soj\rn40#eih ,! duty ( godlik5ess is enjo9$ by ,epictetus3 8,he :o seeks to please ! gods mu/ labor z f> z 9 him lies to resemble !m4 ,he mu/ be fai?ful z ,god is fai?ful1 free z ,he is free1 b5efic5t z ,he is b5efic5t1 magnanim\s z ,he is magnanim\s40#eii ,m>cus ,aurelius sums up ! duty ( man 9 love to 8 fell[s & 9 foll[+ ,god2#fjj & ,plut>* decl>es t 8man c enjoy no great] bless+ f ,god ?an to atta9 to virtue by ! e>ne/ imitation ( ! noble/ qualities ( ! div9e nature40#fja ,sid5ote3 ,"s div]g5ces betwe5 ,roman & ,*ri/ian e?ics ,b :ile 9 _m ( ! tea*+s ( ! lead]s ( moral ?\ght 9 ! lat] ,roman ,empire1 z %[n by ! above quotations1 we f9d a ne> approa* to ,*ri/ian e?ics1 or a p]fect accordance !re)1 /ill x is a fact t mu/ n be ov]look$ or m9imiz$ t 9 o!r ( _! tea*+s 9 :i* !y repres5t$ m truly ! popul> conceptions ( "r & wrong1 !y z conspicu\sly div]g$ f ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,we h he>d "s ( ! morali/s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,/oic ,m>cus ,aurelius1 condemn+ ! _s ( rev5ge & extoll+ =giv5ess z a virtue2 b 9 g5]al ! ,/oics z well z ! foll[]s ( o!r s*ools _h n advanc$ beyond ! common consci5ce ( ! "t 9 reg>d to ! p]missibility & ev5 duty ( return+ injury = injury4 ,cic]o unequivocally approv$ ! tak+ ( rev5ge = injuries receiv$2#fjb only ! p]son injur$ %\ld av5ge himself equitably & humanely4#fjc ,aga9 he says t ju/ice requires t no "o %\ld d h>m to ano!r1 8unless 9 requital ( "s injury receiv$40#fjd ,ev5 ! g5tle ,plut>*1 :o may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! composite ideal ( "* :i* 0 =m+ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire ?r\gh ! union ( ,greek & ,roman e?ical ideas & feel+s1 decl>es x to be a virtue to make "o's self disagreeable to "o's enemies4 ,tyrannicide1 :i* 9 g5]al is condemn$ by ! mod]n consci5ce1 0 giv5 by ! ,roman morali/1 z by ! ,greek tea*]s1 a place among ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,cic]o deems x a m]itori\s act to slay a tyrant on ! gr\nd t he is b a 8f]oci\s bea/ 9 ! guise ( a man10#fje & decl>es t ( all illu/ri\s de$s ! ,roman p reg>d tyrannicide ! mo/ laudable4#fjf ,consi/5tly he extols ! kill+ ( ! ,grac*i4#fjg ,pity or compassion = suff]+1 :i* is assign$ su* a high place 9 ! ,*ri/ian type ( "*1 0 reg>d$ by ! ,roman morali/s z a weakness1 ev5 a vice2 n b t !y extoll$ clem5cy 9 ! rul]1 b !y di/+ui%$ betwe5 ?is s5tim5t & t ( pity4 ,s5eca decl>$ pity to be a vice incid5t to weak m9ds4 8,! wise man10 he said1 8w dry ! te>s ( o!rs b w n add 8 to !irs4 ,he w n pity ^? 9 di/ress1 b w relieve & aid !m40#fjh ,suicide1 :i* to ! mod]n consci5ce appe>s a c5surable act1 0 by mo/ ( ! ,roman morali/s reg>d$ ) unqualifi$ approval1#fji provid$ ! p]son committ+ ! act _h a /rong motive = do+ s4 ,epictetus said1 8,! door is op502 b add$ ?is admonition1 8,d n dep>t )\t a reason40#faj ,b almo/ any circum/ance :i* made life h>d or a burd5 w\ld ju/ify ! act2 8,! h\se is smoky1 & ,i quit x10 calmly rem>ks ! ,/oic ,emp]or ,aurelius4#faa ,s5eca says1 8,! et]nal law has decre$ no?+ bett] ?an ?is1 t life %\ld h b "o entrance & _m exits40#fab ,he ?9ks ! gods mu/ h look$ on ) great joy :5 ,cato1 ) ! _w fall5 into ,cs>'s p[]1 drove ! sword into 8 own brea/4 ,t 9 8 view 0 8a glori\s & memorable dep>ture40 ,by su* an act a man raises himself to ! level ( ! gods4#fac ,suicide 0 at its height 9 ! e>ly ,empire4 ,?is is to be expla9$ by ! tea*+s ( ! ,/oics--among :om suicides 7 num]\s#fad--;& ! unbe>able tyranny ( ! imp]ial rgime4 ,n till ,*ri/ianity came ) its tea*+s reg>d+ ! sacr$ness ( human life & ! duty ( resignation 0 !re any ess5tial *ange 9 ! g5]al attitude ( ! anci5t _w t[>d ! act ( self-de/ruction4#fae ,sid5ote3 ,! insuffici5cy ( ,/oicism z a moral guide = ! masses ,! composite ,greco-,roman ideal1 9 :i* ,/oicism _h unit$ ! be/ elem5ts ( ! ,greek & ! ,roman type ( "*1 :ile x did s]ve z a guide to ! moral /riv+s ( select s\ls1 0 :olly unfitt$ to give support to ! moral life ( ! masses or to awak5 9 !m moral en?usiasm4 ,!re 7 9 ,/oicism two s]i\s defects :i* made x impossible = x to become ! guide & rule ( life = ! multitude4 ,fir/1 x 0 too intellectually exalt$ & cold to make appeal to ! common p4 ,! ,/oics1 9 ! suppression ( ! feel+s & emotions1--8!y made solitude 9 ! he>t & call$ x peace10#faf--;cut !mselves (f f all sympa?y ) ! masses1 ) :om feel+ is ev] ! l>g] "p ( life4 ,second1 ,/oicism fail$ to give due place to ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,belief 9 ! ance/ral ,roman gods _h1 x is true1 be5 und]m9$1 b ! religi\s feel+ ( awe & my/]y 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,unse5 0 deep] & m univ]sal ?an ev] be=e4 ,man1 9 ! f9e phrase ( ,sabati]1 is incurably religi\s4 ,! ideal ( "* :i* %all appeal to ! masses mu/ be an ideal ^: requirem5ts make full recognition ( ! rightful claims ( human affections & ( ! religi\s in/9ct ( mank9d4 ,! my/ical & religi\s ,ea/ contributes to ! ideal creat$ by ! int]action ( ! ,greek & ! ,roman _s ^? elem5ts :i* nei!r ( ! classical cultures c\ld supply4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ori5t contributes new elem5ts to ! moral life ( ! ,we/ ,f ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 ,rome 0 9 close contact ) ! ,ori5t1 z long be=e %e _h be5 9 contact ) ,greece4 ,& j z ! ,greek _s _h pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! moral ideal ( ,rome1 s n[ 0 ! _s ( ! ,ori5t to effect ev5 great] *anges 9 h] ance/ral /&>d ( "*4 ,z philosophy m$iat$ betwe5 ,rome & ,greece1 s did religion m$iate betwe5 ,rome & ! ,ori5t4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! religions or cults ( ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,judea t ! e?ical =ces ( ! anci5t cultures ( ! ,ea/ 7 br\ght to be> on ,roman life & ?\ght & conduct4 ,9 ! pres5t connection we %all speak only ( ! influ5ces :i* w5t =? f ,egypt & ,p]sia1 & po9t out 9 :at way !y gave an add$ impulse to t e?ical movem5t go+ on 9 ! ,roman _w :i* f9ally culm9at$ 9 ! triumph ( ! cre$ & moral ideal ( ,judea4 ,sid5ote3 ,! contribution ( ,egypt2 ! wor%ip ( ,isis ,& fir/ we note ! relation to ?is e?ical evolution ( ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,s]apis1 ! *ief import$ & modifi$ cults ( ! anci5t civilization ( ! ,valley ( ! ,nile4 ,9 ?is wor%ip religion & morality 7 jo9$ 9 a way practically unkn[n to ! prie/ly colleges ( ,rome4 8,! ,egyptian10 says ,lecky1 8444 b[$ l[ be=e ! div9e pres5ce4 ,he veil$ 8 eyes1 he humbl$ 8 reason1 he repres5t$ ! introduction ( a new elem5t into ! moral life ( ,europe1 ! _s ( religi\s rev]5ce & awe40#fag ,=m+ an important "p ( ! body ( ideas :i* con/itut$ ! basis ( ?is religi\s feel+1 0 ! doctr9e ( a life aft] dea?4 ,?is 0 a doctr9e :i* 0 common to all ! ,ori5tal religions ) :i* we h "h to d1--! ,isiac1 ! ,mi?raic1 & ! ,*ri/ian1--b a doctr9e :i*1 aside f ! initiates ( ! ,orphic1 ! ,eleus9ian1 & l ,my/]ies1 0 practically new to ! classical _w4 ,x 0 ?is doctr9e :i* help$ greatly to secure = ^! religions or cults su* wide acceptance 9 ! ,roman _w1--= ! ,roman _w1 old1 worn1 & we>y1 0 ye>n+ = assurance ( ano!r & bett] life1--& :i* l>gely expla9s ! moral influ5ce !y ex]t$ ^u ! nations ( ! ,we/4#fah ,= m ?an five hundr$ ye>s ! wor%ip ( ,isis p>ticul>ly f\nd ard5t devotees 9 ! ,we/4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! cult ^u its foll[]s 0 to cause ! active1 h]oic qualities 9 ! old ,roman ideal ( "* to be ov]%ad[$ by ! passive contemplative virtues1 & to imp>t a religi\s1 ritual "* to ! moral code4 ,expiatory & purification rites =m$ a l>ge "p ( ! duties ( ! wor%ip] ( ! ,egyptian goddess4#fai ,sid5ote3 ,! contribution ( ,p]sia3 ,mi?raism ,! influ5ce ( ,egypt ^u ! religi\s-e?ical life ( ! ,we/ 0 ren=c$ by a l influ5ce f ,p]sia1 :i* came ?r\gh ! cult ( ,mi?ra4#fbj ,?is wor%ip came into ,europe by ! way ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,its mission>ies 7 seem+ly ,ori5tal recruits 9 ! ,roman legions4 ,x came be>+ _m accretions ga!r$ 9 its passage ?r\gh ! we/ ,asian l&s1 & yet ) all ! *>act]i/ics :i* m>k$ ! old ,p]sian religion z a religion ( combat & /r5u\sness1 ( moral /riv+ & moral a*ievem5t4#fba ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,empire ! cult spread widely 9 ! ,we/]n l&s1 tak+ deep root especially 9 ! fronti] regions ( ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e1 & 9 ! remote prov9ce ( ,brita94 ,?is incom+ ( ,mi?raism _h special significance = ! reason t ,mi?ra1 z ! god ( light1 0 inve/$ ) c]ta9 moral qualities symboliz$ by 8 physical attributes4 ,he 0 ! god ( tru? & purity4 ,x 0 ?is moral elem5t 9 ! cult1 9 connection ) its doctr9e ( a future life1--! promise & hope ( :i* 0 dep5d5t ^u purification1 inw>d z well z c]emonial1 f all e>?ly /a9s & impurities1--:i* 9 a measure met & satisfi$ ! ye>n+s ( ! age1 & :i*1 9 ! great religi\s & e?ical propag&a t m>k$ ! lat] c5turies ( ! ,roman ,empire1 r5d]$ ! religion ( ,mi?ra ! mo/ =midable rival ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its great competition ) ! v>i\s ,ori5tal religions & cults = supremacy 9 ! he>ts & consci5ces ( m54#fbb ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ! ,egyptian & ,p]sian propag&a to t ( ,*ri/ianity ,b ! pagan prie/ no m ?an ! pagan philosoph] c\ld effect ! moral r5ovation ( anci5t society4 ,l ! moral propag&a c>ri$ on by ,cynic1 ,/oic1 & ,neoplatoni/ mission>ies & prea*]s1 ^! ef=ts ( paganism to effect its own moral reg5]ation fail$1 p]haps because ^! pagan cults lack$ :at ,*ri/ianity possess$--8! dynamic ( a great p]sonality40 ,yet ^! ef=ts 7 n )\t influ5ce ^u ! e?ical developm5t ( ! ,we/]n nations4 ,9 two ways ! ,egyptian & ,p]sian propag&a 0 a prep>ation = ! moral revolution effect$ by ,*ri/ianity3 fir/1 x help$ to give morality a religi\s basis1 :i* x did n h 9 classical antiquity2 & second1 x taught m5 to seek 9 deity & n 9 !mselves ! patt]n ( moral excell5ce4#fbc ,?us did ,egypt & ,p]sia1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( religion1 contribute important e?ical elem5ts to ,greco-,roman civilization1 & !reby help to give a fre% impulse & a new tr5d to ! moral evolution ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,doctr9al ,,*ri/ianity3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,"r ,,belief ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical import ( ! ,*ri/ianization ( ,rome ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 its ,greco-,judaic =m1 z ! favor$ religion ( ! ,roman ,empire by ! edict ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e is rightly reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts n only 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,empire b also 9 t ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,:at made ?is act1 or r ! religi\s revolution x regi/]$1 ( su* transc5d5t importance 0 ! fact t ! asc5dancy ( ! new religion meant ! asc5dancy ( a new moral ideal2 = ,*ri/ianity1 unlike ,/oicism1 did n m]ely act ^u ! old classical ideal ( excell5ce to modify & remold x1 b sup]s$$ x by ano!r made up l>gely ( a :olly diff]5t set ( virtues4 ,x 0 ?is new e?ical elem5t ?us introduc$ into ,greco-,roman civilization :i* 0 ! mo/ dynamic ( ! =ces active 9 ! trans=mation ( ! anci5t into ! m$ieval _w4 ,! new ideal re-creat$ e?ically ! ,roman _w & made ,europe = a ?\s& ye>s & m--until ! ,r5aissance ( ! fifte5? c5tury call$ =? aga9 ! e?ical ?\ght & feel+ ( classical antiquity--9 moral conviction & /riv+ an ext5sion ( ,asia4 ,a pr]equisite to an intellig5t /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ?is new moral ideal is a k ( ! beliefs & !ological doctr9es out ( :i* x arose2 = ?is ideal has ?r\gh ! c5turies foll[$ ! =tune ( ^! beliefs & tea*+s4 ,9 ! imm$iately foll[+ pages we %all indicate :at 7 "s ( ! mo/ influ5tial ( ^! ideas & doctr9es4 ,i4 ,,religi\s ,,ideas ,,& ,,!ological ,,dogmas ,,mold+ ,,! ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( a moral law sup]naturally reveal$ ,among ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ian !ology freight$ heavily ) e?ical consequ5ces 0 t ( a moral law sup]naturally promulgat$4 ,?is 0 ess5tially an ,ori5tal conception1 a h]itage ( ,*ri/ianity f ! ,hebrew pa/1 & a conception q ali5 9 g5]al to ! mann] ( ?9k+ ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ) :om morality1 z we h se51 0 a civic & secul> & human ?+1 an expression ( man's ess5tial nature1 t is1 an outcome ( ! human reason & consci5ce4 ,?is doctr9e ex]cis$ an imm5se influ5ce ^u ! moral evolution 9 ! ,we/]n _w4 ,fir/1 x displac$ naturalism ) sup]naturalism 9 e?ics4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( morals records no revolution m mom5t\s ?an ?is4 ,second1 x made rigid l>ge sections ( ! moral code & ?us t5d$ to imp>t = an hi/orical epo* a c]ta9 immobility to ! religi\s-e?ical side ( ,european civilization4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tea*+ ( ! unity ( ,god & ( 8 univ]sal fa!rhood ,ano!r idea f\nd 9 ?is body ( religi\s doctr9es1 an idea ri* 9 e?ical consequ5ces1 0 ! conception ( ,god z "o & z ! ,univ]sal ,fa!r4 ,we h se5 t ! great defect 9 primitive morality 0 ! limit$ range ( ! moral feel+s4 ,! circle ( moral obligation 0 b\nd$ by ! clan1 ! tribe1 ! city4 ,?is result$ 9 l>ge "p f ! notion t ea* k9 gr\p _h an orig9 & ance/ry diff]5t f t ( e o!r4 ,"o gr\p ?\ght !mselves to be ! (fspr+ ( ,zeus2 ano!r proclaim$ !mselves to be ! desc5dants ( ,h]acles2 & /ill ano!r believ$ !mselves to be ! *ildr5 ( ,m>s4 ,s long z ?is view ( m5's orig9 & desc5t prevail$ !re c\ld arise no conception ( _! spiritual relation%ip & e?ical on5ess4 ,tacitus m]ely express$ ! common op9ion ( ! anci5t _w :5 he decl>$ absurd ! doctr9e t all m5 are bro!rs4 ,b f ! doctr9e ( ! common fa!rhood ( ,god !re arises naturally ! conception ( ! ess5tial bro!rhood ( m54 ,! apo/le's decl>ation1 8,we are ! (fspr+ ( ,god10#fbd--phras+ ! tea*+s ( ! ,ma/] 9 t]ms und]/ood by ! m5 to :om he spoke1--ann\nc$ ! op5+ ( a new era 9 ! moral developm5t ( ! race4 ,! proclamation ( ?is practically new ?\ght#fbe meant1 at once 9 e?ical !ory & soon] or lat] 9 actual practice1 ! wid5+ ( ! n>r[ class & race circle ( moral obligation to include all tribes & peoples4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( a future life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts ,greco-,roman morality 0 influ5c$ b slightly by a belief 9 a life aft] dea?4 ,! vision ( ! o!r _w 0 9 g5]al too indi/9ct = x to ex]t any decid$ influ5ce ^u ! conduct ( m54#fbf ,! conception ( ,hades1 ?\gh x did und]go ) ! lapse ( "t a process ( moralization1 0 nev] s f> e?icaliz$ z to h a positive moral value4 ,b by ,*ri/ianity ! o!r _w 0 lift$ into su* prom95ce z x _h _h 9 ! life & ?\ght ( no p ( antiquity except ! ,egyptians1 & immortality 0 decl>$ to be ! de/9y ( e human s\l4 ,) ! classical peoples x 0 ! city :i* _h be5 conceiv$ z et]nal4 ,?is transf]5ce ( immortality f ! city to ! individual _h va/ import = morality4#fbg ,:at contribut$ to r5d] x ( su* e?ical importance 0 ! fact t ! aft] life 0 conceiv$ z a life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,a heav5 ( ineffable & ev]la/+ bliss & a hell ( unutt]able & ev]la/+ torm5t 7 laid op5 to ! eyes ( m51 & became ! trem5d\s sanctions ( ! new moral code promulgat$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ( ?is tea*+ ^u ! moral life ( ! ,european peoples1 especially dur+ ! m$ieval c5turies ( fai?4 ,to make ?is life transitory1 va91 & wor?less1 & life 9 ano!r _w ! only real life1 is to cause ! transvaluation ( all moral values1 & to *ange fundam5tally conceptions ( :at is rational & "r 9 conduct4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tea*+ ( ! sanctity ( human life ,spr++ naturally f ! =ego+ conceptions ( man's orig9 & et]nal de/9y is ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! sanctity ( human life4 ,9 no respect d ,*ri/ian tea*+s contra/ m %>ply ) pagan conceptions ?an 9 ?is reg>d4 ,9 ! ,greco-,roman view value did n atta* to man z man4 ,to ! ,greek way ( ?9k+ x 0 ! ,greek freeman alone :o possess$ ! full capacity = virtue & ! rights ( manhood4 ,9 ! common ,roman view only ! ,roman citiz5 0 reg>d$ z d[]$ ) ! full faculties & rights ( a human be+4 ,! slave 0 look$ ^u & treat$ z belong+ to an inf]ior ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( man's div9e son%ip & ( 8 et]nal de/9y gave inf9ite wor? to e human life1 &1 inve/+ man z man ) an inviolable sanctity1 work$ effectively 9 wid5+ ! range ( ! moral sympa?ies & 9 br++ )9 ! scope ( ! moral law all classes & conditions ( m54 ,x *eck$ infanticide1 :i* 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian _w _h be5 v g5]ally practic$ )\t ! lea/ moral scruple2 x suppress$ ! gladiatorial games 9 :i* ! lives ( m5 7 plac$ on a level ) ^? ( ! wild bea/s ) :i* !y f\ght2 x help$ to make suicide1 :i* ! ,romans look$ ^u z a noble mode ( dep>ture f life1 a crime2 & contribut$ to mitigate ! lot ( ! slave & f9ally to help lift him into fre$om4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dogma ( ! fall ( man & h]$it>y guilt ,! view ( man's moral nature taught by ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity 0 simple & natural4 ,x is embodi$ 9 ! p>able ( ! prodigal son4 ,man may g wrong1 b he has ev] ! capacity1 &1 :5 he comes to himself1 ! desire1 to return to ! "r way4 ,9 direct opposition to ?is view ( man's nature & deepe/ pref]5ces z be+ ess5tially good1 we f9d elaborat$ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian !ology ! dogma t ! fir/ man1 ?\gh creat$ upright1 fell ?r\gh disob$i5ce & transmitt$ to all 8 desc5dants a nature :olly evil & a total incapacity = do+ good or ev5 desir+ ! good4 ,& n only 0 man ?us atta9t$ by ! primal disob$i5ce1 b all nature became accurs$4 ,?is dogma ( ! fall ( man is "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial conceptions 9 ! moral doma9 ev] ent]ta9$ by ! human m9d4 ,x 0 ! g]m f :i* 0 develop$ ! l>g] "p ( ,*ri/ian !ological e?ics4#fbh ,= out ( ! dogma ( ance/ral s9 & total depravity sprang naturally & logically ! doctr9es ( ! atonem5t1 imput$ righte\sness1 & salvation ?r\gh fai?4 ,! moral hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies we %all f9d to be l>gely ! hi/ory ( ! influ5ce ( ?is doctr9e ^u m5's conceptions ( _! religi\s obligations & duties4 ,z ) ! passage ( "t & ! incom+ ( evolution>y sci5ce ! belief 9 ?is tea*+ decays1 we %all f9d m5's idea ( :at con/itutes duty 9 ! religi\s sph]e und]go+ a great *ange1 & %all see acts1 obs]vances1 & /ates ( m9d once reg>d$ z supremely virtu\s & indisp5sable to salvation n[ look$ ^u z morally indiff]5t or ev5 positively wrong4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( ! sacr$ness ( ! ,sabba? ,*ri/ianity inh]it$ f ,judaism ! belief 9 ! sacr$ "* ( ! ,sabba? day4 ,?is belief creat$ "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! religi\s duties ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x det]m9$ h[ "o sev5? ( all 8 "t %\ld be sp5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! obs]vance ( ?is ,sabba? z holy "t1 & ! *ang$ moral value atta*$ to su* obs]vance z times & beliefs h *ang$1 =ms a *apt] ( ! greate/ sugge/iv5ess to ! /ud5t ( ! evolution ( morals1 s9ce ?is *apt] epitomizes & repeats ! entire hi/ory ( c]emonial or ritual morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p]sonality ( ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?#fbi ,b f> m influ5tial ?an all ^! inh]it$ ,jewi% beliefs & doctr9es ( speculative !ology 9 mold+ ! moral ideal ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 all t r5d]s x sup]ior to ! moral ideals ( ! o!r great religions ( ! _w1 z well z 9 all t x possesses ( p]man5t e?ical value = humanity1 has be5 ! simple appeal+ /ory ( ! words & de$s ( ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?4#fcj ,^? elem5ts ( ! ideal :i* are bas$ on speculative !ological doctr9es h *ang$ z ^! doctr9es h *ang$ ) ! _w's advance 9 g5]al intellig5ce & ) ! deep5+ & cl>ify+ ( ! moral consci\sness ( m52 :ile ^? elem5ts d]iv$ f t wond]ful p]sonality1 f t life ( unb\nd$ t5d]ness & love & self-=gett+ s]vice1 h be5 giv5 an ev] high] & m dom9ant place 9 ! _w's ideal ( goodness4 ,9 ! eloqu5t words ( ! hi/orian ,lecky3 8,x 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ianity to pres5t to ! _w an ideal "*1 :i* ?r\gh all ! *anges ( eighte5 c5turies has inspir$ ! he>ts ( m5 ) an impassion$ love2 has %[n itself capable ( act+ on all ages1 nations1 temp]am5ts1 & conditions2 has be5 n only ! highe/ patt]n ( virtue b ! /ronge/ inc5tive to its practice2 & has ex]cis$ s deep an influ5ce t x may be truly said t ! simple record ( ?ree %ort ye>s ( active life has done m to reg5]ate & to s(t5 mank9d ?an all ! disquisitions ( philosoph]s & ! exhortations ( morali/s4 ,?is has inde$ be5 ! well-spr+ ( :atev] is be/ & pure/ 9 ,*ri/ian life40#fca ,,ii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,or?odoxy1 or correct religi\s op9ion1 ! indisp5sable sav+ virtue#fcb ,be=e ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury1 "u ! influ5ce l>gely ( ! speculative ,greek _s1 :at 0 to be ess5tially ! hi/orical cre$ ( ! ,*ur* _h be5 practically =mulat$ & ! correspond+ moral code br\ght into exi/5ce4#fcc ,9 ! creation ( ?is /&>d ( goodness :i* 0 to give guidance = an epo* to ! moral life ( ! ,european peoples1 x 0 ! !ological doctr9e ( ! moral value ( fai?1 :i* came practically to be def9$ z 8! acceptance ( ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ma9 articles ( ! cre$10 t det]m9$ ! prec$5ce & subord9ation ( virtues & duties4#fcd ,correct belief 0 made an indisp5sable virtue4 ,)\t ?is !re c\ld be no salvation4#fce ,on ! o!r h&1 unbelief1 d\bt1 error1 ev5 hone/ error1 9 religi\s matt]s 0 decl>$ to be 9 ! highe/ degree s9ful4 ,?is conception t belief is a virtue & d\bt a s9 0 de/9$1 s9ce x imp]ils fre$om ( ?\ght1 to h mom5t\s & s9i/] consequ5ces = ! intellectual & moral hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,sid5ote3 ,! virtue ( *>ity or love ,j z ! !ological dogma ( ! e?ical value ( religi\s op9ions has made correct belief !oretically ! sav+ virtue 9 ,*ur* e?ics1 s has ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 8 tea*+s & 8 self-sacrific+ life z mirror$ 9 ! gospel records1 made love & s]vice ( o!rs1 9 multitudes ( s\ls1 practically ! supreme & controll+ motive ( life4 ,x 0 ! emphasis plac$ by primitive ,*ri/ianity on ?is virtue1 & ! p]suasion to its practice af=d$ by ! example ( ! ,ma/]1 t = ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! new era--until ! emphasis became *ang$ f "r liv+ to "r op9ion--l5t to ! moral life 9 ! ,*ri/ian communities ( ! ,empire su* s9c]ity1 purity1 & elevation z h m>k$ no o!r p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b or?odox !ology has nev] all[$ t *>ity1 ?\gh comb9$ ) p]fect uprightness ( life & express$ 9 noble/ acts ( self-abnegat+ s]vice ( humanity1 is a sav+ virtue unless associat$ ) correctness ( religi\s belief & ! outgr[? ( x4 ,?is opposition 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* itself betwe5 !ological & natural morality has creat$ a great dualism 9 ! moral hi/ory ( all ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 l ! dualism 9 anci5t ,hebrew hi/ory caus$ by ! opposition betwe5 ! morality ( ritualism & ! morality ( prophetism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! body ( second>y virtues ,alongside ! prim>y ,*ri/ian virtue1 :e!r ?is be reg>d$ z correct belief or z *>ity1 7 gr\p$ a clu/] ( second>y virtues1 su* z humility1 meekness1 g5tl5ess1 compassion = weakness1 resignation1 & r5unciation ( ! _w4 ,:at is especially notewor?y respect+ ?is body ( moral qualities mak+ up ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( excell5ce is t all ^! 7 virtues :i* 9 g5]al 7 und]valu$ or held 9 positive dise/eem by ! ,greeks & ,romans4#fcf ,inde$ x 0 made a matt] ( reproa* to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians by ! pagan oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 t its virtues 7 all s]vile virtues--! virtues ( ! slave4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly ?is "* ( ! new ideal :i* caus$ x1 9 ! primal age ( ,*ri/ianity1 to make su* /rong appeal to ! common p1 to ! despis$ & l[ly1 to ! brok5 & humble 9 _s1 9 ! ari/ocratically grad$ society ( ! anci5t _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,creation ( specific types ?r\gh modifications ( ! g5]al ideal ,! ,*ri/ian ideal ( excell5ce has fulfill$ itself 9 _m ways2 t is1 diff]5t types h aris5 ?r\gh ! %ift+ 9 rank ( ! virtues con/itut+ ! ideal1 ?r\gh ! incorporation ( pagan elem5ts1 ?r\gh racial influ5ce1 & ?r\gh ! reaction ^u ! ideal ( ! *ang+ intellectual1 political1 & economic environm5t4 ,g5]ally ^! specific =ms ( ! ideal h be5 creat$ by an exagg]at$ en?usiasm = "o or ano!r p>ticul> virtue ( ! /&>d1 :i* has caus$ ?is special virtue s to ov]%ad[ all ! o!rs1 save ! indisp5sable "o ( correct belief1 z to br+ into exi/5ce a di/9ctive ,*ri/ian type4 ,?us ?r\gh ! exaltation ( ! virtue ( *a/ity !re arose 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* ! ascetic type ( excell5ce1 :i* = sev]al c5turies inspir$ unb\nd$ moral en?usiasm & drew away into ! des]t & into ! seclusion ( ! cloi/] great multitudes ( bo? m5 & wom52 lat]1 ?r\gh ! reaction ^u ! ,*ur* ( ! pagan & b>b>ian _w x _h nom9ally conv]t$1 & ?r\gh ! incorporation into ! ideal ( a numb] ( hea!n virtues1 !re came into exi/5ce a composite type ( "*--a comb9ation ( ! virtues ( ! sa9t & ! virtues ( ! h]o--kn[n z ! *ivalric ideal1 :i* color$ ! ev5ts ( ,european hi/ory f ! n9? to ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & /ill lat]1 ?r\gh ! suppression ( "s ( ! di/9ctive virtues ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic type ( excell5ce & a fre% emphasis laid ^u o!rs1 !re 0 creat$ ! ,prote/ant type ( moral "*1 :i* has giv5 a special ca/ to ! !ological morality ( a l>ge section ( mod]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,sid5ote3 ,limitations & defects ( ! ideal ,t we may bett] be prep>$ to foll[ intellig5tly ! v>i\s phases ( ! moral hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 to ! trac+ ( :i* ! rema9+ *apt]s ( ?is volume w be devot$1 !re is ne$ t to ! brief description we h n[ giv5 ( ! *ief virtues mak+ up ! ideal :i* 0 to give guidance to ! moral life ( ! ,european peoples1 we add a ^w conc]n+ its limitations & defects1 s9ce ^! negative qualities ( ! ideal h ex]cis$ an influ5ce sc>cely less decisive ?an its positive qualities 9 mak+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian _w :at x has be5--a hi/ory1 on ! :ole1 ( inspir+ moral progress1 yet a hi/ory ( moral losses z well z ( moral ga9s4 ,! fir/ limitation ( ! ideal :i* we notice is its practical exclusion ( ^? civic1 patriotic duties & virtues :i* _h be5 s highly e/eem$ by bo? ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,man 0 h5ce=? to be ! citiz5 ( no e>?ly city1 b ( a heav5ly city ^: build] & mak] is ,god4 ,we c easily und]/& h[ ?is new conception ( life1 :i* transf]r$ all its *ief int]e/s to ano!r _w1 :i* sub/itut$ ! ,*ur*--symboliz$ 9 accordance ) ! modes ( ?\ght ( ! "t z 8! city ( ,god0--= ! anci5t city /ate z ! object ( moral en?usiasm & self-devotion1 %\ld leave no place = ^? civic1 milit>y1 & h]oic virtues t _h con/itut$ ! v s\l ( ! morality ( classical antiquity4 ,a second limitation ( ! ideal is its neglect ( ! intellectual virtues1 :i* by ! ,greeks _h be5 assign$ su* a high place 9 _! e?ical /&>d4#fcg ,! slight+ ( ?is important doma9 ( e?ics by ,*ri/ian !ology arose naturally f its exaltation ( fai? above reason1 & f its assumption t 9 ! reveal$ ^w ! ,*ur* 0 already 9 possession ( all k really ess5tial to man's welf>e & salvation4#fch ,b ! *ief defect ( ! ideal1 ! lam5table hi/orical consequ5ces ( :i* we %all witness lat]1 is1 z we h already po9t$ out1 9 its mak+ ! acceptance ( all ! articles ( a giv5 cre$ an indisp5sable virtue4 ,9 assign+ or?odox belief ?is place 9 ! ideal ( moral goodness1 !ological e?ics has m>r$ ,*ri/ian morality by fo/]+ ! faults ( intol]ance & intellectual ins9c]ity4 ,?is dogma inspir$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 z soon z x became p[]ful1 a p]secut+ _s1 & made ,*ri/ianity = c5turies some?+ altoge!r ali5 to its real g5ius & _s--"o ( ! mo/ intol]ant ( ! _w's religions4 ,at ! same "t ?is dogma1 by mak+ religi\s unbelief & noncon=mity a s9 s he9\s z to be wor?y ( dea? by ! mo/ exquisite torture1 & ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t 9 ! h]eaft]1 disc\rag$ intellectual v]acity & op5-m9d$ness1 & fo/]$ ! vice ( ins9c]e con=mity1 :i*1 m ?an any o!r fault1 has m>r$ ,*ur* morality f ! end ( ! e>ly age ( ! m>tyrs to ! pres5t day4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusion ,9 ! foll[+ pages we %all foll[ ! =tunes ( ?is e?ical ideal ?r\gh m$ieval & mod]n times4 ,we %all trace ! modify+ influ5ce ^u x ( ! diff]5t & *ang+ elem5ts ( ! civilization ( :i* x has =m$ a "p1 & %all note ! reaction ( ! ideal1 9 its successive types1 ^u ! hi/ory ( ! pass+ c5turies4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,moral ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,asceticism ,i4 ,,conceptions ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,circum/ances ,,t ,,produc$ ,,! ,,ascetic ,,ideal ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al fo/]+ causes ( asceticism ,be=e ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury ! developm5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian communities ( ! ,ea/ ( asceticism1 ! g]ms ( :i* 7 imman5t f ! fir/ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 _h giv5 a rem>kable tr5d to ! moral movem5t inaugurat$ by ! new religion4 ,we %all ga9 a sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ?is phase ( ,*ri/ian e?ics only z we be> 9 m9d ! conceptions ( life & ( ! _w1 & ! hi/orical conditions :i* 9 g5]al t5d to fo/] ! developm5t ( ! ascetic ideal ( goodness4 ,asceticism1 a def9itive *>act]i/ic ( :i* is r5unciation ( ! _w & all e>?ly pleasures1 spr+s f v>i\s roots4 ,sometimes x gr[s out ( a duali/ic _w philosophy1 :i*1 hold+ matt] to be an evil creation & 8! corruptible body a load ^u ! s\l10 tea*es ! m]itori\sness ( ! suppression1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! _s1 ( all bodily impulses & appetites4 ,sometimes x arises f inequitable & oppressive conditions ( society1 :i* h made life = ! enslav$ & impov]i%$ masses s joyless & wret*$ z to create an inappeasable ye>n+ = deliv]ance f its intol]able burd5s4 ,aga91 x spr+s f a _w philosophy1 :i*1 because ( its vivid vision ( ano!r _w ( et]nal realities1 und]values & r$uces to no?+ness ?is e>?ly life & all its relation%ips4 ,/ill aga91 x may spr+ f ! soil ( a morally decad5t civilization1 =1 unless ! s\rces ( spiritual life h be5 :olly de/roy$1 f a debas+ s5suality & dissolut5ess t rob life ( wor? & dignity !re is ev] sure to come a reaction--a reaction express+ itself 9 an extreme emphasis laid ^u ! wor? & m]itori\sness ( _w r5unciation4 ,sid5ote3 ,fo/]+ causes ( ,*ri/ian asceticism3 7a7 c]ta9 ,*ri/ian tea*+s ,n[ 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity !re 01 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies1 an unusual concurr5ce ( causes & conditions conducive to ! gr[? ( asceticism4 ,fir/1 !re 7 virile g]ms ( asceticism 9 ! tea*+s ( ! new religion4 ,x taught t ! ?+s ( ! _s are ! only abid+ realities4 ,x caus$ ?is e>?ly life to %r9k into insignificance & to disappe> z x op5$ to ! eyes ( fai? ! inf9ite p]spectives ( ano!r _w4 ,! ,ma/] said3 8,he t hate? 8 life 9 ?is _w %all keep x unto life et]nal4444 ,:osoev] he be ( y t =sake? n all t he ha?1 he _c be my disciple40 ,& to ! "y man :o ask$ him :at he %\ld d to inh]it et]nal life1 he repli$1 8,sell all t ?\ ha/1 & di/ribute unto ! poor1 & ?\ %alt h treasure 9 heav53 & come1 foll[ me40 ,he seem$ to set ! relation%ips ( ! spiritual life above ! mo/ intimate ( e>?ly relation%ips :5 he decl>$1 8,if any man come to me1 & hate n 8 fa!r1 & "m1 & wife1 & *ildr51 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 yea1 & 8 own life also1 he _c be my disciple40 ,he taught ! wor?lessness ( e>?ly ri*es comp>$ ) ! treasures ( ! _s1 & decl>$ t ! ri* %\ld h>dly ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! disciples & ne> foll[]s ( ! ,ma/] spoke 9 l mann]4 ,^! tea*+s t5d$ directly & p[]fully to cause m5 to reg>d ?is e>?ly life z fleet+ & valueless1 & to e/eem ^? z *oos+ ! bett] & wor?i] "p :o1 break+ all e>?ly ties & suppress+ all natural affections & desires1 s\ght 9 ! solitude ( ! des]t or ! quiet ( ! cloi/] to w9 ! life et]nal4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,! social & moral /ate ( ! ,greco-,roman _w ,^! se$s ( ,asian asceticism fell into a soil well fitt$ to n\ri% !m into a vigor\s gr[?4 ,! doctr9e ( _w r5unciation 0 "o easy ( acceptance by ! age 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity arose1#fci = ! _w into :i* primitive ,*ri/ianity ent]$ 0 a s5ile1 disillusion$1 morally corrupt1 & life-we>y _w4 ,x 0 an ag$ & disillusion$ _w4 ,! great races ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 :i* _h be5 ! pione]s 9 human culture1 7 n[ old4 ,!y _h lo/ ! y\?ful ze/ ( life4 ,x 0 ! disillusionm5t ( age t pr$ispos$ ! m9ds ( m5 to an acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( deliv]ance ?r\gh self-d5ial & r5unciation ( ! _w4 ,& ?is old _w 0 morally corrupt4 ,! vice ( anci5t civilization 9 its s5ility 0 s5suality4 ,*ri/ian asceticism 0 9 "p a recoil f ?is dissolut5ess :i* d5i$ ! wor? & maje/y ( life4#fdj ,& because x 0 a s5sual _w x 0 a life-we>y _w4 ,! prevail+ mood ( society ( ! ,greco-,roman ,empire at ! "t ( ! great propag&a ( ,*ri/ianity 0 "o ( satiety & we>9ess4 ,x 0 a favorable mom5t to prea* contempt ( ! _w & all e>?ly ?+s4 ,?us did ! /ate ( decrepitude & moral decad5ce into :i* ! cultur$ communities ( ! anci5t _w _h fall51 help to develop into a _s ( absolute _w r5unciation ! _s ( unworldl9ess :i* *>act]iz$ primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,! ,platonic philosophy ,/ill ano!r influ5ce :i* contribut$ to give direction & =ce to ! e?ical movem5t ( ! age 0 ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,!re is 9 ?is philosophy an ascetic elem5t4 ,plato taught t a life ( contemplation alo( f society is ! highe/ & ! truly bless$ life4 ,?is tea*+ 0 "o ( ! =mative =ces 9 ! creation ( ! mona/ic ideal4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,& ,,its ,,*ief ,,types ,sid5ote3 ,! two types ( ! ascetic ideal3 7a7 ! an*oretic2 7b7 ! mona/ic ,! moral ideal ( ,*ri/ian asceticism is1 9 its ess5tial elem5ts1 ! same z ! ascetic ideal ( o!r religions4 ,its lead+ requirem5t1 aft] t ( "r belief1 is1 9 compreh5sive t]ms1 _w r5unciation4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian p]iod ) :i* we h "h to d1 ! ideal pres5t$ two types1 ! an*oretic & ! mona/ic4 ,! an*oretic or eremite conception ( ! p]fect life 0 complete r5unciation ( ! _w ) all its dome/ic1 social1 bus9ess1 & political ties1 & a life 9 ! des]t1 ap>t f all human companion%ip1 sp5t 9 ceaseless vigils1 pray]1 & m$itation4 ,he :o foll[$ ?is mode ( life ) ! utmo/ rigor1 :o suppress$ e natural desire1--desire ( family & weal? & reputation & pleasure1--& tam$ 8 body by fa/+1 sc\rg+1 & o!r au/]ities 0 look$ ^u z a sa9t & 0 reg>d$ ) peculi> homage & v5]ation4 ,?r\gh\t ! ?ird & mu* ( ! f\r? c5tury 9 all ! c\ntries ( ! ,ori5t :]e ,*ri/ianity _h spread1 ! an*oretic ideal 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ & mo/ m]itori\s type ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,b z ! ascetic en?usiasm ov]spread ! l&s ( ! ,we/1 v>i\s influ5ces1 su* z climate & race temp]am5t1 caus$ ! ascetics 9 g5]al to avoid ! solit>y life1 &1 ga!r+ 9 communities1 to subject !mselves to rules & ! ov]sight ( sup]iors4 ,aft] ! legislation ( ,/4 ,b5$ict 7#dhj-edc ,a4,d47 ?is quickly became ! prevail+ mode ( life = ascetics4 ,?us came into exi/5ce ! mona/ic sy/em ) its di/9ctive ideal ( "*1 :i* add$ to ! virtues ( ! eremite ideal ! virtue ( ob$i5ce or humility & abat$ some:at its bodily au/]ities4 ,?is ideal 0 de/9$ to ex]cise = c5turies a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! religi\s e?ical evolution ( ! ,european peoples4 ,bo? types are mirror$ 9 ,! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1#fda ! *>act]i/ic lit]>y product ( ! e>li] m$ieval "t4 ,?is species ( lit]ature1 a creation ( ! pi\s inv5tiv5ess ( ! monks1 0 /eep$ 9 ! _s t p]vad$ h]mitage & cloi/]4 ,! tales illu/rate _m sides ( ! life ( ! recluses1 b are *iefly valuable 9 %[+ :at acts & practices 7 reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! mo/ m]itori\s & morally excell5t life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! moral /&>d = ! ord9>y life ,! ascetic life 0 n b9d+ ^u all4 ,x c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 become ! univ]sal mode ( life4 ,x 0 a sort ( extra s]vice1 :i* secur$ extra m]it = him :o r5d]$ x4#fdb ,x is true t ! ascetic ideal absorb$ a va/ am\nt ( ! moral en?usiasm ( ! age1 nev]!less x 0 a /&>d ( moral atta9m5t = ! less] numb]2 = ! l>g] body ( ,*ri/ians !re 0 ! less exact+ ideal ( excell5ce :i* c\ld be realiz$ 9 ! ord9>y life 9 ! _w4 ,he :o practic$ ! common dome/ic1 social1 & bus9ess virtues1 :o accept$ ! cre$ ( ! ,*ur*1 paid ti!s to ! prie/1 & 0 fai?ful 9 ! p]=mance ( all requir$ religi\s duties1 0 acc\nt$ a good man1 & _h ! approval ( 8 fell[ m5 & ! approbation ( 8 own consci5ce4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,moral ,,facts ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod ,sid5ote3 ,introductory ,9 ! pres5t division ( ?is *apt] x w be our aim m]ely to indicate ! ess5tial facts 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! e>li] m$ieval c5turies4 ,"s ( ^! facts w s]ve to %[ 9 h[ rem>kable a mann] ! age 0 dom9at$ by ! mona/ic conception ( good life1 :ile o!rs w simply reveal ! hi/orical outwork+s1 9 its m g5]al manife/ations1 ( ! new consci5ce br\ght into ! _w by ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ideal ( ! sa9t & t ( ! h]o3 8,dialogue betwe5 ,ois9 & ,/4 ,patrick0 ,z a prelude to ! brief review propos$ we %all d well to consid] = a mom5t ! contr>iety betwe5 ! new ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian monk & ! old ideal ( ! pagan h]o z ?is opposit5ess em]ges 9 ! s-call$ 8,dialogue betwe5 ,ois9 & ,/4 ,patrick40#fdc ,?is poem discloses mo/ impressively ! va/ revolution :i* ! incom+ ( ,*ri/ianity effect$ 9 ! moral feel+s & judgm5ts ( m54 ,ois91 8! bl9d ,hom] ( ,er910 is repres5t$ z 9 8 old age ent]+ into a controv]sy ) ! sa9t respect+ ! relative m]its ( ! monk's & ! h]o's conception ( wor?9ess4 ,! dialogue runs z foll[s3 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,ois91 long is ?y slumb]1 arise & li/5 to ! psalm2 =sak5 is ?y activity1 =sak5 ?y /r5g?1 yet w\ld/ ?\ delight 9 battle & wild upro>4 ,,ois94 ,my swiftness & my /r5g? h des]t$ me s9ce ! ,f5ii1 ) ,fionn _! *ief1 are no long] alive2 = cl]ks ,i h no atta*m5t1 & _! melodies are n sweet to me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o ,patrick1 h>d is ?y s]vice1 & %ameful is x = y to reproa* me = my appe>ance2 if ,fionn liv$1 & ! ,f5ii1 ,i w\ld =sake ! cl]gy ( ! cross4 99 99 99 99 99 ,patrick1 pray ?\ to ! ,god ( heav5 = ,fionn ( ! ,f5ii & = 8 *ildr51 mak+ entreaty ( ! pr9ce1 ^: equal ,i h nev] he>d (4 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,o le>n$ man1 ,i desire n /rife ) !e1 b ,i w n make reque/ to heav5 = ,fionn1 = all ! actions ( 8 life 7 to be 9 love & to urge ! s\nd+ *ase4 ,,ois94 ,if y 7 to be 9 company ) ! ,f5ii1 ,o cl]k ( cl]gy & ( bells1 n = long w\ld/ ?\ be able to give he$ to ! ,god ( tru?1 & s]ve ! cl]gy4 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 444 ,ois91 ! rema9d] ( y\r life is %ort1 & badly w y f>e if y despise ! cl]gy4 ,,ois94 ,small is my e/eem = ?yself & cl]gy1 ,o holy ,patrick ( ! crozi]3 ,i h great] reg>d = ,fionn1 ! :ite-h&$ k+ ( ! ,f5ii1 b he is n ne> me n[4 ,m\rnful ,i am )\t 8 h\nds b\nd+1 & 8 dogs all ar\nd me2 if !y & _! agile h]o 7 alive1 ,patrick1 y w\ld h to fe> rebuke f me4 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,9 t way did y & ! ,f5ii ( ,er9 =sake heav53 y nev] submitt$ to religion1 b ev] put confid5ce 9 /r5g? ( limbs1 & 9 battles4 ,,ois94 ,7 ,fionn alive1 & ! ,f5ii comely & w>like1 ) _! h\nds runn+ propiti\sly1 !y w\ld seem to me m maje/ic ?an ^? :o dwell 9 heav54 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,desolate are ! ,f5ii1 )\t slumb] or lib]ty 9 ! h\se ( torm5t1 = nev] 9 any way did !y r5d] s]vice to ! ,holy ,fa!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ois94 ,fionn delight$ 9 /rokes ^u %ields1 9 conqu]+ h]oes1 & hunt+ on hills2 ! s\nd ( 8 dogs 9 toil 0 m melodi\s to me ?an ! prea*+ ( cl]ks 9 *ur* ( bells4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,x is because 8 "t & delight 7 tak5 up by pleasures ( ! *ase1 & ! array ( w>like ho/s2 & because he nev] ?\ght ab\t ,god1 t ,fionn ( ! ,f5ii is 9 ?ralldom4 ,he is n[ %ut up 9 torm5t2 all 8 g5]osity & weal? d n avail him n[1 = lack ( piety t[>d ,god1 = ?is he is 9 sorr[1 9 ! mansion ( pa94 ,,ois94 ,little d ,i believe 9 ?y spee*1 ?\ man f ,rome ) :ite books1 t ,fionn ! g5]\s h]o is n[ ) demons & devils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o ,patrick1 doleful is ! /ory3 ,fionn ! hospitable to be "u locks6 he>t )\t malice & )\t av]sion1 he>t /]n 9 def5se ( battle4 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,h[ev] great ! numb] ( troops fight+ = ,fionn1 he did n act ! w ( ,god above3 8 crimes are above him 9 pa9s ( fire1 =ev] 9 angui%4 ,,ois94 ,x is pla9 t y\r ,god does n delight 9 giv+ gold & food to o!rs3 ,fionn nev] refus$ /rong or weak1 & %all he receive hell = 8 abode666 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,h[ev] mu* he may h divid$ gold & v5ison1 h>d are 8 bonds 9 ! d5 ( pa9s3 no glimpse ( light = him1 no sight ( brightness su* z he fir/ receiv$ f ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ois94 ,patrick1 inquire ( ,god if ,he rememb]s ! ,f5ii :5 alive3 ask if1 ea/ or we/1 ,he ev] saw m5 bett] 9 conflict4 ,or did ,he obs]ve 9 ,8 own c\ntry1 al?\gh x is high above u1 = s5se1 = conflict1 or = /r5g?1 any man good 9 comp>ison ) ,fionn8 99 99 99 99 99 ,patrick1 ,i am wret*$1 a poor b>d1 ev] *ang+ resid5ce1 )\t p[]1 )\t activity1 )\t =ce1 j\rney+ to mass & alt>s4 ,)\t good food1 )\t gett+ weal? & booty1 )\t play 9 a?letic games2 )\t go+ a-woo+ & hunt+1 two objects = :i* ,i always long$4 ,)\t recit+ de$s ( *ampions1 )\t be>+ spe>2 alas6 ,i h lo/ ,osgur & ,fionn1 & ,i am left /&+ l a )]$ tree1 out "u injury4 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,cease1 ,o ,b>d6 ,leave (f ?y folly2 y h z yet said b little 9 fav\r ( y\rself3 ?9k ( ! torm5ts t await y2 ! ,f5ii are dep>t$1 & ere long y w g likewise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ois94 ,i w n obey y1 ,o ,patrick1 ?\gh great y\r cre$ & fai?4 ,i own )\t lie t firm is my belief t ! devil w be y\r portion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w\ld r return to ! ,f5ii once m1 ,o ,patrick1 if !y 7 alive1 ?an g to ! heav5 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 to be =ev] "u tribute to ,him4 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,o )]$ ,b>d1 ?\ art fooli%2 ?\ w\ld/ n pay tribute to any "o if ?\ wa/ 9 ! heav5 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 nor w\ld/ ?\ witness battle & upro>4 ,,ois94 ,i w\ld r be 9 ,fionn's c\rt h>k5+ to ! voices ( h\nds e morn+1 & m$itat+ on h>d-f\ght battles1 ?an 9 ! c\rt ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 t is c]ta94 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 easi] = me to obta9 )\t fail bo? meat & dr9k 9 ,fionn's c\rt ?an 9 ?y mansion1 & 9 ! dwell+ ( ! ,son ( ,god1 ,o ,patrick1 n g5]\s 9 divid+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,x is bett] = !e to be ) me & ! cl]gy1 z ?\ art1 ?an to be ) ,fionn & ! ,f5ii1 = !y are 9 hell )\t ord] ( release4 ,,ois94 ,by ?y book & its mean+1 by ?y crozi] & by ?y image1 bett] 7 x = me to %>e _! torm5ts1 r ?an be among ! cl]gy cont9ually talk+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ah6 ,patrick1 y\r religion may be great2 b ,i h n1 up to ?is day1 witness$ among ye d9n] nor banquet l banquet ( ! ,f5ii4 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,al?\gh ,fionn sp5t g5]\sly all he obta9$ by /r5g?1 fleetness1 & plund]1 he is n[ sorr[ful 9 ! mansion ( a "l :o furni%es no d9n]1 & demons torm5t him =ev]4 ,,ois94 ,x w\ld be pitiful & m\rnful1 if ?y /ory 7 true1 ah ,patrick6 = all ! sa9ts :o are 9 heav51 if !y 7 to /rive ) ,fionn 9 conte/ ( lib]ality1 c\ld n obta9 ! victory ov] him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tell to me )\t controv]sy :at is ! reason ( ! cu/om y h to be ev] beat+ y\r brea/s1 & ea* ev5+ kneel+ "u gloom8 ,,/4 ,,patrick4 ,i tell !e t x is n because we h sc>city ( food & ( dr9k t we are "u arm\r 7wat*+71 b because we desire to be p]petually on our gu>d aga9/ gluttony4 ,,ois94 ,x is n fe> ( gluttony1 nor 9 dread ( k+ ( sa9ts t ,i receive = myself sc>city ( bread1 b because ,i am n able to obta9 x f ! cl]gy4 ,a/oni%m5t is ^u me to witness ! greatness ( y\r love = ! man y call ,*ri/1 if h]eaft] he w p]petually upbraid y = ! abundance ( y\r portions & ( y\r dr9k6 ,f>ewell to ,fionn ( ! noble ,f5ii2 ) him 0 ample banquet & division2 he 0 n l ! man :o is call$ ,god2 & moreov] he gave )\t wait+ = remun]ation4444 ,nev] at any "t did ,i witness him ask+ = kneel+ & bitt] weep+4#fdd ,b va9 0 ! lam5t ( ! bl9d b>d4 ,! ideal ( ! pagan h]o1 ^: fame he vaunt$1 _h lo/ its primal appeal4 ,x 0 ! ideal ( ! cloi/]1 inc>nate 9 ! 8sa9t ( _m pray]s & _m vigils10 t 0 n[ en?rall+ ! affections & %ap+ ! consci5ces ( m54 ,sid5ote3 ,! mona/]ies z ! cradle ( ! mod]n social consci5ce ,9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations ! va/ en?usiasm awak5$ = ! ascetic life cov]$ all ,*ri/ian l&s ) conv5ts & mona/]ies1 :i* 9 _! e?ical influ5ce con/itut$ "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! in/itutions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 tru?1 ! mona/]ies /& 9 clos] & m vital relation ?an does any o!r ecclesia/ical in/itution to ! e?ical evolution ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,! s]vice !y r5d]$ to civilization 9 pres]v+ & transmitt+ to ! mod]n _w v>i\s elem5ts ( ! intellectual & mat]ial cultures ( antiquity has be5 fully recogniz$ & gratefully ackn[l$g$2 b n s full ju/ice has be5 r5d]$ !m = _! contribution to ! moral life ( mod]n times4 ,yet x is probably true t ! mo/ preci\s ?+ cons]v$ by ! mona/]ies f ! wreck ( anci5t civilization 0 t social consci5ce :i* 0 g5]at$ 9 ! he>t ( old ,judaism & bequea!d to ,*ri/ianity4 ,pr(essor ,na%1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,! ,g5esis ( ! ,new ,social ,consci5ce1 ma9ta9s1 & we ?9k ) "r1 t ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! mod]n consci5ce--t5d]ness = ! un=tunate1 a l(ty altruism1 a noble capacity = self-sacrifice--7 qualities cons]v$ & cradl$ 9 ! m$ieval mona/]ies4 ,?is view ( ! relation ( ! mona/]ies to ! moral evolution 9 ,we/]n civilization may be accept$ by ! /ud5t ( morals z a correct int]pretation ( m$ieval mona/ic hi/ory1 :ile at ! same "t he admits ! tru? ( ,lecky's cont5tion t !re 0 a self-reg>d+ motive 9 ,*ri/ian asceticism--x 0 p]sonal salvation1 he says1 t ! monk 0 prim>ily seek+--:i* made ! morality ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts inf]ior to ! morality ( ! h]oes ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t _m ent]$ ^u ! mona/ic life f self-reg>d+ motives2 b x is also true t con/ant m$itation ^u religi\s !mes1 & especially ! hold+ ev] be=e ! imag9ation ! ideal ( ! ,ma/]1 :o = love ( man made ! supreme self-sacrifice ( ! ,cross1 _h z a natural result ! deep5+ ( ! altrui/ic feel+s1 ! s5sitiz+ ( ! consci5ce1 & ! mov+ ( ! w to self-d5y+ s]vice = o!rs4 ,z a consequ5ce ! _s ( true self-r5unciation 0 (t5 exalt$ among ! recluses ( ! cloi/] to an unwont$ degree1 & ?us x came ab\t 9 ! c\rse ( "t t _m :o out ( solicitude = _! own salvation _h s\ght ! solitude ( ! cloi/] are lat] f\nd 9 ! outside _w1 go+ ab\t1 9 imitation ( _! ,ma/]1 do+ good1 m9i/]+ 9 ! _s ( absolute self-=getfulness to ! ne$s1 temporal z well z spiritual1 ( ! poor1 ! afflict$1 ! heavy-lad51 & ! life-we>y4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! philan?ropic "w ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 c>ri$ on by ! monks4 ,?is humanit>ian _s1 ?is cloi/] consci5ce ( mona/icism1 0 bequea!d to society at l>ge4 ,?us may ! direct l9e ( desc5t ( ! mod]n social consci5ce be trac$ ?r\gh ! m$ieval mona/]ies4 ,sid5ote3 ,! new consci5ce condemns & f9ally suppresses ! gladiatorial games ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & ! mo/ important ( ! moral re=ms effect$ by ! new consci5ce 9 ! in/itutions ( pagan ,rome 0 ! suppression ( ! gladiatorial games4 ,= almo/ sev5 hundr$ ye>s prec$+ ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,roman _w1 ^! spectacles _h =m$ ! favorite amusem5t ( ! ,roman p )\t hav+ awak5$ any special moral prote/4 ,"s ( ! pagan philosoph]s & morali/s1 p>ticul>ly ,s5eca & ,plut>*1 _h d5\nc$ !m z oppos$ to ! s5tim5t ( humanity1 b _! prote/ _h f\nd no e*o 9 ! common consci5ce ( ! age4 ,z a rule ! pagan morali/s saw no?+ 9 !m to condemn4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! ,*ri/ian morali/s to awak5 ! consci5ce to a recognition ( ! crim9ality ( ^! cruel spectacles4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ ( ! sacr$ness ( human life t contribut$ p[]fully to create ! new e?ical feel+ z to ! immoral "* ( ^! amusem5ts1 & prep>$ ! way = _! f9al abolition 7#djd ,a4,d47 ?r\gh ! prote/ made by ! monk ,telema*us & seal$ by 8 m>tyr dea?4 ,speak+ ( ! significance ( ! abolition ( ! gladiatorial games1 ,lecky decl>es t 8!re is sc>cely any o!r re=m s important 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d40#fde ,"o ?+ :i* enhanc$ greatly ! importance ( ! re=m 0 its timel9ess4 ,j at ! mom5t ( ! suppression ( ^! spectacles ! ,g]manic tribes 7 pass+ ! fronti]s ( ! ,empire & adopt+ ! cu/oms & in/itutions ( ! ,romans4 ,_h n ^! amusem5ts be5 aboli%$ or put "u ! ban ( ! moral feel+s be=e ! f9al cata/rophe to ! ,empire1 ! b>b>ian ta/es & fight+ in/9cts ( ?is new race w\ld h l$ to ! eag] introduction ( ^! sports into all ! nor!rn c\ntries1 j z c]ta9ly z ! humane _s ( ! ,greeks prev5t$ _! g5]al introduction into ,grecian l&s4 ,:5 we recall ! indurat+ & dehumaniz+ effects ( ^! amusem5ts ^u ! ,roman populace1 we realize ! importance & timel9ess ( ! re=m :i* kept ! b>b>ian nations free f _! brutaliz+ & dead5+ influ5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! new consci5ce condemns infanticide & self-de/ruction ,equally emphatic 0 ! condemnation :i* ! new consci5ce pron\nc$ on infanticide & self-de/ruction4 ,we h se5 9 our review ( ! morality ( ! classical peoples h[ almo/ univ]sal 0 ! practice ( ! exposition ( infants1 & h[ slight 0 ! moral condemnation :i* ! cu/om evok$ ev5 f philosoph]s & morali/s4 ,:5 ! practice 0 prohibit$1 usually ! prohibition sprang f consid]ations ( a prud5tial or economic "* r ?an f scruples ( consci5ce4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s1 proclaim+ ! sacr$ness ( human life & ! immortal de/9y ( e human s\l1 decl>$ ! de/ruction ( ! infant z s9ful z ! tak+ ( ! life ( ! adult4 ,x is to ?is tea*+ d\btless t is1 9 l>ge measure1 due ! exi/5ce 9 ,*ri/ian l&s ( a consci5ce :i* condemns ! de/ruction ( ! newborn babe z an act ( deep moral turpitude4 ,x 0 ! same ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! sacr$ness ( human life1 along ) ! tea*+ ( ! duty ( resignation1 t creat$ also a new moral feel+ 9 reg>d to suicide4 ,we h se5 h[ ! consci5ce ( ! classical peoples 9 g5]al pass$ no condemnation ^u ! act ( self-de/ruction if life _h 9 any way become a burd52 b ! ,*ur* taught t suicide is ! same z murd]1 inde$ a great] s9 because x de/roys n only ! body b also ! s\l4 ,"s ,*ri/ian morali/s ma9ta9$ t 8,judas committ$ a great] s9 9 kill+ himself ?an 9 betray+ 8 ma/] ,*ri/40#fdf ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 ! act ( self-de/ruction 0 reg>d$ ) ! greate/ abhorr5ce1#fdg & )\t t comm+l+ ( t5d]ness & pity :i* ) u has come to temp] ! feel+ ( condemnation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! great mission>y propag&a z an expression ( ,*ri/ian altruism ,b ! new consci5ce f\nd mo/ *>act]i/ic expression n 9 its re/ra9ts & prohibitions b 9 its impulsions to altrui/ic activity & endeavor4 ,9 our acc\nt ( ! primitive e?ical ideals ( ,greece & ,rome we notic$ h[ ! virtue ( altruism or self-abnegation = ! common good 0 hidd5 "u ! guise ( c\rage4#fdh ,x 0 !re=e no new virtue :i* ,*ri/ianity br\ght into ! _w :5 x proclaim$ ! supreme moral excell5ce ( self-r5unciation = o!rs4 ,:at x did 0 to wid5 ! circle ( ^? = :om ! supreme sacrifice %\ld be made1 & to give ! virtue full] & ri*] cont5t4 ,x ?us imp>t$ fre% impulse to t altrui/ic movem5t :i* we h se5 to *>act]ize ! la/ c5turies ( ! civilization ( ,greco-,roman antiquity4 ,! deep5$ e?ical s5tim5t f\nd v>i\s =ms ( expression1 b ! mo/ important ( ^! 0 ! great mission>y propag&a :i*1 dur+ ! c5turies f ! six? to ! n9?1 c>ri$ ! new gospel to ! pagan ,g]man tribes ( ,europe4 ,lecky reg>ds ?is z ! *ief altrui/ic movem5t ( ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,?is conque/ ( ! cont95t = ,*ri/ianity 0 effect$ 9 l>ge "p by m5 ^: f]vid zeal = social s]vice _h be5 k9dl$ 9 ! quiet & holy atmosph]e ( ! cloi/]4#fdi ,! movem5t 0 inspir$ & ma9ta9$ by t same _s ( self-devotion :i* animat$ ! mission>ies ( ! apo/olic age ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! decl>ation ( ! fir/ great apo/le to ! g5tiles1 ,/4 ,paul1 t he w\ld himself will+ly be a ca/away if !reby he might secure ! salvation ( o!rs1 c\ld h be5 made by _m a self-devot$ monk-apo/le :o won a l cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 ,9 ! romance ( ,*ri/ian missions ! mona/ic *ronicles ( ,iona & ,l9disf>ne & ,/4 ,gall1 & ! tales ( ! labors & m>tyrdom ( ,sa9ts ,columba1 ,wilfrid1 ,boniface1 & a great company ( o!rs w nev] cease to en?rall ! imag9ation s long z ! virtue ( self-r5unciation is e/eem$ & rev]5c$ among m54 ,?is great mission>y movem5t :i* br\ght )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ur* ! nor!rn peoples is ( transc5d5t int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( morals1 n m]ely because x is su* a spl5did exhibition ( ! altrui/ic _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 b also because ! success ( ^! m$ieval missions meant1 besides ! w9n+ ( ! b>b>ians to a new religion1 ! w9n+ ( !m to a new moral life2 = to give a p a new religion is to give !m also a new consci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,almsgiv+ & ! f\nd+ ( *>itable in/itutions ,! altrui/ic _s ( ! new religion f\nd a second expression 9 *>ity1 9 ! s5se ( almsgiv+ to ! poor & ! wret*$4 ,?is 0 n a new virtue any m ?an t ( g5]al b5evol5ce4 ,x 0 nev]1 x is true1 a prom95t virtue ) ! ,greeks & ,romans1 b x _h always be5 giv5 a place among ! c>d9al virtues by all ! great e?ical religions ( ! ,ea/4 ,judaism laid special /ress ^u ! duty ( op5-h&$ness to ! poor1 :ile ,buddhism made x a rudim5t>y virtue4#fej ,*ri/ianity inh]it$ f ,judaism ?is attractive virtue & laid a fre% emphasis ^u x4 ,s9ce ! incom+ ( ,*ri/ianity ! poor & ! afflict$ h be5 c>$ = 9 a _s ( compassion & t5d]ness nev] be=e kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n races4 ,asylums & hospitals & *>itable in/itutions ( e k9d h multipli$ 9 numb] & h be5 increas$ 9 effectiv5ess 9 reliev+ want & di/ress z ! c5turies h pass$1 until ^! end[m5ts & provisions h become a di/9ctive feature ( ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,9 ! p]iod we are "h review+1 & ?r\gh\t ! lat] m$ieval ages1 gifts to ! mona/]ies 7 especially num]\s & l>ge1 "o reason = ?is be+ t ! monks 7 look$ ^u z ! almon]s ( society & 8tru/ees = ! poor40 ,! f\nd+ ( hospitals & ! end[+ ( infirm>ies af=d$ ano!r outlet = ! unb\nd$ *>ity ( ! age4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian hospital 0 f\nd$ at ,rome 9 ! f\r? c5tury by a ,roman lady nam$ ,fabiola1 a wid[ ( ! anci5t h\se ( ! ,fabii1 :o also e/abli%$ a hospice = pilgrims at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]4#fea ,! _s ( *>ity f\nd fur!r expression 9 ! emancipation ( slaves1 & 9 ! ransom+ ( prison]s ( w>1 especially1 aft] ! rise ( ,islam1 ( ,*ri/ian captives4 ,un=tunately ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* respect+ ! possibility ( possession by demons caus$ insanity to be reg>d$ z obsession by an evil _s1 & = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ?is belief n only put ! unhappy class ( ! insane outside ! pale ( ,*ri/ian *>ity1 b subject$ !m to ! mo/ cruel treatm5t t fe> & sup]/ition c\ld devise4#feb ,sid5ote3 ,mitigations ( slav]y ,a religion or a philosophy :i* has = aim ! re=m & improvem5t ( human society may act directly ei!r ^u ! individual or ^u in/itutions4 ,?us mod]n socialism ignores ! individual1 ma9ta9+ t ! individual is ! product ( environm5t1 & makes its direct proximate end & aim ! re=m ( social & economic in/itutions4 ,?r\gh ! improvem5t & p]fection ( ^! x w\ld br+ ab\t ! improvem5t & p]fection ( ! individual1 & ?us u%] 9 ! era ( equality1 ju/ice1 & bro!rhood among m54 ,n[ ! me?od ( ,*ri/ianity is exactly ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,its appeal is made to ! individual2 x does n conc]n itself directly ) social & indu/rial sy/ems1 or ) gov]nm5tal in/itutions & arrangem5ts4 ,x w\ld re=m society by re=m+ ! individual4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity ent]$ ! _w ,cs>ism _h j e/abli%$ itself ^u ! ru9s ( republican & national fre$om1 b ! ,*ri/ian prea*]s said no?+ ab\t political lib]ty2 ! ,ma/] _h said1 8,r5d] unto ,cs> ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s40 ,! w> sy/em 0 9 full vigor2 aft] a p]iod ( ,quak]ism ! ,*ur* fir/ condon$1 !n accept$1 & f9ally consecrat$ ?is h]itage ( b>b>ism z "o ( ! necess>y in/itutions ( human society4 ,! gladiatorial games 7 ! sole important in/itution ( antiquity :i* ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s absolutely condemn$ z an in/itution1 & ! abolition ( :i* !y p]si/5tly dem&$ & f9ally effect$4 ,x 0 ! same ) slav]y z ) o!r social in/itutions4 ,x exi/$ ev]y:]e :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$1 b ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s nev] prea*$ abolition4 ,! ,*ri/ian emp]ors adopt$1 & = two c5turies ma9ta9$ practically un*ang$1 ! pagan slave code4 ,!re 7 "u ^! rul]s1 x is true1 "s ameliorations 9 ! laws1 due to ,*ri/ian influ5ce2 ?us cruel =ms ( puni%m5t1 z br&+ on ! =ehead or ?r[+ f a precipice1 7 prohibit$4 ,) ! exception ( ^! m9or isolat$ mitigations ( ! lot ( ! slave1 slav]y pass$ ov] into ,*ri/ian civilization z an un*ang$ h]itage f ! anci5t _w1 & cont9u$ to exi/ z a ,*ri/ian in/itution until1 ?r\gh ! action ( v>i\s ag5cies1 political & economic z well z moral1 x 0 gradually trans=m$ into s]fdom4 ,dur+ ! lat] c5turies ( its preval5ce1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ian tea*+s s(t5$ _m ( ! cruelties ( ! sy/em1 & caus$1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! individual slave to be treat$ ) great] consid]ation & humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! broad5+ moral movem5t 9 progress 9 ! anci5t _w is *eck$ ,un=tunately !re 7 l>ge (fsets to ! moral ga9s ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,*ri/ianity _h ent]$ a _w 9 :i* ! mo/ important e?ical movem5t 9 progress 0 ! broad5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies4 ,! g5ius ( ! new religion1 a g5ius inh]it$ f ! great prophets ( ,judaism1 0 well calculat$ to imp>t1 z = a p]iod x did1 a fre% impulse to ?is cosmopolitan movem5t1 & to fo/] & /r5g!n ?is gr[+ s5tim5t ( philan?ropy & univ]sal bro!rhood4 ,its mission seem$ to be to consummate ! "w ( ,greek philosophy & ( ,roman _w conque/1 to complete ! oblit]ation ( national b\nd>ies1 to ?r[ d[n ! p>tition wall betwe5 ,greek & b>b>ian1 ,jew & g5tile1 patrician & plebeian1 bond & free1 & to make ea* man's neighbor to be e fell[ be+ ( :atsoev] race or class or cre$4 ,b ?is _s ( g5u9e ,*ri/ianity 0 soon obscur$ & ! _w movem5t t[>d e?ical univ]salism ob/ruct$ & *eck$ by ! !ological tea*+ :i* made moral m]it & salvation dep5d5t ^u ! acceptance ( a prescrib$ cre$4 ,9 place ( ! tribal & racial walls ( division :i* _h orig9ally sep>at$ ! communities ( m5 & :i* ! progress ( ev5ts _h ?r[n d[n1 x rais$ a new p>tition wall :i* divid$ mank9d into two great e?ically artificial classes1 believ]s & unbeliev]s1 ,*ri/ians & pagans4 ,9 place ( ! doctr9e ( race election x sub/itut$ ! doctr9e ( individual election4 ,?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! ,*ri/ian p]iod 8infidels0 & 8hea!n0 h too (t5 be5 to ,*ri/ians :at 8g5tiles0 7 to ! 8*os5 p10 & 8b>b>ians0 to ! intellectually elect ,greeks4 ,?us 0 ! broad5+ & level+ movem5t :i* m>k$ ! lat] c5turies ( antiquity *eck$1 :ile a new division z inimical to univ]sal *>ity z ! old divisions ( race & cult 0 creat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,/4 ,augu/9e z ! repres5tative ( ! n>r[+ movem5t ,! repres5tative & promot] ( ?is retrograde movem5t 9 ! moral doma9 0 ! ,african bi%op ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,8 8,city ( ,god10 view$ f "o side1 is altoge!r l unto ! old city ( man4 ,x is simply ! anci5t classical city 9 its e>ly p]iod ( ari/ocratic pride & exclusiv5ess be=e x _h felt ! broad5+ influ5ce ( a ?\s& ye>s ( v>i$ exp]i5ce & gr[+ culture4 ,only a few c acquire citiz5%ip 9 ! new city4 ,its privileges are only = 8! elect40 ,a great multitude1 ! nonelect1 are left outside ! city gates4 ,?us1 9 ! words ( ,w$gwood1 8all ! arrogance1 all ! exclusiv5ess1 all ! love ( privilege1 = :i* ! city ( man no long] af=d$ any escape1 f\nd a refuge 9 ! city ( ,god40#fec ,! n>r[+ & hamp]+ influ5ce ^u ! moral developm5t ( ! ,european peoples ( ?is une?ical sy/em ( ,augu/9ian !ology & metaphysics x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,loss ( ! virtue ( tol]ation ,! new division 0 ev5 m ( a h9drance 9 "s respects ?an ! old to ! moral progress ( ! _w2 = !re 0 n m]ely creat$ a t5d5cy to ! limitation ( ,*ri/ian *>ity to ! community ( believ]s1 b !re 0 fo/]$ an intol]ant & p]secut+ _s4 ,! _w into :i* ,*ri/ianity ent]$ 01 speak+ g5]ally1 a tol]ant _w4 ,!re 71 x is true1 p]secutions = op9ion's sake 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian age1 b ^! 7 comp>atively infrequ5t4 ,9 g5]al1 p]secution 9 classical antiquity sprang f "s o!r motive ?an dislike or fe> ( religi\s diss5t1 z we h se5 to h be5 ! case 9 ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians by ! pagan emp]ors ( ,rome4#fed ,b aft] ! promulgation ( ! moral code ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* made wrong belief or d5ial ( ! or?odox cre$ a fault ( unmeasur$ crim9ality1 tol]ation ceas$ to be a virtue & became a vice4 ,?us ! virtue ( tol]ation1 :i* ,lecky pron\nces 8! supreme atta9m5t ( ,roman civilization10 0 lo/4 ,intol]ance became a duty1 & rema9$ su* = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 mak+ a trag$y ( c5turies ( ,european hi/ory4 ,w>s ( annihilation or subjection aga9/ pagans & infidels 7 wag$1 & ! p]secution ( h]etics 0 c>ri$ on ) a hatr$ & f]ocity 9 /range contra/ to ! unb\nd$ *>ity & inf9ite t5d]ness ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion 9 ! "n ( :i* ^! ?+s 7 done4 ,?is _s ( intol]ance ?us call$ into exi/5ce l$1 dur+ ! p]iod "u review1 to ! suppression1 fir/1 9 ! f\r? c5tury by ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 ( fre$om ( religi\s wor%ip2 & !n quickly to ! suppression ( lib]ty ( ?\ght ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4#fee ,by ! op5+ ( ! six? c5tury no "o 9 any ,*ri/ian l& c\ld freely ?9k or freely express 8 ?\ght1 ev5 on philosophical !mes4 ,?is retrograde movem5t 9 its ultimate consequ5ces 0 "o ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ revolutions 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,sid5ote3 8,betwe5 moralities02 ! new-=m+ ideal ,aside f ! broad e?ical movem5ts trac$ above1 induc$ by ! ,*ri/ian conception ( life & its new valuation ( p>ticul> virtues & duties1 !re 0 9 ?is epo* a moral ph5om5on ( ano!r sort :i* we mu/ n[ notice1 namely1 ! moral an>*y :i* *>act]iz$ ! lat] c5turies ( ! p]iod "u review4 ,9 an e>li] *apt] we spoke ( ! fusion ( moral ideals :i* ultimately takes place :5 two races meet & unite to =m a new race & a new culture4#fef ,b z ,bagehot has po9t$ out1 su* a comm+l+ ( races is always att5d$ by a special dang]4 ,x is likely = a "t to produce 8some?+ n only betwe5 races1 b betwe5 moralities40#feg ,9 ! fact "h /at$ we mu/ d\btless look = ! explanation 9 "p ( ! turbul5t1 an>*ical "*1 e?ically view$1 ( ! p]iod :i* imm$iately foll[$ ! d[nfall ( anci5t civilization1 & :i* saw ! creation1 out ( ,roman & b>b>ian elem5ts1 ( ! new ,romano-,g]man _w4 ,9 ! migrations & settlem5ts ( ! ,g]man conqu]ors 9 ! ,roman prov9ces1 & 9 ! mixture ( races :i* !re took place1 !re result$ necess>ily1 on ! "o side1 a break-up ( all ! old tribal relations :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! morality ( ! b>b>ians1 &1 on ! o!r side1 ! de/ruction ( all ! re/ra9ts & conv5tions :i* _h =m$ ! bulw>k & /ay ( ! m ref9$1 if less simple & pure1 morality ( ! ,romans4 ,) ! old moral codes discr$it$1 ) ance/ral e?ical ideals dis9tegrat$1#feh m5 /ood1 to use ,bagehot's phrase1 n betwe5 races only b also betwe5 moralities1 & ! hi/orical e?ical evolution 0 brok5 by :at has be5 aptly call$ a moral int]regnum4 ,! epo* cov]+ ! int]val betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman gov]nm5tal sy/em 9 ! ,we/ 9 ! fif? c5tury & ! e/abli%m5t ( a semblance ( social ord] by ,*>lemagne t[>d ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 pres5ts1 accord+ to ! concurr5t view ( all *ronicl]s & hi/orians ( ! p]iod1 "o ( ! mo/ appall+ spectacles ( moral an>*y af=d$ by ! records ( human hi/ory4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is moral *aos1 h[ev]1 a new moral _w 0 =m+4 ,gradually1 "u v>i\s influ5ces1 racial1 cultural1 & religi\s1 !re 0 tak+ %ape & =m1 ?r\gh a fusion ( diff]5t e?ical elem5ts1 a new moral ideal1 ! ideal ( knigh?ood1 :i* = an epo*--?r\gh\t ! crusad+ c5turies--0 to absorb a l>ge "p ( ! moral en?usiasm ( ,*ri/5dom1 & to det]m9e 9 great measure ! "* ( ! ent]prises ( ! age4 ,s9ce "o ( ! influ5ces :i* produc$ ?is great trans=mation 9 ! ,*ri/ian ideal 0 ! cre$ & moral code ( ,islam1 we %all 9 our next *apt] turn aside f foll[+ ! e?ical evolution among ! ,european peoples to wat* = a space ! rise & progress ( ?is new fai? ^: m>tial e?ics 0 de/9$ to leave s deep an impress ^u ! moral ideal ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,islam3 ,a ,,m>tial ,,ideal ,i4 ,,religi\s ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,sy/em ,sid5ote3 ,introduction3 ,islam creates a new consci5ce 9 ! ,arab race ,! great revolution :i* 9 ! sev5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era agitat$ all ,arabia & gave a new tr5d to va/ curr5ts ( _w hi/ory 0 ess5tially a moral revolution4 ,x 0 ! moral degradation ( ! ,arab tribes1 /ill cl++ to an outgr[n1 idolatr\s wor%ip incapable long] ( giv+ moral guidance to its foll[]s1 t /irr$ ! s\l & inspir$ ! message ( ,mohamm$4 ,! ,prophet's real appeal 0 to ! consci5ce ( ! ,arab race4 ,! *ief aim & purpose ( 8 prea*+ 0 to effect a moral re=m4 ,he gave ! ,arabs1 x is true1 a new religion1 b ! religion 0 to give impulse & sanction to ! new morality4 ,! trans=mation :i* ! new fai? wr\ght 9 ! moral consci\sness ( ! ,arabian nation 0 probably n less pr(\nd ?an t effect$ by ,*ri/ianity 9 ! moral consci\sness ( ! ,european peoples4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! rise ( ,islam a matt] z important 9 ! moral z 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god ,islam may1 ) /rict hi/orical accuracy1 be said to be ess5tially a republication ( ,judaism4 ,its morality1 l ! old ,hebrew morality1 is l>gely d]iv$ f its conception ( deity4 ,x tea*es t ,god is "o1 & t he is all-p[]ful1 compassionate1 =giv+1 & righte\s4 ,allah is great & m]ciful & j1 is ! burd5 ( ! ,prophet's message respect+ deity4 ,?is e?ical mono!ism has be5 a gov]n+ =ce 9 ! moral life ( ! ,mohamm$an _w1 j z a l e?ical mono!ism has be5 a mold+ influ5ce 9 ! moral life ( ! ,jews & ( all ^? nations t h receiv$ _! religion f !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dogma ( salvation by belief ,ano!r religi\s doctr9e :i* has contribut$ l>gely to %ape ! morality ( ,islam is t ( salvation by belief4 ,only ! true believ] c be sav$4 ,! t5d5cy1 inde$ ! logical & inevitable consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e1 has be5 to make ,islam "o ( ! mo/ intol]ant ( ! great religions4 ,x has t5d$ to re/rict ! moral sympa?ies ( ,moslems to coreligioni/s & to make propag&ism by viol5ce seem a virtue4 ,sid5ote3 ,an un*angeable moral law ,islam claims to be a div9e revelation to man4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! sup]natural orig9 ( ! religion makes ! moral code1 :i* is b\nd up ) x1 a rigid1 un*angeable law1 = x is only a human code t c be *ang$ )\t irrev]5ce & sacrilege4 ,! blight+ effects ^u ,mohamm$an morality ( ?is dogma ( a moral law sup]naturally giv5 = all "t w be not$ a little lat]1 :5 we come to speak ( ! actual moral life 9 ,mohamm$an l&s4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,code ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al nature ( ! code ,l all ! o!r e?ical sy/ems ( ,asia1 save ^? ( g5u9e ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism1 ! ,islamic sy/em lays special emphasis ^u ! p]=mance ( p>ticul> prescrib$ acts4 ,x is by no means sil5t respect+ ! necessity ( "r /ates & dispositions ( m9d4 ,b in/ead ( rely+ ^u g5]al pr9ciples = ! guidance ( ! moral life1 x lays its emphasis ^u specific out] obs]vances1 su* z almsgiv+1 fa/+1 pilgrimages1 & /at$ pray]s4#fei ,! t5d5cy ( su* a code ( precise rules & comm&s1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 connection ) ,*9ese morality & aga9 9 connection ) ! po/exilic morality ( ! ,jews1 is to ext]nalize morality & r5d] ! moral life conv5tional & me*anical4 ,sid5ote3 ,! duty & virtue ( "r belief ,9 correspond5ce ) ! dogma ( salvation ?r\gh belief1 ! p>am\nt duty & virtue 9 ! e?ical-religi\s code ( ,islam is unque/ion+ belief 9 ,allah z ! only true ,god & 9 ,mohamm$ z 8 prophet4 ,)\t ?is virtue ( correct belief !re c be1 accord+ to ! tea*+s ( ,islam1 no salvation4 ,sid5ote3 ,fight+ = ! true religion a c>d9al duty ,"o effect ( ?us mak+ "r belief an indisp5sable virtue 0 to make intol]ance practically a virtu\s disposition ( m9d1 & ! conque/ ( infidels a p>am\nt duty4 ,x is "h t we f9d "o ( ! fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! e?ical tea*+s ( ,*ri/ & ^? ( ,mohamm$4 ,! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?r\gh 8 tea*+ ( nonresi/ance1 condemn$ w>4 ,he comm&$ 8 foll[]s to put up ! sword4 ,! f\nd] ( ,islam1 on ! o!r h&1 frankly & )\t scruple adopt$ ! w> sy/em ( 8 "t & consecrat$ x to a religi\s end & purpose4 ,8 foll[]s 7 comm&$ to fight = ! ext5sion ( ! religion ( ,allah4#ffj ,^? :o fell 9 battle = ! fai? 7 promis$ imm$iate entrance into ! joys ( ,p>adise4#ffa ,nev] 0 !re a m fateful provision giv5 a place 9 a code ( morals4 ,x det]m9$ 9 l>ge measure ! "* ( ,islam & =e%ad[$ its hi/ory4 ,x made x a m>tial religion4 ,?is m>tial religion1 ?r\gh reaction ^u ,*ri/ianity1 help$ to make x l unto itself4 ,?us 0 prep>$ ! way = ! ,holy ,w>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,provisions ( ! code respect+ slav]y ,j z ,mohamm$ adopt$ ! w> sy/em he f\nd 9 exi/5ce1 s did he adopt t ( slav]y4 ,b :ile accept+ ! sy/em1 he did mu* to improve ! /atus ( ! bondsman4 ,! legislation ( ! ,koran 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( e?ics foll[s ! humane regulations ( ! old ,hebrew code4 ,9 its specific provisions favorable to ! slave x goes beyond ! requirem5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x n only enjo9s ! k9d treatm5t ( slaves b provides t conv]ts to ,islam %all be set free1 & 9 g5]al enc\rages manumission4#ffb ,sid5ote3 ,family morals3 polygamy recogniz$ z e?ical ,9 no dep>tm5t ( e?ics is ! contra/ betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an morals %>p] ?an 9 ! sph]e ( dome/ic morality4 ,sex relations :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* condemns z s91 & :i* ! ,*ri/ian civil law makes a crime1 are by ! ,mohamm$an moral consci\sness pron\nc$ natural & "r1 or at lea/ e?ically indiff]5t4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t absolutely prohibit$ polygamy1 al?\gh f primitive times ! morali/s ( ! ,ea/ _h _h 9 g5]al no condemnation = ! cu/om2 b ! ,koran accept$ ! sy/em )\t scruple4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 x plac$ salut>y re/ra9ts ^u ! unregulat$ lic5se :i* _h hi!rto *>act]iz$ ! in/itution4 ,x limit$ ! numb] ( wives ( ! fai?ful to f\r1#ffc & surr\nd$ divorce ) :olesome re/rictions4 ,family e?ics 7 fur!r lift$ to a high] level by ! positive prohibition ( infanticide1#ffd a practice :i* con/itut$ "o ( ! wor/ evils ( ,arab society 9 pre-,islamic times4 ,! positive enactm5ts ( ! ,koranic code 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( morals accompli%$ :at 0 effect$ indirectly 9 ! same doma9 by ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh its tea*+s ( ! sanctity ( human life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prohibition ( gambl+ & ! use ( intoxicat+ liquors ,among ! o!r prohibitions ( ! moral code ( ,islam are two wor?y ( special notice = ! reason t1 be+ made l>gely effective by ! sanctions ( religion1 !y h ex]cis$ an incalculable influ5ce ^u ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,^! are ! provisions ( ! ,koran =bidd+ 9 ! mo/ positive t]ms gambl+ & ! use ( alcoholic dr9ks4#ffe ,^! prohibitions h _h a great & und5iable influ5ce 9 pres]v+ ,mohamm$an civilization1 9 ! ext5d$ rea* ( l&s ov] :i* x has spread1 f ^? invet]ate tw9 evils ( gambl+ & drunk5ness :i* con/itute "o ( ! deepe/ /a9s on ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,sid5ote3 ,animal e?ics ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! place giv5 duties to l[] animals is a crucial te/ ( a moral code4#fff ,tri$ by ?is /&>d1 ! code ( ,islam mu/ be accord$ a high place among ! e?ical sy/ems ( ! _w4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( animal e?ics x is on a level ) t ( ! old ,hebrew ,te/am5t4 ,inde$1 ! t5d] solicitude ( ! code = dumb animals is "o ( its mo/ admirable features4 ,! :ole animal creation is "h br\ght )9 ! pale ( e?ics4 ,?us at ! outset ,islam took up a position respect+ man's duty t[>d ! animal _w :i* ,*ri/ianity is only j n[ t>dily assum+4 ,sid5ote3 ,a concrete & practical morality ,tak5 z a :ole ! e?ical rules & comm&s ( ! ,koran con/itute an admirable code1 "o :i* has be5 an effici5t =ce 9 ! moral improvem5t & uplift ( ! peoples ( va/ regions ( ! e>?4 ,! morality inculcat$ has be5 succ9ctly *>act]iz$ z a concrete & practical "o4 ,x is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to races 9 a l[ /age ( culture4 ,! v fact t1 not)/&+ "s s]i\s defects & limitations1 ! code has be5 accept$ by s l>ge a "p ( ! human race1 & has1 = ov] a ?\s& ye>s1 giv5 moral guidance & inspiration to su* va/ multitudes1 goes to prove t ! great body ( its rules & prescriptions ( conduct are 9 g5]al 9 l9e ) ! elem5tal laws ( ! moral _w4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,sid5ote3 ,mohamm$an morality depress$ by racial influ5ces ,9 any comp>ison in/itut$ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam z moral reg5]ators ( society !re is ne$ t ! diff]5ce 9 ! fields ent]$ by ^! rival cre$s be kept c>efully 9 m9d4 ,islam 0 plac$ at a disadvantage 9 t x w5t among ! morally deg5]ate & dissolute peoples ( ! ,ori5t1 :ile ,*ri/ianity _h = its field ! classical peoples & p>ticul>ly ! fre% ,g]man race4 ,9 ^? same ,ea/]n l&s & among ^? same ,ori5tal or semi-,hell5iz$ races ,*ri/ianity _h n only signally fail$ morally to re=m & uplift society1 b 9 t unfavorable environm5t _h itself become lam5tably deg5]ate & corrupt4 ,9 po9t+ out ?is disadvantage to :i* ,islam has be5 subject$1 a disc]n+ ,moslem writ] says1 8,l riv]s fl[+ ?r\gh v>i$ tracts1 bo? ^! cre$s h produc$ results 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! soil ?r\gh :i* !y h f\nd _! c\rse40#ffg ,!re is "h ! necess>y recognition ( ! influ5ce :i* ! hi/orical environm5t ex]cises ^u ! moral /&>d4 ,! pr]equisite ( a good h>ve/ 9 ! field ( morals1 z 9 ! physical _w1 is n only good se$ b also a good soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,consequ5ce ( giv+ a religi\s sanction to w> ,! :ole hi/ory ( ,islam1 z already rem>k$1 has be5 mold$ by ! fact t fight+ = ! ext5sion ( ! true religion 0 made by ,mohamm$ a *ief duty ( ! fai?ful4 ,islam's wond]ful c>e] ( conque/ dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] its rise 0 9 l>ge measure ! result ( ! ,prophet hav+ made w> aga9/ infidels a pi\s duty4 ,hi!rto w> among ! ,arabs _h be5 = ! mo/ "p m]ely a raid or hunt4 ,n[ x 0 giv5 an e?ical-religi\s motive & ?us made a crusade4 ,9 ! space ( a s+le c5tury a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntries :i* _h =m$ ! hi/oric l&s ( antiquity _h be5 br\ght by ! ,arabian w>riors "u ! sway ( ,islam4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,^! conque/s br\ght ,islam 9 contact ) ,*ri/5dom along all its ext5d$ fronti] f ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> to ! ,bosporus1 & ?us creat$ ! conditions :i* l$ to ! ,holy ,w>s betwe5 ,moslem & ,*ri/ian1 :i* fill$ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,su* 7 ! mom5t\s & f>-rea*+ consequ5ces ( ! giv+ by ! ,arabian ,prophet ( a religi\s sanction to w>1 & ! ren=c+ ( ! w> _s among a m>tial race by mak+ w>f>e a duty & dea? 9 battle a sure passport to ! bliss ( p>adise4 ,sid5ote3 ,mitigation ( ,ori5tal b>b>ities 9 w> ,:ile adopt+ & sanctify+ ! w> sy/em1 ,islam did some?+ 9 ! way ( mitigat+ its savag]y4 ,up to ?is "t ! w> code ( ! ,asian peoples _h lo/ little or none ( its primitive b>b>ity4 ,! indiscrim9ate slaught] ( ! vanqui%$1 )\t reg>d to age or sex1 _h be5 a common practice4 ,b :5 ! second ,arabian caliph1 ,om>1 s5t out 8 w>riors to effect ! conque/ ( ! _w = ! true religion1 he /rictly enjo9$ !m to sp>e ! wom5 & *ildr5 & ! old m54 ,?is injunction became a "p ( ! ,mohamm$an w> code1 &1 ?\gh n always obs]v$1 x did mu* to make ! e>li] w>s wag$ = ! spread ( ,islam1 comp>$ ) mo/ ( ! record$ w>s among ! ,ori5tal races1 m]ciful & humane4 ,sid5ote3 ,intol]ance z a coroll>y ( religi\s pr9ciples ,intimately relat$ to ! subject ( ! ,mohamm$an e?ics ( w> is ! subject ( tol]ation4 ,z we h se51 ! natural t5d5cy ( ! tea*+ t "r religi\s belief is necess>y to salvation1 & t fight+ = ! spread ( ! true religion is a p>am\nt duty1 is to fo/] intol]ance1 inde$1 is to make intol]ance a virtue4 ,^! doctr9es ( ,islam h 9 ! ma9 re/rict$ to ! fai?ful ! outgo+s ( ! moral sympa?ies4 ,to ! moral consci\sness ( ! ,moslem masses tol]ance has n pres5t$ itself z a virtue at all1 b r z a repreh5sible disposition ( m9d1 s9ce x argues lack ( zeal = ! true fai?4 ,!re is to-day m religi\s intol]ance 9 ,moslem l&s ?an 9 any o!r regions ( ! e>?4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,mohamm$an _w is ab\t at ! /&po9t held by ,*ri/5dom 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b =tunately x is ! same ) a bad pr9ciple z ) a good "o--x nev] produces its full logical consequ5ces4 ,!re is t 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s & 9 human nature :i* prev5ts ?is4 ,h5ce !re has be5 9 ,mohamm$an l&s a l>g] measure ( tol]ation ?an1 9 view ( ! tea*+s ( ,islam1 we %\ld h look$ =4 ,b ! tol]ation enjoy$ by non-,moslems "u ,mohamm$an rule has be5 at be/ prec>i\s4 ,) lam5table frequ5cy1 9 l&s :]e l>ge sections ( ! population are ignorant & debas$1 outbur/s ( fanaticism h result$ 9 t]rible massacres ( 8unbeliev]s40 ,n until ,moslem civilization has felt ! broad5+ effect ( ^? mat]ial1 intellectual1 & moral revolutions :i* h f9ally br\ght 9 tol]ation 9 a once intol]ant ,*ri/5dom1 w ?is virtue1 )\t :i* a true & progressive moral life is impossible1 f9d a place 9 ! e?ical code ( ,islam4 ,sid5ote3 ,! slave trade "u ,islam ,! slave trade 9 ,mohamm$an l&s has be5 fo/]$ ?r\gh ! consecration ( ! w> sy/em by ,mohamm$ & 8 recognition ( slav]y z a "p ( ! e/abli%$ social ord]4 ,?r\gh\t ! fir/ c5tury ( ! c>e] ( ,islam ! propag&a ( ! fai? by ! sword provid$ an unfail+ s\rce ( slaves1 su* z _h n be5 op5$ up s9ce ! completion ( ! conque/ ( ! _w by ! ,roman legions4#ffh ,?is religi\s legitimatiz+ ( ! slave trade fill$ ,moslem l&s ) slave m>kets1 &1 :5 ! w>s ( ! religi\s propag&a _h ceas$1 t5d$ to give a fre% impulse to ! ,african slave traffic1 :i* _h be5 9 exi/5ce f "t immemorial4 ,?is trade by ,mohamm$ans has be5 j su* a curse to ea/]n & c5tral ,africa z ! ,european ,*ri/ian slave traffic--:i*1 beg9n+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 cont9u$ till its f9al suppression 9 ! n9ete5?--0 to ! we/ ,african coa/ & ! h9t]l&4 ,! ,moslem trade is /ill c>ri$ on cl&e/9ely1#ffi s9ce !re has z yet be5 little or no moral disapprobation ( ! traffic awak5$ 9 ,mohamm$an l&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,drunk5ness 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries ,! absolute prohibition 9 ! ,koran ( ! use ( all intoxicat+ liquors has be5 wond]fully effective 9 pres]v+ ,mohamm$an l&s f ! great evil ( drunk5ness4 ,?is vice1 s common 9 ,*ri/ian l&s1 is almo/ unkn[n 9 c\ntries :]e ! fai? ( ! ,koran is really dom9ant & ! influ5ce ( ,europeans has n be5 felt4 ,9 ,afghani/an ! p5alty inflict$ = drunk5ness is dea?4 ,s rigor\sly is ! law ( ,islam 9 ?is matt] en=c$ t p]sons 9 a /ate ( intoxication are almo/ nev] se54 ,nor is ! evil simply driv5 "u cov]2 !re is practically v little dr9k+ go+ on 9 ! privacy ( ! home4 ,sid5ote3 ,moslem *>ity ,islam has be5 only less effective ?an ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity 9 fo/]+ ! attractive virtue ( *>ity4 ,! precepts ( ! ,koran respect+ almsgiv+ & o!r de$s ( b5evol5ce h greatly promot$ ! habit ( giv+ among ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet4 ,! giv+ ( direct relief to ! poor 9 ! =m ( alms is probably q z g5]al z among ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh mu* ( ?is *>ity is indiscrim9ate & t5ds to fo/] t m5dicity :i* is su* an ev]-pres5t evil 9 ,mohamm$an l&s4 ,! build+ ( c>avans>ies1 ! con/ruction ( aqu$ucts1 ! op5+ ( f\nta9s along ! r\tes ( travel1 & ! f\nd+ ( asylums are =ms ( b5evol5ce :i* recall simil> works ( philan?ropy 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! pagan ,roman ,empire4 ,respect+ ?is *>ity1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be said t mu* ( x has ! ta9t ( self-int]e/4 ,_m ( ^! good works are p]=m$ n s mu* f g5u9e philan?ropy z f self-reg>d+ motives1 ! dom9ant ?\ght ( ! do] be+ to ga9 religi\s m]it = himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,moral influ5ce ( ,islam on races l[ 9 civilization ,! spread ( ,islam has be5 almo/ f ! fir/ l>gely among tribes & peoples l[ 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,9 ! e>li] c5turies ( its c>e]1 besides its conque/s among ! peoples ( anci5t culture1 x won ov] a great "p ( ! unciviliz$ clans & tribes ( ,asia1 & to-day is mak+ con/ant & rapid progress among ! negro tribes ( c5tral ,africa4 ,:at r5d]s ?is fact ( significance to ! hi/orian ( morals is t ,islam has %[n itself to be "o ( ! mo/ pot5t =ces at "w 9 ! _w to-day = ! moral elevation ( peoples /ill on or ne> ! level ( savag]y4 ,canon ,isaac ,taylor affirms t x 8causes ! negro tribes ( ,africa to r5\nce paganism1 devil wor%ip1 feti%ism1 cannibalism1 human sacrifices1 infanticide1 wit*craft1 gambl+1 drunk5ness1 un*a/ity1 cruelty1 & p]sonal uncleanl9ess40#fgj ,t ! moral code ( ,islam %\ld be ev5 m effective ?an ! ,*ri/ian 9 lift+ savages to a high] moral level is attribut$ by ,canon ,taylor to ! fact t ! moral /&>d ( ,*ri/ianity is s high t 8its virtues are only vaguely und]/ood & n g5]ally practic$1 :ile ! l[] virtues :i* ,islam en=ces are und]/ood & g5]ally practic$40 ,9 a ^w1 x is ) ,islam's morality ! same z ) its !ology4 ,its doctr9e ( "o ,god is simple1 concrete1 & easily und]/ood1 & = ?is reason ,islam is admitt$ly m readily accept$ by races l[ 9 culture ?an ,*ri/ianity ) its metaphysical doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,z ! simplicity & concret5ess ( its tea*+s respect+ deity adapt its cre$ to ! savage m9d1 s d ! l[] concrete practical virtues ( its moral code adapt x to ! rudim5t>y moral s5se ( ! primitive man4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects ^u ,mohamm$an morality ( an unpliant law ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & in/ructive ph5om5a ( univ]sal hi/ory is ! contra/$ =tunes ( ,mohamm$an & ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ( our era ,mohamm$an culture 0 9 _m respects sup]ior to t ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,x held =? great promises = ! future4 ,b ^! promises 7 n kept4 ,/agnation quickly foll[$ ! p]iod ( brilliant a*ievem5t1 & a blight fell ^u ! ,moslem _w1 :ile ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom has be5 a record ( wond]ful developm5t & progress1 until to-day ! two worlds _c be plac$ 9 comp>ison ) "o ano!r1 b only 9 contra/4 ,beyond "q _m ag5cies1 su* z race1 religion1 & gov]nm5t1 h concurr$ to produce ?is contra/ 9 hi/ory & =tune1 b equally c]ta9 is x t a pot5t contributory cause is ! diff]5ce 9 ! moral sy/ems :i* ! two civilizations respectively inh]it$4 ,! moral life ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 happily fre$ f ! bondage ( ! rigid ,mosaic law1 an out] law ( positive m9ute comm&s1 has expatiat$ "u ! compreh5sive1 flexible law ( ! ,gospel1 a law ( love & lib]ty4 ,z a result ! moral life ( ,*ri/5dom has be51 on ! :ole1 not)/&+ c]ta9 ,mohamm$aniz+ t5d5cies1 an expansive gr[? "u ! guidance ( a moral consci\sness gradually purifi$ & ref9$ by exp]i5ce & advanc+ culture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! moral life ( ! ,mohamm$an _w has be5 subject$ to ! au?ority ( an ext]nal1 un*ang+ law1 a law conceiv$ to h be5 giv5 = all "t1 a republication practically ( t rigid ,mosaic law f ! bondage ( :i* ! ,*ri/ian _w _h =tunately escap$4 ,b ! moral life _c be ?us subject$ to a rigid ext]nal au?ority )\t result+ inanition & dea?4 8,! blight t has fall5 on ! ,moslem nations10 decl>es a well-in=m$ & ?\ghtful ,mohamm$an writ]1 8is due to ! patri/ic doctr9e :i* has prohibit$ ! ex]cise ( individual judgm5t40#fga ,! e?ical code ( a p1 l its civil code1 mu/ be ela/ic & responsive to ! ev]-*ang+ ne$s & dem&s ( ! gr[+ moral life4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,( ,,europe ,,dur+ ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,*ivalry ,i4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,consecrates ,,! ,,m>tial ,,ideal ,,( ,,knigh?ood ,sid5ote3 ,introductory ,f ! ?ird to ! n9? c5tury ! ideal ( asceticism absorb$ a great "p ( ! moral en?usiasm ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,dur+ ! lat] "p ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 z we h not$1 !re 0 gr[+ up alongside ! ascetic ideal ano!r ( a v diff]5t "*--! m>tial ideal ( knigh?ood4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all fir/ make a brief survey ( ! v>i\s causes t gave ?is new tr5d to ! moral feel+s & convictions ( ! age1 & !n %all glance at "s ( ! m important hi/orical outcomes ( ! va/ en?usiasm evok$ by ?is new ideal ( "*4 ,! ideal ( knigh?ood1 a product 9 ! ma9 ( feudalism1 grew up outside ! ,*ur*1 & only lat] 0 recogniz$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority & approv$ z compatible ) ! e?ical _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_h n ! ideal be5 ?us approv$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & advantage tak5 ( ! en?usiasm x evok$ to promote ?r\gh x ! cause ( ! ,*ur*1 x w\ld nev] h become ! significant =ce x did 9 ,european hi/ory4 ,!re=e we mu/ fir/ inquire :at 7 ! influ5ces t eng5d]$ a milit>y _s 9 ! ,*ur* & l$ x to approve ! m>tial ideal ( ! knight & give ! consecration ( religion to ! in/itution ( *ivalry :i* 0 its embodim5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity oppos$ to ! w> _s ,if at ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity "o reflect+ ^u ! g5ius ( ! new religion & ! tea*+s ( its ,f\nd] _h v5tur$ to =eca/ ! influ5ce ( ! new fai? ^u ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( morality1 he w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h pr$ict$ t ?is influ5ce w\ld be felt mo/ decisively ^u ! e?ics ( w>4 ,! attitude assum$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians t[>d ! milit>y life w\ld h ju/ifi$ ?is =eca/1 = ,*ri/ianity br\ght into ! _w ! new pr9ciple ( nonresi/ance4#fgb ,?is tea*+ made ! primitive ,*ri/ian community almo/ a ,quak] body2 b b>ely ?ree c5turies _h pass$ be=e ?is religion :i* _h ent]$ ! _w z a gospel ( peace & good w _h become a m>tial cre$ & its emblem be5 made a battle /&>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,causes :i* fo/]$ ! w> _s 9 ! ,*ur*3 7a7 ! h]itage ( ! w> e?ics ( ! anci5t _w ( culture ,! causes t produc$ ?is amaz+ trans=mation 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7 v>i\s & s int]relat$ z to make x difficult to det]m9e j :at influ5ce 0 ex]cis$ by ea*4 ,yet x is possible to note ! "* ( ! diff]5t ag5cies at "w1 & to =m at lea/ "s g5]al idea ( ! way 9 :i* ! trans=mation 0 wr\ght4 ,fir/1 !re 0 ! inh]itance f ! pa/4 ,w> _h always be5 "o ( ! lead+ occupations ( m54 ,x _h sc>cely ev] occurr$ to any "o to "q its legitimacy4 ,x 0 look$ ^u z a "p ( ! con/itution ( ?+s4 ,! ideas1 feel+s1 habits1 eng5d]$ by its practice ?r\gh unc\nt$ mill5niums ( hi/ory _h become +ra9$ 9 e tissue & fib] ( man's be+4 ,set 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w1 ! ,*ur* yield$ to ! influ5ce ( ?is baneful pagan h]itage4 ,x incorporat$ ) its own moral code1 :olly ali5 to ! ess5tial _s ( ,*ri/ianity z ^! elem5ts 71 ! w> e?ics ( ! pre-,*ri/ian _w1 & ?us made ?is pagan int]national morality a p]man5t "p ( ,*ri/ian e?ics4#fgc ,x w be in/ructive = u to foll[ some:at closely ?is reaction ^u ! e?ics ( ! ,*ur*1 fir/ ( ! w> code ( ! civiliz$ _w ( ! s\?1 & !n lat] ( ! w> _s ( ! b>b>ian _w ( ! nor?4 ,! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al condemn$ ! milit>y s]vice z incompatible ) ! ,*ri/ian life4#fgd ,n till ! second c5tury ( ! ,empire d we f9d any record ( ,*ri/ian soldi]s s]v+ 9 ! ,roman armies4 ,by ?is "t ! e>ly rule ( ! ,*ur* =bidd+ a memb] to s]ve 9 ! army _h become relax$2 b memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian body :o ent]$ ! ,roman legions 7 requir$ to und]take a prescrib$ p5ance & to seek absolution be=e p>tak+ ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,by ! "t ( ,diocletian ,*ri/ians appe> to h ent]$ ) little or no scruple ^u ! milit>y life4#fge ,a significant waym>k ( ?is gradual trans=mation is ! great victory won by ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ov] 8 rival ,max5tius at ! battle ( ,milvian ,bridge1 #cab ,a4,d4 ,^u t field ! soldi]s ( ,con/ant9e f\ght b5ea? ! ,lab>um1 a /&>d :i* bore z an emblem ! ,*ri/ian cross4 ,! =tunate issue ( ! battle = ,con/ant9e seems to h greatly confirm$ ! feel+ 9 ! ,*ri/ian community z to ! legitimacy ( w>4 ,! ,*ur* con=m$ m & m positively its tea*+s & discipl9e to ! requirem5ts ( ! milit>y s]vice4 ,sa9ts ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj ,a4,d47 & ,ambrose 7#cdj-cig ,a4,d471 9 opposition to mo/ ( ! e>li] ,fa!rs1 7 op5 apologi/s & def5d]s ( w> & ( ! milit>y life4 ,?us dur+ ! v p]iod :5 ! ,*ur* 0 putt+ "u its ban ! cruel & sangu9>y amusem5ts ( ! ,romans by ! suppression ( ! gladiatorial games1#fgf & ?us lift+ dome/ic morality to a new & high] plane1 ?r\gh a /range inconsi/5cy x 0 fir/ condon+ & !n f9ally consecrat+ ! int]national pagan w> sy/em ( :i* ^! sports 7 only a mild imitation4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,! w> _s ( ! ,g]man race ,aft] ! fif? c5tury ! influ5ce ^u ! e?ics ( ! ,*ur* ( ! w> sy/em ( ! civiliz$ _w ( ! s\? 0 ren=c$ by ! m>tial _s ( ! b>b>ian _w ( ! nor?4 ,t _w 0 n[1 l>gely ?r\gh ! missions ( ! mona/ic ,*ur*1 be+ rapidly br\ght )9 ! pale ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b all ^! nor!rn peoples 7 ! v inc>nation ( ! w> _s4 ,_! favorite deities 7 gods :o delight$ 9 battle & blood%$4 ,fight]s ^! m5 71 & fight]s !y rema9$ ev5 aft] conv]sion & baptism4 ,! m+l+ ( moralities :i* foll[$ _! conv]sion is well illu/rat$ by ! passionate outbur/ ( ! ,franki% *iefta9 ,clovis z he li/5$ to ! /ory ( ! ,crucifixion3 8,oh10 he exclaim$1 8if only ,i c\ld h be5 !re ) my tru/y w>riors60 ,! s\l ( ,clovis liv$ on 9 8 race4 ,f\r c5turies lat] ^! ,franki% w>riors1 z knight crusad]s1 7 on ! spot ( ! ,crucifixion1 r$eem+ ) lance & sword ! tomb ( ! sla9 ,*ri/ f ! h&s ( infidels4 ,x 0 ?is in]adicable w> _s ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians to :i* 0 due1 p]haps m ?an to any o!r ag5cy1 ! infusion ( a milit>y _s into t *ur* ( :i* ! ,f\nd] 0 ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,among ! cu/oms ( ! e>ly ,g]mans !re 0 "o :i* _h su* a positive influ5ce ^u ! evolution we are trac+ 9 ,*ur* morality t we mu/ "h make special note ( x4 ,?is 0 ! ordeal by fire1 by wat]1 or by wag] ( battle to det]m9e ! guilt or innoc5ce ( an accus$ p]son4 ,! prom95t place held by ?is in/itution among savage or semiciviliz$ peoples is famili> to ! /ud5t ( primitive society4 ,n[ ! ,g]man folk br\ght ) !m ?is in/itution1 & ) x ! belief :i* made ! ordeal1 & p>ticul>ly ! ordeal by combat1 a solemn judicial matt] 9 :i* ,god r5d]$ decision & gave victory to ! "o ^: cause 0 j4 ,?is b>b>ian conception ( ! wag] ( battle betwe5 individuals became incorporat$ ) ! common body ( ,*ri/ian ideas & beliefs4 ,! same mann] ( ?9k+ 0 p]=ce appli$ to w>4 ,a conflict betwe5 great armies 0 conceiv$ z a wag] ( battle 9 :i* ,god gave victory to ! "r4 ,?us 0 w> consecrat$ & made an ag5cy :]eby ,god executes judgm5t among ! nations4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,! w> records ( ! ,old ,hebrew ,te/am5t ,?is int]pretation ( ! nature & mission ( w> 0 ren=c$ by a l un=tunate int]pretation ( ! records ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! good bi%op ,ulfilas 0 "r :51 9 translat+ ! ,hebrew ,bible into ! ,go?ic tongue1 he omitt$ ! w> *ronicles ?r\gh fe> t ^! records ( w>s & massacres w\ld fan into too fi]ce a flame ! m>tial zeal ( 8 ,go?ic neophytes4 ,to ^! t]rible *ronicles1 :i* repres5t ,god z comm&+ ! ,israelites to wage w> aga9/ 8 enemies1 & ev5 z ord]+ ! mo/ horrid atrocities ^u w> captives1 is due 9 l>ge "p ! idea s dom9ant ev5 to-day among ,*ri/ian nations t ,god is a ,god ( ,w>1 & t ?r\gh ! ordeal ( battle he gives judgm5t on ! e>?4#fgg ,sid5ote3 7d7 ,! arm$ propag&a ( ,islam ,! trans=mation tak+ place 9 ! e?ical /&>d ( ! ,*ur* "u ! v>i\s influ5ces we h nam$ 0 ha/5$ & complet$ by ! reaction ^u ,*ri/ian e?ics ( ! m>tial e?ics ( ,islam4#fgh ,?is new influ5ce began to be ex]t$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,by infection ! crusad+ _s ( ! ,mohamm$an zealots 0 communicat$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury ! spiritual head ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,pope ,urban ,,ii1 summon$ ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ,europe to arms = ! recov]y ( ! ,holy ,sepul*] f ! h&s ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,feudalism by ?is "t _h fl[]$ 9 *ivalry4 ,! ,*ri/ian l&s 7 fill$ ) brave "y knights1 especially knights ( ,norman desc5t1 aflame ) m>tial en?usiasm & eag] = w>like adv5ture4 ,x 0 ! ance/ors ( ^! v m51 in/9ct ) ! milit>y _s1 t ,rome _h once enli/$ 9 h] legions to fight ! battles ( ! ,empire2 x is ! *ildr5 ( ^? legion>ies t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* n[ summons 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ to h] /&>d to fight ! battles ( ! ,cross4 ,! trans=mation ( t ,*ur* 0 n[ complete4 ,! age ( ! ,crusades _h op5$4 ,*ri/ & ,m>s 7 co-sov]eigns 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,! tea*+s ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace & ! w> _s ( ! civilization ( antiquity & ( ! ,g]man b>b>ians 7 reconcil$4#fgi ,z ,lecky f9ely portrays x1 8,at ! h\r ( sunset :5 ! ,*ri/ian soldi] knelt d[n to pray be=e 8 cross1 t cross 0 ! h&le ( 8 sword40#fhj ,,ii4 ,,! ,,composite ,,ideal ,,( ,,knigh?ood ,sid5ote3 ,! composite "* ( ! ideal3 its pagan-,*ri/ian virtues ,! =ego+ brief acc\nt ( ! reconciliation & comm+l+ 9 lat] ,roman & e>ly m$ieval times ( ! pagan e?ics ( w> & ! ,*ri/ian e?ics ( peace has already acqua9t$ u ) :at 0 ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ! e?ical ideal ( knigh?ood1 ! ideal :i* result$ f ?is m+l+ ( ^! two /rongly contra/$ moralities4 ,x 0 a composite ideal1 a comb9ation ( pagan & ,*ri/ian virtues4 ,! true knight1 :o 0 ! inc>nation ( ! ideal1 mu/ possess all ! admir$ moral qualities ( ! pagan h]o1 &1 toge!r ) ^!1 all ! ess5tial virtues ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9t4 ,among ! pagan virtues we f9d a set ( moral qualities t are attributes ( "* :i*1 ) possibly "o or two exceptions1 7 assign$ a high place ei!r 9 ! b>b>ian ,g]man or 9 ! classical ideal ( excell5ce4 ,*ief among ^! qualities are p]sonal loyalty1 c\rage1 tru?fulness1 ju/ice1 magnanimity1 c\rtesy1 & self-respect4 ,! fir/ duty & virtue ( ! true knight 0 absolute loyalty to 8 sup]ior1 to 8 comrades 9 arms1 & to ! cause esp\s$4 ,?is virtue ( loyalty is ! virtue :i* ,pr(essor ,royce makes ! root f :i* all o!r virtues spr+4#fha ,)\t d\bt x is1 if n ! c5tral virtue ( e true moral sy/em1 "o ( ! mo/ attractive ( all e?ical traits1 & "o mo/ sacr$ly held f ta9t by e p]son ) a nice s5se ( :at con/itutes true nobility ( "*4 ,a second & indisp5sable virtue 0 c\rage4 ,! knight mu/ be brave z well z loyal4 ,c[>dice & knigh?ood 7 :olly incompatible ?+s4 ,ano!r moral quality 0 v]acity1 absolute fidelity to a promise4 ,! pl$g$ ^w ( ! true knight 0 sacrosanct & inviolable4#fhb ,/ill ano!r indisp5sable trait 9 ! "* ( ! ideal knight 0 love ( ju/ice4 ,! true knight mu/ be j2 an unju/ knight c\ld n be a true knight any m ?an an unju/ judge c be a true judge4 ,aga91 ! knight :o w\ld be loyal to ! ideal ( knigh?ood mu/ be magnanim\s4 ,"o ( ! elem5ts ( ?is virtue is unwill+ness to take an unfair advantage ( ano!r1 especially ( an enemy4 ,x 0 a disgraceful ?+ = a knight to attack 8 foe :5 at a disadvantage1 z :5 dis>m$ or fall54 ,he mu/ always meet 8 enemy 9 fair & op5 fight4 ,fur!rmore1 ! true knight mu/ be c\rte\s4 ,x 0 z mu* 8 duty to be c\rte\s z to be tru?ful4 ,n[ c\rtesy is n a trait or feel+ :i* inspires l(ty action1 b "o :i* induces g5tl5ess1 k9d consid]ation1 & graci\s def]5ce t[>d all alike--ri* & poor1 high & l[4 ,la/ly1 ! knight mu/ possess dignity or self-respect4 ,! age ( *ivalry int]pret$ ?is virtue or duty z requir+ ! knight to /& on 8 rights z a man4 ,he mu/ n let an injury to himself or to a fri5d g unpuni%$4 ,he mu/ res5t e insult & return bl[ = bl[4 ,n to d s argu$ c[>dice & pusillanimity4 ,all ?is 0 ( c\rse directly oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian requirem5ts ( humility1 meekness1 nonresi/ance1 & =giv5ess ( injuries1 & 0 di/9ctly a "p ( ! moral code ( *ivalry :i* 0 borr[$ f pre-,*ri/ian or non-,*ri/ian morality4 ,to ^! ess5tially pagan virtues ! knight1 aft] ! in/itution ( *ivalry _h be5 approv$ & consecrat$ by ! ,*ur*1 mu/ add all ! di/9ctly ,*ri/ian virtues1 p>ticul>ly ! virtue ( "r religi\s belief4 ,only ! true believ] c\ld be a true knight4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! mixture ( moralities ) :i* we h to d 9 ! p]iod ( *ivalry is af=d$ by ! celebrat$ religi\s milit>y ord]s ( ! ,hospital]s & ,templ>s1 :i* 7 =m$ j be=e ! ,second ,crusade1 :5 ! en?usiasm = ! *ivalric ideal 0 at its height1 :ile t = ! ascetic _h n yet s5sibly abat$4 ,! ,hospital]s 7 monks :o1 to _! mona/ic v[s ( pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce or humility1 add$ ! m>tial obligations ( knigh?ood2 ! ,templ>s 7 knights :o to _! milit>y v[s add$ ^? ( ! monk4 ,?us 9 ^! rem>kable ord]s ( knight-monks we see incongru\sly unit$ ! mona/ic & milit>y ideals1 two ( ! mo/ %>ply contra/$ conceptions ( wor?y life t x is possible to f9d 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( e?ical ideals4 ,sid5ote3 ,defects ( ! ideal ,! ideal ( *ivalry _h s]i\s defects4 ,fir/1 ! milit>y _s1 borr[$ f paganism1 :i* ! ideal apo!osiz$1 0 9 absolute opposition to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 s t ! p]fect reconciliation & fusion ( ! diff]5t moral qualities ent]+ into ! ideal 0 impossible4 ,second1 f feudalism1 ) its %>ply def9$ social classes1 ! ideal receiv$ an ari/ocratic /amp4 ,9 ?is respect x 0 ! direct opposite ( ! mona/ic ideal4 ,any p]son1 freeman or slave1 k+ or peasant1 c\ld become a monk1 & by foll[+ ! m excell5t way ga9 ! homage ( m5 & w9 ! cr[n ( sa9?ood4 ,b ! *ivalric ideal 0 "o to :i* no plebeian might aspire4 ,only a p]son ( noble bir? c\ld become a knight4 ,?is exclusive ari/ocratic "* ( ! ideal con/itut$ "o ( its mo/ s]i\s defects4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is & o!r defects x 0 a noble & attractive ideal1 & "o :i* n only left a deep /amp ^u m$ieval hi/ory1 b contribut$ preci\s elem5ts to ! e?ical h]itage :i* ! mod]n _w receiv$ f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,moral ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ! ideal ( *ivalry ^u ! hi/ory ( ! epo* ,j z ! moral en?usiasm awak5$ by ! mona/ic ideal gave a special "* & tr5d to mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ! age ( its asc5dancy1--inspir+ or help+ to inspire ! mission>y propag&a among ! b>b>ian tribes ( ,europe1 giv+ bir? to a special lit]ature 7! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts71 & fo/]+ ! _s ( b5evol5ce & self-r5unciation1--s did ! unmeasur$ en?usiasm creat$ by ! *ivalric ideal give a di/9ctive "* to mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ! age ( its pr$om9ance--l5d+ a romantic ca/ to ! ,crusades1 creat+ a new =m ( lit]ature1 & giv+ a m assur$ place 9 ! gr[+ ,european ideal ( "* to sev]al attractive traits & virtues4 ,respect+ ea* ( ^! matt]s we %all (f] "s obs]vations 9 ! imm$iately foll[+ pages1 & !n %all proce$ to speak briefly ( "s re=m movem5ts :i* belong to ! g5]al moral hi/ory ( ! epo* "u review4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ivalry & ! ,crusades ,! ,crusades ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies aga9/ ! ,moslems ( ! ,ea/1 9 s f> z ^? ent]prises 7 inspir$ by moral feel+1--& religi\s-e?ical feel+ 0 ! *ief motive =ce beh9d !m1--7 l>gely ! translation into action ( ! ideal ( *ivalry n[ comm5d$ & consecrat$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! oa? ( ! ,knights ( ,malta1 :o 7 a p]fect inc>nation ( ! _s ( *ivalry1 0 8to make et]nal w> ^u ! ,turks2 to recognize no cessation ( ho/ilities ) ! infidel1 on any pretext :atsoev]40 ,x is an amaz+ *ange t1 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations1 has come ov] ! e?ical _s & temp] ( ! peoples ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ! e>li] m$ieval "t ! be/ consci5ce ( ! age 0 embodi$ 9 ! monk-sa9ts ,augu/9e1 ,columba1 ,w9frid1 & a great company ( o!r un>m$ mission>y apo/les to ! pagan ,celts & ,g]mans2 9 ?is lat] "t ! be/ consci5ce ( ! age is inc>nat$ 9 ! armor-clad w>riors ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 ,raymond1 ,bohemond1 ,tancr$1 & a multitude ( o!r knightly lead]s ( ! ho/s ( ,crusad]s :o g =? to r$eem ) blood & slaught] ! tomb ( _! m>tyr$ ,"l4 ,sid5ote3 ,romance lit]ature z an expression ( ! e?ical _s ( ! age ,no elem5t ( civilization responds m quickly to ! *ang+ e?ical ideal ( a p ?an its lit]ature4 ,! *ange t pass$ ov] ! popul> lit]ature ( ,*ri/5dom 9 ! transition ( ,europe f ! age ( asceticism to ! age ( *ivalry is f9ely summ>iz$ by ,lecky 9 ^! words3 8,:5 ! popul> imag9ation 9 ! e>li] age embodi$ 9 leg5ds its conception ( humanity 9 its noble/ & mo/ attractive =m1 x in/9ctively pa9t$ "s h]mit-sa9t ( _m p5ances & _m miracles4444 ,9 ! romances ( ,*>lemagne & ,ar?ur we may trace ! dawn+ ( a new type ( greatness4 ,! h]o ( ! imag9ation ( ,europe is no long] ! h]mit b a knight40#fhc ,an int]e/+ monum5t ( ?is new species ( lit]ature1 9 :at we may view z a transition /age1 is ! ,ge/a ,romanorum1#fhd a collection ( moral /ories inv5t$ by ! monks 9 _! idle h\rs4 ,^! tales are a curi\s mixture ( ?+s ,roman1 mona/ic1 & knightly4 ,b = a true expression ( ?is romance lit]ature we mu/ turn to ! leg5ds ( ! ,holy ,grail1 9 :i* a l(ty imag9ation bl5ds1 9 s f> z !y c be bl5d$1 all ! v>i$ elem5ts ( ! knightly ideal 9 a consi/5t :ole4 ,no age save ! age ( ,*ri/ian knigh?ood c\ld h produc$ ?is wond]ful cycle ( tales4 ,sid5ote3 ,contribution ( *ivalry to ! moral h]itage ( ! ,*ri/ian _w ,b x is nei!r 9 ! crusad+ ent]prises nor 9 ! lit]>y products ( ! age ( *ivalry t we are to look = ! real hi/orical significance ( ! ideal ( *ivalry4 ,its *ief import = ! moral evolution ( ! ,european nations lies 9 ! fact t x help$ to give full] & ri*] cont5t to ! ,*ri/ian ideal by contribut+ to x1 or by giv+ a sur] place 9 x1 c]ta9 non!ological virtues1 "s ( :i* ! ,*ur* _h laid little emphasis ^u or _h entirely neglect$4 ,?us ! en?usiasm = ! ideal ( *ivalry1 l ! ,*ur*'s v5]ation ( ! ,holy ,virg91#fhe t5d$ to elevate & ref9e ! ideal ( woman1 & ?us to c\nt]act c]ta9 t5d5cies ( ! ascetic ideal4 ,x help$ to give a high valuation to ! moral qualities ( loyalty1 tru?fulness1 magnanimity1 self-reliance1 & c\rtesy4 ,we designate ^! attractive traits ( "* z *ivalr\s virtues = ! reason t we recognize t knigh?ood made preci\s contributions to ^! elem5ts ( ! moral inh]itance :i* ! mod]n receiv$ f ! m$ieval _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,re/rictions on ! "r ( private w>3 ! ,truce ( ,god ,v closely connect$ e?ically & hi/orically ) *ivalry is ! movem5t dur+ ! lat] m$ieval "t = ! abolition ( ! "r ( private w>4#fhf ,9 ! t5? c5tury1 z feudalism develop$ & ! milit>y _s ( knigh?ood came m & m to dom9ate society1 ! "r ( wag+ w>1 ) :i* privilege e feudal "l ( high rank 0 inve/$1 result$ 9 a /ate ( intol]able an>*y 9 all ^? l&s :]e ! feudal sy/em _h become e/abli%$4 ,respect+ ?is "r1 claim$ & ex]cis$ by ! feudal pr9ce1 ( wag+ w> aga9/ any & e o!r *iefta91 ev5 ?\gh ?is "o 7 a memb] ( ! same /ate z t to :i* he himself belong$1 !re 0 9 ^! m$ieval c5turies precisely ! same moral feel+1 or r lack ( moral feel+1 t exi/s to-day 9 reg>d to ! "r claim$ & ex]cis$ by ! diff]5t indep5d5t nations ( wag+ w> aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,z a result ( ?is practice ( private w>1 ,europe rev]t$ to a condition ( primitive b>b>ism4 ,e l& 0 fill$ ) fight+s & viol5ce4 8,e hill10 z "o pictures x1 80 a /ronghold1 e pla9 a battlefield4 ,! trad] 0 robb$ on ! highway1 ! peasant 0 kill$ at 8 pl[1 ! prie/ 0 sla9 at ! alt>4 ,neighbor f\ght aga9/ neighbor1 b>on aga9/ b>on1 city aga9/ city40 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is univ]sal an>*y ! ,*ur* lift$ a prote/+ voice4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! t5? c5tury !re 0 />t$ 9 ,france a movem5t :i* aim$ at ! complete abolition ( private w>4 ,! ,*ur* aspir$ to d :at _h be5 done by pagan ,rome4 ,x proclaim$ :at 0 call$ ! ,peace ( ,god4 ,x comm&$ all m5 ev]y:]e to refra9 f fight+ & robb]y & viol5ce ( e k9d z contr>y to ! _s & tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b x 0 f\nd utt]ly impossible to make ! great feudal b>ons refra9 f fight+ "o ano!r ev5 ?\gh !y 7 ?reat5$ ) ! et]nal torm5ts ( hell4 ,!y 7 j z unwill+ to surr5d] ?is highly priz$ privilege & "r ( wag+ private w> z ! nations ( to-day are to surr5d] _! priz$ privilege & "r to wage public w>4 ,!n ! lead]s ( ! cl]gy ( ,france1 see+ t !y c\ld n suppress ! evil entirely1 resolv$ to attempt to regulate x4 ,?is l$ to ! proclamation ( :at 0 call$ ! ,truce ( ,god4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 trace ( ?is movem5t dates f ! ye> #ajda4fhg ,9 t ye> ! abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,cluny & ! o!r ,fr5* abbots & bi%ops issu$ an edict comm&+ all m5 to ma9ta9 a holy & unbrok5 peace dur+ f\r days ( e week1 f ,w$nesday ev5+ till ,monday morn+4#fhh ,e man 0 requir$ to take an oa? to obs]ve ?is ,truce ( ,god4 ,! oa? 0 r5ew$ e ?ree ye>s1 & 0 adm9i/]$ to boys on _! rea*+ _! twelf? ye>4 ,?is movem5t to r$eem at lea/ a "p ( ! days f fight+ & viol5ce came gradually to embrace all ! c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! details ( ! v>i\s edicts issu$ by ,*ur* c\ncils & popes v>y greatly1 b all embody ! pr9ciple ( ! edict ( #ajda4 ,holydays1 & especially consecrat$ p]iods1 z ,ea/] "t & ,*ri/mas week1 came to be cov]$ by ! ,truce4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,cl]mont1 :i* inaugurat$ ! ,fir/ ,crusade1 ext5d$ greatly ! t]ms ( ! ,truce1 =bidd+ absolutely private w>s :ile ! ,crusade la/$1 & plac+ "u ! gis ( ! ,*ur* ! p]son & prop]ty ( e crusad]4 ,! ,truce ( ,god 0 nev] well obs]v$1 yet x did some?+ dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies to mitigate ! evils ( private w> & to r5d] life m secure & tol]able4 ,aft] ! twelf? c5tury ! k+s ( ,europe1 :o 7 n[ /r5g!n+ _! au?ority & consolidat+ _! dom9ions1 took ! place ( ! ,*ur* 9 ma9ta9+ peace among _! feudal vassals4 ,!y came to reg>d !mselves z responsible = ! 8peace ( ! l&10 :i* phrase n[ sup]s$$ ^? ( ! 8,peace ( ,god0 & ! 8,truce ( ,god40 ,?us ! movem5t to :i* moral =ces _h giv5 ! fir/ impulse 0 c>ri$ to its consummation by political motives4 ,to ! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 hi/ory w ev] accord ! honor ( hav+ begun ?is great re=m :i* en=c$ peace ^u ! memb]s ( ! same /ate1 & :i* has made private w>s 9 civiliz$ l&s a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! abolition ( private w>f>e 0 ! fir/ decisive /ep m>k+ ! advance ( ,europe t[>d univ]sal peace4 ,public w>1 t is1 w> betwe5 nations1 is /ill an e/abli%$ & approv$ in/itution ( int]national law2 b 9 ! moral evolution ( humanity a "t approa*es :5 public w> %all also1 l private w>1 be plac$ "u ! ban ( civilization1 & w h pass$ ^u x by ! tru] consci5ce ( t bett] age ! same judgm5t t ! consci5ce ( to-day pron\nces on t private w>f>e ^u :i* ! ,truce ( ,god laid ! fir/ arre/+ h&4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress 9 ! e?ics ( w>3 sale into slav]y ( ,*ri/ian captives condemn$ ,al?\gh ! ,*ur* has done little 9 a direct way to aboli% public w>1 or ev5 directly to create 9 society at l>ge a new consci5ce 9 reg>d to ! wick$ness ( w> 9 itself z an e/abli%$ me?od ( settl+ int]national diff]5ces1 its influ5ce has be5 felt f e>ly ,*ri/ian times 9 ! alleviation ( its b>b>ities & cruelties4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ameliorations 9 ! rules ( w> effect$ ?r\gh ,*ri/ian influ5ce conc]n$ ! treatm5t ( w> captives4 ,among ! anci5t ,greeks1 z we h se51 "u ! influ5ce ( ! s5tim5t ( ,panhell5ism1 !re 0 develop$ a vague feel+ t ,greeks %\ld n enslave ,greeks4 ,b aside f ?is ,panhell5ic s5tim5t1 :i* _h v little influ5ce ^u actual practice1 !re 0 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod seem+ly little or no moral feel+ on ! subject1 & ! cu/om ( r$uc+ prison]s ( w> to slav]y 0 practically univ]sal4 ,b ! cu/om1 9 s f> z x conc]n$ ,*ri/ian prison]s1 0 condemn$ by ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce z incompatible ) ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! rule 0 e/abli%$ t su* captives %\ld n be enslav$4#fhi ,we obs]ve ! fir/ cle> work+s ( ?is new w> consci5ce 9 ,brita9 aft] ! conv]sion ( ! ,saxon invad]s4 ,! ,celts ( ,brita9 7 ,*ri/ians1 & ! ,saxons1 aft] !y !mselves _h be5 won ov] to ,*ri/ianity1 ceas$ to sell into slav]y _! ,celtic captives4 ,gradually ?is new rule 0 adopt$ by all ,*ri/ian nations4 ,no o!r advance ( equal importance m>ks ! moral hi/ory ( public w> dur+ ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,?is humane rule1 h[ev]1 did n1 z we h intimat$1 embrace non-,*ri/ians4 ,our ^w 8slave0 be>s witness to ?is fact4 ,?is t]m came to designate a p]son 9 s]vitude f ! circum/ance t up to ! elev5? c5tury1 :i* saw ! evangelization ( ,russia1 ! slave class 9 ,europe 0 made up l>gely ( ,slavs1 :o1 z pagans1 7 )\t scruple r$uc$ to slav]y by _! ,*ri/ian captors4 ,b ! e>li] rights :i* ! immemorial laws ( w> conf]r$ ^u ! captor 7 n :olly annull$ 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ian captives4 ,! practice ( hold+ = ransom took ! place ( sale into slav]y4 ,?is cu/om prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! feudal p]iod1 b gradually dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ?is practice f9ally yield$ to ! m humanit>ian cu/om ( ex*ange ( prison]s4#fij ,?us 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( e?ics !re is to be trac$ a gradual humanization ( ! code1 :i*1 beg9n+ 9 savag]y ) gross cannibalism & torture1 advances ?r\gh kill+ 9 cold blood1 sale into slav]y1 & hold+ = ransom1 to equal ex*ange4 ,sid5ote3 ,morality 9 ! mona/]ies3 moral significance ( ! rise ( ! ,m5dicant ,ord]s ,dur+ ! age ( *ivalry ! ideal ( ! knight ov]%ad[$ ! ideal ( ! monk4 ,nev]!less ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ! mona/ic ideal inspir$ a great deal ( moral en?usiasm4 ,! f\nd+ & end[m5t ( mona/]ies divid$ ) ! equipp+ ( knightly exp$itions = ! ,crusades ! zeal & ef=ts & sacrifices ( ! ,european peoples4 ,9 ! old ord]s ( monks1 h[ev]1 zeal = ! ascetic ideal w\ld (t5 gr[ cold1 & ! high moral /&>d ( ! e>li] "t w\ld be l[]$4 ,!n "s select s\l1 set aflame by a fre% vision ( ! ideal1 w\ld draw toge!r a gr\p ( devot$ foll[]s1 & ?us w\ld come into exi/5ce a new ord] ( monks1 among :om ! flame ( a holy en?usiasm w\ld burn brightly = a "t4#fia ,among ! num]\s new ord]s call$ into exi/5ce by ^! re=m movem5ts !re 7 two :i*1 9 ! ideal ( duty :i* !y foll[$1 /& q ap>t f ! ord9>y mona/ic ord]s4 ,?is new ideal _h its inc>nation 9 ,/4 ,francis#fib & ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ! f\nd]s respectively ( ! ,franciscan & ! ,dom9ican ord] ( fri>s4 ,9 ?is new conception ( :at con/itutes ! wor?ie/ & mo/ m]itori\s life1 ! quieti/ic virtues ( ! e>li] ascetic ideal1 :i* _h develop$ dur+ ! p]iod ( t]ror & suff]+ :i* foll[$ ! subv]sion ( classical civilization by ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 gave place to ! active1 b5evol5t virtues4 ,9 ! e>li] mona/ic movem5t !re 0 a self-reg>d+ elem5t4 ,! monk fl$ f ! _w 9 ord] to make sure ( 8 own salvation4 ,! _w 0 left to c>e = itself4 ,9 ! new ord]s1 ! bro!r1 9 imitation ( ! ,ma/] :o w5t ab\t among m5 tea*+ & heal+1 left ! cloi/] & w5t out into ! _w to rescue & save o!rs4 ,9 its l(ty call to absolute self-=getfulness & complete consecration to ! s]vice ( humanity1 ! e>ly ideal ( ! ,m5dicants 0 "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ attractive t _h gr[n up "u ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,! l(t9ess ( ! ideal attract$ ! select spirits ( ! age--= noble s\ls love self-sacrifice4 8,:5ev] 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury10 says ! hi/orian ,lea1 8we f9d a man t[]+ above 8 fell[s1 we are almo/ sure to trace him to "o ( ! ,m5dicant ,ord]s40#fic ,x is 9 ! exaltation ( ?is virtue ( self-r5unciation t we f9d "o ( ! *ief s]vices r5d]$ by ! ,m5dicant ,ord]s1 especially by ! ,franciscan1 to ,european morality4 ,j z ! e>ly monks1 ?r\gh ! emphasis laid on ! virtue ( *a/ity1 made a ne$$ prote/ aga9/ ! s5suality ( a s5ile & decad5t civilization1 s did ! fri>s1 ?r\gh ! /ress laid on ! virtue ( self-d5ial = o!rs1 make a ne$$ prote/ aga9/ ! selfi%ness & h>dness ( an age t seem$ to h =gott5 ! claims ( ! poor & ! l[ly4#fid ,x c h>dly be made a matt] ( reasonable d\bt t ! sl[ly gr[+ fund ( altrui/ic feel+ 9 ,*ri/5dom 0 greatly enri*$ by ! self-devot$ lives & labors ( ! foll[]s ( ,sa9ts ,francis & ,dom9ic4 ,b ! value ( ! ideal ( ! fri>s z an e?ical =ce 9 ! evolution ( ,european civilization 0 s]i\sly impair$ by c]ta9 !ological elem5ts x conta9$4 ,x 0 an ideal 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ord9>y mona/ic ideal1 ! duty ( correct op9ion came to be exalt$ above all o!rs4 ,! e?ics ( belief took prec$5ce ( ! e?ics ( s]vice4 ,?us ! fri>s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,dom9icans1 ?r\gh _! zeal = or?odoxy1 fo/]$ ! grave moral fault ( intol]ance4 ,! gr[? ( ?is conception ( ,*ri/ian duty1 concurr+ ) o!r causes ( :i* we %all speak 9 ! next *apt]1 u%]$ 9 ! age ( ! ,inquisition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ics ( ,s*ola/icism ,! e?ical hi/ory ( ! fri>s or ! prea*+ ord]s m+les ) ! e?ical hi/ory ( ,s*ola/icism4 ,! e?ics ( ! ,s*oolm5 0 a syncretism ( two moral sy/ems1 ! pagan-classical or ,ari/otelian & ! ,*ri/ian4 ,) ! f\r classical virtues ( wisdom1 prud5ce1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice 7 comb9$ ! ?ree ,*ri/ian virtues ( fai?1 hope1 & love4 ,b ^! two moral types1 ! classical & ! !ological1 ea* be+ tak5 9 its entirety1 7 mutually inconsi/5t ideals ( virtue4 ,! pagan code 0 a morality bas$ on ! autonomy ( ! individual reason2 ! ,*ur* code 0 bas$ on an ext]nal au?ority4 ,! "o 0 inn] & natural1 ! o!r out] & sup]natural4 ,! s*ola/ic sy/em 0 ?us an incongru\s comb9ation ( naturalism & sup]naturalism 9 e?ics1 ( native virtues & 8virtues ( grace40 ,?is dualism is ! ess5tial fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e?ics ( ,s*ola/icism4 ,z x 0 ! great ef=t ( ! ,s*oolm5 9 ! doma9 ( dogma to ju/ify ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 to %[ _! reasonabl5ess & consi/5cy1 s 0 x _! great ef=t 9 ! doma9 ( e?ics to ju/ify ! ,*ur*'s composite moral ideal1 to %[ all its duties & virtues to =m a reasonable & consi/5t sy/em4 ,! be/ repres5tative ( ?is ef=t ( reconciliation 0 ! great ,s*oolman ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,b a p]fect fusion ( ! div]se elem5ts 0 impossible4 ,!re 7 ev] /riv+ 9 ! sy/em two spirits--! _s ( ,greek naturalism & ! _s ( ,hebrew-,*ri/ian sup]naturalism4 ,b !re 0 ano!r l9e ( cleavage 9 ! sy/em :i* 0 /ill m fateful 9 its hi/orical consequ5ces ?an ! cleavage betwe5 ! ,ari/otelian & ! ,*ur* morality4 ,?is cleavage 0 creat$ by ! tw(old e?ics ( ! ,*ur*1 = ! ecclesia/ical morality1 consid]$ ap>t f ! ,ari/otelian elem5t1 0 itself made up ( two mutually inconsi/5t e?ics1 namely1 ,gospel e?ics & ,augu/9ian e?ics4#fie ,! sav+ virtue ( ! fir/ 0 lov+1 self-abnegat+ s]vice2 ! sav+ virtue ( ! second 0 fai?1 :i* 0 practically def9$ z 8! acceptance z true ( ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ma9 articles ( ! cre$40 ,su* 0 ! emphasis laid by c]ta9 ( ! ,s*oolm5 ^u ! metaphysical side ( ?is dual sy/em t !re 0 9 _! e?ics m ( ! m9d ( ,augu/9e ?an ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,?is mak+ ( an ext]nal au?ority ! basis ( morality1 ?is emphasiz+ ( ! !ological virtues1 especially ! virtue ( "r belief1 _h two results ( incalculable consequ5ces = ! moral evolution 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,fir/1 x l$ naturally & inevitably to t sy/em ( casui/ry#fif :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a ( ! moral hi/ory ( ! lat] m$ieval & e>li] mod]n c5turies2 & second1 x laid ! basis ( ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition4 ,?us does ! !ological e?ics ( ,s*ola/icism /& 9 intimate & significant relation to ^! two important matt]s 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,r5aissance ,,e?ics3 ,,revival ,,( ,,naturalism ,,9 ,,morals ,i4 ,,det]m9+ ,,influ5ces ,sid5ote3 ,! ,r5aissance3 ! new intellectual life ,t[>d ! close ( ! m$ieval ages came t important movem5t 9 ,european society kn[n z ! ,r5aissance1 a ma9 feature ( :i* 0 ! re/oration ( classical culture4 ,s9ce ! incom+ ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians ) _! racial traits & m>tial moral code !re _h be5 no su* modify+ =ce br\ght to be> ^u ! moral evolution ( ! ,european peoples1 nor 0 !re to appe> a great] till ! rise ( mod]n evolution>y sci5ce4 ,! ,r5aissance ex]t$ its trans=m+ influ5ce on ! moral life ( ! ,we/ *iefly ?r\gh ! new intellectual life x awak5$ by br++ ! ,european m9d 9 vital contact ) ! culture ( ! anci5t _w2 = intellectual progress means normally moral progress4 ,h5ce z ! ,r5aissance meant a new bir? ( ! ,european intellect1 s did x mean also a new bir? ( ! ,european consci5ce4 ,j z ! consci5ce ( ! m$ieval age _h its g5esis 9 ! new religion :i* sup]s$$ ! paganism ( ! anci5t _w1 s did ! common consci5ce ( to-day h its g5esis 9 ! new sci5ce1 ! new culture1 :i* 9 ! ,r5aissance sup]s$$ m$ieval ideas & !ological modes ( ?\ght4 ,a *ief "p ( our rema9+ task w be to make pla9 h[ ! new intellectual life born 9 ! revival ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & express+ itself s9ce 9 e dep>tm5t ( human life1 ?\ght1 & activity1 has react$ ^u ! moral feel+s & judgm5ts ( m5 & taught !m to seek ! ultimate sanctions ( a true morality 9 ! deep univ]sal intuitions ( ! human he>t & consci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! decay ( feudalism & ! rise ( mon>*y3 c\rt life ,runn+ p>allel ?r\gh\t ! lat] m$ieval "t ) ! classical revival1 ^: significance 0 s great = ,european morality1 !re 0 go+ on a political & social revolution :i* ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! e?ical evolution only less pot5t & f>-rea*+ ?an t ( ! intellectual movem5t4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! petty feudal /ates 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe 7 be+ ga!r$ up into l>g] political units4 ,! pr9ciple ( mon>*y 0 ev]y:]e triumph+ ov] t ( feudalism4 ,! multitude ( feudal ca/les1 9 :i* _h be5 cradl$ ! knightly ideal ( manhood1 7 replac$ by ! palaces & c\rts ( ri* pr9ces & p[]ful k+s4 ,?is meant a great *ange 9 ! social & political environm5t ( ! high] classes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ^! lat] c\rts !re 0 a brilliancy ( life1 a culture & a ref9em5t r>ely f\nd 9 ! e>li] feudal ca/les4 ,9 ! next place1 ! relation :i* e memb] ( ! c\rt su/a9$ to ! pr9ce or sov]eign 0 fundam5tally diff]5t f t :i* ! vassal _h su/a9$ to 8 "l "u ! feudal rgime4 ,?is relation1 x is true1 0 /ill a p]sonal "o2 b indep5d5ce 0 gone1 & ) ?is 7 gone ! pride & self-suffici5cy :i* x eng5d]$4 ,9 ^! pr9cely c\rts ! knight became a c\rti]4 ,! effect ( ^! *anges 9 surr\nd+s & relation%ips ^u ! /&>d ( conduct 0 pr(\nd1 z we %all see :51 a little f>!r on1 we come to inquire :at 7 ! e?ical feel+s & judgm5ts awak5$ 9 ?is new environm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gr[? ( ! t[ns3 ! work%op & ! m>ket z mold]s ( morals ,?ree in/itutions--! mona/]y1 ! ca/le1 & ! t[n--dom9at$ successively ! life ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ea* develop$ a di/9ct e?ical ideal4 ,! mona/]y cradl$ ! consci5ce ( ! monk2 ! ca/le1 ! consci5ce ( ! knight2 & ! t[n1 ! consci5ce ( ! burgh]4 ,:at p>ticul> virtues 7 approv$ by ! moral s5se ( ! t[n dwell] we %all note a little f>!r on4 ,we "h m]ely obs]ve t 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! t[n1 9 ! relation%ips ( ! work%op & ! m>ket1 7 n\ri%$ ! l[ly lay virtues ( ! artisan & ! trad]1 virtues :i*1 ?\gh dise/eem$ by classical antiquity1 reg>d$ z ( subord9ate wor? by ! monk1 & held 9 positive contempt by ! knight1 7 yet to con/itute ! he>t & core ( ! e?ical ideal ( ! mod]n _w4 ,,ii4 ,,"s ,,ess5tial ,,facts ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,age ,sid5ote3 ,revival ( ! classical conception ( life3 ! new bir? ( ! ,european consci5ce ,:5 ,*ri/ianity ent]$ ! ,greco-,roman _w ) its new moral ideal1 ! old classical ideal ( "*1 z we h se51 0 practically sup]s$$4 ,!re 71 x is true1 c]ta9 elem5ts ( ?is pagan morality :i* 7 consci\sly or unconsci\sly absorb$ by ,*ri/ianity2 b ! classical ideal z a :ole 0 reject$1 j z ! great] "p ( ! cultural elem5ts ( ,greco-,roman civilization 7 ca/ aside4 ,= a ?\s& ye>s ,hebrew-,*ri/ian conceptions ( ! _w & ( life %ap$ ! ?\ght & conduct ( m54 ,!n came ! ,r5aissance4#fig ,9 ! /udy ( ?is movem5t ! att5tion ( ! hi/orian has ord9>ily be5 c5t]$ on ! lit]>y1 arti/ic1 & intellectual phases ( ! revival1 :ile ! e?ical phase has be5 giv5 b slight att5tion or has be5 dismiss$ ) ! facile obs]vation t ! movem5t induc$ a revival ( pagan immorality4 ,?is is true4 ,b ! really significant ?+ 0 n ! revival ( pagan immorality b ! revival ( pagan morality4 ,= j z ?is classical revival meant a new en?usiasm = ! arti/ic1 lit]>y1 & cultural elem5ts ( ! e>li] ,greco-,roman civilization1 s did x also mean a new en?usiasm = ! ,greco-,roman ideal ( "*4 ,to _m x 0 no long] ! ,*ur* ideal b ! classical t seem$ ! embodim5t ( :at is e?ically mo/ noble & wor?y4 ,su* p]sons gave up ! practice ( ! di/9ctively ,*ri/ian !ological virtues1 or1 if !y /ill outw>dly obs]v$ ! ,*ur* code1 ?is 0 m]ely ins9c]e con=mity sugge/$ by prud5ce or policy2 ! code ( morals :i* _! m9ds & he>ts approv$ & :i* !y obs]v$1 if !y obs]v$ any at all1 0 ! code ( pagan antiquity4 ,x is 9 ?is secul>ization ( ! e?ical ideal1 9 ?is divorce ( morality f !ology1 9 ?is ann\ncem5t ( ! fre$om & autonomy ( ! individual _s1 t is to be s\ght ! real significance ( ! classical revival ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies = ! moral hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,9 two ways *iefly did ! ,r5aissance ex]t its trans=m+ influ5ce ^u ,european morals3 fir/1 by awak5+ a new intellectual life1 =1 z we h _h repeat$ly %[n u1 a new m5tal life means a new moral life2 & second1 by ! direct introduction ( v>i\s elem5ts ( ,greco-,roman morals into ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( "*4 ,?us at ! same "t t ! cultural life ( ,europe 0 be+ enl>g$ & enri*$ by ! incorporation ( ^? lit]>y & art elem5ts ( classical civilization :i* _h be5 reject$ or und]e/imat$ by ! ,middle ,ages1 ! moral life ( ,*ri/5dom 0 be+ pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! incorporation ( ^? e?ical elem5ts :i* con/itut$ ! preci\s product ( ! moral aspirations & a*ievem5ts ( ! be/ g5]ations ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! consci5ce ( ^? p]sons 9 ! mod]n _w :o are imbu$ ) ! true sci5tific _s1 t is to say1 ) ! humani/ic _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 is q z l>gely ,greek z ,hebraic4 ,a rec5t writ] review+ ! life ( a di/+ui%$ p]sonage 7,julia ,w>d ,h[e7 recogniz$ ?is m+l+ 9 mod]n culture ( ^! div]se elem5ts 9 ^! words3 8,%e has bl5d$ & liv$1 z no o!r em95t ,am]ican woman1 ! humani/ic & ! ,*ri/ian ideals ( life4 ,%e has prea*$ love & self-sacrifice1 & %e has lov$ beauty & self-realization40 ,sid5ote3 ,!ological morality3 ! e?ics ( p]secution ,9 ! doma9 ( !ological morality ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance af=ds "o ( ! mo/ pa9ful *apt]s 9 ,european hi/ory4 ,?is *apt] has to d ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition to ma9ta9 uni=mity ( religi\s belief4 ,x is n an accid5t t ?is *apt] %\ld =m an integral "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! spread ( h]esy1 :i* ?reat5$ ! unity ( ! m$ieval ,*ur*1 0 l>gely ! outgr[? ( ! new intellectual life awak5$ by ! revival ( le>n+4#fih ,h5ce x 0 inevitable t ! age ( ! ,r5aissance %\ld be also ! age ( p]secution4 ,x is n a recital ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,(fice dur+ ! p]iod "u review :i* is our conc]n 9 ?is place1 b only a consid]ation ( ! motives ( ,*ri/ian p]secution4 ,t intol]ance %\ld ev] h be5 reg>d$ by ! foll[]s ( ! tol]ant ,naz>5e z a virtue & p]secution ( misbeliev]s z a pi\s duty1 *all5ges ! att5tion ( ! hi/orian ( morals & incites e>ne/ inquiry into ! causes ( su* an ab]ration ( ! moral s5tim5t4 ,x _c be made a matt] ( reasonable d\bt t "o ( ! *ief causes ( ,*ri/ian intol]ance is ! !ological doctr9e t salvation is dep5d5t ^u "r belief 9 religi\s matt]s1 & t error 9 belief1 ev5 ?\gh hone/1 is a crime t m]its & receives et]nal puni%m5t4#fii ,?is dogma leads logically & inevitably to intol]ance & p]secution2#gjj = if wrong belief is a crime ( s he9\s a nature z ju/ly to subject ! misbeliev] to ev]la/+ & horrible torm5ts1 & if ! misbeliev] is likely to br+ o!rs into ! same fatal way ( ?9k+1 !n x foll[s t h]esy %\ld be extirpat$1 j z ! g]ms ( a dread$ contagion are /amp$ out1 by any & e means h[ev] seem+ly h>% & cruel4 ,?us ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & o!r !ologians logically 8argu$ t if ! dea? p5alty c\ld be rightly inflict$ on ?ieves & =g]s1 :o rob u only ( worldly goods1 h[ mu* m righte\sly on ^? :o *eat u out ( sup]natural goods--out ( fai?1 ! sacram5ts1 ! life ( ! s\l40#gja ,x 0 ?is !ological tea*+ t h]esy is a fault ( unmeasur$ s9fulness1 an 8insidi\s prev5table contagion10 :i* 0 ! ma9 root t fo/]$ ,*ri/ian intol]ance & p]secution4#gjb ,! activities ( ! ,holy ,(fice 7 ma9ta9$ n by bad m5 b by good m54 8,) su* m5 x 0 n hope ( ga91 or lu/ ( blood1 or pride ( op9ion1 or wanton ex]cise ( p[] t mov$ !m1 b s5se ( duty1 & !y b repres5t$ :at 0 univ]sal public op9ion f ! ?irte5? to ! sev5te5? c5tury40#gjc ,reflect+ on ^! facts1 we readily give ass5t to ! *>itable judgm5t ( ! hi/orian ,von ,hol/ 9 comm5t+ on ! acts ( ! ,t]rori/s 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 t 8wrongdo+ to o!rs lies n s mu* 9 ! w z 9 ! und]/&+40 ,! greate/ crime ( hi/ory 0 committ$ by m5 :o knew n :at !y did4#gjd ,x 0 a !ological doctr9e :i* is to-day reject$ by ! reason & consci5ce ( a l>ge section ( ! ,*ur* itself1 t caus$ ! loss = c5turies ( ! virtue ( tol]ation1 :i* 9 ! e?ical sy/ems ( ! classical _w _h be5 assign$ a prom95t place among ! virtues1 & :i*1 c\ld x h f\nd a place 9 ! /&>d ( goodness ( ! ,*ur*1 w\ld h sav$ ,*ri/5dom ! horrors ( ! ,albig5sian crusades1 ! pi\s cruelties ( ! ,inquisition1 & ! mutual p]secutions ( ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants ?r\gh\t ! age ( ! ,re=mation4 ,sid5ote3 ,political morality3 ,ma*iavellian e?ics ,! matt] ( dom9ant importance 9 ! sph]e ( political morality dur+ ! ,r5aissance 0 ! creation ( a code ( morals = pr9ces4 ,?is 0 a sy/em =mulat$ by ! ,italian philosoph] ,ma*iavelli1 :o wrote "u ! secul>iz+ influ5ces ( ! classical revival & ( ! paganiz$ c\rts ( ! ,italian pr9ces ( 8 "t4#gje ,x 0 a code :i* ! rul+ class1 = :om x 0 design$1 eag]ly adopt$1 = ! reason t x h>moniz$ ) _! desires1 ambitions1 & practices1 & sanction$ z n only morally p]missible1 b ev5 z obligatory & m]itori\s1 policies & acts :i*1 )\t su* sanction1 might h awak5$ 9 "s at lea/ inconv5i5t & hamp]+ scruples ( consci5ce4 ,?is pr9cely ideal1 not)/&+ t ! conduct ( ! pr9ce :o act$ 9 accordance ) x 0 g5]ally condon$1 0 n "o :i*1 l ! ascetic or ! knightly ideal1 awak5$ moral en?usiasm4 ,x 0 a /&>d ( conduct nev] approv$ by ! be/ consci5ce ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! "w 9 :i* ,ma*iavelli embodi$ ?is ideal = pr9ces 01 on its fir/ appe>ance1 fi]cely assail$ z grossly immoral1 & ev] s9ce has call$ =? ! sev]e/ condemnation ( morali/s4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,ma*iavelli's sy/em is t ! moral code b9d+ on ! subject is n b9d+ on ! rul]2 or r t e?ics has no?+ to d ) politics4#gjf ,) ! pr9ce ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,he is at lib]ty to lie1 defraud1 /eal1 & kill1 9 f9e1 to employ all & e =m ( deception1 inju/ice1 cruelty1 & unrighte\sness 9 deal+ ) 8 enemies & ) o!r pr9ces or /ates4 ,?is moral /&>d set = pr9ces by ,ma*iavelli 0 ! dom9ant =ce 9 int]national affairs f ! middle ( ! sixte5? to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod x debas$ ! public morals n only ( ,italy b ( e o!r l& 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,its vici\s pr9ciples 7 act$ ^u by e c\rt ( ,europe4#gjg ,ev5 to-day ,ma*iavellism1 ?\gh condemn$ 9 !ory1 is /ill too (t5 foll[$ 9 practice4 ,x w\ld n be an exagg]ation to say t ,! ,pr9ce has ex]cis$ a m baneful influ5ce ov] ! political morals ( ,europe ?an any o!r book ev] writt54 ,x is in/ructive to contra/ ! influ5ce ( ,ma*iavellism ) t ( ,/oicism4 ,among ! good effects ( ,roman ,/oicism 0 its ennobl+ influ5ce ^u ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,x gave ! ,roman ,empire su* a succession ( high-m9d$ & consci5ti\s rul]s z sc>ce is %[n by ! hi/ory ( any o!r /ate anci5t or mod]n4 ,9 contra/ to ! influ5ce ( ?is noble philosophy :i* apo!osiz$ duty & exalt$ 9 rul]s ! virtues ( clem5cy1 tru?fulness1 magnanimity1 & ju/ice1 ,ma*iavellism fill$1 or contribut$ to fill1 ! ?rones ( ,*ri/5dom ) rul]s ^: moral s5se 0 s blunt$ by its s9i/] doctr9es t = g5]ations tru? speak+1 s9c]ity1 reg>d = ! obligations ( treaties1 & respect = ! rights ( si/] /ates 7 almo/ unkn[n 9 ! diplomacy & mutual deal+s ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe4 ,x is only aft] ! lapse ( m ?an ?ree c5turies t ,*ri/5dom is free+ itself f ! evil influ5ce ( ,ma*iavelli's tea*+s1 & t !re has be5 g5]at$ a new public consci5ce :i* recognizes t /ates l individuals are subjects ( ! moral law1 & t ! code :i* is b9d+ on individuals is b9d+ likewise on gov]nm5ts & communities4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical value ( ! ideal ( ! c\rti] ,we h already m5tion$ ! ideal ( ! c\rti] z "o ( ! e?ical or semi-e?ical products ( ! age ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,?is 0 a conception ( p]fect manhood :i* 0 nurtur$ 9 ! socially brilliant & ref9$ c\rts ( ! ,italian pr9ces ( ?is p]iod4 ,x 0 a fusion & modification ( select$ virtues & qualities ( ! knight & ( ! s*ol>4 ,! ,*ri/ian !ological virtues _h no necess>y place 9 x4 ,x 0 ! di/9ctive virtues ( ! knight1 elevat$ & ref9$1 :i* =m$ ! he>t & core ( ! ideal4 ,l ! ideal ( knigh?ood1 ! c\rtly ideal 0 an ari/ocratic "o2 ! c\rti]1 l ! knight1 mu/ be 8nobly born & ( g5tle race40#gjh ,m>tial exploits 7 acc\nt$ to him z virtues2 88 pr9cipal & true pr(ession ought to be t ( arms40#gji ,z loyalty to 8 sup]ior 0 a supreme virtue 9 ! knight1 s 0 absolute loyalty to 8 pr9ce ! pre-em95t virtue ( ! c\rti]4 ,n less prom95t 0 ! place accord$ 9 ! ideal to ! knightly virtues ( c\rage & c\rtesy4#gaj ,b to ^! qualities & virtues ( ! knight ! c\rti] mu/ ne$s add ^? ( ! s*ol>4 ,! ord9>y knight despis$ le>n+ & held ! virtues ( ! s*ol> 9 contempt4 ,b ! ideal ( c\rtl9ess grew up 9 a l& :]e humani/ic /udies _h become a rul+ passion1 & 9 an age :5 ! highe/ ambition ( _m an ,italian pr9ce 0 to be kn[n z a patron ( le>n+4 ,x 0 natural t1 develop+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ^! c\rts1 ! new /&>d ( p]fect manhood %\ld give a prom95t place to ! qualifications & virtues ( ! s*ol>4 ,?is ideal ( ! c\rti] 0 nev] su* a moral =ce 9 hi/ory z t ( ! monk or ( ! knight1 b !re 7 9 x e?ical elem5ts ( positive value to ! moral life ( ! _w4 ,x 0 ! inspiration ( _m ( ! f9e/ spirits ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4#gaa ,( ! noble-m9d$ ,sir ,philip ,sidney a biograph] says1 8,he consci5ti\sly mold$ 8 life on ! model ( ! p]fect c\rti] ( ,cortelliani40 ,nor has ! ideal ev] ceas$ to appeal to ! imag9ation1 or lo/ its p[] to s(t5 & ref9e mann]s & ennoble conduct4 ,x inspires g5tle consid]ation = o!rs ( :atsoev] e/ate1 incites to unselfi% s]vice1 & induces absolute good fai? & self-=gett+ loyalty to fri5ds & to ! cause esp\s$1 all ( :i* are moral qualities ( high value1 & all ( :i* h ent]$ or are ent]+ z p]man5t elem5ts into ! gr[+ _w ideal ( p]fect manhood4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ics ( indu/ry3 ! m$ieval t[ns ! cradle ( ! mod]n bus9ess consci5ce ,9 ! m$ieval t[n 0 develop$ a moral ideal z di/9ct & individual z t ( ! mona/]y or ( ! ca/le4 ,c5tral 9 ?is type ( goodness 7 ! homely virtues ( indu/ry1 c>efulness 9 workman%ip1 punctuality1 hone/y1 fai?ful obs]vance ( engagem5ts1 & g5]al fair deal+4 ,to ^! lay virtues 7 add$ all ^? :i* made up ! ,*ur* ideal = ! ord9>y life1 = !re _h n yet be5 effect$ t divorce ( bus9ess f !ology :i* _h be5 effect$ 9 ! case ( politics4 ,! developm5t ( ?is ideal ( goodness 0 a matt] ( imm5se importance = ! moral life ( ! ,we/1 because1 act$ ^u by ! practical e?ical _s ( ,prote/antism & o!r ag5cies1 x 0 de/9$ to sup]s$e ! ascetic & *ivalric ideals ( life1 :i* = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s _h be5 ! rul+ moral =ces 9 ! life ( ,*ri/5dom1 = nei!r ( ^! ideals ( goodness c\ld be m ?an a p>tial & pass+ =m ( ! moral life4 ,! ascetic ideal1 hav+ = its di/9ctive qualities su* virtues z celibacy1 pov]ty1 solit>y contemplation1 vigils1 fa/+s1 & mortifications ( ! body1 c\ld n possibly become ! /&>d = all m54 ,x 0 confess$ly a /&>d ( p]fection = ! few only4 ,z to ! knightly ideal1 ?is 0 too exclusively a m>tial "o to become ! supreme rule ( life & conduct = ! multitude4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 an ari/ocratic ideal1 an ideal = ! noble born alone4 ,?is preclud$ ! possibility ( its becom+1 z a di/9ct type1 a p]man5t =ce 9 civilization4 ,b ! e?ical type ( ! t[ns1 embrac+ ^? native human virtues :i* spr+ up ev]y:]e out ( ! usual & univ]sal relation%ips ( ev]yday life & occupations1 0 sure ( a p]man5t place among ! e?ical types ( ! classes & pr(essions ( mod]n society4 ,9 ! same s5se t ! m$ieval t[ns 7z ! bir?place ( ! ?ird e/ate7 7 ! cradle ( mod]n democracy1 7 !y ! cradle ( mod]n bus9ess morality4 ,j z ?r\gh ! m$ieval mona/]y passes ! direct l9e ( desc5t ( ! pres5t-day social consci5ce ( ,*ri/5dom1#gab j s ?r\gh ! m$ieval t[n passes ! direct l9e ( desc5t ( ! pres5t-day bus9ess consci5ce ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,disuse ( trial by wag] ( battle ,! influ5ce ( ! _s g5]at$ 9 ! m$ieval t[ns is se5 9 t important re=m1 ! abolition ( ! judicial duel1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y matt]s 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages4#gac ,x 0 ! milit>y _s ( ! ,g]man b>b>ians :i*1 z we h se51 0 a *ief ag5cy 9 ! introduction ( ! wag] ( battle or trial by combat 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( ! ,european peoples4#gad ,besides ! influ5ce ( ! t[ns1 a numb] ( o!r causes concurr$ 9 gradually effect+ ! abrogation ( ?is me?od ( settl+ disputes1 among :i* ! mo/ effici5t 7 ! opposition ( ! ,*ur*1 ! revival ( ! ,roman law 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & ! advance 9 g5]al intellig5ce4 ,into e "o ( ^! ag5cies !re ent]$ an e?ical elem5t1 s t we may reg>d ?is great re=m1 9 its causes z well z 9 its effects1 z di/9ctively a moral re=m4 ,?us ! influ5ce ( ! t[ns 0 ess5tially e?ical1 = ! rise ( ^! communities1 z we h j se51 meant ! sup]s$+ ( ! e?ics ( ari/ocracy & w> by ! e?ics ( democracy & indu/ry4 ,consequ5tly ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! t[ns 0 l>gely t ( a new ideal ( "*4 ,! opposition ( ! ,*ur* 0 motiv$ *iefly by moral feel+1 ! pontiffs & ! bi%ops :o oppos$ ! practice do+ s on ! gr\nd t ! ordeal by battle 0 8brutal1 un*ri/ian1 & unrighte\s40 ,! advocates ( ! civil law oppos$ ! practice n only because x int]f]$ ) ! royal & imp]ial adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 b because x 0 a practice bas$ on ignorance & sup]/ition & 8incompatible ) e notion ( equity & ju/ice10 s9ce brutal =ce 0 all[$ to usurp ! place ( te/imony & reason4 ,?us ! ,roman law1 z ! embodim5t ( "r reason1 0 "h z ev]y:]e else a moral =ce mak+ = :at is reasonable & j4 ,! influ5ce ( ! g5]al progress 9 enlight5m5t 0 also pr(\ndly e?ical1 s9ce ?is movem5t result$1 z intellectual advance always normally does1 9 a gr[+ ref9em5t ( ! moral feel+s1 9 progress 9 moral ideas1 & 9 tru] e?ical judgm5ts4 ,by ! op5+ ( ! mod]n age trial by combat1 act$ on by ^! v>i\s influ5ces1 _h become obsolete or obsolesc5t 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe4#gae ,/rangely en\gh1 ! int]national duel or public w>1 re/+ on sub/antially ! same basis z ! private judicial duel1 has held its place z ! in/itut$ & legaliz$ me?od ( settl+ controv]sies betwe5 nations d[n to ! pres5t "t1 )\t1 till j ye/]day1 be+ s]i\sly *all5g$ by ! awak5+ consci5ce ( ! _w z equally repugnant to ! moral law & incompatible ) e pr9ciple ( reason1 humanity1 & ju/ice4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,re=mation ,i4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation ,,( ,,e?ical ,,import ,sid5ote3 ,pr9ciple ( ! self-sov]eignty ( ! individual z ! ultimate au?ority 9 morals ,9 its ess5tial pr9ciple ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 0 a prote/ aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( au?ority 9 ! realm ( ! _s4 ,x proclaim$ ! "r ( individual judgm5t 9 matt]s ( religion & morals4 ,!re 0 9 ?is proclamation an e?ical implication ( revolution>y significance4 ,x 0 a recognition ( ! tru? 8t duty 9 ! la/ analysis is impos$ ^u ! individual 444 by himself2 t !re is no au?ority 9 moral matt]s m ultimate ?an a man's rational conviction ( :at is be/40#gaf ,( all ! ag5cies :i* dur+ rec5t times h be5 at "w moraliz+ morality & creat+ = ! moral life a p]man5t & inde/ructible basis 9 reason & consci5ce1 ?is ,prote/ant pr9ciple ( ! autonomy ( ! individual s\l 9 ! spiritual doma9 has be5 "o ( ! mo/ effici5t & p]vasive4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pr9ciple ( salvation by "r belief ,?\gh ! *ief significance ( ! ,prote/ant revolution & its ultimate import = morality lay 9 ?is ass]tion ( ! self-sov]eignty ( ! individual1 /ill ! full e?ical consequ5ces ( ?is revolution>y pr9ciple did n become cle>ly manife/ till aft] ! lapse ( m ?an ?ree c5turies4 ,?r\gh\t ! e>li] p]iods ( ! ,re=mation era ! moral evolution 9 ,prote/ant l&s 0 influ5c$ less by ! ann\ncem5t ( ?is pr9ciple ?an by t ( c]ta9 o!r pr9ciples less fundam5tally important1 or by c]ta9 m9or modifications effect$ by ! re=m]s 9 ! body ( doctr9es & practices ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,among ^! pr9ciples 0 t ( salvation by fai?1 :i* meant practically salvation by "r belief4 ,?is 0 no new pr9ciple 9 ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,! ,*ur* _h always insi/$ ^u acceptance ( ! ma9 articles ( its cre$ z necess>y to salvation4 ,b by reason ( ! emphasis :i* _h be5 plac$ ^u ! doctr9e ( ! m]itori\sness ( works1 _m _h come to believe1 & to act ^u ! belief1 t a man is ju/ifi$ by :at he does4 ,! ass]tion ( ! doctr9e ( ju/ification ?r\gh fai? alone _h important consequ5ces = morality1 s9ce x impli$ ! d5ial ( ! e?ical value ( works1 :i* meant specifically ! repudiation ( ! pr9ciples ( asceticism1 on :i* ! mona/ic sy/em re/$1 z well z ! rejection ( ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 :i* af=d$ basis & sanction = a consid]able "p ( ! moral code ( ! m$ieval ,*ur*4 ,,ii4 ,,"s ,,important ,,moral ,,outcomes ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5?-,,c5tury ,,religi\s ,,re=m ,sid5ote3 ,! re=m movem5t ren=ces ! e?ical t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance ,?\gh ! imm$iate results ( ! ,re=mation 7 disa/r\s to ,humanism1 ! ultimate effect ( ! religi\s movem5t 0 to ren=ce ! true e?ical t5d5cies ( ! intellectual revival4 ,z we h se51 ! ?+ ( deepe/ import = morals 9 ! ,r5aissance ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 0 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! fre$om & self-dep5d5ce ( ! individual _s1 s9ce su* self-sov]eignty is ! pr]equisite ( a true & vital morality4 ,likewise ! ess5tial proclamation ( ! ,re=mation 0 ! autonomy ( ! individual 9 matt]s religi\s & moral4 ,x is true t ! re=m]s1 ?\gh proclaim+ lib]ty ( consci5ce1 ! "r ( individual judgm5t1 did n1 z has already be5 said1 at once recognize all ! e?ical implications ( ?is pr9ciple4 8,! ,re=mation10 z ,dr4 ,arnold truly obs]ves1 80 weak 9 t x nev] consci\sly grasp$ or appli$ ! c5tral idea ( ! ,r5aissance--! ,hell5ic idea ( pursu+1 9 all l9es ( activity1 ! law & sci5ce1 to use ,plato's words1 ( ?+s z !y really are40#gag ,b ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( individual judgm5t 9 matt]s religi\s & moral 0 b\nd soon] or lat] to lead to ! recognition ( ! duty ( inquiry1 ( inve/igation ( ! law & sci5ce ( ?+s z !y really are1 & ( absolute loyalty to ! tru? :5 f\nd4 ,! f9al outcome )9 ! ,*ur* ( ?is new m5tal attitude has be5 ! 8,high] ,criticism10 :i* is simply ! cont9uation by mod]n s*ol>s )9 ! re=m$ d5om9ations ( ! sci5tific criticism ( ! ,bible begun by ! di/+ui%$ humani/ ,erasmus4 ,9 ?is remot] issue ( ! ,re=mation ! ess5tial on5ess ( its _s ) t ( ! ,r5aissance is reveal$1 & ! gr\nd = ! ass]tion t ! ultimate moral results ( ! religi\s re=m 7 a ren=cem5t ( ! deepe/ e?ical t5d5cies ( ! intellectual revival is disclos$4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub/itution ( an in]rant ,book = an in]rant ,*ur* ,_h all ! implications ( ! pr9ciple ( ! "r ( individual judgm5t 9 matt]s ( religion & morals be5 se5 & frankly accept$ by ! re=m]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,prote/ant revolution w\ld h effect$ at once ! transf] ( morality f a sup]natural to a natural basis4 ,b = an in]rant ,*ur* ! re=m]s sub/itut$ an in]rant ,book1 :i* e "o %\ld accept z an infallible guide & rule ( conduct4 ,! ultimate sanctions ( morality 7 /ill look$ = 9 ! hi/oric pa/1 9 an out] revelation & an out] au?ority4 ,consequ5tly ! moral ideal ( ,prote/antism reta9$ ! ess5tially !ological1 sup]natural "* ( ! ideal ( ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,sid5ote3 ,new rank+ ( virtues 9 ! moral type ,b ! *anges effect$ by ! re=m]s 9 ! body ( ! tea*+s ( ! old ,*ur* result$ necess>ily 9 a c]ta9 displacem5t & %ift+ ( ! virtues 9 ! moral type1 & 9 a new e/imation ( e?ical values4 ,v>i\s virtues or duties hi!rto reg>d$ z ess5tial to excell5ce ( "* 7 assign$ a l[] place 9 ! rank ( virtues or 7 exclud$ altoge!r f ! ideal1 :ile new moral qualities or attributes 7 add$1 ! outcome be+ :at we mu/ reg>d z a new moral type4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we %all comm5t briefly ^u ! m important ( ! *anges effect$ 9 sev]al doma9s ( ! religi\s-e?ical life4 ,sid5ote3 ,prote/antism br+s into dise/eem ! mona/ic ideal ,we proce$ n[ to notice "s ( ! imm$iate & special moral effects ( ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,prote/antism discr$it$ ! mona/ic type ( goodness4 ,! m]itori\sness ( celibacy 0 d5i$4 ,! au/]ities ( ! ascetic 7 decl>$ to be n only useless b positively wrong4 ,in/ead ( be+ an object ( pr(\nd v5]ation & homage1 ! sa9t ( m$ieval times became to ! ,prote/ant re=m]s an object ( ! deepe/ moral dete/ation4 ,! imm$iate consequ5ces ( ?is *ange 9 m5's conceptions ( :at con/itutes ! highe/ moral excell5ce 0 t ?r\gh\t "o half ( ,europe ! mona/]ies1 :i* ! religi\s-moral en?usiasm ( ! e>li] c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity _h creat$1 7 dismantl$ & raz$ to ! gr\nd1 & an in/itution :i* _h dom9at$ ,*ri/ian ,europe = a ?\s& ye>s 0 suppress$ 9 all ! nor!rn l&s4 ,?is revolution1 we believe1 effect$ on ! :ole a great ga9 = morality & m>k$ a =w>d movem5t 9 ! moral evolution ( ! ,we/]n _w2 b at ! same "t x mu/ be recogniz$ t ! de/ruction ( ?is sy/em1 :i* ?r\gh\t a full hi/orical p]iod _h fo/]$ "s ( ! mo/ admirable ( ,*ri/ian virtues & nurtur$ unnumb]$ sa9tly lives1 result$ 9 ! exclusion ( valuable e?ical elem5ts f ! moral life ( ,prote/ant communities4 ,!re are types ( "* n\ri%$ by ! conv5tual sy/em t society c ill af=d to sp>e4 ,v few w diss5t f ,lecky's view t 89 ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity ! religi\s ord]s ( ,ca?olicism h produc$ "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( all types ( womanhood40#gah ,sid5ote3 ,effects ^u indu/rial morals ( ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies ,9 de/roy+ mona/icism ! ,prote/ant re=m]s de/roy$ an anti-indu/rial type ( "*1 & ?us help$ to cle> ! gr\nd = ! great indu/rial developm5t :i* dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies has giv5 a new aspect & outlook to civilization4 ,! re=m$ ,*ur* gave prom95ce to ! active mascul9e virtues z oppos$ to ! passive fem99e virtues exalt$ by ! conv5tual sy/em4 ,h5ce x 0 m favorable ?an ! old ,*ur* to ! developm5t ( civilization on its mat]ial side4 ,x h>dly admits ( d\bt t 9 ^! oppos$ t5d5cies ( ! e?ical ideals ( ! two *ur*es is to be s\ght "o cause ( ! amaz+ contra/1 indu/rially view$1 long obs]v$ betwe5 ! di/9ctively ,prote/ant & ! di/9ctively ,ca?olic c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,x is true t ! l9e ( dem>cation once s obs]vable is n[ becom+ blurr$1 & t mod]n indu/rialism ) its ideal ( indu/rial virtues is fa/ becom+ equally *>act]i/ic ( all l&s ( advanc+ culture1 :e!r ,prote/ant1 ,ca?olic1 or pagan4 ,sid5ote3 ,effects ^u morals ( ! abolition ( purgatory ,! ,prote/ant d5ial ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( purgatory1 :i* foll[$ z a direct logical result ( ! re=m]s' doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?1 _h consequ5ces = morality no less positive ?an ^? t foll[$ ! d5ial ( ! ,ca?olic tea*+ ( ! m]itori\sness ( ! ascetic life4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 conceiv$ z "p ( a sy/em ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 has ex]t$ on ! :ole an influ5ce favorable to morality4 ,b ! in/itution l5ds itself easily to misuse4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! doctr9e ( indulg5ces 0 appli$ to s\ls 9 purgatory1 & ! %ort5+ ( ! p]iod ( _! suff]+ !re made dep5d5t n alone ^u ! pray]s ( _! fri5ds on e>?1 b (t5 practically ^u ! paym5t ( sums ( money1 designat$ z alms to ! poor or gifts to ! ,*ur*4 ,! =giv5ess ( s9s 0 ?us too (t5 made a comm]cial transaction4 ,?us ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 beyond controv]sy1 contribut$ ess5tially to t despiritualiz+ ( religion & t dead5+ 9 wide circles ( ! moral s5se :i* *>act]iz$ ! lat] m$ieval p]iod & :i*1 ?r\gh inevitable reaction1 help$ to provoke ! ,prote/ant revolt4 ,! effect ^u morals ( ! abolition ( purgatory by ! re=m]s 0 imm$iate & f>-rea*+4 ,_m specific duties 7 at once dropp$ f ! moral code4 ,pray]s = ! dead ceas$ to be a pi\s duty2 !y 7 n ev5 morally p]missible4 ,fur!rmore1 ! p]=mance ( su* good works z ! mak+ ( pilgrimages & ! giv+ ( alms = ! b5efit ( s\ls 9 purgatory n only ceas$ to be reg>d$ z m]itori\s1 b came to be look$ ^u z positively wrong4 ,besides ^! direct e?ical consequ5ces ( ! abolition ( purgatory !re 7 indirect e?ical results :i* we %all notice 9 ano!r connection4#gai ,sid5ote3 ,effects ( ! religi\s re=m ^u ! virtue ( tol]ation#gbj ,ultimately ! ,re=mation1 l>gely ?r\gh ! outwork+s ( ! pr9ciple ( ! "r ( private judgm5t 9 matt]s ( consci5ce1 0 de/9$ to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! important virtue ( tol]ation4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ,prote/antism1 ow+ ma9ly to ! great emphasis laid by ! re=m]s on ! doctr9e ( ! supreme e?ical value ( correctness ( religi\s belief1 ?is pr9ciple ( ! "r ( private judgm5t ex]t$ little appreciable influ5ce ^u ! moral evolution4 ,hold+ fa/ to ! doctr9e ( ! crim9ality ( wrong belief1 ! new ,*ur* l ! old 0 necess>ily intol]ant4 ,x reg>d$ h]esy ) dread1 look$ ^u tol]ation z a fault1 &1 :5ev] circum/ances favor$1 engag$ 9 p]si/5t & unrel5t+ p]secution to ma9ta9 uni=mity ( religi\s belief4 ,x 0 n till late 9 ! mod]n p]iod t religi\s tol]ation came g5]ally to be recogniz$ by ! ,prote/ant consci5ce z a virtu\s disposition ( supreme wor?4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,moral ,,evolution ,,s9ce ,,! ,,incom+ ,,( ,,democracy3 ,,! ,,new ,,social ,,& ,,int]national ,,consci5ce ,i4 ,,=ces ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,tr5d ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,movem5t ,sid5ote3 ,! incom+ ( democracy ,( all ! =ces :i* s9ce ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity h giv5 fre% impulse to ! e?ical movem5t inaugurat$ by ! new religion1 none has ex]t$ a great] influ5ce ?an mod]n democracy4 ,?is is s because 9 its ess5tial _s democracy is at "o ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is m]ely 8a pr9ciple :i* cont9ues 444 ov] a wid] range ( in/itutions ! same pr9ciple z ,*ri/ianity introduc$40#gba ,x ext5ds ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( equality f ! spiritual to ! political1 ! social1 & ! economic doma94 ,x makes all m5 equal be=e ,cs> z well z be=e ,god4 ,& l ,*ri/ianity1 democracy ext5ds ! range ( p]sons :o are bro!rs until n only all classes )9 ! same /ate b all peoples & races are includ$4 8,9 ! democratic union ( nations10 9 ! words ( ,lecky1 8we f9d ! la/ & highe/ expression ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( mank9d40#gbb ,x is ?is id5tity ( ! ess5tial _s ( democracy ) ! ess5tial _s ( ,*ri/ianity :i* makes ! incom+ ( democracy a revolution ( su* supreme importance 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,to truly democratize society1 z to truly *ri/ianize x1 is to moralize x4 ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n inv5tions & ! new indu/rialism 8,! causes10 obs]ves ,lecky1 8:i* mo/ di/urb$ or accel]at$ ! moral progress ( society 9 antiquity 7 ! appe>ance ( great m52 9 mod]n times !y h be5 ! appe>ance ( great inv5tions40#gbc ,9 no dep>tm5t ( morals1 save ! int]national1 h mod]n inv5tions ex]t$ a great] influ5ce ?an 9 ! dep>tm5t ( indu/rial e?ics4 ,9 ?is sph]e ^! inv5tions h react$ on morals 9 two ways3 fir/1 !y h *ang$ fundam5tally = ! masses 9 all civiliz$ l&s ! economic conditions ( life1 :i* conditions1 z we h se51 are ! great mold]s ( morals2 & second1 ?r\gh ! *anges !y h wr\ght 9 ! processes ( production1 & ?r\gh ! imm5se developm5t !y h giv5 to ! :ole indu/rial sy/em1 !y h caus$ pr9ciples & in/itutions once j & b5efic5t 9 _! outwork+s to become in/rum5ts ( inequity & oppression1 & h ?us awak5$ new moral judgm5ts respect+ ^! maxims & conv5tions4 ,! gr[? ( ^! new e?ical feel+s & convictions con/itute an important "p1 p]haps ! mo/ important "p1 ( ! moral hi/ory ( rec5t times4 ,!y are ! motive =ce 9 sev]al ( ! mo/ significant moral movem5ts ( to-day 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,prem95tly true is ?is ( ! pres5t-day labor movem5t4 8,its =m10 z ,pr(essor ,peabody says1 8is economic1 b its motives are moral4 ,x is an ef=t--(t5 bl9d & grop+1 sometimes pitifully misdirect$1 yet none ! less proce$+ f ! consci5ce ( ! "t--to %ape economic life into an in/rum5t ( social ju/ice & peace40#gbd ,socialism1 too1 ) all its e?ical aspirations & en?usiasms1 is 9 l>ge "p a product ( ! new indu/rialism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( evolution ,n less di/urb+ to morals ?an ! political & indu/rial revolutions has be5 ! revolution 9 sci5tific ?\ght effect$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,?is !ory has be5 n only a p[]ful dissolv5t ( a l>ge "p ( ! body ( m$ieval !ology & h5ce ( t "p ( morality dep5d5t ^u ?is sy/em ( ?\ght1 b1 ?r\gh ! dom9ant place :i* ?is int]pretation ( ! cosmic process assigns to ! self-reg>d+ motives1 x has ex]cis$ 9 wide circles ( society an unfavorable influ5ce ^u morals by seem+ to give nature's sanction to self-ass]tive1 antisocial conduct4 ,!re are drifts 9 bo? ! public & ! private morality ( ! la/ half c5tury :i*1 z we %all see1 f9d _! explanation 9 ! di/urbance ( e?ical values creat$ by ! g5]al acceptance ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( progress ?r\gh 8! survival ( ! fitte/40 ,b we %all also see ?is same !ory1 bett] int]pret$ 9 its pr(\nde/ intimations1 giv+ /rong support to ! be/ e?ical in/9cts ( humanity & supply+ new inc5tives & enc\ragem5t to humanit>ian endeavor4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al intellectual progress ,! moral hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n _w s9ce ! ,r5aissance af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! dep5d5ce ( progress 9 morals ^u progress 9 g5]al intellig5ce4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t1 fo/]$ by a free press1 by ! public-s*ool sy/em1 & by v>i\s o!r ag5cies1 ! av]age ( intellig5ce 9 ! mod]n democratic /ate is high] ?an x 0 9 any ( ! /ates--save possibly 9 "s ( ! small city /ates ( ,greece--( anci5t or m$ieval times4 ,?is new intellectual life1 speak+ broadly1 has react$ favorably ^u ! moral life4 ,x has dispell$ sup]/ition1 de/roy$ prejudices1 wid5$ ! outlook ( m51 & broad5$ _! moral sympa?ies4 ,9 a ^w1 ! see+ ( life & ?+s z !y really are has t5d$ to cl>ify ! moral s5se & to r5d] cle>] & tru] ! vision ( ! e?ical ideal4 ,sid5ote3 ,! decl9e ( dogmatic !ology ,! body ( h]$it>y e?ical convictions & judgm5ts ^u :i* mod]n influ5ces h be5 especially at "w 01 z has be5 se51 %ap$ & mold$ l>gely by !ology4 ,h5ce no?+ has influ5c$ m positively ! moral evolution 9 rec5t times ?an ! pr(\nd modification :i*1 dur+ ! p]iod1 has tak5 place 9 m5's religi\s beliefs4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( advanc+ intellig5ce1 ( evolution>y sci5ce1 ( ev] clos] relations betwe5 ! diff]5t races & nations1 & ! result+ contact & comp>ison ( diff]5t religions1 !re has gone on a rapid dis9tegration ( old cre$s4 ,! effect ( ?is ^u _m has be5 ! elim9ation f _! moral code ( all purely !ological elem5ts1 ! erection ( a new /&>d ( moral values1 & ! adoption ( an ideal ( "* :i* may be/ be describ$ z be+ 9 ! ma9 a composite ( ,greek & gospel e?ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[+ intimacy ( int]national relations ,! dep5d5ce ( moral progress 9 mod]n times ^u inv5tions1 z ,lecky obs]ves1 is %[n p]haps ev5 m /rik+ly 9 ! doma9 ( int]national ?an 9 t ( indu/rial e?ics4 ,z 9 antiquity x 0 ! _w-wide ext5sion ( ! ,roman rule ?r\gh conque/ :i* broke ! primal isolation ( ! ,m$it]ranean peoples & creat$ t cosmopolitanism 9 life & ?\ght f :i* arose ! e?ical univ]salism *>act]iz+ ! cultur$ circles ( ,roman society 9 ! lat] c5turies ( ! ,empire1 s 9 ?is mod]n age x is ! great inv5tions ( ! /eam%ip1 ! /eam railway1 ! electric telegraph1 ! ocean cable1 ! telephone1 wireless telegraphy1 & ! re/1 :i* h brok5 ! isolation ( ! nations1 b\nd !m toge!r by a ?\s& comm]cial1 social1 & intellectual ties1 & creat$ t cosmopolitanism 9 life & ?\ght f :i* h naturally sprung ^? e?ical feel+s & convictions :i* =m ! gr[+ int]national consci5ce ( to-day4 ,?us x is t inv5tions1 ^: aims 7 prim>ily to promote civilization on its mat]ial side1 h become ! mo/ effici5t ag5cies 9 creat+ a s5se ( e?ical on5ess among ! nations1 & ?us 9 op5+ a new epo* 9 ! moral evolution ( mank9d4 ,,ii4 ,,expressions ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,moral ,,consci\sness ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,doma9s ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,?\ght #a4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,democracy ,sid5ote3 ,! democratic revolution a moral movem5t ,! great hi/ory-mak+ upheavals & readju/m5ts 9 human society are moral 9 _! causes z well z 9 _! effects4 ,!y arise f a div]g5ce betwe5 :at is & :at ought to be4 ,! democratic revolution :i* began 9 ,france 9 #aghi affirms ) emphasis ! correctness ( ?is e?ical int]pretation ( ! great passages ( human hi/ory4 ,:at sup]ficially view$ appe>s to h be5 prim>ily a political or economic revolution 0 9 tru?1 9 its deepe/ motives & impulses1 a moral revolution4 8,x 0 moral en?usiasm = ! rights ( man 444 & n ! breakd[n ( an economic sy/em1 :i* creat$ mod]n democracy40#gbe ,! wat*words ( ! ,revolution--,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity--are all words ( moral import4 ,!y are tremul\s ) righte\s wra? at age-long oppression1 contempt1 & abuse2 & !y are in/9ct ) ! liv+ =ces ( a noble moral ideal4 ,!y express ! ess5tial _s ( ! ,revolution1 :i* ea* day1 :]e x has free c\rse1 f9ds full] embodim5t 9 political1 social1 & moral re=ms1 9 humanit>ian in/itutions & altrui/ic ef=t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ics ( democracy rejects class morality ,democracy t5ds 9 v>i\s ways to purify & ennoble morality1 b especially by de/roy+ all invidi\s class di/9ctions1 & !reby de/roy+ t class morality :i* ?r\gh all p]iods ( hi/ory has hamp]$ ! moral progress ( ! race4 ,all ! civilizations kn[n to hi/ory be=e ! incom+ ( mod]n democracy _h _! sup]ior class1 includ+ only ! few1 :o alone 7 reg>d$ z possess+ capacity = ! highe/ virtues2 & _! inf]ior classes1 embrac+ ! _m1--sudras1 slaves1 or s]fs1--p]sons reg>d$ z creat$ = ! use ( o!rs & capable ( no?+ m ?an a qualifi$ or s]vile morality4 ,n[ democracy1 recogniz+ 8human capacities 9 all & n m]ely 9 a few10 ?r[s d[n ! p>tition walls betwe5 classes & puts all on ! same level ( opportunity & privilege4 ,x ?us e/abli%es ! conditions ( a common moral life & ( a progressive moral evolution2 = if hi/ory tea*es any tru?1 x tea*es t a civilization dom9at$ by a privileg$ class t uses ! masses selfi%ly or ?\ghtlessly = ! enhancem5t ( its own int]e/s & pleasures is =$oom$ to moral /agnation & decad5ce--s true is x t society is an organic body & t if "o memb] suff]s ! :ole body suff]s ) x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e?ical import ( education by ! /ate ,aga91 democracy has deep significance = morality on acc\nt ( its relation to education4 ,despotic bureaucratic mon>*y is indiff]5t or positively oppos$ to ! education ( ! masses because ! safe/ basis ( su* a gov]nm5t is sodd5 ignorance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 g5]al intellig5ce is ! v brea? ( life ( a democracy4 ,h5ce ! education ( ! masses is ! =emo/ task ( ! mod]n free /ate4 ,! public-s*ool sy/em ( ! mod]n _w is ! outcome ( ?is imp]i\s dem& ( democracy4 ,n[ ?is relation ( ! democratic /ate to popul> education has imm5se importance = ! moral life1 fir/1 = ! reason t advance 9 g5]al intellig5ce means a bett] ma9t5ance ( ! moral /&>d4 ,to increase ! numb] ( s*ools 9 a community is to less5 ! ne$ ( prisons & re=matories4 ,m ?an a c5tury ago ,becc>ia prevision$ ?is relation ( popul> education to crime4 8,! mo/ c]ta9 me?od ( prev5t+ crime10 he ma9ta9$1 8is to p]fect ! sy/em ( education40#gbf ,& second1 education 9 ! mod]n democratic /ate has special significance = ! moral developm5t go+ on 9 ,we/]n civilization1 = ! reason t x means n m]ely a bett] ma9t5ance ( ! moral /&>d1 b also an ess5tial modification ( ! moral type itself4 ,= 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( its sy/em ( education ! /ate has assum$ :at =m]ly 0 "o ( ! *ief functions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is transf]5ce ( ! bus9ess ( education f ! ,*ur* to ! /ate has rightly be5 pron\nc$ 8"o ( ! mo/ important movem5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( education s9ce ! ,d>k ,ages40 ,:at r5d]s x ( su* importance 9 ! view ( ! hi/orian ( morals is t1 9 ! h&s ( ! /ate1 education has become or is becom+ :olly secul>iz$4 ,9 "s c\ntries ev5 ! read+ ( ! ,bible 9 ! s*ools or ! giv+ ( any religi\s in/ruction :atsoev] is prohibit$4 ,n[ ?is secul>ization ( education results inevitably 9 ! secul>ization ( morality4 ,t portion ( ! moral code :i* d]ives its sanction f !ological or special religi\s doctr9es is neglect$4 ,?us "o outcome ( ! transf] ( ! function ( education f ! ,*ur* to ! /ate has be5 ! imp>t+ ( a fre% impulse to t naturali/ic movem5t 9 morals ^: po9t ( dep>ture 0 ! classical revival ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,& ?us ! ?ree dom9ant movem5ts 9 mod]n ,european civilization--! ,r5aissance1 ! ,re=mation 79 its ultimate effects71 & ! democratic revolution--h all work$ toge!r 9 det]m9+ ! g5]al tr5d ( ! moral evolution 9 ! ,we/]n _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! democratic /ate assumes ! social-e?ical functions ( ! ,*ur* ,! e?ical import ( ! incom+ ( democracy is %[n aga9 9 ! assumption by ! democratic /ate ( ! philan?ropic "w ( society4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages ! ,*ur* 0 ! almon] ( society1 ! build] ( hospitals1 asylums1 & poorh\ses4 ,s9ce ! adv5t ( democracy mu* ( ?is humanit>ian "w has1 l education1 be5 tak5 ov] by ! /ate4 ,?is assumption by ! /ate ( ^! =m] functions ( ! ,*ur* is "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y e?ical movem5ts 9 mod]n hi/ory4#gbg ,:at makes x significant is1 fir/1 ! fact t ! "w is und]tak5 by mod]n gov]nm5ts l>gely f purely philan?ropic motives4 ,?is means t ) ! com+ to political p[] ( ! p a new _s has ent]$ into gov]nm5t1 :i* means1 fur!r1 t ^? altrui/ic s5tim5ts :i* x has be5 a *ief function ( religion to fo/] h come to inspire society at l>ge4 ,& second1 ?is assumption by ! /ate ( ! philan?ropic functions ( ! ,*ur* is significant because ( :at has made its und]tak+ ( ^! tasks necess>y4 ,?is necessity has aris5 n m]ely by reason ( ! possession by ! /ate ( ! tax+ p[] & h5ce ( ! means ne$$ = c>ry+ on ?is humanit>ian "w1 b also because ( its relation to mod]n sci5ce4 ,mu* ( ?is "w ( rescue & cure is dep5d5t = its successful adm9i/ration ^u sci5tific k & skill4 ,x is l>gely because ! /ate is 9 clos] alliance ?an ! ,*ur* ) mod]n sci5ce1 & !re=e is ! m effici5t ag5t = c>ry+ on ?is humanit>ian "w1 t society makes x1 in/ead ( ! ,*ur*1 its *ief almon] & tru/ee4 #b4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,indu/rialism ,sid5ote3 ,! alliance ( mod]n indu/ry & sci5ce ,a di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( mod]n indu/ry is its alliance ) sci5ce4 ,?is union dates f ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,"o aim ( ! revolutioni/s 0 to put exact k at ! s]vice ( ! indu/rial arts1 &1 by ?us increas+ ! productive =ces ( society1 to create an abundance = all1 bani% pov]ty f ! e>?1 & advance civilization to a high] po9t ?an ev] be=e rea*$4 ,& ?is alliance ( indu/ry & sci5ce has1 9 s f> z m]e production is conc]n$1 m ?an met e expectation4 ,?r\gh ! application ( inv5tions & sci5tific k to ! v>i\s indu/rial processes1 society's p[]s ( production h be5 increas$ ?reefold1 t5fold1 fifty-fold1 9 "s arts ev5 a ?\s&fold4 ,surely n[ all w be f$ & clo!d & %elt]$4 ,b ?is vision ( a mill5nium ( well-be+ = all z ! result ( ! union ( sci5ce & indu/ry has n come true4 ,! great mass ( ! _w's toil]s are und]f$1 ill-clad1 & improp]ly h\s$4 ,f ! slums1 f ! d>k & noisome t5em5ts ( our great cities1 arises ! bitt] cry ( *ildr51 ragg$1 wan1 & hungry1 robb$ ?r\gh ! p>5ts' pov]ty ( e delight & "r ( *ildhood4 8,! pov]ty ( ! work]s10 cries ,h5ry ,dem>e/ ,lloyd 9 passionate prote/1 8is ! s9 ( our age40#gbh ,sid5ote3 ,! divorce ( mod]n indu/ry & e?ics3 economic ,ma*iavellism ,! causes ( ?is pitiful failure ( ! new indu/rialism1 not)/&+ its capacity = enorm\s production1 to provide = ! wants ( all is n f> to seek4 ,our age1 :ile unit+ sci5ce & bus9ess1 has divorc$ e?ics & bus9ess1 j z 9 ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy !re 0 effect$ a divorce ( e?ics & politics4 ,political economi/s h taught t e?ics has no?+ to d ) economics4 ,& ?is economic ,ma*iavellism ( ! s*ools has n be5 m]ely an academic ?+2 x has probably ex]t$ z s9i/] an influ5ce ^u ! mod]n indu/rial ord] z ! political doctr9es ( ,ma*iavelli ex]t$ ^u ! diplomacy & gov]nm5tal policies ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,dom9at$ by ?is philosophy our bus9ess life has become frankly unmoral--l>ge sections ( x grossly immoral4 ,sid5ote3 ,! breakd[n ( ! sy/em ,b economics & e?ics c no m be divorc$ ?an politics & e?ics4 ,ma*iavellism has succe$$ no bett] 9 economics ?an 9 politics4 8,! sy/em bas$ on ?is philosophy is break+ d[n all ov]1 9 /rikes1 riots1 panics1 gluts1 unemploy$ idl5ess1 & class murd]4 ,x is break+ d[n n because ! task ( gett+ pl5ty = ! body--& ! s\l--= e "o out ( ! fruitful e>? & ! fell[%ip ( man is an impossible task1 b because ! task is an impossible "o ( accompli%m5t--t or any?+ else 9 human affairs--by ! devil's code ( selfi%ness in/ead ( love1 ( solit>y advantage in/ead ( ! good ( all4 ,by su* a philosophy !re c\ld be no gov]nm5t1 no family2 & if x cont9ues1 !re w ere long be no bus9ess4 ,b x _c cont9ue40#gbi ,sid5ote3 ,re=ms ^: aims are ! moralization ( ! indu/rial ord]3 7a7 socialization ( ! une>n$ increm5t 9 l& values ,x _c cont9ue because !re is a fa/-gr[+ conviction ( ! falsity ( ! philosophy ( economic ,ma*iavellism--an ev]-gr[+ recognition ( ! tru? t ! relation%ips ( m5 9 bus9ess1 l all o!r human relation%ips1 are condition$ by ! moral law ( human bro!rhood4 ,!re are pr(\nd *anges tak+ place 9 ! moral feel+s & judgm5ts ( m5 respect+ _m ( ! cu/oms1 pr9ciples1 & in/itutions ( ! mod]n indu/rial ord]4 ,!re is a gr[+ recognition ( ! fact t ?\gh ^! conv5tions & arrangem5ts may 9 pa/ p]iods ( hi/ory h be5 promotive ( human welf>e & !re=e moral1 !y are1 z appli$ to ! m complex social & economic relations ( mod]n society1 ! v embodim5t ( unreason & inju/ice4 ,among ! economic in/itutions respect+ :i* !re is tak+ place su* a *ange 9 moral judgm5t is t ( absolute private prop]ty 9 l&4 ,al?\gh ?is is an in/itution unkn[n to primitive peoples1 9 all ! great civilizations ( ! pa/ we f9d society bas$ ^u x4 ,t ! sy/em1 s9ce x inevitably results 9 private monopoly1 has contribut$ l>gely to ! creation ( t gross inequality 9 weal? :i* has *>act]iz$ e advanc$ civilization kn[n to hi/ory1 & :i* has help$ to prep>e its d[nfall1 does n admit ( reasonable d\bt4 ,! monopolization ( l& by a class has be5 "o s\rce1 & probably a ma9 s\rce1 ( ! ph5om5on 9 mod]n society ( deep5+ pov]ty 9 ! mid/ ( gr[+ weal?1 ( dehumaniz+ want = ! _m along ) demoraliz+ luxury = ! few4 ,t 9 c\ntries ( l>ge & ?ick5+ population a private monopoly 9 ! arable l& is ! embodim5t ( a colossal & cruel wrong is incontrov]tible4 ,t a s+le class %\ld be all[$ to become ! absolute own]s ( ! soil & !reby acquire ! legal "r to exclude all o!rs f x save on ! condition t practically all t c be got f x by ! h>de/ toil1 save j en\gh = ! b>e subsi/5ce ( ! labor]1 %all be giv5 ov] z r5t to ! hold] ( ! l&1 is z great a moral wrong z to take directly f ! work] ! product ( 8 toil by r$uc+ him to bodily slav]y4 ,x is ?is gross inequity :i* has made ! hi/ory ( _m c\ntries1 l mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ,irel&1 a h>r[+ trag$y4 ,! wrong1 if n great]1 is at lea/ m obvi\s :5 ! l& ?us monopoliz$ is ! site ( a great city :]e ! enorm\s gr\nd values h be5 creat$ n by any labor or exp5diture on ! "p ( ! own]s1 b by ! gr[? & ent]prise ( ! community z a :ole4 ,j z ! _w has got a new consci5ce 9 reg>d to ! wrong ( slav]y1 s is x gett+ a new consci5ce 9 reg>d to ?is 8great iniquity10 z ,tol/oy calls x1 ( private monopoly 9 l&4 ,?is gr[+ e?ical conviction w ultimately de/roy ! illusion t ! e>? & its res\rces may1 )\t moral wrong1 be monopoliz$ by a =tunate or favor$ few & ! great masses be dispossess$4#gcj ,! new consci5ce w decree t all ( nature's gifts 9 l& & all increm5ts 9 its value creat$ by society %all belong to society & %all be ! common h]itage ( ! successive g5]ations ( m54 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,limitation ( inh]itance ,ano!r ( ! conv5tions ( our indu/rial sy/em 9 :i* ! moral s5se ( mank9d is beg9n+ to recognize an elem5t ( inequity is ! "r ( unlimit$ inh]itance4 ,s long z l& rema9s ! common prop]ty ( ! community1 or s long z !re exi/s sub/antial equality 9 weal? among ! memb]s or families ( a social gr\p1 ! inju/ice ( ?is is n app>5t4 ,b aft] great extremes ( pov]ty & weal? h appe>$1 z 9 pres5t-day civilization1 !n ! ess5tial inju/ice ( ! in/itution is disclos$2 = !re is ?us creat$ an idle class liv+ on ! labor ( o!rs4 ,:5 a s+le *ild ?r\gh ! accid5t ( bir? becomes ! heir ( millions1 :ile hundr$s ( o!r *ildr5 come into ! _w absolutely portionless & at ! same "t %ut out f ! use ( any bit ( ! e>? ev5 z /&+ room1 !n ! sy/em becomes a crass d5ial ( human solid>ity & bro!rhood4 ,& !re is 9 ?is law ( unlimit$ beque/ a d\ble wrong4 ,! *ild ( ov]-great weal? is wrong$ z well z ! *ild ( pov]ty4 ,"o is born to a life ( luxuri\s leisure1 & ! o!r to a life ( unremitt+ toil4 ,n[1 z ,pr(essor ,dewey obs]ves1 !re is moral value 9 "w & !re is moral value 9 leisure1 b 8x is beg9n+ to be se5 t _! values _c be divid$ s t "o social class %all p]=m ! labor & ! o!r enjoy ! fre$om40#gca ,!re=e ! e?ical dem& = ! modification ( our laws ( inh]itance 9 su* a way t !y %all recognize ! social z well z ! individual elem5t 9 weal? mu/ be he$$ z mu* out ( reg>d = ! *ildr5 ( ! ov]ri* z out ( reg>d = ! *ildr5 ( ! v poor4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,socialism3 ! democratization ( indu/ry ,/ill ano!r in/itution ( mod]n indu/rialism :i* has come or is com+ "u ! reprobation ( ! pres5t-day consci5ce ( a rapidly gr[+ numb] is private capitalism1 t is1 private own]%ip ( ! in/rum5ts ( production1 toge!r ) competition & ! wage sy/em1 ! necess>y concomitants ( ?is capitali/ic rgime4 ,^! new e?ical feel+s & convictions =m ! real motive =ce 9 ! propag&a ( mod]n socialism4 ,! presupposition ( socialism is t n m]ely gr\nd r5ts b all returns 7int]e/1 divid5ds1 pr(its7 on e =m ( private capital embody an une>n$ increm5t1 & t ?is elem5t %\ld det]m9e ! own]%ip & control ( capital4 ,h5ce sociali/s dem& t all ! mat]ial in/rum5ts ( production n[ own$ by individuals or by a class %all be held 9 common2 t !re %all be common1 democratic managem5t ( production2 t competition1 z inh]5tly une?ical1#gcb %all be replac$ by cop]ation2 & t ! wage sy/em %all be replac$ by a sy/em ( di/ribution by public au?ority :i* %all give ! manual work]s ( ! _w a m equitable %>e ( ! products ( indu/ry4 ,socialism embodies "o ( ! l>ge/ funds ( e?ical feel+ t h become active 9 ,we/]n civilization s9ce ! incom+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 tru?1 9 its real ess5ce & purifi$ =m x is ! _s ( primitive ,*ri/ianity at "w 9 ! indu/rial doma94 ,x is a recognition ( human frat]nity4 ,x is an ef=t to unite economics & e?ics1 to make bus9ess life a realization ( ! moral ideal4 ,! aim ( true sociali/s is to make ! b5efits ( sci5ce1 inv5tion1 & civilization a common h]itage4 ,!y recognize t society c cont9u\sly progress only z ^! b5efits become ! possession n m]ely ( a few b ( all4 ,9 ! disreg>d ( ?is immutable law ( human progress !y disc]n ! ma9 cause ( ! retrogression1 decay1 & failure ( e great civilization ( ! pa/2 9 its solicit\s fulfillm5t !y f9d ! only gr\nd ( hope = ! con/ant improvem5t ( human society z a :ole & ! un9t]rupt$ moral progress ( ! _w4 #c4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce ,sid5ote3 ,sci5ce & ! virtue ( intellectual s9c]ity ,we h already ref]r$ to ! influ5ce ( mod]n sci5ce ^u morals4 ,?is influ5ce has be5 felt 9 ! fo/]+ ( specific virtues & 9 ! creation ( a c]ta9 attitude ( m9d t[>d life & its e?ical problems4 ,among ! p>ticul> virtues :i* sci5ce has fo/]$ is philosophical v]acity or love ( tru?4 ,?is virtue ( intellectual s9c]ity is to ! sci5ti/ :at ! virtue ( fai? or belief is to ! *ur*man4 ,)\t x !re is no salvation 9 ! _w ( sci5ce4 ,! man ( sci5ce mu/ be a tru?-lov]1 a tru?-seek]1 & a tru?-tell]4 ,he mu/ take e pa9s to f9d out :at is ! exact fact1 & !n make a scrupul\sly v]aci\s report ( :at he has f\nd4 ,he mu/ be loyal to ! tru? at all haz>ds4 ,?is rev]5t reg>d = ! tru?1 ?is intellectual s9c]ity1 :i* is ! c>d9al virtue ( ! man ( sci5ce1 is fo/]$ 9 him p>tly by ! recognition ( ! supreme importance ( exactness :5 x comes to ! application ( sci5tific k to ! arts ( life4 ,! lea/ dep>ture "h f ! tru? ( ! matt] means dire disa/] & loss4 ,!n also ! v]aci\sness ( nature reacts ^u ! /ud5t ( h] laws4 ,nature is n only inf9itely exact 9 all h] movem5ts1 b punctual 9 ! fulfillm5t ( all h] engagem5ts4 ,%e keeps h] ^w ) u1 z ,em]son says4 ,%e is ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & =ev]4 ,! c>eless1 unv]aci\s man c ent] into no p>tn]%ip ) h]4 ,op5-m9d$ness & imp>tiality are elem5ts ( ?is virtue ( intellectual v]acity4 ,! wide div]g5ce betwe5 philosophical & !ological morality is "h impress$ ^u ! /ud5t ( moral ideals & /&>ds4 ,9 ! e?ics ( !ology d\bt1 ev5 s9c]e d\bt1 is reckon$ z an un=tunate infirmity1 or (t5 z positive & fatal s94 ,sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 reckons x a c>d9al duty4 ,h>d5+ oneself 9 belief :5 !re are circum/ances calculat$ to awak5 d\bt1 ev5 ! slighte/ conceivable d\bt1 is ju/ly reg>d$ by ! man ( sci5ce z trea*]y to tru? & an unp>donable s94 ,x is 9 ! creation ( ?is sci5tific consci5ce1 :i* pron\nces ! habit ( accuracy1 op5-m9d$ness1 imp>tiality ( judgm5t1 love ( tru? = tru?'s sake a supreme virtue1 t sci5ce has r5d]$ "o ( its greate/ s]vices to morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,egoti/ic t5d5cies ( ! doctr9e ( evolution3 ! philosophy ( ,nietzs*e ,! sci5tific doctr9e ( evolution1 :i* tea*es t life has advanc$ f l[] to high] =ms ?r\gh /ruggle & competition1 result+ 9 ! survival ( ! fitte/1 has ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u all ! sci5ces relat+ to man1 b ^u none has x left a deep] impress ?an ^u ! sci5ce ( e?ics4#gcc ,nor h its effects "h be5 conf9$ to e?ical speculation2 x has l>gely %ap$ & mold$ actual conduct4 ,9 "s respects ?is influ5ce has be5 h>mful to bo? e?ical !ory & practice4 ,9 ! doma9 ( philosophy x may be/ be trac$ 9 ! tea*+s ( ,nietzs*e4 ,nietzs*e insi/s t man mu/ foll[ ! lead ( nature2 t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce mu/ be kept up on ! human plane j z x goes on 9 ! l[] realms ( life2 t ! /rong %\ld use = _! own advancem5t ! weak2 t ! nurture & c>e ( ! defective & weak is a crime aga9/ humanity#gcd--;= 8! hope ( ! future lies 9 p]fect+ ! /rong1 n 9 /r5g!n+ ! weak02 t only ?r\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has nature produc$ h] highe/ type1 man1 & t x is only ?r\gh ob$i5ce to ?is great cosmic law1 9 accordance ) :i* ! high] prey ^u ! l[]1 t 8! sup]man10 ! highe/ possible type ( mank9d1 c be br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,?is tea*+ t5ds to /eel ! he>t aga9/ human sympa?y & to blunt all ! f9] s5sibilities4 ,x seems to ju/ify & excuse all k9ds ( antisocial action4 ,&1 inde$1 ! doctr9e has be5 us$ z a ju/ification & excuse n only ( individual self-ass]tion & egotism b ( national & race self-ass]tion & egotism z well4 ,mod]n imp]ialism has s\ght to ju/ify aggression ^u weak] & s-call$ 8inf]ior races0 by an appeal to ?is law ( evolution z x works on ! l[] levels ( life4 ,?us ! doctr9e has 9 a c]ta9 measure fo/]$ national egotism1 & has /ood "r 9 ! way ( ! developm5t ( a true int]national morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,altruism v]sus egotism 9 ! cosmic process ,b ^! drifts t[>d egotism 9 mod]n philosophy & life induc$ by evolution>y sci5ce are m ?an comp5sat$ by oppos+ movem5ts ( e?ical ?\ght creat$ by a tru] int]pretation ( ! facts ( evolution & a deep] insight into ! cosmic process4#gce ,! philosophy ( ,nietzs*e is a /range misread+ ( nature4 ,to say t self-sacrifice is 89 op5 defiance ( nature10 is to ov]look ! dom9ant fact 9 evolution1 namely1 mat]nity2 = mat]nity1 mo!rhood1 is only ano!r "n = self-sacrifice4 ,& x is fur!r to ov]look ! fact t ! pr9ciple ( cop]ation is ev5 m dom9ant & controll+ 9 ! cosmic process ?an ! pr9ciple ( competition4 ,social animals1 ^? 9 :i* ! altrui/ic in/9cts are mo/ /rongly develop$1 greatly outnumb] ! unsocial1 solit>y animals4#gcf ,! ,c>nivora1 ^? animals t live by prey+ ^u o!rs1 are becom+ ext9ct4 ,on ! plane ( human life ?is pr9ciple ( cop]ation1 ( mutual helpfulness1 has supplant$1 or is gradually supplant+1 ! l[] pr9ciple ( competition4 ,9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 tribes & peoples ^? gr\ps h ga9$ supremacy t h develop$ ! /ronge/ social in/9cts2 t is1 ^? )9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( cop]ation & ! virtue ( ! self-devotion ( ! individual to ! welf>e ( ! :ole h be5 dom9ant =ces 9 ! life ( ! community4 ,f ^! facts we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t x is ! altrui/ic & n ! egoi/ic in/9cts & motives t nature aims to make ! p]man5t & controll+ factors 9 ! cosmic evolution4 ,aga91 t nature is e?ical 9 h] aim is disclos$ by ! fact t %e has br\ght =? su* a be+ z man4 ,h] pref]5ces are %[n 9 ! pref]5ces ( ! be+ %e has produc$4#gcg ,man pref]s good to evil2 he loves ju/ice & hates inju/ice2 he rev]es ! tru? & dete/s falsehood2 he recognizes t self-sacrifice is nobl] ?an selfi%ness2 he div9es ! f9al triumph ( 8 e?ical ideals4 ,9 man--at 8 be/--nature reveals h] pref]5ces4 ,man is ! answ] to ! "q1 8,is ,nature good80#gch ,view$ ?us f a high] /&po9t ! cosmic process ( evolution has ren=c$ fai? 9 a moral ord] ( ! univ]se & has be5 an inspiration & an inc5tive to humanit>ian ef=t4#gci ,sid5ote3 ,evolution & animal e?ics#gdj ,9 ,brahmanic ,india & 9 all ,buddhi/ l&s religi\s beliefs h1 z we h se51 plac$ ! :ole animal creation "u ! protection ( ! moral feel+s4 ,9 anci5t ,p]sia x 0 religi\s ideas :i* caus$ "o half ( ! l[] animal _w to be reg>d$ z sacr$ & ?us to be br\ght )9 ! protective pale ( morals4 ,dogmatic ,*ri/ianity1 fall+ f> %ort ( ! e?ics ( ,judaism 9 ?is doma91 creat$ a va/ rift 9 ! organic _w betwe5 man & ! l[] animals4 ,! dumb creatures 7 decl>$ to be made solely = man's use & enjoym5t4 ,psy*ical relation%ip betwe5 !m & man 0 d5i$1 ?\gh ! anci5t _w _h v g5]ally assum$ ?is4 ,inde$1 ?is attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian dogmati/s t[>d ! animal creation 0 made a matt] ( reproa* by _! pagan critics4 ,^! tea*+s 7 n )\t _! influ5ce on practice4 ,humanity to animals became a less prom95t virtue ?an x _h be5 9 pre-,*ri/ian times4 ,! clos5ess to nature ( ! lives ( ! m$ieval h]mits & monks (t5 caus$1 x is true1 a feel+ ( t5d]ness to be awak5$ 9 !m = _! 8bro!rs10 ! birds & animals1 :i* f\nd expression 9 _m beautiful leg5ds4 ,b 9 g5]al ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian _w t[>d ! l[] animals has be5 unsympa!tic4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution1 h[ev]1 tea*+ ! k9%ip ( all life1 has bridg$ ! gulf betwe5 man & ! l[] animal _w1 & has br\ght all dumb creatures m positively ?an ev] be=e 9 ! ,we/]n _w "u ! protection ( ! moral s5tim5t4 ,societies = ! prev5tion ( cruelty to animals h sprung up & increas$ 9 numb] z 9 no o!r epo* ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! new moral feel+ condemns all inhumanity to dumb creatures1 & looks ) disapproval ^u su* sports z cockfight+1 be> bait+1 & bullfights1 :i* 7 favorite amusem5ts only a few g5]ations ago4#gda ,hunt+ = pa/ime is also com+ "u ! condemnation ( ?is gr[+ moral s5tim5t4 ,?us 8?r\gh ! portals ( spiritual k9%ip10 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,evans1 444 8our eld] bro!rs ent] into ! temple ( ju/ice1 & enjoy ! privilege ( sanctu>y aga9/ ! wanton or unwitt+ cruelty hi!rto au?oriz$ by ! assumptions & usurpations ( man40#gdb ,sid5ote3 ,import = morals ( psy*ical rese>* ,x is und5iable t ! e>li] t5d5cy ( mod]n sci5ce 0 agno/ic & mat]iali/ic4 ,x caus$ 9 _m m9ds an att5uation or an absolute de/ruction ( ! belief 9 a sup]s5su\s _w & a life aft] dea?4 ,! practical effect ( ?is fad+ f ! eyes ( m5 ( ! vision ( ano!r _w 01 ^u c]ta9 temp]am5ts1 a loss ( fai? 9 ! e?ical "* ( ! cosmic process & a consequ5t less5+ ( moral en?usiasm4 ,?is attitude ( m9d1 :i* is /ill t ( a l>ge class1 c be *ang$ only by ! reaffirmation by sci5ce ( ! assumptions & tea*+s ( all ! great _w religions respect+ ! exi/5ce ( a sup]s5su\s _w & a future life4 ,x is !re=e a matt] ( immeasurable import to morality t ^! assumptions ( religion are com+ to be reg>d$ by an ev]-gr[+ numb] ( sci5ti/s z well f\nd$ 9 reality4 ,psy*ical rese>* has giv5 a new tr5d to l>ge sections ( sci5tific speculation4#gdc ,x is no long] crassly mat]iali/ic4 ,x ev5 assumes ! exi/5ce ( a sup]s5su\s _w4 ,?us at ! conclusion ( a c>eful survey ( ! evid5ce ( man's survival ga!r$ by ! ,engli% ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 ! di/+ui%$ physici/ ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge writes3 8,! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two /ates--! kn[n & ! unkn[n--is /ill sub/antial1 b x is we>+ ?9 9 places2 & l excavators engag$ 9 bor+ a tunnel f opposite ends1 amid ! ro> ( wat] & o!r noises1 we are beg9n+ to he> n[ & aga9 ! /rokes ( ! pickaxes ( our comrades on ! o!r side40#gdd ,incontrov]tible pro( ( man's survival aft] bodily dea? w\ld m>k ! op5+ ( a new era 9 ! moral life ( humanity2 =1 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 8e?ics c be r5d]$ e?ical only on ! assumption t !re is a reality deep] ?an ! ph5om5al _w ( s5se1 tru] ?an ! _w we "k & bett]40#gde ,x 0 d\btless a conviction t ! future ( bo? religion & morality is 9 l>ge measure dep5d5t ^u a firm belief 9 a future life :i* l$ ,william ,ew>t ,glad/one to say ( psy*ical rese>* t x is 8! mo/ important "w :i* is be+ done 9 ! _w--by f> ! mo/ important40 ,indisputably1 ! reaction ( ano!r _w ly+ cle> & di/9ct 9 ! light ( sci5ce beyond ! fronti]s ( e>? w\ld give new mean+ to life & a fre% impulse to ! moral progress ( ! race4 ,! effect ^u ! moral life ( ! mod]n _w w\ld be n less pr(\nd ?an t produc$ ^u ! moral life ( ! anci5t _w by ! incom+ ( ,*ri/ianity ) its glad affirmation ( a life beyond ! tomb4 #d4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,!ology ,sid5ote3 ,! progressive moralization ( ! idea ( ,god ,9 an admirable *apt] entitl$ 8,e?ics & ,!ology0 ! au?or ( ,moral ,evolution1 aft] not+ h[ religi\s ideas & beliefs ex]t an influ5ce on moral ideas & conduct1 rem>ks3 8,n[ we are to obs]ve t moral ideals h1 9 _! turn1 modifi$ & cl>ifi$ doctr9e1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re has be5 an e?ical developm5t ( !ology1 & t contempt ( cre$ is really ! sub/itution ( a moral = an immoral or a nonmoral !ology40#gdf ,! same tru? is express$ by ,newman ,smy? 9 ^! words3 8,re=mations h gr[n out ( ! e?ical prote/ ( ! ,*ri/ian m9d aga9/ inh]it$ dogmas4 ,old !ology is always becom+ new 9 ! vitaliz+ influ5ce ( e?ics40#gdg ,z a result ( ! gr[? & ref9em5t ( ! moral feel+s1 !re has be5 go+ on 9 wide circles 9 ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom j su* a *ange 9 m5's conception ( ! "* ( ,god z m>k$ ! be/ ,hebrew ?\ght dur+ ! lat] c5turies ( ! hi/ory ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,! idea ( ,god inh]it$ by ! mod]n f ! m$ieval age 0 an incongru\s bl5d+ ( ideas d]iv$ f ?ree diff]5t s\rces4 ,!re 01 fir/1 ! crude ar*aic notion ( deity d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t records ( :at conduct 9 8 *os5 p ,yahweh approv$2 second1 ! dogmas ( ,augu/9ian !ology respect+ imput$ s91 election1 ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 & o!r suppos$ pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t2 & ?ird1 conceptions :olly inconsi/5t ) ^! drawn f ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives ( ! life & tea*+s ( ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?4 ,gradually1 ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ! moral feel+s1 ?is conception ( ! div9e "* has be5 purg$ ( its gross]1 ar*aic1 & immoral elem5ts4 ,! e>ly ,hebrew ideas h be5 reject$ z ! immature & unwor?y notions ( deity ( a race /ill on a l[ plane ( religi\s developm5t2 ! ,calv9i/ic idea ( ,god has become 8! supreme incr$ibility02 :ile ! ,gospel tea*+ ( deity has be5 receiv$ by ! in/ruct$ reason & consci5ce z ! only cr$ible ideal ( ! div9e4#gdh ,s9ce1 z we h repeat$ly _h br\ght to our att5tion1 religi\s ideas ex]t a pr(\nd influ5ce on moral ideas & on conduct1 ?is moralization ( ! conception ( ! div9e "* has deep significance = ! progressive purification & ref9em5t ( ! moral life ( man4 ,sid5ote3 ,! moralization ( ! conception ( future puni%m5t ,closely connect$ ) ^! *anges 9 m5's idea ( ,god1 inde$ =m+ a "p ( t conception1 are ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 _! ideas ( ! div9e gov]nm5t 9 ! h]eaft]4 ,at diff]5t /ages ( our /udy we h not$ h[ ! classifications & arrangem5ts ( ! invisible _w are ! "w ( ! moral faculty1 & h[ ! develop+ moral feel+s ( ! hi/oric peoples h1 ) ! lapse ( "t1 ev] modifi$ anew ! topography & moraliz$ afre% ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w ( spirits4#gdi ,n[ "o ( ! mo/ important modifications ev] effect$ 9 man's conceptions ( ! o!r _w 0 br\ght ab\t by ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4 ,! re=m]s aboli%$ purgatory1 & ?us left only two sep>ate realms1 heav5 & hell1 9 ! _w ( s\ls4 ,b 9 aboli%+ purgatory & !reby mak+ all suff]+ 9 ! h]eaft] punitive & et]nal1 & 9 fail+ to recognize gradations ( guilt 9 human s9 by consign+ all evildo]s1 unbeliev]s1 & misbeliev]s to ! same awful & ev]la/+ torm5ts1 ! re=m]s made /ill m une?ical ! gov]nm5t :i* ! popul> m$ieval imag9ation _h creat$ = ! unse5 _w4 ,! gradual cl>ification & gr[+ s5sitiv5ess ( ! moral feel+s c\ld n long leave un*all5g$ su* a grossly immoral notion ( ! div9e gov]nm5t4 ,dur+ ! la/ two g5]ations a notable *ange has pass$ ov] m5's conceptions ( ! ne!rworld ( spirits4 ,! hell ( ! re=m]s' imag9ation has become1 l mu* else 9 ! ,augu/9ian !ology1 8! supreme incr$ibility40 ,! blurr+ ( t awful vision is "o ( ! mo/ significant *anges :i*1 dur+ ! ,*ri/ian era1 h pass$ ov] t _w :i* is at once ! creation & ! creator ( human morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,ex*ange 9 rank ( ! !ological & ! natural ,gospel virtues ,! advance 9 religi\s e?ics dur+ ! la/ few decades is regi/]$ aga9 9 ! ex*ange 9 rank ( ! !ological & ! natural gospel virtues 9 ! moral ideal ( ,prote/ant ,*ri/5dom4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re has tak5 place "h a g5u9e 8transvaluation ( moral values40 ,_m repres5tative religi\s tea*]s h come to assign a dom9ant place 9 ! e?ical /&>d to ! natural social virtues1 & h relegat$ to a l[] place ! purely !ological virtues1 su* z "r religi\s belief & ritual obs]vances4 ,9 ! case ( _m ! rejection ( t "p ( ! moral code re/+ ^u !ological dogmas is z complete z 0 ! rejection by ,*ri/ianity ( ! morality bas$ on ! c]emonial laws ( ! ,jews4 ,) ^! ! sav+ virtue is no long] acceptance ( a prescrib$ cre$1 b lov+1 self-d5y+ s]vice ( humanity4#gej ,?is transvaluation ( moral values )9 ! ,*ur* itself is "o ( ! mo/ important movem5ts go+ on 9 ! moral life ( ! mod]n _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext5sion to !ological e?ics ( ! pr9ciple ( individual responsibility ,fur!r illu/ration ( progress 9 ,*ur* e?ics 9 rec5t times is f\nd 9 ! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( individual responsibility to ! doma9 ( religion4#gea ,x w be recall$ h[ completely ! law ( collective responsibility dom9ates ! morality ( primitive peoples4#geb ,) ! gr[? & cle>+ ( ! moral s5se ! inju/ice ( ?is is p]ceiv$1 & ! pr9ciple ( individual responsibility comes to be e/abli%$4 ,?is moral movem5t is consummat$ e>li] 9 ! civil ?an 9 ! religi\s doma92 t is1 ! civil-law codes are fir/ modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( ! tru] e?ical feel+1 & n until lat] does ! religi\s code1 m cons]vative1 und]go a l *ange4 ,?us gradually dur+ ! m$ieval "t ! civil law ( ! m advanc$ nations ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom abrogat$ ! pr9ciple ( collective responsibility1 :ile ! ecclesia/ical code reta9$ x f> into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! be/ consci5ce ( ! ,*ur* has reject$ ! pr9ciple z ! embodim5t ( a gross inequity4 ,! doctr9e t all ! g5]ations ( m5 s9n$ 9 ! fir/ p>5t & ju/ly suff] = 8 transgression has be5 repudiat$ by ! mod]n in/ruct$ consci5ce z incr$ible1 untrue1 & immoral4 ,?is repudiation ( ! pr9ciple ( collective responsibility by ! e?ics ( religion h>monizes 9 ?is respect ,*ur* morality ) ! morality ( ! civil codes ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & m>ks ! consummation ( an e?ical evolution :i*1 comm5c+ 9 ! dawn ( civilization1 cov]s all ! mill5niums ( human hi/ory4 #e4 ,social ,e?ics3 ! ,new ,social ,consci5ce ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,z manife/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,african slave trade ,by ! phrase 8social consci5ce10 z we %all use x "h1 we mean ^? e?ical feel+s & judgm5ts :i* cov] ! relations ( ma/] & slave & ! relations ( society to its un=tunate & err+ memb]s4 ,9 ! entire hi/ory ( ! moral evolution ( humanity !re is no *apt] :i* reveals s pla9ly ! upw>d tr5d ( ! e?ical movem5t 9 civilization z t :i* tells ! /ory ( ! beg9n+s & ! f9al suppression ( ! ,african slave trade1 & ( ! rise & fall ( ! in/itution ( negro slav]y among ,*ri/ian peoples4#gec ,re/rict+ our survey = ! mom5t to ! slave trade z di/9ct f slav]y1 ! amaz+ fact :i* meets u "h at ! outset is t until late 9 ! mod]n p]iod ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom _h practically no consci5ce :atsoev] 9 reg>d to ! ,african slave trade1 & ?is not)/&+ t ! consci5ce ( ! age 0 9 _m o!r matt]s true & s5sitive4 ,! :ole subject lay practically outside ! realm ( morals4 ,! slave trade 0 look$ ^u z a p]fectly legitimate bus9ess4#ged ,practically no "o ?\ght x wrong to g to ,africa1 kidnap or pur*ase a %ipload ( ! natives1 br+ !m 9 /ifl+ holds--:]e sometimes half ! unhappy victims di$ on ! passage--to ! ,we/ ,indies or to ! ,spani% & ,engli% ma9l& ( ! ,am]icas & sell !m z slaves4#gee ,:at little opposition to ! traffic exi/$1 arose 9 g5]al f o!r ?an feel+s ( moral disapproval4#gef ,! movem5t = ! abolition ( ! trade con/itutes an important phase ( ! social & moral life1 p>ticul>ly ( ,engl& & ( ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5?4 ,9 ,engl& ! wave ( humanit>ian feel+ :i* swept away ! ob/acles set 9 ! way ( ! abolition ( ! traffic by selfi% int]e/s 0 rais$ by ! great religi\s revival l$ by ,:itefield & ! ,wesleys4 ,! lead]s ( ! re=m 7 ,?omas ,cl>kson & ,william ,wilb]=ce4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s ( agitation a bill 0 pass$ aboli%+ ! trade 7#ahjg74 ,?is m>k$ z great a moral victory z ev] 0 won 9 ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 = x 0 ! ar\s$ moral s5tim5t ( ! nation :i* 0 ! ma9 =ce t c>ri$ ! re=m measure ?r\gh ! ,h\ses4 ,9 ,am]ica !re _h aris5 among ! ,quak]s ( ,p5nsylvania1 ev5 be=e ! ,revolution1 a prote/ aga9/ ! trade on purely moral gr\nds4 ,by ! "t ! ,f$]al ,conv5tion met 9 #aghg suffici5t s5tim5t _h be5 develop$ 9 ! matt] to secure ! adoption ( a provision 9 ! ,con/itution to ! effect t ! importation ( slaves %\ld cease 9 #ahjh4 ,f t ye> on1 ! slave trade1 z di/9ct f slav]y1 0 "u ! ban bo? ( ! law & ( ! public consci5ce2 b x cont9u$ to be c>ri$ on cl&e/9ely until ! ,civil ,w>4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,z manife/$ 9 ! antislav]y movem5t ,ev5 be=e ! consummation ( ! movem5t = ! suppression ( ! negro slave trade !re _h sprung up an agitation = ! suppression ( ! negro-slave sy/em itself4 ,engl& aboli%$ slav]y 9 h] colonies 9 #ahcc1 pay+ #bj1jjj1jjj = ! emancipation ( #hjj1jjj slaves 9 h] ,we/ ,india possessions4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 v little antislav]y feel+ prior to #ahcj4geg ,at t "t ! great majority ( ! peoples ( ! ,nor!rn z well z ( ! ,s\!rn /ates1 if !y did n look ^u negro slav]y z :olly prop] & "r1 at lea/ reg>d$ z repreh5sible any int]f]5ce ) ! in/itution :]e e/abli%$4 ,ev5 ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al d5\nc$ ! abolitioni/s z infidels & pron\nc$ _! conduct fanatical & wick$4#geh ,b not)/&+ ?is opposition ! abolition movem5t & ! movem5t = ! re/riction ( slav]y to ! /ates :]e already e/abli%$ ga9$ impetus /eadily1 & ! heat$ debate l$ up quickly to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! mo/ significant ?+ 9 t passage ( our hi/ory is n ! revolt ( ! ,s\?1 b ! revolt ( ! consci5ce ( ! ,nor?4 ,_h !re be5 no moral revolt 9 ! ,nor?1 !re w\ld h be5 no slavehold]s' revolt 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! developm5t ( moral feel+ respect+ ! wrongfulness ( slav]y did n cease ) ! emancipation ( ! slaves z a result ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,inde$1 ) ! re=m an accompli%$ fact1 ! cl>ification ( ! moral s5se ( ! p has gone on un9t]rupt$ly until a gulf has come to sep>ate ! pres5t-day consci5ce ( ! great majority ( ! in/ruct$ & ?9k+ classes 9 bo? sections ( ! ,union f ! consci5ce ( ! same classes "o or two g5]ations ago4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,z manife/$ 9 society's treatm5t ( its un=tunate & del9qu5t memb]s ,! record ( society's treatm5t ( its dep5d5t & err+ memb]s =ms ano!r inspir+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ! new social consci5ce4 ,9 a little ov] "o hundr$ ye>s ! ,*ri/ian _w has advanc$ f h>% vagrant laws to associat$ *>ities2 f ! burn+ ( wit*es to asylums = ! insane2 f noisome dungeons to p5it5ti>ies & in/itutions ( rescue & correction4#gei ,! num]\s & co/ly private & public in/itutions e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by ! new humanit>ian s5tim5t is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 e?ically view$1 ( mod]n civilization4 ,s multi=m are ! expressions ( ?is new _s t x is impossible 9 s brief a survey z ! pres5t to exhibit 9 m ?an b>e/ outl9e ?is phase ( ! e?ical evolution4 ,! rec5t hi/ory ( *>ity1 tak5 9 ! s5se ( relief giv5 to ! poor1 is a record ( *ange bo? 9 motive & me?od4 ,!re has always be5 a great deal ( almsgiv+ 9 ! _w1 s9ce ?is has be5 a duty especially enjo9$ by religion4 ,b because *>ity has _h ?is religi\s motive1 x has (t5 be5 sulli$ by self-love1 alms be+ giv5 n s mu* = ! sake ( ! poor z = ! b5efit ( ! s\l ( ! donor4 ,9 rec5t times ?is religi\s motive has become less op]ative1 b ! am\nt ( almsgiv+ has und\bt$ly increas$1 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 ! conclusion t x is motiv$ z nev] be=e by g5u9e altrui/ic feel+4 ,x is probably true1 h[ev]1 t !re is less indiscrim9ate1 emotional almsgiv+ n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,b !re is great] 8social compunction10 a deep] s5se ( society's responsibility = ! exi/5ce ( pov]ty1 & an e>ne/ inquiry respect+ ! prim>y social causes ( x4 ,h5ce ef=t is direct$ n m]ely to ! imm$iate relief ( want & mis]y ?r\gh organiz$ *>ity1 b to ! cure ( pov]ty ?r\gh ! removal ( ! causes ( de/itution4 ,at ?is po9t ! inve/igations & labors ( ! philan?ropi/ m]ge ) ^? ( ! sociologi/1 ! economi/1 & ! /atesman4 ,9 society's treatm5t ( ! defective & ! insane1 z comp>$ ) its treatm5t ( ^! same classes sc>cely m ?an a c5tury ago1 is regi/]$ an e?ical progress truly rem>kable4 ,a hundr$ ye>s or less ago 9 ,engl& & 9 all ! ,european c\ntries ! idiot & ! oddly =m$ human prodigy 7 exhibit$ to af=d amusem5t to ! p4 ,! gr[? 9 humanit>ian feel+ has r5d]$ all ?is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 8,! pass+ ( ! freak is n a casual incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! circus1 b a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! t5d5cy :i* has be5 9 progress = c5turies t[>d ! humaniz+ ( our amusem5ts4444 ,to sp5d a m]ry aft]noon at ! madh\se wat*+ ! antics ( ! maniacs 9 _! *a9s seem$ natural & reasonable to civiliz$ ,engli%m5 n s _m g5]ations ago4 ,x has become absolutely un?9kable40#gfj ,! hi/ory ( ! /age (f]s l te/imony4 8,n s v long ago10 writes ,david ,belasco1 9 giv+ advice to ! amateur playwright1 8! entrance ( a cripple or a hun*back 0 suffici5t to get a laugh f ! audi5ce4 ,9 ^! humanit>ian times !re is no fun to be made out ( physical de=mity40#gfa ,b x is 9 society's treatm5t ( ! crim9al class t !re is to be trac$ ! greate/ progress 9 humanit>ianism4 ,9 ! pre-,norman p]iod 9 ,engl& ! puni%m5ts = crime 7 *>act]iz$ by a b>b>ity incr$ibly call\s4 8,m5 br&$ on ! =ehead1 )\t h&s1 )\t feet1 )\t tongues1 liv$ z an example ( ! dang] :i* att5d$ ! commission ( petty crimes1 & z a w>n+ to all :o _h ! mis=tune ( hold+ no high] position ?an t ( a *url4444 ,! eyes 7 pluck$ out2 ! nose1 ! e>s1 & ! upp] lips 7 cut (f2 ! scalp 0 torn away2 & sometimes ev51 !re is reason to believe1 ! :ole body 0 flay$ alive40#gfb ,:at 0 true ( ,engli% law 0 true ( ! laws ( e o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,& !re 0 little or no ess5tial amelioration ( ^! savage law sy/ems be=e ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,sev5ty ?\s& executions took place 9 ,engl& dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4#gfc 8,9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii !re does n appe> to h be5 any consci\sness t ! p5al laws 71 9 _m respects1 disgraceful to any community b a tribe ( savages40#gfd ,if a def9ite po9t ( dep>ture ( ! movem5t = ! humaniz+ ( ! crim9al laws ( ,europe & ! putt+ ( ! treatm5t ( crim9als on an e?ical basis be s\ght1 x w be f\nd 9 ! life & writ+s ( ! ,italian juri/ ,becc>ia1#gfe :o ma9ta9$ t ! effect ( cruel puni%m5ts is to increase crime by indurat+ ! s5sibilities ( ! p4#gff ,a great impulse to ! humanit>ian movem5t initiat$ by ,becc>ia 0 giv5 by ! devot$ labors ( ! great philan?ropi/ ,john ,h[>d 7#agbf-agij71 :o1 ) 8 eyes op5$ to ! awful conditions ( prison life ?r\gh (ficial connection ) ,b$=d jail1 :]e ,bunyan dream$1 sp5t 8 life 9 visit+ all l&s inspect+ prisons & jails & dungeons & laz> h\ses1 & 8tak+ ! gauge & dim5sion ( mis]y1 depression1 & contempt40 ,! crusade ( ,john ,h[>d m>ks ! real beg9n+ ( practical prison re=m1 :i* has 8trans=m$ prisons f hells into hospitals = recov]y10 & revolutioniz$ ! entire !ory & adm9i/ration ( judicial puni%m5t4#gfg ,! aim & purpose ( ! mod]n p5it5ti>y sy/em is to develop self-respect & manhood4#gfh ,to ?is end ! lock-/ep & /rip$ clo?+ h be5 aboli%$ 9 _m prisons1 & along ) !m all cruel & humiliat+ puni%m5ts4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( re=m s*ools1 re=matories1 & p5it5ti>ies1 ! introduction ( ! indet]m9ate s5t5ce1 ! propos$ creation ( c\rts ( rehabilitation1 & ! f\nd+ ( ! juv5ile c\rt1#gfi m>k ! e?ical advance :i* ! la/ c5tury has witness$ 9 ?is doma94#ggj #f4 ,int]national ,e?ics3 ! ,new ,int]national ,consci5ce ,sid5ote3 ,! developm5t ( int]national morality =e%ad[$ by ! e>li] developm5t ( intranational morality ,"o ( ! mo/ significant ( phylog5etic laws is =mulat$ by ,haeckel 9 ^! words3 8,! %ort1 quick hi/ory ( an individual organism is a compress$ /ory ( ! long1 sl[ hi/ory ( ! species to :i* ! organism belongs40 ,n[ ?is law holds good = ! hi/ory ( ! human species z well z = t ( ! l[] tribes ( life4 ,& "h x embraces n only ! hi/ory ( ! bodily b also t ( ! psy*ical developm5t4 ,consequ5tly ! law "u :i* ! moral evolution ( man is go+ on may be /at$ 9 ?is way3 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( consci5ce )9 a social gr\p 7clan1 tribe1 nation7 is a compress$ /ory ( ! long1 sl[ hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( consci5ce 9 humanity at l>ge1 t is to say1 betwe5 ! gr\ps compos+ ! human race4 ,& s9ce law codes1 private & public1 are ess5tially embodim5ts ( ! gr[+ & cl>ify+ consci5ce1 ?is mode ( ! e?ical evolution may be express$ 9 /rictly juri/ic t]ms z foll[s3 8,! developm5t ( int]national law foll[s /ep by /ep ! e>li] developm5t ( municipal law40#gga ,) ?is law 9 m9d we may def9e moral progress 9 ! int]national doma9 z ! gradual assimilation ( int]national to intranational e?ics1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! gr[+ con=mity ( ! /&>d ( public morality to t ( private morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gradual moraliz+ ( ! relations ( ! advanc$ to ! backw>d races3 ,! ,:ite ,man's ,burd5 ,z ?us def9$1 a special expression ( progress 9 int]national morality is f\nd 9 ! gr[+ recognition by gov]nm5ts t ! obligations ( ! /rong t[>d ! weak are ! same = nations z = individuals4 ,a public consci5ce t is l ! be/ private consci5ce is con/antly becom+ m & m a regulative =ce 9 ! relations ( ! sup]ior to ! inf]ior races4#ggb ,unhappily t exploitation ( ! weak] by ! /rong] races1 :i* makes up s l>ge a "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ ages1 /ill goes on2 b x is1 9 g5]al1 less grossly une?ical ?an ev] be=e1 :ile ) ea* succe$+ g5]ation ! prote/ ( ! common consci5ce ( ! civiliz$ _w aga9/ all unfair & oppressive treatm5t ( ! backw>d by ! m advanc$ races gr[s m e>ne/ & insi/5t4 ,good illu/rations ( ?is quick5+ ( ! public consci5ce are f\nd 9 ,engl&'s deal+s ) ,india & ,*9a4 ,9 ! ye> #ahac a resolution decl>+ t ,engl&'s fir/ duty 9 legislat+ = ,india 0 to promote ! int]e/s ( ! p ( ,india 0 propos$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 b 0 defeat$4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] 79 #ahcc7 ?is pr9ciple 0 def9itely embodi$ 9 a ,gov]nm5t ( ,india ,act4#ggc ,9 #ahda-ahdb ,engl&1 at ! end ( :at has be5 ju/ly *>act]iz$ z 8"o ( ! mo/ di%onorable & dete/able w>s t ev] /a9$ h] annals10 compell$ ,*9a to keep h] ports op5 to ! iniquit\s opium traffic4 ,two g5]ations lat] 79 #aijf7 ! ,h\se ( ,commons by resolution unanim\sly decl>$ ! ,indian opium trade ) ,*9a to be 8morally indef5sible10 & reque/$ ! ,gov]nm5t to br+ x to a spe$y end4#ggd ,five ye>s lat] ,engl& ent]$ into an agreem5t ) ,*9a1 accord+ to ! t]ms ( :i* ! importation ( ,indian opium into ,*9a w cease on or be=e #aiag4 ,?is is a notable triumph ( ! new int]national consci5ce4 ,our deal+s ) ! isl& ( ,cuba s9ce its lib]ation--op9ions may diff] 9 reg>d to ! rightness ( our orig9al act ( int]v5tion--af=ds ano!r enc\rag+ illu/ration ( ! progress ! _w has made 9 int]national morality4 ,& ! same is true ( our deal+s ) ! ,filip9os1 not)/&+ ! utt]ly pa9ful "* ( ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! /ory4 ,!re has be5 no responsible (ficial utt]ance on ?is subject t has repres5t$ our task 9 our acquir$ dep5d5cy z o!r ?an a public tru/1 z a gu>dian%ip to be ex]cis$ solely 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,filip9os z ! nation's w>ds4 ,! bett] moral feel+ ( ! nation1 int5sifi$ 9 _m by deep compunction1 has indignantly repudiat$ all ^? un(ficial utt]ances :i* h cynically repres5t$ ! isl&s z an invit+ field = selfi% exploitation by ,am]ican capitali/s1 & has dem&$ t our gov]nm5t 9 ! isl&s %\ld be inspir$ & controll$ by ! _s ( unselfi% s]vice4 ,& ?is e?ical _s has 9 g5]al m>k$ our adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! isl&]s4 8,i believe t ,i am speak+ ) hi/oric accuracy & imp>tiality10 decl>es ex-,presid5t ,roosevelt1 8:5 ,i say t ! ,am]ican treatm5t ( & attitude t[>d ! ,filip9o p1 9 its comb9ation ( dis9t]e/$ e?ical purpose & s\nd common s5se1 m>ks a new & long /ride =w>d 9 advance ( all /eps t h hi!rto be5 tak5 along ! pa? ( wise & prop] treatm5t ( weak] by /rong] races40 ,?is e?ical purpose is especially manife/$ 9 ! s5d+ out1 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( our rule1 ( five hundr$ "y ,am]ican tea*]s to c>ry to ?is deeply wrong$ p ! be/ we h to give--a national act )\t a p>allel 9 all ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,x inspires hope 9 ! future to note h[ f> ?is la/ /ep =w>d c>ries u away f ! />t+ po9t on ?is l9e ( e?ical advance4 ,at fir/ ! fate ( ! weak] race 0 ext]m9ation or slav]y2 !n its fate 0 to be r$uc$ to ! condition ( a tribut>y2 /ill lat]1 to be subject$ to comm]cial & indu/rial exploitation by ! conqu]+ p2 & la/ly1 to be made1 9 !ory if n yet 9 actual practice1 ! b5efici>ies ( a b5evol5t self-sacrific+ s]vice1 :i* f9ds l(ty expression 9 ,kipl+'s ,! ,:ite ,man's ,burd53 ,g1 b9d y\r sons to exile ,to s]ve y\r captives' ne$4 ,?is s5tim5t w\ld sc>cely h f\nd any su* response 9 ! common he>t & consci5ce ( any pa/ age ( human hi/ory z x f9ds 9 ! he>t & consci5ce ( our own4 ,b1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ! s5tim5t embodies an ideal yet to be realiz$1 r ?an some?+ already atta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress 9 w> e?ics3 ,hugo ,grotius ,b x is 9 ! *anges effect$ 9 m5's feel+s respect+ :at is morally p]missible 9 w>f>e t is to be obs]v$ ! mo/ enc\rag+ progress 9 int]national e?ics 9 mod]n times4 ,?is progressive cl>ification ( ! moral consci\sness may be di/9ctly trac$ f ! close ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,g]many4 ,9 no p]iod ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory _h w> be5 wag$ ) great] f]ocity or ) great] contempt ( moral rules ?an dur+ ! s-call$ religi\s w>s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,:at little ga9s _h be5 made 9 ! humanization ( w> dur+ prec$+ eras seem to h be5 lo/4 ,?is b>b>iz+ ( w>1 h[ev]1 produc$1 z all retrogressions 9 morality d if ! moral life is /ill on ! :ole virile & s\nd1 a reaction :i* f\nd expression 9 ! epo*-mak+ "w1 ,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 by ! di/+ui%$ ,dut* juri/ ,hugo ,grotius#gge--;a "w t has be5 pron\nc$ 8! mo/ b5efic5t ( all volumes ev] writt5 n claim+ div9e inspiration40#ggf ,! aim ( ,grotius 0 n to aboli% w>1--he did n ?9k univ]sal peace an atta9able ideal1--b simply to mod]ate its excesses & less5 its atrocities1 to set limits to ! rights ( ! victor4 ,! age ( nationalism _h come1 & an e?ics = nations 9 _! mutual relations mu/ be =mulat$4 ,grotius s\ght a law t all w\ld recognize z b9d+4 ,! law to :i* he appeal$ 0 ! ,/oic ,law ( ,nature4#ggg ,z ! ,/oics _h made ?is law ! in/rum5t = ! re=m ( ! ,roman civil law1 s n[ w\ld ,grotius make x ! in/rum5t = ! re=m ( ! laws ( w>4#ggh ,! influ5ce ( ! "w ( ,grotius 0 pr(\nd & widespread4 ,f ! "t ( its appe>ance dates a new dep>ture 9 ! humanization ( w>1 & a fre% moral advance 9 int]national law4#ggi 8,8 ideas10 says ,dr4 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1 8f\nd _! way into curr5t discussion1 into sy/ems ( law1 into treaties2 & z g5]ations roll$ by1 ! _w began to f9d itself1 x h>dly knew h[1 less & less cruel1 until m5 look$ back on w> z practic$ 9 8 "t z ^u a hide\s dream--d\btless mu* z m5 9 future g5]ations w look back ^u ! w>s ( our times40#ghj ,! humane provisions ( ! ,g5eva ,conv5tion ( #ahfd & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,r$ ,cross ,society1 :i* on ! field ( battle c>es )\t discrim9ation = ! /rick51 are inspir+ illu/rations ( ! gr[? ( ?is new humanit>ianism4 ,sid5ote3 ,movem5t = ! abolition ( w>--a moral issue ,n[ ?is gr[+ s5sitiv5ess ( ! public consci5ce :i* has effect$ s _m mitigations ( ! b>b>ities ( w> has result$ 9 a widespread & insi/5t dem& t w> betwe5 civiliz$ nations %all n m]ely be humaniz$ b t x %all be aboli%$1 t disputes betwe5 nations %all be settl$ z disputes betwe5 individuals are settl$--by c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,)\t d\bt _m influ5ces1 political1 social1 & economic1#gha h concurr$ 9 creat+ ?is great _w-wide movem5t1 & 9 call+ into exi/5ce ! ,hague ,conf]5ces & ! int]national & national peace congresses ( ! la/ decade or two2 b among all ^! =ces & motives ! "o ( greate/ pot5cy is ! awak5$ & in/ruct$ consci5ce ( ! _w 9 reg>d to ! crim9ality ( w> z an e/abli%$ & legaliz$ me?od ( settl+ controv]sies betwe5 civiliz$ nations4 ,x is ?is new consci5ce & n ! new dreadn\ght to :i* we mu/ look to aboli% w> & to keep x aboli%$4 ,=1 l ! "q ( slav]y two g5]ations ago1 ?is "q ( w> has become a moral issue1 &1 l ! slav]y "q1 x w give ! _w no re/ until settl$ 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( ! new consci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,w> an abrogation ( ! ord9>y moral code ,especially intol]able to ! m s5sitive consci5ce ( to-day is ! assumption t nations may at w susp5d or abrogate ! ord9>y moral code4 ,=1 z ,"l ,morley truly says1 8,to decl>e w> is to susp5d n m]ely habeas corpus b ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & "s o!r good comm&m5ts besides40#ghb ,t is to say1 w> is a susp5sion ( a great "p ( ^? rules ( morality :i*1 sl[ly & pa9fully =mulat$ by ! gr[+ moral consci\sness ( man1 h become ! guide & /&>d ( ord9>y conduct4 ,9 w> ! consci5ce ( ! comm&] is inhibit$4 8,! comm&] :o lo/ a battle ?r\gh ! activity ( 8 moral nature10 once cynically decl>$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator ,+alls1 8w\ld be ! d]ision & je/ ( hi/ory40 ,& t is s4 ,! _w has n yet ceas$ to d]ide ^? ,jews :o lo/ _! city to ! ,romans because _! consci5ces =soo? w\ld n let !m fight on ! ,sabba? day4 ,w> _c be conduct$ by ! rules ( ord9>y morality4 ,) a great "p ( ! ord9>y moral code susp5d$1 !re is sub/itut$ = x a w> code e maxim ( :i* reveals its ar*aic1 ve/igial "*1 /amps x z a survival f an e>ly savage /age ( human developm5t1 z a legacy f a long-pa/ age ( ! hi/orical evolution :5 morality 0 z yet only an intratribal ?+1 t is1 :5 m5 felt t !y ow$ duties only to memb]s ( _! own tribe or social gr\p4#ghc ,sid5ote3 ,unfavorable reaction ( ! e?ics ( w> ^u ! e?ics ( peace ,9 _m ways1 "s obvi\s & o!rs subtle & hidd51 w> works 8moral damage0 to society1 b we "h conf9e ourselves to emphasiz+ m]ely ! moral loss & hurt result+ f ! reaction ( its l[ ar*aic code ^u ! m advanc$ peace code4 ,=1 z ,pr(essor ,j4 ,neville ,figgis ju/ly obs]ves1 8,x is impossible to remove ! v notion ( morality f int]national affairs )\t 9 ! long run und]m9+ x 9 private life40#ghd ,:at is reg>d$ z "r & prop] 9 w> w come to be reg>d$ z "r & prop] 9 peace4 ,t is to say1 ! ma9t5ance ( a d\ble /&>d 9 morals is j z impossible z ! ma9t5ance ( a d\ble /&>d 9 money4 ,by a sort ( ,gre%am's ,law ! l[] /&>d w drive out ! high] or drag x d[n to its own l[ level4 ,?is reaction ( ! w> code ^u ! ord9>y moral code is well illu/rat$ by :at takes place :5 society metes out to p]sons convict$ ( crime f]oci\s & b>b>\s puni%m5ts4 ,9 ! m$ieval c5turies 9 ,europe :5 ! p5alties = (f5ses 7 (t5 fi5di%ly cruel mutilations ( ! body1 su* z cutt+ (f ! e>s1 ! h&s1 ! lips1 or ! nose1 ?is judicial proc$ure 0 imitat$ to su* a degree by individuals seek+ private v5geance t mayhem1 t is1 ! mutilation ( an enemy by depriv+ him ( a memb]1 became a crime ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce t x 0 necess>y to make special & sev]e enactm5ts aga9/ x4#ghe ,aft] society /opp$ mutilat+ ! bodies ( (f5d]s aga9/ its laws1 ?is (f5se ( mayhem virtually dropp$ out ( ! cal5d> ( private crimes4 ,9 a simil> way does ! w> e?ics ( ! nations react disa/r\sly ^u private morality4 ,! sl[ moral progress ( ,european civilization dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies1 comp>$ ) its wond]ful intellectual & mat]ial progress1 may ) little hesitation be attribut$ 9 l>ge "p to ! unfavorable influ5ce ( its w> e?ics ^u its ev]yday moral code4 ,! w> code is appli$ to politics1 to ord9>y bus9ess1 & to ! relations ( indu/rial classes4 ,! politician z a politician does a hundr$ ?+s he w\ld n ?9k ( do+ z a man1 & ju/ifies 8 acts by appeal+ to ! adage1 8,politics is w>40 ,! bus9ess man1 cit+ ! l maxim1 8,bus9ess is bus9ess10 :i* means t competition is a species ( w> & mu/ be conduct$ on w> pr9ciples1 fl+s 8 ,*ri/ian code to ! w9ds &1 pitilessly pu%+ 8 competitor to ! wall1 compasses 8 f9ancial ru94 ,x is ! same 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 labor & capital4 ,9 ?is /ruggle acts ( viol5ce1 l ^? ( ! ,mc,namaras1 are committ$1 & ! p]sons :o d ^! ?+s absolve !mselves 9 ! =um ( _! own consci5ces on ! plea t a /ate ( w> exi/s betwe5 capital & labor & t ?is ju/ifies ! adoption ( w> me?ods4 ,"h d\btless we h ! moral psy*ology ( ! suffragette movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,inde$1 ! lead]s ( ?is />tl+ propag&a tell u frankly t !y are wag+ w>1 & t ?is ju/ifies _! susp5sion ( ! ord9>y rules ( conduct4 ,9 ! light ( ?is av[al ! alleg$ inscrutability ( _! acts disappe>s4 ,! movem5t is simply ano!r illu/ration ( ! tru? t s long z nations act "u ! illusion t !y may )\t moral wrong employ viol5ce to obta9 ju/ice1 j s long w !re be individuals :o ) good consci5ce w seek ju/ice ?r\gh viol5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ^! same classes & p]sons :o ?us 9 v>i\s important sph]es ( activity adopt ! l[] /&>d ( w> e?ics1 9 all o!r doma9s & relation%ips--9 ! family1 9 ! ,*ur*1 & 9 social int]c\rse--act 9 accordance ) ! high] moral code4 ,! result is a loose syn!sis ( ! two sy/ems1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a sort ( bi-moral code made up ( rules & practices mutually inconsi/5t & irreconcilable4 ,! moral damage result+ f su* moral confusion is beyond e/imate4 ,x is ! inconsi/5cies & hypocrisies involv$ 9 su* a bi-moral code t is "o gr\nd ( ,nietzs*e's bitt] attack on ! e?ics ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,yet1 z ,pr(essor ,figgis says1 8,nietzs*e des]ves ! gratitude ( all fri5ds ( humanity = ! s]vice he has done 9 444 %[+ t ! :ole sph]e ( private life _c 9 ! long run be diff]5t f ! ideals accept$ 9 public affairs40#ghf ,sid5ote3 ,obsolesc5ce ( w> z a s*ool ( morals3 ! w> sy/em an ana*ronism 9 mod]n civilization ,! arraignm5t ( ! w> sy/em by ! awak5+ consci5ce ( ! civiliz$ _w has l$ its advocates to lay ! /ress ( _! argum5t on ! moral uses ( w>4 ,!y eulogize w> z ! nurse ( ! /urdy1 h]oic virtues1 & h5ce z an indisp5sable ag5cy 9 ! moral education ( ! race4 ,w> has1 x is true1 9 pa/ ages be5 8! supreme !at] ( human /r5u\sness10 & x may be true1 z is assum$ by ,pr(essor ,william ,james 9 8 ,moral ,equival5t ( ,w>1 t ! qualities ( c\rage1 =titude1 & self-devotion to common int]e/s 7 9 ! beg9n+ evok$ & fo/]$ 9 ! race by w>2 b :atev] may h be5 ! moral uses ( w> 9 ! pa/ /ages ( human developm5t1 ! "t is pa/ :5 ! w> sy/em c s]ve ! highe/ ends ( civilization4 ,x is an ana*ronism 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,x has become a drag ^u ! moral progress ( ! race4 ,by an e?ical necessity ! day ( its abolition approa*es4 ,at a "t n remote1 z hi/ory reckons "t1 ! common consci5ce ( ! _w w br& w> betwe5 civiliz$ nations z ! greate/ ( crimes1 & w reg>d ! nation t assaults ano!r ) int5t to commit g5]al slaught] z a crim9al nation--z a common enemy ( ! human race4 ,9 t com+ & bett] age m5 w look ) ! same incr$ul\s amazem5t ^u our inf]nal eng9es & devices = :olesale man-kill+ t we ( ?is age look ^u 8! iron virg9 ( ,nuremb]g0 & ! o!r m$ieval in/rum5ts ( torture 9 ! museums ( ,europe4 ,to _m ?is optimi/ic =eca/1 9 ! face ( ! prevail+ w> _s & ! ev]-gr[+ armam5ts ( ! nations1 may seem ov]sangu9e & incr$ible4 ,b to ?9k despair+ly ( ! future argues a failure to disc]n :at is really mo/ significant 9 ! int]national situation to-day4 ,! mo/ significant ?+ 9 ! ongo+s ( life at ,rome on t memorable day ( ! ye> #djd ( our era :i* saw ! la/ gladiatorial combat 9 ! ,colosseum 0 n t1 f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ! incom+ ( ,*ri/ianity ) its tea*+s ( ! sanctity ( human life1 gladiators f\ght on ! ar5a to make a holiday = ,rome2 ! significant ?+ 0 ! prote/ made by ! ,*ri/ian monk ,telema*us & seal$ by 8 m>tyr dea?1#ghg = t ann\nc$ ! bir? into ! ,roman _w ( a new consci5ce1 & t1 ?r\gh an e?ical necessity1 meant ! spe$y abolition ( 8! human sacrifices ( ! amphi!at]40 ,& s to-day ! significant ?+ is n t n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s aft] ! adv5t ( a religion ( peace & good w among m51 gladiator nations /ill wet ! e>? ) fratricidal blood2 ! significant ?+ is ! con/antly gr[+ prote/ aga9/ x all1 = t ann\nces ! bir? into ! mod]n _w ( a new int]national consci5ce1 & t1 ?r\gh an e?ical necessity l t :i* aboli%$ =ev] ! bloody sacrifices ( ! ,colosseum1 means ! c]ta9 & spe$y abolition ( w> z a crass negation ( human solid>ity & bro!rhood1 & a v5tur\s d5ial ( a moral ord] ( ! _w & ! sov]eignty ( consci5ce4 ,,footnotes #a ,h5ry ,t4 ,buckle1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl& 7#ahia71 vol4 i1 *ap4 iv4 ,= a tr5*ant criticism ( ,buckle's cont5tion t !re has be5 no progress 9 morals dur+ hi/oric times1 see article entitl$ 8,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,morals10 ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,decemb]1 #ahfg4 #b ,= a discussion ( ! economic !ory1 see ,edw9 ,r4 ,a4 ,seligman1 ,! ,economic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory1 #b;d ed4 #c ,social ,evolution 7#ahid71 p4 #cjg4 #d ,ralph ,b>ton ,p]ry1 ,! ,moral ,economy 7#aiji71 p4 #bed4 #e ,immanuel ,kant1 ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason2 cit$ by ,fi%]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7#ahhh71 p4 #fbc4 #f 8,x is probable inde$ t e movem5t ( religi\s re=m has orig9at$ 9 "s cle>] conception ( ! ideal ( human conduct1 arriv$ at by "s p]son or p]sons40--,t4 ,h4 ,,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #e? ed41 p4 #cfa4 #g ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 tr4 ,black & ,m5zies 7#ahhe71 p4 #dgb2 summ+ up ! moral tea*+s ( ! prophet ,amos4 #h ,wake1 ,! ,evolution ( ,morality 7#ahgh71 vol4 ii1 p4 #d2 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 ii1 p4 #gdc2 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #e? ed41 p4 #bcg2 ,george ,h>ris1 ,moral ,evolution 7#ahif71 p4 #gi4 #i ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #e? ed41 p4 #bdj4 #aj 8,we _c expla9 morality )\t go+ to objective morality1 :i* is express$ 9 ! cu/oms & laws1 9 ! moral comm&s & judgm5ts1 conceptions & ideals ( ! race0 7,frank ,?illy1 8,fri$ri* ,pauls5's ,e?ical ,"w & ,influ5ce10 ,! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics = ,janu>y1 #aiji1 p4 #aej74 ,& s ,wundt3 8,! orig9al s\rce ( e?ical k is ! moral consci\sness ( man1 z x f9ds objective expression 9 ! univ]sal p]ceptions ( "r & wrong1 & fur!r1 9 religi\s ideas & 9 cu/oms4 ,! mo/ direct me?od = ! discov]y ( e?ical pr9ciples is1 !re=e1 ! an?ropological me?od4 ,we use ?is t]m 9 a wid] s5se ?an is cu/om>y1 to include e?nic psy*ology1 ! hi/ory ( primitive man & ! hi/ory ( civilization1 z well z ! natural hi/ory ( mank9d0 7,e?ics3 ! ,facts ( ! ,moral ,life1 tr4 ,gulliv] & ,tit*5] 7#aijh71 p4 #ai74 ,cf4 also ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 pp4 #aeh ff4 #aa 8,an ideal is ess5tial to ! v exi/5ce ( morality40--,,george ,,h>ris1 ,moral ,evolution 7#ahif71 p4 #ed4 #ab 8,! hi/ory ( moral ideals & in/itutions1 ?\gh hi!rto ignor$ by morali/s1 seems to me ! mo/ important topic 9 ! :ole realm ( e?ics40--,,s*urman1 ,! ,e?ical ,import ( ,d>w9ism 7#ahhg71 p4 #bja4 #ac ,s4 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress 7#ahhi71 p4 #ced4 ,! same ?\ght is express$ by ! writ] ( 8,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,morals10 ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,decemb]1 #ahfg3 8,! e>? is a moral gravey>d 444 & our virtues & vices w1 9 turn1 be b fossils :i* ! eye ( sci5ce %all curi\sly scan1 & !y w f9ally crumble into du/1 f :i* ! moral h>ve/s ( ! future %all spr+40 #ad ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #aed4 #ae 8,effective ideals are elicit$ by circum/ances4 ,b !y are n creat$ by !m4 ,x is a prejudice ( mod]n sociology1 a prejudice :i* sociology has tak5 ov] f biology1 to try to expla9 ! inn] by ! out]40--,g4 ,,l[es ,,dick9son1 8,ideals & ,facts10 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,janu>y1 #aiaa1 p4 #bff4 #af 8,! gr[? ( intellectuality1 consid]$ z bread? ( view & compet5ce ( p]sonal judgm5t1 c>ries ) x normally gr[? 9 s5sitiv5ess ( feel+ & rightness ( e?ical attitude40--,,baldw91 ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretation 9 ,m5tal ,developm5t 7#ahig71 p4 #cig4 #ag ,see ,*apt] ,,xviii4 8,! activity ( a free p creates a great numb] ( social relations f :i* arise new duties & new rights2 s t lib]ty is n less favorable to ! developm5t ( morality ?an to t ( lett]s1 arts1 & sci5ces1 ( all ! noble int]e/s & high faculties ( our nature40--,,d5is1 ,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit 7#ahgi71 t4 i1 p4 #aj4 #ah ,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 #b;d ed41 p4 #a4 8,x is n ,*ri/ianity b indu/rialism t has br\ght into ! _w t /rong s5se ( ! moral value ( ?rift1 /eady indu/ry1 punctuality 9 obs]v+ engagem5ts1 con/ant =e?\ght ) a view to provid+ = ! cont+5cies ( ! future1 :i* is n[ s *>act]i/ic ( ! moral type ( ! mo/ civiliz$ nations40--,,lecky1 ,! ,map ( ,life 7#aijj71 pp4 #ec f4 #ai ,! ,moral ,ideal1 new & revis$ edition1 p4 #ai4 #bj 8,d\btless ! e?ical life ( ! _w has suff]$ mu* f religion1 b x owes to religion immeasurably m ?an x has suff]$ f x4 ,faulty en\gh inde$ ! influ5ce has be51 b ! e?ical life ( ! _w has on ! :ole be5 greatly ren=c$ & purifi$ by its religions40--,,william ,,newton ,,cl>ke1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,god 7#aiji71 p4 #ac4 #ba 8,morality is ! endeavor to realize an ideal0 7,george ,h>ris1 ,moral ,evolution 7#ahif71 p4 #ed74 ,n to miss ! import ( ?is dictum emphasis mu/ be laid on ! ^w 8endeavor02 =1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,gre51 morality mu/ be reg>d$ 8z an ef=t1 n an atta9m5t0 7,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #e? ed41 p4 #cja74 #bb ,m$itations1 tr4 ,long1 xi1 #ah4 #bc 8,!re is no?+ m mod]n ?an ! critical _s :i* dwells ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9ds ( m5 9 "o age & 9 ano!r2 :i* endeavors to make ea* age its own int]pret]1 & judge :at x did or produc$ by a relative /&>d40--,,james ,,bryce1 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 #h? ed41 p4 #bfa4 #bd ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #e? ed41 p4 #bia4 #be ,aft] long obs]vation ( ! life ( ! unciviliz$ races ( ,polynesia1 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace records z 8 op9ion t 8savages act up to _! simple code at lea/ z well z we act up to ours0 7,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 i1 p4 #aci74 8,_m /range cu/oms & laws obta9 9 ,zulul&1 b !re is no moral code 9 all ! _w m rigidly obs]v$ ?an t ( ! ,zulus0 7,russell ,ha/+s ,millw>d 9 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 #aiji1 p4 #bhg74 #bf 8,! l>g] morality :i* embraces all mank9d has its basis 9 habits ( loyalty1 love1 & self-sacrifice :i* 7 orig9ally =m$ & grew /rong 9 ! n>r[ circle ( ! family or ! clan40--,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #b;d ed41 p4 #ed4 #bg ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bgd4 ,cf4 ,judges ix4 #b2 #b ,sam4 v4 #a4 #bh ,dudley ,kidd1 ,savage ,*ildhood 7#aijf71 p4 #gd4 ,see also ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays 7#aija71 vol4 ii1 p4 #gi1 on ! 8tribal self40 #bi ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bfg4 ,see also ,c\langes1 ,! ,anci5t ,city1 bk4 ii1 *ap4 ix4 #cj ,be=e ?is /age 9 civilization has be5 rea*$1 religion is a h9drance to ! wid5+ ( ! moral sympa?ies2 = 9 e>li] /ages 8a man is held answ]able to 8 god only = wrong done to a memb] ( 8 own k9dr$ or political community2 444 he may deceive1 rob1 or kill an ali5 )\t (f5se to religion2 ! deity c>es only = 8 own k9sfolk0 7,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #b;d ed41 pp4 #ec f474 #ca ,x %\ld be c>efully not$ t ?is is v diff]5t f say+ t 8 life is immoral4 ,to pron\nce x immoral w\ld be l pron\nc+ immoral ! life ( ! *ild1 9 :om ! s5se ( "r & wrong has n yet aris54 ,! savage is a *ild n only 9 intellect b also 9 moral feel+4 ,z ,bagehot says1 8,we may be c]ta9 t ! morality ( prehi/oric man 0 z imp]fect & z rudim5t>y z 8 reason0 7,physics & ,politics 7#ahgc71 p4 #aae74 #cb 8,at ! beg9n+ ( ! developm5tal s]ies /&s ! b>e animal impulse1 /ripp$ ( all moral motives2 at ! end we h ! complete int]p5etration ( organic requirem5t & moral idea40--,,wundt1 ,e?ics3 ! ,facts ( ! ,moral ,life 7#aijh71 p4 #aia4 #cc ,see ,,ii1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,indu/rialism1 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 #cd ,respect+ c]ta9 ,brazilian tribes ! naturali/ ,bates rem>ks3 8,! goodness ( ^! ,indians1 l t ( mo/ o!rs among/ :om ,i liv$1 consi/$ p]haps m 9 ! abs5ce ( active bad qualities ?an 9 ! possession ( good ones2 9 a ^w1 x 0 negative r ?an positive0 7,! ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazon74 ,cf4 ,edw>d ,h[>d ,griggs1 ,! ,new ,humanism1 #f? ed41 pp4 #ajc f4 #ce ,= ! relation ( mo!rhood & infancy to ! beg9n+s ( morality1 see ,fiske1 ,cosmic ,philosophy 7#ahge71 vol4 ii1 pp4 #cdj ff4 #cf 8,! spr+ ( virtu\s action is ! social in/9ct1 :i* is set to "w by ! practice ( comrade%ip40--,,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays 7#aija71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bec4 ,cf4 ,peabody1 ,! ,approa* to ! ,social ,"q 7#aiji71 p4 #adi4 #cg 8,?is family wor%ip 7long-=gott5 precursor ( our mod]n family pray]s7 0 always (f]$ to ! ance/ors at ! dome/ic he>?40--,,hel5 ,,bosanquet1 ,! ,family 7#aijf71 p4 #ah4 ,cf4 ,wundt1 ,e?ics3 ! ,facts ( ! ,moral ,life 7#aijh71 p4 #aga4 #ch ,! bless+ (f]$ at ! daily family meal is presumptively a survival f ! consecrat$ communal meal ( ! primitive k9%ip gr\p4 #ci ,:5 su* an individual arises he becomes1 if circum/ances favor1 a lawgiv]1 & ! age ( law sup]s$es ! age ( cu/om4 ,morality n[ consi/s 9 ob$i5ce to ! law4 #dj ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 *ap4 ii1 & passim4 #da 8,9 e>ly times ! solid>ity ( ! k9%ip is su* t x does n occur to ! individual to reg>d z unju/ a suff]+ :i* he endures 9 behalf (1 or along )1 8 p40--,,edw>d ,,caird1 ,! ,evolution ( ,religion 7#ahid71 p4 #cg4 #db ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #bhc4 #dc ,! sy/em ( collective responsibility arises 9 "p1 x is true1 f ! belief t s9 is contagi\s & infects all p]sons relat$ to ! transgressor4 ,!re=e ! innoc5t memb]s ( ! family or gr\p ( ! transgressor may be put out ( ! way z a m]ely prev5tive measure--n z a measure ( ju/ice or puni%m5t4 ,b ! e?ical elem5t is seldom or nev] abs5t & x is ?is :i* gives ! conception its importance = ! /ud5t ( morals4 #dd 8,outlawry f ! clan is ! mo/ effective ( all weapons1 because 9 primitive society ! exclusion ( a man f 8 k9sfolk means he is deliv]$ ov] to ! fir/ com] absolutely )\t protection40--,,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #ij4 #de ,g54 iv4 #ac1 #ad4 #df 8,blood atonem5t 444 0 "o ( ! v e>lie/ cases we c f9d 9 :i* !re 0 a notion ( duty & social obligation40--,,sumn]1 ,folkways 7#aijg71 p4 #ejf4 #dg 8,x ! feud is ! ,s\!rn s5se ( ! solid>ity ( ! family 9 opposition to extreme ,nor!rn individualism40--,,w9es1 ,puni%m5t & ,re=mation 7#ahie71 p4 #cc4 #dh ,on ! ,lex talionis consult ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 pp4 #agg ff42 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 pp4 #hd ff42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics 7#ahib71 vol4 i1 pp4 #cfi ff4 ,! pr9ciple embodi$ 9 ! ,lex talionis has play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( all peoples4 #di ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites 7#ahid71 p4 #bfg4 #ej ,seeck 7,ges*i*te des ,unt]gangs d] antik5 ,welt 7#aija71 ,bd4 i1 ,s4 #bjj7 rem9ds u h[ ! anci5t ,g]man play] :5 he _h lo/ 9 a game :]e ! /ake 0 8 own lib]ty1 honorably gave himself up z ! slave ( ! w9n]4 #ea ,! ,tru? ab\t ! ,congo 7#aijg71 p4 #bi4 #eb 8,?r\gh\t tribal life ! /rang] is a m5ace2 he is a be+ to be plund]$ because he is a be+ :o plund]s4444 ,native h\ses are (t5 left = days or weeks1 & x w\ld be easy = any "o to ent] & rob !m4 ,yet robb]y among !mselves is n common4 ,to /eal1 h[ev]1 f a :ite employ] 444 is no s940--,,/>r1 ,! ,tru? ab\t ! ,congo 7#aijg71 pp4 #bh f4 #ec ,see ,,vi1 ,int]national ,e?ics3 ! ,new ,int]national ,consci5ce1 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 #ed ,on ?is subject see ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 *ap4 xxiv1 8,hospitality40 #ee ,speak+ ( ! duty ( hospitality among ! e>ly ,greeks1 ,f>nell says1 8,! sanctity ( ! /rang] gue/ 444 0 almo/ z great z ! sanctity ( ! k9sman's life0 7,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7#ahif71 vol4 i1 p4 #gc74 #ef ,)\t d\bt o!r feel+s & conceptions ?an purely e?ical ones are sometimes op]ative 9 ! case ( ! gue/ "r4 ,! /rang] may be k9dly treat$ because ( sup]/iti\s fe>s4 ,?us ! primitive man's notions ( magic & sorc]y may cause him to be hospitable to ! /rang] ?r\gh fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( a refusal1 s9ce untutor$ p are apt to attribute magical p[]s to ! /rang]4 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 *ap4 xxiv4 #eg ,among "s unciviliz$ peoples1 h[ev]1 :]e ! population is ?9 & !re is little competition w>s are unkn[n4 8,to ! ,gre5l&] 444 w> is incompreh5sible & repulsive1 a ?+ = :i* _! language has no ^w0 7,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #ccd74 #eh ,cannibalism spr+s f sev]al roots4 ,sometimes savages eat ! body ( ! enemy sla9 9 battle because !y believe t !reby !y de/roy ! s\l or d\ble & ?us secure !mselves aga9/ its v5geance4 ,aga9 ! cu/om gr[s out ( ! belief t ! virtues ( ! victim pass into him :o eats ! fle%4 ,b ! mo/ common motive is ! subsi/5ce motive4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! incessant w>s wag$ by primitive tribes are no?+ m nor less ?an man-hunt+ exp$itions = secur+ food4 ,lat] ^! exp$itions became raids = secur+ slaves4 #ei ,quot$ by ,let\rneau1 ,la gu]re dans les div]ses races huma9es 7#ahie71 p4 vi4 #fj ,(t5 we f9d ve/iges ( ! ab&on$ practice 9 :at may be call$ cele/ial cannibalism 7see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites 7#ahid71 p4 #bbd74 ,?us ! god ( w> ( ! ,mexican ,aztecs & ! gods ( _m ,polynesian tribes 7 cannibals1 = human sacrifices mu/ be reg>d$ z a sort ( cele/ial cannibalism1 :5 ! (f]+ is made 9 ! belief t ! god actually repa/s on ! blood & ! f9] ess5ces ( ! sacrificial victim4 ,:]e m5 h ?us made _! gods l unto !mselves1 & ! practice ( cannibalism has be5 consecrat$ by religion1 ! gods1 because religion is always cons]vative1 are c]ta9 to rema9 an?ropophagi mu* long] ?an _! wor%ip]s4 ,consequ5tly we f9d human sacrifices /ill l+]+ on z a k9d ( survival among peoples1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,mexicans1 :o h !mselves left f> beh9d ! practice ( eat+ human fle%4 #fa ,let\rneau1 ,la gu]re dans les div]ses races huma9es 7#ahie71 p4 #ahe4 #fb ,od4 i4 #bfj4 #fc ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics 7#ahib71 vol4 i1 p4 #cej4 #fd ,ibid4 vol4 i1 pp4 #cee f4 #fe ,ibid4 vol4 i1 pp4 #cfh1 #cih1 #dja4 #ff ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics 7#ahib71 vol4 i1 pp4 #cei f4 #fg ,ibid4 vol4 i1 p4 #cdi4 #fh ,= ! influ5ce ( ! w> e?ics ( ! mod]n nations ^u _! peace e?ics1 see ,,vi1 ,int]national ,e?ics3 ! ,new ,int]national ,consci5ce1 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 #fi ,brea/$1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt 7#aije71 p4 #fe4 #gj ,developm5t ( ,religion & ,?\ght 9 ,anci5t ,egypt 7#aiab71 p4 #agf4 #ga ,brea/$1 ,developm5t ( ,religion & ,?\ght 9 ,anci5t ,egypt 7#aiab71 p4 #bej4 #gb ,masp]o1 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #agb4 #gc ,?is moralization ( pure physical my?s m>ks ! advance ( all races 9 culture & morality4 ,z we %all see1 ,greek & ,hebrew my?ologies und]w5t j su* an e?icaliz+ process4 #gd ,r5\f1 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt 7#ahhd71 p4 #gc4 #ge 8,x has long be5 recogniz$ t ! ,egyptians _h a mu* m highly organiz$ consci5ce ?an t ( mo/ o!r nations ( e>ly times40--,,petrie1 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt 7#ahih71 p4 #hf4 #gf ,masp]o1 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization1 pp4 #aic f4 #gg ,wi$emann1 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l 7#ahie71 pp4 #fb f4 #gh ,wi$emann1 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l 7#ahie71 p4 #fd4 #gi ,! same evolution is to be trac$ 9 ,*9a4 8,imitations made ( wood1 clay1 /raw1 pap]1 & ( o!r mat]ial h be5 sub/itut$ = ! real ?+s4444 ,slaves & s]vants1 wives & concub9es are also burn$1 i4e41 9 pap] imitations4 ,!y po9t back to ! "t :5 actual human sacrifices 7 ! cu/om0 7,de ,groot1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7#aiaj71 p4 #ga74 #hj ,primitive ,culture 7#ahgd71 vol4 ii1 p4 #he4 #ha ,masp]o1 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization1 pp4 #ahg ff4 #hb ,tru?fulness 0 "o ( ! c>d9al virtues ( ! ,egyptian ideal4 ,! requirem5ts "h 7 v exact3 8,i h n alt]$ a /ory 9 ! tell+ ( x2 ,i h repeat$ :at ,i h he>d j z x 0 told to me10 are ! words ( "o 9 ! judgm5t hall ( ,osiris4 ,cf4 ,r5\f1 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt 7#ahhd71 pp4 #gf f4 #hc ,! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 tr4 ,davis1 *ap4 cxxv4 #hd ,! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 tr4 ,davis1 *ap4 cxxv4 #he ,annihilation appe>s to h be5 ! lot ( ! v wick$2 b ! texts are n p]fectly cle> on ?is po9t4 ,consult ,wi$emann1 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l 7#ahie71 p4 #ee4 #hf ,"h are six decl>ations ( ! confession :i* correspond almo/ exactly ) six ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts3 7#a7 ,i h n blasphem$2 7#b7 ,i h n /ol52 7#c7 ,i h n sla9 any "o trea*]\sly2 7#d7 ,i h n sl&]$ any "o1 or made false accusations2 7#e7 ,i h n revil$ ! face ( my fa!r2 7#f7 ,i h n eat5 my he>t ?r\gh ) envy4 ,see ,rawl9son1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 #b;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #adb4 #hg ,petrie1 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt 7#ahih71 p4 #ace4 #hh ,ibid4 p4 #afb4 #hi 8,9 ?is judgm5t ! ,egyptian introduc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( man ! fully develop$ idea t ! future de/9y ( ! dead mu/ be dep5d5t entirely ^u ! e?ical quality ( ! e>?ly life1 ! idea ( future responsibility1--( :i* we f\nd ! fir/ traces 9 ! ,old ,k+dom0 7,brea/$1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt 7#aije71 p4 #agc74 ,pr(essor ,brea/$ sugge/s a connection betwe5 ! gr[? ( ! ideal ( an e?ical ordeal 9 ! h]eaft] ) ! discont9uance ( ! build+ ( imm5se pyramids4 ,he says3 8,x is impossible to contemplate ! colossal tombs ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 s well kn[n z ! pyramids ( ,gizeh1 & to contra/ !m ) ! comp>atively dim9utive royal tombs :i* foll[ 9 ! next two dyna/ies1 )\t 444 disc]n+ m ?an exclusively political causes beh9d ?is sudd5 & />tl+ *ange4444 ,! recognition ( a judgm5t & ! requirem5t ( moral wor?9ess 9 ! h]eaft] 444 m>k$ a transition f reliance on ag5cies ext]nal to ! p]sonality ( ! dead to dep5d5ce on inn] values4 ,immortality began to make its appeal z a ?+ a*iev$ 9 a man's own s\l0 7,developm5t ( ,religion & ,?\ght 9 ,anci5t ,egypt 7#aiab71 pp4 #agh f474 #ij ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 ,= ext5d$ comm5ts on ! maxims ( ,ptah-hotep1 see ,aml9eau1 ,essai sur l'volution hi/orique et philosophique des ides morales dans l',egypt anci5ne 7#ahie71 pp4 #ic ff4 #ia ,budge1 ,egyptian ,ideas ( ! ,future ,life 7#ahii71 p4 ii4 #ib ,= o!r docum5ts ( ?is age :i* embody ! same _s ( social ju/ice z ! precepts ( ,ptah-hotep1 see ,brea/$1 ,developm5t ( ,religion & ,?\ght 9 ,anci5t ,egypt 7#aiab71 lect4 vii4 #ic ,aml9eau1 ,essai1 pp4 #adj f4 #id ,alongside slav]y prop] !re exi/$ ! sy/em ( s]fdom1 ! nature ( :i* is reveal$ by ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! /atus ( ! ,egyptian s]f appe>s to h be5 some:at l t ( ! ,helots ( ,laconia 9 ,greece4 ,if we rightly int]pret ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! s]vitude ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel1 ! numb] ( s]fs1 if _! increase seem$ dang]\s1 0 kept d[n by en=c$ infanticide 7,ex4 i4 #g-bb74 #ie ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l'humanit1 t4 i1 p4 #cba4 #if ,aml9eau1 ,essai1 p4 #cdd4 ,! mono!i/ ,ikhnaton 7,am5hotep ,,iv71 ! re=m ,ph>aoh ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 x is true1 pursu$ ?r\gh\t 8 reign a peace policy1 b ?is policy manife/ly 0 dictat$ by temp]am5t1 or ! k+'s preoccupation ) religi\s affairs1 & n by moral scruples4 ,8 re=m 0 ess5tially a religi\s & n a social or moral "o4 ,n "o ( ! hi/orical docum5ts ( ! age conta9s a ^w 9 condemnation ( w> z inh]5tly wrong 7see ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records ( ,egypt 7#aijf71 vol4 ii1 pp4 #chb-dai71 ?\gh 9 ^! 8! cu/om>y glory+ 9 w> has almo/ disappe>$0 7,petrie1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt 7#ahif71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bah74 #ig ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be reg>d$ z :olly an act ( wanton savag]y4 ,! kill+ ( 8 prison]s by ! k+ 0 probably a sort ( sacrifice 9 honor ( ! god :o _h giv5 him victory ov] 8 enemies4 ,see ,aml9eau1 ,essai1 p4 #ab4 #ih ,essai1 p4 ix2 see also p4 #beb1 n4 #a4 #ii ,= ! influ5ce ( ! moral ideas ( ,egypt on ,greece1 see ,aml9eau1 ,essai1 *ap4 xii1 pp4 #cei-cii2 ,wi$emann1 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l 7#ahie71 p4 x2 & ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7#ahia71 p4 #chg4 #ajj ,petrie1 ,egypt & ,israel 7#aiaa71 p4 #acc4 #aja ,demonism "h 0 n1 z x 0 & is 9 ,*9a 7p4 #ee71 a moral educator ( ! p1 = ! reason t ! spirits 7 n conceiv$ z ! av5g]s ( wrongdo+1 b 7 ?\ght to mole/ indiff]5tly ! good & ! bad4 #ajb ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 to draw a def9ite *ronological l9e betwe5 ! none?ical & ! e?ical texts4 ,cf4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7#ahih71 p4 #big4 #ajc ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology 7#ahii71 p4 #bbj4 #ajd ,! nature my?s con/itut+ ! epic lit]ature ( ! ,babylonians1 :i* consi/$ l>gely ( elaborate tales ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! gods ( light & ! p[]s ( d>kness1 7 nev] moraliz$ l ! ,egyptian my? ( ,osiris & ,set1 or ! ,iranian my? ( ,ahura ,mazda & ,ahriman4 #aje ,"h are a few l9es ( a p5it5tial pray] or psalm3 ,o my god :o art angry ) me1 accept my pray]2 99 99 99 99 99 ,may my s9s be =giv51 my transgressions be wip$ out4 ,may ! ban be loos5$1 ! *a9 brok51 ,may ! sev5 w9ds c>ry (f my sighs4 ,let me te> away my iniquity1 let ! birds c>ry x to heav52 99 99 99 99 99 ,may ! bea/s ( ! field take x away f me1 ,! fl[+ wat]s ( ! /ream wa% me clean4 ,let me be pure l ! %e5 ( gold4 ,,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7#ahih71 p4 #cbc4 #ajf ,cf4 above1 p4 #ce4 #ajg ,! /ele :i* bore ?is code ( laws 0 discov]$ at ,susa 9 #aija-aijb4 ,! reign ( ,hammurabi is plac$ at ab\t ! end ( ! ?ird mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,!re are translations ( ! code by ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns 7#aijc7 & ,rob]t ,francis ,h>p] 7#aijd74 #ajh 8,if a man owe a debt & ,adad god ( /orms inundate 8 field & c>ry away ! produce1 or1 ?r\gh lack ( wat]1 gra9 h n gr[n 9 ! field1 9 t ye> he %all n make any return ( gra9 to ! cr$itor1 he %all alt] 8 contract-tablet & he %all n pay ! int]e/ = t ye>40--,code1 sec4 #dh4 ,we h us$ ?r\gh\t ,h>p]'s translation4 #aji ,code1 secs4 #aif1 #aig1 #bjj4 ,cf4 simil> provisions ( ! ,mosaic code3 ,ex4 xxi4 #bc-be2 ,deut4 xix4 #ba4 #aaj ,ibid4 secs4 #bji1 #baj4 #aaa ,ibid4 secs4 #bbi1 #bcj4 #aab ,! provisions read3 8,if a man aid a male or female slave ( ! palace1 or a male or female slave ( a freeman to escape f ! city gate1 he %all be put to dea?40 8,if a man h>bor 9 8 home a male or female slave :o has fl$ f ! palace or f a freeman1 & d n br+ him ! slave =? at ! call ( ! comm&ant1 ! own] ( t h\se %all be put to dea?0 7,code1 secs4 #ae1 #af74 #aac ,masp]o1 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #gdd4 #aad ,taylor1 ,anci5t ,ideals 7#ahif71 vol4 i1 p4 #da4 #aae ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #adc ff4 #aaf 8,! :ite man has no d\bt committ$ great b>b>ities ^u ! savage1 b he does n l to speak ( !m1 & :5 necessity compels a ref]5ce he has always some?+ to say ( manife/ de/9y1 ! advance ( civilization & ! duty ( %\ld]+ ! :ite man's burd5 9 :i* he pays tribute to a high] e?ical consci5ce0 7,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #bg74 ,k+ ,leopold may h be5 responsible = b>b>ities committ$ aga9/ ! natives ( ! ,kongo z atroci\s z ^? ( ! ,assyrians1 b he paid tribute to ! mod]n consci5ce by refra9+ f portray+ !m 9 imp]i%able m>ble at ,! ,hague4 #aag ,cf4 ,m>t91 ,! ,lore ( ,ca?ay 7#aija71 p4 #bbf4 #aah ,?\gh ! p are %ut out f p>ticipation 9 ! /ate wor%ip1 !y h set up = !mselves a multitude ( local %r9es :]e !y wor%ip ! spirits ( almo/ e e>?ly ?+1 su* z m\nta9s1 riv]s1 trees1 & rocks4 8,m5 deb>r$ f communion ) ! ,great ,_s resort$ m eag]ly to inf]ior spirits1 to spirits ( ! fa!rs1 & to spirits g5]ally4444 ,! accr$it$ wor%ip ( ance/ors1 ) t ( ! dep>t$ great add$ to x1 0 n en\gh to satisfy ! crav+s ( m5's m9ds40 7,legge1 ,! ,religions ( ,*9a 7#ahha71 p4 #agf74 #aai ,! ,lore ( ,ca?ay 7#aija71 p4 #bgd4 #abj ,williams1 ,! ,middle ,k+dom 7#ahhc71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bci4 #aba ,we d n m5tion ,buddhism 9 ?is connection = ! reason t x is n possible to trace any decisive influ5ce1 save 9 ! promotion ( tol]ation1 t ?is sy/em has ex]cis$ ^u ,*9ese morality4 ,buddhism enjo9s celibacy1 & ?is1 l ,*ri/ian asceticism1 is 9 radical opposition to ! g5ius ( ,confucianism4 ,= ?is reason1 9 conjunction ) o!rs1--among ^! its e>ly deg5]acy1--,buddhism has rema9$ practically in]t z an e?ical =ce 9 ,*9ese society4 ,:at little influ5ce x has ex]t$ has be5 conf9$ almo/ :olly to ! mona/]ies4 #abb 8,! dread ( spirits is ! nightm>e ( ! ,*9aman's life40--,,legge1 ,! ,religions ( ,*9a 7#ahha71 p4 #aig4 #abc ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7#aiaj71 p4 #cd4 #abd ,! ,taoi/ doctr9es are conta9$ 9 ! ,tao-teh-k+1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,lao-tsze1 a sage :o liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! religion :i* grew out ( 8 philosophy became 9 "t deg5]ate1 absorb$ ! wor/ elem5ts ( ,buddhism1 & is to-day a sy/em ( gross sup]/itions1 magic1 & sorc]y1 :i* has und5iably a blight+ effect ^u morality4 #abe ,de ,groot1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7#aiaj71 pp4 #aci ff4 #abf ,ibid4 #ach4 #abg ,legge1 ,! ,religions ( ,*9a 7#ahha71 p4 #bbi4 #abh ,de ,groot1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7#aiaj71 p4 #adc4 #abi ,nietzs*eism is 9 ess5ce at "o ) ,taoism4 ,nietzs*e insi/s t man %\ld behave z ,nature behaves2 = in/ance1 t ! /rong %\ld prey ^u ! weak4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,lao-tsze & ,nietzs*e lies 9 _! diff]5t read+s ( ! ess5tial qualities ( ! univ]se4 ,see bel[1 p4 #cee4 #acj ,taoism is too l(ty a doctr9e = ! multitude4 ,!y are enjo9$ to imitate ! anci5t sages1 & z ^! imitat$ ! way ( heav5 & e>?1 9 imitat+ !m !y are really imitat+ ! univ]se4 #aca ,de ,groot1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7#aiaj71 p4 #adc4 #acb ,! imitation ( ! qualities ( nature 8h giv5 exi/5ce to important /ate in/itutions1 consid]$ to be = ! nation & rul]s matt]s ( life & dea?40 7,de ,groot1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7#aiaj71 p4 #aci74 #acc ,! ,works ( ,m5cius 7,! ,*9ese ,classics1 #b;d ed41 vol4 ii71 bk4 vi1 pt4 i1 *ap4 ii1 #b4 #acd 8,?is inf]5ce t man is naturally good comes into prom95ce 9 ! classics z a dogma1 & !re=e has be5 ! pr9cipal basis ( all ,taoi/ic & ,confucian e?ics to ?is day0 7,de ,groot1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7#aiaj71 p4 #acg74 ,e s*oolboy is taught ?is doctr9e3 8,man comm5ces life ) a virtu\s nature0 7,m>t91 ,! ,lore ( ,ca?ay 7#aija71 p4 #bag74 #ace ,! ,works ( ,m5cius1 bk4 vii1 pt4 i1 *ap4 ii1 #b4 ,& s ,confucius3 8,an accordance ) ?is nature man's is call$ ! ,pa? ( ,duty0 7,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 *ap4 i2 ,! ,*9ese ,classics1 #b;d ed41 vol4 i74 #acf ,! ,works ( ,m5cius1 bk4 vi1 pt4 i1 *ap4 vii1 #b1 #c4 #acg ,confucian ,analects 7,! ,*9ese ,classics1 #b;d ed41 vol4 i71 bk4 xvii1 *ap4 ii4 ,! /ud5t ( biology w see 9 ?is view an anticipation ( ! late/ tea*+ ( mod]n sci5ce 9 respect to ! relative importance ( h]$ity & education 9 ! det]m9+ ( "*4 #ach 8,!re is no?+ 9 ?is _w s dang]\s = ! national safety1 public heal? & welf>e z het]odoxy1 :i* means acts1 in/itutions1 doctr9es n bas$ ^u ! classics40--,,de ,,groot1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7#aiaj71 p4 #dh4 #aci ,confucius ?us describes himself3 8,a transmitt] & n a mak]1 believ+ 9 & lov+ ! anci5ts0 7,confucian ,analects1 bk4 vii1 *ap4 i74 #adj ,! ,religions ( ,*9a 7#ahha71 p4 #bee4 #ada ,*9ese lit]ature be>s unique te/imony to ! high consid]ation 9 :i* ! virtue ( filial devotion & rev]5ce is held4 ,x ab\nds 9 anecdotes exalt+ ?is virtue1 hold+ up great exempl>s ( x = imitation by ! ,*9ese y\?4 ,see ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese4 #adb ,! ,hsiao ,k+ 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iii71 *ap4 xviii4 #adc ,ibid4 *ap4 xi4 #add ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese 7#ahfh71 p4 #ajc4 #ade ,ibid4 p4 #ajc4 #adf ,*9a 9 ,law & ,comm]ce 7#aije71 p4 #cd4 #adg 8,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,*9ese society & ! ess5ce ( ,*9ese morality is rev]5ce = ! pa/40--,,re9s*1 ,_w ,politics 7#aijj71 p4 #ij4 #adh ,! ,great ,le>n+ 7,! ,*9ese ,classics1 #b;d ed41 vol4 i71 *ap4 iii1 #e4 #adi ,confucian ,analects1 bk4 xi1 *ap4 xv1 #c4 #aej ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! portraiture ( ,! ,pr9cely ,man1 z depict$ by ! pagan ,*9ese morali/1 ) t ( ,! ,pr9ce1 z portray$ by ,ma*iavelli4 #aea 8,! /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ,! ,pr9cely ,man is plac$ s high z to be absolutely unatta9able by unaid$ human nature2 & ?\gh ! au?or probably int5d$ to elevate ! "* ( 8 gr&fa!r ,confucius to ?is height1 & ?us h& him d[n to future ages z a %+ j91 or #8p]fect & holy man1' he has 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god done 8 c\ntrym5 great s]vice 9 sett+ be=e !m su* a "* z is "h giv5 9 ! ,*ung ,yung4 ,by be+ made a text-book 9 ! s*ools x has be5 con/antly /udi$ & memoriz$ by g5]ations ( /ud5ts to _! great b5efit40--,,williams1 ,! ,middle ,k+dom 7#ahhc71 vol4 i1 pp4 #fee f4 #aeb ,confucian ,analects1 bk4 viii1 *ap4 xii4 #aec ,! ,great ,le>n+ 7text71 p>4 #e4 #aed ,quot$ by ,pfleid]]1 ,religions & ,hi/oric ,fai?s1 p4 #if4 #aee ,! ,great ,le>n+1 *ap4 x1 #bb4 #aef ,! ,works ( ,m5cius1 bk4 vi1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 xiii1 #f4 #aeg ,! ,great ,le>n+1 *ap4 ix1 #h4 #aeh ,confucian ,analects1 bk4 xii1 *ap4 xix4 #aei ,! ,great ,le>n+1 *ap4 x1 #ba4 #afj ,confucian ,analects1 bk4 xiii1 *ap4 xi4 #afa ,okakura-,kakuzo1 ,! ,ideals ( ! ,ea/ 7#aije71 p4 #bci4 #afb ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #bfe4 #afc ,! ,works ( ,m5cius1 bk4 vi1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 viii1 #h4 #afd ,ibid4 bk4 vii1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 iv1 #a4 #afe ,ibid4 bk4 vii1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 ii1 #a4 ,:ile d5\nc+ ! ess5tial wick$ness ( w>1 ,m5cius sanction$ rebellion aga9/ a tyrannical & wick$ rul]4 #aff ,! ,great ,le>n+1 *ap4 vi1 #b4 #afg ,! ,works ( ,m5cius1 bk4 iv1 pt4 i1 *ap4 xx4 #afh ,confucian ,analects1 bk4 iii1 *ap4 iv1 #c4 #afi ,ibid4 bk4 iv1 *ap4 xv1 #b4 #agj ,ibid4 bk4 vi1 *ap4 xvii4 #aga ,ibid4 bk4 ix1 *ap4 xvii4 #agb ,ibid4 bk4 xv1 *ap4 xxiii4 ,! same precept is f\nd 9 bk4 xii1 *ap4 ii1 ( ! ,analects1 & also 9 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 *ap4 xiii1 #c4 #agc ,! ,works ( ,m5cius1 bk4 vii1 pt4 i1 *ap4 xvii4 #agd ,ibid4 bk4 iv1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 xii4 #age ,ibid4 bk4 vi1 pt4 i1 *ap4 x1 #a4 #agf ,confucian ,analects1 bk4 vii1 *ap4 xv4 #agg ,! ,works ( ,m5cius1 bk4 vi1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 xv1 #b4 #agh ,ibid4 bk4 vi1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 xv1 #e4 #agi ,ibid4 bk4 vii1 pt4 i1 *ap4 xviii1 #a4 #ahj ,! ,*9ese pay wor%ip1 x is true1 to ! multitude ( inf]ior gods ( ,buddhism1 b !re is little 9 ^! cults calculat$ to awak5 & discipl9e ! moral feel+s4 #aha ,! ,religions ( ,*9a 7#ahha71 p4 #bef4 #ahb ,see ,colquhuon1 ,*9a 9 ,trans=mation 7#ahih71 p4 #ahi4 #ahc ,re9s*1 ,_w ,politics 7#aijj71 p4 #ih4 ,9 _! relations ) =eign]s ! ,*9ese bank]s h won an enviable reputation = integrity & ! scrupul\s obs]vance ( engagem5ts4 ,! ^w ( a ,*9aman 9 f9ancial matt]s is 8 bond4 #ahd ,! ,lore ( ,ca?ay 7#aija71 p4 #bad4 #ahe ,froebel has an illum9at+ comm5t on ! dang] to true morality t lurks "h3 8,a life ^: ideal value has be5 p]fectly e/abli%$ 9 exp]i5ce nev] aims to s]ve z a model 9 its =m1 b only 9 its ess5ce1 9 its _s4 ,x is ! greate/ mi/ake to suppose t spiritual1 human p]fection c s]ve z a model 9 its =m4 ,?is acc\nts = ! common exp]i5ce t ! tak+ ( su* ext]nal manife/ations ( p]fection z examples1 in/ead ( elevat+ mank9d1 *ecks1 nay1 represses1 its developm5t0 7,! ,education ( ,man1 pt4 i1 sec4 #aj74 #ahf ,etiquette has be5 well def9$ z 8! =mal expression ( c\rtesy10 & c\rtesy z 8morality 9 trifles40 ,9 ,japan1 z ,kiku*i in=ms u1 etiquette =ms a "p ( ! moral in/ruction 9 ! s*ools4 ,see ,sadl]1 ,moral ,in/ruction & ,tra9+ 9 ,s*ools1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cdb4 #ahg ,edw>d ,a4 ,ross 7,! ,*ang+ ,*9ese 7#aiaa71 p4 #aic7 says native au?orities admit t f "o t5? to "o tw5tie? ( ! girl infants are ab&on$ or made away )4 #ahh 8,female infanticide 9 "s p>ts is op5ly confess$ & dive/$ ( all disgrace & p5alties ev]y:]e0 7,williams1 ,! ,middle ,k+dom 7#ahhc71 vol4 i1 p4 #hcf74 ,j]nigan1 h[ev]1 says1 8,:5 c>ri$ to ! extreme !re is a public s5tim5t 9 ,*9a :i* condemns x1 & !re are (ficial proclamations aga9/ infanticide0 7,*9a 9 ,law & ,comm]ce 7#aije71 p4 #abc74 #ahi ,! primitive k9%ip gr\p is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,*9ese society4 8,?\s&s ( ,*9ese villages comprise exclusively p]sons hav+ ! same surname & ! same ance/ors0 7,a4 ,h4 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics 7#ahid71 p4 #bbf74 8,i h se5 a t[n ( #be1jjj p1 all belong+ to ! same clan & be>+ ! same family "n0 7,m>t91 ,! ,lore ( ,ca?ay 7#aija71 p4 #bgb74 ,along ) ?is clan con/itution ( society goes ! pr9ciple ( collective responsibility4 ,! gr\p is to a great degree held responsible = ! conduct ( ea* ( its memb]s4 ,9 case ( s]i\s crime1 z1 = in/ance1 treason1 all ! male adult memb]s ( ! crim9al's family are puni%$ along ) ! (f5d] 7,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #de74 ,rec5tly ! puni%m5t ( relatives ( ! (f5d] has be5 aboli%$ 9 c]ta9 cases4 #aij ,! ef=ts ( ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t to put an end to ! use ( opium among its subjects--! anti-opium decree 0 issu$ 9 #aijf--;is ! mo/ notewor?y matt] 9 ! rec5t moral hi/ory ( ,*9a4 ,?is movem5t is motiv$ by moral feel+ z truly z is ! movem5t among ourselves = ! suppression ( ! liquor traffic4 ,x is1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,a4 ,ross1 8! mo/ ext5sive w>f>e on a vici\s private habit t ! _w has ev] kn[n0 7,! ,*ang+ ,*9ese 7#aiaa71 p4 #adf74 #aia 8,! ,emp]or is sacr$ & inviolable40--,japanese ,con/itution1 art4 iii4 #aib ,! /ate 9 ,japan occupies ! place ( ! ,*ur* ) u4 8,to look up to ! /ate z a sacr$ in/itution has always be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! p1 & f ! great "w ( ! rec5t re=mation onw>d !re has n be5 a s+le ev5t ( national consequ5ce :i* has n orig9at$ 9 ?is peculi> turn ( m9d0 7,c\nt ,okuma1 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,new ,japan 7#aiji71 vol4 ii1 p4 #eei74 #aic ,correspond+ to ! knights 9 ,european feudalism 7 ! samurai1 above !m ! daimios1 & at ! head ( ! sy/em ! ,%ogun4 #aid ,japanese boys & m51 ,dr4 ,william ,elliot ,griffis affirms1 are 8m t5d] & c>eful ) all liv+ creatures ?an are ^? ( ,*ri/5dom0 7,! ,religions ( ,japan 7#ahie71 p4 #bid74 ,buddhism caus$ 9 l>ge measure ! disuse ( fle% = food4 #aie ,?is ^w means 8! way ( ! w>rior10 or 8! rule ( knigh?ood40 #aif ,nitob1 ,bu%ido3 ! ,s\l ( ,japan1 p4 #ih4 ,! edition cit$ ?r\gh\t ?is *apt] is t ( ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #aije4 ,! ,introduction is by ,william ,elliot ,griffis4 #aig ,nitob1 ,bu%ido1 p4 #cb4 #aih ,ibid4 p4 #cj4 #aii ,= ! subject ( ! d[nfall ( feudalism & ! ,re/oration1 see ,c\nt ,okuma1 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,new ,japan 7#aiji71 vol4 i1 *ap4 ii4 #bjj ,nitob1 ,bu%ido1 p4 #ahi4 #bja ,b>on ,kiku*i1 9 ,sadl]1 ,moral ,in/ruction & ,tra9+ 9 ,s*ools 7#aijh71 vol4 ii1 p4 #cbc4 #bjb ,s*]]1 ,:at is ,japanese ,morality8 7#aijf71 p4 #aj4 #bjc ,nitob1 ,bu%ido1 p4 vi4 #bjd ,! works ( ,molire1 x is said1 h be5 put "u ! ban ( ! c5sor 9 ,japan & _! circulation =bidd51 = ! reason t ,molire ridicules old age1 & con/antly1 l ! comic supplem5t ( ! newspap]s1 8makes "s fa!r ! butt ( jokes & gross wit by 8 *ild or *ildr540 #bje 8,any social sy/em ( :i* filial piety is n ! moral cem5t2 any social sy/em 9 :i* *ildr5 leave _! p>5ts 9 ord] to e/abli% families ( _! own2 any social sy/em 9 :i* x is consid]$ n only natural b "r to love wife & *ild m ?an ! au?or ( "o's be+2 any social sy/em 9 :i* m>riage c be decid$ indep5d5tly ( ! w ( p>5ts1 by ! mutual incl9ation ( ! "y p !mselves2 any social sy/em 9 :i* ! "m-9-law is n entitl$ to ! ob$i5t s]vice ( ! daught]-9-law1 appe>s to him ! ,japanese ( necessity a /ate ( life sc>cely bett] ?an t ( ! birds ( ! air & ! bea/s ( ! field1 or at be/ a sort ( moral *aos40--,,lafcadio ,,he>n1 ,out ( ! ,ea/ 7#ahie71 p4 #hi4 #bjf ,okakura-,kakuzo1 ,! ,awak5+ ( ,japan 7#aijd71 p4 #agi4 ,romantic love is almo/ unkn[n 9 ,japan4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9 affirms t 9 a resid5ce ( tw5ty-eight ye>s he he>d ( only "o love mat*1 & !n ! "y p _h be5 br\ght up 9 ,am]ica4 #bjg ,out ( ! ,ea/ 7#aihe71 p4 #hj4 #bjh ,five p] c5t ( ! m5 h concub9es4 #bji 8,! c5tral idea 9 ,japanese life is ob$i5ce to p>5ts & rev]5ce = ance/ors4 ,%\ld a ,japanese fa!r h mis=tunes1 8 daught] w\ld ?9k x h] filial duty to sell h] body4 ,%e w\ld n be reg>d$ z fall5 & disgrac$1 b z hav+ done a "r & noble de$1 & might aft]w>ds be re/or$ to h] place 9 society4 ,b1 ?\gh x is h>d to expla91 ! ,japanese woman is z *a/e & pure & exalt$ 9 h] ideas ( womanhood z any woman on ! globe40--,,sir ,,edw9 ,,arnold 79 an int]view74 #baj ,bacon1 ,japanese ,girls & ,wom5 7#ahia71 p4 #aba4 #baa ,*amb]la91 ,?+s ,japanese1 #d? ed41 p4 #bbj4 ,by 8! anci5t way0 is meant h>a-kiri1 or disemb[el+4 ,! dea? by 8 own h& ( ,g5]al ,nogi1 ! h]o ( ,port ,ar?ur1 dur+ ! fun]al ( 8 dep>t$ sov]eign ,mutsuhito 7,septemb] #ac1 #aiab71 reveals ano!r motive = suicide :i* is :olly =eign to our modes ( ?\ght & feel+4 8,9 v e>ly1 almo/ prehi/oric1 times ! cu/om ( jun-%i1 or dy+ ) ! ma/]1 l$ to ! int]m5t ( liv+ ,japanese reta9]s ) _! dead "l4 ,! cu/om gradually di$ out1 b volunt>y suicide z a means ( %[+ p]sonal devotion or atta*m5t to a ma/] or sup]ior p]si/$ = _m c5turies0 7,george ,k5nan1 8,! ,dea? ( ,g5]al ,nogi10 ,new ,york ,outlook = ,octob] #e1 #aiab74 ,x 0 ?is anci5t cu/om t ,c\nt ,nogi foll[$4 8,:5 all 0 ov]0--su* is ,mr4 ,k5nan's int]pretation ( 8 act--8he end$ 8 own life z an expression ( 8 b\ndless devotion to ! man :om he _h lov$4 ,x 0 9 ! _s ( ,old ,japan1 b ,nogi 0 a man ( t era1 & liv$ 9 ! m5tal & moral atmosph]e ( t "t40 #bab ,japanese feudalism began ab\t ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! ye> #ahfh saw its f9al d[nfall4 #bac ,nitob1 ,bu%ido1 p4 #ii4 #bad ,okakura-,kakuzo1 ,! ,awak5+ ( ,japan 7#aijd71 p4 #age4 ,c\nt ,okuma makes a simil> ass]tion3 8,! humanit>ian ef=ts :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! rec5t w> 7 s mu* 9 evid5ce1 & :i* s mu* surpris$ ,we/]n nations1 7 n1 z might h be5 ?\ght1 ! products ( ! new civilization1 b survivals ( our anci5t feudal *ivalry0 7,fifty ,ye>s ( ,new ,japan 7#aiji71 vol4 i1 p4 #abd74 ,by no p has ! ,r$ ,cross movem5t be5 tak5 up ) great] en?usiasm ?an by ! ,japanese4 #bae ,consult ,c\nt ,okuma1 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,new ,japan 7#aiji71 vol4 ii1 pp4 #eff f4 #baf 8,! obloquy atta*$ to ! call+ br\ght )9 its pale su* z c>$ little = social repute0 7,nitob1 ,bu%ido1 p4 #ff74 8,! trades-p10 writes ,*amb]la91 8/ood at ! v bottom ( ! scale4 ,! huck/]s or trad]s 7 a degrad$ class 9 old ,japan1 & degrad$ _! bus9ess morals rema91 :i* is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! difficulties exp]i5c$ by ,european m]*ants 9 deal+ ) !m0 7,?+s ,japanese1 #d? ed41 p4 #ic74 #bag ,nitob1 ,bu%ido1 p4 #fg4 #bah ,! /atem5t has obta9$ wide curr5cy t all ! banks 9 ,japan employ only ,*9ese z ca%i]s because !y _c f9d hone/ ,japanese = ^! positions ( tru/4 ,*9ese are sometimes employ$ 9 ,japanese banks1 b ! true reason = _! employm5t is n ! "o "h assign$4 ,"o well qualifi$ to speak au?oritatively on ?is subject says3 ,*9ese bank]s & ca%i]s are l>gely ,%ansi m51 t is1 m5 f ! prov9ce ( ,%ansi1 :]e ! pr(ession ( bank+ has become h]$it>y 9 a l>ge numb] ( families4 ,!y are all1 or ne>ly all1 memb]s ( ! p[]ful organization kn[n z ! ,bank]s' ,guild1 :i* has bran*es 9 e "p ( ! ,empire4 ,! ,bank]s' ,guild has discov]$ t x is practically impossible to conduct l>ge f9ancial op]ations )\t hone/y2 & x !re=e en=ces hone/y by means ( a discipl9e t is z rigor\s 444 z t ( ! ,new ,york ,/ock ,ex*ange4444 ,if a ,*9ese bank] breaks fai?1 violates a contract1 or betrays a tru/1 he is expell$ f 8 guild & ! doors ( banks are clos$ aga9/ him = all "t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 ! ,*9ese ca%i] is hone/ because hone/y is a condition ( 8 bus9ess exi/5ce4 ,he may n be hone/ 9 o!r respects1--(t5 he is n1--b he is absolutely hone/ 9 ! h&l+ ( money4 ,9 ! second place1 he is probably ! mo/ exp]t man liv+ 9 ! rapid calculation ( ex*anges4 ,! monet>y sy/em ( 8 c\ntry is ! mo/ confus$1 *aotic1 & complicat$ sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,!re are fifte5 or tw5ty diff]5t k9ds ( taels1 no "o ( :i* be>s a fix$ relation to any o!r1 or to any e/abli%$ monet>y /&>d4444 ,! necessity ( deal+ 9 "s way ) ?is great mass ( un/able & fluctuat+ curr5cy & ( e>n+ a subsi/5ce f x has made ! ,*9ese ca%i] "o ( ! mo/ exp]t ( liv+ acc\ntants4 ,he w solve difficult monet>y problems by %ort cuts ( m5tal ari?metic1 & he calculates ex*anges to eight po9ts ( decimals4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! ,*9ese ca%i] c\nts & manipulates bank bills & co9s ) extraord9>y skill & accuracy4 ,i h _h deal+s ) him 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 b ,i _c rememb] ev] to h se5 him c\nt a sum ( money twice1 & ,i h nev] caught him 9 an error4444 ,n[1 :5 y get a man ^: hone/y is gu>ante$ by 8 guild1 ^: manipulation ( money is ph5om5ally dext]\s1 & :o c calculate ex*anges to eight po9ts ( decimals1 y h an ideal ca%i]2 & if ,japanese bank]s employ him1 x %[s _! good bus9ess s5se r ?an _! di/ru/ ( _! own p4 ,b all ,japanese bank]s d n employ him4 ,9 "s ( ! l>ge/ banks 9 ,tokyo1 ,kioto1 & ,osaka !re are no ,*9ese at all--or at lea/ ,i h nev] se5 any4 ,?is explanation w\ld n be wor?1 p]haps1 ! space t ,i h giv5 to x1 if ! /ory ( ! ,*9ese ca%i] _h n be5 s widely circulat$1 & if x 7 n typical ( a :ole class ( cases 9 :i* ! ,japanese are misjudg$ on ! basis ( a s+le incid5t or a solit>y fact4--,,george ,,k5nan1 8,are ! ,japanese ,hone/80 ! ,new ,york ,outlook = ,augu/ #ca1 #aiab4 #bai 8,if ! desc5dants ( ! samurai c erect a /&>d ( comm]cial integrity at all comp>able to _! f9e record = c\rage & loyalty1 we %all be _! debtors1 n !y ours40--,! ,new ,york ,nation = ,july #cj1 #aijh1 p4 #ij4 #bbj ,b>on ,kiku*i1 9 ,sadl]1 ,moral ,in/ruction & ,tra9+ 9 ,s*ools 7#aijh71 vol4 ii1 p4 #cdc4 #bba ,b>on ,kiku*i1 9 ,sadl]1 ,moral ,in/ruction & ,tra9+ 9 ,s*ools 7#aijh71 vol4 ii1 p4 #cca4 #bbb ,ibid4 vol4 ii1 p4 #cai4 #bbc ,ibid4 vol4 ii1 p4 #bcj4 #bbd 8,i c]ta9ly consid] t ! c\rage & devotion ( ! ,japanese soldi]s dur+ ! late w> 0 to a great ext5t ! result ( ?is sy/ematic moral in/ruction & tra9+ 9 s*ools40--,,b>on ,,kiku*i1 9 ,sadl]1 ,moral ,in/ruction & ,tra9+ 9 ,s*ools 7#aijh71 vol4 ii1 p4 #cdd4 #bbe ,w$gwood 7,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 p4 #bb7 sugge/ively lik5s ! r$uction to unity ( ! v>i\s gods ( poly!ism to ! correlation ( ! physical =ces--light1 heat1 electricity1 & magnetism4 ,j z all ^! are f\nd to be m]ely diff]5t manife/ations ( a s+le =ce or en]gy1 s are all ! deifi$ ph5om5a ( nature at la/ discov]$ to be b diff]5t manife/ations ( a s+le primal p[]--! ,"o1 ! ,supreme1 ! ,et]nal4 ,?is correlation ( ! gods1 ?is r$uction ( poly!ism to mono!ism1 holds ! same place 9 ! records ( ! religi\s & moral evolution ( ! race t ! correlation ( ! physical =ces holds 9 ! records ( ! progress ( sci5ce4 #bbf ,!re may be "s philosoph]s & sci5ti/s :o pr(ess mat]ialism1 & :o make an inf9ite & et]nal unconsci\s en]gy ! primal cause ( all ?+s4 ,b ?is is a philosophy ( ! univ]se :i* has nev] secur$ a wide acceptance 9 ! ,we/4 #bbg ,old5b]g1 ,buddha 7#ahhb71 p4 #ei4 #bbh ,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 p4 #cef4 #bbi ,?is 0 ! "w ( ! ,brahmans1 :o1 to secure ! asc5dancy ( _! own class1 falsifi$ & mis9t]pret$ ! sacr$ books4 #bcj ,laws ( ,manu 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxv71 i4 #ca1 #hg4 #bca ,cf4 ,he>n1 ,kokora1 *ap4 xii4 #bcb ,laws ( ,manu1 vi4 #fc4 #bcc ,ibid4 xii4 #i1 #ec-eh4 ,! g]ms out ( :i* ?is sy/em 0 develop$ by ! ,brahmans =m$ a "p ( ! animi/ic conception ( ! _w held by ! conqu]$ natives4 ,by ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! sy/em _h be5 fully elaborat$4 ,see ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures 7#ahha71 pp4 #af f4 #bcd ,! !ory 0 also und\bt$ly 9 "p ! creation ( ! same e?ical necessity t call$ into exi/5ce ! purgatory ( ! m$ieval ,*ur*4 ,! re9c>nations h = aim & purpose n m]ely retribution1 b expiation & purification4 #bce ,! read] ( ,edw>d ,bee*]'s ,! ,conflict ( ,ages1 :]e9 ! au?or attempts to expla9 ! inequalities ( e>?ly life by ! !ory ( prexi/5ce1 w be able to appreciate ?is ef=t ( ,indian philosoph]s to solve ! same problem4 #bcf ,indian pessimism is d\btless to be attribut$ 9 "p to ! hot1 depress+ climate1 b m l>gely to ! burd5some ca/e sy/em & an oppressive gov]nm5t1 :i* made free & joy\s life impossible to ! masses1 %utt+ !m up1 )\t hope1 to an exi/5ce ( a*e & pa9 & wret*$ness4 8,politics & society1 9 our op9ion10 says ,dr4 ,hopk9s1 8_h m to d ) alt]+ ! religion ( ,india ?an _h a high] temp]ature & miasma0 7,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 p4 #aii74 ,b cf4 ,bloomfield1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,v$a 7#aijh71 pp4 #bfc ff4 #bcg ,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 p4 #adi4 #bch ,ibid4 p4 #ahg4 #bci ,?is ,brahmanic notion ( sacrifice1 t ! gods ne$ food1 is ! und]ly+ notion 9 all religions ( :i* sacrifices =m a "p4 8,t ! purpose ( sacrifice 0 simply to fe$ ! gods 0 admitt$ on all sides 9 ! controv]sy :i* accompani$ ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! anci5t _w4444 ,! alt>1 9 ! words ( ,dean ,sp5s]1 0 m]ely ! table on :i* food & dr9k 7 set be=e ! langui%+ deity0 7,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica 7#ahib71 vol4 i1 pp4 xi f474 8,x is on precisely ! same pr9ciple t ! ,mexicans kept _! great w>-gods 444 alive & vigor\s by ! blood ( "y human victims select$ f _! tribut>ies1 & ! ,p]uvians ma9ta9$ ! ,creator1 ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,?und]1 on ^: favor _! crops dep5d$1 9 y\? & vigor by ! cont9ual smoke ( burnt llamas0 7,ibid4 vol4 i1 p4 #dhd74 ,consult also ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris4 ,all ^! 7 div9ities ( vegetation1 :i* 7 believ$ to die & to come to life aga91 z ) ! revolution ( ! seasons vegetation di$ & 0 r5ew$4 ,along ) ?is belief w5t ! notion t by magical c]emonies ! wor%ip]s ( ! gods c\ld aid !m 9 recov]+ _! wa/$ en]gies4 #bdj ,laws ( ,manu1 i4 #hh-ia4 #bda ,ibid4 i4 #ic4 #bdb ,ibid4 ii4 #cb1 #ce4 #bdc ,! ,g5too ,code 7#aggf71 xvi4 #a4 #bdd ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #hj1 #ha4 #bde ,ibid4 viii4 #cgi4 #bdf ,ibid4 viii4 #chj4 #bdg ,ibid4 viii4 #cha4 #bdh ,ibid4 iv4 #adg4 #bdi ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #bdg4 #bej ,ibid4 iv4 #adh4 #bea ,ev5 ! sudra is n %ut out f ?is hope4 ,if he be pure1 ! fai?ful s]vant ( 8 bett]s1 g5tle 9 8 spee* & free f pride1 he w at dea? be reborn into a high] ca/e 7,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #cce74 #beb ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #fj1 #fi1 #ga1 #gb1 #acb-ach1 #adj-adb1 #add4 ,especially sev]e is ! p5ance impos$ = kill+ a c[4 ,see ,ibid4 xi4 #aji-aag4 #bec ,ibid4 vi4 #fh4 #bed ,ibid4 vi4 #fi4 #bee ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to ab/a9 :olly f ! use ( meat1 s9ce ?is c be obta9$ only ?r\gh pa9 to s5ti5t be+s 7,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #dh74 ,!re is no s9 9 eat+ meat1 8b ab/5tion br+s great rew>ds0 7,ibid4 v4 #ef74 #bef ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #dj4 #beg ,ibid4 v4 #de4 #beh ,ibid4 vii4 #aja4 #bei ,ibid4 vii4 #ajc4 #bfj ,laws ( ,manu1 vii4 #ij-ic1 #ajd4 #bfa ,ibid4 viii4 #hd4 #bfb ,ibid4 v4 #ajf4 #bfc ,ibid4 xi4 #bca4 #bfd ,ibid4 vi4 #dh4 #bfe ,ibid4 viii4 #cab4 #bff ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #cac4 #bfg ,gautama or ,buddha1 8,! ,enlight5$10 ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 di$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #dhj4 ,long be=e he began 8 tea*+s moral re=m 0 9 ! air 9 ,india4 ,_m re=m+ sects came into exi/5ce4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 0 ! sect ( ! ,ja9s4 ,! c5tral tea*+ ( ,ja9ism is ! sacr$ness ( all life1 & its fir/ & *ief comm&m5t1 ,d no h>m to any liv+ ?+4 ,its _s ( univ]sal b5evol5ce left a deep impress n only ^u ,buddhism b also ^u lat] ,h9duism4 #bfh ,dhammapada 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 #b;d ed41 vol4 x71 xiv4 #aij1 #aia4 ,cf4 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha 7#ahhb71 p4 #bji4 #bfi ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #bhf4 #bgj ,cf4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures 7#ahha71 p4 #ba2 ,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 pp4 #caf f4 #bga ,old5b]g1 ,buddha 7#ahhb71 p4 #bbj4 #bgb ,dhammapada1 xx4 #bhc4 ,?is doctr9e t peace & cont5tm5t ( m9d come ?r\gh suppression ( desire 0 also ! tea*+ ( ! ,greek ,cynics4 #bgc 8,no s5ti5t be+ c tell 9 :at /ate ! k>ma t he possesses w appo9t 8 next bir?1 ?\gh he may be n[1 & cont9ue to be until dea?1 "o ( ! mo/ m]itori\s ( m54 ,9 t k>ma may be ! crime ( murd]1 committ$ _m ages ago1 b n yet expiat$2 & 9 ! next exi/5ce its puni%m5t may h to be endur$4 ,!re w ultimately be a rew>d = t :i* is good1 b x may be long delay$4 ,x acts l an h]$it>y disease40--,,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism 7#ahhj71 p4 #daa4 #bgd 8,! difficulties att5dant ^u ?is peculi> dogma k>ma may be se5 9 ! fact t x is almo/ univ]sally repudiat$4444 ,9 hi/orical composition1 9 n>rative1 & 9 conv]sation1 ! common idea ( transmigration is cont9ually pres5t$0 7,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism 7#ahhj71 p4 #dab74 ,by #bej ,b4,c4 89 ! ,nor? & also 9 ! ,s\? ! old h]esy ( ! s\l-!ory _h crept back by side issue into ! doctr9e f :i* x _h be5 categorically & explicitly exclud$ by ,gautama & 8 e>li] foll[]s0 7,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism 7#ahif71 p4 #aih74 #bge ,hibb]t ,lectures 7#ahha71 pp4 #ca1 #bjf4 ,cf4 ,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 p4 #cba4 #bgf ,b ?is1 z we h j se51 is n ! ,buddhism ( ! ,buddhi/ _w 9 g5]al4 ,! masses 9 ,buddhi/ l&s h nev] accept$ ! doctr9e ( ,nirvana 9 ! s5se ( ext9ction ( exi/5ce4 ,! foll[+ conv]sation betwe5 ,moncure ,conway & a ,s+halese prie/ discloses ! mean+ ( ! t]m to an or?odox ,buddhi/ ( ,ceylon3 8,i ask$1 #8,h ^? :o are 9 ,nirvana any consci\sness8' ,i 0 !n in=m$ t !re is no ,s+halese ^w = consci\sness4 ,sumangala said1 #8,to rea* ,nirvana is to be no m4' ,i po9t$ to a /one /ep & said1 #8,"o is !re only z t /one is "h8' #8,n s mu*1' answ]$ ! prie/2 #8= ! /one is actually "h1 b 9 ,nirvana !re is no exi/5ce at all'0 7,my ,pilgrimage to ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/ 7#aijf71 p4 #acd74 #bgg ,^! eight requirem5ts are (t5 cond5s$ into f\r1 & !n ! =mula is call$ ! f\rfold pa? to deliv]ance4 #bgh ,cf4 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha 7#ahhb71 p4 #baa2 ,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 p4 #cje4 #bgi ,!re is 9 ?is tea*+ respect+ desirelessness an app>5t inconsi/5cy1 = ) all o!r desires suppress$1 !re rema9s ! desire = ,nirvana4 ,b ! difficulty "h is only app>5t4 ,a ,buddhi/ prie/1 que/ion$ respect+ ?is1 repli$ z foll[s3 8,! desire = ,nirvana escapes f ! me% t entangles all o!r desires1 because x is n desire = any object at all0 7,conway1 ,my ,pilgrimage to ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/ 7#aijf71 p4 #acd74 ,b all o!r desires aside f ?is desire = ,nirvana are 9 a s5se s9s ( covet\sness4 ,& ?is is ! c>d9al s9 9 ! view ( ! true ,buddhi/1 = covet\sness 8is a /rong desire = some?+1 & all desire is a h9drance 9 "o's way to ,nirvana40 #bhj ,?is tea*+ t m5tal illum9ation comes ?r\gh contemplation is ! doctr9e 9 g5]al ( ! religi\s & moral tea*]s ( ! ,ea/1 & ( all my/ics4 ,x diff]s fundam5tally f ! sci5tific view1 :i* makes obs]vation & /udy ! means ( enlight5m5t4 #bha ,buddhism limits transmigration to ! animal creation2 ,brahmanism1 x w be recall$1 supposes ! s\l to transmigrate into vegetable z well z into animal =ms4 #bhb 8,to be a true ,buddhi/1 "o mu/ r5\nce1 z lu/1 all desire ( evil1 :i* br+s evil2 & mu/ live )\t o!r hope ?an t ( ext+ui%+ all desire & passion1 believ+ t 9 s do+ he w at dea? be annihilat$40--,,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 p4 #efd4 #bhc ,dhammapada1 vii4 #ij-ii4 #bhd ,b--& diff]+ 9 ?is f ,dr4 ,hopk9s--,pr(essor ,rhys ,davids makes ?is p]fection :i* results 9 annihilation to consi/ n 9 ! ext9ction ( e desire1 b only ( crav+ desire & evil passions4 #bhe ,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 p4 #cbb4 #bhf ,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7#ahie71 p4 #cag4 ,/oicism inde$ approa*es ,buddhism 9 ?is respect2 b its attitude t[>d ! doctr9e ( a future life 0 9 g5]al m]ely agno/ic--x made no positive d5ial ( immortality4 #bhg ,cf4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures 7#ahha71 p4 #abc4 #bhh ,zell] repres5ts ,py?agoreanism z spr++ f an ef=t to give an e?ical cont5t to life4 8,we may consid] x prov$10 he says1 8t ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras1 believ+ 9 ! almighty favor ( ! gods1 & 9 future retribution1 en=c$ purity ( life1 mod]ation & ju/ice1 m9ute self-exam9ation & discretion 9 all actions1 & especially disc\rag$ self-conceit0 7,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7#ahha71 vol4 i1 p4 #dif74 ,old5b]g 7,anci5t ,india 7#ahif71 p4 #hg7 conceives ,py?agoreanism--toge!r ) ! ,orphic wor%ip--z 8a bit ( ,buddhism 9 ! mid/ ( ,greek civilization40 #bhi ,gautama's attitude t[>d ascetic practices is %[n by ! foll[+3 8,n nak$ness1 n platt$ hair1 n dirt1 n fa/+1 or ly+ on ! e>?1 n rubb+ ) du/1 n sitt+ motionless1 c purify a mortal :o has n ov]come desires0 7,dhammapada1 x4 #ada74 #bij ,old5b]g1 ,buddha 7#ahhb71 p4 #cff4 #bia ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ incid5t relat$ by ,moncure ,conway4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon he 0 visit$ by an ag$ ,buddhi/ prie/1 :o came 9 a s$an borne by m54 ,ask$ :y he did n use a c>riage drawn by horses1 ! prie/ repli$ t 8he 0 afraid a horse might be vitally injur$ by c>ry+ him40 8,b10 said ,mr4 ,conway1 8might x n be ! same ) "o ( ^? m5 :ile he is c>ry+ y80 ,aft] a mom5t's sil5ce ! prie/ answ]$1 8,b a man c tell me if he is suff]+0 7,my ,pilgrimage to ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/ 7#aijf71 pp4 #aaf f474 #bib ,?\s&s ( rats 7 =m]ly kept at public exp5se 9 a hospital at ! ,indian t[n ( ,kutel4 #bic ,tol]ation is n ev5 recogniz$ z a virtue 9 ! moral codes ( anci5t ,judaism1 dogmatic ,*ri/ianity1 & ,islam4 #bid ,hibb]t ,lectures 7#ahha71 p4 #bca4 #bie ,"u ,asoka1 x is true1 ,buddhism1 l ,*ri/ianity "u ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 became militant4 ,b ,asoka 0 a g5tle w>rior & made w> g5tly4 ,he nei!r kill$ 8 prison]s nor tortur$ !m1 a common practice ) ,ori5tal conqu]ors1 nor did he sell !m z slaves4 #bif 8,les paisibles sujets du ,gr&-,lama ?ibeta9 ont cess d'aim] la gu]re et presque de la faire0 7,let\rneau1 ,la gu]re dans les div]ses races huma9es 7#ahie71 p4 #bac74 #big ,edw>d ,a4 ,ross1 ,! ,*ang+ ,*9ese 7#aiaa71 p4 #bi4 #bih ,see above1 p4 #gi4 #bii ,mozoomd>1 a lead] ( ! ,brahmo-,somaj4 #cjj ,buddhism1 l ,*ri/ianity1 tea*es t hatr$ mu/ be ov]come by love3 8,let a man ov]come ang] by love1 let him ov]come evil by good0 7,dhammapada1 xvii4 #bbc74 8,= hatr$ does n cease by hatr$ at any "t2 hatr$ ceases by love1 ?is is an old rule0 7,ibid4 i4 #e74 #cja ,= ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism on ! ,japanese "*1 see ,c\nt ,okuma1 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,new ,japan 7#aiji71 vol4 ii1 *ap4 iv1 8,japanese ,religi\s ,beliefs3 ,buddhism40 #cjb ,laws1 tr4 ,j[ett1 x4 #hif4 ,& ! ?\ght is ne> ev5 9 ! late/ philosophy3 8,b x feels l a real fight10 says ,pr(essor ,william ,james1 8z if !re 7 some?+ really wild 9 ! univ]se :i* we1 ) all our idealities & fai?fulness1 are ne$$ to re=m40 #cjc ,is4 xlv4 #g4 #cjd ,?is duali/ic _w philosophy is reg>d$ by "s /ud5ts ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a z be+ 9 ! nature ( a prote/ aga9/ 8! in]t asceticism ( ,buddhism & ! e?ical indiff]5ce ( ,brahmanism0 7,d>me/et]1 8,introduction10 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 #b;d ed41 vol4 iv1 p4 lxviii74 ,ranke views x z ! product ( environm5t3 8,if we keep well 9 view ! contra/s betwe5 ! v>i\s di/ricts & nations includ$ )9 ! limits ( ,p]sia & h] prov9ces1 ! incessant /ruggle betwe5 ! settl$ populations & ! inhabitants ( ! /eppes1 betwe5 ! cultivat$ regions & ! desolation ( ! des]t1 ?ru/ back1 inde$1 yet ev] resum+ its encroa*m5ts1 ! ideas ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a w appe> to u natural &1 z we may t]m x1 auto*?onic0 7,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 vol4 i 7#ahhe71 p4 #aje74 #cje ,! way 9 :i* su* a conception acts ^u ! moral life is well illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% ,puritanism4 ,! e?ical /r5u\sness ( ! ,puritan 0 ! outcome ( 8 deeply felt consci\sness ( ! in]adicable antagonism betwe5 good & evil4 ,x is all br\ght vividly be=e u 9 ,bunyan's ,holy ,w>1 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,immanuel & ,diabolus--( :i* ! my? ( ,ahura & ,ahriman 0 ! prototype4 #cjf ,mihir ,ya%t 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxiii71 vii4 #bf4 #cjg ,see ,jackson1 ,zoroa/]1 ! ,prophet ( ,anci5t ,iran4 #cjh ,see above1 p4 #aae4 #cji ,zoroa/rian e?ics1 z ,w$gwood says1 is be/ und]/ood :5 view$ z a prote/ aga9/ ! ,h9du conception ( ! univ]se & life4 8,! injunction to indu/ry1 ! elaborate provisions = agriculture1 ! con/ant /imulus to ex]tion ( e k9d1 are mo/ intelligible :5 we see 9 !m a recoil f ! fai? :i* appe>$ to ?is active race ! ,iranian a confusion ( good & evil0 7,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ei74 #caj ,v5ddd 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 #b;d ed41 vol4 iv71 ,f>g4 iv4 #dg4 #caa ,ibid4 ,f>g4 iii4 #cc4 #cab ,ibid4 ,f>g4 iv4 #di4 #cac 8,aryan morality came d[n f ! heav5s 9 a ray ( light0 7,select$ ,essays ( ,james ,d>me/et]1 ed4 ,morris ,ja/r[1 p4 #cjd74 #cad ,v5ddd1 ,f>g4 ii4 #bi4 #cae ,ibid4 ,f>g4 iv4 #di 7bis7-#ee4 #caf ,mihir ,ya%t1 i4 #b4 #cag ,ibid4 xxix4 #aaf1 #aag4 #cah ,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 pp4 #ga ff4 ,x is significant t ! sacr$ /&>d ( ! e>ly ,p]sians 0 ! apron ( a blacksmi?4 #cai ,v5ddd1 ,f>g4 iii4 #ca4 #cbj ,ibid4 ,f>g4 iii4 #d4 #cba ,laws ( ,manu1 x4 #hd4 #cbb ,v5ddd1 ,f>g4 iii4 #ch1 #ci4 #cbc ,! k+ :o reign$ 9 ,p]sia at ! "t ( ,n]o1 go+ f ,asia to ,italy1 travel$ by l& along ! %ore in/ead ( go+ by %ip1 8because ! ,magi are =bidd5 to defile ! sea0 7,james ,d>me/et]1 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv1 p4 xl74 ,b ! anxi\s obs]vance by ! ,p]sians ( ! requirem5ts ( ! code is be/ disclos$ 9 ! disposition :i* !y made ( _! dead4 ,s9ce corpses c\ld nei!r be burn$ nor buri$ nor ?r[n into ! wat] )\t defil+ a sacr$ elem5t1 !y 7 expos$ on ! summits ( m\nta9s or on ! top ( l[ t[]s 7dakhmas71 ! s-call$ 8,t[]s ( ,sil5ce10 t ! fle% might be eat5 by birds ( prey4 #cbd ,z5d-,ave/a1 pt4 ii1 ,ya%t xxii 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxiii1 pp4 #cad ff474 #cbe ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxxi1 8,introduction10 p4 xx4 #cbf 8,_! ! s]vitors ( ,mi?ra duali/ic sy/em 0 p>ticul>ly adapt$ to fo/]+ individual ef=t & to develop+ human en]gy40--,,cumont1 ,! ,my/]ies ( ,mi?ra 7#aijc71 p4 #ada4 #cbg ,h]od4 i4 #aci4 ,we quote ,rawl9son's v]sion4 #cbh ,h]od4 i4 #acf4 #cbi ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus1 vol4 i1 p4 #bad1 n4 #aj4 ,we omit ! ref]5ces4 #ccj ,cf4 ,h]od4 ix4 #aji4 #cca ,rawl9son1 ,! ,five ,great ,mon>*ies 7#ahga71 vol4 iii1 p4 #agj4 ,! exception 0 ! case ( ! ,b>cans4 ,cf4 ,h]od4 iv4 #bja4 #ccb ,! mod]n ,p]sians1 :o h ex*ang$ ! tru?-impell+ cre$ ( ,zoroa/] = t ( ,mohamm$1 seem to h lo/ ?is ance/ral virtue4 ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t ! ,indian ,p>sees1 ! inh]itors & pres]v]s ( ! fai? ( anci5t ,p]sia1 are not$ = _! uprightness & v]acity4 #ccc 8,!y ! ,p>sees =m "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$1 weal?y1 & philan?ropic communities on ! we/ coa/ ( ,india1 notably 9 ! city ( ,bombay40--,,bloomfield1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,v$a 7#aijh71 p4 #ae4 #ccd 8,! :ole hi/ory ( ! religion ( ,israel is a hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! moral consci\sness1 & consequ5tly ( ! deep5+ & wid5+ ( ! opposition betwe5 t :i* ought to be & t :i* is40--,,edw>d ,,caird1 ,! ,evolution ( ,religion 7#ahid71 vol4 ii1 p4 #ib4 #cce ,x may be urg$ t ! moral "* giv5 to ,yahweh 0 ! creation ( ! moral consci\sness ( 8 wor%ip]s2 b ev5 s1 ?is conception ( deity once =m$ w\ld inevitably react ^u ! moral s5se to deep5 & purify ! feel+s t gave x bir?4 #ccf ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel 7#ahhi71 ,bd4 i1 ,s4 #dbi4 #ccg ,budde1 ,religion ( ,israel to ! ,exile 7#ahii71 pp4 #ce ff42 ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7#ahia71 p4 #cjg2 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites 7#ahid71 pp4 #ge ff4 #cch ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi? urges t sacrifice among ! ,hebrews _h its orig9 9 ! sacram5tal communal idea4 ,accord+ to ?is belief ! clansm5 & _! god are ( ! same /ock1 & ! bond ( k9%ip is r5ew$ & /r5g!n$ ?r\gh ! human & ! div9e memb]s ( ! community p>tak+ toge!r ( ! fle% & blood ( an animal sla94 #cci ,job iii4 #ai4 #cdj ,eccl4 ix4 #e2 & s ix4 #aj3 8,= !re is no "w1 nor desire1 nor k1 nor wisdom 9 ,%eol1 :i!r ?\ goe?40 #cda ,is4 xxxviii4 #ah4 #cdb ,see bel[1 pp4 #afe f4 #cdc ,cf4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #cdd ,! olde/ =m ( ! ,decalogue is f\nd 9 ,ex4 xxxiv2 cf4 ,ex4 xxxiii4 #cde ,if we comp>e ! morality ( ?is ,hebrew ,decalogue ) t ( ! ,egyptian ,negative ,confession1 we %all f9d x to belong to ab\t ! same /age ( e?ical developm5t4 #cdf ,9 ! ,book ( ,judges are pres]v$ "s traditions :i* are illu/rative ( ! moral /ate ( society at ?is "t2 = ?\gh all ! details ( ^! /ories may n be hi/orical1 /ill !y d\btless reflect ! g5]al condition ( ?+s dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,!re is a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ^! traditions ( gross & incr$ible crimes & ! traditions ( ! atroci\s immoralities ( ! ,m]ov+ian ,age 9 ,european hi/ory4 #cdg ,! k+dom ( ,israel 0 de/roy$ by ! ,assyrian p[] #gbb ,b4,c42 ! k+dom ( ,judah fell be=e ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 #ehf ,b4,c4 #cdh ,cf4 ,ku551 ,! ,prophets & ,prophecy 9 ,israel4 #cdi ,! ,prophets & ,prophecy 9 ,israel 7#ahgg71 p4 #cdd4 #cej ,cf4 #a ,k+s xxi--! /ory ( ,nabo?'s v9ey>d4 #cea 8,! life-"w ( ,elijah 0 a turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! religion ( ,israel1 simil> 9 its consequ5ces to ^? :i* foll[$ ! appe>ance ( ,z>a?u/ra 9 ,iran4444 ,x 0 ! e?ical idea ( ,god matur$ 9 ! s\l ( ! prophet by ! ne$ ( 8 "t :i* broke ?r\gh ) irresi/ible p[] to ! dem& = a f9al *oice betwe5 ,jehovah1 ! holy ,god1 & ! unholy nature gods ( ! hea!n40--,,pfleid]]1 ,religions & ,hi/oric ,fai?s 7#aijg71 pp4 #bbe f4 #ceb ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel 7#ahib71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bge4 #cec ,calamities 7 at ?is "t befall+ ,israel4 8,! national di/ress s]v$ to awak5 ,israel's consci5ce4 ,! obligation cov5ant$ at ,s9ai knock$ aga9 at ! door ( _! he>ts0 7,budde1 ,religion ( ,israel to ! ,exile 7#ahii71 p4 #ic74 #ced ,amos iii4 #aj4 #cee ,ibid4 v4 #aa1 #ab4 #cef ,ibid4 viii4 #e1 #f4 #ceg ,ibid4 v4 #ba4 #ceh ,ibid4 v4 #bb4 #cei ,ibid4 v4 #bd4 #cfj ,hosea vi4 #f4 #cfa ,to ,amos & ,hosea1 ,yahweh is simply ! supreme god1 ! suz]a9 ( all o!r gods4 #cfb ,is4 ii4 #c1 #d2 cf4 ,micah iv4 #a-c4 ,see ,driv]1 ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7#ahig71 p4 #bbi1 = ! op9ion ( diff]5t comm5tators on ! possible exilic or po/exilic date ( ^! passages4 #cfc ,is4 i4 #aa-ag4 #cfd ,micah vi4 #f-h4 #cfe ,wellhaus51 ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel 7#ahhe71 p4 #dad4 #cff ,?is fe/ival 0 probably ( ,babylonian orig94 ,x 0 associat$ ) a/ronomical ph5om5a--) ! sev5 planets ( anci5t a/ronomy & ) ! phases ( ! moon4 #cfg ,! fea/ ( ,purim is ano!r trans=m$ fe/ival2 8,babylonian 9 orig91 x 0 giv5 a ,jewi% dress & became incorporat$ into ! sy/em ( ,jewi% obs]vances0 7,david ,philipson1 ,! ,re=m ,movem5t 9 ,judaism 7#aijg71 p4 #c74 #cfh ,?us ! fe/ival ( ,dionysus1 :i* 89 its orig9 0 a m]e bur/ ( primitive animal spirits1 is transmut$ into a complex & beautiful "w ( art0 7,dick9son1 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life1 p4 #ad74 #cfi ,deut4 vi4 #ad4 #cgj ,montefiori1 ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion 7#ahib71 p4 #aig4 #cga ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel 7#ahhe71 p4 #djb4 ,r5an speaks ( ,deut]onomy 9 ! same /ra93 8,?is ,?ora 0 ! wor/ enemy ( ! univ]sal religion :i* ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury _h 9 _! dreams0 7,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel 7#ahia71 vol4 iii1 p4 #age74 #cgb ,cf4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! p]secutions ( ! m$ieval ,*ur* 7 l>gely ! outcome ( ?is legislation :i* made ! ext]m9ation ( ,god's enemies1 t is1 idolators & misbeliev]s1 a pi\s duty4 8,! t]rible ,directorium ,inquisitorum ( ,ni*olas ,eym]ic foll[s ,deut]onomy ^w = ^w0 7,r5an1 ,hi/ory ( ! p ( ,israel 7#ahia71 vol4 iii1 p4 #agi74 #cgc ,deut4 xx4 #af4 #cgd ,ibid4 vii4 #b4 #cge ,jewi% ,religi\s ,life aft] ! ,exile 7#ahih71 p4 #de4 ,! tea*+s ( ?is same intol]ant monolatry has1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 ex]t$ a ret>d+ influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( int]national morality1 especially ^u ! w> e?ics ( ! ,*ri/ian nations4 #cgf ,we meet ) ! same ph5om5on 9 m$ieval times4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* 0 s h>% 9 its deal+s ) misbeliev]s1 0 a t5d] "m t[>d ! poor & ! afflict$ ( ! fai?4 #cgg ,! orig9 ( ^! cities may date f a mu* e>li] "t ?an ! re=m "u ,k+ ,josiah4 ,! code may simply regi/] *anges already effect$ 9 ! cu/om>y law4 ,see ,na?aniel ,s*midt1 ,! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? 7#aije71 p4 #fa4 #cgh ,deut4 iv4 #da1 #db2 xix4 #a-ac4 #cgi ,deut4 xv4 #g1 #h4 #chj ,ibid4 xxiv4 #f4 #cha ,ibid4 xxiv4 #ab1 #ac4 #chb ,ibid4 xxiv4 #ag4 #chc ,ibid4 xxiv4 #ad1 #ae4 #chd ,ibid4 xxiii4 #ai1 #bj4 ,cf4 ,masp]o1 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #gfj4 ,! poor 9 ^! e>ly times 71 9 all ! l&s advanc+ 9 civilization1 lit]ally dev\r$ by ! money l5d]s4 #che ,deut4 xxiv4 #ai4 #chf ,ru? ii4 #d-ag4 #chg ,deut4 v4 #ad1 #ae4 #chh ,ibid4 xv4 #ab4 #chi ,ibid4 xv4 #ac1 #ad4 #cij ,all ^! regulations respect+ slaves1 h[ev]1 lack univ]salism4 ,x is compassion = ! slave n z a man1 b z a ,hebrew1 t moves ! legislator4 ,! laws are 9 g5]al = ! b5efit ( ,hebrew slaves alone4 ,g5tiles or =eign]s are n includ$ 9 ^! humane provisions4 ,see ,lev4 xxv & ,ex4 xxi4 #b4 #cia ,see ,is4 xl-lxvi4 #cib 8,deut]o-,isaiah 0 ! fir/ to emphasize & make use ( ?is pl5>y & unconditional mono!ism40--,,montefiori1 ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion 7#ahib71 p4 #bfi4 #cic ,is4 xliii4 #aj4 #cid ,ibid4 xliv4 #f4 #cie ,ibid4 xliv4 #bd4 #cif ,ibid4 xlv4 #e4 #cig ,ibid4 xlvi4 #i4 #cih ,!re is a repetition ( ?is 9 ! ,koran1 :]e ! ,prophet ( ,arabia speaks z "o to :om ! idea ( ! unity ( deity _h come z a new ?\ght4 #cii ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites 7#ahid71 p4 #ha4 #djj ,see above1 pp4 #ah-bj4 #dja 8,i ! ,"l ?y ,god am a jeal\s ,god1 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( !m t hate me40--,deut4 v4 #i4 #djb ,ezek4 xviii4 #b4 #djc ,ibid4 xviii4 #c4 #djd ,ezek4 xviii4 #bj4 ,! entire *apt] is devot$ to ?is s+le subject4 ,?is tru] view _h dawn$ ^u ! compil]s ( ! ,deut]onomic code4 ,cf4 ,deut4 xxiv4 #af & ,j]4 xxxi4 #bi1 #cj4 #dje ,see bel[1 p4 #cfd4 #djf ,see lii4 #ac-liii4 #ab4 #djg ,cf4 ,b5nett1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,po/-,exilic ,prophets 7#aijg71 pp4 #cbf ff4 #djh ,9 ! ye> #eci ,b4,c4 ,cyrus1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 hav+ captur$ ,babylon1 issu$ a decree giv+ ! ,jewi% exiles 9 ,babylonia p]mission to return to _! own l& & to rebuild ! ,temple de/roy$ fifty ye>s be=e by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,a b& return$ & set !mselves to ! task ( re/or+ _! h\ses & rebuild+ ! ,temple4 ,aft] _m int]ruptions & long delay ! build+ 0 f9i%$ & d$icat$ anew to ! wor%ip ( ,yahweh 7#eaf ,b4,c474 #dji 8,! gr[? ( ,judaism & ! ,judaic v5]ation = ! law1 aft] ,ezra's re=mation1 %[s "s m>k$ resemblances to ! gr[? 9 po/-,re=mation ,prote/ant !ology ( ! legal conception ( salvation1 & p>ticul>ly ! t5d5cy to =malize & almo/ to deify ! lit]al inspiration & au?ority ( ! ,scriptures40--,,newman ,,smy?1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7#ahib71 p4 #ie4 #daj ,= life "u ! law consult ,s*r]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 division ii1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ij ff4 #daa ,matt4 xxiii4 #bc4 #dab ,ibid4 xv4 #aa1 #bj4 8,! id5tification ( morality ) ritual 9 8 ,jesus' day _h confus$ ! issue be=e human life mu* z t issue is n[ confus$ by ! id5tification ( morality ) op9ion0 7,hall1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics )9 ,organiz$ ,*ri/ianity 7#aiaj71 p4 #fb74 #dac ,ps4 cxxxvii4 #i2 see ,ps4 cix4 #dad ,on ?is subject see ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7#ahia71 pp4 #bdf ff4 #dae 8,! p _h le>n$ to draw nigh to ,god )\t ! aid ( sacrifice40--,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites 7#ahid71 p4 #bae4 #daf ,cf4 ,m>k i4 #ba2 vi4 #b4 #dag ,r5an1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel 7#ahie71 vol4 iv1 p4 #aie4 #dah ,consult on ?is subject ,*>les1 ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life 7#ahih-ahii74 #dai ,see above1 pp4 #aci f4 #dbj ,see ,*eyne1 ,jewi% ,religi\s ,life aft] ! ,exile 7#ahih71 p4 #bbi2 & ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7#ahia71 pp4 #cgh1 #chf4 #dba ,ps4 xvi4 #aj1 ,rev4 ,v]4 #dbb 8,i "k )\t me ,god _c a mom5t live2 ,if ,i to dea? %\ld g1 ,he1 too1 w\ld dea? receive40 ,quot$ by ,,bl[1 ,a ,/udy ( ,dante 7#ahhg71 p4 #ajb4 #dbc ,cf4 above1 p4 #dd2 see also ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7#ahia71 p4 #chg2 ,hall1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics )9 ,organiz$ ,*ri/ianity 7#aiaj71 p4 #baf4 #dbd ,! ,ph>isees2 cf4 ,acts xxiii4 #f-h4 #dbe ,we see a repetition ( all ?is 9 :at is go+ on to-day among ! ,jews 9 ! great cities ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,lib]al ,judaism is l>gely ! outcome ( j su* influ5ces z br\ght =? ,*ri/ianity out ( ! n>r[ ritual ,judaism ( ! ,alex&rian ,age4 ,see ,david ,philipson1 ,! ,re=m ,movem5t 9 ,judaism 7#aijg71 *ap4 xii4 #dbf 8,^? psalms into :i* a s5se ( some?+ l ! bro!rhood ( nations beg9s to p5etrate are = v>i\s reasons lat] ?an #chb ,b4,c4444 ,n till ! com+ ( ! ,mac$onian reconcil] ( ,ea/ & ,we/ c\ld !re be a pres5tim5t ( ! tru? ( ! div9e education1 n only ( ,israel1 b ( ! human race40--,,*eyne1 ,jewi% ,religi\s ,life aft] ! ,exile 7#ahih71 pp4 #acd f4 #dbg ,to ,hillel is cr$it$ ! maxim1 8,:at ?\ w\ld/ n h ano!r d to !e1 d n ?\ to ano!r40 #dbh ,! tea*+ ( ! ,orphic sects t !re are two elem5ts1 "o good & ano!r bad1 9 man's nature1 0 an esot]ic doctr9e :i* _h no influ5ce on ! popul> m9d & consci5ce4 ,cf4 ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son1 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life1 #f? ed41 pp4 #ca f4 #dbi ,!re are1 x is true1 gods ( ! l[] _w unfri5dly to man1 b !re is no?+ 9 ! ,greek _w-view correspond+ to ! ,egyptian conception ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! good ,osiris & ! wick$ ,set1 or ( ! ,p]sian idea ( ! conflict betwe5 ! b5efic5t ,ahura ,mazda & ! evil-work+ ,ahriman4 ,nor 0 !re any?+ 9 ?is view l ! ,babylonian or ,p]sian notion ( malici\s spirits4 #dcj ,! ,dionysian cult fo/]$ art1 b n directly morality4 ,9 s f> z ! ,attic drama 0 an elevat+ moral influ5ce1 ! cult may be said to h indirectly promot$ morals4 ,b ! =eign orgia/ic god _h to be ?or\ghly conv]t$ be=e he c\ld /r5g!n o!rs4 #dca ,! pre-,hell5ic ,ori5tal cult ( ,aphrodite _h und\bt$ly an unfavorable influ5ce on morality4 8,"s "p ( ?is evil "* 0 transplant$ into ,greek leg5d1 b v little into ,greek wor%ip4444 ,:at we "k is t until ! decl9+ p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory ! cult ( ,aphrodite1 s f> z x appe>s 9 writt5 or monum5tal record1 0 z pure & au/]e z t ( ,zeus & ,a!na0 7,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7#ahif71 vol4 ii1 pp4 #feg1 #ffc74 #dcb ,cf4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*5 7#ahhb71 ,bd4 i1 ,s4 #afe4 #dcc ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7#ahif71 vol4 i1 p4 #gd1 quot+ ,*>ondas1 ! ,sicilian legislator4 #dcd ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7#ahif71 vol4 iv1 pp4 #agg ff4 #dce ,hat*1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bib4 #dcf ,hi/ory ( ,greece 7#aijj71 pp4 #cbj f4 #dcg ,?ucyd4 i4 #gj4 #dch ,= an illum9at+ comp>ison ( ! ,greek virtues ( =titude & temp]ance ) ! correspond+ ,*ri/ian virtues1 see ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #e? ed41 pp4 #cjd ff4 #dci ,e?ics1 iii4 #aj4 #ddj 8,b let ea* man "k10 says ,plato1 8h[ to *oose ! mean & avoid ! extremes on ei!r side1 z f> z 9 him lies1 n only 9 ?is life b 9 all t :i* is to come4 ,= ?is is ! way ( happ9ess0 7,republic1 tr4 ,j[ett1 x4 #fai74 #dda ,socrates1 x is true1 taught t x is bett] to suff] wrong ?an to d wrong1 b he 0 "h f> 9 advance ( ! common ,greek consci5ce4 #ddb ,quot$ by ,taylor1 ,anci5t ,ideals 7#ahif71 vol4 i1 p4 #bdg4 #ddc ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7#ahgc71 vol4 i1 p4 #fc4 #ddd ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life 7#aiji71 p4 #bje4 #dde ,if we contra/ ! ,greek conception ( man's nature ) t ( c]ta9 sy/ems ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 we %all bett] und]/& ! e?ical value ( su* ideas & beliefs4 ,on ! occasion ( a college comm5cem5t "o ( ! speak]s1 a /\t uphold] ( ! doctr9es ( ! fall ( man1 orig9al s91 & ! utt] depravity ( ! natural man1 r\ndly d5\nc$ ?is injunction ( ,p9d>'s4 ,he said to ! "y p :o _h *os5 z _! class motto1 8,be :at y are10 t t 0 j :at !y ought n to be4 ,he !n w5t on to %[ !m t _! nature 0 :olly corrupt1 t all _! natural incl9ations 7 t[>d evil cont9ually1 & t if !y ev] hop$ = salvation !y mu/ become :at !y 7 n4 #ddf 8,ari/otle may be almo/ said to h made ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek & b>b>ian ! basis ( 8 moral code40--,,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bjj4 #ddg ,politics1 i4 #g1 sec4 #e2 #h1 sec4 #ab2 vii4 #ad1 sec4 #ba4 #ddh ,= ! e?ics ( ,greek slav]y consult ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*5 7#ahhb71 ,bd4 ii1 ,s4 #bjc-bai4 #ddi ,!bes1 b n f moral scruples seem+ly1 prohibit$ "u ! p5alty ( dea? ! de/ruction ( heal?y infants4 #dej ,! read] ( ,plato w recall h[ ,socrates uses ?is practice ( ! exposition ( infants to illu/rate 8 art ( br++ to bir? true & false ideas 78lies & %ad[s07 9 ! m9ds ( 8 pupils1 & expos+ to die ^? t are va9 %ad[s4 ,see 8 ,dialogues1 tr4 ,j[ett1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #cej f4 #dea ,! practice ( ! exposition ( female infants 9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 :5 luxury increas$ & *ildr5 became a burd51 seems to h be5 m common ?an 9 e>li] times4 #deb ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece 7#ahhh71 p4 #abj4 #dec ,politics1 vi4 #d1 sec4 #ab4 ,?is contempt = tradesm5 & labor]s1 g5]ally speak+1 cont9u$ ?r\gh all p]iods ( ,greek hi/ory4 ,9 "s /ates1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,a!ns1 x und]w5t modification4 8,! lat] ,a!nians began to consid] trade an honorable road to ri*es1 & ari/ocrats l ,nicias 7 kn[n z c>eful trade ma/]s40 ,9 ,rhodes1 also1 trade became honorable4 #ded ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 tr4 ,?illy1 p4 #fb n4 #dee ,laws1 tr4 ,j[ett1 xi4 #iai4 #def ,!y 7 *>g$ ) adult]ation ( foods1 *eat+ 9 measure1 etc4 ,demo/h5es decl>es t a man hone/ 9 comm]cial transactions 0 a prodigy4 ,cf4 ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece 7#ahhh71 p4 #dai4 #deg ,see above1 p4 #hi4 #deh ,?is e?ical feel+ is to be reckon$ ) 9 deal+ ) ,asiatics--until !re is a *ange 9 _! ideal ( manl9ess4 ,! ov]look+ ( an injury is apt to be reg>d$ by !m z an indication ( weakness & c[>dice4 #dei ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*5 7#ahhb71 ,bd4 ii1 ,s4 #cab4 #dfj ,h]od4 vi4 #bd4 ,! ,delphian oracle tri$ to cure ?is defect 9 ! national "*4 ,see ! /ory ( ,glaucus1 ,h]od4 vi4 #hf4 #dfa ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*5 7#ahhb71 ,bd4 ii1 ,s4 #dac4 #dfb ,e?ics1 tr4 ,welldon1 i4 #d4 #dfc ,e?ics3 ! ,facts ( ! ,moral ,life 7#aijh71 p4 #ie4 #dfd ,od4 xix4 #cif-cih4 #dfe ,?ucyd4 i4 #e4 #dff ,il4 xxii4 #dhe-dii4 #dfg ,see ,x54 ,mem4 ii4 #a1 #ba1 = ! p>able1 by ! ,sophi/ ,prodicus1 ( ! *oice ( ,h]acles at ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 #dfh ,! ,republic1 iii4 #chf-cib4 #dfi ,see above1 p4 #ce4 #dgj 8,! bless$ isl&s ( ! ,we/ 7 inde$ ev5 !n 9 ! ,hom]ic ,age a home = ! dead1 b !y _h n yet be5 op5$ to moral wor?1 z 9 ! days ( ,p9d>40--,,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece 7#ahhh71 p4 #bf4 #dga ,see ,zell]1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7#ahha71 vol4 i1 p4 #abe1 & ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*5 7#ahhb71 ,bd4 i1 ,s4 #ii4 8,/rictly speak+10 says ,pr(essor ,seym\r1 8,hom] kn[s ( no in/ance ( rew>ds1 & ( only "o case ( puni%m5t aft] dea?0 7,life 9 ! ,hom]ic ,age 7#aijh71 p4 #dfi74 #dgb ,= ! ,greek view ( ! und]world1 & ! incom+ ( ! idea ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ! aft] life1 see ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*5 7#ahhb71 ,bd4 i1 ,s4 #ig ff41 & ,rhode1 ,psy*e3 ,seel5cult und ,un/]bli*keits ,glaube d] ,grie*51 #dte ,auflage1 ,bd4 i1 ,s4 #cja-cai4 #dgc ,?is moralization ( ,hades is c>ri$ /ill fur!r by ,v]gil4 ,x is in/ructive to comp>e 8 vision ( ,hades ) ,hom]'s4 #dgd ,republic1 x4 #fad-faf2 see also ,gorgias1 #ebc-ebg4 #dge ,h]od4 i4 #cj-cb4 ,b ,nemesis appe>s lat] 9 ! /ory1 & ,crsus is repres5t$ z be+ puni%$ = ! crime ( an ance/or4 #dgf ,ibid4 vii4 #aj4 ,! views :i* ! hi/orian "h attributes to ! ,p]sian ,artabanus 7 ( c\rse a reflection ( ,greek belief4 ,= fur!r in/ances 9 ,greek lit]ature ( ! conception ( ! envy ( ! gods1 consult ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*5 7#ahhb71 ,bd4 i1 ,s4 #gh-hd4 #dgg ,?ucyd4 vii4 #gg4 #dgh ,p]icles 7#ahij71 p4 #cab4 #dgi 8,! v ev5t ! ,p]sian w> :i* det]m9$ ! sudd5 spl5dor ( ! drama gave a sublime & t]rific sanction to ! already exi/+ morality40--,,symonds1 ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets 7#ahhj71 vol4 ii1 p4 #ag4 #dhj ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7#ahif71 vol4 i1 p4 #abi4 ,aft] ! tale _h be5 moraliz$ by s*ylus1 ,phidias c>v$ ! /ory on ! great ,zeus ?rone at ,olympia1 us+ x to give emphasis to ! conception ( ! god z ! gu>dian ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w4 #dha ,?ucyd4 v4 #hd-aaf4 #dhb ,! attitude ( ! lat] philosoph]s t[>d ! notion t ! gods are envi\s is fairly repres5t$ by ,plato's prote/3 8,he ! ,creator is good1 & no goodness c h any jeal\sy ( any?+0 7,timu1 tr4 ,j[ett1 #bi74 #dhc 8,! disp5sation :i* takes ! aspect ( div9e envy to mortals might1 x seems1 f a high] po9t ( view1 be disc]n$ z ! v opposite2 human vicissitude is ! result ( a div9e love anxi\s to %>e ! true bless$ness :i* comes 9 ! =m ( sorr[40--,,w$gwood1 ,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 p4 #aab4 #dhd ,taylor1 ,anci5t ,ideals 7#ahif71 vol4 i1 p4 #bbg4 #dhe ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7#ahia71 vol4 i1 p4 #abi4 #dhf ,republic1 tr4 ,j[ett1 x4 #fac4 #dhg ,see ,james ,adam1 ,! ,vitality ( ,platonism 7#aiaa71 *ap4 v1 8,anci5t ,greek ,views ( ,suff]+ & ,evil40 #dhh ,:5 we contra/ ) ?is ,sophocles' treatm5t ( ! same !me 9 ,antigone we realize h[ great an advance dur+ ! int]val ! ,greeks _h made 9 humanit>ian feel+4 #dhi ,see ,?ucyd4 iii4 #ec-ei4 #dij ,! ,sp>tan admiral ,callicratides 7! successor ( ,lys&]1 #djf ,b4,c47 refus$ to sell 8 ,greek prison]s ( w> z slaves1 b he /ood almo/ or q alone 9 ?is4 ,see ,x54 ,hell54 i4 #f1 #ad4 #dia ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece 7#ahhh71 p4 #bce4 #dib ,! w> br\ght into fe>ful exagg]ation ! sali5t weakness ( ,greek morality4 ,! mo/ repreh5sible moral faults ( ! ,greeks 7 ! outgr[? ( political factions & cabals1 ( p>ty jeal\sies & rivalries 9 ! close qu>t]s ( city walls4 ,^! faults 7 lift$ into ! mo/ savage passions by ! w>4 ,?ucydides 9 a memorable passage 7iii4 #hb7 draws a /rik+ picture ( ! disa/r\s moral effects ( ! prolong$ qu>rel4 #dic ,see above1 p4 #ahj4 #did ,republic1 v4 #dfi-dga4 #die ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #bfg2 see also ,a4 ,rd]1 ,l',arbitrage int]national *ez les ,hell5es 7#aiab74 #dif tudes sur l'hi/oire de humanit 7#ahhj71 t4 ii1 p4 #aje4 ,because ( its long exemption f ! ravages ( w>1 ,elis 0 m popul\s & weal?y ?an any o!r di/rict ( ! ,peloponnesus 7,polyb4 iv4 #gc1 #gd74 ,! contra/ pres5t$ by ,greece 9 g5]al con/itut$ an impressive comm5t>y on ! fatal consequ5ces = ,greek civilization ( ! w> sy/em4 ,speak+ ( ! depopulation :i* incessant w>s _h caus$ ov] almo/ all ! _w he knew1 ,plut>* says ( ,greece1 a l& once 8/rong 9 cities10 t ! :ole c\ntry c\ld raise b>ely ?ree ?\s& m51 ! same numb] t ! s+le city ( ,meg>a s5t to ,plata at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w> 7,philosophical ,essays1 8,on ! ,cessation ( ,oracles10 sec4 viii74 #dig ,see above1 p4 #ah4 #dih 8,really to see ! good & to "k x z su*1 yet n to love & pursue x1 is impossible2 ! vision c>ries ) x its own p]suasion & au?ority40--,,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #gd4 8,m]e s*ool & ^w k1 ( c\rse1 is p[]less1 b real k1 k t repres5ts real p]sonal conviction1 _c fail to influ5ce life40--,,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 tr4 ,?illy 7#aijf71 p4 #fb4 #dii 8,!re are few m5 ^: m9ds are n m or less 9 t /ate ( %am k aga9/ :i* ,socrates made w>2 !re is no man ^: notions h n be5 fir/ got toge!r by spontane\s1 unexam9$1 unconsci\s1 unc]tifi$ association--re/+ ^u =gott5 p>ticul>s1 bl5d+ toge!r disp>ities or inconsi/5cies1 & leav+ 9 8 m9d old & famili> phrases & oracul> propositions1 ( :i* he has nev] r5d]$ to himself acc\nt2 !re is no man1 :o1 if he be de/9$ = vigor\s & pr(itable sci5tific ef=t1 has n f\nd x a necess>y bran* ( self-education to break up1 dis5tangle1 analyse1 & recon/ruct ?is anci5t m5tal comp\nd1 & :o has n be5 driv5 to x by 8 own lame & solit>y ef=ts1 s9ce ! giant ( ! colloquial ,el5*us no long] /&s 9 ! m>ket place to l5d him help & /imulus40--,,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece 7#ahhh71 vol4 vii1 pp4 #afh f4 #ejj ,quot$ by ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*5 7#ahhb71 ,bd4 ii1 ,s4 #cif4 #eja 8,8 ,socrates' significancy = moral philosophy lies 9 8 call+ att5tion to rational k z ! s\rce ( ! moral40--,,wuttke1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7#ahgc71 vol4 i1 p4 #fi4 #ejb ,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit 7#ahgi71 t4 i1 pp4 #abe f4 #ejc ,cf4 ,gorgias1 #dgh1 #dgi4 #ejd ,laws1 tr4 ,j[ett1 xi4 #iac4 ,plato saw :at ! sociali/-philosoph] ,lloyd saw :5 he wrote1 8,m se>*+ 444 ?an ! ,gold5 ,rule is t :i* comm&s u to inquire if :at we desire = ourselves & o!rs is a "r desire0 7,man ! ,social ,creator 7#aijf71 p4 #adg74 #eje ,9 ! ,republic ,plato rea*es ! conception ( a ,greek bro!rhood1 b beyond ?is he nev] advanc$4 #ejf ,x54 ,mem4 ii4 #f1 #ce4 #ejg ,politics1 i4 #g1 sec4 #e2 #h1 sec4 #ab2 vii4 #b1 sec4 #ae2 #ad1 sec4 #ba4 #ejh ,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit 7#ahgi71 t4 i1 p4 #bbh4 #eji 8,a moral ideal :i* 0 n coext5sive ) ! :ole spiritual nature ( man 0 tak5 by ! s*oolm5 f ! ,ari/otelian e?ics1 & !n ! s-call$ religi\s virtues 7 m or less cumbr\sly & prec>i\sly built ^u x4 ,sup]naturalism 9 morals 0 add$ to ! classic naturalism z a div9e app5dix to e?ics40--,,newman ,,smy?1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7#ahib71 p4 #acc4 #eaj ,! d[nfall ( ! in/itutions ( ! free city /ate 0 to ,greek morality :at ! d[nfall ( ! papal ,*ur* w\ld h be5 to ! morality ( ! m$ieval ages4 #eaa ,philopman & ,aratus4 #eab ,?is ascetic t5d5cy 9 ,/oicism is d\btless to be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,ori5t ^u ,greek life & ?\ght4 #eac ,consi/5tly s1 s9ce only ?r\gh self-control & ! avoidance ( all excesses ( passion1 appetite1 & desires c "o ma9ta9 t tranquillity ( m9d :i* is ! condition prec$5t ( happ9ess4 #ead ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bbh4 #eae ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece1 p4 #bfd4 ,! au?or contra/s ?is human5ess ( ! laws ( ! ,a!nian democracy f\r c5turies be=e ,*ri/ ) ! atroci\s cruelty ( ! crim9al laws ( ,*ri/ian ,europe d[n almo/ to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #eaf ,social ,life 9 ,greece 7#ahhh71 p4 #bfi4 #eag ,ibid4 p4 #eed4 #eah ,! ,apo/le ,paul at ,a!ns1 seek+ common gr\nd ) 8 he>]s = ! doctr9e he prea*$ t ,god ha? made ( "o blood all nations ( m51 f9ds x 9 ! famili> l9e ( ! ,/oic ,clean!s--8,we are ! (fspr+ ( ,god40 #eai ,plut>* di$ ab\t #dj ,a4,d4 #ebj 8,f contact ) ! ,greeks1 !re=e1 ,*ri/ianity obta9$ ?is support1 t an ideal long kn[n to ! ,we/]n _w1 ! ,/oic ideal1 0 f\nd to correspond ) x1 s t ! prea*+ ( ! ,apo/les 0 9 ?is respect n out ( h>mony ) ! wants & aspirations ( ! high] & bett] m9ds ( ! age40--,,mahaffy1 ,progress ( ,hell5ism 9 ,alex&]'s ,empire 7#aije71 p4 #adf4 #eba 8,! ess5tial on5ess ( human moral exp]i5ce has %[n itself 9 ! e?ical results a*iev$ by ^! v>i\s peoples40--,,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7#ahia71 p4 #ccg4 #ebb ,c\langes1 ,! ,anci5t ,city1 ii1 #i4 #ebc ,! au?ority ( ! fa!r ov] ea* & e memb] ( ! family 0 legally absolute1 ext5d+ to life & dea?4 ,n until late 9 ! ,empire did ! law =bid fa!rs to kill _! gr[n-up *ildr5 or to sell !m z slaves4 ,cf4 ,mc,kenzie1 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law1 #f? ed41 p4 #ada2 & ,sohm1 ,in/itutes 7#aija71 p4 #ec4 #ebd ,+e1 ,society 9 ,rome "u ! ,cs>s 7#ahhh71 p4 #h4 #ebe ,?is ,roman virtue ( ob$i5ce to ! /ate has be5 j su* an endur+ =ce 9 ! moral life ( ! ,*ri/ian _w z has ! ,jewi% virtue ( ob$i5ce to a reveal$ law 7see ,*apt] ,,ix74 ,hi/orically reg>d$1 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 :i* makes ob$i5ce to a writt5 reveal$ law a necess>y virtue1 is ! inh]itor ( ! e?ical feel+ & conviction ( anci5t ,israel2 :ile ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* makes submission to ecclesia/ical au?ority an indisp5sable virtue1 is ! inh]itor ( ! e?ical tradition & _s ( anci5t ,rome4 ,see ,h4 ,m4 ,gwatk9 7co-au?or71 ,e>ly ,ideals ( ,righte\sness 7#aiaj71 pp4 #ga ff4 #ebf ,tacitus1 ,annals1 iii4 #af1 #ag4 #ebg ,?is legal subjection ( ! son to ! fa!r1 :ile x develop$ & /r5g!n$ ! virtue ( ob$i5ce1 seem$ to dead5 filial affection4 8,( all ! =ms ( virtue10 says ,lecky1 8filial affection is p]haps t :i* appe>s mo/ r>ely 9 ,roman hi/ory0 7,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bii74 #ebh ,de ,(f4 i4 #ag4 #ebi ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 pp4 #agg f4 #ecj ,see p4 #bde1 on ! e?ics ( p]secution4 #eca ,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 p4 #adh4 #ecb ,cf4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 #ecc ,! citiz5 army1 :i* _h be5 ! se$ plot ( ^? h]oic virtues t ca/ su* a halo ar\nd ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,rome1 _h be5 replac$ by a m]c5>y =ce 9 :i* only ! co>s] milit>y virtues c\ld f9d sph]e = ex]cise4 #ecd 8,! un*eck$ p[] ( ! ma/] 444 produc$ ^? cold he>ts :i* gloat$ ov] ! agony ( gallant m5 9 ! ar5a40--,,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#aijd71 p4 #ab4 #ece ,fri$l&]1 ,d>/ellung5 aus d] ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms 7#ahhh71 ,bd4 i1 ,s4 #dgi-dha2 ,engli% ed41 ,roman ,life & ,mann]s "u ! ,e>ly ,empire1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bdc f4 #ecf 8,! s5ator 0 =bidd5 d[n to ! la/ age ( ! empire1 bo? by law & s5tim5t1 to increase 8 =tune by comm]ce40--,,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 p4 #ajb4 #ecg ,de ,(f4 i4 #db4 #ech ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bga4 #eci ,fri$l&]1 ,d>/ellung5 aus d] ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms 7#ahhi71 ,bd4 ii1 ,s4 #dad2 ,engli% ed41 ,roman ,life & ,mann]s "u ! ,e>ly ,empire1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gg4 #edj 8,! unusual en?usiasm = ! %[s is express$ 9 _m a rude sket* :i* has be5 trac$ by boyi% h&s ^u ! walls40--,,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 p4 #bch4 #eda ,9 an eloqu5t passage ,lecky ?us sums up ! demoraliz+ effects ( ! spectacles3 8,^? hateful games1 :i* made ! spectacle ( human suff]+ & dea? ! delight ( all classes1 _h spread _! brutalis+ influ5ce :]ev] ! ,roman "n 0 kn[n1 _h r5d]$ millions absolutely indiff]5t to ! sight ( human suff]+1 _h produc$ 9 _m1 9 ! v c5tre ( an advanc$ civilization1 a reli% & a passion = torture1 a rapture & an exultation 9 wat*+ ! spasms ( extreme agony1 su* z an ,african or an ,am]ican savage alone c equal04 7,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #dfg74 #edb ,! p]iod :i* witness$ ! greate/ inequality ( =tunes 0 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,republic & ! fir/ ( ! ,empire4 #edc ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! cli5ts ( ?is p]iod 7 :olly diff]5t f ! cli5ts ( ! e>li] times4 ,! relations ( ! e>ly cli5ts to _! patrons 7 ^? ( clansm5 to _! *ief2 ! relations ( ^! lat] cli5ts to _! patrons 7 ! degrad+ relations ( idle1 ne$y dep5d5ts to newly ri* m5 )\t family traditions & socially & morally :olly unfit = _! elevation4 #edd ,! ,hi/ory ( ,rome 7#ahhh71 vol4 ii1 p4 #ebd4 #ede 8,! deepe/ feel+ ( ,tacitus ab\t ! e>ly ,empire seems to h be5 t x 0 fatal to "* bo? 9 pr9ce & subject40--,,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 p4 #bi4 #edf ,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 p4 #bjd4 #edg ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 pp4 #ccb ff4 #edh ,ibid4 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bbg4 #edi 8,m5 ceas$ to be adv5tur\s1 patriotic1 j1 magnanim\s2 b 9 ex*ange !y became *a/e1 t5d]-he>t$1 loyal1 religi\s1 & capable ( inf9ite endurance 9 a good cause40--,,seeley1 ,roman ,imp]ialism 7#ahhi71 p4 #cc4 #eej ,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ahg4 #eea ,ab\t #dj-abj ,a4,d4 #eeb ,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 p4 #fd4 #eec ,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 pp4 #bca f4 #eed ,cf4 ,ibid4 p4 #bcb4 #eee ,/oicism is second only to ,*ri/ianity z a moral =ce 9 ,european civilization4 8,"o ( ! mo/ important expressions ( ! moral s5se = all "t10 affirms ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 8is t ( ! ,/oic philosophy1 especially aft] its reception among ! ,romans0 7,lectures & ,essays 7#aija71 vol4 ii1 p4 #ajh74 ,mahaffy decl>es t ! ,/oic philosophy1 8above all ! human influ5ces we "k1 purifi$ & ennobl$ ! _w0 7,! ,silv] ,age 7#aijf71 p4 #ajc74 ,d5is ?9ks t x 0 ?r\gh ,/oicism t ,rome did mo/ = civilization 7,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit 7#ahgi71 t4 ii1 p4 #e74 #eef ,tak5 f ,m5&]4 #eeg 8,"o ( ! mo/ emphatic z well z "o ( ! e>lie/ extant ass]tions ( ! duty ( *>ity to ! human race occurs 9 ! treatise ( ,cic]o ^u duties40--,,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bdj4 #eeh ,de ,(f4 iii4 #e4 #eei ,ibid4 iii4 xi4 #efj ,ibid4 i4 #af4 #efa ,de ,f9ibus1 v4 #bc4 #efb ,m$itations1 vi4 #dd4 ,?is & ! foll[+ citations are f ,long's translation1 #b;d ed4 #efc ,ibid4 iv4 #bc4 ,! moral elem5t 9 ! conception ( ! univ]sal city mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,!re 0 impli$ 9 x ! idea ( univ]sal bro!rhood1 ( ! e?ical on5ess ( mank9d4 ,! creation & promulgation ( ?is conception 0 "o ( ! great s]vices :i* ,/oicism r5d]$ to civilization4 #efd ,ibid4 iii4 #d4 #efe ,ibid4 viii4 #ei4 #eff ,?is subject is dealt ) by ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 pp4 #bie ff42 ,bryce1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 ii1 essay xi1 8,! ,law ( ,nature40 #efg ,bryce1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,jurisprud5ce 7#aija71 vol4 ii1 p4 #adc4 #efh ,sophocles1 ,antigone4 #efi ,comm5t+ on ! consequ5ces ( ! inspiration ( ,roman law by ?is doctr9e ( ,/oicism1 ,lecky says3 8,to ! ,/oics & ! ,roman lawy]s is ma9ly due ! cle> recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( a law ( nature above & beyond all human enactm5ts1 :i* has be5 ! basis ( ! be/ moral & ( ! mo/ influ5tial1 ?\gh mo/ *im]ical1 political speculations ( lat] ages1 & ! r5ew$ /udy ( ,roman law 0 an important elem5t 9 ! revival t prec$$ ! ,re=mation0 7,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #big74 #egj ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #abi4 ,lecky in/ances 7vol4 i1 p4 #bib7 ?ree ways 9 :i* ,/oicism work$ = good 9 ! ,empire3 7#a7 x rais$ up good emp]ors2 7#b7 x l$ m5 to engage 9 ! public s]vice2 & 7#c7 x r5d]$ ! law m ca?olic & humane4 #ega ,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#aijd71 p4 #cgf4 #egb 8,9 ! ,/oic emp]ors 444 we f9d probably ! e>lie/ example ( great moral pr9ciples appli$ to legislation on a l>ge scale40--,,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ajh4 #egc ,public feel+ 9 reg>d to ! ex]cise ( ! patria pote/as _h be5 sl[ly *ang+ dur+ ! c5turies4 ,s5eca relates 7,de ,clem4 i4 #ad7 h[ )9 8 memory ! p furi\sly assault$ 9 ! ,=um a c]ta9 knight because he _h :ipp$ 8 son to dea?4 #egd 8,! alleviations ( slav]y by ! imp]ial law are ess5tially traceable to ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek view40--,,momms51 ,roman ,prov9ces 7#ahhg71 vol4 i1 p4 #bif4 #ege 8,! majority ( ! free population _h probably ei!r !mselves be5 slaves1 or 7 desc5d$ f slaves40--,,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bcg4 #egf ,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#aijd71 p4 #c4 #egg ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #cab4 #egh ,de ,clem4 i4 #ah4 #egi ,tacitus1 ,annals1 xiv4 #db-de4 #ehj ,manumissions 7 frequ5t ev5 9 ,s5eca's "t4 ,pl9y ! ,eld] 0 a k9d ma/]1 reg>d$ 8 slaves z 8humble fri5ds10 & manumitt$ _m ( !m4 #eha ,! cli5t class ( ! imp]ial p]iod 0 made up almo/ :olly ( fre$m54 #ehb ,x is surpris+ t :ile 9 ! ,/oic & o!r s*ools !re 01 dur+ ^! c5turies1 great advance 9 !oretical e?ics 9 v>i\s doma9s1 9 t ( w> !re 0 no ess5tial modification ( ! views & feel+s ( ! tea*]s & lead]s ( moral re=ms4 ,9 ! :ole range ( ,roman lit]ature & philosophy !re are to be f\nd sc>cely any expressions ( disapproval ( w>4 ,! attitude ( ! ,roman morali/s 9 ?is matt] appe>s to h be5 altoge!r l t ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,! "r to wage w> = empire & = glory 0 taught ev5 by ,cic]o1 only su* w>s1 he insi/$1 %\ld be wag$ m g5tly ?an w>s to recov] prop]ty1 to puni% insult1 or to av5ge a wrong 7,de ,(f4 i4 #ab74 #ehc ,= ! e?ics ( ,*ri/ian p]secution1 see bel[1 p4 #cbd4 #ehd ,see on ?is subject ,fiske1 ,excursions ( an ,evolutioni/ 7#ahhc71 pp4 #bch ff42 ,h>dy1 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t 7#ahid71 p4 #ag2 ,pollock1 ,essays 9 ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics 7#ahhb71 p4 #adg4 #ehe ,besides ?is ma9 motive ( ! p]secutions !re 7 ^! m9or ones3 7#a7 ,! tea*+s & practices ( ! new sect (f5d$ ! prevail+ _s ( luxury & s5suality2 7#b7 families 7 divid$2 7#c7 ! bus9ess ( _m1 z t ( ! silv]smi?s ( ,ephesus1 0 ?reat5$ 7,acts xix4 #bd-da72 & 7#d7 fe> on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! dang] f ! gr[? ( su* a /rong semi-secret organization z ! ,*ur* 0 becom+ )9 ! ,empire 7,h>dy1 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t 7#ahid71 p4 #afe74 #ehf 8,^u ! approa* ( ,*ri/ianity humanity took a consci\sness m al]t & s5sitive1 & dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( our era all ! ideas1 all ! s5tim5ts :i* con/itute morality develop$ on p>allel l9es & ) rem>kable =ce 9 ! gr[+ ,*ur* & 9 expir+ paganism40--,,d5is1 ,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit 7#ahgi71 t4 ii1 p4 #ade4 #ehg ,de ,(f4 i4 #be4 #ehh ,m$itations1 xi4 #ah4 #ehi ,ibid4 vii4 #cf4 #eij ,ibid4 ix4 #i2 cf4 vi4 #dg4 #eia ,ibid4 vi4 #f4 #eib ,fragm5ts1 tr4 ,long1 lxviii2 cf4 lxvii4 #eic ,m$itations1 iii4 #d4 #eid ,de ,prov4 i4 #a4 #eie ,m$itations1 x4 #ba4 #eif ,ibid4 ii4 #aa4 #eig ,ibid4 xii4 #e4 #eih ,ibid4 ii4 #ag4 #eii ,arrian1 ,epict4 ii4 #ad2 quot$ by ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bdf4 #fjj ,m$itations1 vii4 #ca4 #fja ,e?ical ,essays1 v1 8,on ^? :o are puni%$ by ! ,deity late40 #fjb ,de ,(f4 ii4 #ad4 #fjc ,ibid4 ii4 #e4 #fjd ,ibid4 i4 #g4 #fje ,ibid4 iii4 #f4 #fjf ,ibid4 iii4 #d4 ,comp>e ?is expression ( ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman moral consci\sness ) t ( ! mod]n ,japanese 7see p4 #hf74 #fjg ,ibid4 ii4 #ab4 #fjh ,de ,clem4 ii4 #f4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is philosophy1 z has be5 said1 is t if "o does n feel pity = ! suff]+s ( o!rs he w n be likely to help !m4 #fji ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 d5i$ ! "r ( self-de/ruction1 & ,v]gil mildly c5sur$ ! act4 ,see neid1 vi4 #dcd4 #faj ,disc\rses1 i4 #i4 #faa ,m$itations1 v4 #bi4 #fab ,ep4 lxx2 quot$ by ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bah4 #fac ,de ,prov4 i4 #b4 #fad ,z5o1 ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 & ,cato1 its exemplifi] 9 active life1 bo? committ$ suicide4 #fae ,comp>e ! views on ?is subject ( ! anci5t classical peoples ) ^? ( ! mod]n ,japanese 7see p4 #he & p4 #hf n4 #a474 #faf ,glov]1 ,! ,conflict ( ,religions 9 ! ,e>ly ,roman ,empire1 #c;d ed4 7#aiji71 p4 #fg4 #fag ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #cbd4 #fah ,pauls51 ,a ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 tr4 ,?illy 7#aijf71 pp4 #aaa f4 #fai ,! cult ( ,isis :5 introduc$ into ! ,we/]n l&s favor$ illicit love1 b by ! second c5tury ( our era x _h1 9 its new environm5t1 become s f> trans=m$ z to be a true moral =ce 9 society4 8,sacram5t & my/]y l5t _! aid to =tify ! wor%ip] ( ,isis 9 ! face ( dea?1 b1 to d]ive _! full virtue1 he mu/ ex]cise himself 9 temp]ance1 abjure ! pleasures ( ! s5ses1 & purify himself = ! vision ( ,god0 7,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#aijd71 p4 #ehc74 #fbj ,on ?is subject see ,franz ,cumont1 ,les ,my/res de ,mi?ra 7#ahib72 ,engli% ed41 ,! ,my/]ies ( ,mi?ra1 tr4 ,mc,cormack4 #fba 8,x ,mi?raism is p]haps ! highe/ & mo/ /rik+ example ( ! la/ ef=ts ( paganism to reconcile itself to ! great moral & spiritual movem5t :i* 0 settl+ /eadily1 & ) gr[+ mom5tum1 t[>d pur] conceptions ( ,god1 ( man's relations to ,him1 & ( ! life to come40--,,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 p4 #ehe4 #fbb 8,on peut dire que1 si le *ri/ianisme et t arrt dans sa croissance p> quelque maladie mortelle1 le monde et t ,mi?ria/e40--,,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 #eme ed41 p4 #egi4 #fbc 8,isis & ,s]apis & ,mi?ra 7 prep>+ ! ,we/]n _w = ! religion :i* 0 to approve ! long travail ( humanity by a m p]fect vision ( ! div9e40--,,dill1 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#aijd71 p4 #egd4 #fbd ,acts xvii4 #bi4 #fbe ,new to ! multitude4 ,"s ( ! ,/oic philosoph]s1 z we h se51 held & taught ?is doctr9e4 #fbf ,! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies 9 ,greece1 & "s ,ori5tal cults1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,mi?ra1 import$ into ! ,roman ,empire1 made ! p>ticipation 9 a bless$ life beyond ! grave dep5d5t ^u moral purity ( life on e>? & ?r\gh ?is doctr9e ex]cis$ a favorable influ5ce ^u morality 7see p4 #bed74 #fbg ,?is ?\ght & conviction ( ! immortality ( ! individual 01 x is possible1 9 "p ! outcome ( ! decay ( ! anci5t city1 ^: fanci$ et]nity _h satisfi$ = a "t ! in/9ct ( immortality4 ,b :5 "s c5turies _h pass$1 ! 8,romans sail$ r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean & recogniz$ t ! cities ( ! pa/ 7 n et]nal1 & ) ! same waft ( conviction came a comp5sat+ belief t et]nity 0 ! h]itage ( e son ( man4 ,immortality arose on ! horizon ( ! man1 z its la/ gl[ fad$ f ! city0 7,w$gwood1 ,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 p4 #cda74 ,x 0 ! same 9 ,judea2 z immortality fad$ f ! political horizon ( ,israel1 x arose on t ( ! individual s\l4 #fbh ,?\gh ! acc\nt ( ! fall ( man =ms ! prelude ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 ! conception nev] influ5c$ to an appreciable degree pre-,*ri/ian e?ics4 #fbi ,see ,s*midt1 ,! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? 7#aije71 p4 #cbb4 #fcj 8,l'humanit *]*e l'idal2 mais elle veut que l'idal soit une p]sonne2 elle n'aime pas une ab/raction40--,,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 #eme ed41 p4 #ehb4 #fca ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #h4 #fcb ,on ?is subject consult ,hat*1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7#ahhh71 lect4 xii1 8,! ,trans=mation ( ! ,basis ( ,*ri/ian ,union3 ,doctr9e 9 ! ,place ( ,conduct40 #fcc 8,aft] ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 444 ,*ri/ianity may be j z truly call$ a ,hell5ic religion z an ,ori5tal40--,,h>nack1 ,! ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity 7#aijd71 vol4 i1 pp4 #cic f4 #fcd ,! *ange ( emphasis f moral life to correct doctr9e took place dur+ ! la/ half ( ! second & ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury4 8,"u ! influ5ce ( contempor>y ,greek ?\ght1 ! ^w fai? came to be transf]r$ f simple tru/ 9 ,god to mean ! acceptance ( a s]ies ( propositions1 & ^! propositions1 propositions 9 ab/ract metaphysics0 7,hat*1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7#ahhh71 p4 #caj74 #fce ,! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 :i* by ! end ( ! n9? c5tury 0 9 use 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,we/ z an au?oritative symbol & exposition ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?1 says1 8,:osoev] w be sav$1 be=e all ?+s1 x is necess>y t he hold ! ,ca?olic fai?1 :i* fai?1 except e "o :o d keep entire & unviolat$1 )\t d\bt he %all p]i% ev]la/+ly0 7,philip ,s*aff1 ,biblio!ca ,symbolica ,ecclesiae ,univ]salis1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ff74 #fcf ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #fh4 #fcg 8,! virtues ( ! intellect1 fre$om & boldness ( ?\ght & ! p[] to d\bt1 ! vital pr9ciple ( sci5tific rese>*1 are1 9 ! eyes ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 wor?less & dang]\s40--,,pauls51 ,a ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 tr4 ,?illy 7#aijf71 p4 #fh4 #fch ,cf4 ,h>nack1 ,! ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity 7#aijd71 vol4 i1 *ap4 v1 8,! ,religion ( ,au?ority & ,reason40 #fci ,see ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 tr4 ,?illy 7#aijf71 bk4 i1 *ap4 iii4 #fdj ,! ascetic movem5t 0 a reaction n only aga9/ ! moral dissolut5ess ( pagan society1 b also aga9/ ! moral deg5]acy :i*1 be=e ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury1 _h set 9 )9 ! ,*ri/ian community itself4 ,! ,*ur* _h become to a lam5table degree con=m$ unto ! _w1 & _h lo/ mu* ( t moral f]vor :i* *>act]iz$ x dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies4 #fda ,alban ,butl]1 ,! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts 7! ,fa!rs1 ,m>tyrs1 & o!r ,pr9cipal ,sa9ts1 compil$ f monum5ts & o!r au!ntic s\rces71 #ab vols4 7#ahed74 ,orig4 ed4 pub4 #aged-agfj4 #fdb 8,if y d any good beyond :at is comm&$ by ,god1 y w ga9 = y\rself m abundant glory1 & w be m honor$ by ,god ?an y w\ld o!rwise be10 0 ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* respect+ ! m]itori\sness ( ascetic practices4 ,cf4 ,newman ,smy?1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7#ahib71 p4 #cac4 #fdc ,! 8,dialogue0 is ( c\rse a purely lit]>y creation ( "s monk4 ,ois9 0 n a contempor>y ( ,/4 ,patrick4 #fdd ,j4 ,h4 ,simpson1 ,poems ( ,ois9 7#aheg71 pp4 #db ff4 ,we h reproduc$ only a small "p ( ! poem4 #fde ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #cd4 #fdf ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijh71 vol4 ii1 p4 #beb4 #fdg ,cf4 ,dante1 ,inf4 xiii4 #fdh ,see above1 pp4 #age1 #bae4 #fdi ,irel& 0 =emo/ 9 ?is mission>y movem5t because %e 0 s giv5 ov] to ! mona/ic _s4 ,see ,montalemb]t1 ,! ,monks ( ! ,we/ 7#ahfa71 vol4 ii1 p4 #cig4 #fej ,accord+ to ,we/]m>ck 7,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 pp4 #efe-efi7 *>ity took ! place ( sacrifice 9 ! primitive cults1 & = ?is reason became su* a prom95t religi\s duty 9 all ! high] fai?s4 #fea ,montalemb]t1 ,! ,monks ( ! ,we/ 7#ahfa71 vol4 i1 pp4 #cig f4 #feb ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #hf ff4 #fec ,! ,moral ,ideal1 #c;d ed41 p4 #cfi4 #fed ,see above1 p4 #bde4 #fee 8,! suppression ( all religions b "o by ,!odosius1 ! murd] ( ,hypatia by ! monks ( ,cyril1 & ! clos+ by ,ju/9ian ( ! s*ools ( ,a!ns1 are ! ?ree ev5ts :i* m>k ! decisive ov]?r[ ( intellectual fre$om40--,,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #dbh4 #fef ,see above1 p4 #f4 #feg ,physics & ,politics 7#ahgc71 pp4 #gj f4 #feh 8,"o may f9d 444 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod ( ! migrations 9 a complete uproot+ ( public morality1 a univ]sal ov]turn+ ( inh]it$ conceptions ( "r & wrong40--,,francke1 ,social ,=ces 9 ,g]man ,lit]ature1 #b;d ed41 p4 #ab4 #fei ,p>liam5t ( ,religions 7#ahic71 vol4 i1 pp4 #egd f42 consult also ,bryce1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,jurisprud5ce 7#aija71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bcg4 #ffj ,qur'n1 tr4 ,palm] 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vols4 vi1 ix71 suras ii4 #ahd-ahi1 #bab-bae2 iv4 #ij2 viii4 #dj2 ix4 #e-ad1 #bi2 xlvii4 #d1 & _m o!rs4 #ffa ,ibid4 suras ii4 #adi2 iii4 #aea2 ix4 #aac4 #ffb ,sura xxiv4 #cc4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t n[h]e inculcates ! manumission ( slaves1 b ! _s ( its tea*+s is oppos$ to slav]y1 & ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* enc\rag$ ! emancipation ( slaves4 #ffc ,sura iv4 #c4 #ffd ,suras vi4 #ach1 #ada1 #aeb2 xvii4 #cc4 #ffe ,suras ii4 #baf2 v4 #ic4 #fff ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism 7#ahge71 p4 #bjd4 #ffg ,ame] ,ali1 ,! ,_s ( ,islam1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bhc4 #ffh ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,koran1 ?\gh no ,moslem captive might be r$uc$ to s]vitude1 all non-,moslem prison]s c\ld1 z spoils ( w>1 be enslav$3 8,we make lawful = ye 444 :at ?y "r h& possesses slaves out ( ! booty ,god has grant$ !e0 7sura xxxiii4 #di74 #ffi 8,! recognition ( ! slave traffic by ,mohamm$anism has be51 & is to ?is day1 a curse to ,africa & a s\rce ( di/urbance to ! _w's politics40--,,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #cjg4 #fgj ,9 an address4 ,cf4 ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism 7#ahge71 pp4 #ei ff4 #fga ,ame] ,ali1 ,! ,_s ( ,islam1 #b;d ed41 p4 #cbh4 ,! au?or ma9ta9s t ,mohamm$ himself did n int5d t 8 rules %\ld be b9d+ = all "t4 #fgb ,?is tea*+ is "o :i* does n %[ itself z a g5]ally recogniz$ pr9ciple 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian c5turies1 z does ! pr9ciple ( love1 or self-devotion to ! common good1 or univ]sal b5evol5ce4 8,*ri/ianity at its inception did n take ov] ?is moral pr9ciple1 ready-made1 f any ( ! old] cults or cultures f :i* ! ,*ri/ian movem5t 0 9 a position to draw4 ,x is n f\nd1 at lea/ 9 appreciable =ce1 9 ! receiv$ ,judaism2 nor c x be d]iv$ f ! classical 7,greco-,roman7 cultures1 :i* _h none ( x0 7,?or/e9 ,b4 ,vebl51 8,*ri/ian ,morals & ! ,competitive ,sy/em10 ,! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics = ,janu>y1 #aiaj74 #fgc 8,*ri/ian mores 9 ! ,we/]n ,empire 7 =m$ by syncretism ( ,jewi% & pagan mores4 ,*ri/ian mores !re=e conta9 w>1 slav]y1 concub9age1 demonism1 & base amusem5ts1 toge!r ) "s ab/ract ascetic doctr9es ) :i* ^! ?+s are inconsi/5t40--,,sumn]1 ,folkways 7#aijg71 p4 #aaf4 #fgd ,= op9ions ( e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s & ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* on ! soldi]'s pr(ession & ! rightfulness ( w>1 see ,grotius1 ,rights ( ,w> & ,peace1 tr4 ,:ewell1 pp4 #di ff4 #fge ,h>nack1 ,! ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity 7#aijd71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bje4 #fgf ,see above1 p4 #bgg4 #fgg ,?r\gh\t ! m$ieval ages & d[n almo/ to our own day ^! ,old ,te/am5t records1 misread1 7 us$ to ju/ify _m ( ! cruelties ( w>1 & o!r atrocities3 ,plund] & pillage 7 support$ by ref]5ce to ! div9ely approv$ 8spoil+ ( ! ,egyptians0 by ! ,israelites4 ,! "r to massacre unresi/+ enemies 0 bas$ ^u ! comm& ( ! ,almighty to ! ,jews 9 ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy4 ,! indiscrim9ate slaught] ( :ole populations 0 ju/ifi$ by a ref]5ce to ! div9e comm& to slaught] ! nations r\nd ab\t ,israel4 ,torture & mutilation ( enemies 0 sanction$ by ! conduct ( ,samuel aga9/ ,agag1 ( ,k+ ,david aga9/ ! ,phili/9es1 ( ! m5 ( ,judah aga9/ ,adonibezek4 ,ev5 ! slaught] ( babes 9 arms 0 support$ by a passage f ! ,psalms1 8,happy %all he be1 t take? & da%e? ?y little ones aga9/ ! /ones40 ,trea*]y & assass9ation 7 support$ by a ref]5ce to ! div9ely approv$ ,ph9ehas1 ,ehud1 ,judi?1 & ,jael2 & murd]+ ! m9i/]s ( unapprov$ religions1 by ,elijah's slaught] ( ! prie/s ( ,baal4--,,&rew ,d4 ,,:ite1 ,sev5 ,great ,/atesm5 7#aiaj71 pp4 #he f4 #fgh ,lecky believes ?is to h be5 ! ma9 cause ( ! trans=mation 9 ! ,*ur*4 8,! transition10 he says1 8f ! almo/ ,quak] t5ets ( ! primitive ,*ur* to ! ess5tially milit>y ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,crusades 0 due *iefly 444 to ! t]ror & ! example ( ,mohamm$anism0 7,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #beb74 ,b1 z we h se51 ! transition 0 already ne>ly complete be=e ! rise ( ,islam4 #fgi ,9 a portrayal ( ! "* ( ! ,sc&9avians1 ! ,*ur* hi/orian ,s*aff obs]ves3 8,_! only en?usiasm 0 ! feel+ ( duty2 b ! direction :i* _h be5 giv5 to ?is feel+ 0 s absolutely oppos$ to t po9t$ out by ! ,*ri/ian morality1 t no reconciliation 0 possible0 7,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 vol4 iv1 p4 #aaj74 ,yet 9 ! important doma9 ( e?ics :i* we are "h exam9+ ?is is exactly :at did happ54 #fhj ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #bec4 #fha ,josiah ,royce1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,loyalty 7#aijh74 #fhb 8,s great1 x is said1 0 ! knights' respect = an oa?1 a promise1 or a v[1 t :5 !y lay "u any ( ^! re/rictions1 !y appe>$ ev]y:]e ) little *a9s atta*$ to _! arms or habits to %[ all ! _w !y 7 slaves to _! ^w2 nor 7 ^! *a9s tak5 (f till _! promise _h be5 p]=m$1 :i* sometimes ext5d$ to a t]m ( f\r or five ye>s4 ,x _c be expect$1 ( c\rse1 t reality %\ld h always come up to ! ideal40--,,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas 7#aijh71 vol4 ii1 p4 #ajb4 #fhc ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #bgb4 #fhd ,fir/ pr9t$ 9 #ahgc1 f ,,mss4 compil$ probably z e>ly z ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!re is an ,engli% translation by ,*>les ,swan 7#ahgg74 #fhe 8,!re c be little d\bt10 says ,lecky1 8t ! ,ca?olic rev]5ce = ! ,virg9 has done mu* to elevate & purify ! ideal ( woman & s(t5 ! mann]s ( m50 7,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #cfg74 ,& s ,pr(essor ,na?aniel ,s*midt3 8,! *ivalry ( ! m$ieval knight f :i* our mod]n treatm5t ( woman s l>gely is d]iv$ _c be reg>d$ z solely a product ( ,*ri/ianity1 = x has a deep root 9 ! dreamy rev]5ce = woman *>act]i/ic ( our pagan ance/ors4 ,yet x w\ld n h become :at x 0 b = ! v5]ation accord$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y0 7,! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? 7#aije71 p4 #cbd74 #fhf ,see ,curtis ,m4 ,ge]1 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,peace ,movem5t 7#aiab74 #fhg ,kluckhohn1 ,ges*i*te des ,gottesfri$5s 7#aheg71 p4 #ch4 #fhh ,?is "p ( ! week 0 *os5 because ^! days _h be5 consecrat$ by ,*ri/'s passion1 burial1 resurrection1 & asc5sion4 #fhi ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf71 vol4 i1 p4 #cad4 #fij ,! la/ in/ance ( an arrangem5t = ransom ( prison]s 0 an agreem5t betwe5 ,engl& & ,france 9 #aghj4 ,see ,hall1 ,int]national ,law1 #e? ed41 p4 #dad1 n4 #a4 #fia ,"o c5t] ( ^! re=m movem5ts 0 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* mona/]y ( ,cluny4 ,! influ5ces :i* radiat$ f ! cloi/]s ( ?is conv5t _h a pr(\nd effect = c5turies ^u ! moral life ( ,*ri/5dom4 #fib ,see ,sabati]1 ,life ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi4 #fic ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition 7#ahhg71 vol4 i1 p4 #bff4 #fid 8,!re 0 ne$ ( ! exagg]ation ( self-sacrifice taught by ,francis to recall humanity to a s5se ( its obligations4444 ,! value ( su* an ideal on an age h>d & cruel c sc>ce be exagg]at$0 7,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition 7#ahhg71 vol4 i1 pp4 #bfj f474 ,see also ,na?aniel ,s*midt1 ,! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? 7#aije71 p4 #cbe4 #fie ,see above1 p4 #bfb4 #fif 8,e?ics on ! basis ( au?ority becomes a m]e legal casui/ry40--,,hall1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics )9 ,organiz$ ,*ri/ianity 7#aiaj71 pp4 #bif1 #cbf4 #fig 8,b mean:ile by alt]nations ( ,hebraism & ,hell5ism1 ( a man's intellectual & moral impulses1 ( ! ef=t to see ?+s z !y really are1 & ! ef=t to w9 peace by self-conque/1 ! human _s proce$s2 & ea* ( ^! two =ces has its appo9t$ h\rs ( culm9ation & seasons ( rule40--,,mat!w ,,arnold1 ,culture & ,an>*y 7#ahge71 p4 #adc4 #fih ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance 0 at "w long be=e ! ,r5aissance4 #fii ,9 ?is !re is sub/antial agreem5t among hi/orians ( ! ,inquisition3 consult ,lea1 ,! ,inquisition ( ! ,middle ,ages 7#ahhg71 vol4 i1 pp4 #bcf ff42 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 pp4 #ih1 #cie f42 ,pollock1 ,essays 9 ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics 7#ahhb71 essay vi1 8,! ,!ory ( ,p]secution02 ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 vol4 viii1 article on 8,inquisition40 #gjj 8,! case = !ological p]secution is unansw]able if we admit ! fundam5tal supposition t "o fai? is kn[n to be true & necess>y = salvation40--,,pollock1 ,essays 9 ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics 7#ahhb71 p4 #aee4 #gja ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 vol4 viii1 "u 8,inquisition40 #gjb ,besides ! doctr9e ( ! crim9ality ( misbelief1 ,lecky f9ds a second>y cause ( ,*ri/ian p]secution 9 ! m$ieval tea*+ respect+ hell4 ,t vision ( ! awful & et]nal torm5ts prep>$ = misbeliev]s1 he says1 8*ill$ & dead5$ ! sympa?ies & pr$ispos$ m5 to inflict suff]+0 7,rationalism 9 ,europe1 new ed4 7#ahij71 vol4 i1 p4 #cdg74 #gjc ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7#ahhg71 vol4 i1 p4 #bcd4 8,! repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* 7 *ildr5 ( _! own age4444 ,!ologians & canoni/s1 ! highe/ & ! sa9tlie/1 /ood by ! code ( _! day & s\ght to expla9 & ju/ify x0 7,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 vol4 viii1 "u 8,inquisition074 #gjd 8,x 0 /range t "o almo/ swoon+ ) pa9 %\ld h said ! g5tle/-he>t$ & true/ ?+ ab\t human nature t has ev] be5 said s9ce ! _w began40--,,g]ald ,,/anley ,,lee1 8,bus9ess1 ,goodness1 & ,imag9ation10 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,april1 #aiab1 p4 #fea4 #gje ,on ,ma*iavellism see ,! ,pr9ce1 & introductions to diff]5t editions by ,macaulay1 ,"l ,acton1 & ,h5ry ,morley2 ,figgis1 ,/udies ( ,political ,?\ght f ,g]son to ,grotius 7#aijg71 pp4 #ha-ajg2 ,john ,morley1 ,ma*iavelli 7,romanes ,lecture = #ahig74 #gjf ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 ,ma*iavelli's age politics _h be5 secul>iz$1 t is1 divorc$ f !ology1 & ?is ) ! approval ( mo/ m54 ,ma*iavelli w\ld n[ g f>!r & sep>ate politics & morality4 ,?is is ,"l ,morley's int]pretation ( ,! ,pr9ce4 ,he ?9ks we %all be/ und]/& ,ma*iavelli1 yet )\t = a mom5t approv+ 8 tea*+1 8if we take him z foll[+ up ! divorce ( politics f !ology1 by a divorce f e?ics also4 ,he 0 lay+ d[n c]ta9 maxims ( gov]nm5t z an art2 ! end ( t art is ! security & p]man5ce ( ! rul+ p[]2 & ! fundam5tal pr9ciple f :i* he sil5tly />t$1 )\t %ad[ ( d\bt or misgiv+ z to its s\ndness1 0 t ! application ( moral /&>ds to ?is bus9ess is z little to ! po9t z x w\ld be 9 ! navigation ( a %ip4 ,! effect 0 fatal ev5 = 8 own purpose1 = :at he put aside1 :e!r = ! sake ( argum5t or because he ?\ght !m 9 sub/ance irrelevant1 7 no?+ less ?an ! liv+ =ces by :i* societies subsi/ & gov]nm5ts are /rong0 7,ma*iavelli1 ,romanes ,lecture = #ahig74 #gjg 8,ca!r9e de ,m$ici1 ,philip ,,ii1 ,alva1 ,des ,adrets1 ,tilly1 ,wall5/e9 7 simply inc>nations ( ! ,ma*iavellian !ories :i* rul$ ?is p]iod40--,,&rew ,d4 ,,:ite1 ,sev5 ,great ,/atesm5 7#aiaj71 pp4 #hf f4 #gjh ,ca/iglione1 ,! ,book ( ! ,c\rti] 7#aijc71 p4 #bb4 #gji ,ibid4 p4 #be4 #gaj ,special emphasis 0 laid ^u ?is virtue ( c\rtesy 9 ! ideal ( c\rtl9ess4 ,& rightly s1 =1 z has be5 well said1 8,to be c\rte\s is j z mu* a duty z to be hone/1 = rud5ess r\ses m hatr$ & bitt]ness ?an good hone/ *eat+40 #gaa ,9 _m lives ( ?is p]iod !re 0 a comb9ation ( ! ideal ( ! c\rti] & t ( ! monk4 ,!re is a f9e portrayal ( su* a "* 9 ,%or?\se's ,john ,+lesant4 #gab ,see above1 p4 #bgf4 #gac ,! be/ au?ority on ?is subject is ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce1 #d? ed41 pp4 #aja-bdg4 #gad ,see above1 p4 #cjd4 #gae ,! la/ judicial duel 9 ,engl& 0 f\ght 9 #adib1 b ! practice 0 n abrogat$ 9 ,russia till #afdi4 #gaf ,ralph ,b>ton ,p]ry1 ,! ,moral ,economy 7#aiji71 p4 #cd4 ,& s ,?omas ,cum+ ,hall3 8,! glory ( ,prote/ant e?ics z f\nd$ by ,lu!r & develop$ by ,kant is ! autonom\s1 democratic1 unprie/ly "* /amp$ ^u x0 7,hi/ory ( ,e?ics )9 ,organiz$ ,*ri/ianity 7#aiaj71 p4 #ebg74 #gag ,culture & ,an>*y 7#ahge71 p4 #ade4 #gah ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #cgj4 #gai ,see bel[1 p4 #cfb4 #gbj ,on ?is subject see ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1 ,sev5 ,great ,/atesm5 7#aiaj71 *apt] on ,?omasius4 #gba ,s4 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress 7#ahhi71 p4 #cia4 #gbb ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe 7#ahij71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bbj4 #gbc ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #abf4 #gbd ,! ,approa* to ! ,social ,"q 7#aiji71 p4 #hd4 #gbe ,muirhead1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics 7#aiji71 p4 #bcb4 #gbf ,an ,essay on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts1 tr4 ,voltaire 7#agic71 p4 #aeg4 #gbg ,see ,sisson1 8,! ,/ate absorb+ ! ,functions ( ! ,*ur*10 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics = ,april1 #aijg1 p4 #cda4 #gbh 8,x won't d any long] to lay ! blame = pov]ty :olly ^u its victims4 ,^! cruel !ories _c face a gr[+ suspicion t pov]ty is someh[ involv$ 9 ! e?ics ( di/ribution40--,,l\is ,f4 ,,po/1 9 address2 see ,! ,public = ,june #ba1 #aiab1 p4 #eic4 #gbi ,lloyd1 ,man ! ,social ,creator 7#aijf71 p4 #ace4 #gcj ,! mo/ practicable proposal = ! undo+ ( ?is anci5t & ev]-augm5t+ wrong ( private monopoly 9 l& is t pres5t$ ) s+ul> =ce & cl>ity by ,h5ry ,george 9 8 epo*al "w1 ,progress & ,pov]ty4 ,8 proposal is to exempt f taxation indu/ry & all =ms ( prop]ty save l&1 & to lay ^u l& values1 or1 9 o!r words1 ^u actual or pot5tial gr\nd r5ts1 a tax t w\ld reclaim practically ! :ole ( ^! = society1 & secure to ! public all future increm5ts 9 l& values creat$ by communal gr[? & ent]prise4 ,s9ce ?is tax is to take ! place ( all o!r =ms ( taxation x has become kn[n z 8! s+le tax40 ,su* a *ange 9 ! tax sy/em w\ld inevitably create a h>d%ip 9 a few cases1 b a h>d%ip almo/ inf9itesimal z comp>$ ) t n[ inflict$ ^u ! _m by ! premption ( ! e>? by a class4 ,! re=m w\ld und\bt$ly1 z claim$ by its advocates1 de/roy private monopoly 9 l&1 ! root :i* n\ri%es mo/ o!r monopolies1 & secure to all equal "r ( access to ! e>? & its res\rces4 #gca ,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics 7#aijh71 p4 #afb4 #gcb ,see ,ira ,woods ,h[]?1 8,competition1 ,natural & ,indu/rial10 ,! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics = ,july1 #aiab4 #gcc 8,we may fairly ask :e!r !re is a s+le moral "q ( any magnitude :i* intellig5t & educat$ m5 w\ld answ] to-day 9 precisely ! same fa%ion z !y w\ld h done be=e ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species0 7,taylor1 ,! ,problem ( ,conduct 7#aija71 pp4 #eg f474 ,see also ,huxley1 ,evolution & ,e?ics 7#ahii74 ,huxley ma9ta9s t ! 8cosmic process0 is none?ical & 9 direct opposition to ! e?ical evolution go+ on 9 human society4 #gcd 8,! be/ is want+ :5 selfi%ness beg9s to be defici5t0 78,! ,twilight ( ! ,gods10 ,! ,works ( ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e1 ed4 ,alex&] ,tille1 vol4 xi1 p4 #aia74 8,! weak & ill-con/itut$ %all p]i%4444 ,:at is m injuri\s ?an any crime8 ,practical sympa?y = all ! ill-con/itut$ & weak--,*ri/ianity0 78,! ,anti*ri/10 ibid4 vol4 xi1 p4 #bch74 ,?is way ( ?9k+ & talk+ is by no means exclusively mod]n4 ,callicles1 9 ,plato's ,gorgias1 says to ,socrates3 8,& !re=e ?is seek+ to h m ?an ! _m is conv5tionally said to be %ameful & unju/1 & is call$ inju/ice1 :]eas nature h]self intimates t x is j = ! bett] to h m ?an ! worse1 ! m p[]ful ?an ! weak]2 & 9 _m ways1 among m5 z well z among animals1 & inde$ among :ole cities & races1 t ju/ice consi/s 9 ! sup]ior rul+ ov] & hav+ m ?an ! inf]ior0 7,j[ett's ,dialogues ( ,plato1 vol4 iii1 p4 #gb74 #gce ,see ,kropotk91 ,mutual ,aid4 #gcf 8,! animal species 9 :i* individual /ruggle has be5 r$uc$ to its n>r[e/ limits1 & ! practice ( mutual aid has atta9$ ! greate/ developm5t1 are inv>iably ! mo/ num]\s1 ! mo/ prosp]\s1 & ! mo/ op5 to fur!r progress0 7,kropotk91 ,mutual ,aid 7#aiji71 p4 #bic74 ,see also ,bixby1 ,! ,crisis 9 ,morals 7#ahia71 p4 #bce4 #gcg ,see ,dewey1 8,is ,nature ,good10 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,july1 #aiji4 #gch 8#8,ye h compassion on "o ano!r'3 ?is /ruck me mu*3 ,allah might h made y hav+ no compassion on "o ano!r1--h[ _h x be5 !n8 ,?is is a great direct ?\ght1 a glance at fir/ h& into ! v fact ( ?+s0 7,c>lyle1 ,h]oes & ,h]o ,wor%ip1 8,! ,h]o z ,prophet074 ,! ,g?as h ! same ?\ght3 8,:o1 ,o ,great ,creator6 is ! inspir] ( ! good ?\ghts 7)9 our s\ls78 ,:o 444 ha? made ! son rev]+ ! fa!r80 7,yasna xliv4 #d1 #g1 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxxi74 #gci 8,9 ! new way ( look+ at ?+s1 :i* came to ! _w f ,d>w91 !re is hope & *e]1 if we b take ! matt] aright4 ,only consid] :at 8 doctr9e ( ! %ap+ p[] ( environm5t is lead+ u to d 9 bett]+ ! conditions ( ! poor1 ! defective1 ! prone to crime4 ,8 demon/ration t circum/ances may make or break a man1 is a cl>ion call to humanit>ian zeal4 ,& 8 tea*+ ( ! inf9ite v>iability ( species1 & ( ! indef9ite progress :i* man may make 9 ! cultivation ( humane & moral qualities1 is "o t looks di/9ctly to ! p]fectibility ( ! race40--,! ,new ,york ,nation = ,janu>y #g1 #aiji1 p4 #g4 #gdj ,on ?is subject see ,evans1 ,evolutional ,e?ics & ,animal ,psy*ology 7#ahih74 #gda ,:5 9 #afed mat*es = cockfight+ 7 =bidd5 9 ,engl& ! reason = ! prohibition 0 n t x 0 cruel to ! birds1 b = ! reason t ! mat*es 7 8commonly accompani$ ) gam+1 dr9k+1 swe>+1 qu>rel+1 & o!r dissolute practices0 7,pike1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl& 7#ahgc71 vol4 ii1 p4 #ahf74 ,consult fur!r1 ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe 7#ahij71 vol4 i1 pp4 #cjg f4 #gdb ,evolutional ,e?ics & ,animal ,psy*ology 7#ahih71 p4 #ah4 ,d>w9ism has )\t d\bt also aid$ ! veget>ians 9 _! crusade aga9/ ! use ( animal fle% = food1 & 9 conjunction ) ! influ5ce ( ,ea/]n ideas & convictions may cause ultimately a great *ange 9 ! e?ical feel+s ( ! ,we/]n peoples respect+ ?is practice4 ,!y may come to reg>d x ) ! same deep moral reprobation z is n[ felt by ,ea/]n morali/s4 8,= my "p10 says ! ,japanese writ] ,nitob1 8! surpris+ ?+ is t ,european e?ics c be s atavi/ic z to /oop to a sort ( cannibalism0 7,fifty ,ye>s ( ,new ,japan 7#aiji71 vol4 ii1 p4 #dfb74 #gdc ,see ,fr$]ic ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s1 ,human ,p]sonality 7#aijc71 #b vols42 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,! ,survival ( ,man 7#aiji72 ,james ,h4 ,hyslop1 ,enigmas ( ,psy*ical ,rese>* 7#aijf72 ,w4 ,f4 ,b>rett1 ,psy*ical ,rese>* 7#aiab74 #gdd ,! ,survival ( ,man 7#aiji71 p4 #cda4 #gde ,george ,william ,knox1 8,religion & ,e?ics10 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics = ,april1 #aijb4 #gdf ,george ,h>ris1 ,moral ,evolution 7#ahif71 p4 #cib4 #gdg ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7#ahib71 p4 #aa4 ,lecky makes a simil> obs]vation3 8,g5]ation aft] g5]ation ! p[] ( ! moral faculty becomes m absolute1 ! doctr9es t oppose x wane & vani%1 & ! v>i\s elem5ts ( !ology are absorb$ & reca/ by its influ5ce0 7,hi/ory ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe 7#ahij71 vol4 i1 pp4 #cea f474 #gdh 8,x is because ! e?ical ideals ( ,*ri/5dom h become s wond]fully enl>g$ & p]fect$ )9 ! la/ half c5tury t ! "* ( ,god has tak5 on su* new & glori\s =ms4 ,! ,god :om ,*ri/ian p g5]ally believe 9 & wor%ip is a v diff]5t be+ f ! "o !y 7 ?9k+ ab\t & pray+ to :5 ,i began my m9i/ry40--,,wa%+ton ,,gladd5 79 report ( address74 #gdi ,see above1 pp4 #ce1 #afd & #ahg4 #gej ,cf4 ,bord5 ,p>k] ,b[ne1 ,! ,ess5ce ( ,religion 7#aiaj71 *ap4 iv1 8,righte\sness ! ,ess5ce ( ,religion40 #gea ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijh71 vol4 i1 p4 #gb4 #geb ,see above1 p4 #ah4 #gec 8,along ) ! gloomy record ( ! two hundr$ fifty ye>s ( negro slav]y we f9d ! hi/ory ( its abolition2 p]haps ! mo/ impressive hi/ory on record ( ! orig9 & completion ( a purification ( ! moral consci\sness ( peoples40--,,caldecott1 ,engli% ,colonization & ,empire 7#ahia71 p4 #aif4 #ged 8,9 ,elizabe?'s "t ,sir ,john ,hawk9s initiat$ ! slave trade1 & 9 commemoration ( ! a*ievem5t 0 all[$ to put 9 8 coat ( arms #8a demi-moor1 prop] b\nd ) a cord'2 ! honorabl5ess ( 8 action be+ ?us assum$ by himself & recogniz$ by ,que5 & public40--,,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics 7#ahib71 vol4 i1 p4 #dfh4 #gee ,by a provision ( ! ,peace ( ,utre*t 7#agad7 ,engl& secur$ ! contract kn[n z ! ,assi5to1 :i* gave ,engli% subjects ! sole "r = ?irty ye>s ( %ipp+ annually #dhjj ,african slaves to ! ,spani% colonies 9 ,am]ica4 #gef ,9 ! ,s\!rn colonies ! opposition to ! fur!r importation ( negroes sprang 9 g5]al f ! fe> ( ! insurrection ( ! slaves1 %\ld !y become too num]\s4 ,! little opposition t exi/$ 9 "s ( ! ,middle ,/ates 0 bas$ almo/ :olly on economic gr\nds4 #geg ,! fir/ abolition pap] 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahba1 b ! movem5t x repres5t$ soon di$ out4 ,! movem5t />t$ anew ) ! appe>ance ( ,! ,lib]ator 9 #ahca4 ,see ,alb]t ,bu%nell ,h>t1 ,slav]y & ,abolition 7#aijf71 pp4 #agc ff4 #geh 8,:5 ,g>rison began 8 "w1 he ?\ght no?+ 0 m l ! _s ( ,*ri/ 444 ?an to br+ a :ole race ( p out ( s9 & debasem5t1 444 b he soon f\nd t nei!r m9i/] nor *ur* any:]e 9 ! l[] ,s\? cont9u$ to prote/ aga9/ slav]y2 t ! clo? 9 ! ,nor? 0 array$ aga9/ him1 & t _m nor!rn div9es ent]$ ! li/s aga9/ abolition1 especially ,moses ,/u>t1 ,pr(essor ( ,hebrew 9 ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y1 :o ju/ifi$ slav]y f ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ,presid5t ,"l ( ,d>tm\? ,college1 :o held t slav]y 0 an in/itution ( ,god1 accord+ to natural law2 & ,hopk9s1 ,episcopal bi%op ( ,v]mont1 :o came =w>d z a ?ick & ?9 def5d] ( slav]y4 ,! positive opposition ( *ur*es soon foll[$0 7,alb]t ,bu%nell ,h>t1 ,slav]y & ,abolition 7#aijf71 p4 #baa74 ,9 #ahcb took place ! secession ( /ud5ts f ,lane ,sem9>y1 ,c9c9nati1 because ! tru/ees & ,dr4 ,lyman ,bee*] _h =bidd5 !m to discuss ! slav]y "q4 ,f\r fif?s ( ! /ud5t body )drew4 #gei ,cf4 ,h5d]son1 ,dep5d5ts1 ,defectives1 & ,del9qu5ts 7#ahic72 ,zebulon ,r4 ,brockway1 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,prison ,s]vice 7#aiab74 #gfj ,! ,new ,york ,nation ( ,m>* #ai1 #aijh1 p4 #bed4 #gfa ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e = ,septemb]1 #aiab1 p4 #hhf4 #gfb ,pike1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl& 7#ahgf71 vol4 i1 p4 #ej4 #gfc ,w9es1 ,puni%m5t & ,re=mation1 #f? ed41 p4 #ajc4 #gfd ,pike1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl& 7#ahgf71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bhg4 #gfe ,8 ,essay on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts appe>$ 9 #agfd & produc$ a pr(\nd impression4 ,x did mu* to aboli% torture 9 judicial proce$+s4 #gff 8,9 proportion z puni%m5ts become m cruel1 ! m9ds ( m51 z a fluid rises to ! same height ) t :i* surr\nds x1 gr[ h>d5$ & ins5sible40--,,becc>ia1 ,an ,essay on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts 7#agic71 p4 #ie4 #gfg ,w9es1 ,puni%m5t & ,re=mation1 #f? ed41 pp4 #abb ff4 #gfh ,! p5it5ti>y sy/em 0 inaugurat$ 9 #agjd by ,pope ,clem5t ,,xi1 :o 9 t ye> e/abli%$ ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,mi*ael at ,rome4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! p5it5ti>y movem5t see ,w9es1 ,puni%m5t & ,re=mation4 #gfi 8,! :ole conception & me?od ( ^! c\rts sugge/s ! religi\s _s & almo/ />tles u ) its indication ( ! spiritualiz+ ( ! civil p[]40--,,edw>d ,o4 ,,sisson1 8,! ,/ate absorb+ ! ,functions ( ! ,*ur*10 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics = ,april1 #aijg1 p4 #cdd4 #ggj ,! progressive purification ( ! social consci5ce may be trac$ fur!r 9 ! *ang$ feel+ 9 reg>d to duel+1 lott]ies1 gambl+1 & ! use ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,less ?an a c5tury ago duel+ 0 common among all ! ,european peoples4 ,to-day 9 all ,anglo-,saxon l&s ! duel is condemn$ by ! common consci5ce & prohibit$ by law4 ,dur+ ! la/ few decades 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates lott]ies h be5 transf]r$ 8f ! class ( respectable to a class ( crim9al ent]prises40 ,s too is x ! gr[+ moral disapproval ( ! use ( alcoholic dr9ks t has caus$ drunk5ness bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 our c\ntry to become mu* less common among ! reputable memb]s ( society ?an x 0 only two or ?ree g5]ations ago4 #gga ,?us =mulat$ by ! di/+ui%$ juri/ ,james ,br[n ,scott4 ,cf4 ,report ( ! ,sev5te5? ,annual ,lake ,mohonk ,conf]5ce 7#aiaa71 pp4 #ce ff4 ,pr(essor ,scott "h %[s h[ ! gr[? ( juridical in/itutions betwe5 nations is simil> to t )9 nations1 only lat] & sl[]4 ,! /ages ( ?is gr[? are self-r$ress1 arbitration1 c\rts ( ju/ice4 #ggb ,see ,sir ,*>les ,bruce1 8,! ,mod]n ,consci5ce 9 ,relation to ! ,treatm5t ( ,dep5d5t ,peoples & ,communities10 ,pap]s on ,int]-,racial ,problems 7#aiaa71 pp4 #bgi ff4 #ggc ,pap]s on ,int]-,racial ,problems 7#aiaa71 ed4 ,g4 ,spill]1 p4 #bhf4 #ggd ,= ?is subject view$ f a ,*9ese /&po9t1 see ,edw>d ,alswor? ,ross1 ,! ,*ang+ ,*9ese 7#aiaa71 p4 #agj4 #gge ,grotius 7,hugo de ,groot71 ,! ,rights ( ,w> & ,peace1 tr4 ,campbell 7#aija-aijc74 ,on ,grotius see ,hill1 ,hi/ory ( ,diplomacy 7#aije-aijf71 vol4 ii1 pp4 #efi ff42 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1 ,sev5 ,great ,/atesm5 7#aiaj71 pp4 #ee ff42 ,dunn+1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,political ,!ories 7#aije71 vol4 ii1 *ap4 v4 #ggf ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1 ,sev5 ,great ,/atesm5 7#aiaj71 p4 #gi4 #ggg ,see above1 p4 #bdj4 #ggh ,james ,bryce1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,jurisprud5ce 7#aija71 vol4 ii1 p4 #afg4 #ggi ,hill1 ,hi/ory ( ,diplomacy 7#aije-aijf71 vol4 ii1 p4 #egc4 #ghj ,sev5 ,great ,/atesm5 7#aiaj71 p4 #gc4 #gha ,we _c concur ) ! au?or1 ,norman ,angell1 ( ,! ,great ,illusion 9 8 cont5tion t !re w be no *ange 9 ! practice ( nations reg>d+ w> & prep>ations = w> till !re is a *ange 9 ideas respect+ ! economic advantage to be d]iv$ f successful w>4 ,moral idealism1 f9d+ expression 9 revolutions & re=ms1 is con/antly giv+ d5ial to ! validity ( ! economic or mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( hi/ory :5 ! economic motive is ?us made ! dom9ant motive 9 human action4 ,w> w become a ?+ ( ! pa/ only :5 m5 c no long] fight ) a good consci5ce4 #ghb ,ma*iavelli 7,! ,romanes ,lecture = #ahig74 #ghc ,?is ar*aic nature ( ! code is %[n especially 9 its ret5tion z a survival ( ! pr9ciple ( collective responsibility1 :i*1 long outgr[n by ord9>y morality1 /ill =ms ! v basis ( ! w> sy/em4 ,aga91 ! true nature ( ! w> code z a h]itage f ! l[ level ( savag]y is %[n 9 its ret5tion ( ! primitive rule t ! "o suff]+ an injury %all be ! judge ( 8 own cause & ! av5g] ( 8 wrong1 a pr9ciple ( self-r$ress long s9ce disc>d$ by ! private law ( all civiliz$ peoples4 #ghd ,/udies ( ,political ,?\ght f ,g]son to ,grotius 7#aijg71 p4 #id4 #ghe ,pike1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl& 7#ahgc71 vol4 i1 p4 #baa2 vol4 ii1 p4 #dad4 #ghf ,/udies ( ,political ,?\ght f ,g]son to ,grotius 7#aijg71 p4 #if4 #ghg ,telema*us 0 an ,asiatic monk :o j\rney$ to ,rome = ! purpose ( mak+ a prote/ aga9/ ! bloody spectacles4 8,! ,romans 7 provok$ by ! int]ruption ( _! pleasures2 & ! ra% monk1 :o _h desc5d$ into ! ar5a to sep>ate ! gladiators1 0 ov]:elm$ "u a %[] ( /ones4 ,b ! madness ( ! p soon subsid$2 !y respect$ ! memory ( ,telema*us1 :o _h des]v$ ! honors ( m>tyrdom2 & !y submitt$ )\t a murmur to ! laws ( ,honorius1 :i* aboli%$ =ev] ! human sacrifices ( ! amphi!atre0 7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *ap4 xxx74 ,,index gospotami1 slaught] ( ,a!nian prison]s at1 #aid s*ylus1 #aia ,ahriman1 #abd ,ahura ,mazda1 #abd ,almsgiv+1 #bha1 #cfh ,altruism1 ,greek & ,roman1 #age1 #bae2 ,*ri/ian1 #bgi ,aml9eau1 #dd ,amos1 #ade ,amphictyonic ,league1 #aid ,amusem5ts1 humaniz+ (1 #cfi ,ance/or wor%ip1 z a moral =ce1 #ac2 9 ,*9a1 #ed2 9 ,japan1 #gh ,angell1 ,norman1 #cgf n4 #e ,animal e?ics1 ,brahmanic1 #ajc2 ,buddhi/1 #aai2 ,zoroa/rian1 #abi2 ,mohamm$an1 #bib2 ,*ri/ian1 #ceg2 influ5ce ( evolution>y sci5ce ^u1 #ceh ,aphrodite1 #aga ,aqu9as1 ,?omas1 #cah1 #cbe ,arbitration among ! ,greeks1 #aie ,arhat1 !1 #aac ,ari/otle1 views (1 on w> aga9/ non-,greeks1 #ahj2 e?ical sy/em (1 #bjb-bjd2 views (1 on slav]y1 #bjc ,asceticism1 g5]al fo/]+ causes (1 #bfg2 ,*ri/ian fo/]+ causes (1 #bfh ,assur-natsir-pal1 #ea ,a?leticism1 ,greek moral elem5ts 91 #agg ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 ,m$itations (1 #bci1 #bdg ,autolycus1 #ahe ,bagehot1 #bhg ,becc>ia1 #cde1 #cgj ,b5evol5ce1 ,roman1 #bcf ,blood feud1 #bj ,brahma1 ! imp]sonal1 #if2 ! p]sonal1 #if ,brahmans1 !1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajb ,brea/$1 ,pr(essor1 #ca1 #ci n4 #c ,buckle1 ,h5ry ,t41 #a1 #b ,buddha1 #aaa2 e?ical cont5t ( 8 message1 #aaf ,buddhism1 9 ,japan1 #gi2 ! f\r tru?s (1 #ajf2 ! eightfold pa? (1 #aaj2 influ5ce (1 on ! milit>y _s1 #abj ,bury1 ,j4 ,b41 #agd ,bu%ido1 ideal (1 #gi1 #hj-hb2 influ5ce (1 #hg2 9 action1 #hh1 #hi ,cannibalism1 #bf2 cele/ial1 #bf n4 #c ,ca/es1 ,h9du1 #ig ,*>ity1 ,*ri/ian1 #bgi-bhb2 ,moslem1 #bif ,*9ese ca%i]s 9 ,japan1 #ij n4 #b ,*ri/ianity1 doctr9al1 e?ical ideal (1 #bfa2 limitations ( ! ideal (1 #bfd ,*ryso/om1 ,dion1 #bdc ,cic]o1 #bae2 contempt (1 = manual labor & m]*&iz+1 #bbd ,city /ate1 z ! mold ( ,greek morality1 #afi2 ,roman1 #bac2 effect ( decay (1 on ,greek & ,roman morals1 #bjd1 #bba ,class morality1 #cdd ,clem5cy1 ,roman virtue1 #bdi ,clovis1 ,franki% *iefta91 #cjc ,cluny1 #cac ,collective responsibility1 #ah-bj2 doctr9e (1 repudiat$ by ,hebrew prophets1 #aei2 pr9ciple (1 z embodi$ 9 ,*ur* code reject$ by ! mod]n consci5ce1 #cfd2 a survival (1 9 mod]n w> code1 #cgh n4 #a ,competition1 9 primitive society1 #ad ,confucianism1 #ec ,confucius1 #fj ,consci5ce1 new social1 nurtur$ 9 ! m$ieval t[ns1 #ccj1 #cca2 purification 9 mod]n times1 #cfd-cga2 new int]national1 #cga-chb ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 #cjb ,cont9uance !ory1 #ce-cg2 9 ! ,greek moral evolution1 #ahg ,corn1 moral effects ( free di/ribution (1 at ,rome1 #bbd ,cosmopolitanism1 gr[? 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