,,survey ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,public ,,works ,,m9i/ry ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis3 ,,its ,,topography ,,& ,,geology ,,by ,,john ,,ball1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,,& ,,hugh ,j4 ,l4 ,,beadnell1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,decoration ,,cairo ,,national ,,pr9t+ ,,dep>tm5t #aijc ,,cont5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pages4 ,,preface #e ,,*apt] ,i4 -- ,,introduction #g ,,ii4 -- ,,survey+ ,,me?ods ,,& ,,g5]al ,,results #aa ,,iii4 -- ,,! ,,roads ,,connect+ ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,bah>ia ,,) ,,! ,,nile ,,valley ,,& ,,) ,,o!r ,,oases #ag ,,iv4 -- ,,topography1 ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,wat]-,,supply1 ,,inhabitants1 ,,etc4 #cg ,v4 -- ,,geology #dg ,,vi4 -- ,,antiquities #gc ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 -- ,map ( ! ,oasis geologically col\r$ at end ,,ii4 -- ,sket* ,map %[+ ,position ( ! ,oasis ,,iii4 -- ,villages & ,pr9cipal ,s\rces ( ,wat] ,,iv4 -- ,section ?r\gh ,we/]n ,esc>pm5t1 #aa kilometres nor? ( s\? end ( ,depression ,v4 -- ,diagrammatic ,section f hill #ae kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss to ! ,eoc5e-,cretace\s junction on des]t to we/ ,,vi4 -- ,section f ,m&i%a ?r\gh ,jebel ,mayesra & ,conical ,hill to ,we/]n ,plateau ,,vii4 -- ,map ( ! ,syncl9al fold f ,jebel ,hefhuf to its t]m9ation 9 ! ,we/]n ,plateau1 #ac kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss ,,viii4 -- ,sket* sections ( ,ea/]n ,sc>p ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text4 ,,fig4 #a4 -- ,section across ,syncl9e1 #ab kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss #ff #b4 -- ,sket* %ew+ probable relations ( ,eoc5e & ,cretace\s 9 ,anticl9e on ,we/]n ,des]t ,plateau1 #aa kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,el ,qasr #fi 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface 99 99 99 99 99 ,! geological exam9ation ( ! ,oases ( ! ,libyan ,des]t 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahig1 :5 two p>ties 7 s5t out to ,bah>ia ,oasis1 "o "u ! *>ge ( ,dr4 ,ball1 :o1 ) ,mr4 ,g4 ,vuta z topograph]1 />t$ f ,m9ia & explor$ ! ea/]n half ( ! area1 :ile ,mr4 ,beadnell ) ,mr4 ,l4 ,gorr+e z 8 topograph] />t$ f ,maghagha & exam9$ ! we/]n side ( ! oasis4 ,! exp$itions comm5c$ "w 9 ,octob]1 & mapp+ on ! scale ( ! :ole area 0 survey$ be=e ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! return trav]ses 7 made to ,m9ia by ! fir/ p>ty via ,f>afra to ,assiut by ! second4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s & maps set =? ! results ( ?is jo9t exploration1 c]ta9 gaps be+ fill$ f ! data ( ,as*]son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 ,! ,oasis ( ,bah>ia 7or ,nor!rn ,oasis71 also kn[n z ! ,little ,oasis1 lies betwe5 ! p>allels #bg #dh & #bh #cj ( nor? latitude1 & betwe5 ! m]idians #bh #ce & #bi #aj ea/ ( ,gre5wi*1 be+ ?us situat$ 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t ab\t #ahj kilometres1 or f\r to five days' m>* by camel1 we/ ( ! ,nile ,valley 7,sket*map1 ,plate ,,ii74 ,l ! o!r oases ( ! ,we/]n ,des]t 7,f>afra1 ,dakhla & ,kh>ga7 to ! s\?1 ,bah>ia is a l>ge natural excavation 9 ! great ,libyan plateau2 x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ^? oases1 :i* are op5 on "o or m sides1 9 be+ entirely surr\nd$ by esc>pm5ts1 & ! va/ numb] ( isolat$ hills )9 ! depression =m an unique topographical feature4 ,9 ,bah>ia1 z1 ) ! exception ( ,dakhla1 9 ! oases g5]ally1 ! cultivat$ area be>s only a v small proportion to ! total oasis-area1 ! rema9d] ( ! floor ( ! natural excavation be+ b>r5 des]t4 ,! oasis conta9s f\r pr9cipal villages1 all situat$ 9 its nor!rn portion1 & x is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! t wat]1 & consequ5tly vegetation1 is mo/ abundant4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,bah>ia is %r\d$ 9 an obscurity great] ev5 ?an t surr\nd+ ! hi/ory ( ,kh>ga4 ,t x 0 inhabit$ at a v e>ly date is %[n h[ev] by a /ela ( ! reign ( ,?o?mes ,,ii 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #afjj-aejj7 f\nd !re by ,as*]son1 by a tomb ( ! #ai? dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #acjj7 & fragm5ts ( two temples1 "o dat+ f ! reign ( ,k+ ,apries 7,b4,c4 #ehh-egj7 & ! o!r f ! reign ( ,amasis 7,b4,c4 #efi-ebf71 discov]$ by ,/e9dorff 9 #aijj1 & by ! ref]5ces to x 9 ! ,ptolemaic inscriptions ( ! temple ( ,edfu4 ,! oasis ( ,bah>ia is ref]r$ to 9 ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions ( its newly-discov]$ temples z 8! nor!rn oasis ( ,am5hotep10 & z 8! oasis ,huye02 by ,/rabo x is call$ 8! second0 & by ,ptolemy 8! small oasis40 ,! ,romans h left traces ( _! occupation ( ,bah>ia 9 an ar* ne> ! village ( ,el ,qasr#a & o!r ru9s1 z well z 9 num]\s wells & und]gr\nd aqu$ucts1 :i* latt] are /ill us$ by ! pres5t inhabitants4 ,fragm5t>y ru9s ( *ur*es & a ,coptic village atte/ ! fact ( ! occupation ( ! place dur+ ,*ri/ian times4 ,at pres5t ,bah>ia1 along ) ! neighb\r+ oasis ( ,f>afra to ! s\?1 is adm9i/]$ z "p ( ! ,mudiria ( ,m9ia1 & is fairly prosp]\s1 ?\gh lack+ 9 ent]prise to an ev5 great] ext5t ?an is %[n by ! two s\!rn oases ( ,dakhla & ,kh>ga4 ,! fir/ ,european travell] to rea* ! oasis ( ,bah>ia appe>s to h be5 ,belzoni1#b :o rea*$ x f ,b5i ,suef on ,may #bf?1 #ahai1 & aft] sp5d+ "s elev5 days !re return$ by ! same r\te4 ,?\gh 8 obs]vations appe> to h be5 correctly made1 ! description ( 8 travels is l>gely col\r$ by imag9ation1 & 8 map appe>s only to h be5 a r\gh sket*4 ,he errone\sly confus$ ,bah>ia ) ! oasis ( ,jupit] ,ammon1 ^: temple he imag9$ he _h f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( ! ,roman ar* ne> ,el ,qasr1 ! *ief village ( ! oasis4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ! oasis ( ,jupit] ,ammon is really t n[ kn[n z ,siwa1 situat$ "s #cdj kilometres we/-nor?-we/ ( ,bah>ia4 ,! e>lie/ connect$ mod]n acc\nt ( ! oasis ( any value is t ( ,cailliaud1#c :o ) ,letorzec visit$ ! place 9 #ahbj on 8 way f ,siwa to ,f>afra1 & dur+ a /ay ( ab\t six weeks exam9$ & mapp$ "s ( its pr9cipal features4 ,he drew att5tion to its antiquities & gave a c>eful description ( ! hot spr+s & anci5t aqu$ucts1 besides tak+ a numb] ( obs]vations ( latitude & not+ "s ( ! topographical & geological features1 su* z ! occurr5ce ( volcanic rocks 9 ! oasis4 ,cailliaud records 8 meet+ 9 ,bah>ia ) ,hyde1 an ,engli% travell]1 :o1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to h publi%$ any acc\nt ( 8 w&]+s4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahbc-ahbd ,bah>ia 0 visit$ by ,pa*o 9 company ) ,f4 ,mull]4 ,9 an acc\nt ( ,pa*o's travels#d publi%$ aft] 8 unhappy dea?1 !re is no ref]5ce to 8 obs]vations 9 ?is oasis beyond an indication ( 8 r\te on ! map4 ,wilk9son#e visit$ ! oasis ( ,bah>ia 9 #ahbe4 ,! ,rohlfs' exp$ition ( #ahgd1f ) ! di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s ,k4 von ,zittel & ,w4 ,jordan z geologi/ & topograph] respectively1 add$ v consid]ably to our k ( ,bah>ia1 m especially 9 ! way ( fix+ precisely ! geographical positions & levels ( its pr9cipal po9ts4 ,zittel1 h[ev]1 did n visit ?is oasis1 & 9 consequ5ce its geological /ructure 0 n /udi$1 ! few ref]5ces to x made 9 ! publications ( ! ,rohlfs' exp$ition be+ bas$ on an exam9ation ( specim5s collect$ by ,as*]son4 ,probably ! mo/ accurate map hi!rto exi/+ ( ,bah>ia ,oasis is t ( ,as*]son1#g :o sp5t ne>ly ?ree mon?s !re 9 #ahgf4 ,as*]son1 :o ent]$ ! oasis by ! road f ! ,fayum & return$ to ,samalut1 *iefly direct$ 8 att5tion to botanical obs]vations1 b 8 memoir conta9s "s valuable topographical & geological in=mation :i* supplem5ts t ( previ\s & lat] obs]v]s 9 important measure2 he has also ! di/9ction ( f9d+ ! /ela ( ! reign ( ,?o?mes ,,iii already ref]r$ to1 & ! rema9s ( an ,egyptian temple2 ! latt] is probably id5tical ) "o ( ^? discov]$ by ,/e9dorff 9 #aijj4 ,! %ort memoir by ,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,lyons1 ,r4,e41#h publi%$ 9 #ahid1 br\ght toge!r a numb] ( obs]vations on ! geology ( ! ,libyan ,des]t g5]ally1 & 8 discov]y ( fossils1 ref]r$ to ,exogyra ,ov]wegi1 = ! fir/ "t e/abli%$ ! ,upp] ,cretace\s age ( ! clays & s&/ones =m+ ! floor & l[] "p ( ! sc>p 9 ! nor!rn end ( ! depression4 ,9 #ahig ! ,geological ,survey c>ri$ out its exam9ation1 ! results ( :i* are set =? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,s9ce ! survey exp$ition1 ,bah>ia has be5 visit$ by ,/e9dorff1#i :o dur+ 8 five days' /ay 9 ! oasis made important additions to our k ( its antiquities4 ,^! w be fur!r ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on ! topography ( ! oasis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,?is ru9 0 describ$ by ,,cailliaud 7,voyage ,mro4 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahc7 :o records t 9 8 "t 7#ahbj7 only ! c5tral arcade rema9$ /&+4 ,/e9dorff f\nd 9 #aijj t ev5 ?is la/ fragm5t _h fall54 ,footnote #b3 ,n>rative ( ! ,op]ations & ,rec5t ,discov]ies )9 ! ,pyramids1 ,tombs1 & ,excavations 9 ,egypt & ,nubia1 & ( a ,j\rney to ! ,coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 se>* ( ! ,anci5t ,b]5ice1 & ano!r to ! oasis ( ,jupit] ,ammon4--,london1 #ahbj1 pp4 #cie-dcc4 ,footnote #c3 ,voyage ,mro1 au ,fleuve ,blanc1 an-del de ,fzogl dans le midi du ,royaume de ,s5nr1 ,sy\ah et dans c9q autres ,oasis4 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 ,! "w consi/s ( f\r volumes1 accompani$ by num]\s maps & plates illu/rat+ ! antiquities4 ,footnote #d3 ,relation d'un voyage dans la ,m>m>ique1 la ,cyrnaique et les ,oasis d',audjelah et de ,m>adh4 ,p>is1 #ahbg4 7,?is date is probably wrong1 z a ref]5ce is made 9 ! "w1 7p4 ,,vii7 to ! suicide ( ,pa*o on ,jan4 #bf?1 #ahbi74 ,footnote #e3 ,mod]n ,egypt & ,!bes4 ,london1 #ahdc1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceg-cga4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,g4 ,,rohlfs1 ,drei ,monate 9 d] libys*5 ,w/e1 ,cassel1 #ahge2 ,,jordan1 ,physis*e ,geographie und ,meteorologie d] libys*5 ,w/e1 ,cassel1 #ahgf2 & ,,zittel1 ,geologie d] libys*5 ,w/e4 ,cassel1 #ahhc4 ,jordan appe>s to h be5 ! only memb] ( ! ,rohlfs' p>ty to actually visit ,bah>ia4 ,he left ! o!r memb]s at ,lake ,sittra 7,n4 lat4 #bh #db #dj1 long4 #bg #d #bc1 ,e4 ( ,gre547 & ent]$ ,bah>ia f ! ,n4,w4 ( ,el ,qasr2 aft] pass+ ab\t #a days 9 ,bah>ia ,oasis he j\rney$ s\?w>ds via ,f>afra to rejo9 8 colleagues 9 ,dakhla4 ,footnote #g3 ,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 ,b& #bj1 ,heft ,,ii1 #ahhe4 ,also ,dr4 ,s*we9fur?'s summ>y ( ,as*]son's results 9 8,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung510 #bb4 ,b&1 #ahgf1 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #h3 ,on ! ,/ratigraphy & ,physiography ( ! ,libyan ,des]t ( ,egypt4 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s4 ,nov1 #ahid1 pp4 #eca-edg4 ,footnote #i3 ,vorlafig] ,b]i*t b] se9e im ,w9t] #ahii-aijj na* d] ,oase ,siwa und na* ,nubi5 unt]nomm55 ,reis54--,knigl4 ,s*s4 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,leipzig1 #aijj1 p4 #bbf4 ,/e9dorff ent]$ ! ,oasis f ,siwa1 & return$ f x via ! ,fayum4 ,he appe>s only to h visit$ ! nor!rn "p ( ,bah>ia4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,survey+ ,,me?ods ,,& ,,g5]al ,,results4 ,cross+ ! ,libyan ,des]t f ,maghagha & ,m9ia respectively1 ! two p>ties ( ! ,geological ,survey met at a jo9t camp close to ,zubbo1 "o ( ! *ief villages ( ! oasis4 ,x 0 desirable to fix ?is meet+-po9t z a prim>y /ation = ! subsequ5t plott+ ( ! maps4 ,cailliaud#aj gave ! latitude ( ,zubbo z #bh #ba #dg1 & its longitude z #bf #dc #df ,e4 ( ,p>is1 7equival5t to #bi #c #ee ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*74 ,jordan gave = ,bawitti ! position ,n4 lat4 #bh #ba #ab1 long4 ,e4 ( ,gre5wi* #bh #ef #de4 ,tak+ ! diff]5ce ( latitude & longitude betwe5 ,bawitti & ,zubbo z f\nd by ! ,survey1 viz41 lat4 #ee1 long4 #d #af1 we h z ! equival5t ( ,jordan's latitude = ,zubbo #bh #bb #g1 & = 8 longitude #bi #a #a ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,?us1 :ile !re is a fair agreem5t betwe5 ! two au?ors z reg>ds latitude1 !re is a diff]5ce ( #b #ed 9 ! values ( ! longitude4 ,! longitude is ( c\rse always ! difficult matt] 9 ! geographical det]m9ation ( places n easy ( access4 ,cailliaud's value re/s on ! me?od ( di/ance & azimu?s1 bo? r\ghly det]m9$ only2 ,jordan1 on ! o!r h&1 us$ ! absolute ?\gh n v precise me?od ( lun> di/ances measur$ ) a sextant4 ,! ,survey p>ties dep5d$ entirely on direct measurem5t by means ( measur+-:eels f kn[n po9ts 9 ! ,nile ,valley2 ! values obta9$ 9 ?is way are tabulat$ bel[#aa4 ,i4--,trav]se f ,maghagha to ,zubbo4 ,maghagha ,railway ,/ation1 long4 ,e4 ( ,gre5wi* #cj #ej #di ,record$ we/ dep>ture1 ,maghagha to ,zubbo1 #ahggg km4 #a #ef #df ------------- ,giv+ long4 ( ,zubbo #bh #ed #c ,,ii4--,trav]se f ,m9ia to ,zubbo4 ,m9ia ,railway ,/ation1 long4 ,e4 ( ,gre5wi* #cj #de #ci ,record$ we/ dep>ture1 ,m9ia to ,zubbo1 #agfcb km4 #a #dg #ej ------------- ,giv+ long4 ( ,zubbo #bh #eg #di ,,iii4--,trav]se f ,zubbo to ,m9ia1 via ! s\? end ( ! ,oasis4 ,record$ ea/ dep>ture1 ,zubbo-,m9ia1 #agdhg km4 #a #df #de ,m9ia ,railway ,/ation1 long4 ,e4 ( ,gre5wi* #cj #de #ci ------------- ,giv+ long4 ( ,zubbo #bh #eh #ed ,! ari?metic mean ( ^! ?ree det]m9ations is #bh #ef #ee2 ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! breakd[n ( ! measur+-:eel dur+ ! outw>d trav]se f ,maghagha1 & ! consequ5t necessity ( e/imat+ a "p ( ! di/ance trav]s$ by ! "t tak5 9 m>*+1 ! diff]5t trav]ses are n equal 9 value1 & ! longitude f9ally adopt$ by ! survey1 z ! be/ approximation aft] inve/igation ( ! v>i\s s\rces ( error 9 ! measurem5ts1 0 #bh #eh #cd4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ,jordan's position may be a little too f> ea/1 ! diff]5ce am\nt+ to #b #bg1 or ab\t #c kilometres1 :ile ,cailliaud's value w\ld place ! position at a r less di/ance we/ ( t adopt$4 ,! survey obs]vations confirm$ ! accuracy ( ,jordan's latitude 7#bh #bb #g71 f :i* ! value f\nd by ,cailliaud diff]s1 z already rem>k$1 only slightly4 ,! survey+ op]ations )9 ! oasis 7 bas$ on a rapid plane-table triangulation f a measur$ base l9e )9 x1 details be+ simultane\sly sket*$ 91 on a scale ( 4 ,! site *os5 = ! base 0 a level /ret* ( gr\nd ext5d+ betwe5 ! camp at ,zubbo & an isolat$ clump ( date-palms to ! nor?-ea/2 ! l5g? ( ?is l9e 0 f\nd by repeat$ :eel-measurem5t to be #chh kilometres4 ,! two p>ties ran (f _! triangulations f ?is base to ! surr\nd+ hills1 & c>ri$ on ! mapp+ s\?w>d by plane-table1 tak+ /ations *iefly on ! hills & prom95t po9ts ( ! sc>ps1 & n meet+ aga9 till ,a9 el ,haiss1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! oasis1 0 rea*$4 ,"h a te/ 0 made z to agreem5t ( ! two sets ( maps1 only a small diff]5ce be+ f\nd4 ,! position ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 z f\nd by tak+ ! mean ( ! two det]m9ations1 is latitude #bh #b #aa ,n41 longitude #bh #ci #ai ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*2 ?is places ! spr+ ab\t #d #ah ea/ ( ,jordan's det]m9ation 7lat4 #bh #a #ee ,n41 long4 #bh #ac #dg ,e4 ( ,gre5474 ,! two p>ties made a ?ird connection at ! extreme s\? end ( ! oasis-depression4 ,our obs]vations = ?is po9t give its latitude z #bg #dh #ac ,n41 & its longitude z #bh #cb #ai ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*1 plac+ x v ne> ! position %[n on ,jordan's map4 ,! plane-table me?od mak+ use ( ! magnetic m]idian1 x 0 imp]ative to det]m9e ! am\nt ( decl9ation ( ! compass4 ,?is 0 done at "o po9t only1 viz41 at ! s\? end ( ! oasis1 ! value f\nd 7by obs]vation ( ! transit ( ,pol>is7 be+ #d #ej ,w4 ,! decl9ation is fairly con/ant ov] ! entire area1 except ne> ! eruptive dol]ite masses1 ! magnetite 9 :i* causes a v s5sible deflection ( ! ne$le2 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^!1 h[ev]1 ! survey+ 0 c>ri$ on indep5d5tly ( ! compass4 ,) reg>d to ! ye>ly *ange ( decl9ation1 we h z data ! previ\s obs]vations ( ,cailliaud1 :o f\nd ! decl9ation at ,zubbo 9 ,janu>y1 #ahbj1 to be #ab #ac ,w42 ( ,jordan1 :o obta9$ ! value #f #ef ,w4 9 ,m>*1 #ahgd2 & ( ,capt4 ,lyons1#ab ^: obs]vations ) a ,bamb]g decl9atorium at ,m&i%a 9 ,april1 #ahid1 gave ! value #e #hi ,w4 ,tabulat+ ^!3-- ,obs]v]4 ,date4 ,obs]v$ ,ye>ly *ange4 ,decl9ation ,w4 ,cailliaud ,janu>y #ahbj #ab #ac ,jordan ,m>* #ahgd #f #ccf #fc ,lyons ,april #ahid #e #hi #db ,geological ,survey ,decemb] #ahig #d #ej #ec ,9 view ( ! magnitude ( ! diurnal v>iation1 :i* may range up to #aj ( arc1 & our pres5t lack ( k ( ! di/ribution ( ?is diurnal v>iation dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a comp>ison aft] s %ort an int]val z t betwe5 ! la/ two obs]vations is n to be tru/$4 ,x w\ld seem prov$ f ! ?ree =ego+ obs]vations t ! ye>ly v>iation is at pres5t decreas+1 ! mean f #ahbj to #ahgd be+ #fc z aga9/ #db = ! p]iod #ahgd-ahid4 ,?is decrease is also noticeable 9 comp>isons ( ! decl9ations obs]v$ at diff]5t times 9 o!r p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,! altitudes above sea-level ( ! pr9cipal po9ts1 m especially 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! oasis1 7 det]m9$ ) a ,watk9 an]oid b>omet]1 :i* _h be5 comp>$ ) ! ,cairo /&>d m]curial b>omet]4 ,a fairly long /ay 0 made at ! ,zubbo camp1 & ! altitude ( ?is po9t may be reg>d$ z fairly accurately fix$ by ! obs]vations tabulat$ bel[3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,zubbo4 ,cairo4 ,date & ,"t4 ,b>4 ,b>4 ,diff]5ce4 7correct$74 7correct$74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- mm4 mm4 mm4 ,octob] #ab1 #f p4m4 #geced #gfaaj #gef #ad1 #h a4m4 #gedid #gfcjd #haj #f p4m4 #gecgi #gfaec #ggd #ae1 #g4cj a4m4 #gedee #gfbfj #hje #i p4m4 #gedcj #gfbfd #hcd #ag1 #g4ae a4m4 #gedah #gfahd #gff #ah1 #g a4m4 #gecgi #gfafd #ghe noon #gebeb #gfacd #hhb #ai1 #h4cj a4m4 #gebfe #gfbca #iff ,nov41 #bf1 #c p4m4 #gedha #gfcbi #hdh #bg1 #h a4m4 #gedha #gfdab #ica ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mean #hcb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,s9ce #a mm4 ( m]cury corresponds at ! mean temp]ature ( obs]vation 7#bj ,c47 to #aad metres ( height1 we h height ( ,zubbo camp above ,cairo obs]vatory #hcb #aad #idg1 or say #ie metres4 ,s9ce ! obs]vatory is #cc metres above sea-level1 ! camp at ,zubbo is #abh metres above sea-level4 ,jordan's altitude = ,bawitti1 :i* probably lies at ab\t ! same level z ,zubbo1 is #aac metres1 & :5 x is rememb]$ t ! po9t ( ! ,survey's obs]vation lay n 9 ,zubbo itself1 b at ! camp on elevat$ gr\nd "s #aj or #ab metres above x1 ! results %[ a v good agreem5t4 ,at ,a9 el ,haiss ?ree b>ometric obs]vations 7 tak5 on diff]5t days2 ! comp>ison ( ^! ) ! ,cairo records w\ld place ?is po9t #aef metres above sea-level4 ,jordan's value is #abb metres1 ! numb] ( obs]vations on :i* ?is figure is bas$ n be+ /at$1 x is difficult to say :i* ( ! two altitudes is ! m probable4 ,at ! rema9+ camps )9 ! oasis1 & at ! camps en r\te betwe5 ! oasis & ,m9ia1 correspond+ obs]vations 7 tak51 ! numb] ( comp>isons ) ,cairo v>y+ f two to sev5 at an individual /ation4 ,^! obs]vations be+ r$uc$ & correct$ by comp>ison among !mselves gave ! levels ( ! diff]5t camps ) "s degree ( approximation to accuracy1 & ! altitudes ( int]m$iate po9ts 7 f\nd by int]polation bas$ on b>ometric read+s4 ,! result+ altitudes w be f\nd on ! map 7,plate ,i72 :]e no altitudes h be5 tak5 by ! ,survey1 ! values giv5 by ,as*]son on 8 map h be5 ins]t$4 ,! /ati/ics relat+ to ! oasis1 & ! me?ods ( clean+ out wells1 are bas$ on in=mation suppli$ by ! ,gov]nm5t (ficials at ,bawitti1 & may be tak5 z fairly reliable4 ,! p>ticul>s reg>d+ wat]-supply are ( c\rse bas$ ma9ly on direct obs]vation dur+ ! survey ( ! villages4 ,! botany ( ! oasis hav+ be5 fully /udi$ by ,as*]son#ac no attempt 0 made by ! ,survey to collect or describe ! plants met )4 ,! abundant gr[?s ( ! beautiful maid5-hair f]n 7,adiantum ,capillus ,v5]is7#ad w n1 h[ev]1 fail to /rike ev5 ! casual visitor to ! old ,roman aqu$ucts1 :i* /ill s]ve z ! pr9cipal wat]-*annels ( ! oasis4 ,nor 7 ! animals ( ! oasis made ! subject ( any detail$ obs]vations1 al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( sev]al ( ! species ( liz>ds & snakes common to ! ,nile ,valley 0 record$1 & specim5s collect$ :5 easily obta9able4 ,bah>ia is n ri* 9 ar*ological rema9s1 &1 ) few exceptions1 ev5 ^? exi/+ 7 n exam9$ by ! ,survey1 ?\gh ! positions ( all ru9s met ) dur+ ! "w 7 mapp$4 ,9 a lat] *apt] w be f\nd a connect$ ?\gh brief acc\nt ( all ! antiquities not$1 ! publications ( previ\s au?ors be+ ref]r$ to :]ev] ! descriptions _c be giv5 f p]sonal obs]vations4 ,! pr9cipal po9t att5d$ to 9 ! topographical mapp+ by ! survey 0 ! accurate del9eation ( ! b\nd+ sc>ps ( ! oasis & ( ! l>ge numb] ( hills )9 x4 ,^! features1 ( :i* an accurate map 0 ess5tial = any prop] consid]ation ( ! geology1 _h be5 only rapidly sket*$ by previ\s travell]s1 & ! precise %ape ( ! oasis 0 /ill unkn[n4 ,9 ! cultivat$ spots1 on ! o!r h&1 mu* _h be5 done by ,cailliaud1 ,jordan & ,as*]son t[>ds mapp+ ! detail4 ,h5ce1 beyond re-det]m9+ ! precise positions ( ! ma9 po9ts & ! g5]al limits ( ! cultivat$ areas1 no attempt at detail$ mapp+ 9 ^! areas 0 und]tak5 by ! ,survey p>ties1 x be+ felt t x w\ld be pref]able 9 ! limit$ "t available to conc5trate att5tion on ! almo/ totally unkn[n features1 s ess5tial to any geological consid]ation1 r ?an to devote consid]able "t to ! details ( ! inhabit$ spots4 ,?us1 :ile ! field maps result+ f ! survey repres5t$ ! oasis = ! fir/ "t 9 its true %ape1 & ! hills )9 x 9 _! true relative magnitudes & positions1 !y fell some:at %ort ( ! maps ( ,as*]son & ,cailliaud 9 ! numb] ( spr+s1 ru9s1 etc41 %[n4 ,! m important ru9s ov]look$ by ! survey h1 h[ev]1 be5 ins]t$ approximately f exi/+ maps1 & ! :ole result 7,plates ,i1 ,,iii & ,,vii71 is an advance on ! exi/+ repres5tations4 ,! geology ( ! oasis 0 v c>efully inve/igat$1 ?is be+ a field 9 :i* comp>atively little _h be5 done1 & a numb] ( v int]e/+ results 7 obta9$4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ?is connection wor?y ( note result+ f ! detail$ exam9ation ( ! sc>ps & hills are-- 7i7 ,! exi/5ce ( a m>k$ uncon=mity betwe5 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e /rata1 ?us confirm+ ! uncon=mity betwe5 ^! two great sy/ems :i* _h be5 not$#ae e>li] at ,abu ,roa%2 ?is uncon=mity has n[ be5 rem>k$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,egypt4#af ,! palontological pro(s ( ?is uncon=mity 7 obta9$ f ! we/]n sc>p1 ! b$s ( ! ea/]n side1 ?\gh !y %[ ! same ?ick5+1 be+ mu* poor] 9 fossils2 7ii7 ,! occurr5ce ( an ext5sive s]ies ( ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s ( ,c5omanian to ,danian age )9 ! depression & =m+ a l>ge "p ( ! des]t to ! we/2 7iii7 ,! precise ext5t & relations ( ! dol]ite capp+ "s ( ! s&/one hills 9 ! nor? ( ! depression2 7iv7 ,! exi/5ce ( well-m>k$ fold+ hav+ an important be>+ on ! orig9 ( ! oasis2 7v7 ,! pres5ce ( f]rug9\s s&/one deposits ( lat] orig9 ?an ! prim>y =mation ( ! oasis-holl[1 ?\gh long ant]ior to ! date :5 ! "w ( excavation1 :i* gave ! oasis its pres5t =m1 took place4 ,^! po9ts w be f\nd discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 ! *apt] on ! geology ( ! oasis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #aj3 ,op4 cit41 vol4 ,,iv4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! positions ( ! two po9ts ( connection 9 ! valley 7 det]m9$ by ,capt4 ,lyons 9 #ahif4 ,! return trav]se via ,f>afra to ,assiut is left out ( consid]ation ow+ to its great l5g? & consequ5t l[ value 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! longitude ( ,zubbo4 ,x agrees h[ev]1 v closely ) ! o!rs1 ow+ to comp5sation ( errors4 ,footnote #ab3 ,,lyons1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 #ga4 ,footnote #ac3 ,op4 cit4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! occurr5ce ( ?is f]n 9 ! rav9es ( ! ,fayum may also be record$ "h4 ,footnote #ae3 ,,beadnell1 ,h4 ,j4 ,l41 ,geological ,magaz9e4 ,jan41 #aijj1 ,no4 #dbg1 pp4 #df-dh2 ,! ,cretace\s ,region ( ,abu ,roa%1 ne> ! ,pyramids ( ,giza4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,egypt1 ,report #aijj1 ,"p ,,ii1 #aijb4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,reports ( ! ,geological ,survey on ,f>afra1 ,kh>ga & ! ,ea/]n ,des]t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,roads ,,connect+ ,,! ,,oasis ,,( ,,bah>ia ,,) ,,! ,,nile ,,valley ,,& ,,o!r ,,oases4 ,! roads trav]s$ by ! ,survey p>ties betwe5 ,bah>ia & o!r places are ?ree 9 numb]1 viz41 f ne> ,maghagha & f ,m9ia 9 ! ,nile ,valley1 & f ,bah>ia to ,f>afra ,oasis4 ,o!r well-kn[n r\tes run f ! ,fayum1 f ,bahnessa1 ,samalut 7,as*]son7 & ,delga1 9 ! ,nile ,valley1 f ,alex&ria1 via ,mog>a1 & f ,siwa 7,jordan1 ,cailliaud74 ,! ,survey's return trav]se to ,m9ia f ! s\? end ( ,bah>ia did n foll[ any def9$ road1 b kept on ! op5 plateau on a c\rse comput$ f ! kn[n positions ( ! po9ts ( dep>ture & de/9ation4#ag ,sid5ote3 ,road f ,fe%n & ,maghagha to ,bah>ia4 ,! road f ,fe%n & ,maghagha to ,bah>ia leaves ! edge ( ! ,nile ,valley cultivation at ,qasr el ,lamlum ,bey1 :i* be>s #ea we/ ( true nor? f ,maghagha railway /ation1 & is di/ant #aed kilometres4 ,f ?is po9t ! road is well-def9$ & easily foll[$ "r into ! oasis4 ,9 ! foll[+ description ! di/ances are giv5 f ! edge ( ! ,nile ,valley cultivation4 ,! road at fir/ leads ov] a /rip ( drift s&1 half a kilometre broad1 ) %ort prickly scrub1 pass+ a :ite mosque on ! left & !n turn+ (f some:at to a direction #bf s\? ( we/1 & cont9u+ 9 a /raight l9e = #ae kilometres ov] an undulat+ gravelly pla94 ,! high prom95t cliffs1 ab\t #g or #h kilometres to ! nor?-we/1 are ! flanks ( ,jebel ,muailla1 & a valley kn[n z ,wadi ,muailla leads ?r\gh !m to ! ,wadi ,rayan 9 ! ,fayum depression4#ah ,at #ai kilometres ! valley sc>p1 ) a numb] ( isolat$ peaks1 is approa*$ on ! "r1 :ile ridges & l[ m\nds =m ! pla9 bel[1 well-m>k$ l9es ( dra9age runn+ f "h 9 a s\?-ea/ direction t[>ds ! cultivation4 ,at #bc kilometres ! sc>p runs back1 enclos+ a l>ge bay1 across :i* ! road runs & asc5ds to ! plateau beyond at #bgh kilometres4 ,num]\s isolat$ p>allel s&-dunes 9 ! =m ( small ridges are se5 runn+ out into ! bay f ! cliff at ! f> end1 all ly+ slightly we/ ( nor? & ea/ ( s\?1 or p>allel to ! normal w9d direction4 ,! esc>pm5t b\nd+ ! ,nile ,valley at ?is po9t is only "s #ae metres 9 height1 be+ ?us q insignificant comp>$ ) ! cliffs on ! ea/ side4 ,! plateau "h 0 f\nd to be ab\t #adj metres above ! cultivation1 ! road hav+ ris5 gradually ?r\gh\t4 ,! latt] cont9ues = ab\t #a kilometres across ! /rip ( plateau :5 x aga9 desc5ds1 mak+ a slight det\r to ! left = easy desc5t4 ,x !n cont9ues #i s\? ( we/1 slightly w9d+1 ov] gravelly undulat+ gr\nd4 ,at #ca-cb kilometres a l9e ( l[ hills is pass$ on ! "r1 :ile a d>k well-m>k$ range lies #f-g kilometres to ! left4 ,a ridge ( s&/one1 kn[n z ,jebel el ,ghudda1 is pass$ on ! "r at #de kilometres1 f ! end ( :i* a small dune runs out2 beyond1 ! pla9 resumes its monoton\s undulat+ "*1 a l[ ridge be+ cross$ at #fa kilometres4 ,!re1 ! road1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( m or less p>allel well-m>k$ n>r[ pa?s worn by camels1 :i* h a some:at g5]al habit ( m>*+ 9 l9e "o beh9d ! o!r1 *anges its direction to #cf s\? ( we/1 fall+ gradually 9 level until a pat* ( scrub is rea*$ #f kilometres fur!r on4 ,?is scrub 0 dead at ! "t ( ! visit1 & furni%$ a useful supply ( fuel4 ,f ?is po9t ! c\rse is #g s\? ( we/ 7true71 :i* direction is ma9ta9$ = ! next #db kilometres ov] a rem>kably monoton\s undulat+ gravel-cov]$ des]t1 ! typical 8s]ir0 ( ! ,arabs4 ,at #ib & #ic kilometres "s m pat*es ( dead scrub 7 pass$ on ! "r1 :ile logs ( silicifi$ wood 7 notic$ /rew+ ! pla9 on ! left4 ,an ,arab grave 0 met ) at #if kilometres1 :ile skeletons ( camels lie ab\t ne> ! roadside at frequ5t int]vals2 at #aaj kilometres ! eye ( ! travell] is reliev$ by a small grove ( gre5 ?orny flat-topp$ acacia trees 7,acacia nilotica1 or 8sunt0 ( ! ,arabs7 ) a pat* ( co>se grass2 f\r gazelle 7probably ,gazella dorcas7 7 obs]v$ br[s+ on ! scrub "h4 ,! c\rse n[ cont9ues #ab s\? ( we/1 ov] g5tly undulat+ gravelly 8s]ir01 until ! ea/]n sc>p ( ,el ,bahr is rea*$ at #abe kilometres f ! cultivation ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,! 8s]ir0 or undulat+ gravelly type ( des]t !n ceases4 ,el ,bahr is a depression1 "s #fj-gj metres deep1 cut out 9 :ite lime/one rocks2 its bread? at ! po9t cross$ by ! road 0 #h kilometres4 ,)9 x are sev]al high prom95t hills1 "o ( :i* ne> ! c5tre on ! left side ( ! road is call$ ,jebel ,g> ,m>zak4 ,! bottom ( ! depression 0 q gre5 ) vegetation2 suffici5t wat] is said to fall e ye> to keep ^! plants alive1 & 9 #ahid ra9 is said to h fall5 to su* an ext5t t a pool ( consid]able size 0 =m$2 ! silt deposit$ by ?is is pla9ly visible at ! pres5t "t4 ,a good deal ( bl[n s& occurs )9 ! depression4 ,el ,bahr evid5tly corresponds to ! ,bahr ,bela ,ma1 7riv] )\t wat]7 figur$ on "s au?ors' maps1 :i* has be5 frequ5tly b errone\sly ref]r$ to z an old riv]-c\rse2 al?\gh ?is idea 0 %[n to be unt5able by ,zittel#ai & ,as*]son#bj x has subsequ5tly be5 ma9ta9$ by non-sci5tific writ]s4 ,no traces ( any riv] deposit occur 9 ! depression1 :i* consi/s simply ( a s]ies ( unconnect$ depressions1 erod$ by w9d-borne s&4#ba ,! track leaves ! depression at #acd kilometres1 ris+ ov] heavy s&2 x !n cont9ues #c nor? ( we/4 ,! "* ( ! des]t has n[ completely *ang$1 & in/ead ( ! smoo? undulat+ gravelly 8s]ir10 its surface is r\gh & hummocky1 be+ =m$ ( h>d b>e lime/one1 cut up into %>p knobs & groov$ into furr[s by ! p[]ful action ( w9d-borne s&2 x resembles closely ! surface ( ! r\gh op5 sea4 ,?is type ( des]t is spok5 ( z 8kh>afi%0 by ! ,arabs4 ,:ile ! 8s]ir0 =ms an ideal surface = travell+ ov]1 ! 8kh>afi%0 is ! wor/ imag9able1 ! innum]able hillocks necessitat+ incessant small deviations1 :ile ! h>d r\gh surface is 9 "s places v tr\blesome to camels2 moreov]1 an ext5sive view is out ( ! "q & no tracks are visible on ! surface1 s t ! road is easily lo/ except :]e m>k$ by frequ5t cairns built ( loose /ones4 ,occasional pat*es ( bl[n s& are "h met )1 & ! fir/ well-m>k$ dunes 7 cross$ at #ada kilometres4 ,f "h onw>ds = kilometres ! :ole area 0 m or less s&y ) occasional n>r[ well-m>k$ ridges or dunes1 runn+ almo/ due nor? & s\?1 & v>y+ 9 bread? f t ( a s+le l9e to a numb] ( p>allel ridges side by side half a kilometre broad4 ,! l>ge/ dune ( ?is gr\p at #adf kilometres is kn[n z ,gh>d el ,%ubbab4 ,! /eepe/ sides are ^? fac+ we/ :]e ! angle may rea* #cj4 ,at ! p>ticul> locality cross$ by ?is road ! s& area is v easily cross$1 a circuit\s r\te be+ foll[$ 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! flatt] dunes ) ! easie/ slopes :5 cross+ ! /eep] ridges4 ,probably ! road crosses at "o ( ! easie/ po9ts4 ,?is rem>kable l9e ( dunes1 kn[n z ! ,abu ,moh>ik1 has its orig9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! oasis ( ,mog>a & runs s\?w>d1 almo/ )\t a break1 across ! des]t until ,kh>ga is rea*$1 :5ce ) a slight break ow+ to ! brok5 "* ( ! gr\nd x cont9ues s\?w>d )9 ! oasis-depression4 ,! total wid? ( ! s&-belt on ! road "u description is ab\t #f kilometres4 ,at #aec to #aef kilometres a numb] ( black conical hills1 ,g> el ,hamra1 are situate f #a to #b kilometres f ! road on ! s\? side4 ,"o or two m s&-dunes 7 cross$ & !n ! road1 ma9ta9+ its direction ( #b-c nor? ( we/1 lay ov] a m or less unev5 d>k-col\r$ lime/one des]t brok5 up into a numb] ( small hills4 ,at #afi kilometres a broad ridge ( s&-dunes 0 enc\nt]$1 runn+ #ah we/ ( true nor?4 ,^! light yell[ dunes af=d a beautiful & rem>kable sight1 runn+ nor?w>ds away to ! horizon ov] a d>k br[n-col\r$ des]t 9 an almo/ p]fectly /raight l9e & ) a %>ply ma9ta9$ junction-l9e betwe5 ! edge ( ! s& & ! des]t surface adjo9+4 ,)9 a few hundr$ metres ( ! we/]n side ( ! s&-dunes ! road comm5ces ! desc5t f ! plateau into ! oasis-depression4 ,! road ent]s at ! mo/ nor!rly extremity ( ! oasis1 ! desc5t be+ p>ticul>ly easy at ?is po9t1 pass+ ! l>ge d>k-col\r$ hill1 ,jebel ,horabi 7or ,morabi871 on ! "r almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,a f9e view ( ! depression is obta9able f ! top ( ! esc>pm5t1 a broad l[-ly+ expanse1 b\nd$ by /eep esc>pm5ts or walls1 /ret*+ away to ! s\?1 its monotony reliev$ by sev]al l>ge flat-topp$ hill-masses1 ne> :i*1 on ! l[e/ portions ( ! floor1 d>k areas1 ! cultivat$ l&s & palm-groves c be di/+ui%$4 ,! road crosses ! depression 9 a s\?-we/]ly direction1 passes a spr+ kn[n z ,a9 el ,gidr1 ! fir/ wat]+ place1 & divides 9 front ( ! great hill-masses sep>at+ ! two gr\ps ( villages1 ! ea/]n bran* keep+ close "u ! ea/]n sc>p ( ,jebel ,mayesra1 to avoid a l>ge area ( s(t salty gr\nd1 & lead+ to ! villages ( ,zubbo & ,m&i%a1 ,:ile ! we/]n bran* cont9ues its c\rse to ! cultivation surr\nd+ ,el ,qasr & ,bawitti4 ,! di/ance by ?is road f ,qasr el ,lamlum ,bey to ! village ( ,zubbo is #aij kilometres & to ,bawitti #aie kilometres4 ,sid5ote3 ,geology ( ! ,fe%n-,bah>ia ,hav+ n[ describ$ ! topographical features ( ?is road1 ! *ief geological *>act]s may be notic$4 ,! pla9 betwe5 ! ,nile ,valley cultivation & ! sc>p ( ! plateau is cov]$ ) s&y gravel1 p>tly d[nwa% f ! high] gr\nd 9 ,rec5t times1 & p>tly ! rema9s ( def9ite gravel deposits belong+ to ! ,nile ,valley ,plei/oc5e s]ies4#bb ,! pebbles n[ f\nd /rewn ov] ! pla9 consi/ *iefly ( fl9ts1 d\btless d]iv$ f ! ,eoc5e lime/ones =m+ ! des]ts on bo? sides ( ! ,nile ,valley1 & occasional pebbles ( h>d felsp> porphyry :i* mu/ h orig9ally be5 d]iv$ f ! igne\s massifs ( ! ,r$ ,sea ,hills4 ,bo? are well r\nd$1 al?\gh ! =m] are frequ5tly brok5 up into angul> fragm5ts by temp]ature *anges4 ,:ite granul> b$s ( gypsum1 ( v>i\s degrees ( impurity1 crop out on ! pla9 9 places1 & 9 all probability !re 0 9 ,plei/oc5e times an ext5sive deposit ( ?is m9]al all ov] ! surface ( ! l[-ly+ c\ntry4 ,9 ! des]t ly+ betwe5 ! ,fayum & ! ,nile ,valley fur!r to ! nor?1 ^! gypse\s b$s occur ( great ?ickness & wide ext5t1 & ! deposits cross$ on ?is road are d\btless "p ( ! same s]ies4 ,! cliffs ( ,jebel ,muailla to ! nor? are capp$ by a h>d d>k b$ ( lime/one1 :i* wea!rs ) a v]tical face1 :ile ! m g5tle slopes1 g5]ally m or less hidd5 ) s&1 are d\btless =m$ ( s(t] lime/ones1 m>ls1 & clays4 ,dur+ ! survey ( ! ,fayum 7see foot-note1 p4 #ag7 ! hills surr\nd+ ,wadi ,muailla 7 f\nd to be =m$ ( ,l[] ,mokattam b$s 7,middle ,eoc5e7 & ! hills se5 f ?is road are d\btless compos$ ( ! same b$s4 ,! ridges cross$ at #bj kilometres are =m$ ( h>d1 compact1 close-gra9$ cry/all9e lime/one1 cov]$ ) m or less gypsum & fl9t gravel2 ! lime/one b$s =m+ ^! ridges %[ dips :i* sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( a fault runn+ ,n4,e4-,s4,w41 p>allel to ! tr5d ( ! cliff beh9d1 & ?is may be "p ( ! ext5sive faults & folds ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,9 "o small hill 7#bb kilometres7 %ales ) ,o/rea 7 notic$ at ! base1 ) occasional h>d oy/]-lime/one b&s2 ! upp] "p 0 =m$ ( #aj metres ( gravel consi/+ ( well-r\nd$ lime/one pebbles4 ,?is sup]ficial deposit mu/ be class$ z ,plei/oc5e & may be a sea-bea*1 ?\gh no conclusive evid5ce 0 obta9able on ?is po9t4 ,! esc>pm5t pass$ at #bc kilometres is capp$ by a b$ ( :ite lime/one1 %ales =m+ ! slope1 b 0 n exam9$ at close qu>t]s4 ,! floor ( ! bay =m$ by ! rec$+ cliff %[s outcropp+ br[n lime/one ) ,o/rea1 & ! esc>pm5t on ! f> side is capp$ by a h>d :ite cry/all9e lime/one ) mu* fl9t1 ! latt] =m+ b&s4 ,on ! surface is a ?9 calc>e\s gypse\s gravel deposit1 d\btless ( ! same age z ! gypse\s b$s already m5tion$ z occurr+ on ! pla9 bel[4 ,! flanks ( ! sc>p are hidd5 by d[nwa%4 ,! cliff b\nd+ ?is /rip ( plateau1 #a kilometres fur!r on1 is compos$ ( ! same b$s1 ! lime/one be+ "h silicifi$1 ) l>ge silicifi$ ,conid4 ,) reg>d to ! age ( ^! lime/ones & clays !y are probably equival5t to "p ( ! ,l[] ,mokattam s]ies already m5tion$ z =m+ ! hill-masses r\nd ,wadi ,rayan1 al?\gh no ,nummulites gizeh5sis b$s 7 obs]v$ 9 ! sections exam9$4 ,a conspicu\s black knob among ! l[ gravelly hills left two kilometres on ! "r at #cb kilometres1 0 f\nd to be a neck ( h>d d>k &esitic basalt1 "o ( ! few occurr5ces ( igne\s rocks 9 ! ,we/]n ,des]t4 ,sev]al o!r simil> look+ d>k hills 7 9 sight1 b "t did n admit ( _! exam9ation4 ,! d>k well-m>k$ range #f-g kilometres to ! left ( ! road is probably id5tical ) a range ( hills occurr+ #aj kilometres we/ ( ,bahnessa1 :i* 0 mapp$#bc dur+ ! survey ( ! ,nile ,valley 9 #ahii1 & f\nd to consi/ ( a mass ( &esitic basalt simil> to t =m+ ! small neck on ?is road4 ,d\btless !y are bo? p>ts ( ! same intrusion4 ,! surface ( ! pla9 is /ill compos$ 9 "p ( gypse\s deposits1 ) occasional outcrops ( ! und]ly+ lime/one1 ! surface be+ cov]$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( loose s& ) r\nd$ fl9ts & _! brok5 fragm5ts4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,jebel el ,ghudda ! pla9 consi/s ( lime/one ) num]\s individuals ( ! l>ge ,nummulites gizeh5sis1 & are ?us ( ,l[] ,mokattam age4 ,mu* ( ! lime/one is cry/all9e4 ,! hills ( ,jebel el ,ghudda are =m$ by y\ng] ov]ly+ b$s consi/+ ( h>d silicifi$ s&/ones & grits 7qu>tzites71 :i* li?ologically are v simil> to ! b$s ( ,jebel ,ahm> ne> ,cairo1 ( ,oligoc5e age4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 belong to ! ,upp] ,eoc5e s]ies1 s well develop$ above ! ,upp] ,mokattam 9 ! esc>pm5ts to ! nor? ( ! ,fayum1 z ?is s]ies conta9s simil> b$s ) simil> silicifi$ wood4 ,!y enclose b&s ( co>se conglom]ate & h a peculi> blacki% burnt col\r4 ,occasional pat*es ( ^! grits are "h & !re met ) "r up to ! depression ( ,el ,bahr1 & ! silicifi$ wood pass$ at #ib kilometres belongs to ! same s]ies ( b$s4 ,f ! scrub area at #ic kilometres till ! road approa*$ ,el ,bahr !re 0 h>dly a sign ei!r ( ! grits or ( section any:]e met ) on ?is road4 ,! depression is cut d[n ?r\gh ! upp] s]ies ( s&/ones & grits into ! fossilif]\s :ite lime/ones & s&/ones bel[4 ,! ea/]n sc>p %[$ ! foll[+ b$s3-- ,top4 ,s(t :ite ,s&/one4 ,lime/one ) ,nummulites gizeh5sis4 ,,middle ,l[] ,,eoc5e4 ,lime/one ) ,o/rea1 ,exogyra & ,mokattam4 ,luc9a1 etc4 ,! floor is cov]$ 9 places ) num]\s wea!r$ out individuals ( ,n4 gizeh5sis & l>ge oy/]s4 ,"s ( ! hills occurr+ )9 ! depression %[$ br[n silice\s lime/one ov]ly+ :ite lime/ones ) b$s conta9+ ,nummulites gizeh5sis1 ,o/rea1 etc41 bel[4 ,9 "s ( ^! hills ! b$s %[ evid5ces ( fold+1 :i* l t )9 ! ,bah>ia ,oasis may h p>tly caus$ ! =mation ( ! depression by br++ ! s(t] b$s to ! surface )9 ! rea* ( ! ag5ts ( d5udation4 ,on asc5d+ ! we/]n sc>p1 b$s ) ,o/rea1 ,turritella1 etc41 7 cross$1 & ne> ! top ?ick yell[i% s&/ones cr[d$ ) ,o/rea occur4 ,two ( ! species ( ,o/rea 7 aft]w>ds exam9$ by ,dr4 ,blanck5horn1 "o ( :i* he reg>d$ z ne>ly relat$ to ,o4 ,fraasi1 & ! o!r z a new species ) aff9ities to ,o4 ,hess1 ,may-,eym4 ,probably ! :ole ( ^! fossilif]\s b$s belong to ! ,middle ,eoc5e ,mokattam ,s]ies2 ! l[] b$s ) ,n4 gizeh5sis1 are c]ta9ly ,l[] ,mokattam1 & probably ! upp]1 al?\gh ! latt] may repres5t ! base ( ! ,upp] ,mokattam4 ,:e!r ! upp] b$ ( s&/one capp+ ! ea/]n sc>p belongs to ! same s]ies or is equival5t ( ! silicifi$ grits ) silicifi$ wood pass$ fur!r back is op5 to "s d\bt4 ,beyond ! ,bahr ! des]t is =m$ ( a h>d lime/one mu* cut up by ! action ( w9d-borne s& z already m5tion$4 ,?is lime/one is v unfossilif]\s1 occasional obscure nummulites se5 on fractur$ or smoo? surfaces be+ ! only indications ( its ,eoc5e age4 ,! conical-peak$ hills ( ,g> el ,hamra on ! left ( ! road at #aea kilometres 7 s /rik+ t a det\r 0 made specially to exam9e !m4 ,!y 7 f\nd to be compos$ ( black f]rug9\s silicifi$ s&/one or qu>tzite at top1 ) false-b$d$ s&/ones bel[4 ,!y ov]lie nummulitic lime/ones =m+ ! surr\nd+ pla91 & are n improbable ,po/ ,eoc5e lacu/r9e deposits1 simil> to ^? )9 ,bah>ia ,oasis 7see pp4 #fj-fb74 ,f "h onw>ds up to ! oasis-depression ! plateau consi/s ( h>d br[n lime/one1 m or less silicifi$1 & conta9s nummulites & oy/]s4 ,! ,eoc5e /rata1 ?us ext5d "r up to ! esc>pm5t ( ! depression on ! nor? side ( ! oasis4 ,! geological /ructure )9 ! depression w be f\nd discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,sid5ote3 ,road f ,m9ia to ,bah>ia4 ,road f ,m9ia to ,bah>ia4--,! cultivat$ l& ext5ds = "s #i or #aj kilometres we/ ( ,m9ia t[n1 & at ! "t ( ! ,survey exp$ition 7e>ly 9 ,octob]1 #ahig7 ?is area 0 mo/ly cov]$ by flood-wat]4 ,boats 7 !re=e tak5 to ! edge ( ! des]t1 & ! m>* we/ 0 comm5c$ f ,nasl ,nadiub ,l5gat1 a small village on ! cultivation-limit 9 lat4 #bh #f #bd1 long4 #cj #ci #de ,e41 be>+ f ,m9ia railway /ation #i nor? ( we/1 di/ance v ne>ly #aj kilometres4 ,! road we/w>d be+ ill-def9$1 & ! p>ty kn[+ t any c\rse foll[$ a little nor? ( we/ w\ld surely lead to ! oasis1 no attempt 0 made to foll[ ! track precisely1 ! c\rse be+ r *os5 to take advantage ( comm&+ po9ts s z to map z mu* topography z possible en r\te4 ,z w be se5 fur!r on1 h[ev]1 ! road 0 /ruck "s di/ance be=e rea*+ ! oasis1 & 0 !nce foll[$ to ,zubbo4 ,on leav+ ,nasl ,nadiub ,l5gat ! c\rse fir/ tak5 0 ab\t #cb nor? ( we/4 ,! des]t "h rises v gradually f ! flood-level1 7i4e4 ab\t #dj metres above sea-level71 !re be+ no cliff b\nd+ ! ,nile ,valley on ! ,we/ at ?is po9t4 ,= ab\t #f kilometres ! gr\nd 0 s&y1 ) occasional pat*es ( flood-wat] & "s grass2 !n came a /ret* ( level gravelly gr\nd1 & at #aa kilometres "s l[ s&-dunes 7 cross$4 ,! c\rse 0 n[ *ang$ to ab\t #c s\? ( we/1 & at #ad kilometres a desc5t 0 made f ! gravel-pla9 into a lime/one-depression1 ) gravel-capp$ em95ces on ei!r side4 ,at #bb kilometres ! gravel-/rewn pla9 0 aga9 come on1 a few l[ m\nds1 also gravelly1 be+ pass$ at #ca kilometres1 & camel-tracks1 d\btless "p ( ! ,m9ia-,bah>ia road1 be+ notic$ co9cid5t ) ! survey l9e at #cg kilometres4 ,cont9u+ foll[+ ^! tracks1 ano!r camel-road 0 f\nd to bran* (f at #df kilometres to ! nor?-we/4 ,! m>* 0 cont9u$ along ! same track go+ a little m s\? ( we/1 ov] a monoton\s gravelly pla91 ) lime/one %[+ ?r\gh x 9 small pat*es1 till at #gh kilometres f ,nasl ,nadiub ,l5gat a conspicu\s ?\gh small mass ( fissile gritty lime/one 0 come on1 :i* af=d$ a good survey-/ation4 ,nor? & we/ ( ?is are l[ gravel-cov]$ hills4 ,turn+ a little nor? ( we/1 a l>ge ext5t ( l[ table-l hills 0 se5 on ! s\?4 ,at ab\t #ij kilometres l[ plateaux ( lime/one1 capp$ by gravel1 clos$ 9 s z to =m a defile ab\t a kilometre wide1 ?r\gh :i* ! l9e ( survey pass$1 & at #ih kilometres a l>ge s&y & gravelly depression1 b\nd$ by lime/one sc>ps & conta9+ num]\s l>ge lime/one hills1 0 ent]$4 ,)9 ! depression ! c\rse foll[$ 0 ab\t #cj nor? ( we/1 s z to map r\ghly ! esc>pm5ts on ei!r h&4 ,ab\t #aj kilometres f ! po9t :]e ! depression is ent]$ a long /ret* ( heavy s& 0 cross$ beyond :i* tracks go+ we/ 7 come on1 & ! edge ( ! lime/one plateau on ! left curv$ r\nd s z to cross ! road4 ,asc5d+ ?is l[ sc>p at #aaf kilometres1 ! c\rse lay ov] :ite lime/one1 ) %>p angul> fl9ts on its surface1 & l[ lime/one hills on ei!r side4 ,at #abd kilometres ! broad belt ( s&-dunes1 ! ,abu ,moh>ik1 0 rea*$4 ,! dunes1 :i* are ( consid]able height1 run ne>ly nor? & s\?1 & h a total wid? ( "s #d kilometres2 !y =m$ ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle ( ! entire j\rney4 ,beyond ! dunes is a h>d lime/one pla91 cross$ by a l[ ridge 7=m+ "p ( a high] plateau7 at #acf kilometres4 ,beyond ?is ridge are l[ lime/one-hills on ei!r side1 ! floor be+ g5]ally ( h>d :ite lime/one4 ,at #aea kilometres an oval depression 9 ! lime/one plateau1 ) its long] axis 7ab\t #d kilometres7 runn+ ,w4,n4,w41 0 ent]$2 ?is depression is full ( hills ( :ite *alk1 :i* also =ms ! floor "h4 ,asc5d+ ! opposite sc>p ( ! depression at #aei kilometres1 a n>r[ /rip ( high] plateau ( mu* h>d] lime/one 0 cross$1 ! edge ( ! sc>p ( ! oasis ( ,bah>ia be+ rea*$ at #afj kilometres1 aft] m>*+ = #eg h\rs f ,nasl ,nadiub ,l5gat4 ,up to ?is po9t !re _h be5 a gradual rise ( ! gr\nd1 f #dj metres at ! ,nile ,valley to #bfe metres above sea-level at ! edge ( ! oasis4 ,! desc5t into ! oasis is n difficult1 ! sc>p be+ s&y & ! fall gradual4 ,at ab\t #d kilometres ,w4,n4,w4 f ! edge ( ! sc>p is ! fir/ well or spr+ ( ! oasis1 ,a9 ,gelid 7lat4 #bh #ai #bh ,n41 long4 #bi #h #dj ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*71 a small pool surr\nd$ by grasses & ) a tree gr[+ ne> x4 ,! b>ometric obs]vations gave = ?is po9t ! level #acd metres above sea1 s t ! total drop f ! edge ( ! sc>p is ab\t #acj metres4 ,f ,a9 ,gelid ! village ( ,zubbo be>s ab\t #ae nor? ( we/1 & is "s #ag kilometres di/ant1 b ow+ to ! hills betwe5 ! two places necessitat+ a slight det\r1 ! actual di/ance to be trav]s$ is a few kilometres great]4 ,sid5ote3 ,geology ( ! ,m9ia-,bah>ia ,road4 ,! road f ,m9ia to ,bah>ia %[s ess5tially ! same geological features z ! "o f ,maghagha already describ$4 ,! gravel :i* /rews s l>ge a portion ( ! road to ! ea/ is ma9ly compos$ ( qu>tzite & fl9t pebbles1 ( a prevail+ br[n col\r4 ,"s ( ! r\nd$ fl9ts %[ a conc5tric /ructure1 & are evid5tly segregation-nodules d]iv$ f *alk-b$s2 a v f9e specim5 ( ^!1 measur+ "s #bj c4m4 9 diamet]1 ( almo/ p]fectly sph]oidal =m1 0 obta9$4 ,! gravelly cov]+ is frequ5tly v ?91 ! lime/ones und]ly+ x %[+ ?r\gh 9 num]\s places4 ,no evid5ces ( ! precise age ( ?is gravel h come to ! au?ors' k1 b x is c]ta9ly ,po/-,eoc5e4 ,x appe>s to be ! same =mation :i* is f\nd cov]+ ! edge ( ! plateau we/ ( ,girga#bd & s\? ( ,assuan 7ea/ bank7 & at v>i\s o!r po9ts ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,x ov]lies b$s ( e age f ! ,nubian ,s&/one to ! ,l[] ,mokattam4 ,! lime/ones :i* und]lie ! gravel ne> ! ,nile1 & :i* are well expos$ 9 ! depression cross$ #ad kilometres f ! edge ( ! cultivation1 are cr[d$ ) nummulites ( v>i\s species1 ,n4 gizeh5sis & ,n4 curvispira be+ specially common2 ^! rocks belong !re=e to ! ,l[] ,mokattam ,s]ies 7,middle ,eoc5e74 ,! lime/one und]ly+ ! gravel fur!r we/ 7f ab\t #cj to #hj kilometres we/ ( ! cultivation-limit7 is only se5 9 small pat*es2 x v>ies 9 "*1 be+ 9 "s places loose & tuface\s 9 texture1 & 9 o!rs gritty & fissile1 pass+ into a calc>e\s grit4 ,! mass ( gritty lime/one at #gh kilometres1 not$ above1 is ab\t #f metres 9 l5g? by #b metres high & broad2 x %[s a peculi> /alagmitic /ructure1 ! lay]s always p>allel to ! free surface4 ,sev]al small] masses f\nd ar\nd all %[ a simil> /ructure1 & :]e ! rock is expos$ on ! floor conc5tric fissur+ is frequ5tly se54 ,! s& :i* /rews ! surface "h is l>gely calc>e\s1 be+ d\btless 9 "p d]iv$ f ! gritty lime/ones4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ! l[ hills ly+ to ! left ( ! track at ab\t #he kilometres f ! cultivation-limit %[ ! foll[+ section 7total height ab\t #ac metres73-- ,top4 #a4 ,fl9ty gravel1 ! fl9ts conta9+ nummulites4 #b4 ,tuface\s :ite lime/one4 #c4 ,h>d p9k silice\s lime/one4 #d4 ,fissile s&y m>ls & gritty lime/ones4 ,on ! we/]n "p ( ! hills ! gravel cov]+ is abs5t1 ! succession "h se5 be+3-- ,top4 #a4 ,s&y m>ls1 #fj c5timetres4 #b4 ,v h>d p9k calc>e\s grit1 #a metre4 #c4 ,:ite s&y m>l1 fissile1 #b metres4 #d4 ,s(t r$ & :ite m>ls1 #aj metres4 ,no fossils 7 se5 9 ^! b$s except ! nummulites 9 ! gravel1 :i* prove ! latt] to be at lea/ 9 "p d]iv$ f ,eoc5e deposits4 ,! hills left ( ! road a little fur!r on %[ ! foll[+ section3-- ,top4 #a4 ,fl9ty gravel2 ?9 deposit uncon=mably ov]ly+ ! lime/one bel[4 #b4 ,tuface\s :ite lime/one 7?9 b$74 #c4 ,h>d grey cry/all9e lime/one1 #ab m4 #d4 ,slope ( s& & debris1 d\btless cov]+ s(t m>ly b$s4 ,on ent]+ ! depression at #ih kilometres a b& ( e>?y r$di% lime/one ) ,bryozoa is cross$1 ?is b$ appe>+ to ov]lie ! fissile s&y lime/one already m5tion$4 ,f "h a good view ( ! num]\s lime/one hills is obta9$1 ! top b$s ( h>d lime/one %[+ out %>ply f ! l[] s&-cov]$ slopes2 ! b$s %[ a /ratigraphical depression "h 9 addition to ! erod$ surface depression4 ,! floor ( ! depression is cov]$ ) s&y gravel & ,o/rea %ells2 an exam9ation ( ! left sc>p1 ab\t #c kilometres aft] ent]+ ! holl[1 %[$ ! foll[+ succession ( b$s 7total height ( section #bj metres73-- ,top4 #a4 ,h>d :ite lime/one ) num]\s %ell-ca/s & conta9+ "s %aly lay]s1 #c m4 #b4 ,debris-cov]$ slope ( s(t] b$s ) ,o/rea %ells1 #af m4 #c4 ,r$ e>?y lime/one ) %ells at base ( hill4 ,"o ( ! hills )9 ! depression1 to ! left ( ! track ab\t #f kilometres fur!r on1 %[$ 9 a face ( ab\t #bh metres ! foll[+ b$s3-- ,top4 #a4 ,h>d :ite lime/one1 s&-erod$4 #b4 ,br[n fossilif]\s lime/one4 #c4 ,:ite lime/one ) _m small fossils4 ,! slopes ( ?is hill 7 cov]$ ) l>ge black ,o/rea %ells4 ,! floor ( ! depression fur!r we/ %[$ lime/ones ( v>y+ "*1 frequ5tly highly fossilif]\s4 ,beyond ! depression ! gr\nd pass$ ov] 0 ma9ly :ite lime/one1 /rewn ) l>ge %>p angul> fl9ts1 & _m sph]oidal fl9t-masses d]iv$ f ! lime/ones4 ,! surr\nd+ hills %[ t we h "h two :ite lime/ones ) br[n b$s betwe51 ! floor & ! hillcaps be+ :ite1 :ile ! feet ( ! hills are br[n4 ,! plateau-rock ne> ! great belt ( s&-dunes is a h>d :ite lime/one ) l>ge ,conid4 ,j beyond ! dunes ?is rock is v silice\s1 ! expos$ surfaces %[+ a smoky-black col\r2 ! rock is h[ev] q :ite on fracture4 ,! hills ris+ f ! plateau "h consi/ entirely ( lime/one1 b$s ( :ite *alk alt]nat+ ) h>d] yell[i% & br[n lime/ones1 9 :i* no fossils 7 notic$4 ,fur!r on ! plateau rises1 s t at ! entrance to ! depression ! surface is =m$ ( ! same br[n lime/one-b$s :i* are se5 9 ! hills beh9d4 ,! hills )9 ! oval depression "h are compos$ ( alt]nations ( *alky ) h>d] lime/ones4 ,! n>r[ ridge :i* sep>ates ! depression j describ$ f ! oasis-depression is ( v h>d horny silice\s lime/one4 ,on ! desc5t into ! oasis ! foll[+ b$s are pass$ ?r\gh3-- ,top4 #a4 ,v h>d yell[i% & r$di%-br[n silice\s lime/one1 9 "p cry/all9e4 #b4 ,fissile s&y lime/one4 #c4 ,s(t yell[ o*re\s m>ly lime/one4 #d4 ,greyi%-:ite *alky lime/one1 ) f]rug9\s lay]s4 #e4 ,s&-cov]$ slope1 ma9ly consi/+ ( clays4 ,x seems probable t ! entire mass ( ! lime/ones =m+ ! surface ( ! plateau are ,eoc5e1 occupy+ an horizon 9 & bel[ t ( ! ,mokattam s]ies4 ,t ! fissile s&y lime/one & calc>e\s grit _c be ! equival5t ( ! ,po/ ,eoc5e s&/one deposits enc\nt]$ on ! road f ,maghagha is prov$ by _! be+ int]calat$ 9 ! ,eoc5e lime/ones ( ! plateau4 ,sid5ote3 ,trav]se f s\? end ( ,bah>ia to ,m9ia4 ,! return j\rney f ,bah>ia ,oasis to ,m9ia 0 made1 z already m5tion$1 across ! op5 des]t1 n foll[+ any road4 ,! />t+-po9t 0 ! po9t on ! s\!rn sc>p ( ! oasis1 :]e ! ,f>afra road leaves ,bah>ia4 ,our obs]vations give = ! position ( ?is po9t#be lat4 #bg #df #ac ,n4 long4 #bh #cb #dg ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*2 height above sea level1 #bdg metres4 ,! c\rse 0 %ap$ s z to rea* ! village ( ,nasl ,nadiub ,l5gat1 :5ce ! outw>d trav]se _h />t$1 s z to give a clos$ polygon ( survey-l9es4 ,! foll[+ topographical & geological notes 7 tak5 on ! j\rney4 ,! fir/ #b kilometres ( ! way1 go+ ab\t ,s4,s4,e41 lay ov] a plateau ( s&y lime/one1 (t5 mammilat$ & /rewn ) limonite-fragm5ts4 ,s&-dunes ( small size 7 pass$ on ! left4 ,an asc5t 0 !n made ( "s #ce metres on to a flat-topp$ ridge1 consi/+ ( :ite & yell[ m>ls & clays1 capp$ by a horizontal b$ ( h>d br[n calc>e\s grit1 pass+ into br[n cry/all9e lime/one ) calcite %ell-ca/s4 ,on ?is ridge1 :i* is ab\t #fjj metres 9 wid? at ! place se51 a turn 0 made s z to g almo/ due ea/4 ,! desc5t f ! ridge on ! o!r side is on to a pla9 /rewn ) :iti%-br[n lam9at$ & mammilat$ lime/one & "s limonite1 & f ! pla9 rise hills %[+ ! same /ructure z ! ridge j cross$4 ,a camel-road runn+ s\? 0 cross$ #g kilometres f ! />t+-po9t1 & beyond ?is1 ! gr\nd hav+ gradually ris5 to ! level ( ! br[n calc>e\s grit1 we came among num]\s l[ hills2 ^! consi/ ( :ite *alk b$s1 capp$ by s&y greyi% lime/one & !n by ?ick b$s ( h>d] greyi%-:ite lime/one1 wea!r$ grey on ! surface4 ,no fossils 7 se5 "h1 b cont9u+ ! j\rney ea/1 ov] unev5 gr\nd ( :ite & greyi% lime/one ( consid]able h>dness1 a small hill 0 met )1 at ab\t #ab kilometres f ! />t+-po9t1 & f\nd to consi/ ( lime/one ) ,nummulites1 & ^! =am9if]a 7 f\nd 9 great abundance a little fur!r on4 ,! f9d+ ( ^! =ms1 s di/9ctively ,eoc5e1 is important z %[+ t :atev] ! age ( ! lime/ones at ! actual edge ( ! s\? "p ( ! oasis may be1 ! b$s =m+ ! plateau only a few kilometres ea/ ( ! oasis are1 l ^? :i* =m ! top ( ! nor!rn sc>p1 ( und\bt$ ,eoc5e age4 ,! nummulites 7 visible 9 ! rocks ( ! plateau till ab\t #ag kilometres f ! />t+-po9t1 none be+ notic$ fur!r on till ! neighb\rhood ( ! great s&-dunes 0 rea*$4 ,at #be kilometres a slight depression conta9+ num]\s hills ( :ite *alk 0 ent]$4 ,! floor ( ?is depression1 #bfg metres above sea-level1 is /rewn ) fragm5ts ( cry/all9e calcite1 probably d]iv$ f ve9s or druses 9 ! *alk4 ,! b$s "h dip slightly to ! s\?4 ,ab\t #c kilometres fur!r on ! b$s dip ab\t #e ,e4,s4,e41 s t high] b$s 7 come on2 ! dip h[ev] soon dim9i%$4 ,at #bi kilometres ! plateau rock consi/$ ( por\s silice\s lime/one1 g5]ally :ite1 b 9 places yell[1 closely resembl+ t f\nd capp+ ! sc>p 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! oasis4 ,! m>* 0 cont9u$ ov] :ite lime/ones ( v>y+ h>dness1 ) fl9ts & fragm5ts ( *alc$ony on ! surface1 & num]\s l[ lime/one-hills4 ,at #cf kilometres a *alky area 0 ent]$ on1 cov]$ ) c\ntless small r\nd$ hills ( *alky lime/one2 ^! hills1 ( :i* !re are lit]ally millions1 cov] ! gr\nd l haycocks 9 a field2 !y are g5]ally ab\t #bj metres high1 & up to #ajj metres 9 diamet]4 ,no fossils 7 se5 9 ! rocks4 ,at #gj kilometres ! hills began to get small]1 becom+ pres5tly m]e *alk-m\nds4 ,a slight depression1 ab\t a kilometre wide1 ) l>g] *alk hills1 0 cross$ at #gc kilometres1 beyond :i* 0 a long /ret* ( flat gr\nd compos$ ( sn[-:ite lime/one1 *alky to fairly h>d1 unfossilif]\s1 ) ?9 silice\s b&s4 ,at #hc kilometres occasional l[ lime/one hills 7 se5 on gr\nd o!rwise fairly level1 /rewn ) fl9ts4 ,a camel-road go+ s\?-ea/ 0 cross$ at #gg kilometres4 ,at #ib kilometres num]\s small ga/]opod ca/s 7 notic$ 9 ! *alk1 b no o!r fossils4 ,! plateau fur!r on 0 se5 to be =m$ ( a h>d ?9 b$ ( silice\s lime/one1 ) *alk bel[2 x %[s occasional depressions ) l[ hills )9 !m4 ,at #ajc kilometres ! great belt ( s&-dunes runn+ ,n4,w4-,s4,e4 0 ent]$ on4 ,close to ! dunes & 9 ! int]spaces betwe5 !m ! plateau-rock is h>d semi-cry/all9e :ite to br[ni% lime/one1 ) nummulites & small ga/]opod-ca/s4 ,! s& conta9s a good deal ( calc>e\s matt] 9 addition to ! gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,! dunes h a total wid? ( ab\t #c kilometres1 "s ( !m are ( great height1 & ! passage ) heavily lad5 camels is n )\t "s difficulty4 ,beyond ! dunes ! lime/one is frequ5tly silice\s1 wea!r$ smoky-grey on surface1 & cr[d$ ) nummulites2 ! surface ( ! gr\nd is g5]ally s&y & fl9t-/rewn4 ,at #aac kilometres a n>r[ b& ( highly silicifi$1 sup]ficially black5$1 lime/one is cross$4 ,?is b&1 :i* is only a few c5timetres broad1 runn+ nor? & s\?1 /&s up l a ve9 above ! plateau1 & is evid5tly caus$ by infiltration ( silice\s solutions 9 a crack4 ,9 ! silicifi$ "p ( ! lime/one "h ! fossils c be easily se52 !y are *iefly corals4 ,fur!r on1 ! plateau consi/s ( h>d semi-cry/all9e & horny :ite lime/one 9 :i* fossils are n se54 ,at #abc kilometres ! c\rse1 hi!rto ne>ly ea/w>d1 0 *ang$ ab\t #cj to ! nor?1 ov] ! same h>d semi-cry/all9e lime/one1 ) hillocks %[+ alt]nations ( s(t *alky b$s ) h>d] ones4 ,"s l>ge flat-topp$ hills pass$ at #acj kilometres consi/ ( horizontal lime/one-b$s1 ! l[] ones be+ *alky1 ! upp] ones h>d1 grey1 & some:at por\s4 ,beyond ?is small r\nd$ fl9ts are se5 on ! pla91 & ^! cont9ue1 increas+ 9 numb]1 till a l[ plateau 9 front is rea*$4 ,at #acd kilometres a broad camel-road go+ s\?-ea/ 0 cross$1 & at #ace kilometres ! sc>p ( a high] plateau 0 asc5d$4 ,! l[] pla9 has an altitude ( #abg metres above sea-level1 ! top ( ! plateau be+ "s #gj metres high]2 ! gr\nd h[ev] rises gradually be=e rea*+ ! esc>pm5t1 s t ! actual rise at ! sc>p is only ab\t #dj metres4 ,! b$s pass$ ?r\gh on ! asc5t are-- ,top4 #a4 ,gravels ( r\nd$ fl9ts & pebbles1 ?9 cov]+4 #b4 ,:ite *alk1 #b metres4 #c4 ,e>?y lime/one1 #fj c5timetres4 #d4 ,r$ & :ite clays & m>ls1 ab\t #cj metres4 #e4 ,s&y lime/one1 #bj c5timetres4 #f4 ,clayey lime/one1 #ae c5timetres4 #g4 ,s&y lime/one1 #fj c5timetres4 #h4 ,lime/one conglom]ate1 #a metre4 #i4 ,r$ & yell[ clays at base4 ,^! b$s appe> to dip slightly ea/w>d4 ,no fossils 7 se54 ,! top ( ! plateau is a huge level gravel-pla91 ) :ite *alky lime/one %[+ ?r\gh occasionally4 ,sometimes ?is rock %[s a loose tuface\s texture2 at o!r places x is s&y & fissile1 & n[ & aga9 x encloses small pebbles4 ,a broad camel-road go+ s\?-ea/ 0 cross$ at #ade kilometres1 & ano!r 9 ! same direction 0 cross$ at #aeg kilometres4 ,at #afb kilometres1 ! gravelly gr\nd hav+ gradually fall5 to #agi metres above sea-level1 a turn s z to take aga9 an ea/w>d c\rse 0 made1 & a long /ret* ( g5tly undulat+ gravelly gr\nd1 ) :ite lime/one %[+ ?r\gh 9 small pat*es1 0 trav]s$4 ,a camel-road go+ ea/ 0 cross$ obliquely at #ahe kilometres4 ,at #aif kilometres1 l[ gravel-cov]$ hills ( "s ext5t 7 pass$4 ,! pebbles range up to #aj or #ae c5timetres 9 diamet]1 & are well-r\nd$4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( "o ( ^! hills1 s&y *alky lime/one is se5 cropp+ out ?r\gh ! gravel :i* cov]s ! slope4 ,!n a little fur!r on are o!r l[ hills ( :ite & grey nummulitic lime/one1 only ?9ly spr9kl$ ) pebbles & s&4 ,"s ( ! b$s "h conta9 cyl9drical ne>ly v]tical holes1 "o be+ measur$ & f\nd to be #h c5timetres diamet] & #de c5timetres deep4 ,beyond ! hills j m5tion$ is a fur!r /ret* ( gravel1 till at #aii kilometres a broad l[ ridge ( :ite & creamy lime/one1 cr[d$ ) l>ge nummulites 7,n4 gizeh5sis7 is rea*$4 ,! b$s ( ?is ridge dip slightly we/4 ,! holl[s ( ! ridge are full ( bl[n s&4 ,beyond is a flat depression1 ! floor ( :i* is /rewn ) small nummulites 7,n4 curvispira71 & ) ,o/rea & o!r %ells2 !n ano!r small nummulitic ridge is cross$1 aft] :i* comes "s h>d smoky-grey silicifi$ lime/one1 ) mu* s& on ! surface4 ,at #bjb kilometres f ! />t+-po9t a slight desc5t 0 made f ! lime/one on to a %elv+ gravelly tract ) "s s&-dunes4 ,"s #d kilometres fur!r on ! wide belt ( l[ s&-dunes fr++ ! cultivat$ area we/ ( ,m9ia 0 ent]$4 ,?is s&y tract has a wid? ( ab\t #d kilometres2 x conta9s "s pat*es ( grassy l& ) pools ( wat]4 ,! village ( ,nasl ,nadiub ,l5gat1 at ! edge ( ! valley-cultivation1 0 rea*$ aft] cov]+ #bab kilometres f ! s\? po9t ( ! oasis1 ! m>* hav+ occupi$ ab\t #fj h\rs4 ,to summ>ise ! geology ( ! area cross$ 9 ! trav]se j describ$1 x w be cle> t al?\gh ! b$s :i* =m ! top ( ! sc>p at ! s\? end ( ! oasis are probably ( ,upp] ,cretace\s age1 yet ^! b$s are ov]la9 by ,eoc5e lime/one ) nummulites at a %ort di/ance 7ab\t #aj kilometres7 ea/ ( ! ,bah>ia-,f>afra road4 ,x is probable t ! entire /ret* ( lime/one-plateau betwe5 ?is po9t & ,m9ia is ,eoc5e1 nummulites be+ record$ bo? f ne> ! c5tre ( ! tract & f ! edge ( ! des]t ne> ,m9ia4 ,! s(t] *alky b$s trav]s$ appe> /ratigraphically l[] ?an ! ,nummulite-lime/one1 & w\ld seem to correspond to ! *alky-lime/ones ) ,op]cul9a libyca & ,luc9a !baica :i* occur s con/antly ne> ! base ( ! ,eoc5e 9 ,kh>ga ,oasis4 ,! gravels1 z already rem>k$ 9 ref]r+ to ! ,m9ia-,bah>ia road1 are ( unc]ta9 age1 b are c]ta9ly ,po/-,eoc5e4 ,! s&-dune belt cross$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! tract is ! same z t cross$ on ! outw>d j\rney f ,m9ia1 & ext5ds = a great di/ance nor? & s\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,bah>ia-,f>afra road4 ,! road f ,bah>ia to ,f>afra1 trav]s$ by ,cailliaud 9 #ahbj1bf & by ,jordan 9 #ahgdbg1 0 tak5 by a p>ty ( ! ,geological ,survey 9 proce$+ to ,f>afra aft] survey+ ! we/ side ( ,bah>ia4 ,! />t 0 made f ! same po9t z ! return trav]se to ,m9ia1 viz41 ! po9t ( asc5t ( ! ,f>afra road at ! s\? sc>p ( ,bah>ia 7lat4 #bg #dh #ac ,n41 long4 #bh #cb #di ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*71 & ! g5]al c\rse tak5 0 9 a direction #cj-dj we/ ( s\?4 ,a second1 almo/ disus$1 road f ,bah>ia to ,f>afra asc5ds ! we/]n esc>pm5t f ! depression #c kilometres fur!r nor?1 foll[s a n>r[ plateau at ! base ( ! *alk esc>pm5t & jo9s ! ma9 road "s di/ance s\? ( ! extreme end ( ! oasis-depression4 ,! ma9 road aft] asc5d+ ! sc>p at ! extreme s\? end ( ! depression1 at ! po9t m5tion$1 proce$s at fir/ 9 a direction ab\t #cj we/ ( s\?1 ov] a lime/one plateau1 ) s&/ones & clays bel[4 ,aft] #d kilometres h>d concretion>y grey s&/ones are notic$1 & #c kilometres fur!r on a small hill ( h>d false-b$d$ grey s&/one is pass$4 ,! esc>pm5t ( ! ,:ite ,*alk n[ approa*es )9 #b kilometres ( ! road on ! "r h&1 on ! left be+ slightly fur!r away4 ,^! esc>pm5ts run p>allel ) ! road = "s #e kilometres1 =m+ a l>ge bay1 until at #ab kilometres ! road passes ?r\gh a n>r[ pass ) ! cliffs ( :ite *alk q close on ei!r side4 ,almo/ imm$iately ! cliffs aga9 rec$e1 =m+ a small bay op5+ into ano!r /ill l>g] at #ad kilometres4 ,at ?is po9t an isolat$ *alk /ack1 ) great masses ( fibr\s calcite at ! base1 is pass$1 & ?is hill makes a conv5i5t po9t = a survey-/ation4 ,sev]al m isolat$ hills are n[ pass$ & !n ! *alk sc>ps on ei!r side close up & jo91 ! road pass+ up ! esc>pm5t at ! end ( ! bay & ga9+ ! summit ( ! :ite *alk at #bj kilometres4 ,! b$s =m+ ! plateau betwe5 ! end ( ! oasis-depression & ?is esc>pm5t ( :ite *alk belong to ! middle s]ies ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 ! 8v>iegat$ clays & s&/ones10 fully describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,f ! top ( ! :ite *alk esc>pm5t ! road cont9ues 9 a well-ma9ta9$ direction ( ab\t #dj we/ ( s\?1 ov] a m or less level gravelly pla9 ) outcrops ( h>d cry/all9e lime/one or *alk4 ,ano!r1 less us$1 road to ,f>afra1 via ! bay to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,a9 el ,wadi 79 ,f>afra ,oasis71 probably bran*es (f ab\t ?is po9t4 ,at #ce kilometres a small hill ( silice\s lime/one is pass$ & ! *alk =ms a slight esc>pm5t a little way to ! left4 ,ab\t a kilometre fur!r on a ridge ( d>k br[n f]rug9\s s&/one is cross$ & almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds1 at #di kilometres1 ! road desc5ds ?r\gh sn[-:ite *alk cliffs into ! depression ( ,f>afra4 ,! *alk =m+ ! cliffs wea!rs 9 places to a smoky-black col\r4 ,at ! bottom ( ! desc5t1 :i* is g5tle & pres5ts no difficulties1 an isolat$ hill occurs on ! left & f ?is ! d>k clump ( palms ( ,a9 el ,wadi is pla9ly visible be>+ #i we/ ( s\? & di/ant ab\t #af kilometres4 ,f ,a9 el ,wadi to ,f>afra village is ano!r day's m>* ( #dc kilometres1 ! road be>+ ab\t #ce we/ ( s\?1 b = details ! read] is ref]r$ to ! report on ,f>afra ,oasis4#bh ,) reg>d to ! geology ( ! road across ! plateau sep>at+ ,bah>ia & ,f>afra1 ! age ( ! b$s fir/ pass$ ov] has already be5 m5tion$4 ,aft] ris+ on to ! :ite *alk ! surface ( ?is =mation is foll[$ "r up to ! desc5t into ,f>afra4 ,al?\gh occasional cry/all9e lime/ones are cross$1 ^!1 ) ! surface accumulations ( fl9ty mat]ial1 are only sk9 deep & ! =m] probably repres5ts ! upp] "p ( ! *alk itself4 ,no ,eoc5e b$s 7 obs]v$1 & x is extremely d\btful if any exi/2 9 ! latt] case !y w\ld be pat*es ( ,op]cul9a-nummulitic lime/one f ! base ( ! ,esna ,%ales1 z ?is lime/one is sometimes left capp+ ! surface ( ! :ite *alk aft] complete d5udation ( ! %ales above1 z 9 ! bay to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,a9 el ,wadi4 ,we ?us see t ! ,cretace\s ( ,bah>ia is cont9u\s ) t ( ,f>afra & t ! int]v5+ des]t is n =m$ ( ! ,nummulitic lime/ones ( ! ,eoc5e z =m]ly suppos$ & %[n on ! ,rohlfs ,exp$ition map4#bi ,sid5ote3 ,o!r ,roads4 ,besides ! r\tes already m5tion$1 !re are sev]al o!r roads connect+ ,bah>ia ) ,siwa ,oasis1 ! ,fayum1 & ! ,nile ,valley4 ,( ! pr9cipal ( ^! we h a fairly accurate k f ! records ( sci5tific travell]s1 su* z ,jordan & ,as*]son1 & x may be well to m5tion briefly ! *ief po9ts conc]n+ !m4 ,! road f ,siwa#cj 0 trav]s$ by ,jordan 9 #ahgd1 ! m>* occupy+ t5 days4 ,leav+ ,siwa 7,n4 lat4 #bi #ab #j1 long4 #be #ca #j ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*1 altitude #be metres bel[ sea-level71 ! road foll[s an ea/-s\?-ea/ c\rse = ab\t #hj kilometres2 x !n turns slightly m s\?w>ds1 r\nd+ ! corn] ( ! plateau 7,pa*o ,mt4 ( ,rohlfs7 & aft]w>ds pass+ ?r\gh ! deep depressions ( ,aradj 7- #gj m47 & ,uttiah 7- #bj m47 to ! s\? side ( ,lake ,sittra 7- #be m41 ,n4 lat4 #bh #db #dj1 long4 #bg #d #bc ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*1 #agj kilometres di/ant f ,siwa74 ,f ,sittra an ea/]ly c\rse is tak5 = "s #eb kilometres1 :5 ano!r slight turn to ! s\? is made1 ! oasis ( ,bah>ia be+ ent]$ by desc5d+ ! sc>p "s #c kilometres slightly nor? ( we/ ( ,el ,qasr4 ,betwe5 ,sittra & ! edge ( ! oasis ! gr\nd1 :i* is ( nummulitic lime/one1 rises gradually b /eadily1 ! level at ! edge ( ! oasis be+ #aid metres above sea4 ,! di/ance f ,sittra to ,el ,qasr is ab\t #ahj kilometres1 mak+ ! total di/ance along ! r\te tak5 f ,siwa ab\t #cej kilometres4 ,! road f ! ,fayum to ,bah>ia1 tak5 by ,belzoni 9 #ahai1 ,pa*o 9 #ahbc1 & ,as*]son 9 #ahgf1 has a total l5g? ( ab\t #bdj kilometres1 & occupies "s six days 9 m>*+4 ,leav+ ,m$9et el ,fayum ! road proce$s s\?-we/ via ,gh>ag to ,wadi ,rayan 7#bi m4 bel[ sea-level1 ab\t #ge kilometres f ,m$9et el ,fayum7 :]e a supply ( wat] is obta9able f sev]al diff]5t spr+s4 ,f ,a9 ,rayan ! road proce$s s\?-we/ ov] a ris+ nummulitic lime/one plateau1 cross+ ! s-call$ ,bahr bela ,ma a little nor? ( ! ,maghagha-,bah>ia road4 ,at 8,el ,bahr0 7#ajj kilometres f ,a9 ,rayan7 a turn is made to ! ,w4,s4,w42 ! s&-dunes ( ,abu ,moh>ik are cross$ a little fur!r on1 & ! oasis is ent]$ at ! nor!rn extremity by ! same 8agaba0 z t tak5 by ! ,maghagha road4 ,)9 ! oasis ! road bran*es z already describ$1 ! we/ bran* lead+ to ,el ,qasr & ! ea/ "o to ,zubbo4 ,ano!r r\te mak+ use ( ! same po9t ( entry into ! oasis z t j describ$ is m>k$ on ,as*]son's map z com+ f ,bahnessa1 a l>ge village on ! ,bahr ,yusuf1 ne> ! we/]n edge ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,?is road1 :i* is "s #aij kilometres 9 l5g?1 leads almo/ due we/ ov] a monoton\s plateau till ne> ! oasis1 :]e x jo9s ! roads f ! ,fayum & ,maghagha4 ,! road betwe5 ,bah>ia & ,samalut1 trav]s$ on 8 return j\rney by ,as*]son 9 #ahgf1 appe>s to be ! %orte/ connection betwe5 ! oasis & ! ,nile ,valley4 ,its c\rse is due we/1 & its total l5g? to ,m&i%a ab\t #ahj kilometres4 ,leav+ ,samalut ! cultivation is cross$ via ,mangat9 to ,rubi2 ?is latt] village is on ! edge ( ! des]t1 ab\t #e kilometres we/ ( ,samalut4 ,! road proce$s ov] a monoton\s rocky & gravelly plateau1 cross+ ! great s&-dune belt ( ,abu ,moh>ik ab\t #abb kilometres we/ ( ,samalut1 & ent]+ ! oasis ne> ,a9 ,gelid by ! same desc5t z t us$ by ! ,survey p>ty f ,m9ia4 ,! j\rney f ,bawitti to ,samalut occupi$ ,as*]son f\r days4 ,/ill ano!r road f ! ,nile ,valley1 likewise ent]+ ! oasis ne> ,a9 ,gelid1 is m>k$ on ,as*]son's map z com+ f ,delga1 a village ne> ! we/ edge ( ! valley-cultivation4 ,?is road has a ,n4,n4,w4 c\rse1 & a total l5g? f ,delga to ,m&i%a ( ab\t #aij kilometres4 ,x crosses ! s&-dunes ( ,abu ,moh>ik ab\t #acj kilometres f ,delga1 i4e41 ab\t #dj kilometres be=e rea*+ ! edge ( ! oasis4 ,sev]al o!r roads />t f po9ts /ill fur!r s\?1 su* z ,d] el ,m>agh1 ,b5iadi1 ,assiut1 etc41 & mo/ ( ! villages along ! we/ side ( ! ,nile ,valley betwe5 ,assiut & ! ,fayum h bran* tracks :i* jo9 ! ma9 roads at diff]5t po9ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #ag3 ,= rem>ks on ! survey+ ( des]t roads1 & on ! possibility ( trav]s+ ! op5 des]t1 see ,,ball ,kh>ga ,oasis 7,reports ( ! ,geolog4 ,survey = #ahii1 ,"p ,,ii7 ,cairo1 #aija1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #ah3 ,= details ( ^! hills & ,wadi ,muailla see ,,beadnell1 ,! ,topography & ,geology ( ! ,fayum1 etc41 ,survey ,dept4 ,p4 ,w4 ,m4 ,cairo1 79 ! press74 ,footnote #ai3 ,op4 cit4 p4 ,,cxxxvi4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,s*we9fur? 9 8,pet4 ,mitt40 #ahgf1 p4 #bfe2 also ,as*]son 9 8,zeits*rift d4 ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde0 zu ,b]l91 #ahhe1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #ba3 ,,beadnell1 ,dc\v]tes ,gologiques ,rc5tes dans la ,valle du ,nil et le ,ds]t ,liby51 compte r5du1 ,v,i,i,ie ,congrs ,gologique int]national1 #aijj2 ,p>is #aija1 p4 #hdg4 7,rec5t ,geological ,discov]ies 9 ! ,nile ,valley & ,libyan ,des]t1 ,london1 #aijj47 ,footnote #bb3 ,= a brief description ( ^! deposits see ,dc\v]tes ,gologiques1 etc41 pp4 #hfc-hfe4 ,footnote #bc3 ,geolog4 ,mag4 ,jan4 #aijj1 ,no4 #dbg1 p4 #ah1 & op4 cit4 7,dc\v]tes gologiques71 p4 #hdg4 ,footnote #bd3 ,,ball4 ,kh>ga ,oasis1 p4 #bc1 ,cairo #aijj4 ,^! gravels 7 exam9$ & mapp$ 9 ! ,survey ( ! ,nile ,valley 9 #ahif4 7,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,b47 ,footnote #be3 ,jordan's position = ?is po9t is approximately lat4 #bg #df #bj ,n41 long4 #bh #cf #bj ,e4 ( ,gre5wi*1 altitude #aic metres above sea-level4 ,footnote #bf3 ,voyage ,mro1 etc41 vol4 #a1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #bg3 ,physis*e ,geographie d] libys*5 ,w/e1 p4 viii4 ,footnote #bh3 ,,beadnell1 ,f>afra ,oasis1 its ,topography & ,geology1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,egypt ,report1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 ,cairo1 #aija4 ,footnote #bi3 ,dc\v]tes ,gologiques ,rc5tes etc41 p4 #hej4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see ! geological map accompany+ ,zittel's ,geologie d] libys*5 ,w/e1 ,cassel #ahhc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,topography ,,( ,,! ,,oasis4 ,z already m5tion$ 9 ! ,introduction1 ,bah>ia ,oasis is a l>ge natural excavation 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t plateau4 ,previ\sly exi/+ maps frequ5tly indicate ?is depression z be+ op5 t[>ds ! ea/1 b "o ( ! results ( ! survey exp$ition has be5 to %[ t su* a repres5tation is errone\s1 ,bah>ia diff]+ f ! s\!rn oases 9 be+ entirely surr\nd$ by an esc>pm5t1 = ! mo/ "p /eep & difficult ( asc5t4 ,9 plan ! oasis is ( highly irregul> outl9e1 m p>ticul>ly on its we/]n side2 b ! g5]al %ape ( ! excavation is t ( a l>ge oval1 ) its major axis runn+ nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 & ) a n>r[ blunt po9t$ ext5sion at ea* end4 ,! extreme l5g? 7,n4,e4-,s4,w47 is ab\t #id kilometres1 & its greate/ wid?1 measur$ at "r angles to its l5g?1 "s #db kilometres4 ,! av]age dep? f ! g5]al des]t plateau-level to ! floor ( ! excavation is r less ?an a hundr$ metres4 ,?us1 ?\gh commonly call$ ! 8little oasis0 9 contradi/9ction to ! /ill l>g] areas ( ,f>afra1 ,kh>ga & ,dakhla1 ,bah>ia is ( consid]able size1 cov]+ 9 all ov] #a1hjj squ>e kilometres4 ,)9 ! excavation1 & ris+ up f its floor1 9 "s cases to a great] height ?an ! b\nd+ sc>ps1 are num]\s hills1 ! l>g] g5]ally hav+ flat tops & ! small] ones be+ m or less conical4 ,! cultivat$ l&s1 :i* lie almo/ entirely ar\nd ! villages 9 ! nor? "p ( ! oasis1 be> only a v small ratio to ! entire oasis-area1 probably n exce$+ 9 all1 includ+ palm-groves1 #aa squ>e kilometres2 ! rema9d] ( ! floor is1 h[ev]1 by no means absolutely wat]less or totally devoid ( vegetation1 z num]\s spr+s exi/ 9 c]ta9 areas1 outside ! cultivation-limits1 & des]t grasses & scrub cov] consid]able tracts2 ext5sive sal9es1 n[ mo/ly ne>ly dri$ up1 are f\nd 9 "s localities4 ,x w be conv5i5t to consid] ! topography ( ! oasis "u ! foll[+ pr9cipal heads3-- #a4 ,! b\nd+ esc>pm5ts2 #b4 ,! hills )9 ! oasis2 #c4 ,! floor ( ! oasis1 includ+ ! villages1 hamlets & spr+s4 ,i4--,! ,b\nd+ esc>pm5ts4--,at ! mo/ nor!rly po9t ( ! oasis is a n>r[ ext5sion "s #d kilometres wide1 enclos+ a l>ge black hill1 ,jebel ,horabi4 ,! portion ( ! sc>p1 or wall1 :i* b\nds ?is ext5sion is l[] & less /eep ?an t fur!r s\?1 z ! level ( ! oasis-floor rises consid]ably t[>ds ! hill j m5tion$4 ,! roads f ,fe%n1 ,maghagha & ! ,fayum ent] at ! nor?-ea/ po9t ( ! ext5sion2 ! desc5t is easy1 ! fall f ! plateau into ! oasis-area be+ ab\t #gj metres1 ) a fur!r drop ( "s #cj metres j aft] pass+ ,jebel ,horabi4 ,at ?is latitude ! depression op5s out consid]ably1 ! esc>pm5t on ! "o side tr5d+ to ! s\?-we/1 :ile t on ! o!r side turns a little ea/ ( s\?2 ab\t #h kilometres fur!r on !re is a sudd5 wid5+ ( ! excavation1 ! sc>ps retreat+ respectively ea/ & we/1 s t be=e ! latitude ( ! villages is rea*$ ! oasis has a wid? ( "s #bh kilometres4 ,betwe5 ! latitude ( ! villages & ,a9 el ,haiss a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! two sc>ps is noticeable2 bo? curve r\nd s z to enclose a wide oval area1 b :ile t on ! ea/ side %[s a comp>atively smoo? outl9e1 brok5 only by a few small project+ headl&s & gullies1 ! we/]n b\nd+ wall displays a highly irregul> %ape1 long irregul> tongues ( plateau be+ sep>at$ by wide or n>r[ 8bays40 ,on ! ea/ side1 ! mo/ consid]able irregul>ity is ne> ,a9 ,gelid2 s\?-ea/ ( ?is spr+ ! road f ,m9ia ent]s d[n a g5tly-fall+ op5 s&y gully1 ) a long squ>e-end$ tongue ( plateau to ! s\? ( x4 ,fur!r s\? two o!r roads1 p]haps bran*es ( ! "o j m5tion$1 ent] by small] gullies2 ! sc>p "h has become mu* less =midable ?an fur!r nor?1 & ! top ( ! plateau is cov]$ ) c\ntless small conical hills ( :ite *alk4 ,ne> ! nor? end ( ! l>ge hill-mass ,e4,n4,e4 ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 ! ea/]n sc>p almo/ disappe>s1 ! oasis-floor hav+ ris5 consid]ably2 x becomes m m>k$ fur!r on1 & cont9ues to ! s\?1 ?\gh ( no great height1 ) lime/one ridges at its foot4 ,j s\? ( ! l>ge hill-mass ref]r$ to1 ! l[] lime/one ridges unite s z to =m a regul> esc>pm5t1 :i* cont9ues s\?w>d z ! limit+-wall ( ! oasis1 ! upp] sc>p n[ =m+ ! edge ( a high] plateau ab\t a kilometre away f ! oasis-edge4 ,! two esc>pm5ts run almo/ p>allel1 "o =m+ a /ep above ! o!r1 to ! s\? end ( ! oasis2 ! l[] "o1 =m+ ! oasis-wall prop]1 is mu* m consid]able ?an ! upp]1 & ! edge ( ! upp] "o is frequ5tly brok5 into hills4 ,small *alk-hills cont9ue to cov] ! upp] plateau4 ,f ,jebel ,horabi1 at ! extreme nor? end ( ! depression1 ! we/]n wall1 or esc>pm5t1 tr5ds 9 a g5]al direction ( #cj s\? ( we/ = ab\t #bj kilometres be=e x turns & runs "s #e kilometres s\?1 =m+ ! prom95t headl& ab\t #b kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,el ,qasr4 ,?is cliff1 probably ! bolde/ "p ( ! :ole oasis-wall1 atta9s a height ( "s #age metres above ! l[e/ "p ( ! floor ( ! depression4 ,x is /eep ?r\gh\t & ! only practicable passes to ! plateau above are ?r\gh occasional gullies1 9 :i* ! slopes are ( easi] gradi5t4 ,! ma9 c>avan road f ,el ,qasr & ,bawitti to ,mog>a & ,alex&ria ga9s ! plateau by ! long n>r[ gully #f kilometres ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,el ,qasr4 ,to ! s\? ( ! headl&1 #b kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,el ,qasr1 ! esc>pm5t runs back & =ms a rem>kable n>r[ bay1 runn+ ea/ & we/1 ) an av]age wid? ( only #d kilometres1 & ext5d+ "s #ah kilometres we/ ( ,el ,qasr4 ,?is ind5tation is sep>at$ f a mu* l>g] op5+ to ! s\? by a long n>r[ promontory1 or tongue ( plateau1 b>ely a kilometre wide 9 places4 ,! extreme po9t ( ?is tongue is #i kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,bawitti4 ,! l>ge bay to ! s\? is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! usual /eep wall ( rock1 b ?is becomes mu* less prom95t at ! we/]n extremity1 :]e ! esc>pm5t is l[ & easily accessible to camels4 ,a few kilometres out to ! we/ is ano!r esc>pm5t ( :ite *alk tr5d+ irregul>ly 9 a ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 direction4 ,an old road1 probably jo9+ ! ma9 c>avan road f ,bawitti to ,siwa fur!r we/1 runs up ?is bay & on to ! plateau beyond4 ,num]\s l>ge & small hills occur )9 ! bay4 ,! s\!rn cliff1 =m$ ( d>k br[n or black f]rug9\s s&/ones1 is rem>kably irregul>1 & q diff]5t 9 appe>ance & wea!r+ f ! nor!rn wall4 ,! promontory to ! s\? ( ?is bay juts out boldly into ! oasis-area4 ,fur!r s\? ! esc>pm5t rec$es & runs 9 ! mo/ irregul> mann] "s #be kilometres s\?-we/1 sev]al times retreat+ to =m well-m>k$ ind5tations 9 ! g5]al l9e ( cliff2 x aft]w>ds tr5ds #ae kilometres s\?-ea/ up to ! prom95t corn] #d kilometres we/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,a road f ,a9 el ,haiss to ,siwa rea*es ! esc>pm5t #ae kilometres nor?-we/ ( ! spr+1 pass+ up a gully ( easy gradi5t to ! plateau4 ,ab\t #g kilometres fur!r on ! *alk esc>pm5t1 already m5tion$1 is se5 runn+ ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 ,ab\t ! latitude ( ,a9 el ,haiss ! ea/ & we/ esc>pm5ts approa* ea* o!r consid]ably1 ! wid? ( ! depression n>r[+ f "s #cf to ab\t #ae kilometres4 ,?is n>r[+ cont9ues1 ?\gh m gradually1 to ! s\!rn extremity1 :]e ! wid? is only #d kilometres4 ,! we/]n side1 s\? ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 is =m$ ( ?ree sep>ate sc>ps1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 ! out]mo/ be+ t ( :ite *alk :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,on ! ea/ a second sc>p ( less height is f\nd beh9d ! l[]4 ,! height ( ! ma9 sc>p above ! oasis floor at ! s\!rn end ( ! oasis is ab\t #hj metres4 ,at ! extreme s\? ! ma9 road f ,bah>ia to ,f>afra asc5ds up an easy gradi5t to ! plateau above ! l[e/ esc>pm5t1 ! o!rs be+ cross$ fur!r to ! s\?4 ,! ,hills )9 ! ,oasis-excavation4--,! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ! topography ( ,bah>ia ,oasis is ! l>ge numb] ( hills )9 ! area4 ,^! hills imp$e ! view1 s t f v few po9ts on ! l[ gr\nd c any ext5d$ outlook be obta9$1 & !y give to ,bah>ia an appe>ance entirely diff]5t f t :i* *>act]ises ! o!r ,egyptian oases4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^! hills h a black aspect1 due to ! nature ( ! rocks 7f]rug9\s qu>tzites & dol]ite7 capp+ !m2 a few are r$di% 7f]rug9\s s&/one & o*re\s clay72 o!rs aga9 are :ite 7lime/one74 ,! mo/ /rongly-m>k$ gr\p ( hills is t ext5d+ 9 a ne>ly /raight nor?-ea/]ly direction a few kilometres s\? ( ! villages4 ,=m+ a prolongation ( ! long tongue ( ! we/ sc>p already m5tion$1 ?is l9e ( hills almo/ cuts ! oasis 9 two4 ,! l>ge/ hill ( ! range1 ,jebel ,hefhuf1 a n>r[1 ridge-l hill ( lime/one1 has a black appe>ance at its nor!rn end1 be+ "h compos$ ( dol]ite2 ! o!rs capp$ entirely by br[n lime/one & p>tly swa!d 9 accumulations ( bl[n s& are ( light] aspect4 ,!y rise to a height ( "s #acj metres above ! level ( ! villages4 ,! l>ge1 d>k1 dol]ite-capp$ hill betwe5 ,el ,qasr-,bawitti & ,zubbo-,m&i%a 7,jebel ,m&i%a7 divides ! two ma9 cultivat$ tracts ( ! oasis f ea* o!r1 ! road f ,m&i%a to ,el ,qasr pass+ ov] its s\!rn end4 ,a simil> mass is ,jebel ,mayesra1 ! l>ge triangul> hill nor? ( ,jebel ,m&i%a2 ! blackness ( ,jebel ,horabi1 9 ! nor? end ( ! oasis1 is1 on ! o!r h&1 due n to eruptive rocks b to ! pres5ce ( iron ore 9 consid]able quantity4 ,! huge hill-mass ne> ! ea/ sc>p1 nor? ( ! latitude ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 is ( black5$ s&/one1 l mo/ ( ! hills ne> x2 "s ( ^? we/ ( x are1 h[ev]1 :ite1 ow+ to a capp+ ( lime/one1 & ^! /& out 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! o!rs4 ,no purpose w\ld be s]v$ by a detail$ description ( ! small] hills2 _! positions w be evid5t f ! map 7,plate ,i71 & except 9 ! case ( ! l>g] ones1 !re is a great monotony ( =m1 ne>ly all ! small] hills be+ conical4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ conical hills is se5 ne> ! we/ sc>p 9 lat4 #bh #bf ,n4 7#aj kilometres nor?-ea/ f ,el ,qasr72 ?is1 h[ev]1 is a lime/one-capp$ hill1 ?us diff]+ f ! num]\s cones 9 ! s\? "p ( ! oasis1 :i* are mo/ly capp$ by h>d d>k f]rug9\s qu>tzites & s&/ones4 ,! ,floor ( ! ,oasis4--,! l[e/ "p ( ! oasis-floor appe>s to be 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,el ,qasr1 :]e ! altitude above sea-level is ab\t #aac metres4 ,m&i%a lies some:at high]1 & ! hamlet ( ,h>ra1 ) ! spr+s ,a9 ,gelid & ,a9 ,haswi lie on a level tract "s #acd metres above sea-level4 ,a9 el ,haiss1 accord+ to ! ,survey's b>ometric comp>isons ) ,cairo1 has an altitude ( #aef metres above sea2 z ,jordan's det]m9ation1 h[ev]1 gave only #abb metres1 !re is "s little unc]ta9ty ab\t ! actual altitude ( ?is po9t4 ,z might be expect$1 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! oasis-floor are ^? :]e spr+s ab\nd2 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! hills & esc>pm5ts !re is always a gradual upw>d slope t[>ds ! bases ( ! hills & plateau4 ,! major "p ( ! oasis-floor is flat or g5tly undulat+ gr\nd ( s&/ones & clays1 /rewn ) fragm5ts ( rock d]iv$ f ! hills2 l>ge areas1 h[ev]1 are ov]gr[n ) grasses & scatt]$ bu%es1 notably to ! nor? & we/ ( ! villages1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,a9 ,gelid1 s\?-ea/ ( ,jebel ,hefhuf1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,a9 el ,haiss2 :ile o!r ext5sive tracts nor? ( ! villages1 z well z s\?-ea/ ( ,m&i%a & betwe5 ,h>ra & ,a9 ,gelid1 are cov]$ by salty m>%es1 n[ p>tly dri$ up4 ,! :ite salty cru/s on ! gr\nd at ^! places give !m a /rik+ appe>ance1 l a slightly r\gh glitt]+ %eet ( wat]4 ,! tracts nor? ( ,zubbo & ne> ,h>ra /ill conta9 mu* wat] & salty sludge2 travell+ ov] !m ne$s great caution1 z ! dry cru/ w (t5 support ! weight ( a man1 :ile a camel s9ks ?r\gh into ! s(t mire b5ea?4 ,s&-accumulations d n cov] su* l>ge tracts 9 ,bah>ia z 9 ! s\!rn oases2 !re are1 h[ev]1 "s small dunes ar\nd ! cultivat$ l&s ( ,m&i%a & ,zubbo1 z well z on "s ( ! hill-sides2 ! dunes support a scanty gr[? ( tam>isk-bu%es4 ,! pr9cipal villages ( ,bah>ia are f\r 9 numb]1 all situat$ ne> toge!r 9 ! nor? "p ( ! oasis 9 ,n4 lat4 #bh #ba to #bh #bb4 ,!y are sep>at$ into two gr\ps by a l>ge hill 7,jebel ,m&i%a71 ,el ,qasr & ,bawitti ly+ to ! we/1 & ,m&i%a & ,zubbo to ! ea/4 ,! ,gov]nm5t (ficials reside at ,bawitti & ,el ,qasr4 ,accord+ to ! la/ c5sus1#ca ! population ( ! oasis 9 #ahig 0 #f1jha divid$ among ! f\r villages z foll[s3-- ,el ,qasr #a4gab ,bawitti #a4gac ,m&i%a #a4gih ,zubbo #hehcb ,! males slightly outnumb] ! opposite sex4 ,! villages are small un9t]e/+ collections ( mud hovels1 surr\nd$ by g>d5s1 palm-groves1 & cultivat$ l&s4 ,besides ! cultivat$ tracts exi/+ close ar\nd ! villages1 !re are o!rs at po9ts m or less di/ant f !m1 till$ by m5 f ! villages4 ,su* are se51 = in/ance1 we/ ( ,zubbo2 at ,a9 ,bayum1 a spr+ ) a small cultivat$ area1 among ! s&-dunes #d kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,zubbo1 :]e a clump ( date-palms =ms a conspicu\s l&m>k2 ,a9 ,s9i & ,a9 ,murun1 #g kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,el ,qasr2 also "s small tracts we/ (1 & a l>ge area s\?-we/ (1 ,bawitti4 ,a9 ,au5a1 ,el ,ayun1 & o!r po9ts m>k$ on ,as*]son's map1 are probably )9 ?is la/ area4 ,tak+ ! :ole cultivat$ l&1 inclusive ( palm-groves1 at #aa sq4 kilometres1 ! area p] individual ( population works out to ab\t #jdc f$dans2 ?is figure is some:at l[] ?an ,kh>ga 7#jef f$dan7 & consid]ably less ?an t ( ,dakhla 7#adi74 ,:ile ,kh>ga exports practically no?+1 ,bah>ia does a consid]able export trade ) ! ,nile ,valley1 pr9cipally 9 dates1 al?\gh n on s l>ge a scale z ,dakhla4 ,9 & ne> ! villages spr+s are extremely num]\s2 ! wat] is met ) at %all[ dep?s1 & does n require1 z 9 ,kh>ga & ,dakhla1 deep-bor$ wells4 ,x is l$ f its s\rces along und]gr\nd aqu$ucts1 :i* date f ! ,roman occupation2 a description ( ^! w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] on antiquities 7p4 #gc-hj74 ,no attempt 0 made by ! survey to map or numb] ! wells & spr+s )9 ! vic9ity ( ! villages2 !y are mo/ly conceal$ 9 ! palm-groves & g>d5s4 ,! wat] is slightly f]rug9\s1 & frequ5tly w>m1 bubbles ( c>bon dioxide ris+ ) x4 ,at ,bawitti1 ! l>ge/ spr+ is cold1 b "o close by x is w>m1 al?\gh none approa* ! high temp]ature ( ! ,dakhla wells4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( wat] 9 ,m&i%a1 is a well1 situat$ ne> ! cemet]y1 #g metres deep & timb]$ ) palm trunks2 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is #bf ,c4 7air #ab ,c471 & :5 fre%ly drawn x is turbid ) bubbles ( c>bon dioxide4#cc ,! process ( clean+ out wells & bor+ fre% ones 9 ,bah>ia is done ) a v simple app>atus1 an iron jump] ab\t #a metres 9 l5g?1 #e c5timetres diamet]1 work$ by a rope pass+ ?r\gh an eye at "o end1 be+ ! only bor+-tool us$4 ,clean+ out wells is c>ri$ on by ?is tool 9 conjunction ) ! 8fass0 7a sort ( blunt adze us$ univ]sally = digg+ op]ations 9 ,egypt7 & a rude basket-app>atus = ! removal ( s& & sludge4 ,! upp] "p ( ! hole hav+ be5 excavat$ by ! 8fass10 ! jump] is work$ by h&1 no tripod or o!r frame be+ erect$2 ! sludge is rais$ by a small basket ( plait$ grass1 fitt$ on to ! l[] end ( ! jump]1 l[]$ into ! hole by a rope1 ! s& settl+ 9 ! basket aft] jump+ ! iron tool1 ) ! basket atta*$1 )9 ! well4 ,! hole is g5]ally made #ge c5timetres diamet]1 & s9k+ is said to g on at ! rate ( metre p] h\r1 t5 m5 be+ employ$1 :o relieve ea* o!r4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ?is app>atus is capable ( s9k+ new wells1 be+ only us$ = clean+ out old ones2 mo/ ( ! wat] us$ is d]iv$ f anci5t ,roman adits4 ,! wat] f a s+le spr+ (t5 supplies sev]al l&-own]s2 ! usual me?od ( di/ribution is by means ( a wood5 weir1 9 ! upp] edge ( :i* rectangul> not*es are cut1 ea* individual be+ entitl$ to ! wat] :i* fl[s ?r\gh a c]ta9 numb] ( not*es4 ,z a rule1 ! spr+s are bank$ up at night1 s t ! wat] accumulates 9 a l>ge pool ne>1 & is all[$ to run on to ! fields 9 ! daytime4 ,taxation 9 ,bah>ia & ,f>afra is bas$ on ! l& cultivat$ & n1 z 9 ,kh>ga & ,dakhla1 on ! wat]4 ,date-palms1 are tax$ #ae milliemes p] annum4 ,! numb]s ( trees at ! #ahig assessm5t 71 apricots1 #d1hfc2 olives1 #e1cgj2 palms1 #ic1jjj1 or ab\t fifte5 ( ! latt] p] inhabitant4#cd ,! great article ( produce 9 ! oasis is !re=e dates1 & at ! date-ga!r+ season ! inhabitants are busily employ$ 9 ga!r+1 dry+ & pack+ ! fruit = export to ! ,nile ,valley4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole date production are export$4 ,! dates are ( excell5t quality1 & f9d a ready sale1 ! villages ( ! oasis be+ cr[d$ ) camels & trad]s f ! valley ea* ,novemb]4 ,a camel-load ( dates1 pack$ 9 two plait$-grass bags1 is b\ght 9 ! oasis = #ejj milliemes1 & is said to be sold 9 ! ,nile ,valley = f\r times t sum1 s t ! ,b$u91 to :om ! trad+ is almo/ :olly conf9$1 ev5 all[+ = difficulties ( transport1 make a good pr(it4 ,?\gh dates are ! only fruit export$1 olives1 apricots1 grapes1 pomegranates1 oranges1 lemons1 & figs are gr[n 9 great numb]s1 & ab\t #fjj f$dans are cultivat$ ) rice1 :eat & b>ley crops4 ,clov] is s[n aft] ! rice crop is ga!r$4 ,! area ( l& cultivat$ = c]eals is said to be sl[ly dim9i%+ ye> by ye>1 hav+ be5 #ijj f$dans fifte5 ye>s ago2 ! decrease is put d[n to a dim9i%$ yield f ! spr+s1 ow+ to _! becom+ s&$ & *ok$ up1 b = ?is ! inhabitants are !mselves l>gely to blame1 z !y d n take suffici5t measures to keep ! wells free4 ,x may be t wat] has be5 div]t$ to ! palm-groves1 ^! furni%+ ! saleable article4 ,x w be app>5t1 f ! figures already giv51 t palm-groves cov] ! great] portion ( ! irrigat$ l& ar\nd ! villages4 ,! public heal? ( ! oasis is f> f good4 ,?\gh free f ! op?almia :i* is s preval5t 9 ! ,nile ,valley1 ! inhabitants suff] mu* f fev]s & ga/ric disord]s1 & accord+ to ! ,gov]nm5t doctor virul5t epidemics ( small-pox occasionally visit ! place4 ,! l[ /&>d ( heal? is p>tly attributable to ! bad quality ( ! wat]1 b is probably highly aggravat$ by ! swampy gr\nd f\nd 9 _m localities4 ,x is also noticeable t no tr\ble is tak5 to protect ! dr9k+-wat] f contam9ation4 ,besides ! f\r pr9cipal villages already m5tion$1 small settlem5ts exi/ at ,m&i%a ,aguza1 #b kilometres ea/ by s\? f ,m&i%a2 at ,h>ra1 a t9y hamlet #ad kilometres ea/ ( ,m&i%a2 at ,a9 ,jaf>ra1 #f kilometres s\? ( ,m&i%a2 & at ,a9 el ,haiss1 9 ! s\? "p ( ! oasis4 ,! populations1 etc41 ( ^! outly+ settlem5ts are includ$ 9 ! figures giv5 above = ! *ief villages4 ,m&i%a ,aguza consi/s ( a gr\p ( mud dwell+s aggregat$ r\nd a l[ s&/one em95ce1 surr\nd$ by a small cultivat$ tract4 ,as*]son records t 9 #ahgf ! inhabitants /ill spoke ! ,siwa dialect among !mselves4 ,cailliaud _h already rem>k$ 9 #ahbj t ! spot 0 peopl$ by coloni/s f ,siwa4 ,h>ra consi/s ( ab\t half a doz5 hovels1 %elt]+ a population :i* _c exce$ fifty1 ) sev]al spr+s & palm-groves1 & a small tract ( cultivat$ l&4 ,! pr9cipal spr+ is m>k$ by a l>ge pool ( cle> wat]1 ab\t #dj metres 9 diamet]1 ly+ 9 a slight depression to ! s\? ( ! h\ses2 ! wat] has a temp]ature ( #bd ,c4 7hott] ?an ! air74 ,!re is pl5ty ( wat] at ?is place1 & m c easily be got by digg+ to a small dep?4 ,at ,a9 ,jaf>ra !re is only "o h\se1 t5ant$ by a s+le family4 ,at lea/ two spr+s exi/ "h1 "o be+ ne> ! h\se & ! o!r at a di/ance ( "s #gjj metres to ! ea/2 ! wat] f ! latt] spr+ is l$ by a long canal to ! small palm-grove & pat* ( cultivat$ l& ne> ! h\se4 ,! wat]1 ?\gh some:at sal9e1 is dr9kable4 ,a9 el ,haiss is an important po9t on ! road f ! villages ( ,bah>ia to ,f>afra4 ,x lies "s #dj kilometres ,s4,s4,w4 f ,bawitti1 9 ab\t lat4 #bh #b ,n41 long4 #bh #ci ,e4 ( ,g4 ,x is a small settlem5t1 be+ t5ant$ at ! "t ( survey by only ?ree or f\r m54 ,!re are two spr+s1 "o at a high] level ?an ! o!r4 ,! upp] spr+ is close to ! h\se occupi$ by ! inhabitants2 ! wat]1 :i* has a temp]ature ( #ae4f ,c4 7i4e4 #c w>m] ?an ! air at ! "t ( measurem5t7 is collect$ into a %all[ muddy pool1 surr\nd$ by a mud dam1 :5ce x fl[s we/w>d on to ! fields4 ,! l[] spr+ =ms a pool ( ab\t #djj squ>e metres 9 ext5t1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] "h be+ #ad ,c4 ,x is situat$ ab\t #djj metres s\?-we/ ( ! "o j describ$1 & l x s]ves = irrigation4 ,rice 0 ! crop gr[+ at ! "t ( our visit4 ,! total irrigat$ area at ,a9 el ,haiss is ab\t #fj or #gj f$dans1 & !re are only a few palms4 ,besides ! h\se !re is a %eikhs' tomb1 :i* is an object ( v5]ation 9 ! oasis1 a small wall$-9 g>d51 & a l>ge ru92 ! la/ nam$ w be describ$ among ! antiquities ( ! oasis4 ,ano!r small cultivat$ tract1 "s #ae or #bj f$dans 9 ext5t1 ) at lea/ "o spr+1 exi/s ab\t #c kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,accord+ to ,jordan !re are two spr+s "h1 nam$ ,a9 ,hassab & ,a9 el ,gh>b1 own$ 9 #ahgd by ! ,kadi ( ,el ,qasr1 b ! place is usually spok5 ( z ,a9 el ,haiss el ,bah>i4 ,ea/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss are two consid]able pat*es ( cultivat$ l& :i* 7 mapp$ f ! ea/ sc>p1 & ?us n exam9$ by ! survey4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ nor!rly "o is situat$ ab\t #i kilometres ea/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss2 accord+ to ,as*]son x be>s ! "n ( ,tablemun1 & its pr9cipal spr+ _h a temp]ature ( #bg ,c4 ,! ru9s ( a ,coptic village exi/+ "h %[ t ! place 0 inhabit$ 9 e>ly times4 ,x lies "s #e kilometres ,s4,s4,w4 f ,tablemun1 & ab\t #g kilometres ,e4,s4,e4 f ,a9 el ,haiss1 & ?us =ms ! mo/ s\!rly cultivat$ spot 9 ! oasis4 ,bo? ^! localities 7 report$ by our m51 s5t !re to obta9 wat]1 to be unt5ant$2 ! l&s are d\btless cultivat$ by m5 s5t f ,a9 el ,haiss or f ! villages = ! purpose4 ,a long l9e ( s&-dunes & scrub runs ,s4,s4,w41 hid+ ^! places f a travell] approa*+ f ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,besides ! spr+s at ! inhabit$ spots above describ$1 & ^? us$ = irrigat$ l&s m or less ne> to !m1 !re are num]\s outly+ spr+s1 :i*1 :ile n s]v+ = irrigation1 are important z localities :]e wat] may be obta9$4 ,! *ief ( ^! are ,a9 ,gelid1 on ! road f ,m9ia & ,samalut1 #c kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,h>ra2 ,a9 ,haswi1 #i kilometres due s\? ( ,h>ra1 to :i* two roads f ! ea/ sc>p conv]ge2 ,a9 ,bel$1 #g kilometres we/ ( ,bawitti2 & ,a9 ,khaman1 half-way betwe5 ,a9 el ,haiss & ! s\? po9t ( ! oasis4 ,! wat] at ,a9 ,khaman is said to be bitt] & ! spr+ is app>5tly frequ5tly s&$-up & difficult to f9d1 s t travell]s to ,f>afra %\ld take 9 _! supplies at ,a9 el ,haiss4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #ca3 ,rec5sem5t gnral de l'gypte1 tome ,,iii1 #ahif4 ,footnote #cb3 ,includes ab\t #ej inhabitants ( ! hamlet ( ,h>ra4 ,footnote #cc3 ,a bottle ( ! wat] tightly cork$ bur/ %ortly aft]w>ds by gase\s pressure2 ! bottle hav+ be5 fill$ at ! bottom ( ! well d\btless acc\nts = ?is1 ! pressure due to ! head hav+ caus$ solution ( ! gas to a great] ext5t ?an c\ld be support$ at ! surface4 ,! evolv$ gas 0 at fir/ suspect$ to be me?ane1 z !re is frequ5tly a great deal ( decay+ vegetable matt] 9 ! m\?s ( ! wells2 b x ext+ui%$ a tap]1 &1 moreov]1 ! wat] runs too rapidly = any accumulation ( gase\s decomposition-products to take place4 ,footnote #cd3 ,9 ,dakhla & ,kh>ga ,oases !re are only sev5 & a half & eight trees respectively p] inhabitant4 ,,*apt] ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,oasis4 ,sid5ote3 ,previ\s geological "w4 ,! e>lie/ geological obs]vations made 9 ,bah>ia ,oasis appe> to h be5 ^? ( ,cailliaud1#ce :o visit$ ! di/rict 9 #ahbj1 & record$ ! occurr5ce ( volcanic rocks )9 ! depression4 ,9 #ahgd ! celebrat$ ,rohlfs ,exp$ition 0 organis$1 & 9 t & ! succe$+ ye> trav]s$ l>ge portions ( ! ,libyan ,des]t4 ,! "w ( ?is ,exp$ition1 =ms inde$1 ! basis ( our k ( ! geology ( ,egypt g5]ally4 ,! em95t geologi/ & palontologi/ ( t ,exp$ition1 ,k>l ,a4 ,zittel1 did n1 h[ev]1 visit ,bah>ia1 & ! only in=mation ) reg>d to ! geology ( ?is oasis 0 d]iv$ f specim5s collect$ by ,pr(4 ,as*]son4 ,aft] exam9+ ^!1 ,zittel /at$#cf t ! floor ( ! oasis consi/$ ( s&/ones1 m>ls1 etc41 pres5t+ a consid]able resemblance to ! l[] "p ( ! ,ov]wegi /age2#cg b conclud$1 t z !y 7 succe$$ at a v %ort int]val by ,nummulitic ,lime/one1 preclud+ ! possibility ( ! high] ,cretace\s b$s1 except 9 a v att5uat$ =m1 !y mu/ be ( ,t]ti>y age4 ,9 #ahid1 ,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,lyons1 ,r4,e41#ch visit$ ,bah>ia1 & #e miles ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,zubbo discov]$ a b$ conta9+ small examples ( ,exogyra4 ,^! 7 exam9$ by ,pr(4 ,zittel & ref]r$ to z und]siz$ specim5s ( ,exogyra ,ov]wegi ,beyr4#ci ,?is discov]y ( ,capt4 ,lyons' ?us %[$ ! s]ies to be und\bt$ly ( ,upp] ,cretace\s age4 ,9 ! late/ edition ( ,pr(4 ,zittel's map1 ! depression 0 %[n z consi/+ ( ,cretace\s b$s surr\nd$ by an ,eoc5e plateau1 :i* 0 also suppos$ to sep>ate x f ! oasis ( ,f>afra to ! s\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,geological ,survey1 ,oct4-,dec4 #ahig4 ,a glance at ,plate ,i w be suffici5t to %[ t ! "w ( ! ,geological ,survey has result$ 9 l>ge & important additions to our k ( ?is oasis4 ,! ,eoc5e is se5 to =m ! surr\nd+ plateau only on ! nor?2 :ile ! ,cretace\s1 consi/+ ( sev]al well-m>k$ divisions1 occupies n only ! depression itself1 b =ms "p ( ! surr\nd+ plateaux on ! ea/ & we/ sides1 & is cont9u\s ) t ( ,f>afra to ! s\?4 ,moreov]1 ! relations ( ! two great =mations ( ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e are n[ %[n to be ^? ( uncon=mability & ov]lap4 ,! actual ext5t ( volcanic rocks & po/-,eoc5e lacu/r9e deposits1 ! latt] a newly-discov]$ & important s]ies1 is n[ %[n = ! fir/ "t4#dj ,important fold+ has be5 detect$ & num]\s organic rema9s h be5 discov]$4 ,! deposits met ) 9 ! di/rict admit ( classification z foll[s3-- ,,rec5t4 #a4 ,s&-dunes1 sal9es1 & sup]ficial deposits4 ,,po/ ,,eoc5e 7,,oligoc5e874 #b4 ,basalt & ,dol]ite intrusions4 #c4 ,f]rug9\s s&/ones & qu>tzites1 ) limonite & pisolitic iron-ore1 probably lacu/r9e 9 orig94 ,,eoc5e 7,,middle-,,l[]47 ,,l[] ,,mokattam- #d4 ,lime/ones ) ,nummulites1 ,op]cul9a1 ,,upp] ,,libyan4 ,e*9ids1 ,luc9a1 etc4 ,,upp] ,,cretace\s4 ,,danian #e4 ,?ick-b$d$ ,:ite ,*alk & grey cry/all9e lime/one4 ,,c5omanian 7,"s ,,turonian #f4 ,lime/ones & v>iegat$ s&/ones4 or ,,s5onian74 ,,c5omanian #g4 ,s&/ones1 clays & m>ls4 ,^! gr\ps w n[ be dealt ) 9 succession1 comm5c+ ) ! olde/4 ,,upp] ,,cretace\s4 ,,c5omanian4 #g4--,s&/ones1 ,clays & ,m>ls--,^!1 ! l[e/ & olde/ b$s1 =m ! floor & p>ts ( ! walls ( ! depression4 ,!y are be/ develop$ & expos$ 9 ! nor? end1 :]e _! maximum ?ickness is ab\t #agj metres2 ! base ( ! s]ies is n se51 & ?us _! total ?ickness _c be e/imat$4 ,9 ! nor? "p ( ! oasis !y are capp$1 ) app>5t con=mability1 by ,eoc5e lime/ones1 al?\gh an int]v5+ b& ( lime/one-grit may occasionally occur4 ,9 ! s\?1 ! s]ies is foll[$ by ! high] ,cretace\s divisions1 :ile 9 ! isolat$ hills )9 ! depression ^! b$s are capp$ ei!r by ,eoc5e lime/ones1 by basalt or dol]ite1 or by ,po/-,eoc5e f]rug9\s s&/ones & qu>tzites4 ,!y consi/ ( friable false-b$d$ v>iegat$ s&s & s&/ones1 ) h>d] d>k-br[n f]rug9\s b&s1 alt]nat+ ) s&y %ales & clays1 pass+ ?r\gh e gradation4 ,"s ( ! s&/ones are micace\s4 ,! clays are frequ5tly salif]\s1 & b&s ( fibr\s gypsum are occasionally se54 ,l>ge well-=m$ gr\ps ( b>ytes cry/als are occasionally f\nd 9 ! s&/ones ( ! oasis-floor1 & h>d ?9 ve9-l masses ( a s&/one1 9 :i* ! cem5t+ mat]ial is b>ytes1 are frequ5tly met ) 9 ! ea/]n "p4 ,! wea!r+ ( ^! ve9s1 :i* are evid5tly produc$ by ! action ( infiltrat$ solutions 9 cracks1 gives rise to ! peculi> sph]oidal belt$ nodules :i* (t5 /rew ! gr\nd1 & ( :i* ! exi/5ce has be5 already m5tion$ by ,as*]son & ,zittel4 ,al?\gh ^! /rata are1 z a rule1 unfossilif]\s1 organic rema9s are common 9 c]ta9 b$s1 & especially 9 ! d>k-br[n f]rug9\s concretion>y b&s ( ! s&/ones4 ,! commone/ =m is ,exogyra1 individuals ( :i* are f\nd cr[d$ toge!r 9 "s b&s2 9 mo/ cases !y are pseudomorphs 9 iron/one4 ,9 ! hills betwe5 ,m&i%a & ,el ,bawitti ?is s]ies consi/s ( s(t false-b$d$ v>iegat$ s&s & s&/ones ) f]rug9\s b&s1 alt]nat+ ) s&y %ales1 ! :ole locally %[+ a slight we/]ly dip ( betwe5 #c & #g4 ,"s ( ! s&/ones conta9 flakes ( col\rless mica4 ,! :ole s]ies is capp$ & protect$ by a h>d b$ ( dol]ite1 :i* has be5 intrud$ along a b$d+ plane into ! s]ies1 & n[ =ms ! summit ( ^! hills4 ,! foll[+ section 0 measur$ ab\t #d kilometres we/ ( ,m&i%a-- ,top4 ,metres4 ,m or less column> dol]ite1 mu* brok5 up by wea!r+4 #aj ,s&/ones1 s&y clays2 unfossilif]\s #fe ,f]rug9\s s&/one ) ca/s ( ,exogyra2 s&rock & s&/one1 ) f]rug9\s unfossilif]\s b&s #aj ,! section is mu* obscur$ by d[nwa% & talus ( angul> fragm5ts ( dol]ite1 s&1 %ale1 etc4 ,?is d[nwa% ( %ale & clay is (t5 cov]$ by a h>d coat+ ( salt & s& cem5t$ toge!r1 sometimes hav+ ! appe>ance ( regul> b$s4 ,! foll[+ is a detail$ section measur$ at ! well-m>k$ isolat$ conical hill ne> ! we/]n esc>pm5t1 #aj kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,el ,qasr 7,see ,plate ,i47 ,! s]ies is "h capp$ by #f metres ( nodul> & h>d compact lime/one ) ,nummulites1 ,op]cul9a1 ,luc9a1 etc41 ( ,l[] ,eoc5e 7,libyan s]ies7 age4 ,top4 7,h>d compact lime/one ) ,nummulites1 etc41 ,metres4 ,eoc5e74 ,%aly clays ) f]rug9\s b&s1 occasionally conta9+ ,exogyra %ells2 alt]nations ( %ales & %aly s&/ones4 #gd ,s(t %aly & crumbly s&/ones1 ) _m h>d f]rug9\s b&s & %aly clays4 ,9 ! s&/one occur solid v]tical rods ( iron/one #e c5timetres 9 diamet]1 ) conc5tric /ructure #baj ,gray m>ls ) plant-/ems & leaves #ae ,yell[ s&/one1 well-m>k$ ?ick compact b$1 false-b$d$ #aae ,h>d f]rug9\s b& ) fi%-rema9s #jb ,gray %ales #ae ,s(t b$s ( crumbly s&1 h>d] s&-rock1 ) clayey lay]s & f]rug9\s b&s #fj ,%aly clays ) d>k-r$ f]rug9\s s&y lay]s1 ) ga/]opod & ,exogyra %ells4 ,gre5 %aly s&/one on top1 & gray s&y clays bel[ #afj ,:ite & gray-b$d$ s&-rock #ij ,obscur$ b$s1 "o conta9+ small ,exogyra & ga/]opods4 #aej ,%aly s&/one ) h>d r$di% nodul> f]rug9\s b&s conta9+ ga/]opods & ,exogyra4 #ce ,s&y b$s1 hidd5 by d[nwa% #fj ,f]rug9\s b&s conta9+ ,exogyra ca/s #bjj ,s&y %aly clay1 false-b$d$1 ) :ite s&-rock4 ,plant-rema9s ,b$ ( :ite s&-rock #aj ,?9ly lam9at$ gray %ale #bj ,r$di%-br[n nodul> f]rug9\s b& #jb ,s&y or clayey b$s1 obscur$ by d[nwa% #ij ,s&y clay ,s&y b$s ) d>k-br[n f]rug9\s b&s #acj ,s&/one ) h>d f]rug9\s b&s1 full ( ,exogyra #fj ,s&y b$1 cr[d$ ) well-pres]v$ ,exogyra %ells #jb ,yell[ s&y clay ) num]\s ,exogyra ca/s #cj ,d>k c>bonace\s %ale ) obscure plant-rema9s #aej ,s&y b$s ) bone-fragm5ts ----- ,floor ( ,oasis4 #afhjda ,at ! extreme nor? end ( ! depression ! cliffs & ! l[] "p ( ! conspicu\s d>k hill1 ,jebel ,horabi1 are compos$ ( %ales1 clays & s&/ones belong+ to ?is s]ies4 ,! cliffs are capp$ by ,eoc5e lime/one-grits & lime/one z 9 ! section j describ$4 ,! upp] "p ( ,jebel ,horabi1 h[ev]1 consi/s ( a mass ( iron/one1 (t5 co>sely pisolitic1 ) "s limonite1 & r$ & yell[ o*re4 ,?is iron-ore appe>s to replace ! s&y b$s m or less irregul>ly at ! base1 b ! great mass ( m9]al above is probably a lat] & q di/9ct deposit4 7,vide "u ,po/-,eoc5e74 ,traces ( %ells occur 9 places4 ,9 ! isolat$1 lime/one-capp$ hill 7,plate ,i71 #f kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss 7! nor!rn spr+7 ^! b$s are m fossilif]\s ?an usual4 ,top4 7,lime/one1 ! basal b$ ( ! int]m$iate s]ies74 ,lime/one1 ! basal b$ ( ! int]m$iate s]ies4 ,s&y b$s ) h>d br[n f]rug9\s concretion>y b&s1 conta9+ num]\s ca/s ( ,cyprim]ia 7,artemis87 ,arca1 ,cuculla1 ,odo/omopsis abeitr5sis1 ,baculites aff4 syriacus1 & ,neolobites ,vibrayeanus #ej m4 ,clays1 (t5 %aly ,h>d f]rug9\s s&/one ) pockets ( clean :ite s& ,num]\s o!r sections at diff]5t po9ts 7 exam9$ & measur$4 ,su* a s]ies is naturally v v>iable1 & individual b$s d n ma9ta9 _! *>act]s ov] wide limits1 s t correlation ( diff]5t sections is n possible1 except 9 ! r\ghe/ mann]4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! depression fossils are m frequ5t1 o!rwise ! b$s are v simil>4 ,! s]ies "u consid]ation is by no means poor 9 organic rema9s1 al?\gh ! latt] are m or less re/rict$ to c]ta9 b&s & localities4 ,no d\bt mo/ ( ! fossil %ells h be5 remov$ by solution1 etc41 z ^? n[ exi/+ are g5]ally pres]v$ z pseudomorphs 9 limonite4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( fossils :i* h be5 obta9$ f ?is s]ies3--#db ,cuculla sp4 ,odo/omopsis abeitr5sis4 ,arca sp4 ,natica sp4 ,exogyra flabellata4 ,baculites 7syriacus87 ,e4 m]meti4 ,neolobites vibrayeanus4 ,v5us 7,artemis87 sp4 ,fi%-tee? & bones4 ,silicifi$ wood & plant-rema9s 7includ+ leaves ( ,dicotyl$ons74 ,z reg>ds ! age ( ^! b$s1 x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! discov]y ( ,exogyra by ,capt4 ,lyons "s ye>s ago1 9 ! basal b&s ( ! s]ies1 %[$ !m at lea/ to be ,cretace\s1 al?\gh _! correlation ) ! ,ov]wegi /age1 on ! supposition t ! specim5s collect$ 7 ref]able to ,e4 ,ov]wegi1 is n[ %[n to be inadmissible4 ,! fairly ext5sive assemblage ( organic rema9s obta9$ f ?is & ! ov]ly+ s]ies enables ! age ( ! b$s to be det]m9$ ) accuracy1 & ,dr4 ,blanck5horn1 :o _h ! fir/ opportunity ( mak+ a c>eful exam9ation ( ! collection1 has pron\nc$ !m to be ,c5omanian4#dc ,! g5]al li?ological "* ( ! b$s & ! preval5ce ( false-b$d$ s&/ones conta9+ 9 places silicifi$ wood & plant-rema9s1 includ+ leaves ( l>ge trees1 po9t to ! conclusion t ! b$s ( ?is s]ies 7 deposit$ 9 fairly %all[ wat]1 p]haps 9 an e/u>y1 at no great di/ance f ! l&4 #f4--,lime/ones & ,v>iegat$ ,s&/ones4--,9 ! walls ( ! s\? end ( ! oasis1 ! s]ies j describ$ is always ov]la9 by a b$ ( h>d1 & usually m or less cry/all9e1 lime/one4 ,?is lime/one =ms ! l[e/ memb] ( ! s]ies n[ "u discussion4 ,at ! extreme s\!rn end ( ! oasis1 on ! we/]n side1 ?is basal lime/one =ms a n>r[ plat=m1 ( only "s #bjj metres wid?1 sep>at+ ! respective esc>pm5ts ( ! two s]ies #f & #g4 ,on ! same side fur!r nor? ! upp] esc>pm5t is usually fur!r back1 & 9 "s localities ! b$s d n =m a s+le well-m>k$ esc>pm5t at all4 ,! s]ies also occurs =m+ a l9e ( hills )9 ! depression1 ^! hills ow+ _! exi/5ce to a rem>kable syncl9e1 by :i* ! b$s 9 "q h be5 fold$ d[n to ! level ( ! floor ( ! depression4 ,! b$s ( ! s]ies =m1 z a rule1 a well-m>k$ gr\p1 individual b$s (t5 be+ traceable = great di/ances & correlable 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! oasis4 ,! gr\p z a :ole consi/s ( alt]nations ( br[n lime/one#dd 7) grey cry/all9e v>ieties7 & v>iegat$ s&/ones & clayey b$s4 ,a typical section1 z expos$ on ! we/ sc>p 9 ,n4 lat4 #bg #ec1 is z foll[s3-- ,top4 7,buff-col\r$ lime/one & :ite *alk ( ,metres4 ,division #e47 #a4 ,s(t br[n s&/ones & s&y b$s1 mu* obscur$ #gf #b4 ,s&y b$s1 pass+ up into a v h>d grey concretion>y s&/one1 %[+ ripple-m>ks #df #c4 ,?9-b$d$ d>k s&/ones1 mo/ly v h>d #ae #d4 ,h>d compact ?ick-b$d$ grey s&/one1 v concretion>y1 false-b$d$ #ba #e4 ,%aly s&y b$s ) f]rug9\s concretions #ae #f4 ,br[n impure lime/one #jf #g4 ,s(t v>iegat$ s&y b$s & s&/one #ij #h4 ,r friable buff-col\r$ s&/one1 m or less false-b$d$1 ) peculi> iron-/a9+ #fj #i4 ,gray r concretion>y s&/one1 ) d>k-br[n f]rug9\s b&s #cj #aj4 ,br[n cry/all9e lime/one ) calcite1 pass+ into h>d] grayi% cry/all9e lime/one1 fl9ty at top #fa #aa4 ,gray m>ls & %aly clays #cj #ab4 ,br[n cry/all9e lime/one #jf ---- #def ,base4 7,s&/ones & clays ( ,division #g47 ,9 ,jebel ,hefhuf1 ! long n>r[ ridge-%ap$ hill a few kilometres s\?-ea/ ( ,el ,bawitti 7,plate ,,vii71 ! b$s ( ?is s]ies are implicat$ 9 ! fold1 & are f\nd tilt$ at angles ( #cj & #dj degrees4 ,!y "h consi/ ( a consid]able ?ickness ( cry/all9e lime/one1 calc>e\s grits1 %aly clays & s&/ones2 ! s(t] b$s always =m a gully betwe5 ! h>d]4 ,! foll[+ 7 notic$ at a po9t ab\t #g kilometres f ! we/]n end ( ! ridge3-- ,top4 ,metres4 ,calc>e\s grit1 usually silice\s1 ) bones 7(t5 a true bone-b$74 ,s&y clays1 etc41 ) silicifi$ wood#de ,?ick-b$d$ br[n s&/one1 silice\s & #ba f]rug9\s 9 "p4 ,gre5 & gray iron-/a9$ s&y clays ,?ick-b$d$ br[n cry/all9e lime/one ,br[n cry/all9e lime/one ) calcite cavities ne> base #bd -- ,base4 #de ,bel[ come ! clays & s&/ones ( ! l[e/ s]ies1 ,no4 #g4 ,9 ! section above1 ! lime/ones are usually too cry/all9e to %[ any traces ( organic rema9s1 al?\gh num]\s ca/s ( %ells occur at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,! calc>e\s grit1 a v well-m>k$ b$1 has be5 obs]v$ at po9ts widely di/ant )9 ! oasis2 9 places x is a true bone-b$1#df (t5 highly silice\s & pass+ into a h>d qu>tzite4 ,its occurr5ce "h1 at ! top ( ! ,c5omanian s]ies & bel[ ! ,:ite ,*alk 7to be describ$ lat]7 is ( great int]e/1 z its position %[s x to be probably homotaxial ) ! bone-b$s ( ,dakhla ,oasis#dg & ! ,ea/]n ,des]t1#dh :]e !y are ( ,campanian age4 ,! bone-b$s on ?is horizon mu/ ?us h be5 deposit$ ov] an enorm\s area4 ,if foll[$ r\nd f ! s\? end ( ! oasis along ! ea/ sc>p1 ! b$s ( ?is division are f\nd to gradually become m & m calc>e\s1 consi/+ (t5 almo/ entirely ( lime/one1#di & to dip m & m to ! s\?-ea/1 till 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! l>ge s&/one-hill ne> ! sc>p 9 latitude #bh #e1 :]e ! tilt+ rea*es its maximum1 !y dip at #de & p>tly disappe> "u ! s&y cov]+ ( ! gr\nd betwe5 ! hill & ! sc>p4 ,fur!r nor? ! dip gr[s less & ! b$s re-appe>1 =m+ ! top ( ! ma9 sc>p at ! oasis-edge4 ,! organic rema9s 9 ,division #f include ammonites1 e*9ids1 ) ,o/rea1 ,exogyra & masses ( ,s]pul2 fossil wood & fragm5ts ( bone also occur4 ,^! fossils are 9 places abundant1 "s b&s be+ almo/ entirely =m$ ( ! %ells ( ,exogyra4 ,! ammonites1 al?\gh app>5tly specifically id5tical ) ^? ( ! l[] s]ies1 atta9 a mu* great] size4 ,! assemblage ( =ms & ! preval5ce ( b&s ( lime/one po9t to deep] wat] conditions ?an ! =ego+ und]ly+ s]ies4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( =ms obta9$ z f> z det]m9$3-- ,rhabdocid>is1 probably nov4 sp4 ,diplopodia m>tic5sis4 ,het]odiadema libycum4 ,toxa/] radula4 ,hemia/] lusitanicus 7roa*5sis87 ,s]pula 7,galeol>ia7 fili=mis4 ,p9na1 probably nov4 sp4 ,corbula sp4 9999,inoc]amus cripsi4 9999,natica sp4 ,o/rea sp4 ,tylo/oma syriaca4 ,exogyra flabellata4 ,turritella nov4 sp4 aff4 nodosa4 ,e4 olisipon5sis4 9999,turritella sp4 ,e4 m]meti4 ,c]i?ium sp4 ,plicatula ,reynesi4 ,pt]odonta aff4 inflata4 ,spondylus 787 ,murex4 ,modiola sp4 9999,fusus sp4 ,c>dium sp4 9999,drillia pleurotomoides4 ,isoc>dia sp4 ,nautilus ,muni]i4 9999,pa*ydiscus p]amplus4 ,neolobites vibrayeanus4 ,footnote 99993 ,indicative ( a some:at lat] age ?an ,c5omanian4 ,! above fauna tak5 z a :ole has a decid$ ,c5omanian aspect1 al?\gh "s ( ! =ms 7m>k$ 99997 are indicative ( a some:at lat] age1 i4e41 ,turonian & ,s5onian4 ,z ! next b$ above is ! ,danian ,:ite ,*alk1 x is probable t "s ( ! upp] b$s ( ?is s]ies =m a transitional /age betwe5 ! ,c5omanian & ,danian4 ,! pres5ce ( ! bone-b$1 z already m5tion$ probably ( ! same age z ! ,dakhla & ,ea/]n ,des]t bone-b$s1 i4e41 ,campanian1 supports ?is view4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! great ?ickness ( b$s1 ( ,s5onian-,danian age1 ( ! s\!rn oases ( ,dakhla & ,kh>ga1 includ+ ! bone-b$s1 ! ,exogyra ,ov]wegi s]ies & ! a%-gray %ales1 is "h app>5tly only repres5t$ by a few metres ( deposits4 ,,danian4 #e4 ,?ick-b$d$ ,:ite ,*alk & grey cry/all9e lime/one4--,?is s]ies con=mably ov]lies ! upp] memb] ( ! la/4 ,on ! we/ side ! *alk =ms a well-m>k$1 sn[-:ite1 tortu\s esc>pm5t1 ly+ at a consid]able di/ance 7#e to #aj kilometres7 f ! oasis-wall4 ,t[>ds ! s\?1 h[ev]1 x approa*es ! depression1 its esc>pm5t foll[+ imm$iately above & beh9d t ( ! und]ly+ s]ies4 ,s\? ( ! extreme end ( ! depression prop]1 ! *alk esc>pm5t =ms a long n>r[ bay1 ! fur!/ po9t ( :i* is #bj kilometres di/ant4 ,!nce x runs nor?w>ds1 s t to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! depression ! b$s ( ! s]ies are se5 at "s little di/ance f ! oasis-edge1 b fur!r nor? !y appe> to come to ! edge & to ov]lie ! br[n lime/one z "p ( ! ma9 sc>p 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! l>ge hill already m5tion$ 9 latitude #bh #e ,n41 :]e ! /rata dip s /eeply into ! plateau4 ,!re is "s difficulty 9 correlat+ ! b$s ( ?is gr\p on ! two sides ( ! oasis1 = :ile on ! we/ !y are *alky & 9 places fossilif]\s1 be+ only 9 "p alt]$ to a cry/all9e lime/one1 on ! ea/1 d\btless ow+ to ! fold+ :i* produc$ ! /rong dipp+ already ref]r$ to1 !y are almo/ entirely compos$ ( h>d cry/all9e & horny greyi%-:ite lime/one1 app>5tly devoid ( fossils4 7,vide p4 #fj74 ,)9 ! depression x is probable t ! ,:ite ,*alk is repres5t$ 9 "p by "s ( ! h>d gray cry/all9e lime/one 9 ! syncl9al fold ( ,jebel ,hefhuf4 ,on ! we/ & s\?-we/ sides ( ! depression ! ,:ite ,*alk cov]s a consid]able area1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by its r\gh surface & by num]\s depressions1 "s ( consid]able size1 erod$ by w9d-borne s&4 ,to ! s\? x ext5ds to ,f>afra1 be+ cont9u\s ) ! *alk ( t oasis4 ,li?ologically1 on ! we/ side ( ! oasis1 ! s]ies is repres5t$ by a ?ick-b$d$1 sn[-:ite1 pure =am9if]al *alk1 #cj to #de metres ?ick1 p>tly alt]$ 9 ! upp] "p into h>d gray cry/all9e lime/one4 ,x 0 probably deposit$ 9 wat] ( consid]able dep?4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! depression ! ,:ite ,*alk yield$ a fair assemblage ( fossil-rema9s1 ! *ief among :i* 7 great numb]s ( corals4 ,9 ! upp] "p ,nautili are occasionally met )1 :ile ,spirorbis1 ,pect51 ,grypha1 fragm5ts ( ,inoc]amus & o!r %ells are fairly common4 ,9 addition e*9ids occur sp>+ly & %>ks' tee? are se5 "h & !re4 ,"o ( ! be/ fossil localities is #bd kilometres nor? ( ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ^? obta9$3-- ,closmilia4 ,exogyra ov]wegi4 ,l9?ia nov4 sp4 ,pect5 f>afr5sis4 ,spirorbis4 ,spondylus nov4 sp4 aff4 ,s4 ,dutempleanus4 ,inoc]amus4 ,nautilus sp4 ,grypha vesicul>is ,corax pri/odontus4 ,z reg>ds ! age ( ?is ,:ite ,*alk ! fossil facies has a v "y ,cretace\s aspect4 ,zittel#ej has already %[n t ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ! ,libyan ,des]t1 /udi$ by him 9 ,f>afra1 ,dakhla & ,kh>ga1 is ,danian1 & ! id5tity ( ! *alk ( ,bah>ia ) t ( ^? oases 0 satisfactorily prov$ on ! trav]se f ! latt] oasis to ,f>afra4 ,! ,:ite ,*alk br+s our description ( ! ,cretace\s s]ies ( ,bah>ia to a close4 ,z w be %[n1 x is ov]la9 uncon=mably by ,eoc5e deposits4 ,?r\gh\t ! deposition ( ! ,cretace\s 9 ?is area x is cle> f ! "* ( ! b$s t ! sea-floor _h be5 cont9ually s9k+4 ,aft] ! deposition ( ! :ite *alk subsid5ce probably ceas$ & ! area became "o ( elevation1 ! ,cretace\s b$s ris+ to =m l&4 ,dur+ ?is elevation mu* fold+ mu/ h tak5 place1 & subsequ5tly gradual subsid5ce set 9 until 9 ,l[] ,eoc5e times ! area aga9 became m>9e & ! deposition ( ! rocks n[ to be describ$ began to take place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eoc5e4 ,,upp] ,,libyan--,,l[] ,,mokattam4#ea #d4 ,lime/ones ) ,nummulites & ,op]cul9a4--,9 ! nor? "p ( ! oasis1 bo? 9 ! walls & 9 ! isolat$ hills )9 ! depression1 ! l[] ,c5omanian b$s1 ! 8,s&/ones1 clays & m>ls10 are directly ov]la9 by buff-col\r$ or yell[i% lime/one ( ,eoc5e age1 conta9+ ,nummulites1 ,op]cul9a1 ,o/rea1 etc4 ,! b$s ( ! two s]ies be+ horizontal1 ! junction is "o ( app>5t con=mability1 b 9 _m localities ! base ( ! ,eoc5e is m>k$ by a b$ ( lime/one-grit1 indicat+ ! break 9 cont9uity ( deposition :i* is kn[n to h occurr$ f ! respective ages ( ! b$s 9 "q & f a /udy ( ! same b$s fur!r to ! s\?4 ,9 a trav]se across ! plateau to ! we/ ( ,bawitti1 ,op]cul9a-lime/ones ) nummulites 7 f\nd to =m ! surface ( ! des]t4 ,aga9 on ! trav]se f ,maghagha to ! oasis1 already describ$1 no ,cretace\s b$s 7 cross$1 s t ! plateau ,n4,n4,e4 & ,n4,w4 ( ! nor!rn end ( ! oasis is entirely =m$ ( ,eoc5e rocks4 ,on ! ea/ side1 h[ev]1 no c]ta9 evid5ce ( ,eoc5e age 9 ! b$s capp+ ! sc>p has be5 f\nd s\? ( ! fault :i* cuts ! sc>p z ! prolongation ( ! %>p syncl9e ( ,jebel ,hefhuf4 ,fur!r s\?1 on ! we/ side1 a v dissimil> succession 0 f\nd to t on ! nor?4 ,"h at a di/ance ( #bj kilometres f ! oasis wall1 at a po9t #cj kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 ! upp]mo/ memb] ( ! ,cretace\s1 ! ,:ite ,*alk itself1 is ov]la9 by a h>d gray cry/all9e lime/one conta9+ an abundance ( ,nummulites & ,op]cul9a1 ) ,luc9a1 ,fusus & ,natica4 ,! actual junction ( ! two s]ies is "h difficult to detect1 z ! ,:ite ,*alk is itself alt]$ 9 its upp] "p into a h>d gray cry/all9e lime/one1 simulat+ ! ,eoc5e b$s !mselves1 & !re is little diff]5ce ( dip betwe5 ! two s]ies4 ,! foll[+ =am9if]a h be5 det]m9$ f ?is locality by ,mr4 ,f4 ,*apman3--#eb ,textul>ia8 gram5 ,n4 discorb9a ,globig]9a bulloides ,n4 sub-discorb9a ,op]cul9a complanata1 ,orbitoides 7,discocycloides7 v>4 discoidea dispansa 7,o4 dilabida1 ,s*wag]74 ,nummulites gizeh5sis1 v>4 ,pa*oi ,n4 curvispira ,)9 ! syncl9al fold at "o po9t 7,plate ,,vii71 #ag kilometres nor?-ea/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 ,eoc5e e*9ids & nummulites 7 f\nd1 b ! b$s f :i* !y _h wea!r$ _h be5 almo/ completely remov$ by d5udation4 ,! e*9ids h be5 recogniz$ by ,blanck5horn z ! foll[+3-- ,porocid>is ,s*m$eli4 ,e*9ocyamus luciana4 ,sismondia ,smanni4 ,! foll[+ two species ( nummulites h be5 det]m9$ by ,*apman3-- ,nummulites ,beaumonti4 ,n4 sub-,beaumonti4 ,sid5ote3 ,b$s ( ea/ side ( depression4 ,9 ! sc>p due nor? ( ,h>ra1 ! ,c5omanian s&/ones & clays ) ,exogyra m]meti & ,e4 africana are con=mably ov]la9 by a h>d yell[ cry/all9e lime/one conta9+ small nummulites2 s t "h ! ,eoc5e cle>ly ov]lies ! ,c5omanian b$s4 ,if ?is upp] lime/one b$ be foll[$ s\?w>ds along ! sc>p 7see ! sections on ,plate ,,viii7 x appe>s to be cont9u\s z f> z ! road lead+ to ,a9 ,haswi1 :]e ! gr\nd =m+ ! bottom ( ! oasis-depression rises to ! level ( ! lime/one1 & ! clays are completely hidd5 by s& & lime/one-debris4 ,!re comm5ces "h1 h[ev]1 a consid]able ?ick5+ ( ! lime/ones1 & h>d br[n lime/ones1 ) calcite-fill$ cavities1 & "s s(t e>?y b$s come 92 s t "h we h ! beg9n+ ( ! s]ies 7,no #f7 :i* has be5 describ$ z recurr+ on ! opposite sc>p 9 ! same latitude1 & :i* =ms ! hills nor?-we/ ( ,h>ra4 ,! topmo/ b$ ( ! sc>p is a h>d cry/all9e lime/one1 :i* appe>s cont9u\s ) t conta9+ nummulites fur!r nor?1 & ! top ( ! plateau is !re=e probably "h also ,eoc5e4 ,a little fur!r s\?1 ! plateau-surface is cov]$ ) c\ntless small hills ( :ite *alky lime/ones ) silice\s b$s2 ^! b$s 7 se>*$ )\t result = fossils1 b z !y ov]lie ! h>d cry/all9e rock1 above m5tion$ z probably ,eoc5e1 !y mu/ be ( ,t]ti>y age1 & !re=e d n correspond ) ! ,danian :ite *alk ( ! we/]n plateau4 ,z ! l>ge hill ne> ! plateau ea/-nor?-ea/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss is approa*$1 ! ?ick5+ ( ! l[] cry/all9e br[n & grayi%-:ite lime/ones is v m>k$1 & "h !y probably comprise bo? ,c5omanian & ,danian rocks2 b ! dip s\?-ea/w>d is s /rong t ! ,eoc5e mu/ be close to ! edge ( ! plateau1 :ile ! fold+ d\btless acc\nts = ! cry/all9e nature ( ! rocks & _! pov]ty 9 fossils4 ,s\? ( ! l>ge hill1 a second plateau is met ) at a di/ance ( ab\t a kilometre ea/w>d f ! ma9 sc>p2 ?is second plateau consi/s ( s(t *alky b$s simil> to ^? above-m5tion$1 und]la9 by clays & s&/ones1 :ile ! ma9 sc>p /ill exhibits br[n & grayi% cry/all9e lime/ones1 ?\gh bo? ! dip & ! ?ickness ( ^! b$s become gradually small]4 ,z ! s\? po9t ( ! oasis is approa*$ ! lime/ones ?9 out1 till at ! end only a few b$s ( h>d yell[-br[n lime/one occur 9 ! clays2 ^! b$s are cont9u\s ) ^? conta9+ ,c5omanian fossils on ! we/ plateau4 ,?us at ! s\?-ea/ portion ( ! sc>p ! ,danian is ei!r abs5t1 or repres5t$ by v ?9 b$s at a little di/ance f ! oasis4 ,x might be sugge/$ t ! s(t *alky lime/ones :i* =m ! second or upp] plateau correspond ) ! ,danian :ite *alk ( ! we/ side2 b sev]al consid]ations t5d to negative ?is view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x has be5 m5tion$ above t simil> s(t *alky lime/ones occur at ab\t ! same horizon fur!r nor?1 :]e !y ov]lie b$s :i* are probably ,eoc5e4 ,aga91 on ! l9e foll[$ f ! s\? end ( ! oasis ( ,m9ia1 nummulites 7 f\nd 9 abundance only a few kilometres away f ! oasis4 ,& la/ly1 ^! *alky lime/ones nev] %[ fold+ comp>able ) t ( ! l[] b$s1 a fact :i* seems ne>ly conclusive 9 view ( ! uncon=mity kn[n to exi/ at o!r po9ts betwe5 ! ,cretace\s & ! ,eoc5e4 ,if ! ,eoc5e age assign$ above to ! *alky lime/ones ( ! ea/]n plateau be correct1 x is possible t ! clays & s&/ones :i* und]lie & sep>ate !m f ! ,cretace\s lime/ones may repres5t ! ,esna ,%ales ( ! m s\!rn oases1 ?\gh s&/ones are else:]e abs5t f ?is s]ies4 ,uncon=mity & ov]lap4--,f ! above description ( ! ,eoc5e rocks ( ,bah>ia we see t _! relation to ! und]ly+ ,cretace\s sy/em is "o ( uncon=mable ov]lap4#ec ,9 ! nor? "p ( ! oasis we h ! ,eoc5e 7,up4 ,lib4-,l[4 ,mok47 ov]ly+ directly ! l[] b$s ( ! ,c5omanian2 fur!r s\?1 on ! we/1 ! same b$s ov]lie ! ,:ite ,*alk ( ,danian age1 & no d\bt at an int]m$iate po9t ! ,eoc5e ov]lies ! int]m$iate b$s4 ,on ! ea/ side1 ?\gh ! actual dem>cation ( ! ,eoc5e & ,cretace\s b$s is a matt] ( "s difficulty1 ! diff]5ce ( dip betwe5 ! two sy/ems 9 "s localities is well m>k$4 ,x seems c]ta9 !n t aft] ! deposition ( ! ,cretace\s b$s 9 ?is region1 elevation took place ) a consid]able am\nt ( fold+ 7:i* w be notic$ fully fur!r on74 ,! l& ?us =m$ und]w5t a m>k$ d5udation be=e subsid5ce took x bel[ ! surface ( ! sea & all[$ ( ! deposition ( ! ,eoc5e deposits j describ$4 ,,po/-,,eoc5e 7,,oligoc5e874 #c4 ,f]rug9\s grits & qu>tzites1 ) limonite & pisolitic iron-ore4 ,z already m5tion$1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ topographical features ( ! oasis is ! numb] ( isolat$ black1 & = ! mo/ "p p]fectly conical1 hills )9 ! depression4 ,^! hills are compos$ ( ! l[] ,c5omanian s&/ones & clays ( ! ,cretace\s1 & owe _! exi/5ce & d>k col\r to protect+ caps ( v h>d1 d>k1 f]rug9\s1 silicifi$ grits & qu>tzites1 (t5 associat$ ) limonite4 ,! fir/ impression obta9$ on exam9+ ^! rocks1 is t !y are m]ely silicifi$ & f]rug9\s b&s ( ! s&/one s]ies bel[1 :i* =ms ! g5]al oasis-floor & "p ( ! walls & hills4 ,a c>eful inve/igation ( ! deposits ov] a l>ge area1 h[ev]1 %[s ?is view to be unt5able2 = :ile 9 mo/ ( ! isolat$ conical hills )9 ! depression1 ! b$s 9 "q cap ! l[] s&/ones & clays 7,no4 #g7 ( ! ,c5omanian1 on a portion ( ! edge ( ! we/]n plateau !y cap ! b$ ( lime/one 7basal memb] ( ,no4 #f7 :i* itself caps ! l[] s&/ones & clays4 7,plate ,i74 ,!re mu/ !re=e be an uncon=mable ov]lap bel[ ! two s]ies4 ,?is is fur!r borne out by ! facts1 fir/1 t ! f]rug9\s silicifi$ grit has nev] be5 obs]v$ to pass "u ! lime/one 9 ! walls ( ! oasis1 al?\gh f\nd capp+ hills 9 close proximity2 & secondly1 t ! lime/one nev] occurs bel[ ! f]rug9\s silicifi$ grit 9 ! isolat$ conical hills4 ,! =m] w\ld happ5 if ! deposit 9 "q repres5t$ ! top ( ! s&/ones & clays1 ! latt] if x repres5t$ ! next b$ above ! lime/one4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! b$s are f\nd capp+ hills close to ! oasis-wall1 & occurr+ on exactly ! same level z ! lime/one capp+ ! latt]1 sugge/+ at fir/ sight "s sort ( connection betwe5 ! two2 ! b$s are1 h[ev]1 s entirely diff]5t t x is n possible to imag9e ! "o to be an alt]$ condition ( ! o!r2 moreov]1 if su* 7 s1 ! gradual passage ( lime/one to ! f]rug9\s b$s %\ld be visible1 b su* has nev] be5 obs]v$4 ,! only possible view ( ! orig9 ( ^! b$s1 consi/5t ) ! above facts1 is t !y repres5t a f> y\ng] deposit ?an ! /rata on :i* !y lie1 a deposit =m$ 9 fact 9 a slight depression 9 ! ,eoc5e & ,cretace\s rocks1 long ant]ior to ! "t :5 erosion 0 c>v+ out ! area to its pres5t =m4 ,! pisolitic "* ( ! iron-ore ( ,jebel ,horabi & ! usually l>ge am\nt ( f]rug9\s mat]ial1 z well z ! g5]al "* ( ! b$s1 indicate %all[-wat] lacu/r9e deposition & precipitation4 ,no organic rema9s h z yet be5 obs]v$ 9 ^! deposits4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ "h t x is frequ5tly impossible to draw any %>p ( l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ^! deposits & ! und\bt$ ,c5omanian s&/ones bel[1 :5 !y re/ on ! latt] 9 ! hills )9 ! depression4 ,! s&/ones !mselves are frequ5tly f]rug9\s & limonitic 9 _! upp] lay]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is easily expla9$ on ! supposition t !re w\ld h be5 consid]able infiltration into ^! por\s s&/ones =m+ ! lake-floor1 ) consequ5t deposition ( f]rug9\s mat]ial4 ,li?ologically ! b$s 9 "q pres5t a consid]able simil>ity to ! qu>tzites & h>d f]rug9\s s&/ones ( ,jebel el ,ghudda & ,g> el ,hamra on ! road f ,fe%n to ! oasis 7ante1 p4 #ah1 #bj71 & also to ! b$s ( ,jebel ,ahm>1 ne> ,cairo1 & 9 p>ts ( ! ,fayum4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce ( _! precise age1 !y may be provisionally class$ z ,oligoc5e4 ,sid5ote3 ,jebel ,horabi4 ,a %ort description ( ^! b$s 9 a few special localities w n[ be giv54 ,?is well-m>k$ hill1 situat$ at ! extreme nor!rly end ( ! depression1 consi/s ( a mass ( f]rug9\s mat]ial1 includ+ limonite1 pisolitic iron-ore1 r$ & yell[ o*re1 etc41 ly+ on a s]ies ( s&y %ales1 clays & s&/ones belong+ to ! ,c5omanian 7,s]ies ,no4 #g74 ,?9 b&s ( limonite1 etc41 occur 9 ! clays & s&/ones1 b ! great mass ( m9]al appe>s to =m a di/9ct deposit capp+1 & 9 "p replac+1 ! =m]4 ,! iron-ore occurs 9 e /age ( purity4 ,samples f ,jebel ,horabi1 analys$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,lucas1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,pisolitic iron/one ,f]ric oxide #ehfh #dajg iron4 ,limonite #hajf #ehhd ,sid5ote3 ,isolat$ hills 9 c5tre ( ,oasis4 ,^! hills all %[ ! same *>act]s1 ) ! exception ( "o or two capp$ by lime/one or basalt4 ,!y consi/ ( s&/ones1 ) occasional %ales & clayey b&s1 ( ! ,c5omanian s]ies 7,no4 #g7 capp$ by a h>d br[n or black silicifi$ f]rug9\s grit1 :i* frequ5tly passes into a typical qu>tzite4 ,?is cap may be ( any ?ickness up to "s sev5 or eight metres4 ,its junction ) ! s&/ones bel[ is g5]ally obscur$ by ! mass ( talus ly+ on ! slopes1 b :]e visible x is difficult to draw any l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two1 !re be+ 9 "s cases a m or less gradual increase ( h>dness & f]rug9\s mat]ial f ! upp] "p ( ! s&/ones upw>ds4 ,9 "o hill an ord9>y yell[ s&/one 0 obs]v$1 :5 foll[$ up1 to conta9 an increas+ numb] ( f]rug9\s concretions1 at fir/ 9 isolat$ lumps1 or /r+s1 b high] 9 su* quantity z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a breccia1 :i* latt] gradually pass$ up into a h>d d5se mass ( f]rug9\s qu>tzite4 ,?is at fir/ sight sugge/$ a simil> age = ! :ole rock-section1 b w\ld be q explicable on ! supposition ( infiltration1 z sugge/$ above4 #b4--;,basalt & ,dol]ite4--,?ree l>ge hills 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ! oasis1 notably ,jebel ,mayesra1 ,jebel ,m&i%a1 & ! nor!rn half ( ,jebel ,hefhuf1 are capp$ ) a basic volcanic rock1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 not$ by ,cailliaud#ed s long ago z #ahbj4 ,as*]son#ee fur!r /udi$ ! di/ribution ( ?is rock 9 #ahgf1 & collect$ specim5s :i* 7 c>efully exam9$ lat] by ,pr(4 ,zirkel4#ef ,! latt] diagnos$ ! rock z a typical plagioclase-basalt1 /rongly resembl+ t ( ! ,giant's ,causeway2 x is f9ely holocry/all9e1 conta9+ augite1 plagioclase & oliv9e1 ) "s magnetite & ilm5ite1 & v sp>+ flakes ( biotite2 ! resemblance ( ! rock to basaltic intrusions 9 ,tripoli & at ,abu ,zabel 7betwe5 ,cairo & ,bilbeis7 is rem>k$ on by ,zittel & ,as*]son1 & ! op9ion t x 0 intrud$ into ! s&/ones 9 lat] ,t]ti>y times is put =w>d4 ,! basaltic intrusions occur at f\r sep>ate po9ts 9 ! oasis1 repres5t+ two m or less inclusive areas2 ! total area cov]$ by ! rock is ab\t #ad squ>e kilometres4 ,! intrusion appe>s to h be5 9 ! =m ( laccolites2 9 ,jebel ,hefhuf ! basalt is intrusively int]b$d$ 9 ! ,c5omanian1 betwe5 ! l[] s&/ones & ! ov]ly+ lime/one1 bo? ( :i* rocks %[ di/9ct signs ( contact-metamorphism4 ,! s&/one %[s g5]ally v little alt]ation1 ?\gh 9 "s places mu* h>d5$2 :ile ! lime/one is highly cry/all9e & ( a beautiful r$ col\r ne> ! igne\s rock4 ,! cry/all9e nature is1 h[ev]1 m due to fold+ ?an to contact-metamorphism1 z x occurs 9 all ! lime/ones ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 sev]al places ! v]tical pipes1 up :i* ! molt5 mass 0 ?ru/1 ) di/urbance ( ! s&/one1 c be trac$2 & dykes are occasionally se5 ne> ! edge ( ! deposits4 ,! section se5 9 ,jebel ,m&i%a is z foll[s3-- ,top4 ,metres4 ,column> basalt & dol]ite1 mu* brok5 up by wea!r+ #ib ,s&/ones1 clays & s&y %ales #fdj ,f]rug9\s s&/ones ) ca/s ( ,exogyra 7?9 b$7 #ib ,s&-rock & s&/one ) f]rug9\s b&s ---- #hbd ,9 a small -%ap$ hill 9 lat4 #bh #df ,n41 long4 #bh #dh ,e4 ( ,g4 a mass ( basalt occurs :i* appe>s to be ma9ly ! rema9s ( a l>ge pipe or 8neck40 ,! igne\s rock "h %[s fl[-/ructure at ! sides1 be+ h>d & cry/all9e 9 ! c5tre4 ,x has alt]$ ! s&/ones at ! contact v consid]ably1 conv]t+ !m into a gre5i% rock full ( *alc$ony4 ,"h1 z 9 ! o!r deposits1 ! basalt %[s di/9ct column> jo9t+ & ! result+ blocks wea!r into sph]oidal masses :]e expos$4 ,! igne\s rocks ( ,bah>ia are !re=e ,po/-,cretace\s 9 age & x seems reasonable to assume1 z sugge/$ by ,may]-,eym>1#eg t !y are ( ,l[] ,oligoc5e age1 contemporane\s ) ! basalt-%eets ( ! ,fayum1 ( ,abu ,roa% & ! des]t to ! we/1 & ( ,abu ,zabel4 ,! &esite neck pass$ on ! road betwe5 ,maghagha & ! oasis 7p4 #bb7 & ! l>g] masses ( ,bahnessa & o!r places 9 ! ,we/]n ,des]t 7 likewise probably erupt$ at ! same "t4 ,,rec5t4 #a4--,,s&-,,dunes1 ,,sal9es ,,& ,,sup]ficial ,,deposits4 ,bl[n ,s&1 c>ri$ along by ! prevail+ nor? & nor?-we/ w9ds1 is heap$ up aga9/ all ob/acles 9 its pa?1 su* z hills & vegetation2 sometimes x is c>ri$ ov] ^! ob/acles1 only to fall & accumulate 9 ! w9d-%ad[ on ! o!r side4 ,! cultivat$ l&s ( ! villages are = ! mo/ "p surr\nd$ by s&-accumulations1 & "s l[ dunes occur 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! oasis2 ! positions ( ! latt] w be bett] ga!r$ f ! maps ?an f any m]e description4 ,bah>ia itself is m free f s& ?an any ( ! oases to ! s\? ( x1 b ev5 "h ! deposits ( ?is mat]ial are v consid]able1 & z already m5tion$ ext5sive s&-dunes occur on ! des]t to ! ea/1 at a %ort di/ance f ! depression4 ,salt-swamps occur 9 ! nor? ( ! oasis1 hav+ probably be5 produc$ by ! ov]fl[+ ( spr+s =m+ lagoons1 :i* h tak5 ! salt f ! surr\nd+ clays1 ! wat] f ! spr+s only conta9+ a small p]c5tage ( salt4 ,! salt-swamps r\nd ,m&i%a are n[ cov]$ ) a ?9 r\gh dry :ite cru/ ( salt mix$ ) clay & s&2 :5 ?is is brok5 ?r\gh a salty sludge is se5 to exi/ bel[1 sometimes 9 a q liquid /ate2 ! dep? ( sludge is probably n v great1 b !re is en\gh to imm]se a camel up to its neck1 z 0 f\nd by exp]i5ce dur+ ! survey4 ,clays4--,s&y clays ( rec5t orig9 occur at isolat$ spots on ! floor ( ! oasis1 notably ne> ,a9 el ,haiss1 :]e !y are n[ be+ rapidly remov$ by ! action ( ! w9d4 ,_m ( ! spr+s are also deposit+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( clay on ! l[ gr\nd4 ,,! ,,tectonics ,,( ,,! ,,oasis4 ,! rocks ( ! di/rict h und]gone a consid]able am\nt ( di/urbance along c]ta9 l9es4 ,! mo/ important fold is a well-m>k$ syncl9e beg9n+ at ! we/ sc>p 9 lat4 #bh #g ,n4 & runn+ across ! depression 9 a direction #cj nor? ( ea/ until x /rikes ! ea/]n esc>pm5t 9 lat4 #bh #bc4 ,?is syncl9al fold is rem>kably %>p1 ! wid? be+ g5]ally only a few hundr$ metres1 b ! dips s /rong z to br+ ! lime/one b$s ne>ly v]tical 9 places4 ,along ! l9e ( fold we f9d ! :ole ( ! s]ies #f & #g br\ght d[n to ! level ( ! floor ( ! oasis1 b on ei!r side ! b$s s quickly rega9 _! horizontal position t no trace ( ! fold+ is to be se5 7,plate ,,vii74 ,! ,:ite ,*alk 9 ^! folds is always alt]$ by pressure into a h>d cry/all9e lime/one1 z are also ! lime/ones ( ! ,c5omanian bel[4 ,! fold is n actually cont9u\s across ! area1 b is 9 reality made up ( a numb] ( long n>r[ ellipsoidal depressions1 or cup-%ap$ hills1 9 :i* ! end-dips are always less /rong ?an ^? ( ! sides4 ,at its mo/ s\!rly po9t1 :]e x runs into ! sc>p #ad kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 ! two s]ies #f & #g are f\nd dipp+ nor?w>ds at angles up to #dj 7& at "o spot #gh74 ,on ! o!r side ( ! fold ! same b$s dip s\?w>ds at only #e1 & ! appe>ance ( ! fold at ?is po9t sugge/s ! exi/5ce ( an accompany+ fault 7fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,section across ,syncl9e1 #ab kilometres ,n4,w4 ( ,a9 ,haiss4 a4 ,%ales & s&/ones ) ,exogyra1 ,arca1 ,cucullaea1 etc41 ,neolobites vibrayeanus1 etc4 b4 ,h>d cry/all9e lime/one ) fl9ts4 c4 ,s&/one pass+ into h>d qu>tzite4 d4 ,v>iegat$ s&/ones ) b&s ( s&y lime/one4 e4 ,h>d d>k-br[n silice\s cry/all9e lime/one4 f4 ,calc>e\s grit 7 bone-b$7 pass+ 9 "p into s&/one1 & capp$ by h>d cry/all9e lime/one ) %ells4 ,betwe5 ?is po9t & ,jebel ,hefhuf ! fold is m>k$ by a l9e ( l[ isolat$ lime/one-capp$1 cup-%ap$ hills1 ! l>ge/ & be/ m>k$ ( :i* is #af kilometres nor? ( ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,"h ! maximum dip am\nts to #ee on ! we/]n side ( ! bas9-%ap$ hill4 ,jebel ,hefhuf is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ /rik+ "p ( ! fold4 ,! s\!rn portion owes its exi/5ce entirely to ?is syncl9e1 consi/+ z x does ( a long1 & rem>kably n>r[1 ridge-%ap$ hill ( fold$ rocks4 ,dips ( #ej & #fj are common 9 places1 & ! lime/ones implicat$ 9 ! fold are usually r5d]$ h>d & highly cry/all9e4 ,! highe/ cry/all9e lime/ones 9 ,jebel ,hefhuf probably repres5t ! ,:ite ,*alk1 b ! b$s are too cry/all9e to %[ any traces ( fossils4 ,x is notewor?y t all ! basaltic rocks ( ! oasis occur on ! nor?-we/ side1 & at no great di/ance f ?is syncl9e4 ,to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,jebel ,hefhuf ! l9e ( fold passes app>5tly betwe5 ! range ( elongat$ hills we/ ( ,h>ra & ! l>g] some:at triangul> hill to ! nor? ( x1 & al?\gh ! lime/ones & clays ( ^! hills %[ a consid]able am\nt ( fold+ !y d n exhibit x 9 s /rik+ a mann] z ,jebel ,hefhuf4 ,cont9u+ ! l9e till x cuts ! la/ sc>p1 we arrive at a prom95t s&/one headl&1 9 ! gullies on ei!r side ( :i* ! fold+ c be v well se54 ,to ! we/ ( ! headl& ! b$s are ?r[n %>ply up 9 ! valley s z to be ne>ly v]tical2 ?is up-?r[ has result$ 9 an actual fault1 ! d5ud$ edges ( ! v]tical s&/one & clay-b$s be+ ov]la9 by a horizontal b$ ( limonite4 ,! nose ( ! promontory is ( s&/one1 ?is be+ ?r[n up some:at on ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! fault2 ! upp] s&/one & clay b$s dip s\?-ea/ aga9 some:at %>ply on ! face ( ! headl& & come d[n to ! level ( ! oasis floor4 ,x w\ld seem !re=e t at ?is po9t we h ! syncl9e betwe5 two %>p anticl9es1 ! nor? we/]n ( :i* has culm9at$ 9 ! fault4 ,! s\!rn end ( ! oasis is cut out 9 a well-m>k$ g5tle anticl9e4 ,on ! we/ side f ,a9 el ,haiss s\?w>ds ! :ole succession ( ,cretace\s rocks dip /eadily to ! nor?-we/ at f f\r to five degrees1 :ile ^? on ! ea/ sc>p %[ an equally con/ant dip to ! s\?-ea/1 :i* increases fur!r nor?1 till 9 ! neighb\rhood ( lat4 #bh #e its magnitude rea*es #de2 x becomes gradually less fur!r nor?w>ds4 ,ow+ to ?is /rong tilt+ ( ! b$s1 ! l>ge hill ne> ! sc>p consi/s entirely ( s&/ones & clays ) a cap ( qu>tzite & limonite1 al?\gh ne>ly or q z high z ! sc>p2 ! b$s "h recov] _! ne>ly horizontal position at a v %ort di/ance nor?-we/ ( ! l9e ( fold+1 z d also ^? ( ! plateau on ! o!r side ! l9e4 ,besides ! above-describ$ di/urbances ( ! b$s1 !re are "s small] local di/urbances :i* are extremely well-m>k$4 ,?us = in/ance ! l>ge flat-topp$ hill 9 ,n4 lat #bh #g & ,e4 long4 #bh #dh1 l sev]al small] hills ,e4,s4,e4 ( x1 be>s a cap ( lime/ones1 al?\gh its height is less ?an t ( ! s&/one hills ar\nd x4 ,! section ( ?is hill at its we/]n side is z foll[s3-- ,top4 ,metres4 ,silicifi$ lime/one #jf ,h>d impure *alk #bd ,silicifi$ lime/one #ab ,pale gre5 s(t s&y & clayey lime/one #fa ,s&y f]rug9\s conglom]ate #jc ,clays ) s&y & f]rug9\s lay]s1 ext5d+ to oasis floor4 approximately #bbj ---- #cbf ,! b$s are horizontal1 & ! neighb\r+ small] hills :i* possess a simil> lime/one cov]+ are precisely ( ! same height4 ,x w\ld seem impossible to acc\nt = ^! lime/one caps 9 ! mid/ ( high] s&/one hills except by assum+ t !y m>k ! positions ( isl&s1 subsequ5tly d5ud$1 9 ! po/-,eoc5e lake :i* deposit$ ! limonite caps on ! o!r hills2 at ! same "t !y evid5tly repres5t "p ( a syncl9al fold1 ?\gh ! horizontal position & non-cry/all9e "* ( ! b$s %[ t ?is syncl9e mu/ h be5 wide & %all[4 ,x is sc>cely possible to ?9k !re c h be5 a locally calc>e\s deposit f ! lake :i* g5]ally deposit$ ! s&/one & limonite2 ! sudd5 transition f ! black s&/one & limonite ( ! surr\nd+ hills to ! sn[-:ite lime/ones ( ^? "u consid]ation is s /rongly m>k$ 9 ! field z to =bid su* a supposition4 ,at ! same "t1 no fossils 7 f\nd 9 ! b$s1 s !y _c be satisfactorily correlat$ ) ! lime/ones ( ! oasis-sc>ps1 & !y are ( some:at v>iable "* at diff]5t po9ts ( ! hill4 ,x is evid5t !n t 9 ! s\? "p ( ! depression ! ,cretace\s b$s z a :ole =m a l>ge flat anticl9e1 :i* is cont9u\s ) t ( ,f>afra to ! s\?4#eh ,?is be>s out ! /atem5t ( ,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,lyons1#ei "s ye>s ago1 t he believ$ ,bah>ia & ,f>afra ,oases to lie on an anticl9al at "r angles to t ( ,dakhla & ,kh>ga4 ,! anticl9al & syncl9al folds ( ,bah>ia are p>allel & 7 evid5tly produc$ by ! same e>?-movem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,age ( ! fold+4 ,)9 ! oasis-area too1 "s o!r traces ( fold+ are visible2 9 lat4 #bh #aa ,n41 long4 #bi #a ,e4 are two small hills ( clays & s&/ones 7! latt] locally gre5 9 col\r71 ! b$s ( :i* dip ab\t #cj ,e4 & ,w4 respectively1 %[+ a local anticl9e ^: axis runs ne>ly nor?-&-s\?4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood1 z 9 ! oasis g5]ally1 x is n possible to trace ! fold+ 9 ! b$s ( ! l[ gr\nd1 ow+ to its ?ick s&y cov]+4 ,ano!r po9t ( di/urbance is on ! we/]n plateau 9 ,n4 lat4 #bh #bf1 ,e4 long4 #bh #di1 "s #aa kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,el ,qasr4 ,"h 7,fig4 #b7 along a ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 l9e1 cross+ an o!rwise level plateau1 ! ,eoc5e b$s1 & probably also ! ,cretace\s bel[1 are ?r[n up 9 a %>p anticl9al fold1 :i* h[ev]1 is n cont9u\s b consi/s ( a numb] ( isolat$ bulges1 ) dips up to #ej4 ,! plateau at ?is po9t consi/s ( ,eoc5e ,op]cul9a & ,nummulitic lime/one1 & ! effect ( ! anticl9al fold is to expose ! b$s ( s&/one bel[1 :i*1 z already m5tion$1 are probably ,cretace\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,sket* %[+ probable relations ( ,eoc5e & ,cretace\s 9 anticl9e on ,we/]n ,des]t plateau1 #aa kilometres ,n4,w4 ( ,el ,qasr4 ,,eoc5e4--#a4 ,grey cry/all9e lime/one4 #b4 ,h>d :ite gritty *alky lime/one4 #c4 ,grey calc>e\s s&/one4 #d4 ,lime/one ) ,nummulites & ,op]cul9a4 ,,upp] ,,cretace\s4--#e4 ,calc>e\s-grit4 #f4 ,:ite s&/one4 #g4 ,cry/all9e lime/one4 #h4 ,c5omanian clays & s&/ones ) ,exogyra flabellata1 ,e4 ,m]meti & ,e4 olisipon5sis1 etc4 ,) reg>d to ! age ( ! tectonic movem5ts :i* produc$ ! syncl9al & anticl9al folds ( ,bah>ia1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x is n easy to speak ) absolute c]ta9ty1 ow+ to want ( evid5ce at "o or two po9ts4 ,x appe>s c]ta91 h[ev]1 t !y belong to two great movem5ts1 sep>at$ by a va/ int]val 9 "t4 ,! fir/ di/urbance ( ! b$s w\ld appe> to h tak5 place at ! end ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 :5 x seems probable t ! area 9 "q und]w5t upheaval into dry l&4 ,x seems t5able t x 0 dur+ ?is movem5t t ! l>ge flat anticl9e1 s well se5 9 ! s\? "p ( ,bah>ia & 9 ! nor? ( ,f>afra1 0 produc$1 z ! ,eoc5e b$s =m+ ! plateau imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ! ,cretace\s b$s d n %[ any sign ( di/urbance4#fj ,! subsid+ ,cretace\s l&1 on :i* ^! ,eoc5e deposits 7 laid d[n1 mu/ !re=e h _h ! =m ( a long1 flat1 irregul> ridge ( anticl9al /ructure1 probably ext5d+ f ,dakhla ?r\gh ! oases ( ,f>afra & ,bah>ia to ,abu ,roa%4 ,! o!r folds ( ,bah>ia1 be+ p>allel to ! anticl9e j dealt )1 w\ld at fir/ sight appe> to date f ! same movem5t4 ,) reg>d to ! syncl9e1 h[ev]1 two obs]vations appe> :i* =ce u to consid] its age z v mu* lat]2 ^! are1 fir/1 ! occurr5ce ( nummulites & o!r ,eoc5e fossils )9 ! fold at a po9t #af kilometres nor? ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 & secondly1 ! fact t at ! nor!rn extremity ( ! fold1 :]e x meets ! ea/]n sc>p1 ! ,eoc5e b$s are affect$4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! b$s !mselves1 f :i* ! fossils _h be5 d]iv$1 7 n obs]v$ to be actually affect$ by ! fold1 & !re=e ! evid5ce "h1 al?\gh sugge/ive1 is n conclusive4 ,! evid5ce at ! nor? end ( ! fold1 h[ev]1 if sub/antiat$1 proves t ! age ( ! fold mu/ be po/-,eoc5e4 ,) reg>d to ! anticl9al fold on ! nor?-we/]n plateau !re is no "q1 z ?is cle>ly affects ! ,eoc5e b$s2 x also is p>allel to ! o!r folds4 ,^! folds affect+ ,eoc5e b$s1 lead u to ! conclusion t !re 0 ano!r p]iod ( possibly ev] m important e>?-movem5ts1 ( ! exact date ( :i* we _c be c]ta91 al?\gh x is n impossible t x 0 closely connect$ ) ^? great e>?-movem5ts ( ,plioc5e times1 :i* gave rise to ! *ief topographic fixtures ( ,n4,e4 ,africa & ,s4,w4 ,asia4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,summ>y ( ! ,geological ,hi/ory ( ! ,oasis4--,! olde/#fa s$im5t>y deposit 9 ,egypt is ! ,nubian ,s&/one ( ! ,cretace\s4 ,f ! g5]al abs5ce ( m>9e %ells 9 ?is rock we may premise t ! deposit 0 laid d[n 9 an inl& sea or lake1 :i* mu/ h cov]$ an enorm\s ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,egypt ! upp] "p ( ! ,nubian ,s&/one becomes fossilif]\s1 ! fauna hav+ an und\bt$ ,c5omanian aspect2 ?is is ! case 9 ,wadi ,araba1 at ,abu ,roa% & 9 ,bah>ia4 ,fur!r to ! s\?1 h[ev]1 z 9 ,dakhla1 ! ,nubian ,s&/one fir/ becomes fossilif]\s 9 ,s5onian times4 ,we may expla9 ?is diff]5ce 9 ! two localities on ! supposition t a gradual subsid5ce 0 tak+ place ) a correspond+ gradual encroa*m5t ( ! sea f ! nor?1 :i* cov]$ ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\ntry 7includ+ ,wadi ,araba1 ,abu ,roa% & ,bah>ia7 9 ,c5omanian times b did n rea* ! latitude ( ,dakhla till consid]ably lat]1 i4e41 9 ,s5onian times4 ,f ! ,c5omanian onw>ds ?r\gh\t ! ,cretace\s1 ! ,bah>ia area 0 "o ( cont9u$ subsid5ce1 ! li?ological & palontological *>act]s ( ! b$s %[+ evid5ce ( a gradual increase 9 conditions ( dep?1 until ! maximum 0 rea*$ 9 ! deposition ( ! ,:ite ,*alk 9 ,danian times4 ,betwe5 ! deposition ( ! upp]mo/ ,cretace\s rocks & ! ,eoc5e x is probable t a consid]able int]val elaps$1 dur+ :i* ! ,cretace\s 0 elevat$ into l&1 ) mu* fold+ & fractur+ ( ! rocks & subsequ5t d5udation4#fb ,x 0 probably dur+ ?is upheaval t ! ,cretace\s ( ,bah>ia assum$ its anticl9al /ructure4 ,subsequ5tly1 subsid5ce tak+ place1 ! ,eoc5e sea subm]g$ ! area1 & deposits 7 laid d[n on ! unev5 ,cretace\s l& 9 an uncon=mable & ov]lapp+ mann]4 ,9 ,bah>ia ! l[e/ memb] ( ! ,eoc5e ( ,egypt1 ! ,esna ,%ales1 is n pres5t1 al?\gh fur!r to ! s\? t[>ds ,f>afra x has be5 obs]v$4 ,on ! ea/ side1 "s s&/ones & clays met ) bel[ ! :ite *alk b$s ( ! out] plateau may belong to ?is division4 ,! fir/ und\bt$ ,eoc5e deposits 9 ! ,bah>ia area are ! lime/ones ) ,op]cul9a & ,nummulites :i* uncon=mably ov]lie diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,cretace\s 9 ! nor? & we/ sides1 & ea/w>d ( ! s\? end4 ,! :ole ( ! ,eoc5e deposits are "h1 h[ev]1 only a few metres ?ick1 :i* contra/s /rangely ) ! enorm\s ?ickness ( ! deposits ( ! same age 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,?is is intelligible1 h[ev]1 on ! supposition t ne> ! subsid+ ,cretace\s l& ! conditions = cont9u$ accumulation ( deposits 7 n s fav\rable z fur!r to ! ea/1 :]e deep] wat] conditions obta9$4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ,po/-,eoc5e times1 ! :ole und]w5t upheaval1 & x is probable t dur+ ?is elevation ! ma9 syncl9al fold#fc 0 produc$1 toge!r ) ! m9or anticl9e4 ,! evid5ce = plac+ ! date ( ! =mation ( ! syncl9e ant]ior to ! deposition ( ! f]rug9\s grits1 limonite1 etc4 7,s]ies ,no4 #c7 /&s on ! foll[+ basis3 ! abs5ce ( pro( ( ! fold+ 9 "q hav+ affect$ ! b$s ( ,s]ies #c1 & ! pres5ce ( a horizontal deposit ( limonite on ! upturn$ edges ( ! /rata1 at ! po9t :]e ! fold meets ! ea/]n sc>p 7page #ff74 ,ab\t ! same "t1 probably1 basalt & dol]ite 0 intrud$ into ! ,c5omanian rocks bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,=mation ( depression4 ,z a result ( ! %>p folds ! upp] lime/ones 7 crack$1 & _! d5udation by natural ag5cies foll[$1 =m+ a slight holl[ simil> 9 %ape to t :i* ! oasis n[ exhibits2 ! ag5t ( d5udation _c be /at$ ) c]ta9ty1 b :atev] =ce came into op]ation x w\ld f9d easy "w 9 ! crack$-up rocks1 & /ill easi] w\ld be its task 9 p>tly remov+ ! s(t ,c5omanian s&/ones & clays aft] ! h>d] lime/ones _h disappe>$4 ,! prim>y excavation ( ! holl[ 0 foll[$ by ! =mation ( a great lake1 9 :i* 7 laid d[n deposits ( s&/one1 qu>tzite1 & iron-ore2 ?is lake d\btless surr\nd$ isl&s1 repres5t$ to-day by ^? hills :i* /ill pres]ve _! lime/one-caps2 x ext5d$1 or simil> lakes exi/$1 beyond ! oasis-limits1 =m+ ! qu>tzites & f]rug9\s s&/ones pass$ on ! way f ,maghagha to ,bah>ia1 & 0 p]haps cont9u\s ) ! ,oligoc5e & po/-,oligoc5e sea :i* cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry to ! nor?4 ,9 lat] times ! area f9ally became cont95tal & d5udation gradually sculptur$ ! oasis to its pres5t =m2 ?is sculptur+ w\ld no d\bt proce$ rapidly 9 ! moi/ climate :i* is kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ,egypt 9 ,plioc5e & e>ly ,plei/oc5e times1 & is be+ cont9u$ to-day by ! p[]ful ag5cy ( ! des]t w9d-borne s& & *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! wat]-supply ( ! oasis is probably d]iv$ f ! tropical ra9s ( ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ! wat] f :i* p5etrates ! gr\nd & fl[s nor?w>ds along p]meable b$s ( s&/one1 etc41 9 :i* x is conf9$ by o!r imp]meable /rata1 until tapp$ naturally or artificially 9 ! great oases or depressions ( ! ,libyan ,des]t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #ce3 ,voyage ,mro1 etc41 op4 cit4 ,footnote #cf3 ,geologie1 u4 ,palontologie d] ,libys*5 ,w/e4 ,cassel1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #cg3 ,zittel _h divid$ ! ,cretace\s ( ! ,we/]n ,oases into ! foll[+ ma9 divisions3-- ,top4 #a4 ,well-b$d$ lime/one & e>?y *alk4 #b4 ,gre5i% & a%-grey %aly clays4 #c4 ,b$s ) ,exogyra ,ov]wegi4 ,footnote #ch3 ,on ! ,/ratigraphy & ,physiography ( ! ,libyan ,des]t ( ,egypt1 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,nov4 #ahid1 ,vol4 #ej1 p4 #ece4 ,footnote #ci3 ,lett] f ,pr(4 ,zittel to ,capt4 ,lyons1 dat$ ,may #ai?1 #ahid4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds sugge/$ 7,,beadnell1 op4 cit4 ,int4 ,geol4 ,congress1 p4 #aj7 t ^! specim5s 7 possibly n ,e4 ,ov]wegi at all1 & ,mr4 ,bull5 ,newton1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :o has und]tak5 ! det]m9ation ( ! ,bah>ia collection1 confirms ?is1 /at+ t ! s-call$ specim5s ( ,exogyra ,ov]wegi1 ref]r$ to 9 ,capt4 ,lyons' pap]1 are 9 reality examples ( ,e4 m]meti4 ,footnote #dj3 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ! geological /ructure ( ,bah>ia has already be5 publi%$3-- ,,beadnell1 op4 cit4 7,dc\v]tes ,gologiques ,rc5tes1 etc47 ,int4 ,geol4 ,cong4 #aijj2 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,footnote #da3 ,?is1 ) ! #f metres ( ,eoc5e lime/one above1 gives ! height ( ! hill above ! floor z #agd metres4 ,as*]son gives #afb1 b ! diff]5ce is probably due to our read+s be+ comm5c$ on ! l[e/ gr\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :]e ! olde/ b$s 7 expos$4 ,footnote #db3 ,! specific names giv5 9 ?is report are bas$ on det]m9ations made by ,dr4 ,blanck5horn 9 ,cairo & by ,mr4 ,bull5 ,newton at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #dc3 ,9 connection ) ! discov]y ( ,c5omanian deposits 9 ,bah>ia ,oasis1 vide1 ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,nos4 #abg1 #dcj1 #dcb1 #aijj 7,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,b474 ,footnote #dd3 ,a v /rik+ feature ( ! br[n lime/ones is ! abundance 9 !m ( calcite-l9$ cavities2 ^! are (t5 arrang$ 9 planes p>allel to ! b$d+1 z is well se5 = in/ance 9 ! hills nor?-we/ ( ,h>ra4 ,footnote #de3 ,mr4 ,gorr+e fir/ drew att5tion to ! pres5ce ( fossil wood 9 ^! b$s4 ,footnote #df3 ,an analysis ( ?is bone-b$ is giv5 9 ,report on ! ,phosphates ( ,egypt1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,egypt1 publication1 ,cairo4 #aijj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,,beadnell1 ,dakhla ,oasis1 its ,topography & ,geology4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,egypt4 ,report1 #ahii1 ,pt4 ,,iv4 ,cairo4 #aija1 pp4 #if-ih4 ,footnote #dh3 ,,b>ron & ,,hume1 ,topography & ,geology ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t ( ,egypt1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,report1 ,cairo1 #aijc4 ,footnote #di3 ,x may p]haps be t ! l[e/ lime/one b$ disappe>s1 hav+ ?9n$ out1 9 :i* case x is difficult to di/+ui% ! s&/ones & clays ( ?is division f ^? ( ! "o bel[4 ,footnote #ej3 ,zittel1 op4 cit4 ,footnote #ea3 ,z x seems probable t ! ,l[] ,mokattam is a some:at local developm5t ( ! upp] "p ( ! ,libyan ,s]ies1 & x be+ difficult or impossible 9 _m areas to sep>ate ! two1 we %all 9 our description ( ! ,eoc5e ( ?is oasis make no attempt at a division4 ,footnote #eb3 ,,*apman1 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,dec4 ,,iv1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,feb4 & ,m>*1 #aijb1 pp4 #fb-fg1 #ajf-aad4 ,footnote #ec3 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ! pres5ce ( an ov]lap 0 suspect$ by ,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,lyons z long ago z #ahid1 z 9 8 pap] 7op4 cit4 #ece7 he says3-- 8,at ! nor?-ea/ & ea/ ( ! ,bah>ia ,oasis ! ,upp] ,mokattam b$s1 *>act]iz$ by ,o/rea ,fraasi & ,o4 ,cloti 7z k9dly det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,zittel71 occur #cj miles nor?-ea/ & #bj miles ea/ ( ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s conta9+ ,exogyra ,ov]wegi 9 ! oasis1 & ) a diff]5ce 9 altitude ( less ?an #bjj feet4 ,z !re is no m>k$ dip ( ! b$s1 we h evid5tly an ov]lap ( ! rema9d] ( ! ,cretace\s b$s & ! ,libyan & ,l[] ,mokattam b$s ( ! ,eoc5e1 & ?is inf]5ce is borne out by ! %ort di/ance betwe5 ! ,cretace\s & ,mioc5e outcrops to ! we/ on ,dr4 ,zittel's r\te to ,siwa40 ,footnote #ed3 ,voyage ,mro1 ,i41 p4 #ahi4 ,! same obs]v] also not$ ! pres5ce ( nummulites 9 ! nor!rn sc>p1 & ! f]rug9\s nature ( ! s&/ones compos+ ! hills ( ! oasis 7p4 #aij74 ,footnote #ee3 ,zeits*4 d4 ,ges4 f4 ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 #ahhe1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ef3 ,geol4 d4 ,liby4 ,w/e1 #ahhc1 pp4 #abb1 #abc4 ,footnote #eg3 ,le ,liguri5 et le ,tongri5 en gypte1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 ,france1 sec4 ,,iii1 vol4 ,,xxi 7#ahic74 ,footnote #eh3 ,,beadnell1 op4 cit4 7,f>afra ,oasis7 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #ei3 ,,lyons1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ecg-edj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,op4 cit4 7,dc\v]tes ,gologiques ,rc5tes1 etc47 pp4 #hee-hef4 ,footnote #fa3 ,we except1 ( c\rse1 ! v local areas :]e a ,c>bonif]\s fauna has be5 detect$4 ,footnote #fb3 ,comp>e1 op4 cit4 ,! ,cretace\s ,region ( ,abu ,roa%1 etc4 ,footnote #fc3 ,or1 z sugge/$ above1 ^! folds may h be5 produc$ 9 lat] times1 i4e41 ,plioc5e1 :5 important e>?-movem5ts 7 kn[n to h tak5 place 9 ,n4,e4 ,africa & ,s4,w4 ,asia4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiquities4 ,! ar*ological rema9s ( ,bah>ia ,oasis admit ( a classification1 bas$ on _! ages1 into ! foll[+ ?ree gr\ps3-- 7a7 ,egyptian1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( a /ela ( ! #ah?1 a tomb ( ! #ai?1 & temples ( ! #bf? ,dyna/y4 7b7 ,roman1 includ+ ! ru9s ( an ar* & v>i\s o!r /ructures2 also ! subt]ranean aqu$ucts /ill 9 use = convey+ wat] f spr+s to ! cultivat$ l&4 7c7 ,coptic1 embrac+ ! ru9s ( sev]al villages & a *ur*4 ,z ! lit]ature conc]n+ ^! is mo/ly fragm5t>y & scatt]$1 x may be well to describe briefly ! v>i\s rema9s1 foll[+ ! above classification4 7a7 ,,egyptian ,,antiquities4 ,! olde/ inscription yet f\nd 9 ,bah>ia is t on a /ela ( ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,ii1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,as*]son 9 #ahgf to ! we/ ( ,bawitti4 ,?is /ela is ( hi/orical importance1 z be+ n only ! olde/ ( all antiquities f ! oases1 b also old] ?an any inscription be>+ ref]5ce to ! oases1 & z prov+ t ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,empire ! ,egyptians _h tak5 possession ( ! oases & erect$ temples to _! gods !re94 ,as*]son 0 also ! fir/ to record ! exi/5ce ( ! ru9s ( an ,egyptian temple 9 ! oasis4 ,?is /ructure is m>k$ on 8 map#fd z exi/+ "s #b kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,el ,qasr2 he appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h not$ no inscription on ! walls 7! only p>ts rema9+7 & 8 brief ref]5ces to x 9 8 memoir d n give any data z to its age4 ,9 8 rec5t visit 7#aijj7 to ,bah>ia1 ,/e9dorff#fe discov]$ ! rema9s ( two ,egyptian temples4 ,! fir/ ( ^! exi/s "u mod]n dwell+s 9 ! middle ( ! village ( ,el ,qasr1 9 a f>m belong+ to ! ,omda4 ,x conta9s at pres5t only "o room1 ) no inscriptions except on ! ro(1 :5ce1 h[ev]1 we le>n t ! build+ 0 erect$ dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,apries 7,b4,c4 #ehh-egj7 to 8,ammon-,re1 ! ,"l ( ! ,oasis1 :o dwells 9 ,desde/10 by a c]ta9 ,weh-eb-,re-n(r & "o ,d$-,kh5s-ef-,onkh4 ,! second temple f\nd by ,/e9dorff1 erect$ by ! same 8,pr9ce & ,rul] ( ! ,oasis0 ,d$-,kh5s-ef-,onkh1 lies ab\t #b kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,el ,qasr4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 ! reign ( ,amasis 7,b4,c4 #efi-ebf7 & is !re=e ( some:at lat] date ?an ! =ego+4 ,! l>ge room1 excavat$ f s& by ,/e9dorff1 has its walls ornam5t$ ) repres5tations ( ,egyptian deities1 ! col\rs ( :i* are admirably pres]v$4 ,x is curi\s to note t at lea/ "o1 & p]haps bo?1 ( ! temples discov]$ by ,/e9dorff _h be5 previ\sly visit$ by ,as*]son 9 #ahgf4 ,?is obs]v] m5tions 7op4 cit4 p4 #adj7 8a well pres]v$ und]gr\nd *amb] :i* s]ves z a dwell+ = ! s]vants ( ! ,omda1 :i* may be ( ,egyptian orig94 ,on ! ro( ( ?is *amb] 7:i* is #gbe metres long1 #bdj metres broad1 & #bij metres high7 is a l9e ( inscription10 :i* latt] he 0 unable to read ow+ to ! d>kness4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! id5tity ( ?is place ) ! fir/ ( ! temples describ$ by ,/e9dorff4 ,fur!r on 9 8 memoir 7p4 #adb7 ,as*]son also m5tions a ru9 call$ 8,qasr ,megasba1 a s&/one /ructure hav+ its sides ori5t$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 #he metres long1 #fi metres broad1 ) a small entrance-hall to ! s\? & a l>ge room :i* c only be ent]$ ?r\gh ! small] "o40 ,he relates t ! door-way is wall$ up ) crude brick1 & does n say :e!r he ent]$ ! build+ or n1 s t x is n c]ta9 :e!r ?is place is id5tical ) ,/e9dorff's second temple4 ,! di/ance ( ! ru9 f ,el ,qasr1 z %[n on ,as*]son's map1 is ab\t #d kilometres1 i4e41 d\ble t m5tion$ by ,/e9dorff1 b o!rwise ! nature ( ! build+ is /rongly sugge/ive ( an id5tity4 ,9 8 exploration ( ! l>ge ,necropolis ea/ ( ,el ,qasr & ,bawitti1 ,/e9dorff records ! f9d+ ( a tomb ( ! ,new ,empire1 dat+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #acjj74 ,on cle>+ out ?is tomb1 extremely int]e/+ decorations 7 f\nd on its walls4 ,! tomb consi/s ( sev]al *amb]s hewn 9 ! rock1 only two ( :i* are decorat$ ) reliefs1 & belong$ to a c]ta9 ,am5hotep1 pr9ce ( ! ,nor!rn ,oasis & ( ! ,oasis ,huye4 ,! explor] records t on "o ( ! walls ( ! fir/ *amb] ,am5hotep is repres5t$ sitt+ by 8 wife1 8 p br++ to him all k9ds ( dr9ks & food1 includ+ fi%2 on ano!r wall he is se5 sup]9t5d+ ! manufacture ( w9e1 :ile on a ?ird is a lively repres5tation ( ! fun]al ( ! deceas$4 ,! pictures on ! walls ( ! second room are ( simil> k9d1 b ( a m religi\s "*4 ,/e9dorff rem>ks t ?is is ! fir/ important tomb ( ,egyptian age to be f\nd 9 ! oases ( ! ,libyan ,des]t4 ,x appe>s to h be5 us$ lat] on = o!r int]m5ts1 z sev]al clay mummy-%ap$ c(f9s 7 f\nd2 f ^! ! mummies _h disappe>$1 b a few relics su* z sc>abei1 a gold e>r+1 a bronze mirror1 etc41 7 f\nd4 ,to ! ,egyptian p]iod also belongs a lime/one /atue ( ! same ,d$-,kh5s-ef-,onkh :o erect$ ! two temples ( ! #bf? ,dyna/y already m5tion$2 ,/e9dorff f\nd ?is 9 "o ( ! h\ses at ,el ,qasr4 ,a s&/one ru9 situate #b kilometres due we/ ( ,zubbo1 mapp$ b n exam9$ by ! ,survey1 w\ld appe> to be t ( ano!r small ,egyptian temple4 ,x is m>k$ on ,cailliaud's map z 8dbris de ,temple10 b is n m5tion$ 9 8 description4 ,yet a fif? temple 9 ,bah>ia w\ld seem to be repres5t$ by ! ru9 8,qasr ,mayesra10 #b kilometres nor?-we/ ( ,m&i%a1 visit$ by ,as*]son4 ,?is ru91 :i* is also m5tion$ by ,belzoni1 ,cailliaud1 & ,wilk9son1 is a small /ructure ( s&/one #gia metres long1 #fbd metres broad1 hav+ only "o room 7ent]$ f ! nor?71 & ori5t$ to ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,! /ones ( ?is ru9 h ,greek lett]s & o!r signs cut 9 !m1 possibly mason's m>ks2 !y are s /rik+ z to h be5 se5 f a di/ance ?r\gh a telescope by ,belzoni4 ,! rock-tombs s\?-ea/ ( ,m&i%a1 m5tion$ by ,as*]son 7l4c4 p4 #ade71 may possibly be fur!r rema9s ( ! ,egyptian epo*1 & ! same is ! case ) "s rock-*amb]s f\nd by ! ,survey 9 ! s\? "p ( ! oasis1 "s #c kilometres s\? ( ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,! latt] are excavat$ 9 an isolat$ rock-mass 7s&/one7 "s #bj metres 9 diamet] & #f metres high4 ,! *ief entrance is on ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! rock1 by :at looks f a %ort di/ance l a m]e crack2 ?is entrance leads into a s]ies ( f\r small l[ *amb]s 7ea* ab\t #c metres squ>e71 ) a deep] *annel runn+ along ! c5tre4 ,o!r simil> *amb]s are f\nd ent]+ f ! nor? side4 ,no inscriptions appe> to exi/ except a few ,arabic scrat*es ne> ! pr9cipal entrance1 & ! *amb]s 7 empty4 7b7 ,,roman ,,antiquities4 ,! ,roman /ructures 9 ! oasis diff] g5]ally f ^? ( ! ,egyptian era 9 be+ built ( crude brick in/ead ( /one4 ,!y %[1 h[ev]1 a great solidity ( con/ruction2 = ?is reason ^! erections ( ! ,romans h 9 _m cases outla/$ ^? ( ! ,coptic p]iod :i* 7 built long aft]w>ds2 9 ,bah>ia ! old ,roman und]gr\nd aqu$ucts /ill s]ve = ! conveyance ( wat] f ! spr+s to ! irrigat$ tracts1 & ! pres5t inhabitants are f> too indol5t to con/ruct simil> *annels = !mselves4 ,accord+ to ,as*]son 7l4c4 p4 #adj7 ! village ( ,el ,qasr owes its "n to a ,roman ca/le1 abundant rema9s ( :i* /ill exi/ "u ! mod]n h\ses4 ,! mo/ important ( ! ,roman ru9s ( ,bah>ia 0 h[ev] until rec5tly an ar* situat$ close to ! nor? ( ,el ,qasr4 ,cailliaud 7l4c4 p4 #ahc7 describes ! /ructure 7z se5 9 #ahbj7 z consi/+ ( an 8arc de triomphe0 /&+ on an embankm5t #ci metres long1 ) a dress$ /one revetm5t2#ff ?is embankm5t rises #aj metres f ! gr\nd-level at ! nor? side1 & is level ) ! soil ( ! village to ! s\?4 ,! pr9cipal faade is to ! nor?4 ,! c\rses ( ! masonry are #bg to #cj c5timetres high1 & %[ a peculi> con/ruction1 head]s & /ret*]s be+ built 9 alt]nate c\rses4 ,! wall1 :i* 0 ab\t #bc metres ?ick1 & built ) a /rongly-m>k$ batt]1 _h an ornam5tal cornice all r\nd2 above ?is came a sort ( p>apet #ij c5timetres high4 ,! sub/ance ( ! embankm5t is a k9d ( concrete ( irregul>ly-%ap$ /ones set 9 cem5t4 ,! ar* itself rises f ! embankm5t 9 ! middle ( ! nor? faade1 & is ( ! ,doric ord]1 its l5g? be+ #gdh metres4 ,at ! "t ( ,cailliaud's visit only ! c5tral arcade 0 /ill /&+2 f x "o c\ld desc5d by a flight ( /eps on to ! l[] gr\nd4 ,! faade 0 ornam5t$ ) pila/]s1 & on ea* side ( ! ar* 0 a ni*e decorat$ ) small columns4 ,9 "o ( ! ma9 pill>s ,cailliaud saw a spiral /aircase lead+ to a t]race on ! top ( ! ar*4 ,! /ones are frequ5tly m>k$ ) ,greek lett]s1 d\btless to guide ! build]s2 no hi]oglyphs or o!r evid5ces ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians c\ld be se5 9 ! ru9s4 ,?is int]e/+ ru9 0 f\nd 9 a f> less p]fect /ate ( pres]vation on ! visit ( ,as*]son 9 #ahgf1 ! revetm5t-wall hav+ mo/ly disappe>$1 possibly ow+ to an e>?quake :i* is said to h tak5 place 9 ! oasis ab\t #ahdj4 ,! late/ travell] to visit ! ru9s 7,/e9dorff1 #aijj7 f\nd t ! :ole /ructure _h fall54#fg ,! ru9 kn[n z ,qasr ,alam1 situat$ ab\t #b kilometres we/ ( ,bawitti1 visit$ by ,wilk9son & by ,as*]son1 is a rectangul> crude-brick /ructure on a slight em95ce4 ,only ! l[] p>ts ( ! walls rema91 & ,wilk9son speaks ( x z 8an insignificant crude-brick ru940 ,as*]son obta9$ a bronze hawk 7n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 museum7 f\nd 9 ?is place4 ,wilk9son m5tions ano!r ru91 simil> to ! above1 #a kilometre s\?-we/ ( ,el ,qasr2 ?is does n appe> to h be5 s9ce not$4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ ! date ( ei!r ( ^! /ructures4 ,a ne>ly squ>e build+ ) batt]$ walls & a =tifi$ appe>ance1 situat$ among ! ru9s ( ! ,coptic village "s #d kilometres ,e4,s4,e4 f ,m&i%a may possibly be a ,roman =t4 ,cailliaud gives its size z #adg metres long1 #ab metres wide1 ) walls #h metres 9 height1 ! s+le door be+ to ! ea/4 ,! int]ior is full ( debris1 s t ! arrangem5t _c be well se54 ,! same d\bt z to age occurs conc]n+ "s und]gr\nd *amb]s at ,el ,qasr1 9 "o ( :i* ,vir*[#fh f\nd an urn1 & simil> /ructures at ,bawitti m5tion$ by ,as*]son4 ,!re is less unc]ta9ty conc]n+ a l>ge crude-brick ru9 9 ! s\?-ea/ "p ( ! oasis1 "s #f kilometres ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,?is ru91 m5tion$ by ,belzoni 7l4c41 p4 #dbg71 ,cailliaud 7l4c41 p4 #aid1 & ,pl4 ,,xxxvi1 fig4 #a71 & ,wilk9son 7l4c41 p4 #cfa71 /&s conspicu\s on an em95ce2 x is ( consid]able size1 its l5g? be+ ov] #hg metres1 & ! walls be+ #f metres high4 ,9 ! int]ior is ! debris ( dwell+s4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a ,roman ca/le4 ,belzoni & ,cailliaud m5tion also a squ>e build+ ) small *amb]s1 ) a squ>e pit cut 9 ! rock 9 ! c5tre2 ?is lies ab\t #a kilometre ,s4,s4,w4 f ! ca/le1 & is reg>d$ by ^! discov]]s z an anci5t ba?4 ,to ! ,roman p]iod may possibly belong a l>ge crude-brick rectangul> enclosure close to ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,?is build+ is #ge paces squ>e1 ) a ma9 door on ! we/ side1 & has walls ab\t #b metres 9 height4 ,! brickwork is peculi>1 a c\rse ( /ret*]s ?ree bricks deep be+ foll[$ by two c\rses ( head]s set on edge1 ) "o or two r[s ( bricks 9 a p]p5dicul> position d[n ! c5tre2 ! walls are #ej c5timetres ?ick4 ,! int]ior ( ! place is a l>ge c\rt1 ) num]\s small rooms at ! nor? & s\? sides & two o!rs on ! we/4 ,! rooms are us$ at ! pres5t day by ! m5 ( ,bawitti :5 !y come to ga!r ! rice-crop at ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t no ref]5ce to ?is l>ge /ructure is to be f\nd 9 ,cailliaud's acc\nt2 its position 7"s #cjj metres only s\?-we/ ( ! %eikh's tomb at ,a9 el ,haiss7 w\ld seem to preclude ! possibility ( confus+ x ) ! o!r ru9s he describes4 ,he gives h[ev] 7l4c4 p4 #aie7 ! latitude ( ,el ,haiss z #bh #j #cb1fi 8latitude du c\v5t *rti510 f :i* x w\ld appe> likely t he consid]$ ?is place a conv5t4 ,!re is no evid5ce to decide :e!r ! build+ is ( ,roman or ,coptic orig94 ,f> m endur+ & m important 79 a mod]n s5se7 ?an any ( _! build+s1 7 ! ext5sive excavations c>ri$ out by ! ,romans = ! improvem5t ( ! wat]-supply ( oasis4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bawitti especially1 long s]ies ( %afts sunk 9 ! s&/ones & clays :i* =m ! gr\nd1 are frequ5tly to be se54 ,^! %afts1 :i* v>y f #a to #c metres 9 diamet]1 are sometimes r\nd1 sometimes rectangul>1 & are plac$ at only %ort di/ances ap>t4 ,!y are connect$ bel[ ) long tunnels1 along :i* fl[s ! wat] f ! spr+s4 ,cailliaud m5tions ! exi/5ce ( t5 ( ^! anci5t aqu$ucts ne> ,m&i%a1 eight ( :i* /ill convey$ wat] 9 #ahbj2 he ent]$ "o & foll[$ x = #dj metres4 ,he c\nt$ no less ?an f\rte5 %afts connect$ ) ?is tunnel 9 a l5g? ( #aej metres1 & records t "o measur$ _h a rectangul> %ape1 #ade metres by #jde metres1 & 0 p]fectly cut 9 ! rock1 ) foo?olds = ! desc5t ( ! workm54 ,! l>ge/ aqu$uct f\nd by ,cailliaud is s\?-we/ ( ,el ,qasr2 its size is su* t a man is able to walk 9 x4 ,?is tunnel1 :i* n[ conta9s no wat]1 leads f an excavation #e metres 9 diamet] by #h metres deep1 & 9 a l5g? ( #ee metres x is ent]$ by t5 %afts4 ,9 ! same neighb\rhood ,cailliaud c\nt$ m ?an ?irty o!r aqu$ucts1 mo/ly com+ f ! s\?1 l ^? ( ,m&i%a4 ,f\r ( ^! dis*>ge _! wat] into a huge excavation #gj metres diamet] & #ab metres deep4 ,! only example ( an und]gr\nd aqu$uct at pres5t kn[n to exi/ 9 ! s\? "p ( ! oasis is "o discov]$ by ,as*]son a few kilometres ea/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss2 x is at pres5t dry4 ,?\gh m abundant 9 ,bah>ia ?an 9 any o!r ( ! ,egyptian oases1 d\btless on acc\nt ( ! relatively %all[ dep?s at :i* wat] is !re rea*$1 ^! ,roman levels are n peculi> to ,bah>ia1 sev]al exi/+ 9 ,f>afra1#gj "o ( :i* 0 notic$ by ,as*]son 7l4c4 p4 #acg72 o!r examples h be5 f\nd at ,a9 ,um ,dababib & ne> ,g5nah 9 ,kh>ga4#ga ,x appe>s1 too1 t und]gr\nd aqu$ucts ( ! same nature exi/ abundantly 9 ! oases ( ! ,alg]ian & ,moori% ,sah>a4 7c7 ,,coptic ,,antiquities4 ,"s #d kilometres ,e4,s4,e4 f ,m&i%a are ! ru9s ( a ,coptic#gb village1 :i* appe> to be ^? describ$ & figur$ by ,cailliaud1 al?\gh he gives ! position z 8e/ #ce nord de ,zab\0 ,cailliaud *>act]ises ^! rema9s z 8mis]able ru9s10 b m5tions specially1 besides ! =t ref]r$ to1 two ru9$ *ur*es1 l>g] ?an ! o!r /ructures4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is #aaa metres long1 #fej metres wide1 & has walls /ill #f metres high2 a pr9cipal door op5s to ! s\?1 :ile ano!r small] door is situat$ on ! nor? side4 ,! int]ior pres5ts only "o room1 ) a ni*e 9 ! wall2 !re are ?ree w9d[s on ea* ( ! two long] sides4 ,! second ru9 is ( ab\t ! same size2 on ea* ( its long] sides are n9e ni*es 9 ! wall1 & high] up are six small op5+s = light4 ,! build+ appe>s to h be5 vault$4 ,! anci5t habitations :i* =m ! rema9d] ( ! ru9s are ( a uni=m type--l[ vault$ dwell+s surm\nt$ by t]races1 access to :i* is got by /eps4 ,! entire village has a circumf]5ce ( ab\t #ebj metres4 ,! "n ( ! locality :]e ^! ru9s exi/ is n )\t int]e/4 ,as*]son quotes x z 8,d5ise10 :ile ,wilk9son gives 8,bayrees20 ! "n1 l t ( ,b]is 9 ,kh>ga ,oasis1 d\btless comes f ! old ,egyptian root 8rs0 7! s\?74 ,ano!r ,coptic village exi/$ 9 ! s\?-ea/ "p ( ! oasis1 9 a di/rict n[ call$ ,uxor1 "s #aj kilometres ea/ ( ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,! pr9cipal ru9 is t ( a *ur*1 built ( crude brick1 #aih metres 9 l5g?4#gc ,! ext]ior displays only f\r b>e walls1 batt]$1 ) two doors 9 ! ea/ "p op5+ respectively nor? & s\?4 ,9 ! int]ior is a nave1 & on ea* side are ?ree arcades =m+ small *apels2 9 ! c5tre is a ni*e ornam5t$ ) small columns ) volute capitals4 ,above ! *apels a gall]y runs r\nd ! build+4 ,! columns ( ! nave h capitals rudely modell$ on ! plan ( ! lotus-fl[] ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,! rema9s ( fresco pa9t+s c /ill be trac$ on ! walls1 ) ,greek crosses & fragm5ts ( inscriptions4 ,as*]son records t he visit$ ?is ru9 9 #ahgf & f\nd x 9 ab\t ! same /ate z ,cailliaud n>rates1 ?\gh he 0 unable to discov] ! inscriptions on ! walls :i* t au?or & ,wilk9son ref] to4 ,besides ! two above-m5tion$1 a ?ird ,coptic village seems to h exi/$ ab\t #g kilometres s\?-we/ ( ,m&i%a1 at ! s\? end ( ! range ( hills :i* w be se5 on ! map4 ,?is village has n be5 se51 app>5tly1 by any ,european travell]1 ?\gh its position 0 po9t$ out to ,as*]son f a di/ance1 "u ! "n 8,m]h>et-el-,fama40 ,in=mation 0 d]iv$ on a visit to ,a9 ,jaf>ra 7#f kilometres s\? ( ,m&i%a7 t "s ru9s exi/$ a %ort di/ance to ! nor?-we/1 & ?is w\ld appe> to co9cide ) ! position giv5 by ,as*]son2 "t un=tunately fail$ = an excursion 9 se>* ( !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #fd3 ,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 ,b& #bj1 #ahhe1 pp4 #aaj-afj4 ,footnote #fe3 ,b]i*te d] philologis*-hi/oris*5 klasse d] ,konigl4 ,sa*s4 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,leipzig1 #aijj1 pp4 #bji-bci4 ,footnote #ff3 ,belzoni1 z rem>k$ on p4 #h4 mi/ook ?is revetm5t-wall = t ( a temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon1 & ! build]'s /one-m>ks = ! rema9s ( a ,greek inscription4 ,footnote #fg3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #fh3 8,gesi*tsurne aus d] kle95 ,oase02 ,sitzungsb]4 d] ,b]l9] an?ropol4 ,gesells*aft1 #ahgf1 pp4 #aga1 #agb 7) woodcut74 ,footnote #fi3 ,! ,survey obs]vations give #bh #b #aa ,n4 z ! latitude ( ,a9 el ,haiss1 ?us plac+ x ab\t #c kilometres fur!r nor?4 ,jordan's value1 #bh #a #ee sub/antially confirms ?is2 ! small diff]5ce is d\btless due to diff]5t po9ts ( obs]vation be+ us$4 ,footnote #gj3 ,op4 cit4 ,f>afra ,oasis1 etc41 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #ga3 ,kh>ga ,oasis1 etc41 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #gb3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #adi4 ,pl4 ,,xxxviii4 ,footnote #gc3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #aic & ,pl4 ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,abu ,moh>ik dunes1 #bj1 #be1 #ce1 #cf2 see also ,dunes4 ,abu ,roa%1 #af1 #fd1 #gj4 ,abu ,zabel1 #fc1 #fd4 ,adm9i/ration ( ,oasis1 #h4 ,a9 ,au5a1 #db4 ,bayum1 #db4 ,bel$1 #df4 el ,gidr1 #bj4 el ,haiss1 #ab1 #ad1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #ea1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh4 el ,wadi1 #cd4 ,gelid1 #be1 #bf1 #cf1 #ch1 #da1 #df4 ,hassab1 #de4 ,haswi1 #da1 #df4 ,jaf>ra1 #dd1 #de4 ,khaman1 #df4 ,murun1 #db4 ,rayan1 see ,rayan4 ,s9i1 #db4 ,um ,dababib1 #gi4 ,alex&ria1 #ag1 #ci4 ,altitudes1 #ac1 #ad1 #bd1 #be1 #bi1 #cd4 ,am5hotep1 nor!rn oasis (1 #h4 ,&esite1 see ,igne\s rocks4 ,animals1 #ae1 #ah4 ,antiquities1 see ,ar*ology4 ,aqu$ucts1 #h1 #ae1 #db1 #gh4 ,aradj1 #ce4 ,ar*ology1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ae1 #gc-hj4 ,area ( depression1 #cg1 #db4 ,as*]son1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #db1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #ea1 #fc1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj4 ,assiut1 #aa1 #cf4 ,assuan1 #bf4 ,bahnessa1 #ag1 #bb1 #ce1 #fd4 ,bahr bela ma1 see ,el ,bahr4 ,bahr ,yusuf1 #ce4 ,ball1 ,j41 #ag4 ,b>ron1 ,t41 #ed4 ,b>ytes1 #di4 ,basalt1 see ,dol]ite4 ,base-l9e measurem5t1 #ab4 ,bawitti1 ,el1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #bj1 #ci1 #db1 #de1 #df1 #di1 #ec1 #eh1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh4 ,bayrees1 #gi4 ,beadnell1 ,h4 ,j4 ,l41 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #cd1 #dg1 #dh1 #ed1 #fh4 ,belzoni1 #h1 #ce1 #ge1 #gf4 ,b5iadi1 #cf4 ,b5i ,suef1 #h4 ,b]is1 #gi4 ,bilbeis1 #fc4 ,blanck5horn1 ,m41 #bc1 #eb1 #ei4 ,bl[n s&1 see ,dunes4 ,bone-b$s1 #ed4 ,bor+ wells1 #dc4 ,botany1 #i1 #ae1 #ah1 #dc4 ,b\nd+ esc>pm5ts1 #ch1 #dj4 ,bull5 ,newton1 ,r41 #dg1 #eb4 ,cailliaud1 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #cc1 #de1 #fc1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj4 ,c5omanian deposits1 #af1 #dh1 #di-ee1 #eh1 #ei1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff4 ,*apman1 ,f41 #eh1 #ei4 ,coptic rema9s1 #h1 #df1 #eh1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi4 ,cretace\s deposits1 #i1 #aj1 #cb1 #cc1 #dg1 #dh1 #di-eg1 #eh4 ,crops1 #dd1 #de4 ,cultivation1 #bj1 #cg1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #fe4 ,dakhla1 ,oasis1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #ed1 #eg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj4 ,danian deposits1 #af1 #dh1 #ee-eg1 #ei4 ,dates1 #db1 #dc1 see also ,palms4 ,decl9ation ( compass1 #ac4 ,decrease 9 cultivat$ l& wat]-supply1 #dd4 ,delga1 #ag1 #cf4 ,d5ise1 #gi4 ,d] el ,m>agh1 #cf4 ,di/ribution ( wat]1 #dc4 ,dol]ite1 see ,igne\s rocks4 ,drift s&1 see ,dunes4 ,dunes1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #cj1 #cb1 #ce1 #cf1 #da1 #db1 #df1 #dh1 #fe4 ,e>lie/ explor]s ( oasis1 #h1 #i4 ,ea/]n ,des]t1 #af1 #ed1 #ee4 ,egyptian rema9s1 #i1 #gb-gd4 ,el ,ayun1 #db4 ,el ,bahr1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1 #ce4 ,el ,bel$1 #df4 ,el ,gh>b1 #de4 ,el ,haiss1 see ,a9 el ,haiss4 ,el ,qasr1 #h1 #bj1 #cd1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #ej1 #fh1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge4 ,el ,wadi1 see ,a9 el ,wadi4 ,eoc5e deposits1 #ba-bd1 #bf-ch1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #eh-fa1 #fh1 #fi4 ,excavation ( oasis1 #af1 #gb4 ,exports1 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,f>afra ,oasis1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #af1 #ag1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #cg1 #dj1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #dh1 #ef1 #eg1 #fh1 #fi4 ,faults1 #ba1 #eh4 ,fayum1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 #ag1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #fb1 #fd4 ,f]ns1 #ae4 ,fe%n1 #ag1 #ch4 ,floor ( oasis1 #da-df4 ,fold+1 see ,tectonics4 ,=mation ( depression1 #af1 #gb4 ,fruit1 #dc1 #dd4 ,g> el ,hamra1 #bj1 #bc1 #fb4 ,g> ,m>zak1 see ,jebel ,g> ,m>zak4 ,g5nah1 #gi4 ,geographical det]m9ations ( villages1 etc41 #aa-ac4 ,geology1 special description1 #dg-gb4 ,geological summ>y1 #af1 #dh1 #fi-gb4 ,geology1 ,f>afra road1 #cc-cd1 ,fe%n & ,maghagha road1 #ba-bd1 ,m9ia road1 #bf-cc4 ,gh>ag1 #ce4 ,gh>d el ,%ubbab dunes1 #ai4 ,girga1 #bf4 ,gorr+e1 ,l41 #e1 #ed4 ,gypsum1 #ba1 #di4 ,h>ra village1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #ec1 #ei1 #fg4 ,heal? /ati/ics1 #dd4 ,heights1 see ,altitudes4 ,hills )9 depression1 #dj1 #da4 ,hi/ory ( oasis1 #g1 #h4 ,hot spr+s1 #h1 #dc1 #de4 ,hume1 ,w4 ,f41 #ed4 ,huye ,oasis1 #h1 #gd4 ,hyde1 #h4 ,igne\s rocks1 #ac1 #af1 #ba1 #bb1 #dj1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #fc1 #fd4 ,inhabitants1 #de1 see ,population4 ,iron/one1 #bi1 #ea1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fh1 #gb4 ,jebel ,ahm>1 #bb1 #fb4 el ,ghudda1 #ah1 #bb1 #fb4 el ,hefhuf1 #dj1 #ec1 #ef1 #eh1 #fc1 #ff4 ,g> ,m>zak1 #ai4 ,horabi1 #bj1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #ea1 #fb4 ,m&i%a1 #dj1 #db1 #fc1 #fd4 ,mayesra1 #bj1 #dj1 #fc4 ,morabi1 see ,horabi4 ,muailla1 #ag1 #ba4 ,jordan1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #da4 ,jupit] ,ammon temple1 #h4 ,kh>afi%1 #ai4 ,kh>ga ,oasis1 #g1 #h1 #af1 #cb1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #eg1 #fh1 #gi4 ,latitude det]m9ations1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,letorzec1 #h4 ,limonite1 see ,iron/one4 ,longitude det]m9ations1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,lucas1 ,a41 #fc4 ,lyons1 ,capt4 ,h4 ,g41 #i1 #ac1 #dg1 #eb1 #fj1 #fh4 ,maghagha1 #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ag1 #bf1 #bi1 #cc1 #eh1 #fd1 #gb4 ,magnetic ,m]idian1 #ac4 ,magnetite1 #ac4 ,m&i%a1 #ac1 #bj1 #bf1 #dj1 #da1 #dd1 #di1 #ej1 #fe1 #ge1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj4 ,m&i%a ,aguza1 #dd1 #de4 ,mangat91 #ce4 ,may] ,eym>1 #fd4 ,measurem5t ( wat]1 #dc4 ,m$9et el ,fayum1 #ce4 ,m]h>et el ,fama1 #hj4 ,mima1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ag1 #bd1 #cb1 #cf1 #ch1 #fj4 ,mog>a1 #ag1 #bj1 #ci4 ,muailla1 see ,jebel ,muailla4 ,mull]1 #i4 ,nasl ,nadiub ,l5gat1 #bd1 #be1 #bi1 #cb4 ,oligoc5e deposits1 #ba1 #bb1 #dh1 #fa1 #fd2 see also ,po/ ,eoc5e deposits4 ,orig9 ( depression1 #af1 #gb4 ,pa*o1 #i1 #ce4 ,pa*o ,mt41 #ce4 ,palms1 #bj1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #de4 ,plei/oc5e deposits1 #ba1 #fe4 ,population1 #db1 #dd1 #de4 ,position ( oasis1 #g1 ( ,a9 el ,hais1 #ab1 #gh1 ( ,zubbo1 #aa1 ( s\? end ( depression1 #ac1 #bi4 ,po/ ,eoc5e deposits1 #af1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #cb1 #dh1 #di1 #ea1 #fa1 #fg4 ,public heal?1 #dd4 ,qasr el ,lamlum ,bey1 #ag1 #bj4 ,qasr ,mayesra1 #ge4 ,qasr ,megasba1 #gd4 ,rayan1 #ag1 #bb1 #be1 #ce4 ,rec5t deposits1 #ag-cf1 #fe4 ,roads1 #ag1 #cf2 ,bahnessa road1 #ce2 ,f>afra road1 #cc-cd2 ,fayum road1 #cd-ce1 #cf2 ,fe%n & ,maghagha road1 #ag-ba2 ,m9ia road1 #bd-cc2 ,siwa road1 #cd1 #ci4 ,rohlfs ,exp$ition1 #i1 #cd1 #ce1 #dg4 ,roman rema9s1 #h1 #ae1 #db1 #dc1 #gf-gi4 ,rubi1 #ce4 ,sal9es1 #cg1 #da1 #dh1 #fe4 ,samalut1 #i1 #ag1 #ce1 #cf1 #df4 ,s& dunes1 see ,dunes4 ,s& erosion1 #ai1 #bc1 #gb4 ,s*we9fur?1 #i1 #ai4 ,s5onian deposits1 #dh1 #ee1 #ga4 ,s]ir1 #ah1 #ai4 ,silicifi$ wood1 #bb1 #eb1 #ed4 ,sittra1 #i1 #ce4 ,siwa ,oasis1 #h1 #aj1 #ag1 #cd1 #ci1 #dd4 ,spr+s1 #cg1 #db1 #df1 #fe1 see also ,a91 & ,wat]-supply4 ,/ati/ics1 #ae1 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,/e9dorff1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #gg4 ,survey+ op]ations1 #e1 #aa-af1 #ag4 ,tablemun1 #df4 ,tam>isk1 #da4 ,taxation1 #dc4 ,tectonics1 #af1 #dh1 #ec1 #eg1 #fa1 #fe-fi4 ,temp]ature ( wells1 #dc1 #de1 see ,hot spr+s4 ,topography1 #cg-df4 ,tripoli1 #fc4 ,turonian deposits1 #dh1 #ee4 ,uncon=mity betwe5 ,eoc5e & ,cretace\s1 #af1 #dh1 #eg1 #fj1 #fa4 ,und]gr\nd aqu$ucts1 see ,aqu$ucts4 ,uttiah1 #ce4 ,uxor1 #gi4 ,villages1 #cg1 #db1 #dd1 #de4 ,vir*[1 #gg4 ,volcanic rocks1 see ,igne\s rocks4 ,vuta1 ,g41 #e4 ,wadi ,araba1 #ga4 ,muailla1 #ag1 #bj4 ,rayan1 see ,rayan4 ,wat]-supply1 #ae1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #gb4 ,wells1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 see also ,wat] supply & ,a9s4 ,wilk9son1 #i1 #ge1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj4 ,w9d erosion1 see ,s& erosion4 ,zirkel1 #fc4 ,zittel1 #i1 #ai1 #cd1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #eg1 #fj1 #fc4 ,zoology1 #ae1 #ah4 ,zubbo1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #bj1 #bd1 #bf1 #da1 #db1 #dg1 #ge1 #gi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis ,,plate ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,egypt ,%[+ ! ,positions ( ! ,,we/]n ,,oases ,,plate ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,villages ,,& ,,pr9cipal ,,s\rces ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,oasis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,we/]n ,,esc>pm5t #aa ,,kilom4 ,n4 ,,( ,,s\? ,,end ,,( ,,depression ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis ,,diagrammatic ,,section ,,f ,,hill #ae ,,kilometres ,,nor?-,,ea/ ,,( ,,a9 ,,el ,,haiss ,,to ,,eoc5e-,,cretace\s ,,junction ,,on ,,des]t ,,to ,,we/ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis ,section f ,,m&i%a ?r\gh ,,jebel ,,mayesra & ,conical ,hill to ,,we/]n ,,plateau4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,syncl9al ,,fold ,,f ,,jebel ,,hefhuf ,,to ,,its ,,t]m9ation ,illu/ration3 ,,bah>ia ,,oasis4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,geological ,,sections ,,( ,,ea/ ,,sc>p4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,pg4 #h 7footnotes #a & #c7 ,*ang$3 ,mre to3 ,mro ,pg4 #ai 7footnote #bj7 ,*ang$3 ,gesell*aft fr ,erdkunde to3 ,gesells*aft ,pg4 #ba ,*ang$3 ,l[] ,mokattam l$s to3 b$s ,pg4 #cc 7footnote #bg7 ,*ang$3 ,physi*e geographie to3 ,physis*e ,pg4 #ce ,*ang$3 ab\t #aej kilometres to3 #cej ,pg4 #dd ,*ang$3 camels & rad]s to3 trad]s ,pg4 #ea ,*ang$3 ,neolobolites to3 ,neolobites ,pg4 #eb ,*ang$3 ,neobolites to3 ,neolobites ,pg4 #eh ,*ang$3 ,textul>ia8 grani5 to3 gram5 ,pg4 #gg ,*ang$3 ru9 k[n z to3 kn[n ,pg4 #gh ,*ang$3 und]gr\d aqu$uct to3 und]gr\nd ,m9or *anges 9 punctuation h be5 done sil5tly4