,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,wiley ,putnam's ,new ,publications4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,geology2 ,,to ,,:i* ,,are ,,add$1 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,practical ,,agriculture4 ,,by ,,jas4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,john/on1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,,ss4 ,l4 ,e4 ,fell[ ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 c4 c42 ,read] 9 ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,durham1 c4 ,^! ,lectures w be divid$ into f\r ,p>ts1 ( :i* ! ,fir/ is n[ ready2 ! o!rs are 9 c\rse ( publication1 & ! :ole w be complet$ 9 two volumes4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,"p ,i4--8,on ! ,organic ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants40--,lecture ,i4 ,elem5t>y sub/ances ( :i* plants subsi/4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,comp\nd sub/ances :i* m9i/] to ! gr[? ( plants4 ,,iv4 ,s\rces f :i* plants imm$iately d]ive _! elem5t>y con/itu5ts4 ,v4 ,h[ ! food ent]s into ! circulation ( plants--g5]al /ructure ( plants4 ,,vi4 ,into :at sub/ances ! food is *ang$ 9 ! int]ior ( plants--sub/ances ( :i* plants *iefly consi/4 ,,vii4 ,*emical *anges by :i* ! sub/ances ( :i* plants *iefly consi/ are =m$ f ^? on :i* !y live4 ,,viii4 ,h[ ! supply ( food = plants is kept up 9 ! g5]al vegetation ( ! globe4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,"p ,,ii4--8,on ! ,inorganic ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants--! ,orig91 ,classification1 & ,*emical ,con/itution ( ,soils--,g5]al & ,special ,relations ( ,geology to ,agriculture--,orig91 ,con/itution1 ,analyses1 & ,me?ods ( ,improv+ ,soils 9 diff]5t ,di/ricts & "u unlike conditions4--,lecture ,,ix4 ,k9d & proportion ( inorganic matt] conta9$ 9 plants4 ,x4 ,prop]ties ( ! inorganic comp\nds :i* exi/ 9 vegetable sub/ances1 or :i* promote _! gr[?4 ,,xi4 ,( ! nature1 orig91 & classification ( soils--,/ructure ( ! e>?'s cru/--,classification & g5]al *>act]s ( ! /ratifi$ rocks--,agricultural capabilities ( ! soils d]iv$ f !m4 ,,xii4 ,granite & trap rocks1 & ! soils d]iv$ f !m--,sup]ficial accumulations4 ,,xiii4 ,on ! exact *emical con/itution1 ! analysis1 & ! physical prop]ties ( soils4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,me?ods ( improv+ ! soil by me*anical & by *emical means--,manures1 _! nature1 composition1 & mode ( action--!ory ( _! application 9 diff]5t localities4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,! results ( vegetation--! nature1 con/itution1 & nutritive prop]ties ( diff]5t k9ds ( produce1 & by diff]5t modes ( cultivation--! fe$+ ( cattle1 ! mak+ ( *eese1 c4 c4 ,! con/itution & diff]5ces ( v>i\s k9ds ( wood1 & ! circum/ances :i* fav\r _! gr[?4 ,,critical ,,notices4 8,a valuable & int]e/+ c\rse ( lectures40--,qu>t]ly ,review4 8,b x is unnecess>y to make l>ge extracts f a book :i* we hope & tru/ w soon be 9 ! h&s ( ne>ly all our read]s4 ,consid]+ x z unque/ionably ! mo/ important contribution t has rec5tly be5 made to popul> sci5ce1 & z de/9$ to ex]t an ext5sively b5eficial influ5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 we %all n fail to notice ! =?com+ portions z soon z !y appe> f ! press40--,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,notice ( ,"p ,i ( ! ,am]ican repr9t4 8,we ?9k x no complim5t to ,pr(essor ,john/on to say1 t among our own writ]s ( ! pres5t day :o h rec5tly be5 endeav\r+ to improve our agriculture by ! aid ( sci5ce1 !re is probably no o!r :o has be5 m em95tly successful1 or ^: ef=ts h be5 m highly appreciat$40--,c\nty ,h]ald4 8,pr(4 ,john/on is "o :o has himself done s mu* already = ,engli% agriculture1 t to behold him /ill 9 hot pursuit ( ! inquiry into :at c be done1 supplies ( itself a /imulus to fur!r ex]tion on ! "p ( o!rs40--,b]wick ,w>d]4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,geology4 ,,by ,,jas4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,john/on1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,honor>y ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,engli% ,,agricultural ,,society1 ,,& ,,au?or ,,( 8,,lectures ,,on ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,geology40 ,,new-,,york3 ,,wiley ,,& ,,putnam4 ,,mdcccxlii4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,wright1 ,pr9t]1 #ah ,new ,/reet1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,introduction4 ,! sci5tific pr9ciples ^u :i* ! art ( culture dep5ds1 h n hi!rto be5 suffici5tly und]/ood or appreciat$ by practical m54 ,into ! causes ( ?is ,i %all n "h inquire4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t if ,agriculture is ev] to be br\ght to t comp>ative /ate ( p]fection to :i* _m o!r arts h already atta9$1 x w only be by avail+ itself1 z !y h done1 ( ! _m aids :i* ,sci5ce (f]s to x2 & t1 if ! practical man is ev] to realize ^u 8 f>m all ! advantages :i* ,sci5ce is capable ( plac+ )9 8 rea*1 x w only be :5 he has become s f> acqua9t$ ) ! connection t exi/s betwe5 ! art by :i* he lives & ! sci5ces1 especially ( ,*emi/ry & ,geology1 z to be prep>$ to li/5 ) c&\r to ! sugge/ions !y are ready to make to him1 & to atta* _! prop] value to ! explanations ( 8 v>i\s processes :i* !y are capable ( af=d+4 ,! foll[+ little ,treatise is int5d$ to pres5t a famili> outl9e ( ! subjects ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology1 z treat$ ( m at l>ge 9 my ,,lectures1 ( :i* ! fir/ ,"p is n[ be=e ! public4 ,:at 9 ?is "w has necess>ily be5 tak5 = grant$1 or briefly notic$1 is 9 ! ,,lectures exam9$1 discuss$1 or m fully detail$4 ,durham1 #h? ,april1 #ahdb4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,di/9ction betwe5 ,organic & ,inorganic ,sub/ances --,! ,a% ( ,plants--,con/itution ( ! ,organic ,p>ts ( ,plants--,prep>ation & ,prop]ties ( ,c>bon1 ,oxyg51 ,hydrog51 & ,nitrog5--,mean+ ( ,*emical ,comb9ation4 #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,=m 9 :i* ^! diff]5t ,sub/ances ent] into ,plants--,prop]ties ( ! ,c>bonic1 ,humic1 & ,ulmic ,acids2 ( ,wat]1 ( ,ammonia1 & ( ,nitric ,acid--,con/itution ( ! ,atmosph]e4 #be ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,/ructure ( ,plants--,mode 9 :i* _! ,n\ri%m5t is obta9$--,gr[? & ,sub/ance ( ,plants-- ,production ( _! ,sub/ance f ! ,food !y imbibe--,mutual ,trans=mations ( ,/>*1 ,sug>1 & ,woody ,fibre4 #ch ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,( ! ,inorganic ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants--,_! imm$iate ,s\rce--,_! ,nature--,quantity ( ea* 9 c]ta9 common ,crops4 #di ,,*apt] ,v4 ,( ,soils--,_! ,organic & ,inorganic ,portions--,sal9e ,matt] 9 ,soils--,exam9ation & ,classification ( ,soils--,div]sities ( ,soils & ,subsoils4 #fg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,direct ,relations ( ,geology to ,agriculture--,orig9 ( ,soils--,causes ( _! ,div]sity--,relation to ! ,rocks on :i* !y re/--,con/ancy 9 ! ,relative ,position & ,"* ( ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks--,relation ( ?is ,fact to ,practical ,agriculture--,g5]al ,*>act]s ( ! ,soils ^u ^! ,rocks4 #gh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,soils ( ! ,granitic & ,trap ,rocks--,accumulations ( ,transport$ ,s&s1 ,gravels1 & ,clays--,use ( ,geological ,maps 9 ref]5ce to ,agriculture--,physical ,*>act]s & ,*emical ,con/itution ( ,soils--,relation betwe5 ! ,nature ( ! ,soil & ! ,k9d ( ,plants t naturally gr[ ^u x4 #ajc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,( ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,soil--,me*anical & ,*emical ,me?ods--,dra9+--,subsoil+--,pl\gh+1 & ,mix+ ( ,soils--,use ( ,lime1 ,m>l1 & ,%ell-s&-- ,manures--,vegetable1 ,animal1 & ,m9]al ,manures4 #acc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,animal ,manures--,_! ,relative ,value & ,mode ( ,action--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,animal & ,vegetable ,manures--,cause ( ?is ,diff]5ce--,m9]al ,manures-- ,nitrates ( ,pota% & ,soda--,sulphate ( ,soda1 ,gypsum1 ,*alk1 & ,quicklime--,*emical ,action ( ^! ,manures--,artificial ,manures--,burn+ & ,irrigation ( ! ,soil--,plant+ & ,lay+ ,d[n to ,grass4 #afe ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,products ( ,vegetation--,importance ( ,*emical quality z well z quantity ( ,produce--,influ5ce ( diff]5t ,manures on ! quantity & quality ( ! ,crop--,influ5ce ( ! ,"t ( ,cutt+-- ,absolute quantity ( ,food yield$ by diff]5t ,crops --,pr9ciples on :i* ! ,fe$+ ( ,animals dep5ds --,!oretical & ,exp]im5tal ,value ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,food = ,fe$+ ,/ock--,conclud+ ,obs]vations4 #baf ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry1 c4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,organic & ,inorganic ,sub/ances4--,! ,a% ( ,plants4--,con/itution ( ! ,organic ,p>ts ( ,plants4--,prep>ation & ,prop]ties ( ,c>bon1 ,hydrog51 & ,nitrog54--,mean+ ( ,*emical ,comb9ation4 ,! object ( ! practical f>m] is to raise f a giv5 ext5t ( l& ! l>ge/ quantity ( ! mo/ valuable produce at ! lea/ co/1 & ) ! lea/ p]man5t injury to ! soil4 ,! sci5ces ei!r ( *emi/ry or geology ?r[ light on e /ep he takes or ought to take1 9 ord] to effect ?is ma9 object4 ,,section ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,vegetable ,,& ,,e>?y ,,or ,,! ,,organic ,,& ,,inorganic ,,p>ts ,,( ,,plants4 ,9 ! prosecution ( 8 art1 two di/9ct classes ( sub/ances engage 8 att5tion--! liv+ crops he raises1 & ! dead e>? f :i* !y are ga!r$4 ,if he exam9e any fragm5t ( an animal or vegetable1 ei!r liv+ or dead1 he w obs]ve t x exhibits pores ( v>i\s k9ds arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]--t x has a species ( int]nal /ructure--t x has v>i\s p>ts or organs--9 %ort1 t x is :at physiologi/s t]m organiz$4 ,if he exam9e1 9 l mann]1 a lump ( e>? or rock1 he w p]ceive no su* /ructure4 ,to m>k ?is di/9ction1 ! p>ts ( animals & vegetables1 ei!r liv+ or dead--:e!r entire or 9 a /ate ( decay1 are call$ organic bodies1 :ile e>?y & /ony sub/ances are call$ inorganic bodies4 ,organic sub/ances are also m or less readily burn$ & dissipat$ by heat 9 ! op5 air2 inorganic sub/ances are g5]ally fix$ & p]man5t 9 ! fire4 ,b ! crops :i* gr[ ^u x1 & ! soil 9 :i* !y are root$1 conta9 a portion ( bo? ( ^! classes ( sub/ances4 ,9 all f]tile soils1 !re exi/s f #c to #aj p] c5t4 ( vegetable or o!r matt] ( organic orig92 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 all vegetables1 z !y are collect$ = food1 leave1 :5 burn$1 f "o-half to tw5ty p] c5t4 ( inorganic a%4 ,if we heat a portion ( soil to r$ness 9 ! op5 air1 ! organic matt] w burn away1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! soil1 if previ\sly dry1 w n be mat]ially dim9i%$ 9 bulk4 ,b if a h&ful ( :eat1 or ( :eat /raw1 or ( hay1 be burn$ 9 ! same mann]1 ! proportion t disappe>s is s great1 t 9 mo/ cases a comp>atively m9ute quantity only rema9s beh9d4 ,e "o is famili> ) ?is fact :o has se5 ! small bulk ( a% t is left :5 we$s1 or ?orns1 or trees1 are burn$ 9 ! field1 or :5 a hay or corn-/ack is accid5tally consum$4 ,yet ! a% ?us left is a v appreciable quantity1 & ! /udy ( its true nature ?r[s mu* light1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 on ! practical managem5t ( ! l& on :i* any giv5 crop is to be made to gr[4 ,?us ! quantity ( a% left by a ton ( :eat /raw is sometimes z mu* z #cfj lbs42 by a ton ( oat /raw z mu* z #bjj lbs42 :ile a ton ( ! gra9 ( :eat leaves only ab\t #dj lbs42 ( ! gra9 ( oats ab\t #ij lbs42 & ( oak wood only #d or #e lbs4 ,! quantities ( inorganic matt]1 !re=e1 ?\gh comp>atively small1 yet1 9 "s cases1 am\nt to a consid]able weight 9 an entire crop4 ,! nature1 s\rce & uses ( ?is e>?y matt] w be expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,"p ,,( ,,plants ,,& ,,animals4 ,! organic "p ( plants1 :5 9 a p]fectly dry /ate1 con/itutes !re=e f #he to #ii p] c5t4 ( _! :ole weight4 ,( ^? p>ts ( plants :i* are cultivat$ = food1 x is only hay & /raw1 & a v few o!rs1 t conta9 z mu* z #aj p] c5t4 ( inorganic matt]4 ,?is organic "p consi/s ( f\r sub/ances1 kn[n to *emi/s by ! names ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog54 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 c>bon1 is a solid sub/ance1 ! o!r ?ree are gases or peculi> k9ds ( air4 #a4 ,,c>bon4 ,:5 wood is burn$ 9 a cov]$ heap1 z is done by ! *>coal burn]s1 or is di/ill$ 9 iron retorts1 z 9 mak+ wood-v9eg>1 x is *>r$ & conv]t$ into common wood *>coal4 ,?is *>coal is ! mo/ usual & be/ kn[n v>iety ( c>bon4 ,x is black1 soils ! f+]s1 & is m or less por\s accord+ to ! k9d ( wood f :i* x has be5 =m$4 ,coke obta9$ by *>r+ or di/ill+ coal is ano!r v>iety4 ,x is g5]ally d5s] or heavi] ?an ! =m]1 ?\gh less pure4 ,black lead is a ?ird v>iety1 /ill heavi] & m impure4 ,! diamond is ! only =m 9 :i* c>bon occurs 9 nature 9 a /ate ( p]fect purity4 ,?is latt] fact1 t ! diamond is pure c>bon--t x is ess5tially ! same sub/ance ) ! f9e/ & pure/ lamp-black--is v rem>kable2 b x is only "o ( _m /rik+ circum/ances t e n[ & !n pres5t !mselves be=e ! inquir+ *emi/4 ,*>coal1 ! diamond1 lamp-black1 & all ! o!r =ms ( c>bon1 burn away m or less sl[ly :5 heat$ 9 ! air1 & are conv]t$ into a k9d ( gas kn[n by ! "n ( c>bonic acid4 ,! impure v>ieties leave beh9d !m a great] or less proportion ( a%4 #b4 ,,hydrog54--,if oil ( vitriol 7sulphuric acid7 be mix$ ) twice its bulk ( wat]1 & !n p\r$ ^u iron fil+s1 ! mixture w spe$ily beg9 to boil up1 & bubbles ( gas w rise to ! surface ( ! liquid 9 great abundance4 ,^! are bubbles ( hydrog5 gas4 ,if ! exp]im5t be p]=m$ 9 a bottle1 ! hydrog5 :i* is produc$ w gradually drive out ! atmosph]ic air x conta9$1 & w itself take its place4 ,if a bit ( wax tap] be ti$ to ! end ( a wire1 & :5 light$ be introduc$ into ! bottle1 x w be in/antly ext+ui%$2 :ile ! hydrog5 w take fire1 & burn at ! m\? ( ! bottle ) a pale yell[ flame4 ,if ! tap] be ins]t$ be=e ! common air is all expell$1 ! mixture ( hydrog5 & common air w burn ) an explosion m or less viol5t1 & may ev5 %att] ! bottle & produce s]i\s accid5ts4 ,?is exp]im5t1 !re=e1 ought to be made ) c>e4 ,x may be safely made 9 an op5 tumbl]1 cov]$ by a plate or a piece ( pap]1 till a suffici5t quantity ( hydrog5 is collect$1 :51 on ! introduction ( ! tap]1 ! light w be ext+ui%$1 & ! hydrog5 w burn ) a less viol5t explosion4 ,?is gas is also an exce$+ly light sub/ance1 ris+ ?r\gh common air z wood does ?r\gh wat]4 ,h5ce1 :5 conf9$ 9 a bag made ( silk1 or o!r light tissue1 x is capable ( su/a9+ heavy sub/ances 9 ! air1 & ev5 ( transport+ !m to great heights4 ,= ?is reason x is employ$ = fill+ & elevat+ balloons4 ,hydrog5 gas is n kn[n to occur any:]e 9 nature 9 any s5sible quantity4 ,x is v abundant1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 9 :at by *emi/s is call$ a /ate ( comb9ation4 #c4 ,,oxyg54--,:5 /rong oil ( vitriol is p\r$ ^u black oxide ( manganese1 & heat$ 9 a glass retort3 or :5 r$ oxide ( m]cury1 or *lorate ( pota%1 is s heat$ alone2 or :5 saltpetre1 or ! same oxide ( manganese1 is heat$ alone 9 an iron bottle2--9 all ^! cases a k9d ( air is giv5 (f1 :i*1 :5 collect$ & exam9$ by plung+ a tap] into x1 is f\nd to be nei!r common air nor hydrog5 gas4 ,! tap]1 :5 introduc$1 burns ) great rapidity1 & ) exce$+ brilliancy1 & cont9ues to burn till ei!r ! :ole ( ! gas disappe>s1 or ! tap] is entirely consum$4 ,if a liv+ animal is introduc$1 its circulation & its brea?+ become quick]--x is spe$ily ?r[n into a fev]--x lives z fa/ z ! tap] burn$--&1 aft] a few h\rs1 dies f excitem5t & exhau/ion4 ,?is gas is n light l hydrog51 b is ab\t "o-n9? "p heavi] ?an common air4 ,9 ! atmosph]e1 oxyg5 exi/s 9 ! /ate ( gas4 ,x =ms ab\t "o-fif? ( ! bulk ( ! air we brea!1 & is ! sub/ance :i*1 9 ! air1 supports all animal life & ! combu/ion ( all burn+ bodies4 ,7 x by any cause sudd5ly remov$ f ! atmosph]e ( our globe1 e liv+ ?+ w\ld p]i%1 & all combu/ion w\ld become impossible4 #d4 ,,nitrog54--,if a sauc] be half fill$ ) milk ( lime1 =m$ by mix+ slak$ quicklime ) wat]1 a v small tea-cup conta9+ a little burn+ sulphur !n plac$ 9 ! middle1 & a common l>ge tumbl] inv]t$ ov] ! :ole1 ! sulphur w burn = a :ile1 & w !n gradually die out4 ,on all[+ ! :ole to rema9 = "s "t1 ! fumes ( ! sulphur w be absorb$ by ! milk ( lime1 :i* w rise a c]ta9 way into ! tumbl]4 ,:5 ! absorption has ceas$1 a quantity ( air w rema9 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tumbl]4 ,?is air is nitrog5 gas4 ,if ! :ole be n[ introduc$ into a l>ge bas9 ( wat]1 ! tumbl] be+ held 9 ! left h&1 ! cup & sauc] may be remov$ f b5ea?4 ,! sauc] may !n be inv]t$ & introduc$ ) its "u side into ! m\? ( ! tumbl]1 :i* may ?us be lift$ out ( ! wat] & re/or$ to its upright position1 ! sauc] s]v+ ! purpose ( a cov]4 ,by c>efully remov+ ?is cov] ) ! "o h&1 a light$ tap] may be introduc$ by ! o!r4 ,x w !n be se5 t ! tap] is ext+ui%$ by ?is air1 & t no o!r effect foll[s4 ,or if a liv+ animal be introduc$ into x1 brea?+ w in/antly cease1 & x w drop )\t signs ( life4 ,?is gas possesses no o!r rem>kable prop]ty4 ,x is a v little light] ?an common air1 & is kn[n to exi/ 9 l>ge quantity 9 ! atmosph]e only4 ,( ! air we brea! x =ms ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( ! entire bulk4 ,^! ?ree gases are incapable ( be+ di/+ui%$ f common air1 or f ea* o!r1 by ! ord9>y s5ses2 b by ! aid ( ! tap] !y are readily recognis$4 ,hydrog5 ext+ui%es ! tap]1 b itself takes fire2 nitrog5 simply ext+ui%es x2 :ile 9 oxyg5 ! tap] burns ) extraord9>y brilliancy & rapidity4 ,( ?is "o solid sub/ance1 c>bon1 & ^! ?ree gases1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 all ! organic "p ( vegetable & animal sub/ances is made up4 ,into ^! sub/ances1 h[ev]1 !y ent] 9 v diff]5t proportions4 ,ne>ly "o-half ! weight ( all vegetable productions :i* are ga!r$ z food = man or bea/--9 _! dry /ate--consi/s ( c>bon2 ! oxyg5 am\nts to r m ?an "o-?ird1 ! hydrog5 to little m ?an five p] c5t41 :ile ! nitrog5 r>ely exce$s two & a half or ?ree p] c5t4 ( _! weight4 ,?is w appe> f ! foll[+ table1 :i* exhibits ! actual con/itution by analysis ( "s v>ieties ( ! m common crops :5 p]fectly dry4 ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,nitrog54 ,a%4 ,hay1 #deh #ej #chg #ae #ij ,potatoes1 #dda #eh #dci #ab #ej ,:eat ,/raw1 #dhe #eb #chi #c #gj ,oats1 #ejg #fd #cfg #bb #dj ,^! numb]s repres5t ! weights ( ea* elem5t 9 p\nds1 conta9$ 9 #ajjj lbs4 ( ! dry hay1 potatoes1 c42 b 9 dry+ by a g5tle heat1 #ajjj lbs4 ( hay f ! /ack1 lo/ #aeh lbs4 ( wat]1 ( potatoes wip$ dry ext]nally #gbb lbs41#a :eat /raw #bfj lbs41 & oats #aea lbs4 #a ,bo? potatoes & turnips conta9 ab\t f\r-fif?s ( _! weight ( wat]1 or five tons ( ei!r ( ^! roots conta9 ne>ly f\r tons ( wat]4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,*emical ,,comb9ation4 ,if ! ?ree k9ds ( air above spok5 ( be mix$ toge!r 9 a bottle1 no *ange w take place1 & if *>coal 9 f9e p[d] be add$ to !m1 /ill no new sub/ance w be produc$4 ,if we take ! a% left by a kn[n weight ( hay or :eat /raw1 & mix x ) ! prop] quantities ( ! f\r elem5t>y sub/ances1 c>bon1 hydrog51 c41 z %ewn 9 ! above table1 we %all be unable by ?is means to =m ei!r hay or :eat /raw4 ,! elem5ts ( :i* vegetable sub/ances consi/1 !re=e1 are n m]ely mix$ toge!r--!y are unit$ 9 "s clos] & m intimate mann]4 ,to ?is m intimate /ate ( union1 ! t]m *emical comb9ation is appli$--! elem5ts are said to be *emically comb9$4 ,?us1 :5 *>coal is burn$ 9 ! air1 x sl[ly disappe>s1 & =ms1 z already /at$1 a k9d ( air kn[n by ! "n ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* rises into ! atmosph]e & disappe>s4 ,n[1 ?is c>bonic acid is =m$ by ! union ( ! c>bon 7*>coal71 :ile burn+1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 & 9 ?is new air ! two elem5ts1 c>bon & oxyg51 are *emically comb9$4 ,aga91 if a piece ( wood or a bit ( /raw1 9 :i* ! elem5ts are already *emically comb9$1 be burn$ 9 ! air1 ^! elem5ts are sep>at$ & made to assume new /ates ( comb9ation1 9 :i* new /ates !y escape into ! air & become invisible4 ,:5 a sub/ance is ?us *ang$ by ! action ( heat1 x is said to be decompos$1 or if x gradually decay & p]i% by exposure to ! air & moi/ure1 x und]goes sl[ decomposition4 ,:51 !re=e1 two or m sub/ances unite toge!r1 s z to =m a ?ird possess+ prop]ties diff]5t f bo?1 !y ent] into *emical union--!y =m a *emical comb9ation or *emical comp\nd4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 "o comp\nd body is s *ang$ z to be conv]t$ into two or m sub/ances diff]5t f itself1 x is decompos$4 ,c>bon1 hydrog51 c41 are *emically comb9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! plant dur+ ! =mation ( wood3 wood1 aga91 is decompos$ :5 by ! v9eg>-mak] x is conv]t$ among o!r sub/ances into *>coal & wood-v9eg>1 & ! fl\r ( gra9 :5 ! brew] or di/ill] conv]ts x into ard5t spirits4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,=m 9 :i* ^! diff]5t sub/ances ent] into ,plants4 ,prop]ties ( ! ,c>bonic1 ,humic1 & ,ulmic ,acids--( ,wat]1 ( ,ammonia1 & ( ,nitric ,acid4 ,con/itution ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,,section ,i4--,,=m ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,c>bon1 ,,etc4 ,,ent] ,,into ,,plants4 ,x is f _! food t plants d]ive ! c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 ( :i* _! organic "p consi/s4 ,?is food ent]s p>tly by ! m9ute pores ( _! roots1 & p>tly by ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! gre5 "p ( ! leaf & ( ! "y twig4 ,! roots br+ up food f ! soil1 ! leaves take x 9 directly f ! air4 ,n[1 z ! pores 9 ! roots & leaves are v m9ute1 c>bon 7*>coal7 _c ent] into ei!r 9 a solid /ate2 & z x does n dissolve 9 wat]1 x _c1 9 ! /ate ( simple c>bon1 be any "p ( ! food ( plants4 ,aga91 hydrog5 gas nei!r exi/s 9 ! air nor usually 9 ! soil--s t1 al?\gh hydrog5 is always f\nd 9 ! sub/ance ( plants1 x does n ent] !m 9 ! /ate ( ! gas above describ$4 ,oxyg5 exi/s 9 ! air1 & is directly absorb$ bo? by ! leaves & by ! roots ( plants2 :ile nitrog51 ?\gh x =ms a l>ge "p ( ! atmosph]e1 is n suppos$ to ent] directly into plants 9 any consid]able quantity4 ,! :ole ( ! c>bon & hydrog51 & ! great] "p ( ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 also1 ent] into plants 9 a /ate ( *emical comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances2 ! c>bon *iefly 9 ! /ate ( c>bonic acid1 & ( c]ta9 o!r soluble comp\nds :i* exi/ 9 ! soil2 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! =m ( wat]3 & ! nitrog5 9 ^? ( ammonia or nitric acid4 ,x w be necess>y !re=e briefly to describe ^! sev]al comp\nds4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,c>bonic1 ,,humic1 ,,& ,,ulmic ,,acids4 #a4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid4--,if a few pieces ( *alk or lime/one be put into ! bottom ( a tumbl]1 & a little _s ( salt 7muriatic acid7 be p\r$ ^u !m1 a boil+ up or eff]vesc5ce w take place1 & a gas w be giv5 (f1 :i* w gradually collect & fill ! tumbl]2 & :5 produc$ v rapidly1 may ev5 be se5 to run ov] its edges4 ,?is gas is c>bonic acid4 ,x _c be di/+ui%$ f common air by ! eye2 b if a tap] be plung$ into x1 ! flame w imm$iately be ext+ui%$1 :ile ! gas rema9s un*ang$4 ,?is k9d ( air is s heavy1 t x may be p\r$ f "o vessel into ano!r1 & its pres5ce recognis$ by ! tap]4 ,x has also a peculi> od\r1 & is exce$+ly suffocat+1 s t if a liv+ animal be introduc$ into x1 life imm$iately ceases4 ,x is absorb$ by wat]1 a p9t ( wat] absorb+ or dissolv+ a p9t ( ! gas4 ,c>bonic acid exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e2 x is giv5 (f f ! lungs ( all liv+ animals :ile !y brea!2 x is also produc$ l>gely dur+ ! burn+ ( wood1 coal1 & all o!r combu/ible bodies1 s t an unceas+ supply ( ?is gas is p\r$ into ! air4 ,decay+ animal & vegetable sub/ances also give (f ?is gas1 & h5ce x is always pres5t 9 great] or less abundance 9 ! soil1 & especially 9 su* soils z are ri* 9 vegetable matt]4 ,dur+ ! f]m5tation ( malt liquors1 or ( ! express$ juices ( diff]5t fruits1--! apple1 ! pe>1 ! grape1 ! gooseb]ry--x is produc$1 & ! briskness ( su* f]m5t$ liquors is due to ! escape ( ?is gas4 ,f ! dung & compo/ heap x is also giv5 (f2 & :5 put into ! gr\nd 9 a f]m5t+ /ate1 f>m-y>d manure af=ds a ri* supply ( c>bonic acid to ! "y plant4 ,c>bonic acid consi/s ( c>bon & oxyg5 only1 comb9$ toge!r 9 ! proportion ( #bh ( ! =m] to #gb ( ! latt]1 or #ajj lbs4 ( c>bonic acid conta9 #bh lbs4 ( c>bon & #gb lbs4 ( oxyg54 #b4 ,,humic ,,& ,,ulmic ,,acids4--,! soil always conta9s a portion ( vegetable matt] 7call$ humus by "s writ]s71 & su* matt] is always add$ to x :5 x is manur$ f ! f>m-y>d or ! compo/ heap4 ,dur+ ! decay ( ?is vegetable matt]1 c>bonic acid1 z above /at$1 is giv5 (f 9 l>ge quantity1 b o!r sub/ances are also =m$ at ! same "t4 ,among ^! are ! two to :i* ! names ( humic & ulmic acids are respectively giv54 ,!y bo? conta9 mu* c>bon1 are bo? capable ( ent]+ ! roots ( plants1 & bo?1 no d\bt1 9 fav\rable circum/ances1 help to fe$ ! plant4 ,if ! common soda ( ! %ops be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & a portion ( a ri* vegetable soil1 or a bit ( peat1 be put into ?is solution1 & ! :ole boil$1 a br[n liquid is obta9$4 ,if to ?is br[n liquid1 _s ( salt 7muriatic acid7 be add$ till x is s\r to ! ta/e1 a br[n flocky p[d] falls to ! bottom4 ,?is br[n sub/ance is humic acid4 ,b if 9 ?is process we use _s ( h>t%orn 7liquid ammonia71 in/ead ( ! soda1 ulmic acid is obta9$4 ,^! acids exi/ along ) o!r sub/ances 9 ! ri* br[n liquor ( ! f>m-y>d1 :i* is s (t5 all[$ to run to wa/e2 !y are also produc$ 9 great] or less quantity dur+ ! decay ( ! manure aft] x is mix$ ) ! soil1 & no d\bt yield to ! plant a portion ( t supply ( food :i* x mu/ necess>ily receive f ! soil4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,( ,,wat]1 ,,ammonia1 ,,& ,,nitric ,,acid4 #a4 ,,wat]4--,if hydrog5 be prep>$ 9 a bottle1 9 ! way already describ$1 & a gas-burn] be fix$ into its m\?1 ! hydrog5 may be light$1 & w burn z x escapes into ! air4 ,held ov] ?is flame a cold tumbl] w become cov]$ ) dew1 or ) little drops ( wat]4 ,?is wat] is produc$ dur+ ! burn+ ( ! hydrog52 & z x takes place 9 pure oxyg5 gas z well z 9 ! op5 air1 ?is wat] mu/ conta9 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 :i* disappe>1 or mu/ consi/ ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 only4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ fact2 & 7 x n t *emi/s are n[ famili> ) _m su*1 x c\ld n fail to appe> truly wond]ful t ! two gases1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 by _! union1 %\ld =m s v diff]5t a sub/ance z wat] is f ei!r4 ,x consi/s ( #a ( hydrog5 to #h ( oxyg51 or e #i lbs4 ( wat] conta9 #h lbs4 ( oxyg5 & #a lb4 ( hydrog54 ,wat] is s famili> a sub/ance1 t x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u its prop]ties4 ,:5 pure1 x has nei!r col\r1 ta/e1 nor smell4 ,at #cb ( ,fahr5heit's#b scale 7! freez+ po9t71 x solidifies into ice1 & at #bab x boils1 & is conv]t$ into /eam4 ,!re are two o!rs ( its prop]ties :i* are especially int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! gr[? ( plants4 #b ,?is is ! scale ( ! common !rmomet] us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 #a/1 ,if sug> or salt be put into wat]1 !y disappe> or are dissolv$4 ,wat] has ! p[] ( ?us dissolv+ num]\s o!r sub/ances 9 great] or less quantity4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ra9 falls & s9ks into ! soil1 x dissolves "s ( ! soluble sub/ances x meets 9 its way1 & r>ely rea*es ! roots ( plants 9 a pure /ate4 ,s wat]s t rise up 9 spr+s are r>ely pure4 ,!y always conta9 e>?y & sal9e sub/ances 9 solution1 & ^! !y c>ry ) !m1 :5 !y are suck$ 9 by ! roots ( plants4 ,x has be5 above /at$1 t wat] absorbs 7dissolves7 its own bulk ( c>bonic acid2 x dissolves also small] quantities ( ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e2 & h5ce1 :5 x meets any ( ^! gases 9 ! soil1 x becomes impregnat$ ) !m1 & conveys !m into ! plant1 !re to s]ve z a portion ( its food4 #b;d1 ,wat] is compos$ ( oxyg5 & hydrog52 by c]ta9 *emical processes x c readily be resolv$ or decompos$ artificially into ^! two gases4 ,! same ?+ takes place naturally 9 ! int]ior ( ! liv+ plant4 ,! roots absorb ! wat]1 b if 9 any "p ( ! plant hydrog5 be requir$1 to make up ! sub/ance :i* x is ! function ( t "p to produce1 a portion ( ! wat] is decompos$ & work$ up1 :ile ! oxyg5 is set free1 or conv]t$ to "s o!r use4 ,s1 also1 9 any case :]e oxyg5 is requir$ wat] is decompos$1 ! oxyg5 made use (1 & ! hydrog5 lib]at$4 ,wat]1 !re=e1 :i* ab\nds 9 ! vessels ( all gr[+ plants1 if n directly conv]t$ into ! sub/ance ( ! plant1 is yet a ready & ample s\rce f :i* a supply ( ei!r ( ! elem5ts ( :i* x consi/s may at any "t be obta9$4 ,x is a beautiful adaptation ( ! prop]ties ( ?is all-p]vad+ comp\nd 7wat]71 t its elem5ts %\ld be s fix$ly b\nd toge!r z r>ely to sep>ate 9 ext]nal nature1 & yet to be at ! comm& & easy disposal ( ! vital p[]s ( ! humble/ ord] ( liv+ plants4 #b4 ,,ammonia4--,if ! sal ammoniac ( ! %ops be mix$ ) quicklime1 a p[]ful od\r is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 & an invisible gas is giv5 (f :i* /rongly affects ! eyes4 ,?is gas is ammonia4 ,wat] dissolves or absorbs x 9 v l>ge quantity1 & ?is solution =ms ! common h>t%orn ( ! %ops4 ,! :ite solid smell+-salts ( ! %ops are a comp\nd ( ammonia ) c>bonic acid1--a solid =m$ by ! union ( two gases4 ,! gase\s ammonia consi/s ( nitrog5 & hydrog5 only1 9 ! proportion ( #ad ( ! =m] to #c ( ! latt]1 or #ag lbs4 ( ammonia conta9 #c lbs4 ( hydrog54 ,! *ief natural s\rce ( ?is comp\nd is1 9 ! decay ( animal sub/ances4 ,dur+ ! putrefaction ( dead animal bodies ammonia is inv>iably giv5 (f4 ,f ! animal sub/ances ( ! f>m-y>d x is evolv$1 & f all solid & liquid manures ( animal orig94 ,x is also =m$ 9 less] quantity dur+ ! decay ( vegetable sub/ances 9 ! soil2 & 9 volcanic c\ntries1 x escapes f _m ( ! hot lavas1 & f ! crevices 9 ! heat$ rocks4 ,x is produc$ artificially by ! di/illation ( animal sub/ances 7ho(s1 horns1 c471 or ( coal4 ,?\s&s ( tons ( ! ammonia pres5t 9 ! ammoniacal liquors ( ! gas-works1 :i* might be b5eficially appli$ z a manure1 are annually c>ri$ d[n by ! riv]s1 & lo/ 9 ! sea4 ,! ammonia :i* is giv5 (f dur+ ! putrefaction ( animal sub/ances rises p>tially into ! air1 & floats 9 ! atmosph]e1 till x is ei!r decompos$ by natural causes1 or is wa%$ d[n by ! ra9s4 ,9 our climate1 cultivat$ plants d]ive a consid]able portion ( _! nitrog5 f ammonia4 ,x is suppos$ to be "o ( ! mo/ valuable f]tiliz+ sub/ances conta9$ 9 f>m-y>d manure2 & z x is pres5t 9 great] proportion by f> 9 ! liquid ?an 9 ! solid cont5ts ( ! f>m-y>d1 !re c be no d\bt t mu* real weal? is lo/1 & ! means ( rais+ increas$ crops ?r[n away 9 ! quantities ( liquid manure :i* are almo/ ev]y:]e p]mitt$ to run to wa/e4 #c4 ,,nitric ,,acid--is a p[]fully corrosive liquid kn[n 9 ! %ops by ! famili> "n ( aqua=tis4 ,x is prep>$ by p\r+ oil ( vitriol 7sulphuric acid7 ^u saltpetre1 & di/ill+ ! mixture4 ,! aqua=tis ( ! %ops is a mixture ( ! pure acid ) wat]4 ,pure nitric acid consi/s ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 only2 ! union ( ^! two gases1 s h>mless 9 ! air1 produc+ ! burn+ & corrosive comp\nd :i* ?is is kn[n to be4 ,x nev] rea*es ! roots ( plants 9 ?is free & corrosive /ate4 ,x exi/s 9 _m soils1 & is naturally =m$ 9 compo/ heaps1 & 9 mo/ situations :]e vegetable matt] is und]go+ decay 9 contact ) ! air2 b x is always 9 a /ate ( *emical comb9ation 9 ^! cases4 ,) pota%1 x =ms nitrate ( pota% 7saltpetre72 ) soda1 nitrate ( soda2 & ) lime1 nitrate ( lime2 & x is g5]ally 9 "o or o!r ( ^! /ates ( comb9ation t x rea*es ! roots ( plants4 ,nitric acid is also naturally =m$1 & 9 "s c\ntries probably 9 l>ge quantities1 by ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,! air1 z has be5 already /at$1 conta9s mu* oxyg5 & nitrog5 mix$ toge!r1 b :5 an electric sp>k is pass$ ?r\gh a quantity ( air1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ! two unite toge!r *emically1 s t e sp>k t passes =ms a small portion ( nitric acid4 ,a fla% ( lightn+ is only a l>ge electric sp>k2 & h5ce e fla% t crosses ! air produces along its pa? a quantity ( ?is acid4 ,:]e ?und]-/orms are frequ5t1 mu* nitric acid mu/ be produc$ 9 ?is way 9 ! air4 ,x is wa%$ d[n by ! ra9s1 9 :i* x has frequ5tly be5 detect$1 & ?us rea*es ! soil1 :]e x produces "o or o!r ( ! nitrates above m5tion$4 ,x has be5 long obs]v$ t ^? p>ts ( ,india are ! mo/ f]tile 9 :i* saltpetre exi/s 9 ! soil 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,nitrate ( soda1 also1 9 ?is c\ntry1 has be5 f\nd wond]fully to promote vegetation 9 _m localities2 & x is a matt] ( frequ5t rem>k1 t vegetation seems to be refre%$ & invigorat$ by ! fall ( a ?und]-%[]4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason to d\bt t nitric acid is really b5eficial to ! g5]al vegetation ( ! globe4 ,& s9ce vegetation is mo/ luxuriant 9 ^? p>ts ( ! globe :]e ?und] or lightn+ are mo/ abundant1 x w\ld appe> z if ! natural production ( ?is comp\nd body 9 ! air1 to be aft]w>ds br\ght to ! e>? by ! ra9s1 7 a wise & b5efic5t contrivance by :i* ! heal? & vig\r ( univ]sal vegetation is int5d$ to be promot$4 ,x is f ?is nitric acid1 ?us univ]sally produc$ & exi/+1 t plants appe> to d]ive a l>ge--probably1 tak+ vegetation 9 g5]al1 ! l>ge/--portion ( _! nitrog54 ,9 all climates !y also d]ive a portion ( ?is elem5t f ammonia2 b less f ?is s\rce 9 tropical ?an 9 temp]ate climates4#c #c ,= full] in=mation on ?is po9t1 see ! ,au?or's 8,,lectures on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology10 ,"p ,i4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,( ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,! air we brea!1 & f :i* plants also d]ive a portion ( _! n\ri%m5t1 consi/s ( a mixture ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 gases1 ) a m9ute quantity ( c>bonic acid1 & a v>iable proportion ( wat]y vap\r4 ,e hundr$ gallons ( dry air conta9 ab\t #ba gallons ( oxyg5 & #gi ( nitrog54 ,! c>bonic acid am\nts only to "o gallon 9 #bejj1 :ile ! wat]y vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e v>ies f #a to #b gallons 7( /eam7 9 #ajj gallons ( common air4 ,! oxyg5 9 ! air is necess>y to ! respiration ( animals1 & to ! support ( combu/ion 7burn+ ( bodies74 ,! nitrog5 s]ves pr9cipally to dilute ! /r5g?1 s to speak1 ( ! pure oxyg51 9 :i* gas1 if unmix$1 animals w\ld live & combu/ibles burn ) too great rapidity4 ,! small quantity ( c>bonic acid af=ds an important "p ( _! food to plants1 & ! wat]y vap\r 9 ! air aids 9 keep+ ! surfaces ( animals & plants 9 a moi/ & pliant /ate2 :ile1 9 due season1 x desc5ds also 9 refre%+ %[]s1 or /uds ! ev5+ leaf ) sp>kl+ dew4 ,!re is a beautiful adju/m5t 9 ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e to ! nature & necessities ( liv+ be+s4 ,! en]gy ( ! pure oxyg5 is temp]$1 yet n too mu* weak5$1 by ! admixture ( nitrog54 ,! c>bonic acid1 :i* alone is noxi\s to life1 is mix$ 9 s m9ute a proportion z to be h>mless to animals1 :ile x is /ill b5eficial to plants2 & :5 ! air is ov]load$ ) wat]y vap\r1 x is provid$ t x %all desc5d 9 ra94 ,^! ra9s at ! same "t s]ve ano!r purpose4 ,f ! surface ( ! e>? !re are cont9ually asc5d+ vap\rs & exhalations ( a m or less noxi\s k9d2 ^! ! ra9s wa% out f ! air1 & br+ back to ! soil1 at once purify+ ! atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* !y desc5d1 & refre%+ & f]tiliz+ ! l& on :i* !y fall4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,/ructure ( plants--,mode 9 :i* _! n\ri%m5t is obta9$--,gr[? & sub/ance ( plants-- ,production ( _! sub/ance f ! food !y imbibe--,mutual trans=mations ( />*1 sug>1 & woody fibre4 ,f ! comp\nd sub/ances1 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 plants d]ive ! great] portion ( ! c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 ( :i* _! organic "p consi/s4 ,! liv+ plant possesses ! p[] ( absorb+ ^! comp\nd bodies1 ( decompos+ !m 9 ! int]ior ( its sev]al vessels1 & ( recomp\nd+ _! elem5ts 9 a diff]5t way1 s z to produce new sub/ances1--! ord9>y products ( vegetable life4 ,let u briefly consid] ! g5]al /ructure ( plants1 & _! mode ( gr[?4 ,,section ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,plants1 ,,& ,,! ,,mode ,,9 ,,:i* ,,_! ,,n\ri%m5t ,,is ,,obta9$4 ,a p]fect plant consi/s ( ?ree sev]al p>ts1--a root :i* ?r[s out arms & fibres 9 e direction into ! soil1--a trunk :i* bran*es into ! air on e side1--& leaves :i*1 f ! ends ( ! bran*es & twigs1 spread out a m or less ext5d$ surface into ! surr\nd+ air4 ,ea* ( ^! p>ts has a peculi> /ructure & a special function assign$ to x4 ,! /em ( any ( our common trees consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1--! pi? 9 ! c5tre1 ! wood surr\nd+ ! pi?1 & ! b>k :i* cov]s ! :ole4 ,! pi? consi/s ( bundles ( m9ute holl[ tubes1 laid horizontally "o ov] ! o!r2 ! wood & inn] b>k1 ( long tubes b\nd toge!r 9 a v]tical position1 s z to be capable ( c>ry+ liquids up & d[n betwe5 ! roots & ! leaves4 ,:5 a piece ( wood is sawn across1 ! ends ( ^! tubes may be di/9ctly se54 ,! bran* is only a prolongation ( ! /em1 & has a simil> /ructure4 ,! root1 imm$iately on leav+ ! trunk or /em1 has also a simil> /ructure2 b z ! root tap]s away1 ! pi? gradually disappe>s1 ! b>k also ?9s out1 ! wood s(t5s1 till ! :ite t5drils1 ( :i* its extremities are compos$1 consi/ only ( a col\rless spongy mass1 full ( pores1 b 9 :i* no di/9ction ( p>ts c be p]ceiv$4 ,9 ?is spongy mass ! vessels or tubes :i* desc5d ?r\gh ! /em & root lose !mselves1 & by !m ^! spongy extremities are connect$ ) ! leaves4 ,! leaf is an expansion ( ! twig4 ,! fibres :i* are se5 to bran* out f ! base ov] ! inn] surface ( ! leaf are prolongations ( ! vessels ( ! wood4 ,! gre5 ext]ior portion ( ! leaf is1 9 l mann]1 a cont9uation ( ! b>k 9 a v ?9 & por\s =m4 ,! gre5 ( ! leaf1 ?\gh full ( pores1 especially on ! "u "p1 yet also consi/s (1 or conta9s1 a collection ( tubes or vessels1 :i* /ret* along its surface1 & communicate ) ^? ( ! b>k4 ,mo/ ( ^! vessels 9 ! liv+ plant are full ( sap1 & ?is sap is 9 almo/ cont9ual motion4 ,9 spr+ & autumn ! motion is m rapid1 & 9 w9t] x is sometimes sc>cely p]ceptible2 yet ! sap is suppos$ to be r>ely q /ation>y 9 e "p ( ! tree4 ,f ! spongy "p ( ! root ! sap asc5ds ?r\gh ! vessels ( ! wood1 till x is diffus$ ov] ! inn] surface ( ! leaf by ! fibres :i* ! wood conta9s4 ,h5ce1 by ! vessels 9 ! gre5 ( ! leaf1 x is return$ to ! b>k1 & ?r\gh ! vessels ( ! inn] b>k x desc5ds to ! root4 ,e "o und]/&s :y ! roots s5d out fibres 9 e direction ?r\gh ! soil1--x is 9 se>* ( wat] & ( liquid food1 :i* ! spongy fibres suck 9 & s5d =w>d ) ! sap to ! upp] p>ts ( ! tree4 ,x is to aid ^! roots 9 procur+ food t1 9 ! art ( culture1 su* sub/ances are mix$ ) ! soil :]e ^! roots are1 z are suppos$ to be necess>y1 or at lea/ fav\rable1 to ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,x is n s obvi\s t ! leaves spread out _! broad surfaces into ! air = ! same purpose precisely z t = :i* ! roots diffuse _! fibres ?r\gh ! soil4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t :ile ! roots suck 9 *iefly liquid1 ! leaves inhale almo/ solely gase\s food4 ,9 ! sun%9e1 ! leaves are cont9ually absorb+ c>bonic acid f ! air & giv+ (f oxyg5 gas4 ,t is to say1 !y are cont9ually appropriat+ c>bon f ! air4#d ,:5 night comes1 ?is process ceases1 & !y beg9 to absorb oxyg5 & to give (f c>bonic acid4 ,b ?is latt] process does n g on s rapidly z ! =m]1 s t1 on ! :ole1 plants :5 gr[+ ga9 a l>ge portion ( c>bon f ! air4 ,! actual quantity1 h[ev]1 v>ies ) ! season1 ) ! climate1 & ) ! k9d ( tree4 ,! proportion ( ! :ole c>bon conta9$ by a plant1 :i* has be5 d]iv$ f ! air1 is greatly modifi$ also by ! quality ( ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s1 & by ! comp>ative abundance ( liquid food :i* happ5s to be )9 rea* ( its roots4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 h[ev]1 t 9 our climate1 on an av]age1 n less ?an f "o-?ird to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! entire quantity ( c>bon conta9$ 9 ! crops we reap f l& ( av]age f]tility1 is really obta9$ f ! air4 #d ,s9ce c>bonic acid1 z %ewn 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 consi/s only ( c>bon & oxyg51 !y reta9 ! c>bon & reject ! oxyg54 ,we see !n :y1 9 arctic climates1 :]e ! sun once ris5 nev] sets aga9 dur+ ! entire summ]1 vegetation %\ld almo/ ru% up f ! froz5 soil--! gre5 leaf is ev] ga9+ f ! air & nev] los+1 ev] tak+ 9 & nev] giv+ (f c>bonic acid1 s9ce no d>kness ev] int]rupts or susp5ds its lab\rs4 ,h[ beautiful1 too1 does ! contrivance ( ! exp&$ leaf appe>6 ,! air conta9s only "o gallon ( c>bonic acid 9 #bejj1 & ?is proportion has be5 adju/$ to ! heal? & com=t ( animals to :om ?is gas is hurtful4 ,b to cat* ?is m9ute quantity1 ! tree hangs out ?\s&s ( squ>e feet ( leaf 9 p]petual motion1 ?r\gh an ev]-mov+ air2 & ?us1 by ! conjo9$ lab\rs ( millions ( pores1 ! sub/ance ( :ole =e/s ( solid wood is sl[ly extract$ f ! fleet+ w9ds4 ,! gre5 /em ( ! "y %oot1 & ! gre5 /alks ( ! grasses1 also absorb c>bonic acid z ! gre5 ( ! leaf does1 & ?us a l>g] supply is af=d$ :5 ! gr[? is mo/ rapid1 or :5 ! %ort life ( ! annual plant dem&s mu* n\ri%m5t )9 a limit$ "t4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,gr[? ,,& ,,sub/ance ,,( ,,plants4 ,9 ?is way ! p]fect plant d]ives its food f ! soil & f ! air2 b p]fect plants arise f se$s2 & ! /udy ( ! entire life--! c>e]1 s to speak--( a plant1 pres5ts _m int]e/+ & in/ructive subjects ( consid]ation4 ,:5 a portion ( fl\r is made into d\gh1 & ?is d\gh is knead$ ) ! h& "u a /ream ( wat] ^u a f9e sieve1 z long z ! wat] passes ?r\gh milky1 !re w rema9 on ! sieve a glut9\s /icky sub/ance resembl+ birdlime1 :ile ! milky wat] w gradually deposit a pure :ite p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is />*1 t :i* rema9s on ! sieve is glut54 ,bo? ( ^! sub/ances exi/1 !re=e1 9 ! fl\r2 !y bo? also exi/ 9 ! gra94 ,! />* consi/s ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 only2 ! glut51 9 addition to ^!1 conta9s also nitrog54 ,:5 gr\nd into fl\r1 ^! sub/ances s]ve = food to man2 9 ! unbruis$ gra9 !y are int5d$ to fe$ ! future plant 9 its e>lie/ infancy4 ,:5 a se$ is committ$ to ! e>?1 if ! w>m? & moi/ure are fav\rable1 x beg9s to spr\t4 ,x pu%es a %oot upw>ds1 x ?ru/s a root d[nw>ds1 b1 until ! leaf exp&1 & ! root has fairly ent]$ ! soil1 ! "y plant d]ives no n\ri%m5t o!r ?an wat]1 ei!r f ! e>? or f ! air4 ,x lives on ! />* & glut5 conta9$ 9 ! se$4 ,b ^! sub/ances1 ?\gh capable ( be+ sep>at$ f ea* o!r by means ( wat]1 z above /at$1 yet are nei!r ( !m soluble 9 wat]4 ,h5ce1 !y _c1 )\t und]go+ a previ\s *ange1 be tak5 up by ! sap1 & convey$ along ! pores ( ! "y %oot !y are de/9$ to fe$4 ,b x is s arrang$ t1 :5 ! se$ fir/ %oots1 !re is produc$ at ! base ( ! g]m1 f a portion ( ! glut51 a small quantity ( a sub/ance 7dia/ase7 :i* has s p[]ful an effect ^u ! />* z imm$iately to r5d] x soluble 9 ! sap1 :i* is ?us enabl$ to take x up & convey x by degrees1 j z x is want$1 to ! %oot or to ! root4#e ,z ! sap asc5ds1 x becomes sweet1--! />* ?us dissolv$ *anges into sug>4 ,:5 ! %oot fir/ becomes tipp$ ) gre51 ! sug> is aga9 *ang$ into ! woody fibre1 ( :i* ! /em ( p]fect plants *iefly consi/s4 ,by ! "t t ! food conta9$ 9 ! se$ is exhau/$1--(t51 z 9 ! potato1 long be=e1--! plant is able to live by its own ex]tions1 at ! exp5se ( ! air & ! soil4 #e ,9 malt+ b>ley1 x is made to spr\t a c]ta9 l5g?1 & ! gr[? is !n arre/$ by heat+ & dry+ x4 ,ma%$ b>ley1 be=e spr\t+1 w n dissolve 9 wat]1 b :5 spr\t$1 ! :ole ( ! />* 7! fl\r7 x conta9s dissolves readily by a g5tle heat4 ,! dia/ase =m$ dur+ ! g]m9ation effects ?is4 ,by fur!r heat+ 9 ! brew]'s wort1 ?is />* is conv]t$ into sug> z x is 9 ! gr[+ plant4 ,?is *ange ( ! sug> ( ! sap into woody fibre is obs]vable m or less 9 all plants4 ,:5 !y are %oot+ fa/e/ ! sug> is mo/ abundant2 n1 h[ev]1 9 ^? p>ts :i* are gr[+1 b 9 ^? :i* convey ! sap to ! gr[+ p>ts4 ,?us ! sug> ( ! asc5d+ sap ( ! maple & ! ald] disappe>s 9 ! leaf & 9 ! extremities ( ! twig2 ?us ! sug>-cane sweet5s only a c]ta9 di/ance above ! gr\nd1 up to :]e ! new gr[? is proce$+2 & ?us also ! "y beet & turnip ab\nd mo/ 9 sug>1 :ile 9 all ^! plants ! sweet pr9ciple dim9i%es z ! ye>'s gr[? draws ne>] to a close4 ,9 ! rip5+ ( ! e> also1 ! sweet ta/e1 at fir/ s p]ceptible1 gradually dim9i%es & f9ally disappe>s2 ! sug> ( ! sap is "h *ang$ into ! />* ( ! gra91 :i*1 z above describ$1 is aft]w>ds de/9$1 :5 ! gra9 beg9s to spr\t1 to be reconv]t$ into sug> = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! ris+ g]m4 ,9 ! rip5+ ( fruits a diff]5t s]ies ( *anges pres5ts itself4 ,! fruit is fir/ ta/eless1 !n becomes s\r1 & at la/ sweet4 ,9 ?is case ! acid ( ! unripe is *ang$ into ! sug> ( ! rip5$ fruit4 ,! sub/ance ( plants1--_! solid p>ts t is--consi/ *iefly ( woody fibre1 ! "n giv5 to ! fibr\s sub/ance1 ( :i* wood evid5tly consi/s4 ,x is int]e/+ to inquire h[ ?is sub/ance c be =m$ f ! comp\nds1 c>bonic acid & wat]1 ( :i* ! food ( plants 9 great measure consi/s4 ,nor is x difficult to f9d an answ]4 ,x w be recollect$ t ! leaf dr9ks 9 c>bonic acid f ! air1 & deliv]s back its oxyg51 reta9+ only its c>bon4 ,x is also kn[n t wat] ab\nds 9 ! sap4 ,h5ce c>bon & wat] are ?us abundantly pres5t 9 ! pores or vessels ( ! gre5 leaf4 ,n[1 woody fibre consi/s only ( c>bon & wat] *emically comb9$ toge!r1--#ajj lbs4 ( dry woody fibre consi/+ ( #ej lbs4 ( c>bon & #ej lbs4 ( wat]4 ,x is easy1 !re=e1 to see h[1 :5 ! c>bon & wat] meet 9 ! leaf1 woody fibre may be produc$ by _! mutual comb9ation4 ,if1 aga91 we inquire h[ ?is important pr9ciple ( plants may be =m$ f ! o!r sub/ances1 :i* ent] by _! roots1 f ! ulmic acid1 = example1 ! answ] is equally ready4 ,?is acid also consi/s ( c>bon & wat] only1 #ej lbs4 ( c>bon ) #cg ( wat] =m+ ulmic acid1 s t :5 x is introduc$ into ! sap ( ! plant1 all ! mat]ials are pres5t f :i* ! woody fibre may be produc$4 ,nor is x m difficult to see h[ />* may be conv]t$ into sug>1 & ?is aga9 into woody fibre2 or h[1 aga91 sug> may be conv]t$ into />* 9 ! e> ( corn1 or woody fibre into sug> dur+ ! rip5+ ( ! w9t] pe> aft] its removal f ! tree4 ,any "o ( ^! sub/ances may be repres5t$ by c>bon & wat] only4 ,?us1-- #ej lbs4 ( c>bon ) #ej ( wat]1 make #ajj ( woody fibre4 #ej lbs4 #cg #hg ( ulmic acid4 ( cane sug>1 #ej lbs4 #gb #abb ( />*1 or ( gum4 #ej lbs4 #ef #ajf ( v9eg>4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! plant1 !re=e1 x is obvi\s t1 :i*ev] ( ^! sub/ances be pres5t 9 ! sap1 ! elem5ts are at h& out ( :i* any ( ! o!rs may be produc$4 ,9 :at way !y really are produc$1 ! "o f ! o!r1 & by :at circum/ances ^! trans=mations are fav\r$1 x w\ld lead into too great detail to attempt "h to expla94#f ,we _c help admir+ to :at v>i$ purposes 9 nature ! same elem5ts are appli$1 & f h[ few & simple mat]ials1 sub/ances1 ! mo/ v>i$ 9 _! prop]ties1 are 9 ! liv+ vegetable daily produc$4 #f ,= full] & m precise explanations on ^! int]e/+ topics1 see ! ,au?or's ,,lectures on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology1 ,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,( ! ,inorganic ,con/itution ( ,plants--,_! imm$iate ,s\rce--,_! ,nature--,quantity ( ea* 9 c]ta9 common ,crops4 ,,section ,i4--,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,e>?y ,,matt] ,,( ,,plants--,,sub/ances ,,( ,,:i* ,,x ,,consi/s4 ,:5 plants are burn$1 !y always leave m or less ( a% beh9d4 ,?is a% v>ies 9 quantity 9 diff]5t plants1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same plant1 & sometimes 9 diff]5t specim5s ( ! same k9d ( plant1 especially if gr[n ^u diff]5t soils2 yet x is nev] :olly abs5t4 ,x seems z necess>y to _! exi/5ce 9 a /ate ( p]fect heal? z any ( ! elem5ts :i* con/itute ! organic or combu/ible "p ( _! sub/ance4 ,!y mu/ obta9 x !re=e along ) ! food on :i* !y live3 x is 9 fact a "p ( _! natural food1 s9ce )\t x !y become unheal?y4 ,we %all speak ( x !re=e z ! inorganic food ( plants4 ,we h se5 t all ! elem5ts :i* are necess>y to ! production ( ! woody fibre1 & ( ! o!r organic p>ts ( ! plant1 may be d]iv$ ei!r f ! air1 f ! c>bonic acid & wat]y vap\r tak5 9 by ! leaves1 or f ! soil1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! roots4 ,9 ! air1 h[ev]1 only r>e p>ticles ( inorganic or e>?y matt] are kn[n to float1 & ^! 9 a solid =m1 s z to be unable to ent] by ! leaves2 ! e>?y matt] :i* con/itutes ! a%1 !re=e1 mu/ be all d]iv$ f ! soil4 ,! e>?y "p ( ! soil1 !re=e1 s]ves a d\ble use4 ,x is n m]ely1 z "s h suppos$1 a sub/ratum 9 :i* ! plant may s fix & root itself1 z to be able to ma9ta9 its upright position aga9/ ! =ce ( w9ds & tempe/s2 b x is a /oreh\se ( food also1 f :i* ! roots ( ! plant may select su* e>?y sub/ances z are necess>y to1 or are fitt$ to promote1 its gr[?4 ,! a% ( plants consi/s ( a mixture ( sev]al1 sometimes ( z _m z elev51 diff]5t e>?y sub/ances4 ,^! sub/ances are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,pota%4--,! common pe>l-a% ( ! %ops is a comp\nd ( pota% ) c>bonic acid2 x is a c>bonate ( pota%4 ,by dissolv+ ! pe>l-a% 9 wat]1 & boil+ x ) quicklime1 ! c>bonic acid is sep>at$1 & pota% alone1 or cau/ic pota%1 z x is (t5 call$1 is obta9$4 #b4 ,soda4--,! common soda ( ! %ops is a c>bonate ( soda1 & by boil+ x ) quicklime1 ! c>bonic acid is sep>at$1 z 9 ! case ( pe>l-a%4 #c4 ,lime4--,?is is famili> to e "o z ! lime-%ells1 or unslak$ lime ( ! limekilns4 ,! unburn$ lime/one is a c>bonate ( lime2 ! c>bonic acid 9 ?is case be+ sep>at$ by ! roa/+ 9 ! kiln4 #d4 ,magnesia4--,?is is ! calc9$ magnesia ( ! %ops4 ,! uncalc9$ is a c>bonate ( magnesia1 f :i* heat drives (f ! c>bonic acid4 #e4 ,silica4--,?is is ! "n giv5 by *emi/s to ! sub/ance ( fl9t1 qu>tz1 & ( silice\s s&s & s&/ones4 #f4 ,alum9a is ! pure e>? ( alum1 obta9$ by dissolv+ alum 9 wat]1 & add+ liquid ammonia 7h>t%orn7 to ! solution4 ,x =ms ab\t two-fif?s ( ! weight ( porcela9 & pipe-clays1 & ( "s o!r v /iff k9ds ( clay4 #g4 ,oxide ( ,iron4--,! mo/ famili> =m ( ?is sub/ance is ! ru/ t =ms on metallic iron 9 damp places4 ,x is a comp\nd ( iron ) oxyg51 h5ce ! "n oxide4 #h4 ,oxide ( ,manganese is a br[n p[d]1 :i* consi/s ( oxyg5 9 comb9ation ) a metal resembl+ iron1 to :i* ! "n ( manganese is giv54 ,x exi/s 9 plants1 & 9 soils only 9 v small quantity4 #i4 ,sulphur4--,?is sub/ance is well kn[n4 ,x g5]ally exi/s 9 ! a% 9 ! /ate ( sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol71 :i* is a comp\nd ( sulphur ) oxyg54 ,x does n always exi/ 9 liv+ plants1 h[ev]1 9 ?is /ate4 ,sulphuric acid =ms ) pota% a sulphate ( pota%1--) soda1 sulphate ( soda 7or ,glaub]'s salts71--) lime1 sulphate ( lime 7gypsum71--) magnesia1 sulphate ( magnesia 7,epsom salts71--) alum9a1 sulphate ( alum9a1--& ) oxide ( iron1 sulphate ( iron or gre5 vitriol4 ,:5 ! sulphate ( pota% is comb9$ ) sulphate ( alum9a1 x =ms common alum4 #aj4 ,phosphorus is a s(t pale yell[ sub/ance :i* readily takes fire 9 ! air1 & gives (f1 :ile burn+1 a d5se :ite smoke4 ,! :ite fumes :i* =m ?is smoke are a comp\nd ( phosphorus ) oxyg5 obta9$ f ! air1 & are call$ phosphoric acid4 ,9 ! a% ( plants ! phosphorus is f\nd 9 ! /ate ( phosphoric acid1 ?\gh x probably does n all exi/ 9 ! liv+ plant 9 t /ate4 ,phosphoric acid =ms phosphates ) pota%1 soda1 lime1 & magnesia4 ,:5 bones are burn$1 a l>ge quantity ( a :ite e>? rema9s 7bone-e>?71 :i* is a phosphate ( lime1 consi/+ ( lime & phosphoric acid4 ,phosphate ( lime is g5]ally pres5t 9 ! a% ( plants2 phosphate ( magnesia is conta9$ mo/ abundantly 9 ! a% ( :eat & o!r v>ieties ( gra94 #aa4 ,*lor9e4--,?is is a v suffocat+ gas1 :i* gives its peculi> smell to *loride ( lime1 & is us$ = blea*+ & dis9fect+4 ,x is readily obta9$ by p\r+ muriatic acid 7_s ( salt7 on ! black oxide ( manganese ( ! %ops4 ,9 comb9ation ) ! metallic bases ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 & magnesia1 x =ms ! *lorides ( potassium1 sodium 7common salt71 calcium & magnesium1#g & 9 "o or o!r ( ^! /ates x g5]ally ent]s into ! roots ( plants1 & exi/s 9 _! a%4 #g ,pota%1 soda1 lime1 & magnesia1 are comp\nds ( ! metals "h nam$ ) oxyg54 ,x is a v /rik+ fact1 t ! suffocat+ gas *lor9e1 :5 comb9$ ) sodium1 a metal :i* takes fire :5 plac$ ^u wat]1 %\ld =m ! agreeable & necess>y condim5t1 common salt4 ,su* are ! inorganic sub/ances usually f\nd mix$ or comb9$ toge!r 9 ! a% ( plants4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$1 t ! quantity ( a% left by a giv5 weight ( vegetable matt] v>ies ) a great _m conditions4 ,?is fact des]ves a m att5tive consid]ation4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,a%4 #a4 ,! quantity ( a% yield$ by diff]5t plants is unlike4 ,?us #ajjj lbs4 ( ,:eat leave #ab lbs4 ,oats #bf lbs4 ,turnips #h lbs4 ,r$ ,clov] #af lbs4 ,rye ,grass #ag lbs4 ,b>ley #be lbs4 ,potatoes #h lbs4 ,c>rots #g lbs4 ,:ite ,clov] #ag lbs4 ,s t ! quantity ( inorganic food requir$ by diff]5t vegetables is great] or less accord+ to _! nature2 & if a soil be ( su* a k9d t x c yield only a small quantity ( ?is inorganic food1 !n only ^? plants w gr[ well ^u x :i* require ! lea/4 ,h5ce1 trees may (t5 gr[ :]e arable crops fail to ?rive1 because _m ( !m require & conta9 v little inorganic matt]4 ,?us :ile #ajjj lbs4 ( elm wood leave #ai lbs4 & ( popl> #bj lbs4 ( a%1 ! same weight ( ! will[ leaves only #d lbs41 ( ! bee* #d lbs41 ( ! bir* #c lbs41 ( diff]5t p9es less ?an #c lbs41 & ( ! oak only #b lbs4 ( a% :5 burn$4 #b4 ,! quantity ( inorganic matt] v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same plant4 ,?us :ile #ajjj lbs4 ( ! turnip root slic$ & dri$ 9 ! air leave #gj lbs4 ( a%1 ! dri$ leaves give #acj lbs42 & :ile ! gra9 ( :eat yields only #ab lbs41 :eat /raw w yield #fj lbs4 ( e>?y matt]4 ,s1 ?\gh ! will[ & o!r woods leave little a%1 z above /at$1 yet ! will[ leaf leaves #hb lbs41 ! bee* leaf #db lbs41 ! bir* #ej lbs41 ! diff]5t p9e leaves #bj lbs4 to #cj lbs41 & ! leaves ( ! elm z mu* z #abj lbs4 ( incombu/ible matt] :5 burn$ 9 ! air4 ,mo/ ( ! inorganic matt]1 !re=e1 :i* is )drawn f ! soil 9 a crop ( corn is return$ to x aga91 by ! skilful husb&man1 9 ! f]m5t$ /raw1--9 ! same way z nature1 9 caus+ ! trees p]iodically to %$ _! leaves1 returns ) !m to ! soil a v l>ge portion ( ! soluble inorganic sub/ances :i* _h be5 drawn f x by ! roots dur+ ! season ( gr[?4 ,?us an annual top-dress+ is giv5 to ! l& :]e =e/s gr[2 & t :i* ! roots f spr+ to autumn are cont9ually suck+ up1 & c>efully collect+ f consid]able dep?s1 w9t] /rews aga9 on ! surface1 s z1 9 ! lapse ( "t1 to =m a soil :i* _c fail to prove f]tile1--because x is made up ( ^? v mat]ials ( :i* ! inorganic sub/ance ( =m] races ( vegetables has be5 entirely compos$4 #b4 ,! quantity ( inorganic matt] (t5 diff]s 9 diff]5t specim5s ( ! same plant4 ,?us1 #ajjj lbs4 ( :eat /raw1 gr[n at diff]5t places1 gave to f\r diff]5t exp]im5t]s #dc1 #dd1 #ce1 & #aee lbs4 ( a% respectively4 ,:eat /raw1 !re=e1 does n always leave ! same quantity ( a%4 ,to :at is ?is diff]5ce ow+8 ,is x to ! nature ( ! soil1 or does x dep5d ^u ! v>iety ( :eat exp]im5t$ ^u8 ,x seems to dep5d p>tly ^u bo?4 ,?us1 on ! same field1 9 ,rav5swor? dale1 ,york%ire1 on a ri* clay soil ab\nd+ 9 lime1 ! ,gold5 ,k5t & ,fl&]s ,r$ :eats 7 s[n 9 ! spr+ ( #ahda4 ,! =m] gave an excell5t crop1 :ile ! latt] 0 a total failure1 ! e> conta9+ #bj or #cj gra9s only ( poor :eat4 ,! /raw ( ! =m] left #afe lbs4 ( a% f #ajjj lbs41 t ( ! latt] only #abj lbs4 ,some?+1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u ! v>iety4 ,b z f ! /raw ( a good :eat crop gr[n ne> ,durham ?is la/ summ] on a clay loam ,i obta9$ only #ff lbs4 ( a%1 ,i am p]suad$ t ! v wide v>iations 9 ! quantity ( a% left1 by diff]5t :eat /raws1 mu/ be dep5d5t 9 "s consid]able degree ^u ! soil4 ,! tru?1 s f> z x c z yet be made out1 seems to be ?is--t e plant mu/ h a c]ta9 quantity ( inorganic matt] to make x gr[ 9 ! mo/ heal?y mann]2--t x is capable ( liv+1 gr[+1 & ev5 rip5+ se$ ) v mu* less ?an ?is quantity2--b t ^? soils w produce ! mo/ p]fect plants :i* c be/ supply all _! wants1--& t ! be/ se$ w be rais$ 9 ^? di/ricts :]e ! soil1 )\t be+ too ri* or rank1 yet c yield bo? organic & inorganic food 9 su* proportions z to ma9ta9 ! corn plants 9 _! mo/ heal?y condition4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,a% ,,( ,,plants4 ,b mu* also dep5ds ^u ! quality z well z ^u ! quantity ( ! a%4 ,plants may leave ! same weight ( a% :5 burn$1 & yet ! nature ( ! two specim5s ( a%1 ! k9d ( matt] ( :i* !y respectively consi/1 may be v diff]5t4 ,! a% ( "o may conta9 mu* lime1 ( ano!r mu* pota%1 ( a ?ird mu* soda1 :ile 9 a f\r? mu* silica may be pres5t4 ,?us #ajj lbs4 ( ! a% ( bean /raw conta9 #ec lbs4 ( pota%1 :ile t ( b>ley /raw conta9s only #c lbs4 9 ! hundr$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! same weight ( ! a% ( ! latt] conta9s #gc lbs4 ( silica1 :ile 9 t ( ! =m] !re are only #g lbs4 ,! quality ( ! a% seems to v>y ) ! same conditions by :i* its quantity is affect$4 ,?us-- #a4 ,x v>ies ) ! k9d ( plant4 #ajj lbs4 ( ! a% ( :eat1 b>ley1 & oats1 = example1 conta91 respectively1 ,:eat4 ,b>ley4 ,oats4 ,pota%1 #ai #ab #f ,soda1 #bj #ab #e ,lime1 #h #d #c ,magnesia1 #h #h #b ,alum9a1 #b #a ,oxide ( ,iron1 #j trace4 #a ,silica1 #cd #ej #gf ,sulphuric acid1 #d #b #a ,phosphoric acid1 #c #i #c ,*lor9e1 #a #a --------- --------- --------- #ajj #ajj #ajj ,a comp>ison ( ! sev]al numb]s opposite to ea* o!r 9 ^! ?ree columns1 %ews h[ unlike ! quantities ( ! diff]5t sub/ances are1 :i* are conta9$ 9 an equal weight ( ! a% ( ^! ?ree v>ieties ( gra94 ,! a% ( :eat conta9s #ai lbs4 ( pota% 9 ! #ajj lbs41 :ile t ( oats conta9s only #f lbs4 ,9 :eat are #bj p] c5t4 ( soda1 9 oats only #e p] c5t4 ,:eat also conta9s m sulphuric acid ?an ei!r ( ! o!r gra9s1 :ile b>ley conta9s a /ill great] pr$om9ance ( phosphoric acid4 ,x is ?us evid5t t a crop ( :eat w c>ry (f f ! soil--ev5 suppose ! :ole quantity ( a% left by ea* ! same 9 weight--v diff]5t quantities ( pota%1 soda1 c4 f a crop ( oats4 ,x w take m ( ^!1 ( sulphuric acid1 & ( c]ta9 o!r sub/ances1 f ! soil4 ,x w1 !re=e1 exhau/ ! soil m ( ^! sub/ances--z b>ley & oats w ( o!rs--h5ce "o reason :y a piece ( l& may suit "o ( ^! crops & n suit ! o!rs4 ,t :i* _c gr[ :eat may yet gr[ oats4 ,h5ce1 also1 two successive crops ( diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 may gr[ :]e x w\ld greatly injure ! soil to take two 9 succession ( ! same k9d1 especially ( ei!r :eat or b>ley2 & h5ce we likewise d$uce "o natural reason = a rotation ( crops4 ,! surface soil may be s f> exhau/$ ( "o inorganic sub/ance1 t x _c af=d x 9 suffici5t quantity dur+ ! pres5t season to br+ a giv5 crop to heal?y maturity1 & yet may1 by natural processes1 be s f> suppli$ aga91 dur+ ! int]m$iate gr[? ( c]ta9 o!r crops1 z to be prep>$ 9 a future season fully to supply all ! wants ( ! same crop1 & to yield a pl5tiful h>ve/4 #b4 ,! k9d ( inorganic matt] v>ies ) ! "p ( ! plant4 ,?us ! gra9 & ! /raw ( ! corn plants conta9 v unlike quantities ( ! sev]al inorganic con/itu5ts1 z w appe> by comp>+ ! foll[+ ) ! prec$+ table3-- ,:eat ,b>ley ,oat ,/raw4 ,/raw4 ,/raw4 ,pota%1 #c #ae ,soda1 #a trace4 ,lime1 #g #aj #b ,magnesia1 #a #a ,alum9a1 #b #c trace4 ,oxide ( ,iron1 ,oxide ( manganese1 #j trace4 ,silica1 #ha #gc #hj ,sulphuric acid1 #a #b #a ,phosphoric acid1 #e #c ,*lor9e1 #a #a trace4 ------- ------- -------- #ajj #ajj #ajj ,n only are ! quantities ( ! sev]al inorganic sub/ances k9ds ( /raw v unlike--especially ! proportions ( pota%1 lime1 & phosphoric acid 9 ea*--b ^! quantities are also v diff]5t f ^? exhibit$ by ! numb]s 9 ! prec$+ table z conta9$ 9 ! ?ree v>ieties ( gra94 ,9 ?is diff]5ce we see1 fur!r1 "o reason :y ! same soil :i* may be fav\rable to ! gr[? ( /raw may n be equally propiti\s to ! gr[? ( ! e>4 ,:eat /raw conta9s little ei!r ( pota% or ( soda2 ! a% ( ! gra9 conta9s a l>ge proportion2 :ile ! a% ( ! oat-/raw1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9s a mu* l>g] proportion ( pota% ?an t ( its own e> does4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! roots may1 9 c]ta9 plants & 9 c]ta9 soils1 succe$ 9 fully n\ri%+ ! /raw :ile !y _c fully rip5 ! e>2 or contr>iwise1 :]e !y fe$ b a scanty /raw1 may yet be able to give ample su/5ance to ! fill+ e>4#h #h ,& occasionally d give2 = a plump gra91 & ev5 a well-fill$ e>1 are n unfrequ5tly f\nd :]e ! /raw is unusually defici5t4 #c4 ,! quality ( ! a% v>ies also ) ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,?is w be und]/ood f :at is /at$ above4 ,:]e ! soil is fav\rable1 ! roots c s5d up into ! /raw e ?+ :i* ! heal?y plant requires2 :5 x is poorly suppli$ ) "s ( ^? inorganic con/itu5ts :i* ! plant desires1 life may be prolong$1 a /unt$ or unheal?y crop may be rais$1 9 :i* ! k9d1 & p]haps ! quantity1 ( a% left 9 burn+ w necess>ily be diff]5t f t left by ! same species ( plant gr[n "u m fav\r+ circum/ances4 ,( ?is fact !re c be no d\bt1 ?\gh ! ext5t to :i* su* v>iations may take place )\t absolutely kill+ ! plant1 has n yet be5 by any means made out4 #d4 ,x v>ies also ) ! p]iod ( a plant's gr[?1 or ! season at :i* x is reap$4 ,?us1 9 ! "y leaf ( ! turnip & potato1 a great] proportion ( ! inorganic matt] !y conta9 consi/s ( pota% ?an 9 ! old leaf4 ,! same is true ( ! /alk ( :eat2 & simil> diff]5ces prevail 9 almo/ e k9d ( plant at diff]5t /ages ( its gr[?4 ,! enlight5$ agriculturi/ w p]ceive t all ! facts above /at$ h a p]ceptible connection ) ! ord9>y processes ( practical agriculture1 & t5d to ?r[ consid]able light on "s ( ! pr9ciples by :i* !y ought to be regulat$4 ,"o illu/ration ( ?is is exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,quantity ,,( ,,inorganic ,,matt] ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,an ,,ord9>y ,,crop ,,or ,,s]ies ,,( ,,crops4 ,! importance ( ! inorganic matt] conta9$ 9 liv+ vegetables1 or 9 vegetable sub/ances :5 reap$ & dry1 w appe> m di/9ctly if we consid] ! actual quantity c>ri$ (f f ! soil 9 a s]ies ( crops4 ,9 a f\r-ye>s' c\rse ( cropp+1 9 :i* ! crops ga!r$ am\nt p] acre to-- #a/ ye>1 ,turnips1 #be tons ( bulbs1 & #g tons ( tops4 #b;d ye>1 ,b>ley1 #ch bu%els ( #fc lbs4 ea*1 & #a ton ( /raw4 #c;d ye>1 ,clov] & ,rye ,grass1 #a ton ( ea* 9 hay4 #d? ye>1 ,:eat1 #be bu%els ( #fj lbs41 & #a tons ( /raw4 ,! quantity ( inorganic matt] c>ri$ (f 9 ! f\r crops1 suppos+ none ( !m to be eat5 on ! l&1 am\nts to-- ,pota%1 #bha lbs4 ,soda1 #acj 0 ,lime1 #bdb 0 ,magnesia1 #db 0 ,alum9a1 #aa 0 ,silica1 #cah 0 ,sulphuric acid1 #aaa 0 ,phosphoric acid1 #fa 0 ,*lor9e1 #ci 0 -------- ,total1 #abdj or1 9 all1 ab\t #aa cwt4--( :i* gross weight ! diff]5t sub/ances =m v unlike proportions4 ,a /ill cle>] idea ( ^! quantities w be obta9$ by a consid]ation ( ! fact1 t if we c>ry (f ! entire produce1 & return none ( x aga9 9 ! %ape ( manure1 we mu/ or ought 9 its /ead1 if ! l& is to be re/or$ to its orig9al condition1 add to ea* acre e f\r ye>s3-- ,pe>l or ,pota%1 #cij lbs4 at a co/ ( l4#c #aj #j ,cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( soda1 #ddj #b #e #j ,common salt1 #fe #j #b #j ,quick 7burn$7 lime1 #bdj #j #a #j ,epsom salts1 #bej #a #e #j ,alum1 #hd #j #h #j ,bone-du/1 #bfj #j #af #j ------ --------- ,total1 #agbi l4#h #g #j ,sev]al obs]vations sugge/ !mselves f a consid]ation ( ! above /atem5ts3 fir/1 t if ?is inorganic matt] be really necess>y to ! plant1 ! gradual & con/ant removal ( x f ! l& ought by-&-by to impov]i% ! soil ( ?is inorganic food2 second1 t ! m ( :at gr[s ^u ! l& we c aga9 return to x 9 manure1 ! less w ?is det]ioration be p]ceptible2 ?ird1 t z _m ( ^! inorganic sub/ances are readily soluble 9 wat]1 ! liquid manure ( ! f>m-y>d1 s (t5 all[$ to run to wa/e1 c>ries ) x to ! riv]s mu* ( ! sal9e matt] t ought to be return$ to ! l&2 &1 la/ly1 t ! utility & (t5 indisp5sable necessity ( c]ta9 artificial manures is ow+1 x may be1 9 "s di/ricts1 to ! natural pov]ty ( ! l& 9 c]ta9 inorganic sub/ances1--b m frequ5tly to a want ( acqua9tance ) ! facts above /at$1 among practical m51 & to ! long cont9u$ neglect & wa/e :i* has be5 ! natural consequ5ce4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 ! soil & subsoil conta9 )9 !mselves an almo/ unfail+ supply ( "s ( ^! inorganic sub/ances1 s t ! wa/e is long 9 be+ felt2 9 o!rs !y become soon] exhau/$1 & h5ce call = m c>e1 &1 :5 exhau/$1 = a m exp5sive cultivation1 9 ord] to replace !m4 ,"o ?+ is ( ess5tial importance to be rememb]$ by ! practical f>m]--t ! det]ioration ( l& is (t5 an exce$+ly sl[ process4 ,9 ! h&s ( successive g5]ations a field may s imp]ceptibly become less valuable1 t a c5tury ev5 may elapse be=e ! *ange prove su* z to make a s5sible dim9ution 9 ! valu$ r5tal4 ,su* sl[ *anges1 h[ev]1 h be5 seldom record$2 & h5ce ! practical man is occasionally l$ to despise ! cle>e/ !oretical pr9ciples1 because he has n happ5$ to see !m v]ifi$ 9 8 own limit$ exp]i5ce1 & to neglect !re=e ! sugge/ions & ! wise precautions :i* ^! pr9ciples lay be=e him4 ,! agricultural hi/ory ( tracts ( l& ( diff]5t qualities1 %ew+ h[ !y _h be5 cropp$ & till$1 & ! av]age produce 9 gra91 hay1 /raw1 & o!r crops1 e five ye>s1 dur+ an entire c5tury1 w\ld be invaluable mat]ials bo? to !oretical & to practical agriculture4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,( ,soils--_! ,organic & ,inorganic ,portions--,sal9e ,matt] 9 ,soils--,exam9ation & ,classification ( ,soils--,div]sities ( ,soils & ,subsoils4 ,soils consi/ ( two p>ts1--( an organic "p1 :i* c readily be burnt away :5 ! soil is heat$ to r$ness2 & ( an inorganic "p1 :i* is fix$ 9 ! fire1 & :i* consi/s entirely ( e>?y & sal9e sub/ances4 ,,section ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,"p ,,( ,,soils4 ,! organic "p ( soils is d]iv$ *iefly f ! rema9s ( vegetables & animals :i* h liv$ & di$ 9 or ^u ! soil1 :i* h be5 spread ov] x by riv]s & ra9s1 or :i* h be5 add$ by ! h& ( man = ! purpose ( increas+ its natural f]tility4 ,?is organic "p v>ies v mu* 9 quantity 9 diff]5t soils4 ,9 "s1 z 9 peaty soils1 x =ms f #ej to #gj p] c5t4 ( _! :ole weight1 & ev5 9 "s ri* long cultivat$ l&s x has be5 f\nd1 9 a few r>e cases1 to am\nt to z mu* z #be p] c5t4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x is pres5t 9 mu* small] proportion1 ev5 9 our be/ arable l&s4 ,oats & rye w gr[ ^u a soil conta9+ only #a p] c5t41 b>ley :5 #b to #c are pres5t1 :ile good :eat soils g5]ally conta9 f #d to #h p] c5t4 ,9 /iff & v clayey soils #aj to #ab p] c5t4 may occasionally be detect$4 ,9 v old pa/ure l&s & 9 g>d5s1 vegetable matt] occasionally accumulates1 s z to ov]load ! upp] soil4 ,to ?is organic matt] 9 ! soil ! "n ( humus has be5 giv5 by "s writ]s4 ,x conta9s or yields to ! plant ! ulmic & humic acids describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,x supplies also1 by its decay1 9 contact ) ! air :i* p5etrates ! soil1 mu* c>bonic acid1 :i* is suppos$ to ent] ! roots & m9i/] to ! gr[? ( liv+ vegetables4 ,dur+ ! same decay ammonia is likewise produc$1--& 9 l>g] quantity1 if animal matt] be pres5t 9 consid]able abundance1--:i* ammonia is f\nd to promote vegetation 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,o!r sub/ances1 m or less nutriti\s1 are also =m$ f x 9 ! soil4 ,^! ent] by ! roots1 & contribute to n\ri% ! gr[+ plant1 ?\gh ! ext5t to :i* x is f$ f ?is s\rce is dep5d5t1 bo? ^u ! abundance ) :i* ^! sub/ances are suppli$1 & ^u ! nature ( ! plant itself1 & ( ! climate 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,ano!r influ5ce ( ?is organic portion ( ! soil1 :e!r naturally =m$ 9 x1 or add$ to x z manure1 is n to be neglect$4 ,x conta9s1--z we h se5 t all vegetable sub/ances d1--a consid]able quantity ( inorganic1 t is1 ( sal9e & e>?y matt]1 :i* is lib]at$ z ! organic "p decays4 ,?us liv+ plants d]ive f ! rema9s ( =m] races buri$ b5ea? ! surface1 a portion ( t inorganic food :i* c only be obta9$ 9 ! soil1--& :i*1 if n ?us directly suppli$1 mu/ be s\ght = by ! sl[ ext5sion ( _! roots ?r\gh a great] dep? & bread? ( ! e>? 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,! addition ( manure to ! soil1 !re=e1 places )9 ! easy rea* ( ! roots n only organic b inorganic food also4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,inorganic ,,"p ,,( ,,soils4 ,! inorganic "p ( soils1--t :i* rema9s beh9d1 :5 e ?+ combu/ible is burn$ away by heat+ x to r$ness 9 ! op5 air1--consi/s ( two portions1 "o ( :i* is soluble 9 wat]1 ! o!r insoluble4 ,! soluble consi/s ( sal9e sub/ances1 ! insoluble ( e>?y sub/ances4 #a4 ,! sal9e or soluble portion4--,9 ?is c\ntry ! surface soil ( our fields1 9 g5]al1 conta9s v little soluble matt]4 ,if a quantity ( soil be dri$ 9 an ov51 a p\nd weight ( x tak51 & a p9t & a half ( pure boil+ ra9-wat] p\r$ ov] x1 ! :ole well /irr$ & all[$ to settle1--! cle> liquid1 :5 p\r$ (f & boil$ to dryness1 may leave f #b to #bj gra9s ( sal9e matt]4 ,?is sal9e matt] w consi/ ( common salt1 gypsum1 sulphate ( soda 7,glaub]'s salts71 sulphate ( magnesia 7,epsom salts71 ) traces ( ! *lorides ( calcium1 magnesium1 & potassium1 & ( ! nitrates ( pota%1 soda1 & lime4#i ,x is f ^! soluble sub/ances t ! plants d]ive ! great] portion ( ! sal9e +r$i5ts conta9$ 9 ! a% !y leave :5 burn$4 #i ,see pages #ea & #eb1 :]e ^! sub/ances are describ$4 ,nor mu/ ! quantity ?us obta9$ f a soil be consid]$ too small to yield ! :ole supply :i* a crop requires4 ,a s+le gra9 ( sal9e matt] 9 e p\nd ( a soil a foot deep1 is equal to #ejj lbs4 9 an acre1 :i* is m ?an is c>ri$ (f f ! soil 9 #aj rotations 7#dj ye>s71 :]e only ! :eat & b>ley are s5t to m>ket1 & ! /raw & gre5 crops are regul>ly return$ to ! l& 9 ! manure4#aj #aj ,a fur!r portion1 x w be recollect$1 is c>ri$ (f 9 ! cattle t are s5t to m>ket1--?is is "h neglect$4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 inde$ 9 "s di/ricts ( our own c\ntry1 ! quantity ( sal9e matt] 9 ! soil is s great1 z 9 hot seasons to =m a di/9ct incru/ation on ! surface4 ,?is may (t5 be se5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,durham2 & is m especially to be look$ = 9 di/ricts :]e ! subsoil is s&y & por\s1 & m or less full ( wat]4 ,9 hot wea!r ! evaporation on ! surface causes ! wat] to asc5d f ! por\s subsoil3 & z ?is wat] always br+s ) x a quantity ( sal9e matt]1--:i* x leaves beh9d :5 x rises 9 vap\r1--x is evid5t t ! long] ! dry wea!r & ! consequ5t evaporation f ! surface cont9ue1 ! ?ick] ! incru/ations w be1 or ! great] ! accumulation ( sal9e matt] on ! surface4 ,h5ce1 :]e su* a moi/ & por\s subsoil exi/s 9 c\ntries r>ely visit$ by ra91 z 9 ! pla9s ( ,p]u1 ( ,egypt1 or ( ,india1 ! c\ntry is :it5$ ov] 9 ! dry season ) an unbrok5 cov]+ ( ! diff]5t sal9e sub/ances above m5tion$4 ,:5 ra9 falls1 ! sal9e matt] is dissolv$1 & desc5ds aga9 to ! subsoil1--9 dry wea!r x reasc5ds4 ,?us ! surface soil ( any field w conta9 a l>g] proportion ( soluble inorganic matt] 9 ! middle ( a hot season ?an 9 "o ( ev5 ord9>y ra92 & h5ce ! f9e dry wea!r :i*1 9 e>ly summ]1 ha/5s ! gr[? ( corn1 & lat] 9 ! season fav\rs its rip5+1 does s1 among its o!r modes ( action1 by br++ up to ! roots f b5ea? a m ready supply ( ^? sal9e comp\nds :i* ! crop requires = its heal?ful gr[?4 #b4 ,! e>?y or insoluble portion4--,! e>?y or insoluble portion ( soils r>ely con/itutes less ?an #ie lbs4 9 a hundr$ ( _! :ole weight4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( silica 9 ! =m ( s&1 ( alum9a 9 ! =m ( clay1 & ( lime 9 ! =m ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,x is r>ely free1 h[ev]1 f "o or two p] c5t4 ( oxide ( iron2 & :]e ! soil is ( a r$ col\r1 ?is oxide is pres5t 9 a /ill l>g] quantity4 ,a trace ( magnesia also may be almo/ always detect$1 & a m9ute quantity ( phosphate ( lime4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5ts1 h[ev]1 ( ! e>?y "p ( all soils are s&1 clay1 & lime2 & soils are nam$ or classifi$ accord+ to ! quantities ( ea* ( ^! ?ree !y may happ5 to conta94 ,if an ounce ( soil be boil$ 9 a p9t ( wat] till x is p]fectly s(t5$ & diffus$ ?r\gh x1 &1 aft] %ak+1 ! heavy p>ts be all[$ to settle = a few m9utes1 ! s& w subside1 :ile ! clay--:i* is 9 f9] p>ticles1 & is less heavy--w /ill rema9 float+4 ,if ! wat] & clay be n[ p\r$ into ano!r vessel1 & be all[$ to /& till ! wat] has become cle>1 ! s&y "p ( ! soil w be on ! bottom ( ! "o vessel1 ! clayey "p on t ( ! o!r1 & !y may be dri$ & weigh$ sep>ately4 ,if #ajj gra9s ( dry soil leave no m ?an #aj ( clay1 x is call$ a s&y soil2 if f #aj to #dj1 a s&y loam2 if f #dj to #gj1 a loamy soil2 if f #gj to #he1 a clay loam2 f #he to #ie1 a /rong clay soil2 & :5 no s& is sep>at$ at all by ?is process1 x is a pure agricultural clay4 ,! /rong clay soils are su* z are us$ = mak+ tiles & bricks2 ! pure agricultural clay is su* z is commonly employ$ = ! manufacture ( pipes 7pipe-clay74 ,soils consi/ ( ^! ?ree sub/ances mix$ toge!r4 ,! pure clay is a *emical comp\nd ( silica & alum9a1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #fj ( ! =m] to #dj ( ! latt]4 ,pure clay soils r>ely occur--x be+ well kn[n to all practical m51 t ! /rong clays 7tile clays7 :i* conta9 f #e to #ae p] c5t4 ( s&1 are br\ght into arable cultivation ) ! greate/ possible difficulty4 ,x w r>ely happ51 !re=e1 t arable l& w conta9 m ?an #cj to #ce ( alum9a4 ,if a soil conta9 m ?an #e p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 x is call$ a m>l2 if m ?an #bj p] c5t41 x is a calc>e\s soil4 ,peaty soils1 ( c\rse1 are ^? 9 :i* ! vegetable matt] pr$om9ates v mu*4 ,to e/imate ! lime1 a quantity ( ! soil %\ld be burn$ 9 ! air1 & a weigh$ portion1 #ajj or #bjj gra9s1 diffus$ ?r\gh half a p9t ( cold wat] mix$ ) half a w9e glassful ( _s ( salt 7muriatic acid71 & all[$ to /& = a c\ple ( h\rs1 ) occasional /irr+4 ,! wat] is !n p\r$ (f1 ! soil dri$1 heat$ to r$ness z be=e1 & weigh$3 ! loss is ne>ly all lime4#aa #aa ,unless ! soil happ5 to conta9 a l>ge quantity ( magnesia1 :i* is r>ely ! case4 ,! quantity ( vegetable or o!r organic matt] is det]m9$ by dry+ ! soil well ^u pap] 9 an ov51 & !n burn+ a weigh$ quantity 9 ! air3 ! loss is ne>ly all organic matt]4 ,9 /iff clays ?is loss w comprise a portion ( wat]1 :i* is n :olly driv5 (f f su* soils by dry+ ^u pap] 9 ! way describ$4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,div]sities ,,( ,,soils ,,& ,,subsoils4 ,?\gh ! sub/ances ( :i* soils *iefly consi/ are s few 9 numb]1 yet e practical man kn[s h[ v div]sifi$ !y are 9 "*--h[ v diff]5t 9 agricultural value4 ,?us1 9 "s ( our s\!rn c\nties1 we h a :ite soil1 consi/+ app>5tly ( no?+ else b *alk2 9 ! c5tre ( ,engl& a wide pla9 ( d>k r$ l&2 9 ! bord] c\nties ( ,wales1 & on _m ( our coal-fields1 tracts ( c\ntry almo/ p]fectly black2 :ile yell[1 :ite1 & br[n s&s give ! prevail+ "* to ! soils ( o!r di/ricts4 ,su* diff]5ces z ^! arise f ! diff]5t proportions 9 :i* ! s&1 lime1 clay1 & ! oxide ( iron :i* col\rs ! soils1 h be5 mix$ toge!r4 ,b h[ h !y be5 s mix$--diff]5tly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,by :at natural ag5cy8--= :at end8 ,aga91 ! soil on ! surface re/s on :at is usually d5om9at$ ! subsoil4 ,?is1 also1 is v v>i\s 9 its "* & quality4 ,sometimes x is a por\s s& or gravel1 ?r\gh :i* wat] readily asc5ds f b5ea? or s9ks 9 f above2 sometimes x is light & loamy l ! soil t re/s ^u x2 sometimes /iff & imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! mo/ ignorant f>m] kn[s h[ mu* ! value ( a piece ( l& dep5ds ^u ! *>act]s ( ! surface soil1--! intellig5t improv] und]/&s be/ ! importance ( a fav\rable subsoil4 8,:5 ,i came to look at ?is f>m10 said an excell5t agriculturi/ to me1 8x 0 spr+1 & damp gr[+ wea!r3 ! grass 0 beautifully gre51 ! clov] %oot+ up /rong & heal?y1 & ! :ole f>m _h ! appe>ance ( be+ v good l&4 ,_h ,i come 9 ,june1 :5 ! heat _h drunk up ne>ly all ! moi/ure :i* ! s&y subsoil _h left 9 ! surface1 ,i %\ld n h (f]$ s mu* r5t = x by t5 %ill+s an acre40 ,he might h said also1 8,_h ,i tak5 a spade1 & dug d[n #ah in*es 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! f>m1 ,i %\ld h kn[n :at to expect 9 seasons ( dr\ght40 ,b h[ come subsoils ?us to diff]--"o f ! o!r--& f ! surface soil t re/s ^u !m8 ,are !re any pr9ciples by :i* su* diff]5ces c be acc\nt$ =--by :i* !y c be =ese5--by ! aid ( :i* we c tell :at k9d ( soil may be expect$ 9 ?is or t di/rict--ev5 )\t visit+ ! spot--& on :at k9d ( subsoil x is likely to re/8 ,geology expla9s ! cause ( all su* diff]5ces1 & supplies u ) pr9ciples by :i* we c pr$ict ! g5]al quality ( ! soil & subsoil 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( entire k+doms2--& :]e ! soil is ( inf]ior quality & yet susceptible ( improvem5t1 ! same pr9ciples indicate :e!r ! means ( improv+ x are likely1 9 any giv5 locality1 to be atta9able at a reasonable co/4 ,x w be prop] %ortly to illu/rate ^! direct relations ( geology to agriculture4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,direct relations ( ,geology to ,agriculture--,orig9 ( ,soils--,causes ( _! ,div]sity--,relation to ! ,rocks on :i* !y re/--,con/ancy 9 ! relative ,position & ,"* ( ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks--,relation ( ?is fact to ,practical ,agriculture--,g5]al ,"* ( ! ,soils ^u ^! ,rocks4 ,geology is t bran* ( k :i* embodies all asc]ta9$ facts 9 reg>d to ! nature & int]nal /ructure1 bo? physical & *emical1 ( ! solid p>ts ( our globe4 ,?is sci5ce has _m close relations ) practical agriculture1 & especially ?r[s mu* light on ! nature & orig9 ( soils1--on ! cause ( _! div]sity1--on ! k9d ( mat]ials by ! admixture ( :i* !y may be p]man5tly improv$1--& on ! s\rces f :i* ^! mat]ials may be d]iv$4 ,,section ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,soils4 ,if we dig d[n ?r\gh ! soil & subsoil to a suffici5t dep?1 we always come soon] or lat] to ! solid rock4 ,9 _m places ! rock actually rea*es ! surface1 or rises 9 cliffs1 hills1 or ridges1 f> above x4 ,! surface 7or cru/7 ( our globe1 !re=e1 consi/s ev]y:]e ( a solid mass ( rock1 ov]laid ) a cov]+1 g5]ally ?91 ( loose mat]ials4 ,! upp] or out] "p ( ^! loose mat]ials =ms ! soil4 ,! geologi/ has travell$ ov] great "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 has exam9$ ! nature ( ! rocks1 :i* ev]y:]e repose b5ea? ! soil1 & has f\nd !m to be v unlike 9 "*1 9 composition1 & 9 h>dness--9 diff]5t c\ntries & di/ricts4 ,9 "s places he has met ) a s&/one1 9 o!r places a lime/one1 9 o!rs a slate or h>d5$ rock ( clay4 ,b a c>eful comp>ison ( all ! k9ds ( rock he has obs]v$1 has l$ him to ! g5]al conclusion1 t !y are all ei!r s&/ones1 lime/ones1 or clays ( diff]5t degrees ( h>dness1 or a mixture 9 diff]5t proportions ( two or m ( ^! k9ds ( matt]4 ,:5 ! loose cov]+ ( e>? is remov$ f ! surface ( any ( ^! rocks1 & x is left expos$1 summ] & w9t]1 to ! action ( ! w9ds & ra9s & fro/s1 x may be se5 gradually to crumble away4 ,su* is ! case ev5 ) _m ( ^? :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! great] h>dness1 are employ$ z build+-/ones1 & are kept g5]ally dry2 h[ mu* m ) su* z are less h>d1 &1 b5ea? a cov]+ ( moi/ e>?1 are cont9ually expos$ to ! action ( wat]4 ,! natural crumbl+ ( a nak$ rock ?us gradually cov]s x ) loose mat]ials1 9 :i* se$s fix !mselves & vegetate1 & :i* ev5tually =ms a soil4 ,! soil ?us produc$ p>takes necess>ily ( ! "* ( ! rock on :i* x re/s1 & to ! crumbl+ ( :i* x owes its orig94 ,if ! rock be a s&/one ! soil is s&y2 if a clay/one1 x is a m or less /iff clay2 if a lime/one1 x is m or less calc>e\s2 & if ! rock consi/ ( any peculi> mixture ( ^? ?ree sub/ances1 a simil> mixture is obs]v$ 9 ! e>?y matt] into :i* x has crumbl$4 ,l$ by ?is obs]vation1 ! geologi/1 aft] comp>+ ! rocks ( diff]5t c\ntries ) "o ano!r1 comp>$ next ! soils ( v>i\s di/ricts ) ! rocks on :i* !y imm$iately re/4 ,! g5]al result ( ?is comp>ison has be51 t 9 almo/ e c\ntry ! soils h z close a resemblance to ! rocks b5ea? !m--z ! loose e>? d]iv$ f ! crumbl+ ( a rock be=e our eyes1 be>s to ! rock ( :i* x lately =m$ a "p4 ,! conclusion !re=e is irresi/ible1 t soils1 g5]ally speak+1 h be5 =m$ by ! crumbl+ or decay ( ! solid rocks1--t !re 0 a "t :5 ^! rocks 7 uncov]$ by any loose mat]ials1--& t ! accumulation ( soil has be5 ! sl[ result ( ! natural degradation 7we>+ away7 ( ! solid cru/ ( ! globe4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,div]sity ,,( ,,soils4 ,! cause ( ! div]sity ( soils 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 !re=e1 is no long] obscure4 ,if ! subjac5t rocks 9 two localities diff]1 ! soils met ) !re mu/ diff] also1 & 9 an equal degree4 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 d we f9d ! soil 9 "s c\ntries uni=m1 9 m9]al#ab "* & g5]al f]tility1 ov] hundr$s or ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 :ile 9 o!rs x v>ies f field to field1--! same f>m (t5 pres5t+ _m well m>k$ diff]5ces bo? 9 m9]al "* & 9 agricultural value8 ,! cause ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! mode 9 :i* ! diff]5t rocks are obs]v$ to lie1 "o ^u or by ! side ( ! o!r4 #ab ,t is1 conta9+ ! same g5]al proportions ( s&1 clay1 lime1 c41 or col\r$ r$ by simil> quantities ( oxide ( iron4 ,geologi/s di/+ui% rocks into two classes1 ! /ratifi$ & ! un/ratifi$4 ,! =m] are f\nd ly+ ov] ea* o!r 9 sep>ate b$s or /rata1 l ! leaves ( a book1 :5 laid on its side1 or l ! lay]s ( /ones 9 ! wall ( a build+2 ! latt] =m hills1 m\nta9s1 or sometimes ridges ( m\nta9s1 consi/+ ( "o m or less solid mass ( ! same mat]ial1 9 :i* no lay]s or /rata are any :]e di/9ctly p]ceptible4 ,?us1 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 7,no4 #a71 ,a & ,b repres5t un/ratifi$ masses1 9 connection ) a s]ies ( /ratifi$ deposits1 #a1 #b1 #c1 ly+ ov] ea* o!r 9 a horizontal position4 ,on ,a "o k9d ( soil w be =m$1 on ,c ano!r1 on ,b a ?ird1 & on ,d a f\r?1--! rocks be+ all diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,no4 #a4 ,if f ,a to ,d be a wide valley ( _m miles 9 ext5t1 ! undulat+ pla9 at ! bottom ( ! valley1 re/+ 9 great "p on ! same rock 7#b71 w be cov]$ by a simil> soil4 ,on ,b ! soil w be diff]5t = a %ort space2 & aga9 at ,c1 & on ! fir/ asc5t to ,a1 :]e ! rock 7#c7 rises to ! surface4 ,9 ?is case ! /ratifi$ rocks lie horizontally2 & x is ! undulat+ nature ( ! c\ntry :i*1 br++ diff]5t k9ds ( rock to ! surface1 causes a necess>y div]sity ( soil4 ,b ! degree ( incl9ation1 :i* ! b$s possess1 is a m frequ5t cause ( v>iation 9 ! *>act]s ( ! soil 9 ! same di/rict1 & ev5 at %ort] di/ances4 ,?is is %ewn 9 ! annex$ diagram 7,no4 #b71 :]e ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 repres5t ! mode 9 :i* ! /ratifi$ rocks ( a di/rict ( c\ntry n unfrequ5tly occur 9 connection ) ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,no4 #b4 ,proce$+ f ,e 9 ! pla91 ! soil w\ld *ange :5 we came ^u ! rock ,d1 b w\ld !n cont9ue uni=m till we rea*$ ! lay] ,c4 ,ea* ( ^! lay]s may /ret* ov] a comp>atively level tract ( p]haps hundr$s ( miles 9 ext5t4 ,aga91 on climb+ ! hill-side1 ano!r soil w\ld pres5t itself1 :i* w\ld n *ange till we arriv$ at ,b4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 we beg9 to walk ov] ! edges ( ! b$s1 & ! soil may v>y ) e new /ratum 7or b$7 we pass ov]1 till we ga9 ! asc5t to ,a1 :]e ! b$s are mu* ?9n]1 & :]e1 !re=e1 /ill m frequ5t v>iations may pres5t !mselves4 ,ev]y:]e ov] ! ,briti% isl&s valleys are holl[$ out1 z 9 ! =m] ( ^! diagrams 7,no4 #a71 by :i* ! rocks b5ea? are expos$1 & diff]5ces ( soil produc$1--or ! b$s are m or less incl9$1 z 9 ! latt] diagram 7,no4 #b71 caus+ /ill m frequ5t v>iations ( ! l& to appe>4 ,by a ref]5ce to ^! facts1 ne>ly all ! great div]sities :i* ! soils ( ! c\ntry pres5t may be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,con/ancy ,,9 ,,! ,,"* ,,& ,,ord] ,,( ,,succession ,,( ,,! ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks4 ,ano!r fact alike important to agriculture & to geology1 is ! natural ord] or mode ( arrangem5t 9 :i* ! /ratifi$ rocks are obs]v$ to occur 9 ! cru/ ( ! globe4 ,?us1 if #a1 #b1 #c1 9 diagram ,no4 #a repres5t ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( rock1 a lime/one1 = example1 a s&/one1 & a h>d clay rock 7a %ale or slate71 ly+ ov] ea* o!r1 9 ! ord] "h repres5t$2 !n1 9 :atev] "p ( ! c\ntry nay1 9 :atev] "p ( ! _w1 ^! same rocks are met )1 !y w always be f\nd 9 ! same relative position4 ,! b$ #b or #c w nev] be obs]v$ to lie ov] ! b$ #a4 ,?is fact is important to geology1 because x enables ?is sci5ce to arrange all ! /ratifi$ rocks 9 a c]ta9 inv>iable ord]1--:i* ord] indicates _! relative age or antiquity1--s9ce t :i* is l[e/1 l ! l[e/ lay] ( /ones 9 ! wall ( a build+1 mu/ g5]ally h be5 ! fir/ deposit$1 or mu/ be ! olde/4 ,x also enables ! geologi/1 on obs]v+ ! k9d ( rock :i* =ms ! surface 9 any c\ntry1 to pr$ict at once1 :e!r c]ta9 o!r rocks are likely to be met ) 9 t c\ntry or n4 ,?us at ,c 7diagram1 ,no4 #a71 :]e ! rock 7#c7 comes to ! surface1 he kn[s x w\ld be 9 va91 ei!r by s9k+ or o!rwise1 to seek = ! rock 7#a71 ! natural place ( :i* is f> above x2 :ile at ,d he kn[s t by s9k+ he is likely to f9d ei!r #b or #c1 if x be wor? 8 :ile to seek = !m4 ,to ! agriculturi/ ?is fact is important1 among o!r reasons1-- #a4 ,because x enables him to pr$ict :e!r c]ta9 k9ds ( rock1 :i* might be us$ ) advantage 9 improv+ 8 soil1 are likely to be met ) )9 a reasonable di/ance or at an accessible dep?4 ,?us if ! b$ ,d 7diagram ,no4 #b7 be a lime/one1 ! in/ruct$ f>m] at ,e kn[s t x is n to be f\nd by s9k+ into 8 own l&1 &1 !re=e1 br+s x f ,d2 :ile1 to ! f>m] ^u ,c1 x may be less exp5sive to dig d[n to ! b$ ,d 9 "o ( 8 own fields1 ?an to c>t x f a di/ant spot :]e x occurs on ! surface4 ,or if ! f>m] requires clay1 or m>l1 or s&1 to ameliorate 8 soil1 ?is k ( ! con/ant relative position ( b$s enables him to say :]e ^! mat]ials are to be got1 or :]e !y are to be look$ =1 & :e!r ! advantage to be d]iv$ is likely to repay ! co/ ( procur+ !m4 #b4 ,x is obs]v$1 t :5 ! soil on ! surface ( ea* ( a s]ies ( rocks1 su* z ,c1 or ,d1 or ,e1 9 ! same diagram1 is uni=mly bad1 x is almo/ inv>iably ( bett] quality at ! po9t :]e ! two rocks meet4 ,?us ,c may be dry1 s&y1 & b>r52 ,d may be cold1 unproductive clay2 & ,e a m or less unfruitful lime/one soil3 yet at ei!r extremity ( ! tract ,d1 :]e ! soil is made up ( an admixture ( ! decay$ portions ( ! two adjac5t rocks1 ! l& may be ( av]age f]tility--! s& ( ,c may adapt ! adjac5t clay to ! gr[? ( turnips1 :ile ! lime ( ,e may cause x to yield l>ge returns ( :eat4#ac ,?us1 to ! t5ant 9 look+ out = a f>m1 or to ! capitali/ 9 seek+ an eligible inve/m5t1 a k ( ! mutual relations ( geology & agriculture w (t5 prove ( ! greate/ assi/ance4 ,yet h[ little is su* really useful k diffus$ among ei!r class ( m5--h[ little are ei!r t5ants or proprietors guid$ by x 9 _! *oice ( ! localities 9 :i* !y desire to live6 #ac ,see page #id4 ,& yet "h & !re ! agricultural practice ( m or less ext5d$ di/ricts1 if n really f\nd$ ^u or direct$ by1 is yet to be expla9$ only by pr9ciples su* z ^? ,i h above illu/rat$4 ,i %all m5tion only "o example4 ,! *alk 9 ,york%ire1 9 ,suffolk1 & 9 o!r s\!rn c\nties1 consi/s ( a va/ numb] ( b$s1 :i*1 tak5 all toge!r1 =m a deposit ( v great ?ickness4 ,n[1 ! upp] b$s ( ! *alk =m poor1 ?91 dry soils1 produc+ a scanty h]bage1 & only "u ! mo/ skilful culture yield+ pr(itable crops ( corn4 ,! l[] b$s1 on ! contr>y1 are m>ly2 produce a m /iff1 t5aci\s1 & ev5 f]tile soil2 & are f\nd 9 a rem>kable degree to enri* ! soils ( ! upp] *alk1 :5 laid on z a top-dress+ 9 autumn1 & all[$ to crumble "u ! action ( ! w9t]'s fro/4 ,h5ce 9 ,york%ire1 ,wilt%ire1 ,hamp%ire1 & ,k5t1 :]e ! l[] *alk cov]s ! surface1 or is f\nd at no great dep? b5ea? x1 x is dug out ( ! sides ( ! hills1 or pits are sunk = x1 & x is imm$iately laid ^u ! l& ) great b5efit to ! soil4 ,b 9 p>ts ( ,suffolk1 :]e ! soil equally re/s ^u ! upp] *alk1 !re is no o!r *alk 9 ! neighb\rhood1 or to be met ) at any reasonable dep?1 :i* w mat]ially improve ! l&4 ,! f>m]s f9d x1 f long exp]i5ce1 to be m economical to br+ *alk by sea f ,k5t to lay on _! l&s 9 ,suffolk1 ?an to cov] !m ) any portion ( ! same mat]ial f _! own f>ms4 ,! foll[+ imag9>y section w fully expla9 ! fact "h m5tion$3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,no4 #c4 ,suffolk4 ,m\? ( ! ,?ames4 ,k5t4 ,9 ?is diagram #a repres5ts ! ,london clay2 #b1 ! pla/ic clay :i* is bel[ x2 #c1 ! upp] *alk ) fl9ts1 ris+ to ! surface 9 ,suffolk2 & #d1 ! l[] *alk1 )\t fl9ts1 :i* is too deep to be rea*$ 9 ,suffolk1 b :i* rises to ! surface 9 ,k5t1--:]e x is abundant1 is easily accessible1 & :5ce x is transmitt$ across ! e/u>y ( ! ,?ames into ,suffolk4 #c4 ,! fur!r fact t ! sev]al /ratifi$ rocks are rem>kably con/ant 9 _! m9]al "*1 r5d]s ?is k ( ! ord] ( relative sup]position /ill m valuable to ! agriculturi/4 ,?\s&s ( diff]5t b$s are kn[n to geologi/s to occur on v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface--ea* occupy+ its own unv>y+ place 9 ! s]ies4 ,mo/ ( ^! b$s also1 :5 !y crumble or are worn d[n1 produce soils possess$ ( "s peculi>ity by :i* _! g5]al agricultural capabilities are m or less affect$1--& ^! peculi>ities may g5]ally be obs]v$ 9 soils =m$ f rocks ( ! same age--t is1 occupy+ ! same place 9 ! s]ies--9 :atev] "p ( ! _w we f9d !m4 ,h5ce if ! agricultural geologi/ be in=m$ t 8 fri5d has b\ght1 or is 9 treaty = a f>m or an e/ate1 & t x is situat$ ^u su* & su* a rock1 or geological =mation1 he c imm$iately give a v probable op9ion 9 reg>d to ! agricultural value ( ! soil1 :e!r ! prop]ty be 9 ,engl&1 9 ,au/ralia1 or 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,if he kn[s ! nature ( ! climate also1 he w be able to e/imate ) tol]able correctness h[ f> ! soil is likely to repay ! lab\rs ( ! practical f>m]1--nay1 ev5 :e!r x is likely to suit bett] = arable l& or = pa/ure1 & if = arable1 :at species ( :ite crops x may be expect$ to produce mo/ abundantly4 ,^! facts are s v curi\s1 & illu/rate s beautifully ! value ( geological k--if n to ,a & ,b1 ! hold]s or proprietors ( ?is & t small f>m1 yet to enlight5$ agriculturi/s1--to sci5tific agriculture 9 g5]al1--t ,i %all expla9 ?is "p ( ! subject m fully 9 a sep>ate section4 ,to ^? :o are n[ emb>k+ 9 su* numb]s 9 que/ ( new homes 9 our num]\s colonies1 :o hope to f9d1 if n a m will+1 at lea/ a m atta9able soil 9 new c\ntries1 no k9d ( agricultural k c at ! outset1--,i may say1 ev5 ?r\gh life1--be s valuable z t to :i* ! rudim5ts ( geology w lead !m4 ,^? :o prep>e !mselves ! be/ = becom+ f>m]s or proprietors 9 ,canada1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 or 9 wide ,au/ralia1 yet leave _! native l& 9 g5]al )\t a p>ticle ( t prelim9>y practical k1 :i* w\ld qualify !m to say1 :5 !y rea* ! l& ( _! adoption1 8,on ?is spot1 r ?an t1--9 ?is di/rict1 r ?an t1--w ,i pur*ase my allotm5t1 because1 ?\gh bo? appe> equally invit+1 yet ,i "k f ! geological /ructure ( ! c\ntry1 t "h ,i %all h ! m p]man5tly productive soil2 "h ,i am m )9 rea* ( ! means ( agricultural improvem5t2 "h1 9 addition to ! ri*es ( ! surface1 my desc5dants may hope to d]ive ! means ( weal? f m9]al ri*es b5ea?40 ,& ?is ov]sight has aris5 *iefly f ! value ( su* k n be+ und]/ood--(t5 f ! v nature ( x be+ unkn[n1 ev5 to o!rwise well in/ruct$ practical m54 ,x is n to m5 well skill$ m]ely 9 ! details ( local f>m+1 & :o are !re=e des]v$ly consid]$ z au?orities & good tea*]s 9 reg>d to local or di/rict practice1 t we are to look = an exposition1 (t5 n ev5 = a correct appreciation1 ( ^? g5]al pr9ciples on :i* a univ]sal sy/em ( agriculture mu/ be bas$--)\t :i* pr9ciples1 inde$1 x mu/ ev] rema9 a m]e collection ( empirical rules1 to be /udi$ & labori\sly ma/]$ 9 e new di/rict we g to--z ! travell] 9 =eign l&s mu/ acquire a new language e successive fronti] he passes4 ,engl&1 ! mi/ress ( s _m wide & unpeopl$ l&s1 ov] :i* ! dwell+s ( h] adv5tur\s sons are h]eaft] to be scatt]$1 on :i* _! toil is to be exp5d$1 & ! glory ( _! mo!rl& by _! ex]tions to be p]petuat$--,engl& %\ld especially enc\rage all su* le>n+1 & ! sons ( ,engli% f>m]s will+ly avail !mselves ( e opportunity ( acquir+ x4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,( ,,geological ,,=mations1 ,,& ,,! ,,g5]al ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,! ,,soils ,,t ,,re/ ,,^u ,,!m4 ,! ?\s&s ( b$s or /rata ( :i* ,i h spok5 z ly+ "o ov] ! o!r 9 ! cru/ ( ! globe1 h1 p>tly = conv5i5ce1 & p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 rem>kably di/9ctive *>act]s obs]v$ among !m1 be5 sep>at$ by geologi/s into ?ree great divisions--! prim>y1 :i* are ! l[e/ & ! olde/2 ! second>y1 :i* lie ov] !m2 & ! t]ti>y1 :i* are upp]mo/1 & h be5 mo/ rec5tly =m$4 ,! /rata1 9 ^! sev]al divisions1 h aga9 be5 subdivid$ into gr\ps1 call$ =mations4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! names & ?icknesses ( ^! =mations1 & ! m9]alogical *>act]s ( ! rocks ( :i* !y sev]ally consi/4 ,i4 ,,t]ti>y ,,/rata4 #a4 ,! ,london & ,pla/ic clays1 #ejj to #ijj feet ?ick1 consi/ ( /iff1 almo/ imp]vi\s1 d>k-col\r$ clays1--*iefly 9 pa/ure4 ,! l[] b$s are mix$ ) s&1 & produce an arable soil1 b ext5sive hea?s & wa/es re/ ^u !m 9 ,b]k%ire1 ,hamp%ire1 & ,dorset4 ,,ii4 ,,second>y ,,/rata4 #b4 ,! ,*alk1 ab\t #fjj feet 9 ?ickness1 consi/s 9 ! upp] "p 7see diagram1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #hh7 ( a pur] *alk ) lay]s ( fl9t2 9 ! l[]1 ( a m>ly *alk )\t fl9ts4 ,! soil ( ! upp] *alk is *iefly 9 %eep-walks1 t ( ! l[] *alk is v productive ( corn4 #c4 ,! ,gre5 ,s&1 #ejj feet ?ick1 consi/s ( #aej feet ( clay1 ) ab\t #ajj feet ( s& above1 & #bej feet bel[ x4 ,! upp] s& =ms a v productive arable soil1 & ! clay imp]vi\s1 wet & cold l&s *iefly 9 pa/ure4 ,! l[] s& is g5]ally unproductive4 ,x is an important agricultural rem>k1 t :]e ! clay 7pla/ic clay7 comes 9 contact ) ! top ( ! *alk1 an improv$ soil is produc$1 & t :]e ! *alk & ! gre5 s& mix1 extremely f]tile pat*es ( c\ntry pres5t !mselves4 7,see pages #hf & #hg47 #d4 ,! ,weald5 =mation1 ne>ly #ajjj feet ?ick1 consi/s ( #djj feet ( s&1 cov]$ by #cjj ( clay1 & re/+ ^u #bej ( m>ls & lime/ones4 ,! clay =ms ! poor wet pa/ures ( ,sussex & ,k5t4 ,on ! s&s bel[ ! clay re/ hea?s & bru%wood2 b :]e ! m>ls & lime/ones come to ! surface1 ! l& is ( bett] quality1 & is susceptible ( pr(itable arable culture4 #e4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,oolite1 ( #fjj feet 9 ?ickness1 we h a b$ ( clay 7,kimm]idge clay7 #ejj feet ?ick1 cov]$ by #ajj feet ( s&y lime/ones4 ,! clay l&s are difficult & exp5sive to "w1 & are *iefly 9 old pa/ure4 ,! s&y lime/one soils above ! clay are also poor1 b :]e !y re/ imm$iately ^u1 & are int]mix$ ) ! clay1 excell5t arable l& is produc$4 #f4 ,! ,middle ,oolite ( #ejj feet consi/s also ( a clay 7,ox=d clay7 d>k-blue1 adhesive1 & ne>ly #ajjj feet ?ick1 cov]$ by #ajj feet ( lime/ones & s&/ones4 ,^! latt] produce good arable l& :]e ! lime happ5s to ab\nd2 ! clays =m close heavy compact soils1 mo/ difficult & exp5sive to "w4 ,! ext5sive pa/ure l&s ( ,b$=d1 ,hunt+don1 ,nor?ampton1 ,l9coln1 ,wilts1 ,ox=d1 & ,gl\ce/]1 re/ *iefly ^u ?is clay1 z d also ! f5ny tracts ( ,l9coln & ,cambridge4 #g4 ,! ,l[] or ,ba? ,oolite1 ( #ejj feet 9 ?ickness1 consi/s ( _m b$s ( lime/one & s&/one1 ) ab\t #bjj feet ( clay 9 ! c5tre ( ! =mation4 ,! soils are v v>i\s 9 quality1 accord+ z ! s&/one or lime/one pr$om9ates4 ,! clays are *iefly 9 pa/ure1--! re/ is m or less productive1 easily work$1 arable l&4 ,9 ,gl\ce/]1 ,nor?ampton1 ,ox=d1 ! ea/ ( ,leice/]1 & 9 ,york%ire1 ?is =mation is f\nd to lie imm$iately b5ea? ! surface1 & a little pat* ( x occurs also on ! s\?-ea/]n coa/ ( ,su!rl&4 #f4 ,! ,lias is an imm5se deposit ( blue clay f #ejj to #ajjj feet 9 ?ickness1 :i* produces cold1 blue1 unproductive1 clay soils4 ,x =ms a long /ripe ( l& f ! m\? ( ! ,tees1 9 ,york%ire1 to ,lyme ,regis 9 ,dorset4 ,x is *iefly 9 old1 & (t5 v valuable pa/ure4 #i4 ,! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 ?\gh only #ejj feet 9 ?ickness1 =ms ! surface ( ne>ly ! :ole c5tral pla9 ( ,engl&1 & /ret*es nor? ?r\gh ,*e%ire to ,c>lisle & ,dumfries4 ,x consi/s ( r$ s&/ones & m>ls1--! soils on :i* are easily & *eaply work$1 & =m "s ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ productive arable l&s 9 ! isl&4 ,9 :atev] "p ( ! _w ! r$ soils ( ?is =mation h be5 met )1 !y h be5 f\nd to possess 9 g5]al ! same agricultural capabilities4 #aj4 ,! ,magnesian ,lime/one1 f #ajj to #ejj feet 9 ?ickness1 =ms a /ripe ( g5]ally poor ?9 soil f ,durham to ,nott+ham1 capable ( improvem5t z arable l& by high f>m+1 b be>+ naturally a poor pa/ure1 int]m+l$ ) sometimes magnific5t furze4 #aa4 ,! ,coal ,measures1 f #cjj to #cjjj feet ?ick1 consi/ ( b$s ( s&/ones & d>k-blue %ales 7h>d clays71 int]m+l$ 7int]/ratifi$7 ) b$s ( coal4 ,:]e ! s&s come to ! surface1 ! soil is ?91 poor1 hungry1 sometimes almo/ wor?less4 ,! %ales1 on ! o!r h&1 produce /iff1 wet1 almo/ unmanageable clays2--n unworkable1 yet exp5sive to "w1 & requir+ dra9+1 lime1 skill1 capital1 & a zeal = improvem5t1 to be appli$ to !m1 be=e !y c be made to yield ! remun]at+ crops ( corn !y are capable ( produc+4 #ab4 ,to ! ,mill/one ,grits ( #fjj feet or upw>ds 9 ?ickness ! same rem>ks apply4 ,!y are (t5 only a repetition ( ! s&/ones & %ales ( ! coal measures1 =m+ 9 _m cases soils /ill m wor?less4 ,:5 ! s&/ones prevail1 l>ge tracts lie nak$1 or be> a ?9 & /unt$ hea?2 :]e ! %ales ab\nd1 ! naturally difficult soils ( ! coal %ales aga9 recur4 ,^! rocks are g5]ally f\nd on ! outskirts ( our coal-fields4 #ac4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 #hjj to #ajjj feet ?ick1 is a h>d blue lime/one rock1 sep>at$ "h & !re into di/9ct b$s by lay]s ( s&/ones1 ( s&y slates1 or ( blue %ales l ^? ( ! coal measures4 ,! soil ^u ! lime/one is g5]ally ?91 b produces a naturally sweet h]bage4 ,:5 ! lime/one & clay 7%ale7 adjo9 ea* o!r1 arable l& occurs1 :i* is naturally productive ( oats1 yet1 :5 ! climate is fav\rable1 capable ( be+ conv]t$ into good :eat l&4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& a consid]able tract ( c\ntry is cov]$ by ^! rocks1 b 9 ,irel& !y =m ne>ly ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! isl&4 #ad4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one v>ies 9 ?ickness f #ejj to #aj1jjj feet4 ,x possesses _m ( ! valuable agricultural qualities ( ! new r$1 consi/+1 l x1 ( r$ s&/ones & m>ls1 :i* crumble d[n into ri* r$ soils4 ,su* are ! soils ( ,brecknock1 ,h]e=d1 & "p ( ,monm\?2 ( "p ( ,b]wick & ,roxburgh2 ( ,hadd+ton & ,lan>k2 ( s\!rn ,p]?2 ( ei!r %ore ( ! ,moray ,fir?2 & ( ! c\nty ( ,su!rl&4 ,9 ,irel&1 also1 ^! rocks ab\nd 9 ,tyrone1 ,f]managh1 & ,monaghan2 9 ,wat]=d1 9 ,mayo1 & 9 ,tipp]>y4 ,9 all ^! places1 ! soils !y =m are g5]ally ! be/ 9 _! sev]al neighb\rhoods1 ?\gh "h & !re1--:]e ! s&/ones are h>d]1 m silice\s & imp]vi\s to wat]1--tracts1 sometimes ext5sive1 ( hea? & bog occur4 ,,iii4--,,prim>y ,,/rata4 #ae4 ,! ,upp] ,silurian sy/em is ne>ly #djjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & =ms ! soils ov] ! l[] bord] c\nties ( ,wales4 ,x consi/s ( s&/ones & %ales1 ) occasional lime/ones2 b ! soils =m$ f ^! b$s take _! "* f ! g5]al abundance ( clay4 ,!y are cold1 usually unmanageable1 muddy clays1 ) ! rem>kably inf]ior agricultural value ( :i* ! travell] is imm$iately /ruck1 z he passes we/w>d (f ! r$ s&/ones ( ,h]e=d on to ! upp] silurian rocks ( ,radnor4 #af4 ,! ,l[] ,silurian rocks are also ne>ly #djjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & 9 ,wales lie to ! we/ ( ! upp] silurian rocks4 ,!y consi/ ( ab\t #bejj feet ( s&/one1 on :i*1 :5 ! surface is n nak$1 b>r5 hea?s alone re/4 ,b5ea? ^! s&/ones lie #abjj feet ( s&y & e>?y lime/ones1 f ! decay ( :i*1 z may be se5 on ! s\!rn edge ( ,ca]m>!n1 f]tile arable l&s are produc$4 #ag4 ,! ,cambrian ,sy/em1 ( _m ?\s& y>ds 9 ?ickness1 consi/s 9 great "p ( clay slates1 m or less h>d1 :i* (t5 wea!r sl[ly1 & almo/ always produce ei!r poor & ?9 soils1 or cold1 difficultly manageable clays1 exp5sive to "w1 & requir+ high f>m+ to br+ !m into pr(itable arable cultivation4 ,cornwall1 we/]n ,wales1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,cumb]l&1 9 ,engl&2 ! high c\ntry :i* /ret*es f ! ,lamm]muir hills to ,portpatrick1 9 ,scotl&2 ! m\nta9s ( ,tipp]>y1 & a l>ge tract on ! extreme s\? ( ,irel&1--on its ea/ coa/1 & f> inl& f ! bay ( ,dundalk1--are cov]$ by ^! slate rocks4 ,pat*es ( ri*1 well cultivat$ l& occur "h & !re on ?is =mation1 ) mu* also t is improvable2 b ! great] "p ( x is usurp$ by wor?less hea? & ext5sive bogs4 #ah4 ,! ,mica ,slate & ,gneiss sy/ems are ( unkn[n ?ickness1 & consi/ *iefly ( h>d & slaty rocks1 crumbl+ sl[ly1 =m+ poor1 ?9 soils1 :i* re/ on an imp]vi\s rock1 & :i*1 f ! height to :i* ?is =mation g5]ally rises1 are r5d]$ m unproductive by an unpropiti\s climate4 ,!y =m ext5sive hea?y tracts 9 ,p]? & ,argyle1 & on ! nor? & we/ ( ,irel&4 ,"h & !re only1 9 ! valleys or %elt]$ slopes1 & by ! m>g9s ( ! lakes1 spots ( bright gre5 meet ! eye1 & pat*es ( a will+ soil1 f]tile 9 corn4 ,a c>eful p]usal ( ! prec$+ sket* ( ! g5]al agricultural capabilities ( ! soils =m$ f ! sev]al classes ( /ratifi$ rocks1 w h pres5t$ to ! read] _m illu/rations ( ! facts /at$ 9 ! prec$+ section2 he w h drawn = himself--to specify a few examples--! foll[+ among o!r conclusions4 #a4 ,t "s =mations1 l ! new r$ s&/one1 yield a soil almo/ always productive2 o!rs1 z ! coal measures & mill/one grits1 a soil almo/ always naturally unproductive4 #b4 ,t good1 or bett] l& at lea/1 ?an g5]ally prevails 9 a di/rict1 may be expect$ :]e two =mations or two diff]5t k9ds ( rock meet1--z :5 a lime/one & a clay m+le _! mutual ru9s = ! =mation ( a common soil4 #c4 ,t 9 almo/ e c\ntry ext5sive tracts ( l& on c]ta9 =mations w be f\nd laid d[n to natural grass1 9 consequ5ce ( ! orig9al difficulty & exp5se ( work+4 ,su* are ! ,lias1 ! ,ox=d1 ! ,kimm]idge1 & ! ,london clays4 ,9 rais+ corn1 x is natural t ! l&s :i* are easie/ & *eape/ work$ %\ld be fir/ subject$ to ! pl\gh2 x is n till implem5ts are improv$1 skill increas$1 capital accumulat$1 & population presses1 t ! heavi] l&s w be rescu$ f p]5nial grass1 & made to produce t greatly increas$ am\nt ( food = bo? man & bea/1 :i* !y are easily capable ( yield+4 ,! turnip soils ( ,great ,brita9 are 9 _m di/ricts1 x may be1 b indiff]5tly f>m$2 & ! /ate has reason to compla9 ( mu* individual neglect ( kn[n & c]ta9 me?ods ( increas+ _! productiv5ess2 b ! next great a*ievem5t :i* ,briti% agriculture has to effect1 is to subdue ! /ubborn clays1 & to conv]t !m into :at _m ( !m are yet de/9$ to become1 ! ri*e/ corn-be>+ l&s 9 ! k+dom4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,soils ( ! ,granitic & ,trap ,rocks4--,accumulations ( transport$ ,s&s1 ,gravels1 & ,clays4--,use ( ,geological ,maps 9 ref]5ce to ,agriculture4 --,physical *>act]s & ,*emical con/itution ( ,soils4--,relation betwe5 ! nature ( ! ,soil & ! k9d ( ,plants t naturally gr[ ^u x4 ,x 0 /at$1 9 ! prec$+ lecture1 7see p4 #hb17 t rocks are divid$ by geologi/s into ! /ratifi$ & ! un/ratifi$4#ad ,! /ratifi$ rocks cov] by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! globe1 & ?us =m a v>iety ( soils1 ( :i* a g5]al description has j be5 giv54 ,! un/ratifi$ rocks are ( two k9ds--! granites & ! trap rocks2 & z a consid]able portion ( ! area ( our isl& is cov]$ by !m1 x w be prop] %ortly to consid] ! peculi> *>act]s ( ea*1 & ! diff]5ces ( ! soils produc$ f !m4 #ad ,! un/ratifi$ are (t5 call$ cry/all9e rocks1 because !y frequ5tly h a glassy appe>ance1 or conta9 regul> cry/als ( c]ta9 m9]al sub/ances2 (t5 also igne\s rocks1 because !y appe> all to h be5 orig9ally 9 a melt$ /ate1 or to h be5 produc$ by fire4 ,,section ,i4--,,soils ,,( ,,! ,,granites ,,& ,,trap ,,rocks4 #a4 ,! granites consi/ ( a mixture1 9 diff]5t proportions1 ( ?ree m9]als1 kn[n by ! names ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & mica4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally pres5t 9 su* small quantity1 t 9 our g5]al description x may be safely left out ( view4 ,granites1 !re=e1 consi/ *iefly ( qu>tz & felsp>1 9 proportions :i* v>y v mu*1 b ! =m]1 on an av]age1 con/itutes p]haps f "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! :ole4 ,qu>tz has already be5 describ$--7see p4 #ea7--;z ! sub/ance ( fl9t1 ! silica ( ! *emi/4 ,:5 ! granite decays1 ?is portion ( x =ms a m or less co>se silice\s s&4 ,felsp> is a :ite1 gre5i%1 or fle%-col\r$ m9]al1 (t5 m or less e>?y 9 its appe>ance1 b g5]ally h>d & brittle1 & sometimes glassy4 ,x is scrat*$ by1 & ?us is readily di/+ui%$ f1 qu>tz4 ,:5 x decays1 x =ms an exce$+ly f9e clay4 ,a rem>kable diff]5ce appe>s ?us to exi/1 9 *emical con/itution1 betwe5 ^! two m9]als--a diff]5ce :i* mu/ affect also ! soils produc$ f !m4 ,a granite soil1 9 addition to ! silice\s s&1 w consi/ *iefly ( silica1 alum9a1 & pota%2 a hornbl5de soil1 9 addition to silica & alum9a1 ( mu* lime1 magnesia1 & oxide ( iron--( ne>ly #b cwt4 ( ea* ( ^! latt] = e ton ( decay$ rock4 ,a hornbl5de soil1 !re=e1 conta9s m ( ^? inorganic con/itu5ts :i* ! plants require = _! heal?y su/5ance1 & !re=e w prove m g5]ally productive ?an a soil ( decay$ felsp>4 ,b :5 ! two are mix$1 z 9 ! gre5/ones1 ! soil mu/ be /ill m fav\rable to vegetable life4 ,! pota% & soda1 ( :i* ! hornbl5de is ne>ly de/itute1 ! felsp> is able abundantly to supply2 :ile1 by ! hornbl5de are yield$ lime & magnesia1 :i* are kn[n to ex]cise a rem>kable influ5ce on ! progress ( vegetation4 #b4 ,! trap rocks1 compris+ ! gre5/ones & basalts1 consi/ ess5tially#ae ( felsp> & hornbl5de or augite4 ,9 contra/+ ! trap rocks ) ! granites1 x may be /at$ g5]ally1 t :ile ! granites consi/ ( felsp> & qu>tz1 ! traps consi/ ( felsp> & hornbl5de 7or augite74 ,9 ! traps1 bo? ! felsp> & ! hornbl5de are r$uc$1 by ! action ( ! wea!r to a m or less f9e p[d]1 af=d+ mat]ials = a soil2 9 ! granites ! felsp> is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( all ! e>?y matt] !y are capable ( yield+4 ,if we comp>e toge!r1 !re=e1 ! *emical composition ( ! two m9]als 7hornbl5de & felsp>71 we %all see 9 :at respect ^! two v>ieties ( soil ought to diff]4 ,?us !y consi/ ( ,felsp>4 ,hornbl5de4 ,silica1 #fe #db ,alum9a1 #ah #ad ,pota% & soda1 #ag trace4 ,lime1 trace4 #ab ,magnesia1 0 #ad ,oxide ( iron1 0 #ad ,oxide ( manganese1 0 ----- ------- #ajj #ig #ae ,! read] is ref]r$ = m precise in=mation to ! au?or's 8,,lectures10 pp4 #cgg to #cij4 ,?us !ory %ews1 t :ile granite soils may be em95tly unfruitful1 trap soils may be em95tly f]tile4 ,& su* is actually ! result ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce 9 e "p ( ! globe4 ,unproductive granite soils cov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ,scotl& nor? ( ! ,grampians1 & l>ge tracts ( l& 9 ,devon & ,cornwall1 & on ! ea/ & we/ ( ,irel&2 :ile f]tile trap soils ext5d ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles 9 ! l[l&s ( ,scotl&1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&2 & :]e 9 ,cornwall !y occasionally mix ) ! granite soils1 !y are f\nd to r$eem !m f _! natural b>r5ness4 ,:ile su* is ! g5]al rule 9 reg>d to ^! two classes ( soils1 x happ5s on "s spots t ! pres5ce ( o!r m9]als 9 ! granites1 or ( hornbl5de or mica 9 l>g] quantity ?an usual1 give rise to a granitic soil ( av]age f]tility1 z is ! case 9 ! ,scilly isles2 :ile1 9 l mann]1 ! trap rocks are sometimes1 z 9 p>ts ( ! isle ( ,skye1 s peculi> 9 con/itution z to condemn ! l& to almo/ hopeless inf]tility4 ,9 "s di/ricts ! decay$ traps are dug up1 & appli$ ) advantage1 z a top-dress+1 to o!r k9ds ( l&2 & z by admixture ) ! decay$ trap1 ! granitic soils are kn[n to be improv$ 9 quality1 s an admixture ( decay$ granite ) _m trap soils1 7 x readily accessible1 might add to _! f]tility also4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,sup]ficial ,,accumulations ,,( ,,transport$ ,,mat]ials ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,surface4 ,x is necess>y to gu>d ! read] aga9/ disappo9tm5t1 :5 he proce$s to exam9e ! exi/+ relation betwe5 ! soils & ! rocks on :i* !y lie1 or to inf] ! quality ( ! soil f ! kn[n nature ( ! rock 9 con=mity ) :at has be5 above laid d[n1--by expla9+ ano!r class ( geological appe>ances :i* pres5t !mselves n only 9 our own c\ntry b 9 almo/ e o!r "p ( ! globe4 ,! unle>n$ read] ( ! prec$+ section & *apt] may say--,i "k excell5t l& re/+ ^u ! granites1 f9e turnip soils on ! ,ox=d or ,london clays1 tracts ( f]tile fields on ! coal measures1 & poor1 gravelly f>ms on ! boa/$ new r$ s&/one3 ,i h no fai? 9 !ory--,i c h none 9 !ories :i* are s obvi\sly contradict$ by natural appe>ances4 ,su*1 x is to be fe>$1 is ! ha/y mode ( reason+ among too _m locally#af excell5t practical m51 famili>1 x may be1 ) _m useful & important facts1 b untaught to look ?r\gh & beyond isolat$ facts to ! pr9ciples on :i* !y dep5d4 #af ,by locally excell5t1 ,i mean ^? :o are ! be/ possible f>m]s ( _! own di/rict & aft] _! own way1 b :o w\ld fail 9 o!r di/ricts requir+ o!r me?ods4 ,to ! possessor ( agricultural pr9ciples ! modifications requir$ by diff]5ce ( crop1 soil1 & climate1 readily sugge/ !mselves1 :]e ! m]e practical man is bewild]$1 di%e>t5$1 & 9 despair4 ,e "o :o has liv$ long1 on ! m expos$ %ores ( our isl&1 has se51 t :5 ! wea!r is dry1 & ! sea w9ds bl[ /rong1 ! s&s ( ! bea* are c>ri$ inl& & spread ov] ! soil1 sometimes to a consid]able di/ance f ! coa/4 ,9 "s c\ntries ?is s&-drift takes place to a v great ext5t1 & gradually swall[s up l>ge tracts ( f]tile l&4 ,aga91 mo/ p are famili> ) ! fact1 t dur+ p]iods ( long cont9u$ ra91 :5 ! riv]s are flood$ & ov]fl[ _! banks1 !y n unfrequ5tly be> ) !m loads ( s& & gravel1 :i* !y c>ry f> & wide1 & /rew at int]vals ov] ! surface soil4 ,s ! annual ov]fl[+s ( ! ,nile1 ! ,ganges1 & ! riv] ( ,amazons1 gradually deposit accumulations ( soil ov] surfaces ( great ext5t2--& s also ! bottoms ( mo/ lakes are cov]$ ) ?ick b$s ( s&1 gravel1 & clay1 :i* h be5 convey$ into !m f ! high] gr\nds by ! riv]s ?r\gh :i* !y are f$4 ,to ^! & simil> ag5cies1 a l>ge portion ( ! exi/+ dry l& ( ! globe has be51 & is /ill expos$4 ,h5ce 9 _m places1 ! rocks1 & ! soils naturally d]iv$ f !m1 are buri$ b5ea? accumulat$ heaps or lay]s ( s&1 gravel1 & clay1 :i* h be5 br\ght f a great] or less di/ance1 & :i* h n unfrequ5tly be5 d]iv$ f rocks ( a totally diff]5t k9d f ^? ( ! di/rict 9 :i* !y are n[ f\nd4 ,on ^! accumulations ( transport$ mat]ials1 a soil is produc$ :i* (t5 has no relation 9 its *>act]s to ! rocks :i* cov] ! c\ntry1 & ! nature ( :i* a famili> acqua9tance ) ^! rocks w\ld n enable u to pr$ict4 ,to ?is cause is due t discordance betwe5 ! fir/ indications ( geology1 z to ! orig9 ( soils f ! rocks on :i* !y re/1 & ! actually obs]v$ "* ( ^? soils 9 c]ta9 di/ricts--( :i* discordance m5tion has be5 made z likely to awak5 d\bt & di/ru/ 9 ! m9d ( ! less in/ruct$ /ud5t 9 reg>d to ! pr$ictions ( agricultural geology4 ,!re are sev]al circum/ances1 h[ev]1 by :i* ! c>eful obs]v] is mat]ially aid$ 9 endeav\r+ to und]/& :at ! nature ( ! soils is likely to be1 & h[ !y ought to be treat$1 ev5 :5 ! subjac5t rocks are ?us ov]laid by masses ( drift$ mat]ials4 ,?us-- #a4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s1 t ! mat]ials br\ght f a di/ance are m or less mix$ up ) ! fragm5ts & decay$ matt] ( ! rocks :i* are native to ! spot1 s t ?\gh modifi$ 9 quality1 ! soil1 nev]!less1 reta9s ! g5]al *>act]s ( t :i* is =m$ on o!r spots f ! decay ( ^! rocks alone4 #b4 ,:]e ! =mation is ext5sive1 or cov]s a l>ge area1 z ! new r$ s&/ones & coal measures d 9 ?is c\ntry1--! m\nta9 lime/ones 9 ,irel&1 & ! granites 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&--! transport$ s&1 gravel1 or clay1 /rew$ ov] "o "p ( ! =mation1 has n unfrequ5tly be5 d]iv$ f ! rocks ( ano!r "p ( ! same =mation1 s t1 aft] all1 ! soils may be said to be produc$ f ! rocks on :i* !y re/1 & may be judg$ ( f ! kn[n con/itution ( ^! rocks4 #c4 ,or if n f ! rocks ( ! same =mation1 !y h mo/ frequ5tly be5 d]iv$ f ^? ( a neighb\r+ =mation--f rocks :i* are to be f\nd at no great di/ance1 & g5]ally on high] gr\nd4 ,?us ! ru9s ( ! mill/one grit rocks are (t5 spread ov] ! surface ( ! coal measures--( ^!1 aga91 ov] ! magnesian lime/one1--( ! latt]1 ov] ! new r$ s&/one1 & s on4 ,! effect ( ?is k9d ( transport ^u ! soils1 is m]ely to ov]lap1 z x 71 ! edges ( "o =mation ) ! prop] soils ( ! =mations t adjo9 x 9 ! p>ticul> direction f :i* ! drift$ mat]ials are kn[n to h come4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! occurr5ce on c]ta9 spots1 or tracts ( c\ntry1 ( soils t h no app>5t relation to ! rocks on :i* !y imm$iately re/1 t5ds 9 no way to ?r[ d\bt ^u1 to discr$it or to disprove1 ! conclusions drawn f ! m g5]al facts & pr9ciples ( geology4 ,x is /ill g5]ally true t soils are d]iv$ f ! rocks on :i* !y re/4 ,! exceptions are local1 & ! difficulties :i* ^! local exceptions pres5t1 require only f ! agricultural geologi/ a m c>eful /udy ( ! /ructure ( ea* di/rict1 be=e he pron\nces a decid$ op9ion z to ! degree ( f]tility x ei!r naturally possesses1 or by skilful cultivation may be made to atta94 ,geological maps po9t out ) m or less precision ! ext5t ( c\ntry ov] :i* ! *alk1 ! r$ s&/one1 ! granites1 c41 are f\nd imm$iately b5ea? ! loose mat]ials on ! surface2 & ^! maps are ( great value 9 indicat+ also ! g5]al quality ( ! soils ov] ! same di/ricts4 ,x may be true1 t "h & !re ! natural soils are mask$ or buri$ by transport$ mat]ials1 yet ! political economi/ may1 nev]!less1 ) safety e/imate ! g5]al agricultural capabilities & res\rces ( a c\ntry by ! /udy ( its geological /ructure--! capitali/ judge 9 :at "p ( x he is likely to meet ) an agreeable inve/m5t--& ! practical f>m] 9 :at c\ntry he may expect to f9d l& t w be/ rew>d 8 lab\rs--t w admit ( ! k9d ( culture to :i* he is mo/ accu/om$1 or1 by ! application ( bett] me?ods1 w manife/ ! greate/ agricultural improvem5t4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,soils4 ,! influ5ce ( climate on ! f]tility ( a soil is (t5 v great4 ,?is influ5ce dep5ds v mu* ^u :at are call$ ! physical prop]ties ( soils4 #a4 ,"s soils are heavi] & d5s] ?an o!rs1 s& & m>ls be+ ! heavie/1 & peaty soils ! lighte/4 ,9 reclaim+ peat l&s1 x is f\nd to be highly b5eficial to increase _! d5sity by a cov]+ ( clay1 s&1 or lime/one gravel4 #b4 ,aga91 "s soils absorb ! ra9s t fall1 & reta9 !m 9 l>g] quantity & = a long] p]iod ?an o!rs4 ,/rong clays absorb & reta9 ne>ly ?ree times z mu* wat] z s&y soils d1 :ile peaty soils absorb a /ill l>g] proportion4 ,h5ce ! m frequ5t necessity = dra9+ clayey ?an s&y soils2 h5ce also ! reason :y1 9 peaty l&s1 ! dra9s mu/ be kept c>efully op51 9 ord] t ! access ( spr+s & ( o!r wat] f b5ea?1 may be z mu* z possible prev5t$4 #c4 ,:5 dry wea!r comes1 soils lose wat] by evaporation ) diff]5t degrees ( rapidity4 ,9 ?is way a silice\s s& w give (f ! same weight ( wat] 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 9 "o-?ird ( ! "t necess>y to evaporate x f a /iff clay1 a peat1 or a ri* g>d5 m\ld1 :5 all are equally expos$ to ! air4 ,h5ce ! reason :y plants are s soon burn$ up 9 a s&y soil4 ,n only d su* soils reta9 less ( ! ra9 t falls1 b t :i* is reta9$ is also m spe$ily dissipat$ by evaporation4 ,:5 ra9s ab\nd1 h[ev]1 or 9 v moi/ seasons1 ^! same prop]ties ( s&y soils enable !m to su/a9 a luxuriant vegetation1 :5 plants w p]i% on clay l&s f excess ( moi/ure4 #d4 ,9 dry+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 soils contract & dim9i% 9 bulk 9 proportion to ! quantity ( clay or ( peaty matt] !y conta94 ,s& does n at all dim9i% 9 bulk 9 dry+1 b peat %r9ks 9 "o-fif?1 & agricultural clay ne>ly z mu*4 ,! roots are ?us compress$1 & air is exclud$1 especially f ! h>d5$ clays1 & ?us ! plant is plac$ 9 a condition unfav\rable to its gr[?4 ,h5ce ! value ( prop] admixtures ( s& & clay4 ,by ! latt] 7! clay71 a suffici5t quantity ( moi/ure is reta9$1 & = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t2 :ile1 by ! =m]1 ! roots are pres]v$ f compression1 & a free access ( air is p]mitt$4 #e4 ,9 ! hotte/ & mo/ dry+ wea!r1 ! soil has seasons ( respite f ! scor*+ influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,dur+ ! cool] season ( ! night1 ev5 :5 no p]ceptible dew falls1 x has ! p[] ( aga9 extract+ f ! air a portion ( ! moi/ure x _h lo/ dur+ ! day4 ,p]fectly pure s& possesses ?is p[] 9 ! lea/ degree2 x absorbs little or no moi/ure f ! air4 ,a /iff clay1 on ! o!r h&1 w 9 a s+le night absorb sometimes z mu* z a #cj? "p ( its own weight1 & a dry peat z mu* z a #ab? ( its weight2 &1 g5]ally1 ! quantity ?us drunk 9 by soils ( v>i\s qualities1 is dep5d5t ^u ! proportions ( clay & vegetable matt] !y sev]ally conta94 ,we _c fail to p]ceive f ^! facts1 h[ mu* ( ! productive capabilities ( a soil is dep5d5t ^u ! proportions 9 :i* its diff]5t e>?y & vegetable con/itu5ts are mix$ toge!r4 #f4 ,! temp]ature ( a soil1 or ! degree ( w>m? x is capable ( atta9+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun's rays1 mat]ially affects ! progress ( vegetation4 ,e g>d5] kn[s h[ mu* bottom heat =ces ! gr[?1 especially ( "y plants2 & :]ev] a natural w>m? exi/s 9 ! soil1 indep5d5t ( ! sun1 z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( volcanoes1 !re x exhibits ! mo/ exub]ant f]tility4 ,"o ma9 influ5ce ( ! sun 9 spr+ & summ] is dep5d5t ^u its p[] ( ?us w>m+ ! soil ar\nd ! "y roots1 & ?us r5d]+ x propiti\s to _! rapid gr[?4 ,b ! sun does n w>m all soils alike3 "s become mu* hott] ?an o!rs1 ?\gh expos$ to ! same sun%9e4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! %ade is no high] ?an #fj to #gj1 a dry soil may become s w>m z to raise ! !rmomet] to #ij or #ajj4 ,mrs4 ,ellis /ates1 t among ! ,pyr5ees ! rocks actually smoke aft] ra9 "u ! influ5ce ( ! summ] sun1 & become s hot1 t y _c sit d[n ^u !m4 ,9 wet soils ! temp]ature rises m sl[ly1 & nev] atta9s ! same height z 9 a dry soil by #aj or #ae4 ,h5ce x is /rictly correct to say1 t wet soils are cold2 & x is easy to und]/& h[ ?is coldness is remov$ by p]fect dra9age4 ,dry s&s & clays1 & blacki% g>d5 m\ld1 become w>m$ to ne>ly an equal degree "u ! same sun2 br[ni% r$ soils are heat$ some:at m1 & d>k-col\r$ peat ! mo/ ( all4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! pres5ce ( d>k-col\r$ vegetable matt] r5d]s ! soil m absorb5t ( heat f ! sun1 :ile ! col\r ( ! d>k-r$ m>ls ( ! new & old r$ s&/ones may1 9 "s degree1 aid ! o!r causes ( f]tility 9 ! soils :i* !y produce4 ,granite g5]ally =ms hills & sometimes entire ridges ( m\nta9s4 ,:5 x decays1 ! ra9s & /reams wa% out & c>ry d[n ! f9e felsp> clay1 & leave ! 7qu>tz7 s& on ! sides ( ! hills4 ,h5ce ! soil 9 ! bottoms & flats ( granite c\ntries consi/s ( a cold1 /iff1 wet1 m or less imp]vi\s clay1 :i* (t5 be>s only hea?1 bog1 or a poor & unnutritive pa/ure4 ,! hill sides are ei!r b>e or cov]$ ) a ?91 s&y1 & ungrateful soil1 ( :i* little c be made by ! aid ev5 ( skill & indu/ry4 ,yet ! opposite sides ( ! same m\nta9s (t5 pres5t a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 ^? :i* are mo/ beat5 by ! ra9s hav+ ! light clay mo/ ?or\ghly wa%$ f _! surfaces1 & be+ !re=e ! mo/ b>r54 ,9 read+ ! above obs]vations1 ! practical read] c h>dly fail to h be5 /ruck ) ! rem>kable simil>ity 9 physical prop]ties betwe5 /iff clay & peaty soils4 ,bo? reta9 mu* ( ! wat] t falls 9 ra91 & bo? "p ) x sl[ly by evaporation4 ,bo? contract mu* 9 dry+2 & bo? absorb moi/ure readily f ! air 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sun4 ,9 ?is simil>ity ( prop]ties1 we see n only :y ! fir/ /eps 9 improv+ bo? k9ds ( soil mu/ be v ne>ly ! same2 b :y1 also1 a mixture ei!r ( clay or ( vegetable matt] w equally imp>t to a s&y soil _m ( ^? aids to1 or elem5ts (1 f]tility--( :i* !y are alike possess$4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,con/itution ,,( ,,soils4 ,soils p]=m at lea/ ?ree functions1 9 ref]5ce to vegetation4 ,!y s]ve z a basis 9 :i* plants may fix _! roots & su/a9 !mselves 9 _! erect position1--!y supply inorganic food to vegetables at e p]iod ( _! gr[?1--& !y are ! m$ium 9 :i* _m *emical *anges take place1 t are ess5tial to a "r prep>ation ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( food :i* ! soil is de/9$ to yield to ! gr[+ plant4 ,we h spok5 ( soils z consi/+ *iefly ( s&1 lime1 & clay1 ) c]ta9 sal9e & organic sub/ances 9 small] & v>iable proportions4 ,b ! /udy ( ! a% ( plants 7see *ap4 iv47 %ews u1 t a f]tile soil mu/ ( necessity conta9 an appreciable quantity ( at lea/ elev5 diff]5t sub/ances1 :i* 9 mo/ cases exi/ 9 great] or less relative abundance 9 ! a% bo? ( wild & ( cultivat$ plants4 ,two well kn[n geological facts lead to precisely ! same conclusion4 ,we h se5 t ! soils =m$ f ! un/ratifi$ rocks1--! granites & ! traps1--:ile !y ea* conta9 c]ta9 e>?y sub/ances 9 proportions peculi> to !mselves1 yet conta9 also 9 g5]al a trace ( mo/ ( ^? diff]5t k9ds ( matt] :i* are f\nd 9 ! a% ( plants4 ,& :5 to ?is fact is add$ ! o!r1 t ! /ratifi$ rocks appe> to be only ! long accumulat+ fragm5ts & ru9s ( m anci5t un/ratifi$ masses--:i*1 "u v>i\s ag5cies1 h gradually crumbl$ to du/1 be5 /rew$ ov] ! surface 9 alt]nate lay]s1 & aft]w>ds aga9 consolidat$1--! read] w readily grant1 t 9 all rocks1 & consequ5tly 9 all soils1 traces ( e "o ( ^! sub/ances may g5]ally be presum$ to exi/4 ,actual *emical analysis confirms ^! d$uctions 9 reg>d to ! con/itution ( soils4 ,x %ews t1 9 mo/ soils1 ! pres5ce ( ! sev]al con/itu5ts ( ! a% ( plants may be detect$1 ?\gh 9 v v>iable proportions4 ,& foll[+ up its inve/igations1 9 reg>d to ! effect ( ?is diff]5ce 9 ! proportion ( ! g5]ally less abundant con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 x e/abli%es c]ta9 o!r po9ts ( ! greate/ possible importance to agricultural practice4 ,?us1 x has f\nd1 = example1 #a4 ,t z a prop] adju/m5t ( ! proportions ( clay & s& is necess>y1 9 ord] t a soil may possess ! mo/ fav\rable physical prop]ties--s t ! m]e pres5ce ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( inorganic food 9 a soil is n suffici5t to make x productive ( a giv5 crop1 b t !y mu/ be s adju/$ 9 quantity t ! plant %all be able readily & at ! prop] "t to obta9 an adequate supply ( ea*4 #b4 ,t :5 a soil is p>ticul>ly poor 9 c]ta9 ( ^! sub/ances1 ! valuable1 cultivat$ corn crops1 grasses1 & trees1 refuse to gr[ ^u !m 9 a heal?y mann]1 & to yield remun]at+ returns4 ,&1 #c4 ,t :5 c]ta9 o!r sub/ances are pres5t 9 too great abundance1 ! soil is r5d]$ equally unpropiti\s to ! mo/ important crops4 ,9 ^! facts ! intellig5t read] w p]ceive ! f\ndation ( ! v>i$ applications to ! soil :i* are ev]y:]e made "u ! direction ( a skilful practice1 & ( ! difficulties :i*1 9 s _m localities1 lie 9 ! way ( br++ ! l& into su* a /ate z %all fit x readily to supply all ! wants ( ^? k9ds ( vegetables :i* x is ! special object ( artificial culture easily & abundantly to raise4 ,*emical analysis is a difficult art1--"o :i* dem&s mu* *emical k1 & skill 9 *emical practice 7manipulation1 z x is call$71 & calls = bo? "t & p]sev]ance--if valuable1 tru/wor?y1 & m9utely correct results are to be obta9$4 ,i believe x is only by aim+ aft] su* m9utely correct results t *emical analysis is likely to ?r[ light on ! peculi> prop]ties ( ^? soils :i*1 :ile !y possess mu* g5]al simil>ity 9 composition & 9 physical prop]ties1 are yet f\nd 9 practice to possess v diff]5t agricultural capabilities4 ,_m su* cases occur 9 e c\ntry1 & !y are ! k9d ( difficulties 9 reg>d to :i* agriculture has a "r to say to *emi/ry--8,^! are matt]s :i* ,i hope & expect y w satisfactorily cle> up40 ,b :ile agriculture has a "r to use su* language1 %e has h]self prelim9>y duties to p]=m4 ,%e has no "r 9 "o brea? to d5y ! value ( *emical !ory to agricultural practice1 & 9 ano!r to ask ! sacrifice ( "t & lab\r 9 do+ h] *emical "w4 ,*emi/ry is a wide field1 & _m zeal\s lives may be sp5t 9 ! prosecution ( x )\t at all ent]+ ^u ! doma9 ( practical agriculture4 ,x may be t "h & !re x may fall 9 ) ! hum\r or natural bias ( "s "o *emi/ to apply 8 k to ?is mo/ important art2 b hi!rto ! appreciation ( su* ef=ts has1 9 g5]al1 be5 s small--! reception ( sci5tific results & sugge/ions by ! agricultural body s ungraci\s--t little wond] c exi/ t s _m h quitt$ ! field 9 disgu/--t ! majority ( capable m5 %\ld /udi\sly avoid x4 ,h5ce x has happ5$ t1 9 ,engl&1 ! analysis ( soils has r>ely be5 und]tak51 except z a matt] ( pr(essional bus9ess1 :]e s mu* "t 01 by a fair calculation1 giv5 = s mu* money1 & an analysis made1 ( t degree ( accuracy only :i* ! "t allott$ to x p]mitt$ ! analy/ to atta94 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to illu/rate ! d$uctions :i*1 z above /at$1 may be drawn f an accurate *emical analysis1 ,i %all exhibit ! con/itution ( ?ree diff]5t soils z det]m9$ by ,spr5gel1 a ,g]man *emi/1 n[ at ! head ( ! ,prussian ,agricultural s*ool1 & ^: own ta/e1 z well z 8 pr(essional function1 h long direct$ 8 att5tion1 & ) mu* success1 to sci5tific agriculture4 ,no4 #a is a v f]tile alluvial soil f ,ea/ ,friesl&1 =m]ly ov]fl[$ by ! sea1 b = #fj ye>s cultivat$ ) corn & pulse crops )\t manure4 ,no4 #b is a f]tile soil ne> ,gtt+51 :i* produces excell5t crops ( clov]1 pulse1 rape1 potatoes1 & turnips1 ! two la/ m especially :5 manur$ ) gypsum4 ,no4 #c is a v b>r5 soil f ,lun5burg4 ,:5 wa%$ ) wat] 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 pages #gj to #gc1 !y gave1 respectively1 f #ajjj p>ts ( soil-- ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,soluble sal9e matt]1 #ah #a #a ,f9e e>?y & organic matt] 7clay71 #icg #hci #eii ,silice\s s&1 #de #afj #djj ---- ---- ---- #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj ,! mo/ /rik+ di/9ction pres5t$ by ^! numb]s is ! l>ge quantity ( sal9e matt] 9 ,no4 #a4 ,?is soluble matt] consi/$ ( common salt1 *loride ( potassium1 sulphate ( pota% & gypsum1 ) a trace ( sulphate ( magnesia1 sulphate ( iron1 & phosphate ( soda4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is comp>atively l>ge quantity ( ^! diff]5t sal9e sub/ances1--orig9ally d]iv$1 no d\bt1 9 great "p f ! sea1--0 probably "o reason :y x c\ld be s long cropp$ )\t manure4 ,! unfruitful soil is mu* ! lighte/ ( ! ?ree1 conta9+ #dj p] c5t4 ( s&2 b ?is is n en\gh to acc\nt = its b>r5ness--_m light soils conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( s&1 & yet be+ suffici5tly f]tile4 ,! f9] portions sep>at$ f ! s&1 & soluble matt]1 consi/$ 9 #ajjj p>ts ( ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,organic matt]1 #ig #ej #dj ,silica1 #fdh #hcc #ggh ,alum9a1 #eg #ea #ia ,lime1 #ei #ah #d ,magnesia1 #h #h #a ,oxide ( iron1 #fa #cj #ha ,oxide ( manganese1 #a #c ,pota%1 #b trace4 trace4 ,soda1 #d 0 0 ,ammonia1 trace4 0 0 ,*lor9e1 #b 0 0 ,sulphuric acid1 #b 0 ,phosphoric acid1 #d #a 0 ,c>bonic acid1 #dj #d 0 ,loss1 #ad -- #d ------ ------ ------ #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj #a4 ,! composition ( ,no4 #a illu/rates ! fir/ ( ^? g5]al d$uctions above /at$1 t a consid]able supply ( all ! species ( inorganic food is necess>y to r5d] a soil em95tly f]tile4 ,n only does ?is soil conta9 a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( soluble sal9e matt]1 b x conta9s also ne>ly #aj p] c5t4 ( organic matt]1 &1 :at 9 connection ) ?is is ( great importance1 #f p] c5t4 ( lime4 ,! pota% & soda1 & ! sev]al acids1 are also pres5t 9 suffici5t abundance4 #b4 ,9 ! second1--a f]tile soil1 b "o :i* _c disp5se ) manure1--!re is little soluble sal9e matt]1 & 9 ! insoluble portion we see t !re are m]e traces ( pota%1 soda1 & ! important acids4 ,x conta9s also #e p] c5t4 only ( organic matt]1 & ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( lime1 :i* small] proportions1 toge!r ) ! defici5cies above /at$1 remove ?is soil f ! mo/ naturally f]tile class to t class :i* is susceptible1 9 h&s ( ord9>y skill1 ( be+ br\ght to1 & kept 91 a v productive condition4 #c4 ,9 ! f9e "p ( ! ?ird soil1 we obs]ve t !re are _m m sub/ances defici5t ?an 9 ,no4 #b4 ,! organic matt] am\nts app>5tly to #d p] c5t41 & !re seems to be ne>ly half a p] c5t4 ( lime4 ,b x w be recollect$1 t ?is soil conta9s #dj p] c5t4 ( s&1 s t 9 e hundr$ ( soil !re are only #fj ( ! f9e matt]1 ( :i* ! composition is pres5t$ 9 ! table1 or #ajj lbs4 ( ! native soil conta9 only #b lbs4 ( organic matt] & lb4 ( lime4 ,b all ^! wants w\ld n condemn ! soil to hopeless b>r5ness1 because 9 fav\rable circum/ances1 & :]e x 0 wor? ! co/1 !y might all be suppli$4 ,b ! oxide ( iron am\nts to #h p] c5t4 ( ?is f9e matt]1 a proportion ( ?is sub/ance :i*1 9 a soil conta9+ s little organic matt]1 appe>s1 f practical exp]i5ce1 to be incompatible ) ! heal?y gr[? ( cultivat$ crops4 ,to ?is soil1 !re=e1 !re requires to be add$ n only ^? sub/ances ( :i* x is de/itute1 b su* o!r sub/ances also z %all prev5t ! injuri\s effect ( ! l>ge proportion ( oxide ( iron4 ,9 ^! ?ree soils1 !n1 we h examples1 fir/1 ( "o :i* conta9s )9 itself all ! elem5ts ( f]tility2 second1 ( a soil :i* is de/itute1 or ne>ly s1 ( c]ta9 sub/ances1--:i*1 h[ev]1 c be readily add$ by ! ord9>y manures 9 g5]al use1--& to :i* ! elem5ts ( gypsum are especially useful1 9 aid+ x to fe$ ! potato & ! turnip2 &1 ?ird1 ( a soil n only poor 9 _m ( ! necess>y species ( ! inorganic food ( plants1 b too ri* 9 "o :i*1 :5 pres5t 9 excess1 is prejudicial to vegetable life4 ,?is illu/ration1 !re=e1 w aid ! g5]al read] 9 compreh5d+ h[ f> rigid *emical analysis is fitt$ to ?r[ light ^u ! capabilities ( soils1 & to direct agricultural practice4 ,,section ,v4--,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,t ,,exi/s ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,& ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,plants ,,t ,,gr[ ,,^u ,,x4 ,! importance ( ?is /udy ( ! *emical con/itution ( soils w1 p]haps1 be mo/ readily appreciat$ by a glance at ! v diff]5t k9ds ( vegetables :i*1 "u ! same circum/ances1 diff]5t soils naturally produce4 ,!re are none s little skill$ 9 reg>d to ! capabilities ( ! soil1 z n to be aw>e t "s l&s naturally produce abundant h]bage or ri* crops1 :ile o!rs refuse to yield a n\ri%+ pa/ure1 & are deaf to ! (t5 repeat$ solicitations ( ! dilig5t husb&man4 ,!re exi/s1 !re=e1 a univ]sally und]/ood connection betwe5 ! k9d ( soil & ! k9d ( plants t naturally gr[ ^u x4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ close ?is relation 9 _m cases is4 #a4 ,! s&s ( ! sea-%ore1 & ! m>g9s ( salt-lakes1 are di/+ui%$ by _! peculi> tribes ( salt-lov+ plants2--! drift$ s&s m remote f ! bea* produce _! own long wav+ co>s] grass1--:ile fur!r inl& aga91 o!r vegetable races appe>4 #b4 ,peaty soils laid d[n to grass1 or exi/+ z natural mead[s1 produce "o woolly s(t grass almo/ exclusively 7! ,holcus lanatus72 :5 lim$1 aga91 ^! same soils become propiti\s to gre5 crops & produce mu* /raw1 b refuse to fill ! e>4 #c4 ,on ! m>g9s ( wat]-c\rses1 9 :i* silica ab\nds1 ! m>e's-tail 7,equisetum7 spr+s up 9 abundance2 :ile1 if ! /ream conta9 mu* c>bonate ( lime1 ! wat]-cress appe>s & l9es its sides1 & ! bottom ( its %all[ b$1 sometimes = _m miles f its s\rce4 #d4 ,! ,corni% hea? 7,erica vagans7 %ews itself only above ! s]p5t9e rocks2 ! r$ clov] & ! vet* delight 9 ! pres5ce ( gypsum2 & :ite clov]1 ( alkal9e matt] 9 ! soil4 #e4 ,!n1 aga91 plants seem to alt]nate ) ea* o!r on ! same soil4 ,burn d[n a =e/ ( p9es 9 ,sw$51 & "o ( bir* takes its place = a :ile4 ,! p9es aft] a "t aga9 spr+ up & ultimately sup]s$e ! bir*4 ,! same takes place naturally4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,rh9e are se5 anci5t =e/s ( oak f two to f\r c5turies old1--gradually giv+ place to a natural gr[? ( bee*2 & o!rs :]e ! p9e is succe$+ to bo?4 ,9 ! ,palat9ate1 ! anci5t oak woods are foll[$ by natural p9es2 & 9 ! ,jura1 ! ,tyrol1 & ,bohemia1 ! p9e alt]nates ) ! bee*4 ,^! & o!r simil> diff]5ces dep5d ^u ! *emical con/itution ( ! soil4 ,! slug may live well1 & !re=e infe/ a field almo/ defici5t 9 lime2 ! common l& snail w ab\nd at ! roots ( ! h$ges only :]e lime is pl5tiful1 & c easily be obta9$ = ! con/ruction ( its %ell4 ,s x is ) plants4 ,ea* gr[s spontane\sly :]e its wants c be mo/ fully & mo/ easily suppli$4 ,if !y _c move f place to place l ! liv+ animal1 yet _! se$s c lie dormant1 until ei!r ! h& ( man or ! op]ation ( natural causes produces su* a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! soil z to fit x = m9i/]+ to _! mo/ important wants4 ,& su* *anges d naturally come ov] ! soil4 ,! oak1 aft] ?riv+ = long g5]ations on a p>ticul> spot1 gradually sick5s2 its entire race dies out1--& o!r races succe$ x4 ,! op]ation ( natural causes has gradually remov$ f ! soil t :i* fav\r$ ! oak1 & has introduc$ or giv5 ! pr$om9ance to ^? sub/ances :i* fav\r ! bee* or ! p9e4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! f>m] ! l& gr[s sick ( ?is crop1--x becomes tir$ ( t4 ,^! facts are g5]ally indications ( a *ange 9 ! *emical con/itution ( ! soil4 ,?is alt]ation may proce$ sl[ly & = _m ye>s1 & ! same crops may /ill gr[ ^u x = a succession ( rotations4 ,at l5g? ! *ange is too great = ! plant to be>2 x sick5s1 yields an unheal?y crop1 & becomes ultimately ext9ct4 ,! plants we raise = food h simil> likes & dislikes ) ^? t are naturally produc$4 ,on "s k9ds ( food !y ?rive1--f$ ) o!rs1 !y sick5 or die4 ,! soil mu/ !re=e be prep>$ = _! special gr[?4 ,9 an artificial rotation ( crops1 we only foll[ nature4 ,"o crop extracts f ! soil a c]ta9 quantity ( all ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( plants2 b "s ( ^! 9 mu* l>g] proportions ?an o!rs4 ,a second crop c>ries (f 9 pref]5ce a l>g] quantity ( ^? sub/ances :i* ! =m] _h left2 & ?us x is cle>ly se51 bo? :y an abundant manur+ may s alt] ! con/itution ( ! soil1 z to enable x to gr[ almo/ any crop2 & :y1 at ! same "t1 ?is soil may 9 succession yield m abundant crops & 9 great] numb]1 if ! k9ds ( plant s[n & reap$ be s v>i$ z to extract f ! soil1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! sev]al diff]5t sub/ances :i* ! manure we h orig9ally add$ is kn[n to conta94 ,! managem5t & till+ ( ! soil1 9 fact1 is a bran* ( practical *emi/ry1 :i*1 l ! art ( dye+ or ( lead smelt+1 may advance to a c]ta9 degree ( p]fection1 )\t ! aid ( pure sci5ce2 b :i* c only h its processes expla9$1 & be l$ on to %ort]1--m simple1--m economical1--& m p]fect processes1 by ! aid ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,( ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,soil--,me*anical & ,*emical ,me?ods--,dra9+--,subsoil+--,pl\gh+1 & ,mix+ ( ,soils--,use ( ,lime1 ,m>l1 & ,%ell-s&--,manures --,vegetable1 ,animal1 & ,m9]al ,manures4 ,! soil is possess$ ( c]ta9 exi/+ & obvi\s qualities1 & ( c]ta9 o!r dormant capabilities2 h[ are ^! qualities to be improv$1--^! dormant capabilities to be awak5$8 ,!re are two di/9ct me?ods by :i* ^! ends may be1 9 "s measure1 atta9$1--by ! use ( me*anical1 & by ! application ( *emical1 means4 ,me*anical op]ations produce *anges *iefly 9 ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil1--*emical means alt] its elem5t>y con/itution4 ,pl\gh+1 dra9+1 mix+1 c4 belong to ! =m] class ( op]ations2 manur+ & irrigation belong to ! latt]4 ,x w be prop] to consid] ^! me?ods sep>ately4 ,,section ,i4--,,( ,,me*anical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,improv+ ,,! ,,soil4 #a4 ,dra9+4--,! fir/ /ep to be tak51 9 ord] to increase ! f]tility ( ne>ly all ! improveable l&s ( ,great ,brita91 is to dra9 !m4 ,s long z !y rema9 wet1 !y w cont9ue to be cold4 ,! heat ( ! sun's rays1 :i* is int5d$ by nature to w>m ! soil1 w be exp5d$ 9 evaporat+ ! wat] f its surface2 & ?us ! plants w nev] receive t g5ial w>m? ab\t _! roots :i* s mu* fav\rs _! rapid gr[?4 ,:]e too mu* wat] is pres5t 9 ! soil also1 t food ( ! plant :i* ! soil supplies is s mu* dilut$1 t ei!r a mu* great] quantity ( fluid mu/ be tak5 9 by ! roots1--mu* m "w done1--or ! plant w be scantily n\ri%$4 ,! pres5ce ( s mu* wat] 9 ! /em & leaf keeps d[n _! temp]ature likewise1 :5 ! sun%9e appe>s2 an increas$ evaporation takes place f _! surfaces1 a l[] natural heat1 9 consequ5ce1 prevails 9 ! int]ior ( ! plant1 & ! *emical *anges on :i* its gr[? dep5ds proce$ ) less rapidity4 ,by ! removal ( ! wat]1 ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil also are 9 a rem>kable degree improv$4 ,dry pipe-clay c be easily r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 b x naturally1 & ( its own accord1 runs toge!r :5 wat] is p\r$ ^u x4 ,s x is ) clays 9 ! field4 ,! soil exp&s1 becomes close & adhesive1 & excludes ! air f ! roots ( ! gr[+ plant1--! access ( :i* air appe>s to be almo/ an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! heal?y gr[? ( ! mo/ important vegetable productions4 ,op5 an outlet = ! wat] bel[1 & z x trickles away1 ! air f above w foll[ x & take its place among ! pores ( ! soil1 c>ry+ to e root ! salut>y influ5ces x is appo9t$ to be> ) x :]ev] x p5etrates4 ,:5 fre$ f wat] also1 ! /iff soil becomes m mell[2 & :5 once /irr$ up to a consid]able dep?1 m univ]sally por\s1--s t air c make its way ev]y:]e1 & ! roots c f9d _! easy way 9 e direction4 ,! pres5ce ( vegetable matt]1--:e!r exi/+ naturally 9 a soil ?us physically alt]$1 or artificially add$ to x1--becomes ( d\ble value4 ,:5 dr5*$ ) wat]1 ?is vegetable matt] ei!r decomposes v sl[ly1 or produces acid comp\nds m or less un:olesome to ! plant1 & ev5 ex]ts injuri\s *emical reactions ^u ! e>?y & sal9e con/itu5ts ( ! soil4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( air1 on ! contr>y1 ?is vegetable matt] decomposes rapidly1 produces c>bonic acid 9 l>ge quantity1 z well z o!r comp\nds fit = food1 & ev5 r5d]s ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( ! soil m fitt$ to ent] ! roots1 & ?us to supply m rapidly :at ! sev]al p>ts ( ! plant require4 ,nor is x only /iff & clayey soils to :i* dra9+ c ) advantage be appli$4 ,x w be obvi\s to e "o1 t :5 spr+s rise to ! surface 9 s&y soils1 a dra9 mu/ be made to c>ry (f ! wat]1--x w also readily occur1 t :]e a s&y soil re/s ^u a h>d or clayey bottom1 dra9s may also be necess>y2 b x is n unfrequ5tly suppos$1 t :5 ! subsoil is s& or gravel1 t dra9s c only 9 special cases be necess>y4 ,e "o1 h[ev]1 is famili> ) ! fact1 t :5 wat] is appli$ to ! bottom ( a fl[]-pot full ( soil1 x w gradually f9d its way to ! surface1 h[ev] light ! soil may be4 ,s x is 9 s&y soils or subsoils 9 ! op5 field4 ,if wat] ab\nd at ! dep? ( a few feet1 or if x s ab\nd at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 t wat] w rise to ! surface2 & z ! sun's heat dries x (f by evaporation1 m wat] w foll[ to supply its place4 ,?is attraction f b5ea? w always g on :5 ! air is dry & w>m1 & ?us a d\ble evil w ensue--! soil w be kept moi/ & cold1 & in/ead ( a con/ant circulation ( air d[nw>ds1 !re w be a con/ant curr5t ( wat] upw>ds4 ,?us w ! roots1 ! "u soil1 & ! organic matt] x conta9s1 be all depriv$ ( ! b5efits :i* ! access ( ! air is fitt$ to conf]4 ,! rem$y = ^! evils is to be f\nd 9 an effici5t sy/em ( dra9age4 ,on ?is subject ,i %all add "o important practical rem>k1 :i* w readily sugge/ itself to ! geologi/ :o has /udi$ ! action ( air & wat] on ! v>i\s clay b$s t occur "h & !re z memb]s ( ! s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks4 ,!re are no clays :i* d n gradually s(t5 "u ! unit$ influ5ce ( air & ( runn+ wat]4 ,x is false economy1 !re=e1 to lay d[n tiles )\t soles--h[ev] h>d & /iff ! clay subsoil may appe> to be4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t5 or fifte5 ye>s ! /iffe/ clays w s(t51 s z to all[ ! tile to s9k2 & _m v mu* soon]4 ,! passage = ! wat] is ?us gradually n>r[$2 & :5 ! tile has sunk a c\ple ( in*es1 ! :ole mu/ be tak5 up4 ,?\s&s ( miles ( dra9s h be5 ?us laid d[n1 bo? 9 ! l[ c\ntry ( ,scotl& & 9 ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 :i* h n[ become ne>ly useless2 & yet ! sy/em /ill goes on4 ,x w\ld appe> ev5 z if ! f>m]s & proprietors ( ea* di/rict--unwill+ to believe 9 or to be b5efitt$ by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs--7 det]m9$ to prove ! matt] 9 _! own case also1 be=e !y w cons5t to adopt t sur] sy/em :i*1 ?\gh dem&+ a slightly great] outlay at fir/1 w return ^u ! dra9] ) no aft]-calls = ei!r "t or capital4 ,if my read] live 9 a di/rict :]e ?is practice is n[ explod$1 & if he be incl9$ to d\bt if o!r c\nties be f>!r beh9d ! advance ( k ?an 8 own1 ,i w\ld invite him to sp5d a week 9 cross+ ! c\nty ( ,durham1 :]e he may f9d opportunities n only ( satisfy+ 8 own d\bts1 b ( scatt]+ "h & !re a few words ( useful advice among ! m intellig5t ( our practical f>m]s4 #b4 ,subsoil+4--,! subsoil pl\gh is an auxili>y to ! dra94 ,?\gh !re are few subsoils ?r\gh :i* ! wat] w n at l5g? make its way1 yet !re are "s s /iff ei!r naturally or f long consolidation1 t ! good effect ( a well-arrang$ l9e ( dra9s is less5$ by ! sl[ness ) :i* !y all[ ! sup]flu\s ra9s to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,9 su* cases1 ! use ( ! subsoil pl\gh is mo/ advantage\s 9 loos5+ ! "u lay]s ( clay1 & all[+ ! wat] to f9d a ready escape d[nw>ds & to ei!r side until x rea* ! dra9s4 ,x is well kn[n t if a piece ( /iff clay be cut into ! %ape ( a brick1 & !n all[$ to dry1 x w contract & h>d5--x w =m an air-dri$ brick1 almo/ imp]vi\s to any k9d ( gas--wet x aga91 x w swell & become /ill m imp]vi\s4 ,cut up :ile wet1 x w only be divid$ into s _m pieces1 ea* ( :i* w h>d5 :5 dry1 or ! :ole ( :i* w aga9 atta* !mselves & /ick toge!r if expos$ to pressure4 ,b te> x asund] :5 dry1 & x w fall into _m pieces1 w m or less crumble1 & w readily admit ! air into its inn] p>ts4 ,s x is ) a clay subsoil4 ,aft] ! l& is provid$ ) dra9s1 ! subsoil be+ v ret5tive1 ! subsoil pl\gh is us$ to op5 x up--to let out ! wat] & to let 9 ! air4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! /iff "u-clay w contract & bake z x dries1 b x w nei!r suffici5tly admit ! air nor op5 a free passage = ! roots4 ,b let ?is op]ation be p]=m$ :5 ! clay is /ill too wet1 a good effect w foll[1 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 b aft] a :ile1 ! cut clay w aga9 coh]e1 & ! =m] w pron\nce subsoil+ to be a useless exp5se on 8 l&4 ,def] ! use ( ! subsoil pl\gh till ! clay is dry--x w !n te> & break in/ead ( cutt+1 & its op5ness w rema94 ,once give ! air free access1 & x1 aft] a "t1 s modifies ! dra9$ clay1 t x no long] has an equal t5d5cy to coh]e4 ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,dean/on v judici\sly recomm5ds t ! subsoil pl\gh %\ld nev] be us$ till at lea/ a ye> aft] ! l& has be5 ?or\ghly dra9$4 ,?is 9 _m cases w be a suffici5t safegu>d--w all[ a suffici5t "t = ! clay to dry2 9 o!r cases two ye>s may n be too mu*4 ,b ?is precaution has by "s be5 neglect$1 & subsoil+ be+ ) !m a failure1 !y h s\ght1 9 "s suppos$ *emical or o!r quality ( _! soil1 = ! cause ( a want ( success :i* is to be f\nd 9 _! own neglect ( a mo/ necess>y precaution4 ,let n ! practical man be too ha/y 9 desir+ to atta9 ^? b5efits :i* att5d ! adoption ( improv$ modes ( culture2 let him give e me?od a fair trial2 & above all1 let him make 8 trial 9 ! way & ) ! precautions recomm5d$ by ! au?or ( ! me?od1 be=e he pron\nce its condemnation4 #c4 ,deep-pl\gh+1 l subsoil+1 aids ! effect ( ! dra9s1 & s f>1 & :]e x goes ne>ly z deep1 m completely effects ! same object4 ,b indep5d5t ( ?is1 x has o!r uses & m]its1 & :]e x has be5 successfully appli$1 has improv$ ! l& by ! op]ation ( o!r causes4 ,subsoil+ only lets out ! wat]1 & all[s access to ! air & a free passage to ! roots4 ,deep-pl\gh+1 9 addition to ^!1 br+s new e>? to ! surface1 =ms ?us a deep] soil1 & m or less alt]s bo? its physical qualities & its *emical con/itution4 ,if ! pl\gh be made to br+ up two in*es ( clay or s&1 x w /iff5 or loos5 ! soil1 z ! case may be1 or x may affect its col\r or d5sity4 ,x is cle> & simple en\gh1 !re=e1 t by deep-pl\gh+ ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil may be alt]$4 ,b !re are c]ta9 sub/ances conta9$ 9 e soil1 :e!r 9 pa/ure or "u ! pl\gh1 :i* gradually make _! way d[n t[>ds ! subsoil4 ,!y s9k till !y rea* at la/ t po9t beyond :i* ! pl\gh does n usually p5etrate4 ,e f>m] kn[s t lime ?us s9ks4 ,9 peat-soils top-dress$ ) clay1 ! clay ?us s9ks4 ,9 s&y soils also :i* h be5 clay$1 ! clay s9ks2 & 9 all ^! cases1 ,i believe1 ! s9k+ takes place m rapidly :5 ! l& is laid d[n to grass4 ,:]e soils are m>l$1 ! m>l s9ks2 & ! ra9s1 9 l mann]1 gradually wa% out t :i* gives _! f]tiliz+ virtue to ! "u *alk-soils 7see page #hh71 & r5d] necess>y a new application f b5ea?1 to r5ovate its productive p[]s4 ,if ?is be ! case ) e>?y sub/ances su* z ^? n[ m5tion$1 :i* are insoluble 9 wat]1 x w be readily believ$ t ^? sal9e +r$i5ts ( ! soil :i* are readily soluble w be /ill soon] wa%$ out ( ! upp] & convey$ to ! "u soil4 ,?us ! subsoil may gradually become ri* 9 ^? sub/ances ( :i* ! surface-soil has be5 robb$4 ,br+ up a portion ( ?is subsoil by deep-pl\gh+1 & y re/ore to ! l& a portion ( :at x has lo/--sub/ances1 p]haps1 :i* may r5d] x mu* m fruitful ?an be=e4 ,su* is an outl9e ( ! !ory ( deep-pl\gh+1 & x is entirely unexceptionable4 ,b suppose ! l& to h orig9ally conta9$ some?+ noxi\s to vegetation1 :i* 9 process ( "t has be5 wa%$ d[n into ! subsoil1 !n to br+ ?is aga9 to ! surface w\ld be mat]ially to injure ! l&4 ,?is also is true1 & a s\nd discretion mu/ no d\bt be employ$1 9 judg+ :5 & :]e su* evil effects are likely to foll[4 ,su* cases1 h[ev]1 are m r>e ?an _m suppose4 ,!re are few subsoils :i* a full & fair exposure to a w9t]'s fro/ w n 9 a great degree deprive ( all _! noxi\s qualities1 & r5d] fit to ameliorate ! g5]al surface ( ! poor] l&s4 ,if ! read] d\bt ?is fact1 let him visit ,ye/]1 & give a calm consid]ation to ! ef=ts produc$ by ! use ( deep-pl\gh+ on ! home-f>m ( ! ,m>quis ( ,twe$dale4 ,9 _m cases ! f>m] fe>s1 z he does 9 ! c\nty ( ,durham1 to br+ up a s+le in* ( ! yell[ clay t lies b5ea? 8 soil4 ,9 ! fir/ in* lodges1 among o!r sub/ances1 ! iron worn f 8 pl\gh1 :i* 9 "s soils1 & aft] a lapse ( ye>s1 am\nts to a consid]able quantity4 ,till x is expos$ to ! air1 ?is iron is hurtful to vegetation1 & "o ( ! b5efits ( a w9t]'s exposure ( su* subsoils to ! air1 is ! effect produc$ ^u ! iron x conta9s4 ,x is ! want ( dra9age1 h[ev]1 & ( ! free access ( air1 t mo/ frequ5tly r5d]s subsoils = a "t injuri\s to vegetation4 ,let ! l&s be well dra9$--let ! subsoils be wa%$ = a few ye>s by ! ra9-wat] pass+ ?r\gh !m1--& !re are few ( ^? :i* are clayey 9 _! nature t may n ultimately be br\ght to ! surface1 n only ) safety1 b ) advantage to ! soil4 #d4 ,pl\gh+4--,o!r b5efits1 aga91 att5d ^u ! ord9>y pl\gh+s1 hoe+s1 & work+s ( ! l&4 ,its p>ts are m m9utely divid$--! air gets access to e p>ticle--x is r5d]$ light]1 m op51 m p]meable to ! roots4 ,! vegetable matt] x conta9s decomposes m rapidly by a con/ant turn+ ( ! soil1 s t :]ev] ! fibres ( ! roots p5etrate1 !y f9d organic food provid$ = !m1 & an abundant supply ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e to aid 9 prep>+ x4 ,! production ( ammonia & ( nitric acid also 7see pages #cc to #cf71 & ! absorption ( "o or bo? f ! air1 take place to a great] ext5t1 ! f9] ! soil is pulv]is$1 & ! m x has be5 expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! g5]al advantage1 inde$1 to be d]iv$ f ! con/ant work+ ( ! soil1 may be inf]r$ f ! fact1 t ,tull reap$ twelve successive crops ( :eat f ! same l& by ! repeat$ use ( ! pl\gh & ! horse-hoe4 ,!re are few soils s /ubborn z n to %ew !mselves grateful 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( ?is k9d ( lab\r t may be be/[$ ^u !m4 #e4 ,mix+4--,x has be5 %ewn 7page #aad71 t ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil h an important influ5ce ^u its av]age f]tility4 ,! admixture ( pure s& ) clay soils produces an alt]ation :i* is (t5 b5eficial1 & :i* is :olly physical4 ,! s& m]ely op5s ! pores ( ! clay1 & makes x m p]meable to ! air4 ,! admixture ( clay ) s&y or peaty soils1 h[ev]1 produces bo? a physical & a *emical alt]ation4 ,! clay n only consolidates & gives body to ! s& or peat1 b x also mixes ) !m c]ta9 e>?y & sal9e sub/ances useful or necess>y to ! plant1 :i* nei!r ! s& nor peat might orig9ally conta9 9 suffici5t abundance4 ,x ?us alt]s its *emical con/itution1 & fits x = n\ri%+ new races ( plants4 ,su* is ! case also ) admixtures ( m>l1 ( %ell-s&1 & ( lime4 ,!y slightly consolidate ! s&s & op5 ! clays1 & ?us improve ! me*anical texture ( bo? k9ds ( soil1 b _! ma9 op]ation is *emical2 & ! almo/ univ]sal b5efit !y produce dep5ds ^u ! new *emical elem5t !y introduce into ! con/itution ( ! soil4 ,x is a matt] ( almo/ univ]sal rem>k1 t 9 our climate soils are f]tile--clayey or loamy soils1 t is--only :5 !y conta9 an appreciable quantity ( lime4 ,9 :atev] way x acts1 !re=e1 ! mix+ ( lime 9 any ( ! =ms above m5tion$1 ) a soil 9 :i* little or no lime exi/s1 is "o ( ! sure/ practical me?ods ( br++ x ne>] 9 composition to ^? soils f :i* ! l>ge/ returns ( agriculture produce are usually obta9$4 ,"s ( ! *emical effects ( ! lime ^u ! soil w be expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t section4 7,see page #aie47 ,,section ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,me?od ,,( ,,improv+ ,,! ,,soil ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,manures4 ,none ( ! above me?ods ( improv+ ! soil are me*anical only--!y all involve "s *emical alt]ations also1 :i* are readily to be expla9$ by a k ( elem5t>y *emical pr9ciples4 ,b ! manur+ ( ! l& is m /rictly a *emical op]ation1 & may !re=e ) propriety be sep>at$ f ^? me?ods ( improv+ its quality :i* involve at ! same "t important & exp5sive me*anical op]ations4 ,9 comm5c+ ! tillage ( a piece ( l&1 ! consci5ti\s f>m] may h ?ree objects 9 view 9 reg>d to x4 #a4 ,he may wi% to reclaim a wa/e1 or to re/ore a neglect$ f>m to an av]age condition ( f]tility4 #b4 ,f9d+ ! l& 9 ?is av]age /ate1 8 utmo/ ambition may be to keep x 9 its pres5t condition2 or1 #c4 ,by high f>m+ he may wi% to develope all its capabilities1 & to increase its p]man5t productiv5ess 9 ! greate/ possible degree4 ,! man :o aims at ! la/ ( ^! objects is n only ! be/ t5ant & ! be/ citiz51 b he is also 8 own be/ fri5d4 ,! highe/ f>m+1 skilfully & prud5tly conduct$1 is also ! mo/ remun]at+4 ,b :i*ev] ( ^! ?ree ends he aims at1 he w be unable to atta9 x )\t a due k ( ! v>i\s manures x may be 9 8 p[] to apply to 8 l&--:at ^! manures are1 or ( :at !y consi/--! g5]al & special purposes !y are ea* int5d$ to s]ve--:i* are ! mo/ effective = ?is or t crop--h[ !y are to be obta9$ 9 ! greate/ abundance1 & at ! lea/ co/--h[ _! /r5g? may be economiz$1--& 9 :at /ate & at :at seasons !y may be mo/ b5eficially appli$ to ! l&4 ,su* are a few ( ! que/ions :i* ! skilful f>m] %\ld be ready to ask himself1 & %\ld be able to answ]4 ,by a manure is to be und]/ood :atev] is capable ( fe$+ or ( supply+ food to ! plant4 ,& u plants require e>?y & sal9e z well z vegetable food1 gypsum & nitrate ( soda are z prop]ly call$ manures z f>m-y>d dung1 bone-du/1 or night-soil4 ,manures naturally divide !mselves into su* z are ( vegetable1 ( animal1 & ( m9]al orig94 ,i4 ,,( ,,vegetable ,,manures4 ,!re are two purposes :i* vegetable manure is g5]ally suppos$ to s]ve :5 add$ to ! soil4 ,x loos5s ! l&1 op5s its pores1 & makes x light]2 & x also s]ves to supply organic food to ! roots ( ! gr[+ plant4 ,x s]ves1 h[ev]1 a ?ird purpose3 x yields to ! roots ^? sal9e & e>?y matt]s :i* x is _! duty to f9d 9 ! soil1 & :i* exi/ 9 decay+ plants 9 a /ate m peculi>ly fitt$ to ent] readily into ! circulat+ sy/em ( new races4 ,decay$ vegetable matt]s1 !re=e1 are 9 reality mix$ manures1 & _! value 9 enri*+ ! l& mu/ v>y consid]ably ) ! k9d ( plants & ) ! p>ts ( ^? plants ( :i* !y are *iefly made up4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! rem>kable diff]5ce :i* exi/s 9 ! quantity & k9d ( inorganic matt] pres5t 9 diff]5t vegetable sub/ances1 z indicat$ by ! a% !y leave 7see pages #eb to #fb74 ,?us if #ajjj lbs4 ( ! saw-du/ ( ! will[ be f]m5t$1 & add$ to ! soil1 !y w enri* x by ! addition ( only #d lb4 ( sal9e & e>?y matt]1 :ile #ajjj lbs4 ( ! dry leaves ( ! same tree f]m5t$1 & laid on1 w add #hb lbs4 ( inorganic matt]4 ,?us1 indep5d5t ( ! effect ( ! vegetable matt] 9 ea*1 ! "o w produce a v mu* great] effect ^u ! soil ?an ! o!r4#ag #ag ,x is ow+ to ?is l>ge quantity ( sal9e & o!r inorganic matt] t f]m5t$ leaves =m too /rong a dress+ = fl[] bord]s1 & t g>d5]s !re=e g5]ally mix !m up into a compo/4 ,!re are ?ree /ates 9 :i* vegetable matt] is collect$ by ! husb&man = ! purpose ( be+ appli$ to ! l&--! gre5 /ate2 ! dry /ate2 & t /ate ( imp]fect decay 9 :i* x =ms peat4 #a4 ,gre5 ,manur+4--,:5 grass is m[n 9 ! field1 & laid 9 heaps1 x spe$ily heats1 f]m5ts1 & rots4 ,b1 if turn$ ov] frequ5tly & dri$ into hay1 x may be kept = a great l5g? ( "t )\t und]go+ any mat]ial alt]ation4 ,! same is true ( all o!r vegetable sub/ances--!y all rot m readily 9 ! gre5 /ate4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! sap or juice ( ! gre5 plant beg9s v soon to f]m5t 9 ! int]ior ( ! /em & leaves1 & spe$ily communicates ! same condition to ! moi/ fibre ( ! plant itself4 ,:5 once x has be5 dri$1 ! vegetable matt] ( ! sap loses ?is easy t5d5cy to decay1 & ?us admits ( long pres]vation4 ,! same rapid decay ( gre5 vegetable matt] takes place :5 x is buri$ 9 ! soil4 ,?us ! clean+s & sc\r+s ( ! dit*es & h$ge-sides =m a compo/ ( mix$ e>? & fre% vegetable matt]1 :i* soon becomes capable ( enri*+ ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a gre5 crop is pl\gh$ into a field1 ! :ole ( its surface is conv]t$ into su* a compo/--! vegetable matt] 9 a %ort "t decays into a light1 black m\ld1 & enri*es 9 a rem>kable degree & f]tilizes ! soil4 ,h5ce ! practice ( gre5 manur+ has be5 9 use f v e>ly p]iods4 ,! second or ?ird crop ( luc]ne 0 pl\gh$ 9 by ! anci5t ,romans--z x /ill is by ! mod]n ,italians4 ,9 ,tuscany1 ! :ite lup9 is pl\gh$ 91 9 pref]5ce--9 ,g]many1 borage4 ,9 ,fr5* ,fl&]s1 two crops ( clov] are cut1 & ! ?ird is pl\gh$ 94 ,9 ,sussex1 turnip se$ has be5 s[n at ! end ( h>ve/1 & aft] two mon?s aga9 pl\gh$ 91 ) great b5efit to ! l&4 ,turnip leaves & potato tops decay m readily1 & m p]fectly1 & are m enri*+ :5 buri$ 9 ! gre5 /ate4 ,x is a prud5t economy1 !re=e1 :]e circum/ances admit ( x1 to bury ! potato tops on ! spot f :i* ! potatoes are rais$4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans1 x has be5 ! cu/om to bury ! cutt+s ( ! v9e /ocks at ! roots ( ! v9es !mselves2 & _m v9ey>ds fl\ri% = a succession ( ye>s )\t any o!r manur+4 ,buck:eat1 w9t] t>es1 clov]1 & rape1 are all occasionally s[n = ! purpose ( be+ pl\gh$ 94 ,?is %\ld be done :5 ! fl[] has j begun to op51 & if possible at a season :5 ! w>m? ( ! air & ! dryness ( ! soil are su* z to facilitate decomposition4 ,t ! soil %\ld become ri*] 9 vegetable matt] by ?is burial ( a crop ?an x 0 be=e ! se$ ( t crop 0 s[n1 & %\ld also be o!rwise b5efitt$1 w be und]/ood by recollect+ 7see page #db7 t p]haps ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole organic matt] we bury has be5 d]iv$ f ! air--t by ?is process ( pl\gh+ 91 ! vegetable matt] is m equally diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole soil ?an x c\ld ev] be by any m]ely me*anical means2--& t by ! natural decay ( ?is vegetable matt]1 ammonia & nitric acid are1 to a great] ext5t 7pages #cc & #cd71 produc$ 9 ! soil1 & its agricultural capabilities 9 consequ5ce mat]ially increas$4 ,^! consid]ations1 :ile !y expla9 ! effect & illu/rate ! value ( gre5 manur+1 w also satisfy ! intellig5t agriculturi/ t !re are me?ods ( improv+ 8 l& )\t ! aid ei!r ( t[n or ( =eign manures--& t he ov]looks an important natural means ( weal? :o neglects ! gre5 sods & crops ( we$s t fl\ri% by 8 h$g][s & dit*es4 ,left to !mselves1 !y rip5 _! se$s & s[ !m annually 9 8 fields--collect$ 9 compo/ heaps !y w\ld mat]ially add to 8 ye>ly crops ( corn4 ,sea-we$s4--,among gre5 manures1 ! use ( fre% sea-w>e des]ves especial m5tion1 f ! rem>kably f]tiliz+ prop]ties x is kn[n to possess1 z well z f ! great ext5t to :i* x is employ$ on all our coa/s4 ,! produce ( ! isle ( ,?anet 9 ,k5t is said to h be5 d\bl$ or tripl$ by ! use ( ?is manure2 ! f>ms on ! ,lo?ian coa/s are said to be let = #bjs4 or #cjs4 m r5t :5 !y h a "r ( way to ! sea1 :]e ! we$ is ?r[n on %ore2 & 9 ! ,we/]n ,isles ! sea-w>e1 ! %ell-m>l1 & ! peat-a%1 are ! ?ree great natural f]tiliz]s to :i* ! agriculture ( ! di/rict is indebt$ = ! comp>ative prosp]ity to :i* x has 9 "s ( ! isl&s already atta9$4 ,sea-we$s decompose ) great ease :5 collect$ 9 heaps or spread ^u ! l&4 ,dur+ _! decay1 !y yield n only organic food to ! plant b sal9e matt]s also1 to :i* mu* ( _! efficacy bo? on ! grass & ! corn crops is no d\bt to be ascrib$4 #b4 ,manur+ ) dry ,vegetable ,matt]4--,almo/ e "o kn[s t ! saw-du/ ( mo/ common woods decays v sl[ly--s sl[ly1 t x is r>e to meet ) a practical f>m] :o consid]s x wor? ! tr\ble ( mix+ ) 8 compo/s4 ,?is prop]ty ( sl[ decay is possess$ 9 a c]ta9 degree by all dry vegetable matt]4 ,heaps ( dry /raw alone1 or ev5 mix$ ) e>?1 w f]m5t ) comp>ative difficulty & ) great sl[ness4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to mix x1 z is usually done1 ) "s sub/ance t f]m5ts m readily1 & :i* w imp>t its own condition to ! /raw4 ,animal matt]s ( any k9d1 su* z ! ur9e & dropp+s ( cattle1 are ( ?is "*2 & x is by admixture ) ^! t ! /raw :i* is trodd5 d[n 9 ! f>m-y>d is made to und]go a m or less rapid f]m5tation4 ,! object ( ?is f]m5tation is tw(old--fir/1 to r$uce ! p>ticles ( ! /raw to su* a m9ute /ate ( division1 t !y may admit ( be+ diffus$ ?r\gh ! soil2 &1 second1 t ! dry vegetable matt] may be s *ang$ by exposure to ! air1 & o!r ag5cies1 z to be fitt$ to yield bo? organic & inorganic food to ! roots ( ! plants x is int5d$ to n\ri%4 ,we h se5 t ?is decomposition takes place v spe$ily1 & ( its own accord1 :5 ! vegetable matt] is gre51 b t x c be induc$ or br\ght on 9 ! case ( dry /raw by ! ag5cy ( animal matt]4 ,! same means w cause ! f]m5tation ( any o!r vegetable sub/ance :i* is 9 a m9ute /ate ( division4 ,ev5 saw-du/ made into a compo/ heap ) soil or sods1 & wat]$ regul>ly & copi\sly ) ! liquid manure ( ! f>m-y>ds1 may be ?us conv]t$ into a f]tiliz+ vegetable m\ld4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion h prevail$1 & discussions h tak5 place1 z to ! relative efficacy ( long & %ort--or ( half f]m5t$ & ( fully rott5 dung4 ,b if x be add$ solely = ! purpose ( yield+ food to ! plant1 or ( prep>+ food = x1 ! case is v simple4 ,! m complete ! /ate ( f]m5tation--if n c>ri$ too f>--! m imm$iate w be ! ag5cy ( ! manure2 h5ce ! propriety ( ! application ( %ort dung to turnips & o!r plants x is desirable to br+ rapidly =w>d2 b if ! manure be only half decay$1 x w require "t 9 ! soil to complete ! decomposition1 s t its action w be m gradual & prolong$4 ,?\gh 9 ! latt] case ! imm$iate action is n s p]ceptible1 yet ! ultimate b5efit to ! soil1 & to ! crops1 may be ev5 great]1 suppos+ !m to be su* z require no special =c+ at "o p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,) a view to ?is sl[ amelioration1 vegetable matt] ( any k9d may be add$ ) b5efit1 if 9 a suffici5t /ate ( division1 to ! soil4 ,ev5 saw-du/ appli$ l>gely to ! l&1 has be5 f\nd to improve x1 ?\gh little at fir/1 yet m dur+ ! second ye> aft] x 0 appli$1 /ill m dur+ ! ?ird1 & mo/ ( all 9 ! f\r? season aft] x 0 mix$ ) ! soil4 ,t any dry vegetable matt]1 !re=e1 does n produce an imm$iate effect1 ought n to induce ! practical f>m] to despise ! application to 8 l&--ei!r alone1 or 9 ! =m ( a compo/--( e ?+ ( ! k9d he c readily obta94 ,if 8 fields are n already v ri* 9 vegetable matt]1 bo? he & !y are likely to be ultimately b5efitt$ by su* additions to ! soil4 ,rape ,du/4--,x is f ! /raw ( ! corn-be>+ plants1 or f ! /ems & leaves ( ! grasses1 t ! l>ge/ portion ( ! /rictly vegetable manures appli$ to ! soil is g5]ally obta9$ or prep>$4 ,b ! se$s ( all plants are mu* m enri*+ ?an ! sub/ance ( _! leaves & /ems4 ,^! se$s1 h[ev]1 are 9 g5]al too valuable = food to admit ( _! application z a manure4 ,/ill ! refuse ( "s1 z t ( diff]5t k9ds ( rape-se$ aft] ! oil is express$1 & :i* is unpalatable to cattle1 is appli$ ) great b5efit to ! l&4 ,drill$ 9 ) spr+ :eat1 or scatt]$ z a top-dress+ 9 spr+ at ! rate ( #e cwt4 to an acre1 x gives a l>gely increas$ & remun]at+ return4 ,x is appli$ ) equal success to ! cultivation ( potatoes1 & g5]ally x may be sub/itut$ = f>m-y>d manure at ! rate ( ab\t #a cwt4 ( rape du/ = ea* ton ( manure4 ,malt ,du/ consi/s ( ! dri$ spr\ts ( b>ley1 :i*1 :5 ! spr\t$ se$ is dri$ 9 ! process ( malt+1 break (f & =m a co>se p[d]4 ,?is is f\nd to be almo/ equal to rape du/ 9 f]tiliz+ p[]4 ,*>coal ,p[d] possesses ! rem>kable prop]ty ( absorb+ noxi\s vap\rs f ! air & soil1 & unpleasant impurities f wat]4 ,x also sucks into its pores mu* oxyg5 f ! air4 ,ow+ to ^! & o!r prop]ties1 x is a valuable sub/ance = mix+ ) liquid manure1 night-soil1 f>m-y>d manure1 ammoniacal liquor1 or o!r ri* applications to ! soil4 ,x is ev5 capable by itself ( yield+ sl[ supplies ( n\ri%m5t to liv+ plants1 & is said1 9 _m cases1 )\t any admixture1 to h be5 us$ ) advantage 9 practical agriculture4 ,9 moi/ *>coal ! se$s ( ! g>d5] are f\nd to spr\t ) rem>kable quickness & c]ta9ty4 ,soot1 :e!r f ! burn+ ( wood or ( coal1 is ( vegetable orig91 & consi/s *iefly ( a f9ely-divid$ *>coal1 possess+ ! prop]ties above m5tion$4 ,x conta9s1 h[ev]1 ammonia & c]ta9 o!r sub/ances 9 small quantity1 to :i* its well kn[n1 & especially its imm$iate1 effects ^u vegetation are 9 "p to be ascrib$4 #c4 ,! use ( ,peat4--,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 none m abundantly1 p]haps1 ?an 9 ,gt4 ,brita91 is vegetable matt] collect$ 9 ! =m ( peat4 ,?is ought to supply an inexhau/ible /ore ( organic matt] = ! amelioration ( ! adjac5t soils4 ,we "k t by dra9+ (f ! s\r & un:olesome wat]1 & aft]w>ds apply+ lime & clay1 ! surface ( peat bogs may be gradually conv]t$ into ri* corn-be>+ l&s4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be possible to conv]t peat itself by a simil> process into a compo/ fitt$ to improve ! condition ( o!r soils4 ,! late ,"l ,mead[bank1 :o made _m important exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 f\nd1 t aft] be+ p>tially dri$ by exposure to ! air1 peat might be readily f]m5t$1 & br\ght into ! /ate ( a ri* f]tiliz+ compo/ by ! same means :i* are adopt$ 9 ! ord9>y f]m5t+ ( /raw4 ,he mix$ ) x a portion ( animal matt]1 :i* soon communicat$ its own f]m5t+ quality to ! surr\nd+ peat1 & br\ght x readily 9 to a prop] heat4 ,he f\nd t "o ton ( hot f]m5t+ manure1 mix$ 9 alt]nate lay]s ) two ( half dry peat1 & cov]$ by ! same1 0 suffici5t to f]m5t ! :ole2 & subsequ5tly t ! vap\rs :i* rise f naturally f]m5t+ f>m-y>d manure or animal matt]s1 w\ld alone produce ! same effect ^u peat1 plac$ s z readily to receive & absorb !m4 ,z ammonia is "o ( ! comp\nds specially giv5 (f by putrify+ animal sub/ances1 x is n unlikely t a wat]+ ) ammoniacal liquor w\ld mat]ially prep>e ! peat = und]go+ f]m5tation4 ,at all ev5ts x seems possible to prep>e any quantity ( valuable peat compo/ by mix+ ! peat ) a /ill less quantity ( f]m5t$ manure ?an 0 employ$ by ,"l ,mead[bank1 provid$ ! liquid manure ( ! f>m-y>d be collect$ 9 a ci/]n1 & be ?r[n at int]vals by means ( a pump ov] ! prep>$ heaps4 ,"o important use also to :i* ,i ?9k peat may be appli$ is1 aft] x is p>tly dri$1 to build x into cov]$ heaps1 & half burn or *> x till x become readily r$ucible into a f9e p[d]4 ,9 ?is /ate x w\ld be ( great value z a mixture to pres]ve ! virtues ( liquid manures ( all k9ds1 ( night-soil1 & ( ammoniacal liquor4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,relative ,,value ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,vegetable ,,manures4 ,!re are two pr9ciples on :i* ! relative value ( diff]5t vegetable sub/ances1 z manures1 may be /at$ to dep5d--fir/1 on ! relative quantity & k9d ( inorganic matt] !y conta92 & second1 on ! relative proportions ( nitrog5 pres5t 9 ea*4 #a4 ,valu$ accord+ to ! quantity ( inorganic matt] !y conta9--! wor? ( ! sev]al k9ds ( /raw & hay w\ld be repres5t$ by ! foll[+ numb]s3-- ,:eat /raw1 #gj to #cfj ,oat /raw1 #ajj to #ahj ,hay1 #ajj to #bjj ,b>ley /raw1 #ajj to #abj ,pea /raw1 #ajj ,bean /raw1 #fj to #hj ,rye /raw1 #ej to #gj ,dry potato tops1 #ajj ,dry turnip tops1 #bfj ,rape1 cake1 #abj t is1 a ton weight ( ea* ( ^! sub/ances1 :5 made into manure--provid$ no?+ is wa%$ out by ! ra9s--w return to ! soil ! above quantities ( inorganic matt] 9 p\nds4 ,g5]ally1 p]haps1 ^! numb]s w give ! read] an idea ( ! relative p]man5t effect ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( vegetable matt] :5 laid ^u ! soil4 ,b1 by a ref]5ce to ! facts /at$ 9 pp4 #eh to #fd1 9 reg>d to ! quality ( ! inorganic matt] conta9$ 9 plants1 he w satisfy himself1 t ! effect ( ^! manures on p>ticul> crops is n to be judg$ ( solely by ! absolute quantity ( e>?y & sal9e matt] !y conta92--t :i* ! turnip-top1 = example1 or ! bean-/alk1 returns to ! soil1 may n be exactly :at w be/ promote ! gr[? ( :eat4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! f]tiliz+ value ( vegetable sub/ances is to be calculat$ by ! relative quantities ( nitrog5 !y sev]ally conta91 we %\ld place !m 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--! numb] opposite to ea* sub/ance repres5t+ t weight ( x 9 p\nds1 :i* w\ld produce ! same effect z #ajj p\nds ( f>m-y>d manure1 consi/+ ( ! mix$ dropp+s & litt] ( cattle4 ,equival5t quantities 9 p\nds4 ,f>m-y>d manure1 #ajj ,:eat /raw1 #hj to #agj ,oat /raw1 #aej ,b>ley /raw1 #ahj ,buck:eat1 #he ,pea /raw1 #de ,:eat *aff1 #ej ,gre5 grass1 #hj ,potato tops1 #ge ,fre% sea-we$1 #hj ,rape du/1 #h ,fir saw-du/1 #bej ,oak saw-du/1 #ahj ,coal soot1 #cj ,?is table aga9 pres5ts ! same sub/ances 9 a some:at diff]5t ord] ( value2 %ew+1 = example1 n only t su* sub/ances z rape du/ & soot %\ld produce a mu* m rem>kable effect ^u vegetation1 ?an ! same weight ev5 ( f>m-y>d manure1 b also t c]ta9 dry vegetables1 su* z *aff & pea /raw1 w yield1 :5 n unduly f]m5t$1 a m enri*+ manure ?an b>ley1 oat1 or :eat /raw4 ,x agrees1 also1 ) ! kn[n effect ( gre5 manur+ ^u ! l&1 s9ce #hj p\nds ( mead[-grass pl\gh$ 91 w be equal 9 virtue to #ajj ( f>m-y>d manure4 ,"s writ]s ascribe ! entire action ( ^! measures to ! nitrog5 !y conta94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is tak+ a "o-side view ( _! real natural op]ation4 ,! nitrog51 dur+ _! decay1 is lib]at$ *iefly 9 ! =m ( ammonia--an evanesc5t sub/ance1 produc+ an imm$iate effect 9 ha/5+ or c>ry+ fur!r =w>d ! gr[? ( ! plant1 b n rema9+ p]man5tly 9 ! soil4 ,! read]1 !re=e1 w =m an op9ion consi/5t alike ) !ory & ) practice1 if he conclude-- #a4 ,t ! imm$iate effect ( a vegetable manure1 9 ha/5+ ! gr[? ( plants1 is dep5d5t1 9 a great degree1 ^u ! quantity ( nitrog5 x conta9s & gives (f dur+ its decay 9 ! soil4 #b4 ,t ! p]man5t effect & value ( manures is to be e/imat$ *iefly by ! quantity & quality ( ! inorganic matt] !y conta9--( ! a% !y leave :5 burn$4 ,! effect ( ! nitrog5 may be ne>ly exp5d$ 9 a s+le season--t ( ! e>?y & sal9e matt] may n be exhau/$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,nor is ! c>bon ( vegetable sub/ances )\t its important uses to vegetation4 ,f ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! pres5t "w1 x may be inf]r$ t1 h[ev] mu* influ5ce we may all[ to ! nitrog5 & to ! e>?y matt] ( plants 9 aid+ ! gr[? ( future races--! s\nde/ view ( ^! important natural op]ations is t :i* consid]s ea* elem5t pres5t 9 decay+ plants to be capable ( m9i/]+ food to su* z are /ill alive1--?\gh we may n be able z yet1 ei!r to e/imate ! precise importance ( ea* elem5t to any p>ticul> k9d ( crop1 or exactly to adju/ _! relative quantities 9 our manures1 s z to promote ! gr[? ( su* a crop 9 ! greate/ possible degree4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,animal ,manures--,_! relative value & mode ( ,action--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,animal & ,vegetable ,manures--,cause ( ?is diff]5ce--,m9]al ,manures --,nitrates ( ,pota% & ,soda--,sulphate ( ,soda1 ,gypsum1 ,*alk1 & ,quicklime--,*emical action ( ^! ,manures--,artificial ,manures--,burn+ & ,irrigation ( ! ,soil--,plant+ & lay+ d[n to grass4 ,! animal sub/ances employ$ z manure consi/ *iefly ( ! fle%1 blood1 bones1 horns1 & hair ( animals1 ( fi%--:i* 9 "s places are f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity to be laid ^u ! l&--& ( ! solid & liquid excrem5ts ( animals & birds4 ,,section ,i4--,,( ,,undige/$ ,,animal ,,manures4 ,animal sub/ances1 9 g5]al1 act m p[]fully z manures ?an vegetable sub/ances--x is only ! se$s ( plants :i* c at all comp>e ) !m 9 efficacy4 ,! fle% ( animals is r>ely us$ z a manure1 except 9 ! case ( dead horses1 or cattle :i* _c be us$ = food4 ,fi% is *iefly appli$ 9 ! =m ( ! refuse ( ! h]r+ & pil*>d fi%]ies1 ?\gh occasionally su* %oals ( sprats1 h]r+s1 & ev5 mack]el1 h be5 caught on our %ores1 z to make x necess>y to employ !m z manure4 ,^! rec5t animal sub/ances are f\nd to be too /rong :5 appli$ directly to ! l&2 !y are g5]ally1 !re=e1 made into a compo/1 ) a l>ge quantity ( soil4 ,five b>rels ( fi%1 or fi% refuse1 made into tw5ty loads ( compo/1 w be suffici5t = an acre4 ,! refuse ( fi% oils1--( ! fat ( animals t has be5 melt$ = ! extraction ( ! tall[--( sk9s t h be5 boil$ = ! manufacture ( glue--horns1 hair1 wool 7wooll5 rags71 & all simil> sub/ances1 :5 made into compo/s1 ex]cise1 9 proportion to _! weight1 a mu* great] influ5ce ^u vegetation ?an any ( ! m abundant =ms ( vegetable matt]4 ,ev5 ! bodies ( insects are 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w important manures ( ! soil4 ,9 w>m climates1 a h&ful ( soil sometimes seems almo/ half made up ( ! w+s & skeletons ( dead insects--! peasant 9 ,hung>y & ,c>9?ia occasionally collects z _m z ?irty c>t-loads ( dead m>% flies 9 a s+le ye>2--& 9 ! ri*] soils ( ,france & ,engl&1 :]e worms & o!r insects ab\nd1 ! pres5ce ( _! rema9s 9 ! soil mu/ also aid its natural productiv5ess4 ,blood is r>ely appli$ to ! l& directly--?\gh1 l ! o!r p>ts ( animals1 x makes an excell5t compo/4 ,z x comes f ! sug> ref9]ies1 h[ev]1 9 :i*1 ) lime wat] & animal *>coal1 x is employ$ = ! ref9+ ( sug>1 x has obta9$ a v ext5sive employm5t1 especially 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,?is animal black1 or animaliz$ *>coal1 z x is sometimes call$1 conta9s ab\t tw5ty p] c5t4 ( blood1 & has ris5 to su* a price 9 ,france1 t ! sug> ref9]s actually sell x = m ?an ! unmix$ blood & animal *>coal orig9ally co/ !m4 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! manufacture ( artificial mixtures ( *>coal1 fecal matt]s1 & blood1 :i* are also sold "u ! "n ( animaliz$ *>coal4 ,! only disadvantage att5d+ ^! artificial prep>ations is1 t !y are liable to be adult]at$1 or1 = *eapness1 prep>$ 9 a less effici5t mann]4 ,horn1 hair1 & wool1 dep5d = _! efficacy precisely on ! same pr9ciples z ! blood & fle% ( animals4 ,!y diff] *iefly 9 ?is1 t !y are dry1 :ile blood & fle% conta9 #hj to #ij p] c5t4 ( _! weight ( wat]4 ,h5ce1 a ton ( horn %av+s1 ( hair1 or ( dry wooll5 rags1 ought to enri* ! soil z mu* z t5 tons ( blood4 ,9 consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( _! dryness1 ! horn & wool decompose mu* m sl[ly ?an ! blood4 ,h5ce1 ! effect ( s(t animal matt]s is m imm$iate & app>5t1 t ( h>d & dry sub/ances less visible1 b cont9u+ = a mu* long] p]iod ( "t4 ,bones1 aga91 :ile !y resemble horn 9 be+ dry1 diff] f x 9 conta9+1 besides ! animal matt]1 a l>ge quantity ( e>?y matt] also1 & h5ce !y introduce a new ag5t to aid _! effect ^u ! soil4 ,?us1 ! bones ( ! c[ consi/ ( #ajj lbs4 ( ,phosphate ( lime1 #ee ,phosphate ( magnesia1 #c ,soda & common salt1 #c ,c>bonate ( lime1 #c ,fluoride ( calcium1 #a ,gelat9e 7! sub/ance ( horn71 #cc ------- #ajj ,:ile #ajj lbs4 ( bone-du/1 !re=e1 add to ! soil z mu* organic animal matt] z #cc lbs4 ( horn1 or z #cjj or #djj lbs4 ( blood or fle%1 !y add1 at ! same "t1 mu* inorganic matt]--lime1 magnesia1 soda1 common salt1 & phosphoric acid 79 ! phosphates71--all ( :i*1 z we h se51 mu/ be pres5t 9 a f]tile soil1 s9ce ! plants require a c]ta9 supply ( !m all at e p]iod ( _! gr[?4 ,^! sub/ances1 l ! inorganic matt] ( plants1 may rema9 9 ! soil1 & may ex]t a b5eficial action ^u vegetation aft] all ! organic or gelat9\s matt] has decay$ & disappe>$4 ,f :at is above /at$1 !re=e1 ! read] w ga!r ^! g5]al conclusions3 #a4 ,t animal sub/ances :i*1 l fle% & blood1 conta9 mu* wat]1 decay rapidly1 & are fitt$ to op]ate imm$iately & p[]fully ^u vegetation1 b are only tempor>y or evanesc5t 9 _! action4 #b4 ,t :5 dry1 z 9 horn1 hair1 & wool1 !y decompose1 & consequ5tly act m sl[ly1 & cont9ue to manife/ an influ5ce1 x may be1 = sev]al seasons4 #c4 ,t bones1 act+ l horn1 9 s f> z _! animal matt] is conc]n$1 &1 l x1 = a numb] ( seasons1 m or less1 accord+ z !y h be5 m or less f9ely cru%$--may ameliorate ! soil by _! e>?y matt] = a /ill long] p]iod--p]man5tly improv+ ! condition & add+ to ! natural capabilities ( ! l&4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,( ,,dige/$ ,,animal ,,manures4 ,practical m5 h long be5 ( op9ion t ! dige/ion ( food1 ei!r animal or vegetable1--! pass+ ( x ?r\gh ! bodies ( animals1--enri*es its f]tiliz+ p[]1 weight = weight1 :5 add$ to ! l&4 ,h5ce1 9 caus+ animals to eat up z mu* ( ! vegetable productions ( ! f>m z possible1 x is suppos$ t n only is s mu* food sav$1 b t ! value ( ! rema9d] 9 f]tiliz+ ! l& is greatly increas$4 ,9 a subsequ5t section we %all see h[ f> !ory s]ves to ?r[ light ^u ^! op9ions4 7,see ,section ,,iv41 p4 #ahb to #ahf47 ,i4 ,,liquid ,,excretions4 ,! dige/$ animal sub/ances usually employ$ z manures are1 ! ur9e ( ! c[ & ! %eep1 ! solid excrem5ts ( ! horse1 ! c[1 ! %eep1 & ! pig1 ! dropp+s ( pigeons & o!r birds1 & night-soil4 ,! liquid manures act *iefly ?r\gh ! sal9e sub/ances !y hold 9 solution1 :ile ! solid manures conta9 also insoluble matt]s1 :i* decay sl[ly 9 ! soil1 & !re become useful only aft] a "t4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 w influ5ce vegetation m p[]fully at fir/2 ! action ( ! latt] w be less evid5t1 b w cont9ue to op]ate = a mu* long] p]iod4 ,ur9e4--,human ur9e consi/s1 9 #ajjj p>ts1 ( ,wat]1 #icb ,urea1 & o!r organic matt]s conta9+ nitrog51 #di ,phosphates ( ammonia1 lime1 soda1 & magnesia1 #f ,sulphates ( soda & ammonia1 #g ,sal ammoniac & common salt1 #f ---- #ajjj ,a ?\s& p\nds ( ur9e !re=e conta9 #fh lbs4 ( dry f]tiliz+ matt] ( ! ri*e/ quality1 wor?1 at ! pres5t rate ( sell+ artificial manures 9 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/ #bjs4 a cwt4 ,z ea* p]son voids almo/ #ajjj lb4 ( ur9e 9 a ye>1 ! national wa/e incurr$ 9 ?is =m am\nts1 at ! above valuation1 to #abs4 a head4 ,& if five tons ( f>m-y>d manure p] acre1 add$ ye> by ye>1 w keep a f>m 9 good he>t1 f\r cwt4 ( ! solid matt] ( ur9e w\ld probably h an equal effect2 or ! ur9e alone dis*>g$ into ! riv]s by a population ( #aj1jjj inhabitants w\ld supply manure to a f>m ( #aejj acres1 yield+ a return ( #dejj qu>t]s ( corn or an equival5t produce ( o!r crops4 ,! ur9e ( ! c[ is said to conta9 less wat] ?an t ( man1 ?\gh ( c\rse mu* mu/ dep5d ^u ! k9d ( food ) :i* x is f$4 ,reckon+1 !n1 ! l>ge quantity ( liquid manure t is yield$ by ! c[ 7#bjjj or #cjjj gallons a ye>71 we may safely e/imate ! solid matt] giv5 (f by a heal?y animal 9 ?is =m 9 twelve mon?s at #abjj to #aejj p\nds weight1 wor?1 if x 7 9 ! dry /ate1 f #aj to #ab /]l+4 ,9 ! liquid /ate1 ! ur9e ( "o c[ collect$ & pres]v$ z x is 9 ,fl&]s1 is valu$ 9 t c\ntry at ab\t #b a ye>4 ,any practical f>m] may calculate = himself1 !re=e1 h[ mu* real weal?1 tak+ x ev5 at ! ,flemi% value1 is lo/ 9 8 own f>m-y>d--h[ mu* ( ! natural means ( reproductive indu/ry passes into 8 dra9s or evaporates into ! air4 ,?is liquid manure is invaluable1 :5 collect$ 9 tanks1 = wat]+ ! manure & compo/ heaps1 & ?us ha/5+ _! decomposition2 b great "p ( x may also be spr9kl$ directly ^u ! fields ( grass & ^u ! "y corn1 ) ! be/ effects4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be p]mitt$ to /& till f]m5tation comm5ces1 & aft]w>ds dilut$ ) a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 be=e x w be 9 ! be/ condition = lay+ on ! l&4 ,urate4--,9 ord] to obta9 ! virtues ( animal ur9e 9 a conc5trat$ =m1 ! cu/om has be5 adopt$ ( mix+ burnt gypsum ) x1 9 ! proportion ( #aj lbs4 to e #g gallons1 all[+ ! mixture1 occasionally /irr$1 to /& "s "t1 p\r+ (f ! liquid1 & dry+ & cru%+ ! gypsum4 ,?is is sold by manure manufactur]s "u ! "n ( urate4 ,x nev] c possess1 h[ev]1 ! virtues ( ! ur9e1 s9ce x does n conta9 ! soluble sal9e sub/ances1 :i* ! gypsum does n c>ry d[n ) x4 ,except ! gypsum1 inde$1 #ajj lbs4 ( urate conta9 no great] weight ( sal9e & organic matt] ?an #aj gallons ( ur9e4 ,if x be true1 !n1 z ! manufactur]s /ate1 t #c or #d cwt4 ( urate are suffici5t manure = an acre1 ! practical f>m] w1 ,i hope1 draw ! conclusion1--n t x is well wor? 8 :ile to v5ture 8 money 9 try+ a portion ( x ^u a piece ( 8 l&1--b t a f> m promis+ adv5ture w be to g to "s exp5se 9 sav+ 8 own liquid manure1 &1 aft] mix+ x ) burn$ gypsum1 to lay x abundantly ^u all 8 fields4 ,,ii4 ,,solid ,,excretions4 ,c[ & ,horse ,dung4--,s mu* ( ! sal9e1 nutritive1 & soluble organic matt]s f ! c[ pass (f 9 ! liquid =m1 t c[ dung is correctly call$ cold1 s9ce x does n readily heat & run into f]m5tation4 ,mix$ ) o!r manures1 h[ev]1 or well diffus$ ?r\gh ! soil1 x aids mat]ially 9 promot+ vegetation4 ,! horse be+ f$ g5]ally on less liquid food1 & dis*>g+ less ur9e1 yields a hott] & ri*] dung1 :i*1 h[ev]1 answ]s be/ also :5 mix$ ) o!r v>ieties4 ,! dung ( ! sw9e is s(t & cold1 l t ( ! c[1 conta9+1 l x1 at lea/ #ge p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,z ?is animal lives on m v>i$ food ?an any o!r re>$ = ! use ( man1 ! manure obta9$ f x is also v v>iable 9 quality4 ,appli$ alone1 z a manure to roots1 x is said to give !m an unpleasant ta/e1 & ev5 to injure ! flav\r ( tobacco4 ,x answ]s be/ = hemp1 &1 x is said1 also = hops2 b1 mix$ ) o!r manures1 x may be appli$ to any crop4 ,night-soil is probably ! mo/ valuable1 & yet1 9 ,europe at lea/1 ! mo/ dislik$ & neglect$ ( all ! solid animal manures4 ,x v>ies no d\bt 9 ri*ness ) ! food ( ! inhabitants ( ea* di/rict1--*iefly ) ! quantity ( animal food !y consume1--b :5 dry1 no o!r solid manure1 weight = weight1 c probably be comp>$ ) x 9 g5]al efficacy4 ,x conta9s mu* soluble & sal9e matt]1 & z x is made up f ! con/itu5ts ( ! food we eat1 ( c\rse x conta9s mo/ ( ^? elem5t>y sub/ances :i* are necess>y to ! gr[? ( ! plants on :i* we pr9cipally live4 ,attempts h be5 made to dry ?is manure also1 s z to r5d] x m portable1--to de/roy its unpleasant smell1 s z to reconcile practical m5 to a m g5]al use ( x1--& by c]ta9 *emical additions1 to prev5t ! wa/e ( ammonia & o!r volatile sub/ances1 :i* are apt to escape & be lo/ :5 ?is & o!r p[]ful animal manures beg9 to putrify ?r\gh decay4 ,9 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 & o!r l>ge cities1 ! night-soil1 dri$ fir/ 9 ! air ) or )\t a mixture ( gypsum or lime1 !n ^u dry+ plates1 & f9ally 9 /oves1 is sold "u ! "n ( p\drette1 & is ext5sively export$ 9 casks to v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,london also x is dri$ ) v>i\s mixtures1 :ile 9 o!rs ( our l>ge t[ns an animaliz$ *>coal is prep>$ by mix+ & dry+ night-soil ) gypsum & ord9>y wood *>coal 9 f9e p[d]4 ,! half-burn$ peat above describ$ 7p4 #hj17 w\ld answ] well = su* a purpose1 :ile few simple & easily atta9able sub/ances w\ld make a bett] compo/ ) night-soil1 & m ?or\ghly pres]ve its virtues1 ?an half-dry peat or ri* vegetable soil1 mix$ ) m or less m>l or gypsum4 ,x is impossible to e/imate ! proportion ( wa/e :i* ?is valuable manure und]goes by be+ all[$ to f]m5t1 )\t mixture1 9 ! op5 air4 ,taffo4--,9 ,*9a x is knead$ into cakes ) clay1 :i* are dri$ 9 ! air1 &1 "u ! "n ( taffo1 =m an important article ( export f all ! l>ge cities ( ! empire4 ,pigeons' ,dung4--,! dung ( all birds is f\nd to possess em95t f]tiliz+ virtues4 ,"s v>ieties are /rong] ?an o!rs1 or m imm$iate 9 _! action1 & all are improv$ = ! use ( ! f>m] by be+ "s "t kept1 ei!r alone or 9 compo/4 ,9 ,fl&]s ! manure ( "o hundr$ pigeons is consid]$ wor? #bjs4 a ye> = agricultural purposes4 ,guano is ! "n giv5 by ! natives ( ,p]u to ! dung ( sea-f[l1 :i* 9 =m] p]iods us$ to be deposit$ 9 va/ quantities on ! rocky %ores & isles ( ! ,p]uvian coa/4 ,! num]\s %ipp+ ( mod]n times has di/urb$ & driv5 away _m ( ! sea-f[l1 s t comp>atively little ( _! rec5t dropp+s is n[ pres]v$ or collect$4 ,anci5t heaps ( x1 h[ev]1 /ill exi/ 9 _m places1 m or less cov]$ up ) drift$ s&1 & also m or less decompos$4 ,^! are n[ l>gely excavat$ = exportation1 n only to diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 z seems to h be5 ! case f ! mo/ remote p]iods1 b also to ,europe1 & especially to ,engl&4 ,x is at pres5t sold at #bjs4 a cwt4 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is capable ( entirely replac+ f>m-y>d dung1--t is to say1 turnips may be manur$ successfully ) guano alone2--b x has n yet be5 satisfactorily det]m9$ t ! ,engli% f>m] c af=d to use x 9 ?is way to any ext5t1 at ! price n[ ask$ = x4 ,! dung ( birds possesses ! unit$ virtues ( bo? ! liquid & solid excretions ( o!r animals4 ,x conta9s e "p ( ! food ( ! bird1 ) ! exception ( :at is absolutely necess>y = ! support & = ! "r dis*>ge ( ! functions ( its own body4 ,x is ?us fitt$1 !re=e1 to return to ! plant a great] numb] ( ^? sub/ances on :i* plants live1 ?an ei!r ! solid or ! fluid excrem5ts ( o!r animals2 9 o!r words1 to be m n\ri%+ to vegetable gr[?4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,relative ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,animal ,,manures4 ,! f]tiliz+ p[] ( animal manures1 9 g5]al1 is dep5d5t1 l t ( ! soil itself1 ^u ! happy admixture !y conta9 ( a great numb]1 if n ( all1 ^? sub/ances :i* are requir$ by plants 9 ! univ]sal vegetation ( ! globe4 ,no?+ !y conta91 !re=e1 is )\t its %>e ( influ5ce ^u _! g5]al effects1 yet ! am\nt ( nitrog5 pres5t 9 ea* af=ds ! readie/ & mo/ simple crit]ion by :i* _! agricultural value1 comp>$ ) t ( vegetable matt]s & ) t ( ea* o!r1 c be pretty ne>ly e/imat$4 ,9 ref]5ce to _! relative quantities ( nitrog51 !re=e1 !y h be5 arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 ! numb] opposite to ea* repres5t+ ! weight 9 p\nds :i* is equival5t to or w\ld produce ! same s5sible effect ^u ! soil z #ajj lbs4 ( f>m-y>d manure4 ,f>m-y>d manure1 #ajj ,solid excrem5ts ( ! c[1 #abe 0 0 0 horse1 #gc ,liquid 0 0 c[1 #ia 0 0 0 horse1 #af ,mix$ 0 0 c[1 #ih 0 0 0 horse1 #ed 0 0 0 %eep1 #cf 0 0 0 pig1 #fd ,dry fle%1 #c ,pigeons' dung1 #e ,flemi% liquid manure1 #bjj ,liquid blood1 #ae ,dry blood1 #d ,fea!rs1 #c ,c[ hair1 #c ,horn %av+s1 #c ,dry wooll5 rags1 #b ,x is probable t ! numb]s 9 ?is table d n err v widely f ! true relative value ( ^! diff]5t manures1 9 s f> z ! organic matt] !y sev]ally conta9 is conc]n$4 ,! read] w be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 #a4 ,t ! mo/ p[]ful sub/ances 9 ?is table1 wooll5 rags1 = example1--#b lbs4 ( :i* are equal 9 virtue to #ajj lbs4 ( f>m-y>d manure1--may yet %ew less imm$iate s5sible effect ^u ! crop ?an an equal weight ( %eep's dung1 or ev5 ( ur9e4 ,su* dry sub/ances are long 9 dissolv+ & decompos+1 & cont9ue to evolve f]tiliz+ matt]1 aft] ! s(t] & m fluid manures h sp5t _! =ce4 ,?us1 :ile f>m-y>d manure or rape du/ w imm$iately ha/5 ! gr[? ( turnips1 wooll5 rags w come into op]ation at a lat] p]iod1 & prolong _! gr[? into ! autumn4 #b4 ,t besides _! g5]al relative value1 z repres5t$ 9 ! above table1 ea* ( ^! sub/ances has a fur!r special value n "h exhibit$1 dep5d5t ^u ! k9d & quantity ( sal9e & o!r inorganic matt] :i* !y sev]ally conta94 ,?us ?ree ( dry fle% are equal to five ( pigeons' dung1 9 s f> z ! organic "p is conc]n$2 b ! latt] conta9s also a consid]able quantity ( bone-e>? & ( sal9e matt] sc>cely pres5t at all 9 ! =m]4 ,h5ce pigeons' dung w b5efit vegetation 9 circum/ances :]e dry fle% w\ld 9 "s degree fail4 ,s ! liquid excretions conta9 mu* important sal9e matt] n pres5t 9 ! solid excretions1--n pres5t ei!r 9 su* sub/ances z horn1 wool1 & hair1--&1 !re=e1 ea* mu/ be capable ( ex]cis+ an influ5ce ^u vegetation peculi> to itself4 ,h5ce ! practical f>m] sees ! reason :y no "o simple manure c long answ] on ! same l&2 & :y 9 all ages & c\ntries ! habit ( employ+ mix$ manures & artificial compo/s has be5 univ]sally diffus$4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,natural ,,di/9ction ,,or ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable ,,manures1 ,,& ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,?is ,,diff]5ce4 ,9 :at d animal manures diff] f vegetable manures1--:at is ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce1--h[ does ! dige/ion ( vegetable matt] improve its value z a manure8 #a4 ,! *>act]i/ic di/9ction betwe5 animal & vegetable manures is ?is1--t ! =m] conta9 a mu* l>g] proportion ( nitrog5 ?an ! latt]4 ,?is w be se5 at once1 by comp>+ toge!r ! tables giv5 9 ! two prec$+ sections1 9 :i* ! numb]s repres5t ! relative agricultural values ( c]ta9 animal & vegetable sub/ances comp>$ ) f>m-y>d manure4 ,! l[e/ numb]s repres5t ! highe/ value1 & ! l>ge/ am\nt ( nitrog51 & ^! l[ numb]s are always opposite to ! pure/ animal sub/ances4 #b4 ,9 consequ5ce ( conta9+ s mu* nitrog51 animal sub/ances are fur!r di/+ui%$ by ! rapidity ) :i*1 :5 moi/1 !y putrify or run to decay4 ,dur+ ?is decay ! nitrog5 !y conta9 gradually assumes ! =m ( ammonia1 :i* is p]ceptible by ! smell1 & :i*1 :5 prop] precautions are n tak51 is apt 9 great "p to escape into ! air4 ,h5ce ! loss by f]m5t+ manure too completely1--or )\t prop] precautions to prev5t ! escape ( volatile sub/ances4 ,& z animal manure1 :5 ?us ov]-f]m5t$1 or p]mitt$ to lose its ammonia into ! air1 is f\nd mu* less active ^u vegetation ?an be=e2 x is reasonably conclud$1 t to ?is ammonia1 *iefly1 _! peculi> virtue1 :5 rightly prep>$1 is 9 a great measure to be ascrib$4 ,vegetable sub/ances d n decay s rapidly1--d n emit ! od\r ( ammonia :5 f]m5t+1--nor1 :5 prep>$ 9 ! mo/ c>eful way1 does vegetable manure exhibit ! same rem>kable action ^u vegetable life z is display$ by almo/ e sub/ance ( animal orig94 #c4 ,:5ce d animal sub/ances d]ive all ?is nitrog58 ,animals live only ^u vegetable productions conta9+ little nitrog52 c !y !n procure all !y require f ?is s\rce alone8 ,aga91 does ! act ( dige/ion produce any *emical alt]ation ^u ! food ( animals1 t _! excretions %\ld be a bett] manure1--%\ld be ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an ! sub/ances on :i* !y fe$8 ,does !ory ?r[ any light ^u ! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$ among practical m5 ^u ?is po9t8 ,^! two app>5tly di/9ct que/ions w be expla9$ by a brief ref]5ce to "o common natural pr9ciple4 ,animals h two necess>y vital functions to p]=m1--to brea! & to dige/4 ,bo? are ( equal importance to ! heal? & g5]al welf>e ( ! animal4 ,! dige/] 7! /oma*7 receives ! food1 melts x d[n1 extracts f x :at is be/ suit$ to its purposes1 & conveys x into ! blood4 ,! brea!rs 7! lungs7 sift ! blood ?us mix$ up ) ! newly dige/$ food1 comb9e oxyg5 ) x1 & extract c>bon1--:i* c>bon1 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid1 !y dis*>ge by ! m\? & no/rils into ! air4 ,su* is a g5]al description ( ^! two great processes1--_! effect ^u ! food t rema9s 9 ! body & has to be reject$ f x1 is n difficult to p]ceive4 ,suppose an animal to be full gr[n4 ,take a full gr[n man4 ,all t he eats z food is int5d$ m]ely to r5ovate or repl5i% 8 sy/em1 to re/ore t :i* is daily remov$ f e "p ( 8 body by natural causes4 ,9 ! full gr[n /ate1 e ?+ t ent]s ! body mu/ come out ( ! body 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! food t escapes is t portion ( its c>bon t passes (f f ! lungs dur+ respiration4 ,?is quantity v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals--*iefly accord+ to ! quantity ( ex]cise !y take4 ,f #e to #i ounces a day is ! av]age quantity1 ?\gh 9 p]iods ( viol5t bodily ex]tion #ac to #ae ounces ( c>bon are brea!d out 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid4 ,suppose a man to eat a p\nd & a half ( bread & a p\nd ( beef 9 #bd h\rs1 & t he gives (f by respiration #h ounces ( c>bon 7#cejj gra9s7 dur+ ! same "t4 ,!n he has ,c>bon4 ,nitrog54 ,tak51 9 8 food1 ab\t #dejj gra9s1 & #ejj grs4 :ile ,he has giv5 (f 9 respiration1 #cejj & little or no nitrog51 ,leav+ to be conv]t$ into food1 or to #ajjj grs4 & #ejj grs4 be reject$1 ,our two conclusions1 !re=e1 are cle>4 ,! vegetable food1 by respiration1 is fre$ f a l>ge portion ( its c>bon1 :i* is dis*>g$ into ! air1--ne>ly ! :ole ( ! nitrog5 rema9+ beh9d4 ,9 ! food consum$ ! c>bon 0 to ! nitrog5 z #i to #a2 9 t :i* rema9s1 aft] respiration has done its "w1 ! c>bon is to ! nitrog5 9 ! proportion ( only #b to #a4 ,x is out ( ?is residue1 ri* 9 nitrog51 t ! sev]al p>ts ( animal bodies are built up4 ,h5ce ! reason :y !y c be =m$ f food poor 9 nitrog51 & yet be !mselves ri* 9 ! same elem5t4 ,x is ?is same residue also :i*1 aft] x has p]=m$ its functions )9 ! body1 is dis*>g$ aga9 9 ! =m ( solid & liquid excretions4 ,h5ce ! great] ri*ness 9 nitrog51--! great] f]tiliz+ p[] ( ! dung ( animals ?an ( ! food on :i* !y live4 ,two o!r rem>ks ,i %all add = ! b5efit ( ! practical man4 #a4 ,! manure ( ! c[1 tak+ x mix$1 is n s ri* 9 nitrog5 z t ( man1--because ! c[ 9 ! /all1 l>ge ?\gh x be1 & great ! bulk ( food x consumes1 does n give (f mu* m c>bon by respiration ?an an active full gr[n man4 ,h5ce ! proportion ( c>bon 9 ! excretions ( ?is animal is great] ?an 9 ^? ( man4 ,! dry manure is ri*] ?an ! dry food1 weight = weight1 b n 9 ! same proportion z if ! c[ respir$ a quantity ( c>bon m ne>ly correspond+ to its bulk1 :5 comp>$ ) ! weight ( c>bon ?r[n (f f ! lungs ( man4 #b4 ,s9ce ! p>ts ( animals--_! blood1 muscles1 t5dons1 & ! gelat9\s portion ( ! bones--conta9 mu* nitrog51 "y bea/s :i* are gr[+1 mu/ appropriate to _! own use1 & "w up into fle% & bone1 a portion ( ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! non-respir$ "p ( _! food4 ,b ! m !y ?us appropriate1 ! less w pass (f into ! fold-y>d2 & h5ce x is natural to suppose t ! manure1 ei!r liquid or solid1 :i* is prep>$ :]e _m gr[+ cattle are f$1 w n be s ri* z t :i* is yield$ by full gr[n animals4 ,i am n aw>e h[ f> ?is det]ioration has be5 obs]v$ 9 practice1 b x may ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty be expect$ to take place1--unless by giv+ a ri*] food to ! "y cattle1 ! diff]5ce to ! f>m-y>d be made up4#ah #ah ,?\gh ,i h dwelt z long ^u ^! int]e/+ &1 ,i believe1 novel consid]ations1 z ! limits ( ?is little "w w p]mit1 yet ,i mu/ ref] ! read] = full] details1 & to p]haps a cle>] exposition ( ! pr9ciples above advanc$ ?an ,i h "h be5 able to give1 to my 8,,lectures on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology40 ,,section ,v4--,,( ,,m9]al ,,wat]s4 ,! g5]al nature & mode ( op]ation ( su* m9]al sub/ances z are capable ( act+ z manures1 w be 9 "s measure und]/ood f :at has already be5 s fully /at$ 9 reg>d to ! necessity ( inorganic food to liv+ plants1 & to ! k9ds ( su* food :i* !y specially require4 ,a slight notice1 !re=e1 ( ! m important ( ^! manures n[ 9 use w "h be suffici5t4 #a4 ,nitrates ( ,pota% & ,soda4--,saltpetre & nitrate ( soda h be5 des]v$ly comm5d$ = _! b5eficial action1 especially ^u "y vegetation4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by imp>t+ to ! leaves a beautiful d>k gre5 col\r1 & are appli$ ) advantage to grass & "y corn1 at ! rate ( #a cwt4 to cwt4 p] acre4 ,! nitric acid !y conta9 yields nitrog5 to ! plant1 :ile pota% & soda are also put )9 rea* ( its roots1 & no d\bt s]ve _m b5eficial purposes4 ,sulphate ( ,soda1 or ,glaub]'s salt1 has lately be5 recomm5d$ 9 ?is c\ntry = clov]s1 grasses1 & gre5 crops4 ,mix$ ) nitrate ( soda x produces rem>kable crops ( potatoes4#ai #ai ,see ! au?or's 8,sugge/ions = ,exp]im5ts 9 ,practical ,agriculture10 ,nos4 #a #b4 ,sulphate ( ,magnesia1 or ,epsom salts1 might also be b5eficially appli$ 9 agriculture1 probably to clov]s & corn crops4 ,z x c be _h 9 pure cry/als at #ajs4 a cwt41 & 9 an impure /ate at a mu* less price1 f ! alum works1 x might readily be submitt$ to trial4 ,sulphate ( ,lime1 or ,gypsum1 is 9 ,g]many appli$ to grass l&s ) great success1 ov] l>ge tracts ( c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is us$ = e k9d ( crop4 ,x is especially adapt$ to clov]s & legumes4 ,^! ?ree sub/ances all af=d sulphur to ! gr[+ plant1 :ile ! lime1 soda1 & magnesia are !mselves 9 "p directly appropriat$ by x1 & 9 "p employ$ 9 prep>+ o!r k9ds ( food1 & 9 convey+ !m into ! asc5d+ sap4 ,?\gh !re c be no "q t ^! & simil> sub/ances are really useful to vegetation1 yet ! intellig5t read] w n be surpris$ to f9d1 or to he>1 t ?is or t m9]al sub/ance has n succe$$ 9 b5efitt+ ! l& 9 ?is or t di/rict4 ,if he has already bricks en\gh at h&1 y mu/ c>ry ! build] mort>1 or he w be unable to g on ) 8 "w3 s1 if ! soil conta9 gypsum or sulphate ( magnesia 9 suffici5t natural abundance1 x is at once a ne$less & a fooli% wa/e to attempt to improve ! l& by add+ m2 x is /ill m fooli% to conclude t ^! same sal9e comp\nds are unlikely to rew>d ! pati5t exp]im5t] 9 o!r localities4 ,common ,salt has und\bt$ly1 9 v _m di/ricts1 a f]tiliz+ influ5ce ^u ! soil4 ,! !oretical agriculturi/ kn[s t a small quantity ( x is absolutely necess>y to ! heal?y gr[? ( all our cultivat$ crops1 & he w !re=e1 e>ly try by a prelim9>y exp]im5t ^u "o ( 8 fields1 :e!r or n !y require ! addition ( ?is species ( vegetable food4 ,x is 9 inl& & %elt]$ situations1 & on high l&s (t5 wa%$ by ! ra9s1 t ! effect ( common salt is likely to be mo/ appreciable4 ,! spray ( ! sea1 borne to great di/ances by ! w9ds1 is 9 _m di/ricts1 :]e prevail+ sea w9ds are kn[n1 suffici5t to supply an ample annual dress+ ( common salt to ! l&4 ,kelp4--,among m9]al sub/ances kelp ought n prop]ly to be includ$1 s9ce x is ! a% left by ! burn+ ( sea-we$4 ,x1 h[ev]1 p>takes ( ! nature ( m9]al sub/ances1 & may1 !re=e1 be prop]ly consid]$ 9 ?is place4 ,x conta9s pota%1 soda1 silica1 sulphur1 *lor9e1 & sev]al o!r ( ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( plants requir$ by !m = food4 ,x is ne>ly ! same also--) ! exception ( ! organic matt] :i* is burn$ away--) ! sea-we$ :i* produces su* rem>kably b5eficial effects ^u ! soil4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,isles a me?od is practis$ ( half burn+ or *>r+ sea-we$1 by :i* x is prev5t$ f melt+ toge!r1 & is readily obta9$ 9 ! =m ( a f9e black p[d]4 ,! use ( ?is v>iety ought to comb9e ! b5eficial action ( ! ord9>y sal9e con/itu5ts ( kelp1 ) ! rem>kable prop]ties obs]v$ 9 animal & vegetable *>coals4 ,wood-a%1 among o!r comp\nds1 conta9s a portion ( common pe>l-a% 9 an impure =m1 ) sulphate also1 & silicate ( pota%4 ,^! are all valuable 9 fe$+ & 9 prep>+ ! food ( plants1 & h5ce ! ext5sive use ( wood-a% z a manure 9 e c\ntry :]e x c readily be procur$4 ,dut* a%es are ! a%es ( peat burn$ = ! purpose ( be+ appli$ to ! l&4 ,!y v>y 9 con/itution ) ! k9d ( peat f :i* !y h be5 prep>$4 ,!y (t5 conta9 traces ( pota% & soda1 & g5]ally a quantity ( gypsum & c>bonate ( lime1 a trace ( phosphate ( lime1 & mu* silice\s matt]4 ,9 almo/ e c\ntry :]e peat ab\nds1 ! value ( peat a%es z a manure has be5 m or less g5]ally recognis$4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,use ,,( ,,lime1 ,,%ell-,,s&1 ,,& ,,m>l4 ,! use ( lime is ( ! greate/ importance 9 practical agriculture4 ,x has be5 employ$1 9 ,europe at lea/1 9 "o or o!r ( its =ms ( %ells1 %ell-s&1 m>l1 *alk1 lime/one1 & quicklime1 f ! mo/ remote p]iods4 ,native lime/one1 & all ! unburn$ v>ieties ( *alk1 %ells1 c4 consi/ ( c>bonate ( lime 7p4 #ea71 m or less pure4 ,:5 burn$ 9 ! kiln1 ! c>bonic acid is driv5 (f1 & lime1 burn$ lime1 or quicklime rema9s4 ,quicklime1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 gradually falls into ! /ate ( an exce$+ly f9e :ite p[d]4 ,x w d s m rapidly if wat] be ?r[n ^u x1 :5 x also heats mu*1 swells1 & becomes ab\t "o-?ird heavi] ?an be=e4 ,aft] be+ expos$ to ! air = "s "t 9 ?is :ite p[d]y /ate1 x is f\nd to h aga9 absorb$ f ! air a portion ( c>bonic acid1 ?\gh a v long p]iod g5]ally elapses be=e x is all reconv]t$ into c>bonate4 ,9 compo/ heaps1 :]e mu* c>bonic acid is =m$ dur+ ! f]m5tation1 ! conv]sion ( any quicklime t may be mix$ ) !m into c>bonate ( lime1 is mu* m rapid & complete ?an 9 ! op5 air4 ,lime1 !re=e1 is laid on ! l& 9 two /ates4 #a/1 ,9 ! mild /ate--t ( c>bonate--9 m>ls1 9 *alk1 9 %ell-s&1 c4 #b;d1 ,9 ! cau/ic1 or quick /ate1 z x comes hot f ! kiln1 or aft] x is simply slak$4 ,limes are laid on also 9 a m or less pure =m4 ,m>l conta9s only f #e to #bj p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 g5]ally 9 ! /ate ( a v f9e p[d]4 ,%ell-s& consi/s ( a mixture ( m9ute fragm5ts ( %ells ) f #bj to #ej p] c5t4 ( silice\s s&4 ,! lime/ones :i* are burn$ are also m or less impure1 ?\gh1 :5 ! impurity is v great1 !y d n burn well1 & are !re=e usually reject$4 ,"s lime/ones conta9 mu* magnesia1 by :i* _! agricultural qualities are mat]ially affect$4 ,^! are kn[n by ! "n ( magnesian lime/ones4 ,!re are few lime/ones 9 :i* a small quantity ( magnesia may n be detect$1 & ?is m9ute proportion is likely to be b5eficial r ?an o!rwise2 b :5 x is pres5t to ! am\nt ( #aj p] c5t4 or upw>ds1 x appe>s to h = "s "t a poison\s influ5ce ^u vegetation1 if add$ 9 ! same l>ge doses 9 :i* o!r lime may be safely spread ^u ! l&4 ,! quantity ( lime laid on at a s+le dress+1 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* x may be repeat$1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! k9d ( l&1 ^u ! dep? ( ! soil1 & ^u ! species ( culture to :i* x is subject$4 ,if l& be wet1 or badly dra9$1 a l>g] application is necess>y to produce ! same effect1 & x mu/ be m frequ5tly repeat$4 ,:5 ! soil is ?91 aga91 a small] addition w ?or\ghly impregnate ! :ole1 ?an :]e ! pl\gh usually desc5ds to ! dep? ( #h or #aj in*es4 ,on old pa/ure l&s1 :]e ! t5d] grasses live 9 two or ?ree in*es ( soil only1 a feebl] dress+1 m frequ5tly repeat$1 appe>s to be ! m reasonable practice1 ?\gh 9 reclaim+ & lay+ d[n l&s to grass1 a heavy fir/ lim+ is (t5 indisp5sable4 ,9 arable culture l>g] doses are admissible1 bo? because ! soil ?r\gh :i* ! roots p5etrate mu/ necess>ily be deep]1 & because ! t5d5cy to s9k beyond ! rea* ( ! roots is g5]ally c\nt]act$ by ! frequ5t turn+ up ( ! e>? by ! pl\gh4 ,:]e vegetable matt] ab\nds1 mu* lime may be usefully add$1 & on /iff clay l&s aft] dra9+1 its good effect is mo/ rem>kable4 ,on light l&1 *iefly because !re is nei!r moi/ure nor vegetable matt] pres5t 9 equal quantity1 v l>ge applications ( lime are n s usual1 & "s pref] add+ x to su* l&s 9 ! %ape ( compo/s only4 ,! l>ge/ doses1 h[ev]1 :i* are appli$ 9 practice1 alt] 9 a v immat]ial degree ! *emical con/itution ( ! soil4 ,we h se5 t ! be/ soils g5]ally conta9 a natural proportion ( lime1 n fix$ 9 quantity1 yet sc>cely ev] :olly want+4 ,b an ord9>y lim+1 :5 well mix$ up ) a deep soil1 w r>ely am\nt to "o p] c5t4 ( its entire weight4 ,x requires ab\t #cjj bu%els ( burn$ lime p] acre to add "o p] c5t4 ( lime to a soil ( twelve in*es 9 dep?2 if only mix$ to a dep? ( six in*es1 ?is quantity w\ld add ab\t two p] c5t4 to ! soil4 ,! mo/ rem>kable visible alt]ations produc$ by lim+ are--^u pa/ures1 ! great] f95ess1 clos5ess1 & nutritive "* ( ! grasses--on arable l&s1 ! improvem5t 9 ! texture & mell[ness ( /iff clays1 ! m productive crops & ! e>li] p]iod at :i* !y rip54 ,b ^! effects gradually dim9i% ye> by ye>1 till ! l& returns aga9 ne>ly to its orig9al condition4 ,on analyz+ ! soil1 ! lime orig9ally add$ is f\nd to be 9 great measure1 or altoge!r1 gone4 ,9 ?is condition ! l& mu/ ei!r be lim$ aga91 or mu/ be left to produce sickly & un-remun]at+ crops4 ,?is removal arises f two causes4 ,! ra9-wat] t desc5ds ^u ! l& holds 9 solution c>bonic acid :i* x has absorb$ f ! air4 ,b wat] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid is capable ( dissolv+ c>bonate ( lime1 & ?us ye> aft] ye> ! ra9s sl[ly remove z !y s9k to ! dra9s1 or run ov] ! surface1 a portion ( ! lime :i* ! soil conta9s4 ,acid sub/ances are also =m$ naturally 9 ! l&1 by :i* ano!r portion ( ! lime is r5d]$ easily soluble 9 wat]1 &1 !re=e1 readily removable by e %[] t falls4 ,! *emical effects ( lime ^u ! soil are *iefly ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,:5 laid ^u ! l& 9 ! cau/ic /ate1 ! fir/ action ( ! lime is to comb9e imm$iately ) e portion ( acid matt] x may conta91 & ?us to sweet5 ! soil4 ,"s ( ! comp\nds x ?us =ms be+ soluble 9 wat]1 ei!r ent] into ! roots & fe$ ! plant1--supply+ x at once ) lime & ) organic matt]1--or are wa%$ out by ! spr+s & ra9s1 :ile o!r comp\nds1 :i* are insoluble1 rema9 m p]man5tly 9 ! soil4 #b4 ,ano!r portion decomposes c]ta9 sal9e comp\nds ( iron1 manganese1 & alum9a1 :i* naturally =m !mselves 9 ! soil1 & ?us r5d]s !m unhurtful to vegetation4 ,a simil> action is ex]t$ ^u c]ta9 comp\nds ( pota% & soda1 & ( ammonia1--if any su* are pres5t1--by :i* ^! sub/ances are set & plac$ )9 ! rea* ( ! plant4 #c4 ,its pres5ce 9 ! cau/ic /ate fur!r disposes ! organic matt] ( ! soil to und]go m rapid decomposition--x be+ obs]v$1 t :]e lime is pres5t 9 read9ess to comb9e ) ! sub/ances produc$ dur+ ! decay ( organic matt]1 t decay1 if o!r circum/ances be fav\rable1 w proce$ ) mu* great] rapidity4 ,! read] w n fail to recollect1 t dur+ ?is decay _m comp\nds are =m$ :i* are ( importance 9 promot+ vegetation4 #d4 ,fur!r1 quicklime has ! advantage ( be+ soluble 9 cold wat]1 & ?us ! complete diffusion ( x ?r\gh ! soil is aid$ by ! p[] ( wat] to c>ry x 9 solution 9 e direction4 #e4 ,:5 x has absorb$ c>bonic acid1 & become reconv]t$ into c>bonate1 ! orig9al cau/ic lime has no *emical virtue ov] *alk1 ri* %ell-s& or m>l1 or cru%$ lime/one4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ! important me*anical advantage ( be+ 9 ! =m ( a f> f9] p[d]1 ?an any to :i* we c\ld r$uce ! lime/one by art--9 consequ5ce ( :i* x c be m uni=mly diffus$ ?r\gh ! soil1 & plac$ )9 ! rea* ( e root1 & ( almo/ e p>ticle1 ( vegetable matt] t is und]go+ decay4 ,i %all m5tion only ?ree ( ! important purposes :i*1 9 ?is /ate ( c>bonate1 lime s]ves ^u ! l&4 #a4 ,x directly af=ds food to ! plant1 :i*1 z we h se51 langui%es :]e lime is n atta9able4 ,x s]ves also to convey o!r food to ! roots 9 a /ate 9 :i* x c be made available to vegetable gr[?4 #b4 ,x neutralizes 7removes ! s\rness7 ( all acid sub/ances z !y are =m$ 9 ! soil1 & ?us keeps ! l& 9 a condition to n\ri% ! t5d]e/ plants4 ,?is is "o ( ! important ag5cies ( %ell-s& :5 laid on undra9$ grass l&s--& ?is effect x produces 9 common ) wood-a%es1 & _m simil> sub/ances4 #c4 ,dur+ ! decay ( organic matt] 9 ! soil1 x aids & promotes ! production ( nitric acid1--s influ5tial1 z ,i believe1 9 ! g5]al vegetation ( ! globe 7see page #ce74 ,) ?is acid x comb9es & =ms nitrate ( lime--a sub/ance v soluble 9 wat]--ent]+ readily1 !re=e1 into ! roots ( plants1 & produc+ ^u _! gr[? effects precisely simil> to ^? ( ! n[ well kn[n nitrate ( soda4 ,! success ( frequ5t pl\gh+s1 h>r[+s1 hoe+s1 & o!r modes ( /irr+ ! l&1 is p>tly ow+ to ! facilities :i* ^! op]ations af=d to ! production ( ?is & o!r natural nitrates4 ,,section ,,vii4--,,( ,,! ,,irrigation ,,( ,,! ,,l&4 ,! irrigation ( ! l& is1 9 g5]al1 only a m ref9$ me?od ( manur+ x4 ,! nature ( ! process itself1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 z are also ! k9d & degree ( effect x produces1 & ! !ory by :i* ^! effects are to be expla9$4 ,9 dry & arid climates1 :]e ra9 r>ely falls1 ! soil may conta9 all ! elem5ts ( f]tility1 & require only wat] to call !m into op]ation4 ,9 su* cases1 z 9 ! irrigations practis$ s ext5sively 9 ea/]n c\ntries1 & )\t :i*1 :ole prov9ces 9 ,africa & ,s\!rn ,am]ica w\ld lie wa/e1 x is unnecess>y to suppose any o!r virtue 9 irrigation ?an ! m]e supply ( wat] x af=ds to ! p>*$ & crack+ soil4 ,b 9 climates su* z our own1 !re are two o!r b5eficial purposes 9 ref]5ce to ! soil1 :i* irrigation may1 & "o at lea/ ( :i* x always does1 s]ve4 #b4 ,! occasional fl[ ( pure wat] ov] ! surface1 z 9 our irrigat$ mead[s1 & its desc5t into ! dra9s1 :]e ! dra9age is p]fect1 wa%es out acid & o!r noxi\s sub/ances naturally g5]at$ 9 ! soil1 & ?us purifies & sweet5s x4 ,! b5eficial effect ( su* wa%+ w be readily und]/ood 9 ! case ( peat l&s laid d[n to wat] mead[1 s9ce1 z e "o kn[s1 peat soils ab\nd 9 matt]s unfav\rable to g5]al vegetation1 & :i* are usually 9 "p drawn (f by dra9age1 & 9 "p de/roy$ by lime & by exposure to ! air1 be=e boggy l&s c be br\ght into pr(itable cultivation4 #c4 ,b x seldom happ5s t pure wat] is employ$ = ! purposes ( irrigation4 ,! wat] ( riv]s1 m g5]ally1 is div]t$ f its c\rse1 m or less load$ ) mud & o!r f9] p>ticles ( matt]1 :i* are ei!r gradually filt]$ f x z x passes ov] & ?r\gh ! soil1 or 9 ! case ( floods subside naturally :5 ! wat]s come to re/4 ,or 9 less frequ5t cases1 ! dra9+s ( t[ns1 & ! wat]s f common sew]s1 or f ! little /reams enri*$ by !m1 are turn$ ) b5efit ^u ! fav\r$ fields4 ,^! are evid5tly cases ( gradual & uni=m manur+4 ,& ev5 :]e ! wat] employ$ is cle> & app>5tly undi/urb$ by mud1 x always conta9s sal9e sub/ances grateful to ! plant 9 its se>* = food1 & :i* x always contrives to extract m or less copi\sly z ! wat] passes ov] its leaves or along its roots4 ,e fre% access ( wat] af=ds ! grass 9 reality ano!r liquid manur+4 ,9 ! refre%m5t cont9ually af=d$ to ! plant by a pl5tiful supply ( wat]1 9 ! removal ( noxi\s sub/ances f ! soil1 or 9 ! frequ5t additions ( enri*+ food to ! l&--! effici5cy ( irrigation1 !re=e1 seems entirely to consi/4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,( ,,p>+ ,,& ,,burn+1 ,,& ,,( ,,burn$ ,,clay4 ,a mode ( improvem5t (t5 resort$ to is ! p>+ & burn+ ( poor l&4 ,! efficacy ( burn$ clay1 also1 ev5 9 sup]s$+ manure on good l&s1 has be5 highly extoll$ by "s practical m54 #a4 ,! effect ( p>+ & burn+ is easily und]/ood4 ,! matt$ sods consi/ ( a mixture ( mu* vegetable ) a comp>atively small quantity ( e>?y matt]4 ,:5 ^! are burn$ ! a% ( ! plants only is left1 intimately mix$ ) ! calc9$ e>?4 ,to /rew ?is mixture ov] ! soil is mu* ! same z to dress x ) peat or wood a%es1 ! b5eficial effect ( :i* ^u vegetation is almo/ univ]sally recognis$4 ,& ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! a% itself is *iefly due to ! ready supply ( inorganic food x yields to ! se$1 & to ! effect :i* ! pota% & soda x conta9s ex]cise ei!r 9 prep>+ organic food 9 ! soil1 or 9 assi/+ its dige/ion & assimilation 9 ! int]ior ( ! plant4 ,ano!r "p ( ?is process is1 t ! roots ( ! we$s & poor] grasses are mat]ially injur$ by ! p>+1 & t ! subsequ5t dress+ ( a%es is unfav\rable to _! fur!r gr[?4 #b4 ,mu* great] unc]ta9ty hangs ov] ! alleg$ virtues ( burn$ clay4 ,t b5efits are suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f its use !re c be no d\bt1 ?\gh 9 _m cases ! bett] tillage ( ! l& g5]ally prescrib$ along ) ! use ( burn$ clay1 may h _h "s %>e 9 produc+ ! good results actually exp]i5c$ dur+ its use4 ,by ! burn+1 9 kilns or o!rwise1 any organic matt] ! clay may conta9 w be consum$1 & ! texture ( ! clay itself w be me*anically alt]$4 ,x w crumble d[n l a burn$ brick into a h>d friable p[d]1 & w nev] aga9 coh]e into a pa/e z be=e ! burn+4 ,x w1 !re=e1 r5d] clay soils m op51 & may ?us1 :5 mix$ 9 l>ge quantity1 produce a p]man5t amelioration 9 ! me*anical texture ( _m /iff :eat soils4 ,x _c itself und]go any *emical *ange t is likely s to alt] its con/itution z to make x a m useful *emical con/itu5t ( ! soil ?an be=e4 ,any sal9e matt] we may suppose to be set free c\ld be f> m *eaply add$ 9 ! =m ( a top-dress+ to ! soil4 ,bricks1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally m por\s ?an ! clay f :i* !y are =m$2 burn$ clay is s also4 ,& all por\s sub/ances suck 9 & cond5se mu* air & _m vap\rs 9 l>ge quantities into _! pores4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is prop]ty1 por\s sub/ances1 l *>coal & burn$ clay1 are suppos$1 :5 mix$ ) ! soil1 to be cont9ually yield+ air to decay+ vegetable matt] on ! "o h&1 & z cont9ually re-absorb+ x f ! atmosph]e on ! o!r1 & by ?is means to be ( s+ul> s]vice 9 supply+ ! wants ( plants 9 ! e>li] seasons ( _! gr[?4 ,! vap\rs ( nitric acid & ( ammonia1 :i* float 9 ! air1 !y are also suppos$ to imbibe1 & by ! b5eficial action ( ! sub/ances believ$ to be ?us convey$ by burn$ clay into ! soil1 ! f]tiliz+ virtues ascrib$ to x are attempt$ to be expla9$4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t on ?is po9t consid]able obscurity /ill re/s4 ,x is 9 "s measure d\btful :at ! true action ( *>coal & ( burn$ clay is1 bo? 9 k9d & 9 quantity4 ,x is ! "p ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 to decl9e (f]+ m ?an a m]e conjecture till ! facts to be expla9$ are m fully & satisfactorily demon/rat$4 ,,section ,,ix4--,,plant+ ,,& ,,lay+ ,,d[n ,,to ,,grass4 #a4 ,plant+4--,x has be5 obs]v$ t l&s :i* are unfit = arable culture1 & :i* yield only a trifl+ r5t z natural pa/ure1 are yet 9 _m cases capable ( gr[+ pr(itable plantations1 & ( be+ greatly increas$ 9 p]man5t value by ! prolong$ gr[? ( wood4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 d all trees n ?rive alike on ! same soil1 b all d n improve ! soil on :i* !y gr[ 9 an equal degree4 ,"u ! ,scot* fir1 = example1 ! pa/ure is n wor? #f;d4 m p] acre ?an be=e x 0 plant$--"u ! bee* & spruce1 x is wor? ev5 less ?an be=e1 ?\gh ! spruce af=ds excell5t %elt]2--"u a%1 x gradually acquires an increas$ value ( #bs4 or #cs4 p] acre4 ,9 oak copses1 x becomes wor? #es4 or #fs41 b only dur+ ! la/ eight ye>s 7( ! tw5ty-f\r71 be=e x is cut d[n4 ,b "u ! l>*1 aft] ! fir/ ?irty ye>s1 :5 ! ?9n+s are all cut1 l& n wor? orig9ally m ?an #as4 p] acre1 becomes wor? #hs4 to #ajs4 p] acre = p]man5t pa/ure4#bj #bj ,! result ( trials made on ! mica slate & gneiss soils 7see page #ajj7 ( ! ,duke ( ,a?oll4 ,! cause ( ?is improvem5t is to be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! soil1 :i* gradually accumulates b5ea? ! trees by ! %$d+ ( _! leaves4 ,! %elt] f ! sun & ra9 :i* ! foliage af=ds1 prev5ts ! vegetable matt] :i* falls f be+ s spe$ily decompos$1 or f be+ s mu* wa%$ away1 & ?us p]mits x to collect 9 l>g] quantities 9 a giv5 "t1 ?an :]e no su* cov] exi/s4 ,! m complete ! %elt]1 !re=e1 ! m rapid w ! accumulation ( soil be 9 s f> z x dep5ds ^u ?is cause4 ,b ! quantity ( leaves :i* annually falls has also mu* influ5ce ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! soil is capable ( be+ improv$ by any giv5 species ( tree1 z well z ! degree ( rapidity ) :i* ^? leaves1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 und]go decay4 ,! broad membran\s leaf ( ! bee* & oak decay m quickly ?an ! ne$le-%ap$ leaves ( ! p9e tribes1 & ?is circum/ance may assi/ 9 r5d]+ ! l>* m valuable z a p]man5t improv]4 ,we %\ld expect likewise t ! quantity & quality ( ! inorganic matt] conta9$ 9 ! leaves1--br\ght up ye> by ye> f ! roots1 & /rew$ aft]w>ds uni=mly ov] ! surface :]e ! leaves are %$1--w\ld mat]ially affect ! value ( ! soil !y =m4 ,! leaves ( ! oak conta9 ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( sal9e & e>?y matt]1 & ^? ( ! ,scot* fir less ?an #b p] c5t42 s t1 suppos+ ! actual weight ( leaves :i* falls f ea* k9d ( tree to be equal1 we %\ld expect a great] dep? ( soil to be =m$ 9 ! same "t by ! oak ?an by ! ,scot* fir4 ,i am n aw>e ( any exp]im5ts on ! quantity ( a% left by ! leaves ( ! l>*4 ,! improvem5t ( ! l&1 !re=e1 by ! plant+ ( trees1 dep5ds 9 "p ^u ! quantity ( organic food :i* ! trees c extract f ! air1 & aft]w>ds drop 9 ! =m ( leaves ^u ! soil1 & 9 "p ^u ! k9d & quantity ( inorganic matt] :i* ! roots c br+ up f b5ea?1 & 9 l mann] /rew ^u ! surface4 ,! quantity & quality ( ! latt] w1 9 a great measure1 det]m9e ! k9d ( grasses :i* w spr+ up1 & ! consequ5t value ( ! pa/ure 9 ! fe$+ ( /ock4 ,9 ! l>* di/ricts ( ! ,duke ( ,a?oll1 ! mo/ abundant grasses t spr+ up are said to be ! holcus mollis & ! holcus lanatus1 7! creep+ & ! mead[ s(t-grasses47 #b4 ,lay+ d[n to grass4--,on ?is po9t two facts seem to be pretty g5]ally ackn[l$g$3 ,fir/1 t l& laid d[n to artificial grasses = "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m ye>s1 is 9 "s degree re/$ or recruit$1 & is fitt$ = ! bett] production ( aft]-corn crops4 ,lett+ x lie a ye> or two long] 9 grass1 !re=e1 is "o ( ! receiv$ modes ( br++ back to a s\nd condition a soil t has be5 exhau/$ by injudici\s cropp+4 ,second1 t l& ?us laid d[n ) artificial grasses det]iorates m or less aft] two or ?ree ye>s1 & only by sl[ degrees acquires a ?ick sw>d ( ri* & n\ri%+ h]bage4 ,h5ce ! op9ion1 t grass-l& improves 9 quality ! long] x is p]mitt$ to lie1--! unwill+ness to pl\gh up old pa/ure1--& ! comp>atively high r5ts :i*1 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 old grass l&s are kn[n to yield4 ,grant+ t grass l&s d ?us g5]ally increase 9 value1 ?ree important facts mu/ be borne 9 m9d be=e we attempt to assign ! cause ( ?is improvem5t1 or ! circum/ances "u :i* x is likely to take place = ! longe/ "t & to ! greate/ ext5t4 #a4 ,! value ( ! grass 9 any giv5 spot may increase = an indef9ite p]iod--b x w nev] improve beyond a c]ta9 ext5t--x w necess>ily be limit$1 z all o!r crops are1 by ! quality ( ! l&4 ,h5ce ! m]e lay+ d[n to grass w n make all l& good1 h[ev] long x may lie4 ,! ext5sive commons1 hea?s1 & wa/es1 :i* h be5 9 grass f ! mo/ remote times1 are evid5ce ( ?is4 ,!y h 9 mo/ cases yield$ s poor a h]bage z to h be5 consid]$ unwor?y ( be+ enclos$ z a p]man5t pa/ure4 #b4 ,"s grass l&s w reta9 ! good condition !y ?us sl[ly acquire = a v long p]iod1 & )\t manur+1 9 ! same way1 & ^u ! same pr9ciple1 t "s ri* corn l&s h yield$ successive crops = #ajj ye>s )\t manure4 ,! ri* grass l&s ( ,engl&1 & especially ( ,irel&1 _m ( :i* h be5 9 pa/ure f "t immemorial1 )\t1 x is said1 receiv+ any return = all !y h yield$1 are illu/rations ( ?is fact4 #c4 ,b t o!rs1 if graz$1 cropp$ ) %eep or mead[$1 w gradually det]iorate1 unless "s prop] supply ( manure be giv5 to !m1--:i* requir$ supply mu/ v>y ) ! nature ( ! soil1 & ) ! k9d ( treatm5t to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,9 reg>d to ! ackn[l$g$ b5efit ( lay+ d[n to grass1 !n1 two po9ts require consid]ation1--:at =m does x assume8--& h[ is x effect$8 #a4 ,! improvem5t takes place by ! gradual accumulation ( a d>k-br[n soil on ! surface1 ri* 9 vegetable matt]3 & :i* soil ?ick5s or deep5s 9 proportion to ! "t :i* elapses f its be+ fir/ laid d[n to grass4 ,if ! soil be v light & s&y1 ! ?ick5+ is soon] arre/$2 if x be mod]ately heavy l&1 ! improvem5t cont9ues = a long] p]iod2 & "s ( ! heavie/ clays 9 ,engl& are kn[n to be> ! ri*e/ p]man5t pa/ures4 ,on analyz+ ! soils ( ! ri*e/ ( ^! pa/ures1 :atev] be ! degree ( t5acity ( ! clays or loams 7! subsoils7 on :i* !y re/1 or _! defici5cy 9 vegetable matt]1--!y are f\nd to be g5]ally *>act]iz$ by conta9+ f #h to #ab p] c5t4 ( organic1 *iefly vegetable matt]1 f #e to #aj only ( alum9a1 & f #a to #f p] c5t4 ( lime4 ,?us ! soil =m$ on ! surface ( all ri* old pa/ure l&s is possess$ ( a rem>kable degree ( uni=mity1--bo? 9 physical "* & 9 *emical composition4 ,?is uni=mity !y gradually acquire1 ev5 ^u ! /iff clays ( ! ,lias & ( ! ,ox=d clay1 :i* orig9ally1 no d\bt1 h be51--z _m clay l&s /ill are1--left to natural pa/ure f ! difficulty & exp5se ( submitt+ !m to arable culture4 #b4 ,b h[ d !y acquire ?is new "*1 & :y is x ! "w ( s mu* "t8 ,:5 ! "y grass ?r[s up its leaves into ! air1 f :i* x d]ives s mu* ( its n\ri%m5t1 x ?r[s d[n its roots into ! soil 9 que/ ( food ( ano!r k9d4 ,! leaves may be m[n or cropp$ by animals1 & c>ri$ (f ! field1 b ! roots rema9 9 ! soil1 &1 z !y die1 gradually fill its upp] "p ) vegetable matt]4 ,x is n kn[n :at av]age proportion ! roots ( ! natural grasses be> to ! leaves2 no d\bt x v>ies mu*1 bo? ) ! k9d ( grass & ) ! k9d ( soil4 ,:5 :eat is cut d[n1 ! quantity ( /raw left 9 ! field1 9 ! =m ( /ubble & roots1 is sometimes great] ?an ! quantity c>ri$ (f 9 ! %eaf4 ,^u a grass field two or ?ree tons ( hay may be reap$ f an acre2 & if we suppose only a t5? "p ( ?is quantity to die e ye> 9 ! =m ( roots or p>ts ( roots1 or ( excretions f roots1 we c easily und]/& h[ ! vegetable matt] 9 ! soil ?us gradually accumulat+1 %\ld at l5g? become v consid]able 9 quantity4 ,9 arable l& ?is accumulation is prev5t$ by ! con/ant turn+ up ( ! soil1 by :i* ! vegetable fibres be+ expos$ to ! free access ( air & moi/ure1 are made to und]go a m rapid decomposition4 ,b ! roots & leaves ( ! grasses conta9 inorganic e>?y & sal9e matt] also4 ,dry hay leaves f an eigh? to a t5? "p ( its weight ( a% :5 burn$4 ,along ) ! dead vegetable matt] ( ! soil1 ?is inorganic matt] accumulates also on ! surface1 9 ! =m ( an exce$+ly f9e e>?y p[d]2 h5ce "o cause ( ! univ]sal f95ess ( ! surface m\ld ( old grass fields4 ,& ! e>?y portion ( ?is inorganic matt] consi/s *iefly ( silica & lime1 ) sc>cely a trace ( alum9a1 s t1 ev5 on ! /iffe/ clays1 a surface soil may be ultimately =m$1 9 :i* ! quantity ( alum9a w be comp>atively small4 ,b !re are /ill o!r ag5cies at "w by :i* ! surface ( /iff soils is made to und]go a *ange4 ,z ! roots p5etrate into ! clay1 !y m or less op5 up a way into x = ! ra9s4 ,n[ ! ra9s 9 ne>ly all l&s1 :5 !y h a passage d[nw>ds1 h a t5d5cy to c>ry d[n ! clay along ) !m4 ,!y d s1 x has be5 obs]v$1 on s&y & peaty soils1 & m quickly :5 ^! soils are laid d[n to grass4 ,h5ce ! me*anical action ( ! ra9s1--sl[ly 9 _m localities1 yet surely1--has a t5d5cy to light5 ! soil1 by remov+ a portion ( its clay4 ,!y con/itute "o ( ^? natural ag5cies by :i*1 z else:]e expla9$1 important diff]5ces are ultimately e/abli%$1 almo/ ev]y:]e1 betwe5 ! surface crop-be>+ soil & ! subsoil on :i* x re/s4 ,b fur!r1 ! heats ( summ] & ! fro/s ( w9t] aid ?is sl[ alt]ation4 ,9 ! extremes ( heat & ( cold1 ! soil contracts m ?an ! roots ( ! grasses d2 & simil> ?\gh less /rik+ diff]5ces take place dur+ ! *anges ( temp]ature exp]i5c$ 9 our climate 9 a s+le day4 ,:5 ! ra9 falls on ! p>*$ field1 or :5 a ?aw comes on1 ! e>? exp&s1 :ile ! roots ( ! grasses rema9 ne>ly fix$2 h5ce ! soil rises up among ! leaves1 mixes ) ! vegetable matt]1 & ?us assi/s 9 ! sl[ accumulation ( a ri* vegetable m\ld4 ,! read] has witness$ 9 w9t] h[1 on a field or a by-way side1 ! e>? rises above ! /ones1 & appe>s incl9$ to cov] !m2 he may ev5 h se5 9 a des]t$ & undi/urb$ highway1 ! /ones gradually s9k+ & disappe>+ altoge!r1 :5 ! repetition ( ?is alt]nate contraction & expansion ( ! soil = a succession ( w9t]s has increas$ 9 a great degree ! effects :i* foll[ f a s+le accession ( fro/y wea!r4 ,s x is 9 ! fields4 ,& if a p]son skill$ 9 ! soils ( a giv5 di/rict c make a guess at ! "t :5 a giv5 field 0 laid d[n to grass1 by ! dep? at :i* ! /ones are f\nd b5ea? ! surface1 x is because ?is loos5+ & expansion ( ! soil1 :ile ! /ones rema9 fix$1 t5ds to ?r[ ! latt] d[n by an almo/ imp]ceptible quantity e ye> t passes4 ,su* movem5ts z ^! act 9 op5+ up ! surface-soil1 9 mix+ x ) ! decay+ vegetable matt]1 & 9 all[+ ! sl[ action ( ! ra9s gradually to give its e>?y portion a light] "*4 ,b ) ^!1 among o!r causes1 conspire also ! action ( liv+ animals4 ,few p]sons h foll[$ ! pl\gh )\t occasionally obs]v+ ! va/ quantities ( e>?worms ) :i* "s fields seem to be fill$4 ,on a close %av5 lawn _m h notic$ ! frequ5t little heaps ( e>? :i* ^! worms dur+ ! night h ?r[n out ^u ! grass4 ,^! & o!r m9ute animals are cont9ually at "w1 especially b5ea? an undi/urb$ & grassy sw>d--& !y nightly br+ up f a consid]able dep?1 & dis*>ge on ! surface1 _! burd5 ( f9e f]tiliz+ loamy e>?4 ,ea* ( ^! burd5s is an actual ga9 to ! ri* surface soil1 & :o c d\bt t 9 ! lapse ( ye>s1 ! unse5 & unappreciat$ lab\rs ( ^! insect tribes mu/ bo? mat]ially improve its quality & increase its dep?8 ,!re are natural causes1 !n1 :i* we "k to be at "w1 t are suffici5t to acc\nt = ne>ly all ! facts t h be5 obs]v$1 9 reg>d to ! effect ( lay+ l&s d[n to grass4 ,/iff clays w gradually become light] on ! surface1 & if ! subsoil be ri* 9 all ! k9ds ( inorganic food :i* ! grasses require1 w g on improv+ = an indef9ite p]iod )\t ! aid ( manure4 ,let !m1 h[ev]1 be defici5t1 or let !m gradually become exhau/$ ( any "o k9d ( ?is food1 & ! grass l&s w ei!r gradually det]iorate aft] !y h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( excell5ce--or !y mu/ be suppli$ ) t +r$i5t--t manure ( :i* !y /& 9 ne$4 ,x is d\btful if any pa/ure l&s are s naturally ri* z to be> to be cropp$ = c5turies )\t ! addition ( manure1 & at ! same "t )\t det]ioration4#ba #ba ,see pages #bdj & #bda4 ,on soils t are light1 aga91 :i* naturally conta9 little clay1 ! grasses w ?rive m rapidly1 a ?ick sw>d w be soon] =m$1 b ! t5d5cy ( ! ra9s to wa% out ! clay may prev5t !m f ev] atta9+ t luxuriance :i* is obs]v$ ^u ! old pa/ures ( ! clay l&s4 ,on undra9$ hea?s & commons1 & g5]ally on any soil :i* is defici5t 9 "s f]tiliz+ elem5t1 nei!r abundant h]bage1 nor good crops ( any o!r k9d1 c be expect$ to fl\ri%4 ,lay+ su* l&s d[n1 or p]mitt+ !m to rema9 9 grass1 may prep>e !m = by-&-by yield+ "o or two av]age crops ( corn1 b _c be expect$ alone to conv]t !m into valuable pa/ure4 ,f9ally1 pl\gh up ! old pa/ures1 on ! surface ( :i* ?is light & mo/ fav\rable soil has be5 long accumulat+--& ! heavy soil f b5ea? w be aga9 mix$ up ) x--! vegetable matt] w disappe> rapidly by exposure to ! air1--& if aga9 laid d[n to grass1 ! sl[ *anges ( _m ye>s mu/ aga9 be begun ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! same natural causes1 be=e x become capable ( aga9 be>+ ! same ri* h]bage x 0 kn[n to n\ri% :ile x lay undi/urb$4 ,_m h suppos$ t by s[+ d[n ) ! natural grasses1 a ?ick sw>d may at once be obta9$--& on light loamy l&s1 ri* 9 vegetable matt]1 ?is me?od may1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 succe$--b on heavy l&s1 9 :i* vegetable matt] is defective1 disappo9tm5t w (t5 foll[ ! s[+ ( ! mo/ c>efully select$ se$s4 ,by ! ag5cy ( ! causes above adv]t$ to--! soil gradually *anges1 s t x is unfit1 :5 fir/ laid d[n1 to be> ^? grasses :i*1 t5 or tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 w naturally & luxuriantly gr[ ^u x4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,products ( ,vegetation--,importance ( ,*emical quality z well z quantity ( ,produce--,influ5ce ( diff]5t ,manures on ! quantity & quality ( ! ,crop--,influ5ce ( ! "t ( ,cutt+--,absolute quantity ( ,food yield$ by diff]5t ,crops--,pr9ciples on :i* ! ,fe$+ ( ,animals dep5ds--,!oretical & exp]im5tal value ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,food = ,fe$+ ,/ock--,conclud+ ,obs]vations4 ,! fir/ object ( ! practical f>m] is1 to reap f 8 l& ! l>ge/ possible return ( ! mo/ valuable crops1 )\t p]man5tly exhau/+ ! soil4 ,) ?is view he adopts "o or o!r ( ! me?ods ( treatm5t above adv]t$ to1 by :i* ei!r ! physical condition or ! *emical con/itution ( ! soil is alt]$ = ! bett]4 ,x may be useful to %ew h[ v mu* bo? ! quantity & ! quality ( a crop is dep5d5t ^u ! mode 9 :i* x is cultivat$ & reap$1 & h[ mu* control1 !re=e1 ! skilful agriculturi/ really possesses ov] ! ord9>y productions ( nature4 ,,section ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,manure ,,on ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,! ,,:eat ,,& ,,o!r ,,corn ,,crops4 ,e "o kn[s t "s soils naturally produce mu* l>g] returns ( :eat1 oats1 & b>ley ?an o!rs d1 & t ! same soil w produce m or less accord+ to ! mode 9 :i* ! l& has be5 prep>$ by manure1 or o!rwise1 = ! reception ( ! se$4 ,! foll[+ table %ews ! effect produc$ ^u ! quantity ( ! crop by equal quantities ( diff]5t manures appli$ to ! same soil1 s[n ) an equal quantity ( ! same se$4 ,return 9 bu%els f ea* ,manure appli$4 bu%el ( se$4 ,:eat4 ,b>ley4 ,oats4 ,rye4 ,blood1 #ad #af #ab #ad ,night-soil1 -- #ac #ad #ac ,%eep's dung1 #ab #af #ad #ac ,horse dung1 #aj #ac #ad #aa ,pigeon's dung1 -- #aj #ab #i ,c[ dung1 #g #aa #af #i ,vegetable matt]1 #c #g #ac #f ,)\t manure1 -- #d #e #d ,x is probable t on diff]5t soils ! returns obta9$ by ! use ( ^! sev]al manures may n be always 9 ! same ord]1 yet1 g5]ally speak+1 x w always be f\nd t blood1 night-soil1 & %eep1 horse1 & pigeon's dung1 are among ! mo/ enri*+ manures t c be employ$4 ,we h already se5 a !oretical reason = believ+ t night-soil %\ld be among ! mo/ enri*+ manures1 & ! result ( actual trial "h %ews t x is "o ( ! mo/ practically valuable :i* ! f>m] c employ4 ,two o!r facts w /rike ! practical man on look+ at ! above table4 #a4 ,t exclusive ( blood1 %eep's dung gave ! greate/ increase 9 ! b>ley crop4 ,! fav\rite ,norfolk sy/em ( eat+ (f turnips ) %eep previ\s to b>ley1 besides o!r b5efits :i* are kn[n to att5d ! practice1 may owe "p ( its ackn[l$g$ utility to ?is p[]ful action ( %eep's dung ^u ! b>ley crop4 #b4 ,! action ( c[ dung ^u oats is equally /rik+1 & ! l>ge return obta9$ by ! use ( vegetable manure alone--?irte5 fold--may p]haps expla9 :y 9 poorly f>m$ di/ricts oats %\ld be a fav\rite & comp>atively pr(itable crop1 & :y !y may be cultivat$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( success on l&s to :i* no ri* manure is ev] add$4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,manure ,,on ,,! ,,*emical ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,gra94 ,b ! quality ( ! gra9 also1 z well z its quantity1 is mat]ially affect$ by ! k9d ( manure by :i* its gr[? is assi/$4 ,! app>5t quality ( :eat & oats is v v>i\s2 b 9 samples app>5tly equal 9 quality1 important *emical diff]5ces may exi/1 by :i* x is believ$ t ! n\ri%+ prop]ties ( ! gra9 are mat]ially affect$4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #dc71 t :5 fl\r is made into d\gh1 & ?is d\gh is wa%$ ^u a l95 clo? ) wat] z long z ! latt] passes ?r\gh milky1--! fl\r is sep>at$ into />*1 :i* subsides f ! wat]1 & glut51 :i* rema9s beh9d4 ,! quantity ( glut5 ?us left v>ies m or less ) almo/ e sample ( fl\r1 & ! nutritive prop]ties ( ea* sample are suppos$ to dep5d v mu* ^u ! quantity ( glut5 x conta9s4 ,s f> x seems to be pretty well asc]ta9$1 t ^? v>ieties ( gra9 :i* conta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( glut5 yield also ! greate/ return ( fl\r1 & ! heavie/ weight ( bread4 ,! weight ( glut5 conta9$ 9 #ajj lbs4 ( dry :eat has be5 f\nd to v>y f #h to #cd lbs41 & ?is proportion is affect$ 9 a v rem>kable mann] by ! k9d ( manure :i* has be5 appli$ to ! l&4 ,?us ! proportions ( />* & glut5 9 #ajj lbs4 ( ! gra9 ( ! same :eat1 gr[n on ! same l&1 diff]5tly manur$1 0 z foll[s3-- ,manure4 ,/>*4 ,glut54 ,blood1 #da lbs4 #cd lbs4 ,%eep's dung1 #db 0 #cc 0 ,horse dung1 #fb 0 #ad 0 ,c[ dung1 #fb 0 #ab 0 ,vegetable manure1 #ff 0 #aj 0 ,potato-fl\r1 :i* consi/s entirely ( />*1 makes a f9e light bread1 easily rais$4 ,:eat5-fl\r1 :i* conta9s little glut51 approa*es 9 ?is respect to potato-fl\r4 ,:5 ! quantity ( glut5 is l>ge1 great] c>e is requir$ to make a good light bread2 b ! bread f su* fl\r is g5]ally f\nd to be m nutritive 9 its quality4 ,a d\gh peculi>ly ri* 9 glut5 is requir$ = ! manufacture ( mac>oni & v]micelli2 su* is said to be ! fl\r naturally produc$ 9 s\!rn ,italy4 ,by ! above table x appe>s1 t ! use ( ri*] animal1 or poor] vegetable manures1 w\ld enable ! f>m] to raise1 at 8 pleasure1 ei!r a ri* mac>oni :eat1 or "o poor 9 glut5 suit$ = ! mak]s ( fancy bread4 ,an equally /rik+ effect is n produc$ ^u o!r k9ds ( gra9 by v>y+ ! manure4 ,?us ! proportions ( />* & glut5 9 ! dry gra9 ( b>ley & oats1 diff]5tly manur$1 7 f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,,b>ley4 ,,oats4 ,/>*4 ,glut54 ,/>*4 ,glut54 ,blood1 #ff #f #fj #e ,night-soil1 #ff #f #fj #e ,%eep dung1 #ff #f #fa #d ,horse dung1 #ff #f #fa #d ,c[ dung1 #fi #c #fb #c ,vegetable manure1 #fi #c #ff #b ,unmanur$1 #fi #c #ff #b ,?\gh a v>iation 9 ! proportion ( glut5 c be obs]v$ 9 bo? ( ^! k9ds ( gra91 accord+ z "o or o!r ( ! above k9ds ( manure 0 employ$1 yet nei!r ! av]age quantity ( glut5 pres5t 9 !m1 nor ! v>iations to :i* ! quantity is liable1 are at all equal 9 am\nt to :at are obs]v$ 9 ! case ( :eat4 ,! malt+ ( b>ley is kn[n to be affect$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,x %\ld be s uni=m 9 rip5ess z to spr\t uni=mly1 s t no "p ( x %\ld be beg9n+ to %oot :5 ! re/ has already g]m9at$ suffici5tly = ! mak]'s purpose4 ,on ?is p]fect spr\t+ ( ! :ole dep5ds 9 "s degree ! swell+ ( ! malt1 :i* is ( consid]able consequ5ce to ! manufactur]4 ,b ! melt+ quality ( ! gra91 :i* is ( m consequ5ce to ! brew] & di/ill]1 is modifi$ *iefly by ! proportion ( glut5 :i* ! b>ley conta9s4 ,t :i* conta9s ! lea/ glut51 & !re=e ! mo/ />*1 w melt ! mo/ easily & ! mo/ completely1 & w yield ! /ronge/ be] or _s f ! same quantity ( gra94 ,h5ce ! pref]5ce giv5 by ! brew] to ! malt ( p>ticul> di/ricts1 ev5 :]e ! sample appe>s o!rwise inf]ior4 ,?us ! brew]s on ! sea-bo>d ( ! c\nty ( ,durham w n pur*ase ! b>ley ( _! own neighb\rhood1 :ile ,norfolk gra9 c be _h at a mod]ate increase ( price4 ,b t :i* refuses to melt well 9 ! h&s ( ! brew]1 w cause pigs & o!r /ock to ?rive well 9 ! h&s ( ! fe$]1 & ?is is ! *ief outlet = ! b>ley :i* ! brew] & di/ill] reject4 ,s f> z a practical d$uction c be drawn f ! effects ( diff]5t manures on ! proportion ( glut5 9 b>ley1 x w\ld appe> t ! l>g] ! quantity ( c[ dung conta9$ 9 ! manure appli$ to b>ley l&--9 o!r words1 ! great] ! numb]s ( /ock fold$ ab\t ! f>m-y>d1 ! m likely is ! b>ley to be su* z w br+ a high price f ! brew]4 ,! fold+ ( %eep produces a l>g] return 7p4 #bjf71 f ! b>ley crop--:ile ! fold+ ( cattle gives gra9 ( a bett] malt+ quality4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,cutt+1 ,,on ,,! ,,quantity ,,& ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,produce4 ,! p]iod at :i* hay is cut1 or corn reap$1 mat]ially affects ! quantity 7by weight7 & ! quality ( ! produce4 ,x is commonly kn[n t :5 radi%es are left too long 9 ! gr\nd !y become h>d & woody--t ! s(t turnippy /em ( ! "y cabbage und]goes a simil> *ange z ! plant gr[s old1--& t ! arti*oke becomes t\gh & uneatable if left too long uncut4 ,! same natural *ange goes on 9 ! grasses :i* are cut = hay4 ,9 ! blades & /ems ( ! "y grasses !re is mu* sug>1 :i*1 z !y gr[ up1 is gradually *ang$1 fir/ into />*1 & !n into woody fibre 7pages #dd & #de47 ,! m completely ! latt] *ange is effect$--t is1 ! rip] ! plant becomes--! less sug> & />*1 bo? readily soluble sub/ances1 !y conta94 ,& ?\gh x has be5 asc]ta9$ t woody fibre is n :olly indige/ible1 b t ! c[1 = example1 c appropriate a portion ( x = food z x passes ?r\gh h] /oma*2 yet ! read] w readily imag9e1 t ^? p>ts ( ! food :i* dissolve mo/ easily1 are also likely--o!r ?+s be+ equal--to be mo/ n\ri%+ to ! animal4 ,x is asc]ta9$1 also1 t ! weight ( hay or /raw reap$1 is actually less :5 all[$ to become fully ripe2 & !re=e1 by cutt+ soon aft] ! plant has atta9$ its greate/ height1 a l>g] quantity1 z well z a bett] quality ( hay1 w be obta9$1 :ile ! l& also w be less exhau/$4 ,! same rem>ks apply to crops ( corn1--bo? to ! /raw & to ! gra9 !y yield4 ,! raw] ! crop is cut1 ! heavi] & m n\ri%+ ! /raw4 ,)9 ?ree weeks ( be+ fully ripe1 ! /raw beg9s to dim9i% 9 weight1 & ! long] x rema9s uncut aft] t "t1 ! light] x becomes & ! less n\ri%+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e> :i* is sweet & milky a mon? be=e x is ripe1 gradually consolidates1 ! sug> *ang+ into />*1 & ! milk ?ick5+ into ! glut5 & ! album5#bb ( ! fl\r4 ,z soon z ?is *ange is ne>ly complet$1 or ab\t a =tnight be=e rip5+1 ! gra9 conta9s ! l>ge/ proportion ( />* & glut52 if reap$ at ?is "t1 ! bu%el w be heavi]1 & w yield ! l>ge/ quantity ( f9e fl\r & ! lea/ bran4 #bb ,album5 is ! "n giv5 by *emi/s to ! :ite ( ! egg4 ,a small quantity ( ?is sub/ance is pres5t 9 e k9d ( gra94 ,x is closely relat$ to glut54 ,at ?is p]iod ! gra9 has a ?9 sk91 & h5ce ! small quantity ( bran4 ,b if ! crop be /ill left uncut1 ! next natural /ep 9 ! rip5+ process is1 to cov] ! gra9 ) a bett] protection1 a ?ick] sk94 ,a portion ( ! />* ( ! gra9 is *ang$ into woody fibre1--precisely z 9 ! rip5+ ( hay1 ( ! s(t %oots ( ! dog-rose1 & ( ! roots ( ! common radi%4 ,by ?is *ange1 !re=e1 ! quantity ( />* is less5$ & ! weight ( husk increas$2 h5ce ! dim9i%$ yield ( fl\r1 & ! increas$ produce ( bran4 ,!ory & exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 indicate ab\t a =tnight be=e full rip5+ z ! mo/ prop] "t = cutt+ corn4 ,! sk9 is !n ?9n]1 ! gra9 full]1 ! bu%el heavi]1 ! yield ( fl\r great]1 ! quantity ( bran less2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! /raw is heavi]1 & conta9s m soluble matt] ?an :5 x is left uncut until x is consid]$ to be fully ripe4#bc #bc ,on ?is subject ! read] w consult ) advantage an excell5t practical pap] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture = ,june #ahda1 by ,mr4 ,hannam ( ,nor? ,deighton1 ,york%ire1 to :om ,i h to express my obligations = in=mation reg>d+ ! results ( "s fur!r exp]im5ts made by him dur+ ! la/ autumn 7#ahda74 ,,section ,,iv4--,,on ,,! ,,absolute ,,quantity ,,( ,,food ,,yield$ ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,crops4 ,! quantity ( food capable ( yield+ n\ri%m5t to man1 :i* c be gr[n f an acre ( l& ( av]age quality1 dep5ds v mu* ^u ! k9d ( crop we raise4 ,9 se$s1 :5 fully ripe1 little sug> or gum is g5]ally pres5t1 & x is *iefly by ! am\nt ( />* & glut5 !y conta91 t _! nutritive p[] is to be e/imat$4 ,9 bulbs1 su* z ! turnip & potato1 sug> & gum are almo/ always pres5t 9 consid]able quantity 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ^! roots are consum$1 & ?is is especially ! case ) ! turnip4 ,^! sub/ances1 !re=e1 mu/ be includ$ among ! nutritive +r$i5ts ( su* k9ds ( food4 ,if we suppose an acre ( l& to yield ! foll[+ quantities ( ! usually cultivat$ crops1 namely-- ,( :eat1 #be bu%els1 or #aejj lbs4 ,( b>ley1 #ch 0 or #bjjj 0 ,( oats1 #ej 0 or #bbej 0 ,( peas1 #ae 0 or #ajjj 0 ,( beans1 #be 0 or #afjj 0 ,( ,indian corn1 #fj 0 or #cabj 0 ,( potatoes1 #aj tons1 or #bbdjj 0 ,( turnips1 #be 0 or #efjjj 0 ,! weight ( dry />*1 glut51 sug>1 & gum1 reap$ 9 ea* crop1 w be repres5t$ v ne>ly by ! foll[+ numb]s3-- ,/>*4 ,glut5 & ,sug> & ,woody ,album54 ,gum4 ,fibre4 ,:eat1 #hbe lbs4 #cae lbs4 #fj -- ,b>ley1 #abjj 0 #abj 0 #afj -- ,oats1 #abae 0 #ajj 0 #bej -- ,peas1 #dbj 0 #bfj 0 #bj -- ,beans1 #fgj 0 #cgj 0 -- -- ,indian corn1 #bajj 0 #bhj 0 #ij -- ,potatoes1 #bfhh 0 #bbd 0 -- #abec ,turnips1 #cjij 0 #adjj 0 #ejjj -- ,if x be grant$ t ! crops above /at$ are fair av]age returns f ! same quality ( l&--t ! acre1 = example1 :i* produces #be bu%els ( :eat1 w also produce #aj tons ( potatoes1 & s on--!n x appe>s t ! l& :i*1 by cropp+ ) :eat1 w\ld yield a giv5 weight ( />*1 w\ld1 :5 cropp$ ) b>ley or oats1 yield "o-half m1 ) ,indian corn or potatoes ab\t ?ree times z mu*1 & ) turnips five times ! same quantity4 ,9 o!r words1 ! piece ( gr\nd :i*1 :5 s[n ) :eat1 w ma9ta9 "o man1 w\ld support "o & a half if s[n ) b>ley or oats1 ?ree ) ,indian corn or potatoes1 & five ) turnips--9 s f> z ! nutritive p[] ( ^! crops dep5ds ^u ! />* & sug> !y conta94 ,aga91 if we comp>e ! relative quantities ( glut51 we see t :eat1 beans1 & ,indian corn yield1 f ! same bread? ( l&1 ne>ly an equal quantity ( ?is k9d ( n\ri%m5t--potatoes "o-?ird less1 & b>ley & oats only "o-?ird ( ! quantity--:ile turnips yield f\r times z mu* z ei!r :eat1 beans1 or ,indian corn4 ,on :i*ev] ( ^! two sub/ances1 !re=e1 ! />* or ! glut51 we consid] ! nutritive prop]ty ( ! above k9d ( food to dep5d1 x appe>s t ! turnip is by f> ! mo/ nutritive crop we c raise4 ,x is by no means ! mo/ nutritive weight = weight1 b ! l>g5ess ( ! crop 7#be tons7 af=ds u f ! same field a mu* great] weight ( food ?an c be reap$ 9 ! =m ( any ( ! o!r crops "h m5tion$4 ,9 ?is ! practical f>m] w see ! peculi> adaptation ( ! turnip husb&ry to ! re>+ & fatt5+ ( /ock4 ,c\ld ! turnip be made an agreeable article ( g5]al human consumption1 ! produce ( ! l& might be made to su/a9 a mu* l>g] population ?an "u any o!r ( ! above k9ds ( cropp+4 ,! relative n\ri%+ p[] or value z food ( diff]5t vegetable sub/ances1 is suppos$ by "s to dep5d entirely ^u ! relative proportions ( glut5 !y conta94 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! pea & ! bean are mu* m n\ri%+1 weight = weight1 ev5 ?an :eat1 & ?is latt] gra91 ?an any ( ! o!r sub/ances m5tion$ 9 ! above table4 ,?us1 #ef lbs4 ( beans w\ld af=d z mu* su/5ance to an animal z #fg ( pease1 #ajj ( :eat-fl\r1 or #agg ( rice4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! value ( ?is op9ion1 x w be prop] to consid] ! sev]al purposes :i* ! food is de/9$ to s]ve 9 ! animal economy--:at ! animal mu/ d]ive f its food to ma9ta9 its exi/+ condition1 or to admit ( a heal?y increase ( bulk4 ,,section ,v4--,,( ,,! ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,animals1 ,,& ,,! ,,purposes ,,s]v$ ,,by ,,! ,,food ,,!y ,,consume4 ,! food ( plants we h se5 to consi/ ess5tially ( two k9ds1 ! organic & ! inorganic1 bo? ( :i* we h insi/$ ^u z equally necess>y to ! liv+ vegetable--equally indisp5sable to its heal?y gr[?4 ,a brief glance at ! purposes s]v$ by plants 9 ! fe$+ ( animals1 w n only confirm ?is view1 b w also ?r[ "s additional light ^u ! k9d ( inorganic food :i* ! plants mu/ be able to procure1 9 ord] t !y may be fitt$ to fulfil _! assign$ purpose 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,man1 & all dome/ic animals1 may be support$1 may ev5 be fatt5$1 ^u vegetable food alone3 vegetables1 !re=e1 mu/ conta9 all ! sub/ances :i* are necess>y to build up ! sev]al p>ts ( animal bodies1 & to supply ! wa/e att5dant ^u ! p]=mance ( ! necess>y functions ( animal life4 ,let u consid] :at ^! sub/ances are1 & 9 :at quantities !y mu/ be suppli$ to ! human body4 #a4 ,! food mu/ supply c>bon = respiration4 ,a man ( s$5t>y habits1 or ^: occupation requires little bodily ex]tion1 may respire ab\t #e ounces ( c>bon 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs--"o :o takes mod]ate ex]cise1 ab\t #h ounces--& "o :o has to und]go viol5t bodily ex]tion1 f #ab to #ae ounces4 ,if we take ! mean quantity ( #h ounces1 !n to supply ?is alone1 a man mu/ eat #ah ounces ( />* or sug> e day4 ,if he take x 9 ! =m ( :eat5 bread1 he w require #a lbs4 ( bread1 if 9 ! =m ( potatoes1 ab\t #g lbs4 ( raw potatoes1 to supply ! wa/e caus$ by 8 respiratory organs alone4 ,:5 ! habits are s$5t>y1 #e lbs4 ( potatoes may be suffici5t1 :5 viol5t & cont9u$ ex]cise is tak51 #ab to #ae lbs4 may be too little4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t :]e ! supply is less1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid giv5 (f w ei!r be less also1 or ! defici5cy w be suppli$ at ! exp5se ( ! body itself4 ,9 ei!r case ! /r5g? w be impair$1 & fre% food w be requir$ to recruit ! exhau/$ frame4 #b4 ,! food mu/ repair ! daily wa/e ( ! muscul> p>ts ( ! body4 ,:5 ! body is full gr[n1 a portion f e "p ( x is daily ab/ract$ by natural processes1 & reject$ ei!r 9 ! p]spiration or 9 ! solid & fluid excrem5ts4 ,?is portion mu/ be suppli$ by ! food1 or ! /r5g? w dim9i%--! frame w gradually wa/e away4 ,! muscles ( animals1 ( :i* lean beef & mutton are examples1 are g5]ally col\r$ by blood1 b :5 well wa%$ ) wat]1 !y become q :ite1 &1 ) ! exception ( a little fat1 are f\nd to consi/ ( a :ite fibr\s sub/ance1 to :i* ! "n ( fibr9 has be5 giv5 by *emi/s4 ,! clot ( ! blood consi/s ( ! same sub/ance2 :ile sk91 hair1 horn1 & ! organic "p ( ! bones1 are compos$ ( v>ieties ( gelat9e4 ,?is latt] sub/ance is famili>ly kn[n 9 ! =m ( glue1 & ?\gh x diff]s 9 its s5sible prop]ties1 x is rem>kably analog\s to fibr9 9 its elem5t>y con/itution1 z bo? ( ^! sub/ances are to ! :ite ( ! egg 7album571 to ! curd ( milk 7case971 & to ! glut5 ( fl\r4 ,!y all conta9 nitrog51 & all consi/ ( ! f\r elem5t>y bodies 7organic elem5ts71 v ne>ly 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,c>bon1 #ee ,hydrog51 #g ,nitrog51 #ah ,oxyg51 #bj ---- #ajj ,!y all conta91 likewise1 a small proportion ( sulphur & ( phosphorus4 ,! quantity ( "o or o!r ( ^! remov$ f ! body 9 #bd h\rs1 ei!r 9 ! p]spiration or 9 ! excretions1 am\nts to ab\t five ounces1 conta9+ #cej gra9s ( nitrog51 & ?is wa/e at lea/ mu/ be made up by ! glut5 or fibr9 ( ! food4 ,9 ! #a lb4 ( :eat5 bread we h suppos$ to be eat5 to supply c>bon = respiration1 !re w be conta9$ also ab\t #c ounces ( glut54 ,let ! o!r #b ounces be made up 9 beef1 ( :i* half a p\nd conta9s #b ounces ( dry fibr91 & we h ,= respiration4 ,= wa/e ( muscle1 c4 #a lbs4 ( bread yield+ #ah oz4 />* & #c oz4 ( glut54 #h oz4 ( beef yield+ #b oz4 ( fibr94 ,total consum$ by respiration1 glut5 or & ! ord9>y wa/e1 #ah oz4 />* & #e oz4 fibr94 ,if1 aga91 ! #g lbs4 ( potatoes be eat51 !n 9 ^! are conta9$ ab\t #b ounces ( glut5 or album51 s t !re rema9 #b ounces to be suppli$ by beef1 eggs1 milk1 or *eese4 ,! read]1 !re=e1 w und]/& :y a diet :i* w keep up ! human /r5g? is easie/ comp\nd$ ( a mixture ( vegetable & animal food4 ,x is n m]ely t su* a mixture is m agreeable to ! palate1 or ev5 t x is absolutely necess>y1--=1 z already obs]v$1 ! /r5g? may be fully ma9ta9$ by vegetable food alone2--x is1 t )\t animal food 9 "o =m or ano!r1 s l>ge a bulk ( vegetable food mu/ be consum$ 9 ord] to supply ! requisite quantity ( nitrog5 9 ! =m ( glut54 ,( ord9>y :eat5 bread alone1 ab\t #c lbs4 daily mu/ be eat5 to supply ! nitrog51#bd & !re w\ld !n be a consid]able wa/e ( c>bon 9 ! =m ( />*1 by :i* ! /oma* w\ld be ov]load$1 & :i*1 n be+ work$ up by respiration1 w\ld pass (f 9 ! excretions4 ,! wants ( ! body w\ld be equally suppli$1 & ) m ease1 by #a lbs4 ( bread & #d ounces ( *eese4 #bd ,! fl\r be+ suppos$ to conta9 #ae p] c5t4 ( dry glut51 on :i* supposition all ! above calculations are made4 ,( rice1 aga91 no less ?an #d lbs4 daily w\ld be requir$ to imp>t to ! sy/em ! requir$ proportion ( glut52 & x is a famili> obs]vation ( ^? :o h be5 9 ,india & o!r c\ntries1 :]e rice is ! usual food ( ! p1 t ! degree to :i* ! natives di/5d1 & app>5tly ov]load _! /oma*s ) ?is gra91 is q extraord9>y4 ,! /oma*s & o!r dige/ive app>atus ( our dome/ic animals are ( l>g] dim5sions1 & !y are able1 !re=e1 to conta9 ) ease z mu* vegetable food1 ( almo/ any :olesome v>iety1 z w supply !m ) ! quantity ( nitrog5 !y may require4 ,yet e fe$] ( /ock kn[s t ! addition ( a small portion ( oil-cake1 a sub/ance ri* 9 nitrog51 w n only fatt5 an animal m spe$ily1 b w also save a l>ge bulk ( o!r k9ds ( food4 #c4 ,b ! blood & o!r fluids ( ! body conta9 mu* sal9e matt] ( v>i\s k9ds1 sulphates1 muriates1 phosphates1 & o!r sal9e comp\nds ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 & magnesia4 ,all ^! h _! special functions to p]=m 9 ! animal economy1 & ( ea* ( !m an undet]m9$ quantity daily escapes f ! body 9 ! p]spiration1 9 ! ur9e1 or 9 ! solid excretions4 ,?is quantity1 !re=e1 mu/ be daily re/or$ by ! food4 ,no precise exp]im5ts h yet be5 made ) ! view ( det]m9+ h[ mu* sal9e matt] is daily excret$ f ! body ( a heal?y man1 or 9 :at proportions ! diff]5t inorganic sub/ances are pres5t 9 x2 b x is satisfactorily asc]ta9$1 t )\t a c]ta9 suffici5t supply1 ! animal w langui% & decay1 ev5 ?\gh c>bon & nitrog5 9 ! =m ( />* & glut5 be abundantly giv5 to x4 ,x is a wise & beautiful provision ( nature1 !re=e1 t plants are s organiz$ z to refuse to gr[ 9 a soil f :i* !y _c readily obta9 a supply ( soluble inorganic food1 s9ce t sal9e matt] :i* m9i/]s fir/ to _! own wants is aft]w>ds surr5d]$ by !m to ! animals !y are de/9$ to fe$4 ,?us ! dead e>? & ! liv+ animal are b p>ts ( ! same sy/em1--l9ks 9 ! same endless *a9 ( natural exi/5ces1--! plant is ! connect+ bond by :i* !y are ti$ toge!r on ! "o h&1--! decay+ animal matt] :i* returns to ! soil1 connects !m on ! o!r4 #d4 ,! solid bones ( ! animal are suppli$ f ! same orig9al s\rce1--! vegetable food on :i* !y live4 ,! bones ( ! c[ conta9 #ee p] c5t4 ( phosphate ( lime1 ( ! %eep #gj1 ( ! horse #fg1 ( ! calf #ed1 & ( ! pig #eb lbs41 9 e hundr$ ( dry bone4 ,all ?is mu/ come f ! vegetable food4 ,( ! bone-e>? also1 a portion1--p]haps a v>iable portion1--is e day reject$ f ! animal2 ! food1 !re=e1 mu/ conta9 a daily supply1 or t :i* passes (f w be tak5 f ! sub/ance ( ! bones1 & ! animal w become feeble4 ,x is k9dly provid$ by nature1 t a c]ta9 proportion ( ?is +r$i5t ( bones is always associat$ ) ! glut5 ( plants 9 its v>i\s =ms1--) ! fibr9 ( animal muscle & ) ! curd ( milk4 ,h5ce1 man1 9 us+ any ( ^! latt] along ) 8 vegetable food1 obta9s f !m1 ) comp>ative ease1 ! quantity ( ! e>? ( bones :i* is necess>y to keep 8 sy/em 9 repair2 :ile ^? animals :i* live ^u vegetables alone1 extract all !y require along ) ! glut5 ( ! plants on :i* !y fe$4 ,! provision is v beautiful by :i* ! "y animal1--! muscle & bones ( :i* are rapidly gr[+1--is suppli$ ) a l>g] portion ( nitrog5\s food & ( bone-e>?1 ?an are necess>y to ma9ta9 ! heal?y condition ( ! full gr[n animal4 ,! milk ( ! "m is ! natural food f :i* its supplies are drawn4 ,! sug> ( ! milk supplies ! comp>atively small quantity ( c>bon necess>y = ! respiration ( ! "y animal2 z x gets old]1 ! calf or "y lamb crops gre5 food = itself to supply an additional portion4 ,! curd ( ! milk 7case97 yields ! mat]ials ( ! gr[+ muscles1 & ( ! animal "p ( ! bones1--:ile dissolv$ along ) ! curd 9 ! liquid milk is ! phosphate ( lime1 ( :i* ! e>?y "p ( ! bones is to be built up4 ,a glance at ! con/itution ( milk w %ew u h[ copi\s ! supply ( all ^! sub/ances is1--h[ beautifully ! con/itution ( ! "m's milk is adapt$ to ! wants ( h] infant (fspr+4 ,c['s milk consi/s 9 #ajjj p>ts by weight (-- ,butt]1 #bg to #ce ,*eesy matt] 7case971 #de to #ij ,milk sug>1 #cf to #ej ,*loride ( potassium1 & a little *loride ( sodium1 #a ,phosphates1 *iefly ( lime1 #b to #aj ,o!r salts1 #f ,wat]1 #hhb to #hae ----- ---- #ajjj #ajjj ,! quality ( ! milk1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! proportions ( ! sev]al con/itu5ts above m5tion$1 v>y ) ! bre$ ( ! c[1--) ! food on :i* x is support$1--) ! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! p]iod ( calv+1--) its age1 its /ate ( heal?1 & ) ! w>m? ( ! wea!r2#be b 9 all cases ?is fluid conta9s ! same sub/ances1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t quantities4 #be ,9 w>m wea!r ! milk conta9s m butt]1 9 cold wea!r m *eese & sug>4 ,milk ( ! quality above analyz$ conta9s1 9 e t5 gallons1 #d lbs4 ( case91 equal to ! =mation ( #ah lbs4 ( ord9>y muscle1 & #c ounces ( phosphate ( lime 7bone-e>?71 equal to ! production ( #g ounces ( dry bone4 ,b f ! case9 h to be =m$ ! sk91 ! hair1 ! horn1 ! ho(1 c4 z well z ! muscle1 & 9 all ^! is conta9$ also a m9ute portion ( ! bone-e>?4 ,a portion ( all ! +r$i5ts ( ! milk likewise passes (f 9 ! ord9>y excretions1 & yet e "o kn[s h[ rapidly "y animals ?rive1 :5 all[$ to consume ! :ole ( ! milk :i* nature has provid$ z _! mo/ suitable n\ri%m5t4 ,& :5ce does ! "m d]ive all ?is glut5 & bone-e>?1 by :i* %e c n only repair ! natural wa/e ( h] own full gr[n body1 b f :i* %e c sp>e en\gh also to yield s l>ge a supply ( n\ri%+ milk8 ,%e mu/ extract !m f ! vegetables on :i* %e lives1 & !y aga9 f ! soil4 ,! quantity ( solid matt] ?us yield$ by ! c[ 9 h] milk is really v l>ge1 if we look at ! produce ( an entire ye>4 ,if ! av]age yield ( milk be #cjjj qu>ts1 or #gej gallons 9 a ye>--e #aj gallons ( :i* conta9 bone-e>? en\gh to =m ab\t #g ounces ( dry bone--!n ! milk+ ( ! c[ alone exhau/s h] ( ! e>?y +r$i5ts ( #cc lbs4 ( dry bone4 ,& ?is %e draws necess>ily f ! soil6 ,if ?is milk be consum$ on ! spot1 !n all returns aga9 to ! soil 9 ! annual manur+ ( ! l&4 ,let x be c>ri$ = sale to a di/ance1 or let x be conv]t$ into *eese & butt]1 & 9 ?is =m export$1 !re w !n be a ye>ly dra9 ^u ! l& ( ! mat]ials ( bones1 f ?is cause alone1 equal to #cj lbs4 ( bone-du/4 ,aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 x is conceivable t old pa/ure l&s 9 *eese & dairy c\ntries %\ld become poor 9 ! mat]ials ( bones--& t 9 su* di/ricts1 z n[ 9 ,*e%ire1 ! application ( bone-du/ %\ld entirely alt] ! "* ( ! grasses1 & r5ovate ! old pa/ures4 ,?us1 z 0 /at$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t section ! /udy ( ! nature1 & functions ( ! food ( animals ?r[s additional light ^u ! nature also & f9al uses ( ! food ( plants4 ,x ev5 tea*es u :at to look = 9 ! soil--:at a f]tile soil mu/ conta9 t x may gr[ n\ri%+ food--:at we mu/ add to ! soil :5 *emical analysis fails to detect its actual pres5ce1 or :5 ! food x produces is unable to supply all t ! animal requires4 ,! pr9ciples above expla9$1 !re=e1 %ew t ! value ( any vegetable production1 consid]$ z ! sole food ( an animal1 is n to be judg$ (--_c1 9 %ort1 be accurately det]m9$--by ! am\nt x may conta9 ( any "o ( ^? sub/ances1 all ( :i* toge!r are necess>y to build up ! gr[+ body ( ! "y animal1 & to repair ! natural wa/e ( su* z h atta9$ to _! fulle/ size4 ,h5ce ! failure ( ! attempts t h be5 made to support ! lives ( animals by fe$+ !m ^u pure />* or sug> alone4 ,^! sub/ances w\ld supply c>bon = respiration1 b all ! natural wa/e ( nitrog51 ( sal9e matt]1 & ( e>?y phosphates1 mu/ h be5 drawn f ! exi/+ solids & fluids ( _! liv+ bodies4 ,! animals 9 consequ5ce p9$ away1 & soon] or lat] di$4 ,"s h express$ surprise t animals h refus$ to ?rive1 & h ultimately di$1 :5 f$ ^u animal jelly or gelat9e 7f bones7 alone1 n\ri%+ ?\gh t sub/ance z "p ( ! food und\bt$ly is4 ,:5 giv5 9 suffici5t quantity1 gelat9e might inde$ supply c>bon en\gh = respiration1 ) a great wa/e ( nitrog51 b x is defici5t 9 ! sal9e +r$i5ts :i* a naturally n\ri%+ food conta9s4 ,ev5 on ! natural mixture ( />* & glut5 9 f9e :ite bread1 dogs h be5 unable to live beyond #ej days1 ?\gh o!rs f$ on h\sehold bread1 conta9+ a portion ( ! bran--9 :i* e>?y matt] m l>gely resides--cont9u$ to ?rive long aft]4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! g5]al quantity ( ! :ole food be r$uc$ too l[1 or :e!r "o ( its necess>y +r$i5ts only be too mu* dim9i%$ or entirely )drawn4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! effect w be ! same--! animal w p9e away1 & soon] or lat] die4 ,,section ,,vii4--,,( ,,! ,,practical ,,& ,,!oretical ,,value ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,food4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ 9 ! prec$+ section1 x appe>s1 t1 = v>i\s reasons1 diff]5t k9ds ( food are n equally n\ri%+4 ,?is fact is ( great importance1 n only 9 ! prep>ation ( human food1 b also 9 ! fe$+ ( /ock4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 made ! subject ( exp]im5t by _m practical agriculturi/s1 ) ! foll[+ g5]al results4 ,if common hay be tak5 z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 !n to yield ! same am\nt ( n\ri%m5t ) #aj lbs4 ( hay1 a weight ( ! o!r k9ds ( food mu/ be giv51 :i* is repres5t$ by ! numb] opposite to ea* 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,hay1 #aj ,c>rots1 #be to #cj ,clov] hay1 #h to #aj ,turnips1 #ej ,gre5 clov]1 #de to #ej ,cabbage1 #bj to #cj ,:eat /raw1 #dj to #ej ,pease & ,beans1 #c to #e ,b>ley /raw1 #bj to #dj ,:eat1 #e to #f ,oat /raw1 #bj to #dj ,b>ley1 #e to #f ,pea /raw1 #aj to #ae ,oats1 #d to #g ,potatoes1 #bj ,indian corn1 #e ,old potatoes1 #dj8 ,oil-cake1 #b to #d ,x is f\nd 9 practice1 z ! above table %ews1 t tw5ty /ones ( potatoes or ?ree ( oil-cake w n\ri% an animal z mu* z t5 /ones ( hay1 & five /ones ( oats z mu* z ei!r4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 w dep5d ^u ! quality ( ea* k9d ( food1 & ^u ! age & con/itution ( ! animal4 ,! skilful fe$] ( /ock kn[s also ! value ( a *ange ( food1 or ( a mixture ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( vegetable food he may h at 8 comm&4 ,! nutritive value ( diff]5t k9ds ( food has also be5 repres5t$ !oretically1 by suppos+ x to be v ne>ly 9 proportion to ! quantity ( nitrog51 or ( glut51 :i* vegetables conta94 ,?\gh ?is _c be consid]$ z a correct pr9ciple1 yet z ! ord9>y k9d ( food on :i* /ock is f$ conta9s 9 g5]al an ample supply ( c>bon = respiration1 ) a comp>atively small proportion ( nitrog51 ^! !oretical det]m9ations are by no means )\t _! value1 & !y approa* 9 _m cases v closely to ! practical values above giv51 z d$uc$ f actual trial4 ,?us1 assum+ t #aj lbs4 ( hay yield a c]ta9 am\nt ( n\ri%m5t1 !n ( ! o!r vegetable sub/ances x w be necess>y1 accord+ to !ory1 to give ! foll[+ quantities1 9 ord] to produce ! same effect3 ,hay1 #aj ,turnips1 #fj ,clov] hay1 #h ,c>rots1 #ce ,vet* hay1#bf #d ,cabbage1 #cj to #dj ,:eat /raw1 #eb ,pease & ,beans1 #b to #c ,b>ley /raw1 #eb ,:eat1 #e ,oat /raw1 #ee ,b>ley1 #f ,pea /raw1 #f ,oats1 #e ,potatoes1 #bh ,indian corn1 #f ,old potatoes1 #dj ,oil-cake1 #b #bf ,bo? cut 9 fl[]4 ,if ! fe$] be c>eful to supply 8 /ock ) a mixture or occasional *ange ( food1 he may v safely regulate ! quantity ( any "o he ought to sub/itute = a giv5 weight ( any ( ! o!rs1 by ! numb]s 9 ! above tables--s9ce ! !oretical & practical results d n 9 g5]al v greatly diff]4 ,z has be5 already /at$1 x is n /rictly correct t ?is or t k9d ( vegetable is m fitt$ to su/a9 animal life1 simply because ( ! l>g] proportion ( nitrog5 x conta9s2 b x is wisely provid$1 t along ) ?is nitrog5 9 all plants1 a c]ta9 proportion ( />* or sug> & ( sal9e & e>?y matt] are always associat$--s t ! quantity ( nitrog5 may be consid]$ z a r\gh practical index ( ! proportion ( "s ( ! important sal9e & e>?y +r$i5ts also4 ,an important practical lesson on ?is subject is taught u by ! /udy ( ! wise provisions ( ,nature4 ,n only does ! milk ( ! "m conta9 all ! elem5ts ( a nutritive food mix$ up toge!r--z ! egg does also = ! unhat*$ bird--b 9 ri* natural pa/ures ! same mixture uni=mly occurs4 ,h5ce1 9 cropp+ ! mix$ h]bage1 ! animal introduces into its /oma* portions ( v>i\s plants--"s ab\nd+ m 9 />* or sug>1 "s m 9 glut5 or album51 "s naturally ri*] 9 sal9e1 o!rs 9 e>?y con/itu5ts2 & out ( ^! v>i$ mat]ials ! dige/ive organs select a due proportion ( ea*1 & reject ! re/4 ,:]ev] a pa/ure becomes usurp$ by "o or two grasses--ei!r animals cease to ?rive ^u x1 or !y mu/ crop a mu* l>g] quantity ( food to supply ! natural wa/e ( all ! p>ts ( _! bodies4 ,x may inde$ be assum$ z almo/ a g5]al pr9ciple1 t :5ev] animals are f$ on "o k9d ( vegetable only1 !re is a wa/e ( "o or o!r ( ! necess>y elem5ts ( animal food1 & t ! great lesson on ?is subject taught u by nature is1 t1 by a judici\s admixture1 n only is food economis$1 b ! lab\r impos$ ^u ! dige/ive organs is also mat]ially dim9i%$4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,conclud+ ,,obs]vations4 ,9 ?is little "w1 n[ br\ght to a close1 ,i h pres5t$ ! read] ) a slight1 & ,i hope pla9 & famili>1 sket* ( ! v>i\s topics connect$ ) practical agriculture1 on :i* ! sci5ces ( *emi/ry & geology are fitt$ to ?r[ ! greate/ light4 ,we h /udi$ ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! organic & inorganic elem5ts ( :i* ! p>ts ( plants are made up1 & ! sev]al comp\nds ( ^! elem5ts :i* are ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,we h exam9$ ! nature ( ! se$1--se5 by :at beautiful provision x is f$ dur+ its e>ly g]m9ation--9 :at =m ! elem5ts by :i* x is n\ri%$ are introduc$ into ! circulation ( ! "y plant :5 ! functions ( ! se$ are dis*>g$1--& h[ e>?1 air1 & wat] are all made to m9i/] to its aft]-gr[?4 ,we h consid]$ ! v>i\s *emical *anges :i* take place )9 ! gr[+ plant1 dur+ ! =mation ( its woody /em1 ! blossom+ ( its fl[]1 & ! rip5+ ( its se$ or fruit1--& h trac$ ! fur!r *anges x und]goes1 :51 ! functions ( its %ort life be+ dis*>g$1 x ha/5s to s]ve o!r purposes1 by m+l+ ) ! soil1 & supply+ food to new races4 ,! soils !mselves 9 :i* plants gr[1 _! nature1 _! orig91 ! causes ( _! div]sity 9 m9]al "*1 & 9 natural productiv5ess1 h ea* occupi$ a %>e ( our att5tion--:ile ! v>i\s means ( improv+ _! agricultural value by manur+ or o!rwise1 h be5 practically consid]$1 & !oretically expla9$4 ,la/ly1 we h glanc$ at ! comp>ative wor? ( ! v>i\s products ( ! l&1 z food = man or o!r animals1 & h briefly illu/rat$ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! fe$+ ( animals & ! relative nutritive p[]s ( ! vegetables on :i* !y live are kn[n to dep5d4 ,9 ?is %ort & famili> treatise ,i h n s\ght s mu* to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! philosophical agriculturi/1 z to awak5 ! curiosity ( my less in/ruct$ read]1 to %ew him h[ mu* int]e/+ z well z practically useful in=mation *emi/ry & geology are able & will+ to imp>t to him1 & ?us to allure him 9 que/ ( fur!r k & m accurate details to my l>g] "w1#bg ( :i* ! pres5t exhibits only a brief outl9e4 #bg ,,lectures on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology4 ,j4 ,p4 ,wright1 ,pr9t]1 #ah ,new /reet1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wiley ,putnam's ,new ,publications4 ,,libr>y ,,= ,,! ,,"y4 ,,tales ,,( ,,! ,,k+s ,,( ,,engl&4 ,/ories ( ,camps & ,battle-fields1 ,w>s & ,victories2 f ! ,old ,hi/orians4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,p]cy4 ,) num]\s engrav+s on wood1 by ,butl]4 ,,/ories ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,animals3 _! ,"* & ,habits4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,b+ley4 ,) engrav+s4 ,,tales ,,ab\t ,,travell]s3 _! ,p]ils1 ,adv5tures1 & ,discov]ies4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,b+ley4 ,) engrav+s4 ,,william ,,tell1 ,,! ,,h]o ,,( ,,switz]l&3 f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,florian4 ,) a ,memoir ( ! ,au?or4 ,to :i* is add$1 ,,h(]1 ,,! ,,tyrolese3 by ! ,au?or ( ,claud9e1 c4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 #a volume4 ,) engrav+s4 ,,! ,,"y ,,naturali/',s ,,rambles ,,?r\gh ,,_m ,,l&s2 conta9+ an ,acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ,animals & ,birds ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,cont95ts1 ) ,anecdotes4 ,) engrav+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,mo!rs1 = ! ,managem5t ( _! ,heal?4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,bull1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f ! ?ird ,london ,edition4 ,) additions4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,,! ,,z9cali2 or1 an ,acc\nt ( ! ,gipsies ( ,spa94 ,) an orig9al collection ( _! ,songs & ,poetry4 ,by ,,geo4 ,d4 ,,borr[1 late ,ag5t ( ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society 9 ,spa94 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*1 f ! ,asc5sion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to ! ,conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,edwd4 ,,burton4 ,) a ,memoir ( ! ,au?or1 c4 c4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,r$-,,jacket1 or ,sa-g-ye-wat-ha2 be+ ! sequel to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,six ,nations4 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,/one1 ,esq41 ,au?or ( ! ,life ( ,br&t1 c4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ) portrait1 c4 ,,catl9',s ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,indians2 ) upw>ds ( #djj spirit$ et*+s4 #b vols4 royal #hvo4 ,a ,,h&-,,book ,,( ,,ne$le-,,"w4 ,by ,miss ,,lamb]t4 ,embelli%$ ) num]\s engrav+s by ,j4 ,j4 ,butl]4 #a vol4 #hvo4 uni=m ) 8,lockh>t's ,spani% ,ballads40 7,9 press74 ,,! ,,botanical ,,text-,,book4 ,a new ,introduction to ,botany1 design$ z a ,text-,book = ,lectures on ! subject1 & = ! use ( ,colleges & ,s*ools g5]ally4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,,gray4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ) num]\s engrav+s4 ,,cottage ,,resid5ces4 ,designs = ,cottage ,resid5ces adapt$ to ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ+ ,elevations & ,plans ( ! ,build+s1 & ,designs = lay+ out ,gr\nds1 c4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,d[n+1 ,esq4 #a vol4 #hvo4 num]\s cuts4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,horticulture2 or1 an ,attempt to expla9 ! ,pr9cipal ,op]ations ( ,g>d5+ ^u ,physiological ,pr9ciples4 ,by ,,john ,,l9dley4 ,fir/ ,am]ican ,edition1 ) ,notes1 c4 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,,gray & ,a4 ,j4 ,,d[n+1 ,esq4 ,) num]\s illu/rations on wood4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+3 adapt$ to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) a view to ! improvem5t ( ,c\ntry ,resid5ces4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,d[n+4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,,blacklock',s ,,treatise ,,on ,,%eep2 ) ! ,be/ ,means = _! ,improvem5t1 ,g5]al ,managem5t1 & ! ,treatm5t ( _! ,diseases4 ,) a ,*apt] on ,wool1 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,wool ,trade4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ) plates4 ,,boswell',s ,,p\ltry-,,y>d4 ,a ,practical ,view ( ! ,be/ ,me?od ( ,select+1 ,re>+1 & ,bre$+ ! v>i\s species ( ,dome/ic ,f[l4 #a vol4 royal #ahmo4 ,,bees1 ,,pigeons1 ,,rabbits1 ,,& ,,! ,,can>y ,,bird1 famili>ly describ$2 _! ,habits1 ,prop5sities1 & ,dispositions fully expla9$2 ,mode ( ,treatm5t 9 ,heal? & ,disease pla9ly laid d[n2 & ! :ole adapt$ z a ,text-,book = ! "y ,/ud5t4 ,by ,,pet] ,,boswell4 #a vol4 #afmo4